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This gets complicated! Built on a P6 core engine, the
Pentium 4 is the first processor from the brand new IA-32 NetBurst
micro-architecture that allows operating at higher performance levels and
clock speeds when compared to previous IA-32 based processors. The
NetBurst architecture really boosts performances but don’t think that
it’ll boost your internet downloading times, transfer rate, etc. The name
of the architecture has no link with the internet,
it's just a marketing trick. With the NetBurst
architecture, Pentium 4 processors promise to support without any problem
a several Gigahertz clock speed without the need for Intel to make major
changes in its manufacturing process.

Intel Pentium 4 Die

Review
Quotes

"NetBurst architecture brings a major enhancement
known as the Rapid Execution Engine to the superscalar architecture
"

The NetBurst architecture is also
the first one to use a 20 stage pipeline against only 10 for the PentiumIII,
that can stores up to 126 instructions –in flight-. A pipeline is a group
of units that achieve to work together hand-in-hand in order to handle
software instructions. With more pipelines, tasks are managed in a shorter
time and require fewer transistors than before, allowing higher frequency
operation. If using more pipelines present several advantages it has also
a major drawback: to handle the software instructions the processor tries
to guess which one will be the next using some tests. With a pipeline
enabled CPU the instruction that follows the test should be managed before
the processor knows the test result in order to continually feed the
pipeline. To know which instructions should be used the CPU uses a ‘branch
prediction’ mechanism: most of the time the CPU runs instructions it has
already ran before and probably knows the result ahead of time. It has a
four times larger BTB (branch target buffer) than on Pentium III to store
the history of all previous tests results in 4KB memory helping software
to make decisions. If the CPU encounters a test that has already ran it’ll
use the same branch as before in order to accelerate its work speed.
Pentium 4 processors achieve more than 94% of successful predictions
(against only 90% for a PentiumIII
which Intel claims to be a gain of 33%). But in case of a test failure the
whole BTB is trashed as well as all the pipelines in order for the CPU to
restart the operation: this process obviously slows down the whole
performance of the computer. The Pentium 4 CPU also takes charge of‘out of order’ instructions in order to not block ALU processes
unlike when they are run in ordered mode. Like with every P6 based
processor the Pentium 4 comes with two arithmetic logic units and one
floating point unit known as superscalar architecture (Pentium CPUs were
the first to use it). NetBurst architecture brings a major enhancement
known as the Rapid Execution Engine to the superscalar architecture since
both the ALU (Arithmetic Logic Unit) & the AGU (Address Generation Unit
that manages where data are stored and loaded in the correct address) work
twice as fast as the CPU frequency, so it can now handle four instructions
per cycle rather than two before. For those of you who don’t know an ALU
is the name that was given to the integer unit that manages math related
operations like dividing, adding, multiplying as well as logical operators
like ‘OR’, ‘AND’, ‘XOR’, etc. Just like every good superscalar processor
worth of this name, the Pentium 4 still includes a ‘Micro Operation
Operand’ Unit that comes with simple instructions directly managed by the
processor: most of the time x86 instructions are converted into Ops.

Intel Pentium 4 Architecture Schema

With the 486 DX4 and the Pentium, Intel introduced on board
cache memory directly in the chip: it was a real premiere that boosted
performance. PentiumIII
enhanced further this concept by integrating on-die cache memory. So the Pentium
4 cache memory characteristic have also evolved: L1 cache memory now includes a
8 KB data cache (which is quite small when you know the PIII included a 16KB
one) while the L1 Instruction Cache was renamed to Instruction Trace Cache since
it has widely evolved too. The Pentium 4 L1 cache uses a four way set and uses
64 byte cache lines and due to its dual port design it can store data while
loading it. The level 1 cache size reduction (an AMD
Athlon comes with a 64Kb level 1 cache!) was probably caused by the Intel
design's goal to enable a low latency of two clocks per cycles.
Trace Cache memory now stores instructions after they are converted
from x86 into micro-ops in the order they should be run, saving processor cycles
if a bad branch prediction occurs (since the alternative solution is already
stored in it). This also allows faster access to the most used instructions
avoiding problems PentiumIII
may have with complex x86 instructions that were decoded with slow decoders.
Trace Cache memory can stores 12,000 micro-ops which corresponds to an
approximate size of 92 or 96 KB (Intel didn’t specify the exact size). Once µOPs
are in the trace cache the Pentium 4 can easily check for dependencies to
correctly achieve its branch predictions and ensure that the pipelines are
continuously supplied with data: the trace cache can contains a whole pipeline
with 6 µOps each 2 clocks. The L1 cache access speed is now about 1.4 nano
seconds (twice as fast as PentiumIII)
and the bandwidth now reaches 41.7GB/s (against 14.9 for a PentiumIII).
L2 memory cache has also been enhanced. Like on Coppermine CPU, if the level 2
cache memory amount reaches 256KB it runs at the full frequency speed of the CPU
(and not like on PentiumII
or first PentiumIII
at a twice-slower speed than the nominal frequency of the CPU). As a reminder
Level 2 cache memory enhances computer brut performance by approximately 25%. L2
Pentium 4 on die cache memory bandwidth now reaches 48.1 GB per second for a 1.5
GHz model, since it uses 128 bytes cache lines divided in two 64 bytes pieces
reading at least 64 bytes of data in one pass, ensuring highest performance.

Pentium 4 Back

To draw a perfect picture of the Pentium 4 we shouldn’t
forget to say that it includes a micro-code ROM allowing users to upload new
micro code ROMs in order to solve minor problems.

A new Bus: Don't miss it!

Review
Quotes

"Pentium
4 Bus exchanges data with the rest of the system faster than ever
removing one of the major bottleneck Pentium III had "

Latest Pentium III
processors use a 133Mhz –only- front side bus with a 1065Mbps bandwidth, that
was a bit pale compared to the AMD Athlon ‘266’ one. The front side bus has
always been a real strangulation for a high performance PC. With 400Mhz computer
a FSB of 100 MHz was just sufficient but for a 1 GHz plus computer a 133Mhz was
a bit weak. Intel has revamped it by introducing a 400 MHz front side bus using
a Quad Pumped 64-bit bus where each level operates at 100 MHz for a global 3051
MB/s bandwidth. Intel used a technical trick so the FSB sends four 64-bit
instructions per cycle making it work like a “400 MHz” normal one. Not only this
new bus improves performances but it’s also the first one that lets a x86
processor exchanges data so fast between the CPU, the memory and the rest of the
system components letting far behind the recent AMD EV6-bus.

The truth on
the Pentium 4 Glitch

Review
Quotes

"Intel Pentium 4 and its i850 chipset still work considerably better than
every other chipsets like VIA ones"

According to a recent ZDNet story, the Pentium 4 glitch
that delayed the worldwide launch of the processor wasn't
totally fixed by Intel. What's the
bug you'll ask? If an user attaches a second PCI graphic card to
its computer, on certain rare situations due to the ICH2 component, the computer can slow down causing
decreased processor speed and eventual data corruption. The risk of such a
problem to occur is relatively small. Here at ActiveWin.Com we decided to make
up our mind attaching to our test system an ATI All In Wonder 128 16Mb PCI card
to the system working in combination with the Guillemot 3D Prophet II Ultra in
dual screen mode (one Sony 17' computer screen and one Sony TV): we tested the
whole system with Adobe Illustrator 9, some last generation games like Microsoft
Crimson Skies, MechWarrior 4, Red Alert 2, etc. and we didn't encounter any
freezes, slow downs, crashes, hangs, etc. If there's an issue with PCI cards the
risk it affects you is strongly weak and you really don't have to be scarried
about it. Workaround for this potential problem already exist such as using a
Matrox G450 DualHead card that can handle two monitors at a time preventing the
use of two physical graphic cards. Even with this very, very, very minor bug,
the Intel Pentium 4 and its i850 chipset still work considerably better than
every other chipsets like the VIA ones that have so many bugs you can't count
them on your hands.