Indicative of the sensitivity of the radar images is their ability to pick up the topographic profile of the third river drain (pale line immediately west of Tell Jidr, Figure 5), which was dug during the late 1980s to conduct drainage waters through the central plains.

While it is common to use a Gaussian function to model the topographic profile of a rough surface, with the width of the Gaussian distribution being proportional to the RMS of the surface, (18) we are not aware of any special theoretical reason why a Gaussian fit would be the most appropriate in this case, where the scattered intensity is being modeled.

LSCM images presented in this article are 2D intensity projections (an image formed by summing the stack of images over the z direction, 512 pixel x 512 pixel), or 3D topographic profiles of the coating surface.

This mechanism allows the use of existing thin-film metrology equipment, such as spectroscopic ellipsometers, to accurately extract topographic profile information from one-dimensional (1-D) periodic structures.

LSCM images presented in this article were in 2D intensity projection or 3D topographic profile and they were representative of a series of overlapping optical slices (a stack of z-scan images) with each z-step measuring 0.

In addition to a typical frame-scanning mode to generate a topographic profile of the coatings, LSCM was used in the line-scanning mode to measure a cross-section profile through a clearcoating, as shown in Figure 2.

The topographic profiles were created along different landforms: plateaus, glacial cirques and valleys.

The geostatistical analysis of the altitude values from the DEMs and the statistical and visual analysis of the topographic profiles extracted from the DEMs, for some relief forms, demonstrate that between models are not significant differences excepting the SRTM and ASTER DEM, which are not suitable for detailed geomorphological analysis.

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