The Journal of Pharmacy Research is an online Journal, publishing of correct version and document can be modified when, we/or author get comments from any readers. The journal is devoted to the promotion of Pharmaceutical sciences and related disciplines (including Pharmacy, medical, Biotech, Botany, organic and medicinal chemistry, Nursing, Paramedical, prescription etc fields).

Pulsatile systems are gaining a lot of interest as they deliver the drug at the right site of action at the right time and in the right amount, thus providing spatial and temporal delivery thus increasing patient compliance. These systems are designed according to the circadian rhythm of the body. Chronotherapeutics is the discipline concerned with the delivery of drugs according to inherent activities of a disease over a certain period of time. It is becoming increasingly more evident that the specific time that patients take their medication may be even more significant than was recognized in the past. The tradition of prescribing medication at evenly spaced time intervals throughout the day, in an attempt to maintain constant drug levels throughout a 24-hour period, may be changing as researcher’s report that some medications may work better if their administration is coordinated with day-night patterns and biological rhythms. The potential benefits of chronotherapeutics have been demonstrated in the management of a number of diseases. In particular there is a great deal of interest in how chronotherapy can particularly benefit patients suffering from allergic rhinitis, rheumatoid arthritis and related disorders, asthma, cancer, cardiovascular diseases, and peptic ulcer disease.

Cell damage caused by free radicals appears to be a major contributor to aging and to degenerative diseases of aging such as cancer, cardiovascular disease, cataracts, immune system decline, and brain dysfunction. Overall, free radicals have been implicated in the pathogenesis of many disease. Cuscuta Reflexa plant reported to have in vitro antioxidant activity (non-enzymatic hemoglobin glycosylation), antibacterial activity, onset of puberty and ovarian steroidogenesis The aim of the present study to evaluate the free radicals scavenging activity by using DPPH radical scavenging assay and reducing power assay of methanolic extract of Cuscuta Reflexa (MECR). The DPPH assay results were expressed as IC50 value. Ascorbic acid which was used as a standard showed an IC50 9.22μg/ml, whereas, the methanolic extract of Cuscuta Reflexa (MECR) showed antioxidant activitywith IC50 value 359.48μg/ml. The reducing power of MECR was found to be increase with increasing amount of extract concentration. All the concentrations of MECR showed significant antioxident activities when compared to control and these differences were statistically significant (p < 0.001)

Tablet is the most popular among all dosage forms existing today because of its convenience of self administration, compactness and easy manufacturing; however hand tremors, dysphasia in case of geriatric patients, the underdeveloped muscular and nervous systems in young individuals and h case of uncooperative patients, the problem of swallowing is common phenomenon which leads to poor patient compliance1.To overcome these drawbacks, mouth dissolving tablets (MDT) or orally disintegrating tablets; (ODT) has emerged as alternative oral dosage forms. These are novel types; of tablets that disintegrate/dissolve/ disperse in saliva within few seconds’. According to European Pharmacopoeia, the ODT should disperse/disintegrate in less than three minutes. The basic approach used in development of MDT is the use of superdisintegrants like Cross linked carboxymelhylcellulose (Croscarmeliose), Sodium starch glycolate (Primogel, Explotab). Polyvinylpyrrolidone (Polyplasdone) etc. which provide instantaneous disintegration of tablet after putting on tongue, thereby releasing the drug in saliva. The bioavailability of some drugs may be increased due to absorption of drugs in oral cavity and also due to pregastric absorption of saliva containing dispersed drugs that pass down into the stomach. Moreover, the amount of drug that is subject to first pass metabolism is reduced as compared to standard tablets. 1-3

The aqueous extract of roots of Chlorophytum borivilianum L. at a dose of 250 mg/kg and 500 mg/kg body weight respectively was tested for antidiabetic activity in streptozotocin (STZ)- induced hyperglycaemic rats. The blood glucose levels were measured at 0, 2h, 4h and 6h after the treatment. The aqueous extract reduced the blood glucose in STZ- induced diabetic rats from 285.56 to 206.82 mg/dl, 6h after oral administration of extract (P<0.01). The antidiabetic activity of aqueous extract of Chlorophytum borivilianum was compared with glibenclamide, an oral hypoglycaemic agent (3mg/kg).

Journal: Journal of Pharmacy Research , Volume: 2, Issue: 1.

Article Id:JPRS-PCS-000055Title:Effect of ramipril on the pharmacodynamics of gliclazide in rabbitsCategory:PharmaceuticsSection:Research ArticleCountry:IndiaView Article

Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by elevated blood glucose concentration known as hyperglycemia. Diabetes mellitus covers a wide range of heterogeneous disease and involves management of its associated acute and chronic complications, thus there is every possibility of administering other drugs along with the primary antidiabetic agent which may be the cause for a drug-drug interaction to occur. In the present study, the possible pharmacodynamic interaction was studied with ramipril and gliclazide in normal rabbits. Gliclazide was studied at a dose of 3.73 mg/kg body weight in normal rabbits. Ramipril was studied at a dose of 0.47 mg/kg in normal rabbits, for the interaction study. The drugs were administered orally and the blood samples were collected before and after administration of drug for a period of 24 h. The serum samples were then subjected to glucose estimation by glucose peroxidase method. The percentage reduction in blood glucose levels were calculated with respect to initial levels. Gliclazide showed a significant reduction of elevated and normoglycemic blood glucose levels. The extent of blood glucose reduction was comparatively increased in the case of combination therapy of ramipril and gliclazide. The study also suggests the necessity to readjust the dose of gliclazide when co-administered with ramipril.

Particle design of active pharmaceutical ingredients is important to make the solid dosage forms with suitable physicochemical properties. Supercritical carbon dioxide has been used for the purpose of micronization, polymorphic control, preparation of solid dispersion and complexes. Control of the characteristic properties of particles such as size, shape, crystal structure and morphology is required to optimize the formulation. For solubility enhancement of poorly water-soluble drugs, preparation of the solid dispersion or the complexation with proper drugs or excipients should be a promising approach by Supercritical fluid technique also have been exploited in extraction, separation and crystallization processes.

Journal: Journal of Pharmacy Research , Volume: 2, Issue: 1.

Article Id:JPRS-ADRS-000053Title:Studies on effect of co-administration of Trikatu and its components on oral bioavailability of Ampicillin and Norfloxacin, in rabbitsCategory:Ayurvedic Drugs Related Study Section:Research ArticleCountry:IndiaView Article

Ampicillin and Norfloxacin are used to treat variety of Bacterial infections in Humans. These two drugs possess poor oral bioavailability as found from literatures. Ayurvedic literatures deal with the enhancement of oral bioavailability by TRIKATU (mixture of alcoholic extracts of dried fruits of Piper longum, dried fruits of Piper nigrum and dried rhizomes of Zingiber officinalis) or by its components. The study was aimed to find out the efficacy of TRIKATU or its components in enhancing bioavailability of the above antibiotics. The extracts of components of TRIKATU were prepared by soxhlation using alcohol (90%). The study was carried out in rabbits by oral administration of the extracts of the components and their combination in equal proportions (TRIKATU) along with above antibiotics. Blood samples were drawn at time intervals equal to three half – lives of the antibiotics and their plasma concentrations were estimated microbiologically. TRIKATU and its components enhanced the Bioavailability of Ampicilin, but the components produced no effect on Norfloxacin’s Bioavailability. Trikatu has shown maximal enhancement for both antibiotics.

Journal: Journal of Pharmacy Research , Volume: 2, Issue: 1.

Article Id:JPRS-ORS-000050Title:Changes in the structural protein concentrations of neurones and glia cells in some centre of the hypothalamus at different periods of starvation and dehydrationCategory:Others ( Related Science )Section:Research ArticleCountry:IndiaView Article

This study was carried out to determine alterations in the structural protein concentrations of the neurones and glia cells in different centre of the hypothalamus. Hundred Wistar Albino rats were left for starvation and dehydration. And then, for the restoration of starvation and dehydration the rats were fed and given water ad libitum. The concentration of the structural proteins was determined under the interference microscope. Results showed that the concentration of the structural proteins increased significantly (P<0, 01) in the cytoplasm of the neurones in the lateral centre of the hypothalamus, at 3rd day of starvation. However, it decreased significantly (P<0,001) at 5th day of starvation. The concentrations of the structural proteins in the cytoplasm of the glia cells also increased significantly at 5th day of starvation. The structural protein concentrations in nuclei and cytoplasm of the neurones and glia cells in all the examined centres decreased significantly (P<0, 01) especially in neurones. As a result, it might be postulated that there is a mechanism responsible for the regulation of food water intake in case of metabolic deficiency.

Cite this article as : Atilla TEMUR, Fahrettin ASKEROV, Hüseyin KARADAÐ, Changes in the structural protein concentrations of neurones and glia cells in some centre of the hypothalamus at different periods of starvation and dehydration,Journal of Pharmacy Research, Vol.2.Issue 1. January 2009,14-17.

Pentoxifylline is a vasodilator widely used in the treatment of the peripheral & cerebral vascular disorders & thus exerts a milder side effect on gastrointestinal mucosa. The objective of this work is two retardant polymers were employed with varying concentrations & also in combination in different ratio to get promising concentration for controlled release matrix tablets. Matrix tablets of pentoxifylline were formulated using hydrophilic swellable polymers hydroxyl propyl methyl cellulose & guar gum with lactose as diluent. Two retardant polymers HPMC & guar gum were used in different ratio to retard the drug release from the matrices. Talc, magnesium Stearate& starch were used as excipients. All the formulations prepared were found to comply with the weight variation, friability, drug content uniformity & in-vitro dissolution studies. Promising formulations F3, F6, F8 were compared with marketed formulation, which shows that formulation F3 exhibits drug release pattern which is similar with marketed formulation of pentoxifylline.

The present study was designed to screen the antidermatophytic activity of marine Streptomyces isolated from the aquatic environments of the coastal region of Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India. Actinobacteria exhibiting antidermatophytic activity against Trichophyton rubrum were identified among 100 isolates by cross streak method. Among them only 2 isolates, namely DKD 6 and DKD 7 exhibiting potential antidermatophytic activity were further characterized for cultural conditions and morphology. Based on these observations the two strains were assigned to the genus Streptomyces. The soil samples collected were also analyzed for various physico-chemical parameters and correlated with the total actinomycetes population (TAP) using SPSS package, the results of which indicated the absence of correlation between the parameters and TAP.

The methanolic extract of the leaves of Tagetes erectus was screened for antimicrobial activity. Antimicroboal activity was detected by observing the growth response of various microorganisms to the methanolic extract of Tagetes erectus which was placed in contact with them against the test organisms. Their microbiological assay is based on the comparison of inhibition of growth of microorganisms by measured concentration of plant extracts to be examined with that produced by known concentration of standard preparation of antibiotic having known activity. Positive antifungal activity was observed with methanolic extract against Candida albicans, no bacterial activity was observed.

Journal: Journal of Pharmacy Research , Volume: 2, Issue: 1.

Article Id:JPRS-PP-000060Title:Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of Atorvastatin alone and in combination with Lercanidipine in hyperlipidemic ratsCategory:Pharmacokinetics and PharmacodynamicsSection:Research ArticleCountry:IndiaView Article

The present study was carried out to investigating the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of atorvastatin (AT) alone and in combination with lercanidipine (LER) in hyperlipidemic rats. The standard cholesterol diet was used to induce hyperlipidemia in Wister rats. The blood samples were collected (on 1st and 8th day) from AT alone and in combination with LER treated groups and were analyzed for various pharmacokinetic parameters and lipid profiles. Atorvastatin caused a marked reduction in the lipid profiles in hyperlipidemic rats. The combination of AT and LER in hyperlipidemic rats produced a significant change in lipid profiles (pharmacodynamics) and insignificant change in the pharmacokinetics of atorvastatin when compared with AT alone. The results of present study, suggests synergistic activity of lercanidipine with atorvastatin.