New York's 23rd congressional district has historically been one of the most Republican districts in the United States. The district's seat had been in Republican hands since 1873.[13] The far northern portion of the district—including the largest city, Watertown—had not been represented by a Democrat since the 1850s. In parts of the district, the last non-Republican to represent the district had been a Whig.[14] McHugh was first elected in 1992, and was reelected eight times with over 60% of the vote, including running unopposed in 2002. Republicans also dominated most other levels of government as well; well into the 1990s most of the district's living residents had never been represented by a Democrat above the county level.

Democrats had also recently done well at the state level. In a 2008 special election for New York's 48th State Senate district (which is coextensive with the northwestern portion of the 23rd congressional district and includes Watertown), Democratic Assemblyman Darrel Aubertine defeated heavily favored Republican Assemblyman Will Barclay. Aubertine became the first Democrat to represent what is now the 48th Senate district in over a century.[17] The seat had been held by Republican James W. Wright for 18 years and by McHugh for seven years before that. Aubertine won a full term with 53 percent of the vote in November 2008.

On September 29, 2009, New York GovernorDavid Paterson issued a proclamation setting the special election to fill the vacancy for November 3, 2009, to coincide with the 2009 general election.[18][19] New York law does not provide for a primary election in cases of a special election for a vacant House seat. Instead, each party's nominee is chosen by that party's county leaders within the district.[20]

Scozzafava was designated as the Republican nominee and Hoffman later received the nomination of the Conservative Party of New York. On October 31, 2009, Scozzafava suspended her campaign[25] and, on November 1, 2009, endorsed the Democratic candidate for the seat.[26]

State Senator Darrel Aubertine, who represents most of the northern portion of the congressional district, was the most widely rumored potential Democratic candidate, but he declined.[27] State Senator David Valesky, who represents most of the southern portion of the congressional district, initially said he was interested in running, but later decided against it.[22][28] It was reported that the Democratic party leaders hesitated to nominate either Valesky or Aubertine because the Democrats had a shaky two-seat majority in the State Senate. Aubertine and Valesky are two of only seven Democrats in the chamber from outside New York City.[29] Also declining to run was assemblywoman Addie Jenne Russell, whose district includes Watertown.

Other potential candidates included Andrew Bisselle, director of the YMCA Camp Dudley, a Republican who said his views mirrored those of Blue Dog Democrats;[30] Stuart Brody, former chairman of the Upstate Democratic Conference;[31] Steve Burke, St. Lawrence County resident;[32] Danny M. Francis, 1994 Democratic candidate;[33]Robert J. Johnson, 2004 and 2006 candidate for the seat;[31] Rudy Johnson, engineering consultant and retired United States Army veteran;[32] Brian S. McGrath, Manhattan attorney, originally from Lowville;[34] Mike Oot, 2008 Democratic candidate;[32] David Ryan, Franklin County resident;[32] and John T. Sullivan, Jr., former mayor of Oswego, New York.[35]

The chair of the New York Democratic Party stated that Scozzafava's husband had spoken with key local Democrats about the possibility of her switching to the Democratic Party before running for the seat.[36]

The party eventually selected Bill Owens, a military veteran and attorney from Plattsburgh.[31]

Jim Kelly, a retired police officer and activist from Wilmington,[37] Jon Alvarez, a military serviceman from Hannibal who is currently serving in Afghanistan,[38] Salvatore Stassi, a police officer from Fulton,[39] and Doug Hoffman, an accountant from Lake Placid who had previously run for the Republican nomination, each made presentations to the Conservative Party of New York in August. The committee chose Doug Hoffman after the three other potential candidates said they would support him,[39] even though Hoffman did not live in the district.[40]

Hoffman had previously sought the Republican nomination. In July, when Scozzafava was nominated instead, he offered to help her. His email to her read: "Hi Dede, Congratulations and the best of luck in your candidacy. Let me know if there is anything I can do to help. Doug."[41] Shortly thereafter, however, he contacted Conservative Party leaders, seeking support for his own candidacy.[42] Hoffman later stated, "I never promised that I would support Dede Scozzafava."[41] One Republican leader said that Hoffman, while seeking the Republican nomination, had "repeatedly" pledged to support the nominee.[43]

The chairman of the Independence Party of New York announced that the party would have cross-endorsed Aubertine had he run,[44] but with his decision not to run, the party instead backed Scozzafava.[45] After she suspended her campaign, the state chairman of the party endorsed Bill Owens, though several local chairmen instead endorsed Hoffman.[46] Scozzafava remained on the ballot on the Independence Party line (as well as the Republican line).

The Working Families Party backed Owens.[47] Under New York's fusion rule, Owens's votes on the Democratic line and on the Working Families line were combined into a single total.

The Hoffman campaign ran television advertisements depicting Scozzafava and Owens as "two peas in a liberal pod."[53] Hoffman indicated support for tax cuts,[54] a pro-life stance on abortion,[55] and support for the traditional definition of marriage,[56] as well as opposition to the Obama health reform proposal,[56] card-check legislation,[57] the Obama stimulus plan,[58] and cap-and-trade legislation.[59]

Scozzafava's record in the New York State Assembly included votes in favor of same-sex marriage,[60] and she had also received an award from a Planned Parenthood affiliate in 2008.[61][62][63] Scozzafava's political positions included support for "card check" legislation,[57] support for federal funding for abortion,[64] support for President Obama's 2009 stimulus package,[65] and a refusal to rule out support for health care reform that includes a "public option."[66] While Bill Owens did not favor public funding for abortion, he did support President Obama's 2009 stimulus package[65] and "card check" legislation.[57]

An October 1, 2009, poll by the Siena Research Institute put Hoffman in third place with 16% support, behind Scozzafava with 35% and Owens with 28%.[67] However, polls taken a few days before the election showed Scozzafava's support collapsing; an October 31 poll showed Scozzafava trailing both Hoffman and Owens by 15% and 16% respectively.

Former Speaker of the HouseNewt Gingrich, while having initially supported the GOP nominee,[70] remarked that he was "deeply upset" about her endorsement of Owens after Scozzafava's withdrawal from the race.[71] RNC Chairman Michael S. Steele questioned party leaders in upstate New York for using a committee process to select a congressional candidate. "Maybe you should have a primary the next time instead of having 11 guys in a room sit around and select your nominee," said Steele.[3] The New York Republican Party issued a statement saying Scozzafava's endorsement was a "betrayal" of the party and said "In contacting Scozzafava, the Obama White House has once again played its Chicago-style politics here in New York."[69]

Also on November 1, the "Democratic-leaning firm"[72]Public Policy Polling (PPP) released poll results[73] indicating "Hoffman...at 51% to 34% for Bill Owens and 13% for Dede Scozzafava in the poll conducted over the weekend." Noting that the poll was conducted during "somewhat of a tumultuous polling weekend, first with Scozzafava’s withdrawal on Saturday and then with her endorsement of Owens on Sunday", PPP nonetheless remarked that "Hoffman led Owens by 18 points in interviews before Scozzafava’s withdrawal, 19 points in between her withdrawal and the announcement of her endorsement, and by 14 points subsequent to her encouraging people to vote for Owens."

On Election Day, police were called to at least two polling sites in St. Lawrence County following "overzealous electioneering" by supporters of Hoffman.[76] Later, Hoffman accused the Democratic Party of "bringing in ACORN" and trying to "steal this election away from the 23rd district", asserting that a campaign volunteer's tires had been slashed.[77] Anton Troianovski of The Wall Street Journal later quoted Captain Michael Branch of the Plattsburgh City Police Department as saying "This was not a tire slashing—this was some guy who drove over a bottle and cut his tire."[78]

On Election Day, Owens appeared to defeat Hoffman, with the margin of defeat initially reported as 49.0% to 45.5%. Although Hoffman initially conceded, an initial re-canvass resulted in a Hoffman gain of approximately 2000 votes before military and absentee ballots were further factored in. Poll inspectors reported Mr. Hoffman had inadvertently received zero votes in four districts.[178]

Hoffman withdrew his concession on November 17, 2009.[181] On November 18, in a letter posted on his campaign website, Hoffman declared that "ACORN, the unions and Democratic Party...tampered with the ballots of voters in NY-23."[182] Jerry O. Eaton, Jefferson County Republican elections commissioner, called Hoffman's assertion "absolutely false".[183] On November 19, the Gouverneur Times alleged that a computer virus had "tainted" results and "cast doubt on the accuracy of the counts retrieved from any of the machines."[184] John Conklin, director of public information for the NY State Board of Elections, stated that "the article...unfortunately quoted a single word from a commissioner who mischaracterized the issue in question."[185] Hoffman later retracted his accusations.

With the tallying of absentee-ballots near completion, on November 20, 2009, Owens' lead over Hoffman surpassed the total number of absentee ballots left, making it mathematically impossible for Hoffman to win.[184] On November 24, Hoffman ended his campaign, stating "...it is with a heavy heart that we declare this election over. We will formally end this election and not ask for a recount."[186] The final election results showed that Owens prevailed by a margin of 48.3% to 46%.[187]

While some observers called the race "a referendum on President Barack Obama" and "a fight over the identity of the Republican Party",[6][7] others saw "a victory for populist conservatism".[188] One commentator stated that "Hoffman's third-party candidacy is striking for how much it has galvanized the Republican Party's base."[189] According to one commentator, "[t]ea party conservatives see the GOP loss as a victory for conservativism over mere political party loyalty. They’re describing the defeat as a warning shot fired in defense of principle."[190] According to Marilyn Musgrave of Susan B. Anthony List, "Republican party leaders in Washington should take the message of the campaign and the election seriously, that the Party base should not be taken for granted."[190] Elected officials and observers opined that Scozzafava's showing in the congressional race had an impact on the New York State Senate's December 2, 2009 vote against same-sex marriage legislation.[10][11][12]

^After being notified of the vacancy, Paterson was legally required to issue a proclamation for a special election to be held between thirty and forty days thereafter, but New York law does not specify a timeframe within which such a proclamation must be issued. "Gillibrand's House seat could be GOP opportunity". CNN. January 23, 2009. Retrieved October 23, 2009.

^ abJude Seymour (November 20, 2009). "Hoffman lacks votes to catch Owens". Watertown Daily Times (Watertown, NY). Retrieved November 20, 2009. As Mr. Owens' victory became certain, the Gouverneur Times alleged Thursday that a computer virus had "tainted" results and "cast doubt on the accuracy of the counts retrieved from any of the machines."

^Jude Seymour (November 20, 2009). "State elections official: Gouverneur Times is "full of inaccurate information"". Watertown Daily Times (Watertown, NY). Archived from the original on November 20, 2009. Retrieved November 20, 2009. John Conklin, the board's director of public information said: "There was no virus in the voting machines on Election Day in the 23rd District or anywhere else. The article is full of inaccurate information and unfortunately quoted a single word from a commissioner who mischaracterized the issue in question."