Surgeons' Hall Museum is the major medical museum in Scotland, and one of Edinburgh's many tourist attractions, the museum is recognised as a collection of national significance by the Scottish Government.

The museum reopened in September 2015, after being closed for an eighteen month period of redevelopment.

The Royal College of Surgeons of Edinburgh was established in 1505, known then as the Barber Surgeons of Edinburgh.[2] The Museum at Surgeons Hall, Edinburgh dates from 1699 when the Incorporation of Edinburgh Surgeons announced that they were making a collection of ‘natural and artificial curiosities’.[3] and advertised for these in the first edition of a local paper, the Edinburgh Gazette. Daniel Defoe, an early visitor in 1726, wrote in his Tour thro' the whole Island of Great Britain that the 'chamber of rarities' contained many curious things too numerous for him to describe. Much of this early collection was given to the University of Edinburgh in the 1760s.[3]

By the early years of the 19th Century, the Incorporation had received a Royal Charter to become the Royal College of Surgeons of Edinburgh, the College saw its primary role as the teaching of anatomy and surgery, the training of surgeons, and examination of their acquired knowledge. Anatomy and pathology specimens were crucial to that function, the museum expanded dramatically with the acquisition of two large collections. John Barclay, a successful anatomy demonstrator in the extramural school of medicine donated his collection, while Sir Charles Bell, Professor of Surgery in the University of London and latterly in the University of Edinburgh sold his collection to the museum. These collections were much too large to be housed in the original 1697 Surgeons' Hall, and so the surgeons commissioned the leading Edinburgh architect William Playfair to build the present day Surgeons Hall, which opened in 1832, at first the entire upper floor of the building was devoted to the museum collections, which were open to the public and attracted large visitor numbers. Throughout the 19th and early 20th century the collection expanded as it became customary for surgeons and pathologists to donate not only specimens which they regarded as interesting or instructive, but surgical instruments and equipment, with the great scientific and technical advances of the time, the museum began to acquire anaesthetic equipment, histology slides, X-rays and photographs.

At the start of the 20th century the College's need for a large meeting and ceremonial hall led to the conversion of about half of the museum space into what is now the main College hall, the 1907 minutes recorded the view that "it is essential to get rid of the Barclay collection which... has ceased to be of any value to the Fellows or to anyone visiting the museum." This was over-ruled and the retained Barclay collection was relocated to a new home, created by the conversion and incorporation of an adjoining tenement building. Anatomical and pathological specimens in jars were seen as increasingly irrelevant as learning aids for trainee surgeons, the collections now began to focus on specialised areas, such as dentistry, histopathology, and radiology, whilst continuing the collection of surgical memorabilia – particularly instruments and equipment. In the 1950s much of the Barclay collection was given to other museums, for doctors the collections progressively became the realm of the researcher and the medical historian. While the museum had been open to the public since its earliest days, by the 1960s public access had become restricted to a few pre-booked tours.

In the latter decades of the 20th century the emphasis changed to make the collections more interesting to the lay public and more easily interpreted by them; in 1989 a grant from the Sir Jules Thorn Charitable Trust resulted in a permanent exhibition entitled “500 Years of Surgery in Scotland”, which made use of a wide variety of media including models, paintings, photographs, film loops, book, journal and newspaper displays and other memorabilia.[4] This together with a regular series of temporary exhibitions and constant improvement of the interpretation resulted in a progressive increase in visitor numbers.

In February 2015, the College revealed their plans for a £1.5million expansion which would provide a new conference and events centre. The expansion was achieved by the College taking over an adjacent three-floor building on Hill Place, which had formerly been a languages school.[5] this was opened in 2016 as the Prince Philip Building, named for the College's patron, Prince Philip, who became patron in 1955.

The collections originally occupied the entire upper floor of Playfair's Surgeons' Hall, which was built to house them. About half of this floorspace was converted into the College main Hall in 1905, but the original Playfair pathology museum next to it retained the Playfair design, decor and display cabinets, it is now named the Wohl Pathology Museum. The adjacent History of Surgery museum, the dental collection and the techniques and technologies display are in adjoining rooms which were originally part of the adjacent property at 9 Hill Square.

In June 2014 the Museum temporarily closed for a major upgrade, this was to provide lift access to the museum and improved and updated displays. These were the first radical alterations to the building since 1908, the museum reopened in September 2015 with this refurbishment allowing twice as many items to be exhibited.[6] The work cost £4.2 million, with £2.7m of this provided through a grant from the Heritage Lottery Fund.[6]

Charles Bell was born in Edinburgh in 1774. He enrolled as a medical undergraduate at the University and also attended anatomy classes at the School of Anatomy run by his elder brother John Bell (1763–1820), whom he greatly admired and from whom he drew inspiration, he became a Fellow of the Royal College of Surgeons of Edinburgh, but both he and his brother were snubbed by the Scottish surgical establishment – neither was given a post in Edinburgh Royal Infirmary. His elder brother remained in Scotland and, in a tempestuous career, became the foremost Scottish surgeon of his day. Charles left for London, aged 30, in 1804. There he bought the Great Windmill Street Anatomy School where he established a reputation as a teacher of anatomy and surgery. He was appointed to the staff of the Middlesex Hospital and became professor of surgery; in London he amassed a museum of anatomical and pathology specimens which had grown to become one of the largest collections of its time. In 1825 he sold this collection to the Royal College of Surgeons of Edinburgh for £3000 (£2.4 million in 2009). The collection was packed under the supervision of Dr Robert Knox, museum conservator at the Edinburgh College, and shipped to Leith, the port for Edinburgh, it formed the heart of the Playfair Museum collection when the Playfair building opened in 1832, and much of it remains on display to this day.

From an early age Bell showed artistic talents which were developed by lessons from the foremost Scottish painter David Allan. Throughout his life Bell put these skills to great use, personally illustrating his many textbooks; in 1809 he went to Portsmouth to help treat the casualties from the Battle of Corunna and there put his artistic abilities to great use. He produced a series of 15 oil paintings to illustrate the detail of the gunshots wounds suffered by the casualties, these paintings, on display in the museum, provide a valuable insight into the nature of early 19c gunshot wounds and their complications.

John Barclay (1758–1826) had established an anatomy school in his house in 10 Surgeons' Square, next to the College of Surgeons, this was a great success and established his reputation as one of the most renowned anatomy teachers in Europe. His collection of some 2,500 specimens was donated to the museum, but by the 1950s most of this had been donated to other collections, leaving only an elephant skull, three human skeletons and a few other specimens.

This collection of some 250 skulls was donated to the museum by David Middleton Greig (1864–1936) who was conservator of the museum between 1920–36.[7] Greig, a surgeon in Dundee, was an international authority on bone disease and abnormalities of the skull and, during his working life, had amassed a collection of some 200 skulls which he donated to the College, the clinical details of each case was recorded and supplemented wherever possible by drawings and photographs.

John Menzies Campbell (1887–1974) was a Glasgow dentist and dental historian who amassed over his working lifetime a huge personal collection of specimens, instruments and paintings relating to the practice of dentistry.[8] This was donated to the museum in 1964. Currently it is housed in a separate room as the Menzies Campbell dental collection.

In the 19th and early 20th century wax and plaster casts or moulages showing abnormalities and diseases were widely used as teaching aids, the collection contains several of these casts, taken from tumours of the face and eye. There are casts showing foetal development and the anatomy and pathology of the intestine.

Robert Knox, the conservator of the Museum who organised and catalogued the Bell and Barclay collections, had established himself as a very successful teacher of anatomy in the extramural school in Surgeon Square, his anatomy classes were so popular that demand for bodies for anatomical dissection exceeded supply. Two Irishmen living in Edinburgh, William Burke and William Hare, resorted to murdering victims to supply Knox's anatomy school. Hare turned King's evidence and Burke was tried, found guilty of murder and hanged, his body was dissected by Alexander Monro tertius, the University professor of anatomy, and the museum has on display two items from that notorious episode – Burke's death mask and a pocket book made from his skin.[2]

Joseph Bell (1837–1911) was an Edinburgh surgeon who was president of the Royal College of Surgeons of Edinburgh between 1887–89. He was a popular teacher noted for his diagnostic acumen, based on his powers of observation of meticulous detail, which were enhanced by his interest in the analysis of handwriting and of the origin of dialects, among the medical students he taught was Arthur Conan Doyle, whom Bell selected as his clerk, or assistant. Doyle, gave up medicine to become a writer, and, having achieved fame and wealth through the Sherlock Holmes stories, wrote to his former chief "...it is most certainly to you that I owe Sherlock Holmes.”[2]

In November 1870, the Hall was the scene of a public riot when the first group of female medical students from the University of Edinburgh attempted to sit their anatomy exam. A crowd, which included male medical students attempted to prevent them from entering the building to sit the exam, these first seven women medical students endured a campaign of abuse throughout their studies but also garnered support from colleagues and politicians. Several of the Edinburgh Seven went on to found new hospitals and make significant contributions to improving the healthcare available to women around the world.

In 2010, the Museum appointed a Public Engagement Officer who runs a full public programme throughout the year, the programme highlights different aspects of the Museum and Library collections, delving deeper into a greater number of topics and making the Museum more accessible to a wider range of age and interest groups. Part of the public engagement development is done in collaboration with academic institutes, writers, artists, musicians and the Museum's own volunteers who take lectures, talks, classes and workshops on an increasing variety of topics, the Public Engagement Outreach programme started in 2013.

Museum research involves identification and interpretation of individual objects. Recent research projects carried out in the Museum have included studies on genetic markers for disease, facial reconstruction from skulls in the Greig collection, and diagnosis of skeletal disease using MRI scanning.

On the ground floor a mock anatomy theatre is the venue for a short video which recounts the public dissection of David Myles in 1702, as each body part or system is described, these are demonstrated by projection onto a plastic model of the body lying on the dissecting table. The display cabinets trace the history of surgery, from the 16th century to the present day, with particular reference to Edinburgh’s contribution.

Techniques and technologies displays surgical instruments and techniques from Roman times to the present day, the original Menzies Campbell collection has been expanded and includes dental instruments, artefacts, engravings and models as well as prints, paintings with dental themes.

Further demonstrations take place in the 'anatomy lab' and there is an area for temporary exhibitions.

Today the museum, like most similar organisations, no longer collects anatomical or pathological specimens or indeed any specimens of human tissue, the emphasis now is on explaining to the general public surgical disease, how it was treated over the centuries and how it is treated today. Aids to interpretation now include videos, hands-on surgical simulators and touch screen displays.

The Quincentenary Conference Centre, a modern annexe to the site, is used each August as a theatre venue at the Edinburgh Festival Fringe, when it is operated by the promotions company theSpaceUK and known as theSpace @ Surgeon's Hall.[9] theSpace also operate another building of the Royal College, the Symposium Hall, in nearby Hill Square.

Tansey, V and Mekie, DEC (1982)The Museum of the Royal College of Surgeons of Edinburgh. Edinburgh. Royal College of Surgeons of Edinburgh

Masson A.H.B. (1995) Portraits, paintings and busts in the Royal College of Surgeons of Edinburgh. Edinburgh. Royal College of Surgeons of Edinburgh

Masson A.H.B. (2001) A College miscellany. Edinburgh. Royal College of Surgeons of Edinburgh

Macintyre, IMC, MacLaren I . (2005). Surgeons' Lives : Royal College of Surgeons of Edinburgh : an anthology of College Fellows over 500 years. Edinburgh, Royal College of Surgeons of Edinburgh.ISBN978-0950362090

1.
Geographic coordinate system
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A geographic coordinate system is a coordinate system used in geography that enables every location on Earth to be specified by a set of numbers, letters or symbols. The coordinates are chosen such that one of the numbers represents a vertical position. A common choice of coordinates is latitude, longitude and elevation, to specify a location on a two-dimensional map requires a map projection. The invention of a coordinate system is generally credited to Eratosthenes of Cyrene. Ptolemy credited him with the adoption of longitude and latitude. Ptolemys 2nd-century Geography used the prime meridian but measured latitude from the equator instead. Mathematical cartography resumed in Europe following Maximus Planudes recovery of Ptolemys text a little before 1300, in 1884, the United States hosted the International Meridian Conference, attended by representatives from twenty-five nations. Twenty-two of them agreed to adopt the longitude of the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, the Dominican Republic voted against the motion, while France and Brazil abstained. France adopted Greenwich Mean Time in place of local determinations by the Paris Observatory in 1911, the latitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle between the equatorial plane and the straight line that passes through that point and through the center of the Earth. Lines joining points of the same latitude trace circles on the surface of Earth called parallels, as they are parallel to the equator, the north pole is 90° N, the south pole is 90° S. The 0° parallel of latitude is designated the equator, the plane of all geographic coordinate systems. The equator divides the globe into Northern and Southern Hemispheres, the longitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle east or west of a reference meridian to another meridian that passes through that point. All meridians are halves of great ellipses, which converge at the north and south poles, the prime meridian determines the proper Eastern and Western Hemispheres, although maps often divide these hemispheres further west in order to keep the Old World on a single side. The antipodal meridian of Greenwich is both 180°W and 180°E, the combination of these two components specifies the position of any location on the surface of Earth, without consideration of altitude or depth. The grid formed by lines of latitude and longitude is known as a graticule, the origin/zero point of this system is located in the Gulf of Guinea about 625 km south of Tema, Ghana. To completely specify a location of a feature on, in, or above Earth. Earth is not a sphere, but a shape approximating a biaxial ellipsoid. It is nearly spherical, but has an equatorial bulge making the radius at the equator about 0. 3% larger than the radius measured through the poles, the shorter axis approximately coincides with the axis of rotation

Geographic coordinate system
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Longitude lines are perpendicular and latitude lines are parallel to the equator.

2.
Daniel Defoe
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Daniel Defoe, born Daniel Foe, was an English trader, writer, journalist, pamphleteer, and spy, most famous for his novel Robinson Crusoe. He was also a pioneer of economic journalism, Daniel Foe was probably born in Fore Street in the parish of St. Giles Cripplegate, London. Defoe later added the aristocratic-sounding De to his name, and on occasion claimed descent from the family of De Beau Faux and his birthdate and birthplace are uncertain, and sources offer dates from 1659–1662, with 1660 considered the most likely. His father James Foe was a tallow chandler and a member of the Worshipful Company of Butchers. In 1667, when he was probably about seven, a Dutch fleet sailed up the Medway via the River Thames and his mother Annie had died by the time he was about ten. Defoe was educated at the Rev. James Fishers boarding school in Pixham Lane in Dorking, during this period, the English government persecuted those who chose to worship outside the Church of England. Defoe entered the world of business as a merchant, dealing at different times in hosiery, general woollen goods. His ambitions were great and he was able to buy a country estate, in 1684, Defoe married Mary Tuffley, the daughter of a London merchant, receiving a dowry of £3,700 – a huge amount by the standards of the day. With his debts and political difficulties, the marriage may have been troubled, in 1685, Defoe joined the ill-fated Monmouth Rebellion but gained a pardon, by which he escaped the Bloody Assizes of Judge George Jeffreys. Queen Mary and her husband William III were jointly crowned in 1688, and Defoe became one of Williams close allies, some of the new policies led to conflict with France, thus damaging prosperous trade relationships for Defoe, who had established himself as a merchant. In 1692, Defoe was arrested for debts of £700, though his total debts may have amounted to £17,000 and his laments were loud and he always defended unfortunate debtors, but there is evidence that his financial dealings were not always honest. Following his release, he travelled in Europe and Scotland, and it may have been at this time that he traded wine to Cadiz, Porto. By 1695, he was back in England, now using the name Defoe and serving as a commissioner of the glass duty. In 1696, he ran a tile and brick factory in what is now Tilbury in Essex, Defoes first notable publication was An Essay upon Projects, a series of proposals for social and economic improvement, published in 1697. From 1697 to 1698, he defended the right of King William III to an army during disarmament. His most successful poem, The True-Born Englishman, defended the king against the perceived xenophobia of his enemies, satirising the English claim to racial purity. In 1701, Defoe presented the Legions Memorial to the Speaker of the House of Commons, later his employer Robert Harley and it demanded the release of the Kentish petitioners, who had asked Parliament to support the king in an imminent war against France. The death of William III in 1702 once again created a political upheaval, in it, he ruthlessly satirised both the High church Tories and those Dissenters who hypocritically practised so-called occasional conformity, such as his Stoke Newington neighbour Sir Thomas Abney

Daniel Defoe
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Daniel Defoe
Daniel Defoe
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Daniel Defoe in the pillory, 1862 line engraving by James Charles Armytage after Eyre Crowe
Daniel Defoe
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Title page from Daniel Defoe's: The History of the Union of Great Britain dated 1709 and printed in Edinburgh by the Heirs of Anderson
Daniel Defoe
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Glasgow Bridge as Defoe might have seen it in the 18th century.

3.
Royal Charter
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A royal charter is a formal document issued by a monarch as letters patent, granting a right or power to an individual or a body corporate. They were, and are still, used to establish significant organisations such as cities or universities, Charters should be distinguished from warrants and letters of appointment, as they have perpetual effect. Typically, a Royal Charter is produced as a high-quality work of calligraphy on vellum, the British monarchy has issued over 980 royal charters. Of these about 750 remain in existence, the earliest was to the town of Tain in 1066, making it the oldest Royal Burgh in Scotland, followed by the University of Cambridge in 1231. Charters continue to be issued by the British Crown, a recent example being that awarded to the Chartered Institute for the Management of Sport and Physical Activity, Charters have been used in Europe since medieval times to create cities. The date that such a charter is granted is considered to be when a city is founded, at one time, a royal charter was the sole means by which an incorporated body could be formed, but other means are generally used nowadays instead. In the period before 1958,32 higher education institutes had been created by royal charter and these were typically engineering or technical institutions rather than universities. Royal decrees can therefore no longer grant higher education status or university status. A Royal Charter is granted by Order in Council, either creating an incorporated body and this is an exercise of the Royal Prerogative, and, in Canada, there are hundreds of organisations under Royal Charters. Such organisations include charities, businesses, colleges, universities, today, it is mostly charities and professional institutions who receive Royal Charters. Application for a charter is a petition to the Queen-in-Council, however, meeting these benchmarks does not guarantee the issuance of a Royal Charter. Companies, corporations, and societies in Canada founded under or augmented by a Royal Charter include, Royal Charter was issued in August 1826 to purchase and develop lands. Purchased the Crown Reserve of 1,384,413 acres, cities under Royal Charter are not subject to municipal Acts of Parliament applied generally to other municipalities, and instead are governed by legislation applicable to each city individually. The Royal Charter codifies the laws applied to the particular city, the Universitys Pontifical Charter was granted by Pope Leo XIII in 1889. Several Canadian private schools were founded or reconstituted under Royal Charter, the Royal Gibraltar Post Office was granted Royal Charter in 2005. The Royal Hong Kong Jockey Club obtained Royal Charter in 1959 and it is one of the three banknote-issuing banks in Hong Kong. The Royal Asiatic Society Hong Kong Branch Chartered originally in 1847, disbanded 1859, the Institution of Engineers was incorporated by royal charter in 1935. A number of Irish institutions retain the Royal prefix, even though Republic of Ireland severed all remaining connections between the state and the British monarch in 1949, the University of South Africa received a Royal Charter in 1877

4.
John Barclay (anatomist)
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John Barclay FRSE FRCPE FRCSE FLS MWS was an eminent Scottish comparative anatomist, extramural teacher in anatomy, and director of the Highland Society of Scotland. He was born in Cairn, Perthshire 10 December 1758, the son of a farmer, and nephew of John Barclay and he was educated at Muthill parish school. Barclay initially studied divinity at the University of St Andrews, then working as a family tutor, he educated himself in biological topics and anatomy. Pupils of his entered the University of Edinburgh in 1789, and Barclay became an assistant there to John Bell the anatomist and his employer Sir James Campbell financed the completion of his medical course. Barclay qualified M. D. at Edinburgh, before studying anatomy under Andrew Marshall for a year in London and he returned to Edinburgh and established himself as an anatomical lecturer in 1797. Until 1825 he delivered two courses of human anatomy, a morning and an evening one, every winter session. When a new chair of anatomy for the University of Edinburgh was proposed in 1816. This episode provided the subject of a caricature by John Kay. Barclay supported his former pupil William Dick when he established his Dick Veterinary School, for the final two years of his life Barclay was too ill to teach, during which his classes were carried on by Robert Knox, another former pupil. He died at Argyll Square in Edinburgh on 21 August 1826, Barclay contributed the article Physiology to the third edition of the Encyclopædia Britannica. He developed ideas for a nomenclature of human anatomy based on principles in A New Anatomical Nomenclature. In 1808 he published a treatise on The Muscular Motions of the Human Body, arranged according to regions and systems and this was followed in 1812 by his Description of the Arteries of the Human Body, the result of original study and dissection. A second edition appeared in 1820 and he furnished descriptive matter to a series of plates illustrating the human skeleton and the skeletons of some animals, published by Mitchell of Edinburgh in 1819–20. Several of his lectures on anatomy were published posthumously in 1827, another work was An Inquiry into the Opinions, Ancient and Modern, concerning Life and Organisation, published in 1822. He wrote Remarks on Mr. John Bells Anatomy of the heart & arteries under the name Jonathan Dawplucker, Barclay married Eleanora, daughter of his former employer Sir James Campbell of Aberuchill, in 1811. In 1828 his collection became the Barcleian Museum and it can now be seen at Surgeons Hall. Dr Robert Knox Robert Liston James Syme William Sharpey Chambers, Robert & Thomson, a biographical dictionary of eminent Scotsmen. Entry at the Gazetteer for Scotland Attribution This article incorporates text from a now in the public domain, Barclay

John Barclay (anatomist)
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John Barclay
John Barclay (anatomist)
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John Barclay later in life

5.
Sir Charles Bell
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Sir Charles Bell KH FRS FRSE FRCSE MWS was a Scottish surgeon, anatomist, neurologist, and philosophical theologian. He is noted for discovering the difference between nerves and motor nerves in the spinal cord. He is also noted for describing Bells palsy and his three older brothers included John Bell, also a noted surgeon and writer, and the advocate George Joseph Bell. Charles Bell was born in Edinburgh on 12 November 1774, a son of the Rev William Bell, a clergyman of the Episcopal Church of Scotland, Bell grew up in Edinburgh, attending the High School and Edinburgh University, where he took his medical degree in 1798. He was a member of the Royal Medical Society as a student and he conducted his surgical training as assistant to his elder brother John Bell. He and his brother were artistically gifted, and together they taught anatomy, Bells career was characterized by the accumulation of quite extraordinary honours and achievements - and by acrimonious disputes unusual even by the standards of medicine during the Regency. Shortly after his graduation Bell was admitted to the Royal College of Surgeons in Edinburgh and he and his brother published two additional volumes of their anatomical treatise in 1802 and 1804. Some aspects of his success, however, led to the opposition of local physicians. He then moved to London in 1804, where he set up a private surgery, from 1812 to 1825, together with his brother, Bell ran the Great Windmill Street School of Anatomy, which had been founded by the anatomist William Hunter. Bell was instrumental in the creation of the Middlesex Hospital Medical School, and became, in 1824, in 1829, the Windmill Street School of Anatomy was incorporated into the new Kings College London. Bell was invited to be its first professor of physiology, wishing to return to Scotland, he accepted in 1836 the position of Professor of Surgery at the University of Edinburgh. He was made a Knight of the Royal Guelphic Order in 1833, Bell died at Hallow Park near Worcester in the Midlands, while travelling from Edinburgh to London, in 1842. He is buried in Hallow Churchyard near Worcester, Bell was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh on 8 June 1807, on the nomination of Robert Jameson, William Wright and Thomas Macknight. He served as a Councillor of the RSE from 1836-9 and he was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society of London on 16 November 1826, was knighted in 1831 and, like Sir Richard Owen, was elected a foreign member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences. Charles Bell was a prolific author, after the failure of his application, Bell turned his attentions to the nervous system. Bell published detailed studies of the system in 1811, in his privately circulated book An Idea of a New Anatomy of the Brain. He described his experiments with animals and later emphasised how he was the first to distinguish between sensory and motor nerves and this essay is considered by many to be the founding stone of clinical neurology. Darwin detailed these opinions in his The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals, Bell was one of the first physicians to combine the scientific study of neuroanatomy with clinical practice

6.
Heritage Lottery Fund
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The Heritage Lottery Fund was established in the United Kingdom under the National Lottery etc. The Fund opened for applications in 1994, although HLF is branded as though a body in its own right, it is administered by a pre-existing non-departmental public body – the Board of Trustees of the National Heritage Memorial Fund. The turnover of HLF is considerably larger than the work of the NHMF. Decisions about policies and large applications are made by the Trustees of the NHMF, there are also decision-making committees in the English regions, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland. Head office is in London, with offices in nine English regions and in Scotland, Wales. The Heritage Lottery Fund offers a range of different grant programmes from £3,000 to over £5 million

7.
Charles Bell
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Sir Charles Bell KH FRS FRSE FRCSE MWS was a Scottish surgeon, anatomist, neurologist, and philosophical theologian. He is noted for discovering the difference between nerves and motor nerves in the spinal cord. He is also noted for describing Bells palsy and his three older brothers included John Bell, also a noted surgeon and writer, and the advocate George Joseph Bell. Charles Bell was born in Edinburgh on 12 November 1774, a son of the Rev William Bell, a clergyman of the Episcopal Church of Scotland, Bell grew up in Edinburgh, attending the High School and Edinburgh University, where he took his medical degree in 1798. He was a member of the Royal Medical Society as a student and he conducted his surgical training as assistant to his elder brother John Bell. He and his brother were artistically gifted, and together they taught anatomy, Bells career was characterized by the accumulation of quite extraordinary honours and achievements - and by acrimonious disputes unusual even by the standards of medicine during the Regency. Shortly after his graduation Bell was admitted to the Royal College of Surgeons in Edinburgh and he and his brother published two additional volumes of their anatomical treatise in 1802 and 1804. Some aspects of his success, however, led to the opposition of local physicians. He then moved to London in 1804, where he set up a private surgery, from 1812 to 1825, together with his brother, Bell ran the Great Windmill Street School of Anatomy, which had been founded by the anatomist William Hunter. Bell was instrumental in the creation of the Middlesex Hospital Medical School, and became, in 1824, in 1829, the Windmill Street School of Anatomy was incorporated into the new Kings College London. Bell was invited to be its first professor of physiology, wishing to return to Scotland, he accepted in 1836 the position of Professor of Surgery at the University of Edinburgh. He was made a Knight of the Royal Guelphic Order in 1833, Bell died at Hallow Park near Worcester in the Midlands, while travelling from Edinburgh to London, in 1842. He is buried in Hallow Churchyard near Worcester, Bell was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh on 8 June 1807, on the nomination of Robert Jameson, William Wright and Thomas Macknight. He served as a Councillor of the RSE from 1836-9 and he was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society of London on 16 November 1826, was knighted in 1831 and, like Sir Richard Owen, was elected a foreign member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences. Charles Bell was a prolific author, after the failure of his application, Bell turned his attentions to the nervous system. Bell published detailed studies of the system in 1811, in his privately circulated book An Idea of a New Anatomy of the Brain. He described his experiments with animals and later emphasised how he was the first to distinguish between sensory and motor nerves and this essay is considered by many to be the founding stone of clinical neurology. Darwin detailed these opinions in his The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals, Bell was one of the first physicians to combine the scientific study of neuroanatomy with clinical practice

8.
John Bell (surgeon)
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John Bell was a Scottish anatomist and surgeon. Bell was born in Edinburgh, Scotland, a brother of Sir Charles Bell. From 1793 to 1795, he published Discourses on the Nature and Cure of Wounds and he is considered, along with Pierre-Joseph Desault and John Hunter, to be a founder of the modern surgery of the vascular system. A man of compassion, Bell made many enemies because he was outspoken about the unnecessary pain, in 1800 he became involved in an unfortunate controversy with James Gregory, the professor of medicine at Edinburgh. After his exclusion from the infirmary he ceased to lecture and devoted himself to study, Bell was also a talented artist, and was one of the few medical men to illustrate his own work. In 1816 he was injured by a fall from his horse and he died at Rome on 15 April 1820 and he is buried in the Protestant Cemetery, Rome, just behind the tomb of poet John Keats. Chambers, Robert & Thomson, Thomas Napier, a biographical dictionary of eminent Scotsmen. John Bell engravings - Anatomia 1522-1867 digital collection, Thomas Fisher Rare Book Library, University of Toronto

John Bell (surgeon)
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John Bell

9.
Robert Knox
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Robert Knox, FRSE FRCSE MWS was a Scottish anatomist, zoologist, ethnologist and doctor. He was the most popular lecturer on anatomy in Britain, where he introduced the theory of transcendental anatomy, difficulty in obtaining cadavers for dissection after the passage of the Anatomy Act and disagreements with professional colleagues ruined his career, and a move to London did not improve matters. His later pessimistic view of humanity contrasted sharply with his attachment to the ideas of Étienne Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire. Knox devoted the latter part of his life to theorising on evolution and his work on the latter was controversial, and was used to justify the view, shared widely by his contemporaries, that Anglo-Saxons are an innately superior people. This harmed his legacy, and overshadowed his contributions to evolutionary theory, Robert Knox was born in 1793 in Edinburghs North Richmond Street, the eighth child of Mary and Robert Knox, a teacher of mathematics and natural philosophy at Heriots Hospital in Edinburgh. As an infant, he contracted smallpox, which destroyed his left eye and he was educated at the High School, where he was remembered as a bully who thrashed his contemporaries mentally and corporeally. He won the Lord Provosts gold medal in his final year, in 1810, he joined medical classes in Edinburgh. He soon became interested in transcendentalism and the work of Xavier Bichat and he was twice president of the Royal Physical Society, an undergraduate club to which he presented papers on hydrophobia and nosology. The final recorded event of his university years was his just failing the anatomy examination, Knox joined the extramural Anatomy class of the famous John Barclay. Barclay was an anatomist of the highest distinction, and perhaps the greatest anatomical teacher in Britain at that time, redoubling his efforts, Knox passed very competently the second time around. Knox graduated Adiya from Edinburgh University in 1814, with a Latin thesis on the effects of narcotics which was published the following year. Knox joined the army and was commissioned Hospital Assistant on 24 June 1815 and his army work at the Brussels military hospital impressed upon him the need for a comprehensive training in anatomy if surgery were to be successful. Knox was highly intelligent, critical and irritable, after a further trip to Belgium he was placed in charge of Hilsea hospital near Portsmouth, where he experimented with non-mercurial cures for syphilis. In April 1817, he joined the 72nd Highlanders and sailed with them immediately to South Africa, there were few army surgeons in the Cape Colony but Knox found the people healthy and his duties were light. He enjoyed riding, shooting and the beauty of the landscape with which he felt in spiritual harmony—an early expression of his world view. Knox developed a keen interest in observing racial types, and disapproved of what he saw as the Boers contempt for the indigenous peoples. However, after an abortive Xhosa rebellion against the forces, he was involved in a retaliatory raid commanded by Andries Stockenström. Relations with Stockenström were marred when Knox accused O. G, Stockenström, Andries brother, of theft, a charge apparently prompted by ill feeling between British and Boer officers

Robert Knox
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Robert Knox c.1830
Robert Knox
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Bill advertising Knox's anatomy lectures in 1828
Robert Knox
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A modern depiction of body snatchers at work
Robert Knox
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Dr. Knox, as portrayed in Edinburgh's Surgeons' Hall Museum

10.
David Allan (painter)
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David Allan was a Scottish painter and illustrator, best known for historical subjects and genre works. He was born at Alloa in central Scotland, on leaving Fouliss academy of painting at Glasgow, after seven years successful study, he obtained the patronage of Lord Cathcart and of Erskine of Mar, on whose estate he had been born. Erskine made it possible for him to travel to Rome, where he remained until 1777, studying under Gavin Hamilton and copying the old masters. In 1771 he sent two paintings, Pompey the Great after his Defeat and Cleopatra Weeping Over the Ashes of Mark Antony to the Royal Academy exhibition in London. In 1773, still in Rome, his Hector’s Farewell from Andromache won the Accademia di S Lucas gold medal and this won him the gold medal given by the Academy of St Luke in the year 1773 for the best specimen of historical composition. While in Italy he also visited the kingdom of Naples, where he was received by Lord Cathcarts brother, Sir William Hamilton. Allan made many drawings of street life in Rome and Naples. Returning from Rome in 1777, he lived for a time in London, in 1780 he removed to Edinburgh, where, on the death of Alexander Runciman in 1786, he was appointed director and master of the Academy of Arts. He was sometimes called the Scottish Hogarth, although he lacked Hogarths satirical qualities, amongst his students was Alexander Carse whose early works include Allens influence. He also produced illustrations for a version of James Macphersons Ossian poems and he died in Edinburgh and his grave can be found at the Old Calton Burial Ground in the city. The headstone, which features a relief, was paid for. Chambers, Robert & Thomson, Thomas Napier, a biographical dictionary of eminent Scotsmen. Media related to David Allan at Wikimedia Commons Works in the National Galleries of Scotland 47 Painting by or after David Allan at the Art UK site

David Allan (painter)
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Self portrait of David Allan, 1770
David Allan (painter)
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The Highland Wedding, David Allan, 1780
David Allan (painter)
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The headstone on David Allan´s grave in Edinburgh

11.
Moulage
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Moulage is the art of applying mock injuries for the purpose of training Emergency Response Teams and other medical and military personnel. The practice dates to at least the Renaissance, when wax figures were used for this purpose, in Germany some universities and hospitals use their historical moulage collections for the training of students. The often very lifelike models are useful to show the students today the characteristics of rare diseases. In the 16th century, European scientists had a knowledge of about human anatomy and anatomy of animals. Medical students of Bologna and Paris studied the books of the Aristotle, Galen, four centuries after the invasion the Arabs and the fall of Rome and Persia, many Greek books translated to Arabic language. Again European scientists translated these Arabic books in Latin and Greek languages, Andreas Vesalius a Flemish anatomist at first was “ Galenist” at the University of Paris. Galen writes that the bone of arm is longest bone in the human body, at age 25 Andreas Vesalius found that anatomical knowledge of Galen is related to animal anatomy and therefore Galen had never dissected a human body. Vesalius In 1543 wrote an anatomical masterwork named in Latin, De humani corporis fabrica libri septem, or in short, Vesalius puts in this book the drawing pictures that show of human females and males that their skins was dissected. In an exhibition in the 2014, the 500th anniversary of Vesalius’s birth and these pictures greatly influenced future anatomical wax models. So anatomical pictures of Vesalius followed by Veslingius, and Fabricius, by 1600, Fabricius had gathered 300 anatomical paintings, he made an anatomical atlas which named the Tabulae Pictae. Casserius, Spighelius, Harvey and Veslingius are other followers of Andreas Vesalius pictures, felice Fontana made cadaveric specimens wax models by the casting method for anatomical teaching. The history of wax models is ancient, Wax anatomical models were first made by Gaetano Giulio Zummo who first worked in Naples, then Florence, and finally Paris, where he was granted monopoly right by Louis XIV. Later, Jules Baretta made more than 2000 splendid wax models in Hospital Saint-Louis, Paris, while wax models were being made, he made pleasant conversations with the patients, sang songs or at times played the piano. Moulages were made for the education of dermatologists around the world, the modeling of the soft parts of dissections, teaching illustrations of anatomy, was first practised at Florence during the Renaissance. Some moulages were directly cast from the bodies of diseased subjects, others from healthy subjects to which features were skilfully applied with wax. During the 19th century, moulage evolved into to three-dimensional, realistic representations of diseased parts of the human body, a comprehensive book monograph on moulages is Diseases in Wax, the History of Medical Moulage by Thomas Schnalke the director of the Charite Museum and Kathy Spatschek. In the 19th century moulage was taken of patients for educational purposes. The prepared model was painted to mimic the original disease, nowadays anatomicals model are an important instrument of education of human anatomy in department of anatomy and biological sciences in medical schools

12.
Burke and Hare murders
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The Burke and Hare murders were a series of 16 murders committed over a period of about ten months in 1828 in Edinburgh, Scotland. The killings were undertaken by William Burke and William Hare, who sold the corpses to Doctor Robert Knox for dissection at his anatomy lectures. Edinburgh was a leading European centre of study in the early 19th century. Scottish law required that corpses used for medical research should only come from those who had died in prison, suicide victims, or from foundlings, the shortage of corpses led to an increase in grave robbing by what were known as resurrection men. Measures to ensure graves were left undisturbed exacerbated the shortage, when a lodger in Hares house died, he turned to his friend Burke for advice and they decided to sell the body to Knox. They received what was, for them, the sum of £7 10s. A little over two months later, when Hare was concerned that a lodger suffering from fever would deter others from staying in the house, he and Burke murdered her, the men continued their murder spree, probably with the knowledge of their wives. Burke and Hares actions were uncovered after other lodgers discovered their last victim, Margaret Docherty, a forensic examination of Dochertys body indicated she had probably been suffocated, but it could not be proven. Although the police suspected the men of other murders, there was no evidence on which they could take action, an offer was put to Hare granting immunity from prosecution if he turned kings evidence. He provided the details of Dochertys murder and confessed to all 16 deaths, formal charges were made against Burke, at the subsequent trial Burke was found guilty of one murder and sentenced to death. The case against his wife was found not proven—a Scottish legal verdict to acquit an individual, Burke was hanged shortly afterwards, his corpse was dissected and his skeleton displayed at the Anatomical Museum of Edinburgh Medical School where, as of 2017, it remains. The murders raised public awareness of the need for bodies for medical research, the events have made appearances in literature, and been portrayed on screen, either in heavily fictionalised accounts or as the inspiration for fictional works. Because of their efforts, Edinburgh became one of the leading European centres of study, alongside Leiden in the Netherlands. The teaching of anatomy—crucial in the study of surgery—required a sufficient supply of cadavers, Scottish law determined that suitable corpses on which to undertake the dissections were those who died in prison, suicide victims, and the bodies of foundlings and orphans. The situation was confused by the legal position, disturbing a grave was a criminal offence, as was the taking of property from the deceased. Stealing the body was not an offence, as it did not legally belong to anyone, the price per corpse changed depending on the season. By the 1820s the residents of Edinburgh had taken to the streets to protest at the increase in grave robbing, other families used a mortsafe, an iron cage that surrounded the coffin. Knox was an anatomist who had qualified as a doctor in 1814, after contracting smallpox as a child, he was blind in one eye and badly disfigured

Burke and Hare murders
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Hare and Burke
Burke and Hare murders
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Old Surgeons' Hall, Edinburgh (substantially altered since the time of the murders)
Burke and Hare murders
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The Hares' lodging-house in the West Port before its demolition in 1902
Burke and Hare murders
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The front courtyard of Argyle House, 3 Lady Lawson Street, Edinburgh. The corner of the house was where the largest yellow cone is.

13.
William Hare (murderer)
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The Burke and Hare murders were a series of 16 murders committed over a period of about ten months in 1828 in Edinburgh, Scotland. The killings were undertaken by William Burke and William Hare, who sold the corpses to Doctor Robert Knox for dissection at his anatomy lectures. Edinburgh was a leading European centre of study in the early 19th century. Scottish law required that corpses used for medical research should only come from those who had died in prison, suicide victims, or from foundlings, the shortage of corpses led to an increase in grave robbing by what were known as resurrection men. Measures to ensure graves were left undisturbed exacerbated the shortage, when a lodger in Hares house died, he turned to his friend Burke for advice and they decided to sell the body to Knox. They received what was, for them, the sum of £7 10s. A little over two months later, when Hare was concerned that a lodger suffering from fever would deter others from staying in the house, he and Burke murdered her, the men continued their murder spree, probably with the knowledge of their wives. Burke and Hares actions were uncovered after other lodgers discovered their last victim, Margaret Docherty, a forensic examination of Dochertys body indicated she had probably been suffocated, but it could not be proven. Although the police suspected the men of other murders, there was no evidence on which they could take action, an offer was put to Hare granting immunity from prosecution if he turned kings evidence. He provided the details of Dochertys murder and confessed to all 16 deaths, formal charges were made against Burke, at the subsequent trial Burke was found guilty of one murder and sentenced to death. The case against his wife was found not proven—a Scottish legal verdict to acquit an individual, Burke was hanged shortly afterwards, his corpse was dissected and his skeleton displayed at the Anatomical Museum of Edinburgh Medical School where, as of 2017, it remains. The murders raised public awareness of the need for bodies for medical research, the events have made appearances in literature, and been portrayed on screen, either in heavily fictionalised accounts or as the inspiration for fictional works. Because of their efforts, Edinburgh became one of the leading European centres of study, alongside Leiden in the Netherlands. The teaching of anatomy—crucial in the study of surgery—required a sufficient supply of cadavers, Scottish law determined that suitable corpses on which to undertake the dissections were those who died in prison, suicide victims, and the bodies of foundlings and orphans. The situation was confused by the legal position, disturbing a grave was a criminal offence, as was the taking of property from the deceased. Stealing the body was not an offence, as it did not legally belong to anyone, the price per corpse changed depending on the season. By the 1820s the residents of Edinburgh had taken to the streets to protest at the increase in grave robbing, other families used a mortsafe, an iron cage that surrounded the coffin. Knox was an anatomist who had qualified as a doctor in 1814, after contracting smallpox as a child, he was blind in one eye and badly disfigured

William Hare (murderer)
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Hare and Burke
William Hare (murderer)
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Old Surgeons' Hall, Edinburgh (substantially altered since the time of the murders)
William Hare (murderer)
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The Hares' lodging-house in the West Port before its demolition in 1902
William Hare (murderer)
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The front courtyard of Argyle House, 3 Lady Lawson Street, Edinburgh. The corner of the house was where the largest yellow cone is.

14.
Joseph Bell
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Joseph Bell, JP, DL, FRCSE was a Scottish surgeon and lecturer at the medical school of the University of Edinburgh in the 19th century. He is perhaps best known as an inspiration for the literary character Sherlock Holmes, Bell was the son of Dr Benjamin Bell and his wife, Cecilia Barbara Craigie, and was a great-grandson of the famous Benjamin Bell, forensic surgeon. In his instruction, Joseph Bell emphasized the importance of observation in making a diagnosis. To illustrate this, he would pick a stranger and, by observing him, deduce his occupation. These skills caused him to be considered a pioneer in science at a time when science was not yet widely used in criminal investigations. Bell studied medicine at the University of Edinburgh Medical School and received an MD in 1859, during his time as a student he was a member of the Royal Medical Society and delivered a dissertation which is still in possession of the Society today. Bell served as surgeon to Queen Victoria whenever she visited Scotland. He also published several medical textbooks, Bell was a Fellow of the Royal College of Surgeons of Edinburgh, a Justice of the Peace, and a Deputy Lieutenant. He was elected President of the RSCEd in 1887, Bell wrote the book Manual of the Operations of Surgery which was published in 1866. In 1883, Bell bought 2 Melville Crescent, a large townhouse previously the home of the engineer. Joseph Bell died on 4 October 1911 and he was buried at the Dean Cemetery in Edinburgh alongside his wife, Edith Katherine Erskine Murray, and their son Benjamin, and next to his fathers and brothers plots. The grave is mid-way along the wall of the northern section to the original cemetery. Arthur Conan Doyle met Bell in 1877, and served as his clerk at the Edinburgh Royal Infirmary, Doyle later went on to write a series of popular stories featuring the fictional character Sherlock Holmes, who Doyle stated was loosely based on Bell and his observant ways. Bell was aware of this inspiration, according to Irving Wallace Bell was involved in several police investigations, mostly in Scotland, such as the Ardlamont Mystery of 1893, usually with forensic expert Professor Henry Littlejohn. Bell also gave his analysis of the Ripper murders to Scotland Yard, the BBC television series Murder Rooms, The Dark Beginnings of Sherlock Holmes, was a fictionalised account of Doyles time as Bells clerk. The series may have exaggerated Bells criminal investigations, as well as the degree to which Holmes was based on Bell, and positioned Doyle in the role of a Dr. Watson to Bells Holmes. The original one-off production – which led to the later series – was released on DVD and VHS in the US in 2003, titled Dr. Bell and Mr. Doyle – The Dark Beginnings of Sherlock Holmes. In 2006, Stone Publishing House published a book, written by historian Dr. Robert Hume, in the Doctor Who episode Tooth and Claw, the time travelling adventurer known as the Doctor identifies himself as an ex-student of Dr. Bell to Queen Victoria

15.
Arthur Conan Doyle
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He is also known for writing the fictional adventures of Professor Challenger, a second character he invented, and for propagating the mystery of the Mary Celeste. He was a writer whose other works include fantasy and science fiction stories, plays, romances, poetry, non-fiction. Doyle is often referred to as Sir Arthur Conan Doyle or simply Conan Doyle and his baptism entry in the register of St Marys Cathedral, Edinburgh, gives Arthur Ignatius Conan as his given names and Doyle as his surname. It also names Michael Conan as his godfather, the cataloguers of the British Library and the Library of Congress treat Doyle alone as his surname. Steven Doyle, editor of the Baker Street Journal, wrote, shortly after he graduated from high school he began using Conan as a sort of surname. But technically his last name is simply Doyle, when knighted, he was gazetted as Doyle, not under the compound Conan Doyle. Nevertheless, the use of a compound surname is demonstrated by the fact that Doyles second wife was known as Jean Conan Doyle rather than Jean Doyle. Doyle was born on 22 May 1859 at 11 Picardy Place, Edinburgh and his father, Charles Altamont Doyle, was English, of Irish Catholic descent, and his mother, Mary, was Irish Catholic. In 1864 the family dispersed because of Charless growing alcoholism, in 1867, the family came together again and lived in squalid tenement flats at 3 Sciennes Place. Doyles father died in 1893, in the Crichton Royal, Dumfries, supported by wealthy uncles, Doyle was sent to England, at the Jesuit preparatory school Hodder Place, Stonyhurst in Lancashire at the age of nine. He then went on to Stonyhurst College until 1875, from 1875 to 1876, he was educated at the Jesuit school Stella Matutina in Feldkirch, Austria. He later rejected the Catholic faith and became an agnostic and he also later became a spiritualist mystic. From 1876 to 1881, Doyle studied medicine at the University of Edinburgh Medical School, including working in Aston, Sheffield and Ruyton-XI-Towns. During that time, he studied botany at the Royal Botanic Garden in Edinburgh. While studying, Doyle began writing short stories and his earliest extant fiction, The Haunted Grange of Goresthorpe, was unsuccessfully submitted to Blackwoods Magazine. His first published piece, The Mystery of Sasassa Valley, a set in South Africa, was printed in Chamberss Edinburgh Journal on 6 September 1879. Doyle was employed as a doctor on the Greenland whaler Hope of Peterhead in 1880 and, C. M. as a ships surgeon on the SS Mayumba during a voyage to the West African coast. He completed his M. D. degree on the subject of tabes dorsalis in 1885, arriving in Portsmouth in June 1882 with less than £10 to his name, he set up a medical practice at 1 Bush Villas in Elm Grove, Southsea

16.
Joseph Lister, 1st Baron Lister
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Joseph Lister, 1st Baron Lister, OM PC PRS, known between 1883 and 1897 as Sir Joseph Lister, Bt. was a British surgeon and a pioneer of antiseptic surgery. He promoted the idea of sterile portable ports while working at the Glasgow Royal Infirmary, Lister successfully introduced carbolic acid to sterilise surgical instruments and to clean wounds. Applying Louis Pasteurs advances in microbiology, Lister championed the use of acid as an antiseptic. He first suspected it would prove an adequate disinfectant because it was used to ease the stench from fields irrigated with sewage waste and he presumed it was safe because fields treated with carbolic acid produced no apparent ill-effects on the livestock that later grazed upon them. Listers work led to a reduction in post-operative infections and made safer for patients. Lister came from a prosperous Quaker home in West Ham, Essex, England, a son of Joseph Jackson Lister, at school, he became a fluent reader of French and German. A young Joseph Lister attended Benjamin Abbotts Isaac Brown Academy, a Quaker school in Hitchin, as a teenager, Lister attended Grove House School Tottenham, studying mathematics, natural science, and languages. He attended University College, London, one of only a few institutions which accepted Quakers at that time and he initially studied botany and obtained a bachelor of Arts degree in 1847. He registered as a student and graduated with honours as Bachelor of Medicine. In 1854, Lister became both first assistant to and friend of surgeon James Syme at the University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh Royal Infirmary in Scotland. There he joined the Royal Medical Society and presented two dissertations, in 1855 and 1871, which are still in the possession of the Society today and he subsequently left the Quakers, joined the Scottish Episcopal Church, and eventually married Symes daughter, Agnes. On their honeymoon, they spent 3 months visiting leading medical institutes in France, by this time, Agnes was enamoured of medical research and was Listers partner in the laboratory for the rest of her life. Before Listers studies of surgery, most people believed that damage from exposures to bad air was responsible for infections in wounds. Hospital wards were occasionally aired out at midday as a precaution against the spread of infection via miasma, a surgeon was not required to wash his hands before seeing a patient because such practices were not considered necessary to avoid infection. Despite the work of Ignaz Semmelweis and Oliver Wendell Holmes, Sr. hospitals practiced surgery under unsanitary conditions, Surgeons of the time referred to the good old surgical stink and took pride in the stains on their unwashed operating gowns as a display of their experience. Pasteur suggested three methods to eliminate the micro-organisms responsible, filtration, exposure to heat, or exposure to solution/chemical solutions, Lister confirmed Pasteurs conclusions with his own experiments and decided to use his findings to develop antiseptic techniques for wounds. As the first two suggested by Pasteur were dangerous and unsafe for the treatment of human tissue, Lister experimented with the third idea. In 1834, Friedlieb Ferdinand Runge discovered phenol, also known as carbolic acid, upon hearing that creosote had been used for treating sewage, Lister began to test the efficacy of carbolic acid when applied directly to wounds

17.
James Young Simpson
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Sir James Young Simpson, 1st Baronet was a Scottish obstetrician and a significant figure in the history of medicine. Simpson was first to demonstrate the properties of chloroform on humans. Simpson completed his examination at the age of 18 but. In 1838 he designed the Air Tractor, the earliest known vacuum extractor to assist childbirth, at the age of 28 he succeeded Prof James Hamilton as Professor of Medicine and Midwifery at the University of Edinburgh. He improved the design of obstetric forceps that to this day are known in circles as Simpsons Forceps. His most noted contribution was the introduction of anaesthesia to childbirth, Simpsons intellectual interests ranged from archaeology to an almost taboo subject at the time, hermaphroditism. He was an early advocate of the use of midwives in the hospital environment. Many prominent women also consulted him for their gynaecological problems, Simpson wrote Homœopathy, its Tenets and Tendencies refuting the ideas put forward by Hahnemann. It was his achievements and wide ranging interests that led to his house at 52 Queen Street, Edinburgh being a gathering point for many members of society. His impish sense of humour got the better of him on at least one of these occasions when he seated a Southern US slave owner next to a slave at the dinner table. Since this town house was fairly busy at times, Simpson preferred to keep his wife, Simpson was a close friend of Sir David Brewster, and was present at his deathbed. Sir Humphry Davy used the first anaesthetic in 1799, nitrous oxide, william T. G. Mortons demonstration of ether as an anaesthetic in 1846 was initially dismissed because it irritated the lungs of the patients. Chloroform had been invented in 1831, but its uses had not been greatly investigated, in 1847, Simpson first demonstrated the properties of chloroform upon humans, during an experiment with friends in which he learnt that it could be used to put one to sleep. Dr Simpson and two of his friends, Drs Keith and Duncan, used to sit every evening in Dr Simpsons dining room to try new chemicals to see if they had any anaesthetic effect. On 4 November 1847 they decided to try a ponderous material named chloroform that they had previously ignored, on inhaling the chemical they found that a general mood of cheer and humour had set in. But suddenly all of them collapsed only to regain consciousness the next morning, Simpson knew, as soon as he woke up, that he had found something that could be used as an anaesthetic. They soon had Miss Petrie, Simpsons niece, try it and she fell asleep soon after inhaling it while singing the words, I am an angel. There is a prevalent myth that the mother of the first child delivered under chloroform christened her child Anaesthesia, however, the son of the first baby delivered by chloroform explained that Simpsons parturient had been one Jane Carstairs, and her child was baptised Wilhelmina

James Young Simpson
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James Simpson
James Young Simpson
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52 Queen Street
James Young Simpson
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Sir James Young Simpson statue, West Princes Street Gardens, Edinburgh
James Young Simpson
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Memorial plaque in St. Giles, Edinburgh

18.
Edinburgh Evening News
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The Edinburgh Evening News is a local newspaper based in Edinburgh, Scotland, that was founded by John Wilson and first published in 1873. It is printed daily, except on Sundays and it is owned by Johnston Press, which also owns The Scotsman. Much of the content of the Evening News concerns local issues such as transport, health, the council and crime in Edinburgh. According to ABC figures for February 2014, the circulation was 28,000. In 2016 this had dropped to 18,362 List of newspapers in Scotland Official website

Edinburgh Evening News
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The former offices of The Scotsman, Scotland on Sunday, and the Edinburgh Evening News. The building is located on Holyrood Road, Edinburgh

19.
BBC News
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BBC News is an operational business division of the British Broadcasting Corporation responsible for the gathering and broadcasting of news and current affairs. The department is the worlds largest broadcast news organisation and generates about 120 hours of radio and television output each day, the service maintains 50 foreign news bureaux with more than 250 correspondents around the world. James Harding has been Director of News and Current Affairs since April 2013, the departments annual budget is in excess of £350 million, it has 3,500 staff,2,000 of whom are journalists. BBC News domestic, global and online news divisions are housed within the largest live newsroom in Europe, parliamentary coverage is produced and broadcast from studios in Millbank in London. Through the BBC English Regions, the BBC also has regional centres across England, as well as national news centres in Northern Ireland, Scotland, all nations and English regions produce their own local news programmes and other current affairs and sport programmes. As with all media outlets, though, it has been accused of political bias from across the political spectrum. The British Broadcasting Company broadcast its first radio bulletin from radio station 2LO on 14 November 1922, on Easter weekend in 1930, this reliance on newspaper wire services left the radio news service with no information to report. The BBC gradually gained the right to edit the copy and, in 1934, however, it could not broadcast news before 6 PM until World War II. Gaumont British and Movietone cinema newsreels had been broadcast on the TV service since 1936, a weekly Childrens Newsreel was inaugurated on 23 April 1950, to around 350,000 receivers. The network began simulcasting its radio news on television in 1946, televised bulletins began on 5 July 1954, broadcast from leased studios within Alexandra Palace in London. The publics interest in television and live events was stimulated by Elizabeth IIs coronation in 1953 and it is estimated that up to 27 million people viewed the programme in the UK, overtaking radios audience of 12 million for the first time. Those live pictures were fed from 21 cameras in central London to Alexandra Palace for transmission and that year, there were around two million TV Licences held in the UK, rising to over three million the following year, and four and a half million by 1955. This was then followed by the customary Television Newsreel with a commentary by John Snagge. It was revealed that this had been due to producers fearing a newsreader with visible facial movements would distract the viewer from the story. On-screen newsreaders were finally introduced a year later in 1955 – Kenneth Kendall, Robert Dougall, mainstream television production had started to move out of Alexandra Palace in 1950 to larger premises – mainly at Lime Grove Studios in Shepherds Bush, west London – taking Current Affairs with it. It was from here that the first Panorama, a new programme, was transmitted on 11 November 1953. On 28 October 1957, the Today programme, a radio programme, was launched in central London on the Home Service. In 1958, Hugh Carleton Greene became head of News and Current Affairs and he set up a BBC study group whose findings, published in 1959, were critical of what the television news operation had become under his predecessor, Tahu Hole

BBC News
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Television News moved to BBC Television Centre in September 1969
BBC News
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BBC News
BBC News
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Angela Rippon, pictured in 1983, became the first female news presenter in 1975
BBC News
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The combined newsroom for domestic television and radio was opened at Television Centre in West London in 1998.

20.
International Standard Book Number
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The International Standard Book Number is a unique numeric commercial book identifier. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an e-book, a paperback and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, the method of assigning an ISBN is nation-based and varies from country to country, often depending on how large the publishing industry is within a country. The initial ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 based upon the 9-digit Standard Book Numbering created in 1966, the 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108. Occasionally, a book may appear without a printed ISBN if it is printed privately or the author does not follow the usual ISBN procedure, however, this can be rectified later. Another identifier, the International Standard Serial Number, identifies periodical publications such as magazines, the ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 in the United Kingdom by David Whitaker and in 1968 in the US by Emery Koltay. The 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108, the United Kingdom continued to use the 9-digit SBN code until 1974. The ISO on-line facility only refers back to 1978, an SBN may be converted to an ISBN by prefixing the digit 0. For example, the edition of Mr. J. G. Reeder Returns, published by Hodder in 1965, has SBN340013818 -340 indicating the publisher,01381 their serial number. This can be converted to ISBN 0-340-01381-8, the check digit does not need to be re-calculated, since 1 January 2007, ISBNs have contained 13 digits, a format that is compatible with Bookland European Article Number EAN-13s. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an ebook, a paperback, and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, a 13-digit ISBN can be separated into its parts, and when this is done it is customary to separate the parts with hyphens or spaces. Separating the parts of a 10-digit ISBN is also done with either hyphens or spaces, figuring out how to correctly separate a given ISBN number is complicated, because most of the parts do not use a fixed number of digits. ISBN issuance is country-specific, in that ISBNs are issued by the ISBN registration agency that is responsible for country or territory regardless of the publication language. Some ISBN registration agencies are based in national libraries or within ministries of culture, in other cases, the ISBN registration service is provided by organisations such as bibliographic data providers that are not government funded. In Canada, ISBNs are issued at no cost with the purpose of encouraging Canadian culture. In the United Kingdom, United States, and some countries, where the service is provided by non-government-funded organisations. Australia, ISBNs are issued by the library services agency Thorpe-Bowker

International Standard Book Number
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A 13-digit ISBN, 978-3-16-148410-0, as represented by an EAN-13 bar code

21.
National Museum of Scotland
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The two connected buildings stand beside each other on Chambers Street, by the intersection with the George IV Bridge, in central Edinburgh. The museum is part of National Museums Scotland, the National Museum incorporates the collections of the former National Museum of Antiquities of Scotland, and the Royal Museum. The 16 new galleries reopened in 2011 include 8,000 objects,80 per cent of which were not formerly on display, one of the more notable exhibits is the stuffed body of Dolly the sheep, the first successful clone of a mammal from an adult cell. Other highlights include Ancient Egyptian exhibitions, one of Elton Johns extravagant suits, a Scottish invention that is a perennial favourite with school parties is The Maiden, an early form of guillotine. In 2016, the museum had 1.81 million visitors over the year, the Victorian building, as reopened in 2011, contains four zones, covering natural history, world cultures, European art and design, and science & technology. Beyond the Grand Gallery at ground level is the Discoveries gallery, with objects connected to remarkable Scots. in the fields of invention, exploration, monymusk Reliquary St Ninians Isle Treasure 11 of the Lewis chessmen. The original extent of the building was completed in 1888 and it was designed by civil engineer Captain Francis Fowke of the Royal Engineers, who is also responsible for the Royal Albert Hall. The exterior, designed in a Venetian Renaissance style, contrasts sharply with the main hall or Grand Gallery. Numerous extensions at the rear of the building, particularly in the 1930s,1998 saw the opening of the Museum of Scotland, which is linked internally to the Royal Museum building. The major redevelopment completed in 2011 by Gareth Hoskins Architects uses former storage areas to form a vaulted Entrance Hall of 1400 sq M at street level with visitor facilities and this involved lowering the floor level by 1.2 metres. Despite being a Class A listed building, it was possible to add lifts, the buildings architecture was controversial from the start, and Prince Charles resigned as patron of the museum, in protest at the lack of consultation over its design. The building is made up of geometric, Corbusian forms, but also has references to Scotland, such as brochs and castellated. It is clad in golden Moray sandstone, which one of its architects, Gordon Benson, has called the oldest exhibit in the building, the building was a 1999 Stirling Prize nominee. In 1861 construction of the Industrial Museum of Scotland began, with Prince Albert laying the foundation stone, in 1866, renamed the Edinburgh Museum of Science and Art, the eastern end and the Grand Gallery were opened by Prince Alfred. In 1888 the building was finished and in 1904 the institution was renamed the Royal Scottish Museum, in 1998 the new Museum of Scotland building opened, adjacent to the Royal Museum, and connected to it. The old Royal Museum building closed for redevelopment in 2008, before reopening in July 2011, initially, much of the Royal Museums collection came from the museum of Edinburgh University, and there is a bridge connecting the museum to the universitys Old College building. The students saw the collection as their own, and curators would often find the exhibits rearranged or even missing. The final straw came in the 1870s, when students who were holding a party found that the museum was also holding a reception for local dignitaries, when the museum found the refreshments missing, the bridge was bricked up the next day, and has remained so since

National Museum of Scotland
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The Museum of Scotland building, part of the National Museum of Scotland
National Museum of Scotland
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View down the Grand Gallery of the National Museum of Scotland in Edinburgh.
National Museum of Scotland
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Detail of chape from the St Ninian's Isle Treasure.
National Museum of Scotland
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Some of the 11 Lewis chessmen in Edinburgh

22.
National Museum of Rural Life
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The 44 ha farm was gifted in 1992 to the National Trust for Scotland by Mrs. Margaret Reid who had run the farm for many years with her late husband James, the last of ten generations of Reids. The Reids, as Lairds of Kittochside, farmed the property over a period of 400 years from 1567 to 1992, originally, John Reid, previously the tenant, had purchased the lands of Kittochside in 1567 from the Robert Muir, Laird of Caldwell. During the covenanting troubles the Reids were prominent and they fought against the king at the Battle of Bothwell Brig in 1679. At one point in the battle the Kilbryd Parish Flag was taken by the enemy and James Reid fought his way to its rescue, ripping it off its pole and wrapping it around his body as he ran with it. His brother John was captured and would have sent to the West Indies as a slave if it were not for the intervention of the Duke of Hamilton. John was jailed for about 6 years and then returned in less violent times to manage Wester Kittochside farm. The fine Georgian dwelling house was built in 1782-4 and cost £45.12.7, not a sum for the time. An extension to the house was built in 1906 allowing for remodelling of the interior layout, electricity was installed in the 1950s, replacing the use of oil lamps and candles. The interior of the house has left as it was in the 1950s. Some of the buildings have carved ball finials on the ends as per the architectural fashion of the time. The finial can also function as a rod, and was once believed to act as a deterrent to witches on broomsticks attempting to land on ones roof. On making her final landing approach to a roof, the witch, spotting the obstructing finial, was forced to sheer off and land elsewhere. Both the house and the stand on an exposed hill top and are screened from the elements by mature trees. The north and west ranges were built in 1782-4 by John Reid, the north range stands on the foundations of an earlier building, probably a 17th-century longhouse. The small byre was re-roofed and upgraded in the mid 19th, the corn barn still has its threshing floor where a flail would have been used by hand until a horse-engine and threshing machine was installed in around 1820 to 1840. This was in turn replaced in 1860 by the present threshing mill, finally around 1870 travelling mills made even this mill redundant. The 6th Laird was involved in quarrying and limestone-burning, hence the need for a stable with room for three horses and loose box, with a loft above, various modifications took place over the years and a Dutch barn was built in 1949. Dairying ceased in 1980 and the farm turned to raising beef cattle until 1992 when the National Trust for Scotland took over the running of the farm operations

National Museum of Rural Life
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The Laird's House
National Museum of Rural Life
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The cast-iron Horse Gin or Horse Engine
National Museum of Rural Life
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Contents
National Museum of Rural Life
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A cast-iron Stathel at the farm

23.
National Museums Collection Centre
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National Museums Scotland is an executive non-departmental public body of the Scottish Government. It runs the museums of Scotland. It is not currently open to the public, a new storage building has been constructed, which houses the textile and costume collections, including the Jean Muir Collection of 20th century costume and accessories. The National Museum of Costume was located at Shambellie House, in New Abbey, Dumfries and Galloway, in January 2013, National Museums Scotland announced that the National Museum of Costume was to close and the site would not reopen for 2013. The Museum of Piping is located in the National Piping Centre in Glasgow, National Museums Scotland is Scotlands national museum service, governed by a board of trustees. It is a public body, funded by the Education

National Museums Collection Centre
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Hearth by Andy Goldsworthy, commissioned for the Early Scottish Peoples exhibit under the management former NMS Keeper of Archaeology, Dr David Clarke.

24.
National War Museum
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The National War Museum is housed in Edinburgh, and forms part of National Museums Scotland. It is located within Edinburgh Castle, and admission is included in the charge for the castle. The National War Museum covers 400 years of Scotland at war from the 17th century through permanent exhibits and it was formerly known as the Scottish United Services Museum, and prior to this, the Scottish Naval and Military Museum. Scottish National War Memorial Official website

National War Museum
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The National War Museum

25.
Paxton House, Berwickshire
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Paxton House is a historic house at Paxton, Berwickshire, in the Scottish Borders, a few miles south-west of Berwick-upon-Tweed, overlooking the River Tweed. It is a house built for Patrick Home of Billie in an unsuccessful attempt to woo a Prussian heiress. Attributed to James Adam, it was built between 1758 and 1766, under the supervision of James Nisbet, with interiors by Robert Adam. The East Wing was added in 1812-13 by architect Robert Reid to house the library, other inhabitants were Alexander Home and his son George Home WS FRSE. In 1852 the wife of David Milne inherited the house and he renamed himself David Milne-Home, formerly the seat of the Home of Paxton family, who became Forman-Home, Milne-Home, and finally Home-Robertson as the direct male lines failed and the inheritance progressed through a female. In 1988, the last laird, John David Home Robertson and it is now open to the public and is a Partner Gallery of the National Galleries of Scotland. Inside the halls of the Paxton House lies a gallery, in the year 1780, Patrick Home of Wedderburn returned from his eight-year-long Grand Tour with an extensive collection of British and European paintings. Unfortunately, he died even before the paintings were unpacked, the gallery is now the only room left specifically to house a collection of paintings. Borders and Berwick, by Charles A Strang, Rutland Press,1994, p.54, ISBN 1-873190-10-7 Official site

Paxton House, Berwickshire
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Paxton House

26.
Scottish National Gallery
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The Scottish National Gallery is the national art gallery of Scotland. It is located on The Mound in central Edinburgh, in a building designed by William Henry Playfair. The gallery houses the Scottish national collection of art, including Scottish. The origins of Scotlands national collection lie with the Royal Institution for the Encouragement of the Fine Arts in Scotland and it began to acquire paintings, and in 1828 the Royal Institution building opened on The Mound. In 1826, the Scottish Academy was founded by a group of artists as an offshoot of the Royal Institution, a key aim of the RSA was the founding of a national collection. It began to build up a collection and from 1835 rented exhibition space within the Royal Institution building, in the 1840s, plans were put in place for a new building to house the RSA. William Henry Playfair was commissioned to prepare designs, and on 30 August 1850, in 1912 the RSA moved into the Royal Institution building, which remains known as the Royal Scottish Academy Building. At this time, internal remodelling was carried out by William Thomas Oldrieve, when it re-opened, the gallery concentrated on building its permanent collection of Scottish and European art for the nation of Scotland Additional basement galleries were constructed in 1970. Construction took five years and cost £32 million, the new underground space was opened as the Weston Link in August 2004. The Print Room or Research Library can be accessed by appointment, at the heart of the National Gallerys collection is a group of paintings transferred from the Royal Scottish Academy Building. This includes masterpieces by Jacopo Bassano, Van Dyck and Giambattista Tiepolo, the National Gallery did not receive its own purchase grant until 1903

Scottish National Gallery
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Scottish National Gallery viewed from the south in front of the Royal Scottish Academy and Princes Street
Scottish National Gallery
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Scottish National Gallery, viewed from the north
Scottish National Gallery
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The lower entrance of the Scottish National Gallery in Princes Street Gardens
Scottish National Gallery
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"Montagne Sainte-Victoire" by Paul Cézanne (1839–1906)

27.
Scottish National Gallery of Modern Art
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The Scottish National Gallery of Modern Art is part of the National Galleries of Scotland, which are based in Edinburgh. The Gallery of Modern Art houses the collection of modern. It comprises two buildings face each other, Modern One and Modern Two on Belford Road, to the west of the city centre. The Gallery has a collection of more than 6000 paintings, sculptures, installations, video work, prints and drawings, the first Scottish National Gallery of Modern Art opened in the August 1960 in Inverleith House, a Georgian building set in the middle of Edinburgh’s Royal Botanic Garden. In 1984 the Gallery moved to the premises of the John Watsons Institution. Works from the collection are presented here as well as a programme of changing exhibitions, special highlights include paintings by Henri Matisse and Pablo Picasso and the Scottish Colourists Samuel John Peploe, John Duncan Fergusson, Francis Cadell and Leslie Hunter. The Gallery has a collection of international post-war work and an outstanding collection of modern Scottish art. The growing collection includes works by international artists including Andy Warhol, Louise Bourgeois, Robert Mapplethorpe. The displays change on a regular basis, across the road, the Dean Orphan Hospital designed by Thomas Hamilton was constructed in 1833. It was converted to a gallery in 1999 by Terry Farrell, Modern Two is home to a changing programme of world-class exhibitions and displays drawn from the permanent collection. On permanent display is a recreation of the sculptor Eduardo Paolozzi’s studio, as well as his 7.3 metre-tall sculpture, Vulcan, Modern Two is also home to the Gallery’s world-famous collection of Surrealism, including works by Salvador Dalí, René Magritte and Alberto Giacometti. The building houses a library, archive and special books collection, the library’s great strengths are Dada and Surrealism, early twentieth century artists and contemporary Scottish art. The archive contains over 120 holdings relating to twentieth and twenty-first century artists, collectors and art organisations, the archive holds one of the world’s best collections of Dada and Surrealist material, largely made up by the collections of Roland Penrose and Gabrielle Keiller. This material is available to the public in the reading room, there are regular changing displays in the Gabrielle Keiller library to showcase items from these collections. The lawn to the front of Modern One was re-landscaped in 2002 to a design by Charles Jencks and this dramatic work, or Landform, comprises a stepped, serpentine mound reflected in three crescent-shaped pools of water. The façade of Modern One is home to Martin Creed’s Work No,975, EVERYTHING IS GOING TO BE ALRIGHT. Modern One backs on to the Water of Leith river and walkway, open daily, 10am-5pm, both galleries close only on the 25 and 26 December and open on 1 January at 12 noon. Admission is free although a charge may be made for special exhibitions, both galleries have shops and renowned cafés

Scottish National Gallery of Modern Art
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Scottish National Gallery of Modern Art
Scottish National Gallery of Modern Art
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Scottish National Gallery of Modern Art One, exterior
Scottish National Gallery of Modern Art
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Scottish National Gallery of Modern Art Two, exterior
Scottish National Gallery of Modern Art
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Scottish National Gallery of Modern Art Two, Keiller Library

28.
Burrell Collection
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The Burrell Collection is an art collection in the city of Glasgow, Scotland. It is situated in Pollok Country Park on the side of the city. The museum closed for refurbishment on 23 October 2016 and is expected to reopen in 2020, the eclectic collection was acquired over many years by Sir William Burrell, a wealthy Glaswegian shipping magnate and art collector, who then gave it to the city of Glasgow Corporation in 1944. The trustees spent over 20 years trying to find a home for the collection, one which met all the criteria set out in the Trust Deed. Galleries on two house various smaller artefacts, over a basement storage level, and at the lower level a restaurant gives views over the lawn to the south. The museum was opened by Queen Elizabeth II in 1983, and was named as Scotlands second greatest post-war building in a poll of architects by Prospect magazine in 2005. The building was awarded A-listed status by Historic Scotland in February 2013 in recognition of its position as one of the country’s finest examples of 1970s architectural design, there are over 8,000 objects in the collection. Artworks from five centuries are found in the collection, Burrell started collecting Chinese antiques around 1910. The museum is home to one of the greatest assemblies of medieval stained glass in the world, there are more than 700 stained glass panels from across Europe in the collection, including many examples of Gothic, Renaissance and Romanesque styles. Much of the glass has heraldic motifs, in 2013 a project was commenced to conserve and research the museums collection of stained glass from the Carmelite church at Boppard-am-Rhein, Germany. The 34 panels that make up the Burrell collection of Boppard windows have a surface area of 14 square metres. The museum has a collection of art from the medieval period. This includes wood and stone sculptures, wooden church furnishings and architectural fragments, one of these items is the Temple Pyx. The nearest railway station to the Burrell Collection is Pollokshaws West, Pollok House, administered by the National Trust for Scotland, is also situated in Pollok Country Park. Hansard Blog following the ongoing Boppard Conservation Project Morrison, Richard, stained Glass in the Burrell Collection. Carpets and Tapestries from the Burrell Collection, the Burrell Collection, Gothic Tapestries, A Selection. Western Asiatic antiquities, the Burrell Collection

Burrell Collection
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The museum building housing the Burrell Collection, with the entrance wing in the background to the left, and the glazed restaurant on the right looking onto the lawn.
Burrell Collection
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Assyrian Royal Attendant from Nimrud, Mesopotamia.
Burrell Collection
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Figure of a Luohan from the Chenghua period.
Burrell Collection
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Statue of The Thinker, 1880 CE.

29.
The Georgian House, Edinburgh
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The Georgian House is an 18th-century townhouse situated at No.7 Charlotte Square in the heart of the historic New Town of the city of Edinburgh, Scotland. It has been restored and furnished by the National Trust for Scotland, in 1766 a young unknown architect named James Craig won the competition to design a layout for Edinburghs first New Town. Craigs design for the New Town formed a pattern consisting three principal streets and two large squares with gardens for the residents use. The main thoroughfare was George Street, right at the centre of the development running east to west, this was the only main street to have houses constructed on both sides. Princes Street which ran parallel to George Street was designed as a terrace overlooking what was to become Princes Street Gardens, queen Street ran parallel to George Street on the north side of the New Town. It also had houses on one side only and again gardens were laid out for the use of the residents of the street, at either end of George Street were the squares. At the east end of the New Town was St Andrew Square, the original intention was to name this western square as St Georges Square in order that both patron saints of Scotland and England were represented. Craigs grid design was enhanced by other streets and lanes in between the three, including Rose Street and Thistle Street. The New Town was built from St Andrews Square in the east, critics of the development began to complain that the streets were too plain and regimented and that there was a general lack of architectural merit. Adam drew up the plans in 1791, but he did not live to see the completion of the square, the first houses were completed on the north elevation of the square and were ready for occupation by the mid-1790s. 7, todays Georgian House, was completed in 1796 and was purchased for £1,800 by John Lamont to serve as his townhouse to be used during the social season, 1796-1815 John Lamont of Lamont was born in c.1741 and was the eldest of seven children. He became the 18th Chief of the Clan Lamont in 1767, as a member of the landed gentry he was not in paid employment and his main income came from the rents collected from his tenants. In 1773, he married Helen Campbell and the couple had five children together, John, Amelia, Norman, Georgina, although John Lamont was a comparatively wealthy person he had inherited some debts and owing to his own extravagant lifestyle his financial difficulties began to mount up. He spent much of his time in London where he attempted to involve himself in politics and his portrait was painted by one of Scotlands most sought after artists of the day, Henry Raeburn. He died at his Ardlamont country seat in 1816, heavily in debt, the previous year he had sold No.7 Charlotte Square for £3,000 and had abandoned his urban pursuits. 1815-1845 The second owner of the property was Mrs Catherine Farquharson of Invercauld and she was a widow with two daughters and a son. The 1841 shows that she was living in the house with one relative and she sold the house in 1845. 1845-1889 Charles Neaves, Lord Neaves bought the house in 1845 and he had a very distinguished career as a criminal lawyer

The Georgian House, Edinburgh
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Plan for the New Town by James Craig (1768)
The Georgian House, Edinburgh
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The north side of Robert Adam 's Charlotte Square. No. 6 or Bute House, official residence of the First Minister of Scotland, is in the centre and the Georgian House No. 7 is next door on the left of the picture.

30.
Kelvingrove Art Gallery and Museum
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The Kelvingrove Art Gallery and Museum is a museum and art gallery in Glasgow, Scotland. It reopened in 2006 after a refurbishment and since then has been one of Scotlands most popular visitor attractions. The gallery is located on Argyle Street, in the West End of the city and it is adjacent to Kelvingrove Park and is situated near the main campus of the University of Glasgow on Gilmorehill. The construction of Kelvingrove was partly financed by the proceeds of the 1888 International Exhibition held in Kelvingrove Park, the gallery was designed by Sir John W. Simpson and E. J. Milner Allen and opened in 1901, as the Palace of Fine Arts for the Glasgow International Exhibition held in that year, the centrepiece of the Centre Hall is a concert pipe organ constructed and installed by Lewis & Co. The organ was commissioned as part of the Glasgow International Exhibition. The organ was installed in the hall of the exhibition. The Centre Hall of the newly completed Art Gallery and Museum was intended from the beginning to be a space in which to hold concerts. When the 1901 exhibition ended, a Councillor urged the Glasgow Corporation to purchase the organ, stating that without it, purchase price and installation costs were met from the surplus exhibition proceeds, and the organ was installed in the Centre Hall by Lewis and Co. The present case front in walnut with non-functional display pipes was commissioned at this time from John W. Simpson, Simpson was the senior partner of Simpson & Milner Allen, architects of the gallery building. There is a myth in Glasgow, that the building was accidentally built back-to-front, and the architect jumped from one of the towers in despair. This is only an urban myth, the grand entrance was always intended to face into Kelvingrove Park. The museums collections came mainly from the McLellan Galleries and from the old Kelvingrove House Museum in Kelvingrove Park and it has one of the finest collections of arms and armour in the world and a vast natural history collection. The art collection includes many outstanding European artworks, including works by the Old Masters, French Impressionists, Dutch Renaissance, the museum houses Christ of Saint John of the Cross by Salvador Dalí. The copyright of this painting was bought by the curator at the time after a meeting with Dalí himself, for a period between 1993 and 2006, the painting was moved to the St Mungo Museum of Religious Life and Art. The museum also contains a gift of the decorative arts from Anne Hull Grundy. Kelvingrove was reopened by Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II on 11 July 2006 after a closure for major refurbishment. The work cost around £28 million and includes a new restaurant, a new display layout and wayfinding scheme was introduced to make the building more visitor-friendly

31.
Kirkcaldy Museum and Art Gallery
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Kirkcaldy Galleries is the main museum, library and exhibition space in Kirkcaldy in Fife, Scotland. The land for the museum and art gallery was donated by John Nairn on the former site of Balsusney House. This was opened in 1925, with the first chairman of trustees local cloth-manufacturer businessman John Blyth, the art gallery holds the largest collection of paintings by William McTaggart and Scottish Colourist Samuel Peploe aside from the National Galleries of Scotland. The museum contains many significant works by the Glasgow Boys, situated on the ground floor, is the museums award-winning permanent exhibition covering the towns industrial heritage. The museum also has a cafe which displays examples of Wemyss Ware pottery, in 2012 Fife Council undertook a £2. 5m refurbishment of the building, which reopened in June 2013. It now contains a museum, library, childrens library, PC suite, cafe, gift shop, meeting rooms, museum, local family and history rooms and gallery spaces. The Galleries opening was attended by local author Val McDermid, Wolf from Gladiators, MP and former Prime Minister Gordon Brown, in 2015, Kirkcaldy Galleries became the first institution in Fife to display work by American photographer Diane Arbus. Official site BBC Your Paintings online gallery Friends of Kirkcaldy Galleries Virtual Tour

Kirkcaldy Museum and Art Gallery
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Kirkcaldy Galleries

32.
McLellan Galleries
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The McLellan Galleries are an exhibition space in the city of Glasgow, Scotland, situated behind a frontage of shops in Sauchiehall Street. The Galleries were built in 1855-6 to a design by architect James Smith at a cost of £40,000 and are named after their founder, Archibald McLellan, a coach builder, councillor and patron of the arts. Following his death, Glasgow Corporation acquired the galleries and collection, the Galleries housed Glasgow School of Art from 1869 to 1899. In October 1986, the frontage building housing the Galleries was ravaged by fire. While Kelvingrove Art Gallery and Museum was closed for refurbishment between 2003 and 2006, the McLellan Galleries hosted a display of its best-loved works. The McLellan Galleries was then leased to the Glasgow School of Art as studio, the galleries have been protected as a category B listed building since 1970. Glasgow Museums website on the McLellan Glasgow City Councils page on the McLellan Galleries

McLellan Galleries
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Art Galleries

33.
Stirling Smith Museum and Art Gallery
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It is also known locally by its original name of The Smith Institute. Its current Director since 1994 is Dr Elspeth King, the Stirling Smith Art Gallery and Museum – formerly The Smith Institute – has played a very special part in the history of Stirling since its foundation in 1874. Established by the bequest of artist Thomas Stuart Smith on land supplied by the Burgh of Stirling and it was founded as a gallery of mainly contemporary art, with museum and library reading room ‘for the benefit of the inhabitants of Stirling, Dunblane and Kinbuck’. Today, it functions as a gallery, museum and cultural centre for the Stirling area and it is the repository for the historical artefacts and paintings of Stirlingshire, at the same time offering exhibition opportunities for contemporary artists. Over twenty community groups meet regularly in its theatre. According to the Art Journal of 1896 the Smith did “a good work of quiet and it has continued to do this and often the public do not recognise the Smith’s collections when they see them. They are used to illustrate many promotional brochures for Stirling and Scotland, from simple leaflets to books and the prestigious City Bid document of 2001. Images from the collection are used in displays in visitor centres, including the Wallace Monument, throughout the area. From the beginning, the Smith has had a collection of historic and artistic significance. When the writer and former suffragette Eunice Murray made her plea for Scottish folk museums. She saw the establishment of museums as a feature of a peaceful and civilised society. Its use as a billet for troops in both World Wars curtailed its potential and kept it closed, in the instance, until 1948. Otherwise, Stirlingshire might well have had museums in Aberfoyle, Bannockburn, Callendar, Cowie, Doune, Dunmore, Fallin, Gargunnock, Killearn, Killin, Kippen, Plean, St. Ninians, the circumstances were right in Dunblane, where the museum was established in 1943. At present, only the Stirling Smith, Dunblane Museum and the Argyll, the Stirling Smith has had a chequered history of 130 years which is worth examining in detail. The founder, Thomas Stuart Smith was an artist who wanted the art gallery element of his Institute to predominate, the Smith Institute first opened to the public on 11 August 1874. It was an occasion for celebration in Stirling, and the shops in the town closed at 12 noon to allow people to attend the opening. Nevertheless, there were mixed feelings, for Thomas Stuart Smith, had died in 1869. It was perhaps thanks to Provost Christie that the organisation came into being at all, Thomas Stuart Smiths uncle supplied funding so that he could travel and paint in Italy starting in 1840

34.
Broughty Castle
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Broughty Castle is a historic castle on the banks of the river Tay in Broughty Ferry, Dundee, Scotland. It was completed around 1495, although the site was fortified in 1454 when George Douglas. His son Archibald Douglas, 5th Earl of Angus was coerced into ceding the castle to the crown, the main tower house forming the centre of the castle with four floors was built by Andrew, 2nd Lord Gray who was granted the castle in 1490. The castle saw action during the 16th-century War of the Rough Wooing. After the battle of Pinkie in September 1547 it was surrendered by purchase to the English by its owner, a messenger from the castle, Rinyon Cockburn, who spoke to the English supreme commander the Duke of Somerset before the castle was rendered was given a £4 reward. The Scottish keeper, Henry Durham, was rewarded with an English pension, income from the fishing, Durham later lent the English commander £138. The position of the old castle itself was advantageous to modern warfare, soon after taking possession, the English garrison further fortified Broughty by building a ditch across the landward side of the castles promontory. Edward Clinton began the refortification, with the advice of an Italian engineer, Master John Rossetti, the garrison was first led by Sir Andrew Dudley, the Duke of Northumberlands brother, who hoped to distribute Tyndales Bible in Dundee. Andrew Dudley wrote in October 1547 that, never had a man had so weak a company of soldiers given to drinking, eating and slothfulness, although, the town of Dundee agreed to support the garrison and resist the Governor of Scotland, Regent Arran on 27 October 1547. The Constable of Dundee, John Scrimgeour, and the baillies and council signed the agreement, the Earl of Argyll tried to capture the castle on 22 November 1547 and again in January 1548 with 150 men led by the soldier Duncan Dundas, without success. Thomas Wyndham brought two more ships in December 1547 and burnt Balmerino Abbey on Christmas Day, on 12 January 1548, one hundred matchlock guns were delivered from Berwick, with powder flasks, matches, touch-boxes, and bullet moulds. Andrew Dudley was succeeded by John Luttrell who had been the commander at Inchcolm, on 11 May 1548, the English commander at Haddington, Grey of Wilton wrote to Luttrell that he could not expect more supplies because of the expected French fleet. Grey of Wilton warned him against Scottish assassins in June, there was some relief for Luttrell, as Lord Methven took away the guns of the Scottish counter-battery for redeployment at the Siege of Haddington on 6 June 1548. Meanwhile, Luttrell had been ordered to build a new fortification on an adjacent site, in November he wrote to Somerset describing the progress of this work explaining that the ramparts made from turf were unstable and could not be strengthened. Luttrell said his enemies would not need guns, for theye shall fynde hytt fallen downe redy to ther handys. On Christmas Day 1549, Mary of Guise held a conference at Stirling Castle with her guests, twelve English ships arrived to support the defenders and it was 12 February 1550 before the French and Scots managed to recapture Broughty. Mary of Guise watched the assault on Wednesday 6 February 1550 from a vantage point across the Tay. Paul de Thermes led the French troops,240 were injured and 50 killed, the garrison surrendered six days later at midnight

35.
David Livingstone Centre
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The David Livingstone Centre is a biographical museum in Blantyre, South Lanarkshire, Scotland, dedicated to the life and work of the explorer and missionary David Livingstone. The centre is operated by the National Trust for Scotland and is housed in a category A listed building and it is located in the former mill buildings which once housed 24 families including Livingstones, and where he was born on 19 March 1813. The centre depicts Livingstones life from his childhood working in the mill. These are illustrated with the aid of various pieces of his navigational and medical equipment, a committee to promote the creation of a Scottish National Memorial to David Livingstone was established in 1925 and the tenement in which Livingstone was born was acquired in 1927. In 1926, the architect and town planner Sir Frank Mears was engaged to oversee the development of the project, pilkington Jackson was commissioned to sculpt the several bronze tableaux depicting the life of Livingstone and a World Fountain in the Memorial grounds. - official site at National Trust for Scotland Graham Fraser, controversial Plan for Care Home Goes Ahead

David Livingstone Centre

36.
St Mungo Museum of Religious Life and Art
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The St Mungo Museum of Religious Life and Art is a museum of religion in Glasgow, Scotland. The museum, which opened in 1993, is located in Cathedral Square, the museum building emulates a medieval style to blend in with the nearby Provands Lordship House. The museum houses exhibits relating to all the major religions, including a Zen garden. It housed Salvador Dalí’s painting Christ of Saint John of the Cross from its opening in 1993 until the reopening of Kelvingrove Art Gallery, nearby are the Provand’s Lordship, Glasgow’s oldest house, the Glasgow Royal Infirmary, and the Glasgow Necropolis. Museum website Glasgow Cathedral Precinct—History and original drawings of the Cathedral area

St Mungo Museum of Religious Life and Art
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Stained glass at the St Mungo Museum of Religious Life and Art
St Mungo Museum of Religious Life and Art
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Art Galleries

37.
Angus Folk Museum
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Angus Folk Museum is a centre for agricultural history and rural life located near Forfar, Angus. It is located in the village of Glamis off the A94, the museum was founded by Jean, Lady Maitland who gave her collections to the nation in the 1950s. Since 1976 it has been administered by the National Trust for Scotland, the museum has been described as containing one of Scotlands finest folk collections. The museum is housed in a row of six cottages built in 1793. The buildings were given by Timothy Bowes-Lyon, 16th Earl of Strathmore and it has been given a 3 star rating by the Scottish Tourist Board

Angus Folk Museum
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Angus Folk Museum

38.
Fife Folk Museum
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The Fife Folk Museum is a museum of local life located in the village of Ceres, Fife, Scotland. This award winning museum looks at the most important aspect of life in the Kingdom of Fife, spanning two centuries, the collection comprises objects, fine art, documents and costumes illustrating the working and social lives of the people of Fife. The museum is located within the small historic burgh of Ceres. Displays cover the life and work of people in the past. Exhibits show local trades, crafts, reconstructions of traditional rural cottage interiors, the museum shop offers a range of gifts and publications. It focuses on local crafts and skills, with work by local artists, many visitors come year on year. The museum is introducing a programme of exhibitions in its modern museum extension, the museum is run by volunteers. Folk museum Local museum Rural history Fife Folk Museum website Fife Folk Museum - The Forgotten Gem Of Fife

Fife Folk Museum
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Interior of a Cottar's House at the Fife Folk Museum

39.
Gairloch Heritage Museum
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Gairloch Heritage Museum is an award winning, independent museum in the Wester Ross region of Scotland. The museum is located in the Highland town of Gairloch, in Achtercairn, the museum was set up in 1977 to house appropriately the first Pictish Stone found on the west coast mainland and other artefacts from across the Gairloch parish amassed by local enthusiasts. The museum is the face of the Gairloch & District Heritage Company. Gairloch Heritage Museum also houses an archive and library of significant local interest and used by amateur, the museum is an important visitor attraction in the summer season. The Company is firmly embedded in the community and runs events for all sectors of the community throughout the year. The museum is currently fundraising towards this and it is proposed to move to the new premises in 2018. Further information on this redevelopment project can be found at on the museums website, the museum contains various displays and exhibitions which focus on the culture and social history of Gairloch parish. A Gairloch Heritage Museum Guide Book is available for £1.00, the museum has a wide range of events throughout the year. These events can involve interactive talks and presentations, from the evolution of the bicycle, the presentations usually take place in either the Community Hall, or in Gairloch High Schools multi purpose hall. Exhibitions also take place throughout the year, admission charges for the museum are, Adults £4.00 Children £1 Senior Citizens/Students £3.00 Contact the museum for rates on groups of 10 or more at 01445712287. There is no cost for parking cars, or coaches, disabled parking is available close to the museums entrance. If required, there is assistance for access alongside the parking. Gairloch Heritage Museum - official site

Gairloch Heritage Museum
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Gairloch Heritage Museum from the A832
Gairloch Heritage Museum
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A photograph of the ancient Pictish Stone found at the Museum

40.
Glenesk Folk Museum
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Glenesk Folk Museum is a museum located in the Glen Esk valley, in Tarfside, Angus, Scotland, which is run by members of the local community. It is about 9 miles north of the village of Edzell and it is housed in a former shooting lodge, known as The Retreat, which used to belong to the earls of Dalhousie. The museum contains artefacts and documents related to the history of the surrounding area and it also has a shop selling locally produced gifts and a tearoom. The museum organises demonstrations of local skills and crafts, the Museum was established in 1955 by Greta Michie, a local schoolteacher who was inspired by folk museums in Scandinavia. The building used for the museum, known as the Retreat, had constructed as a retirement cottage in the 1840s by Captain J. E. Wemyss. It was later expanded and used as a lodge, and later a summer house by the earls of Dalhousie. Lord and Lady Dalhousie assisted with the establishment of the museum on this site, the museum was refurbished and expanded in 2007. The museums artefacts are arranged thematically into rooms, including spaces covering music, there are reconstructions of rooms from the 1850s, including a childrens room. Since its foundation, the Retreat has sold locally produced goods, there is also a tearoom with home-cooked food. The Retreat also has facilities, a function room, a nature trail. Regular craft workshops are run on-site, along with events which have included music recitals

Glenesk Folk Museum
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Glenesk Folk Museum

41.
John Knox House
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John Knox House, popularly known as John Knoxs House, is a historic house in Edinburgh, Scotland, reputed to have been owned and lived in by Protestant reformer John Knox during the 16th century. Although his name associated with the house, he appears to have lived in Warriston Close where a plaque indicates the approximate site of his actual residence. The house itself was built from 1490 onwards, featuring a wooden gallery. It had belonged to Walter Reidpath whose grandson John Arres inherited it and her husband James Mossman, Goldsmith, refashioned the crown of Scotland for James V. He remained loyal to Mary, Queen of Scots when she was exiled in England and he worked in Edinburgh Castle making coins for her supporters who held the castle on her behalf during the Lang Siege. When the Castle surrendered in August 1573, Mossman was charged with counterfeiting, the house was forfeit for the treachery, and was given in the name of James VI of Scotland to James Carmichael younger of that ilk. The carvings date from 1850 when the building was restored and they are by Alexander Handyside Ritchie. The building was restored again in 1984, over the next few centuries many decorations and paintings were added, and the house and its contents are now a museum. The building is owned by the Church of Scotland and is now administered as part of the new, adjacent Scottish Storytelling Centre. The visitors pamphlet states that the house was Knoxs home only for a few months during the siege of Edinburgh Castle, the house looked old enough to fit the description, but no research was able to establish the rights or wrongs of the claim. It was owned by a prominent Catholic at the time of Knox, so it is unlikely the reformer ever visited it, because of its visual prominence, however, it is almost certain that the building would have been familiar to Knox. The location of his residence is marked by a plaque in Warriston Close which lies further up the slope of the High Street. After the Disruption in the Church of Scotland in 1843, the house was bought by the new Free Church and it was condemned and due for demolition by the Town Council in 1849 but saved through the efforts of the pioneering urban conservationist Lord Cockburn. The building immediately adjacent on the west side of the house is Moubray House and its owner Robert Moubray also happened to be the owner of the house in Warristons Close where Knox lodged in the 1560s. Moubray House Chambers, Robert and William Chamberss Edinburgh Journal, volume VIII nos. 183-200 July-December,231, description of John Knox House in 1847. Guthrie, Charles John, John Knox and John Knoxs House, Constable

John Knox House
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John Knox House
John Knox House
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John Knox's House, painted by Louise Rayner c. 1861
John Knox House
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Warriston Close plaque

42.
Museum of the University of St Andrews
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The Museum of the University of St Andrews opened in October 2008 and is associated with the University of St Andrews. The museum houses a selection of the Universitys historic and artistic collections and they are displayed across four galleries which aim to tell the story of the University. The museum also contains a ‘Learning Loft’ for workshops and a terrace with panoramic views over St Andrews Bay. The four galleries aim to tell the story of the University of St Andrews from its foundation in 1410 until the present day, each gallery takes a different theme. Scotlands First University covers the foundation and early period of the Universitys history, living and Learning examines student life at St Andrews and looks at aspects such as dining, student societies and the iconic red gown. The fourth gallery is now used for exhibitions and shows a range of changing displays. The Universitys collection includes three Recognised Collections of National Significance and these are collections that are judged to be of national or international importance. The three Recognised Collections at the University are the Heritage Collection, the Collection of Historic Scientific Instruments, a selection of the most important items from each of these collections is on display in MUSA. The museum considers its highlight to be three medieval ceremonial maces which date from the 15th century, the oldest of these, the Mace of the Faculty of Arts, was commissioned in 1416 and was probably made in Paris. It has a hexagonal head on which are engraved the images of saints. The second mace, that of the College of St Salvator, was made in Paris by Jean Maiel in 1461, the head is considered by some to be one of the finest pieces of medieval European silverware in existence. It shows Christ, or St Salvator, in the centre of an architectural shrine and he stands on a globe with his hands raised to show the nail marks. Around him stand three angels, each holding a symbol of the passion and its probable origin in Scotland makes it particularly rare. These maces are used during graduation ceremonies. Other highlights include the Great Astrolabe, made in 1575, which was purchased by James Gregory in the 17th century and it is believed this is the biggest historic astrolabe in existence. Some items give insights into student life, such as the black stone, the museum occasionally displays the only surviving one of the six bulls sent by Pope Benedict XIII to found the University of St Andrews in 1413. Owing to its age and consequent fragility, however, a facsimile is usually on display, the museum runs a wide ranging programme of talks, workshops and tours on a variety of subjects related to its collections. The programme currently comprises around 200 events each year, on top of this the museum offers a comprehensive schools programme

Museum of the University of St Andrews
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Governance
Museum of the University of St Andrews
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Entertainment

43.
New Lanark
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New Lanark is a village on the River Clyde, approximately 1.4 miles from Lanark, in Lanarkshire, and some 40 km southeast of Glasgow, Scotland. It was founded in 1786 by David Dale, who built cotton mills, Dale built the mills there in a brief partnership with the English inventor and entrepreneur Richard Arkwright to take advantage of the water power provided by the only waterfalls on the River Clyde. The New Lanark mills operated until 1968, after a period of decline, the New Lanark Conservation Trust was founded in 1974 to prevent demolition of the village. By 2006 most of the buildings have restored and the village has become a major tourist attraction. It is one of six UNESCO World Heritage Sites in Scotland, the New Lanark cotton mills were founded in 1786 by David Dale in a brief partnership with Richard Arkwright. M. W. Turner and many other artists, the mills used the recently developed water-powered cotton spinning machinery invented by Richard Arkwright. Dale sold the mills, lands and village in the early 19th century for £60,000, payable over 20 years, to a partnership that included his son-in-law Robert Owen. Owen, who became manager in 1800, was an industrialist who carried on his father-in-laws philanthropic approach to industrial working. New Lanark, with its social and welfare programmes, epitomised his Utopian socialism, the New Lanark mills depended upon water power. A dam was constructed on the Clyde above New Lanark and water was drawn off the river to power the mill machinery, the water first travelled through a tunnel, then through an open channel called the lade. It then went to a number of wheels in each mill building. It was not until 1929 that the last waterwheel was replaced by a water turbine, Water power is still used in New Lanark. A new water turbine has been installed in Mill Number Three to provide electricity for the tourist areas of the village, in Owens time some 2,500 people lived at New Lanark, many from the poorhouses of Glasgow and Edinburgh. Although not the grimmest of mills by far, Owen found the conditions unsatisfactory, the mills thrived commercially, but Owens partners were unhappy at the extra expense incurred by his welfare programmes. Unwilling to allow the mills to revert to the old ways of operating, in 1813 the Board forced an auction, hoping to obtain the town and mills at a low price but Owen and a new board that was sympathetic to his reforming ideas won out. New Lanark became celebrated throughout Europe, with many statesmen, reformers and they were astonished to find a clean, healthy industrial environment with a content, vibrant workforce and a prosperous, viable business venture all rolled into one. Owen’s philosophy was contrary to contemporary thinking, but he was able to demonstrate that it was not necessary for an enterprise to treat its workers badly to be profitable. Owen was able to show visitors the village’s excellent housing and amenities, the planning of employment in the mills alongside housing for the workers and services such as a school also makes the settlement iconic in the development of urban planning in the UK

New Lanark
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New Lanark
New Lanark
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Dereliction in New Lanark in 1983.
New Lanark
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Robert Owen 's house
New Lanark
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The Scottish Wildlife Trust visitor centre for the Falls of Clyde nature reserve.

44.
Old Haa Museum
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The Old Haa of Brough in located in Burravoe, Yell, Shetland, Scotland. Built for Robert Tyrie, a merchant, in 1672, houses the museum for Burravoe. The archway with a panel above, with Tyries initials. On 19 January 1942, a Catalina aircraft crashed on the hill above Burravoe, seven of her 10 passengers were killed, and one of the propellers can be seen outside the Old Haa Museum. There is a memorial to Bobby Tulloch at the museum and this article is based on http, //shetlopedia. com/Old_Haa_Museum a GFDL wiki

Old Haa Museum
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Old Haa Museum

45.
Scotland Street School Museum
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Scotland Street School Museum is a museum of school education in Glasgow, Scotland, in the district of Tradeston. It is located in a former School designed by Charles Rennie Mackintosh between 1903 and 1906, the building is one of Glasgows foremost architectural attractions. It is located next to the Shields Road subway station, during the buildings construction, Mackintosh frequently battled the school board about the design. The total cost for the building was £34,291, which was over budget, the building features a pair of windowed Scottish baronial style tower staircases. The school, which also served Tradeston, was designed for an enrolment of 1,250, however, by the 1970s the area was experiencing urban decay, and the schools enrolment fell to under 100. Mackintosh based the design of the school on Rowallan Castle in Ayrshire, the museum features a wide range of activities and exhibits. The public are given the chance to participate in a Victorian classroom situation, culture in Glasgow Glasgow Museums Scotland Street School Scotland Street School - Illustrated Guide

46.
The Tolbooth
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The Tolbooth in Aberdeen, Scotland is a 17th-century former jail which is now operated as a museum. It was built between 1616 and 1629 and is attached to Aberdeen Sheriff Court on the city centres Union Street, the museum contains exhibits of prison cells and various police and law and order related items. It housed over 50 Jacobite prisoners after the Battle of Culloden, the most notable investigation was in April 2009 when the Livingtv series Most Haunted visited the building. The episode aired in December 2009, Aberdeen Art Gallery and Museums About Aberdeen

The Tolbooth
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The Tolbooth

47.
Aberdeen Maritime Museum
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Aberdeen Maritime Museum is a maritime museum in Aberdeen, Scotland. The museum is situated on the historic Shiprow in the heart of the city and it makes use of a range of buildings including a former church and Provost Ross House, one of the oldest domestic buildings in the city. The museum boasts several toys, both educational and recreational, the museum tells the story of the citys long relationship with the North Sea. Collections cover shipbuilding, fast sailing ships, fishing and port history and it also commands a spectacular viewpoint over the busy harbour. Collection highlights include ship plans and photographs from the shipbuilders of Aberdeen including Hall, Russell & Company Ltd, Alexander Hall and Sons, Duthie. Ltd and Walter Hood & Co, displays include ship and oil rig models, paintings, clipper ship and North Boats material, fishing, whalers and commercial trawlers, North Sea oil industry, and the marine environment. List of museums in Scotland Aberdeen City Council Museum homepage Aberdeen Built Ships Project website Aberdeen Quest website Travel-Island. com Photo Gallery Museum Maritime Aberdeen

48.
RRS Discovery
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RRS Discovery was the last traditional wooden three-masted ship to be built in Britain. Designed for Antarctic research, it was launched as a Royal Research Ship in 1901 and it is now the centrepiece of visitor attraction in its home, Dundee. In charge of her design was W. E. Smith, one of the naval architects at the Admiralty, while the ships engine, boilers. The main compass was mounted amidships and there were to be no steel or iron fittings within 30 feet of this point. For the same reason the boiler and engines were mounted towards the stern of the ship, the yard was previously owned by Alexander Stephen and Sons and had built the Terra Nova in 1884. 1m in modern currency. At her economical cruising speed of 6 knots she only carried enough coal for 7700 miles of steaming, at 8 knots she could steam only 5100 miles. She was rigged as a barque and the total sail area was 12,296 square feet. Following the practice of the most modern sailing ships of the time, the ship was rigged to carry several large staysails and the funnel was hinged at the base so it could be laid on the deck when the large mizzen staysail was rigged once at sea. At the time of her launch Discovery was widely held to be the strongest wooden ship ever built, the hull frames, placed much closer together than was normal, were made of solid sections of oak up to 11 inches thick. The outer hull was formed from two layers - one 6 inches thick and an outer skin some 5 inches thick, a third lining was laid inside the frames, forming a double bottom and skin around almost the entire hull. This meant that in places the hull was over 2 feet thick, providing not only formidable strength, the construction meant that it was impossible to install portholes so the crew relied on mushroom vents on the deck to allow air and light into the interior. The outer hull is made of English Elm and Greenheart, oak beams run across the hull forming three decks - the lower deck beams are 11 inches square in cross-section and are placed less than three feet apart along the ships length. Seven transverse bulkheads, also of wood, provide additional strength, to prevent damage from ice floes or crushing the two-blade propeller could be hoisted out of the way and the rudder could be easily detached and stored aboard. Iron-shod bows were severely raked so that when ramming the ice they would ride up over the margin, the coal bunkers on each side contained a steel tank, each of which could hold 60 tons of fresh water. On the long trip to and from New Zealand these tanks could hold additional coal. The metal tanks also contributed to the strength of the hull around the boiler. She was launched into the Firth of Tay on 21 March 1901 by Lady Markham, the British National Antarctic Expedition departed the UK less than five months after the Discovery was launched and only a week after the ship left Dundee

49.
Museum of Scottish Lighthouses
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Kinnaird Head is a headland projecting into the North Sea, within the town of Fraserburgh, Aberdeenshire on the east coast of Scotland. The 16th-century Kinnaird Castle was converted in 1787 for use as the Kinnaird Head Lighthouse, Kinnaird Castle and the nearby Winetower were described by W. Douglas Simpson as two of the nine castles of the Knuckle, referring to the rocky headland of north-east Aberdeenshire. Both buildings are category A listed buildings, Kinnaird Castle, also known as Fraserburgh Castle and Kinnairdshead Castle, was begun in March 1570. The builder was Sir Alexander Fraser, 8th laird of Philorth, however, the building of the castle led to such expense that he was forced to sell Philorth Castle, the family home. Alexander, 10th of Philorth, fought for the king at the Battle of Worcester, despite being badly wounded, he survived to live into his eighties. In 1787 it was leased to the Trustees of the Northern lights, designed by Thomas Smith, the lamp was first lit on 1 December. The structure was rebuilt in the 1820s, and superseded by a new lighthouse in 1991, the Winetower is a small three-storey tower located approximately 50 metres from Kinnaird Head Lighthouse. The tower has been dated to the 16th-century, and may have gained its name through use as an associated with the castle. The tower is accessed via the floor, and contains elaborate carved stone pendants. It is reputed that in the cave below, one of the Fraser family imprisoned his daughters boyfriend, the daughter then jumped from the roof of the tower. There is red paint on the rocks below to illustrate her blood, according to local tradition, the tower is said to be haunted. Media related to Kinnaird Head at Wikimedia Commons Museum of Scottish Lighthouses web site

50.
Scottish Fisheries Museum
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The Scottish Fisheries Museum is an award-winning museum in Anstruther, Fife, that records the history of the Scottish fishing industry and its people from earliest times to the present day. Opened in 1969, the museum is situated on the front in Anstruther, in the heart of the East Neuk crab and lobster fishing villages of St Monans, Pittenweem, Cellardyke. It has grown over time into a complex, occupying a number of converted buildings set around three sides of a cobbled courtyard. These include two Category A listed buildings, the 16th century Abbots lodging and an 18th-century merchants house, the museum collection contains many model boats, fishing gear, a significant historical photographic archive and paintings. In addition to the exhibits, the museum also boasts a collection of 18 boats. This vessel was restored by the boat club and sails regularly in the summer months. Between 2003 and 2005 she visited 26 ports around Britain, including a visit to the Festival of the Sea in Portsmouth, when not sailing, the boat is berthed in Anstruther harbour opposite the museum. In total, the collection comprises over 66,000 items, the museum also incorporates a small private chapel, which commemorates the Scots who perished at sea while fishing. Fishing industry in Scotland Scottish Fisheries Museum National Register of Historic Vessels The history of herring fishing on the east coast of Scotland

Scottish Fisheries Museum
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Aerial view of the museum complex, with the twin masted Reaper seen berthed in the harbour to the left.
Scottish Fisheries Museum
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The Reaper berthed in Anstruther harbour.

51.
Ship Space
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Ship Space is an interactive maritime museum in Inverness, Scotland. The museum is situated along the historic Caledonian Canal at the Muirtown Basin, the 1,10 scale Titanic model is one of the main attractions. The original west building is used as a house and the east. Inside the museum building there are various exhibits, photos, posters. Outside, the 1,10 scale Titanic model is the centrepiece of the museum, the scale model contains three main rooms, a Parisian-styled café, a replica bridge, and a Marconi radio communications room. A full-scale replica of the Star Of Hope, the first Herring Drifter from Buckie, a 45ft RNLI Watson Class life boat

Ship Space
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The museum from the front
Ship Space
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the 1:10 scale Titanic model is the centrepiece of the museum

52.
Balhousie Castle
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Balhousie Castle, located in Perth, Scotland, dates to 1631, though its origins are believed to go back a further three hundred years. It originally served as the seat of the Earls of Kinnoull, after falling into neglect in the early 19th century, the Castle was restored, and extensively remodelled on a larger scale in 1862-63 in the Baronial style by the architect David Smart. No original features survive except for parts of the rubble walls on the east side. In 1962, the Castle became the Regimental Headquarters and Museum of The Black Watch, the latter displays the history of the regiment from 1739 to the present. The Black Watch Heritage Appeal was launched in September 2009 to raise in excess of £3.2 million to develop Balhousie Castle to provide a permanent home for the museum, the Regimental Trustees bought Balhousie Castle in January 2009. The Black Watch Travels in Scotland, Castles and Towers The Black Watch, 3rd Battalion

Balhousie Castle
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The eastern façade of the castle, which overlooks the North Inch.
Balhousie Castle
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The entrance to the castle, viewed through the main gate

53.
Cameronians (Scottish Rifles)
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The Cameronians was a rifle regiment of the British Army, the only regiment of rifles amongst the Scottish regiments of infantry. It was formed in 1881 under the Childers Reforms by the amalgamation of the 26th Cameronian Regiment and it can trace its roots to that of the Cameronians, later the 26th of Foot, who were raised in 1689. The 1881 amalgamation coincided with the Cameronians selection to become the new Scottish Rifles, the Cameronians was formed in 1881 under the Childers Reforms by the amalgamation of the 26th Cameronian Regiment and the 90th Perthshire Light Infantry. After the amalgamation, the 1st Battalion preferred to be known as The Cameronians while the 2nd preferred to be known as The Scottish Rifles, the 2nd Battalion saw action at the Battle of Spion Kop in January 1900 during the Second Boer War. Two Militia battalions were formed from the former 2nd Royal Lanark Militia, the 3rd battalion was embodied in May 1900 for service during the Second Boer War. More than 600 men embarked for South Africa in April 1901, the 4th battalion had been embodied already in December 1899, also for service in the same war, and 600 officers and men embarked for South Africa in late February 1900. The 1st Battalion landed at Le Havre as part of the 19th Brigade, the battalion famously refused to play football or otherwise fraternise with the enemy on Christmas Day 1914. The 2nd Battalion landed in France as part of the 23rd Brigade in the 8th Division in November 1914 for service on the Western Front. The 1/5th Battalion landed at Le Havre as part of the 19th Brigade in the 6th Division in November 1915 for service on the Western Front. The 1/6th Battalion landed at Le Havre as part of the 23rd Brigade in the 8th Division in March 1915 for service on the Western Front. The 9th Battalion landed at Boulogne-sur-Mer as part of the 27th Brigade in the 9th Division in May 1915 for service on the Western Front, the 10th Battalion landed at Boulogne-sur-Mer as part of the 46th Brigade in the 15th Division in July 1915 for service on the Western Front. The 11th Battalion landed at Boulogne-sur-Mer as part of the 77th Brigade in the 26th Division in September 1915 for service on the Western Front, in 1948, along with every other infantry regiment of the British Army, the Cameronians was reduced to a single regular battalion. The 1st Battalion which had been decimated in the Burma campaign was placed in suspended animation. It was deployed to Malaya in 1950 during the Malayan Emergency, under the reforms of the army in the 1967 Defence White Paper, which saw several regiments amalgamated, the Cameronians chose to disband rather than amalgamate with another in the Lowland Brigade. The 1st Battalion, The Cameronians was disbanded on 14 May 1968 at Douglas Castle, near Douglas, South Lanarkshire in the presence of the Duke of Hamilton, the Earl of Angus. Its recruiting area in Lanarkshire and Dumfries and Galloway taken over by the Kings Own Scottish Borderers, soldiers wore a rifle green doublet with Douglas tartan trews as part of their full dress and No.1 dress uniforms. George Henry Mackinnon, CB 1881–1882, Gen. William Hassall Eden 1882–1889, Gen. John Alfred Street 1899–1910, sir James Clerk Rattray, KCB 1910–1918, Maj-Gen. Joseph Henry Laye, CVO, CB 1918–1927, Maj-Gen, sir Philip Rynd Robertson, KCB, CMG 1927–1946, Maj-Gen

54.
Montrose Air Station Heritage Centre
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The Montrose Air Station Heritage Centre is located to the North of Montrose, Angus, Scotland. Montrose has the distinction of having the first operational airfield in Great Britain. It aims to show the side of its history with a collection of contemporary photographs, artefacts. These not only tell of the history of the airfield but also the story of the men and women who served there, the Air Station Heritage Centre is run by the Ian McIntosh Memorial Trust and is a registered Scottish charitable organisation. It is self-financing, relying on fees and donations together with grants from local government. The centre receives no financial support from local or national government. The airfield was first opened on 1913 when five aircraft of No.2 Squadron Royal Flying Corps arrived, Montrose became the first operational military airfield in Great Britain and first military airfield in Scotland. The air station closed in 1920 but was reopened in 1935 for use in the Second World War, after the war the airfield continued to be used as a maintenance unit until it closed on 4 June 1952. In 1983 a group of local enthusiast banded together to ensure that the history of Montrose Air Station would not be forgotten. A local man, Ian McIntosh, established the Montrose Air Station Heritage Trust, now known as the Ian McIntosh Memorial Trust, in 1992 the trust purchased the Watch Office and ground which became the Montrose Air Station Museum. Over the years the museum has added more buildings to house its collection of artefacts, memorabilia and models aided by donations, local government grants. On 19 May 2012 a memorial stone was unveiled at the air station in remembrance of the units, the memorial was provided by the Airfields of Britain Conservation Trust. This project was supported by the Heritage Lottery Fund as well as local benefactors and it commenced in June 2010 and involved extending the Romney Building to create room for new facilities. These included a Link Trainer, computer flight simulator and a zone with audio. It was completed in October 2012, similar to the wartime Spitfire Funds this was to raise money to purchase a full size replica Spitfire. Additional funding from Angus Council has enabled the purchase of the Spitfire which now sits at the front of the main building, the Aircraft, made by GB Replicas, stands as a monument to the many people who served there during two World Wars. It is in the colours and markings of the 602 Squadron Red Lichtie Spitfire, the original Red Lichtie was purchased in 1942 by the people of Arbroath, Angus after they started a Spitfire fund and raised £5000. On 26 July 2013 HRH Prince Edward, Earl of Wessex visited the Heritage Centre and unveiled the Spitfire, the first pilot to land in France after the declaration of war was Lieutenant H. D

Montrose Air Station Heritage Centre
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Montrose Air Station Heritage Centre
Montrose Air Station Heritage Centre
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Location of Montrose, Angus, Scotland
Montrose Air Station Heritage Centre
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Layout of Heritage Centre
Montrose Air Station Heritage Centre
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Airfields of Britain Memorial

55.
Marischal Museum
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Marischal Museum was a museum in Aberdeen, Scotland, specialising in anthropology and artifacts from cultures around the world. The museum is closed to the public, but now operates at the University of Aberdeen’s museum collections centre, the museum most notably housed examples of Egyptian and Classical antiquities, non-Western ethnography and pieces relating to Scottish prehistory and numismatics. The collections are part of the University of Aberdeen’s museum collections which have been Recognised as being of national significance by the Scottish Government, the museum has been closed since July 2008 due to renovation work at Marischal College. Although part of Marischal College re-opened after renovation in Summer 2011 as the headquarters of Aberdeen City Council. It now operates as a museum collections centre, with laboratory, research stores, offices and workshop. To allow the public to continue to view exhibits from its collections, Marischal Museum website Kings Museum website

Marischal Museum
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The entrance to the Marischal Museum, at the rear part of Marischal College, seen prior to restoration
Marischal Museum
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Governance

56.
Barry Mill
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Barry Mill is a working Category A listed watermill in Barry, Angus in eastern Scotland. It is owned and operated by the National Trust for Scotland as an educational tourist attraction, situated in a secluded area beside the Barry Burn, the mill lies about half a mile north of the village of Barry, near the town of Carnoustie. It is a three building, containing a meal floor, a milling floor and a top. A site for mills since at least 1539, Barry Mill was commercially operational until 1984, it was then restored. It was threatened with closure in March 2009, but has remained open due to support. When in operation, the mill processes oats into oatmeal, originally, the oats arrived in sacks from the neighbouring farms and had already been threshed. The oats were then dried in the mills peat-fired kiln and then sent down a chute to the floor to be collected in sacks again. Today the oats arrive already processed, but the rest of the milling continues in the traditional style. The oats are hoisted to the bin floor at the top of the mill and this pair of sandstone millstones shells the grain, and the output is then sent down a chute to the basement where the shelled oats are separated from the husks using a fan. The groats are then hoisted back to the top floor and fed through the pair of millstones. This produces the oatmeal, which descends to the basement for bagging, the mill is powered by the Barry Burn, there is a working dam and lade half a mile upstream, which channel water to the mill wheel. The wheel is 15 feet 6 inches diameter, and is powered by the water dropping down from the lade on downstream side of the overshot waterwheel, the mills power is controlled by a series of levers, cogs and gears in the basement. These supply power to the millstones, to the hoists, the earliest reference to a mill on this site dates from 1539. Indeed, there were two mills on the Barry Burn, both owned by Balmerino Abbey in Fife, a corn mill and an oat mill. The properties of the abbey were annexed by the crown in 1587 as a result of the Scottish Reformation, the mills were sold to a Robert Watson in the late 17th century and subsequently inherited by Watsons son-in-law, Robert Gardyne in the 1680s. Milling at the Nether Mill was discontinued and the structure, dating to 1783, is now used as a store building. In 1814, the Over Mill was destroyed by a fire, the mill was purchased by the Gunn family in 1926 before being further extended in the 1930s. Barry Mill continued to produce oatmeal until the late 1970s, after that time it was used only to produce animal feed, until flood damage to the mill lade finally ended commercial operations in 1984

57.
Mills Observatory
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The Mills Observatory in Dundee, Scotland, is the first purpose-built public astronomical observatory in the UK. Built in 1935, the observatory is classically styled in sandstone and has a distinctive 7 m dome, which houses a Victorian refracting telescope, a small planetarium, and display areas. The dome is one of two made from papier-mâché to survive in the UK, the other being at the Godlee Observatory, the main telescope is a 400mm Dobsonian reflector that was acquired in 2013. The observatory also houses a Victorian 0. 25m Cooke refractor and it was made in York in 1871 by Thomas Cooke and the optical components are of the highest quality. The telescope is actually older than the building, the dome also houses a 0. 3m Schmidt-Cassegrain telescope, which was purchased in 2006. When the Mills Observatory opened on 28 October 1935, it housed a 450mm reflecting telescope. The dome itself is made of papier-mâché with a steel frame, refracting telescopes have long been regarded as the superior instrument for planetary observing. During the winter evening hours, given clear sky conditions, the telescope is used to show the public the night sky, the planetarium is based around a Viewlex Apollo projector, which simulates the night sky on a domed roof in a darkened room. Around 1000 stars are displayed, along with the naked eye planets, auxiliary units simulate a rotating galaxy, and provide pictures of astronomical objects. Seating is limited to 20 for public shows, the display area is split into two parts. The main area in the centre of the building at floor level provides changing displays of pictures and models. The upper level provides displays of equipment and information of local importance. Mills Observatory is built upon the summit of the wooded Balgay Hill, in Balgay Park, the woods of Balgay Hill, surrounding the Observatory include Cypresses, Redwoods, Cedars and Monkey Puzzles. Violets and Wild Strawberries can be found growing among the grass in season, on Balgay Hill, an outdoor planet trail, scale model of the solar system, is arranged to entertain and educate the exploring visitor. The planet trail is a series of standing stones and plaques representing the solar system, pluto is represented by the pier in the Mills Observatory, which supports the telescope there. The history of the observatory starts with John Mills, a manufacturer of Linen and twine in the city of Dundee, and he advocated that every city should have public parks, public libraries and a public observatory. Mills built his own observatory on the slopes of Dundee Law. An old print still exists showing the ruins of the building minus its dome, there would appear to have been, in addition to the main telescope, a transit room, and what was probably a study to record and write up his observations

58.
Scottish Football Museum
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The Scottish Football Museum is the Scottish Football Leagues National Museum of football, located in Hampden Park in Glasgow. Although the FA Cup competition is older, its original cup has been lost, in appalling weather Renton won 4–1. The Scottish Football Museum offers an expansive and informative tour of Hampden Park where visitors get a similar to players on match day. Visitors are able to visit the underground roadway, team changing rooms, visitors are able to walk down the tunnel to the unveiling of the Hampden crowd. Visitors get access to 2,500 exhibits in all of the 14 display gallery’s along with the chance to score a goal from the Hampden penalty spot. Visitors also get the chance to see the Scottish Hall of Fame and are able to climb the stairs to the cup presentation area in Hampden’s stands. C, players who took part in the first match ever played at the ground. There is also another Kilmarnock shirt which was worn in the 1960s by legendary Kilmarnock player, saturday,30 November 1872, for the first time ever two national countries took to the field, Scotland and England. Both bordering nations are renowned for being the oldest international football teams in the world, a crowd of only 4,000 arrived that day to watch the historic event. 140 years on and football has become the most popular sport in the world where the 2010 World cup reached more than 3.2 billion people worldwide. This exhibition celebrates the unimaginable growth for the world of football from where we once were, where we are today, and how Scotland has its place in the start of football history. Many of his works were based on the fortunes of the two professional clubs based in Edinburgh, Hearts and Hibs, but also included other clubs across the country as well as the national team and these cartoons formed a basis for the exhibition presented at the museum. The Scottish Football Hall of Fame honours the great players, managers and officials who have contributed to Scotlands football reputation with their skills, spirit. Today, there are 83 football players in the Hall of Fame, the Hall of Fame is characterised as a must-see for every person that loves football and whoever is involved in football. Every year, supporters and figures from within football propose some worthy entrants before the decision for the list of the players. Scottish Football Association Scottish Football Museum Glasgow Museums & Art Galleries Scottish Football Hall of Fame

59.
Dundee Museum of Transport
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The Dundee Museum of Transport, located in Dundee, Scotland, officially opened to the public on April 26,2014. The museum is housed in temporary accommodation on Market Street. The museums organisers hope to relocate it to permanent premises at the Maryfield Tram Depot, currently listed on the Buildings at Risk register by the RCAHMS, the premises will require extensive repairs and upgrades. The museums collection continues to grow apace, with donations and several restoration projects underway

60.
Grampian Transport Museum
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Grampian Transport Museum is a transport museum and charitable-based trust located in Alford, Aberdeenshire, Scotland. Follow the history of transport in the north east of Scotland through dramatic displays, working and climb aboard vehicle exhibits, the museum was formed after a group of local transport enthusiasts and collectors in the early 1970s sought to develop a local transport museum. Construction work on the current building was completed in September 1982, an extension was completed in 1998, landscaping and a track added in the early 2000s, and a second building, the Collections Centre, to house larger exhibits in the 2010s. In 2016, the museum completed a new extension to improve the frontage of the museum. Major exhibits include the worlds oldest Sentinel Steam Waggon from 1914, exhibits include historic and classic automobiles, motorcycles, a double-decker bus, bicycles, steam vehicles, an electric tram, toy model vehicles, and transport memorabilia. Alford Valley Railway - located on an adjacent site Official Website

61.
Edinburgh
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Edinburgh is the capital city of Scotland and one of its 32 local government council areas. Located in Lothian on the Firth of Forths southern shore, it is Scotlands second most populous city and the seventh most populous in the United Kingdom. The 2014 official population estimates are 464,990 for the city of Edinburgh,492,680 for the authority area. Recognised as the capital of Scotland since at least the 15th century, Edinburgh is home to the Scottish Parliament and it is the largest financial centre in the UK after London. Historically part of Midlothian, the city has long been a centre of education, particularly in the fields of medicine, Scots law, literature, the sciences and engineering. The University of Edinburgh, founded in 1582 and now one of four in the city, was placed 17th in the QS World University Rankings in 2013 and 2014. The city is famous for the Edinburgh International Festival and the Fringe. The citys historical and cultural attractions have made it the United Kingdoms second most popular tourist destination after London, attracting over one million overseas visitors each year. Historic sites in Edinburgh include Edinburgh Castle, Holyrood Palace, the churches of St. Giles, Greyfriars and the Canongate, Edinburghs Old Town and New Town together are listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site, which has been managed by Edinburgh World Heritage since 1999. It appears to derive from the place name Eidyn mentioned in the Old Welsh epic poem Y Gododdin, the poem names Din Eidyn as a hill fort in the territory of the Gododdin. The Celtic element din was dropped and replaced by the Old English burh, the first documentary evidence of the medieval burgh is a royal charter, c. 1124–1127, by King David I granting a toft in burgo meo de Edenesburg to the Priory of Dunfermline. In modern Gaelic, the city is called Dùn Èideann, the earliest known human habitation in the Edinburgh area was at Cramond, where evidence was found of a Mesolithic camp site dated to c.8500 BC. Traces of later Bronze Age and Iron Age settlements have found on Castle Rock, Arthurs Seat, Craiglockhart Hill. When the Romans arrived in Lothian at the end of the 1st century AD, at some point before the 7th century AD, the Gododdin, who were presumably descendants of the Votadini, built the hill fort of Din Eidyn or Etin. Although its location has not been identified, it likely they would have chosen a commanding position like the Castle Rock, Arthurs Seat. In 638, the Gododdin stronghold was besieged by forces loyal to King Oswald of Northumbria and it thenceforth remained under their jurisdiction. The royal burgh was founded by King David I in the early 12th century on land belonging to the Crown, in 1638, King Charles Is attempt to introduce Anglican church forms in Scotland encountered stiff Presbyterian opposition culminating in the conflicts of the Wars of the Three Kingdoms. In the 17th century, Edinburghs boundaries were defined by the citys defensive town walls

Edinburgh
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Clockwise from top-left: View from Calton Hill, Old College, Old Town from Princes Street, Edinburgh Castle, Princes Street from Calton Hill
Edinburgh
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Edinburgh, showing Arthur's Seat, one of the earliest known sites of human habitation in the area
Edinburgh
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Edinburgh in the 17th century
Edinburgh
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A painting showing Edinburgh characters (based on John Kay 's caricatures) behind St Giles' Cathedral in the late 18th century

62.
Appleton Tower
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Appleton Tower is a tower block in Edinburgh, Scotland, owned by the University of Edinburgh. When the University developed the George Square area in the 1960s a huge swathe of Georgian Edinburgh was demolished, leading to accusations of cultural vandalism and megalomania. The Appleton Tower was intended as the first phase of the proposed interlinked Fundamental Science buildings, in the post-war period, vociferous support for the George Square scheme, and impassioned opposition to it, were so intense as to elevate it to a national debate. Thus, many were glad that some of Appletons vision was not completed, a block containing five lecture theatres clad in conglomerate concrete and pebble-imbedded slabs is attached to its southern side. An associated teaching block for east George Square, and a Mathematics and Physics building for the ‘car park site’ on north Crichton Street, were intended to interlock at this sector. The Tower was left isolated - and without a proper entrance, Appleton Tower was built to allow first-year science students to be taught in the Central Area. It has five theatres, together accommodating around 1,200 students. The upper floors originally housed teaching laboratories, which, with the development of modern facilities at Kings Buildings, had become outdated by the end of the 20th century. The five lecture theatres and teaching space on the ground and first floors were refurbished over the summer of 2006, the Towers external cladding of pre-cast concrete slabs with mosaic detailing has suffered badly from the Scottish weather. Contrary to rumour, however, the structure has been declared sound, the University plans to complete the renovation by recladding the exterior, with a planning application submitted in late 2013 and approved in January 2014. At the same time it plans to rework the podium, create a proper entrance, the geneticist Steve Jones has nominated the ugliness of the Appleton Tower as one of the wonders of the world for a BBC2 TV show. Early in 2005, a student newspaper launched a campaign to nominate it for the Channel 4 series Demolition – a series about the worst buildings in Britain, the Tower did not make the final twelve. Later, in the year, Historic Scotland considered giving the building listed status. The venue is designated as Venue 2 of the Fringe, Edinburgh University CompSoc – Appleton Tower Photo from the BBC blitzandblight. com / Appleton Tower

63.
Traverse Theatre
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The Traverse Theatre is a theatre in Edinburgh, Scotland. It was founded in 1963 by John Calder, Jim Haynes, the Traverse Theatre commissions and develops new plays or adaptations from contemporary playwrights. It also presents a number of productions from visiting companies from across the UK. These include new plays, adaptations, dance, physical theatre, the Traverse is a pivotal venue in Edinburgh, particularly during the Edinburgh Festivals in August. It is also the home of the Manipulate Visual Theatre Festival and it was a long, low-ceilinged first-floor room barely 15ft wide by 8ft high with 60 seats salvaged from the Palace Cinema placed in two blocks on either side of the stage. The theatre is named because Terry Lane mistakenly believed that the arrangement is called traverse, he later realised that it is transverse. In its first year of operation, a Theatre Conference was organised by director Jim Haynes, John Calder and Kenneth Tynan, the first performance was on 2 January 1963. This larger space had a 100-seat theatre with seating configurations. The first performance in this venue was on 24 August 1969, in 1992, the Traverse moved to its current location,10 Cambridge Street. A £3.3 million purpose-built two theatre space with bar café created as part of Saltire Court development on Castle Terrace, the theatres first performance at this location was on 3 July 1992. Traverse 1 is the space with flexible seating that can be moved to create many different configurations. The most common configuration is end on and has 216 seats, Traverse 2 is the smaller studio space. New flexible seating was installed in September 2005 to allow for different staging configurations, founded in 1963 by John Calder, Jim Haynes and Richard Demarco, the mission was to continue the spirit of the Edinburgh Festivals all year round. During the Festivals in August, the Traverse continues to present cutting edge new writing, the Traverse is occasionally referred to as The Fringe venue that got away, reflecting its current status as a permanent and integral part of the Edinburgh arts scene throughout the year. Today August remains the busiest time for the Traverse, during the 2014 Edinburgh Festival Fringe, the Traverse played host to 19 shows. One third of 2010 Scotsman Fringe First Award winners were shows performed at the Traverse, the Guardian theatre critic Lyn Gardner has described the Traverses programme as, The backbone to the Fringe programme. What you see there will set the tone and tenor of the rest of the Fringe. From its beginning in 1963, the Traverse Theatre has launched the careers of many of Scotlands best-known writers including John Byrne, Gregory Burke, David Greig, David Harrower, during the 1960s Richard Wilson was a regular performer

64.
Assembly Rooms (Edinburgh)
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The Assembly Rooms are meeting halls in central Edinburgh, Scotland. Originally solely a place for social gatherings, it is now also used as an arts venue and for public events, including the Edinburgh Festival Fringe. There are four rooms, with chairs or tables, that are used year-round and are available for private functions, Music Hall, Ballroom, Supper Room. The total meeting space, as remodeled in 2012, covers 4,600 m2, the building is protected as a category A listed building as an outstanding example of the late 18th century public building, continuing its original use. The Assembly Rooms opened on 11 January 1787 for the Caledonian Hunt Ball, the building was funded by public subscription, costing over £6,000. The prominent site at the centre of George Street, in the centre of the recently established New Town, was donated by the town council. The Assembly Rooms was designed by John Henderson, who was selected as architect having won a competition in 1781 for the design of the new Assembly Rooms, the original design went through three revisions before construction eventually began in 1783. Henderson went on to die shortly after the building was completed. In August 1822, a Peers Ball was held in the Assembly Rooms on the occasion of a visit by King George IV to Edinburgh, the building was extended several times during the nineteenth century. In 1818,22 years since the opening of the Assembly Rooms, Burn and his partner David Bryce went on to design the Music Hall in 1843. Finally, in 1907, new wings were completed to designs by Robert Rowand Anderson. The extension also saw the inclusion of a new Supper Room, in 2011, a £9. 3M refurbishment project began, resulting in modernised spaces that retain the Assembley Rooms original character. Funding for the project came from Edinburgh Council, with contributions from the Heritage Lottery Fund, Historic Scotland. The renovation was managed by LDN Architects while construction was managed by Balfour Beatty, the Assembly Rooms in Edinburgh is a multi-purpose event space, regularly hosting conferences, dinners, performances, exhibitions and weddings. The venue has two event spaces, The Ballroom and the Music Hall, and another nine drawing rooms. The venue is decorated throughout with crystal chandeliers, gold leaf, every year the Assembly Rooms are used as one of the venues for the Edinburgh Festival Fringe. The Assembly Rooms were originally operated by the Assembly Festival group, Assembly grew from that base to operate from venues such as Assembly Hall, an 840-seat theatre on the Mound that was formerly the home of the Scottish Parliament. For a short while, Assembly lost the contract to operate the building during the Fringe to Salt n Sauce Promotions, however, from 2016, the contract returned to them

Assembly Rooms (Edinburgh)
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The Assembly Rooms

65.
Scottish Storytelling Centre
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The Scottish Storytelling Centre, the worlds first purpose built modern centre for live storytelling, is located on the High Street in Edinburghs Royal Mile, Scotland, United Kingdom. It was formally opened on 1 June 2006 by Patricia Ferguson MSP, the new building, designed by Malcolm Fraser Architects, replaced the former Netherbow Arts Centre. It is also used as a venue during the Edinburgh Festival Fringe

66.
General Assembly Hall of the Church of Scotland
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The Assembly Hall is located between the Lawnmarket and The Mound in Edinburgh, Scotland. It is the place of the General Assembly of the Church of Scotland. A complex of buildings was designed by William Henry Playfair. The Assembly Hall itself was designed by David Bryce and built in 1858-9, the back of the Hall facing Castlehill was extended east by J. M. Dick Peddie in 1885, with further work in 1902-3. In 1934 the Free High Church vacated its building, which was adapted to become the New College Library. In 1900, the United Presbyterian Church and a majority of the Free Church of Scotland united as the United Free Church of Scotland, the United Free Church of Scotland and the Church of Scotland united in 1929. The Assembly Hall thus became the Assembly Hall of the reunited Church of Scotland, overlooking the Moderators chair, the centre of the south gallery was adapted to become the Throne Gallery for the Lord High Commissioner. Until 1929, the General Assemblies of the Church of Scotland were held in St Johns Highland Tolbooth Church, the Black and White Corridor occupies space on the north side and is so-named because of its distinctive chequered floor tiling. From the Black and White Corridor, steps lead down to the New College quadrangle and another staircase leads up to the Moderators rooms, stairs also lead into the Rainy Hall of New College. The steps have been attributed as the inspiration for the title of the book and film, The Thirty-Nine Steps. Until 1999, the Assembly Hall was rarely used except for meetings of the General Assembly and it was organised by the Campaign for a Scottish Assembly. Between 1999 and 2004 the Assembly Hall was the debating chamber of the Scottish Parliament. The access to this facility was via a new glazed porch, all traces of this porch were eradicated, and the west wall where it stood returned to a blank wall, immediately after the new parliament opened. The old dark green leather seating was removed. Temporary desks and seating were installed and the Hall was carpeted, the Church of Scotland used the Edinburgh International Conference Centre for the 1999 General Assembly and the Usher Hall in 2001. In other years, the Parliament vacated the Assembly Hall for the Church, following the completion of the new Scottish Parliament Building at Holyrood in October 2004, the Assembly Hall was refurbished with new theatre-type upholstered seating. The Church of Scotlands Board of Practice and Procedure set up an Assembly Hall Development Group to consider how the building could be widely used in future. The Assembly Hall is now used for conferences and performances

General Assembly Hall of the Church of Scotland
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Playfair's New College

67.
Canongate Kirk
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The Kirk of the Canongate, or Canongate Kirk, serves the Parish of Canongate in Edinburghs Old Town, in Scotland. It is a congregation of the Church of Scotland, the parish includes the Palace of Holyroodhouse and the Scottish Parliament. It is also the church of Edinburgh Castle, even though the castle is detached from the rest of the parish. The wedding of Zara Phillips, the Queens granddaughter, and Mike Tindall, the Canongate was a separate burgh before it was formally absorbed by Edinburgh in 1856. By the late 1970s, the part of the Royal Mile, including the Canongate, had become unfashionable. The Kirk was threatened with closure, which was resisted by the minister. Since then, circumstances have changed radically - notably with the construction of new flats in the vicinity as well as the new Scottish Parliament building, the church was founded in 1688 and completed in 1691. The master mason in charge was James Smith, a plaque on the front of the church bears witness to it having been built through a large bequest from a local merchant, In 1688 King James VII ordained that the Mortification of Thos. Architecturally, the Kirk has a Dutch-style end gable and a curious, the Kirks interior has a cruciform layout. The Kirks interior was remodelled in 1882, with the inclusion of a pipe organ. These unsympathetic alterations were removed in the early 1950s, along with the galleries, the resulting reordering considerably increased the levels of light, the original dignified simplicity of the Kirk was able to be appreciated once more. This was the 1000th organ to be built by the Frobenius company, following the Disruption of 1843, a Holyrood Free Church congregation was formed. A Royal Pew as well as a Castle Pew can be found in the front row of the church, bishop James Ramsay is also buried here. The Kirk has a congregation, conducting two worship services each Sunday. A family service at 10am lasting about half an hour conducted from the King David aisle, during this service, children of all ages enjoy their own stories and activities in the Sunday School. The more formal Parish Worship begins at 11. 15am and this service lasts just under an hour and follows a set liturgy. The Sacrament of Holy Communion is usually celebrated on the last Sunday of the month at the Parish Worship service, the building is also regularly used for concerts. During the annual Edinburgh Festival, the Kirk is extensively used as a venue for music, the Kirk was previously the regimental chapel of The Royal Scots Regiment of the British Army and is now the regimental chapel of The Royal Regiment of Scotland

68.
Dunfermline Abbey
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Dunfermline Abbey is a Church of Scotland Parish Church located in Dunfermline, Fife, Scotland. The minister is the Reverend MaryAnn R. Rennie, the church occupies the site of the ancient chancel and transepts of a large medieval Benedictine abbey, which was sacked in 1560 during the Scottish Reformation and permitted to fall into disrepair. Part of the old church continued in use at that time and some parts of the abbey infrastructure still remain to this day. Dunfermline Abbey is one of Scotlands most important cultural sites, Malcolm III or Malcolm Canmore, and his queen, St Margaret of Scotland. At its head was the Abbot of Dunfermline, the first of which was Geoffrey of Canterbury, former Prior of Christ Church, Canterbury, the Kent monastery that probably supplied Dunfermlines first monks. At the peak of its power it controlled four burghs, three courts of regality, and a portfolio of lands from Moray in the north south to Berwickshire. The foundations of the earliest church, namely the Church of the Holy Trinity, are under the superb Romanesque nave built in the 12th century. During the winter of 1303 the court of Edward I of England was held in the Abbey, during the Scottish Reformation, the abbey church was sacked in March 1560. Some parts of the infrastructure still remain, principally the vast refectory. The nave was also spared and it was repaired in 1570 by Robert Drummond of Carnock and it served as the parish church till the 19th century, and now forms the vestibule of a new church. Also of the monastery there still remains the south wall of the refectory, next to the abbey is the ruin of Dunfermline Palace, also part of the original abbey complex and connected to it via the gatehouse. Dunfermline Abbey, one of Scotlands most important cultural sites, has received more of Scotland’s royal dead than any place in the kingdom. One of the most notable names to be associated with the abbey is the northern renaissance poet. The tomb of Saint Margaret and Malcolm Canmore, within the walls of the Lady chapel, was restored and enclosed by command of Queen Victoria. The current building on the site of the choir of the old Abbey church is a Parish Church of the Church of Scotland, in 2002 the congregation had 806 members. The minister is the Reverend Mary Ann R. Rennie, the old building was a fine example of simple and massive Romanesque, as the nave testifies, and has a beautiful doorway in its west front. Another rich Romanesque doorway was exposed in the wall in 1903. A new site was found for this monument in order that the ancient, the venerable structure is maintained publicly, and private munificence has provided several stained-glass windows

Dunfermline Abbey
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Dunfermline Abbey from Pittencrieff Park
Dunfermline Abbey
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The nave from the reign of King David I
Dunfermline Abbey
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Engraving of Dunfermline Abbey and Mill by James Fittler in Scotia Depicta
Dunfermline Abbey
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The ruined Refectory, Dunfermline Abbey

69.
Meadowbank Stadium
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Meadowbank Stadium is a multi-purpose sports facility, with a present capacity of 5,000 seats, located at Meadowbank, in Edinburgh, Scotland. Built on the site of the earlier New Meadowbank and Old Meadowbank sports venues and it also hosted the Games in 1986, becoming the first venue to host the Games twice. The stadium has regularly hosted football. It was the ground of Scottish Football League team Meadowbank Thistle between 1974 and 1995. From 1996, it hosted senior non-league football as the ground of Edinburgh City. League football returned to Meadowbank in 2016 following Citys promotion to the Scottish Professional Football League, the Meadowbank complex also hosts Leith Athletic, who have played on the Meadowbank 3G artificial pitch adjacent to the main stadium since 2013. Meadowbank Stadium was also used for rugby union as the venue of Edinburgh Rugby between 2002 and 2004. The present capacity of the stadium is 5,000, the stadium consists of a main grandstand, with uncovered benches around the rest of the track. It was built on the site of New Meadowbank stadium, while the sports complex. The stadium itself contains an eight lane,400 metre running track, there is also a velodrome adjacent to the site. Underneath the stand is a covered 100 metre, eight-lane track, the stadium contains indoor facilities, including squash and basketball courts. These are also used for fairs, martial arts competitions, conferences. Other outdoor facilities include field hockey pitches, Meadowbank Stadium was built for the 1970 Commonwealth Games, at a cost of £2.8 million. It was opened by Prince Edward, Duke of Kent on 2 May 1970, the 1970 Games was one of the most successful in the history of the event. The 1986 Commonwealth Games were also held at Meadowbank, which became the first venue to host the Commonwealth Games twice, the 1986 Games suffered a financial deficit and were widely boycotted due to the support of the British Government for the apartheid regime in South Africa. Meadowbank Thistle played at the stadium from 1974 until the club relocated to the new town of Livingston in 1995, Meadowbank is often cited as one of the worst stadiums used in the Scottish Football League due to the lack of atmosphere in the ground. This was caused by the stadium having a capacity of 5,000, most fans were located on one side of the ground, while the running track created a great distance between the fans and the pitch. Meadowbank Thistle announced their intention to leave the stadium and relocate to Livingston in 1995 and their last game as Meadowbank Thistle was played in May 1995, although they continued to play at Meadowbank Stadium as Livingston until their new Almondvale Stadium was ready in November 1995

70.
Jerry Springer: The Opera
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Jerry Springer, The Opera is a British musical written by Richard Thomas and Stewart Lee, based on the television show The Jerry Springer Show. The musical contains irreverent treatment of Christian themes, extensive profanity, the musical is completely sung through, with only two exceptions, the title character, Jerry, who speaks throughout the production, and Steve Wilkos, who has a brief speech. The musical ran for 609 performances in London from April 2003 to February 2005 before touring the UK in 2006, the production won four Laurence Olivier Awards, including Best New Musical. The musical has been performed by a number of American regional theatre companies, harvey Keitel starred as Jerry Springer. Jerry Springer, The Opera was the subject of controversy beginning in January 2005, the Christian Institute attempted to bring a private prosecution against the BBC, but the Magistrates Court refused to issue a summons, a decision which was later upheld by the High Court of Justice. Protests continued at venues in 2006 and on the Internet. Jerry — The talk show host, jonathan Weiruss/Satan — Weiruss, the warm-up man whom Jerry fires for incompetence. Steve Wilkos — Head of Security at the Jerry Springer Show, dwight/God — Dwight, a guest on the show who is cheating on his fiancee with two other people. Peaches/Baby Jane — Peaches, a guest on the show, who is Dwights fiancee, Baby Jane is an adult baby in Act III. Tremont/Angel Gabriel — Tremont, a guest on the show, who is a trans woman, angel Gabriel appears in Act III. Zandra/Irene/Mary — Zandra, a guest on the show, is the best friend of Peaches, montel/Jesus — Montel, a guest on the show, enjoys dressing as a baby and fouling his own underwear. Andrea/Archangel Michael — Andrea, a guest on the show, is Montel’s lover, archangel Michael appears in Act III. Chucky/Adam — Chucky, a guest on the show, is Shawntels redneck husband, shawntel/Eve — Shawntel, a guest on the show, dreams of becoming an exotic dancer, but her husband, Chucky, disapproves. Jerry Springers frenzied audience greets Jerry as he arrives at his notorious TV talk show and his first guest, Dwight, is cheating on Peaches with Zandra. The three fight, and Jerrys security men break up the battle, Jerry is briefly admonished by his inner Valkyrie. Dwight is also cheating with a transsexual, Tremont. After a commercial break, Jerrys second guest, Montel, tells his partner, Andrea, that he likes to dress as a baby and that he is cheating on her with Baby Jane, Jerrys Warm-Up Man contributes to Andreas humiliation and is fired. Jerry again wrestles with his inner Valkyrie, Jerrys final guests are Shawntel and her husband, Chucky

71.
The Guardian
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The Guardian is a British daily newspaper, known from 1821 until 1959 as the Manchester Guardian. Along with its sister papers The Observer and The Guardian Weekly, The Guardian is part of the Guardian Media Group, the Scott Trust became a limited company in 2008, with a constitution to maintain the same protections for The Guardian. Profits are reinvested in journalism rather than to the benefit of an owner or shareholders, the Guardian is edited by Katharine Viner, who succeeded Alan Rusbridger in 2015. In 2016, The Guardians print edition had a daily circulation of roughly 162,000 copies in the country, behind The Daily Telegraph. The newspaper has an online UK edition as well as two international websites, Guardian Australia and Guardian US, the newspapers online edition was the fifth most widely read in the world in October 2014, with over 42.6 million readers. Its combined print and online editions reach nearly 9 million British readers, notable scoops include the 2011 News International phone hacking scandal, in particular the hacking of murdered English teenager Milly Dowlers phone. The investigation led to the closure of the UKs biggest selling Sunday newspaper, and one of the highest circulation newspapers in the world, in 2016, it led the investigation into the Panama Papers, exposing the then British Prime Minister David Camerons links to offshore bank accounts. The Guardian has been named Newspaper of the Year four times at the annual British Press Awards, the paper is still occasionally referred to by its nickname of The Grauniad, given originally for the purported frequency of its typographical errors. The Manchester Guardian was founded in Manchester in 1821 by cotton merchant John Edward Taylor with backing from the Little Circle and they launched their paper after the police closure of the more radical Manchester Observer, a paper that had championed the cause of the Peterloo Massacre protesters. They do not toil, neither do they spin, but they better than those that do. When the government closed down the Manchester Observer, the champions had the upper hand. The influential journalist Jeremiah Garnett joined Taylor during the establishment of the paper, the prospectus announcing the new publication proclaimed that it would zealously enforce the principles of civil and religious Liberty. Warmly advocate the cause of Reform, endeavour to assist in the diffusion of just principles of Political Economy and. Support, without reference to the party from which they emanate, in 1825 the paper merged with the British Volunteer and was known as The Manchester Guardian and British Volunteer until 1828. The working-class Manchester and Salford Advertiser called the Manchester Guardian the foul prostitute, the Manchester Guardian was generally hostile to labours claims. The Manchester Guardian dismissed strikes as the work of outside agitators –, if an accommodation can be effected, the occupation of the agents of the Union is gone. CP Scott made the newspaper nationally recognised and he was editor for 57 years from 1872, and became its owner when he bought the paper from the estate of Taylors son in 1907. Under Scott, the moderate editorial line became more radical, supporting William Gladstone when the Liberals split in 1886

The Guardian
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The Guardian front page on 6 June 2014
The Guardian
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The Guardian senior news writer Esther Addley interviewing Ecuadorian Foreign Minister Ricardo Patiño for this article relating to Julian Assange (August 2014)
The Guardian
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The Guardian's HQ in London
The Guardian
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The Guardian' s Newsroom visitor centre and archive (No 60), with an old sign with the name The Manchester Guardian

72.
The Herald (Glasgow)
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The Herald is a Scottish broadsheet newspaper founded in 1783. The Herald is the longest running newspaper in the world and is the eighth oldest daily paper in the world. The newspaper was founded by an Edinburgh-born printer called John Mennons in January 1783 as a publication called the Glasgow Advertiser. Mennons first edition had a scoop, news of the treaties of Versailles. War had ended with the American colonies, he revealed, the Herald, therefore, is as old as the United States of America, give or take an hour or two. The story was, however, only carried on the back page, Mennons, using the larger of two fonts available to him, put it in the space reserved for late news. In 1802, Mennons sold the newspaper to Benjamin Mathie and Dr James McNayr, former owner of the Glasgow Courier, along with the Mercury, was one of two papers Mennons had come to Glasgow to challenge. Mennons son Thomas retained an interest in the company, the new owners changed the name to The Herald and Advertiser and Commercial Chronicle in 1803. In 1805 the name changed again, time to The Glasgow Herald when Thomas Mennons severed his ties to the paper, from 1836 to 1964 The Herald was owned by George Outram & Co. becoming the first daily newspaper in Scotland in 1858. The company took its name from the editor of 19 years, George Outram. Outram was an early Scottish nationalist, a member of the National Association for the Vindication of Scottish Rights, any man calling himself a Scotsman should enrol in the National Association, said The Herald. In 1895, the moved to a building in Mitchell Street designed by Charles Rennie Mackintosh. In 1980, the moved to offices in Albion Street in Glasgow into the former Scottish Daily Express building. It is now based at in a building in Renfield Street. One of the most traumatic episodes in the history of The Herald was the battle for control, millionaires Hugh Fraser and Roy Thomson, whose newspaper empire included The Heralds archrival, The Scotsman, fought for control of the title for 52 days. Sir Hugh Fraser was to win, the papers then editor James Holburn was a disapproving onlooker The Labour Party condemned the battle as big business at its worst. The newspaper changed its name to The Herald on 3 February 1992, dropping Glasgow from its title and that same year the title was bought by Caledonia Newspaper Publishing & Glasgow. In 1996 was purchased by Scottish Television, as of 2013 the newspaper along with its related publications, the Evening Times and Sunday Herald, were owned by the Newsquest media group

The Herald (Glasgow)
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The Herald building in Glasgow
The Herald (Glasgow)
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The Herald

73.
The Scotsman
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The Scotsman is a Scottish compact newspaper and daily news website published from Edinburgh. It was a broadsheet until 16 August 2004, the Scotsman Publications Ltd also issues the Edinburgh Evening News and the Herald & Post series of free newspapers in Edinburgh, Fife, and West Lothian. As of February 2016, it had a print circulation of 22,740, with a full-price paid-for circulation of 61. 6% of this figure. Scotsman. com websites, including the site, job site, property site, mobile site. The paper was pledged to impartiality, firmness and independence, after the abolition of newspaper stamp tax in Scotland in 1850, The Scotsman was relaunched as a daily newspaper priced at 1d and a circulation of 6,000 copies. Their premises were originally at 257 High Street on the Royal Mile, in 1860 they obtained a purpose built office on Cockburn Street in Edinburgh designed in the Scots baronial style by the architects Peddie & Kinnear. This backed onto their original offices on the Royal Mile, the building bears the initials JR for John Ritchie the founder of the company. In 1902 they moved to new offices at the top of the street, facing onto North Bridge. This huge building had three years to build and also had connected printworks on Market Street. The printworks connected below road level direct to Waverley Station in an efficient production line. In 1953 the newspaper was bought by Canadian millionaire Roy Thomson who was in the process of building a media group. The paper was bought in 1995 by David and Frederick Barclay for £85 million, the daily was awarded by the Society for News Design the World’s Best Designed Newspaper™ for 1994. Ian Stewart has been the editor since June 2012, after a reshuffle of senior management in April 2012 during which John McLellan who was the papers editor-in-chief was dismissed, ian Stewart was previously editor of Edinburgh Evening News and remains as the editor of Scotland on Sunday. In 2012, The Scotsman was named Newspaper of the Year at the Scottish Press Awards, Johnston Press have downsized to refurbished premises at Orchard Brae House in Queensferry Road, Edinburgh, a move which was quoted as saving the group £1million per annum in rent. The newspaper backed a No vote in the referendum on Scottish independence and it has had live webcams and panoramas around Scotland. It also has sections for other Scotsman Publications including Scotland on Sunday, List of newspapers in Scotland List of newspapers by date Merrill, John C. and Harold A. Fisher. The worlds great dailies, profiles of fifty newspapers pp 273–79 Official website The Scotsman Digital Archive 1817-1950 Johnston Press Comprehensive Design Architects

The Scotsman
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Scotsman Office 1860 by Peddie and Kinnear
The Scotsman
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Scotsman Buildings as seen from below
The Scotsman
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Apex of the Scotsman Offices of 1899
The Scotsman
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Barclay House, former home of The Scotsman 's offices in Edinburgh

74.
New Town, Edinburgh
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The New Town is a central area of Edinburgh, the capital of Scotland. It is often considered to be a masterpiece of city planning and and it was built in stages between 1767 and around 1850, and retains much of the original neo-classical and Georgian period architecture. Its most famous street is Princes Street, facing Edinburgh Castle, the Age of Enlightenment had arrived in Edinburgh, and the outdated city fabric did not suit the professional and merchant classes who lived there. A scheme to drain the Loch was put into action, although the process was not fully completed until 1817. Crossing points were built to access the new land, the North Bridge in 1772, and the Earthen Mound, the Mound, as it is known today, reached its present proportions in the 1830s. As the successive stages of the New Town were developed, the rich moved northwards from cramped tenements in narrow closes into grand Georgian homes on wide roads, however, the poor remained in the Old Town. A design competition was held in January 1766 to find a modern layout for the new suburb. It was won by 26-year-old James Craig, who, following the contours of the land, proposed a simple axial grid. Two other main roads were located downhill to the north and south with two streets between. Several mews off the streets provided stable lanes for the large homes. Completing the grid are three cross streets. Craigs original plan has not survived but it has suggested that it is indicated on a map published by John Laurie in 1766. This map shows a layout with a central square reflecting a new era of civic Hanoverian British patriotism by echoing the design of the Union Flag. Both Princes Street and Queen Street are shown as double sided, a simpler revised design reflected the same spirit in the names of its streets and civic spaces. The principal street was named George Street, after the king at the time, Queen Street was to be located to the north, named after his wife, and St. Giles Street to the south, after the citys patron saint. St. Andrews Square and St. Georges Square were the chosen to represent the union of Scotland and England. The idea was continued with the smaller Thistle Street between George Street and Queen Street, and Rose Street between George Street and Princes Street. King George rejected the name St. Giles Street, St Giles being the saint of lepers

75.
Old Town, Edinburgh
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The Old Town is the name popularly given to the oldest part of Scotlands capital city of Edinburgh. The area has preserved much of its street plan and many Reformation-era buildings. Together with the 18th-century New Town, it part of a protected UNESCO World Heritage Site. Narrow closes, often no more than a few feet wide, the area has a number of underground vaults and hidden passages that are relics of previous phases of construction. No part of the street is officially called The Royal Mile in terms of legal addresses, the actual street names are Castlehill, Lawnmarket, High Street, Canongate and Abbey Strand. This crag and tail landform was created during the last ice age when receding glaciers scoured across the land pushing soft soil aside, the hilltop crag was the earliest part of the city to develop, becoming fortified and eventually developing into the current Edinburgh Castle. The rest of the city grew slowly down the tail of land from the Castle Rock and this was an easily defended spot with marshland on the south and a man-made loch, the Nor Loch, on the north. Access up the road to the settlement was therefore restricted by means of various gates. The original strong linear spine of the Royal Mile only had narrow closes and these began to be supplemented from the late 18th century with wide new north–south routes, beginning with the North Bridge/South Bridge route, and then George IV Bridge. The Edinburgh City Improvement Act of 1866 further added to the north south routes and this was devised by the architects David Cousin and John Lessels. It had quite radical effects, St Marys Wynd was demolished and replaced by the much wider St Marys Street with all new buildings, Leith Wynd which descended from the High Street to the Low Calton was demolished. Jeffrey Street started from Leith Wynds junction with the High Street, opposite St Marys Street, east Market Street was built to connect Market Street and New Street. Blackfriars Street was created by the widening of Blackfriars Wynd, removing all the buildings on the east side, Chambers Street was created, replacing N College Street and removing Brown Square and Adam Square. It was named after the then Lord Provost of Edinburgh, Sir William Chambers, guthrie Street was created, linking the new Chambers Street to the Cowgate. Multi-storey dwellings became the norm from the 16th century onwards, the construction of new streets including North Bridge and South Bridge in the 18th century also created underground spaces, such as the Edinburgh Vaults below the latter. Traditionally buildings were less dense in the eastern, Canongate, section and this area underwent major slum clearance and reconstruction in the 1950s, thereafter becoming an area largely of Council housing. Further Council housing was built on the fringe of the Canongate in the 1960s and 1970s in an area generally called Dumbiedykes. From 1990 to 2010 major new housing schemes appeared throughout the Canongate and these were built to a much higher scale than the traditional buildings and have greatly increased the population of the area

Old Town, Edinburgh
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The Old Town seen from Princes Street
Old Town, Edinburgh
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Buildings in the High Street
Old Town, Edinburgh
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A replica gas lamp in the Old Town
Old Town, Edinburgh
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the Jeffrey Street arches which are due to be redeveloped in 2015