an introduction from
the authors: "In
Chapters 11-12 of the book, we discuss scientific and theological issues
around human origins and lay out five scenarios regarding Adam and Eve. Our
purpose is to inform readers about the range of views held by fellow
Christians regarding human origins, and to examine some of the pros and
cons of each view, without endorsing any one view. This page contains
summary sections
from those chapters."

and from the web-page editor: Their
book is on ASA's list of Recommended Books (and for 4 months, in 2007-2008
shortly after it was published, this book was featured on our homepage)
and is highly recommended by Ted Davis (ASA Council Member) who says "in
a word, this book is splendid," and by me (editor of ASA's
website for Whole-Person Education) because I think it's the best available
introductory overview about the science and theology of origins questions. You
can get information about
the book (descriptions, reviews, table of contents, and how
to buy it) and explore the publisher's associated
website where the authors share "articles that expand on topics
covered in the book."

writing style: The excerpts in this
page show the authors' careful thoroughness
in helping you understand a wide range of issues and views; but
it's written in outline form, so it doesn't show the normal
writing style that you'll see in most parts of their book.

the rest of the story: What
you see below is only a few brief excerpts from an excellent book. A
great way to learn more about origins is to read other parts of the
book, as recommended by the authors
at the beginning of Chapter 11 & 12: "If
you have skipped ahead to this chapter, please go back and read the
earlier chapters, especially chapters 2, 4, 5, 6, 8, and 9. These
chapters lay the theological and scientific groundwork for this chapter
and will help to avoid false impressions about the topic of human origins." If
it's useful to supplement their whole chapters with "theological
and scientific groundwork" from earlier in the book, this
reading will be even more useful for the following chapter-excerpts.

SUMMARY OF SCIENTIFIC AND THEOLOGICAL ISSUES (pages
216-217)

Scientific Issues
• Fossil evidence: Scientists have found fossils of hominids going
back five million years and of modern-looking humans going back at least 120,000
years.
•
Genetic similarity to animals: Similarities between human and
animal genetic sequences support common ancestry. [principles of Genomic
Organization, Introns, Pseudogenes and their Similarities
in Humans & Chimps]
• Genetic diversity in the human population: The diversity in the
gene pool is much more than would be expected if all were descended from a single
pair. [Genetic
Diversity Within Species] [Genetic
Adam & Mitochondrial Eve explains "why scientists
don't believe that all humans descended from these two individuals."]

Theological Issue — The Image of God
• View 1: Social abilities: We have mental and social
abilities
far
above animals.
• View 2: Personal relationship: God chooses to have
a personal
relationship
with us.
• View 3: Representatives and stewards: God commissioned
humans
to
be his representatives and stewards in this world.
All three views are
compatible with each other and with all five scenarios about Adam and Eve.

Theological Issue — The Human Soul
• Theory 1: The soul and the body are two different entities (one
immaterial, one material). The soul must have been created miraculously.
• Theory 2: The body is material and the soul is immaterial, but
they should not be thought of as two different entities. The soul organizes
and empowers the body, endowing it with its essential human characteristics such
as self-consciousness, reason, will, and the ability to relate to God. The
soul must have been created miraculously.
• Theory 3: The soul consists of our mental and relational
abilities
(arising from our bodies) plus God’s spiritual relationship with us. God
could have created the soul through the natural mechanisms of evolution plus
his special revelation to us.
All three theories are compatible with all
five scenarios about Adam and Eve.

Theological Issue — Original Sin
• Situation of original sin: No one can be righteous apart from Christ.
•
Transmission of original sin: Sin is transmitted to other humans
biologically, socially, as a spiritual status, or all three.
•
Historical origin of sin: Was it a single act or multiple
acts? Was original righteousness before the Fall an actual
or a potential state?

Theological Issue — Human Mortality Before the Fall
• View 1: The Fall resulted in spiritual death only; humans
were
naturally mortal before the Fall.
• View 2: The Fall resulted in both spiritual and physical
death; humans were naturally immortal before the Fall.
• View 3: The Fall resulted in both spiritual and physical
death; humans were naturally mortal but potentially immortal before the
Fall.
[Three
Interpretations of The Tree of Life]

[In Chapter 12] we will analyze five different scenarios regarding Adam and
Eve, comparing in some detail how the theological and scientific issues discussed
in Chapter
11 [summarized above] play out in each scenario. ... Keep in
mind that our goal here is to promote informed discussion in the church rather
than to defend one particular position.

ADAM AND EVE: FIVE SCENARIOS (page
197)
• Recent Ancestors: Adam and Eve were specially created about 10,000
years ago and were the first humans. All humans today have descended from
them.
• Recent Representatives: God created humans about 150,000 years
ago using progressive or evolutionary creation, and God specially selected a
pair of humans about 10,000 years ago to act as humanity’s representatives. They
chose to sin and their sinful status was applied to all humans.
• Pair of Ancient Ancestors: God used natural mechanisms to create
pre-human hominids; then about 150,000 years ago God miraculously modified a
pair of them into the first humans, Adam and Eve. All humans today have
descended from this pair.
• Group of Ancient Representatives: God created humans about 150,000
years ago using evolutionary creation, and God specially selected a particular
group and revealed himself to them. They chose to sin and their sinful
status was applied to all humans.
• Symbolic: God created humans about 150,000 years ago using evolutionary
creation. No particular single event occurred where all humans fell into
sin at the same time, but many events happened where various individuals and
groups rebelled against God.

CHRISTIANS IN AGREEMENT (pages
228-229)

While these five scenarios have serious differences with each
other, they also agree with each other on some key points. In all of
these scenarios, human beings are uniquely God’s imagebearers,
• gifted by God with certain abilities,
• invited by God into a personal relationship,
• commissioned by God to be stewards of this earth.

All of these scenarios can be compatible with Christian beliefs
about the body and the soul.
All five scenarios can also be compatible, some more
easily than others, with at least two views on human mortality before the Fall:
• the Fall caused only spiritual death.
•
the Fall caused both
spiritual and physical death, but humans were only potentially immortal by God’s
grace.

All of these scenarios agree about the situation of original sin. They
agree that
• humans today are sinful and in a broken relationship with God.
• humans
cannot achieve righteousness by their own action.
• we can only be
redeemed through the work of Christ.

CHRISTIANS IN DISAGREEMENT (page
229)

These five scenarios primarily disagree about the following
questions:
• How and when did humanity fall into that sinful state?
• Was the first sin committed by our ancestors or by our representatives?
• What was the spiritual status of any humans living before the first sin?

To some Christians, these are vital questions. To other
Christians, these are secondary questions.
Some argue that a clear historical first sin, committed by Adam
and Eve as our ancestors, is essential to our understanding of the Christian
theology.
Others agree with Lutheran theologian George Murphy: "The
Christian claim is that a savior is needed because all people are sinners. It
is that simple. Why all people are sinners is an important question,
but an answer to it is not required in order to recognize the need for salvation. None
of the gospels uses the story in Genesis 3 to speak of Christ’s significance. In
Romans, Paul develops an indictment of the human race as sinful and then presents
Christ as God’s solution to this problem in chapters 1-3 before mentioning
Adam's sin in chapter 5."