3 Deploying the BIG-IP LTM with the Apache web server This deployment guide provides step by step procedures for configuring the F5 devices with Apache web servers. It also contains information on how to best configure the Apache devices for high performance environments. For more information on the Apache web server or the Apache Software Foundation, see For more information on F5 devices described in this guide, see To provide feedback on this deployment guide or other F5 solution documents, contact us at Prerequisites and configuration notes The following are prerequisites and configuration notes about this deployment: The Apache server must be on version 2.0 or later BIG-IP LTM v9.4.x or later (including v10.x) In this deployment guide, compression is configured on the F5 device (either on the BIG-IP LTM or the WebAccelerator module). This reduces the burden on the Apache servers, as you do not need to use a compression module such as mod_gzip. Persistence is typically not needed in a static web server setup, however we include optional procedures for configuring cookie persistence with back-up IP persistence, which can be implemented if applicable to your environment. Product versions and revision history Product and versions tested for this deployment guide: Product Tested BIG-IP System (LTM and WebAccelerator) Version Tested (applicable to 9.4.x and later) Apache Server Revision history: Document Version Description 1.0 New deployment guide 1

5 Configuring Apache Web Server for high performance environments This document covers the configuration and tuning of both the Apache HTTP Web Server and the BIG-IP system. The purpose of this guide is to help install an architecture that can deliver the highest performance, in the most optimized manner (both at the network and application layer) and with the least amount of bandwidth. For sites that anticipate many hundreds or thousands of requests per second to the Apache front-end servers, tuning and optimizing Apache (as well as following the recommendations for the BIG-IP system in this deployment guide), help deliver the fastest response times possible. For sites with fewer requests per second, or no foreseeable performance issues, stock Apache installations downloaded or compiled from source are most likely sufficient, however the recommendations for BIG-IP still apply. The following guidelines are intended to deliver optimum performance for Apache and the BIG-IP LTM. The recommendations below are the most critical optimizations for Apache. For detailed information on Apache performance tuning, see: Using a statically linked binary or a dynamically loaded module The first decision in building an Apache environment is whether to compile a statically linked Apache binary or a dynamic module loading Apache binary. Dynamic module loading presents the convenience of adding and removing modules as needed, but for sites that need maximum performance, statically linked modules are a better choice. One benefit of a statically built Apache server is that at compile time users have to examine all modules needed. This insures the smallest memory footprint for the Apache binary, and can also result in a more secure server by limiting exposure to loaded modules. Once you build and run your Apache binary, you will know exactly the memory footprint of each child or worker (this is discussed in detail later in this guide). If you are choosing a statically linked Apache binary, compile the Apache binary by listing every module you need. For example, the compile line for statically linked Apache Binary may look like the following:./configure --prefix=/opt/http/apache --enable-module=rewrite --enable-module=proxy If you are choosing a dynamically linked Apache binary, only load modules that you think are necessary. Note that execution time is slightly longer with dynamic loading, as the modules are executed the first time they are needed. Specifying which modules need to be loaded is done in the http.conf instead of at compile time, with a dynamically linked Apache binary. To compile Apache for dynamic loading, the compile line may look like the following:./configure --prefix=/opt/http/apache --enable-so 3

6 Deploying F5 with Apache Web Servers Using a worker module or a pre-fork module The next decision to make before compiling is whether to use a worker (threaded) Apache model or a pre-fork (children) model. This is a compile time decision and can not be changed without re-compiling Apache. There are inherent advantages to each model and it is up to each administrator to weigh the pros-and-cons of this decision. In the pre-fork model, there is one thread per process and each process handles one request. The advantages of the pre-fork model are: The number of children is always a known quantity, making troubleshooting easier. Each request is served by a unique process on the system, which adds to security. The pre-fork model has been in use for more than 10 years, making it very well-known and stable. In the threaded model, each worker process has multiple threads that receive requests. Keep in mind the following if using the threaded model: The worker system uses less memory, but can be more difficult to troubleshoot and more difficult to configure for scalability. Because each process handles multiple requests, there may be some security issues for the extremely security conscious. During compile time, you choose either pre-fork or worker. We address performance tuning options below for each option. Under Microsoft Windows, Apache operates with one child process with many requests. On Windows only mpm_winnt can be used. Using the Pre-Fork model In this section, we show tuning options for the Pre-Fork model. As a point of reference, the following is an example of out-of-the box Apache pre-fork tuning from the Apache http.conf file: <IfModule prefork.c> ServerLimit 256 StartServers 8 MinSpareServers 5 MaxSpareServers 20 MaxClients 150 MaxRequestsPerChild 1000 </IfModule> In the following procedures, we analyze these settings, and provide guidance for adjusting them for maximum performance. F5 Deployment Guide 4

7 Setting the MaxClients and ServerLimit values The most important setting for the Pre-Fork model is MaxClients, and tuning should begin there. One of the benefits of running a statically linked pre-fork model is that calculating MaxClients (and the corresponding setting of ServerLimit) can be easy to calculate. No matter whether you are running static or dynamic, calculating MaxClients is very similar. To calculate and set the MaxClients and ServerLimit values 1. Start the Apache instance that you have compiled, using apachectl start or your own start script. 2. Send a few requests to Apache from a web browser or a utility such as Apache Bench (ab, compiled during Apache compilation or downloadable in binary format). Make sure to exercise any optional modules you are dynamically linking in order to account for their memory usage as well. 3. Determine the memory size of each pre-fork process. You may use a command such ps or the top application to gather this data. Be sure to collect the resident memory size and not the virtual size, and collect the data from the children, not the parent. The child processes are identifiable by the fact that their resident memory size should be identical and their parent process are all identical. 4. Figure out the available memory available on the box (using a tool such as free or top) and then divide the size of the Apache process by the available RAM. This number is a very good approximation of how many children can service requests on a box. For example, let s say we have statically compiled a very small Apache binary, with just the needed modules, and each process takes up 8 megabytes. Our server has 8 gigabytes of RAM, of which 6 are available (after the OS and other running applications are accounted for). Using our formula, we find that this box can safely handle 768 children at a time (6,144Mb / 8Mb = 768). So we set MaxClients to Next, we want to add a ServerLimit directive, and also set it to 768. If it is not present, ServerLimit must be added to this section of the http.conf file, and it must go before the MaxClients value (see the final example at the end of this section). With this example box, we know that we can service up to 768 simultaneous users (provided that there is enough CPU power). If each request takes less than 2 seconds to complete, for example, we can calculate this box being able to handle approximately 384 requests per second at its maximum. Note that 2 seconds is an extremely conservative estimate of how long it should take an Apache child to return a result. Calculating the actual response time will vary from environment to environment and determining the requests per second must be tested using tools such as Apache Bench. 5

8 Deploying F5 with Apache Web Servers Setting the StartServers value The next task is to set the StartServers option. StartServers indicates how many children will be started when Apache is first loaded. The pre-fork model is designed to stop running children if there are no requests, in order to conserve resources. However, the startup and shutdown of instances is itself resource expensive. The recommendation here is to find a good middle ground between the maximum number of requests the box will be expected to handle, and the amount of resources available. This guide also covers the BIG-IP LTM Slow Ramp Time feature which can help individual servers from being flooded by requests the moment they come back online. In short, the idea with StartServers is to pre-start enough children to service requests immediately, without having to spin up a large number of children as requests come in, but not too many children to immediately overwhelm the box before the kernel has a chance to react to all of the new processes. For a box that runs a maximum of 768 clients, if the traffic pattern of the site is one in which the site is usually busy, it would be a good idea to set StartServers to a number such a 512, and then adjust the Slow Ramp Time setting on the BIG-IP LTM to ramp up connections. In our example, we set StartServers at 512. See Step 6 of Creating the pool, on page 16 for our Slow Ramp Time setting. Setting the MinSpareServers and MaxSpareServers value Setting MaxRequestsPerChild For the minimum and maximum number of spare servers, we recommend tuning based on the traffic patterns on the box. For boxes with unpredictable levels of traffic throughout the day, it's a good idea to set MinSpareServers and MaxSpareServers to a higher number, with the goal of maintaining a consistent number of processes. The forking and execution of new children consumes memory and CPU resources and reduces the ability to service bursts of traffic effectively. In our example, we recommend the following settings, but each installation should be examined and tuned based on the most common traffic patterns: MinSpareServers 50 MaxSpareServers 100 Finally, setting a maximum number of requests per child is a good idea to deal with any potential memory leaks. The more requests per second received, the higher this setting can be set, with the goal of not recycling children too often. For example, setting the MaxRequestsPerChild to 10,000 on a box where each child serves a request ever 2 seconds means that a child will be recycled on average every 83 minutes. Tune this number higher as the number of requests go up. MaxRequestsPerChild should also be dictated by the administrator s comfort with the stability of the applications. Newer implementations should start by setting F5 Deployment Guide 6

9 Reviewing the Pre-Fork tuning options MaxRequestsPerChild at a lower value, but after the application has been stable in production for a while and there is certainty that there are no memory leaks, this number can be increased. Using the preceding recommendations, the section of our http.conf file would look like the following: <IfModule prefork.c> ServerLimit 768 StartServers 512 MinSpareServers 50 MaxSpareServers 100 MaxClients 768 MaxRequestsPerChild </IfModule> 7

10 Deploying F5 with Apache Web Servers Using the Threaded (worker) model In this section, we show tuning options for the Threaded (Worker) model. As a point of reference, the following is an example of out-of-the box Apache pre-fork tuning from the Apache http.conf file: <IfModule worker.c> StartServers 2 MaxClients 150 MinSpareThreads 25 MaxSpareThreads 75 ThreadsPerChild 25 MaxRequestsPerChild 0 </IfModule> Setting the MaxClients and ServerLimit values The most important setting for the Worker model is also MaxClients, and tuning should begin there. To calculate and set the MaxClients and ServerLimit values 1. Start the Apache instance that you have compiled, using apachectl start or your own start script. 2. Send a few requests to Apache from a web browser or a utility such as Apache Bench (ab, compiled during Apache compilation or downloadable in binary format). Make sure to exercise any optional modules you are dynamically linking in order to account for their memory usage as well. 3. Next, determine the memory size of each worker process. You may use a command such ps or the top application to gather this data. Be sure to collect the resident memory size and not the virtual size. 4. Take the available memory available on the box (using a tool such as free or top) and then divide the size of the apache process by the available RAM. This number will be a very good approximation of how many children can service requests on a box. For example, let us say we have a default worker setup with 150 clients (each with 25 threads) and each process takes up 20 megabytes. Let us say we have a server with 8 gigabytes of RAM of which 6 is available (after the OS and other running applications are accounted for), using our formula, we find that this box can safely handle about 307 workers at a time (6,144 / 20 = ~307 workers). We set MaxClients to 307 and adjust ServerLimit to be 307. With this example box, we know that we can service up to 7675 (307 workers * 25 threads) simultaneous requests (provided that there is enough CPU power). If each request takes less than 2 seconds to complete, for example, we can calculate this box being able to handle approximately 3,837 requests per second at its F5 Deployment Guide 8

11 Setting the StartServers value Setting Min and Max SpareServers maximum. Note that 2 seconds is an extremely conservative estimate of how long it should take an Apache child to return a result. Calculating the actual response time will vary from environment to environment and determining the requests per second must be tested using tools such as Apache Bench. We can see that the worker model presents quite a performance benefit over the child model. The next task is to set the StartServers option. StartServers indicates how many children will be started when Apache is first loaded. The worker model is designed to stop running children if there are no requests, in order to conserve resources. However, the startup and shutdown of instances is itself resource expensive. The recommendation here is to find a good middle ground between the maximum number of requests the box will be expected to handle, and the amount of resources available. This guide also covers the BIG-IP LTM Slow Ramp Time feature which can help individual servers from being flooded by requests the moment they come back online. In short, the idea with StartServers is to pre-start enough children to service requests immediately, without having to spin up a large number of children as requests come in, but not too many children to immediately overwhelm the box before the kernel has a chance to react to all of the new processes. For a box that runs a maximum of 307 clients, if the traffic pattern of the site is one in which the site is usually busy, it would be a good idea to set StartServers to a number such a 100, and then adjust the Slow Ramp Time setting on the BIG-IP LTM to ramp up connections. In our example, we set StartServers at 100. See Step 6 of Creating the pool, on page 16 for our Slow Ramp Time setting. For the minimum and maximum number of spare servers, we recommend tuning based on the traffic patterns on the box. For boxes with unpredictable levels of traffic throughout the day, it's a good idea to set MinSpareServers and MaxSpareServers to a higher number, with the goal of maintaining a consistent number of processes. The forking and execution of new children consumes memory and CPU resources and reduces the ability to service bursts of traffic effectively. In our example, we recommend the following settings, but each installation should be examined and tuned based on the most common traffic patterns: MinSpareServers 25 MaxSpareServers 75 9

12 Deploying F5 with Apache Web Servers Setting MaxRequestsPerChild Finally, setting a maximum number of requests per child is a good idea to deal with any potential memory leaks. The more requests per second received, the higher this setting can be set, with the goal of not recycling children too often. For example, setting the MaxRequestsPerChild to 10,000 on a box where each child serves a request ever 2 seconds means that a child will be recycled on average every 83 minutes. Tune this number higher as the number of requests go up. In our example, we are setting this to 100,000 to recycle processes less frequently. MaxRequestsPerChild should also be dictated by the administrator s comfort with the stability of the applications. Newer implementations should start by setting MaxRequestsPerChild at a lower value, but after the application has been stable in production for a while and there is certainty that there are no memory leaks, this number can be increased. After the analysis, in our hypothetical box we can recommend the following settings: <IfModule worker.c> ServerLimit 307 StartServers 100 MaxClients 307 MinSpareThreads 25 MaxSpareThreads 75 ThreadsPerChild 25 MaxRequestsPerChild </IfModule> F5 Deployment Guide 10

13 Windows tuning For Windows tuning, mpm_winnt is the only choice. The running processes are one parent process and one child process with threads. The following is the default Apache tuning: <IfModule mpm_winnt.c> ThreadsPerChild 250 MaxRequestsPerChild 0 </IfModule> To properly tune Windows Apache, adjust the numbers of ThreadsPerChild and monitor memory using task manager. Adjust the threads per child according to the anticipated load and available memory. After the analysis, in our hypothetical box we can recommend the following settings: <IfModule mpm_winnt.c> ThreadsPerChild 500 MaxRequestsPerChild </IfModule> 11

14 Deploying F5 with Apache Web Servers Configuring the ServerName and CanonicalName No matter whether you are configuring a threaded or pre-fork model, the next task is to find your ServerName directive and change it to match the BIG-IP virtual server: <BIG-IPVirtualServerHostName:Port>. In our example, we are using MyVirtualHostName and Port 80 is the external listening port. The directive will look like this: ServerName MyVirtualHostName:80 Designing your logs properly For CanonincalName, in some cases either CGIs, JavaScript or HTML create situations where Apache must construct a URL (a redirect for example). If you would like to trust the HostName value supplied by the browser, leave CanonincalName to off, otherwise, if you would like to control the environment more strictly, users should always be presented with the external address (MyVirtualHostName), therefore, the setting should be set to: CanonicalName On Log formats in Apache's httpd.conf specify how logs should be formatted. For BIG-IP LTM systems running SNAT or for many architectures with tiered access, origin IP addresses of users may be lost. For this reason, we recommend creating a custom log format and including the X-Forwarded-For header. Later in this deployment guide we cover how to enable this feature in BIG-IP LTM. To log the X-Forwarded-For header, begin by editing httpd.conf and creating a combined log type that includes at least the following X-Forwarded-For string: LogFormat "%h %l %u %t \"%r\" %>s %b \"%{Referer}i\" \"%{User-Agent}i\" \"%{X-Forwarded-For}i\"" combined We recommend copying and editing an existing LogFormat directive from your Apache installation. The name for the LogFormat directive, in this case combined, must be unique. Be sure that the LogFormat directive appears on one line in your httpd.conf and that there is no line break. In this example, the LogFormat directive is setup to log all of the standard information such as IP address, time, url, referrer and user-agent, but we have appended the X-Forwarded-For header. We have called this the combined format, however, you are free to name it whatever you like. In the following section about log rotation, you see that we call combined in the CustomLog directive. Without a CustomLog directive, modifying or adding a LogFormat directive alone does not cause logging to begin. F5 Deployment Guide 12

15 Rotating the logs Log rotation and log size maintenance are critical to the ability of Apache web server to perform at its peak ability. There are several strategies to log rotation. We present several options here but it is up to each administrator to design a solution that fits the needs of the specific installation. Piped logs By outputting logs to a log rotation program, such as rotatelogs, log rotation and manipulation is handed off to this program. For example, configure your CustomLog directive by adding the following directive in httpd.conf. Note that the CustomLog directive references the LogFormat directive created earlier, in this case named combined: CustomLog " /path/to/rotateplogsprogram /path/to/logfilename 86400" combined In this example, log output is sent to a program called rotatelogsprogram in the /path/to directory. The main log is named logfilename and is located in /path/to directory. The log file is rotated every 86,400 seconds (24 hours) and it is in the combined format (defined elsewhere in httpd.conf and explained below). Syslog output Another option is to send logs to a syslog facility for collection and storage. For Error logs, Apache has the built-in ability to send logs to a configured syslog facility. For example, in httpd.conf you would configure your Error Log as follows: ErrorLog syslog:local In this example all errors would be sent to a defined syslog facility called local. To define syslog facility consult your system's man page. For access logs, streaming output to syslog is identical to method one. Instead of using a log rotation program however, you would send the output to a script that would in turn send the information to syslog. A nightly log rotation program This is a final option for systems where streaming or piped output will not work for some reason. For this option to work, a nightly restart of Apache is likely necessary. One recommendation is to create a cron operation on your system to call a script that rotates the logs and restarts Apache. BIG-LTM health monitors will detect if the Apache instance is down longer than the monitor period and traffic will not be sent to an instance that does not respond. Turning down KeepAlive and Failed Request timeouts While KeepAlives should be on, the KeepAlive timeout should be set down to prevent idle connections from holding open children with no activity. We recommend the following settings in httpd.conf: Pre-fork model: KeepAlive On 13

16 Deploying F5 with Apache Web Servers KeepAliveTimeout 2 MaxKeepAliveRequests 100 Worker and mpm_winnt model: KeepAlive On KeepAliveTimeout 15 MaxKeepAliveRequests 100 For the Failed Request setting, we recommend turning down the connection timeout: Timeout 20 For some slower international connections there may be problems with the Timeout set too low because Apache closes the connection from the server side before the browser's requests reach the server after the TCP socket is opened. Therefore, we recommend adjusting the Timeout value upwards if this is identified as a potential problem in your traffic patterns. F5 Deployment Guide 14

17 Configuring the BIG-IP LTM system In this section, we configure the BIG-IP LTM system for Apache Web Servers. This section also includes optional configuration for offloading SSL on the BIG-IP LTM. Creating the HTTP health monitor The first step is to set up a health monitors for the Apache devices. This procedure is optional, but very strongly recommended. In our example, we create a basic HTTP health monitor. Although the monitor in the following example is quite simple, you can configure optional settings such as Send and Receive Strings to make the monitor much more specific. To create a health monitor 1. On the Main tab, expand Local Traffic, and then click Monitors. 2. Click the Create button. The New Monitor screen opens. 3. In the Name box, type a name for the Monitor. In our example, we type apache-http-monitor. 4. From the Type list, select http. 5. In the Configuration section, in the Interval and Timeout boxes, type an Interval and Timeout. We recommend at least a (1:3) +1 ratio between the interval and the timeout (for example, the default setting has an interval of 5 and an timeout of 16). In our example, we use a Interval of 30 and a Timeout of 91 (see Figure 2). 6. In the Send String and Receive Rule sections, you can add a Send String and Receive Rule specific to the device being checked. 7. Click the Finished button. The new monitor is added to the Monitor list. 15

18 Deploying F5 with Apache Web Servers Figure 2 Creating the HTTP Monitor Creating the pool The next step is to define a load balancing pool for the Apache servers. A BIG-IP pool is a set of devices grouped together to receive traffic according to a load balancing method. This pool uses the monitor you just created. This pool contains the Slow Ramp Time setting discussed previously in this guide (see Step 6). To create the Apache pool 1. On the Main tab, expand Local Traffic, and then click Pools. The Pool screen opens. 2. In the upper right portion of the screen, click the Create button. The New Pool screen opens. 3. From the Configuration list, select Advanced. 4. In the Name box, type a name for your pool. In our example, we use apache-http-pool. 5. In the Health Monitors section, select the name of the monitor you created in Creating the HTTP health monitor, and click the Add (<<) button. In our example, we select apache-http-monitor. 6. In the Slow Ramp Time box, type a number of seconds that corresponds to the expected number of requests per second. For example, if the server farm is receiving 2000 requests per second, and there are 5 servers, each device receives approximately 400 requests per second (using the round robin load balancing F5 Deployment Guide 16

19 method). When a server that has been offline comes back online, we don't want the BIG-IP to immediately send 400 requests to that device. In our example, we set the Slow Ramp Time to 30 seconds. Note: The Slow Ramp Time option does not appear unless you have selected Advanced from the Configuration list. 7. From the Load Balancing Method list, choose your preferred load balancing method (different load balancing methods may yield optimal results for a particular network). In our example, we select Round Robin. 8. In this pool, we leave the Priority Group Activation Disabled. 9. In the New Members section, make sure the New Address option button is selected. 10. In the Address box, add the first Apache server to the pool. In our example, we type In the Service Port box, type 80 or select HTTP from the list. 12. Click the Add button to add the member to the list. 13. Repeat steps 8-10 for each server you want to add to the pool. In our example, we repeat these steps five times for the remaining servers, Click the Finished button (see Figure 3). 17

20 Deploying F5 with Apache Web Servers Figure 3 Creating the pool for the Apache servers Creating profiles The BIG-IP system use configuration objects called profiles. A profile is an object that contains user-configurable settings for controlling the behavior of a particular type of network traffic, such as HTTP connections. Using profiles enhances your control over managing network traffic, and makes traffic-management tasks easier and more efficient. Although it is possible to use the default profiles, we strongly recommend you create new profiles based on the default parent profiles, even if you do not change any of the settings initially. Creating new profiles allows you to easily modify the profile settings specific to this deployment, and ensures you do not accidentally overwrite the default profile. F5 Deployment Guide 18

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