4 NRNA 1st Africa Regional Meeting2nd March 2014introductionDefinitionThe Trafficking Protocol defines human trafficking as….. the recruitment, transportation, transfer, harboring or receipt of persons, by means of threat or use of force or other forms of coercion, of abduction, of fraud, of deception, of the abuse of power or of a position of vulnerability or of the giving or receiving of payments or benefits to achieve the consent of a person having control over another person, for the purpose of exploitation. Exploitation shall include, at a minimum, the exploitation of the prostitution of others or other forms of sexual exploitation, forced labour or services, slavery or practices similar to slavery, servitude or the removal of organs.NRNA 1st Africa Regional Meeting Presented by Sunil Karki, ICC Member, Kenya2nd March Nairobi, KenyaPresented by Sunil Karki, ICC Member, NRNA, Kenya

6 Introduction….ContinuedNRNA 1st Africa Regional Meeting2nd March 2014Types of human traffickingImpressment* Taking men into navy forcibly/without notice.* Practiced during 18th & 19th century by Edward I of England.Peonage* Involuntary servitude of laborers having little control over their employment conditions.* Practiced during colonial period by American & Spanish.Penal Labor* Imprisonment with hard labor* Practiced during 18th Century in British Empire, France, China, North Korea, Japan, US, Netherland, and Soviet union.Sexual Slavery* Slavery for the propose of sexual exploitation*Still in practice in countries like Ghana, Togo, Benin etcWage Slavery*Quasi-voluntary slavery*Practiced in ancient Rome, medieval Russia.NRNA 1st Africa Regional Meeting Presented by Sunil Karki, ICC Member, Kenya2nd March Nairobi, KenyaPresented by Sunil Karki, ICC Member, NRNA, Kenya

7 NRNA 1st Africa Regional MeetingFacts & FiguresNRNA 1st Africa Regional Meeting2nd March 2014Human Trafficking Worldwide• 27 million - Number of people in modern-day slavery across the world.• 12.3 million - Number of adults and children in forced labor around the world○ 9.8 million – Number of these that are exploited by private agents for labor or commercial sexpurposes○ 2.5 million – Number of these that are forced to work by the State or rebel military groups• 49,105 - Number of human trafficking victims around the world who have been identified○ 4,166 - Number of successful trafficking prosecutions in 2009○ Number of successful prosecutions related to forced labor• 1.8 per 1,000 inhabitants - Prevalence of trafficking victims in the world.8• 1:9 - Ratio of sex trafficking victims to labor trafficking victims, globally.9• 800,000 – Number of people trafficked across international borders every year, as of 2007NRNA 1st Africa Regional Meeting Presented by Sunil Karki, ICC Member, Kenya2nd March Nairobi, KenyaPresented by Sunil Karki, ICC Member, NRNA, Kenya

8 Facts & Figures… continuedNRNA 1st Africa Regional Meeting2nd March 2014Human Trafficking Worldwide• 2 million – Number of children exploited by the global commercial sex trade.11• 1.2 million – Number of children trafficked globally in• 80% – Percent of transnational victims who are women and girls.13• 50% – Percent of transnational victims who are minors.14At least 56% - Percent of trafficking victims globally who are women.15161 – Countries identified as affected by human trafficking:16○ 127 countries of origin; 98 transit countries; 137 destination countries.• Countries that have enacted legislation to prohibit all forms of [human] trafficking.17• Countries without laws, policies, or regulations to prevent victims’ deportations.18• 62 - Countries that have yet to convict a trafficker under laws in compliance with the Palermo Protocol.19• $32 billion – Total yearly profits, in U.S. dollars, generated by the human trafficking industry.20○ $15.5 billion, half of the total, is made in industrialized countries.○ $9.7 billion, one third of the total, is made in Asia.○ $13,000 per year, on average, generated by each trafficked laborer. This comes to $1,100 permonthNRNA 1st Africa Regional Meeting Presented by Sunil Karki, ICC Member, Kenya2nd March Nairobi, KenyaPresented by Sunil Karki, ICC Member, NRNA, Kenya

10 NRNA 1st Africa Regional Meeting2nd March 2014traffickersWho are they?A network of politicians, officials, the police, customs, overseas recruiters/agents, adoption agencies etc, extending from village to working places to the destination.According to Dr. Gilly Mckenzie’s (UN Organized crime office) report in 2011, they originates from the same place or localities of victims, are both men & women… even victim’s relatives.Why do they do so?Obvious… for moneyHow possible despite the act is illegal internationally?Loop holes in legal provisions, political protection and corruption.NRNA 1st Africa Regional Meeting Presented by Sunil Karki, ICC Member, Kenya2nd March Nairobi, KenyaPresented by Sunil Karki, ICC Member, NRNA, Kenya

11 NRNA 1st Africa Regional Meeting2nd March 2014victimsWho are they?Men, Women, Children…. Could be anyone irrespective of caste, religion and gender.How do they got trafficked?Lack of awareness, education, jobs and frustration.Why believe in agent despite being aware of many incidents?Lured by agents for well paying jobs, settlement in developed countries, frustration in the country, misconception and the desperate search of opportunity.NRNA 1st Africa Regional Meeting Presented by Sunil Karki, ICC Member, Kenya2nd March Nairobi, KenyaPresented by Sunil Karki, ICC Member, NRNA, Kenya

13 Examples & NRN’s effortsNRNA 1st Africa Regional Meeting2nd March 2014Examples & NRN’s effortsExamplesTanka Prasad, a group of 5, brought by agent promising them to take to Europe, kept more than 3 months in Nairobi & agent disappeared.Subash Gurung, a group 3, brought by agent promising them to take to Europe, kept more than 3 months in Nairobi & agent disappeared. They were arrested by police, presented to court, court fined Kes.200k/ 2 yrs in jail.Laxman Basnet, a group of 7, brought by agent promising a well paying job in Mombasa, kept in Nairobi/mombasa for more than 3 months. Jobs were given to 2 and not paid. Hotel found out to be illegal and agent abandoned all of them.Basudev Timilsina, a group of 6, brought by agent promising jobs in UN security in Sirya/Libya. First brought to Kenya, then taken to Daar es Salaam and were arrested by immigration in Tanzania.Bisnu Bhusal, a group of 5, brought by agent promising UN security jobs in Sudan, kept in Nairobi for more than 3 months & abandoned by agent.Sapan Bhogati, reported to have given physical torture in Mujura40-50 mujura girls.NRNA 1st Africa Regional Meeting Presented by Sunil Karki, ICC Member, Kenya2nd March Nairobi, KenyaPresented by Sunil Karki, ICC Member, NRNA, Kenya

16 Legal provisions…continuedNRNA 1st Africa Regional Meeting2nd March 2014Legal provisions…continuedInternationalSpecific Conventions and Protocols: 1 ) UN Convention against Transnational Organized Crime1) UN Protocol to Prevent, Suppress, and Punish Trafficking in Persons, Especially Women and Children3) UN Protocol against the Smuggling of Migrants by Land, Sea, and Air, which entered into force in4) UN Convention for the Suppression of the Traffic in Persons and of the Exploitation of the Prostitution of Others (1949),General Human Rights Documents:1 ) Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948), (Regarded as the father and mother of all human rights instruments)2) The International Covenants on Civil and Political Rights (1966),3) The Convention on the Elimination of all Forms of Discrimination against Women (1979)Convention against tortureNRNA 1st Africa Regional Meeting Presented by Sunil Karki, ICC Member, Kenya2nd March Nairobi, KenyaPresented by Sunil Karki, ICC Member, NRNA, Kenya

18 NRNA 1st Africa Regional Meeting2nd March 2014conclusionHuman trafficking from Nepal to Africa in increasing trendFear of being like in middle eastLack of legal instrument & enforcement in NepalInvolvement of huge network of traffickersLack of awareness programmes in NepalRescuing is not a solutionGovernment proper involvement & dedication is inevitable to stop the traffickingImmediate action should be takenNRNA 1st Africa Regional Meeting Presented by Sunil Karki, ICC Member, Kenya2nd March Nairobi, KenyaPresented by Sunil Karki, ICC Member, NRNA, Kenya

20 Recommendation… continuedNRNA 1st Africa Regional Meeting2nd March 2014Recommendation… continuedNRNA Information DeskThe huge and increasing network of NRNA could immensely help to bring down the trafficking significantly. I reccoment NRNA to have one NRNA desk in NRNA’s head office and if possible in TIA. NRNA could collect the information on the legal provisions for jobs, the social life & the challenges in different countries from respective NCCs. Furthermore, NRNA can mobilise the respective NCCs to verify the companies & vacancy status for those who asked for.NRNA 1st Africa Regional Meeting Presented by Sunil Karki, ICC Member, Kenya2nd March Nairobi, KenyaPresented by Sunil Karki, ICC Member, NRNA, Kenya