Marsy's Law, the California Victims' Bill of Rights Act of 2008, enacted by voters through the initiative process in the November 2008 general election, is an Amendment to the state's constitution and certain penal code sections. The act protects and expands the legal rights of victims of crime to include 17 rights in the judicial process, including the right to legal standing, protection from the defendant, notification of all court proceedings, and restitution, as well as granting parole boards far greater powers to deny inmates parole.[1] Passage of this law in California has led to the passage of a similar law in Illinois and Ohio, and efforts to pass similar laws in Hawaii, Montana, Nevada, South Dakota, Iowa.

Henry T. Nicholas and his mother, Marcella Leach, join John Gillis, former National Director, U.S. Department of Justice Office for Victims of Crime, Los Angeles County Sheriff Lee Baca and then-California Attorney General Jerry Brown at the annual National Day of Remembrance event in downtown Los Angeles.

Marsy Nicholas was the sister of Henry Nicholas, the Co-Founder and former Co-Chairman of the Board, President and Chief Executive Officer of Broadcom Corporation; in 1983,[2] Marsy, then a senior at UC Santa Barbara, was stalked and murdered by her ex-boyfriend, her murderer, Kerry Conley,[3] was tried by a Los Angeles jury and sentenced to life in prison with the possibility of parole. Although Conley died in prison one year before Marsy's Law passed in November 2008, the Nicholas family attended numerous parole hearings, which haunted them for years.[4]

Nicholas was the main organizer of the campaign to pass Marsy's Law, whom former California Governor Pete Wilson called the "driving force" behind the constitutional amendment;[5] in late 2007, Nicholas convened a group, including Wilson, to consider putting a comprehensive victims' rights constitutional amendment on the ballot in California. He recruited legal scholars and former prosecutors to draft, rework and write the final version of the bill; in addition to Nicholas and Wilson, contributors included:

In late February 2008, California non-profit corporation Marsy's Law: Justice for Crime Victims proposed Marsy's Law as a way of giving crime victims constitutionally protected rights such as notifications to victims and informing those involved in the criminal justice process of the Marsy's Law victim rights.[7] Voters passed the Constitutional Amendment in November 2008 by a margin of 53.84% to 46.16%, despite being opposed by nearly every major newspaper in the state.[6]

In 2009, Henry Nicholas formed Marsy's Law for All,[8] which has the following objectives:

Ensure that Marsy's Law is enforced throughout California;

Help crime victims obtain quality legal representation;

Unite the victims' rights movement by providing organizations with media, technology and other support;

Pass an Amendment to the United States Constitution to protect the rights of victims nationwide

Since its passage, Marsy's Law has had a major impact on how victims are treated in the state's judicial system. Now, when any victim of crime is contacted by law enforcement, just as the accused are read their Miranda Rights, that victim is immediately informed of his or her Marsy's Rights and provided with "Marsy's Card" a small foldout containing a full description of each of the 17 Marsy's Rights, which is also available for download in 17 languages on the California Office of the Attorney General website.[9] The California Attorney General has published these rights, which now are utilized by every law enforcement agency in the state; in addition, each of 58 county District Attorney's offices are required to inform victims of these rights at the time a case is filed for criminal prosecution.[10] In 2010, the California Peace Officer Standards and Training (POST) amended its Learning Domain 04 to include Marsy’s Law Training in its Basic Police Academy.[11]

Victims now have the right to be heard at every stage of the legal criminal proceedings, which means before the judge makes a sentencing offer in the case. Prior to the passage of Proposition 9, most victims did not address the court until after a conviction or plea; in addition, actions to bar victims from the courtroom under a "motion to exclude witnesses" are now routinely denied. Victims have a right to be present in court and prosecutors are trained to call victims who will be witnesses in the case to testify first so they can remain in the courtroom for the entire trial.

Marsy's Law also gives victims the right to be represented by counsel of their choosing, rather than relying on the prosecutor, who has a legal obligation to represent the people of his or her jurisdiction, and not the victim. Marsy's Law rights are enforceable and an adverse ruling against a victim in any context involving these rights can be appealed to a higher court by victims through their own counsel or the District Attorney.

Post-conviction, victims' rights have been impacted by the dramatic increase in the length of time between parole hearings, before Marsy's Law, the maximum parole denial was five years for convicted murderers and two years for all other crimes. Marsy Nicholas' mother, Marcella Leach, suffered a heart attack at the second parole hearing for Marsy's killer and was unable to attend subsequent hearing for many years.[12] Now parole denials can be imposed for 7, 10 and even 15 years. Statistics show that in 2009, 20% or 656 inmates received parole denials of 7 years or more; in 2009, only 3.5% received denials of two years or less.[13]

Citing the impact of Marsy's Law in extending the time California prison inmates must wait between hearings after parole has been denied, a Stanford University study of 32,000 California prisoners serving life sentences with the possibility of parole found the likelihood of parole for a convicted murderer is 6%, the study also found that the lifer population has increased from 8% of inmates in 1990 to 20% in 2010 and that the average number of years served is 20.[14]

In another study on the impact of Marsy's Law on the parole process, UCLA law student Laura L. Richardson found a doubling in the average length of time imposed between parole hearings since California voters passed the Constitutional Amendment in 2008, but while victims may impact parole decisions, her analysis of 211 parole hearings failed to reveal an increase in victim participation in the parole process.[15]

The California Supreme Court has said it will review two cases, In re Vicks and In re Russo, which address whether the parole impact of Marsy's Law is unconstitutional; in Vicks, the state Court of Appeal, Fourth Appellate District, Division One found that the risk of increased incarceration resulting from longer parole denials under Marsy's Law violated ex post facto principles if applied to prisoners sentenced before the law was passed. However, in Russo, a different panel from the same court ruled that the ability of a prisoner who had been denied parole to petition to advance the date of the next parole hearing protected Marsy’s Law from an ex post facto challenge.[16]

Marsy's Law amended the state constitution and various state laws to (1) expand the legal rights of crime victims and the payment of restitution by criminal offenders, (2) restrict the early release of inmates, and (3) change the procedures for granting and revoking parole, these changes are discussed in more detail below.[24]

In June 1982, California voters approved Proposition 8, known as the Victims Bill of Rights.[25]

Among other changes, the proposition amended the Constitution and various state laws to grant crime victims the right to be notified of, to attend, and to state their views at, sentencing and parole hearings. Other separately enacted laws have created other rights for crime victims, including the opportunity for a victim to obtain a judicial order of protection from harassment by a criminal defendant.

Proposition 8 established the right of crime victims to obtain restitution from any person who committed the crime that caused them to suffer a loss. Restitution often involves replacement of stolen or damaged property or reimbursement of costs that the victim incurred as a result of the crime. A court is required under current state law to order full restitution unless it finds compelling and extraordinary reasons not to do so.[25]

Sometimes, however, judges do not order restitution. Proposition 8 also established a right to "safe, secure and peaceful" schools for students and staff of primary, elementary, junior high, and senior high schools.

Restitution, this measure requires that, without exception, restitution be ordered from offenders who have been convicted, in every case in which a victim suffers a loss. The measure also requires that any funds collected by a court or law enforcement agencies from a person ordered to pay restitution would go to pay that restitution first, in effect prioritizing those payments over other fines and obligations an offender may legally owe, the victim also is entitled to be compensated for legal fees in hiring counsel under Marsy’s Law on the issues relating to the securing of restitution.[26]

Notification and participation of victims in criminal justice proceedings[edit]

As noted above, Proposition 8 established a legal right for crime victims to be notified of, to attend, and to state their views at, sentencing and parole hearings, this measure expands these legal rights to include all public criminal proceedings, including the release from custody of offenders after their arrest, but before trial. In addition, victims are given the constitutional right to participate in other aspects of the criminal justice process, such as conferring with prosecutors on the charges filed and arguing for increased charges. Also, law enforcement and criminal prosecution agencies are required to provide victims with specified information, including details on victim's rights.[27]

This measure expands the legal rights of crime victims in various other ways, including the following:

Crime victims and their families have a state constitutional right to (1) prevent the release of their confidential information or records to criminal defendants, (2) refuse to be interviewed or provide pretrial testimony or other evidence requested in behalf of a criminal defendant, (3) protection from harm from individuals accused of committing crimes against them, which includes informing the judge of safety concerns and seeking protective orders, (4) the return of property no longer needed as evidence in criminal proceedings, and (5) ‚"finality" in criminal proceedings in which they are involved and the right to due process and a speedy trial. Some of these rights previously existed in statute.[1]

The Constitution was changed to specify that the safety of a crime victim must be taken into consideration by judges in setting bail for persons arrested for crimes.

The measure states that the right to safe schools includes community colleges, colleges, and universities.[1]

The state operates 33 state prisons and other facilities that had a combined adult inmate population of about 171,000 as of May 2008, the costs to operate the California Department of Corrections and Rehabilitation (CDCR) in 2008 are estimated to be approximately $10 billion. The average annual cost to incarcerate an inmate is estimated to be about $46,000, the state prison system is currently experiencing overcrowding because there are not enough permanent beds available for all inmates. As a result, gymnasiums and other rooms in state prisons have been converted to house some inmates.

Both the state Legislature and the courts have been considering various proposals that would reduce overcrowding, including the early release of inmates from state prison, at the time this analysis was prepared, none of these proposals had been adopted. State prison populations are also affected by credits granted to prisoners, these credits, which can be awarded for good behavior or participation in specific programs, reduce the amount of time a prisoner must serve before release.[28] Collectively, the state's 58 counties spend over $2.4 billion on county jails, which have a population in excess of 80,000. There are currently 20 counties where an inmate population cap has been imposed by the federal courts and an additional 12 counties with a self-imposed population cap; in counties with such population caps, inmates are sometimes released early to comply with the limit imposed by the cap. However, some sheriffs also use alternative methods of reducing jail populations, such as confining inmates to home detention with Global Positioning System (GPS) devices.[29]

This measure amends the Constitution to require that criminal sentences imposed by the courts be carried out in compliance with the courts' sentencing orders and that such sentences shall not be "substantially diminished" by early release policies to alleviate overcrowding in prison or jail facilities, the measure directs that sufficient funding be provided by the Legislature or county boards of supervisors to house inmates for the full terms of their sentences, except for statutorily authorized credits which reduce those sentences.

The Board of Parole Hearings conducts two different types of proceedings relating to parole. First, before CDCR releases an individual who has been sentenced to life in prison with the possibility of parole, the inmate must go before the board for a parole consideration hearing. Second, the board has authority to return to state prison for up to a year an individual who has been released on parole but who subsequently commits a parole violation. (Such a process is referred to as parole revocation.) A federal court order requires the state to provide legal counsel to parolees, including assistance at hearings related to parole revocation charges.[30]

Parole Consideration Procedures for Lifers, this measure changed the procedures to be followed by the board when it considers the release from prison of inmates with a life sentence. Specifically:

Previously, individuals whom the board did not release following their parole consideration hearing generally waited between one and five years for another parole consideration hearing. This measure extended the time before the next hearing to between 3 and 15 years, as determined by the board. However, inmates are able to periodically request that the board advance the hearing date.

Crime victims are eligible to receive earlier notification in advance of parole consideration hearings. They now receive 90 days advance notice, instead of the prior 30 days.

Previously, victims were able to attend and testify at parole consideration hearings with either their next of kin and up to two members of their immediate family, or two representatives. The measure removed the limit on the number of family members, and allows victim representatives to attend and testify at the hearing without regard to whether members of the victim's family were present.

Those in attendance at parole consideration hearings are eligible to receive a transcript of the proceedings. This allows the victim to document the level of remorse and rehabilitation exhibited by the inmate in order to make the parole board aware at subsequent hearings if the inmates' behavior fails to demonstrate remorse or other failure to take personal responsibility for his crime.

General Parole Revocation Procedures. This measure changed the board's parole revocation procedures for offenders after they have been paroled from prison. Under a federal court order in a case known as Valdivia v. Schwarzenegger, parolees were previously entitled to a hearing within 10 business days after being charged with violation of their parole to determine if there was probable cause to detain them until their revocation charges were resolved. The measure extended the deadline for this hearing to 15 days, the prior order also required that parolees arrested for parole violations have a hearing to resolve the revocation charges within 35 days. This measure extended this timeline to 45 days, it also provides for the appointment of legal counsel to parolees facing revocation charges only if the board determines, on a case-by-case basis, that the parolee is indigent because of the complexity of the matter or because of the parolee's mental or educational incapacity, the parolee appears incapable of speaking effectively in his or her defense. Because this measure does not provide for counsel at all parole revocation hearings, and because the measure does not provide counsel for parolees who are not indigent, a federal judge held it was in conflict with the Valdivia court order, which requires that all parolees be provided legal counsel. However, in March 2010, the Federal Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals rejected the lower court ruling and directed it to reconcile its ruling with Proposition 9.[31]

The Los Angeles Times encouraged a "no" vote on 9, saying, "If the concern is protection of families from further victimization, as proponents claim, that goal can be met without granting families a new and inappropriate role in prosecutions."[32]

1.
Henry Nicholas
–
Henry Thompson Nick Nicholas III is the co-founder, and former co-chairman of the board, president and chief executive officer of Broadcom Corporation, a Fortune 500 company. He is also a philanthropist and leader of the victims rights movement, Nicholas was ranked number 391 on the list of Forbes richest Americans in March 2015, with a net worth of $1.7 billion. Nicholas was born in Cincinnati, Ohio to Marcella and Henry T. Nicholas Jr. and lived in Glendale and his father was an attorney with the IRS and his mother was a teacher and later an administrator and theater instructor in the areas Princeton City School District. When his parents divorced, he moved with his mother and sister to Los Angeles and his mother remarried, to Robert Leach, a journalist and Hollywood screenwriter, who authored feature film scripts and episodes of such classic television shows as Perry Mason and Sea Hunt. Nicholas attended elementary schools in Malibu and Santa Monica High School, throughout his schooling, Nicholas suffered from dyslexia. He received a Bachelor of Science degree in Electrical Engineering from the UCLA School of Engineering in 1982, after attending the United States Air Force Academy, in Colorado Springs, Nicholas earned a masters degree in 1985 and PhD. in Electrical Engineering from UCLA in 1998. His doctoral advisor was Henry Samueli, after graduating from UCLA in the 1980s, Nicholas worked at TRW in Redondo Beach, where he met Dr. Henry Samueli, his future business partner who also was a professor of engineering at UCLA. Nicholas later moved to PairGain Technologies in Cerritos, California, where he was director of Microelectronics and he left PairGain in 1991 to start Broadcom Corporation with Samueli. Nicholas founded Broadcom with Samueli in the bedroom of Nicholas Redondo Beach condominium in 1991. Each invested $5,000 of his own money to get the business off the ground and they took the company public in 1998. Nicholas retired from Broadcom in 2003, ostensibly to work on his marriage, the Henry T. Nicholas, III Foundation focuses on improving the quality of life through investments in education, youth sports, medicine, technology, law enforcement and national defense. Nicholas sister Marsalee was shot to death by her ex-boyfriend in 1983, Nicholas helped his mother and stepfather—Marcella and Robert Leach—found Justice for Homicide Victims, Inc. a non-profit organization that supports the families of murder victims. Twelve days before the election, polls showed that 62% of voters were in favor of Proposition 66, Proposition 66 was defeated, with 52. 7% of California voters opposing the measure. Nicholas went on to campaign for Marsys Law, a bill of rights for the victims of crime, California voters amended the states constitution in 2008 by passing Marsys Law with a majority of 53. 84%. The rights bestowed by Marsys Law include the right to legal standing, the right to protection from the defendant, the right to notification of all proceedings. Marsys Law also granted parole boards far greater powers to deny inmates parole, partnering with retired Orange County Superior Court Judge Jack Mandel, Nicholas in 2008 opened his first Nicholas Academic Center in downtown Santa Ana, California. Nicholas pledged $10 million over 20 years to the project, the centers provide a safe and nurturing school environment to help underprivileged students realize their educational goals. The second center opened in 2009 on the campus of Valley High School in Santa Ana, in 2004, Nicholas announced a $10-million gift to St

2.
Marcella Leach
–
Marcella Nicholas Leach was an American victims rights advocate based in Southern California and the mother of technology entrepreneur and victims rights leader Henry Nicholas. After the murder of her daughter, Marsalee Nicholas in 1983, she helped build Justice for Homicide Victims, one of Californias early victims rights organizations. Her late daughter is the namesake for Marsys Law, the California Constitutional Amendment and Victims Bill of Rights, on November 30,1983, Marcella Leachs daughter, Marsalee Ann Nicholas, was murdered by her ex-boyfriend, Kerry Michael Conley. Marsy, then 21, was a senior at UC Santa Barbara and had come home to Pt. Dume, Ca. for Thanksgiving when Conley, with whom she had broken up, shot her to death. Conley was subsequently convicted of murder and sentenced to 17 years to life in prison. In one particularly wrenching incident, Marcella Leach recalled being shocked when she encountered Conley in a grocery store shortly after the murder. Among those who comforted the Leach family was Ellen Griffin Dunne, the mother of actress Dominique Dunne, the California Center for Family Survivors of Homicide was formed as a nonprofit, with a subgroup, Justice for Homicide Victims, as its public face. The Leaches assumed leadership of Justice for Homicide Victims in 1990, after Dunne who suffered from multiple sclerosis, moved to Arizona, Bob Leach served for many years as the president of Justice for Homicide Victims, and Marcella Leach was its longtime executive director. During the 1990s, the continued to push for improved law enforcement and longer penalties for convicted felons. By the late 1990s and early 2000s, with Leach as executive director, the organization grew and was refocused as an educational non-profit. In 2008, Marcella Leach was a signatory on the Marsys Law ballot initiative, the constitutional amendment was enacted by voters in November 2008 and became law. In 2005, Marcella Leach was awarded the National Crime Victim Service Award from the U. S. Department of Justice and she died on March 16,2015. Leachs first marriage was to an attorney with the IRS named Henry Nicholas Jr and they had two children and lived in Glendale, Ohio. She was a teacher and later an administrator and theater instructor and they were divorced around 1963 and she moved with her children to Los Angeles and married Bob Leach, who was an American journalist and Hollywood screenwriter. - Justice for Homicide Victims website - Marsys Law for All website

3.
Lee Baca
–
Leroy David Lee Baca is a former Sheriff of Los Angeles County, California. Baca was elected Los Angeles Countys 30th sheriff against his mentor Sherman Block and he was sworn in on December 7,1998. He was re-elected to a term in 2010. On January 7,2014 Baca announced that he would retire at the end of January 2014 before the expiration of his term, in 2016, Baca plead guilty to federal charges of lying during an investigation into civil rights violations at the county jail. He later withdrew the plea, and had a jury on his first trial. He was retried and on March 15,2017, as the last of 21 defendants, Bacas mother was a seamstress born in Michoacán and then brought to the U. S. illegally when she was a year old. Lee Baca was born in East Los Angeles and graduated from Benjamin Franklin High School, located in the Highland Park neighborhood of Los Angeles, in 1960, in 1964, Baca joined the United States Marine Corps Reserve. On August 23,1965, Baca was sworn in as a deputy sheriff trainee of the Los Angeles Sheriffs Department, Baca began his career in street patrol, custody, and recruitment and was a staff instructor at the Sheriffs Academy. In 1981, Baca became captain of the Norwalk, California sheriff station, on January 23,1992, Sheriff Sherman Block promoted Baca to the rank of chief deputy. He opposed the California ban on shark fins, Baca is a Republican who opposed California Proposition 8. Baca supported Secure Communities, a program by the Department of Homeland Security in which the federal government collaborates with local law enforcement to detain, in the press release, Baca said, I also want to thank District Attorney Steve Cooley for his most valuable input on this matter. This new policy will move us forward to one day all inmates will serve the entire time required. Also in the release, Cooley said, I commend Sheriff Baca for implementing this new policy. This will assure that sentences imposed by the court will be carried out in a predictable, the abuse includes rape of inmates by police officers. In early 2012, the ACLU filed suit to prevent Baca from continuing in his position, on February 10,2016, Baca pled guilty to a single count of lying during a federal investigation into civil rights violations at the county jail. The investigation into brutality and corruption by sheriffs deputies already resulted in convictions and guilty pleas by a number of lower-ranking officers, including a retired sheriffs captain. On April 6,2016, his former Undersheriff, Paul Tanaka was convicted on conspiracy and this diagnosis could play into the case and cause sympathy if he ends up before a jury. In July, a deal for ex-Los Angeles County Sheriff Lee Baca, was rejected in the case of false statements in connection with a federal investigation into county jails

4.
Jerry Brown
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Edmund Gerald Jerry Brown Jr. is an American politician and lawyer who has served as the 39th Governor of California since 2011. A member of the Democratic Party, Brown previously served as the 34th governor from 1975 to 1983, as the only son of Edmund G. Pat Brown Sr. Elected governor in 1974 at age 36, Brown was the youngest California governor in 111 years, Brown was re-elected governor in 1978, and ran against fellow Democrat and incumbent President Jimmy Carter in the 1980 primaries. While challengers to incumbent presidents seldom gain traction, the challenge by Senator Ted Kennedy of Massachusetts did, Brown declined to run for a third term in 1982, instead running for the United States Senate in 1982. However, Brown was defeated by Republican Pete Wilson, and many considered his career to be over. After traveling abroad, Brown returned to California and served as Chairman of the California Democratic Party, after six years out of politics, Brown returned to public life, serving as Mayor of Oakland, and then Attorney General of California. Brown decided to run for another term as governor in 2010, the law limited a governor to two terms, however, the four living governors when the law was passed remained eligible. Brown defeated Meg Whitman in 2010 to become the 39th governor in 2011, on October 7,2013, he became the governor in California history. Brown was re-elected in 2014, with sixty percent of the vote, as a consequence of the 28-year gap between his second and third terms, Brown has been both the sixth-youngest California governor, and the oldest California governor in history. Browns father was of half-Irish and half-German descent, Browns great-grandfather August Schuckman, a German immigrant, settled in California in 1852 during the California Gold Rush. Brown was a member of the California Cadet Corps at St. Ignatius High School, in 1955, Brown entered Santa Clara University for a year, and left to attend Sacred Heart Novitiate, a Jesuit novice house, intent on becoming a Catholic priest. Brown left the novitiate after three years, enrolling at the University of California, Berkeley in 1960, where he graduated with a Bachelor of Arts in Classics in 1961, Brown went on to Yale Law School and graduated with a Bachelor of Laws in 1964. After law school, Brown worked as a law clerk for California Supreme Court Justice Mathew Tobriner, returning to California, Brown took the state bar exam and passed on his second attempt. He then settled in Los Angeles and joined the law firm of Tuttle & Taylor, in 1969, Brown ran for the newly created Los Angeles Community College Board of Trustees, which oversaw community colleges in the city, and placed first in a field of 124. In 1970, Brown was elected California Secretary of State, Brown argued before the California Supreme Court and won cases against Standard Oil of California, International Telephone and Telegraph, Gulf Oil, and Mobil for election law violations. In addition, he forced legislators to comply with campaign disclosure laws, while holding this office, he discovered the use of falsely notarized documents by then-President Richard Nixon to fraudulently earn a tax deduction for donation of his pre-presidential papers. Brown also drafted and helped to pass the California Political Reform Act of 1974, Proposition 9, among other provisions, it established the California Fair Political Practices Commission. Brown won the primary with the recognition of his father, Pat Brown

5.
Broadcom
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Broadcom Corporation was an American fabless semiconductor company that made products for the wireless and broadband communication industry. It was acquired by Avago Technologies in 2016 and currently operates as an owned subsidiary of the merged entity called Broadcom Limited. The division is headquartered in Irvine, California, Broadcom Corporation was founded by professor-student pair Henry Samueli and Henry Nicholas from UCLA in 1991. In 1995 the company moved from its Westwood, Los Angeles office to Irvine, in 1998, Broadcom became a public company on the NASDAQ exchange and now employs approximately 11,750 people worldwide in more than 15 countries. Broadcom is among Gartners Top 10 Semiconductor Vendors by revenue, Broadcom first landed on the Fortune 500 in 2009. In 2012, Broadcoms total revenue was $8.01 billion, in 2013, Broadcom stood at No.327 on the Fortune 500, having climbed 17 places from its 2012 ranking of No.344. In May 28,2015 chip maker Avago Technologies Ltd. agreed to buy Broadcom Corp. for $37 billion in cash, at closing, which completed on February 1,2016, Broadcom shareholders will hold 32% of the new Singapore-based company to be called Broadcom Limited. Hock Tan, Avago President and CEO, will be the new CEO of the new combined company, Dr. Samueli will be Chief Technology Officer and member of the combined companys board. And Dr. Nicholas will serve in an advisory role within the new company. The new merged entity is named Broadcom Limited but inherits the ticker symbol AVGO, the BRCM ticker symbol was retired. In May 2016 Cypress Semiconductor announced that it will acquire Broadcom Corporations full portfolio of IoT products for $550 million, under the deal, Cypress acquires Broadcoms IoT products and intellectual property for Wi-Fi, Bluetooth and ZigBee connectivity, as well as Broadcoms WICED platform and SDK for developers. Broadcoms product line spans computer and telecommunication networking, the company has products for enterprise/metropolitan high-speed networks, products include transceiver and processor ICs for Ethernet and wireless LANs, cable modems, digital subscriber line, servers, home networking devices and cellular phones. It is also known for a series of high-speed encryption co-processors, offloading this processor-intensive work to a dedicated chip and this has many practical benefits for e-commerce, and PGP or GPG secure communications. Major customers include Apple, Hewlett-Packard, Motorola, IBM, Dell, Asus, Lenovo, Linksys, Logitech, Nintendo, Nokia Siemens Networks, Nortel, TiVo, Tenda, in September 2011, Broadcom shut down its digital TV operations. Broadcom also shut down its Blu-ray chip business, the closure of these businesses began on September 19,2011. On June 2,2014, Broadcom announced intentions to exit the cellular baseband business, Vendors have included Broadcom NICs in their products. For example, the Dell blade-server M610 has two embedded Gigabit NetXtreme 5709 NICs, the latest member of the Trident family is the Trident II XGS which can support up to 32 x 40G ports or 104 x 10G ports on a single chip. Broadcom Crystal HD does video acceleration, more specifically, Broadcom would provide Bluetooth connectivity for Wiis controller

6.
University of California, Santa Barbara
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The University of California, Santa Barbara is a public research university and one of the 10 campuses of the University of California system. The main campus is located on a 1, 022-acre site near Goleta, California, tracing its roots back to 1891 as an independent teachers college, UCSB joined the University of California system in 1944 and is the third-oldest general-education campus in the system. UCSB is one of Americas Public Ivy universities, which recognizes top public universities in the United States. The university is a doctoral university and is organized into five colleges. UCSB was ranked 37th among National Universities, 8th among U. S. public universities, the university was also ranked 48th worldwide for 2016-17 by the Times Higher Education World University Rankings and 42nd worldwide by the Academic Ranking of World Universities in 2016. UC Santa Barbara is a high activity research university with twelve national research centers. UCSB was the No.3 host on the ARPAnet and was elected to the Association of American Universities in 1995, the UC Santa Barbara Gauchos compete in the Big West Conference of the NCAA Division I. The Gauchos have won NCAA national championships in soccer and mens water polo. UCSB traces its origins back to the Anna Blake School which was founded in 1891 and offered training in home economics and industrial arts. The Anna Blake School was taken over by the state in 1909 and became the Santa Barbara State Normal School, the State College system sued to stop the takeover, but the Governor did not support the suit. A state initiative was passed, however, in 1946 to stop subsequent conversions of State Colleges to University of California campuses, from 1944 to 1958 the school was known as Santa Barbara College of the University of California, before taking on its current name. When the vacated Marine Corps training station in Goleta was purchased for the growing college. Originally, the Regents envisioned a small, several thousand-student liberal arts college, chronologically, UCSB is the third general-education campus of the University of California, after Berkeley and UCLA. The original campus the Regents acquired in Santa Barbara was located on only 100 acres of largely unusable land on a seaside mesa, all of this change was done in accordance with the California Master Plan for Higher Education. In 1959, UCSB professor Douwe Stuurman hosted the English writer Aldous Huxley as the universitys first visiting professor, Huxley delivered a lectures series called The Human Situation. In the late 1960s and early 1970s UCSB became nationally known as a hotbed of anti-Vietnam War activity, a bombing at the schools faculty club in 1969 killed the caretaker, Dover Sharp. UCSBs anti-Vietnam activity impelled then Governor Ronald Reagan to impose a curfew, weapon-carrying guardsmen were a common sight on campus and in Isla Vista during this time. On May 23,2014, a killing spree occurred in Isla Vista, California, all six people killed during the rampage were students at UCSB

7.
Pete Wilson
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Peter Barton Pete Wilson is an American politician from California who served as the 36th Governor of California, a United States Senator, the Mayor of San Diego and a California State Assemblyman. A Republican, Wilson is primarily remembered today for championing California Proposition 187, since then, the only California Republican to win a major statewide election was Arnold Schwarzenegger. Peter Barton Wilson was born on August 23,1933, in Lake Forest, Illinois and his parents were James Boone Wilson and Margaret Callaghan Wilson. His father sold college fraternity jewelry to work his way through University of Illinois, the Wilson family settled in St. Louis, Missouri when Pete was in elementary school. In his junior year he elected to join the Marine Corps upon his graduation, after graduating from Yale, Wilson served for three years in the United States Marine Corps as an infantry officer, eventually becoming a platoon leader. Upon completion of his Marine Corps service, Wilson earned a doctor degree from the University of California. In 1962, while working as an Advance Man for the Republican gubernatorial candidate Richard M. Nixon, Wilson got to know Herb Klein, Klein suggested that Wilson might do well in Southern California politics, so in 1963, Wilson moved to San Diego. After passing the bar exam, Wilson began his practice as a defense attorney in San Diego. He later commented to the Los Angeles Times, I realized I couldnt be a defense lawyer – because most of the people who do come to you are guilty. Wilson switched to a more law practice and continued his activity in local politics. Wilsons like for politics and managing the details of the political process was growing. Wilson was re-elected to the Assembly in 1968 and 1970, Wilson served three terms as Mayor of San Diego, from 1971 to 1983, winning election by a 2,1 margin each time. He also helped to keep baseballs Padres in San Diego, helping to persuade local millionaire Ray Kroc to buy the team, the 1972 Republican National Convention had been scheduled to take place in San Diego in August 1972. Wilson proclaimed the week of the convention to be Americas Finest City Week, in 1972, Wilson recruited Clarence M. Pendleton, Jr. to head the Model Cities Program in San Diego. In 1981, U. S. President Ronald W. Reagan appointed Pendleton to chair the United States Commission on Civil Rights, in 1982, Wilson won the Republican primary in California to replace the retiring U. S. Wilsons Democratic opponent was the outgoing two-term Governor Jerry Brown, Wilson was known as a fiscal conservative who supported Proposition 13, although Wilson had opposed the measure while mayor of San Diego. However, Brown ran on his record of building the largest state budget surpluses in California history. Both Wilson and Brown were moderate-to-liberal on social issues, including support for abortion rights, the election was expected to be close, with Brown holding a slim lead in most of the polls leading up to Election Day

8.
Lewis & Clark Law School
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The Northwestern School of Law of Lewis and Clark College, is an American Bar Association-approved private law school in Portland, Oregon. The law school received ABA approval in 1970 and joined the Association of American Law Schools in 1973, each class in the three-year J. D. program has approximately 180 students. The dean of Lewis & Clark Law School is Jennifer J. Johnson, dean Johnson is a noted securities law scholar and arbitration expert, as well as a member of the American Law Institute. Lewis & Clark law students can complete their degrees on full-time or part-time schedules, take courses during the day or evening, and focus in a number of legal specialties. The institution has a general law review and a range of nationally ranked specialty programs, including environmental law, public interest law. According to Lewis & Clarks 2015 ABA-required disclosures,61. 7% of the Class of 2015 obtained full-time, long-term, the law school grounds are adjacent to a forested natural area, replete with 14-miles of biking and jogging trails in Tryon Creek State Park. The Law School is 4-miles from downtown, in the Southern hills of Portland, west of the Willamette River, at the base of the undergraduate campus of Lewis & Clark College. Student and faculty fitness enthusiasts enjoy the walks to the Pamplin Sports Center on the undergraduate campus, which includes gyms, indoor and outdoor pools. Lewis & Clark Law Schools origins began with the University of Oregon establishing a Department of Law in Portland in 1885. After the Oregon State Legislature moved the program to Eugene, Oregon in 1915, several law faculty members resisted the move, today the college has over 100 faculty and staff. Academic personnel develop policies and initiatives to steward student success, including rigorous admissions standards, instructors generally guide students through the law using the Socratic method. Faculty members regularly appear as experts in legal proceedings, publish legal texts, the Paul L. Boley Law Library is the largest law library in Oregon and the second-largest in the Pacific Northwest with a collection of over 505,000 volumes as of 2014. Boley is also home to clinical space and program offices, the law schools curriculum and programs continue to receive high marks. In 2016, Lewis & Clark Law School ranked second of environmental law programs in the United States, meanwhile, the Lewis & Clark Part-Time Program was ranked 7th in the country as of 2015. The Lewis & Clark Law Review was ranked among the top 5% of all law journals, in 2013, Chief Justice of the United States John G. Roberts launched Lewis & Clarks Environmental Moot Court Competition, presiding as a guest judge. While at Lewis & Clark, the Chief Justice of the United States visited with first year law students, the campus also serves as the permanent host of the National Native American Law Students Association Moot Court Competition and the International Law Students Association Pacific Regional Philip C. Jessup International Law Moot Court Competition, additionally, the ILSA Student Initiated Lecture Series at Lewis & Clark has been internationally recognized for academic excellence. In addition, the law school has developed a number of exclusive global summer externship placements, the law school has also secured exclusive placements in Asia, for students interested in international law firm experience

9.
Todd Spitzer
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Todd Spitzer is a former California State Assemblyman and current Orange County Supervisor. He also serves as an advisor to Marsy’s Law for All, as an Assistant District Attorney in Orange County, Spitzer handled criminal matters and supervised line prosecutors. He has prosecuted felonies including attempted murder, attempted rape, kidnapping, robbery, extortion, Spitzer has tried about 100 jury trials to verdict. Spitzer joined the Orange County DA’s Office in 1990 and served until 1997, during this period Spitzer developed his interest in victims’ rights. The local chapter of Mothers Against Drunk Driving honored Spitzer with its Outstanding Prosecutor Award, Spitzer was born in Whittier, California and raised in nearby Montebello,10 miles east of downtown Los Angeles. He excelled in academics, student government, music and theatre, on November 7,2008, Spitzer was inducted into the Schurr High School Hall of Fame for his achievements in law and politics. Spitzer earned his bachelors degree from UCLA, a degree in Public Policy from UC Berkeley. While at Hastings, Spitzer was awarded the George Moscone Fellowship and this scholarship provided full tuition and expenses while at Hastings. At Berkeley, Spitzer also received an academic scholarship. In 1984-85, Spitzer worked as an English teacher at Theodore Roosevelt High School in the Los Angeles Unified School District, as a result, the school’s principal was terminated and the Superintendent forced into early retirement. In 1996, Spitzer was elected to the Orange County Board of Supervisors, while serving on the board, he established the first County restaurant rating system. In 2002, Spitzer was elected to the State Assembly from the 71st District and he served on the Assembly Judiciary and Public Safety Committees. He was the only Republican to serve as Chairman of an Assembly standing policy committee—the Select Committee on Prison Construction, Spitzer also served as Republican Whip, the lead policy spokesman for his Caucus. On August 24,2004, Governor Schwarzenegger signed legislation, AB488, authored by Spitzer and Nicole Parra, Spitzer also was appointed by the Governor to serve as Co-Chair of the state’s first High-Risk Sex Offender and Sexually Violent Predator Task Force. The recommendations from that work resulted in AB1015, which created the Sex Offender Management Board. Spitzer served as statewide Co-chair for Proposition 69, the DNA Fingerprint initiative, the same year he was a statewide spokesperson for the “No on Proposition 66” campaign and served as its Orange County Chair. Considered one of the largest electoral turnarounds ever in California politics, the ballot initiative at one point had approximately 65% voter approval. The defeat of Proposition 66 ensured that approximately 26,000 serious, in 2008, Spitzer served as statewide Chair of the campaign to pass Marsy’s Law, a ballot initiative that amended the California Constitution to enact the California Victims’ Bill of Rights

10.
S.J. Quinney College of Law
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Quinney College of Law is the law school of the University of Utah in Salt Lake City, Utah. Established in 1913, the University of Utah S. J, Quinney College of Law is nationally recognized for its accomplished faculty, innovative curriculum, and low student-to-faculty ratio. Utah law is a member of the Association of American Law Schools and is accredited by the American Bar Association, the 2018 US News & World Report Law School Rankings place the S. J. Quinney College of Law at #44 in the country, making it the top ranked law school in the State of Utah. The lecture series, headed by Joseph Rawlins, continued for 8 years, against significant odds, the law department was now a reality, without a home. Classes were held at the Salt Lake City and County building, the department became a school in the spring of 1912 when the Board of Regents approved a plan to add a third year to the existing two-year law program. The University of Utah had a “School of Law. ”Registration was $12 and tuition cost $15 per year for one law subject, the first commencement was held in June,1913 awarding degress to eight men, all from Utah. The new law school had impressive leadership, the first Dean was Frank Holman, a 27 year old with an undergraduate degree from the U as well as a B. A. and M. A. from Oxford where he had been a Rhodes Scolar. He was a member of the Utah Bar, had his own practice and he earned a massive $2,000 annully, the equivalent of $51,326.70 in 2015. The School of Law now had a leader,75 students, what it still didn’t have was a home. Classes continued to be held in borrowed space at the City and County Building, leaving the law students largely isolated from campus life and that changed with the completion of the Administration Building in October 1914. The law school took up residence on the floor, and with $1,500 from the Regents. In 1915, William Leary took over as dean and would remain in that role for 35 years, Leary earned his J. D. from the Chicago Law School, which served as a primary role model in the formation and evolution of Utah’s law school. Armed with a budget of $7,000, Leary immediately began pushing for more full-time faculty. But in the spring of the year, the law school was decimated by a one-two punch. When the U. S. entered World War I in April of 1918, it pulled students, by the time commencement rolled around the next spring, the law school conferred degrees to just three graduates. Next came an epidemic of Spanish Influenza, the disease killed 20 million people worldwide in 1918. A third of all deaths in Utah in 1918-19 were from influenza and its frequent complication, for a while, it closed the university

11.
Arnold Schwarzenegger
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Arnold Alois Schwarzenegger is an Austrian-American actor, producer, businessman, investor, author, philanthropist, activist, politician and former professional bodybuilder. He served two terms as the 38th Governor of California from 2003 until 2011, Schwarzenegger began weight training at the age of 15. He won the Mr. Universe title at age 20 and went on to win the Mr. Olympia contest seven times, Schwarzenegger has remained a prominent presence in bodybuilding and has written many books and articles on the sport. He is widely considered to be among the greatest bodybuilders of all time as well as bodybuildings biggest icon, Schwarzenegger gained worldwide fame as a Hollywood action film icon. His breakthrough film was the sword-and-sorcery epic Conan the Barbarian in 1982, in 1984, Schwarzenegger appeared in James Camerons science-fiction thriller film The Terminator, which was a massive critical and box-office success. Schwarzenegger subsequently reprised the Terminator character in the later installments in 1991,2003. He appeared in a number of films, such as Commando, The Running Man, Predator, Twins, Total Recall, Kindergarten Cop. In 2015, it was announced Schwarzenegger would replace Donald Trump as the host of The Celebrity Apprentice and he was nicknamed the Austrian Oak in his bodybuilding days, Arnie during his acting career, and The Governator during his political career. As a Republican, he was first elected on October 7,2003, Schwarzenegger was sworn in on November 17, to serve the remainder of Daviss term. Schwarzenegger was sworn in for his term on January 5,2007. In 2011, Schwarzenegger completed his term as governor. Schwarzenegger was born in Thal, Styria, and christened Arnold Alois and his parents were Gustav Schwarzenegger and Aurelia Schwarzenegger. He married Aurelia on October 20,1945, he was 38, according to Schwarzenegger, both of his parents were very strict, Back then in Austria it was a very different world. If we did something bad or we disobeyed our parents, the rod was not spared, Schwarzenegger grew up in a Roman Catholic family who attended Mass every Sunday. Gustav had a preference for his son, Meinhard, over Arnold. His favoritism was strong and blatant, which stemmed from unfounded suspicion that Arnold was not his biological child, Schwarzenegger has said his father had no patience for listening or understanding your problems. He had a relationship with his mother and kept in touch with her until her death. Gustavs background received wide press attention during the 2003 California recall campaign, at school, Schwarzenegger was reportedly academically average, but stood out for his cheerful, good-humored, and exuberant character

12.
George Runner
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Runner, Jr. is the Vice Chair of the California State Board of Equalization, the only publicly elected tax commission in the United States. He is the Republican member representing the Boards 1st District, from 2004 to 2010, he was a California State Senator representing the 17th Senate District, and was the Republican Caucus Chair from 2004 to 2009. From 1996 to 2002, he was a California State Assemblyman representing the 36th Assembly District, born in Scotia, New York, Runner moved with his family to Lancaster, California as a young child. With his wife Sharon, George Runner founded the Desert Christian Schools, in 1992, Runner was elected to the Lancaster City Council. He served as Lancasters Vice Mayor from 1994–95 and as Mayor of Lancaster from 1995 to 1996, during his mayoral term, the California Business Journal named Lancaster the number one mid-size city with which to do business. In 1996, Runner was elected to represent the 36th Assembly District, during this time of service, Runner served as Vice Chair of the Assembly Budget Committee. In 2004, he was elected to the Senate to represent the 17th Senate District, Runner served in 2007-2008 as the Chair of the Senate Republican Caucus. In 2006, along with his wife, then-Assemblywoman Sharon Runner, George Runner authored Proposition 83, the measure passed with the support of 71% of California voters, and passed in 57 of Californias 58 counties. Jessicas Law ensures that all sexual offenders who are convicted of activity with children under the age of 14 are put into a prison with a minimum sentence of 15 years or 25 years to life. It eliminates all first-offense sexual offense provisions from California law, the law requires that sex offenders who are released from prison wear a GPS bracelet for life. It also creates a 2, 000-foot zone around schools and parks in which registered sex offenders are prohibited from residing, on February 3,2010, Runner introduced SB944, the nations first Ronald Reagan Day legislation. On July 19,2010, Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger signed the bill into law, Ronald Reagan Day is Californias third day of special significance honoring a specific person, after John Muir Day, and Harvey Milk Day. Since 2009, Runner has served with Americans for Prosperity as an advocate on local tax issues in California. In February 2009, Runner announced his candidacy for the District 2 seat on the Board of Equalization, Runner won the Republican nomination for BOE after defeating Assemblyman Alan Nakanishi and incumbent BOE Member Barbara Alby in the June 2010 primary. Runner is the first person to defeat an incumbent BOE members reelection bid since 1978, Runner won the November 2010 general election for the seat, defeating Democrat tax attorney Chris Parker. Alby inexplicably resigned on December 31,2010, four days before Runner was to be sworn in, during his time on the Board, Runner has sought to improve California’s tax policies and practices and to create and retain more private sector jobs in that state. Runner is a leader in the fight against the states controversial fire tax, he supports a class action lawsuit that seeks to overturn the tax, as a result of redistricting, he ran in the first district, which was being vacated by Democrat Betty Yee. He easily won re-election, besting Democrat Chris Parker by wide margins in both the June primary and November general elections, Democrat Fiona Ma won his seat in the second district

13.
Miranda warning
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The concept of Miranda rights was enshrined in U. S. law following the 1966 Miranda v. The circumstances triggering the Miranda safeguards, i. e. Miranda rights, are custody, custody means formal arrest or the deprivation of freedom to an extent associated with formal arrest. Interrogation means explicit questioning or actions that are likely to elicit an incriminating response. The Supreme Court did not specify the wording to use when informing a suspect of his/her rights. However, the Court did create a set of guidelines that must be followed, as a result, American English developed the verb Mirandize, meaning read the Miranda rights to a suspect. Notably, the Miranda rights do not have to be read in any particular order, in Berghuis v. Every U. S. jurisdiction has its own regulations regarding what, precisely, must be said to a person arrested or placed in a custodial situation. The typical warning states, You have the right to remain silent, anything you say may be used against you in a court of law. You have the right to consult an attorney before speaking to the police, if you cannot afford an attorney, one will be appointed for you before any questioning if you wish. If you decide to answer questions now without an attorney present, knowing and understanding your rights as I have explained them to you, are you willing to answer my questions without an attorney present. The courts have ruled that the warning must be meaningful. Sometimes, firm answers of yes are required, some departments and jurisdictions require that an officer ask do you understand. After every sentence in the warning, Evidence has in some cases been ruled inadmissible because of an arrestees poor knowledge of English and the failure of arresting officers to provide the warning in the arrestees language. There is no language that must be used in advising a suspect of their Miranda rights. The point is that language is used the substance of the rights outlined above must be communicated to the suspect. The suspect may be advised of their rights orally or in writing, also, officers must make sure the suspect understands what the officer is saying, taking into account potential education levels. It may be necessary to translate to the level of understanding. Courts have ruled this admissible as long as the waiver is said. The Supreme Court has resisted efforts to require officers to more fully advise suspects of their rights, nor have the courts required to explain the rights

14.
Georgia (U.S. state)
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Georgia is a state in the southeastern United States. It was established in 1733, the last of the original Thirteen Colonies, named after King George II of Great Britain, Georgia was the fourth state to ratify the United States Constitution, on January 2,1788. It declared its secession from the Union on January 19,1861 and it was the last state to be restored to the Union, on July 15,1870. Georgia is the 24th largest and the 8th most populous of the 50 United States, from 2007 to 2008,14 of Georgias counties ranked among the nations 100 fastest-growing, second only to Texas. Georgia is known as the Peach State and the Empire State of the South, Atlanta is the states capital, its most populous city and has been named a global city. Georgia is bordered to the south by Florida, to the east by the Atlantic Ocean and South Carolina, to the west by Alabama, the states northern part is in the Blue Ridge Mountains, part of the Appalachian Mountains system. Georgias highest point is Brasstown Bald at 4,784 feet above sea level, Georgia is the largest state entirely east of the Mississippi River in land area. Before settlement by Europeans, Georgia was inhabited by the mound building cultures, the British colony of Georgia was founded by James Oglethorpe on February 12,1733. The colony was administered by the Trustees for the Establishment of the Colony of Georgia in America under a charter issued by King George II. The Trustees implemented a plan for the colonys settlement, known as the Oglethorpe Plan. In 1742 the colony was invaded by the Spanish during the War of Jenkins Ear, in 1752, after the government failed to renew subsidies that had helped support the colony, the Trustees turned over control to the crown. Georgia became a colony, with a governor appointed by the king. The Province of Georgia was one of the Thirteen Colonies that revolted against British rule in the American Revolution by signing the 1776 Declaration of Independence, the State of Georgias first constitution was ratified in February 1777. Georgia was the 10th state to ratify the Articles of Confederation on July 24,1778, in 1829, gold was discovered in the North Georgia mountains, which led to the Georgia Gold Rush and an established federal mint in Dahlonega, which continued its operation until 1861. The subsequent influx of white settlers put pressure on the government to land from the Cherokee Nation. In 1830, President Andrew Jackson signed the Indian Removal Act into law, sending many eastern Native American nations to reservations in present-day Oklahoma, including all of Georgias tribes. Despite the Supreme Courts ruling in Worcester v. Georgia that ruled U. S. states were not permitted to redraw the Indian boundaries, President Jackson and the state of Georgia ignored the ruling. In 1838, his successor, Martin Van Buren, dispatched troops to gather the Cherokee

15.
Hawaii
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Hawaii is the 50th and most recent state to have joined the United States of America, having received statehood on August 21,1959. Hawaii is the only U. S. state located in Oceania and it is the northernmost island group in Polynesia, occupying most of an archipelago in the central Pacific Ocean. Hawaii is the only U. S. state not located in the Americas, the state encompasses nearly the entire volcanic Hawaiian archipelago, which comprises hundreds of islands spread over 1,500 miles. At the southeastern end of the archipelago, the eight main islands are—in order from northwest to southeast, Niʻihau, Kauaʻi, Oʻahu, Molokaʻi, Lānaʻi, Kahoʻolawe, Maui, and the Island of Hawaiʻi. The last is the largest island in the group, it is called the Big Island or Hawaiʻi Island to avoid confusion with the state or archipelago. The archipelago is physiographically and ethnologically part of the Polynesian subregion of Oceania, Hawaii has over a million permanent residents, along with many visitors and U. S. military personnel. Its capital is Honolulu on the island of Oʻahu, Hawaii is the 8th-smallest and the 11th-least populous, but the 13th-most densely populated of the fifty U. S. states. It is the state with an Asian plurality. The states coastline is about 750 miles long, the fourth longest in the U. S. after the coastlines of Alaska, Florida, the state of Hawaii derives its name from the name of its largest island, Hawaiʻi. A common Hawaiian explanation of the name of Hawaiʻi is that was named for Hawaiʻiloa and he is said to have discovered the islands when they were first settled. The Hawaiian language word Hawaiʻi is very similar to Proto-Polynesian *Sawaiki, cognates of Hawaiʻi are found in other Polynesian languages, including Māori, Rarotongan and Samoan. According to linguists Pukui and Elbert, lsewhere in Polynesia, Hawaiʻi or a cognate is the name of the underworld or of the home, but in Hawaii. A somewhat divisive political issue arose in 1978 when the Constitution of the State of Hawaii added Hawaiian as an official state language. The title of the constitution is The Constitution of the State of Hawaii. Article XV, Section 1 of the Constitution uses The State of Hawaii, diacritics were not used because the document, drafted in 1949, predates the use of the okina and the kahakō in modern Hawaiian orthography. The exact spelling of the name in the Hawaiian language is Hawaiʻi. In the Hawaii Admission Act that granted Hawaiian statehood, the government recognized Hawaii as the official state name. Official government publications, department and office titles, and the Seal of Hawaii use the spelling with no symbols for glottal stops or vowel length

16.
Montana
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Montana /mɒnˈtænə/ is a state in the Western region of the United States. The states name is derived from the Spanish word montaña, Montana has several nicknames, although none official, including Big Sky Country and The Treasure State, and slogans that include Land of the Shining Mountains and more recently The Last Best Place. Montana has a 545-mile border with three Canadian provinces, British Columbia, Alberta, and Saskatchewan, the state to do so. It also borders North Dakota and South Dakota to the east, Wyoming to the south, Montana is ranked 4th in size, but 44th in population and 48th in population density of the 50 United States. The western third of Montana contains numerous mountain ranges, smaller island ranges are found throughout the state. In total,77 named ranges are part of the Rocky Mountains, the eastern half of Montana is characterized by western prairie terrain and badlands. The economy is based on agriculture, including ranching and cereal grain farming. Other significant economic activities include oil, gas, coal and hard rock mining, lumber, the health care, service, and government sectors also are significant to the states economy. Millions of tourists annually visit Glacier National Park, the Little Bighorn Battlefield National Monument, the name Montana comes from the Spanish word Montaña and the Latin word Montana, meaning mountain, or more broadly, mountainous country. Montaña del Norte was the name given by early Spanish explorers to the mountainous region of the west. The name was changed by Representatives Henry Wilson and Benjamin F. Harding, when Ashley presented a bill to establish a temporary government in 1864 for a new territory to be carved out of Idaho, he again chose Montana Territory. This time Rep. Samuel Cox, also of Ohio, objected to the name, Cox complained that the name was a misnomer given most of the territory was not mountainous and that a Native American name would be more appropriate than a Spanish one. Other names such as Shoshone were suggested, but it was decided that the Committee on Territories could name it whatever they wanted, with an area of 147,040 square miles, Montana is slightly larger than Japan. It is the fourth largest state in the United States after Alaska, Texas, and California, the largest landlocked U. S. state, and the worlds 56th largest national state/province subdivision. To the north, Montana shares a 545-mile border with three Canadian provinces, British Columbia, Alberta, and Saskatchewan, the state to do so. It borders North Dakota and South Dakota to the east, Wyoming to the south, the states topography is roughly defined by the Continental Divide, which splits much of the state into distinct eastern and western regions. Most of Montanas 100 or more named mountain ranges are in the western half. The Absaroka and Beartooth ranges in the states south-central part are part of the Central Rocky Mountains

17.
Nevada
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Nevada is a state in the Western, Mountain West, and Southwestern regions of the United States of America. Nevada is the 7th most extensive, the 34th most populous, nearly three-quarters of Nevadas people live in Clark County, which contains the Las Vegas–Paradise metropolitan area where three of the states four largest incorporated cities are located. Nevada is officially known as the Silver State because of the importance of silver to its history and economy. It is also known as the Battle Born State, because it achieved statehood during the Civil War, as the Sage-brush State, for the plant of the same name. Nevada borders Oregon to the northwest, Idaho to the northeast, California to the west, Arizona to the southeast, Nevada is largely desert and semi-arid, much of it located within the Great Basin. Areas south of the Great Basin are located within the Mojave Desert, while Lake Tahoe, about 86% of the states land is managed by various jurisdictions of the U. S. federal government, both civilian and military. Before European contact, Native Americans of the Paiute, Shoshone, the first Europeans to explore the region were Spanish. They called the region Nevada because of the snow covered the mountains in winter. The area formed part of the Viceroyalty of New Spain, the United States annexed the area in 1848 after its victory in the Mexican–American War, and it was incorporated as part of Utah Territory in 1850. The discovery of silver at the Comstock Lode in 1859 led to a boom that became an impetus to the creation of Nevada Territory out of western Utah Territory in 1861. Nevada became the 36th state on October 31,1864, as the second of two added to the Union during the Civil War. Nevada has a reputation for its libertarian laws, in 1940, with a population of just over 110,000 people, Nevada was by far the least-populated state, with less than half the population of the next least-populated state. However, legalized gambling and lenient marriage and divorce laws transformed Nevada into a major tourist destination in the 20th century, Nevada is the only U. S. state where prostitution is legal, though it is illegal in Clark County, Washoe County and Carson City. The tourism industry remains Nevadas largest employer, with mining continuing as a sector of the economy. The name Nevada comes from the Spanish nevada, meaning snow-covered, most Nevadans pronounce the second syllable of their state name using the vowel of trap. Many from outside the Western United States pronounce it with the vowel of father, although the latter pronunciation is closer to the Spanish pronunciation, it is not the pronunciation preferred by most Nevadans. State Assemblyman Harry Mortenson proposed a bill to recognize the alternate pronunciation of Nevada, though the bill was not supported by most legislators, the Nevadan pronunciation is the de facto official one, since it is the one used by the state legislature. Nevada is almost entirely within the Basin and Range Province, and is broken up by many mountain ranges

18.
South Dakota
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South Dakota is a state located in the Midwestern region of the United States. It is named after the Lakota and Dakota Sioux Native American tribes, South Dakota is the 17th most expansive, but the 5th least populous and the 5th least densely populated of the 50 United States. Once the southern portion of the Dakota Territory, South Dakota became a state on November 2,1889, Pierre is the state capital and Sioux Falls, with a population of about 171,000, is South Dakotas largest city. South Dakota is bordered by the states of North Dakota, Minnesota, Iowa, Nebraska, Wyoming, the state is bisected by the Missouri River, dividing South Dakota into two geographically and socially distinct halves, known to residents as East River and West River. Eastern South Dakota is home to most of the states population, West of the Missouri, ranching is the predominant agricultural activity, and the economy is more dependent on tourism and defense spending. Most of the Native American reservations are located in West River, the Black Hills, a group of low pine-covered mountains sacred to the Sioux, are located in the southwest part of the state. Mount Rushmore, a major tourist destination, is located there, South Dakota experiences a temperate continental climate, with four distinct seasons and precipitation ranging from moderate in the east to semi-arid in the west. The ecology of the state features species typical of a North American grassland biome, humans have inhabited the area for several millennia, with the Sioux becoming dominant by the early 19th century. In the late 19th century, European-American settlement intensified after a rush in the Black Hills. Encroaching miners and settlers triggered a number of Indian wars, ending with the Wounded Knee Massacre in 1890, historically dominated by an agricultural economy and a rural lifestyle, South Dakota has recently sought to diversify its economy in areas to attract and retain residents. South Dakotas history and rural character still strongly influence the culture of the state, South Dakota is situated in the north-central United States, and is considered a part of the Midwest by the U. S. Census Bureau, it is also part of the Great Plains region. The culture, economy, and geography of western South Dakota have more in common with the West than the Midwest, South Dakota has a total area of 77,116 square miles, making the state the 17th largest in the Union. Black Elk Peak, formerly named Harney Peak, with an elevation of 7,242 ft, is the states highest point, while the shoreline of Big Stone Lake is the lowest, with an elevation of 966 ft. South Dakota is bordered to the north by North Dakota, to the south by Nebraska, to the east by Iowa and Minnesota, the geographical center of the U. S. is 17 miles west of Castle Rock in Butte County. The North American continental pole of inaccessibility is located between Allen and Kyle,1,024 mi from the nearest coastline, the Missouri River is the largest and longest river in the state. Other major South Dakota rivers include the Cheyenne, James, Big Sioux, Eastern South Dakota has many natural lakes, mostly created by periods of glaciation. Additionally, dams on the Missouri River create four large reservoirs, Lake Oahe, Lake Sharpe, Lake Francis Case, South Dakota can generally be divided into three regions, eastern South Dakota, western South Dakota, and the Black Hills. The Missouri River serves as a boundary in terms of geographic, social, at times the Black Hills are combined with the rest of western South Dakota, and people often refer to the resulting two regions divided by the Missouri River as West River and East River

19.
Maine
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Maine is the northernmost state in the New England region of the northeastern United States. Maine is the 39th most extensive and the 41st most populous of the U. S. states and territories and it is bordered by New Hampshire to the west, the Atlantic Ocean to the east, and the Canadian provinces of New Brunswick and Quebec to the north. Maine is the easternmost state in the contiguous United States, and it is known for its jagged, rocky coastline, low, rolling mountains, heavily forested interior, and picturesque waterways, and also its seafood cuisine, especially clams and lobster. There is a continental climate throughout the state, even in areas such as its most populous city of Portland. For thousands of years, indigenous peoples were the inhabitants of the territory that is now Maine. At the time of European arrival in what is now Maine, the first European settlement in the area was by the French in 1604 on Saint Croix Island, by Pierre Dugua, Sieur de Mons. The first English settlement was the short-lived Popham Colony, established by the Plymouth Company in 1607, as Maine entered the 18th century, only a half dozen European settlements had survived. Loyalist and Patriot forces contended for Maines territory during the American Revolution, Maine was part of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts until 1820, when it voted to secede from Massachusetts to become an independent state. On March 15,1820, it was admitted to the Union as the 23rd state under the Missouri Compromise, there is no definitive explanation for the origin of the name Maine, but the most likely origin is the name given by early explorers after a province in France. Whatever the origin, the name was fixed for English settlers in 1665 when the English Kings Commissioners ordered that the Province of Maine be entered from then on in official records. The state legislature in 2001 adopted a resolution establishing Franco-American Day, other theories mention earlier places with similar names, or claim it is a nautical reference to the mainland. Attempts to uncover the history of the name of Maine began with James Sullivans 1795 History of the District of Maine. He made the allegation that the Province of Maine was a compliment to the queen of Charles I, Henrietta Maria. MAINE appears in the Domesday Book of 1086 in reference to the county of Dorset, the view generally held among British place name scholars is that Mayne in Dorset is Brythonic, corresponding to modern Welsh maen, plural main or meini. Some early spellings are, MAINE1086, MEINE1200, MEINES1204, mason had served with the Royal Navy in the Orkney Islands where the chief island is called Mainland, a possible name derivation for these English sailors. Initially, several tracts along the coast of New England were referred to as Main or Maine, Maine is the only state whose name has exactly one syllable. The original inhabitants of the territory that is now Maine were Algonquian-speaking Wabanaki peoples, including the Abenaki, Passamaquoddy, Maliseet and Penobscot, who had a loose confederacy. European contact with what is now called Maine started around 1200 CE when Norwegians interacted with the native Penobscot in present-day Hancock County, most likely through trade

20.
Los Angeles Times
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The Los Angeles Times, commonly referred to as the Times or LA Times, is a paid daily newspaper published in Los Angeles, California, since 1881. It was the largest metropolitan newspaper in circulation in the United States in 2008, the Times is owned by tronc. The Times was first published on December 4,1881, as the Los Angeles Daily Times under the direction of Nathan Cole Jr. and it was first printed at the Mirror printing plant, owned by Jesse Yarnell and T. J. Unable to pay the bill, Cole and Gardiner turned the paper over to the Mirror Company. Mathes had joined the firm, and it was at his insistence that the Times continued publication, in July 1882, Harrison Gray Otis moved from Santa Barbara to become the papers editor. Otis made the Times a financial success, in an era where newspapers were driven by party politics, the Times was directed at Republican readers. As was typical of newspapers of the time, the Times would sit on stories for several days, historian Kevin Starr wrote that Otis was a businessman capable of manipulating the entire apparatus of politics and public opinion for his own enrichment. Otiss editorial policy was based on civic boosterism, extolling the virtues of Los Angeles, the efforts of the Times to fight local unions led to the October 1,1910 bombing of its headquarters, killing twenty-one people. Two union leaders, James and Joseph McNamara, were charged, the American Federation of Labor hired noted trial attorney Clarence Darrow to represent the brothers, who eventually pleaded guilty. Upon Otiss death in 1917, his son-in-law, Harry Chandler, Harry Chandler was succeeded in 1944 by his son, Norman Chandler, who ran the paper during the rapid growth of post-war Los Angeles. Family members are buried at the Hollywood Forever Cemetery near Paramount Studios, the site also includes a memorial to the Times Building bombing victims. The fourth generation of family publishers, Otis Chandler, held that position from 1960 to 1980, Otis Chandler sought legitimacy and recognition for his familys paper, often forgotten in the power centers of the Northeastern United States due to its geographic and cultural distance. He sought to remake the paper in the model of the nations most respected newspapers, notably The New York Times, believing that the newsroom was the heartbeat of the business, Otis Chandler increased the size and pay of the reporting staff and expanded its national and international reporting. In 1962, the paper joined with the Washington Post to form the Los Angeles Times-Washington Post News Service to syndicate articles from both papers for news organizations. During the 1960s, the paper won four Pulitzer Prizes, more than its previous nine decades combined, eventually the coupon-clipping branches realized that they could make more money investing in something other than newspapers. Under their pressure the companies went public, or split apart, thats the pattern followed over more than a century by the Los Angeles Times under the Chandler family. The papers early history and subsequent transformation was chronicled in an unauthorized history Thinking Big and it has also been the whole or partial subject of nearly thirty dissertations in communications or social science in the past four decades. In 2000, the Tribune Company acquired the Times, placing the paper in co-ownership with then-WB -affiliated KTLA, which Tribune acquired in 1985

21.
Attorney General of California
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The Attorney General of California is the State Attorney General of California. The Department employs over 1,100 attorneys and 3,700 non-attorney employees, the Attorney General is elected to a four-year term, with a maximum of two terms. The election is held at the statewide election as the Governor, Lieutenant Governor, Controller, Secretary of State, Treasurer, Superintendent of Public Instruction. Heads the Department of Justice, which is responsible for providing legal services. Acts as the counsel in state litigation. Oversees law enforcement agencies, including District Attorneys and Sheriffs, previously, the attorney general lacked jurisdiction over matters in the jurisdiction of locally-elected district attorneys and sheriffs. Warren went on to become Attorney General himself in 1938 where he reorganized states law enforcement into districts, for a comprehensive list, see List of Attorneys General of California. Representative George Deukmejian – Governor of California Jerry Brown – California Secretary of State, Governor of California Mayor, Oakland California Kamala Harris – U. S

22.
The Monterey County Herald
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The Monterey County Herald, sometimes referred to as the Monterey Herald, is a daily newspaper published in Monterey, California that serves Monterey County. In December,2013, the Heralds parent company Media News Group merged to become Digital First Media, the Monterey County Herald, with offices in downtown Monterey, California, was produced at Ryan Ranch on the Monterey Peninsula from 1990–2014. It previously appeared as The Monterey Peninsula Herald, with offices on Pacific Street in Monterey. The newspaper was founded and long published by Colonel Allen Griffin, a small monument in Monterey memorializes him for having given the world an extra day of peace. In 1967, the newspaper was bought by Block Communications, in 1992 the paper was acquired by the E. W. Scripps Company in exchange for the Pittsburgh Press, which Block merged into its own Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. Scripps traded the paper, along with The Tribune, to Knight Ridder in 1997, Knight Ridder was later purchased by the Sacramento-based McClatchy Company in June 2006 in a deal valued at $4.5 billion. The deal was contingent on McClatchy selling off 12 of the 32 newspapers it had just purchased, in December 2013, MediaNews Group and 21st Century Media merged to create a new company operating under the name of its parent company, Digital First Media. In 2013, the Santa Cruz Sentinel joined the community newspaper division for Digital First Media as the Monterey Herald. The two newspapers now share a common publisher, editor, advertising director and circulation director, in August 2014, The Monterey Herald moved from its 24-year location in Ryan Ranch to a renovated headquarters on Garden Road in Monterey. Ed Ricketts The Monterey County Heraldmonterey

23.
Orange County Register
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The Orange County Register is a paid daily newspaper published in California. The Register, published in Santa Ana, is owned by Digital First Media, Freedom Communications owned the newspaper from 1935 to 2016. The Register was founded by a consortium as the Santa Ana Daily Register in 1905 and it was sold to J. P. Baumgartner in 1906 and to J. Frank Burke in 1927. In 1935 it was bought by Raymond C, Hoiles, who renamed it the Santa Ana Register and reorganized his holdings as Freedom Newspapers, Inc. in 1950, later Freedom Communications. The paper dropped Santa Ana from its title in 1952, circulation rose with the burgeoning population of Orange County and after the Register added a morning edition in 1959. In 1970 Hoiles son, Clarence, became co-publisher with his brother Harry until 1979, faced with an aggressive push into the county by the Los Angeles Times under then-publisher Otis Chandler, Threshie brought in 30-year-old N. Christian Anderson III as editor. Political positions were restricted to the editorial page, in 1981, the paper began publishing in full color. In 1985, the paper assumed the name The Orange County Register, in the same year it won its first Pulitzer Prize, for its photographic coverage of the 1984 Summer Olympics in Los Angeles. It won additional Pulitzers in 1989 for beat reporting by Edward Humes on U. S. military problems with night-vision goggles, in 1990, the newspaper launched the 24-hour OCN news channel with news and feature stories about Orange County. In 1992, Orange County Register Communications launched Excélsior, a Spanish-language weekly, in 2010 Excélsior had a circulation of 51,000. It covers Orange Countys growing Hispanic community, which now numbers over a million, julio Saenz is the editor and general manager. In 1999, Threshie became Chairman of the Board of Freedom Communications, ken Brusic was named vice president of content and executive editor in April 2002. In 2003, a schism led to a sale on Oct. 9th of a majority interest in Freedom Communications to investors led by the Blackstone Group. Through a stock arrangement, the Hoiles family descendants retained control of the board, in 2006, Orange County Register Communications launched the OC Post, a tabloid with shortened versions of Register stories as well as news articles from the Associated Press. The paper also had its first significant staff reductions in December 2006, with 40 newsroom employees taking buyouts, by April 2007, The Orange County Register had made cuts to help maintain shareholder profit, which had averaged more than 20 percent annually in the preceding five years. Since the launch of the OC Post in 2006, OCRC has cut the Registers editorial staff by 10 percent, and postponed pay raises to editorial staff, which had averaged 3 percent annually, for six months. In September 2007, Terry Horne replaced N. Christian Anderson III as publisher, in June 2008, KTLA, The Los Angeles Times and Fox News reported that the Register had begun a one-month trial of outsourcing some layout and copy-editing work to India to save costs. The trial was not deemed a success, and since then editing has been done by the Register in Orange County, in spring of 2009, Freedom Communications instituted furloughs for all employees nationwide, followed by a permanent 5% pay cut starting in July 2009

24.
The Associated Press
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The Associated Press is an American multinational nonprofit news agency headquartered in New York City that operates as a cooperative, unincorporated association. The AP is owned by its contributing newspapers and radio and television stations in the United States, all of which stories to the AP. Most of the AP staff are members and are represented by the Newspaper Guild, which operates under the Communications Workers of America. As of 2007, news collected by the AP was published and republished by more than 1,700 newspapers, in addition to more than 5,000 television, the photograph library of the AP consists of over 10 million images. The AP operates 243 news bureaus in 120 countries and it also operates the AP Radio Network, which provides newscasts twice hourly for broadcast and satellite radio and television stations. Many newspapers and broadcasters outside the United States are AP subscribers, as part of their cooperative agreement with the AP, most member news organizations grant automatic permission for the AP to distribute their local news reports. The AP employs the inverted pyramid formula for writing that enables the news outlets to edit a story to fit its available publication area without losing the storys essentials. Cutbacks at rival United Press International in 1993 left the AP as the United States primary news service, although UPI still produces and distributes stories and photos daily. Other English-language news services, such as the BBC, Reuters, some historians believe that the Tribune joined at this time, documents show it was a member in 1849. The New York Times became a member shortly after its founding in September 1851, initially known as the New York Associated Press, the organization faced competition from the Western Associated Press, which criticized its monopolistic news gathering and price setting practices. The revelations led to the demise of the NYAP and in December 1892, when the AP was founded, news became a salable commodity. The invention of the press allowed the New York Tribune in the 1870s to print 18,000 papers per hour. During the Civil War and Spanish–American War, there was a new incentive to print vivid, Melville Stone, who had founded the Chicago Daily News in 1875, served as AP General Manager from 1893 to 1921. He embraced the standards of accuracy, impartiality, and integrity, the cooperative grew rapidly under the leadership of Kent Cooper, who built up bureau staff in South America, Europe and, the Middle East. He introduced the telegraph typewriter or teletypewriter into newsrooms in 1914, in 1935, AP launched the Wirephoto network, which allowed transmission of news photographs over leased private telephone lines on the day they were taken. This gave AP a major advantage over other media outlets. While the first network was only between New York, Chicago, and San Francisco, eventually AP had its network across the whole United States, in 1945, the Supreme Court of the United States held in Associated Press v. The decision facilitated the growth of its main rival United Press International, AP entered the broadcast field in 1941 when it began distributing news to radio stations, it created its own radio network in 1974

25.
The Atlanta Journal-Constitution
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The Atlanta Journal-Constitution is the only major daily newspaper in the metropolitan area of Atlanta, Georgia, United States. It is the publication of Cox Enterprises. The Atlanta Journal-Constitution is the result of the merger between The Atlanta Journal and The Atlanta Constitution, the staff was combined in 1982. Separate publication of the morning Constitution and afternoon Journal ended in 2001, the AJC has its headquarters in the Atlanta suburb of Dunwoody, Georgia. It is also co-owned with television flagship WSB-TV and six radio stations, subsequent to the staff consolidation of 1982, the afternoon Journal maintained a conservative editorial stance, while the editorials and op-eds in the morning Constitution were center-left. When the editions combined in 2001, the editorial page staffs also merged, the editorials and op-eds have attempted to strike a more balanced tone. Most of the editorial stances have been closer to those of the old Constitution center-left viewpoint. The Atlanta Journal was established in 1883, founder E. F. Hoge sold the paper to Atlanta lawyer Hoke Smith in 1887. After the Journal supported Presidential candidate Grover Cleveland in the 1892 election, Pulitzer Prize-winning novelist Margaret Mitchell worked for the Journal from 1922 to 1926. In 1922, the Journal founded the Souths first radio station, the radio station and the newspaper were sold in 1939 to James Middleton Cox, founder of what would become Cox Enterprises. The Journal carried the motto Covers Dixie like the Dew, the Constitution, as it was originally known, was first published on June 16,1868. Its name changed to The Atlanta Constitution in October 1869 and it was such a force that by 1871 it had killed off the Daily Intelligencer, the only Atlanta paper to survive the American Civil War. In August 1875 its name changed to The Atlanta Daily Constitution for two weeks, then to The Constitution again for about a year, in 1876 Captain Evan Howell purchased a controlling interest from E. Y. Clarke Sr. and became its editor-in-chief. That same year, Joel Chandler Harris began writing for the paper and he soon invented the character of Uncle Remus, a black storyteller, as a way of recounting stories from African-American culture. In October 1876 the newspaper became The Daily Constitution, before settling on the name The Atlanta Constitution in September 1881, during the 1880s, editor Henry W. Grady was a spokesman for the New South, and encouraged industrial development. The Constitution started the radio station, WGM AM710, having received its Federal Radio Commission broadcast license in March 1922. It is now succeeded by WGST AM640, though its original facility is now WGKA AM920, the station folded after just over a year, and was donated to the Georgia School of Technology. Ralph McGill, editor for the Constitution in the 1940s, was one of the few southern newspaper editors to support the American Civil Rights Movement, in 1946, reporter David Snell wrote that Japan had developed its own atomic bomb prior to Hiroshima and Nagasaki

26.
KHON-TV
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KHON-TV, virtual channel 2, is a television station licensed to Honolulu, Hawaii, United States. Owned by Nexstar Media Group, the station serves as the affiliate of Fox. KHON maintains studios on Piikoi Street in Honolulu, and its transmitter is also located in the city. KHON also has stations on all the major Hawaiian Islands to rebroadcast programs outside of metropolitan Honolulu, KHAW-TV in Hilo. KHON can also be seen statewide on both Oceanic Spectrum and Hawaiian Telecom cable analog channel 2, KHON first signed on the air on December 15,1952 as a primary NBC affiliate, KONA-TV, occupying the channel 11 position. It also had an affiliation with Dumont until its demise in 1955. The station, which is Hawaiis second-oldest television station, was owned by Herbert Richards. Two years later in 1954, the Honolulu Advertiser purchased the station, on October 16,1955, KONA changed channels from 11 to 2 due to the lower VHF positions having the most powerful ERPs at the time. In 1956, KONA was sold to Pacific and Southern Broadcasting, in 1965, the stations call letters were changed to the current KHON-TV. In March 1994, the Fox Broadcasting Company entered into a partnership with minority-owned communications firm Savoy Pictures to form a television station ownership group called SF Broadcasting. S, as part of the deal, all four stations would disaffiliate from their respective network and become Fox affiliates. Savoy Pictures controlled the operations of the four stations. On January 1,1996, KHON-TV switched its affiliation to Fox, unlike the New World Communications-owned Fox affiliates that joined the network during the previous 18-month span, KHON ran Fox Kids programming on weekdays and Saturday mornings. KHON also expanded its news programming on weekdays, seeing an increase in newscast ratings with the affiliation switch. KHON is now one of only four Fox affiliates that omit network references in their branding, the sale of KHON and the other SF stations was approved and finalized in March 1996, with its other assets being merged into the company that November. In 1999, KHON relocated from its studios on Auahi Street. From 2002 to 2004, KHON carried select UPN programming via a secondary affiliation shared with KGMB, KIKU, an independent station specializing in Japanese programming, became a secondary UPN affiliate in November 2004 and remained with the network until its closure in September 2006. On May 15,2005, Emmis Communications announced that it would sell its 16 television stations in order to concentrate on its portfolio of radio stations. The acquisition resulted in one of the instances in which two stations operated in a duopoly were completely separated due to Emmis owning KHON and KGMB under a waiver

27.
Reno Gazette-Journal
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The Reno Gazette-Journal is the main daily newspaper for Reno, Nevada. It is owned by the Gannett Company and it came into being when the Nevada State Journal and the Reno Evening Gazette were combined in 1983. Speidel Newspapers bought the Gazette in 1939, and bought the Journal a month later, Gannett bought Speidel Newspapers in 1977. The Reno Gazette-Journal is one of two covering the Reno-Sparks metropolitan area, which is also served by the Reno News & Review

28.
Wayback Machine
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The Internet Archive launched the Wayback Machine in October 2001. It was set up by Brewster Kahle and Bruce Gilliat, and is maintained with content from Alexa Internet, the service enables users to see archived versions of web pages across time, which the archive calls a three dimensional index. Since 1996, the Wayback Machine has been archiving cached pages of websites onto its large cluster of Linux nodes and it revisits sites every few weeks or months and archives a new version. Sites can also be captured on the fly by visitors who enter the sites URL into a search box, the intent is to capture and archive content that otherwise would be lost whenever a site is changed or closed down. The overall vision of the machines creators is to archive the entire Internet, the name Wayback Machine was chosen as a reference to the WABAC machine, a time-traveling device used by the characters Mr. Peabody and Sherman in The Rocky and Bullwinkle Show, an animated cartoon. These crawlers also respect the robots exclusion standard for websites whose owners opt for them not to appear in search results or be cached, to overcome inconsistencies in partially cached websites, Archive-It. Information had been kept on digital tape for five years, with Kahle occasionally allowing researchers, when the archive reached its fifth anniversary, it was unveiled and opened to the public in a ceremony at the University of California, Berkeley. Snapshots usually become more than six months after they are archived or, in some cases, even later. The frequency of snapshots is variable, so not all tracked website updates are recorded, Sometimes there are intervals of several weeks or years between snapshots. After August 2008 sites had to be listed on the Open Directory in order to be included. As of 2009, the Wayback Machine contained approximately three petabytes of data and was growing at a rate of 100 terabytes each month, the growth rate reported in 2003 was 12 terabytes/month, the data is stored on PetaBox rack systems manufactured by Capricorn Technologies. In 2009, the Internet Archive migrated its customized storage architecture to Sun Open Storage, in 2011 a new, improved version of the Wayback Machine, with an updated interface and fresher index of archived content, was made available for public testing. The index driving the classic Wayback Machine only has a bit of material past 2008. In January 2013, the company announced a ground-breaking milestone of 240 billion URLs, in October 2013, the company announced the Save a Page feature which allows any Internet user to archive the contents of a URL. This became a threat of abuse by the service for hosting malicious binaries, as of December 2014, the Wayback Machine contained almost nine petabytes of data and was growing at a rate of about 20 terabytes each week. Between October 2013 and March 2015 the websites global Alexa rank changed from 162 to 208, in a 2009 case, Netbula, LLC v. Chordiant Software Inc. defendant Chordiant filed a motion to compel Netbula to disable the robots. Netbula objected to the motion on the ground that defendants were asking to alter Netbulas website, in an October 2004 case, Telewizja Polska USA, Inc. v. Echostar Satellite, No.02 C3293,65 Fed. 673, a litigant attempted to use the Wayback Machine archives as a source of admissible evidence, Telewizja Polska is the provider of TVP Polonia and EchoStar operates the Dish Network

29.
Secretary of State of California
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The Secretary of State of California is the chief clerk of the U. S. State of California, overseeing a department of 500 people. The Secretary of State is elected for four terms, like the states other constitutional officers. The current Secretary of State, Alex Padilla, took office on January 5,2015, the Secretary of State is the Californias Chief Elections Officer, overseeing all federal and state elections in the state and maintaining a database of registered voters. They are also responsible for disclosure of campaign and lobbyist financial information, the Secretary of States office also has a number of responsibilities related to corporations, the largest portion office is the Business Programs Division, which handles corporate filings. The Secretarys office also maintains a number of registries, including the Safe at Home confidential address program, and the Domestic Partners and Advance Health Care Directive. Other roles include safeguarding the California State Archives, and they are a trustee of the California Museum, California government and California politics List of company registers California Secretary of States official website

30.
California elections, February 2008
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The California state elections, February 2008 were held on February 5,2008 throughout California. Presidential primaries and an election for a State Assembly seat were among the contests held. Seven ballot propositions were also decided on, three candidates were on the ballot of the American Independent Party, a state political party. Seven candidates participated in the Green Partys presidential primary, which is a non-binding contest, seven candidates participated in the Peace and Freedom presidential primary, a non-binding beauty contest. Ralph Nader received a plurality of the votes, followed by Gloria La Riva, stewart Alexander was nominated to be Socialist Party candidate Brian Moores running mate in October 2007, but remained on the Peace and Freedom ballot. Proposition 91 sought to amend the California Constitution to prohibit motor vehicle fuel taxes that are earmarked for transportation purposes from being retained in the states General Fund. Proposition 92 sought to amend Proposition 98 of 1988, which sets a mandate for the level of funding each year for elementary and secondary schools. Proposition 93 sought to change the term limits for members of the California State Legislature in both the State Assembly and State Senate, Proposition 94 sought to expand the Indian Gaming Compact with the Pechanga Band of Luiseño Mission Indians. Proposition 95 sought to expand the Indian Gaming Compact with the Morongo Band of Mission Indians, Proposition 96 sought to expand the Indian Gaming Compact with the Sycuan Band of the Kumeyaay Nation. Proposition 97 sought to expand the Indian Gaming Compact with the Agua Caliente Band of Cahuilla Indians, the seat of Californias 55th State Assembly district was vacated by Assemblymember Laura Richardson, who won a special election to fill Californias 37th congressional district on June 26,2007. The congressional district was vacant after Juanita Millender-McDonald died of cancer on April 22,2007, a primary election for the special election was held on December 11,2007. Since no candidate won a majority, the candidates with the top votes for each party appeared on the ballots for the special election, a Voter turnout information is listed where applicable. Turnout information is not available for the American Independent or Democratic primaries because both parties allowed Decline to State voters to participate. There were a total of 328,261 eligible registered voters registered with the American Independent Party,6,749,406 with the Democratic Party, there was a total of 15,712,753 eligible registered voters regardless of party affiliation in the entire state. Political party strength in California Political party strength in U. S. states Statement of Vote

31.
California Democratic primary, 2008
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The 2008 California Democratic primary took place on February 5,2008, also known as Super Tuesday. California was dubbed the Big Enchilada by the media because it offers the most delegates out of any other delegation, in the primary,370 of Californias 441 delegates to the Democratic National Convention were selected. Of these delegates,241 were awarded at the district level. The remaining delegates were not obligated to vote for any candidate at the convention. Candidates were required to receive at least 15% of either the district or statewide vote to receive any delegates, registered Democrats and Decline to State voters were eligible to vote. The latest six polls were averaged, a Turnout information is not available because Decline to State voters were allowed to participate. There were a total of 6,749,406 eligible registered voters registered with the Democratic Party and 3,043,164 who declined to state. California Republican primary,2008 California state elections, February 2008 Democratic Party presidential primaries,2008 United States presidential election in California,2008

32.
California Republican primary, 2008
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The California Republican primary,2008 was held on February 5,2008, with a total of 173 national delegates at stake. The delegates represented California at the Republican National Convention, there were three delegates to every congressional district and fourteen bonus delegates. The winner in each of the 53 congressional districts was awarded all of that districts delegates, the statewide winner was awarded 11 of the 14 bonus delegates, with the 3 remaining delegates assigned to party leaders. Voting in the primary was restricted to registered Republican voters, early polls showed Rudy Giuliani in the lead. Polls taken closer to the primary either showed Mitt Romney or John McCain as the favored candidate, California Democratic primary,2008 California state elections, February 2008 Republican Party presidential primaries,2008 United States presidential election in California,2008

33.
California ballot proposition
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In California, a ballot proposition can be a referendum or an initiative measure that is submitted to the electorate for a direct decision or direct vote. Measures can be placed on the ballot either by the California State Legislature or via a petition signed by registered voters, the state legislature can place a state constitutional amendment or a proposed law change on the ballot as a referendum to be approved by voters. Under the state constitution, certain proposed changes to state laws may require mandatory referenda, a measure placed on the ballot via petition can either be a vote to veto a law that has been adopted by the legislature or a new proposed law. There are three forms of democracy in California. Referenda have been a part of the Constitution of California since 1856, the initiative and optional referendum were introduced in 1911, by a constitutional amendment called Proposition 7. California Senate Bill 202 mandated that initiatives and optional referenda can appear only on the November general election ballot, a ballot proposition enacted by the initiative process can alter the Constitution of California, the California Codes, or another law in the California Statutes. The signed petitions are then sent to the Secretary of State of California for validation of signatures, after gaining approval, proponents have 180 days to gather the required number of signatures. Due to duplicate signing or invalid signatures, usually at least 50% more than the minimum number of signatures are collected to compensate for possible invalidated signatures. If the number of validated signatures is more than the number required. The cut off time to get on a ballot is 131 days before that election. Measures that qualify after this deadline are then placed on the statewide ballot. To pass, yes votes on a proposition must exceed no votes, ballots that record neither a yes nor a no on the proposition are ignored. The State Legislature may pass an act that proposes a state constitutional amendment, after it is signed by the Governor, its submitted to the voters as a referendum at the next statewide election. If more than 50% of the voters approve the referendum, the amendment is approved. Other legislative bills that may require mandatory referenda include bond measures, laws already adopted by the state legislature may be vetoed by means of a referendum. This is also known as a referendum or peoples veto. The process is similar to an initiative as noted above, except that it is a passed law submitted as a petition to the Attorney General. The proponent, however, must submit the request no more than 90 days after the law in question is enacted, to qualify on the ballot, a referendum petition must have the signatures of at least five percent of the number of voters in the previous gubernatorial election

34.
California Proposition 91 (2008)
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The proposition appeared on the ballot of the February primary election. The proposition prohibits certain motor vehicle sales and use taxes. The proposition also requires repayment by June 30,2017 of such vehicle fuel taxes retained in General Fund from July 1,2003 to June 30,2008, currently, repayment is generally required by June 30,2016. It also changes how and when General Fund borrowing of certain transportation funds is allowed, increases stability of state funding for highways, streets, and roads and may decrease stability of state funding for public transit. May reduce stability of local funds for public transit. A yes vote on this measure means that the State would no longer be able to suspend the transfer of gasoline sales tax revenue from the General Fund to transportation. The State, however, may be able to loan to the General Fund, without time limitation for repayment. A no vote means the State would still be able to suspend, under certain conditions, additionally, the State would continue to be able, under certain conditions, to loan specified transportation funds to the General Fund for up to three fiscal years. However, an independent campaign to pass Proposition 1A has been sponsored separately by the Southern California Transit Advocates, other supporters include State Senator Tom McClintock and former State Senator Bill Leonard. Yes on 91 Proposition 91 Voter Information Guide

35.
California Proposition 92 (2008)
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California Proposition 92 was Californian ballot proposition that voters rejected on February 5,2008. Proposition 92 would have established a system of independent public community college districts, a minimum level of state funding for school districts and community college districts would have been calculated separately from the current K-14 education budget. Additionally,10.46 percent of current Proposition 98 school funding maintenance would have allocated to community colleges. Furthermore, community college fees would have froze at $15/unit per semester, other associated budgetary allocations earmarked for the current K-14 system would also have been divided accordingly. Proposition was projected to amount to an increase in spending on K–14 education from 2007–08 through 2009–10—averaging about $300 million per year. The loss of student fee revenues would have been potentially about $70 million annually, currently, student fees of $20/unit, go to the general fund, not to the community college where the student is enrolled. Yes on 92 No on 92 California Voter Information Guide of Proposition 92 ABC7. com, Prop 92 defeated

36.
California Proposition 93 (2008)
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Proposition 93 was a Californian ballot proposition that sought to amend the term limits law for the California state legislature. Voters rejected it on February 5,2008, Proposition 93 would have changed the term limit to 12 years in both houses combined. If passed, the measure would have been the first amendment to the term limits law since Proposition 140 in 1990, consequently, some current members of the legislature would have been allowed to serve beyond the 14 years prescribed by current term limit laws. California Proposition 28, a successful proposition proposing a similar change four years later

37.
California elections, June 2008
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The California state elections, June 2008 were held on June 3,2008 throughout California. The elections included two ballot propositions and one election for a State Senate seat. In addition, all elections for Californian seats to the House of Representatives, all of the seats of the State Assembly. Proposition 98 would have been a constitutional amendment that limited eminent domain, proposition 99 was a constitutional amendment that limited eminent domain and government acquisition of owner-occupied residences. In response to his actions involving the state budget, a petition to recall State Senator Jeff Denham, in the election his successor was to be determined, if a majority of voters favored the recall. As it happened, the majority did not and he remained in office, California state elections, February 2008 State Senate District 12 recall election

38.
California Propositions 98 and 99 (2008)
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California Propositions 98 and 99 were competing ballot propositions in the U. S. state of California to limit the use of eminent domain and possibly rent control. They were voted on June 3,2008, proposition 98 failed and they addressed the issue differently, and also included other measures. In addition, the proposition would have prohibited rent control and similar measures and it did not prohibit rent control nor the use of eminent domain for properties other than residences occupied by the owner for over a year. The nonpartisan California Legislative Analysts Office concluded, Proposition 99 would not significantly change current government land acquisition practices, if both propositions had passed, but Proposition 99 received more votes, only it, and not Proposition 98, would become law. However, this ended up not to matter as only Proposition 99 passed, Proposition 98 was co-sponsored by the Howard Jarvis Taxpayers Association, and was also supported by landlord groups. It was opposed by tenant groups and associations of cities and redevelopment agencies, by April 2008, supporters of Proposition 98 had raised $3.5 million, and opponents $6.4 million, to conduct their campaigns. California state elections, June 2008 California Alliance to Protect Private Property Rights

39.
California elections, November 2008
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The California state elections, November 2008 were held on November 4,2008 throughout California. Twelve propositions also appeared on the ballot, numerous local elections also took place throughout the state. All 53 seats of the United States House of Representatives in California were up for election, before and after the election,34 seats were under Democratic control and 19 were under Republican control. The California State Senate is the house of Californias bicameral State Legislature. There are a total of 40 seats and only the 20 odd-numbered ones were up for election, the Democratic Party maintained a majority of 25, with the remaining 15 seats under the control of the Republican Party. Neither party lost or gained any seats, the California State Assembly is the lower house of Californias State Legislature. All 80 seats were up for every two years. Before the election, the Democrats controlled 48 seats, while the Republicans controlled 32, after the election, the Democrats increased its majority to 51, while the Republican minority shrank to 29. A total of five seats changed parties, four to the Democrats, proposition 1A is a bond measure to fund the California High-Speed Rail line from Los Angeles to San Francisco. Proposition 2 is an initiative statute regarding standards for confining farm animals, proposition 3 is an initiative statute that authorizes childrens hospital bonds and grants. Proposition 4 is a constitutional amendment regarding waiting periods and parental notification before termination of a minors pregnancy. Proposition 5 is an initiative statute regarding nonviolent offenders, sentencing, parole, proposition 6 is an initiative statute regarding criminal penalties and public safety funding. Proposition 7 is an initiative statute regarding renewable energy, proposition 8 is an initiative constitutional amendment that would ban same-sex marriage in California. Proposition 9 is a constitutional amendment and statute that deals with the criminal justice system, victims rights. Proposition 10 is a statute that authorizes bonds for alternative fuel vehicles. Proposition 11 is a constitutional amendment and statute that deals with redistricting. Proposition 12 is a measure that would assist veterans with buying property. California state elections, February 2008 California state elections, June 2008

40.
California State Senate election, 2008
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The 2008 California State Senate elections took place on November 4,2008. Voters in Californias odd-numbered State Senate districts, a total of 20, no seats changed parties and the Democratic Party party maintained its 25-seat majority, while the Republican Party held 15 seats. Other elections also took place in California on November 4, only a single State Senate district, the 19th, was considered truly competitive by political analysts. The following candidates are the results from the California Secretary of State

41.
California State Assembly election, 2008
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The 2008 California State Assembly elections took place on November 4,2008. Voters in all 80 of Californias State Assembly districts voted for their representative, other elections were also held on November 4. Only five seats changed parties, one to the Republican Party and four to the Democratic Party, of the 80 State Assembly districts, only about nine were considered truly competitive by political analysts. Below are the official results as reported by the Secretary of State

42.
California Proposition 1A (2008)
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Proposition 1A is a law that was approved by California voters in the November 2008 state elections. It was a proposition and bond measure that allocated funds for the California High-Speed Rail Authority. It now forms Chapter 20 of the California Streets and Highways Code, the proposition was put before voters by the state legislature. It was originally to appear on the 2004 state election ballot, in January 2006, the Governor omitted the initial funds for the project from his $222.6 billion Public Works Bond for the next 10 years. The Governor did include $14.3 million in the 2006-07 budget for the California High-Speed Rail Authority, enough for it to some preliminary engineering. The proposition was delayed again from 2006 to 2008 to avoid competition with a large infrastructure bond, Proposition 1B, the updated measure included an additional funding requirement and oversight. The law allocates $9.95 billion to the California High-Speed Rail Authority, the project also requires federal matching funds, since the $9.95 billion bond covers only part of the estimated cost of the initial core segment. The money will be raised through general obligation bonds that are paid off over a period of 30 years, chuck DeVore, California State Assemblyman Richard Tolmach, President California Rail Foundation Mike Arnold, Ph. D. Co-Chair Marin Citizens for Effective Transportation Hon. Tom McClintock, State Senator Hon

Edmund Gerald Brown Jr. (born April 7, 1938) is an American politician, author, and lawyer who is currently serving as …

Jerry Brown selected two frugal 1974 Plymouth Satellites from the state motor pool for his use in Northern California and Southern California. This is one of them, on display at the California Automobile Museum.

Cesar Chavez nominating Brown at the 1976 Democratic National Convention