From a distance, a wind farm can seem almost placid, turbines turning slowly, steadily, churning out electricity. But there's more to it than meets the eye.

The wind, though it can seem consistent, often has varying degrees of turbulence that impact wind turbine performance. Heating and cooling change the wind over the course of the day. A wind farm's turbines interact in ways that reduce performance and add to structural loads on the turbines, increasing maintenance costs and the overall cost of wind energy.

Researchers at the U.S. Department of Energy's (DOE) National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) are learning how to better understand these issues and are working toward effective solutions for the wind industry. Their goal is to maximize turbine performance and minimize structural loads, which will ultimately result in lower-cost wind energy. Toward that goal, NREL researchers are leveraging the lab's supercomputing resources and have developed high-tech modeling and simulation capabilities.

An Industry-Wide Concern

The market for wind energy continues to grow — and so do the wind turbines and farms themselves. Unfortunately, the power production of these energy plants has, in many cases, been lower than initially predicted. Wind plant underperformance has become a concern throughout the wind industry and could potentially cost developers millions of dollars over the life of a wind plant because of reduced power generation and increased maintenance costs.

"The wind industry is increasingly concerned with these underperformance issues," said Pat Moriarty, senior engineer at NREL's National Wind Technology Center. "The average underperformance is about 10%, with some seeing underperformance as high as 30% to 40%. This adds up to a lot of lost energy and high cost for the industry over the life of a wind plant and presents us with a big opportunity to improve wind plant efficiencies."

Models Enhance Understanding of Performance Issues

Wake turbulence behind individual wind turbines can be seen in the fog in this aerial photo of the Horns Rev wind farm off the Western coast of Denmark. Data collected from wind farms such as this one provide validation to simulation models.Courtesy of Vattenfall Wind Power, Denmark

Wake turbulence is a type of instability in the wind flow and is the result of wind flowing through the rotor of a wind turbine. Its effects and how they impact wind turbine and plant performance have not been well understood. To better understand these issues and move toward effective solutions, NREL researchers have developed sophisticated simulation tools to perform large-eddy simulation models that are designed to predict the performance of large wind plants with greater accuracy than any previous models.

Wind plant developers have used design tools going back to the 1980s, which are generally effective for basic optimization of the layout of a wind farm. However, none have been able to simulate with consistent accuracy how wakes propagate and how wind turbines interact with one another.

"Previous models were very simple and don't capture a lot of the physics — how the atmosphere behaves and how wind turbines respond to changing conditions in the field," Moriarty said. "It was clear that we needed better models, specifically understanding issues around wake-turbine and atmosphere-turbine interactions."

Good models need good data. Data from operating wind farms provides validation for the models. So the project has been collecting data from offshore and onshore wind farms in both Europe and the United States to compare to the simulations. "We're comparing the data from actual wind turbine performance in the field to the predictions from our models," Moriarty said. "The models have been very accurate and very close to what is actually happening in the field."

The backbone of this new modeling capability is the high-performance computing resources that run the simulations.

Researchers are currently using RedMesa, NREL's most powerful high-performance computing system, located at DOE's Sandia National Laboratories and managed in collaboration with Sandia. Peak computational capability of RedMesa is about 180 teraflops, which means it can process 180 trillion floating point operations (flops) per second. For comparison, a basic calculator requires only 10 flops.

NREL will be adding additional high-performance computing capability in the next year with a new supercomputer on the lab's Golden, Colorado, campus. The supercomputer in NREL's new Energy Systems Integration Facility (ESIF) will be nearly a petaflop in scale (a petaflop is 1,000 teraflops) and will be the fastest computer system in the world dedicated to renewable energy and energy efficiency technologies.

Building a Better Wind Farm

One anticipated outcome of this enhanced simulation and modeling capability is improved understanding by wind plant developers of how to lay out their projects to achieve maximum performance from individual turbines. Issues to consider include placement of turbines in a wind farm, spacing between turbines, and how terrain and other location-specific conditions might impact turbine performance. Improved tools for wind plant design will enable improved physical understanding of turbine interactions and ultimately lead to plant designs with higher energy production and lower maintenance costs.

"We are trying to get a better handle on the physics of what is actually going on within the wind farm. All these issues affect performance, and that is the industry's greatest concern," Moriarty said. "This makes sense because it impacts their costs.

A wind turbine getting beat up by wakes may have higher maintenance costs. This increases costs for the wind plant operator as well as the cost of wind energy in general."

The Wind Farm as a System, Not the Sum of its Parts

This visualization of a snapshot of instantaneous velocity clearly shows the turbulent nature of wind turbine wakes. Downstream "waked" turbines produce less energy and are subject to greater fatigue loads than upstream turbines. Credit: Illustration by Matt Churchfield, NREL

Another benefit to using these tools is in the area of 'wind farm controls.' This concept — a hot topic of discussion in the industry today — involves looking at a wind farm as a total system rather than just a collection of wind turbines. It explores how to best operate that system in a manner that leads to maximum efficiency for the wind farm as a whole.

"Wind turbines are greedy," Moriarty said. "They will try to extract as much energy from the wind as possible without consideration for anything around them, such as other turbines in a wind farm. This is not necessarily the optimal way to operate a wind farm as a whole."

Studies have shown that if the front row of wind turbines extracts less energy from the wind in an array than the turbines would by themselves, more potential energy would be available for all turbines downstream. In this scenario, the total energy capture of the entire wind plant would be increased. Another consideration is the slight turning of upstream turbines to steer wakes away from downstream turbines, maximizing the efficiency of the other turbines around them.

The concept is to view wind farms from a global controls perspective and to seek ways to operate the wind farm as a total system. These types of controls improvements hold great potential for making wind farms more efficient and more productive. Modeling capabilities can be used to study how to operate a wind farm to optimize the energy capture of the entire plant instead of just looking at individual turbines. This capability could be applied to both onshore and offshore wind plants already in operation, as well as new developments.

Leading the Way to Lower-Cost Wind Energy

This work will create a better understanding of wind farm performance and will allow wind developments to be designed to maximize performance through increased energy capture and reduced maintenance costs — all of which leads to lower-cost wind energy.

"This capability is of significant importance for various segments of the wind industry — manufacturers, developers, and operators," Moriarty said. "It provides science behind wind energy that is beneficial to all in their roles toward expanding the deployment of wind energy and reducing costs. "