Part A

Answer all questions in this part.

Directions (1–35): For each statement or question, write on the separate answer sheet the number of theword or expression that, of those given, best completes the statement or answers the question.

1 The speed of a wagon increases from 2.5 meters Base your answers to questions 7 and 8 on the dia- per second to 9.0 meters per second in 3.0 sec- gram below, which shows a 1.0-newton metal disk rest- onds as it accelerates uniformly down a hill. ing on an index card that is balanced on top of a glass. What is the magnitude of the acceleration of the wagon during this 3.0-second interval? Metal disk

(1) 0.83 m/s2 (3) 3.0 m/s2

(2) 2.2 m/s2 (4) 3.8 m/s2 Index card Glass

2 A 1.0-kilogram ball is dropped from the roof of a

building 40. meters tall. What is the approximate 7 What is the net force acting on the disk? time of fall? [Neglect air resistance.] (1) 1.0 N (3) 0 N (1) 2.9 s (3) 4.1 s (2) 2.0 N (4) 9.8 N (2) 2.0 s (4) 8.2 s 8 When the index card is quickly pulled away from 3 Which is a scalar quantity? the glass in a horizontal direction, the disk falls (1) acceleration (3) speed straight down into the glass. This action is a result (2) momentum (4) displacement of the disk’s (1) inertia (3) shape (2) charge (4) temperature 4 A projectile is fired with an initial velocity of 120. meters per second at an angle, , above the horizontal. If the projectile’s initial horizontal speed is 55 meters per second, then angle 9 A vertical spring 0.100 meter long is elongated measures approximately to a length of 0.119 meter when a 1.00-kilogram (1) 13° (3) 63° mass is attached to the bottom of the spring. The (2) 27° (4) 75° spring constant of this spring is (1) 9.8 N/m (3) 98 N/m (2) 82 N/m (4) 520 N/m 5 A 2.0-kilogram laboratory cart is sliding across a horizontal frictionless surface at a constant veloc- Note that question 10 has only three choices. ity of 4.0 meters per second east. What will be the cart’s velocity after a 6.0-newton westward force 10 Compared to the force needed to start sliding a acts on it for 2.0 seconds? crate across a rough level floor, the force needed (1) 2.0 m/s east (3) 10. m/s east to keep it sliding once it is moving is (2) 2.0 m/s west (4) 10. m/s west (1) less (2) greater (3) the same 6 A 25.0-kilogram space probe fell freely with an acceleration of 2.00 meters per second2 just before it landed on a distant planet. What is the 11 A 400-newton girl standing on a dock exerts a weight of the space probe on that planet? force of 100 newtons on a 10 000-newton sailboat (1) 12.5 N (3) 50.0 N as she pushes it away from the dock. How much (2) 25.0 N (4) 250. N force does the sailboat exert on the girl? (1) 25 N (3) 400 N (2) 100 N (4) 10 000 NPhysics–Jan. ’06 [2] Note that question 12 has only three choices. 12 A student on her way to school walks four blocks east, three blocks north, and another four blocks east, as shown in the diagram.

School

4 blocks

3 blocks

Home 4 blocks

Compared to the distance she walks, the magnitude of her displacement from home to school is (1) less (2) greater (3) the same

13 The diagram below represents two satellites of 14 The diagram below shows a 5.0-kilogram bucket of equal mass, A and B, in circular orbits around a water being swung in a horizontal circle of planet. 0.70-meter radius at a constant speed of 2.0 meters per second.

5.0-kg Bucket

2R A R Planet 0.70 m

Compared to the magnitude of the gravitational

force of attraction between satellite A and the The magnitude of the centripetal force on the planet, the magnitude of the gravitational force of bucket of water is approximately attraction between satellite B and the planet is (1) 5.7 N (3) 29 N (1) half as great (2) 14 N (4) 200 N (2) twice as great (3) one-fourth as great (4) four times as greatPhysics–Jan. ’06 [3] [OVER] 15 A 6.8-kilogram block is sliding down a hori- 20 A 0.25-kilogram baseball is thrown upward with zontal, frictionless surface at a constant speed of a speed of 30. meters per second. Neglecting 6.0 meters per second. The kinetic energy of friction, the maximum height reached by the the block is approximately baseball is approximately (1) 20. J (3) 120 J (1) 15 m (3) 74 m (2) 41 J (4) 240 J (2) 46 m (4) 92 m

16 Through what vertical distance is a 50.-newton 21 A truck weighing 3.0 × 104 newtons was driven object moved if 250 joules of work is done up a hill that is 1.6 × 103 meters long to a level against the gravitational field of Earth? area that is 8.0 × 102 meters above the starting (1) 2.5 m (3) 9.8 m point. If the trip took 480 seconds, what was the (2) 5.0 m (4) 25 m minimum power required? (1) 5.0 × 104 W (3) 1.2 × 1010 W 17 When a mass is placed on a spring with a spring (2) 1.0 × 105 W (4) 2.3 × 1010 W constant of 15 newtons per meter, the spring is compressed 0.25 meter. How much elastic 22 The graph below represents the relationship potential energy is stored in the spring? between the potential difference (V) across a (1) 0.47 J (3) 1.9 J resistor and the current (I) through the resistor. (2) 0.94 J (4) 3.8 J D

Note that question 18 has only three choices. C

V 18 Two students of equal weight go from the first B floor to the second floor. The first student uses an elevator and the second student walks up a A flight of stairs. Compared to the gravitational I potential energy gained by the first student, the Through which entire interval does the resistor gravitational potential energy gained by the sec- obey Ohm’s law? ond student is (1) AB (3) CD (1) less (2) BC (4) AD (2) greater (3) the same 23 Aluminum, copper, gold, and nichrome wires of equal lengths of 1.0 × 10 –1 meter and equal 19 A 55.0-kilogram diver falls freely from a diving cross-sectional areas of 2.5 × 10 –6 meter 2 are at platform that is 3.00 meters above the surface of 20.°C. Which wire has the greatest electrical the water in a pool. When she is 1.00 meter resistance? above the water, what are her gravitational (1) aluminum (3) gold potential energy and kinetic energy with respect (2) copper (4) nichrome to the water’s surface? (1) PE = 1620 J and KE = 0 J (2) PE = 1080 J and KE = 540 J 24 How much electrical energy is required to move (3) PE = 810 J and KE = 810 J a 4.00-microcoulomb charge through a potential (4) PE = 540 J and KE = 1080 J difference of 36.0 volts? (1) 9.00 × 106 J (3) 1.44 × 10 –4 J (2) 144 J (4) 1.11 × 10 –7 J

Physics–Jan. ’06 [4]

25 What must be inserted between points A and B to 29 How are electromagnetic waves that are pro- establish a steady electric current in the incom- duced by oscillating charges and sound waves that plete circuit represented in the diagram below? are produced by oscillating tuning forks similar? (1) Both have the same frequency as their respective sources. A B (2) Both require a matter medium for propaga- tion. R (3) Both are longitudinal waves. (4) Both are transverse waves.

(1) switch 30 The diagram below represents a transverse wave (2) voltmeter traveling in a string. (3) magnetic field source (4) source of potential difference B F 26 In a series circuit containing two lamps, the bat- tery supplies a potential difference of 1.5 volts. If the current in the circuit is 0.10 ampere, at E G what rate does the circuit use energy? A C (1) 0.015 W (3) 1.5 W (2) 0.15 W (4) 15 W D H 27 An electron placed between oppositely charged parallel plates A and B moves toward plate A, as represented in the diagram below. Which two labeled points are 180° out of phase? A (1) A and D (3) D and F (2) B and F (4) D and H

31 When observed from Earth, the wavelengths of

electron light emitted by a star are shifted toward the red B end of the electromagnetic spectrum. This redshift occurs because the star is What is the direction of the electric field (1) at rest relative to Earth between the plates? (2) moving away from Earth (1) toward plate A (3) into the page (3) moving toward Earth at decreasing speed (2) toward plate B (4) out of the page (4) moving toward Earth at increasing speed

28 A sonar wave is reflected from the ocean floor.

For which angles of incidence do the wave’s angle of reflection equal its angle of incidence? (1) angles less than 45°, only (2) an angle of 45°, only (3) angles greater than 45°, only (4) all angles of incidence

Physics–Jan. ’06 [5] [OVER]

32 The diagram below represents shallow water 33 Oil droplets may gain electrical charges as they waves of constant wavelength passing through are projected through a nozzle. Which quantity two small openings, A and B, in a barrier. of charge is not possible on an oil droplet? (1) 8.0 × 10–19 C (3) 3.2 × 10 –19 C P (2) 4.8 × 10 C –19 (4) 2.6 × 10 –19 C

34 All photons in a vacuum have the same

A B (1) speed (3) energy (2) wavelength (4) frequency

Crest 35 Which phenomenon best supports the theory

Trough that matter has a wave nature? Which statement best describes the interference (1) electron momentum at point P? (2) electron diffraction (3) photon momentum (1) It is constructive, and causes a longer wave- (4) photon diffraction length. (2) It is constructive, and causes an increase in amplitude. (3) It is destructive, and causes a shorter wave- length. (4) It is destructive, and causes a decrease in amplitude.

Physics–Jan. ’06 [6]

Part B–1 Answer all questions in this part.

Directions (36–47): For each statement or question, write on the separate answer sheet the number of theword or expression that, of those given, best completes the statement or answers the question.

37 Which pair of quantities can be expressed using

the same units? A B (1) work and kinetic energy (2) power and momentum (3) impulse and potential energy D (4) acceleration and weight C

At the position shown in the diagram, which

38 The graph below represents the relationship arrow indicates the direction of the centripetal between speed and time for an object moving acceleration of the cart? along a straight line. (1) A (3) C Speed vs. Time (2) B (4) D 25 41 Which changes would cause the greatest increase 20. in the rate of flow of charge through a conducting Speed (m/s)

15 wire? (1) increasing the applied potential difference 10. and decreasing the length of wire 5 (2) increasing the applied potential difference and increasing the length of wire 0 (3) decreasing the applied potential difference 1 2 3 4 5 and decreasing the length of wire Time (s) (4) decreasing the applied potential difference and increasing the length of wire What is the total distance traveled by the object during the first 4 seconds? (1) 5 m (3) 40 m 42 According to the Standard Model of Particle (2) 20 m (4) 80 m Physics, a meson is composed of (1) a quark and a muon neutrino (2) a quark and an antiquark 39 An electrical generator in a science classroom (3) three quarks makes a lightbulb glow when a student turns a (4) a lepton and an antilepton hand crank on the generator. During its opera- tion, this generator converts (1) chemical energy to electrical energy (2) mechanical energy to electrical energy (3) electrical energy to mechanical energy (4) electrical energy to chemical energy

Physics–Jan. ’06 [7] [OVER]

43 Which vector diagram best represents a cart slowing down as it travels to the right on a horizontal surface?

FN FN FN FN Ff F Ff F F Ff Ff F

Fg Fg Fg Fg

(1) (2) (3) (4)

44 An object falls freely near Earth’s surface. Which graph best represents the relationship between the object’s kinetic energy and its time of fall? Energy

Energy

Energy

Energy Kinetic

Kinetic

Kinetic

Kinetic Time Time Time Time (1) (2) (3) (4)

45 In the diagram below, a block of mass M initially at rest on a frictionless horizontal surface is struck by a bullet of mass m moving with horizontal velocity v.

v m M

What is the velocity of the bullet-block system after the bullet embeds itself in the block?

(1) (MM+ v)m (3) ( mM+ v)m

(2) (m + M )v (4) ( m )v m m +M

Physics–Jan. ’06 [8]

46 Two 30.-newton forces act concurrently on an object. In which diagram would the forces produce a resultant with a magnitude of 30. newtons?

47 The diagram below represents the bright-line spectra of four elements, A, B, C, and D, and the spectrum of an unknown gaseous sample.

Unknown sample

Element A

Element B

Element C

Element D

Based on comparisons of these spectra, which two elements are found in the unknown sample? (1) A and B (3) B and C (2) A and D (4) C and D

Physics–Jan. ’06 [9] [OVER]

Part B–2 Answer all questions in this part.

Directions (48–61): Record your answers in the spaces provided in your answer booklet.

Base your answers to questions 48 through 51 on the graph below, which represents the relationship betweenvertical height and gravitational potential energy for an object near Earth’s surface. (The same graph appears inyour answer booklet.)

Gravitational Potential Energy vs. Vertical Height

90.

80. Gravitational Potential Energy (J)

70.

60.

50.

40.

30.

20.

10.

0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0

Vertical Height (m)

48 Based on the graph, what is the gravitational potential energy of the object when it is 2.25 meters above the surface of Earth? [1]

49 Using the graph, calculate the mass of the object. [Show all work, including the equation and substitution with units.] [2]

50 What physical quantity does the slope of the graph represent? [1]

51 Using a straightedge, draw a line on the graph in your answer booklet to represent the relationship between gravitational potential energy and vertical height for an object having a greater mass. [1]

Physics–Jan. ’06 [10]

Base your answers to questions 52 through 55 on the diagram below, which represents a ray of monochromaticlight (f = 5.09 × 1014 hertz) in air incident on flint glass. (The same diagram appears in your answer booklet.)

Normal

35° Air

Flint glass

52 Determine the angle of incidence of the light ray in air. [1]

53 Calculate the angle of refraction of the light ray in the flint glass. [Show all work, including the equation and substitution with units.] [2]

54 Using a protractor and straightedge, draw the refracted ray on the diagram in your answer booklet. [1]

55 What happens to the light from the incident ray that is not refracted or absorbed? [1]

56 Objects in free fall near the surface of Earth 59 On the diagram of a bar magnet in your answer accelerate downward at 9.81 meters per second2. booklet, draw a minimum of four field lines to Explain why a feather does not accelerate at this show the magnitude and direction of the mag- rate when dropped near the surface of Earth. netic field in the region surrounding the bar [1] magnet. [2]

57 A skier on waxed skis is pulled at constant speed 60 After a uranium nucleus emits an alpha particle, across level snow by a horizontal force of 39 the total mass of the new nucleus and the alpha newtons. Calculate the normal force exerted on particle is less than the mass of the original the skier. [Show all work, including the equation uranium nucleus. Explain what happens to the and substitution with units.] [2] missing mass. [1]

58 A 1000-kilogram car traveling due east at 15 meters 61 An FM radio station broadcasts its signal at a fre- per second is hit from behind and receives a for- quency of 9.15 × 107 hertz. Determine the wave- ward impulse of 6000 newton-seconds. length of the signal in air. [1] Determine the magnitude of the car’s change in momentum due to this impulse. [1]