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All animal procedures were approved by the SUNY Downstate Medical

All animal procedures were approved by the SUNY Downstate Medical Center Animal Care and Use Committee. To prepare a liver-specific PLTP-expressed model, we took advantage of the FRT/Flp recombinase system. As shown in Fig. 1A, the Neo cassette is double flanked with LoxP and FRT sequences. We eliminated the Neo cassette specifically in the liver, by using adenovirus (AdV)-mediated expression of Flp recombinase, which recognizes the FRT sequences.24 The total cholesterol, total phospholipids, and TG in plasma were assayed by enzymatic methods. Lipoprotein profiles were obtained by fast protein Trametinib solubility dmso liquid chromatography (FPLC), using a Sepharose 6B column.7, 25 Plasma apoE, apoB, and apoA-I levels were determined

as described.26 Briefly, 0.2 μL plasma was separated by 4%-15% sodium dodecyl sulfate–polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE), and immunoblotted with polyclonal antibodies against apoB (Abcam), and apoA-I (Santa Cruz). Mice were injected with [35S]methionine (200 μCi) to label apoB, [14C]-oleic acid (100 μCi) to label TG, and with Poloxamer 407 to block the clearance of VLDL from the circulation. Plasma

(150 μL) was collected 120 minutes after injection, and VLDL was isolated from the plasma by ultracentrifugation. The same volume of isolated VLDL (250 μL) was loaded on 4%-15% gradient gel, and apoB was separated by SDS-PAGE. Incorporation of 35S into apoB48 and apoB100 was Vemurafenib in vivo assessed with a Fuji Bio-Imaging Analyzer.27 Lipids in isolated VLDL were extracted by the Folch method28 and separated by thin-layer chromatography (TLC). The amount of radioactivity in the TG fraction was measured by a liquid scintillation counter. Fasting mice (5 hours) were

injected intraperitoneally with [14C]-Oleic acid (100 μCi). Two hours after injection, the animals were sacrificed; livers were isolated and microsomes were prepared. Briefly, 350 mg of liver was placed in homogenization buffer (250 mM sucrose, 300 mM Imidazole [pH 7.4]), and homogenized for 1 minute. The homogenates selleck chemicals llc were spun at 500g for 10 minutes at 4°C. The postnuclear supernatant was spun at 100,000g for 1 hour at 4°C to pellet the microsomes. Microsomal pellets were collected, and luminal contents were released using 0.1 M sodium carbonate (pH 11.0) for 25 minutes at 21°C. After incubation, 5 mg/mL bovine serum albumin was added to each sample. All the samples were then centrifuged at 100,000g for 90 minutes at 21°C to separate the soluble contents (luminal) from the membranes. The contents were then neutralized by 10 mM Tris-HCL (pH 7.4), and lipids were extracted using the Folch method.28 The solvent was evaporated using nitrogen flow. Lipids were dissolved in chloroform and then subjected to TLC using Silica Gel 60 A (Whatman International Ltd, England) with a solvent system composed of hexane: diethyl ether:acetic acid (80:20:1).