Was the time of the Enlightenment and a shift towards scientific thinking. It was a time of reaction to the chaos of the
preceding century. The people were trying to understand everything so they would have a place, so they would fit in. Their
attitude was detached and analytical. To them, emotion was a weakness. Reason and scientific thinking controlled everything.

Jefferson's Monticello

This is an example of neoclassical architecture. Note the balance.

The Enlightenment is also known as

The Age of Reason,

The Augustan Age, and

the Neo-Classic Age.

This movement affected and was reflected in literature and the arts as well as social class structures and religion.

Famous participants in the Enlightenment:

France: Voltaire and Rousseau

Russia: Catherine the Great

Germany: Kant

England: Swift, Pope, and Dr. Johnson.

America (the colonies): Franklin and Paine

Women in the movement

In France, women were part of the intellectual movement through salons, which meant holding
an open house to discuss literature, art, and the meaning on life.

In England, women were not as involved in the movement because the men gathered at coffeehouses
for their discussions.

Historical backgrounds of the Enlightenment in England.

The dates of the Enlightenment are generally credited as being 1660-1770, beginning with the Restoration to the British
throne of Charles II.

James II became king in 1685, but the birth of a son (James Edward) to this converted Catholic caused Parliament to offer
the throne to his oldest daughter Mary and her husband, William of Orange.

William and Mary came to the throne of England in the Bloodless/Glorious Revolution of 1688.

Anne, sister of Mary, came to the throne in 1702. Unfortunately, Anne buried all 17 of her children. Anne is the Female
King that Gulliver mentions in Book 4. Anne is also the queen who is being referred to when someone mentions Queen Anne furniture,
especially the turning of a table leg.

George I of Hanover, great-grandson of James I through a daughter, came to the throne in 1714.

Catalyst of the Enlightenment:

in England, the movement was a reaction to the excess of the interregnum and religious controversy.

Culture:

Growth of the reading class

lending libraries

newspapers

journals with essays and chapters of books

Copyright Act of 1709 gave writers more controlof their books and profits.

Deism

--Many were agnostic or deistic. The agnostic questioned the existence of a divine force while the deist accepted that
a divine force put the world in motion but did not believe that there was continued involvement (a depersonalized God).

Characteristics of a Neo-Classic Attitude

Aristocratic courtliness

-Acting with restraint and dignity

Urbane and Cosmopolitan, preferring detachment to enthusiasm

-Nonchalance about work to make work appear effortless (such as writing)

a feeling that the here and now is best

interest in examining with a critical and analytical eye

skepticism, a willingness to tolerate all faiths, an avoidance of Evangelicalism and controversy.