Today, Secretary of State Hillary Rodham Clinton chaired the first-ever Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) High-Level Policy Dialogue on Women and the Economy in San Francisco, California. Hosted by the United States, hundreds of private sector leaders and government officials gathered this week to discuss the inclusion of women as an economic growth strategy and to recommend concrete policies to increase women’s economic participation in the region.

In her remarks, the Secretary made the evidence-based case for the inclusion of women as a vital source of economic growth. She articulated important steps in a path toward the Participation Age—where every individual has the opportunity to be a contributing and valued member of the global marketplace—including strategies to remove barriers that have prevented women from being full participants in the economy and unlock their potential as drivers of economic growth.

Women are already key drivers of economic growth in the APEC economies.

The twenty-one economies of APEC are among the most dynamic in the world. Together, they represent more than half of total global economic output. And more than 60 percent of women in the APEC economies are part of APEC workforces, which totals over 600 million women.[i]

More than half a million small and medium enterprises in Indonesia and over 300,000 in Korea are headed by women, as are 20 percent of all of China’s small businesses—and close to 20 percent of those employ more than a thousand people.[ii]

Women own nearly 8 million businesses in the United States, accounting for $1.2 trillion of our GDP.[iii] In the United States, women went from holding 37 percent of all jobs to nearly 48 percent over the past forty years.[iv] The productivity gains attributable to this modest increase in women’s overall share of the labor market accounts for approximately one-quarter of our current GDP, which is more than $3.5 trillion—more than the GDP of Germany, and more than half the GDPs of China and Japan.[v]

Social norms and market barriers contribute to women being more likely to participate in low productivity work and to work in the informal sector, which leads to significant gaps in average wages, even in high income countries. For example, wage disparities average 16 percent in countries that are part of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, and reach or exceed 30 percent in some of them.[vi]

Women are confronted with barriers limiting their access to markets, social networks, and credit, which adversely affects their success in new economic opportunities.[vii]

Women face gaps in control over income: in Democratic Republic of Congo, for example, 28 percent of women are not involved in decisions about spending their own earnings.[viii]

If we address the barriers to women’s economic participation, we can fundamentally transform our economies.

The World Economic Forum Gender Gap Report shows that where the gender gap is closest to being closed in a range of areas—including access to education, health survivability, economic participation, and political participation—countries and economies are more competitive and prosperous.[ix]

Reduction in barriers to female labor force participation would increase the size of America’s GDP by 9 percent, the Euro Zone’s by 13 percent, and Japan’s by 16 percent.[x]

Narrowing the gender gap could lead to a 14 percent rise in per capita incomes by the year 2020 in several APEC economies, including China, Russia, Indonesia, the Philippines, Vietnam, and Korea.[xi]

Globally, women will control $15 trillion in spending by the year 2014. And by 2028, women will be responsible for about two-thirds of consumer spending worldwide.[xii]

The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) estimates that if women had the same access to productive resources as men, they could increase yields on their farms by 20 to 30 percent. This increase could raise total agricultural output in developing countries by 2.5 to 4 percent and reduce the number of hungry people in the world by 12 to 17 percent, or up to 150 million people.[xiii]

Women disproportionately spend more of their earned income on food, healthcare, home improvement, and schooling, which has a multiplier effect in local communities.[xiv]

Research shows a correlation between the number of women on boards and higher corporate profits. One analysis found that companies with more women board directors outperform those with the least by 66 percent in terms of return on invested capital, by 53 percent in terms of return on equity, and 42 percent in terms of return on sales.[xv] Another study indicates that one-third of executives reported increased profits as a result of investments in employing women in emerging markets.[xvi]

In her remarks, the Secretary outlined a vision for a fundamental transformation of our economies. She also called for more and better data to measure our results and drive our policy-making. And, she challenged the leaders of APEC economies to take concrete steps, including these outlined in the San Francisco Declaration, which will be delivered to the APEC Leaders’ Meeting in Honolulu in November:

[ii] MasterCard WorldWide Insights. (2010). “Women Owned SMEs in Asia/Pacific, Middle East, and Africa: An Assessment of the Business Environment.” Available online at www.masterintelligence.com/upload/251/178/MC84-WomenSME-S.pdf

[iii]Economic and Statistics Administration, United States Department of Commerce, (2010, October). “Women-Owned Businesses in the 21st Century” (prepared for the White House Council on Women and Girls),

[iv] Joanna Barsh and Lareina Yee, (2011, April). “Unlocking the Full Potential Of Women in the US Economy,” McKinsey and Company, available online at http://www.mckinsey.com/client_service/organization/latest_thinking/unlocking_the_full_potential.aspx