Do you know who is the man is behind the many ancient stories you read in history books? No? The answer to your question is Herodotus. During the time of Herodotus, writing stories and designing or developing a product was a subject of surprise. So does that mean he was the one who wrote the first history book? Well, maybe!

The earliest writing in prose was the work of a group of Greek intellectuals from the cities of Asia Minor. However, around 550 B.C., there were only a few well-defined distinctions between the different disciplines. The historical writing included a great deal that today would be regarded rather as a job of the anthropologist, or the economist. Herodotus, who is often referred as ‘the father of history’ by the Roman writer and orator Cicero, was the inheritor of this tradition and was influenced by few predecessors. (8.1)

Early Life of Herodotus

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Herodotus was born in Halicarnassus (a Greek city in southwest Asia Minor). While little is known about his life, it is believed that he belonged to a wealthy and aristocratic family. In the middle of the 6th century, Halicarnassus became the province of the Persian Empire and was ruled by the tyrant Lygdamis. His family opposed Lygdamis rule and was therefore sent into exile on the island of Samos.

He returned to Halicarnassus to participate in an anti-Persian rebellion. After that, he never returned to his home city again. His writing skill is thought to be the practice of a thorough course during the school days. It is also believed that he served in the army as a hoplite. During his service, his descriptions of battle were quite precise and he always explained everything from the point of view of a foot soldier. (8.2)

Herodotus’ travel experience shaped his future. He moved fluidly through work and culture and was always interested in sharing good stories, in fact, he shared the details of the tales he heard and repeated the same in his pages. This tendency of his was observed and gave rise to the criticism.

The founder of history spent his early years of manhood in extensive traveling. His one trip was to the Black Sea in which he traveled along both south and west coasts. Following this, he traveled by sea to the coast of Syria and then to the ancient city of Babylon.

He made the best use of his traveling opportunities. He asked every single detail about the traditions and culture through which he passed and saved information. During 450 B.C., he went to Athens. During this trip, he became a great friend of the poet Sophocles. Herodotus then migrated to the Athenian colony of Thurii which remained his home till death.

The Histories - A Masterpiece of Classical Literature

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Herodotus traveled majorly in Asia Minor, Africa, and Egypt and wrote down his observations and experiences providing future generations detailed account of historical events such as Thermopylae and Salamis in 480 BCE, The Seven Wonders of the World and more. His explanation of the world’s famous wall ‘Walls of Babylon’ is the best example of why his work was criticized. He wrote,

“Babylon lies in a great plain, and in size, it is such that each face measures 22½ km, the shape of the whole being square; thus the circumference is 90 km. Such is the size of the city of Babylon, and it has magnificence greater than all other cities of which we have knowledge. First there runs round it a deep and broad trench, full of water; then a wall fifty meters in thickness and hundred meters in height [...]. At the top of the wall along the edges they built chambers of one story facing one another, and between the rows of chambers, they left space to drive a four-horse chariot. In the circuit of the wall, there are set a hundred gates made of bronze. (Histories, I.178-179)”

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However, other ancient descriptions indicated that the Walls of Babylon were not as large as Herodotus described. Also, it didn’t have 100 gates, but only had 8 gates. Thus, it was clear that his description was not based on his personal visit; it was rather based on hearsay. Other than the father of history, he was also referred to as ‘the father of lies’ by many who claimed that these histories written by him are not real and are more of tall tales.

While it is proved that Herodotus made some mistakes in his work, his explanations and inventions are still considered as the most important observations. Unlike other writers, Herodotus does not attribute his stories to any sources, instead, he declares that this is his work and no others have any contribution.

He observed the world carefully and often gave personal opinions on various customs, events, and people. While his work for Homer is considered real, he questioned the historical truth of ‘The Iliad’ asking why the Achaeans would wage so lengthy and costly a campaign as the Trojan War on behalf of one woman. This is the best example of his personality displaying itself in his work.

The scholar Robin Waterfield comments,

“Certain kinds of narrative recur strikingly enough [in the Histories] to make us feel we are seeing the idiosyncratic taste of the narrator emerging - that he enjoys a particular kind of story and, given the option, includes it when possible. Herodotus is fascinated by the interplay of nature and culture; the Scythians, living in a treeless land, invent a way of cooking meat in which the animal's bones and fat provide the fire and the stomach provides the pot in which the meat is cooked (4.61). He also singles out clever individuals and great achievements; he enjoys noting the `first inventor' of something, or a particularly striking building, or boat, or custom, or other cultural achievement. (xxxviii)”

‘The Histories’ (the record of ancient politics, geography, cultures, and tradition of North Africa, Western Asia and Greece at that time) is the only work which is known to be created by him. Some of his stories were fanciful, while some were inaccurate. He stated that he reported only what he was told. A major portion of the information he added was later confirmed by archaeologists.

Origin of The Histories

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As stated before, he spent his life traveling from one territory to another. He traveled through Syria and Babylon. He also experienced the joy of living in the islands of the Greek Archipelago: Cyprus, Paros, Crete, Aegina, Samos, Thasos, Rhodes, Delos, and Samothrace. During his traveling, he listened to legends, myths and recorded histories. He noted down the things and places he saw with their details.

When he returned to Athens, he became like a celebrity and gave readings in public places. He also charged fees for his appearances. Not only this, people of Athens also voted to honor him with prize money of $200,000 for his contributions. Not many know that he spent his entire life working on a single project: an account of the origins and execution of the Greco-Persian Wars that he referred to as ‘the Histories’.

‘The Histories’ by Herodotus also added stories, observations to clearly explain conflict which caused them to fight against one another. After he died, editors divided his ‘The Histories’ into 9 different books. The first five books out of nine explained the rise and fall of the Persian Empire. The books described the geography of each state and their customs. Other four parts explained the story of the war itself right from the invasions of Greece by Persians to the Greek victory at Plataea and Mycale in 479 B.C.

From Where Did He Get the Sources For ‘The Histories’?

In collecting the sources for ‘The Histories’, Herodotus was dependent on his observations and oral traditions. The results of an investigation by modern archeologists explained that he was an accurate reporter of what he observed himself. He was not good enough in dealing with military operations as he had no experience of warfare and therefore could not imagine the stories of military operations he would hear. (8.3)

Herodotus Was More Than a Storyteller

Herodotus was the first writer who successfully put together a long historical narrative in his observations and dramas. He was able to attract readers to the real events of stories by creating interesting scenes, characters and sometimes through dialogues. He was the first European historian, and the honesty and skill he used to build up his complex and reliable account fully justify the title that has been given to him:”Father of History”.

It Still Serves as the Reliable Source for Events in Persian Empire

His ‘The Histories’ was criticized a lot but modern philosophers usually look at its positive sides. Besides the controversy, Herodotus still serves as the major source for events in the Persian Empire and Greek World. Like many ancient historians, Herodotus aimed to entertain the reader with great dramas and events.

The accuracy of his work has been controversial since his own era. Ancient Greek philosophers including Josephus, Aristotle, and Plutarch commented on Herodotus controversy. But many ancient and modern scholars – Volney, Bernal, DuBois, Cheikh Anta Diop, Davidson and others mentioned the reliability of his work. Diop provided several examples suggesting that Herodotus was highly attentive and analytical for his time.

His Research Helped in Gaining the Information About World of Science

Herodotus also provided information about the world of science during his journey. For instance, he reported that the annual flooding of Nile was said to be the result of melting snows. He commented that he did not understand how there can be snow in the parts of Africa as it is considered as the hottest part of the world. He then passed on reports from Phoenician sailors that they “saw the sun on the right side while sailing westwards". Later, it was argued that Africa was circumnavigated by seafarers.

The inventions and the discoveries at the end of the 19th century give credits to Herodotus for his research and explanation. Herodotus also described Gelonus, located in Scythia as a city thousand times larger than Troy. This explanation was not believed, but it was accepted after a research in 1975.

In addition, the archaeological study of the now-submerged ancient Egyptian city of Heracleion and the recovery of ‘Naucratis stela’ is credited to Herodotus’ previous claim that the lost city of Heracleion was established during the Egyptian New Kingdom. (8.4)

Death and Appreciation

After traveling several places, Herodotus came to live in Italy in the Greek colony of Thurii. According to the study, it is believed that he had also spent some years of his life in Athens. Scholars consider that Herodotus died in Athens due to the same plague that killed Athenian statesman ‘Pericles’.

Watch the video below to know more about Herodotus’ early life and his achievements.

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Conclusion

Herodotus ‘as a father of history’ became so famous that many countries have claimed to be the site of his funeral and even erected monuments in his honor. His work continued to be appreciated by people worldwide after his death and is still considered as a reliable source of information.

Have you heard of any stories of Herodotus based on his traveling or other experiences? If yes, do share them with us. We would love to know more about the life of Herodotus and his achievements that are still celebrated.

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