b. For the general linear model y = X" + u with E(uu0) = Й, a necessary and sufficient condition for OLS to be equivalent to GLS is given by X0 fi_1PX where PX = I – PX and PX = X(X0X)_1 X0, see Eq.(9.7) of Chap.9. For Eq. (12.12), this condition can be written as

(X0Q)(Q/o2)P qx = 0

using the fact that Q is idempotent, the left hand side can be written as (X0Q)P qx/ov2

This chapter emphasizes that an econometrician has to be a competent mathematician and statistician who is an economist by training. It is the unification of statistics, economic theory and mathematics that constitutes econometrics. Each view point, by itself is necessary but not sufficient for a real understanding of quantitative relations in modern economic life, see Frisch (1933).

Econometrics aims at giving empirical content to economic relationships. The three key ingredients are economic theory, economic data, and statistical methods. Neither ‘theory without measurement’, nor ‘measurement without theory’ are sufficient for explaining economic phenomena. It is as Frisch emphasized their union that is the key for success in the future development of econometrics.