Personal Aim(s):

Saturday, April 8, 2017

Elevation Masks are STILL a Useless Torture Tool & Fashion Accessory for Gymrats, But Some Athletes May Benefit

The masks are no alternative for altitude training - that's quite certain.

It is more than one year ago that I've highlighted the results of Warren's study in the International Journal of Exercise Science in the SuppVersity Facebook News. In view of the fact that I still see people being confused by the producers of respective fashion gadgets (yes, that's what it is: it's cool to look like Bane, when you're training, but it's not effective), I do yet think that it's worth writing a short article about the myth that a mask that does nothing, but obstruct your breath would yield a training effect that was even remotely comparable to the effects of real hypoxia training, where you can breathe freely but don't get enough oxygen from the air you breathe from a tank or at high altitudes.

"In conjunction with each training session, there was a warm-up and cool-down period. The first training session consisted of one moderate-distance run that was approximately 2 miles and was performed in an interval style with 60 seconds of slow jogging followed by a 10 second sprint. The second day had participants rotate through an 8-station body weight circuit. The longest run was always on the third training day, which required the cadets to run approximately 4 miles at a steady pace" (Warren. 2017).

The training period of the study was seven weeks. Each subject participating 3 days per week. Over the course of the seven-week training sequence, the breathing resistance on the "elevation mask" was increased from a resistance that was meant to simulate 3,000 feet above sea level in 3,000 feet intervals. Accordingly, the resistance at the beginning of week 4, after which no further increases were undertaken, was set to what the producers of the masks claim would simulate training at 12,000 feet (for Europeans: that's 3657.6 meters) above sea level.

As Warren et al. point out, "[t]his specific progression was chosen due to its linear fashion over time" (Warren 2017). In theory, choosing a different progression regimen (e.g. progress by only 1,000 feet per week or in two 6,000 feet steps) could thus yield different training outcomes.

Figure 2: In a small-scale study by Laurel et al. the use of an elevation training mask did not augment the pre-post-test time-trial performance (not shown) and it messed with the subjects' resting heart rate, which improved in the control and deteriorated (albeit not significantly) in the experimental condition (Lauren 2015).

In view of the fact that a study from the University of Texas at Arlington in 18-35 year-old volunteers saw detrimental, not beneficial effects on their resting heart rate and thus one of the measured indices of adaptation when they used an Elevation Training Mask 2.0 to simulate high altitude train from the ranges of 3000 feet to 18,000 feet above sea level, either, I do yet have my doubts that the null result in Warren's study is a consequence of a suboptimal progression strategy.

If there's a chance that the masks are more than a fashion gimmick, ...

this has to be a 'side effect' of a potential training effect the masks could have on your inspiratory muscle (learn more about inspiratory muscle training aka "IMT"). Even though, the evidence that the musculature you use to suck in the air is a bottleneck for athletic performance is ambiguous and studies such as William et al. (2002) or Inbar et al. who had their well-trained endurance athletes use a special threshold inspiratory muscle trainer for 0.5 h x d(-1) six times a week for 10 weeks found no performance increases, in spite of significant increases in inspiratory muscle performance, there are also studies that suggest beneficial effects on exercise performance in noobs and pro-athletes:

Chatham, et al. who report reduced levels of breathlessness, and increase in predicted (not measured) VO2 max in healthy, but untrained subjects after 10 weeks and 30 Tests of Incremental Respiratory Endurance (TIRE) set at 80% of peak.

Volianitis et al. 2001 who found an increase in the distance those of the 14 female competitive rowers who had been randomly assigned to the active treatment covered in a 5 min all-out rowing test, as well as an increase in time-trial performance after 11 weeks of twice daily inspiratory muscle training on a specifically designed device.

Enright et al. 2006 who observed non-specified (full text not available) increases "exercise capacity in people who are healthy", but previously untrained in response to an 8-week program of IMT set at 80% of maximal effort.

Even though these studies would suggest that inspiratory muscle training could yield performance increments, it is by no means clear if these effects could be triggered by the use of an "elevation masks". The resistance of these devices is, after all, much lower than the one you'd experience with one of the specifically designed IMT devices. Moreover, if this 'side effect' of the failed alternative to altitude training existed, we should have seen some effects in the previously cited studies by Warren and Lauren, too. Personally, I would thus not put too much faith in a conceivable cross-over effect of wearing an "elevation mask" even the producers of such devices apparently haven't thought about yet.

Bottom line: There are two things you should remember about "elevation masks". (A) There's no evidence that they work the way the people who sell them advertise them. And let's be honest: eventually, it is only logical that something that does nothing but obstruct your airways won't trigger the same adaptational response as breathing oxygen-deprived air in a pressure reduced environment as you would do in an altitude training camp or in a hypoxic hypobaric chamber is only logical, isn't it? In one condition, namely with the "elevation mask" your body gets the signal that your mechanical ability to breath needs an upgrade. In the other condition, it gets the signal that your ability to extract, use and transport oxygen has to improve.

This leaves us with the second thing to remember: (B) If anything beneficial effects on exercise performance of simple "elevation masks" could be triggered by their ability to train your inspiratory muscles. That these 'side effects' are statistically significant, let alone practically relevant, however, appears unlikely. If such an effect existed, the studies by Warren and Lauren should have detected at least some benefits of wearing an elevation mask. The fact that no benefits were observed does, therefore, suggest that "elevation masks" are neat and maybe trendy sports fashion accessory for the bro who likes to look "hardcore", but certainly not a must (or should) have for the average gymrat | Leave a comment on the SuppVersity Facebook Page!

Additional Ressources

Join the Newsletter

Disclaimer:

The information provided on this website is for informational purposes only. It is by no means intended as professional medical advice. Do not use any of the agents or freely available dietary supplements mentioned on this website without further consultation with your medical practitioner.