The pension funds of Scotland’s public service workers hold at least £138 million in investment firms backing the president’s immigration detention centres.

The funds are managed by international finance firms with huge investments in GEO Group and CoreCivic, America’s largest private prison operators.

The investment strategies of Scotland’s biggest public service pension funds came under scrutiny yesterday as critics demanded an urgent review of where their money is invested to ensure they are not directly or indirectly supporting President Trump’s contentious zero-tolerance immigration policies.

Politicians and public service trade union leaders urged the fund managers to review their investments yesterday.

Willie Rennie, leader of the Scottish Liberal Democrats, said: “The managers of these funds must think extremely carefully about who they hand their money to. Pension provision should not come at the expense of a system of abuse.”

Dave Watson, head of policy and public affairs at the Unison union, said: “Scottish local government pension funds need to do more to support ethical investment than bland policy statements.

“They need to look harder at where the money is going, including pooled nvestments that can mask bad practice.

“The workers who contribute to their pension funds expect their hard-earned contributions to be invested responsibly, in line with the values they live and work by.”

Strathclyde Pension Fund, which manages the pension funds for 230,000 Scottish public service workers, has £52m invested across Blackrock, Vanguard, Aviva, St James’s Place, JPMorgan Chase, and Wells Fargo – all of which fund the US prison operators.

Lothian Pension Fund, with more than 65,000 members, has investments worth £28m with General Dynamics, a multinational defence firm with US contracts to process migrants aged under 16, and Wells Fargo. North East Scotland Pension Fund has investments worth £58m in Blackrock, St James’s Place, Aviva and Vanguard.

The revelations come weeks after it emerged migrant children were being separated from their parents and detained in border camps after trying to enter the United States. Footage and audio tapes of distressed children caged in large warehouses attracted global condemnation.

The criticism forced the White House to end the practice of separating families after at least 2,300 children were taken from their parents. Amnesty International has called on the US Congress to end the practice of detaining families seeking asylum and for the release of parents and children.

Erika Guevara-Rosas, Americas director at Amnesty International, said: “President Trump’s order to imprison children with their parents instead of separating them is just substituting one traumatic punishment with another.”

The private detention sector in the US has boomed since President Trump came to power. Following a crackdown on undocumented migrants there has been a surge in detainees to about 40,000 and the Department of Homeland Security is considering adding space for 15,000 more people.

Shares in GEO and CoreCivic, which have donated millions of dollars to the Republicans, have made huge returns for investors since President Trump took charge in 2017.

GEO Group runs 11 immigrant processing centres in the US and one detention facility for families in Karnes County, Texas. CoreCivic runs eight, including one for families, the South Texas Family Residential Centre, in Dilley, Texas, which has been branded “Baby Jail” by critics. A campaign is under way in the US urging firms to stop bankrolling the private detention sector.

The #FamiliesBelongTogether coalition of more than 70 organisations called on finance firms to pull their money out of CoreCivic and GEO Group and there have been protests in Texas and Wall Street.

The Taken From Us protest featured powerful visual illustrations of the families separated by private immigrant detention centers, and thousands of empty pairs of shoes to symbolize relatives and friends detained in private immigration detention centers financed by JPMorgan Chase. (Erik McGregor/Pacific Press/LightRocket via Getty Images)

Here, Green MSP Ross Greer said: “It is upsetting to know that Scottish pension funds may have been invested in the companies running these camps and delivering Trump’s policies. This needs to end now.”

Willie McGonigle, regional officer for the Unite trade union, said: “Most Unite members would be shocked and disgusted if their pension is helping to bankroll Donald Trump’s migrant camps.

“We will be asking Scottish local government pension boards to review this.” However, Cosla, the umbrella group for Scottish local authorities, defended the pension funds, saying: “We know that administering authorities and pension funds take their responsibilities seriously and operate within both their legal and fiduciary duties.”

GEO said: “The facilities we manage on behalf of the federal government in the United States have never housed unaccompanied minors. For over three decades, our company has managed ICE Processing Centers providing services for adults in the care of federal immigration authorities under both Democrat and Republican administrations.”

CoreCivic said: “None of our facilities provides housing for children who aren’t under the supervision of a parent. We do not operate shelters for unaccompanied minors, nor do we operate border patrol facilities.

“The valued but limited role we play in America’s immigration system is not new, and the scope of immigration services we provide today is absolutely no different than what we provided under the previous administration.”

Both Lothian Pension Fund and Strathclyde Pension Fund invest directly with General Dynamics – £24m and £1m respectively – a firm which processes migrant children for the US Government.

General Dynamics said: “We have provided support to unaccompanied minors.

“This includes support services in the form of case coordination, training and administrative support, and IT services.”

Yesterday, the Scottish public service pension funds said they were committed to ethical investment but that any involvement in the US detention firms would be indirect and difficult to influence.

Lothian Pension Fund said it has a duty in law to “invest for the best returns to ensure pensions are paid when due”.

Strathclyde Pension Fund said they owned no shares in GEO Group or Core Civic: “Any exposure is indirect. However, the fund is an active investor and is always prepared to engage with issues and concerns that arise. The link to the fund in this case is so remote that, realistically, there is no prospect of any meaningful engagement.”

Aberdeen City Council said: “The North East Scotland Pension Fund is a signatory to the UN principles for responsible investment. The fund has no direct investment with General Dynamics and, as at March 2018, had less than a £200,000 exposure to General Dynamics.”

The investment firms Aviva Investors, and St James’ Place, defended their investment strategies as ethical and responsible and said the funds were managed by third parties.

Wells Fargo declined to comment but Vanguard said: “Children separated from their families is deeply saddening, and an issue of this magnitude needs to be solved by our elected officials.

“While private prisons make up a very modest portion of the Vanguard funds’ portfolios, we understand that some investors may wish to avoid certain companies altogether.”

Blackrock is a signatory to the UN Principles for Responsible Investment and said: “The vast majority of these shares are held in index funds. Index providers determine which companies to include in the indices they create. As a fiduciary, Blackrock offers clients funds, like ETFs, that are designed to track the investment results of those third party indices.”