California with its hydro, geothermal, wind, and solar energy is the second largest producer of renewable electricity in the United States (Washington state is the largest producer of renewable energy electricity due to high level of hydro power). Replacing fossil fuel electrical generation with renewable energy electrical generation will decrease the release of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere which will slow down the rapid increase in global warming (a goal of the California state government). However, in order for a much larger percentage of the total electrical generation in California to be from renewable energies like wind and solar, a better match between renewable energy generation and utility electrical load is required. Using windfarm production data and predicted production from a solar thermal power plant (with and without six hours of storage), a comparison was made between the renewable energy generation and the current utility load in California. On a monthly basis, windfarm generated electricity at the three major windfarm areas in California (Altamont Pass, east of San Francisco Bay area; Tehachapi Pass in the high desert between Tehachapi and Mojave; and San Gorgonio Pass in the low desert near Palm Springs) matches the utility load well during the highest electrical load months (May through September). Prediction of solar thermal power plant output also indicates a good match with utility load during these same high load months. Unfortunately, the hourly windfarm output during the day is not a very good match to the utility electrical load (i.e. in spring and summer the lowest wind speed generally occurs during mid-day when utility load is highest). If parabolic trough solar thermal power plants are installed in the Mojave Desert (similar to the 354 MW of plants that have been operating in Mojave Desert since 1990) then the solar electrical generation will help balance out the windfarm generation since highest solar generated electricity will be during mid-day. Adding six hours of solar thermal storage improved the utility load match significantly in the evening and reliability was also improved. Storage improves reliability because electrical production can remain at a high level even when there are lulls in the wind or clouds decrease the solar energy striking the parabolic trough mirrors. The solar energy from Mojave Desert and wind energy in the major windfarm areas are not a good match to utility load during the winter in California, but if the number of windfarms were increased east of San Diego, then the utility renewable energy match would be improved (this is because the wind energy is highest during the winter in this area). Currently in California, wind electrical generation only contributes 1.8% of total electricity and solar electrical generation only contributes 0.2%. Combining windfarms and solar thermal power plants with storage would allow a large percentage of the electrical load in California to be met by wind and solar energy due to a better match with utility load than by either renewable resource separately.

Kentish Flats Offshore WindFarm #12;By August 2005 the offshore windfarm at Kentish Flats plateau just outside the main Thames shipping lanes. The Kentish Flats windfarm will comprise 30 of the windfarm could be up to 90 MW. For the benefit of the environment The British Government has set

An approach to windfarm design using variable speed wind turbines with low pulse number electrical output. The output of multiple wind turbines are aggregated to create a high pulse number electrical output at a point of common coupling with a utility grid network. Power quality at each individual wind turbine falls short of utility standards, but the aggregated output at the point of common coupling is within acceptable tolerances for utility power quality. The approach for aggregating low pulse number electrical output from multiple wind turbines relies upon a pad mounted transformer at each wind turbine that performs phase multiplication on the output of each wind turbine. Phase multiplication converts a modified square wave from the wind turbine into a 6 pulse output. Phase shifting of the 6 pulse output from each wind turbine allows the aggregated output of multiple wind turbines to be a 24 pulse approximation of a sine wave. Additional filtering and VAR control is embedded within the windfarm to take advantage of the windfarm's electrical impedence characteristics to further enhance power quality at the point of common coupling.

PRINCETON UNIVERSITY WindFarm Valuation Kimlee Wong 13th April 2009 Professor Warren B. Powell was generous and encouraged me to participate in the group to perform research pertaining to windfarm, and has helped me think of hedging strategies for windfarm operations. I have learnt a lot from my

The Long Island SolarFarm (LISF) is a remarkable success story, whereby very different interest groups found a way to capitalize on unusual circumstances to develop a mutually beneficial source of renewable energy. The uniqueness of the circumstances that were necessary to develop the Long Island SolarFarm make it very difficult to replicate. The project is, however, an unparalleled resource for solar energy research, which will greatly inform large-scale PV solar development in the East. Lastly, the LISF is a superb model for the process by which the project developed and the innovation and leadership shown by the different players.

Horns Rev Offshore Wind Power Farm Environmental Impact Assessment on Water Quality #12;Prepared with a planned 150 MW offshore windfarm at Horns Rev, an assessment was made of the effects the windfarm would for the preparation of EIA studies for offshore windfarms." Horns Rev is situated off Blĺvands Huk, which is Denmark

White WindFarms is a small, startup Kansas winery located in Paola. The goal of this project was to develop a strategic marketing communications plan to assist in the growth and development of the White WindFarms brand..

Horns RevHorns Rev Offshore WindFarmOffshore WindFarm #12;Prepared for: ELSAM A/S, Overgade 45 to establish an offshore windfarm with an output of 150 MW in the waters of Horns Rev, approximately 15 km off to some environmental guidelines for offshore windfarms prepared by the Dani

1 CONMOW: Condition Monitoring for Offshore WindFarms Edwin Wiggelinkhuizen, Theo Verbruggen, Henk in practice the European project CONMOW (Condition Monitoring for Offshore WindFarms) was started in November for Offshore WindFarms) was started in November 2002. This paper briefly describes the CONMOW project approach

In some areas, wind power has reached a level where it begins to impact grid operation and the stability of local utilities. In this paper, the model development for a large windfarm will be presented. Windfarm dynamic behavior and contribution to stability during transmission system faults will be examined.

(typically offshore) windfarms has initiated the development of advanced, automatic windfarm controllers. As the first large offshore windfarm, the Horns Rev offshore windfarm controller is probably the most plants (CHP) provide increased supply during cold days. The main aim of the advanced offshore windfarm

The INL WindFarm project proposes to install a 20 MW to 40 MW windfarm on government property, consisting of approximately ten to twenty full-sized (80-meter hub height) towers with 2 MW turbines, and access roads. This includes identifying the optimal turbine locations, building access roads, and pouring the tower foundations in preparation for turbine installation. The project successfully identified a location on INL lands with commercially viable wind resources (i.e., greater than 11 mph sustained winds) for a 20 to 40 MW windfarm. Additionally, the proposed WindFarm was evaluated against other General Plant Projects, General Purpose Capital Equipment projects, and Line Item Construction Projects at the INL to show the relative importance of the proposed WindFarm project.

Challenges in Predicting Power Output from Offshore WindFarms R. J. Barthelmie1 and S. C. Pryor2 Abstract: Offshore wind energy is developing rapidly in Europe and the trend is towards large windfarms an offshore windfarm, accurate assessment of the wind resource/power output from the windfarm is a necessity

To meet the goal of becoming a model of green, clean, and efficient consumer of energy, the Township of Branchburg will install of a 250kw solarfarm to provide energy for the Township of Branchburg Municipal Building, a 50kw Solar carport to provide power to the Municipal Annex, purchase 3 plug in hybrid-electric vehicles, and install 3 dual-head charging stations.

1 Reference windfarm selection for regional wind power prediction models Nils Siebert George.siebert@ensmp.fr, georges.kariniotakis@ensmp.fr Abstract Short-term wind power forecasting is recognized today as a major requirement for a secure and economic integration of wind generation in power systems. This paper deals

Western Area Power Administration (Western) is preparing an EA to analyze the potential environmental impacts of the proposed Summit WindFarm, a 99-MW windfarm south of Summit, South Dakota. The proposed windfarm would interconnect to Western’s existing transmission line within the footprint of the windfarm.

1 WindFarm Portfolio Optimization under Network Capacity Constraints H´el`ene Le Cadre, Anthony of windfarms in a Market Coupling organization, for two Market Designs (exogenous prices and endogenous of efficient windfarm portfolios, is derived theoretically as a function of the number of windfarms

in this paper. The largest windfarms in the world, Horns Rev 2 Offshore WindFarm and Polish Karnice Onshore (WTs) with full-scale converters used in large offshore windfarms (OWFs) is increasing into consideration, the largest in the world Horns Rev 2 Offshore WindFarm and located in Poland Karnice Onshore

power collection grid of Nysted offshore windfarm. A number of switching events have been performed of large offshore windfarms have been developed, and there are significant plans for further offshore wind larger wind power installations such as offshore windfarms has increased the focus from TSO's on how

Assessment of wind power predictability as a decision factor in the investment phase of windfarms on market revenue of, respectively, the predictability and the capacity factor of a windfarm or a cluster of windfarms. This is done through a real-life case study in West Denmark, including windfarm production

Summary report: The shadow effect of large windfarms: measurements, data analysis and modelling of large windfarms Department: Wind Energy Risř-R-1615(EN) July 2007 ISSN 0106-2840 ISBN 978 of the project ­ by means of data from the demonstration windfarms Horns Rev and Nysted, analyses of these data

in order to emphasize differences between the two windfarms. Keywords: offshore windfarms, stability with full-scale back-to-back converters are more and more used in large offshore windfarms. This affects offshore windfarms tend to be bigger and bigger with more and more complex structures which can introduce

The solar-wind energy flux measured near the ecliptic is known to be independent of the solar-wind speed. Using plasma data from Helios, Ulysses, and Wind covering a large range of latitudes and time, we show that the solar-wind energy flux is independent of the solar-wind speed and latitude within 10%, and that this quantity varies weakly over the solar cycle. In other words the energy flux appears as a global solar constant. We also show that the very high speed solar-wind (VSW > 700 km/s) has the same mean energy flux as the slower wind (VSW < 700 km/s), but with a different histogram. We use this result to deduce a relation between the solar-wind speed and density, which formalizes the anti-correlation between these quantities.

Distributed Array of GPS Receivers for 3D Wind Profile Determination in WindFarms Derek Chen, and inexpensively is critical for both optimizing the installation of wind turbines on a windfarm, and predicting. Finally, the system is tested on a local windfarm. It has been shown that GPS provides a viable method

Analytical Modelling of Wind Speed Deficit in Large Offshore WindFarms Sten Frandsen*, Rebecca areas.As is often the need for offshore windfarms, the model handles a regular array geometry for offshore windfarms, the model handles a priori a regular array geometry with straight rows of wind

Stability Improvement of WindFarms using Shunt and Series Compensation T. F. Orchi, Student Member in stability improvement of windfarms. Static synchronous compensator (STATCOM) and static synchronous series enhance the performance of windfarms, however, they can be selected for a system depending on the system

Effects of Topography on Assessing WindFarm Impacts Using MODIS Data Liming Zhou* Department) there is a pattern of LST change associated with the de- velopment of windfarms and (ii) the warming effect over windfarms reported previously is an artifact of varied surface topography. Spatial pattern and time

WindFarm Power Prediction: A Data-Mining Approach Andrew Kusiak*, Haiyang Zheng and Zhe Song, IA 52242­1527, USA In this paper, models for short- and long-term prediction of windfarm power length of the long-term prediction model is 84 h. The windfarm power prediction models are built

1 Effects of the Horns Reef WindFarm on har- bour porpoises. - Interim report to Elsam Engineering monitoring program of harbour porpoises in and around Horns Reef offshore windfarm. Due to substantial maintenance activities on the turbines in Horns Reef windfarm in 2004, it was decided to suspend

Abstract (max. 2000 char.): Experience from power system operation with the first large offshore windfarm acquired at the two large offshore windfarms in Denmark are applied to validate the models. FinallyRisř-R-Report Power fluctuations from large windfarms - Final report Poul Sřrensen, Pierre Pinson

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with high first ionization potential are underrepresented in solarwind. Probable cause: ambipolar diffusion: Solar physics Solarwind and heliosphere Potential explanation: belt due to higher pressurePetrovay: Solar physics Solarwind and heliosphere THE SOLARWIND AND THE HELIOSPHERE 1951: First

LETTER Hurricane wind fields needed to assess risk to offshore windfarms In their paper in PNAS losses attributable to hurricane activity at four hypothetical offshore windfarm sites. We found one a 20-y typical windfarm lifetime. They combined a county annual landfall frequency probability density

Wind resources and windfarm wake effects offshore observed from satellite Charlotte Bay Hasager to quantify the wake effect at two large offshore windfarms in Denmark. It is found that the wake velocity further. There is fast progress on planning and installation of offshore windfarms in the European waters

of potential windfarming sites for which the wind patterns are statistically known. The objective is to demonstrate the benefits of diversification for the reliability of wind-sustained systems through the search for steadier overall power outputs. Three... power output. Reported studies are generally concerned about the selection of a given potential windfarming site based on its wind patterns [1], but not about the beneficial interactions that various power outputs from various wind parks may yield...

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The wind speed profile at offshore windfarm sites Bernhard Lange(1) , Sřren E. Larsen(2) , Jřrgen in Europe will come from offshore sites. The first large offshore windfarms are #12;currently being built feasibility of offshore wind power utilisation depends on the favourable wind conditions offshore compared

effects of windfarms on bird populations through mortality by collision with the energyORIGINAL PAPER Bird communities and windfarms: a phylogenetic and morphological approach Leonel 2013 Abstract The undeniable environmental benefits of wind energy are undermined by the negative

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A simple analysis is presented concerning an upper limit of the power density (power per unit land area) of a very large windfarm located at the bottom of a fully developed boundary layer. The analysis suggests that the limit of the power density is about 0.38 times $\\tau_{w0}U_{F0}$, where $\\tau_{w0}$ is the natural shear stress on the ground (that is observed before constructing the windfarm) and $U_{F0}$ is the natural or undisturbed wind speed averaged across the height of the farm to be constructed. Importantly, this implies that the maximum extractable power from such a very large windfarm will not be proportional to the cubic of the wind speed at the farm height, or even the farm height itself, but be proportional to $U_{F0}$.

NREL researchers have used high-tech instruments and high-performance computing to understand atmospheric turbulence and turbine wake behavior in order to improve wind turbine design and siting within windfarms.

As wind exploitation gains prominence in the power industry, the extensive use of this intermittent source of power may heavily rely on our ability to select the best combination of windfarming sites that yields maximal reliability of power systems...

it is economically feasible and technologically manageable. So far, most of the offshore windfarm research has been limited to fixed platforms in shallow-water areas. In the water depth deeper than 30m, however, floating-type windfarms tend to be more feasible...

it is economically feasible and technologically manageable. So far, most of the offshore windfarm research has been limited to fixed platforms in shallow-water areas. In the water depth deeper than 30m, however, floating-type windfarms tend to be more feasible...

High penetrations of wind and solar generation on power systems are resulting in increasing curtailment. Wind and solar integration studies predict increased curtailment as penetration levels grow. This paper examines experiences with curtailment on bulk power systems internationally. It discusses how much curtailment is occurring, how it is occurring, why it is occurring, and what is being done to reduce curtailment. This summary is produced as part of the International Energy Agency Wind Task 25 on Design and Operation of Power Systems with Large Amounts of Wind Power.

A Framework to Determine the Probability Density Function for the Output Power of WindFarms Sairaj to the power output of a windfarm while factoring in the availability of the wind turbines in the farm availability model for the wind turbines, we propose a method to determine the wind-farm power output pdf

Short-term Wind Power Prediction for Offshore WindFarms - Evaluation of Fuzzy-Neural Network Based of offshore farms and their secure integration to the grid. Modeling the behavior of large windfarms presents the new considerations that have to be made when dealing with large offshore windfarms

In this paper a fault detection system and a fault tolerant controller for a windfarm model. The windfarm model used is the one proposed as a public challenge. In the model three types of faults are introduced to a windfarm consisting of nine turbines. A fault detection system designed, by taking advantage of the fact that within a windfarm several wind turbines will be operating under all most identical conditions. The turbines are then grouped, and then turbines within each group are used to generate residuals for turbines in the group. The generated residuals are then evaluated using dynamical cumulative sum. The designed fault detection system is cable of detecting all three fault types occurring in the model. But there is room for improving the fault detection in some areas. To take advantage of the fault detection system a fault tolerant controller for the windfarm has been designed. The fault tolerant controller is a dispatch controller which is estimating the possible power at each individual turbine and then setting the reference accordingly. The fault tolerant controller has been compared to a reference controller. And the comparison shows that the fault tolerant controller performance better in all measures. The fault detection and a fault tolerant controller has been designed, and based on the simulated results the overall performance of the windfarm is improved on all measures. Thereby this is a step towards improving the overall performance of current and future windfarms.

#12;Hard Bottom Substrate Monitoring Horns Rev Offshore WindFarm 2004 Survey Report No. 1 March protection and at the wind turbine towers at six turbine sites. Video recordings were planned at different- scription. 2. Methodology Weather and wind conditions as well as hydrographical data such as current

Diurnal and seasonal variations of windfarm impacts on land surface temperature over western Texas for the period of 2003­2011 over a region in West-Central Texas, where four of the world's largest windfarms by comparing the LST changes between windfarm pixels (WFPs) and nearby non windfarm pixels (NNWFPs) using

Reactive power control of grid-connected windfarm based on adaptive dynamic programming Yufei Tang Windfarm Power system Adaptive control a b s t r a c t Optimal control of large-scale windfarm has of windfarm with doubly fed induction generators (DFIG). Specifically, we investigate the on

Installing a small wind turbine can sometimes be difficult due to economics, zoning issues, public perception, and other barriers. Persistence and innovation, however, can result in a successful installation. Dani Baker and David Belding own Cross Island Farms, a 102-acre certified organic farm on Wellesley Island in northern New York. In 2009, they took their interest in renewable energy to the next level by researching the logistics of a small wind installation on their land to make their farm even more sustainable. Their renewable energy system consists of one 10-kilowatt Bergey Excel wind turbine, a solar array, and a propane-powered generator. This case study describes funding for the project and the installation process.

Master's thesis: "Wind speed measurements in an offshore windfarm by remote sensing: Comparison of the Offshore windfarm alpha ventus with 12 wind turbines, substation and met mast Fino1. Southerly winds cause (wake) caused by windfarms and especially for the interaction of large offshore windfarms, which can

in Europe will come from offshore sites. The first large offshore windfarms are currently being builtMODELLING THE VERTICAL WIND SPEED AND TURBULENCE INTENSITY PROFILES AT PROSPECTIVE OFFSHORE WIND for conditions important for offshore wind energy utilisation are compared and tested: Four models

The present paper provides a possible explanation for the solarwind electron velocity distribution functions possessing asymmetric energetic tails. By numerically solving the electrostatic weak turbulence equations that involve nonlinear interactions among electrons, Langmuir waves, and ion-sound waves, it is shown that different ratios of ion-to-electron temperatures lead to the generation of varying degrees of asymmetric tails. The present finding may be applicable to observations in the solarwind near 1 AU and in other regions of the heliosphere and interplanetary space.

Turbulence of the SolarWind Studies of the SolarWind Using the ACE and Helios Spacecraft Bejamin;Abstract The solarwind is a supersonic ow of plasma emanating from the sun and traveling through the interplanetary medium to the outermost reaches of the heliosphere. The solarwind experiences in situ

.........................5 1.4 Potential Capacity for Hydrogen Production from Conventional Electrolysis Using Wind and SolarSolar and Wind Technologies for Hydrogen Production: Report to Congress Solar and Wind Technologies For Hydrogen Production Report to Congress December 2005 (ESECS EE-3060) #12;Solar and Wind Technologies

Environmental impact for offshore windfarms: Geolocalized Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) approach and floating offshore windfarms. This work was undertaken within the EU- sponsored EnerGEO project, aiming, and its use for the evaluation of environmental impacts of wind energy. The effects of offshore windfarms

viability of offshore windfarms depends on the compensation of the additional installation cost by a higher. In the current planing phase offshore wind measure- ments are being made at three prospective windfarm sites offshore windfarm which is lo- cated about 2 km from the coast. Thus the measure- ments cover

The SolarWind Helium Abundance: Variation with Wind Speed and the Solar Cycle Matthias R. Aellig Alamos National Lab., Los Alamos, NM 87545 Abstract We investigate the helium abundance in the solarwind of 1994 and early 2000 are analyzed. In agreement with similar work for previous solar cycles, we find

Floating offshore windfarms are likely to become the next paradigm in electricity generation from wind energy mainly because of the near constant high wind speeds in an offshore environment as opposed to the erratic wind ...

LETTERS PUBLISHED ONLINE: 29 APRIL 2012 | DOI: 10.1038/NCLIMATE1505 Impacts of windfarms on land a region in west-central Texas, where four of the world's largest windfarms are located7 . Our results farms relative to nearby non-wind-farm regions. We attribute this warming primarily to windfarms as its

Supplying Baseload Power and Reducing Transmission Requirements by Interconnecting WindFarms is not used to supply baseload electric power today. Interconnecting windfarms through the transmission grid farms are interconnected in an array, wind speed correlation among sites decreases and so does

Energy Policy 36 (2008) 23­33 Viewpoint Change in public attitudes towards a Cornish windfarm to particular windfarm developments from the local population which can result in planning permission being to a windfarm change after an extended period following commissioning. Residents of St. Newlyn East

Voltage Stability and Power Quality Issues of WindFarm with Series Compensation T. F. Orchi generator (DFIG) windfarms with series and shunt compensation are analyzed. The voltage source converter of the windfarm are modeled with flicker coefficients as defined by IEC standard 61400 and voltage sag

GIS-based windfarm site selection: Evaluating the case for New York State E-mail: rv2216@columbia Conference, Saratoga Springs, NY, November 15, 2011 #12;Where to build a 50 MW windfarm? 1. What sites.clca.columbia.edu GIS-based windfarm site selection: evaluating the case for New York State ­ NEARC GIS conference 2011

Transfer Limit Enhancement Using Decentralized Robust STATCOM Control for WindFarm M. J. Hossain windfarms (WFs) penetration on transfer capability. A decentralized minimax linear quadratic Gaussian is paid to the increased use of windfarms, a number of complex issues should be investigated in more

The impact of electricity market schemes on predictability being a decision factor in the windfarm used criterion of capacity factor on the investment phase of a windfarm and on spatial planning, it is now recognized that accurate short-term forecasts of windfarms´ power output over the next few hours

The impact of electricity market schemes on predictability being a decision factor in the windfarm of capacity factor on the investment phase of a windfarm and on spatial planning in an electricity market, it is now recognized that accurate short-term forecasts of windfarms´ power output over the next few hours

Impact of WindFarms on Birds and Bats in Iowa Principal Investigator: Stephen J. Dinsmore of Natural Resources, State Wildlife Grant Goals and Objectives: Document bird use at windfarm of bird community responses at windfarms and paired control sites. This will produce a measure

Innovative Applications of O.R. Scheduling electric power production at a windfarm Zijun Zhang computations Windfarm Particle swarm optimization Small world network a b s t r a c t We present a model for scheduling power generation at a windfarm, and introduce a particle swarm optimization algorithm

Risř-PhD-24(EN) Stability and Control of WindFarms in Power Systems Clemens Jauch Risř National Laboratory Roskilde Denmark October 2006 #12;Author: Clemens Jauch Title: Stability and Control of WindFarms: Abstract (max. 2000 char.): The Ph.D. project `Stability and Control of WindFarms in Power Systems' deals

Shaping Power System Inter-area Oscillations through Control Loops of Grid Integrated WindFarms. However, in many situations, it may not be possible to site a windfarm at the location with the most desirable frequency response. Here, we show that one can design a windfarm controller to shape

WindFarm Reactive Support and Voltage Control Daniel F. Opila Abdi M. Zeynu Ian A. Hiskens Abstract--Windfarms typically contain a variety of voltage control equipment including tap or windfarm; it is desirable to treat all the equipment as an integrated system rather than independent

Mesoscale modelling for an offshore windfarm Jake Badger*, Rebecca Barthelmie, Sten Frandsen for an offshore windfarm in a coastal location. Spatial gradients and vertical profiles between 25 m and 70 m offshore windfarms tend to be placed within the coastal zone, the region within around 50km from

TRANSMISSION OPTIONS FOR OFFSHORE WINDFARMS IN THE UNITED STATES Sally D. Wright, PE Anthony L@ecs.umass.edu, rerl@ecs.umass.edu Abstract While offshore windfarms have been installed in Europe for over a decade an introduction to transmission issues for offshore windfarms in North America, aimed towards non

Optimal Selection of AC Cables for Large Scale Offshore WindFarms Peng Hou, Weihao Hu, Zhe Chen@et.aau.dk, whu@iet.aau.dk, zch@iet.aau.dk Abstract--The investment of large scale offshore windfarms is high the operational requirements of the offshore windfarms and the connected power systems. In this paper, a new cost

Short-term Forecasting of Offshore WindFarm Production ­ Developments of the Anemos Project J to the large dimensions of offshore windfarms, their electricity production must be known well in advance networks) models were calibrated on power data from two offshore windfarms: Tunoe and Middelgrunden

that the active power supplied from the first large 160 MW offshore windfarm in this system, Horns Rev today). Figure 1. Power generation of Horns Rev offshore windfarm and onshore turbines, January 18 2005Models for Assessing Power Fluctuations from Large WindFarms N. A. Cutululis1) , P. Sřrensen1) , A

The UK has an abundant offshore wind resource with offshore windfarming set to grow rapidly over the coming years. Optimisation of energy production is of the utmost importance and accurate estimates of wind speed distributions are critical...

. An investigation on the effect of dynamics loads, windfarms and flexible AC transmission system (FACTS) devices capability unnecessarily limits the power transfers and is a costly and inefficient use of a network with increasing loads, the need to transfer power over long transmission lines increases. Deregulation

DOE’s Western Area Power Administration (Western) is preparing an EA to analyze the potential environmental impacts of a proposal to interconnect, via a proposed new substation, a proposed Dakota Plains Energy, LLC, 99-megawatt windfarm near Pollock, South Dakota, to Western’s existing transmission line at that location.

The Western Wind and Solar Integration Study is one of the largest regional wind and solar integration studies to date, examining the operational impact of up to 35% wind, photovoltaics, and concentrating solar power on the WestConnect grid in Arizona, Colorado, Nevada, New Mexico, and Wyoming. This paper reviews the scope of the study, the development of wind and solar datasets, and the results to date on three scenarios.

Abstract--The offshore windfarm with installed back-to- back power converter in wind turbines is studied. As an example the Burbo Bank offshore windfarm with Siemens Wind Power wind turbines is taken are compared with measurement data from the Burbo Bank offshore windfarm. The delimitations of both power

This study shows the means to evaluate the windfarm impact on the radar. It proposes the set of tools, which can be used to realise this objective. The big part of report covers the study of complex pattern propagation factor as the critical issue of the Advanced Propagation Model (APM). Finally, the reader can find here the implementation of this algorithm - the real scenario in Inverness airport (the United Kingdom), where the ATC radar STAR 2000, developed by Thales Air Systems, operates in the presence of several windfarms. Basically, the project is based on terms of the department "Strategy Technology & Innovation", where it has been done. Also you can find here how the radar industry can act with the problem engendered by windfarms. The current strategies in this area are presented, such as a wind turbine production, improvements of air traffic handling procedures and the collaboration between developers of radars and wind turbines. The possible strategy for Thales as a main pioneer was given as ...

The study evaluated the break-even values of wind energy for selected farmhouses and farm buildings focusing on the effects of thermal storage on the use of WECS production and value. Farmhouse structural models include three types derived from a national survey - an older, a more modern, and a passive solar structure. The eight farm building applications that were analyzed include: poultry-layers, poultry-brooding/layers, poultry-broilers, poultry-turkeys, swine-farrowing, swine-growing/finishing, dairy, and lambing. These farm buildings represent the spectrum of animal types, heating energy use, and major contributions to national agricultural economic values. All energy analyses were based on hour-by-hour computations which allowed for growth of animals, sensible and latent heat production, and ventilation requirements. Hourly or three-hourly weather data obtained from the National Climatic Center was used for the nine chosen analysis sites, located throughout the United States and corresponding to regional agricultural production centers.

for Offshore WindFarms 1 Models for HLI analysis of power systems with offshore windfarms and distributed power plants, distributed generation and offshore windfarms. Particular attention is paid to the latter]-[4], but there is a lack of models of offshore windfarms, which introduce new issues for their representation, due to some

·Wake models are used to improve predictions of Annual Energy Production (AEP) of windfarms. ·Wake measurements in the ETHZ facility compare well with measurements at the Horns Rev offshore windfarm models take account of the effects of wakes on downstream wind turbines. ·Wake models used in the wind

1 Abstract--As a common tendency, large-scale windfarms are increasingly connected on the integration of windfarms. One common requirement to windfarms is the function of system voltage control. This ancillary voltage control provided by windfarms could have some influence on the system small signal

A review of the economics of offshore windfarms Rebecca J. Barthelmie1 and Sara Pryor2,1 1 prototype offshore windfarms, developed and installed during the 1990's, to the commercial windfarms offshore windfarms compete with moderate onshore locations. We summarise the transition to increasing

involved multidipole plasma devices. Current research interests focus on structure in the solarwind THE SOLARWIND PLASMA Dr. Joe Borovsky Los Alamos National Laboratory and University, magnetized, collisionless plasma, important for the geomagnetic activity that it drives at Earth and for its

Ion kinetic simulations of the solarwind using hybrid codes can model local wave input, heating and instabilities, but generally do not include long term evolution effects in the expanding solarwind. We further develop the expanding box model used in earlier studies to include the mirror force effects and study their role in the evolution of the proton distribution functions in the outer corona and inner heliosphere. The mirror force, significant in the acceleration region of the solarwind, is required for consistency with the conservation of magnetic moment of particles in the expanding wind. We present preliminary results from the modified 1D expanding box hybrid (EBHM) simulations.

Area windfarm energy production ­ BACKGROUND - In Central New York State, home of the New York State Fair, wind turbine construction has they are then trucked to their destinations, and quite a few windfarms dot the hills. One

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756 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON SUSTAINABLE ENERGY, VOL. 4, NO. 3, JULY 2013 Minimization of WindFarm, and Guanglin Xu Abstract--Scheduling a windfarm in the presence of uncertain wind speed conditions the operational status and control settings of a wind turbine. The cost of operating a windfarm according

upstream of the EarthĂ?s bow shock. The WIND/WAVES thermal noise receiver was specially designed to measureSolarwind electron density and temperature over solar cycle 23: Thermal noise measurements on Wind the in situ plasma thermal noise spectra, from which the electron density and temperature can be accurately

WindFarm Power Maximization Based On A Cooperative Static Game Approach Jinkyoo Parka, Soonduck efficiency of windfarms using cooperative control. The key factors in determining the power production and the loading for a wind turbine are the nacelle yaw and blade pitch angles. However, the nacelle and blade

Optimal Operation of a WindFarm equipped with a Storage Unit Paul Charton June 14, 2013 Keywords, viscosity solution, comparison principle. Abstract Due to the fluctuations in their production, windfarm. In particular wind energy is becoming more and more popular. Unlike other energy sources, the main drawback

Dynamic monitoring of spectral components for automatic detection of failures in windfarms Master The energy produced by windfarm is becoming more and more important worldwide. Its impact on the electrical) characterize the presence of failures. Subject In wind turbines, signals are regularly acquired

a consequence of the less intensive monitoring of this species and of mortality in wind-farms throughout SpainLetter to the Editor The precautionary principle and wind-farm planning: Data scarcity does to our paper (Carrete et al., 2009) help to clarify issues in the field of wind energy planning, thus

Q: When planning a windfarm, how are wind resources estimated? And if the average wind speed is known at 10 meters is there a general rule for estimating the wind speed at larger heights above ground level? The wind resource at a windfarm can be estimated in two ways: by measurement or by modeling

Fluctuations represent a major challenge for the incorporation of electric power from large wind-farms into power grids. Windfarm power output fluctuates strongly in time, over various time scales. Understanding these fluctuations, especially their spatio-temporal characteristics, is particularly important for the design of backup power systems that must be readily available in conjunction with wind-farms. In this work we analyze the power fluctuations associated with the wind-input variability at scales between minutes to several hours, using large eddy simulations (LES) of extended wind-parks, interacting with the atmospheric boundary layer. LES studies enable careful control of parameters and availability of wind-velocities simultaneously across the entire wind-farm. The present study focuses on neutral atmospheric conditions and flat terrain, using actuator-disk representations of the individual wind-turbines. We consider power from various aggregates of wind-turbines such as the total average power sign...

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The solarwind evolves as it moves outward due to interactions with both itself and with the circum-heliospheric interstellar medium. The speed is, on average, constant out to 30 AU, then starts a slow decrease due to the ...

for intermediate and large windfarms Ole Rathmann1, 3 , Sten Frandsen1 , and Rebecca Barthelmie2, 1 1 Wind Energy.rathmann@risoe.dk Summary Modern, very large windfarms require large-scale effects to be taken into account when evaluating academic models for infinitely large windfarms and present-day engineering models, which take into account

We present and test a coupled wake boundary layer (CWBL) model that describes the distribution of the power output in a wind-farm. The model couples the traditional, industry-standard wake expansion/superposition approach with a top-down model for the overall wind-farm boundary layer structure. The wake expansion/superposition model captures the effect of turbine positioning, while the top-down portion adds the interaction between the wind-turbine wakes and the atmospheric boundary layer. Each portion of the model requires specification of a parameter that is not known a-priori. For the wake model the wake expansion coefficient is required, while the top-down model requires an effective span-wise turbine spacing within which the model's momentum balance is relevant. The wake expansion coefficient is obtained by matching the predicted mean velocity at the turbine from both approaches, while the effective span-wise turbine spacing depends on turbine positioning and thus can be determined from the wake expansion...

We introduce a measure for estimating the best risk-return relation of power production in windfarms within a given time-lag, conditioned to the velocity field. The velocity field is represented by a scalar that weighs the influence of the velocity at each wind turbine at present and previous time-steps for the present "state" of the wind field. The scalar measure introduced is a linear combination of the few turbines, that most influence the overall power production. This quantity is then used as the condition for computing a conditional expected return and corresponding risk associated to the future total power output.

The time lagged response of the magnetosphere to solarwind variations has been determined using the linear prediction filtering method and 34 intervals of high time resolution IMP-8 solarwind data and auroral electrojet AL index data. The linear prediction filtering method is a powerful time series analysis technique which is utilized to produce a filter of time lagged response coefficients which estimates the most general linear relationship between magnetospheric activity and solarwind variations. This study uses the AL index to monitor the magnetosphere's response and VB/sub s/ to monitor the solarwind input. Before analysis, the median value of the AL index for each of the 34 intervals was utilized to rank the intervals according to the level of geomagnetic activity. It is found that the VB/sub s/-AL filters are composed of two response pulses peaking at time lags of 20-minutes and 60-minutes. Our interpretation associates the 20-minute pulse with activity driven directly by solarwind-magnetosphere interaction and it associates the 60-minute pulse with activity driven by the release of stored energy from the magnetotail. Thus, the filter results suggest that both the directly driven and the unloading models of magnetospheric response are important in describing the time lagged response of the magnetosphere to solarwind variations. 11 refs., 3 figs.

QUANTITATIVE REMOTE SENSING: HORNS REV WINDFARM CASE STUDY C. B. Hasager, M. Nielsen, M. B at IFREMER/CERSAT are used to estimate wind patterns near the Horns Rev windfarm located in the North Sea, Denmark. At this site a large offshore windfarm (80 2MW-turbines) is in operation. The study includes

The Western Wind and Solar Integration Study (WWSIS) is one of the largest regional wind and solar integration studies to date. It was initiated in 2007 to examine the operational impact of up to 35% energy penetration of wind, photovoltaics (PV), and concentrating solar power (CSP) on the power system operated by the WestConnect group of utilities in Arizona, Colorado, Nevada, New Mexico, and Wyoming (see study area map). WestConnect also includes utilities in California, but these were not included because California had already completed a renewable energy integration study for the state. This study was set up to answer questions that utilities, public utilities commissions, developers, and regional planning organizations had about renewable energy use in the west: (1) Does geographic diversity of renewable energy resource help mitigate variability; (2) How do local resources compare to out-of-state resources; (3) Can balancing area cooperation help mitigate variability; (4) What is the role and value of energy storage; (5) Should reserve requirements be modified; (6) What is the benefit of forecasting; and (7) How can hydropower help with integration of renewables? The Western Wind and Solar Integration Study is sponsored by the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) and run by NREL with WestConnect as a partner organization. The study follows DOE's 20% Wind Energy by 2030 report, which did not find any technical barriers to reaching 20% wind energy in the continental United States by 2030. This study and its partner study, the Eastern Wind Integration and Transmission Study, performed a more in-depth operating impact analysis to see if 20% wind energy was feasible from an operational level. In DOE/NREL's analysis, the 20% wind energy target required 25% wind energy in the western interconnection; therefore, this study considered 20% and 30% wind energy to bracket the DOE analysis. Additionally, since solar is rapidly growing in the west, 5% solar was also considered in this study. The goal of the Western Wind and Solar Integration Study is to understand the costs and operating impacts due to the variability and uncertainty of wind, PV, and CSP on the grid. This is mainly an operations study, (rather than a transmission study), although different scenarios model different transmission build-outs to deliver power. Using a detailed power system production simulation model, the study identifies operational impacts and challenges of wind energy penetration up to 30% of annual electricity consumption.

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Magnetic sail (MagSail) is a deep space propulsion system, in which an artificial magnetic cavity captures the energy of the solarwind to propel a spacecraft in the direction leaving the sun. For a scale-model experiment of the plasma flow of MagSail, we employed a magnetoplasmadynamic arcjet as a solarwind simulator. It is observed that a plasma flow from the solarwind simulator reaches a quasi-steady state of about 0.8 ms duration after a transient phase when initiating the discharge. During this initial phase of the discharge, a blast-wave was observed to develop radially in a vacuum chamber. When a solenoidal coil (MagSail scale model) is immersed into the quasi-steady flow where the velocity is 45 km/s, and the number density is 10{sup 19} m-3, a bow shock as well as a magnetic cavity were formed in front of the coil. As a result of the interaction between the plasma flow and the magnetic cavity, the momentum of the simulated solarwind is decreased, and it is found from the thrust measurement that the solarwind momentum is transferred to the coil simulating MagSail.

During the years following the SolarWind Four Conference at Burghausen our knowledge of the solarwind ion composition and dynamics has grown. There have been some surprises, and our understanding of the evolution of the solarwind has been improved. Systematic studies have shown that the minor ions generally travel with a common bulk speed and have temperatures roughly proportional to their masses. It has been determined that the /sup 3/He/sup + +/ content varies greatly; /sup 3/He/sup + +///sup 4/He/sup + +/ ranges from as high as 10/sup 2/ values to below 2 x 10/sup -4/. In some solarwind flows which can be related to energetic coronal events, the minor ions are found in unusual ionization states containing Fe/sup 16 +/ as a prominent ion, showing that the states were formed at unusually high temperatures. Unexpectedly, in a few flows substantial quantities of /sup 4/He/sup +/ have been detected, sometimes with ions identifiable as O/sup 2 +/ and O/sup 3 +/. Surprisingly, in some of these examples the ionization state is mixed showing that part of the plasma escaped the corona without attaining the usual million-degree temperatures while other parts were heated more nearly in the normal manner. Additionally, detailed studies of the minor ions have increased our understanding of the coronal expansion. For example, such studies have contributed to identifying near equatorial coronal streamers as the source of solarwind flows between high speed streams.

This Congressionally Directed Project originally provided funds to the Township of Lower Providence, Pennsylvania for the purpose of investigating the potential for a renewable energy generation facility to make beneficial reuse of a closed landfill located within the Township, known as Moyer Landfill. Early in the course of the project, it was determined through collaboration and discussion with DOE to alter the scope of the project to include a feasibility assessment of a landfill solar project, as well as to construct a demonstration solar project at the municipal facilities to provide an educational and community outreach opportunity for the Township to offer regarding solar photovoltaic (“PV”) electricity generation.

Coupled Operation of a WindFarm and Pumped Storage Facility: Techno-Economic Modelling Operation of a WindFarm and Pumped Storage Facility: Techno-Economic Modelling and Stochastic Optimization a stochastic programming approach to the techno-economic analysis of a windfarm coupled with a pumped storage

of WindFarm Power: A Data Mining Approach Andrew Kusiak, Member, IEEE, Haiyang Zheng, and Zhe Song with data min- ing algorithms. Five different data mining algorithms have been tested on various windfarm. The tests were performed on data generated at a windfarm of 100 turbines. Suggestions for future research

192 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON SUSTAINABLE ENERGY, VOL. 4, NO. 1, JANUARY 2013 Monitoring WindFarms for monitoring a windfarm's performance. A five-year historical data set has been assembled for constructing to tune a windfarm and provide early warnings of possible failures. In the research reported

1 The global nature of solar cycle variations of the solarwind dynamic pressure John Richardson: SOLARWIND DYNAMIC PRESSURE #12;2 Abstract. The solarwind dynamic pressure measured near the ecliptic varies over the solar cycle. A major unanswered question has been whether this variation is a global

Large eddy simulations of windfarms are performed to study the effects of wind turbine row alignment with respect to the incoming flow direction. Various windfarms with fixed stream-wise spacing (7.85 rotor diameters) and varying lateral displacements and span-wise turbine spacings are considered, for a fixed inflow direction. Simulations show that, contrary to common belief, a perfectly staggered (checker-board) configuration does not necessarily give the highest average power output. Instead, the highest mean windfarm power output is found to depend on several factors, the most important one being the alignment that leads to minimization of wake effects from turbines in several upstream rows. This alignment typically occurs at significantly smaller angles than those corresponding to perfect staggering. The observed trends have implications for windfarm designs, especially in sites with a well-defined prevailing wind direction.

­April, 3 rd 2008. Network of offshore windfarms connected by gas insulated transmission lines? Anja Summary The offshore wind power industry faces two major challenges: the connection of windfarms to the high voltage grid onshore and a smart grid integration of this offshore generated wind power. In terms

SUBMITTED TO GRL 1 E Thermal Anisotropies in the SolarWind: vidence of Heating by Interstellar cyclotron instabilit s generated by newly created pickup ions and heats the thermal solarwind protons TO GRL 2 T Introduction he thermal anisotropy of the solarwind is the ratio between the temperatures p

outward through the solar system and interacts with the interstellar neutrals which slow and heat the wind. The arrows in the top panel show the flow of the solarwind and the interstellar J. D. Richardson CenterThe SolarWind and Its Interaction with the Interstellar Medium John D. Richardson Abstract

Wind and solar power are playing an increasing role in the electrical grid, but their inherent power variability can augment uncertainties in power system operations. One solution to help mitigate the impacts and provide more flexibility is enhanced wind and solar power forecasting; however, its relative utility is also uncertain. Within the variability of solar and wind power, repercussions from large ramping events are of primary concern. At the same time, there is no clear definition of what constitutes a ramping event, with various criteria used in different operational areas. Here the Swinging Door Algorithm, originally used for data compression in trend logging, is applied to identify variable generation ramping events from historic operational data. The identification of ramps in a simple and automated fashion is a critical task that feeds into a larger work of 1) defining novel metrics for wind and solar power forecasting that attempt to capture the true impact of forecast errors on system operations and economics, and 2) informing various power system models in a data-driven manner for superior exploratory simulation research. Both allow inference on sensitivities and meaningful correlations, as well as the ability to quantify the value of probabilistic approaches for future use in practice.

In this paper we use risk management techniques to evaluate the potential effects of those operational risks that affect the energy production of a windfarm. We concentrate our attention on three major risk factors: wind speed uncertainty, wind turbine reliability and interactions of wind turbines due mainly to their placement. As a first contribution, we show that the Weibull distribution, commonly used to fit recorded wind speed data, underestimates rare events. Therefore, in order to achieve a better estimation of the tail of the wind speed distribution, we advance a Generalized Pareto distribution. The wind turbines reliability is considered by modeling the failures events as a compound Poisson process. Finally, the use of Copula able us to consider the correlation between wind turbines that compose the windfarm. Once this procedure is set up, we show a sensitivity analysis and we also compare the results from the proposed procedure with those obtained by ignoring the aforementioned risk factors.

Lognormal distributions and spectra of solarwind plasma fluctuations: Wind 1995­1998 L. F. Burlaga, and T were double-peaked; nevertheless, the number of observations associated with the fast wind distribution with large tails. There remains a need for dynamical models of the solarwind that incorporate and describe

WIND observations of coherent electrostatic waves in the solarwind A. Mangeney1 , C. Salem1 , C: 15 September 1998 Abstract. The time domain sampler (TDS) experiment on WIND measures electric observations made in the solarwind near the Lagrange point v1. In the range of frequencies above the proton

Modern windfarms require significant land resources to separate each wind turbine from the adjacent turbine wakes. These aerodynamic constraints limit the amount of power that can be extracted from a given windfarm footprint. We conducted full-scale field tests of vertical-axis wind turbines in counter-rotating configurations under natural wind conditions. Whereas windfarms consisting of propeller-style turbines produce 2 to 3 watts of power per square meter of land area, these field tests indicate that power densities approaching 100 W m^-2 can be achieved by arranging vertical-axis wind turbines in layouts that enable them to extract energy from adjacent wakes. In addition, we calculated that the global wind resource available to 10-m tall turbines based on the present approach is approximately 225 trillion watts (TW), which significantly exceeds the global wind resource available to 80-m tall, propeller-style wind turbines, approximately 75 TW. This improvement is due to the closer spacing that can be a...

Offshore windfarms are widely considered to become a cornerstone of energy transition for securing energy supply and tackling climate change simultaneously. But recent developments have demonstrated that the siting of ...

After the applicant withdrew its request to interconnect the proposed Hermosa West WindFarm Project with Western Area Power Administration’s transmission system, Western cancelled preparation of an EIS to evaluate the potential environmental impacts of the proposal.

Progress report on defining and determining monitoring and mitigation measures for protecting North Atlantic Right Whales from the effects of pile driving and other activities associated with installation of offshore windfarms.

CgWind is a high-fidelity large eddy simulation (LES) tool designed to meet the modeling needs of wind turbine and wind park engineers. This tool combines several advanced computational technologies in order to model accurately the complex and dynamic nature of wind energy applications. The composite grid approach provides high-quality structured grids for the efficient implementation of high-order accurate discretizations of the incompressible Navier-Stokes equations. Composite grids also provide a natural mechanism for modeling bodies in relative motion and complex geometry. Advanced algorithms such as matrix-free multigrid, compact discretizations and approximate factorization will allow CgWind to perform highly resolved calculations efficiently on a wide class of computing resources. Also in development are nonlinear LES subgrid-scale models required to simulate the many interacting scales present in large wind turbine applications. This paper outlines our approach, the current status of CgWind and future development plans.

rows (see Figure 1). They are pitch controlled variable speed turbines with a rated power of 330 kW (WT-Antipolis, France ABSTRACT: Planning of modifications of existing windfarms by adding or replacing turbines makes of the farm to that of individual turbines. Additionally, modelling has to deal with different turbine types

The SolarWind in the Outer Heliosphere at Solar Maximum John D. Richardson and Chi Wang Center solarwind observations in the outer heliosphere, concentrating on the recent data near solar maximum. The speed and temperature tend to be lower at solar maximum, due to the lack of coronal holes. The near

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Initiated in 2007 to examine the operational impact of up to 35% penetration of wind, photovoltaic (PV), and concentrating solar power (CSP) energy on the electric power system, the Western Wind and Solar Integration Study (WWSIS) is one of the largest regional wind and solar integration studies to date. The goal is to understand the effects of variability and uncertainty of wind, PV, and CSP on the grid. In the Western Wind and Solar Integration Study Phase 1, solar penetration was limited to 5%. Utility-scale PV was not included because of limited capability to model sub-hourly, utility-scale PV output . New techniques allow the Western Wind and Solar Integration Study Phase 2 to include high penetrations of solar - not only CSP and rooftop PV but also utility-scale PV plants.

The size of windfarm power systems is increasing, and so is the number of windfarms contributing to the power systems network. The size of wind turbines is also increasing--from less than 1 MW a few years ago to the 2- to 3-MW machines being installed today and the 5-MW machines under development. The interaction of the windfarm, energy storage, reactive power compensation, and the power system network is being investigated. Because the loads and the windfarms' output fluctuate during the day, the use of energy storage and reactive power compensation is ideal for the power system network. Energy storage and reactive power compensation can minimize real/reactive power imbalances that can affect the surrounding power system. In this paper, we will show how the contribution of windfarms affects the power distribution network and how the power distribution network, energy storage, and reactive power compensation interact when the wind changes. We will also investigate the size of the components in relation to each other and to the power system.

through increments in mortality rates. For this purpose, we evaluate potential conse- quences of wind-term impacts of wind-farms rather than focusing on short-term mortality, as is often promoted by powerLarge scale risk-assessment of wind-farms on population viability of a globally endangered long

Wind energy plays an increasing role in the supply of energy world-wide. The energy output of a windfarm is highly dependent on the weather condition present at the windfarm. If the output can be predicted more accurately, energy suppliers can coordinate the collaborative production of different energy sources more efficiently to avoid costly overproductions. With this paper, we take a computer science perspective on energy prediction based on weather data and analyze the important parameters as well as their correlation on the energy output. To deal with the interaction of the different parameters we use symbolic regression based on the genetic programming tool DataModeler. Our studies are carried out on publicly available weather and energy data for a windfarm in Australia. We reveal the correlation of the different variables for the energy output. The model obtained for energy prediction gives a very reliable prediction of the energy output for newly given weather data.

Solarwind electron temperature and density measurements on the Solar Orbiter with thermal noise of the plasma thermal noise analysis for the Solar Orbiter, in order to get accurate measurements of the total of their small mass and therefore large thermal speed, the solarwind electrons are expected to play a major role

Typical loading histories associated with wind turbine service environments in northern Europe and within a large windfarm in the continental US were recently compared by Kelley (1995) using the WISPER [Ten Have, 1992] loading standard and its development protocol. In this study, an equivalent load spectrum for a US windfarm was developed by applying the WISPER development protocol to representative service load histories collected from two adjacent turbines operating within a large windfarm in San Gorgonio Pass, California. The results of this study showed that turbines operating in the California windfarm experience many more loading cycles with larger peak-to-peak values for the same mean wind speed classification than their European counterparts. In this paper, the impact of the two WISPER-protocol fatigue-load spectra on service lifetime predictions are used to compare and contrast the impact of the two loading environments with one another. The service lifetime predictions are made using the LIFE2 Fatigue Analysis Code [Sutherland and Schluter, 1989] with the fatigue properties of typical fiber glass composite blade materials. Additional analyses, based on rainflow counted time histories from the San Gorgonio turbines, are also used in the comparisons. In general, these results indicate that the WISPER load spectrum from northern European sites significantly underestimates the WISPER protocol load spectrum from a US windfarm site; i.e., the WISPER load spectrum significantly underestimates the number and magnitude of the loads observed at a US windfarm site. The authors conclude that there are fundamental differences in the two service environments.

A wind turbine blade is ready to be lifted into place at the Windy Point WindFarm in the Columbia with juvenile bypass systems to keep the smolts out of the turbines. But given the gravity of the [salmon

collisions thus seem to play a part in the regulation of the electron heat flux in the solarwind. Subject, the electrons play an important role in the solarwind expansion and the associated energy transport since of the energy sources that drives the expansion of the solar corona (Hundhausen 1972; Feldman et al. 1975

Wind power has emerged as an attractive alternative source of electricity for utilities. Turbine operating experience from windfarms has provided corroborating data of wind power potential for electric utility application. Now, a patented modular wind power technology, the Toroidal Accelerator Rotor Platform (TARP{trademark}) Windframe{trademark}, forms the basis for next generation megawatt scale windfarm and/or distributed wind power plants. When arranged in tall vertically clustered TARP{trademark} module stacks, such power plant units are designated Wind Amplified Rotor Platform (WARP{trademark}) Systems. While heavily building on proven technology, these systems are projected to surpass current technology windmills in terms of performance, user-friendly operation and ease of maintenance. In its unique generation and transmission configuration, the WARP{trademark}-GT System combines both electricity generation through wind energy conversion and electric power transmission. Furthermore, environmental benefits include dramatically less land requirement, architectural appearance, lower noise and EMI/TV interference, and virtual elimination of bird mortality potential. Cost-of-energy (COE) is projected to be from under $0.02/kWh to less than $0.05/kWh in good to moderate wind resource sites.

1 Q&A on "Impacts of WindFarms on Land Surface Temperature" Published by Nature Climate Change? This study presents the first observational evidence of windfarm impacts on land surface temperature downwind of windfarms. Why do the operating wind turbines warm nighttime temperature? This warming effect

In response to federal mandates and incentives for renewable energy, Sandia National Laboratories conducted a feasibility study of installing an on-site windfarm on Sandia National Laboratories and Kirtland Air Force Base property. This report describes this preliminary analysis of the costs and benefits of installing and operating a 15-turbine, 30-MW-capacity windfarm that delivers an estimated 16 percent of 2010 onsite demand. The report first describes market and non-market economic costs and benefits associated with operating a windfarm, and then uses a standard life-cycle costing and benefit-cost framework to estimate the costs and benefits of a windfarm. Based on these 'best-estimates' of costs and benefits and on factor, uncertainty and sensitivity analysis, the analysis results suggest that the benefits of a Sandia windfarm are greater than its costs. The analysis techniques used herein are applicable to the economic assessment of most if not all forms of renewable energy.

The bimodal paradigm of solarwind describes a slow solarwind situated near the heliospheric current sheet while a fast wind overexpands from the poles to fill in the remainder of the heliosphere. In this paper, we challenge ...

The electron velocity distribution function is studied in the extended solar corona above coronal holes (i.e., the inner part of the fast solarwind) from the highly collisional corona close to the Sun to the weakly collisional regions farther out. The electron kinetic equation is solved with a finite-element method in velocity space using a linearized Fokker-Planck collision operator. The ion density and temperature profiles are assumed to be known and the electric field and electron temperature are determined self-consistently. The results show quantitatively how much lower the electron heat flux and the thermal force are than predicted by high-collisionality theory. The sensitivity of the particle and heat fluxes to the assumed ion temperature profile and the applied boundary condition at the boundary far from the Sun is also studied.

Solarwind-magnetosphere coupling leading to relativistic electron energization during high. Smith (2005), Solarwind-magnetosphere coupling leading to relativistic electron energization during. Using observations during a period of persistent high-speed, corotating, solarwind streams, we

The National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) began a project to collect wind power plant output data from several large commercial wind plants during the spring of 2000. This data is summarized in this report.

This dissertation develops a new methodology and associated solution tools to achieve optimal operations and maintenance strategies for wind turbines, helping reduce operational costs and enhance the marketability of wind generation. The integrated...