Transcription

1 OCR AS GCE European and World History Period Studies F 962 Unit 1 The Cold War in Europe from 1945 to the 1990s ESSAY Examiner s Specific Advice Candidates need to evaluate the relative policies of the USSR and the USA and the western Allies and their developing positions around the issue of the division of Berlin in the period from 1945 to 1961.The Berlin Blockade of 1948 to 1949, and then the building of the Berlin Wall in 1961, are likely to provide the core structure for analysis in many answers. The geographical position of Berlin could be used as an effective consideration of each side s perspective: this was the one place where East and West faced each other so dramatically a capitalist island in the communist East. This could be developed further to particular periods, e.g. the new Cold War, which began in the Kennedy/Khrushchev era. Perspectives on the wider Cold War will also help answers to reach Levels I and II. Exemplar Question Assess the reasons why Berlin was such an important issue in causing the Cold War in Europe between 1945 and Click Here for a Chronology Relating to this Topic [50 ]

2 Examiner s Exemplar Plan and Essay 1 Plan Yalta and Potsdam 1945 Berlin Blockade 1948/9 Berlin Wall 1961 In 1945 the Second World War came to an end in Europe. At the Yalta and Potsdam conferences the victorious Allies divided up Germany between themselves (1). Each Ally received a zone of occupation in Germany. They also received a zone of occupation within Berlin. The division of Berlin between the Allies led to a major crisis in 1948 (2). Britain and the USA introduced a common currency to their zones. This area became known as Bizonia. Stalin retaliated by closing off west Berlin from the western zones of occupation. This caused the Berlin Airlift Crisis of In order to keep West Berlin supplied, the western Allies airlifted in thousands of tonnes of supplies from 1948 to This created great tension between the USSR and the West. It almost caused another world war (3). The Soviets did not directly interfere with the airlift but they did use intimidatory tactics like using Soviet fighters to buzz transport planes. Once Stalin realised the West could supply West Berlin indefinitely from the air he called off the blockade in In 1961 the USSR created a new crisis by building the Berlin Wall between East and West Berlin (4). Until 1961 there was no border checkpoint between East Berlin and West Berlin. People from each side of Berlin could cross freely from one part of the city to the other. This situation was used by many East Berliners to flee to the West. To stop East Berliners leaving, the Soviet and East German governments built a wall. This was the last part of the Iron Curtain that divided communist Eastern Europe from Western Europe (5). Many East Germans still tried to flee to the West by climbing over or tunnelling under the Wall. Several were killed. The Wall became a symbol of tyranny to many in West Germany and West Berlin. US President Kennedy visited the Wall in This gave the Wall enormous importance. This created another major crisis in the Cold War in Europe. The USA and the West feared the USSR was trying to force them out of West Berlin yet again. Although there was great tension while the wall was built the crisis did not lead to war. Therefore, Berlin was a major issue in the Cold War in Europe because it caused the two worst crises in Europe since the defeat of Nazi Germany (6). (1) The answer begins with a very general statement. The opening paragraph is descriptive and is used as a way of setting the scene. (2) The start of the second paragraph is much better. It identifies a major Cold War crisis associated with Berlin. (3) You score good for making this assessment of the importance of the issue of Berlin within the context of the Cold War. (4) In this paragraph the student identifies another major crisis but there is quite a gap in coverage from 1949 to (5) There is a clear attempt here to place the issue in a broader context. (6) A relevant but rather brief conclusion.

3 Examiner s Assessment This answer is clearly written, well organised, relevant and focused on the question set. It is at Level II and worth 17 (AO1a). The essay provides an argument that helps to explain why the issue of Berlin was so important in the Cold War in Europe in the period. However, it answers the question in a narrative-chronological way beginning in 1945 and ending in The candidate doesn t prioritise the reasons why Berlin was such an important issue. The answer also contains significant elements of description. It has therefore been placed at Level III and given 16 (AO1b). The total mark for the essay is 33 (Grade C). Examiner s Exemplar Plan and Essay 2 Plan Introduction Reasons a) Cold War tension between the USSR and the Western powers following the end of the Second World War b) Geographical position of West Berlin within Soviet zone of occupation c) The Berlin Blockade and Airlift of d) The loss of population from East to West Germany through Berlin e) The Berlin Wall Crisis of 1961 Conclusion The main reason why Berlin was such an important issue in the Cold War in Europe between 1945 and 1961 In the period 1945 to 1961 Berlin was the main issue in the confrontation between the USSR and the Western Allies, led by the USA. On two occasions, in 1948 and 1961, the issue of Berlin almost caused a third world war (7). The main reason why Berlin was such an important issue was its geographical position (8). It was located well within the Soviet zone of occupation some 75 km from the zones occupied by the western Allies. As a result of the Yalta and Potsdam agreements of 1945 Berlin had been divided into four military zones each occupied by a different ally. The largest zone was East Berlin. It was occupied by the USSR. The other zones were occupied by the western Allies: the USA, Britain and France. This naturally caused tension between the USSR and the West. All supplies to the western zones of Berlin had to pass across the Soviet zone in eastern Germany. To make matters worse, the western Allies decided in 1948 to introduce a new currency for their zones (9). The new (7) The answer begins with a focused introduction. It identifies the importance of the issue of Berlin within the context of the Cold War in Europe in the period 1945 to (8) The second paragraph begins extremely well. The student identifies what he/she regards as the most important reason. This is then supported by detailed evidence which explains why the geographical position of Berlin was so important. (9) This paragraph offers very effective links with the previous paragraph. The issue of geographical

4 currency, the Deutschmark, suggested they planned to create a western German state, of which west Berlin would be a part. To prevent this development the Soviet leader, Stalin, blockaded west Berlin from 1948 to This created enormous tension between East and West. If west Berlin was abandoned by the western Allies it would be seen as a major triumph for the USSR. The Berlin Blockade failed because the western Allies organised an airlift of supplies, Operation Victuals. It kept west Berlin supplied throughout The Berlin Blockade crisis led directly to the creation of NATO in This development made the Cold War in Europe even more intense, dividing the continent into two armed camps (10). The issue of Berlin continued to be a major problem throughout the 1950s (11). West Berlin became prosperous compared to East Berlin. As a result, tens of thousands of East Germans fled to West Berlin for a better life. This development undermined Soviet control over East Germany. It resulted in the Soviet leader Khrushchev s demand, made in 1958, for the western Allies to leave Berlin. The second time the issue of Berlin almost caused a third world war occurred in June To stop the loss of population to west Berlin, the Soviet and East German authorities built the Berlin Wall. This created great tension because it happened at a time when East/West relations were in crisis (12). US President Kennedy had faced a major crisis over the Bay of Pigs fiasco in Cuba. This was followed by a very tense meeting between Kennedy and Khrushchev in Vienna. As a result, the Berlin Wall crisis caused great tension. Therefore, the main reason why Berlin was a major issue in the Cold War in Europe was its geographical position within East Germany (13). It became the focal point of tension between the communist East, led by the USSR and the democratic West, led by the USA. position is linked to Soviet fears about the creation of a west German state with territory deep within its own zone. (10) The linking of the Berlin Blockade to the creation of NATO is most effective. (11) In pointing out that the issue of Berlin within the Cold War continued through the 1950s, it links effectively the impact of the Berlin Blockade crisis with the Berlin Wall Crisis of (12) A good example and explanation of cause and effect. (13) The answer highlights the major reason identified in making Berlin such an important issue in East/West relations in Europe between 1945 and Examiner s Assessment This is a very well organised answer that is relevant, factually full, detailed and accurate, and well written. It has been given a Level IA mark of 22 (AO1a). The essay covers the whole period and provides an explanation of why the issue of Berlin was central to the development of the Cold War in Europe between 1945 and It prioritises the reasons why Berlin was an issue. Also, of equal importance, it provides links between reasons. The concluding paragraph again highlights the importance of the geographical position of Berlin as the major reason. To achieve full the answer should have included some extra contextual information explaining why there was so much

5 tension between the USSR and the western Allies so shortly after their joint defeat of Nazi Germany. This element of the essay has been put at Level IB and given 23 (AO1b). The total mark for the essay is 45 (Grade A). Click here for a Mark Scheme that accompanies the exemplar answers provided above Click here for further sample Questions to test your skills Mark Scheme Examiners use Mark Schemes to determine how best to categorise a candidate s essay and to ensure that the performances of thousands of candidates are marked to a high degree of consistency. Few essays fall neatly into the mark levels indicated below: some answers will be particularly well argued but offer little supporting detail; others may be factually full but poorly organised or contain few judgements. Examiners therefore try to find the best fit when applying the scheme. Each essay has a final mark based on two Assessment Objectives (AO1a and AO1b) worth = 50. As the standard of the two essays lies between Level 1 and Level IV, only the descriptors and for these levels have been tabulated below. Assessment Objectives Level IA Level IB Level II Level III Level IV AO1a Mark Scheme for Levels I, II, III and IV Recall, select and use historical knowledge appropriately, and communicate knowledge and understanding clearly and effectively Uses a wide range of accurate, detailed and relevant evidence. Accurate and confident use of appropriate historical terminology. Answer is clearly structured and coherent; communicates accurately and legibly. Uses accurate, detailed and relevant evidence. Accurate use of a range of appropriate historical terminology. Answer is clearly structured and mostly coherent; writes accurately and legibly. Uses mostly accurate, detailed and relevant evidence, which demonstrates a competent command of the topic. Generally accurate use of historical terminology. Answer is structured and mostly coherent; writing is legible and communication is generally clear. Uses accurate and relevant evidence, which demonstrates some command of the topic but there may be some inaccuracy. Answer includes relevant historical terminology but this may not be extensive or always accurately used. Most of the answer is organised and structured; the answer is mostly legible and clearly communicated. There is deployment of relevant knowledge but level/accuracy of detail will vary; there may be some evidence that is tangential or irrelevant. Some unclear and/ or under-developed and/or disorganised sections; mostly satisfactory level of communication.

6 Assessment Objectives Level IA Level IB Level II Level III Level IV AO1b Mark Scheme for Levels I, II, III and IV Demonstrate an understanding of the past through explanation and analysis, arriving at substantiated judgements of key concepts and of the relationships between key features of the period studied Clear and accurate understanding of key concepts relevant to analysis and to the topic. Clear and accurate understanding of issues in their historical context. Answer is consistently and relevantly analytical with developed and substantiated explanations, some of which may be unexpected. The argument evaluates a range of relevant factors and reaches clearly substantiated judgements about relative importance and/or links. Clear and accurate understanding of most key concepts relevant to analysis and to the topic. Answer is mostly consistently and relevantly analytical with mostly developed and substantiated explanations. Clear understanding of the significance of issues in their historical context. Substantiated judgements about relative importance of and/or links between factors will be made but quality of explanation in support may not be consistently high. Mostly clear and accurate understanding of many key concepts relevant to analysis and to the topic. Clear understanding of the significance of most relevant issues in their historical context. Much of the answer is relevantly analytical and substantiated with detailed evidence but there may be some description. The analysis of factors and/or issues provides some judgements about relative importance and/or linkages. Some uneven understanding of key concepts relevant to analysis and of concepts relevant to their historical context. Answers may be a mixture of analysis and explanation but also simple description of relevant material and narrative of relevant events OR answers may provide more consistent analysis but the quality will be uneven and its support often general or thin. Answer considers a number of factors but with very little evaluation of importance or linkages between factors/issues. Points made about importance or about developments in the context of the period will often be little more than assertions and descriptions. Understanding of key concepts relevant to analysis and the topic is variable but in general is satisfactory. Limited and patchy understanding of a few relevant issues in their historical context. Answer may be largely descriptive/narratives of events and links between this and analytical comments will typically be weak or unexplained OR answers will mix passages of descriptive material with occasional explained analysis. Limited points made about importance/ links or about developments in the context of the period will be little more than assertions and descriptions.

7 Further sample questions 1. To what extent was the USSR responsible for the development of the Cold War in Europe in the period 1945 to 1949? 2. How successfully did the USA contain the spread of communism in Europe from 1945? 3. How successfully did the USSR control Eastern Europe during the 1950s and 1960s? 4. Assess the reasons for the development of a new Cold War in Europe during the early 1980s. 5. Assess the reasons for the decline of Soviet control over Eastern Europe during the 1980s. 6. To what extent were disagreements at Yalta and Potsdam in 1945 the main cause of the Cold War in Europe? 7. Assess the reasons why the Cold War in Europe had ended by 1989.

8 Chronology: Key Events in The Cold War in Europe s 1945: Yalta and Potsdam Conferences (1). 1946: Kennan s Long Telegram from Moscow. 1947: Truman Doctrine and Marshall Plan (2). 1948: Communist takeover in Czechoslovakia; Berlin Blockade begins. 1949: Berlin Blockade ends (3). Creation of NATO. Soviets explode A bomb. 1953: Stalin dies. Riots in Poland and East Germany. 1955: Austrian State Treaty. West Germany joins NATO. Warsaw Pact (4). 1956: Hungarian Uprising. 1961: Berlin Wall Crisis (5). 1968: Prague Spring. 1969: Beginning of détente (6). 1972: SALT 1 Treaty (7). 1975: Helsinki Agreements. 1979: SALT II Treaty. 1979: Soviet invasion of Afghanistan starts. New Cold War. 1980: Solidarity movement in Poland. 1982: Start talks begin (8). 1986: Reykjavik Summit. 1987: INF Treaty. 1989: Revolutions across East Europe (9). 1990s: Collapse of communism in the USSR and Eastern Europe. (1) At Yalta, Stalin, Churchill and Roosevelt outlined their plans for Europe after the Second World War. Germany and Austria were to be divided into four administrative zones under Soviet, British, American and French control; the USSR would recover lands from Poland lost in 1921; and a United Nations would replace the League of Nations. Six months later at Potsdam, Stalin, Truman and Atlee met and the USSR took a much tougher line. It demanded 25% of reparations from western sectors as well as its own allocation; it seized a large portion of Poland; it agreed that free elections should be held in states formerly occupied by Germany but no date was fixed. The conference also failed to produce a long-term plan for the government of Germany, which led to future problems during the Cold War. (2) In the light of Kennan s Telegram, President Truman decided to adopt a policy of containment towards the USSR by supporting anti-communist forces. The Marshall Plan provided financial and economic aid for any country (including the USSR) after the war but specifically assisted European states such as Greece and Turkey that might succumb to communism. (3) The Soviet Union began the blockade of land routes across East Germany from West Germany to West Berlin following the creation of the Allied single currency. Stalin ended the blockade when it became clear that the Allies had no intention of abandoning West Berlin and the threat of an atomic war between the USSR and the USA became a real possibility.

9 (4) This military alliance between the USSR and Poland, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Rumania, Bulgaria and East Germany followed the West German announcement of rearmament and its decision to join NATO. Europe was now divided into two armed camps. (5) The request to build a wall separating East and West Berlin came from the East German government anxious to stop the large number of people emigrating to the West. The wall filled the last gap in the Iron Curtain and remained in place until (6) Nixon (USA) and Brezhnev (USSR) were the main architects of détente an improvement in international relations after It led directly to SALT I in 1972, a peace treaty on Vietnam in 1973 and the Helsinki Accords in 1975 on the protection of human rights in Eastern Europe. However, détente did not end international rivalry between the two superpowers. (7) SALT I was the first agreement between the USA and the USSR to limit the growth of nuclear weapons. The second SALT treaty was not ratified by the US Senate because of the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan in (8) President Reagan began the Strategic Arms Reduction Talks which were suspended in 1983 when the USA deployed Cruise and Persching II missiles (Intermediate Nuclear Forces) in Europe. In 1991 Gorbachev and Bush finally agreed to limit their nuclear missiles, warheads and arsenals. (9) Gorbachev s renunciation of communism in 1989 led to a series of revolutions in Eastern Europe. Without the backing of the Soviet army, the communist governments of Poland, Rumania, Bulgaria, Hungary, Czechoslovakia and East Germany found they had little popular support.

10 Teaching Activities Decision Making in the Cold War: The Berlin Blockade Crisis Divide the class into two groups, one representing the Western Allies led by the USA and the other representing the USSR. The Western Group will have to produce arguments for and against the following options: a) The Lucius Clay option of driving a heavily armed convoy from the western zones to Berlin as a way of breaking the Blockade b) Airlifting supplies even though in May 1948 the western Allies had a shortage of transport aircraft c) Doing nothing and accepting the abandonment of West Berlin The USSR group will produce arguments for and against the following options: a) Taking no action following the creation of Bizonia b) Invading West Berlin c) Blockading West Berlin even though this will lead to the Western blockade of East Berlin The two groups will then report back to the class with their own views on each option. Then the class will decide on what they regard as the most sensible and most reckless options, with reasons to support their case.

20 th Century International Relations Contents 1 Imperialism and the Alliance System part 1 7 slides, 2 Flash activities, 2 worksheets What are alliances? Why were alliances formed? What different national

Post World War II Communism and the Cold War Post World War II What is the COLD WAR? Longest Era of American History: 1946-1990 Clash of ideology that never led to a direct war between the United States

General Certificate of Secondary Education June 2014 History (Specification B) 90451 Unit 1: International Relations: Conflict and Peace in the 20th Century Friday 16 May 2014 9.00 am to 10.45 am For this

Name: Cold War Mr. Baffuto/Mr. LaMar DO NOW Questions 1. Korea Divided at 38th Parallel Hungarian Revolution Crushed Missile Sites Spotted in Cuba The events in these headlines contributed to the 1) development

The Sequence of Causes of the Cold War Outside the U.S. In the U.S. 1917 Revolutions in Russia 1917-1919 Russian Civil War 1941-1944 Second Front against Hitler Casablanca Conference 1943 Teheran Conference

Name Date DBQ 13: Start of the Cold War (Adapted from Document-Based Assessment for Global History, Walch Education) Historical Context: Between 1945 and 1950, the wartime alliance between the United States

To what extent were the policies of the United States responsible for the outbreak and development of the Cold War between 1945 and 1949? Although the dominant military confrontations of the 20 th century

1 Name Date Matching: 10 questions @ 3 points each Match each event with the DIRECT RESPONSE that followed it. Each matching question stands alone; it is not related to the rest. Not all answers in the

General Certificate of Secondary Education Specimen for June 2015 examinations History (Specification B) Unit 1 91451 International Relations: Conflict and Peace in the Twentieth Century Specimen for June

Origins of the Cold War Main Idea The detonation of the atomic bomb and the end of World War II led to disagreements among the Big Three wartime Allies and a shift in American attitudes toward the Soviet

Version 1.0: 0611 klm General Certificate of Education June 2011 A2 History 2041 HIS3N Unit 3N Aspects of International Relations, 1945 2004 Final Mark Scheme Mark schemes are prepared by the Principal

Assignment Discovery Online Curriculum Lesson title: The Role of NATO Grade level: 9-12, with adaptation for younger students Subject area: United States History, World History Duration: Two class periods

The Cuban Missile Crisis was a confrontation during the Cold War between the Soviet Union and the United States regarding the deployment of nuclear missiles in Cuba. The missiles had been placed to protect

Lesson Plan Central Historical Question: Who was primarily responsible for the : The United States or the Soviet Union? Materials: PowerPoint Copies of Timeline Copies of Documents A-D Copies of Guiding

Cold War Lesson Plan Central Historical Question: Who was primarily responsible for the Cold War the United States or the Soviet Union? Materials: Cold War PowerPoint Copies of Cold War Timeline Copies

AP EUROPEAN HISTORY 2009 SCORING GUIDELINES Question 2 Analyze the long-term and short-term factors responsible for the disintegration of communist rule in TWO of the following states: Czechoslovakia East

Version 1.0: 0613 General Certificate of Education June 2013 A2 History 2041 HIS3N Unit 3N Aspects of International Relations, 1945 2004 Final Mark Scheme Mark schemes are prepared by the Principal Examiner

Timeline of the Cold War 1945 Defeat of Germany and Japan February 4-11: May 8: July: August 6: August 8: August 9: August 14 : August 15: 1946 February 9: March 5 : March 10: July 1: July 25: Yalta Conference

GCSE History B Short course 91454 International Relations: Conflict and Peace in the Twentieth Century Specimen Mark Scheme for June 2015 examinations 9145 Version: 1.0 Mark schemes are prepared by the

HODDER GCSE HISTORY FOR EDEXCEL SUPERPOWER RELATIONS AND THE COLD WAR 1941 91 Achieve your full potential with this enjoyable and engaging Student s Book, created for the 2016 Edexcel GCSE History specification

Unit 6. The Cold War (1945-1991) Learning Target 23 Summarize how atomic weapons have changed the nature of war, altered the balance of power and started the nuclear age. Following World War II, the United

GCSE History B 91451 International Relations: Conflict and Peace in the Twentieth Century Specimen Mark Scheme for June 2015 examinations 9145 Version: 1.0 Mark schemes are prepared by the Lead Assessment

CHAPTER 33 - THE WEST SINCE WORLD WAR II CHAPTER SUMMARY This chapter surveys the decades since the end of World War II, years which have witnessed extraordinary changes both in Europe and the world it

The Cold War and the American Dream.. Key question: How did the U.S. economy and political climate change after WWII? WHAT is the COLD WAR? The Cold War was a period of mistrust and bad feeling between

UNIT 5: WW II AND THE COLD WAR 1. Examine causes, course, and consequences of World War II on the United States and the world. Cause Course Consequence Treaty of Versailles Great Depression Rise of Fascism

World War II TOWARD A GLOBAL COMMUNITY (1900 PRESENT) WWII began on September 1, 1939 when Germany invaded Poland. The Germans used a strategy known as blitzkrieg (lightening war), which involved coordinated

HISTORICAL SECURITY COUNCIL ISSUE : THE USSR INVASION OF AFGHANISTAN LILY BUTLER INTRODUCTION In the Soviet army it takes more courage to retreat than advance. - Joseph Stalin After the Second World War,

Version 1.0 0612 General Certificate of Secondary Education June 2012 GCSE History Specification B Unit 1 International Relations: Conflict and Peace in the Twentieth Century Final Mark Scheme Mark schemes

United States History II Final Exam Review 1. Because of the Neutrality Act of 1937, America could not? 2. Hitler made his first grab for territory by sending troops into what country? 3. In the 1930s,

A/A* Revision Notes 1945-1991 The Cold War History GCSE THE ROOTS OF THE COLD WAR Almost as soon as WW2 ended a bitter struggle developed between the USSR and USA. Historians have produced three conflicting

WORLD WAR II 5-4.4: Explain the principal events related to the involvement of the United States in World War II, including campaigns in North Africa and the Mediterranean; major battles of the European

JAPAN AND THE ATOM BOMB: TASK INSTRUCTIONS The key question: Was Hiroshima the biggest event of World War 2? Your task: You must argue the case that dropping of the A-bomb on Hiroshima in August 1945 was

The Causes of the Cold War Isobel Egan, Dickson College, 2011 This essay was written as part of the International Relations: 1945 to the Present unit at Dickson College, Semester 2, 2011. It is an answer

The following instructional plan is part of a GaDOE collection of Unit Frameworks, Performance Tasks, examples of Student Work, and Teacher Commentary for Fifth Grade Social Studies. UNIT #7 Hot & Cold:

WS/FCS Unit Planning Organizer Subject(s) Social Studies Conceptual Lenses Grade/Course 8 th War Unit of Study Unit 8 Competition Unit Title WWII and the Origins of the Cold War Power Pacing 15 days Unit

General Certificate of Secondary Education June 2015 History (Specification B) (Short Course) 91454 Unit 4: International Relations: Conflict and Peace in the 20th Century Monday 1 June 2015 9.00 am to

Military Advisors in Vietnam: 1963 Topic: Vietnam Grade Level: 9-12 Subject Area: US History after World War II Time Required: 1 class period Goals/Rationale In the winter of 1963, the eyes of most Americans

AP EUROPEAN HISTORY 2011 SCORING GUIDELINES Question 7 Analyze the ways in which Western European nations have pursued European economic and political integration from 1945 to the present, referring to

A New World Order (1945-1956) Marina Spiazzi, Marina Tavella, Margaret Layton 2013 1. Britain between the wars Disputes between the coal miners and the mine owners led to the General Strike of 1926. Unemployment

Issues of the Cold War The Cold War was a state of political and military tension after World War II between powers in the Western Bloc (the United States, its NATO allies and others such as Japan) and

Europe After WWI Political Challenges New democracies struggled Lack of political skill and experience Economic Struggles War casualties caused a decline in both producers and consumers of good Most European

AP EUROPEAN HISTORY 2006 SCORING GUIDELINES Question 7 Considering the period 1933 to 1945, analyze the economic, diplomatic, and military reasons for Germany s defeat in the Second World War. 9 6: Stronger

AP UNITED STATES HISTORY 2012 SCORING GUIDELINES Question 5 Compare and contrast the Cold War foreign policies of TWO of the following presidents. Harry Truman (1945 1953) Dwight Eisenhower (1953 1961)

25 THE COLD WAR ERA AND ITS POLITICS After the Second World War, the Allies of the war-the United States of America and Soviet Russia-were engaged in what has been described as the Cold War. During the

Political and economic conditions in Europe and throughout the world after World War 1 led directly to World War 2: 1. The Treaty of Versailles, ending World War 1, was particularly harsh on Germany and

Berlin Blockade The Berlin Blockade (June 21, 1948 to May 11, 1949) became one of the first major crises of the new Cold War, when the Soviet Union blocked railroad and street access to West Berlin. The

The Cold War In this module you will learn: 1. FOUR causes of the Cold War [BARE]. 2. NINE events which caused the Cold War. 3. FOUR decisions made at the Yalta Conference. 4. TWO decisions and THREE disagreements

GENERAL CERTIFICATE OF SECONDARY EDUCATION HISTORY B (MODERN WORLD) A971/15 Aspects of International Relations, 1919 2005, with Depth Study Causes and Events of the First World War, 1890 1918 *A920150611*

Rahaf Alwattar Daniela Morales Kiley Smith Madison So To What Extent is The Cold War a Result of Two Conflicting Ideologies? The Cold War was an unceasing state of political and military tensions between

HISTORY SECOND WORLD WAR STD.8 Answer the following questions: 1) When did the Second World War begin? State its immediate cause. Ans. The Second World War began on September 1 st, 1939, when German armies

Chapter 2 Electrochemistry in a Divided World: The Political Background Stephen Fletcher The Cold War was a state of extreme military tension that arose after 1945 between the Western Powers (principally

SPECIMEN General Certificate of Secondary Education History B: Modern World Aspects of International Relations, and Causes and Events of the First World War 1890 1918 A015 Specimen Paper Candidates answer

Chapter 26 World War II, 1939 1945 Chapter Summary Chapter 26 offers a survey of World War II. Topics covered in this chapter include the complexities of the American struggle with neutrality; the American

SOL Review World War II Part I Causes and leaders of World War I Inflation Depression Germany Unemployment 1. Political instability and economic problems in Europe: - World Wide. - High war debt owed by.

The Cold War: A Conflict of Ideologies Political Realignment after World War II Fractures of Allied Forces Development of Two Camps; Partition Definition of Cold War Causes of the Cold War (Who s to Blame?)

COMMON CORE Lessons & Activities TEACH IT TODAY! About this Book This Common Core Lessons and Activities Book allows you to immediately meet new Common Core State Standards for English Language Arts, as

The Road to the Great War WWI Causes of the War nationalism feeling that a specific nation, language, or culture is superior to all others imperialism creating an empire by taking over other nations (Britain,

Issue 5 Munich: Success or Failure? Context Suggestions: After WWI widespread opposition to war. Chamberlain greeted as hero when he returned from Munich in September 1938 proclaiming peace in our time

1 PRE-TEST Directions: Read the following statements and circle whether they are True or False. 1. After World War One, many countries had difficulty dealing with war debts, hunger, and unemployment. 2.

SOCIAL STUDIES MODERN WORLD HISTORY GRADE 9 I Can Checklist 2015-2016 Aligned with Ohio s Learning Standards for Social Studies Office of Teaching and Learning Curriculum Division 1 2 I can analyze a historical

If I had eight hours to chop down a tree, I would spend six hours sharpening my axe. Abraham Lincoln By failing to prepare, you are preparing to fail. Benjamin Franklin GCSE History A: The Making of the

Major events & Turning Points of World War II Germany invaded Poland setting off war in Europe. The Soviet Union also invaded Poland and the Baltic nations. Germany invaded France capturing Paris Germany

Chapter 27: Americans in World War II 1941-1945 Section 1: Early Difficulties Objective 1: Analyze the strengths and weaknesses of the Allied and Axis Powers in 1941. Objectives 2: Outline the steps that