Matthew Kohrman. Bodies of Difference. Experiences of Disability and Institutional
Advocacy in the Making of Modern China. Berkeley: University of California
Press, 2005, 213 pp. Paper 0-520-22645-3

Reviewed by Miles Beauchamp, Alliant International University

Matthew Kohrman's Bodies of Difference. Experiences of Disability and
Institutional Advocacy in the Making of Modern China examines disabilities
and the changing perceptions of disabilities within China and how those changes
are converging as China becomes a world power and contemporizes itself in the
world's social arenas.

The People's Republic of China (PRC) presents an interesting dichotomy
(or dichotomies) — it has existed for thousands of years — in one
state or another — and yet it's rather new in its non-feudal, caring
and governing its citizen's methods and its new position on the world stage.
Segments of Chinese culture(s) seem changeless, yet are in constant flux–particularly
those segments that relate to society and economics.

Due to the decades of rigidly controlled borders and Mao/communism, and how
the Western world reacted to and dealt with that, the PRC was viewed as an extreme
(particularly because of its size) example of "otherness" of the world's
nations. Much of that "otherness" undoubtedly came from the mindset
of democratic nations and nations in close proximity to China who were fearful
of a united, non-feudal China with a strong central government that was feeling
powerful after the close of World War II.

But while a large part of the world was looking with certain trepidation at
China, the nation was looking inward and transforming itself. This is not to
say that there were no problems–there certainly were with the government
refusing to sanction non-communist political parties or, for that matter, expressed
thought outside the "official line." But the very government that
was doing that was, itself, being changed from both the inside (as it struggled
to care for its citizens) and from world economics. What western opinion could
not change, macro-economics and progressive social thought (i.e. acceptance
of contemporary medicine, less control of extra-border media, and a view of
social justice that included how the "others" among them, i.e. the
disabled, were treated) could.

Into this maelstrom of change, Kohrman examines the shifting perceptions of
disability in the PRC and how those shifting perceptions have directed official
and personal actions toward disabilities and the disabled. In his Preface, he
states that, "the otherness that comprises the focus in this text is what
Mandarin speakers in China increasingly refer to as canji and what more and
more English speakers around the world refer to as "disability." He
also notes that "This book is about the production of a new state bureaucracy
within a national and international context" (p. ix). It is all that to
be sure, and much more. To the author's credit, he does not allow what
China was to impact his view of what China is becoming. And what China is struggling
to become, beyond the world's perception, is a nation that is aware of,
and responsive to (within its current means) its "other" citizens.
That being said, in post-Mao China some changes are occurring at glacier-like
speed. Too many entities are struggling against change because change puts them
at risk — at risk of their job, their family economics, their political
positions. Kohrman notes all of this; his viewpoints of China and what the nation
is doing with its institutions are expressed clearly, succinctly, and without
trepidation. That his work is important is apparent if for no other reason than
it allows a clear view into a nation struggling to allow a large segment of
the populace to simply be what it chooses to be within the economic and political
constrictions in place (even as those constrictions are going through their
own changes).

But there are other reasons for the work's value as well. The book furthers
gender, ethnographic, anthropologic and political theories within the discourses
of international disability studies. Kohrman's text is a significant addition
to the canon.