Eleventh AmendmentThe Eleventh Amendment to the Constitution of the United States, ratified in 1795. NARA

Under the authority of this amendment, the states are shielded from suits brought by citizens of other states or foreign countries. It is, for all intents and purposes, the first amendment that sought to correct or at least clarify a seemingly concrete element of the Constitution. In Article III, Section 2, the federal judiciary is given authority to decide “Controversies…between a State and Citizens of another State.” Although it was presumed (wrongly) that the doctrine of sovereign immunity was clearly understood to preclude such actions, the U.S. Supreme Court in Chisholm v. Georgia (1793) permitted a suit brought by a citizen of South Carolina against the state of Georgia. Fearing that other states would follow suit, the amendment was proposed on March 4, 1794. It was ratified by 12 of the then 15 states on Feb. 7, 1795. South Carolina ratified the Amendment in 1797; New Jersey and Pennsylvania did not ratify the Amendment.

The full text of the Eleventh Amendment is:

The Judicial power of the United States shall not be construed to extend to any suit in law or equity, commenced or prosecuted against one of the United States by Citizens of another State, or by Citizens or Subjects of any Foreign State.