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19 Cards in this Set

the entry compound for the Krebs cycle in cellular respiration; formed from a fragment of pyruvate attached to a coenzyme

Aerobic

containing oxygen; referring to an organism, environment, or cellular process that requires oxygen

Alcohol Fermentation

a two-step process in which pyruvate is converted to ethanol; step one releases carbon dioxide from the pyruvate, which is converted to the two-carbon compound acetaldehyde; step two, acetaldehyde is reduced by NADH to ethanol

Anaerobic

lacking oxygen; referring to an organism, environment, or cellular process that lacks oxygen and may be poisoned by it

ATP Synthase

a cluster of several membrane proteins found in the mitochondria cristae (and bacterial plasma membrane) that function in chemiosmosis with adjacent electron transport chains, using the energy of a hydrogen-ion concentration gradient to make ATP; provide a port through which hydrogen ions diffuse into the matrix of a mitochondrion

Cellular Respiration

the most prevalent and efficient catabolic pathway for the production of ATP, in which oxygen is consumed as a reactant along with the organic fuel

Chemiosmosis

the production of ATP using the energy of hydrogen-ion gradients across membranes to phosphorylate ADP; powers most ATP synthesis in cells

Electron Transport Chain

a sequence of electron-carrier molecules (membrane proteins) that shuttle electrons during the redox reactions that release energy to make ATP

Facultative Anaerobe

an organism that makes ATP by aerobic respiration if oxygen is present by that switches to fermentation under anaerobic conditions

Fermentation

a catabolic process that makes a limited amount of ATP from glucose without an electron transport chain and that produces a characteristic end-product, such as ethyl alcohol or lactic acid

Glycolysis

the splitting of glucose into pyruvate; occurs in all living cells, serving as the starting point for fermentation or aerobic respiration

Krebs Cycle

a chemical cycle involving eight steps that completes the metabolic breakdown of glucose moelcules to carbon dioxide; occurs within the mitochondrion; the second major stage in cellular respiration

Lactic Acid Fermentation

the process in which pyruvate is reduced directly by NADH to form lactate as a waste product, with no release of carbon dioxide

NAD+ (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide)

a coenzyme present in all cells that helps enzymes transfer electrons during the redox reactions fo metabolism

Oxidative

the loss of electrons from a substance involved in a redox reaction

Oxidative Phosphorylation

the production of ATP using energy derived from the redox reactions of an electron transport chain

Redox Reaction

a chemical reaction involving the transfer of one or more electrons from one reactant to one another

Reduction

the gaining of electrons by a substance involved in a redox reaction

Substrate-Level Phosphorylation

the formation of ATP by directly transferring a phosphate group to ADP from an intermediate substrate in catabolism