THE ORIGIN OF THE SCAPEGOAT RITUAL

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This paper argues, contrary to the dominant view, that the ritual of the scapegoat in Leviticus xvi is a purely native, Israelite invention, not a modification of pre-Israelite, Near Eastern rites. The key to its construction is the procedure by which the biblical lawgiver examined his nation's traditions, singled out the first time a particular issue arose, and presented a law ostensibly the product of Moses' judgment. In the case of the scapegoat ritual, the issue he focussed on is the occasion when Joseph's brothers seek forgiveness for their offence against Joseph, thereby transferring to the beast their own wrongdoing. The thesis revives a view found as early as the Book of Jubilees and which turns up again in Maimonides that the Day of Atonement was first instituted to expiate the brothers' offence against Joseph.