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30 Cards in this Set

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What are the three basic components of the head skeleton of vertebrates?

Neurocranium, dermatocranium, and splanchnocranium

This is the primary protective encasement of the brain. It is evolutionary the oldest and forms a cartilage "box" enveloping the brain. This structure is perforated with foramina for the passage of nerves and blood vessels, inludes capsules which wholly or partially envelope major sense organs.

The neurocranium

In chondrichthys this basic component of the head skeleton remains cartilage throughout the life of the animal and is also termed the ___________

chondrocranium

In many vertebrates parts of the neurocranium become ossified to form some of the skull bones. This type of ossification is known as

endochondral ossification

Beneath the developing brain, centers of __________ contribute to the development of a pair of parachordal cartilage and a pair of prechordal cartilage plates

chondrification

The parachordals expand and unite to form the floor of the neurocranium or the _______ ______

basal plate

The prechordals expand and unite to form the _______ ______

ethmoid plate

What is a fenestra ?

A window which loooks like a large foramen

A fenestra remains through which the hypophysis protrudes, the ______ _______, and which allows the passage of the internal carotid arteries to supply the brain

hypophyseal finestra

The development of a tectum refers to a _____

roof

_________ retain only an incomplete neurocranium which is lacking in a cartilagenous roof

cyclostomes

Chondrichthys possess a well developed neurocranium called the ______

chondrocranium

The hypophyseal fenestra separates into two foramina for the passage of the internal carotids and the hypophysis rests instead in a cartilagenous depression called the ______ _____

sella turcica

On the roof of the chondrocranium are two foramina for the _________ and ________ ducts. These ducts enable the inner ear cavity and vestibular apparatus to be in communication with the outside water

perilymphatic and endolymphatic

Two articular surfaces for the attachment to the vertebral column. These are known as the ______ _______

occipital condyles

A number of centers of ossification appear in the neurocranium, and will become bones by means of ________ _________

endochondral ossification

There are four regions where ossification occurs which are:

Occipital
Sphenoid
Ethmoid
Otic

The occipital area of the neurocranium below, lateral to , and above the foramen magnum ossifies as the _______, ________, ________

basioccipital
exoccipital
and supraoccipital

What 3 ossification locations make up the floor of the skull? back to front

basioccipital, basisphenoid, and presphenoid

Where are the ossification locations of the otic capsule?

prootic, opisthotic, and epiotic

in birds and mammals the ossification locations of the otic capsule fuse with each other as ossification proceeds to form a single periotic bone known as _______

petrosal

The bones of they dermatocranium phylogenetically originated in the _____ and are derived from the ______ ______

dermis; integumentary system

What are the four regions into which the dermatocranium is divided into?

Roofing bones
upper jaw
primary palatal
opercular

What are the roofing bones from front to back?

nasals, frontals, parietals, and post parietals.

Roofing bones and the ring of dermal bones, in counter-clockwise fashion for the right eye...

lacrimal, prefrontal, postfrontal, postorbital and infraorbital

Posterior to the ring of bones encircling the orbit are the .... Ventral to this chain of dermal bones is the ________ bone and the _________