We hear many things about R4C's (and other receivers), we certainly enjoy talking about
how good our receivers are. Unfortunately most talk centers around hearsay, useless
parameters, or very subjective "feel good" reviews.

The only readily available detailed measurements come from ARRL and RSGB reviews. While
the ARRL and RSGB generally do a good job of reviewing equipment, they
unfortunately publish somewhat meaningless wide-spaced data in receiving tests. Even with excellent wide-spaced performance, close-spaced performance can be
horrible!

Worse yet, reviews push important data back to the "expanded
reports" and the data generally available to the casual non-technical
reader is most "fluff and feel-good exaggerated hype". We can read
that in advertisements, we don't need to see it in an independent review. The
single worse review I ever read, outside of reviews in magazines that actually
don't test the radios, was the IC-7800 review in QST. That review should go down
in history as a way to NOT write a review. A person using the
IC-7800 actually wrote the 7800 worked much better than a receiver he
never even compared it to! How can a person know one receiver works better than
another receiver, unless they have them side-by-side listening to the same
signals at the same time? Another comment was he "seemed to
hear" clicks and QRM further away than normal (although he didn't have both
receivers up at the same time), and the fact he had more QRM meant the receiver
was so much better it could hear QRM other receivers did NOT hear!

Hey, my HQ-180 hears QRM that my other receivers don't hear. It hears BC
stations that aren't really there, it hears QRM from people 10kHz up the band
that isn't there on other receivers. I don't think that is a feature, but maybe
I am wrong. Maybe people enjoy
QRM.

Radio manufacturers, knowing magazines focus on wide-spaced performance, do
only what is necessary to pass the tests and look good on paper.

Why Test at Wide Spacing?

Most manufacturers and many magazines test at wide spacing and focus on those
results. I think that is wrong,. and I bet if you think about it you will agree
with me.

How many of you are bothered by signals 40kHz up the band? If you have the
same experience I do, it's the people 1-2 kHz away on CW and 2-10 kHz away on
SSB that tear things up.

Keep this in mind! A 2 kHz IM3 test evaluates
performance with unwanted signals two and FOUR kHz away. A 20 kHz test checks
for problems with a signal twenty and FORTY kHz away.

When we have on-the-air interference problems working weak signals, it is almost always with
stations a few kHz or less away. Why would
most of us care about a test or data at 20kHz or wider, when the bothersome
signals are a few kHz up or down from us? Wide-spaced tests inflate performance, and gives us meaningless numbers for
real-world performance.

Wide-spaced testing only evaluates RF amplifier
and first mixer performance. Common design problems are easily and often missed
when wide spacing is used. The weakest link is almost always downstream of the first
mixer. There are several specific examples I can give:

It's no wonder receivers have shown very little performance improvement over the years.
Manufacturers evaluate performance on nearly useless wide-spaced measurements.
They obviously only want to pass the wider test signal frequency spacing tests,
because that is what we look at. Looking at 10kHz or wider tests, we all assume
things are getting better. In actual use, most of our problems come from signals nearly on the same
frequency, not 10kHz and especially not 50kHz away!

The only truly valid performance test is one where BOTH test signals are within the roofing-filter
bandwidth. When close-spaced
performance is good, wide-spaced performance is just as good or better. This is true for
older radios and modern radios.

We also need to be factual in performance assessments. Too many feelings get
in the way of being objective.

Receiver Myths

PIN Diode Mods

Save your money. PIN diode replacement never has changed performance in any
receiver I've listened to or measured. PIN diode mods don't change distortion,
blocking, noise, or any other parameter. A normal signal diode with proper bias
is just as good.

PIN diodes function as "RF switches" or "linear RF
resistors" only when the carrier lifetime exceeds the period of an RF cycle
by a large margin. Most of the diodes used in PIN mods do not have long enough
carrier lifetime to even behave like a low-distortion linear resistance, let
along a pure switch. They really aren't any better than manufacturers stock
diodes, with the PIN diodes barely being linear at 30MHz let alone at 455kHz.
The whole "PIN diode thing" would be laughable if it wasn't costing
people money!

If you have even measured a real difference, please e-mail and tell me
what radio it was and what the test conditions were. If you are only
going by emotion or feeling, don't bother reporting that. If I spent several
hours and/or a few hundred dollars changing diodes and could not A-B the change,
I'd probably think things got better also.

Drake R4C

The R4C is elevated to a status far above the realities of its actual
performance. The R4C, like many DSP radios, has a wide performance variation
between close and wide spaced tests. This is especially true with the early S/N
MOSFET mixer R4C's. With a wide-test, all R4C's look "good".
That's because a wide test only checks the tube-type RF-amplifier and vacuum tube
1st mixer. Even though the R4C RF amp does better with higher screen voltage and
the first mixer suffers from very low injection, the first two stages are still
reasonable.

The problem is in the Drake 2nd mixer. The second mixer in the Drake ranges
from poor to useless. The MOSFET mixer versions of the R4C are identifiable by
looking at the MODE switch. If the MODE switch has CW 1.5, .5, and .25 positions
the receiver has a tube (6BE6) 2nd mixer. If it is labeled CW1 and CW2, it has
the horrible MOSFET mixer.

A few Drake website claims there is
little or no difference between early serial number R4C's using MOSFET 2nd
mixers and later R4C's using vacuum tube 2nd mixers. Nothing could be further
from the truth. Worse yet, these pages steer people into a wide 6- or 8-kHz
roofing filter for weak signal CW work, a very foolish choice as we will see by
actual measurements. For serious CW work, the Sherwood Engineering 600-Hz
roofing filter is an absolute must! R4C's have far too much filter leakage to be
useful on crowded bands using CW with a wide roofing filter.

Roofing Filters

In order to significantly improve close-spaced performance a roofing filter
has to attenuate signals on adjacent channels. We could have
strong and weak signals CW alternating every 500Hz across the dial, assuming our
transmitters were cleaned up. In the case of CW a roofing filter, to be useful,
needs to be about 500Hz wide or less.

For SSB, we could consider channel width 3kHz. A roofing filer really needs
to eliminate the adjacent channel up and/or down, and that means a roofing
filter that passes only 3kHz or less.

While the typical wider roofing filters do a good job knocking down problems
caused by signals up or down the band several kHz, they don't do anything for
signals within the bandwidth of the roofing
filter.

Testing Radios

TEST SETUP

My test setup uses two low-noise crystal oscillators. One oscillator is fixed
on 1840-kHz, the other oscillator is selectable at 1840.5, 1842, or 1850-kHz (note: I now use variable frequency generators).
Both oscillators use low-noise CATV transistors, and provide 20dBm output. These oscillators each feed a 1dB per step attenuator, with a total
attenuation of 160dB available.

The attenuated outputs are fed to a "Magic T"
combiner. "Magic
T's", like every low-loss passive combiner system, are load impedance sensitive.
Any mismatch reduces generator port-to-port isolation. In many cases, marginal
generator-to-generator isolation can cause IMD in the signal
sources. This generator-sourced IMD corrupts readings, changing IMD performance. To
reduce combiner mismatch, the output of the magic "T" feeds a small
~3dB attenuator.

Signal level from each individual source can be varied in 1dB steps from +20dBm to
-140dBm. +13.5dBm is the maximum level available, after combiner system losses
of 6dB are added, for a final receiver signal range of +13.5 to -146.5 dBm. This
range is ideal because my own transmitter is typically
+15dBm on my closest receive antennas, while my daytime 250Hz bandwidth noise floor is near -140dB. Most of my receivers
have sensitivities in the -140dBm range, allowing them to marginally get down to
noise floor in the daytime. (Noise increases 10-20dB at night, on quiet nights,
because of distant noise sources that propagate via sky-wave.)

Note: Most setups use a single attenuator after the combiner, I chose not to
do that. To reduce generator IMD, I decided to attenuate each signal source with
carefully matched attenuators. If a test requires 30dB of attenuation,
generator-to-generator isolation will be the sum "magic T" isolation
and each attenuator pad isolation. In this case, generator-to-generator
isolation would be well over 90dB, far more than I could obtain with the
"Magic T" alone.

The Magic-T combiner also has a 3dB 50-ohm output attenuator. This pad
helps stabilize load impedances seen by the "Magic T", insuring return
loss is at least 6dB. Total attenuation through the "Magic T",
including the internal attenuator pad, is 6.5dB. The port-to-port cross talk of
the magic "T" can be nulled with a small trim pot. This adjustment is
only necessary when doing tests with near-zero attenuation and a mismatched
receiver.

MEASUREMENTS

Since virtually every receiver overloads in stages after the attenuator or
pre-amplifier, there probably is no compelling reason to measure receivers with the attenuator on.
Adding an attenuator will not increase the dynamic range, it will simply move
the raw measurement numbers higher. In other words, we don't care what the
absolute numbers are...we can always add or remove gain external to the
receiver. What we do care about is dynamic range of the system, both for
blocking (a strong signal makes the weak signal disappear or get noisy) and
intermodulation products. The lower the dynamic range numbers, the worse the
receiver will be.

MEASURING MDS

A conventional signal generator is used to measure minimum discernable signal
(MDS). This point is where the signal is just clearly audible, about 3dB out of
the noise floor.

MEASURING BDR

Blocking Dynamic Range is measured by setting one oscillator (or the signal
generator) to a test frequency either 2 or 10 kHz above the interfering signal.
This test is equivalent to having a single strong station come on a certain
amount away from a very weak station you are trying to copy, and making your
receiver lose volume or have a hiss that increases compared to the weak signal's
level.

To minimize generator noise, the low-noise crystal oscillators are used for
the strong signal. This creates a "perfect" zero bandwidth strong
signal with virtually no broadband noise.

The level of the strong signal is adjusted until the slightest detectable
change in S/N ratio occurs. The difference between the MDS and the level causing
the blocking is the blocking dynamic range. This will be the ratio of the
weakest to strongest signal the receiver can handle without losing a noticeable
amount of weak-signal sensitivity, if the strong signal is a perfect signal and
the weak signal is right at noise-floor.

MEASURING IMDR

Intermodulation dynamic range, or two-tone dynamic range, is measured by
running two equal strength signals (from the low-noise oscillators) into the
receiver with a certain test spacing. This test is equivalent to having two
strong signals very near each other, with just the right spacing to cause a
mixing product to fall on top of a noise-floor signal you are trying to copy.
When the signal level of the mixing product is just audible above the noise
floor, the ratio of the strong signals to the MDS (minimum discernable signal)
becomes the IM dynamic range.

Poor IMDR performance shows up as splatter on SSB and as bloops, bleeps, and
random musical thumps or phantom signals on CW.