Parasites Evolve from Bad to Good

A female Drosophila simulans fruit fly perched on top of a rotting strawberry. Scientists find parasites that used to make these flies less fertile have evolved to make female hosts more fertile in order to spread themselves in nature.Credit: Andrew Weeks

Parasites are by definition bad for you. Some, such as
malaria, can kill. Others, like microbes known as Wolbachia that are found in
more than one-fifth of all insects, often make female hosts less fertile.

Now scientists discover parasites can evolve surprisingly
rapidly to become helpful instead of harmful.

The typically nasty Wolbachia can make females more fertile instead of less, a study
reveals. They're not doing it out of the goodness of their non-existent
hearts—they boost host fertility to better spread themselves in nature.

I'll scratch your back

These findings could shed light on how symbiotic or
mutually beneficial partnerships develop in nature, such as the pivotal
relationship widely believed to have led mitochondria to dwell in cells and
help them breathe oxygen.

"Mitochondria are thought to have evolved from a
symbiotic relationship. It may be that the Wolbachia in this case is well on
the way to having a similar relationship that will eventually develop into a
dependency by the host on the Wolbachia for survival," said evolutionary
biologist Andrew Weeks at the University of Melbourne in Australia.

For instance, Wolbachia parasitizes a worm that in turn
parasitizes humans, and this worm already depends on Wolbachia in order to
produce young. In another instance, certain wasps need Wolbachia in order to
generate eggs.

The new research from Weeks and his colleagues "is
probably documenting a case that is headed in that direction, where Wolbachia
is needed for host survival," he said.

Host of bad things

Wolbachia are bacteria that insects get only from their
mothers. They can display a bewildering diversity of additional effects, such
as turning males to females, causing infected females to reproduce without
males and triggering vicious cycles of increasing female promiscuity and male
sexual exhaustion. The presence of these parasites also often carries a toll on
their victims—for instance, cutting down the number of eggs that females
produce.

Still, intuition suggests that in order to prosper, these
microbes should try and evolve ways to crank up the number of offspring that
their hosts birth in order to infect more victims.

"We had a very thorough theoretical analysis which
suggested that this could and should evolve, but we had no idea of the
timeframe that this might take," Weeks said.

Weeks and his colleagues focused on populations of the
fruit fly Drosophila simulans living in California. Scientists first detected
Wolbachia infesting these flies some two decades ago, and have tracked the
infection ever since as it spread more than 400 miles from south to north.

Quick change

Originally the parasite diminished the fertility of
infected females by 15 to 20 percent under laboratory conditions. After exhausting
research that involved counting more than 200,000 fruit fly eggs by eye under a
microscope, Weeks and his colleagues have now found that in just 20 years, the
parasite now causes infected females to display an average 10 percent boost in
fertility in the lab, findings detailed online April 20 in the journal PLoS
Biology.

"We just didn't expect it to happen so
quickly," Weeks told LiveScience. It remains uncertain how exactly
Wolbachia triggers such fertility, although Weeks speculated the parasites
might provide their hosts some kind of nutritional benefit.

Such a dramatic evolutionary change is traditionally
thought to take place over thousands to millions of years, and not in just two
decades, "although it is becoming clearer that evolution does work on such
short time scales," Weeks said.

The explosive speed at which bacteria grow likely helps
explain the speed of this evolutionary change. The fact that Wolbachia can
alter itself so quickly might also help explain why the germs have such a
diversity of effects on their hosts, Weeks added.

Charles Q. Choi

Charles Q. Choi is a contributing writer for Live Science and Space.com. He covers all things human origins and astronomy as well as physics, animals and general science topics. Charles has a Master of Arts degree from the University of Missouri-Columbia, School of Journalism and a Bachelor of Arts degree from the University of South Florida. Charles has visited every continent on Earth, drinking rancid yak butter tea in Lhasa, snorkeling with sea lions in the Galapagos and even climbing an iceberg in Antarctica.