Clusters of Cooperating Tumor-Suppressor Genes Are Found in Large Regions Deleted in Common Cancers

These results “raise the possibility that large-scale genomic lesions can act through their effects on an opportunistic collection of linked genes rather than through disruption of a single resident gene,” says CSHL Professor Michael Wigler.

Looking closely at one large deletion -- a so-called copy-number alteration or CNA on 8p, the short arm of chromosome 8 -- in mouse models of human liver cancer, the team validated the presence of a number of genes which normally serve to suppress the formation of tumors, and demonstrated that they act together, and not singly, to suppress tumors. The 8p deletion is commonly seen in human liver cancer and in other epithelial cancers including those of the breast, colon, and lung.

The research team, which was co-led by now-adjunct CSHL Professor Scott W. Lowe (pictured), of Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center and CSHL Professor Michael Wigler, published their results recently.

Their hypothesis about the relation between linked tumor suppressor genes in CNAs and tumor survival advantage, if validated in ongoing research, would significantly modify a popular theory of cancer genetics that has stood up since the 1970s. Called the “two-hit” hypothesis, it has helped to explain the behavior of certain cancer genes. All cancers arise from mutations in cancer genes that balance cellular proliferation and suppression of abnormal growth, resulting in out-of-control proliferation, cancer’s hallmark.

Some cancers are the result of a single genetic “hit.” An example is a single point mutation in the first human oncogene ever discovered, called RAS. It results in the production of an abnormal protein that drives cells to bypass growth checkpoints. The 2-hit hypothesis was proposed to explain aspects of a childhood eye cancer called retinoblastoma. Children with the inherited disease developed the disease early --- often in both eyes, whereas children who had the non-inherited, or sporadic form of the disease, developed it later and usually in one eye. It turned out that the inherited disease was caused by a recessive mutation in a single gene called RB1 but that the remaining, normal copy of the gene had to be lost in order for the disease process to begin. (We have two copies of most genes, one inherited from each parent.) The sporadic, non-inherited form of the disease required two hits of the RB1 gene, one of which was loss of a large region containing the gene.

This 2-hit model, which brilliantly explained retinoblastoma and some other cancers, “has also been used to explain what happens when all large chromosomal areas are lost in cancer – something that happens quite frequently,” notes Associate Professor Scott Powers, a CSHL geneticist and participant in the research published.

“But the theory can’t explain many of these large deletion events, for several reasons,” Powers explains. “Most important, the deleted region often does not appear to contain a ‘driver’ tumor suppressor gene [like RB1] with a point mutation that would constitute the first ‘hit.’” Lowe’s lab at CSHL used the common 8p deletion to explore in mouse models of liver cancer what might be going on. Specifically, they asked a classic question in cancer: What selective advantage does the 8p deletion provide to the tumor?

In other words, when the 8p deletion occurs, how is a tumor’s development aided? What new advantage do the affected cancer cells obtain?

The team found multiple genes within 8p and in adjacent areas of chromosome 8 that function cooperatively to inhibit the formation of tumors. They used RNA interference technology to show that the co-suppression of these linked sets of genes could “synergistically promote tumor growth.”

These results “raise the possibility that large-scale genomic lesions can act through their effects on an opportunistic collection of linked genes rather than through disruption of a single resident gene,” says CSHL Professor Michael Wigler, a pioneer in cancer genetics who participated in the research.

“The fact that the genes in 8p can cooperate to suppress tumor formation implies that the concomitant loss of multiple genes may create unexpected vulnerabilities not easily revealed through the study of single genes,” states Dr. Lowe.