Symptoms of leukemia

The signs or symptoms of leukemia may vary depending on whether you have an acute or chronic type of leukemia.

Acute leukemia may cause signs and symptoms that are similar to the flu. They come on suddenly within days or weeks.

Chronic leukemia often causes only a few symptoms or none at all. Signs and symptoms usually develop gradually. People with a chronic leukemia often complain that they just do not feel well. The disease is often found during a routine blood test.

Other health conditions can cause the same symptoms as leukemia. See your doctor if you have:

fatigue

a general feeling of discomfort or illness (called malaise)

loss of appetite

weight loss

fever

shortness of breath

paleness

rapid heartbeat (called palpitations)

weakness

dizziness

easy bruising

frequent or severe nose bleeds

bleeding gums

bleeding in the middle of a menstrual cycle or heavy menstrual flow

tiny, flat, red spots caused by bleeding just under the surface of the skin (called petechiae)

frequent infections in the lungs, urinary tract or gums or around the anus

frequent cold sores

vomiting

headache

sore throat

night sweats

bone or joint pain

enlarged lymph nodes in the neck, underarm, groin or above the collarbone

abdominal discomfort or feeling of fullness

vision problems

sores in the eyes

swelling of the testicles

chloroma – a collection of leukemia cells, or blasts, under the skin or in other parts of the body

leukemia cutis – appears as sores or as patches of any size that are usually pink or tan in colour

leukocytoclastic vasculitis – a condition that looks like an allergic reaction on the skin and usually causes sores on the hands and feet

Sweet’s syndrome, or acute febrile neutrophilic dermatosis – causes fever and painful sores that may appear anywhere on the body

Cancer-related emergencies

In some cases, leukemia or its treatments can cause serious problems. These cancer-related emergencies need to be treated right away.

Tumour lysis syndrome can occur when chemotherapy is given to treat acute leukemia, but the cancer cells die quickly and the kidneys can’t remove the substances they release from the blood fast enough. Find out more about tumour lysis syndrome.

Superior vena cava syndrome (SVCS) may occur when too many leukemia cells develop in the thymus, causing it to get bigger and block the windpipe. SVCS may develop with acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL). Find out more about superior vena cava syndrome.

Disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) is a condition where blood clots develop in the bloodstream and bleeding also occurs. DIC can develop more often with acute promyelocytic leukemia, but also with other subtypes of acute myelogenous leukemia (AML). Find out more about disseminated intravascular coagulation.

chloroma

A rare, cancerous (malignant), green-coloured tumour that develops with myelogenous leukemia. It is formed by the buildup of abnormal blast cells (immature blood cells) that collect in soft tissue outside the bone marrow.

Chloromas develop most often in the bone, skin, lymph nodes, breast, ovary, meninges (membranes that cover and protect the brain or the spinal cord) and around the eye.