Though sovereign debt levels have more than quadrupled to $23 trillion, yields for 10-year Treasuries are 5 percentage points lower than they were in 1994 and forward measures show the current 1.74 percent level rising only to 2.04 percent in a year. Policy makers’ forecasts of no rise in the target interest rate for overnight loans between banks until 2015 are damping yields in a market dominated by the Fed’s $1.84 trillion, or 15.4 percent of the $11.94 trillion in marketable U.S. debt.

While BlackRock Inc. is trimming investments in longer-term Treasuries to protect against a rise in yields and Goldman Sachs Group Inc. invokes the memory of 1994, when U.S. bonds lost 3.35 percent as then-Fed chairman Greenspan didn’t prepare investors for the speed of rate increases, money managers from JP Morgan Asset Management Inc. to Fidelity Investments say this time will be different, in part because of Bernanke’s clearer and frequent statements on what would cause central bank policy to change.

“The Fed has been very transparent and their transparency should help offset the risks that were experienced in 1994,” Edward Fitzpatrick, money manager and head of U.S. rates at the JPMorgan unit in New York, which oversees $1.5 trillion, said in a telephone interview April 30.

“There are still hurdles, not the least of which is that they have to end the quantitative easing program before they would contemplate tightening,” he said. “The Fed will have time to craft their message well.”

Yields Rise

Yields on 10-year Treasuries, the benchmark for everything from corporate bonds to mortgages, rose to 1.74 percent May 3 after the Labor Department reported the jobless rate fell to 7.5 percent in April, from 7.6 percent the month before, as payrolls expanded by 165,000 jobs. The price of the benchmark 2 percent note due in February 2023 was at 102 10/32.

The Federal Open Market Committee said in a statement following a two-day meeting in Washington on May 1 that it will maintain its bond buying at the current monthly pace of $85 billion and is prepared to raise or lower the level of purchases as economic conditions evolve. Policy makers also left in place their statement that they plan to hold the target rate around zero as long as unemployment remains above 6.5 percent and the outlook for inflation doesn’t exceed 2.5 percent.

Most Fed officials don’t anticipate raising the benchmark rate until 2015, according to their estimates provided with forecasts released after the March 19-20 FOMC meeting.

Blankfein’s Concern

Confidence that the Fed can avoid triggering a 1994-style rout isn’t universal.

“I worry now,” Lloyd C. Blankfein, chief executive officer of Goldman Sachs, said May 2 at a conference in Washington. “I look out of the corner of my eye to the ‘94 period.”

Blankfein said investors are complacent due to record low rates for more than four years, and recalled that the market was shocked by the losses caused two decades ago when they went up.

“Rates could rise rapidly for at least two different reasons,” Antulio Bomfim, senior managing director at Macroeconomic Advisers LLC and a former Fed economist, said in a telephone interview May 1. “The Fed could bungle its communication effort and spook the market. Or despite the Fed’s best efforts on communications, the economic data could end up being a lot stronger than what people thought. That one is a little harder to deal with.”

‘Spring-Loaded Effect’

With the central bank’s asset purchases holding down rates, “at some point you are going to have this spring-loaded effect, where once the Fed starts pulling back, maybe you get a little bit of inflation, 30-year yields will say move up 50 to 75 basis points,” Rick Rieder, chief investment officer for fundamental fixed income at BlackRock in New York, said in a Bloomberg Television interview April 29. That “move leaves a real mark.”

Investors buying $10 million in 30-year bonds at 2.83 percent would lose $874,000 if the yield rose 75 basis points to 3.58 percent by the end of 2014, according to data compiled by Bloomberg. The value would decline by $1.2 million if the rate increased this year.

In 1994 the U.S. bond market fell 2.75 percent, the worst annual performance since 1978 according to Bank of America Merrill Lynch index data, as the central bank raised its benchmark rate to 6 percent by February 1995 from 3 percent 12 months earlier. Treasuries posted an annual loss of 3.35 percent, the worst performance until the 3.72 percent drop in 2009, according to the bank’s Treasury Master index.

Low Yields

Government bond yields worldwide were at record lows of about 1.3 percent as of May 2, according to Bank of America Merrill Lynch’s Global Broad Market Sovereign Plus Index. The amount of debt tracked in the index has more than doubled to $23 trillion over the past five years as the Fed, the Bank of England and the Bank of Japan have pumped cash into the financial system. It’s more than four times the $5 trillion in 1996 when data was first collected.

BOJ Governor Haruhiko Kuroda last month pledged to double monthly bond purchases to about 7 trillion yen ($71.8 billion), while the ECB last week decreased to a record low its main refinancing rate, to 0.5 percent from 0.75 percent.

Road Map

At a March 20 press conference, Bernanke provided the clearest road map on what needs to happen before the Fed trims its monthly bond purchases, while avoiding any hint that a cut is imminent. The central bank will adjust in a “sensitive way” based on several measures, including payrolls, wages and jobless claims, he said.

That’s not how the central bank communicated in 1994.

“As Fed chairman, every time I expressed a view, I added or subtracted 10 basis points from the credit market,” Greenspan said in an August 2012 Bloomberg Businessweek article.

“So you construct what we used to call Fed-speak. Nobody was quite sure I wasn’t saying something profound when I wasn’t. It’s a self-protection mechanism,” he said, “when you’re in an environment where people are shooting questions at you, and you’ve got to be very careful about the nuances of what you’re going to say and what you don’t say.”

Until 1994, the Fed didn’t publicly disclose when it raised or lowered the overnight bank lending rate.

Light Bulb

“This Fed, as compared with 1994, is so different in terms of transparency and communication,” Michael Materasso, a senior money manager and co-chairman of the fixed-income policy committee at Franklin Templeton Investments in New York, which oversees about $394 billion, said during a telephone interview on May 1.

“They go to great lengths to make sure you understand what they’re saying. In 1994 what you had to do was refer back to a speech Greenspan gave in October where if you held it up to the light and turned it 45 degrees, well of course it said: ‘We’re going to raise rates in three months.’ That’s not the goal with this Fed.”

“Part of the 1994 bond market sell-off was really a policy error,” Gemma Wright-Casparius, who manages the $43.2 billion Vanguard Inflation-Protected Securities Fund at Valley Forge, Pennsylvania-based Vanguard Group Inc., said in a telephone interview May 1. “The Fed at that time was very bluntly moving the Federal funds rate and the communications strategy was not as efficient as it is now.”