The physical environment may be an important determinant of customer satisfaction and
subsequent behavior when services are consumed primarily for hedonic purposes and customers
spend moderate to long periods of time in the physical surroundings. An example of this
phenomenon would be in an upscale restaurant setting.
This study explored the domain of the physical environment in an upscale restaurant
context to develop a DINESCAPE scale. Relevant literature was reviewed on architecture,
environmental psychology, psychology, operations management, and marketing, highlighting
empirical and theoretical contributions. Conceptualization and operationalization of the
DINESCAPE dimensions is presented, and the procedures used in constructing and refining a
multiple-item scale to assess DINESCAPE in an upscale restaurant setting are described.
DINESCAPE is a six-factor scale that was developed to measure facility aesthetics, ambience,
lighting, service product, layout, and social factors. Evidence of the scale’s reliability, validity,
and factor structure is presented, along with potential applications of the scale.
The second phase of the study attempted to build a conceptual model of how the
DINESCAPE factors influenced customers’ behavioral intentions through their emotions. The
Mehrabian-Russell environmental psychology model was adopted to explore the linkage of the
six dimensions of DINESCAPE to customers’ emotional states (pleasure and arousal) and the
linkage between pleasure and arousal with customers’ behavioral intentions. Structural equation
modeling was used to test the causal relationships among the hypothesized relationships. Results
revealed that facility aesthetics, ambience, and social factors affected the level of customers’
pleasure and ambience and social factors influenced the amount of arousal. In addition, pleasure and arousal had significant effects on subsequent behavioral intentions in the context of
upscale restaurant. Finally, implications for restaurateurs and researchers were discussed.