XML data

For the purposes of this tutorial, I’m going to use a very simple XML example. If your XML is more complex (multiple attributes, for instance), then your approach will also have to be more complex. (Json.NET can handle all XML to Json conversions, but it follows a specific set of conversion rules). Here’s a sample piece of data:

Notice that I’ve got this XML as a hardcoded string in C#. In a real-life situation, you would likely be pulling XML from a database, a REST API, XML files, etc.

Once you have the raw XML, you can create an XmlDocument object (XmlDocument lives in the System.Xml namespace).

XmlDocument doc = new XmlDocument();
doc.LoadXml(xml);

Conversion with Json.NET

Once you have an XmlDocument object, you can use Json.NET to convert that object into a Json representation.

var json = JsonConvert.SerializeXmlNode(doc, Formatting.None, true);

In this example, I’m asking Json.NET to serialize an XML node:

I used Formatting.None. If I wanted to display the actual Json, it might be better to use Formatting.Indented

The last true specifies that I want to omit the root object. In the XML above, you can think of <Invoice></Invoice> as the root object. I just want the values of the Invoice object. If I didn’t omit the root node, the resultant Json would look like: {"Invoice":{"Timestamp":"1/1/2017 00:01","CustNumber":"12345","AcctNumber":"54321"}}

Saving the Json result

Finally, let’s put the Json into Couchbase. The easiest way to do this would be to again call on JsonConvert to deserialize the Json into a C# object. That object would then be used with Couchbase’s bucket.Insert(…​) method.

Notice that there is some type information now. The Timestamp is a DateTime and the AcctNumber is an int. The conversion will still work, but the result will be different, according to Json.NET’s conversion rules. (Also check out the full Json.NET documentation if you aren’t familiar with it already).

Notice that the timestamp field is different: it’s stored in a more standardized way.

The acctNumber field value is not in quotes, indicating that it’s being stored as a number.

Finally, notice that the field names are different. This is due to the way Json.NET names Json fields by default. You can specify different names by using the JsonProperty attribute.

That’s it

One more minor thing to point out: I used Guid.NewGuid().ToString() to create arbitrary keys for the documents. If you have value(s) in the XML data that you want to use for a key, you could/should use those value(s) instead.

This blog post was inspired by an email conversation with a Couchbase user. If you have any suggestions on tools, tips, or tricks to make this process easier, please let me know. Or, contact me if there’s something you’d like to see me blog about! You can email me or contact me @mgroves on Twitter.

SQL to JSON data modeling is something I touched on in the first part of my "Moving from SQL Server to Couchbase" series. Since that blog post, some new tooling has come to my attention from Hackolade, who have recently added first-class Couchbase support to their tool.

In this post, I’m going to review the very simple modeling exercise I did by hand, and show how IntegrIT’s Hackolade can help.

Review: SQL to JSON data modeling

First, let’s review, the main way to represent relations in a relational database is via a key/foreign key relationship between tables.

When looking at modeling in JSON, there are two main ways to represent relationships:

Referential - Concepts are given their own documents, but reference other document(s) using document keys.

Denormalization - Instead of splitting data between documents using keys, group the concepts into a single document.

I started with a relational model of shopping carts and social media users.

In my example, I said that a Shopping Cart - to - Shopping Cart Items relationship in a relational database would probably be better represented in JSON by a single Shopping Cart document (which contains Items). This is the "denormalization" path. Then, I suggested that a Social Media User - to - Social Media User Update relationship would be best represented in JSON with a referential relationship: updates live in their own documents, separate from the user.

This was an entirely manual process. For that simple example, it was not difficult. But with larger models, it would be helpful to have some tooling to assist in the SQL to JSON data modeling. It won’t be completely automatic: there’s still some art to it, but the tooling can do a lot of the work for us.

Starting with a SQL Server DDL

This next part assumes you’ve already run the SQL scripts to create the 5 tables: ShoppingCartItems, ShoppingCart, FriendBookUsers, FriendBookUpdates, and FriendBookUsersFriends. (Feel free to try this on your own databases, of course).

The first step is to create a DDL script of your schema. You can do this with SQL Server Management Studio.

First, right click on the database you want. Then, go to "Tasks" then "Generate Scripts". Next, you will see a wizard. You can pretty much just click "Next" on each step, but if you’ve never done this before you may want to read the instructions of each step so you understand what’s going on.

Finally, you will have a SQL file generated at the path you specified.

This will be a text file with a series of CREATE and ALTER statements in it (at least). Here’s a brief excerpt of what I created (you can find the full version on Github).

Note: Hackolade works with other types of DDLs too, not just SQL Server, but also Oracle and MySQL.

Enter Hackolade

This next part assumes that you have downloaded and installed Hackolade. This feature is only available on the Professional edition of Hackolade, but there is a 30-day free trial available.

Once you have a DDL file created, you can open Hackolade.

In Hackolade, you will be creating/editing models that correspond to JSON models: Couchbase (of course) as well as DynamoDB and MongoDB. For this example, I’m going to create a new Couchbase model.

At this point, you have a brand new model that contains a "New Bucket". You can use Hackolade as a designing tool to visually represent the kinds of documents you are going to put in the bucket, the relationships to other documents, and so on.

We already have a relational model and a SQL Server DDL file, so let’s see what Hackolade can do with it.

Reverse engineer SQL to JSON data modeling

In Hackolade, go to Tools → Reverse Engineer → Data Definition Language file. You will be prompted to select a database type and a DDL file location. I’ll select "MS SQL Server" and the "script.sql" file from earlier. Finally, I’ll hit "Ok" to let Hackolade do its magic.

Hackolade will process the 5 tables into 5 different kinds of documents. So, what you end up with is very much like a literal translation.

This diagram gives you a view of your model. But now you can think of it as a canvas to construct your ultimate JSON model. Hackolade gives you some tools to help.

Denormalization

For instance, Hackolade can make suggestions about denormalization when doing SQL to JSON data modeling. Go to Tools→Suggest denormalization. You’ll see a list of document kinds in "Table selection". Try selecting "shoppingcart" and "shoppingcartitems". Then, in the "Parameters" section, choose "Array in parent".

After you do this, you will see that the diagram looks different. Now, the items are embedded into an array in shoppingcart, and there are dashed lines going to shoppingcartitems. At this point, we can remove shoppingcartitems from the model (in some cases you may want to leave it, that’s why Hackolade doesn’t remove it automatically when doing SQL to JSON data modeling).

Notice that there are other options here too:

Embedding Array in parent - This is what was demonstrated above.

Embedding Sub-document in child - If you want to model the opposite way (e.g. store the shopping cart within the shopping cart item).

Embedding Both - Both array in parent and sub-document approach.

Two-way referencing - Represent a many-to-many relationship. In relational tables, this is typically done with a "junction table" or "mapping table"

Also note cascading. This is to prevent circular referencing where there can be a parent, child, grandchild, and so on. You select how far you want to cascade.

More cleanup

There are a couple of other things that I can do to clean up this model.

Add a 'type' field. In Couchbase, we might need to distinguish shoppingcart documents from other documents. One way to do this is to add a "discriminator" field, usually called 'type' (but you can call it whatever you like). I can give it a "default" value in Hackolade of "shoppingcart".

Remove the 'id' field from the embedded array. The SQL table needed this field for a foreign key relationship. Since it’s all embedded into a single document, we no longer need this field.

Change the array name to 'items'. Again, since a shopping cart is now consolidated into a single document, we don’t need to call it 'shoppingcartitems'. Just 'items' will do fine.

Output

A model like this can be a living document that your team works on. Hackolade models are themselves stored as JSON documents. You can share with team members, check them into source control, and so on.

You can also use Hackolade to generate static documentation about the model. This documentation can then be used to guide the development and architecture of your application.

Go to File → Generate Documentation → HTML/PDF. You can choose what components to include in your documentation.

Summary

Hackolade is a NoSQL modeling tool created by the IntegrIT company. It’s useful not only in building models from scratch, but also in reverse engineering for SQL to JSON data modeling. There are many other features about Hackolade that I didn’t cover in this post. I encourage you to download a free trial of Hackolade today. You can also find Hackolade on Twitter @hackolade.

In fact, inspired by Couchbase, I decided to try out using SQL Server as a sort of document data store. SQL Server 2016 introduced some interesting new features that make this kinda possible: JSON_VALUE, JSON_QUERY, and JSON_MODIFY.

I set up a "document" table, which is two fields: a guid and an nvarchar(max). This is kinda like a Couchbase bucket: a key and a JSON document to go with it.

I say "fairly complex", because representing this in a standard normalized fashion would require at least two tables, foreign keys, constraints, and then data migration and schema migration as the model evolves.

Now, suppose I want to execute a query and find all the document that are "Show=true". With Couchbase and N1QL, I would just use something like "SELECT * FROM `bucket` WHERE show = true".

With SQL Server, there's a little more work. "SELECT t.key, t.doc FROM [table] t WHERE JSON_VALUE(t.SpeakingInfo,'$.Show') = 'true'". Notice that JSON_VALUE is being applied to a text field, and a JSON path is used within JSON_VALUE to get a specific value from within that JSON object.

For this simple project I'm doing, that's all I need. No idea yet what kind of performance level I can expect from JSON_VALUE and more complex JSON paths.

But, this is definitely an example of the kinds of database convergence I've been telling people about. The separations between NoSQL and SQL are becoming less strict, at least in terms of data modeling and querying.

You need to be using SQL Server 2016 or SQL Server Azure to take advantage of the JSON_* functions.

I've recently had to write some ASP Classic. Don't worry, it's not like I'm writing new features, just integrating with old ones. So, since this is an ancient technology, some of this may be old news to you. But much of it was new to me, and I'm a developer with some years of ASP Classic experience.

Most of the stuff I had to do was pretty minor, but one major thing I found interesting was that I had a need to make an HTTP request in ASP classic. This turns out to be not so bad.

So, yay! But also, uh oh. Now I have a response, but it's in Json. How the heck do I deal with that in ASP Classic? I was already worried about having to create an XML endpoint or finding some hacky JSON parser written in VBScript. But I took a deep breath and Googled it first. I was pleasantly shocked with what Stack Overflow told me about parsing Json in ASP. Did you know that ASP Classic is typically associated with VBScript, but actually can support other languages, like JScript and PerlScript? JScript is Microsoft's implementation of ECMAScript (commonly referred to as JavaScript), which they made available server-side via ASP long before you had a crush on Node.js. (Yeah I'm trolling a bit, but give me a break: as I write this, I've been layed up with the flu watching a House, M.D. marathon on Netflix, so I'm feeling a bit snarky).

ANYWAY

If we can run JScript and VBScript with the same ASP Classic page, then guess what, we can use Douglas Crockford's JSON library. It's so perfect and simple, and I wish I came up with it on my own.

That's about 100 times more elegant of a solution than I even expected when I started on this code.