The PAYT Bulletin is designed to help solid
waste planners and others get the latest pay-as-you-throw news and events.
Use the links below to read articles from the Spring 1998 issue. To review
other issues of the Bulletin, use the links on the right side of
this page.

In Massachusetts, PAYT
Gets Boost from State Planner

"Massachusetts is promoting PAYT because it works," explains Joseph
Lambert, recycling solid waste planner for the Department of Environmental
Protection (DEP) and project manager for the state's unit-based
pricing program. "Of the 77 communities with full-fledged programs,
over 75 percent received an 'A' on their recycling report card."
(To earn an A, communities must achieve a minimum recycling rate
of 30 percent.)

Lambert first began noticing PAYT when it successfully increased
recycling rates and reduced waste levels in communities like Worcester
and Seekonk. With average community recycling rates at 33 percent
in 1996-and facing an ambitious 46 percent recycling goal set for
the year 2000-Lambert saw in PAYT a way for Massachusetts to move
aggressively to find ways to increase diversion in all 351 municipalities
across the state.

Massachusetts has set a goal of having
PAYT programs in place in 40 percent of its municipalities
by 2000.

Since then, Massachusetts has set a goal of having PAYT programs
in place in 40 percent of its municipalities by 2000. According
to Lambert, "If the 50 largest municipalities in Massachusetts,
who represent over 50 percent of the state's population, all implement
unit-based pricing, the statewide recycling rate will jump from
33 percent to nearly 37 percent."

Grants and Technical Assistance

Getting communities to consider implementing PAYT was the next
step. Lambert and other state planners began focusing on innovative
ways to use grant programs, technical assistance, and other strategies
to encourage local officials to consider PAYT and, if appropriate,
adopt a program. Offering financial incentives through the state's
voluntary Municipal Recycling Incentive Program (MRIP) is one strategy
they promoted. Under MRIP, interested municipalities must meet a
set of eligibility criteria, including increasing recycling participation,
recycling access, and recycled product purchases. Municipalities
that qualify receive a direct grant payment-an "incentive," as it's
called by state and local planners-for each ton of designated recyclables
diverted. To encourage use of PAYT, Massachusetts exempts from the
participation and access criteria (although not from the buy recycled
requirements) those municipalities that have or will implement unit-based
pricing, making it easier for them to qualify for incentive payments.

Because many communities are concerned about such PAYT implementation
costs as purchasing bags or stickers, Massachusetts also awards
grants for bags or stickers to new programs. To qualify, a community
has to provide the state with a PAYT implementation plan and document
that the program has the local political support it needs to move
forward. Grants of $10 per household are awarded to qualifying communities
to help defray such costs as the purchase, printing, and shipping
of customized bags or stickers from the state's contracted vendors.
If there are additional funds remaining after the purchase of bags
or stickers, the community may use the grant for recycling containers,
educational materials, or other program expenses.

Massachusetts also provides a referral service to people calling
in for information, modeled after the Council of Northeastern Governors's
PAYT peer-mentoring program. To implement this service, Lambert
explained, "The first thing we did was obtain accurate data on what
the state is doing." DEP then produced a guide that lists and describes
the state's PAYT communities. Interested planners can call any of
DEP's four regional planners or seven MRIP district coordinators
for information or assistance.

In the Works

Because PAYT is often critical to the success of curbside recycling
programs, Lambert is encouraging communities to offer "parallel
access" to both recycling and trash collection. According to Lambert,
"You get the most out of unit-based pricing if you offer curbside
collection of both trash and recyclables." And DEP is proposing
another incentive for communities to implement PAYT: a fast track
to Department Approved Recycling Program (DARP) certification. Earning
this certification exempts a community from the random inspections
they would otherwise face at disposal facilities to determine if
they are complying with the state's waste bans. While there is currently
a long list of proposed criteria that a municipality must meet to
receive DARP certification, proposals for 1999 to 2000 ease conditions
for achieving DARP status if the municipality has PAYT.

All told, Lambert says, these efforts are enabling Massachusetts
to help build a PAYT infrastructure. For more information about
efforts to expand PAYT in Massachusetts, contact Joseph Lambert
at 617 574-6875.

Research Update

First year results from implementing PAYT can be truly impressive!
As reported in the Fall 1997 PAYT Bulletin, researchers at
Duke University identified an increase in recyclables collected
of 32 to 59 percent in the first year of PAYT and a reduction in
waste disposed of 15 to 28 percent. In addition, there's an important
aspect of this research that may make these findings even more significant:
this study is based on data from a subset of some 40 cities and
towns that had no other changes to complementary programs (i.e.,
they did not add commodity types to their recycling program or introduce
a composting program when implementing PAYT).

So what about communities that did adopt or expand complementary
programs when switching to PAYT? While research on this issue is
continuing, planners in these communities have often reported even
higher waste diversion numbers.

EPA Planning Rate Structure Design
Workshops

You've decided to start a PAYT program in your community, obtained
political buy-in, and chosen your containers. Now you have to decide
how much to charge per container.

Luckily, national experts are available to help you with the rate
design process. John Gibson, an economist and a utility rates expert,
and Jim Morris, a full cost accounting expert and trainer from Rutgers
University, are conducting rate structure design workshops in communities
across the country. These one- to two-day workshops, sponsored in
part by the International City/County Management Association and
the Conference of Mayors, offer a rare opportunity for MSW planners,
financial analysts, and others to receive personalized training
on how software programs and other tools can help you develop a
rate structure.

Workshops are being planned in six cities across the country;
organizations with the resources to host an event can arrange for
additional workshops as well. If interested, contact Gordon Hui
at 703 308-9037. The EPA Headquarters PAYT Team will review all
potential locations and, if feasible, help you plan your workshop.

PAYT Events Around the Country

Montana's Department of Environmental Quality (DEQ) is planning
to conduct training this year to promote PAYT in the state. The
department will also select two communities this year for its PAYT
technical assistance program. Contact: Peggy Nelson, 406 444-5307.

The Global Futures Foundation (GFF) is planning four PAYT
workshops to provide local government officials with practical implementation
information.
The first took place in March; additional workshops will be held
this fall in Arizona and Nevada. A fourth workshop, also to be held
this fall, will focus on measuring PAYT program success. In addition,
GFF will provide direct assistance to two communities implementing
PAYT in Region 9 (Arizona, California, Hawaii, Nevada) next year.
Contact: Wendy Pratt, 916 486-5999.

The Wyoming Department of Environmental Quality (DEQ) is
planning four workshops focusing on implementing PAYT in rural areas.
Three will be held around the state through July 1998 and one is
scheduled for September 9-11, 1998 in Lander, Wyoming. The state
has also set up a PAYT Web site at www.trib.com/WYOMING/RECYCLE.
Contact: Dianna Gentry Hogle, 307 332-6924.

The Midwest Assistance Program (MAP) is conducting a series
of focus groups with private haulers to obtain input from this segment
of the industry. Two successful sessions have already been held
in Missouri and Arkansas.
Additional sessions will be held throughout the Midwest this spring.
The organization wants to learn more about the obstacles waste haulers
face in implementing PAYT and strategies they have used to overcome
them. A report should be available by summer. Contact: Cindy Kidd,
316 662-7858.

On May 6, 1998, the Massachusetts Department of Environmental
Protection (DEP) is conducting a PAYT workshop at the New England
Environmental Expo in Boston, Massachusetts. A panel of federal,
state, and local officials will discuss the advantages of PAYT;
staff from EPA Region I and DEP will describe state assistance available
to Massachusetts communities. Contact: Joseph Lambert, 617 574-6875.

On April 21, 1998, a workshop on PAYT facilitated by the
Public Recycling Officials of Pennsylvania (PROP) will be
held at the Pennsylvania State Association of Township Supervisors'
annual convention in Hershey, Pennsylvania. Representatives from
municipalities with PAYT will deliver presentations on how they
implemented and promoted their programs. Contact: Melinda Kokus,
717 485-9166.

1998 Regional Grant Proposals Coming
In

EPA's PAYT Regional grant awards program, first begun in 1997 with
awards to nine grantees, is in full swing again this year. At press
time, 25 applications for PAYT support and research initiatives
have been received from state offices, county and local governments,
non-profit groups, and other organizations. Grant reviewers at EPA
are now carefully considering the 1998 proposals. Grant award winners
and funding levels will be announced in April. For more information
about the 1997 and 1998 PAYT grants, contact Henry Ferland at 703
308-7269.

EPA Launches Pay-As-You-Throw Online

More and more local officials are turning to the Internet's World
Wide Web for fast, accurate information. To keep pace with these
changes, EPA has revised and updated its existing PAYT Web site
and given it a new, easier-to-remember site address. Check out Pay-As-You-Throw
Online at www.epa.gov/payt, a new, one-stop resource for anyone
interested in learning more about how PAYT programs work.

Visitors unfamiliar with unit-based pricing programs can pick up
background information and an outline of the site's contents in
the "Introduction" section. In "Tools and Events," many of the PAYT
materials created by EPA are available electronically (either directly
on the site or as downloadable PDF files). Also available are electronic
copies of this publication, including back issues beginning with
the Fall 1997 issue.

In addition, users can access a state-by-state listing of PAYT programs
in the "Community" section, as well as a list of the largest PAYT
communities, case studies, and a map of the U.S. illustrating state
preferences for bags, tags, or can programs. In "Topics," information
is offered on everything from pricing systems to strategies for
earning public support for PAYT. The "Research" section contains
summaries of over 50 articles, studies, and reports, some of which
can be downloaded. If there are additional questions, visitors can
go to the "FAQ" area for specific information on a variety of topics.

The enhanced site premiered in December, and quarterly updates
are planned throughout 1998.