University helps map the universe

19 Sep 2007

The University of Manchester is developing high-speed data crunching technology that will be crucial to the success of one of the greatest scientific projects of the 21st century.

The £1.1 billion (Euro 1.5bn) Square Kilometre Array (SKA) radio telescope will be around 200 times bigger and 100,000 times more powerful than the famous landmark Lovell radio telescope at Jodrell Bank.

This visionary global project will allow astronomers to collect information over one million square metres - the equivalent of around 200 football pitches.

It will give astronomers the ability to probe the early Universe, test Einstein's theory of relativity, learn more about mysterious dark matter and energy - and even search for signs of alien life.

The University is leading the UK's involvement in the SKA's development through a Euro 38m European design study known as SKADS.

Engineers are working on a sophisticated all-digital system to process the information gathered by the giant telescope and turn the torrents of data into a detailed map of the sky.

Researchers in the schools of Physics and Astronomy and Electrical and Electronic Engineering are working on the technology for an 'aperture array', which will be composed of tens of thousands of small antenna fixed to the ground. The completed SKA will consist of around 250 aperture arrays.

Time delays will be used to match up the signals received by each antenna and turn them into a single large 'beam' - digitally reproducing what currently happens when the Lovell dish is pointed in a specific direction.

By adding up the signals in different ways, the proposed aperture array will allow many 'beams' to be created at the same time.

So unlike the big Lovell dish, which can only physically point in one direction at once, the SKA will be able to 'point' in many different directions at the same time and cover a huge area of the sky.

This new approach will allow many astronomers to look at the sky in different directions at the same time - adding to the effectiveness of the telescope and the financial investment.

The Microelectronics and Nanostructures research group in The School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, led by Professor Mo Missous, is designing and fabricating receiver components and ultra high-speed analogue-to-digital converters using special semiconductor technology developed internally.

The Microwave and Communication Systems group, led by Professor Tony Brown, is developing the very high performance antenna elements and array layout required for the system to work successfully.

In developing the proposed all-digital system, engineers face a huge challenge in developing a system that can simultaneously handle data gathered by around 128,000 receivers - two receivers in each of 64,000 elements.

To assist with the project, a Joint Study Agreement has been signed between the University of Manchester and IBM - a partnership that will give the University access to the most advanced real-time processing systems available.

Engineers are currently working with researchers based at IBM's Thomas J Watson Research Center in the United States to design the advanced processing systems required for the SKA.

They will look across the range of IBM's high-speed multi-core processing technologies for the solution that is best suited to their needs.

Dr Andrew Faulkner of the University's Jodrell Bank Observatory, who is Project Engineer for SKADS, said: "We are looking at processing an enormous amount of data at astonishing speeds and then stitching it all together to make an system of unprecedented capability."

Prof Peter Wilkinson from The School of Physics and Astronomy and UK SKADS programme leader added: "The SKA is designed to be a discovery instrument. There will be a huge harvest of fundamental science from locating enormous numbers of distant galaxies using the faint radio emission from hydrogen gas. But this new telescope will be so big and will be able to operate in so many different ways that it's bound to find things we haven't anticipated. This is why the prospect of the SKA is so exciting."

"IBM Research's participation in the SKA project is very exciting and the challenge of designing its data processing systems will bring a whole range of new ideas to our multi-core research," said David Cohn, director, Business Informatics, IBM Research.

Professor John Perkins, Vice President and Dean of the Faculty of Engineering and Physical Science (EPS) at The University of Manchester, said: "The SKA looks set to become one of the great scientific projects of the 21st century and this latest exciting collaboration with IBM can only strengthen our relationship."

As part of the SKADS project, a total of £10m of development funding has been earmarked for the UK, including £8m from the Science and Technology Facilities Council (formerly PPARC).

The University of Manchester has received £3.5m to spearhead the research effort, in a close collaboration with Universities of Oxford and Cambridge.

In November 2005, The University of Manchester signed an official Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) with IBM, forging a partnership across research, teaching and recruitment. The signing also marked the foundation of the IBM-Manchester Partners Programme. The initiative identifies key staff to partner with IBM towards future opportunities for collaborative research. It also identifies areas of overlapping strategic importance for course delivery and future outreach activities.

SKA

The SKA will be based in either Western Australia or South Africa, far away from dense populations and man made radio signals that cause interference. Covering the lower frequencies of 100Mhz up to around 20Ghz, the SKA is scheduled for completion in 2020, and building is expected to start sometime around 2012. The SKA will enable astronomers to look at hydrogen in the first stars and galaxies to form after the Big Bang and also pinpoint the nearest billion galaxies. It is hoped the telescope will allow them to learn more about dark energy - the mysterious negative pressure that seems to be pushing the cosmos apart at an increasing speed. It will also zoom in on pulsars - rapidly spinning dead stars that give off bursts of radio waves at regular intervals.The overall SKA project involves an international consortium representing over fifty institutes in over one dozen countries. The current estimated cost of the SKA project is currently between Euro 1 and Euro 2 billion. For more information see: http://www.skatelescope.org.

SKADS The SKA Design Study (SKADS) aims to demonstrate the technical and scientific readiness of phased arrays for use in the overall SKA project. It will research the fundamental technologies required to build major phased array systems, including antenna design, semiconductor development and extremely high-speed digital processing systems. Several small-scale physical systems will be produced to demonstrate viability. SKADS is being co-ordinated out of The Netherlands but the largest percentage of the project is taking place in the UK. For more information see: http://www.skads-eu.org.

The SKADS project is due to finish in June 2009. By this date, the plan is to have built a demonstration system of about five to ten square metres composed of between 100 and 256 elements.

UK university SKADS collaborators: The University of Manchester, The University of Oxford, The University of Cambridge, University of Cardiff, University of Leeds, University of Glasgow. There are 30 partners in total across Europe and also Canada, Australia and South Africa.

The Schools of Electrical and Electronic Engineering and Physics and Astronomy are both part of the Faculty of Engineering and Physical Science (EPS) at The University of Manchester. For more information please see http://www.manchester.ac.uk/eps