Cuba: A History of Resistance

by Askia Muhammad/NNPA Newswire

A mere 90 miles. That is the distance between the United States and Cuba. There is a reason why leaders in this country waged a “cold war” against neighboring Cuba after revolutionary forces led by Fidel Castro overthrew the corrupt, American-friendly dictatorship of Fulgencio Batista: they did not want the revolutionary ideas such as agrarian reform and socialism to spread to other Latin American and Caribbean countries, or to even take hold in the U.S.

After President Dwight Eisenhower rejected Cuban overtures for cooperation with the U.S., Cuban President Castro signed a commercial agreement with the Soviet Union in February 1960. One month later Mr. Eisenhower approved a CIA plan to train Cuban refugees to overthrow the Castro government.

For seven years—from 1959 until 1966—U.S. supported rebels fought an insurgency, attempting to overthrow the Cuban government, including the CIA-sponsored Bay of Pigs invasion on April 14, 1961 in which 1,400 Cuban exiles landed and were captured and defeated.

On Oct. 19, 1960 the U.S. first placed its embargo and trade sanctions on the island nation of 11 million, which remains in effect to this day, and until Congress lifts it. U.S. citizens and companies are restricted from exporting virtually anything to Cuba, so long as the Cuban government refuses to move toward “democratization and greater respect for human rights.”

In recent years, there was hope that the tide was changing with respect to relations between the United States and Cuba. In 2014, Obama’s phone conversation between Cuba’s President Raul Castro and President Obama was reportedly the first exchange between leaders of the two nations since 1959. That same year, President Obama announced an agreement that laid out a new relationship between the countries, including the reopening of the Cuban Embassy in Washington and the U.S. Embassy in Cuba, easing travel restrictions, lifting restrictions on how much and how often Americans could send money to relatives and friends in Cuba, allowing U.S. banks to have access to Cuban financial systems.

And while the trade embargo can only be lifted by Congress, President Obama policies eased some restrictions on the import and export of certain goods between the two countries, such as allowing Americans to bring Cuban cigars and alcohol (up to $100 in value) in to the U.S. for personal use only. A complete lists of items that could be imported and exported between the United States and Cuba under Obama-era policies are outlined on Section 515.582 of the Cuban Assets Control Regulations.

However, President Donald Trump is quickly reversing these policies. In the latest move, Trump’s administration announced that it is reimposing limits on the amount of money Americans can send to relatives in Cuba, limiting the frequency of those transactions and ordering new restrictions on travel to Cuba by U.S. citizens among other actions.

Despite the crippling sanctions since the revolution, health care is now free in Cuba, education is free there, and life expectancy and literacy rates are well above those of other South American countries, rivaling those in this country. In 2012, life expectancy for example was 79.07 years in Cuba, but only 78.74 years in the U.S.

In 1961, Fidel Castro launched the “year of education,” and sent “literacy brigades” out into the countryside to construct schools, train new educators, and teach the predominately illiterate Guajiros (peasants) to read and write. The campaign was successful, and 707,212 adults have been taught to read and write, raising the national literacy rate to 96 percent. U.S. literacy is 99 percent.

In addition to the trade embargo and sanctions, there is an “information embargo” which prevents accurate information about Cuba to reach people in this country. In September 1960 when Castro attended the United Nations General Assembly session, the decision of the Cuban delegation to stay at the Theresa Hotel in Harlem was the subject of much derision and humor, because the Cuban leader brought fresh chickens to kill and eat, lest his food be poisoned by American assassins. President Castro met with poet Langston Hughes and Malcolm X during that visit.

“I think that he was hated by this country because he symbolized so many things that if we tried to follow, would turn this country on its head,” Ellen Bernstein, former associate director of the Interreligious Foundation for Community Organization (IFCO) said. “He was about free education, free health care. He was about a government that favored the dignity of the poor, and created a safety net for people.” Ms. Bernstein was literally en route back to this country from a visit to Cuba when President Obama and Cuban President Raul Castro simultaneously announced the new diplomatic détente between the two countries.

Led by the late Rev. Lucius Walker Jr., beginning in 1992 IFCO Pastors For Peace defied the U.S. embargo 24 times, with thousands of volunteers, delivering hundreds of tons of humanitarian aid—from powdered milk, medicine, bibles, bicycles, and school supplies on the first caravan, to computers and school buses at the end.

The caravans—which often included Cuban exiles living in the United States—traveled throughout this country collecting donated supplies, before transiting to Cuba by way of Mexico. The participants in the caravans were literally “conscientious objectors to the embargo,” Bernstein said.

“(President Castro) was also about resisting the great power to the north, where so many other countries in the region, in order to accept loan packages from the IMF and the World Bank and the U.S. government, they changed their systems around, and started privatizing their schools and privatizing their hospitals, and Cuba refused to do that,” she continued. “Cuba said, even if it really makes us struggle, we value the system that is gonna be in favor of our people.”

“It’s really hard to get that message across in the United States. But if you spend any time in Cuba, what you find are people who are really well educated who wish they could be really more economically prosperous, but they feel that they’re participating in a system that is accomplishing something important,” Bernstein said. “It’s trying to take care of people. They see how we struggle up here. They see how our Congress is not responsive to the wishes of the majority, and they see us being bad neighbors.”

There is a nostalgic image of Cuba, as if the country is stuck in the past, with 1950s-vintage American cars, and a population waiting for U.S. fast food chains and U.S.-style “freedoms,” and a chance to sell their rum and famous cigars to American tourists.

“What I see in Cuba is so many accomplishments, so many great things to be celebrated and things we could be learning from,” said Bernstein. “I hope that the U.S. attitude isn’t always going to be, ‘We need to have our little playground back so that we can go sit on the beach and drink mojitos and smoke cigars.’ ”

Instead, the country has been on the frontline, with both troops, but especially with doctors, in Africa—fighting Ebola and other diseases—and in Haiti. “The Cuban doctors who are working in West Africa, the Cuban doctors who work in Haiti, have much more experience than a lot of our doctors working in really minimal infrastructure conditions, but providing the highest quality of clinical care,” said Ms. Bernstein.

“And you know students from the United States are benefiting from that training now and coming back to the U.S. to work and be physicians here. What Cuba has been doing in bio-technology, what Cuba has been doing in terms of environmental work, climate control, what Cuba has been doing in terms of many of its social programs: and what the Cubans always say about it is that they literally don’t have a lot of economic resources, but what they have is human resources. And because they prize education and because they count on the ingenuity and the resistance of their people to keep inventing new solutions to things, I would hope that the U.S. would learn something from Cuba about being a good neighbor. There is a word in Spanish describing the Cuban optimism about their future. “The word is ‘Ojalá’ which means, ‘from your lips to God’s ears,’ it means ‘if only.’ It means, ‘we wish.’ I hope that the U.S. can come to a point where it can really listen and be in respectful dialogue with our Cuban neighbors, because we do have an awful lot to learn.”