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The military opposed Juan Perón's populist government and attempted a coup d'état in 1951 and two in 1955, before succeeding with one later that year. After taking control, the armed forces proscribed Peronism.
Soon after the coup, Peronist resistance began organizing in workplaces
and trade unions, as the working classes sought economic and social
improvements.

Over time, as democratic rule was partially restored but
promises of legalizing the expression and political liberties for
Peronism were not respected, guerrilla groups began to operate in the
1960s, namely the Peronist Uturuncos and the Guevarist People's Guerrilla Army (EGP). Both were small and quickly defeated.

Jorge Ricardo Masetti, leader of the EGP, which had infiltrated into Salta Province from Bolivia in 1964, is considered by some as Argentina's first "disappeared",
as he went missing after the party militants' defeat in clashes with
the Argentine gendarmerie.

Prior to 1973 the major revolutionary groups
were the Peronist Armed Forces (Fuerzas Armadas Peronistas, FAP), the
Marxist-Leninist-Peronist the Revolutionary Armed Forces (Fuerzas Armadas Revolucionarias or FAR), and the Marxist-Leninist Armed Forces of Liberation (Fuerzas Armadas de Liberación or FAL). The FAL guerrillas raided Campo de Mayo in April 1969 and stole 100 assault rifles from the elite 1st Infantry Regiment Patricios.

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In time these armed groups consolidated, with the FAR joining the Montoneros, formerly an urban group of intellectuals and students, and the FAP and FAL being absorbed into the ERP. In 1970, Pedro Eugenio Aramburu,
one of the military leaders of the 1955 coup, was kidnapped and killed
by the Montoneros, in its first claimed military action. In 1970, the Marxist People's Revolutionary Army
(ERP) was founded. By the early 1970s, leftist guerrillas kidnapped and
assassinated high-ranking military and police officers almost weekly.

The extreme left bombed and destroyed numerous buildings in the 1970s
in its campaign against the government; these belonged chiefly to
military and police hierarchies. But a number of civilian and non-governmental buildings were targeted
as well, such as the Sheraton Hotel in Buenos Aires, which was bombed in
1972, killing a woman and injuring her husband; a crowded theatre in downtown Buenos Aires was bombed in 1975.

In 1973, as Juan Perón returned from exile, the Ezeiza massacre marked the end of the alliance between left- and right-wing factions of Peronism.
In 1974, Perón withdrew his support of the Montoneros shortly before
his death. During the presidency of his widow Isabel, the far-right
paramilitary death squad Argentine Anticommunist Alliance
(Triple A) emerged.

Armed struggle increased, and in 1975 Isabel signed
a number of decrees empowering the military and the police to
"annihilate" left-wing subversion, most prominently the People's Revolutionary Army (ERP) armed activity in the province of Tucumán.

Isabel Martínez de Perón was ousted in 1976 by a military coup.
According to the International Congress for Victims of Terrorism in
2010, prior to the military takeover in 1976, there were a total of
16,000 casualties (including killed, wounded or abducted) of left-wing
terrorism in Argentina,
including civilians and military personnel.

Years later in 1995,
Argentine intelligence officers claimed that the ERP guerrillas were
responsible for the deaths of at least 700 people, in addition to scores
of attacks on police and military units, as well as kidnappings and
robberies.(wikipedia.org)

The May Revolution of 1810 established the First Junta, a new government in Buenos Aires composed by locals. The Junta fought against Linier's Counter Revolution in Córdoba, and other royalists in Upper Peru and Paraguay. It also supported the rebellions at the Banda Oriental. The military campaigns were defeated, so Buenos Aires signed an armistice with the loyalist authorities in Montevideo.

Paraguay stayed neutral during the remainder of the conflict, Upper Peru stood loyal to the King, and the Banda Oriental would be captured by William Brown during renewed hostilities.
The Argentine Declaration of Independence was issued by the Congress of Tucumán in 1816, and was immediately followed by the war of independence.

General Martín Miguel de Güemes kept royalists at bay on the North, while José de San Martín took an army across the Andes, thus securing the independence of Chile. With the Chilean navy at his disposal he then took the fight to the royalist stronghold of Lima. San Martín's military campaigns, together with those of Simón Bolívar in Gran Colombia are collectively known as the Spanish American wars of independence.

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The 1820 Battle of Cepeda, fought between the Centralists and the Federal Parties, resulted in the end of the centralized national authority and in the reign of anarchy. Between 1825 and 1830 there was a War with Brazil, that ended with the independence of Uruguay and Bernardino Rivadavia was appointed the first President of Argentina.

He then resigned, so Centralists and Federalists resumed the civil war. The provinces at last settled a loose Argentine Confederation that lacked a common head of state. They would instead delegate some important powers to Juan Manuel de Rosas, the governor of Buenos Aires Province, such as foreign debt payment and international relations.

Juan Manuel de Rosas ruled from 1829 to 1832, and from 1835 to 1852. After 1835 he received the "Sum of public power", which was later denounced as despotic and condemned in the Constitution. He faced a French blockade from 1838 to 1840, the War of the Confederation in the north, and a combined Anglo-French blockade
from 1845 to 1850. Rosas remained undefeated during this series of
conflicts and prevented further loss of national territory.

His refusal
to enact a national constitution, pursuant to the Federal pact, led to
Entre Ríos governor Justo José de Urquiza to turn against Rosas and defeat him at Caseros. He then sanctioned the Constitution of Argentina of 1853. Rejecting it, the Province of Buenos Aires seceded from the Confederation and became the State of Buenos Aires. The subsequent war lasted nearly a decade, and ended with the victory of Buenos Aires at the battle of Pavón.

Buenos Aires rejoined the Confederation, and Bartolomé Mitre was elected the first president of the unified country in 1862. During his term, the Paraguayan President Francisco Solano López invaded two Argentine Provinces and headed for Uruguay. Mitre, with Uruguay and Brazil, waged the War of the Triple Alliance, that left over 300,000 dead and devastated Paraguay.

After Mitre the Presidents were Domingo Faustino Sarmiento and Nicolás Avellaneda. The latter federalized the City of Buenos Aires, and separated it from the rest of the Province. He also led the Conquest of the Desert, waged by Julio Argentino Roca in the 1870s. With this military operation, Argentina seized control of Patagonia.(wikipedia.org)

The area now known as Argentina was relatively sparsely populated
until the period of European colonization. The earliest traces of human
life are dated from the Paleolithic period, and there are further traces in the Mesolithic and Neolithic.
However, large areas of the interior and piedmont were apparently
depopulated during an extensive dry period between 4000 and 2000 BC.

The Uruguayan archaeologist Raúl Campá Soler divided the indigenous peoples in Argentina into three main groups: basic hunters and food gatherers, without development of pottery, advanced hunters and food gatherers, and farmers with pottery. The second group could be found in the Pampa and south of Patagonia, and the third one included the Charrúas and Minuane people and the Guaraníes.

Some of the different groups included the Onas at Tierra del Fuego, the Yámana at the archipelago between the Beagle Channel and Cape Horn, Tehuelches in the Patagonia, many peoples at the litoral, Guaycurúes and Wichis at Chaco.

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The Guaraníes
had expanded across large areas of South America, but settled at the
northeastern provinces of Argentina. The Toba (Komlek) nation and the
Diaguita which included the Calchaqui and the Quilmes lived in the North
and the Comechingones in what is today the province of Cordoba. The Charrua (which included the Minuane people), Yaros, Bohanes and Chanás (and Chaná-Timbú) were located in the actual territory of Entre Ríos and the Querandí in Buenos Aires.

Europeans first arrived in the region with the 1502 voyage of Amerigo Vespucci. The Spanish navigator Juan Díaz de Solís visited the territory which is now Argentina in 1516. In 1536 Pedro de Mendoza established a small settlement at the modern location of Buenos Aires, which was abandoned in 1541.

A second one was established 1580 by Juan de Garay, and Córdoba in 1573 by Jerónimo Luis de Cabrera. Those regions were part of the Viceroyalty of Peru,
whose capital was Lima, and settlers arrived from that city. Unlike the
other regions of South America, the colonization of the Río de la Plata
estuary was not influenced by any gold rush, since it lacked any precious metals to mine.

The first European explorer, Juan Díaz de Solís, arrived on the Río
de la Plata in 1516. Spain established the Viceroyalty of Peru,
encompassing all its holdings in South America. Buenos Aires was
established in 1536 but was destroyed by natives. The city was
established again in 1580. The colonization of modern Argentina came
from 3 different directions: from Paraguay, establishing the Governorate of the Río de la Plata, from Peru and from Chile.

Buenos Aires became the capital of the Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata in 1776, with territories from the Viceroyalty of Peru. Buenos Aires and Montevideo resisted two ill-fated British invasions in 1806 and 1807. The resistance was headed both times by the French Santiago de Liniers, who would become viceroy through popular support.

The ideas of the Age of Enlightenment and the example of the Atlantic Revolutions generated criticism to the Absolute monarchy. The overthrow of the Spanish King Ferdinand VII during the Peninsular War
created great concern in the Americas, so many cities deposed the
monarchic authorities and appointed new ones, working under the new
political ideas.

This started the Spanish American wars of independence across the continent. Buenos Aires deposed the viceroy Baltasar Hidalgo de Cisneros in 1810, during the May Revolution.(wikipedia.org)

"Dog" is the common use term that refers to members of the subspecies Canis lupus familiaris (canis, "dog"; lupus, "wolf"; familiaris,
"of a household" or "domestic"). The term can also be used to refer to a
wider range of related species.

such as the members of the genusCanis, or "true dogs", including the wolf, coyote, and jackals, or it can refer to the members of the tribe Canini, which would also include the African wild dog, or it can be used to refer to any member of the family Canidae, which would also include the foxes, bush dog, raccoon dog, and others.
Some members of the family have "dog" in their common names, such as
the raccoon dog and the African wild dog.

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A few animals have "dog" in
their common names but are not canids, such as the prairie dog.
The English word "dog" comes from Middle English dogge, from Old English docga, a "powerful dog breed". The term may possibly derive from Proto-Germanic *dukkōn, represented in Old English finger-docce ("finger-muscle").

The word also shows the familiar petname diminutive-ga also seen in frogga "frog", picga "pig", stagga "stag", wicga "beetle, worm", among others.
Due to the archaic structure of the word, the term dog may ultimately
derive from the earliest layer of Proto-Indo-European vocabulary,
reflecting the role of the dog as the earliest domesticated animal.

In 14th-century England, "hound" (from Old English: hund)
was the general word for all domestic canines, and "dog" referred to a
subtype of hound, a group including the mastiff. It is believed this
"dog" type of "hound" was so common, it eventually became the prototype
of the category "hound". By the 16th century, dog had become the general word, and hound had begun to refer only to types used for hunting.

In breeding circles, a male canine is referred to as a dog, while a female is called a bitch (Middle English bicche, from Old English bicce, ultimately from Old Norse bikkja). A group of offspring is a litter. The father of a litter is called the sire, and the mother is called the dam.

Offspring are, in general, called pups or puppies, from French poupée, until they are about a year old. The process of birth is whelping, from the Old English word hwelp (cf. German Welpe, Dutch welp, Swedish valpa, Icelandic hvelpur). The term "whelp" can also be used to refer to the young of any canid, or as a (somewhat archaic) alternative to "puppy".(wikipedia.org)

The Renaissance was a cultural movement that profoundly affected European intellectual life in the early modern period.
Beginning in Italy, and spreading to the rest of Europe by the 16th
century, its influence was felt in literature, philosophy, art, music,
politics, science, religion, and other aspects of intellectual inquiry.
Renaissance scholars employed the humanist method in study, and searched for realism and human emotion in art.

Renaissance humanists such as Poggio Bracciolini sought out in Europe's monastic libraries the Latin literary, historical, and oratorical texts of Antiquity, while the Fall of Constantinople (1453) generated a wave of émigré Greek scholars bringing precious manuscripts in ancient Greek,
many of which had fallen into obscurity in the West.

It is in their new
focus on literary and historical texts that Renaissance scholars
differed so markedly from the medieval scholars of the Renaissance of the 12th century,
who had focused on studying Greek and Arabic works of natural sciences,
philosophy and mathematics, rather than on such cultural texts.

In the revival of neo-Platonism
Renaissance humanists did not reject Christianity; quite the contrary,
many of the Renaissance's greatest works were devoted to it, and the
Church patronized many works of Renaissance art. However, a subtle shift
took place in the way that intellectuals approached religion that was
reflected in many other areas of cultural life.

In addition, many Greek Christian works, including the Greek New
Testament, were brought back from Byzantium to Western Europe and
engaged Western scholars for the first time since late antiquity. This
new engagement with Greek Christian works, and particularly the return
to the original Greek of the New Testament promoted by humanists Lorenzo Valla and Erasmus, would help pave the way for the Protestant Reformation.

Well after the first artistic return to classicism had been exemplified in the sculpture of Nicola Pisano, Florentine painters led by Masaccio strove to portray the human form realistically, developing techniques to render perspective and light more naturally. Political philosophers, most famously Niccolò Machiavelli,
sought to describe political life as it really was, that is to
understand it rationally.

A critical contribution to Italian Renaissance
humanism Pico della Mirandola wrote the famous text "De hominis dignitate" (Oration on the Dignity of Man,
1486), which consists of a series of theses on philosophy, natural
thought, faith and magic defended against any opponent on the grounds of
reason. In addition to studying classical Latin and Greek, Renaissance
authors also began increasingly to use vernacular languages; combined with the introduction of printing, this would allow many more people access to books, especially the Bible.

In all, the Renaissance could be viewed as an attempt by intellectuals to study and improve the secular and worldly, both through the revival of ideas from antiquity, and through novel approaches to thought. Some scholars, such as Rodney Stark, play down the Renaissance in favor of the earlier innovations of the Italian city states in the High Middle Ages,
which married responsive government, Christianity and the birth of
capitalism.

This analysis argues that, whereas the great European states
(France and Spain) were absolutist monarchies, and others were under
direct Church control, the independent city republics of Italy took over
the principles of capitalism invented on monastic estates and set off a
vast unprecedented commercial revolution which preceded and financed
the Renaissance.(wikipedia.org)

"Dreaming" is also used to refer to an individual's or group's set of beliefs or spirituality. For instance, an indigenous
Australian might say that he or she has Kangaroo Dreaming, or Shark
Dreaming, or Honey Ant Dreaming, or any combination of Dreamings
pertinent to their country. Many Indigenous Australians also refer to
the Creation time as "The Dreaming". The Dreamtime laid down the
patterns of life for the Aboriginal people.

Dreaming stories vary throughout Australia, with variations on the same theme. For example, the story of how the sun was made is different in New South Wales and in Western Australia.
Stories cover many themes and topics, as there are stories about
creation of sacred places, land, people, animals and plants, law and
custom. It is a complex network of knowledge, faith, and practices that
derive from stories of creation. It pervades and informs all spiritual
and physical aspects of an indigenous Australian's life.

lamarhenderson

This eternal part existed before the life of the individual begins,
and continues to exist when the life of the individual ends. Both before
and after life, it is believed that this spirit-child exists in the
Dreaming and is only initiated into life by being born through a mother.
The spirit of the child is culturally understood to enter the
developing fetus during the fifth month of pregnancy.

When the mother felt the child move in the womb for the first time, it
was thought that this was the work of the spirit of the land in which
the mother then stood. Upon birth, the child is considered to be a
special custodian of that part of his country and is taught the stories
and songlines
of that place. As Wolf (1994: p. 14) states: "A black 'fella' may
regard his totem or the place from which his spirit came as his
Dreaming. He may also regard tribal law as his Dreaming."

It was believed that before humans, animals and plants came into
being, their 'souls' existed; they knew they would become physical, but
they didn't know when. And when that time came, all but one of the
'souls' became plants or animals, with the last one becoming human and
acting as a custodian or guardian to the natural world around them.

Traditional Australian indigenous peoples embrace all phenomena and
life as part of a vast and complex system-network of relationships which
can be traced directly back to the ancestral Totemic Spirit Beings of The Dreaming. This structure of relations, including food taboos, had the result of maintaining the biological diversity of the indigenous environment. It may have helped prevent overhunting of particular species.(wikipedia.org)