A. This class includes methods and apparatus (a) for analyzing
light to measure or test its characteristics, such as intensity, color
and polarization; (b) for determining
the optical or nonoptical properties of materials or articles by
noting, as by inspection, measurement, or test
the effect produced by the materials or articles on light associated
therewith; and (c) for measuring the dimensions
of structures or the spatial relationships such as distances or
angle bearings of spaced points by comparison of the respective
properties (usually direction or spatial position) of
the light from these points or by comparison of the properties of
these lights with some scale or standard. The light analyzing
includes or is for spectroscopy, interference, polarization, beam
direction or pattern, focal position of a light source, shade
or color, and photometers. The material or article
properties determined are or involve crystal or gem examination, material
strain analysis, blood analysis, optical pyrometers, egg
candling, cutting blade sharpness, oil testing, document
verification, flatness, lens or reflector testing, refraction
testing, monitoring moving webs or fabrics, light
transmission or absorption, light reflection, inspection
for flaws or imperfections in materials, and thread counting.

B. Included also are apparatus and methods to facilitate the
viewing of structure as for flaws and imperfections. The
structure is usually optically significant such as transparent sheets
or bottles or semi-transparent cloth; or the structure
is inaccessible as a bore requiring a bore scope. Included
also are methods and structure for preparing the sample for an optical
test, and optical test standards.

C. Included also are apparatus and methods involving
a plurality of measurements or tests each within the scope of this
class; and also included are a measurement or test within
the scope of this class together with a measurement or test or other
art structure provided, per se, elsewhere, but
where no provision for the combination is made elsewhere.

SECTION II - LINES WITH OTHER CLASSES AND WITHIN THIS CLASS

A. OPTICAL MEASURING OR TESTING CLASSIFIED ELSEWHERE

Class 33 provides for optical measurements of the light ray
type within the scope of this class. See "Geometrical
Instruments in This Class and in Class 33," section C, below, for
the subject matter placed in Class 33 and Class 356. Class
73 includes optical measuring and testing within the scope of its
subclasses. See "Measuring and Testing in This
Class and Class 73," section D, below, for
the line between Class 73 and Class 356. Signal and indicating
apparatus which may involve optics are classified elsewhere.
See, for example, temperature, radiant
energy, smoke, or gas indicators. Surgical
diagnostic instruments which may involve optical measuring or testing
on or in the body are elsewhere. Television systems for
measuring and testing which may include optical elements are classified
elsewhere. Photocells and associated circuitry together
with optical structure which may involve measuring or testing are classified
elsewhere. However, this Class 356 includes optical
testing with a photoelectric light detector and usually claiming
either an indicator or structure to support or contain the specimen
or sample under test. Lamp and discharge device testing
is classified elsewhere. Eye examining and testing instruments
which may include optical measuring or testing are elsewhere. (See
Subclass References to the Current Class and References to Other
Classes, below, for subclass references of subject
matter above.)

B. TESTING AND MEASURING SUBCOMBINATIONS PROVIDED
FOR ELSEWHERE

Optical elements which may be used in measuring and testing
apparatus are classified elsewhere as are the conventional optical
elements such as lenses, prisms, and mirrors.
Subclasses relating to scale or indicia reading should be particularly
noted. Photocell circuits and apparatus are elsewhere. Photo-sensitive
discharge devices are classified elsewhere. Mechanical
scales and gauges which may be part of optical measuring systems are
elsewhere. Mechanical indicators which may be part of
optical measuring systems classified elsewhere. Electrical
indicating and measuring devices which may be part of optical measuring
systems are classified elsewhere. (See References
to Other Classes, below, for class/subclass
references to these art areas.)

(1)Note. Telemetric signaling means useful in transmitting
a measured quantity, not limited to any particular measuring
instrument provided for in other classes, is classified elsewhere, while
Class 356 takes such telemetric signaling means in combination with a
particular measuring means of the type provided for in Class 356. (See
References to Other Classes, below.)C. GEOMETRICAL INSTRUMENTS IN THIS CLASS AND IN
CLASS 33This class (356) provides for measuring devices
which are used for determining spatial relationships, and
which involve the establishment of an optical axis between the observer’s
station and a remote point and which include significant optical
structure. This includes certain types of range-finders, angle
or azimuth measuring instruments and velocity measuring devices
as qualified below. In this subject matter the recitation
of specific optical details such as lens, prism, or
mirror details is sufficient for classification in this class (356).
Exceptions which remain in Class 33 are bomb sights with specific
optical line sighting instruments with a telescope or microscope recited
even in some detail, and as a viewing aid to but not a
part of the sighting instrument. Also where a plurality
of optical functions are recited as, for example, plural
reflections of a line of sight, classification is in this
Class 356. Where optic is only recited broadly as, for
example, "an optical axis," a "telescope," or
a "deflection of the line of sight," the
subject matter is generally classified in Class 33, as
opposed to Class 356.Also included in this Class 356 are instruments for visual
sighting which in addition to having a field of view, perform
an aiming or alignment function or establish a line of sight by
means of an artificial reference and which include significant optical
structure.The geometrical instruments of this Class 356 usually either
involve the determination of the direction of a point remote from an
observer with respect to some reference direction where the two
directions may be viewed and compared simultaneously; or the
determination of the relative direction of two points remote from
an observer where the two directions may be viewed and compared
simultaneously. Optical structure is usually provided
to facilitate this simultaneous viewing. The subject matter
of Class 33 relates more to the direction determination by aiming
an instrument on a point and later noting the direction of the aimed
instrument with respect to some reference such as a level, compass, or
other point. A mere single deflection of a line of sight
as by a mirror or lens to facilitate the viewing is not precluded
from Class 33. In the mensuration or figure comparison, the patents
in this class (356) include structure to facilitate
the viewing (usually simultaneously) of the specimens, or
configurations to be compared with other specimens or configurations
or with scales, masters, or patterns.A single sight line optical instrument such as a transit with
structure for indicating the direction is classified in Class 33. However where
such an instrument includes a sighting mark or scale at an optically
critical position such as in the focal plane classification is in
Class 356.Comparison instruments which merge the rays from diverse directions
for common viewing as in a split image range finder are classified
in Class 356. However plural sighting instruments which
merely aim on angularly separated points (even simultaneously) with
mechanical reading of the directions are classified in Class 33. Space measuring
instruments whose operation is essentially optical such as optical
interferometers are classified in Class 356 as opposed to Class
33. Reticles and cross hairs generally are classified
in Class 33. However, optical reticles which
reflect or refract light are classified in Class 356.D. MEASURING AND TESTING IN THIS CLASS AND CLASS
73This class (356) provides for optical measuring
and testing as defined above. Class 73 provides for measuring
and testing which may include optical measuring and testing as defined, combined
with some nonoptical limitations beyond the scope of this class (356) and
specifically provided for in Class 73. Specific provision
exists in Class 73 when the measurement or test is of the type provided
for by the subclasses of Class 73 definitions. For example, Class
73 provides for gas chromatography involving color determination
of the Class 356 type together with some manipulation of the gas beyond
the scope of Class 356. Again Class 73 provides for engine
testing involving optical tests of the Class 356 type together with
some mechanical manipulation of the parts beyond the scope of Class 356.
In general Class 73 provides for measuring and testing of the type
indicated by its subclass titles and definitions which may include
optical steps together with other mechanical measuring and testing
steps beyond the scope of Class 356. There are some patents
presently in Class 73 which relate to measuring and testing as there
provided, but which claim only optical subject matter within
the scope of Class 356. Combinations of optical measuring
or testing with other structure or methods is classified in Class
356 if no provision for such combinations exists elsewhere. (See
References to Other Classes, below.)An exception to the above involves cutting blade sharpness
testing where Class 356 provides for the optical type with the remainder
in Class 73. Another exception involves stress analysis
where Class 356 provides for the optical type absent intentional
loading of the specimen. The remainder is classified in
Class 73, particularly for optical stress analysis with
intentional loading of the specimen. (See Subclass
References to the Current Class and References to Other Classes, below.)E. NONVISIBLE RADIATIONThis class is restricted to measuring and testing involving
visible light. However where the measuring or testing
involves infrared or ultraviolet radiation with apparatus optical
in nature and nothing peculiar to such infra red and ultra violet
radiation, classification is in this class. For
example, optical equipment where the radiation was claimed
as ultraviolet or infra red would be classified in this class, especially
methods and apparatus for the inspection of solid or liquids by
charged particles and invisible radiation responsive electric signalling methods
and apparatus. See also THERMOCOUPLES AND BOLOMETERS, below. (See
Subclass References to the Current Class, below.)F. FLUORESCENCE AND PHOSPHORESCENCE TESTINGThe examination of fluorescent and phosphorescent material
or organisms to determine their fluorescent or phosphorescent properties
or the examination of invisible energy including ultraviolet light
by subjecting fluorescent or phosphorescent material to invisible
radiation is classified elsewhere even though the fluorescent or phosphorescent
radiation is in the visible light range and the intensity and the
frequency of the fluorescent or phosphorescent light is examined.
Methods of determining oil presence, contamination or concentration, methods
and apparatus using luminophor test material or a luminophor detector
in combination with an electric signalling device responsive to
the light emitted by the luminophor, methods and apparatus
to irradiate a luminophor and luminscent devices, per se, are
classified elsewhere. (See References to Other Classes, below.)Fluorescent or phosphorescent apparatus used as a visible
light standard and claimed as part of a visible light testing apparatus
as of a comparator type and which is basic subject matter of Class
356 is classified in Class 356. The examination of the
visible light, per se, emitted by fluorescent
or phosphorescent materials would be classified in Class 356 when
the fluorescent or phosphorescent materials or source producing
the visible light is not included in the claims.G. LASERS AND RESONANCE RADIATIONThe testing with optical apparatus of a laser beam for the
intensity or frequency of the visible light, per se, emitted
by the laser is in Class 356 (see Subclass References to the
Current Class, below). However, lasers and
similar devices when they function as an amplifier of light in the
visible range and laser modulator, per se, are
classified elsewhere. For optical elements which control light
intensity or direction on a molecular level, see classification
elsewhere; for modulation involving polarized light and
for light control by altering an optical medium or surface see elsewhere.
Coherent light generators, per se, are classified
elsewhere.H. THERMOCOUPLES AND BOLOMETERSWhere the intensity or the frequency of invisible radiation
is determined by means of a thermal detector, classification
is elsewhere. Where the intensity or the frequency of
visible light radiation is determined by means of a thermal detector, classification
is in Class 356. Where the total energy or power in a
beam of radiation is measured by a thermal detector classification
is elsewhere; and where thermally emitted radiation is
measured to determine the temperature of the emitting source, classification
is also elsewhere, except where the radiation is limited
to light, where the classification is in Class 356. (See
Subclass References to the Current Class and References to Other
Classes, below.)I. BURNINGAlthough the burning of a combustible material is a chemical
reaction, the combination of the burning of combustible
material for visible light examination purposes with visible light
analyzing structures of this class is in this Class 356.
See References to Other Classes, below for "Combustion" and
for all combustion reactions not provided for elsewhere.
See also Subclass References to the Current Class, below. (See
References to Other Classes, below.)J. COUNTINGClaims to the counting of discrete particles such as blood
particles, bacteria colonies, or dust particles, one
at a time by numerical counting apparatus which registers the counts
corresponding to the respective particles will be found elsewhere.
However, the visual counting with a scale or spacer to aid
the eye is classified in this Class (356). Claims
to the sizing and counting of particles such as blood particles, bacteria
colonies, or dust particles, one at a time by numerical
counting apparatus will be found elsewhere. The counting
of undulations by means of visible light or indeterminate length
material such as a web of fabric or threads, per se, for
testing the weave of the web for evenness, or the thread
for unevenness, or for flaws, or for optical properties or
physical dimensions where the measurement is affected only by the
variations of the light caused by the web or thread will be in Class
356 rather than elsewhere. The counting of particles with
visible light by statistical analysis procedures instead of a one
by one numerical particle count as elsewhere will be in Class 356.
The sizing and counting of particles with visible light by statistical
analysis procedures instead of a one by one numerical particle count
as elsewhere will be in Class 356. The counting or the
sizing and counting of particles with visible light by statistical
methods in Class 356 involves for example, polarized light, light
scattering, color testing, and reflective diffusion
of light. Where a microscope is utilized to count particles, one
by one, such as blood particles or bacteria colonies, see elsewhere.
Where an optical element such as a lens for magnification is used
in combination with a support for counting bacteria colonies, or
particles such as dust see classification elsewhere for one by one counting.
Where no optical element is utilized and only a support is used
see this Class (356). Where a microscope
having a graticule rather than a cross hair or a reticle is used
to count particles one by one see this class (356).
See this class (356) for supports for bacteria
counters where only a light and a support for the one by one count is
involved. (See Subclass References to the Current
Class and References to Other Classes, below.)K. READING AND RECORDINGThe combination of an optical test of this class with a qualitative
or quantitative marker or recorder is in this class. Class 356
provides for the reading visually of the information or data cards
where not elsewhere provided.Pattern or character recognition of a document or a record
is classified elsewhere. Where the document analysis or
verification is limited to the intrinsic properties of the record, classification
is in Class 356. Systems controlled by a record and code record
sensors, respectfully, are classified elsewhere.
Apparatus to check hole type cards for errors in the punching or
in the sorting of cards where the error check equipment is not part
of a business machine is classified elsewhere. (See
Subclass References to the Current Class and References to Other
Classes, below.)

28, 139.01+, 141.1+, 152.1+, 218, and
442 for optical testing with a photoelectric light detector and
usually claiming either an indicator or structure to support or
contain the specimen or sample under test.

Geometrical Instruments, provides for mechanical scales and gauges which
may be part of optical measuring systems. (See
Lines With Other Classes, B, "Testing
and Measuring Subcombinations Provided for Elsewhere.")

Geometrical Instruments, provides in
subclass 227for optical measurements of the light ray type
within the scope of this class. (See Lines With
Other Classes, A, "Optical Measuring
or Testing Classified Elsewhere.")

Package Making,
subclass 52for automatic or triggered control of a package
making machine in response to a test which may be optical, and subclasses
507+ for visual inspection means combined with package
making machines.

Glass Manufacturing,
subclasses 377+ for processes of glass making with a step of visually, chemically
or physically determining a chemical or physical property, subclass
38 for the process of forming a lens with a fusion bonding step, and
subclass 158 for inspection means which may be optical.

Measuring and Testing,
subclass 23.1for the examination of the effluent of a mixture
of gases which has contacted a solvent or sorbent which separates
the mixture into fractional components and for gas chromatography involving
color determination of the Class 356 type together with some manipulation
of the gas beyond the scope of Class 356, subclass 28 for
analysis of solid matter in gases, subclass 29 for analysis
of moisture content or vapor pressure by physical means, subclass
30 for density tests by physical means, subclass 32 for specific
gravity or density testing of liquids or solids, subclass
37 for fluid pressure tests, subclasses 53.01+ for
the testing of liquids or a liquid suspension of solids including
sediment or foreign content, subclass 73 for determining moisture
content or absorption characteristics of material, subclass
78 for hardness testing, subclasses 760+ for stress
or strain testing of material generally, particularly subclass
800 for optical stress analysis with intentional loading of the
specimen, subclass 104 for surface and cutting edge testing
generally, subclass 114.08 for using an optical
measurement for determining irregular combustion (e.g., misfire), and
subclass 114.29 for using microwave energy to determine
piston position in combination with a rotational position sensor
in an internal combustion engine, subclass 156 for statistical
record verifying, subclass 157 for record strip sprocket
hole testing, subclasses 861+ for volume or rate
of flow meters, subclass 290 for liquid level or depth
gauges, subclass 488 for speed or acceleration testing generally, subclasses
700+ for fluid pressures gauges, and subclass
421 for samplers and tollers. (See Lines With
Other Classes, sections A and D, above.)

Measuring and Testing,
subclass 156for apparatus to check hole type cards for errors
in the punching or in the sorting of cards where the error check
equipment is not part of a business machine. (See
Lines With Other Classes, K, "Reading
and Recording.")

Gas Separation: Processes,
subclasses 1+ for processes of gas separation with control responsive
to sensed condition which may involve an optical test and subclasses
82+ for processes of gas separation using chromatography.

Signals and Indicators, for mechanical signals and indicators, particularly
subclasses 200+ for mechanical indicators which may be part of optical
measuring systems and subclass 137 for compressional wave generators. (See
Lines With Other Classes, B, "Testing
and Measuring Subcombinations Provided for Elsewhere.")

Coating Apparatus,
subclasses 663+ for automatic control of coating apparatus which
may include an optical test, subclasses 712+ for testing, inspecting
or measuring which may involve visual inspection or an optical test device, and
subclasses 712+ for signals and indicators responsive to
a condition.

Fluid Handling,
subclass 2for processes of flow control by a condition or
characteristic of a fluid which may be of an optical nature, and subclass
93 for self-proportioning or correlating systems responsive
to an optical property, and subclass 551 for indicators, registers, recorders, alarms, or
inspection means including visual inspection means.

Adhesive Bonding and Miscellaneous Chemical Manufacture,
subclass 64for methods with measuring, testing or
inspecting, subclass 378 for apparatus with testing, measuring
alone or in combination with indicating means involving the properties, dimensions, or
a condition of the work or apparatus, and subclass 379
for inspecting with or without illuminating means for observing
normally nonvisible machine or work parts.

Paper Making and Fiber Liberation,
subclass 198for processes involving measuring, inspecting
alone or in combination with testing or visual inspection of the
product, and subclass 263 for apparatus to detect some
condition of the machine or the material including inspection of
the material undergoing treatment for some chemical or physical
characteristic.

Wells,
subclasses 250.01+ for processes including indicating, testing, measuring, locating, or
recording a well condition, and subclass 64 for well apparatus
including time, distance, temperature, or
counting apparatus.

Unearthing Plants or Buried Objects,
subclass 15for apparatus including separation by size, subclass
18 for apparatus for separating buried objects based upon physical
differences, and subclass 20 including visual inspection
of the buried object.

Weighing Scales, appropriate subclasses for balances, per se, and
automatic weighing devices, particularly
subclass 45for apparatus including alarms or signals in addition
to the weight indicator, and subclass 50 for apparatus for
performing an additional test including size gauging not provided
for elsewhere.

Check-Actuated Control Mechanisms,
subclass 207including apparatus for the testing of paper currency
for genuineness and other anomalous checks in automatic dispensing machines
and including apparatus in subclasses 224 and 304+ for
coin in circuit operated switches, subclasses 219+, 230+, and
239+ for coin operated switches, and subclasses
302+ for fraud preventive devices.

Conveyors: Power-Driven,
subclass 502for a conveyor having signalling or indicating
means or means for measuring the conveyed load, subclasses
504+ for a conveyor having load weighing means, and
appropriate subclasses for different types of conveyors or systems
of conveyors having operation control means using a photo-optics
system.

Classifying, Separating, and
Assorting Solids, particularly
subclasses 510+ for the combination of a candling operation with
a weighing operation of the sorting type; subclasses 556+ for
diverse condition responsive testing means; subclasses
525 and 586 for light-type gauging apparatus; subclasses
580+ for apparatus for sorting on the basis of an optical
property of a material including the color and polarization effects
of the material; subclasses 512+, 592+, and
645 for automatic weighers; and subclasses 702+ and
939 for manual candling and assorting apparatus.

Supports: Racks, appropriate subclasses for supports for plural articles
particularly
subclass 10for racks to facilitate the sorting of articles
by hand, and subclass 14 for racks designed to support
eggs.

Article Dispensing,
subclass 2for apparatus including recorders, registers, indicators, signals
or exhibitors for noting a condition or position of a dispenser
part, and subclass 155 for apparatus with transparent inspecting
or viewing means.

Fluid Sprinkling, Spraying, and
Diffusing,
subclass 71for apparatus having means to indicate a condition, indicate
the extent of motion or position of a part, or perform
a quantity measurement or an inspection to determine flow conditions.

Winding, Tensioning, or Guiding,
subclasses 357, 472.9+, 479.9+, 484.8, 484.9, 534+, 563+ for
detector or stop for controlling various winding or unwinding operations, and
subclass 912 for an alarm or indicator.

Radiant Energy,
subclass 200for photoelectric circuits to control the illumination
falling upon the photocell or to follow a pattern or to follow a
point, and for apparatus, subclass 206 for photoelectric
controlled circuits, particularly subclass 216 for optical
or prephotocell systems which includes in subclass 221 for system controlled
by articles, persons or animals, in subclass 225
polarizing optical system, in subclass 226 optical systems
including visible light filters, prisms, and diffraction
gratings and in subclass 229 the control of light by optical shutters
and attenuators, and subclasses 250 to 422 for methods
and apparatus dealing with the production of invisible radiant energy, its detection
or utilization. (See Lines With Other Classes, B, "Testing
and Measuring Subcombinations Provided for Elsewhere.")

Radiant Energy,
subclass 200provides for photocells and associated circuitry
together with optical structure which may involve measuring or testing. (See
Lines With Other Classes, A, "Optical
Measuring or Testing Classified Elsewhere.")

Radiant Energy,
subclass 301for methods of determining oil presence, contamination
or concentration, subclass 361 for methods and apparatus
using luminophor test material or a luminophor detector in combination
with an electric signalling device responsive to the light emitted
by the luminophor, subclasses 458.1+ for
methods and apparatus to irradiate a luminophor and subclasses 453.11+ for
luminscent devices, per se. The examination of
fluorescent and phosphorescent material or organisms to determine
their fluorescent or phosphorescent properties or the examination of
invisible energy including ultraviolet light by subjecting fluorescent
or phosphorescent material to invisible radiation is in Class 250 even
though the fluorescent or phosphorescent radiation is in the visible
light range and the intensity and the frequency of the fluorescent or
phosphorescent light is examined. (See Lines
With Other Classes, F, "Fluorescence And
Phosphorescence Testing.")

Plastic and Nonmetallic Article Shaping or Treating:
Processes,
subclasses 1.1+ for methods for forming articles producing optical effects
including light polarization, and subclass 40 for methods
with measuring, testing, or inspecting some variable
condition in the shaped article, the mold, the
molded material or shaping surface.

Work Holders,
subclass 8for magnetic work holders, subclass 11
for holders provided with illuminating means, and subclass
19 for holders provided with gage means such as vertical or horizontal
position indicators for the work or the holder.

Electricity: Measuring and Testing, for electrical indicating and measuring devices
which may be part of optical measuring systems. (See
Lines With Other Classes, B, "Testing
and Measuring Subcombinations Provided for Elsewhere.")

Amplifiers,
subclass 4.3for lasers and similar devices when they function
as an amplifier of light in the visible range and laser modulator, per
se. (See Lines With Other Classes, G, "Lasers
and Resonance Radiation.")

Communications: Electrical, for electrical indicating and measuring devices
which may be part of optical measuring systems. (See
Lines With Other Classes, B, "Testing
and Measuring Subcombinations Provided for Elsewhere.")

Recorders, for the generic class of recording the movements of machines
or making a record of any phenomenon, particularly
subclass 33for recorders combined with external recorder operating
means, subclasses 150.1+ for electric recording
including spark and electrochemical, subclasses 107.1+ for
light or beam recording.

Television,
subclasses 135+ for television systems utilized to effect a measurement
and subclasses 180+ for measuring and testing devices utilized
in television systems which may include optical elements.

Television,
subclasses 135+ and 180+ for television systems for measuring
and testing which may include optical elements. (See
Lines With Other Classes, A, "Optical
Measuring or Testing Classified Elsewhere.")

Optics: Motion Pictures, appropriate subclasses for methods and apparatus dealing
with cameras for taking of pictures and projectors which show the
motion pictures, especially
subclass 39for methods of utilizing motion pictures for time
and motion studies or for other uses other than the creation of
the illusion of motion.

Optical: Systems and Elements, for optical elements which may be used in measuring
and testing apparatus. The conventional optical elements
such as lenses, prisms, and mirrors are there. (See
Lines With Other Classes, B, "Testing
and Measuring Subcombinations Provided for Elsewhere.")

Optical: Systems and Elements, for optical elements which control light intensity or direction
on a molecular level,
subclasses 246+ , 281+, and 301+ for
modulation involving polarized light, and subclasses 290+ for
light control by altering an optical medium or surface. (See
Lines With Other Classes, G, "Lasers
and Resonance Radiation.")

Optical: Systems and Elements, for utilizing a microscope to count particles, one
by one, such as blood particles or bacteria colonies, and
for where an optical element such as a lens for magnification is
used in combination with a support for counting bacteria colonies, or
particles such as dust; see Class 359 for one by one counting. (See
Lines With Other Classes, J, "Counting.")

Static Information Storage and Retrieval, appropriate subclass for static information storage
and retrieval systems, per se. Static storage systems
which include testing or measuring are excluded from this class.

Thermal Measuring and Testing,
subclass 32where the total energy or power in a beam of radiation
is measured by a thermal detector; and subclasses 121+ where
thermally emitted radiation is measured to determine the temperature
of the emitting source, except where the radiation is limited
to light, where the classification is in Class 356. (See
Lines With Other Classes, H., "Thermocouples
And Bolometers.")

Induced Nuclear Reactions: Processes, Systems, and
Elements,
subclasses 245+ for the testing, sensing, measuring, monitoring
or detecting of a reactor condition including control of the reactor
as a result of the testing or sensing.

Electrical Pulse Counters, Pulse Dividers
or Shift Registers: Circuits and Systems,
subclass 10for counting of discrete particles such as blood
particles, bacteria colonies, or dust particles, one
at a time by numerical counting apparatus which registers the counts
corresponding to the respective particles. (See Lines
With Other Classes, J, "Counting.")

Material or Article Handling, appropriate subclasses for the generic class of article
handling, particularly
subclasses 431+ for engaging an article between its ends for rotation
and advancement, and subclass 433 for article rotators, roller
type.

Chemical Apparatus and Process Disinfecting, Deodorizing, Preserving, or
Sterilizing,
subclasses 50+ for analytical and analytical-control
apparatus involving an optical test; subclass 44 for viable
blood-treating apparatus; and subclass 500 for
miscellaneous laboratory apparatus. An alternative electronic
search of U.S. Patents based upon a modification
of the European Patent Office Classification (ECLA) System
for certain subject matter in this subclass may also be found in
Class 422 Cross-Reference Art Collections 908-948. (There
are no definitions associated with these Cross-Reference
Art Collections. The most available disclosure as to the
types of documents contained herein is given in any notes associated
with the titles.)

Stock Material or Miscellaneous Articles, appropriate subclasses, for a stock material product
in the form of a single or plural layer web or sheet which may possess
a critical light transmissive or reflective property; and
especially
subclass 426for nonstructural composite web or sheet embodying
a layer of glass.

Combustion,
subclass 13for gas burners with signal, alarm or
indicator for controlling the combustion ingredients or any other
function relating to the burning of the gas, and subclass 355
for laboratory type burners including those used in sample excitations
dealing with spectroscopy and flame photometers of Class 356.

Combustion,
subclass 4for feeding a substance to the flame additional
to the normal fuel and oxidizing material to act as a protective
agent or to give the flame some special characteristic, subclass
126 for apparatus with ornamental forms, surface ornamentation
or an additive or additive means producing flame coloration, and
subclass 355 for apparatus comprising a vertical tube of constant
cross section with a fuel gas feed means and an opening for air admission
at its lower end, the fuel being fed upwardly and vertically
into the tube, mixing air, and discharging from
the upper end to burn thereabove. (See Lines
With Other Classes, I, "Burning.")

Education and Demonstration,
subclasses 298and 303 for apparatus and processes relating to chemistry
and physics which could include light testing devices, subclasses
98+ for color comparison charts which are used for display and
instruction purposes, and subclasses 322+ for
examination devices and methods which may include as a part thereof
reflection and transmission tests similar to those found in Class
356.

Surgery,
subclasses 310+ for surgical diagnostic instruments which may involve
optical measuring or testing on or in the body, including
in vivo light examination of a body process, including
metabolism, spirometers, and endoscopes. (See
Lines With Other Classes, A, "Optical
Measuring or Testing Classified Elsewhere.")

The bending of a light ray in passing the edge formed
by contiguous opaque and transparent edges.

DIFFUSE

Pertaining to the scattering or random deviation of transmitted
or reflected light.

ELECTROPHORESIS

The effect in which charged particles suspended in a
liquid are moved under the influence of an electrostatic field.

FIDUCIAL

A reference direction formed as by a light ray, level, compass, or
scale from which another direction is measured or compared.

LIGHT, VISIBLE LIGHT

Visible light is radiation, which stimulates
the optical receptors of the eye, and has a wavelength
from 3850 to 7600 Angstrom units. The term light in these
definitions refers to radiation in the above mentioned range, and
when qualified by the terms ultraviolet and infrared refers to the
corresponding radiation ranges adjacent the visible range.

MEASURING-TESTING

Measuring usually involves a more precise and quantitative
determination of the characteristic or property in question.
Testing may be a mere indication of the presence or absence of the
characteristic or property, and may involve only a mere
inspection or viewing of the phenomenon or specimen. It
should be recognized that the two terms overlap to some extent in
meaning.

MENSURATION

Measurement of lengths, areas, or volumes.

MONOCHROMATOR

An instrument for producing a narrow band of the spectrum
by dispersing a radiation beam into its components or colors, and
isolating the narrow band desired as by passing the components or
colors through a narrow slit.

OPTICAL ELEMENT

A structure which performs a basic optical function. See Class
359 for a more specific definition.

OPTICAL SYSTEM

A combination of two or more similar or diverse optical elements
which are optically related, or an optical element combined
with nonoptical structure where the overall function performed is
optical in nature. The optical systems in this class are
for measuring or testing purposes.

OPTICS, OPTICAL

The science of light and vision and the construction
of optical instruments.

REFLECTION

The return of light striking a surface back into the medium
from which it came.

REFRACTION

The deviation of light which results when a ray of light passes
obliquely from a medium of one density to a medium of another density.

SPECTRUM

The band of colors produced by separating white light into
its component frequencies. The term also denotes radiation
arrayed over a frequency range where the frequency of the radiation
continuously increases or decreases over the range.

This subclass is indented under the class definition. Subject matter including structure responsive to two stereoscopic
images as photographed or otherwise viewed at spaced points over
a surface (usually of the earth) and furnishing
a contour plot of the surface based on the distinctions in these
images.

(1)Note. The subject matter of this subclass usually
involves a photodetecting apparatus such as a photocell system which scans
or otherwise responds to the stereoscopic images or records, together with
apparatus to compare the photocell outputs to operate some form
of indicator such as a recorder. If the indication is by
a scriber, classification is in Class 33; and
if the output is an error signal as for alignment purposes classification
is in Class 250, especially subclass 558.

This subclass is indented under the class definition. Subject matter comprising instruments to measure the distance
between an observer and a remote point or to measure the distance between
two points remote from the observer.

This subclass is indented under subclass 3. Subject matter including the following: (a) the distance
to any single remote target point is determined in accordance with
the principles of triangulation; (b) the
target may include several points requiring more than one beamed
measurement; and (c) a light beam or
its reflection from the target point is oriented and projected to
form at least one side of a triangle.

(1)Note. Triangulation involves, for example, establishing
a triangle where one side (i.e., the
base) and the angles, which the two other sides
form with the base, are determined.

(2)Note. This subclass does not necessarily require
the use of a photodetector, but requires a projected beam.

(3)Note. This subclass includes, for example, apparatus
that utilizes together a nonfixed axial source and a nonfixed axial
line of sight for the sensing that is not found elsewhere, but
that still requires only a single source for each point.

This subclass is indented under subclass 3.01. Subject matter that determines an angle of the triangle
with respect to a known base line by establishing a fixed viewing
direction and field of view for a photodetector to generate an electrical
signal upon the coincidence of the target along a photodetector’s
line of sight.

(1)Note. This subclass would include apparatus that
utilizes a moving detector with respect to a fixed optical viewing
axis to determine the direction of light from a targeted source.

This subclass is indented under subclass 3.01. Subject matter that includes a beam or plane of light from
the target that has a fixed angular orientation with respect to
a baseline to establish an angle of the triangle.

(1)Note. The use of a photodetector is not required
for this subclass, but the use of a vidicon-type
detector is found here.

This subclass is indented under subclass 3.03. Subject matter wherein a detector produces an electrical
signal related to the angular position of the source based on the
instantaneous output of or differential output across a single detecting
element that is not subdivided for its operation.

(1)Note. A one-element photodetector may consist
of a lateral effect or photoresistive element.

This subclass is indented under subclass 3.04. Subject matter wherein an image of the source is moved with
respect to the detector’s axial line of sight to achieve
an effective movement of the photodetector’s angular field
of view across the source.

This subclass is indented under subclass 3.03. Subject matter wherein a detector produces an electrical
signal related to the angular position of the source based on the
output of a particularly positioned one of an array of at least
three subelements in the focused field of view of a single detector
structure.

This subclass is indented under subclass 3.06. Subject matter that includes electronic regular sampling
through time of the elements of the detector array in order to determine
the position or angle associated with a particular element illuminated
by the target.

This subclass is indented under subclass 3.01. Subject matter wherein the source comprises a beam of light
that is moved at some angular rate that can be detected and associated
with any one target’s angular position.

(1)Note. The target may be at the source position or
reflected by the source, but scanning is required to generate
the angular information.

This subclass is indented under subclass 3. Subject matter wherein a target distance is determined in
accordance with the principles of triangulation, and two
light beams, separated by a known baseline distance, are
oriented and projected to define the other two legs of the triangle.

(1)Note. The two beams may be scanned over angularly
related time across the target or moved at least once to orient their
coincidence on the target.

(2)Note. Triangulation involves, for example, establishing
a triangle where one side (i.e., the
base) and the angles, which the two other sides
form with the base, are determined.

(3)Note. This subclass does not necessarily require
the use of a photodetector, but requires projected beams.

This subclass is indented under subclass 3.1. Subject matter wherein an electrical signal is generated
based on the reflection of the two beams from the target back to
the plane, platform, or station(s) that
supports the beams and the photodetector.

This subclass is indented under subclass 3.1. Subject matter wherein an electrical signal is generated
based on the incidence of the two sources onto a photodetector that
is not located on the same plane, platform, or
station(s) as the two sources.

(1)Note. The detector may be located at the target
to receive direct unreflected directional beams of illumination
from the sources.

This subclass is indented under subclass 3. Subject matter wherein the distance to any single remote
target point is determined in accordance with the principles of
triangulation, wherein at least one passive image of a
target point (which may be formed by arbitrary target point
illumination) forms at least one side of a triangle.

(1)Note. Triangulation involves, for example, establishing
a triangle where one side (i.e., the
base) and the angles, which the two other sides
form with the base, are determined.

(2)Note. The target point may be an active omnidirectional
beacon source or may be actively illuminated where the active beam
does not form one side of the triangle measured.

(3)Note. Sequential views of a moving target with a
known speed may comprise the target.

This subclass is indented under subclass 3.13. Subject matter which includes two optical axes relating
to the target directed to at least two photodetectors or detector
arrays in the generation of a pair of electrical signals related
to the triangle that defines the distance to the target.

(1)Note. The detector(s) may be mono- or multi-element, and
further scanned or staring.

(2)Note. This subclass includes passive image correlation
of two images from a single target source in establishing two angles
to the target.

for a system that involves triangulation, even
though that term is not mentioned, but is evidenced by
a baseline or trigonometric technique and contains either photodetection and/or
the use of a projected light beam.

This subclass is indented under subclass 4.01. Subject matter that includes a determination of the distance
of or to an observed object by the relative focused size of the
object or dimensional spread of reference points on the focal plane
of the photodetector with respect to a calibrated size and corresponding
distance.

(1)Note. The image size must be derived from a focused
image as opposed to a blur circle size.

This subclass is indented under subclass 4.01. Subject matter that includes a determination of the distance
of a remote point or observed object by the degree of image focus
through relative characteristics of in-and-out-of-focus intensity, blur
circle size, lateral split image displacement, etc., of
an image generated at some fixed location from focusing optics along its
optical axis relative to the same characteristic under a focused
condition at the same location along the optical axis.

This subclass is indented under subclass 4.01. Subject matter that includes a way to mechanically, or
otherwise, sample the "image" along the
optical axis of a fixed focus lens or scan the focus of a transmitted
beam to determine the point of maximum focus of the image or reflection
of the source which is proportional to the distance to the targeted
remote point.

This subclass is indented under subclass 4.01. Subject matter that includes either two sources at different
distances from a target alternately illuminating the target at the
remote point that a fixed detector views or includes two detectors at
different distances receiving focused images of the target illuminated
by a single source from which distance is determined based on the relative
intensities detected.

This subclass is indented under subclass 4.01. Subject matter that includes a measure of the relative intensity
of the received focused target image from which distance may be
determined by the fact that intensity varies by the inverse square
of the distance or the like.

This subclass is indented under subclass 4.01. Subject matter that includes some apparatus between two
remote points being measured that defines the height between the
ground and a detector or reflector moved to intersect a light beam
or beam plane that may be scanned or fanned.

(1)Note. The apparatus may define a path for the light
beam to traverse from the mirror intersecting the plane to the ground.

This subclass is indented under subclass 4.01. Subject matter wherein the photodetection is in response
to an interference pattern formed by the interaction of coherent
light waves which relate to range by a fringe pattern or fringe count.

This subclass is indented under subclass 4.01. Subject matter including means for measuring the time delay
of a discrete light pulse in its time of flight (transit
time) from an observing station to a remote point and back
to the observing station.

This subclass is indented under subclass 5.01. Subject matter wherein the return pulse’s reception
time is related to transit time by reference to where it appears
in time on a calibrated sweep of a display screen, detector, or film
which begins a sweep at the instant of transmission.

This subclass is indented under subclass 5.01. Subject matter including means at the receiver for accepting
return signals to be processed if they occur during specified (gate
or window) periods after the transmission of a light pulse.

This subclass is indented under subclass 5.03. Subject matter wherein the return pulse includes image data
of a reflecting object at the remote point and is displayed as at
least a two-dimensional image that does not include reflection
signals outside the gate period.

This subclass is indented under subclass 5.05. Subject matter wherein the instant of pulse transmission
is determined by optically detecting the transmission pulse in order
to begin measuring the transit time.

This subclass is indented under subclass 4.01. Subject matter that either sends a defined frequency beam
or frequency modulates an outgoing pulse or continuous wave optical
beam in order to compare the detected return frequency to the transmitted
frequency for determining range calibrated frequency differences.

This subclass is indented under subclass 4.01. Subject matter that incorporates a continuous wave (CW) of
modulated or unmodulated optical signal that is transmitted to and
reflected from a target, such that the relative phase position
of the returned wave is compared to the phase of the transmitted
wave in order to determine the distance-proportional transit
time to and from the target.

This subclass is indented under subclass 5.1. Subject matter including more than one frequency of modulation
or carrier frequency for the transmitted optical signal to further
define the distance-proportional phases comparison.

This subclass is indented under subclass 5.11. Subject matter that incorporates a path of known distance
through which the transmitted signal is alternately sent in order
to phase calibrate the receiver circuity for the received measuring
signal from the target.

This subclass is indented under subclass 5.1. Subject matter that incorporates a path of known distance
through which the transmitted signal is alternately sent in order
to phase calibrate the receiver circuity for the received measuring
signal from the target.

This subclass is indented under subclass 5.1. Subject matter that incorporates demodulation by optically
or electrically heterodyning the received signals to an intermediate
frequency (IF) for further processing.

for systems that detect frequency of modulation
to determine range where the beat frequency of a mixed or compared
beam is not directly related to a coherent interference fringe count
or to CW phase delay.

This subclass is indented under subclass 3. Subject matter comprising means for testing or indicating
the condition of the range or height finder with regard to its adjustment, alignment, or
calibration.

This subclass is indented under subclass 3. Subject matter wherein the instrument has two axis which
are offset from each other in a direction perpendicular to the base
line so that the device may function as a periscope.

This subclass is indented under subclass 3. Subject matter wherein the range or height finder is combined
with a view finder.

(1)Note. Where the operation of the range finder is
coordinated with the operation of some other element of the camera (usually
the objective lens) classification is not here but in Class
396, subclasses 148+.

This subclass is indented under subclass 3. Subject matter wherein the range or height finder includes
a base line as a part of the instrument with plural lines of sight
directed from the extremeties of the base line to the point whose
range is to be measured, at least one of the lines of sight
being deviated.

This subclass is indented under subclass 9. Subject matter wherein the observer sees the field of view
in three dimensions, the range being determined by comparing
the depth of the object whose range is to be measured with the apparent
depth of a mark or marks superimposed upon the field of view.

This subclass is indented under subclass 20. Subject matter where there is an interval of known size (e.g., height
of an object) at a remote point, the distance
to which point is to be determined; or where the distance
to a remote point is known and the size of some interval at the
remote point is to be determined.

This subclass is indented under the class definition. Subject matter comprising means whereby the relationship
between periodic changes in light intensity or direction and the motion
of a body are utilized in observing the body or performing some
measurement with regard to the body or some means controlling the
light source.

(1)Note. Where a specific test is provided for in another
class, classification is in that class even though the
subject matter may include a stroboscope. See Search Class
notes below.

This subclass is indented under the class definition. Subject matter including means to measure the velocity or
the velocity to altitude ratio of a vehicle by sighting from the
vehicle on a remote object, or including means to measure the
velocity or the velocity to altitude ratio of a moving object remote
from an observer by sighting on the object.

(1)Note. The vehicle may be a surface vehicle or an
aircraft. The term "sighting" includes
aiming an optical instrument with a photocell. This subject matter
includes timing the passage of a sighted object over grids.

This subclass is indented under the class definition. Subject matter comprising means whereby a device for determining
a line of sight relative to a remote point includes an optical element
or reticle which is moved relative to the device in accordance with
the relative velocities of the device and remote point.

(1)Note. This subclass includes in general sighting
devices containing optical elements which move relative to the device as
a whole for the purpose of tracking a relatively moving object and
also optical elements or reticles which are moved in accordance
with information obtained by tracking the object by means of moving the
sighting device as a unit.

This subclass is indented under the class definition. Subject matter including a support for a crystal or gem
for examination by visible light, a light source passing
light through or reflecting light from the crystal or gem and usually structure
to view, mark, or locate the light patterns correlated
to some condition of the crystal or gem.

(1)Note. Included in this subclass are apparatus and
method claims which include nominal cutting or etching structure
or steps to prepare the crystal for examination in addition to the
claimed test.

(2)Note. The optical testing of piezoelectric and semiconductor
crystals are included in this subclass.

Stone Working,
subclasses 12and 13.01 for apparatus and methods for cutting
crystals which include the step of first examining optically and
marking the crystal for axis orientation. Also, see
subclass 35 for work supports for cutting the crystal.

This subclass is indented under subclass 30. Subject matter wherein the properties of crystals or gems
are examined for one of the three principle axis of the crystal, the
left or right handedness of the crystal, the polarity or
the crystal faces, or twinning, if present, in
the crystal.

This subclass is indented under the class definition. Subject matter for examining an article or material by noting
the effect of the strain in the stressed article on light associated
with the article or material.

(1)Note. The light may be passed through or reflected
from the article or material, or may be modified by changes
in the contour or the position of markings thereon. The
modification of the light may be in intensity, direction, polarization, color, or
interference patterns produced thereby.

(2)Note. Stress strain measuring generally is provided
for elsewhere (see the Search Class notes below).
However, where the changes in the material tested operate
to modify the characteristics of the light associated with the test, absent
intentional loading of the specimen, classification is
in this class (356).

Measuring and Testing,
subclasses 763+ for testing the stress or strain of material, particularly
subclass 800 for optical stress analysis with intentional loading
of the specimen, and subclasses 862+ for dynamometers
which are not provided for elsewhere and which do not involve the
modification of the associated light. See also (2) Note
above.

This subclass is indented under subclass 32. Subject matter wherein the light utilized in the examination
or analysis is polarized light, or is polarized as a result
of the examination or analysis.

(1)Note. Class 359, subclasses 240+ and 483.01
through 494.01, provides for polarizing structure
generally whose light polarizing properties are modified by mechanical
stress; while the subject matter of this subclass is restricted
to the measuring or analyzing of the strain in the stressed article
or material from the effect of the strain on polarized light or from
the polarizing effect of light.

(2)Note. This class (356) provides
for stress-strain determinations in articles or materials
where the light is directly or indirectly associated with the article
or material stressed as by direct reflection from or transmission
through the articles or materials, and for transmissions
of the light through detectors attached to articles or materials
which are naturally or forced by stress to be light birefringent as
a result of the strain on the articles or materials; while
Class 73, subclasses 760+, provides for
stress-strain determinations generally.

This subclass is indented under subclass 33. Subject matter wherein the test apparatus utilized in examining
articles or materials includes a detector which is naturally birefringent
or forced by stress to be birefringent, and means to attach
the detector to the articles or materials so that the strain placed
on the articles or materials is imparted to the detector so that
the modification of the light associated with the detector is indicative
of the strain in the stressed article or material.

This subclass is indented under subclass 33. Subject matter wherein there is means to support transparent
sheet material, statically or in motion, which
exhibits birefringent properties naturally or when under strain, means
to direct polarized light through the sheet material, and generally
polarized light analyzing means to examine the sheet material.

This subclass is indented under subclass 32. Subject matter including means responsive to an interference
pattern produced by the interaction of coherent light waves with
the stressed article or material.

This subclass is indented under the class definition. Subject matter involving preparation or conditioning of
an article or substance or a sample of the article or substance
to facilitate or enable the later optical test and in combination
with such an optical test, wherein the preparation or conditioning
is significant and is not provided for in any other class.

Measuring and Testing, particularly
subclass 23for gas analysis and 53.01+ for
the testing of liquid or liquid suspension of solids, and
subclass 421 for samplers and tollers for gases and liquids including
closed conduit type samplers.

Chemical Apparatus and Process Disinfecting, Deodorizing, Preserving, or Sterilizing,
subclasses 50+ for analytical control apparatus and apparatus which
use sorbents or in which chemical reactions are produced.

This subclass is indented under subclass 36. Subject matter wherein moisture or other liquids are deposited
on particles to enlarge them or optically modify them (e.g., improve
reflection) to facilitate optical study of the particles.

(1)Note. Generally the apparatus includes pump structure
to deliver a gas sample containing particles, expand the
sample under a constant volume to obtain a supersaturated condition
with respect to the gas, deliver the expanded gas sample to
a chamber to optically test the gas with moisture precipitated as
a result of the gas expansion on the particles present in the gas, and
exhaust the sample from the apparatus.

(2)Note. The particles examined include ionized particles
and molecular types.

Measuring and Testing,
subclass 28for the determination of the amount of solid matter
in the analysis of gases generally, subclass 29 for moisture content
of gases, and subclass 421 for reciprocating and rotary
samplers involving gases and liquids.

Communications: Electrical,
subclasses 227and 237 for methods and apparatus which may involve
the detection of condensation nuclei, per se, or
the use of condensation nuclei to detect the dew point of gases.

Chemistry: Analytical and Immunological
Testing,
subclasses 1+ , for processes involving the testing of
condensation nuclei for traces of chemical elements wherein a chemical reaction
is precedent to an optical test to determine the presence or amount of
the elements present.

This subclass is indented under subclass 36. Subject matter wherein the means to prepare or condition
includes a movable member which serves as a support to receive successively samples
of particulate material from a gaseous stream or from a pulverent
supply of material, the member supporting the particulate
matter for the optical test.

This subclass is indented under the class definition. Subject matter wherein a specimen of blood or tissue is
tested in vitro (i.e., outside the
body) for various conditions by means of visible light
apparatus, and the blood testing apparatus is not elsewhere
classified.

Image Analysis,
subclasses 128+ , for an image analyzing system designed specifically
for, or utilized in microscopic cell analysis or other
biomedical applications, where there is significant claim
recitation of an image analyzing system and no claim recitation
of significant structure to an external art environment.

Chemistry: Molecular Biology and Microbiology,
subclass 2for processes and compositions for the maintenance
of blood (cells) in a physiologically active state
or for the in vitro separation or treatment of blood cells; and
subclasses 4+ for processes measuring or testing involving enzymes
or measuring or testing involving enzymes or micro-organisms (e.g., bacteria, protozoa, actinomycetales, cyanobacteria, fungi, animal
cells, plant cells, or virus); and subclasses
287+ for claimed or solely disclosed as a Class 435 process.

Chemistry: Analytical and Immunological
Testing, appropriate subclasses for processes and compositions for
determining qualitatively or quantitatively the chemical property or
composition of a sample and for in vitro antigen-antibody
analysis or composition, especially
subclasses 66+ for processes or compositions for testing for hemoglobin, myo-globin, or
trace blood; subclass 68 for processes or compositions
for determining gases in the blood, and subclass 70 for
processes and compositions for determining sedimentaion rate or hematocrit.

This subclass is indented under subclass 40. Subject matter wherein there is included generally means
to support a light reflective or transmissive standard or a light
emissive standard formed as part of the test apparatus whereby the
standard is compared simultaneously side by side with the specimen
either for equality of shade of color and light intensity or for
intensity of light alone.

This subclass is indented under the class definition. Subject matter for analyzing the light emitted from a body
for properties such as intensity or color components as an indication of
the temperature of the body.

(1)Note. The body may be heated in turn by another
mass which may be either a gas, liquid, or solid; and
the purpose here would be to ultimately determine the temperature
of such a mass by the determination of its heating effect on the body.

(2)Note. Both temperature devices for metallurgical
and photographic use are included herein when the indication is
in a unit of temperature.

Thermal Measuring and Testing,
subclass 32for measuring the total energy emitted from a source; and subclasses
121+ for subject matter similar to that in this subclass
where the emitted radiation is not limited to light.

This subclass is indented under subclass 43. Subject matter wherein there is structure such as a rod
or tube to contain and contact a heated solid or fluid or to be
immersed into a heated fluid whereby there is a heat exchange from
the heated solid or fluid, which causes the structure to
emit light or the structure allows the light emitted from a heated
solid or fluid to be directly transmitted to a detector which analyzes
this light in terms of temperature.

Thermal Measuring and Testing,
subclass 126for a rod or tube with a particular radiating surface
combined with a radiation thermometer; and subclass 131
for a radiation conducting rod or fiber bundle combined with a radiation
thermometer.

This subclass is indented under subclass 43. Subject matter which includes means to selectively detect
at least two different bands of visible radiation simultaneously
or sequentially from an emission source, and means responsive
to the detection means to indicate the color temperature of the
emissive source.

(1)Note. Where the indication of the test is not stated
in the claims in terms of temperature, classification is
in subclass 404 when photography is involved or in subclass 407
when plural colors are simultaneously tested, or in subclass
408 for sequential comparison tests of a sample and a standard.

This subclass is indented under subclass 43. Subject matter including a standard incandescent source
of radiation together with structure to compare or facilitate the
comparison of the unknown light radiation from a hot body or other
emissive source with the visible radiation emitted from the incandescent
standard.

(1)Note. Patents claiming electrical circuitry to cause
current to flow through electric incandescent lamps which are light
standards are placed here, whether the standard lamp is
used for a temperature test or a light intensity test.

This subclass is indented under subclass 46. Subject matter which includes means to compare and control
automatically the intensity of the illumination of the incandescent
standard.

(1)Note. Systems utilizing radiant energy detectors
to balance by means of optical elements the detectors controlled
by the intensity of light emitted by plural sources of light are
elsewhere. Systems where the intensity of a light source
is adjusted by optical means controlled by a radiant energy detector
responsive to the light source intensity are also elsewhere classified. See
the Search Class notes below.

(2)Note. A system utilizing a radiant energy detector
to control an electrical lamp by electrical means where no significant
optical structure is in the path between the light source tested
and the radiant energy detector of the system, and no indication
relating to the light emitted by the lamp is claimed and the lamp
is the ultimate load of the system is elsewhere. See the
Search Class notes below.

(3)Note. The testing of lamps, per se, to determine
the lamp characteristics before actual use, including the
intensity of light emitted per watt input is classified elsewhere (see
the Search Class notes below). However, where
the lamp is utilized in a testing environment of use for illumination
or where temperature or intensity of light of some unknown source
or other optical test is involved which includes a measurement or
a subcombination not elsewhere provided, even though the
measurement is of current or voltage, classification will
be in Class 356.

Radiant Energy,
subclass 204takes systems utilizing radiant energy detectors
to balance by means of optical elements the detectors controlled by
the intensity of light emitted by plural sources of light; subclass
205 for systems where the intensity of a light source is adjusted
by optical means controlled by a radiant energy detector responsive
to the light source intensity. No indicator related to
the optical properties of the light included in the claims should
be classified there. See also (1) Note
above.

Electric Lamp and Discharge Devices: Systems,
subclasses 149+ will take a system utilizing a radiant energy detector
to control an electrical lamp by electrical means where no significant
optical structure is in the path between the light source tested and
the radiant energy detector of the system, and no indication
relating to the light emitted by the lamp is claimed and the lamp
is the ultimate load of the system. subclass 151 for radiant
energy systems responsive to a lamp to control the intensity of
light from the lamp by electrical means; also see subclasses
129+. See (2) Note above.

Electricity: Measuring and Testing,
subclasses 403+ will take the testing of lamps, per se, to
determine the lamp characteristics before actual use, including
the intensity of light emitted per watt input. See the (3) Note
above.

This subclass is indented under subclass 46. Subject matter wherein the means to compare or facilitate
the comparison of the standard and unknown radiation includes means
to modulate mechanically or optically the standard or the unknown
radiation.

(1)Note. The modulated unknown or standard radiation
may include portions of other radiation.

(2)Note. Color discrimination and optical attenuation
means may be part of the combination claimed.

This subclass is indented under subclass 46. Subject matter including a telescope for passing unknown
visible radiation and having an objective and ocular lens system, and
means to locate, physically or optically, the
incandescent standard in the optical path of the lens system so
that visible radiation of the standard and the unknown radiation
may be viewed simultaneously.

(1)Note. Herein are those telescopic pyrometers which
attenuate the intensity of the light or the color of the unknown source
or the standard by optical means.

Electric Lamp and Discharge Devices: Systems,
subclasses 129+ for electrical circuits supplying current to a
lamp, which is not an electrical test standard, which
circuit includes an electrical indicator.

This subclass is indented under the class definition. Subject matter involving nonvisible radiation such as infrared
and ultraviolet radiation not provided for elsewhere.

(1)Note. The subject matter of this subclass relates
to apparatus and methods similar to that provided for in the other
subclasses of this class, i.e., subject
matter of an optical nature as would be operative with visible radiation.
However, in this subclass the operation has been extended
to involve the nonvisible spectrum but in an optical manner, such
as refraction and reflection in accordance with optical principles, and
not provided for elsewhere, e.g., Class
374, subclasses 121+ for radiation thermometers.
Class 250, especially in subclasses 336.1+ provides
for apparatus with significant nonvisible radiation structure including measuring
and testing of invisible radiation. Examples of significant
nonvisible radiation structure for classification in Class 250 are
a source of invisible radiation such as infrared or ultraviolet, particular
material operative only in the invisible radiation range, the
application of the measuring or testing to subject matter or specimens
responsive only to invisible radiation to carry out the measurement
or test. It is emphasized that as between this Class 356
and Class 250 the general requirements for Class 356 must be also
met for classification here. For example, photocell
measuring circuits must claim the meter or indicator or the specimen
holder for classification here. A lesser combination such
as a photocell circuit would be classified in Class 250. See (1) Note
under subclass 218.

(2)Note. Where one claim to measuring and testing uses
only visible light in the test and another claim to measuring and testing
uses only invisible radiation, the original classification
is in Class 356, appropriate subclass and cross-references
in Class 250, appropriate subclass.

Radiant Energy,
subclasses 336.1+ for methods and apparatus including an electric
signalling device for detecting infraviolet radiation and subclasses
472.1+ for nonelectric signalling methods and
apparatus responsive to infrared or ultraviolet light.
See also the (1) Note to this subclass.

This subclass is indented under the class definition. Subject matter which involves light transmission through
eggs, which light may be photoelectrically or visually
detected to determine the fertility, freshness or other
conditions of the eggs.

(1)Note. Included in this subclass are all hand or
bodily held devices used for candling eggs.

(2)Note. The combination of candling of eggs and the
incubation of the eggs is in Class 119, Animal Husbandry.
However the heating of the eggs to perfect a candling operation
is in Class 356, subclass 36.

Package Making,
subclass 147for the group forming of articles and the subsequent
packaging of the articles in portable receptacles and subclass 167 for
the combination of a visual test of an article and the filling of
portable receptacles with the tested articles.

This subclass is indented under subclass 52. Subject matter which includes a photosensitive detector
to receive the light transmitted through the egg, and which
may include an optical filter in the visual range to restrict the
characteristic of the light transmitted through the egg.

This subclass is indented under subclass 52. Subject matter wherein a visual candling apparatus is combined
with counting, marking or weighing apparatus which is used
in conjunction with the candling operation, when not provided
for in any other class.

This subclass is indented under subclass 52. Subject matter wherein transporting or conveying means is
combined with a visual candling device to move eggs in a predetermined
or random manner from one location into, through, or
over the visual candling device and beyond the candling device to
a second location by the same or a second transfer means.

(1)Note. The first location may include dispensing
means and the second location may include an egg holding container such
as a portable receptacle where no provision is made for this combination
in another class.

(2)Note. Egg supply and/or conveying structure
may be included to bring eggs to the candling apparatus and receiving apparatus; and
additional conveying structure may also be claimed with the candling
apparatus where there is no provision for the combination in another class.

(3)Note. The transfer means may be gravity and motorized
conveyors including those of the endless belt and disc type.

(4)Note. Subcombinations of a photoelectric candling
apparatus will be found here when there is no photoelectric circuitry
claimed.

(5)Note. Inverting structure which merely inverts an
egg or a group of eggs is not considered to be a transfer apparatus
for this group of subclasses unless there is additionally movement
of the egg from one location to another. See subclasses 56
and 65 for egg turning or jarring structure.

This subclass is indented under subclass 55. Subject matter wherein structure, which may be
hand, motor, or gravity actuated, is
included with the egg transfer and candling apparatus to turn or
jar the eggs during the candling operation.

Material or Article Handling,
subclass 433for article rotators of the roller type, and
subclass 431 for the rotation and a simultaneous advancement of
articles which are concurrently engaged at the ends of the articles.

This subclass is indented under subclass 56. Subject matter wherein there are manually or motor driven
endless conveyors which include structure which causes eggs placed
sequentially on the conveyor to turn or somehow move while passing
through, over, or on the visual candling apparatus.

(1)Note. Automatic structure to place the eggs on the
conveyor from a supply structure and structure to remove the eggs
from the conveyor may be included in the claimed combination.
See also the Search Notes under subclass 58.

Conveyors: Power-Driven,
subclasses 343.1+ and 373+ for an endless conveyor having
means for turning or orienting the conveyed load as the conveyor
advances, and subclass 631 for an endless conveyor having means
to jar the load as the conveyor advances.

This subclass is indented under subclass 55. Subject matter wherein the transfer means is an endless
conveyor of the manually or motor driven type and which includes
endless belt and disc type to sequentially bring eggs singularly
or in groups, up to, over, or through
the candling device; and usually to convey the eggs beyond
the candling structure to broad receiving means.

(1)Note. Inverting structure may be included in the
conveying structure.

This subclass is indented under subclass 55. Subject matter wherein the transfer means is a hand manipulative
support which may contain the eggs in a random or predetermined
manner, and which may function separately as a hand held
conveyor to move the supported eggs from one location to another
and as a complete candling unit with the light source.

(1)Note. Included herein with the manual transfer supports
are the light box candling devices.

(2)Note. Pivoted egg support trays attached to the
candling box for the purpose of inverting the eggs are not considered conveyors
and are placed in subclass 64.

This subclass is indented under subclass 59. Subject matter wherein the candling device is a light shading
chamber, and the hand manipulated transfer device is inserted
within the light shading chamber for the candling operation.

(1)Note. The transfer device may be stationary or manually
movable during the candling operation.

This subclass is indented under subclass 59. Subject matter including portable receptacles or hand carried
trays, per se, which are adapted as by an opening
or transparency to pass light to or from the egg and which when
used with light box and light shading chamber structure form visual
candling devices.

This subclass is indented under subclass 52. Subject matter including an enclosure, adapted to
be joined to a light box by an aperture which passes the candling
illumination from the box, to darken the viewing field
adjacent the eggs.

This subclass is indented under subclass 52. Subject matter wherein there are enclosures of candling
illumination (including natural light directors) which
have an aperture or apertures to support or locate exteriorly on
the surface of the enclosures an egg or eggs to be candled.

(1)Note. This subclass includes those enclosures which
utilize sunlight as the source of candling illumination and which
require an additional aperture or apertures on the periphery of
the enclosure to allow the illumination transmitted through the
egg or eggs to be visually observed exteriorly of the enclosure.

(2)Note. These enclosures include optical elements
such as mirrors to direct the illumination radiated through the
egg or eggs to the outside of the enclosure through the additional
aperture or apertures so that a visual observation can be made.

Material or Article Handling,
subclass 431for the rotation and simultaneous advancement of
articles which are concurrently engaged at the ends of the articles
and subclass 433 for article rotators, roller type.

This subclass is indented under subclass 64. Subject matter wherein the enclosure internally contains
significant illumination means or where the illuminating means is
significantly related to the remaining candling structure.

(1)Note. The illumination means may be of the electrical
or combustible type which may or may not be of the self contained power
type.

This subclass is indented under subclass 66. Subject matter including electrical illumination controlled
by a significant electrical switch or switch operating structure
to connect the illumination means to a power source, or
where the switch and the switch operator are significantly related
to the remaining candling structure.

Electricity: Circuit Makers and Breakers,
subclasses 52+ for switches of special application, particularly subclasses
61.41 and 61.42 where the motion or presence of
an article actuates a mechanical feeler to close an electrical switch
and subclass 61.58 for switches actuated concurrently with
the operation or use of an art device.

This subclass is indented under subclass 52. Subject matter including structures attachable to illuminating
lamps to convert the illuminating lamps into candling boxes or light
shading chambers of the visual type.

(1)Note. Included are devices to convert portable and
other type light sources into egg candling structure.

Electric Lamp and Discharge Devices: Systems, particularly
subclasses 32+ for incandescent lamps which are structurally combined
with a circuit element, and for systems for supplying electrical
energy to lamps.

This subclass is indented under the class definition. Subject matter including a light source for shining light
on a blade edge together with optical or photoelectric means for
determining the reflectivity and thus the sharpness of the blade.

This subclass is indented under the class definition. Subject matter including structure for determining the physical
properties of liquid oil by the optical response, such
as produced by visible light transmitted through or reflected from
the oil.

(1)Note. The optical response may involve the examination
of the oil for color, polarization effects, or
for foreign content such as sediment in the oil. Both visual
and photoelectric devices are here, and the test may be
of oil samples or of oil moving in a closed system.

Measuring and Testing,
subclass 28for testing for solid matter entrained in a gas, subclasses
61.41+ for the testing of a liquid for sediment
or foreign content where more than a visual or photoelectric test
of the color or the amount of visible radiation transmitted through
or scattered from the liquid is involved, and subclasses
53.05+ for lubricant testing, subclasses 152.18+ for
a fluid analysis in testing a borehole, a casing, or
a drill rigging wherein the test is not purely electrical or purely
magnetic, in particular subclass 152.42 for determining
the relative proportion of fluid constituents by a test which is
not purely electrical or purely magnetic.

This subclass is indented under the class definition. Subject matter for the analysis of intrinsic properties
of documents which includes a support for the document to be tested
and means to examine and compare visually or to examine photoelectrically
the properties of the document by means of visible light for the
conformance of any given property with a standard or for the conformance
of the pattern or writing generally with a standard pattern or writing
as to form or configuration.

(1)Note. A document for this subclass is a sheetlike
article and may be an information document having writing or printing or
containing a pattern. A document is, however, excluded
from this subclass when any writing, printing, or
pattern contained on the document is examined for the information
it conveys.

(2)Note. The analysis of the intrinsic properties of
a document by means of radiant energy (nonvisible light), is
classified in Class 250, Radiant Energy.

(3)Note. The analyzing of coded cards, having
perforations, magnetic markings and visible markings, one
at a time in business machines as well as the cards, per
se, are in Class 235, Registers.

Classifying, Separating, and
Assorting Solids,
subclasses 576+ , 603, and 659+ for one
or more tests involving documents for length, width, thickness, color, light
transmission tests and pattern analysis where a physical separation
of a document from other documents is based upon one or more of
these tests.

Registers,
subclasses 375+ for systems controlled by a record, subclasses
435+ for the analysis or recognition of a coded document which
does not include reading or sensing of alphanumeric characters or pattern
recognition.

Radiant Energy,
subclasses 556and 233 for the light detection of patterns on
documents and the light detection units, per se, which
involve rotating masks and shutters and subclass 271 for coded record
recorders responsive to invisible radiation or invisible radiation
modified by the code. See also (4) Note
above.

This subclass is indented under the class definition. Subject matter wherein the subject matter of this class
is combined with the subject matter of another class where not elsewhere
provided.

(1)Note. Included is convertible subject matter involving
subject matter of another class not provided for elsewhere which
converts an optical test apparatus to a test apparatus of another
test class or to another art device.

(2)Note. Where the subject matter of another class
prepares the substance tested for an optical test of this class, see subclass
36.

This subclass is indented under the class definition. Subject matter which includes optical test apparatus to
perform simultaneously or sequentially at least two different optical
tests which are both a part of the basic subject matter of this
class.

(1)Note. Two identical optical tests which are part
of the subject matter of this class, performed simultaneously
or sequentially will be classified here providing each test has
its own indicator or manner of determining its test individually
rather than both tests collectively operating a single indicator.

(2)Note. Included here is convertible subject matter
which would permit an optical test device which is part of the basic subject
matter to be changed into a optical test device which is also the
basic subject matter of this class.

(3)Note. Light meters which by a change in the galvanometer
scale or by addition of a color filter to become a pyrometer or
a colored light meter are not considered to be convertible for this
subclass. See the section on pyrometers, spectroscopy, or shade
or color for proper classification of this subject matter.

(4)Note. Visual inspection simultaneously or sequentially
with a optical test of the class will be classified here.

This subclass is indented under the class definition. Subject matter wherein there is means to examine one or
more transparent elongated structures (e.g., rods, fibers, or
pipes) which are used to transmit light rays from one point
to another within the confines of their outer surface, and
involving internal reflections or modal transmission.

This subclass is indented under the class definition. Subject matter including structure to indicate or otherwise
determine the direction the axis of a light beam from a headlight
or other light projector; or including structure to determine
at selected and fixed points the intensity of a light beam projected
from a headlight or other light projector throughout the space where
the light is projected, i.e., the
contour pattern of the light beam.

(1)Note. This class provides for the direct analysis
of the beam which is emitted from the light producer, as
by determining the direction pattern, or focusing of the
beam. Class 33 provides for the mechanical sensing of
the direction of a headlight without involving the light beam.
However, where the mechanical sensing device involves some
optical measuring, classification is in this Class 356.
Class 362 provides for lamps where significant lamp structure is claimed
in combination with a built-in optical structure.
Class 324 provides for testing the electrical operating characteristics
of electric lamps alone or in combination with light intensity, direction, pattern, or
focusing tests of this Class 356.

for determining generally the two dimensional alignment
of an axis or line with respect to a plane, and particularly
subclasses 141.1+ and 152.1+ for
the photoelectric apparatus and subclass 154 for the viewing screen
type of apparatus.

Geometrical Instruments, appropriate subclasses, particularly
subclass 264, for lamp alignment device of the light ray
type and subclass 335, for means used in aligning an automobile
headlight by establishing its relationship to the horizontal or
the vertical.

Electric Lamp or Space Discharge Component or
Device Manufacturing,
subclasses 4and 64, for methods and apparatus for
the positioning of filaments by optical projection means during
the manufacture of lamps and electronic tubes.

This subclass is indented under subclass 121. Subject matter including structure to indicate the proper
focus of a light source, or the deviation or extent of
deviation from proper focus of the light source.

(1)Note. The proper focus usually exists when the light
source is located at the focus of a parabolic reflector or lens. For classification
here there must be a distinct disclosure of focusing structure in the
specification or claims as opposed to a mere inherent focusing function
which is classified in the generic subclass.

This subclass is indented under the class definition. Subject matter including structure to establish and determine
the proper focal position of a concentrated light source with respect to
optical elements, such as a parabolic light reflector or
a lens; or to indicate the coincidence of a concentrated
light source at the focal point of a lens or parabolic reflector; or
the deviation from such coincidence.

This subclass is indented under the class definition. Subject matter for measuring or otherwise determining the
optical properties of a lens or reflective image former.

(1)Note. Measuring means for establishing lines or
points on a lens blank for the purpose of grinding or cutting are
not included in this subclass. However, means
for determining the optical center or the cylinder axis of a finished
lens would be classified here. The former subject matter
is classified in Class 33, if the measurement is made mechanically; or
in other subclasses of this class particularly subclasses 138+ and
372+, if significant optical features are involved.

(2)Note. Subject matter for visually inspecting a lens
for flaws or imperfections is excluded from this subclass. Such
subject matter is classified in subclass 239.

(3)Note. The subject matter of this subclass involves
testing lenses or reflectors having curved surfaces. For
flatness testing generally see subclass 371.

(4)Note. This subclass includes ophthalmic lens testing.
However, Class 351 provides for eye testing and examination.

This subclass is indented under subclass 124. Subject matter comprising means for determining the optical
center of a lens, the prism or deviation of the optical
center from the geometrical center of a lens, or the axis
of the cylinder of a lens.

(1)Note. See (1) Note under subclass
124 with reference to related subject matter.

This subclass is indented under the class definition. Subject matter for testing the refraction of a fluid or
solid wherein there is generally means to contain the fluid or support
the solid statically or in motion; generally means, which may
include a light source and which may be monochromatic light, to
cause a diffused or a collimated beam of light to be transmitted through
the fluid or solid under test or to be transmitted and reflected
internally from the surface of an optically transmissive member contiguous
to the fluid or solid under test; and a visual or photoelectric
device to note or measure the intensity of the light transmitted through
the fluid or solid or the change in angle, direction, or
the displacement of the light traversing the fluid or solid as a
result of the light being refracted by the fluid or solid tested.

(1)Note. Comparison tests are included under this and
the indented subclass.

This subclass is indented under subclass 128. Subject matter including means blocking the normal light
refraction from a fluid or a solid in a fluid, and passing
the light bent due to localized changes in the refractive index
of the fluid or the solid in a fluid; or including means
causing a light pattern to vary as a result of the changes in the
refractive index of the fluid or the solid in a fluid.

(1)Note. The localized changes in the refraction are
caused by variations in the density of the fluid caused by the solids in
the fluid, temperature changes in the fluid, or
other forces which affect the fluid.

This subclass is indented under subclass 128. Subject matter wherein the support for the testing of substances, usually
fluids, includes at least two prismatic containers each
containing a similar fluid and each capable of transmitting a collimated
beam of light through the container and its contained fluid, the
beam of light being transmitted serially through both fluids or
passed simultaneously through both fluids.

This subclass is indented under subclass 130. Subject matter including an optical member in the path of
the light beam, and servo-controlled means responsive
to the photoelectric device to control the optical member in response
to the light received by the photoelectric device.

This subclass is indented under subclass 128. Subject matter which includes a solid light transmissive
member whose periphery touches a fluid under test, which
transmits light to the detecting and indicating means, the
refractive index of the fluid being directly related to the amount
of light received by the detecting and the indicating device.

(1)Note. The type or refraction test classified herein
can be found in Class 73, Measuring and Testing, in
subclasses 73 and 705. The difference is that in Class 73
the quantitive meter will register the result of the test in moisture
units or pressure units, while in this class (356) the
registration is in index of refraction measurements.

This subclass is indented under subclass 128. Subject matter wherein the support or container for the
fluid specimen to be tested allows the fluid specimen to assume
a prismatic shape for the purpose of testing the specimen for refractive
index.

This subclass is indented under subclass 128. Subject matter wherein there is a prism and a solid or fluid
medium to be examined for refractive index and forming an interface
surface with the prism, this prism being part of the detecting
and indicating means, whereby the modification of the light
transmitted across or reflected at the interface surface due
to the refraction of the medium is shown in the detecting and indicating
device.

This subclass is indented under subclass 135. Subject matter wherein the visible light used in the test
is transmitted through and reflected internally of the prism at
its surface forming the interface with the medium tested, and
is then passed to the detecting and indicating means.

This subclass is indented under subclass 135. Subject matter wherein there is a second optical member
usually a prism associated with the first prism and the fluid or
solid medium to be examined, and wherein the light is transmitted through
the second optical member to cause the light to be dispersed before
it enters the medium and the first prism.

This subclass is indented under the class definition. Subject matter including means to measure an angle by determining
the direction of related light; or including means for
determining the alignment of two axes by light rays related as by
coincidence with such axes.

(1)Note. Where two objects are laterally aligned by
displacing one relative to another and alignment involves no rotation
about an axis classification is in subclass 399.

(2)Note. The axes may be imaginary as, for example, an
axis along the length of a vehicle or normal to a surface. Also
different parts of a continuous line may be considered as plural
axes as, for example, in testing the straightness
of a rail or a gun barrel.

(3)Note. Alignment occurs when the two axes form a
common axis or are parallel.

This subclass is indented under subclass 138. Subject matter including means whereby two different angle
measuring scales or two different portions of the same angle measuring
scale are simultaneously observable.

This subclass is indented under subclass 138. Subject matter including means responsive to light received
directly from a star or stars, the sun, or other
astronomical objects (including manmade satellites) in
order to determine and indicate at least relative angular position
with respect to an optical axis of a measuring instrument.

Radiant Energy,
subclasses 206.1+ for alternative outputs of measured coordinates
that are not displayed, per se, and do not include
tracking of the optics; subclasses 203.1+ for
tracking of the pre-photodetector system.

This subclass is indented under subclass 138. Subject matter wherein the measured angles define and indicate
the yaw, pitch, and roll orientation or the like
in space of a detected object or of a photodetecting instrument
relative to an arbitrarily chosen axis or axes or to geophysical
planes.

This subclass is indented under subclass 138. Subject matter including means to maintain an optical axis
in register with a movable object or movable photodetecting station, while
indicating relative angular position with respect to the optical
axis.

(1)Note. For classification in this subclass, there
must be claimed some means to indicate angle or relative alignment which
is effectively measured as contrasted with Class 250, subclasses 203.1+ where
there is no indication required.

(2)Note. The object must be either self-luminous
or must reflect ambient light; otherwise, it will
be found in subclasses 139.07+.

(3)Note. Examples of automatic following or aligning
found in this subclass, and not below, involve
remote missile control, robot control, or table
platform alignment of an imaged object with indication of a measurement.

for objects that reflect a unidirectional beam of
illumination from which alignment or the apex of an angle remote
from the detecting station is determined and there is no automatic following
or aligning.

Radiant Energy,
subclasses 203.1+ for following a self-luminous or remotely
illuminated target without any indication of angle or misalignment; subclasses
206.1+ for alternative outputs of measured coordinates that
are not displayed, per se.

This subclass is indented under subclass 139.04. Subject matter including a source beam directed along one
axis to the object from which its reflected direction, with
respect to its projected direction, is indicated and either
followed or aligned.

(1)Note. This subclass may include devices where the
reflection plane or the detector apparatus is servoed to follow
or align the reflected beam from a fixed source to the detector.

This subclass is indented under subclass 138. Subject matter including apparatus to attach to a wheel
or wheels to determine and indicate relative angular direction of
their planes of rotation by using photodetection.

This subclass is indented under subclass 138. Subject matter that includes the use of photodetection to
measure and indicate the angular orientation of a surface with respect
to gravity level or vertical reference.

(1)Note. This subclass includes some reference to gravity
level that is used to alter light beam position with respect to
a detector to determine and indicate an angle of at least one axis
of a plane with respect to level or zenith vertical.

This subclass is indented under subclass 138. Subject matter comprising means to furnish a measure of
the angle between two optical axes intersecting at a common point
at the observing or detecting station and passing through two points
remote from this station; or between one such axis and
a reference line or plane passing through the station.

(1)Note. Devices which only determine a level line
of sight are classified in subclasses 248+ even though, from
one point of view, they might be considered as measuring
an angle of zero degrees.

This subclass is indented under subclass 140. Subject matter including a source beam directed along one
axis to an object from which the beam’s reflected angular
direction with respect to its projected direction is measured and
where the apex of the measured angle is at the detecting station.

This subclass is indented under subclass 140. Subject matter that includes photodetection for measuring
and indicating the angle to a luminous object (e.g., beacon, missile, ambiently illuminated
object) not found in subclass 141.1 above.

(1)Note. The luminous radiation from the object is
considered to be radial.

(2)Note. Shaft angle encoding with or without indication
claimed or shown is found in Class 250, subclasses 231.13+.

Radiant Energy,
subclasses 231.13+ for shaft angle encoding with or without display; subclass
201.6 for angle determination during the triangulation of
an object’s distance; subclasses 206.1+ for
alternative outputs that do not include any display, per
se; subclass 342 for determining the location of an IR (infrared) source
that may include angle information.

This subclass is indented under subclass 141.2. Subject matter that includes a unidirectional beam source
or a directed plane light source that is remotely located with respect
to the observing or detecting station.

This subclass is indented under subclass 141.2. Subject matter that includes means for continuously optically
moving the photodetecting station field of view to enable the determination and
indication of angle apex at the detecting station.

(1)Note. Subject matter in this subclass does not define
a scanning at the source of light.

This subclass is indented under subclass 142. Subject matter including, for the purpose of establishing
a reference line or plane from which the angle can be measured, means
which tends to maintain its orientation in space irrespective of
changes in the orientation of the supporting structure for this
means.

This subclass is indented under subclass 140. Subject matter including, for the purpose of establishing
a reference line or plane from which the angle can be measured, means
which tends to maintain its orientation in space irrespective of
changes in the orientation of the supporting structure for this
means.

This subclass is indented under subclass 138. Subject matter where the axes being aligned or lines determining
the angle being measured lie in a plane transverse to the optical
axis of the measuring or aligning device.

(1)Note. One of the lines or axes may be the line generated
as the result of the relative motion of a vehicle and an object as, for
example, in a drift meter.

This subclass is indented under subclass 138. Subject matter including photodetection and indication of
the apex of an angle or the degree of angular misalignment formed
at a location other than at a detecting station.

(1)Note. This subclass would include the degree of
misalignment or measure with respect to a given axis of the remote angle
of a remote self-luminous source, not found in
subclasses 152.2 and 152.3, where the
angle apex is not at the detecting station and where there is no
automatic following or alignment.

(2)Note. This subclass may include angles at a detecting
station which facilitate the measurement of a different remote angle such
as in the triangulation of beams or look angles converging on a
target.

(3)Note. This subclass does not include shaft angle
encoding found elsewhere (see search notes below).

This subclass is indented under subclass 152.1. Subject matter including a planar, spherical, etc., reflecting
surface at a remote object from which a source beam directed along
one axis will reflect at different angles to be measured along at
least one plane.

This subclass is indented under subclass 152.1. Subject matter including a reflective surface at a remote
object from which a source beam directed along one axis reflects
back to a source and photodetecting station colinearly or in parallel
with respect to the source direction.

This subclass is indented under subclass 138. Subject matter for aligning or testing the alignment of
two axes where the axes in their aligned position are coaxial or
form different parts of a continuous straight line lying in a surface.

(1)Note. This subclass includes, for example, optical
means for testing the straightness of items such as rails or gun bores
and the aligning of the optical axis of a lens with the mechanical
axis of a tube.

This subclass is indented under subclass 154. Subject matter including means for aligning the wheels of
a vehicle.

(1)Note. The term "alignment" as
used in this subclass denotes the determination of the relationship
between the axes of rotation of wheels, or the relationship between
such rotation axes and some vehicle axis.

This subclass is indented under the class definition. Subject matter for determining the intensity or quantity
of light emanating from a particular location or direction.

(1)Note. This and the indented subclasses provide for
both the photocell type and the visual type of photometers, the
visual type being where the eye makes the detection as opposed to
the automatic detection of the photocell in this photocell type.
The light whose intensity is to be determined may be natural light
such as the sun or moon or artificial sources such as light bulbs
or gas lamps. This and the indented subclasses provide
for actinometers, per se, but actinometers with
camera structure are provided for elsewhere.

Communications: Directive Radio Wave
Systems and Devices (e.g., Radar, Radio
Navigation),
subclasses 417+ for direction finding radio receivers which detect
the intensity and direction of beams of electromagnetic radiation.

This subclass is indented under subclass 213. Subject matter wherein the light to be measured falls on
the pupil of an observer to control the size of the pupil as by
contraction or dilation of the iris, together with means
to permit the observer to see his pupil and to compare or measure
the size or tangent of the pupil as the light to be measured falls
thereon.

This subclass is indented under subclass 213. Subject matter including a movable mechanical element having
areas or volumes of different heat absorbing characteristic, the
element being moved by the infringing radiation producing a temperature
differential in the respective areas or volumes, as by
the gas adjacent the warmer area or volume producing greater pressure
thereon.

Communications: Electrical,
subclasses 189+ where this phenomenon is used to transmit signals
such as messages; subclasses 540+ to note conditions
other than measurement of the intensity of light, particularly
subclass 592.

This subclass is indented under subclass 213. Subject matter including structure for modifying the intensity
or frequency of the input light or electric current responsive to
the light, as by interrupting the current or chopping the
light.

This subclass is indented under subclass 213. Subject matter including a light responsive device which
may be photo-resistive or photovoltaic together with an
electrical meter or other electrical indicating device electrically coupled
to the light responsive device to indicate quantitatively the change
produced by light infringing on the light responsive device.

(1)Note. This subclass provides for the combination
of the photocell, electrical coupling between the photocell
and meter, and the meter. Class 250, Radiant Energy, subclasses
206+ provides for photocells and their controlled circuits, and
subclasses 216+ for photocells together with optical systems.
Class 324, Electricity: Measuring and Testing, especially
subclasses 92 through 157 provides for galvanometer type meters with
or without associated circuitry. Class 340, Communications: Electrical, subclass
600 provides for radiant energy indicators of the presence or absence type
as opposed to the quantitative values furnished by the patents in
this subclass 218. Class 116, Signals and Indicators, subclasses
284+ provides for rotary indicators generally, and
subclasses 327+ for pointers and indicator arms.

This subclass is indented under subclass 218. Subject matter wherein there is structure to provide a field
of view toward the area whose light intensity is to be determined
and wherein the indications of the meter are presented in this field
of view, to permit simultaneous sighting of the view and
reading of the meter.

(1)Note. The photometers classified here are essentially
view finders with the meter scale and indicator in the optical path
of the view finder.

This subclass is indented under subclass 218. Subject matter wherein optical structure is associated with
the light responsive device to collect light coming from a direction
other than that reflected from the viewed object.

(1)Note. The optical structure is usually either a
hemispherical light diffusing member or a reflector.

This subclass is indented under subclass 218. Subject matter wherein the readings of the meter or indicator
bear a logarithmic relation to the variations of the light sensed
by the light responsive device.

(1)Note. The logarithmic relationship may be obtained
by a logarithmic amplification or attenuation of the electrical
coupling between the detector and indicator, or by a logarithmic
variation in the magnetic circuit of the galvanometer indicator.

This subclass is indented under subclass 218. Subject matter including an optical element which is adjustable
or removable to selectively vary the light transmission to the light
responsive device or including an adjustable resistance in the electrical
coupling between the device and the meter or indicator to absorb
a portion of the energy otherwise passing to the meter or indicating
device to provide selective sensitivity and thus a plurality of
operating meter or indicator ranges.

This subclass is indented under subclass 218. Subject matter including an optical element such as a lens, shutter, diaphragm, or
mirror in the light path to the light responsive device to modify
the light coming to the device.

This subclass is indented under subclass 218. Subject matter including significant indicating device structure
such as scales and pointers or such indicating structure bearing
a particular structural relationship with the light responsive device.

(1)Note. The patents here are often directed to placing
the light responsive device and the meter or indicator in particular related
positions in the housing as to provide a compact arrangement.

This subclass is indented under subclass 213. Subject matter including two optical paths, there
being an optical element having known light absorbing properties
in one of the paths or there being a light source in one of the
optical paths having a known illumination characteristic (which
may be dependent on the position of the light source), together
with structure to facilitate comparison of the light in the two paths.

This subclass is indented under subclass 229. Subject matter including a source of light which constitutes
a standard (known intensity) with which the light
whose intensity is to be determined is compared.

Electricity: Measuring and Testing,
subclasses 403+ for lamp testing as where the efficiency of the
electrical to light conversion of the lamp is determined.
However, this Class 356 provides for the mere measurement
of the radiation intensity from the lamp.

This subclass is indented under subclass 230. Subject matter wherein the light standard is of the incandescent
type and wherein the incandescence may be varied as by a variable
resistance in series with the power supply to the filaments of the
incandescent lamp.

(1)Note. In this subclass the lamp is usually adjusted
to proper incandescence and the light intensity determined from
a scale reading of the variable resistance.

This subclass is indented under subclass 230. Subject matter wherein the light standard is movable with
reference to the comparison structure which includes a comparison
partition or screen, or with reference to the sample to modify
the intensity of the effective illumination from the light standard.

(1)Note. A scale is usually associated with the movable
light standard to provide a measure of the illumination.

This subclass is indented under subclass 213. Subject matter including an aperture in the optical path
whose aperture size may be controlled to vary the illumination passing
therethrough from a location whose light intensity is to be determined
or including a plurality of apertures of different sizes one of
which may be selected to pass a predetermined quantity of light, the
purpose in both cases being to reduce the visible illumination to
render the viewed object or indicia markings barely visible.

(1)Note. The subject matter classified here may include
scales for indicating the illumination intensity for general illumination
purposes or for photographic purposes. The photometers
classified here are of the visual type in the sense that the eye
itself is the detector.

This subclass is indented under subclass 213. Subject matter including an optical light attenuating member
or members in the optical path which is illuminated from a location
whose light intensity is to be determined, the members
being adjustable or selectively placed in the optical path to control
the illumination reaching the eye, the purpose being in
both cases to reduce the visible illumination to render the viewed
object or indicia markings barely visible.

(1)Note. See also (1) Note and the
Search Notes under subclass 233 above.

Optical: Systems and Elements,
subclass 888for neutral density filters, subclass
889 for filters movable in or out of the optical path, subclass
890 for filters superposed in series, and subclass 891
for filters in optical parallel.

This subclass is indented under subclass 234. Subject matter wherein the optical light attenuating member
has a variable light attenuating characteristic in a physical direction
along the member to permit variation in the light passing through
the member by movement of the member through the optical path.

This subclass is indented under subclass 213. Subject matter including a hollow body of spherical interior
and having an interior surface of highly reflecting and also diffusing
material and having relatively small openings in the shell of the
body to admit light for the purpose of raising the interior illumination
to a level which depends only upon the amount of light entering
the openings and not upon the reflection or diffusion of the incident
light flux.

This subclass is indented under the class definition. Subject matter wherein the presence of an imperfection, or
foreign substance is determined using light reflected from or passing through
a viewed specimen.

(1)Note. Art residing in this subclass may include nominally
claimed conveyors to support and transport the specimen being inspected.
For details to a conveyor, see SEARCH CLASS below.

(2)Note. This subclass provides for the inspection of
flaws, imperfections, and impurities having a
human perceivable output. See SEARCH CLASS below.

(3)Note. This subclass provides for the inspection of
flaws, imperfections, and impurities. See
SEARCH CLASS below.

Classifying, Separating, and
Assorting Solids,
subclasses 702+ which for the visual inspection of material or articles
with structure to facilitate a physical separation of the articles
or materials based upon physical differences of appearance.

Radiant Energy, particularly
subclasses 200+ provide for photocells and associated circuitry
with optical structure which may include measuring and testing and
subclasses 559.01+ for a photocell responsive
to light from a material having a cross-sectional dimension
which is small compared to length, and through additional
structure (i.e., a circuit) produces
an electrical or mechanical output indicative of some characteristic
of the material. See also (2) Note above.

Optical: Systems and Elements, for subject matter for the general viewing of an object
subclasses 385+ for microscopes with viewed object illumination, and
798+ for lenses with viewed object or viewed field illumination.
See (3) Note above.

Radiant Energy,
subclasses 559.4+ for circuitry responsive to a photocell, and
wherein the photocell is arranged relative to the material so that
the circuit provides an output indicating the presence or absence
of the material or some indicia on the material in some predefined
location.

Radiant Energy,
subclass 559.41for a photocell with associated circuitry capable
of identifying the presence of a foreign substance on or embedded
in a material from variations in a detected light signal.

This subclass is indented under subclass 237.1. Inspection of surface condition wherein the inspected article
further comprises a design feature, characteristic, or
area permitting the transmission of light.

This subclass is indented under subclass 237.1. Inspection of imperfections or impurities wherein the specimen
being viewed is a fiber or yarn for weaving or knitting into fabric
or a woven or knitted fabric.

(1)Note. This class provides for subject matter with
detailed optical structure of the inspection of a textile specimen.
See SEARCH CLASS below.

Radiant Energy,
subclass 559.41for a photocell with associated circuitry capable
of identifying the presence of a foreign substance on or embedded
in a material from variations in a detected light signal.

This subclass is indented under subclass 237.1. Inspection of imperfections or impurities wherein the material
being inspected allows the transmittance of light.

(1)Note. For classification here the light must pass
completely through the material and be viewed on the issuing side. Mere
internal reflecting within the material is not sufficient for classification here.

Radiant Energy,
subclass 559.41for a photocell with associated circuitry capable
of identifying the presence of a foreign substance on or embedded
in a material from variations in a detected light signal.

This subclass is indented under subclass 239.4. Inspection of transparent or translucent container wherein
the specimen being detected or examined is an article or substance
confined within the transparent or translucent container.

Radiant Energy,
subclasses 559.4+ for circuitry responsive to a photocell, and
wherein the photocell is arranged relative to the material so that
the circuit provides an output indicating the presence or absence
of the material or some indicia on the material in some predefined
location.

Radiant Energy,
subclass 559.41for a photocell with associated circuitry capable
of identifying the presence of a foreign substance on or embedded
in a material from variations in a detected light signal.

This subclass is indented under subclass 237.1. Inspection of imperfections or impurities wherein the specimen
is a hole, passage, or generally tube-like
structure having a proximal end and a distal end, wherein
light is directed to the distal end providing a view of the interior
of the specimen from the distal or proximal end.

Radiant Energy,
subclasses 358.1+ for instruments which include nonvisible radiation
sources and filters for checking cracked interior surfaces in bores
by means of phosphorescent or fluorescent substances.

Electricity: Measuring and Testing,
subclass 220for borescopes used in the testing of ferrous metal
pipe which additionally includes means to dispense iron filings
and magnetic means to magnetize the pipe so that the iron pipe filings
will adhere magnetically to the pipe in a pattern conforming to the
condition of the pipe.

Surgery,
subclasses 101+ and 184+ for endoscopes inserted into
a natural or surgically constructed body orifice for viewing or
treating functional disorders of the body with or without a self-contained
illuminating means.

SAMPLE, SPECIMEN, OR STANDARD HOLDER OR SUPPORT (E.G., PLATES OR SLIDES)

This subclass is indented under the class definition. Subject matter including holding structure for maintaining
the article or material (solid, liquid, or
gas) to be inspected, measured or tested in the
desired inspection, measuring or testing position; or
for maintaining the standard in the desired position.

(1)Note. This subclass includes means to support the
holding structure when not otherwise classifiable. Usually
the holding structure is shaped or otherwise adapted to permit passage
of the testing light rays.

This subclass is indented under subclass 244. Subject matter including a plurality of receptacles arranged
in a unit for holding cotton standards, together with structure
for facilitating the comparison of a selected standard with a cotton
sample.

This subclass is indented under the class definition. Subject matter wherein an optical instrument establishes
an optical axis whereby an observer may precisely orient the optical instrument
relative to some remote point toward which the optical axis is directed, or and
usually whereby the observer may orient some device such as a gun
to which the optical instrument is attached.

(1)Note. Where a reticle is recited in conjunction
with a compound optical system classification is generally in Class
359, Optical: Systems and Elements, subclass
428. However, where the reticle or reticle image
is adjustable for the purpose of changing the observer’s
line of sight relative to the central optical axis of the instrument, classification
will be in this class.

This subclass is indented under subclass 247. Subject matter including, for the purpose of establishing
a stabilized optical axis, means which tends to maintain
its orientation in space irrespective of changes in the orientation
of the supporting structure for this means.

This subclass is indented under subclass 251. Subject matter wherein a reticle or an optical element is
movable in order that the image of the reticle may be adjusted transversely
to the principal optical axis of the instrument.

This subclass is indented under the class definition. Subject matter for the examination of a dispersed beam of
light or selected portions thereof as by a prism or diffraction
grating from a narrow beam of light as from a slit, or for
utilizing a portion of a dispersed beam, such as from a
monochromator, for examination of substances by transmitting
light through or reflecting light from the substances or for the
examination of the dispersed beam from a stimulated light emissive
sample.

(1)Note. Included in this subclass are spectroscopes.

(2)Note. The line between Class 250, Radiant
Energy, and the spectroscopic examination found in this
class is: Claims to a spectroscopic arrangement which include
only the examination of visible radiation will be found in subclasses 300+; claims
to a spectroscopic arrangement which include optical limitations which
are usable in the infrared, ultraviolet, and visible
light range will be found in subclass 51 in this class providing
no significant nonvisible radiation or examining structure is involved
in the claims; claims to a spectroscopic arrangement including
a source of invisible radiation such as infrared or ultraviolet, or
a particular material operative for the purposes of the disclosure
only in the invisible radiation range, or a detector responsive
only to invisible radiation will be classified in Class 250.

(3)Note. The line between Class 345, Computer
Graphics Processing and Selective Visual Display Systems, and
Class 356 with respect to spectroscopy and with respect to the remaining
portions of Class 356 is: where a Class 356 device is claimed
in combination with a recorder of the Class 346 type, Class
356 will take combinations including a broad optical test for Class
356 combined with a broad Class 346 recorder. However, a
name only optical test device in combination with a specific recorder
will be classified in Class 346. Any details of the optical test
device whether patentable or not with a specific recorder will be
classified in Class 356.

(4)Note. Diffraction crystals used to disperse X radiation
when used with the combination of elements forming a spectrometer
or spectropscope will not be classified here. See Class
378, X-Ray or Gamma Ray Systems or Devices, subclass
70.

for filter photometers which analyze the wave length
and the intensity of emitted light or the light of specific wave
lengths absorbed by materials as a result of reflective or transmissive tests, where
filters rather than dispersing mediums are used to isolate various
wave lengths of light.

Radiant Energy,
subclasses 200+ for photocell circuits which do not involve the
measurement of light or the testing of material by means of visible
light; subclasses 336.1+ for methods
and apparatus involving emission or absorption infrared or ultraviolet
spectrometers.

Optical: Systems and Elements,
subclasses 558+ for diffraction gratings and mounts; subclass
615 for light dispersion systems which do not involve the analysis
of the dispersed light; subclasses 831+ for prisms
and mountings for the prisms; subclasses 362+ for
compound lens systems; subclasses 811+ for lenses
and their supports; and subclasses 894+ for optical
apertures including slits.

This subclass is indented under subclass 300. Subject matter which includes a directed beam of light, means
to support transparent gaseous, liquid, or solid
substances for transmission of the beam through the substance, and
means transverse to the direction of the beam for detecting the
light reflected or scattered by the molecules of the substance, and
including the detection of the light caused by change of the rotational
and vibrational energy of the molecules due to the light energy
directed through the substance.

This subclass is indented under subclass 300. Subject matter which includes an entrance slit, a
dispersing means, an aperture, and a photographic
medium associated with the aperture for recording the dispersed
spectrum or portions thereof.

This subclass is indented under subclass 302. Subject matter which includes, additionally, the development
of the spectrograph and the qualitative and quantitative analysis
of the developed spectrograph, as by transmissive photometric
examination.

Radiant Energy,
subclass 316.1for photographic infrared detection or analysis
of material; and subclasses 580+ for photographic
detection of invisible radiation or analysis of material where an
examination of a developed spectrogram may be involved.

This subclass is indented under subclass 302. Subject matter which includes a stepped or sectored opening
therein to provide a light masking structure interposed between
the light to be examined and the entrance slit of the spectrograph.

(1)Note. The light masking means generally includes
means to move the masking structure and an aperture configuration which
is a logarithmic configuration along the slit from some fixed point.

This subclass is indented under subclass 300. Subject matter which includes means to detect and measure
the intensity of a spectral line of a sought for element or composition
relative to a second spectral line of the same or a second element
or composition that is present in known amounts.

(1)Note. This second component may be added to the
sought for constituent or be present as a constituent of the sample tested.

This subclass is indented under subclass 300. Subject matter which includes means to detect and measure
the intensity of at least one spectral line present in emitted radiation
relative to the total emitted radiation present.

for the comparison involving emitted radiation of
a known spectral line intensity and wavelength of an element with
the intensity of the spectral line or lines of a tested chemical
element, both the known and unknown element being present
in the same emitted radiation.

This subclass is indented under subclass 300. Subject matter which includes the periodic scanning of a
dispersed light beam over the optical frequency spectrum, detecting
the scanned dispersed beam, synchronizing a visual readout
with the various wavelengths present in the detected dispersed beams, and correlating
the intensity of the detected readout with each wavelength present
in the dispersed beam.

(1)Note. The readout is usually a cathode-ray
tube.

(2)Note. The synchronization of the scanning of the
dispersed beam is with the movement of the dispersing means, the optical
means associated with the dispersing means, or the electronics
of the detection and readout circuitry.

Facsimile and Static Presentation Processing,
subclasses 500 through 540and 400-304 for facsimile systems which
utilize a cathode-ray oscillograph tube which do not involve
a spectrum analysis of light or the light analysis of a substance
reflectively or transmissively.

This subclass is indented under subclass 300. Subject matter including means for passing light, usually
of a selected group of spectral wavelengths, between the
light dispersing means and the light detection means.

This subclass is indented under subclass 300. Subject matter including structure for heating, burning, or
otherwise stimulating the sample to cause the emission of radiation
for analysis.

(1)Note. For classification here as opposed to subclasses
244+ some portion of the apparatus for heating, burning, or
stimulating the samples or for analyzing the rays emitted by the
specimen should be claimed.

(2)Note. The combination of the heating or combustion
of a sample and the spectrographic analysis of the heated sample
is in this class (356) rather than in Class 23.

for sample holders for materials to be excited for
spectrographic analysis, which do not include a heating
means such as a flame, an arc, or spark device
for the heating of the sample. See also (1) Note
above.

This subclass is indented under subclass 311. Subject matter wherein the heating structure includes an
arc or spark.

(1)Note. Included herein are the subcombinations including
the electrical arc or spark excitation unit which includes the support
for the sample to be analyzed even though optical elements of the spectrophotometer
are not claimed.

Electric Lamp and Discharge Devices: Consumable
Electrodes, for structure to support and feed electrodes of the consumable
electrode type, and particularly
subclass 60for consumable electrodes not of the electrical
welding type.

Illumination, for general illumination devices which include a
light source and means to direct the light. A light source
and a chimney, for example, without means to limit
the light source specifically for examination purposes, such
as a monochromator or means to hold additionally the material to
be examined, would be classifiable in Class 362.

Combustion,
subclasses 4and 126 for the methods and apparatus pertaining to
the burning of a combustible fluid. See Notes 1, 2, and
3 below

(1)Note. Class 431, Combustion, will
take all methods of burning of fuel not classified elsewhere. Class
431 will take the combination which includes a burner having a nozzle
or a pipe outlet means to feed a fuel, a combustion supporting
fluid to the pipe or nozzle outlet to produce a flame, and means
to feed a sample fluid into the flame produced by the burner so
that the heat of the burner will increase the energy of the sample to
the point whereby the sample will emit radiation.

(2)Note. The combination of a spectral flame burner
such as recited in Note 1 above with an optical element necessary
to inspect the flame such as a "chimney" or "means
to view the flame" where it is more than inspection of
the flame and involves the examination of the color intensity or
wavelength of the light of the flame, is classified in
Class 356 rather than Class 431.

(3)Note. Class 431 will not take the feeding of powdered
material entrained in a fluid.

Chemistry: Analytical and Immunological
Testing,
subclasses 1+ for processes involving the burning of material
which involves a chemical reaction, or the analysis or
treatment of the products of combustion where not elsewhere classified.
See also (2) Note of subclass 311.

This subclass is indented under subclass 300. Subject matter wherein there are formed two beams of light, one
or both beams may be monochromatic, means to support a
substance in one or both beams to modify one or both beams, means
to detect and compare the intensities of the two beams as modified
by the substance or substances simultaneously or sequentially, and
means responsive to the comparison means to indicate the relative
intensities of the two beams.

and 425, for colorimeters which utilize
filters rather than a dispersing arrangement to determine the intensity
of light at specific wavelengths or the absorption characteristics
of substances which modify the light transmitted through or reflected
from the substances.

This subclass is indented under subclass 319. Subject matter which generally includes in at least one
of the beams an optical member, such as a wedge, responsive
to the comparison means to automatically equalize the intensities of
both beams, or which includes an electrical member responsive
to the comparison means to electrically create a null condition
in the comparison means.

This subclass is indented under subclass 321. Subject matter in which two beams of visible radiation are
polarized and vary in intensity cyclically with time, and
the two beams are out of phase with each other; and wherein
the optical member is of the magneto-optical type, a controlled
vibrating mirror, a wedge, or an iris.

(1)Note. Integrating spheres are generally part of
the combination claimed.

(2)Note. Included in the combination claimed is an
indicator or recorder to note the change necessary to cause equal brightness
in each path.

This subclass is indented under subclass 300. Subject matter wherein the spectroscopic examination is
performed with an instrument having an entrance slit, a
dispersing device, and one or more exit slits with which
measurements are made at selected wavelengths within the spectral
range or by scanning over the range.

This subclass is indented under subclass 328. Subject matter wherein there is included a known frequency
light source which may be part of the test emission source, an
entrance slit, a dispersing means, a plurality
of exit slits, one of which is associated with the known
frequency dispersed by the dispersing means, a photosensitive
detector responsive to the known light frequency received through
its exit slit, and servo control means responsive to the detector
to adjust the relative position of the dispersing means and the
entrance or exit slits.

(1)Note. This subclass excludes recording spectrophotometers
having a movable dispersing element to allow successively different
light wavelengths to appear at the same exit slit, and
having its movement mechanically synchronized to move the recorder
and adjust the exit slit for the various wavelengths.
See subclasses 321+ for this type of mechanically synchronized
slit adjustment.

This subclass is indented under subclass 300. Subject matter including a light dispersing element such
as a prism or diffraction grating together with a slit for selecting
a narrow portion of the dispersed spectrum to provide a light beam
which is essentially monochromatic or of narrow frequency bandwidth.

(1)Note. Usually an entrance slit is provided between
a source of light and the dispersing element, or a light
source having a narrow beam width may be provided.

for spectroscopes generally as where a viewing device
is used for examining the light from the dispersing element either
directly or through a test sample in place of an output slit.
See also (1) Note under subclass 326.

This subclass is indented under subclass 331. Subject matter including structure to vary the bandwidth
or to vary the average or median frequency of the band over the
range of the light emitted from the monochromator.

(1)Note. The variation may be obtained by changing
the width of one of the slits or by changing the reflection angle
of the dispersing element.

This subclass is indented under subclass 332. Subject matter wherein a plurality of dispersing elements
with an intervening slit or equivalent filtering structure are provided
between the dispersing elements, as for providing a narrower band
of light.

(1)Note. This subclass provides for two monochromators, generally
in series, wherein the exit slit of one of the monochromators
is also the entrance slit of the other monochromator.

This subclass is indented under the class definition. Subject matter for determining in a group of discrete particles
the size of individual particles or the average size of the particles
in the group.

Electrical Pulse Counters, Pulse Dividers, or
Shift Registers: Circuits and Systems,
subclass 10for the size determination and the number of particles
present in samples where the particles are numerically counted. See
also the general note to the line between Class 377 and this class.

This subclass is indented under subclass 335. Subject matter to visually or photoelectrically inspect
or measure the scattering of light by particles or molecules entrained
in a static or flowing medium.

This subclass is indented under the class definition. Subject matter to visually or photoelectrically inspect
or measure the atmospheric scattering of light, or the
scattering by molecules of a gas or liquid media or by particles
entrained in a flowing or static medium, which includes support
means for the media or medium capable of transmitting light into
and out of the support means, lighting means to direct
light into and through a flowing or static gas or liquid with or
without the entrained particles, and means to visually
examine and measure or photoelectrically detect and indicate the
intensity of the light scattered from the medium or from the particles
in the medium at some angle other than the direction of the inspection
light.

(1)Note. In this subclass, the scattering
is by reflection of light from discrete particles within a medium, as
opposed to mere diffusion by scattering from an irregular surface
in subclass 372.

(2)Note. See subclasses 437+ and 441+ where
suspended particles are not viewed for scattered light reflected
from suspended particles, but for the reduction in the
light intensity, and wherein light and the observation
point lie in a direct line with the observed fluid between the light
source and the observation point.

(3)Note. Tyndallometers, nephelometers, and
devices to measure the Rayleich ratio are included in this section.

(4)Note. The light used in the test may be monochromatic, polarized, or
white light.

(5)Note. Where particles in a fluid are counted one
by one, see Class 377, subclass 10.
Where the number of particles in a fluid is found by sensing the
overall radiation reflected by light scattering from the particles
within the medium, the claims will be classified here in
subclass 337.

This subclass is indented under subclass 338. Subject matter wherein the scattered light is compared with (a) a
standard light, (b) a standard scattered
light, (c) the directly transmitted light, or (d) with
the light prior to its scattering or transmission through the medium.

This subclass is indented under the class definition. Subject matter which includes an electrophoresis cell for
containing a fluid to be tested, generally means transmitting
light through the fluid, and examination means to indicate
or note the modification of the light due to the movement of particles
suspended in the test fluid from the refractive index, the
interference phenomenon, the absorption of light within
the various layers of the fluid in the cell, or the Schlieren
patterns.

Chemistry: Electrical and Wave Energy,
subclasses 450+ for processes and subclasses 600+ for
apparatus involving electrophoresis or electro-osmosis
as defined therein, including the combination of electrophoresis
or electro-osmosis with optical measuring or testing.
Also, see the search class note to Class 356 in Class 204, subclass
450.

This subclass is indented under the class definition. Subject matter including polarizing apparatus to examine
visible light or to examine articles or material by means of visible
polarized light; or including apparatus to compare, when
polarization is involved, light, per se, or light
transmitted through or reflected from an article or material with
a light standard.

This subclass is indented under subclass 364. Subject matter including a doubly refractive or birefringent
element, that is, an element having the property
of dividing a ray of light into two polarized rays (known
as the ordinary and extraordinary rays) the directions
of polarization being at right angles to each other.

(1)Note. A birefringent material which has been treated
with a dichroic dye to absorb the ordinary or extra-ordinary
ray is no longer considered to be birefringent within the meaning
of this definition. However, a birefringent element
in the form, for example, of a Nicol prism where
the unwanted ray is deflected would be classified here.

This subclass is indented under subclass 364. Subject matter providing structure for examining articles
or material and including a polarizer, a polarized light
analyzer, a support usually for the article or material
for examination between the polarizer and analyzer, and
a visual viewer or photoelectric detector and indicator, the
polarized light from the polarizer being transmitted through the
article or material to the visual viewer or the photoelectric detector
and indicator.

This subclass is indented under subclass 366. Subject matter including either a null type or directly
indicating instrument for determining the amount of polarized light
rotation caused by the article or material being examined.

This subclass is indented under subclass 367. Subject matter including an electrically operated rotator
of the polarization plane.

(1)Note. Where an electro-optical rotating means
is used to vary the intensity of the light, rate of the
pulsations of light, or change the plane of polarization
of the light of an article or material being examined without indicating
the change in the polarization of the light, search subclasses
366, 369, and 370.

This subclass is indented under subclass 364. Subject matter wherein the light to be tested or the light
transmitted through or reflected from a sample or standard is reduced
in intensity by means of polarizers and analyzers.

This subclass is indented under the class definition. Subject matter including means for comparing a given configuration
such as an article, record, or scale with a standard
either visually or by means of a photocell, both the preceding being
effected by noting the light from the margins or surfaces of the
specimens and standards to an observation point.

(1)Note. The standard may be only another article of
the same type.

(2)Note. In patents where a visual comparison is made
of an article with a standard, the two images must be superimposed
or adjacent each other for simultaneously viewing. If
the images are farther apart so that they are viewed alternately, the patent
is in Class 359, subclass 373; or in Class 353
if projection is claimed.

(3)Note. This subclass and those indented thereunder
provide for comparing of articles where an image of the article
and a scale, or the image of two articles being compared
are viewed. If only the image of a scale is viewed, the
patent is classified in Class 359, subclasses 436+; or
Class 353 if projection is involved. If only the image
of the article is viewed, the patent is classified in Class
359, subclass 373, where a compound lens system
is employed; or in Class 353 if projection of an image
is present.

(4)Note. Class 33 provides for patents on article testing
devices where a mechanical pickup or feeler engages or contacts the
workpiece even though significant optical structure is recited in
the claims.

(5)Note. Class 250, especially in subclasses
216+, provides in general for photocells together
with optical structure in the light path. For classification
in Class 356, subclass 388 the photocell and optical combination
must be so related as to or must include structure to give an indication
of the comparison, such as being within or without the
range of tolerance when the light beam is passed to the profile
of the master or article under test.

This subclass is indented under subclass 388. Subject matter including optical elements to permit the
simultaneous viewing of two portions of a single configuration, such
as opposite sides of a threaded screw, or two images of
the same portion of a configuration one usually being inverted, for
comparison thereof.

This subclass is indented under subclass 391. Subject matter including means to simultaneously view and
compare the configuration and a standard configuration of the same
type, or a pattern showing a desired or standard shape, or another
configuration of the same type.

(1)Note. In this subclass a representation of the master
is usually a part of or adjacent the viewing screen, and
an image of the test configuration is projected thereon; while
in indented subclass 393 below, an image of the master
and usually also an image of the test configuration are projected
on the viewing screw.

This subclass is indented under subclass 392. Subject matter including means to project a master or desired
shape on the viewing screen in addition to an image of the test
configuration.

(1)Note. In the case of a contact comparison between
an article and the gauge or master a beam of light may be projected between
the gauge or master and the test configuration, and an
image of the light between the gauge and test configuration then
projected on a screen is in this subclass 393.

This subclass is indented under subclass 388. Subject matter including optical elements to permit the
simultaneous viewing and comparison by the eye or by a photocell
of the configuration and (a) a standard configuration
of the same type, or (b) a pattern or
gauge having a desired or standard shape, (c) another
configuration of the same type, or (d) a
reference voltage generated as an electrical analog of a desired
configuration.

(1)Note. Light may be projected between an article
and a gauge and the test made by detecting the amount of that light with
a photocell.

This subclass is indented under subclass 388. Subject matter including means to scan or sweep a configuration
with a light beam, or including means to translate or rotate
a configuration in a light beam to facilitate determination of the
size or shape of the configuration, usually by means of
at least one photocell.

This subclass is indented under the class definition. Subject matter where two objects or an object and a light
beam are laterally aligned by displacing the objects along an axis
essentially normal to the line connecting them or displacing the
object and light beam along an axis essentially normal to the light
beam.

This subclass is indented under the class definition. Subject matter wherein light (emanating directly
from a light source, or transmitted through or reflected
from a substance) is analyzed for its frequency content
by dividing the light into its component frequencies or bands of
frequencies (which are usually of as predetermined character), or
by comparison in frequency or intensity with standard lights (emanating
directly from a light source, or transmitted through or
reflected from a substance).

(1)Note. The first mentioned light is the light sample
or from the sample to be tested while the second mentioned light is
the standard or from the standard.

(2)Note. Search subclass 51 if either infrared or ultraviolet
light is utilized in the test.

(3)Note. When complementary colors are utilized to
produce a gray-type visual response they will be classified
in the appropriate portion of this color section.

(4)Note. Where lamps including photo responsive detectors, per
se, such as phototubes are tested for color response as an
indication of their operating characteristics, see Class
324, especially subclasses 24+ for space discharge-type tubes
and subclass 158.1 for solid-state-type
devices. However, this Class 356 provides for
color determination of light from a lamp where the lamp operating characteristics
are not involved.

for spectroscopes, spectrometers, and spectrophotometers
which analyze light or substance for color and light intensity which
involve the use of a dispersing element, such as a prism
or diffracting medium, rather than a filter or filters
to isolate the different colors present in the light or substances being
tested.

Measuring and Testing,
subclasses 23.35and 53+ for the testing of effluents of
a mixture of gases or liquids such as chromatography tests which have
contacted a solvent or sorbent component successively and selectively
to determine the quantity, quality, or identity
of a component of the effluent.

This subclass is indented under subclass 402. Subject matter which includes a plurality of different colored
light sources or reflective standards, and means to optically
or mechanically rotate the light source or the standards so that
the optical or mechanical rotation causes the sources or standards
of different colors to blend together to produce a visual sensation
of another color, shade, or tint so that the merged color
can be visual compared simultaneously with an unknown light or color
sample.

(1)Note. The mechanically rotating standards known
as "Maxwell’s Discs" are included in
this subclass.

This subclass is indented under subclass 402. Subject matter involving color photography such as:
the examination of the color properties of negatives as for copying
purposes, the examination of sensitometric colored strips
for the purpose of controlling the making of prints, all
testing subcombinations dealing with color printing not provided
for elsewhere, and the examination of the color characteristics
of the scenes to be photographed in color.

(1)Note. All patents dealing with the testing of colored
light which involve temperature determination and photography will
be found under pyrometry in subclasses 43+.

(2)Note. Under this section are visual and photoelectric
reflection and transmission tests of colored prints or negatives to
correct the color balance of one or more colors in the negative, and
the tests may be sequentially or simultaneously performed when more
than one test is performed.

Photocopying,
subclasses 32+ for color projection printers which include plural
color transmission examination of negatives for the purpose of color
balancing a projection type print of the tested color negative; and
subclasses 78+ for color printers of the contact type which
measure the intensity of a plurality of different colors transmitted
through a negative in addition to the contact printing structure.

This subclass is indented under subclass 402. Subject matter wherein there are devices which examine light, per
se, or the light reflected from or transmitted through
substances, and which include means to examine the light
or the light modified by reflection or transmission from the substances, simultaneously
or sequentially for hue, saturation, and intensity
as based upon the response of the human eye.

Registers,
subclasses 61and 184 for devices which utilize the tristimulus factors
obtained in the devices of this subclass 405 to obtain mechanically and
electrically the analogue computations necessary to utilize the
integrated responses of the tristimulus values.

This subclass is indented under subclass 402. Subject matter wherein there is apparatus to examine sequentially
or simultaneously for at least three colors of light either directly
or when reflected from or transmitted through a substance to be
tested.

for apparatus which may examine light emitted from
substances or the absorption of light by substances or the examination
of light, per se, by spectroscopes, spectrometers, or
spectrophotometer which utilize monochromators which permit the
entire visual spectrum of light to be used to examine substances
or to examine light for any or all of the colors which may be inherent
in the light examined.

for similar subject matter where the disclosure
or the claims do not examine light or substances for at least three
distinct colors, but use test structure similar to that
found here and in subclass 405.

This subclass is indented under subclass 402. Subject matter which includes means to simultaneously transmit
or reflect at least two different colored bands or frequencies of
light, through or from the sample, means to filter
the modified light into two different bands of light, and
detector and indicating means responsive to the light modified by
the sample and after filtering to note the intensity of the different bands
of light.

Radiant Energy,
subclasses 201.1+ , 206+, and 226 for plural
photosensitive color circuits where no support for a sample is included
in the claims or where no indicator for the light used in the test
is included in the claims.

This subclass is indented under subclass 402. Subject matter wherein there is a light source and optical
means to produce a beam or beams of visible light which may be monochromatic; (a) means
to hold, move, and position sequentially either
at least two samples or a sample and a standard into the path of
the beam, or (b) means to cause the beam
or beams to sweep or switch between fixed samples and standards; and
electrical detecting and indicating means to note the light transmitted
through or reflected from the samples and standards.

This subclass is indented under subclass 402. Subject matter wherein a fluid substance, a solute
in a solvent, or a miscible liquid is examined by a transmissive
light test (quantitatively or qualitatively) for
the purpose of noting color, different shades or tints
of colors, or the concentration of a solute in a solvent.

(1)Note. Patents dealing with chromatography include
a mass or masses of chemically absorptive material supported in
a transparent conduit so that a confined flow of liquid or gaseous
material through the chemically absorptive material may produce
a selective colored band or bands held in layers by absorptive phenomena.
The layers and their interfaces may be examined visually or by radiation
sensitive instruments to furnish qualitative determinations with respect
to the chemical composition of the material analyzed.
Those patents with significant claimed subject matter involving
an optical color test following the absorption of a constituent
of a liquid or gaseous material are included as originals in this
schedule.

Measuring and Testing,
subclasses 23.35and 53.01+ for the methods and apparatus
for examining the band or bands of the chromatography column to
determine the quantity, quality, or the substances
of the band or bands in a gas or liquid chromatography test.