Genetic engineering techniques of such gene manipulation involve Isolation of a specific deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) molecule Or molecules to be replicated (the passenger DNA) The joining of this DNA with a DNA vector (also known as a vehicle or a replicon). It is capable

Transformation is the genetic alteration of a cell resulting from the introduction, uptake and expression of foreign genetic material (DNA or RNA). In 1928 Frederick Griffith transforms nonpathogenic pneumococcus bacteria into a virulent variety by mixing them in heat-killed pathogenic material. The effect was