Ramberget

Ramberget (English: Raven Hill) is a mountain on Hisingen island in Gothenburg, Sweden. The surrounding area and park is called Keillers Park. Ramberget is a popular tourist attraction and a place for outdoor recreation for Gothenburg residents, with walking paths, lookouts over the city of Gothenburg and artworks. Ramberget is with its highest point 87 metres (282 ft) above sea level, with a lower second point called Ättestupan. There is a road for cars going to the top of Ramberget, the park is about 31 hectares.[1]

Ramberget got its characteristic shape already during the Ice Age 12,000 years ago, the northeast slope is flat while the south side has a higher cliff that is clearly visible from the river. The ice sheet has left traces both in the rock faces and through boulders in the area. Ramberget got its name of the old Swedish word "ram" which means raven. Ravens are still nesting on Ramberget, until the early 1800s, when it wood was still widely used as fuel, there was no trees on Ramberget which instead was covered with heather, later replanting made the wood grow back and today there is a lush vegetation of beech, larch, pine and oaks. Most of the north shore of the river, including the area around Ramberget, was owned in the early 1900s by the Keiller family. Alexander Keiller, who came to Gothenburg from Scotland, had in the 1840s started a mechanical workshop that would later evolve into shipbuilding group Götaverken, during the recession of the 1860s, however, the company went into bankruptcy and after reorganization was Alexander's son James Keiller new manager. After some setbacks, including a severe fire in 1898, so James decided to pull back from the shops. 1906, he sold almost all of the business and in the same time he donated the area around Ramberget to the city, with the condition that the area would be used and remain a natural park. The deed of gift is that only buildings that are "for the park's care or the visiting public homelike" may be erected, with the exception of water reservoirs.

1.
Hisingen
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Hisingen is the fifth-largest island of Sweden, with an area of 199 km2. It forms part of Gothenburg and is bordered by the Göta älv to the south and east, the Nordre älv to the north, and the Kattegat to the west. The northern part of the city of Gothenburg, with its harbours, industries and suburbs, is located on the island, the population of the island is around 130,000, making it the most populated island in Sweden, ahead of Södermalm and Gotland. For a brief, post-war period Hisingen was home to the largest shipbuilding centre in the world, Hisingen is home to both the Volvo Group and the now separate Volvo Cars. Most of the Nordic countries largest port, the Port of Gothenburg is also located on Hisingen, the etymology of the name Hisingen is disputed. Hísing makes its first appearance in 13th century Icelandic sources, Hisingen is dated back to 1399, the basic meaning of the prefix His- is to split, cut off and can be found in the placenames Hisøy and Hisön. Hence, the name can be interpreted as the cut off from the mainland. A colloquial name for Hisingen is Elevator Nobody or Lift Nobody and this is a play on words, hiss is Swedish for elevator-lift, and ingen is Swedish for nobody. The rock wall paintings and remains of ancient settlements prove that Hisingen was inhabited by the year 9000 BC and it was on Hisingen that the first town with the name Gothenburg existed. It was founded by king Charles IX in 1603 on the bank of the Göta River. It was inhabited mostly by Dutch merchants, enticed to settle there by favorable economic conditions, however, the town was completely destroyed by the Danish in 1611 during the Kalmar War. Until 1658, when it was ceded to Sweden from Denmark-Norway by the Treaty of Roskilde, the island was divided into a Swedish, the island was mostly farmland until the 19th century, when industrialization began and companies like Arendalsvarvet, Eriksberg, Götaverken and Lindholmen started operating there. For most of the 20th century, until the crisis in the 1970s. The Volvo car manufacturer has its roots on Hisingen, it was there that their first factory was located and the first car, today, the company still has its main office and production facilities on the island. The Volvo Museum is also located nearby, over the last 20 years, the northern bank of Göta älv has undergone major expansion. Residential areas, university buildings and high tech industry have replaced the shipyards. See also, History of Gothenburg, History of Westrogothia, History of Bahusia The island has a landscape with coasts, farms. The biggest forest area is Hisingsparken, which is also the largest park in Gothenburg, rya skog, a smaller forest and a nature reserve, is located in the south of Hisingen

2.
Gothenburg
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Gothenburg is the second-largest city in Sweden and the fifth-largest in the Nordic countries. Situated by Kattegat, on the west coast of Sweden, the city has a population of approximately 550,000 in the urban area, Gothenburg was founded as a heavily fortified, primarily Dutch, trading colony, by royal charter in 1621 by King Gustavus Adolphus. At a key location at the mouth of the Göta älv, where Scandinavias largest drainage basin enters the sea. Gothenburg is home to students, as the city includes the University of Gothenburg. Volvo was founded in Gothenburg in 1927, the original, parent Volvo Group and the now separate Volvo Car Corporation are still headquartered on the island of Hisingen in the city. Other key companies are SKF and Astra Zeneca, Gothenburg is served by Göteborg Landvetter Airport 30 km southeast of the city center. The smaller Göteborg City Airport,15 km from the city center, was closed to airline traffic in 2015. The city hosts some of the largest annual events in Scandinavia, the Gothenburg Film Festival, held in January since 1979, is the leading Scandinavian film festival with over 155,000 visitors each year. In summer, a variety of music festivals are held in the city, such as Way Out West. The city was named after the Geats, the inhabitants of Gothia, the river on which the city sits is the Göta älv or Gothia River. Göta borg Gothia Fortress is the fort on the Göta Älv, in Dutch, Scots, and English, all languages with a long history in this trade and maritime-oriented city, the name Gothenburg is used for the city. The French form of the city name is Gothembourg, but in French texts, Gothenburg can also be seen in some older English texts. In Spanish the city is called Gotemburgo and these traditional forms are sometimes replaced with the use of the Swedish Göteborg, for example by The Göteborg Opera and the Göteborg Ballet. However, Göteborgs universitet, previously designated as the Göteborg University in English, the Gothenburg municipality has also reverted to the use of the English name in international contexts. Other old variations in Swedish are Götheborgh, and the more common Götheborg, one English text, written in the late 15th century, states the name as Guthaeborg. In 2009, the city launched a new logotype for Gothenburg. Since the name Göteborg contains the Swedish letter ö the idea was to make the more international. As of 2015, the name is spelled Go, teborg on a number of signs in the city

3.
Sweden
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Sweden, officially the Kingdom of Sweden, is a Scandinavian country in Northern Europe. It borders Norway to the west and Finland to the east, at 450,295 square kilometres, Sweden is the third-largest country in the European Union by area, with a total population of 10.0 million. Sweden consequently has a low density of 22 inhabitants per square kilometre. Approximately 85% of the lives in urban areas. Germanic peoples have inhabited Sweden since prehistoric times, emerging into history as the Geats/Götar and Swedes/Svear, Southern Sweden is predominantly agricultural, while the north is heavily forested. Sweden is part of the area of Fennoscandia. The climate is in very mild for its northerly latitude due to significant maritime influence. Today, Sweden is a monarchy and parliamentary democracy, with a monarch as head of state. The capital city is Stockholm, which is also the most populous city in the country, legislative power is vested in the 349-member unicameral Riksdag. Executive power is exercised by the government chaired by the prime minister, Sweden is a unitary state, currently divided into 21 counties and 290 municipalities. Sweden emerged as an independent and unified country during the Middle Ages, in the 17th century, it expanded its territories to form the Swedish Empire, which became one of the great powers of Europe until the early 18th century. Swedish territories outside the Scandinavian Peninsula were gradually lost during the 18th and 19th centuries, the last war in which Sweden was directly involved was in 1814, when Norway was militarily forced into personal union. Since then, Sweden has been at peace, maintaining a policy of neutrality in foreign affairs. The union with Norway was peacefully dissolved in 1905, leading to Swedens current borders, though Sweden was formally neutral through both world wars, Sweden engaged in humanitarian efforts, such as taking in refugees from German-occupied Europe. After the end of the Cold War, Sweden joined the European Union on 1 January 1995 and it is also a member of the United Nations, the Nordic Council, Council of Europe, the World Trade Organization and the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. Sweden maintains a Nordic social welfare system that provides health care. The modern name Sweden is derived through back-formation from Old English Swēoþēod and this word is derived from Sweon/Sweonas. The Swedish name Sverige literally means Realm of the Swedes, excluding the Geats in Götaland, the etymology of Swedes, and thus Sweden, is generally not agreed upon but may derive from Proto-Germanic Swihoniz meaning ones own, referring to ones own Germanic tribe

4.
Ice age
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An ice age is a period of long-term reduction in the temperature of Earths surface and atmosphere, resulting in the presence or expansion of continental and polar ice sheets and alpine glaciers. Within a long-term ice age, individual pulses of cold climate are termed glacial periods, in the terminology of glaciology, ice age implies the presence of extensive ice sheets in both northern and southern hemispheres. In 1742 Pierre Martel, an engineer and geographer living in Geneva, two years later he published an account of his journey. He reported that the inhabitants of that valley attributed the dispersal of erratic boulders to the glaciers, later similar explanations were reported from other regions of the Alps. In 1815 the carpenter and chamois hunter Jean-Pierre Perraudin explained erratic boulders in the Val de Bagnes in the Swiss canton of Valais as being due to glaciers previously extending further. An unknown woodcutter from Meiringen in the Bernese Oberland advocated a similar idea in a discussion with the Swiss-German geologist Jean de Charpentier in 1834, comparable explanations are also known from the Val de Ferret in the Valais and the Seeland in western Switzerland and in Goethes scientific work. Such explanations could also be found in parts of the world. When the Bavarian naturalist Ernst von Bibra visited the Chilean Andes in 1849–1850, meanwhile, European scholars had begun to wonder what had caused the dispersal of erratic material. From the middle of the 18th century, some discussed ice as a means of transport, the Swedish mining expert Daniel Tilas was, in 1742, the first person to suggest drifting sea ice in order to explain the presence of erratic boulders in the Scandinavian and Baltic regions. In 1795, the Scottish philosopher and gentleman naturalist, James Hutton, two decades later, in 1818, the Swedish botanist Göran Wahlenberg published his theory of a glaciation of the Scandinavian peninsula. He regarded glaciation as a regional phenomenon, only a few years later, the Danish-Norwegian geologist Jens Esmark argued a sequence of worldwide ice ages. In a paper published in 1824, Esmark proposed changes in climate as the cause of those glaciations and he attempted to show that they originated from changes in Earths orbit. During the following years, Esmarks ideas were discussed and taken over in parts by Swedish, Scottish, at the University of Edinburgh Robert Jameson seemed to be relatively open to Esmarks ideas, as reviewed by Norwegian professor of glaciology Bjørn G. Andersen. Jamesons remarks about ancient glaciers in Scotland were most probably prompted by Esmark, in Germany, Albrecht Reinhard Bernhardi, a geologist and professor of forestry at an academy in Dreissigacker, since incorporated in the southern Thuringian city of Meiningen, adopted Esmarks theory. In a paper published in 1832, Bernhardi speculated about former polar ice caps reaching as far as the zones of the globe. When he read his paper before the Schweizerische Naturforschende Gesellschaft, most scientists remained sceptical, finally, Venetz convinced his friend Jean de Charpentier. De Charpentier transformed Venetzs idea into a theory with a limited to the Alps. In fact, both men shared the same volcanistic, or in de Charpentiers case rather plutonistic assumptions, about the Earths history, in 1834, de Charpentier presented his paper before the Schweizerische Naturforschende Gesellschaft

5.
Raven
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A raven is one of several larger-bodied species of the genus Corvus. These species do not form a taxonomic group within the genus. The largest raven species are the common raven and the thick-billed raven, the modern English word raven has cognates in all other Germanic languages, including Old Norse hrafn and Old High German raban, all of which descend from Proto-Germanic *hrabanaz. Obsolete collective nouns for a group of ravens include unkindness and conspiracy, in practice, most people use the more generic flock

6.
Beech
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Beech is a genus of deciduous trees in the family Fagaceae, native to temperate Europe, Asia and North America. Recent classification systems of the genus recognize ten to thirteen species in two subgenera, Engleriana and Fagus. Further differentiating characteristics include the whitish bloom on the underside of the leaves, the visible tertiary leaf veins, Fagus japonica, Fagus engleriana, and the species F. okamotoi, proposed by the botanist Chung-Fu Shen in 1992, comprise this subgenus. The better known Fagus subgenus beeches are high-branching with tall, stout trunks and this group includes Fagus sylvatica, Fagus grandifolia, Fagus crenata, Fagus lucida, Fagus longipetiolata, and Fagus hayatae. The classification of the European beech, Fagus sylvatica is complex, research suggests that beeches in Eurasia differentiated fairly late in evolutionary history, during the Miocene. The populations in this area represent a range of often overlapping morphotypes, within its family, the Fagaceae, recent research has suggested that Fagus is the evolutionarily most basal group. The southern beeches previously thought closely related to beeches, are now treated as members of a separate family and they are found in Australia, New Zealand, New Guinea, New Caledonia, Argentina and Chile. The European beech is the most commonly cultivated, although there are few important differences between species aside from detail elements such as leaf shape, the leaves of beech trees are entire or sparsely toothed, from 5–15 cm long and 4–10 cm broad. Beeches are monoecious, bearing male and female flowers on the same plant. The small flowers are unisexual, the flowers borne in pairs. They are produced in spring shortly after the new leaves appear, the bark is smooth and light grey. The fruit is a small, sharply three–angled nut 10–15 mm long, borne singly or in pairs in soft-spined husks 1. 5–2.5 cm long, known as cupules. The husk can have a variety of spine- to scale-like appendages, the nuts are edible, though bitter with a high tannin content, and are called beechnuts or beechmast. The name of the tree is of Indo-European origin, and played an important role in debates on the geographical origins of the Indo-European people. Greek φηγός is from the root, but the word was transferred to the oak tree as a result of the absence of beech trees in Greece. Beech grows on a range of soil types, acidic or basic. The tree canopy casts dense shade, and carpets the ground thickly with leaf litter, in North America, they often form beech-maple climax forests by partnering with the sugar maple. The beech blight aphid is a common pest of American beech trees, Beeches are also used as food plants by some species of Lepidoptera

7.
Larch
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Larches are conifers in the genus Larix, in the family Pinaceae. Growing from 20 to 45 m tall, they are native to much of the temperate northern hemisphere, on lowlands in the north. Larches are among the dominant plants in the forests of Siberia. Although they are conifers, larches are deciduous trees lose their needles in the autumn. The leaves are needle-like, 2–5 centimetres long, slender, larches are among the few deciduous conifers, which are mostly evergreen. There are eleven accepted species of larch, Larix czekanowskii Szafer Larix decidua Mill, plains of central and eastern Siberia. Mountains of eastern Himalaya Larix kaempferi Carr, Larix laricina K. Koch Tamarack larch or American larch. Parts of Alaska and throughout Canada and the northern United States from the eastern Rocky Mountains to the Atlantic shore, Mountains of northwest United States and southwest Canada, at very high altitude. Larix mastersiana Rehder & E. H. Wilson Masters larch, Mountains of northwest United States and southwest Canada, at lower altitudes. Most if not all of the species can be hybridised in cultivation, currently-accepted hybrids are, Larix × lubarskii Sukaczev Larix × maritima Sukaczev Larix × polonica Racib. Larch is used as a plant by the larvae of a number of Lepidoptera species—see list of Lepidoptera that feed on larches. In Canada, this disease was first detected in 1980 and is harmful to an indigenous species larch. Larches are also vulnerable to Phytophthora ramorum, in late 2009 the disease was first found in Japanese larch trees in the English counties of Devon, Cornwall and Somerset, and has since spread to the south-west of Scotland. In August 2010 the disease was found in Japanese larch trees in counties Waterford and Tipperary in Ireland, larch wood is valued for its tough, waterproof and durable qualities. Top quality knot-free timber is in demand for building yachts and other small boats, for exterior cladding of buildings. The timber is resistant to rot when in contact with the ground, the hybrid Dunkeld larch is widely grown as a timber crop in Northern Europe, valued for its fast growth and disease resistance. Larch has also used in herbal medicine, see Bach flower remedies. In Central Europe larch is viewed as one of the best wood materials for the building of residences, planted on borders with birch, both tree species were used in pagan cremations

8.
Pine
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A pine is any conifer in the genus Pinus, /ˈpiːnuːs/, of the family Pinaceae. Pinus is the genus in the subfamily Pinoideae. The Plant List compiled by the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew and Missouri Botanical Garden accepts 126 species names of pines as current, together with 35 unresolved species, the modern English name pine derives from Latin pinus, which some have traced to the Indo-European base *pīt- ‘resin’. Before the 19th century, pines were often referred to as firs, the genus is divided into three subgenera, which can be distinguished by cone, seed, and leaf characters, Pinus subg. Pinus, the yellow, or hard pine group, generally harder wood. Ducampopinus, the foxtail or pinyon group Pinus subg, strobus, the white, or soft pine group, generally with softer wood and five needles per fascicle Most regions of the Northern Hemisphere host some native species of pines. One species crosses the equator in Sumatra to 2°S, in North America, various species occur in regions at latitudes from as far north as 66°N to as far south as 12°N. Various species have been introduced to temperate and subtropical regions of both hemispheres, where they are grown as timber or cultivated as ornamental plants in parks, a number of such introduced species have become invasive and threaten native ecosystems. Pine trees are evergreen, coniferous trees growing 3–80 m tall. The smallest are Siberian dwarf pine and Potosi pinyon, and the tallest is a 81.79 m tall ponderosa pine located in southern Oregons Rogue River-Siskiyou National Forest, the bark of most pines is thick and scaly, but some species have thin, flaky bark. The branches are produced in regular pseudo whorls, actually a very tight spiral, the spiral growth of branches, needles, and cone scales are arranged in Fibonacci number ratios. The new spring shoots are sometimes called candles, they are covered in brown or whitish bud scales and point upward at first, then turn green. These candles offer foresters a means to evaluate fertility of the soil, pines are long-lived, and typically reach ages of 100–1,000 years, some even more. The longest-lived is the Great Basin bristlecone pine, Pinus longaeva, one individual of this species, dubbed Methuselah, is one of the worlds oldest living organisms at around 4,600 years old. This tree can be found in the White Mountains of California, an older tree, now cut down, was dated at 4,900 years old. It was discovered in a grove beneath Wheeler Peak and it is now known as Prometheus after the Greek immortal, pines have four types of leaf, Seed leaves on seedlings, born in a whorl of 4–24. Juvenile leaves, which follow immediately on seedlings and young plants, 2–6 cm long, single, green or often blue-green and these are produced for six months to five years, rarely longer. Scale leaves, similar to bud scales, small, brown and non-photosynthetic, needles, the adult leaves, are green and bundled in clusters called fascicles

9.
Oak
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An oak is a tree or shrub in the genus Quercus of the beech family, Fagaceae. There are approximately 600 extant species of oaks, the common name oak also appears in the names of species in related genera, notably Lithocarpus, as well as in those of unrelated species such as Grevillea robusta and the Casuarinaceae. North America contains the largest number of oak species, with approximately 90 occurring in the United States, the second greatest center of oak diversity is China, which contains approximately 100 species. Oaks have spirally arranged leaves, with lobate margins in many species, also, the acorns contain tannic acid, as do the leaves, which helps to guard from fungi and insects. Many deciduous species are marcescent, not dropping dead leaves until spring, in spring, a single oak tree produces both male flowers and small female flowers. The fruit is a nut called an acorn, borne in a structure known as a cupule, each acorn contains one seed and takes 6–18 months to mature. The live oaks are distinguished for being evergreen, but are not actually a distinct group, the oak tree is a flowering plant. Oaks may be divided into two genera and a number of sections, The genus Quercus is divided into the following sections, Quercus, the white oaks of Europe, Asia and North America. Styles are short, acorns mature in 6 months and taste sweet or slightly bitter, the leaves mostly lack a bristle on their lobe tips, which are usually rounded. The type species is Quercus robur, Mesobalanus, Hungarian oak and its relatives of Europe and Asia. Styles long, acorns mature in about 6 months and taste bitter, the section Mesobalanus is closely related to section Quercus and sometimes included in it. Cerris, the Turkey oak and its relatives of Europe and Asia, styles long, acorn mature in 18 months and taste very bitter. The inside of the shell is hairless. Its leaves typically have sharp tips, with bristles at the lobe tip. Protobalanus, the live oak and its relatives, in southwest United States. Styles short, acorns mature in 18 months and taste very bitter, the inside of the acorn shell appears woolly. Leaves typically have sharp tips, with bristles at the lobe tip. Lobatae, the red oaks of North America, Central America, styles long, acorns mature in 18 months and taste very bitter

10.
National Romantic style
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The National Romantic style was a Nordic architectural style that was part of the National Romantic movement during the late 19th and early 20th centuries. It is often considered to be a form of Art Nouveau, the National Romantic style spread across Finland, the Scandinavian countries of Denmark, Norway, and Sweden, the Baltic countries of Estonia and Latvia, as well as Russia. Unlike much nostalgic Gothic Revival style architecture elsewhere, National Romantic architecture expressed progressive social and political ideals, designers turned to early medieval architecture and even prehistoric precedents to construct a style appropriate to the perceived character of a people. The style can be seen as a reaction to industrialism and an expression of the same Dream of the North nationalism that gave impetus to renewed interest in the eddas and sagas

11.
Kungsportsplatsen
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Kungsportsplatsen is a square in the city centre of Gothenburg, Sweden. The square was constructed in 1852 and got its name after the Kings Gate, the gate was the main entrance to the fortified city, which was and still is surrounded by a moat. When the city grew outside the moat and there was no need to defend the city any longer the gate was torn down, at Kungsportsplatsen there is a statue of king Charles IX, which was placed there in 1936

12.
Gothenburg Mosque
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Gothenburg Mosque is a mosque located at the foot of Ramberget on Hisingen in Gothenburg, Sweden. The mosque is built by Saudi Arabia and run by the Swedish Muslim Foundation and it was inaugurated 16 June 2011. The mosque cost 67 million Swedish krona to build and is 2000 square meters, the construction of the mosque has been met with demonstrations from right-wing activists. The Saudi finance minister Dr. Abu Rachman al Seid said on the inauguration that we do this out of kindness -, the board members of the mosque and Saudi refused to be interviwed by reports from the Swedish investigative journalism television program Uppdrag Granskning in conjunction with the inauguration. The building is designed by Björn Sahlqvist, who wanted to design a mosque with a Scandinavian touch with a lot of light, there is a silent square minaret and prayer rooms for men and women, conference rooms, offices, lecture halls, kitchen and an ablution area

13.
Partille Municipality
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Partille Municipality is a municipality in Västra Götaland County in western Sweden. Its seat is located in Partille, which constitutes a part of the contiguously built-up Gothenburg urban area, the municipality is one of the smallest by size in Sweden with an area of only 59.35 km². The parish Partille was made a municipality, when the first local government acts came into force in 1863. Territorially it has not been affected by the municipal reforms carried out during the 20th century. It has retained its size, but it has developed into a suburb of Gothenburg, the western part of the municipality is part of the contiguous Gothenburg urban area. This then leads into Partille Centrum, which is the seat, other localities are, Jonsered Kåhög Öjersjö Furulund, Partille The municipality is subdivided into four geographical areas, Partille, Sävedalen, Jonsered and Öjersjö. The area is a traditional Swedish woodland, much of its industries has therefore a connection to the forest industry. Apart from Partille Manor, the key feature of Partille is the shopping mall Allum. In 1999 Partille municipality initiated a cooperation with the construction company Sten & Ström Sverige, the aim of this co-operation was to unify the two parts of the municipality, each on the north/south of the highway E20. The construction of Allum began on 3 February 2004 and was completed on 9 April 2006, the name Allum comes from the old Swedish word for alla, the name thus mean åt alla or till alla. The mall has created roughly 650 new jobs and includes around 100 stores, the area has been inhabited for more than a thousand years. Fifteen ancient monuments from that time remain, Partille is located in a valley, between some mountains in a rocky terrain. Its name is believed to be derived from something similar to Part haella meaning split rock, another possible meaning could be Port haella, the door in the mountain. The small river Säveån flows through the valley and intersects Partille, the name Säveån stems from the words säve, as in sävligt and ån, as it is a very slowly flowing little river. The river has been of importance for Partille throughout its history. The fertile soil around it was used for agriculture and during the ages a lot of farms were located there. The oldest existing building in Partille is Partille Kyrka which was built in the 13th century, the church, being placed in the current centre of Partille, indicates that the present centre has been the natural rendezvous and centre of the municipality ever since it was built. Being a Swedish, very old-fashioned, Partille Kyrka has no bell tower and it is also an excellent place for fishing

14.
Gothenburg Municipality
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Gothenburg Municipality is a municipality in Västra Götaland County in western Sweden. Its seat is located in the city of Gothenburg, the major part of the Gothenburg urban area is situated within the municipality, but there are also some other localities as well as rural areas. When the first Swedish local government acts were implemented in 1863 the City of Gothenburg, founded and chartered in 1621 and its territory has since then been added through amalgamations in 1868,1906,1922,1931,1945,1948,1967 and 1974. The local government reform of 1971 made the city a unitary municipality, the municipality prefers, however, to style itself Göteborgs stad, whenever legally possible. Billdal Brännö Donsö Gothenburg Hjuvik Nolvik Olofstorp Styrsö Säve Torslanda Vrångö The municipality has an assembly, consisting of 81 members. Kristdemokraterna,3 The municipal executive committee has 13 members, representing the six parties from the two political coalitions who have seats in the assembly. The chairwoman of the assembly is Lena Malm and the chairwoman of the municipal executive committee is Ann-Sofie Hermansson from the Social Democratic Party. In 2009 the two boards of Frölunda and Högsbo were joined together. It has been decided that from the start of 2011 many more will be joined together leaving 10 new district boards, the boards carry responsibility for primary school, social, leisure, and cultural services within their respective areas. In the election of 1998 three boroughs held local referendums on forming their own municipalities, but their petitions were rejected by the government of Sweden. Sister cities, Chicago, United States Kraków, Poland Saint Petersburg, Russia Tallinn, Estonia Rostock, Germany Regional, Oslo, Norway Gothenburg Law Court

15.
Archipelago of Gothenburg
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The archipelago of Gothenburg comprises northern and southern archipelagoes. The southern archipelago is part of Gothenburg municipality located in the province of Västergötland while the archipelago is Öckerö municipality. Trafikverket has ferries from Lilla Varholmen to the northern archipelago, some of the islands are interconnected by bridges. Southern archipelago ferries go from Saltholmen, plus a ferry from Fiskebäck. It has 5,000 permanent and another 6,000 summer residents, the archipelago is completely car free. Transportations is carried out by means of cycles, delivery mopeds, electric cars, in the Norse sagas, it was called Elfarsker, as the river Göta älv had its estuary there. The islands appear to have been famous as a location for holmgangar during the Viking Age and it is a small island with narrow footpaths. Not even mopeds are allowed here, the name of the island implies trading. Styrsö, during the 1830s the Öberg family established a guesthouse there and this was the start of a bathing resort, which expanded rapidly with the start of steamboats in 1867. Donsö is an important fishing and ship-owning community, the harbour is the center of the island. It is surrounded by 20th century fishing facilities, vargö has been a nature reserve since 1986. The varied sea landspace offers a diversity of flora and it is a good place to see razorbills, woodland birds, gulls and eiders. Rivö fjord, the estuary of the Göta älv Southern Gothenburg Archipelago The Gothenburg Archipelago Göteborg & Co

16.
Boroughs and districts of Gothenburg
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Gothenburg Municipality, Sweden is subdivided into 10 stadsdelsnämndsområden. The term is translated to borough. But they are really no boroughs, as they are no legal entities or juristic persons of their own, the members of the committees are appointed by the kommunfullmäktige and not by the electorates of the respective boroughs. They therefore represent the majority of the municipality as a whole. Gothenburg previously had 20 boroughs, but after a decision in the assembly in January 2010 some of the boroughs were merged. The merge were implemented on 1 January 2011, each borough is divided into a few officially defined residential districts. All in all there are 94 districts and these are usually created by natural neighbourhoods, but sometimes those consist of more than one traditional district. The boroughs are responsible for, among other things, preschool, compulsory schooling, leisure, culture, social services, home-help service, below is a list of all the boroughs in Gothenburg, as well as the official districts. Also included are traditional districts, where those are a part of an official district, the list of traditional districts are incomplete

17.
Port of Gothenburg
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The municipally-owned Port of Gothenburg is the largest port in the Nordic countries, with over 11,000 ship visits per year from over 140 destinations worldwide. The port is situated on both sides of the estuary of Göta älv in Gothenburg, the north shore, Norra Älvstranden, is on Hisingen island and the south shore, Södra Älvstranden, is on the mainland. It is a river and coastal port and the total length of the dock is 13.1 km. The port is divided into a number of sections or harbors, in 2013 the port handled approximately 860,000 containers and 160,000 new cars. It has 24 scheduled rail freight shuttles, serving Norway and Sweden, the primary imports are crude oil, textiles and food. The primary exports are new vehicles, steel and paper, there are specialised terminals for containers, ro-ro, cars, passengers and oil and other energy products. The port is large and deep enough to even very large ships. It was then the worlds largest container ship,396 metres long with a draft of 16 metres and a 19,224 TEU capacity

18.
Lilla Bommen
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Lilla Bommen is a part of Gothenburg harbor used for visiting boats and also the name given to the land surrounding the harbor. The eponymous building along with The Göteborg Opera house and the barque Viking are all located at Lilla Bommen, the harbor was located between two bastions, the Gustavus Primus at the present-day opera house, and the S, tus Ericus west of the Lilla Bommen high-rise. Completed in 1860, with a quay 525 m and 3.5 m deep, Lilla Bommen soon became the port in Gothenburg for canal boats. It was the point for cargo and passenger ships going up the Göta älv, through the Göta Canal, then across lakes Vänern and Vättern to Stockholm. Demolition of the old house at Lilla Bommen started on 7 October 1862. In 1899, a house was built at Lilla Bommen at the end of the line for the Västergötland–Göteborgs Järnvägar. An option considered at the time was to fill in the entire dock, Lilla Bommen is a part of the Gothenburg harbor on the shore of the Göta älv. Said to have been constructed in the 1640s, as of 2015 it is used as a marina, owned and operated by the Gothenburg Municipality through the Liseberg company, Lilla Bommen is also the name of the land surrounding the harbor. On the west side of the dock is The Göteborg Opera house, completed in 1994 while on the east is a complex that includes a high-rise with the same name as the area. The building is known as The Lipstick or The Skanska Skyscraper. The barque Viking is moored between the dock and the high-rise, the former Lilla Bommen Bridge crossed the Östra Hamnkanalen at its outlet in the Lilla Bommen harbor. It connected the Kanaltorget with the S, t Eriks Torg and it was a wide and heavily trafficked bridge with railway tracks. It became part of the landfill when the canal was filled in, east of the harbor is Lilla Bommen Square, which was named in 1883. The square was created in 1878 when part of the Vallgraven, another part of Lilla Bommen outside the Vallgraven was the Stadstjänareholmen. This area was leased by master carpenter Hultman, who gave his name to Hultmans Holme a district in modern Gothenburg. In July 2001, when digging was done at S, t Eriksgatan in Lilla Bommen, in connection to the construction of the Götatunneln, a boat wreck from the mid 1700s was found. The boat was buried under more than 3 m of heavy landfill, what was left of the boat was a 10 m ×3 m section of the hull, consisting of the keel, the sternpost and parts of the hull sides. The boat was made from oak and pine, and was estimated to have been approximately 12 m long

19.
West Sweden
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West Sweden is a National Area of Sweden. The National Areas are a part of the Nomenclature of Territorial Units for Statistics of Sweden and it is located in the south-west of the country, centered on Västra Götaland County and the city of Gothenburg. After Stockholm it is the second most populated region and it borders with Norway and the riksområden of North Middle Sweden, East Middle Sweden, Småland and the islands and South Sweden. The most populous cities are Gothenburg, Borås, Halmstad, Vänersborg, Uddevalla, Trollhättan, Mölndal, Skövde, Varberg, Kungsbacka and Lidköping

20.
History of Gothenburg
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The history of Gothenburg begins with the foundation of the heavily fortified town in 1621, during the Thirty Years War, when Sweden was once-again in armed conflict with Denmark–Norway. The region on the west coast of Sweden has been inhabited for thousands of years. During the Stone Age, there was incidentally a settlement right on present day Gothenburg, as a reminiscence, there are eleven rock carvings in the Gothenburg area. The predecessor of present-day Gothenburg was Lödöse,40 kilometers upstream from the present day city on the Göta River, but the new settlement also had its problems, and the town dwellers had to seek protection at the old Älvsborg Fortress. King Gustav Vasa tried to build a new city near the old Älvsborg Fortress, but was not successful. When Sweden rose to be a major European power in the 17th century, his son King Charles IX founded a town on the bank of the Göta älv and near the outlet to the sea. This was the first time that the town was named Gothenburg and this short-lived town was almost wholly inhabited by Dutch merchants and immigrants, and Dutch was the official language. The Swedish king attracted the Dutch to Sweden with the promise of free trade and they enjoyed privileges such as 20 years of tax exemption and lowered customs rates. In return, Sweden and the west coast could benefit of the skills, the town was granted the right to strike its own gold and silver coins, as well as to have its representatives in the parliament. However, the island of Hisingen was in a fragile position – they could not withstand the Danes, soon after the outbreak of the Kalmar War, on 12 June 1611, the town was burned down. In 1621, the Swedish king Gustavus Adolphus II, the son of Charles IX, the settlement used the fortification skills of the Dutch immigrants. Gothenburg was able to grow and prosper within the city walls, right from this point, the Scots enclave in the city were granted 2 seats on the town council. The city was influenced by the Dutch. Their city planners were contracted to build the city as they had the skills needed to build in the areas around the city. The town was planned after Dutch cities to have canals, such as Amsterdam, during the Dutch period the town followed Dutch town laws and there were propositions to make Dutch the official language in the town. The Gothenburg coat of arms was based on the lion of the coat of arms of Sweden, symbolically holding a shield with the national emblem, in the 18th century, fishing was the most important industry. However, in 1731 the Swedish East India Company was founded, the harbour developed into Swedens main harbour for trade towards the west and with the Swedish emigration to North America increasing, Gothenburg became Swedens main point of departure. The impact of Gothenburg as a port of embarkation for Swedish emigrants is reflected by Gothenburg, Nebraska

22.
William Chalmers (merchant)
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William Chalmers was a Swedish merchant and freemason. He was born in Gothenburg in 1748 as the son of the Scottish merchant, William Chalmers, Sr. and his Swedish wife, William Chalmers Jr. was the oldest amongst his brothers James, George Andreas and Charles Chalmers. He became a director of the Swedish East India Company and in 1783 he was appointed as their resident representative in Canton and he would stay there and in Macau for ten years before returning home. He died in Gothenburg in 1811 leaving half his fortune to the Sahlgrenska hospital, after some other donations, the remainder was donated to create a crafting school for poor children, which in 1829 became a college, that today is named the Chalmers University of Technology. William Chalmers studied commercial & marketing in Gothenburg and United Kingdom, before continuing his studies in a manner to France. At the age of 35, he was nominated to become the purchaser of the Swedish East India Company in Canton, in 1793, when Chalmers was 45 years old, he had been living in Canton for ten years. Afterwards, he returned to Sweden as the manager of the Swedish East India Company as well as the manager of Trollhätte Kanalverk and he faithfully contributed to the finalization of the canal and was able to leave the company seven years later. Six years post the finalization of the canal, the last Swedish East India Company-ship arrived into Sweden, on it was merchandise from China and Spain

23.
Eriksbergs Mekaniska Verkstad
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Eriksbergs Mekaniska Verkstads AB was a Swedish shipbuilding company based in Gothenburg. It was founded in 1850 by Christian Barchman under the name Ericsbergs metall och tackjerns-gjuteri and it delivered its last ship in 1979. Founded in 1850 by Christian Barchman, the company worked with galvanization. The first shipyard wharf was opened in 1871, and two later they delivered their first ship. In 1876 the company was transformed into a company. In the beginning of the 1890s, the shipyard was still the smallest of the three wharfs that existed in Gothenburg, production was based on passenger ships, steam cutters and towboats for Denmark, Norway and Finland, and ferries for Stockholms public transportation. In 1915 Eriksberg underwent massive developments to accommodate production of ships after a major takeover of the corporations stocks by Dan Broström. In this regard, Eriksberg had an advantage through the direct-ownership by the Broström family, with a relatively modest share capital Eriksberg was able to make net profits of 40-50 million SEK every year during the 1940s. This was enhanced by the favourable wartime windfall taxes introduced during the war, in the beginning of the 1950s, Eriksberg obtained the rights to manufacture Burmeister & Wains diesel motors, unlike Götaverken who chose to manufacture their own original designs. This involved a certain lead for the production of tankers. Many thought that the limit,40,000 tonnes deadweight, was reached. Eriksbergs financial position was solid, like the competitors in Sweden. Both Kockums and Götaverken were listed and were independent companies, while Eriksberg, during the 1950s and the 1960s, Eriksberg was the most profitable shipyard in the country, and to work at Torpet was a status job in Gothenburg. The last profitable decade was the 1960s, before competition from the Japanese shipbuilding industry became too fierce, Eriksberg succeeded however, unlike its competitors Götaverken and Kockums, to retain high solvency and go through the last years of the 1960s relatively unhurt. Both Kockums and Götaverken, being public companies, were insolvent and were saved, in the case of Götaverken, the Salén Group of Stockholm, assumed ownership for a limited time with the option to regaining its investment from the State. In the beginning of the 1970s, it clear to the companys management that there was only a respite of a few years before the economic resources were exhausted. The rise of wages and salaries, enforced by the unions in the beginning of the 1970s. The Swedish krona with recurring devaluations raised import prices for the wharf, when the Bretton Woods system was abandoned in 1973 and the US dollar became floating, it was obvious that the Swedish shipbuilding industry was at the brink of ruin

24.
EU Summit 2001
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The 2001 meeting of the European Council was held in the Swedish city of Gothenburg, from 14–16 June. The EU Summit focused upon EU enlargement, sustainable development, economic growth, the EU–US summit included a visit by U. S. president George W. Bush on 14 June. It was the first U. S. presidential visit to Sweden and it was marred by extensive demonstrations. The main protests were organised by three broad coalitions, a local coalition Bush Go home that opposed U. S, there was also a broad Iranian and a smaller Anti-capitalist coalition as well as non-violent networks and Reclaim the Streets organising demonstrations and a street party. According to the police, more than 50,000 demonstrators gathered in Gothenburg during the three days of the summit, among them a smaller amount with foreign nationality, the summit was guarded by approximately 2500 police officers. Besides a number of encounters and skirmishes there were a number of riots, the first one occurred on 14 June after the police had surrounded and enclosed the Hvitfeldtska gymnasiet where demonstrators had been invited by the city to stay during the summit. Later in the evening during the Reclaim the City demonstration, a police unit came under attack by demonstrators throwing projectiles, the police subsequently fired shots at the demonstrators. Three persons were injured by gunshots, one of whom was seriously injured and this was the first use of firearms against Swedish demonstrators since the Ådalen shootings in 1931. The riots were followed by prison sentences for 64 persons convicted of criminal behaviour, in total demonstrators were sent to prison for almost 50 years. As of 2006, no officer has been convicted of wrongdoing during the summit. One officer was tried and convicted for committing perjury during a trial against a Gothenburg demonstrator, the riots left large areas of central Gothenburg demolished due to the violent protests of the demonstrators, as well as leaving many stores looted. As a reaction to this, protesters from all over the world planned to gather in Gothenburg to demonstrate under different banners, the political background to the protests was a conjuncture of three forces. EU-criticism and opposition to membership in the EU was stronger in Sweden than anywhere else in the union, secondly a wave of globalisation protests against neoliberalism had gained momentum after the protests during the EU Summit in Amsterdam 1997 and the WTO meeting in Seattle 1999. Anti-war and environmental concerns against the U. S. was a third factor, the police planned and gathered their forces in anticipation of the meeting. Never before had this many heads of state met in Sweden, the police had long prepared for disturbances and also had many different intelligence services directed at the groups participating in the planning of demonstrations. There were differing opinions amongst the police forces involved, the security police did not want the Hvitfeldtska gymnasiet to be used as they felt it was too close to the EU Summit while the Gothenburg police insisted on having the demonstrators there. American police tactics against protesters were in use such as a unit that was supposed to have a dialogue with demonstrating organisations. The officers in command of the stated that they were very pleased with how the police had served during the summit

25.
Swedish East India Company
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The Swedish East India Company was founded in Gothenburg, Sweden, in 1731 for the purpose of conducting trade with the Far East. Sweden was the last of the more prominent seafaring European nations to engage in the East India Trade, the royal privileges for the Swedish East India Company were granted almost a century after the other European trading companies were established. With the advent of the East India trade in the 1600s, Chinese, drinking tea and having Chinese objects became the height of fashion in the Swedish socialite and the middle class. Chinese culture, philosophy, art, agriculture and architecture were studied and copied. The most prominent example of this is the Chinese Pavilion at Drottningholm, China was considered a model community, a template for how a country should be governed. The first attempt of organizing a Swedish East India trading company was made by a Flemish merchant, during the 1600s, the Dutch merchants dominated the newly founded Gothenburg on the west coast of Sweden. On 14 June 1626, Usselincx received royal privileges for a company for twelve years. The privileges included clauses about the ethics of trading with foreign, the first priority was to establish friendly, long-term relations that would be mutually beneficiary for both parties. The venture was supported by a number of prominent Swedes, including the King himself, political difficulties and Swedens participation in the Thirty Years War where King Gustav II was killed, put an end to the plans. The resources were used for a smaller company, trading within Europe. The aim was to bypass the Spanish and Portuguese blockades, the plan did not gain any support as the ice barriers proved even more difficult. Borg stated that if there was a war between Sweden and Denmark, he could deliver the Danish fort in Tharangambadi, India, to the Swedes, residual resources were used to send two ships, the Solen and the Trumslagaren, to Lisbon for salt. A later attempt to establish the Swedish trade on the East Indies, was made by pirates sailing out from Madagascar, after having attacked other trading ships, they had become wealthy and were looking for a place to settle down and invest their money in legitimate enterprise. The pirates numbered about 1,500 and commanded a considerable and they started by offering the Swedish King Charles XII half a million pounds sterling and 25 armed ships for his protection, but the matter was not resolved. In 1718, representatives for the pirates met again with the King at his camp during the campaign against Norway. The new offer was for 60 ships, armed and stocked with goods, if the pirates were allowed to settle down in Gothenburg, when the King was shot and died on 30 November 1718, the venture folded. Sweden was impoverished after the Great Northern War, and trade was seen as an option for rebuilding the country, opinions about whether trade with the East Indies would be profitable enough diverged. The greatest concern was that Sweden would not have resources to defend the companys ships

26.
Torslanda Airport
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Torslanda Airport — served the city of Gothenburg, Sweden, as its main airport from 1923 to 1977, when the Göteborg Landvetter Airport was opened. In 1969, an air control tower was built on an adjacent hilltop as replacement for an older tower built in 1938. In a notable 1972 incident, a flight also from Torslanda en route to Stockholm was hijacked and diverted to Bulltofta airport outside the Swedish city of Malmö. Nine Croatians imprisoned nearby were traded for 500.000 SEK before flying to Madrid, Spain, the 1969 control tower remains as one of the last artifacts of the airport. Most of the old airport was demolished in 1997, when the former runway paving were mainly removed, until 1995, Volvo housed its collection of historic vehicles in The Blue Hangar. Now they are located in the Volvo Museum, a few kilometres away, the former runways have partially been used for car testing by Volvo, for driver training and race car testing, and for model aircraft, until the runways were removed. An area is used for storing ship containers. A golf course has been built over parts of the former runways, the road no 155 to Öckerö went a detour around the north-south runways. Around 1997 the road was rebuilt to go straight across the former runway, the terminal building remains and is used for a number of small shops. The name Amhult was popularised by William Edelman in 2001, when he was requested to build a population centre. The architect, Mikael Jansson, made a sketch of the centre, the construction headman, Frans Bergentall, claims that Mikael Janssons sketches were stolen from Simon Nestorovski, an investigation were started late in 2003, but no evidence was found. The case closed early in 2010, History, Torslanda ESGB at WWW. ESGB. se Torslanda Airport, History Torslanda Airport, Photos, Today

27.
Gothenburg Central Station
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Gothenburg Central Station is the main railway station of Gothenburg, Sweden. The station serves 27 million passengers per year, making it the second largest railway station in Sweden after Stockholm Central Station, the station opened on October 4,1858. The station is situated in the city of Gothenburg, right by Drottningtorget, the Gothenburg Central Station, Centralhuset and Nils Ericson Terminalen are a part of Resecentrum, Göteborg. Gothenburg Central Station is owned and administered by Jernhusen, numerous railways were built across Sweden in the 19th century. One of the first distances was the one between Gothenburg and Jonsered, as the railway grew more popular, the need for a station emerged. The Gothenburg Central Station was built between 1856 and 1858, the architect in charge was Adolf Wilhelm Edelsvärd. The first building was made between 1856 and 1857 by architect Adolf Wilhelm Edelsvärd, first, the building included a big entry hall, two waiting areas and a few restaurants. In 1923 the train station was rebuild and enlarged after Folke Zettervalls plans, on March 14,1923, an important fire destroyed large parts of the Central Station. Between 1928 and 1930 the station was enlarged due to the volume of traffic. After 1930 some more changes were made, including a new restaurant built in front of Drottningtorget, in 1993, the Central Station was restored and between 2000 and 2003 the Central House, was added as an extension to the existing building. The current interior design is similar to the 1923 model with wood pillars, glass ceiling, during the 19th and early 20th century about one million Swedish emigrants passed through the station in order to get to the harbour. Their final destination would be America, in February 2007, a bomb threat was addressed to the Gothenburg police. The bombing was to place at the Gothenburg Central Station. Later that day, a bag was found in the old parts of the station, the evacuation of the station began at 21,30 local time and two hours later the station was free to open again. The bag was examined and no high explosive was found, in January 2010, a one square metre section of the stations glass ceiling collapsed after ice had fallen onto it. One person suffered bruises by falling glass splinters and big parts of the station were closed due to safety reasons, there are 16 platform tracks at the station. Trains depart and arrive from five different railway lines, To the north on the Bohus Line, towards Stenungsund, Uddevalla, to the north on the Norway/Vänern Line, towards Älvängen, Vänersborg, Karlstad and Oslo. To the east on the Western Main Line, towards Alingsås, Skövde, Stockholm, to the south on the West Coast Line, towards Kungsbacka, Malmö and Copenhagen

28.
Tingstadstunneln
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Tingstadstunneln is a motorway tunnel under the Göta älv, connecting Hisingen with mainland Gothenburg. The tunnel was constructed with two parallel immersed tubes with three lanes of traffic in each tube and it is part of the E6 route linking Norway with south-west Sweden. Construction started on 17 January 1961, and the tunnel was inaugurated at 11,30 am on 29 March 1968, the tunnel has the lowest motorway elevation in Sweden, at 15 m below sea level. The tunnel has severe traffic problems since several years, so therefore a new tunnel is built a little farther north, Marieholmstunneln

29.
Gothenburg tram network
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The Gothenburg tram network is part of the public transport system organised by Göteborgs Spårvägar, controlled by Västtrafik in the Swedish city of Gothenburg. These figures are expected to increase when the stage of Kringen is finished. The trams perform about 2,000 trips and cover 30,000 km per day, in 2007,100.5 million journeys were made. The first tram line in Gothenburg was started in 1879 by the English company Gothenburg Tramway Ltd and this was a horse-drawn tramway, which stretched from Brunnsparken to Stigbergsliden. The city of Gothenburg bought the tramway in 1900, and introduced electrically powered trams only two later, when Sigfrid Edström led the electrification of the trams. During the next 40 years, the system was heavily expanded, reaching outside the city borders by 1907. However, after investigation, it was concluded that it would be too expensive to dig the necessary tunnels under the city centre. The expansion of the net through the Kringen is gradually and step by step creating a ring around the city centre. In 1999 the first step was started, which most notably included the 1050 m long Chalmers tunnel which was opened for traffic in 2002, the second and third steps are currently in the planning stage. Since 2010, the previously used magnetic stripe cards have been replaced with RFID cards, ticket machines taking coins and credit cards have also been installed on the trams, along with a text message system where tickets may be purchased with mobile phones. Most tram lines pass through Brunnsparken, which is effectively the central hub of transport in Gothenburg. The exceptions are lines 8 and 13, Korsvägen is another major stop, where lines 6 and 8 meet lines going into the city centre and out to Mölndal. Most tram lines are on the side of the river. By April 2016, it was announced that a minimum 40 trams of the new model M33 had been ordered from Bombardier Transportation Sweden AB/Vossloh Kiepe GmbH for delivery by year 2019, there is a fleet of heritage trams used in the network. One of the oldest trams, M115, which was built in 1902, is preserved in operational condition, list of Gothenburg tram stations Engberg, Patrik

30.
West Link
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Västlänken is a planned railway tunnel under central Gothenburg. The purpose of the project is to increase capacity and reduce travel times on the Gothenburg network by changing the Gothenburg Central Station from a terminus to a transit station. Two new underground stations, Haga and Korsvägen, will also be built. Of the 920,000 people who live in Greater Gothenburg,410,000 people live outside the Gothenburg urban area, approximately 250,000 people in the region commute to or from Gothenburg Municipality. The majority of people use cars for transportation and the roads in the region are overloaded. Better rail communications to different parts of Gothenburg and better connections to trams would improve the situation, there is a political wish to attract more public transport users. 15 minutes could be saved per journey, time would be also saved on other journeys, for example around 5 minutes from Alingsås to Sahlgrenska or Chalmers. In addition to this, it would allow high-speed trains from Stockholm to serve destinations such as Kungsbacka, as early as the 1950s there were plans for a tunnel under the inner city for railbound vehicles, then for trams. The plans were abandoned because of the cost, the city has to finance tramways, while the government finances railways. The planning process has taken a time, being included in preliminary city plans in the mid 90s under the project name Centrumtunneln. A feasibility study was conducted in 2001–2002 by Banverket in cooperation with Västra Götalandsregionen, Västtrafik, Göteborgsregionen, similar rail tunnel projects have already been implemented in Malmö and in Stockholm. Västlänken is not part of the Trafikverket Future plan 2004–2015, nor the alternative plan, construction could start earlier since the Västra Götaland Regional Council is willing to invest money in the project. Banverket investigated three routes for Västlänken, including new stations along the routes in the city centre, the route alternatives were named after the proposed new stations, Haga–Korsvägen, Haga–Chalmers, and Korsvägen. In addition to these alternatives, an expansion of the current rail network to the south, with a larger termius station, was also investigated, named Förstärkningsalternativet. On December 19,2007, Banverket chose the Haga-Korsvägen alternative as it best fulfilled the goals for the expansion, a majority of other governmental bodies to which the proposed routes were referred for consideration also agreed on that opinion. The construction cost for the project is estimated at SEK14.5 billion, by 2012 the estimated cost had increased to 20 billion. The cost of the project will be financed by road tolls levied on vehicles entering and leaving central Gothenburg. City Tunnel, Malmö Citybanan, Stockholm Gothenburg quadricentennial jubilee

31.
Gothenburg commuter rail
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Gothenburg commuter rail or Göteborgs pendeltåg is the commuter rail system associated with Gothenburg, Sweden. The trains go on the tracks, shared with long-distance trains. They are operated with X11 and X61 electric multiple units, there are three lines in the Gothenburg commuter rail system. The first line opened in 1960, to Alingsås, in 1992 another line to Kungsbacka was opened, when the railway had been rebuilt as double track. In addition there are regional rail lines, going to cities further away, with a higher speed. In opposite to Stockholm, Västtrafik allow their monthly tickets to be used also on SJ inter-city trains, from 2010 all Västtrafik regional trains are part of the Västtrafik pay-per-ride ticket system. The regional trains to Borås, Vänersborg and Skövde go in addition to the long-distance trains, the trains to Strömstad are kind of long-distance train by themselves, but the county authorities has responsibility, since it was inside one county also before the county reform 1998. The Gothenburg-Stenungsund line has extra departures creating half-hour schedule in rush hour, to Vänersborg there is from 2012 double track and sometimes two trains per hour. A fifth rail line that can be counted as a rail line is the Öresundståg Gothenburg-Malmö-Copenhagen. Västtrafik monthly passes are valid to Kungsbacka, but this is not usually considered a Västtrafik line, the most used connection on these lines is the connection to Borås, if including the about 60 daily buses that go since the railway cant support the demand. There are plans to build a new railway here, as part pf Götalandsbanan, the first part, Mölnlycke-Bollebygd, is planned to be opened around 2020-2025, and later extended to Stockholm

32.
Nils Ericson Terminal
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The Nils Ericson Terminal is a major bus terminus in Gothenburg, Sweden. It is placed in the city centre just next to Gothenburg Central Station, the main street and most hotels are within walking distance from the terminal. The terminal serves many parts of the Västra Götaland County with bus traffic, bus companies such as Bus4You, Nettbuss express, Swebus Express and Eurolines serve destinations such as Oslo, Stockholm and Copenhagen. With bus changes a lot of destinations can be reached, the bus terminal uses the modern system where buses arrive at gates and the passengers enter the buses directly from the air-conditioned terminal, much like in modern airports. There are also 11 gates outdoors with simple shelters

The East India House at Norra Hamngatan in Gothenburg, built by Det svenske Ostindiska kompaniet in 1762. The inscription on the frieze states: "This Building was erected in the year of 1762 by the East India Comp. The Gothenburg museum remodeled it for its collections in the year of 1895".

Porcelain sugar bowl made in China c. 1770–90, imported by the SOIC, City Museum of Gothenburg