While a new Pew/NPR survey on trust in government shows intense hostility toward Washington, a study of history shows that the roots of government distrust stretch far back into America's past.

"When you think about the beginning of the country, it was all about throwing off the shackles of the English monarchy," says Vanderbilt University political science professor Marc Hetherington, who wrote the book Why Trust Matters: Declining Political Trust and the Demise of American Liberalism.

"We set up institutions that were designed to cut down on people imposing their will on ordinary folks," he adds. "Given those circumstances, it's not surprising that we've had a legacy of distrust or mistrust of government ever since the beginning."

Parallels In History Books

It is tempting to think of Glenn Beck's populist anti-government monologues as a unique expression of this particular moment in America. Beck recently told his Fox News audience: "I don't believe in the promise of government. Have they fixed the economy today?"

But while Beck has about 2 million viewers a night, radio preacher the Rev. Charles Coughlin had an estimated 30 million radio listeners when, in the 1930s, he shouted, "They're not even Americans, these so-called Democrats and Republicans!"

The theme of American distrust stretches even further back than that. In the opening line of the first of the Federalist Papers, Alexander Hamilton refers to "an unequivocal experience of the inefficiency of the subsisting federal government."

"Americans do have a historic suspicion of government tyranny," says University of Virginia historian Philip Zelikow, who co-edited the book Why People Don't Trust Government. "They keep reinventing for each generation what they mean by that term, because it's not as if these historic traditions are passed down in the biological DNA or in the air we breathe."

The federal government has completely transformed since the country's founding. So, Zelikow argues, it is impossible to draw a straight line from the Federalist Papers to a present-day phenomenon, like the Tea Party movement.

In the 1800s, the government was too small to regulate the economy or national health care. People in the 19th century didn't expect the government to give everyone a free education.

"And so as the expectations have gone up for government -- really very much in the last 50 to 70 years -- government performance naturally often seems to fall short," Zelikow says.

Inside The Beltway

One relatively consistent trend in polls is that citizens trust politicians who are close to the people, while they distrust far-off elite cabals.

That explains why, for decades, political candidates have run for office against Washington and all it stands for. During the 2008 presidential campaign, Barack Obama often told audiences, "I haven't spent a lot of time learning the ways of Washington," and former Alaska Gov. Sarah Palin tells crowds, "It's so obvious that I'm a Washington outsider."

When trust in government is high, those in power can pass sweeping initiatives, like President Johnson's Great Society program. But Joseph Nye, a professor at Harvard University's Kennedy School of Government, argues that distrust can be valuable, too.

"It's important in a democracy for people to say, 'Well, yeah, I want to keep an eye on you,' " says Nye, who edited Why People Don't Trust Government with Zelikow. "If you have complete trust and it's not warranted, then people in power can get away with all sorts of things."

Trust in government was very high when President Johnson said he was withdrawing from Vietnam while he was, in fact, escalating. And trust was high leading up to Watergate.

Trust And The Economy

Nye also cautions that Americans' behavior reflects a higher level of trust in government than their responses to polls suggest.

"Look at the IRS statistics on whether people are cheating on their taxes: That hasn't changed. Look at filling out census forms: That hasn't declined significantly. Look at something like voting behavior, which goes up and down" with no correlation to poll numbers reflecting trust in government, says Nye. So Americans may actually have more confidence in government institutions than they are willing to admit to pollsters.

The measure that most strongly correlates with polls charting Americans' trust in government is the state of the country's economy, according to Eric Uslaner, a professor of government and politics at the University of Maryland, College Park.

"When was trust in government high? At the end of World War II, when we had an economic boom," says Uslaner. "The next time trust in government was really high was the 1960s, when we had another economic boom."

So if government officials want to regain the public's trust, they might listen to advice from another past president whose campaign slogan famously was, "It's the economy, stupid."

Transcript

And we'll be exploring this issue of distrust all week. Let's get some historical perspective now. NPR's Ari Shapiro reports the roots of government distrust go deep.

ARI SHAPIRO: It's tempting to think of people like Glenn Beck as an expression of this particular moment in America.

(Soundbite of "The Glenn Beck Program")

Mr. GLENN BECK (Radio/TV Host): I don't believe in the promise of government. Have they fixed the economy today?

SHAPIRO: Beck has about two million viewers a night. Compare that to the estimated 30 million radio listeners that Father Charles Coughlin had in the 1930s.

Father CHARLES COUGHLIN (Radio Personality): They're not even Americans, these so-called Democrats and Republicans.

SHAPIRO: And the history of distrust in government goes back much farther even than that.

Professor MARC HETHERINGTON (Political Science, Vanderbilt University): When you think about the beginning of the country, you know, it was all about throwing off the shackles of the English monarchy.

SHAPIRO: Political science professor Marc Hetherington of Vanderbilt University is author of "Why Trust Matters."

Prof. HETHERINGTON: We set up institutions that were designed to cut down on people imposing their will on ordinary folks. Given those circumstances, it's not surprising that we've had a legacy of distrust or mistrust of government ever since the beginning.

SHAPIRO: This theme fills the Federalist Papers. The very first line by Alexander Hamilton refers to an unequivocal experience of the inefficiency of the subsisting federal government.

Philip Zelikow of the University of Virginia edited the book "Why People Don't Trust Government."

Mr. PHILIP ZELIKOW (Editor, "Why People Don't Trust Government): Americans do have a historic suspicion of government tyranny. They keep reinventing for each generation what they mean by that term, because it's not as if these historic traditions are passed down in the biological DNA, or in the air we breathe.

SHAPIRO: The federal government has completely transformed since the country's founding. So, Zelikow argues it's impossible to draw a straight line from the Federalist Papers to a present-day phenomenon like the Tea Party movement.

In the 1800s, the government was too small to regulate the economy or national health care. Back then, people didn't even expect the government to give everyone a free education.

Mr. ZELIKOW: And so as the expectations have gone up for government - really very much in the last 50 to 70 years - government performance naturally often seems to fall short.

SHAPIRO: Zelikow says one constant trend is that citizens like the politicians who are closest to them. That's why local officials generally poll better than state politicians, and state better than federal. Americans distrust far-off, elite cabals. And so for decades, political candidates have run for office against Washington and all it stands for.

Mr. ROSS PEROT (Former Independent Presidential Candidate): There is a whole lot I don't know much about up there in Washington.

SHAPIRO: That was Ross Perot, Jon Tester, Bill Frist, Barack Obama and Sarah Palin explaining why they deserve Americans' trust. When trust in government is high, those in power can pass sweeping initiatives, like President Johnson's Great Society program. But distrust can be valuable, too, says Harvard Professor Joseph Nye.

Professor JOSEPH NYE (Harvard University): It's important in a democracy for people to say, well, yeah. I'm going to keep an eye on you. And if you have complete trust and it's not warranted, then people in power can get away with all sorts of things.

SHAPIRO: Trust in government was very high when President Johnson said he was withdrawing from Vietnam while he was, in fact, escalating. And trust was high leading up to Watergate.

University of Maryland Professor Eric Uslaner says the arc of trust in government closely tracks the American economy.

Professor ERIC USLANER (University of Maryland): When was trust in government high? At the end of World War II, we had an economic boom. The next time trust in government was really high was in the 1960s, when we had another economic boom.

SHAPIRO: So if government officials want to regain the public's trust today, they might listen to advice from another past president whose campaign slogan was: It's the economy, stupid.

Ari Shapiro, NPR News, Washington.

MONTAGNE: See how Americans have viewed their government from the birth of the nation to the latest poll at our Web site: npr.org.