Develops when adreanal cortex hormone is high. Trink of the body becomes obese while arms and legs are normal size. causes a swollen face of water retintion. high blood pressure. In women could cause mascinlization.

Pancreas

Long organ between kidneys. Insulin is secreted when blood glucose levels are high.

Insulin

causes cells to take in glucose, so it lowers the blood sugar levels.

Glucoson

is secreted from pancreas when blood sugar levels are low usually several hours after eating. Causes liver and fat tissues to break down glycagin into glucose.

Glucose

Raises blood sugar level

Diabetes mellitus

hormonal disease where cells are unable to take upand metabilize glucose

Person may be extremly hungry and thirsty. Breaks down proteins and fat for energy, and leads to a build up of keytunes causing people to go into a diabetic coma.

Type 1 diabetes

Insulin dependent because pancreas does not produce insulin. Thought to be caused by environmental agent. Hypogiania(low blood sugar) to much insulin and not enough food.

Type 2 diabetes

Most common type of diabetes. over 16 million people have it. Can occur at any age. noninsulin dependant. Caused by obesity and inactivity. Pancreas produces insulin but it is not used by muscle and liver cells properly. Can cause blindness, kindney disease, circulatory problems.

Gonads

In male they are testes

Testes

In the scrotum, produces adrogens(Male sex hormones)

Ex- Testosterone

At time of puberty, testostirone sky rockets. Causes body odor, acne, and baldness.

Any substance that affects the metabilizom of cells or behavior of individuals. Serve as a means of cummunication between cells body parts and indivuduals. Ex. Hormones.

Phermones

Chemical signals that act between individuals. Evident in animals. Not very much in Humans.

Humans: women are attracted to certain men because of airmpit odor. Plasma protein membranes are attracted to oposite proties to them. Females that live together alter each others period.

Male Gonads

Testes. Spern in sacs of the scrotum

Scrotum-skin that sacs testes.

Sperm

Is produced in the testes and matures in the epididymus.

Once mature stored in the vas deferens and empties into ejaculatory duct, wich enteres the urethra. Sperm leaves the penis in a fluid called semen. Can't survive in female genital tract for more than 48 hrs.

Parts of Sperm

Head- contains nuceus and is covered by the acrosome.

Acrosome- enzyme Cap that penitrates egg during fertilization.

Middle- Contains mitochondria for energy so sperm can swim.

Tail- for movement is called flagella.

Semen

is basic.... pH7.5

Penis

Male organ of sexual intercorse

tip is covered with foreskin

Circumcision- removal of foreskin

During sexual arousal the spongy erectile tissue of the penis is filled with blood.

Pathway of sperm

Testieses-epididymis-vas deferens-ejaculatory duct---urethra--- out of penis

Urethra carries urine and semen but not at the same time.

Refactory period

Period of time after ejaculation where stimulation will not bring about an erection. Increases with age.

Erectile dysfunction

impotency

when erectile tissue dosen't expand enough to compress the veins.

Viagra

Inhibits an enzyme that breaks down cGMP (cyclin guanosine monophosphate)-causes blood to fill erectile tissue. Helps ensure that a full erection will take place, since the enzyme also occures in retina, some useres may experience vision problems.

Female sex hormones

Estrogen and progesterone cause the endometrium to go through the uterine cycle (28 Days)

Days 1-5 of uterine cycle

Low level of female sex hormone causes endometrium to disintegrate and its blood vessels to rupture.

Day 1 of uterine cycle

Mestrual period begins.

Day 6-13 of uterine cycle

Proliferative phase

Increased estrogen production causes endometrium to thicken

Day 14 of uterine cycle

ovulation occurs

Days 15-28 of uterine cycle

Increases production of progesterone causes uterus to double or triple in size.

Placenta

Created by tissues from fetus and mother; region of exchange between molecules in maternal and fetal blood; placenta proudces human chorionic gonadotropin (HGC)- calle pregnancy hormone.

No menstruation during pregnancy.

Menopause

When the ovarian and uterine cycles cease; between ages 45-55; ovaries no longer secrete esteragin and progesterone.

Women have completed menopause after menstruation is absent for 1 year.

Most reliable birth control, also most reliable form of preventing STD's

Birth control pills

Oral contraception. Daily does of estrogen and progersterone. Pill prevents follical from developing, ovulation, and pregnancy.

Intrauterine Device IUD

molded plastic is incerted into uterus by the doctor. Should prevent fertilization and implantation.

Diaphragm

soft laytex cup that fits over cervix. Must be fitted by doctor. Can not be inserted 2hrs before sex. Must be left in place 6 hrs later and must be used with spermacide.

Condoms

Protects against STD's and pregnancy.

latex sheeth, fits over erect penis, traps ejaculation.

Contraceptive implants

using symthetic pegesterone to prevent ovulation. Put rods in upper arms that work for 5 years.

Dep-Provera injections

Given every 3 moths. Synthetic progesterones.

Morning after pill.

Taken after sex to prevent pregnancy.

Infertiltiy

Failure to become pregnant after 1 year of regular, unprotected sex.

Occurs in 15% of all couples.

attributed to men in 40% of cases and to female in 20% of cases. In female cause is blocke oviducts, and endomitriosis. Sometimes can be treated with fertility drugs--- Gonadotropic hormones.

Endomitriosis

Occurs when menstrual discharge flows up into oviducts and abdominal cavity. Very painful.

Assisted Reproductive Technologies (ART)

Technologies used to increase the chances of pregnancy.

Artificial Insemination by Doner (AID)

Sperm replaced in vagina by Dr.

Intrauterine insemination

Fertilaty drugs are used to stimulate Ovarys. Sperm replaced in Uterus rather than Vagina.

In Vitro Fertilization (IVF)

Ultra sound machine used to spot follicals. Use a neele to retrive the egg and let mature in glass wear and then adds the sperm .

Gamete Intrafallopian Transfer (GIFT)

Sperm and eggs placed in ovaducts immediatly after they are brought together.

Surrogate Mothers

Sperm and egg belont to parents, pay mother to giver birth to the baby.

Intracytoplasmic Sperm Injection (ICSI)

A simple sperm is injected into an egg. Used when male has sperm fertility problems.

STD's

Sexually Transmited Diseases.

AIDS

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome

Caused by retrovirus HIV- Human Immunodeficiency Virus

Retrovirus- Genetic material is RNA not DNA.

Category A AIDs.

Acute phase

T-lymphnotic count is 500 per cubic milimeter of blood. Can still be healthy. Symtoms may disapeare.

Category B AIDS

Chronic Phase

Varies in people; can be serveral years or moths. T-lymphocite count is 200-499. Symptoms will appear at this point. Swollen Lymphnodes, fatigue, fever, cough, diarea, memory loss, depression. Towards the end ppl will develop non life threatning sicknesses. but they are reoccuring. EX. Thrush, Herpes Simplex I.

Category C AIDS

Full blown AIDS

T-lympocites are below 200. Very think and weak. Everything put in body has side effects.

Opportunistic infection

One has oppurtunity to occur because amune systme is weakend.

Pneumonia

Lung filled with fluid because of infection

Tuberculosis

usually in lungs but in AIDS patients it infects lymphnodes.

Encephalitis

Caused by protizoens

In AIDS patients loss of brain cells, seisores, and weakness

Invasive cervical cancer

Spreads to nearby tissues

Geneital Herpes

Caused by herpes simplex virus

Type-1 causes cold sores & Fever blisters

Type 2-causee genital herpes

1st sympt- Itching & tingleing at infected site Blisters form and rupture leaving ulsers and fever. Solen lymphnodes, pain upon urination. Sunlight, stress, menstration, and sex can cause all symptoms to occure.

Treated with anitbiotics. Rash on palms of hand and soles of feet. Effect cardio vaascular and nervous sytem problems. Ulsers can develop inside and outside of the body.

Congenital symphilis

Present at birth. Passed through placenta. Child is blind or deformed.

Vulva

External vagina

Labia majora, labia minora, glunsc clitris, mons pubis.

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