aDepartment of Neuroscience and Neurology, Brain Research Unit, Clinical Research Centre, Mediteknia, University of Kuopio; bDepartment of Neurology, Kuopio University Hospital and cDepartment of Pathology, University of Kuopio, Kuopio, Finland and dAging Research Center, Division of Geriatric Epidemiology, Neurotec, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden

Karger Terms and Conditions

General

Please address all your queries or problem reports to the Pay-per-View Customer Service at ppv@karger.com referring to PPV or PPV account.

1. All payments are by credit card only. The transaction is
secure: standard-procedure SSL or SET are used and all data are
encrypted. No separate invoice is issued/sent, only a
confirmation/receipt message with key details of the transaction. The
payment process will be operated by our partner SaferPay. Your credit
card data is not stored, copied or downloaded to Karger servers nor is
it passed on to third parties. None of this data will be used for
mailings or other promotional activities. Please see also the Karger Privacy Policy.

2. Please note that for security reasons, SaferPay may
refuse to accept more than 3 transactions per card per 24 hours, which
includes deductions from your Karger Pay-per-View account.

3. Purchases of online products (articles, book chapters in
electronic format) cannot be cancelled once the transaction is approved
and the confirmation sent. Such online items cannot be returned for
credit either.
Please note that these access rights cannot be transferred to another article/chapter or book online.

4. Ensure that you type in your e-mail address correctly (it
is also your User ID) and that your mailbox is ready to receive the
automatically generated confirmation and information messages from ppv@karger.com, e.g. one that includes your User ID and the password you created for reaccess.

5. Pay-per-view online access is for personal,
non-commercial use only. Items may be downloaded to one personal
computer and/or printed out for your convenience. Any distribution of
online items or the User ID/password to access them online is a
violation of the copyright.
Please see also the Karger Site Licenses for related information. Librarians, research assistants etc. who use this service on behalf of others are entitled to pass on the item to their client.

Direct Payment

6. The regular fee for pay-per-view online access to a single item
ranges from USD 28.00 to USD 38.00 depending on the length of
the article/chapter and permits 48-hours online access to the selected
item.
The fee for pay-per-view online book access (serial and
non-serial books, special/themed/supplement journal issues or Karger
ActiveBooks) equals the USD price for the same publication in print and
permits online access during 24 months to all articles/chapters of the
selected title. Access to entire titles is via direct payment only: it
is not possible to use your Karger pay-per-view account for pay-per-view
online book access.

Karger Pay-per-View Account / Payments from the Account

7. This option applies only to single journal and book
articles/chapter. Online access to entire books,
special/themed/supplement journal issues or Karger ActiveBooks is not
covered.

8. Your are entitled to purchasing online items at a special
reduced rate as long as your account is active and the balance shown is
more than or equals the reduced price of the item.

9. To open the account a deposit payment of at least USD 150 is required.

10. You can refill your account (with payments of at least USD 150) any time.

11. There are no refunds.
Deposits have to be used within two years of payments (down payment or last refill). Dormant accounts will be terminated irrespective of balance after a final reminder has been sent to the e-mail on file for the account.

Please address all your queries or problem reports to the Pay-per-View Customer Service at ppv@karger.com referring to PPV or PPV account.

Karger Terms and Conditions

General

Please address all your queries or problem reports to the Pay-per-View Customer Service at ppv@karger.com referring to PPV or PPV account.

1. All payments are by credit card only. The transaction is
secure: standard-procedure SSL or SET are used and all data are
encrypted. No separate invoice is issued/sent, only a
confirmation/receipt message with key details of the transaction. The
payment process will be operated by our partner SaferPay. Your credit
card data is not stored, copied or downloaded to Karger servers nor is
it passed on to third parties. None of this data will be used for
mailings or other promotional activities. Please see also the Karger Privacy Policy.

2. Please note that for security reasons, SaferPay may
refuse to accept more than 3 transactions per card per 24 hours, which
includes deductions from your Karger Pay-per-View account.

3. Purchases of online products (articles, book chapters in
electronic format) cannot be cancelled once the transaction is approved
and the confirmation sent. Such online items cannot be returned for
credit either.
Please note that these access rights cannot be transferred to another article/chapter or book online.

4. Ensure that you type in your e-mail address correctly (it
is also your User ID) and that your mailbox is ready to receive the
automatically generated confirmation and information messages from ppv@karger.com, e.g. one that includes your User ID and the password you created for reaccess.

5. Pay-per-view online access is for personal,
non-commercial use only. Items may be downloaded to one personal
computer and/or printed out for your convenience. Any distribution of
online items or the User ID/password to access them online is a
violation of the copyright.
Please see also the Karger Site Licenses for related information. Librarians, research assistants etc. who use this service on behalf of others are entitled to pass on the item to their client.

Direct Payment

6. The regular fee for pay-per-view online access to a single item
ranges from USD 28.00 to USD 38.00 depending on the length of
the article/chapter and permits 48-hours online access to the selected
item.
The fee for pay-per-view online book access (serial and
non-serial books, special/themed/supplement journal issues or Karger
ActiveBooks) equals the USD price for the same publication in print and
permits online access during 24 months to all articles/chapters of the
selected title. Access to entire titles is via direct payment only: it
is not possible to use your Karger pay-per-view account for pay-per-view
online book access.

Karger Pay-per-View Account / Payments from the Account

7. This option applies only to single journal and book
articles/chapter. Online access to entire books,
special/themed/supplement journal issues or Karger ActiveBooks is not
covered.

8. Your are entitled to purchasing online items at a special
reduced rate as long as your account is active and the balance shown is
more than or equals the reduced price of the item.

9. To open the account a deposit payment of at least USD 150 is required.

10. You can refill your account (with payments of at least USD 150) any time.

11. There are no refunds.
Deposits have to be used within two years of payments (down payment or last refill). Dormant accounts will be terminated irrespective of balance after a final reminder has been sent to the e-mail on file for the account.

Please address all your queries or problem reports to the Pay-per-View Customer Service at ppv@karger.com referring to PPV or PPV account.

Abstract

Background: Mild cognitive impairment (MCI) has attracted considerable interest as a potential predictor of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Both the apolipoprotein E (ApoE) &epsi;4 allele and vascular factors have been associated with a higher risk for AD, recently they have also been linked to the risk of MCI. Objectives: To estimate the incidence of MCI among cognitively healthy elderly subjects during a 3-year follow-up, and to evaluate the impact of demographic and vascular factors as well as the ApoE &epsi;4 allele on the conversion to MCI. Methods: At baseline, the cognitive abilities of 806 out of 1,150 eligible subjects (aged 60–76 years) from a population-based sample were examined. Cognitively intact subjects (n = 747) were followed for an average of 3 years. Results: 66 subjects (8.8%) had converted to MCI. The global incidence rate of MCI was 25.94/1,000 person-years. Persons with higher age (OR 1.08, 95% CI 1.01–1.16), ApoE &epsi;4 allele carriers (OR 2.04, 95% CI 1.15–3.64) and persons with medicated hypertension (OR 1.86, 95% CI 1.05–3.29) were more likely to convert to MCI than those individuals of lower age and without an ApoE &epsi;4 allele or medicated hypertension. Persons with high education (OR 0.79, 95% CI 0.70–0.89) were less likely to convert to MCI than persons with low or no education. In subjects with both the ApoE &epsi;4 allele and medicated hypertension, the crude OR for conversion was 3.92 (95% CI 1.81–8.49). In subjects with cardiovascular disease, the crude OR for conversion was 2.13 (95% CI 1.26–3.60). Gender, elevated blood pressure, diabetes or cerebrovascular disease had no significant effect on the conversion to MCI. Conclusion: Higher age, the presence of at least one ApoE &epsi;4 allele and medicated hypertension are independent risk factors, but high education is a protective factor for MCI. The results suggest that vascular factors may have an important role in the pathogenesis of MCI.

Copyright / Drug Dosage / Disclaimer

Copyright: All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be translated into other languages, reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, microcopying, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher or, in the case of photocopying, direct payment of a specified fee to the Copyright Clearance Center.
Drug Dosage: The authors and the publisher have exerted every effort to ensure that drug selection and dosage set forth in this text are in accord with current recommendations and practice at the time of publication. However, in view of ongoing research, changes in government regulations, and the constant flow of information relating to drug therapy and drug reactions, the reader is urged to check the package insert for each drug for any changes in indications and dosage and for added warnings and precautions. This is particularly important when the recommended agent is a new and/or infrequently employed drug.
Disclaimer: The statements, opinions and data contained in this publication are solely those of the individual authors and contributors and not of the publishers and the editor(s). The appearance of advertisements or/and product references in the publication is not a warranty, endorsement, or approval of the products or services advertised or of their effectiveness, quality or safety. The publisher and the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to persons or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content or advertisements.