Please Note: I'm aware that the proper method for secure password storage hashing is either scrypt or bcrypt. This question isn't for implementation in actual software, it's for my own understanding.
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I wrote a simple file encryption program as an example of how to do encryption correctly, but after reading a questions about encryption + MAC, I think I made a mistake by using the same key for both.
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I was reading HMAC on wikipedia and I was confused about a few points.
Where do I use HMAC?
Why is the key part of the hash?
Even if someone successfully used a "length-extension attack", how would ...

Most of discussions involving access credentials include references to "hashing salted passwords". Is this another way to referring to the HMAC algorithm or a totally different operation? Different or ...

We are in the process of creating a web service and have been investigating ways of securing it. In reality, the service is likely to get very little traffic and the data is likely to be of little use ...

One of my clients wants to provide an URL to each of his customers to register in a system. This URL would contain a query string parameter with some data (e.g. code, email and name) from his clients ...