According to 10 U.S.C.§ 201 of the United States Code, the Director of the NSA is recommended by the Secretary of Defense and nominated for appointment by the President. The nominee must be confirmed via majority vote by the Senate; in accordance with Department of Defense Directive 5100.20, dated December 23, 1971, the Director of the NSA must always be a commissioned officer of the military services. Because the assignment is currently part of a tri-hatted position, the Director of the NSA is appointed to the grade of a four-star general or admiral during the period of his incumbency, the Deputy Director is always a technically experienced civilian.[1] February 13, 2018, White House cybersecurity coordinator Rob Joyce announced that President Donald Trump plans to nominate the head of Army Cyber Command, Lt. Gen. Paul Nakasone, to be the next NSA director and commander of U.S. Cyber Command.[2]

^Originally a lieutenant general when he first assumed office on August 1, 2005. Alexander was promoted to general when he assumed the additional assignment as Commander, U.S. Cyber Command on May 21, 2010.

1.
Michael S. Rogers
–
Prior to that, Rogers served as the Commander of the Tenth Fleet and Commander of the U. S. Rogers is a native of Chicago, Illinois and he graduated from New Trier High School in 1977. He is a graduate of Auburn University and the Naval War College, Rogers received his commission through the Naval Reserve Officers Training Corps program and has served in the United States Navy since graduating from Auburn University in 1981. He started his career as a Surface Warfare Officer working in naval support operations off Grenada, Beirut. In 1986, he was selected for transfer from Unrestricted Line Officer to Restricted Line Officer, during the 2003 U. S. invasion of Iraq, Rogers joined the militarys Joint Staff, which works for the Joint Chiefs of Staff, where he specialized in computer network attacks. From 2007 onward he served as director of intelligence for the militarys Pacific Command, in 2009, he became director of intelligence for the Joint Chiefs of Staff, and was subsequently named commander of U. S. Fleet Cyber Command and commander of the U. S. 10th Fleet, as such, Rogers was the first restricted line officer to serve as a numbered fleet commander and the first Information Warfare Community officer to achieve the rank of vice admiral. Alexander, who served as the NSA director for nine years, although the NSA directorship does not require Senate approval, Rogers had to be confirmed by the Senate to head United States Cyber Command, for which the Senate unanimously confirmed him. Rogers added, He clearly believes in what hes doing, I question that, I dont agree with it. I fundamentally disagree with what he did, I believe it was wrong, I believe it was illegal. Carter reportedly recommended he be terminated due to performance, whereas Clapper considered it wise that the position be held by a civilian. Both Clapper and Carter had put Rogers on notice for poor performance in internal security and his termination was reportedly delayed due to stalled changes to the bureaucratic structure of the intelligence community. Later, Rogers reportedly met with then President-elect Donald Trump without notifying his supervisors in what is an action for a military officer. Trump was reportedly considering replacing Clapper with Rogers as DNI, however that position went to former Senator Dan Coats, media related to Michael S. Rogers at Wikimedia Commons

2.
Ralph Canine
–
Ralph Julian Canine was the first director of the United States National Security Agency. Canine was born in 1895 in Flora, Indiana, one of two children of the superintendent of schools. When he left home he was intent on being a doctor and he served in various combat posts in France, and elected to stay in the Army after the armistice was signed in 1918. The interwar period was his education, when he traveled from one Army post to another, when World War II broke out, Canine was well fitted for responsibility. He became the chief of staff for the XII Corps, which served in George Pattons Third Army during its historic race across France in 1944, after the war he was rewarded with command of the First Infantry Division, one of the most prestigious of Army jobs. In 1951 Canine became director of the Armed Forces Security Agency and he was there long enough to see what the organization lacked. When President Truman created the NSA in 1952, Canine continued as its first director and he died unexpectedly of a pulmonary embolism in March 1969. Biography from the National Security Agency Tribute from the National Security Agency

3.
National Security Agency
–
NSA is concurrently charged with protection of U. S. government communications and information systems against penetration and network warfare. Moreover, NSA maintains physical presence in a number of countries across the globe. SCS collection tactics allegedly encompass close surveillance, burglary, wiretapping, breaking and entering, additionally, the NSA Director simultaneously serves as the Commander of the United States Cyber Command and as Chief of the Central Security Service. Originating as a unit to decipher coded communications in World War II, NSA surveillance has been a matter of political controversy on several occasions, such as its spying on anti-Vietnam-war leaders or economic espionage. In 2013, the extent of some of the NSAs secret surveillance programs was revealed to the public by Edward Snowden, internationally, research has pointed to the NSAs ability to surveil the domestic Internet traffic of foreign countries through boomerang routing. The origins of the National Security Agency can be traced back to April 28,1917, a code and cipher decryption unit was established as the Cable and Telegraph Section which was also known as the Cipher Bureau. It was headquartered in Washington, D. C. and was part of the war effort under the executive branch without direct Congressional authorization, during the course of the war it was relocated in the armys organizational chart several times. On July 5,1917, Herbert O. Yardley was assigned to head the unit, at that point, the unit consisted of Yardley and two civilian clerks. It absorbed the navys cryptoanalysis functions in July 1918, World War I ended on November 11,1918, and MI-8 moved to New York City on May 20,1919, where it continued intelligence activities as the Code Compilation Company under the direction of Yardley. MI-8 also operated the so-called Black Chamber, the Black Chamber was located on East 37th Street in Manhattan. Its purpose was to crack the codes of foreign governments. Other Black Chambers were also found in Europe, during World War II, the Signal Security Agency was created to intercept and decipher the communications of the Axis powers. When the war ended, the SSA was reorganized as the Army Security Agency, on May 20,1949, all cryptologic activities were centralized under a national organization called the Armed Forces Security Agency. This organization was established within the U. S. Department of Defense under the command of the Joint Chiefs of Staff. The AFSA was tasked to direct Department of Defense communications and electronic intelligence activities, in December 1951, President Harry S. Truman ordered a panel to investigate how AFSA had failed to achieve its goals. The results of the led to improvements and its redesignation as the National Security Agency. The agency was established by Truman in a memorandum of October 24,1952. Since President Trumans memo was a document, the existence of the NSA was not known to the public at that time

4.
United States Department of Defense
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The Department is the largest employer in the world, with nearly 1.3 million active duty servicemen and women as of 2016. Adding to its employees are over 801,000 National Guardsmen and Reservists from the four services and it is headquartered at the Pentagon in Arlington, Virginia, just outside of Washington, D. C. The Department of Defense is headed by the Secretary of Defense, Military operations are managed by nine regional or functional Unified Combatant Commands. The Department of Defense also operates several joint services schools, including the National Defense University, the history of the defense of the United States started with the Continental Congress in 1775. The creation of the United States Army was enacted on 14 June 1775 and this coincides with the American holiday Flag Day. The Second Continental Congress would charter the United States Navy, on 13 October 1775, today, both the Navy and the Marine Corps are separate military services subordinate to the Department of the Navy. The Preamble of the United States Constitution gave the authority to federal government, to defend its citizens and this first Congress had a huge agenda, that of creating legislation to build a government for the ages. Legislation to create a military defense force stagnated, two separate times, President George Washington went to Congress to remind them of their duty to establish a military. In a special message to Congress on 19 December 1945, the President cited both wasteful military spending and inter-departmental conflicts, deliberations in Congress went on for months focusing heavily on the role of the military in society and the threat of granting too much military power to the executive. The act placed the National Military Establishment under the control of a single Secretary of Defense, the National Military Establishment formally began operations on 18 September, the day after the Senate confirmed James V. Forrestal as the first Secretary of Defense. The National Military Establishment was renamed the Department of Defense on 10 August 1949, under the Department of Defense Reorganization Act of 1958, channels of authority within the department were streamlined, while still maintaining the authority of the Military Departments. Also provided in this legislation was a centralized authority, the Advanced Research Projects Agency. The Act moved decision-making authority from the Military Departments to the Joint Chiefs of Staff and it also strengthened the command channel of the military over U. S. forces from the President to the Secretary of Defense. Written and promoted by the Eisenhower administration, it was signed into law 6 August 1958, because the Constitution vests all military authority in Congress and the President, the statutory authority of the Secretary of Defense is derived from their constitutional authorities. Department of Defense Directive 5100.01 describes the relationships within the Department. The latest version, signed by former Secretary of Defense Robert Gates in December 2010, is the first major re-write since 1987, the Office of the Secretary of Defense is the Secretary and Deputy Secretarys civilian staff. S. Government departments and agencies, foreign governments, and international organizations, OSD also performs oversight and management of the Defense Agencies and Department of Defense Field Activities. OSD also supervises the following Defense Agencies, Several defense agencies are members of the United States Intelligence Community and these are national-level intelligence services that operate under the jurisdiction of the Department of Defense but simultaneously fall under the authorities of the Director of National Intelligence

5.
Central Security Service
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In 2002, the CSS had about 25,000 uniformed members. The latter was deactivated and reorganized into the much smaller Communications Support Activities in 1946, additionally, the air force established its own US Air Force Security Service for the collection of communications intelligence in 1948. However, at the tactical level these tasks continued to be performed by the army, navy and air force agencies. In trying to get control over the military SIGINT elements, AFSA was replaced by the new, tactical military intelligence was traditionally collected by specialized soldiers, sailors, airmen, marines and coast guardsmen deployed around the world. According to James Bamford, NSA/CSS was initially conceived as a fourth service beside the three United States Armed Forces. The latter resisted this idea, and therefore the CSS was founded as an inter-service organization, the new NSA/CSS solution increased performance standards and training and was the foundation for further centralization of NSA and the various military cryptologic elements and capabilities. The current Chief of the CSS is Admiral Michael S. Rogers, a function specific for the CSS is that of Deputy Chief CSS, who is the principal advisor on military cryptologic issues to the Director of NSA in his role as Chief of CSS. The Deputy Chief oversees the military system and manages the partnerships between NSA/CSS and the Service Cryptologic Elements. He also ensures military capabilities to fulfill the National Cryptologic Strategy, the current Deputy Chief of the CSS is Brig. Gen. D. Scott George, USAF. Currently, the Central Security Service comprises the military intelligence and security organisations, U. S. Army Intelligence. For administrative matters and logistic support, these organizations are part of their respective parent service of the United States Armed Forces. Other SIGINT-related units and resources from the military can be subordinated to the Chief of the CSS by the Secretary of Defense with the advice of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, the day-to-day work of the CSS is to capture enemy signals using the means of the involved service. After its creation, the CSS had no emblem of its own for years, so in 1996

6.
United States Cyber Command
–
United States Cyber Command is an armed forces sub-unified command subordinate to United States Strategic Command. The command centralizes command of operations, organizes existing cyber resources and synchronizes defense of U. S. military networks. Cyber Command was created in 2009 at the National Security Agency headquarters in Fort George G. Meade and it uses NSA networks and has been headed by the Director of the National Security Agency since its inception. While originally created with a mission in mind, it has increasingly been viewed as an offensive force. The text 9ec4c12949a4f31474f299058ce2b22a, located in the emblem, is the MD5 hash of their mission statement. The command is charged with pulling together existing cyberspace resources, creating synergies, USCYBERCOM is tasked with centralizing command of cyberspace operations, strengthening DoD cyberspace capabilities, and integrating and bolstering DoDs cyber expertise. USCYBERCOM is an armed forces sub-unified command subordinate to United States Strategic Command, U. S. Cyber Command is composed of several service components, units from military services who will provide Joint services to Cyber Command. Service members enlisted under these specialties may be assigned to their respective Cybercommand Service Component Command. S, Cyber Command added 133 new cyber teams. An intention by the U. S. Air Force to create a command was announced in October 2006. An Air Force Cyber Command was created in a status in November 2006. However, in October 2008, it was announced the command would not be brought into permanent activation, on 23 June 2009, the Secretary of Defense directed the Commander of U. S. Strategic Command to establish USCYBERCOM. If the U. S. is taking an approach to this. The Chinese are viewed as the source of a great many attacks on infrastructure and just recently. If that is determined to be an attack, I would want to go. The only problem is that the Internet, by its nature, has no borders and if the U. S. takes on the mantle of the worlds police. Initial operational capability was attained on 21 May 2010, General Alexander was promoted to four-star rank, becoming one of 38 US Generals, and took charge of U. S. Cyber Command in a ceremony at Fort Meade that was attended by Commander of U. S. Central Command GEN David Petraeus, and Secretary of Defense Robert M. Gates, USCYBERCOM reached full operational capability on 31 October 2010. The command assumed responsibility for several existing organizations, the Joint Task Force for Global Network Operations and the Joint Functional Component Command for Network Warfare were absorbed by the command

7.
Under Secretary of Defense for Intelligence
–
The Under Secretary is appointed from civilian life by the President and confirmed by the Senate to serve at the pleasure of the President. In addition, the Under Secretary is also dual-hatted, serving as the Director of Defense Intelligence under the Office of the Director of National Intelligence, with the rank of Under Secretary, the USD is a Level III position within the Executive Schedule. Since January 2010, the rate of pay for Level III is $165,300. It became second in the line of succession for the Secretary of Defense, after the Deputy Secretary of Defense, when it was created, the legislation described it as taking precedence in the Department behind the Under Secretary for Personnel and Readiness. The USD became a position as Director of Defense Intelligence. This additional position follows a May 2007 memorandum of agreement between Secretary of Defense Robert Gates and Director of National Intelligence John Michael McConnell to create the position. A unit of the Office of the Secretary of Defense, OUSD-I exercises planning, policy, and strategic oversight over all Department of Defense intelligence, counterintelligence, and security matters. OUSD-I serves as the representative of the Defense Department to the Director of National Intelligence

8.
United States Strategic Command
–
United States Strategic Command is one of nine Unified Combatant Commands of the United States Department of Defense. Strategic Command was established in 1992 as a successor to Strategic Air Command and it is headquartered at Offutt Air Force Base south of Omaha, Nebraska. In October 2002, it merged with the United States Space Command and it employs more than 2,700 people, representing all four services, including DoD civilians and contractors. Strategic Command is one of the three Unified Combatant Commands organized along a functional basis, the other six are organized on a geographical basis. On 1 June 1992, President George H. W. Bush established the U. S. Strategic Command from the Strategic Air Command and other Cold War military bodies, the Command unified planning, targeting and wartime employment of strategic forces under one commander. Day-to-day training, equipment and maintenance responsibilities for its forces remained with the Air Force, as a result of the 2002 Nuclear Posture Review, the Cold War system of relying solely on offensive nuclear response was modified. Shortly after a meeting between President George W, the activation of the new USSTRATCOM took place on 1 October 2002. The merged command was responsible for early warning of and defense against missile attack as well as long-range strategic attacks. This combination of roles, capabilities and authorities under a unified command was unique in the history of unified commands. U. S. Strategic Command officials were expected to deliver a detailed plan on the separation to General Cartwright for approval by September 2006 and this comes after some concern by officials and lawmakers such as U. S. S. Department of Defense and specifically the way space has been organized at U. S. Strategic Command, as result of the separation, the Missile Correlation Center in Cheyenne Mountain AFS was broken into two separate entities. NORAD/NORTHCOM now controls the Missile and Space Domain and JFCC Space controls the Missile Warning Center and they are both still located at Cheyenne Mountain AFS. It was expected that MSD would eventually move to Peterson AFB to join the rest of N2C2 and this combination of authorities, oversight, leadership and management is supposed to enable a more responsive, flattened organizational construct according to the commands leadership. U. S. Cyber Command United States Cyber Command —The CYBERCOM is a unified command under United States Strategic Command. The current commander is Admiral Michael S. Rogers, CYBERCOM was created by United States Defense Secretary Robert Gates on 23 June 2009, and activated in September of that year. The command was first led by the director of the National Security Agency and it combines elements of JTF-GNO and JFCC-NW, which were dissolved in October 2010. In an interview of General Alexander, now retired, he stated that United States Special Operations Command was a model for the future evolution of CYBERCOM. Joint Functional Component Command for Global Strike The Commander Eighth Air Force serves as the Joint Functional Component Commander for Global Strike, some of these tasks belonged to a JFCC for Space and Global Strike before being split into two components

9.
United States Secretary of Defense
–
The Secretary of Defense is the leader and chief executive officer of the Department of Defense, an Executive Department of the Government of the United States of America. The Secretary of Defenses power over the United States military is only to that of the President. This position corresponds to what is known as a Defense Minister in many other countries. The Secretary of Defense is appointed by the President with the advice and consent of the Senate, Secretary of Defense is a statutory office, and the general provision in 10 U. S. C. This is also extended to the United States Coast Guard during any period of time in which its command, only the Secretary of Defense can authorize the transfer of operational control of forces between the three Military Departments and the nine Combatant Commands. The current Secretary of Defense is retired United States Marine Corps general James Mattis, the Army, Navy, and Marine Corps were established in 1775, in concurrence with the American Revolution. Based on the experiences of World War II, proposals were made on how to more effectively manage the large combined military establishment. The Army generally favored centralization while the Navy had institutional preferences for decentralization, the resulting National Security Act of 1947 was largely a compromise between these divergent viewpoints. The Act merged the Department of War with the Department of the Navy to form the National Military Establishment, the Act also separated the Army Air Forces from the Department of the Army to become its own branch of service, the Department of the Air Force. At first, each of the service secretaries maintained quasi-cabinet status, the position of the Deputy Secretary of Defense, the number two position in the department, was also created at this time. The last major revision of the framework concerning the position was done in the Goldwater–Nichols Department of Defense Reorganization Act of 1986. In particular, it elevated the status of joint service for commissioned officers, making it in practice a requirement before appointments to general officer and flag officer grades could be made. Because the Constitution vests all military authority in Congress and the President, as the head of DoD, all officials, employees and service members are under the Secretary of Defense. All of these positions, civil and military, require Senate confirmation. Department of Defense Directive 5100.01 describes the relationships within the Department. The latest version, signed by former Secretary of Defense Robert Gates in December 2010, is the first major re-write since 1987, the name of the principally military staff organization, organized under the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, is the Joint Staff. In addition, there is the Joint Meritorious Unit Award, which is the ribbon and unit award issued to joint DoD activities. While the approval authority for DSSM, DMSM, JSCM, JSAM and JMUA is delegated to inferior DoD officials, Permanent Representative to NATO in recognition of U. S

10.
United States Code
–
The Code of Laws of the United States of America is the official compilation and codification of the general and permanent federal statutes of the United States. It contains 52 titles, and a further three titles have been proposed, the main edition is published every six years by the Office of the Law Revision Counsel of the House of Representatives, and cumulative supplements are published annually. The official version of those laws not codified in the United States Code can be found in United States Statutes at Large, the official text of an Act of Congress is that of the enrolled bill presented to the President for his signature or disapproval. Upon enactment of a law, the bill is delivered to the Office of the Federal Register within the National Archives. After authorization from the OFR, copies are distributed as slip laws by the Government Printing Office, the Archivist assembles annual volumes of the enacted laws and publishes them as the United States Statutes at Large. By law, the text of the Statutes at Large is legal evidence of the laws enacted by Congress, slip laws are also competent evidence. The Statutes at Large, however, is not a convenient tool for legal research and it is arranged strictly in chronological order so that statutes addressing related topics may be scattered across many volumes. Statutes often repeal or amend laws, and extensive cross-referencing is required to determine what laws are in force at any given time. The United States Code is the result of an effort to make finding relevant and effective statutes simpler by reorganizing them by subject matter, the Code is maintained by the Office of the Law Revision Counsel of the U. S. House of Representatives. The LRC updates the Code accordingly, because of this codification approach, a single named statute may or may not appear in a single place in the Code. Often, complex legislation bundles a series of provisions together as a means of addressing a social or governmental problem, for example, an Act providing relief for family farms might affect items in Title 7, Title 26, and Title 43. When the Act is codified, its various provisions might well be placed in different parts of those various Titles, usually, the individual sections of a statute are incorporated into the Code exactly as enacted, however, sometimes editorial changes are made by the LRC. Though authorized by statute, these changes do not constitute positive law, the authority for the material in the United States Code comes from its enactment through the legislative process and not from its presentation in the Code. For example, the United States Code omitted 12 U. S. C. §92 for decades, apparently because it was thought to have been repealed. In its 1993 ruling in U. S. National Bank of Oregon v. Independent Insurance Agents of America, by law, those titles of the United States Code that have not been enacted into positive law are prima facie evidence of the law in effect. The United States Statutes at Large remains the ultimate authority, if a dispute arises as to the accuracy or completeness of the codification of an unenacted title, the courts will turn to the language in the United States Statutes at Large. This process makes that title of the United States Code legal evidence of the law in force, where a title has been enacted into positive law, a court may neither permit nor require proof of the underlying original Acts of Congress. The distinction between enacted and unenacted titles is largely academic because the Code is nearly always accurate, the United States Code is routinely cited by the Supreme Court and other federal courts without mentioning this theoretical caveat

11.
President of the United States
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The President of the United States is the head of state and head of government of the United States. The president directs the executive branch of the government and is the commander-in-chief of the United States Armed Forces. The president is considered to be one of the worlds most powerful political figures, the role includes being the commander-in-chief of the worlds most expensive military with the second largest nuclear arsenal and leading the nation with the largest economy by nominal GDP. The office of President holds significant hard and soft power both in the United States and abroad, Constitution vests the executive power of the United States in the president. The president is empowered to grant federal pardons and reprieves. The president is responsible for dictating the legislative agenda of the party to which the president is a member. The president also directs the foreign and domestic policy of the United States, since the office of President was established in 1789, its power has grown substantially, as has the power of the federal government as a whole. However, nine vice presidents have assumed the presidency without having elected to the office. The Twenty-second Amendment prohibits anyone from being elected president for a third term, in all,44 individuals have served 45 presidencies spanning 57 full four-year terms. On January 20,2017, Donald Trump was sworn in as the 45th, in 1776, the Thirteen Colonies, acting through the Second Continental Congress, declared political independence from Great Britain during the American Revolution. The new states, though independent of each other as nation states, desiring to avoid anything that remotely resembled a monarchy, Congress negotiated the Articles of Confederation to establish a weak alliance between the states. Out from under any monarchy, the states assigned some formerly royal prerogatives to Congress, only after all the states agreed to a resolution settling competing western land claims did the Articles take effect on March 1,1781, when Maryland became the final state to ratify them. In 1783, the Treaty of Paris secured independence for each of the former colonies, with peace at hand, the states each turned toward their own internal affairs. Prospects for the convention appeared bleak until James Madison and Edmund Randolph succeeded in securing George Washingtons attendance to Philadelphia as a delegate for Virginia. It was through the negotiations at Philadelphia that the presidency framed in the U. S. The first power the Constitution confers upon the president is the veto, the Presentment Clause requires any bill passed by Congress to be presented to the president before it can become law. Once the legislation has been presented, the president has three options, Sign the legislation, the bill becomes law. Veto the legislation and return it to Congress, expressing any objections, in this instance, the president neither signs nor vetoes the legislation

12.
United States Senate
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The United States Senate is the upper chamber of the United States Congress which, along with the House of Representatives, the lower chamber, composes the legislature of the United States. The composition and powers of the Senate are established by Article One of the United States Constitution. S. From 1789 until 1913, Senators were appointed by the legislatures of the states represented, following the ratification of the Seventeenth Amendment in 1913. The Senate chamber is located in the wing of the Capitol, in Washington. It further has the responsibility of conducting trials of those impeached by the House, in the early 20th century, the practice of majority and minority parties electing their floor leaders began, although they are not constitutional officers. This idea of having one chamber represent people equally, while the other gives equal representation to states regardless of population, was known as the Connecticut Compromise, there was also a desire to have two Houses that could act as an internal check on each other. One was intended to be a Peoples House directly elected by the people, the other was intended to represent the states to such extent as they retained their sovereignty except for the powers expressly delegated to the national government. The Senate was thus not designed to serve the people of the United States equally, the Constitution provides that the approval of both chambers is necessary for the passage of legislation. First convened in 1789, the Senate of the United States was formed on the example of the ancient Roman Senate, the name is derived from the senatus, Latin for council of elders. James Madison made the comment about the Senate, In England, at this day, if elections were open to all classes of people. An agrarian law would take place. If these observations be just, our government ought to secure the permanent interests of the country against innovation, landholders ought to have a share in the government, to support these invaluable interests, and to balance and check the other. They ought to be so constituted as to protect the minority of the opulent against the majority, the senate, therefore, ought to be this body, and to answer these purposes, the people ought to have permanency and stability. The Constitution stipulates that no constitutional amendment may be created to deprive a state of its equal suffrage in the Senate without that states consent, the District of Columbia and all other territories are not entitled to representation in either House of the Congress. The District of Columbia elects two senators, but they are officials of the D. C. city government. The United States has had 50 states since 1959, thus the Senate has had 100 senators since 1959. In 1787, Virginia had roughly ten times the population of Rhode Island, whereas today California has roughly 70 times the population of Wyoming and this means some citizens are effectively two orders of magnitude better represented in the Senate than those in other states. Seats in the House of Representatives are approximately proportionate to the population of each state, before the adoption of the Seventeenth Amendment in 1913, Senators were elected by the individual state legislatures

13.
General (United States)
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In the United States Army, United States Marine Corps, and United States Air Force, general is a four-star general officer rank, with the pay grade of O-10. General ranks above lieutenant general and below General of the Army or General of the Air Force, General is equivalent to the rank of admiral in the other uniformed services. The United States Code explicitly limits the number of general officers that may be on active duty at any given time. The total number of active duty general officers is capped at 231 for the Army,61 for the Marine Corps,198 for the Air Force, and 162 for the Navy. No more than about 25% of an active duty general or flag officers may have more than two stars, and statute sets the total number of four-star officers allowed in each service. This is set at 7 four-star Army generals,9 four-star Air Force generals,2 four-star Marine Generals, several of these slots are reserved by statute. For example, the two highest-ranking members of service are designated as four-star generals. In addition, for the National Guard, the Chief of the National Guard Bureau is a general under active duty in the Army or Air Force. Officers serving in certain intelligence positions e. g. the Director of the Central Intelligence Agency, the President may add four-star slots to one service if they are offset by removing an equivalent number from other services. Finally, all statutory limits may be waived at the Presidents discretion during time of war or national emergency and their active rank expires with the expiration of their term of office, which is usually set by statute. For some positions, statute allows the President to waive those requirements for a nominee deemed to serve national interests, the nominee must be confirmed by the United States Senate before the appointee can take office and assume the rank. Four-star ranks may also be given by act of Congress but this is extremely rare, service vice chiefs serve for a nominal four years, but are commonly reassigned after one or two years. The Assistant Commandant of the Marine Corps serves for two years, the Chief of the National Guard Bureau serves a nominal four years. Some statutory limits can be waived in times of emergency or war. Other than voluntary retirement, statute sets a number of mandates for retirement, a four-star general must retire after 40 years of service unless he or she is reappointed to serve longer. Otherwise all general officers must retire the month after their 64th birthday, however, the Secretary of Defense can defer a four-star officers retirement until the officers 66th birthday and the President can defer it until the officers 68th birthday. General officers typically retire well in advance of the age and service limits. Since only a number of four-star slots are available to each service

14.
Admiral (United States)
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Admiral ranks above vice admiral and below fleet admiral in the Navy, the Coast Guard and the Public Health Service do not have an established grade above admiral. Admiral is equivalent to the rank of general in the uniformed services. The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Commissioned Officer Corps has never had a hold the grade of admiral. However,37 U. S. C. §201 of the U. S. Code established the grade for the NOAA Corps in the case a position is created that merits the four-star grade. The United States Navy did not have any admirals until 1862 because many felt the title too reminiscent of royalty, such as the British Royal Navy. Others saw the need for ranks above captain, among them John Paul Jones and he also felt there must be ranks above captain to avoid disputes among senior captains. Two years later Congress authorized the appointment of an admiral from among the nine rear admirals. Another bill allowed the President of the United States to appoint Farragut to admiral on July 25,1866, when Farragut died in 1870, Porter became admiral and Stephen C. Rowan was promoted to vice admiral, there was one admiral in the interim, however. In 1899, Congress recognized George Deweys accomplishments during the Spanish–American War by authorizing the President to appoint him Admiral of the Navy and he held that rank until he died in 1917. Nobody has since held that title, in 1944, Congress approved the five-star grade of fleet admiral. The first to hold it were William D. Leahy, Ernest J. King, the Senate confirmed their appointments December 15,1944. Fleet Admiral William F. Halsey got his star in December 1945. The rear admiral got his two-inch stripe and one half-inch stripe in 1866, the sleeve stripes had been more elaborate. When the rear admiral rank started in 1862 the sleeve arrangement was three stripes of three-quarter-inch lace alternating with three stripes of quarter-inch lace and it was some ten inches from top to bottom. The vice admiral, of course, had even more stripes, on their dress uniforms the admirals wore bands of gold embroidery of live oak leaves and acorns. The admirals of the 1860s wore the number of stars on their shoulders as admirals of corresponding grades do today. During the 20th century, the ranks of the modern U. S. admiralty were firmly established, an oddity that did exist was that the navy did not have a one-star rank except briefly during World War II when Congress established a temporary war rank of commodore

15.
Rear admiral (United States)
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Rear admiral in the United States refers to two different ranks of commissioned officers — one-star flag officers and two-star flag officers. By contrast, in most nations, the rear admiral refers to an officer of two-star rank. The abbreviation for personnel from the USN, USCG, and NOAA is RDML, whereas for the USPHS, Rear admiral ranks above captain and below rear admiral. Rear admiral is equivalent to the rank of general in the other uniformed services. In the United States uniformed services, rear admiral replaced the rank of commodore in 1985, Rear admiral ranks above rear admiral and below vice admiral. Rear admiral is equivalent to the rank of general in the other uniformed services. It is the highest permanent rank during peacetime in the uniformed services, all higher ranks are temporary ranks and linked to their specific commands or office and expire with the expiration of their term of command or office. Before the American Civil War, the American Navy had resisted creating the rank of admiral, instead, they preferred the term flag officer, in order to distinguish the rank from the traditions of the European navies. During the American Civil War, The US Congress honored David Glasgow Farraguts successful assault on the city of New Orleans by creating the rank of admiral on July 16,1862. During World War II, the U. S. Navy, by the end of the war, all incumbents had been advanced to the rank of two-star rear admiral and the commodore rank was eliminated in both services. Lower-half rear admirals were promoted to full rear admirals, or upper half status. However, both categories of rear admiral wore two-star insignia, an issue that was a source of consternation to the other services. Although not flag officers, these officers were entitled to a blue and white command pennant containing the initials. 97–86 expanded commodore from a title to a permanent grade by creating the one-star rank of commodore admiral. After only 11 months, the rank was reverted to just commodore, however, this caused issues with the Navy due to the difficulty in discriminating those commodores who were flag officers from commodores who were senior captains in certain command positions. 99–145 renamed commodore to the current grade of rear admiral effective on November 8,1985, up until 1981, all rear admirals wore two stars on their shoulder bars and rank insignia. Since then, rear admirals wear one star while rear admirals wear two, verbal address remains rear admiral for both ranks, on correspondence, where the rear admirals rank is spelled out, the acronym and follows the rear admirals rank title to distinguish between one and two stars. The flags of restricted line officers and staff officers have blue stars on a white field

16.
Earl E. Stone
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Earl Everett Stone was a Rear Admiral in the United States Navy. He is most noted for being the first director of Armed Forces Security Agency, Earl Everett Stone was born on December 2,1895 in Milwaukee, Wisconsin. Stone attended the United States Naval Academy and graduated on June 29,1917 and he was also commissioned an Ensign on that date. He served also with the U. S. Navy during World War I, from March 1919 until June 1923, Stone served as aide and radio officer on the staff of Commander Base Force, Pacific Fleet. In June 1925, Stone attended the Naval Postgraduate School and earned his Master of Science degree in Communications engineering, later, Stone would be sailing aboard the USS Ohio when it and two other dreadnoughts became the first to sail through the Panama Canal. During World War I, he served aboard the USS Cleveland, Stone was serving as the Executive Officer of the USS California on December 7,1941 when it was sunk during the attack on Pearl Harbor. The vessel would later be raised and salvaged would play an role in World War II. Stone was promoted and transferred to become the first Commanding Officer of the USS Wisconsin and he would remain in the capacity until 1945, at which time he was succeeded by John W. Roper. Following the war, Stone would be named Chief of Naval Communications, awards he received include the Legion of Merit with award star. Here is the bar of Rear Admiral Earl E. Stone

17.
United States Navy
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The United States Navy is the naval warfare service branch of the United States Armed Forces and one of the seven uniformed services of the United States. The U. S. Navy is the largest, most capable navy in the world, the U. S. Navy has the worlds largest aircraft carrier fleet, with ten in service, two in the reserve fleet, and three new carriers under construction. The service has 323,792 personnel on duty and 108,515 in the Navy Reserve. It has 274 deployable combat vessels and more than 3,700 operational aircraft as of October 2016, the U. S. Navy traces its origins to the Continental Navy, which was established during the American Revolutionary War and was effectively disbanded as a separate entity shortly thereafter. It played a role in the American Civil War by blockading the Confederacy. It played the role in the World War II defeat of Imperial Japan. The 21st century U. S. Navy maintains a global presence, deploying in strength in such areas as the Western Pacific, the Mediterranean. The Navy is administratively managed by the Department of the Navy, the Department of the Navy is itself a division of the Department of Defense, which is headed by the Secretary of Defense. The Chief of Naval Operations is an admiral and the senior naval officer of the Department of the Navy. The CNO may not be the highest ranking officer in the armed forces if the Chairman or the Vice Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff. The mission of the Navy is to maintain, train and equip combat-ready Naval forces capable of winning wars, deterring aggression, the United States Navy is a seaborne branch of the military of the United States. The Navys three primary areas of responsibility, The preparation of naval forces necessary for the prosecution of war. The development of aircraft, weapons, tactics, technique, organization, U. S. Navy training manuals state that the mission of the U. S. Armed Forces is to prepare and conduct prompt and sustained combat operations in support of the national interest, as part of that establishment, the U. S. Navys functions comprise sea control, power projection and nuclear deterrence, in addition to sealift duties. It follows then as certain as that night succeeds the day, that without a decisive naval force we can do nothing definitive, the Navy was rooted in the colonial seafaring tradition, which produced a large community of sailors, captains, and shipbuilders. In the early stages of the American Revolutionary War, Massachusetts had its own Massachusetts Naval Militia, the establishment of a national navy was an issue of debate among the members of the Second Continental Congress. Supporters argued that a navy would protect shipping, defend the coast, detractors countered that challenging the British Royal Navy, then the worlds preeminent naval power, was a foolish undertaking. Commander in Chief George Washington resolved the debate when he commissioned the ocean-going schooner USS Hannah to interdict British merchant ships, and reported the captures to the Congress

18.
Harry S. Truman
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Harry S. Truman was an American politician who served as the 33rd President of the United States, assuming the office upon the death of Franklin D. Roosevelt during the waning months of World War II. In domestic affairs, he was a moderate Democrat whose liberal proposals were a continuation of Franklin Roosevelts New Deal, but the conservative-dominated Congress blocked most of them. He also used weapons to end World War II, desegregated the U. S. armed forces, supported a newly independent Israel. Truman was born in Lamar, Missouri, and spent most of his youth on his familys 600-acre farm near Independence, in the last months of World War I, he served in combat in France as an artillery officer with his National Guard unit. After the war, he owned a haberdashery in Kansas City, Missouri, and joined the Democratic Party. Truman was first elected to office as a county official in 1922. After serving as a United States Senator from Missouri and briefly as Vice President, he succeeded to the presidency on April 12,1945, upon the death of Franklin D. Roosevelt. Germany surrendered on Trumans 61st birthday, just a few weeks after he assumed the presidency, but the war with Imperial Japan raged on and was expected to last at least another year. Although this decision and the issues that arose as a result of it remain the subject of debate to this day. Truman presided over a surge in economic prosperity as America sought readjustment after long years of depression. His presidency was a point in foreign affairs, as the United States engaged in an internationalist foreign policy. Truman helped found the United Nations in 1945, issued the Truman Doctrine in 1947 to contain Communism and his political coalition was based on the white South, labor unions, farmers, ethnic groups, and traditional Democrats across the North. Truman was able to rally groups of supporters during the 1948 presidential election. The Soviet Union became an enemy in the Cold War, Truman oversaw the Berlin Airlift of 1948 and the creation of NATO in 1949, but was unable to stop Communists from taking over China. When communist North Korea invaded South Korea in 1950, he sent U. S. troops, after initial successes in Korea, however, the UN forces were thrown back by Chinese intervention, and the conflict was stalemated throughout the final years of Trumans presidency. Scholars, starting in 1962, ranked Trumans presidency as near great, Harry S. Truman was born on May 8,1884, in Lamar, Missouri, the oldest child of John Anderson Truman and Martha Ellen Young Truman. His parents chose the name Harry after his mothers brother, Harrison Harry Young, while the S did not stand for any one name, it was chosen as his middle initial to honor both of his grandfathers, Anderson Shipp Truman and Solomon Young. The initial has been written and printed followed by a period

19.
Major general (United States)
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In the United States Army, United States Marine Corps, and United States Air Force, major general is a two-star general-officer rank, with the pay grade of O-8. Major general ranks above brigadier general and below lieutenant general, a major general typically commands division-sized units of 10,000 to 15,000 soldiers. Major general is equivalent to the rank of rear admiral in the United States Navy. The United States Code explicitly limits the number of general officers that may be on active duty at any given time. The total number of active duty general officers is capped at 231 for the Army,61 for the Marine Corps, some of these slots are reserved or finitely set by statute. This promotion board then generates a list of officers it recommends for promotion to general rank and this list is then sent to the service secretary and the Joint Chiefs of Staff for review before it can be sent to the President, through the Secretary of Defense for consideration. The President nominates officers to be promoted from this list with the advice of the Secretary of Defense, the secretary, and if applicable. The President may nominate any eligible officer who is not on the recommended list if it serves in the interest of the nation, the Senate must then confirm the nominee by a majority vote before the officer can be promoted. Once confirmed, the nominee is promoted to rank on assuming a position of office that requires an officer to hold the rank. For positions of office that are reserved by statute, the President nominates an officer for appointment to fill that position, since the grade of major general is permanent, the rank does not expire when the officer vacates a two-star position. Tour length varies depending on the position, by statute, and/or when the officer receives a new assignment or a promotion, in the case of the Air National Guard, they may also serve as The Adjutant General for their state, commonwealth or territory. Other than voluntary retirement, statute sets a number of mandates for retirement of general officers, all major generals must retire after five years in grade or 35 years of service, whichever is later, unless appointed for promotion or reappointed to grade to serve longer. Otherwise, all officers must retire the month after their 64th birthday. However, the Secretary of Defense may defer a general officers retirement until the officers 66th birthday, because there are a finite number of General Officer positions, one officer must retire before another can be promoted. As a result, general officers typically retire well in advance of the age and service limits. The rank of general was abolished in the U. S. Army by the Act of March 16,1802. Major general has been a rank in the U. S. Army ever since, to address this anomaly, Washington was posthumously promoted by Congress to the rank of General of the Armies of the United States in 1976. The position of Major General Commanding the Army was entitled to three stars according to General Order No.6 of March 13,1861

20.
United States Army
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The United States Armed Forces are the federal armed forces of the United States. They consist of the Army, Marine Corps, Navy, Air Force, from the time of its inception, the military played a decisive role in the history of the United States. A sense of unity and identity was forged as a result of victory in the First Barbary War. Even so, the Founders were suspicious of a permanent military force and it played an important role in the American Civil War, where leading generals on both sides were picked from members of the United States military. Not until the outbreak of World War II did a standing army become officially established. The National Security Act of 1947, adopted following World War II and during the Cold Wars onset, the U. S. military is one of the largest militaries in terms of number of personnel. It draws its personnel from a pool of paid volunteers. As of 2016, the United States spends about $580.3 billion annually to fund its military forces, put together, the United States constitutes roughly 40 percent of the worlds military expenditures. For the period 2010–14, the Stockholm International Peace Research Institute found that the United States was the worlds largest exporter of major arms, the United States was also the worlds eighth largest importer of major weapons for the same period. The history of the U. S. military dates to 1775 and these forces demobilized in 1784 after the Treaty of Paris ended the War for Independence. All three services trace their origins to the founding of the Continental Army, the Continental Navy, the United States President is the U. S. militarys commander-in-chief. Rising tensions at various times with Britain and France and the ensuing Quasi-War and War of 1812 quickened the development of the U. S. Navy, the reserve branches formed a military strategic reserve during the Cold War, to be called into service in case of war. Time magazines Mark Thompson has suggested that with the War on Terror, Command over the armed forces is established in the United States Constitution. The sole power of command is vested in the President by Article II as Commander-in-Chief, the Constitution also allows for the creation of executive Departments headed principal officers whose opinion the President can require. This allowance in the Constitution formed the basis for creation of the Department of Defense in 1947 by the National Security Act, the Defense Department is headed by the Secretary of Defense, who is a civilian and member of the Cabinet. The Defense Secretary is second in the chain of command, just below the President. Together, the President and the Secretary of Defense comprise the National Command Authority, to coordinate military strategy with political affairs, the President has a National Security Council headed by the National Security Advisor. The collective body has only power to the President

21.
Dwight D. Eisenhower
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Dwight David Ike Eisenhower was an American politician and Army general who served as the 34th President of the United States from 1953 until 1961. He was a general in the United States Army during World War II. He was responsible for planning and supervising the invasion of North Africa in Operation Torch in 1942–43, in 1951, he became the first Supreme Commander of NATO. Eisenhower was of mostly Pennsylvania Dutch ancestry and was raised in a family in Kansas by parents with a strong religious background. He graduated from West Point in 1915 and later married Mamie Doud, after World War II, Eisenhower served as Army Chief of Staff under President Harry S. Truman and then accepted the post of President at Columbia University. Eisenhower entered the 1952 presidential race as a Republican to counter the non-interventionism of Senator Robert A. Taft, campaigning against communism, Korea and he won in a landslide, defeating Democratic candidate Adlai Stevenson and temporarily upending the New Deal Coalition. Eisenhower was the first U. S. president to be constitutionally term-limited under the 22nd Amendment, Eisenhowers main goals in office were to keep pressure on the Soviet Union and reduce federal deficits. He ordered coups in Iran and Guatemala, Eisenhower gave major aid to help the French in the First Indochina War, and after the French were defeated he gave strong financial support to the new state of South Vietnam. Congress agreed to his request in 1955 for the Formosa Resolution, after the Soviet Union launched Sputnik in 1957, Eisenhower authorized the establishment of NASA, which led to the space race. During the Suez Crisis of 1956, Eisenhower condemned the Israeli, British and French invasion of Egypt and he also condemned the Soviet invasion during the Hungarian Revolution of 1956 but took no action. Eisenhower sent 15,000 U. S. troops to Lebanon to prevent the government from falling to a Nasser-inspired revolution during the 1958 Lebanon crisis. Near the end of his term, his efforts to set up a meeting with the Soviets collapsed because of the U-2 incident. On the domestic front, he covertly opposed Joseph McCarthy and contributed to the end of McCarthyism by openly invoking executive privilege and he otherwise left most political activity to his Vice President, Richard Nixon. Eisenhower was a conservative who continued New Deal agencies and expanded Social Security. Eisenhowers two terms saw considerable economic prosperity except for a decline in 1958. Voted Gallups most admired man twelve times, he achieved widespread popular esteem both in and out of office, since the late 20th century, consensus among Western scholars has consistently held Eisenhower as one of the greatest U. S. Presidents. The Eisenhauer family migrated from Karlsbrunn in the Saarland, to North America, first settling in York, Pennsylvania, in 1741, accounts vary as to how and when the German name Eisenhauer was anglicized to Eisenhower. Eisenhowers Pennsylvania Dutch ancestors, who were farmers, included Hans Nikolaus Eisenhauer of Karlsbrunn

22.
Lieutenant general (United States)
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In the United States Army, United States Marine Corps, and the United States Air Force, lieutenant general is a three-star general officer rank, with the pay grade of O-9. Lieutenant general ranks above major general and below general, Lieutenant general is equivalent to the rank of vice admiral in the other uniformed services. The United States Code explicitly limits the number of generals that may be concurrently active to 230 for the Army,60 for the Marine Corps. For the Army and Air Force, no more than about 25% of the active duty general officers may have more than two stars. Some of these slots can be reserved by statute, officers serving in certain intelligence positions are not counted against either limit, including the Deputy Director of the Central Intelligence Agency. The President may also add three-star slots to one if they are offset by removing an equivalent number from other services. Finally, all statutory limits may be waived at the presidents discretion during time of war or national emergency, the Superintendent of the United States Military Academy is almost always a U. S. Army lieutenant general, either upon appointment or shortly thereafter. The three-star grade goes hand-in-hand with the position of office to which it is linked, officers may only achieve three-star grade if they are appointed to positions that require the officer to hold such a rank. Their rank expires with the expiration of their term of office, the nominee must be confirmed via majority vote by the Senate before the appointee can take office and thus assume the rank. The standard tour length for most lieutenant general positions is three years but some are set four or more years by statute, some statutory limits under the U. S. Code can be waived in times of national emergency or war. Three-star ranks may also be given by act of Congress but this is extremely rare, other than voluntary retirement, statute sets a number of mandates for retirement. Lieutenant generals must retire after 38 years of service unless appointed for promotion or reappointed to grade to serve longer, otherwise all general officers must retire the month after their 64th birthday. However, the Secretary of Defense can defer a three-star officers retirement until the officers 66th birthday, General officers typically retire well in advance of the statutory age and service limits, so as not to impede the upward career mobility of their juniors. Since there is a number of three-star slots available to each service. Additionally, lieutenant generals of all services serve as staff officers at various major command headquarters and The Pentagon. Currently, five women serve as lieutenant generals in the US Army, in theory, a general vacates their three or four-star rank at termination of their assignment unless placed in an equal ranking billet. Douglas MacArthur, who served as general and Army Chief of Staff. Even with the status, such officers are also almost always granted permanent retirement in the last grade they held with the satisfactory completion of at least two or three years in grade

23.
John A. Samford
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John Alexander Samford was a United States Air Force lieutenant general and a director of the National Security Agency. Samford was born at Hagerman, New Mexico, in 1905 and he graduated from high school in 1922 and then spent one year at Columbia College, New York City. In 1924, he received an appointment to the U. S. He graduated in 1928, 131st in a class of 260, second Lieutenant Samfords first assignment was that of a student officer at Brooks Field, Texas. In 1929, he received his wings at Kelly Field and was eventually rated a command pilot. Lieutenant Samfords first assignment after Kelly Field was Fort Crockett located at Galveston, in 1930, he returned to Kelly Field where he served as a flying instructor. In 1934, he was ordered to an Engineering and Armament School at Chanute Field, from 1935 until 1942, he held various assignments in Panama, Virginia, Louisiana and Florida. Colonel Samford was assistant chief of staff, G-1, Headquarters Third Air Force, in Tampa, Florida, in 1943, Colonel Samford was appointed deputy chief of staff of the Eighth Air Force, and later chief of staff of the VIII Bomber Command. In 1944, Colonel Samford was promoted to general and appointed chief of staff of the Eighth Air Force. In October 1944 he was appointed deputy assistant chief of staff, A-2, in January 1947, Brigadier General Samford was appointed commander, 24th Composite Wing which soon thereafter became the Antilles Air Division of the Caribbean Air Command. In May 1949, Brigadier General Samford was appointed commandant of the Air Command and he was promoted to major general in 1950 and held a brief appointment as commandant of the Air War College before being appointed director of intelligence of the U. S. Air Force. It was during Samfords tenure as director of Air Force intelligence that Project Blue Book, on July 29,1952 General Stamford conducted a press conference at the Pentagon related to UFOs. In December 1954, General Samford went to Russia, General Samford was mentioned at the beginning of the 1956 film UFO which examined the phenomena of unidentified flying objects. He served as Vice Director of the National Security Agency from June to August 1956, in November 1956, Major General Samford was appointed director of the National Security Agency and promoted to lieutenant general. He held this post until his retirement on November 23,1960 and his successor as NSA director was Admiral Laurence H. Frost. He died on November 20,1968 in Washington, DC. is Gen. John Samford Announces Project Blue Book Findings on YouTube

24.
United States Air Force
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The United States Air Force is the aerial warfare service branch of the United States Armed Forces and one of the seven American uniformed services. Initially part of the United States Army, the USAF was formed as a branch of the military on 18 September 1947 under the National Security Act of 1947. It is the most recent branch of the U. S. military to be formed, the U. S. Air Force is a military service organized within the Department of the Air Force, one of the three military departments of the Department of Defense. The Air Force is headed by the civilian Secretary of the Air Force, who reports to the Secretary of Defense, the U. S. Air Force provides air support for surface forces and aids in the recovery of troops in the field. As of 2015, the service more than 5,137 military aircraft,406 ICBMs and 63 military satellites. It has a $161 billion budget with 313,242 active duty personnel,141,197 civilian employees,69,200 Air Force Reserve personnel, and 105,500 Air National Guard personnel. According to the National Security Act of 1947, which created the USAF and it shall be organized, trained, and equipped primarily for prompt and sustained offensive and defensive air operations. The stated mission of the USAF today is to fly, fight, and win in air, space and we will provide compelling air, space, and cyber capabilities for use by the combatant commanders. We will excel as stewards of all Air Force resources in service to the American people, while providing precise and reliable Global Vigilance, Reach and it should be emphasized that the core functions, by themselves, are not doctrinal constructs. The purpose of Nuclear Deterrence Operations is to operate, maintain, in the event deterrence fails, the US should be able to appropriately respond with nuclear options. Dissuading others from acquiring or proliferating WMD, and the means to deliver them, moreover, different deterrence strategies are required to deter various adversaries, whether they are a nation state, or non-state/transnational actor. Nuclear strike is the ability of forces to rapidly and accurately strike targets which the enemy holds dear in a devastating manner. Should deterrence fail, the President may authorize a precise, tailored response to terminate the conflict at the lowest possible level, post-conflict, regeneration of a credible nuclear deterrent capability will deter further aggression. Finally, the Air Force regularly exercises and evaluates all aspects of operations to ensure high levels of performance. Nuclear surety ensures the safety, security and effectiveness of nuclear operations, the Air Force, in conjunction with other entities within the Departments of Defense or Energy, achieves a high standard of protection through a stringent nuclear surety program. The Air Force continues to pursue safe, secure and effective nuclear weapons consistent with operational requirements, adversaries, allies, and the American people must be highly confident of the Air Forces ability to secure nuclear weapons from accidents, theft, loss, and accidental or unauthorized use. This day-to-day commitment to precise and reliable nuclear operations is the cornerstone of the credibility of the NDO mission, positive nuclear command, control, communications, effective nuclear weapons security, and robust combat support are essential to the overall NDO function. OCA is the method of countering air and missile threats, since it attempts to defeat the enemy closer to its source

25.
Vice admiral (United States)
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Vice admiral ranks above rear admiral and below admiral. Vice admiral is equivalent to the rank of lieutenant general in the uniformed services. U. S. Code of law explicitly limits the number of vice admirals that may be on active duty at any given time. The total number of active-duty flag officers is capped at 160 for the navy, for the navy, no more than 16. 7% of the services active-duty flag officers may have more than two stars. Some of these slots can be reserved by statute, officers serving in certain Defense Agency Director positions such as the Director of the Defense Logistics Agency, when filled by a naval officer, are vice admirals. The Superintendent of the United States Naval Academy is usually always a vice admiral, the President may also add vice admirals to the Navy if they are offset by removing an equivalent number of three-star officers from other services. Finally, all statutory limits may be waived at the Presidents discretion during time of war or national emergency, the three-star grade goes hand-in-hand with the position of office it is linked to, so the rank is temporary. Officers may only achieve three-star grade if they are appointed to positions that require the officer to hold such a rank and their rank expires with the expiration of their term of office, which is usually set by statute. The nominee must be confirmed via majority vote by the Senate before the appointee can take office, the standard tour length for most vice admiral positions is three years but some are set four or more years by statute. Some statutory limits under the U. S. Code can be waived in times of emergency or war. Three-star ranks may also be given by act of Congress but this is extremely rare, other than voluntary retirement, statute sets a number of mandates for retirement. Three-star officers must retire after 38 years of service unless appointed for promotion or reappointed to grade to serve longer, otherwise all flag officers must retire the month after their 64th birthday. The Secretary of Defense, however, can defer a three-star officers retirement until the officers 66th birthday, flag officers typically retire well in advance of the statutory age and service limits, so as not to impede the upward career mobility of their juniors. Since there is a number of three-star slots available to each service

26.
Laurence Hugh Frost
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Laurence Hugh Frost was a U. S. admiral who served as Director of Naval Intelligence and Director of the National Security Agency. Frost graduated from the U. S. Naval Academy in 1926 and served in various ships and he was the commanding officer of Greer when that destroyer was attacked by a German U-boat on 4 September 1941. This was the first attack by Germany on a U. S. warship during World War II and occurred while the U. S. was officially neutral, some three months before America entered the war. After decorated service in World War II, Frost was assigned to Naval Intelligence and he was Chief of Staff to Commander First Fleet in 1952. He commanded Destroyer Flotilla Four, Atlantic Fleet in 1955-1956 and was Director of Naval Intelligence from 1956 until 1960, as head of Naval Intelligence he tried to change the U. S. policy on the rebellion in Indonesia. Frost became director of the National Security Agency in November 1960 with the rank of Vice Admiral and he held this post until 1962. Holding these posts during the beginning of the race, Frost was involved in early decisions to promote surveillance satellites such as the Navys ELINT program. In an effort to reduce tensions, soon after his arrival at NSA, according to the NSA, In 1962, when Vice Admiral Laurence Frost was unexpectedly transferred from his position. After a final tour of duty at the Potomac River Naval Command and his papers are preserved at the Operational Archives Branch of the Naval Historical Center in Washington, D. C. He is listed as an admiral by the John F. Kennedy Presidential Library which holds an 11-page transcription of an oral interview he gave in 1970. As of 2004 portions of it remain closed

27.
John F. Kennedy
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Kennedy was a member of the Democratic Party, and his New Frontier domestic program was largely enacted as a memorial to him after his death. Kennedy also established the Presidential Medal of Freedom in 1963, Kennedys time in office was marked by high tensions with Communist states. He increased the number of American military advisers in South Vietnam by a factor of 18 over President Dwight D. Eisenhower, in Cuba, a failed attempt was made at the Bay of Pigs to overthrow the government of Fidel Castro in April 1961. He subsequently rejected plans by the Joint Chiefs of Staff to orchestrate false-flag attacks on American soil in order to gain approval for a war against Cuba. After military service in the United States Naval Reserve in World War II and he was elected subsequently to the U. S. Senate and served as the junior Senator from Massachusetts from 1953 until 1960. Kennedy defeated Vice President, and Republican presidential candidate, Richard Nixon in the 1960 U. S, at age 43, he became the youngest elected president and the second-youngest president. Kennedy was also the first person born in the 20th century to serve as president, to date, Kennedy has been the only Roman Catholic president and the only president to have won a Pulitzer Prize. Kennedy was assassinated in Dallas, Texas, on November 22,1963, Lee Harvey Oswald was arrested that afternoon and determined to have fired the shots that hit the President from a sixth floor window of the Texas School Book Depository. Dallas nightclub owner Jack Ruby fatally shot Oswald two days later in a jail corridor, then-Vice President Lyndon B. Johnson succeeded Kennedy after he died in the hospital. The FBI and the Warren Commission officially concluded that Oswald was the lone assassin, the majority of Americans alive at the time of the assassination, and continuing through 2013, believed that there was a conspiracy and that Oswald was not the only shooter. Since the 1960s, information concerning Kennedys private life has come to light, including his health problems, Kennedy continues to rank highly in historians polls of U. S. presidents and with the general public. His average approval rating of 70% is the highest of any president in Gallups history of systematically measuring job approval and his grandfathers P. J. Kennedy and Boston Mayor John F. Fitzgerald were both Massachusetts politicians. All four of his grandparents were the children of Irish immigrants, Kennedy had an elder brother, Joseph Jr. and seven younger siblings, Rosemary, Kathleen, Eunice, Patricia, Robert, Jean, and Ted. Kennedy lived in Brookline for ten years and attended the Edward Devotion School, the Noble and Greenough Lower School, and the Dexter School through 4th grade. In 1927, the Kennedy family moved to a stately twenty-room, Georgian-style mansion at 5040 Independence Avenue in the Hudson Hill neighborhood of Riverdale, Bronx and he attended the lower campus of Riverdale Country School, a private school for boys, from 5th to 7th grade. Two years later, the moved to 294 Pondfield Road in the New York City suburb of Bronxville, New York. The Kennedy family spent summers at their home in Hyannis Port, Massachusetts, in September 1930, Kennedy—then 13 years old—attended the Canterbury School in New Milford, Connecticut. In late April 1931, he required an appendectomy, after which he withdrew from Canterbury, in September 1931, Kennedy attended Choate, a boarding school in Wallingford, Connecticut, for 9th through 12th grade

28.
Gordon Blake
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Gordon Aylesworth Blake was a US Air Force lieutenant general who served from 1962-1965 as director of the National Security Agency. Gordon, son of George and Cecelia Blake of Charles City, Iowa, was born in Charles City in 1910 and he was appointed in 1927 to the United States Military Academy by the late Gilbert N. Haugen and graduated on June 11,1931. He was commissioned a lieutenant in the Coast Artillery Corps. In October 1932, Blake completed Primary and Advanced Flying Schools and he was transferred to the Air Corps on January 25,1933, and was assigned to a pursuit squadron at Barksdale Field, Louisiana. Going to Hawaii in February 1939, Blake was communications officer of the 18th Composite Wing, during September 1941, he acted as Communications Officer on the first land-based aircraft flight from Hawaii to the Philippines. All members of the flight were awarded the Distinguished Flying Cross, on December 7,1941, he was base operations officer at Hickam Field and was awarded the Silver Star for gallantry in action that day. He was promoted to colonel in November 1942, on August 28,1945, he accompanied a special 150-man task force into Japan to prepare for airborne occupation troop landings on August 30,1945. He returned from overseas in November 1945, and in January 1946, was appointed deputy commander of the Airways and Air Communications Service at Langley Field, Virginia. Entering the Air War College at Maxwell Air Force Base, Alabama, in August 1947, Blake graduated the following June and went to research and development work at Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio. Between 1948 and 1951, he was with the Electronics Subdivision of the Engineering Division, in the summer of 1951, he was placed in charge of 12 development laboratories and promoted to brigadier general. His final assignment at Wright Field was as vice-commander from June 1952 to January 1953 and he was named assistant deputy chief of staff for operations on June 2,1956. In this capacity he served on the Permanent Joint Board for Defense, Canada — US, during the latter part of his Washington assignment, he was given the aeronautical rating of command pilot and was promoted to major general, the highest permanent rank in the regular service. General Blake left Washington on January 4,1957, to commander of the US Air Force Security Service. He was awarded the Distinguished Service Medal for exceptionally meritorious conduct in the performance of outstanding service to the United States as commander, US Air Force Security Service. On September 1,1959, he was assigned as vice-commander-in-chief and chief of staff, Pacific Air Forces, general Blake came to Headquarters Continental Air Command in July 1961 as commander-designate. He assumed command of CONAC on September 30,1961 and became a lieutenant general on October 1,1961. General Blake assumed the position of director, National Security Agency, at Fort George G. Meade, Maryland, July 1,1962, the US Air Force Aircraft Save Award is named after him

29.
Lyndon B. Johnson
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A Democrat from Texas, he previously served as a United States Representative from 1937 to 1949 and then as a United States Senator from 1949 to 1961. He spent six years as Senate Majority Leader, two as Senate Minority Leader, and two more as Senate Majority Whip, Johnson ran for the Democratic nomination in the 1960 presidential election. Although unsuccessful, he was chosen by then-Senator John F. Kennedy of Massachusetts to be his running mate and they went on to win a close election over Richard Nixon and Henry Cabot Lodge Jr. Johnson was sworn in as Vice President on January 20,1961. Two years and ten months later, on November 22,1963 and he successfully ran for a full term in the 1964 election, winning by a landslide over Republican opponent Senator Barry Goldwater of Arizona. He is one of four people who have served as President, Vice President, Senator. Johnson was renowned for his personality and the Johnson treatment. Assisted in part by an economy, the War on Poverty helped millions of Americans rise above the poverty line during his administration. With the passage of the Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965, Johnson escalated American involvement in the Vietnam War. In 1964, Congress passed the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution, which granted Johnson the power to use force in Southeast Asia without having to ask for an official declaration of war. The number of American military personnel in Vietnam increased dramatically, from 16,000 advisors in non-combat roles in 1963 to 550,000 in early 1968, American casualties soared and the peace process bogged down. Growing unease with the war stimulated a large, angry antiwar movement based especially on university campuses in the U. S. and abroad. Johnson faced further troubles when summer riots broke out in most major cities after 1965, while he began his presidency with widespread approval, support for Johnson declined as the public became upset with both the war and the growing violence at home. In 1968, the Democratic Party factionalized as antiwar elements denounced Johnson, Republican Richard Nixon was elected to succeed him, as the New Deal coalition that had dominated presidential politics for 36 years collapsed. After he left office in January 1969, Johnson returned to his Texas ranch, historians argue that Johnsons presidency marked the peak of modern liberalism in the United States after the New Deal era. Johnson is ranked favorably by some historians because of his policies and the passage of many major laws, affecting civil rights, gun control, wilderness preservation. Lyndon Baines Johnson was born on August 27,1908, near Stonewall, Texas, in a farmhouse on the Pedernales River. Johnson had one brother, Sam Houston Johnson, and three sisters, Rebekah, Josefa, and Lucia, the nearby small town of Johnson City, Texas, was named after LBJs cousin, James Polk Johnson, whose forebears had moved west from Oglethorpe County, Georgia. Johnson had English, German, and Ulster Scots ancestry and he was maternally descended from pioneer Baptist clergyman George Washington Baines, who pastored eight churches in Texas, as well as others in Arkansas and Louisiana

30.
Marshall Carter
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Marshall Sylvester Carter was a lieutenant general in the United States Army. From 1965 to 1969, he served as Director of the National Security Agency, Carter was born on September 16,1909 at Fort Monroe, Virginia, the son of future Brigadier general Clifton C. He graduated from the United States Military Academy in 1931 and took an M. S. degree from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1936. He served as an aide to General George C. Marshall during Marshalls time as Chief of Staff of the United States Army, Secretary of State, and Secretary of Defense. Carter, then a Lieutenant General, served as Deputy Director of Central Intelligence from April 3,1962, from 1965 to 1969, he served as Director of the National Security Agency. Upon retirement from the military, he served as President of the George C. Marshall Research Foundation until retiring from that position in 1985, General Carter was inducted into the Military Intelligence Hall of Fame. He was portrayed by Ed Lauter in the film Thirteen Days, Carter is buried in Arlington National Cemetery with his wife, Preot Nichols Carter. Here is Lt Gen Carter´s ribbon bar

31.
Richard Nixon
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Richard Milhous Nixon was an American politician who served as the 37th President of the United States from 1969 until 1974, when he became the only U. S. president to resign from office. He had previously served as a U. S, Representative and Senator from California and as the 36th Vice President of the United States from 1953 to 1961 under the presidency of Dwight D. Eisenhower. Nixon was born in Yorba Linda, California, after completing his undergraduate studies at Whittier College, he graduated from Duke University School of Law in 1937 and returned to California to practice law. He and his wife Pat moved to Washington in 1942 to work for the federal government and he subsequently served on active duty in the U. S. Navy Reserve during World War II. Nixon was elected to the House of Representatives in 1946 and to the Senate in 1950 and his pursuit of the Hiss Case established his reputation as a leading anti-communist, and elevated him to national prominence. He was the mate of Dwight D. Eisenhower, the Republican Party presidential nominee in the 1952 election. Nixon served for eight years as vice president and he waged an unsuccessful presidential campaign in 1960, narrowly losing to John F. Kennedy, and lost a race for Governor of California to Pat Brown in 1962. In 1968, he ran for the presidency again and was elected by defeating incumbent Vice President Hubert Humphrey, Nixon ended American involvement in the war in Vietnam in 1973 and brought the American POWs home, and ended the military draft. His administration generally transferred power from Washington D. C. to the states and he imposed wage and price controls for a period of ninety days, enforced desegregation of Southern schools and established the Environmental Protection Agency. Nixon also presided over the Apollo 11 moon landing, which signaled the end of the moon race and he was reelected in one of the largest electoral landslides in U. S. history in 1972, when he defeated George McGovern. The year 1973 saw an Arab oil embargo, gasoline rationing, the scandal escalated, costing Nixon much of his political support, and on August 9,1974, he resigned in the face of almost certain impeachment and removal from office. After his resignation, he was issued a pardon by his successor, in retirement, Nixons work writing several books and undertaking of many foreign trips helped to rehabilitate his image. He suffered a stroke on April 18,1994. Richard Milhous Nixon was born on January 9,1913 in Yorba Linda, California and his parents were Hannah Nixon and Francis A. Nixon. His mother was a Quaker and his father converted from Methodism to the Quaker faith, Nixons upbringing was marked by evangelical Quaker observances of the time, such as refraining from alcohol, dancing, and swearing. Nixon had four brothers, Harold, Donald, Arthur, four of the five Nixon boys were named after kings who had ruled in historical or legendary England, Richard, for example, was named after Richard the Lionheart. Nixons early life was marked by hardship, and he quoted a saying of Eisenhower to describe his boyhood, We were poor. The Nixon family ranch failed in 1922, and the moved to Whittier

32.
Noel Gayler
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Gayler was awarded three Navy Cross medals as a World War II flying ace and is credited with five aerial victories while flying for VF-2 and VF-3. Gayler was an ardent advocate for nuclear disarmament, Gayler was born in Birmingham, Alabama, entered the United States Naval Academy on June 6,1931, and was commissioned an ensign in the U. S. Navy on June 6,1935. His first assignment was as an Engineering Officer on the battleship Maryland, then the destroyer Maury, in March 1940, Gayler entered flight training at Naval Air Station Pensacola, Florida, and was designated a Naval Aviator in November 1940. He was assigned to fighter squadron VF-3 in November 1940, and was credited with destroying five aircraft in aerial combat. Between February and May 1942 Gayler was awarded the Navy Cross three times, the first person to achieve this and he was transferred to NAS Anacostia in Washington, D. C. in June 1942 to serve as a VF Project Officer. From June 1943 to June 1944, Gayler served as a test pilot at NAS Patuxent River and he next served as Commanding Officer of VF-12 from June 1944 to February 1945. Gayler was Air Operations Officer for the 2nd Carrier Task Force from March to November 1945, Gayler was an ardent advocate for nuclear disarmament. As a lieutenant commander and a pilot, he flew over Hiroshima six days after the first atomic bomb was dropped on August 6,1945. He was stunned and saw nothing moving, and vowed to work to eliminate nuclear weapons and he then served as Executive Officer, and then Deputy Director of Special Devices Center from February 1946 to April 1948. Gayler was Operations Officer on the carrier Bairoko from April 1948 to September 1949, before heading the Fighter Design Branch in Washington and he was Commanding Officer of the Navys experimental jet fighter squadron VX-III at Atlantic City, New Jersey, from June 1951 to January 1954. He was Operations Officer for the Commander in Chief, Pacific Fleet, from February to June 1957, and then served as a Naval Aide to the Secretary of the Navy from June 1957 to April 1959. Gayler commanded the aircraft carrier Ranger from May 1959 to June 1960, Gayler was commander of Carrier Division 20 from August 1962 to August 1963, and then served as Assistant Chief of Naval Operations for Development from August 1963 to August 1967. He was Deputy Director of the Joint Strategic Target Planning Staff at Offutt Air Force Base, Nebraska, Gayler became the 6th Director of the National Security Agency in July 1969, serving in that position until he became Commander in Chief of U. S. Gayler served as CINCPAC until his retirement from the Navy on August 31,1976, as the CINCPAC, Admiral Gayler had the honor of personally welcoming the prisoners of war from Vietnam as they arrived at Clark Air Base in the Philippines. They reported back to duty to him as they walked off the plane, Gayler died July 14,2011 in Alexandria, Virginia. Here is the bar of Admiral Noel A. M. Gayler

33.
Samuel C. Phillips
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Phillips was born in Springerville, Arizona, on February 19,1921. He attended public schools in Cheyenne, Wyoming, graduating from Cheyenne High School in 1938 and he was a member of the Kappa Sigma Fraternity. During his summer break in 1940, he earned his pilot license. He was commissioned a Second Lieutenant, Infantry, after completion of Reserve Officers Training Corps and he then entered active military service, transferred to the Army Air Corps, attended flying school and earned his pilot wings. During World War II, Phillips served as a pilot with the 364th Fighter Group of the Eighth Air Force. He completed two tours of duty in the European Theater of Operations. He was awarded the Distinguished Flying Cross with oak leaf clusters, Air Medal with seven oak leaf clusters, after the war, he was assigned to the European Theater headquarters in Frankfurt, Germany. Then, in July 1947, Phillips was transferred to Langley Air Force Base, Phillips returned to England in 1956, where he served with the 7th Air Division of the Strategic Air Command. His participation in negotiating and completing the international agreement with the United Kingdom for the deployment and this latter assignment earned Phillips the Legion of Merit medal. Phillips Air Force superior agreed, on the condition that Phillips be hired instead as Director of the Apollo manned lunar landing program, in December, this was accomplished and Phillips was assigned to NASA. By this time, he had achieved the rank of major general, Phillips aggressively took on the job with constant daily meetings, phone contact, and visits to contractor sites which kept him on the road 75 per cent of the time. He described the job to New York Times reporter John Noble Wilford this way, below the program director, there isnt anyone who has the whole picture. Above the program director, the men have so many other responsibilities, on December 19, he wrote a memo to NAA president Lee Atwood with a copy of a report of his findings and some recommended fixes, which he also sent to Mueller. NASA Administrator James E. However, with the support of President Lyndon B. Johnson, this controversy blew over and over the eighteen months, Apollo got back on track toward manned missions. During the Apollo 11 mission in July 1969 which achieved the programs manned landing goal, Phillips announced his intention to leave NASA, during his NASA service, he had been promoted to Lieutenant general. In September 1969, Phillips was placed in command of the Space and Missile Systems Organization, in August 1972, Phillips was appointed as the Director of the National Security Agency and also as the Chief of the Central Security Service. After two years in positions, Phillips was assigned as the Commander of the Air Force Systems Command, in August 1973, at Andrews Air Force Base

34.
Lew Allen
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Lew Allen, Jr. was a United States Air Force four-star General who served as the tenth Chief of Staff of the U. S. Air Force. As a member of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, he and the service chiefs function as the military advisers to the Secretary of Defense, the National Security Council. Born in Miami, Florida, Allen attended and graduated high school in Gainesville, Texas. He entered the United States Military Academy, in 1943, and he graduated in 1946 with a bachelor of science degree and he was awarded his pilots wings upon his graduation from flight training. Allen also served in technical positions in the area of nuclear weapons. In September 1950, Allen entered the University of Illinois for graduate study in nuclear physics and he completed his Master of Science degree in 1952. Allen continued his study, and he earned his Ph. D. in physics in 1954. He had completed a thesis on high-energy photonuclear reactions. General Allen then was assigned to the U. S, atomic Energy Commissions Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory in Los Alamos, New Mexico, as a physicist in the Test Division, where he became acquainted with the bomb designer Ted Taylor. Allen conducted experiments in different nuclear test series. These experiments concerned the physics of thermonuclear weapons design and to the effects of high altitude nuclear explosions conceivably to be used for missile defense. From June 1957 to December 1961, Allen was assigned to Kirtland Air Force Base, New Mexico, Allen specialized in the military effects of high altitude nuclear explosions and participated in several nuclear weapons test series. In August 1973, Allen became the Director of the National Security Agency, allens tenure as the N. S. A. director was noteworthy in that he became the first N. S. A. director to ever testify publicly before Congress. In August 1977, he was named Commander of Air Force Systems Command, Allen served as the Vice-Chief-of-Staff of the U. S. Air Force from April 1978 until he became the Chief of Staff of the Air Force in July 1978. General Allen was a member of the National Academy of Engineering, from 1993 to 1995, Allen served as a member of the Presidents Foreign Intelligence Advisory Board and the Intelligence Oversight Board. Allen was awarded the 1999 Distinguished Graduate Award of the Association of Graduates, Allen died in Potomac Falls, Virginia, on January 4,2010 of complications from rheumatoid arthritis. He was buried at Arlington National Cemetery on March 22,2010, since 1986, the Jet Propulsion Laboratory awards in his honor the Lew Allen Award for Excellence, until 1990 called the Director’s Research Achievement Award. Project Shamrock This article incorporates public domain material from the United States Air Force document General Lew Allen Jr, official Air Force biography JPL mourns passing of former director Lew Allen – JPL/NASA News Service

35.
Gerald Ford
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Gerald Rudolph Ford Jr. was an American politician who served as the 38th President of the United States from 1974 to 1977, following the resignation of Richard Nixon. Prior to this he served eight months as the 40th Vice President of the United States, before his appointment to the vice presidency, Ford served 25 years as U. S. Representative from Michigans 5th congressional district, the nine of them as the House Minority Leader. As President, Ford signed the Helsinki Accords, marking a move toward détente in the Cold War, with the conquest of South Vietnam by North Vietnam nine months into his presidency, U. S. involvement in Vietnam essentially ended. Domestically, Ford presided over the worst economy in the four decades since the Great Depression, with growing inflation, one of his most controversial acts was to grant a presidential pardon to President Richard Nixon for his role in the Watergate scandal. During Fords presidency, foreign policy was characterized in procedural terms by the increased role Congress began to play, in the Republican presidential primary campaign of 1976, Ford defeated former California Governor Ronald Reagan for the Republican nomination. Arthur not to be elected in his own right, following his years as President, Ford remained active in the Republican Party. After experiencing health problems, he died at home on December 26,2006, Ford lived longer than any other U. S. president –93 years and 165 days – while his 895-day presidency was the shortest of all presidents who did not die in office. Gerald Rudolph Ford was born Leslie Lynch King Jr. on July 14,1913, at 3202 Woolworth Avenue in Omaha, Nebraska, where his parents lived with his paternal grandparents. His mother was Dorothy Ayer Gardner and his father was Leslie Lynch King Sr. a wool trader, Dorothy separated from King just sixteen days after her sons birth. She took her son with her to the Oak Park, Illinois, home of her sister Tannisse and brother-in-law, from there, she moved to the home of her parents, Levi Addison Gardner and Adele Augusta Ayer, in Grand Rapids, Michigan. Dorothy and King divorced in December 1913, she gained custody of her son. Fords paternal grandfather Charles Henry King paid child support until shortly before his death in 1930, Ford later said his biological father had a history of hitting his mother. James M. Ford later told confidantes that his father had first hit his mother on their honeymoon for smiling at another man. After two and a half years with her parents, on February 1,1916, Dorothy married Gerald Rudolff Ford and they then called her son Gerald Rudolff Ford, Jr. The future president was never adopted, and did not legally change his name until December 3,1935. He was raised in Grand Rapids with his three half-brothers from his mothers marriage, Thomas Gardner Tom Ford, Richard Addison Dick Ford. Ford also had three half-siblings from the marriage of Leslie King, Sr. his biological father, Marjorie King, Leslie Henry King

36.
Jimmy Carter
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James Earl Jimmy Carter Jr. is an American politician who served as the 39th President of the United States from 1977 to 1981. In 2002, he was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize for his work with the Carter Center, Carter was a Democrat who was raised in rural Georgia. He was a farmer who served two terms as a Georgia State Senator from 1963 to 1967, and one as the Governor of Georgia from 1971 to 1975. He was elected President in 1976, defeating incumbent President Gerald Ford in a close election. On his second day in office, Carter pardoned all evaders of the Vietnam War drafts, during Carters term as President, two new cabinet-level departments, the Department of Energy and the Department of Education, were established. He established an energy policy that included conservation, price control. In foreign affairs, Carter pursued the Camp David Accords, the Panama Canal Treaties, the round of Strategic Arms Limitation Talks. On the economic front he confronted persistent stagflation, a combination of inflation, high unemployment. The end of his tenure was marked by the 1979–1981 Iran hostage crisis, the 1979 energy crisis, the Three Mile Island nuclear accident. In response to the Soviet move he ended détente, escalated the Cold War, Carter won the 1980 primary with 51. 13% of the vote but lost the general election in an electoral landslide to Republican nominee Ronald Reagan, who won 44 of 50 states. His presidency has drawn medium-low responses from historians, with many considering him to have accomplished more with his post-presidency work and he set up the Carter Center in 1982 as his base for advancing human rights. He has also traveled extensively to conduct negotiations, observe elections. Additionally, Carter is a key figure in the Habitat for Humanity project, since surpassing Herbert Hoover in September 2012, he has been the longest-retired president in American history. He is also the first president to mark the 40th anniversary of his election and inauguration, in reference to current political views, he has criticized some of Israels actions and policies in regards to the Israeli–Palestinian conflict and has advocated for a two-state solution. James Earl Carter, Jr. was born on October 1,1924, at the Wise Sanitarium in Plains and he is a descendant of English immigrant Thomas Carter, who settled in Virginia in 1635. Numerous generations of Carters lived as farmers in Georgia. Carter is also a descendant of Thomas Cornell, an ancestor of Cornell Universitys founder and of Richard Nixon, Plains was a boomtown of 600 people at the time of Carters birth. His father, James Earl Carter, Sr. was a local businessman who ran a general store and had begun to invest in farmland

37.
Bobby Ray Inman
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Bobby Ray Inman is a retired United States admiral who held several influential positions in the U. S. Inman was born and raised in the community of Rhonesboro, Upshur County, Texas and his father was the owner and operator of a gas station. Inman attended and graduated from Mineola High School, Inman recalled in 1986 that he was 54 tall and weighted 96 pounds upon graduation, and he tutored athletes he admired during high school to keep from being bullied. Inman graduated from Mineola High School in Mineola, Texas at the age of 15 and he rode a bus from Mineola to Tyler Junior College, where he was a member of Phi Theta Kappa National Honor Society. He graduated from the University of Texas with a degree in history at the age of 19, according to Budiansky, after joining the Naval Reserve during the Korean War, Inman then rocketed up through the ranks of naval intelligence. He served as Director of Naval Intelligence from September 1974 to July 1976 and he next became the Director of the National Security Agency. Inman held this post until 1981 and his last major position was as the Deputy Director of Central Intelligence, a post he held from February 12,1981 to June 10,1982. While simultaneously acting as the NSA Director and the CIA deputy director in early 1981, he modernized the collection process by setting up a joint facility in College Park, according to Budiansky, Inman did so by sending memos back anf forth to himself approving his solutions. Inman chaired a commission on improving security at U. S. foreign installations after the Marine barracks bombing, the commissions report has been influential in setting security design standards for U. S. Embassies. A privately owned electronics industry holding company for three years, admiral Inman also served as Chairman of the Federal Reserve Bank of Dallas from 1987 through 1990. Admiral Inman’s primary activity since 1990 has been investing in technology companies. He is a member of the Board of Directors of Massey Energy Company and he serves as a Trustee of the American Assembly and the California Institute of Technology. He is an elected Fellow of the National Academy of Public Administration, President Clinton nominated him as Secretary of Defense, but he withdrew his nomination. Inman also was on the board of SAIC, Inman graduated from Texas with a bachelors in history in 1950. Inman has also served on the Board of Directors of the Council on Foreign Relations, Dell Computer, SBC Corporation, in 2011 he became head of the board of directors of Xe Services, formerly Erik Princes Blackwater and now known as Academi. As of 2013, he sits on the Board of Directors of Academi, Inman was announced as President Bill Clintons choice to succeed Les Aspin as Secretary of Defense on December 16,1993, initially receiving broad bipartisan support. He accepted the post at first, but withdrew his nomination during a conference on January 18,1994. During the press conference, Inman made angry remarks about comments by New York Times columnist William Safire, Safire wrote paragraphs on Inmans anti-Israel bias shown, and ended in a four-point list of other negative qualifications

38.
Ronald Reagan
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Ronald Wilson Reagan was an American politician and actor who was the 40th President of the United States, from 1981 to 1989. Before his presidency, he was the 33rd Governor of California, from 1967 to 1975, after a career as a Hollywood actor and union leader. Raised in a family in small towns of northern Illinois, Reagan graduated from Eureka College in 1932. After moving to Hollywood in 1937, he became an actor, Reagan was twice elected President of the Screen Actors Guild, the labor union for actors, where he worked to root out Communist influence. In the 1950s, he moved into television and was a speaker at General Electric factories. Having been a lifelong Democrat, his views changed and he became a conservative and in 1962 switched to the Republican Party. In 1964, Reagans speech, A Time for Choosing, in support of Barry Goldwaters foundering presidential campaign, Building a network of supporters, he was elected Governor of California in 1966. Entering the presidency in 1981, Reagan implemented sweeping new political, in his first term he survived an assassination attempt, spurred the War on Drugs, and fought public sector labor. During his re-election bid, Reagan campaigned on the notion that it was Morning in America, foreign affairs dominated his second term, including ending of the Cold War, the bombing of Libya, and the Iran–Contra affair. Publicly describing the Soviet Union as an empire, and during his famous speech at the Brandenburg Gate. Jack, a salesman and storyteller, was the grandson of Irish Catholic immigrants from County Tipperary, Reagan had one older brother, John Neil Reagan, who became an advertising executive. As a boy, Reagans father nicknamed his son Dutch, due to his fat little Dutchman-like appearance and Dutchboy haircut, Reagans family briefly lived in several towns and cities in Illinois, including Monmouth, Galesburg, and Chicago. In 1919, they returned to Tampico and lived above the H. C, Pitney Variety Store until finally settling in Dixon. After his election as president, residing in the upstairs White House private quarters, for the time, Reagan was unusual in his opposition to racial discrimination, and recalled a time in Dixon when the local inn would not allow black people to stay there. Reagan brought them back to his house, where his mother invited them to stay the night and have breakfast the next morning, after the closure of the Pitney Store in late 1920 and the familys move to Dixon, the midwestern small universe had a lasting impression on Reagan. Reagan attended Dixon High School, where he developed interests in acting, sports and his first job was as a lifeguard at the Rock River in Lowell Park in 1927. Over a six-year period, Reagan reportedly performed 77 rescues as a lifeguard and he attended Eureka College, a Disciples-oriented liberal arts school, where he became a member of the Tau Kappa Epsilon fraternity, a cheerleader, and studied economics and sociology. While involved, the Miller Center of Public Affairs described him as an indifferent student and he majored in economics and sociology, and graduated with a C grade

39.
Lincoln D. Faurer
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Lieutenant General Lincoln D. Faurer was director of the National Security Agency and Chief of the Central Security Service from 1981 to 1985. Faurer was born February 7,1928, in Medford, Massachusetts and he graduated from Central High School in Philadelphia in 1945 and attended Cornell University. He graduated from the United States Military Academy, West Point, New York, in 1950 with a Bachelor of Science degree and he received a Master of Science degree in Engineering Management from Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, New York, in 1964. After graduation from the Academy, Faurer attended flying schools at Goodfellow Air Force Base, Texas, and Vance Air Force Base, Oklahoma, and received his pilot wings in August 1951. He completed B-29 pilot training at Randolph Air Force Base, Texas, in January 1952 and was assigned to the 308th Bombardment Wing at Forbes Air Force Base. In May 1952 he moved with the wing to Hunter Air Force Base, from April 1953 to September 1955, Faurer flew weather reconnaissance flights in WB-29s with the 56th Weather Reconnaissance Squadron at Yokota Air Base, Japan. In May 1958 he transferred to Headquarters 90th Strategic Reconnaissance Wing, also at Forbes, while at Barksdale he was associated with the 2nd Air Forces growing inventory of intercontinental ballistic missiles, Atlas D, E, F, Titan II, and Minuteman I. He attended the graduate engineer management program at Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute from June 1963 to July 1964, after graduation, he was assigned to the Defense Intelligence Agency in Washington, D. C. Upon graduation from the National War College in July 1968, Faurer was named director of current operations, 14th Aerospace Force at Ent Air Force Base, Colorado. In May 1974 Faurer returned to the Defense Intelligence Agency as deputy director for intelligence and he was assigned as director, J-2, U. S. European Command in Vaihingen, West Germany, in August 1977 and he became Director of the National Security Agency in April 1981. Faurer has also presented the National Intelligence Medal of Achievement in recognition of his service to the national intelligence community. He was promoted to Lieutenant General September 1,1979, with date of rank. He retired on April 1,1985 and he was President of the Corporation for Open Systems, a not-for-profit industry research center for the promotion of OSI and ISDN international communications standards, from 1986 to 1991. He has served as Chairman of the Association for Intelligence Officers, during the 1990s, Linc Faurer also served on the Board of Directors for the Aegis Research Corporation of Rosslyn and later Falls Church, Virginia. He was Chairman of the Board of Directors of the National Cryptologic Museum Foundation until October 2014, Faurer died on November 7,2014, and will be buried in Arlington National Cemetery. FAURER LINCOLN D at NameBase SEC filings This article incorporates public domain material from the United States Government document

40.
William Eldridge Odom
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William Eldridge Odom was a retired U. S. He died of an apparent heart attack at his home in Lincoln. 1954 Graduated from the United States Military Academy and was commissioned a Second Lieutenant, 1954–1960, Served in both the United States and West Germany. 1962, Earned a Masters Degree from Columbia University, and married Anne Weld Curtis, 1964–1966, Served as part of the military liaison mission to the Soviet Union at Potsdam, Germany. 1966–1969, Taught at West Point as an assistant professor of government,1970, Completed a Ph. D. at Columbia. 1970–1971, At this point a Lieutenant Colonel, served in Vietnam, being on the Staff of Plans, Policy, and Programs, 1971–1972, Odom was a visiting scholar at the Research Institute on Communist Affairs at Columbia. 1972–1974, U. S. assistant military attaché at the United States embassy in Moscow, 1981–1985, Assistant chief of staff for intelligence, United States Army. Extensive publications, see bibliography below Early in his career, he observed Soviet military activities while serving as a military liaison in Potsdam. Upon returning to the United States, he resumed his career at West Point where he taught courses in Soviet politics, Odom regularly stressed the importance of education for military officers. In 1977, he was appointed as the assistant to Zbigniew Brzezinski. From 2 November 1981 to 12 May 1985, Odom served as the Armys Assistant Chief of Staff for Intelligence, from 1985 to 1988, he served as the director of the National Security Agency, the United States largest intelligence agency, under president Ronald Reagan. Odom was a Senior Fellow at the Hudson Institute, where he specialized in issues, intelligence. He was also a professor at Yale University and Georgetown University. He earned a reputation as an expert on the Soviet military. He had also been critical of the NSAs warrantless wiretapping of international calls, General Odom is a member of the Military Intelligence Hall of Fame. He is also a member of the council of the Victims of Communism Memorial Foundation. Russia, Central Asia, and the Transcaucasus, with Robert Dujarric, the Collapse of the Soviet Military. January 18,2007, Testimony before the Senate Foreign Relations Committee, april 2,2008, Testimony before the Senate Foreign Relations Committee on Iraq, online version retrieved May 30,2016

41.
William O. Studeman
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Admiral Studeman retired from the Navy in 1995 after almost 35 years of service. Between 1988 and 1992 he was director of the National Security Agency, he was the Director of Naval Intelligence, admiral Studeman retired in 2005 from Northrop Grumman Corporation as Vice President & Deputy General Manager of Mission Systems. He served in this position for approximately 9 years, admiral Studeman has served on corporate boards, and government, university and corporate advisory boards. He was recently a Commissioner on the Presidential Commission on WMD, and is serving on National Advisory Board on Bio-Security. He is Chairman of the Board of the Naval Intelligence Foundations, in 1962 he received his bachelors degree in history from the University of the South in Sewanee, Tennessee. Studeman holds a degree in public and international affairs from George Washington University. He will receive an honorary doctorate degree this fall from the University of the South. Admiral Studeman is the recipient of numerous commendations and citations, including the Navy Distinguished Service Medal. In 2007 Studeman was awarded the William Oliver Baker Award by the Intelligence and he also has received service medals from the Governments of France, Brazil, and South Korea

42.
George H. W. Bush
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George Herbert Walker Bush is an American politician who was the 41st President of the United States from 1989 to 1993 and the 43rd Vice President of the United States from 1981 to 1989. Republican Party, he was previously a congressman, ambassador, and he is the oldest living former President and Vice President. Prior to his sons presidency, he was referred to as George Bush or President Bush. Bush was born in Milton, Massachusetts, to Prescott Bush and Dorothy Walker Bush. Following the attack on Pearl Harbor in 1941, Bush postponed his university studies, enlisted in the U. S. Navy on his 18th birthday and he served until the end of the war, then attended Yale University. Graduating in 1948, he moved his family to West Texas and entered the oil business, Bush became involved in politics soon after founding his own oil company, serving as a member of the House of Representatives and Director of Central Intelligence, among other positions. He failed to win the Republican nomination for President in 1980, but was chosen as a mate by party nominee Ronald Reagan. During his tenure, Bush headed administration task forces on deregulation, in 1988, Bush ran a successful campaign to succeed Reagan as President, defeating Democratic opponent Michael Dukakis. Foreign policy drove the Bush presidency, military operations were conducted in Panama and the Persian Gulf, the Berlin Wall fell in 1989, and the Soviet Union dissolved two years later. Domestically, Bush reneged on a 1988 campaign promise and, after a struggle with Congress and his presidential library was dedicated in 1997, and he has been active—often alongside Bill Clinton—in various humanitarian activities. Besides being the 43rd president, his son George also served as the 46th Governor of Texas and is one of only two other being John Quincy Adams—to be the son of a former president. His second son, Jeb Bush, served as the 43rd Governor of Florida, George Herbert Walker Bush was born at 173 Adams Street in Milton, Massachusetts, on June 12,1924, to Prescott Sheldon Bush and Dorothy Bush. The Bush family moved from Milton to Greenwich, Connecticut, shortly after his birth, growing up, his nickname was Poppy. Bush began his education at the Greenwich Country Day School in Greenwich. Following the attack on Pearl Harbor in December 1941, Bush decided to join the US, Navy, so after graduating from Phillips Academy in 1942, he became a naval aviator at the age of 18. He was assigned to Torpedo Squadron as the officer in September 1943. The following year, his squadron was based on USS San Jacinto as a member of Air Group 51, during this time, the task force was victorious in one of the largest air battles of World War II, the Battle of the Philippine Sea. After Bushs promotion to Lieutenant on August 1,1944, San Jacinto commenced operations against the Japanese in the Bonin Islands, Bush piloted one of four Grumman TBM Avenger aircraft from VT-51 that attacked the Japanese installations on Chichijima

43.
John M. McConnell
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John Michael Mike McConnell is a former vice admiral in the United States Navy. During his naval career he served as Director of the National Security Agency from 1992 to 1996 and he is currently Vice Chairman at Booz Allen Hamilton. McConnell was born and grew up in Greenville, South Carolina and he graduated from Wade Hampton High School, and first attended college at North Greenville Junior College, later earning a B. A. in Economics from Furman University. He holds an M. P. A. from George Washington University, and is a graduate of the National Defense University and he is married to Terry McConnell, and together they have four children and nine grandchildren. McConnell received his commission in the United States Navy in 1967 and he developed approaches for improving information flow among intelligence agencies and combat forces in the Gulf War. From 1992 to 1996, McConnell served as Director of the National Security Agency and he led NSA as it adapted to the multi-polar threats brought about by the end of the Cold War. He also served as a member of the Director of Central Intelligence senior leadership team to address major intelligence programmatic, in 1996, McConnell retired from the Navy as a vice admiral after 29 years of service -26 as a career Intelligence Officer. In addition to many of the nations highest military awards for meritorious service and he also served as the Chairman of the Intelligence and National Security Alliance. McConnell is the person to hold the position of Director of National Intelligence. He was nominated by President George W. Bush on January 5,2007, before his nomination as DNI, McConnell had served as a Senior Vice President with the consulting firm Booz Allen Hamilton, focusing on the Intelligence and National Security areas. On January 24,2009, it was announced that McConnell would return to Booz Allen as a Senior Vice President, two months after taking office, McConnell created a series of initiatives designed to build the foundation for increased cooperation and reform of the U. S. His plan, dubbed 100 Day Plan for Integration and Collaboration focused on efforts to enable the IC to act as an enterprise in a collaborative manner. A500 Day Plan is being designed to sustain the momentum with a set of initiatives. It is set to deepen integration of the Communitys people, processes, the plan will address a new performance management framework that entail six performance elements that all agencies must entail. The 100 Day Plan was meant to start a series of initiatives based on a deliberate planning process with specific deadlines and measures to ensure that needed reforms were implemented. The 500 Day Plan, which started in August 2007, was designed to accelerate and sustain this momentum with a set of initiatives. It contains 10 core initiatives which will be tracked by the leadership in the Intelligence Community. The initiatives are based on the same six focus areas described in the 100 Day Plan, McConnell approached Congress in early August 2007 on the need to modernize FISA, claiming two changes were needed

44.
Bill Clinton
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William Jefferson Clinton is an American politician who served as the 42nd President of the United States from 1993 to 2001. Prior to the Presidency he was the 40th Governor of Arkansas from 1979 to 1981, before that, he served as Arkansas Attorney General from 1977 to 1979. A member of the Democratic Party, Clinton was ideogically a New Democrat, Clinton is married to Hillary Clinton, who served as United States Secretary of State from 2009 to 2013 and U. S. Senator from New York from 2001 to 2009, and served the Democratic nominee for President in 2016, Bill Clinton and Hillary Rodham both earned degrees from Yale Law School, where they met and began dating. As Governor of Arkansas, Clinton overhauled the states education system, Clinton was elected President of the United States in 1992, defeating incumbent George H. W. Bush. At age 46, he was the third-youngest president and the first from the Baby Boomer generation, Clinton presided over the longest period of peacetime economic expansion in American history and signed into law the North American Free Trade Agreement. After failing to pass health care reform, the Democratic House was ousted when the Republican Party won control of the Congress in 1994. Two years later, in 1996, Clinton became the first Democrat since Franklin D. Roosevelt to be elected to a second term, Clinton passed welfare reform and the State Childrens Health Insurance Program, providing health coverage for millions of children. Clinton was acquitted by the U. S. Senate in 1999, the Congressional Budget Office reported a budget surplus between the years 1998 and 2000, the last three years of Clintons presidency. In foreign policy, Clinton ordered U. S. Clinton left office with the highest end-of-office approval rating of any U. S. President since World War II, since then, Clinton has been involved in public speaking and humanitarian work. He created the William J. Clinton Foundation to address international causes, such as the prevention of AIDS, in 2004, Clinton published his autobiography, My Life. In 2009, Clinton was named the United Nations Special Envoy to Haiti, since leaving office, Clinton has been rated highly in public opinion polls of U. S. Presidents. Clinton was born on August 19,1946, at Julia Chester Hospital in Hope, Arkansas and he was the son of William Jefferson Blythe Jr. a traveling salesman who had died in an automobile accident three months before his birth, and Virginia Dell Cassidy. His parents had married on September 4,1943, but this later proved to be bigamous. Soon after their son was born, his mother traveled to New Orleans to study nursing, leaving her son in Hope with her parents Eldridge and Edith Cassidy, who owned and ran a small grocery store. At a time when the Southern United States was segregated racially, in 1950, Bills mother returned from nursing school and married Roger Clinton Sr. who owned an automobile dealership in Hot Springs, Arkansas, with his brother and Earl T. Ricks. The family moved to Hot Springs in 1950, although he immediately assumed use of his stepfathers surname, it was not until Clinton turned fifteen that he formally adopted the surname Clinton as a gesture toward his stepfather. In Hot Springs, Clinton attended St. Johns Catholic Elementary School, Ramble Elementary School, and Hot Springs High School—where he was a student leader, avid reader

45.
Kenneth Minihan
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Kenneth A. Minihan is a former United States Air Force officer who served as the director of the National Security Agency and the Defense Intelligence Agency, retiring on May 1,1999. Minihan was born in Pampa, Texas and he entered the United States Air Force in 1966 as a distinguished graduate of the Reserve Officer Training Corps program at Florida State University, where he was also a member of Phi Kappa Psi. He served as intelligence officer for the Air Force and in other senior staff officer positions in the Pentagon, Headquarters Tactical Air Command, Langley Air Force Base. Electronic Security Command, Kelly Air Force Base, Texas, the Defense Intelligence Agency, Washington, D. C. and he has commanded squadrons, groups and a major Air Command, both in the United States and overseas. He has been the assistant chief of staff, intelligence, Headquarters U. S. Air Force, Washington, D. C. and most recently, director of the Defense Intelligence Agency. After retiring from the U. S. Air Force, Minihan served as the president of the Security Affairs Support Association from 1999 until 2002 and he currently serves as a Managing Director in the Paladin Capital Group. S. S. July 1978 - December 1979, student, Naval Postgraduate School, Monterey, California January 1980 - September 1981, legislative liaison officer, Defense Intelligence Agency, Washington, September 1995 - February 1996, director, Defense Intelligence Agency, Washington, D. C. February 1996 - April 1999, director, National Security Agency and Central Security Service, Fort George G. af. mil/bios/bio. asp. bioID=6485

46.
Michael Hayden (general)
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Hayden currently co-chairs the Bipartisan Policy Centers Electric Grid Cyber Security Initiative. He was Director of the National Security Agency from 1999 to 2005, on April 21,2005, then Lt. He served in this position under DNI John Negroponte until May 26,2006 and his nomination was confirmed by the United States Senate on May 26 by a vote of 78–15. On May 30,2006, and again the day at the CIA lobby with President George W. Bush in attendance. On July 1,2008, Hayden retired from the Air Force after over 41 years of service and he received an honorary doctorate from the Institute of World Politics in Washington, DC in 2009. He is currently a principal at the Chertoff Group, a security consultancy co-founded by former Homeland Security Secretary Michael Chertoff, Hayden also serves as a Distinguished Visiting Professor at George Mason Universitys Schar School of Policy and Government. He was elected to the Board of Directors of Motorola Solutions effective January 4,2011 and he has a sister, Debby, and a brother, Harry. He went to St. Michael Hayden graduated from North Catholic High School, one of Haydens first jobs was as an equipment manager for the Steelers. Hayden went on to Duquesne University in Pittsburgh where he earned a B. A. in history in 1967 and was commissioned as a second lieutenant and he then attended graduate school at Duquesne for an M. A. in modern American history. He continues to be a fan of the hometown Pittsburgh Steelers, since the 1990s travelling with his wife. He was commissioned through University of Pittsburghs Air Force Reserve Officer Training Corps program, Hayden entered active military service in 1969. Hayden has served as commander of the Air Intelligence Agency and Director of the Joint Command and Control Warfare Center and he also has served in senior staff positions in the Pentagon, Headquarters U. S. European Command, Stuttgart, Germany, the National Security Council, Washington, D. C. prior to becoming Director of the National Security Agency, the general served as deputy chief of staff for United Nations Command and U. S. He has also worked in intelligence in Guam and he is married to Jeanine Carrier, and they have a daughter and two sons, Margaret, Michael and Liam. From 1996 to 1997, Hayden served as Commander of the AIA, Hayden served as the Director of the National Security Agency and Chief of the Central Security Service at Fort George G. Meade, Maryland from March 1999 to April 2005. As the Director of NSA and Chief of CSS, he was responsible for a support agency of the Department of Defense with military. Hayden came to the NSA at a time of trouble in the agency. Internal government analysis indicated it suffered from a lack of quality management, in fact soon after he came on board, a huge part of the NSA network system crashed and was down for several days

47.
George W. Bush
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George Walker Bush is an American politician who served as the 43rd President of the United States from 2001 to 2009. He was also the 46th Governor of Texas from 1995 to 2000 and he is the eldest son of Barbara and George H. W. Bush. After graduating from Yale University in 1968 and Harvard Business School in 1975, Bush married Laura Welch in 1977 and ran unsuccessfully for the House of Representatives shortly thereafter. He later co-owned the Texas Rangers baseball team before defeating Ann Richards in the 1994 Texas gubernatorial election and he is the second president to assume the nations highest office after his father, following the lead of John Quincy Adams. He is also a brother of Jeb Bush, a former Governor of Florida who was a candidate for the Republican presidential nomination in the 2016 presidential election, the September 11 terrorist attacks occurred eight months into Bushs first term as president. Bush responded with what became known as the Bush Doctrine, launching a War on Terror, a military campaign that included the war in Afghanistan in 2001. He also promoted policies on the economy, health care, education, Social Security reform and his tenure included national debates on immigration, Social Security, electronic surveillance, and torture. In the 2004 Presidential race, Bush defeated Democratic Senator John Kerry in another close election. After his re-election, Bush received increasingly heated criticism from across the spectrum for his handling of the Iraq War, Hurricane Katrina. Amid this criticism, the Democratic Party regained control of Congress in the 2006 elections, Bush left office in 2009, returning to Texas where he purchased a home in Crawford. He wrote a memoir, Decision Points and his presidential library was opened in 2013. His presidency has been ranked among the worst in historians polls published in the late 2000s and 2010s. George Walker Bush was born on July 6,1946, at Grace-New Haven Hospital in New Haven, Connecticut, as the first child of George Herbert Walker Bush and his wife, the former Barbara Pierce. He was raised in Midland and Houston, Texas, with four siblings, Jeb, Neil, Marvin, another younger sister, Robin, died from leukemia at the age of three in 1953. His grandfather, Prescott Bush, was a U. S and his father, George H. W. Bush, was Ronald Reagans Vice President from 1981 to 1989 and the 41st U. S. President from 1989 to 1993. Bush has English and some German ancestry, along with more distant Dutch, Welsh, Irish, French, Bush attended public schools in Midland, Texas, until the family moved to Houston after he had completed seventh grade. He then spent two years at The Kinkaid School, a school in Houston. Bush attended high school at Phillips Academy, a school in Andover, Massachusetts

48.
Keith B. Alexander
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He previously served as Deputy Chief of Staff, G-2, U. S. Army from 2003 to 2005. General Alexander announced his retirement on October 16,2013 and his retirement date was March 28,2014. Alexander was born on December 2,1951 in Syracuse, New York and he was raised in Onondaga Hill, New York, a suburb of Syracuse. He was a paperboy for The Post-Standard and attended Westhill Senior High School where he ran track and he attended the United States Military Academy at West Point, and in his class were three other future four-star generals, David Petraeus, Martin Dempsey and Walter L. Sharp. Just before graduation in April 1974, Alexander married Deborah Lynn Douglas, who was a classmate in high school and he entered active duty at West Point, intending to serve for only five years. Alexanders military education includes the Armor Officer Basic Course, the Military Intelligence Officer Advanced Course, the U. S. Army Command and General Staff College, Alexander worked on signals intelligence at a number of secret National Security Agency bases in the United States and Germany. He rose quickly up the ranks, due to his expertise in advanced technology. He also served in Afghanistan on a peace keeping mission for the Army Deputy Chief of Staff for Intelligence, Alexander headed the Army Intelligence and Security Command, where in 2001 he was in charge of 10,700 spies and eavesdroppers worldwide. In 2003, he was named deputy chief of staff for intelligence for the U. S. Army, under his command were the units responsible for Abu Ghraib torture and prisoner abuse in Baghdad, Iraq. Testifying to the Senate Armed Services Committee, Alexander called the abuse totally reprehensible, on 16 October 2013, it was publicly announced that Keith Alexander and his Deputy, Chris Inglis were leaving the NSA. In 2005, Donald Rumsfeld, secretary of defense, named him Director of the National Security Agency, there, according to Bamford, Alexander deceived the House Intelligence Committee when his agency was involved in NSA warrantless wiretapping. A former senior U. S. intelligence agent described Alexanders program, Rather than look for a needle in the haystack, his approach was. Collect it all, tag it, store it. And whatever it is you want, you go searching for it. ”By 2008, the Regional Gateway was effective in providing information about Iraqi insurgents who had eluded less comprehensive techniques. Alexander was confirmed by the U. S. Senate for appointment to the rank of general on May 7,2010 and was promoted to that rank in a ceremony on May 21,2010. General Alexander assumed command of United States Cyber Command in the ceremony that made him a four-star general. He delivered the address at Black Hat USA in July 2013. The organizers describe Alexander as an advocate of battlefield visualization and data fusion for more useful intelligence and he provided them with this quote, As our dependence on information networks increases, it will take a team to eliminate vulnerabilities and counter the ever-growing threats to the network. The full transcript, which covers NSA operations, Snowden, the debates, encryption controversies

49.
Barack Obama
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Barack Hussein Obama II is an American politician who served as the 44th President of the United States from 2009 to 2017. He is the first African American to have served as president and he previously served in the U. S. Senate representing Illinois from 2005 to 2008, and in the Illinois State Senate from 1997 to 2004. Obama was born in Honolulu, Hawaii, two years after the territory was admitted to the Union as the 50th state and he grew up mostly in Hawaii, but also spent one year of his childhood in Washington State and four years in Indonesia. After graduating from Columbia University in 1983, he worked as a community organizer in Chicago, in 1988 Obama enrolled in Harvard Law School, where he was the first black president of the Harvard Law Review. After graduation, he became a civil rights attorney and professor, Obama represented the 13th District for three terms in the Illinois Senate from 1997 to 2004, when he ran for the U. S. Senate. In 2008, Obama was nominated for president, a year after his campaign began and he was elected over Republican John McCain, and was inaugurated on January 20,2009. Nine months later, Obama was named the 2009 Nobel Peace Prize laureate, during his first two years in office, Obama signed more landmark legislation than any Democratic president since LBJs Great Society. Main reforms were the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act, the Dodd–Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act, after a lengthy debate over the national debt limit, Obama signed the Budget Control and the American Taxpayer Relief Acts. In foreign policy, Obama increased U. S. troop levels in Afghanistan, reduced nuclear weapons with the U. S. -Russian New START treaty, and ended military involvement in the Iraq War. He ordered military involvement in Libya in opposition to Muammar Gaddafi, after winning re-election over Mitt Romney, Obama was sworn in for a second term in 2013. Obama also advocated gun control in response to the Sandy Hook Elementary School shooting, and issued wide-ranging executive actions concerning climate change and immigration. In foreign policy, Obama ordered military intervention in Iraq in response to gains made by ISIL after the 2011 withdrawal from Iraq, Obama left office in January 2017 with a 60% approval rating. He currently resides in Washington, D. C and his presidential library will be built in Chicago. Obama was born on August 4,1961, at Kapiʻolani Maternity & Gynecological Hospital in Honolulu and he is the only President to have been born in Hawaii. He was born to a mother and a black father. His mother, Ann Dunham, was born in Wichita, Kansas, of mostly English descent, with some German, Irish, Scottish, Swiss and his father, Barack Obama Sr. was a married Luo Kenyan man from Nyangoma Kogelo. Obamas parents met in 1960 in a Russian language class at the University of Hawaii at Manoa, the couple married in Wailuku, Hawaii on February 2,1961, six months before Obama was born. In late August 1961, Obamas mother moved him to the University of Washington in Seattle for a year