Boswell's Presumptuous Task: The Making of the Life of Dr. Johnson

In 1763 James Boswell, a young Scot of twenty-two, met Samuel Johnson,
then fifty-three and the most famous literary figure in London. From then
until Johnson's death in 1784, Boswell was a frequent companion of
the great man and, as he proved in his biography published in 1791, Johnson's
documenter as well. After reading a couple of sentences of such description
of this relationship, one could easily dismiss this as a minor literary
event. Yet, Boswell's Life of Johnson was a pioneering biography,
and, astonishingly, the book has stayed in print and been read by generations
over the past two centuries. James Boswell's scholarship, methodology,
and his own papers constitute an interesting story for archivists and
other records professionals. Adam Sisman's study provides insights
into how journals were conceived and created, glimpses into earlier perceptions
of archives, the connection of archives to individual reputation, and
a miscellany of other aspects of the formation of documents that demonstrate
why archivists need to read outside their own professional literature.

We already possess good biographies of James Boswell, such as Peter Martin's
A Life of James Boswell. But Boswell's Presumptuous Task,
by Adam Sisman, is a study of Boswell's writing of the biography,
albeit one that builds around Boswell's tempestuous and tortured
efforts to make a success of himself. As the title suggests, Boswell was
an unlikely candidate for writing such a major literary milestone, and
Boswell's Presumptuous Task is a moving, well-written account
of an individual struggling to find himself and fame in the eighteenth
century. The focus on the writing of the biography provides some interesting
insights into the nature of archives, documents, and the use of evidence
in an era characterized by the establishment, in Europe and the United
States, of specialized institutions to collect and care for historical
materials of all kinds.

For a very long time there was confusion about how someone like James
Boswell, seemingly unsuccessful or undistinguished in nearly every aspect
of his life, could write a biography of such excellenceindeed, could
invent the art of modern biography. Most scholars writing about Boswell
have shown how his reputation has improved as his personal papers became
more available to researchers and a curious public, a century after his
death. The nature of Boswell's personal archives, indeed his self-conscious
approach to forming his archives, seemed designed to seal, ultimately,
his reputation. While Boswell may never have achieved the respect, public
acclaim, fame, and fortune he desired during his lifetime, the documentary
residue in the form of his journals, correspondence, and collection of
Johnson materials worked to correct these omissions. Boswell's grating
personality, his licentiousness, and his character flaws are memorialized
in these archives as well, but now these traits pale besides the achievements
of his biography and the construction of his journals.

Boswell's biography of Johnson has had enduring value for us. Charles
McGrath provides this insight into his significance: "Not only did
Boswell invent the biography as we know it, he was also, in effect, the
father of feature journalism, and for good and ill he created many of
the conventions we still observe. The celebrity profile . . . oral history,
documentary reporting, novelistic scene-setting a la the New Journalism
. . . the buddy story, the travel yarn, the high-powered-dinner-party
piecethe list of forms that he mastered or invented goes on and
on." Boswell did an unheard of thing; he placed himself into the
biography and wrote from his own perspective, enlivened by the direct
conversations of Johnson and his companions. This combination of documents
and conversation to give form to a life was different, and it has made
the biography continually accessible to later readers.

Boswell's approach to biography is of interest to us today. Johnson
himself was a biographer, but the point of his work was to use the subject
to be an example, make a point, or serve as a moral example. In his biographical
technique, Boswell wished to allow the subject to speak for himself, and
this was the reason the reason why he was so assiduous in taking notes,
checking facts, and replicating dialogue. Sisman demonstrates effectively
in his study that we might never have such a biography again, given the
close relationship between Boswell and Johnson for two decades, and Boswell's
prodigious memory and dedication to copious note taking. Building the
biography around scenes in Johnson's life required an accurate and
detailed accounting of Johnson's words and conversations (otherwise
it would be an exercise in fiction), and that is precisely what Boswell
had available to him.

The records professional will learn much about the nature of journal
writing as conceived in the eighteenth century and the subsequent use
of these journals for biography writing. Sisman recounts that Johnson
suggested to Boswell that he keep a journal to help him remember and to
exercise his mind. Boswell had already begun to do precisely that, maintaining
a journal to develop his style and to write a kind of history of his own
mind. In fact, Boswell was so dedicated to his journal writing that he
often cut into his time with Johnson and other activities in order to
keep it up. As Sisman describes the process, "Reading Boswell's
journal would be like reading his mind; reviewing his journal at a later
date would enable Boswell to relive the events he had recorded. The effect
was spontaneous and natural, even artless; but it resulted from conscious
effort" (p. 28). As a result of Boswell's diligence and memory,
his journal played a critical role in his writing of the biography: "Boswell
had a remarkable memory; often only a brief note would be sufficient to
prompt his recall of a long conversation, and he was able to write it
up into a passage ten or twenty times its length. The practice of keeping
a journal over many years had trained him to formulate in advance what
he might write" (p. 138). In fact, Sisman's account of Boswell's
technique is close to the heart of what his book is about, rescuing Boswell
from the image that he was merely a recorder of what Johnson said enabling
the reader to understand that Boswell's was a "much more complex
process." "Boswell's skill was to sustain the illusion
that what he wrote was just what Johnson had said. In this sleight of
hand, he was triumphantly successful. His artistry concealed the extent
of his invention. The naïveté he betrayed reinforced the sense
of authenticity he wished to convey" (p. 139).

The descriptions of Boswell creating his journal are quite interesting.
He viewed his journal as a "vast hoard of memory," compulsively
taking down as much as he could and demonstrating absolutely no regard
for privacy or secrecy (p. 33). Boswell made self-conscious references
to his journal and other notes as his "archive" (p. 34) in an
era when there was no real public sense of archives. Sisman speculates
that Boswell was driven by a terror of oblivion, noting that he daydreamed
about his papers being discovered some two thousand years in the future
(it only took a little less than a century for the discovery to be made).
Boswell's sense of the archival record as a memory device was ahead
of his time. It is a concept drawn upon in the late twentieth century
by scholars and others trying to understand evidence and collective memory.

Boswell's warm-up to writing the biography of Johnson was his publication
of the Journal of a Tour to the Hebrides, the description of an
earlier trip with Johnson. The public had a difficult time with the volume's
"record of private conversations" (p.102), resulting in a professional
literary success but a personal disaster. People wanted to keep their
distance from Boswell, fearing that he might record even their most off-hand
comments. And here we have a major difference between manuscript journal
and published book. "It was one thing to record private remarks in
a journal: quite another to publish them in a book" (p. 109). This
enters directly into a long ongoing debate about whether diaries and journals
are written for private use only or whether they are really written with
the intention of being read in the future by someone else. This may be
something that can only be decided by examining individual cases, considering
each individual's aims and intentions. Even then it is sometimes
difficult to determine what the actual aim was in the compiling of a diary.
My own sense is that more diaries and journals are written for public
than just private use, ending the argument that somehow diaries and journals
are not records as defined in more modern times. And here we see a fundamental
tension in journal writing. According to Sisman, "Boswell once wrote
that he wanted nothing about himself to be secret. In his journal he described
behaviour that would be damaging if revealed, but left the journal about
so that it could easily be read. Was this exhibitionism? Or confession?
Sometimes he wrote in code, but at other times he provided explanatory
details which strongly suggested that he was writing (perhaps subconsciously)
for readers other than himself. His attitude to the possibility that others
might read his journal remained equivocal throughout his life" (p.
33).

We also learn about Boswell's strong sensibility about facts. He
solicited letters and documents from and about Johnson, and he compiled
special notebooks of reminiscences about Johnson from his acquaintances.
Many of the collected letters and other documents would appear in his
biography. Boswell exhibited the characteristics of a persistent collector,
as many in this time before well-established institutional archives would
have to do if they wished to pursue their research. Boswell "continued
to receive parcels of letters and collections of anecdotes; sometimes
the information revealed in these would inspire a fresh round of inquiries
to those who had already contributed material for the Life. Boswell
found that specific questions were more fruitful than general ones, and
he adopted a technique of approaching his interviewees with a prepared
list of topicswhich he referred to as a 'catechism'"
(p. 144). Boswell was a pioneer oral historian, predating other pioneers
by at least half a century. What is also interesting is that these efforts
by Boswell were often employed in order to fill in missing information
or to check disputed facts, a commitment to accuracy which seems almost
out of character with the kind of person Boswell wasconstantly seeking
favors, making bad investments, often visiting whorehouses, and so forth.

Boswell's biography also fits into the eighteenth century's
approach to preserving archival materials through their publication. Sisman
describes how Boswell would often receive unsolicited letters and other
documents from "people who felt that their own importance had been
understated, or who wished to make use of this opportunity to flatter
a patron. Boswell's Life of Johnson was likely to be widely
read; it was rumoured to be encyclopaedic; its scope suggested that it
might become, as Boswell intended, a permanent record of life and letters
in the middle years of the century. Those wishing to present themselves
to posterity in a flattering light knew that Boswell controlled the illumination"
(p. 232). We can view this either as an early celebrity biography or the
eighteenth-century precursor to People magazine, but we can also detect
how closely related, at times, such documentary publication and the archival
function can become. What is notable, of course, is that many other lesser
publications appeared in the late eighteenth century and afterward intending
to preserve documentary materials, but achieved the quality of blending
documents with dialogue and reminiscences.

Finally, Sisman's study is an example of a nonpostmodern approach
to literary analysis and what it can do for advancing our understanding
of documents. Early on in the book Sisman states that his purpose is to
"deconstruct" the writing of The Life of Johnson. This,
however, is not some convoluted or theoretical exercise, but a close analysis
of Boswell's work. Reading Sisman's book gives us a greater
understanding of the writing of journals, the collecting of documents,
the uses of evidence, and the role of oral history and reminiscences.
Boswell's Presumptuous Task is a highly readable work, and
the inclusion of a history of Boswell's papers makes it all the more
useful for archivists and other records professionals.

Richard J. Cox
School of Information Sciences
University of Pittsburgh