2.
1845 in music
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March 13 – Felix Mendelssohns Violin Concerto is premièred in Leipzig with Ferdinand David as soloist. April 21 – Albert Lortzings opera Undine debuts in Magdeburg, june 4 – William Frys opera Leonora debuts in Philadelphia. July – Pas de Quatre is premièred in London, bringing together four of the greatest ballerinas of the time, Lucile Grahn, Carlotta Grisi, Fanny Cerrito, and Marie Taglioni. July 19 – The National Anthem of Uruguay is first performed with music composed by Francisco José Debali with the collaboration of Fernando Quijano, october 19 – Richard Wagners opera Tannhäuser debuts at the Dresden Hoftheater. Composer Henry Hugo Pierson goes to live in Germany, the Hutchinson Family Singers tour England with Frederick Douglass. Robert Schumann – Piano Concerto in A minor Louis Moreau Gottschalk - Bamboula, A Fantasy for solo piano

3.
1851 in music
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This article is about music-related events in 1851. February – Operatic tenor Sims Reeves returns to perform in Dublin with his new wife, february 6 – Schumanns Symphony No.3 receives its première in Düsseldorf, the composer conducting. March 11 – Giuseppe Verdis opera Rigoletto is first performed at La Fenice in Venice, april 5 – Jenny Lind visits the Mammoth Cave in Kentucky, USA. July 23 – Richard Wagner writes down the leitmotif for the Ride of the Valkyries, Operatic baritone Hans von Milde marries soprano Rosa Agthe. Eight-year-old Adelina Patti sings in public for the first time

4.
1843 in architecture
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The year 1843 in architecture involved some significant events. March 25 - The Thames Tunnel in London, constructed by Isambard Kingdom Brunel and Marc Isambard Brunel, nelsons Column in London, designed by William Railton, is completed. McGill Universitys original building, later known as the Arts Building, is completed in Montreal by architect John Ostell, grand Prix de Rome, architecture, Jacques-Martin Tétaz. July 6 - Robert S. Roeschlaub, German-born architect working in Colorado November 29 - Gertrude Jekyll, English garden designer January 13 - Peter Atkinson, English-born architect

5.
1843 in science
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The year 1843 in science and technology involved some significant events, listed below. March 11–14 – Eta Carinae flares to become the second brightest star, february 5–April 19 – Great March Comet observed. Heinrich Schwabe reports a periodic change in the number of sunspots, they wax, carl Mosander discovers Terbium and Erbium. John J. Waterston produces an account of the theory of gases. October 16 – William Rowan Hamilton discovers the calculus of quaternions, arthur Cayley and James Joseph Sylvester found the algebraic invariant theory. John T. Graves discovers the octonions, pierre-Alphonse Laurent discovers and presents the Laurent expansion theorem. James Prescott Joule experimentally finds the mechanical equivalent of heat, british surgeon James Braid publishes Neurypnology, or the Rationale of Nervous Sleep, a key text in the history of hypnotism. Oliver Wendell Holmes, Sr. argues that puerperal fever is spread by lack of hygiene in physicians, March 25 – Completion of the Thames Tunnel, the first bored underwater tunnel in the world. July 19 – Launch of SS Great Britain, the first iron-hulled, november 21 – Thomas Hancock patents the vulcanisation of rubber using sulphur in the United Kingdom The steam powered rotary printing press is invented by Richard March Hoe in the United States. Robert Stirling and his brother James convert a steam engine at a Dundee factory to operate as a Stirling engine, the first public telegraph line in the United Kingdom is laid between Paddington and Slough. Copley Medal, Jean-Baptiste Dumas Wollaston Medal for Geology, Jean-Baptiste Elie de Beaumont, Pierre Armand Dufrenoy January 13 – David Ferrier, may 6 – G. K. Gilbert, American geologist. June 12 – David Gill, Scottish astronomer, june 23 – Paul Heinrich von Groth, German mineralogist. July 24 – William de Wiveleslie Abney, English astronomer, august 17 – Alexandre Lacassagne, French forensic scientist. November 30 – Martha Ripley, American physician, july 25 – Charles Macintosh, Scottish inventor of a waterproof fabric. August 10 – Robert Adrain, Irish American mathematician, september 11 – Joseph Nicollet, French geographer, explorer, mathematician and astronomer. September 19 – Gaspard-Gustave Coriolis, French mathematician and discoverer of the Coriolis effect, september 30 – Richard Harlan, American zoologist. November 16 – Abraham Colles, Anglo-Irish surgeon

6.
Virginia Minstrels
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The Virginia Minstrels or Virginia Serenaders was a group of 19th-century American entertainers known for helping to invent the entertainment form known as the minstrel show. Led by Dan Emmett, the lineup consisted of Emmett, Billy Whitlock, Dick Pelham. They followed with a run at the Bowery Amphitheater in early February before an expanded schedule of venues. Unlike earlier blackface acts that featured solo singers or dancers, the Virginia Minstrels appeared as a group in blackface and what would become iconic costumes, in March 1843 they appeared in Welchs Olympic Circus as part of an equestrian act. Although they primarily appeared within a schedule of entertainment in their earliest months. Among other things, they are credited with the songs Jimmy Crack Corn and Old Dan Tucker, love and Theft, Blackface Minstrelsy and the American Working Class. New York, Oxford University Press,1993, P.136 et. seq. Toll, Robert C. Blacking Up, The Minstrel Show in Nineteenth-century America

7.
Minstrel show
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The minstrel show, or minstrelsy, was an American form of entertainment developed in the early 19th century. Each show consisted of skits, variety acts, dancing. The shows were performed by people in make-up or blackface for the purpose of playing the role of black people. There were also some African-American performers and all-black minstrel groups that formed and toured, Minstrel shows lampooned black people as dim-witted, lazy, buffoonish, superstitious and happy-go-lucky. Minstrel shows emerged as brief burlesques and comic entractes in the early 1830s and were developed into full-fledged form in the next decade, by 1848, blackface minstrel shows were the national artform, translating formal art such as opera into popular terms for a general audience. By the turn of the 20th century, the show enjoyed but a shadow of its former popularity. The form survived as professional entertainment until about 1910, amateur performances continued until the 1960s in high schools, the genre has had a lasting legacy and influence and was featured in a television series as recently as the late 1970s. Generally, as the civil rights movement progressed and gained acceptance, the typical minstrel performance followed a three-act structure. The troupe first danced onto stage then exchanged wisecracks and sang songs, the second part featured a variety of entertainments, including the pun-filled stump speech. The final act consisted of a slapstick musical plantation skit or a send-up of a popular play, Minstrel songs and sketches featured several stock characters, most popularly the slave and the dandy. These were further divided into such as the mammy, her counterpart the old darky, the provocative mulatto wench. Minstrels claimed that their songs and dances were authentically black, although the extent of the black influence remains debated, spirituals entered the repertoire in the 1870s, marking the first undeniably black music to be used in minstrelsy. Blackface minstrelsy was the first theatrical form that was distinctly American, during the 1830s and 1840s at the height of its popularity, it was at the epicenter of the American music industry. For several decades it provided the means through which American whites viewed black people, on the one hand, it had strong racist aspects, on the other, it afforded white Americans a singular and broad awareness of what some whites considered significant aspects of black culture in America. Although the minstrel shows were popular, being consistently packed with families from all walks of life and every ethnic group. Although white theatrical portrayals of black characters date back to as early as 1604, by the late 18th century, blackface characters began appearing on the American stage, usually as servant types whose roles did little more than provide some element of comic relief. Eventually, similar performers appeared in entractes in New York theaters and other such as taverns. Author Constance Rourke even claimed that Forrests impression was so good he could fool blacks when he mingled with them in the streets, Thomas Dartmouth Rices successful song-and-dance number, Jump Jim Crow, brought blackface performance to a new level of prominence in the early 1830s

8.
New York City
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The City of New York, often called New York City or simply New York, is the most populous city in the United States. With an estimated 2015 population of 8,550,405 distributed over an area of about 302.6 square miles. Located at the tip of the state of New York. Home to the headquarters of the United Nations, New York is an important center for international diplomacy and has described as the cultural and financial capital of the world. Situated on one of the worlds largest natural harbors, New York City consists of five boroughs, the five boroughs – Brooklyn, Queens, Manhattan, The Bronx, and Staten Island – were consolidated into a single city in 1898. In 2013, the MSA produced a gross metropolitan product of nearly US$1.39 trillion, in 2012, the CSA generated a GMP of over US$1.55 trillion. NYCs MSA and CSA GDP are higher than all but 11 and 12 countries, New York City traces its origin to its 1624 founding in Lower Manhattan as a trading post by colonists of the Dutch Republic and was named New Amsterdam in 1626. The city and its surroundings came under English control in 1664 and were renamed New York after King Charles II of England granted the lands to his brother, New York served as the capital of the United States from 1785 until 1790. It has been the countrys largest city since 1790, the Statue of Liberty greeted millions of immigrants as they came to the Americas by ship in the late 19th and early 20th centuries and is a symbol of the United States and its democracy. In the 21st century, New York has emerged as a node of creativity and entrepreneurship, social tolerance. Several sources have ranked New York the most photographed city in the world, the names of many of the citys bridges, tapered skyscrapers, and parks are known around the world. Manhattans real estate market is among the most expensive in the world, Manhattans Chinatown incorporates the highest concentration of Chinese people in the Western Hemisphere, with multiple signature Chinatowns developing across the city. Providing continuous 24/7 service, the New York City Subway is one of the most extensive metro systems worldwide, with 472 stations in operation. Over 120 colleges and universities are located in New York City, including Columbia University, New York University, and Rockefeller University, during the Wisconsinan glaciation, the New York City region was situated at the edge of a large ice sheet over 1,000 feet in depth. The ice sheet scraped away large amounts of soil, leaving the bedrock that serves as the foundation for much of New York City today. Later on, movement of the ice sheet would contribute to the separation of what are now Long Island and Staten Island. The first documented visit by a European was in 1524 by Giovanni da Verrazzano, a Florentine explorer in the service of the French crown and he claimed the area for France and named it Nouvelle Angoulême. Heavy ice kept him from further exploration, and he returned to Spain in August and he proceeded to sail up what the Dutch would name the North River, named first by Hudson as the Mauritius after Maurice, Prince of Orange

9.
Gaetano Donizetti
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Domenico Gaetano Maria Donizetti was an Italian composer. Along with Gioachino Rossini and Vincenzo Bellini, Donizetti was a composer of the bel canto opera style during the first half of the nineteenth century. Donizettis close association with the bel canto style was undoubtedly an influence on composers such as Giuseppe Verdi. Donizetti was born in Bergamo in Lombardy, there he received detailed training in the arts of fugue and counterpoint. Over the course of his career, Donizetti wrote almost 70 operas, in all, Naples presented 51 of Donizettis operas. Before 1830, success came primarily with his operas, the serious ones failing to attract significant audiences. However, his first notable success came with an opera seria, Zoraida di Granata, significant historical dramas did appear and became successful, they included Lucia di Lammermoor given in Naples in 1835, and one of the most successful Neapolitan operas, Roberto Devereux in 1837. Up to that point, all of his operas had been set to Italian libretti, Donizetti found himself increasingly chafing against the censorial limitations which existed in Italy. From about 1836, he interested in working in Paris. The first opera was a French version of the then-unperformed Poliuto which, two new operas were also given in Paris at that time. As the 1840s progressed, Donizetti moved regularly between Naples, Rome, Paris, and Vienna continuing to compose and stage his own operas as well as those of other composers, but from around 1843, severe illness began to take hold and to limit his activities. Eventually, by early 1846 he was obliged to be confined to an institution for the ill and, by late 1847, friends had him moved back to Bergamo. The youngest of three sons, Donizetti was born in 1797 in Bergamos Borgo Canale quarter located just outside the city walls and his family was very poor and had no tradition of music, his father Andrea being the caretaker of the town pawnshop. Simone Mayr, a German composer of internationally successful operas, had become maestro di cappella at Bergamos principal church in 1802, in 1807, Andrea Donizetti attempted to enroll both his sons, but the elder, Giuseppe, was considered too old. He remained there for nine years, until 1815, however, as Donizetti scholar William Ashbrook notes, in 1809 he was threatened with having to leave because his voice was changing. In 1810 he applied for and was accepted by the art school, the Academia Carrara. Then, in 1811, Mayr once again intervened, as Ashbrook states, this was nothing less than Mayrs argument that Donizetti be allowed to continue his musical studies. The piece was performed on 13 September 1811 and included the character stating the following, Ah, by Bacchus

10.
Paris
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Paris is the capital and most populous city of France. It has an area of 105 square kilometres and a population of 2,229,621 in 2013 within its administrative limits, the agglomeration has grown well beyond the citys administrative limits. By the 17th century, Paris was one of Europes major centres of finance, commerce, fashion, science, and the arts, and it retains that position still today. The aire urbaine de Paris, a measure of area, spans most of the Île-de-France region and has a population of 12,405,426. It is therefore the second largest metropolitan area in the European Union after London, the Metropole of Grand Paris was created in 2016, combining the commune and its nearest suburbs into a single area for economic and environmental co-operation. Grand Paris covers 814 square kilometres and has a population of 7 million persons, the Paris Region had a GDP of €624 billion in 2012, accounting for 30.0 percent of the GDP of France and ranking it as one of the wealthiest regions in Europe. The city is also a rail, highway, and air-transport hub served by two international airports, Paris-Charles de Gaulle and Paris-Orly. Opened in 1900, the subway system, the Paris Métro. It is the second busiest metro system in Europe after Moscow Metro, notably, Paris Gare du Nord is the busiest railway station in the world outside of Japan, with 262 millions passengers in 2015. In 2015, Paris received 22.2 million visitors, making it one of the top tourist destinations. The association football club Paris Saint-Germain and the rugby union club Stade Français are based in Paris, the 80, 000-seat Stade de France, built for the 1998 FIFA World Cup, is located just north of Paris in the neighbouring commune of Saint-Denis. Paris hosts the annual French Open Grand Slam tennis tournament on the red clay of Roland Garros, Paris hosted the 1900 and 1924 Summer Olympics and is bidding to host the 2024 Summer Olympics. The name Paris is derived from its inhabitants, the Celtic Parisii tribe. Thus, though written the same, the name is not related to the Paris of Greek mythology. In the 1860s, the boulevards and streets of Paris were illuminated by 56,000 gas lamps, since the late 19th century, Paris has also been known as Panam in French slang. Inhabitants are known in English as Parisians and in French as Parisiens and they are also pejoratively called Parigots. The Parisii, a sub-tribe of the Celtic Senones, inhabited the Paris area from around the middle of the 3rd century BC. One of the areas major north-south trade routes crossed the Seine on the île de la Cité, this place of land and water trade routes gradually became a town

11.
Gottfried Kinkel
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Johann Gottfried Kinkel was a German poet also noted for his revolutionary activities and his escape from a Prussian prison in Spandau with the help of his friend Carl Schurz. Changing his religious opinions, he abandoned theology and delivered lectures on the history of art, in 1843, he married Johanna Mockel, a writer, composer and musician who assisted her husband in his literary work and revolutionary activities. In 1846 he was appointed professor of the history of art at the University of Bonn. Kinkel joined the rebellion in the Palatinate in 1849, believing himself to be acting legally in obedience to the directives of the Frankfurt Parliament. In a battle he was wounded and arrested and later sentenced to life imprisonment and he was eventually transferred to Spandau Prison in Berlin, where his friend and former student Carl Schurz helped him escape the prison at Spandau and reach London, England in November 1850. In London, he joined the Communist League, later he became involved with the August Willich-Karl Schapper group within the League and came out against Karl Marx and Frederick Engels in the split within the Communist League. Kinkel visited the United States to raise funds for a “German National Loan” that was to fund activities in Germany. Although he was received, and met with President Millard Fillmore. Returning to London in 1853, he taught German and public speaking for women, and lectured on German literature, art, in 1858, he founded the German paper, Hermann. Johanna Kinkel lost her life in late 1858 when she fell or threw out of a window. In 1860, Kinkel married Minna Emilia Ida Werner, a Königsberger who was living in London, in 1863, he was appointed examiner at the University of London and other schools in England. In 1866 he accepted a professorship of archaeology and the history of art at the Polytechnikum in Zürich and he was never able to return to Germany. The 1920 Encyclopedia Americana speculates that it was probably his love of his country that brought him to Zürich. In the estimation of 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica, Kinkels popularity was out of proportion to his talent, the Britannica of 1911 characterizes his poetry as of the sweetly sentimental type in vogue in Germany in the mid-19th century. Kinkels Gedichte first appeared in 1843, and went through several editions and his best works were the verse romances, Otto der Schütz, eine rheinische Geschichte in zwölf Abenteuern, which by 1920 had gone through over 100 editions, and Der Grobschmied von Antwerpen. Among his other works were the tragedy Nimrod, and Geschichte der bildenden Künste bei den christichen Völkern, Die Ahr, Landschaft, Geschichte und Volksleben, Kinkels escape from Spandau is briefly dramatized in the third part of Engstfeld Films four-part series Germans in America. Rines, George Edwin, ed. Kinkel, Gottfried and this article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain, Chisholm, Hugh, ed. Kinkel, Johann Gottfried. This work in turn cites, A. Strodtmann, Gottfried Kinkel, Otto Henne am Rhyn, G. Kinkel, ein Lebensbild

12.
Johanna Kinkel
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Johanna Kinkel was a German composer, writer, and revolutionary. In 1840, after five months of marriage, she was divorced from the Cologne bookseller Matthieux. Her second marriage, in 1843, was to the German poet Gottfried Kinkel, following the 1848 Revolutions she was forced to abandon Germany and flee to London. She was found dead in her garden in 1858 from a fall, although suicide was suspected and her tombstone was inscribed Freiheit, Liebe und Dichtung. Kinkel was an author of considerable merit and she wrote on musical subjects, including regular review articles of music events for the Bonner Zeitung, a newspaper she and her husband edited in cooperation with Carl Schurz. An autobiographical novel of hers, Hans Ibeles in London, was published posthumously in 1860 and she also had a substantial output of musical compositions. Many of these compositions were written for the Maikäferbund, a group of poets which she directed and Gottfried also helped lead and this group was founded in 1840 and lasted until the 1848 revolution. She also wrote music for her children which was published and she died on 15 November 1858 in London and is buried in Brookwood Cemetery with her daughters Marie Kinkel and Johanna Kinkel. Otto Maußer, Kinkel, Gottfried und Johanna Kinkel, Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie,55, Leipzig, Duncker & Humblot, pp. 515–528 Carl Schurz, Reminiscences. The first volume of Schurzs autobiography has many recollections of Johanna Kinkel, Johanna added depth to his knowledge of the piano and its repertoire, particularly Beethoven and Chopin

13.
Columbia, the Gem of the Ocean
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Columbia, the Gem of the Ocean is a United States patriotic song which was popular during the mid-19th and early 20th centuries, especially during the Civil War era. It functioned as a national anthem in competition with Hail, Columbia. For many years, the melody was used as the Voice of Americas interval signal. Columbia was a common nickname for the United States of America in the 19th century. The United States was often represented in illustrations and cartoons as a female figure named Columbia dressed in flag-like bunting. Other nations used similar figures, notably the French Marianne and the British Britannia, historical sources generally agree that, in the autumn of 1843, an actor named David T. Shaw wanted a new patriotic song to sing at a benefit performance. He gained the assistance of fellow performer Thomas A. Becket, Sr. who wrote the lyrics, evidently, Shaw published the song under his own name, but Becket was able to prove his authorship by means of his original handwritten composition. There remains some disagreement as to other versions of the song predated Beckets composition or followed it. The British version of anthem, Britannia, the Pride of the Ocean, was first published in 1852. There is no evidence that it predated the American version, the tune was used repeatedly by the composer Charles Ives, featuring notably in his Second Symphony and A Symphony, New England Holidays as well as in his Piano Sonata No.2. The melody from Columbia, along with traditional songs, is included in American Patrol. Originally intended for piano, it was arranged for the swing band of Glenn Miller. The song is featured in the film Amistad, the song is sung at the Fourth of July celebration in the film The Music Man. The song is rehearsed by schoolchildren of 1881 in No Time Like the Past, the first line is sung a capella by Bruno Kirby in the film Donnie Brasco. An instrumental version of the song frequently marks Popeyes consumption of spinach, the song was played by the Columbia, New Hampshire, High School marching band in The West Wings third series episode where President Josiah Bartlet is preparing to announce his bid for reelection. It was also being played in the background just before President Bartlet was sworn in for his second term, the song can be heard in the title screen of Epyxs computer game Destroyer. The song is the last song heard in the 1944 Warner Bros. cartoon, The Weakly Reporter, carole Lombard can be heard singing a snippet of the song as she writes a letter outside the doctors office in 1939s Made for Each Other. The song is featured in two scenes in the film The Last Detail, the Song is heard several times in the 1958 Movie From the Earth to the Moon, based on the book by Jules Verne O Columbia

14.
Thomas Becket
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Thomas Becket was Archbishop of Canterbury from 1162 until his murder in 1170. He is venerated as a saint and martyr by both the Catholic Church and the Anglican Communion and he engaged in conflict with Henry II, King of England, over the rights and privileges of the Church and was murdered by followers of the king in Canterbury Cathedral. Soon after his death, he was canonised by Pope Alexander III, the main sources for the life of Becket are a number of biographies that were written by contemporaries. A few of these documents are by unknown writers, although traditional historiography has given them names, the other biographers, who remain anonymous, are generally given the pseudonyms of Anonymous I, Anonymous II, and Anonymous III. Besides these accounts, there are two other accounts that are likely contemporary that appear in the Quadrilogus II and the Thómas saga Erkibyskups. Besides these biographies, there is also the mention of the events of Beckets life in the chroniclers of the time. These include Robert of Torignis work, Roger of Howdens Gesta Regis Henrici Secundi and Chronica, Ralph Dicetos works, William of Newburghs Historia Rerum, Becket was born about 1119, or in 1120 according to later tradition. He was born in Cheapside, London, on 21 December and he was the son of Gilbert Beket and Gilberts wife Matilda. Gilberts father was from Thierville in the lordship of Brionne in Normandy, Matilda was also of Norman ancestry, and her family may have originated near Caen. Gilbert was perhaps related to Theobald of Bec, whose family also was from Thierville. Gilbert began his life as a merchant, perhaps as a textile merchant and he also served as the sheriff of the city at some point. They were buried in Old St Pauls Cathedral, one of Beckets fathers wealthy friends, Richer de LAigle, often invited Thomas to his estates in Sussex where Becket was exposed to hunting and hawking. According to Grim, Becket learned much from Richer, who was later a signatory of the Constitutions of Clarendon against Thomas. Beginning when he was 10, Becket was sent as a student to Merton Priory in England and later attended a school in London. He did not study any subjects beyond the trivium and quadrivium at these schools, later, he spent about a year in Paris around age 20. He did not, however, study canon or civil law at this time, some time after Becket began his schooling, Gilbert Beket suffered financial reverses, and the younger Becket was forced to earn a living as a clerk. Theobald entrusted him several important missions to Rome and also sent him to Bologna. His efficiency in those posts led to Theobald recommending him to King Henry II for the vacant post of Lord Chancellor, as Chancellor, Becket enforced the kings traditional sources of revenue that were exacted from all landowners, including churches and bishoprics

15.
Michael William Balfe
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Michael William Balfe was an Irish composer, best-remembered for his opera The Bohemian Girl. After a short career as a violinist, Balfe pursued a singing career. In a career spanning more than 40 years, he composed at least 29 operas, almost 250 songs and he was also a noted conductor, directing Italian Opera at Her Majestys Theatre for seven years, among other conducting posts. Balfe was born in Dublin, where his musical gifts became apparent at an early age and he received instruction from his father, a dancing master and violinist, and the composer William Rooke. His family moved to Wexford when he was a child, between 1814 and 1815, Balfe played the violin for his fathers dancing-classes, and at the age of seven composed a polacca. In 1817, he appeared as a violinist in public, and in this year composed a ballad, first called Young Fanny and afterwards, when sung in Paul Pry by Madame Vestris, The Lovers Mistake. In 1823, upon the death of his father, the teenaged Balfe moved to London and was engaged as a violinist in the orchestra of the Theatre Royal and he eventually became the leader of that orchestra. While there, he studied violin with Charles Edward Horn and composition with Charles Frederick Horn, while still playing the violin, Balfe pursued a career as an opera singer. He debuted unsuccessfully at Norwich in Carl Maria von Webers Der Freischütz, in 1825, Count Mazzara took him to Rome for vocal and musical studies and introduced him to Luigi Cherubini. Balfe also pursued composing, in Italy, he wrote his first dramatic work and he became a protégée of Rossinis, and at the close of 1827, he appeared as Figaro in The Barber of Seville at the Italian opera in Paris. Balfe soon returned to Italy, where he was based for the eight years. He met Maria Malibran while singing at the Paris Opera during this period, in 1829 in Bologna, Balfe composed his first cantata for the soprano Giulia Grisi, then 18 years old. She performed it with the tenor Francesco Pedrazzi with much success, Balfe produced his first complete opera, I rivali di se stessi, at Palermo in the carnival season of 1829—1830. Around 1831, he married Lina Roser, a Hungarian-born singer of Austrian parentage whom he had met at Bergamo, the couple had two sons and two daughters. Their younger son, Edward, died in infancy and their elder son, Michael William Jr. died in 1915. Their daughters were Louisa and Victoire, Balfe wrote another opera Un avvertimento ai gelosi at Pavia, and Enrico Quarto at Milan, where he had been engaged to sing in Rossinis Otello with Malibran at La Scala in 1834. An unpopular attempt at improving Giacomo Meyerbeers opera, Il crociato in Egitto, by interpolated music of his own, Balfe returned to London with his wife and young daughter in May 1835. His initial success took place months later, with the premiere of The Siege of Rochelle on 29 October 1835 at Drury Lane

16.
The Bohemian Girl
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The Bohemian Girl is a ballad opera composed by Michael William Balfe with a libretto by Alfred Bunn. The plot is based on a Cervantes tale, La Gitanilla. The best-known aria from the piece is I Dreamt I Dwelt in Marble Halls in which the character, Arline. It has been recorded by artists, most famously by Dame Joan Sutherland. The opera was first produced in London at the Drury Lane Theatre on 27 November 1843, the production ran for more than 100 nights and enjoyed many revivals worldwide including, New York City, Dublin and Philadelphia. Several versions in different languages were also staged during Balfe’s lifetime, the opera remained in the repertories of British touring companies until the 1930s and was revived in 1932 at Sadlers Wells. A Polish noble, Thaddeus, in exile in Austria, joins a band of gypsies and he saves Arline, the infant daughter of Count Arnheim, from being killed by a deer. Arline can only remember her noble upbringing. She and Thaddeus are sweethearts, but the Gypsy Queen is also in love with him, arnheims nephew Florestein falls in love with Arline, but the Queen plants a medallion stolen from Florestein on Arline. Florestein recognises the medallion and has her arrested and she is tried before the Count who recognises the scar left on her arm from the deer attack. Arline is at a ball in her fathers castle, where she feels nostalgic for her Romany upbringing, Thaddeus breaks into the castle through a window and pleads for her hand. He eventually wins the trust of the count whom he insulted twelve years ago, the Gypsy Queen stalks Thaddeus to the castle and tries to break in through the same window to kill Arline with a musket and kidnap Thaddeus. Before she can execute her plan, however, Devilshoof tries to wrest the weapon from her hands, a silent movie version was made in Britain in 1922. Ellen Terry, much known as a stage actress, made her last screen appearance as Buda the nursemaid. Ivor Novello plays Thaddeus, Gladys Cooper plays Arline, and C, an early sound short subject version of the opera was filmed in Britain in 1927, starring Pauline Johnson as Arline and Herbert Langley as Thaddeus. The best-known version is undoubtedly the 1936 full-length Laurel and Hardy film, the characters played by Laurel and Hardy do not appear in the stage opera, nor does Thaddeus appear in the film. La gitanilla itself has been filmed three times, but never in English, the Bohemian Girl is mentioned in the short stories Clay and Eveline by James Joyce which are both parts of Dubliners. In Clay, the character Maria sings some lines from I Dreamt I Dwelt in Marble Halls, the aria is quoted again in Joyces novel Finnegans Wake

17.
Old Dan Tucker
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Old Dan Tucker, also known as Ole Dan Tucker, Dan Tucker, and other variants, is a popular American song. Its origins remain obscure, the tune may have come from oral tradition, Old Dan Tucker entered the folk vernacular around the same time. Today it is a bluegrass and country music standard and it is no.390 in the Roud Folk Song Index. The first sheet music edition of Old Dan Tucker, published in 1843, is a song of boasts and nonsense in the vein of previous hits such as Jump Jim Crow. In exaggerated Black Vernacular English, the lyrics tell of Dan Tuckers exploits in a town, where he fights, gets drunk, overeats. Minstrel troupes freely added and removed verses, and folk singers have since added hundreds more, parodies and political versions are also known. The song falls into the idiom of previous music, relying on rhythm. Its melody is simple and the harmony little developed, nevertheless, contemporary critics found the song more pleasant than previous minstrel fare. Musicologist Dale Cockrell argues that the song represents a transition between early minstrel music and the more European-style songs of minstrelsys later years, Old Dan Tucker as originally published exemplifies the masculine boasting songs that predominated in early minstrelsy. Modern analysts emphasize the songs rawness, racism, and disdain for social taboos, Youre too late to come to supper. Tucker is a character, driven by sex, violence. He is ugly, unrefined, and unintelligent, even infantilized, as a stranger in town, his devil-may-care actions show his problems with or ambivalence to adapting to local mores. Other verses appear that do not go along with the main narrative and their lines seem to be confused jabber, since we arent familiar with the slang and products of the time. Perhaps it was written to extend the rhyme scheme, the third verse is one example, Heres my razor in good order Magnum bonum—jis hab bought er, Sheep shell oats, Tucker shell de corn, Ill shabe you soon as de water get warm. Dan Tucker is both the teller and subject of the story, verses 1,3, and 5 of the 1843 edition are in the first person, whereas verses 2,4, and 7 are in the third. This reflects the intended performance by an entire minstrel troupe. The lead minstrel played Tucker and began the song, but backup singers took over at times to allow Tucker to act out the scenario, dance, there was probably an element of competition to the various dance and music solos. The third-person verses also allowed for commentary to suggest to the audience how they were to judge the character, individual companies probably selectively performed verses from the song or added new ones

18.
Dan Emmett
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Daniel Decatur Dan Emmett was an American songwriter, entertainer, and founder of the first troupe of the blackface minstrel tradition. Of Irish ancestry, Dan Emmett was born in Mount Vernon, Ohio, growing up with little formal education, he learned popular tunes from his musical mother, and taught himself to play the fiddle. At age 13, he became a printer and enlisted in the United States Army. He became an expert fifer and drummer at Newport Barracks, Newport, Kentucky, after receiving his discharge from the army on July 8,1835, he joined a Cincinnati circus. In 1840–1842 he toured with Angevine and other circuses as a blackface banjoist, Emmett is traditionally credited with writing the famous song Dixie. The story that he related about its composition varied each time he told it, the song was first performed by Emmett and the Bryants at Mechanics Hall in New York City on April 4,1859. The song became a hit, especially in the South. Emmett himself reportedly told a fellow minstrel, If I had known to use they were going to put my song. After the South began using his song as a rallying call, emmetts song was a favorite of President Abraham Lincoln, who said after the war ended in 1865, I have always thought that Dixie was one of the best tunes I ever heard. I insisted yesterday that we had captured it. Another writer named William Shakespeare Hays claimed to be its true author, members of the Snowden Family of Knox County, Ohio, have also been named as writers of the song. After a tour that was successful in the South, Emmett retired to his hometown of Mount Vernon in 1888 where he died on June 28,1904. From 1893 to the time of his death, he was aided by an allowance from the Actors Fund of America. Emmett was inducted into the Songwriters Hall of Fame in 1970, a biographical film of his life was produced in 1943, titled Dixie. Starring Bing Crosby and Dorothy Lamour, it is a directed by A. Edward Sutherland. Numerous schools, businesses, and other institutions in Mount Vernon, the official memorial to him is a large boulder with a placard attached located in front of the Knox County Historical Museum. Emmett published at least 30 songs between 1843 and 1865, most of which are banjo tunes or walk-arounds, between 1859 and 1869, he composed another 25 tunes that are in manuscript at the Ohio Historical Society in Columbus, Ohio. Minstrel show Polly Wolly Doodle Crawford, Richard, New York, W. W. Norton & Company,2001

19.
Franz Berwald
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Franz Adolf Berwald was a Swedish Romantic composer who was generally ignored during his lifetime. He made his living as a surgeon and later as the manager of a saw mill. The summers were off-season for the orchestra, and Berwald travelled around Scandinavia, Finland, of his works from that time, a septet and a serenade he still considered worthwhile music in his later years. In 1821, his Violin Concerto was premiered by his brother August and it was not well received, some people in the audience burst out laughing during the slow movement. His family got into dire economic circumstances after the death of his father in 1825. Berwald tried to get several scholarships, but only got one from the King, which enabled him to study in Berlin, to make a living, Berwald started an orthopedic and physiotherapy clinic in Berlin in 1835, which turned out to be profitable. Some of the devices he invented were still in use decades after his death. He stopped composing during his time in Berlin, resuming only in 1841 with a move to Vienna and marriage to Mathilde Scherer. In 1842 a concert of his poems at the Redoutensaal at the Hofburg Imperial Palace received extremely positive reviews. These were not the first symphonies he wrote, numerous major works from the 1820s have gone missing, and the torso of a Symphony in As first movement remains, has been finished, and recorded. The Symphony No.1 in G minor, Sérieuse, was the one of Berwalds four symphonies that was performed in his lifetime. In 1843, it was premiered in Stockholm with his cousin Johan Frederik conducting the Royal Opera House Orchestra, at that same concert, his operetta Jag går i kloster was also performed, but its success is credited to one of the roles having been sung by Jenny Lind. In 1846, Jenny Lind sang in one of Berwalds cantatas, another operetta, The Modiste, had less success in 1845. Particularly in its brilliant last movement it may be compared favourably to Robert Schumann or Edvard Grieg and its three movements are played without a break. Berwalds music was not recognised favourably in Sweden during his lifetime, even drawing hostile newspaper reviews, the Mozarteum Salzburg made him an honorary member in 1847. When Berwald returned to Sweden in 1849, he managed a glass works at Sandö in Ångermanland owned by Ludvig Petré, during that time Berwald focused his attention on producing chamber music. Following this success, he wrote Drottningen av Golconda, which would have premiered in 1864. In 1866, Berwald received the Swedish Order of the Polar Star, the royal family stepped in, and Berwald got the post