1860-today: The International Workers Association

The history of the anarchist international from its origins in the 1860s through its height of several million members, to its later decline and current resurgence.

The
International Workers Association was founded in Berlin in 1922, but its origins
trace back to the 1860s and the International Working
Men's Association, better known as the First International. Most people associate
the First International only with Karl Marx and the emerging Social Democratic
movement, but the Anarchists and Marxists had actually about the same influence
among the workers and in the International. The Marxists had their base in
Germany and England, while the Anarchists stood strong in the Latin countries
(France, Spain and Italy.)

The cooperation between Marxists and Anarchists was however
to be short-lived. Marx and his fraction was in control of the secretariat
of the International, and wanted to turn the International into a tool to
support Social Democratic parties in Parliamentary elections. (Sounds familiar,
doesn't it?) The Anarchists opposed this, and they also opposed giving more
power to the secretariat; they wanted each section to have full autonomy.
As we have come to expect from his more contemporary disciples, Marx turned
to dirty tricks to win this fight. At a congress packed with Marx' supporters,
two of the leading anarchists, Mikhail Bakunin and James Gulliame were expelled from
the International on false accusations, and the secretariat was given wide
powers.

Propaganda of the Deed
The Anarchists withdraw from Marx' International, and
tried to set up their own. But this was in the years after the Paris Commune and a reign of counterrevolutionary terror against the Left swept Europe.
Both the Marxist and anarchist Internationals, weakened by the split, died
a silent death within a few years. The anarchists were driven underground
in country after country. In response to the terror of the bosses, a minority
in the anarchist movement launched an armed campaign and killed several kings,
queens, aristocrats and senior politicians. This strategy was coined "propaganda
of the deed" and was supposed to ignite the silent masses. But the result
was the opposite.

People got alienated by the violence, and the press got
ammunition for their attack against the revolutionists: The image of the madman
with a bomb under his arm was born. By the turn of the century most anarchists
were convinced that a new approach was needed. They called for a return to
open and public militant activity among workers. The strategy they developed
was syndicalism.

The Founding of the IWA
In 1913 there was an international syndicalist congress
held in London which aimed at building stronger ties between the existing
syndicalist unions and propaganda groups. Present at the congress were delegates
from the FVdG (Germany), the NAS (Holland), the SAC (Sweden), the USI (Italy)
and the ISEL (Britain) Observers attended from the Industrial Workers of the World (US), the CNT (Spain), the
FORA (Argentina) and the CGT (France). Unfortunately the Congress' outcome
was inconclusive, beyond drawing up a declaration of principles and setting
up a short-lived information bureau. Within a year Europe was plunged into
the First World War and communications between the syndicalists became impossible.

When the war ended conditions were different. Russia had
been taken out of the war by a social revolution, but the usurpation of the
revolution by the Communists was not well known outside of Russia. When the
Communists set up the Third International, the syndicalists were invited to
join their new Red International of Trade Unions. The aura and prestige of
the first "successful" workers revolution caused many syndicalists
to abandon their skepticism towards "proletarian dictatorship."
At the RITU's first congress in Moscow, however, the syndicalist found their
Russian comrades being imprisoned and shot by the new "workers"
government and its secret police. Disillusioned with the Bolsheviks, they
decided to form their own international organization.

The founding conference of the IWA were held in Berlin
in 1922. Present were the Argentine Workers Regional Organization FORA representing
200,000 members, the Industrial Workers of the World in Chile representing
20,000, the Union for Syndicalist Propaganda in Denmark with 600, the Free
Workers Union of Germany (FAUD) with 120,000, National Workers Secretariat of
the Netherlands representing 22,500, the Italian Syndicalist Union with 500,000,
the General Confederation of Workers in Portugal with 150,000, the Swedish
Workers Central Organization SAC with 32,000, the Committee for the Defense
of Revolutionary Syndicalism in France [a breakaway from the CGT] with 100,000,
the Federation du Combattant from Paris representing 32,000. The Spanish CNT
was unable to send delegates due to the fierce class struggle being waged
in their country under the dictatorship of Primo de Rivera. They did, however,
join the following year. During the 1920s the IWA expanded. More unions and
propaganda groups entered into dialogue with the IWA secretariat.

They were from Mexico, Uruguay, Bulgaria, Poland, Japan,
Australia, South Africa, Paraguay and North Africa. Syndicalist unions outside
the IWA also existed in many countries such as the Brazilian Workers Regional
Organization and the Industrial Workers of the World in the USA (which soon
spread to Canada, Sweden, Australia, South Africa, and Britain).

The Revolution in Spain
In 1936 the Popular Front, a coalition of communists,
social democrats and liberals, won the general elections in Spain. The new
government that followed only introduced minor reforms, but this was still
to much for the Spanish ruling class. In July 1936 the fascists, led by general
Franco, attempted a coup. The government in Madrid was paralyzed, and the
fascist would have won an easy victory had it not been for the anarcho-syndicalists
workers of the CNT. In Barcelona and other cities, the workers took to the
streets, surrounded the army barracks and took on the army with the few and
outdated weapons they could get hold of. Thus, the fascists coup was halted, and thus began the Spanish Revolution and Civil War of 1936-39.

In Catalonia (the north-eastern part of Spain) the anarchists
were now in full control. Most of the factory owners had fled, so the workers
took over the factories and started running them themselves. Neighborhood
committees was established to distribute food, and workers militias was organised
and sent to the areas that the fascists controlled. On the countryside, the
farmers collectivised the land that up to now had belonged to a few rich landowners.
Free communes were set up, and the president of Catolonia offered to resign
in favor of the CNT. But the Popular Front was still in power in Madrid, and
Franco's fascists controlled almost half the country. The CNT decided that
anti-fascist unity was more important than spreading the revolution. They
also knew they needed help from Russia and the western democracies to beat
the fascists, who was backed by Hitler and Mussolini. Alas they struck a deal
with the government in Madrid. The CNT joined first the Catalonian government
and then the federal, and Garcia Oliver became history's first (and hopefully
last) anarchist Minister of Justice.

The alliance with the Popular Front proved to be a fatal
mistake. The western democracies refused to help the republican side, fearing
a workers revolution more than they disliked the fascists. Russia sent some
arms, but made sure that they went to their communist allies. The anarchist
militias was refused weapons and finally forced to merge with the Popular
Army. The collectivised factories and farms got broken up, and the Communists
were already setting up secret prisons. The last resistance of the anarchists
happened in May 1937 as the police tried to take over the CNT-controlled telephone
exchange. The street fighting lasted for days, but even now the CNT leadership
backed down. The civil war stretched out for two more years, but the revolution
was already dead.

Decline
By the end of WWII, the European syndicalist movement
and the IWA was almost destroyed. The CNT was now an exile organisation. The
Italian USI, the largest syndicalist union in the world, despite fierce resistance had been crushed
by the Mussolini dictatorship. In Germany there had been mass trials of members
of the FAUD, many of whom didn't survive the concentration camps. The Polish
syndicalist union with 130,000 workers, the ZZZ, had been on the verge of
applying for membership of the IWA when it was crushed by the Nazi invasion.
But, as with syndicalists elsewhere, they did not go down without a fight.
The Polish ZZZ along with the Polish Syndicalist Association took up arms
against the Nazis and in 1944 even managed to publish a paper called Syndicalista.
In 1938, despite their country being under the Salazar dictatorship since
the 1920s, the Portuguese CGT could still claim 50,000 members in their now
completely illegal and underground union, but the union could not survive
forever. Similar fates was waiting for the Dutch NSV, the French CGTSR and
many other unions in Eastern Europe and Latin America.

In 1951 the IWA held their first post-war congress in
Toulouse. This time they were a much smaller organisation than the great movement
which existed at their first congress. Delegates attended, though mostly representing
very small organizations, from Cuba, Argentina, Spain, Sweden, France, Italy,
Germany, the Netherlands, Austria, Denmark, Norway, Britain, Bulgaria and
Portugal. A message of support was received from Uruguay. Things were not
looking good for the reemergence of anarcho-syndicalism. In Eastern Europe
the new Stalinist regimes banned all strikes and free trade unions. As usual,
the anarchists were the first to be sent to the prison camps. In the West
massive subsidies from the US and the Catholic church went to tame unions
controlled by Christian Democrats and Social Democrats.

Meanwhile Russia did the same for their allies who controlled
the French CGT, the Italian CGIL and others. The IWA, in its weakened state
couldn't compete for influence. In the late 1950s the Swedish SAC withdrew
from the IWA. There was now not a single functioning union in its ranks. It
staggered on as a collection of small propaganda groups and exile organisations
like the Spanish and Bulgarian CNTs. Some wondered if it would live much longer.

Resurgence
Things began to turn around for the IWA in the late 1960's.
The near revolution in France in 1968, the "hot autumn" of 1969
in Italy, the hundreds of other class battles worldwide and the general radicalization
of a new generation helped the IWA and its various affiliates. Then suddenly
in 1975 Franco died and his regime fell. The CNT blossomed. Within a matter
of months its membership leaped from a few hundred activists to over 200,000.
(Later a reformist wing spilt out, and the CNT membership today probably does
not reach 10,000.) The growth of the CNT put syndicalism back on the anarchist
agenda; old sections has been revoked, and new ones has been started. Today
the IWA has three Sections which function as unions (in Italy, France and
Spain) and propaganda and solidarity groups in 15 other countries. At its
recent congress groups from seven countries was adopted as new sections, among
them Russia and Nigeria. There were also talks with the Garment Workers Federation
of Bangladesh (who claim 20,000 members) whose entry was rejected.

In a more negative development parts of the French and
Italian Sections have now been excluded from the International. Outside the
IWA are also other syndicalist unions and organisations like the 10,000 strong
SAC in Sweden, the IWW (who regularly discusses whether to join the IWA or
not, but can't make up its mind), the OVB in the Netherlands, the Spanish
CGT (the spilt from the CNT), the CRT in Switzerland, and others.

The Future
The IWA believes that the downfall of "communism" (state capitalism)
has opened up new possibilities for the libertarian left. New syndicalist
and anarchist groups are now being organized in nearly every former Stalinist
country. But more important than this, the various Stalinist/Maoist/Leninist/Trotskyist
sects are now thoroughly discredited. This has meant a general shift to the
right in everyday politics, but it also means that radical people in search
for an alternative will be looking their way.

This article is based on a series of other articles or pamphlets written by different authors over the years.

A useful and honest summary but the reference specifically to the IWA's ''current resurgence'' perhaps lacks a critical perspective in comparing the current size, political make-up and influence of today's IWA operating in the changed conditions of modern global capitalism to that of it's forerunners in very different circumstances?

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