Current aggregate and top-down approaches in life cycle sustainability assessment (LCSA) generally fail to account for spatial, temporal, and emergent behavioral dynamics simultaneously during the inventory stage. We discuss the key characteristics captured by complex system approaches (agent-based modeling [ABM] in particular) in the context of LCSA. It is understood that by integrating ABM, temporal, spatial, and behavioral dynamics can be addressed during the life cycle inventory stage. We propose a general concept to integrate ABM into current building life cycle assessment standards. We then use a hypothetical example of green building development to compare the ABM approach with a predefined static policy model. Simulation results from the agent-based model confirm that there are temporal and spatial variations caused by behavioral dynamics. The results are integrated into the calculation of temporally dynamic LCSA indicators on an annual basis. Spatially distributed simulation results can also be used in spatially dynamic LCSA.

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Current aggregate and top-down approaches in life cycle sustainability assessment (LCSA) generally fail to account for spatial, temporal, and emergent behavioral dynamics simultaneously during the inventory stage. We discuss the key characteristics captured by complex system approaches (agent-based modeling [ABM] in particular) in the context of LCSA. It is understood that by integrating ABM, temporal, spatial, and behavioral dynamics can be addressed during the life cycle inventory stage. We propose a general concept to integrate ABM into current building life cycle assessment standards. We then use a hypothetical example of green building development to compare the ABM approach with a predefined static policy model. Simulation results from the agent-based model confirm that there are temporal and spatial variations caused by behavioral dynamics. The results are integrated into the calculation of temporally dynamic LCSA indicators on an annual basis. Spatially distributed simulation results can also be used in spatially dynamic LCSA.
Truncation Error Estimates in Process Life Cycle Assessment Using Input-Output Analysishttp://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/resolve/doi?DOI=10.1111%2Fjiec.12655Truncation Error Estimates in Process Life Cycle Assessment Using Input-Output AnalysisHauke Ward, Leonie Wenz, Jan C. Steckel, Jan C. Minx2017-09-19T11:45:31.453477-05:00doi:10.1111/jiec.12655John Wiley & Sons, Inc.10.1111/jiec.12655http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/resolve/doi?DOI=10.1111%2Fjiec.12655RESEARCH AND ANALYSISn/an/aSummary

Process life cycle assessment (PLCA) is widely used to quantify environmental flows associated with the manufacturing of products and other processes. As PLCA always depends on defining a system boundary, its application involves truncation errors. Different methods of estimating truncation errors are proposed in the literature; most of these are based on artificially constructed system complete counterfactuals. In this article, we review the literature on truncation errors and their estimates and systematically explore factors that influence truncation error estimates. We classify estimation approaches, together with underlying factors influencing estimation results according to where in the estimation procedure they occur. By contrasting different PLCA truncation/error modeling frameworks using the same underlying input-output (I-O) data set and varying cut-off criteria, we show that modeling choices can significantly influence estimates for PLCA truncation errors. In addition, we find that differences in I-O and process inventory databases, such as missing service sector activities, can significantly affect estimates of PLCA truncation errors. Our results expose the challenges related to explicit statements on the magnitude of PLCA truncation errors. They also indicate that increasing the strictness of cut-off criteria in PLCA has only limited influence on the resulting truncation errors. We conclude that applying an additional I-O life cycle assessment or a path exchange hybrid life cycle assessment to identify where significant contributions are located in upstream layers could significantly reduce PLCA truncation errors.

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Process life cycle assessment (PLCA) is widely used to quantify environmental flows associated with the manufacturing of products and other processes. As PLCA always depends on defining a system boundary, its application involves truncation errors. Different methods of estimating truncation errors are proposed in the literature; most of these are based on artificially constructed system complete counterfactuals. In this article, we review the literature on truncation errors and their estimates and systematically explore factors that influence truncation error estimates. We classify estimation approaches, together with underlying factors influencing estimation results according to where in the estimation procedure they occur. By contrasting different PLCA truncation/error modeling frameworks using the same underlying input-output (I-O) data set and varying cut-off criteria, we show that modeling choices can significantly influence estimates for PLCA truncation errors. In addition, we find that differences in I-O and process inventory databases, such as missing service sector activities, can significantly affect estimates of PLCA truncation errors. Our results expose the challenges related to explicit statements on the magnitude of PLCA truncation errors. They also indicate that increasing the strictness of cut-off criteria in PLCA has only limited influence on the resulting truncation errors. We conclude that applying an additional I-O life cycle assessment or a path exchange hybrid life cycle assessment to identify where significant contributions are located in upstream layers could significantly reduce PLCA truncation errors.
Indicators in Social Life Cycle Assessment: A Review of Frameworks, Theories, and Empirical Experiencehttp://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/resolve/doi?DOI=10.1111%2Fjiec.12663Indicators in Social Life Cycle Assessment: A Review of Frameworks, Theories, and Empirical ExperienceMichael Kühnen, Rüdiger Hahn2017-09-18T09:00:52.321457-05:00doi:10.1111/jiec.12663John Wiley & Sons, Inc.10.1111/jiec.12663http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/resolve/doi?DOI=10.1111%2Fjiec.12663RESEARCH AND ANALYSISn/an/aSummary

Industrial ecology (IE) and life cycle sustainability assessment (LCSA) are increasingly important in research, regulation, and corporate practice. However, the assessment of the social pillar is still at a developmental stage, because social life cycle assessment (SLCA) is fragmented and lacks a foundation on empirical experience. A critical reason is the absence of general standardized indicators that clearly reflect and measure businesses’ social impact along product life cycles and supply chains. Therefore, we systematically review trends, coherences, inconsistencies, and gaps in research on SLCA indicators across industry sectors. Overall, we find that researchers address a broad variety of sectors, but only few sectors receive sufficient empirical attention to draw reasonable conclusions while the field is additionally still largely an a-theoretical one. Furthermore, researchers overlook important social core issues as they concentrate heavily on worker- and health-related indicators. Therefore, we synthetize the most important indicators used in research as a step toward standardization (including critical challenges in applying these indicators and recommendations for their future development), highlight important trends and gaps (e.g., the focus on worker- and health-related indicators and the a-theoretical nature of the SLCA literature), and emphasize critical shortcomings in the SLCA field organized along the key phases of design, implementation, and evolution through which performance measurement approaches such as SLCA typically progress in their development and maturation. With this, we contribute to the maturation and establishment of the social pillar of LCSA and IE.

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Industrial ecology (IE) and life cycle sustainability assessment (LCSA) are increasingly important in research, regulation, and corporate practice. However, the assessment of the social pillar is still at a developmental stage, because social life cycle assessment (SLCA) is fragmented and lacks a foundation on empirical experience. A critical reason is the absence of general standardized indicators that clearly reflect and measure businesses’ social impact along product life cycles and supply chains. Therefore, we systematically review trends, coherences, inconsistencies, and gaps in research on SLCA indicators across industry sectors. Overall, we find that researchers address a broad variety of sectors, but only few sectors receive sufficient empirical attention to draw reasonable conclusions while the field is additionally still largely an a-theoretical one. Furthermore, researchers overlook important social core issues as they concentrate heavily on worker- and health-related indicators. Therefore, we synthetize the most important indicators used in research as a step toward standardization (including critical challenges in applying these indicators and recommendations for their future development), highlight important trends and gaps (e.g., the focus on worker- and health-related indicators and the a-theoretical nature of the SLCA literature), and emphasize critical shortcomings in the SLCA field organized along the key phases of design, implementation, and evolution through which performance measurement approaches such as SLCA typically progress in their development and maturation. With this, we contribute to the maturation and establishment of the social pillar of LCSA and IE.
Industrial Wastes and By-products as Alternative Fuels in Cement Plants: Evaluation of an Industrial Symbiosis Optionhttp://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/resolve/doi?DOI=10.1111%2Fjiec.12644Industrial Wastes and By-products as Alternative Fuels in Cement Plants: Evaluation of an Industrial Symbiosis OptionChristos Aristeides Tsiliyannis2017-09-18T08:41:50.806631-05:00doi:10.1111/jiec.12644John Wiley & Sons, Inc.10.1111/jiec.12644http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/resolve/doi?DOI=10.1111%2Fjiec.12644RESEARCH AND ANALYSISn/an/aSummary

A ravenous fuel consumer, the cement industry may substitute fossil fuels by industrial wastes and by-products, identifying the industry as a key example of industrial symbiosis (IS). Benefits from industrial waste alternative fuels (IWAFs) include safe disposal, fossil fuel cost savings, gate fees, and greenhouse gas credits. Poor IWAFs, (high moisture, ash and halogen content) bring higher gate fees, but lessen clinker production. Thermal rating and blower capacity constraints should be satisfied in such a case study of IS. Cement plants must comply with potentially tighter emission limits, compared to fossil fuel utilization, despite higher pollutant precursors in IWAFs. Emissions’ compliance, operational, and production implications are a few among several challenges when assessing multiple IWAF valorization as a symbiotic option from a systems’ perspective. A novel method is proposed to quantitatively assess critical trade-offs. Species and energy transformations convey a rigorous picture of clinker level, kiln flue gas, and offgas volumes and lay the groundwork for screening, a priori selection, and process tuning. Necessary and sufficient compliance conditions and safety margins are presented in terms of process parameters and actual emissions’ data. Main challenges posed by high flue gas, high offgas volumes, high moisture, low heating value, increased nitrogen oxides emissions, and high halogen and metal content are quantified. As demonstrated in a case study of an actual 1.5 × 106 tonnes per annum clinker plant in this paper, concurrent use of several IWAFs may increase clinker production, while satisfying operational constraints and maintaining compliance. The method may serve for devising IWAF preparation, or tuning mechanisms expanding IWAF valorization.

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A ravenous fuel consumer, the cement industry may substitute fossil fuels by industrial wastes and by-products, identifying the industry as a key example of industrial symbiosis (IS). Benefits from industrial waste alternative fuels (IWAFs) include safe disposal, fossil fuel cost savings, gate fees, and greenhouse gas credits. Poor IWAFs, (high moisture, ash and halogen content) bring higher gate fees, but lessen clinker production. Thermal rating and blower capacity constraints should be satisfied in such a case study of IS. Cement plants must comply with potentially tighter emission limits, compared to fossil fuel utilization, despite higher pollutant precursors in IWAFs. Emissions’ compliance, operational, and production implications are a few among several challenges when assessing multiple IWAF valorization as a symbiotic option from a systems’ perspective. A novel method is proposed to quantitatively assess critical trade-offs. Species and energy transformations convey a rigorous picture of clinker level, kiln flue gas, and offgas volumes and lay the groundwork for screening, a priori selection, and process tuning. Necessary and sufficient compliance conditions and safety margins are presented in terms of process parameters and actual emissions’ data. Main challenges posed by high flue gas, high offgas volumes, high moisture, low heating value, increased nitrogen oxides emissions, and high halogen and metal content are quantified. As demonstrated in a case study of an actual 1.5 × 106 tonnes per annum clinker plant in this paper, concurrent use of several IWAFs may increase clinker production, while satisfying operational constraints and maintaining compliance. The method may serve for devising IWAF preparation, or tuning mechanisms expanding IWAF valorization.
Evaluation of Modeling Approaches to Determine End-of-Life Flows Associated with Buildings: A Viennese Case Study on Wood and Contaminantshttp://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/resolve/doi?DOI=10.1111%2Fjiec.12654Evaluation of Modeling Approaches to Determine End-of-Life Flows Associated with Buildings: A Viennese Case Study on Wood and ContaminantsNađa Džubur, David Laner2017-09-15T08:36:04.015143-05:00doi:10.1111/jiec.12654John Wiley & Sons, Inc.10.1111/jiec.12654http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/resolve/doi?DOI=10.1111%2Fjiec.12654RESEARCH AND ANALYSISn/an/aSummary

Dynamic material flow analysis enables the forecasting of secondary raw material potential for waste volumes in future periods, by assessing past, present, and future stocks and flows of materials in the anthroposphere. Analyses of waste streams of buildings stocks are uncertain with respect to data and model structure. Wood construction in Viennese buildings serve as a case study to compare different modeling approaches for determining end-of-life (EoL) wood and corresponding contaminant flows (lead, chlorine, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons). A delayed input and a leaching stock modeling approach are used to determine wood stocks and flows from 1950 until 2100. Cross-checking with independent estimates and sensitivity analyses are used to evaluate the results’ plausibility. In the situation of the given data in the present case study, the delay approach is a better choice for historical observations of EoL wood and for analyses at a substance level. It has some major drawbacks for future predictions at the goods level, though, as the durability of a large number of historical buildings with considerably higher wood content is not reflected in the model. The wood content parameter differs strongly for the building periods and has therefore the highest influence on the results. Based on this knowledge, general recommendations can be derived for analyses on waste flows of buildings at a goods and substance level.

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Dynamic material flow analysis enables the forecasting of secondary raw material potential for waste volumes in future periods, by assessing past, present, and future stocks and flows of materials in the anthroposphere. Analyses of waste streams of buildings stocks are uncertain with respect to data and model structure. Wood construction in Viennese buildings serve as a case study to compare different modeling approaches for determining end-of-life (EoL) wood and corresponding contaminant flows (lead, chlorine, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons). A delayed input and a leaching stock modeling approach are used to determine wood stocks and flows from 1950 until 2100. Cross-checking with independent estimates and sensitivity analyses are used to evaluate the results’ plausibility. In the situation of the given data in the present case study, the delay approach is a better choice for historical observations of EoL wood and for analyses at a substance level. It has some major drawbacks for future predictions at the goods level, though, as the durability of a large number of historical buildings with considerably higher wood content is not reflected in the model. The wood content parameter differs strongly for the building periods and has therefore the highest influence on the results. Based on this knowledge, general recommendations can be derived for analyses on waste flows of buildings at a goods and substance level.
Uncertainties of Domestic Road Freight Statistics: Insights for Regional Material Flow Studieshttp://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/resolve/doi?DOI=10.1111%2Fjiec.12651Uncertainties of Domestic Road Freight Statistics: Insights for Regional Material Flow StudiesJean-Yves Courtonne, Pierre-Yves Longaretti, Denis Dupré2017-09-13T08:00:58.239421-05:00doi:10.1111/jiec.12651John Wiley & Sons, Inc.10.1111/jiec.12651http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/resolve/doi?DOI=10.1111%2Fjiec.12651RESEARCH AND ANALYSISn/an/aSummary

Freight statistics are at the core of many studies in the field of industrial ecology because they depict the physical interdependencies of territories and allow links to be made worldwide between production and consumption. Recent studies have focused increasingly on subnational scales, often relying on domestic freight data. In this perspective, this article analyses the uncertainties of the French domestic road freight survey, road being by far the most common mode of transport in the country. Based on a statistical analysis of the survey, we propose a model to estimate the uncertainty of any given domestic road transport flow. We also assess uncertainty reduction when averaging the flows over several years, and obtain for instance a 30% reduction for a three-year average. We then study the impact of the uncertainties on regional material flow studies such as the economy-wide material flow analysis of the Bourgogne region. Overall the case studies advocate for a systematic assessment of freight uncertainties, as neither the disaggregation level nor the quantities traded are good enough predictors. This justifies the need for an easy-to-implement estimation model. Finally, basic comparison with the German and Swedish surveys tends to indicate that the main conclusions presented in this article are likely to be valid in other European countries.

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Freight statistics are at the core of many studies in the field of industrial ecology because they depict the physical interdependencies of territories and allow links to be made worldwide between production and consumption. Recent studies have focused increasingly on subnational scales, often relying on domestic freight data. In this perspective, this article analyses the uncertainties of the French domestic road freight survey, road being by far the most common mode of transport in the country. Based on a statistical analysis of the survey, we propose a model to estimate the uncertainty of any given domestic road transport flow. We also assess uncertainty reduction when averaging the flows over several years, and obtain for instance a 30% reduction for a three-year average. We then study the impact of the uncertainties on regional material flow studies such as the economy-wide material flow analysis of the Bourgogne region. Overall the case studies advocate for a systematic assessment of freight uncertainties, as neither the disaggregation level nor the quantities traded are good enough predictors. This justifies the need for an easy-to-implement estimation model. Finally, basic comparison with the German and Swedish surveys tends to indicate that the main conclusions presented in this article are likely to be valid in other European countries.Design and Performance Assessment of Innovative Eco-Efficient Support Structures for Additive Manufacturing by Photopolymerizationhttp://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/resolve/doi?DOI=10.1111%2Fjiec.12660Design and Performance Assessment of Innovative Eco-Efficient Support Structures for Additive Manufacturing by PhotopolymerizationAndrés Díaz Lantada, Adrián de Blas Romero, Álvaro Sánchez Isasi, Diego Garrido Bellido2017-09-13T06:11:47.027328-05:00doi:10.1111/jiec.12660John Wiley & Sons, Inc.10.1111/jiec.12660http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/resolve/doi?DOI=10.1111%2Fjiec.12660RESEARCH AND ANALYSISn/an/aSummary

The continued expansion of additive manufacturing (AM) techniques, evolving from its initial role as a rapid prototyping method, toward effective resources for generating final products, is reshaping the production sector and its needs. The development of systematic methodologies for the generation of mechanically optimized support structures for AM processes is an important issue which impacts the eco-efficiency and quality of final parts. The shift from regular lattice support structures and complex support meshes, toward bioinspired support structures, using, for instance, tree-like and fractal geometries, may provide feasible solutions with optimal ratios between mechanical performance and quantity of material used. In a similar way as biomimetics has provided revolutionary solutions to fields including architecture, mechanical engineering, and civil engineering, it may well impact the field of solid freeform fabrication. The possibilities relate not just to aspects related to part geometries and final applications (as is already happening), but also in manufacturing challenges such as the problem of obtaining eco-efficient and reliable supports. In this article, we summarize a recently developed methodology, in the framework of the European Union (EU) “ToMax” Project, for the generation of bioinspired fractal or tree-like support structures and provide six application examples, starting with very simple geometries and generalizing the process for more complex parts. Eco-efficiency is assessed by a final comparative study using support structures generated with conventional software.

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The continued expansion of additive manufacturing (AM) techniques, evolving from its initial role as a rapid prototyping method, toward effective resources for generating final products, is reshaping the production sector and its needs. The development of systematic methodologies for the generation of mechanically optimized support structures for AM processes is an important issue which impacts the eco-efficiency and quality of final parts. The shift from regular lattice support structures and complex support meshes, toward bioinspired support structures, using, for instance, tree-like and fractal geometries, may provide feasible solutions with optimal ratios between mechanical performance and quantity of material used. In a similar way as biomimetics has provided revolutionary solutions to fields including architecture, mechanical engineering, and civil engineering, it may well impact the field of solid freeform fabrication. The possibilities relate not just to aspects related to part geometries and final applications (as is already happening), but also in manufacturing challenges such as the problem of obtaining eco-efficient and reliable supports. In this article, we summarize a recently developed methodology, in the framework of the European Union (EU) “ToMax” Project, for the generation of bioinspired fractal or tree-like support structures and provide six application examples, starting with very simple geometries and generalizing the process for more complex parts. Eco-efficiency is assessed by a final comparative study using support structures generated with conventional software.
Life Cycle Based CO2 Emission Credits: Options for Improving the Efficiency and Effectiveness of Current Tailpipe Emissions Regulation in the Automotive Industryhttp://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/resolve/doi?DOI=10.1111%2Fjiec.12657Life Cycle Based CO2 Emission Credits: Options for Improving the Efficiency and Effectiveness of Current Tailpipe Emissions Regulation in the Automotive IndustryAnnekatrin Lehmann, Markus Berger, Matthias Finkbeiner2017-09-11T10:17:40.451154-05:00doi:10.1111/jiec.12657John Wiley & Sons, Inc.10.1111/jiec.12657http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/resolve/doi?DOI=10.1111%2Fjiec.12657FORUMn/an/aSummary

The current focus on the use phase in automotive carbon dioxide (CO2) legislation bares a risk of unintended consequences as often reductions in the use phase come along with increasing CO2 emissions in other life cycle (LC) phases. This study presents voluntary policy options in form of LC-based CO2 emission credits. They were developed by desk research considering existing applications of LCA in practice (e.g., environmental reports) and feedback obtained in a structured stakeholder dialogue. A variety of credit options were identified, including rather simple ones based on life cycle thinking (LCT) and more advanced options which rely on quantitative LCA: LCT options that reward innovations leading to CO2 reductions, for example, in the production phase. LCA-based options reward CO2 reductions along the LC (credits for an International Organization for Standardization [ISO] 14044 conforming externally reviewed LCA showing a continuous improvement) or reductions of other environmental impacts. It was shown that the credit options can be implemented throughout a simplified and robust methodology, for example, with defined rules for conducting the LCA based on international standards and established industry practice, and for calculating the credits (e.g., a credit of 1 gram [g] of CO2/km [kilometer] for savings of 10 g of CO2/km). Voluntary credit options as a complementary modality to the current automotive tailpipe-based CO2 regulations would help to improve its efficiency and effectiveness and support and reward efforts on achieving real net CO2 emission reductions. The credit options were developed with a first focus on CO2 and automotive industry, but can generally be transferred to other environmental impacts and sectors as well.

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The current focus on the use phase in automotive carbon dioxide (CO2) legislation bares a risk of unintended consequences as often reductions in the use phase come along with increasing CO2 emissions in other life cycle (LC) phases. This study presents voluntary policy options in form of LC-based CO2 emission credits. They were developed by desk research considering existing applications of LCA in practice (e.g., environmental reports) and feedback obtained in a structured stakeholder dialogue. A variety of credit options were identified, including rather simple ones based on life cycle thinking (LCT) and more advanced options which rely on quantitative LCA: LCT options that reward innovations leading to CO2 reductions, for example, in the production phase. LCA-based options reward CO2 reductions along the LC (credits for an International Organization for Standardization [ISO] 14044 conforming externally reviewed LCA showing a continuous improvement) or reductions of other environmental impacts. It was shown that the credit options can be implemented throughout a simplified and robust methodology, for example, with defined rules for conducting the LCA based on international standards and established industry practice, and for calculating the credits (e.g., a credit of 1 gram [g] of CO2/km [kilometer] for savings of 10 g of CO2/km). Voluntary credit options as a complementary modality to the current automotive tailpipe-based CO2 regulations would help to improve its efficiency and effectiveness and support and reward efforts on achieving real net CO2 emission reductions. The credit options were developed with a first focus on CO2 and automotive industry, but can generally be transferred to other environmental impacts and sectors as well.
A Review of Four Publications on the Sustainability and Potential of Plastic Alternativeshttp://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/resolve/doi?DOI=10.1111%2Fjiec.12646A Review of Four Publications on the Sustainability and Potential of Plastic AlternativesLong Nguyen, Pieter Billen2017-09-07T12:00:29.161944-05:00doi:10.1111/jiec.12646John Wiley & Sons, Inc.10.1111/jiec.12646http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/resolve/doi?DOI=10.1111%2Fjiec.12646REVIEWSn/an/aA Note on the Magnitude of the Feedback Effect in Environmentally Extended Multi-Region Input-Output Tableshttp://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/resolve/doi?DOI=10.1111%2Fjiec.12658A Note on the Magnitude of the Feedback Effect in Environmentally Extended Multi-Region Input-Output TablesDaniel Moran, Richard Wood, João F. D. Rodrigues2017-09-06T11:46:01.36103-05:00doi:10.1111/jiec.12658John Wiley & Sons, Inc.10.1111/jiec.12658http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/resolve/doi?DOI=10.1111%2Fjiec.12658METHODS, TOOLS, AND SOFTWAREn/an/aSummary

Global multiregion input-output (MRIO) tables have been developed to capture international spillover effects due to demand in one country and production in other countries. International spillovers have been growing and have become so dominant, especially in environmental analysis, that their inclusion is essential when analyzing impacts of consumption. MRIO tables give full coverage of the world economy, but do not always respect the official data of a given country. When international spillovers also cause increased production in the country of demand, we see what are known as “feedback effects.” As coupled models are being developed that make use of an official foreground national input-output table (IOT) alongside an existing global MRIO, we are left in the situation where a coupled model does not use the official foreground information when modeling international feedback loops. The question thus arises: How large are these feedback loops for different environmental impacts? We look specifically at the amount of domestic production that is embodied in imports back into that region. We find that for emissions, the feedbacks are small, usually <2% of the total import footprint, though up to 6%+ for some countries in some years for some stressors. Our findings suggest that using Leontief multipliers from available MRIOs may be an acceptable method for modeling imports into national IOTs for environmentally extended MRIO analysis.

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Global multiregion input-output (MRIO) tables have been developed to capture international spillover effects due to demand in one country and production in other countries. International spillovers have been growing and have become so dominant, especially in environmental analysis, that their inclusion is essential when analyzing impacts of consumption. MRIO tables give full coverage of the world economy, but do not always respect the official data of a given country. When international spillovers also cause increased production in the country of demand, we see what are known as “feedback effects.” As coupled models are being developed that make use of an official foreground national input-output table (IOT) alongside an existing global MRIO, we are left in the situation where a coupled model does not use the official foreground information when modeling international feedback loops. The question thus arises: How large are these feedback loops for different environmental impacts? We look specifically at the amount of domestic production that is embodied in imports back into that region. We find that for emissions, the feedbacks are small, usually <2% of the total import footprint, though up to 6%+ for some countries in some years for some stressors. Our findings suggest that using Leontief multipliers from available MRIOs may be an acceptable method for modeling imports into national IOTs for environmentally extended MRIO analysis.
LEED v4: Where Are We Now? Critical Assessment through the LCA of an Office Building Using a Low Impact Energy Consumption Mixhttp://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/resolve/doi?DOI=10.1111%2Fjiec.12647LEED v4: Where Are We Now? Critical Assessment through the LCA of an Office Building Using a Low Impact Energy Consumption MixYannick Lessard, Chirjiv Anand, Pierre Blanchet, Caroline Frenette, Ben Amor2017-09-06T09:33:01.158588-05:00doi:10.1111/jiec.12647John Wiley & Sons, Inc.10.1111/jiec.12647http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/resolve/doi?DOI=10.1111%2Fjiec.12647RESEARCH AND ANALYSISn/an/aSummary

Various green building rating systems (GBRSs) have been proposed to reduce the environmental impact of buildings. However, these GBRSs, such as Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) v4, are primarily oriented toward a building's use stage energy consumption. Their application in contexts involving a high share of renewable energy, and hence a low-impact electricity mix, can result in undesirable side effects. This paper aims to investigate such effects, based on an existing office building in Quebec (Canada), where more than 95% of the electricity consumption mix is renewable. This paper compares the material impacts from a low-energy context building to material considerations in LEED v4. In addition to their contributions to the building impacts, material impacts are also defined by their potential to change impacts with different material configurations. Life cycle assessment (LCA) impacts were evaluated using Simapro 8.2, the ecoinvent 3.1 database, and the IMPACT 2002+ method. The building LCA results indicated higher environmental impact contributions from materials (>50%) compared to those from energy consumption. This is in contrast with the LEED v4 rating system, as it did not seem to be as effective in capturing such effects. The conclusions drawn from this work will help stakeholders from the buildings sector to have a better understanding of building environmental profiles, and the limitations of LEED v4 in contexts involving a low-impact energy mix. In addition, this critical assessment can be used to further improve the LEED certification system.

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Various green building rating systems (GBRSs) have been proposed to reduce the environmental impact of buildings. However, these GBRSs, such as Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) v4, are primarily oriented toward a building's use stage energy consumption. Their application in contexts involving a high share of renewable energy, and hence a low-impact electricity mix, can result in undesirable side effects. This paper aims to investigate such effects, based on an existing office building in Quebec (Canada), where more than 95% of the electricity consumption mix is renewable. This paper compares the material impacts from a low-energy context building to material considerations in LEED v4. In addition to their contributions to the building impacts, material impacts are also defined by their potential to change impacts with different material configurations. Life cycle assessment (LCA) impacts were evaluated using Simapro 8.2, the ecoinvent 3.1 database, and the IMPACT 2002+ method. The building LCA results indicated higher environmental impact contributions from materials (>50%) compared to those from energy consumption. This is in contrast with the LEED v4 rating system, as it did not seem to be as effective in capturing such effects. The conclusions drawn from this work will help stakeholders from the buildings sector to have a better understanding of building environmental profiles, and the limitations of LEED v4 in contexts involving a low-impact energy mix. In addition, this critical assessment can be used to further improve the LEED certification system.
The Characteristics and Trends of Socioeconomic Metabolism in Chinahttp://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/resolve/doi?DOI=10.1111%2Fjiec.12659The Characteristics and Trends of Socioeconomic Metabolism in ChinaTiejun Dai, Wanjun Wang2017-09-06T09:32:41.381408-05:00doi:10.1111/jiec.12659John Wiley & Sons, Inc.10.1111/jiec.12659http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/resolve/doi?DOI=10.1111%2Fjiec.12659RESEARCH AND ANALYSISn/an/aSummary

China has become the country with the largest resource use and has high levels of waste emissions that pose a great management challenge. To provide more details about environmental problems and to find effective solutions, this article analyzed the scale, structure, and trend of the socioeconomic metabolism in China during the period 1992–2014 based on economy-wide material flow accounts (EW-MFA), and predicted resource use during the period of the 13th Five-Year Plan. The results of this study show that the scale of China's socioeconomic metabolism in China increased more than twofold, during 1992–2014. However, after 2011, with the economic slowdown, the growth rates of total material requirement (TMR), direct material input (DMI), and domestic processed output (DPO) began to decrease. China may reach an inflection point, but this point will probably not be approached before the year 2020. Material recycling (MR) has played an important role in improving resource productivity, improving it by 92.52 renminbi per tonne in 2014. Metallic minerals and fossil fuels are the main sources of hidden flow. Carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions, construction waste, and agricultural emissions have become the major sources of DPO. Because of the 13th Five-Year Plan, China may slow the growth rate of DMI and may save 10.26 gigatonnes of resources during 2015–2020. Resource productivity is predicted to increase by 15.91%. Imports and MR may play more important roles. These suggestions are made: (1) strengthening the recycling system; (2) stronger policies, especially in metallic mineral and fossil fuels; (3) developing management systems for CO2 emissions, construction waste, and agricultural emissions; and (4) adjusting China's economic structure.

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China has become the country with the largest resource use and has high levels of waste emissions that pose a great management challenge. To provide more details about environmental problems and to find effective solutions, this article analyzed the scale, structure, and trend of the socioeconomic metabolism in China during the period 1992–2014 based on economy-wide material flow accounts (EW-MFA), and predicted resource use during the period of the 13th Five-Year Plan. The results of this study show that the scale of China's socioeconomic metabolism in China increased more than twofold, during 1992–2014. However, after 2011, with the economic slowdown, the growth rates of total material requirement (TMR), direct material input (DMI), and domestic processed output (DPO) began to decrease. China may reach an inflection point, but this point will probably not be approached before the year 2020. Material recycling (MR) has played an important role in improving resource productivity, improving it by 92.52 renminbi per tonne in 2014. Metallic minerals and fossil fuels are the main sources of hidden flow. Carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions, construction waste, and agricultural emissions have become the major sources of DPO. Because of the 13th Five-Year Plan, China may slow the growth rate of DMI and may save 10.26 gigatonnes of resources during 2015–2020. Resource productivity is predicted to increase by 15.91%. Imports and MR may play more important roles. These suggestions are made: (1) strengthening the recycling system; (2) stronger policies, especially in metallic mineral and fossil fuels; (3) developing management systems for CO2 emissions, construction waste, and agricultural emissions; and (4) adjusting China's economic structure.
Addressing the Life Cycle of Sewers in Contrasting Cities through an Eco-Efficiency Approachhttp://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/resolve/doi?DOI=10.1111%2Fjiec.12649Addressing the Life Cycle of Sewers in Contrasting Cities through an Eco-Efficiency ApproachAnna Petit-Boix, Carla Arnal, Desirée Marín, Alejandro Josa, Xavier Gabarrell, Joan Rieradevall2017-09-05T09:25:33.121632-05:00doi:10.1111/jiec.12649John Wiley & Sons, Inc.10.1111/jiec.12649http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/resolve/doi?DOI=10.1111%2Fjiec.12649RESEARCH AND ANALYSISn/an/aSummary

Evaluating the sustainability of the urban water cycle is not straightforward, although a variety of methods have been proposed. Given the lack of integrated data about sewers, we applied the eco-efficiency approach to two case studies located in Spain with contrasting climate, population, and urban and sewer configurations. Our goal was to determine critical variables and life cycle stages and provide results for decision making. We used life cycle assessment and life cycle costing to evaluate their environmental and economic impacts. Results showed that both cities have a similar profile, albeit their contrasting features, that is, operation and maintenance, was the main environmental issue (50% to 70% of the impacts) and pipe installation registered the greatest economic capital expenditure (70% to 75%) due to labor. The location of the wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) is an essential factor in our analysis mainly due to the topography effects (e.g., the annual pump energy was 13 times greater in Calafell). Using the eco-efficiency portfolio, we observed that sewers might be less eco-efficient than WWTPs and that we need to envision their design in the context of an integrated WWTP-sewer management to improve sewer performance. In terms of methodological approach, the bidimensional nature of eco-efficiency enables the benchmarking of product systems and might be more easily interpreted by the general public. However, there are still some constraints that should be addressed to improve communication, such as the selection of indicators discussed in the article.

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Evaluating the sustainability of the urban water cycle is not straightforward, although a variety of methods have been proposed. Given the lack of integrated data about sewers, we applied the eco-efficiency approach to two case studies located in Spain with contrasting climate, population, and urban and sewer configurations. Our goal was to determine critical variables and life cycle stages and provide results for decision making. We used life cycle assessment and life cycle costing to evaluate their environmental and economic impacts. Results showed that both cities have a similar profile, albeit their contrasting features, that is, operation and maintenance, was the main environmental issue (50% to 70% of the impacts) and pipe installation registered the greatest economic capital expenditure (70% to 75%) due to labor. The location of the wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) is an essential factor in our analysis mainly due to the topography effects (e.g., the annual pump energy was 13 times greater in Calafell). Using the eco-efficiency portfolio, we observed that sewers might be less eco-efficient than WWTPs and that we need to envision their design in the context of an integrated WWTP-sewer management to improve sewer performance. In terms of methodological approach, the bidimensional nature of eco-efficiency enables the benchmarking of product systems and might be more easily interpreted by the general public. However, there are still some constraints that should be addressed to improve communication, such as the selection of indicators discussed in the article.
Assessment of the Environmental Sustainability of a Treatment Aimed at Soil Reuse in a Brownfield Regeneration Contexthttp://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/resolve/doi?DOI=10.1111%2Fjiec.12648Assessment of the Environmental Sustainability of a Treatment Aimed at Soil Reuse in a Brownfield Regeneration ContextOriana Capobianco, Giulia Costa, Renato Baciocchi2017-09-04T07:36:40.410769-05:00doi:10.1111/jiec.12648John Wiley & Sons, Inc.10.1111/jiec.12648http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/resolve/doi?DOI=10.1111%2Fjiec.12648RESEARCH AND ANALYSISn/an/aSummary

A combined stabilization/solidification (S/S) and granulation treatment was shown to be effective, at lab scale, to produce secondary aggregates from a Brownfield soil slightly contaminated by metals. This treatment, as opposed to the frequently adopted “dig and dump” option, allows to combine soil management with site regeneration, minimizing landfill disposal. But is this treatment actually more environmentally sustainable than excavated soil management by dig and dump? To answer this question, we analyzed and compared by life cycle assessment the environmental impacts resulting from the application of the above-mentioned treatment versus dig and dump on the basis of the results of lab tests performed on a Brownfield soil sample, including leaching test results. The impacts related to the production of all the reagents used in the on-site treatment, as well as the avoided impacts due to the replacement of raw aggregates with recycled ones, were included. Results showed that the proposed S/S-granulation process may allow a drastic decrease of the impacts related to land use and resource depletion in comparison to dig and dump, with beneficial effects also with regard to toxicity-related impact categories. Conversely, the proposed treatment yielded higher impacts, in terms of acidification, water resource depletion, and, in particular, climate change, almost entirely related to the manufacturing of the cement employed for stabilization. However, an average 40% reduction of overall impacts was noted when fly ash cement was assumed to be used as binder instead of Portland cement.

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A combined stabilization/solidification (S/S) and granulation treatment was shown to be effective, at lab scale, to produce secondary aggregates from a Brownfield soil slightly contaminated by metals. This treatment, as opposed to the frequently adopted “dig and dump” option, allows to combine soil management with site regeneration, minimizing landfill disposal. But is this treatment actually more environmentally sustainable than excavated soil management by dig and dump? To answer this question, we analyzed and compared by life cycle assessment the environmental impacts resulting from the application of the above-mentioned treatment versus dig and dump on the basis of the results of lab tests performed on a Brownfield soil sample, including leaching test results. The impacts related to the production of all the reagents used in the on-site treatment, as well as the avoided impacts due to the replacement of raw aggregates with recycled ones, were included. Results showed that the proposed S/S-granulation process may allow a drastic decrease of the impacts related to land use and resource depletion in comparison to dig and dump, with beneficial effects also with regard to toxicity-related impact categories. Conversely, the proposed treatment yielded higher impacts, in terms of acidification, water resource depletion, and, in particular, climate change, almost entirely related to the manufacturing of the cement employed for stabilization. However, an average 40% reduction of overall impacts was noted when fly ash cement was assumed to be used as binder instead of Portland cement.
A Revision of What Life Cycle Sustainability Assessment Should Entail: Towards Modeling the Net Impact on Human Well-Beinghttp://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/resolve/doi?DOI=10.1111%2Fjiec.12653A Revision of What Life Cycle Sustainability Assessment Should Entail: Towards Modeling the Net Impact on Human Well-BeingThomas Schaubroeck, Benedetto Rugani2017-08-31T05:00:50.140271-05:00doi:10.1111/jiec.12653John Wiley & Sons, Inc.10.1111/jiec.12653http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/resolve/doi?DOI=10.1111%2Fjiec.12653FORUMn/an/aSummary

The main goal of a sustainability assessment is to evaluate the impact of systems (e.g., human or natural ones) on areas sought to be protected and maintained over time (e.g., human well-being, ecosystems, etc.). These are called areas of protection (AoPs). Life cycle sustainability assessment is a type of sustainability assessment that focuses on the impact of industrial production systems on AoPs. To further this field, three conceptual challenges should be tackled: (1) framing which areas should primarily be sustained and hence on which the impact should be assessed, that is, (re)defining of the AoPs; (2) accounting for the interconnectedness among AoPs (e.g., influence of ecosystems on human well-being); and (3) the assessment of both benefit and damage to the AoPs (e.g., benefit of industrial products and damage of their production). The aim of this study is to provide a first roadmap to address these three issues and to suggest potential solutions. Regarding the first issue, our conclusion is that human well-being, encompassing health and happiness, is the primary AoP. This is based on the argument that the sustainability concept is inherently anthropocentric. In this regard, other entities such as ecosystems as a whole are sustained in light of human well-being. The well-being adjusted life years, interpreted as years of perfect well-being, is pinpointed as the most promising holistic indicator. To conduct a respective sustainability assessment that tackles the remaining two issues—integrated system modeling of the earth and its support to well-being—is argued as the most suitable approach.

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The main goal of a sustainability assessment is to evaluate the impact of systems (e.g., human or natural ones) on areas sought to be protected and maintained over time (e.g., human well-being, ecosystems, etc.). These are called areas of protection (AoPs). Life cycle sustainability assessment is a type of sustainability assessment that focuses on the impact of industrial production systems on AoPs. To further this field, three conceptual challenges should be tackled: (1) framing which areas should primarily be sustained and hence on which the impact should be assessed, that is, (re)defining of the AoPs; (2) accounting for the interconnectedness among AoPs (e.g., influence of ecosystems on human well-being); and (3) the assessment of both benefit and damage to the AoPs (e.g., benefit of industrial products and damage of their production). The aim of this study is to provide a first roadmap to address these three issues and to suggest potential solutions. Regarding the first issue, our conclusion is that human well-being, encompassing health and happiness, is the primary AoP. This is based on the argument that the sustainability concept is inherently anthropocentric. In this regard, other entities such as ecosystems as a whole are sustained in light of human well-being. The well-being adjusted life years, interpreted as years of perfect well-being, is pinpointed as the most promising holistic indicator. To conduct a respective sustainability assessment that tackles the remaining two issues—integrated system modeling of the earth and its support to well-being—is argued as the most suitable approach.
Life Cycle Inventory Analysis of the Wood Pallet Repair Process in the United Stateshttp://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/resolve/doi?DOI=10.1111%2Fjiec.12652Life Cycle Inventory Analysis of the Wood Pallet Repair Process in the United StatesJonghun Park, Laszlo Horvath, Robert J. Bush2017-08-26T09:40:31.599216-05:00doi:10.1111/jiec.12652John Wiley & Sons, Inc.10.1111/jiec.12652http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/resolve/doi?DOI=10.1111%2Fjiec.12652RESEARCH AND ANALYSISn/an/aSummary

This study developed gate-to-gate life cycle inventory (LCI) data for the repair of 48 by 40 inch (1,219 by 1,016 millimeter [mm]) stringer-class wood pallets in the United States. Data were collected from seven wood pallet repair facilities. Approximately 1.98 FBM (foot, board measure) (4.67E-03 cubic meters) of lumber were used for repairing each 48 by 40 inch (1,219 by 1,016 mm) stringer-class wood pallet, the majority (97%) recovered from damaged pallets received by the pallet repair facilities. Repair equipment powered by electricity made the largest contribution to greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Steel nails used for the pallet repair had the largest contribution to GHG emissions among the material inputs, while use of recovered lumber yielded the largest GHG emissions credits. Overall, the repair process for a 48 by 40 inch (1,219 by 1,016 mm) stringer-class wood pallet had GHG credits rather than a positive GHG emission due to the GHG offsets from co-products.

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This study developed gate-to-gate life cycle inventory (LCI) data for the repair of 48 by 40 inch (1,219 by 1,016 millimeter [mm]) stringer-class wood pallets in the United States. Data were collected from seven wood pallet repair facilities. Approximately 1.98 FBM (foot, board measure) (4.67E-03 cubic meters) of lumber were used for repairing each 48 by 40 inch (1,219 by 1,016 mm) stringer-class wood pallet, the majority (97%) recovered from damaged pallets received by the pallet repair facilities. Repair equipment powered by electricity made the largest contribution to greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Steel nails used for the pallet repair had the largest contribution to GHG emissions among the material inputs, while use of recovered lumber yielded the largest GHG emissions credits. Overall, the repair process for a 48 by 40 inch (1,219 by 1,016 mm) stringer-class wood pallet had GHG credits rather than a positive GHG emission due to the GHG offsets from co-products.
Land Use Change in India (1700–2000) as Examined through the Lens of Human Appropriation of Net Primary Productivityhttp://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/resolve/doi?DOI=10.1111%2Fjiec.12650Land Use Change in India (1700–2000) as Examined through the Lens of Human Appropriation of Net Primary ProductivityPriyanka deSouza, Yadvinder Malhi2017-08-26T09:35:33.512159-05:00doi:10.1111/jiec.12650John Wiley & Sons, Inc.10.1111/jiec.12650http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/resolve/doi?DOI=10.1111%2Fjiec.12650RESEARCH AND ANALYSISn/an/aSummary

Land use caused by human socioeconomic activities is a driver of change in the global environment. To understand and quantify land-use change on Earth's natural systems, interdisciplinary approaches linking biophysical and socioeconomic parameters are required. One approach to understand the degree of terrestrial colonization of the biosphere is using the human appropriation of net primary productivity (HANPP). HANPP is defined as the difference between the net primary productivity (NPP) of potential vegetation and the actual NPP for a given area of land. Here, we use HANPP as a lens to examine land-use change in India from 1700 to 2007 using a spatially explicit data set that extends over this period. We also used the nongridded, Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) data set to calculate HANPP for India from 1961 to 2012 and compared our results. The average potential NPP for India was estimated to be 664 grams of carbon per square meter per year (g C/m2/year). Between 1700 and 2012, the fraction of pastureland and cropland increased from 20% to almost 60%. HANPP as a fraction of the potential NPP increased from 29% to 73% over this period. Calculations of HANPP using the FAO data set yielded an increase from 600 g C/m2 to just over 700 g C/m2 between 1961 and 2012. We also calculated the embodied HANPP of India by considering imports and exports, but the difference between the two is negligible in comparison to the HANPP of India. We further examined the variation of HANPP with socioeconomic parameters such as the Human Development Index (HDI) and population density. There was a roughly negative trend of HANPP with HDI. HANPP roughly increases with population density and then plateaus above a population density of roughly 200 persons per square kilometer.

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Land use caused by human socioeconomic activities is a driver of change in the global environment. To understand and quantify land-use change on Earth's natural systems, interdisciplinary approaches linking biophysical and socioeconomic parameters are required. One approach to understand the degree of terrestrial colonization of the biosphere is using the human appropriation of net primary productivity (HANPP). HANPP is defined as the difference between the net primary productivity (NPP) of potential vegetation and the actual NPP for a given area of land. Here, we use HANPP as a lens to examine land-use change in India from 1700 to 2007 using a spatially explicit data set that extends over this period. We also used the nongridded, Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) data set to calculate HANPP for India from 1961 to 2012 and compared our results. The average potential NPP for India was estimated to be 664 grams of carbon per square meter per year (g C/m2/year). Between 1700 and 2012, the fraction of pastureland and cropland increased from 20% to almost 60%. HANPP as a fraction of the potential NPP increased from 29% to 73% over this period. Calculations of HANPP using the FAO data set yielded an increase from 600 g C/m2 to just over 700 g C/m2 between 1961 and 2012. We also calculated the embodied HANPP of India by considering imports and exports, but the difference between the two is negligible in comparison to the HANPP of India. We further examined the variation of HANPP with socioeconomic parameters such as the Human Development Index (HDI) and population density. There was a roughly negative trend of HANPP with HDI. HANPP roughly increases with population density and then plateaus above a population density of roughly 200 persons per square kilometer.
The Influence of State-Ownership on Eco-Innovations in Russian Manufacturing Firmshttp://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/resolve/doi?DOI=10.1111%2Fjiec.12643The Influence of State-Ownership on Eco-Innovations in Russian Manufacturing FirmsVitaliy Roud, Thomas Wolfgang Thurner2017-08-26T09:25:21.836766-05:00doi:10.1111/jiec.12643John Wiley & Sons, Inc.10.1111/jiec.12643http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/resolve/doi?DOI=10.1111%2Fjiec.12643RESEARCH AND ANALYSISn/an/aSummary

This paper studies drivers for eco-innovation in Russian manufacturing firms on a sample of 2,212 innovative firms, of which over 600 introduced eco-innovations. The companies in our sample specifically mention environmental regulation as a reason for engaging in eco-innovations. Furthermore, we show that those firms who engage in eco-innovations are motivated even stronger by the desire to increase resource efficiency. Companies under state ownership are especially prone to a higher likelihood to invest. We conclude that regulations are mostly relevant to the late comers who are obliged to follow minimum standards. On the other hand, the state uses its controlling influence to press companies under their control to exceed these minimum standards. Thus, we argue, state ownership does indeed have an influence on both the likelihood to eco-innovate and on the levels of spending. Eco-innovative state-owned companies are only prone to invest in eco-innovations, if they get additional money.

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This paper studies drivers for eco-innovation in Russian manufacturing firms on a sample of 2,212 innovative firms, of which over 600 introduced eco-innovations. The companies in our sample specifically mention environmental regulation as a reason for engaging in eco-innovations. Furthermore, we show that those firms who engage in eco-innovations are motivated even stronger by the desire to increase resource efficiency. Companies under state ownership are especially prone to a higher likelihood to invest. We conclude that regulations are mostly relevant to the late comers who are obliged to follow minimum standards. On the other hand, the state uses its controlling influence to press companies under their control to exceed these minimum standards. Thus, we argue, state ownership does indeed have an influence on both the likelihood to eco-innovate and on the levels of spending. Eco-innovative state-owned companies are only prone to invest in eco-innovations, if they get additional money.
Closing the Loop on E-waste: A Multidisciplinary Perspectivehttp://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/resolve/doi?DOI=10.1111%2Fjiec.12645Closing the Loop on E-waste: A Multidisciplinary PerspectiveBen Bridgens, Kersty Hobson, Debra Lilley, Jacquetta Lee, Janet L. Scott, Garrath T. Wilson2017-08-26T09:20:40.545053-05:00doi:10.1111/jiec.12645John Wiley & Sons, Inc.10.1111/jiec.12645http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/resolve/doi?DOI=10.1111%2Fjiec.12645APPLICATIONS AND IMPLEMENTATIONn/an/aSummary

This paper describes the challenges faced, and opportunities identified, by a multidisciplinary team of researchers developing a novel closed loop system to recover valuable metals and reduce e-waste, focusing on mobile phones as a case study. This multidisciplinary approach is contrasted with current top-down approaches to making the transition to the circular economy (CE). The aim of the research presented here is to develop a product service system (PSS) that facilitates the recovery of valuable functional components and metals from mobile phone circuit boards. To create a holistic solution and limit unintended consequences, in addition to technological solutions, this paper considers appropriate component lifetimes; the (often ignored) role of the citizen in the circular economy; customer interaction with the PSS; environmental life cycle assessment; and social impacts of the proposed PSS. Development of enabling technologies and materials to facilitate recovery of components and metals and to provide an emotionally durable external enclosure is described. This research also highlights the importance of understanding value in the CE from a multifaceted and interdisciplinary perspective.

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This paper describes the challenges faced, and opportunities identified, by a multidisciplinary team of researchers developing a novel closed loop system to recover valuable metals and reduce e-waste, focusing on mobile phones as a case study. This multidisciplinary approach is contrasted with current top-down approaches to making the transition to the circular economy (CE). The aim of the research presented here is to develop a product service system (PSS) that facilitates the recovery of valuable functional components and metals from mobile phone circuit boards. To create a holistic solution and limit unintended consequences, in addition to technological solutions, this paper considers appropriate component lifetimes; the (often ignored) role of the citizen in the circular economy; customer interaction with the PSS; environmental life cycle assessment; and social impacts of the proposed PSS. Development of enabling technologies and materials to facilitate recovery of components and metals and to provide an emotionally durable external enclosure is described. This research also highlights the importance of understanding value in the CE from a multifaceted and interdisciplinary perspective.
Environmental and Economic Implications of Distributed Additive Manufacturing: The Case of Injection Mold Toolinghttp://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/resolve/doi?DOI=10.1111%2Fjiec.12641Environmental and Economic Implications of Distributed Additive Manufacturing: The Case of Injection Mold ToolingRunze Huang, Matthew E. Riddle, Diane Graziano, Sujit Das, Sachin Nimbalkar, Joe Cresko, Eric Masanet2017-08-26T09:15:45.480596-05:00doi:10.1111/jiec.12641John Wiley & Sons, Inc.10.1111/jiec.12641http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/resolve/doi?DOI=10.1111%2Fjiec.12641RESEARCH AND ANALYSISn/an/aSummary

Additive manufacturing (AM) holds great potentials in enabling superior engineering functionality, streamlining supply chains, and reducing life cycle impacts compared to conventional manufacturing (CM). This study estimates the net changes in supply-chain lead time, life cycle primary energy consumption, greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, and life cycle costs (LCC) associated with AM technologies for the case of injection molding, to shed light on the environmental and economic advantages of a shift from international or onshore CM to AM in the United States. A systems modeling framework is developed, with integrations of lead-time analysis, life cycle inventory analysis, LCC model, and scenarios considering design differences, supply-chain options, productions, maintenance, and AM technological developments. AM yields a reduction potential of 3% to 5% primary energy, 4% to 7% GHG emissions, 12% to 60% lead time, and 15% to 35% cost over 1 million cycles of the injection molding production depending on the AM technology advancement in future. The economic advantages indicate the significant role of AM technology in raising global manufacturing competitiveness of local producers, while the relatively small environmental benefits highlight the necessity of considering trade-offs and balance techniques between environmental and economic performances when AM is adopted in the tooling industry. The results also help pinpoint the technological innovations in AM that could lead to broader benefits in future.

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Additive manufacturing (AM) holds great potentials in enabling superior engineering functionality, streamlining supply chains, and reducing life cycle impacts compared to conventional manufacturing (CM). This study estimates the net changes in supply-chain lead time, life cycle primary energy consumption, greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, and life cycle costs (LCC) associated with AM technologies for the case of injection molding, to shed light on the environmental and economic advantages of a shift from international or onshore CM to AM in the United States. A systems modeling framework is developed, with integrations of lead-time analysis, life cycle inventory analysis, LCC model, and scenarios considering design differences, supply-chain options, productions, maintenance, and AM technological developments. AM yields a reduction potential of 3% to 5% primary energy, 4% to 7% GHG emissions, 12% to 60% lead time, and 15% to 35% cost over 1 million cycles of the injection molding production depending on the AM technology advancement in future. The economic advantages indicate the significant role of AM technology in raising global manufacturing competitiveness of local producers, while the relatively small environmental benefits highlight the necessity of considering trade-offs and balance techniques between environmental and economic performances when AM is adopted in the tooling industry. The results also help pinpoint the technological innovations in AM that could lead to broader benefits in future.
Comment on “Toward Estimating Displaced Primary Production from Recycling: A Case Study of U.S. Aluminum”http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/resolve/doi?DOI=10.1111%2Fjiec.12656Comment on “Toward Estimating Displaced Primary Production from Recycling: A Case Study of U.S. Aluminum”Christoph Koffler, Jinlong Marshall Wang2017-08-26T09:15:27.169313-05:00doi:10.1111/jiec.12656John Wiley & Sons, Inc.10.1111/jiec.12656http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/resolve/doi?DOI=10.1111%2Fjiec.12656Letter to the Editorn/an/aEnvironmental Life Cycle Costing and Sustainability: Insights from Pollution Abatement and Resource Recovery in Wastewater Treatmenthttp://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/resolve/doi?DOI=10.1111%2Fjiec.12636Environmental Life Cycle Costing and Sustainability: Insights from Pollution Abatement and Resource Recovery in Wastewater TreatmentMurray R. Hall, Anthony Priestley, Tim H. Muster2017-08-23T06:20:39.159944-05:00doi:10.1111/jiec.12636John Wiley & Sons, Inc.10.1111/jiec.12636http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/resolve/doi?DOI=10.1111%2Fjiec.12636RESEARCH AND ANALYSISn/an/aSummary

The relationship between environmental life cycle costing (ELCC) and sustainability was explored using two detailed wastewater case studies. The case studies were selected to increase the tension between existing market values and values for sustainability; the first case study considered incremental change to an existing plant and the second considered a paradigm shift in wastewater treatment. Pollution control provided the greatest cost savings for the first case study and provided a “win-win” result—meeting existing standards and saving money. However, benefits for pollution control beyond current standards were not captured, which emphasized the role of standards to internalize as well as limit the values considered in ELCC. In the second case study, the value of water had the potential to change the focus of wastewater design from pollution abatement to resource recovery. However, social acceptance of recovered water and market access for resources created large risk for investment. The ELCC was also sensitive to the discount rate which limited longer-term considerations. Other sustainability values such as scarcity and ecological thresholds were not captured. The ELCC code of practice suggests including such costs if likely in the foreseeable future; defining these values may also clarify the role of ELCC to evaluate sustainability over the life cycle.

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The relationship between environmental life cycle costing (ELCC) and sustainability was explored using two detailed wastewater case studies. The case studies were selected to increase the tension between existing market values and values for sustainability; the first case study considered incremental change to an existing plant and the second considered a paradigm shift in wastewater treatment. Pollution control provided the greatest cost savings for the first case study and provided a “win-win” result—meeting existing standards and saving money. However, benefits for pollution control beyond current standards were not captured, which emphasized the role of standards to internalize as well as limit the values considered in ELCC. In the second case study, the value of water had the potential to change the focus of wastewater design from pollution abatement to resource recovery. However, social acceptance of recovered water and market access for resources created large risk for investment. The ELCC was also sensitive to the discount rate which limited longer-term considerations. Other sustainability values such as scarcity and ecological thresholds were not captured. The ELCC code of practice suggests including such costs if likely in the foreseeable future; defining these values may also clarify the role of ELCC to evaluate sustainability over the life cycle.
Effect of Brewery Size on the Main Process Parameters and Cradle-to-Grave Carbon Footprint of Lager Beerhttp://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/resolve/doi?DOI=10.1111%2Fjiec.12642Effect of Brewery Size on the Main Process Parameters and Cradle-to-Grave Carbon Footprint of Lager BeerAlessio Cimini, Mauro Moresi2017-08-07T13:15:50.565526-05:00doi:10.1111/jiec.12642John Wiley & Sons, Inc.10.1111/jiec.12642http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/resolve/doi?DOI=10.1111%2Fjiec.12642RESEARCH AND ANALYSISn/an/aSummary

Several carbon footprint (CF) studies have been so far carried out to assess the environmental impact of the brewing industry. In this study, a series of reliable secondary data for small-, medium-, and large-sized breweries were collected and used to develop a simplified model to estimate the cradle-to-grave (C2G) CF of the production of a functional unit consisting of 1 hectoliter (hL) of lager beer packed in 66-centiliter (glass or polyethylene terephthalate [PET]) bottles. With reference to the typical operating conditions of nine breweries of different size, the C2G CF was found to increase up to 43% or 45% either for glass or PET bottles as the brewery size reduced from 10 × 106 to 500 hL per year. Whatever the brewery size, the use of PET instead of glass bottles lowered the beer CF by 2.7 ± 0.9%. The contribution of the consumer and postconsumer waste disposal phases was found to be significant. Thus, beer makers should pay attention to the recycling ratio of postconsumer packaging in the sales areas. The C2G CF tended to increase linearly with the overall (thermal and electric) energy needed to produce 1 hL of beer, almost independently of the primary packaging material used. Such a simple and easy-to-measure quantitative indicator might be more than sufficient not only to estimate qualitatively the environmental burden of beer production, but also to identify which mitigation opportunities might be explored or to prioritize primary data collection efforts to refine CF calculation.

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Several carbon footprint (CF) studies have been so far carried out to assess the environmental impact of the brewing industry. In this study, a series of reliable secondary data for small-, medium-, and large-sized breweries were collected and used to develop a simplified model to estimate the cradle-to-grave (C2G) CF of the production of a functional unit consisting of 1 hectoliter (hL) of lager beer packed in 66-centiliter (glass or polyethylene terephthalate [PET]) bottles. With reference to the typical operating conditions of nine breweries of different size, the C2G CF was found to increase up to 43% or 45% either for glass or PET bottles as the brewery size reduced from 10 × 106 to 500 hL per year. Whatever the brewery size, the use of PET instead of glass bottles lowered the beer CF by 2.7 ± 0.9%. The contribution of the consumer and postconsumer waste disposal phases was found to be significant. Thus, beer makers should pay attention to the recycling ratio of postconsumer packaging in the sales areas. The C2G CF tended to increase linearly with the overall (thermal and electric) energy needed to produce 1 hL of beer, almost independently of the primary packaging material used. Such a simple and easy-to-measure quantitative indicator might be more than sufficient not only to estimate qualitatively the environmental burden of beer production, but also to identify which mitigation opportunities might be explored or to prioritize primary data collection efforts to refine CF calculation.
Electricity Intensity of Internet Data Transmission: Untangling the Estimateshttp://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/resolve/doi?DOI=10.1111%2Fjiec.12630Electricity Intensity of Internet Data Transmission: Untangling the EstimatesJoshua Aslan, Kieren Mayers, Jonathan G. Koomey, Chris France2017-08-01T11:25:39.593166-05:00doi:10.1111/jiec.12630John Wiley & Sons, Inc.10.1111/jiec.12630http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/resolve/doi?DOI=10.1111%2Fjiec.12630RESEARCH AND ANALYSISn/an/aSummary

In order to understand the electricity use of Internet services, it is important to have accurate estimates for the average electricity intensity of transmitting data through the Internet (measured as kilowatt-hours per gigabyte [kWh/GB]). This study identifies representative estimates for the average electricity intensity of fixed-line Internet transmission networks over time and suggests criteria for making accurate estimates in the future. Differences in system boundary, assumptions used, and year to which the data apply significantly affect such estimates. Surprisingly, methodology used is not a major source of error, as has been suggested in the past. This article derives criteria to identify accurate estimates over time and provides a new estimate of 0.06 kWh/GB for 2015. By retroactively applying our criteria to existing studies, we were able to determine that the electricity intensity of data transmission (core and fixed-line access networks) has decreased by half approximately every 2 years since 2000 (for developed countries), a rate of change comparable to that found in the efficiency of computing more generally.

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In order to understand the electricity use of Internet services, it is important to have accurate estimates for the average electricity intensity of transmitting data through the Internet (measured as kilowatt-hours per gigabyte [kWh/GB]). This study identifies representative estimates for the average electricity intensity of fixed-line Internet transmission networks over time and suggests criteria for making accurate estimates in the future. Differences in system boundary, assumptions used, and year to which the data apply significantly affect such estimates. Surprisingly, methodology used is not a major source of error, as has been suggested in the past. This article derives criteria to identify accurate estimates over time and provides a new estimate of 0.06 kWh/GB for 2015. By retroactively applying our criteria to existing studies, we were able to determine that the electricity intensity of data transmission (core and fixed-line access networks) has decreased by half approximately every 2 years since 2000 (for developed countries), a rate of change comparable to that found in the efficiency of computing more generally.
Environmental Dimensions of Additive Manufacturing: Mapping Application Domains and Their Environmental Implicationshttp://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/resolve/doi?DOI=10.1111%2Fjiec.12629Environmental Dimensions of Additive Manufacturing: Mapping Application Domains and Their Environmental ImplicationsKarel Kellens, Martin Baumers, Timothy G. Gutowski, William Flanagan, Reid Lifset, Joost R. Duflou2017-08-01T11:21:15.07871-05:00doi:10.1111/jiec.12629John Wiley & Sons, Inc.10.1111/jiec.12629http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/resolve/doi?DOI=10.1111%2Fjiec.12629RESEARCH AND ANALYSISn/an/aSummary

Additive manufacturing (AM) proposes a novel paradigm for engineering design and manufacturing, which has profound economic, environmental, and security implications. The design freedom offered by this category of manufacturing processes and its ability to locally print almost each designable object will have important repercussions across society. While AM applications are progressing from rapid prototyping to the production of end-use products, the environmental dimensions and related impacts of these evolving manufacturing processes have yet to be extensively examined. Only limited quantitative data are available on how AM manufactured products compare to conventionally manufactured ones in terms of energy and material consumption, transportation costs, pollution and waste, health and safety issues, as well as other environmental impacts over their full lifetime. Reported research indicates that the specific energy of current AM systems is 1 to 2 orders of magnitude higher compared to that of conventional manufacturing processes. However, only part of the AM process taxonomy is yet documented in terms of its environmental performance, and most life cycle inventory (LCI) efforts mainly focus on energy consumption. From an environmental perspective, AM manufactured parts can be beneficial for very small batches, or in cases where AM-based redesigns offer substantial functional advantages during the product use phase (e.g., lightweight part designs and part remanufacturing). Important pending research questions include the LCI of AM feedstock production, supply-chain consequences, and health and safety issues relating to AM.

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Additive manufacturing (AM) proposes a novel paradigm for engineering design and manufacturing, which has profound economic, environmental, and security implications. The design freedom offered by this category of manufacturing processes and its ability to locally print almost each designable object will have important repercussions across society. While AM applications are progressing from rapid prototyping to the production of end-use products, the environmental dimensions and related impacts of these evolving manufacturing processes have yet to be extensively examined. Only limited quantitative data are available on how AM manufactured products compare to conventionally manufactured ones in terms of energy and material consumption, transportation costs, pollution and waste, health and safety issues, as well as other environmental impacts over their full lifetime. Reported research indicates that the specific energy of current AM systems is 1 to 2 orders of magnitude higher compared to that of conventional manufacturing processes. However, only part of the AM process taxonomy is yet documented in terms of its environmental performance, and most life cycle inventory (LCI) efforts mainly focus on energy consumption. From an environmental perspective, AM manufactured parts can be beneficial for very small batches, or in cases where AM-based redesigns offer substantial functional advantages during the product use phase (e.g., lightweight part designs and part remanufacturing). Important pending research questions include the LCI of AM feedstock production, supply-chain consequences, and health and safety issues relating to AM.
Building Inventory and Refurbishment Scenario Database Development for Switzerlandhttp://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/resolve/doi?DOI=10.1111%2Fjiec.12616Building Inventory and Refurbishment Scenario Database Development for SwitzerlandYork Ostermeyer, Claudio Nägeli, Niko Heeren, Holger Wallbaum2017-08-01T11:20:46.710131-05:00doi:10.1111/jiec.12616John Wiley & Sons, Inc.10.1111/jiec.12616http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/resolve/doi?DOI=10.1111%2Fjiec.12616METHODS, TOOLS, AND SOFTWAREn/an/aSummary

Material usage and the related embodied environmental impact have grown in significance in the built environment. Therefore, cities and governments need to develop strategies to reduce both the consumption of resources during usage phase as well as the embodied impact of the current building stock. This article proposes a new component-based building inventory database as a basis to develop such strategies using building stock modeling. The developed database clusters the building stock according to building typology (single-family houses, multifamily houses, and office buildings), age, and the main construction systems of the different building components. Based on the component makeup, it lists the necessary material input and waste output for different refurbishment options for each building component. The advantages of the proposed database structure are shown based on two applications for the developed database for Switzerland. The component-based database allows optimization of refurbishment strategies not only from an energetic perspective, but also with respect to materials, both on the input (sourcing of materials) and the output (waste streams) level. The database structure makes it possible to continuously extend the data set by adding new refurbishment options or add data such as component-specific lifetimes, costs, or labor intensities of the refurbishment options. In combination with an aligned economic model, this would give an even more holistic view, impact, and feasibility of different refurbishment scenarios both in environmental and economic terms.

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Material usage and the related embodied environmental impact have grown in significance in the built environment. Therefore, cities and governments need to develop strategies to reduce both the consumption of resources during usage phase as well as the embodied impact of the current building stock. This article proposes a new component-based building inventory database as a basis to develop such strategies using building stock modeling. The developed database clusters the building stock according to building typology (single-family houses, multifamily houses, and office buildings), age, and the main construction systems of the different building components. Based on the component makeup, it lists the necessary material input and waste output for different refurbishment options for each building component. The advantages of the proposed database structure are shown based on two applications for the developed database for Switzerland. The component-based database allows optimization of refurbishment strategies not only from an energetic perspective, but also with respect to materials, both on the input (sourcing of materials) and the output (waste streams) level. The database structure makes it possible to continuously extend the data set by adding new refurbishment options or add data such as component-specific lifetimes, costs, or labor intensities of the refurbishment options. In combination with an aligned economic model, this would give an even more holistic view, impact, and feasibility of different refurbishment scenarios both in environmental and economic terms.
E-Commerce Effects on Energy Consumption: A Multi-Year Ecosystem-Level Assessmenthttp://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/resolve/doi?DOI=10.1111%2Fjiec.12639E-Commerce Effects on Energy Consumption: A Multi-Year Ecosystem-Level AssessmentFlorian Dost, Erik Maier2017-07-31T07:35:36.932852-05:00doi:10.1111/jiec.12639John Wiley & Sons, Inc.10.1111/jiec.12639http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/resolve/doi?DOI=10.1111%2Fjiec.12639RESEARCH AND ANALYSISn/an/aSummary

This research investigates the impact of e-commerce on energy consumption in all four sectors of the U.S. economy (commercial, industrial, residential, and transportation), using macroeconomic data from 1992 to 2015. These data capture all the development phases of e-commerce, as well as direct and rebound effects in and across sectors. Empirical dynamic models (EDMs), a novel methodology in industrial ecology, are applied to the e-commerce/energy relationship to accommodate for complex system behavior and state-dependent effects. The results of these data-driven methods suggest that e-commerce increases energy consumption mainly through increases in the residential and commercial sectors. These findings contrast with extant research that focuses on transportation effects, which appear less prominent in this investigation. E-commerce effects also demonstrate state dependence, varying over the magnitude of e-commerce as a percentage of the total retail sector, particularly in commercial and transportation realms. Assuming these effects will continue in the future, the findings imply that policy makers should focus on mitigating the environmentally deteriorating effects of e-commerce in the residential sector. However, this investigation cannot provide root causes for the uncovered e-commerce effects. Robustness of the empirical findings, limitations of the novel EDM methodology, and respective avenues for future methodological and substantial research are discussed.

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This research investigates the impact of e-commerce on energy consumption in all four sectors of the U.S. economy (commercial, industrial, residential, and transportation), using macroeconomic data from 1992 to 2015. These data capture all the development phases of e-commerce, as well as direct and rebound effects in and across sectors. Empirical dynamic models (EDMs), a novel methodology in industrial ecology, are applied to the e-commerce/energy relationship to accommodate for complex system behavior and state-dependent effects. The results of these data-driven methods suggest that e-commerce increases energy consumption mainly through increases in the residential and commercial sectors. These findings contrast with extant research that focuses on transportation effects, which appear less prominent in this investigation. E-commerce effects also demonstrate state dependence, varying over the magnitude of e-commerce as a percentage of the total retail sector, particularly in commercial and transportation realms. Assuming these effects will continue in the future, the findings imply that policy makers should focus on mitigating the environmentally deteriorating effects of e-commerce in the residential sector. However, this investigation cannot provide root causes for the uncovered e-commerce effects. Robustness of the empirical findings, limitations of the novel EDM methodology, and respective avenues for future methodological and substantial research are discussed.
Transforming the Cement Industry into a Key Environmental Infrastructure for Urban Ecosystem: A Case Study of an Industrial City in Chinahttp://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/resolve/doi?DOI=10.1111%2Fjiec.12638Transforming the Cement Industry into a Key Environmental Infrastructure for Urban Ecosystem: A Case Study of an Industrial City in ChinaXin Cao, Zongguo Wen, Haikui Tian, Djavan Clercq, Lili Qu2017-07-28T11:10:59.444036-05:00doi:10.1111/jiec.12638John Wiley & Sons, Inc.10.1111/jiec.12638http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/resolve/doi?DOI=10.1111%2Fjiec.12638RESEARCH AND ANALYSISn/an/aSummary

Under the dual pressure of environmental constraints and increasingly thin profit margins, the cement industry in China is in a predicament. To alleviate the environmental and the economic pressure of the cement industry and to tackle the problem of delayed environmental infrastructure construction, this article introduced an urban ecosystem in which the cement industry was transformed into an effective complement to environmental infrastructure. The Xinfeng Cement Industrial Park in China, which has a production capacity of 5 million tonnes per annum (Mt/a) of clinker, was chosen as a case study. Our methodology involved proposing technologies to develop an efficient cement plant-centered urban ecosystem; evaluating its environmental and economic performance; identifying barriers in its promotion; and proposing supportive policies. Results showed that the city's waste recycling ratio rose from about 50% to 70%, saving 0.6 Mt/a of coal equivalent and reducing about 3.0 Mt/a of resulting carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions. The life span of the city's landfill site was extended by about 30 years. The total investment was 3.2 billion yuan (about US$480 million),1 with an average payback period of 3 years. The Xinfeng Cement Industrial Park was transformed from an energy-intensive consumer and a significant CO2 emitter to a key industrial waste recycler, a crucial municipal waste co-processor, an important new building material supplier, and a potential energy producer. Last, the “not-in-my-back-yard” (NIMBY) effect from constructing new environmental infrastructure was also avoided.

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Under the dual pressure of environmental constraints and increasingly thin profit margins, the cement industry in China is in a predicament. To alleviate the environmental and the economic pressure of the cement industry and to tackle the problem of delayed environmental infrastructure construction, this article introduced an urban ecosystem in which the cement industry was transformed into an effective complement to environmental infrastructure. The Xinfeng Cement Industrial Park in China, which has a production capacity of 5 million tonnes per annum (Mt/a) of clinker, was chosen as a case study. Our methodology involved proposing technologies to develop an efficient cement plant-centered urban ecosystem; evaluating its environmental and economic performance; identifying barriers in its promotion; and proposing supportive policies. Results showed that the city's waste recycling ratio rose from about 50% to 70%, saving 0.6 Mt/a of coal equivalent and reducing about 3.0 Mt/a of resulting carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions. The life span of the city's landfill site was extended by about 30 years. The total investment was 3.2 billion yuan (about US$480 million),1 with an average payback period of 3 years. The Xinfeng Cement Industrial Park was transformed from an energy-intensive consumer and a significant CO2 emitter to a key industrial waste recycler, a crucial municipal waste co-processor, an important new building material supplier, and a potential energy producer. Last, the “not-in-my-back-yard” (NIMBY) effect from constructing new environmental infrastructure was also avoided.
The Impact of Energy Management Control Systems on Energy Efficiency in the German Manufacturing Industryhttp://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/resolve/doi?DOI=10.1111%2Fjiec.12625The Impact of Energy Management Control Systems on Energy Efficiency in the German Manufacturing IndustryMike Schulze, Sven Heidenreich, Patrick Spieth2017-07-28T11:10:32.354725-05:00doi:10.1111/jiec.12625John Wiley & Sons, Inc.10.1111/jiec.12625http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/resolve/doi?DOI=10.1111%2Fjiec.12625RESEARCH AND ANALYSISn/an/aSummary

Although previous studies point to much (untapped) potential for energy efficiency enhancement in industry, empirical research that adapts findings of environmental control to the context of energy management remains widely neglected. Specifically, previous environmental research suggests that the implementation of energy management control systems (EnMCS) could be an effective lever for companies to enhance their production systems and operations toward energy efficiency. Yet, empirical evidence for this theoretical proposition is rather missing; thus, debate continues regarding whether the high investments to set up a comprehensive EnMCS pay off in the long run. Based on a sample of 236 German manufacturing companies, this study combines primary data that capture the configuration of EnMCS with secondary data that were used to calculate energy efficiency. The results provide evidence that the extent of EnMCS implementation positively relates to firms’ energy efficiency. Findings from additional moderation analysis suggest that companies might enhance the relationship of EnMCS and energy efficiency performance by establishing a full-time energy manager or by using external energy consulting support.

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Although previous studies point to much (untapped) potential for energy efficiency enhancement in industry, empirical research that adapts findings of environmental control to the context of energy management remains widely neglected. Specifically, previous environmental research suggests that the implementation of energy management control systems (EnMCS) could be an effective lever for companies to enhance their production systems and operations toward energy efficiency. Yet, empirical evidence for this theoretical proposition is rather missing; thus, debate continues regarding whether the high investments to set up a comprehensive EnMCS pay off in the long run. Based on a sample of 236 German manufacturing companies, this study combines primary data that capture the configuration of EnMCS with secondary data that were used to calculate energy efficiency. The results provide evidence that the extent of EnMCS implementation positively relates to firms’ energy efficiency. Findings from additional moderation analysis suggest that companies might enhance the relationship of EnMCS and energy efficiency performance by establishing a full-time energy manager or by using external energy consulting support.
Book Review of Handbook of Sustainability in Additive Manufacturing, edited by Subramanian Muthu and Monica Savalani. Springer Singapore, 2016, 168 pp., ISBN 978-981-10-0547-3, hardcover, $119.00, ebook, $89.00 and 3D Printing Will Rock the World, by John Hornick. CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform, North Charleston, SC, USA, 2015, 376 pp., ISBN-13 978-1516946792, paperback, $24.95.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/resolve/doi?DOI=10.1111%2Fjiec.12617Book Review of Handbook of Sustainability in Additive Manufacturing, edited by Subramanian Muthu and Monica Savalani. Springer Singapore, 2016, 168 pp., ISBN 978-981-10-0547-3, hardcover, $119.00, ebook, $89.00 and 3D Printing Will Rock the World, by John Hornick. CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform, North Charleston, SC, USA, 2015, 376 pp., ISBN-13 978-1516946792, paperback, $24.95.Alysia Garmulewicz2017-07-28T11:05:26.652364-05:00doi:10.1111/jiec.12617John Wiley & Sons, Inc.10.1111/jiec.12617http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/resolve/doi?DOI=10.1111%2Fjiec.12617BOOK REVIEWSn/an/aCoupling Input-Output Tables with Macro-Life Cycle Assessment to Assess Worldwide Impacts of Biofuels Transport Policieshttp://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/resolve/doi?DOI=10.1111%2Fjiec.12640Coupling Input-Output Tables with Macro-Life Cycle Assessment to Assess Worldwide Impacts of Biofuels Transport PoliciesAudrey Somé, Thomas Dandres, Caroline Gaudreault, Guillaume Majeau-Bettez, Richard Wood, Réjean Samson2017-07-26T12:00:52.786188-05:00doi:10.1111/jiec.12640John Wiley & Sons, Inc.10.1111/jiec.12640http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/resolve/doi?DOI=10.1111%2Fjiec.12640METHODS, TOOLS, AND SOFTWAREn/an/aSummary

Many countries see biofuels as a replacement to fossil fuels to mitigate climate change. Nevertheless, some concerns remain about the overall benefits of biofuels policies. More comprehensive tools seem required to evaluate indirect effects of biofuel policies. This article proposes a method to evaluate large-scale biofuel policies that is based on life cycle assessment (LCA), environmental extensions of input-output (I-O) tables, and a general equilibrium model. The method enables the assessment of indirect environmental effects of biofuels policies, including land-use changes (LUCs), in the context of economic and demographic growth. The method is illustrated with a case study involving two scenarios. The first one describes the evolution of the world economy from 2006 to 2020 under business as usual (BAU) conditions (including demographic and dietary preferences changes), and the second integrates biofuel policies in the United States and the European Union (EU). Results show that the biofuel scenario, originally designed to mitigate climate change, results in more greenhouse gas emissions when compared to the BAU scenario. This is mainly due to emissions associated with global LUCs. The case study shows that the method enables a broader consideration for environmental effects of biofuel policies than usual LCA: Global economic variations calculated by a general equilibrium economic model and LUC emissions can be evaluated. More work is needed, however, to include new biofuel production technologies and reduce the uncertainty of the method.

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Many countries see biofuels as a replacement to fossil fuels to mitigate climate change. Nevertheless, some concerns remain about the overall benefits of biofuels policies. More comprehensive tools seem required to evaluate indirect effects of biofuel policies. This article proposes a method to evaluate large-scale biofuel policies that is based on life cycle assessment (LCA), environmental extensions of input-output (I-O) tables, and a general equilibrium model. The method enables the assessment of indirect environmental effects of biofuels policies, including land-use changes (LUCs), in the context of economic and demographic growth. The method is illustrated with a case study involving two scenarios. The first one describes the evolution of the world economy from 2006 to 2020 under business as usual (BAU) conditions (including demographic and dietary preferences changes), and the second integrates biofuel policies in the United States and the European Union (EU). Results show that the biofuel scenario, originally designed to mitigate climate change, results in more greenhouse gas emissions when compared to the BAU scenario. This is mainly due to emissions associated with global LUCs. The case study shows that the method enables a broader consideration for environmental effects of biofuel policies than usual LCA: Global economic variations calculated by a general equilibrium economic model and LUC emissions can be evaluated. More work is needed, however, to include new biofuel production technologies and reduce the uncertainty of the method.
Comparative Energy, Resource and Recycling Lifecycle Analysis of the Industrial Repair Process of Gas Turbine Burners Using Conventional Machining and Additive Manufacturinghttp://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/resolve/doi?DOI=10.1111%2Fjiec.12637Comparative Energy, Resource and Recycling Lifecycle Analysis of the Industrial Repair Process of Gas Turbine Burners Using Conventional Machining and Additive ManufacturingFrank Walachowicz, Ingo Bernsdorf, Ulrike Papenfuss, Christine Zeller, Andreas Graichen, Vladimir Navrotsky, Noorie Rajvanshi, Christoph Kiener2017-07-26T05:21:25.535773-05:00doi:10.1111/jiec.12637John Wiley & Sons, Inc.10.1111/jiec.12637http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/resolve/doi?DOI=10.1111%2Fjiec.12637APPLICATIONS AND IMPLEMENTATIONn/an/aSummary

Laser beam melting (LBM), also known as selective laser melting, is a powder bed fusion type of additive manufacturing (AM) technology used to fabricate metal parts from metal powder. LBM is a promising technology that offers new opportunities for increasing resource efficiency. The aim of this study was to compare environmental impacts of conventional manufacturing methods with AM for a real industrial application. Analysis was performed on the repair process of a burner used in a Siemens industrial gas turbine. The results of this study show that the repair process based on AM provides significant reduction in material footprint (abiotic depletion potential), primary energy consumption, and carbon footprint compared to conventional machining and welding processes. Even though the AM process has increased power and inert gas consumption on the shop floor, the complete life cycle shows that the conventional processes have a much higher environmental footprint from material use upstream. Different recycling models of nickel-based alloy and stainless steel scrap strongly influence the cradle-to-gate life cycle footprint. The results show that an AM process can have a sustainability advantage if it is designed in a holistic cradle-to-gate approach. The study also shows potentials for the LBM machine developers for entry into the industrialization of AM. Energy reduction potentials were identified during the idle mode, during operation mode from the supply of cooling duty, and also related to inert gas consumption. Careful consideration of these potentials can further improve the primary energy footprint of the LBM process.

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Laser beam melting (LBM), also known as selective laser melting, is a powder bed fusion type of additive manufacturing (AM) technology used to fabricate metal parts from metal powder. LBM is a promising technology that offers new opportunities for increasing resource efficiency. The aim of this study was to compare environmental impacts of conventional manufacturing methods with AM for a real industrial application. Analysis was performed on the repair process of a burner used in a Siemens industrial gas turbine. The results of this study show that the repair process based on AM provides significant reduction in material footprint (abiotic depletion potential), primary energy consumption, and carbon footprint compared to conventional machining and welding processes. Even though the AM process has increased power and inert gas consumption on the shop floor, the complete life cycle shows that the conventional processes have a much higher environmental footprint from material use upstream. Different recycling models of nickel-based alloy and stainless steel scrap strongly influence the cradle-to-gate life cycle footprint. The results show that an AM process can have a sustainability advantage if it is designed in a holistic cradle-to-gate approach. The study also shows potentials for the LBM machine developers for entry into the industrialization of AM. Energy reduction potentials were identified during the idle mode, during operation mode from the supply of cooling duty, and also related to inert gas consumption. Careful consideration of these potentials can further improve the primary energy footprint of the LBM process.
The Need for a Preference-Based Multicriteria Prioritization Framework in Life Cycle Sustainability Assessmenthttp://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/resolve/doi?DOI=10.1111%2Fjiec.12631The Need for a Preference-Based Multicriteria Prioritization Framework in Life Cycle Sustainability AssessmentEmily Grubert2017-07-25T06:11:09.183608-05:00doi:10.1111/jiec.12631John Wiley & Sons, Inc.10.1111/jiec.12631http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/resolve/doi?DOI=10.1111%2Fjiec.12631RESEARCH AND ANALYSISn/an/aSummary

Life cycle thinking is a valuable tool for integrated assessment of the environmental, social, and economic outcomes of human activities. The combination of the three as life cycle sustainability assessment (LCSA) is a powerful decision support tool, but it also presents important design challenges. Among the most important challenges is how to include subjective information necessary for defining the major elements of a decision: prospects to decide among, uncertainty, risk attitudes, and preferences. Previous work on values in life cycle methods has addressed prospects, uncertainty, and risk attitudes. This article builds on that work by arguing that given LCSA's broad scope, explicit and standardized intercategory preferences are especially important for improving its value for decision makers. Practitioners should not be solely responsible for the value judgments necessary to integrate impact categories within and across environmental life cycle assessment (E-LCA), social LCA (S-LCA), and life cycle costing evaluations for LCSA. Neither should this task fall entirely to decision makers, particularly as life cycle–grounded decisions are highly sensitive to value frames. Individuals are unlikely to be able to meaningfully interpret, evaluate, and determine trade-offs without support. This article thus proposes that LCSA leverage its multiple paradigms to rigorously generate explicit, empirically grounded intercategory preference archetypes for use in evaluating decision robustness, much as cultural theory-based archetypes are currently used to test robustness to risk attitudes. Proof-of-concept data from the United States illustrate this approach, named WELFARES.

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Life cycle thinking is a valuable tool for integrated assessment of the environmental, social, and economic outcomes of human activities. The combination of the three as life cycle sustainability assessment (LCSA) is a powerful decision support tool, but it also presents important design challenges. Among the most important challenges is how to include subjective information necessary for defining the major elements of a decision: prospects to decide among, uncertainty, risk attitudes, and preferences. Previous work on values in life cycle methods has addressed prospects, uncertainty, and risk attitudes. This article builds on that work by arguing that given LCSA's broad scope, explicit and standardized intercategory preferences are especially important for improving its value for decision makers. Practitioners should not be solely responsible for the value judgments necessary to integrate impact categories within and across environmental life cycle assessment (E-LCA), social LCA (S-LCA), and life cycle costing evaluations for LCSA. Neither should this task fall entirely to decision makers, particularly as life cycle–grounded decisions are highly sensitive to value frames. Individuals are unlikely to be able to meaningfully interpret, evaluate, and determine trade-offs without support. This article thus proposes that LCSA leverage its multiple paradigms to rigorously generate explicit, empirically grounded intercategory preference archetypes for use in evaluating decision robustness, much as cultural theory-based archetypes are currently used to test robustness to risk attitudes. Proof-of-concept data from the United States illustrate this approach, named WELFARES.
Thermodynamic Approach to Evaluate the Criticality of Raw Materials and Its Application through a Material Flow Analysis in Europehttp://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/resolve/doi?DOI=10.1111%2Fjiec.12624Thermodynamic Approach to Evaluate the Criticality of Raw Materials and Its Application through a Material Flow Analysis in EuropeGuiomar Calvo, Alicia Valero, Antonio Valero2017-07-21T11:45:34.153225-05:00doi:10.1111/jiec.12624John Wiley & Sons, Inc.10.1111/jiec.12624http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/resolve/doi?DOI=10.1111%2Fjiec.12624RESEARCH AND ANALYSISn/an/aSummary

This paper makes a review of current raw material criticality assessment methodologies and proposes a new approach based on the second law of thermodynamics. This is because conventional methods mostly focus on supply risk and economic importance leaving behind relevant factors, such as the physical quality of substances. The new approach is proposed as an additional dimension for the criticality assessment of raw materials through a variable denoted “thermodynamic rarity,” which accounts for the exergy cost required to obtain a mineral commodity from bare rock, using prevailing technology. Accordingly, a given raw material will be thermodynamically rare if it is: (1) currently energy intensive to obtain and (2) scarce in nature. If a given commodity presents a high risk in two of the three dimensions (economic importance, supply risk, and thermodynamic rarity), it is proposed to be critical. As a result, a new critical material list is presented, adding to the 2014 criticality list of the European Commission (EC) Li, Ta, Te, V, and Mo. With this new list and using Sankey diagrams, a material flow analysis has been carried out for Europe (EU-28) for 2014, comparing the results when using tonnage and thermodynamic rarity as units of measure. Through the latter, one can put emphasis on the quality and not only on the quantity of minerals traded and domestically produced in the region, thereby providing a tool for improving resource management.

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This paper makes a review of current raw material criticality assessment methodologies and proposes a new approach based on the second law of thermodynamics. This is because conventional methods mostly focus on supply risk and economic importance leaving behind relevant factors, such as the physical quality of substances. The new approach is proposed as an additional dimension for the criticality assessment of raw materials through a variable denoted “thermodynamic rarity,” which accounts for the exergy cost required to obtain a mineral commodity from bare rock, using prevailing technology. Accordingly, a given raw material will be thermodynamically rare if it is: (1) currently energy intensive to obtain and (2) scarce in nature. If a given commodity presents a high risk in two of the three dimensions (economic importance, supply risk, and thermodynamic rarity), it is proposed to be critical. As a result, a new critical material list is presented, adding to the 2014 criticality list of the European Commission (EC) Li, Ta, Te, V, and Mo. With this new list and using Sankey diagrams, a material flow analysis has been carried out for Europe (EU-28) for 2014, comparing the results when using tonnage and thermodynamic rarity as units of measure. Through the latter, one can put emphasis on the quality and not only on the quantity of minerals traded and domestically produced in the region, thereby providing a tool for improving resource management.
Environmental Impact Assessment of the Heterogeneity in Consumers’ Usage Behavior: An Agent-Based Modeling Approachhttp://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/resolve/doi?DOI=10.1111%2Fjiec.12622Environmental Impact Assessment of the Heterogeneity in Consumers’ Usage Behavior: An Agent-Based Modeling ApproachArdeshir Raihanian Mashhadi, Sara Behdad2017-07-17T12:06:02.522707-05:00doi:10.1111/jiec.12622John Wiley & Sons, Inc.10.1111/jiec.12622http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/resolve/doi?DOI=10.1111%2Fjiec.12622RESEARCH AND ANALYSISn/an/aSummary

The aim of this study is to develop a framework for understanding the heterogeneity and uncertainties present in the usage phase of the product life cycle through utilizing the capabilities of an agent-based modeling (ABM) technique. An ABM framework is presented to model consumers’ daily product usage decisions and to assess the corresponding electricity consumption patterns. The theory of planned behavior (TPB), with the addition of the habit construct, is used to model agents’ decision-making criteria. A case study is presented on the power management behavior of personal computer users and the possible benefits of using smart metering and feedback systems. The results of the simulation demonstrate that the utilization of smart metering and feedback systems can promote the energy conservation behaviors and reduce the total PC electricity consumption of households by 20%.

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The aim of this study is to develop a framework for understanding the heterogeneity and uncertainties present in the usage phase of the product life cycle through utilizing the capabilities of an agent-based modeling (ABM) technique. An ABM framework is presented to model consumers’ daily product usage decisions and to assess the corresponding electricity consumption patterns. The theory of planned behavior (TPB), with the addition of the habit construct, is used to model agents’ decision-making criteria. A case study is presented on the power management behavior of personal computer users and the possible benefits of using smart metering and feedback systems. The results of the simulation demonstrate that the utilization of smart metering and feedback systems can promote the energy conservation behaviors and reduce the total PC electricity consumption of households by 20%.
Empirical Fuel Consumption and CO2 Emissions of Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicleshttp://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/resolve/doi?DOI=10.1111%2Fjiec.12623Empirical Fuel Consumption and CO2 Emissions of Plug-In Hybrid Electric VehiclesPatrick Plötz, Simon Árpád Funke, Patrick Jochem2017-07-17T12:05:36.361946-05:00doi:10.1111/jiec.12623John Wiley & Sons, Inc.10.1111/jiec.12623http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/resolve/doi?DOI=10.1111%2Fjiec.12623RESEARCH AND ANALYSISn/an/aSummary

Plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs) combine electric and conventional propulsion. Official fuel consumption values of PHEVs are based on standardized driving cycles, which show a growing discrepancy with real-world fuel consumption. However, no comprehensive empirical results on PHEV fuel consumption are available, and the discrepancy between driving cycle and empirical fuel consumption has been conjectured to be large for PHEV. Here, we analyze real-world fuel consumption data from 2,005 individual PHEVs of five PHEV models and observe large variations in individual fuel consumption with deviation from test-cycle values in the range of 2% to 120% for PHEV model averages. Deviations are larger for short-ranged PHEVs. Among others, range and vehicle power are influencing factors for PHEV model fuel consumption with average direct carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions decreasing by 2% to 3% per additional kilometer (km) of electric range. Additional simulations show that PHEVs recharged from renewable electricity can noteworthily reduce well-to-wheel CO2 emissions of passenger cars, but electric ranges should not exceed 200 to 300 km since battery production is CO2-intense. Our findings indicate that regulations should (1) be based on real-world fuel consumption measurements for PHEV, (2) take into account charging behavior and annual mileages, and (3) incentivize long-ranged PHEV.

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Plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs) combine electric and conventional propulsion. Official fuel consumption values of PHEVs are based on standardized driving cycles, which show a growing discrepancy with real-world fuel consumption. However, no comprehensive empirical results on PHEV fuel consumption are available, and the discrepancy between driving cycle and empirical fuel consumption has been conjectured to be large for PHEV. Here, we analyze real-world fuel consumption data from 2,005 individual PHEVs of five PHEV models and observe large variations in individual fuel consumption with deviation from test-cycle values in the range of 2% to 120% for PHEV model averages. Deviations are larger for short-ranged PHEVs. Among others, range and vehicle power are influencing factors for PHEV model fuel consumption with average direct carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions decreasing by 2% to 3% per additional kilometer (km) of electric range. Additional simulations show that PHEVs recharged from renewable electricity can noteworthily reduce well-to-wheel CO2 emissions of passenger cars, but electric ranges should not exceed 200 to 300 km since battery production is CO2-intense. Our findings indicate that regulations should (1) be based on real-world fuel consumption measurements for PHEV, (2) take into account charging behavior and annual mileages, and (3) incentivize long-ranged PHEV.
Economic and Environmental Impact Trade-Offs Related to In-Water Hull Cleanings of Merchant Vesselshttp://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/resolve/doi?DOI=10.1111%2Fjiec.12627Economic and Environmental Impact Trade-Offs Related to In-Water Hull Cleanings of Merchant VesselsAris Pagoropoulos, Louise Laumann Kjaer, Yan Dong, Morten Birkved, Tim C. McAloone2017-07-17T12:00:49.494583-05:00doi:10.1111/jiec.12627John Wiley & Sons, Inc.10.1111/jiec.12627http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/resolve/doi?DOI=10.1111%2Fjiec.12627APPLICATIONS AND IMPLEMENTATIONn/an/aSummary

Merchant vessels are equipped with antifouling systems to prevent accumulation of marine organisms on the hull—a phenomenon known as fouling. In many cases, however, fouling accumulates and in-water hull cleaning is required. Hull cleanings are part of a hull management scheme, and although they are an established practice, their associated environmental and economic trade-offs and conflicts have remained largely unexplored. The purpose of this article is to quantitatively assess both economic and environmental impacts of hull management schemes on the operation of tanker vessels. After identifying induced and avoided costs and environmental impacts from the hull management system, we used both temporally and spatially distributed models to capture the degradation of the antifouling system as well as the global sailing profile of the vessels. Last, we analyzed how each of the modeled impacts varied with the frequency of hull cleanings within the hull management scheme. Our analysis revealed a convex relationship between the frequency of hull cleanings and fuel savings. The higher the frequency of hull cleanings, the less fuel savings can be achieved per cleaning. In terms of costs, from some point on the costs of the service are likely to offset the savings—especially if fuel prices are low. In regards to climate change, avoided emissions due to fuel savings are likely to outweigh the limited impacts from the service itself. Last, while ecosystem impacts from marine, terrestrial, and freshwater eco-toxicity are likely to increase from hull cleanings, they are subject to high uncertainties.

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Merchant vessels are equipped with antifouling systems to prevent accumulation of marine organisms on the hull—a phenomenon known as fouling. In many cases, however, fouling accumulates and in-water hull cleaning is required. Hull cleanings are part of a hull management scheme, and although they are an established practice, their associated environmental and economic trade-offs and conflicts have remained largely unexplored. The purpose of this article is to quantitatively assess both economic and environmental impacts of hull management schemes on the operation of tanker vessels. After identifying induced and avoided costs and environmental impacts from the hull management system, we used both temporally and spatially distributed models to capture the degradation of the antifouling system as well as the global sailing profile of the vessels. Last, we analyzed how each of the modeled impacts varied with the frequency of hull cleanings within the hull management scheme. Our analysis revealed a convex relationship between the frequency of hull cleanings and fuel savings. The higher the frequency of hull cleanings, the less fuel savings can be achieved per cleaning. In terms of costs, from some point on the costs of the service are likely to offset the savings—especially if fuel prices are low. In regards to climate change, avoided emissions due to fuel savings are likely to outweigh the limited impacts from the service itself. Last, while ecosystem impacts from marine, terrestrial, and freshwater eco-toxicity are likely to increase from hull cleanings, they are subject to high uncertainties.
Toward a Sustainable Impeller Production: Environmental Impact Comparison of Different Impeller Manufacturing Methodshttp://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/resolve/doi?DOI=10.1111%2Fjiec.12628Toward a Sustainable Impeller Production: Environmental Impact Comparison of Different Impeller Manufacturing MethodsShitong Peng, Tao Li, Xinlin Wang, Mengmeng Dong, Zhichao Liu, Junli Shi, Hongchao Zhang2017-07-05T08:00:37.905834-05:00doi:10.1111/jiec.12628John Wiley & Sons, Inc.10.1111/jiec.12628http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/resolve/doi?DOI=10.1111%2Fjiec.12628APPLICATIONS AND IMPLEMENTATIONn/an/aSummary

Impellers are the core components of turbomachinery in petrochemical and aeronautical engineering. In addition to conventional manufacturing (CM), additive manufacturing (AM) and remanufacturing (RM) can also be used in impeller production. This article presents a life cycle assessment method comparing the environmental impacts of different impeller manufacturing methods, including plunge milling (CM), laser cladding forming (AM combined with CM), and additive remanufacturing (RM). Results show that RM is the most environmentally favorable option, followed by AM and CM, in terms of global warming potential (GWP), Chinese resource depletion potential (CADP), water eutrophication potential (EP), and acidification potential. However, AM is not always more environmentally friendly than CM. The comparison of impeller production by CM and pure AM, in this case, indicates that the environmental burden of production using pure AM is approximately twice than that of CM. Compared with CM, the RM of impellers would reduce GWP, CADP, and EP by 64.7%, 66.1%, and 75.4%, respectively. The results of this study contribute to a scientific basis for the selection of manufacturing methods and the sustainable manufacturing of impeller production enterprises.

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Impellers are the core components of turbomachinery in petrochemical and aeronautical engineering. In addition to conventional manufacturing (CM), additive manufacturing (AM) and remanufacturing (RM) can also be used in impeller production. This article presents a life cycle assessment method comparing the environmental impacts of different impeller manufacturing methods, including plunge milling (CM), laser cladding forming (AM combined with CM), and additive remanufacturing (RM). Results show that RM is the most environmentally favorable option, followed by AM and CM, in terms of global warming potential (GWP), Chinese resource depletion potential (CADP), water eutrophication potential (EP), and acidification potential. However, AM is not always more environmentally friendly than CM. The comparison of impeller production by CM and pure AM, in this case, indicates that the environmental burden of production using pure AM is approximately twice than that of CM. Compared with CM, the RM of impellers would reduce GWP, CADP, and EP by 64.7%, 66.1%, and 75.4%, respectively. The results of this study contribute to a scientific basis for the selection of manufacturing methods and the sustainable manufacturing of impeller production enterprises.
Global Material Flows and Resource Productivity: Forty Years of Evidencehttp://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/resolve/doi?DOI=10.1111%2Fjiec.12626Global Material Flows and Resource Productivity: Forty Years of EvidenceHeinz Schandl, Marina Fischer-Kowalski, James West, Stefan Giljum, Monika Dittrich, Nina Eisenmenger, Arne Geschke, Mirko Lieber, Hanspeter Wieland, Anke Schaffartzik, Fridolin Krausmann, Sylvia Gierlinger, Karin Hosking, Manfred Lenzen, Hiroki Tanikawa, Alessio Miatto, Tomer Fishman2017-06-30T07:37:21.566608-05:00doi:10.1111/jiec.12626John Wiley & Sons, Inc.10.1111/jiec.12626http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/resolve/doi?DOI=10.1111%2Fjiec.12626RESEARCH AND ANALYSISn/an/aSummary

The international industrial ecology (IE) research community and United Nations (UN) Environment have, for the first time, agreed on an authoritative and comprehensive data set for global material extraction and trade covering 40 years of global economic activity and natural resource use. This new data set is becoming the standard information source for decision making at the UN in the context of the post-2015 development agenda, which acknowledges the strong links between sustainable natural resource management, economic prosperity, and human well-being. Only if economic growth and human development can become substantially decoupled from accelerating material use, waste, and emissions can the tensions inherent in the Sustainable Development Goals be resolved and inclusive human development be achieved. In this paper, we summarize the key findings of the assessment study to make the IE research community aware of this new global research resource. The global results show a massive increase in materials extraction from 22 billion tonnes (Bt) in 1970 to 70 Bt in 2010, and an acceleration in material extraction since 2000. This acceleration has occurred at a time when global population growth has slowed and global economic growth has stalled. The global surge in material extraction has been driven by growing wealth and consumption and accelerating trade. A material footprint perspective shows that demand for materials has grown even in the wealthiest parts of the world. Low-income countries have benefited least from growing global resource availability and have continued to deliver primary materials to high-income countries while experiencing few improvements in their domestic material living standards. Material efficiency, the amount of primary materials required per unit of economic activity, has declined since around 2000 because of a shift of global production from very material-efficient economies to less-efficient ones. This global trend of recoupling economic activity with material use, driven by industrialization and urbanization in the global South, most notably Asia, has negative impacts on a suite of environmental and social issues, including natural resource depletion, climate change, loss of biodiversity, and uneven economic development. This research is a good example of the IE research community providing information for evidence-based policy making on the global stage and testament to the growing importance of IE research in achieving global sustainable development.

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The international industrial ecology (IE) research community and United Nations (UN) Environment have, for the first time, agreed on an authoritative and comprehensive data set for global material extraction and trade covering 40 years of global economic activity and natural resource use. This new data set is becoming the standard information source for decision making at the UN in the context of the post-2015 development agenda, which acknowledges the strong links between sustainable natural resource management, economic prosperity, and human well-being. Only if economic growth and human development can become substantially decoupled from accelerating material use, waste, and emissions can the tensions inherent in the Sustainable Development Goals be resolved and inclusive human development be achieved. In this paper, we summarize the key findings of the assessment study to make the IE research community aware of this new global research resource. The global results show a massive increase in materials extraction from 22 billion tonnes (Bt) in 1970 to 70 Bt in 2010, and an acceleration in material extraction since 2000. This acceleration has occurred at a time when global population growth has slowed and global economic growth has stalled. The global surge in material extraction has been driven by growing wealth and consumption and accelerating trade. A material footprint perspective shows that demand for materials has grown even in the wealthiest parts of the world. Low-income countries have benefited least from growing global resource availability and have continued to deliver primary materials to high-income countries while experiencing few improvements in their domestic material living standards. Material efficiency, the amount of primary materials required per unit of economic activity, has declined since around 2000 because of a shift of global production from very material-efficient economies to less-efficient ones. This global trend of recoupling economic activity with material use, driven by industrialization and urbanization in the global South, most notably Asia, has negative impacts on a suite of environmental and social issues, including natural resource depletion, climate change, loss of biodiversity, and uneven economic development. This research is a good example of the IE research community providing information for evidence-based policy making on the global stage and testament to the growing importance of IE research in achieving global sustainable development.
Life Cycle Assessment of 3D Printed Products in a Distributed Manufacturing Systemhttp://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/resolve/doi?DOI=10.1111%2Fjiec.12618Life Cycle Assessment of 3D Printed Products in a Distributed Manufacturing SystemFelipe Cerdas, Max Juraschek, Sebastian Thiede, Christoph Herrmann2017-06-23T09:26:05.270409-05:00doi:10.1111/jiec.12618John Wiley & Sons, Inc.10.1111/jiec.12618http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/resolve/doi?DOI=10.1111%2Fjiec.12618RESEARCH AND ANALYSISn/an/aSummary

Motivated by the rising costs of doing business overseas and the rise and implementation of digital technologies in production, new strategies are being explored to bring production and demand closer. While concepts like cloud computing, internet of things, and digital manufacturing increasingly gain relevance within the production activities of manufacturing companies, significant advances in three-dimensional (3D) printing technologies offer the possibility for companies to accelerate product development and to consider new supply chain models. Under this production scheme, material supply chains are redefined and energy consumption hotspots are relocated throughout the life cycle of a product. This implies a diversification of energy mixes and raw material sources that poses a risk of shifting problems between life cycle phases and areas of protection. This study compares a conventional mass scale centralized manufacturing system against a 3D printing-supported distributed manufacturing system on the basis of the production of one frame for eyeglasses using the life cycle assessment methodology. The study indicates clearly that the optimization potential is concentrated mainly in the energy consumption at the unit process level and exposes a close link to the printing material employed.

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Motivated by the rising costs of doing business overseas and the rise and implementation of digital technologies in production, new strategies are being explored to bring production and demand closer. While concepts like cloud computing, internet of things, and digital manufacturing increasingly gain relevance within the production activities of manufacturing companies, significant advances in three-dimensional (3D) printing technologies offer the possibility for companies to accelerate product development and to consider new supply chain models. Under this production scheme, material supply chains are redefined and energy consumption hotspots are relocated throughout the life cycle of a product. This implies a diversification of energy mixes and raw material sources that poses a risk of shifting problems between life cycle phases and areas of protection. This study compares a conventional mass scale centralized manufacturing system against a 3D printing-supported distributed manufacturing system on the basis of the production of one frame for eyeglasses using the life cycle assessment methodology. The study indicates clearly that the optimization potential is concentrated mainly in the energy consumption at the unit process level and exposes a close link to the printing material employed.
Industrial and Consumer Uses of Additive Manufacturing: A Discussion of Capabilities, Trajectories, and Challengeshttp://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/resolve/doi?DOI=10.1111%2Fjiec.12609Industrial and Consumer Uses of Additive Manufacturing: A Discussion of Capabilities, Trajectories, and ChallengesHaden Edward Quinlan, Talha Hasan, John Jaddou, A. John Hart2017-06-16T06:40:40.14398-05:00doi:10.1111/jiec.12609John Wiley & Sons, Inc.10.1111/jiec.12609http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/resolve/doi?DOI=10.1111%2Fjiec.12609ADDITIVE MANUFACTURINGn/an/aIndia's E-Waste Rules and Their Impact on E-Waste Management Practices: A Case Studyhttp://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/resolve/doi?DOI=10.1111%2Fjiec.12619India's E-Waste Rules and Their Impact on E-Waste Management Practices: A Case StudyKalyan Bhaskar, Rama Mohana Rao Turaga2017-06-16T06:35:42.208252-05:00doi:10.1111/jiec.12619John Wiley & Sons, Inc.10.1111/jiec.12619http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/resolve/doi?DOI=10.1111%2Fjiec.12619APPLICATIONS AND IMPLEMENTATIONn/an/aSummary

India, like many other developed and developing countries, has adopted an extended producer responsibility (EPR) approach for electronic waste (e-waste) management under its E-waste (Management and Handling) Rules, 2011. Under these rules, producers have been made responsible for setting up collection centers of e-waste and financing and organizing a system for environmentally sound management of e-waste. In this article, we use the implementation of these rules in Ahmedabad in western India as a case study to conduct a critical analysis of the implementation of India's Rules. Interviews of main stakeholder groups, including a sample of regulated commercial establishments, regulatory agencies enforcing the Rules, informal actors involved in waste collection and handling, as well as publicly available information on the implementation constitute data for our case study. Our results indicate that while there has been an increase in the formal waste processing capacity after the implementation of the Rules, only 5% to 15% of the total waste generated is likely channeled through formal processing facilities. While the EPR regulation forced the producers to take action on a few relatively inexpensive aspects of the Rules, the collection and recycling system has not been made convenient for the consumers to deposit e-waste in formal collection and recycling centers. Based on our findings, we argue that Indian EPR regulation should go beyond simple take-back mandates and consider implementing other policy instruments such as a deposit-refund system. An important implication for developing countries is the need for careful attention to instrument choice and design within EPR regulations.

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India, like many other developed and developing countries, has adopted an extended producer responsibility (EPR) approach for electronic waste (e-waste) management under its E-waste (Management and Handling) Rules, 2011. Under these rules, producers have been made responsible for setting up collection centers of e-waste and financing and organizing a system for environmentally sound management of e-waste. In this article, we use the implementation of these rules in Ahmedabad in western India as a case study to conduct a critical analysis of the implementation of India's Rules. Interviews of main stakeholder groups, including a sample of regulated commercial establishments, regulatory agencies enforcing the Rules, informal actors involved in waste collection and handling, as well as publicly available information on the implementation constitute data for our case study. Our results indicate that while there has been an increase in the formal waste processing capacity after the implementation of the Rules, only 5% to 15% of the total waste generated is likely channeled through formal processing facilities. While the EPR regulation forced the producers to take action on a few relatively inexpensive aspects of the Rules, the collection and recycling system has not been made convenient for the consumers to deposit e-waste in formal collection and recycling centers. Based on our findings, we argue that Indian EPR regulation should go beyond simple take-back mandates and consider implementing other policy instruments such as a deposit-refund system. An important implication for developing countries is the need for careful attention to instrument choice and design within EPR regulations.
Corporate Carbon and Financial Performance: A Meta-analysishttp://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/resolve/doi?DOI=10.1111%2Fjiec.12591Corporate Carbon and Financial Performance: A Meta-analysisTimo Busch, Stefan Lewandowski2017-06-09T06:49:05.367435-05:00doi:10.1111/jiec.12591John Wiley & Sons, Inc.10.1111/jiec.12591http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/resolve/doi?DOI=10.1111%2Fjiec.12591RESEARCH AND ANALYSISn/an/aAbstract

We use meta-analytical techniques to address the question“When does it pay to be green?” Existing meta-studies in this research field cover a range of ecological issues and synthesize a variety of environmental performance measurements. This precludes a detailed examination of how differences in measurement approaches account for variations in empirical results. In order to conduct such an examination, we focus on only one ecological issue, climate change, and one particular operational performance dimension: corporate carbon performance as expressed by a firm's level of carbon dioxide (CO2) emission equivalents. Our sample comprises 68 estimations from 32 empirical studies, covering a total of 101,775 observations. In addition to our examination of the causal relationship, we analyze whether differences in operationalizations of carbon performance and financial performance predetermine empirical outcomes. The meta-analytic findings indicate that carbon emissions vary inversely with financial performance, indicating that good carbon performance is generally positively related to superior financial performance. The results show that relative emissions are more likely to produce statistically significant results than absolute emissions. Furthermore, market-based measures of financial performance are more positively related to carbon performance than accounting-based measures. We conclude that measurement characteristics, which were not analyzed in detail by previous meta-studies, may present a great source of cross-study variability.

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We use meta-analytical techniques to address the question“When does it pay to be green?” Existing meta-studies in this research field cover a range of ecological issues and synthesize a variety of environmental performance measurements. This precludes a detailed examination of how differences in measurement approaches account for variations in empirical results. In order to conduct such an examination, we focus on only one ecological issue, climate change, and one particular operational performance dimension: corporate carbon performance as expressed by a firm's level of carbon dioxide (CO2) emission equivalents. Our sample comprises 68 estimations from 32 empirical studies, covering a total of 101,775 observations. In addition to our examination of the causal relationship, we analyze whether differences in operationalizations of carbon performance and financial performance predetermine empirical outcomes. The meta-analytic findings indicate that carbon emissions vary inversely with financial performance, indicating that good carbon performance is generally positively related to superior financial performance. The results show that relative emissions are more likely to produce statistically significant results than absolute emissions. Furthermore, market-based measures of financial performance are more positively related to carbon performance than accounting-based measures. We conclude that measurement characteristics, which were not analyzed in detail by previous meta-studies, may present a great source of cross-study variability.The Nexus of Carbon, Nitrogen, and Biodiversity Impacts from Urban Metabolismhttp://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/resolve/doi?DOI=10.1111%2Fjiec.12611The Nexus of Carbon, Nitrogen, and Biodiversity Impacts from Urban MetabolismShweta Singh, Christopher Kennedy2017-06-06T05:20:39.581181-05:00doi:10.1111/jiec.12611John Wiley & Sons, Inc.10.1111/jiec.12611http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/resolve/doi?DOI=10.1111%2Fjiec.12611RESEARCH AND ANALYSISn/an/aSummary

Methodology is developed for linking the urban metabolism (UM) to global environmental stresses on the carbon (C) cycle, nitrogen (N) cycle, and biodiversity loss. UM variables are systematically mapped to the drivers of carbon, nitrogen, and biodiversity impacts. Change in mean species abundance is used as metric of biodiversity loss, by adopting the dose-response relationships from the GLOBIO model. The main biodiversity drivers related to UM included here are land-use change (LUC) and atmospheric N deposition. The methodology is demonstrated by studying the nexus for Shanghai in 2006, based on energy and soybean consumption. Results for Shanghai show a strong nexus between C, N, and biodiversity impact due to electricity consumption and energy used in manufacturing industries and construction. Prioritization of the shift away from coal energy will therefore lead to lowering the urban growth impact on all three dimensions. Road transportation, domestic aviation, and the metal industry impact only the C footprint highly, whereas district energy impacts only biodiversity loss highly, showing a weak nexus. Among the global impacts of soybean consumption in Shanghai on biodiversity loss (due to LUC only), the highest impact occurs in Uruguay (0.52%) followed by Brazil (0.05%) and Argentina (0.02%). The local impact on biodiversity loss (i.e., within China) of soybean consumption in Shanghai is 1.03%. However, the methodology and results are limited due to the partial inclusion of drivers, a carbon footprint based on carbon dioxide emissions only, and limitations of biodiversity loss models. Potential to overcome methodological limitations is discussed.

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Methodology is developed for linking the urban metabolism (UM) to global environmental stresses on the carbon (C) cycle, nitrogen (N) cycle, and biodiversity loss. UM variables are systematically mapped to the drivers of carbon, nitrogen, and biodiversity impacts. Change in mean species abundance is used as metric of biodiversity loss, by adopting the dose-response relationships from the GLOBIO model. The main biodiversity drivers related to UM included here are land-use change (LUC) and atmospheric N deposition. The methodology is demonstrated by studying the nexus for Shanghai in 2006, based on energy and soybean consumption. Results for Shanghai show a strong nexus between C, N, and biodiversity impact due to electricity consumption and energy used in manufacturing industries and construction. Prioritization of the shift away from coal energy will therefore lead to lowering the urban growth impact on all three dimensions. Road transportation, domestic aviation, and the metal industry impact only the C footprint highly, whereas district energy impacts only biodiversity loss highly, showing a weak nexus. Among the global impacts of soybean consumption in Shanghai on biodiversity loss (due to LUC only), the highest impact occurs in Uruguay (0.52%) followed by Brazil (0.05%) and Argentina (0.02%). The local impact on biodiversity loss (i.e., within China) of soybean consumption in Shanghai is 1.03%. However, the methodology and results are limited due to the partial inclusion of drivers, a carbon footprint based on carbon dioxide emissions only, and limitations of biodiversity loss models. Potential to overcome methodological limitations is discussed.
Environmental Evaluation of Industry Cluster Strategies with a Life Cycle Perspective: Replacing Fossil Feedstock with Forest-Based Feedstock and Increasing Thermal Energy Integrationhttp://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/resolve/doi?DOI=10.1111%2Fjiec.12620Environmental Evaluation of Industry Cluster Strategies with a Life Cycle Perspective: Replacing Fossil Feedstock with Forest-Based Feedstock and Increasing Thermal Energy IntegrationFrida Røyne, Roman Hackl, Emma Ringström, Johanna Berlin2017-06-06T05:20:32.051929-05:00doi:10.1111/jiec.12620John Wiley & Sons, Inc.10.1111/jiec.12620http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/resolve/doi?DOI=10.1111%2Fjiec.12620RESEARCH AND ANALYSISn/an/aSummary

Symbiotic linkages in industry clusters in the form of interconnected materials, energy and information flows, and close proximity provide unique opportunities to develop efficient environmental strategies. The purpose of our study is to examine the practical potential of applying a life cycle approach in strategy evaluations, as the environmental impact caused by industrial symbiosis systems outside the company gates has been scarcely addressed. This is done by evaluating two strategies for an industry cluster in Sweden: (1) to replace a share of the fossil feedstock used in the industry cluster with forest-based feedstock and (2) to improve energy efficiency through thermal energy integration. The environmental impact reduction potential of the strategies is evaluated using life cycle assessment. The ratio between investment cost and reduced global warming potential is used as an indicator to evaluate the cost-effectiveness of the strategies. Results demonstrate the importance of applying a life cycle perspective as the assessment outcome depends heavily on whether only on-site consequences are assessed or if upstream and downstream processes are also included. 20% of the greenhouse gas emission reduction of the energy integration strategy occurs off-site, whereas the forest strategy has the largest reduction potential off-site, >80%.

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Symbiotic linkages in industry clusters in the form of interconnected materials, energy and information flows, and close proximity provide unique opportunities to develop efficient environmental strategies. The purpose of our study is to examine the practical potential of applying a life cycle approach in strategy evaluations, as the environmental impact caused by industrial symbiosis systems outside the company gates has been scarcely addressed. This is done by evaluating two strategies for an industry cluster in Sweden: (1) to replace a share of the fossil feedstock used in the industry cluster with forest-based feedstock and (2) to improve energy efficiency through thermal energy integration. The environmental impact reduction potential of the strategies is evaluated using life cycle assessment. The ratio between investment cost and reduced global warming potential is used as an indicator to evaluate the cost-effectiveness of the strategies. Results demonstrate the importance of applying a life cycle perspective as the assessment outcome depends heavily on whether only on-site consequences are assessed or if upstream and downstream processes are also included. 20% of the greenhouse gas emission reduction of the energy integration strategy occurs off-site, whereas the forest strategy has the largest reduction potential off-site, >80%.
Global Life Cycle Paper Flows, Recycling Metrics, and Material Efficiencyhttp://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/resolve/doi?DOI=10.1111%2Fjiec.12613Global Life Cycle Paper Flows, Recycling Metrics, and Material EfficiencyStijn Ewijk, Julia A. Stegemann, Paul Ekins2017-06-06T05:20:28.554379-05:00doi:10.1111/jiec.12613John Wiley & Sons, Inc.10.1111/jiec.12613http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/resolve/doi?DOI=10.1111%2Fjiec.12613RESEARCH AND ANALYSISn/an/aSummary

Despite major improvements in recycling over the last decades, the pulp and paper sector is a significant contributor to global greenhouse gas emissions and other environmental pressures. Further reduction of virgin material requirements and environmental impacts requires a detailed understanding of the global material flows in paper production and consumption. This study constructs a Sankey diagram of global material flows in the paper life cycle, from primary inputs to end-of-life waste treatment, based on a review of publicly available data. It then analyzes potential improvements in material flows and discusses recycling and material efficiency metrics. The article argues that the use of the collection rate as a recycling metric does not directly stimulate avoidance of virgin inputs and associated impacts. An alternative metric compares paper for recycling (recovered paper) with total fibrous inputs and indicates that the current rate is at just over half of the technical potential. Material efficiency metrics are found to be more useful if they relate to the reuse potential of wastes. The material balance developed in this research provides a solid basis for further study of global sustainable production and consumption of paper. The conclusions on recycling and efficiency should be considered for improving environmental assessment and stimulating a shift toward resource efficiency and the circular economy.

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Despite major improvements in recycling over the last decades, the pulp and paper sector is a significant contributor to global greenhouse gas emissions and other environmental pressures. Further reduction of virgin material requirements and environmental impacts requires a detailed understanding of the global material flows in paper production and consumption. This study constructs a Sankey diagram of global material flows in the paper life cycle, from primary inputs to end-of-life waste treatment, based on a review of publicly available data. It then analyzes potential improvements in material flows and discusses recycling and material efficiency metrics. The article argues that the use of the collection rate as a recycling metric does not directly stimulate avoidance of virgin inputs and associated impacts. An alternative metric compares paper for recycling (recovered paper) with total fibrous inputs and indicates that the current rate is at just over half of the technical potential. Material efficiency metrics are found to be more useful if they relate to the reuse potential of wastes. The material balance developed in this research provides a solid basis for further study of global sustainable production and consumption of paper. The conclusions on recycling and efficiency should be considered for improving environmental assessment and stimulating a shift toward resource efficiency and the circular economy.
Response to Comment on “Weighting and Aggregation in Life Cycle Assessment: Do Present Aggregated Single Scores Provide Correct Decision Support?”http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/resolve/doi?DOI=10.1111%2Fjiec.12621Response to Comment on “Weighting and Aggregation in Life Cycle Assessment: Do Present Aggregated Single Scores Provide Correct Decision Support?”Pradip Kalbar, Morten Birkved, Simon Elsborg Nygaard, Michael Hauschild2017-06-06T05:20:20.930383-05:00doi:10.1111/jiec.12621John Wiley & Sons, Inc.10.1111/jiec.12621http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/resolve/doi?DOI=10.1111%2Fjiec.12621Letter to the Editorn/an/aRenewable Energy and Carbon Management in the Cradle-to-Cradle Certification: Limitations and Opportunitieshttp://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/resolve/doi?DOI=10.1111%2Fjiec.12594Renewable Energy and Carbon Management in the Cradle-to-Cradle Certification: Limitations and OpportunitiesMonia Niero, Stig I. Olsen, Alexis Laurent2017-06-06T05:19:07.978807-05:00doi:10.1111/jiec.12594John Wiley & Sons, Inc.10.1111/jiec.12594http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/resolve/doi?DOI=10.1111%2Fjiec.12594RESEARCH AND ANALYSISn/an/aSummary

As part of the Cradle to Cradle® (C2C) certification program, the C2C certification criterion, Renewable Energy and Carbon Management (RE&CM), focuses on use of electricity from renewable energy (RE) and direct greenhouse gas offsets in the manufacturing stage and, to a limited extent, on the cradle to gate only at the highest level of certification. The aim of this study is to provide decision makers with a quantified overview of possible limitations of that C2C certification requirement and potential gains by introducing a full life cycle assessment (LCA) perspective to the scheme. Scenario analysis was used to perform an LCA of an aluminum can system representing different levels of the C2C certification criterion, RE&CM, considering different strategies to achieve 100% RE in the manufacturing stage. The adoption of a broader life cycle RE perspective was considered through the implementation of electricity from renewable sources from cradle to grave. Our results show that compliance with the current RE&CM certification framework offers limited benefits, that is, significant reduction for climate change, but negligible reductions for other environmental impacts (e.g., particulate matter and acidification). However, increasing the share of RE in the primary aluminum production from a full life cycle perspective can greatly increase the environmental benefits brought up by the C2C certification not only for climate change, but also for the broader range of impact categories. In our striving toward environmental sustainability, which often cannot be approximated by climate-change impacts alone, we therefore recommend decision makers in industries to combine the C2C certification with LCA when they define strategies for the selection of RE and raw materials suppliers.

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As part of the Cradle to Cradle® (C2C) certification program, the C2C certification criterion, Renewable Energy and Carbon Management (RE&CM), focuses on use of electricity from renewable energy (RE) and direct greenhouse gas offsets in the manufacturing stage and, to a limited extent, on the cradle to gate only at the highest level of certification. The aim of this study is to provide decision makers with a quantified overview of possible limitations of that C2C certification requirement and potential gains by introducing a full life cycle assessment (LCA) perspective to the scheme. Scenario analysis was used to perform an LCA of an aluminum can system representing different levels of the C2C certification criterion, RE&CM, considering different strategies to achieve 100% RE in the manufacturing stage. The adoption of a broader life cycle RE perspective was considered through the implementation of electricity from renewable sources from cradle to grave. Our results show that compliance with the current RE&CM certification framework offers limited benefits, that is, significant reduction for climate change, but negligible reductions for other environmental impacts (e.g., particulate matter and acidification). However, increasing the share of RE in the primary aluminum production from a full life cycle perspective can greatly increase the environmental benefits brought up by the C2C certification not only for climate change, but also for the broader range of impact categories. In our striving toward environmental sustainability, which often cannot be approximated by climate-change impacts alone, we therefore recommend decision makers in industries to combine the C2C certification with LCA when they define strategies for the selection of RE and raw materials suppliers.
Comparison of Tools for Quantifying the Environmental Performance of an Urban Territoryhttp://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/resolve/doi?DOI=10.1111%2Fjiec.12614Comparison of Tools for Quantifying the Environmental Performance of an Urban TerritoryAna Dias, Diogo Lemos, Xavier Gabarrell, Luis Arroja2017-05-30T07:31:09.040094-05:00doi:10.1111/jiec.12614John Wiley & Sons, Inc.10.1111/jiec.12614http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/resolve/doi?DOI=10.1111%2Fjiec.12614RESEARCH AND ANALYSISn/an/aSummary

To support effective urban policies aimed at decreasing the environmental impacts of cities, it is important to develop robust tools for accounting those impacts. Environmentally extended input-output analysis (EEIOA) is among the most used tools for this purpose, allowing the quantification of both direct and indirect impacts. Life cycle assessment (LCA) is also a holistic and comprehensive tool that accounts for direct and indirect impacts—but its application to cities is still very recent. This study aims at applying EEIOA and LCA to the municipality of Aveiro (Portugal) in order to compare the outcomes of the two tools in terms of total impacts (climate change and fossil fuel depletion) and hotspots (sectors/products contributing most to the impacts), to identify limitations and advantages of the tools when applied to Aveiro, and to illustrate how LCA can be applied to cities. The total impacts estimated with LCA and EEIOA were similar and the hotspots were also the same: transports, food, construction, and electricity. However, the relative contribution of some sectors was very different in the two tools due to methodological differences mainly in system boundaries, type of activities or products considered in each sector, and geographical coverage of impact data. This study concludes that the analyzed tools can provide complementary results to support decision making concerning urban planning and management.

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To support effective urban policies aimed at decreasing the environmental impacts of cities, it is important to develop robust tools for accounting those impacts. Environmentally extended input-output analysis (EEIOA) is among the most used tools for this purpose, allowing the quantification of both direct and indirect impacts. Life cycle assessment (LCA) is also a holistic and comprehensive tool that accounts for direct and indirect impacts—but its application to cities is still very recent. This study aims at applying EEIOA and LCA to the municipality of Aveiro (Portugal) in order to compare the outcomes of the two tools in terms of total impacts (climate change and fossil fuel depletion) and hotspots (sectors/products contributing most to the impacts), to identify limitations and advantages of the tools when applied to Aveiro, and to illustrate how LCA can be applied to cities. The total impacts estimated with LCA and EEIOA were similar and the hotspots were also the same: transports, food, construction, and electricity. However, the relative contribution of some sectors was very different in the two tools due to methodological differences mainly in system boundaries, type of activities or products considered in each sector, and geographical coverage of impact data. This study concludes that the analyzed tools can provide complementary results to support decision making concerning urban planning and management.
Addressing Hazardous Implications of Additive Manufacturing: Complementing Life Cycle Assessment with a Framework for Evaluating Direct Human Health and Environmental Impactshttp://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/resolve/doi?DOI=10.1111%2Fjiec.12587Addressing Hazardous Implications of Additive Manufacturing: Complementing Life Cycle Assessment with a Framework for Evaluating Direct Human Health and Environmental ImpactsJustin Bours, Brian Adzima, Susan Gladwin, Julia Cabral, Serena Mau2017-05-27T04:55:29.047573-05:00doi:10.1111/jiec.12587John Wiley & Sons, Inc.10.1111/jiec.12587http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/resolve/doi?DOI=10.1111%2Fjiec.12587METHODS, TOOLS, AND SOFTWAREn/an/aSummary

Additive manufacturing (AM) is transforming manufacturing technology and the distribution of production capital. As the use of three-dimensional printers begins to extend into homes, schools, and factories, the industry is not well equipped to address the potential for deleterious environmental and health impacts. Proactive assessment tools are needed so that materials developers and designers, printer operators, and print end users can create and choose the most appropriate and safe materials and AM processes based on their use cases. Current life cycle assessments (LCAs) do not provide sufficient information to support materials decisions based on concerns about hazard exposure. To address this shortcoming, we developed a framework that complements LCA with hazard and green design metrics derived from analyzing human health and environmental impacts in the later stages of the AM life cycle. We then identified suitable existing methodologies for evaluation across these stages and synthesized the methodologies into higher-level metrics for comparative analysis of materials. To illustrate the benefits of this framework, we compared two common AM materials: Autodesk Standard Clear Prototyping Resin (PR48), an open-source formulation used in photopolymerization processing AM, and bio–polylactic acid, a ubiquitous, biosourced polymer used in an extrusion-based AM system called fused filament fabrication.

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Additive manufacturing (AM) is transforming manufacturing technology and the distribution of production capital. As the use of three-dimensional printers begins to extend into homes, schools, and factories, the industry is not well equipped to address the potential for deleterious environmental and health impacts. Proactive assessment tools are needed so that materials developers and designers, printer operators, and print end users can create and choose the most appropriate and safe materials and AM processes based on their use cases. Current life cycle assessments (LCAs) do not provide sufficient information to support materials decisions based on concerns about hazard exposure. To address this shortcoming, we developed a framework that complements LCA with hazard and green design metrics derived from analyzing human health and environmental impacts in the later stages of the AM life cycle. We then identified suitable existing methodologies for evaluation across these stages and synthesized the methodologies into higher-level metrics for comparative analysis of materials. To illustrate the benefits of this framework, we compared two common AM materials: Autodesk Standard Clear Prototyping Resin (PR48), an open-source formulation used in photopolymerization processing AM, and bio–polylactic acid, a ubiquitous, biosourced polymer used in an extrusion-based AM system called fused filament fabrication.
The Social Metabolism: A Socio-Ecological Theory of Historical Change, by Manuel González de Molina and Víctor M. Toledo. Cham, Switzerland: Springer International, 2014, 355 pp., eBook ISBN 978-3-319-06358-4, hardcover ISBN 978-3-319-06357-7, softcover ISBN 978-3-319-35189-6, eBook $99.00, hardcover $129.00, softcover $129.00.http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/resolve/doi?DOI=10.1111%2Fjiec.12615The Social Metabolism: A Socio-Ecological Theory of Historical Change, by Manuel González de Molina and Víctor M. Toledo. Cham, Switzerland: Springer International, 2014, 355 pp., eBook ISBN 978-3-319-06358-4, hardcover ISBN 978-3-319-06357-7, softcover ISBN 978-3-319-35189-6, eBook $99.00, hardcover $129.00, softcover $129.00.José C. Pons2017-05-27T04:55:23.921649-05:00doi:10.1111/jiec.12615John Wiley & Sons, Inc.10.1111/jiec.12615http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/resolve/doi?DOI=10.1111%2Fjiec.12615BOOK REVIEWSn/an/aChoice of Allocations and Constructs for Attributional or Consequential Life Cycle Assessment and Input-Output Analysishttp://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/resolve/doi?DOI=10.1111%2Fjiec.12604Choice of Allocations and Constructs for Attributional or Consequential Life Cycle Assessment and Input-Output AnalysisGuillaume Majeau-Bettez, Thomas Dandres, Stefan Pauliuk, Richard Wood, Edgar Hertwich, Réjean Samson, Anders Hammer Strømman2017-05-27T04:50:29.988959-05:00doi:10.1111/jiec.12604John Wiley & Sons, Inc.10.1111/jiec.12604http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/resolve/doi?DOI=10.1111%2Fjiec.12604RESEARCH AND ANALYSISn/an/aSummary

The divide between attributional and consequential research perspectives partly overlaps with the long-standing methodological discussions in the life cycle assessment (LCA) and input-output analysis (IO) research communities on the choice of techniques and models for dealing with situations of coproduction.

The recent harmonization of LCA allocations and IO constructs revealed a more diverse set of coproduction models than had previously been understood. This increased flexibility and transparency in inventory modeling warrants a re-evaluation of the treatment of coproduction in analyses with attributional and consequential perspectives.

In the present article, the main types of coproductions situations and of coproduction models are reviewed, along with key desirable characteristics of attributional and consequential studies. A concordance analysis leads to clear recommendations, which call for important refinements to current guidelines for both LCA/IO practitioners and database developers. We notably challenge the simple association between, on the one hand, attributional LCA and partition allocation, and on the one hand, consequential LCA and substitution modeling.

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The divide between attributional and consequential research perspectives partly overlaps with the long-standing methodological discussions in the life cycle assessment (LCA) and input-output analysis (IO) research communities on the choice of techniques and models for dealing with situations of coproduction.
The recent harmonization of LCA allocations and IO constructs revealed a more diverse set of coproduction models than had previously been understood. This increased flexibility and transparency in inventory modeling warrants a re-evaluation of the treatment of coproduction in analyses with attributional and consequential perspectives.
In the present article, the main types of coproductions situations and of coproduction models are reviewed, along with key desirable characteristics of attributional and consequential studies. A concordance analysis leads to clear recommendations, which call for important refinements to current guidelines for both LCA/IO practitioners and database developers. We notably challenge the simple association between, on the one hand, attributional LCA and partition allocation, and on the one hand, consequential LCA and substitution modeling.Additive Manufacturing in Operations and Supply Chain Management: No Sustainability Benefit or Virtuous Knock-On Opportunities?http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/resolve/doi?DOI=10.1111%2Fjiec.12580Additive Manufacturing in Operations and Supply Chain Management: No Sustainability Benefit or Virtuous Knock-On Opportunities?Jan Holmström, Timothy Gutowski2017-05-27T04:50:24.259738-05:00doi:10.1111/jiec.12580John Wiley & Sons, Inc.10.1111/jiec.12580http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/resolve/doi?DOI=10.1111%2Fjiec.12580ADDITIVE MANUFACTURINGn/an/aEconomic Development Matters: A Meta-Regression Analysis on the Relation between Environmental Management and Financial Performancehttp://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/resolve/doi?DOI=10.1111%2Fjiec.12573Economic Development Matters: A Meta-Regression Analysis on the Relation between Environmental Management and Financial PerformanceMarkus Hang, Jerome Geyer-Klingeberg, Andreas Rathgeber, Stefan Stöckl2017-05-17T05:31:08.0214-05:00doi:10.1111/jiec.12573John Wiley & Sons, Inc.10.1111/jiec.12573http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/resolve/doi?DOI=10.1111%2Fjiec.12573RESEARCH AND ANALYSISn/an/aSummary

Although the existing body of empirical literature on the relation between corporate environmental performance (CEP) and corporate financial performance (CFP) is continuously growing, results are still inconclusive about this fundamental question in industrial ecology. Comparisons are difficult because of various estimation methods as well as the overall heterogeneous and complex interaction between the two constructs, but especially because of country-specific data sets. Consequently, we raise the question of whether regional differences are the driving force buried underneath the inconclusiveness. Therefore, the aim of this article is to explore this heterogeneity by aggregating 893 existing results from 142 empirical primary studies that are based on more than 750,000 firm-year observations. Our findings suggest a convex impact of a country's economic development on the magnitude of the CEP-CFP effect (i.e., the effect is positive in developing countries, disappears in emerging countries, and is again positive in highly developed countries). We also find that the overall positive relation strengthens for market-based CFP measures and diminishes for countries with civil law systems, firms from the service sector, reactive environmental activities, and process-based CEP measures. Further, several aspects of the examined data sample and the inclusion of relevant control variables explain heterogeneity in previous research results.

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Although the existing body of empirical literature on the relation between corporate environmental performance (CEP) and corporate financial performance (CFP) is continuously growing, results are still inconclusive about this fundamental question in industrial ecology. Comparisons are difficult because of various estimation methods as well as the overall heterogeneous and complex interaction between the two constructs, but especially because of country-specific data sets. Consequently, we raise the question of whether regional differences are the driving force buried underneath the inconclusiveness. Therefore, the aim of this article is to explore this heterogeneity by aggregating 893 existing results from 142 empirical primary studies that are based on more than 750,000 firm-year observations. Our findings suggest a convex impact of a country's economic development on the magnitude of the CEP-CFP effect (i.e., the effect is positive in developing countries, disappears in emerging countries, and is again positive in highly developed countries). We also find that the overall positive relation strengthens for market-based CFP measures and diminishes for countries with civil law systems, firms from the service sector, reactive environmental activities, and process-based CEP measures. Further, several aspects of the examined data sample and the inclusion of relevant control variables explain heterogeneity in previous research results.
Assessment of the Industrial Tomato Processing Water Energy Nexus: A Case Study at a Processing Facilityhttp://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/resolve/doi?DOI=10.1111%2Fjiec.12600Assessment of the Industrial Tomato Processing Water Energy Nexus: A Case Study at a Processing FacilityRicardo Amón, Tony Wong, Donald Kazama, Mike Maulhardt, Thomas Maulhardt, Christopher W. Simmons2017-05-17T05:26:03.655561-05:00doi:10.1111/jiec.12600John Wiley & Sons, Inc.10.1111/jiec.12600http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/resolve/doi?DOI=10.1111%2Fjiec.12600RESEARCH AND ANALYSISn/an/aSummary

Increased demand for water and energy and growing recognition of environmental issues motivate awareness of how these resources are used in industry. Industrial tomato processing consumes substantial quantities of both water and energy. To understand how these resources are used in tomato processing and what opportunities exist for improving efficiency, a water energy nexus (WEN) assessment was conducted that accounted for the various ways energy becomes embedded in water during processing by motors, pumps, fans, and boilers. The WEN assessment was conducted at an industrial tomato processing facility that processed 265 metric tonnes of fruit per hour to develop a map of water and associated energy use at each processing step. A total of 1.29 billion kilograms (kg) of water were used for the processing season, with 870 million kg routed to flumes. The analysis identified the thermal energy used to generate steam for the various heat exchangers and evaporators used during processing as the greatest source of embedded energy in process water (778,000 gigajoules per season). The electrical energy embedded in the process water totaled 4.4 million kilowatt-hours per season, over 80% of which was attributed to pumping. Moreover, the data were used to identify opportunities to improve efficiency by adjusting water loads on equipment and developing strategies for water and energy conservation and recovery. The baseline water and energy use data provided by the WEN assessment can enable additional modeling to assess resource efficiency measures and the life cycle impact of processed tomato products.

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Increased demand for water and energy and growing recognition of environmental issues motivate awareness of how these resources are used in industry. Industrial tomato processing consumes substantial quantities of both water and energy. To understand how these resources are used in tomato processing and what opportunities exist for improving efficiency, a water energy nexus (WEN) assessment was conducted that accounted for the various ways energy becomes embedded in water during processing by motors, pumps, fans, and boilers. The WEN assessment was conducted at an industrial tomato processing facility that processed 265 metric tonnes of fruit per hour to develop a map of water and associated energy use at each processing step. A total of 1.29 billion kilograms (kg) of water were used for the processing season, with 870 million kg routed to flumes. The analysis identified the thermal energy used to generate steam for the various heat exchangers and evaporators used during processing as the greatest source of embedded energy in process water (778,000 gigajoules per season). The electrical energy embedded in the process water totaled 4.4 million kilowatt-hours per season, over 80% of which was attributed to pumping. Moreover, the data were used to identify opportunities to improve efficiency by adjusting water loads on equipment and developing strategies for water and energy conservation and recovery. The baseline water and energy use data provided by the WEN assessment can enable additional modeling to assess resource efficiency measures and the life cycle impact of processed tomato products.
A Methodical Approach for Systematic Life Cycle Assessment of Wood-Based Furniturehttp://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/resolve/doi?DOI=10.1111%2Fjiec.12581A Methodical Approach for Systematic Life Cycle Assessment of Wood-Based FurnitureJan L. Wenker, Klaus Richter, Sebastian Rüter2017-05-10T05:10:32.56141-05:00doi:10.1111/jiec.12581John Wiley & Sons, Inc.10.1111/jiec.12581http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/resolve/doi?DOI=10.1111%2Fjiec.12581RESEARCH AND ANALYSISn/an/aSummary

Existing life cycle assessment (LCA) studies for furniture focus on single pieces of furniture and use a bottom-up approach based on their bill of materials (BOM) to build up the data inventories. This approach does not ensure completeness regarding material and energy fluxes and representativeness regarding the product portfolio. Integrating material and energy fluxes collected at company level into product LCA (top-down approach) over-rides this drawback. This article presents a method for systematic LCA of industrially produced furniture that merges the top-down approach and bottom-up approach. The developed method assigns data collected at the company level to the different products while, at the same time, considering that wood-based furniture is a complex product. Hence, several classifications to reduce the complexity to a manageable level have been developed. Simultaneously, a systematic calculation routine was established. The practical implementation of the developed method for systematic LCA is carried out in a case study within the German furniture industry. The system boundary was set in accord with the EN 15804 specification cradle-to-gate-with-options. The analysis therefore includes the manufacturing phase supplemented by an end-of-life scenario. The case study shows that the manufacturing of semifinished products (especially wood-based panels and metal components) as well as the electric energy demand in furniture manufacturing account for a notable share of the environmental impacts. A sensitivity analysis indicates that up to roughly 10% of the greenhouse gas emissions are not recorded when conducting an LCA based on a BOM instead of applying the developed approach.

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Existing life cycle assessment (LCA) studies for furniture focus on single pieces of furniture and use a bottom-up approach based on their bill of materials (BOM) to build up the data inventories. This approach does not ensure completeness regarding material and energy fluxes and representativeness regarding the product portfolio. Integrating material and energy fluxes collected at company level into product LCA (top-down approach) over-rides this drawback. This article presents a method for systematic LCA of industrially produced furniture that merges the top-down approach and bottom-up approach. The developed method assigns data collected at the company level to the different products while, at the same time, considering that wood-based furniture is a complex product. Hence, several classifications to reduce the complexity to a manageable level have been developed. Simultaneously, a systematic calculation routine was established. The practical implementation of the developed method for systematic LCA is carried out in a case study within the German furniture industry. The system boundary was set in accord with the EN 15804 specification cradle-to-gate-with-options. The analysis therefore includes the manufacturing phase supplemented by an end-of-life scenario. The case study shows that the manufacturing of semifinished products (especially wood-based panels and metal components) as well as the electric energy demand in furniture manufacturing account for a notable share of the environmental impacts. A sensitivity analysis indicates that up to roughly 10% of the greenhouse gas emissions are not recorded when conducting an LCA based on a BOM instead of applying the developed approach.
Effects on Greenhouse Gas Emissions of Introducing Electric Vehicles into an Electricity System with Large Storage Capacityhttp://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/resolve/doi?DOI=10.1111%2Fjiec.12593Effects on Greenhouse Gas Emissions of Introducing Electric Vehicles into an Electricity System with Large Storage CapacityRita Garcia, Fausto Freire, Roland Clift2017-05-04T07:50:34.123593-05:00doi:10.1111/jiec.12593John Wiley & Sons, Inc.10.1111/jiec.12593http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/resolve/doi?DOI=10.1111%2Fjiec.12593RESEARCH AND ANALYSISn/an/aSummary

Under some circumstances, electric vehicles (EVs) can reduce overall environmental impacts by displacing internal combustion engine vehicles (ICEVs) and by enabling more intermittent renewable energy sources (RES) by charging with surplus power in periods of low demand. However, the net effects on greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions of adding EVs into a national or regional electricity system are complex and, for a system with significant RES, are affected by the presence of storage capacity, such as pumped hydro storage (PHS). This article takes the Portuguese electricity system as a specific example, characterized by relatively high capacities of wind generation and PHS. The interactions between EVs and PHS are explored, using life cycle assessment to compare changes in GHG emissions for different scenarios with a fleet replacement model to describe the introduction of EVs. Where there is sufficient storage capacity to ensure that RES capacity is exploited without curtailment, as in Portugal, any additional demand, such as introduction of EVs, must be met by the next marginal technology. Whether this represents an average increase or decrease in GHG emissions depends on the carbon intensity of the marginal generating technology and on the fuel efficiency of the ICEVs displaced by the EVs, so that detailed analysis is needed for any specific energy system, allowing for future technological improvements. A simple way to represent these trade-offs is proposed as a basis for supporting strategic policies on introduction of EVs.

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Under some circumstances, electric vehicles (EVs) can reduce overall environmental impacts by displacing internal combustion engine vehicles (ICEVs) and by enabling more intermittent renewable energy sources (RES) by charging with surplus power in periods of low demand. However, the net effects on greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions of adding EVs into a national or regional electricity system are complex and, for a system with significant RES, are affected by the presence of storage capacity, such as pumped hydro storage (PHS). This article takes the Portuguese electricity system as a specific example, characterized by relatively high capacities of wind generation and PHS. The interactions between EVs and PHS are explored, using life cycle assessment to compare changes in GHG emissions for different scenarios with a fleet replacement model to describe the introduction of EVs. Where there is sufficient storage capacity to ensure that RES capacity is exploited without curtailment, as in Portugal, any additional demand, such as introduction of EVs, must be met by the next marginal technology. Whether this represents an average increase or decrease in GHG emissions depends on the carbon intensity of the marginal generating technology and on the fuel efficiency of the ICEVs displaced by the EVs, so that detailed analysis is needed for any specific energy system, allowing for future technological improvements. A simple way to represent these trade-offs is proposed as a basis for supporting strategic policies on introduction of EVs.
Energy Consumption Modeling of Stereolithography-Based Additive Manufacturing Toward Environmental Sustainabilityhttp://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/resolve/doi?DOI=10.1111%2Fjiec.12589Energy Consumption Modeling of Stereolithography-Based Additive Manufacturing Toward Environmental SustainabilityYiran Yang, Lin Li, Yayue Pan, Zeyi Sun2017-05-04T04:41:54.068196-05:00doi:10.1111/jiec.12589John Wiley & Sons, Inc.10.1111/jiec.12589http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/resolve/doi?DOI=10.1111%2Fjiec.12589RESEARCH AND ANALYSISn/an/aSummary

Additive manufacturing (AM), also referred as three-dimensional printing or rapid prototyping, has been implemented in various areas as one of the most promising new manufacturing technologies in the past three decades. In addition to the growing public interest in developing AM into a potential mainstream manufacturing approach, increasing concerns on environmental sustainability, especially on energy consumption, have been presented. To date, research efforts have been dedicated to quantitatively measuring and analyzing the energy consumption of AM processes. Such efforts only covered partial types of AM processes and explored inadequate factors that might influence the energy consumption. In addition, energy consumption modeling for AM processes has not been comprehensively studied. To fill the research gap, this article presents a mathematical model for the energy consumption of stereolithography (SLA)-based processes. To validate the mathematical model, experiments are conducted to measure the real energy consumption from an SLA-based AM machine. The design of experiments method is adopted to examine the impacts of different parameters and their potential interactions on the overall energy consumption. For the purpose of minimization of the total energy consumption, a response optimization method is used to identify the optimal combination of parameters. The surface quality of the product built using a set of optimal parameters is obtained and compared with parts built with different parameter combinations. The comparison results show that the overall energy consumption from SLA-based AM processes can be significantly reduced through optimal parameter setting, without observable product quality decay.

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Additive manufacturing (AM), also referred as three-dimensional printing or rapid prototyping, has been implemented in various areas as one of the most promising new manufacturing technologies in the past three decades. In addition to the growing public interest in developing AM into a potential mainstream manufacturing approach, increasing concerns on environmental sustainability, especially on energy consumption, have been presented. To date, research efforts have been dedicated to quantitatively measuring and analyzing the energy consumption of AM processes. Such efforts only covered partial types of AM processes and explored inadequate factors that might influence the energy consumption. In addition, energy consumption modeling for AM processes has not been comprehensively studied. To fill the research gap, this article presents a mathematical model for the energy consumption of stereolithography (SLA)-based processes. To validate the mathematical model, experiments are conducted to measure the real energy consumption from an SLA-based AM machine. The design of experiments method is adopted to examine the impacts of different parameters and their potential interactions on the overall energy consumption. For the purpose of minimization of the total energy consumption, a response optimization method is used to identify the optimal combination of parameters. The surface quality of the product built using a set of optimal parameters is obtained and compared with parts built with different parameter combinations. The comparison results show that the overall energy consumption from SLA-based AM processes can be significantly reduced through optimal parameter setting, without observable product quality decay.
Extending the Multiregional Input-Output Framework to Labor-Related Impacts: A Proof of Concepthttp://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/resolve/doi?DOI=10.1111%2Fjiec.12588Extending the Multiregional Input-Output Framework to Labor-Related Impacts: A Proof of ConceptGilang Hardadi, Massimo Pizzol2017-05-04T04:41:30.720522-05:00doi:10.1111/jiec.12588John Wiley & Sons, Inc.10.1111/jiec.12588http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/resolve/doi?DOI=10.1111%2Fjiec.12588RESEARCH AND ANALYSISn/an/aSummary

Given the high potential shown by the recent developments in environmentally extended and multiregional input-output (I-O) analysis, a natural step would be to extend this theoretical framework beyond the environmental dimension to include the social dimension, in line with parallel advancements in social life cycle assessment. The ideal results would be a multiregional I-O database to investigate not only environmental footprints, but also social footprints. Qualitative and subjective characteristics of social issues, complex impact pathways, and data scarcity challenge the extension of the I-O framework to social impacts. These challenges are addressed in this study where the Exiobase database was extended with new data on five quantitative indicators available from the International Labor Organization: employment; working hours; salary; occupational accident cases; and unemployment. This required modeling steps, such as the disaggregation of data from sector to product group level, and filling the data gaps for missing countries by primary data collection or interpolation. A characterization step where indicator values are converted into social impacts on human productivity and human well-being measured in quality-adjusted life years was then performed. The results show an appreciable match between the databases, with justifiable interpolations for missing countries. The study demonstrates how to obtain an open and quantitative I-O database extended with indicators on labor-related impacts and discusses approaches to overcome the challenges of this process.

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Given the high potential shown by the recent developments in environmentally extended and multiregional input-output (I-O) analysis, a natural step would be to extend this theoretical framework beyond the environmental dimension to include the social dimension, in line with parallel advancements in social life cycle assessment. The ideal results would be a multiregional I-O database to investigate not only environmental footprints, but also social footprints. Qualitative and subjective characteristics of social issues, complex impact pathways, and data scarcity challenge the extension of the I-O framework to social impacts. These challenges are addressed in this study where the Exiobase database was extended with new data on five quantitative indicators available from the International Labor Organization: employment; working hours; salary; occupational accident cases; and unemployment. This required modeling steps, such as the disaggregation of data from sector to product group level, and filling the data gaps for missing countries by primary data collection or interpolation. A characterization step where indicator values are converted into social impacts on human productivity and human well-being measured in quality-adjusted life years was then performed. The results show an appreciable match between the databases, with justifiable interpolations for missing countries. The study demonstrates how to obtain an open and quantitative I-O database extended with indicators on labor-related impacts and discusses approaches to overcome the challenges of this process.
Lessons Learned from a Life Cycle Sustainability Assessment of Rare Earth Permanent Magnetshttp://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/resolve/doi?DOI=10.1111%2Fjiec.12575Lessons Learned from a Life Cycle Sustainability Assessment of Rare Earth Permanent MagnetsChristina Wulf, Petra Zapp, Andrea Schreiber, Josefine Marx, Holger Schlör2017-05-04T04:41:25.514458-05:00doi:10.1111/jiec.12575John Wiley & Sons, Inc.10.1111/jiec.12575http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/resolve/doi?DOI=10.1111%2Fjiec.12575RESEARCH AND ANALYSISn/an/aSummary

In order to address methodological challenges during life cycle sustainability assessment (LCSA), this article combines the results of a life cycle assessment (LCA), a life cycle costing, and a social LCA using the example of a complex product: a rare earth permanent magnet for use in wind turbines. The article presents different approaches for combining the results of separate assessments with its attendant methodological challenges. Different normalization, aggregation methods, and weighing factors are applied and their impacts on the results are compared. The underlying case study makes an evaluation of these different methodologies more concrete. Results show that the normalization method applied has a greater influence on the overall results than the aggregation method or weighting factors. Additionally, this study shows that indifference thresholds should be applied to avoid overestimation of small impacts. Indifference thresholds ensure that impact categories with nearly the same results for all analyzed options are treated as identical results. The study also indicates the importance of the question of how much compensation between impacts is desirable. Despite the impact of these factors, the chosen case study of an LCSA for permanent magnets with different supply routes for rare earths shows that the ranking of Chinese production is the most problematic irrespective of the approaches applied.

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In order to address methodological challenges during life cycle sustainability assessment (LCSA), this article combines the results of a life cycle assessment (LCA), a life cycle costing, and a social LCA using the example of a complex product: a rare earth permanent magnet for use in wind turbines. The article presents different approaches for combining the results of separate assessments with its attendant methodological challenges. Different normalization, aggregation methods, and weighing factors are applied and their impacts on the results are compared. The underlying case study makes an evaluation of these different methodologies more concrete. Results show that the normalization method applied has a greater influence on the overall results than the aggregation method or weighting factors. Additionally, this study shows that indifference thresholds should be applied to avoid overestimation of small impacts. Indifference thresholds ensure that impact categories with nearly the same results for all analyzed options are treated as identical results. The study also indicates the importance of the question of how much compensation between impacts is desirable. Despite the impact of these factors, the chosen case study of an LCSA for permanent magnets with different supply routes for rare earths shows that the ranking of Chinese production is the most problematic irrespective of the approaches applied.
Issue Information, Cover, and Table of Contentshttp://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/resolve/doi?DOI=10.1111%2Fjiec.12512Issue Information, Cover, and Table of Contents2017-08-04T08:33:48.766467-05:00doi:10.1111/jiec.12512John Wiley & Sons, Inc.10.1111/jiec.12512http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/resolve/doi?DOI=10.1111%2Fjiec.12512ISSUE INFORMATION797801

The concept of industrial symbiosis (IS) was introduced decades ago and its environmental and economic benefits are well established, but the broad acceptance of IS still faces significant barriers. This article provides a new approach to capture synergies within industrial parks by suggesting a new business model. Building on findings from a survey conducted by the authors and on literature, we first identify potential barriers to low-carbon synergistic projects. Economic concerns of technically feasible synergies and financial issues turn out to be the largest barriers, because of long payback periods and fluctuating raw material and by-product market prices. Existing business models do not offer easy ways to overcome or relax these barriers. We therefore introduce the concept of a synergy management services company (SMSCO), a synergy contractor and third-party financing model, to overcome these barriers. This model shifts the financial risk of the synergistic project from collaborating firms to the SMSCO. We posit that this attribute of the SMSCO model makes it attractive for industrial park operators who seek long-term solutions to secure future viability of their park.

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The concept of industrial symbiosis (IS) was introduced decades ago and its environmental and economic benefits are well established, but the broad acceptance of IS still faces significant barriers. This article provides a new approach to capture synergies within industrial parks by suggesting a new business model. Building on findings from a survey conducted by the authors and on literature, we first identify potential barriers to low-carbon synergistic projects. Economic concerns of technically feasible synergies and financial issues turn out to be the largest barriers, because of long payback periods and fluctuating raw material and by-product market prices. Existing business models do not offer easy ways to overcome or relax these barriers. We therefore introduce the concept of a synergy management services company (SMSCO), a synergy contractor and third-party financing model, to overcome these barriers. This model shifts the financial risk of the synergistic project from collaborating firms to the SMSCO. We posit that this attribute of the SMSCO model makes it attractive for industrial park operators who seek long-term solutions to secure future viability of their park.
A Framework for Modeling Local Production Systems with Techno-Ecological Interactionshttp://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/resolve/doi?DOI=10.1111%2Fjiec.12481A Framework for Modeling Local Production Systems with Techno-Ecological InteractionsElias Martinez-Hernandez, Melissa Yuling Leung Pah Hang, Matthew Leach, Aidong Yang2016-08-22T11:20:33.69761-05:00doi:10.1111/jiec.12481John Wiley & Sons, Inc.10.1111/jiec.12481http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/resolve/doi?DOI=10.1111%2Fjiec.12481METHODS, TOOLS, AND SOFTWARE815828Summary

At the local scale, interconnected production, consumption, waste management, and other man-made technological components interact with local ecosystem components to form a local production system. The purpose of this work is to develop a framework for the conceptual characterization and mathematical modeling of a local production system to support the assessment of process and component options that potentially create symbiosis between industry and ecosystem. This framework has been applied to a case study to assess options for the establishment of a local energy production system that involves a heathland ecosystem, bioenergy production, and wastewater treatment. We found that the framework is useful to analyze the two-way interactions between these components in order to obtain insight into the behavior and performance of the bioenergy production system. In particular, the framework enables exploring the levels of the ecosystem states that allow continuous provisioning of resources in order to establish a sustainable techno-ecological system.

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At the local scale, interconnected production, consumption, waste management, and other man-made technological components interact with local ecosystem components to form a local production system. The purpose of this work is to develop a framework for the conceptual characterization and mathematical modeling of a local production system to support the assessment of process and component options that potentially create symbiosis between industry and ecosystem. This framework has been applied to a case study to assess options for the establishment of a local energy production system that involves a heathland ecosystem, bioenergy production, and wastewater treatment. We found that the framework is useful to analyze the two-way interactions between these components in order to obtain insight into the behavior and performance of the bioenergy production system. In particular, the framework enables exploring the levels of the ecosystem states that allow continuous provisioning of resources in order to establish a sustainable techno-ecological system.
Addressing the Carbon-Crime Blind Spot: A Carbon Footprint Approachhttp://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/resolve/doi?DOI=10.1111%2Fjiec.12457Addressing the Carbon-Crime Blind Spot: A Carbon Footprint ApproachHelen Skudder, Angela Druckman, John Cole, Alan McInnes, Ian Brunton-Smith, Gian Paolo Ansaloni2016-06-17T11:00:02.992988-05:00doi:10.1111/jiec.12457John Wiley & Sons, Inc.10.1111/jiec.12457http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/resolve/doi?DOI=10.1111%2Fjiec.12457RESEARCH AND ANALYSIS829843Summary

Governments estimate the social and economic impacts of crime, but its environmental impact is largely unacknowledged. Our study addresses this by estimating the carbon footprint of crime in England and Wales and identifies the largest sources of emissions. By applying environmentally extended input-output analysis–derived carbon emission factors to the monetized costs of crime, we estimate that crime committed in 2011 in England and Wales gave rise to over 4 million tonnes of carbon dioxide equivalents. Burglary resulted in the largest proportion of the total footprint (30%), because of the carbon associated with replacing stolen/damaged goods. Emissions arising from criminal justice system services also accounted for a large proportion (21% of all offenses; 49% of police recorded offenses). Focus on these offenses and the carbon efficiency of these services may help reduce the overall emissions that result from crime. However, cutting crime does not automatically result in a net reduction in carbon, given that we need to take account of potential rebound effects. As an example, we consider the impact of reducing domestic burglary by 5%. Calculating this is inherently uncertain given that it depends on assumptions concerning how money would be spent in the absence of crime. We find the most likely rebound effect (our medium estimate) is an increase in emissions of 2%. Despite this uncertainty concerning carbon savings, our study goes some way toward informing policy makers of the scale of the environmental consequences of crime and thus enables it to be taken into account in policy appraisals.

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Governments estimate the social and economic impacts of crime, but its environmental impact is largely unacknowledged. Our study addresses this by estimating the carbon footprint of crime in England and Wales and identifies the largest sources of emissions. By applying environmentally extended input-output analysis–derived carbon emission factors to the monetized costs of crime, we estimate that crime committed in 2011 in England and Wales gave rise to over 4 million tonnes of carbon dioxide equivalents. Burglary resulted in the largest proportion of the total footprint (30%), because of the carbon associated with replacing stolen/damaged goods. Emissions arising from criminal justice system services also accounted for a large proportion (21% of all offenses; 49% of police recorded offenses). Focus on these offenses and the carbon efficiency of these services may help reduce the overall emissions that result from crime. However, cutting crime does not automatically result in a net reduction in carbon, given that we need to take account of potential rebound effects. As an example, we consider the impact of reducing domestic burglary by 5%. Calculating this is inherently uncertain given that it depends on assumptions concerning how money would be spent in the absence of crime. We find the most likely rebound effect (our medium estimate) is an increase in emissions of 2%. Despite this uncertainty concerning carbon savings, our study goes some way toward informing policy makers of the scale of the environmental consequences of crime and thus enables it to be taken into account in policy appraisals.
Recycle, Bury, or Burn Wood Waste Biomass?: LCA Answer Depends on Carbon Accounting, Emissions Controls, Displaced Fuels, and Impact Costshttp://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/resolve/doi?DOI=10.1111%2Fjiec.12469Recycle, Bury, or Burn Wood Waste Biomass?: LCA Answer Depends on Carbon Accounting, Emissions Controls, Displaced Fuels, and Impact CostsJeffrey Morris2016-08-16T09:25:25.057549-05:00doi:10.1111/jiec.12469John Wiley & Sons, Inc.10.1111/jiec.12469http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/resolve/doi?DOI=10.1111%2Fjiec.12469RESEARCH AND ANALYSIS844856Summary

This study extends existing life cycle assessment (LCA) literature by assessing seven environmental burdens and an overall monetized environmental score for eight recycle, bury, or burn options to manage clean wood wastes generated at construction and demolition activity sites. The study assesses direct environmental impacts along with substitution effects from displacing fossil fuels and managed forest wood sourcing activities. Follow-on effects on forest carbon stocks, land use, and fuel markets are not assessed. Sensitivity analysis addresses landfill carbon storage and biodegradation rates, atmospheric emissions controls, displaced fuel types, and two alternative carbon accounting methods commonly used for waste management LCAs. Base-case carbon accounting considers emissions and uptakes of all biogenic and fossil carbon compounds, including biogenic carbon dioxide. Base-case results show that recycling options (recycling into reconstituted wood products or into wood pulp for papermaking) rank better than all burning or burying options for overall monetized score as well as for climate impacts, except that wood substitution for coal in industrial boilers is slightly better than recycling for the climate. Wood substitution for natural gas boiler fuel has the highest environmental impacts. Sensitivity analysis shows the overall monetized score rankings for recycling options to be robust except for the carbon accounting method, for which all options are highly sensitive. Under one of the alternative methods, wood substitution for coal boiler fuel and landfill options with high methane capture efficiency are the best for the overall score; recycling options are next to the worst. Under the other accounting alternative, wood substitution for coal and waste-to-energy are the best, followed by recycling options.

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This study extends existing life cycle assessment (LCA) literature by assessing seven environmental burdens and an overall monetized environmental score for eight recycle, bury, or burn options to manage clean wood wastes generated at construction and demolition activity sites. The study assesses direct environmental impacts along with substitution effects from displacing fossil fuels and managed forest wood sourcing activities. Follow-on effects on forest carbon stocks, land use, and fuel markets are not assessed. Sensitivity analysis addresses landfill carbon storage and biodegradation rates, atmospheric emissions controls, displaced fuel types, and two alternative carbon accounting methods commonly used for waste management LCAs. Base-case carbon accounting considers emissions and uptakes of all biogenic and fossil carbon compounds, including biogenic carbon dioxide. Base-case results show that recycling options (recycling into reconstituted wood products or into wood pulp for papermaking) rank better than all burning or burying options for overall monetized score as well as for climate impacts, except that wood substitution for coal in industrial boilers is slightly better than recycling for the climate. Wood substitution for natural gas boiler fuel has the highest environmental impacts. Sensitivity analysis shows the overall monetized score rankings for recycling options to be robust except for the carbon accounting method, for which all options are highly sensitive. Under one of the alternative methods, wood substitution for coal boiler fuel and landfill options with high methane capture efficiency are the best for the overall score; recycling options are next to the worst. Under the other accounting alternative, wood substitution for coal and waste-to-energy are the best, followed by recycling options.
Beyond Global Warming Potential: A Comparative Application of Climate Impact Metrics for the Life Cycle Assessment of Coal and Natural Gas Based Electricityhttp://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/resolve/doi?DOI=10.1111%2Fjiec.12475Beyond Global Warming Potential: A Comparative Application of Climate Impact Metrics for the Life Cycle Assessment of Coal and Natural Gas Based ElectricityDeVynne Farquharson, Paulina Jaramillo, Greg Schivley, Kelly Klima, Derrick Carlson, Constantine Samaras2016-08-24T14:10:28.173514-05:00doi:10.1111/jiec.12475John Wiley & Sons, Inc.10.1111/jiec.12475http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/resolve/doi?DOI=10.1111%2Fjiec.12475RESEARCH AND ANALYSIS857873Summary

In the ongoing debate about the climate benefits of fuel switching from coal to natural gas for power generation, the metrics used to model climate impacts may be important. In this article, we evaluate the life cycle greenhouse gas emissions of coal and natural gas used in new, advanced power plants using a broad set of available climate metrics in order to test for the robustness of results. Climate metrics included in the article are global warming potential, global temperature change potential, technology warming potential, and cumulative radiative forcing. We also used the Model for the Assessment of Greenhouse-gas Induced Climate Change (MAGICC) climate-change model to validate the results. We find that all climate metrics suggest a natural gas combined cycle plant offers life cycle climate benefits over 100 years compared to a pulverized coal plant, even if the life cycle methane leakage rate for natural gas reaches 5%. Over shorter time frames (i.e., 20 years), plants using natural gas with a 4% leakage rate have similar climate impacts as those using coal, but are no worse than coal. If carbon capture and sequestration becomes available for both types of power plants, natural gas still offers climate benefits over coal as long as the life cycle methane leakage rate remains below 2%. These results are consistent across climate metrics and the MAGICC model over a 100-year time frame. Although it is not clear whether any of these metrics are better than the others, the choice of metric can inform decisions based on different societal values. For example, whereas annual temperature change reported may be a more relevant metric to evaluate the human health effects of increased heat, the cumulative temperature change may be more relevant to evaluate climate impacts, such as sea-level rise, that will result from the cumulative warming.

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In the ongoing debate about the climate benefits of fuel switching from coal to natural gas for power generation, the metrics used to model climate impacts may be important. In this article, we evaluate the life cycle greenhouse gas emissions of coal and natural gas used in new, advanced power plants using a broad set of available climate metrics in order to test for the robustness of results. Climate metrics included in the article are global warming potential, global temperature change potential, technology warming potential, and cumulative radiative forcing. We also used the Model for the Assessment of Greenhouse-gas Induced Climate Change (MAGICC) climate-change model to validate the results. We find that all climate metrics suggest a natural gas combined cycle plant offers life cycle climate benefits over 100 years compared to a pulverized coal plant, even if the life cycle methane leakage rate for natural gas reaches 5%. Over shorter time frames (i.e., 20 years), plants using natural gas with a 4% leakage rate have similar climate impacts as those using coal, but are no worse than coal. If carbon capture and sequestration becomes available for both types of power plants, natural gas still offers climate benefits over coal as long as the life cycle methane leakage rate remains below 2%. These results are consistent across climate metrics and the MAGICC model over a 100-year time frame. Although it is not clear whether any of these metrics are better than the others, the choice of metric can inform decisions based on different societal values. For example, whereas annual temperature change reported may be a more relevant metric to evaluate the human health effects of increased heat, the cumulative temperature change may be more relevant to evaluate climate impacts, such as sea-level rise, that will result from the cumulative warming.
Life Cycle Impacts and Benefits of Wood along the Value Chain: The Case of Switzerlandhttp://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/resolve/doi?DOI=10.1111%2Fjiec.12486Life Cycle Impacts and Benefits of Wood along the Value Chain: The Case of SwitzerlandFlorian Suter, Bernhard Steubing, Stefanie Hellweg2016-09-26T15:50:28.119126-05:00doi:10.1111/jiec.12486John Wiley & Sons, Inc.10.1111/jiec.12486http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/resolve/doi?DOI=10.1111%2Fjiec.12486RESEARCH AND ANALYSIS874886Summary

Sustainable use of wood may contribute to coping with energy and material resource challenges. The goal of this study is to increase knowledge of the environmental effects of wood use by analyzing the complete value chain of all wooden goods produced or consumed in Switzerland. We start from a material flow analysis of current wood use in Switzerland. Environmental impacts related to the material flows are evaluated using life cycle assessment–based environmental indicators. Regarding climate change, we find an overall average benefit of 0.5 tonnes carbon dioxide equivalent per cubic meter of wood used. High environmental benefits are often achieved when replacing conventional heat production and energy-consuming materials in construction and furniture. The environmental performance of wood is, however, highly dependent on its use and environmental indicators. To exploit the mitigation potential of wood, we recommend to (1) apply its use where there are high substitution benefits like the replacement of fossil fuels for energy or energy-intensive building materials, (2) take appropriate measures to minimize negative effects like particulate matter emissions, and (3) keep a systems perspective to weigh effects like substitution and cascading against each other in a comprehensive manner. The results can provide guidance for further in-depth studies and prospective analyses of wood-use scenarios.

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Sustainable use of wood may contribute to coping with energy and material resource challenges. The goal of this study is to increase knowledge of the environmental effects of wood use by analyzing the complete value chain of all wooden goods produced or consumed in Switzerland. We start from a material flow analysis of current wood use in Switzerland. Environmental impacts related to the material flows are evaluated using life cycle assessment–based environmental indicators. Regarding climate change, we find an overall average benefit of 0.5 tonnes carbon dioxide equivalent per cubic meter of wood used. High environmental benefits are often achieved when replacing conventional heat production and energy-consuming materials in construction and furniture. The environmental performance of wood is, however, highly dependent on its use and environmental indicators. To exploit the mitigation potential of wood, we recommend to (1) apply its use where there are high substitution benefits like the replacement of fossil fuels for energy or energy-intensive building materials, (2) take appropriate measures to minimize negative effects like particulate matter emissions, and (3) keep a systems perspective to weigh effects like substitution and cascading against each other in a comprehensive manner. The results can provide guidance for further in-depth studies and prospective analyses of wood-use scenarios.
Enhanced Performance of the Eurostat Method for Comprehensive Assessment of Urban Metabolism: A Material Flow Analysis of Amsterdamhttp://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/resolve/doi?DOI=10.1111%2Fjiec.12461Enhanced Performance of the Eurostat Method for Comprehensive Assessment of Urban Metabolism: A Material Flow Analysis of AmsterdamIlse M. Voskamp, Sven Stremke, Marc Spiller, Daniela Perrotti, Jan Peter Hoek, Huub H. M. Rijnaarts2016-07-29T11:35:31.508941-05:00doi:10.1111/jiec.12461John Wiley & Sons, Inc.10.1111/jiec.12461http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/resolve/doi?DOI=10.1111%2Fjiec.12461RESEARCH AND ANALYSIS887902Summary

Sustainable urban resource management depends essentially on a sound understanding of a city's resource flows. One established method for analyzing the urban metabolism (UM) is the Eurostat material flow analysis (MFA). However, for a comprehensive assessment of the UM, this method has its limitations. It does not account for all relevant resource flows, such as locally sourced resources, and it does not differentiate between flows that are associated with the city's resource consumption and resources that only pass through the city. This research sought to gain insights into the UM of Amsterdam by performing an MFA employing the Eurostat method. Modifications to that method were made to enhance its performance for comprehensive UM analyses. A case study of Amsterdam for the year 2012 was conducted and the results of the Eurostat and the modified Eurostat method were compared. The results show that Amsterdam's metabolism is dominated by water flows and by port-related throughput of fossil fuels. The modified Eurostat method provides a deeper understanding of the UM than the urban Eurostat MFA attributed to three major benefits of the proposed modifications. First, the MFA presents a more complete image of the flows in the UM. Second, the modified resource classification presents findings in more detail. Third, explicating throughput flows yields a much-improved insight into the nature of a city's imports, exports, and stock. Overall, these advancements provide a deeper understanding of the UM and make the MFA method more useful for sustainable urban resource management.

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Sustainable urban resource management depends essentially on a sound understanding of a city's resource flows. One established method for analyzing the urban metabolism (UM) is the Eurostat material flow analysis (MFA). However, for a comprehensive assessment of the UM, this method has its limitations. It does not account for all relevant resource flows, such as locally sourced resources, and it does not differentiate between flows that are associated with the city's resource consumption and resources that only pass through the city. This research sought to gain insights into the UM of Amsterdam by performing an MFA employing the Eurostat method. Modifications to that method were made to enhance its performance for comprehensive UM analyses. A case study of Amsterdam for the year 2012 was conducted and the results of the Eurostat and the modified Eurostat method were compared. The results show that Amsterdam's metabolism is dominated by water flows and by port-related throughput of fossil fuels. The modified Eurostat method provides a deeper understanding of the UM than the urban Eurostat MFA attributed to three major benefits of the proposed modifications. First, the MFA presents a more complete image of the flows in the UM. Second, the modified resource classification presents findings in more detail. Third, explicating throughput flows yields a much-improved insight into the nature of a city's imports, exports, and stock. Overall, these advancements provide a deeper understanding of the UM and make the MFA method more useful for sustainable urban resource management.
Monitoring Urban Copper Flows in Stockholm, Sweden: Implications of Changes Over Timehttp://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/resolve/doi?DOI=10.1111%2Fjiec.12470Monitoring Urban Copper Flows in Stockholm, Sweden: Implications of Changes Over TimeJennie Amneklev, Anna Augustsson, Louise Sörme, Bo Bergbäck2016-08-04T11:36:06.361248-05:00doi:10.1111/jiec.12470John Wiley & Sons, Inc.10.1111/jiec.12470http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/resolve/doi?DOI=10.1111%2Fjiec.12470RESEARCH AND ANALYSIS903912Summary

In this study, a substance flow analysis (SFA) for copper (Cu) was conducted, in which the inflow, stock, and outflow (in the form of diffuse emissions to soil and water) for Stockholm were estimated for 2013 and compared with a previous study from 1995, hence allowing a discussion on changes over time. A large number of applications containing Cu were analyzed (including power cables, copper alloys, heavy electrical equipment, tap water systems, roofs, cars, various consumer electronics, wood preservatives, and contact cables for the railroad). The results show that the inflow of Cu to Stockholm has increased between 1995 and 2013, both in total and per person, mainly as the result of an increase in heavy electrical equipment, power cables, and cars. The stock remains relatively unchanged, whereas the outflow has increased. For the outflow, the emission increase from brake linings is of greatest quantitative importance, with an estimated 5.8 tonnes annual emission of Cu to the environment of Stockholm in 2013 compared to 3.9 tonnes in 1995. Given that increasing inflows of limited resources drive the global demand, continuous monitoring of flows through society and management of outflow routes are crucial, including improvement of national legislation and regional environmental plans as well as efforts to increase resource-use efficiency and recycling.

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In this study, a substance flow analysis (SFA) for copper (Cu) was conducted, in which the inflow, stock, and outflow (in the form of diffuse emissions to soil and water) for Stockholm were estimated for 2013 and compared with a previous study from 1995, hence allowing a discussion on changes over time. A large number of applications containing Cu were analyzed (including power cables, copper alloys, heavy electrical equipment, tap water systems, roofs, cars, various consumer electronics, wood preservatives, and contact cables for the railroad). The results show that the inflow of Cu to Stockholm has increased between 1995 and 2013, both in total and per person, mainly as the result of an increase in heavy electrical equipment, power cables, and cars. The stock remains relatively unchanged, whereas the outflow has increased. For the outflow, the emission increase from brake linings is of greatest quantitative importance, with an estimated 5.8 tonnes annual emission of Cu to the environment of Stockholm in 2013 compared to 3.9 tonnes in 1995. Given that increasing inflows of limited resources drive the global demand, continuous monitoring of flows through society and management of outflow routes are crucial, including improvement of national legislation and regional environmental plans as well as efforts to increase resource-use efficiency and recycling.
Location Optimization of Urban Mining Facilities with Maximal Covering Model in GIS: A Case of Chinahttp://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/resolve/doi?DOI=10.1111%2Fjiec.12467Location Optimization of Urban Mining Facilities with Maximal Covering Model in GIS: A Case of ChinaYanyan Xue, Zongguo Wen, Xiaoli Ji, Hans Th. A. Bressers, Chenkai Zhang2016-07-24T23:56:04.415631-05:00doi:10.1111/jiec.12467John Wiley & Sons, Inc.10.1111/jiec.12467http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/resolve/doi?DOI=10.1111%2Fjiec.12467RESEARCH AND ANALYSIS913923Summary

Urban mining offers an efficient supply of resources because of rich mines and low environmental impacts. Location selection and optimization for urban mining facilities is more complicated than for natural mines, given that it may vary according to the urban population, consumption habits, and economic development. China initiated the National Urban Mining Pilot Bases program in 2010 that targeted 50 national urban mining pilot bases, but unfortunately neglected the location planning issue. Twenty-eight bases have already been selected, which are concentrated in the central and eastern areas of China. This article combines the use of analytic hierarchy process, maximal covering location model, and geographical information systems (GIS) software to optimize locations for China's urban mining pilot bases. Primary findings show that, theoretically, 40 urban mining pilot bases can sufficiently provide maximum gross domestic product (GDP) and population coverage service for China. Taking the current 28 bases as a precondition and 50 bases as the remaining policy target, our second optimization results in a list of 22 cities for the location selection of future urban mining pilot bases. In total, the optimized 22 cities, together with the selected 28 bases, can provide a maximum 97.5% of GDP and 95.1% of population coverage in China. This study illustrates the optimization process for urban mining recycling facilities in general and provides policy advice for China in a specific case.

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Urban mining offers an efficient supply of resources because of rich mines and low environmental impacts. Location selection and optimization for urban mining facilities is more complicated than for natural mines, given that it may vary according to the urban population, consumption habits, and economic development. China initiated the National Urban Mining Pilot Bases program in 2010 that targeted 50 national urban mining pilot bases, but unfortunately neglected the location planning issue. Twenty-eight bases have already been selected, which are concentrated in the central and eastern areas of China. This article combines the use of analytic hierarchy process, maximal covering location model, and geographical information systems (GIS) software to optimize locations for China's urban mining pilot bases. Primary findings show that, theoretically, 40 urban mining pilot bases can sufficiently provide maximum gross domestic product (GDP) and population coverage service for China. Taking the current 28 bases as a precondition and 50 bases as the remaining policy target, our second optimization results in a list of 22 cities for the location selection of future urban mining pilot bases. In total, the optimized 22 cities, together with the selected 28 bases, can provide a maximum 97.5% of GDP and 95.1% of population coverage in China. This study illustrates the optimization process for urban mining recycling facilities in general and provides policy advice for China in a specific case.
Global Patterns and Trends for Non-Metallic Minerals used for Constructionhttp://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/resolve/doi?DOI=10.1111%2Fjiec.12471Global Patterns and Trends for Non-Metallic Minerals used for ConstructionAlessio Miatto, Heinz Schandl, Tomer Fishman, Hiroki Tanikawa2016-08-22T11:20:27.974882-05:00doi:10.1111/jiec.12471John Wiley & Sons, Inc.10.1111/jiec.12471http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/resolve/doi?DOI=10.1111%2Fjiec.12471RESEARCH AND ANALYSIS924937Summary

Despite accounting for almost 50% of global material use, nonmetallic minerals—mostly used for construction of buildings and infrastructure—are the material flow analysis (MFA) category with the highest uncertainty. The main reason for this is incomplete reporting in official national statistics because of ease of availability and the low per-unit cost of these materials. However, the environmental burden associated with nonmetallic minerals, which include energy use for extraction and transport, land-use change, and disposal of large amounts of construction demolition waste, call for a thorough understanding of the magnitude of nonmetallic mineral flows. Previous estimates for nonmetallic minerals have used simplistic assumptions. This study aims to increase the precision of nonmetallic mineral accounts at national and global level using consumption of bitumen, bricks, cement, and railways in combination with technical coefficients from the engineering literature to infer the actual yearly consumption of nonmetallic minerals. We estimate the extraction of nonmetallic minerals and provide uncertainty estimates for the new accounts as well as information about consumption by different sectors. Analyzing the evolution of consumption for seven world regions, we find that, in North America and Europe, the consumption of nonmetallic minerals over the past 40 years has followed the growth patterns of population, whereas for all other regions consumption has been closely related to gross domestic product (GDP). A more accurate account of global and country-by-country extraction of nonmetallic minerals may provide insights into supply shortages and inform waste management strategies for construction and demolition waste.

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Despite accounting for almost 50% of global material use, nonmetallic minerals—mostly used for construction of buildings and infrastructure—are the material flow analysis (MFA) category with the highest uncertainty. The main reason for this is incomplete reporting in official national statistics because of ease of availability and the low per-unit cost of these materials. However, the environmental burden associated with nonmetallic minerals, which include energy use for extraction and transport, land-use change, and disposal of large amounts of construction demolition waste, call for a thorough understanding of the magnitude of nonmetallic mineral flows. Previous estimates for nonmetallic minerals have used simplistic assumptions. This study aims to increase the precision of nonmetallic mineral accounts at national and global level using consumption of bitumen, bricks, cement, and railways in combination with technical coefficients from the engineering literature to infer the actual yearly consumption of nonmetallic minerals. We estimate the extraction of nonmetallic minerals and provide uncertainty estimates for the new accounts as well as information about consumption by different sectors. Analyzing the evolution of consumption for seven world regions, we find that, in North America and Europe, the consumption of nonmetallic minerals over the past 40 years has followed the growth patterns of population, whereas for all other regions consumption has been closely related to gross domestic product (GDP). A more accurate account of global and country-by-country extraction of nonmetallic minerals may provide insights into supply shortages and inform waste management strategies for construction and demolition waste.
Industrial Symbiosis Dynamics and the Problem of Equivalence: Proposal for a Comparative Frameworkhttp://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/resolve/doi?DOI=10.1111%2Fjiec.12468Industrial Symbiosis Dynamics and the Problem of Equivalence: Proposal for a Comparative FrameworkFrank Boons, Marian Chertow, Jooyoung Park, Wouter Spekkink, Han Shi2016-07-27T13:25:25.114323-05:00doi:10.1111/jiec.12468John Wiley & Sons, Inc.10.1111/jiec.12468http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/resolve/doi?DOI=10.1111%2Fjiec.12468RESEARCH AND ANALYSIS938952Summary

Industrial symbiosis (IS), one of the founding notions within the field of industrial ecology, has diffused throughout significant parts of the world as a practice that can reduce the ecological impact of the industrial processes of groups of firms. In this article, we propose a fresh look at this research topic, building on the considerable advances that have been made in the last 15 years in understanding how IS comes about. We propose a conceptual and theoretical framework for taking on the challenge of comparative analysis at a global level. This requires developing an approach to address a solution to the problem of equivalence: the difficulty of comparing instances of IS across different institutional contexts. The proposed framework emphasizes IS as a process and attempts to address the obstacles to comparative study by (1) identifying terminology to examine IS variants, (2) providing a typology of IS dynamics, and (3) formulating key research questions to illuminate a way forward. In developing our argument, we build on the collective experiences of collaborative research efforts in North America, Europe, and Asia as evidenced in recent overviews of the literature.

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Industrial symbiosis (IS), one of the founding notions within the field of industrial ecology, has diffused throughout significant parts of the world as a practice that can reduce the ecological impact of the industrial processes of groups of firms. In this article, we propose a fresh look at this research topic, building on the considerable advances that have been made in the last 15 years in understanding how IS comes about. We propose a conceptual and theoretical framework for taking on the challenge of comparative analysis at a global level. This requires developing an approach to address a solution to the problem of equivalence: the difficulty of comparing instances of IS across different institutional contexts. The proposed framework emphasizes IS as a process and attempts to address the obstacles to comparative study by (1) identifying terminology to examine IS variants, (2) providing a typology of IS dynamics, and (3) formulating key research questions to illuminate a way forward. In developing our argument, we build on the collective experiences of collaborative research efforts in North America, Europe, and Asia as evidenced in recent overviews of the literature.
Developing the Chinese Environmentally Extended Input-Output (CEEIO) Databasehttp://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/resolve/doi?DOI=10.1111%2Fjiec.12477Developing the Chinese Environmentally Extended Input-Output (CEEIO) DatabaseSai Liang, Tiantian Feng, Shen Qu, Anthony S.F. Chiu, Xiaoping Jia, Ming Xu2016-08-16T09:20:25.954256-05:00doi:10.1111/jiec.12477John Wiley & Sons, Inc.10.1111/jiec.12477http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/resolve/doi?DOI=10.1111%2Fjiec.12477RESEARCH AND ANALYSIS953965Summary

Environmentally extended input-output (EEIO) databases are increasingly used to examine environmental footprints of economic activities. Studies focusing on China have independently, repeatedly developed EEIO databases for China. These databases are usually not publicly available, leading to repeated efforts, inconsistent with one another using different approaches, of limited environmental accounts, and lacking transparency, preventing continuous updating. We developed a transparent, comprehensive, and consistent Chinese EEIO database covering a wide period of time (currently 1992, 1997, 2002, and 2007 for which benchmark input-output tables [IOTs] are available), sector classifications (original sector classifications in benchmark IOTs, a 45-sector classification commonly used in China's environmental and energy statistics, and a 91-sector classification with maximized sector resolution ensuring temporal consistence), and environmental satellite accounts for 256 types of resources and 30 types of pollutants in this study. Moreover, the environmental satellite accounts cover households in addition to sectors, allowing developing closed models. We make this database publicly available with open access for broader dissemination (www.ceeio.com). We demonstrate the database by evaluating environmental pressures of Chinese products in 2007. Comparisons of our database with previous studies validate its rationality and reliability.

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Environmentally extended input-output (EEIO) databases are increasingly used to examine environmental footprints of economic activities. Studies focusing on China have independently, repeatedly developed EEIO databases for China. These databases are usually not publicly available, leading to repeated efforts, inconsistent with one another using different approaches, of limited environmental accounts, and lacking transparency, preventing continuous updating. We developed a transparent, comprehensive, and consistent Chinese EEIO database covering a wide period of time (currently 1992, 1997, 2002, and 2007 for which benchmark input-output tables [IOTs] are available), sector classifications (original sector classifications in benchmark IOTs, a 45-sector classification commonly used in China's environmental and energy statistics, and a 91-sector classification with maximized sector resolution ensuring temporal consistence), and environmental satellite accounts for 256 types of resources and 30 types of pollutants in this study. Moreover, the environmental satellite accounts cover households in addition to sectors, allowing developing closed models. We make this database publicly available with open access for broader dissemination (www.ceeio.com). We demonstrate the database by evaluating environmental pressures of Chinese products in 2007. Comparisons of our database with previous studies validate its rationality and reliability.
Comparison of U.S. and Japanese Consumers’ Perceptions of Remanufactured Auto Partshttp://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/resolve/doi?DOI=10.1111%2Fjiec.12478Comparison of U.S. and Japanese Consumers’ Perceptions of Remanufactured Auto PartsMitsutaka Matsumoto, Kenichiro Chinen, Hideki Endo2016-08-24T14:05:22.40079-05:00doi:10.1111/jiec.12478John Wiley & Sons, Inc.10.1111/jiec.12478http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/resolve/doi?DOI=10.1111%2Fjiec.12478RESEARCH AND ANALYSIS966979Summary

This study compares U.S. and Japanese consumers’ perceptions of remanufactured auto parts. Remanufactured parts have a long history and enjoy continuing success in the U.S. domestic aftermarket. In contrast, although Japan's domestic aftermarket is growing, it remains comparatively underdeveloped. This research examines whether customers’ perceptions of remanufactured products explain their lower acceptance in Japan. Our Internet survey of 440 U.S. and 300 Japanese respondents examined their knowledge of remanufactured auto parts, perceptions of their benefits and risks, and price consciousness. The results reveal that Japanese consumers know less about remanufactured products, perceiving them as entailing lower benefits and greater risk, especially concerning quality, and are less price conscious. Drawing on its results, this study suggests measures to promote markets for remanufactured auto parts in Japan and in economies in which such markets are in an early stage of development.

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This study compares U.S. and Japanese consumers’ perceptions of remanufactured auto parts. Remanufactured parts have a long history and enjoy continuing success in the U.S. domestic aftermarket. In contrast, although Japan's domestic aftermarket is growing, it remains comparatively underdeveloped. This research examines whether customers’ perceptions of remanufactured products explain their lower acceptance in Japan. Our Internet survey of 440 U.S. and 300 Japanese respondents examined their knowledge of remanufactured auto parts, perceptions of their benefits and risks, and price consciousness. The results reveal that Japanese consumers know less about remanufactured products, perceiving them as entailing lower benefits and greater risk, especially concerning quality, and are less price conscious. Drawing on its results, this study suggests measures to promote markets for remanufactured auto parts in Japan and in economies in which such markets are in an early stage of development.
On the Attractiveness of Product Recovery: The Forces that Shape Reverse Marketshttp://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/resolve/doi?DOI=10.1111%2Fjiec.12473On the Attractiveness of Product Recovery: The Forces that Shape Reverse MarketsDennis Stindt, Joao Quariguasi Frota Neto, Christian Nuss, Martin Dirr, Marta Jakowczyk, Andrew Gibson, Axel Tuma2016-08-02T10:30:36.528253-05:00doi:10.1111/jiec.12473John Wiley & Sons, Inc.10.1111/jiec.12473http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/resolve/doi?DOI=10.1111%2Fjiec.12473APPLICATIONS AND IMPLEMENTATION980994Summary

Product recovery is a major contributor for implementing sustainable business practices. Within such operations, which are either driven by legislation or economic rationales, practitioners face strategic issues concerning reverse market entry and positioning. Although the complexity of acting on reverse markets is widely acknowledged, a comprehensive framework to facilitate decision making in this area is lacking. In an attempt to fill that gap, we develop a model that supports original equipment manufacturers’ (OEMs’) assessment of the attractiveness of reverse markets. We identify, from a comprehensive literature analysis, in-depth interviews, and engagement with a dozen companies from different countries, factors that influence key characteristics of reverse markets, and consolidate this lengthy list into a comprehensive model intuitively applicable to business practice. The model combines five forces that drive reverse markets: access to recoverable products; threat of independent recovery companies’ (IRCs’) market entry; rivalry for recoverable products; adverse effects on core business; and remarketing opportunities. We propose for each a set of attributes that influences its power and direction. To demonstrate the efficacy of the model, we apply it in two industry settings: recovery of white goods in the United Kingdom and paper recycling in Germany. The present research enables OEMs to understand the structure and forces that drive reverse markets, identify levers to influence those markets, anticipate market developments, and formulate resilient strategies for product recovery.

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Product recovery is a major contributor for implementing sustainable business practices. Within such operations, which are either driven by legislation or economic rationales, practitioners face strategic issues concerning reverse market entry and positioning. Although the complexity of acting on reverse markets is widely acknowledged, a comprehensive framework to facilitate decision making in this area is lacking. In an attempt to fill that gap, we develop a model that supports original equipment manufacturers’ (OEMs’) assessment of the attractiveness of reverse markets. We identify, from a comprehensive literature analysis, in-depth interviews, and engagement with a dozen companies from different countries, factors that influence key characteristics of reverse markets, and consolidate this lengthy list into a comprehensive model intuitively applicable to business practice. The model combines five forces that drive reverse markets: access to recoverable products; threat of independent recovery companies’ (IRCs’) market entry; rivalry for recoverable products; adverse effects on core business; and remarketing opportunities. We propose for each a set of attributes that influences its power and direction. To demonstrate the efficacy of the model, we apply it in two industry settings: recovery of white goods in the United Kingdom and paper recycling in Germany. The present research enables OEMs to understand the structure and forces that drive reverse markets, identify levers to influence those markets, anticipate market developments, and formulate resilient strategies for product recovery.
Evaluation Approaches for Advancing Urban Water Goalshttp://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/resolve/doi?DOI=10.1111%2Fjiec.12456Evaluation Approaches for Advancing Urban Water GoalsMarguerite A. Renouf, Steven J. Kenway2016-07-13T20:55:31.248826-05:00doi:10.1111/jiec.12456John Wiley & Sons, Inc.10.1111/jiec.12456http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/resolve/doi?DOI=10.1111%2Fjiec.12456APPLICATIONS AND IMPLEMENTATION9951009Summary

Urban areas (especially cities) are challenged in meeting their direct water needs from local sources. They also exert strain on global water resources through their indirect (virtual) water use. Agencies concerned with urban water management have visions and goals for managing direct water use, but indirect use is only inferred in more global visions for sustainable consumption. There is limited quantification of “urban water performance” at the macro urban scale (whole of city) to monitor progress toward these goals. It is constrained by a lack of clarity about the evaluation approaches that best serve them. We ask, How can the evaluation approaches described in literature advance urban water management goals? We reviewed the utility of eight evaluation approaches, including urban water system modeling, urban metabolism (territorial and mass balance), consumption (life cycle assessment, water footprinting, and input-output analysis), and complex systems (ecological network analysis and systems dynamics) approaches. We found that urban metabolism based on water mass balance is a core method for generating information to inform current goals for direct urban water use, with potential for being “coupled” with the other approaches. Consumption approaches inform the management of indirect water use. We describe this in a framework for urban water evaluation to give greater clarity to this field and flag the further research that would be needed to progress this. It includes the recommendation to differentiate the evaluation of direct and indirect urban water, but to also interpret them together.

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Urban areas (especially cities) are challenged in meeting their direct water needs from local sources. They also exert strain on global water resources through their indirect (virtual) water use. Agencies concerned with urban water management have visions and goals for managing direct water use, but indirect use is only inferred in more global visions for sustainable consumption. There is limited quantification of “urban water performance” at the macro urban scale (whole of city) to monitor progress toward these goals. It is constrained by a lack of clarity about the evaluation approaches that best serve them. We ask, How can the evaluation approaches described in literature advance urban water management goals? We reviewed the utility of eight evaluation approaches, including urban water system modeling, urban metabolism (territorial and mass balance), consumption (life cycle assessment, water footprinting, and input-output analysis), and complex systems (ecological network analysis and systems dynamics) approaches. We found that urban metabolism based on water mass balance is a core method for generating information to inform current goals for direct urban water use, with potential for being “coupled” with the other approaches. Consumption approaches inform the management of indirect water use. We describe this in a framework for urban water evaluation to give greater clarity to this field and flag the further research that would be needed to progress this. It includes the recommendation to differentiate the evaluation of direct and indirect urban water, but to also interpret them together.
Chinese Abstracts Journal of Industrial Ecology Volume 21, Number 4http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/resolve/doi?DOI=10.1111%2Fjiec.12661Chinese Abstracts Journal of Industrial Ecology Volume 21, Number 42017-08-04T08:33:47.965771-05:00doi:10.1111/jiec.12661John Wiley & Sons, Inc.10.1111/jiec.12661http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/resolve/doi?DOI=10.1111%2Fjiec.12661FOREIGN LANGUAGE ABSTRACTS10101025Spanish Abstracts Journal of Industrial Ecology Volume 21, Number 4http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/resolve/doi?DOI=10.1111%2Fjiec.12662Spanish Abstracts Journal of Industrial Ecology Volume 21, Number 42017-08-04T08:33:47.721419-05:00doi:10.1111/jiec.12662John Wiley & Sons, Inc.10.1111/jiec.12662http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/resolve/doi?DOI=10.1111%2Fjiec.12662FOREIGN LANGUAGE ABSTRACTS10261041