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Both genetic and epigenetic changes impact on health and disease susceptibility through

Environment

Diet

Stress

Hormones

Cancer is a disease of the Genome relationship to Epigenome

A genome is the complete set of deoxyribonucleic acid, or DNA, in a cell. DNA carries the instructions for building all of the proteins that make each of us unique.

epigenome means "above" the genome. The epigenome consists of chemical compounds that modify, or mark, the genome in a way that tells it what to do, where to do it and when to do it. The marks, which are not part of the DNA itself, can be passed on from cell to cell as cells divide, and from one generation to the next.

SNP- Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms-a code that reveals how we uniquely metabolize and detoxify certain environmental toxins and drugs- can explain why some therapies work better than others for individuals

In simple terms it is a process in which certain chemicals called ‘methyl groups’ are added to various constituents of proteins, DNA and other molecules. These are needed to keep them functioning normally.

Methylation of certain parts of your DNA can switch off unnecessary genes and prevent abnormal DNA division. This means that these abnormalities are not passed on to future generations of cells

Results from a new study show that night-time exposure to artificial light stimulated the growth of human breast tumors by suppressing the levels of a key hormone called melatonin. The study also showed that extended periods of nighttime darkness greatly slowed the growth of these tumors.

The results are published in the December 1, 2005 issue of the scientific journal Cancer Research.

Researchfocuses on the anti-cancer activity of one of these compounds, called sulforaphane"It has already been shown to reduce the incidence and rate of chemically induced mammary tumors in animals. It inhibits the growth of cultured human breast cancer cells, leading to cell death."

A UK women’s Cohort study found a fibre rich diet containing 30g of fibre per day was associated with 52% reduction in the development of breast cancer in pre-menopausal women compared with diet less than 20g per day.

Another study found that women who ate few

vegetables had an incidence of breast cancer that was about 25% higher than those who consumed more vegetables.

Studies of women who migrate from areas of low risk to areas of high risk of breast cancer assume same rate in host country within 1 or 2 generations. This would indicate environmental factors as well as dietary changes are important in the progression of breast cancer.

Women with high agricultural organochlorines in their blood are 4 to 10X more likely to develop breast cancer than those with lower levels

New Zealand Pesticides Campaign coordinator Meriel Watts wrote: Of particular concern to women is the increasing number of reports linking breast cancer to organochlorine pesticides”

High levels of vitamin D translated to a 50 percent lower risk of breast cancer, one study found.

A second study, by Canadian researchers, found that women who spent time outdoors or got a lot of vitamin D from their diets or supplements — especially as teens — were 25 percent to 45 percent less likely to develop breast cancer than women with less of the nutrient.