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odule 1 - Case;SUPPLY CHAIN THEORY;Virtual Word Task Assignment: Ordering Kentucky Hooch Brew;To: You;From: Danny Wilco;Subject: Re: Ordering product for EBBD from the Kentucky Hooch and Beer Company;Now that you have become familiar with EBBD and how we do things here, it is time to put you to work. We have been informed that KHBC is going to begin a new promo and advertising campaign during the next month that will put Kentucky Swamp Brew in the mind of every college student in the Midwest. We currently supply this beer to most of our retail customers. And we think we can expect an increase in orders from them in a few weeks when the ad campaign hits.;If this happens, and there is no reason to believe that it won?t, given the habits of college students, then we need to carefully consider how much we want to order from the KHBC brewery. We expect you to do the ordering for this product over the next 20 to 25 weeks, before, during, and after the KHBC ad campaign for Kentucky Swamp Brew.;At the end of this period, we want you to give us a report on what happened. We are interested in knowing how our retailers responded with their orders, what we did in response, i.e. how much we ordered, and what kind of backlogs there were, if any, in the order levels for the retailers, and us. And finally, what did our inventory and stocking levels look like? Did we overstock?;Let me know if you have any questions.;~DW, VP LogOps.;Learning Wizard: Learning Assignment & Assistance;Running the simulation: Go the simulation at http://forio.com/simulate/jelson/excellentbeerdistrib;You should have already experimented with this simulation as indicated on the Background page.;1. Read the scenario on Page 1 and go to Page 2. On Page 2, choose the KHBC Ad Campaign Scenario-2. Based on the weekly orders from your Retail Customers, you need to determine the weekly amount to order from KHBC. Enter the order and Advance (1 week). You can review the running status of orders and inventory in the table provided. Your goal is to minimize your backlog and your Retail Customers backlog, as well keep your inventories at a minimum. And avoid the Bull-whip effect. You may want to experiment a bit with your ordering strategy.;During the simulation (the one that you are going to use in your report), you should keep track of the highest levels of Customer Backlogs, EBBD Order Backlog, and levels of EBBD inventory.;2. When the simulation run has ended, copy the data from the Graph to Excel.;a. First, download this Excel file. EBBD-Case 1 Results Graph. Note: You should be sure to watch the two videos in YouTube that are provided on the Background page.;b. How To COPY DATA from the Simulation. After running the simulation, while you are in the simulation, select the Graph tab. Then with the mouse right-click on the graph and select copy data. Then paste it into the Excel Worksheet (put the cursor in the designated cell, and do a paste), and save it. You will see that the Graph is done for you automatically. You will also see a copy of the graph from the Background Reading by Padmanabhan, H.L.L and Whang, S. (1997), The Bullwhip Effect In Supply Chains, Sloan Management Review,v38. Note there is a 2nd tab that shows additional data such as Backlog Levles and Inventory Levels.;Assignment, Part 1: Analyze the data you saved in the Excel file. Write your report about the situation and explain the results, including the levels of order backlogs and EBBD inventory. Also explain your ordering strategy and logic.;Assignment Part 2: After you have completed your report to Management at EBBD, you need to add a section to articulate your learning and knowledge gained. You should identify the causes of the Bull-whip Effect. Discuss your results and how they compare with the historical Bull Whip affect. Compare your graph of your decisions to the graph of the historical bull whip. Explain your strategy and how you determined it. Explain why your results are the same or different from the historical bull whip results. Were you able to avoid the Bull-whip Effect? Why or Why not?;Upload the Report to Case 1. Upload the Excel file with the data and graph to Additional Files in Module 1.;Assignment Expectations;The report should thoroughly address these aspects in depth and breadth, be sure to use Headings to label both parts, as Part 1 and Part 2.;Part 1: Report to your boss, Danny Wilco (be sure to write this part as a report to Wilco.);? Background: elucidate the current situation and context - tell about the campaign and what it was supposed to do and why you were assigned.;? Strategy: articulate the details of your strategy for ordering and avoiding the bull whip effect, explain how you developed your strategy, e.g. why you are ordering the specific amounts. What is the logic?;? Results: explain your results.;o What happened in terms of the Customer Order Backlog, EBBD order backlog, and EBBD inventory levels?;o What was your ordering pattern as shown in the Excel file;o Show data in the form of graphs and tables.;o Provide clear references to the data.;? Conclusions: explain your conclusions to your boss about the success of the campaign at EBBD.;Part 2: Explain what you learned about the Bull-whip Effect (write this part to your professor.);? What are the causes of the Bull-whip Effect?;? Comparison to historical bull whip;o include bull whip graphs.;o Articulate the analysis of the difference between your performance and the historical performance.;o Elucidate how your ordering strategy caused your ordering performance in comparison to the historical;o Did you avoid the bull-whip? why or why not?;Module 1 - SLP;SUPPLY CHAIN THEORY;Overview of the Session Long Project (SLP);This Session Long Project is about the Supply Chain. It is divided into 5 assignments just like all other SLPs at TUI. Each assignment focuses on a different aspect of the Supply Chain: SLP1 is focusing on a specific product, the producer of that product, and the key competitors in that industry as well as the suppliers and customers of the target company. SLP2 extends the Supply Chain discussed in SLP1 into what is known as the Extended Enterprise Supply Chain, which explodes the supplier channels all the way back to the Raw Materials and those industries which provide the raw materials. And it explodes the Customers frontwards all the way to the Retail and consumer. SLP3 then looks at this EESC and identifies the transportation methods used and where the three modes of water, rail, and road are key aspects. SLP4 then explores the EESC to identify the issues with the environment and sustainability. The last SLP looks at the whole infrastructure of the U.S. including the transportation network, energy, and communications and discusses the state of the infrastructure and possible solutions for its improvement.;Assignment 1 - the Primary Supply Chain;Want to review about how to Research and Write Academic Papers?;This SLP, like most other SLPs in TUI courses, requires research and writing academic papers. You need to know how to use and cite references correctly. You learned how to do this ETH501.;But just in case you need a refresher, here are two links to help you.;TUI's Well Written Paper;Purdue's Online Writing Library (OWL);Read the resources for SLP1 in the Background page.;For this first SLP you will choose a product and a company that you will use throughout all of the SLPs.;1. Choose a consumer product ? one of these;o Barbeque grill;o leather jacket;o baby stroller;o potato chips;o hockey stick, or;o concrete block.;2. Choose a company that produces this product in the USA (materials may come from abroad). You will research this product, company and the industry and the related Supply Chain.;You can go to several websites to find out how the product is made and what the corresponding materials are that are needed to produce it;www.madehow.com, and http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_Page are two possible websites. There are others if you search for them.;Once you have chosen a product, you can search for a company that produces this product. Then you can research this company and the specific brand. Search the company?s website. If it is a publicly held company you can find its 10k report for good information. And also search ProQuest for articles about this company.;What is the size of the market for this general product, e.g. how many of these are sold or the total sales of these per year at the retail level?;What is the brand of the product and the company you are focusing on and what is its market share for this product? What are the locations of the company in the US?;3. Then research the competition for this product;What are 3 ? 5 competitors of this company and their market share for their brands?;4. Now research the supply chain;Upstream Supply Chain. What are the key supplies and materials needed to produce this product? Include not only the materials that go into the product, but also any packaging that is needed. Identify as many of the actual supplier companies as you can and where they are located in the U.S.;Downstream Supply Chain. What are the customers of this company/industry? Do they sell to distributors, wholesalers, retailers? Identify as many customers as you can and where they are located in the U.S.;Generate a diagram of this Supply Chain including the specific company/industry and showing the suppliers and customers.;Session Long Project;Choose a product from the list and find a company that produces this product in the USA. Research this company and this product. Identify the size of the market. Identify the;SLP Assignment Expectations;The paper should include:major locations of the company. Identify key competitors in the industry. Identify key components, materials and packaging needed to produce this product. Identify key upstream and downstream aspects of the supply chain and locations of suppliers and customers. Discuss this supply chain. Generate a diagram of the SC.;? Background: review and discuss the product, company, and industry;? Diagram: Include a diagram of the Supply Chain;? Industry Competitors: Identify the competitors to the target company and the competing brands.;? Supply Chain Discussion: Discuss key upstream (supplies/suppliers) and downstream (customers) aspects of the SC and locations of each.;? Clarity and Organization: The paper should be well organized and clearly discuss the various topics and issues in depth and breadth.;? Use of references and citations: at least four (4) proper references should be used correctly, cited in the text, and listed in the references using an appropriate style, It is not necessary to use APA format, but it is suggested that this format be used or another format similar.;? Length: The paper should be three to four pages ? the body of the paper excluding title page and references page.;NOTE: You will need to do independent research and find at least four appropriate references.;Module 2 - Case;FORECASTING | EESC;Virtual World;EBBD EMAIL ? for Internal Use Only;To: You;From: Danny Wilco;Subject: Re: Forecasting at EBBD;The Management Team is all for your efforts to investigate EBBD?s forecasting situation. We want you to thoroughly analyze what we are doing, what other forecasting methods and techniques are available, and make a recommendation on how we should proceed. We are particularly interested in how to improve our short term forecasting on an annual, quarterly, and monthly basis. We also would like to know how we could do longer term forecasting, say over two or three years. And we want to know how we can generate quarterly inflation forecasts.;The Management Team wants to know;? what are the various methods that we should use?;? who will do the forecasting?;? how will the forecasting methods be implemented?;? why should EBBD spend any money on this new methodology? Why do we care about improving our forecasting and why is it worth the costs to improve it?;The report should provide an initial section on the background of the situation, assumptions that we need to make, discussion of your analysis of various forecasting methods, and then a recommendation with a justification as to why you are making the recommendation.;One more thing ? the Management Team might want you to make an oral presentation. So you should also prepare a draft version of a PowerPoint presentation. This does not need to be a finished product, but a draft version.;The written report should be comprehensive and articulate. Send me the report and the draft PowerPoint when you have them finished. Let me know if you have any questions along the way.;~DW, VP LogOps.;Learning Wizard;Use the readings in the Background to familiarize yourself with forecasting and forecasting methods. You should also search for additional information pertaining to forecasting in logistics and distribution.;Specific Information you need to identify to use in your report;? Why is forecasting important in a distribution company? What is it you are specifically forecasting and what is this used for?;? Why is forecasting accuracy important? How accurate does a forecast need to be?;? What is the difference between forecasting for existing product lines and for new products?;? Why should companies spend time and money to improve forecasting accuracy?;? How should a company use different methods but yet integrate these methods?;? How does strategic planning fit in with forecasting (at least for long term forecasing/planning)?;You should know the answers to these questions and use this information in your Report to Danny Wilco.;Using the background information about EBBD?s forecasting situation and the information you obtain from the background readings and your research, write a report to Danny Wilco, addressing the questions that he posed. Then develop a draft Powerpoint presentation.;Upload the Report into Case 2. Upload the draft Powerpoint into Additional Files in Module 2.;Assignment Expectations of the Written Report - Be sure to write this report to your boss, Wilco.;The report should thoroughly address these aspects in depth and breadth;? Problem situation: clearly elucidate the current situation at EBBD;? Assumptions: assumptions that need to be made and critical evaluation;? Evidence: identifying information about different forecasting methods relevant to the problem;? Possible solutions: combinations of different methods and techniques to meet the requirements;? Recommendations: which methods and techniques are best for which specified needs;? Justification & Explanation: clear reasoning as to why the recommendations were made;? Writing style & Organization: well-formed sentences and paragraphs, well organized with flow of reason, and good use of language that pertain to concepts and terminology;? Use of references & Citations: at least four references. Appropriate use of citations in the paper.;Expectations of the Draft Presentation;The draft PowerPoint should address these aspects;? Organization: the deck has a cover slide and at least 4 content slides, and information is arranged in understandable order;? Content: the deck uses bullet points that articulate and interpret key points of the report and shows relevant data, charts, graphs, notes are used in Note section of slides and possible themes of the presentation are suggested.;Module 2 - SLP;FORECASTING | EESC;Assignment 2 - the Extended Enterprise Supply Chain (EESC);Read the resources for SLP 2 in the Background page.;In this SLP, you will be developing the Extended Enterprise Supply Chain (EESC). Stay with the product, company and industry you chose in SLP1. You will extend the supply chain all the way back (upstream) to the RAW materials needed to produce this product and to package it. Then you will extend the supply chain forward (downstream) all the way to the RETAIL industry that sells to the consumer.;Backward explosion of the EESC (upstream). Identify the materials needed to produce this product and the materials needed to package this product. Identify how these materials are produced, and what is needed to produce them. Then go back another step, identifying the materials needed. Do this backward stepping until you come to basic RAW materials. These will most likely be generated by Agriculture, Forestry, Fishing, Hunting, Mining, Quarrying and Oil/Gas Extraction.;Forward explosion of the EESC (downstream). Start with the customers of your target company and the industry. Identify their customers. Are these Wholesale or Distribution? Then repeat this by identifying the next level of customers. Do this forward stepping until you come to the RETAIL level ? the companies that sell to the consumer. Identify the types of Retail businesses ? what kind of businesses are there? Be specific. Identify as many kinds of retail as possible. Include online/websites, if the product is sold this way.;Generate a diagram that shows the whole EESC from RAW to RETAIL.;Identify and discuss the various industries throughout this EESC. What are the major locations for each of these industries? Where in the US are they located? Where in the world are they located? Is anyone of the upstream industries a bottleneck? Are there any specific issues within this EESC, such as legalities, shortages, changing technologies, etc.?;Session Long Project;Use the product, company, and industry you chose in SLP1. Generate the EESC for this product, from RAW to RETAIL. Create a diagram showing the EESC and the branches of the various RAW supplies and industries that converge on the production industry of the product that flows through wholesale/distribution to RETAIL. Write a paper that identifies and discusses the various industries from RAW to RETAIL. Include information about primary locations of the various industries in the US and abroad. Include discussion about various issues that occur in the EESC including the bottleneck industry.;SLP Assignment Expectations;The paper should include;? Background: Briefly review and discuss the product, company, and industry;? Diagram: Include a diagram of the EESC;? EESC Overview: Identify each industry in the EESC;? EESC Discussion: Discuss each industry in the EESC and major locations of each. Identify and discuss the bottleneck industry. Identify and discuss any issues in the EESC.;? Clarity and Organization: The paper should be well organized and clearly discuss the various topics and issues in depth and breadth.;? Use of references and citations: at least four (4) proper references should be used correctly, cited in the text, and listed in the references using an appropriate style, It is not necessary to use APA format, but it is suggested that this format be used or another format similar.;? Length: The paper should be three to four pages ? the body of the paper excluding title page and references page.;NOTE: You will need to do independent research and find at least four appropriate references.;Module 3 - Case;OPTIMIZING INVENTORY | TRANSPORTATION;Virtual World;EBBD EMAIL ? for Internal Use Only;To: You;From: Danny Wilco;Subject: Re: Quarterly Ordering Decisions;Here is what we would like you to do. We want you to use the Import Beer product line as a test case for developing an optimization program. Use the Excel file that we have developed with the forecast information for the import beer product line. Other information that you will need has been provided by Accounting: inventory holding costs, product costs and price markups.;This information with the Sales Forecast and costs and prices has been provided in the Excel file. [EBBD-ImportsData];We want you to develop a method that will determine the optimal ordering quantities so that we maximize the gross profits and also take into account inventory holding costs.;After you have developed this method, write a short report to management explaining what you did and how this method can be used going forward on a quarter by quarter basis and for the other product lines.;Also attach any calculations or analysis that you did in an Excel file.;Let me know if you have any questions.;~DW, VP LogOps.;Learning Wizard;If you have done all of the exercises successfully you should be able to easily complete the EBBD assignment from Wilco. Be sure to watch the videos.;Download the EBBD-ImportsData Excel (click on link above) file and look at how it compares to the practice examples in the EBBD Exercises spreadsheet.;Setup the decision cells, the inventory cells and inventory constraints. Then add the calculations for income and costs. Make sure you get the timing right for which inventory is sold in which quarter. You could develop intermediate cells that calculate the costs, just to help you keep track of this. Be sure to use the quarterly inventory holding cost rate. Then calculate the gross profit cell.;Then, open up Solverand add the aspects to it. Make sure that you add a constraint that keeps your inventory values positive.;Once you have the correct solution, save your Excel file and write the report.;Upload the Report to Case 3. Upload the Excel file with the solution to Additional Files in Module 3.;Assignment Expectations of the written report - write the report to your boss, Danny Wilco;The report should thoroughly address these aspects in depth and breadth;? Problem situation: clearly elucidate the problem situation at EBBD;? Assumptions: what are the assumptions that need to be made and your critical evaluation;? Solution: What is your solution for Order Quantities? Discuss how you developed the Solver solution. Keep in mind that your audience is not too technical and do not need a lot of detail on this.;o Make sure you attach the Excel file.;o You should refer to the Excel file when necessary.;? Recommendations: what do you propose for EBBD in terms of using this method in the future and for the other product lines?;? Justification & Explanation: clear reasoning as to why the recommendations were made;? Writing style & Organization: well-formed sentences and paragraphs, well organized with flow of reason, and good use of language that pertain to concepts and terminology;? Use of references & citations: References are NOT REQUIRED. If you do use any, be sure to include appropriate use of citations in the paper and reference list.;Module 3 - SLP;OPTIMIZING INVENTORY | TRANSPORTATION;SLP 3 - Transportation in the Supply Chain;In this SLP you will identify where the major transportation modes are used in the EESC from SLP3: rail, inland water, ocean steamer, and/or OTR.;There are five basic transportation modes: rail, inland water ways, ocean, over-the-road, and air. We will not be concerned about air transport in this SLP as it is the least used and most expensive in general supply chain transportation.;Review and read these resources on these three transportation modes: rail, inland water, and OTR. Ocean is not included in these readings since it is mainly used for importing and exporting. This will be covered in more detail in LOG502. But you are asked to identify where ocean transport is used, but not in detail.;RESOURCES - SEE SLP 3 RESOURCES IN BACKGROUND PAGE;Session Long Project;Review the EESC from SLP2. Identify in the EESC where each of the four modes of transportation are used: rail, inland water, ocean, and OTR. You can use topic headings for each mode. Identify the materials being transported from which industry to which industry. Discuss why this mode is being used and what the costs are on a per ton-mile basis.;SLP Assignment Expectations;The paper should include;? Background: Briefly review and discuss the targeted product, company, and industry;? Diagram: Include the diagram of the EESC;? Transportation Discussion: Discuss each of the four transportation modes (rail, inland water, ocean, OTR) in the EESC and where each one is used. Discuss why this mode is used and the costs of using.;? Clarity and Organization: The paper should be well organized and clearly discuss the various topics and issues in depth and breadth.;? Use of references and citations: at least six (6) proper references should be used correctly, cited in the text, and listed in the references using an appropriate style, It is not necessary to use APA format, but it is suggested that this format be used or another format similar.;? Length: The paper should be three to four pages ? the body of the paper excluding title page and references page.;NOTE: You can use the transportation resources. You should also do independent research and find at least two additional appropriate references, for a total of at least six.;Module 4 - Case;QUEUING ANALYSIS | SUSTAINABILITY;Virtual World;EBBD EMAIL ? for Internal Use Only;To: You;From: Danny Wilco;Subject: Re: Deliveries clogging the loading dock area;OK, here?s what I want to know: how often do we have more than 5 trucks, more than 6 trucks, and more than 7 trucks. What is the highest number of trucks we may have in the system with a 95% probability? And then, assuming the arrival rate of the deliveries does not change, what does the unload rate need to be so that we can service up to five trucks 95% of the time? In other words if we want a 95% probability of 5 or fewer trucks in the system at any one time, what does the unload (service) rate need to be. Then, consider that we have two unloading teams, each able to unload trucks at the same rate. What does the unloading rate need to be for each team in order to ensure (100%) 5 or fewer trucks in the system at any time? I know we don?t have room for two unloading teams at this time, but there is a possibility we might make room in the future.;Analyze this situation and determine what we need to know and give me report. At this point in time, I am looking only for the problem to be quantified and the unload rate determined for the current situation (single server) and possible two servers.;Let me know if you have any questions.;~DW, VP LogOps.;Learning Wizard;If you have mastered the examples and exercises provided in the Background from the Queuing PowerPoint, you are ready to tackle the EBBD problem.;The current situation is a Single Server situation. Enter the arrival rate and service rate to calculate the pertinent queuing system state data. Find out the probabilities of 5 or more trucks in the system, then 6, then 7. Then use trial and error to find the greatest number of trucks or less that can be in the system with 95% (or as close to 95%).;For the Multi-server problem you will need to use a similar process.;Record the results of your calculations and save the Excel file.;Then write your report.;Upload the Report to Case 4. Upload the Excel file with the solution to Additional Files in Module 4.;Assignment Expectations of the written report - write the report to your boss, Danny Wilco.;The report should thoroughly address these aspects in depth and breadth;? Problem situation: clearly elucidate the problem situation at EBBD;? Assumptions: what are the assumptions that need to be made and your critical evaluation;? Solution: discuss how you developed the Solver solution. Keep in mind that your audience is not too technical and do not need a lot of detail on this.;o Make sure you attach the Excel file.;o You should refer to the Excel file when necessary.;? Explanation: clear articulation of the results that you obtain, based on what Wilco is asking for.;? Conclusion: even though Wilco is not asking for a conclusion, you should determine if there is a conclusion to this situation and elucidate what it is.;? Writing style & Organization: well-formed sentences and paragraphs, well organized with flow of reason, and good use of language that pertain to concepts and terminology;? Use of references & citations: References are NOT REQUIRED. If you do use any, be sure to include appropriate use of citations in the paper and reference list.;odule 4 - SLP;QUEUING ANALYSIS | SUSTAINABILITY;SLP 4 - Sustainability;In this SLP you will identify issues with the environment in the EESC you have been exploring. What is the Impact on Energy, water, Air, and Land? Identify such issues as pollutants, scarcity, wastes and recycling, etc.;You should choose three of the industries identified and at least one of the transportation modes from your EESC. Then research these industries and transportation modes to discover issues with the environment.;You can focus on specific companies as well as the general industries.;Discuss these issues and what is being done to prevent negative impact and improve positive impact and sustainability of the environment and resources.;Session Long Project;Review the EESC you have been discussing. Identify at least three industries and at least one transportation mode in this EESC to research for environmental issues. Research issues regarding impact on energy, water, air, and land, pertaining to pollution, waste, scarcity, recycling, etc. Information can pertain to the industries and specific companies in those industries. Discuss these issues and what is being done to prevent negative impact and improve positive impact and sustainability of the environment and resources.;SLP Assignment Expectations;The paper should include;? Background: Briefly review and discuss the targeted product, company, and industry;? Diagram: Include the diagram of the EESC;? Identify industries and transportation modes: Briefly discuss each of the identified industries and transportation modes.;? Discuss environmental issues: discusses issues and actions regarding environment and sustainability for each industry and transportation mode identified.;? Clarity and Organization: The paper should be well organized and clearly discuss the various topics and issues in depth and breadth.;? Use of references and citations: at least six (6) proper references should be used correctly, cited in the text, and listed in the references using an appropriate style, It is not necessary to use APA format, but it is suggested that this format be used or another format similar.;? Length: The paper should be three to four pages ? the body of the paper excluding title page and references page.;NOTE: You will need to do independent research and find at least four appropriate references.;Module 5 - Case;PRODUCTIVITY | INFRASTRUCTURE;Virtual World;To: You;From: Danny Wilco;Subject: loading dock area decision;As I indicated, I have the information you need to analyze the loading dock decision. We have obtained quotes from different companies for the two possibilities. The information from these quotes is summarized in this Word doc [EBBD Quotes Summary Info]. You will find the investment costs for each option and an estimate of the service (unloading) times for each one.;The first option is for an automated conveyor system that can be extended into the back of a delivery truck. The products are place directly on the conveyor and moved into the warehouse. This will be a single server situation, but should considerably speed up the process. However, note that there are operating and maintenance costs for this piece of equipment.;The second option is to make construction changes to the dock and expand it so that there is room for two unloading stations. We expect that we will continue to use the current unloading process, but this will provide the two-server option.;Analyze this data and determine which option is the best for EBBD. Consider two scenarios, one with no increase in deliveries (flat sales) from our vendors, and the other with a 3% annual growth, which will increase the number of possible daily vendor deliveries. As a reminder, we still consider the current average daily vendor deliveries to be at 28 per day.;We are looking for a clear and concise report that provides your conclusions and recommendations with a good explanation.;Let me know if you have any questions.;~DW, VP LogOps.;Learning Wizard;Use what you have learned from the Background section. Develop the costs equations for each option and determine the breakeven point for the options. Use the current delivery situation and the forecast to determine which options are best. Write a clear report that provides what Wilco is looking for. Include explanation of your calculations.;TIP: The use of Breakeven Analysis is straightforward. What is tricky in this problem is determining the Fixed Costs and Variable Costs. For the variable costs, you need to determine the unloading time for each alternative and apply the labor cost/hr. And make sure you include all of the variable costs for each alternative. The fixed costs should include all annual fixed costs. Remember that you are looking at the time period of a year so that you can determine the ann

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