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The author says there was a low key commemoration of the 100th anniversary of the second world war, and is questioning why ? The answer is very simple, nobody wants to be reminded of the moment of stealing, atrocities and genocide over the peaceful people of Macedonia. That is why they come up with the most ridiculous solution of all, which is - Macedonians do not exist, and therefore we did not occupy the territory, we did not kill innocent people since it was an empty land for grab. I love when the reasoning and explanations of Greece, Bulgaria and Serbia for the II Balkan war become so full of BS and lies, that the only way to celebrate the 100 years of the historic unification of the Greek and Bulgarian territories is to keep quite, and hope nobody notice it.
One logical question for all of the readers : If with the unification of the territories Bulgaria and Greece , made their dreams of finally uniting their lands, why they care so mach about the independent part of Macedonia so much. That part was never part of their territories. That part was given to Serbia after Balkan wars. The answer is very simple again. It was needed full annihilation of the Macedonian people for the deal to work. In all of the three divided parts simultaneously they started changing names to people and places (yes - to people and places), and tried to execute one of the most brutal genocides in modern history. Unfortunately for Greece and Bulgaria, the Serbian part got independence and Macedonian people for the first time in their history got their say, and formed Republic of Macedonia. Now the most ridicules part. Since the Macedonian nation was recognized by the communists, the Serb Church never recognized Macedonian Church, on the other hand Bulgarians recognized the name of Macedonia, but never the Macedonian people as a separate nation, and Greece never recognized Macedonian name and Macedonian people. More over the Albanians now , (the fourth neighbor of Macedonia), do not recognize the name of Macedonian state. As you can see because of all of the lies they had to invent to justify the spoils and genocide of the II Balkan wars, there are four different "truths" about Macedonians among Macedonian's neighbors.
Even to the most bias observer it will be clear that all of these "truths" can not be true since they are contradicting each other.
That is why celebration of the 100th anniversary of the II Balkan wars were so silent. None of the players wants the real truth to be known.

If it wasn't so tragic this would be hilarious. The ''nation'' to whom Balkans and Europe owe Ottoman occupation (see ''Battle of Nicopolis'') celebrate ''liberation'' from Ottomans who GRANTED them independence.

In Montenegro it is not so well marked as present government there does not want to remind their people that just 100 years ago they called themselves Serbs and fought for glory and liberation of Serbs and Serbian lands. (check Montenegro anthem from that time !!! )

Leave it up to Tim Judah's "Balkans for Dummies" approach, which keeps the outdated theories of Robert Kaplan alive and well. Perhaps in his Orientalist view of Southeastern Europe he might have briefly contemplated the encouragement, if not outright collusion, of Western European and American interests in stoking ethnic sensitivities to the point of open conflict? Both at the beginning of the 20th century and at the end of it? Maybe he did when realizing that for 45 years between the second and third Balkan wars, there was a peaceful period known as Yugoslavia when people actually had some control over their lives and destinies, but why bring that up when it's far more sensationalist to write another worn out blog wondering what's the matter with the Balkans.

The only correction is that Kosovo remains the southern province of Serbia. See below:
As of 14 November 2012, the Republic of Kosovo has received 97 diplomatic recognitions as an independent state. Notably, 95 out of 193 (49.2%) United Nations (UN) member states, 22 out of 27 (81%) European Union (EU) member states, 24 out of 28 (86%) NATO member states, and 30 out of 57 (53%) Organisation of Islamic Cooperation (OIC) member states have recognised Kosovo. Serbia refuses to recognise it.

Let's then be entirely precise: It remains the southern province of Serbia, for Serbia and other 50.3% of UN members states; 19% of EU member states, 14% of NATO member states and 47% of OIC member states.

And let's be even more precise: It no longer is the southern province of Serbia, but an independent country, for 49.7% of UN member states, 81% of EU member states, 86% of NATO member states and 53% of OIC member states. And, most importantly, for Kosovo itself, a country which chose independence out of her own will.

People of the Balkans, we should be responsible to remind the rest of Europe of their own hatreds in the not so distant past. Not more than ten centuries ago Europeans from the west were considered barbarians of the worst kind. Historical narratives to the Crusades are testament to this. What are ten centuries on the world's clock? - Nothing. But they have come a long way since their mutual hatreds and slaughters. The striking detail is that people in the Balkans bear animosity based on Historical misinterpretation perpetuated by the Governments, but the fact of the matter is there weren't too many wars between Balkan nations except for occasional skirmishes. And those weren't as nearly as brutal as events in the rest of Europe. So, are we in the Balkans the black sheep to which other Europeans point to when they don't want to mention their own follies? I believe so. And you do too, I am sure. Sadly enough, we have to mature before we can build a decent region. Please carry on with your denouncements and negations. Let me give you a spur...I am Macedonian.

A Macedonian nation? I can only laugh at that. Macedonia is the name of a Greek province and used to be a part of Bulgaria. Hence, ethnically it is Bulgarian (and Albanian obviously because of the population). Even the language is identical with Bulgarian so get over it....propaganda at its best....

So, since Croats, Serbs and Bosniaks use very similar languages, Macedonians, Slovenians and you could say Bulgarians recognizable language to Serbo-Croatian speakers, you could argue then that all those nations are, in fact, Croats or Serbs. So, in conclusion, all those nations bar Croats/Serbs are pure propaganda. Mr. Troll you made my day, thanks.

And how come those demanding their basic human rights in the north of Greece are Macedonians, not Bulgarians?
This troika of Greece, Bulgaria and Serbia plus Romania (whose role can not be relegated to a mere outlier since they have vested interest in the event of Macedonia's dissolution) are plaguing the Integration of the entire region. Wake up! The time has come to face your follies. You can't shut up an entire nation any longer.

listen mate i actually live in northern greece, and there is no oppresion and nobody is forced to be greek or anything but dont take my word for it take the word of the council of europe and the Eu Greece was never the bully you imagine it to be and also fix your garden first and then look at your neighbours i mean why dont you tell us about the rights of albanians roma and bulgarians in FYROM? why dont you tell us about the corruption oppression and torture applied by the security apparatus and paramilitaries? Why dont you tell us about how the VMRO the equivelant of the National Democratic Party of germany the grey woolves of turkey and the english defence league in the Uk has been governing the country tyrannising minorities and those who dare to oppose it, basic human rights include the right to speak your language equality above the law and the right to vote everyone in greece has had these things since WWII and even before that except for 3 years of dictatorship in the 1930s and 7 in the 1960-1970s You should be ashamed of yourself you are accusing the first European country to give the right to vote to Jews and to all adult males aged 22 and older of oppression, how about you do us all a favour and leave taking your vile propaganda with you. SERBIA ROMANIA ALABANIA THE HELLENIC REPUBLIC TURKEY BULGARIA CROATIA are all proud countries with a rich history and heritage yes we ve done some shit in the past but now we all get along and after the Eurozone financial crisis is over we ll prosper once more so how about you go to ''Macedonia'' or ''CHINA'' or ''Germany'' or whatever you want to call your made up country deal with your idenity crisis and leave us alone God you are a country of 2mil people and nobody in the region likes you NOBODY maybe its time to think why that is and stop chatting bullocks. Now go cry to the US and maybe they ll rescue you from the Albanian insurgents who got bored of the freedom and democratic surplus that exists in FYROM and revolted bye

It's funny how every Greek that takes up his cause over the internet is somehow magically always located in the north of Greece, where he sees that everything is fine. Why are then there a number of official reports by the UN calling Greece to respect basic human rights and recognize minorities?

I said in an earlier post, Greece killed multiculturalism. Your government has told your people that you are the golden children of Europe, that you are the beginning of everything. There can be no others in Greece except Greeks. No wonder neo-nazi Greek militias maraud Athens and Salonika, looking for emigrants to beat to death. How many cases are there thus far? Reported? And cases that have not been reported?

Serbia stole everything from its neighbours - language, flag, crest, everything is named after the Former Ottoman Province of Grkistan's historic region of Servia, but you do acknowledge Serbian nation, don't you?

Bulgarian and Macedonian are almost identical grammatically. The structure of these two languages is completely different from the rest of the Slavic languages.

The Bulgarian vocab is again very similar to the Macedonian. However the last 100 years of Serb domination has widened any gaps that existed.

Lets say a bulgarian native speaker talks with a Make and a Serb. He will understand 90% of what his macedonian mate tells him effortlessly, while he would understand about 60% of his Serbian friend, not so effortlessly (partly cause of the grammar issue)..

I got the best explanation on this topic in a Macedonian forum - there is a Macedonian country, there was no macedonian nationality or nation up until 30 years ago. It's Bulgaria's fault that we let down the Bulgarians in Macedonia in the beginning of the 20th century. Unfortunately after the unification, this part of Bulgaria fell pray of petty politics. Thus many revolutionaries in Bulgaria and in Macedonia disillusioned by international and Bulgarian politics fellt a separate country would be needed. This was exploited by the Serbs later on to cleanse all memory of the past.

Regardless of all that, now there's a Macedonian country with people of their own wishes, identity and goals. All neighbors should respect that. There need to be however mutual respect. Bulgaria does not want anything from Macedonia - only respectful treatment of it's citizens and respect for it's history. All else is nationalist BS.

The Kosovars seems to have a quote strong "national" self-awareness, but the country is only 4 years old. I won't argue about cultural identity, because it will take forever.

Just note that to take Bulgarian citizenship, one needs to prove with documents that he or she has Bulgarian ansestery. Half of your parliament, ministers and a former president are among the thousands who did it.

Yuruks is a turk tribe who got assimilated in the Ottoman empire about a century before they reached the Balkans. To this day, Yuruk is a synonim of nomads. May ansestors were nomads in the Bulgarian lands and consiquently were nicknamed "yuruks". If family names were a reliable way to determine origin, then for half of the Macedonians would be even easier to get a Bulgarian passport.

Family names at least in Macedonia, appear in the last two centuries. Until then people were known by their trade or "son of". You can't claim ethnic origin judging by the suffixes off, ov, ski, ich. A large host of people in Eastern Europe have these suffixes.

So Yuruk is a synonim for nomad. I hoped you would say that. So it will be easier to swallow this: Bulgar was a synonim with peasants, with the general populace. There are plenty sources where Belgrade and its inhabitants are referenced as Bulgars. But you aren't claiming Serbs to be Bulgars. Or are you?

Funny, one could then also argue that the western part of Greece (Cameria) all the way up to south Montenegro (hereby engulfing half of macedonia, kosovo, albania, south serbia *preshevo and medveca*,including kumanovA is illyrian by heritage - hence Albanian. So really, let's get this discussion going!

Kosovars (Albanians - Illyrians - whichever) existed before the Serbs descended from Belorussia and Prussia - Kosovars are Albanians you ignorant waste of flesh - their national self awareness has nothing to do with being a republic for only 4 years. Macedonia is an entire different story (even though technically that is also owned by 40% albanians - but they won't allow those numbers to come up! The agony they must go through...)

Bosniaks are more Ilyrian than most Albanians. Kosovar Albanians or Albanians in the north of the Albanian linguistic realm, came with the Turks from the Caucasus to fill in the void of population. You will find Albanians in Armenian and Caucasian (pertaining to the Caucasus region) historiography.

To answer to your remark that "Macedonia is an entire different story" it isn't. Turkish documents from centuries in the past can be found in archives in Skopje, Tirana as well as Istanbul. There are literally no Albanian villages in Macedonia according to the pedantic bookkeeping by the Turks. I am not inventing. However, after the Balkan wars Albanians started to seep in. But there aren't 40%, far from that. The government tried to conduct a census in 2011 but was blocked by Albanians. I guess they couldn't return from Germany, Switzerland and the US in time for it.

Such malarkey. Bosniaks Illyrian? Dear heavens above... why must history become a fairytale story for each nation to study it according to its own reasoning?!
If you are interested, there ARE more than enough archives to provide you with accurate knowledge in regards to Illyrian descendants. Not to burst your bubble or anything but you might just find out that the only living peoples of this Kingdom are Albanians (wherever they reside now: Albania, Kosovo, Macedonia, Montenegro, Greece, Southern Serbia or anywhere else across this godforsaken globe).

Ilyrians populated a large span of land. There weren't nations in that historic period. There were tribes. Empires caused tribes to unite. There is no evidence that Ilyrians were a nation but there is evidence Ilyrians lived along the Adriatic coast and inland, including in what today is Slovenia, Croatia and Bosnia.

Nobody is denying you the right to be Ilyrian. I as a Macedonian would be the last person to negate your identity. But be careful not to fall in the trap- claiming you are a "pure" nation, purely Ilyrian. And don't claim you are "indigenous". When talking Ilyrian, Macedonian, Hellenic, Thracian we are talking 2 minutes on the clock of history. There were many tribes before the Ilyrians and there were many tribes that mixed with Ilyrians. Today in the Europe nations constitute linguistic and cultural identities. During Ottoman times it was religious and linguistic identities.

So you shouldn't be alarmed that there is Caucasian element among Albanians. That should remind you, don't go down the slippery slope of ethnic purity. It gives to any nation a false sense of being while most important reasons such as education and sustainable living, are forgotten about. With Albanians today, this will bite you in the behind because there seems to be lacking a "voice of consciousness" among you.

No, simply Bulgaria extended all the way to Belgrade in the middle centuries. There are still a lot of Bulgarians in the eastern part of Serbia. Bulgar actually originates from mid-Asia, where our people formed. There have been several empires and great cities, some of which still have the same name.

Bulgaria commemorated the Balkan wars in an interesting way. The National Archive released a website with information on 47657 Bulgarian soldiers who died in the 1912-13 wars. The official records have been digitized and contained birth date and place, regiment, rank, date, place and reason for the death if known. I managed to open the data and released it. I could provide it if anyone from The Economist data vis team is interested.

I am still trying to geotag the 8000 birth and grave locations. This (with the help of minimal historical context) will allow me to pinpoint the origins of the soldiers in those units, their movements during the war, the losses some units gave and much more. It will allow families to see where their grandparents passed though and find their friends in battle. Pupils will be able to learn about the wars visually and not just from texts and dry numbers.

Soufli is not in Greece. The region was populates mostly with Bulgarians, but after the wars most of them moved to Bulgaria and the rest were asimilated. I don't know if I could help you, but maybe there's something in the dataset. Mail me at yurukov at gmail com. An interesing fact is that the region is now being "repopulated" by Bulgarians. Due to the close proximity to the border and the very low real estate prices a lot of Bulgarians have been buying houses in the reason. Menus in most restourants are not primarily in Bulgarian, for instance.

There is no such nation called Macedonia as the one you refer to.The correct name is F.Y.R.O.M. As a result the citizens of this state are not called "Macedonians". The only place in the world called Macedonia is the geographical department in which Alexander the Great was born and that is in Greece. You are a very well informed,respected and widely read magazine and it is unacceptable on your behalf to refer to something that does not exist. So i would advise you to correct that typo.

Western historiography is wrong. The roots of WWI - the important roots - do not lie in the Franco-Prussian War of 1870. (Why? Did France invade Germany seeking revenge in 1914?)

The roots lie in the Balkans, where the war started. The wrong-headed Italian venture in Libya, basically approved of in London and Paris, and the fact that Rome hid from the outside world that we were forced to send in 120,000 soldiers to defeat just 5000 Turks and 20,000 Bedouins under Ataturk's command, did far greater damage than is understood.
The Balkan nations drew the wrong conclusion - that the Ottoman Empire was now weak and incapable of defending itself (Churchill also drew that erroneous) and that therefore, the moment was ripe for war.

"WE" is the Italians. Italy's invading army into Libya in 1912 thereby created the Italian colony which was finally overturned in 1943 when Mussolini's army, together with the German Afrika Korps led by Rommel were finally defeated. The Italians also attempted to take over Tunisia (1940-43), replacing the emplaced French colonial government.

Thanks for clarifying the mysterious "WE" even though any links between 1912 Italian efforts at colonisation and the 1940-43 North Africa campaign remain claudy. Strategic objectives of Rommel's Africa Corp have been debated over and over for decades. One had to cross Libya to get to Egypt, to the Suez canal and on to the rich Arab oil wells.

There was a silent documentary made in 1912 regarding the use of colonial Eritrean troops:
La vita degli ascari eritrei, di Luca Comerio.
Comerio-Milano, 1912

Good statistics are not easy to come by. It seems that among the over 100,000 Italian troops, there were about 4-5 battalions of colonial troops. Their numbers probably were not over 3,000-4,000 during the Italo-Turkish War.
This was quite different from later situations, where the numbers of Ascari in Libya rose to 30,000 during the 1930's - and even higher during the Italian invasion of Ethiopia 1935-36, in which among the half million Italian forces that took part in the war, very large numbers of colonial Eritrean Somali and Libyan troops were present.

"even though any links between 1912 Italian efforts at colonisation and the 1940-43 North Africa campaign remain claudy."

The only thing that remained cloudy was Benito's brain. The only battle Italy won alone in WWII was the conquest of British Somaliland. With the exception of Djibouti, this gave Italy almost complete control over the Horn of Africa. (See: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_East_Africa). Benito thought he could conquer Egypt and the Sudan from Libya and Ethiopia. Only a fool...

In the event, British colonial troops marching up from South Africa, Tanzania and Kenya made short work of Rome's East African empire.

There were a couple of interesting side-stories to these events. As usual, Italian policy was pro-Muslim - aimed at an alliance with the Muslim populations of Albania, Somalia, Ethiopia and Libya.

Also, Benito had been trying to stir up trouble in British Palestine - supporting Jewish partisans there. The initial cadres of the Israeli Navy were trained at the Livorno Naval Academy in Italy during the 1930's.

Of course,there isn't such a thing as Ethnic Macedonians, Alexander The Great is Greek. I will say it simple - Bulgaria and Macedonia, today they are two sovereign states, but one , the same people.nation There are so many examples of similar situations - Greece and Cyprus, East and West Germany, North and South Corea and so on. If Alexander was their ancestor, why they do speak not only Slavic, but Bulgarian language, wear Bulgarian national dress, sing Bulgarian songs and have Bulgarian culture.The historical memory is not so short. Where have they been all these centuries, where is the sign of their presence, any document, any evidence. Such things just don't exist. Macedonian politics steal Bulgarian and Greek history for their imaginary nation, and they are doing it so weakly, really bad tries indeed.

Following the defeat of Serbian forces at Kosovo in 1389 the responsibility for defending the Christian WEST against the Ottomans shifted to the Hungarian Kingdom. Constantinople fell in 1453 and the battle of Mohacs in 1526 became central to the Ottoman expansion in Central Europe culminating in the siege of Vienna in 1529. Of course, westerners see it as the "Holy Romans" and their various allies against the "Unholy Turks".

In different terms, it was a western Empire against an Asian Empire. The 'Third Rome' Empire, otherwise known as the 'Holy Russian Empire' kept gaining strength by collecting territories previously belonging to the Ottoman Empire. The process took another 200 years or so by which time the Roman Empire imploded eventually giving rise to the Prussian Empire and the Austro-Hungarian Dual Monarchy. All empires eventually collapse. The last example was the 1991 collapse of the Soviet Empire. One part of which is still standing, just waiting its turn to collapse. Its coming !

Don't worry about depopulation. Indeed the globe is becoming overpopulated. The process of tribal, later national, resettlement has been evident from times immemoria. Think about the underpopulated expanses of America, Canada, Australia, Siberia, etc. vs. overpopulated China, Japan, India, etc. Population shifts that have been going on for centuries on all continents have nothing to do with Lithuania or Georgia, - both insignificant in the overall scheme of things.