Fusion-fueled power generation has been the energy of the future for several
decades.

“There’s always been this sense that fusion is fifty years away,” Saskia
Mordijck says, but she adds that the horizon for safer and more efficient
fusion-based electricity in our homes is really, truly getting closer.

Mordijck, a research assistant professor based in the Computer Science
Department at William & Mary (with adjunct positions in physics and applied science), has
received funding from the U.S. Department of Energy to continue her
investigation of fusion energy. She says most people are only vaguely aware of
how fusion works and therefore have little idea of the advantages is offers
over “traditional” nuclear power.

“Fusion energy is the exact opposite of what we have across the river in
Surry where we have a nuclear power plant,“ she explained. “In a nuclear power
plant they actually bombard their material with small particles so it splits
apart so there is energy released—that’s fission.”

To accomplish fusion, she says, you take two very small particles and heat
them at high enough temperatures so that they fuse together. “As a result of
their fusing together they actually will release energy,” Mordijck explained.
“This is all in Einstein’s famous equation E=mc2. That’s one most
people recognize even if they have not had any physics.”

Many advantages over fission

When it comes to power generation, fusion has a number of advantages over
fission and many of them relate to safety. Mordijck says that the usual causes
of anxiety over nuclear power generation just don’t exist with fusion.
Fukushima/Chernobyl-type incidents are not part of the equation.

“The nice thing about a fusion reaction is that if somehow it would go out
of control, it would just stop itself automatically. If a fission reaction goes
out of control, it can really go out of control,” Mordijck explained.
“You can’t stop it and it actually might go into a nuclear meltdown.”

The second set of fusion-over-fission benefits centers around radioactive
waste. Mordijck acknowledges that certain amount of waste is inescapable, but a
fusion power plant would generate only a fraction of the amount of nuclear
waste that even the most efficient fission plants produce. Not only is the
amount smaller, but waste from a fusion plant also stays dangerous for much
shorter periods of time.

“In a fission power plant we create a lot of radioactive waste which lasts
for a very long time. It lasts longer than most things that we have here on
Earth, and so we have to store it somewhere. We cannot clean it any way or
form,“ Mordijck explained. “Whereas in a fusion power plant, the lifetime of
this waste is very short. After 50 to 100 years, it will be completely gone and
it will not be more radioactive than the surrounding environment and it won’t
be able to contaminate anything.”

Funding cuts hinder progress

Fusion energy has been working in the sun, where the fusion of hydrogen
nuclei into helium has been keeping us warm for years. Despite all the
potential advantages, fusion remains an experimental technology and an
underfunded one at that, Mordijck says.

“When people say that fusion always seems to be perpetually fifty years off,
we fusion scientists point out that our funding has been cut every single year,
so it’s hard to make any progress,” she noted.

Mordijck says that to get fusion past the experimental stage, she and her
fellow scientists must solve several problems—scientific and engineering. One
of the knottiest sets of problems involves thermal transfer. The challenges
begin with the necessity of having something very hot next to something very
cold.

“So, imagine you’re heating something to temperatures that are hotter than
the sun, but two or three feet away you need super-cooling magnets,” she said.
The high temperatures are necessary to induce fusion and the magnets are needed
to contain the product of the fusion, a state of matter known as plasma.

Once fusion is achieved, the problem becomes how to get the energy out of
the plasma. Both coal-fired and fission power plants use the heat generated to
boil water to spin turbine blades. Fusion, generating temperatures beyond the
sun’s, offers a problem of too much heat too quickly for most materials to
handle.

Containing the plasma

Mordjick’s own research focuses on containing the plasma by using magnetic
fields. She explains that solar plasma is contained by the sun’s massive
gravity.

“But we can’t create a sun here on earth,” she says, “so we do it through
magnetic fields. But the plasma has a tendency to leak out, so you lose
particles. I’ve been working on how you lose those particles.”

Fusion-control experiments are most often conducted in instruments known as
tokamaks. A tokamak is a chamber shaped like a donut, designed to accommodate
the magnetic fields needed to contain the plasma. Mordijck has worked
extensively with the General Atomics DIII-D tokamak in San Diego. She notes
that DIII-D is one of the leading tokamaks in the world, but said that newer
and more advanced machines are being constructed in well-funded Asian programs.

Among physicists, the movement of particles is known as “transport,” and Mordijck
would say that she studies “perturbative transport” to investigate the loss of
particles that are supposed to be confined by the magnetic fields of a tokamak.
It boils down to an attempt to measure a phenomenon that is essentially
immeasurable.

“It is impossible to measure transport,” she explains. “So you have to kind
of infer it.”

She said that she can’t even distinguish between the two types of
transport—convective and diffusive—when she prepares computational models of
particle loss, let alone in the control room of a tokamak. This is where the
“perturbative” part comes in. Mordijck designs her experiments to introduce a
new element, such as a gas puff, into the fusion experiment.

“We add more gas to the experiment, but we do it in very short bursts with
some time in between,” she says.”

The gas penetrates the plasma quickly and comes out slowly. Mordijck
monitors the gas and says the perturbative effect of the gas on the plasma
gives her insight into the particle transport.

“From the changes you can see in the measurements, you can infer the
convective and the diffusive values,” she explains.

Her DOE grant will allow her to bring Xin Wang, a doctoral student, into the
project. Mordijck says a student’s presence is a plus in many respects, not
least of which is the tendency for projects to move more quickly in the line
for time on a tokamak when a student needs a piece of data or two to graduate.