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1 LITERATURE REVIEW ON MEETING August 2011 THE PSYCHOLOGICAL AND EMOTIONAL WELLBEING NEEDS OF CHILDREN AND YOUNG PEOPLE: MODELS OF EFFECTIVE PRACTICE IN EDUCATIONAL SETTINGS Final Report Prepared for the Department of Education and Communities

2 xdisclaimerx STAFF RESPONSIBLE FOR THIS REPORT WERE: Director Alison Wallace Associate Director Lee Holloway Senior Consultant Ronald Woods Consultant Lucinda Malloy Group Support Jillian Rose Job Code SSP Urbis Pty Ltd ABN All Rights Reserved. No material may be reproduced without prior permission. While we have tried to ensure the accuracy of the information in this publication, the Publisher accepts no responsibility or liability for any errors, omissions or resultant consequences including any loss or damage arising from reliance in information in this publication. Australia Asia Middle East urbis.com.au

3 TABLE OF CONTENTS Acronyms... i Executive summary... iii 1 Introduction Methodology Overview Electronic database searches Grey literature search Search terms Understanding the wellbeing of children and young people Introduction Conceptualisations of wellbeing in the literature Issues for consideration in conceptualising the wellbeing of children and young people Measuring the wellbeing of children and young people Health and wellbeing of Australia s children and young people Summary Trends in psychological and emotional wellbeing and distress Introduction Psychological-emotional wellbeing and mental health Psychological and emotional distress Trends in psychological and emotional problems Factors contributing to poorer mental health outcomes Summary The role of schools in addressing student wellbeing Introduction Self-identified sources of advice and support Gap between mental health needs and services Addressing mental health and wellbeing in the school setting Health promoting schools Levels of school-based intervention Summary Understanding and addressing the wellbeing needs of diverse groups of students Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander students Students from culturally and linguistically diverse backgrounds Students with disabilities Gender differences Same-sex attracted youth Summary Models of working with children and young people in educational settings in Australia Introduction Student services focusing on wellbeing and mental health in NSW schools Student wellbeing services in the other States/Territories Summary of school psychology/school counsellor roles in Australian schools School-based mental ill-health prevention and early intervention programs in Australia... 68

4 7.6 Initiatives in terms of the Smarter Schools National Partnerships Summary Examples of programs from international jurisdictions Introduction Policy frameworks in the UK and USA School psychologists and school counsellors in various jurisdictions School social work School-based mental health programs Summary Evaluations of the effectiveness of school-based mental health and wellbeing interventions Introduction School-based prevention and early intervention programs Effectiveness of specific programs Effectiveness of programs focusing on externalising behaviours Studies of school-based programs focusing on issues related to psychological-emotional wellbeing Evaluations of school counselling/school psychology and school social work Summary of effectiveness studies: what appears to work Research and implementation issues Assisting schools to select suitable interventions Strategies for fostering the adoption of evidence-based interventions in schools Areas requiring further research or improvements to the quality of current research Summary Conclusion Emerging trends Models of effective practice References Appendix A Indicators of child development and wellbeing FIGURES: Figure 1 Major issues of personal concern to young people in NSW TABLES: Table 1 Conceptualisations of the wellbeing of children and young people in the Australian and international literature... 8 Table 2 Major issues of personal concern to young people in NSW Table 3 Self-identified sources of advice and support for young people in NSW Table 4 Overview of current state of Indigenous educational outcomes Table 5 Factors impacting on the educational outcomes of Indigenous students Table 6 Administrative models of school counselling provision in the UK Table 7 Overview of effectiveness studies Table 8 Selected indicators of child development and wellbeing in Australia based on national samples. 161

5 Acronyms ACRONYM DEFINITION ABS ACER ACT DET ADHD AEDI AGCA AIHW ARACY ATP BMI BPS CALD CBT COAG CWI CWU SA DECS DEECD DEEWR DOHA EBP IEP IMHP IPT LSAC LSAY Australian Bureau of Statistics Australian Council of Educational Research Department of Education and Training (Australian Capital Territory) Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Australian Early Development Index Australian Guidance and Counselling Association Australian Institute of Health and Welfare Australian Research Alliance for Children and Youth The Australian Temperament Project Body Mass Index British Psychological Society Culturally and Linguistically Diverse Cognitive Behaviour Therapy Council of Australian Governments Child and Youth Well-Being Index (USA) Child Wellbeing Unit (NSW Department of Education and Communities) Department of Education and Children s Services (South Australia) Department of Education and Early Childhood Development (Victoria) Department of Education, Employment and Workplace Relations Australian Government Department of Health and Ageing Evidence-based Practice Individualised Education Plan Intensive Mental Health Program (USA) Interpersonal Therapy Longitudinal Study of Australia s Children (Growing Up in Australia) Longitudinal Survey of Australian Youth ACRONYMS i

7 Executive summary INTRODUCTION Schools have become recognised as important locations for addressing student wellbeing, with advantages including their reach and familiarity to students and families, and the increased opportunities they afford for mental health promotion and prevention efforts. In responding to the wellbeing of students, schools are faced with an array of models to promote wellbeing that have different aims and objectives, target groups and methods of implementation. Selecting a model that responds to the needs of individual students and the school community is important, but ensuring that the model is implemented effectively is critical to achieving desired outcomes. In May 2011, Urbis was commissioned by the NSW Department of Education and Communities (NSW DEC) to undertake a review of national and international literature in order to: identify emerging trends concerning the psychological and emotional wellbeing needs of children and young people identify and analyse national and international models of effective practice currently being implemented, and published research that informs evidence-based practice in working with children and young people in educational settings, including strategies adopted by schools involved in National Partnerships. This report sets out the findings of the literature review. METHODOLOGY This report was prepared between May and August 2011 and involved an extensive search and review of relevant published and grey literature from Australia, the United States of America (USA), the United Kingdom (UK), Canada, New Zealand and Norway. Focus was placed on the USA, the UK (including England and Wales and Scotland), Canada and New Zealand because they would provide the best available literature in English, and Norway was included as an example of a Nordic country which has innovations in many public policy areas, including education. Urbis used a multi-pronged approach to identifying and collecting literature, and worked with Monash University to ensure all relevant material was identified and collected for this review. In total, we searched 29 electronic databases using a variety of keyword combinations developed in consultation with NSW DEC. These databases covered an extensive array of journals, including journals focusing on education, psychology and health more generally. In addition, Urbis obtained grey literature, or literature which could not be identified through standard database searches, by undertaking targeted searches using key internet search engines and by searching key Australian and international websites (eg Commonwealth and State/Territory education and health departments, professional associations, and youth-focused research and interest groups). To ensure the most current and rigorous studies into the effectiveness of models of school-based practice were included in this review, our research focused on evaluation literature published in peer-refereed journals in the past five years ( ). Where our search indicated that important studies had been conducted between 2001 and 2006, these studies were also included in the literature review. On the basis of the literature search, it is evident that the two broad areas of focus of the literature review (trends in the psychological and emotional wellbeing of children and young people, and models of effective practices of working with children and young people in educational settings) are well-researched areas in the academic literature. The literature is international in scope and only few of the studies focused on developments in Australia alone. More typically, and especially so in connection with studies examining the effectiveness of universal school-based programs, the researchers would describe or analyse studies that had been published in English-language journals, including research carried out in Australia, the USA, the UK, EXECUTIVE SUMMARY iii

8 Canada, New Zealand and also Norway. Research from the USA is particularly well-represented in the literature. On the basis of the methodology described above, a total of 212 individual items of literature were included in the analysis for this study, of which 108 were research studies published in peer-reviewed journals. TRENDS IN THE PSYCHOLOGICAL AND EMOTIONAL WELLBEING OF CHILDREN AND YOUNG PEOPLE There is a wide range of understandings of child and adolescent wellbeing, and debate on the indicators that should be used to measure the psychological and emotional wellbeing of children and young people. In order to measure child and youth wellbeing, use is made of positive and deficit indicators. The trend in recent years has been towards a focus on positive indicators in a conceptual approach that is explicitly strengths-based. Measures of wellbeing based on objective data, such as national statistics, are complemented by subjective measures, drawing on self-reports of children and young people themselves, as well as reports by adults such as teachers and parents. At a general level, psychological and emotional wellbeing and mental health refers to the achievement of expected developmental milestones and the establishment of effective coping skills, secure attachments, and positive social relationships. Psychological and emotional distress manifests in internalising behaviours (such as anxiety and depression) and externalising behaviours (such as aggressive, violent or disruptive behaviour), and has an impact on the child s successful learning at school. The literature is inconclusive on whether there has been an increase in psychological and emotional distress and mental health problems in children and adolescents in recent years. Some studies point to significantly higher rates of mental health complaints and increases in behavioural and emotional problems, such as anxiety and depression. However, other studies do not support the notion of a dramatic increase in behavioural and emotional problems in children and adolescents. Rather, they suggest that the majority of children are progressing well and that any differences in behaviour or temperament are modest, or they indicate that overall happiness scores among children and young people have increased over time. Adding to the uncertainty, some studies talk about a reverse in mental health trends, for example that after a period of measured increases in mental health problems, there have recently been measured decreases in these problems. Many studies point to differences in the prevalence of mental health problems affecting boys and girls, with more boys demonstrating externalising behaviours and more girls demonstrating internalising behaviours. However, what is ambiguous is whether there has been a change in the prevalence of internalising and externalising behaviours among boys and girls. It has been suggested that rather than saying the psychological and emotional distress and mental health problems of children and young people are currently more prevalent than they were in previous decades, it could be argued that they are more extreme (at both the positive and negative ends of the continuum) now than they were before. This would explain why some studies have shown an increase in positive features such as self-esteem and happiness, as well as an increase in negative features such as mental health problems. Inconsistent trends in psychological and emotional distress and mental health trends can be, at least partly, attributed to changes in the way mental health problems are measured, and the varying methodologies used by researchers. Drawing on the debates in the literature, the following are put forward as trends in the psychological and emotional wellbeing issues of Australian children and young people: The majority of young people rate their health as good or excellent and there have been measured improvements in the physical health of children and young people overall, including declining mortality rates. iv EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

9 The majority of today s Australian children are progressing well in terms of their temperament style and behaviour problems, and NSW data point to significant decreases in the proportion of students who had experienced high psychological distress (in the last six months prior to measurement) between 1996 (15.4%) and 2008 (13.3%). There have been consistent increases in the past decades in the numbers of students diagnosed with disabling conditions in NSW schools, and this is particularly true for autism and mental disorders. The prevalence of bullying is high a nationwide study has found that approximately one in four Australian students in Years 4-9 were bullied every few weeks or more. There is an ongoing concern amongst young people about bullying and the rise of cyberbullying as a new form of bullying. There have been declines in the numbers of high school students in NSW who have ever consumed alcohol, but nationwide data show that considerable proportions of young people are drinking alcohol to levels that could lead to harm. In addition, there is a consistent trend for young people to rate alcohol to be an issue of concern to them. Strong and consistent increases in the rates of combined overweight and obesity amongst Australian schoolchildren have been measured over the past 20 years, with a 1.8% increase over the preceding five years. In addition, studies find that young people are consistently worried about body image. Children and young people express concern with regard to psychological-emotional wellbeing issues such as family conflict and coping with stress and depression. While research findings on trends in the overall incidence of mental health problems and psychological and emotional distress are inconclusive, factors that are currently having an impact on the mental health and psychological and emotional wellbeing of young people are clearer. These include: developments in communications technology (which have led to the emergence of cyber-bullying) poor physical health which can impact on mental health body dissatisfaction and disordered eating changes to families and family structures, including a measured increase in sole parent families and an increased rate of marriage breakdown education and work pressures, including a heightened emphasis on achievement and disengagement from school for those identified as unlikely to succeed economic factors, with some experts suggesting there are counter-intuitive rises in mental health problems associated with improvements in economic conditions rapid social and cultural changes, with vigorous debate on the impact of the growth of materialistic and individualistic values on individual alienation and social fragmentation. ADDRESSING STUDENT WELLBEING AND MENTAL HEALTH IN THE SCHOOL SETTING In responding to the wellbeing needs of students, education systems and school communities in many parts of the world have adopted a health promotion focus in keeping with recommendations made by the World Health Organisation (WHO). Australia was one of the first countries to adopt the health promoting schools approach. Within this approach, there are three overlapping tiers of intervention: Universal programs aim to develop students social, emotional and behavioural competencies. Focusing on primary prevention, they including classroom-based approaches, changes to the school environment as a whole and wellbeing programs beyond the school to include the family and community. According to the health promotion model, the greatest amount of time and resources should be spent on these whole-school approaches. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY v

10 Selected interventions are for students who have been identified as being at risk for developing emotional or behavioural disorders. Use is made of individual and group approaches to help prevent the onset of behaviour or emotional problems. Targeted interventions are for individual students who have been identified as having an emotional or behavioural problem or a mental health disorder. The focus is on individual treatment and the prevention of further difficulties for students identified as having problems. Schools in Australia also operate within the National Safe Schools Framework, which provides a vision and a set of guiding principles for safe and supportive school communities that also promote student wellbeing and develop respectful relationships. School-based mental health personnel need to be acutely aware of the diversity in the student body, and sensitive to the possible ways in which these differences may impact on students mental health and wellbeing, and therefore on academic achievement. Key issues in working with Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander students include gaining knowledge and awareness of the factors that may impact upon the educational outcomes of students (such as past negative experiences of school) and the effects of racism at the individual, institutional and professional levels. These understandings are also important when working with Culturally and Linguistically Diverse (CALD) students. In addition, school personnel need to be aware of other issues, such as the impacts of trauma on students with refugee backgrounds. Students with disabilities are integrated to a large extent into mainstream schools usually with a range of additional supports provided to enable them to function well in the mainstream settings. It is important not to view the identity and wellbeing of such students primarily through the lens of their condition. Gender and sexuality are also key areas to focus on in working with students. It is important to recognise the differences boys and girls have with regard to development and adjustment problems. Working with same-sex attracted youth requires understandings of the nature, incidence and prevention of schoolbased harassment and of sexual identity development. The literature provides many examples of programs, especially universal programs, which have been adopted in school systems in Australia and around the world. These include, for example, the broad approach to addressing student wellbeing via universal, often curriculum-based, approaches known as social and emotional learning (SEL). They also include programs with specific titles such as FRIENDS (which was first developed in Australia) and the Olweus Bullying Prevention Program (which was developed in Norway), as well as cognitive-behavioural programs of varying kinds. These programs often include a range of activities and methods which together constitute an intervention. Amongst others, interventions may include: awareness-raising knowledge dissemination skills training individual counselling working with small groups of students system-wide changes to impact on the ethos or climate of the school social, recreational and sporting or other physical activities harnessing the support that can be provided to individual students by their peers and family members and community services. vi EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

11 In addition to these programs, the school systems in the countries considered in this literature review provide students with support services that include school psychologists, school counsellors and social workers operating in the school setting itself. The service approaches of school counsellors include: direct services to students, including psychological and behavioural assessment and psychological treatment and counselling indirect services, including consultations with teachers and parents whole school services, including assisting schools with the planning, preparation, implementation and evaluation of psychological and educational strategies systems-level services, including assisting with crisis management policy and response and recovery strategies. Many jurisdictions also have overarching policy frameworks focusing on child and youth wellbeing. EVIDENCE FOR EFFECTIVENESS OF MODELS TO RESPOND TO PSYCHOLOGICAL AND EMOTIONAL WELLBEING NEEDS The evaluative literature considered in this study indicates that emotional, behavioural and social problems of children and adolescents, including anxiety, depression, disruptive behaviour problems, and substance abuse, can be prevented or ameliorated through the use of school-based interventions. Given the breadth of the issues that are covered by various interventions, it is difficult to provide succinct answers as to what works best or what programs and interventions can be considered evidence-based. However, based on the best available evidence, the following appear to have strong evidence for effectiveness: Programs are more likely to be effective if they are aimed at promoting mental health rather than preventing mental illness involve the whole school and include changes to the school s environment assist students to develop adaptive, cognitive and behaviour strategies involve parents and the wider community take into account the age and gender of the children are implemented over a long period of time (continuously for more than one year) allow for periodic follow-up of positive interventions (also described as booster sessions ) in order to maintain positive outcomes and counter the evidence that effect sizes (statistical measure of the impacts of interventions on wellbeing outcomes) decrease over time. The continuing presence of appropriate adult staff and a mentoring or a stable relationship between students and school staff are important aspects of program delivery. Social and emotional learning programs are effective in enhancing students academic achievement and thus offer students a practical educational benefit. In addition, they have been shown to improve students stress management, empathy, problem solving and decision-making skills. They appear to be more effective if they follow established curriculum and implementation guidelines. Less effective programs or interventions appear to be those that are fear-inducing and those focused on knowledge (delivering information) only. Selected programs appear to be more effective than universal programs for students who have been identified as being at risk for, or diagnosed with, specific problems, although universal programs have a role in enhancing protective factors which help to build resilience. Other trends in the evidence include: EXECUTIVE SUMMARY vii

12 For students with depression, selected programs may be more efficacious due to the increased room for change amongst participants with elevated symptoms of depression, and intervention programs consisting of 8 to 12 sessions may be more successful at reducing symptoms than programs which are shorter or longer than this. For students with emotional disturbance, targeted programs may have greater impacts than preventive interventions on social skills. Selected programs targeting children and adolescents at risk for violence may be effective, but caution should be adopted in working with such students on a group basis. The age (and therefore the developmental stage) of children is an important consideration for the adoption of wellbeing programs in schools. For example, studies show that programs focusing on emotion management are more effective for younger than older children, suggesting that it is important to deal with emotional problems in earlier grades. They also show that younger children are less likely than older children to engage in help-seeking behaviour. By contrast, greater success in achieving positive changes concerning drug and alcohol problems is achieved when focusing on the middle school years. Implementation issues are particularly important for schools to consider, since a program producing results in a controlled research study may in theory look promising, but the positive results may or may not be transportable to the real-world school setting. The issues that education departments and school communities need to consider when implementing a mental health and wellbeing program in an educational setting can be summarised according to: the characteristics of the innovation (program, approach, intervention) and its fit with the school the characteristics of the implementer, including whether it is better to make use of school personnel or specialists from outside the school, or a combination, and the knowledge, skills and preparation required for implementation of the program the timing and phasing of the program, including how it fits into the school s program, the ideal length of an intervention and whether booster sessions are included to consolidate learnings sometime after the initial presentation of the intervention. EVALUATIONS OF SCHOOL COUNSELLING AND SCHOOL SOCIAL WORK Compared to studies examining the effectiveness of universal preventive and promotive school-based programs, there are relatively fewer studies examining the effectiveness of school counselling that make use of randomised controlled research designs. Nevertheless, several studies were found in the course of the literature review which examined or evaluated school counselling/school psychology or school social work services. Available studies consistently show high levels of satisfaction with the contributions of school counsellors/psychologists. School counselling is valued for: intervening in the continuum of practice levels, from individual students to classes and whole schools, as well as with families being an integral part of students support strategies good collaborations with the teaching staff. A common theme in the descriptions of school counselling/psychology services in the various countries is that school counsellors/psychologists devote a large proportion of their time to carrying out assessments, and proportionally less time engaged in providing intervention and prevention activities. Notwithstanding this, they are involved in the development and implementation of school-wide programs, and in developing and maintaining linkages with services external to the school. School social workers are recognised as being skilled in providing crisis management, group work interventions, individual counselling, family counselling and community (whole school and viii EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

13 neighbourhood) development interventions. Evaluations of school social work have found that it appears to be more effective in helping students with internalising disorders (eg anxiety, depression, self-esteem and identity problems) than those with externalising disorders (eg aggression, conduct disorder, hyperactivity). School social work is especially effective in contributing to the academic performance of students through focusing on drop-out prevention, improving grades and attendance. This suggests that a key value of school social work lies in its alignment with the major function of schools, ie the educational success and achievement of their students. AREAS REQUIRING ADDITIONAL RESEARCH Researchers and authors have identified a range of areas in the literature where there is currently limited knowledge, and point to the need: to ensure that evaluations can be undertaken of the multiple environmental/ecological factors that can hinder or promote effective delivery of student wellbeing programs in the real-world settings of schools for theory-driven research that aids in the accurate assessment of various skills and identifies how different skills are related (in recognition of the fact that there is no standardised approach to measuring social and emotional skills) for research on how best to deploy and support existing resources within school settings that may provide the entry points for delivery of mental health services in support of the school s primary educational mission for research that would identify empirically based interventions that target both academic/educational and mental health functioning in schools to address the dearth of studies conducted in relation to specific cohorts of young people, including those in socio-economically disadvantaged communities, Aboriginal young people, same-sex attracted young people, students with disabilities and students from CALD backgrounds. for studies that focus on the content and delivery style of especially universal prevention programs in order to investigate what makes them more or less effective. In conclusion, irrespective of whether there has been a broader increase in psychological and emotional distress and mental health problems among children and young people, the literature suggests that schools need to consider the needs of their individual students and the broader school community when employing strategies and programs to promote wellbeing. This literature review synthesises the models that are available to schools, identifies key characteristics of models that are effective, and highlights key implementation issues schools should address to ensure strategies and programs adopted achieve desired outcomes. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ix

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15 1 Introduction This report presents the outcomes of a literature review conducted by Urbis for the New South Wales Department of Education and Communities (NSW DEC). The project involved carrying out a review of national and international literature in order to: identify emerging trends concerning the psychological and emotional wellbeing needs of children and young people identify and analyse national and international models of effective practice currently being implemented, and published research that informs evidence-based practice in working with children and young people in educational settings, including strategies adopted by schools involved in National Partnerships. Sections 3 and 4 focus on emerging trends by exploring understandings of wellbeing of children and young people in the literature and understandings of psychological and emotional wellbeing and distress. Included in these sections are: conceptualisations of wellbeing in the literature issues for consideration in the conceptualising and measuring of the wellbeing of children and young people data on the wellbeing of Australia s children and young people explorations in the literature of psychological and emotional wellbeing, mental health and psychosocial and emotional distress emerging trends concerning the psychological and emotional wellbeing needs of children and young people factors contributing to poor mental health outcomes for children and young people. Sections 5 to 10 consider national and international models of school-based practice, and in doing so, they: consider how mental health and wellbeing are addressed in school settings and the levels of schoolbased intervention described in the literature describe approaches and programs adopted in Australian schools and schools in other developed countries, including the United States of America (USA), the United Kingdom (UK), Canada, New Zealand and Norway consider issues surrounding models for specific cohorts of young people describe and analyse evaluations of the effectiveness of models of practice that have been accessed through the literature search for this report draw together the findings from the studies to summarise which programs and approaches have strong evidence for achieving desired outcomes. INTRODUCTION 1

16 This literature review is located as a study within, and contributes towards, a comprehensive review of school counselling services in NSW. The review of the school counselling service comprises the following research processes [NSW Department of Education and Training (DET), 2011]: 1. Description of the current school counsellor workforce, including mapping the type of work in which school counsellors are involved. 2. Gathering the views of key stakeholder groups (including parents and students) on school counsellor supply and demand trends, service delivery models and trends in the range and nature of student needs. 3. Description and analysis of the current use and mix of student welfare services available to schools. 4. A literature review to identify emerging trends concerning the psychological and emotional wellbeing needs of children and young people, and to identity and analyse models of effective practice to respond to these needs (the focus of this report). 5. Provision of costed options for revised policies regarding the placement of sufficient school counsellors at high schools. According to the study brief, the review of school counsellor services in NSW Government schools is based on specific recommendations flowing from recent parliamentary inquiries: Inquiry into Bullying of Children and Young People (2009) Inquiry into Children and Young People 9-14 Years in NSW: The Missing Years (2009) Inquiry into the provision of education for students with a disability or special needs (2010) The coronial report on the suicide of a student from Kadina High School. These inquiries assume that school counselling has an important role within the public school system. The Inquiry into Children and Young People 9-14 Years in NSW noted that in-school counselling was one of the key early responses to the difficulties encountered by middle years students, but also that several submissions to the Inquiry raised issues such as accessibility, quality, training and level of demand for school counselling services (Parliament of NSW Committee on Children and Young People, 2009:53-54). The methodology of the study is briefly described in section 2. 2 Introduction

17 2 Methodology 2.1 OVERVIEW Urbis used a multi-pronged approach to identifying and collecting literature, and worked with Monash University to ensure all relevant material was identified and collected for this review. In total, we searched 29 electronic databases using a variety of keyword combinations developed in consultation with NSW DEC. These databases, listed below, covered an extensive array of journals, including journals focusing on education, psychology and health more generally. In addition, Urbis obtained grey literature, or literature which could not be identified through standard database searches, by undertaking targeted searches using key internet search engines and by searching key Australian and international websites. The focus was on collecting evaluation literature, giving priority to those studies that have used rigorous evaluation methodologies and drawing on Australian literature, as well as a selection of key relevant overseas material focusing on the USA, the UK, Canada, New Zealand and Norway. Focus was placed on the USA, the UK (including England and Wales and Scotland), Canada and New Zealand because they would provide the best available literature in English, and Norway was included as an example of a Nordic country which has innovations in many public policy areas, including education. To ensure the most current and rigorous studies into the effectiveness of models of school-based practice were included in this review, our research focused on evaluation literature published in peer-refereed journals in the past five years ( ). Where our search indicated that important studies had been conducted between 2001 and 2006, then these studies were also included in the literature review. On the basis of the literature search, it is evident that the two broad areas of focus of the literature review (trends in the psychological and emotional wellbeing of children and young people, and models of effective practice to address the wellbeing of children and young people in educational settings) are wellresearched areas in the academic literature. The literature is international in scope and only few of the studies focused on developments in Australia alone. More typically, and especially so in connection with studies examining the effectiveness of universal school-based programs, the researchers would describe or analyse studies that had been published in English-language journals, including research carried out in Australia, the USA, the UK, Canada, New Zealand and also Norway. Research from the USA is particularly well-represented in the literature. 2.2 ELECTRONIC DATABASE SEARCHES As noted above, extensive searches of electronic databases were undertaken in collaboration with Monash University. The electronic databases searched include: A+Education AEI-ATSIS - Australian Education Index Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Subset APAIS-Health British Education Index British Library Campbell Collaboration Cochrane Library METHODOLOGY 3

18 EBSCO host research databases Educational Research Abstracts Online Embase ERIC FAMILY : Australian Family & Society Abstracts Database Google Scholar Humanities & Social Sciences Collection IBSS: International Bibliography of the Social Sciences IDP Database of Research on International Education Medline New Zealand Educational Theses Database PAIS International ProQuest Dissertations & Theses Proquest Education PsycINFO Sage Journals Online Scopus Social Sciences Citation Index: SSCI Social Services Abstracts Sociological Abstracts Trove Web of Knowledge 2.3 GREY LITERATURE SEARCH In addition, Urbis sought to obtain grey literature which could not be identified through standard database searches by: undertaking a targeted internet search using Google.com and other relevant search engines, particularly focusing on material that would not be published in other ways. Sources such as Amazon were also used to identify relevant books and book chapters undertaking a search of key Australian websites, including: DEC and education departments in other States/Territories Department of Health and Ageing, NSW Health and equivalent State/Territory bodies Australian Institute of Health and Welfare 4 Methodology

19 Parliament of NSW and other State parliaments Professional associations (eg NSW Public Schools Principals Forum) Youth-focussed research and interest groups (eg Australian Research Alliance for Children and Youth, Foundation for Young Australians) liaising with DEC to obtain information on relevant grey literature calling key organisations, such as the Australian Research Alliance for Children and Young People, to ascertain whether they held any grey literature that was not available on their websites. 2.4 SEARCH TERMS As agreed with NSW DEC, a variety of keyword combinations to identify relevant literature through database and internet searches were used. These keyword combinations are described below RELATING TO EMERGING TRENDS CONCERNING THE PSYCHOLOGICAL AND EMOTIONAL WELLBEING NEEDS OF CHILDREN AND YOUNG PEOPLE wellbeing + concept/framework/conceptual framework psychological/wellbeing/developmental/social/emotional + needs + children/ young/middle years/adolescent as above +emerging/trends children/young/middle years/adolescent + issues/concerns/anxieties as above + emerging/trends Specific topic terms (eg. mental health/depression/anxiety/bullying/cyber-bullying/self-esteem/eating disorders/resilience/self-efficacy) + young/children/middle years/adolescent as above + emerging/trends RELATING TO MODELS OF EFFECTIVE PRACTICE IN EDUCATIONAL SETTINGS psychological/emotional/wellbeing + educational settings/ schools as above substituting specific topics/issues (eg bullying) for psychological/wellbeing effective practice/best practice + psychological/emotional/wellbeing + educational settings/ schools as above substituting specific topics/issues (eg bullying) for psychological/wellbeing program/model + school counsellor/ school counselling/ school psychology/ school psychologists/ school social workers/ guidance officers/guidance counsellors/ student support services officers/ school welfare workers/ youth workers/educational psychologist as above + evaluation/review/outcome/effectiveness program/model + school counsellor/ school counselling/ school psychology/ school psychologists/ school social workers/ guidance officers/guidance counsellors/ student support services officers/ school welfare workers/ youth workers/educational psychologist + Aboriginal/non-English speaking METHODOLOGY 5

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