51 TỪ VỰNG THƯỜNG XUẤT HIỆN TRONG BÀI THI IELTS READING

1. fragrant (adj): having a pleasant or sweet smellCinnamon is a sweet, fragrant spice.

2. biblical (adj): relating to or based on the BibleCinnamon was known in biblical times, and is mentioned in several books of the Bible.

3. condiment (n): a substance, such as salt, that you add to food to improve its tasteThe ability to purchase an expensive condiment.

4. exotic (adj): unusual and exciting because of coming a distant foreign countryan expensive condiment from the exotic’ East.

5. at someone’s disposal (phr): available to be used by someoneAt a banquet, a host would offer guests a plate with various spices piled upon it as a sign of the wealth at his or her disposal.

6. the elite (n): the richest, most powerful, best-educated, or best-trained group in a societyThe European middle classes began to desire the lifestyle of the elite, including their consumption of spices.

7. merchant (n): a person or business that buys and sells goodsAt that time, cinnamon was transported by Arab merchants.

8. monopoly (n): complete control of an area of businessThe English arrived on Ceylon, thereby displacing the Dutch from their control of the cinnamon monopoly.

9. exorbitant (adj): unreasonably highBecause Venice had a virtual monopoly of the trade, the Venetians could set the price of cinnamon exorbitantly high.

10. cultivation (n): the process of growing crops or plantsBefore Europeans arrived on the island, the state had organized the cultivation of cinnamon.

11. ethnic (adj): relating to a particular race of peoplePeople belonging to the ethnic group called the Salagama would peel the bark off young shoots of the cinnamon plant in the rainy season.

12. enslave (v): to make someone a slaveWhen the Portuguese arrived, they enslaved many other members of the Ceylonese native population.

20. empathetic (adj): showing an ability to understand and share the feelings of anotherOne sniff of oxytocin can make a person more trusting, empathetic, generous and cooperative.

21. emerge (v): to appear, to come out of somethingOxytocin’s role in human behaviour first emerged in 2005.

22. groundbreaking (adj): using new methods, innovativein a groundbreaking experiment.

23. placebo (n): a substance that is not medicine but that a patient who is taking it believes is medicine, and so they get betterThe team found that participants who had sniffed oxytocin via a nasal spray beforehand invested more money than those who received a placebo instead.

24. charitable (adj): kind, and not judging other people in a severe wayPeople become more charitable, better at reading emotions on others’ faces.

25. fuel (v): to make something increase or become strongerThe results fuelled the view that oxytocin universally enhanced the positive aspects of our social nature.

26. disposition (n): the particular type of character that a person naturally hasa person’s disposition

27. conduct (v): to organize and perform a particular activitystudies conducted by Carolyn DeClerck of the University of Antwerp, Belgium

28. favouritism (n): the practice of giving unfair preferential treatment to one person or groupVolunteers given oxytocin showed favouritism.

29. bias (n): inclination or prejudice for or against one person or groupIt appears that oxytocin strengthens biases.

42. opulence (n): great wealth or luxuriousnessThe Coach brand had been a symbol of opulence and luxury for nearly 70 years.

43. downturn (n): a reduction in economic or business activitythe economic downturn of 2008

44. mindset (n): a way of thinking about thingsCoach saw the new consumer mindset as an opportunity for innovation and renewal.

45. commitment (n): a promise to do something, enthusiasm for somethingthe company’s commitment to protecting the environment

46. augment (v): to increase the size or value of somethingTesco has augmented its business with these innovations.

47. infuse (v): to fill someone or something with an emotion or qualityinfusing its value proposition with a green streak

48. incorporate (v): to include something as part of something largerto incorporate elements of a seemingly irrelevant trend into one’s core offerings

49. apparel (n): clothes of a special typea focus on athletic apparel

50. reinvigorate (v): to strengthen something or someoneThe infuse-and-augment strategy will allow you to reinvigorate the category.

51. counteract (v): to reduce the negative effect of something by doing something that has an opposite effectThe ME2 counteracted some of the widely perceived negative impacts of digital gaming devices.