BACKGROUND: Our group has shown that significant correlations exist between rates of Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) and total aluminum adjuvants given to children through vaccines in several Western countries. These correlations satisfied eight out of nine Hill criteria for causality. Experimental studies have demonstrated a range of behavioural abnormalities in young mice after postnatal exposure to aluminium. To build on our previous work, the current study will investigate the effect of aluminium adjuvants on social behaviour in mice...

BACKGROUND: The B subunit of Escherichia coli heat-labile enterotoxin (LTB) is a potent mucosal immune adjuvant. However, there is little information about LTB's potential as a parenteral adjuvant. OBJECTIVES: We aimed at evaluating and better understanding rLTB's potential as a parenteral adjuvant using the fused R1 repeat of Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae P97 adhesin as an antigen to characterise the humoral immune response induced by this construct and comparing it to that generated when aluminium hydroxide is used as adjuvant instead...

A mouse model was developed to simulate the clinical features of chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome using peptide (T2 ). Forty C57BL/6 mice were divided into four groups of 10 mice each, averagely and randomly. T2 plus aluminium hydroxide adjuvant group was given subcutaneous injection with the emulsion mixture of T2 and aluminium hydroxide adjuvant, the T2 group with T2 , the aluminium hydroxide adjuvant group with aluminium hydroxide adjuvant and the normal control group with 0.9/% NaCl solution...

Aluminium-based adjuvants (ABAs) have been used in human and veterinary vaccines for decades, and for a long time, the adjuvant properties were believed to be mediated by an antigen depot at the injection site, prolonging antigen exposure to the immune system. The depot hypothesis is today more or less abandoned, and instead replaced by the assumption that ABAs induce an inflammation at the injection site. Induction of an inflammatory response is consistent with immune activation initiated by recognition of molecular patterns associated with danger or damage (DAMPs), and the latter are derived from endogenous molecules that normally reside intracellularly...

BACKGROUND: Marburg virus (MARV) causes severe haemorrhagic fever in humans and nonhuman primates and has a high mortality rate. However, effective drugs or licensed vaccines are not currently available to control the outbreak and spread of this disease. METHODS: In this study, we generated MARV virus-like particles (VLPs) by co-expressing the glycoprotein (GP) and matrix protein (VP40) using the baculovirus expression system. MARV VLPs and three adjuvants, Poria cocos polysaccharide (PCP-II), poly(I:C) and aluminium hydroxide, were evaluated after intramuscular vaccination in mice...

Flavobacterium psychrophilum is the causative agent of Rainbow Trout Fry Syndrome which has had a major impact on global salmonid aquaculture. Recent outbreaks in Atlantic salmon in Scotland and Chile have added to the need for a vaccine to protect both salmon and trout. At present no licensed vaccines are available in Europe, leaving antibiotics as the only course of action to contain disease outbreaks. Outbreaks generally occur in fry at temperatures between 10 and 15 °C. Recently outbreaks in larger fish have given added impetus to the development of a vaccine which can provide long term protection from this highly heterogeneous pathogen...

Aluminium has been found in feline vaccine-associated sarcomas. In this study, we investigated the potential for aluminium to contribute directly to tumourigenesis. Our results indicated that an aluminium hydroxide adjuvant preparation was cytotoxic and mutagenic in human-Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) hybrid cells in vitro. Moreover, CHO cells deficient in DNA double strand break (DSB), but not single-strand break (SSB), repair, were particularly sensitive to aluminium exposure compared with repair proficient cells, suggesting that aluminium is associated with DSBs...

The conceptualisation of autistic spectrum disorder and Alzheimer's disease has undergone something of a paradigm shift in recent years and rather than being viewed as single illnesses with a unitary pathogenesis and pathophysiology they are increasingly considered to be heterogeneous syndromes with a complex multifactorial aetiopathogenesis, involving a highly complex and diverse combination of genetic, epigenetic and environmental factors. One such environmental factor implicated as a potential cause in both syndromes is aluminium, as an element or as part of a salt, received, for example, in oral form or as an adjuvant...

OBJECTIVES: To obtain and assess stable cage-like particles with low surface charge density, which can be prepared using a standardized, economic and scalable method. METHODS: To form these nanoparticles, the lipid composition and proportion as well the method were modified in relation to cage-like particles previously described elsewhere. Bovine albumin was used to compare ISPA performance with that of other adjuvants in mice and to assess stability. Adjuvant efficacy was analysed using a mouse model of Trypanosoma cruzi infection, which shows protection against an intracellular infection that needs a strong cellular response...

The only causal treatment for the allergic diseases is the allergen immunotherapy. Besides oral and injection forms, an epicutaneous form is known as well. During the immunization process the use of an adjuvant material is advisable besides the allergen. That adjuvant material can be (besides of the aluminium hydroxid and tyrosine) a bacterial toxin, too. In idealistic circumstances we can substitute the native allergen with its recombinant variant, which could keep its immunogenicity but had lost the allergenicity...

We reviewed the three reference toxicokinetic studies commonly used to suggest innocuity of aluminum (Al)-based adjuvants. A single experimental study was carried out using isotopic (26)Al (Flarend et al., 1997). This study ignored adjuvant cell capture. It was conducted over a short period of time (28 days) and used only two rabbits per adjuvant. At the endpoint, Al retention was 78% for aluminum phosphate and 94% for aluminum hydroxide, both results being incompatible with quick elimination of vaccine-derived Al in urines...

Enterovirus 71 (EV71) is a major causative agent of hand-foot-and-mouth disease (HFMD) frequently occurring in children. HFMD induced by EV71 can cause serious health problems and has been reported worldwide, particularly in the Asia-Pacific region. In this study, we assessed the immunogenicity of a formalin-inactivated HFMD vaccine using an EV71 strain (FI-EV71 C4a) isolated from a Korean patient. The vaccine candidate was evaluated in mice to determine the vaccination doses and vaccine schedules. BALB/c mice were intramuscularly administered 5, 10, or 20 μg FI-EV71 vaccine, followed by a booster 2 weeks later...

The use of particulate adjuvants offers an interesting possibility to enhance and modulate the immune responses elicited by vaccines. Aluminium salts have been extensively used as vaccine adjuvants, but they lack the capacity to induce a strong cellular and mucosal immune response. Taking this into consideration, in this study we designed a new antigen delivery system combining aluminium salts with chitosan. Chitosan-aluminium nanoparticles (CH-Al NPs) exhibited a mean diameter of 280nm and a positive surface charge...

PURPOSE: We tested the efficacy of the esterase encoded by cp1002_RS09720 from Corynebacteriumpseudotuberculosis in recombinant subunit and DNA caseous lymphadenitis (CLA) vaccines. This target was predicted as one of the best CLA vaccine candidates by mature epitope density analysis. METHODOLOGY: Gene cp1002_RS09720 was cloned into two different vectors (pAE for subunit vaccine and pTARGET for DNA vaccine). Four groups of 15 mice each were immunized with the recombinant esterase rCP09720 associated with aluminium hydroxide adjuvant (G1), pTARGET/cp09720 DNA vaccine (G2), a naked pTARGET (G3) or PBS as a negative control (G4)...

BACKGROUND: Recombinant fusion proteins of flagellin and antigens have been demonstrated to induce strong innate and adaptive immune responses. Such fusion proteins may enhance the efficacy of allergen-specific immunotherapy (AIT). OBJECTIVE: To characterize different fusion proteins of flagellin and the major birch pollen allergen Bet v 1 for suitability as allergy vaccines. METHODS: A truncated version of flagellin (NtCFlg) was genetically fused to the N- or C-terminus of Bet v 1...

BACKGROUND: Cost and supply constraints are key challenges in the use of inactivated polio vaccine (IPV). Dose reduction through adsorption to aluminium hydroxide (Al) is a promising option, and establishing its effectiveness in the target population is a crucial milestone in developing IPV-Al. The aim of this clinical trial was to show the non-inferiority of three IPV-Al vaccines to standard IPV. METHODS: In this phase 2, non-inferiority, observer-blinded, randomised, controlled, single-centre trial in the Dominican Republic, healthy infants aged 6 weeks, not previously polio vaccinated, were allocated after computer-generated randomisation by block-size of four, to receive one of four IPV formulations (three-times reduced dose [1/3 IPV-Al], five-times reduced dose [1/5 IPV-Al], ten-times reduced dose [1/10 IPV-Al], or IPV) intramuscularly in the thigh at 6, 10, and 14 weeks of age...

AIMS: The currently licensed seasonal trivalent influenza vaccines contain 15 μg haemagglutinin per strain for adult, and up to 60 μg for elderly patients. However, due to recent shortages, dose sparing to increase production capacity would be highly desirable. In the present study, we attempted to find a dose-response relationship for immunogenicity and, thus, the optimal dose for seasonal influenza vaccines in adult and elderly patients. METHODS: A total of 256 subjects, including adult (aged 18-60 years) and elderly (aged over 60 years) individuals, were enrolled...

BACKGROUND: Vaccination against seasonal influenza strains is recommended for "high risk" patient groups such as infants, elderly and those with respiratory or circulatory diseases. However, efficacy of the trivalent influenza vaccine (TIV) is poor in many cases and in the event of an influenza pandemic, mono-valent vaccines have been rapidly developed and deployed. One of the main issues with use of vaccine in pandemic situations is the lack of a suitable quantity of vaccine early enough during the pandemic to exert a major influence on the transmission of virus and disease outcome...

The effects of intradermal application of antigen with or without different adjuvants and activation of immune response are presented in this study. Six groups of six piglets each were immunized with keyhole limpet haemocyanin (KLH) antigen in combination with aluminium hydroxide or oil-based adjuvants (complete and incomplete Freund's adjuvants, Montanide ISA 206 and Emulsigen). IgG1 and IgG2 levels in sera were measured by KLH-specific ELISA. Interestingly, oil-based adjuvants induced high primary IgG2 response, suggesting the Th1 lymphocyte polarization...