Monday, 23 January 2012

In people’s minds the spiritual and the natural world were
intertwined. Evil was all around, and battle had to be done to protect people
from malignant forces that surrounded on all sides.

This battle was undertaken by an army of spiritual warriors
who prayed and worshiped between them around the clock for the souls of both
the living and the dead.

Priests, monks, friars, priors, chaplains, warrior monks, Hospitallers,
nuns, vicars, chantrists, Bishops and Abbots took this fight for salvation to
the enemy, and protected their flocks.

Their abbeys, priories, churches, chantries, perceptories,
chapels and roadside shrines dotted the landscape of Medieval Sherwood Forest in
the towns and villages, and in the remote areas of the great heaths and woods
(see the Monks and Friars of Sherwood Forest entry).

In modern times a life in the cloth is seen as a calling- a
spiritual choice based on faith. In medieval times where all the world was
religious and had faith, it was a career choice taken by many younger sons of
the local gentry; by clerics wishing to rise through the ranks; and by great
men of the realm becoming Abbots and Bishops and wielding incredible power and
attaining immense wealth.

Many of those who joined the church probably lived quiet
lives dutifully tending to their flock and the needs of their parishioners...

But such quiet lives rarely raise enough of an eyebrow to
warrant recording... but for every quiet and dutiful man of the cloth there was
a ‘priest behaving badly’ to provide us with a rich story of life in medieval times...
the religious men of Medieval Sherwood Forest were no different...

The religious houses of Sherwood Forest provide us with many
tales of misdemeanour:

Monks were often
found wandering away from their houses, such as at Newstead (see Gadding aboutin the Forest entry) and Lenton where in 1350 Prior Peter requested Civil
assistance to ‘prevent three apostate monks of Lenton walking abroad in secular
dress’ (Marcombe and Hamilton 1998)...

Worse still Prior Gilbert de Ponteburgh of Thurgarton Priory
just outside the forest was accused of adultery with two local women in 1284, a
few months later Alexander de Gedling was in trouble for swearing during a
meeting of the chapter and in 1290 Walter de Bingham assaulted a John de Sutton
in church and was excommunicated!

At Newstead Priory in Sherwood a Roger of the Cellar and a
Geoffrey of the kitchen were dismissed as being a nuisance to the monastery,
and evidence suggests drinking and wandering outside the cloister was common...

... In 1307 the prior was accused of ‘incontinence with one
woman and of relapsing into incontinence with another’ (Marcombe and Hamilton
1998)...

Vicars, priests and monks were often known felons and members of notorious gangs who committed kidnap and extortion as well as vandalism and robbery (see Medieval Outlaws: the Folville Gang entry for more details).

In Nottingham the Friars of the town provide us with a few
incidents of note:

In 1402 the warden of the Franciscans was arrested in Leicester
on a charge of sedition and in 1500 warden William Bell was charged with
incontinence as a pimp!! (Marcombe and
Hamilton 1998).

It should be noted that the some of the clergy had a bad
record of frequenting houses of Ill-repute. In London the Brothels called ‘stews’
in medieval times were controlled by the Bishop of Winchester, where the women
were known as the ‘Winchester Geese’.

In Nottingham there was probably a brothel, with a vacant
plot of land called ‘Parodyse’ situated in ‘Whore Lane’ in 1391 (Foulds
2006)... subtle...

Maybe the Warden of the Grey Friars was involved somewhere
nearby...

In 1398 an action was brought before the borough court of Nottingham
against a Chaplain for misbehaviour with a parishioner’s wife:

John de Bilby made a complaint against Roger de Mampton,
chaplain on a plea of trespass:

While John was at Ratcliff (Radcliffe-on-Trent) attending
his affairs, Roger ‘broke his close and entered his chamber on ‘Brydilsmythgate’’
(Modern Bridlesmith Gate), Nottingham, and ‘was found under a curtain of the
bed’.

John warned Roger not to be found by him ‘with his wife, nor
in his house in any manner’ again...

Roger promised not to... however:

Sometime later Roger ‘came by night to the house of the
aforesaid John in ‘Stonestrete’ ‘(they must have moved to Stoney Street- maybe
to get away from the vicar?!)...’and here broke the wall... and leaped over it
to the houses of the aforesaid John de Bilby where his secret places were,
which he entered with the wife of the aforesaid John and was there with the
wife of the aforesaid John for a long time, without the permission and consent
of the aforesaid John, and so was there continually for a whole year after the
aforesaid warning’...

Apparently Roger the Chaplain and Johns wife damaged two
pairs of sheets, a table cloth, towels and one brass pot during their times in
the ‘secret places’...

Well I never...

When brought before the court Roger the Chaplain pleaded that
he was carrying out his duty ‘as is the custom with the parochial clergy to go
through their parish with the holy water’...

He was administering Holy water!

That’s one way of putting it.

Such stories remind us that the medieval world was a
colourful place.

They come down to us through the records and enrich our understandings
of the lives of the people who reside in those documents. It is often the bad stories that outshine the
good... but we all love gossip, and the medieval records provide plenty of
it...

Many lay people’s lives are also recorded and will be
discussed soon.

They include forestalling and black-market dealings, robberies,
fist-fights, scolds, cuckolds, hangings and banishings...

It is worth
remembering that such things will always be found in court records, and should
not be taken to reflect the activities of everyone in medieval life. They do
however offer us a chance to view a world full of humanity and strife- not to dissimilar
to our own...

(more from the Borough Court Rolls of Nottingham,
Inquisitions Post Mortem and the Manorial Court Rolls from the villages of
medieval Sherwood Forest coming soon)...

Thursday, 19 January 2012

During the 8th and 9th century
England was
subject to violent incursions by Vikings from Scandinavia- often
portrayed as mindless berserkers. They rampaged around the coast of England laying
waste in their tracks. They even found time to pop across the water and create Dublin in Ireland, and
to visit North America on
their travels.

The earliest reference to Nottingham in the
written records comes from the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle and refers to an army of
Vikings over-wintering there:

'In this
year the (Danish) army went into Mercia to Nottingham and took up winter quarters
there. And Burgred, the king of the Mercians, and his councillors asked
Ethelred, the king of the West Saxons, and his brother Alfred to help him to fight
against the army. They then went with the army of the West Saxons into Mercia to Nottingham, and came upon the enemy in that
fortress, and besieged them there. There occurred no serious battle there, and
the Mercians made peace with the enemy. In the following year the raiding army
returned to York'.

The
Vikings in the area were clearly considered hostile by the author of this
account.

It seems that the initial phase of Viking contact
was violent, but overtime their attention seems to have turned to settlement
and farming.

Or at least there was a large assimilation of
Viking culture in the area. Either way, the area that was and would become
Nottinghamshire, and subsequently Sherwood Forest took
on a distinctly ‘Viking’ or ‘Old Scandinavian’ flavour.

It seems probable with more modern research such as
genetic sampling; that the Viking people were settling in areas which had some
traditional ties to the Scandinavian world, having cultural links with the
region dating back to prehistoric times.

They may not have had such a hostile reception from
the locals.

By the 9th and 10th centuries
this Viking cultural control of the area had become official with Nottingham being
part of the Danelaw, an area of northern and eastern England under
Danish rule. During this period Nottingham was
one of five Boroughs which controlled the area of Northern
Mercia, the former Saxon Kingdom now
under Danish influence.

This entry is not about life in Viking times, it is
more interested in the legacy of these people on the landscape, language and
life of Medieval Sherwood Forest.

The Scandinavian cultural impact on the medieval
landscape and people was immense.

The dialect used in medieval Sherwood
Forest is preserved in the landscape as a legacy of this
cultural link. Their presence can be
seen at every level; from the names of the large districts to the smallest
landscape feature.

The largest administrative level of
society below that of the county was the ‘hundred’ a unit of authority which
had its own jurisdiction and system of law courts. In Nottinghamshire in the
area of the Danelaw, and subsequently in Sherwood Forest the
‘hundreds’ were known as Wapentakes.

The name Wapentake comes from the Old
Norse ‘vapnatak’
which may to refer to the method of voting at a meeting by raising weapons.

Sherwood Forest stretched
across three Wapentakes. These were Bassetlaw, Thurgarton and Broxtowe (more
soon).

Picture: The Wapentakes of Nottinghamshire.

The use of Wapentakes instead of Hundred is a clear legacy of
Viking influence down into the Medieval Forest.

Viking influence can also be seen in the Domesday
Book of 1086 through the use of the terms such as ‘Carucate’. A Carucate was
the unit of land that could be a ploughed by a team of 8 oxen in a season.
Outside the Danelaw this area was known as a ‘Hide’.

Vikings can also be seen in the place names they
left behind. Danish name endings such as ‘Thorpe’ as in Gunthorpe, and ‘by’ as
in Linby are derived from Scandinavian words. The word ‘By’ still means ‘town’
in Danish today, the word ‘thorpe’ meant a settlement.

The Wapentake districts named above required
meeting places.

One such site in Bassetlaw Wapentake has a name of
Viking origin; Thynghowe.

The derivation of Thynghowe is þing haugr, meaning ‘hill of assembly or meeting
place’, “þ” is
the old letter ‘thorn’ pronounced “th”.

Thynghowe is mentioned in Medieval perambulations
of the Kings Woods of Birklands and Bilhaugh most probably dating to 1334
(Boulton 1964)

It sits on the boundary of 3 parishes and may
occupy an even older site than its Viking name suggests (see Thynghowe –ancient meeting place entry for more details).

A recent award of funding from the Heritage Lottery
Fund to the Friends of Thynghowe group will enable further archaeological research
into the site including a LIDAR survey of the surrounding landscape (see the Friends of Thynghowe website for more information).

The 'Friends of Thynghowe' have done a great amount of research into Thynghowe over the last few years looking at the history of the Danleaw and the development of the landscape around Thynghowe. They have also promoted the site internationally at conferences and increased understanding of the site by visiting related sites across the Scandinavin world.

Viking language and culture also littered the
landscape of medieval Sherwood Forest in the
names of landscape features and field names.

Here are a few examples:

Bridges such as Trent Bridge, known
in medieval times as ‘Hethbethbrigg’ used the Old Scandinavian word ‘Brigge’
which still survives in the word ‘Brygga’ for jetty or bridge in Swedish.

The vast areas of open heathland that characterised
the forest were known as Lyngges meaning heather from the Danish word 'Lyng' (see there's Vikings in the Heather link).

Streams were often called ‘Becks’ such as Doverbeck
from the word ‘bekkr’
for stream, or ‘Sik’ such as ‘Stanker Sike’ in the High Forest area
of Sherwood, from the word for a small stream in Old Scandinavian.

Valleys were known as ‘Dales’ such as ‘Rydale’ and
‘Paddock Dale’ in Bestwood Park, from
the Old Scandinavian word ‘dael’.

One of the areas of crown woodland in the High Forest area
known as Birklands had a Scandinavian derivation. Birklands comes from the Old Scandinavian for
Birch tree ‘Birk’ and ‘Lund’ the
word for wood.

The Old Scandinavian word ‘kjarr’ for marshy scrubland was
used in the form ‘Carr’ such as ‘Nettleworth Carr’. It survives in the name Bycarrs
Dike- (the canal in the marsh of the village) combining the Scandinavian words
‘by’ and ‘carr’ (see the waterways of Sherwood Forest entry
for more details).

All of these uses for features in the landscape show the cultural impact of
Viking people on the landscape of medieval Sherwood
Forest. There are many more besides those listed. But
there is enough here to give a flavour of the impact that Viking settlement in
the 8th and 9th centuries had on the later landscape of
Medieval Sherwood Forest from the 12th onwards.

The impact on the medieval landscape is clear but
can we ever know much about the actual Viking people from the 8th
and 9th centuries?

Unfortunately documentary evidence does not exist
to give us much personal detail.

Archaeology can give us a window on these people’s
lives, and can show us what they ate and the tools and weapons they carried, but
unfortunately can never really put name to faces.

One way however is open to us where we can see the
names of some of these people.

They gave their names to some of the villages that
cover the landscape.

In Sherwood Forest there
are place names with Old Scandinavian name endings, but there are also a
handful of place names that contain the names of ‘Viking’ people:

These are Clipstone meaning ‘Klyppr’s Farm’, Gunthorpe meaning ‘Gunnhild’s
settlement’, Thoresby
meaning Thur’s town, and on the edge of the
Forest: ‘Vlar’ at Walesby.

Scandinavian
names from sometime before Domesday Book in 1089, showing again the presence of
‘Viking’ people or Scandinavian cultural influence in Sherwood Forest.

The
Vikings of Sherwood Forest are there if you know where to look…

(More on
the cultural landscape of Medieval Sherwood Forest, and the early Saxons of
Sherwood Forest soon)

In the Medieval Period it was
on the western side of the 'High Forest' area of Sherwood, halfway along the
western highway from Nottingham in the south to the Royal Manor of Mansfield to
the north and was a favoured stop over for travellers.

Most travellers staying at
Newstead priory and taking advantage of the hospitality of the Augustinian
Canons of Sherwood, who lived there, would have been travelling north or south
along the western highway.

However many people in the area
would have been undertaking a journey as part of their everyday business in the
forest.

Leaving the confines of the
priory the traveller would head up the western highway of the forest, still in
the grounds of Newstead heading north. To the left the 'Swynisti (pigsty) dale'
(not a comment on its cleanliness) rose to the east running up that way from
the valley of the Leen where the priory nestled.

Keeping 'Swynisti dale' to the
left hand side the traveller would head further north into the 'Dedde Quene
Dale' and head up through the wood that clung to is sides- 'Dedde Quendale
wode'. After a short while the path swung east and emerged out of woodland
after about a mile, onto the open heath land in the parish of Blidworth.

The well informed traveller
would be aware that this lordship was under the ownership of the Archbishop of
York, and had been since Domesday. It would be well not to get caught breaking
the Forest law here as the penalty could include Excommunication on top of all
the other forms of punishment that could be on the menu (seeMutilation and
Damnation entry)

The road to Blidworth climbed
up onto a higher ridge of land and followed the route of the current Ricket lane. It might have been possible to see the herds of the village grazing on
the heath as it stretched for 3 miles to the southeast across a number
of hills and valleys.

After a further mile across the
heath of Blidworth the arable fields of the village were crossed by the track way.
In the valley to the south lay the 'Blyworth fyspole' (the fish pond of the
village) at the source of the Doverbeck River which was a boundary of Sherwood
Forest further to the south east.

Men would have dotted the great
arable fields tilling the land, and the church of St Mary of the Purification
would be visible in the distance.

Having passed through Blidworth
the road to Clipstone ran north west towards Oxweydale the (Ox way), before
striking north into Blidworth Wode. This large wood stretched for miles to the
east and merged with 'Hay Wode' (modern day Haywood Oaks), 'Balkhaw', 'Syre
Birkes', 'Lerche haw', 'ye Byschopes Wode' and the 'Burne Abotote wood' (the Brown
Abbots Wood- belonging to the Abbot of Rufford) to form a great wood that
covered much of the area.

The road crossed the 'Reinwarth
Forthe' (modern day Rainworth (forthe- ford)) and left the woodland canopy to
once again cross a great swathe of heath land- this time the south-western end
of the heath of Mansfield.

It then travelled further north
skirting the sides of the hill of 'Kynggus (King's) Ymmislow' and again
entering woodland. Here the wood belonged to the crown and was known as
'Nomannes Wode' (the wood belonging to no man). This wood merged into another large area of woodland which included 'Wodhous Wode' (Mansfield Woodhouse Wood).

The track way passed the head
of a valley known as 'Falous dale', before crossing Vicar Water river at 'ye
Blake Forthe (ford)'.

The road then ran alongside the
southern edge of the great Park of Clipstone- a Royal hunting park which was
enclosed within a three metre high park fence or Pale to prevent the highly prized deer within from escaping.

The traveller would not fail to
be impressed by this status symbol of the Crown and would have been well aware
that entry was not a wise option. The road then headed down the valley into
Fliskerhaw wood, and out onto the 'launds' (deer lawns) of Clipstone Lordship.

It would be at this moment that
the magnificent Royal Hunting Palace of Clipstone loomed into view. Beautiful, dazzling
white in the sun, and set gracefully on a spur of land between the valleys of
the River Maun and Vicar Water. This Palace was impressive and dominated the
landscape.

Picture: King John's Palace set in its landscape from the south west (reconstruction by the author). Based on historic mapping map for University MA.

The King's Houses at Clipstone-
now known as King John's Palace were white-washed and set against a
landscape of woodland and deer lawns, encircled on the far side by a great
pond, and separated from the approach of a traveller from the east by a large
ditch and possibly a palisade.

Picture: A reconstruction of king John's Palace from the south (by the author) based on historic mapping for University MA.

It should have been possible
for a traveller to find accommodation in the village (provided the King wasn't
in town with his retinue- or even worse holding parliament (more soon)- which would cause
all accommodation in the surrounding villages to be filled, let alone in
Clipstone).

An important visitor might find
accommodation in one of the many halls and dormitories within the royal
complex, and enjoy hunting at the king's pleasure in his park.

But for all travellers, of high
and low status, the arrival in this sylvan retreat would have been greatly
welcomed, as the forest had been safely navigated for another day.

(More on King John's Palace,
parliaments on the forest, and the forest landscape in general soon)

Thursday, 5 January 2012

The first literary reference to Robin Hood comes from Piers Plowman by William Langland from circa 1377: ‘I kan nought parfitly my Paternosteras the preest it singethbut I kan rhymes of Robyn hood andRandolf Earl of Chestre’Translates to:I do not know my Paternosterperfectly as the priest sings it,but I know rhymes of Robin Hoodand Randolf Earl of Chester.

The world famous outlaw Robin Hood was a hero of Medieval Ballads...

Alongside Robin Hood in this same poem another collection of medieval outlaws gets a mention... the Folvilles.‘..and fechen it for false men with Folvyles law…’'and fix it for false menwith Folvilles law...'This excerpt suggest that there were some people called the Folvilles who obeyed their own rules and sorted out deceitful or 'false' men with their own brand of the law.Were these men honourable as the poem suggests? Fine upstanding sorts who brought justice to the land in the fashion of their literary more famous contemporary?Perhaps you should read the following before committing to a decision...The Folvilles: John de Folville, lord of Ashby-Folville, Leicestershireand Teigh in Rutland died in 1310...He left 7 sons...John the eldest inherited the manor...The other 6:Laurence, Richard (priest of Teigh in Rutland),Robert, Thomas and Walterunder the leadership of their elder brother Eustace......became a notorious gang of extortionists, robbers, vandals, hired thugs and murders.In 1326 in one of the most famous crimes of the day also involving Roger de la Zouche they murdered Roger Bellers a Baron of the Exchequer on the road from Melton to Leicester.

They were outlawed, and fled the country…

Picture: Folvilles Cross (remains) said to mark the spot of the murder of Roger Bellers

In 1327. They had returned and are recorded as committing a series of robberies in Lincolnshire.The Sheriff of Nottingham was informed by the government:‘Robert and Simon de Folville, with a band of malefactors, were roaming abroad in search of victims to beat, wound, and hold to ransom’.A Simon de Folville is listed in an inquisition Post Mortem in Nottingham in 1356 into a robbery in 1335 (see a robbery in the forest 1335 entry for more details)... is this the same Simon de Folville?Between 1327 and 1330 Eustace alone was involved in 3 to 4 murders and 3 robberies.In 1329 they were pardoned in exchange for fighting for the king .However while garrisoned with the kings army in Leicester they robbed the burgesses of the town of their belongings!!!In 1330. Their pardon was overturned.Then in 1331 they were hired for £20 by the a Canon of Sepringham and the Cellarer of the Cistercian house of Haverholm to destroy a rivals watermill!!

But all that became merely a backstory to the main event on their CV when ...

...On the 14th January 1332 the Folville gang and a number of associates kidnapped the future Chief Justice of the Kings bench Sir Richard de Willoughby.On the road from Melton to GranthamThey smuggled him into Lincolnshire and moved from wood to wood to avoid capture.A ransom of 1200 marks was paid for his releaseThe kidnappers were as follows:Robert Lovett the parson of Ashwell since 1316James Coterel of the similarly notorious Coterel family gang from Derbyshire who ran riot in the High Peak Forest with his brothers John and Nicholas (more about the Coterels soon).The aptly named Roger Savage!and not forgetting… Alan Baston the Canon of Sepringham who had hired the Folvilles to smash the watermill.A collection of thugs, thieves, scoundrels and ... Vicars!!!The governments response:A Trailbaston Commission (a sort of posse of judges) was sent to bring the felons to justice.Not much seems to have availed except that James Coterel and Roger Savage were pursued to the wild forest of the High Peak in Derbyshire, but escaped after a tip-offThe commission in fact failed to bring anyone to justice!Before too long Eustace was serving the King again, this time in the hundred years war which had recently started.Once again serving the king seems to have earned him a pardon.In fact Eustace died a natural death in 1347 having never faced justice.The other brothers were not so lucky:In 1340 Richard Folville took refuge in the church of Teigh in Rutland where he had been priest for 20 years.After he killed one of his pursuers and wounded two others with arrows shot from within the church...He and his accomplices- most likely his brothers- were dragged out and beheaded…A medieval final shoot-out!!!We know all about this because it was recorded in a Papal Bull (from the Pope himself) into the incident.Because Richard Folville was a priest taking refuge in a church (despite his rather dubiuos record) the execution was deemed unlawful.The poor people who had carried out the 'crime' of bringing the Folvilles to justice, were forced to pray for forgiveness outside all the neighbouring parish churches...They were beaten with a rod for their sins while a chantrist sang psalms of forgivness...Unbelievable!!!!

Picture: A medieval Papal Bull

All these different incidents throughout the medieval period led to the belief around the country that:‘disturbers of the peace are said to gather together daily to do evil; they ride in force by day and night taking and robbing people at their will, imprisoning some of them until they have made grievous (or sometimes ‘intolerable’) ransoms. They form congregations and conventicles and wander in woods and other public and private places, ambushing wayfarers whom they rob and sometimes slay.In all these things they are aided and abetted by local people, who incite them to their evil deeds and shield them after they are done’.(Stones, E. 1956. The Folvilles of Ashby Folville, Leicestershire, and their associates in crime, 1326-1347. Transactions of the Royal historical Society 77).

It is interesting to note that the common people of the time would shelter outlaws in safe houses. Outlaws were seen as heroes even in their own time- the Langland poem was written only a few years after the Folvilles crimes were committed.It is easy to see how such characters became legendary. Many of the exploits of the outlaws above have been absorbed into the myths of Robin Hood. The eariest ballads of the man in green show he was not against bouts of extreme violence himself (chopping off Guy of Gisbornes head and dancing around with it on a pole for starters). These accounts also go someway to explaining why in the early ballads Robin had a dislike for Bishops and the clergy. There aren't many religious men mentioned above who would make good role models to their flock.The thirst for such tales (often full of violence and trickery) was as strong in medieval times as is it to this day.History of the Folvilles from: Stones, E. 1956. The Folvilles of Ashby Folville, Leicestershire, and their
associates in crime, 1326-1347. Transactions of the Royal historical Society
77(more on medieval outlaws coming soon)

Tuesday, 3 January 2012

This was a person directly appointed by the King, and they oversaw the Foresters (the police force of the forest) and the Agisters (the tax collectors of the forest) amongst other duties.

These Keepers of the Royal Forests could be responsible for more than one forest (see forest law page for more details).

In Nottinghamshire the Keepers of Sherwood Forest were for many generations hereditary.

These hereditary keepers of Sherwood Forest (or the Forests of Nottinghamshire), were the De Caux family, and later through marriage the Birkin and then the D'Everingham families.

They were based at Laxton Castle, Nottinghamshire.

Research by David Crook in his paper 'Early Keepers of Sherwood Forest' (Transactions of the Thoroton Society 1980) suggests the following decent for the De Caux and D'Everingham hereditary Keepers of Sherwood Forest:

Robert D'Everingham lost the keepership in 1287 through poaching- (more soon)

Of the 11 hereditary keepers of the Forest up to 4 were women!

Of the first- a Basilia De Normanville little is known- she was perhaps married to Robert De Caux under the command of Henry I (Crook 1980).

There were 2 Maud De Caux's in the late 12th and early 13th century. One was the others aunt.

The first Maud De Caux had her position and that of her heirs confirmed in a charter by King John between 1189-94 at Derby.

She was succeeded by her aunt after dying without heir - the keepership did not trasnfer to an arm of the Fitz Stephen family, but stayed with the second Maud De Caux.

In 1204 King John took over Laxton Manor for himself- but the keepership remained in the hands of Maud De Caux.

In 1217 one of the Maud De Caux -had a run in with the Sheriff of Nottingham Philip Mark who was trying to take over the keepership for himself! (see A Bad Sheriff entry for more details)

Isabella Birkin was married to Robert D'Everingham starting their line of keepers (possibly to ensure a strong man supported the office)- but the keepership was passed from her to her son Adam D'Everingham in an Inquisition Post Mortem on her death in the 13th century

- suggesting the office was hers not her husbands!

So it seems that up it was possible for women to hold positions of power in Medieval Sherwood Forest, even that of the keepership.

This did change once the king granted the keepership to favoured individuals following the stripping of the keepership from Robert D'Everingham in 1287, but it shows that the role of women in Sherwood Forest in the Medieval period should not be underestimated.

(More on the Keepers of Sherwood Forest, women in the forest coming soon)

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