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Summary

One of the most respected nutrition life cycle texts in the higher education market, NUTRITION THROUGH THE LIFE CYCLE, Second Edition uses current research to explain the nutritional foundations necessary for the growth, development, and normal functioning of individuals in each stage of the life span. From preconception to the final stages of life, this text covers clinical and nutritional interventions for each part of the life cycle. The text is organized systematically, with clinical nutrition topics following normal nutrition topics. The text maintains a consistent level of pedagogy throughout, highlighting key nutrition concepts, nutritional needs, nutrition and health disease outcomes, model programs, and case studies. Featuring an expert author team, this text benefits from a broad range of normal and clinical nutrition expertise from registered dietitians and researchers.

Table of Contents

Preface

xv

Nutrition Basics

1

(42)

Introduction

2

(1)

Principles of the Science of Nutrition

2

(28)

Essential and Nonessential Nutrients

3

(1)

Dietary Intake Standards

3

(1)

Carbohydrates

4

(1)

Protein

5

(1)

Fats (Lipids)

5

(6)

Vitamins

11

(1)

Other Substances in Food

11

(8)

Minerals

19

(8)

Water

27

(3)

Nutritional Labeling

30

(4)

Nutrition Facts Panel

30

(1)

Ingredient Label

31

(1)

Dietary Supplement Labeling

31

(1)

Herbal Remedies

31

(1)

Functional Foods

32

(2)

Meeting Nutritional Needs across the Life Cycle

34

(1)

Dietary Considerations Based on Ethnicity

34

(1)

Dietary Considerations Based on Religion

35

(1)

Nutritional Assessment

35

(2)

Community-Level Assessment

35

(1)

Individual-Level Nutritional Assessment

35

(1)

Dietary Assessment

36

(1)

Anthropometric Assessment

37

(1)

Biochemical Assessment

37

(1)

Public Food and Nutrition Programs

37

(1)

WIC

37

(1)

Nationwide Priorities for Improvements in Nutritional Health

38

(5)

Food Intake Recommendations

38

(5)

Preconception Nutrition

43

(18)

Introduction

44

(1)

Preconception Overview

44

(1)

2010 Nutrition Objectives for the Nation Related to the Preconceptional Period

44

(1)

Reproductive Physiology

45

(3)

Female Reproductive System

45

(2)

Male Reproductive System

47

(1)

Sources Of Disruptions In Fertility

48

(1)

Nutrition-Related Disruptions In Fertility

48

(6)

Undernutrition and Fertility

48

(2)

Body Fat and Fertility

50

(1)

Questions

50

(1)

Exercise and Infertility

51

(1)

Diet and Fertility

51

(1)

Other Factors Contributing to Infertility in Males

52

(2)

Nutrition And Contraceptives

54

(1)

Oral Contraceptives and Nutritional Status

54

(1)

Contraceptive Injections

54

(1)

Contraceptive Implants

54

(1)

Contraceptive Patches

55

(1)

Emerging Forms of Contraceptives

55

(1)

Other Preconceptual Nutrition Concerns

55

(2)

Very Early Pregnancy Nutrition Exposures

55

(1)

Recommended Dietary Intakes for Preconceptional Women

56

(1)

Model Preconceptional Nutrition Programs

57

(4)

Preconceptional Benefits of WIC

57

(1)

Decreasing Iron Deficiency in Preconceptional Women in Indonesia

57

(1)

Preconception Care

57

(4)

Preconception Nutrition

61

(12)

Conditions and Interventions

Introduction

62

(1)

Premenstrual Syndrome

62

(1)

Caffeine Intake and PMS

62

(1)

Exercise and Stress Reduction

62

(1)

Magnesium, Calcium, and Vitamin B6 Supplements and PMS Symptoms

63

(1)

Obesity and Fertility

63

(1)

Central Body Fat and Fertility

63

(1)

Weight Loss and Fertility

63

(1)

Eating Disorders and Fertility

63

(1)

Interventions for Women with Anorexia Nervosa or Bulimia Nervosa

64

(1)

Diabetes Mellitus Prior to Pregnancy

64

(3)

Questions

64

(1)

A Closer Look at Insulin Resistance

65

(1)

Nutrition Interventions for Type 2 Diabetes

65

(1)

Other Components of Nutrition Interventions for Type 2 Diabetes

66

(1)

Reducing the Risk of Type 2 Diabetes

66

(1)

Polycystic Ovary Syndrome

67

(1)

Nutrition Interventions for Women with PCOS

67

(1)

Inborn Errors of Metabolism

68

(1)

PKU (Phenylketonuria)

68

(1)

Nutrition Intervention for Women with PKU

68

(1)

Celiac Disease

68

(1)

Nutrition Management of Women with Celiac Disease

69

(1)

Herbal Remedies for Fertility-Related Problems

69

(4)

Questions

69

(4)

Nutrition during Pregnancy

73

(46)

Introduction

74

(1)

The Status of Pregnancy Outcomes

74

(2)

Infant Mortality

74

(2)

Low Birthweight, Preterm Delivery, and Infant Mortality

76

(1)

Reducing Infant Mortality and Morbidity

76

(1)

Health Objectives for the Year 2010

77

(1)

Physiology of Pregnancy

77

(5)

Maternal Physiology

77

(1)

Normal Physiological Changes During Pregnancy

78

(3)

The Placenta

81

(1)

Embryonic and Fetal Growth and Development

82

(7)

Critical Periods of Growth and Development

83

(2)

Fetal Body Composition

85

(1)

Variation in Fetal Growth

85

(1)

Nutrition, Miscarriages, and Preterm Delivery

86

(1)

The Fetal Origins Hypothesis of Chronic Disease Risk

87

(1)

How Is Disease Risk Increased in Utero?

87

(1)

Other In Utero Exposures That May Be Related to Later Disease Risk

88

(1)

Limitations of the Fetal Origins Hypothesis

88

(1)

Pregnancy Weight Gain

89

(3)

Pregnancy Weight Gain Recommendations

89

(1)

Composition of Weight Gain in Pregnancy

90

(1)

Postpartum Weight Retention

90

(2)

Nutrition and the Course and Outcome of Pregnancy

92

(14)

Famine and Pregnancy Outcome

92

(1)

Contemporary Prenatal Nutrition Research Results

93

(1)

Energy Requirement in Pregnancy

93

(2)

Carbohydrate Intake during Pregnancy

95

(1)

Alcohol and Pregnancy Outcome

95

(1)

Protein Requirement

96

(1)

Vegetarian Diets in Pregnancy

96

(1)

Maternal Intake of Essential Fatty Acids and Pregnancy Outcome

97

(2)

The Need for Water During Pregnancy

99

(1)

Questions

99

(1)

Folate and Pregnancy Outcome

100

(1)

Folate and Congenital Abnormalities

100

(2)

Vitamin A and Pregnancy Outcome

102

(1)

Vitamin D Requirement

102

(1)

Calcium Requirements in Pregnancy

103

(1)

Fluoride

103

(1)

Iron Status and the Course and Outcome of Pregnancy

103

(3)

Zinc Requirement in Pregnancy

106

(1)

Iodine and Pregnancy Outcome

106

(1)

The Need for Sodium During Pregnancy

106

(1)

Caffeine Use in Pregnancy

106

(1)

Healthy Diets for Pregnancy

106

(4)

Effect of Taste and Smell Changes on Dietary Intake during Pregnancy

107

(1)

Pica

107

(1)

Assessment of Dietary Intake during Pregnancy

107

(1)

Vitamin and Mineral Supplementation during Pregnancy

108

(1)

Herbal Remedies and Pregnancy

109

(1)

Exercise and Pregnancy Outcome

110

(1)

Exercise Recommendations for Pregnant Women

110

(1)

Food Safety Issues during Pregnancy

110

(1)

Mercury Contamination

111

(1)

Common Health Problems during Pregnancy

111

(1)

Nausea and Vomiting

111

(1)

Heartburn

112

(1)

Constipation

112

(1)

Model Nutrition Programs for Risk Reduction in Pregnancy

112

(7)

The Montreal Diet Dispensary

112

(1)

The WIC Program

113

(6)

Nutrition during Pregnancy

119

(24)

Conditions and Interventions

Introduction

120

(1)

Hypertensive Disorders of Pregnancy

120

(5)

Chronic Hypertension

121

(1)

Gestational Hypertension

121

(1)

Preeclampsia-Eclampsia

121

(3)

Preeclampsia Case Presentation

124

(1)

Nutritional Recommendations and Interventions for Preeclampsia

124

(1)

Diabetes in Pregnancy

125

(9)

Gestational Diabetes

125

(1)

Questions

125

(2)

Consequences of Poorly Controlled Gestational Diabetes

127

(1)

Risk Factors for Gestational Diabetes

127

(1)

Diagnosis of Gestational Diabetes

127

(1)

Treatment of Gestational Diabetes

128

(1)

Presentation of a Case Study

129

(1)

Exercise Benefits and Recommendations

129

(1)

Nutritional Management of Women with Gestational Diabetes

129

(2)

Consumption of Foods with a Low Glycemic Index

131

(1)

Questions

131

(1)

Postpartum Follow-up

132

(1)

Prevention of Gestational Diabetes

132

(1)

Type I Diabetes during Pregnancy

132

(2)

Multifetal Pregnancies

134

(4)

Background Information about Multiple Fetuses

134

(1)

Risks Associated with Multifetal Pregnancy

134

(1)

Interventions and Services for Risk Reduction

135

(1)

Nutrition and the Outcome of Multifetal Pregnancy

136

(1)

Dietary Intake in Twin Pregnancy

136

(1)

Nutritional Recommendations for Women with Multifetal Pregnancy

137

(1)

HIV/AIDS during Pregnancy

138

(1)

Treatment of HIV/AIDS

138

(1)

Consequences of HIV/AIDS during Pregnancy

138

(1)

Nutritional Factors and HIV/AIDS during Pregnancy

138

(1)

Nutritional Management of Women with HIV/AIDS during Pregnancy

138

(1)

Eating Disorders in Pregnancy

139

(1)

Consequences of Eating Disorders in Pregnancy

139

(1)

Treatment of Women with Eating Disorders during Pregnancy

139

(1)

Nutritional Interventions for Women with Eating Disorders

139

(1)

Nutritional and Adolescent Pregnancy

139

(1)

Growth during Adolescent Pregnancy

140

(1)

Dietary Recommendations for Pregnant Adolescents

140

(1)

Evidence-Based Practice

140

(3)

Nutrition during Lactation

143

(30)

Introduction

144

(1)

Benefits of Breastfeeding

144

(2)

Breastfeeding Benefits for Mothers

144

(1)

Breastfeeding Benefits for Infants

144

(2)

Breastfeeding Goals for the United States

146

(1)

Lactation Physiology

147

(2)

Functional Unit of the Mammary Gland

147

(1)

Mammary Gland Development

147

(1)

Lactogenesis

147

(1)

Hormonal Control of Lactation

148

(1)

Secretion of Milk

148

(1)

The Letdown Reflex

149

(1)

Breast Milk Supply and Demand

149

(2)

Can Women Make Enough Milk?

149

(1)

Does the Size of the Breast Limit a Woman's Ability to Nurse Her Infant?

150

(1)

Is Feeding Frequency Related to the Amount of Milk a Woman Can Make?

150

(1)

Pumping or Expressing Milk

150

(1)

Can Women Breastfeed after Breast Reduction or Augmentation Surgery?

150

(1)

Does Silicone from Breast Implants Leach into the Milk?

150

(1)

Human Milk Composition

151

(3)

Colostrum

151

(1)

Water

151

(1)

Energy

151

(1)

Lipids

151

(1)

Protein

152

(1)

Milk Carbohydrates

152

(1)

Fat-Soluble Vitamins

152

(1)

Water-Soluble Vitamins

153

(1)

Minerals in Human Milk

153

(1)

Taste of Human Milk

154

(1)

The Breastfeeding Infant

154

(3)

Optimal Duration of Breastfeeding

154

(1)

Reflexes

154

(1)

Breastfeeding Positioning

154

(1)

Identifying Hunger and Satiety

155

(1)

Feeding Frequency

155

(1)

Identifying Breastfeeding Malnutrition

155

(1)

Infant Supplements

156

(1)

Tooth Decay

156

(1)

Questions

156

(1)

Maternal Diet

157

(1)

Energy and Nutrient Needs

157

(1)

Maternal Energy Balance and Milk Composition

158

(2)

Maternal Weight Loss during Breastfeeding

158

(1)

Exercise and Breastfeeding

159

(1)

Vitamin and Mineral Supplements

159

(1)

Functional Foods

159

(1)

Fluids

159

(1)

Alternative Diets

159

(1)

Factors Influencing Breastfeeding Initiation and Duration

160

(1)

Breastfeeding Promotion, Facilitation, and Support

160

(5)

Role of the Health Care System in Supporting Breastfeeding

160

(1)

Prenatal Breastfeeding Education and Support

160

(2)

Lactation Support in Hospitals and Birthing Centers

162

(1)

Lactation Support after Discharge

162

(1)

The Workplace

162

(2)

The Community

164

(1)

Public Food and Nutrition Programs

165

(1)

National Breastfeeding Policy

165

(1)

USDA WIC Program

165

(1)

Model Breastfeeding Promotion Programs

166

(7)

WIC National Breastfeeding Promotion Project---Loving Support Makes Breastfeeding Work

166

(1)

Wellstart International

167

(6)

Nutrition and Lactation

173

(26)

Conditions and Interventions

Introduction

174

(1)

Common Breastfeeding Conditions

174

(3)

Sore Nipples

174

(1)

Letdown Failure

174

(1)

Overactive Letdown

174

(1)

Engorgement

175

(1)

Plugged Duct

175

(1)

Infection

175

(1)

Questions

176

(1)

Maternal Medications

177

(1)

Herbal Remedies

178

(2)

Specific Herbs Used in the United States

180

(1)

Alcohol and Other Drugs

180

(3)

Alcohol

180

(1)

Nicotine (Smoking Cigarettes)

181

(1)

Marijuana

182

(1)

Caffeine

182

(1)

Other Drugs of Abuse

183

(1)

Environmental Exposures

183

(1)

Neonatal Jaundice and Kernicterus

183

(4)

Bilirubin Metabolism

184

(1)

Physiologic versus Pathologic Newborn Jaundice

184

(1)

Hyperbilirubinemia and Breastfeeding

185

(2)

Treatment for Jaundice

187

(1)

Information for Parents

187

(1)

Breastfeeding Multiples

187

(1)

Infant Allergies

188

(1)

Food Intolerance

189

(1)

Near-Term Infants

189

(1)

Human Milk and Preterm Infants

189

(2)

Questions

190

(1)

Medical Contraindications to Breastfeeding

191

(2)

Breastfeeding and HIV Infection

191

(2)

Human Milk Collection and Storage

193

(1)

Milk Banking

193

(1)

Model Programs

193

(6)

Loving Support for a Bright Future Breastfeeding Support Kits

193

(1)

Breastfeeding Promotion in Physicians' Office Practices

194

(1)

The Rush Mothers' Milk Club

194

(5)

Infant Nutrition

199

(24)

Introduction

200

(1)

Assessing Newborn Health

200

(1)

Birthweight As an Outcome

200

(1)

Infant Mortality

200

(1)

Combating Infant Mortality

200

(1)

Standard Newborn Growth Assessment

201

(1)

Infant Development

201

(3)

Motor Development

201

(1)

Critical Periods

201

(1)

Cognitive Development

202

(1)

Digestive System Development

202

(1)

Parenting

203

(1)

Energy and Nutrient Needs

204

(2)

Caloric Needs

204

(1)

Protein Needs

204

(1)

Fats

205

(1)

Metabolic Rate, Calories, Fats, and Protein---How Do They All Tie Together?

205

(1)

Other Nutrients and Nonnutrients

205

(1)

Physical Growth Assessment

206

(2)

Interpretation of Growth Data

207

(1)

Feeding in Early Infancy

208

(1)

Breast Milk and Formula

208

(1)

Cow's Milk during Infancy

208

(1)

Development of Infant Feeding Skills

209

(6)

Introduction of Solid Foods

211

(1)

The Importance of Infant Feeding Position

211

(1)

Preparing for Drinking from a Cup

212

(1)

Questions

212

(1)

Food Texture and Development

213

(1)

First Food

213

(1)

Inappropriate and Unsafe Food Choices

213

(1)

Water

214

(1)

How Much Food Is Enough for Infants?

215

(1)

How Infants Learn Food Preferences

215

(1)

Nutrition Guidance

215

(1)

Infants and Exercise

216

(1)

Supplements for Infants

216

(1)

Common Nutritional Problems and Concerns

216

(3)

Failure to Thrive

216

(1)

Nutrition Intervention for Failure to Thrive

217

(1)

Colic

217

(1)

Iron-Deficiency Anemia

218

(1)

Diarrhea and Constipation

218

(1)

Prevention of Baby-Bottle Caries and Ear Infections

218

(1)

Food Allergies and Intolerances

219

(1)

Lactose Intolerance

219

(1)

Cross-Cultural Considerations

219

(1)

Vegetarian Diets

220

(1)

Nutrition Intervention for Risk Reduction

220

(3)

Model Program: Newborn Screening and Expanded Newborn Screening

220

(1)

WIC

220

(3)

Infant Nutrition

223

(18)

Conditions and Interventions

Introduction

224

(1)

Infants at Risk

224

(1)

Families of Infants with Special Health Care Needs

225

(1)

Energy and Nutrient Needs

225

(2)

Energy Needs

225

(1)

Protein Requirements

225

(1)

Fats

226

(1)

Vitamins and Minerals

226

(1)

Growth

227

(2)

Growth in Preterm Infants

227

(1)

Does Intrauterine Growth Predict Growth Outside?

228

(1)

Interpretation of Growth

229

(1)

Common Nutritional Problems

229

(2)

Nutrition Risks to Development

229

(2)

Severe Preterm Birth and Nutrition

231

(2)

How Sick Babies Are Fed

231

(1)

What to Feed Preterm Infants

231

(1)

Preterm Infants and Feeding

232

(1)

Infants with Congenital Anomalies and Chronic Illness

233

(4)

Questions

234

(1)

Infants with Genetic Disorders

235

(1)

Questions

236

(1)

Feeding Problems

237

(1)

Nutrition Interventions

237

(1)

Nutrition Services

238

(3)

Toddler and Preschooler Nutrition

241

(28)

Introduction

242

(1)

Definitions of the Life-Cycle Stage

242

(1)

Importance of Nutrition

242

(1)

Tracking Toddler and Preschooler Health

242

(1)

Healthy People 2010

242

(1)

Normal Growth and Development

242

(2)

The 2000 CDC Growth Charts

243

(1)

Common Problems with Measuring and Plotting Growth Data

244

(1)

Physiological and Cognitive Development

244

(7)

Toddlers

244

(3)

Preschool Age Children

247

(1)

Questions

247

(2)

Temperament Differences

249

(1)

Food Preference Development, Appetite, and Satiety

249

(2)

Energy and Nutrient Needs

251

(1)

Energy Needs

251

(1)

Protein

251

(1)

Vitamins and Minerals

251

(1)

Common Nutrition Problems

251

(4)

Iron-Deficiency Anemia

251

(2)

Dental Caries

253

(1)

Constipation

253

(1)

Lead Poisoning

254

(1)

Food Security

254

(1)

Food Safety

255

(1)

Prevention of Nutrition-Related Disorders

255

(2)

Overweight and Obesity in Toddlers and Preschoolers

255

(1)

Prevention and Treatment of Overweight and Obesity

256

(1)

Nutrition and Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease in Toddlers and Preschoolers

256

(1)

Vitamin and Mineral Supplements

256

(1)

Herbal Supplements

257

(1)

Dietary and Physical Activity Recommendations

257

(6)

Dietary Guidelines

257

(1)

Food Guide Pyramid

258

(1)

Recommendations for Intake of Iron, Fiber, Fat, and Calcium

258

(2)

Fluids

260

(1)

Recommended versus Actual Food Intake

261

(1)

Cross-Cultural Considerations

261

(1)

Vegetarian Diets

262

(1)

Child Care Nutrition Standards

263

(1)

Physical Activity Recommendations

263

(1)

Nutrition Intervention for Risk Reduction

263

(1)

Model Program

263

(1)

Public Food and Nutrition Programs

264

(5)

WIC

264

(1)

WIC's Farmers' Market Nutrition Program

264

(1)

Head Start and Early Head Start

264

(1)

Food Stamps

264

(5)

Toddler and Preschooler Nutrition

269

(13)

Conditions and Interventions

Introduction

270

(1)

Who Are Children with Special Health Care Needs?

270

(1)

Nutrition Needs of Toddlers and Preschoolers with Chronic Conditions

271

(1)

Growth Assessment

271

(1)

Feeding Problems

272

(3)

Behavioral Feeding Problems

273

(1)

Excessive Fluid Intake

273

(1)

Feeding Problems and Food Safety

273

(1)

Feeding Problems from Disabilities Involving Neuromuscular Control

274

(1)

Questions

274

(1)

Nutrition-Related Conditions

275

(3)

Failure to Thrive

275

(1)

Toddler Diarrhea and Celiac Disease

275

(1)

Autism

275

(1)

Muscle Coordination Problems and Cerebral Palsy

276

(1)

Pulmonary Problems

276

(1)

Questions

277

(1)

Developmental Delay and Evaluations

278

(1)

Food Allergies and Intolerance

278

(1)

Dietary Supplements and Herbal Remedies

279

(1)

Sources of Nutrition Services

279

(3)

Child and Preadolescent Nutrition

282

(25)

Introduction

282

(1)

Definitions of the Life-Cycle Stage

282

(1)

Importance of Nutrition

282

(1)

Tracking Child and Preadolescent Health

282

(1)

Healthy People 2010

283

(1)

Normal Growth and Development

283

(1)

The 2000 CDC Growth Charts

283

(1)

Physiological and Cognitive Development of School-Age Children

284

(4)

Physiological Development

284

(2)

Cognitive Development

286

(1)

Development of Feeding Skills

286

(2)

Energy and Nutrient Needs of School-Age Children

288

(1)

Energy Needs

288

(1)

Protein

288

(1)

Vitamins and Minerals

288

(1)

Common Nutrition Problems

288

(1)

Iron Deficiency

288

(1)

Dental Caries

289

(1)

Prevention of Nutrition-Related Disorders in School-Age Children

289

(4)

Overweight and Obesity in School-Age Children

289

(2)

Prevention of Overweight and Obesity

291

(1)

Nutrition and Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease in School-Age Children

291

(1)

Questions

292

(1)

Dietary Supplements

293

(1)

Dietary Recommendations

293

(4)

Recommendations for Intake of Iron, Fiber, Fat, and Calcium

293

(1)

Recommended versus Actual Food Intake

294

(2)

Cross-Cultural Considerations

296

(1)

Vegetarian Diets

296

(1)

Physical Activity Recommendations

297

(1)

Recommendations versus Actual Activity

297

(1)

Determinants of Physical Activity

297

(1)

Organized Sports

298

(1)

Nutrition Intervention for Risk Reduction

298

(3)

Nutrition Integrity in Schools

299

(1)

Model Programs

299

(1)

Model Program: High 5 Alabama

300

(1)

Public Food and Nutrition Programs

301

(6)

The National School Lunch Program

301

(1)

School Breakfast Program

302

(1)

Summer Food Service Program

303

(1)

Team Nutrition

303

(4)

Child and Preadolescent Nutrition

307

(18)

Conditions and Interventions

Introduction

308

(1)

``Children Are Children First''---What Does That Mean?

308

(1)

Nutritional Requirements of Children with Special Health Care Needs

309

(1)

Energy Needs

309

(1)

Protein Needs

309

(1)

Other Nutrients

309

(1)

Growth Assessment

310

(1)

Growth Assessment and Interpretation in Children with Chronic Conditions

310

(1)

Body Composition and Growth

310

(1)

Nutrition Recommendations

311

(3)

Questions

312

(1)

Methods of Meeting Nutritional Requirements

313

(1)

Fluids

314

(1)

Eating and Feeding Problems in Children with Special Health Care Needs

314

(6)

Specific Disorders

315

(5)

Dietary Supplements and Herbal Remedies

320

(1)

Sources of Nutrition Services

320

(5)

USDA Child Nutrition Program

320

(1)

Maternal and Child Health Block Program of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS)

320

(1)

Public Schools Regulations: 504 Accommodation and IDEA

320

(1)

Questions

321

(1)

Nutrition Intervention Model Program

322

(3)

Adolescent Nutrition

325

(28)

Introduction

326

(1)

Nutritional Needs in a Time of Change

326

(1)

Normal Physical Growth and Development

326

(3)

Changes in Weight, Body Composition, and Skeletal Mass

328

(1)

Normal Psychosocial Development

329

(1)

Health and Eating-Related Behaviors during Adolescence

330

(4)

Vegetarian Diets

331

(2)

Dietary Intake and Adequacy among Adolescents

333

(1)

Questions

333

(1)

Energy and Nutrient Requirements of Adolescents

334

(6)

Energy

335

(1)

Protein

336

(1)

Carbohydrates

336

(1)

Dietary Fiber

336

(1)

Fat

337

(1)

Calcium

337

(1)

Iron

338

(1)

Zinc

339

(1)

Folate

339

(1)

Vitamin A

339

(1)

Vitamin E

340

(1)

Vitamin C

340

(1)

Nutrition Screening, Assessment, and Interventions

340

(5)

Nutrition Education and Counseling

341

(4)

Physical Activity and Sports

345

(3)

Factors Affecting Physical Activity

346

(2)

Promoting Healthy Eating and Physical Activity Behaviors

348

(5)

Effective Nutrition Messages for Youth

348

(1)

Parent Involvement

348

(1)

School Programs

348

(2)

Community Involvement in Nutritionally Supportive Environments

350

(1)

Model Nutrition Program

350

(3)

Adolescent Nutrition

353

(26)

Conditions and Interventions

Introduction

354

(1)

Overweight and Obesity

354

(2)

Health Implications of Adolescent Overweight

355

(1)

Special Concerns among Adolescent Athletes

356

(4)

Fluids and Hydration

356

(1)

Special Dietary Practices

357

(1)

Questions

358

(1)

Part Two

359

(1)

Questions

359

(1)

Dietary Supplements

360

(1)

Adolescent Pregnancy

360

(3)

Energy and Nutrient Needs

360

(2)

Vitamin and Mineral Supplements

362

(1)

Pregnancy Weight Gain

362

(1)

Substance Use

363

(1)

Dietary Supplements

364

(1)

Vitamin-Mineral Supplements

364

(1)

Herbal Remedies

364

(1)

Iron-Deficiency Anemia

364

(1)

Hypertension

365

(1)

Hyperlipidemia

366

(1)

Eating Disorders

366

(7)

The Continuum of Eating Concerns and Disorders

366

(1)

Prevalence of Eating Disorders

366

(1)

Anorexia Nervosa

366

(2)

Bulimia Nervosa

368

(1)

Binge-Eating Disorder

368

(1)

Other Disordered Eating Behaviors

368

(1)

Dieting Behaviors

369

(1)

Body Dissatisfaction

370

(1)

Etiology of Eating Disorders

370

(1)

Treating Eating Disorders

371

(1)

Preventing Eating Disorders

371

(2)

Eating Disorders among Adolescents: Summing Things Up

373

(1)

Children and Adolescents with Chronic Health Conditions

373

(6)

Adult Nutrition

379

(26)

Introduction

380

(1)

Definition of Adulthood in the Life Cycle

380

(1)

Importance of Nutrition

380

(1)

Year 2010 Health Objectives

380

(1)

Physiological Changes of Adulthood

380

(4)

Physiological Changes in Males: Climacteric

381

(1)

Physiological Changes in Females: Menopause

381

(1)

Nutritional Remedies for Symptoms of Menopause

382

(1)

Benefits of Dietary Phytoestrogens

382

(1)

Disadvantages of Adding Phytoestrogens to the Diet

383

(1)

Other Alternatives

383

(1)

Maintaining a Healthy Body

384

(4)

Energy for Weight Management

384

(1)

Determining Energy Needs

384

(1)

Energy for Weight Change

385

(1)

Actual Energy Intake

385

(1)

Achieving Wellness: Linking Food, Nutrition, and Disease

386

(1)

Diet and Health

387

(1)

Dietary Recommendations

388

(4)

Dietary Recommendations to Combat Nutritional Concerns

388

(1)

Food Advice

388

(1)

The Pyramid

389

(1)

Food Advice Reflects Cultural Food Patterns

389

(1)

Alcohol: Food, Drug, and Nutrient

390

(1)

Fluids

391

(1)

Diuretic Effects of Caffeine and Alcohol

391

(1)

International Guidance Related to Fluids

392

(1)

Nutrient Recommendations

392

(8)

Nutrients of Public Health Concern

392

(2)

Actual Intake of Food

394

(1)

Supplements: Vitamins and Minerals

395

(1)

Supplements: Herbal Products

395

(1)

Cross-Cultural Considerations

395

(2)

Cross-Cultural Dietary Guidance

397

(1)

Vegetarian Diets

397

(2)

Questions

399

(1)

Physical Activity Recommendations

400

(1)

Nutrition Intervention for Risk Reduction

400

(5)

A Model Health-Promotion Program

400

(1)

Public Food and Nutrition Programs

400

(1)

Nutrition and Health Promotion

401

(4)

Adult Nutrition

405

(14)

Conditions and Interventions

Introduction

406

(1)

Cancer

406

(1)

Definition

406

(1)

Prevalence/Etiology

406

(1)

Risk Factors

406

(1)

Nutrition Interventions for Cancer

406

(1)

Alternative Medicine and Cancer Treatment

406

(1)

Cardiovascular Diseases: Coronary Heart Disease

407

(3)

Etiology of CHD

407

(1)

Effects of CHD

408

(1)

Risk Factors for CHD

408

(1)

Nutrition Interventions for CHD

408

(1)

Questions

409

(1)

Dietary Supplements and CHD

410

(1)

Overweight and Obesity

410

(2)

Definition of Overweight and Obesity

410

(1)

Prevalence of Overweight and Obesity

411

(1)

Etiology of Overweight and Obesity

411

(1)

Effects of Overweight and Obesity

411

(1)

Nutritional Interventions for Overweight and Obesity

411

(1)

Diabetes Mellitus

412

(2)

Prevalence of Diabetes Mellitus

412

(1)

Etiology of Diabetes Mellitus

413

(1)

Effects of Diabetes Mellitus

413

(1)

Questions

413

(1)

Nutrition Interventions for Type 2 Diabetes

414

(1)

HIV/AIDS

414

(5)

Definition

414

(1)

Prevalence

415

(1)

Etiology

415

(1)

Effects

415

(1)

Nutrition Interventions

415

(4)

Nutrition and the Elderly

419

(32)

Introduction

420

(1)

What Counts as Old?

420

(1)

Food Matters: Nutrition Contributes to a Long and Healthy Life

420

(1)

A Picture of the Aging Population: Vital Statistics

421

(1)

Global Population Trends: Life Expectancy and Life Span

421

(1)

Nutrition: A Component of Health Objectives for the Older Adult Population