The Tequesta (also Tekesta, Tegesta, Chequesta, Vizcaynos)
Native American tribe, at the time of
first European contact, occupied an area along the southeastern
Atlantic coast of
Florida. They had infrequent contact with Europeans and had largely migrated by the middle of the 18th century.

Contents

Location and extent

The Tequesta lived in the southeastern parts of present-day Florida. They had lived in the region since the 3rd century BCE (the late
Archaic period of the continent), and remained for roughly 2,000 years,[1] having disappeared by the time that
Spanish Florida was traded to the British, who then established the area as part of the province of
East Florida.

The Tequesta tribe lived on
Biscayne Bay[2] in what is now
Miami-Dade County and at least the southern half of
Broward County. Their territory may have also included the northern half of Broward County and southern and central Palm Beach County. They also occupied the
Florida Keys at times, and may have had a village on
Cape Sable, at the southern end of the Florida peninsula, in the 16th century. Their central town (called "Tequesta" by the Spaniards in honor of the chief) was on the north bank of the
Miami River. A village had been at that site for at least 2,000 years.[3] The Tequesta situated their towns and camps at the mouths of rivers and streams, on inlets from the Atlantic Ocean to inland waters, and on barrier islands and keys.[4]

The Tequesta were more or less dominated by the more numerous
Calusa of the southwest coast of Florida. The Tequesta were closely allied to their immediate neighbors to the north, the
Jaega.[5] Estimates of the number of Tequesta at the time of initial European contact range from 800 to 10,000, while estimates of the number of Calusa on the southwest coast of Florida range from 2,000 to 20,000. Occupation of the Florida Keys may have swung back and forth between the two tribes. Although Spanish records note a Tequesta village on Cape Sable, Calusa artifacts outnumber Tequesta artifacts by four to one at its
archaeological sites.

On a
map the Dutch cartographer
Hessel Gerritsz published in 1630 in
Joannes de Laet's History of the New World, the Florida peninsula is labeled "Tegesta" after the tribe.[6] A map from the 18th century labeled the area around Biscayne Bay "Tekesta".[7] A 1794 map by cartographer Bernard Romans labeled this area "Tegesta".[8]

Origins and language

The archaeological record of the Glades culture, which included the area occupied by the Tequestas, indicates a continuous development of an indigenous ceramics tradition from about 700
BCE until after European contact.[9] The Tequesta language may have been closely related to the language of the
Calusas of the southwest Florida coast and the
Mayaimis who lived around
Lake Okeechobee in the middle of the lower Florida peninsula. There are only ten words from the languages of those tribes for which meanings were recorded.[10] The Tequesta were once thought to be related to the
Taino, the
Arawakan people of the
Antilles, but most anthropologists now doubt this, based on archaeological information and the length of their establishment in Florida.
Carl O. Sauer called the
Florida Straits "one of the most strongly marked cultural boundaries in the New World", noting that the Straits were also a boundary between agricultural systems, with Florida Indians growing seed crops that originated in
Mexico, while the Lucayans of the Bahamas grew root crops that originated in South America.[11] The linguist Julian Granberry states that the Tequesta probably spoke the same language as the
Calusa, which his analysis relates to the
Tunica language.[12]

Diet

The Tequestas did not practice any form of agriculture. They fished, hunted, and gathered the fruit and roots of local plants. Most of their food came from the sea.
Hernando de Escalante Fontaneda, who lived among the tribes of southern Florida for seventeen years in the 16th century, described their "common" diet as "fish, turtle and snails, whale, ; the "sea-wolf" (
Caribbean monk seal) was reserved for the upper classes. According to Fontaneda, a lesser part of the diet consisted of
trunkfish and
lobster. The "fish" caught included
manatees,
sharks,
sailfish,
porpoises,
stingrays, and small fish. Despite their local abundance,
clams,
oysters and
conches were only a minor part of the Tequesta diet (their shells are much less common at Tequesta archeological sites than they are at Calusa or
Jaega sites).
Venison was also popular;
deer bones are frequently found in archeological sites, as are
terrapin shells and bones.
Sea turtles and their eggs were consumed during the turtles' nesting season.[10]

The Tequesta gathered many plant foods, including
saw palmetto (Serenoa repens) berries, cocoplums (Chrysobalanus icaco), sea grapes (Coccoloba uvifera), prickly pear (
nopal) fruits (Opuntia spp.), gopher apples (Licania micbauxii),
pigeon plums (Cocoloba diversifolia),
palm nuts,
false mastic seeds, cabbage palm (
Sabal palmetto), and hog plum (
Ximenia americana). The roots of certain plants, such as Smilax spp. and coontie (Zamia integrifolia), were edible when ground into flour, processed to remove toxins (in the case of coontie), and made into a type of unleavened bread. (Archaeologists have commented, however, on the lack of evidence for coontie use in excavated sites.) Briton Hammond, the sole survivor of an
English sloop that was attacked by Tequestas after grounding off
Key Biscayne in 1748, reported that the Tequestas fed him boil'd corn.[13]

The Tequestas changed their habitation during the year. In particular, most of the inhabitants of the main village relocated to barrier islands or to the
Florida Keys during the worst of the mosquito season, which lasted about three months. While the resources of the
Biscayne Bay area and the Florida Keys allowed for a somewhat settled non-agricultural existence, they were not as rich as those of the southwest Florida coast, home of the more numerous Calusa.[14]

Housing, clothing and tools

Briton Hammon reported that the Tequesta lived in huts or in 5 story houses. Other tribes in southern Florida lived in houses with wooden posts, raised floors, and roofs thatched with palmetto leaves, something like the
chickees of the
Seminoles. These houses may have had temporary walls of plaited palmetto-leaf mats to break the wind or block the sun.

Clothing was minimal. The men wore a sort of
loincloth made from deer hide, while the women wore skirts of Spanish moss or plant fibers hanging from a belt.

Customs

By one account, when the Tequestas buried their chiefs, they buried the small bones with the body, and put the large bones in a box for the village people to adore and hold as their gods. Another account says that the Tequestas stripped the flesh from the bones, burning the flesh, and then distributed the cleaned bones to the dead chief's relatives, with the larger bones going to the closest relations.

The Spanish missionaries also reported that the Tequesta worshipped a stuffed
deer as the representative of the sun, and as late as 1743 worshipped a picture of a badly deformed
barracuda crossed by a harpoon, and surrounded by small tongue-like figures painted on a small board. There was also a god of the graveyard, a bird's head carved in pine. The painted board and bird's head were stored in a temple in the cemetery, along with carved masks used in festivals. By this time the tribe's
shaman was calling himself a bishop. The Tequesta also believed that humans have three souls. One in the eyes, one in the shadow, and one in the reflection.

The Tequestas may have practiced
human sacrifice. While en route from Havana to Biscayne Bay in 1743, Spanish missionaries heard that the Indians of the Keys (apparently including the Tequestas) had gone to Santaluz (the village of
Santa Lucea was at the
St. Lucie Inlet) for a celebration of a recent peace treaty, and that the chief of Santaluz was going to sacrifice a young girl as part of the celebration. The missionaries sent a message to the chief begging him not to sacrifice the girl, and the chief relented.

Miami Circle

The
Miami Circle[15] is located on the site of a known Tequesta village south of the mouth of the Miami River (probably the town of Tequesta). It consists of 24 large holes or basins, and many smaller holes, which have been cut into bedrock. Together these holes form a circle approximately 38 feet in diameter. Other arrangements of holes are apparent as well. The Circle was discovered during an archeological survey of a site being cleared for construction of a high-rise building. Charcoal samples collected in the circle have been radiocarbon-dated to approximately 100 CE, 1,900 years ago. Radiocarbon-dating of sea shells eaten at the site date back as far as 730 BCE, and suggest a permanent settlement was established here more than 2,700 years ago. The circle is on the south side of the Miami River. Recent archaeological work has found a larger Tequesta site on the north side of the river that likely existed concurrently with the Miami Circle.[16]

Post-European-contact

In
Juan Ponce de León stopped at a bay on the Florida coast that he called Chequesta, which apparently was what is now called
Biscayne Bay. In 1565 one of the ships in
Pedro Menéndez de Avilés' fleet took refuge from a storm in Biscayne Bay. The main Tequesta village was located there, and Menéndez was well received by the Tequestas. The
Jesuits with him took the Tequesta chief's nephew with them back to
Havana,
Cuba, to be educated, while the chief's brother went to
Spain with Menéndez, where he converted to
Christianity. In March 1567, Menéndez returned to the Tequesta[2] and established a mission within a stockade, situated near the south bank of the
Miami River below the native village. Menendez left a contingent of thirty soldiers and the
Jesuit brother Francisco Villareal to convert the Tequestas to
Christianity. Villareal had learned something of the Tequesta language from the chief's nephew in Havana. He felt he had been winning converts until the soldiers executed an uncle of the chief. Brother Francisco was forced to abandon the mission for a while, but when the chief's brother returned from Spain, Brother Francisco was able to return. However, the mission was abandoned shortly thereafter, in 1570.

Starting in 1704, it was the policy of the Spanish government to resettle Florida Indians in Cuba so that they could be indoctrinated into the Catholic faith. The first group of Indians, including the
cacique of Cayo de Guesos (Key West), arrived in Cuba in 1704, and most, if not all of them, soon died. In 1710, 280 Florida Indians were taken to Cuba, where almost 200 soon died. The survivors were returned to the Keys in 1716 or 1718. In 1732 some Indians fled from the Keys to Cuba.

In early 1743 the Governor of Cuba received a petition from three
Calusa chiefs who were visiting in Havana. The petition, which was written in good
Spanish and showed a good understanding of how the government and church bureaucracies worked, asked that missionaries be sent to the Cayos (Florida Keys) to provide religious instruction. The Governor and his advisors finally decided it would be cheaper to send missionaries to the Keys rather than bringing the Indians to Cuba, and that keeping the Indians in the Keys would mean they would be available to help shipwrecked Spanish sailors and keep the English out of the area.

The governor sent two
Jesuit missionaries from Havana, Fathers Mónaco and Alaña, with an escort of soldiers. On reaching Biscayne Bay, they established a chapel and fort at the mouth of a river feeding into Biscayne Bay that they called the Rio Ratones. This may have been the
Little River, in the northern part of
Biscayne Bay, or the Miami River.

The Spanish missionaries were not well received. The Keys Indians, as the Spanish called them, denied that they had requested missionaries. They did permit a mission to be established because the Spanish had brought gifts for them, but the cacique denied that the King of Spain had dominion over his land, and insisted on tribute for allowing the Spanish to build a church or bring in settlers. The Indians demanded food, rum and clothing, but refused to work for the Spanish. Father Morano reported attacks on the mission by bands of Uchizas (the
Creeks who later became known as
Seminoles).

Fathers Mónaco and Alaña developed a plan to have a stockade manned by twenty-five soldiers, and to bring in Spanish settlers to grow food for the soldiers and the Indians. They felt that the new settlement would soon supplant the need for St. Augustine. Father Alaña returned to Havana, leaving twelve soldiers and a corporal to protect Father Mónaco.

The governor in Havana was not pleased. He ordered that Father Mónaco and the soldiers be withdrawn, and the stockade burned to deny it to the Uchizas. He also forwarded the missionaries' plan to Spain, where the
Council of the Indies decided that the proposed mission on Biscayne Bay would be costly and impractical. The second attempt to establish a mission on Biscayne Bay had lasted less than three months.

When Spain surrendered Florida to
Britain in 1763, the remaining Tequestas, along with other Indians that had taken refuge in the Florida Keys, were evacuated to
Cuba.[1][17] In the 1770s,
Bernard Romans reported seeing abandoned villages in the area, but no inhabitants.

See also

Footnotes

^
ab"Questions of preservation after ancient village found in downtown Miami". CNN. February 5, 2014. Retrieved 2014-02-05. According to Ryan Franklin of the Archaeological and Historical Conservancy], the Tequesta lived in south Florida for roughly 2,000 years....[T]hey had disappeared by the time Britain took control of Florida from the Spanish in 1763, with the remnants of their population believed to have migrated to Cuba...

State of Florida Office of Cultural and Historical Programs. "Chapter 12. South and Southeast Florida: The Everglades Region, 2500 B.P.-Contact". Historic Contexts. Version of 9-27-93. Downloaded from
[1] on March 27, 2006

Sturtevant, William C. (1978). "The Last of the South Florida Aborigines". In Jeral Milanich & Samuel Proctor (Eds.). Tacachale: Essays on the Indians of Florida and Southeastern Georgia during the Historic Period.
Gainesville, Florida: The University Presses of Florida. ISBN0-8130-0535-3