Development and Validation of a Cross-nationally Stable Scale of Consumer Animosity

The paper suggests a measurement of consumer animosity that is
applicable to respondents from different home countries and to different
target countries of animosity. The multidimensional scale is based on
the distinction of three universal drivers that mediate the influence of
specific causes on general animosity: perceived threat, antithetical
political attitudes, and negative personal experiences. By means of
partial least squares, two studies validate the scale demonstrating (1)
cross-national stability, (2) criterion validity (animosity influences
product-specific country-of-origin images, boycotting, and purchase
intention), and (3) construct validity (animosity is embedded in a
nomological network of ethnocentrism, patriotism, and cosmopolitanism).