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Purification and identification of novel antioxidant peptides from enzymatic hydrolysate of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) protein concentratehttp://hdl.handle.net/2268/178526
Title: Purification and identification of novel antioxidant peptides from enzymatic hydrolysate of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) protein concentrate
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<br/>Author, co-author: Ghribi, Abir Mokni; Sila, Assaâd; Przybylski, Rémi; Nedjar-Arroume, Naima; Makhlouf, Ines; Blecker, Christophe; Attia, Hamadi; Dhulster, Pascal; Bougatef, Ali; Besbes, Souhail
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<br/>Abstract: Enzymatic hydrolysis of chickpea protein concentrate (CP) by Alcalase® and some
physiochemical and antioxidant properties of the resulting hydrolysate (CPH) were
characterised. CPH displayed higher antioxidant activity than CP. This hydrolysate was fractionated
by size exclusion chromatography on a Sephadex G-25 into four major fractions
(Fra.I, Fra.II, Fra.III, and Fra.IV). Fraction III, which exhibited the highest DPPH scavenging
activity (54% at 1 mg/ml), was then fractionated by reversed-phase high performance liquid
chromatography (RP-HPLC). Eleven antioxidant fractions were isolated and two peptide subfractions
show antioxidant activity (P3 and P8). The P8 displayed the highest DPPH radicalscavenging
activity (67%; at 200 g/ml) among these peptides subfractions. The molecular
masses and amino acids sequences of the purified peptides were determined using ESIMS
and ESIMS/MS, respectively. Their structures were identified as Asp-His-Gly and Val-
Gly-Asp-Ile. These peptides did not show haemolytic activity towards bovine erythrocytes.
The results suggest that CPH are good source of natural antioxidants.The Influence of Palm Oil Addition on Sunflower Halva Stability and Texturehttp://hdl.handle.net/2268/178511
Title: The Influence of Palm Oil Addition on Sunflower Halva Stability and Texture
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<br/>Author, co-author: MUREŞAN, Vlad; Danthine, Sabine; RACOLŢA, Emil; MUSTE, Sevastiţa; Blecker, Christophe; BORŞA, Andrei; MUREŞAN, Elena AndruţaTexture and Stability of Sunflower Halva Produced from Different Particle Size Tahinihttp://hdl.handle.net/2268/178510
Title: Texture and Stability of Sunflower Halva Produced from Different Particle Size Tahini
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<br/>Author, co-author: Mureșan, Vlad; Cuibus, Lucian; Olari, Anna; Racolța, Emil; Socaciu, Carmen; Danthine, Sabine; Muste, Sevastita; Blecker, Christophe
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<br/>Abstract: The aim of this work was to assess the influence of tahini particle size on sunflower halva texture ans stability.à propos du lait cruhttp://hdl.handle.net/2268/178204
Title: à propos du lait cru
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<br/>Author, co-author: Godrie, Thérèse; Bauraind, Catherine; Cheval, Jean-Marc; Sindic, Marianne
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<br/>Abstract: Fascicule de vulgarisation sur les caractéristiques du lait cru: caractéristiques nutritionnelles, microbiologiques, l'impact sur la fabrication des produits au lait cru, les impacts sur la santé...Effect of storage and cooking on the fatty acid profile of omega-3 enriched eggs and pork meat marketed in Belgiumhttp://hdl.handle.net/2268/178026
Title: Effect of storage and cooking on the fatty acid profile of omega-3 enriched eggs and pork meat marketed in Belgium
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<br/>Author, co-author: Douny, Caroline; El Khoury, Rawad; Delmelle, Julien; Brose, François; Degand, Guy; Moula, Nassim; Farnir, Frédéric; Clinquart, Antoine; Maghuin-Rogister, Guy; Scippo, Marie-LouiseRapport d'activités final du deuxième mandat (du 1er février 2013 au 31 janvier 2015) : ProFARMilk, variabilité et amélioration des aptitudes à la transformation fermière du laithttp://hdl.handle.net/2268/178002
Title: Rapport d'activités final du deuxième mandat (du 1er février 2013 au 31 janvier 2015) : ProFARMilk, variabilité et amélioration des aptitudes à la transformation fermière du lait
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<br/>Author, co-author: Gengler, Nicolas; Sindic, Marianne; Dardenne, Pierre; Colinet, Frédéric; Troch, Thibault; Sinnaeve, Georges; Dehareng, Frédéric; Abbas, Ouissam; Baeten, VincentPredictive models developed in cheese for growth of Listeria monocytogeneshttp://hdl.handle.net/2268/177480
Title: Predictive models developed in cheese for growth of Listeria monocytogenes
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<br/>Author, co-author: Jordan, K; Schvartzman Echenique, Maria Sol; Maffre, A; Sanaa, M; Gonzales-Barron, U; Butler, F; Tenhaus-Aziza, FModeling the growth of Listeria monocytogenes on the surface of smear- or mold-ripened cheese.http://hdl.handle.net/2268/177331
Title: Modeling the growth of Listeria monocytogenes on the surface of smear- or mold-ripened cheese.
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<br/>Author, co-author: Schvartzman Echenique, Maria Sol; Gonzalez-Barron, Ursula; Butler, Francis; Jordan, Kieran
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<br/>Abstract: Surface-ripened cheeses are matured by means of manual or mechanical technologies posing a risk of cross-contamination, if any cheeses are contaminated with Listeria monocytogenes. In predictive microbiology, primary models are used to describe microbial responses, such as growth rate over time and secondary models explain how those responses change with environmental factors. In this way, primary models were used to assess the growth rate of L. monocytogenes during ripening of the cheeses and the secondary models to test how much the growth rate was affected by either the pH and/or the water activity (aw) of the cheeses. The two models combined can be used to predict outcomes. The purpose of these experiments was to test three primary (the modified Gompertz equation, the Baranyi and Roberts model, and the Logistic model) and three secondary (the Cardinal model, the Ratowski model, and the Presser model) mathematical models in order to define which combination of models would best predict the growth of L. monocytogenes on the surface of artificially contaminated surface-ripened cheeses. Growth on the surface of the cheese was assessed and modeled. The primary models were firstly fitted to the data and the effects of pH and aw on the growth rate (mumax) were incorporated and assessed one by one with the secondary models. The Logistic primary model by itself did not show a better fit of the data among the other primary models tested, but the inclusion of the Cardinal secondary model improved the final fit. The aw was not related to the growth of Listeria. This study suggests that surface-ripened cheese should be separately regulated within EU microbiological food legislation and results expressed as counts per surface area rather than per gram.Comparison of growth limits of Listeria monocytogenes in milk, broth and cheese.http://hdl.handle.net/2268/177329
Title: Comparison of growth limits of Listeria monocytogenes in milk, broth and cheese.
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<br/>Author, co-author: Schvartzman Echenique, Maria Sol; Belessi, X.; Butler, F.; Skandamis, P.; Jordan, K.
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<br/>Abstract: AIM: To determine growth initiation differences of Listeria monocytogenes between a cheesemaking context, milk and tryptic soy broth (TSB). METHODS AND RESULTS: A laboratory-scale cheese was made with a mix of two strains of L. monocytogenes at four initial pH values, five water activity (a(w)) values and two contamination levels at 30 degrees C. Counts of L. monocytogenes were determined at time 0 and after 8h of cheese manufacture. Milk and TSB at the same pH and a(w) conditions were inoculated with the L. monocytogenes mix in multi-well plates. Growth was determined by plating each well onto Agosti & Ottaviani Listeria Agar after 8h of incubation at 30 degrees C. Each condition was repeated six times, and growth initiation probability was modelled with logistic regression models. Growth initiation boundaries were obtained for each matrix type. The results showed that the growth limits were matrix dependent. In the three matrix types, a(w) was the most important factor affecting the probability of growth initiation. Contamination level affected growth TSB and cheesemaking conditions. CONCLUSIONS: The interface wideness and position in cheese, milk and TSB were dissimilar, indicating that the use of models evaluated in TSB or milk could not be used to predict the behaviour of L. monocytogenes under cheesemaking conditions. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: Predictive models generated in liquid media are not necessarily adaptable to solid food, and the generation of real food models is necessary.
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<br/>Commentary: (c) 2010 The Authors. Journal of Applied Microbiology (c) 2010 The Society for Applied Microbiology.In vitro model to study the endocrine disrupting activity of migration products from plastic food contact materialshttp://hdl.handle.net/2268/176951
Title: In vitro model to study the endocrine disrupting activity of migration products from plastic food contact materials
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<br/>Author, co-author: Simon, Coraline; Onghena, Matthias; Covaci, Adrian; Van Hoeck, Els; Van Loco, Joris; Elskens, Marc; Demaegdt, Heidi; Mertens, Birgit; Vandermeiren, Karine; Scippo, Marie-Louise
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<br/>Abstract: Bisphenol A (BPA) is a chemical compound mainly used for the manufacture of plastic such as polycarbonate. This transparent thermoplastic polymer is used for the fabrication of several food containers like baby bottle, cups, etc. BPA can migrate into food in contact with polycarbonate. There is a worldwide concern about BPA because several studies have shown endocrine disruptor potency of BPA causing possible adverse health effects. In January 2011, the European Commission decided to ban the use of polycarbonate to manufacture baby feeding bottles. In a recent opinion, the Superior Health Council’s issued its concern regarding the currently use of alternatives to polycarbonate in these materials.
This work is part of the ALTPOLYCARB project, which aims to study the migration products from non polycarbonate plastic material, and their endocrine disruptor activities.
The endocrine disruptor activity(ies) of global migration residues obtained from different kinds of baby bottles will be explored using cell based transactivational assays also named “reporter gene assays”. The MCF7 recombinant cells used here (named MCF7-ER cells) are genetically modified cells containing the firefly luciferase gene, as a reporter gene, and a DNA responsive element specific to the human estrogen receptor. The biological activity of a chemical compound is monitored by the measurement of light emitted by the cells exposed to it (after addition of luciferin, the substrate of luciferase).
In a preliminary step, we first screened pure substances, which were shown to migrate from plastic baby bottles, in a recent study performed by Simoneau & al, 2012 .
Human estrogen receptor agonistic and antagonistic activities of 25 pure compounds were measured using MCF7-ER cells. After the first screening, some substances clearly show an activity such as BPA, benzophenone, 2-propenoic acid-2-ethylhexyl ester, benzaldehyde-4-methylthio, butylated hydroxytoluene and dodecanoic acid methyl ester, whereas others ask an in-depth analysis to confirm their activity. For active substances only, the study will be continued and a full dose-response curve will be performed in order to assess quantitatively the activity.Study of the Estrogenicity of Migration Products From Plastic Food Contact Materialshttp://hdl.handle.net/2268/176949
Title: Study of the Estrogenicity of Migration Products From Plastic Food Contact Materials
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<br/>Author, co-author: Simon, Coraline; Onghena, Matthias; Covaci, Adrian; Van Hoeck, Els; Van Loco, Joris; Elskens, Marc; Demaegdt, Heidi; Mertens, Birgit; Scippo, Marie-Louise
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<br/>Abstract: Bisphenol A (BPA) is a chemical compound mainly used for the manufacture of plastic such as polycarbonate. This transparent thermoplastic polymer is used for the fabrication of several food containers like baby bottle … BPA can migrate into food in contact with polycarbonate. There is a worldwide concern about BPA because several studies have shown endocrine disruptor potency of BPA causing possible adverse health effects.
In January 2011, the European Commission decided to ban the use of polycarbonate to manufacture baby feeding bottles. In a recent opinion, the Superior Health Council’s issued its concern regarding the currently use of alternatives to polycarbonate in these materials.
This work is part of the ALTPOLYCARB project which aims to study the migration products of alternative to polycarbonate and their endocrine disruptor activities.
The first part was to have an overview of the different polymers replacing polycarbonate, that are used on the Belgian market, it resulted in the conclusion that polymers used for the manufacture of baby bottles are mainly polypropylene, polyethersulfone, silicone, polyamide, polystyrene, and melamine. The second part of this work will be to evaluate the endocrine disruptor activity(ies) of global migration residues obtained from different kinds of baby bottles. This (these) activity(ies) will be explored using cell based transactivational assays also named “reporter gene assays. The MCF7 recombinant cells used here are genitically modified cells containing the firefly luciferase gene, as a reporter gene, and a DNA responsive element specific to the human oestrogen receptor. The biological activity of a chemical compound is monitored by the measurement of light emitted by the cells exposed to it (after addition of luciferin, the substrate of luciferase).
In a preliminary step, we first screened pure substances which were shown to migrate from plastic baby bottle, in a recent study performed by Simoneau & al, 2012 .
Human estrogen receptor agonistic and antagonistic activities of 25 pure compounds were measured using MCF7-ER cells (genetically modified MCF7 cells). After the first screening, some substances clearly show an activity such as BPA, Benzophenone, 2-Propenoic acid-2-ethylhexyl ester, Benzaldehyde-4-methylthio, Butylated hydroxytoluene and Dodecanoic acid, methyl ester whereas others ask an in-depth analysis to confirm their activity. For active substances only the study will be continued and a full dose-response curve will be performed in order to assess quantitatively the activityModeling the effect of abrupt acid and osmotic shifts within the growth region and across growth boundaries on adaptation and growth of Listeria monocytogenes.http://hdl.handle.net/2268/176841
Title: Modeling the effect of abrupt acid and osmotic shifts within the growth region and across growth boundaries on adaptation and growth of Listeria monocytogenes.
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<br/>Author, co-author: Le Marc, Y.; Skandamis, P. N.; Belessi, C. I. A.; Merkouri, S. I.; George, S. M; Gounadaki, A. S.; Schvartzman Echenique, Maria Sol; Jordan, K.; Drosinos, E. H.; Baranyi, J.
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<br/>Abstract: This study aims to model the effects of acid and osmotic shifts on the intermediate lag time of Listeria monocytogenes at 10 degrees C in a growth medium. The model was developed from data from a previous study (C. I. A. Belessi, Y. Le Marc, S. I. Merkouri, A. S. Gounadaki, S. Schvartzman, K. Jordan, E. H. Drosinos, and P. N. Skandamis, submitted for publication) on the effects of osmotic and pH shifts on the kinetics of L. monocytogenes. The predictive ability of the model was assessed on new data in milk. The effects of shifts were modeled through the dependence of the parameter h(0) ("work to be done" prior to growth) induced on the magnitude of the shift and/or the stringency of the new environmental conditions. For shifts across the boundary, the lag time was found to be affected by the length of time for which the microorganisms were kept at growth-inhibiting conditions. The predicted concentrations of L. monocytogenes in milk were overestimated when the effects of this shift were not taken into account. The model proved to be suitable to describe the effects of osmotic and acid shifts observed both within the growth domain and across the growth boundaries of L. monocytogenes.Deterministic and stochastic behaviour of L. monocytogenes suspended cells or detached from stainless steel surfaces during cheese manufacturehttp://hdl.handle.net/2268/176549
Title: Deterministic and stochastic behaviour of L. monocytogenes suspended cells or detached from stainless steel surfaces during cheese manufacture
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<br/>Author, co-author: Belessi, C; Gounadaki, A; Schvartzman Echenique, Maria Sol; Jordan, K; Skandamis, P
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<br/>Abstract: Growth probability and kinetic models for Listeria monocytogenes in response to multiple hurdles occurring during cheese anufacturing are mainly focused on suspended L. monocytogenes cells. This study aimed to compared: (i) the growth/no growth interface of L. monocytogenes cells attached on stainless steel (SS) surfaces, or in suspension, within adjusted media and (ii) the behavior of planktonic and detached Listeria cells during manufacturing and ripening of two popular Greek cheeses: Feta and Graviera. A multi-strains composite of L. monocytogenes isolates from cheese, factory and farm in Greece and Ireland, were grown in TSBYE, MRD, Milk, Feta and Graviera cheese in the presence of SS coupons (2x5cm) for 3d at 20 °C, to obtain the following inocula: planktonic cells (P), and cells detached from the SS coupons (D). Detachment took place by the bead vortexing method. For growth/no growth evaluation P and D cells were inoculated in TSBYE, adjusted to 5 pH (6.8-4.8) by lactic acid and at 4 aw
(0.945-0.995) by NaCl.
For evaluation of L. monocytogenes kinetics in cheese, P and D cells were inoculated at three simulated stages of Feta and Graviera manufacture: in pasteurized milk, after cutting the curd and after the first ripening. The growth of D cells slightly delayed compared to P cells while it was more affected by aw than pH. On cheese, L. monocytogenes survived throughout the ripening at low levels. The differences in probability of growth of single cells for both inocula (P and D) were assessed by stochastic approaches. Furthermore, PFGE analysis resulted that 91 % of the cells of any tested condition belonged to the cheese factory isolate. The re-
sults may address safety implications relevant to the potential of attached cells to proliferate, whereas data may contribute to filling data gaps on risk assessment of L. monocytogenes isolates from the dairy industry.Comparison of growth limits of Listeria monocytogenes in milk, broth and cheesehttp://hdl.handle.net/2268/176548
Title: Comparison of growth limits of Listeria monocytogenes in milk, broth and cheese
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<br/>Author, co-author: Jordan, Kieran; Schvartzman Echenique, Maria Sol; Belessi, C; Butler, F; Skandamis, PAbsence of Listeria monocytogenes growth during raw milk cheesemaking: a modelling approachhttp://hdl.handle.net/2268/176547
Title: Absence of Listeria monocytogenes growth during raw milk cheesemaking: a modelling approach
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<br/>Author, co-author: Jordan, Kieran; Schvartzman Echenique, Maria Sol; Maffre, A; Sanaa, M; Butler, F; Gonzales-Baron, U; Tenenhaus-Aziza, F
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<br/>Abstract: The presence of Listeria monocytogenes in certain foods and the risk that this poses
to public health and food quality is still a problem. Currently, the field of food mi-
crobiology focuses on obtaining data on the behaviour of microorganisms in food,
but the responses obtained provide little insight into the relationship between
physiological processes and growth or survival. This link can be made through
mathematical models. In a simple form, a mathematical model is a simple mathe-
matical description of a process. The application of mathematical models to food
microbiology has been developed in recent years and now constitutes a new disci-
pline named as Predictive Microbiology. However, most predictive models are
based on laboratory experiments in microbiological media under static conditions.
As such models tend to be inaccurate, we have undertaken our experiments in a
food system under dynamic conditions. Cheese was made with raw and pasteurised
milk deliberately contaminated with L. monocytogenes
.
Listeria was monitored through the manufacture and ripening period of the cheese. The results showed
that L. monocytogenes did not grow during manufacture of raw milk cheese, but
did grow during manufacture of pasteurised milk cheese. The data obtained for
growth, survival and inactivation was modelled. The application of models that
can explain the behaviour of Listeria in cheese and the further predictions that
can be obtained from these models are useful for the improvement of ongoing re-
search on biotraceability and for the better understanding of the general behaviour
of these microorganisms under dynamic conditions, such as in dairy productsModelling the inactivation of Listeria monocytogenes on the surface of smear-ripened cheesehttp://hdl.handle.net/2268/176546
Title: Modelling the inactivation of Listeria monocytogenes on the surface of smear-ripened cheese
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<br/>Author, co-author: Schvartzman Echenique, Maria Sol; butler, f; Jordan, KComparative evaluation of growth/no growth interface in response to pH and NaCl of L. monocytogenes growing on stainless steel surfaces or in suspensionhttp://hdl.handle.net/2268/176545
Title: Comparative evaluation of growth/no growth interface in response to pH and NaCl of L. monocytogenes growing on stainless steel surfaces or in suspension
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<br/>Author, co-author: Belessi, C; Schvartzman Echenique, Maria Sol; Butler, F; Jordan, K; Skandamis, PEffect of pH, Water Activity and two Contamination Levels on the Probability of Growth of Listeria monocytogenes during the Early Stages of Cheesemakinghttp://hdl.handle.net/2268/176544
Title: Effect of pH, Water Activity and two Contamination Levels on the Probability of Growth of Listeria monocytogenes during the Early Stages of Cheesemaking
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<br/>Author, co-author: Schvartzman Echenique, Maria Sol; Belessi, C; Butler, F; Skandamis, P; Jordan, KEvaluation of growth/no growth interface of Listeria monocytogenes growing on stainless steel surfaces, detached from biofilms or in suspension, in response to pH and NaCl.http://hdl.handle.net/2268/176541
Title: Evaluation of growth/no growth interface of Listeria monocytogenes growing on stainless steel surfaces, detached from biofilms or in suspension, in response to pH and NaCl.
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<br/>Author, co-author: Belessi, Charalambia-Eirini A.; Gounadaki, Antonia S.; Schvartzman Echenique, Maria Sol; Jordan, Kieran; Skandamis, Panagiotis N.
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<br/>Abstract: The present study aimed to describe the growth/no growth interface of Listeria monocytogenes at three potential states of growth in industrial environments, namely attached, (Att), detached (Det) from a biofilm, or in a planktonic state (suspended; Plan). A 3-strain composite of L. monocytogenes cells was left to colonize stainless steel (SS) surfaces in tryptic soy broth supplemented with 0.6% yeast extract (TSBYE) at 20 degrees C for 72 h and then transferred to TSBYE at 30 different pH and NaCl concentrations, which were renewed every two days during incubation at 10 degrees C. Survival of attached population was observed at optimal conditions (pH 7.2, a(w) 0.996), whereas at 4.5-8.0% salt and/or pH<6.0, reduction of attached population on SS surfaces was observed. PFGE patterns showed that 91% of the cells colonizing the SS coupons after 30 days, at any pH and a(w) conditions, belonged to a single strain. Furthermore, the change in the probability of a single cell to initiate growth (P(in)) over time, as well as the number of cells needed (CN) for growth initiation of planktonically growing Plan and Det L. monocytogenes cells were evaluated based on MPN Tables. An ordinary logistic regression model was also used to describe the growth/no growth interface of varying inoculation levels (from <10 to 10(4)CFU/ml) of Plan and Det cells in response to pH and a(w). Although both cell types demonstrated similar growth limits at populations of 10(2)-10(4)CFU/ml, higher numbers of Det than Plan cells were needed (CN) in order to initiate growth at low a(w) and pH. Individual Plan cells reached higher maximum levels of probability of growth initiation (P(max)) and had shorter times to reach P(max)/2 (t(au)), compared to their Det counterparts. Data on growth potential of cells in suspension, attached or detached status, may assist in ranking the risk from different sources of contamination. In addition, they may establish the link between the behavior of L. monocytogenes in foods and its origin from the processing plant. The latter link is important component of biotraceability.
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<br/>Commentary: Copyright (c) 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.Adaptive growth responses of Listeria monocytogenes to acid and osmotic shifts above and across the growth boundaries.http://hdl.handle.net/2268/176540
Title: Adaptive growth responses of Listeria monocytogenes to acid and osmotic shifts above and across the growth boundaries.
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<br/>Author, co-author: Belessi, C.-I. A.; Le Marc, Y.; Merkouri, S. I.; Gounadaki, A. S.; Schvartzman Echenique, Maria Sol; Jordan, K.; Drosinos, E. H.; Skandamis, P. N.
<br/>
<br/>Abstract: The effect of acid and osmotic shifts on the growth of Listeria monocytogenes was evaluated at 10 degrees C. Two types of shifts were tested: (i) within the range of pH and water activity (a(w)) levels that allow growth of L. monocytogenes and (ii) after habituation at no-growth conditions back to growth-permitting conditions. A L. monocytogenes cheese isolate, with high survival capacity during cheesemaking, was inoculated (10(2) CFU/ml) in tryptic soy broth supplemented with 0.6% yeast extract at six pH levels (5.1 to 7.2; adjusted with lactic acid) and 0.5% NaCl (a(w) 0.995), or four a(w) levels (0.995 to 0.93, adjusted with 0.5 to 10.5% NaCl) at pH 7.2 and grown to early stationary phase. L. monocytogenes was then shifted (at 10(2) CFU/ml) to each of the aforementioned growth-permitting pH and a(w) levels and incubated at 10 degrees C. Shifts from no-growth to growth-permitting conditions were carried out by transferring L. monocytogenes habituated at pH 4.9 or a(w) 0.90 (12.5% NaCl) for 1, 5, and 10 days to all pH and a(w) levels permitting growth. Reducing a(w) or pH at different levels in the range of 0.995 to 0.93 and 7.2 to 5.1, respectively, decreased the maximum specific growth rate of L. monocytogenes. The lag time of the organism increased with all osmotic downshifts, as well as by the reduction of pH to 5.1. Conversely, any type of shift within pH 5.5 to 7.2 did not markedly affect the lag times of L. monocytogenes. The longer the cells were incubated at no-growth a(w) (0.90), the faster they initiated growth subsequently, suggesting adaptation to osmotic stress. Conversely, extended habituation at pH 4.9 had the opposite effect on subsequent growth of L. monocytogenes, possibly due to cell injury. These results suggest that there is an adaptation or injury rate induced at conditions inhibiting the growth of the pathogen. Thus, quantifying adaptation phenomena under growth-limiting environments, such as in fermented dairy and meat products or products preserved in brine, is essential for reliable growth simulations of L monocytogenes during transportation and storage of foods.