Beryllium (Be) is a metal with physical and mechanical properties and is used extensively in the aerospace, energy, and electronics industries. The main effects associated with Be exposure are sensitization and chronic beryllium disease. The prevalence of the effects associated with Be suggests that the risks are function of its speciation. Futhermore, it appears that the fine particles constitute the fraction of interest for the occurrence of such effects. In this study we verified the hypothesis that the chemical form and the particle size of Be play a major role in the level of the toxicity and in the appearance of specific effects in an exposure to Be. The specific effects are translated, among others, by the formation of inflammatory granulomes, by the proliferation of lymphocytes TCD4 + and the production of type Th1's cytokines.
For each of the three chemical forms assessed in this research (Be metal or Be, Be oxide or BeO and Be aluminum alloy or BeAl) the toxicity was estimated following an subchronic exposure by nose-only to fine (F) and total (T) particles. An animal model (mouse) was used. Two hundred and forty five mice divided into seven groups of 35 each were used. The first group was used as a control, while the six other groups were exposed to total or fine particles of three different Be species (Be-F, Be-T, BeO-F, BeO-T, BeAl-F, BeAl-T). The duration of exposure for each of the groups was 3 consecutive weeks, 5 days per week and 6 hours per day. The target level of exposure was 250 μg/m3. Urine was collected before and during exposure. At the time of the sacrifice, several tissues (lungs, spleens, livers and kidneys) and blood samples were taken and immediately frozen until their chemical analysis for Be concentrations. Lungs and spleens were also sampled to evaluate the immunological effects and pulmonary inflammation.
This study of subchronic exposure is the first murine study to examine the toxic effects of various particle sizes for similar pathological and immunological changes to those observed in a human being. This study allowed for the identification of important differences in the level of the toxicity of Be according to the various particles sizes. These differences are connected to the deposit of the particles of Be in respiratory tracts and also the capacity of respiratory tracts to eliminate them totally or partially. The respiratory clearance is a function of the site of deposition and of the solubility of the particles. This research has also demonstrated that mouse C3H/HeJ represents a good model for the study of the toxicological and immunological effects of a Be exposure. Furthermore, our results showed that the severity of the lung hurts caused by Be, such as the interstitial infiltration of lymphocytes and the formation of non-caseous granulomes, increases in time by lung residence of Be. Alongside other results, the results of this research will contribute to informing the prevention of Be exposure, including possibly the revision of the limit value and the establishment of a scientifically based threshold according to chemical form and particle size.