Wednesday, August 24, 2011

As the number of cases of Rape are increasing day by day there is a need of detection of sperm and semen even if present in small quantity, no matter how old the stains are, we have to detect these stains precisely. For detection of sperm and semen are the most reliable marker for the investigation in cases of rape, sodomy, Bestiality, sexual murder etc. detection of sperm is an important factor in confirming sexual assaults. This paper provides a brief review and knowhow of the need for detection of sperms and semen and various methods applied for the detection with special emphasis on the current chemical tests with accurate procedures for performing these tests.

Introduction

Semen is a human body fluid present in human males. It is a viscid mucilaginous fluid with faint yellow colour and characteristic odour called seminal odour.

Volume is about 3 ml per ejaculate.

No. of Spermatozoa= 50,000 to 3,50,000 per ml. (10% of SP).

It is a suspension of spermatozoa in seminal plasma.

Semen consist of the following

1. Spermatozoa (10%)

2. Seminal Plasma (90%)

3. Epithelial Cell (< 1%)

The Spermatozoa is produced in the testis by the process of spermatogenesis. Spermatozoa contains lipid, proteins like protamine & histone etc. and enzymes like dehydrogenises & transaminases.

The total length of spermatozoa is about 50 Microns. it consist of head and tail. The head is flat, oval shaped - 4.6 X 2.6 X 1.6 Microns. in Length Width Thickness. The nucleus, which occupies major portion of the head. The tail portion is responsible for the movement of sperm.

Handling of articles bearing stains should be done very carefully to avoid damage to spermatozoa.

Vaginal / anal / penile swabs should be sent along with their smears on slides. Swabs should be taken on sterile gauze / cloth and their smears prepared on sterile slides. These should be dried in air at room temperature (37 degrees celcius) and swabs dispatched in sterile test tube and slides in clean wrappers.

Methods Applied for Detection of Seminal Stains are Classified as:

1. Physical Examination

2. Chemical Examination

3. Microscopic Examination

Physical Examination: Include Visual Examination. To naked eye seminal stains generally appear translucent or opaque spots, at times with yellowish tint and darker border depending on colour and thickness of substrata, which, if absorbent, also acquire stiffness due to dried semen. On good substrata seminal stains may appear to be fluorescent under ultraviolet light.

Procedure: A few drops of watery solution of the stain is extracted and taken on a slide and a drop of Florence reagent (8%) W/V solution of Iodine in water containing 5% W/V of Potassium Iodide) is poured & allowed to mix slowly under a cover slip. Dark brown crystals of choline periodide, generally needle shaped, formed with a few minutes. Non-specifics & false negative results are common.

Berberio’s Test:

Basis: Detection of Spermine

Procedure: A few drops of Berberio’s reagent when added to spermatic fluid produces crystals of sperm in picrate (needle shaped, rhombic & of yellow colour).

For various valid reasons, like non-specificity and lack of reproducibility, the florence and berberio’s tests have not been accepted universally.

ACID PHOSPHATASE SPOT TEST:

Modified Fishman and Lerner’s method. The fluid obtained after thorough maceration of a small cloth piece (about 4mm2 ) is placed in a cavity on a porcelain tile land two drops each of citrate buffer (Ph 4.9) and 1% W/V aqueous solution of disodium Phenyl phosphate are added. After 10 minutes the phenol is detected by the addition of 2 drops of phenol reagent & 2 drops of 20% W/V solution of sodium carbonate. Blue colour developed which indicates the presence of acid phosphatase.

LDH ISOENZYME METHOD

Detection of Spermatozoa

Procedure: Seminal stains are extracted with 1 ml of water. 0.25 ml of clear extract is mixed with 0.25 ml of 40% W/V of sucrose. 0.1 ml of this mixture is subjected to vertical polyacryl amide gel electrophoresis. Electrophoresis is carried out in refrigerators for 150 minutes using a current of 5 m A Isoenzyme bands are revealed by staining.

This method gives a specific biochemical detection of spermatozoa in semen in the presence of Vagtinal Fluid, Blood, Nasal Secretion, Saliva & Urine.

ACID PHOSPHATASE ISOENZYME METHOD

Procedure: Seminal stains are extracted with water and is used in polyacrylmile gel Electrphoretic method followed by staining with methyl belliferyl. Phosphate reagent enable the seminal acid phosphatase to be distinguished from that of other substance like vaginal secretions.

The Micro Scopic detection of the Seminal stains is based in morphology of spermatozoa.

Microscopic detection of spermatozoa. Cloth pieces from different stains are taken in 0.5 ml of 0.01 N HCL in small test tubes placed in a beaker containing water. After sonication for 5 minutes the extracts and the cloth pieces are transferred to separate micro scope slides and cloth pieces delicately teased with a needle. Threads are removed and the residual liquid is gently evaporated to dryness. Residue obtained is stained haematoxylin and eosin.

Fluorescence MicroScopy:

Is also used for detection of spermatozoa. It is based on the principle that Y Chromo some is fluorescent to quinacrine. With this method it is possible to detect both intact spermatozoa as well as the disconnected heads.

Conclusion

With the above review it is quite clear that although there are so many test available for the detection of semen & sperms required to examine in cases of rape, sexual murder, unnatural, sexual offences. These tests have their won limitations advantages and disadvantages. For various valid reasons like non-specificity and lack of reproducibility the Florence and berberio’s tests have not been accepted universally apart from positive Florence test can also be obtained from other body tissue containing choline. Negative Florence may be obtained from seminal stain in case the choline content is low or in cases where the stains are decomposed. However false positive test are not obtained in cases of vaginal secretion.

Acid phosphatase of prostatic origin is also utilized for the bio-chemical detection of semen. Any interference of serum acid phosphatase caused by the admixture of blood in the seminal stains was till recently ruled out by taking - advantage of the fact, that only prostatic acid phosphatase is inhibited by 1-tartrate. This distinction, however, became invalid after the demonstration by Willott in 1972 and Davies and Wilson in 1974, that vaginal Acid phosphatase could also be inhibited by 1-tartrate. Apart from these tests other tests like Radio-immuno assay and commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) are also available. Commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), the SEMA® assay, for a seminal vesicle-specific antigen (SVSA) provides highly sensitive detection of semen but these tests are costly enough restricting their use for research purpose only.

The only methods among the available ones which appear to be considered as specific and unambiguous, are the microscopic or electrphoretic detection of spermatozoa in seminal stains derived from normal individuals and the electrphoretic detection of seminal Acid phosphatase in stains originating from all individuals whether normal or abnormal.