The values of shear stress, [tau], and shear strain, [gamma], at the middle of the wall thickness were calculated from torsional moment and angle of twist on the assumption of iso-volume of the twisted specimen, because the hollow cylinder under twisting shows no dilatation, as it is essentially in simple shear.

Not achieving the neutral angle of twist can prevent unwanted effects or can be used to accomplish specific properties, for example, a 53[degrees] braid angle produces a hose that gets longer under pressure; while a 56[degrees] braid results in a hose that swells and shortens under pressure.

We calculated the values of shear stress, [tau], and shear strain, [gamma], at the middle of the wall thickness from the torsional moment and the angle of twist, assuming an iso-volume of the twisted specimen (the hollow cylinder under twisting shows no dilatation because it is essentially in simple shear).

These are complex guiding structures wherein the pitch angle of twists (at the core-clad boundary) is used to tailor the dispersion behavior as well as the energy flux density corresponding to different sustained modes.

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