PART III: Technical Requirements

PART III: Technical Requirements

Part III provides technical requirements (Chapters 3 through 11) that are referenced by the ADA and ABA application and scoping documents. These requirements are based on recommendations from the advisory committee unless otherwise noted. The following analysis describes substantive differences between the revised guidelines and ADAAG technical requirements.

Chapter 3: Building Blocks

Chapter 3 contains basic technical requirements considered to be the "building blocks" for accessibility as established by the guidelines. All sections of this chapter correspond to ADAAG requirements. They are referenced by scoping provisions in Chapter 2 and by the technical chapters (4 through 11).

302 Floor or Ground Surfaces

This section is substantively similar to ADAAG 4.5. Section 302.1 requires floor or ground surfaces to be "stable, firm, and slip resistant" as does ADAAG 4.5.1. ADAAG however provides scoping language in this requirement that has not been included in 302.1. Instead, other technical sections, such as those for walking surfaces (403), ramps (405), and stairways (504) reference this requirement. ADAAG also applies the requirement generally to "accessible rooms and spaces," a requirement that has not been retained in the revised guidelines because nearly all rooms and spaces must be accessible.

Section 302.2 which addresses carpet is consistent with ADAAG 4.5.3. Section 302.3 covers openings and derives from ADAAG 4.5.4. This requirement has been revised to cover "openings" instead of "gratings" in order to cover all types of openings in a floor or ground surface that would be an impediment to mobility in addition to gratings, such as expansion joints and spaced wood decking. Clarification is also provided that this requirement does not apply to elevators or wheelchair lifts where an opening between the car and the floor level is necessary to operate the elevator.

303 Changes in Level

This section is the same as ADAAG 4.5.2 except for editorial changes.

304 Wheelchair Turning Space

Consistent with ADAAG 4.2.3, this section recognizes circular and T-shaped turning space and provides textual description of the size and dimensions for each contained in ADAAG Figure 3. Unlike ADAAG, this section clarifies that elements with knee and toe clearance can overlap turning space. It explains the extent to which overlap is permitted, limiting it to one segment of the T-shaped space. The overlap of circular turning space is not specifically limited although the maximum depth for knee and toe space has been increased from 19 to 25 inches as indicated in section 306. Additionally, clarification is provided that, in general, doors can swing into the turning space but that changes in level or slopes greater than 1:48 are not permitted within the space.

305 Clear Floor or Ground Space

This section is consistent with ADAAG 4.2.4 and provides clarification that changes in level and slopes greater than 1:48 are not permitted within the clear floor or ground space.

306 Knee and Toe Clearance

The revised guidelines provide specifications for knee and toe clearances as a basic "building block." The specifications correspond to knee and toe clearances provided in ADAAG specifically for plumbed fixtures, including drinking fountains (4.15) and lavatories (4.19). The new format recognizes these clearances for other elements as well, such as tables and counters. There are two substantive changes. The maximum depth for the knee and toe space specified in 306.2.2 and 306.3.2 has been increased from 19 to 25 inches. The advisory committee recommended this change for consistency with an ADAAG specification in Figure 5(b) for obstructed reaches which recognizes a 25 inch maximum depth. The other change concerns removal of the ADAAG specification of a 29 inch minimum apron clearance at lavatories, which the advisory committee considered ineffective without a minimum depth. Further detail has been added about the clearance between the knee and toe space; this clearance is permitted to be reduced at a rate of 1 inch for each 6 inches in height. The advisory committee's intent was to describe in text the sloping profile of the space between knees and toes in ADAAG Figures 27(a) and 31.

307 Protruding Objects

This section is substantively consistent with ADAAG 4.4 except for the addition of three exceptions. An exception to the requirement for protrusion limits in 307.2 permits handrails serving stairs and ramps to protrude 4½ inches maximum from wall surfaces. This was recommended by the advisory committee to prevent conflict with model code requirements. An exception to the requirement for post-mounted objects in 307.3 exempts the sloping portions of ramp or stair handrails. The Board has added an exception to the requirement for vertical clearances in 307.4 that permits door closers and door stops to encroach up to 2 inches into the 80 inch minimum clearance. This exception clarifies a common question concerning standard size doors. This section uses the terms "wall" and "post" to provide a reference point for measuring protrusions. The terms are to be liberally construed. For example, a partition or a column is understood to provide a wall surface.

308 Reach Ranges

This section is consistent with forward and side reach range requirements in ADAAG 4.2.5 and 4.2.6, including obstructed reaches. Forward reach ranges are 48 inches maximum and 15 inches minimum; side reach ranges are 54 inches maximum and 9 inches minimum. The advisory committee recommended that the side reach range, including obstructed reaches, be changed to those required for forward reaches. This recommendation was based on a report from the Little People of America which considered the 54 inch height beyond the reach for many people of short stature. The advisory committee also considered the 48 inch maximum for side reaches as preferable for people who use wheelchairs.

The Board has not included this recommended change in the proposed rule because it believes a change to this long-standing provision requires further research. The reach range specifications apply to a wide variety of controls and elements, from gasoline dispensers to ATMs to information kiosks to off-street parking meters and self service parking payment and ticket machines. The Board believes information on the impact of the recommended change on these and other types of elements should be developed before proposing any reduction in the maximum side reach height. However, the most recent draft of the ICC/ANSI A117.1-1998 does lower the high side reach to 48 inches, therefore, new codes based on this standard will be more stringent in this regard. The experience of the building industry and people with disabilities will provide an invaluable resource in subsequent revisions of ADAAG.

309 Operable Parts

Requirements for operable parts are consistent with those for controls and operating mechanisms in ADAAG 4.27.

Section 309.4 specifies that operable parts not require more than 5 pounds of force for operation. This long-standing specification appears sufficient for controls operated by the hand, such as door hardware, faucets, and push plates. However, anecdotal information indicates that a 5 pound maximum is too high for controls activated by a single finger, such as elevator call and control panel buttons, platform lift controls, telephone key pads, function keys for ATMs and fare machines, and controls for emergency communication equipment in areas of refuge, among others. Usability of such controls also may be affected by how far the button or key must be depressed (i.e., the stroke depth) for activation. Information indicates that most control buttons of keys can meet a 3.5 maximum pounds of force and a maximum stroke depth of 1/10 inches. The Board is considering including these specifications in the final rule based on responses to the following questions.

Question 18: Comment is sought on whether a maximum 3.5 pounds of force and a maximum 1/10 inch stroke depth provide sufficient accessibility for the use of operable parts activated by a single finger.

Question 19: The Board seeks information on any types of operable parts covered by the revised guidelines that cannot meet, or would be adversely affected by, a maximum 3.5 pounds activation force and maximum 1/10 inch stroke depth.

Chapter 4: Accessible Routes and Accessible Means of Egress

In the revised guidelines, all components of accessible routes and means of egress have been combined into one chapter, including walking surfaces, doors, ramps, elevators, wheelchair lifts, and areas of refuge. Section 402 indicates that accessible routes consist of these components.

403 Walking Surfaces

"Walking Surfaces" is a new term that has been introduced to refer to the portion of interior or exterior accessible routes existing between doors and doorways, ramps, elevators, or lifts. The requirements for walking surfaces derive from specifications for accessible routes in ADAAG 4.3 and are substantively the same in addressing floor or ground surfaces, slope, changes in level, clear width (including for turns around objects), wheelchair passing space, and protruding objects. There are three changes from technical requirements in ADAAG:

the maximum cross slope has been changed from 1:50 to 1:48 throughout the revised guidelines for consistency with model building codes (403.3);

a new specification has been added that requires a minimum linear separation of 48 inches between permitted reductions in the 36 inch minimum clear width (403.5); and

for turns around objects, clarification has been added that, where a 60 inch minimum width at a turn is provided, the clear width of the connecting route can be 36 inches minimum instead of 42 inches minimum because 60 inches permits 360 degree maneuvering (403.5.1).

Question 20: The revised guidelines, like the current ADAAG, provide technical criteria for handrails along stairs and ramps. Section 505 of the revised guidelines provide requirements for continuity, height, clearance, gripping surface, cross section, fittings, and extensions. Handrails provided at other locations, such as along corridors in medical care facilities and airports, are not subject to these criteria except at stairs and ramps. The Board seeks comment on whether handrails, where provided along circulation paths without a slope or steps, should be subject to the technical requirements in 505. Such a requirement may be included in the final rule.

404 Doors and Doorways

This section provides requirements for doors and doorways which correspond to those in ADAAG 4.13. Requirements for entrances in ADAAG 4.14, which are basically scoping in nature, have been relocated to Chapter 2 as part of scoping provisions for accessible routes (206.4).

Like ADAAG, requirements are provided for manual doors (404.2) and automatic doors (404.3). The Board has provided an exception in 404.2 for manual doors, doorways, and gates operated only by security personnel under which compliance with requirements for door hardware, closing speed, and door opening forces is not required. This exception is based on one provided in ADAAG for judicial facilities and detention and correctional facilities. For consistency, the Board has made this exception generally applicable to all facilities. Security personnel must have sole control of doors that are eligible for this exception. It would not be acceptable for security personnel to operate the doors for people with disabilities while others have independent access. A similar exception is provided for automatic doors in 404.3.

Section 404.2.3 addresses clear width and is different from ADAAG in several respects. An exception in ADAAG 4.13.5 that allows a 20 inch minimum clearance at doors not requiring full user passage has been removed because such doors are not part of an accessible route. Clarification has been provided on the protrusion of door hardware into the clear width. ADAAG indicates that the clear width is to be measured to the face of the door. However, the clear width requirement has been misinterpreted as prohibiting certain door hardware, such as panic bars, from protruding into this clearance. Language has been added which prohibits projections into the minimum clear width at heights below 34 inches; above this height (up to 80 inches), projections of 4 inches maximum are allowed. The Board has also editorially revised an exception that allows the latch side stop to protrude up to inch in alterations (404.2.3 Exception). In ADAAG, this exception is limited to cases of "technical infeasibility." The Board has removed this qualification in this and other exceptions for alterations as noted in section 202 above.

Section 404.2.4 specifies door maneuvering clearances which are consistent with ADAAG 4.13.6. However, ADAAG provides these specifications through illustration (Figure 25) and the revised guidelines, which provide all requirements in written text, use tables to provide this information (Tables 404.2.4.1 and 4042.4.2). Clarification is also provided for recessed doors. ADAAG Figure 25 requires that doors in alcoves provide clearance for a forward approach. This provision has led to questions about what constitutes an "alcove." In 404.2.4.3, this requirement has been changed to apply specifically to "recessed doors where the plane of the doorway is offset more than 8 inches from any obstruction within 18 inches measured laterally on the latch side of the door."

Section 404.2.5 covers thresholds. A provision in ADAAG 413.8 that allows thresholds ¾ inch high maximum at exterior sliding doors has been removed because products are available that meet the ½ inch high maximum specified for all other doors. An exception that permits in alterations a ¾ inch maximum threshold if beveled on both sides has been retained.

In section 404.2.7, which covers door hardware, a minimum mounting height for door hardware (34 inches) has been added. This height corresponds with revisions to the required clear width at doors to clarify that limited projections into the clear width are acceptable above this height. The maximum height (48 inches) is consistent with ADAAG 4.13.9. The advisory committee also recommended an exception that would permit any location for locks used only for security purposes and not for normal operation. This would address certain doors that typically have locks located outside the specified reach range, such as doors without stiles that lock at the bottom edge. The Board has included an exception but has further refined its application to "existing locks at existing glazed doors without stiles, existing overhead rolling doors or grilles, and similar existing doors or grilles that are designed with locks that are activated only at the top or bottom rail." The Board has limited this exception to existing doors or grilles because design solutions for accessible doors and gates are available in new construction.

Closing speed is addressed by section 404.2.8 and corresponds to ADAAG 4.13.10. The required minimum closing speed for door closers is generally consistent with ADAAG, although the values differ due to changes in the measuring points. This revision was recommended by the advisory committee for consistency with the ICC/ANSI A117.1 standard. This section also includes a new provision for spring hinges, which offer little opening resistance and closing forces in the 1 to 2 pounds of force range. The requirement specifies that such hinges be adjusted so as to close from an open position of 70 degrees no faster than 1.5 seconds.

Two new provisions are provided for door surfaces and vision lites. Section 404.2.10 requires that swing doors have a smooth surface on the push side that extends the full width of the door. This provision derives from the ANSI A117.1-1992 standard and is intended to permit wheelchair footrests to be used in pushing open doors without risking entrapment on the stile. Exceptions to this requirement are provided for certain types of doors, such as tempered glass doors without stiles. Section 404.2.11 requires that, where vision panels in or adjacent to doors are provided, the bottom of at least one glazed panel be no higher than 43 inches from the floor for access to people using wheelchairs or who are of short stature. This height permits hardware to remain at industry standard locations. The Board has added an exception for vision lites that are more than 66 inches from the floor or ground, measured to the lowest part.

Section 404.3 addresses automatic doors. As in ADAAG 4.13.12, full-powered, low-energy, and power-assisted doors are addressed, and the industry standards (ANSI/BHMA 156.10 and 156.19) are referenced. The revised guidelines, as indicated in section 105.2, reference the most recent version of these standards (1996). Requirements in ADAAG 4.13.12 for door opening speed and forces have been removed since they are addressed by the referenced standards. Other differences from ADAAG include:

clarification that the required 32 inch minimum clear opening applies to both power-on and power-failure modes and that the clear width for automatic doors is based on the clear opening provided by all leafs when simultaneously in the open position (404.3.1);

addition of a requirement that maneuvering clearances specified for swing doors be provided at power-assisted doors since such doors are manually operated (404.3.2);

addition of a requirement that labels and warning signs for automatic doors meet requirements in section 703.4 for non-tactile signage (404.3.6); and

addition of a requirement by the Board that the clear break out opening for swinging or sliding automatic doors be at least 32 inches in emergency mode so that an accessible route through them is maintained in emergencies (404.3.7).

405 Ramps

Requirements for ramps are based on those in ADAAG 4.8. Differences from ADAAG concern:

removal of the requirement that "the least possible [running] slope" be used for any ramp, which is considered too vague from a compliance standpoint (the 1:12 maximum slope has been retained) (405.2);

the maximum cross slope has been changed from 1:50 to 1:48 for consistency with model building codes (405.3);

clarification is provided that changes in level other than the running and cross slopes are not permitted on ramp runs (405.4);

clarification is added that the required clear width (36 inches minimum) is measured between the leading edge of handrails (405.5);

clarification is provided that ramp landings cannot slope more than 1:48 or have any other change in level (405.7.1) and that ramp landings and door maneuvering clearances can overlap (405.7.5); and

revision of the requirement for handrails so that it applies to any ramp with a rise greater than 6 inches but not to those with a horizontal projection greater than 72 inches since it can discourage shallower slopes on short ramps (405.8).

In addition, further specification is provided for edge protection in section 405.9. This section is clearer than ADAAG 4.8.7 in recognizing surface extensions beyond handrails (12 inches minimum) and in recognizing guards, curbs, or barriers that prevent passage of a 4 inch diameter sphere at the ground or floor surface. Exceptions are provided to clarify that edge protection is not required on curb ramps with flared sides or returned curbs, at stair or ramp openings at landings, or at landings that have a maximum ½ inch drop-off within 10 inches horizontally of the minimum landing area.

406 Curb Ramps

Requirements for curb ramps in the revised guidelines are consistent with those in ADAAG 4.7. Revisions made to requirements for ramps, such as the clarification that changes in level other than the running and cross slope are prohibited, apply to curb ramps as well. ADAAG originally contained a requirement in 4.7.7 that curb ramp surfaces have a raised distinctive pattern of truncated domes to serve as a warning detectable by cane or underfoot to alert people with vision impairments of the transition to vehicular ways. This warning was required for curb ramps in the belief that their sloped surfaces removed the tactile cue provided by the straight drop off of a curb. In response to concerns about the specification, which was based on research, the availability of complying products, proper maintenance such as snow and ice removal, usefulness, and safety concerns, the Board suspended this requirement jointly with the departments of Justice and Transportation in July 1994. This action suspended the requirements for detectable warnings at curb ramps, hazardous vehicular areas, and reflecting pools until July 26, 1996, pending the results of a research project on the need for detectable warnings at these locations and at vehicular-pedestrian intersections in the public right-of-way.

The research project showed that vehicular-pedestrian intersections are very complex environments and that pedestrians who are blind or visually impaired use a combination of cues to detect intersections. The research project found that detectable warnings helped some pedestrians who are blind or visually impaired locate and identify curb ramps. However, the detectable warnings had only a modest impact on overall performance because, in their absence, pedestrians who are blind or visually impaired used other cues that might be available to detect the intersection. The research project indicated that there may be a need for additional cues at some types of intersections. The research project did not identify the specific conditions where such cues should be provided. The research project suggested that other technologies, which may be less costly and equally or more effective than detectable warnings, be explored for providing information about intersections.

In 1996, the Access Board and the departments of Justice and Transportation extended the suspension of the detectable warning requirements to July 26, 1998, to allow the Board's ADAAG Review Advisory Committee to conduct its review of ADAAG and to make recommendations for revising and updating the document. The suspension has been extended to July 26, 2001. The advisory committee recommended that the requirement for detectable warnings at platform edges in transportation facilities be retained. The advisory committee also made specific recommendations for permitting equivalent tactile surfaces, and technology or other means to provide equivalent detectability of the platform edge as an alternative to the truncated dome surface (see discussion at section 705). The advisory committee did not make any recommendations regarding the provision of detectable warnings at other locations within a site. The advisory committee suggested that the appropriateness of providing detectable warnings at vehicular-pedestrian intersections in the public right-of-way should be established first, and the application to other locations within a site should be considered afterwards. The Board has not included a requirement for detectable warnings within a site (i.e., at hazardous vehicular areas or reflecting pools) or at curb ramps.

Section 406.7 addresses curb ramps provided at pedestrian islands which is consistent with ADAAG 4.7.11 and requires clear floor space at the top of ramps. The Board has added further detail on the width and location of this space relative to the curb ramp. A requirement in ADAAG 4.7.8 that curb ramps be located or protected so as not to be obstructed by parked vehicles has been removed because it is not always possible to prevent such obstruction solely through curb ramp design; operational factors, such as local traffic laws and their enforcement are also a key factor.

407 Elevators

Requirements for passenger elevators in ADAAG 4.10 are updated in section 407. Elevators must meet the industry safety code, ASME/ANSI A17.1, according to the most recent version (1993 with 1994 and 1995 addenda) as indicated in section 105.2. In addition to the types of passenger elevators recognized by ADAAG, the revised guidelines provide technical criteria for two new types of elevators destination-oriented elevators in 407.3 and limited-use/ limited-application (LULA) elevators in 407.4. A new subsection, 407.5, is also provided for existing elevators that are altered.

Section 407.2 covers passenger elevators currently addressed by ADAAG. A reference in ADAAG 4.10.1 to "combination passenger and freight elevators" has been removed because the type of elevator this was intended to cover is generally considered a "passenger elevator" by the ASME Elevator Safety Code, which does not address "combination" elevators.

A change is made to specifications for car size in section 407.2.8. ADAAG 4.10.9 recognizes two standard car configurations based on early industry conventions and provides a general performance standard requiring that users be able to enter the car, maneuver within reach of the controls, and exit from the car. The advisory committee considered these specifications too restrictive since they did not specify other standard configurations, such as the elongated hospital-type car, that are considered to meet the general performance standard. In Table 407.2.8, a greater variety of inner car dimensions are permitted. In addition to those specified by ADAAG, this table also permits cars with minimum inner dimensions of 54 by 80 inches and 60 by 60 inches. Other configurations that provide specified wheelchair turning space wholly within the car are also allowed. With respect to the clear width of the door opening, recognition of a inch tolerance is provided to accommodate common industry sizes using "hard" metric equipment sizes.

Other revisions for standard elevators include:

changing the height of call buttons from 42 inches "centered" to a range between 35 to 48 inches measured to each button centerline (407.2.2);

adding requirements for the frequency (1500 Hz maximum) and decibel ranges (20 to 80 dBA) for hall call buttons (407.2.3) (while the advisory committee recommended that this be measured at the annunciator, the Board is requiring measurement at the call button, closer to the user);

specifying that the minimum size of visible hall signals be measured "along the vertical centerline of the element," a Board change that takes into account triangular signals (407.2.3.2.2);

revising requirements for tactile signs at hoistway entrances by specifying that the 60 inch height is measured to the baseline of the character (instead for the centerline) for consistency with other tactile signage requirements (407.2.4);

adding a requirement that a tactile star be provided at the main entry level hoistway entrance, and removing language regarding the use of applied plates since it was considered advisory (407.2.4);

adding requirements for car controls so that numbers are provided in ascending order and, in the case of multiple columns, read left to right (407.2.11.1);

recognizing the use of keypads as an option to control panels (which provides an option in situations where it would be difficult to locate all buttons of a control panel within the specified reach range) and requiring that they follow the standard telephone keypad arrangement and have tactile characters (407.2.11.2);

requiring car position indicators to provide automatic verbal announcements because of the ready availability of such indicators, and allowing audible signals only in slow-moving elevators having a maximum rated speed of 200 feet per minute (407.2.12.2); and

requiring that "essential" information be presented in both tactile and visual form where instructions for the use of emergency communication equipment are provided (407.2.13).

Question 21: The Board is considering requiring a frequency band width of 300 to 3000 Hz for hall signals (407.3.2) in the final rule and seeks comment on such a requirement as it would affect intelligibility for people who are hard of hearing and others. Information on the availability of products and costs of such a requirement is requested.

Question 22: Section 407.2.13 addresses two-way emergency communication systems and requires that emergency signaling devices not be limited to voice communication. The Board seeks information and product literature on emergency communication devices and communication technologies that provide two-way communication in a manner accessible to people who are deaf and others who cannot use voice communication. The Board will consider adding a requirement for more interactive emergency communication devices that provide such access if they are presently available and if the costs and benefits can be demonstrated.

The advisory committee also recommended lowering the maximum height for control buttons from 54 to 48 inches, consistent with its recommendations for reach ranges generally. This recommendation is based on a report from the Little People of America indicating that a 54 inch height is too high for most people of short stature. As discussed at section 308 above, the Board has not included this requirement. The advisory committee recognized a potential adverse impact of a lower maximum height on elevators with panels that must have a large number of buttons in a limited amount of space and recommended an exception that would allow the 54 inch maximum height for elevators with more than 16 stops.

Section 407.3 provides technical requirements for destination-oriented elevators. These elevators are different from standard elevators in that passengers indicate their floor destination, typically using a keypad, when calling an elevator. The responding car is programmed by the time of arrival to the destination. This system allows more efficient utilization of elevators by reducing the number of stops per trip. The revised guidelines require that these elevators comply with the ASME/ANSI A17.1 safety standard and with most of the requirements for standard elevators in 407.2. Different specifications are provided for call buttons, hall signals, car controls, car position indicators, and hoistway entrance designations. Provisions specific to destination elevators require:

keypads, where provided instead of call buttons, to have a standard phone keypad arrangement (407.3.1);

different visible and audible car arrival signals for each car in a bank which correspond to those signals given when registering a call so users know which car is responding to their call (407.3.2);

location of car controls, which typically include only emergency controls, within 35 to 48 inches from the floor (since fewer buttons are provided, the Board has retained the 48 inch maximum instead of the 54 inch maximum specified for other elevators) (407.3.3);

visual display of each floor at which a car has been programmed to stop, and automatic verbal announcement of each floor the car stops at (407.3.4); and

tactile identification of each car at the hoistway entrance so persons with vision impairments can identify the car responding to their call (407.3.5).

The revised guidelines also provide technical requirements for LULA elevators. This type of elevator is typically smaller and slower than other passenger elevators and is used for low-traffic, low-rise installations, including residential facilities. The advisory committee recommended that this type of elevator be allowed where a standard elevator is not required. Since this kind of elevator requires less space and costs less, the advisory committee reasoned that LULAs will provide a more viable option in providing vertical access in multi-story buildings not required to have an elevator. The technical requirements for these elevators are provided in section 407.4.

Where provided, LULAs would be required to comply with the applicable section of the safety code, ASME/ANSI A17.1, Chapter XXV. Most of the requirements are the same as those for other elevators except that LULAs are not subject to criteria for door timing, door delay, or car position indicators. Provisions that differ from those for other elevators concern doors, car size, and car controls. Low-energy power-operated swing doors are permitted as an alternative to sliding doors if they meet the ANSI/BHMA A156.19 standard and requirements in section 404 of this guideline. They are required to remain open for at least 20 seconds when activated. Sliding doors are subject to door operation requirements of other elevators. A smaller car size is permitted: 42 inches wide minimum and 54 inches deep minimum (with a 36 inch minimum width allowed for installations in existing facilities). Doors are required to be provided on the short dimension. While considerably smaller than other elevators, these dimensions are intended to approximate the maximum car size possible for this type of elevator. Car controls are subject to the same requirements as other elevators except that they must be installed on the side wall.

The revised guidelines provide more detail than ADAAG on the requirements for existing elevators that are altered. Section 407.5 provides requirements for other elevators that are altered if full compliance with 407.2 is not undertaken. Such elevators are subject to most of the requirements for new construction, but a variety of allowances are included in 407.5 to recognize the potential difficulty of bringing existing equipment into full compliance. In section 407.5.4, smaller cars are permitted if they are at least 36 inches wide and 54 inches deep with a clear floor area of at least 16 square feet. The advisory committee recommended that a 48 inch minimum depth be permitted, but the Board considers the 54 inch minimum depth more appropriate in accommodating a wider range of mobility aids, including scooters with a long wheel base. This specification replaces provisions in ADAAG 4.1.6(3)(c) permitting smaller sized cars. This section also:

does not require call buttons to be raised or flush, unless new buttons are installed (407.5.1);

does not require existing hall signals to meet new construction requirements for frequency (1500 Hz maximum) or decibel levels (20 to 80 dBA), unless new signals are installed (407.5.2);

allows existing hoistway swing doors that are manually operated or automatic if they provide a 32 inch minimum clear width and have a maximum 5 pounds opening force, but requires that power-operated car doors not begin to close until the hoistway door is closed (407.5.3);

allows existing control panels not to comply where a fully-compliant panel is provided (407.5.5.4);

allows car control buttons to be recessed and provides flexibility in the location of tactile markings at existing control panels but requires that new panels fully comply (407.5.5);

allows existing car position indicators not to comply (407.5.6); and

requires that accessible elevators be identified by the International Symbol of Accessibility unless all elevators in a building are accessible.

408 Wheelchair (Platform) Lifts

Requirements for wheelchair lifts are consistent with those in ADAAG 4.11 in specifying ground and floor surfaces, clear floor space, and operable parts. Like ADAAG, the revised guidelines require compliance with the safety code for elevators and escalators, ASME/ANSI A17.1, but references the most recent edition as indicated in section 105.2. The final rule will reference the ASME/ANSI A18.1 Safety Standard for Platform Lifts and Stairway Chairlifts if the new standard is published prior to the publication of the final rule. The revised guidelines provide additional specifications for lift doors and gates in section 408.2 that are not contained in ADAAG. These additional specifications are designed to facilitate unassisted entry and exit. Wheelchair lifts with doors or gates on opposing sides generally facilitate lift use by permitting a forward approach to both entry and exit doors or gates. The revised guidelines require lifts that do not provide this "pass through" to have low energy, power-operated doors or gates that meet the applicable requirements of the ANSI/BHMA A156.19 standard. As with LULA elevators, doors or gates are required to remain open for at least 20 seconds when activated.

409 Accessible Means of Egress

The advisory committee recommended revising the criteria for accessible means of egress to make them more consistent with model building codes and standards. These changes serve to provide more detail on the acceptable components of accessible means of egress. Section 409.1 recognizes that an accessible route complying with section 402 can be used as an accessible means of egress, except for wheelchair lifts, which are not permitted as part of accessible means of egress because they are not generally provided with standby power that would allow them to remain functional in emergencies when power is lost. New requirements are provided for the use of exit stairways and elevators that are part of an accessible means of egress when provided in conjunction with horizontal exits or areas of refuge meeting section 410. A horizontal exit is a fire-safety concept included in model building codes that in effect creates an area of refuge. For example, a story is divided into areas separated by a fire resistive wall. The fire door in the wall is the horizontal exit and, in the event of a fire, occupants can move away from the fire into the area that would be protected by the fire resistive wall (model code requirements are based on the assumption that fire will not occur in both areas simultaneously).

Under section 409.2, exit stairways can serve as part of an accessible means of egress if they contain an area of refuge or if they can be accessed from either an area of refuge or a horizontal exit. Such stairways must also meet the requirements for stairways in section 504 and, as required by ADAAG, have a minimum clear width of 48 inches between handrails. The requirements for exit stairways are not applicable to facilities not required to have areas of refuge (i.e., those protected throughout by a supervised automatic sprinkler system and open parking garages) or to exit stairways that serve a single guest room. Exit stairways accessed from a horizontal exit are not required to provide the minimum 48 inch clear width.

While typical elevators are not designed to be used during emergency evacuation, there are elevators that are designed with standby power and other features according to the elevator safety standard that can be used for evacuation. The revised guidelines require such elevators as part of an accessible means of egress in buildings where accessible floors are four or more stories above or below the level of exit discharge (section 207.2). This is consistent with model codes. Section 409.3 provides the technical criteria for these elevators and requires standby power so that emergency or other authorized personnel can use the elevator for evacuation after the loss of primary electrical power. These elevators must meet requirements for emergency operation and signaling devices in the elevator safety code (ASME/ANSI A17.1, Rule 211). These elevators must be accessed from a complying area of refuge or a horizontal access except in facilities equipped throughout with a supervised automatic sprinkler system or open parking garages, which are exempt from the requirement for areas of refuge.

410 Areas of Refuge

The revised guidelines use the term "areas of refuge" instead of "areas of rescue assistance" and provides technical requirements that would replace those in ADAAG 4.3.11. The revised guidelines introduce some new requirements for areas of refuge and differ from ADAAG in not listing each type of space that can serve as an area of refuge. Requirements for location (410.2), construction (410.4), and smoke resistance (410.5) replace the space-specific criteria in ADAAG 4.3.11.1. Section 410.2 introduces a maximum travel distance to an area of refuge that is based on the travel distance permitted for the occupancy by the administrative authority. This section also clarifies that each area of refuge must have direct access to an exit stairway or evacuation elevator.

Under section 410.4, smoke barriers separating areas of refuge from the rest of the floor must have a minimum one-hour fire-resistance rating, and doors in the smoke barrier must have a minimum 20 minute fire-resistance rating. These requirements and others pertaining to doors and openings, including those for heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) coincide with those in ADAAG as specified for areas of rescue assistance based on their location. Section 410.5 is more direct than ADAAG in requiring all areas of refuge to be designed to prevent the intrusion of smoke. This requirement does not apply to facilities protected throughout (including areas of refuge provided although not required) by a supervised automatic sprinkler system. Consistent with ADAAG, and the model codes, special design requirements dealing with intrusion of smoke is not required for areas of refuge located in exit stair enclosures. A story-level landing within a fire resistance rated exit enclosure will provide a satisfactory area for staging evacuation assistance. Section 410.5 also specifies that where an elevator lobby serves as an area of refuge, the hoistway and lobby must comply with requirements for smoke-proof enclosures (unless the elevators are in an area of refuge formed by a horizontal exit or smoke barrier). This is consistent with ADAAG, but the revised guidelines recognize the use of horizontal exits or smoke barriers in this situation. Also, requirements in ADAAG 4.1.3.1(7) for activation, fire ratings, and pressure differentials where elevator lobbies serve as areas of refuge have not been included in the revised guidelines because they are extensively addressed by contemporary building codes.

Requirements for size (410.3), communication system (410.6), instructions (410.7), and identification (410.8) are consistent with ADAAG. Section 410.7 provides greater detail on the type of instructions required in areas of refuge. Instructions must include directions to other means of egress, urging people to use exit stairs if they can, information on evacuation assistance and how to summon it, and directions for using the required two-way communication system.

Question 23: Section 410.6 requires that emergency communication systems have visible signals in addition to audible signals so that limited communication access is provided for people who are deaf or hard of hearing. Use of two-way communication systems is recognized but not required. As with elevator communication systems, the Board seeks information and product literature on emergency communication devices and communication technologies that provide two-way communication in a manner accessible to people who are deaf and others who cannot use voice communication. The Board will consider adding a requirement for more interactive emergency communication devices that provide such access if they are presently available and if the costs and benefits can be demonstrated.

Chapter 5: General Site and Building Elements

This section is substantively consistent with ADAAG 4.6, except for changes concerning identification of van spaces and accessible routes. Requirements in 502.6 for the identification of spaces have been revised by adding a specific mounting height (60 inches above the ground measured to the bottom edge of the sign); ADAAG 4.6.4 requires signs to be located so that they are not "obscured by a vehicle parking in the space." In addition, the requirement that van spaces be designated as "Van-accessible" has been removed. The advisory committee recommended this action because this designation has been misinterpreted as reserving spaces solely for van users when in fact it was intended only to identify those spaces better suited for van use. A requirement in ADAAG that parked vehicle overhangs not reduce the clear width of connecting accessible routes has been removed as it is redundant with the requirement for clear width.

Other revisions have been made in sections 502.3 and 502.4 to clarify that:

access aisles are to be marked;

changes in level beyond the maximum 1:48 slope are not permitted for either the space or the access aisle; and

the access aisle must be at the same level as the parking space.

Requirements for the location of accessible parking in ADAAG 4.6.2 have been relocated to Chapter 2 at 208.4 since these provisions contain scoping information.

503 Passenger Loading Zones

Requirements for passenger loading zones are based on those contained in ADAAG 4.6.6. Unlike the scoping provisions in 209, the technical criteria of this section have not been significantly changed. Requirements have been added in section 503.3 and 503.4 to clarify that:

access aisles are to be marked;

changes in level beyond the maximum 1:48 slope are not permitted for either the space or the access aisle; and

the access aisle must be at the same level as the parking space.

504 Stairways

Two new provisions have been added to the requirements for stairs contained in ADAAG 4.9. In section 504.2, a riser height of 4 to 7 inches is specified, consistent with some model codes and the ICC/ANSI A117.1 standard. ADAAG requires a uniform riser height but does not specify a dimension. Section 504.4 permits an allowable slope up to 1:48 for tread surfaces to allow for drainage and prohibits changes in level on treads. ADAAG does not address tread slope.

505 Handrails

Requirements for handrails at ramps and stairs in ADAAG 4.9.4, 4.8.5, and 4.26 have been combined into one subsection in the revised guidelines. An exception in 505.2 from the requirement for handrails on both sides of aisle ramps has been expanded to include aisle stairs since the revised scoping for stairs is likely to cover stairs not covered by ADAAG. However, this exception has been limited to one handrail, whereas ADAAG currently exempts both handrails.

In sections 505.3 and 505.4, revisions have been made to clarify that handrails are not required to be continuous at aisle seating and that the handrail height is to be consistent along a stairway or ramp. In section 505.5, the 1½ inch knuckle clearance in ADAAG has been changed from an absolute to a minimum dimension. The advisory committee recommended this change because an absolute or maximum clearance is intended to prevent entrapment; this rationale was considered more pertinent to grab bars than to handrails. Also, some building codes require a clearance greater than 1½ inches. Another difference concerns specifications for gripping surfaces in section 505.6. The revised guidelines specify what is considered a "continuous" gripping surface by defining allowable interruptions by handrail brackets or balusters. Under this provision, surface interruptions are not considered obstructions if they obstruct no more than 20% of the handrail length; have horizontal projections beyond the sides of the handrail at least 2½ inches below the bottom of the handrail; and edges have a inch minimum radius.

Many questions have arisen about the ADAAG specification in 4.26.2 for handrail diameter of 1¼ to 1½ inches (indicated in Figure 39 as the outside diameter) particularly in the use of pipe. Section 505.7 changes this range to 1¼ to 2 inches and clarifies its application to the outside diameter. The advisory committee pointed to studies that show a larger cross-section is more graspable and allows a stronger grip. This section also provides more specific guidance on acceptable alternatives to the specified circular cross-section. Non-circular cross-sections are permitted that have a perimeter dimension between 4 to 6¼ inches and a cross-section diameter of 2¼ inches maximum. Section 505.10 covers handrail extensions and clarifies that they are not required at handrails in aisles serving seating where handrails are necessarily discontinuous.

Chapter 6 Plumbing Elements and Facilities

Chapter 6 provides technical requirements for plumbed fixtures and toilet and bathing rooms and replaces those for such elements and spaces in ADAAG 4.15 through 4.24.

Previously adopted amendments to ADAAG that provide alternate specifications for building elements designed for children's use are included in the revised guidelines. These specifications address drinking fountains, water closets, toilet compartments, lavatories and sinks. The provisions have been editorially revised to fit into the new format of the revised guidelines but remain substantively the same. As with the current ADAAG, these provisions are provided as exceptions to requirements that are based on adult dimensions. Use of the alternate specifications, while optional, will be driven where an element or space is designed specifically for children's use. The alternate specifications address clear floor space at drinking fountains (602.2), water closets and toilet compartments (604.1, 604.9), grab bar heights (609.3), and knee clearances at lavatories and sinks (606.2).

ADAAG 4.1.3(11) permits toilet rooms provided for the use of occupants of specific spaces, such as the private toilet room for the occupant of a private office, to be "adaptable." Adaptable refers to design that allows certain access features, such as grab bars, to be added or altered after construction when needed to accommodate a person with a disability. The revised guidelines retain this provision but provide more guidance on the type of spaces covered and on what constitutes "adaptability" throughout Chapter 6. Instead of relying on a general scoping provision as in current ADAAG, the revised guidelines provide a series of exceptions to technical criteria for doors to toilet and bathing rooms (603.2.3), toilet seat heights (604.4), grab bars at water closets (604.5), bathtubs (607.4), and showers (608.3), and lavatory knee clearance and counter heights (606.2, 606.3). These exceptions are applicable to toilet and bathing rooms "for a single occupant, accessed only through a private office and not for common or public use."

602 Drinking Fountains and Water Coolers

Requirements for drinking fountains and water coolers derive from those in ADAAG 4.15. Like ADAAG, a forward approach is required at wall- or post-mounted, cantilevered units in section 602.2. A parallel approach is permitted at other types of units, such as those that are floor-mounted.

Question 24: A forward approach to drinking fountains provides easier access than a parallel approach. Should a forward approach, which includes knee and toe clearances below the unit, be required at all drinking fountains for adults that must be accessible? Such a requirement may be included in the final rule.

It is also specified that clear floor space for either a forward or parallel approach "be centered on the unit," a stipulation not contained in ADAAG but that is consistent with the intent of the clear floor space requirement for a forward approach. ADAAG 4.15.4 requires that controls meet operation requirements and be mounted at the front of the unit or on the side near the front edge. The revised guidelines require operable parts to meet section 309, which not only covers the operation requirements but also requires location within the applicable forward or side reach range.

ADAAG 4.15.3 requires the spout to be at the front of the unit. Section 602.5 is more specific on the spout location and requires the location based on the approach provided; no more than 5 inches from the front edge (including bumpers) and at least 15 inches from the vertical support at units with a forward approach and 3½ inches maximum from the front edge (including bumpers) at units providing a side approach. Additional specification is provided for the water flow based on requirements in the ICC/ANSI A117.1 standard. Like ADAAG 4.15.3, the water flow must be at least 4 inches high to allow insertion of a cup or glass under the flow. ADAAG is more specific with respect to round or oval bowls, which are required to have spouts positioned so that the water flow is within 3 inches of the front edge of the unit. Section 602.6 of the revised guidelines specifies the maximum angle of the water flow measured horizontally relative to the front face of the unit (30 degrees where the spout is located within 3 inches from the front and 15 degrees where the spout is located within 3 to 5 inches from the front).

The advisory committee recommended removing access requirements for people who have difficulty bending or stooping, in part because ADAAG does not provide any technical criteria for such access. The Board has retained a requirement for standing access at a portion of units and has provided in section 602.7 a requirement for the spout height (39 to 43 inches measured from the floor or ground to the spout outlet). This range is based on the height of certain drinking fountain models currently available in the marketplace.

603 Toilet and Bathing Rooms

This section contains requirements for toilet and bathing rooms found in ADAAG 4.22 and 4.23 with several substantive revisions. Like ADAAG, section 603.2.3 prohibits doors from swinging into the clear floor space required for any fixture. However, an exception from this requirement has been provided for individual-use toilet and bathing rooms where clear floor space for an occupied wheelchair is provided beyond the arc of the door swing. The advisory committee felt that the rationale for the ADAAG requirement is most relevant to multi-user toilet or bathing facilities and that in single-user facilities, wheelchair space beyond the arc of the door swing is sufficient. This exception in no way affects the requirement in 603.2.1 for wheelchair turning space. That requirement is applicable to single- and multi-user toilet rooms. For those facilities designed to serve a single occupant accessed only through a private office and not for public or common use, a second exception allows the door to swing into fixture clear floor space where the swing of the door can be reversed. Section 603.4 provides a new requirement that coat hooks and fold-down shelves, where provided, be accessible. Coat hooks must be within the accessible reach ranges specified in section 308, and fold-down shelves are to be mounted from 40 to 48 inches above the floor. (This requirement is also restated for toilet compartments at 604.8.3.) In addition, a requirement for the height of mirrors in the ADAAG section on lavatories (4.19) has been relocated to this section at 603.3.

604 Water Closets and Toilet Compartments

This section integrates requirements in ADAAG 4.16 and 4.17 for water closets and toilet compartments. Requirements in 604.2 through 604.7 apply to water closets, including those located in toilet compartments, and requirements in 604.8 are specific to toilet compartments. Section 604.9 provides criteria for toilet compartments designed according to children's dimensions as an optional alternative to the requirements based on adult dimensions in section 604.8.

Substantive changes are proposed for the location of water closets and clear floor space at water closets. Section 604.2 specifies that a water closet centerline be located 16 to 18 inches from the adjacent side wall. This differs from ADAAG which requires an 18 inch absolute dimension in 4.16. 2 (Figure 28). The advisory committee considered the absolute dimension overly restrictive and pointed to early studies that indicate closer placement is acceptable. Section 604.3 requires that the clear floor space at water closets be at least 60 inches wide and 56 inches deep and prohibits any other obstruction or fixture other than the water closet, grab bars, and tissue dispensers from overlapping this space. ADAAG Figure 28 specifies the same clear floor space dimension but allows lavatories on the same plumbing wall to be mounted as close as 18 inches to the centerline of the water closet. In this case, ADAAG specifies clear floor space at the water closet 48 inches wide minimum (instead of 60 inches) and, in the case of a forward approach, at least 66 inches deep (instead of 56 inches). While the clear floor space at the lavatory ensures additional space near the water closet, the closer placement of the lavatory effectively prohibited space for side transfers to the water closet. In practice, the lavatory cannot be placed as close as shown in ADAAG Figure 28 due to the rear grab bar which must be at least 36 inches long unless the grab bar overlaps the lavatory. Also, the advisory committee noted that the lavatory should not be used to support the weight of a person transferring since lavatories are not required to provide structural support, and they do not provide adequate hand holds. For these reasons, the advisory committee recommended that fixtures, including lavatories, not be permitted to overlap the 60 inch wide space at water closets. This will allow space for side transfers at all accessible water closets. Under this change, the space saved by locating a lavatory closer to the water closet on the same plumbing wall could only be accomplished by recessing the lavatory so that it does not overlap the clear floor space at the water closet.

Revisions are made to requirements for the rear grab bar, flush controls, and toilet paper dispensers. Consistent with ADAAG 4.16.4, the rear grab bar must be at least 36 inches long. However, section 604.5.2 permits a shorter grab bar of 24 inches if wall space is not available for a 36 inch grab bar. This provision will accommodate a recessed lavatory on the plumbing wall and thereby recover space in the toilet room. Section 604.6 requires flush controls to be within the accessible reach ranges (48 inches maximum for a forward approach) instead of the 44 inch maximum permitted by ADAAG 4.16.5. With respect to toilet paper dispensers, ADAAG 4.16.6 specifies a minimum height of 19 inches. Section 604.7 changes this dimension and provides further detail on the location. Dispensers must be 7 to 9 inches in front of the water closet (measured to the dispenser centerline) and must be between 15 and 48 inches above the floor and mounted so that there is a minimum clearance of 1½ inches below or 12 inches above the side grab bar. Most extra large dispensers do not meet these requirements because they block use of grab bars or are too low or too high to comply with ADAAG reach ranges. Toilet paper dispensers are subject to requirements for operable parts in 309.4 (operable with one hand without grasping, pinching, twisting of the wrist, or a force of more than 5 pounds).

Section 604.8 provides requirements for toilet compartments. Section 604.8.1 covers wheelchair accessible compartments, and section 604.8.2 covers compartments providing access for people who are ambulatory. These requirements are based on those in ADAAG 4.17, 4.22.4, and 4.23.4. ADAAG 4.17.3 permits alternate smaller compartment designs in alterations where providing a standard wheelchair accessible stall is not technically feasible. These designs permit a considerably narrower compartment (36 or 48 inches instead of 60 inches minimum) in exchange for more depth (an additional 10 inches). These alternate designs are not included in the revised guidelines for two reasons. The advisory committee did not believe the alternate stall designs provide sufficient wheelchair access because they fail to accommodate the most common diagonal or side transfers. In addition, the Board has sought to limit alternate specifications based on technical infeasibility as discussed at section 202 above.

Section 604.8 states that toilet compartments with more than one plumbing fixture are required to comply with requirements in section 603 for toilet rooms to ensure access to each fixture. For example, if a lavatory is located within a compartment, it would have to be installed so as not to overlap the minimum 60 inch wide clear floor space at the water closet and wheelchair turning space would be required within the compartment. Revisions to the requirements for water closets in section 604.2 through 604.7 apply to those located in toilet compartments as well.

Wheelchair accessible compartments are based on the requirements for "standard" stalls in ADAAG 4.17 and Figure 30. Requirements for doors and toe clearance have been slightly modified. Section 604.8.1.2 requires doors to be self-closing and to have accessible door pulls on both sides of the door near the latch. These requirements are not provided in ADAAG and have been added to facilitate access. ADAAG 4.17.4 specifies toe clearance at least 9 inches high below a side and the front partition unless the stall is deeper than 60 inches. Section 604.8.1.4 addresses the minimum depth for this clearance (6 inches beyond the compartment-side face of the partition) which is consistent with other requirements for toe space. This section permits the toe space to be added to the compartment if partitions provide less than 9 inches clearance.

Requirements in 604.8.2 for compartments providing ambulatory access are consistent with requirements in ADAAG 4.22.4 and 4.23.4 except for several changes. With respect to size, the section 604.8.2.1 of the revised guidelines specifies a minimum depth (60 inches) whereas ADAAG does not. Consistent with requirements for wheelchair accessible compartments, section 604.8.2.2 requires that compartment doors have an accessible pull on both sides near the latch. Also, compartment doors are prohibited from swinging into the minimum required compartment area, which may permit an inward swinging door where the compartment depth is sufficiently increased; ADAAG requires that such compartments have outward swinging doors.

605 Urinals

Requirements for urinals are based on those in ADAAG 4.18. ADAAG requires an "elongated" rim of an unspecified dimension. The advisory committee considered this requirement as indistinguishable from standard rims and recommended its removal. The Board instead has sought to clarify this provision by specifying a minimum dimension of 13½ inches, measured from the outer face of the urinal rim to the back of the fixture. A requirement permitting a minimum clearance between urinal shields of 29 instead of 30 inches where shields do not extend beyond the rim has been removed.

606 Lavatories and Sinks

The revised guidelines combine into one section technical criteria for lavatories in ADAAG 4.19 and for sinks in ADAAG 4.24. Provisions for clear floor space in 606.2 revise several ADAAG requirements. The requirement for a minimum 29 inch high apron clearance has been removed because without a specified depth the effectiveness of this requirement is questionable. This change also makes the provision consistent with knee clearance requirements for other elements, such as tables and counters. Clarification has been added that the dip of the overflow can project into the knee and toe clearances since the effect on access is considered negligible. Clarification has been added, consistent with the Board's interpretation of ADAAG, that the required knee and toe clearance need only be applied to one bowl of a multi-bowl sink. The Board has removed a specification for sinks in ADAAG 4.24.4 for a maximum bowl depth of 6½ inches since required knee clearances and counter heights effectively govern this dimension. ADAAG requires that lavatory and sink faucets meet requirements for operable controls in ADAAG 4.27.4 and lists acceptable types (e.g., lever, push, electronically controlled). Section 606.4 requires compliance with 309, which not only covers operating characteristics but also accessible reach ranges. References to acceptable faucet types, which are non-mandatory in nature, have been relocated to an advisory note.

607 Bathtubs

This section corresponds to requirements in ADAAG 4.20 with several revisions concerning clear floor space and shower spray units. Section 607.2 covers clear floor space and requires that it extend at least 12 inches beyond permanent seats provided at the head end of the bathtub. ADAAG Figure 33(b) does not require this additional space and permits the clear floor space to extend only to the end of the seat. This requirement was added so that sufficient space is available for persons using wheelchairs to more properly align themselves with the tub seat for transfer. In section 607.6, the minimum length of the hose for the shower spray unit has been reduced one inch to 59 inches to accommodate metric-based industry conventions. The Board has added a requirement that shower spray units have a water on/off control for greater access. In this section, clarification has been added that where a vertical bar is used to provide an adjustable-height shower unit, the bar must be installed so as not to obstruct the use of grab bars. Similar revisions to the requirements for shower spray units are provided for shower compartments as well in section 608.6.

608 Shower Compartments

Like ADAAG 4.21, this section provides requirements for transfer-type showers and for roll-in showers. ADAAG Figure 57 shows a specific type of roll-in shower equipped with a seat that is required in a portion of accessible guest rooms in transient lodging facilities. This design is incorporated into section 608 and can be used in other types of facilities as well to provide an accessible shower compartment.

Substantive changes have been made concerning water temperature, shower spray units, and curbs. Section 608.6 provides a new requirement for thermal shock protection (to 120 degrees Fahrenheit maximum). ADAAG 4.21.6 provides an exception that fixed shower heads 48 inches high maximum can be used instead of the required hand held unit in "unmonitored facilities where vandalism is a consideration." This exception has been removed due to a lack of clarity on the types of facilities that qualify for this exception. Section 608.7 permits curbs up to ½ inch provided that those above ¼ inch are beveled with a slope of 1:2 maximum. This differs from ADAAG 4.21.7 which permits such a curb (although without beveling) at transfer-type showers but not at roll-in showers. The advisory committee felt that a beveled curb will allow access into roll-in showers while permitting a change in level that can help keep water in the compartment, a common concern with roll-in showers. This provision is consistent with requirements for changes in level in section 303.3.

Other revisions have been made to clarify that:

where multiple grab bars are used instead of a single continuous grab bar from wall to wall, they must be installed at the same height (608.3);

shower seats can be attachable or integral (608.4);

controls, faucets, and shower spray units must be installed on the rear wall at showers with seats so that they are within reach from the seat (608.5); and

shower spray units in transfer-type showers must be 15 inches maximum from either side of the centerline of the seat (608.5).

609 Grab Bars

Grab bar specifications are consistent with those in ADAAG 4.26, including required mounting heights at toilet and bathing fixtures shown in ADAAG Figures 29, 30, 34, and 37. Like ADAAG 4.26.2, a diameter between 1 and 1½ inches is required, but section 609.2 provides further specifications for allowable shapes providing an equivalent gripping surface: a 2 inch maximum cross-section dimension, a perimeter dimension between 4 and 4-11/16 inches, and edges with a inch minimum radius. This section also provides a minimum clearance of 15 inches above grab bars (although a 1½ inch clearance is allowed between grab bars and shower controls, shower fittings, and other grab bars). Consistent with the ICC/ANSI A117.1 standard, clarification is provided in section 609.6 that grab bars can be installed in any manner that provides a gripping surface at the specified locations and that does not obstruct clear floor space.

610 Seats

Requirements for bathtub and shower seats are based on ADAAG requirements in 4.20.3 and 4.21.3. Section 610.2 addresses bathtub seats and requires removable seats to be 15 inches deep minimum to 16 inches deep maximum and permanent head-end seats to be 15 inches deep minimum. A height of 17 to 19 inches is required. This differs from ADAAG which does not specify a width for removable seats or a height, and requires an absolute dimension of 15 inches for head-end seats.

Section 610.3 covers shower seats and allows a rectangular shaped seat in addition to the L-shaped seat specified in ADAAG Figure 36. Rectangular seats, like removable tub seats, must be 15 inches deep minimum to 16 inches deep maximum. This section provides more specification than ADAAG for the size of L-shaped seats. ADAAG Figure 36 provides maximum dimensions for this type of seat. The revised guidelines provide minimum dimensions consistent with the ICC/ANSI A117.1 standard. A specification also has been added requiring that the seat extend from the back wall to a point within 3 inches of the compartment entry or seat wall width to reduce problems from water infiltration. The maximum distance of the seat from the seat wall has been increased from 1½ to 2½ inches.

Question 25: The revised guidelines more clearly permit a choice between rectangular and L-shaped seats for transfer and roll-in shower stalls. Is one shape more usable and accessible than the other?

611 Laundry Equipment

New requirements are provided for washing machines and clothes dryers, equipment ADAAG does not address. These requirements are based on the ICC/ANSI A117.1 standard. This section requires clear floor space for a parallel approach (611.2), accessible operable parts (611.3), and the height of appliance openings: 34 inches maximum above the floor for top-loading machines and between 15 to 34 inches for front-loading machines (611.4).

This section is vastly different from ADAAG 4.28 in providing updated and more detailed criteria for the visual component of fire alarm systems. The advisory committee based its recommendations on information developed by a coalition of organizations representing people who are deaf or hard of hearing or who have epilepsy, the fire alarm industry, and Underwriters Laboratories, Inc. (UL). The recommendations represent the goal of updating specifications for alarms to improve protection of people who are deaf or hard of hearing while minimizing the effect on persons with photosensitive epilepsy. Through coordination with the National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) and ANSI, which were represented on the advisory committee, the proposed criteria are virtually identical to updated requirements in the NFPA 72 (1996) and the ICC/ANSI A117.1 standards.

Specifications for audible alarms in ADAAG 4.28.2 have been revised as well. The maximum sound level for alarms is reduced from 120 to 110 decibels as more appropriate and to guard against tinnitus.

Question 26: ADAAG does not address the frequency of audible alarms. The Board requests information on the optimal frequency range for people who are hard of hearing. Responses should include, where possible, supporting data indicating the benefit to people who are hard of hearing and others.

Requirements for visual alarms are provided in section 702.3. In section 702.3.1, the maximum flash rate has been reduced from 3 Hertz (Hz) to 2 Hz. Research conducted by the coalition found a minimum flash rate of 1 Hz to be the slowest rate that does not significantly increase reaction time of people who are deaf or hard of hearing. Flash rate is considered the primary factor affecting persons who are photosensitive. A 1 Hz flash rate is considered sufficient; an allowance up to 2 Hz is specified to allow a tolerance for manufacturing and field conditions. New language clarifies the parameters over which an appliance must meet the specified flash rate since changes in voltage can affect the flash rate.

New criteria are provided in section 702.3.2 for light dispersion which address the required percentage of rated intensity at various angles from the visual appliance. The requirements, provided in table form (Tables 702.3.2.1 and 702.3.2.2) distinguish wall- and ceiling-mounted appliances and are based on UL 1971, Signaling Devices for the Hearing Impaired. ADAAG does not provide criteria for dispersion of visual alarms. Section 702.3.4 addresses the required location of appliances. Wall-mounted appliances are required to be 80 to 96 inches above the floor (measured to the bottom of the appliance), except that appliances that are part of a smoke detector are to be located 4 to 12 inches from the ceiling (measured to the top of the smoke detector). These revisions are consistent with NFPA 72, including the mounting height for smoke detectors. ADAAG 4.28.3 does not specifically address visual appliances integrated with smoke detectors and specifies an absolute height of 80 inches (or 6 inches below the ceiling, whichever is lower). However, photometric calculations of lamp intensity for mounting heights of 80 and 96 inches show only nominal differences and are practically equivalent. Further, the ADAAG height specification is considered too restrictive. Ceiling-installed appliances are required to be 30 feet maximum above the floor.

Section 702.3.4 provides new requirements under which the minimum lamp intensity is determined by the size of the area served. These specifications serve to minimize the number of appliances in a room or space in order to prevent the cumulative flash rate of multiple strobes, which can affect people with photosensitive epilepsy. Multiple appliances are allowed only where coverage by a single appliance is not possible due to room size, shape, construction or furnishings. In this case, criteria are provided to prevent the effective flash rate from posing a hazard: placement of two appliances on opposing walls, synchronization of flashes, or minimum separation between appliances (55 feet in any 135-degree field of view) in rooms 80 feet by 80 feet or greater. The minimum required effective intensity is specified in table form (Tables 702.3.4.2 and 702.3.4.3) for wall- and ceiling-mounted appliances based on the size of the covered area and the permitted number of appliances. These specifications are based on NFPA 72 criteria. The minimum intensities are based on the rule that illumination from a light source will vary in proportion to the square of the distance to the light source. Combined with the dispersion requirements, a minimum 0.0375 lumens per square foot is provided throughout the covered areas. As such, appliances with an effective intensity of 15 candela are allowed in small spaces. ADAAG 4.28.3 requires a minimum 75 candela with a general maximum separation of 50 feet. The criteria of the table are based on location of wall-installed appliances at the midpoint of the longest side of the area served and the location of ceiling-installed appliances at the center point of the covered area. Alternate specifications for the minimum effective intensity are provided for appliances located elsewhere.

Section 702.3.5 provides revised requirements for the spacing and intensity of appliances located in corridors. Corridors 20 feet or less in width are required to have appliances with a minimum effective intensity of 15 candela spaced from 50 to 100 feet apart and located no more than 15 feet from each end of the corridor. Interruptions in the concentrated viewing path, such as elevation changes, are to be treated as the end of the corridor. Corridors greater that 20 feet in width are treated like other spaces. This differs from ADAAG 4.28.3 which specifies a maximum corridor spacing of 50 feet and a minimum effective intensity of 75 candela. The intensity and greater spacing are permitted because the linear nature of corridors allows a direct view of appliances and the spacing requirements serve to minimize the number of appliances within view for the benefit of people who are photosensitive.

Like ADAAG 4.28.4, criteria specific to visual alarms in guest rooms are provided. Significant changes have been made. ADAAG technical requirements for "auxiliary" alarms in effect permit use of portable types of alarms. Use of portable devices have proven unsatisfactory in that the responsibility for installing such devices has fallen to guests. Persons needing these devices also do not have the benefit of knowing whether the device is ready to function properly. Section 702.3.6 revises the criteria for guest room applications to require permanent installation of visual alarms. Visual alarms activated by smoke detectors and the building fire alarm system, where provided, are required, and signaling must be supervised. One appliance can be used for activation by both smoke detectors and the building alarm system so long as the building alarm system is not activated by the smoke detector. This interconnection has not been embraced by the fire alarm industry due to technical differences between the two systems. However, this interconnection is only permitted where smoke detector activation does not trigger the building alarm system. Greater detail is also provided on the location of appliances. ADAAG 4.28.4 requires the signal to be "visible in all areas of the unit." The revised guidelines, consistent with NFPA 72, specifies placement and intensity considered necessary to awake sleeping persons. Appliances must be no more than 16 feet from the location of the head end of the bed, measured horizontally. The Board has added clarification that appliances must be directly or indirectly visible in all parts of the sleeping room or suite. Appliances must have minimum effective intensity of 110 candela (if more than 2 feet below the ceiling) and 177 candela (if less than 2 feet below the ceiling). ADAAG requires a 75 candela minimum. The increased candela requirements are considered necessary to awaken people asleep, with an even greater increase provided for appliances closer to the ceiling.

703 Signs

The technical section on signs, like the section on alarms, represent significant departures from ADAAG. This section provides more detailed requirements for signs than ADAAG 4.30. The technical criteria proposed were developed by the ANSI A117 Signage Task Force. The advisory committee recommended adoption of the task force's requirements with some modifications. The task force sought to update requirements for signs to improve access for the widest range of users and to provide specifications that were clear, direct, and less likely to be misinterpreted. While striving to prohibit undesirable design characteristics and to make more specific what constitutes accessible signs, the task force also wanted to provide requirements in a way that would allow considerable design flexibility.

Requirements are provided for signs read by touch and for signs read visually. Scoping provisions in section 216 require permanent designation of permanent rooms and spaces to meet requirements for both tactile and visual access. This is a substantive change from ADAAG 4.1.3(16) which requires that such signs comply mainly with specifications for tactile access only. The signage task force considered this requirement insufficient for visual access. Section 703 requires both types of access but allows a choice: permanent signs can comply with section 703.2 which provides requirements for both tactile and visual access achievable in one sign or access can be provided separately through two signs, one that is tactile in accordance with 703.3 and one that is visual in accordance with 703.4. There are some differences between the requirements for combined tactile-visual signs and those provided separately, which represent slight compromises in the desired level considered necessary for signs providing both tactile and visual access. In either case, tactile signs are required to contain Braille complying with 703.5, and pictograms, where required to be tactile, must meet requirements in 703.6.

Signs that provide direction to, or information about, spaces or facilities, are subject to the requirements in section 703.4 for visual access, which is consistent with ADAAG 4.1.3(16). Required symbols of access are provided in section 703.7.

Requirements in 703.2 for signs providing both tactile and visual access specify:

a non-glare finish and light-on-dark or dark-on-light contrast between characters and their background (703.2.1);

tactile characters raised at least 1/32 inch with a minimum inch separation from raised borders or other decorative elements where provided (703.2.2);

tactile characters must be upper case, sans serif, to 2 inches high, and meet requirements for character width and stroke thickness (703.2.3);

minimum spacing between characters (703.2.4) and lines of text (703.2.5); and

sign mounting height (703.2.6) and location (703.2.7).

The specifications for finish and contrast are similar to those in ADAAG 4.30.5 except that references to "eggshell" and "matte" as non-glare finishes have been removed because this is not always the case. For example, matte stainless steel is not generally considered "non-glare."

Requirements in 703.2 for tactile characters, character forms, and character and line spacing differ from ADAAG 4.30 in that:

the minimum inch separation between raised characters and borders or other decorative elements is new and is designed to limit interference with tactile reading (703.2.2);

only sans serif fonts are allowed and italic, oblique, script and other highly decorative styles are clearly prohibited (ADAAG allows "simple" serif forms; a term without specific meaning in the industry that has been removed for both clarity and improved access) (703.2.3.2);

the specified character width of 55% to 110% of the character height is slightly different than the 60% to 100% ADAAG requires, but the characters specified for determining the new proportions (upper case "O" for width and upper case "I" for height), which are based on industry convention, make the effect of this change negligible (703.2.3.3);

the character height is based on the upper case "I" instead of the upper case "X" ADAAG specifies (703.2.3.4);

a character (the upper case "I") is specified for determining stroke thickness (703.2.3.5);

the maximum stroke thickness has been reduced from 20% to 15% of the character height since thinner strokes are easier to read tactually (703.2.3.5);

more specific guidance is provided for the stroke thickness of raised characters with beveled or rounded cross sections in recognition that they are perceived visually by the full (i.e., base) dimension and tactually by the top dimensions (ADAAG requirements for stroke thickness do not apply to raised characters) (703.2.3.5); and

specifications for character spacing ( to inches), with additional guidance for beveled or raised characters, and for line spacing (135% to 170% of character height) are new and address both visual and tactual legibility (703.2.4 and 703.2.5).

There are changes in the mounting height and location of signs. Characters are required to be installed between 48 and 60 inches high measured from the baseline of characters. ADAAG 4.30.6 specifies tactile signs to be centered at 60 inches above the floor, a specification that was considered inadequate because it does not regulate the location of characters and can permit characters located outside the proper reach range. Like ADAAG, tactile signs are required on the latch side of doors or, if no wall space is available, on the nearest adjacent wall. An exception is provided for signs located on the push side of doors that have closers but that do not have devices that hold the door open. The revised guidelines requires that signs be located on the right side at double doors, a more uniform location that can make them easier to locate tactually. Clear floor space of 18 by 18 inches minimum centered on the sign is required beyond the arc of the door swing, which clarifies the requirements in ADAAG 4.30.6 that signs be located so one can "approach within 3 inches of signage without encountering protruding objects or standing within the swing of a door."

Where separate tactile and visual signs are provided to convey the same information, the requirements for tactile-only signs in section 703.3 are different in several respects:

there are no requirements for finish and contrast;

a smaller character height of ½ to ¾ inches is required (instead of to 2 inches as specified for combination signs and by ADAAG) because it is believed that smaller characters are easier to read tactually (703.3.2.4);

only a maximum stroke width (15%) is specified because information indicates that the thinnest possible stroke is preferred by people who read tactually (703.3.2.5); and

closer character spacing of to ¼ inches is required as preferable for tactual reading (spacing up to inches is allowed for combination tactile-visual signs) (703.3.3).

Visual signs provided separately from tactile signs are held to different criteria considered optimal for visual legibility. Under section 703.4, these signs are subject to the same requirements for finish and contrast, character width, and line spacing. Criteria for raised letters, including mounting location, do not apply. Requirements for character forms and spacing, line spacing, and mounting height are considerably different:

lower case characters are permitted, as in ADAAG, because words in all upper case are considered difficult to read visually (703.4.2.1);

"conventional" character styles are specified, which can include fonts with serifs because serifs do not necessarily reduce visual readability, although italic, oblique, script and highly decorative forms are prohibited (ADAAG does not specify the style of non-tactile characters) (703.4.2.2);

a range for the minimum character height of inch to more than 3 inches is specified in Table 703.4.2.4 according to sign height and the viewing distance, information much more detailed than ADAAG 4.30.3, which requires characters to be "sized according to the viewing distance" although a 3 inch minimum is specified for signs 80 inches or more above the floor (703.4.2.4);

the maximum character stroke thickness (30% of the character height) is greater than that specified for tactile signs (15%) or in ADAAG (20%) (703.4.2.5);

character spacing between 10% to 35% of the character height differs from the spacing for tactile signs (703.4.3); and

a minimum mounting height of 40 inches is required, which differs from the height of tactile signs and from ADAAG which does not address the height of visual signs (703.4.5).

Consistent with ADAAG, tactile signs must contain Grade II Braille. Section 703.5 differs from ADAAG 4.30.4 by providing specific criteria for Braille, including dot height and base diameter, dot and cell separations (Table 703.5), location (below raised text), minimum spacing from raised characters (¼ inch) and from raised borders ( inch), and the height from the floor (40 to 60 inches measured from the baseline of Braille cells). Requirements for pictograms in 703.6 and required symbols of accessibility in 703.7 are consistent with corresponding provisions in ADAAG 4.30.4 and 4.30.7.

Section 704.3 requires volume controls that provide a gain up to at least 20 decibels and an intermediate gain of 12 decibels, and have an automatic reset. ADAAG 4.31.5 requires a gain between 12 to 18 decibels, which can be greater if an automatic reset is provided. The advisory committee recommended increasing the gain to 20 decibels and to require an automatic reset. The Board has revised the requirement for consistency with accessibility guidelines the Board issued under section 255 of the Telecommunications Act of 1996, which provides a similar requirement for other types of phones. In rulemaking on the Telecommunications Act Accessibility Guidelines, persons who are hard of hearing reported having trouble using public pay telephones because of inadequate receiver amplification levels. Many comments to the docket supported adjustable amplification ranging from 18-25 decibels of gain as proposed in that rulemaking. However, several telephone manufacturers cited the National Technology Transfer and Advancement Act of 1996, which requires the Federal government to make use of technical specifications and practices established by private, voluntary standards-setting bodies, wherever possible. The ICC/ANSI A117.1-1998 standard requires certain public pay telephones to provide 12 decibels of gain minimum and up to 20 decibels maximum and that an automatic reset be provided. In recognition of the National Technology Transfer and Advancement Act, this amplification level was specified in the Telecommunications Act Accessibility Guidelines even though information was received in that rulemaking indicating a gain of 25 decibels is not a problem for current telephone technology. The requirement in section 704.3 of the revised guidelines is consistent with both the ICC/ANSI A117.1 standard and the Telecommunications Act Accessibility Guidelines. Under the Telecommunications Act, the Board intends to publish a market monitoring report. Should this market monitoring report show that persons who are deaf or hard of hearing continue to report having trouble using telephones because the level of amplification is not high enough, the Board may revisit this issue in the future.

Question 27: The Board seeks information from pay telephone manufacturers and providers on the time frame necessary to produce products that meet the proposed specifications for volume control.

Question 28: Mute features on public pay telephones can increase audibility by temporarily disconnecting the telephone's microphone while the user listens through the earpiece so that background noise is not amplified through the earpiece. The Board seeks information on the feasibility and cost of equipping new and existing public pay telephones with a mute button. Comment is sought on whether such a requirement should be included in the final rule.

ADAAG 4.31.5 requires telephones to be compatible with hearing aids. This is required for all wheelchair accessible telephones and 25% of all other public pay telephones. The Board has removed this requirement as unnecessary because telephones made in or imported into the U.S. are already required to be compatible with hearing aids as a result of the Hearing Aid Compatibility Act of 1988.

The Board has added requirements for telephones with TTYs in 704.4 to address wheelchair access. ADAAG 4.31.9 does not specifically require that telephones with TTYs be wheelchair accessible. As revised, the operable parts of both the TTY and the telephone must be accessible as required in section 309, which specifies accessible reach ranges. Knee and toe space for a forward approach is required below the TTY, and when in use, the touch surface of the TTY keypad must be between 30 to 34 inches from the floor. This height will provide access for both people who use wheelchairs and those who do not. All TTYs are required to be wheelchair accessible, although an exception is provided for TTYs at telephones located in cubicles equipped with fixed seats. Under this exception, which applies only to assembly occupancies, half the number of TTYs are not required to be wheelchair accessible.

Question 29: Requirements for TTYs do not address the height of display screens. Due to the typical character size displayed, users must be in close proximity to the screen. The Board seeks information on TTY screen heights that are appropriate for people who use wheelchairs and for standing persons and whether the requirement for ATM display screens is appropriate for TTYs as well. The Board may include a specification for the height of TTY display screens in the final rule.

ADAAG 4.31.9(3) recognizes portable TTYs as an alternative to those permanently affixed to telephone enclosures in certain limited situations as an "equivalent facilitation." Like other examples of equivalent facilitation, this provision has been removed.

705 Detectable Warnings

The technical criteria for detectable warnings are consistent with those in ADAAG 4.29 and those required on the boarding platforms of transit stations in ADAAG 10.3.1(8). Provisions have been added concerning boarding platforms that generally recognize alternative tactile surfaces equally detectable underfoot or other designs or technologies that provide equal or superior drop-off warning. Provisions originally reserved in ADAAG concerning doors to hazardous areas (4.29.3) and stairs (4.29.4) have been removed. Provisions pertaining to hazardous vehicular areas (4.29.5), reflecting pools (4.29.6), and curb ramps (4.7.7) that were suspended are not retained in the revised guideline.

706 Assistive Listening Systems

Like ADAAG 4.33, the revised guidelines recognize acceptable types of assistive listening systems such as induction loops, infrared systems, FM and AM radio frequency systems, hard-wired earphones, and other equivalent devices. ADAAG 4.33.6 requires that seats served by assistive listening systems be within a viewing distance of 50 feet from the performance area and have a complete view of the performance area. The distance requirement has been removed since it may not be appropriate in certain types of assembly areas, particularly large stadiums and arenas. The Board has removed the requirement for a "complete view" of the performance area because this implies that certain seats can be designated for use with assistive listening systems, which contradicts the intent of the revised guidelines that such access be available at most seats in an assembly area.

Two requirements have been added for receivers. Receivers must have a inch standard mono jack (or equivalent adapters where other jacks are provided) so that users can use their own cabling as necessary. Receivers required to be compatible with hearing aids (25%) must be neck loops since this type interfaces with hearing aid T-coils. The advisory committee recommended allowing the use of "compatible headsets." The Board has not included this recommendation since such headsets, while technically compatible with hearing aids, are not usable or comfortable with all types of hearing aids.

The performance of assistive listening systems is a concern among users. The quality and capability of systems largely determine the quality of sound transmission. Sound quality, internal noise, signal-to-noise ratio, signal strength, and boost vary among products. As a result, some systems do not adequately meet the needs of people who are hard of hearing. For example, the boost of some products may amplify sound adequately for people with mild hearing loss but not for those with profound hearing loss. Currently, there are no guidelines or standards for the performance of assistive listening systems. In the belief that standards should be developed to provide guidance in selecting products of sufficient quality and capability, the Board funded a study on assistive listening systems that was completed in 1999. Conducted by the Lexington Center, this project included a collection of information on assistive listening systems, a review of the state-of-the-art with respect to assistive listening systems, and a survey of consumers, service providers, dispensers and manufacturers to determine how effective assistive listening systems are at present and what the major problems, limitations, and complaints are regarding existing systems. With this information, the researchers developed objective means for specifying the overall characteristics of any assistive listening system, from sound source to listener's ear, to be able to predict how well the system will work in practice and to determine objective criteria for establishing guidelines or recommendations for the use of assistive listening systems in public places. Consumers, manufacturers, and installers identified signal quality as the primary issue of concern. A wide range of other concerns were also expressed:

consumers voiced concerns about appropriate system and receiver type, coupling alternatives, compatibility with aids, interference, availability and logistics of use, and maintenance;

Researchers have developed Speech Transmission Index software that can assess ALS signal quality on-site using a multi-media laptop computer. The program will be available next year as a download from the Board's website. The Lexington Center will also develop and distribute a series of technical assistance bulletins for consumers, facility operators, and installers outlining its research, findings, and recommendations.

Question 30: Comment is sought on the appropriateness of these criteria for assistive listening systems and their inclusion as technical requirements in the revised guidelines. Specifications based on these criteria may be included in the final rule.

707 Automatic Teller Machines and Fare Machines

Requirements for automatic teller machines (ATMs) and fare machines have been extensively revised and expanded to provide more specific guidance on access to such equipment for people with vision impairments. Substantive changes are proposed to requirements for ATMs in ADAAG 4.34 and for transit station fare vending machines in ADAAG 10.3.1(7).

Question 31: While section 707 specifically addresses "automatic teller machines" and "fare vending machines," the Board is considering covering all types of interactive transaction machines, such as point-of-sale machines and information kiosks, among others. Information is requested on any possible design conflicts between the requirements of this section and any specific types of interactive transaction machines. The final rule may be modified to specifically address unique characteristics of certain types of interactive transaction machines.

Clear floor space requirements in section 707.2 are consistent with ADAAG. Section 707.3 requires operable parts to comply with section 309, which also covers accessible reach ranges. ADAAG 4.34.3 requires this as well but also provides specifications on side reach ranges specific to ATMs only. This criteria establishes maximum reach heights ranging from 46 to 54 inches that are based on the depths of reach ranging from 10 inches to 24 inches. For consistency with the rest of the revised guidelines, these specifications have been removed and the basic reach range specifications in 309 are applied. The revised guidelines require that operable parts must be differentiated by sound or touch prior to activation. An exception in ADAAG 4.34.3 clarifies that, where alternate controls are provided that allow a function to be performed in a substantially equivalent manner, only the controls for that function are required to be accessible. This exception has been removed as unnecessary since redundant operable parts that are accessible are generally acceptable in all cases.

New specifications are provided so that access to input and output devices is provided for people with vision impairments. These requirements provide clearer guidance than ADAAG 4.34.5 which requires instructions and all information for use to be "accessible to and independently usable by persons with vision impairments." The arrangement and tactile qualities are standardized for uniformity to facilitate use by people with little or no vision. Section 707.4 specifies:

the same degree of privacy of input provided for all users (707.4.1);

tactually discernable key surfaces raised at least 1/25 inch from the surrounding surface with outer edges having a radius no more than 1/50 inch (707.4.2);

a minimum inch separation between keys with function keys separated from numeric keys by at least triple the distance of separation provided between numeric keys (707.4.3);

arrangement of numeric keys according to the standard 12-key telephone keypad, with the number five key designated by a single raised dot (707.4.4);

a standard arrangement, tactile marking, and color coding of function keys so that the keys are provided in the following order (left to right or top to bottom) with the tactile markings and color indicated: enter or proceed key (raised circle/ green), clear or correct key (raised vertical line or bar/ black), cancel (raised ex/ red), add value key (raised plus sign/ blue), decrease value key (raised minus sign/ yellow) (707.4.5).

Question 32: The Board seeks comment on the appropriateness of these specified colors, particularly for people who are color blind.

Question 33: ATMs often reject input when maximum time intervals are exceeded. Users are at risk of having the ATM card withheld and may encounter additional transaction charges due to repeated attempts to access the machine. Should the Board include a specific requirement that would allow users to extend the maximum time intervals between transactions beyond the amount of time typically allotted? Where possible, responses should include information on the availability of technology and on any impacts, including costs, in complying with such a requirement. The Board may consider including such a requirement in the final rule.

Section 707.5 covers output devices and requires:

the same degree of privacy of output provided for all users (707.5.1);

transaction prompts within each operation and verification of all user input (707.5.2 and 707.5.3);

visual and audible operating instructions that are initiated by the user, that have an expedited process for experienced users, and that have orientation features for users unfamiliar with the physical features of the machine (707.5.4);

video display screens to be visible from a point 40 inches above the center of the clear floor space in front of the machine (707.5.6);

characters of video display screens to be in a sans serif font, to be at least 3/16 inch high, and to contrast with the background, either light-on-dark or dark-on-light (707.5.6.2);

paper currency to be dispensed in descending order with the lowest denomination on top (707.5.7); and

providing options for receipts in print, audible format, or both (707.5.8).

Consistent with ICC/ANSI A117.1-1998, sections 707.4.1 and 707.5.1 specify that the same degree of privacy of input and output is to be available to all individuals using the system, and 707.5.5 specifies that audible instructions are to provided through a standard audio mini jack (which would allow individuals to listen to the information through a headset or ear piece), a telephone handset, a wireless transmission system, or another mechanism, all of which ensure privacy. The Board anticipates that alternative privacy systems will be activated by individuals that require them. Furthermore, the Board assumes that ear pieces, headsets, or other types of receivers will be personal equipment provided by end users. Earpieces are very small and can be carried in a shirt pocket or change purse.

Question 34: The Board seeks comment on whether ATM manufacturers or banks intend to provide customers who need audio output receivers for accessing audible output. In addition, the Board seeks to know if customers would or currently do carry receivers or if they view providing their own receivers as an unreasonable expectation.

Question 35: The Board seeks information on the availability of ATMs that meet the output requirements of section 707.5 and the impact, including costs and technological difficulties, in developing new products that comply. Information is also sought on the practice of redeploying ATM equipment and the impact of the output requirements on this practice. Specifically, what is the average lifespan of an ATM and how often might a single ATM be redeployed?

708 Two-Way Communication Systems

This section provides criteria for two-way communication systems where they are provided to gain admittance to a facility or to restricted areas within a facility. These systems must provide audible and visual signals so that they are accessible to people with vision or hearing impairments. Where handsets are provided, the cord must be at least 29 inches long so that access is provided for people using wheelchairs. These requirements derive from those in ADAAG 11.1.3 for judicial, legislative, and regulatory facilities.

Captioning

The Department of Justice Title III regulation addresses access to auxiliary aids and services. Section 36.303(a) (28 CFR Part 36) provides that "[a] public accommodation shall take those steps that may be necessary to ensure that no individual with a disability is excluded, denied services, segregated or otherwise treated differently than other individuals because of the absence of auxiliary aids and services, unless the public accommodation can demonstrate that taking those steps would fundamentally alter the nature of the goods, services, facilities, privileges, advantages, or accommodations being offered or would result in an undue burden, i.e., significant difficulty or expense." The term "auxiliary aids and services" includes, "qualified interpreters, note takers, computer-aided transcription services, written materials, telephone handset amplifiers, assistive listening devices, assistive listening systems, telephones compatible with hearing aids, closed caption decoders, open and closed captioning, telecommunications devices for deaf persons (TDD's), videotext displays, or other effective methods of making aurally delivered materials available to individuals with hearing impairments."

The Board is aware that several means of providing captioning for movie theaters are available. This includes both open-captioned and closed-captioned access to the audio information presented in movies. One method for making movies accessible is a system that synchronizes captions and action by projecting reverse text images onto a wall behind an audience. The reverse text is then reflected by transparent screens at individual seats where movie goers can read the script on the screen and view the movie through the screen simultaneously. This type of auxiliary aid and others may require built-in features to make them usable. The Board is aware that other innovative methods of providing accessible communications will soon be available.

Question 36: The Board is interested in more information about various types of captioning as it relates to the built environment. Building operators, managers, consumers, and manufacturers are requested to provide information about what technical provisions are necessary to include in ADAAG to facilitate or augment the use of auxiliary aids such as captioning and videotext displays. People who are deaf or hard of hearing are particularly invited to comment on the various options for providing captioning that would best facilitate effective communication. Where necessary, the Board may include provisions for conduit, electrical service, screen anchoring devices at seats, or other requirements that make providing accessible communication possible in the built environment.

Convenience Food Restaurants

Convenience food restaurants, otherwise known as fast food restaurants, often provide consumers the opportunity to order food from a drive through facility. These facilities usually require voice intercommunication. The Department of Justice has required restaurants to accept orders at pick-up windows when the communications system is not accessible to deaf, hard of hearing, or other people who are unable to use voice communication.

Question 37: Should the Board require that convenience food drive through facilities provide accessible communications. If so, what means would provide the greatest access for a variety of people with disabilities? It has been suggested that an ATM type machine could substitute for voice communication systems currently used. Is such an application practical?

Chapter 8: Special Rooms, Spaces, and Elements

This chapter covers specific elements, rooms and spaces, including assembly areas, dressing, fitting, and locker rooms, medical care facilities, transient lodging, and detention and correctional facilities. Under the new format of the revised guidelines, scoping provisions contained in ADAAG for special occupancy sections have been relocated to Chapter 2. Only technical requirements not otherwise generally addressed are provided here for the rooms and spaces covered by this chapter.

802 Wheelchair Spaces and Designated Aisle Seats in Assembly Areas

This section provides requirements for wheelchair spaces and designated aisle seats in assembly areas. Requirements for wheelchair space surfaces (802.2), width (802.3), depth (802.4), and approach (802.5) are substantively consistent with specifications in ADAAG 4.33, as recommended by the advisory committee. Consistent with a recommendation from the advisory committee, clarification has been added in 802.5 that access to any wheelchair space shall not be through more than one adjoining wheelchair space.

Question 38: Current ADAAG does not expressly address the issue of overlap between wheelchair spaces and circulation routes. The Board is considering adding a provision in the final rule that would clearly prohibit circulation paths from overlapping wheelchair spaces. Comment is sought on whether such a provision should be included in the final rule.

As recommended by the advisory committee, the exception in ADAAG 4.33.3, that permits wheelchair spaces to be clustered in seating areas with sight lines that require slopes greater than 5%, has been removed. The removal of this provision is not intended to prohibit the construction of traditional seating areas such as stadiums, bleachers and balconies.

Section 802.7 requires that each readily removable companion seat be located "next to and in the same row as each required wheelchair space" so that there is "shoulder-to-shoulder" alignment between users of the wheelchair space and of the adjacent companion seat. This is a change from ADAAG 4.33.3 which requires companion seats to be fixed, as discussed in section 221.3 above. The Board also has added clarification on the location of such seats. Some entities have misinterpreted the phrase "next to" in the current ADAAG as permitting the placement of companion seating in a row in front of or behind the accompanying wheelchair space.

Specifications for designated aisle seats in 802.8 are consistent with requirements in ADAAG 4.1.3(19)(a).

Section 802.6 requires dispersion of accessible seating in assembly areas so as to provide individuals with disabilities seating choices that are comparable to those offered to patrons without disabilities. Specifically, in assembly areas with more than 300 seats, wheelchair spaces and designated aisle seats must be dispersed throughout the assembly area in a manner that ensures viewing angles and choices of admission prices that are comparable to those provided to other spectators. This does not represent a change from ADAAG 4.33.3.

Where the minimum number of required wheelchair spaces or designated aisle seats is not sufficient to allow for complete dispersion in terms of the availability of all possible admission prices and viewing angles, 802.6 specifies criteria for dispersion in the following order of priority: admission prices, horizontal dispersion, and vertical dispersion. These criteria are intended to be consistent with Department of Justice (DOJ) interpretation of ADAAG 4.33.3 that wheelchair spaces be provided so that people with disabilities have "a choice of admission prices and lines of sight comparable to those for members of the general public."

Section 802.6.1 requires the dispersal of accessible seating by the price of admission, which means that wheelchair spaces and designated aisle seating must be provided in each price level where the ticket prices are distinguished by, or differ according to, the location of the seating. The advisory committee considered dispersion according to admission prices to be primarily an operational matter and recommended that it be removed. The Board believes that such dispersion is an important consideration in the design of assembly areas and the location of accessible seating and has retained this provision.

Assembly facility designers and people with disabilities have requested clarification of the current requirement that wheelchair spaces be dispersed. The Board has added requirements for horizontal and vertical dispersion. Subject to the scoping requirements shown in Table 221.2.1, wheelchair spaces and designated aisle seats must be located at each accessible level in the assembly area, and in each balcony or mezzanine that is located along an accessible route.

Section 802.6.2 specifies that wheelchair spaces and designated aisle seats shall be located in a manner to provide viewing angles that are, in general, representative of the horizontal viewing angles that are provided to spectators who occupy non-accessible seats. In the past, wheelchair spaces were often located only at the ends of rows, where a few of the standard seats in a seating configuration would be removed and replaced with wheelchair spaces. This section clarifies that this practice is not permissible, and, instead, that wheelchair spaces must be provided in a variety of locations across the horizontal rows of seats.

The requirement for vertical dispersion in 802.6.3 seeks to ensure equal treatment of people with disabilities in terms of the viewing distance from the performance area or playing field. Like all patrons, individual preferences vary among people with disabilities. The Board places significant value on having equal opportunity to select a viewing distance that satisfies individual requirements. However, in the past, many designs have not provided adequate choice of viewing distances. For example, first row seating may be desirable for a hockey game and less desirable for viewing car racing or a movie.

The Board's regulatory assessment indicates that vertical dispersion could cost as much as $11 million for each "large" (50,000 seats) stadium or arena to provide vertical dispersion in uppermost decks. According to the regulatory assessment, "in order to accommodate the additional dispersion required by this item, it is assumed that an upper deck concourse will be required for the facility. These large facilities generally have a lower deck, a middle deck (with suites and/or club level amenities), and an upper deck. The steep slopes used in the upper deck make it impractical to accommodate accessible routes with more than a minimal change in level up or down from the vomitory access point within the seating bowl. The dispersion requirement based on admission pricing, and the vertical dispersion requirement will generally require that a more substantial change in level be accommodated outside the seating bowl for the upper deck area. It is assumed that an additional concourse, of 50,000 square feet in area, will be used to provide access to the upper deck at an additional level."

Question 39: Are there alternatives to constructing a secondary concourse that would provide vertical dispersion in upper decks of larger stadiums?

Question 40: The Board places significant importance on providing individuals with disabilities with selections from a variety of vantage points to enjoy performances and sporting events. Are there conditions where vertical separation between wheelchair spaces is not desirable? Is there a point where increased distance does not improve accessibility or contribute significantly to equal opportunity?

Question 41: Section 802.6.3 uses the term "varying distances." Does the term "varying distances" provide sufficient guidance to allow designers and others to know when they have successfully met the criteria for compliance? If not, would it be preferable if a minimum separation between horizontal rows were specified?

The Board is considering a change in 802.6 that would be more responsive to concerns that have arisen about the lack of dispersion of wheelchair spaces in some assembly areas. Specifically, the Board is concerned that dispersion has been inadequate in smaller facilities such as stadium-style cinemas. While the provisions of 802.9 requiring lines of sight comparable to those provided other spectators must be satisfied in all cases, dispersion is required only when the seating capacity exceeds 300. The Board is considering requiring that dispersion be achieved where fewer than 300 seats are provided. The Board is seeking comment on this point.

Question 42: What would be the impact on small assembly facilities of a reduction in the number of seats triggering the dispersion requirement? The Board is particularly aware of the rapid pace of construction of stadium-style cinemas and seeks comment on whether a change in the dispersion requirement would adversely affect the construction cost of these facilities. What is the average number of seats provided per screen? Do cinemas provide more than one type of theater? For example, is it typical to provide a few larger theaters combined with a number of smaller theaters in a single facility? If so, what is the average size of smaller and larger theaters? Designers and operators of all types of assembly facilities are encouraged to comment on the impact of reducing the number of seats from 300 to 250, 200, or 150. If other trigger points are more reasonable, please provide recommendations and supporting data. People with disabilities are urged to provide comment on experiences that relate to the need, or lack of need, for greater dispersion in smaller assembly facilities. Is it possible that dispersion would be detrimental to the use and enjoyment of smaller facilities by people with disabilities? Common practice is to disperse wheelchair seats in a small space by providing wheelchair spaces at a cross aisle and in the rear of the assembly space. Would it be acceptable for up to one half of the wheelchair spaces to be provided in the last few rows of the assembly space for the purpose of providing vertical separation between wheelchair spaces?

Section 802.9 restates the requirement in ADAAG 4.33.3 that individuals seated in wheelchairs be provided with lines of sight comparable to those provided to other spectators. The Board is aware that design professionals have expressed some uncertainty about how to measure their compliance with this requirement. Therefore, the Board is proposing to amend the guidelines to include specific technical provisions to assist design professionals to determine if the sight lines provided for people who use wheelchair spaces are comparable to those provided to others. These technical provisions address sight lines over both seated and standing spectators. Adherence to these technical provisions will help ensure that people who use wheelchairs are provided with an equal opportunity to view the performance or event held in the assembly area.

Section 802.9.1 addresses the placement of wheelchair spaces in assembly areas where spectators are expected to remain seated during events. Section 802.9.1 provides that spectators seated in wheelchairs at events where people are expected to remain seated shall be provided with lines of sight to the performance area or playing field comparable to that provided to spectators in the seating area in closest proximity to the location of the wheelchair spaces, but not in the same row. Providing lines of sight for people who are seated in the wheelchair spaces that are comparable to nearest seats in the same seating area generally provides lines of sight for people with disabilities that are comparable to those provided to others in facilities such as stadiums or arenas where wheelchair spaces are dispersed, because the dispersed locations provide the opportunity for people who use wheelchairs to select seats with a range of views of the performing area or playing field.

Section 802.9.2 addresses assembly areas where people are expected to stand at their seats during events. The sight line that is required in 802.9.2 is one that is comparable to the sight lines provided to standing spectators (over other standing spectators) who are located in the seating area closest to the wheelchair spaces, but not in the same row as the wheelchair spaces.

Stadium-style motion picture theaters comprise a type of assembly area that has become increasingly popular in the last several years. They provide the general public with sight lines to the screen that generally are far superior to those offered in traditional-style motion picture theaters. Stadium-style theaters provide improved viewing in one key way: they furnish an unobstructed view of the entire screen through the utilization of relatively high risers that furnish unobstructed viewing over the heads of the persons seated in the rows ahead. As stadium-style theaters are currently designed, patrons using wheelchair spaces are often relegated to a few rows of each auditorium, in the traditional sloped floor area near the screen. Due to the size and proximity of the screen, as well as other factors related to stadium-style design, patrons using wheelchair spaces are required to tilt their heads back at uncomfortable angles and to constantly move their heads from side to side to view the screen. They are afforded inferior lines of sight to the screen.

The Board is aware of the Department of Justice's enforcement of 4.33.3 with respect to assembly areas with stadium-style seating. DOJ has stated that 4.33.3 requires that wheelchair areas be an integral part of any fixed seating plan, and be provided so that people with disabilities have lines of sight and a choice of admission prices comparable to those for other members of the general public. As applied to stadium-style theaters (where most seats are placed on tiers or risers to enhance viewing), DOJ has asserted in attempting to settle particular cases that wheelchair seating locations must: (1) be placed within the stadium-style section of the theater, rather than on a sloped floor or other area within the auditorium where tiers or risers have not been used to improve viewing angles; (2) provide viewing angles that are equivalent to or better than the viewing angles (including vertical, horizontal, and angle to the top of screen) provided by 50 percent of the seats in the auditorium, counting all seats of any type sold in that auditorium; and (3) provide a view of the screen, in terms of lack of obstruction (e.g., a clear view over the heads of other patrons), that is in the top 50 percent of all seats of any type sold in the auditorium. The Board is considering whether to include specific requirements in the final rule that are consistent with DOJ's interpretation of 4.33.3 to stadium-style movie theaters.

The Board also is considering whether to provide additional guidance on determining whether lines of sight are "comparable" in assembly areas, and specifically requests comment on the following issues.

Question 43: The current proposal specifies that wheelchair locations provide sight lines that are comparable to those provided to the seats nearest the wheelchair locations but not in the same row. The Board is considering whether in assembly areas large enough to require dispersion it would be appropriate to mandate that: spectators seated in wheelchair spaces have lines of sight that are equivalent to or better than the lines of sight provided to the majority of spectators seated in the same class or category of seats, and spectators seated in wheelchair spaces have lines of sight that are equivalent to or better than the lines of sight provided to spectators seated next to the wheelchair spaces. For example, a wheelchair space in the club seat section of a stadium would have to provide a line of sight equivalent to or better than the line of sight provided to the majority of spectators in club seats of the same price, as well as provide a line of sight equivalent to or better than that provided to spectators seated next to the wheelchair space. A wheelchair space in a box seat of a theater would have to provide a line of sight equivalent to or better than the line of sight provided to the majority of patrons in box seats of the same price, as well as provide a line of sight equivalent to or better than that provided to spectators seated next to the wheelchair space. A wheelchair space in the $30 per seat section of an arena, where spectators are expected to stand at times during the event, would have to provide a line of sight over standing spectators equivalent to or better than that provided to the majority of standing spectators in the $30 section of the arena, as well as provide a line of sight equivalent to or better than that provided to spectators seated next to the wheelchair space. The Board requests comment on the relative merit of the current proposal, as applied to assembly areas where dispersion is required, and the alternative requirement described in this question.

When the dispersion of wheelchair spaces is not required, (i.e., in small assembly areas) the placement of the wheelchair spaces in relation to other seating acquires greater significance because wheelchair users are not offered a choice of viewing angles. Therefore, in order to ensure equal opportunity for people who use wheelchairs in assembly areas in which dispersion is not required, it may be necessary for wheelchair spaces not only to provide lines of sight comparable to those provided to spectators seated in the same area, but also to provide lines of sight that are comparable to those provided for most of the other patrons in the assembly area. Consequently, the Board is considering specifying that wheelchair spaces in assembly areas, where dispersion is not required, must be located so that the lines of sight provided are comparable to (i.e., equal to or better than) the lines of sight provided to the "majority" of the patrons in the assembly area.

Question 44: Should ADAAG specify that wheelchair spaces in assembly areas, where wheelchair spaces generally are not dispersed shall provide unobstructed lines of sight that provide a line of sight equivalent to or better than the line of sight provided for the majority of event spectators?

803 Dressing, Fitting, and Locker Rooms

This section revises requirements for dressing and fitting rooms in ADAAG 4.35 and also specifically addresses locker rooms as well. Section 803.2 requires wheelchair turning space in accessible rooms. A portion of this space (6 inches maximum) can extend under partitions or openings without doors that provide toe clearance at least 9 inches high. A provision in ADAAG 4.35.2 that exempts rooms with curtained openings from the requirement for turning space has been removed so that a consistent level of access is provided in all types of dressing and fitting rooms.

Benches are required to comply with criteria in section 903, which contains revised specifications for benches (see discussion below). Where mirrors are provided, ADAAG 4.35.5 requires that accessible rooms have full-length mirrors and provides minimum dimensions. As recommended by the advisory committee, this requirement has been removed because of the wide variation of room types covered by this section. In some cases, such as a large locker room, compliance with the ADAAG mirror specifications will not ensure that a full-length mirror is usable from an accessible bench. Consistent with requirements for toilet and bathing facilities, criteria for accessible coat hooks and fold-down shelves have been added in section 803.5 and apply where such elements are provided.

804 Sinks, Kitchens, Kitchenettes, and Wet Bars

This section derives from requirements for transient lodging facilities in ADAAG 9.2.2(7). However, under revised scoping in section 212, these criteria are applicable not only to transient lodging guest rooms but to other accessible spaces as well, such as employee break rooms. These requirements are consistent with ADAAG except that a forward approach to sinks is required whereas ADAAG 9.2.2(7) permits a parallel approach to sinks at guest room kitchens or kitchenettes. This revision allows a consistent level of access at sinks, since accessible sinks in other types of spaces are required to have a forward approach.

805 Medical Care Facility Patient or Resident Sleeping Rooms

This section is based on requirements for patient bedrooms in ADAAG 6.3. Clarification is added in section 805.2 that required wheelchair turning space cannot extend beneath beds. Requirements for clear floor space on each side of beds has been revised to specify a parallel approach according to section 305, which is substantively similar to the requirement in ADAAG 6.3(3) for clear floor space at least 36 inches wide alongside beds. The advisory committee recommended a provision for accessible windows. The Board has relocated this requirement to section 230 so that it applies to other facility types as well. An exception in ADAAG 6.3(1) for entry doors to acute care hospital bedrooms has been relocated to scoping requirements for doors in 404.1 (Tables 404.2.4.1 and 2).

806 Transient Lodging Guest Rooms

Requirements for accessible transient lodging guest rooms in ADAAG 9.2.2 and 9.3 are provided in this section. In accordance with the new format of the revised guidelines, scoping provisions contained in ADAAG for special occupancy sections have been relocated to Chapter 2.

Section 806.2 addresses accessible guest rooms. Scoping for accessible routes, doors and doorways, storage, controls, and parking in ADAAG 9.2.2(2) through (6) are covered by general scoping provisions for such elements in Chapter 2. ADAAG 9.2.2(6) provides an exception for access to exterior spaces that allows a higher threshold or change in level where necessary "to protect the integrity of the unit from wind/ water damage." This exception, which requires alternate provisions of access, has been removed because the advisory committee was convinced that design solutions are available that allow access while preventing wind or water damage. Other revisions include:

clarification that clear floor space on each side of beds for a parallel approach according to section 305 is required, which is substantively similar to the requirement in ADAAG 9.2.2(1) for clear floor space at least 36 inches wide alongside beds (806.2.3);

a new provision added by the Board that requires accessible vanity tops at lavatories in accessible guest rooms if vanity tops are provided in other guest rooms (806.2.4.1);

sinks in kitchens and kitchenettes are required to provide a forward approach (804.3 as referenced by 806.2.5); and

clarification that wheelchair turning space is required and that beds cannot overlap this space (806.2.6).

The advisory committee recommended provisions for accessible windows in transient lodging facilities as well. The Board has relocated this requirement to section 230 so as to be applicable to other facility types as well.

Section 806.3 covers accessible communication features in guest rooms. Like ADAAG 9.3, this section requires visual alarms and notification devices. A provision in ADAAG 9.3.2 recognizes the provision of outlets and wiring for portable devices as an "equivalent facilitation." This provision, like others concerning equivalent facilitation have been removed as information that is advisory. Further, revisions to requirements for visual alarms in guest rooms in section 702.3.6 effectively prohibit the use of most portable alarms. Use of portable visual notification devices for incoming telephone calls and door knocks or bells, while not specifically recognized, are not specifically prohibited.

ADAAG 9.4 requires that doors and doorways to inaccessible guest rooms provide a 32 inch minimum clearance. This requirement has been relocated to scoping for transient lodging guest rooms in section 224.1. ADAAG 9.5 has specific provisions for homeless shelters, halfway houses, transient group homes, and other social service establishments. In buildings not required to have elevators, an exception in ADAAG 9.5.1 states that common use amenities are not required to be accessible on inaccessible floors as long as one of each type of amenity is provided in common use areas on accessible floors. ADAAG 9.5.2 permits allowances for existing homeless shelters that are altered. The advisory committee recommended that these provisions be removed because special treatment of these types of facilities was not considered warranted.

807 Holding Cells and Housing Cells or Rooms

This section provides requirements for cells or rooms required to be accessible in detention or correctional facilities or judicial facilities. The specifications are consistent with ADAAG 11.2.3 and 12.5. Consistent with provisions for medical care facilities and transient lodging, clarification has been added in section 807.2.1 that beds cannot overlap required wheelchair turning space. Benches, where provided, are required to comply with section 903 and visual alarms are subject to requirements in 702.3.6. Specifications for these elements have been revised for benches, as discussed at section 903, and for fire alarm systems, as discussed at section 702.

Chapter 9: Built-In Furnishings and Equipment

This chapter covers built-in furnishings and equipment. Provisions for seating at tables and counters, check-out aisles, and storage areas are provided. These requirements apply to a variety of facilities and effectively replace those in ADAAG 8 specific to library reading and study areas, check-out areas, card catalogs, magazine displays, and stacks.

902 Dining and Work Surfaces

This section is consistent with ADAAG 4.32 in providing specifications for seating at dining and work surfaces, including dining counters covered by ADAAG 5.2. Clear floor space is required for a forward approach complying with section 306, which specifies clearances for knees and toes. (ADAAG 4.32.3 only specifies a knee clearance for the full depth for the clear floor space). Additionally, section 306 is different from ADAAG by increasing the permitted overlap of clear floor space from 19 to 25 inches.

903 Benches

Requirements for benches derive from specifications for dressing and fitting rooms in ADAAG 4.35.4. Section 903.2 clarifies that the required clear floor space is to be positioned for a parallel approach "to an end of the bench seat." Dimensions for the bench have been revised to provide greater flexibility. The depth has been changed from 24 inches absolute to a range of 20 to 24 inches; the minimum width has been reduced from 48 to 42 inches. The advisory committee considered these changes helpful in allowing more flexibility in the size of benches without reducing access. The Board has added a requirement that back support be provided that extends vertically from a point no more than 2 inches above the bench to a height of at least 18 inches above the bench and that extends horizontally at least 42 inches. This requirement replaces the ADAAG requirement that the bench be installed on the wall.

904 Sales and Service Counters

This section covers check-out aisles, point of sales and service counters, and food service lines. In section 904.2, clarification has been added that all portions of counters required to be accessible shall be adjacent to an accessible walking surface. Section 904.3 and 904.4 are consistent with requirements for check-out aisles and sales and service counters in ADAAG 7.2 and 7.3. Section 904.4 differs from ADAAG in that it does not distinguish between counters with cash registers and those without. Provisions in ADAAG 7.2(2) that recognize alternatives for counters without cash registers (access to auxiliary counters, folding shelves, etc.,) have not been included. ADAAG requirements basically presume a parallel approach to sales and service counters. The Board has included criteria for a forward approach as an alternative to a parallel approach. The Board also has added an exception for alterations where compliance would result in a reduction of the number of existing counters at work stations or existing adjacent mail boxes. In this case, an accessible counter at least 24 inches in length (instead of 36 inches for a parallel approach and 30 inches for a forward approach) is permitted.

Section 904.5 covers food service lines and is consistent with requirements in ADAAG 5.5. A minimum height (28 inches) for tray slides has been added. This specification derives from the ICC/ANSI A117.1 standard. Section 904.6 requires that where counter or teller windows have security glazing to separate personnel from the public, at least one of each type must provide a method to facilitate voice communication. These specifications are based on those in ADAAG 7.2(3) as amended for State and local government facilities. However, in the revised guidelines, this requirement applies to all types of facilities where such glazing is provided at sales or service counters.

905 Storage

Requirements in this section are substantively the same as those for storage in ADAAG 4.25 except for one change. ADAAG requires that storage hardware meet operating characteristics for controls. Section 905.4 requires compliance with all criteria for operable parts in section 309, which includes not only operating characteristics but clear floor space and height as well.

Chapter 10: Transportation Facilities

As in current ADAAG, chapter 10 is organized to cover one type of occupancy because there are a variety of requirements unique to transportation facilities. This chapter covers bus stops and terminals, rail facilities and stations, and airports.

1002 Bus Stops and Terminals

This section is consistent with requirements in ADAAG 10.2 and no substantive changes have been made.

1003 Facilities and Stations

Provisions in ADAAG 10.3 that apply to accessible routes have been removed because scoping for accessible routes in Chapter 2 (section 206) applies to transit facilities as well. This pertains to requirements in 10.3.1(1), (3), (7), (10) and (19). ADAAG 10.3 also covers "intercity bus stations." This reference has been removed from 1003 because virtually all the remaining provisions are specific to rail stations. Intercity bus stations are considered adequately covered by the scoping and technical requirements of the other chapters. In addition, the following requirements have been removed:

minimum illumination levels at signage and uniform levels along routes (ADAAG 10.3.1(11)) for consistency since illumination levels in other facility types are not addressed;

placement of clocks in "uniform locations throughout the facility or system" (ADAAG 10.3.1(15)) since this provision lacks clarity for purposes of compliance;

criteria for escalator treads, including marking strips (ADAAG 10.3.1(16)) because they are more applicable to general safety than to accessibility;

transparent panels in elevator cars (ADAAG 10.3.1(17)) since this pertains to public security for everyone, not specifically to accessibility for people with disabilities;

specifications for counters (ADAAG 10.3.1(18)) because general scoping for sales and service counters in section 227 already covers them; and

references to alterations to areas containing a primary function (ADAAG 10.3.3) which the Board considers unnecessary since this is addressed generally for alterations in section 202.

Section 1003.2.2 requires signs to comply with section 703, which is considerably different from signage requirements in ADAAG 4.30 as discussed above. Section 1003.2.2.3 addresses informational signs and is consistent with ADAAG 10.3.1(6). However, an exception has been added that allows smaller characters where space for signs is limited. This revision was recommended by the advisory committee.

Section 1003.2.3 addresses fare vending machines and gates. Fare vending machines are required to comply with section 707, which has been extensively updated as discussed above. ADAAG 10.3.1(7) provides criteria for gates at fare collection devices and requires compliance with the requirements for doors and also specifies that those that must be pushed open by people using wheelchairs must have a smooth continuous surface from 2 inches above the floor to 27 inches above the floor. The Board has retained the requirement for compliance with specifications for doors in section 404 but has removed the dimension criteria for push gates, as recommended by the advisory committee.

The Board has included several changes to this chapter. Section 1003.2.5 addresses the coordination in height between platform and vehicle floors. This is similar to ADAAG 10.3.1(9) except that clarification has been added that the vertical difference applies to "all" passenger car load conditions. "Slow moving" people mover systems as addressed in this provision have been defined as those with a maximum speed of 20 miles per hour, consistent with Board and Department of Transportation interpretations. Section 1003.2.6 requires TTYs at public pay telephones at transit facility entrances. The number of pay telephones at an entrance which triggers installation of a TTY has been reduced from four (which ADAAG 10.3.1(12) specifies) to one. Section 1003.2.11 requires accessible direct connections to other facilities. This is consistent with ADAAG 10.3.1(3) but has been clarified that the direct connection, as opposed to a circulation path to another entrance, is required to be accessible, consistent with the original intent of ADAAG.

Communication

Section 1003.2.8 and 1004.3 require that where public address systems are provided to convey information to the public, a means of conveying the same or equivalent information to persons who are deaf or hard of hearing be provided. Like ADAAG 10.3.1(14) and 10.4.1(6), these provisions apply only to terminals, stations, airports and other transportation facilities. In addition, these provisions do not explicitly require electronic means of visible communication, even when public address systems are intended to be heard in remote areas of a facility. These provisions do not apply to messages that are not intended to be public, such as employee paging.

Question 45: The Board seeks comment on whether additional provisions for an equivalent means of communication should be applied to facilities other than transportation facilities in the final rule. For example, captioning can be associated with electronic scoreboards in stadiums, public address systems at airports, and can convey announcements in other facilities that currently provide communication systems that are inaccessible to people who are deaf or hard of hearing. In addition, the Board is considering establishing more specific criteria for equivalent visual communication. For example, the Board may require that electronic signs be visible in the areas of the facility where public address systems are audible. To accomplish this, the Board may establish technical requirements for visible signs in the final rule. Commenters are requested to provide information, including technical specifications, regarding the various means of providing equivalent information that have been employed in all types of facilities, including transportation facilities and airports. What methods provide the most equivalent visual communication? Are there "low tech" methods that are equally effective for certain types of facilities given the customary circulation patterns or other features of the facility?

The present rulemaking proposes to amend only the ADA (36 CFR Part 1191) and the ABA (36 CFR Part 1190) accessibility guidelines however, the Board is interested in obtaining certain key information that may assist in a future rulemaking to amend the Board's transportation vehicle guidelines (36 CFR 1192). Specifically, the Board is interested in technical information, including specifications for making train announcements, including station announcements and emergency announcements accessible to people who are deaf or hard of hearing.

Question 46: What means are available for providing visual train announcements when audible announcements are provided?

Platform Height

Exception 2 to section 1003.2.5 Rail-to-Platform Height would permit the use of mini-high platforms, car-borne or platform-mounted lifts, ramps or bridge plates, or manually deployed devices where it is not operationally or structurally feasible to meet the plus-or-minus 5/8 inch or 1-1/2 inch vertical, or 3 inch horizontal platform-to-car gap requirements. For commuter and intercity rail, "not operationally feasible" usually means the track is also used by freight trains and the need to allow the passage of oversized freight precludes a high platform. The American Railway Engineering and Maintenance of Way Association (AREMWA) recommends a new platform height of 8 inches above top-of-rail. This height allows for freight passage while reducing the height of the first step of a rail car above the platform. Often a potable step stool is used to make up the height difference between a lower platform and the first step. Negotiating such a step can be difficult for ambulatory passengers, especially since handrails are usually not available. Also, requiring the 8-inch height would reduce the vertical travel distance for a lift.

Question 47: Should the final rule require that new platforms for commuter or intercity rail stations have a height of 8 inches above top-of-rail?

1004 Airports

Section 1004 provides requirements for airports consistent with ADAAG 10.4. As with requirements for rail stations in 1003, provisions for accessible routes have been removed as unnecessary due to general scoping requirements in section 206. This pertains to requirements in ADAAG 10.4(1), (2), (3), and (5). In addition, a requirement for placement of clocks in uniform locations in ADAAG 10.4(7) has been removed.

Chapter 11: Residential Facilities

The Board has included requirements for accessible dwelling units in the revised guidelines. The technical requirements of this chapter derive from updated guidelines for residential facilities contained in the ICC/ANSI A117.1-1998 standard. These requirements represent an addition to ADAAG, which currently does not address such facilities. Under the ADA, the Department of Justice determines the application of the guidelines to residential facilities. This chapter also serves to update requirements for dwelling units in the minimum guidelines for federally funded facilities upon which UFAS is based.

addition of a requirement that, where removable base cabinetry is used below lavatories and kitchen work surfaces and sinks, the sides and back wall be finished (1102.11.3, 1102.12.3.1, 1102.12.4.1); and

addition of specifications for bottom-hinged ovens (1102.12.6.5.2).

Section 1103 provides requirements for dwelling units with accessible communication features. Specifications in this section cover smoke detectors, fire alarms systems and visual appliances, doorbells, and entry communication systems. The Board has added requirements in section 1103.5 that doorbells provide a visible signal and that these visible notification devices, where located in sleeping areas, have a deactivation switch.

Some designers or building owners may elect to provide visual alarms in more than one room. However, the visual signal is required to be provided in only one room so that building alarms are visible from within the dwelling unit. Once wiring is provided for a single visual signal in the dwelling unit, additional visual signals can be connected to the system when needed by an occupant.