Although its present range is greatly restricted, H. antimena was more widespread in SW Madagascar until the late Holocene, 1400 years before present (Goodman and Rakotodravony, 1996). Ecology, breeding biology, and conservation status of extant populations addressed by Cook et al. (1991) and Sommer (1997, 2001). Most closely related to H. australis, known as subfossils from cave deposits in C and extreme S Madagascar, and documented as a valid species by Goodman and Rakotodravony (1996), who discussed its possible survival into the period of the island’s early human colonization.