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Will Titan lose its veil?

Titan's future depends on how much methane is stored in the moon's interior, and how easily that methane can be transferred.Provided by European Planetary Science Congress

Published: Monday, August 20, 2007

This image of Titan reveals layers high in the moon's atmosphere where methane-driven photochemical reactions create distinct layers of haze. If methane cannot escape from the icy layers beneath the surface, Titan's veil will disappear.

NASA/JPL/Space Science Institute

August 20, 2007 T he question of whether or not Titan can retain its thick, organic atmosphere for the rest of its lifetime could hinge on how efficiently methane molecules were packed inside water "crates" during a period of the moon's formation.

"If Titan runs out of methane and loses its 'veil', it will become a completely different type of astrophysical body," said Dr. Vasili Dimitrov, whose work will be presented at the European Planetary Science Congress. "Methane drives the chemical reactions in Titan's atmosphere but, because it's so highly reactive and therefore short-lived, it must be replenished. We need to find out just how much methane is stored in the primordial reserve in Titan's interior at a level where it can escape to the surface. To do this, we need to know how efficiently the methane molecules were packed away when the reserve formed."

The trapped methane can exist only in molecular structures called clathrates, which occur when 'host' water molecules form a cage-like structure around a smaller 'guest' molecule (in this case methane). The water crystallizes in a cubic system, rather than the hexagonal structure of normal ice, so that the cages are arranged in body-centred cubic packing. However, not all of the cages are occupied. The maximum efficiency in filling the cages is achieved only if conditions are optimal, because the structure forms slowly at temperatures close to absolute zero.

"The conditions of Titan's accretion and evolution are poorly understood, so we cannot yet say how many of the cages were filled and how much methane is contained in the reserve," Dimitrov said. "In addition, we need to do some more experiments in the laboratory to find out more about the transfer of materials between layers."

Beneath Titan's surface, there is a permafrost crust that sits on a liquid or semi-liquid mixture of ammonia, methane and water. Beneath that, an icy layer surrounds a rocky core. It is unclear whether methane trapped in the icy layer next to the core has any means of escape. "At the moment we can work out an upper and lower limit for the packing efficiency, but this doesn't tell us which side of the critical value Titan's methane stockpile falls. With more experiments, together with the data supplied by the Cassini-Huygens mission, we should be able to answer the question of whether this fascinating world will keep its veil of mystery," Dimitrov said.

Being able to estimate the packing efficiency of methane in clathrates could also have important applications back on Earth. According to some estimates, the overall methane stock in the Earth's natural clathrates may be four times higher than the oil stock. Thus, methane extracted from clathrates could one day become a major fuel source for mankind.