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In the 1980s and early 1990s, Africa was considered as a continent doomed for economic failure. Actually, this presumption,though very harsh and pessimistic
, seems an asserted fact since many of African countries were in a very dire situation both politically and economically.Their pathetic economic performance and flawed structure coupled with their empty coffers, forced many African countries particularly in Sub-Saharan Africa to line-up, though unashamedly, at the gates of the World Bank (WB) and the International Monetary Fund (IMF) with empty bowel to beg for bailout money as loans. The WB and the IMF, as the respected and much needed lords of poverty, accepted their desperate request for loans with a number if ill-conceived and much flawed economic and monetary preconditions. As the saying goes, once defeated twice shy, the cash strapped African countries accepted with soar trout the “one number fits all” policies of the WB and IMF. However, the WB and the IMF prescribed policies of structural adjustment, monetary regulation. Trade liberalization, privatization and so on, resulted in much worse disaster.Nevertheless, after a decade or so of relentless efforts and sacrifice in a number of political and economic policy reforms, African countries overcome part of their very many political and economic woes and managed to register a commendable economic growth. This economic growth paved the way for many African countries to slowly slipping from the monetary and policy grip of the WB and the IMF and regaining their legitimate right of choosing development policies which suits them the most contrary to the “one number fits all” policy recommendations of the WB and IMF. Our Prime Minister, Meles Zenawi officially declared this fact by his speech during the inauguration of the new Head Quarter building of the African Union which was donated by China, the “big friend of Africa”.Despite all this, like the other continents, Africa also challenged by the very many limits and constraints of growth. Considering the current facts and economic operational practices on the ground, not only Africa but also the world community in general is in denial and refuses to face the harsh realities of constraints and limits to growth. As the noted Indonesian Environmental Economist Chandran Nair explained, the actual situation is troublesome given the mounting evidence that many natural systems are at the breaking point and resources need to be very carefully managed. The world continues to operate under a fundamentally flawed economic system based on false constructs of promoting relentless consumption. Even worse, it relies on the systematic under-pricing of resources. This, in turn, has resulted in vested interests seeking to hollow out the legitimate and vital role of the state, which is to protect the commons and thereby the rights of the non-business majority. The “growth is forever” school seeks to maintain its mantra of invincibility via its main beneficiaries and is perpetuated by the whole industry of so-called thought leaders, from business schools to economists and even political leaders. And as long as it did deliver, it remained seductive. The rest of the world who are accustomed to viewing the dominant Western nations, because of their developmental advantage, as the fountain of all economic knowledge and ideas on human progress and governance timidly accepted this orthodoxy. In many ways, there was no choice. African as well as Asian countries willingly adopted the Western economic model in the post-colonial era to “catch up” with the train of globalization and the economic performance of developed nations. Leaders of developing nations, many of whom went to the best schools in the West, by and large came back with only one set of ideas which is that of the Western economic model and its political structures. The importation of Western ideas continues to this day. This is especially so with regard to economics and the established Western narrative about the compact between globalization, free markets, capitalism and democracy. Asia for example, has grown, businesses, governments and the media there have promoted unfettered economic growth as the ultimate answer to the region’s most pressing issues. They did so, however, with complete disregard for the catastrophic outcome of having five billion Asians aspire to consume like Americans. They have perpetuated the notion that innovation in technology, free markets and finance will solve all global challenges, including sustainability and resources scarcity. Political and business leaders preach that developing countries can “manufacture their way out of poverty” by tying themselves to the consumption paradigm of the global economy. What goes unmentioned is that this strategy primarily serves the interest of the West. The Washington Consensus, for example, advocates broad trade liberalization through privatization and increasing foreign direct investment along with other structural adjustment strategies as a “first stage policy reform” for developing countries to boost growth. The irony was that, the recommended the policy of trade liberalization to developing countries particularly to African countries while highly protecting their own markets.These ideas were not formulated in the capitals of China, India, Indonesia, Brazil or Nigeria. There is an increasing awareness in these nations of the need for achieving sustainable growth over the long term. The science on this matter is very clear. The world’s collective consumption rate is pushing our planet to the brink of ruin. Since the 20th century, the world embarked on a three-decade growth spurt, expanding its economy eightfold. According to UN projections, the world’s population hit the seven billion mark in 2011 and is expected to reach ten billion before the end of the century Various reports suggest that in the next two decades, the resource intensity required to produce one unit of GDP will need to be reduced by 50% to 80% for a global population of 10 billion people to have a sustainable future. Against this background of resource constraints, the Chinese, Indians, Indonesians and Africans who together account for just over half of the world’s population are now seeking to join the world community as economic equals.They are encouraged to aspire to live like those in the West. This assumption, at best, is a naïve undertaking. The catastrophic consequences of billions of new Western-style consumers is something that economists, politicians and governments of most developed nations are only now starting to come to terms with. Yet, at the heart of the West’s state of denial is this question: How do you say to these billions that they cannot have it all because the much-vaunted economic model of the West is fundamentally flawed? A much more honest discussion is indispensable at this point. Asians and Africans need to stop believing that “their time has come” and that they will now write the new rules of the world economy. Perhaps so, but not without fundamentally changing it. Triumphalism over the West’s current woes must stop and be replaced by a realistic understanding that unless the governments in these nations change course, their own legitimacy will be challenged by growing social unrest. The ultimate answer will require a redrawing of the entire notion of how to create human progress in an era of resource scarcity and thereby also a redefinition of rights.

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