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1 CHALLENGES FACING FREEDOM OF EXPRESSION: INTERMEDIARY LIABILITY IN ARGENTINE CASE LAW Paper prepared by Eleonora Rabinovich 1 for the Meeting on Digital Rights Advocacy Budapest, March 29 31, Introduction The issue of intermediary liability has become particularly evident in Argentina due to a myriad of legal actions filed by different celebrities and well known public figures against Google and Yahoo! Most of the cases so far have resulted in preliminary injunctions, and a decision on the merits is under the study of the Supreme Court. In this paper we will explore the arguments presented by judges in order to decide on these cases, including a hate speech related decision. Moreover, we will set forward some conclusions on the problems facing freedom of expression involved in this matter. 2. Preliminary Injunctions In Argentina, controversies with the search engines Google and Yahoo! arose basically in civil lawsuits brought by different celebrities and well known public figures for violation of their honor and privacy, or for unauthorized use of their names and images on websites with sexual or pornographic content or with offers of sexual services. More than 150 cases of this type have been filed, with identical allegations. 1 Eleonora Rabinovich is the director of the Freedom of Expression Program at the Association for Civil Rights (ADC, Asociación por los Derechos Civiles). More information about ADC at 1

2 Generally, in these cases, plaintiffs request for the elimination of links between their name or image and websites, and they even seek for damages compensation. So far, nearly all of the cases have resulted in preliminary injunctions. In general, this is the line of reasoning followed by the judges who take part in these cases. Firstly, they consider the unauthorized link between the plaintiffs names and the sexual content websites to be non controversial. Secondly, the judges order to remove the links from their search results. They consider that blocking the content is legitimate since in spite of not generating the content, the search engines facilitate the access for such content and increase the damages. The judges have argued that search engines must act since they are in better factual technical conditions to act against prevention or remedial of unfair damage. 2 And that upon the unbiased and easily verifiable entity of the content s illegality, the company rendering the services cannot enhance the damage caused based on its disclosing activities. 3 The alleged offending cases were operated by third parties unaffiliated with the search engines, and were not named as parties to the lawsuits. In Jazmin de Gracia c/yahoo, for example, the court stated that it could not consider the role of third parties because they were not named in the suit 4. In the Unterubernacher case, the judges highlighted that the preliminary injunction was limited to the links the search engine establishes upon content created by third parties. What has been ordered here is not the modification of the websites content but the links those search engines allow to establish, said the court. 5 In most instances, the granted preliminary injunctions order the search engines to remove any search result that relates the plaintiffs names (or image) with sexual or pornographic content 2 por estar en mejores condiciones técnicas fácticas de actuar ante la prevención o reparación del daño injusto. Unteruberbacher c. Yahoo de Argentina S.R.L. y otro, LL 16 de Julio de Ante la entidad objetiva y fácilmente verificable de la ilicitud del contenido, no puede la empresa responsable del servicio amplificar, con su divulgación, los efectos dañosos en curso Zámolo, Sofía K. c. Yahoo de Argentina S.R.L. y otro, LL 2007 A 269, Cdo. 6 (2007). 4 De Grazia Jazmin c/yahoo de Argentina SRL y otro s/medidas cautelares (Sala III, Buenos Aires), 5 de noviembre de [N]o se ordenó aquí la modificación del contenido de tales sitios, sino que la medida se refiere a las conexiones que los buscadores permiten establecer. Unteruberbacher, Nicole c. Yahoo de Argentina S.R.L. y otro, LL, 16 de Julio de 2007, Cdo. 4 (2007). 2

3 websites. This happened in the first instance decision issued in Da Cunha 6, which will be developed later. In that case, the judge wrote that it is hereby ordered that any link between the sued search engines and sexual, erotic and/or pornographic content sites which include the name, image and photos of VIRGINIA DA CUNHA be removed. This type of measure is particularly problematic since its coverage is larger than what is really necessary, merely because the search terms entered by users are undetermined. Since they claim that compliance of such an order is not possible, search engines such as Yahoo were compelled to remove all results from a particular term search. For instance, if we enter the terms Valeria + Mazza, Julieta + Prandi o Soledad + Solaro [well known Argentine models] in Yahoo Argentina, we will find out that the company has been forced to temporarily delete all or some of the search related results due to a judicial order requested by the parties involved. 7 In other words, Yahoo Argentina chose to remove all related results thus, affecting (a) the right to information of any user who, by means of these search engines, seeks for perfectly legal data; (b) freedom of speech of those who want to offer legitimate content. To make things worse, Argentine judges have considered that generic measures such as the ones adopted by Yahoo are not subject to criticism and fully comply with the issued order. 8 As explained above, most of the cases refer to generic injuctions, that is, cases in which the court order the search engines to stop linking the plaintiff s name or image with any pornographic or sexual site. However, in a few cases the preliminary injunctions are not generic 6 Juzgado Nacional en lo Civil No. 75. Da Cunha, Virginia c. Yahoo de Argentina S.R.L. y otro. Sentencia del 29 de julio de Por los fundamentos expuestos, habrá asimismo de procederse a la eliminación de las vinculaciones entre los buscadores de las demandadas y los sitios de contenido sexual, erótico y/o pornográfico que contengan el nombre, imagen y fotografias de VIRGINIA DA CUNHA sin perjuicio de los alcances con que ya fue dictada y cumplida la medida ordenada en el incidente de medidas cautelares y las respectivas ampliaciones. 7 suprimir temporalmente todos o algunos de los resultados relacionados con ésta búsqueda debido a una orden judicial solicitada por partes privadas. 8 Unteruberbacher c. Yahoo de Argentina S.R.L. y otro, LL 16 de Julio de 2009, cdo. 5 in fine (argumentando que la propia Yahoo de Argentina S.R.L. da cuenta de que en la actualidad no informa resultados al ingresar el nombre de la actora (cfr. fs. 884, punto III e impresión de fs. 883), por lo que la imposibilidad de cumplimiento alegada no es tal. ) [arguing that Yahoo de Argentina S.R.L. states that at present it does not inform the results when entering the plaintiff s name (cfr. page 884, III and printing of pages 883). Therefore, the alleged unfeasibility of compliance is not such.) 3

4 but they specifically refer to particular links. It is clear that neither the generic nor the particular preliminary injunctions are indeed suitable to meet their goal: we can still use search engines from other countries to dodge prohibitions imposed by local judges. 3. Public officials and public figures Other cases show different variables. For instance, cases involving public officials wherein judges applied the Supreme Court and the inter American system tenets by which public officials are subject to a higher scrutiny than individuals. Hence, in the Miragaya and Servini de Cubría cases, Courtrooms I and II of the National Court of Appeals in Civil and Commercial Matters rejected the preliminary injunctions requested by the plaintiffs, both public servants. 9 In the Miragaya case, the judges also posed that upon positive identification of two specific websites, the interested public official should direct the legal action against them instead of the search engine. 10 The argument of lower protection umbrella for public figures was also used to overturn the preliminary injunction ordering to block the content related to the popular football player Diego Maradona. The judges also took in consideration that the websites did not deal specifically with sexual or pornographic content A case involving hate speech 9 Cámara Nacional de Apelaciones en lo Civil y Comercial Federal. Sala I. Miragaya, Eduardo c. Yahoo de Argentina S.R.L. y otro. Sentencia del 23 de diciembre de 2008; Cámara Nacional de Apelaciones en lo Civil y Comercial Federal. Sala II, Servini de Cubría, María c. Yahoo de Argentina S.R.L. y otro. Sentencia de l3 de junio de Id., Cdo Cámara Nacional de Apelaciones en lo Civil y Comercial Federal. Sala III. Maradona, Diego Armando c. Yahoo de Argentina S.R.L. y otro. Sentencia del 13 de agosto de

5 The right to honor and privacy has not been the only argument raised to request the blocking of certain websites. One of the most striking cases in the country involved the Delegación de Asociaciones Israelitas de la Argentina [DAIA by its acronym in Spanish Argentine Delegation of Israeli Associations] that acting on behalf of the Argentine Jewish Community filed a class action against Google in order to request the removal of links to several websites with allegedly antisemitic and discriminatory content. DAIA identified almost 80 websites which content included: a) references to different worldwide Jewish conspiracies, b) references to the international Jewish lobby and its dominance over well known places such as Hollywood; c) negation or underestimation of the Holocaust 12 ; d) criticism of Israel. These websites, as it may be observed, aim at different antisemitic prejudices most of them already worn out, and critic opinions. The judge granted a preliminary injunction in favor of DAIA ordering the removal of links, and also the prohibition of advertisements in those sites by Google. 13 The judge assumes that such broad restrictions would be included within the notion of prior censorship which is banned under Argentine Constitutional law. 14 However, the judge argues that those prior restrictions can be applied exceptionally when the information is evidently illegal and offending. The judge took for granted that the website content would violate the provisions set forth by Argentine Anti discrimination Laws and the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination that compel the States to punish any incitement to racial discrimination and the spreading of ideas based on race supremacy and hatred. Nevertheless, The American Convention on Human Rights, in full force and effect in Argentina, provides that the only hate speeches subject to prohibition are the ones that incite violence There are no rules condemning the negation per se of the Holocaust in Argentina, such as the ones in several European countries. 13 Delegación de Asociaciones Israelitas Argentinas c/ Google Inc. s/ Medidas Cautelares (Expte. n 34023/11), xx de mayo de Pursuant to articles 14 and 32 of the Argentine Constitution and article 13 of the American Convention on Human Rights. 15 Article 13.5, American Convention on Human Rights. 5

6 Without delving into the scope of hate speeches under Argentine laws, so as not to exceed the objective of this paper, 16 it is worth mentioning that both treaties signed by this country encompass partially contradictory rules, thus generating interpretation problems. In fact, the American Convention is much more protective of free speech than the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination, since the only discriminative expression subject to punishment are those susceptible of inciting violence. Any other discriminative expression, though offensive and shocking, is deemed legitimate. We include this case here to point out the dangers entangled in preliminary injunctions blocking websites. Social or political opinions protected by freedom of expression may be censored through those measures. 5. A case for damages under the study of the Supreme Court The Da Cunha case is the first of its nature to obtain a decision on the merits as well as the first to reach the Supreme Court with this issue. The starting point was the complaint filed by singer Virginia Da Cunha against Google and Yahoo! for moral and economic harm allegedly caused by the unauthorized use of her image and name, and their connection with sexual, erotic and pornographic website contents. 17 The account of the complaint made by the first instance judge is meaningful: there it can be observed how her grievance is directed, in fact, towards the website creators where her photograph is included. 18 Nevertheless, the action is oriented towards the search engines since they facilitate access to such content. 16 See Julio César Rivera (h), La libertad de expresión y las expresiones de odio, Buenos Aires: AbeledoPerrot, 2009; Eduardo Andrés Bertoni, Libertad de expresión en el Estado de derecho, Buenos Aires: Editores del Puerto, Juzgado Nacional en lo Civil No. 75. Da Cunha, Virginia c. Yahoo de Argentina S.R.L. y otro. Sentencia del 29 de julio de Juzgado Nacional en lo Civil No. 75. Da Cunha, Virginia c. Yahoo de Argentina S.R.L. y otro. Sentencia del 29 de julio de Manifiesta que ( ) al incluir su nombre en el campo de búsqueda, encontró su nombre, fotografías e imágenes que eran vinculadas y utilizadas en forma indebida y sin consentimiento con 6

7 The first instance judge (federal civil court judge Virginia Simari) ruled in favor of the artist and ordered Google and Yahoo! to pay 100,000 Argentinian pesos for moral damage, on the following grounds: The judge states that, though automatically, search engines know and rule the data showed, and they may get involved in content selection. The judge employed similar arguments in the other preliminary injunctions: she argued that Google and Yahoo s liability was based on the fact that they facilitate access to the offending content: It is clear that even when the activity deployed by search engines does not need human intervention since it is an automated process, the owner is not to be held harmless for his or her designs. Their business consists of a service that facilitates reaching sites that would otherwise be very difficult to access and, furthermore, this facilitation is at the heart of one of their principal activities. Therefore, we are in a position to affirm that the search engine, in contributing to the access to the Internet sites, is in the best technical position to prevent the eventual harm, and this is the basis for search engines liability on their activity of facilitating access to websites. 19 The judge s decision relied partly on an expert witness testimony alleging the viability of a court ordered filter: On both search engines (Google and Yahoo) it is possible to create a sitios de contenido sexual, pornográfico, de acompañantes y otras actividades ligadas con el tráfico de sexo. // Explica que de las búsquedas publicadas por los accionados se desprende que cualquier persona que ingrese su nombre en esos buscadores obtiene como resultado una serie de enlaces a diferentes páginas web que la ligan con actividades sexuales agraviantes a su persona e incompatibles con su forma de vida y conducta. // Funda su reclamo en el uso comercial no autorizado de su imagen y en el avasallamiento de sus derechos personalísimos al honor, al nombre, a la imagen y a la intimidad, al haberla vinculado e incluído arbitrariamente en páginas de internet que en nada se compadecen con su pensamiento y actividad profesional de las características que señala. 19 Está claro que aún cuando en la actividad desplegada por los buscadores no media intervención humana por tratarse de procesos automatizados, no puede desligarse al titular de las consecuencias que generen sus diseños. Su quehacer constituye un servicio que facilita la llegada a sitios que de otro modo serían de muy dificultoso acceso, y además, esa facilitación hace precisamente al núcleo de una de las actividades centrales que desarrollan. Así pues, nos hallamos en condiciones de afirmar que el buscador al contribuir al acceso a los sitios de internet se encuentra en las mejores condiciones técnicas para prevenir la eventual generación de daño y de allí surge el perfil de los buscadores como responsables de su actividad facilitadora del acceso a sitios. Juzgado Nacional en lo Civil No. 75. Da Cunha, Virginia c. Yahoo de Argentina S.R.L. y otro. Sentencia del 29 de julio de

9 by them but by third parties who mainly remain anonymous, according to the information technology expert. 24 However, the majority vote considered that it was possible to find fault and therefore, search engines could be held liable for illegal content if they were informed of its existence ( if when faced with an illicit situation and having been made aware of it through the proper mechanisms 25 ) and failed to take appropriate remedial measure to remove it. Quoting an academic paper, the judges think that: sustaining the opposite would result in compelling social networks to monitor and moderate countless content ( ). This entails an obligation that does not match reality and business profitability as well as the addition of prior censorship to business costs. 26 Although we reckon the judgment as correct, it is problematic since it leaves a key issue unsolved: what the pertinent mechanisms for notifying a search engine on illegal content are No olvidemos que los contenidos e información a los cuales se puede acceder a través de los servicios proporcionados por las demandadas no han sido, insisto, creados o editados o colgados por ellas, sino por terceros, que en la mayoría de los casos, y así lo señaló el perito informático, permanecen en el anonimato. 25 Frente a una situación ilícita y advertidas a través de los mecanismos pertinentes. Cámara Nacional de Apelaciones en lo Civil, Sala D, Da Cunha, Virgnia c. Yahoo de Argentina S.R.L. y otro. Sentencia del 10 de agosto de sostener lo contrario implicaría imponer a las redes sociales la obligación de monitorear y moderar millones de contenido ( ). Ello conlleva una obligación que no se condice con la realidad y la rentabilidad del negocio y una censura previa que se agrega a la incidencia del costo empresario. Cámara Nacional de Apelaciones en lo Civil, Sala D, Da Cunha, Virgnia c. Yahoo de Argentina S.R.L. y otro. Sentencia del 10 de agosto de Moreover, the judges slightly allow the possibility that search engines may include filters, voluntarily or upon the request of the State, without thinking or considering the problems that this might cause to freedom of speech: Sin perjuicio de los filtros que las demandadas puedan voluntariamente establecer a fin de impedir la indexación de sitios o imágenes que vinculen a determinadas palabras con contenidos de carácter pornográfico, erótico, sexual u otros contenidos que se consideren ilícitos, y que a tenor de lo que surge de la pericia informática son factibles desde el punto de vista técnico, o de la política que el Estado pueda llegar a adoptar en el futuro a fin de impedir el acceso a determinada información o a determinadas páginas de la web (tal el caso de algunos países que como es de público y notorio conocimiento han impuesto restricciones a los usuarios de los mismos en las búsquedas China y Cuba ). [Without prejudice to the filters the defendants may voluntarily set up in order to hinder indexation of websites or images that connect certain words with pornographic, erotic, sexual or other content that may be considered illegal, and that in view of the result of the information technology expert report, those filters are feasible from the technical point of view, or the State policy that may be implemented in order to prevent access to certain 9

10 This point was afterwards mentioned in the Krum 28 case on a very similar issue, where the first instance judge had a dual position. Firstly, the judge stated that effective knowledge can only take place after a legal notice. However, the judge added that a private request would be enough when the content is evidently illegal. The judge argued that: "Imposing in those cases the obligation to notify results is an excess which affects the balance that must necessarily exist between freedom of speech and derechos personalísimos personal rights which are inalienable and truly personal such as honor, liberty, etc. ] Arguments on freedom of expression In May 2011, the Asociación por los Derechos Civiles [ADC, by its acronym in Spanish Association for Civil Rights] presented itself as amicus curiae in the Da Cunha case, pending before the Supreme Court of Justice. The purpose was to present constitutional arguments and human rights on freedom of speech applicable to the case. Although we consider the judgment of the Court of Appeals to be correct, we think that there are some aspects that have not been sufficiently discussed by the judges who have taken part. Almost with no exception, Argentine judges fail to analyze the inhibitory and silencing effect that their decisions have on third parties, and they do not develop an appropriate appreciation of the constitutional values involved in the cases to be solved. Our arguments can be summarized as follows: There is an intrinsic relation between search engines and the right to obtain and seek for information enshrined under sections 13 of the American Convention and 14 and 32 of the National Constitution. Even though in the Da Cunha case the participating judges seemed to have understood in general terms how search engines operate technically, they do information or webpages (as in the case of China and Cuba that imposed restrictions on users during their searches as it is well known). 28 Juzgado Nacional de Primera Instancia n 62, Krum, Andrea Paola c/yahoo de Argentina SRL y otro s/daños y perjuicios (Expte. N ) Sentencia del xxx de junio de Imponer también en esos supuestos la obligación de la notificación judicial constituye un exceso que afecta el equilibrio que necesariamente debe existir entre la libertad de expresión y los derechos personalísimos. Juzgado Nacional de Primera Instancia n 62. Krum, Andrea Paola c/yahoo de Argentina SRL y otros s/daños y perjuicios (Expte. N ) Sentencia del xxx de junio de

11 not seem to have detected accurately their role in the circulation of information through the Internet. In our amicus brief we explain that the decentralized nature of the Internet turns search engines in necessary intermediaries between users and those who provide content in the Internet, and at the same time it transforms them into control points under the helm of the government and private companies that want to monitor their content. Search engines have the capacity of enhancing the social dimension of freedom of speech, according to the Inter American Court of Human Rights since they allow to to obtain the information and know what others are thinking] in the Internet. 30 It is necessary to apply to this case the constitutional tenet known as Campillay developed by the argentine Supreme Court. This tenet claims that the media is not liable for the spreading of false or incorrect news when the source is identified. Search engines limit themselves to reproduce content coming from other sources ; i.e. the links to websites that show the results of users searches. The basis of the Campillay tenet as explained by the Supreme Court lies on the need to avoid the deterrent and inhibitive effect that a possible allocation of liability on intermediates would have due to third parties content. The ultimate objective is to hinder self censorship in order to strengthen public debate allowing all voices to be heard. This tenet applied by the Court both in criminal and civil matters is applicable to cases like the Da Cunha one. As a consequence of the role played by the intermediaries in public debate on the internet, their protection becomes crucial to reach a free, robust and uninhibited public debate. There is an even stronger argument for this conclusion: the fact that search engines unlike traditional media mentioned by Campillay do not control what is being published like the press. Search engines operate automatically; there is no editing as in the press. If 30 Recibir la información y conocer la expresión del pensamiento ajeno. Corte IDH. La colegiación obligatoria de periodistas (Arts. 13 y 29 Convención Americana sobre Derechos Humanos). Opinión Consultiva OC 5/85 del 13 de noviembre de 1985, Serie A No. 5, párr

12 the Argentine Supreme Court has applied a high protection standard to the press, it does not seem reasonable to restrict it in the case of mere intermediaries like search engines. Conclusion The case law described above show that several argentine judges, when dealing with intermediary liability cases, have shown several problems of interpretation concerning: a) freedom of expression values, when they fail to analyze the inhibitory and silencing effect that their decisions have on third parties, b) technological arguments, related to the functioning and role of intermediaries like search engines. These patterns have started to reverse, as shown in the Da Cunha and Krum cases, although those decisions still avoid an appropriate appreciation of the constitutional matters involved. While the lack of specific legislation on this issue needs to be solved, the Supreme Court faces an invaluable opportunity to decide on a matter crucial for the future of freedom of expression and Internet development in Argentina. Internet freedom and human rights advocates and scholars need to be ready to explain in the public sphere what is at stake in this controversy, as a high court decision in Argentina can impact beyond our borders affecting future approaches in other countries. Bibliography Asociación por los Derechos Civiles (ADC), Amicus Curiae presentado en la Corte Suprema de Justicia de la Nación, en la causa Da Cunha, Virginia c/ Yahoo de Argentina SRL y otro s/ daños y perjuicios, Expte. Nº 544/2010, Mayo Alvarez Ugarte, Ramiro, Viejos principios, nuevos problemas: una mirada amplia sobre la libertad de expresión, la privacidad y los buscadores de Internet, Serie Documentos de Investigación, Asociación por los Derechos Civiles (ADC), Octubre

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