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Bertrand Badie

Marie-Françoise Durand

Jana Jabbour

Текст видео

[MUSIC] Let's now take in to account some examples of this known state actors on their role in the international scene. We could choose any kind of actors, of course international, transnational media. We know the role played by CNN during, for instance, the Gulf War. We know also the role played by Al Jazeera in shaping the Arab Spring. And we can't find also many other examples which are giving the clear evidence of the transnational role of this international transnational medias. We could also pay the example of religious actors and churches, and religion entrepreneurs, but will we have a special chapter devoted to religious issues and so I will be able to go back to this question. Let's consider now two important predominate non-state actors, Multinational corporations and NGO's. What is a multinational corporation? It's a firm which has multiple settings in different countries, but strategic unity. We know that this multinational cooperation have a turnover which is even bigger than a developed country GNP. Axon has a turnover which is equivalent to the Denmark or Finland GNP. For these reasons and many others multinational corporation have to be considered now as a non-state actors as of predominant international and merit it transnational actors. First of all because of its capacity of pressure on governments. Second, because of the capacity of promoting their own participation in the international life, through negotiation with governments for instance. We have also to take into account their capacity of ruling the areas they are using for their own production, like for instance, oil company in Africa. We have also to consider the capacity of shaping public policies transforming international and global public policies. But I would like to stress on one aspect which is probably is the most surprising one that's to say the capacity of multinational corporation of treating as equal partners with sovereign state for sentencing and also ordering them to pay in case of investment disputes. Let's consider the famous institution which means International Center for the Settlement of Investment Dispute. This institution, which depends on the World Bank is equally composed of sovereign states and multinational firms. And multinational firms are able to defeat states in very famous cases. I will give you some examples. The first one, the one tobacco company made state of Uruguay sentenced to final pay damage when the Uruguayan government decided to restrict tobacco conception. Or multinational corporation who defeat the state in it's sovereign decision. Another example is after the famous, well known Argentinian collapse in 2001 to 2002. 29 cases against Argentine where registered by foreign investors who complain of damage caused by the economic measures adopted by the Argentinean government. That's to say in our global world now the distinction between private and public actors is blurring. The distinction between state and non-state actors is blurring. The real meaning of sovereignty is fading. What is a sovereign state when it can be condemned by a private actor? Now if we move to NGO, that's to say, non-governmental organizations. We have, first, to take into account that since 1960, we have a number of NGOs, which is multiplied by ten. In the meantime, all the NGOs which are present and accredited in the United Nations is growing from 15 just after the war up to 3,000 now in thee famous where they are sitting, acting, playing very, very important role. That's to say NGOs are now considered as official as real international actors. And there are accomplishing many new functions which are more and more crucial in the international present dynamics. I would take some example. First, NGOs are more and more structured and rooted in the different countries around the world. If you take into account for instance Amnesty International, Amnesty International is really rooted in more than one hundred sixty countries around the world. This is probably they're new kind of diversification of this new actors everywhere around the world. Second function, the NGOs are playing a function of advocacy. That's to say that there are more and more appealing to the public opinion, to the international public opinion that I mentioned giving information. And now thanks to the NGOs, public opinion is more and more informed about what is currently happening in the international arena. But it's also able by this advocacy function to push some protest, to push some demand and to make pressure on government for transforming their own laws or for triggering new kinds of national public policies. Third tension, the role played by NGOs for the international development. The role of NGOs in development is clearly substituted to states which are less and less keen to participate in the international effort for world development. Fourth function participating in the international debate. NGO's are at the first rung of this new international debate. When the state diplomacy leads a nation state to be more discrete or sometime absent in international forums and the international debates, fits function which was the fact finding function. Fact finding function sometimes very important as to say, because they are rooted, because they are structured, because they are involved into national societies. NGOs are well informed about the situation in every country around the world and even in our territorian societies and our territorian nation states and are able to transmit this information. If you take into account for instance the Amnesty International year book, you will find there probably the most achieved, the most completed year book that we can find in the world for giving the present situation of human rights around the world. All the dictators are really fearing of this kind of publication and know that through this kind of publication all the world are now aware of what they are coinciding in their own country. And the last function, which is more and more important too is writing norms. Writing norms means that international law is not on the written by states. But, are more and more written also by NGOs. If you've taken into account for instance the Rome Treaty, Rome convention, which was creating the international criminal court. These days was partly written by some human rights NGOs like you minds are at watch the International Affiliation of Human Rights, or also Amnesty International. If you take into account the famous Ottawa Convention on the antipersonnel mines you will see that this has been mainly written by Handicap International which is as you know specialized NGO's in this field. That's why now NGOs are playing the role which would be similar to the role played by in the 18th century Europe when appeared what called public space. There is now through this new activity of NGOs a kind of international public space which is organized by this private actors which are much more able to act freely than the states are. And that's why when the state diplomacy is not able to promote more and more NGOs are able to do through their own action and through their own networks. That's why I would say that NGOs are now a kind of substitute to the state which are limited in their activity and their capacity. Of course, the situation is much more complex and NGOs are limited in their actions by many constraints. NGOs are also structured by kind of a illegality. Sometime this legal key is very close to the states and the especially in the authority in the regimes governments are promoting NGOs which are controlled by the political actors and which are considered as GONGO Government Oriented NGOs that's to say manipulated, instrumentalized by political actors and by authoritarian regimes. Of course, there is also the funding these NGOs who are those who are funding these NGOs are the free actors, or are they self controlled by power which would limit the power of these NGOs. But in any case now we know that is kind of actor had to be considered as one of the major players on the international arena. [MUSIC]