The following is a post designed for some other newsgroups, that were
dealing with the subject of a "neurochemical basis of violent behavior."
Since my explanation of this is based on my theory of human evolution, I
thought it should be posted here. What you will be reading about is the
"secular trend." I think the secular trend is the current signal of human
evolution; it is easily seen and is explanable as an increase in
testosterone. (Some say the secualr trend is due to increased nutrition.
If this were the case, blacks should exhibit less of the secular trend than
whites; the opposite happens to be the case.)
This is an introductory paragraph for the other newsgroup: Testosterone
is the basis of violent behavior. That is, testosterone is the basis of
impulsive behavior. The amount of testosterone determines the ability to
control, or not, impulses. More men are imprisoned than women. Black
men (at the college level) produce more testosterone than white men;
more black men are imprisoned than white men. The following is a letter
describing this, which has been sent to a number of U.S. congressmen
and U.S. senators. All, but one, failed to even acknowledge receipt. (It is
very un-politically correct.) You judge for yourself. This is from 1994.
"I am a theoretical biologist; my work contains an explanation of
increased violence in our society. I suggest violence results directly from
an increase in numbers of individuals of higher testosterone, who arrive
at puberty early. increased testosterone and early puberty increase the
probability of impulsive actions. The Federal Bureau of Investigation has
compiled statistics which demonstrate that I am correct. Males kill more
than females; blacks kill more than whites. In the remainder of this letter,
I include references from hightly reputable journals (eg. Journal of the
National Cancer Institute) that demonstrate the blacks produce
significantly more testosterone than whites and enter puberty at an earlier
age. What this boils down to is that individuals of both races, who exhibit
these qualities, are more apt to resort to violence in a heated moment.
This is why there is so much black on black and white on white violence;
these are impulsive actions, not premeditated, thoughtful actions. These
are thoughtless actions that happen quickly, without forethought. You, or
your aides, are aware from interviews that many of these kids, who kill
other kids, are really nice kids when they are not in a stressful, heated
moment.
I am aware your background is not biological, nor are the backgrounds of
those whose advice you seek when confronting the increase in violence
in our society. You must consider, therefore, that a major explanation of
human behavior is being neglected by educators, sociologists,
crimnologists, etc. Their "model" of human behavior suggests that
almost all human behavior is determined by the environment. It is time a
biological model is considered. I will explain how this produces violence
in the remainder of this document; if you read this, you should note the
same mechanism also explains increased sexuality and learning
problems in our youth. That is, all of these result from a single change in
our society, which is very easily produced and increases exponentially.
This change increases with each generation. Not everyone is affected,
but more children are affected now than in the past. Therefore, each
past generation contains more who notice the change. More
grandparents see it than parents. It occurs earlier in some places than
others. This is why some people always see these problems in some
place at some earlier time. I think the "60s" was the time it occurred in
such magnitudes that it openly impacted our entire society. It is a
continuing process, but usually takes more time to occur in conservative
areas.
My works suggests this is a major biological change that affects both the
body and brain. Most grandparents and some parents have noticed the
change in body size and function in children. Children are getting bigger
and reaching puberty earlier. "The average age of menarche [puberty] in
the female has dropped from approximately 17 years to approximately 13
years. Thus, today maturation occurs about 25% faster than it did 100
years ago." ("Sexual Dimorphism in Homo sapiens," R.L. Hall, Praeger
Publishers, New York, 1982, page 279). "...children in average
economic circumstances have increased in height at age five to seven by
about 1 to 2 centimeters per decade. ...Most of the trend toward greater
size in children reflects a more rapid maturation; only a minor part
reflects a greater ultimate size." (Encyclopaedia Britannica 1984; 5:
656).
My work suggests a cause of this change. The hormone, testosterone, is
rising rapidly in our society. Increased testosterone increases body size,
aggression, and sexuality in both sexes. (Testosterone is not "the" male
hormone, men simply produce more.) People who produce more
testosterone are more aggressive and sexual, therefore, on average, they
ultimately make more babies than those who produce less testosterone.
(People who produce less testosterone can better control their sexual
activity; over a period of time, they will produce fewer children.)
Ultimately, the percentage of high testosterone people, of both sexes,
increases at the expense of low testosterone people. This changes the
averages of everything affected by testosterone. This is why our kids are
biggfer, more sexual, and more aggressive than in the past.
The mechanism is simple: higher testosterone boys and girls reach
sexual maturity faster, increase their numbers faster, and their offspring
are even earlier and more sexual. People seeking sexual gratification
are simply more likely to engage each other. Sexual activity is so
common today that no "stigma" is attached; in fact, there appears to be a
negative stigma attached to those who do not indulge.
Prior to puberty, the brain grows more rapidly than the body; it is a
competition which the brain wins in infancy and early childhood.
Because of this brain-body competition, puberty is delayed until the brain
is almost finished in development. Near puberty, however, testosterone
increases the body's competitive edge for growth and development which
continues into adulthood. "The weight of the brain [in humans] reaches
90% of adult size by age six and virtually 100% by age 12, yet body
growth continues to age 18 and beyone (note that brain growth is nearly
finished before reproductive maturity every begins)." ("Patterns of Human
Growth," Cambridge University Press, 1988, pages 60-61).
The advanced frontal lobes of the brain develop last and control formal
thinking, i.e., higher math, proper language (syntax), and the ability to
form meaningfully predictive ideas (hypotheses). This is Piaget's final
stage of human thought development. This stage of brain development is
directly dependent on final development of the frontal lobes "from about
age 11 to 14," (Science 1987; 236: 1110). I suggest early puberty
interferes with this important final development of the frontal lobes. For
example, it was reported that standardized test scores of 13- and 17-
year-olds of 1986 are lower than those of 1970, whereas the scores of 9-
year-old children have remained relatively equal (Science 1988; 241:
1751). I suggest this decline is the effect of puberty, which, in this
country, on average, is now occurring between age 9 and 13. Our
children are, on average, losing the ability to handle math and English.
More importantly, our children are losing the ability to form meaningfully
predictive ideas that help control their impulses. "What are the
consequences of my actions?" Without the function of the frontal lobes,
symbolized by this question, kids cannot predict the consequences of, or
control, their behaviors (impulses). Violent acts and sexual activity in
children and teenagers are actions of impulse. These impulses are
initiated by the primitive part of our brains, which testosterone mainly
affects. Children are reaching puberty earlier with each generation, and
early puberty arrests final development of the brain. This means that, on
average, our advanced brain is increasingly underdeveloped with each
generation. This is why so many children cannot control their sexual or
aggressive impulses.
It is fact that, on average, the behaviors mentioned above, occur in
higher incidence in the black population. That is, on average, black
children have more problems with math and English, score lower on
standardized tests, exhibit more aggressive and sexual impulse activity,
and experience family disintegration more than white children. The
reason, I suggest, is that, on average, blacks, as a group, produce more
testosterone than whites, as a group. (Take note of the journal source of
the following quotation.)
"This report gives the results of assays of circulating steroid hormone
levels in white and black college students in Los Angeles, CA. Mean
testosterone levels in blacks were 19% higher than whites, and free
testosterone levels were 21% higher. Both these differences were
statistically significant. Adjustment by analysis of covariance for time of
sampling, age, weight, alcohol use, cigarette smoking, and use of
prescription drugs somewhat reduced the differences. After these
adjustments were made, blacks had a 15% higher testosterone level and
a 13% higher free testosterone level." (Journal of the National Cancer
Institute 1986; 76: 45).
The study, above, was of college students. If I am correct that
testosterone adversely affects learning, then those blacks who are unable
to meet requirements for college admission, or even complete high
school, may produce more testosterone, on average. The should exhibit
even less impulse control; this may be why there are so many black on
black murders in ghettos. This was not a common occurrence in black
communities in the depression. Testosterone is increasing over time.
I have suggested that increases in testosterone in our society are causing
the overall problems, i.e., increases intestosterone are causing problems
for both blacks and whites. Therefore, the rate of teenage births should
be higher in blacks than whites but increased in both, compared to other
advanced coutnries. This is the case.
"The rate of teenage births is especially high in the black population. An
international comparison around 1980 revealed that the black U.S.
teenage fertility rate was 2.3 times the white and 3.2 times the average of
30 advanced countries. The contrast is even greater among the
youngest teenagers; blacks under 18 years of age had a rate in 1980 that
was more than three times that of whites. Nonetheless, even white
teenage birthrates were 40% higher than the average for other advanced
countries." (Science 1986; 234: 554).
Not only do blacks, as a group, produce more testosterone, which I have
suggested, increases the onset of puberty, they do, in fact, reach puberty
earlier than whites as a group.
"Black youths are known to enter into puberty at a younder chronological
age than white yourth." (American Journal of Diseases of Children 1991;
145: 142).
Again, it is my hypothesis that the violence, sexuality, and learning
problems of our youth result from increased testosterone and early
puberty in those affected. High testosterone and early puberty adversely
affects development of the part of the brain which controls impulsive
behaviors, i.e., the advanced forebrain. This combination should
generate these problems, and they should be exacerbated in areas
wheere high sexuality rapidly brings high testosterone males and females
together. The result is an extremely rapid increase in high testosterone,
early puberty, and their combined effects on impulse control. As people
of lower testosterone are literally driven away, the problem becomes
more concentrated. Impulsive acts also become concentrated; this is
why there is so much black on black and white on white violence."
James Howard