ToadfishOpsanustau
(Linnaeus)
1766

Description—

The toadfish, like the sculpins, has a large flat head, round nose, tremendous mouth, tapering body with plump belly, and
fanlike pectoral fins. But it differs from all sculpins, and indeed from all other spiny-finned fishes of the Gulf of Maine
except the blennies (p. 491) in the location of its ventral fins, which are under the throat well in front of the pectorals ("jugular") instead
of below the latter or behind them. And no one could confuse it with any blenny, for it is not only a totally different looking
fish, but its dorsal fin is mostly soft rayed while that of the blennies is spiny throughout. The presence of fleshy flaps
of irregular outline on the tip of the upper jaw and along the edge of the lower jaw, on the cheeks, and over each eye, gives
its head a peculiar wary appearance. Distinctive, also, is the fleshy nature of all its fins and the outline of the dorsal,
the soft part of which (26 to 28 rays) is five to six times as long as the spiny part (3 spines), from which it is entirely
separated by a deep notch, the two together extending the whole length of the trunk from the nape of the neck nearly to the
base of the caudal fin. The anal [page 519] fin (21 or 22 rays) is somewhat shorter than the second (soft) dorsal, orginates under about the eighth ray of the latter,
and is similar to it in outline except that its rays are more or less free at their outer ends, especially in its forward
half. The caudal fin is rounded; the ventrals covered by thick fleshy skin, are jagged in outline, with the first ray stouter
than the others. There is a large open pit of unknown function in the axil of each pectoral fin.

We need only remark, further, that the skin is covered with a thick layer of slimy mucus. The toadfish has no scales; its
teeth are large and blunt; and it has two short spines at the upper angle of each gill cover, hidden however, in the thick
skin.

Color—

The general ground tint ranges from dark muddy olive green to brown or yellow, darker on back and sides, paler below, and
variously and irregularly marked with darker bars and marblings, which may be restricted to head and fins or may extend over
the whole fish, belly as well as back. The toadfish, like many other bottom fishes, changes color to match the bottom on which
it lies.

Size—

Exceptionally 15 inches long, but few are longer than 12 inches.

Habits—

The toadfish lives in shoal water, and it is resident the year around wherever found, probable becoming torpid in winter in
the northern part of its range. It is commonest on sandy or muddy bottom, hiding among eelgrass or under stones where it hollows
out dens in which it lies in wait for prey. It is voracious and omnivorous, Vinal Edwards's diet list for it at Woods Hole
including sea worms (Nereis), amphipods, shrimps, crabs, hermit crabs, a variety of mollusks both univalve and bivalve, ascidians, squid, and fish fry
such as alewives, cunners, mummichogs, menhaden, puffers, sculpins, scup, silversides, smelt, and winter flounders. No doubt
any small fish is acceptable.

Toadfish snap viciously when caught, and they often fight among themselves. Like some sculpins they grunt, especially at night
or if handled. And despite their clumsy appearance, they can dart out of their hiding places and back again with considerable
speed. They are very tenacious of life and can live out of water for an astonishingly long time.

In the northern part of its range the toadfish spawns in June and early July. The very large eggs (about 5 mm. in diameter)
are laid in holes under stones, under large shells, in old tin cans, among sunken logs, or among eelgrass, where they adhere
in a single layer to whatever serves as a nest, which the male guards during the 3 weeks or so that are occupied by incubation.
Even after hatching the tadpole-shaped larvae remain attached to the nest by the yolk sac until the latter is absorbed at
a length of 15 to 16 mm. when they break free.[83]

General range—

Shoal water along the east coast of North America from Cuba to Cape Cod, straying northward to Maine.

Occurrence in the Gulf of Maine—

The toadfish is common about Woods Hole and thence westward. But it ventures around Cape Cod so [page 520] seldom that none of the fishermen in Massachusetts Bay of whom we have inquired have seen or heard of it there, nor further
north. In fact there are only two definite records of it in the Gulf of Maine: "Maine"[84] and Cohasset on the south shore of Massachusetts Bay, where one (now or formerly in the collection of the Boston Society
of Natural History) was caught by Dr. Owen Bryant. There is also one doubtful record for Kittery, Maine.[85]