Imperforate anus

Definition

Imperforate anus is a defect that is present from birth (congenital) in which the opening to the anus is missing or blocked. The anus is the opening to the rectum through which stools leave the body.

Alternative Names

Anorectal malformation; Anal atresia

Causes, incidence, and risk factors

Imperforate anus may occur in several forms.

The rectum may end in a blind pouch that does not connect with the colon.

The rectum may have openings to the urethra, bladder, base of the penis or scrotum in boys, or vagina in girls.

There may be narrowing (stenosis) of the anus or no anus.

The problem is caused by abnormal development of the fetus. Many forms of imperforate anus occur with other birth defects. It occurs in about 1 out of 5,000 infants.

Symptoms

Anal opening very near the vagina opening in girls

Baby does not pass first stool within 24 - 48 hours after birth

Missing or moved opening to the anus

Stool passes out of the vagina, base of penis, scrotum, or urethra

Swollen belly area

Signs and tests

A doctor can diagnose this condition during a physical exam. Imaging tests may be recommended.

Treatment

The infant should be checked for other problems, especially those affecting the genitals, urinary tract, and spine.

Surgery to correct the defect is needed. If the rectum connects with other organs, these organs will also need to be repaired. A temporary colostomy (connecting the end of the large intestine to the abdomen wall so that stool can be collected in a bag) is often needed.

Expectations (prognosis)

Most defects can successfully be corrected with surgery. Most children with mild defects do very well. However, constipation can be a problem.

Children who have more complex surgeries still usually have control over their bowel movements. However, they often need to follow a bowel program, which includes eating high-fiber foods, taking stool softeners, and sometimes using enemas.

Some children may need more surgery.

Calling your health care provider

This disorder is usually discovered when the newborn infant is first examined. Call your health care provider if a child that was treated for imperforate anus has abdominal pain or fails to develop any bowel control by the age of 3.