4 ARTICLE / ARTÍCULO HOW HAS SPACE EXPLORATION EVOLVED? HOW IS GMV PREPARING? CÓMO HA EVOLUCIONADO LA EXPLORACIÓN ESPACIAL? CÓMO SE ESTÁ PREPARANDO GMV? We choose to go to the Moon in this decade and do other things, not because they are easy, but because they are hard, because that goal will serve to organize and measure the best of our energies and skills, because that challenge is one that we are willing to accept, one we are unwilling to postpone, and one which we intend to win. The exploration of space will go ahead, whether we join in it or not, and it is one of the great adventures of all time, and no nation which expects to be the leader of other nations can expect to stay behind in the race for space. Those sentences were part of a speech considered as the start of the largest peacetime governmental engineering venture of space history. But what has changed since President John Kennedy s Rice University Stadium Moon Speech in 1962? For sure what has not changed is the complexity of the exploration activities studied and developed. On the contrary, the space scenarios currently internationally analyzed, and especially the ones involving human exploration, are more and more complex and ambitious. This is true in all their features: motivation, objectives, destination, duration, organization, programmatic. Certainly what has not changed is the awareness that space exploration is a means for nations to grow. No matter the specific national motivations, only established and advanced states may have access to space. Neither are the high costs required different. More complexity, higher costs. So where is the difference, if any? The difference is that space is every day becoming more and more an increasingly international effort, not only from a technical and scientific point of view, but also and especially from the political one. It is quite evident that space projects are becoming more and more international in nature. Both increasing project complexity and reduced space budgets tend to reinforce this trend. Thus new mechanisms are required to generate a unique and sustainable vision for global exploration strategy. These mechanisms have to be able to handle both the technical and the political facets of the overall endeavor. Dr Eduard Hoffman from NASA recently described the complexity of space projects in terms of three fundamental dimensions: technical complexity, organizational complexity and strategic complexity. This three-dimensionality Hemos elegido ir a la Luna en esta década y emprender otros proyectos, no porque sean sencillos, sino, al contrario, porque son difíciles, porque ese objetivo servirá para organizar y medir lo mejor de nuestras energías y capacidades, porque ese reto es el que estamos deseando aceptar, el que no queremos posponer y el que tenemos intención de conseguir. La exploración del espacio seguirá adelante, nos unamos o no a ella, porque es una de las grandes aventuras de todos los tiempos y ninguna nación que espere ser líder de otras naciones puede permitirse quedarse atrás en la carrera espacial. Estas frases formaron parte de un discurso considerado el inicio de la mayor aventura pág. 4 I GMV NEWS nº51 Junio 2012 tecnológica de la historia espacial en tiempos de paz de un estado. Pero, qué ha cambiado desde el discurso pronunciado por el presidente John Kennedy en el Rice University Stadium en 1962? Lo que, con toda seguridad, no ha cambiado es la complejidad de las actividades de exploración que se estudian y desarrollan. Al contrario, los escenarios espaciales que se analizan actualmente en el ámbito internacional, y especialmente los que implican la intervención humana en la exploración, son cada vez más complejos y ambiciosos. Esta afirmación es cierta en todos los elementos que la integran: motivación, objetivos, destinos, duración, organización, gestión. Tampoco ha cambiado la convicción de que la exploración espacial es un medio para el crecimiento de las naciones. No importa cuáles sean las motivaciones concretas de cada país: solo los estados consolidados y avanzados pueden tener acceso al espacio. Ni es diferente el elevado volumen de inversión que se requiere. A mayor complejidad, mayores costes. Así pues, dónde está la diferencia, si la hay? La diferencia es que el espacio forma parte cada vez más de un esfuerzo de carácter internacional, no solo desde el punto de vista técnico y científico, sino también, y especialmente, desde una perspectiva política. Es evidente que los proyectos espaciales se van haciendo progresivamente más internacionales, en una tendencia que viene reforzada por la creciente complejidad de los proyectos y la disminución de los presupuestos para el espacio. Se necesitan, por tanto, nuevos mecanismos que generen una visión común y sostenible de la estrategia global para la exploración espacial, unos mecanismos que sean capaces de abordar tanto las facetas técnicas como las políticas del esfuerzo de todos.

5 introduces different and in some cases colliding requirements. But at same time it indicates and confirms without a shadow of a doubt that space is complex. In particular while technical complexity may be described as a problem of integration and interfaces, organizational and strategic complexities raise larger political questions of governance and authority not yet completely in place. This latter aspect is also due to the fact that there is as yet no established international forum to address space exploration at a political level. Nevertheless, there is a clear but still evolving international consensus around the idea that space exploration requires an overall coordination and a common setting that could help to take decisions. Most likely the best example here is the International Space Exploration Coordination Group (ISECG) where fourteen international space agencies are working together with the common scope of developing a Global Exploration Roadmap. Altogether those agencies have agreed that human space exploration will be most successful as an international endeavor because there are many challenges to preparing for these missions and because of the significant social, intellectual, and economic benefits to people on Earth. One of the results of their work was the release in September 2011 of the Global Exploration Roadmap, reflecting the first international effort to outline a feasible and sustainable pathway for future space exploration. This is done via three fundamental elements: 1. common goals and objectives, 2. long-range human exploration scenarios, and 3. coordination of explorationpreparatory activities. Natural targets for future human exploration are the Moon, near-earth asteroids, and Mars. The starting point is the ISS. Mandatory pieces are the precursor robotics missions. Fundamental elements are a well-defined set of advanced technologies. Crucial steps are ground testing capabilities and the Earth analogue analysis. And this is by no means all. Many more could be mentioned. But let s focus on an obvious question. Is GMV ready to follow this extremely challenging pathway? Definitely yes, as a matter of fact GMV has anticipated the current trend in many aspects. International effort: GMV s worldwide expansion as a group, and also in terms of its capabilities and expertise, is selfevident. In less than three decades the group has managed to set itself up in Spain, USA, Portugal, Germany, Poland, Rumania, India and Malaysia while still maintaining its one hundred percent private enterprise facet. GMV technologies are used in all continents, supporting almost the majority of key worldwide space providers and agencies. One might think that this growth or propensity is related or perhaps limited to what is called today globalization. Partially this could be true. But a huge part of this expansion can also be put down to the company s determination to continue exploring new avenues as a means of growth. Solid international relations are El Dr. Eduard Hoffman de la NASA ha descrito recientemente la complejidad de los proyectos espaciales en cuanto a las tres dimensiones fundamentales que los caracterizan: la complejidad técnica, la complejidad organizativa y la complejidad estratégica. Esta triple dimensionalidad introduce requisitos diferentes y, en algunos casos, contrapuestos, aunque, al mismo tiempo, indica y confirma sin una sombra de duda que el espacio es complejo. En particular, si bien se puede describir la complejidad técnica como un problema de integración e interfaces, las complejidades organizativa y estratégica plantean cuestiones políticas más serias relativas a los gobiernos y autoridades que no están todavía completamente resueltas. Este último aspecto se debe también a la falta de un foro internacional que aborde la exploración espacial a nivel político. No obstante, existe un consenso internacional claro, aunque todavía en proceso, en torno a la idea de que la exploración espacial exige una coordinación global y un marco común que ayude a tomar decisiones. Más que probablemente, el mejor ejemplo aquí es el Grupo Internacional de Coordinación para la Exploración Espacial (ISECG), en el que catorce agencias espaciales internacionales trabajan en colaboración con el propósito común de elaborar una Hoja de Ruta Global para la Exploración. Estas agencias han llegado al acuerdo de que la exploración del espacio por el ser humano tendrá más éxito como esfuerzo internacional debido al gran número de retos que debe afrontar la preparación de estas misiones y a los importantes beneficios sociales, intelectuales y económicos que supone para todos los pobladores de la Tierra. Uno de los resultados de su labor fue la publicación en septiembre de 2011 de la Global Exploration Roadmap (Hoja de Ruta Global para la Exploración), que recoge el primer trabajo internacional destinado a trazar un camino viable y sostenible para la futura exploración espacial, para el que se requieren tres elementos fundamentales 1. objetivos y metas comunes, 2. escenarios de exploración humana de largo alcance y 3. coordinación de las actividades preparatorias para la exploración. Las metas naturales de futuros proyectos de exploración humana son la Luna, los asteroides próximos a la Tierra (NEO) y Marte. El punto de partida es la Estación Espacial Internacional, que utiliza elementos precursores de misiones robóticas, y la existencia de una serie bien definida de tecnologías desarrolladas. Un paso crucial GMV NEWS nº51 June 2012 I p. 5

13 AERONAUTICS / AERONÁUTICA IMPROVING EUROPEAN AIR TRAFFIC SAFETY MEJORA DE LA SEGURIDAD DEL TRÁFICO AÉREO EUROPEO GMV, in collaboration with the Italian firm SESM (from the Finmeccanica group), has been selected to develop the DORATHEA project (Development Of a Risk Assessment methodology to Enhance security Awareness in ATM), with the aim of improving air traffic safety. DORATHEA is co-funded by the European Commission as part of the program to prevent and combat terrorism and other air-traffic security risks. The aim of the project is to develop a risk analysis methodology (identification of threats and vulnerabilities of the diverse stakeholders) to protect critical ATM infrastructure such as control towers and radar equipment. This methodology will then serve as the GMV, en colaboración con la empresa italiana SESM (del grupo Finmeccanica), ha sido seleccionada para desarrollar Dorathea (Development Of a Risk Assessment methodology to Enhance security Awareness in ATM), un proyecto para la mejora de la seguridad del Tráfico Aéreo. DORATHEA es un proyecto cofinanciado por la Comisión Europea en el marco del programa de gestión de la prevención y lucha contra el terrorismo y otros riesgos asociados a la seguridad de la gestión de tráfico aéreo. El proyecto tiene como objetivo el desarrollo de una metodología de análisis de riesgo (identificación de amenazas y vulnerabilidades de los diversos agentes implicados) para protección de infraestructuras críticas de gestión de basis for a coherent implementation of the safety measures imposed by European directives and for defining the responsibilities of the various stakeholders. It also takes into account standards already in use and will complement the work carried out in the SESAR Program (Single European Sky ATM Research) of Eurocontrol, the European air-navigation safety and air traffic-regulation body. GMV can draw on the expertise and knowledge built up from its participation in SESAR research projects and the development of practices and technologies that go well beyond those currently applied by experts or even dreamt of by the public at large (such as tráfico aéreo, como por ejemplo las torres de control y los radares. Esta metodología servirá de base para una implementación coherente de las medidas de seguridad impuestas por las directivas europeas y para la definición de responsabilidades de los diversos agentes. También tiene en consideración estándares ya utilizados y complementará el trabajo desarrollado en el Programa SESAR (Single European Sky ATM Research) de Eurocontrol, la organización europea para la seguridad de la navegación aérea y entidad que regula el tráfico aéreo europeo. GMV disfruta del conocimiento adquirido con su participación en proyectos de investigación, dentro del programa SESAR, y desarrollo de prácticas y tecnologías que van más allá de lo que es el pensamiento theconcept of completely autonomous flight). The methodology, the main target of the project, will pinpoint safety faults related to the interoperability of existing systems and the new ones, ensuring that the measures are brought into practice as smoothly and as efficiently as possible. The project kicked of in March and will run for 24 months, during which the consortium will develop and approve the methodology by way of interviews and workshops with the key ATM and sector stakeholders (system providers and ATM services), air navigation service providers and national aeronautics supervision and regulation authorities from the whole of Europe. común (por ejemplo, el concepto de vuelo completamente autónomo) y de lo que se aplica actualmente. La metodología, objetivo principal del proyecto, identificará fallos de seguridad relacionados con la interoperabilidad entre sistemas ya existentes y sistemas nuevos, facilitando una orientación efectiva en la implementación de medidas. El proyecto comenzó en marzo y durará 24 meses, durante los cuales el consorcio desarrollará y aprobará la metodología a través de entrevistas y talleres con los agentes clave en el contexto de la Gestión de Tráfico Aéreo, de la industria (proveedores de sistemas y servicios de gestión de tráfico aéreo), prestadores de servicios de navegación aérea y autoridades nacionales de reglamentación y supervisión aeronáutica, en toda Europa. This project has been funded with the support of the European Commission. The opinions expressed are purely those of the author and may not in any circumstances be regarded as stating an official position of the European Commission / Este proyecto ha sido financiado con el apoyo de Comisión Europea. Esta comunicación es responsabilidad exclusiva del autor y no debe considerarse de ninguna manera que las opiniones expresadas en este documento reflejan la opinión oficial de la Comisión Europea GMV NEWS nº51 June 2012 I p. 13

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