hypernyms (1)

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"It is popularly believed that IvanPavlov always signaled the occurrence of food by ringing a bell. However, his writings record the use of a wide variety of stimuli, including electric shocks, whistles, metronomes, tuning forks, and a range of visual stimuli, in addition to ringing a bell. A. Charles Catania cast doubt on whether Pavlov ever actually used a bell in his famous experiments. Richard A. Littman tentatively attributed the popular imagery to Pavlov’s contemporaries Vladimir Mikhailovich Bekhterev and John B. Watson, until Roger K. Thomas found several references that unambiguously stated Pavlov did, indeed, use a bell."