The figure shows the projected premature deaths due to particulate matter and ground-level ozone. The OECD’s forecasts are based on modelling and thus depend on a range of assumptions about current and future air pollution and its interaction with other determinants of health, including the potential gains from air and climate policies. The forecasts consider only urban population and include the projected ageing of populations in the coming decades. BRIICS countries: Brazil, Russia, India, Indonesia, China, South Africa

River and coastal flooding have affected millions of people in Europe in the last decade. They affect human health through drowning, heart attacks, injuries, infections, exposure to chemical hazards, psychosocial consequences as well as disruption of services, including health services.
Observed increases in heavy precipitation and extreme coastal high-water events have increased the risk of river and coastal flooding in many European regions.
In the absence of additional adaptation, the projected increases in extreme precipitation events and in sea level would substantially increase the health risks associated with river and coastal flooding in Europe.

Heat waves and extreme cold spells are associated with decreases in general population well-being and with increases in mortality and morbidity, especially in vulnerable population groups. Temperature thresholds for health impacts differ according to the region and season.
The number of heat extremes has substantially increased across Europe in recent decades. Heat waves have caused tens of thousands of premature deaths in Europe over the last decade.
Length, frequency and intensity of heat waves are virtually certain to increase in the future. This increase will lead to a substantial increase in mortality over the next decades, especially in vulnerable population groups, unless adaptation measures are taken.
Cold-related mortality is projected to decrease due to better social, economic and housing conditions in many countries in Europe. However, recent studies have questioned whether the projected warming would lead to a further decrease in cold-related mortality.

The red dots indicate stations reporting exceedances of
the 2005 annual limit value (40 μg/m3), as set out in
the Air Quality Directive.
The orange dots indicate stations reporting
exceedances of a statistically derived level (31 μg/m3)
corresponding to the 24–hour limit value, as set out in
the Air Quality Directive.
The pale green dots indicate stations reporting
exceedances of the WHO air quality guideline for PM10
of less than 20 μg/m3 but not in exceedance of limit
values as set out in the Air Quality Directive.
The dark green dots indicate stations reporting
concentrations below the WHO air quality guideline for
PM10 and implicitly below the limit values as set out in
the Air Quality Directive.