Flat and Lean Organization
* The Holy Prophet (PBUH) used * easily accessible to the Muslim society of the time who would come with a lot of issues and affairs to be resolved by the Prophet (PBUH). * always lead from the front and never shied away from doing his personal chores Participative Style of Management Based on Consultations and Brainstorming * The Prophet (PBUH) used a consultative form of decision making, in which he would listen to the ideas of others and only then a decision would be taken * Brainstorming was extensively used and encouraged.

* During one of the battles, the battle of Khandaq where the Muslim army faced a much bigger foe of ten thousand Meccans, a brainstorming session was held on how to ward off the pagans of Mecca. Many ideas were entertained, but the idea that was implemented came from Salman Farsi, a Persian by ethnicity, who had come all the way to Arabia searching for the True Prophet. He gave the idea of digging a big ditch around the entire city, called the “Khandaq”, which was many meters wide and deep. The Khandaq would make it very hard for the invading army to enter the city, as was the norm for battles in Persia. Even at the time of digging the Khandaq, an arduous task, the Prophet led from the front and performed his due share in excavating it. It is also reported that there was a very hard rock at one place of the Khandaq which the companions of the Prophet were having difficulty breaking. The Holy Prophet(PBUH) helped by striking such a hit on the rock that it broke apart. Conflict Resolution

* before attaining prophet-hood, a conflict arose amongst the four main tribes of Mecca during the building of the Kaaba. The sacred black stone was the center of the conflict when each tribe wanted the honor of placing the stone in the Kaaba. * After much debate and argument, it was decided that the first man to enter the gate the following morning would decide who would have the honor of placing...

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...Terror ManagementTheory Paper
Allon Khakshouri
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April, 2012
Using Terror ManagementTheories to demonstrate how enhancing Awareness can serve as a means to Conflict Resolution
“Fear and Pain should be treated as signals not to close our eyes but to open them wider”
It is a known fact that psychological factors play a key role in conflicts. While solutions seem so obvious, warring parties so often seem unable to end the cycle of violence, especially when the conflict is perceived as an existential threat. Drawing on existential and anthropological theories ( Becker, 1969), it can be argued that in order to overcome the fear of death, parties fall back to their ideological conflict supporting beliefs and general world views, which they will defend vigorously. It is such rigid structures of their belief systems that make conflict resolution so difficult, and which are triggered whenever the threat of death seems to linger within the minds of warring parties. The Terror ManagementTheory is based on the idea that in order to overcome fear of death, people need to validate their cultural world views and enhance their self esteem by living according to known and proclaimed righteous values. Thereby, the sudden awareness of death triggers conditioned and static defense mechanisms that makes conflict resolution so...

...
Terror Management view on outgroup hostility
Coursework Deadline: 21.01.2014
Word Count: 2744
Seminar Tutor: Rebecca Smith
Critically consider the contribution made by terror managementtheory towards the understanding of outgroup hostility.
Terror ManagementTheory (TMT) was originally advocated by Jeff Greenberg, Tom Pyszynski and Sheldon Solomon (Greenberg, Pyszynski, Solomon, 1986). They argued that a need for self-esteem emerged from an internal struggle to maintain a personal worldview despite the understanding of our own mortality. A worldview is a personal interpretation of reality derived from culture and providing meaning, purpose and value of life. It can provide a sense of real or symbolic immortality as in afterlife or something that is greater than one’s own existence (Pyszynski, Rothschild, Abdollahi, 2008). TMT would argue that even self-sacrifice is a way of dealing with the anxiety of death because it is a way of protecting something greater then own life, such as beliefs, cultural values or children. From this perspective a variety of human behaviour can be explained in terms of terror management and protecting one’s cultural worldview.
Greenberg et al further elaborated that this struggle against the anxiety of death is unique to humans and creates something else that is also unique – culture (1986). However, culture is but an aspect of...

...﻿MGT 162
ASSIGNMENT 1:
ISLAMIC CHARACTERISTIC MANAGER
NAME :NUR FARAH HAZIRAH BINTI MOHD FARED
MATRIC NUMBER :2013357463
CLASS :JBM1191A
LECTURER NAME: MISS MUHARATUL SHARIFAH
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
CONTENT
PROFILE OF THE LEADER
Saidina Khalid Bin Al-Walid . His real name is Khalid bin al-Walid banal-Mughirah . He also has known as Mighty warrior . His father name is -Walid bin al-Mughirah bin Abdullah bin Umar bin Makhzum and his mother name is Lababah binti al-Harith.Khālid ibn al-Walīd ibn al-Mughīrah al-Makhzūmī also known as Sayf Allāh al-Maslūl (Drawn Sword of God), was a companion of the Islamic prophet Muhammad. He is noted for his military tactics and prowess, commanding the forces of Medina under Muhammad and the forces of his immediate successors of the Rashidun Caliphate; Abu Bakr and Umar ibn Khattab.[1] It was under his military leadership that Arabia, for the first time in history, was united under a single political entity, the Caliphate. Commanding the forces of the nascent Islamic State, Khalid was victorious in over a hundred battles, against the forces of the Byzantine-Roman Empire, Sassanid-Persian Empire, and their allies, in addition to other Arab tribes. His strategic achievements include the conquest of Arabia, Persian Mesopotamia and Roman Syria within several years from 632 to 636. He is also remembered for his decisive victories at Yamamah, Ullais, and Firaz,...

...Comparing Theories of Leadership and ManagementTheories of leadership and management first came about in the early 1900’s. These early theories were characterized by focus on individual traits and behaviors of successful leaders while later theories examined situational context and the role of followers or subordinates in the success of a leader. Here, I will examine and compare twotheories of leadership and management - one from an earlier point in history and one that came about more recently in an attempt to showcase similarities and differences between the who and how each relates to my own personal style of management.
The first theory I will examine and one of the earlier theories on leadership and management is the Trait Theory. This theory is derived from the “Great Man” theory which according to Bolden, Gosling, Marturano & Dennison (2003), suggests that leaders are born with exceptional, innate qualities and are destined to lead. The idea of the “Great Man” theory came from looking at great leaders from the past and determining that the reason they became great leaders was because they possessed something about them that was not common in the average person. The trait theory expanded on this idea of an unknown...

...Management from the Islamic Perspective
Definition
 The ability to utilize resources both material and human, optimally in order to achieve goals, be it short term goals or long term goals.
 The Islamicmanagement has been practised since the era of Prophet Muhammad s.a.w.
 It was based on the teachings generated from the holy Al-Quran and As-Sunnah.
 The holy Al-Quran and As-Sunnah were sources that provided guidance in making decisions.
 The Islamic leadership under Prophet Muhammad s.a.w had created strong (Muslim) society with prominent characteristics such as:
1) Team spirit that practised teamwork
2) A strong clear vision and mission
3) Values for loving and caring
4) Emphasis for trust and relationship, cooperation and teamwork.
5) The practice of consensus decision making
Philosophy and Principles Islamic Organizations
1. The ultimate goal of our life should be harmoniously linked with the worldly aims.
• Humans as “khalifah” must be able to balance their short and long term goals such as serving Allah, worshipping Him and seeking his worthy pleasure and rewards.
2. The moral/religious value of work should be integrated in the work or activities we do.
• Working is not merely a means for material gains, but also a moral obligation and a measure of pleasing Allah and getting nearer to Him.
3. Time to be well invested, not to be wasted.
• Time should be...

...CASE STUDY: JAPANESE MANAGEMENT VS ISLAMICMANAGEMENT.
Discussion Question
1. State any four of the principles of Islamicmanagement.
* Preference to the organization interest.
* Justice for all.
* Honesty.
* Right man in the right place.
2. To be an effective leader, illustrate any six of the nine principles that Islamic leaders should follow.
a) Tolerance , justice and selective adaptation.
* Leaders should not , misuse their power and authority to practice injustice and unfairness.
* Differences of opinion should be tolerated as long as it is within the boundaries of Islam .
* Discriminatory practices in an organization in terms of gender, race, religion and colour is not permissible in Islam as they demoralize those affected and negatively influence their quality of work and productivity.
b) Building Human Relations and a Strong Team
* Tasks will be done effectively and efficiently when there are strong bonds between the leaders and their subordinates.
* Leaders who are concerned with the welfare of their subordinates will be close to the hearts of their subordinates.
* Leaders will gain respect when they are close to the hearts of their subordinates.
c) Shared Mission, Vision and Values.
* Internalization of shared mission, vision and values in an organization is an indicator of good leadership....

...satisfy what seemed the endless demands for new goods and services. As corporations and labor forces grew, there was a need to develop a more systematic study of organization and management, known as managementtheory, the significant being Frederick Taylor's Principles of Scientific Management which involved the development of training workers through special incentives and compensation (Boone p.33). In general, earlymanagement scientists tended to believe that there was a single way to organize companies and manage employees. By the beginning of the 20th century, there were initial attempts for launching a systematic and scientific study of management; by the 1950's, there were multiple books and articles focused on organization and managementtheory. Since then, a number of new paradigms, or models, concerning employee motivation and employee-employer relationships have aroused influencing the basic principles of modern managementtheory.
Literature Review: Herzberg and Drucker
Frederick Herzberg, a pioneer on managementtheory, is best known for his motivation-hygiene theory and work in job enrichment. In his article, One More Time: How do you Motivate Employees, Herzberg explores the past theories of motivation and development of the motivation-hygiene...