Frederick Wilhelm von Egloffstein (18 May 1824 – 18 February 1885) was a German-born military man, explorer, mapmaker, landscape artist and engraver. He was the first person to employ ruled glass screens, together with photography, to produce engravings.[1]

Born Friedrich Ernst Sigmund Kamill von Egloffstein at Egloffstein, the fifth and last son of Baron Wilhelm von Egloffstein and his second wife Karoline marquise de Montperny. The Egloffsteins have their ancestral castle after which they are named, overlooking the village of the same name. They are regarded as Imperial barons of Franconia, and they were Protestants.[2] Baron Wilhelm von Egloffstein had served in the Prussian army as well as in the court of the prince of Baden at Karlsruhe before taking service as a Bavarian forestry officer in 1811 where he served as Master of the Royal Bavarian Forests.[3]

Baron F. W. von Egloffstein was serving in the Prussian army as a lieutenant in the 5th (von Neumann or First Silesian) Battalion of Rangers (Jäger) in Görlitz, Prussian Silesia, in 1846 when he left for the United States.[4] He would resign his commission in 1847 but briefly return to Germany in December 1848 to marry Irmgard von Kiesenwetter in Reichenbach, Oberlausitz, then Prussian Silesia, today Saxony. His wife came from a prominent family of the Kingdom of Saxony.[5] There was a daughter in St. Louis, Missouri who died early; his eldest son Friedrich, born in Dresden on 6 June 1855, would marry in Iowa; a second son, Philip was born in 1867 and baptized in New York.[6] A daughter, Magdalena Elisabeth, was born in New York on 15 October 1871 and baptized on 15 June 1873.[7]

In 1850 his cousin, the future novelist and naturalist Baron Ludwig von Reizenstein, visited him in St. Louis and was taught the skills of surveying by Egloffstein.[12]

Egloffstein was hired as a topographer for the last Western expedition of John Charles Frémont, 1853-54. He left the expedition in Parowan, Utah, after near starvation and exposure in the mountains and went to Great Salt Lake City with his friend and colleague, the Daguerreotypist Solomon Nunez Carvalho.[13] In Great Salt Lake City he joined the survivors of the Gunnison–Beckwith Expedition under Lieutenant Edward G. Beckwith, producing maps and panoramas of Utah, Wyoming, Nevada and California, published in the Pacific Railroad Reports.[14]

After the completion of the Beckwith expedition, Egloffstein moved to Washington, DC, where he helped edit volumes of the Pacific Railroad Reports. He began experimenting with new ways to portray terrain by taking photographs of plaster models.

In 1857-58 Egloffstein was one of two artists, along with Balduin Möllhausen, on the Joseph Christmas Ives expedition up the Colorado. The official report of the 1857-8 expedition to the Grand Canyon was titled "Report Upon the Colorado River of the West", published by Congress in 1861. Since by that time the US was deeply embroiled in a great civil war, the report received little attention. It was not until the 1880s, when public knowledge of the magnificent Grand Canyon had grown appreciably, that the report received greater recognition. It contained the first written descriptions of the Canyon's inner areas, as well as maps, panoramas, and illustrative plates by expedition artist Friedrich W. von Egloffstein.[15] His maps are now regarded as among the finest produced in the nineteenth century, using a half-tone system of his own invention.

Ives' report contains three engravings and three panoramic line drawings describing the "Big Caňon" of the Colorado. One particular stunning depiction was titled "Black Caňon" by Egloffstein himself, and has generally been understood to depict the section of the Colorado River where Hoover Dam now stands. These drawings have been criticized for over a hundred years by those who have subsequently visited the Canyon, since his depictions in no way resemble the actual terrain.[16]

Students of Egloffstein's work have been baffled by the apparent errors, since Egloffstein was superbly competent - the 1861 report also contains a meticulous and accurate relief map of the Grand Canyon which Egloffstein produced on the trip. It was not until 2001 that an explanation for the discrepancies began to be developed: Jeremy Miller,[17] viewing Egloffstein's Black Cañon in a New York exhibition, recognized it not as a portion of the Grand Canyon, but as part of the Gunnison River in present-day Colorado. He found the topographical map of that area which Egloffstein had produced for the Gunnison expedition, and noted that what is now called the Gunnison River was marked "Grand River" thereon. He found another Egloffstein work, View Showing the Formation of the Cañon of the Grand River, which had been produced during the Gunnison expedition. He then traveled to the Gunnison River and located sites which duplicated the vistas shown in the Egloffstein engravings of the nineteenth century. It is now presumed that Congressional staffers working on the 1861 Grand Canyon report misfiled the Egloffstein works, assuming that his "Grand Caňon" engravings must refer to The Grand Canyon expedition.[18]

During the Civil War he produced a large map in his contoured style showing the Four Corners region for a report that was only published decades later. It shows paths of all major explorations in the region up to that time.[21]

In 1864 he would publish a study of the mineral resources of the state of México based on reports done in the 1820s by his long-term friend Baron Friedrich von Gerolt, Prussian Minister to the United States.[22] His maps for this book are regarded as outstanding examples of half-tone and color map-making and display.

Egloffstein patented a method for photographically creating half-tone printing plates, which he sought to exploit commercially in the 1860s and 1870s, but with little commercial success.[23] He continued working as an engraver and maker of scale models until his departure from America in 1878.

He would return to Germany in 1878, living in a house in Hosterwitz near Dresden, Kingdom of Saxony.[24] After his death in 1885 an autopsy was performed to document his widow's claim that he died as a result of infection from his war wound. This claim was accepted by the United States Commissioner of Pensions.[25] Reports of various dates of his death are the result of ignorance on the part of his American descendents.[26]

^United States National Archives, translation of baptism certificate of Magdalene Elisabeth von Egloffstein in the application of Irmgard baroness von Egloffstein for a pension; also Egloffstein, Chronik, p. 589.

^Manifest of the ship Elise, National Archives and Records Administration, Film M255, Reel 5, List 40, Immigrant Ship Transcribers Guild, vol. 7, posted at www.immigrantships.net/v7/1800v/elise18460831.html. To be used with caution.

^Ralph H. Waldo, Guide to the Plan Books of the Orleans Parish Notarial Records (1946), found in the Historic New Orleans Collection.

Contributions to the Geology and the Physical Geography of Mexico including a geological and topographical map, with profiles of some to the principal mining districts; together with a graphic description of an ascent of the Volcano Popocatapetl (New York: Appleton & Co., 1864).

Carvalho, Solomon Nunez, Incidents of Travel and Adventure in the Far West: with Col. Fremont's Last Expedition across the Rocky Mountains: Including Three Months Residence in Utah, and a Perilous Trip across the Great American Desert to the Pacific (New York: Derby & Jackson, 1857), various 20th century editions.

Ives, Joseph Christmas, Report upon the Colorado River of the West explored in 1857 and 1858 by Lieutenant Joseph C. Ives, Corps of Topographical Engineers, under the direction of the Office of Explorations and Surveys, J. A. Humphries, Captain Topographical Engineers, in Charge, USCSS, vol. 1058, 1861.