The corporate headquarters for Southwest Airlines is located at Love Field. The airport is also a focus city for Southwest as well as for Virgin America. Seven full-service fixed-base operators (FBOs) provide general aviation service: fuel, maintenance, hangar rentals, and charters. Some also provide meeting rooms, car rentals, limousine service and restaurants.

Dallas Love Field is named after Moss L. Love,[3] who while assigned to the U.S. Army 11th Cavalry, died in an airplane crash near San Diego, California, on September 4, 1913, becoming the 10th fatality in U.S. Army aviation history. His Wright Model C biplane crashed during practice for his Military Aviator Test.[4] Love Field was named by the United States Army on October 19, 1917.

Dallas Love Field has its origins beginning in 1917 when the Army announced its intention of establishing a series of camps to train prospective pilots after the United States entered into World War I. The airfield was one of thirty-two new Air Service fields.[5] It was constructed just southeast of Bachman Lake, and it covered over 700 acres and could accommodate up to 1,000 personnel. Dozens of wooden buildings served as headquarters, maintenance, and officers’ quarters. Enlisted men had to bivouac in tents.[6]

Love Field served as a base for flight training for the United States Army Air Service. In 1917, flight training occurred in two phases: primary and advanced. Primary training took eight weeks and consisted of pilots learning basic flight skills under dual and solo instruction. After completion of their primary training at Love Field, flight cadets were then transferred to another base for advanced training.[6]

After officially opening on October 19, 1917, the first unit stationed at Love Field was the 136th Aero Squadron, which was transferred from Kelly Field, south of San Antonio, Texas. Only a few U.S. Army Air Service aircraft arrived with the 136th Aero Squadron, and most of the Curtiss JN-4 Jennys to be used for flight training were shipped in wooden crates by railcar.[6] Training units assigned to Love Field during World War I were:[7]

Post Headquarters, Love Field, October 1917-December 1919

71st Aero Squadron (II), February 1918

Re-designated as Squadron "A", July–November 1918

121st Aero Squadron (II), April 1918

Re-designated as Squadron "B", July–November 1918

136th Aero Squadron (II), November 1917

Re-designated as Squadron "C", July–November 1918

197th Aero Squadron, November 1917

Re-designated as Squadron "D", July–November 1918

Flying School Detachment (Consolidation of Squadrons A-D), November 1918-November 1919

The 865th Aero Squadron (Repair), was formed at Love Field in March 1918 as a support unit for JN-4 aircraft repair and maintenance. It was assigned to the Aviation Repair Depot, Dallas Texas (at Love Field) in April 1918. It was demobilized in March 1919.

With the sudden end of World War I in November 1918, the future operational status of Love Field was unknown. Many local officials speculated that the U.S. government would keep the field open because of the outstanding combat record established by Love-trained pilots in Europe. Locals also pointed to the optimal weather conditions in the Dallas area for flight training. Cadets in flight training on November 11, 1918, were allowed to complete their training; however, no new cadets were assigned to the base. Also the separate training squadrons were consolidated into a single Flying School detachment, as many of the personnel assigned were being demobilized.[6]

With the end of World War I, in December 1919 Love Field was deactivated as an active duty airfield and converted into a storage facility for surplus De Havilland and JN-4 aircraft, some of the latter having been brought bought back by the Curtiss Aeroplane and Motor Company in the spring of 1919.[8]:12 In what was called "the largest recruiting mission in the spring and summer of 1919", Lt. Col. Henry B. Clagett began with seven DH-4s departing Dallas and flying as far as Boston.[8]:8 A small caretaker unit was assigned to the facility for administrative reasons and it was used intermittently to support small military units.

In January 1921, 1st Lt William D. Coney attempted to fly from San Diego to Jacksonville with just one stop—at Love Field.[8]:177 In 1921, the aviation repair depot next to Love Field moved to Kelly Field in San Antonio to consolidate with the supply depot at Kelly, forming the San Antonio Intermediate Air Depot. In 1923, Dallas was a route point between Muskogee and Kelly Field on the southern division of the model airway.[8]:152 However, by 1923, the decision had been made to phase down all activities at the new base in accordance with sharply reduced military budgets and it was closed. The War Department had ordered the small caretaker force at Love Field to dismantle all remaining structures and to sell them as surplus. The War Department leased out the vacant land to local farmers and ranchers

In 1927, Dallas purchased Love Field, which opened for civilian use (1st passenger service was by the National Air Transport company.)[9] On April 9, 1932, the first paved runways at the airfield were completed,[10] and in March 1939 the airfield had 21 weekday airline departures: 9 American, 8 Braniff and 4 Delta.[11] "On 6 June 1939, the War Department approved...nine civil school detachments", including one at Dallas[12]:18 (cf. a 1940 school approved for Ft Worth's Hicks Field,[12]:26 a new 1942 Ft Worth airfield--Tarrant Field at the government plant and that had a 4 engine pilots' school,[12]:69) and a Ferrying Command control center at Dallas' Hensley Field.[12]:144)

On October 6, 1940, Love Field's Lemmon Avenue Terminal Building opened on the east side of the airfield.

On November 29, 1949, American Airlines Flight 157, a Douglas DC-6 en route from New York City to Dallas and Mexico City with 46 passengers and crew, slid off Runway 36 after the flight crew lost control on final approach. The airliner struck a parked airplane, a hangar, and a flight school before crashing into a business across from the airport,[N 1] killing 28. This was the deadliest air disaster in Texas history at the time[18] and, according to modern reference sources,[19] remains the deadliest crash to take place at the airfield itself.

In 1953, Fort Worth officially opened Amon Carter Field, which would later become Greater Southwest International Airport to compete directly with Love Field. Fort Worth had attempted to negotiate with Dallas to collaborate on the new airport, however Dallas repeatedly declined those attempts. Upon completion, all of the passenger airlines were transferred to Greater Southwest from Meacham, leaving Love Field and Greater Southwest as the only air transportation options for the Dallas-Fort Worth area.

The February 1953 C&GS diagram shows runway 7 (4301 ft), runway 13 (6201 ft) and runway 18 (5202 ft). On June 1, 1954 Runway 7/25 was closed;[10] it was later removed to allow terminal expansion. Love Field then had two runways: Runway 13/31, the main runway, and the shorter 18/36.

The April 1957 Official Airline Guide shows 52 weekday departures on Braniff, 45 on American, 25 Delta, 21 Trans-Texas, 12 Central and 9 Continental.[20] Three nonstops a day to Washington DC, three to New York/Newark, six to Chicago, five to California and 12 a week to Mexico City.

President John F. Kennedy and Jacqueline Kennedy arrive at Love Field, November 22, 1963

Continental and Delta aircraft at Love Field in 1966, shortly before terminal modernization began

Love Field's new terminal (the third terminal, designed by Donald S. Nelson[21]) opened to the airlines on January 20, 1958,[10] with three one-story concourses, 26 ramp-level gates and the world's first airport moving walkways.[22] Airlines serving the airport at the time included American, Braniff, Central (which was based in Fort Worth), Continental, Delta, Pan Am and Trans Texas (later Texas International).

Turbine-power flights began on April 1, 1959, when Continental Airlines introduced the Vickers Viscount turboprop. Jet airline flights began on July 12, 1959, when American Airlines started Boeing 707 flights to New York.

In 1961, Mr. and Mrs. Earle Wyatt gave a large bronze statue bearing the inscription "One Riot, One Ranger" for display in the airport's new terminal. Famed Texas-born sculptress Waldine Tauch created the piece. The inscription refers to an incident in which a single Texas Ranger was dispatched to quell a riot.[10] Because of terminal renovation from 2010 to 2013, the statue was moved temporarily for display to the nearby Frontiers of Flight Museum, but the statue has now been returned to a prominent location in the lobby of terminal one (August 2013).

On April 2, 1965, the 8,800 ft (2,682 m) parallel Runway 13R/31L opened (Runway 13/31 became Runway 13L/31R).[23] The project had been vexed by legal wrangling; safety concerns were raised regarding its proximity to schools[24] and its minimal safety areas,[25] while nearby residents attempted to stop the anticipated increase in jet noise and the removal of homes and businesses adjacent to the airport to accommodate the project.[26][27]

Several terminal expansion programs were fueled by the boom in air travel during the 1960s. American Airlines expanded their concourse in 1968 and Braniff opened its "Terminal of the Future." The expansion, showcasing Alexander Girard, Herman Miller and Ray and Charles Eames designs, featured the first rotunda concourse, jet bridges and several airport innovations. Braniff connected their new terminal to new remote parking lots with the Jetrailmonorail system in 1970.[28] Texas International expanded their concourse in 1969, and Delta's concourse was expanded in 1970.[10] By 1972, American used 14 gates on the west end of the terminal, Delta used 13 gates, Braniff and Ozark together used 13 gates on the east end of the terminal, and Texas International used seven gates.[29]

In 1972, Love Field saw a hijacking incident. On January 12, Billy Gene Hurst, Jr., a resident of Houston, hijacked Braniff Flight 38, a Boeing 727 airliner, as it departed William P. Hobby Airport in Houston bound for Dallas. After the plane landed at Love Field, Hurst allowed all 94 passengers to deplane, but continued to hold the 7 crewmembers hostage. Hurst insisted on flying to South America and made a variety of other demands, including food, cigarettes, parachutes, jungle survival gear, US $2 million, and a handgun. After a 6-hour standoff, police gave Hurst a package containing parachutes and some other items, and the hostages escaped while he was distracted examining the package's contents. Police stormed the craft soon afterwards and arrested him without serious incident. He was later sentenced to 20 years in prison.[30][31][32][33]

In 1964, the FAA, tired of having to fund separate airports in Dallas and Fort Worth, gave the two cities a six-month period to choose a site for and plan out a new regional airport. Ultimately, they agreed to build Dallas/Fort Worth Regional Airport (now Dallas/Fort Worth International Airport). It was agreed that to promote the new airport, each city would restrict its own passenger-service airports from air-carrier operations. Soon after the new airport opened, Greater Southwest was immediately closed to passenger traffic and its runways painted with large X's to avoid confusing pilots and due to the fact that Greater Southwest's runways were directly in the flight path of the new airport. By 1974, Greater Southwest International Airport was unceremoniously closed for good. The art-deco terminal was torn down in 1980.

Southwest Airlines, founded in 1971 and headquartered at Love Field, built its business on selling quick, no-frills trips between Dallas, Houston, and San Antonio. The company felt that the notion of a quick trip would be destroyed by a long drive to the new airport. Prior to the opening of DFW, Southwest Airlines sued for the right to remain at Love Field. In 1973 the courts ruled that the City of Dallas could not restrict Southwest Airlines from operating out of Love Field, so long as it remained open as an airport. This ruling effectively granted Southwest the right to continue to operate its existing intrastate service out of Love Field. The airlines operating from Love Field at the time DFW was conceived executed agreements with DFW stipulating that no airline could operate at the new airport if it continued to operate any flights out of Love Field. Southwest, created after the other carriers had signed on to the DFW operating agreements, was not a signatory and remained as the only airline operating at Love Field.[10]

1973 saw Love Field, which had more than 70 gates and saw frequent Boeing 747 service, reach record enplanements at 6,668,398 as the eighth busiest airport in the United States. On January 13, 1974, DFW Airport opened, ending most passenger service at Love Field.[10][34]

With the drastic reduction in flights and only 467,212 enplanements in 1975,[10] Love Field decommissioned several of its concourses. The city of Dallas attempted to make use of these dormant facilities by leasing some of them to an entrepreneur who opened the "Love Entertainment Complex" in November 1975. The main lobby at the front of a former terminal was transformed into movie theaters, ice rink, roller rink, huge video arcades, restaurants and bowling alley. Love seemed especially suited for the pre-teen and teen crowd, who could spend the day for a single admission charge of about $3.50. Love closed in May 1978.[citation needed] Several of the concourses were remodeled into support and training buildings for Southwest Airlines.

After deregulation of the U.S. airline industry in 1978, Southwest Airlines was able to enter the larger passenger markets and announced plans to start providing interstate service in 1979. This angered the City of Fort Worth and DFW International Airport, which resented expanded air service at Love Field. Therefore, Fort Worth-based U.S. Representative (later Speaker of the House) Jim Wright helped get a "compromise" law through Congress that restricted air service at Love Field. Using the pretext of protecting DFW, the Wright Amendment restricted passenger air traffic out of Love Field in the following ways: Passenger service on regular mid-sized and large aircraft could only be provided from Love Field to locations within Texas and four neighboring states (Louisiana, Arkansas, Oklahoma, and New Mexico). Long-haul service to other states was possible, but only on commuter aircraft with no more capacity than 56 passengers.[35]

While the Wright Amendment prevented any other major airlines from starting service out of Love Field, it did not deter Southwest. Based on short trips to begin with, Southwest continued to flourish as it used multiple shorthaul flights to build its Love Field operation. Some people managed to "work the system" and get around the Wright Amendment's restrictions. For example, a person could fly from Dallas to Houston or Albuquerque, change planes, and then fly to any city Southwest served — although he had, at the time, to do so on two tickets in each direction, since the Wright Amendment specifically barred airlines from issuing tickets that violated the law's provisions. This work-around was also problematic due to the fact that between flights checked baggage had to be collected and checked onto the next flight. This had the effect of creating mini-hubs at Houston/Hobby Airport and the Albuquerque International Sunport. Southwest continued to grow and became one of the most successful and profitable airlines in the United States.[citation needed]

Due to the success of Southwest Airlines, other airlines began considering the use of Love Field for short-haul trips. Southwest co-founder Lamar Muse started Muse Air, a short-haul competitor using DC-9s and MD-80s between Love Field and Houston in 1982. Muse Air was unable to operate profitably against Southwest at Love Field, and was purchased by Southwest in 1985 and renamed TranStar Airlines. Southwest ceased TranStar operations in 1987. Continental Airlines expressed its intent to fly out of Love Field in 1985, which led to years of court battles over the interpretation of the Wright Amendment as Fort Worth and DFW International Airport continued to try to prevent expansion at Love Field. Seeing the benefit of increased air traffic at Love Field, the City of Dallas began to actively lobby for the repeal of the Wright Amendment restrictions in 1992. In 1997, the Shelby Amendment passed through Congress, amending the Wright Amendment. A compromise of sorts, the Shelby Amendment allowed Love Field flights to three more states, Kansas, Mississippi, and Alabama. It amended the definition of 56-passenger jets that could fly to other states to include any aircraft weighing less than 300,000 pounds with 56 or fewer seats.

The Shelby Amendment caused several airlines to consider flying 56-passenger jets out of Love Field, including Continental, Delta, and a new airline, Legend. The City of Fort Worth immediately sued the City of Dallas to try to prevent the Shelby Amendment from going into effect. American, headquartered at DFW, joined the lawsuits against Dallas, but also said that if other airlines were allowed to fly out of Love Field, it would have no choice but to offer competing service. In 1998, after a year of legal decisions and appeals, Continental Express became the first major airline other than Southwest to fly out of Love Field since 1974. American began service out of Love Field shortly thereafter, but continued to sue to stop the service. Fort Worth and American Airlines eventually sued the U.S. Department of Transportation to stop allowing more flights out of Love Field.

In 2000, several federal appeals court decisions finally struck down all lawsuits against the Shelby Amendment. Fort Worth and American Airlines appealed to the U.S. Supreme Court, which refused to review the case. These legal decisions opened the door to increased long-haul flights out of Love Field using 56-passenger jets, including new service by Delta and Legend. The majority of this 56-passenger jet market was composed of business travelers making day trips to other cities.

In 2001, the September 11 attacks and the subsequent recession greatly reduced the demand for air travel in the U.S., especially within the business traveler market. As a result, most of the airlines providing long-haul 56-passenger flights stopped service and pulled out of Love Field. By 2003, Southwest and Continental Express were the only two major commercial airlines operating out of Love Field. However, due to Southwest's success and the possibility of other airlines returning in the future, the airport completed an expansion of its parking facilities and redeveloped one of its terminals.

New parking facilities in a 2,400-space garage opened in 2002 and 2003, connected to the terminal with a climate controlled walkway. The East Concourse, formerly Braniff's "Terminal of the Future," was demolished as part of the Love Field Modernization Program.[10]

In 2002, Love Field was designated as a Texas State Historical Site in 2003.

The Frontiers of Flight Museum, which had been located inside the airport terminal since 1988, moved to the north side of the airport in a separate facility.

In November 2004, Southwest announced their active opposition to the Wright Amendment, claiming that the law is anti-competitive and outdated. On November 30, 2005, Missouri was added to the list of states exempted from the Wright Amendment by an amendment written by Sen. Kit Bond. Southwest began nonstop flights to Kansas City and St. Louis on December 13. American Airlines and American Eagle began flights from Love to St. Louis, Kansas City, Austin, and San Antonio on March 2, 2006, although American Airlines subsequently pulled out of the market, leaving American Eagle to offer a reduced service to Austin and Kansas City alone. In 2008, American decided to terminate the Austin and Kansas City service and replace it with service to O'Hare International Airport (which Southwest does not serve) using 50-passenger regional jets in compliance with the Wright provisions regarding aircraft size, although American Eagle later stopped service from Love Field altogether.

On June 15, 2006, it was announced that American Airlines, Southwest Airlines, Dallas-Fort Worth International Airport and the cities of Dallas and Fort Worth had all agreed to seek full repeal of the Wright Amendment, with several conditions. Among them: the ban on nonstop flights outside the Wright zone would stay in place until 2014; through-ticketing to domestic airports (connecting flights to long-haul destinations) would be allowed immediately; Love Field's maximum gate capacity would be lowered from 32 to 20 gates; and Love Field would handle only domestic flights non-stop. Southwest will be able to operate from 16 gates, American 2 gates, and Continental 2 gates. JetBlue and Northwest Airlines claimed that the gate cap will effectively ban any airlines not named in the compromise to ever operate from Love Field, even though the agreement calls for Southwest, American and Continental to share gates with new airlines that desire to serve the airport. The cap of 20 gates would effectively restrict the purpose of the 2014 lifting of the ban on nonstop flights outside the Wright zone.

After extensive negotiations with the House and Senate Judiciary Committees, the compromise bill passed both Houses of Congress on Friday, September 29, just before the 109th Congress adjourned for the November elections. U.S. Senator Kay Bailey Hutchison led the effort to pass the bill in the Senate while Rep. Kay Granger led a bipartisan Texas House coalition to see the bill through to a successful conclusion in the House. President George W. Bush signed the bill into law on October 13, 2006.[36] Southwest and American Airlines then required approval from the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) to begin one-stop flights from Love Field to destinations outside the Wright limits.[37]

On October 17, 2006, Southwest Airlines announced that it would begin one-stop or connecting service between Love Field and 25 destinations outside the Wright zone on October 19, 2006.[38] American Airlines made travel between Love Field and locations outside the Wright zone available by October 18, 2006.[39][40]

In early 2009, a plan to modernize Love Field was announced. The $519 million master plan will replace the existing terminals with a new 20-gate concourse and expanded baggage facilities.[34] The project also called for a $250 million people mover system to connect to Dallas Area Rapid Transit's Burbank Station,[42] but this was eliminated in favor of a cheaper bus connection to the Inwood Station.[43]

The airport became embroiled in a controversy over concessions contracts when Dallas mayor Tom Leppert, during a March 3, 2010, City Council meeting, abruptly withdrew support for no-bid contracts with current airport food vendor Star Concessions Ltd. and newspaper and book vendor Hudson Retail Dallas, insisting that the contracts should be opened to public bidding instead. At a February 22, 2010, meeting, the City Council recommended that the existing contracts, set to expire in June 2011, be extended until 2026 with an additional three-year option and exclusive rights to 54 percent of vending space in a new terminal scheduled to open in 2014.[44] After several abortive attempts to resolve the issue, the City Council voted on August 18, 2010, to open all concessions space in the new terminal for public bidding; city staff would attempt to reach a deal with Star and Hudson to operate existing concessions space from 2011 to 2014, otherwise it would also be opened for public bidding.[45]

Aerial photo of Dallas Love Field, looking South with downtown Dallas in the distance.

Southwest Airlines added Baltimore, Denver, Las Vegas, Orlando, Washington–National and Chicago on October 13, 2014, the day the repeal went into effect. The first flight to operate outside of the Wright Amendment restricted area was Southwest Airlines flight 1013 to Denver (the flight number of which was named after the date). On November 2, 2014, Southwest added new service to Atlanta, Nashville, Fort Lauderdale, Los Angeles, New York-LaGuardia, Phoenix, San Diego, Orange County (California) and Tampa.[46]

In order to get its merger with US Airways approved by the Department of Justice (DOJ), American Airlines was forced to give up its 2 gates at Love Field. Delta Air Lines, Southwest Airlines and Virgin America all expressed interest, while the DOJ indicated that a low cost carrier should receive the gates.[47] The former American Airlines gates were ultimately granted to Virgin America on October 13, 2014, thus denying the gates to Delta and Southwest.[48][49]

Until 2014, Delta served Love Field by subleasing use of American's gates. After being notified that it would have to cease service at Love, Delta threatened to sue the city of Dallas. Southwest agreed to a temporary resolution of the situation by agreeing to sublease gate space to Delta until January 2015. When this agreement expired, United Airlines agreed to allow Delta to use one of its gates until July 2015.[50] United had previously agreed to transfer its gate rights to Southwest. The city of Dallas brought a lawsuit in federal court in June 2015 in order to resolve Delta's claims. In January 2016, Delta won a preliminary injunction to continue service at Love Field using Southwest gate rights, based on federal aviation law and DOT competition policies. As of June 2016, the injunction is being appealed at the United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit.[51]

On Monday, December 8, 2014, city officials announced a plan to add 4,000 parking spaces at Love Field, including the proposed construction of a 5-level parking garage across from Ticket Hall. Despite a 2008 forecast predicting that Love Field would have adequate parking to meet demand through 2018, the airport ran out of parking around midday on Thanksgiving, November 27, 2014, forcing arriving travelers to park off-airport and use other means to reach their flights. The parking shortage is expected to worsen in 2015 as the anticipated number of daily departures increases from 148 to 190.[53]

Runway 18/36, which had only 1% of operations in 2010, was closed in 2011 and is scheduled to be eliminated in 2017, due to its close proximity to housing on either side and the desire to build new office space at the south end.[54][55]

Modernization of Love Field's terminals was announced in early 2009. The $519 million master plan replaced the existing terminal buildings with a single new 20-gate concourse.

Southwest has preferential leases to all but two of the gates, Gates 11 and 13, to which Virgin America has preferential leases. A temporary gate-sharing agreement between Southwest and Delta and a similar agreement between United and Southwest ended on January 5 and 6, 2015, respectively, to allow expansion of the Southwest and United flight schedules.[52] United and Delta then entered into another agreement, permitting Delta to share one of United's gates until July 6, 2015.[50]

On January 30, 2015, Southwest Airlines announced they had entered into a sub-lease agreement for United's 2 Love Field gates; United ended service to Love Field on March 15, 2015. Southwest has announced additional flights and cities with the two extra gates.[57]

Since August 2015, Delta and Southwest have been fighting a legal battle over whether Delta should be allowed to remain at Love Field.[58] Delta has been sharing a Southwest gate, which has allegedly been impeding Southwest from adding more flights from the airport.[59] On January 9, 2016, the court ruled in favor of Delta.[60] Delta is now legally allowed to remain operating from Love Field using a Southwest gate.[61]

The terminal was built by Legend Airlines and was later used by Legend Airlines and Delta Connection/Atlantic Southeast Airlines. Under the terms of lifting the Wright Amendment, the number of gates at the airport is limited thus effectively precluding use of the terminal for scheduled passenger flights. The gates of the former terminal were demolished and the remaining structure converted into a U.S. Customs and Border Protection facility.

Currently, DART bus route 524 serves the airport terminal directly. Passengers can ride this bus route to nearby Inwood/Love Field Station, which is served by DART's Orange & Green light rail lines. There is no walking path between the terminal and the rail station, so passengers must take the bus to travel to or from the airport by rail.

December 23, 1936: A Braniff AirwaysLockheed Model 10 Electra airliner, registration number NC-14905, suffered an engine failure during a go-around while conducting a non-scheduled test flight; the pilot tried to turn back towards Love Field but lost control, causing the craft to spin into the northern shore of Bachman Lake. Its six occupants, all Braniff employees, died in the crash and ensuing fire.[79]

November 29, 1949: American AirlinesFlight 157, a Douglas DC-6, was on final approach to Runway 36 when the flight crew lost control, causing the airliner to slide off the runway and strike a parked airplane, a hangar, and a flight school before crashing into a business across the street from the airport. 26 passengers and two flight attendants died in the crash and ensuing fire; the pilot, co-pilot, flight engineer, and 15 others survived.

May 15, 1953: A Braniff International AirwaysDouglas DC-4 carrying 48 passengers and five crew slid off the end of Runway 36, crossed Lemmon Avenue, and plowed into an embankment. Despite reportedly heavy automobile traffic on the busy street, no vehicles were struck, and nobody aboard the airliner was seriously injured. The crash was attributed to poor braking action on the rain-slicked runway.[80]

May 14, 1960: The pilot of a Beechcraft Bonanza private plane suffered an apparent heart attack and fell unconscious while en route from Fort Worth to Dallas. The pilot's wife and sole passenger, who was not a trained pilot, managed to guide the Bonanza to Love Field but crashed while attempting to land. Both occupants suffered severe injuries and the pilot was pronounced dead, but it is unclear whether his death resulted from the heart attack or from injuries sustained during the crash.[82][83]

September 14, 1960: An airline maintenance inspector lost control of a Braniff International AirwaysDouglas DC-7 during a taxi test and crashed into a hangar at high speed. The inspector died and five of the six mechanics aboard were injured.[84]

April 18, 1962: A Douglas DC-3 operated by an aviation company affiliated with Purdue University, registration number N3588, crashed immediately after taking off to test a newly installed engine. The craft exploded into flames, killing all three people aboard.[85][86] The crash was attributed to insufficient airspeed at takeoff, and the National Transportation Safety Board noted that the pilot was not properly qualified to fly a DC-3.[87]

April 19, 1963: A Beechcraft Bonanza private plane crashed short of the runway on final approach, killing both occupants.[88]

January 29, 1966: A Piper Cherokee Sixair taxi, registration number N3246W, suffered an engine failure on final approach to Love Field and struck trees while the pilot was attempting an emergency landing on a nearby street.[89] The pilot and five passengers were injured; the engine failure was attributed to carburetor icing.[90]

February 10, 1967: A Beechcraft D18S, registration number N7388, crashed at Love Field after a propeller blade separated during takeoff; the pilot and both passengers died.[91]

September 27, 1967: All seven occupants of an Aero Commander 560E, registration number N3831C, died after the left-hand wing broke during the landing approach, sending the plane plummeting into Mockingbird Lane in Highland Park, Texas. Wreckage tore through the playground of Bradfield Elementary School. The school was not in session and nobody on the ground was seriously harmed.[92]

September 29, 1970: After a scheduled flight from Denver, Colorado, the landing gear of a Braniff International AirwaysBoeing 720, registration number N7080, collapsed during landing. The automatic gear extension mechanism had failed in flight and the flight crew manually lowered the gear but neglected to lock it in the "Down" position. The airliner slid to a halt on the runway, suffering significant damage. There were no injuries to the 47 passengers and seven crew.[93][94]

December 26, 1973: The pilot of a Tricon International Airlines Beechcraft C-45H cargo transport, registration number N118X, lost control while circling Love Field for a precautionary landing after being unable to raise the landing gear during takeoff. The C-45 struck two houses southeast of the airport, killing the pilot and injuring a person on the ground. The crash was attributed to insufficient airspeed and improper loading.[97][98]

April 18, 1975: A Cessna 310F, registration number N5818X, ran off the end of the runway, struck a fence, and burned after losing engine power during takeoff. The craft's two occupants, a student pilot and flight instructor, escaped with minor injuries. The crash was attributed to fuel starvation: the student pilot had mishandled the fuel control valve (known as the fuel selector) and taken off with the fuel tanks disconnected from the engines.[99][100]

June 8, 1976: The pilot of a Cessna 175, registration number N9259B, executed an emergency landing on nearby Mockingbird Lane soon after takeoff from Love Field, striking a telephone pole and a moving automobile. The aircraft was substantially damaged, but there were no serious injuries to the aircraft's four occupants or to the driver of the car. The crash was attributed to insufficient airspeed and overloading.[101][102]

January 27, 2000: After its tailplane deicing system failed during the landing approach, a Misubishi MU-300 business jet, registration number N900WJ, touched down on Runway 31R at higher-than-normal speed as recommended for such a situation. When it became evident that the aircraft was going to overrun the runway due to the high speed and poor braking action on the slush-covered pavement, the pilot purposely steered the jet into an embankment to avoid striking light poles past the far end of the runway. There were no injuries to the four passengers or two crew, but the aircraft was written off.[103][104]

^Order of Battle of the United States Land Forces in the First World War, Volume 3, Part 3, Center of Military History, United States Army, 1949 (1988 Reprint)

^ abcdMaurer, Maurer. Aviation in the US Army, 1919-1939 (Report). ISBN0-912799-38-2. On July 17, 1926,…the Air Corps got two new brigadier generals [promoted from lieutenant colonel, including] William E. Gillmore to be Chief of the Materiel Division to be created at Dayton, Ohio. … Major Schroeder and Lieutenant Macready’s altitude work had a direct bearing on air power for it led to superchargers, oxygen systems, and other equipment … The Boeing 299 crashed during testing at Wright Field on October 30, 1935. Aboard were Tower and four men from the Materiel Division-Maj. Ployer P. Hill, Chief of the Flying Branch, pilot; 1st Lt. Donald L. Putt, copilot; John B. Cutting, engineer; and Mark H. Koogler, mechanic. Taking off, the plane climbed steeply to 300 feet, stalled, crashed, and caught fire. Tower and Hill died. Investigation disclosed that no one had unlocked the rudder and elevator controls.

^Payne, Darwin and Kathy Fitzpatrick (1999), From Prairie To Planes, Three Forks Press.

^ abcdefghFutrell, Robert F. (July 1947). Development of AAF Base Facilities in the United States: 1939-1945 (Report). ARS-69: US Air Force Historical Study No 69 (Copy No. 2). Air Historical Office. The headquarters and the experimental activities of the Material Division, OCAC, were located at Wright Field, Dayton, Ohio, a new field that had been occupied in 1927.22 (p. 7)

1.
Love Field, Dallas
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Love Field is a neighborhood located in northwest Dallas, Texas. It lies southwest of and is adjacent to Dallas Love Field Airport and is bounded by Denton Road, Inwood Road, Harry Hines Boulevard, the neighborhood takes its name from Love Field Airport. The main business in Love Field is Dallas Love Field, southwest Airlines headquarters are located at 2702 Love Field Drive, adjacent to the airport. There are several large manufacturing plants in the neighborhood. The only body of water within Love Field is Bachman Lake and it lies between Northwest Highway and Dallas Love Field. Other notable areas are the park around Bachman lake as well as several runoffs from the Trinity River, the Dallas Independent School District operates local public schools. The area is within the Board of Trustees District 8, as of 2008 Adam Medrano represents the district, obadiah Knight Elementary School, a public elementary school, is within Love Field. All residents zoned to Knight are also zoned to Thomas J. Rusk Middle School and our Lady of Perpetual Help Catholic School is a Roman Catholic school of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Dallas. OLPH students range in age from Pre-K to eighth grade, OLPH is located across the street from Knight Elementary School. The Love Field area lies roughly within the Dallas Police Department beats 121-126, 131-135,143,145,541, within these beats a number of crimes were committed,8 Murders 35 Rapes 373 Robberies 325 Aggravated Assaults 494 Burglaries 2,087 Thefts 875 Auto Thefts

2.
Ernest A. Love Field
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Love Field is eight miles north of Prescott, in Yavapai County, Arizona. Most traffic at PRC is training flights from Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University but includes training flights from operations including Guidance Aviation, the National Plan of Integrated Airport Systems categorized it as a non-primary commercial service airport. Federal Aviation Administration records say the airport had 5,816 passenger boardings in calendar year 2008,11,668 in 2009 and 7,836 in 2010, the City of Prescott announced that passenger totals for 2009 were 11,690. Reaching over 10,000 boardings will allow the airport to get a million dollar grant each year for the five years for improvement projects. This also prompted Great Lakes Airlines to add a daily weekday flight to Denver. The first airline flights at Prescott were TWA DC-3s in late 1947, the airport is named for Ernest A. Love, First Lieutenant, United States Army Air Service. Love was born in New Mexico and raised in Prescott and he was a graduate of Prescott High School, and studied mechanical engineering at Stanford. He served in World War I and was shot down near Verdun, France on 16 September 1918, Lieutenant Love is buried at Arlington National Cemetery. The hamlet of Love, Arizona is also named for him, Love Field covers 760 acres at an elevation of 5,045 feet. It has three runways, 3R/21L is 7,616 by 150 feet, 3L/21R is 4,848 by 60 feet. Plans to extend Runway 3R/21L and Runway 3L/21R were mentioned in the latest master plan update in 2009, the extension onto Runway 3R/21L would be more than 3,300 feet and the extension onto Runway 3L/21R would be more than 1,300 feet. In the year ending March 31,2011 the airport had 244,080 aircraft operations, average 668 per day,98. 2% general aviation,1. 6% air taxi, <1% military, and <1% airline. 232 aircraft were based at this airport, 89% single-engine, 8% multi-engine, 1% helicopter, 1% jet. Scheduled passenger service, Great Lakes Airlines has served the airport since 2008, although Great Lakes Airlines over the last few years ran into staffing issues due to the nationwide pilot shortage, Prescott has always been one of their top destinations. The company currently flies to Los Angeles and Phoenix, the company cut back on the destinations it served so it could dramatically increase reliability and staffing abilities towards its profitable airports. Prescott in November received the first of several planned upgrades by the company, Great Lakes increased its total round trip daily flights to/from Los Angeles from 2 flights a day to 4. The company has leased a corporate maintenance hangar on the airfield. Finally, the airline has announced that in December they will resume flying to Denver, CO with one-stop in Farmington, NM in addition to Los Angeles, list of airports in Arizona Official website Ernest A

3.
Federal Aviation Administration
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The Federal Aviation Administration of the United States is a national authority with powers to regulate all aspects of civil aviation. The FAAs roles include, Regulating U. S, each LOB has a specific role within the FAA. Airports — plans and develops projects involving airports, overseeing their construction, Air Traffic Organization — primary duty is to safely and efficiently move air traffic within the National Airspace System. ATO employees manage air traffic facilities including Airport Traffic Control Towers, Aviation Safety — Responsible for aeronautical certification of personnel and aircraft, including pilots, airlines, and mechanics. Commercial Space Transportation — ensures protection of U. S. assets during the launch or reentry of commercial space vehicles, the FAA is headquartered in Washington, D. C. as well as the William J. The newly created Aeronautics Branch, operating under the Department of Commerce assumed primary responsibility for aviation oversight, in fulfilling its civil aviation responsibilities, the Department of Commerce initially concentrated on such functions as safety regulations and the certification of pilots and aircraft. It took over the building and operation of the system of lighted airways. The Aeronautics Branch was renamed the Bureau of Air Commerce in 1934 to reflect its status within the Department. As commercial flying increased, the Bureau encouraged a group of airlines to establish the first three centers for providing air traffic control along the airways, in 1936, the Bureau itself took over the centers and began to expand the ATC system. The pioneer air traffic controllers used maps, blackboards, and mental calculations to ensure the separation of aircraft traveling along designated routes between cities. In 1938, the Civil Aeronautics Act transferred the civil aviation responsibilities from the Commerce Department to a new independent agency. The legislation also expanded the role by giving them the authority. President Franklin D. Roosevelt split the authority into two agencies in 1940, the Civil Aeronautics Administration and the Civil Aeronautics Board, CAA was responsible for ATC, airman and aircraft certification, safety enforcement, and airway development. CAB was entrusted with safety regulation, accident investigation, and economic regulation of the airlines, the CAA was part of the Department of Commerce. The CAB was an independent federal agency, on the eve of Americas entry into World War II, CAA began to extend its ATC responsibilities to takeoff and landing operations at airports. This expanded role eventually became permanent after the war, the application of radar to ATC helped controllers in their drive to keep abreast of the postwar boom in commercial air transportation. The approaching era of jet travel, and a series of midair collisions and this legislation gave the CAAs functions to a new independent body, the Federal Aviation Agency. The act transferred air safety regulation from the CAB to the new FAA, the FAAs first administrator, Elwood R. Quesada, was a former Air Force general and adviser to President Eisenhower

4.
Dallas
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Dallas is a major city in the U. S. state of Texas. It is the most populous city in the Dallas–Fort Worth metroplex, the citys population ranks ninth in the U. S. and third in Texas after Houston and San Antonio. The citys prominence arose from its importance as a center for the oil and cotton industries. The bulk of the city is in Dallas County, of which it is the county seat, however, sections of the city are located in Collin, Denton, Kaufman, and Rockwall counties. According to the 2010 United States Census, the city had a population of 1,197,816, the United States Census Bureaus estimate for the citys population increased to 1,300,092 as of July 1,2015. In 2016 DFW ascended to the one spot in the nation in year-over-year population growth. In 2014, the metropolitan economy surpassed Washington, D. C. to become the fifth largest in the U. S. with a 2014 real GDP over $504 billion, as such, the metropolitan areas economy is the 10th largest in the world. As of January 2017, the job count has increased to 3,558,200 jobs. The citys economy is based on banking, commerce, telecommunications, technology, energy, healthcare and medical research. The city is home to the third-largest concentration of Fortune 500 companies in the nation. Located in North Texas, Dallas is the core of the largest metropolitan area in the South. Dallas and nearby Fort Worth were developed due to the construction of railroad lines through the area allowing access to cotton, cattle. Later, France also claimed the area but never established much settlement, the area remained under Spanish rule until 1821, when Mexico declared independence from Spain, and the area was considered part of the Mexican state of Coahuila y Tejas. In 1836, the Republic of Texas, with majority Anglo-American settlers, in 1839, Warren Angus Ferris surveyed the area around present-day Dallas. John Neely Bryan established a permanent settlement near the Trinity River named Dallas in 1841, the origin of the name is uncertain. The Republic of Texas was annexed by the United States in 1845, Dallas was formally incorporated as a city on February 2,1856. With construction of railroads, Dallas became a business and trading center and it became an industrial city, attracting workers from Texas, the South and the Midwest. The Praetorian Building of 15 stories, built in 1909, was the first skyscraper west of the Mississippi and it marked the prominence of Dallas as a city

5.
Focus city
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In the airline industry, a focus city is a destination from which an airline operates several point-to-point routes. Thus, a city primarily caters to the local market rather than to connecting passengers. However, with the terms expanded usage, a city may also function as a small-scale hub. Allegiant Air, JetBlue and Frontier Airlines are examples of airlines that consider some of their destinations to be focus cities

6.
Southwest Airlines
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Southwest Airlines Co. is a major U. S. airline, the worlds largest low-cost carrier, headquartered in Dallas, Texas. The airline was established in 1967 by Herb Kelleher and adopted its current name in 1971, the airline has more than 53,000 employees as of October 2016 and operates more than 3,900 departures a day during peak travel season. As of 2014, it carried the most domestic passengers of any U. S. airline, as of December 2016, Southwest Airlines had scheduled services to 101 destinations in the United States and eight additional countries. Service to both Grand Cayman and Cincinnati begins June 4,2017, Southwest Airlines has used only Boeing 737s, except for the period from 1979 to 1987 when it leased some Boeing 727-200s from Braniff International Airways. As of January 2016, Southwest is the largest operator of the Boeing 737 worldwide, with over 700 in service, in 1966 Southwest Airlines was founded by Rollin King and Herbert Kelleher, in 1967 it was incorporated as Air Southwest Company. It was not until 1971 that the airline began scheduled flights, the same year the organization adopted the name Southwest Airlines. The expansion of flights started in 1975, to cities throughout Texas, Service to the East and the Southeast started in the 1990s. The company has employed humor in its advertising, the airlines current slogan is Low fares. Instead of a lawsuit, the CEOs for both companies staged an arm wrestling match, a promotional video was created showing the CEOs training for the bout and distributed among the employees and as a video press release along with the video of the match itself. Herb Kelleher lost the match for Southwest, with Stevens Aviation winning the rights to the phrase, kurt Herwald, CEO of Stevens Aviation, immediately granted the use of Just Plane Smart to Southwest Airlines. The net result was both companies having use of the trademark, $15,000 going to charity and good publicity for both companies, Southwest Airlines is the official commercial airline of the Honor Flight Network. Honor Flights are dedicated to bringing aging and ailing veterans to visit the monuments in Washington. The Southwest Airlines headquarters is located on the grounds of Dallas Love Field in the Love Field neighborhood of Dallas, Texas, on September 17,2012, Southwest broke ground on a new Training and Operational Support building. The TOPS Building is across the street from its current headquarters building, the property includes a two-story,100, 000-square-foot operations building that can withstand an EF3 tornado. It also includes a four-story,392, 000-square-foot office and training facility with two levels devoted to each function, the new facilities house 24-hour coordination and maintenance operations, customer support and services, and training. The project was completed in late 2013, with occupancy beginning in 2014, as of December 31,2016, Southwest Airlines has more than 53,000 employees. Gary C. Kelly is Chairman and CEO of Southwest Airlines, Kelly replaced former CEO Jim Parker on July 15,2004 and assumed the title of President on July 15,2008, replacing former President Colleen Barrett. In July 2008, Herb Kelleher resigned his position as Chairman, Colleen Barrett left her post on the Board of Directors and as Corporate Secretary in May 2008 and as President in July 2008

7.
Virgin America
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Virgin America Inc. is an American airline that was founded in 2004 and began operations in 2007. The airlines mission statement entails providing low-fare, high-quality service for service between major cities on the Eastern and West Coast seaboards. Virgin Americas frequent flyer program Elevate provides award flights and other benefits to frequent fliers, Alaska Air Group acquired Virgin America in 2016, at a valuation of $2.6 billion, with additional expenses bringing the cost to approximately $4 billion. With the transaction, Virgin America became a carrier to the other Alaska Air Group subsidiaries Alaska Airlines. Alaska Air Group is set to merge Virgin America with Alaska Airlines, in early 2004, Virgin Group announced its intention to found a United States-based, low-fare airline called Virgin USA. At the time, Virgin USA expected flights to begin by mid-2005, after considering several key areas, the San Francisco Bay Area was chosen as the location of its flight operations center and later as its corporate headquarters. Virgin America secured U. S. investors Black Canyon Capital, once the new owners were on board, Virgin’s General Counsel submitted the required U. S. Department of Transportation certificate application on December 9,2005. Unfortunately, despite significant public support for the new California-based airline, the application was initially denied by the Department of Transportation on December 27,2006. Additionally, Virgin America was open to removing Richard Branson from the board of directors. Virgin America was tentatively cleared to fly by the U. S, the airline protested the stipulation concerning Reids removal to the federal regulators, arguing that the other stipulations ensured that the business would not be ruled by foreign interests. The Department of Transportations final agreement was to allow Reid to remain involved with Virgin America until February 2008, Virgin America began selling tickets in July 2007. On August 8,2007 the airline made its inaugural New York and Los Angeles to San Francisco flights - the aircraft were named Air Colbert, after comedian Stephen Colbert, in December 2007, C. David Cush replaced Reid as CEO of the airline. From the beginning of operations, Virgin America reported losses, beginning with $270 million in its first month, until the quarter of 2010. On May 21,2009, Virgin America became the first U. S. airline to offer Wi-Fi access via Gogo Inflight Internet on every flight, between November 10,2009, and January 15,2010, the airline offered free WiFi with a subsidy from Google. On December 17,2014, Virgin America announced that it would be offering faster fleet-wide ATG-4 inflight WiFi service from Gogo, in March 2010, Virgin America announced its intention to start flying to Toronto from Los Angeles and San Francisco, making it the airlines first international destination. Following the Department of Transportations approval of Virgin Americas proposal to fly to Canada, however, due to high operating costs and higher demand for Dallas/Fort-Worth, Virgin America terminated Toronto service on April 6,2011. As a result, Virgin America transported almost 31,000 passengers through Dallas Love Field in the first month, in April 2011, Virgin Americas hub at San Francisco International Airport relocated to the newly remodeled Terminal 2, sharing the gates with American Airlines. In late October 2011, the migrated to Sabres global distribution system that handles reservations, frequent-flier accounts, flight operations data

8.
Geographic coordinate system
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A geographic coordinate system is a coordinate system used in geography that enables every location on Earth to be specified by a set of numbers, letters or symbols. The coordinates are chosen such that one of the numbers represents a vertical position. A common choice of coordinates is latitude, longitude and elevation, to specify a location on a two-dimensional map requires a map projection. The invention of a coordinate system is generally credited to Eratosthenes of Cyrene. Ptolemy credited him with the adoption of longitude and latitude. Ptolemys 2nd-century Geography used the prime meridian but measured latitude from the equator instead. Mathematical cartography resumed in Europe following Maximus Planudes recovery of Ptolemys text a little before 1300, in 1884, the United States hosted the International Meridian Conference, attended by representatives from twenty-five nations. Twenty-two of them agreed to adopt the longitude of the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, the Dominican Republic voted against the motion, while France and Brazil abstained. France adopted Greenwich Mean Time in place of local determinations by the Paris Observatory in 1911, the latitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle between the equatorial plane and the straight line that passes through that point and through the center of the Earth. Lines joining points of the same latitude trace circles on the surface of Earth called parallels, as they are parallel to the equator, the north pole is 90° N, the south pole is 90° S. The 0° parallel of latitude is designated the equator, the plane of all geographic coordinate systems. The equator divides the globe into Northern and Southern Hemispheres, the longitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle east or west of a reference meridian to another meridian that passes through that point. All meridians are halves of great ellipses, which converge at the north and south poles, the prime meridian determines the proper Eastern and Western Hemispheres, although maps often divide these hemispheres further west in order to keep the Old World on a single side. The antipodal meridian of Greenwich is both 180°W and 180°E, the combination of these two components specifies the position of any location on the surface of Earth, without consideration of altitude or depth. The grid formed by lines of latitude and longitude is known as a graticule, the origin/zero point of this system is located in the Gulf of Guinea about 625 km south of Tema, Ghana. To completely specify a location of a feature on, in, or above Earth. Earth is not a sphere, but a shape approximating a biaxial ellipsoid. It is nearly spherical, but has an equatorial bulge making the radius at the equator about 0. 3% larger than the radius measured through the poles, the shorter axis approximately coincides with the axis of rotation

9.
Runway
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According to the International Civil Aviation Organization, a runway is a defined rectangular area on a land aerodrome prepared for the landing and takeoff of aircraft. Runways may be a surface or a natural surface. Runways are named by a number between 01 and 36, which is generally the magnetic azimuth of the heading in decadegrees. This heading differs from true north by the magnetic declination. A runway numbered 09 points east, runway 18 is south, runway 27 points west, when taking off from or landing on runway 09, a plane would be heading 90°. A runway can normally be used in both directions, and is named for each separately, e. g. runway 33 in one direction is runway 15 when used in the other. The two numbers usually differ by 18, Runway Zero Three Left becomes Runway Two One Right when used in the opposite direction. In some countries, if parallel runways are too close to each other, at large airports with four or more parallel runways some runway identifiers are shifted by 10 degrees to avoid the ambiguity that would result with more than three parallel runways. For example, in Los Angeles, this results in runways 6L, 6R, 7L. At Dallas/Fort Worth International Airport, there are five parallel runways, named 17L, 17C, 17R, 18L, for clarity in radio communications, each digit in the runway name is pronounced individually, runway three six, runway one four, etc. A leading zero, for example in runway zero six or runway zero one left, is included for all ICAO, however, most U. S. civil aviation airports drop the leading zero as required by FAA regulation. This also includes some military airfields such as Cairns Army Airfield and this American anomaly may lead to inconsistencies in conversations between American pilots and controllers in other countries. It is very common in a such as Canada for a controller to clear an incoming American aircraft to, for example, runway 04. In flight simulation programs those of American origin might apply U. S. usage to airports around the world, for example, runway 05 at Halifax will appear on the program as the single digit 5 rather than 05. Runway designations change over time because the magnetic poles slowly drift on the Earths surface, depending on the airport location and how much drift takes place, it may be necessary over time to change the runway designation. As runways are designated with headings rounded to the nearest 10 degrees, for example, if the magnetic heading of a runway is 233 degrees, it would be designated Runway 23. If the magnetic heading changed downwards by 5 degrees to 228, if on the other hand the original magnetic heading was 226, and the heading decreased by only 2 degrees to 224, the runway should become Runway 22. Because the drift itself is slow, runway designation changes are uncommon

10.
Concrete
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Concrete is a composite material composed of coarse aggregate bonded together with a fluid cement that hardens over time. Most concretes used are lime-based concretes such as Portland cement concrete or concretes made with other hydraulic cements, when aggregate is mixed together with dry Portland cement and water, the mixture forms a fluid slurry that is easily poured and molded into shape. The cement reacts chemically with the water and other ingredients to form a matrix that binds the materials together into a durable stone-like material that has many uses. Often, additives are included in the mixture to improve the properties of the wet mix or the finished material. Most concrete is poured with reinforcing materials embedded to provide tensile strength, famous concrete structures include the Hoover Dam, the Panama Canal, and the Roman Pantheon. The earliest large-scale users of technology were the ancient Romans. The Colosseum in Rome was built largely of concrete, and the dome of the Pantheon is the worlds largest unreinforced concrete dome. Today, large concrete structures are made with reinforced concrete. After the Roman Empire collapsed, use of concrete became rare until the technology was redeveloped in the mid-18th century, today, concrete is the most widely used man-made material. The word concrete comes from the Latin word concretus, the passive participle of concrescere, from con-. Perhaps the earliest known occurrence of cement was twelve years ago. A deposit of cement was formed after an occurrence of oil shale located adjacent to a bed of limestone burned due to natural causes and these ancient deposits were investigated in the 1960s and 1970s. On a human timescale, small usages of concrete go back for thousands of years and they discovered the advantages of hydraulic lime, with some self-cementing properties, by 700 BC. They built kilns to supply mortar for the construction of houses, concrete floors. The cisterns were kept secret and were one of the reasons the Nabataea were able to thrive in the desert, some of these structures survive to this day. In the Ancient Egyptian and later Roman eras, it was re-discovered that adding volcanic ash to the mix allowed it to set underwater, similarly, the Romans knew that adding horse hair made concrete less liable to crack while it hardened, and adding blood made it more frost-resistant. Crystallization of strätlingite and the introduction of pyroclastic clays creates further fracture resistance, german archaeologist Heinrich Schliemann found concrete floors, which were made of lime and pebbles, in the royal palace of Tiryns, Greece, which dates roughly to 1400–1200 BC. Lime mortars were used in Greece, Crete, and Cyprus in 800 BC, the Assyrian Jerwan Aqueduct made use of waterproof concrete

11.
Airport
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An airport is an aerodrome with facilities for flights to take off and land. Airports often have facilities to store and maintain aircraft, and a control tower, larger airports may have fixed-base operator services, airport aprons, taxiway bridges, air traffic control centres, passenger facilities such as restaurants and lounges, and emergency services. An airport with a helipad for rotorcraft but no runway is called a heliport, an airport for use by seaplanes and amphibious aircraft is called a seaplane base. Such a base typically includes a stretch of water for takeoffs and landings. An international airport has facilities for customs and passport control. In warfare, airports can become the focus of fighting, for example the Battle of Tripoli Airport or the Battle for Donetsk Airport. An airport primarily for use is called an airbase or air station. Most of the airports are owned by local, regional. Airports are divided into landside and airside, landside includes parking lots, public transport railway stations and access roads. Airside includes all areas accessible to aircraft, including runways, taxiways, passage between landside and airside is tightly controlled at all airports. To access airside, one must go through Security, and if applicable and this applies to everyone, including staff. Most major airports provide commercial outlets for products and services, Airports may also contain premium and VIP services. The premium and VIP services may include express check-in and dedicated check-in counters, in addition to people, airports move cargo around the clock. Many large airports are located near railway trunk routes, the majority of the worlds airports are non-towered, with no air traffic control presence. Busy airports have air control system. All airports use a pattern to assure smooth traffic flow between departing and arriving aircraft. There are a number of available to pilots, though not all airports are equipped with them. Many airports have lighting that help guide planes using the runways and taxiways at night or in rain, snow, or fog

12.
Downtown Dallas
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Downtown Dallas is the Central Business District in Dallas, Texas USA, located in the geographic center of the city. The square miles, population and density figures in the adjacent table represent the data for this traditional definition, however, the strong organic growth of Downtown Dallas since the early 2000s and continuing into the present has now resulted in Downtown Dallas, Inc. In total there are 15 districts that now form the definition of Downtown, Downtown Dallas achieved notoriety on November 22,1963, with the assassination of President John F. Kennedy. Both President Kennedy and Texas Governor John Connally were shot as their motorcade passed through Dealey Plaza in what is now the West End Historic District, part of the former Texas School Book Depository is now the Sixth Floor Museum, with exhibits about Kennedy and the assassination. Nearby is the John Fitzgerald Kennedy Memorial, the building boom of the 1970s and 1980s produced a distinctive contemporary profile for the downtown skyline, influenced by nationally prominent architects. Downtown Dallas has also gained more recent national attention, as it was the location of the 2016 shooting of Dallas police officers, the area is undergoing a transition as dozens of residential conversions and new high rise condos bring more permanent residents to the downtown area. As of mid-2013, there were approximately 4980 residences available in downtown Dallas and its redeveloped Main Street has recently become more of a place for Dallasites to play after several restaurants, hotels, and residential towers opened their doors along the strip. The city has invested $160 million of funds in downtown Dallas for residential development that attracted $650 million of private investment. Additionally, the $200 million 42-story Museum Tower residential skyscraper in the Downtown Dallas Arts District was completed in 2013, importantly, The Trinity River Corridor is poised to undergo a significant transformation into a giant urban park. The park is expected to include a center, lakes, trails. Funding over the years, however, has been a constant problem, though serious work on the project now appears eminent, with the first two bridges having received significant private backing. Downtown Dallas has undergone a series of important changes that city officials believe will drastically improve the citys core and these changes are located in four downtown areas, Victory Park, the Arts District, the Trinity River, and the Convention center corridor. Also currently under construction in Victory Park is the new Perot Museum of Nature and Science, One of the prominent attractions in the Arts District is the Dallas Museum of Art. Of all the changes in downtown Dallas, the Trinity River corridor is undergoing the most dramatic, dubbed the Trinity River Project by local officials, plans are also in place for improved levies to protect downtown from possible flooding. Separated from Victory Park and the Arts District by the Downtown Central Business District, is the Convention Center corridor, the Omni Dallas Hotel is a new 23-story convention center hotel that opened in 2011. The park is called an urban oasis due to its unique location. AT&T is headquartered at the Whitacre Tower in Downtown Dallas, AT&T moved to Dallas from San Antonio, mayor of Dallas Tom Leppert said in 2008 that he hoped that AT&T would stay in the central city. Comerica is headquartered in the Comerica Bank Tower, TM Advertising has its headquarters in the same building

13.
Dallas/Fort Worth International Airport
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Dallas/Fort Worth International Airport is the primary international airport serving the Dallas–Fort Worth area in the U. S. state of Texas. It is the largest hub for American Airlines, which is headquartered near the airport,2016 was another record year for DFW, as the airport served 65,670,697 passengers. It is the third busiest airport in the world by aircraft movements and it is the busiest airport in the State of Texas by both passenger enplanements and by aircraft movements. It is the tenth busiest international gateway in the United States, with nearly 900 daily flights, American Airlines at DFW is the second largest airline hub in the world and the United States, only behind Deltas Atlanta hub. DFW Airport is larger than the island of Manhattan and is the second largest in acreage (18,076.297 among US airports, after Denver. It has its own post office ZIP code and United States Postal Service city designation, as well as its own police, fire protection, airports Council International named DFW Airport the best large airport in North America for passenger satisfaction. DFW Airport earned top marks among airports with more than 40 million passengers, beating out the likes of Atlanta’s Hartsfield-Jackson International Airport, as of March 2017, DFW Airport has service to 217 destinations, including 56 international and 161 domestic destinations within the U. S. As early as 1927, before the area had an airport, Fort Worth declined the offer and thus each city opened its own airport, Love Field and Meacham Field, each of which had scheduled airline service. In 1940 the Civil Aeronautics Administration earmarked $1.9 million for the construction of a Dallas/Fort Worth Regional Airport, after World War II, Fort Worth annexed the site and developed it into Amon Carter Field with the help of American Airlines. In 1953 Fort Worth transferred its flights from Meacham Field to the new airport. By the mid-1960s Fort Worth was getting 1% of Texas air traffic while Dallas was getting 49%, the joint airport proposal was revisited in 1961 after the Federal Aviation Administration refused to invest more money in separate Dallas and Fort Worth airports. Although the Fort Worth airport was abandoned, Dallas Love Field became congested and had no more room to expand. The land was purchased by the cities in 1966 and construction began in 1969, the North Texas Commission formed the North Texas Airport Commission to oversee the planning and construction of the giant airport. Area voters unanimously approved the referendum and the new North Texas Regional Airport would become a reality. Under the original 1967 airport design, DFW was to have pier-shaped terminals perpendicular to a central highway, the plan proposed thirteen such terminals, but only four were built initially. The attendees at the dedication included former Texas Governor John Connally, Transportation Secretary Claude Brinegar. Senator Lloyd Bentsen and Texas Governor Dolph Briscoe, the airport opened for commercial service as Dallas/Fort Worth Regional Airport on January 13,1974, at a cost of $700 million. The name change to Dallas/Fort Worth International did not occur until 1985, when it opened, DFW had four terminals, numbered 2W, 2E, 3E and 4E

14.
11th Armored Cavalry Regiment
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The 11th Armored Cavalry Regiment is a unit of the United States Army garrisoned at Fort Irwin, California. Although termed an armored regiment, it is being re-organized as a multi-component heavy brigade combat team. The regiment has served in the Philippine–American War, World War II, the Vietnam War, Cold War, Operation Desert Storm, and Operation Iraqi Freedom. The 11th ACR was serving as the Opposing Force for the Army and Marine task forces, from June to December 2003, members of the 11th ACR deployed to Afghanistan, where they helped to develop and train the armor and mechanized infantry battalions of the Afghan National Army. These specialized units would defend the Afghan capital during the constitutional convention. In January 2004, the 11th ACR deployed to Iraq, the 11th ACR was not reorganized under the U. S. Army Combat Arms Regimental System, but has been reorganized under the U. S. Army Regimental System. The regiment was constituted on 2 February 1901 in the Regular Army as the 11th Cavalry Regiment, for an operational history of the regiment, see the separate squadron histories below. At the start of World War II, the 11th Cavalry was stationed at the Presidio of Monterey in California and they moved to Fort Ord in stages from 16 to 27 January 1940 and again to Camp Clayton on 15 April to 15 May 1940 for temporary training. They were next assigned to the United States Army Armored Force on 12 June 1942, and relocated to Fort Benning in Georgia on 10 July 1942, the remainder of 11th Cavalry was disbanded on 26 October 1944. The motto on the insignia is Allons, which means Lets Go in French. The regiment moved to Murfreesboro, Tennessee on 22 June 1943 and it was activated on 10 September 1948 at Fort Lewis, Washington. Reconnaissance Company was reorganized and redesignated as Troop E, 90th Cavalry Reconnaissance Squadron, Maintenance and Service Companies were disbanded. As part of the 10th Armored Division, 11th Tank Battalion shipped out from the New York Port of Embarkation on 13 September 1944, and landed in France on 23 September 1944. The battalion participated in the Rhineland, Ardennes-Alsace, and Central Europe Campaigns, the battalion returned to the Hampton Roads Port of Embarkation on 13 October 1945, was inactivated at Camp Patrick Henry, Virginia on the same day, and was relieved from assignment to the 10th AD. HHT, 11th Cavalry Regiment was redesignated on 19 April 1943 as HHT, 11th Cavalry Group, at that time, the 36th Cavalry Reconnaissance Squadron and 44th Cavalry Reconnaissance Squadron were attached. The group was moved to Fort Bragg on 31 January 1944. The group then held a line along the Rhine River near Düsseldorf on 12 March 1945 under the U. S. In August 1945, 11th Cavalry Group headquarters was located at Gross Ilsede, HHT, 11th Cavalry Group was converted and reorganized as HHT, 11th Constabulary Regiment on 1 May 1946

15.
Wright Model C
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The Wright Model C Speed Scout was an early military aircraft produced in the United States and which first flew in 1912. It was a development of the Model B but was designed to offer the Aeronautical Division. It featured a powerful engine over the Wright B. Still a two-seater, it added a second set of controls. On some, the controls were replaced with two wheels mounted on a single yoke. Aerodynamically, the small finlets that had used on the Model Bs undercarriage were replaced by two vertical vanes attached to the forward end of the skids. The aircraft had a service life, from 1912 to 1914. Its simplified twin-lever control system was confusing to operate and proved difficult for pilots to master, while the plane itself was tail heavy. Seven Model Cs were used by the Aeronautical Division, S. C,5, a Burgess Model F rebuilt to Wright C standards. Five new Wright Scouts were delivered to the Aviation School at College Park, Maryland, one to the provisional 1st Aero Squadron at Texas City, Texas, and the last shipped to the Philippines. An eighth Aircraft, a Burgess Model J delivered in January 1913, was a Wright C built under license by the Burgess Company, the aircraft were delivered between May 1912 and January 1913 and were subject to approval of ten flight tests by the Army before acceptance. The first delivered, to have been S. C, deliveries of the plane continued, although the statement of one eyewitness led to speculation that the elevator had not responded to inputs to pull out of the dive. The fifth crash on November 24,1913 killed the Armys chief instructor, as a result, the Wright Company factory manager, Grover Loening, concluded that the Wright C was flawed by a design defect. Orville Wright disagreed, maintaining that pilot error was to blame and he theorized that pilots stalled the aircraft by applying full power that in level flight made angle of attack critical. He proposed that full power be used only to climb and invented an angle-of-incidence indicator sensitive enough to warn a pilot that his climb or dive was too steep, the final crash resulted in grounding of the two surviving Model Cs on February 16,1914. The Aeronautical Division hired Loening as an engineer to review the airworthiness of its airplanes,5, permanently discontinued on February 24,1914, when on Loenings recommendation the Army de-commissioned all seven of its remaining pusher airplanes as a matter of policy. Model C Two-seat scouting biplane, powered by a 35-hp Wright piston engine, six built for the Aeronautical Division, and one converted from a Burgess Model F. Model C-H Two-seat scouting floatplane, powered by a 60-hp Wright piston engine. Three built for the US Navy, Model J One built under licence by the Burgess Company and Curtis, with curved wings and 40hp Sturtevant D-4 engine

16.
World War I
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World War I, also known as the First World War, the Great War, or the War to End All Wars, was a global war originating in Europe that lasted from 28 July 1914 to 11 November 1918. More than 70 million military personnel, including 60 million Europeans, were mobilised in one of the largest wars in history and it was one of the deadliest conflicts in history, and paved the way for major political changes, including revolutions in many of the nations involved. The war drew in all the worlds great powers, assembled in two opposing alliances, the Allies versus the Central Powers of Germany and Austria-Hungary. These alliances were reorganised and expanded as more nations entered the war, Italy, Japan, the trigger for the war was the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria, heir to the throne of Austria-Hungary, by Yugoslav nationalist Gavrilo Princip in Sarajevo on 28 June 1914. This set off a crisis when Austria-Hungary delivered an ultimatum to the Kingdom of Serbia. Within weeks, the powers were at war and the conflict soon spread around the world. On 25 July Russia began mobilisation and on 28 July, the Austro-Hungarians declared war on Serbia, Germany presented an ultimatum to Russia to demobilise, and when this was refused, declared war on Russia on 1 August. Germany then invaded neutral Belgium and Luxembourg before moving towards France, after the German march on Paris was halted, what became known as the Western Front settled into a battle of attrition, with a trench line that changed little until 1917. On the Eastern Front, the Russian army was successful against the Austro-Hungarians, in November 1914, the Ottoman Empire joined the Central Powers, opening fronts in the Caucasus, Mesopotamia and the Sinai. In 1915, Italy joined the Allies and Bulgaria joined the Central Powers, Romania joined the Allies in 1916, after a stunning German offensive along the Western Front in the spring of 1918, the Allies rallied and drove back the Germans in a series of successful offensives. By the end of the war or soon after, the German Empire, Russian Empire, Austro-Hungarian Empire, national borders were redrawn, with several independent nations restored or created, and Germanys colonies were parceled out among the victors. During the Paris Peace Conference of 1919, the Big Four imposed their terms in a series of treaties, the League of Nations was formed with the aim of preventing any repetition of such a conflict. This effort failed, and economic depression, renewed nationalism, weakened successor states, and feelings of humiliation eventually contributed to World War II. From the time of its start until the approach of World War II, at the time, it was also sometimes called the war to end war or the war to end all wars due to its then-unparalleled scale and devastation. In Canada, Macleans magazine in October 1914 wrote, Some wars name themselves, during the interwar period, the war was most often called the World War and the Great War in English-speaking countries. Will become the first world war in the sense of the word. These began in 1815, with the Holy Alliance between Prussia, Russia, and Austria, when Germany was united in 1871, Prussia became part of the new German nation. Soon after, in October 1873, German Chancellor Otto von Bismarck negotiated the League of the Three Emperors between the monarchs of Austria-Hungary, Russia and Germany

17.
Curtiss Aeroplane and Motor Company
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Curtiss Aeroplane and Motor Company was an American aircraft manufacturer formed in 1916 by Glenn Hammond Curtiss. After significant commercial success in the teens and 20s, it merged with the Wright Aeronautical in 1929 to form Curtiss-Wright Corporation. According to Bell, it was a scientific association, not for gain but for the love of the art. In 1909, the AEA was disbanded and Curtiss formed the Herring-Curtiss Company with Augustus Moore Herring on March 20,1909, which was renamed the Curtiss Aeroplane Company in 1910. The Curtiss Aeroplane and Motor Company was created on January 13,1916 from the Curtiss Aeroplane Company of Hammondsport, New York and Curtiss Motor Company of Bath, burgess Company of Marblehead, Massachusetts, became a subsidiary in February 1916. With the onset of World War I, military orders rose sharply, the company housed an aircraft engine factory in the former Taylor Signal Company-General Railway Signal Company. An ancillary operation was begun in Toronto, Ontario that was involved in production and training, setting up the first flying school in Canada in 1915. Curtiss was instrumental in the development of U. S. Naval Aviation by providing training for pilots, the first major order was for 144 various subtypes of the Model F trainer flying boat. In 1914, Curtiss had lured B. Douglas Thomas from Sopwith to design the Model J trainer, the Curtiss Aeroplane and Motor Company worked with the United States British and Canadian allies, resulting in JN-4 trainers being built in Canada. In order to complete large military orders, JN-4 production was distributed to five other manufacturers, after the war, large numbers of JN-4s were sold as surplus, making influential as the first plane for many interwar pilots, including Amelia Earhart. The Curtiss HS-2L flying boat was used extensively in the war for anti-submarine patrols and was operated from bases in Nova Scotia, Canada, France and Portugal. The John Cyril Porte of the Royal Navy and Curtiss worked together to improve the design of the Curtiss flying boats resulting in the Curtiss F5L and the similar Felixstowe F.3. Curtiss also worked with the US Navy to develop the NC-4, which became the first aircraft to fly across the Atlantic Ocean in 1919, making several stops en route. By the end of World War I, the Curtiss Aeroplane and Motor Company would claim to be the largest aircraft manufacturer in the world, employing 18,000 in Buffalo and 3,000 in Hammondsport, New York. Curtiss produced 10,000 aircraft during that war, and more than 100 in a single week, peace brought cancellation of wartime contracts. In September 1920, the Curtiss Aeroplane and Motor Company underwent a reorganization and Glenn Curtiss cashed out his stock in the company for $32 million. He continued as a director of the company but served only as an advisor on design, clement M. Keys gained control of the company and it later became the nucleus of a large group of aviation companies. Curtiss seaplanes won the Schneider Cup in two races, those of 1923 and 1925

18.
Muskogee, Oklahoma
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Muskogee is a city in and the county seat of Muskogee County, Oklahoma, United States. Home to Bacone College, it lies approximately 48 miles southeast of Tulsa, the population of the city was 39,223 as of the 2010 census, a 2.4 percent increase from 38,310 at the 2000 census, making it the eleventh-largest city in Oklahoma. The 1951 film Jim Thorpe, All American, starring Burt Lancaster, was filmed on the campus of Bacone Indian College at Muskogee, two feature films were recently shot in Muskogee, Salvation and Denizen. After the passage of the Indian Removal Act of 1830 under President Andrew Jackson and they were accompanied by their slaves to this area. The Indian Agency, a stone building, was built here in Muskogee. It was a site for meetings among the leaders of the Five Civilized Tribes, today it serves as a museum. At the top of what is known as Agency Hill, it is within Honor Heights Park on the west side of Muskogee, in 1872, the Missouri–Kansas–Texas Railroad was extended to the area. A federal court was established in Muskogee in 1889, around the time that Congress opened portions of Indian Territory to non-Native settlers via land rushes. The city was incorporated on March 19,1898, ohio native Charles N. Haskell moved to the city in March 1901. Haskell built the first five-story business block in Oklahoma Territory, he built, as Muskogee’s economic and business importance grew, so did its political power. In the years before the territory was admitted as a state and they met together August 21,1905 to propose the State of Sequoyah, to be controlled by Native Americans. They met in Muskogee to draft its constitution, planning to have Muskogee serve as the States capital, the proposal was vetoed by US President Theodore Roosevelt and mostly ignored by Congress, the proposed State of Sequoyah was never authorized. The US admitted the State of Oklahoma to the Union on November 16,1907 as the 46th State, Muskogee attracted national and international attention when, in May 2008, voters elected John Tyler Hammons as mayor. Nineteen years old at the time of his election, Hammons is among the youngest mayors in American history, Muskogee is an economic center for eastern Oklahoma and operates the Port of Muskogee on the Arkansas River, which is accessible from the Gulf of Mexico. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has an area of 38.8 square miles. Muskogee is near the confluence of the Arkansas River, Verdigris River and Grand River. It is served by U. S. Route 62, U. S. Route 64, U. S. Route 69, Oklahoma State Highway 16, Oklahoma State Highway 165, Oklahoma State Highway 351 and the Muskogee Turnpike. Muskogee lies in the Arkansas River Valley and has a low, the city is on the boundary of the oak and hickory forest region of eastern Oklahoma and the prairie, Great Plains region of northeastern Oklahoma

19.
Kelly Field
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Kelly Field Annex is a United States Air Force facility located in San Antonio, Texas. The base is under the jurisdiction of the 802d Mission Support Group, Air Education, Kelly Field was one of thirty-two Air Service training camps established after the United States entry into World War I, being established on 27 March 1917. It was used as a field, primary flying school, school for adjutants, supply officers, engineers, mechanics school. As of 2006, there are some isolated USAF activities on Port San Antonio subordinate to Lackland. Several large warehouses on the grounds of Port San Antonio were cleared, cleaned and equipped with large air conditioning units to house evacuees from Hurricane Katrina. The first evacuees began to arrive on September 2,2005, Kelly Field Annex is named in honor of 2d Lieutenant George Edward Maurice Kelly. Lt. Kelly, who after a course of training at the Curtiss Aviation School, Rockwell Field, California, was ordered to Fort Sam Houston, near San Antonio. While attempting to land on 10 May 1911 in order to avoid running into a tent and thereby possibly injuring several others, died in a crash, the center was to be built for the Aviation Section of the U. S. Army Signal Corps. General Scriven described San Antonio as “the most important strategic position of the South, ” in response to the unrest resulting from the Mexican Revolution. S. ”In November 1915, when the newly created 1st Aero Squadron arrived at Fort Sam Houston after a cross-country flight from Fort Sill, Oklahoma. Problems experienced by the 1st Aero Squadron on that expedition and the war in Europe persuaded Congress to improve. It was quickly apparent that Fort Sam Houston had inadequate space for flying operations, especially with newer. Major Benjamin Foulois, with the support of the San Antonio Chamber of Commerce, bordered by the Frio City Road on the northwest, the site was also adjacent to the Southern Pacific Railroad, providing easy access by road and rail. In addition, the new site was relatively flat, and thus suitable for flying operations, initially, the site was called the South San Antonio Aviation Camp. On 5 April 1917, four took off from Fort Sam Houston, flew across San Antonio and landed on the new airfield. Tents had been erected as hangars, however a permanent presence at the airfield was not established until 7 May when 700 men arrived, a week later, the population had grown to 4,000. Construction of the facility was rapid, with the United States now at war, the ground was cleared and scores of buildings - hangars, barracks, mess halls, a street system, electrical and plumbing systems, warehouses, machine shops were all constructed during the summer. By the end of June, it was clear that Foulois original site, a committee of the San Antonio Chamber of Commerce provided the necessary land and presented the proposition to the Aviation Production Board in Washington, D. C. in June 1917. A contract was signed in July 1917, comprising all of what was Kelly Field #2, Kelly soldiers organized approximately 250,000 men into Aero Squadrons during the hectic months of 1917 and 1918

20.
Civilian
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In general, a civilian is a person who is not a member of the military or of a police or firefighting force, as defined by Merriam Websters Dictionary. From the perspective of the U. S, in military and law enforcement slang, the term Civies or Civvies are often used to refer civilian population or civilian clothing. Under the laws of war, a civilian is one not being a member of the services and does not take a direct part of hostilities in times of armed conflict. The term civilian is slightly different from a non-combatant under the laws of war, the privileges that they enjoy under international law depends on whether the conflict is an internal one or an international one. The word civilian goes back to the late 14th century and is from Old French civilien, Civilian is believed to have been used to refer to non-combatants as early as 1829. The term non-combatant now refers to people in general who are not taking part of hostilities, there is no intermediate status, nobody in enemy hands can be outside the law. We feel that this is a satisfactory solution – not only satisfying to the mind, but also, the ICRC has expressed the opinion that If civilians directly engage in hostilities, they are considered unlawful or unprivileged combatants or belligerents. They may be prosecuted under the law of the detaining state for such action. According to Article 50 of the 1977 Protocol I Additional to the Geneva Conventions,1, a civilian is any person who does not belong to one of the categories of persons referred to in Article 4A, and of the Third Convention and in Article 43 of this Protocol. In case of whether a person is a civilian, that person shall be considered to be a civilian. The civilian population comprises all persons who are civilians, the presence within the civilian population of individuals who do not come within the definition of civilians does not deprive the population of its civilian character. The definition is negative and defines civilians as persons who do not belong to definite categories, the categories of persons mentioned in Article 4A, and of the Third Convention and in Article 43 of the Protocol I are combatants. Therefore, the Commentary to the Protocol pointed that, any one who is not a member of the forces is a civilian. Civilians cannot take part in armed conflict, civilians are given protection under the Geneva Conventions and Protocols thereto. Article 51 describes the protection that must be given to the civilian population, chapter III of Protocol I regulates the targeting of civilian objects. The actual position of the civilian in modern war remains problematical, starting in the 1980s, it was often claimed that 90 percent of the victims of modern wars were civilians. The claim was repeated on Wikipedias Did You Know on 14 December 2010 and these claims, though widely believed, are not supported by detailed examination of the evidence, particularly that relating to wars that are central to the claims. It has lost none of its political, legal and moral salience, although it is often assumed that civilians are essentially passive onlookers of war, sometimes they have active roles in conflicts

21.
American Airlines
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American Airlines, Inc. commonly referred to as American, is a major American airline headquartered in Fort Worth, Texas. It is the worlds largest airline measured by fleet size, revenue, scheduled passenger-kilometres flown. Regional service is operated by independent and subsidiary carriers under the name of American Eagle. American operates out of ten located in Dallas/Fort Worth, Charlotte, Chicago-OHare, Philadelphia, Miami, Phoenix, Washington, DC-National, Los Angeles, New York-JFK. American operates its primary base at Tulsa International Airport in addition to the maintenance locations located at its hubs. Dallas/Fort Worth International Airport is Americans largest passenger carrying hub handling 51.1 million passengers annually with an average of 140,000 passengers daily, the company as of 2015 employs over 113,300 people. Through the airlines parent company, American Airlines Group, it is traded under NASDAQ. American Airlines was started in 1930 via a union of more than eighty small airlines, the two organizations from which American Airlines was originated were Robertson Aircraft Corporation and Colonial Air Transport. The former was first formed in Missouri in 1921, with both being merged in 1929 into holding company The Aviation Corporation and this in turn, was made in 1930 into an operating company and rebranded as American Airways. In 1934, when new laws and attrition of mail contracts forced many airlines to reorganize, the corporation redid its routes into a connected system, between 1970 and 2000, the company grew into being an international carrier, purchasing Trans World Airlines in 2001. In 2011, due to a downturn in the airline industry, in 2013, US Airways and American Airlines merged. Eventually operations were merged under one operating certificate to create the largest United States airline which kept the American Airlines brand name, American Airlines is headquartered in Fort Worth, Texas, adjacent to the Dallas/Fort Worth International Airport. The headquarters is located in two buildings in the CentrePort office complex and these buildings together have about 1,400,000 square feet of space. As of 2014 over 4,300 employees work at this complex, before it was headquartered in Texas, American Airlines was headquartered at 633 Third Avenue in the Murray Hill area of Midtown Manhattan, New York City. In 1979 American moved its headquarters to a site at Dallas/Fort Worth International Airport, Mayor of New York City Ed Koch described the move as a betrayal of New York City. American moved to two leased office buildings in Grand Prairie, Texas, the airline began leasing the facility from the airport, which owns the facility. As of 2015 American Airlines is the corporation with the largest presence in Fort Worth, in 2015 the airline announced it will build a new headquarters in Fort Worth. Groundbreaking began in the spring of 2016 and occupancy is scheduled for summer 2019, the airline plans to house 5,000 new workers in the building

22.
Braniff International Airways
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Its routes were primarily in the midwestern and southwestern United States, Mexico, Central America, and South America. In the late 1970s it expanded to Asia and Europe, the airline ceased operations in May 1982 because high fuel prices and the Airline Deregulation Act of December 1978 rendered it uncompetitive. Two later airlines used the Braniff name, the Hyatt Hotels-backed Braniff, Inc. in 1984–89 and these companies included Braniff Air Lines, Inc. Paul R. Braniff, Inc. Braniff Airways, Inc. and Braniff International Corporation, on April 26,1926, Paul Braniff incorporated Braniff Air Lines, Inc. with the Oklahoma Secretary of State but was not used for airline operations and was eventually dissolved. On June 20,1928, service began from Oklahoma City to Tulsa using a single-engine 5 passenger Stinson Detroiter on June 20,1928, Paul Braniff acted as pilot of the first flight with one passenger on board the inaugural flight from Oklahoma City to Tulsa. The Braniff brothers remained a part of the company as the ownership was transferred to Universal Aviation Corporation in April 1929, with the purchase of the company by Universal, the entity began operating as Braniff Air Lines, Inc. Universal was a conglomerate of smaller airlines and railways that planned a southern coast-to-coast air, in early 1930, the company was purchased by the Aviation Corporation holding company, whose other holdings included the predecessors of American Airlines. The Braniff brothers started a new airline in November,1930 named Braniff Airways, Braniff Airways began service between Oklahoma City, Tulsa, and Wichita Falls, Texas, with Lockheed Vega single-engine prop aircraft. Braniffs survival was assured when Paul Braniff, then manager, flew to Washington. The United States Post Office granted Braniff its first airmail route in the wake of the 1934 Air Mail scandal, in 1935 Braniff became the first airline to fly from Chicago to the U. S. –Mexico border. Beard became President and CEO of Braniff in 1954, and Fred Jones of Oklahoma City remained as Chairman of the Board, Braniff acquired Long and Harmon Airlines in January,1935, extending its network in Texas. Braniff soon bought Douglas DC-2s from TWA for the extended network, Braniff Airways acquired Bowen Airlines, which was headquartered at Fort Worths Meacham Field, in late 1935. Bowen flew from Chicago to Houston via St. Louis, Springfield, Tulsa and Dallas, Worth and Austin, and from Ft. Bowen did not have any of the coveted Air Mail Contracts, Bowens slogan was From the Great Lakes to the Gulf, which became the Braniff moniker after the merger. Bowen had a fleet of Vultee V-1As, Lockheed Vegas, thomas Elmer Braniff created a Mexican airline, Aerovias Braniff, in 1943. Service began in March 1945, after the carrier got operating permits from the Mexican government, Aerovias Braniff operated from Laredo, Texas, to Monterrey and Mexico City. The new company, owned by Mr. Braniff, had three 21 passenger Douglas DC-3s that had been allocated to the carrier from the United States War Surplus Administration in February,1945. Mr. Braniff had applied to the federal Civil Aeronautics Board for authority to merge Aerovias Braniff with Braniff Airways, during World War II the airline leased aircraft to the United States military, and its facilities at Dallas Love Field became a training site for pilots and mechanics

23.
Delta Air Lines
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Delta Air Lines, Inc. is a major American airline, with its headquarters and largest hub at Hartsfield–Jackson Atlanta International Airport in Atlanta, Georgia. Regional service is operated under the brand name Delta Connection, One of the five remaining legacy carriers, Delta is the sixth-oldest operating airline by foundation date, and the oldest airline still operating in the United States. The companys history can be traced back to Huff Daland Dusters, founded in 1924 in Macon, Georgia as a crop dusting operation. The company moved to Monroe, Louisiana, and was later renamed Delta Air Services, in reference to the nearby Mississippi Delta region, among predecessors of todays Delta Air Lines, Western Airlines and Northwest Airlines began flying passengers in 1926 and 1927, respectively. In 2013, Delta Air Lines was the worlds largest airline in terms of scheduled passengers carried, Delta Air Lines began as a crop dusting operation called Huff Daland Dusters, Incorporated. The company was founded on May 30,1924 in Macon, Georgia and they flew a Huff-Daland Duster, the first true crop duster, designed to combat the boll weevil infestation of cotton crops. Collett E. Woolman, one of the directors, purchased the company on September 13,1928. Service began on June 17,1929 with the flight between Dallas, Texas and Jackson, Mississippi. Delta moved its headquarters to its current location in Atlanta in 1941, and continued to grow through the addition of routes and they replaced propeller planes with jets in the 1960s and entered international competition to Europe in the 1970s and across the Pacific in the 1980s. Deltas more recent history is marked by its emergence from bankruptcy on April 25,2007, the merger was announced April 14,2008, and was set to create the worlds largest airline. After approval of the merger on October 29,2008, Northwest continued to operate as an owned subsidiary of Delta until December 31,2009 when both carriers operating certificates were merged. Delta completed the integration with Northwest on January 31,2010 when their reservation systems and websites were combined, Delta Air Lines as it exists today is the result of numerous mergers over its history. Predecessor carriers forming the current Delta Air Lines include, Chicago, Delta flew under the carrier name of Delta-C&S for the following two years. After successfully introducing 50-seat planes into the United States, it was acquired by Delta in October 1999, Comair became the main carrier of Delta Connection and operated over 400 daily flights from Cincinnati/Northern Kentucky International Airport throughout the U. S. Mexico, and Caribbean. Comair ceased operations on September 29,2012, and was folded into Delta Connection operations, Delta Express began service in October 1996 in an attempt by Delta to compete with low cost airlines on leisure-oriented routes. Its main base of operations was Orlando International Airport and it used Boeing 737–200 aircraft and it ceased operations in November 2003 after Song was established. Song began service on April 15,2003 as an airline operated by Delta to compete directly with JetBlue Airways from both airlines hub at New York–JFK. While the brand was considered an addition to the Northeast-to-Florida market

24.
Hicks Field
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Hicks Field is a former World War I military airfield, located 5.6 miles North-northwest of Saginaw, Texas. It operated as a field for the Air Service, United States Army between 1917 until 1920. It was one of thirty-two Air Service training camps established after the United States entry into World War I in April 1917, canadians named the training complex Camp Taliaferro after Walter Taliaferro, a US aviator who had been killed in an accident. Taliafero Field No.1 was used by the Royal Flying Corps from October 1917 to April 1918 as a field for American and Canadian pilots. It was then turned over to the Air Service, United States Army, the Americans renamed the field Hicks Field, after Charles Hicks, who owned the Hicks Ranch on which the airfield was built. The first trainees arrived in November 1917 to a very crude facility, most structures were unfinished and personnel lived and worked in canvas tents. The Flu Epidemic killed many assigned personnel, the airfield was taken over by United States Army in April 1918. The Curtiss JN-4 Jenny became the aircraft used for flight training after the Army takeover. Military use ended in early 1919 after the end of World War I, in 1923, the field became the location of the worlds first helium plant, operated by United States Navy. It became a Navy blimp facility until 1929 when shortages closed facility, consequently, it contracted with civilian flying schools to provide primary flying training, with the graduates being moved on to basic and advanced training at regular military training airfields. Taken over by United States Army Air Corps in 1940, Hicks Field was reopened and it was used as a contract primary flight training facility by the USAAF Gulf Coast Training Center. The Texas Aviation School and the W. F, long Flying School provided flying training to aviation cadets. Initially under supervision of 307th Army Air Forces Flying Training Detachment, a ten-week course of primary training continued at Hicks, and a total of 2,403 cadets were processed, and about 70% made it to the next level of training at Randolph Field. Flying training was performed with Fairchild PT-19s as the primary trainer, also had several PT-17 Stearmans and a few P-40 Warhawks were assigned. The field was inactivated 20 July 1944 with the drawdown of AAFTCs pilot training program, declared surplus and it was eventually discharged to the War Assets Administration and returned to civil control. Hicks Field was converted to an airport by April 1945. Postwar use included storage and sale of military aircraft. In 1954, Hicks was used by Bell Helicopter for flight testing of the HSL anti-submarine warfare helicopter, during the 1950s, two Bell Helicopter pilots found a recessed actual-sized World War I biplane silhouette west of the old Hicks Field location

25.
Naval Air Station Joint Reserve Base Fort Worth
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This military airfield is operated by the United States Navy Reserve. It is located in the cities of Fort Worth, Westworth Village, several United States Navy headquarters and operational units are based at NAS Fort Worth JRB, including Naval Air Reserve air wings and aviation squadrons, intelligence commands and Seabees. The Air Force Reserve Commands Tenth Air Force headquarters and its 301st Fighter Wing continue to be based at the installation, as well as the 136th Airlift Wing of the Texas Air National Guard. A Marine Aircraft Group, several squadrons, and various ground units of the U. S. Marine Corps Reserve are also co-located at NAS Fort Worth JRB. Recently, the U. S. Army Reserve also based a battalion of RC-12 Guardrail reconnaissance aircraft at NAS Fort Worth JRB, Carswell Air Force Base was named after Medal of Honor recipient Major Horace S. Carswell, Jr. USAAF. Major Carswell was returning from an attack on Japanese shipping in the South China Sea on 26 October 1944 when he attempted to save a crewmember whose parachute had been destroyed by flak. He remained at the controls of his crippled bomber and died while crash-landing the B-24 Liberator near Tungchen, the base was renamed in his honor on 29 January 1948. Carswells origins date back to the years of aviation. In June, the War Department inspected 6 sites around Fort Worth, in August the War Department signed leases with the RFC on 3 sites around Fort Worth. Knows as the Flying Triangle, these sites were Hicks Field, Barron Field, in April 1918 these airfield were turned over to the Air Service, United States Army as training fields for American pilots. Hundreds of pilots learned their basic and primary flying skills at these airfields in the Fort Worth area during the war and they were closed in 1919 when the war ended. In 1940 the City of Fort Worth had filed an application with the Civil Aeronautics Administration, in May, General Jacob E. Fickel visited Fort Worth on an inspection visit. Fickel had learned to fly at Carruthers Field in 1918, at the same time, the Fort Worth Chamber of Commerce was trying to convince aircraft manufacturers to build an aircraft assembly plant in the area. Consolidated Aircraft, wanting to build in the area, suggested to the Air Corps that they build an airfield adjacent to the heavy bomber plant they wanted to build in Fort Worth. On 16 June 1941, President Franklin D. Roosevelt approved $1.75 million to construct an airfield next to the Consolidated manufacturing plant. The Army wanted to have the airfield ready quickly before the plant was put into production and construction of the Lake Worth Bomber Plant Airport began almost immediately. However, after the Attack on Pearl Harbor, the Army changed its plans and instead of being a base, Tarrant Field as the facility was called. The first unit assigned to the base was the Army Air Forces Training Command Combat Crew School on 1 July 1942, at the same time, the Consolidated plant began assembly of B-24D Liberator aircraft in May, with the first aircraft being assigned to the school in August

26.
Hensley Field
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The Grand Prairie Armed Forces Reserve Complex is a former United States Navy Naval Air Station located on Mountain Creek Lake in southwest Dallas. The installation was established as an Army Aviation center. Navy custody via the Base Realignment and Closure Commission action and renamed Naval Air Station Joint Reserve Base Fort Worth / Carswell Field. S, Army Reserve and a small area to the U. S. Marine Corps Reserve. Vought Aircraft Industries operates a government-owned, contractor-operated plant adjacent to the former NAS Dallas, the City of Dallas established Hensley Field in August 1929 as a training field for Reserve pilots of the then-U. S. The facility was named for Major William N. Hensley, a flying instructor located near Dallas in the 1920s, the city leased the site to the United States Army for a dollar a year. The field became the Air Corps Reserve Base in the Eighth Corps Area, at the beginning of World War II, the Army extended their lease to 40 years. In March 1941, the U. S. Navy began maintaining operations at the base, the installation became Naval Air Station Dallas on January 1,1943. Its initial mission was to provide flight training for Naval Aviation Cadets destined for commissioned service as Naval Aviators in the Navy, Marine Corps. Enlisted personnel destined for duty with the Fleet were also trained at NAS Dallas. During World War II, the base served as a radial engine repair station. In early 1946, Congress appropriated funds to establish a Naval Reserve training program at NAS Dallas, the Marine Air Reserve Training Command also established itself there at that time. Naval and Marine Corps Reservists from across the nation, but primarily from Texas, Oklahoma, and eastern New Mexico continued to train at NAS Dallas. Hensley Field passed from the command of the U. S. Air Force to that of the U. S. Navy on September 30,1949, but the field continued to serve as an Air Force Reserve training center. The Air Force conducted air operations for the Air Force Reserve, the Texas Air National Guard, in 1950, one of the Naval Air Reserve squadrons stationed at NAS Dallas was the first Naval Air Reserve squadron to be called to active service in the Korean War. The station continued to grow with the construction of newer, longer runways, the mid-1980s brought to the installation some of the Navys most sophisticated aircraft, including the F-14 Tomcat and the C-9 Skytrain II. By 1990, there were 2,057 active duty personnel on the base, with an additional 6,789 part-time Reservists, the total economic impact of the base by then was almost $76 million. By the following year, more than 1,700 soldiers, sailors, airmen and Marines had been deployed from the base to the Persian Gulf in support of Operations DESERT SHIELD, City officials did not comment on the proposal

27.
Fairchild PT-19
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The Fairchild PT-19 is an American Fairchild Aircraft monoplane primary trainer aircraft that served with the United States Army Air Forces, RAF and RCAF during World War II. As with other USAAF trainers of the period, the PT-19 had multiple designations based on the powerplant installed, the PT-19 series was developed from the Fairchild M-62 when the USAAC first ordered the aircraft in 1940 as part of its expansion program. The cantilever low-wing monoplane with fixed landing gear and tailwheel design was based on a two-place, tandem-seat, the simple but rugged construction included a fabric-covered welded steel tube fuselage. The remainder of the aircraft used plywood construction, with a center section, outer wing panels. The use of an inline engine allowed for a frontal area which was ideal for visibility while the widely set-apart fixed landing gear allowed for solid. The M-62 first flew in May 1939, and won a fly-off competition later that year against 17 other designs for the new Army training airplane, Fairchild was awarded its first Army PT contract for an initial order on 22 September 1939. The original production batch of 275 were powered by the inline 175 hp Ranger L-440-1 engine, in 1941, mass production began and 3,181 of the PT-19A model, powered by the 200 hp L-440-3, were made by Fairchild. An additional 477 were built by Aeronca and 44 by the St. Louis Aircraft Corporation, the PT-19B, of which 917 were built, was equipped for instrument flight training by attaching a collapsible hood to the front cockpit. When a shortage of engines threatened production, the PT-23 model was introduced which was identical except for the 220 hp Continental R-670 radial powerplant, a total of 869 PT-23s were built as well as 256 of the PT-23A, which was the instrument flight-equipped version. Subsequent to this incident, the USAAF incorporated a demand for all-metal wing sections on all future fixed-wing training aircraft, the final variant was the PT-26 which used the L-440-7 engine. The Canadian-built versions of these were designated the Cornell for use by the British Commonwealth Air Training Plan which was centered in Canada, compared to the earlier biplane trainers, the Fairchild PT-19 provided a more advanced type of aircraft. Speeds were higher and wing loading more closely approximated that of aircraft, with flight characteristics demanding more precision. Its virtues were that it was inexpensive, simple to maintain and, most of all, the PT-19 truly lived up to its nickname, the Cradle of Heroes. It was one of a handful of primary trainer designs that were the first stop on a way to becoming a combat pilot. These planes were delivered to various bases all over the country by WASPs between 1942-1944, thousands of the PT-19 series were rapidly integrated into the United States and Commonwealth training programs, serving throughout World War II and beyond. Even after their retirement in the late 1940s, a number found their way onto the United States and other civil registers. PT-19 Initial production variant of the Model M62 powered by 175hp L-440-1,270 built, PT-19A As the PT-19 but powered by a 200hp L-440-3 and detailed changes, redesignated T-19A in 1948,3226 built. PT-19B Instrument training version of the PT-19A,143 built and six conversions from PT-19A, xPT-23A A PT-19 re-engined with a 220hp R-670-5 radial engine

28.
PT-17 Stearman
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The Stearman Model 75 is a biplane used as a military trainer aircraft, of which at least 10,626 were built in the United States during the 1930s and 1940s. Stearman Aircraft became a subsidiary of Boeing in 1934, after the conflict was over, thousands of surplus aircraft were sold on the civilian market. In the immediate postwar years they became popular as crop dusters, sports planes, the Kaydet was a conventional biplane of rugged construction with large, fixed tailwheel undercarriage, and accommodation for the student and instructor in open cockpits in tandem. The radial engine was usually uncowled, although some Stearman operators choose to cowl the engine, after World War II, the thousands of primary trainer PT-17 Stearman planes were auctioned off to civilians and former pilots. Many were modified for cropdusting use, with a hopper for pesticide or fertilizer fitted in place of the front cockpit, additional equipment included pumps, spray bars, and nozzles mounted below the lower wings. A popular approved modification to increase the maximum weight and climb performance involved fitting a larger Pratt & Whitney R-985 Wasp Junior engine. An iconic movie image is a Stearman cropduster chasing Cary Grant across a field in North by Northwest, christopher Reeve and Scott Wilson are shown flying 1936 variants in the 1985 movie The Aviator. The U. S. Army Air Forces Kaydet had three different designations based on its power plant, PT-13 with a Lycoming R-680 engine, pT-13C Six PT-13Bs modified for instrument flying. PT-13D PT-13As equipped with the R-680-17 engine, PT-17 With a Continental R-670-5 engine. 3,519 delivered PT-17A18 PT-17s were equipped with blind-flying instrumentation, pT-17B Three PT-17s were equipped with agricultural spraying equipment for pest-control. PT-18 PT-13 with a Jacobs R-755 engine,150 built, pT-18A Six PT-18s fitted with blind-flying instrumentation. This designation was given to 300 aircraft supplied under Lend-Lease to the RCAF, the U. S. Navy had several versions including, NS Up to 61 delivered. Powered by surplus 220 hp Wright J-5 Whirlwind, N2S Known colloquially as the Yellow Peril from its overall-yellow paint scheme. 250 delivered to the U. S. Navy,125 delivered to the U. S. Navy. 1,875 delivered to the U. S. Navy, n2S-499 US Army aircraft diverted to the U. S. Navy, plus 577 new-build aircraft. 1,450 delivered to the U. S. Navy, Stearman 70 Original prototype, powered by 215 hp Lycoming radial engine. 61 built for U. S. Navy as NS plus export variants, Model 73L3 Version for Philippines, powered by 200 hp R-680-4 or R-680C1 engines. Model A73B1 Seven aircraft for Cuban Air Force powered by 235 hp Wright R-790 Whirlwind, Model A73L3 Improved version for Philippines

29.
P-40 Warhawk
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The Curtiss P-40 Warhawk is an American single-engined, single-seat, all-metal fighter and ground-attack aircraft that first flew in 1938. The P-40 design was a modification of the previous Curtiss P-36 Hawk which reduced development time and enabled a rapid entry into production, the Warhawk was used by most Allied powers during World War II, and remained in frontline service until the end of the war. P-40 Warhawk was the name the United States Army Air Corps and after June 1941, USAAF-adopted name for all models, making it the official name in the U. S. for all P-40s. The British Commonwealth and Soviet air forces used the name Tomahawk for models equivalent to the P-40B and P-40C, P-40s first saw combat with the British Commonwealth squadrons of the Desert Air Force in the Middle East and North African campaigns, during June 1941. However, between 1941 and 1944, the P-40 played a role with Allied air forces in three major theaters, North Africa, the Southwest Pacific, and China. It also had a significant role in the Middle East, Southeast Asia, Eastern Europe, Alaska, the P-40s performance at high altitudes was not as important in those theaters, where it served as an air superiority fighter, bomber escort and fighter-bomber. The P-40 offered the advantage of low cost, which kept it in production as a ground-attack aircraft long after it was obsolete as a fighter. On 14 October 1938, Curtiss test pilot Edward Elliott flew the prototype XP-40 on its first flight in Buffalo, the first prototype placed the glycol coolant radiator in an underbelly position on the fighter, just aft of the wings trailing edge. USAAC Fighter Projects Officer Lieutenant Benjamin S. Kelsey flew this prototype some 300 miles in 57 minutes, hiding his disappointment, he told reporters that future versions would likely go 100 miles per hour faster. Kelsey was interested in the Allison engine because it was sturdy and dependable, Curtiss engineers worked to improve the XP-40s speed by moving the radiator forward in steps. Seeing little gain, Kelsey ordered the aircraft to be evaluated in a NACA wind tunnel to identify solutions for better aerodynamic qualities, from 28 March to 11 April 1939, the prototype was studied by NACA. Based on the data obtained, Curtiss moved the glycol coolant radiator forward to the chin, other improvements to the landing gear doors and the exhaust manifold combined to give performance that was satisfactory to the USAAC. Without beneficial tail winds, Kelsey flew the XP-40 from Wright Field back to Curtisss plant in Buffalo at an speed of 354 mph. Further tests in December 1939 proved the fighter could reach 366 mph, an unusual production feature was a special truck rig to speed delivery at the main Curtiss plant in Buffalo, New York. The rig moved the newly built P-40s in two components, the main wing and the fuselage, the eight miles from the plant to the airport where the two units were mated for flight and delivery. The P-40 was conceived as an aircraft and was agile at low and medium altitudes. At medium and high speeds it was one of the tightest-turning early monoplane designs of the war, and it could out turn most opponents it faced in North Africa and the Russian Front. In the Pacific Theater it was out-turned at lower speeds by the lightweight fighters A6M Zero, the American Volunteer Group Commander Claire Chennault advised against prolonged dog-fighting with the Japanese fighters due to speed reduction favouring the Japanese

30.
Gulf Coast Air Corps Training Center
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Flying Division, Air Training Command is an inactive United States Air Force unit. It was last assigned to Air Training Command, stationed at Randolph Air Force Base and it was inactivated on 14 November 1949. The organization was organized in 1926 as the main pilot training organization for the Army Air Corps. During World War II, thousands of cadets were in training at various schools across the Central United States being trained as pilots for fighters, bombers. The command also trained the navigators, bombardiers and gunners necessary for the bombers to enemy targets in the combat areas overseas. After World War II ended, it became the primary pilot, with the demobilization of the Air Service after World War I, the Armys air arm remained quite small during most of the interwar period. Primary flight training was only at March Field in California. The pilot school course combined ground school and elementary flight training, Cadets flew training flights in wartime surplus Curtiss JN-4D Jennies and also deHavilland DH-4s. The first class of cadets at both March and Carlstrom were enlisted men from various Air Service units, civilians constituted most of the second class. Advanced training was held at Post Field, Fort Sill, Oklahoma for observers, pursuit and bombardment training took place at Kelly Field. On 4 June 1920, the National Defense Act of 1920 took effect, at the time, the Air Service had 1,155 Regular officers, by year’s end there were 975. Of that number, only 642 were pilots, a number of the students in the early class, especially at Carlstrom Field, were naval officers not destined for Army squadrons. However neither of the pilot schools had executive officers and that Carlstrom did not even have an Officer in Charge of Flying. The schools keenly felt the shortage of manpower. They did not have enough enlisted mechanics to keep the airplanes fully operational, too few instructors remained in the service to teach students, assuming that students could be recruited in reasonable numbers. For a time after the war, the grades of the Air Service held no vacancies. Furthermore, Congress forbade new Army enlistments in early 1921, which effectively curtailed training new cadets and it was decided to close March and Carlstrom and consolidate all flight training at Brooks and Kelly Fields. By 1 September 1922, the Air Service Primary Flying School 11th School Group was operational at Brooks, students graduating the primary flying school at Brooks Field went on to the Advanced Flying School at Kelly Field

31.
Brady, Texas
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Brady is a city in McCulloch County, Texas, United States. Brady refers to itself as The Heart of Texas, as it is the closest city to the center of the state. The geographical center of Texas is about 15 miles northeast of Brady, the population was 5,528 at the 2010 census. It is the county seat of McCulloch County, according to the United States Census Bureau, Brady has a total area of 11.5 square miles, of which,9.2 square miles of it is land and 2.3 square miles of it is water. U. S. Highway 87 U. S. Highway 190 U. S. Highway 283 U. S. Highway 377 State Highway 71 As of the census of 2000, there were 5,523 people,2,181 households, and 1,448 families residing in the city. The population density was 601.1 people per square mile, there were 2,603 housing units at an average density of 283.3 per square mile. The racial makeup of the city was 59. 6% White,2. 2% Black,0. 3% Native American,0. 4% Asian. 1% from other races, hispanic or Latino of any race were 36. 7% of the population. 31. 3% of all households were made up of individuals and 17. 7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older, the average household size was 2.48 and the average family size was 3.11. In the city, the population was out with 28. 4% under the age of 18,7. 6% from 18 to 24,23. 5% from 25 to 44,21. 2% from 45 to 64. The median age was 37 years, for every 100 females there were 85.0 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 80.2 males, the median income for a household in the city was $22,961, and the median income for a family was $28,701. Males had an income of $25,498 versus $17,289 for females. The per capita income for the city was $12,607, about 18. 7% of families and 23. 5% of the population were below the poverty line, including 27. 7% of those under age 18 and 22. 1% of those age 65 or over. When the area was settled in the 1870s, the community was named Brady City after Brady Creek, the name was shortened to Brady when the town was incorporated in 1906. In 1787–88 Spanish explorer José Mares crossed the creek near the site of present Brady, henry and Nancy Fulcher, the first settlers on Brady Creek, donated land for the townsite in the mid-1870s. Allison Ogden and his father-in-law, Ben Henton, built a store in 1875, a post office opened in 1876. After residents of McCulloch County chose Brady as county seat on May 15,1876, Brady had about fifty residents in 1877, and a stone courthouse was completed in 1878. Thomas Maples began weekly publication of the Brady Sentinel in 1880, stock raising was the primary occupation in the Brady area before 1900

32.
Air Materiel Command
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Air Materiel Command was a United States Army Air Forces and United States Air Force command. Its headquarters was located at Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio, in 1961, the command was redesignated the Air Force Logistics Command with some of its functions transferred to the new Air Force Systems Command. The Airplane Engineering Department was established by the Equipment Division of the U. S. Army Signal Corps in 1917 for World War I experimental engineering, the department had a 1917 Foreign Data Section, and the Airplane Engineering Department was on McCook Field at Dayton, Ohio. The division merged in 1926 with the Air Services Supply Division to form the Materiel Division, the Materiel Division was set up near Dayton, Ohio on 15 January 1926. The Materiel Division, controlled by the Office of the Chief of the Air Corps and it brought together four major functions performed previously by three organizations, research and development, procurement, supply, and maintenance. By August 22,1935, the division operated an Army Aeronautical Museum at Wright Field, vose became the Materiel Division commander on October 19,1940, with the division employing procurement inspectors at Wright Field the same year. The division had four Field Service Sections, San Antonio, Fairfield, Middletown, the Air Corps Maintenance Command was established under the Materiel Division on June 25,1941, to control supply and maintenance. On December 11,1941, with United States newly engaged in World War II, Maintenance Command was redesignated Air Service Command and kept responsibility for supply and maintenance functions. The chief of the Air Service Command, Brig. Gen. Henry J. F, in addition, ASC received responsibility for coordination with the Army technical services in the supply and maintenance of equipment and supplies procured by them for the use of the AAF. The new command was separated from the Materiel Division but remained a part of the Office of the Chief of Air Corps, between October 1941 and March 1942 the Air Service Command remained under the jurisdiction of the Chief of the Air Corps. Immediately after the beginning of the war it moved its headquarters to Washington, but a large portion of the headquarters organization remained at Wright Field, where it carried on the greater part of the commands activities. On 15 December 1942 its headquarters moved back to Dayton, establishing itself at Patterson Field, on 9 March 1942, the Air Service Command now became one of the major AAF commands, with relatively clear lines of responsibility and authority. Four air service area commands, successors to the wings, had been activated in December 1941 to supervise the depots in given geographical areas. The depots, of which there were eleven by April 1942, became the centers of depot control areas, which directed the activities of subdepots within defined geographical limits. The air service areas were disbanded on 1 February 1943, to be succeeded by air depot control area commands, which were simply the eleven former depot control areas under a new name. The elimination of the four air service areas was apparently justified by subsequent operations, according to Maj. Gen. Walter H. Frank, commander of the ASC, in 1944 the air service commands were redesignated air technical service commands. The Materiel Division was assumed responsibility for R&D and procurement, and was redesignated Air Corps Materiel Command on April 1,1942 and this became Air Force Materiel Command in April 1942, Materiel Command in April 1943, and AAF Materiel Command on January 15,1944. On July 17,1944, Air Service Command and AAF Materiel Command were placed under a new organization, AAF Materiel, on August 31,1944 AAF Materiel and Services was redesignated Army Air Forces Technical Service Command

33.
Air Transport Command (United States Air Force)
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Air Transport Command was a United States Air Force unit that was created during World War II as the strategic airlift component of the United States Army Air Forces. ATC also operated an air transportation system for military personnel. Inactivated on 1 June 1948, Air Transport Command was the precursor to what became the Military Air Transport Service in 1948 and was redesignated Military Airlift Command in 1966. It was consolidated with MAC in 1982, providing a history of long range airlift through 1992 when the mission was transferred to todays Air Mobility Command. By no means least among the achievements of the Army Air Forces in World War II was its development of a system of air transport. That system, and its functions, soon became synonymous with the organization which controlled it, railroads was used to move the equipment and aircraft from one base to another and to the Ports of Embarkation along the East Coast for subsequent sea shipment to the battlefields of France. It wasnt until the 1920s that the development of cargo and personnel transport aircraft began with such as the Boeing Model 40. In the early 1930s, the Air Corps began formally experimenting with the use of air transport for the distribution of aviation supplies. The group, redesignated the 10th Transport Group in 1937, also transported supplies from one depot to another, with the outbreak of war in Europe in 1939, several European governments approached the United States for military equipment. They needed immediate help for the battles they might soon have to fight on their own soil against invading German armies. The French ordered Douglas DB-7 two-engine light bombers, Curtiss P-36 Hawks, the idea of developing a regular military service for ferrying aircraft was the result of several factors. Production of aircraft by United States manufacturers was increasing for both the Army Air Corps and for purchase by the British, as produced and ready for delivery at the factory, these aircraft were flyable but also needed modifications before they were ready for combat service. It was advantageous to fly the aircraft to a modification center where changes could be made. By ferrying these bombers under their own power, vital shipping space was saved, however, the British Government had limited funds, and was rapidly running out of resources for the purchase of war materiel of all types from the United States. In the spring of 1941, the Roosevelt Administration was committed to all possible help, short of actual combat, to the United Kingdom. With that clear intention, the doors were opened for larger numbers of aircraft to be sent to the Royal Air Force to defend Great Britain and it was also clear that the pioneering efforts of the British would have to be expanded to accommodate the increased number of aircraft. These shipments to the British caused a shortage in the United States of multi-engine aircraft in particular, Air Corps units were in need of training in long-range navigation, weather and radio-flying that a coast-to-coast ferrying service would give them in the latest models of aircraft. This would make possible the ferrying of medium and light bombers across the North Atlantic Ocean, the British ferrying service was well under way when the Lend-Lease Act became law on 11 March 1941

34.
Women Airforce Service Pilots
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The Women Airforce Service Pilots, called Womens Army Service Pilots in some sources, was a paramilitary aviation organization. The WASPs predecessors, the Womens Flying Training Detachment and the Womens Auxiliary Ferrying Squadron organized separately in September 1942 and they were the pioneering organizations of civilian female pilots, employed to fly military aircraft under the direction of the United States Army Air Forces during World War II. The WFTD and WAFS were merged on August 5,1943, the female pilots of the WASP ended up numbering 1,074, each freeing a male pilot for combat service and duties. They flew over 60 million miles in every type of military aircraft, the WASP was granted veteran status in 1977, and given the Congressional Gold Medal in 2009. Over 25,000 women applied, however, only 1,074 were accepted into the WASPs, the accepted women all had prior experience and pilots licences. Of those accepted, the majority were white, aside from white women, due to the existing climate of racial discrimination, the only African American applicant was asked to withdraw her application. Their motivation was to free male pilots for combat roles by employing qualified female pilots to aircraft from factories to military bases. But he essentially promised the command to Cochran, should such a force be needed in the future, while the U. S. was not yet fighting in World War II, Cochran had gone to England to volunteer to fly for the Air Transport Auxiliary. The ATA had been using female pilots since January 1940, and was starting to train new pilots. The American women who flew in the ATA were the first American women to fly military aircraft and they flew the Royal Air Forces frontline aircraft—Spitfires, Typhoons, Hudsons, Mitchells, Blenheims, Oxfords, Walruses, and Sea Otters—in non-combat roles, but in combat-like conditions. Most of these served in the ATA during the war. Only three members returned to the U. S. to participate in the WASP program, the U. S. was building its air power and military presence in anticipation of direct involvement in the conflict, and had belatedly begun to drastically expand its men in uniform. This period led to the increase in activity for the U. S. Army Air Forces. To those most involved within the new Ferrying Division of the Air Transport Command, Col. William H. Tunner was in charge of acquiring civilian ferry pilots. He decided to integrate a civilian force of female pilots into the AAF, after speaking with Major Robert M. Love, ATC staff officer, Cochran had committed to go to Great Britain in March 1942 for the trial program of female pilots with the ATA. She used her association with the President and Mrs. Roosevelt to lobby Arnold to reject any plan that did not commission women, ironically, Tunners proposal called for commissioning women in the WAACs, but was turned down after review by Arnold. By the mid-summer of 1942, Arnold was willing to consider the prior proposals seriously, the Womens Auxiliary Ferrying Squadron was headed by Mrs. Love, and went into operation on September 10,1942. Soon, the Air Transport Command began using women to ferry planes from factory to airfields, Cochran returned to the United States on September 10,1942, as the new organization was being publicized, and immediately confronted Arnold for an explanation

35.
Fairfax Field
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Fairfax Field was an early United States Air Force installation north of Kansas City, Kansas. Military use of the site continued as late as 1957 by the Strategic Air Commands 3903rd Radar Bomb Scoring Group for bombing practice, the airfield was first used in 1921 for an air meet and became the 1925 Sweeney Airport and the 1928 Fairfax Airport. A naval reserve air base was established at Fairfax Field in 1935, a Navy squadron, in 1937 Fairfax acted as an army reserve base with Douglas O-46 observation planes, and by 1938 the airport had four runways, including one 2,700 ft long. Fairfaxs U. S. Naval Reserve aviation base, had a 30-day pre-flight training course in 1940, Fairfax still had Barracks U. S. Navy in 1946. Survey work for Air Force Plant NC had begun in December 1940, the USAAF leased the Fairfax Airport from the city and the Works Projects Administration sponsored expansion of the four civilian runways. The government purchased a 75 acres alfalfa field for the plant, b-25 production began in December 1941, and Fairfaxs first B-25D was accepted in February 1942. About 300 students were admitted before the school was closed in October as a duplicate of a Chanute Field course, the 81st AAF Technical Training Detachment activated 22 February 1943 and designated, effective 30 August, to supervise apprentice crew chiefs at the Modification Center. January AAF policy was for each selected as a crew chief to be assigned an aircraft as it left the factory, review its modifications at the center. B-25 modifications only took a week until the B-25G gunship modifications for Pacific War anti-shipping missions, from May-Sep 1944 a detachment of Women Airforce Service Pilots was at Fairfax. The 33d Ferrying Group was designated on 1 April 1944 from the 2d Ferrying Squadron, womens Air Service Pilots were organized at Fairfax on 1 May 1944, and from Fairfax the 33d delivered 6,202 aircraft to CONUS bases and 251 abroad. During the Fairfax transition to P-80 production, the 33d Ferrying Group was discontinued, on 2 March 1945, Military Air Transport moved an air freight terminal to Fairfax from Kansas City, Missouri, and had 362 personnel in June, the largest operating location in the division. For ferrying, Fairfax became a location of Rosecrans Army Airfield on 15 April 1945 with its pilots traveling to Fairfax for sorties. In 1945,1,044 military transports used the field in July, a USAAF C-47 crashed on September 15,1945 on take off into the north bank of the Missouri Rivers curve, killing all 24 aboard. The detachment scored Convair B-36 Peacemaker runs during 1953, the 1955 SAC Bombing and Navigation Competition, the Kansas City aiming point for the 1957 operation was the base of the northeast corner of the Columbian Steel Tank Company at the corner of 12th/Liberty streets. In October 1948,37 Air Force Reserve planes at Fairfax flew 1,844 hours and in 1949, on May 22,1950, Fairfaxs 2472d AF Reserve Training Center and 442d Troop Carrier Wing moved to Naval Air Technical Training Center Olathe. In 1953, a F-94 crashed on attempting a return, killing the pilot, from 18 December 1953 –1 March 1954, the 326th Fighter-Interceptor Squadron was assigned to Fairfax, and a F-84 crashed near the citys business district killing the pilot and three residents. On September 1,1954, Air Defense Command was placed under Continental Air Defense Command and all Fairfax ADC units moved nearby to the new Grandview Air Force Base near Kansas City, History of Strategic Air and Ballistic Missile Defense, Volume I, 1945-1955. US Army Center of Military History

36.
Call sign
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In broadcasting and radio communications, a call sign is a unique designation for a transmitter station. In North America, they are used for all FCC licensed transmitters, a call sign can be formally assigned by a government agency, informally adopted by individuals or organizations, or even cryptographically encoded to disguise a stations identity. The use of signs as unique identifiers dates to the landline railroad telegraph system. Because there was only one line linking all railroad stations. In order to time, two-letter identifiers were adopted for this purpose. This pattern continued in operation, radio companies initially assigned two-letter identifiers to coastal stations and stations aboard ships at sea. These were not globally unique, so a company identifier was later added. Merchant and naval vessels are assigned call signs by their national licensing authorities, in the case of states such as Liberia or Panama, which are flags of convenience for ship registration, call signs for larger vessels consist of the national prefix plus three letters. United States merchant vessels are given call signs beginning with the letters W or K while US naval ships are assigned callsigns beginning with N, leisure craft with VHF radios may not be assigned call signs, in which case the name of the vessel is used instead. Ships in the US wishing to have a radio licence anyway are under F. C. C, class SA, Ship recreational or voluntarily equipped. Those calls follow the land mobile format of the initial letter K or W followed by 1 or 2 letters followed by 3 or 4 numbers. U. S. Coast Guard small boats have a number that is shown on both bows in which the first two digits indicate the length of the boat in feet. For example, Coast Guard 47021 refers to the 21st in the series of 47 foot motor lifeboats, the call sign might be abbreviated to the final two or three numbers during operations, for example, Coast Guard zero two one. Call signs in aviation are derived from several different policies, depending upon the type of flight operation, in most countries, unscheduled general aviation flights identify themselves using the call sign corresponding to the aircrafts registration number. In this case, the sign is spoken using the International Civil Aviation Organization phonetic alphabet. Aircraft registration numbers internationally follow the pattern of a country prefix, for example, an aircraft registered as N978CP conducting a general aviation flight would use the call sign November-niner-seven-eight-Charlie-Papa. However, in the United States a pilot of an aircraft would normally omit saying November, at times, general aviation pilots might omit additional preceding numbers and use only the last three numbers and letters. This is especially true at uncontrolled fields when reporting traffic pattern positions, for example, Skyhawk eight-Charlie-Papa, left base

37.
Strategic Air Command
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At a lower echelon, headquarters divisions included Aircraft Engineering, Missile Concept, and Strategic Communications. In 1992, as part of an overall post-Cold War reorganization of the U. S. Planning to reorganize for a separate and independent postwar U. S. Air Force had begun by the fall of 1945, with the Simpson Board tasked to plan. the reorganization of the Army, SAC initially totaled 37,000 USAAF personnel. S. Air Force as an independent service, kenney, initial units reporting to the Strategic Air Command headquarters on 21 March 1946 included the Second Air Force, the IX Troop Carrier Command and the 73d Air Division. In addition to the bombing mission, SAC also devoted significant resources to aerial reconnaissance. An F-13 squadron, the F-13 later re-designated as the RB-29 Superfortress, was also established, SAC conducted routine aerial reconnaissance missions near the Soviet borders or near the 12-mile international waters limit, although some missions actually penetrated into Soviet airspace. The flight profiles of these missions—above 30,000 feet and in excess of 300 knots—made interception by Soviet air forces difficult until the Soviets 1948 introduction of the MiG-15 jet fighter. Project Nanook, the Cold War’s first Top Secret reconnaissance effort, used the first RB-29 missions for mapping and visual reconnaissance in the Arctic, later missions were Project LEOPARD along the Chukchi Peninsula, followed by Projects RICKRACK, STONEWORK, and COVERALLS. In 1946, the US possessed only nine atomic bombs and twenty-seven B-29s capable at any one time of delivering them, unfortunately, postwar budget and personnel cuts had had an insidious effect on SAC as its Deputy Commander, Major General Clements McMullen, implemented mandated force reductions. This continued to wear down SAC as a command and morale plummeted, as a result, by the end of 1947, only two of SACs eleven groups were combat ready. In terms of overall Air Force basing and infrastructure, SAC continued to acquire a share of USAF infrastructure. In 1947, before the USAF was established as an independent service, construction commenced on Limestone AAF, Maine, fort Dix AAF, New Jersey, Spokane AAF, Washington, and Wendover Field, Utah were also transferred to SAC between 30 April and 1 September 1947. Following establishment of the USAF as a service, SAC bases in the United States consisted of

38.
American Airlines Flight 157
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American Airlines Flight 157 was a civil aviation accident resulting in 28 fatalities. The aircraft, a Douglas DC-6, was flying on November 29,1949 from New York City bound for Mexico City with 46 passengers and crew. The airliner slid off the runway and struck a parked airplane, a hangar,26 passengers and two flight attendants died. The pilot, co-pilot, flight engineer, and 15 passengers survived, the flight was uneventful until the No.1 engine, the outboard engine on the left wing, began backfiring and running roughly as the airplane neared Nashville, Tennessee. After reducing power and attempting corrective measures, the crew shut down the engine and feathered the propeller near Altheimer. At 5,25 AM, as they approached Dallas airspace, the flight was given permission to enter the traffic pattern at Love Field at 5,36 AM. Weather in Dallas was clear, with visibility of 15 miles, captain Claude ordered the crew to lower the flaps and landing gear. At 5,45 AM, the made a right-hand turn to land on Runway 36. An S-turn was initiated to align the DC-6 with the runway centerline, the plane suddenly shook and its airspeed dropped precipitously. The left wing dropped and the plane began to turn to the left, Flight Engineer Forbes noted that the fuel flow meter was not indicating any flow to the No.4 engine. Captain Claude quickly applied full throttle and ordered Forbes to apply the booster pump, Lewis raised the landing gear but did not raise the flaps, stating later that he “was afraid” to raise them because he assumed that the airplane would immediately stall if he complied. However, with the flaps down and only two of the four engines working, the DC-6 did not accelerate, it continued to drop, the captain raised the airplanes nose in a futile attempt to climb, but the airliner stalled instead, striking the runway tail-first. The airplane slid off the side of the runway, bouncing into the air as it struck a parked airplane. The airliners left wing cut through the wall of a hangar, causing the roof to partially collapse, the 15 surviving passengers escaped in the initial seconds after the crash, scrambling through a gaping hole in the forward fuselage and through the emergency exit doors over the wings. The cockpit section of the aircraft had separated from the fuselage, most survivors escaped with only minor injuries. Only one passenger would die of his injuries after managing to escape from the burning aircraft, the remaining 25 passengers and two flight attendants were trapped in the wreck as the flames quickly grew too intense to allow any rescue attempts. Firefighters fought the blaze for at least 30 minutes before the wreckage could be approached. The Dallas Aviation School and American Magnaflux buildings were almost destroyed, the parked airplane that was struck by the DC-6 burned so extensively that little remained of it afterwards

39.
Douglas DC-6
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The Douglas DC-6 is a piston-powered airliner and transport aircraft built by the Douglas Aircraft Company from 1946 to 1958. Originally intended as a military transport near the end of World War II, more than 700 were built and many still fly today in cargo, military, and wildfire control roles. The United States Army Air Forces commissioned the DC-6 project as the XC-112 in 1944, the Army Air Forces wanted a lengthened, pressurized version of the DC-4-based C-54 Skymaster transport with more powerful engines. By the time the prototype XC-112A flew on 15 February 1946 the war was over, the USAAF had rescinded its requirement, Douglas Aircraft modified the design into a civil transport 80 in longer than the DC-4. The civil DC-6 first flew on 29 June 1946, being retained by Douglas for testing, the first airline deliveries were to American Airlines and United Airlines on 24 November 1946. A series of inflight fires grounded the DC-6 fleet in 1947, the cause was found to be a fuel vent next to the cabin cooling turbine intake, all DC-6s were modified and the fleet was flying again after four months on the ground. In April 1949, United, American, Delta, National, United flew them to Hawaii, Braniff flew them to Rio de Janeiro, and Panagra flew Miami-Buenos Aires, KLM, SAS, and Sabena flew DC-6s across the Atlantic. BCPA DC-6s flew Sydney to Vancouver, and Philippine flew Manila to London, pan Am used DC-6Bs to start transatlantic tourist-class flights in 1952. These were the first DC-6Bs that could gross 107,000 lb, several European airlines followed with their own transatlantic services. The DC-6A/B/C subtypes could perhaps fly nonstop from the eastern US to Europe, the military version, similar to the DC-6A, was the USAF C-118 Liftmaster, the USN R6D version used the more powerful R-2800-CB-17 engines. These were later used on the commercial DC-6B to allow international flights, the R6D Navy version had Curtiss Electric constant-speed reversing propellers. The USAF and USN renewed their interest in the DC-6 during the Korean War, Harry Trumans first presidential aircraft was an Air Force short-fuselage DC-6 which was designated VC-118, and named The Independence. It is preserved in the National Museum of the United States Air Force at Dayton, total production of the DC-6 series was 704, including military versions. In the 1960s two DC-6s were used as platforms for educational television, based at Purdue University, in a program called the Midwest Program on Airborne Television Instruction. DC-6/7s surviving into the jet age were replaced in frontline intercontinental passenger service by the Boeing 707, basic prices of a new DC-6 in 1946–47 were around £210, 000–£230,000 and had risen to £310,000 by 1951. By 1960, used prices were around £175,000 per aircraft, prices for the DC-6A in 1957–58 were £460, 000–£480,000. By 1960, used prices were around £296,000, equivalent prices for the DC-6B in 1958 were around £500,000. Used prices in 1960 were around £227,000, from 1977 to 1990 five yellow-painted Douglas DC-6Bs were used as water bombers in France by the Sécurité Civile

40.
Pioneer Airlines
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Essair Airlines, incorporated in 1939, was the first airline authorized by the federal Civil Aeronautics Board to fly as a local service air carrier in the USA. It changed its name to Pioneer Air Lines in 1946 and served destinations in New Mexico, Pioneer and was acquired by and merged into Continental Airlines in 1955. A commuter airline named Pioneer Airlines also operated in Colorado, Montana, New Mexico and Wyoming during the 1980s with Beechcraft 99, as airlines became more reliable, small communities demanded airline service. One of the first of new type of airline was Essair, of Houston. Incorporated in 1939, Essair began a service between Houston and Amarillo, via Abilene. On July 11,1944 the Civil Aeronautics Board agreed that an experiment in subsidized short-haul, the experiment involved the establishment of a new airline category, known as feeder or local service air carriers. On August 1,1945, Essair became the first airline to fly under the new classification, and operated Lockheed Model 10 Electra twin prop aircraft on its routes within Texas and New Mexico. The airlines name became Pioneer Air Lines in 1946, the Electras were replaced by Douglas DC-3s with 23 of the type being used between 1946 and 1953. From June 1952, nine Martin 2-0-2 unpressurised airliners were operated by Pioneer after they were purchased from Northwest Airlines, in April 1949 Pioneer scheduled flights to 24 airports in New Mexico and Texas from Albuquerque and El Paso in the west to Dallas and Houston in the east. In February 1955 it flew to 21 airports, later that year it was acquired by, following its acquisition of Pioneer, the April 1,1955 Continental Airlines system timetable contained this message, Now. ONE GREAT AIRLINE to serve you better. However, by 1964 Continental had ceased serving a number of the destinations served by Pioneer

41.
Fort Worth
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Fort Worth is the 16th-largest city in the United States and the fifth-largest city in the state of Texas. The city is in North Central Texas and covers nearly 350 square miles in the counties of Denton, Parker, Wise, according to the 2015 census, estimates, Fort Worths population is 833,319. The city is the second-largest in the Dallas–Fort Worth–Arlington metropolitan area, the city was established in 1849 as an Army outpost on a bluff overlooking the Trinity River. Today, Fort Worth still embraces its Western heritage and traditional architecture, USS Fort Worth is the first ship of the United States Navy named after the city. Fort Worth is home to the Van Cliburn International Piano Competition, also of note is the Modern Art Museum of Fort Worth, designed by Tadao Ando. The Amon Carter Museum of American Art, designed by Philip Johnson, the Sid Richardson Museum, redesigned by David M. Schwarz, has one of the most focused collections of Western Art in the U. S. emphasizing Frederic Remington and Charles Russell. The Treaty of Birds Fort between the Republic of Texas and several Native American tribes was signed in 1843 at Birds Fort in present-day Arlington, Texas. Article XI of the treaty provided that no one may pass the line of trading houses without permission of the President of Texas and these trading houses were later established at the junction of the Clear Fork and West Fork of the Trinity River in present-day Fort Worth. At this river junction, the U. S, War Department established Fort Worth in 1849 as the northernmost of a system of 10 forts for protecting the American Frontier following the end of the Mexican–American War. The City of Fort Worth continues to be known as where the West begins, originally 10 forts had been proposed by Major General William Jenkins Worth, who commanded the Department of Texas in 1849. In January 1849, Worth proposed a line of 10 forts to mark the western Texas frontier from Eagle Pass to the confluence of the West Fork, One month later, Worth died from cholera in South Texas. General William S. Harney assumed command of the Department of Texas, Arnold to find a new fort site near the West Fork and Clear Fork. On June 6,1849, Arnold, advised by Middleton Tate Johnson, established a camp on the bank of the Trinity River, in August 1849, Arnold moved the camp to the north-facing bluff, which overlooked the mouth of the Clear Fork of the Trinity River. The United States War Department officially named the post Fort Worth on November 14,1849, E. S. Terrell from Tennessee claimed to be the first resident of Fort Worth. The fort was flooded the first year and moved to the top of the bluff, the fort was abandoned September 17,1853. As a stop on the legendary Chisholm Trail, Fort Worth was stimulated by the business of the cattle drives, millions of head of cattle were driven north to market along this trail. Fort Worth became the center of the drives, and later. It was given the nickname of Cowtown, during Civil War, Fort Worth suffered from shortages of money, food, and supplies

Love Field, Dallas
–
Love Field is a neighborhood located in northwest Dallas, Texas. It lies southwest of and is adjacent to Dallas Love Field Airport and is bounded by Denton Road, Inwood Road, Harry Hines Boulevard, the neighborhood takes its name from Love Field Airport. The main business in Love Field is Dallas Love Field, southwest Airlines headquarters are locat

1.
Southwest Airlines headquarters

2.
Thomas Jefferson High School

Ernest A. Love Field
–
Love Field is eight miles north of Prescott, in Yavapai County, Arizona. Most traffic at PRC is training flights from Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University but includes training flights from operations including Guidance Aviation, the National Plan of Integrated Airport Systems categorized it as a non-primary commercial service airport. Federal Avia

1.
People

Federal Aviation Administration
–
The Federal Aviation Administration of the United States is a national authority with powers to regulate all aspects of civil aviation. The FAAs roles include, Regulating U. S, each LOB has a specific role within the FAA. Airports — plans and develops projects involving airports, overseeing their construction, Air Traffic Organization — primary dut

1.
FAA Headquarters, Washington, D.C.

2.
Federal Aviation Administration

3.
FAA Joint Surveillance Site radar, Canton, Michigan

Dallas
–
Dallas is a major city in the U. S. state of Texas. It is the most populous city in the Dallas–Fort Worth metroplex, the citys population ranks ninth in the U. S. and third in Texas after Houston and San Antonio. The citys prominence arose from its importance as a center for the oil and cotton industries. The bulk of the city is in Dallas County, o

1.
Top to bottom, left to right: Downtown Dallas skyline, Old Red Museum, NorthPark Center, Dallas City Hall, Dallas Museum of Art, Winspear Opera House, Perot Museum of Nature and Science, State Fair of Texas at Fair Park, Dallas Union Station, the Dallas Arboretum and Botanical Garden, and the American Airlines Center

2.
Elm Street at night, January 1942

3.
President and Mrs. Kennedy arrive at Dallas, November 22, 1963

4.
Santa Fe Terminal Complex on Commerce St, built in 1924.

Focus city
–
In the airline industry, a focus city is a destination from which an airline operates several point-to-point routes. Thus, a city primarily caters to the local market rather than to connecting passengers. However, with the terms expanded usage, a city may also function as a small-scale hub. Allegiant Air, JetBlue and Frontier Airlines are examples

Southwest Airlines
–
Southwest Airlines Co. is a major U. S. airline, the worlds largest low-cost carrier, headquartered in Dallas, Texas. The airline was established in 1967 by Herb Kelleher and adopted its current name in 1971, the airline has more than 53,000 employees as of October 2016 and operates more than 3,900 departures a day during peak travel season. As of

Virgin America
–
Virgin America Inc. is an American airline that was founded in 2004 and began operations in 2007. The airlines mission statement entails providing low-fare, high-quality service for service between major cities on the Eastern and West Coast seaboards. Virgin Americas frequent flyer program Elevate provides award flights and other benefits to freque

3.
"Air Colbert", the aircraft used on Virgin America's inaugural flight, on the ground at Seattle–Tacoma International Airport

4.
Virgin America Economy Class

Geographic coordinate system
–
A geographic coordinate system is a coordinate system used in geography that enables every location on Earth to be specified by a set of numbers, letters or symbols. The coordinates are chosen such that one of the numbers represents a vertical position. A common choice of coordinates is latitude, longitude and elevation, to specify a location on a

1.
Longitude lines are perpendicular and latitude lines are parallel to the equator.

Runway
–
According to the International Civil Aviation Organization, a runway is a defined rectangular area on a land aerodrome prepared for the landing and takeoff of aircraft. Runways may be a surface or a natural surface. Runways are named by a number between 01 and 36, which is generally the magnetic azimuth of the heading in decadegrees. This heading d

1.
A runway at Brussels Airport

2.
Runway of Chennai International Airport, Chennai, India

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Runways at Stockholm-Arlanda Airport

4.
Runway sign at Madrid-Barajas Airport, Spain

Concrete
–
Concrete is a composite material composed of coarse aggregate bonded together with a fluid cement that hardens over time. Most concretes used are lime-based concretes such as Portland cement concrete or concretes made with other hydraulic cements, when aggregate is mixed together with dry Portland cement and water, the mixture forms a fluid slurry

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Outer view of the Roman Pantheon, still the largest unreinforced solid concrete dome.

2.
Inside the Pantheon dome, looking straight up. The concrete for the coffered dome was laid on moulds, probably mounted on temporary scaffolding.

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Opus caementicium exposed in a characteristic Roman arch. In contrast to modern concrete structures, the concrete used in Roman buildings was usually covered with brick or stone.

4.
Smeaton's Tower

Airport
–
An airport is an aerodrome with facilities for flights to take off and land. Airports often have facilities to store and maintain aircraft, and a control tower, larger airports may have fixed-base operator services, airport aprons, taxiway bridges, air traffic control centres, passenger facilities such as restaurants and lounges, and emergency serv

1.
A picture of Terminal 3 of the Dubai International Airport

2.
Sample infrastructure of a typical airport

3.
Commercial jets wait for the "7am hold" to pass before departing from John Wayne Airport, Feb 14, 2015

4.
Air bridges at Oslo Airport from an Icelandair Boeing 757-200

Downtown Dallas
–
Downtown Dallas is the Central Business District in Dallas, Texas USA, located in the geographic center of the city. The square miles, population and density figures in the adjacent table represent the data for this traditional definition, however, the strong organic growth of Downtown Dallas since the early 2000s and continuing into the present ha

1.
Downtown Dallas from the Trinity River Greenbelt Park

2.
Downtown Dallas as seen from Lake Cliff in Oak Cliff.

3.
Dallas skyline from the West Village neighborhood

4.
Stone Street Gardens is a landscaped oasis lined with bistros, pubs and restaurants connecting Main Street to Elm Street in Downtown Dallas

Dallas/Fort Worth International Airport
–
Dallas/Fort Worth International Airport is the primary international airport serving the Dallas–Fort Worth area in the U. S. state of Texas. It is the largest hub for American Airlines, which is headquartered near the airport,2016 was another record year for DFW, as the airport served 65,670,697 passengers. It is the third busiest airport in the wo

2.
Illustration of plans for the airport

3.
Aerial view of D/FW

4.
A terminal map of Dallas/Fort Worth Airport

11th Armored Cavalry Regiment
–
The 11th Armored Cavalry Regiment is a unit of the United States Army garrisoned at Fort Irwin, California. Although termed an armored regiment, it is being re-organized as a multi-component heavy brigade combat team. The regiment has served in the Philippine–American War, World War II, the Vietnam War, Cold War, Operation Desert Storm, and Operati

1.
Engineers supported by a M551 Sheridan Tank from the Blackhorse Regiment clear mines in Cambodia.

2.
11th ACR shoulder sleeve insignia

3.
A Troop veterans are honored for their heroism in Vietnam, October 2009.

4.
11th ACR trooper on duty in the Fulda Gap during the Cold War.

Wright Model C
–
The Wright Model C Speed Scout was an early military aircraft produced in the United States and which first flew in 1912. It was a development of the Model B but was designed to offer the Aeronautical Division. It featured a powerful engine over the Wright B. Still a two-seater, it added a second set of controls. On some, the controls were replaced

1.
Model C

World War I
–
World War I, also known as the First World War, the Great War, or the War to End All Wars, was a global war originating in Europe that lasted from 28 July 1914 to 11 November 1918. More than 70 million military personnel, including 60 million Europeans, were mobilised in one of the largest wars in history and it was one of the deadliest conflicts i

1.
Clockwise from the top: The aftermath of shelling during the Battle of the Somme, Mark V tanks cross the Hindenburg Line, HMS Irresistible sinks after hitting a mine in the Dardanelles, a British Vickers machine gun crew wears gas masks during the Battle of the Somme, Albatros D.III fighters of Jagdstaffel 11

2.
Sarajevo citizens reading a poster with the proclamation of the Austrian annexation in 1908.

3.
This picture is usually associated with the arrest of Gavrilo Princip, although some believe it depicts Ferdinand Behr, a bystander.

4.
Serbian Army Blériot XI "Oluj", 1915.

Curtiss Aeroplane and Motor Company
–
Curtiss Aeroplane and Motor Company was an American aircraft manufacturer formed in 1916 by Glenn Hammond Curtiss. After significant commercial success in the teens and 20s, it merged with the Wright Aeronautical in 1929 to form Curtiss-Wright Corporation. According to Bell, it was a scientific association, not for gain but for the love of the art.

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Curtiss-Herring flying machine photographed in Mineola, New York.

2.
Curtiss Aeroplane & Motor Company, Ltd

3.
Curtiss 160 hp Reconnaissance Bi-plane (1918)

4.
Curtiss military aircraft being tested in College Park, Maryland circa 1912

Muskogee, Oklahoma
–
Muskogee is a city in and the county seat of Muskogee County, Oklahoma, United States. Home to Bacone College, it lies approximately 48 miles southeast of Tulsa, the population of the city was 39,223 as of the 2010 census, a 2.4 percent increase from 38,310 at the 2000 census, making it the eleventh-largest city in Oklahoma. The 1951 film Jim Thorp

1.
The Great Seal of the City of Muskogee

2.
The Katy Hotel and Depot in Muskogee, 1907 at the time of Oklahoma statehood.

3.
Business section c. 1910

Kelly Field
–
Kelly Field Annex is a United States Air Force facility located in San Antonio, Texas. The base is under the jurisdiction of the 802d Mission Support Group, Air Education, Kelly Field was one of thirty-two Air Service training camps established after the United States entry into World War I, being established on 27 March 1917. It was used as a fiel

Civilian
–
In general, a civilian is a person who is not a member of the military or of a police or firefighting force, as defined by Merriam Websters Dictionary. From the perspective of the U. S, in military and law enforcement slang, the term Civies or Civvies are often used to refer civilian population or civilian clothing. Under the laws of war, a civilia

1.
Wounded civilians arrive at a hospital in Aleppo during the Syrian civil war, October 2012

American Airlines
–
American Airlines, Inc. commonly referred to as American, is a major American airline headquartered in Fort Worth, Texas. It is the worlds largest airline measured by fleet size, revenue, scheduled passenger-kilometres flown. Regional service is operated by independent and subsidiary carriers under the name of American Eagle. American operates out

1.
1927 American Airways FC-2

2.
A Stinson Trimotor first operated by Century Airlines

3.
DC-3 "Flagship", American's chief aircraft type during the World War II period

Braniff International Airways
–
Its routes were primarily in the midwestern and southwestern United States, Mexico, Central America, and South America. In the late 1970s it expanded to Asia and Europe, the airline ceased operations in May 1982 because high fuel prices and the Airline Deregulation Act of December 1978 rendered it uncompetitive. Two later airlines used the Braniff

4.
Boeing 707-320C of Braniff International at Honolulu Airport in 1971

Delta Air Lines
–
Delta Air Lines, Inc. is a major American airline, with its headquarters and largest hub at Hartsfield–Jackson Atlanta International Airport in Atlanta, Georgia. Regional service is operated under the brand name Delta Connection, One of the five remaining legacy carriers, Delta is the sixth-oldest operating airline by foundation date, and the oldes

1.
Restored Huff-Daland Duster

2.
Delta Douglas DC-7 circa 1955

3.
Delta Boeing 747-100 at London Heathrow Airport in 1973.

4.
A Northwest Airlines Airbus A330-300, shortly before the merger with Delta in 2008

Hicks Field
–
Hicks Field is a former World War I military airfield, located 5.6 miles North-northwest of Saginaw, Texas. It operated as a field for the Air Service, United States Army between 1917 until 1920. It was one of thirty-two Air Service training camps established after the United States entry into World War I in April 1917, canadians named the training

1.
Hicks Field, Texas, 1918

2.
2001 USGS aerial photo of the former Hicks Field facility

Naval Air Station Joint Reserve Base Fort Worth
–
This military airfield is operated by the United States Navy Reserve. It is located in the cities of Fort Worth, Westworth Village, several United States Navy headquarters and operational units are based at NAS Fort Worth JRB, including Naval Air Reserve air wings and aviation squadrons, intelligence commands and Seabees. The Air Force Reserve Comm

1.
Oblique photo of Naval Air Station Fort Worth Joint Reserve Base

2.
Major Horace S. Carswell, Jr. (1916–1944)

3.
Oblique airphoto of Fort Worth Army Air Field in 1945, looking east to west. The airfield technical area is on the east side of the main north-south runway, with the Consolidated-Vultee aircraft manufacturing facilities (later Convair) on the west side.

4.
B-50 Superfortress, Lucky Lady II, preparing to take off from Carswell AFB, Texas for the first nonstop circumnavigation of the world, 1949

Hensley Field
–
The Grand Prairie Armed Forces Reserve Complex is a former United States Navy Naval Air Station located on Mountain Creek Lake in southwest Dallas. The installation was established as an Army Aviation center. Navy custody via the Base Realignment and Closure Commission action and renamed Naval Air Station Joint Reserve Base Fort Worth / Carswell Fi

1.
NAS Dallas - 2006 USGS Airphoto

Fairchild PT-19
–
The Fairchild PT-19 is an American Fairchild Aircraft monoplane primary trainer aircraft that served with the United States Army Air Forces, RAF and RCAF during World War II. As with other USAAF trainers of the period, the PT-19 had multiple designations based on the powerplant installed, the PT-19 series was developed from the Fairchild M-62 when

1.
PT-19

2.
PT-19 plywood wing center section

3.
Fairchild PT-19

4.
Fairchild PT-19B

PT-17 Stearman
–
The Stearman Model 75 is a biplane used as a military trainer aircraft, of which at least 10,626 were built in the United States during the 1930s and 1940s. Stearman Aircraft became a subsidiary of Boeing in 1934, after the conflict was over, thousands of surplus aircraft were sold on the civilian market. In the immediate postwar years they became

1.
Model 75 "Stearman" Kaydet

2.
WAVE in a Boeing Stearman N2S US Navy training aircraft.

3.
US Navy N2S-2 at NAS Corpus Christi, 1943.

4.
US Navy NS-1s of the NAS Pensacola Flight School, 1936.

P-40 Warhawk
–
The Curtiss P-40 Warhawk is an American single-engined, single-seat, all-metal fighter and ground-attack aircraft that first flew in 1938. The P-40 design was a modification of the previous Curtiss P-36 Hawk which reduced development time and enabled a rapid entry into production, the Warhawk was used by most Allied powers during World War II, and

1.
P-40 Warhawk Tomahawk / Kittyhawk

2.
Curtiss XP-40 "11" used for test purposes by the Materiel Division of the U.S. Army Air Corps

3.
A three-quarter view of a P-40B, X-804 (s/n 39-184) in flight. This aircraft served with an advanced training unit at Luke Field, Arizona.

4.
Evidence of the P-40's durability: in 1944 F/O T. R. Jacklin (pictured) flew this No. 75 Squadron RAAF P-40N-5 more than 200 mi (322 km) after the loss of the port aileron and 25% of its wing area, to a direct hit from an artillery shell.

Gulf Coast Air Corps Training Center
–
Flying Division, Air Training Command is an inactive United States Air Force unit. It was last assigned to Air Training Command, stationed at Randolph Air Force Base and it was inactivated on 14 November 1949. The organization was organized in 1926 as the main pilot training organization for the Army Air Corps. During World War II, thousands of cad

Brady, Texas
–
Brady is a city in McCulloch County, Texas, United States. Brady refers to itself as The Heart of Texas, as it is the closest city to the center of the state. The geographical center of Texas is about 15 miles northeast of Brady, the population was 5,528 at the 2010 census. It is the county seat of McCulloch County, according to the United States C

1.
McCulloch County Courthouse in Brady

2.
Heart of Texas Healthcare System is the primary hospital serving Brady

Air Materiel Command
–
Air Materiel Command was a United States Army Air Forces and United States Air Force command. Its headquarters was located at Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio, in 1961, the command was redesignated the Air Force Logistics Command with some of its functions transferred to the new Air Force Systems Command. The Airplane Engineering Department wa

1.
Emblem of Air Technical Service Command

Air Transport Command (United States Air Force)
–
Air Transport Command was a United States Air Force unit that was created during World War II as the strategic airlift component of the United States Army Air Forces. ATC also operated an air transportation system for military personnel. Inactivated on 1 June 1948, Air Transport Command was the precursor to what became the Military Air Transport Se

1.
C-54 Skymaster of the ATC Pacific Division taking off C-46 Commando flying "The Hump" over the Himalayan Mountain Range from Burma to China, 1945

4.
EAME Theater

Women Airforce Service Pilots
–
The Women Airforce Service Pilots, called Womens Army Service Pilots in some sources, was a paramilitary aviation organization. The WASPs predecessors, the Womens Flying Training Detachment and the Womens Auxiliary Ferrying Squadron organized separately in September 1942 and they were the pioneering organizations of civilian female pilots, employed

1.
Elizabeth L. Gardner, WASP, at the controls of a B-26 Marauder.

2.
WASP Wings.

3.
Deanie Parish in front of P-47 Thunderbolt on the flight line at Tyndall Air Force Base, Florida, in 1944.

4.
Photo by Lois Hailey, Class of 43–3 in January 1943—start of training.

Fairfax Field
–
Fairfax Field was an early United States Air Force installation north of Kansas City, Kansas. Military use of the site continued as late as 1957 by the Strategic Air Commands 3903rd Radar Bomb Scoring Group for bombing practice, the airfield was first used in 1921 for an air meet and became the 1925 Sweeney Airport and the 1928 Fairfax Airport. A n

1.
Northward view of the air base in World War II after the modification center was built along the south taxiway.

2.
1944 B-25 Mitchell assembly line in Air Force Plant NC: In 1953, the facility was the Buick-Oldsmobile-Pontiac Assembly Plant adjacent to Fairfax Field and unveiled the assembly line for F-84F Thunderflash [clarification needed] fighters (General Motors produced 599 F-84Fs at Fairfax.)

Call sign
–
In broadcasting and radio communications, a call sign is a unique designation for a transmitter station. In North America, they are used for all FCC licensed transmitters, a call sign can be formally assigned by a government agency, informally adopted by individuals or organizations, or even cryptographically encoded to disguise a stations identity

1.
Russian Nuclear Icebreaker "Arktika" with call sign UKTY

2.
A general aviation aircraft in the United States with its FAA civilian registration number (N98710), which also doubles as its call sign, displayed on the fuselage. However, since this is a Civil Air Patrol aircraft, it will generally be identified by CAPxxxx, based on the state from which it hails.

3.
Some U.S. states issue call sign license plates for motor vehicles owned by amateur radio operators.

4.
A 1940 QSL card for WWV, indicating its early location in the U.S. state of Maryland.

Strategic Air Command
–
At a lower echelon, headquarters divisions included Aircraft Engineering, Missile Concept, and Strategic Communications. In 1992, as part of an overall post-Cold War reorganization of the U. S. Planning to reorganize for a separate and independent postwar U. S. Air Force had begun by the fall of 1945, with the Simpson Board tasked to plan. the reor

1.
Boeing B-47B Stratojet executing a rocket-assisted take off (RATO) on April 15, 1954

American Airlines Flight 157
–
American Airlines Flight 157 was a civil aviation accident resulting in 28 fatalities. The aircraft, a Douglas DC-6, was flying on November 29,1949 from New York City bound for Mexico City with 46 passengers and crew. The airliner slid off the runway and struck a parked airplane, a hangar,26 passengers and two flight attendants died. The pilot, co-

1.
An American Airlines Douglas DC-6, similar to the aircraft involved in the crash.

Douglas DC-6
–
The Douglas DC-6 is a piston-powered airliner and transport aircraft built by the Douglas Aircraft Company from 1946 to 1958. Originally intended as a military transport near the end of World War II, more than 700 were built and many still fly today in cargo, military, and wildfire control roles. The United States Army Air Forces commissioned the D

1.
The prototype Douglas XC-112A which first flew on 15 February 1946, converted to DC-6 standard in 1956 and flown by TASSA of Spain from 1963 until 1965

2.
Passengers alighting an SAS DC-6: Note the upper row of windows, indicating this was built as the optional sleeper variant of the original-length DC-6

3.
Sabena DC-6B arriving at Manchester in 1955 after a nonstop scheduled passenger flight from New York

Pioneer Airlines
–
Essair Airlines, incorporated in 1939, was the first airline authorized by the federal Civil Aeronautics Board to fly as a local service air carrier in the USA. It changed its name to Pioneer Air Lines in 1946 and served destinations in New Mexico, Pioneer and was acquired by and merged into Continental Airlines in 1955. A commuter airline named Pi

1.
Pioneer Air Lines Douglas DC-3 in 1948

Fort Worth
–
Fort Worth is the 16th-largest city in the United States and the fifth-largest city in the state of Texas. The city is in North Central Texas and covers nearly 350 square miles in the counties of Denton, Parker, Wise, according to the 2015 census, estimates, Fort Worths population is 833,319. The city is the second-largest in the Dallas–Fort Worth–

3.
Members of the joint FAA and Boeing team performing test flight on the Boeing 707 during certification process in April 15, 1958. From left to right: Joseph John "Tym" Tymczyszyn (FAA), Lew Wallich (Boeing), unknown, unknown.

4.
Early production Boeing 707–329 of Sabena in April 1960 with the original short tail-fin and no ventral fin

1.
An aerial view of Dealey Plaza showing the route of President Kennedy's motorcade

2.
President Kennedy with his wife, Jacqueline, and Texas Governor John Connally and his wife, Nellie, in the presidential limousine, minutes before the President's assassination

3.
Ike Altgens ' photo of the Presidential limousine taken between the first and second shots that hit President Kennedy. President Kennedy's left hand is in front of his throat and Mrs. Kennedy's left hand is holding his arm.

4.
Polaroid photo by Mary Ann Moorman taken a fraction of a second after the fatal shot (detail).

1.
From top to bottom and Left to Right: 1. San Antonio downtown from the Tower of The Americas at night. 2. The Riverwalk 3. The McNay Museum of Art 4. The Tower Life Building 5. Bexar County courthouse 6. San Antonio Public Library 7. The Tower of the Americas at night 8. The Alamo

1.
TranStar Airlines Douglas DC-9-51 operating a Houston service at New Orleans in March 1987 with an American Trans Air wide-body L-1011 in the background. Both airlines are notable for never having a fatal accident along with their somewhat "ill-fated," co-operative experiences with Southwest Airlines.