The sandy limestone rocks which cap the Bermuda volcanic
seamount are predominantly of Pleistocene age (between 10000 and 1.6 million
years old). Above sea level they form the islands of Bermuda and below
sea level they are blanketed by modern, Holocene (less than 10000 years
old) limestone sediments and reefs.

The bulk of the exposed Pleistocene limestones on Bermuda
accumulated on the land as aeolian dunes. From their source in the sea,
the particles were transported to beaches by currents and waves, and from
there were driven landward by the wind. The resultant dunes eventually
became the lithified limestone hills.

A minority of Bermuda's exposed Pleistocene limestone
are marine, having been deposited by the sea on the coast, such as at beaches,
or in relatively shallow water. These marine limestones record various
high sea level events of the Pleistocene epoch.