What Are Phonetics and Phonology?

Phonetics is the branch of linguistics that deals with the production of speech by humans and. Phonetics looks at the physical manifestation of language in sound waves: how thers sounds are articulated and perceived. It is the science of speech sounds and the symbols by thich they are shown in writing and printing. This science is based on a study of all the parts of the body concerned in making speech. It includes the positions of the parts of the body necessary for producing spoken workds, and the effect of air from the lungs as it passes through the larynx, pharynx, vocal cords, nasal passages and mouth.

Phonetics sounds (phones) are actual speech sounds classified by the manner and place of articulation (that is by the way in which air is forced through the mouth and shaped by the tongue, teeth, palate, lips and in some languages by the uvula. The [r] of run and far are phonetically different because they are articulated differently. A phonetic system must indicate whether a vowel sound is long or short, runded, diphthongal (that is consiss of two sounds) or retroflex (made with the tip of the tongue curled up toward the palate). In addition the movement from one position to another, or glides, must be represented must be reprensented, stress pattern and pauses must e more exactly indicated, and pitch or intonation may also be noted.

Phonology on the other hand is central representation of sounds as part of a symbolic cognitive system; how abstract sound categories are manipulated in the processing of language. Therefore one can rightly say that phonetics is part of phonology because the former is intricately linked to the latter which is wider and broader in scope. phonology studies the patterns of sounds and their different positions in words

Phonetics and phonology are concerned with the forms of speech sounds. Sound can differentiate the meanings of the words. Phonetics studies actual sound by analyzing and modeling the speech signal. For example, the air pressure wave form can be recorded into a computer so that it can be visualized and analyzed in detail. Phonology deals with more abstract description of speech sound and tries to describe the regularities of sound patterns.

Phonetics and phonology have many possible applications both in theory and practice. Speech and speakers recognition and speakers synthesis is one of the applications. A speech does not only express the meanings of the words being used but can tell us the gender and even the approximate age of the speaker. It can also tell us what geographical area the speaker is from, the social class the person belongs to, whether the person is sick, tired, cold, happy or sad. In courts it is even used to help decide whether a suspect is telling the truth. This is because speech behaviour is one of the indications of speaker properties which are many and varied. For example a hoarse voice can indicate a night of heavy drinking, smoking a lot or just a natural voice quality. Foreign Language teaching and language teaching for hearing impaired persons, support of speech therapist, lexicography and forensic science are vital areas of application for phonetic and phonological knowledge.

Phonetics and phonology have links to many different disciplines. Linguistics (language), physics and electrical engineering, biology and psychology bring information together, which is important to obtain a broad and comprehensive view of speech.

Computational Linguistics is complementary to phonetics and phonology in that it focuses on the modeling of the higher levels of speech processing (morphology, syntax, semantics, pragmatics) which are needed to describe the entire speech production and perception chain.

Since speech analysis procedures and many applications involve computers, computer science supplies important tools. Pedagogy is important in second language teaching for hearing-impaired persons. In other...

http://www.phon.ox.ac.uk/~jcoleman/phonology1.htm
London S. Dictionaries – The Art and Craft of Lexicography (1996), Cambridge, Melbourne
World Book Encyclopedia, (1990) World Book Incorporation, Chicago

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...﻿ Introduction
Phonetics and phonology (both from the Greek root phono- 'sound') are two branches of linguistics that deal primarily with the structure of human language sounds.
Phonetics is concerned with how sounds are produced; transmitted and perceived (we will only look at the production of sounds). Phonology is concerned with how sounds function in relation to each other in a language. In other words, phonetics is about sounds of language, phonology about sound systems of language. Phonetics is a descriptive tool necessary to the study of the phonological aspects of a language. The aim of this paper is to distinguish between phonetics and phonology through explaining them.
Phonetics
According to Bruce Hayes (2009), Phonetics is primarily an experimental science, which studies speech sounds from three viewpoints:
• Production (articulatory phonetics): how sounds are made in the human vocal tract
• Acoustic (phonetics): the study of the waveforms by which speech is transmitted through the atmosphere
• Perception (auditory phonetics): how the incoming acoustic signal is processed to detect the sound sequence originally intended by the speaker
The speech organs
All the sounds of English are made using air on its way out from the lungs....

...geographical factors, social classes, age groups and educational backgrounds. When we speak of an accent, however, it is important to differentiate it from a dialect, which we use to refer to a variety of a language that differs not only in pronunciation but in vocabulary, grammar and word-order, too. The term accent refers to pronunciation differences only.
Pronunciation can be studied from two points of view: the phonetic and the phonological.1
Phonetics is a linguistic science which studies and describes the sounds of speech in a language, the way humans make, transmit and receive speech sounds. Phonetics can be divided into articulatory phonetics which studies the way the vocal organs are used to produce speech sounds, there is acoustic phonetics which studies the physical properties of speech sounds, and auditory phonetics which studies the way people perceive speech sounds. In this paper I concentrate mostly on the articulation of speech sounds in the English language, with little mention of their acoustic and auditory characteristics.
Phonology is the study of sound system of a language, the general properties displayed by this system; it studies how sounds function in relation to each other, the way the speech sounds form systems and patters in human languages.
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...Introduction to Phonetics and PhonologyPhonetic description of language Phonetic explanations for language sound patterns
To explain patterns we see in language sound systems, we will make reference to two phonetic systems “the talker” articulation, aerodynamics “the listener” acoustics, speech perception
The patterns we see in language sound systems can be classified into two sets: “process” sound alternations, conditioned changes “inventory” set of contrastive sounds in a language
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Talker-driven Listener-driven
a. Assimilation - talker-driven sound change. an old Latin morpheme in English “in-” a newer (OE) morpheme in English “un-”
insoluble intolerable inharmonious impossible illogical irrefutable in[]congruent in[]frequent unsatisfying untouchable unhappy unpopular unlearnable unreadable unkempt unfamiliar
In assimilation, adjacent or proximal sounds become more similar to each other. In these example two points of contact (e.g. lip, tongue) are replaced by one. How does the older prefix fare compared with the newer one? This can be seen as simplifying the speaker’s task - fewer movements need to be made.
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PHONETICS AND PHONOLOGY: ENG 221 {LECTURER: MRS FALEKE V.O}
200 LEVEL COURSE CONTENT
(i) Introducing Phonetics
a. What is Phonetics?
b. What is Phonology?
c. The Three Branches of Phonetics
d. Types of Phonology
e. Aspects of Phonology
f. Phonetics and Phonology any Relationship
(ii) The Organs of Speech and Human Speech Mechanism
a. The Organs of Speech
b. The Human Speech
c. The human Speech Mechanism
d. Description of the English Consonant
e. Description of the Vowel Sounds
(iii) Supra-segmental
a. The Syllable
b. The English Stress
c. Intonation
d. Rhythm and Rhyme
WHAT IS PHONOLOGY?
Phonology is the study of the sound system of a language; it concerns itself to the ways in which various languages organize or structure different sounds. These speech sounds are used to convey meaning, as sound system cannot be fully understood unless they are studied in a wider linguistics context.
A language learner therefore, for example, needs to master the introduction and perception of the sounds of a given language. The leaner must also learn when to use these sounds. For instance the leaner of English must not only learn the sound /k/ and /s/ which are transcribed between phonetic brackets, but must also learn that the /k/ of...

...Unit 1 – Phonetics and Phonology
1.1 Introduction
Phonetics is an empirical science which studies human speech sounds. It tells
us how sound are produced, thus describing the articulatory and acoustic
properties of sounds, and furnishes us with methods for this classification.
Phonetics is divided into three main branches:
-
Articulatory phonetics: Studies the nature and limits of the human ability
to produce speech sounds and describes the way these sounds are
delivered.
-
Acoustic phonetics: Studies the physical properties of speech sound.
-
Auditory phonetics: is concerned with hearing and the perception of
speech, or our response to speech sounds as received through the ear
and brain.
Phonology is a branch of linguistics, the other major areas being grammar and
semantics. Phonology is a kind of functional phonetics which employs this data
to study the sound system of languages, so its concern is scientific theory,
studying the linguistic functions of sounds.
The sounds which are used vary from language to language, and within each
language these sounds resolve themselves into “families” and form a system of
contrasts. It is these contrasts which are of interest to the phonologist, who uses
the terms distinctive, contrastive, functional or information – bearing to describe
such oppositions as that...

...
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Seminar
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Prescriptivism and descriptivism
Throughout the ages, grammarians and linguists have been attempting to formulate the speakers’ grammar in a set of rules, though it is probably fair to say that they have not yet been able to do so completely for any language. This sense of grammar is known as descriptive grammar.
Unlike descriptive grammar, prescriptive grammar involves attempts to establish and maintain a standard of correctness in the language, to “prescribe” ( dictate ) and “proscribe” ( forbid ) certain ways of speaking.
Parole vs langue
Parole is a linguist term which describes part of native speakers’ implicit knowledge, which is innate, while langue is the actual use of language, what, may be quite incomplete and imperfect. These terms were conveyed by the Swiss linguist Ferdinand de Saussure.
RP
Received Pronunciation is a term which describes the British English accent, which is used by most announcers and newsreaders on serious national and international BBC broadcasting channels.
Phonology...

...CARACAS, FEBRERO DE 2011
INTRODUCTION
Throughout the years, a variety of famous linguists have made an attempt to define the difficult question of what language is. For instance, Halliday (1973) affirms that language is an instrument of communication among members of a social group. In relation to this, Gimson (1962) states that a language is a system of conventional signals used for a communication by a whole community. On the other hand, Whitman (1975) when trying to describe the concept of language establishes a particular connection between the use of language and the mental processes speaker experiences. He states that language, far from being independent of the mind, was so inextricably tied to the mind that the study of language was virtually the study of human mind.
These different assumptions of what language is impel us, as future EFL teachers, to recognize the enormous responsibility teaching English as a foreign language involves. Due to the fact that we will necessarily have to handle several definitions of what language is and its components (syntax, grammar, phonetics and phonology, semantics,…) in order to help students realize the variety of elements they use when communicating with others.
For instance, when teaching our students a language level such as phonetics and phonology, which primary involves pronunciation we have...