Friday, June 10, 2016

1.If we read closely we can see that this text has three units. Verses
6-8 then verses9-12 and finally verses13-16. Before you even start work
verse-by-verse, look at these three units. Identify the general theme of each
unit.

VV6-8

Verse
6:

2.In v.6 we see the expression “three crimes of Israel, and now four”.
The New American Bible explains the meaning of this expression. The Lord God is
in a “bad mood”. The nations around Israel have been violating external and international relationships.
But when it comes to Israel (and Judah) The Lord God is angry against internal relationships—relationships inside
the society. The people of Israel have been violating the Covenant. The
Covenant is about the people being people
of The Lord God and The Lord God being
the Lord God of the people. Inside the Covenant are laws that are meant to avoid returning to the conditions in
Egypt and the life of slavery. People inside society should life
fraternally with justice and respect. That is the mark of a people of the Lord God.

3.The “just person” is described in Dt 7/11. But now, in verse 6, we see
that the just falls into debt. The poor also falls into debt. Look at how the
poor, is valued—as “a pair of sandals”. See the verses proposed by the NAB: Am
8:6; Sir 46:19. How do these verses help explain verse 6?

4.What is the problem with falling in debt? Let us see. Debt leads to
slavery. The inability to pay forces a person to accept becoming a slave to the
debtor. Inside Israel is still the
presence of slavery. What is wrong in this situation presented by verse 6?

Verse
7:

5.In v.7 we read about trampling the head of the weak and destitute. In
another part of Amos a similar phrase is mentioned, see Am 8/4.

·Do you see anything more
wrong (note: more) with trampling the head of the weak and poor?

·Ok, if there is something done to the destitute, poor and weak, what
does the verse say about those who do the trampling? Note then that there is a social relationship between those who
step on the weak and the “trampled”.

·Look at this: “into the dust of the earth”. Think Biblically. Remember
what “dust” could mean in the Bible. (Try if this hint can help: The human is
from earth but also…see Gen. 2/7). So what do you think could it mean to
trample someone “into the dust of the earth”?

6.Then, still in verse 7, we read about the father and the son. They
sleep with the same girl. Look at what the NAB says about it.

·If the father and the son sleep with the same girl, this act makes The
Lord God’s name dirty. Why? Think Biblically. Let us do a kind of “theology” of
name. Think of “name of The Lord God”. See, for example, Ex.3/8; Ex 3/14-15; Jer
1/19. The “name of The Lord God” tells us, therefore, about who The Lord God
is. Who is this The Lord God according to the name he has given?

VV.8-12

Verse
8

7.In v.8 we read about garments of the poor “taken in pledge”. The NAB
gives a footnote to this and also suggests that we look at Dt 24/12–13. (If you
read the verses you will notice that the NAB also proposes other verses for
Dt.24/13.) Check them out. Note that in the tradition of the people is a law
about pledges. It is part of the Covenant! The rule about garment in pledge is
violated. But there is something else, a further problem.

·Those who hold the garments lie on them and “recline beside any altar”.
What does this tell you—this “any altar”? The injustice is connected with what?

8.Next is the mention of wine. It is wine “at treasury expense”. This wine
is drank “in their temples”.

·Wine is associated with “temples”. So this is about what? (It is not
just about ordinary drinking). See if the following can help:

ØWine, in this verse, is confiscated wine. It belongs to its real
owner…the “treasury”. Wine is associated with many things…like with love: “I
drink my wine with my milk. Eat, friends; drink! Drink deeply, lovers!” (Song
of Sg 5/1). It can symbolize life (see Pr. 32/6). It is also associated with
the blessings of The Lord God (see Gn 27/28); symbolizing the Covenant between The
Lord God and people. During sacrifices, wine is offered to the Lord The Lord
God on the altar (see Ex 29/40). To have wine is therefore to have something of
great value. To lose it—and have it confiscated—is a sad thing to happen. Now
those who take the confiscated wine do not recognize the value.

9.So we see that the poor and the just and the weak are crushed miserably. The treatment towards
them are proofs of violation of the Covenant with the Lord God.

10.Now we shift gears. Let us look at verses 9-12.

Verses
9 to 11:

11.The Lord the Lord God will remind the people about the good things done
to them. There is, here, is history of the Lord God with the people. The NAB
proposes verses to supplement verse 9.

·Now, why mention the Amorites? Think Biblically. The NAB suggests some
other passages to look at. The Amorites have been occupying Palestine before the arrival of the Hebrews. At
one point when the Hebrews, under Moses, tried to enter Palestine, they were
blocked by Amorites. Well, the story tells us that the Hebrews overthrew the
Amorites (see Nm.21/21-31). Then in the Joshua story there was a battle against
the coalition of Amorites, in Joshua 10 and 11. Thanks to the battle the
Amorites were exterminated and the
Hebrews were able to start occupation of Canaan. So in this verse of Amos
we see how God prepared the land for the Hebrews.

·In verse 9, the Lord God “destroyed” them by getting rid of fruits and
roots. How do you understand this?

12.In verse 10 The Lord God says he has brought the people out of Egypt.
He had them pass through the desert to later occupy the land of the Amorites.
Notice that The Lord God is emphasizing that
it is him who liberated the people from Egypt.

13.Inverse 11 there is the presence of “prophets” and “nazirites”. Check
the footnotes of the NAB.

·What is so important with the presence of “prophets” and “nazirites”?

14.Notice that at the end of verse 11 The Lord God is even asking: “Is
this not so”. In other words the Lord God is saying “You, Israel, you know this”.
This is “divine speech”—an “oracle”—as the NAB explains in the footnote.

Verse
12

15.Verses 9-11 is a kind of “prelude” to verse 12. Notice how verses 9-11
are inter-connected. Notice: “destroy” (or prepare) in v.9, “occupy” in verse
10 and “presence of prophets and nazirites” in v.11. Something is wrong with
the way the prophets and nazirites are treated. With the treatment…what is the deep social problem?

VV 13-16

Verse
13

16.We have seen verses 6-8, verses 9-12. Now we read that the Lord The
Lord God is “fed up”. Verse 13 tells us about the mood of the Lord God and his
plan to do something. Verse 13 will prepare for verses 14-16. What exactly does
the Lord God want to do, as verse 13 indicates?

Verse
14

17.This verse is about the swift, the strong and the warrior. What happens
to each of them? They cannot flee and escape from what The Lord God will do to
them.

Verse
15:

18.This is about the archer, the swift of foot and the horseman. What
happens to each of them? There is no escape!

Verse
16

19.Here we see that even the most courageous (“stouthearted”) will be
completely empty and naked. No clothes and no weapons! Ok, maybe here the
feeling is possible. But is it successful? In the Bible nakedness is not
strictly sexual. It is associated more with poverty, limit, weakness, shame. In
Hosea we read: “Now I will lay bare her shame in full view of her lovers….”
(Hos.2/11). In Isaiah we read that “the king of Assyria lead away captives from
Egypt, and exiles from Ethiopia, young and old, naked and barefoot, with
buttocks uncovered, the shame of Egypt” (Is 20/4). Note that in nakedness there
is shame. Can you connect this with the Adam and Eve story?

20.Let us conclude. Verses
13-16 talks of fleeing, of trying to escape a penalty. Amos is indicating the
Assyrian occupation and destruction of the Northern Kingdom.

21.Israel will be penalized.
Israel will do many things to escape this penalty but to no success. Can you summarize
in a few words the core penalty that the Lord God wants to apply?

Conclusion:

22.A final work: After having
looked at the verses—all from 6 to 16—do you see a general flow? Look back: vv
6-8, then vv 9-12, then vv 13-16. See if a “sandwich” (or “chasm”) is possible:
vv6-8 and vv13-16 enclose vv9-12. In other words vv9-12 is “sandwiched”.

23.Is there any theme or topic
disturbing you as you work through Amos 2/6-16? Share it with others.

Saturday, June 4, 2016

1.Let us take
a look at the document published by the International Theological Commission
entitled “SELECT QUESTIONS ON THE
THEOLOGY OF GOD THE REDEEMER (1995)”. Let us select from this select some
passages that are relevant to our discussion on Christology. We will focus on
the Biblical reflections of the document (Part II, 1-20).

2.First of all,
it is worth noting that the document admits that there is “the internal
Christian debate on redemption, and especially to the question of how the
suffering and death of Christ is related to the winning of the world's
redemption” (Part I, 40). Within Christianity there are people who question the
“compensation or punishment” involved in redemption. God is very angry and
wants to punish us; God wants to be compensated from the hurt that we have done
to him. And so redemption occurred, in Christ, to appease God and to stop God
from punishing us.

3.The
document also admits that life is very hard and harsh, even more so today. The
pains and sufferings intensify. How relevant is this notion of redemption in
our world today? (See

(Part I, 40).

4.A renewed
reflection on redemption is thus felt imperative. So let us go into the
biblical reflections of the document.

5.Revelation,
for the people of Israel, was given in the Torah. For the Christian it was
given in Jesus Christ. This revelation, however, is engaged with a human world
where we still “moan”. We are still in the “crying” mode and life is not that
easy. Our human efforts to be free
from the conditions that enslave us fail.
We are finite creatures and yet we are called to be in communion with the
Infinite. We cannot do that move with our own efforts, i.e., from the finite to the infinite. Our hearts are continuously
restless. The document then asks: how do we find “redemption”?

6.The document gives us a list of Old Testament practices all of which indicate the
insight into redemption as a work for freedom. The go’el institution were designed for the liberty of an alienated family (or community). The rituals of
expiation were meant to liberate the people and allow them to re-connect with
God. The prophetic tradition showed the role of intercession again for the
liberty of the nation. Biblically, and for the Old Testament in particular,
redemption is a matter of making freedom possible for a people stuck in slavery,
in injustice, in sin. (See Part II, 1-6).

7.These
practices which we read in the Old Testament “are brought to a sharper focus in Jesus Christ”. In fact a
transformation happens with Jesus Christ. Let us dwell more on this because it is
relevant for our study of Christology.

8.Jesus
showed the path of liberation (#7). His message of the Kingdom “at hand”
included the call for everyone to get involved with it. The acts and words of
Jesus manifested the Kingdom; hence they were words and acts of liberty. His
parables shook ideas and thus liberated. They put down defenses and showed the
importance of “vulnerability” to God. In other words, Jesus conveyed the
importance of trust and confidence in God.

9.Jesus
himself was the living parable. He has such trust and confidence in God—Abba.
Jesus was willing to face the negative conditions of his mission; he showed in trust and in confidence that God, and not the “bad things”, will have the last
word. Jesus of Nazareth "had
no desire to control his future, as his radical trust in his Abba-Father freed
him from all such concerns” (#8).

10.The freedom of Jesus allowed him, for example, to share the table with sinners and
publicans. It allowed him communion with sinners (and this communion served as a sign of the Kingdom). Yes
the teachings of Jesus created tensions and there was the threat of the cross.
Jesus was willing to face even that. He was so free thanks to his confidence in
his Father. Note the central place of confidence and trust in the Father. This is liberating.
Jesus showed that he was a man of trust and confidence—he laid his life in his
Father’s hands. This allowed for the giving
of oneself.

11.Jesus,
being so confident in his Father, gave his life to his friends. If we use
contemporary words we can say that Jesus was “a-man-for-others”, he was “available”
to others, he gave himself to others, he was “in solidarity” with them. The
giving of self is glorifying, both for God and for us. “The way of Jesus of
Nazareth indicates that the free gift of oneself to the ways of God, cost what
it may, brings glory to ourselves and also to God” (#10). Note then that there
is no talk here of punishment and compensation. There is nothing here about
appeasing an angry God. The document states it well:

“The death of Jesus is not the act
of a merciless God exacting the supreme sacrifice; it is not a ‘buying back’
from some alienating power which has enslaved. It is the time and the place
where a God who is love and who loves us is made visible. Jesus crucified tells
how much God loves us, and affirms that in this gesture of love a human being
has given unconditional assent to God's ways” (#10).

12.Jesus knew
that love of God and he was in full confidence. He was willing to face
consequences in his preaching his message; in full confidence Jesus said “yes”
to God’s ways. Jesus showed who God was: it was a loving God all the time. No,
it was not a God of vengeance asking for sacrifice and pain from us. By living
that trust and confidence in God Jesus showed that God is love. This was made
visible in Jesus himself. Even with the threat of the cross Jesus did not
withdraw the loving identity of God. Jesus went all the way to show that God is loving.

13.Let us
pause for a while and look back at the institution of the go’el. In Jesus the
go’el has taken a new sense. Recall from your first semester that the go’el is
someone who “redeems” the family if, for example, the family falls in debt. The
go’el pays the debt and sets the family free. Someone in the family has to play
this role; vigilant that the family is always secure and free. It is in the
Jewish culture. Hence the go’el is member of the family. Jesus is member of the
family. He considers us his family and he is our go’el (or “ransom”). He
sustains our being-family with God the Father. Our rejection of God has broken
our family with God. Our go’el, Jesus, returns that unity—that community—with the
Father. How does Jesus pay? In our alienation from the Father we go as far as
crucify Jesus. (Remember that humans, and not God, killed Jesus.) We reject
Jesus. Jesus continues his mission to unify us with the Father; he is willing
to go up the cross. He risks his life. This is how he pays. He pays with his life; his life is the price
he pays with to redeem us. He can do this thanks to his full confidence in
the Father. He knows that “the Father loves him too much to forsake him in the
hour of peril” (St. Therese of Lisieux).

14.Part of
giving one’s life is through solidarity. Jesus, trusting the Father, entered
into solidarity with the suffering humanity. Note that the word used is “solidarity”
and not “substitution”. In
substitution God wants that we pay him—we compensate him for the hurt we have
done to him. But we are so small and God is so big. Whatever we offer God, it
is not satisfying, it does not compensate. So Jesus came to substitute for us. This is not Biblical.
Biblically Jesus came to be in solidarity
with us. God does not want our suffering. God is not taxing us for his
compensation. We are a family with God and so God joins us in solidarity
through Jesus Christ. Jesus came with the message of fraternity with God and
with each other—we are a family. Please note how very different this is from
the “substitution” type of redemption.

15.God, in Jesus,
was revealed as God of life and not a God of vengeance. God did not want our death and suffering. God did not
want these to be our destiny. In the teaching of Jesus “God is a God of the
living, not of the dead” (#11).In the solidarity of Christ with humanity Jesus
went “all the way”. The resurrection confirmed this.

16.In the Old
Testament we read about “expiation”. Ritually blood had to be shed, sprinkled
on the altar, in order to please God and make God forgive sins. This was the “expiation”
then. In Jesus it took a new form. In Jesus it meant the confirmation of our
being “of the same blood”—expiation meant the confirmation of our being a
family. Jesus was willing to shed blood—on the cross—so as not to lose our
fraternal and family links. The early Church already saw it this way, that “the
bloody event of Calvary demanded that the early Church explain, both for itself
and for its mission, the atoning efficacy of a sacrificial death of Jesus on
the Cross” (#11).

17.Biblically
blood marked life. The Old Testament saw it in terms of sacrifices, atonement
and expiation. In Jesus a transformation took place in meaning, language and
theology. So what was new in Jesus? (See #12).

i.In the Old Testament it was necessary to repeat
sacrifices over and over again. The sacrifice of Jesus however was definite and
final. There was no more need for another sacrifice and shedding of the blood.

ii.Death was not the work of salvation. Blood meant more
than just death. To shed blood did not have to mean death. It also meant life.
The document, in footnote 48, proposed these verses: Cf. Rom 6:5-11; Heb
9:11-12; 10:10. For St. Paul the blood of Christ went beyond the Leviticus
tradition of sprinkling on the altar. Blood was not just to compensate (as in
the rituals), in Jesus blood was his offering.

iii.Jesus died and it was a result of his obedience to the
Father. Note that this obedience did not mean appeasing God. In other words God
did not command Jesus to die on the cross. The obedience of Jesus was not about
this. It was “not the placating of an angry God” (#12,iii). The obedience of
Jesus meant that he accepted his mission to tell us about the Kingdom (God’s
love) to the point of offering himself in solidarity with us and even facing
the consequences of our rejection. It was an offering that made a new covenant
possible. It is now possible to live in community—in family—with God. It is also
possible for us to also follow Christ in obedience and patience (see Philem,
esp. vv. 15-17). Note that the obedience of Jesus was not about appeasing God—“placating
God”. The obedience of Jesus was a work of patience and justice. For us, in his
footsteps, it will mean living in a way that we sustain justice, that we live
fraternally with each other in communion with God. Later in Church tradition
this will mean in communion with the Trinity. This is what God wants. No, God does not want our pains and
suffering and punishment. He wants us to live well.

iv.There is a pneumatological dimension in the offering
of Jesus. He offered himself through the Holy Spirit. The cross, paradoxically,
was a way of witnessing to God. It was a way of showing how God is Father; this
was done through the Holy Spirit. Jesus had full confidence in his Father even
to the point of going up the cross. This was his acknowledgement of the Father.
The Holy Spirit bore witness to this; that we really see how Jesus was so
confident with the Father. Consequently even up the cross Jesus was already
able to put up the Church. The Holy Spirit was commended to the Church; in his
sacrifice Jesus also introduced the Holy Spirit.

v.The death of Jesus on the cross manifested, again
paradoxically perhaps, the glory of God. It was praising of God. Jesus remained
faithful all the way even to the
cross. Jesus obeyed the Father that even the cross did not serve as obstacle to
his obedience. The cross therefore meant that obedience of Jesus; the
confidence that God was never absent. For us this obedience of Jesus is our principle of obedience. The death of
Jesus was not just a passio it was
also an act, an action. It was the
act of obedience. “The sacrifice of Jesus on the Cross was not only passio, but also actio” (#12,v).

vi.The document emphasizes that this giving of self to
the Father in the Holy Spirit is considered as the most important dimension of
the death of Jesus. “…the voluntary self-offering to the Father, with its
pneumatic content, is the most important aspect of his death. The drama is not
a conflict between fate and the individual. On the contrary, the Cross is a
liturgy of obedience manifesting the unity between the Father and the Son in
the eternal Spirit” (#12,v). The cross was not an unfortunate destiny.

18.Note how
this perspective is so far from the usual “punishment and compensation” notion
of redemption.

19.Now, Jesus
said “yes” to the Father. So the Father said “yes” to Jesus. The Father said “yes”
to all that his Son did. In confirming this the Father raised the Son from the
dead. The Church affirms this. Let us cite the whole paragraph:

“Jesus risen affirms God’s gracious
response to such self-giving love. In the end, Christianity gazes upon an empty
Cross. Jesus of Nazareth’s unconditional acceptance of all that was asked of
him by his Father has led to the Father’s unconditional “yes” to all that Jesus
has said and done. It is the resurrection which proclaims that the way of Jesus
is the way that overcomes sin and death into a life which has no limits” (#13).

20.The Church
is called to proclaim the liberation from whatever dehumanizes us. The
proclamation involves the revelation of God in Jesus who lived, died and rose
from the dead. This proclamation reminds all of who they are—of who we are—as already
inscribed in creation. “The revelation of God in and through Jesus of Nazareth,
crucified but risen, calls us to be all that we were created to be: image of
God. “The person who participates in the love of God revealed in and through Jesus
Christ becomes what he or she was created to be: the image of God, as Jesus is
the icon of God” (#14). Note the importance of this statement.

21.The coming
of Jesus was not exclusively to redeem us! He came to confirm who we are: image
of God. We were created as God’s image and we are meant to live in communion
with God. This is who we are with or
without our sinning. It so happens, however, that we have sinned. Hence the
coming of Jesus took the character of redemption. His redemptive work became
his way of confirming our created order.

22.We can still
make a mess out of our lives. This is not to be denied. Adam’s history is still
our history. The obedience of Christ, however, offers hope. We can live a
redeemed life—that is, among us we work for fraternity were there are no slves,
no Greek, no Jew, etc. We are called to be truly human in a divided world.

23.St. Paul
can help us. Redemption, according to his letters to the Ephesians and Colossians,
is marked by peace. (See #17). Peace means being at peace with God, with others
and even with our own interior selves. This peace includes our relationship
with the whole cosmic world.

24.In the
Letter to the Hebrews redemption has taken the character of our being brothers
and sisters to one another. We are a family. (It may interest you to note that
historically, during the very early years of the Church, Christians called
their communities as “fraternities”).

25.Bear in
mind that Jesus showed the place of trust and confidence in the Father.
Christian living, also, is to be marked by this confidence. No more tears, so
to speak, no more harming each other. We are free, liberated, with the Holy
Spirit given to us. We move in confidence to the end of time. “Already gifted
with the Spirit, the freedom and the guarantee57 which flows from the death and
resurrection of Jesus, we move confidently towards the end of time crying: ‘Come,
Lord Jesus!’ (Rev 22:20)” (#20).