For example, they led to strong evidence that genes that encode the two main enzymes involved in alcohol metabolism--alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) and aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH)--affect risk, which will be discussed in the next section.

Palifosfamide (Zymafos(R) or ZIO-201) is a novel DNA cross-linker that in preclinical study has been shown to bypass resistance mediated by aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH), in addition to conferring a favorable toxicity profile compared to other in-class agents.