Pathophysiology Ch 18 Study Guide

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dyspnea that occurs when a person is lying down. (Pulmonary Congestion)

Is Laryngotracheobronchitis (LTB) "viral" or "bacterial"?

viral

Laryngotracheobronchitis (LTB) is manifested in?

between 1 and 2 years of age, adults may also contract laryngitis, tracheitis, or bronchitis.

Common causative organisms of LTB?

parainfluenza viruses and adenovciruses.

Pathophysiology of (LTB)

Viral infection. In child, larynx and subglottic area become inflamed with swelling and exudate, leading to obstruction and medical emergency.

Treatment of LTB

If child has airway, breathing treatent with racemic epinephrine

What is acute sinusitis?

A bacterial infection secondary to a cold or allergic reaction that has obstructed the drainage of one or more of the paranasal sinuses into the nasal cavity. Patient has exudative material in the sinuses. (Pneumococci, streptococci, H. flu)

Signs and symptoms of sinusitis?

Pain may be confused by headache (ethmoid sinus) or toothache (maxillary sinus).Other signs, such as nasal congestion, fever, or sore throat.

Persistent thick mucus in the bronchioles of a child with CF may cause:

obstruction of bronchioles, causing air trapping or atelectasis with permanent damage to the bronchial walls. Infections are common and add to the progressive destruction of lung tissue. (Air becomes trapped causing atelectasis)

Early signs of brochogenic carcinoma include:

*those related to the direct effects of the tumor on the respiratory structures*those representing the systemic effects of cancer*those caused by associated paraneoplastic syndromes*those resulting from metastatic tumors at other sites

obstructive atelectasis leads to a potential low pressure "gap" or space on the affected side; therefore the mediastinum shifts toward it, and the other lung, compensated by overinflating.

A large pleural effusion would cause atelectasis because:

increases the pressure in the pleural cavity and causing separation of the pleural membranes (inspiration is affected), preventing their cohesion during inspiration. These effects prevent expansion of the lung, leading to atelectasis.

lipids and proteins that is produced in the lungs. The inside of the alveolia are coated with a very small amount of fluid containing surfactant

Surfactant reduces:

tension in the alveoli and promotes expansion (Surfactant has a detergent action that reduces surface tension of the aveolar fluid, facilitating inspiration and preventing total collapse of the alveoli during expiration)

Surfactant is first produced?

between 28 and 36 weeks of gestation, depending on the maturity of the individual lung.

Surfactant can asses

infant lung maturity.

Describe how normal quiet inspiration takes place (how the diaphragm and intercostals work together)

* Contraction of the diaphragm* Diaphragm flattens and descends - increasing the length of thoracic cavity* External intercoastal muscles raise the ribs and sternum - increasing the transverse and antraposterior diameters of the thorax.

Where is the gene for CF located?

The gene for CF is located on the 7th chromosome and it is autosomal recessive. Much more common in whites.

Define hypercapnia

When carbon dioxide levels in blood increase

Define hypoxia

inadequate oxygen supply to the cells.

Define internal respiration

metabolic process by which living cells absorb oxygen and release carbon dioxide

Define external respiration

gas exchange at the alveolar capillary membrane (between the lungs and blood)

Define waste product of aerobic cellular metabolism

carbon dioxide

Describe the sputum characteristics of pulmonary edema

frothy (owing to air mixed with the secretions), and blood-tinged (owing to ruptured capillaries in the lungs).

The common cold (infectious Rhinitis) is caused by?

viral infection of the upper respiratory tract usually Rhinovirus. Usually spread by droplet spread.

Manifestations of croup include

larynx and subglottic area become inflammed with swelling and exudate leads to barking cough (croup), hoarse voice and inspiratory stridor.

can be the end result of many pulmonary disorders. Indicated when Pao2 is less then 50 mmHg (severe hypoxia) or Paco2 is greater than 50 mmHg (hypercapnia) and serum pH is decreasing (<7.3) respiratory acidosis. Interferes with nervous system function.

During inspiration there is usual decerase in pressure inside the lungs.

*the flail or broken section of ribs moves inward rather than outward as intrathoracic pressure is decreased*this inward movement of the ribs prevents expansion of the affected lung.*a large flail section can compress the adjacent lung tissue, pushing the air out of that section and up the bronchus.

Describe what happens during inspiration who has a flail chest?

Sucking sound is heard. Decrease pressure inside.

open pneumothorax refers to

atmospheric air entering the pleural cavity through an opening in the chest wall. This could result from trauma or surgery.