Al Jaber was appointed as the Director-General of Abu Dhabi National Oil Company (ADNOC) on 15 February 2016 and was later named the firm's CEO. After his appointment, Al Jaber revealed a plan to modernize ADNOC and make its operations more profitable.[5]

Al Jaber played a key role in the establishment and launch of Masdar in 2006 and served as the CEO of DB Masdar Clean Tech Fund L.P., Masdar Institute of Science and Technology and Masdar Venture Capital. He has been the Chairman of Masdar since March 2014 and served as CEO and Managing Director before.[4]

Al Jaber has been the Chairman of Masdar since March 2014 and served as the CEO and Managing Director before. He also played a foundational role in the establishment and launch of Masdar in 2006 and served as the CEO of DB Masdar Clean Tech Fund L.P., Masdar Institute of Science and Technology and Masdar Venture Capital.

Before his work with Masdar, Al Jaber worked on projects in energy, utilities and other industries at the Mubadala Development Company. Masdar is a wholly owned subsidiary of Mubadala, where as of 2015 Al Jaber serves as CEO for Energy.[6]

Al Jaber’s work to advance renewable energy and clean technology led to his appointment in 2010 as the UAE's special envoy for energy and climate change. As special envoy, Al Jaber was responsible for helping to formulate and advocate for the UAE's diplomatic positions and public policy with respect to energy and climate change.[6]

In 2008, Al Jaber spearheaded the establishment of The Zayed Future Energy Prize. The Zayed Future Energy Prize is an annual US$4 million award funded by the United Arab Emirates to recognize excellence in renewable energy and sustainability.[8]

In 2011, Al Jaber was selected to serve on the United Nations Secretary General’s high level group on sustainable energy for all.[6] It is an effort initiated by the UN Secretary General Ban Ki-moon to ensure universal access to modern utilities, double the rate of improvement in energy efficiency, and double the global market share of renewable energy by 2030.[9]

In 2012, Al Jaber was named one of the Champions of the Earth by the United Nations.[6] Al Jaber received his award in the category of "Entrepreneurial Vision."[6]

On 12 March 2013, Al Jaber was named Minister of State and joined the UAE cabinet. Al Jaber's appointment was approved by Sheikh Khalifa bin Zayed Al Nahyan, the UAE's president. Speaking of the appointment of Al Jaber and other ministers, Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum, the UAE’s Vice President and Prime Minister and Ruler of Dubai, said the new cabinet has “young faces with new ideas and energy to keep up with the rapid changes and to deal with our people’s top priorities."[11]

Al Jaber serves on numerous corporate and non-profit boards where he provides advice on issues related to economics, infrastructure, sustainability and energy. He is chairman of the board for the Abu Dhabi Ports,[12]Sky News Arabia.[13] He also serves on the boards of ALDAR Sorouh,[14] and ZonesCorp.[15]