“…the organism has choices… If a problem is encountered, the thing has to figure out a solution. Sometimes the solution is fantastic, other times it is less so… If we didn’t have extensive overlap and redundancy in our genome, we wouldn’t be here at all.”
- geneticist Mario Capecchi
Genes

“…any living cell carries with it the experience of a billion years of experimentation by its ancestors. You cannot expect to explain so wise an old bird in a few simple words.”
- biologist Max Delbruck
Genes

Brains
Brains might produce male- and female-typical outcomes, but they may “just as well do the exact opposite, that is, they may prevent sex differences in overt functions and behaviors by compensating for sex differences in physiology.”
- neuroendocrinologist Geert De Vries

TAKE HOME POINTS
We now know how social difference and inequality become embodied.
So we can make powerful arguments against the naturalization of biological states.
We can better understand how difference and inequality emerge, persist, and are changed.

TAKE HOME POINTS
We now know how social difference and inequality become embodied.
So we can make powerful arguments against the naturalization of biological states.
We can better understand how difference and inequality emerge, persist, and are changed.
Helps explain why sex differences research has been so… anticlimatic.