Nero (location unknown, sold Giroux, 15 June 1926, lot 40), Galba (location unknown, sold Hôtel Drouot, Paris, 27 June 1889), and Otho (Scunthorpe Museum and Art Gallery, Scunthorpe). I would like to thank Elizabeth Nogrady for preparing the provenance research on these paintings.

The characterization of the wood is based on Ian Tyers’s expert opinion after examining the X-radiograph and images.

In the X-radiograph, an approximately 8 cm-long horizontally oriented dowel channel bridges the join, extending from the laurel wreath along the figure’s forehead over his proper right eye into the background to the figure’s right.