By § 3 of the organic act of the Territory of New Mexico, act of September 9, 1850, c. 49, 9 Stat. 446, the executive power and authority in and over that Territory was vested in a governor, whose duty was, among others, to "approve the laws passed by the legislative assembly before they shall take effect." By the fourth section it was provided that there should be a secretary of the Territory, who shall "hold his office for four years unless sooner removed by the President of the United States," and that "he shall record and preserve all the laws and proceedings of the legislative assembly hereinafter constituted, and all the acts and proceedings of the governor in his executive department; he shall transmit one copy of the laws and one copy of the executive proceedings, on or before the first day of December in each year, to the President of the United States, and, at the same time, two copies of the laws to the Speaker of the House of Representatives and the President of the Senate, for the use of Congress." By § 5 "the legislative power and authority of said Territory shall be vested in a governor and a legislative assembly. The legislative assembly shall consist of a council and house of representatives.The council shall consist of thirteen members, having the qualification of voters hereinafter prescribed, whose term of service shall continue two years. The house of representatives shall consist of twenty-six members, possessing the same qualifications as prescribed for members of the council, and whose term of service shall continue one year." By § 7 it was enacted "that the legislative power of the Territory shall extend to all rightful subjects of legislation consistent with the Constitution of the United States and the provisions of this act. . . . All the laws passed by the legislative assembly and governor shall be submitted to the Congress of the United States, and, if disapproved, shall be null and of no effect."

By chapter 1 of title XXIII of the Revised Statutes, provisions were made "common to all the Territories;" and most of those in the organic act of New Mexico were there reproduced, with the addition of certain matters of detail.

By § 1842, it was provided in nearly the identical words, mutatis mutandis, of paragraph two of section seven of article

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I of the Constitution of the United States, that every bill which had passed the legislative assembly of any Territory should, before it became a law, be presented to the governor; if he approved it, he should sign it, but if not, he should return it, with his objections, to the house in which it originated, and that house should enter the same on its journals and proceed to reconsider it. If, after such reconsideration, two-thirds agreed to pass it, it should be sent, together with the objections, to the other house, where it should likewise be reconsidered, and, if approved by two-thirds of that house, should become a law."But in all such cases the votes of both houses shall be determined by yeas and nays, and the names of the persons voting for or against the bill shall be entered on the journal of each house." The section then provided for a bill becoming a law in like manner, as if signed by the governor, if not returned by him within three days, Sundays excluded, (or five days in Washington and Wyoming,) after it had been presented, unless the legislative assembly, by adjourning sine die, should prevent its return, in which case it should not become a law.

By § 1844 it was provided that the secretary of such Territory should record and preserve all the laws of the legislative assembly and all the acts and proceedings of the governor in the executive department, "and transmit one copy of the laws and journals of the legislative assembly, within thirty days after the end of each session thereof, to the President," as well as two copies of the laws to the President of the Senate and the Speaker of the House for the use of Congress. And it was further provided that "he shall prepare the acts passed by the legislative assembly for publication, and furnish a copy hereof to the public printer of the Territory, within ten days after the passage of each act."

By the act of July 27, 1868, c. 272, 15 Stat. 239, 240, the organic act was amended, and that amendment was carried forward into § 1921 of the Revised Statutes, which reads: "The secretary of the Territory of New Mexico, upon the convening of the legislature thereof, shall administer the oath of office to the members elect of the two houses and the

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officers thereof, when chosen; and no other person shall be competent to administer such oath save in the absence of the secretary; in which case, any one member of either house may administer the oath to the presiding officer elected, and he shall administer the same to the members and other officers."

The acts of the legislative assembly of the Territory of New Mexico at its twenty-sixth session, which covened at the capitol at the city of Sante Fe on Monday, the 18th day of February, 1884, and adjourned on Thursday, the 3d day of April, 1884, were duly certified to by the secretary of the Territory as having been compared with the enrolled originals and original translations thereof, respectively, on file in his office, and that the same were true and correct copies thereof, and published by authority.

Among these acts, as so published, appear "An act authorizing the building of a penitentiary in the Territory of New Mexico and regulating its management," approved March 14, 1884; and an act entitled "An act to amend an act authorizing the building of a penitentiary and regulating its management, approved March 14, 1884," approved March 26, 1884; and "An act to provide for the erection of a capitol building in the city of Sante Fe," approved March 29, 1884. Laws of New Mexico, c. 58, 59, 60.

The legislative journals for that year, to which reference will hereafter be made, show that each of these acts was signed by the president of the council an the speaker of the house, and its approval by the governor reported to the house in which the act originated in each instance.

The question in this case is whether the territorial courts should have gone behind the enrolled bills whose passage was thus duly attested, and which were duly approved, placed in the proper depository, and duly certified to and published, and held them void upon the ground that certain members of the quorum of one of the two bodies by which they were passed were seated without having certificates of election. And this notwithstanding the fact that "all the laws passed by the general assembly and governor" were, as must be assumed, duly submitted to Congress, and that body did not see fit to

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disapprove any of them under the power reserved by section seven of the organic act, a power which had been exercised affirmatively in some instances. Act of April 10, 1869, c. 21, 16 Stat. 44; act of July 14, 1870, c. 270, 16 Stat. 278; act of February 3, 1879, c. 41, 20 Stat. 280.

In Miners' Bank v. Iowa, 12 How. 1, 7, a question arose whether the validity of a certain act of the Territory of Iowa could be brought before this court under the 25th section of the judiciary act, and it was held it could not, the court saying: "It seems to us, that the control of these territorial governments properly appertains to that branch of the government which creates and can change or modify them to meet its views of public policy, viz., the Congress of the United States. That control certainly has not been vested in this court, either in mode or in substance, by the 25th section of the judiciary act. It has been argued in this case, that as Congress, in creating the territorial governments of Wisconsin and Iowa, reserved to themselves the power of disapproving and thereby annulling the acts of those governments, and had, in the exercise of that power, stricken out several of the provisions of the charter of the Bank of Dubuque, enacted by the legislature of Wisconsin, assenting to the residue; that therefore the charter of this bank should be regarded as an act of Congress, rather than of the territorial government; and consequently the decision of the state court, in favor of the repealing law of Iowa, must be held to be one in which was drawn in question and overruled the validity of a statute of or an authority exercised under the United States, and as a decision also against a right, title, or privilege set up under a statute of the United States. The fallacy of this argument is easily detected. Congress, in creating the territorial governments, and in conferring upon them powers of general legislation, did not, from obvious principles of policy and necessity, ordain a suspension of all acts proceeding from those powers, until expressly sanctioned by themselves, whilst for considerations equally strong they reserved the power of disapproving or annulling such acts of territorial legislation as might be deemed detrimental."

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In Chavez v. Luna, 21 Pac. Rep. 344, the Supreme Court of New Mexico held, upon a bill of complaint setting up in substance the same matters as alleged here, that where the constitution of a State prescribed the mode to be observed by the legislature in passing bills, there was no doubt whatever about the power of a court to inquire into the question as to whether the constitution had been violated or not, but that that rule of law did not apply to the state of facts presented in that case, in which the only question was one of the organization of the body; and People v. Mahaney, 13 Michigan, 481, was cited to the point that courts cannot entertain a bill to review the action of a legislature in the manner of its organization, or the election or qualification of its members. Referring to section seven of the organic act of the Territory, the court declined to decide whether, in the general terms therein used, conferring legislative power upon the legislative assembly of New Mexico, it was intended to confer the usual and ordinarily incidental power to determine finally the election, qualification, and return of the members, but concluded that as by that section all laws passed by the legislative assembly and governor had to be submitted to Congress, and, if disapproved, were null and void and of no effect, it must be presumed that these acts were so submitted, and, there being nothing to show that they were disapproved, that they had received the passive assent of the Congress, and had been in that way approved, and that, therefore, there was nothing upon which to ground the jurisdiction of the court over the subject sought to be reviewed. In the present case the decree below was affirmed on the authority of Chavez v. Luna, and the dissent was placed upon the ground that mere non-action by Congress was not to be taken as an approval of the acts of the legislature so as to preclude judicial investigation.

We need not consider this difference of opinion further than to say that the fact that resort to Congress was open to those who objected to the legality of the acts passed by this legislative assembly is not without significance in inquiring into the jurisdiction of the courts in the premises.

upon great consideration, that the signing by the Speaker of the House of Representatives and by the President of the Senate in open session of an enrolled bill is an official attestation of such bill as one that has passed Congress; and that when the bill thus attested receives the approval of the President and is deposited in the Department of State according to law, its authentication as a bill that has passed Congress is complete and unimpeachable. That conclusion was reached in view of the clauses of the Constitution of the United States bearing upon the subject, and would seem to be decisive of this case.

It is true that the courts of many of the States under constitutional or statutory provisions of a peculiar character, which, expressly or by necessary implication, required or authorized the court to go behind the enrolled act, when the question was whether the act, when authenticated and deposited in the proper office, was duly passed by the legislature, have announced a different conclusion. These cases are given in the notes to Field v. Clark, and some of them are referred to and considered in the opinion in that case. But as the organic act of New Mexico, taken with the Revised Statutes, conforms quite closely to the provisions of the Federal Constitution, the rule laid down in Field v. Clark governs the case before us.

Perhaps, however, it would be proper to extend our examination somewhat further. The question whether a seeming act of a legislature has become a law in accordance with the fundamental law is a judicial one to be tested by the courts and judges, and not a question of fact to be tried by a jury. South Ottawa v. Perkins, 94 U.S. 260, 267; Post v. Supervisors, 105 U.S. 667. In the first case Gardner v. The Collector, 6 Wall. 499, 511, was cited with approval, in which the court laid down the proposition: "That whenever a question arises in a court of law of the existence of a statute, or of the time when a statute took effect, or of the precise terms of a statute, the judges who are called upon to decide it have a right to resort to any source of information which in its nature is capable of conveying to the judicial mind a clear

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and satisfactory answer to such question; always seeking first for that which in its nature is most appropriate, unless the positive law has enacted a different rule." And see In re Duncan, 139 U.S. 449; Jones v. United States, 137 U.S. 202, 216; Field v. Clark, supra.

The bill alleged that the council consisted of twelve members, seven constituting a quorum. By the organic act it was provided that the council shall consist of thirteen members, Act of September 9, 1850, c. 49, § 5; 9 Stat. 446, 448. The act of June 19, 1878, c. 329, 20 Stat. 193, limited the number to twelve and directed the legislative assembly to divide the Territory into representative and council districts. An act of June 27, 1879, c. 40, 21 Stat. 35, referred to the act of June 19, 1878, and to "the twelve members of the council." In the sessions of 1880 and 1882 there appear to have been thirteen members of the council, Acts New Mexico, 1880, 11; Acts 1882, 7. By an act of December 21, 1881, the election held for members of the legislature on the second day of November, 1880, was declared to be valid, and all the acts of the legislature, the members of which were chosen at that election, were validated, and the legislature directed to apportion the representative and council districts, but it was provided that if they failed to do so the apportionment should be made in accordance with an act referring to the legislatures of Montana, Idaho, and Wyoming, approved June 3, 1880, c. 119, 21 Stat. 154, Act of December 21, 1881, c. 3, 22 Stat. 1.By an act of February 14, 1884, c. 6, it was provided "that the members elected to the territorial legislature of New Mexico in November, anno Domini eighteen hundred and eighty-two, and all vacancies legally filled since that time, if any, are hereby declared to be the legal members of the legislature hereby authorized, subject to all valid contests." And the legislature was directed to convene on the third Monday of February, 1884. 23 Stat. 3. But whether composed of twelve or thirteen members, there can be no doubt that seven constituted a quorum authorized to do business.

It was the duty of the secretary of the Territory, under section 1921, to administer the oath of office to the members

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elect of the two houses, and there is nothing in this bill to exclude the presumption that he did so, and if so, it is difficult to see why persons so sworn in did not thereby become entitled in the first instance to take their seats, or why the council thus organized was not at least a council de facto.

The charges of the bill relate to three out of eight members, but as to one of these, Mr. Catron, the bill states that while he did not originally have a certificate of election from the board of county commissioners, which was ex officio the canvassing board, he did have a certificate issued by that board, under the order of the district court, in respect of which adjudication no further question appears to have been made. Neither as to him nor the two other members, (Mr. McComas and Mr. Montoya,) whose title to their seats is questioned, was it alleged that they were not elected to the council, but the averment as to the latter is that the election returns of the election held in November, 1882, showed and still show that two other persons received a majority of the votes cast in Bernalillo County at the election of members of the council for that county, and that the two sitting members did not receive a majority of the votes so cast and were not duly elected members of said council.

Reference is made in the bill to the journals of the council and house of the legislative assembly of New Mexico for its twenty-sixth session, and we have examined them as published by authority. That of the council, after stating that the legislative council assembled February 18, 1884, in conformity with the act of Congress, (23 Stat. 3,) recites that the secretary of the Territory being present, "proceeded to call the names of the councilmen elected from the different counties, respectively, for the purpose of swearing them in as such. The following gentlemen answered and were duly sworn, and signed the official register, to wit." Then follow the names of eight persons, including those whose title to seats is questioned in this proceeding. The record shows that the election of officers thereupon ensued, who being duly sworn in by the secretary, that officer retired. A committee was then appointed to wait upon the governor and inform him that the

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council was duly organized and ready to receive any communication which he might be pleased to make them, which committee having retired in the discharge of the duty assigned them, after a short absence returned, and reported that they had done so and that the governor "recognized this body as legally organized, and would be ready to deliver his message to both houses in joint session on the next day." But this record of the proceedings of February 18, 1884, is preceded by a prefatory statement headed "organization." This states that the secretary of the Territory appeared at the council chamber at noon "for the purpose of swearing in the members of the council, (all as a question of fact being present;) he was met with a degree of confusion, which, being long continued," the secretary retired and proceeded to the house, where organization was effected. Subsequently, and on the same day, the secretary of the Territory called the members of the council to order and made some remarks, stating among other things, "the seats of members from Bernalillo County are disputed. It appears from the judgment of the district court presented, it has passed upon the question involved in the case of county officers elected at the same election that the members of the legislature were, from that county; and decided adversely to those elected upon the face of the returns, and that a large number of fraudulent votes were cast. And it appearing that the application of the same facts would change the result as to members claiming to have been elected upon the same ticket, and it likewise appearing that the question of fraud in said election has become one of public notoriety, and it also appearing that the seat of the member from Santa Fe County is involved in a similar contest, it therefore seems to me proper and just that at this time, the members only who are not involved in the contest should be sworn." Whereupon five members signed the oath and were sworn in. The secretary thereupon further remarked: "In view of the situation it seems to me just, in the absence of law to the contrary, that the members sworn in and not involved in contest should express their judgment as to who of the contestants are prima facie entitled to be sworn in. For this purpose, and this purpose

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alone, I will consider a motion to be submitted without debate." A motion was then made that Thomas B. Catron be declared entitled prima facie to the seat from Santa Fe County, subject to the right of contest, which motion was carried by unanimous vote. The name of Mr. Catron was then called by the secretary, and he appeared, signed the oath, and was sworn in. A similar motion was made as to Messrs. McComas and Montoya, which being adopted by unanimous vote, their names were called by the secretary and they appeared, signed the oath, and were sworn in as members from Bernalillo. Mr. Jose Armijo y Vigil was then elected president of the council and sworn in by the secretary, and "the latter then retired." We understand the object of this preface to be to explain that the three persons, in respect of whom it was claimed that they were improperly admitted to seats to the council, did not take their seats in virtue of the vote of the five members, whose right to act as members of the council was not disputed, but that the vote of those five was simply taken by the secretary as advisory, he himself determining upon his own responsibility who were entitled to be sworn in. So far as the record proper is concerned, irrespective of this prefatory matter, nothing appears upon the journals to show that this was otherwise.

The journal of the house discloses similar proceedings as to certain members from Bernalillo County. It further appears therefrom that two bodies had organized, each claiming to be the territorial council, one presided over by J. F. Chavez and the other by J. Armijo y Vigil, and each had sent a communication to that effect to the house. The house thereupon appointed a committee to ascertain which of the two councils was legally organized, a majority of which reported that, according to the law of the United States, the secretary of the Territory was "the only authorized person to administer the oath to the members of either body of the legislature; that no body can legally be organized until first being sworn in by said officer;" "that the body represented and presided over by Hon. Jose Armijo y Vigil have been duly sworn in by the secretary of the Territory and recognized by the governor

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of the Territory, as the regularly organized and legal legislative council;" and recommended that the house recognize such council accordingly. The majority report was adopted, the sitting members from Bernalillo County voting in the affirmative, but there being a majority without them.

On the other hand, among the joint resolutions passed and approved at the session of the legislative assembly in question and to be found in the laws for 1884 as published, is one approved April 3, 1884, reciting that whereas the chairman of the Committee on Territories of the United States Senate had advised the governor of the purpose of the committee "to investigate the questions at issue in connection with the memorial of J. Francisco Chavez and others, referred to said committee," and having requested certain record evidence bearing upon the issues aforesaid, it was resolved that the secretary be authorized and directed to turn over for the use of that committee "all poll books of the said precincts of the counties of Bernalillo and Santa Fe, of the election held on the 7th day of November, 1882, and all other record evidence concerning and touching said election in said counties now in his possession." Laws New Mexico, 1884, 241. The memorial thus referred to will be found in the Congressional Record for the first session of the Forty-eighth Congress, p. 1549, where it appears that a memorial signed by Mr. Chavez and six others, holding, as they state, the proper legal evidences of election to the twenty-sixth legislative assembly of New Mexico, was presented to the Senate of the United States on March 3, 1884, and was referred to the Committee on Territories.

This memorial refers to the provisions of the territorial laws that "each branch of the legislative assembly shall decide and determine the election and qualifications of their own members under the rules and restrictions that may be respectively adopted by each branch for that purpose." That "if a contested election be pending, the person holding the certificate of election shall take possession and discharge the duties of the office until the contest shall be decided." Comp. Laws New Mexico, 1865, c. 63, §§ 35, 50. And that the board of county commissioners shall act as boards of canvassers of

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the elections within their respective counties; "and shall immediately issue a certificate of election, under their hands, to the person that may have received the highest number of votes for any office." Laws New Mexico 1876, c. 1, § 14, par. 9.

The proceedings of February 18, 1884, are then related at length, and it is insisted that the conduct of the secretary was unlawful, arbitrary, and in defiance of right, justice, and the plain provisions of the law. We are not advised as to what became of the investigation based on the memorial and referred to in the joint resolution, but it would appear that Congress took no action whatever in the premises, although its attention was thus called to the condition of affairs.

It is undisputed, therefore, that the council which participated in the enactment of these laws was recognized by the governor and the secretary of the Territory and by the house, nor is there any suggestion in the bill of the existence of any other council than the one thus recognized; and the courts of the Territory have adjudged that these acts were duly enacted.

In the meantime, it must be presumed that bonds have been issued to provide funds for the erection of a penitentiary and a capitol, and that these public works have gone forward. Considerations of public policy and necessity for the protection of the public and individuals whose interests may be affected thereby forbid this mode of attacking the validity of acts of officers de facto, if this council were no more than that, whatever defects there may be in the legality of their appointment or election. Norton v. Shelby County, 118 U.S. 441.

Under these circumstances we think it clear that the judgment of the Supreme Court of the Territory must be affirmed.

In Clough v. Curtis, 134 U.S. 361, 371, petitions for mandamus to compel the secretary of the Territory of Idaho to record certain proceedings as part of the proceedings of a session of the legislature of the Territory, and to compel the clerk of the territorial house to bring his minutes and journals into court to be there corrected, came under review, and this court said: "It is not one of the functions of

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a court to make up the records of the proceedings of legislative bodies. Nor can it be required, in a case not involving the private interests of parties, to determine whether particular bodies assuming to exercise legislative functions, constitute a lawful legislative assembly. Such a question might indeed arise in a suit depending upon an enactment passed by such an assembly. And it might be that, in a case of that character, and under some circumstances, the court would be compelled to decide whether such an enactment was passed by a legislature having legal authority to enact laws. How far in the decision of such a question the judiciary would be concluded by the record of the proceedings of those bodies, deposited by the person whose duty it was to keep it, with the officer designated by law as its custodian, are questions we have no occasion at this time to consider."

Without undertaking to consider under what circumstances which of two legislative bodies may be judicially determined to be the lawful and true body, or when or how the lawful organization of a legislative body may be judicially drawn in question, we are of opinion that the allegations of this bill made no such case for interposition as would have justified the courts in going behind the enrolled bills as deposited with the secretary of the Territory, and declaring them invalid because some of the members of the council were seated without certificates of election.

We may add that, by an act passed by the legislative assembly in question, approved April 3, 1884, (Laws New Mexico, 1884, c. 66,) a compilation of the laws of the Territory was provided for, which compilation was duly made and published by authority, (Compiled Laws New Mexico, 1884;) that an official index to these compiled laws was adopted; the compiled laws amended in many particulars; and other acts of 1884 amended or repealed, by the succeeding, the 27th legislative assembly, (Laws New Mexico, 1886, 1887, c. 49, and passim;) and an act was also passed for the issue of bonds "for the purpose of paying the present and current indebtedness of the capitol building," (Laws 1886-7, c. 45,) which latter act was approved by Congress on June 23, 1888, c. 693, 25 Stat. 340.

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