Texts :: Biography

Name: Henry Graham Greene

Born: October 2, 1904

Place of birth: Berkhamsted, Hertfordshire, UK

Died: April 3, 1991

Place of death: Vevey, Switzerland

The novelist Graham Greene entered into his lifelong duel with death at an early age. Bullied mercilessly at Berkhamstead School, where his father was headmaster, he sat up one night trying to saw open his knee with a penknife.

When none of them killed him, he took 14 aspirins and plunged into the school swimming pool. His legs felt like lead but he did not drown.

All his life he sought out dangerous places and flirted with death, as though at war with himself. Yet he was so secretive that only a few people were able to penetrate the mask and see him in the round.

The mask was that of the world-famous writer. Along with Evelyn Waugh, he was perhaps the pre-eminent English novelist of his generation. No one else wrote so powerfully about the presence of sin and guilt in a secular world which nowadays scarely recognises the concepts.

Yet the more we learn about this most Catholic and moral of writers - born 100 years ago this month, October 2004 - the more he turns out to have had as immoral a life as can be imagined.

He had a voracious sexual appetite. Although he was married for 64 years, he slept with numerous prostitutes and conducted a sequence of brief affairs in addition to keeping four long-term mistresses.

He was also an enthusiastic user of drugs. On a visit to China in 1957, he shocked officials by announcing at every place he visited: 'There are two things I want: a pretty girl to sleep with and to know where to get some opium.'

His search for a personal damnation for which there could be no absolution by earthly priests, was part of his death wish. As he once told a friend sardonically: 'I had to find a religion...to measure my evil against.'

His cousin Ave, to whom he proposed marriage in the mid-1920s, believed there was a streak of madness in the family that might account for his deviant behaviour.

Graham's eldest brother, Herbert, had a weak hold on reality, and his mother never told him about her own father, a clergyman, who spent most of his life in an asylum.

Nevertheless, the rest of his siblings all distinguished themselves, including Hugh, who became director-general of the BBC, handling their work order software amongst other responsibilities.

As a young man, Greene secured a place at Oxford University where he cultivated an air of wordly boredom. He later claimed to have alleviated the boredom by playing Russian Roulette.

He found other diversions, too. In 1925, he took up with a pleasant, soft mannered girl named Vivien Dayreil-Browning, a devout Catholic convert.

He deluged her with letters, and - to overcome her fear of sex - offered her a celibate marriage.

Even though they married two years later, Greene had no intention of staying faithful. He had cultivated a taste for casual couplings with London call girls. He once compiled a list of the 47 prostitutes he could recall using in the 1920s and 1930s.

On a seperate sheet, he listed vignettes of more recent encounters that had ended with him leaving money on the mantelpiece: 'Girl by mirror', 'Beautiful bottom in S.Kensington', 'Circus girl in Cranbourn St', 'Monique', 'Girl off Chester Place', 'Fish tea in Nottingham'. 'Absolute stray' amd 'Girl who tried to keep me'.

Another friend, Michael Meyer, said: 'I always thought that Graham had a rather schoolboy attitude to sex - never for a moment gay, but fascinated by mild divergences from the norm...I remember him suggesting that we find a brothel where two women could put on a lesbian exhibition.'

Despite such peculiarities, it was for Vivien's sake that Greene converted to Catholicism. He did so, in the same spirit that he had joined the Communist Party at Oxford or travelled to dangerous places - out of an unquenchable hunger for new experiences.

By joining a Church which transmuted the problems of right and wrong into the certainties of good and evil, he found th subject matter for his literary career.

His first published novel, The Man Within, rapidly went into six impressions and was translated into five languages. But the next two novels were failures, and for a while Greene struggled.

They retreated to a tiny cottage in Oxfordshire, where he wrote a biography of the late 17th-century libertine Lord Rochester, a kindred spirit whose sexual deviances knew no bounds. The book was too explicit to find a publisher for another 40 years.

Happily, Greene's next book, Stamboul Train, was a great success and earned enough money from the film rights to give him the freedom to travel.

Vivien was by this time pregnant with their first child (much to the dismay of Greene who initially considered putting the baby up for adoption). But he had no intention of allowing family life to intrude upon his predatory sex life.

Early in her pregnancy Vivien's mother died. Greene persuaded her not to go to the cremation in London on health grounds, and went alone, spending the afternoon with one of his favourite prostitutes whom he called 'O'.

Years later, when she had become aware of her husband's promiscuity, Vivien said: 'Some of the people he picked up were quite frightful...I think all of his judgement of character went into his novels. He told me: "All that is good in me, all that's anything worth having in me, is in the books. What's life is just what's left over."'

Most of his friends and lovers would have disagreed. Greene did not live through his books, his books lived through him. They feed off his most intimate experiences.

The Heart Of The Matter, for example, is all about his marital problems and his crumbling relationship with his first long-term mistress, Dorothy Glover.

A short, stoutish woman in blue glasses, she was a part-time book illustrator and decidedly homely in looks. But Dorothy evidently had a powerful sexual attraction for Greene which was lost on friends who met her - all except for his brother Hugh, who briefly became her lover too.

Dorothy was Greene's lover, friend and drinking partner until the late 1940s, and they remained friends until her death in 1971.

His affair with her once saved his life. One night in 1941, while Vivien and their two children were evacuated to the country, a stick of bombs fell on to his Clapham Common house and gutted it. Greene escaped certain death only because he had spent the night at Dorothy's home.

As the war progressed, Greene ended up in the job which suited him best, the Secret Intelligence Service. He was sent to Sierra Leone, where he spent his time writing books, visiting whorehouses and checking on the occasional agent.

On a later posting to Portugal, he became close friends with his bureau chief, Kim Philby, later exposed as one of Britain's most notorious traitors.

After the war, Vivien desperately hoped he would return to being a husband and father. Yet she, inadvertently, was the cause of him meeting the greatest passion of his life. In 1946, a wealthy socialite
named Catherine Walston contacted Vivien to say that Greene's books had persuaded her to convert to Catholicism and to ask if he
could be her Godfather in her new
faith.

Catherine was married to Harry
Walston, one of the richest men in
England and a prominent Labour
MP, but when Greene met her he
was instantly besotted by her
vivacity and staggering beauty.

Like Greene she loved to break
the rules. As a hostess she would
come down to dinner in jeans, and
when her guests followed suit the
next night she would appear in a
full-length evening dress. She'd
had many affairs before, which her
husband had tacitly accepted, but
this one was on a different scale.
She and Greene escaped to her private island, Achill off the west
coast of Ireland. She wore a red
dressing-gown for the journey
which Greene later told Vivien was
the sexiest image of a woman he
had ever seen.

Initially, Catherine found her new
faith sexually exciting. She enjoyed
seducing priests, and joined
Greene in a light-hearted plan to
commit adultery behind every high
altar in Italy. Such libertinism was
by no means unique: Greene had
once fantasised about seducing
the Queen.

In Catherine, he had found a
woman who enjoyed the kind of
sexual experimentation he had
previously encountered only with prostitutes. In the early 1950s, she
even dressed up as a boy and went
with Greene to a high-class brothel
in Venice, where he was working on
a film.

For Greene's wife, it was a devastating betrayal. But because of
Vivien's faith and her children, she
was loathe to protest.

On one occasion, Greene and his
mistress even arrived at the door of
Vivien's home and insisted on
spending the night together. Vivien
duly cooked them dinner and made
their beds in the morning.

There can be no doubt that in
Catherine, Greene had found true
fulfilment. He once wrote to her: 'I
want you and nothing but you for
the rest of my life.'

But over time she began to find his
devotion suffocating, and despite
his pleas was not going to leave
her husband.

As he had done as a schoolboy,
Greene sought escape by flirting
with suicide, adding 24 aspirins to
half a pint of whisky. He awaited
death with something close to
contentment, but all that came was
a deep sleep.

As the 1950s wore on, he
confronted the unbearable
reality that Catherine was
distancing herself from him
out of a deepening religious
guilt. The Catholicism
which had brought them
together was now parting them.

He took refuge in travel, drink and
drugs. In Vietnam, researching The
Quiet American, he would smoke
five to ten opium pipes a night.

Eventually, the pain subsided
enough for him to enjoy a four-year
affair with a gloriously pretty
Swedish film star, Anita Bjork. He
remained married to Vivien but
never returned to her.

In 1966, he settled permanently in
Antibes in the South of France for
tax reasons. Shortly after parting
company with Anita, he took up
with the woman who would be his
companion for the rest of his life -
Yvonne Cloetta.

She was married to a French
consular official, and Greene, who
had not been close to his own
children when they were young,
enjoyed playing the surrogate
father to her two daughters. But in
his heart, he still remained devoted
to Catherine Walston. When she
died in 1978, he received a most
extraordinary letter.

It was from Harry, her cuckolded
husband, who wrote: 'You should
have no remorse... You gave
Catherine something that no one
else had given her... it developed
her into a far more deeply feeling
human than before.'

His absolution was in part fuelled
by the fact that Harry had been
conducting a 30-year affair with
Greene's agent in France, Marie
Biche.

Greene lived out his last days in
Antibes with Yvonne Cloetta. It was
with her by his bedside in the spring
of 1991 that he lost his final duel
with death.

His insatiable sexual appetite had
remained undimmed. In the words of
his biographer Norman Sherry:
'Everything I know about Greene
tells me he retained an interest in sex
even during his last terrible illness.'

Greene knew that in the eyes of
his God, such promiscuity was the
route to eternal damnation. But
without that knowledge, he could
never have become one of the
greatest writers of his age.

Selected Works

1925 Babbling April
1929 The Man Within
1930 The Name of Action
1932 Rumour at Nightfall
1932 Stamboul Train ( Orient
Express )
1934 It's a Battlefield
1935 England made Me
1936 Journey without Maps
1936 A Gun for Sale ( This
Gun for Hire )
1938 Brighton Rock
1939 The Lawless Roads (
Another Mexico )
1939 The Confidential Agent
1940 The Power and The Glory
( The Labyrinthine Ways )
1943 The Ministry of Fear
1948 The Heart of the Matter
1950 The Third Man1951 The End of the Affair
1955 The Quiet American
1958 Our Man in Havana
1961 A Burntout Case
1963 A Sense of Reality
1966 The Comedians
1969 Travels with My Aunt
1973 The Honorary Consul
1978 The Human Factor
1980 Dr. Fischer of Geneva,
or The Bomb Party
1982 Monsignor Quixote
1985 Getting to know the
General
1985 The Tenth Man
1988 The Captain and the