<a href="http://web.me.com/robertmelendez/Eye-Q_Doctor/Media/ANdy%20Doan%27s%20Internet%20Course.m4a"><img src="http://web.me.com/robertmelendez/Eye-Q_Doctor/Eye-Q_Doctor_Podcasts/Media/droppedImage.jpg" style="float:left; padding-right:10px; padding-bottom:10px; width:183px; height:137px;"/></a>433 Internet Marketing Strategies for Ophthalmology Practices<br/>SYNOPSIS This course offers an overview of how to market ophthalmic practices using Internet resources. This instruction is applicable to small, large, and university practices and discusses the use of search engine optimization, search engine advertising, click ad advertising, and Web site marketing strategies. OBJECTIVES By the conclusion of this course, participants will (1) learn about search engine optimization and how to use articles and blogs to attract patients to the practice website, (2) learn about search engine advertising, the costs associated with Internet advertising, and how to determine return on investment (ROI), (3) learn about pay-per-click and pay-per-impression advertising campaigns and how to determine ROI, and (4) learn about effective Web site planning and elements to enhance your ROI.<br/>Senior Instructor: Andrew P Doan MD PhD<br/>Date and Time: Monday, October 26, 2009 10:15 AM - 12:30 PM<br/>Location: San Francisco Marriott<br/><br/>Room: Yerba Buena 12<br/><br/>

<a href="http://web.me.com/robertmelendez/Eye-Q_Doctor/Media/AAO.m4v"><img src="http://web.me.com/robertmelendez/Eye-Q_Doctor/Eye-Q_Doctor_Podcasts/Media/itbounce_1.jpg" style="float:left; padding-right:10px; padding-bottom:10px; width:183px; height:137px;"/></a>Enhancing your Apple Keynote Presentations<br/>Join us to create stunning cinematic presentations and Educational materials for your patients in the office too.<br/><br/>LAB364 Enhance Your Slide Presentation Skills Using Keynote Software by Apple Inc.<br/>SYNOPSIS The purpose of the Skills Transfer course is to help enhance your keynote presentations. This course is intended for users who already know how to use Keynote software (Apple Inc.). OBJECTIVES At the conclusion of this course, the attendee will be able to incorporate video, audio, and special graphics in their slide presentations. The attendee will learn how to build 3-D graphs and tables with special graphics. The attendee will learn how to build transition slides that flow nicely. Attendees are encouraged to bring their Apple laptops to learn how to build stunning presentations.<br/>Course Director: Robert F Melendez MD<br/>Date and Time: Monday, October 26, 2009 8:00 AM - 9:30 AM<br/>Location: Moscone Center<br/><br/>Room: NORTH 122<br/><br/>Target Audience: All<br/>Education Level: Advance<br/>Advance Fee: 70.00<br/>Onsite Fee: 90.00<br/>

Introduction
Examination of the cranial nerves allows one to "view" the brainstem all the way from its rostral to caudal extent. The brainstem can be divided into three levels, the midbrain, the pons and the medulla. The cranial nerves for each of these are: 2 for the midbrain (CN 3 & 4), 4 for the pons (CN 5-8), and 4 for the medulla (CN 9-12).
It is important to remember that cranial nerves never cross (except for one exception, the 4th CN) and clinical findings are always on the same side as the cranial nerve involved.
Cranial nerve findings when combined with long tract findings (corticospinal and somatosensory) are powerful for localizing lesions in the brainstem.
Cranial Nerve 1
Olfaction is the only sensory modality with direct access to cerebral cortex without going through the thalamus. The olfactory tracts project mainly to the uncus of the temporal lobes.
Cranial Nerve 2
This cranial nerve has important localizing value because of its "x" axis course from the eye to the occipital cortex. The pattern of a visual field deficit indicates whether an anatomical lesion is pre- or postchiasmal, optic tract, optic radiation or calcarine cortex.
Cranial Nerve 3 and 4
These cranial nerves give us a view of the midbrain. The 3rd nerve in particular can give important anatomical localization because it exits the midbrain just medial to the cerebral peduncle. The 3rd nerve controls eye adduction (medial rectus), elevation (superior rectus), depression (inferior rectus), elevation of the eyelid (levator palpebrae superioris), and parasympathetics for the pupil.
The 4th CN supplies the superior oblique muscle, which is important to looking down and in (towards the midline).
Pontine Level
Cranial nerves 5, 6, 7, and 8 are located in the pons and give us a view of this level of the brainstem.
Cranial Nerve 6
This cranial nerve innervates the lateral rectus for eye abduction. Remember that cranial nerves 3, 4 and 6 must work in concert for conjugate eye movements; if they don't then diplopia (double vision) results.
The medial longitudinal fasciculus (MLF) connects the 6th nerve nucleus to the 3rd nerve nucleus for conjugate movement.
Major Oculomotor Gaze Systems
Eye movements are controlled by 4 major oculomotor gaze systems, which are tested for on the neurological exam. They are briefly outlined here:
Saccadic (frontal gaze center to PPRF (paramedian pontine reticular formation) for rapid eye movements to bring new objects being viewed on to the fovea.
Smooth Pursuit (parietal-occipital gaze center via cerebellar and vestibular pathways) for eye movements to keep a moving image centered on the fovea.
Vestibulo-ocular (vestibular input) keeps image steady on fovea during head movements.
Vergence (optic pathways to oculomotor nuclei) to keep image on fovea predominantly when the viewed object is moved near (near triad- convergence, accommodation and pupillary constriction)
Cranial Nerve 5
The entry zone for this cranial nerve is at the mid pons with the motor and main sensory (discriminatory touch) nucleus located at the same level. The axons for the descending tract of the 5th nerve (pain and temperature) descend to the level of the upper cervical spinal cord before they synapse with neurons of the nucleus of the descending tract of the 5th nerve. Second order neurons then cross over and ascend to the VPM of the thalamus.
Cranial Nerve 7
This cranial nerve has a motor component for muscles of facial expression (and, don't forget, the strapedius muscle which is important for the acoustic reflex), parasympathetics for tear and salivary glands, and sensory for taste (anterior two-thirds of the tongue).
Central (upper motor neuron-UMN) versus Peripheral (lower motor neuron-LMN) 7th nerve weakness- with a peripheral 7th nerve lesion all of the muscles ipsilateral to the affected nerve will be weak whereas with a "central 7th ", only the muscles of the lower half of the face contralateral to the lesion will be weak because the portion of the 7th nerve nucleus that supplies the upper face receives bilateral corticobulbar (UMN) input.
Cranial Nerve 8
This nerve is a sensory nerve with two divisions- acoustic and vestibular. The acoustic division is tested by checking auditory acuity and with the Rinne and Weber tests.
The vestibular division of this nerve is important for balance. Clinically it be tested with the oculocephalic reflex (Doll's eye maneuver) and oculovestibular reflex (ice water calorics).
Medullary Level
Cranial nerves 9,10,11, and 12 are located in the medulla and have localizing value for lesions in this most caudal part of the brainstem.
Cranial nerves 9 and 10
These two nerves are clinically lumped together. Motor wise, they innervate pharyngeal and laryngeal muscles. Their sensory component is sensation for the pharynx and taste for the posterior one-third of the tongue.
Cranial Nerve 11
This nerve is a motor nerve for the sternocleidomastoid and trapezius muscles. The UMN control for the sternocleidomastoid (SCM) is an exception to the rule of the ipsilateral cerebral hemisphere controls the movement of the contralateral side of the body. Because of the crossing then recrossing of the corticobulbar tracts at the high cervical level, the ipsilateral cerebral hemisphere controls the ipsilateral SCM muscle. This makes sense as far as coordinating head movement with body movement if you think about it (remember that the SCM turns the head to the opposite side). So if I want to work with the left side of my body I would want to turn my head to the left so the right SCM would be activated.
Cranial Nerve 12
The last of the cranial nerves, CN 12 supplies motor innervation for the tongue.
Traps
A 6th nerve palsy may be a "false localizing sign". The reason for this is that it has the longest intracranial route of the cranial nerves, therefore it is the most susceptible to pressure that can occur with any cause of increased intracranial pressure.

Orientation, Memor
Asking questions about month, date, day of week and place tests orientation, which involves not only memory but also attention and language. Three-word recall tests recent memory for which the temporal lobe is important. Remote memory tasks such as naming Presidents, tests not only the temporal lobes but also heteromodal association cortices.
Attention-working memory
Digit span, spelling backwards and naming months of the year backward test attention and working memory which are frontal lobe functions
Judgement-abstract reasoning
These frontal lobe functions can be tested by using problem solving, verbal similarities and proverbs
Set generation
This is a test of verbal fluency and the ability to generate a set of items which are frontal lobe functions. Most individuals can give 10 or more words in a minute.
Receptive language
Asking the patient to follow commands demonstrates that they understand the meaning of what they have heard or read. It is important to test reception of both spoken and written language.
Expressive language
In assessing expressive language it is important to note fluency and correctness of content and grammar. This can be accomplished by tasks that require spontaneous speech and writing, naming objects, repetition of sentences, and reading comprehension.
Praxis
The patient is asked to perform skilled motor tasks without any nonverbal prompting. Skills tested for should involve the face then the limbs. In order to test for praxis the patient must have normal comprehension and intact voluntary movement. Apraxia is typically seen in lesions of the dominant inferior parietal lobe.
Gnosis
Gnosis is the ability to recognize objects perceived by the senses especially somatosensory sensation. Having the patient (with their eyes closed) identify objects placed in their hand (stereognosis) and numbers written on their hand (graphesthesia) tests parietal lobe sensory perception.
Dominant parietal lobe function
Tests for dominant inferior parietal lobe function includes right-left orientation, naming fingers, and calculations.
Non-dominant parietal lobe function
The non-dominant parietal lobe is important for visual spatial sensory tasks such as attending to the contralateral side of the body and space as well as constructional tasks such as drawing a face, clock or geometric figures.
Visual recognition
Recognition of colors and faces tests visual association cortex (inferior occiptotemporal area). Achromatopsia (inability to distinguish colors), visual agnosia (inability to name or point to a color) and prosopagnosia (inability to identify a familiar faces) result from lesions in this area.

Cranial Nerve 1- Olfaction
This patient has difficulty identifying the smells presented. Loss of smell is anosmia. The most common cause is a cold (as in this patient) or nasal allergies. Other causes include trauma or a meningioma affecting the olfactory tracts. Anosmia is also seen in Kallman syndrome because of agenesis of the olfactory bulbs.
Cranial Nerve 2- Visual acuity
This patientâs visual acuity is being tested with a Rosenbaum chart. First the left eye is tested, then the right eye. He is tested with his glasses on so this represents corrected visual acuity. He has 20/70 vision in the left eye and 20/40 in the right. His decreased visual acuity is from optic nerve damage.
Cranial Nerve II- Visual field
The patient's visual fields are being tested with gross confrontation. A right sided visual field deficit for both eyes is shown. This is a right hemianopia from a lesion behind the optic chiasm involving the left optic tract, radiation or striate cortex.
Cranial Nerve II- Fundoscopy
The first photograph is of a fundus showing papilledema. The findings of papilledema include
1. Loss of venous pulsation
2. Swelling of the optic nerve head so there is loss of the disc margin
3. Venous engorgement
4. Disc hyperemi
5. Loss of the physiologic cup an
6. Flame shaped hemorrhages.
This photograph shows all the signs except the hemorrhages and loss of venous pulsations.
The second photograph shows optic atrophy, which is pallor of the optic disc resulting form damage to the optic nerve from pressure, ischemia, or demyelination.
Images Courtesy Dr. Kathleen Digre, University of Uta
Cranial Nerves 2 & 3- Pupillary Light Refle
The swinging flashlight test is used to show a relative afferent pupillary defect or a Marcus Gunn pupil of the left eye. The left eye has perceived less light stimulus (a defect in the sensory or afferent pathway) then the opposite eye so the pupil dilates with the same light stimulus that caused constriction when the normal eye was stimulated.
Video Courtesy of Dr.Daniel Jacobson, Marshfield Clini
and Dr. Kathleen Digre, University of Uta
Cranial Nerves 3, 4 & 6- Inspection & Ocular Alignmen
This patient with ocular myasthenia gravis has bilateral ptosis, left greater than right. There is also ocular misalignment because of weakness of the eye muscles especially of the left eye. Note the reflection of the light source doesn't fall on the same location of each eyeball.
Video Courtesy of Dr.Daniel Jacobson, Marshfield Clini
and Dr. Kathleen Digre, University of Uta
Cranial Nerves 3, 4 & 6- Versions
• The first patient shown has incomplete abduction of her left eye from a 6th nerve palsy.
• The second patient has a left 3rd nerve palsy resulting in ptosis, dilated pupil, limited adduction, elevation, and depression of the left eye.
Second Video Courtesy of Dr.Daniel Jacobson, Marshfield Clini
and Dr. Kathleen Digre, University of Uta
Cranial Nerves 3, 4 & 6- Duction
Each eye is examined with the other covered (this is called ductions). The patient is unable to adduct either the left or the right eye. If you watch closely you can see nystagmus upon abduction of each eye. When both eyes are tested together (testing versions) you can see the bilateral adduction defect with nystagmus of the abducting eye. This is bilateral internuclear ophthalmoplegia often caused by a demyelinating lesion effecting the MLF bilaterally. The adduction defect occurs because there is disruption of the MLF (internuclear) connections between the abducens nucleus and the lower motor neurons in the oculomotor nucleus that innervate the medial rectus muscle.
Saccades
Smooth Pursui
The patient shown has progressive supranuclear palsy. As part of this disease there is disruption of fixation by square wave jerks and impairment of smooth pursuit movements. Saccadic eye movements are also impaired. Although not shown in this video, vertical saccadic eye movements are usually the initial deficit in this disorder.
Video Courtesy of Dr.Daniel Jacobson, Marshfield Clini
and Dr. Kathleen Digre, University of Utah
Optokinetic Nystagmu
This patient has poor optokinetic nystagmus when the tape is moved to the right or left. The patient lacks the input from the parietal-occipital gaze centers to initiate smooth pursuit movements therefore her visual tracking of the objects on the tape is inconsistent and erratic. Patients who have a lesion of the parietal-occipital gaze center will have absent optokinetic nystagmus when the tape is moved toward the side of the lesion.
Vestibulo-ocular refle
The vestibulo-ocular reflex should be present in a comatose patient with intact brainstem function. This is called intact "Doll’s eyes" because in the old fashion dolls the eyes were weighted with lead so when the head was turned one way the eyes turned in the opposite direction. Absent "Doll’s eyes" or vestibulo-ocular reflex indicates brainstem dysfunction at the midbrain-pontine level.
Vergenc
Light-near dissociation occurs when the pupils don't react to light but constrict with convergence as part of the near reflex. This is what happens in the Argyll-Robertson pupil (usually seen with neurosyphilis) where there is a pretectal lesion affecting the retinomesencephalic afferents controlling the light reflex but sparing the occipitomesencephalic pathways for the near reflex.
Video Courtesy of Dr.Daniel Jacobson, Marshfield Clini
and Dr. Kathleen Digre, University of Uta
Cranial Nerve 5- Sensor
There is a sensory deficit for both light touch and pain on the left side of the face for all divisions of the 5th nerve. Note that the deficit is first recognized just to the left of the midline and not exactly at the midline. Patients with psychogenic sensory loss often identify the sensory change as beginning right at the midline.
Cranial Nerves 5 & 7 - Corneal refle
A patient with an absent corneal reflex either has a CN 5 sensory deficit or a CN 7 motor deficit. The corneal reflex is particularly helpful in assessing brainstem function in the unconscious patient. An absent corneal reflex in this setting would indicate brainstem dysfunction.
Cranial Nerve 5- Motor
• The first patient shown has weakness of the pterygoids and the jaw deviates towards the side of the weakness.
• The second patient shown has a positive jaw jerk which indicates an upper motor lesion affecting the 5th cranial nerve.
First Video Courtesy of Alejandro Stern, Stern Foundation
Cranial Nerve 7- Motor
• The first patient has weakness of all the muscles of facial expression on the right side of the face indicating a lesion of the facial nucleus or the peripheral 7th nerve.
• The second patient has weakness of the lower half of his left face including the orbicularis oculi muscle but sparing the forehead. This is consistent with a central 7th or upper motor neuron lesion.
Video Courtesy of Alejandro Stern, Stern Foundatio
Cranial Nerve 7- Sensory, Tast
The patient has difficulty correctly identifying taste on the right side of the tongue indicating a lesion of the sensory limb of the 7th nerve.
Cranial Nerve 8- Auditory Acuity, Weber & Rinne Test
This patient has decreased hearing acuity of the right ear. The Weber test lateralizes to the right ear and bone conduction is greater than air conduction on the right. He has a conductive hearing loss.
Cranial Nerve 8- Vestibula
Patients with vestibular disease typically complain of vertigo – the illusion of a spinning movement. Nystagmus is the principle finding in vestibular disease. It is horizontal and torsional with the slow phase of the nystagmus toward the abnormal side in peripheral vestibular nerve disease. Visual fixation can suppress the nystagmus. In central causes of vertigo (located in the brainstem) the nystagmus can be horizontal, upbeat, downbeat, or torsional and is not suppressed by visual fixation.
Cranial Nerve 9 & 10- Moto
When the patient says "ah" there is excessive nasal air escape. The palate elevates more on the left side and the uvula deviates toward the left side because the right side is weak. This patient has a deficit of the right 9th & 10th cranial nerves.
Video Courtesy of Alejandro Stern, Stern Foundatio
Cranial Nerve 9 & 10- Sensory and Motor: Gag Refle
Using a tongue blade, the left side of the patient's palate is touched which results in a gag reflex with the left side of the palate elevating more then the right and the uvula deviating to the left consistent with a right CN 9 & 10 deficit.
Video Courtesy of Alejandro Stern, Stern Foundation
Cranial Nerve 11- Moto
When the patient contracts the muscles of the neck the left sternocleidomastoid muscle is easily seen but the right is absent. Looking at the back of the patient, the left trapezius muscle is outlined and present but the right is atrophic and hard to identify. These findings indicate a lesion of the right 11th cranial nerve.
Video Courtesy of Alejandro Stern, Stern Foundation
Cranial Nerve 12- Moto
Notice the atrophy and fasciculation of the right side of this patient's tongue. The tongue deviates to the right as well because of weakness of the right intrinsic tongue muscles. These findings are present because of a lesion of the right 12th cranial nerve.

This vodcast is one in a series developed by Dundee PRN, a student lead initiative providing an online medical student network for Dundee. This vodcast provides an overview of the muscles of the eye, for example, how the superior rectus moves the eye down and in via the trochlear and relevant pathology. This video serves as a stand alone piece of learning but can also be re-used in a number of learning contexts and embedded into other learning resources.

Players compete using their knowledge of Ophthalmology for the honour of the Ultimate OphthalmoloGAME trophy pictured in the centre of the board
Rules
1. Before rolling the die, players must complete an ophthalmology based challenge
2. The type of challenge the player must complete is dependent on the colour that their piece is on at the beginning of their turn
3. All players begin on Dark Purple (Multiple Choice Question
3. Categories are as follows
Blue: Visual challenge, competitor looks into one of 5 randomly selected cups and must identify the type of retinal pathology as would be seen when using ophthalmoscopy
Lilac: Case based question, clinical judgement question based on features of history and examinatio
Silver: Eye Pictionary, other competitors must guess the ophthalmology related word via the competitor's artistic skill
Dark purple: Multiple choice question, competitor must correctly select the answer to an ophthalmology based questio
4. If the competitor successfully completes their challenge, they are allowed to roll the die and move their piece forward accordingly
5. However, if the competitor fails to complete their challenge, they are not permitted to move forward and must complete a challenge of the same category on their next turn
6. The winner of the Ultimate Ophthalmology trophy is the first player to make a full circuit of the iris, reaching the pupil in doing so.

Players compete using their knowledge of Ophthalmology for the honour of the Ultimate OphthalmoloGAME trophy pictured in the centre of the board.
Rules
1. Before rolling the die, players must complete an ophthalmology based challenge
2. The type of challenge the player must complete is dependent on the colour that their piece is on at the beginning of their turn
3. All players begin on Dark Purple (Multiple Choice Question
3. Categories are as follows
Blue: Visual challenge, competitor looks into one of 5 randomly selected cups and must identify the type of retinal pathology as would be seen when using ophthalmoscopy
Lilac: Case based question, clinical judgement question based on features of history and examinatio
Silver: Eye Pictionary, other competitors must guess the ophthalmology related word via the competitor's artistic skill
Dark purple: Multiple choice question, competitor must correctly select the answer to an ophthalmology based questio
4. If the competitor successfully completes their challenge, they are allowed to roll the die and move their piece forward accordingly
5. However, if the competitor fails to complete their challenge, they are not permitted to move forward and must complete a challenge of the same category on their next turn
6. The winner of the Ultimate Ophthalmology trophy is the first player to make a full circuit of the iris, reaching the pupil in doing so.

This booklet was developed as a part of Special Study Unit (Doctors as Teachers) at Peninsula Medical School. This booklet covers some of the important aspects of Ophthalmology.
This booklet could be used as a quick revision guide before finals and also could be used along Ophthalmology placements. The purpose of this booklet is to provide some insight into the most common presentations of red eye and their management.

http://www.ophthobook.com
This lecture covers basic eye anatomy. This is the first 6 minutes of the powerpoint, which can be viewed in its entirety at Ophthobook.com Here we discuss eyelid and external eye structures.

http://www.handwrittenturorials.com - This tutorial is a basic overview of the anatomy of the eye. It covers the gross structures of the eyeball and the causes of the conditions, Glaucoma and Papilloedema. For more entirely FREE tutorials and the accompanying PDFs visit http://www.handwrittentutorials.com

Acute glaucoma is one of the few emergencies in ophthalmology. It occurs when the drainage pathway in the eye blocks up suddenly. This makes the internal ocular pressure shoot up, and causes extreme eye pain and blurry vision (at least for most people).