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In the 1600’s,… F Alchemy, Angelology, Demonology F The Great Chain of Being F Divine Right of Kings

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It begins with a rejection. Of dogma Of superstition Of traditional religion Of factionalism Of (in some cases) monarchy Of disorder Of dogma Of superstition Of traditional religion Of factionalism Of (in some cases) monarchy Of disorder

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But that dreaded factionalism lead to religious wars-- England, Germany, and Holland became Protestants allies. They fought repeatedly against Catholic France, Spain, and Italy. Later, Protestant groups turned on each other-

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Intellectual Movement During the 18th century, certain thinkers and writers, primarily in London and Paris, believed that they were more enlightened than their compatriots and set out to enlighten them. During the 18th century, certain thinkers and writers, primarily in London and Paris, believed that they were more enlightened than their compatriots and set out to enlighten them. Voltaire LockeDiderot Rousseau

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Enlightenment Thinkers These thinkers believed that human reason could be used to combat ignorance, superstition, and tyranny and to build a better world. These thinkers believed that human reason could be used to combat ignorance, superstition, and tyranny and to build a better world.

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Enlightenment Targets Their principal targets were religion (the Catholic Church in France) and the domination of society by a hereditary aristocracy. Their principal targets were religion (the Catholic Church in France) and the domination of society by a hereditary aristocracy.

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Background in Antiquity The application of Aristotelian logic by Thomas Aquinas in the 13th century set the stage for the Enlightenment. The application of Aristotelian logic by Thomas Aquinas in the 13th century set the stage for the Enlightenment.

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Used Logic to Defend Dogma Aristotle’s logical procedures were used to defend the dogmas of Christianity. Aristotle’s logical procedures were used to defend the dogmas of Christianity. Unfortunately for the Catholic Church, the tools of logic could not be confined to Church matters. Unfortunately for the Catholic Church, the tools of logic could not be confined to Church matters.

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The Renaissance Humanists In the 14th and 15th centuries, "humanists“ celebrated the human race and its capacities. In the 14th and 15th centuries, "humanists“ celebrated the human race and its capacities. They argued they were worshipping God more appropriately than the priests and monks who harped on original sin and asked people to humble themselves. They argued they were worshipping God more appropriately than the priests and monks who harped on original sin and asked people to humble themselves.

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Focused on Man’s Creativity Some of them claimed that humans were like God, created not only in his image, but with a share of his creative power. The painter, the architect, the musician, and the scholar, by exercising their intellectual powers, were fulfilling divine purposes. Some of them claimed that humans were like God, created not only in his image, but with a share of his creative power. The painter, the architect, the musician, and the scholar, by exercising their intellectual powers, were fulfilling divine purposes.

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Challenged Church Authority In the 16th century, various humanists had begun to ask dangerous questions. In the 16th century, various humanists had begun to ask dangerous questions. François Rabelais, a French monk and physician influenced by Protestantism, challenged the Church's authority, ridiculing many religious doctrines as absurd. François Rabelais, a French monk and physician influenced by Protestantism, challenged the Church's authority, ridiculing many religious doctrines as absurd.

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The Scientific Revolution In 1632, Galileo Galilei used logic, reinforced with observation, to argue for Copernicus’ idea that the earth rotates on its axis around the sun. In 1632, Galileo Galilei used logic, reinforced with observation, to argue for Copernicus’ idea that the earth rotates on its axis around the sun.

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Church Opposition The Church objected that the Bible clearly stated that the sun moved through the sky and denounced Galileo's teachings, forcing him to recant what he had written and preventing him from teaching further. The Church objected that the Bible clearly stated that the sun moved through the sky and denounced Galileo's teachings, forcing him to recant what he had written and preventing him from teaching further.

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The Advance of Science However, the Church could not prevent the advance of science – although most of those advances would take place in Protestant northern Europe out of the reach of the pope and his Inquisition. However, the Church could not prevent the advance of science – although most of those advances would take place in Protestant northern Europe out of the reach of the pope and his Inquisition.

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Anti-Dogmatism Michel de Montaigne asked a single question over and over again in his Essays: "What do I know?" Michel de Montaigne asked a single question over and over again in his Essays: "What do I know?" He realized that we have no right to impose on others dogmas which rest on cultural habit rather than absolute truth. He realized that we have no right to impose on others dogmas which rest on cultural habit rather than absolute truth.

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Moral Relativism Influenced by non- Christian cultures in places as far off as Brazil, Montaigne argued that morals may be to some degree relative. Influenced by non- Christian cultures in places as far off as Brazil, Montaigne argued that morals may be to some degree relative.

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Cannibalism v. Persecution Who are Europeans to insist that Brazilian cannibals, who merely consume dead human flesh instead of wasting it, are morally inferior to Europeans who persecute and oppress those of whom they disapprove? Who are Europeans to insist that Brazilian cannibals, who merely consume dead human flesh instead of wasting it, are morally inferior to Europeans who persecute and oppress those of whom they disapprove?

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Skepticism René Descartes, in the 17th century, attempted to use reason to shore up his faith. René Descartes, in the 17th century, attempted to use reason to shore up his faith. He tried to begin with a blank slate, with the bare minimum of knowledge: the knowledge of his own existence – "I think, therefore I am." He tried to begin with a blank slate, with the bare minimum of knowledge: the knowledge of his own existence – "I think, therefore I am."

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The Enlightenment & the Classical Period In1691, Andreas Werckmeister, a respected musician, wrote “[music was] a gift of God, to be used only in His honor." In1691, Andreas Werckmeister, a respected musician, wrote “[music was] a gift of God, to be used only in His honor." Attitude of the time: religion was at the center of society. This view was radically changed in the Enlightenment. Attitude of the time: religion was at the center of society. This view was radically changed in the Enlightenment.

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Perfect Order by using reason and logic, man could accomplish anything. by using reason and logic, man could accomplish anything. Reflecting balance, composers strove to maintain a perfect order in music. Reflecting balance, composers strove to maintain a perfect order in music. Music was written to the listener’s level to improve understanding. Music was written to the listener’s level to improve understanding. For this reason, composers valued simplicity over complexity. For this reason, composers valued simplicity over complexity. All humanity was one so same “rules” of composition. All humanity was one so same “rules” of composition.