The man who went down in history as the first armed Confederate
soldier killed in the Civil War lies buried at an unknown location, probably
in an unmarked grave, and is recorded in history books under the wrong
name.

A contemporary newspaper account and an official death record confirm
the man was Stephen Roberts (c. 1796 - 1861), a secession-minded farmer
who owned nearly 450 acres along Fish Creek in southern Wetzel County.
He organized and headed a small group of home guards, glorified in various
histories as "Capt. Roberts Command," which did its best to burn railroad
bridges and raise hell in the border community between Burton and Glover's
Gap.

The books all call him Christian Roberts, and the reason for the name
mixup is unclear.

He was killed on the morning of 28 May 1861 by a patrol of Company A,
2nd Virginia Infantry (Union), but I could not find an official report
of the skirmish. One should have been filed by Col. Benjamin F. Kelley,
commander of the 1st Virginia Infantry, the regiment under which Company
A served during the opening weeks of the war.

Such a report might give a hint as to how the name Stephen was changed
to Christian in later historical accounts. Most printed stories probably
were drawn from Theodore F. Lang's LOYAL WEST VIRGINIA 1861 - 1865, published
in 1895. Lang, in turn, seems to have gotten the story from Frank S. Reader's
regimental history, FIFTH WEST VIRGINIA CAVALRY, FORMERLY THE SECOND VIRGINIA
INFANTRY, published five years earlier.

The contemporary newspaper report in the May 30th edition of the Wheeling
Intelligencer reads as follows:

"Stephen Roberts, leader of the secessionists at Glover's Gap, seven
miles west of Mannington, was shot and instantly killed by a squad of Captain
[sic] Oliver West's men (Co. A, 2nd W.Va. Inf.) who have possession of
the post. It appears that a squad was scouting on Tuesday morning and came
across Roberts and two other men, all armed. The Lieutenant in command
of the squad [i.e. West] called upon the secessionists to halt, but instead
of doing so they wheeled around and fired upon the soldiers. The fire was
returned and Roberts was killed, though the others took to their heels
and made their escape. The minie ball passed entirely through his body.
He was buried yesterday morning by his friends."

One local history, AN APPALACHIAN LEGACY: MANNINGTON LIFE AND SPIRIT
by Arthur C. Prichard (1983: McClain Publishing Co., Parsons, WV) repeats
the Lang/Reader version of the events and does not mention the Wheeling
Intelligencer story. But the book does describe how reporters from the
newspaper rode to the scene on trains with the Federal troops and followed
them into the field. Their stories were wired to Wheeling by telegraph.

Between covering the enthusiastic welcome given the soldiers at Mannington
and their pursuit of secessionists at nearby Farmington, however, there
may not have been a reporter free to accompany the patrol at Glover's Gap.
That still does not explain how the newspaper got the name right and Lang
or Reader did not.

Roberts' home guard unit may have been made up principally of his own
nephews. He could reckon them by the dozens in the tightly-knit, sparsely-populated
community straddling the border of Wetzel and Marion counties. At least
six of his nephews went on to serve in Company A of the 19th VA Cavalry
(CSA).

History has not identified the two men who fled into the woods when
Roberts was killed. If pressed to hazard a guess, I'd put my money on Isaac
Bartrug, 20, and his first-cousin Sam Lemley, 18, both nephews of Roberts'
wife, Mary. Lemley, whose mother had died young, lived with the Roberts
family, and the Bartrug farm was just around the bend.

Almost as though they were joined at the hip, Bartrug and Lemley eventually
joined the 19th Virginia Cavalry, were captured together in Preston County
two years later, and were gunned down by prison guards in separate incidents
at Camp Chase in Columbus, Ohio.

I believe -- but may never prove it -- that Roberts' body was claimed
for burial by Isaac Bartrug's older brother, Christian, 34. I suspect Christian's
first name got mixed up with that of his uncle when his statement was taken.
The Yankees who shot Roberts were not locals, after all, but from Pittsburgh
and thus had no clue as to his identity.

Or it may have been that Reader's source for the tale, a fellow veteran
interviewed nearly 30 years after the fact, dredged up from a dimming memory
the given name Christian and surname Roberts and absent-mindedly put the
two together.

If it was Christian Bartrug who came forth to claim the body, it probably
was because he had NOT been there the day before when his uncle was killed.
Otherwise he could have been recognized and arrested. He also may have
volunteered, or been picked, for the burial detail because of his reputation
as a Union sympathizer. An 1890 veterans' schedule shows his widow began
receiving a pension upon his death in 1888, indicating that, unlike most
of his cousins, he had served in the Federal army.

For the record, Stephen Roberts and three brothers are said to have
come to northwestern Virginia about 1820 from Morristown, PA, a hamlet
just north of the Mason-Dixon Line. They were originally from England.

Stephen settled in the area that is now Burton, while brothers Noah
and John Roberts lived along Hileys Run, now known as Roberts Ridge. The
fourth brother, Bos, moved to Middlebourne, over in Tyler County.

Stephen Roberts married a local girl, Mary Bartrug, of the family that
founded Burton. They had three daughters, Catherine, who married Isaac
Glover; Mary Ann, who married Sam Snowden Bartrug; and Lydia, who died
young and single. They also had two sons, Sam and William, who died in
a typhoid epidemic in 1854.

Stephen Roberts probably was buried at Old Bartrug Cemetery in Burton,
but the cemetery has no record of him and no stone marks the spot.

The old hero surely would have fared better -- though still dead --
if his beloved Confederacy had won the war.
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