Two nephews of Jacques Cartier took part in the exploration of the St. Lawrence: Étienne and Jacques Noël. Étienne, a son of Jean Noël and Jeanne Cartier (the discoverer’s sister), is believed to have sailed on the voyage in 1535, if the provisional muster-roll of 31 March 1535 can be relied upon; in any event he took part in the 1541 voyage. He arrived 23 August and already by 2 September he was on his way back to France with Macé Jalobert, both of them being described in the narration as excellent pilots.

Even though certain historians may call him a great-nephew of Cartier and give 1551 (which is much too late) as his year of birth, Jacques Noël was a nephew of the famous native of Saint-Malo, as is asserted by the 16th-century documents; he is believed to have been born of Jean Noël’s second marriage, which would make him a half brother of Étienne. Jacques Noël, who owned a chart by Cartier and had himself made a sketch, knew Canada well from having been there in 1585 at least; he had seen the ruins of his uncle’s forts, had gone as far as the rapids of Hochelaga (Montreal), and had climbed Mount Royal to try to see what lay beyond the horizon. During the voyage he had brought back to France an Indian who subsequently returned to his own country.

In 1587 Jacques Noël’s two sons, Jean and Michel, sailed into the St. Lawrence, where they lost four luggers in the course of a battle between rival traders.

As a result of this expedition Jacques Noël asked for the monopoly of the mines and the fur trade; he was at that time in partnership with Étienne Chaton de La Jannaye, a sea captain who had distinguished himself at La Rochelle and in Brittany, but who had never been to Canada. Alleging that Cartier had recommended to him “the continuation of his enterprise,” Noël pointed to his past experience and undertook to build forts and settle the country if his request were favourably received. In conferring the monopoly 12 Jan. 1588 Henri III declared that the com-mission granted to Cartier 17 Oct. 1540 would have the same effect as if Noël and La Jannaye were named in it; he authorized the handing-over to them of 60 prisoners for Canada each year.

The following month the bourgeois of Saint-Malo, and after them the states of the province of Brittany, contested this privilege: to their mind La Jannaye could in no way make use of the name of Cartier; as for Noël, they said, he was exaggerating his previous role; he was Cartier’s heir only “in very small part,” and the country was “not at all fertile”; finally, the bourgeois preferred not to ask for the monopoly for themselves, as they would have to build and keep up forts. The inhabitants of Saint-Malo in 1588 wanted to profit from the St. Lawrence without the expenses of colonization. However, Henri III revoked his decision. By 9 July Noël and La Jannaye no longer held anything but the right to exploit the mines that they might discover. They waived their right, and thus ended the last activity by the Cartier family in the St. Lawrence. This dispute in 1588 was also the first episode in a long conflict which was to oppose the partisans of trade to the partisans of colonization. For the first time the historic dilemma arose: colonization sustained by an exclusive monopoly, or freedom of trade and no colony. In 1588 the partisans of trade had won out and the scheme for colonization advanced by Cartier’s nephew was not followed up.

We acknowledge the support of the Government of Canada through the Department of Canadian Heritage. Nous reconnaissons l’appui du gouvernement du Canada par l’entremise du ministère du Patrimoine canadien.