The Kama Sutra of Vatsyayana, by Richard F. Burton

Part vi

Introductory remarks

This Part VI, about courtesans, was prepared by Vatsyayana from a treatise on the subject that was written by
Dattaka, for the women of Pataliputra (the modern Patna), some two thousand years ago. Dattaka's work does not appear
to be extant now, but this abridgement of it is very clever, and quite equal to any of the productions of Emile Zola,
and other writers of the realistic school of today.

Although a great deal has been written on the subject of the courtesan, nowhere will be found a better description
of her, of her belongings, of her ideas, and of the working of her mind, than is contained in the following pages.

The details of the domestic and social life of the early Hindoos would not be complete without mention of the
courtesan, and Part VI is entirely devoted to this subject. The Hindoos have ever had the good sense to recognise
courtesans as a part and portion of human society, and so long as they behaved themselves with decency and propriety
they were regarded with a certain respect. Anyhow, they have never been treated in the East with that brutality and
contempt so common in the West, while their education has always been of a superior kind to that bestowed upon the rest
of womankind in Oriental countries.

In the earlier days the well-educated Hindoo dancing girl and courtesan doubtless resembled the Hetera of the
Greeks, and, being educated and amusing, were far more acceptable as companions than the generality of the married or
unmarried women of that period. At all times and in all countries, there has ever been a little rivalry between the
chaste and the unchaste. But while some women are born courtesans, and follow the instincts of their nature in every
class of society, it has been truly said by some authors that every woman has got an inkling of the profession in her
nature, and does her best, as a general rule, to make herself agreeable to the male sex.

The subtlety of women, their wonderful perceptive powers, their knowledge, and their intuitive appreciation of men
and things are all shown in the following pages, which may be looked upon as a concentrated essence that has been since
worked up into detail by many writers in every quarter of the globe.

Chapter i

Of the causes of a courtesan resorting to men; of the means of attaching to herself the man desired; and of the
kind of man that it is desirable to be acquainted with

By having intercourse with men courtesans obtain sexual pleasure, as well as their own maintenance. Now when a
courtesan takes up with a man from love, the action is natural; but when she resorts to him for the purpose of getting
money, her action is artificial or forced. Even in the latter case, however, she should conduct herself as if her love
were indeed natural, because men repose their confidence on those women who apparently love them. In making known her
love to the man, she should show an entire freedom from avarice, and for the sake of her future credit she should
abstain from acquiring money from him by unlawful means.

A courtesan, well dressed and wearing her ornaments, should sit or stand at the door of her house, and, without
exposing herself too much, should look on the public road so as to be seen by the passers by, she being like an object
on view for sale. 1 She should form friendships with
such persons as would enable her to separate men from other women, and attach them to herself, to repair her own
misfortunes, to acquire wealth, and to protect her from being bullied, or set upon by persons with whom she may have
dealings of some kind or another.

These persons are:

The guards of the town, or the police

The officers of the courts of justice

Astrologers

Powerful men, or men with interest

Learned men

Teachers of the sixty-four arts

Pithamardas or confidants

Vitas or parasites

Vidushakas or jesters

Flower sellers

Perfumers

Vendors of spirits

Washermen

Barbers

Beggars

And such other persons as may be found necessary for the particular object to be acquired.

The following kinds of men may be taken up with, simply for the purpose of getting their money:

Men of independent income

Young men

Men who are free from any ties

Men who hold places of authority under the king

Men who have secured their means of livelihood without difficulty

Men possessed of unfailing sources of income

Men who consider themselves handsome

Men who are always praising themselves

One who is a eunuch, but wishes to be thought a man

One who hates his equals One who is naturally liberal

One who has influence with the king or his ministers

One who is always fortunate

One who is proud of his wealth

One who disobeys the orders of his elders

One upon whom the members of his caste keep an eye

An only son whose father is wealthy

An ascetic who is internally troubled with desire

A brave man

A physician of the king

Previous acquaintances

On the other hand, those who are possessed of excellent qualities are to be resorted to for the sake of love, and
fame. Such men are as follows:

Men of high birth, learned, with a good knowledge of the world, and doing the proper things at the proper times,
poets, good story tellers, eloquent men, energetic men, skilled in various arts, far-seeing into the future, possessed
of great minds, full of perseverance, of a firm devotion, free from anger, liberal, affectionate to their parents, and
with a liking for all social gatherings, skilled in completing verses begun by others and in various other sports, free
from all disease, possessed of a perfect body, strong, and not addicted to drinking, powerful in sexual enjoyment,
sociable, showing love towards women and attracting their hearts to himself, but not entirely devoted to them,
possessed of independent means of livelihood, free from envy, and last of all, free from suspicion.

Such are the good qualifies of a man.

The woman also should have the following characteristics:

She should be possessed of beauty, and amiability, with auspicious body marks. She should have a liking for good
qualifies in other people, as also a liking for wealth. She should take delight in sexual unions, resulting from love,
and should be of a firm mind, and of the same class as the man with regard to sexual enjoyment.

She should always be anxious to acquire and obtain experience and knowledge, be free from avarice, and always have a
liking for social gatherings, and for the arts.

The following are the ordinary qualities of all women:

To be possessed of intelligence, good disposition, and good manners; to be straightforward in behaviour, and to be
grateful; to consider well the future before doing anything; to possess activity, to be of consistent behaviour, and to
have a knowledge of the proper times and places for doing things; to speak always without meanness, loud laughter,
malignity, anger, avarice, dullness, or stupidity; to have a knowledge of the Kama Sutra, and to be skilled in all the
arts connected with it.

The faults of women are to be known by the absence of any of the above mentioned good qualities.

The following kinds of men are not fit to be resorted to by courtesans:

One who is consumptive; one who is sickly; one whose mouth contains worms; one whose breath smells like human
excrement; one whose wife is dear to him; one who speaks harshly; one who is always suspicious; one who is avaricious;
one who is pitiless; one who is a thief; one who is self-conceited; one who has a liking for sorcery; one who does not
care for respect or disrespect; one who can be gained over even by his enemies by means of money; and lastly, one who
is extremely bashful.

Ancient authors are of opinion that the causes of a courtesan resorting to men are love, fear, money, pleasure,
returning some act of enmity, curiosity, sorrow, constant intercourse, Dharma, celebrity, compassion, the desire of
having a friend, shame, the likeness of the man to some beloved person, the search after good fortune, the getting rid
of the love of somebody else, the being of the same class as the man with respect to sexual union, living in the same
place, constancy, and poverty. But Vatsyayana decides that desire of wealth, freedom from misfortune, and love are the
only causes that affect the union of courtesans with men.

Now a courtesan should not sacrifice money to her love, because money is the chief thing to be attended to. But in
cases of fear, etc., she should pay regard to strength and other qualities. Moreover, even though she be invited by any
man to join him, she shoUld not at once consent to a union, because men are apt to despise things which are easily
acquired. On such occasions she should first send the shampooers, and the singers, and the jesters, who may be in her
service, or, in their absence the Pithamardas, or confidants, and others, to find out the state of his feelings, and
the condition of his mind. By means of these persons she should ascertain whether the man is pure or impure, affected,
or the reverse, capable of attachment, or indifferent, liberal or niggardly; and if she finds him to her liking, she
should then employ the Vita and others to attach his mind to her.

Accordingly, the Pithamarda should bring the man to her house, under the pretence of seeing the fights of quails,
cocks, and rams, of hearing the mania (a kind of starling) talk, or of seeing some other spectacle, or the practice of
some art; or he may take the woman to the abode of the man. After this, when the man comes to her house the woman
should give him something capable of producing curiosity, and love in his heart, such as an affectionate present,
telling him that it was specially designed for his use. She should also amuse him for a long time by telling him such
stories, and doing such things as he may take most delight in. When he goes away she should frequently send to him a
female attendant, skilled in carrying on a jesting conversation, and also a small present at the same time. She should
also sometimes go to him herself under the pretence of some business, and accompanied by the Pithamarda.

Thus end the means of attaching to herself the man desired.

There are also some verses on the subject as follows:

'When a lover comes to her abode, a courtesan should give him a mixture of betel leaves and betel nut, garlands of
flowers, and perfumed ointments, and, showing her skill in arts, should entertain him with a long conversation. She
should also give him some loving presents, and make an exchange of her own things with his, and at the same time should
show him her skill in sexual enjoyment. When a courtesan is thus united with her lover she should always delight him by
affectionate gifts, by conversation, and by the application of tender means of enjoyment.'

1 1 In England the lower classes of courtesans walk the streets: in India and other
places in the East, they sit at the windows, or at the doors of their houses.

Chapter ii

Of living like a wife

When a courtesan is living as a wife with her lover, she should behave like a chaste woman, and do everything to his
satisfaction. Her duty in this respect, in short, is, that she should give him pleasure, but should not become attached
to him, though behaving as if she were really attached.

Now the following is the manner in which she is to conduct herself, so as to accomplish the above mentioned purpose.
She should have a mother dependent on her, one who should be represented as very harsh, and who looked upon money as
her chief object in life. In the event of there being no mother, then an old and confidential nurse should play the
same role. The mother or nurse, on their part, should appear to be displeased with the lover, and forcibly take her
away from him. The woman herself should always show pretended anger, dejection, fear, and shame on this account, but
should not disobey the mother or nurse at any time.

She should make out to the mother or nurse that the man is suffering from bad health, and making this a pretext for
going to see him, she should go on that account. She is, moreover, to do the following things for the purpose of
gaining the man's favour:

Sending her female attendant to bring the flowers used by him on the previous day, in order that she may use them
herself as a mark of affection, also asking for the mixture of betel nut and leaves that have remained uneaten by him;
expressing wonder at his knowledge of sexual intercourse, and the several means of enjoyment used by him; learning from
him the sixty-four kinds of pleasure mentioned by Babhravya; continually practising the ways of enjoyment as taught by
him, and according to his liking; keeping his secrets; telling him her own desires and secrets; concealing her anger;
never neglecting him on the bed when he turns his face towards her; touching any parts of his body according to his
wish; kissing and embracing him when he is asleep; looking at him with apparent anxiety when he is wrapt in thought, or
thinking of some other subject than herself; showing neither complete shamelessness, nor excessive bashfulness when he
meets her, or sees her standing on the terrace of her house from the public road; hating his enemies; loving those who
are dear to him; showing a liking for that which he likes; being in high or low spirits according to the state that he
is in himself; expressing a curiosity to see his wives; not continuing her anger for a long time; suspecting even the
marks and wounds made by herself with. her nails and teeth on his body to have been made by some other woman; keeping
her love for him unexpressed by words, but showing it by deeds, and signs, and hints; remaining silent when he is
asleep, intoxicated, or sick; being very attentive when he describes his good actions, and reciting them afterwards to
his praise and benefit; giving witty replies to him if he be sufficiently attached to her; listening to all his
stories, except those that relate to her rivals; expressing feelings of dejection and sorrow if he sighs, yawns, or
falls down; pronouncing the words 'live long' when he sneezes; pretending to be ill, or to have the desire of
pregnancy, when she feels dejected; abstaining from praising the good qualities of anybody else, and from censuring
those who possess the same faults as her own man; wearing anything that may have been given to her by him; abstaining
from putting on her ornaments, and from taking food when he is in pain, sick, low-spirited, or suffering from
misfortune, and condoling and lamenting with him over the same; wishing to accompany him if he happens to leave the
country himself or if he be banished from it by the king; expressing a desire not to live after him; telling him that
the whole object and desire of her life was to be united with him; offering previously promised sacrifices to the Deity
when he acquires wealth, or has some desire fulfilled, or when he has recovered from some illness or disease; putting
on ornaments every day; not acting too freely with him; reciting his name and the name of his family in her songs
placing his hand on her loins, bosom and forehead, and falling asleep after feeling the pleasure of his touch; sitting
on his lap and falling asleep there; wishing to have a child by him; desiring not to live longer than he does;
abstaining from revealing his secrets to others; dissuading him from vows and fasts by saying 'let the sin fall upon
me'; keeping vows and fasts along with him when it is impossible to change his mind on the subject; telling him that
vows and fasts are difficult to be observed, even by herself, when she has any dispute with him about them; looking on
her own wealth and his without any distinction; abstaining from going to public assemblies without him, and
accompanying him when he desires her to do so; taking delight in using things previously used by him, and in eating
food that he has left uneaten; venerating his family, his disposition, his skill in the arts, his learning, his caste,
his complexion, his native country, his friends, his good qualifies, his age, and his sweet temper; asking him to sing,
and to do other such like things, if able to do them; going to him without paying any regard to fear, to cold, to heat,
or to rain; saying with regard to the next world that he should be her lover even there; adapting her tastes,
disposition and actions to his liking; abstaining from sorcery; disputing continually with her mother on the subject of
going to him, and, when forcibly taken by her mother to some other place, expressing her desire to die by taking
poison, by starving herself to death, by stabbing herself with some weapon, or by hanging herself; and lastly assuring
the man of her constancy and love by means of her agents, and receiving money herself, but abstaining from any dispute
with her mother with regard to pecuniary matters.

When the man sets out on a journey, she should make him swear that he will return quickly, and in his absence should
put aside her vows of worshipping the Deity, and should wear no ornaments except those that are lucky. If the time
fixed for his return has passed, she should endeavour to ascertain the real time of his return from omens, from the
reports of the people, and from the positions of the planets, the moon and the stars. On occasions of amusement, and of
auspicious dreams, she should say 'Let me be soon united to him.' If, moreover, she feels melancholy, or sees any
inauspicious omen, she should perform some rite to appease the Deity. 1

When the man does return home she should worship the God Kama', and offer oblations to other Deities, and having
caused a pot filled with water to be brought by her friends, she should perform the worship in honour of the crow who
eats the offerings which we make to the manes of deceased relations. After the first visit is over she should ask her
lover also to perform certain rites, and this he will do if he is sufficiently attached to her.

Now a man is said to be sufficiently attached to a woman when his love is disinterested; when he has the same object
in view as his beloved one; when he is quite free from any suspicions on her account; and when he is indifferent to
money with regard to her.

Such is the manner of a courtesan living with a man like a wife, and set forth here for the sake of guidance from
the rules of Dattaka. What is not laid down here should be practised according to the custom of the people, and the
nature of each individual man.

There are also two verses on the subject as follows:

'The extent of the love of women is not known, even to those who are the objects of their affection, on account of
its subtlety, and on account of the avarice, and natural intelligence of womankind.'

'Women are hardly ever known in their true light, though they may love men, or become indifferent towards them, may
give them delight, or abandon them, or may extract from them all the wealth that they may possess.'

Chapter iii

Of the means of getting money, of the signs of the change of a lover's feelings, and of the way to get rid of
him

Money is got out of a lover in two ways:

By natural or lawful means, and by artifices. Old authors are of opinion that when a courtesan can get as much money
as she wants from her lover, she should not make use of artifice. But Vatsyayana lays down that though she may get some
money from him by natural means, yet when she makes use of artifice he gives her doubly more, and therefore artifice
should be resorted to for the purpose of extorting money from him at all events.

Now the artifices to be used for getting money from her lover are as follows:

Taking money from him on different occasions, for the purpose of purchasing various articles, such as ornaments,
food, drink, flowers, perfumes and clothes, and either not buying them, or getting from him more than their cost.
Praising his intelligence to his face.
Pretending to be obliged to make gifts on occasion of festivals connected with vows, trees, gardens, temples, or
tanks. 1
Pretending that at the time of going to his house, her jewels have been stolen either by the king's guards, or by
robbers.
Alleging that her property has been destroyed by fire, by the falling of her house, or by the carelessness of her
servants.
Pretending to have lost the ornaments of her lover along with her own.
Causing him to hear through other people of the expenses incurred by her in coming to see him.
Contracting debts for the sake of her lover.
Disputing with her mother on account of some expense incurred by her for her lover, and which was not approved of by
her mother.
Not going to parties and festivities in the houses of her friends for the want of presents to make to them, she having
previously informed her lover of the valuable presents given to her by these very friends.
Not performing certain festive rites under the pretence that she has no money to perform them with.
Engaging artists to do something for her lover.
Entertaining physicians and ministers for the purpose of attaining some object.
Assisting friends and benefactors both on festive occasions, and in misfortune.
Performing household rites.
Having to pay the expenses of the ceremony of marriage of the son of a female friend.
Having to satisfy curious wishes including her state of pregnancy.
Pretending to be ill, and charging her cost of treatment.
Having to remove the troubles of a friend.
Selling some of her ornaments, so as to give her lover a present.
Pretending to sell some of her ornaments, furniture, or cooking utensils to a trader, who has been already tutored how
to behave in the matter.
Having to buy cooking utensils of greater value than those of other people, so that they might be more easily
distinguished, and not changed for others of an inferior description.
Remembering the former favours of her lover, and causing them always to be spoken of by her friends and
followers.
Informing her lover of the great gains of other courtesans.
Describing before them, and in the presence of her lover, her own great gains, and making them out to be greater even
than theirs, though such may not have been really the case.
Openly opposing her mother when she endeavours to persuade her to take up with men with whom she has been formerly
acquainted, on account of the great gains to be got from them.
Lastly, pointing out to her lover the liberality of his rivals.
Thus end the ways and means of getting money.

A woman should always know the state of the mind, of the feelings, and of the disposition of her lover towards her
from the changes of his temper, his manner, and the colour of his face.

The behaviour of a waning lover is as follows:

He gives the woman either less than is wanted, or something else than that which is asked for.
He keeps her in hopes by promises.
He pretends to do one thing, and does something else.
He does not fulfil her desires.
He forgets his promises, or does something else than that which he has promised.
He speaks with his own servants in a mysterious way.
He sleeps in some other house under the pretence of having to do something for a friend.
Lastly, he speaks in private with the attendants of a woman with whom he was formerly acquainted.

Now when a courtesan finds that her lover's disposition towards her is changing, she should get possession of all
his best things before he becomes aware of her intentions, and allow a supposed creditor to take them away forcibly
from her in satisfaction of some pretended debt. After this, if the lover is rich, and has always behaved well towards
her, she should ever treat him with respect; but if he is poor and destitute, she should get rid of him as if she had
never been acquainted with him in any way before.

The means of getting rid of a lover are as follows:

Describing the habits and vices of the lover as disagreeable and censurable, with the sneer of the lip, and the
stamp of the foot.
Speaking on a subject with which he is not acquainted.
Showing no admiration for his learning, and passing a censure upon it.
Putting down his pride.
Seeking the company of men who are superior to him in learning and wisdom.
Showing a disregard for him on all occasions.
Censuring men possessed of the same faults as her lover.
Expressing dissatisfaction at the ways and means of enjoyment used by him.
Not giving him her mouth to kiss.
Refusing access to her jaghana, i.e. the part of the body between the navel and the thighs.
Showing a dislike for the wounds made by his nails and teeth.
Not pressing close up against him at the time when he embraces her.
Keeping her limbs without movement at the time of congress.
Desiring him to enjoy her when he is fatigued.
Laughing at his attachment to her.
Not responding to his embraces.
Turning away from him when be begins to embrace her.
Pretending to be sleepy.
Going out visiting, or into company, when she perceives his desire to enjoy her during the daytime.
Mis-constructing his words.
Laughing without any joke, or, at the time of any joke made by him, laughing under some pretence.
Looking with side glances at her own attendants, and clapping her hands when he says anything.
Interrupting him in the middle of his stories, and beginning to tell other stories herself.
Reciting his faults and his vices, and declaring them to be incurable.
Saying words to her female attendants calculated to cut the heart of her lover to the quick.
Taking care not to look at him when he comes to her.
Asking him what cannot be granted.
And, after all, finally dismissing him.

There are also two verses on this subject as follows:

'The duty of a courtesan consists in forming connections with suitable men after due and full consideration, and
attaching the person with whom she is united to herself; in obtaining wealth from the person who is attached to her,
and then dismissing him after she has taken away all his possessions.'

'A courtesan leading in this manner the life of a wife is not troubled with too many lovers, and yet obtains
abundance of wealth.'

1 On the completion of a vow a festival takes place. Some trees, such as the Peepul
and Banyan trees, are invested with sacred threads like the Brahman's, and on the occasion of this ceremony a festival
is given. In the same way when gardens are made, and tanks or temples built, then also festivals are observed.

Chapter iv

About re-union with a former lover

When a courtesan abandons her present lover after all his wealth is exhausted, she may then consider about her
reunion with a former lover. But she should return to him only if he has acquired fresh wealth, or is still wealthy,
and if he is still attached to her. And if this man be living at the time with some other woman she should consider
well before she acts.

Now such a man can only be in one of the six following conditions:

He may have left the first woman of his own accord, and may even have left another woman since then.
He may have been driven away from both women.
He may have left the one woman of her own accord, and been driven away by the other.
He may have left the one woman of his own accord, and be living with another woman.
He may have been driven away from the one woman, and left the other of his own accord.
He may have been driven away by the one woman, and may be living with another.

Now if the man has left both women of his own accord, he should not be resorted to, on account of the fickleness of
his mind, and his indifference to the excellences of both of them.

As regards the man who may have been driven away from both women, if he has been driven away from the last one
because the woman could get more money from some other man, then he should be resorted to, for if attached to the first
woman he would give her more money, through vanity and emulation to spite the other woman. But if he has been driven
away by the woman on account of his poverty, or stinginess, he should not then be resorted to.

In the case of the man who may have left the one woman of his own accord, and been driven away by the other, if he
agrees to return to the former and give her plenty of money beforehand, then he should be resorted to.

In the case of the man who may have left the one woman of his own accord, and be living with another woman, the
former (wishing to take up with him again) should first ascertain if he left her in the first instance in the hope of
finding some particular excellence in the other woman, and that not having found any such excellence, he was willing to
come back to her, and to give her much money on account of his conduct, and on account of his affection still existing
for her.

Or, whether, having discovered many faults in the other woman, he would now see even more excellences in herself
than actually exist, and would be prepared to give her much money for these qualities.

Or, lastly, to consider whether he was a weak man, or a man fond of enjoying many women, or one who liked a poor
woman, or one who never did anything for the woman that he was with. After maturely considering all these things, she
should resort to him or not, according to circumstances.

As regards the man who may have been driven away from the one woman, and left the other of his own accord, the
former woman (wishing to reunite with him) should first ascertain whether he still has any affection for her, and would
consequently spend much money upon her; or whether, being attached to her excellent qualities, he did not take delight
in any other woman; or whether, being driven away from her formerly before completely satisfying his sexual desires, he
wished to get back to her, so as to be revenged for the injury done to him; or whether he wished to create confidence
in her mind, and then take back from her the wealth which she formerly took from him, and finally destroy her; or,
lastly, whether he wished first to separate her from her present lover, and then to break away from her himself. If,
after considering all these things, sire is of opinion that his intentions are really pure and honest, she can reunite
herself with him. But if his mind be at all tainted with evil intentions, he should be avoided.

In the case of the man who may have been driven away by one woman, and be living with another, if the man makes
overtures to return to the first one, the courtesan should consider well before she acts, and while the other woman is
engaged in attracting him to herself, she should try in her turn (though keeping herself behind the scenes) to gain him
over, on the grounds of any of the following considerations:

That he was driven away unjustly and for no proper reason, and now that he has gone to another woman, every effort
must be used to bring him back to myself.
That if he were once to converse with me again, he would break away from the other woman.
That the pride of my present lover would be put down by means of the former one.
That he has become wealthy, has secured a higher position, and holds a place of authority under the king.
That he is separate from his wife.
That he is now independent.
That he lives apart from his father, or brother.
That by making peace with him, I shall be able to get hold of a very rich man, who is now prevented from coming to me
by my present lover.
That as he is not respected by his wife, I shall now be able to separate him from her.
That the friend of this man loves my rival, who hates me cordially, I shall therefore by this means separate the friend
from his mistress.
And lastly, I shall bring discredit upon him by bringing him back to me, thus showing the fickleness of his mind.

When a courtesan is resolved to take up again with a former lover, her Pithamarda and other servants should tell him
that his former expulsion from the woman's house was caused by the wickedness of her mother; that the woman loved him
just as much as ever at that time, but could not help the occurrence on account of her deference to her mother's will;
that she hated the union of her present lover, and disliked him excessively. In addition to this, they should create
confidence in his mind by speaking to him of her former love for him, and should allude to the mark of that love that
she has ever remembered. This mark of her love should be connected with some kind of pleasure that may have been
practised by him, such as his way of kissing her, or manner 'of having connection with her.

Thus end the ways of bringing about a reunion with a former lover.

When a woman has to choose between two lovers, one of whom was formerly united with her, while the other is a
stranger, the Acharyas (sages) are of opinion that the first one is preferable, because his disposition and character
being already known by previous careful observation, he can be easily pleased and satisfied; but Vatsyayana thinks that
a former lover, having already spent a great deal of his wealth, is not able or willing to give much money again, and
is not therefore to be relied upon so much as a stranger. Particular cases may however arise differing from this
general rule on account of the different natures of men.

There are also verses on the subject as follows:

'Reunion with a former lover may be desirable so as to separate some particular woman from some particular man, or
some particular man from some particular woman, or to have a certain effect upon the present lover.'

'When a man is excessively attached to a woman, he is afraid of her coming into contact with other men; he does not
then regard or notice her faults and he gives her much wealth through fear of her leaving him.'

'A courtesan should be agreeable to the man who is attached to her, and despise the man who does not care for her.
If while she is living with one man, a messenger comes to her from some other man, she may either refuse to listen to
any negotiations on his part, or appoint a fixed time for him to visit her, but she should not leave the man who may be
living with her and who may be attached to her.'

'A wise woman should only renew her connection with a former lover, if she is satisfied that good fortune, gain,
love, and friendship, are likely to be the result of such a reunion.'

Chapter v

Of different kinds of gain

When a courtesan is able to realize much money every day, by reason of many customers, she should not confine
herself to a single lover; under such circumstances, she should fix her rate for one night, after considering the
place, the season, and the condition of the people, and having regard to her own good qualities and good looks, and
after comparing her rates with those of other courtesans. She can inform her lovers, and friends, and acquaintances
about these charges. If, however, she can obtain a great gain from a single lover, she may resort to him alone, and
live with him like a wife.

Now the sages are of opinion that, when a courtesan has the chance of an equal gain from two lovers at the same
time, a preference should be given to the one who would give her the kind of thing which she wants. But Vatsyayana says
that the preference should be given to the one who gives her gold, because it cannot be taken back like some other
things, it can be easily received, and is also the means of procuring anything that may be wished for. Of such things
as gold, silver, copper, bell metal, iron, pots, furniture, beds, upper garments, under vestments, fragrant substances,
vessels made of gourds, ghee, oil, corn, cattle, and other things of a like nature, the first - gold - is superior to
all the others.

When the same labour is required to gain any two lovers, or when the same kind of thing is to be got from each of
them, the choice should be made by the advice of a friend, or it may be made from their personal qualities, or from the
signs of good or bad fortune that may be connected with them.

When there are two lovers, one of whom is attached to the courtesan, and the other is simply very generous, the
sages say that the preference should be given to the generous lover, but Vatsyayana is of opinion that the one who is
really attached to the courtesan should be preferred, because he can be made to be generous, even as a miser gives
money if he becomes fond of a woman, but a mail who is simply generous cannot be made to love with real attachment. But
among those who are attached to her, if there is one who is poor, and one who is rich, the preference is of course to
be given to the latter.

When there are two lovers, one of whom is generous, and the other ready to do any service for the courtesan, some
sages say that the one who is ready to do the service should be preferred, but Vatsyayana is of opinion that a man who
does a service thinks that he has gained his object when he has done something once, but a generous man does not care
for what he has given before. Even here the choice should be guided by the likelihood of the future good to be derived
from her union with either of them.

When one of the two lovers is grateful, and the other liberal, some sages say that the liberal one should be
preferred, but Vatsyayana is of opinion that the former should be chosen, because liberal men are generally haughty,
plain spoken, and wanting in consideration towards others. Even though these liberal men have been on friendly terms
for a long time, yet if they see any fault in the courtesan, or are told lies about her by some other woman, they do
not care for past services, but leave abruptly. On the other hand the grateful man does not at once break off from her,
on account of a regard for the pains she may have taken to please him. In this case also the choice is to be guided
with respect to what may happen in future.

When an occasion for complying with the request of a friend, and a chance of getting money come together, the sages
say that the chance of getting money should be preferred. But Vatsyayana thinks that the money can be obtained tomorrow
as well as today, but if the request of a friend be riot at once complied with, he may become disaffected. Even here,
in making the choice, regard must be paid to future good fortune.

On such an occasion, however, the courtesan might pacify her friend by pretending to have some work to do, and
telling him that his request will be complied with next day, and in this way secure the chance of getting the money
that has been offered her.

When the chance of getting money and the chance of avoiding some disaster come at the same time, the sages are of
opinion that the chance of getting money should be preferred, but Vatsyayana says that money has only a limited
importance, while a disaster that is once averted may never occur again. Here, however, the choice should be guided by
the greatness or smallness of the disaster.

The gains of the wealthiest and best kind of courtesans are to be spent as follows:

Building temples, tanks, and gardens; giving a thousand cows to different Brahmans; carrying on the worship of the
Gods, and celebrating festivals in their honour; and lastly, performing such vows as may be within their means.

The gains of other courtesans are to be spent as follows:

Having a white dress to wear every day; getting sufficient food and drink to satisfy hunger and thirst; eating daily
a perfumed tambula, i.e. a mixture of betel nut and betel leaves; and wearing ornaments gilt with gold. The sages say
that these represent the gains of all the middle and lower classes of courtesans, but Vatsyayana is of opinion that
their gains cannot be calculated, or fixed in any way, as these depend on the influence of the place, the customs of
the people, their own appearance, and many other things.

When a courtesan wants to keep some particular man from some other woman; or wishes to get him away from some woman
to whom he may be attached or to deprive some woman of the gains realized by her from him; or if she thinks that she
would raise her position or enjoy some great good fortune or become desirable to all men by uniting herself with this
man; or if she wishes to get his assistance in averting some misfortune; or is really attached to him and loves him; or
wishes to injure some body through his means; or has regard to some former favour conferred upon her by him; or wishes
to be united with him merely from desire; for any of the above reasons, she should agree to take from him only a small
sum of money in a friendly way.

When a courtesan intends to abandon a particular lover, and take up with another one; or when she has reason to
believe that her lover will shortly leave her, and return to his wives; or that having squandered all his money, and
become penniless, his guardian, or master, or father would come and take him away; or that her lover is about to lose
his position or, lastly, that he is of a very fickle mind, she should, under any of these circumstances, endeavour to
get as much money as she can from him as soon as possible.

On the other hand, when the courtesan thinks that her lover is about to receive valuable presents; or get a place of
authority from the king; or be near the time of inheriting a fortune; or that his ship would soon arrive laden with
merchandise; or that he has large stocks of corn and other commodities; or that if anything was done for him it would
not be done in vain; or that he is always true to his word; then should she have regard to her future welfare, and live
with the man like a wife.

There are also verses on the subject as follows:

'In considering her present gains, and her future welfare, a courtesan should avoid such persons as have gained
their means of subsistence with very great difficulty, as also those who have become selfish and hard-hearted by
becoming the favourites of kings.'

'She should make every endeavour to unite herself with prosperous and well-to-do people, and with those whom it is
dangerous to avoid, or to slight in any way. Even at some cost to herself she should become acquainted with energetic
and liberal-minded men, who when pleased would give her a large sum of money, even for very little service, or for some
small thing.'

Chapter vi

Of gains and losses; attendant gains and losses; and doubts; as also of the different kinds of courtesans

It sometimes happens that while gains are being sought for, or expected to be realized, losses only are the result
of our efforts. The causes of these losses are:

Weakness of intellect

Excessive love

Excessive pride

Excessive self conceit

Excessive simplicity

Excessive confidence

Excessive anger

Carelessness

Recklessness

Influence of evil genius

Accidental circumstances

The results of these losses are:

Expense incurred without any result

Destruction of future good fortune

Stoppage of gains about to be realized

Loss of what is already obtained

Acquisition of a sour temper

Becoming unamiable to every body

Injury to health

Loss of hair and other accidents

Now gain is of three kinds: gain of wealth, gain of religious merit, and gain of pleasure; and similarly loss is of
three kinds: loss of wealth, loss of religious merit, and loss of pleasure. At the time when gains are sought for, if
other gains come along with them, these are called attendant gains. When gain is uncertain, the doubt of its being a
gain is called a simple doubt. When there is a doubt whether either of two things will happen or not, it is called a
mixed doubt. If while one thing is being done two results take place, it is called a combination of two results, and if
several results follow from the same action, it is called a combination of results on every side.

We shall now give examples of the above.

As already stated, gain is of three kinds, and loss, which is opposed to gain, is also of three kinds.

When by living with a great man a courtesan acquires present wealth, and in addition to this becomes acquainted with
other people, and thus obtains a chance of future fortune, and an accession of wealth, and becomes desirable to all,
this is called a gain of wealth attended by other gain.

When by living with a man a courtesan simply gets money, this is called a gain of wealth not attended by any other
gain.

When a courtesan receives money from other people besides her lover, the results are the chance of the loss of
future good from her present lover; the chance of disaffection of a man securely attached to her; the hatred of all;
and the chance of a union with some low person, tending to destroy her future good. This gain is called a gain of
wealth attended by losses.

When a courtesan, at her own expense, and without any results in the shape of gain, has connection with a great man,
or an avaricious minister, for the sake of diverting some misfortune, or removing some cause that may be threatening
the destruction of a great gain, this loss is said to be a loss of wealth attended by gains of the future good which it
may bring about.

When a courtesan is kind, even at her own expense, to a man who is very stingy, or to a man proud of his looks, or
to an ungrateful man skilled in gaining the hearts of others, without any good resulting from these connections to her
in the end, this loss is called a loss of wealth not attended by any gain.

When a courtesan is kind to any such man as described above, but who in addition is a favourite of the king, and
moreover cruel and powerful, without any good result in the end, and with a chance of her being turned away at any
moment, this loss is called a loss of wealth attended by other losses.

In this way gains and losses, and attendant gains and losses in religious merit and pleasures may become known to
the reader, and combinations of all of them may also be made.

Thus end the remarks on gains and losses, and attendant gains and losses.

In the next place we come to doubts, which are again of three kinds: doubts about wealth, doubts about religious
merit, and doubts about pleasures.

The following are examples:

When a courtesan is not certain how much a man may give her, or spend upon her, this is called a doubt about
wealth.

When a courtesan feels doubtful whether she is right in entirely abandoning a lover from whom she is unable to get
money, she having taken all his wealth from him in the first instance, this doubt is called a doubt about religious
merit.

When a courtesan is unable to get hold of a lover to her liking, and is uncertain whether she will derive any
pleasure from a person surrounded by his family, or from a low person, this is called a doubt about pleasure.

When a courtesan is uncertain whether some powerful but low principled fellow would cause loss to her on account of
her not being civil to him this is called a doubt about the loss of wealth.

When a courtesan feels doubtful whether she would lose religious merit by abandoning a man who is attached to her
without giving him the slightest favour, and thereby causing him unhappiness in this world and the next, 1 this doubt is called a doubt about the loss of a religious
merit.

When a courtesan is uncertain as to whether she might create disaffection by speaking out, and revealing her love
and thus not get her desire satisfied, this is called a doubt about the loss of pleasure.

Thus end the remarks on doubts.

Mixed Doubts

The intercourse or connection with a stranger, whose disposition is unknown, and who may have been introduced by a
lover, or by one who possessed authority, may be productive either of gain or loss, and therefore this is called a
mixed doubt about the gain and loss of wealth.

When a courtesan is requested by a friend, or is impelled by pity to have intercourse with a learned Brahman, a
religious student, a sacrificer, a devotee, or an ascetic who may have all fallen in love with her, and who may be
consequently at the point of death, by doing this she might either gain or lose religious merit, and therefore this is
called a mixed doubt about the gain and loss of religious merit.

If a courtesan relies solely upon the report of other people (i.e. hearsay) about a man, and goes to him without
ascertaining herself whether he possesses good qualities or not, she may either gain or lose pleasure in proportion as
he may be good or bad, and therefore this is called a mixed doubt about the gain and loss of pleasure.

Uddalika has described the gains and losses on both sides as follows:

If, when living with a lover, a courtesan gets both wealth and pleasure from him, it is called a gain on both
sides.

When a courtesan lives with a lover at her own expense without getting any profit out of it, and the lover even
takes back from her what he may have formerly given her, it is called a loss on both sides.

When a courtesan is uncertain whether a new acquaintance would become attached to her, and, moreover, if he became
attached to her, whether he would give her anything, it is then called a doubt on both sides about gains.

When a courtesan is uncertain whether a former enemy, if made up by her at her own expense, would do her some injury
on account of his grudge against her; or, if becoming attached to her, would take away angrily from her anything that
he may have given to her, this is called a doubt on both sides about loss.

Babhravya has described the gains and losses on both sides as follows:

When a courtesan can get money from a man whom she may go to see, and also money from a man whom she may not go to
see, this is called a gain on both sides.

When a courtesan has to incur further expense if she goes to see a man, and yet runs the risk of incurring an
irremediable loss if she does not go to see him, this is called a loss on both sides.

When a courtesan is uncertain whether a particular man would give her anything on her going to see him, without
incurring expense on her part or whether on her neglecting him another man would give her something, this is called a
doubt on both sides about gain.

When a courtesan is uncertain whether, on going at her own expense to see an old enemy, he would take back from her
what he may have given her, or whether by her not going to see him he would cause some disaster to fall upon her, this
is called a doubt on both sides about loss.

By combining the above, the following six kinds of mixed results are produced:

Gain on one side, and loss on the other

Gain on one side, and doubt of gain on the other

Gain on one side, and doubt of loss on the other

Loss on one side, and doubt of gain on the other

Doubt of gain on one side, and doubt of loss on the other

Doubt of loss on one side, and loss on the other

A courtesan, having considered all the above things and taken counsel with her friends, should act so as to acquire
gain, the chances of great gain, and the warding off of any great disaster. Religious merit and pleasure should also be
formed into separate combinations like those of wealth, and then all should be combined with each other, so as to form
new combinations.

When a courtesan consorts with men she should cause each of them to give her money as well as pleasure. At
particular times, such as the Spring Festivals, etc., she should make her mother announce to the various men, that on a
certain day her daughter would remain with the man who would gratify such and such a desire of hers.

When young men approach her with delight, she should think of what she may accomplish through them.

The combination of gains and losses on all sides are gain on one side, and loss on all others; loss on one side and
gain on all others; gain on all sides, loss on all sides.

A courtesan should also consider doubts about gain and doubts about loss with reference both to wealth, religious
merit, and pleasure.

All the above kinds of courtesans are acquainted with various kinds of men, and should consider the ways of getting
money from them of pleasing them, of separating themselves from them, and of reuniting with them. They should also take
into consideration particular gains and losses, attendant gains and losses, and doubts in accordance with their several
conditions.

Thus end the considerations of courtesans.

There are also two verses on the subject as follows:

'Men want pleasure, while women want money, and therefore this part, which treats of the means of gaining wealth,
should be studied.'

'There are some women who seek for love, and there are others who seek for money; for the former the ways of love
are told in previous portions of this work, while the ways of getting money, as practised by courtesans, are described
in this part.

1 The souls of men who die with their desires unfulfilled are said to go to the world
of the Manes, and not direct to the Supreme Spirit.