(a) In general.Except as otherwise specifically provided, a defendant
who has been found guilty of an offense described in any Federal statute,
including sections 13 and 1153 of this title, other than an Act of Congress
applicable exclusively in the District of Columbia or the Uniform Code of
Military Justice, shall be sentenced in accordance with the provisions of this
chapter so as to achieve the purposes set forth in subparagraphs (A) through (D)
of section 3553(a)(2) to the extent that they are applicable in light of all the
circumstances of the case.

(b) Individuals.An individual found guilty of an offense shall be
sentenced, in accordance with the provisions of section 3553, to

(1) a term of probation as authorized by subchapter B;

(2) a fine as authorized by subchapter C; or

(3) a term of imprisonment as authorized by subchapter D.

A sentence to pay a fine may be imposed in addition to any other sentence. A
sanction authorized by section 3554, 3555, or 3556 may be imposed in addition to
the sentence required by this subsection.

(c) Organizations.An organization found guilty of an offense shall be
sentenced, in accordance with the provisions of section 3553, to

(1) a term of probation as authorized by subchapter B; or

(2) a fine as authorized by subchapter C.

A sentence to pay a fine may be imposed in addition to a sentence to probation.
A sanction authorized by section 3554, 3555, or 3556 may be imposed in addition
to the sentence required by this subsection.

"(a)(1) This chapter [chapter II, 211-239, of Title II of Pub.L. 98-473]
shall take effect on the first day of the first calendar month beginning 36
months after the date of enactment [Oct. 12, 1984] and shall apply only to
offenses committed after the taking effect of this chapter, except that

"(A) the repeal of chapter 402 of title 18, United States Code, shall
take effect on the date of enactment;

"(B)(i) chapter 58 of title 28, United States Code, shall take effect on
the date of enactment of this Act or October 1, 1983, whichever occurs later,
and the United States Sentencing Commission shall submit the initial sentencing
guidelines promulgated under section 994(a)(1) of title 28 to the Congress
within 30 months of the effective date of such chapter 58; and

"(ii) the sentencing guidelines promulgated pursuant to section
994(a)(1) shall not go into effect until

"(I) the United States Sentencing Commission has submitted the initial
set of sentencing guidelines to the Congress pursuant to subparagraph (B)(i),
along with a report stating the reasons for the Commission's recommendations;

"(II) the General Accounting Office has undertaken a study of the
guidelines, and their potential impact in comparison with the operation of the
existing sentencing and parole release system, and has, within one hundred and
fifty days of submission of the guidelines, reported to the Congress the results
of its study; and

"(III) the day after the Congress has had six months after the date
described in subclause (I) in which to examine the guidelines and consider the
reports; and

"(IV) section 212(a)(2) [enacting chapter 227, `Sentences', comprised
of sections 3551 to 3559, 3561 to 3566, 3571 to 3574, and 3581 to 3586; and
chapter 229, `Postsentence administration', comprised of sections 3601 to 3607,
3611 to 3615, and 3621 to 3625 of this title; and repealing former chapter 227,
`Sentence, judgment, and execution', comprised of sections 3561 to 3580; former
chapter 229, `Fines, penalties, and forfeitures', comprised of sections 3611 to
3620; and former chapter 231, `Probation', comprised of sections 3651 to 3656 of
this title] takes effect, in the case of the initial sentencing guidelines so
promulgated.

"(2) For the purposes of section 992(a) of title 28, the terms of the
first members of the United States Sentencing Commission shall not begin to run
until the sentencing guidelines go into effect pursuant to paragraph (1)(B)(ii).

"(b)(1) The following provisions of law in effect on the day before the
effective date of this Act shall remain in effect for five years after the
effective date as to an individual who committed an offense or an act of
juvenile delinquency before the effective date and as to a term of imprisonment
during the period described in subsection (a)(1)(B):

"(A) Chapter 311 of title 18, United States Code.

"(B) Chapter 309 of title 18, United States Code.

"(C) Sections 4251 through 4255 of title 18, United States Code.

"(D) Sections 5041 and 5042 of title 18, United States Code.

"(E) Sections 5017 through 5020 of title 18, United States Code, as to a
sentence imposed before the date of enactment.

"(F) The maximum term of imprisonment in effect on the effective date
for an offense committed before the effective date.

"(G) Any other law relating to a violation of a condition of release or
to arrest authority with regard to a person who violates a condition of release.

"(2) Notwithstanding the provisions of section 4202 of title 18, United
States Code, as in effect on the day before the effective date of this Act, the
term of office of a Commissioner who is in office on the effective date is
extended to the end of the five-year period after the effective date of this
Act.

"(3) The United States Parole Commission shall set a release date, for an
individual who will be in its jurisdiction the day before the expiration of five
years after the effective date of this Act, pursuant to section 4206 of title
18, United States Code. A release date set pursuant to this paragraph shall be
set early enough to permit consideration of an appeal of the release date, in
accordance with Parole Commission procedures, before the expiration of five
years following the effective date of this Act.

"(4) Notwithstanding the other provisions of this subsection, all laws in
effect on the day before the effective date of this Act pertaining to an
individual who is

"(A) released pursuant to a provision listed in paragraph (1); and

"(B)(i) subject to supervision on the day before the expiration of the
five-year period following the effective date of this Act; or

"(ii) released on a date set pursuant to paragraph (3); "including
laws pertaining to terms and conditions of release, revocation of release,
provision of counsel, and payment of transportation costs, shall remain in
effect as to the individual until the expiration of his sentence, except that
the district court shall determine, in accord with the Federal Rules of Criminal
Procedure, whether release should be revoked or the conditions of release
amended for violation of a condition of release.

"(5) Notwithstanding the provisions of section 991 of title 28, United
States Code, and sections 4351 and 5002 of title 18, United States Code, the
Chairman of the United States Parole Commission or his designee shall be a
member of the National Institute of Corrections, and the Chairman of the United
States Parole Commission shall be a member of the Advisory Corrections Council
and a nonvoting member of the United States Sentencing Commission, ex officio,
until the expiration of the five-year period following the effective date of
this Act. Notwithstanding the provisions of section 4351 of title 18, during the
five-year period the National Institute of Corrections shall have seventeen
members, including seven ex officio members. Notwithstanding the provisions of
section 991 of title 28, during the five-year period the United States
Sentencing Commission shall consist of nine members, including two ex officio,
nonvoting members."

[Pub.L. 101-650, Title III, 316, Dec. 1, 1990, 104 Stat. 5115, provided
that: "For the purposes of section 235(b) of Public Law 98-473 [set out as
a note under this section] as it relates to chapter 311 of title 18, United
States Code [section 4201 et seq. of this title], and the United States Parole
Commission, each reference in such section to `five years' or a `five-year
period' shall be deemed a reference to `ten years' or a `ten-year period',
respectively."]

"Since, due to an impending crisis in prison over-crowding, available
Federal prison space must be treated as a scarce resource in the sentencing of
criminal defendants;

"Since, sentencing decisions should be designed to ensure that prison
resources are, first and foremost, reserved for those violent and serious
criminal offenders who pose the most dangerous threat to society;

"Since, in cases of nonviolent and nonserious offenders, the interests of
society as a whole as well as individual victims of crime can continue to be
served through the imposition of alternative sentences, such as restitution and
community service;

"Since, in the two years preceding the enactment of sentencing
guidelines, Federal sentencing practice should ensure that scarce prison
resources are available to house violent and serious criminal offenders by the
increased use of restitution, community service, and other alternative sentences
in cases of nonviolent and nonserious offenders: Now, therefore, be it

"Declared, That it is the sense of the Senate that in the two years
preceding the enactment of the sentencing guidelines, Federal judges, in
determining the particular sentence to be imposed, consider

"(1) the nature and circumstances of the offense and the history and
characteristics of the defendant;

"(2) the general appropriateness of imposing a sentence other than
imprisonment in cases in which the defendant has not been convicted of a crime
of violence or otherwise serious offense; and

"(3) the general appropriateness of imposing a sentence of imprisonment
in cases in which the defendant has been convicted of a crime of violence or
otherwise serious offense."

3552. Presentence reports

(a) Presentence investigation and report by probation officer.A United
States probation officer shall make a presentence investigation of a defendant
that is required pursuant to the provisions of Rule 32(c) of the Federal Rules
of Criminal Procedure, and shall, before the imposition of sentence, report the
results of the investigation to the court.

(b) Presentence study and report by bureau of prisons.If the court,
before or after its receipt of a report specified in subsection (a) or (c),
desires more information than is otherwise available to it as a basis for
determining the sentence to be imposed on a defendant found guilty of a
misdemeanor or felony, it may order a study of the defendant. The study shall be
conducted in the local community by qualified consultants unless the sentencing
judge finds that there is a compelling reason for the study to be done by the
Bureau of Prisons or there are no adequate professional resources available in
the local community to perform the study. The period of the study shall be no
more than sixty days. The order shall specify the additional information that
the court needs before determining the sentence to be imposed. Such an order
shall be treated for administrative purposes as a provisional sentence of
imprisonment for the maximum term authorized by section 3581(b) for the offense
committed. The study shall inquire into such matters as are specified by the
court and any other matters that the Bureau of Prisons or the professional
consultants believe are pertinent to the factors set forth in section 3553(a).
The period of the study may, in the discretion of the court, be extended for an
additional period of not more than sixty days. By the expiration of the period
of the study, or by the expiration of any extension granted by the court, the
United States marshal shall, if the defendant is in custody, return the
defendant to the court for final sentencing. The Bureau of Prisons or the
professional consultants shall provide the court with a written report of the
pertinent results of the study and make to the court whatever recommendations
the Bureau or the consultants believe will be helpful to a proper resolution of
the case. The report shall include recommendations of the Bureau or the
consultants concerning the guidelines and policy statements, promulgated by the
Sentencing Commission pursuant to 28 U.S.C. 994(a), that they believe are
applicable to the defendant's case. After receiving the report and the
recommendations, the court shall proceed finally to sentence the defendant in
accordance with the sentencing alternatives and procedures available under this
chapter.

(c) Presentence examination and report by psychiatric or psychological
examiners.If the court, before or after its receipt of a report specified in
subsection (a) or (b) desires more information than is otherwise available to it
as a basis for determining the mental condition of the defendant, the court may
order the same psychiatric or psychological examination and report thereon as
may be ordered under section 4244(b) of this title.

(d) Disclosure of presentence reports.The court shall assure that a
report filed pursuant to this section is disclosed to the defendant, the counsel
for the defendant, and the attorney for the Government at least ten days prior
to the date set for sentencing, unless this minimum period is waived by the
defendant. The court shall provide a copy of the presentence report to the
attorney for the Government to use in collecting an assessment, criminal fine,
forfeiture or restitution imposed.

Effective Date of 1986 Amendment. Section 7(b) of Pub.L. 99-646
provided that: "The amendments made by this section [amending this section]
shall take effect on the date of the taking effect of section 3552 of title 18,
United States Code [this section]."

Effective Date. Section effective on the first day of first calendar
month beginning thirty six months after Oct. 12, 1984, applicable only to
offenses committed after taking effect of sections 211 to 239 of Pub.L. 98-473,
and except as otherwise provided for therein, see section 235 of Pub.L. 98-473,
as amended, set out as a note under section 3551 of this title.

3553. Imposition of a sentence

(a) Factors to be considered in imposing a sentence.The court shall
impose a sentence sufficient, but not greater than necessary, to comply with the
purposes set forth in paragraph (2) of this subsection. The court, in
determining the particular sentence to be imposed, shall consider

(1) the nature and circumstances of the offense and the history and
characteristics of the defendant;

(2) the need for the sentence imposed

(A) to reflect the seriousness of the offense, to promote respect for the
law, and to provide just punishment for the offense;

(B) to afford adequate deterrence to criminal conduct;

(C) to protect the public from further crimes of the defendant; and

(D) to provide the defendant with needed educational or vocational training,
medical care, or other correctional treatment in the most effective manner;

(3) the kinds of sentences available;

(4) the kinds of sentence and the sentencing range established for

(A) the applicable category of offense committed by the applicable category
of defendant as set forth in the guidelines issued by the Sentencing Commission
pursuant to section 994(a)(1) of title 28, United States Code, and that are in
effect on the date the defendant is sentenced; or

(B) in the case of a violation of probation or supervised release, the
applicable guidelines or policy statements issued by the Sentencing Commission
pursuant to section 994(a)(3) of title 28, United States Code;

(5) any pertinent policy statement issued by the Sentencing Commission
pursuant to 28 U.S.C. 994(a)(2) that is in effect on the date the defendant is
sentenced;

(6) the need to avoid unwarranted sentence disparities among defendants with
similar records who have been found guilty of similar conduct; and

(7) the need to provide restitution to any victims of the offense.

(b) Application of guidelines in imposing a sentence.The court shall
impose a sentence of the kind, and within the range, referred to in subsection
(a)(4) unless the court finds that there exists an aggravating or mitigating
circumstance of a kind, or to a degree, not adequately taken into consideration
by the Sentencing Commission in formulating the guidelines that should result in
a sentence different from that described. In determining whether a circumstance
was adequately taken into consideration, the court shall consider only the
sentencing guidelines, policy statements, and official commentary of the
Sentencing Commission. In the absence of an applicable sentencing guideline, the
court shall impose an appropriate sentence, having due regard for the purposes
set forth in subsection (a)(2). In the absence of an applicable sentencing
guideline in the case of an offense other than a petty offense, the court shall
also have due regard for the relationship of the sentence imposed to sentences
prescribed by guidelines applicable to similar offenses and offenders, and to
the applicable policy statements of the Sentencing Commission.

(c) Statement of reasons for imposing a sentence.The court, at the
time of sentencing, shall state in open court the reasons for its imposition of
the particular sentence, and, if the sentence

(1) is of the kind, and within the range, described in subsection (a)(4), and
that range exceeds 24 months, the reason for imposing a sentence at a particular
point within the range; or

(2) is not of the kind, or is outside the range, described in subsection
(a)(4), the specific reason for the imposition of a sentence different from that
described.

If the court does not order restitution, or orders only partial restitution,
the court shall include in the statement the reason therefor. The court shall
provide a transcription or other appropriate public record of the court's
statement of reasons to the Probation System, and, if the sentence includes a
term of imprisonment, to the Bureau of Prisons.

(d) Presentence procedure for an order of notice.Prior to imposing an
order of notice pursuant to section 3555, the court shall give notice to the
defendant and the Government that it is considering imposing such an order. Upon
motion of the defendant or the Government, or on its own motion, the court shall

(1) permit the defendant and the Government to submit affidavits and written
memoranda addressing matters relevant to the imposition of such an order;

(2) afford counsel an opportunity in open court to address orally the
appropriateness of the imposition of such an order; and

(3) include in its statement of reasons pursuant to subsection (c) specific
reasons underlying its determinations regarding the nature of such an order.

Upon motion of the defendant or the Government, or on its own motion, the court
may in its discretion employ any additional procedures that it concludes will
not unduly complicate or prolong the sentencing process.

(e) Limited authority to impose a sentence below a statutory minimum.Upon
motion of the Government, the court shall have the authority to impose a
sentence below a level established by statute as minimum sentence so as to
reflect a defendant's substantial assistance in the investigation or prosecution
of another person who has committed an offense. Such sentence shall be imposed
in accordance with the guidelines and policy statements issued by the Sentencing
Commission pursuant to section 994 of title 28, United States Code.

(f) Limitation on Applicability of Statutory Minimums in Certain Cases.Notwithstanding
any other provision of law, in the case of an offense under section 401, 404, or
406 of the Controlled Substances Act (21 U.S.C. 841, 844, 846) or section 1010
or 1013 of the Controlled Substances Import and Export Act (21 U.S.C. 961,So in
original. Probably should be "960" (section 1010 of the Controlled
Substances Import and Export Act is 21 U.S.C. 960). 963), the court shall
impose a sentence pursuant to guidelines promulgated by the United States
Sentencing Commission under section 994 of title 28 without regard to any
statutory minimum sentence, if the court finds at sentencing, after the
Government has been afforded the opportunity to make a recommendation, that

(1) the defendant does not have more than 1 criminal history point, as
determined under the sentencing guidelines;

(2) the defendant did not use violence or credible threats of violence or
possess a firearm or other dangerous weapon (or induce another participant to do
so) in connection with the offense;

(3) the offense did not result in death or serious bodily injury to any
person;

(4) the defendant was not an organizer, leader, manager, or supervisor of
others in the offense, as determined under the sentencing guidelines and was not
engaged in a continuing criminal enterprise, as defined in 21 U.S.C. 848; and

(5) not later than the time of the sentencing hearing, the defendant has
truthfully provided to the Government all information and evidence the defendant
has concerning the offense or offenses that were part of the same course of
conduct or of a common scheme or plan, but the fact that the defendant has no
relevant or useful other information to provide or that the Government is
already aware of the information shall not preclude a determination by the court
that the defendant has complied with this requirement.

Effective Date of 1994 Amendment. Section 80001(c) of Pub.L. 103-322
provided that: "The amendment made by subsection (a) [adding 18 U.S.C.
3553(f)] shall apply to all sentences imposed on or after [Sept. 23, 1994] the
10th day beginning after the date of enactment of this Act [Sept. 13, 1994]."

Effective Date of 1987 Amendment. Amendment by Pub.L. 100-182
applicable with respect to offenses committed after enactment of Pub.L. 100-182,
which was approved Dec. 7, 1987, see section 26 of Pub.L. 100-182.

Effective Date of 1986 Amendment. Section 8(c) of Pub.L. 99-646
provided that: "The amendments made by this section [amending subsec. (a)
of this section and section 3663 of this title] shall take effect on the date of
the taking effect of section 3553 of title 18, United States Code [this
section]."

Section 9(b) of Pub.L. 99-646 provided that: "The amendments made by this
section [subsec. (b) of this section] shall take effect on the date of the
taking effect of section 3553 of title 18, United States Code [this section]."

Section 80(b) of Pub.L. 99-646 provided that: "The amendments made by
this section [amending subsec. (d) of this section] shall take effect on the
date of the taking effect of section 212(a)(2) of the Sentencing Reform Act of
1984 [see Effective Date note below]."

Section 81(b) of Pub.L. 99-646 provided that: "The amendments made by
this section [amending subsec. (a) of this section] shall take effect on the
date of the taking effect of section 212(a)(2) of the Sentencing Reform Act of
1984 [see Effective Date note below]."

Section 1007(b) of Pub.L. 99-570 provided that: "(b) The amendment made
by this section [enacting subsec. (d) of this section] shall take effect on the
date of the taking effect of section 3553 of title 18, United States Code [this
section]."

Effective Date. Section effective on the first day of first calendar
month beginning thirty six months after Oct. 12, 1984, applicable only to
offenses committed after taking effect of sections 211 to 239 of Pub.L. 98-473,
and except as otherwise provided for therein, see section 235 of Pub.L. 98-473,
as amended, set out as a note under section 3551 of this title.

Authority to Lower Sentences Below Statutory Minimum for Old Offenses.
Section 24 of Pub.L. 100-182 provided that: "Notwithstanding section
235 of the Comprehensive Crime Control Act of 1984 [section 235 of Pub.L.
98-473, set out as a note under section 3551 of this title]

"(1) section 3553(e) of title 18, United States Code [subsec. (e) of
this section];

"(2) rule 35(b) of the Federal Rules of Criminal Procedure as amended by
section 215(b) of such Act; and

"(3) rule 35(b) as in effect before the taking effect of the initial set
of guidelines promulgated by the United States Sentencing Commission pursuant to
chapter 58 of title 28, United States Code [sections 991 et seq. of Title 28,
Judiciary and Judicial Procedure],

shall apply in the case of an offense committed before the taking effect of
such guidelines."

3554. Order of criminal forfeiture

The court, in imposing a sentence on a defendant who has been found guilty of
an offense described in section 1962 of this title or in title II or III of the
Comprehensive Drug Abuse Prevention and Control Act of 1970 shall order, in
addition to the sentence that is imposed pursuant to the provisions of section
3551, that the defendant forfeit property to the United States in accordance
with the provisions of section 1963 of this title or section 413 of the
Comprehensive Drug Abuse and Control Act of 1970.

References in Text. Title II or III of the Comprehensive Drug Abuse
Prevention and Control Act of 1970, referred to in text, are Titles II and III
of Pub.L. 91-513, Oct. 27, 1970, 84 Stat. 1242, which are principally classified
to subchapters I and II of chapter 13 of Title 21, Food and Drugs.

Section 413 of such Act, referred to in text, is section 413 of Pub.L. 91-513,
added Pub.L. 98-473, Title II, c. III, part B, 303, Oct. 12, 1984, 98 Stat.
2044, which is classified to section 853 of Title 21.

Effective Date. Section effective on the first day of first calendar
month beginning thirty six months after Oct. 12, 1984, applicable only to
offenses committed after taking effect of sections 211 to 239 of Pub.L. 98-473,
and except as otherwise provided for therein, see section 235 of Pub.L. 98-473,
as amended, set out as a note under section 3551 of this title.

3555. Order of notice to victims

The court, in imposing a sentence on a defendant who has been found guilty of
an offense involving fraud or other intentionally deceptive practices, may
order, in addition to the sentence that is imposed pursuant to the provisions of
section 3551, that the defendant give reasonable notice and explanation of the
conviction, in such form as the court may approve, to the victims of the
offense. The notice may be ordered to be given by mail, by advertising in
designated areas or through designated media, or by other appropriate means. In
determining whether to require the defendant to give such notice, the court
shall consider the factors set forth in section 3553(a) to the extent that they
are applicable and shall consider the cost involved in giving the notice as it
relates to the loss caused by the offense, and shall not require the defendant
to bear the costs of notice in excess of $20,000.

Effective Date. Section effective on the first
day of first calendar month beginning thirty six months after Oct. 12, 1984,
applicable only to
offenses committed after taking effect of sections 211 to 239 of Pub.L. 98-473,
and except as otherwise provided for therein, see section 235 of Pub.L. 98-473,
as amended, set out as a note under section 3551 of this title.

3556. Order of restitution

The court, in imposing a sentence on a defendant who has been found guilty of
an offense may order restitution in accordance with sections 3663 and 3664.

Effective Date of 1986 Amendment. Section 20(c) of Pub.L. 99-646
provided that: "The amendments made by this section [amending this section
and section 3663 of this title] shall take effect on the date of the taking
effect of section 212(a)(2) of the Sentencing Reform Act of 1984 [see Effective
Date note below]."

Effective Date. Section effective on the first day of first calendar
month beginning thirty six months after Oct. 12, 1984, applicable only to
offenses committed after taking effect of sections 211 to 239 of Pub.L. 98-473,
and except as otherwise provided for therein, see section 235 of Pub.L. 98-473,
as amended, set out as a note under section 3551 of this title.

3557. Review of a sentence

The review of a sentence imposed pursuant to section 3551 is governed by the
provisions of section 3742.

Effective Date. Section effective on the first day of first calendar
month beginning thirty six months after Oct. 12, 1984, applicable only to
offenses committed after taking effect of sections 211 to 239 of Pub.L. 98-473,
and except as otherwise provided for therein, see section 235 of Pub.L. 98-473,
as amended, set out as a note under section 3551 of this title.

3558. Implementation of a sentence

The implementation of a sentence imposed pursuant to section 3551 is governed
by the provisions of chapter 229.

Effective Date. Section effective on the first day of first calendar
month beginning thirty six months after Oct. 12, 1984, applicable only to
offenses committed after taking effect of sections 211 to 239 of Pub.L. 98-473,
and except as otherwise provided for therein, see section 235 of Pub.L. 98-473,
as amended, set out as a note under section 3551 of this title.

3559. Sentencing classification of offenses

(a) Classification.An offense that is not specifically classified by a
letter grade in the section defining it, is classified if the maximum term of
imprisonment authorized is

(1) life imprisonment, or if the maximum penalty is death, as a Class A
felony;

(2) twenty-five years or more, as a Class B felony;

(3) less than twenty-five years but ten or more years, as a Class C felony;

(4) less than ten years but five or more years, as a Class D felony;

(5) less than five years but more than one year, as a Class E felony;

(6) one year or less but more than six months, as a Class A misdemeanor;

(7) six months or less but more than thirty days, as a Class B misdemeanor;

(8) thirty days or less but more than five days, as a Class C misdemeanor; or

(9) five days or less, or if no imprisonment is authorized, as an infraction.

(b) Effect of classification.Except as provided in subsection (c), an
offense classified under subsection (a) carries all the incidents assigned to
the applicable letter designation, except that the maximum term of imprisonment
is the term authorized by the law describing the offense.

(c) Imprisonment of Certain Violent Felons.

(1) Mandatory life imprisonment.Notwithstanding any other provision of law, a
person who is convicted in a court of the United States of a serious violent
felony shall be sentenced to life imprisonment if

(A) the person has been convicted (and those convictions have become final)
on separate prior occasions in a court of the United States or of a State of

(i) 2 or more serious violent felonies; or

(ii) one or more serious violent felonies and one or more serious drug
offenses; and

(B) each serious violent felony or serious drug offense used as a basis for
sentencing under this subsection, other than the first, was committed after the
defendant's conviction of the preceding serious violent felony or serious drug
offense.

(2) Definitions.For purposes of this subsection

(A) the term "assault with the intent to commit rape" means an
offense that has as its elements engaging in physical contact with another
person or using or brandishing a weapon against another person with intent to
commit aggravated sexual abuse or sexual abuse (as described in sections 2241
and 2242);

(B) the term "arson" means an offense that has as its elements
maliciously damaging or destroying any building, inhabited structure, vehicle,
vessel, or real property by means of fire or an explosive;

(C) the term "extortion" means an offense that has as its
elements the extraction of anything of value from another person by threatening
or placing that person in fear of injury to any person or kidnapping of any
person;

(D) the term "firearms use" means an offense that has as its
elements those described in section 924(c) or 929(a), if the firearm was
brandished, discharged, or otherwise used as a weapon and the crime of violence
or drug trafficking crime during and relation 1So in original. Probably
should be "in relation". to which the firearm was used was subject to
prosecution in a court of the United States or a court of a State, or both;

(E) the term "kidnapping" means an offense that has as its
elements the abduction, restraining, confining, or carrying away of another
person by force or threat of force;

(F) the term "serious violent felony" means

(i) a Federal or State offense, by whatever designation and wherever
committed, consisting of murder (as described in section 1111); manslaughter
other than involuntary manslaughter (as described in section 1112); assault with
intent to commit murder (as described in section 113(a)); assault with intent to
commit rape; aggravated sexual abuse and sexual abuse (as described in sections
2241 and 2242); abusive sexual contact (as described in sections 2244 (a)(1) and
(a)(2)); kidnapping; aircraft piracy (as described in section 46502 of Title
49); robbery (as described in section 2111, 2113, or 2118); carjacking (as
described in section 2119); extortion; arson; firearms use; or attempt,
conspiracy, or solicitation to commit any of the above offenses; and

(ii) any other offense punishable by a maximum term of imprisonment of 10
years or more that has as an element the use, attempted use, or threatened use
of physical force against the person of another or that, by its nature, involves
a substantial risk that physical force against the person of another may be used
in the course of committing the offense;

(G) the term "State" means a State of the United States, the
District of Columbia, and a commonwealth, territory, or possession of the United
States; and

(H) the term "serious drug offense" means

(i) an offense that is punishable under section 401(b)(1)(A) or 408 of the
Controlled Substances Act (21 U.S.C. 841(b)(1)(A), 848) or section 1010(b)(1)(A)
of the Controlled Substances Import and Export Act (21 U.S.C. 960(b)(1)(A); or

(ii) an offense under State law that, had the offense been prosecuted in a
court of the United States, would have been punishable under section
401(b)(1)(A) or 408 of the Controlled Substances Act (21 U.S.C. 841(b)(1)(A),
848) or section 1010(b)(1)(A) of the Controlled Substances Import and Export Act
(21 U.S.C. 960(b)(1)(A)).

(3) Nonqualifying felonies

(A) Robbery in certain cases.Robbery, an attempt, conspiracy, or
solicitation to commit robbery; or an offense described in paragraph (2)(F)(ii)
shall not serve as a basis for sentencing under this subsection if the defendant
establishes by clear and convincing evidence that

(i) no firearm or other dangerous weapon was used in the offense and no
threat of use of a firearm or other dangerous weapon was involved in the
offense; and

(ii) the offense did not result in death or serious bodily injury (as
defined in section 1365) to any person.

(B) Arson in certain cases.Arson shall not serve as a basis for sentencing
under this subsection if the defendant establishes by clear and convincing
evidence that

(i) the offense posed no threat to human life; and

(ii) the defendant reasonably believed the offense posed no threat to
human life.

(4) Information filed by united states attorney.The provisions of section
411(a) of the Controlled Substances Act (21 U.S.C. 851(a)) shall apply to the
imposition of sentence under this subsection.

(5) Rule of construction.This subsection shall not be construed to preclude
imposition of the death penalty.

(6) Special provision for indian country.No person subject to the criminal
jurisdiction of an Indian tribal government shall be subject to this subsection
for any offense for which Federal jurisdiction is solely predicated on Indian
country (as defined in section 1151) and which occurs within the boundaries of
such Indian country unless the governing body of the tribe has elected that this
subsection have effect over land and persons subject to the criminal
jurisdiction of the tribe.

(7) Resentencing upon overturning of prior conviction.If the conviction for
a serous violent felony or serious drug offense that was a basis for sentencing
under this subsection is found, pursuant to any appropriate State or Federal
procedure, to be unconstitutional or is vitiated on the explicit basis of
innocence, or if the convicted person is pardoned on the explicit basis of
innocence, the person serving a sentence imposed under this subsection shall be
resentenced to any sentence that was available at the time of the original
sentencing.

Effective Date. Section effective on the first day of first calendar
month beginning thirty six months after Oct. 12, 1984, applicable only to
offenses committed after taking effect of sections 211 to 239 of Pub.L. 98-473,
and except as otherwise provided for therein, see section 235 of Pub.L. 98-473,
as amended, set out as a note under section 3551 of this title.

SUBCHAPTER B PROBATION

Section

3561. Sentence of probation.

3562. Imposition of a sentence of probation.

3563. Conditions of probation.

3564. Running of a term of probation.

3565. Revocation of probation.

3566. Implementation of a sentence of probation.

3561. Sentence of probation

(a) In general.A defendant who has been found guilty of an offense may
be sentenced to a term of probation unless

(1) the offense is a Class A or Class B felony and the defendant is an
individual;

(2) the offense is an offense for which probation has been expressly
precluded; or

(3) the defendant is sentenced at the same time to a term of imprisonment for
the same or a different offense that is not a petty offense.

(b) Domestic Violence Offenders.A defendant who has been convicted for
the first time of a domestic violence crime shall be sentenced to a term of
probation if not sentenced to a term of imprisonment. The term "domestic
violence crime" means a crime of violence for which the defendant may be
prosecuted in a court of the United States in which the victim or intended
victim is the spouse, former spouse, intimate partner, former intimate partner,
child, or former child of the defendant, or any relative defendant, child, or
former child of the defendant,So in original. or any other relative of the
defendant.

Effective Date of 1987 Amendment. Amendment by Pub.L. 100-182
applicable with respect to offenses committed after enactment of Pub.L. 100-182,
which was approved Dec. 7, 1987, see section 26 of Pub.L. 100-182.

Effective Date of 1986 Amendment. Section 10(b) of Pub.L. 99-646
provided that: "The amendment made by this section [amending subsec. (a) of
this section] shall take effect on the date of the taking effect of such section
3561(a) [subsec. (a) of this section]."

Effective Date. Section effective on the first day of first calendar
month beginning thirty six months after Oct. 12, 1984, applicable only to
offenses committed after taking effect of sections 211 to 239 of Pub.L. 98-473,
and except as otherwise provided for therein, see section 235 of Pub.L. 98-473,
as amended, set out as a note under section 3551 of this title.

3562. Imposition of a sentence of probation

(a) Factors to be considered in imposing a term of probation.The
court, in determining whether to impose a term of probation, and, if a term of
probation is to be imposed, in determining the length of the term and the
conditions of probation, shall consider the factors set forth in section 3553(a)
to the extent that they are applicable.

(b) Effect of finality of judgment.Notwithstanding the fact that a
sentence of probation can subsequently be

(1) modified or revoked pursuant to the provisions of section 3564 or 3565;

(2) corrected pursuant to the provisions of rule 35 of the Federal Rules of
Criminal Procedure and section 3742; or

(3) appealed and modified, if outside the guideline range, pursuant to the
provisions of section 3742;

a judgment of conviction that includes such a sentence constitutes a final
judgment for all other purposes.

Effective Date. Section effective on the first day of first calendar
month beginning thirty six months after Oct. 12, 1984, applicable only to
offenses committed after taking effect of sections 211 to 239 of Pub.L. 98-473,
and except as otherwise provided for therein, see section 235 of Pub.L. 98-473,
as amended, set out as a note under section 3551 of this title.

3563. Conditions of probation

(a) Mandatory conditions.The court shall provide, as an explicit
condition of a sentence of probation

(1) for a felony, a misdemeanor, or an infraction, that the defendant not
commit another Federal, State, or local crime during the term of probation;

(2) for a felony, that the defendant also abide by at least one condition set
forth in subsection (b)(2), (b)(3), or (b)(13), unless the court finds on the
record that extraordinary circumstances exist that would make such a condition
plainly unreasonable, in which event the court shall impose one or more of the
other conditions set forth under subsection (b);

(3) for a felony, a misdemeanor, or an infraction, that the defendant not
unlawfully possess a controlled substance; and

(4) for a felony, a misdemeanor, or an infraction, that the defendant refrain
from any unlawful use of a controlled substance and submit to one drug test
within 15 days of release on probation and at least 2 periodic drug tests
thereafter (as determined by the court) for use of a controlled substance, but
the condition stated in this paragraph may be ameliorated or suspended by the
court for any individual defendant if the defendant's presentence report or
other reliable sentencing information indicates a low risk of future substance
abuse by the defendant.

(4)So in original. for a domestic violence crime as defined in section
3561(b) by a defendant convicted of such an offense for the first time that the
defendant attend a public, private, or private non-profit offender
rehabilitation program that has been approved by the court, in consultation with
a State Coalition Against Domestic Violence or other appropriate experts, if an
approved program is readily available within a 50-mile radius of the legal
residence of the defendant.

If the court has imposed and ordered execution of a fine and placed the
defendant on probation, payment of the fine or adherence to the
court-established installment schedule shall be a condition of the probation.
The results of a drug test administered in accordance with paragraph (4) shall
be subject to confirmation only if the results are positive, the defendant is
subject to possible imprisonment for such failure, and either the defendant
denies the accuracy of such test or there is some other reason to question the
results of the test. A defendant who tests positive may be detained pending
verification of a positive drug test result. A drug test confirmation shall be
a urine drug test confirmed using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry
techniques or such test as the Director of the Administrative Office of the
United States Courts after consultation with the Secretary of Health and Human
Services may determine to be of equivalent accuracy. The court shall consider
whether the availability of appropriate substance abuse treatment programs, or
an individual's current or past participation in such programs, warrants an
exception in accordance with United States Sentencing Commission guidelines from
the rule of section 3565(b), when considering any action against a defendant who
fails a drug test administered in accordance with paragraph (4).

(b) Discretionary conditions.The court may provide, as further
conditions of a sentence of probation, to the extent that such conditions are
reasonably related to the factors set forth in section 3553(a)(1) and (a)(2) and
to the extent that such conditions involve only such deprivations of liberty or
property as are reasonably necessary for the purposes indicated in section
3553(a)(2), that the defendant

(1) support his dependents and meet other family responsibilities;

(2) pay a fine imposed pursuant to the provisions of subchapter C;

(3) make restitution to a victim of the offense under sections 3663 and 3664
(but not subject to the limitations of section 3663(a));

(4) give to the victims of the offense the notice ordered pursuant to the
provisions of section 3555;

(5) work conscientiously at suitable employment or pursue conscientiously a
course of study or vocational training that will equip him for suitable
employment;

(6) refrain, in the case of an individual, from engaging in a specified
occupation, business, or profession bearing a reasonably direct relationship to
the conduct constituting the offense, or engage in such a specified occupation,
business, or profession only to a stated degree or under stated circumstances;

(7) refrain from frequenting specified kinds of places or from associating
unnecessarily with specified persons;

(8) refrain from excessive use of alcohol, or any use of a narcotic drug or
other controlled substance, as defined in section 102 of the Controlled
Substances Act (21 U.S.C. 802), without a prescription by a licensed medical
practitioner;

(9) refrain from possessing a firearm, destructive device, or other dangerous
weapon;

(10) undergo available medical, psychiatric, or psychological treatment,
including treatment for drug or alcohol dependency, as specified by the court,
and remain in a specified institution if required for that purpose;

(11) remain in the custody of the Bureau of Prisons during nights, weekends,
or other intervals of time, totaling no more than the lesser of one year or the
term of imprisonment authorized for the offense, during the first year of the
term of probation;

(12) reside at, or participate in the program of, a community corrections
facility (including a facility maintained or under contract to the Bureau of
Prisons) for all or part of the term of probation;

(13) work in community service as directed by the court;

(14) reside in a specified place or area, or refrain from residing in a
specified place or area;

(15) remain within the jurisdiction of the court, unless granted permission
to leave by the court or a probation officer;

(16) report to a probation officer as directed by the court or the probation
officer;

(17) permit a probation officer to visit him at his home or elsewhere as
specified by the court;

(18) answer inquiries by a probation officer and notify the probation officer
promptly of any change in address or employment;

(19) notify the probation officer promptly if arrested or questioned by a law
enforcement officer;

(20) remain at his place of residence during nonworking hours and, if the
court finds it appropriate, that compliance with this condition be monitored by
telephonic or electronic signaling devices, except that a condition under this
paragraph may be imposed only as an alternative to incarceration;

(21) comply with the terms of any court order or order of an administrative
process pursuant to the law of a State, the District of Columbia, or any other
possession or territory of the United States, requiring payments by the
defendant for the support and maintenance of a child or of a child and the
parent with whom the child is living; or

(22) satisfy such other conditions as the court may impose.

(c) Modifications of conditions.The court may modify, reduce, or
enlarge the conditions of a sentence of probation at any time prior to the
expiration or termination of the term of probation, pursuant to the provisions
of the Federal Rules of Criminal Procedure relating to the modification of
probation and the provisions applicable to the initial setting of the conditions
of probation.

(d) Written statement of conditions.The court shall direct that the
probation officer provide the defendant with a written statement that sets forth
all the conditions to which the sentence is subject, and that is sufficiently
clear and specific to serve as a guide for the defendant's conduct and for such
supervision as is required.

Codification. Amendment by section 3584(1) of Pub.L. 101-647 directed
the substitution of "defendant" for "defendent" in subsec.
(a)(3). Such substitution had already been editorially executed, therefore, no
further change was required.

Effective Date of 1988 Amendment. Section 7303(d) of Pub.L. 100-690
provided that: "The amendments made by this section [amending this section
and sections 3565, 3583, 4209, and 4214 of this title] shall apply with respect
to persons whose probation, supervised release, or parole begins after December
31, 1988."

Effective Date of 1987 Amendment. Amendment by Pub.L. 100-182
applicable with respect to offenses committed after enactment of Pub.L. 100-182,
which was approved Dec. 7, 1987, see section 26 of Pub.L. 100-182.

Effective Date of 1986 Amendment. Section 11(b) of Pub.L. 99-646
provided that: "The amendment made by this section [amending subsec.
(b)(11) of this section] shall take effect on the date of the taking effect of
such section 3563(b)(11) [subsec. (b)(11) of this section]."

Section 12(c)(1) of Pub.L. 99-646 provided that: "The amendments made by
subsection (a) [amending subsec. (c) of this section] shall take effect on the
date of the taking effect of such section 3563(c) [subsec. (c) of this section]."

Effective Date. Section effective on the first day of first calendar
month beginning thirty six months after Oct. 12, 1984, applicable only to
offenses committed after taking effect of sections 211 to 239 of Pub.L. 98-473,
and except as otherwise provided for therein, see section 235 of Pub.L. 98-473,
as amended, set out as a note under section 3551 of this title.

3564. Running of a term of probation

(a) Commencement.A term of probation commences on the day that the
sentence of probation is imposed, unless otherwise ordered by the court.

(b) Concurrence with other sentences.Multiple terms of probation,
whether imposed at the same time or at different times, run concurrently with
each other. A term of probation runs concurrently with any Federal, State, or
local term of probation, supervised release, or parole for another offense to
which the defendant is subject or becomes subject during the term of probation.
A term of probation does not run while the defendant is imprisoned in connection
with a conviction for a Federal, State, or local crime unless the imprisonment
is for a period of less than thirty consecutive days.

(c) Early termination.The court, after considering the factors set
forth in section 3553(a) to the extent that they are applicable, may, pursuant
to the provisions of the Federal Rules of Criminal Procedure relating to the
modification of probation, terminate a term of probation previously ordered and
discharge the defendant at any time in the case of a misdemeanor or an
infraction or at any time after the expiration of one year of probation in the
case of a felony, if it is satisfied that such action is warranted by the
conduct of the defendant and the interest of justice.

(d) Extension.The court may, after a hearing, extend a term of
probation, if less than the maximum authorized term was previously imposed, at
any time prior to the expiration or termination of the term of probation,
pursuant to the provisions applicable to the initial setting of the term of
probation.

(e) Subject to revocation.A sentence of probation remains conditional
and subject to revocation until its expiration or termination.

Effective Date of 1987 Amendment. Amendment by Pub.L. 100-182
applicable with respect to offenses committed after enactment of Pub.L. 100-182,
which was approved Dec. 7, 1987, see section 26 of Pub.L. 100-182.

Effective Date of 1986 Amendment. Section 13(b) of Pub.L. 99-646
provided that: "The amendments made by this section [amending subsec. (b)
of this section] shall take effect on the date of the taking effect of such
section 3564 [this section]."

Effective Date. Section effective on the first day of first calendar
month beginning thirty six months after Oct. 12, 1984, applicable only to
offenses committed after taking effect of sections 211 to 239 of Pub.L. 98-473,
and except as otherwise provided for therein, see section 235 of Pub.L. 98-473,
as amended, set out as a note under section 3551 of this title.

3565. Revocation of probation

(a) Continuation or revocation.If the defendant violates a condition
of probation at any time prior to the expiration or termination of the term of
probation, the court may, after a hearing pursuant to Rule 32.1 of the Federal
Rules of Criminal Procedure, and after considering the factors set forth in
section 3553(a) to the extent that they are applicable

(1) continue him on probation, with or without extending the term or
modifying or enlarging the conditions; or

(2) revoke the sentence of probation and resentence the defendant under
subchapter A.

(b) Mandatory Revocation for Possession of Controlled Substance or Firearm
or Refusal to Comply With Drug Testing.If the defendant

(1) possesses a controlled substance in violation of the condition set forth
in section 3563(a)(3);

(2) possesses a firearm, as such term is defined in section 921 of this
title, in violation of Federal law, or otherwise violates a condition of
probation prohibiting the defendant from possessing a firearm; or

(3) refuses to comply with drug testing, thereby violating the condition
imposed by section 3563(a)(4), the court shall revoke the sentence of probation
and resentence the defendant under subchapter A to a sentence that includes a
term of imprisonment.

(c) Delayed revocation.The power of the court to revoke a sentence of
probation for violation of a condition of probation, and to impose another
sentence, extends beyond the expiration of the term of probation for any period
reasonably necessary for the adjudication of matters arising before its
expiration if, prior to its expiration, a warrant or summons has been issued on
the basis of an allegation of such a violation.

Effective Date of 1988 Amendment. Amendment by section 7303(a)(2) of
Pub.L. 100-690 applicable with respect to persons whose probation, supervised
release, or parole begins after Dec. 31, 1988, see section 7303(d) of Pub.L.
100-690, set out as a note under section 3563 of this title.

Effective Date. Section effective on the first day of first calendar
month beginning thirty six months after Oct. 12, 1984, applicable only to
offenses committed after taking effect of sections 211 to 239 of Pub.L. 98-473,
and except as otherwise provided for therein, see section 235 of Pub.L. 98-473,
as amended, set out as a note under section 3551 of this title.

3566. Implementation of a sentence of probation

The implementation of a sentence of probation is governed by the provisions of
subchapter A of chapter 229.

Effective Date. Section effective on the first day of first calendar
month beginning thirty six months after Oct. 12, 1984, applicable only to
offenses committed after taking effect of sections 211 to 239 of Pub.L. 98-473,
and except as otherwise provided for therein, see section 235 of Pub.L. 98-473,
as amended, set out as a note under section 3551 of this title.

SUBCHAPTER C FINES

Section

3571. Sentence of fine.

3572. Imposition of a sentence of fine and related matters.

3573. Petition of the Government for modification or remission.

3574. Implementation of a sentence of fine.

3571. Sentence of fine

(a) In general.A defendant who has been found guilty of an offense may
be sentenced to pay a fine.

(b) Fines for individuals.Except as provided in subsection (e) of this
section, an individual who has been found guilty of an offense may be fined not
more than the greatest of

(1) the amount specified in the law setting forth the offense;

(2) the applicable amount under subsection (d) of this section;

(3) for a felony, not more than $250,000;

(4) for a misdemeanor resulting in death, not more than $250,000;

(5) for a Class A misdemeanor that does not result in death, not more than
$100,000;

(6) for a Class B or C misdemeanor that does not result in death, not more
than $5,000; or

(7) for an infraction, not more than $5,000.

(c) Fines for organizations.Except as provided in subsection (e) of
this section, an organization that has been found guilty of an offense may be
fined not more than the greatest of

(1) the amount specified in the law setting forth the offense;

(2) the applicable amount under subsection (d) of this section;

(3) for a felony, not more than $500,000;

(4) for a misdemeanor resulting in death, not more than $500,000;

(5) for a Class A misdemeanor that does not result in death, not more than
$200,000;

(6) for a Class B or C misdemeanor that does not result in death, not more
than $10,000; and

(7) for an infraction, not more than $10,000.

(d) Alternative fine based on gain or loss.If any person derives
pecuniary gain from the offense, or if the offense results in pecuniary loss to
a person other than the defendant, the defendant may be fined not more than the
greater of twice the gross gain or twice the gross loss, unless imposition of a
fine under this subsection would unduly complicate or prolong the sentencing
process.

(e) Special rule for lower fine specified in substantive provision.If
a law setting forth an offense specifies no fine or a fine that is lower than
the fine otherwise applicable under this section and such law, by specific
reference, exempts the offense from the applicability of the fine otherwise
applicable under this section, the defendant may not be fined more than the
amount specified in the law setting forth the offense.

Effective Date. Section effective on the first day of first calendar
month beginning thirty six months after Oct. 12, 1984, applicable only to
offenses committed after taking effect of sections 211 to 239 of Pub.L. 98-473,
and except as otherwise provided for therein, see section 235 of Pub.L. 98-473,
as amended, set out as a note under section 3551 of this title.

3572. Imposition of a sentence of fine and related matters

(a) Factors to be considered.In determining whether to impose a fine,
and the amount, time for payment, and method of payment of a fine, the court
shall consider, in addition to the factors set forth in section 3553(a)

(2) the burden that the fine will impose upon the defendant, any person who
is financially dependent on the defendant, or any other person (including a
government) that would be responsible for the welfare of any person financially
dependent on the defendant, relative to the burden that alternative punishments
would impose;

(3) any pecuniary loss inflicted upon others as a result of the offense;

(4) whether restitution is ordered or made and the amount of such
restitution;

(5) the need to deprive the defendant of illegally obtained gains from the
offense;

(6) the expected costs to the government of any imprisonment, supervised
release, or probation component of the sentence;

(7) whether the defendant can pass on to consumers or other persons the
expense of the fine; and

(8) if the defendant is an organization, the size of the organization and any
measure taken by the organization to discipline any officer, director, employee,
or agent of the organization responsible for the offense and to prevent a
recurrence of such an offense.

(b) Fine not to impair ability to make restitution.If, as a result of
a conviction, the defendant has the obligation to make restitution to a victim
of the offense, the court shall impose a fine or other monetary penalty only to
the extent that such fine or penalty will not impair the ability of the
defendant to make restitution.

(c) Effect of finality of judgment.Notwithstanding the fact that a
sentence to pay a fine can subsequently be

(1) modified or remitted under section 3573;

(2) corrected under rule 35 of the Federal Rules of Criminal Procedure and
section 3742; or

(3) appealed and modified under section 3742;

a judgment that includes such a sentence is a final judgment for all other
purposes.

(d) Time, method of payment, and related items.A person sentenced to
pay a fine or other monetary penalty shall make such payment immediately,
unless, in the interest of justice, the court provides for payment on a date
certain or in installments. If the court provides for payment in installments,
the installments shall be in equal monthly payments over the period provided by
the court, unless the court establishes another schedule. If the judgment
permits other than immediate payment, the period provided for shall not exceed
five years, excluding any period served by the defendant as imprisonment for the
offense.

(e) Alternative sentence precluded.At the time a defendant is
sentenced to pay a fine, the court may not impose an alternative sentence to be
carried out if the fine is not paid.

(f) Responsibility for payment of monetary obligation relating to
organization.If a sentence includes a fine, special assessment, or other
monetary obligation (including interest) with respect to an organization, each
individual authorized to make disbursements for the organization has a duty to
pay the obligation from assets of the organization. If such an obligation is
imposed on a director, officer, shareholder, employee, or agent of an
organization, payments may not be made, directly or indirectly, from assets of
the organization, unless the court finds that such payment is expressly
permissible under applicable State law.

(g) Security for stayed fine.If a sentence imposing a fine is stayed,
the court shall, absent exceptional circumstances (as determined by the court)

(1) require the defendant to deposit, in the registry of the district court,
any amount of the fine that is due;

(2) require the defendant to provide a bond or other security to ensure
payment of the fine; or

(3) restrain the defendant from transferring or dissipating assets.

(h) Delinquency.A fine is delinquent if a payment is more than 30 days
late.

(i) Default.A fine is in default if a payment is delinquent for more
than 90 days. When a fine is in default, the entire amount of the fine is due
within 30 days after notification of the default, notwithstanding any
installment schedule.

Effective Date. Section effective on the first day of first calendar
month beginning thirty six months after Oct. 12, 1984, applicable only to
offenses committed after taking effect of sections 211 to 239 of Pub.L. 98-473,
and except as otherwise provided for therein, see section 235 of Pub.L. 98-473,
as amended, set out as a note under section 3551 of this title.

3573. Petition of the Government for modification or remission

Upon petition of the Government showing that reasonable efforts to collect a
fine or assessment are not likely to be effective, the court may, in the
interest of justice

(1) remit all or part of the unpaid portion of the fine or special
assessment, including interest and penalties;

(2) defer payment of the fine or special assessment to a date certain or
pursuant to an installment schedule; or

A petition under this subsection shall be filed in the court in which sentence
was originally imposed, unless the court transfers jurisdiction to another
court. This section shall apply to all fines and assessments irrespective of the
date of imposition.

Effective Date. Section effective on the first day of first calendar
month beginning thirty six months after Oct. 12, 1984, applicable only to
offenses committed after taking effect of sections 211 to 239 of Pub.L. 98-473,
and except as otherwise provided for therein, see section 235 of Pub.L. 98-473,
as amended, set out as a note under section 3551 of this title.

3574. Implementation of a sentence of fine

The implementation of a sentence to pay a fine is governed by the provisions
of subchapter B of chapter 229.

Effective Date. Section effective on the first day of first calendar
month beginning thirty six months after Oct. 12, 1984, applicable only to
offenses committed after taking effect of sections 211 to 239 of Pub.L. 98-473,
and except as otherwise provided for therein, see section 235 of Pub.L. 98-473,
as amended, set out as a note under section 3551 of this title.

CHAPTER D - IMPRISONMENT

Section

3581. Sentence of imprisonment.

3582. Imposition of a sentence of imprisonment.

3583. Inclusion of a term of supervised release after imprisonment.

3584. Multiple sentences of imprisonment.

3585. Calculation of a term of imprisonment.

3586. Implementation of a sentence of imprisonment.

3581. Sentence of imprisonment

(a) In general.A defendant who has been found guilty of an offense may
be sentenced to a term of imprisonment.

(b) Authorized terms.The authorized terms of imprisonment are

(1) for a Class A felony, the duration of the defendant's life or any period
of time;

Effective Date. Section effective on the first day of first calendar
month beginning thirty six months after Oct. 12, 1984, applicable only to
offenses committed after taking effect of sections 211 to 239 of Pub.L. 98-473,
and except as otherwise provided for therein, see section 235 of Pub.L. 98-473,
as amended, set out as a note under section 3551 of this title.

3582. Imposition of a sentence of imprisonment

(a) Factors to be considered in imposing a term of imprisonment.The
court, in determining whether to impose a term of imprisonment, and, if a term
of imprisonment is to be imposed, in determining the length of the term, shall
consider the factors set forth in section 3553(a) to the extent that they are
applicable, recognizing that imprisonment is not an appropriate means of
promoting correction and rehabilitation. In determining whether to make a
recommendation concerning the type of prison facility appropriate for the
defendant, the court shall consider any pertinent policy statements issued by
the Sentencing Commission pursuant to 28 U.S.C. 994(a)(2).

(b) Effect of finality of judgment.Notwithstanding the fact that a
sentence to imprisonment can subsequently be

(1) modified pursuant to the provisions of subsection (c);

(2) corrected pursuant to the provisions of rule 35 of the Federal Rules of
Criminal Procedure and section 3742; or

(3) appealed and modified, if outside the guideline range, pursuant to the
provisions of section 3742;

a judgment of conviction that includes such a sentence constitutes a final
judgment for all other purposes.

(c) Modification of an imposed term of imprisonment.The court may not
modify a term of imprisonment once it has been imposed except that

(1) in any case

(A) the court, upon motion of the Director of the Bureau of Prisons, may
reduce the term of imprisonment, after considering the factors set forth in
section 3553(a) to the extent that they are applicable, if it finds that

(i) extraordinary and compelling reasons warrant such a reduction;

(ii) the defendant is at least 70 years of age, has served at least 30 year
in prison, pursuant to a sentence imposed under section 3559(c), for the offense
or offenses for which the defendant is currently imprisoned, and a determination
has been made by the Director of the Bureau of Prisons that the defendant is not
a danger to the safety of any other person or the community, as provided under
section 3142(g);

and that such a reduction is consistent with applicable policy statements
issued by the Sentencing Commission; and

(B) the court may modify an imposed term of imprisonment to the extent
otherwise expressly permitted by statute or by Rule 35 of the Federal Rules of
Criminal Procedure; and

(2) in the case of a defendant who has been sentenced to a term of
imprisonment based on a sentencing range that has subsequently been lowered by
the Sentencing Commission pursuant to 28 U.S.C. 994(o), upon motion of
the defendant or the Director of the Bureau of Prisons, or on its own motion,
the court may reduce the term of imprisonment, after considering the factors set
forth in section 3553(a) to the extent that they are applicable, if such a
reduction is consistent with applicable policy statements issued by the
Sentencing Commission.

(d) Inclusion of an order to limit criminal association of organized crime
and drug offenders.The court, in imposing a sentence to a term of
imprisonment upon a defendant convicted of a felony set forth in chapter 95
(racketeering) or 96 (racketeer influenced and corrupt organizations) of this
title or in the Comprehensive Drug Abuse Prevention and Control Act of 1970 (21
U.S.C. 801 et seq.), or at any time thereafter upon motion by the Director of
the Bureau of Prisons or a United States attorney, may include as a part of the
sentence an order that requires that the defendant not associate or communicate
with a specified person, other than his attorney, upon a showing of probable
cause to believe that association or communication with such person is for the
purpose of enabling the defendant to control, manage, direct, finance, or
otherwise participate in an illegal enterprise.

Effective Date. Section effective on the first day of first calendar
month beginning thirty six months after Oct. 12, 1984, applicable only to
offenses committed after taking effect of sections 211 to 239 of Pub.L. 98-473,
and except as otherwise provided for therein, see section 235 of Pub.L. 98-473,
as amended, set out as a note under section 3551 of this title.

3583. Inclusion of a term of supervised release after imprisonment

(a) In general.The court, in imposing a sentence to a term of
imprisonment for a felony or a misdemeanor, may include as a part of the
sentence a requirement that the defendant be placed on a term of supervised
release after imprisonment, except that the court shall include as a part of the
sentence a requirement that the defendant be placed on a term of supervised
release if such a term is required by statute or if the defendant has been
convicted for the first time of a domestic violence crime as defined in section
3561(b).

(b) Authorized terms of supervised release.Except as otherwise
provided, the authorized terms of supervised release are

(1) for a Class A or Class B felony, not more than five years;

(2) for a Class C or Class D felony, not more than three years; and

(3) for a Class E felony, or for a misdemeanor (other than a petty offense),
not more than one year.

(c) Factors to be considered in including a term of supervised release.The
court, in determining whether to include a term of supervised release, and, if a
term of supervised release is to be included, in determining the length of the
term and the conditions of supervised release, shall consider the factors set
forth in section 3553(a)(1), (a)(2)(B), (a)(2)(C), (a)(2)(D), (a)(4), (a)(5),
and (a)(6).

(d) Conditions of supervised release.The court shall order, as an
explicit condition of supervised release, that the defendant not commit another
Federal, State, or local crime during the term of supervision and that the
defendant not unlawfully possess a controlled substance. The court shall order
as an explicit condition of supervised release for a defendant convicted for the
first time of a domestic violence crime as defined in section 3561(b) that the
defendant attend a public, private, or private nonprofit offender rehabilitation
program that has been approved by the court, in consultation with a State
Coalition Against Domestic Violence or other appropriate experts, if an approved
program is readily available within a 50-mile radius of the legal residence of
the defendant. The court shall also order, as an explicit condition of
supervised release, that the defendant refrain from any unlawful use of a
controlled substance and submit to a drug test within 15 days of release on
supervised release and at least 2 periodic drug tests thereafter (as determined
by the court) for use of a controlled substance. The condition stated in the
preceding sentence may be ameliorated or suspended by the court as provided in
section 3563(a)(4). The results of a drug test administered in accordance with
the preceding subsection shall be subject to confirmation only if the results
are positive, the defendant is subject to possible imprisonment for such
failure, and either the defendant denies the accuracy of such test or there is
some other reason to question the results of the test. A drug test confirmation
shall be a urine drug test confirmed using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry
techniques or such test as the Director of the Administrative Office of the
United States Courts after consultation with the Secretary of Health and Human
Services may determine to be of equivalent accuracy. The court shall consider
whether the availability of appropriate substance abuse treatment programs, or
an individual's current or past participation in such programs, warrants an
exception in accordance with United States Sentencing Commission guidelines from
the rule of section 3583(g) when considering any action against a defendant who
fails a drug test. The court may order, as a further condition of supervised
release, to the extent that such condition

(1) is reasonably related to the factors set forth in section 3553(a)(1),
(a)(2)(B), (a)(2)(C), and (a)(2)(D);

(2) involves no greater deprivation of liberty than is reasonably necessary
for the purposes set forth in section 3553(a)(2)(B), (a)(2)(C), and (a)(2)(D);
and

(3) is consistent with any pertinent policy statements issued by the
Sentencing Commission pursuant to 28 U.S.C. 994(a);

any condition set forth as a discretionary condition of probation in section
3563(b)(1) through (b)(10) and (b)(12) through (b)(20), and any other condition
it considers to be appropriate. If an alien defendant is subject to deportation,
the court may provide, as a condition of supervised release, that he be deported
and remain outside the United States, and may order that he be delivered to a
duly authorized immigration official for such deportation.

(1) terminate a term of supervised release and discharge the defendant
releasedSo in original. Probably "defendant released" should be "defendant".
at any time after the expiration of one year of supervised release, pursuant to
the provisions of the Federal Rules of Criminal Procedure relating to the
modification of probation, if it is satisfied that such action is warranted by
the conduct of the defendant released1 and the interest of justice;

(2) extend a term of supervised release if less than the maximum authorized
term was previously imposed, and may modify, reduce, or enlarge the conditions
of supervised release, at any time prior to the expiration or termination of the
term of supervised release, pursuant to the provisions of the Federal Rules of
Criminal Procedure relating to the modification of probation and the provisions
applicable to the initial setting of the terms and conditions of post-release
supervision;

(3) revoke a term of supervised release, and require the defendant to serve
in prison all or part of the term of supervised release authorized by statute
for the offense that resulted in such term of supervised release without credit
for time previously served on postrelease supervision, if the court, pursuant to
the Federal Rules of Criminal Procedure applicable to revocation of probation or
supervised release, finds by a preponderance of the evidence that the defendant
violated a condition of supervised release, except that a defendant whose term
is revoked under this paragraph may not be required to serve more than 5 years
in prison if the offense that resulted in the term of supervised release is a
class A felony, more than 3 years in prison if such offense is a class B felony,
more than 2 years in prison if such offense is a class C or D felony, or more
than one year in any other case; or

(4) order the defendant to remain at his place of residence during nonworking
hours and, if the court so directs, to have compliance monitored by telephone or
electronic signaling devices, except that an order under this paragraph may be
imposed only as an alternative to incarceration.

(f) Written statement of conditions.The court shall direct that the
probation officer provide the defendant with a written statement that sets forth
all the conditions to which the term of supervised release is subject, and that
is sufficiently clear and specific to serve as a guide for the defendant's
conduct and for such supervision as is required.

(g) Mandatory Revocation for Possession of Controlled Substance or Firearm
or for Refusal to Comply With Drug Testing.If the defendant

(1) possesses a controlled substance in violation of the condition set forth
in subsection (d);

(2) possesses a firearm, as such term is defined in section 921 of this
title, in violation of Federal law, or otherwise violates a condition of
supervised release prohibiting the defendant from possessing a firearm; or

(3) refuses to comply with drug testing imposed as a condition of supervised
release;

the court shall revoke the term of supervised release and require the defendant
to serve a term of imprisonment not to exceed the maximum term of imprisonment
authorized under subsection (e)(3).

(h) Supervised Release Following Revocation.When a term of supervise
release is revoked and the defendant is required to serve a term of imprisonment
that is less than the maximum term of imprisonment authorized under subsection
(e)(3), the court may include a requirement that the defendant be placed on a
term of supervised release after imprisonment. The length of such a term of
supervised release shall not exceed the term of supervised release authorized by
statute for the offense that resulted in the original term of supervised
release, less any term of imprisonment that was imposed upon revocation of
supervised release.

(i) Delayed Revocation.The power of the court to revoke a term of
supervised release for violation for a condition of supervised release, and to
order the defendant to serve a term of imprisonment and, subject to the
limitations in subsection (h), a further term of supervised release, extends
beyond the expiration of the term of supervised release for any period
reasonably necessary for the adjudication of matters arising before its
expiration if, before its expiration, a warrant or summons has been issued on
the basis of an allegation of such a violation.

Codification. Amendment by section 7108(a)(2) of Pub.L. 100-690 to
subsec. (d)(2), which directed that "(a)(2)(C)," be inserted after "(a)(2)(B),",
was executed by inserting "(a)(2)(C)," after "(a)(2)(B)"
since no comma appeared after "(a)(2)(B)".

Amendment by section 7305(b)(2) of Pub.L. 100-690 to subsec. (e) which struck
out "or" at the end of par. (3), struck out the period at the end of
par. (4) and inserted "; or", and added par. (5) could not be
completely executed in view of prior amendment to such provision by section
7108(b) of Pub.L. 100-690 which redesignated former par. (4) as (3) thereby
resulting in no par. (4) amended.

Amendment by section 14(a)(1) of Pub.L. 99-646 to subsec. (e) catchline
duplicates amendment to such subsection catchline made by Pub.L. 99-570,
1006(a)(3)(A).

Effective Date of 1988 Amendment. Amendment by section 7303(b) of
Pub.L. 100-690 applicable with respect to persons whose probation, supervised
release, or parole begins after Dec. 31, 1988, see section 7303(d) of Pub.L.
100-690, set out as a note under section 3563 of this title.

Effective Date of 1987 Amendment. Amendment by Pub.L. 100-182
applicable with respect to offenses committed after enactment of Pub.L. 100-182,
which was approved Dec. 7, 1987, see section 26 of Pub.L. 100-182.

Effective Date of 1986 Amendment. Section 14(b) of Pub.L. 99-646
provided that: "The amendments made by this section [amending subsec. (e)
of this section] shall take effect on the date of the taking effect of section
3583 of title 18, United States Code [this section]."

Section 1006(a)(4) of Pub.L. 99-570 provided that: "The amendments made
by this subsection [amending this section] shall take effect on the date of the
taking effect of section 3583 of title 18, United States Code [this section]."

Effective Date. Section effective on the first day of first calendar
month beginning thirty six months after Oct. 12, 1984, applicable only to
offenses committed after taking effect of sections 211 to 239 of Pub.L. 98-473,
and except as otherwise provided for therein, see section 235 of Pub.L. 98-473,
as amended, set out as a note under section 3551 of this title.

3584. Multiple sentences of imprisonment

(a) Imposition of concurrent or consecutive terms.If multiple terms of
imprisonment are imposed on a defendant at the same time, or if a term of
imprisonment is imposed on a defendant who is already subject to an undischarged
term of imprisonment, the terms may run concurrently or consecutively, except
that the terms may not run consecutively for an attempt and for another offense
that was the sole objective of the attempt. Multiple terms of imprisonment
imposed at the same time run concurrently unless the court orders or the statute
mandates that the terms are to run consecutively. Multiple terms of imprisonment
imposed at different times run consecutively unless the court orders that the
terms are to run concurrently.

(b) Factors to be considered in imposing concurrent or consecutive terms.The
court, in determining whether the terms imposed are to be ordered to run
concurrently or consecutively, shall consider, as to each offense for which a
term of imprisonment is being imposed, the factors set forth in section 3553(a).

(c) Treatment of multiple sentence as an aggregate.Multiple terms of
imprisonment ordered to run consecutively or concurrently shall be treated for
administrative purposes as a single, aggregate term of imprisonment.

Effective Date. Section effective on the first day of first calendar
month beginning thirty six months after Oct. 12, 1984, applicable only to
offenses committed after taking effect of sections 211 to 239 of Pub.L. 98-473,
and except as otherwise provided for therein, see section 235 of Pub.L. 98-473,
as amended, set out as a note under section 3551 of this title.

3585. Calculation of a term of imprisonment

(a) Commencement of sentence.A sentence to a term of imprisonment
commences on the date the defendant is received in custody awaiting
transportation to, or arrives voluntarily to commence service of sentence at,
the official detention facility at which the sentence is to be served.

(b) Credit for prior custody.A defendant shall be given credit toward
the service of a term of imprisonment for any time he has spent in official
detention prior to the date the sentence commences

(1) as a result of the offense for which the sentence was imposed; or

(2) as a result of any other charge for which the defendant was arrested
after the commission of the offense for which the sentence was imposed;

Effective Date. Section effective on the first day of first calendar
month beginning thirty six months after Oct. 12, 1984, applicable only to
offenses committed after taking effect of sections 211 to 239 of Pub.L. 98-473,
and except as otherwise provided for therein, see section 235 of Pub.L. 98-473,
as amended, set out as a note under section 3551 of this title.

3586. Implementation of a sentence of imprisonment

The implementation of a sentence of imprisonment is governed by the provisions
of subchapter C of chapter 229 and, if the sentence includes a term of
supervised release, by the provisions of subchapter A of chapter 229.

Effective Date. Section effective on the first day of first calendar
month beginning thirty six months after Oct. 12, 1984, applicable only to
offenses committed after taking effect of sections 211 to 239 of Pub.L. 98-473,
and except as otherwise provided for therein, see section 235 of Pub.L. 98-473,
as amended, set out as a note under section 3551 of this title.