Addiction and alcohol Defining Addiction - PPT

Defined as continued involvement with a substance or activity despite its ongoing negative consequences.. When the individual eventually needs to consume the addictive substance or enact the behavior to feel normal.. ID: 673148

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Addiction and alcohol Defining Addiction

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Symptoms include general disregard for one’s health, sleep deprivation, neglecting family and friends, lack of physical activity, euphoria when online, lower grades in school, and poor job performance.

Compensation for feelings of loneliness, marital or work problems, a poor social life, or financial problems

Addiction Affects Family and Friends

Codependence

Pattern of behavior

Person becomes “addicted to the addict”

Disregard personal needs in order to meet needs or desires of addict

Enabling

Knowingly or unknowingly protects addict from consequences of behavior

Rarely conscious and generally unintentional

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Drug Dynamics

Abuse often associated with illegal drugs, but many people abuse and misuse legal drugs

Drug misuse

—use for purpose not intended

Drug abuse

—excessive use

Misuse and abuse may lead to addiction

Drug and alcohol abuse contributes to more than 120,000 American deaths a year

Costs $294 billion in preventable health care expenses annually.

Although overall use of drugs in the United States has fallen by 50 percent in the past 20 years, the past 10 years have shown an increase in the use of certain drugs by adolescents.

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Drug Dynamics

Types of Drugs

Prescription—

more than 10,000 types sold in U.S

Over-the-counter (OTC) drugs—

no prescription needed

Recreational—

alcohol, tobacco, coffee, etc.

Herbal preparations—

products of plant origin

Illicit (illegal)—

all are psychoactive

Commercial preparations—

household cleaners, pesticides, etc.

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Drug Dynamics

Routes of Drug Administration

Oral

Injection

Intravenous—into bloodstream

Intramuscular—into muscle

Subcutaneous—just under the skin

Inhalation

through the nose or mouth

Inunction

through the skin

Suppositories

through the vagina or anus

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Drug Dynamics

Drug Interactions

Polydrug Use

Taking several substances simultaneously

Synergism

Effects are multiplied

Expressed as 2 + 2 = 10

Example: Alcohol and barbiturates

Antagonism

Work at same receptor

Inhibition

—the effects of one drug are eliminated or reduced by the presence of another drug

Has gained notoriety as a growing problem on college campuses as it has been added to punch and other drinks at parties in hopes of lowering women’s inhibitions and facilitating potential sexual conquests

Gamma-hydroxybutyrate (GHB)

CNS depressant known to have euphoric, sedative, and anabolic (bodybuilding) effects

Another “date rape” drug

Side effects include loss of memory, unconsciousness, amnesia, hallucinations, and death

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Common Drugs of Abuse

Hallucinogens

Scramble messages coming to reticular formation

Synesthesia

—

mixing of sensory messages

May “hear colors” and “smell tastes”

Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD)

Also called acid

Common hallucinogen used to “unlock secrets” of the mind

Used to “turn on” and “tune out” world

In 1970 it was placed on controlled substances list

Over 11 million Americans have tried acid

Commonly sold as a “blotter” on paper

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Common Drugs of Abuse

Ecstasy

methylene-dioxymethamphetamine

(MDMA)

Most common club drug

Side effects include hallucination, paranoia, and amnesia

Causes death in some cases, especially when combined with alcohol

Chronic use can damage the brain

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Common Drugs of Abuse

Mescaline

Derived from peyote cactus

Native Americans use it for religious purposes

Users typically swallow 10 to 12 dried peyote buttons

Generally induces immediate vomiting

Psilocybin

“Magic mushrooms”

Effects generally wear off in 4 to 6 hours

Cultivated from spores or harvested wild

Similar to LSD in effect

Mushroom varieties can be easily misidentified, and mistakes can be fatal

0

Common Drugs of Abuse

Phencyclidine (PCP)

Originally used as a dissociative anesthetic

Side effects such as amnesia led doctors to abandon use

May cause euphoria or dysphoria

Known to cause hallucinations, delusions, and overall delirium

Ketamine (Special K)

Used as an anesthetic in many hospital and veterinary clinics

Causes hallucinations and sensory distortions

1

Common Drugs of Abuse

Inhalants

Users inhale chemicals

Legal to purchase and not commonly recognized as drugs, though dangerous when used incorrectly

Includes: glue, paint thinner, and rubber cement

Amyl Nitrate and Nitrous Oxide

Commonly known as laughing gas

Imparts a “silly feeling”

An overdose of fumes from inhalants can cause unconsciousness and death

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Common Drugs of Abuse

Anabolic Steroids

Artificial forms of the male hormone testosterone that promote muscle growth and strength

Ergogenic

drugs

Adverse effects occur

“Performance-enhancing” steroid alternatives

Gamma-

hydroxybutyrate

(GHB)

Clenbuterol

The 2007 Mitchell Report investigated steroid use among Major League Baseball players, 89 of whom were alleged to have used steroids

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Treatment and Recovery

An estimated 23.6 million Americans aged 12 or older needed treatment for illicit drug or alcohol use problem in 2007.

Of these, approximately 10 percent received treatment

Detoxification—

an early abstinence period during which an addict adjusts physically and cognitively to being free from the addiction’s influence

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Treatment and Recovery

Treatment Approaches

Outpatient Behavioral Treatment

Cognitive behavioral therapy

Multidimensional family therapy

Motivational interviewing

Motivational incentives (contingency management)

Residential Treatment Programs

Therapeutic communities (TCs) are highly structured programs in which addicts remain at a residence, typically for 6 to 12 months

12-Step Programs

Nonjudgmental treatment programs that aim to work on personal recovery