ABSTRACT

ObjectiveTo investigate the possible role of nasal allergy in chronic disease of the maxillary sinuses (CDMS) by means of nasal provocation test (NPT) with allergen combined with radiography and ultrasonography.

DesignProspective clinical controlled study.

SettingAcademic referral center.

PatientsSeventy-one patients with CDMS and 16 control subjects with allergic rhinitis but no history of sinus disease.

InterventionsIn the 71 patients, a total of 135 NPTs and 71 control challenges with phosphate-buffered saline were performed by rhinomanometry combined with radiography and ultrasonography. In the control patients, 16 positive NPTs were repeated and combined with radiography and ultrasonography.

Main Outcome MeasuresNumber, type, and timing of nasal responses with accompanying changes on radiographs and ultrasonograms.

ResultsOf the 71 patients, 67 developed 104 positive nasal responses of various types (P < .001), 89 of which were accompanied by significant changes on radiographs (P = .008), whereas 83 were also associated with significant changes on ultrasonograms (P = .007). No significant changes on the radiographs or the ultrasonograms were recorded during the 71 phosphate-buffered saline control tests in the patients with CDMS (P = .14 and .06, respectively) or during the 16 NPTs in control subjects (P = .15 and .12, respectively). The radiographic and ultrasonographic findings were significantly correlated (r = 0.81; P < .01).

ConclusionsNasal allergy may be involved in some patients with CDMS, resulting in appearance of a maxillary sinus response. Monitoring this response by means of serial ultrasonography and, if necessary, also by conventional radiography or computed tomography simultaneously with the nasal challenge with allergen seems to be a very useful diagnostic supplement allowing additional therapeutic measures focused on the nasal allergy.

Figures in this Article

Chronic disease of the maxillary sinuses (CDMS) is a common disorder, affecting a wide adult as well as pediatric population.1- 4 Although the involvement of hypersensitivity mechanisms, and especially of nasal allergy, in CDMS has been recognized, the diagnostic procedures for this disorder and this relationship vary.1,3- 27 There is a dearth of information regarding the direct causal involvement of hypersensitivity mechanisms of the nasal mucosa and potential consequences within the maxillary sinuses.1- 3,7,8,28- 30 Moreover, few data are available to illustrate the possible existence of various types of maxillary sinus response caused by immunologic events in the nasal mucosa.1,8,29 Another issue discussed is the recording of particular changes in the paranasal sinuses and their mucosal membrane.1,2,11- 27 Diagnostic value of the various imaging techniques differs and depends on a variety of factors, such as purposes, basic indications, practice facilities, and costs.1,9- 16,19- 23,31 The imaging techniques are usually used in a single application for evaluation of the temporary state of the particular sinuses.1,20,22 However, most of these techniques are not suitable for serial application for several reasons, such as relatively higher costs and unnecessary exposure to radiation or magnetic resonance.1,32- 35 On the other hand, hypersensitivity mechanisms, such as allergic reaction in the nasal mucosa, represent a dynamic process necessitating a dynamic approach, which means recording of the relevant variables before and repeatedly after the allergen exposure.32- 37 Therefore, although they may gather excellent data, not all imaging techniques are suitable for this aim.32- 35 In our previous studies, we demonstrated involvement of nasal allergy in chronic maxillary sinus disease as monitored by conventional radiography.32- 35 The purpose of this study was (1) to investigate the existence of particular types of maxillary sinus response induced by nasal allergy as recorded by radiography and ultrasonography and (2) to evaluate the suitability of ultrasonography in combination with nasal challenge for diagnostic screening of the role of nasal allergy in patients with CDMS.

METHODS

PATIENTS

Eighty-four patients with CDMS of longer than 3 years' duration, without an air-fluid level on radiographs, were referred to the Department of Allergology and Immunology, Institute of Medical Sciences “De Klokkenberg,” Breda, the Netherlands, from 1999 through 2000 by otolaryngologists with the request to perform further diagnostic procedures focused on possible involvement of allergy in their CDMS. All of these patients had previously been examined by otolaryngologists using standard procedures, including computed tomographic scans of the paranasal sinuses. They had been previously treated with various antibiotics, decongestants, and H1-receptor antagonists. They had undergone sinus puncture and some had also had tonsillectomy and adenoidectomy, but without satisfactory improvement of their complaints. None of them was treated with immunotherapy, oral corticosteroids, nasal cromolyn sodium (disodium cromoglycate), or leukotriene modifiers. Of these 84 consecutively referred patients, 71 were willing to participate voluntarily in this study (Table 1). These patients, 16 to 48 years of age, underwent a routine diagnostic procedure consisting of a detailed disease history, physical and basic laboratory examination, bacteriologic examination of the nasal secretions and sputum, blood differential cell count, nasal secretion cytogram, serum skin tests with basic inhalant allergens, paper radioimmunosorbent test, radioallergosorbent test, rhinoscopy, and screening plain radiography of paranasal sinuses. Nasal histamine thresholds were determined, and 135 nasal provocation tests (NPTs) with various inhalant allergens were performed by means of rhinomanometry combined with simultaneous conventional radiography and ultrasonography of the maxillary sinuses.

In each patient, a control nasal challenge with phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) was also performed according to the same schedule as that used for the NPTs with allergens and supplemented with radiographs and ultrasonograms of the maxillary sinuses. A 4-day interval was always inserted between the consecutive tests. Patients were examined when they were without manifest sinus and nasal complaints and without nasal infection. Topical glucocorticosteroids and long-acting H1-receptor antagonists were withdrawn 6 weeks before the study, whereas short-acting H1-receptor antagonists and nasal decongestants were stopped 48 hours before the study. The local ethics committee approved this study, and informed consent was obtained from all participants.

CONTROL GROUP

Sixteen patients with allergic rhinitis, confirmed by positive history, skin tests, and nasal challenges with various inhalant allergens but without any history of sinusitis and with normal radiographic findings, volunteered to participate in this study. In these patients, 16 positive NPTs with Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus or grass pollen were repeated out of season and supplemented with radiographs and ultrasonograms of the maxillary sinuses.

ALLERGENS

Dialyzed and lyophilized allergen extracts (Allergopharma, Reinbek, Germany) were diluted in PBS and used in concentrations of 500 biological units/mL for skin tests and 1000 to 3000 biological units/mL for NPTs (Table 2). If indicated, the higher dilutions of the allergen extracts were used for the skin tests as well as for the NPTs.

SKIN TESTS

The intradermal tests were performed and evaluated 20 minutes after the injection, according to a standard schedule. A skin wheal reaction (>7.0 mm in diameter) appearing 20 minutes after the injection was considered to be a positive immediate skin response.32- 37

NASAL PROVOCATION TESTS

The NPTs with allergens were performed by the rhinomanometry technique, described previously.34- 37 The nasopharynx-nostril pressure gradients (NPGs) (ΔP, expressed in centimeters of water) recorded by this technique were considered to be the basic measures of the nasal mucosa response (nasal obstruction). The NPTs were performed according to the following schedule: (1) initial (baseline) values were recorded at 0, 5, and 10 minutes; (2) PBS control values were recorded at 0, 5, and 10 minutes after a 3-minute application of PBS to the nasal mucosa of the nonintubated nasal cavity by means of a saturated wad of cotton wool on a nasal probe, inserted under the concha media and placed away from the natural ostia of the maxillary sinus; and (3) test values were recorded similarly after a 3-minute application of allergen at 0, 5, 10, 20, 30, 45, 60, 90, and 120 minutes, then every hour up to the 12th hour, and then every second hour between the 24th and 38th hours and between the 48th and 56th hours. Nasal response (NR) was considered to be positive when the mean NPG values after the allergen challenge increased by at least 2.0 cm H2O (mean [SE], 1.2 [0.3] cm H2O) with respect to the mean PBS values, recorded during at least 3 consecutive time intervals. The NPG changes occurring within 60 minutes after the allergen challenge were considered to be a positive immediate NR; those appearing within 4 to 12 hours, a positive late NR; and those occurring later than 24 hours, a positive delayed NR. Allergens for the NPTs were chosen with respect to the patient's history, positive skin test, or positive radioallergosorbent test results (Table 2).

RADIOGRAPHS

Conventional radiographs of maxillary sinuses in Waters projection, while other parts have been shielded, were performed before and then 0.5, 1, 2, 6, 8, 12, 24, 36, and 48 hours after the nasal allergen challenge and evaluated by a radiologist in a blinded manner, without knowledge of the patient as well as the sequence. The following parameters and their changes on the radiographs were evaluated: (1) osseous skeleton; (2) air-fluid level; (3) profile of the increased mucosal membrane in the maxillary sinuses (an increase in the mucosal thickening >3 mm, due to edema and/or infiltration, was considered to be abnormal); (4) decrease in aeration; and (5) appearance of opacification.33- 35 The changes were evaluated by means of a grading score system (Pelikan scoring system) and calculated from both the maxillary sinuses as a total mean score (Table 3).

ULTRASONOGRAPHY

Ultrasonography was performed by means of a 1-dimensional A-scan (Enterscan model 270; Pie Medical Imaging BV, Maastricht, the Netherlands) with a single crystal 3.5- to 5.0-MHz probe and a printer (model P50E; Mitsubishi Digital Electronics America, Irvine, California). The ultrasonograms were recorded before and repeatedly after the nasal allergen challenge at the same time intervals as the NPG recording. The ultrasonograms were evaluated in a blinded manner. The ultrasonographic findings were evaluated according to the following criteria: (1) x-axis (scale in centimeters), visualizing the depth of the maxillary sinus: (a) 0 to 0.3 cm = “initial echo” (standard calibration) and (b) the echo distances of less than 1.0 cm = normal appearance, representing echo penetration through the skin and frontal wall of maxillary sinus (no pathology) (grade 0); 1.0 to less than 2.0 cm = slight thickening of the sinus mucosal membrane (grade 1); 2.0 to less than 3.0 cm = moderate thickening of the sinus mucosal membrane plus mucus layer (grade 2); 3.0 to less than 4.0 cm = distinct thickening of the sinus mucosal membrane plus mucus layer (grade 3); 4.0 to less than 5.0 cm = distinct thickening of the sinus mucosal membrane plus fluid in the sinus cavity (grade 4); greater than or equal to 5.0 cm = back wall echo (grade 5); (2) y-axis (scale in millimeters), representing the volume (intensity) of the echo signal (correlating with the density of the particular tissue or medium): less than 1.0 mm = weak signal or low volume (normal appearance) (grade 0); 1.0 to less than 2.0 mm = moderate volume (abnormal) (grade 1); 2.0 to less than 3.0 mm = distinct volume (grade 2); greater than or equal to 3.0 mm = large volume (distinct pathology) (grade 3).11,16,18,19,24,26,27 The changes were evaluated by means of our grading scale and calculated from both of the maxillary sinuses as a total mean score (Table 3).

STATISTICAL ANALYSIS

The NRs and the PBS control tests recorded in individual patients were statistically evaluated by Wilcoxon matched-pair signed rank test, comparing the NPG values recorded after the allergen or PBS challenge at each time point with the mean prechallenge values. The positive and negative NRs of the same type were compared and statistically evaluated by the Mann-Whitney test.

The correlation between the positive as well as negative radiographic and ultrasonographic changes was analyzed by the Spearman rank correlation coefficient. The agreement between the radiographic and ultrasonographic changes during the particular types of NR was analyzed by means of the Mann-Whitney test. P < .05 was considered to be statistically significant for all statistical methods used.

RADIOGRAPHS OF THE MAXILLARY SINUSES

In 69 of the 71 patients (97%), a slight thickening of the maxillary sinus mucosa (1-2 mm) had already been recorded on the radiographs before the NPTs. Eighty-nine of the 104 positive NRs (28 isolated immediate, 43 isolated late, 6 dual late, 11 isolated delayed, and 1 dual delayed) and 5 of the 31 negative NRs were accompanied by significant changes of the radiographs of maxillary sinuses (P = .008) (Table 4 and Table 5). The changes included a distinct increase in the thickening of the mucosal membrane (>3.0 mm) and sometimes also a decrease in aeration and the appearance of opacification (Table 6; Figures 4, 5, and 6). The mean (SD) total point score of radiographic changes after allergen challenge, evaluated by the Pelikan point grading score (Table 3), was 476 (48). The mean total point scores of the radiographic changes recorded at individual time intervals are presented in Table 7, and those recorded during each type of NR are displayed in Figures 1A, 2A, and 3A. The agreement between the positive NRs and the appearance of radiographic changes was statistically highly significant (P < .001). No significant radiographic changes were recorded during the 71 PBS control tests (P = .14).

Place holder to copy figure label and caption

Figure 4.

Radiographs (top) and ultrasonograms (bottom) of maxillary sinuses in a patient who developed an associated form of maxillary sinus response induced by primary isolated immediate nasal response to challenge with dog danders (500 biological units/mL). A, Before allergen challenge; B through D, 1 hour, 2 hours, and 12 hours after challenge, respectively.

Radiographs (top) and ultrasonograms (bottom) of maxillary sinuses in a patient who developed an associated form of maxillary sinus response induced by primary isolated late nasal response to challenge with grass pollen mix (1000 biological units/mL). A, Before allergen challenge; B through D, 6 hours, 12 hours, and 24 hours after challenge, respectively.

ULTRASONOGRAMS OF THE MAXILLARY SINUSES

Significant changes on the ultrasonograms of the maxillary sinuses (P = .007) were found in association with 83 of the 104 positive NRs (25 isolated immediate, 41 isolated late, 5 dual late, 11 isolated delayed, and 1 dual delayed) and 2 of the negative NRs recorded in 67 patients, as well as with 3 of the 12 negative NRs recorded in the remaining 4 patients (Table 4 and Table 5). The ultrasonographic changes included increased thickening of the mucosal membrane in the maxillary sinuses, sometimes associated with a transient accumulation of the secretions at the bottom of the sinuses (Table 6; Figures 4, 5, and 6). The mean (SD) total point score of ultrasonographic changes after allergen challenge, evaluated by the Pelikan point grading score (Table 3), was 399 (41). The mean total point scores of the ultrasonographic changes recorded at individual time intervals are summarized in Table 7, and the mean point scores recorded during each type of NR are presented in Figures 1A, 2A, and 3A. The agreement between the positive NRs and the appearance of the ultrasonographic changes was statistically significant (P < .01). No ultrasonographic changes were observed during the 71 PBS control tests (P = .06).

RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN RADIOGRAPHIC AND ULTRASONOGRAPHIC CHANGES

The agreement between the appearance of radiographic and ultrasonographic changes recorded during the positive and negative NRs, during the particular types of positive NRs and at individual time intervals after the allergen challenge, was statistically significant (P < .01) (Tables 4, 5, 6, and 7). However, this agreement demonstrated some smaller nonsignificant variations with respect to the individual types of NRs. The total correlation between the radiographic and ultrasonographic changes evaluated by means of Spearman rank correlation coefficient was highly significant both for the positive and for the negative cases (r = 0.89, P < .001; r = −0.73, P < .01, respectively). The correlation coefficients between the radiographic and ultrasonographic changes recorded at individual time intervals after the allergen challenge are presented in Table 7.

COMMENT

The possible involvement of allergy, and especially of nasal allergy, in some forms of sinus disease has already been reported in the literature.1,3- 10,29,30,32- 35 There are a number of anatomic and physiologic similarities between the nasal mucosa and mucosa of the maxillary sinuses.1- 4,7,8,27,30,33- 35 The maxillary sinuses open into the middle meatus of the nasal cavity through the ostium, which plays a pivotal role in their functions. The ostium acts as an anatomic and functional valve, facilitating secretion drainage and gas exchange from the sinus into the nasal cavity. The factors disturbing the drainage functions of ostia, and thus leading to the retention of secretions and gases and negative pressure in the maxillary sinuses, include (1) edema of the nasal mucosa causing limitation of ostium patency, (2) reduced transport capacity of mucus on the surface of sinus mucosal membrane due to abnormalities of the cilia and their function, and (3) increased production of secretions and gases in the sinuses, exceeding the drainage capacity of ostia.1- 4,6,7,35,38,39 The cross-sectional area of the ostium is also the primary determinant of the gas exchange in the human maxillary sinuses.33,38- 41 In addition, the nasal airflow influences gas exchange in the sinuses, which is twice as fast by nasal breathing than during oral breathing.39- 42 The increased nasal mucosal edema may lead not only to mechanical occlusion of the maxillary ostia from outside by surrounding nasal mucosal tissue but sometimes also to extension of the edematous nasal mucosa beyond the ostium margin.1,5,33,34,38- 41

All of these changes lead to partial or total closing of the ostia, resulting in accumulation of secretions, gases, and soft-tissue mass in the sinus. This process leads to subsequent edema and/or infiltration of the sinus mucosa, expressed as mucosal thickening, decreased aeration, appearance of opacification, and sometimes formation of fluid level and soft-tissue mass, which is referred to as a sinus response.32- 35

Two possible pathways—one of them upon involvement of the nasal mucosa, and the other upon passing the nasal mucosa without affecting it—could probably explain some of our results.33- 35 Of the 104 positive NRs, 89 positive NRs were accompanied by radiographic and 83 by ultrasonographic changes of the maxillary sinuses (Table 4). In these cases, which can be viewed as a “secondary” form of sinus response, the immunologic event located primarily in the nasal mucosa may induce an additional sinus response.33- 35 This mechanism is identical to that leading to the obstruction of the ostia through the edema of the nasal mucosa as reported by other investigators.6- 8,28- 30,38- 42 In contrast, during 5 of 31 negative NRs to allergen challenge, significant radiographic and ultrasonographic changes were also recorded (Tables 4, 5, and 6). In such cases, which represent a “primary” form of sinus response, the allergen may pass the nasal cavity barrier and penetrate through the ostium into the sinus without causing any nasal response.28,33- 35,42 This mechanism seems to be similar to that described by Slavin4 as “trapping of foreign particles” (allergens) into the mucus of the sinuses. The secondary form of sinus disease occurs more frequently than the primary form; preliminary data indicate an approximate ratio of 1:150.34

The diagnostic noninvasive imaging techniques for paranasal sinuses include a number of radiation techniques, such as conventional radiography (plain film), plain tomography, computed tomography (CT scan), and single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT); techniques on electromagnetic principle, such as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI); or, finally, ultrasonography (echography) techniques.1,3,6,11- 27,31,33,34,40,42- 46 The advantages and disadvantages of these techniques can be evaluated by various criteria, such as indication (eg, preoperative assessment, screening examination, and evaluation of therapy), accuracy of the imaging, radiation dose, capability for serial use, and costs.1,11- 27,31,33,34,42- 46

In our study, radiography and ultrasonography were compared and tested on their capability for serial documentation of the changes in the maxillary sinuses due to hypersensitivity mechanisms. Conventional radiography is an easy, inexpensive technique, producing limited radiation, that can be repeated up to certain limits, and the results are reproducible.

This technique is suitable for evaluation of the changes appearing in the whole sinuses, including osseous skeleton, air-fluid level, aeration and opacification, and partial changes of the mucosal membrane. Nevertheless, the radiation, even limited, remains a disadvantage of this technique.1,12,13,15- 17,20,22,27,31,33,34,43- 46 Undoubtedly, computed tomography, used currently as a standard technique for imaging of paranasal sinuses, is more accurate and generates more information than conventional plain radiographs.20,22,31 However, for purposes of this study, plain radiographs were sufficient to provide simple comparative data to ultrasonography. Ultrasonography is an inexpensive, easy, time- and labor-saving technique generating directly accessible results and without ionizing radiation.1,11- 16,18- 20,24- 27,32- 35 The important advantage of this method is its unlimited use in time and in number, the possibility of its use also in extramural offices, and low costs.33- 35 This technique is suitable for reliable evaluation of mucosal thickening adjacent to the anterior and posterior sinus wall and presence of fluid level. However, this technique cannot visualize aeration and opacification of the sinus, and its results depend on the investigator's skill. There are 2 basic types of ultrasonography: A- and B-mode.11,13,26,27 The A-scan is a 1-dimensional method, modulating amplitude, whereas the B-scan modulates the brightness in a 2-dimensional manner. We have used the A-scan because of its reliable evaluation of the mucosal thickening and presence of fluid and its simple operation.33- 35

The changes on the ultrasonograms and radiographs were evaluated by means of the previously developed Pelikan grading and score system.34,35,47 This semiquantitative system allows comparison of results not only within the same technique, eg, ultrasonography, but also between the different techniques, such as radiography and ultrasonography. In the past my group has also studied reproducibility of ultrasonography, the results of which have been published in part.34,47 The repeated ultrasonograms did not demonstrate any significant differences from the initial ultrasonograms (P > .01).

The results of this study demonstrated significant correlation between the radiographic and ultrasonographic changes of the maxillary sinus mucosal membrane accompanying both positive NRs (P < .001) and negative NRs (P < .01). The differences between the positive and negative responses of maxillary sinuses were statistically highly significant both for the radiographic (P < .001) and for the ultrasonographic (P < .001) changes. Our results showing a correlation of 95% between the radiographic and ultrasonographic findings in the maxillary sinuses are in agreement with results of some investigators,11,12,14- 16,19,24,25,43 whereas they disagree with data reported by other authors.17 This disagreement may be related to differences in diagnostic procedures, clinical indications, and variables measured.

In conclusion, nasal allergy may be involved in CDMS in some patients. Nasal challenge with allergen combined with ultrasonography and, if necessary, also with one of the radiographic imaging methods may be a useful supplement for the diagnosis of this disorder in the clinical practice, especially in children. The confirmation of involvement of nasal allergy in patients with CDMS would indicate an additional treatment of the nasal allergy.

Radiographs (top) and ultrasonograms (bottom) of maxillary sinuses in a patient who developed an associated form of maxillary sinus response induced by primary isolated late nasal response to challenge with grass pollen mix (1000 biological units/mL). A, Before allergen challenge; B through D, 6 hours, 12 hours, and 24 hours after challenge, respectively.

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