2: Igneous Rock Igneous rocks are formed directly from the cooling of magma. It can be transformed by heat and by cooling. Examples: andesite,basalt lava, dacite lava, pumice, obsidian, rhyolite.

4: Metamorphic rocks It is formed by heat and pressure. It is transformed by Fluids and strain. Examples: quartzite, marble, slate, phyllite, gneiss.

6: Sedimentary Rocks They are formed by weathering and concretion. they are transformed by erosion, lithification, and compaction. Examples: Breccia, shale, limestone.

8: Silicate There are two types of chemical composition: Felsic and Mafic. Major Characteristics: most abundant mineral, and all sedimentary rocks are made up of them. examples: quartz, feldspar, micas.

10: Non - silicate The majority basic group of non-silicate minerals is known as the native elements. These elements are those with chemical formulae consisting of an only one element. examples: pyrite, oxides and sulfides.

12: Solidification of a melt this occurs when lava or magma is erupted into open space and cooled. Scientist use this to grow synthetic minerals by heating rock and then letting it cool to a certain point. examples: rubies, sapphires, and turquoise.

14: Precipitation from solution is the formation of a solid in a solution or inside another solid during a chemical reaction or by diffusion in a solid. scientist use chemical reactions to break down and create new minerals. examples: Breccia, shale, sandstone.

16: Solid state diffusion is Numerous chemical reactions or micro-structural changes in solids take place through solid state diffusion, i.e. the movement and transport of atoms in solid phases. scientists use this method by transporting atoms to make new minerals