MQ 1: In what ways did pastoral societies differ from their agricultural counterparts?
1. They supported far smaller populations than did agricultural societies
-they had less productive economies
-they needed large grazing areas
2.Pastoral peoples organized themselves in kinship-based groups based or common ancestry
-existed in widely scattered encampments
-classes became prominent as the separation between wealthy aristocrats owning large flocks of animals and poor herders.
3. Women were offered more social mobility and freedom
-they were largely in charge of smaller animals
-they were productive laborers and provided food and children
-remarriage was free from negative connotation and divorce could be initiated by the woman
-the served as political advisers and were active in military affairs
4.Pastoral societies were much more mobile than their agricultural counterparts who were mostly sedentary
-they shifted their herds in regular patterns to systematically follow the seasonal changes
-life was dictated by local environment conditions and based on turning grass

Please ADD THINGS IF I AM MISSING ANYTHING!

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Jackie Simmons

11/12/2017 04:07:33 pm

i just put less productive economy and larger grazing areas in two different categories which creates 5 answers to the question. but that was just my opinion.

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Eleena Sherman

11/13/2017 06:24:38 pm

I also added that pastoral societies lacked surplus money to build professional armies and bureaucracies

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Allie Guerra

11/15/2017 02:15:36 pm

Would the fact that there were social inequalities be a difference from agricultural groups or would it be a similarity and no longer apply to the question?

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Bingham

11/15/2017 04:13:03 pm

I think that it's definitely true that agricultural societies had more social inequality than pastoralists. There just isn't enough work specialization in a pastoral society to support much inequality. It's the chief/elder/Khan, and then everyone else.

Julissa Ramirez

11/15/2017 03:56:43 pm

Pastoral civilization lacked any formal system of writing.

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Izze Chavez

11/12/2017 12:23:41 pm

MQ 2: In what ways did pastoral societies interact with their agricultural neighbors?
1. Pastoral societies could not survive on animals alone
-needed foodstuffs, manufactured goods,and luxury items that could not be attained from their own resources
2. Interaction stimulated the creation of tribal confederations of nomadic states that could more effectively deal with powerful agricultural societies.
-independence and internal rivalries made this unification difficult
-the lack of wealth for armies and bureaucracies also made this hard
3. Pastoral societies would extract wealth from agricultural societies (China, Persia, and Byzantium) through trading, extorting, and raiding.
-pastoral people had military advantages because they were all trained to ride horses and hunt
4. Pastoral people adopted many religions and were converted in a top-down fashion.
-adopted Judaism, Christianity, Buddhism, and manichaesm
-adopted religion because of politics or because of changed religious allegiance as circumstances altered
4. While agriculturalists were equipped with favorable land, pastoral societies mastered unsuitable environments.
-Inner Asian steppes learned horseback riding which allowed these societies to accumulate and ten larger herds and move faster over larger territory.
-New technologies were passed through the Eurasian Steppes which allowed a common culture for these pastoral peoples
Please add anything you wannnttttt

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Izze Chavez

11/12/2017 12:24:44 pm

Oops I meant 5. I swear I can count:(

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Izze Chavez

11/12/2017 12:58:11 pm

MQ3: In what ways did the Xiongnu, Arabs, Turks, and Berbers make an impact on world history?
Xiongnu:
-Cultural:
•Tribute from China and other nomads supported the Xiongnu rule.
-Political
•Xiongnu, from fragmented and egalitarian developed into a hierarchical political system which focused on differences between junior and senior classes.
Arabs:
-Cultural:
•Arabs carried Islam to Turks
-Political:
•reliable camel saddles enabled effective fighting, control of trade routes in incense through Arabia, and shock troops of islamic expansion
Turks:
-Cultural:
•Turkic language and culture spread widely over inner Asia and entered agrarian civilization.
•Turks became the third major carriers of the Islamic faith
•Turkic invasions of India solidified Islams presence there and in Anatolia Islam and Turkic religion/ culture stuck
•They went from pastoral to sedentary
-Political:
•Turkic people were creators of a series of nomadic empires between 552 and 965 C.E.
•Turkic people raided, allied, extorted, and traded with China, Persia, and Byzantium
•The Turks started as slave traders in the Abbasid caliphate, but as it declined the Turks got more military and political power there.
-Turks created the Ottoman empire which became one of the great powers of Eurasia
Berbers:
-Cultural:
•At first the Sanhaja Berber pastoralists did not practice Islam religiously, but a movement started by Ibn Yasin to purify the practice of faith= expansion of state (Almoravid empire)
•Brought more sophisticated Islam to Morocco
-Political:
•Almoravid controlled West African gold trade and grain-producing Atlantic plains of Morocco.
Ok, for this question I had TROUBLE so help would be appreciated.

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Izze Chavez

11/12/2017 12:59:38 pm

also, I just realized how inefficient my format is because my question takes up the whole forum, sorry:)

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Eleena Sherman

11/14/2017 06:50:55 pm

So for this one, I think you're focusing too much on what the civilizations did or what they accomplished for themselves rather than the impact on the world. I had most of the same answers as you did but for example you said that Turks went from pastoral to sedentary which is correct but I think a better way to format that to show how it impacted the world is to say
Turks established for themselves in the heartland of Muslim World
because this specifically shows the impact it had culturally on the Muslim World

Here is my answer:
Xiongnu:
1. unified many tribes under centralized state
2. pastoral people became recognized as equal to established agricultural society (Han China)
3. created a model of a powerful nomadic empire that the Turks and Mongols later followed

Arabs:
1. Islamic religion derived from Arabs
2. strong military enabled control of trade routes AND expansion of Islam
3. development of an Arab Empire from nomadic tribes

Turks:
1. became third major carrier of Islam
2. spread Turkic culture and language into new areas
3. established position for themselves in heartland of Muslim world

Berbers:
1. adopted Islam
2. reformed religious movement became Almoravid state
3. came into conflict with and impacted neighboring civilizations in North Africa and Europe (not sure if this one is too broad or not)

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Lia Stallmann

11/14/2017 07:46:55 pm

That is what I had, but for Xiongnu, I added that they played a role in weakening the Chinese/Roman Empires (which led to collapse), and for Turks, the creation of the Ottoman Empire.

Izze Chavez

11/12/2017 01:09:42 pm

MQ4: Identify the major steps in the rise of the Mongol Empire?
• Temujin, regarded as Chinggis Khan united many Mongol tribes into a now unified Great Mongol Nation, in 1206.
•needing a common task and external resources to sustain this unity,Chinggis Khan launched a series of military campaigns against agricultural societies of Eurasia half a century after 1209.
•Through this mongol world war China, Korea, Central Asia, Russia, much of the Islamic Middle east, and some areas of eastern Europe came into mongols sphere of influence.

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Izze Chavez

11/12/2017 02:30:55 pm

MQ5: How did Mongol rule change China? In what ways were the mongols changed by China?
Mongol change china:
•mongols gave themselves a Chinese dynastic title, the Yuan, suggesting a new beginning in Chinese history
•Transferred the Chinese capital from Karakorum in Mongolia to what is now Beijing, building a wholly new capital city there known as Khanbalik.
China change Mongol:
•adopted Chinese administrative practices, techniques of taxation, and postal system
•Khubilai Khan
-ordered a set of Chinese-style ancestral tablets
-evoked the values of a Chinese emperor improved roads, built canals, lowered some taxes, patronized scholars/artists, limited death penalties, supported peasant agriculture, and prohibited mongol animals from grazing on peasants' farmland.
•Mongol khans also adopted various cultural/philosophical traditions
-Confucian tradition
-supported the construction of some daoist temples
-fond of Tibetan Buddhism

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Marin Hart

11/13/2017 06:23:59 pm

The Mongols also
-unified fractured China
-had women mix freely with men in public
-had women as political advisers
-discriminated against Chinese in law and reserved for them harsh punishments
-honored merchants and artisans

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Eleena Sherman

11/14/2017 06:56:46 pm

I also added for how China was influenced by Mongols
1. Because of Mongol unification of China, Chinese granted the Mandate of Heaven to Mongols
2. landowners complied with the Mongols so they could keep agricultural land

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Izze Chavez

11/12/2017 03:41:59 pm

MQ6: How was Mongol rule in Persia different from that in China?
Mongol change china:
-Far more abrupt change
-Change was more destructive than in China
•mongol military victory brought in its wake ferocity and slaughter
-While in China peasants were supported/respected and taxes were lowered, in Persia agriculture was abandoned and taxes were increased
•irrigation was abandoned as a result of Mongol pastoralists letting their hers graze away at the land until it became like a desert
-taxes were collected up to 20-30 times a year
Persia change Mongols:
-Persia changed the Mongols much more than China did.
-sophisticated Persian bureaucracy was adopted by Mongols
-repaired irrigation work
-mongols who conquered Persia became muslim
-members of the court/elite learned persian
-some pastoralists converted to agricultural forms of sustainability
-once the mongol rule ended, mongols were not driven out of Persia as they were in China
-Mongols were thoroughly assimilated into the Persian culture unlike in China

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Sebastain Covington

11/14/2017 07:39:43 am

MQ7: What was distinctive about the Russian experience of Mongol rule? (This is my first time, can you help me out?)
- Russia was a new political unity, never experiencing anything like the Mongol military force
- Mongols had catapults and battering rams from Chinese and Persian arsenals
- Mongols didn't occupy Russia, but dominated them from the neighboring steppes.
- Russian princes benefited from being middlemen in the collection of tributes
- Border raids sent tens of thousands into slavery
- Impact on Russia by Mongols was greater than and greatly more uneven than in Persia and China
- Mongol policies facilitated the rise of Moscow as the core of a new Russian state
- The Russians
- adopted Mongol weapons
- diplomatic rituals
- court practices
- taxation systems
- military drafting
- Mongol policies facilitated the Russian Orthodox Church's spread to rural areas and flourished
- Neither Russian culture or Mongol culture were assimilated into each other due to the distance of Mongol rule.

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Seb Covington

11/14/2017 07:41:32 am

I even spelled my name wrong, smh.

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Allie Guerra

11/14/2017 01:35:50 pm

MQ9: Disease changes societies. How might this argument apply to the plague?
- Black death changed Eurasia drastically. In the initial outbreak of the plague, 50% of Europe's population died and one-third of people in the Middle East lost their lives. In Europe: labor shortages caused workers, who were now scare, to demand better conditions and pay which caused issues with the rich who didn't want to comply with their demands. As a result of the higher class unwillingness, peasant revolts broke out which eventually undermined serfdom. Labor shortage = more interest in technology and, briefly, more job opportunities for women. Mongol network - caused the plague and collapse because of it. 1350 - The Mongol Empire was having internal issues and could not control other civilizations. Because of this, the Central Asian Trade Route closed, damaging the Afro-Eurasian world economy. Mongols collapsed because of plague ---> Europeans could continue to satisfy their need for Asian goods and could now get into Asia much easier because of their advanced naval technologies and the absence of the Mongol threat.

I also added some of the larger consequences and implications of the plague on Europe after the Mongol network collapsed such as:
- taking on the role of the Mongols in organizing and fostering world trade
- creating a network of communication and exchange

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Izze Chavez

11/14/2017 08:29:31 pm

I answered this question and was snooping around online and found a more concise version of my own answer. It could be easier to memorize I suppose, so I'll post it here if anyone wants it.

• The loss of population due to the plague created labor shortages that provoked sharp conflict between scarce workers and the rich, which in turn undermined the practice of serfdom in Europe.
• Labor shortages also fostered a greater interest in technological innovation in Europe and created more employment opportunities for women.
• The plague contributed to the downfall of the Mongol Empire.
• The plague caused significant disruption to trade routes to the east, and this trade disruption, along with a desire to avoid Muslim intermediaries, provided an incentive for Europeans to take to the sea in their continuing efforts to reach the riches of Asia.

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Lia Stallmann

11/14/2017 07:15:12 pm

I wanted to attempt BPQ 1...: What accounts for the often negative attitudes of settled societies toward the pastoral peoples living on their borders?

- Most pastoral societies were recorded in history from the perspective of sedentary civilizations, because of their lack of a written language. These statements were generally negative because those other civilizations feared and despised the pastoral societies who raided, attacked, and extorted wealth from them, leading to the common image of depicting them as "barbarians"

- Agricultural civilizations "won" the conflict between them and the pastoral societies, as most of the nomadic people either created new civilizations or were assimilated into old ones, thus losing their independence and for some, their nomadic ways of life.

- differences among cultures: settled societies were patriarchal, pastoralists had more rights for women; behavioral differences as pastoral societies relied on animals, like the Mongols practically "lived on" horses

Actually now that I'm reading #2 (Why have historians often neglected pastoral people's role in world history?) some of the points overlap, and the first 2 points may be more suitable for BPQ #2. I also just added that the have housing and dietary differences for the third point.

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Eleena Sherman

11/14/2017 07:37:03 pm

I think what you have written here is fine although I can see how your first 2 points correspond to BPQ 2. I wrote something similar to what you wrote for your first 2 points as part of BPQ 2:
1. Their preference for mobile, clan-based settlements with smaller populations and their general lack of a written language differed greatly from the urbanized cities of agricultural society sensing the nomadic tribes as backwards and incorrect (homeless because viewed as nomads moving everywhere)
2. The greater freedom of nomadic women could have been seen as backwards to the patriarchal hierarchy in agricultural civilizations.
3. The lack of a unified state prevented communication between the agrarian and pastoral civilizations

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Izze Chavez

11/14/2017 08:35:56 pm

This is from that study guide I found earlier. It's pretty broad and I think the other answers you guys have said will make be better for us on the test.
• Settled societies feared pastoral peoples, seeing them as bloodthirsty savages or barbarians who brought only chaos and destruction in their wake.
• Settled societies often despised the lifestyle of pastoral peoples, who lacked proper houses and had a diet that was very different from that of settled societies.
• Settled societies on occasion competed for resources with their pastoral counterparts. This led to frequent raids with the agriculturalists being the victims and the pastoralists causing the chaos.

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Alison Wang

11/14/2017 07:29:27 pm

I think this is mostly everything for MQ8?

What kinds of cross-cultural interactions did the Mongol Empire generate?

- promoted trade and commerce across Eurasia with a wide-reaching trade network
- this wide reach stimulated diplomatic relationships (Persia and China)
- increased exchange in Eurasia with the forcible transfer of thousands of skilled citizens
- this encouraged an immense amount of exchange of ideas due to Mongol support
- religion spread due to the Mongols' religious tolerance
- crops were exchanged

Please tell me if i'm missing anything

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Eleena Sherman

11/14/2017 07:38:50 pm

That's what I had but I also added that
1. Europe reaped the most benefits without the devastation of Mongol raids leading to the global prominence of Europe after the collapse of the Mongol Empire

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Izze Chavez

11/14/2017 08:39:35 pm

• The Mongols actively promoted international commerce, and the Mongol trading circuit that stretched from China to the Near East was a central element in an even larger commercial network that linked much of the Afro-Eurasian world in the thirteenth century.
• The Mongol Empire also prompted diplomatic relationships from one end of Eurasia to the other, especially between Western Europe and the Mongols and between Persia and China.
• The Mongol Empire also spurred a substantial exchange of peoples and cultures through its policy of forcibly transferring many thousands of skilled craftsmen and educated people from their homelands to distant parts of the empire.
• The Mongol Empire, through its religious tolerance and support of merchants, facilitated the spread of religions.
• The Mongol authorities actively encouraged the exchange of ideas and techniques. A great deal of Chinese technology and artistic conventions flowed westward, including painting, printing, gunpowder weapons, compass navigation, high-temperature furnaces, and medical techniques. Meanwhile, Muslim astronomers brought their skills and knowledge to China.
• Crops were also exchanged.
This study guide basically just elaborated on your points Alison, but I thought it might be helpful when memorizing.

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Bingham

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