Anthropology Final (some Could Be Incorrect)

Anthropology is a science, yet it has been suggested that anthropology is among the most humanistic of all academic fields. This is because

of its fundamental respect for human diversity.

The American Anthropological Association has formally acknowledged a public service role by recognizing that anthropology has which two dimensions?

academic anthropology and applied anthropology

Over time, humans have become increasingly dependent on which of the following to cope with the range of environments they have occupied in time and space?

cultural means of adaptation

Although rap music originated in the United States, it is now popular all over the world. Which of the following mechanisms of cultural change is responsible for this?

diffusion

Why does this chapter 2 on culture include a section that describes similarities and differences between humans and apes, our closest relatives?

to emphasize culture’s evolutionary basis

What did Robert Redfield argue about the relations between urban and rural communities?

Cities are centers from which cultural innovations are spread to rural and tribal areas

Which of the following does NOT illustrate the kinds of work that applied anthropologists do?

borrowing from fields such as history and sociology to broaden the scope of theoretical anthropology

Why do archaeologists use flotation?

to recover very small remains like fish bones and seeds

The American Anthropological Association’s Code of Ethics

is designed to ensure that all anthropologists are aware of their obligations to the field of anthropology, the host communities that allow them to conduct their research, and society in general.

The term gene pool refers to all the

alleles, genes, chromosomes, and genotypes within a breeding population.

Why are genetics and evolution so important to anthropology?

They help anthropologists document and explain human biological diversity.

Bergmann’s rule states that average body size tends to

increase in cold climates and decrease in hot ones.

This chapter’s “Appreciating Diversity” segment describes recent DNA analysis of Australian Aborigines, which revealed that their ancestors branched off from ancestral Europeans and Asians 70,000 to 50,000 years ago. This research indicates

Australian Aborigines are direct descendants of the first modern humans to leave Africa.

Which of the following are most closely related to chimpanzees?

humans

Platyrrhines are to catarrhines as

Old World monkeys are to New World monkeys.

Northern Tanzania and the Afar region of Ethiopia have yielded some of the most famous and informative glimpses into hominin evolution. All of the following are true about fossil finds in these areas EXCEPT that

although the fossils from these two regions were deposited half a million years apart, their many resemblances justify including them all as part of the same species, Homo habilis.

Worldwide, what were the Middle and Upper Pleistocene characterized by?

successive glacial advances and retreats

What is the most likely explanation of why early Homo left Africa and spread into Eurasia?

the pursuit of meat

When and how was Australia settled?

Humans crossed the narrow straits separating Asia and the then continent of Sahul (Australia, New Guinea, and Tasmania), perhaps in primitive watercraft, around 50,000 B.P.

Climate changes had a profound impact on the hominin way of life. In southwestern Europe, for example,

the melting of the ice sheets with the end of the Würm glacial period gradually pushed big game farther north, pressuring hominins to use a greater variety of foods.

Which of the following statements about australopithecines is true?

Australopithecines had smaller molars than genus Homo.

The path from foraging to food production was one that people followed independently in at least seven world areas. One of these areas is what is now southern Egypt, where excavations at Nabta Playa

provide evidence for the “African sheep complex,” in which cattle were used economically for their milk and blood, rather than killed for their meat except on ceremonial occasions.

Which of the following is true?

Food production led to an increase in social inequality.

In this chapter we learn that the most complete explanation of primary state formation is

a multivariate approach such as Carneiro’s theory of state formation.

Evidence for the co-occurrence of Monte Albán’s conquest strategy with the emerging Zapotec state offers strong support for the

expansionist model of primary state formation.

The actions that individuals take, both alone and in groups, in forming and transforming cultural identities are referred to as

agency.

In the field, ethnographers strive to establish rapport: a good, friendly working relationship based on personal contact

focuses on how individuals, through their actions and practices, influence and transform the world they live in.

________ refers to the specialized set of terms and distinctions that are particularly important to certain groups.

Vernacular vocabulary

Cultural, including linguistic, diversity is alive, well, and thriving in many countries. Local entrepreneurs and international companies such as Google, Yahoo, and Microsoft that capitalize on that diversity are positioned to succeed. That success depends, however, in large part on

their capacity to follow one of the main lessons of applied anthropology, that external inputs fit best when tailored properly to local settings.

What is the term for the arbitrary rule that automatically places the children of a union between members of different socioeconomic groups in the less-privileged group?

hypodescent

What term does anthropologist Fredrik Barth (1928–1968) use to refer to a society that combines ethnic contrasts, ecological specialization, and the economic interdependence of those groups?

plural society

Which of the following is most characteristic of foragers?

high mobility and small groups with flexible affiliations

Economic relationships are characteristically embedded in other relationships, such as kinship, in all of the following kinds of societies EXCEPT

states.

Which of the following is the most important factor in determining an individual’s power and prestige in a state?

ancestry

According to Pierre Bourdieu and Michel Foucault,

it is easier and more effective to dominate people in their minds than to try to control their bodies.

With the term sex, anthropologists are referring to biological differences. In contrast, they define gender as

the cultural construction of whether one is female, male, or something else.

What is meant by the term feminization of poverty?

the increasing representation of women among the poorest people

What is the name of the family in which a child is raised?

family of orientation

In a bifurcate merging kinship system, which of the following would be called by the same term?

M and MZ

What term refers to one of two descent groups in a given population?

moiety

In South Sudan, a Nuer woman can marry a woman if her father has only daughters but no male heirs. This is done to maintain the patrilineage. The “wife” has sex with one or more men until she gets pregnant. The children born are then accepted as the offspring of both the female husband and the wife. What is important in this example is

social rather than biological paternity, again illustrating how kinship is socially constructed.

According to Victor Turner, all rites of passage have three phases: separation, liminality, and incorporation. Of these three, the liminal phase—which is the most interesting—is typically characterized by

symbolic reversals of ordinary behavior.

What kind of religion is most frequently found in foraging bands?

shamanic

Why do the Kalabari carve wooden sculptures of spirits?

to manipulate spiritual forces, illustrating that not all sculpture is art

Which of the following is NOT mentioned in this chapter as a way of defining art?

Art is in a cultural sphere separate from politics and religion.

What best characterizes the intervention philosophy of the British empire?

white man’s burden

Communism has two meanings, distinguished by how they are written. Small-c communism describes a social system in which property is owned by the community and in which people work for the common good. Large-C Communism

was a political movement and doctrine seeking to overthrow capitalism and establish a form of communism such as that which prevailed in the Soviet Union (the USSR) from 1917 to 1991.

In 1989, a military government seized power in the Sudan. This resulted in which of the following?

The Sudanese government adopted a policy of cultural imperialism.

________ refers to the rapid spread or advance of one culture at the expense of others, or its imposition on other cultures.

Cultural imperialism

What is the process by which children learn a particular cultural tradition?

enculturation

how are the four subfields of us anthropology unified

each subfield studies human variation through time and space

archaeologists studying sunken ships off the coast of florida or analyzing the content of modern garbage are examples that

archaeologists study the culture of historical and even living peoples

Culture can be adaptive ormaladaptive. It is maladaptive when

cultural traits, patterns,and inventions threaten the group's continued survival and reproduction andthus its very existence.

which of the following statements about culture is not true

its transmitted genetically

Anthropology may aid in the progress of education by helping educators avoid all of the following EXCEPT

tolerance of ethnic diversity.

In an example of applied anthropology's contribution to improving education, this chapter describes a study of Puerto Rican seventh graders in a Midwestern U.S. urban school (Hill-Burnett, 1978). What did anthropologists discover in this study?

The Puerto Rican students' education was being affected by their teachers' misconceptions.

Advances in technology enable archaeologists to gather evidence that is not visible to the naked eye. One example of such microscopic evidence is the study of

phytoliths, microscopic crystals found in many plants that are inorganic and do not decay, which means that they can reveal which plants were present at a given site even when no other plant remains survive.

Which of the following is NOT one of the kinds of archaeology discussed in this chapter (Ch. 4)?

linguistic archaeology

What is the process by which sex cells are produced

Meiosis

Natural selection is the process by which the forms most fit to survive and reproduce in a given environment do so in greater numbers than others in the same population. But more than survival of the fittest, natural selection is the natural process that leads to

differential reproductive success.

What is a phenotypic adaptation, and what makes it possible?

It happens when adaptive changes occur during an individual's lifetime. It is made possible by human biological plasticity, our ability to change in response to the environments we encounter as we grow.

In theory, a biological race is a geographically isolated subdivision of a species. Humanity (Homo sapiens) lacks such races because

human populations have not been isolated enough from one another to develop such discrete groups.

Which of the following primate traits are believed to have been selected for life in trees?

stereoscopic vision and an opposable thumb

Behavioral ecology studies the evolutionary basis of social behavior. What is one of the discipline's main assumptions?

The genetic features of any species reflect a long history of differential reproductive success (that is, natural selection).

Which of the following was a key obstacle that hominins' increase in brain size had to overcome?

larger skulls demanding larger birth canals, even though the requirements of upright bipedalism impose limits on the expansion of the human pelvic opening

Lucy’s baby, an important Australopithecus afarensis fossil from northern Ethiopia, includes a complete skull, mandible, and face. What is an important outcome of this find?

It sheds light on growth processes in human ancestors, including brain and dental development.

European fossils and tools have contributed disproportionately to our knowledge and interpretation of early (archaic) H. sapiens. What explains this?

the long history of Paleolithic archaeology in Europe relative to other regions in the world

H. antecessor, a 780,000-year-old hominin found in Spain’s Atapuerca mountains,

is the possible common ancestor of the Neandertals and anatomically modern humans

The Clovis tradition—a sophisticated stone technology based on a sharp point that was fastened to the end of a hunting spear—flourished

in the central plains, on their western margins, and in what is now the eastern United States between 12,000 and 11,000 BP

Which of the following is true about the peopling of the Pacific?

Navigation skills played an important role in the peopling of the Pacific.

What is a vertical economy?

a system that exploits environmental zones that contrast with one another in altitude, rainfall, overall climate, and vegetation

The path from foraging to food production was one that people followed independently in at least seven world areas. New archaeological research techniques continue to overturn previously held assumptions about where and how this occurred. Microscopic evidence from early-cultivated plants suggests that

New World farming began in the lowlands of South America and then spread to Central America, Mexico, and the Caribbean islands.

What did Bronislaw Malinowski mean when he referred to everyday cultural patterns as “the imponderabilia of native life and of typical behavior”?

Features of culture such as distinctive smells, noises people make, how they cover their mouths when they eat, and how they gaze at each other are so fundamental that natives take them for granted but are there for the ethnographer to describe and make sense of.

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of states?

They lack hereditary inequality.

Thor Heyerdahl proposed that Egyptians could have navigated to the New World and influenced the emergence of civilization in the Americas. Erich von Daniken suggested that major human achievements had been borrowed from beings from outer space. What do these two views, both lacking credible scientific evidence, have in common?

Both take the position that major changes in ancient human lifestyles were the result of outside instruction or interference rather than the achievements of the natives of the places where the changes took place.

the research technique that uses diagrams and symbols to record kin connections is called

the geneological method

Practice theory

focuses on how individuals, through their actions and practices, influence and transform the world they live in.

One aspect of linguistic history is language loss. When a language disappears,

cultural diversity is reduced as well.

Which of the following was studied by Sapir and Whorf?

the influence of language on thought

Ethnic groups that once had, or wish to have or regain, autonomous political status (their own country) are called

nationalities.

What are the demographic consequences of international migration, a key feature of globalization?

Whites now constitute 80% of older Americans, but only 56% of children.

Economic anthropologists have been concerned with two main questions, one focusing on systems of human behavior and the other on the individuals who participate in those systems. The first question is, how are production, distribution, and consumption organized in different societies? The second question is,

What motivates people in different cultures to produce, distribute or exchange, and consume?

20. What is the term that refers to the type of pastoral economy in which part ofthe population moves with the herds while the rest stays in the village?

C. Pastoral transhumance

A big man’s position depends on all of the following EXCEPT

inherited inequality

As illustrated by a comparison between the Basseri and Qashqai, two Iranian nomadic tribes, illustrates how as regulatory problems increase,

political hierarchies become more complex.

Among patrilineal-patrilocal cultivators,

women remain the primary producers of subsistence crops.

Anthropologists distinguish between kin terms and genealogical kin types. What is the difference?

Kin terms are the words used for different relatives in a particular language, but genealogical kin types refers to the actual genealogical relationship.

According to genealogical kin types used by anthropologists to study kinship relations, what kind of relative is ego’s mother’s brother?

collateral relative

Which of the following marital customs functions to maintain distinctions between groups?

Endogamy

How do the rules of endogamy function in society?

They tend to maintain social distinctions between groups.

__ magic is based on the belief that whatever is done to an object will affect a person who once had contact with it.

a religious response to the expansion of the world capitalist economy, often with political and economic consequences.

Found in a cave in Slovenia, the oldest known musical instrument, the"Divje babe flute," dates back more than

43,000 years.

Anthropologists have an interest in sports because, as the media’s illustrations of U.S. football suggest,

sports can symbolize certain key aspects of the culture where they are highly popular.

Which of the following did not result from Christopher Columbus's voyages?

Europeans offered statehood to Peru, Mexico, and Cuba.

All of the following are true about neoliberalism EXCEPT that it

is characterized by the policy that environmental protectionand job safety are too important to be left unregulated.

__________ refers to the blurring and breakdown of established canons—rules,standards, categories, distinctions, and boundaries.

Postmodern

The last 30 years have seen a dramatic shift in the conditions of indigenous peoples in Latin America, where the drive by indigenous peoples for self-identification has emphasized all of the following EXCEPT

their autochthony, with an implicit call for excluding strangers from their communities.