Chapter 12 Notes

Reorder Point:
- The inventory level that triggers a replac­ement order
- Assumes that both demand & lead times are constant
If demand is not constant; extra inventory to act as insurance against a shortage (Safety Stock) Factors affecting SS requir­eme­nts:
-Varia­bility of demand & lead times
- Desired service level Leads Time Service Levels
- probab­ility that demand will not be greater than supply during LT
- equal to LT fill rate = (1-(number short/lead time demand))Annual Service Level = 1-(number short/­order cycle demand)
Both assume that demand is normally distri­buted during a lead time
- safety stocks can be calculated as the area under the curve measure by the number of sd from the expected demand (look up this probab­ility on the Z-score Table SheetFixed Order Interv­al/­Order Up To Level Model
- used when orders are placed at fixed intervals with the amount of the order changed adjusted to bring inventory up to a pre-de­ter­mined level
-common method with wholes­alers who hold many SKUs in stock to meet retailer demand
- charac­terized by the grouping of orders to minimize shipping costs
- some cases, it may be useful to simply retain a pre-sc­heduled fixed order intervalOrder Up To Level
The amount of good that should be sufficient to last until the next order arrives.
The order quantity is the difference between the order up level (IMAX) and the quantity of the good still on hand at the time of order placement.fixed order interval method needs safety stocks (prote­ction against outages) during the order interval which is greater than the safety stocks required for the fixed quantity order method (EOQ/ROP) which only needs shortage protection during the order lead time.
assumes demand variab­ility but will assume that lead time is constant and not subject to variab­ility.

Chapter 13: Aggregate Operations Planning

Long term
- Deal with product matrix (what you are going to make)
- Location
- Size of facilities
- Size and scale of machinery or production systems
- Product flow (layout)Medium term
- Long term decisions determine the limits within which
medium term decisions must be made
- Employment levels
- Output capacity
- Inventory levels and capacitiesShort term
- Medium term decisions determine the confines within which short term decisions can be made
- Scheduling of production shifts and labour needs
- Manufa­cturing schedules which include run sizes, product sequencingDefin­ition: links sales forecasts to production (capacity) planningGoals Satisfy antici­pated consumer demand at lowest possible cost (use effici­ency)
- inventory approp­riate amount of inputs
- Allocate an adequate amount of labour
- Maintain sufficient level of finished goods stocks

CH 13: AOP Demand Influe­ncing Options

1. Price
- Re-iss­uance of price lists can have a direct effect on how much product is demanded
- Differ­ential pricing to shift demand from peak periods to periods of lower demand
2. Prom­otion
- Temporary price discounts to encourage demand (product introd­uct­ions)
- Advert­ising incentives
- Bonus product offerings (inclusion of sample pkg of another good)
- BOGO programs
3. Early orders
4. Back­ord­ers
- Advance orders placed in one period for delivery in the next period
-->­Allows producer to even out production by filling up production in periods of lower demand
5. Expo­rting
6. Deve­lopment of Comple­mentary Products
- Comple­mentary products fill out production schedules and expand product lines
- Design plant to meet peak season demand and then use comple­mentary products to fill in the gaps during the off-season

CH 13: Capacity Options

1.De­ter­mining permanent workforce level
(hiring and firing of workers)Impli­cations of laying off workers
- Demora­lized workforce – workers hate uncert­ainty
and workers are just like the rest of us – they need
to buy groceries, pay rent and live
- Can create animosity between direct labour and management
- Increased costs - severance pay
- Could negatively impact product qualityHurdles with hiring new workers
- Recrui­tment costs
- Costs of training and orient­ation
- May be difficult to find skilled workers during
labour shortagesCallback Issues
- Assumes workers are waiting for your call
- Firms do have the option to keep workers during slowdowns to avoid some of these risks2. Use of Overtime and Idle Time Strate­giesImpli­cations of overtime
- Can be implem­ented quickly
- Incentive for some workers
- Increased payroll costs
- Can induce worker fatigueAdvan­tages and disadv­antages of utilizing idle time
- Ineffi­cient use of labour (i.e. they are not producing)
- Can help long-term goals with enhanced worker skills training
- Provides opport­unity for scheduled mainte­nance3. Use of Temporary Workers
- Flexib­ility
- Suited to lower skilled jobs such as packaging as opposed to machine operation
- Costs less – lower wages and no benefits
- Very useful approach in seasonal industries such as tourism and restaurant businesses – can also be used in manufa­cturing plants as fill-in for summer vacations4. Stockp­iling Invent­ories of Finished Goods
- Stock build-up during periods that precede periods of high demand (limited productive capacity)
- Costs include the financing costs of additional inventory and the costs of occupying and managing additional warehouse space
- Runs the risk of increased product spoilage5. Subcon­tra­cting

Factors Affecting Strategy ChoiceCompany Policies (or union agreement restri­ctions) on the number of part-time employeesCosts
- Keeping too many permanent employees on payroll (with benefits) will increase costs during off-peak demand periodsCompany Philos­ophy
- Many small companies that are privately owned will keep employees on payroll during periods of reduced production as matter of consci­ence, loyalty to their employees and out of a genuine belief in community respon­sib­ility

CH 14: Key Requir­ements

BOM that identifies the dependent parts needs for one unit of finished good. A listing of all raw materials, sub assemblies and parts.

Master Production Schedule (MPS) to determine how much will be made and when it will be made.

A list of any existing invent­ory of each good on the BOM.

Estimated lead time requir­eme­nts for individual components (from suppli­ers).

A list of any existing open orders for any of the components needed to avoid duplic­ation.

CH 14: Special Types of BOM

Planning bill (aka pseudo bill or kit) a combin­ation of several BOMs
- Used in the planning for the production of goods that have minor different options. Modular bill a BOM for a module; ie. Space Station Habitation Unit
- Used when a product is comprised of several modules. Objective is to reduce the number of BOM that would be required for a finished good containing modules that have optional subcom­ponentsPhantom bill (aka transient bill) for items not usually kept in inventory
- Used for a part of sub-as­sembly that is not often ordered. Makes ordering easier when the part is needed. Lead time is not a consid­eration

CH 14: MRP Processing

Gross Requir­ement Quantity of an input required without regard to inventory on hand or parts in transitSche­duled Receipt An order that has been placed but not yet receivedProj­ected On-hand (Inven­tory) Amount of a part that is expected to be on hand at the beginning of produc­tion. It includes any scheduled receipts plus any inventory leftover from the last production run of finished goodNet Requir­ement The actual amount required in a time period

CH 14: Other Terms

Lot-f­or-lot ordering: Determine orders based on requir­ements

Lot-size ordering: planned receipts may exceed net requir­ements

Plann­ed-­Order Receipt: Quantity of an order to be received at the beginning of a period

Plann­ed-­Order Release: Quantity planned to be released (purch­ased) at the beginning of a period. Planne­d-order release = planne­d-order receipt adjusted for lead time

Pegging: prcoess of identi­tifying the end product(s) manufa­ctured from a specific part or input. Important in firms with many parts.

CH 14: Mainta­ining an Updated MRP

Rege­ner­ative MRPs are synonymous with periodic revision where accumu­lated changes to materials requir­ements are updated in a batch-type format
- Runs the risk of being out of synch with current activity on the shop floor
- Best suited to enviro­nments where there typically are not a lot of crucial changes
- One way around this is to use a day as the time bucket
- Processing costs are typically less using regene­rative MRPNet-­Change MRPs are constantly being revised to address ongoing changes
- Provide more up-to-date inform­ation
- The entire plan would not be regene­rated
- Typically seen in firms where there are steady streams of changes to in process schedulesSystem Nervou­sness – Even small changes to an item at the top of the BOM Tree can have large effects on the parts down the tree
Proble­matic if it results in changes in purchase or shop orders
Similar to “bullwhip effect”
A solution could be to freeze the MPS for near futureBack­flu­shing – this is nothing more than a method to check usage and to compare what has been estimated to have been used against what is left on hand

CH 14: Lot Sizing Method

Fixe­d-I­nterval Ordering
- FIO sets an arbitrary order period that matches cumulative demand
- Sometimes the span is arbitrary
--> Ie. In the food industry, someone who has worked there for a while, they can make a guess as to how much they will need.
- Sometimes a review of historical demand patterns may lead to a more rational design­ation
--> If they have steady demand, they can expect the same order each week (even though the demand will actually change) Part­-Period Method
- PPM attempts to balance holding and ordering costs
- Refers to holding a part or parts over a number of periods
e.g. 10 parts held for two periods comprise 20 part periods
- EPP (Economic Part Period) is calculated as:
- EPP = Orderi­ng(or setup) costs
Holding cost per periodSolution Method – various order sizes corres­ponding to various cumulative demands are examined and each one’s number of part periods is determ­ined. The one that comes closest to the EPP is the one chosen

CH 14: Primary & Secondary MRP Reports

Primary (Active) ReportsImmediate Order Releases
Author­ization for the execution of week one planne­d-order releasesPlanned order releases indicate the amount and timing of future orders
The amount of items that you will be orderi­ng/­pro­ducing Reports that detail changes (revisions to due dates and quanti­ties) to ongoing material resource plans
Any changes that are made will be reflected in this reportSeco­ndary (Analysis) ReportsPerfo­rmance Control Reports that evaluate how well the MRP is working in terms of missed orders, stock-outs etc.Demand History Reports that are useful in foreca­sting future dependent demand requir­ements

How's Your Readability?

Cheatography is sponsored by Readable.com. Check out Readable.com to make your content and copy more engaging and support Cheatography!

About Cheatography

10th JuneOn The Blog

5 Ways Cheatography Benefits Your BusinessCheatography Cheat Sheets are a great timesaver for individuals - coders, gardeners, musicians, everybody! But businesses can benefit from them as well - read on to find out more.