Fluency is established when—through carefully constructed experiences—students become fluent in the foundations of mathematics through varied and frequent practice with developmentally appropriate and increasingly complex tasks.

Reasoning is fundamental to knowing and doing of mathematics. Reasoning is the deep learning that occurs when–through the solving of rich, highly cognitive tasks, rigorous discussion and reflection–students make connections among conceptual ideas

Problem Solving is the primary focus of numeracy and is a means through which students can make connections to their experiences in and out of the classroom. It is an intellectual and creative process where students engage with challenging authentic and non-routine tasks where the path to a solution is not obvious.