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Sunday, July 21, 2013

Rare Particle Discovery Dims Hopes for Exotic Theories

Physicists have
measured an extremely rare particle decay inside the world's largest atom
smasher — a discovery that bolsters the leading model of particle physics and
leaves little room for undiscovered particles beyond this theory.

Inside the Large Hadron
Collider (LHC), a 17-mile-long (27 kilometers) circular tunnel under France and
Switzerland, particles are sped up to near the speed of light and then smashed
together. The collisions give rise to an array of pedestrian particles, as well
as some exotic rarities. It is one of these rare particles, called B-sub-s,
that physicists recently measured.

B-sub-s particles are
made of two flavors of quarks: bottom quarks and anti-strange quarks (the
antimatter counterparts to strange quarks). They last only a very short while
after being created inside the LHC, quickly decaying into lighter particles.
Now, physicists say they've observed B-sub-s particles decaying into two
particles called muons (cousins of electrons). [Beyond Higgs: 5 Elusive
Particles That May Lurk in the Universe]

This decay process hadbeen predicted by the dominant particle physics theory, called the Standard
Model, and was expected to occur only about three times in every billion
decays. Two experiments at LHC — the CMS (Compact Muon Solenoid) and LHCb
(LHCbeauty) projects — have now measured enough of these decays to find that
the process does, indeed, happen at almost exactly that rate.

"This is a victory
for the Standard Model," CMS physicist Joel Butler of the Fermi National
Accelerator Laboratory in Batavia, Ill., said in a statement. "But we know
the Standard Model is incomplete, so we keep trying to find things that
disagree with it."

Rare Particle Discovery
Dims Hopes for Exotic Theo …

This photo shows the
tunnel of the Large Hadron Collider, where beams of particles pass through
the …

Some scientists had
been hoping that LHC would measure this specific decay process happening
slightly more or less often than the Standard Model predicts, which could
indicate that there are undiscovered particles interfering in some way.

Particles beyond the
Standard Model would be a welcome find, physicists say, because the model
currently has no way of explaining dark matter or many other mysteries of
nature. Some physicists suspect the universe is inhabited by more particles
than the theory describes — such as a panoply of particles predicted by an idea
calledsupersymmetry — but so far, these particles have been elusive.

"This is the place
to look for new physics," said LHCb physicist Sheldon Stone of Syracuse
University. "Small deviations from the predicted rate would firmly
establish the presence of new forces or particles."

So far, the LHC's
observations closely match the expectations of the Standard Model, but there'sstill some wiggle room for new physics. In the future, researchers hope to
compare the B-sub-s to muon decay to the decay of another particle, called
B-sub-d, which has a bottom quark and an anti-down quark.

The latter particle is
expected to decay into two muons even more rarely than the B-sub-s, so
physicists will have to wait for more data before they can study this process.

The LHC is currently
shut down for upgrades but should restart at a higher energy in 2015, which
will enable even more collisions to occur and, in turn, produce more data for
researchers to analyze.

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