Calcium carbonate scale formation is a major problem in industrial water and cooling systems as
well as in household systems. The resulting reduction in heat transfer and the removal of the scale
are very costly ...

The formation ofcalcium carbonate scale is a major problem in industry as well as in households.
The scale that forms acts as an insulator, decreasing the effectiveness ofheat exchangers, be it a
water cooling systems ...

Dissolved salts, mainly carbonates and sulphates such as those of calcium and magnesium, form hard water, which when heated produces an insoluble precipitate of scale forming crystals. Scale formation affects performance ...