Jewish deportees from Norway during World War II: Map

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During the
Nazi occupation
of Norway, German
authorities deported about 768 individuals of Jewish background to
concentration camps outside of Norway. 28 of these survived.
Because the Norwegian police and German authorities kept careful
records of these victims, researchers have been able to compile
relatively complete information about the deportees.

The
deportation from Norway to concentration camps followed a planned
staging of events involving both Norwegian police authorities and
German Gestapo, Sicherheitsdienst, and SS staff,
though the front for the campaign was through Statspolitiet under the command of Karl Marthinsen:

As of part of an overall effort to register and disenfranchise
Jews from Norwegian economic and political life, some individuals
were arrested, detained and deported immediately for various
reasons. Some were citizens of countries not under German control
or with puppet regimes (e.g., France and Rumania); others were
arrested as political prisoners early in the process, and treated
individually.

Smaller groups were typically transported
with the , which was used for regular troop and prisoner transports
between Oslo and Århus in
Denmark.

Detentions and deportation took on scale when
all Jewish men were ordered arrested on October 26, 1942 and sent
to camps in Norway, notable Berg, Grini, and Falstad, where they were held under harsh conditions until
the deportation, targeted for November 26 on the .

Women and children were arrested on or just before November 26
with the goal of deporting them the same day.

Under
the command of Knut Rød, women and
children in Oslo and Aker were joined with male members of the
family at the pier at Akershuskaia
where they were forcibly boarded on the SS
Donau.

On the same day, the Monte Rosa also left Akershuskaia with a
smaller number of Jewish prisoners, primarily from Grini

However, delays in transit from camps outside of Oslo caused
the Donau to leave several intended deportees in Norway
for a later departure. These were imprisoned at the Bretvedt
prison, where they were subjected to mistreatment and neglect. The
D/S Gotenland left in February with
remaining prisoners.

Most of those deported were Norwegian citizens. Some were stateless
refugees, and a few were citizens of other countries.

In addition to those Jews from Norway killed by the Nazis were
deported to death camps (Vernichtungslager), at least 22 died in
Norway by murder, extrajudicial executions, and suicide.

Age distribution of Jewish individuals deported from
Norway

Age

Number

Percentage

0-5

16

2.2%

6-15

49

6.6%

16-25

121

16.5%

26-35

128

17.5%

36-45

104

14.0%

46-55

153

20.7%

56-65

112

15.2%

66-75

43

5.9%

>76

11

1.5%

Distribution of deportees by county arrested and transport

This list includes Jewish individuals both with Norwegian
citizenship, foreign citizenship, and stateless refugees that were
arrested and deported. The site where they were arrested was not
always their place of residence; many had relocated to rural areas
to avoid detection. The majority of those deported were immediately
murdered in the gas chambers at Auschwitz; some were put to slave
labor but perished soon after. A very small number ultimately
survived.

Liberation and return

Thousands of Norwegians were deported to camps in Germany and
German-occupied territories during World War II. Most of those who
survived were rescued by the White Buses
campaign undertaken by the Norwegian government in exile, the
Swedish government, the Danish government, with the Swedish Red
Cross implementing the rescue with its good offices. This followed
intensive efforts by Norwegian and other Scandinavians to track and
maintain contact with Norwegian citizens in camps.

By comparison, there was no organized effort to maintain contact
with and establish the fate of Jews that had been deported from
Norway. Three Norwegian Jews were rescued by the White Buses: Josef
Berg, Harry Meyer, and Leif Wolfberg.

Of the 28 who survived, at least 21 returned to Norway soon after
the war. The rest found homes in other countries.

Upon liberation, the few survivors were scattered across the
camps:

Benno Asberg was refused
admission to the White Buses while in Ravensbrück, escaped, and was rescued by advancing Soviet
forces.

Josef Berg happened to be in Sachsenhausen
when the White Buses arrived. Thanks to non-Jewish Norwegian
prisoners, he was accepted on board the bus, one of only three Jews
from Norway to be rescued by the operation

Paul Ludwig Cohn, was ill in Auschwitz when it
was liberated by Soviet forces and, like Kai Feinberg, narrowly
escaped.

Friedrich and Grete Doller were among the last
Norwegian sent to Norway. It is unclear how they returned to
Kristiansand

Otto Eisler, a noted Czech architect, returned
to his home city of Brno after the war and continued his
architectural career

Having survived a death march from
Auschwitz to Buchenwald, Leo Eitinger, Pelle Hirsch, Assor
Hirsch, Julius Paltiel, and Samuel
Steinmann were liberated there on April 11. On March 1, fellow
Norwegian but non-Jewish students had been sent by train from
Buchenwald to Neuengamme as part of the White Buses operation, but these
five were not allowed to leave on account of being Jewish.
Following the liberation, the five had to find their own way home
with the help of American and Danish individuals and officials.
They arrived by boat in Oslo. Authorities were unable to provide
them with any help, not even housing, and they relied on friends to
get situated again.

Berthold Epstein, a noted professor in
pediatrics, returned to Prague after the war to continue his
medical and academic career

Kai Feinberg was liberated from Auschwitz and
worked for some time in Eastern Europe before he returned to Norway
on his own

Pavel Fraenkl was liberated from
Theresienstadt and returned to Norway by unknown means, where he
had a distinguished career as a literary professor

Moritz Kahan returned to Norway via unknown
means

Eugen Keil returned to Norway via unknown
means

The twins Fritz and Hans Lustig returned to
their home town of Brno after the war but emigrated years
later

Harry Meyer was in Sachsenhausen at the end of
the war and was one of three Norwegian Jews rescued by the White
Buses

Moritz Nachstern was kept in Block 19 at
Sachsenhausen as part of Nazi Germany's efforts to counterfeit
Allied currency. He found his own way home after liberation

Georg Rechenberg and Robert
Savosnick were liberated from Sachsenhausen without the
benefit of the White Buses. Thanks to the help of Norwegian officer
Helmer Bonnevie, they returned on their own to Norway

Fritz Georg Ruzicka did not return to Norway
but settled in Denmark to a successful career as an
entertainer

Herman Sachnowitz was
liberated from Bergen
Belsen, put under the care of British troops and returned
to Norway on his own

Leopold and Lisa Segal settled in Great
Britain after the war

Jacques Stanning was liberated by Soviet
forces in Auschwitz. He returned to Norway in August 1945.

Leif Wolfberg was the third Jewish Norwegian
rescued by the White Buses when his fellow non-Jewish Norwegian
prisoners forged his papers to have him renamed Rolf Berg.

As of November 30, 2009, Samuel Steinman is the only remaining
survivor.

List of Jewish individuals deported from Norway

This list is largely based on Ottosen's list, with annotations from
other sources. Survivors indicated in bold.