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B0730406

1.
IOSR Journal of Mathematics (IOSR-JM)
e-ISSN: 2278-5728,p-ISSN: 2319-765X, Volume 7, Issue 3 (Jul. - Aug. 2013), PP 04-06
www.iosrjournals.org
www.iosrjournals.org 4 | Page
Application of Group Theory to a Local Game Called “Tsorry
Checkerboard” (A Case of Klein Four- Group)
Samuel H.Tsok1
, I. B. Mshelia2
1 Department of Mathematics/Statistics Nasarawa State Polytechnic Lafia, Nasarawa State Nigeria.
2 Mathematical Science Programme Abubakar Tafawa Balewa University Bauchi, Bauchi State Nigeria.
Abstract: Some popular recreational games have a group- theoretic foundation, and group are useful in
modelling games that involve a series of discrete moves, with each move leading to a change in the board state.
In this work we present to you our local game called “tsorry” ( meaning they line up straight). Which we
carefully examine and found that it has a board and checkers, each possible moves has an element of group,
where the effect of performing a sequence of moves corresponds to the product of those elements. The group
under consideration here is Klein four- group.
Keyword: Checkerboard, Group theory, Games, Klein four – group, Possible moves and Tsorry
Checkerboard,
I. Introduction
1.0 Introduction
Group theory is the branch of pure mathematics which emanated from abstract algebra.
Due to its abstract nature, it was seems to be an arts subject rather than a science subject. In fact it was consider
pure abstract and not practical.
Even students of group theory after being introduce to the course seems not to believe as to whether the
subject have any practical application in real life situations because of its abstract nature.
This problem prompt the researchers to study the different ways in which groups can be expressed
concretely (its groups represention) both from theoretical and practical point of view, with intention of bringing
its real life application in games for better understanding of the subject.
The modern concept of abstract group developed out of several fields of mathematics, [1]. The idea of
group theory although developed from the concept of abstract algebra, yet can be applied in many other
mathematical areas and other fields in sciences and as well as in games.
According to [2], said that group is a collection of reversible actions that can be carry out one after the
other. [3] , said many groups are set of numbers, but the case of Rubik cube, the group is a set of permutation of
the cubelets. [4], State in his paper that group theory can be applied to puzzles very effectively. A permutation
representation can be used in many puzzles to define a group. He said he consider the 15- puzzle in terms of
group theory.
We here now consider the Checker board game, this game is of different versions. Boards and checkers
come in a wide variety ranging from squares drawn in dirt with rocks for pieces to expensive boards of rare
woods and stone with pieces made from stone, plastic, word, metal, gems. Most of us probably started with a
folding cardboard grid of red and black squares with thin plastic red and black pieces with grooves that allowed
two pieces to interlock, [5].
The mechanics of this game varies from one version to another. To focus on the official American
checkers rules:
The game is played on a “standard” 8 x 8 chess/checker board. In regulation play, the squares are
green and buff rather than red and black squares which many are familiar with. The checkers are solid red and
solid white in regulation play. The size of the board squares and checker pieces are stated in the official rules
and regulations as well.
Checkers is a two player game and each side begins with 12 pieces or “men” on each side. Pieces are
placed on the dark squares only and player takes pieces by dark squares as well. Single pieces can only move
forward one square at a time. Jumps are mandatory, but if more than one jump is possible the moving player
can choose as they see fit.
Once a player single piece reaches his opponents end row the piece becomes a “king” and another
piece of the same colour is placed on top of that piece. A king can only move one space at a time like the
singles pieces, but it now has the ability to move forward and backwards. Jumps follow the same rules as single
pieces. Winning is accomplished by eliminating all the opponent pieces or by forcing the opponent into a
situation where they cannot make any legal moves. Any other situation result in a draw, [6].

2.
Application of Group Theory to a Local Game Called “Tsorry Checkerboard” ( A Case of Klein
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However here we are considering our own local game in Nigeria, which we use to play as young boys
at Secondary School age. We call it tsorry in our native (Berom Language in Plateau State) as we use to call it,
Meaning they line up straight.
II. Methodology
2.0 Method
A group is an algebraic structure consisting of a set together with an operation that combines any two
of its elements to form a third element. To qualify as a group, the set and the operation must satisfy a few
conditions called group axioms, namely closure, associativity, identity and invertibility. The idea of group is
one which pervades the whole of mathematics both pure and applied, [7].
Definition A group G of transformations of a set X is equipped with the composition law GxG → G,(a, b) →
ab, the identity element e =id, and the inversion operation a→ a-1
, which satisfy the following axioms, [8].
Axioms 1. Associativity: (ab) c = a (bc), a, b, cεG
Axioms 2. The unit axiom: ea = ae = a for any aεG
Axioms 3. The inverse axiom. aa-1
= a-1
a = e for any aG
2.2 Klein four- group
Klein four- group is the unique ( up to isomorphism) non cyclic group of order four. In this group every
non- identity element has order two.
The multiplication table with non-identity elements a,b,c and identity element I can be described as follows (
and this characterize the group) , [9].
- The product of identity element and any element is that element itself
- The product of any non- identity element with itself is the identity element
- The product of two distinct non-identity element is the third non- identity element.
2.3 Tsorry Checkerboard
We here introducing our own local game called tsorry checkerboard whose rules are as follows:
The game is played on a 2 x 2 checker board. This checker is a two player game and each side (player) begins
with 1 piece per move and up to maximum of 3 pieces. The winning comes if all the three pieces with the same
colours fall on the same line either vertically, horizontally or diagonally then the player with these colours win
the game.
You can set up your opponent and force him into an uneven exchange of pieces. You are expected to
control and force, that is control the board and force your opponent into making moves to your advantage and
their ultimate demise. Capitalizing on the opponents’ mistakes will be the only reason you win in most cases,
since perfect play will almost always result in a long play and make it bored.
Board and checkers come in a wide variety ranging from squares drawn in the dirt with rocks for pieces
to expensive boards. But our board is locally drawn on a cardboard or on a plane piece of wood, in fact
sometimes it is drawn on the ground just to play for the fun it. For the checkers, mostly people locally use bottle
tops.
III. Results
3.0 Tsorry Checker board
Fig. (a)
Fig. (b)

3.
Application of Group Theory to a Local Game Called “Tsorry Checkerboard” ( A Case of Klein
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Our checker board has only four squares number 1, 2, 3 and 4, as in figure (a). There is a single
checker on the board, and it has 4 possible moves. In figure (b) the dot showing the possible positions to which
any player can place his checker as he contest to win this game.
V: move vertically that is move 1 to 3 or 4 to 2 or vice versa
H: move horizontally, that is move from 1 to 2 or from 3 to 4 or vice versa
D: move diagonally, that is move from 2 to 3 or from 1 to 4 or vice versa.
I: Stay put
We may consider an operation on the set of these moves, which consists of performing moves
successively. For example, if we move horizontally and then vertically, we end up with the same result as if we
had moved diagonally H V = D.
If we perform two horizontal moves in succession we end up where we started H H = I. And so on .
Here the elements of this Klein four- group are V, H, D and I ( Where I is the identity element)
G = (V, H, D, I) and  is the operation, we have just described, write the table of G.
TABLE I showing the multiplication table of the elements of the Group
 I V H D
I
V
H
D
By completing table I of G is granting associativity explain why (G, ) is a group.
Solution
TABLE II The complete Cayley table of the Klein four- group G( V, H, D ,I )
 I V H D
I I V H D
V V I D H
H H D I V
D D H V I
Group Axioms
(i) Closure H  D  G
(ii) Associativity (VH)  D = V(HD)
(iii) Identity IV = V, ID = D, IH = H
(iv) Inverse, every element is its own inverse VV = DD = HH = I
The above move of the checker has satisfies all the axiom of group theory. In deed this game has
satisfied all the properties of Klein four- group.
IV. Conclusion
4.0 Conclusion
Group theory even though is from abstract mathematics yet can be seen as applied mathematics, since
it has application in so many fields of studies ranging from science to non- sciences.
More research can be conducted by students of group theory to discover more fields that group theory
is applicable , this will confirm the fact that group theory is an applied course, rather than viewing it otherwise.
We have successfully showed here that group theory is applicable to the game of tsorry checker board.
The successive moves perform on this game obeys group axioms, With this we conclude that group theory has
wide application in so many games even to those yet discover.
References
[1] H. Wussing, The Genesis of the abstract group concept: A contribution to the History of the origin of Abstract Group theory, New
York: Dover Publications (2007) http://en.Wikipedia.org/wiki/Group(Mathematics)
[2] Y.K. Algon , “Peg solitaire and Group theory” Retrieved from google search August 2010 ( unpublished) p1 (2006)
[3] Kriloff, “ A Group theory explanation for a Rubik’s cube”. (2005) Retrieved from http://groupprops.subwiki.org/wiki/ Group theory
in Games, August 2010
[4] C. Cecka, “Group Theory and a look at the Slide Puzzle” Retrieved from google search unpublished ( unpublished manuscript )
p1 (2003)
[5] Checker Board Games Retrieved on net August 2010 titled “checker board game review”. (unpublished manuscript)
[6] J. Loy’s, “The basic rules of Checkers”, Jim Loy’s Home page www.jimloy.com/checkers/rules2htm unpublished (unpublished
Manuscript)
[7] G.G. Hall , Applied group theory, American Elsevier publishing Co., Inc., New York, (1967) MR0219593, an elementary
introduction.
[8] E. Pavel, “Groups Around Us”, Retrieved from Google search unpublished ( Unpublished manuscript) p4 (2009)
[9] Klein four- group, Retrieved from www.jmline.org/math/CourseNotes/GT.pdf unpublished (unpublished manuscript)