NATIONALISM AND POLITICAL IDENTITIES IN ASIA, AFRICA, AND LATIN AMERICA During the 1920s and 1930s, after the Great War and during the Great Depression, intellectuals and political activists in Asia, Africa, and Latin America challenged the ideological and economic underpinnings of European imperialism and neo-colonialism, as nationalist and anti-imperialist movements gained strength on each of these continents. * In Asia, Japan's militarist leaders sought to build national strength through imperial expansion. In China, the Ming dynasty ended, giving rise to a civil war fought between adherents of competing visions of the new Chinese state. Japanese imperial aggression complicated the progress of this war. In India, a strong nationalist movement began to threaten the hold of the British Empire on the subcontinent. * In Africa, European imperialists tightened their control of colonial possessions, as African economic life became more tightly enmeshed in the global economy. With the onset of the Great Depression, European countries that controlled the export of African products experienced dramatic decreases in trade volume and commodity prices and, consequently, African peoples suffered. Meanwhile, African peoples challenged European imperial authority and developed competing visions of national identity and unity that would come to fruition after World War II. * In Latin America, statesmen and political activists worked to alter the neo-colonialist economic domination of the United States, their "good neighbor" to the north. Neo-colonialism, which often featured military intervention and political interference, compromised the independent political and economic development of Latin American states, but it did not prevent nationalist leaders from developing strategies to counter new forms of imperialism. * Asian Paths to Autonomy

* India's quest for home rule
* Indian National Congress and Muslim League * After WWI, both organizations dedicated to achieving independence * Indian nationalists inspired by Wilson's Fourteen Points and the Russian Revolution * Frustrated by Paris Peace settlement: no independence for colonies * British responded to nationalist movement with repressive measures * Mohandas K. Gandhi (1869-1948), leader of Indian nationalism * Raised as a well-to-do Hindu, studied law in London * Spent twenty-five years in South Africa, embraced tolerance and nonviolence * Developed technique of passive resistance, followed a simple life * Became political and spiritual leader, called the Mahatma ("Great Soul") * Opposed to caste system, especially the exclusion of untouchables * 1920-1922, led Non-Cooperation Movement; 1930, Civil Disobedience Movement * The India Act of 1937

* 1919 British massacre at Amritsar killed 379 demonstrators, aroused public * Repression failed, so the British offered modified self-rule through the India Act * Unsuccessful because India's six hundred princes refused to support * Muslims would not cooperate, wanted an independent state * Great Depression worsened conflict between Hindus and Muslims * Muslims believed Hindus discriminated against them * Muhammad Ali Jinnah, head of the Muslim League, proposed two states, one of which would be Pakistan * China's search for order

* The republic, after 1911 * 1911 revolution did not establish a stable republic; China fell into warlords' rule * Through unequal treaties, foreign states still controlled economy of China * Growth of Chinese nationalism

YOU MAY ALSO FIND THESE DOCUMENTS HELPFUL

...Chapter 7 Notes
The Silk Road
● Origins and Operations
● The Silk Road was an overland route that linked China to the Mediterranean world via
Mesopotamia, Iran, and Central Asia
● There were two periods of heavy use of the Silk Road:
● (1) 150 B.C.E.–907 C.E.
● (2) The thirteenth through seventeenth centuries C.E.
● The origins of the Silk Road trade may be located in the occasional trading of Central
Asian nomads
● Regular, large­scale trade was fostered by the Chinese demand for western products
(particularly horses).
● Trade was also increased by the Parthian state in northeastern Iran and its control of the
markets in Mesopotamia.
● New Crops
● In addition to horses, China imported alfalfa, grapes, and a variety of other new crops as
well as medicinal products, metals, and precious stones
● China exported peaches and apricots, spices, and manufactured goods including silk,
pottery, and paper
●
Nomadism in Central and Inner Asia
● Sythians
● The Silk Road depended on pastoral nomads to provide animals, animal handlers, and
protection.
● Herodotus describes the Scythians who were superb riders, herdsmen, and hunters.
● They were located in the lands to the north of the Black and Caspian Seas.
● They moved around regularly and efficiently to prevent overgrazing.
● Their homes were felt fabric spread over a lightweight framework.
● The Nomadic Lifestyle
●...

...The Inconclusive Ethical Case Against Manipulative Advertising
What Is Manipulative Advertising?
* According to Beauchamp, manipulation occupies a position about midway along a continuum of influences ranging from coercion, at one end, to ration persuasion, at the other.
* All of beauchamp’s examples include deceptive advertising
* False or misleading assertions or omissions that cause reasonable consumers to form erroneous judgment about the nature of the product
* Manipulative advertising is advertising that tries to favourably alter consumers’ perceptions of the advertised product by appeals to factors other than the product’s physical attributes and functional performance.
* No sharp line between manipulative and non-manipulative.
* Most common example of manipulative advertising is John Waide’s technique
* Associative advertising, which includes associating certain products with a nonmarket good. For example: using sex as a way to sell
* The linkage between product and nonmarket goods increases the product’s perceived value
* Michael Schudson describes this advertising as ‘ buy me and you will enjoy life.
The Effects of Manipulative Advertising: What the Critics Think
* John Kenneth Galbraith’s dependence effect
* The consumer does not create the want for a product; the company producing the product creates the wants that the company later satisfies.
* It’s impossible to defend production, as an entity...

...i
CHAPTER36: ENVIRONMENTAL CONCERNS
LECTURE OUTLINE
36.1 Human Use of Resources
A resource is anything from the biotic or abiotic environment that helps meet certain basic human needs. Nonrenewable resources are limited in supply. Renewable resources are not limited in supply. A side effect of resource consumption can be pollution.
Land Use Change
People need a place to live.
Beaches and Human Habitation
At least 40% of the world population lives within 100 km of a coastline.
Beach Erosion
An estimated 70% of the world’s beaches are eroding. Humans carry on activities that contribute to the rising of the seas and erosion of beaches.
Coastal Pollution
The coast is particularly subject to pollution.
Semiarid Lands and Human Habitation
Desertification is the conversion of semiarid land to desertlike conditions.
Tropical Rain Forests and Human Habitation
Deforestation, the removal of trees, has long allowed humans to live in areas where forests once covered the land. Tropical rain forests are subject to desertification because soil in the tropics is thin and nutrient-poor.
Loss of Biodiversity
Development in tropical rain forests leads to loss of biodiversity.
Water
In some areas of the world, people do not have ready access to drinking water, and if they do, the water may be impure.
Increasing Water Supplies
Certain areas of the world do not have a renewable supply of...

...﻿SEEING RED
-As communism swept through Russia, there was a fear that labor unions were influenced by the Bolsheviks
- “Red Scare” of 1919-1920 (1st Red Scare)
* Crusade led by Attorney General Mitchell Palmer against the suspected communists
* Thousands of Americans were arrested
*Impact of the Red Scare:
- Business people used it to help break unions
- Sacco and Vanzetti
*Two Italian immigrants (anarchists, atheists, draft dodgers) charged with murder, found guilty and executed
*showed tension between immigrants and Nativists
HOODED HOODLUMS OF THE KKK
- KKK re-emerged in the 1920s and was similar to the 1850 KKK; this time focused on anti-foreignism
- By mid-1920s, 5 million Americans paid dues as members
- Scandals, including embezzlement, which helped lead to the decline of the clan
STEMMING THE FOREIGN FLOOD
- Just like many times before, nativists fear “new” immigrants
- Emergency Quota Act of 1921:
*Restricted number of immigrants from a country to 3% of total people from that country living in US in 1910
- Favored Southern and Eastern Europe
- Immigration Act of 1924:
*Quotas for foreigners was cut from 3% to 2%, used 1890 census instead, this hurt the “New Immigrants”
* Shut out Japanese immigrants: this started many Japanese “Hate America” rallies/campaigns
* Marked an end of era of unrestricted immigration
THE PROHIBITION “EXPERIMENT”
- Popular in South and West
* Southerners wanted to keep alcohol away from blacks...

...The South and the Slavery Controversy
"Cotton Is King!"
Eli Whitney's 1793 cotton gin invention revolutionized the Southern economy. Added to mechanical jennies to spin yarn, power looms to weave, and sewing machines to sew, the demand (and profits) for cotton fiber skyrocketed.
Southerners scrambled to plant more cotton.
The land was usually worn out then discarded ("land butchery"). The result was a Southern thirst for still more land.
The demand for slaves to work the land also increased.
The "Cotton Kingdom" benefited the North as well since most of the South's cotton was woven on Northern looms.
In 1845, cotton made up 1/2 of all American exports. Also, 1/2 of the world's cotton was grown in the American South. (These numbers would each swell to 2/3 in 1861, the year the Civil War began).
Notably, Britain relied heavily on Southern cotton. About 1/5 of the British population made their living in the cotton textile industry. 3/4 of the British cotton came from the American South.
Southerners believed their importance in the world's economy was set in stone. If war were to break out over slavery, the logic went, Southerners were sure that Britain would have no choice but to come to their aid. This logic, though sensible based on the numbers, never panned out.
The Planter “Aristocracy”
The antebellum (pre-Civil War) South was an oligarchy (government by a few elite).
Only 1,733 families owned 100+ slaves in 1850. They ruled the South in a "cottonocracy."...

...Chapter 13. Pricing concepts for establishing value
Price – the overall sacrifice a consumer is willing to make to acquire a specific product or service. This sacrifice necessarily includes the money that must be paid to the seller to acquire the item, but it also may involve other sacrifices, whether nonmonetary, like the value of the time necessary to acquire the product or service, or monetary, like travel costs, taxes, shipping costs, and so forth, all of which the buyer must give up to take possession of the product. Value is the relationship between the product’s benefits and the consumer’s costs. The key to successful pricing is to match the product or service with the consumer’s value perceptions. In this equation, price also provides the information about the quality of products and services. A price set too low may signal low quality, poor performance, or other negative attributes bout the product or service. Consumers don’t necessarily want a low price all the time or for all products. Rather, what they want is high value, which may come with a relatively high or low price, depending on the bundle of benefits the product or service delivers.
Price is the only element of the marketing mix that does not generate costs, but instead generates revenue. Every other element in the marketing mix may be perfect, but with the wrong price, sales and thus revenue will not accrue. Research has also shown that the price is one of the most important factors in...

...
Professor Bumsted
World History
18 September 2013
Chapter 26 Questions
1. In an age of imperialism, Latin American states remained independent. How was this
possible? Was it more illusion than reality?
Latin America’s independence is as real as reality to me. After Latin America wanted
independence, their states suffered a decline in their economy. The Independence had a bad
impact on the silver mining production in Bolivia, Mexico and Peru. Other parts of Latin
America suffered as well, in Ecuador and Mexico their manufacturing had declined drastically,
and in Venezuela their plantation agriculture had declined as well. The Ranching in Uruguay and
Argentina also felt the economic decline. As all of these businesses were failing, investors from
other countries lost interest and went back to their own countries or others to invest.
Also the Latin States had introduced a large role in developing a sense of national
identity which I think has a lot to do with their well kept independence. Nearly each country was
divided by their own region, language, ethical and racial diversity. This made the development of
a steady, stable political system possible as each region became its own.
Because of this already established national identity, and lack of interest in declining
economy, I believe other countries didn’t want to waste their time and money to take on
Pawlak 2
seemingly worthless countries. This thus left the Latin American states...