Hort (11 a-helices) lines of the Y. Human Tel2 and LqfRa exon

Hort (11 a-helices) lines of the Y. Human Tel2 and LqfRa exon6 are 19 identical and 13 15900046 similar in amino acid sequence throughout the length of their polypeptide chains (Fig. S1). The evidence that exon 6 is not a separate gene – that the lqfRa splice form truly exists – is convincing. First, there is compelling evidence that exons 5 and 6 are joined in an mRNA; an RT-PCR amplification product containing exon 5 spliced to exon 6 has been generated [32]. Moreover, an exon 3? probe hybridizes not only to a species the size of lqfRb, but also to a larger mRNA corresponding in size to lqfRb that also hybridizes to an exonOnly Tel2 Portion of Fly EpsinR/Tel2 Is EssentialFigure 1. lqfR gene products. At top is a diagram of the two lqfR mRNAs formed by alternative pre-mRNA splicing. Exons 1? are indicated by bars and introns by bent lines. The black region in each transcript is the open reading frame. The larger transcript, lqfRa, contains exon6 which encodes Tel2. At bottom are the protein products of each mRNA. ENTH = Epsin N-terminal homology 374913-63-0 price domain, AP1 = binding motif for the Clathrin adapter AP-1, CBM = Clathrin binding motif. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0046357.gprobe. Second, there is strong evidence that LqfRa and LqfRb proteins both exist; antibodies generated to parts of LqfR that exclude the region encoded by exon 6 hybridize to two bands on Western blots, one corresponding in size roughly to LqfRa, and the other to LqfRb [18,32]. We were curious to determine whether or not the fusion of the genes for Golgi Epsin and Tel2 was specific to Drosophila. We performed two BLAST searches (at www.uniprot.org), one using as a query the amino acid sequence of LqfR exons 1?, and the other using exon 6. In some species that had clear homologs of both genes, both queries identified the same gene or adjacent genes, indicating that lqfR and tel2 are likely fused in that species. In other species each query identified distinct, non-adjacent genes. Although our analysis was not exhaustive, we did find that the lqfR and tel2 genes were likely fused in all queried MedChemExpress Gracillin Drosophila species and also in other insects in the database, but not in yeast, nematodes, nor any vertebrates (data not shown).high as 6xmyc-LqfRaDENTH (Fig. 2B). The most remarkable result was that exon 6 alone (6xmyc-LqfRexon6) rescued lqfR null mutants to wild-type (Fig. 2A). In summary, we found that expression of exon 6, which contains only the Tel2-like region of LqfRa, was sufficient to rescue the imaginal disc proliferation and patterning defects of lqfR null mutants and no other portions of LqfRa were able to provide any rescuing activity independently. The results so far predict that LqfRb, which does not contain exon 6, would not have any rescuing activity. We could not test LqfRb in the assay described above because unexpectedly, expression of UAS-6xmyc-lqfRb with Actin5C-gal4 was lethal. To overcome this obstacle, we expressed 6xmyc-lqfRb in the eye only, and asked if the eye morphology defects in eyes with no LqfR protein in otherwise normal flies (lqfRD117/lqfR+ flies with homozygous lqfRD117 eyes generated using FRT/GMR-hid) were rescued. lqfRD117 eyes are tiny and rough compared to wild-type (Fig. 2C). Flies expressing 6xmyc-LqfRb with ey-gal4 were viable, and we found that 6xmyc-LqfRb had no rescue activity in the eye (Fig. 2A,C). As controls, we tested the four transgenes described above and we found the same results with those as we did with the Act5C-gal4 driver: 6xmyc-L.Hort (11 a-helices) lines of the Y. Human Tel2 and LqfRa exon6 are 19 identical and 13 15900046 similar in amino acid sequence throughout the length of their polypeptide chains (Fig. S1). The evidence that exon 6 is not a separate gene – that the lqfRa splice form truly exists – is convincing. First, there is compelling evidence that exons 5 and 6 are joined in an mRNA; an RT-PCR amplification product containing exon 5 spliced to exon 6 has been generated [32]. Moreover, an exon 3? probe hybridizes not only to a species the size of lqfRb, but also to a larger mRNA corresponding in size to lqfRb that also hybridizes to an exonOnly Tel2 Portion of Fly EpsinR/Tel2 Is EssentialFigure 1. lqfR gene products. At top is a diagram of the two lqfR mRNAs formed by alternative pre-mRNA splicing. Exons 1? are indicated by bars and introns by bent lines. The black region in each transcript is the open reading frame. The larger transcript, lqfRa, contains exon6 which encodes Tel2. At bottom are the protein products of each mRNA. ENTH = Epsin N-terminal homology domain, AP1 = binding motif for the Clathrin adapter AP-1, CBM = Clathrin binding motif. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0046357.gprobe. Second, there is strong evidence that LqfRa and LqfRb proteins both exist; antibodies generated to parts of LqfR that exclude the region encoded by exon 6 hybridize to two bands on Western blots, one corresponding in size roughly to LqfRa, and the other to LqfRb [18,32]. We were curious to determine whether or not the fusion of the genes for Golgi Epsin and Tel2 was specific to Drosophila. We performed two BLAST searches (at www.uniprot.org), one using as a query the amino acid sequence of LqfR exons 1?, and the other using exon 6. In some species that had clear homologs of both genes, both queries identified the same gene or adjacent genes, indicating that lqfR and tel2 are likely fused in that species. In other species each query identified distinct, non-adjacent genes. Although our analysis was not exhaustive, we did find that the lqfR and tel2 genes were likely fused in all queried Drosophila species and also in other insects in the database, but not in yeast, nematodes, nor any vertebrates (data not shown).high as 6xmyc-LqfRaDENTH (Fig. 2B). The most remarkable result was that exon 6 alone (6xmyc-LqfRexon6) rescued lqfR null mutants to wild-type (Fig. 2A). In summary, we found that expression of exon 6, which contains only the Tel2-like region of LqfRa, was sufficient to rescue the imaginal disc proliferation and patterning defects of lqfR null mutants and no other portions of LqfRa were able to provide any rescuing activity independently. The results so far predict that LqfRb, which does not contain exon 6, would not have any rescuing activity. We could not test LqfRb in the assay described above because unexpectedly, expression of UAS-6xmyc-lqfRb with Actin5C-gal4 was lethal. To overcome this obstacle, we expressed 6xmyc-lqfRb in the eye only, and asked if the eye morphology defects in eyes with no LqfR protein in otherwise normal flies (lqfRD117/lqfR+ flies with homozygous lqfRD117 eyes generated using FRT/GMR-hid) were rescued. lqfRD117 eyes are tiny and rough compared to wild-type (Fig. 2C). Flies expressing 6xmyc-LqfRb with ey-gal4 were viable, and we found that 6xmyc-LqfRb had no rescue activity in the eye (Fig. 2A,C). As controls, we tested the four transgenes described above and we found the same results with those as we did with the Act5C-gal4 driver: 6xmyc-L.