Meanwhile Mr Milosevic's daughter Marija has been given an eight month suspended jail sentence by a Belgrade court for firing shots during her father's arrest in April 2001, Serbian state television reported on Thursday.

She had been charged with disturbing public safety and illegally possessing a weapon.

'Victims'

Dressed in his usual dark blue suit and red tie, Mr Milosevic blamed western powers for the violence, singling out Germany and the United States.

He said they had fanned nationalist sentiment by quickly recognising the independence of Croatia and Bosnia after the old Yugoslavia broke up in the early 1990s.

Mr Milosevic also produced a television documentary that portrayed Serbs as victims.

[Milosevic] is the individual from whom the authority to
persecute and maltreat non-Serbs derived

Prosecution statement

As the trial began, Bosnian protesters outside the court demanded new efforts to arrest Radovan Karadzic and Ratko Mladic, key Bosnian Serb leaders also accused of war crimes.

An estimated 200,000 people died during the Bosnian war, which ended in 1995 after three-and-a-half years.

Part of plan

The new phase of the trial opened with a detailed listing by the prosecution of charges relating to the bloody civil wars in Bosnia and Croatia.

In an 80-minute statement, Prosecutor Geoffrey Nice outlined the 61 counts of war crimes against the defendant.

The prosecution listed notorious events from the ex-Yugoslav wars

The former president, he said, had been part of, though not necessarily the sole architect of, a plan to create a Serb state on the pretext of "wanting people to remain in Yugoslavia".

"Plans can emerge without a single originator, such plans can be joined and there can be those who choose to lead such plans once they join them, being criminally opportunistic and coming to be seen as, and indeed be, central to the plan itself," Mr Nice said.

He promised that the prosecution would "reveal a careful design and strategy" all of which "may be laid at the door of this accused".

Mr Milosevic opened his defence with a video tape portraying Croatia's post-independence leaders as direct successors of the pro-Nazi regime in place there during the Second World War.

Lack of witnesses

Correspondents say prosecutors are under great pressure to present a strong case against Mr Milosevic during this phase of the trial.

Milosevic charges

Bosnia

genocide and complicity in genocide, crimes against humanity, grave breaches of the Geneva Conventions and violations of the laws or customs of war

Croatia

grave breaches of the Geneva Conventions,
violations of the laws or customs of war and
crimes against humanity

"Co-operation remains fractious, difficult and unpredictable," she told the court before handing over to her colleague Mr Nice.

Genocide, the most serious war crime, tops the 61 counts that Mr Milosevic faces for ethnic cleansing in Bosnia and Croatia.

Other charges include the murder, torture and deportation of non-Serbs.

BBC Europe correspondent Tim Franks writes from The Hague that the charge of genocide - an attempt to exterminate an entire people - will be the hardest to prove.

In the Kosovo phase of the trial, the prosecution failed to produce any one single devastating witness close to Mr Milosevic, and the defendant showed himself to be a pugnacious cross-examiner of witnesses.