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Brochure-your travel agent or WORLD TRAVEL ASSOCIATES, INC. 219 Palermo Ave Coral Gables, Fla 33134 f Â"'- ! ..." were as accurate as those based on con- ventional screening methods-includ- ing extensive personal interviews with staff psychiatrists. When the research- ers at the Burden Neurological Insti- tute hedrd about Dr. Dongier's clinical studies, in 1 970 and 1 971, they were skeptical. From their own experiments, they knew how difficult It was to keep all extraneous "artifacts" out of slow- potentia] recordings; common sources of distortion ranged from undetected eye movements to undetected equip- ment failures. But Dr. Grey Walter and Dr. Cooper assured the con- ference that after visiting the lab- oratory in Montreal, observing the work at first hand, and even trying to Introduce mechanical artifacts that would mimic the re- ported results, they had found no flaw in the apparatus or in the experimental design which could account for Don- gler's findings. This is not to sa) that Dr. Dongier's tests are foolproof. Oth- er laboratones have yet to duplicate his work. }\.nd Dr. Dongier himself points out that a small percentage of appar- ently normal people have abnormal slow-potential patterns, and vice versa. For this reason, and hecause very little is known about the neural mechanism that lie behind slow-potential changes, Dr. Dongier does not recommend using his method to search for psychot- ics in the general population. However, he says, "with a person who has recent- ly exhibited pathological behavior, that is different." Suppose, for example, that a young man with no history of mental illness is brought to a hospital after threatenIng to throw himself out of '1 window. Dr. Dongier's tests might help the doctors decide whether they are dealing with the onset of schizophrenia, a less serious psychotic episode, or a se- vere neurotic depression. There is no guarantee, of course, that clinical psy- chiatrists will display any interest what- ever in Dr. Dongier's slow-potential work, but, as several speakers at the con- ference emphasized, the time has come for research scientists to begin worrying about the ethical and social problems that arise when the sophisticated tech- 1 niques of basic brain research are adapt- ed for use outside the laboratory. ): W HATEVER else the brain m(;lV be, laymen and scientists agree that it is the seat of personality, of con- sciousness, of identity. The generally accepted scientific definition of death is the cessation of electrical activity in the brain. If a person loses his right arm, or his e) esight, or if he has some- one else's he'1rt sewn into his chest, he JULY " , 9 7 4- remains himself; we think of him as the same person with a changed body. But the braIn is the person, and it can be argued that any attempt to lay bare the hrain's secrets is a violation of per- sonal privacy in the most profound sense. No one questions the right of society to test the eyesIght of a person who applies for a driver's license, or to require that every child have a small- pox vaccination. But if society assumes the right to peer into a man's brain, does that imply the right to change what it finds there? It is one thing to hook up electrodes to a few vol- unteers in a laboratory and ask them to press a button or repeat a word while a researcher re- cords their brain waves. It is something else entirely to ask large numbers of people to submit to such procedures, even for the avowed purpose of preventing misery through the early diagnosis of mèntal illnèss. Already, somewhat crude techniques of controlling behavior through surgical, electrical, and chemica] intervention in the brain are being tried on an "experi- mental" basis. The question for society now is: "'Tho shall apply these tech- niques, and to whom? In dddressing himself to thi issue on the last day of the conference, Dr. Pri- bram proposed that brain scientists de- fine the precise circumstances under which psychosurgery, for example, could be used, and also that they draw up a "biological bill of rights" -an over-a!] moral program for clinical ap- plications of brain research. To begin with, he said, a firm line must be drawn between recognizable "brain pathology" and aberrant behavior resulting from other causes, possibly unknown. If the brain itself is damaged, by all means treat it directly, but if behavioral dis- turbances are not accompanIed by clear evidence of abnormal brain function, then treatment should be limited to lnethods of behavioral control, such as psychotherapy and incarceration. The problem, as Dr. Pribram acknowl- edged, is to make sure that we know what is normal to the brain and what is abnormal. "There's a fantastic dif- ference between individual brains," he said. "Brains are just as different as faces But this doesn't mean that we can't define d normal population." F rom hIs own experience in the labora- tory, he thinks it should be possible to design a few easily administered tests that would elicit brain abnormalities un- der stress. Large numbers of ordinary citizens would be asked to perform some simple lTIotor task, like pressing a button on cue, and the evoked poten-