Brazil

According to the Brazilian Electricity Regulatory Agency (ANEEL), the main power source in Brazil is the hydroelectricity, which accounts for more than 98 million kW of generating capacity, corresponding to 61.34 per cent of the installed capacity of electricity.

Fossil fuels (that is, charcoal, natural gas, petroleum and other fossil fuels) are responsible for about 16.75 per cent of the installed capacity of electrical energy (27 million kW) and wind, solar, biomass and nuclear make up the rest.

What are the current trends affecting the energy mix in your jurisdiction?

A. Solar and wind power generation. Brazil benefits from a large availability of solar radiation, with the north east region equalling the best regions of the world. It is estimated that photovoltaic solar energy will represent around 32 per cent of the Brazilian energy mix in 2040. Such expansion will require investments of approximately 313 billion reais over the next 10 years – 112 billion reais in generation only.

With regard to wind power, owing to Brazil's good natural conditions – with constant, intense and steady-direction winds that increase efficiency and generation capacity – such power source has been greatly expanded in recent years. In comparison with January 2016, installed wind capacity increased by 31 per cent, ahead of other sources such as hydropower (6.5 per cent) and thermal (4.1 per cent). The prediction of the Decennial Plan for Energy Expansion is that, by 2024, the installed capacity of the wind power source will reach 24 GW.

B. Electric Power System Compensation for Micro Generation. On December of 2015 the Development Programme of Distributed Generation of Electric Energy (ProGD) was launched. With 100 billion reais in ProGD investments, the forecast is that by 2030, 2.7 million consumer units will be able to generate their own energy between homes, businesses, industries and the agricultural sector, which could result in 23,500MW (48TWh produced) of clean and renewable energy, equivalent to half the generation of the Itaipu Hydroelectric Power Plant.

C. Sale of assets by Eletrobras. Eletrobras intends to hold bids to sell its six electricity distributors operating in the north and northeast between November and December of this year. Also, the state company is seeking to raise approximately 5 billion reais from the sale of stakes in generation and transmission assets. The valuation of such assets should be completed in July.

D. Reserve power depletion auction. Areserve power depletion auction will be held until 31 August. Wind, solar and hydro projects may participate in the dispute. The energy limit to be depleted will be defined by the Ministry of Mines and Energy (MME), based on studies by the Energy Research Company (EPE).

What are the current forecasts for electricity demand in your jurisdiction?

In accordance with the EPE, the forecast for the year 2017 is that the amount of electricity consumed in the Brazilian National Interconnected System (SIN) should total 467,207GWh, representing growth of 2.1 per cent compared with 2016.

In addition, the demand forecasts for the next quinquennium (2017–2021) are the following:

Is there an open electricity market in your jurisdiction? Are any activities in the electricity market reserved for the government only? Are private entities allowed to build and operate power plants and transmission and distribution lines?

The Brazilian Federal Constitution provides that the generation, transmission and sale of energy may be undertaken directly by the Brazilian government or indirectly via concessions, permissions or authorisations.

With regard to the generation of energy, private entities are allowed to build and operate power plants upon the granting of an authorisation or a concession (depending on the power plant’s generating capacity and source of energy).

With regard to transmission and distribution lines, considering that these services are considered as services of public nature, the private entities may only operate by means of concessions granted by the federal authorities.

What is the role and function of the regulator? Would you describe the regulator as being independent?

The regulators of the Brazilian energy sector are the MME and ANEEL, which have the following roles:

A. MME. The MME is the main body in the government responsible for the regulation and supervision of the power industry. Following the New Industry Model Law, the Brazilian government, acting primarily through the MME, has assumed some of the authority previously undertaken by ANEEL (see below), such as the granting of concessions and issuance of guidelines regarding the bidding process for public services concessions.

B. ANEEL. The Brazilian power industry is also regulated by ANEEL, which is an independent federal regulatory agency and follows the policy dictated by the MME. ANEEL is also responsible for:

managing concessions for electricity generation, transmission and distribution activities, including the approval of electricity tariffs;

supervising how services are provided by the concessionaries and imposing the applicable penalties if necessary;

enacting regulations for the power industry;

implementing and regulating the development of electricity sources, including the use of hydroelectric energy;

promoting the public bidding process for new concessions;

settling administrative disputes among agents of the power industry; and

defining the criteria and methodology for the determination of transmission and distribution tariffs.

The institutional framework of the Brazilian energy sector also comprises the following bodies: (i) the National Council for Energy Policy (CNPE); (ii) Operator of the National Electricity System (ONS); (iii) Chamber of Electricity Energy Commercialisation (CCEE); (iv) Energy Research Company (EPE); and (v) Energy Industry Monitoring Committee (CMSE).

Is there an open market for off-takers in your jurisdiction or are there restrictions on the sale of electricity?

The purchase and sale of energy in Brazil must be carried out in two markets: (i) regulated market (ACR), which is where purchase of energy by distribution companies through public energy auctions takes place; and (ii) free market (ACL), which is where the purchase of energy by non-regulated agents, such as free consumers and energy traders, takes place.

In addition to the above, there is also the short-term market, which is a market managed by the CCEE. It is the market place where the differences between the amount of energy that is physically produced and consumed and the energy set out in the contracts held by each participant (generators and consumers) are accounted for and settled.

Does the market have an independent system operator? If so, what are the ISO’s tasks and duties?

The Brazilian system operator is the ONS, which is a non-profit organisation supervised by ANEEL that is in charge of coordinating and controlling the transmission grids.

The basic role of the ONS is to coordinate and monitor generation and transmission operations in the SIN, subject to regulation and supervision by ANEEL. Its institutional mission is to ensure users of the SIN of the continuity, quality and cost-efficient supply of electric energy. It also proposes expansions of the network and reinforcement of existing systems to be considered in planning extensions of transmission systems as well as rules for operating transmission installations in the SIN grid, subject to approval by ANEEL.

How are electricity rates set and what cost components affect such rates?

A. Consumer. ANEEL has the duty of fixing electricity rates to promote fair rates for both the public interest and economic-financial balance of the agents responsible for the energy services.

The rates fixed by ANEEL take into account the following:

Energy costs;

Transmission costs;

Distribution costs;

Energy sectors charges;

Taxes.

The energy sector charges are part of the Brazilian government policy for the energy sector.

B. Wholesale.The power purchase agreement executed between generators and free consumers or between free consumers and traders must be registered with the CCEE. The rates are freely negotiated between the parties.

What approvals are required to build and operate a power project? Are these easy to obtain? Please describe the salient features of the relevant licence conditions and the grounds for revocation. What levels of fines can be imposed for failure to comply?

The requirements to build electricity generation plants vary depending on the type of energy (hydro, wind, solar, thermic), the size of the plant (installed capacity) and the end users of the energy produced.

ANEEL is responsible for granting the authorisation, or a concession, for the construction and operation of the following types of power plants:

Small hydro (hydro generation up to 30MW), thermo, co-generation and alternative sources (wind, solar and biomass) plants. Authorisation is granted by ANEEL under a simplified procedure. The procedures are set out in the ANEEL Normative Resolution No. 343/2008, No. 390/2009, No. 391/2009 and No. 0235/2006.

Hydro power plants. Concessions are granted by ANEEL under a bidding process. The procedures are set out in Decree No. 4,970/2004 and in Decree No. 4,932/2003.

Authorisations grant rights to generate electricity for a specified period, which is usually 20 to 30 years. Concessions grant rights to generate electricity for a specified period, which is usually 35 years.

Generally speaking, the requirements for obtaining the authorisations or concessions are based on the technical, financial and legal capacities of the applicant.

Environmental licences are also needed, as they are a requirement for obtaining the authorisations or concessions for the construction and operation of generation power plants.

Under federal and state environmental laws and regulations, companies that use natural resources, operate facilities or perform activities with actual or potential polluting effects are required to obtain environmental licences to install and operate their production facilities.

The process of obtaining an environmental licence follows three phases:

Previous licence. The previous licence is granted during the preliminary phase of planning the enterprise or activity and approves its location, attests to the environmental feasibility and sets out the basic and conditioning requirements to be met during the subsequent phases of its implementation.

Installation licence. The installation licence authorises the setting up of the enterprise or operation according to specifications in the approved plans, programmes and designs, including measures of environmental control and conditions.

Operating licence. The operating licence authorises the operation of the activity or enterprise, after effective compliance with the installation licence and when the environmental control measures and conditions determined for the operation have been checked.

With regard to the operation of a power project, there are ongoing requirements that the authorised company must comply with are set out in the Authorisation Act and regulatory rules issued by ANEEL, and other governmental authorities.

In general terms, the Authorisation Act determines the schedule of implementation of the electricity generation plant, the output of the power plant and any benefits of the payment of regulatory rates.

Non-compliance with the Authorisation Act or any other rules imposed by ANEEL may result in the application of penalties by ANEEL inspectors, which may vary depending on the severity of the deviation.

The environmental licences usually determine the technical conditions to be met, such as the installation of equipment or the adoption of measures for pollution control purposes. An environmental licence may be revoked in the event of non-compliance with the required conditions.

Is the government or the ISO conducting public auctions to award long-term power purchase agreements to public and private offtakers? Are the auctions open to any source of power, or are they focused on specific sources and technologies?

The organisation and the publication of official announcements of auctions are carried out by the ANEEL, in compliance with guidelines set by the MME, including the use of the lowest tariff criteria to determine the winner of the auction. Each generation company bidding in an auction executes an electricity purchase and sale agreement with each distribution company, in proportion to their estimated needs.

The power sector model foresees two main types of energy auctions:

Regular new energy auctions, which contract an amount declared by the distribution companies in order to meet demand growth in the regulated market.

Reserve energy auctions, which are used to contract supplementary energy to increase the system’s reserve margin. Demand for reserve energy is entirely determined by the government following its own criteria of security of supply and energy policy, and the costs of these contracts are split among all consumers by means of a system charge.

While the energy contracted in regular energy auctions is essential to meet demand, and therefore must be backed up by a certain amount of firm generation (with a firm energy settlement), reserve energy contracts do not provide firm energy to the system and therefore may have more flexible terms.

Some bids specifically target alternative sources, such as wind, solar and biomass, but the bids generally allow for all sources to participate.

What percentage of the country's power output comes from renewable power sources and does your jurisdiction have any specific targets or milestones for renewable energy projects?

Brazil is a global leader in the generation of energy by renewable sources, with a matrix composed of approximately 80 per cent of renewable generation sources (61.34 per cent hydroelectric, 8.77 per cent biomass, 6.69 per cent wind, 0.09 per cent solar), with large potential for growth.

The Decennial Plan for Energy Expansion provides important guidance on the future strategy for the power sector, which is focused on the balance between economic growth projections and the necessary expansion of energy supply.

The plan forecasts the continued strong presence of renewable sources in the Brazilian energy matrix, which will be equal to 84 per cent in 2024.

Is there a different regulatory regime for renewable energy projects? Are there any government programmes that foster the development of these projects?

There is no different regulatory regime for renewable energy project. Due to Brazil’s natural characteristics (topography, availability of solar radiations, strength of the winds), the country’s energy matrix is already composed of approximately 80 per cent of renewable generation sources.

Currently, the Brazilian government is seeking the development of projects of alternative sources of energy (ie, sources with smaller environmental and social impact), such as solar and wind powers. For that purpose, the competent authorities may organise at their own discretion auctions in which only alternative source producers may participate.

Are there any tax incentives for power projects and, in particular, for renewable power projects?

Brazilian federal and state tax legislations provide for different tax incentives, which are applicable to the development of power projects, including those related to renewable sources of energy (ie,wind and solar power).

On the federal level, we highlight the Special Regime of Tax Exemption for the Infrastructure Development (REIDI), which is applicable to infrastructure projects, such as the construction of power plants (be it hydroelectric, thermal, wind or solar power plants) and transmission grids.

The REIDI regime grants the suspension of the social contributions for PIS and COFINS imposition over the local acquisitions and importation of machines, instruments, equipment, construction materials associated to the relevant infrastructure work. To enjoy such tax incentive, the project developer must present the envisaged power project before the MME, who may grant the suspension of the PIS and COFINS imposition for a period of up to five years.

On the State level, there are tax incentives that provide for state VAT (ICMS) exemption over transactions involving certain listed machinery and equipment, all of which related to the development of renewable power projects. There are also other ICMS tax incentives that aim at fostering the renewable power industry in Brazil, but are not specifically related to the construction or expansion of power plants in Brazil

In addition, Brazil has a policy mechanism that is similar to the feed-in tariff adopted in Europe. For the past 10 years, the Brazilian government has been holding yearly electricity energy auctions, as a way to foster investment in the energy sector. Some of these auctions specifically target alternative sources, such as wind and biomass, but there is generally room in the competition for all major sources to participate.

Are there any investment vehicles or structures that permit the maximisation of investment in a power company, such as tax equity, master limited partnerships, real estate investment trusts (REITs) or yield cos?

As a general rule, Brazilian law does not set forth different tax regimes for different corporate structures, being companies organised and existing under Brazilian law (limited liability companies or corporations) subject to the same tax treatment.

Nevertheless, investments made by foreigner investors in financial and capital markets in accordance with the Resolution No. 4,373/14 of the National Monetary Board (CMN) are subject to favourable income tax treatment. Specifically with regard to investments made by means of an equity investment fund (FIP), the income arising from investment in such funds and gains arising from the sale or amortisation of FIP quotas by non-resident investors that are not resident or domiciled in a favourable tax jurisdiction are currently taxed at zero per cent, provided the following requirements are met:

the non-resident investor does not hold, individually or with related parties (as defined by applicable legislation), 40 per cent or more of all shares issued by the fund (shareholding test) or does not have the right to receive 40 per cent or more of the total income generated by the fund (economic test);

the fund does not have in its portfolio, at any time, debt securities in an amount exceeding 5 per cent of its net worth, except if such securities correspond to convertible debentures, subscription warrants or public bonds;

at least 67 per cent of the portfolio is composed of shares of corporations, debentures that are convertible into shares and subscription warrants (allowed assets); and

the fund is compliant with additional portfolio requirements provided by Brazilian Securities Commission regulations, which currently require at least 90 per cent of FIP portfolios to be composed of allowed assets.

Are there any governmental subsidies, benefits (other than tax-related) or incentives for investment in power projects and, in particular, renewable power projects?

The Brazilian government is providing incentives for the development and use of renewable sources in the country, especially wind and solar sources. Incentives include:

A Discounts on the TUST and on the TUSD. These are:

a 50 per cent discount on the TUST and on the TUSD to hydroelectric projects with power equal to or less than 5,000kW, or more than 5,000kW and less than or equal to 30,000 W, where the injection of power into the transmission or distribution systems is less than or equal to 30,000kW;

a 50 per cent discount on the TUST and on the TUSD to solar, wind, biomass or qualified cogeneration projects where the injection of power into the transmission or distribution systems is less than or equal to 30,000kW;

a 50 per cent discount on the TUST and on the TUSD to solar, wind, biomass or qualified cogeneration projects where the injection of power into the transmission or distribution systems is more than 30,000kW and less than or equal to 300,000kW that have won new energy auctions as from 1 January 2016 or that have been granted with the licences as from 1 January 2016.

ANEEL has also granted an 80 per cent discount on the TUST and on the TUSD to solar projects that start their operation until 31 December 2017 for the first 10 years, being the 50 per cent discount applied as from the 11th year.

B. Electric power system compensation for microgeneration. This was established byANEEL under the Normative Resolution No. 482/2012, which states that:

end users may produce and supply energy to the network in which they are connected if they comply with the technical procedures established by ANEEL;

end users may deduct the energy injected into the network from their own consumption, that is, only pay the distributors the difference between the consumption and the power injected into the network;

the energy projects must have a maximum output of 3MW for hydro projects and 5MW for qualified cogeneration projects.

C. Special financing programmes. In October 2016, the National Bank for Economic and Social Development (BNDES) announced the approval of an increase of up to 80 per cent in financing for solar projects. Before this value was up to 70 per cent. The Bank’s new financing conditions for the electric power sector will keep up to 80 per cent of its participation in energy efficiency projects and define the same level of participation for efficient public lighting projects.

Also, on 14 March 2017, BNDES announced the approval of special financing conditions for renewable electricity generation projects to be implemented in isolated areas of the Amazon region in partnership with Amazonas Energia.

Are there any capital controls or other regulations in your jurisdiction that prevent investors from repatriating investments in a power project?

Brazilian law does not provide specific restrictions for repatriating investments in power projects. Such as foreign investments in other sectors, the investments made in power projects in Brazil can be repatriated provided that they comply with all Brazilian regulations (such as registration before the Brazilian Central Bank System).

Which renewable power sources have been most successful in your jurisdiction and what is the medium to long-term outlook for them?

Owing to Brazil’s topography (many rivers with large gradients), the most successful renewable power source in Brazil is hydro power. According to the Brazilian Power Decennial Plan for 2024, Brazil has a potential for hydroelectric power generation of 117,000MW.

Are there any non-regulatory factors that affect the development and financing of power projects in your jurisdiction, such as social, environmental, political or security concerns or rights of third parties?

One of the main obstacles for the development of power projects specifically regarding renewable energy, is the location of power plants, which are far from the larger consumption centres, requiring huge investments in transmission and distribution capacities. Most of the potential for hydroelectric, wind and solar generation is located in the north and northeast of Brazil, while the largest cities such as São Paulo and Rio de Janeiro are in the southeast.

Another obstacle is the cost and time it takes to obtain the environmental licences required for the development of new power plants, especially new hydropower plants, considering the potential impact of such power plants with regard to deforestation of protected areas, relationship with local communities and existence of indigenous communities in areas that are affected by such power plants.

How are wheeling tariffs set and are there any differences based on the power source and technology used? Is there a postage-stamp wheeling tariff in your jurisdiction?

The Brazilian wheeling tariffs are the TUST and the TUSD, which are the tariffs charged by the transmission and distribution companies for the use of the grid. The applicable charge will depend if the generation facility is connected in the transmission or distribution system.

ANEEL is responsible for determining the calculation parameters for the TUSD and the TUST to be charged by the distribution and transmission companies, respectively.

Brazilian law sets forth that renewable energies are entitled to a discount on such charges. For more details on this matter, see question 16.

Are there any open access rules for transmission? If so, how is access determined? Are there private transmission lines to which open-access rules don't apply?

Brazilian law assures the right of any accessor to connect and make use of the Brazilian electric system. Such access shall be requested by means of an application, which shall be submitted to the ONS or to the transmission company or to the distribution company, as applicable, accompanied by data, preliminary studies of access, and information about the energy project that the applicant intends to connect to the grid.

The access to the grid must be requested from ONS or from the transmission company that enables physical access (if the generation company intends to connect to the basic network), or from the distribution company (if the generation company intends to connect to the distribution network or to any other transmission facilities).

The document that consolidates and establishes the conditions of access is the “opinion access” issued by the ONS, the transmission company or the distribution company, as the case may be.

The opinion access is one of the requirements for the issuance of the Authorisation Act by ANEEL.

Pursuant to Brazilian law, cross-border exchanges are subject to the authorisation of the MME.

The granting of such authorisation requires the presentation of documents and information of the interested trader to the MME, such as corporate documents, clearance certificates, financial statements, among others, as provided in the MME’s rulings.

What are the biggest obstacles in obtaining debt financing for renewable power projects?

Pursuant to the report prepared by the Brazilian Business Council for Sustainable Development (CEBDS), currently, these are the biggest obstacles to obtain debt financing for renewable power projects:

A. Subsidised credit and private credit. As an alternative to the capital market, credit from the BNDES presents lower rates, but it requires that the power plants are built using national equipment. However, the national equipment industry has not yet developed.

B. External borrowing. It has lower interest rate, but a very high exchange rate hedging cost (estimated 10–15 per cent), due to the volatility of the exchange rate in Brazil and the long term of the contracts.

C. High risk perception, which increases the return required by investors. Some technologies and processes are relatively new in Brazil (solar energy and new technologies such as energy storage and geothermal generation), which increases the risk perception of such investments. Other factors that impact this perception are that some of the players do not have long-term credit history and that there are effective risks in the connection and distribution procedures of the generated energy.

What are currently the most significant obstacles to the growth of the electricity market in your jurisdiction?

One of the most significant obstacles being faced by Brazilian energy market is the judicialisation of the market. Such judicialisation is a consequence of several regulatory changes made by the past government, which brought complexities to the hydropower sector.

Another obstacle being face by the players of the energy market is related to the operation of transmission lines. Due to the fact that several plants are located far from the main energy consumption centres, the delay in the beginning of the operation of such transmission facilities impacts directly the operation of the energy generation projects.

What are the biggest growth areas in the electricity market in your jurisdiction?

The biggest growth areas in Brazilian electricity market are in solar and wind energy. Solar energy has increased its generation capacity in 70 per cent in recent years and the sector estimates that will correspond to 10 per cent of Brazilian energy mix in 2030. With regard to the wind energy, this source Brazil is already a leader in Latin America and has registered an increase of 53 per cent and in the year of 2016 (compared with 2015).

Please describe any recent trends observed in your jurisdiction affecting the structuring of investments and financings in power projects.

Brazil has become an important investment destination for foreign investors, not only due to Brazil’s great potential in renewable energy, but also due to the sale of energy assets of local groups facing financial distress.

Other recent investment trend is the new financing rules of BNDES, which aim to stimulate that part of the funds required for the development of a power project are obtained by the players in the private financing market.

Are power purchase agreements in your jurisdiction denominated in local currency or US dollars?

The power purchase agreements are currently denominated in reais (Brazilian currency).

In accordance with local medias, the federal government is evaluating the possibility of offering electric power purchase agreements with revenue pegged to the dollar, with the possibility of obtaining resources at lower costs and attracting more foreign investors, who would not run the exchange risk.

Are there regulatory limitations on foreign investment in, or control of, electric generation, transmission or distribution assets?

There are no restrictions on the foreign ownership of electricity companies or assets in Brazil, provided, however, that a regulated company (that is, the company with rights to generate, distribute or transmit energy) must be incorporated under Brazilian laws.