Elections and Events 1992-1993

1992

Grayson 1992: "Voters in 14 Mexican states will go to the polls during 1992, with 13 of the contests scheduled for the last half of the year...(T)hey will cast ballots for governors (11 states), mayors (11 states), and state legislators (14 states)" (page 1). "1992 electoral calendar" (page 28).

Santiago Castillo 1993: In 1992 the electoral laws are changed in Guerrero to move the local elections to 1993 and in Guanajuato to hold all local elections together (page 19). "Puestos de elección popular ganados por partido: elecciones locales 1992" (pages 22-23).

Grayson 1992: The governor of Tabasco resigns on January 11, 1992 because of "opposition charges of widespread electoral fraud" (page 30).

Keesing’s record of world events January 1992: "The government of President Carlos Salinas de Gortari annulled on Jan. 12 the results of elections held in Tabasco state in November 1991. This followed accusations of fraud and a 50-day march by 500 peasants from Tabasco to Mexico City, where they joined a demonstration by 20,000 opponents of the ruling Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI). The governor of Tabasco...resigned. The disputed elections concerned three towns...[The PRD] claimed that votes for the PRI in Cárdenas exceeded the number of registered voters. The Cárdenas city government was handed over to the PRD" (page 38716).

February

Jalisco

Alonso 1994a: Because of changes in the state electoral codes, the municipal and state deputy elections in Jalisco are moved from December 1991 to February 9, 1992 (page 264). Gives number of municipalities in which each party had candidates (page 266). Gives official results, including percent of vote for each party in state deputy elections, and the number of municipalities won by PAN, PARM, and PRD (page 275).

Arredondo Ramírez 1995: Discusses municipal elections in Jalisco in February 1992, with 18 of 124 municipalities won by the opposition and many other results contested (page 223).

Santiago Castillo 1993: Describes and gives the results of the local elections in Jalisco in 1992 (pages 19-20).

April

Amezcua 1997: The governor of Zacatecas asks for a leave of absence on April 9, 1992 (page 208). The governor of Tlaxcala asks for a leave of absence on April 11, 1992 (page 215). On April 22, 1992 explosions in Guadalajara wreak havoc on the population (page 232). On April 30, 1992 the governor of Jalisco, Guillermo Cosío Vidaurri, resigns (pages 233-234).

Grayson 1992: The governors of Tlaxcala and Zacatecas leave their offices to become respectively the secretary-general of the PRI and the president of the PRI (page 30). The governor of Jalisco resigns on April 30, "blamed, in part, for lax enforcement of environmental laws preceding the April 22 explosions in Guadalajara."

May

Keesing’s record of world events May 1992: "Carlos Rivera Aceves of the...PRI was elected by the Jalisco state legislature on May 1 to be interim state Governor in place of disgraced PRI hardliner Guillermo Cosio Vidaurri. Cosio, 62, had on April 30 taken a 12-month ‘leave of absence,’ one of Mexico’s unwritten political courtesies allowing a public official to leave office voluntarily rather than be removed by presidential decree or through legal action" (page 38905).

July

Keesing’s record of world events July 1992: "On July 12 almost 3,000,000 people voted to elect governors, state legislatures and town mayors in two states--Chihuahua...and Michoacán...On July 13 the...PRI conceded defeat in Chihuahua, where the new governor would be Francisco Barrio Terrazas of the...PAN. In Michoacán, however, the PRI candidate for governor won with a large majority. In Chihuahua, where a turnout of 63 per cent of those eligible to vote was reported, Barrio became only the third non-PRI state governor...In Michoacán...the PRI’s principal opponent was the...PRD...Official results on July 16 showed the PRD candidate for governor ... suffering a resounding defeat, with 289,000 votes, at the hands of ... the PRI [candidate], who had 418,000 votes" (page 39000).

Rodríguez 1997: "(T)he 1992 election serves to illustrate the point [that PRI does not treat all opposition parties equally]: while the PAN’s gubernatorial victory was readily recognized in Chihuahua, the PRI claimed victory in the state of Michoacán and hung tough, despite the case’s being widely publicized as electoral results were hotly contested by the PRD" (page 54).

Campeche

Grayson 1992: The July 12, 1992 election in Campeche is to elect 28 state deputies. Gives the breakdown of the outgoing state legislature (page 16).

Santiago Castillo 1993: Describes and gives the results of the local elections in Campeche on July 5, 1992 (page 20).

Chihuahua

Alba Vega 1997: Discusses the July 12, 1992 election in Chihuahua and the results (pages 395-400).

Orozco 1994: "Resultados totales por partido en las elecciones de 1992" (page 207). Gives for Chihuahua the number of votes and percent of vote for each party in the elections for governor, state deputies, and municipal councils. "Elecciones para diputados locales 1992" (page 211). Gives for each district the total vote, and the number of votes and percent of vote for each party. "Elecciones para gobernador 1992. Correlación entre población, servicios básicos y preferencias políticas" (pages 212-214). Gives this information by municipality.

Grayson 1992: Discusses the issues and candidates involved in the July 12, 1992 gubernatorial election in Michoacán (pages 11-14).

The 1994 Mexican election: a question of credibility 1994: "Another example [of PRI election intervention] was the July 1992 election for the governorship of Michoacán, a position formerly held by Cárdenas, who took 64% of the state’s presidential vote in 1988...The PRD decried not only fraud in the classic sense, but also what they considered an unseemly attempt to buy back PRI support in Cárdenas’ back yard. The PRI reportedly spent $80 per vote in Michoacán, compared to $2 per vote by the PRD" (page 13).

Rivera Velázquez 1994: Describes July 12, 1992 election for governor and state deputies in Michoacán. Gives the official results for each party in both of the elections (page 168). Gives PRD’s report of the vote for PRI, PRD, and PAN (page 169).

Rivera Velázquez 1994b: Gives the number of votes and percent of total vote won by the PRI, PRD, PAN, PFCRN, PARM, and PPS in the July 12, 1992 gubernatorial election in Michoacán (page 224).

August

Keesing’s record of world events August 1992: "Voting took place on Aug. 2 to elect governors, state legislators and mayors in the states of Durango, Veracruz, Oaxaca, Aguascalientes, Zacatecas and Baja California [no gubernatorial election in Baja California]. The abstention rate in some states was a high as 70 percent, and the polls were marked by mutual accusations of fraud by the participating parties...The PRI claimed victory in all six states, despite allegations by the PRD and..PAN of illegal campaigning, PRI intimidation, theft of ballot boxes and the manipulation of the results. The opposition especially disputed the results for the governorships of Durango and Veracruz, where the PRD and PAN ran joint slates" (page 39045).

Aguascalientes

Grayson 1992: Gives the background of the PRI candidate for governor in the Aguascalientes gubernatorial election on August 2, 1992 (page 16).

Baja California

Grayson 1992: The August 2, 1992 election is for 19 state deputies and 4 mayors. Gives the municipalities and the seats in the outgoing legislature held by each party (page 18).

Guillén López 1994: "En 1992 [en Baja California] volvieron a elegirse las diputaciones del Congreso local y los ayuntamientos" (page 36). Describes the election in detail and gives the percents of the vote won by the PAN and the PRI in the four municipalities and in selected district deputy elections (pages 37-38).

Guillén López 1995: "In 1992 the PAN won the mayorship [of Tijuana, Baja California] again, but this time the difference was much narrower: 46.5 percent for the PAN, 44.1 percent for the PRI" (page 57).

Negrete Mata 1994: "Resultados electorales por distrito. 1992" (pages 66-67). Gives number of votes and percent of vote won by each party in Baja California election.

Vicencio 1996: The August 2, 1992 municipal and state deputies election in Baja California gave three municipalities and eight deputies to PAN, one municipality and seven deputies to PRI, and four deputies to PRD by proportional representation (page 127).

Durango

Grayson 1992: Discusses the issues and candidates in the August 2, 1992 gubernatorial election in Durango (pages 14-15).

Peschard 1997: Local elections are held in Durango on August 2, 1992 for governor, municipal councils, and state deputies (page 249). "Distribución política de los municipios (1992)" (page 274). "Resultados de las elecciones en la ciudad de Durango (1992)" (page 275). Gives votes for each party in each election.

Santiago Castillo 1993: Describes and gives the results of the local elections in Durango in 1992 (page 21).

Singer S. 1993: "Elecciones en Durango 1992" (page 93). Gives the votes for each party for the municipality of Durango, the governor, and state deputies. "Las elecciones en Durango de 1992, comparaciones" (page 94). Gives results by district.

Oaxaca

Clarke 1996: In the gubernatorial election in Oaxaca in 1992 the PRI candidate received 77% of the vote, the PRD candidate 10%, and the PAN candidate 5% (page 290).

Santiago Castillo 1993: Describes and gives the results of the local elections in Veracruz in 1992 (page 23).

Zacatecas

Grayson 1992: Discusses the gubernatorial candidates in Zacatecas for the election of August 2, 1992 (pages 24-25).

Sánchez Gutiérrez 1997: Discusses the August 2, 1992 election in Zacatecas for governor, municipal councils, and state deputies (page 180) and gives results of the gubernatorial election (page 202).

Santiago Castillo 1993: Describes and gives the results of the local elections in Zacatecas in 1992 (page 23).

September

Keesing’s record of world events September 1992: "More than 15,000 supporters of the..PRD gathered on September 15 in the central square of Morelia, the capital of the state of Michoacán to demonstrate against alleged electoral fraud and corruption. The demonstration coincided with the official inauguration of Eduardo Villaseñor of the...PRI as state governor" (page 39089).

October

Keesing’s record of world events October 1992: "Eduardo Villaseñor of the...PRI, who had been inaugurated in September as governor of the western state of Michoacán, asked on Oct. 6 for a ‘one-year leave of absence,’ a form of words effectively meaning that he was resigning. He was replaced by another PRI official, Ausencio Chávez...The PRD greeted Villaseñor’s departure as a further instance of President Carlos Salinas de Gortari being forced to dismiss an unpopular PRI governor, and as a government concession to the need for political reform" (page 39136).

November

Keesing’s record of world events November 1992: "President Carlos Salinas de Gortari, in his fourth state of the nation address broadcast on Nov. 1, made several indirect references to opposition party claims that state elections held during the year had been tainted by fraud, allegedly perpetrated by the...PRI. He went on to propose that sources of party financing should in future be made public, that limits should be placed on electoral expenses and that procedures should be agreed to guarantee the impartiality of the media" (page 39184).

Keesing’s record of world events November 1992: "With a round of state elections taking place on Nov.8, Salinas’s apparent acknowledgement of the electoral fraud issue stimulated rather than placated opposition protests...PRI victories in the gubernatorial elections held in the northern states of Tamaulipas and Sinaloa and the central state of Puebla were fiercely disputed. In concurrent municipal elections in the state of Oaxaca, the State Electoral Institute suspended polling in four towns following violent clashes between PRI supporters and those of the opposition PRD" (page 39184).

Bruhn 1995: The PRD won "39 out of 113 in the December 1992 municipal elections [in Michoacán]" (page 129).

Rivera Velázquez 1994b: Describes the municipal elections of December 6, 1992 in Michoacán and gives the number of votes and percent of total vote for PRI, PRD, and PAN, the total votes shared by PARM, PFCRN, and PPS, and the number of municipalities won by each party (pages 224-226).

1993

January

Amezcua 1997: In Chiapas on January 4, 1993 the governor José Patrocinio González Blanco Garrido asks for a leave of absence (page 220).

Keesing’s record of world events March 1993: "Official results released on March 3 of the elections held in...Guerrero on Feb. 25 produced the expected large PRI victory (63.5 per cent) and opposition protests of ruling party fraud. The...PRD came second (27.4 per cent) but no other party gained more than 3 per cent. Abstentions reached the unprecedented level of 67.01 per cent" (page 39359).

Hidalgo

Barrera Ambriz 1995: Elections for governor and local deputies are held in Hidalgo on February 21, 1993 (page 82). Gives results of election (pages 87-88).

Quintana Roo

Larrosa Haro 1995: Elections for governor, local deputies, and municipal councils are held in Quintana Roo on February 21, 1993. Gives results (page 73).

Keesing’s record of world events March 1993: "In elections on March 7 in the state of Baja California Sur, the PRI narrowly won the governorship, winning 49,900 votes to 45,006 for the...PAN. However the PAN won a majority in the state congress and took most of the important municipalities" (page 39359).

La república de Babel: anuario político 1997: Gives the number of municipalities and local deputies won by PAN and PRI in the 1993 elections in Baja California Sur (page 199).

Rodríguez 1997: "In the 1993 election in Baja California Sur,...the PAN won a majority in the congressional elections and took several of the leading cities, yet lost the governorship. The losing gubernatorial candidate, outraged, declared openly that his defeat had been traded by the PAN party leadership against victories elsewhere; thus he affirmed, the PAN was allowed to keep the congressional seats and the municipal governments in exchange for the PRI’s keeping the governorship" (page 159).

Distrito Federal

Keesing’s record of world events March 1993: "An unofficial plebiscite was held on March 21 in the Federal District, consisting of the capital, Mexico City, and several neighbouring small towns and villages. The organizers...claimed that 85 per cent of participants had voted in favour of the direct election of the Governor of the Federal District and of the city legislature, both currently appointed by the President. Two-thirds of those voting also wanted the capital to be the country’s 32nd state. The PRI denounced the plebiscite as an opposition trick, claiming that only 300,000 people, fewer than 7 per cent of registered voters, had been involved" (page 39359).

Keesing’s record of world events April 1993: "The PAN on April 24 organized a referendum and protest march of more than 40,000 demonstrators in Mérida, capital of the state of Yucatán, in protest at the PRI decision to postpone until May 1995 the gubernatorial elections which had been set for November" (page 39408).

Keesing’s record of world events April 1993: "The...PRI claimed a landslide victory in the extraordinary gubernatorial election held in the state of San Luis Potosí on April 18. The PRI rejected opposition claims that it had resorted to fraud" (page 39408). Gives percent of vote won by the major candidates and seats won by PRI in the simultaneous local state congress election. "The San Luís Potosí election was the first poll in Mexico to be supervised by non-partisan officials and was intended to restore political stability in the state in the aftermath of the forced resignation in October 1991 of the newly elected PRI governor."

Keesing’s record of world events July 1993: PRI won the July 5 gubernatorial election in the state of México (page 39551). Gives turnout and percent of vote for PRI, PAN, and PRD. PRI also won the July 4 gubernatorial election in Nayarit. Gives percent of vote for PRI/PARM, PAN, PRD, and PFCRN, and percent of votes that were invalid.

México (state)

Arreola Ayala 1995: Discusses and gives the results of the July 4, 1993 gubernatorial election in México (state) (pages 326-331).

Emmerich 1994: Discusses in detail the July 4, 1993 election in México (state) and gives numerous statistics (pages 276-280). Tables list the districts and municipalities in which the PAN, PRD, and PRI obtained the most votes and gives votes won (pages 283-284).

Electoral reform in Mexico 1993: The electoral reform debate of 1993 which resulted in the changes passed by the Senate and Chamber of Deputies in September 1993 "was solely on federal elections whereas most of the controversy in the last four years has focused on state and local elections. Formally, IFE and the federal government have no real authority over state and local elections. IFE provides the registration list and whatever technical assistance that is requested, but it does not administer those elections " (page 15). Constitutional reforms include doubling the number of senate seats to 128, with each state and the Federal District having four instead of two senators; eliminating the governability clause approved in the 1990 reform; and limiting the maximum number of seats any single party can hold in the Chamber to 63 percent or 315 of its 500 seats (pages 16-17).

Rodríguez and Ward 1996: Nuevo León passes a new state electoral law in October 1993 (page 101).

November

La Botz 1995: "By November of 1993, Salinas claimed that PRONASOL had 150,000 committees, and that they were operating in more than 95 percent of Mexico’s 2,378 municipalities" (page 109).

México (state)

Keesing’s record of world events November 1993: "Elections were held in México state on Nov. 14 in which the PRI was declared the outright winner in all but two seats, namely Cuautitlán, where the PAN candidate won 57 per cent of the vote compared with 34 per cent for the PRI, and Tepotzotlán, where the result was declared too close to call" (page 39729).

Keesing’s record of world events November 1993: "Elections in the state of Yucatán on Nov. 28 produced heated controversy and demands for annulment of the poll. The PRI had claimed victory in the gubernatorial election, the 25 state legislative seats and all Yucatán’s 106 mayorships, but was accused of vote-rigging by the PAN, which itself claimed to have won the gubernatorial election, at least six mayorships and one state legislature seat. Dulce María Sauri, interim state governor of Yucatán since February 1991, whose term was not due to end until the end of January 1994, resigned along with six members of her state Cabinet on Dec. 1" (page 39729).

The 1994 Mexican election: a question of credibility 1994: "On November 28, 1993,...disputed elections were held in the PAN stronghold of Yucatán. A power outage occurred during the vote tabulation. Later a quick count by independent observers disagreed with the official results. Observers also documented vote-buying, ballot-box stuffing and nonsensical voter turnout levels in many precincts. The PRI claimed both the governorship and the capital city, but ceded the latter to the PAN after weeks of demonstrations" (page 15).