Aortic Dissection

Definition

Aortic dissection occurs when the layers of the aorta separate. The aorta is the main artery leading from the heart. Arterial walls have 3 layers. A tear in an inner layer can admit blood under pressure that works its way between layers, causing the layers to dissect apart or separate. This process can squeeze off the main channel so that blood cannot get through the main aorta or any of its branches.

This is a life-threatening event since it can cause
stroke, sudden
cardiac arrest, or death due to impaired blood flow to a number of vital organs. The enlarging mass of misdirected blood can also compromise nearby structures, such as the airways, lungs, or heart. It may also rupture with catastrophic bleeding.

Symptoms

Aortic dissection may cause:

Sudden, ripping pain in the chest
and or back

Stroke

Fainting

Shortness of breath

Sudden weakness

Diagnosis

Aortic dissection is usually a sudden, catastrophic event that results in a medical emergency. At the hospital, the doctor will ask about your symptoms and medical history. A physical exam will be done. Imaging tests evaluate the aorta and surrounding structures. These may include:

Aortography—x-rays taken after dye is injected into the aorta through a surgically placed catheter

Treatment

Treatment depends on where in the aorta the dissection occurs. Once stabilized, you will be further evaluated for the type of treatment needed. One type of aortic dissection requires immediate major surgery. Another type can often be managed without surgery (if no blood vessels are obstructed).

Treatment options may include:

Surgery

The chest is opened, and the aorta is repaired. A stent may be used to replace the damaged segment of aorta.

Medical Treatment

Your blood pressure will be reduced to minimize stress on the aorta. You may undergo repeat imaging studies every 6-12 months to detect further dissection.

Prevention

To help reduce your chance of aortic dissection:

Keep high blood pressure and cholesterol under control through diet and/or medications

Talk to your doctor about any risk factors you may have for aortic dissection

Revision Information

This content is reviewed regularly and is updated when new and relevant evidence is made available. This information is neither intended nor implied to be a substitute for professional medical advice. Always seek the advice of your physician or other qualified health provider prior to starting any new treatment or with questions regarding a medical condition.