Mnangagwa, who came to power in a coup against President Robert Mugabe last November, advances himself as the strongman required to restore the order necessary for resumed investment by the major corporations.

President el-Sisi has unleashed an extensive crackdown on all forms of dissent and political expression that far exceeds the worst excesses of Hosni Mubarak, who was overthrown by the mass uprising in February 2011.

Conflict between the Congolese military and a local militia has resulted in a mass internal displacement in the Kasai Province, with millions fleeing the region for Angola and other areas of the Congo.