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Evolution of gymnosperms Gymnosperms evolved from fern-like ancestors Advancements of gymnosperms over ferns: Gymnosperms do not depend on water for fertilization (have air-borne pollen) Have a more efficient vascular system

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Wood produced by gymnosperms Gymnosperms have a very efficient and effective vascular system Usually woody plants

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Gymnosperms Conifers are most important group of gymnosperms Largest and most familiar group Bear seeds in cones Do not produce flowers or fruit

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Conifers Conifers adapted to temperate to cold regions Narrow leaves (needles) help to conserve water Covered by resins – for protection from predators, fire, etc.

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Other gymnosperms Cycads – short shrubs, native to tropical regions (look like palms) Ginkgo biloba – a “living fossil”, male and female tree, used as a medicinal plant

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Other gymnosperms Welwitschia – a bizarre gymnosperm plant that grows in Namib desert (So. Africa). Live up to 2000 years in these extreme conditions! Only makes two leaves throughout its life. It takes water from sea mist

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ANGIOSPERMS Angiosperm means “covered seed” Have flowers Have fruits with seeds Live everywhere – dominant plants in the world 260,000 species (88% of Plant Kingdom) Angiosperms are the most successful and advanced plants on earth

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Evolution of Angiosperms Advancements over gymnosperms: Angiosperms have flowers – use pollin Fruits and seeds