Responsibilities and authorities

The Constitution of India distributes the sovereign executive and legislative powers exercisable with respect to the territory of any State between the Union and that State.[1]

History

Administrative division of India in 1951

Pre-independence

The Indian subcontinent has been ruled by many different ethnic groups throughout its history, each instituting their own policies of administrative division in the region.[2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11] During the British Raj, the original administrative structure was mostly kept, and India was divided into provinces (also called Presidencies) that were directly governed by the British and princely states which were nominally controlled by a local prince or raja loyal to the British Empire, which held de facto sovereignty (suzerainty) over the princely states.

1947–1950

Between 1947 and 1950 the territories of the princely states were politically integrated into the Indian Union. Most were merged into existing provinces; others were organised into new provinces, such as Rajputana, Himachal Pradesh, Madhya Bharat, and Vindhya Pradesh, made up of multiple princely states; a few, including Mysore, Hyderabad, Bhopal, and Bilaspur, became separate provinces. The new Constitution of India, which came into force on 26 January 1950, made India a sovereign democratic republic. The new republic was also declared to be a "Union of States".[12] The constitution of 1950 distinguished between three main types of states:

Part A states, which were the former governors' provinces of British India, were ruled by an elected governor and state legislature. The nine Part A states were Assam, Bihar, Bombay, Madhya Pradesh (formerly Central Provinces and Berar), Madras, Orissa, Punjab (formerly East Punjab), Uttar Pradesh (formerly the United Provinces), and West Bengal (formerly part of Bengal Province).

Post-1956

Bombay State was split into the linguistic states of Gujarat and Maharashtra on 1 May 1960 by the Bombay Reorganisation Act.[16]Nagaland was formed on 1 December 1963.[17] The Punjab Reorganisation Act of 1966 resulted in the creation of Haryana on 1 November and the transfer of the northern districts of Punjab to Himachal Pradesh.[18] The act also designated Chandigarh as a union territory and the shared capital of Punjab and Haryana.[19][20]

^Note 1 Andhra Pradesh was divided into two states, Telangana and a residual Andhra Pradesh on 2 June 2014.[41][42][43]Hyderabad, located entirely within the borders of Telangana, is to serve as the capital for both states for a period of time not exceeding ten years.[44] The Government of Andhra Pradesh and the Andhra Pradesh Legislature completed the process of relocating to temporary facilities in the envisaged new capital city Amaravati in early 2017.[32]

^Note 2 The area of Jammu and Kashmir is 222,236 km2 according to Indian claims; thereof 101,387 km2 are under Indian administration

^Note 3 Dehradun is the interim capital of Uttarakhand. The town of Gairsain is envisaged as the state's new capital.

Notes

^Khasi language has been declared as the Additional Official Language for all purposes in the District, Sub-Division and Block level offices of the State Government located in the Districts of Khasi-Jaintia Hills of Meghalaya.

^Bengali and Nepali are the Official Languages in Darjeeling and Kurseong sub-divisions of Darjeeling district.

References

^"Article 73 broadly stated, provides that the executive power of the Union shall extend to the matters with respect to which Parliament has power to make laws. Article 162 similarly provides that the executive power of a State shall extend to the matters with respect to which the Legislature of a State has power to make laws. The Supreme Court has reiterated this position when it ruled in the Ramanaiah case that the executive power of the Union or of the State broadly speaking, is coextensive and coterminous with its respective legislative power." Territoriality of executive powers of states in India, Balwant Singh Malik, Constitutional Law, 1998

External links

India, officially the Republic of India is a country in South Asia. It is made up of 29 states and 7 union territories. All Indian states have their own government and theUnion territories come under the jurisdiction of the Central Government. As most of the other countries India too has a national emblem—the Lion Capital of Sarnath.

Apart from India's national emblem, each of its States and Union Territories have their own state seals and symbols which include state animals, birds, trees, flowers etc. A list of state animals of India is given below. See Symbols of Indian states and territories for a complete list of all State characters and seals.

India, officially the Republic of India, is a country in South Asia. It is made up of 29 states and 7 union territories. All Indian states have their own government and union territories come under the jurisdiction of the central government. As with most of the other countries India, has a national emblem—the Lion Capital of Sarnath.

Apart from India's national emblem, each of its states and union territories have their own seals and symbols which include animals, birds, trees, flowers, etc. A list of state birds of India is given below. See Symbols of Indian states and territories for a complete list of all state characters and seals.

India, officially the Republic of India is a country in South Asia. It is made up of 29 states and 7 union territories. All Indian states have their own government and Union territories come under the jurisdiction of the Central Government. As most of the other countries India too has a national emblem—the Lion Capital of Sarnath.

Apart from India's national emblem, each of its States and Union Territories have their own state seals and symbols which include state animals, birds, trees, flowers etc. A list of state flowers of India is given below. See Symbols of Indian states and territories for a complete list of all State characters and seals.

India, officially the Republic of India is a country in South Asia. It is made up of 29 states and 7 union territories. All Indian states have their own government and the Union territories come under the jurisdiction of the Central Government. As most of the other countries India too has a national emblem—the Lion Capital of Sarnath.

Apart from India's national emblem, each of its States and Union Territories have their own state seals and symbols which include state animals, birds, trees, flowers etc. A list of state trees of India is given below. See Symbols of Indian states and territories for a complete list of all State characters and seals.

These are lists of Indian states and union territories by their nominal gross state domestic product (GSDP). GSDP is the sum of all value added by industries within each state or union territory and serves as a counterpart to the national gross domestic product (GDP).In India, the Government accounts for around 20% of the GDP, Agriculture accounts for 20%, the corporate sector accounts for 12% and the balance 48% of the GDP is sourced from small proprietorship and partnership companies, the so-called unorganized sector and households.

This is a list of Indian states and union territories by NSDP per capita. Net state domestic product (NSDP) is the state counterpart to a country's Net domestic product (NDP), which equals the gross domestic product (GDP) minus depreciation on a country's capital goods. The following table gives the latest available nominal NSDP per capita figures for the States and Union Territories of India at current prices in Indian rupees. No data is available for the union territories of Dadra and Nagar Haveli, Daman and Diu and Lakshadweep.

Literacy rate in India is uneven and as such, different States and Union Territories of India have differences in their literacy rates. The following table shows the 2011 and 2001 census data on total literacy rate, male literacy rate, female literacy rate and decadal difference in percentage. According to Census 2011, Kerala has the highest total literacy rate and female literacy rate whereas Lakshadweep had the highest male literacy rate. Bihar has the lowest total literacy rate and male literacy rates while Rajasthan has the lowest female literacy rate. Literacy figures are collected by census takers which essentially means literacy (or lack thereof ) is self assessed.

This is a list of States and Union Territories of India ranked by the recognizable Crime Rate as on 2012 and 2015, and represents the number of cognizable crimes occurred for every 100,000 persons. The list is compiled from the 2016 Crime in India Report published by National Crime Records Bureau (NCRB), Government of IndiaAs of 2016, Delhi has the highest cognizable crime rate of 974.9 (per 100,000 persons) and Uttar Pradesh has the highest incidence of crime based on percentage of share. Lakshwadeep has the lowest crime rate of 43.9 (per 100,000 persons) as well as the lowest incidence of crime based on percentage of share.

This is a list of the States and union territories of India of India ranked in order of number of children born for each woman. Recent surveys show that majority of Indian states fertility rate has fallen well below the replacement level of 2.1 and the country is fast approaching the replacement level itself. The total fertility rate of India stands at 2.2 as of 2017.

This is a list of the states and union territories of India ranked in order of percentage of households having electricity as the source of lighting. This information is based on 2011 and 2001 data as published by 2011 census of India and 2015-16 National Family Health Survey (NFHS). In default display, the ranking is based on 2015-16 NFHS data.

As of 2019, 14 states and UTs have achieved 100% household electrification:

India is a union of 29 states and 7 union territories. As of 2011, with an estimated population of 1.2 billion, India is the world's second most populous country after the People's Republic of China. India occupies 2.4% of the world's land and is home to 17.5% of the world's population. The Indo-Gangetic plains have one of the world’s biggest stretches of fertile flat-deep alluvium and are among the most densely populated areas of the world. The eastern and western coastal regions of Deccan Plateau are also densely populated regions of India. The Thar Desert in western Rajasthan is one of the most densely populated desert of world. The northern and north-eastern states along the Himalayas contain cold arid deserts with fertile valleys. These states have relatively less population density due to indomitable physical barriers.

Sex ratio is used to describe the number of females per 1000 of males. In India it is especially significant because the ratio is heavily skewed towards men. In the Population Census of 2011 it was revealed that the population ratio of India 2011 is 943

females per 1000 of males. The Sex Ratio 2011 shows an upward trend from the census 2001 data. Census 2001 revealed that there were 933 females to that of 1000 males.

The male-skew in India's sex ratio has increased significantly since the early 20th century. In 1901 there were 3.2 million fewer women than men in India, but by the 2001 Census the disparity had increased by more than a factor of 10, to 35 million. This increase has been variously attributed to female infanticide, selective abortions (aided by increasing access to prenatal sex discernment procedures), and female child neglect. It has been suggested that the motivation for this selection against female children is due to the lower status and perceived usefulness of women in India's patriarchal society.

Suicide in India is a national social issue. In the year 2015, India recorded 1,33,623 suicides, an increase of 1.4% from 2014's 1,31,666 suicides. This is a list of States and Union Territories of India ranked according to suicide rate as on 2015. The rate is calculated as number of suicides per 1 lakh (100,000) people. The list is compiled from the 2015 Suicidal Deaths in India report published by National Crime Records Bureau (NCRB), Government of IndiaTop three States with highest suicide rates are Puducherry, Sikkim and Andaman and Nicobar Islands respectively, while Bihar recorded lowest suicide rates.

This is a list of States of India by projected own tax revenues of their governments (excluding the shares from Union tax pool) for the year 2010–15 from "Annexure 7.1" (PDF). Report of the Thirteenth Finance Commission (2010-2015) (PDF) (Report). p. 381. with figures in crore of Indian Rupees. Data for Union territories except Delhi is not available.

This is a list of the States of India ranked in order of percentage of households

having a television set. On March 13, 2012, the Ministry of Home Affairs of the government of India released comprehensive data under "Houselisting and Housing Census" which was collected as part of the Decennial Census exercise conducted in 2011. The Census of India 2001 results have also been provided for comparison.

This is a list of States of India of India ranked according to unemployment. The list is compiled from the Report on Fifth Annual Employment-Unemployment Survey (2018–19) from Ministry of Labour and Employment, Government of India.Gujarat has the least unemployment rate among the Indian states, while Tripura has the highest unemployment rate. (Higher rank represents lower unemployment among the population). National average stands at 50. Interactive map of below data is available here.

A union territory is a type of administrative division in the Republic of India. Unlike the states of India, which have their own governments, union territories are federal territories governed directly by the union government (central government), hence it is named as union territory

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