Leni Riefenstahl
Helene Bertha Amalie "Leni" Riefenstahl (German: [ˈʁiːfn̩ʃtaːl];
22 August 1902 – 8 September 2003) was a German film director,
producer, screenwriter, editor, photographer, actress and dancer.
Born in 1902,
Leni RiefenstahlLeni Riefenstahl grew up in
GermanyGermany with her brother
Heinz (1905–1944), who was killed on the Eastern Front in World War
II. A talented swimmer and artist, she also became interested in
dancing during her childhood, taking dancing lessons and performing
across Europe.
After seeing a promotional poster for the 1924 film Der Berg des
Schicksals ("The Mountain of Destiny"), Riefenstahl was inspired to
move into acting. Between 1925 and 1929, she starred in five
successful motion pictures
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BerlinBerlinBerlin (/bɜːrˈlɪn/, German: [bɛɐ̯ˈliːn] ( listen))
is the capital and the largest city of Germany, as well as one of its
16 constituent states. With a steadily growing population of
approximately 3.7 million,[4]
BerlinBerlin is the second most populous city
proper in the
European UnionEuropean Union behind
LondonLondon and the seventh most
populous urban area in the European Union.[5] Located in northeastern
GermanyGermany on the banks of the rivers
SpreeSpree and Havel, it is the centre
of the Berlin-
BrandenburgBrandenburg Metropolitan Region, which has roughly 6
million residents from more than 180 nations.[6][7][8][9] Due to its
location in the European Plain,
BerlinBerlin is influenced by a temperate
seasonal climate
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The Holocaust
The Holocaust, also referred to as the Shoah,[b] was a genocide during
World War IIWorld War II in which Adolf Hitler's Nazi Germany, aided by its
collaborators, systematically murdered some six million European Jews,
around two-thirds of the Jewish population of Europe, between 1941 and
1945.[c]
JewsJews were targeted for extermination as part of a larger
event involving the persecution and murder of other groups, including
in particular the Roma, ethnic Poles, and "incurably sick",[6] as well
as political opponents, homosexuals, Jehovah's Witnesses, and Soviet
prisoners of war.[7]
Germany implemented the persecution in stages. Following Hitler's rise
to power in 1933, the government passed laws to exclude
JewsJews from
civil society, most prominently the
Nuremberg LawsNuremberg Laws in 1935
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Eugen D'Albert
Eugen (originally Eugène) Francois Charles d'Albert (10 April
1864 – 3 March 1932) was a Scottish-born German pianist and
composer.
Educated in Britain, d'Albert showed early musical talent and, at the
age of seventeen, he won a scholarship to study in Austria. Feeling a
kinship with German culture and music, he soon emigrated to Germany,
where he studied with
Franz LisztFranz Liszt and began a career as a concert
pianist. D'Albert repudiated his early training and upbringing in
Scotland and considered himself German.
While pursuing his career as a pianist, d'Albert focused increasingly
on composing, producing 21 operas and a considerable output of piano,
vocal, chamber and orchestral works. His most successful opera was
Tiefland, which premiered in Prague in 1903. His successful orchestral
works included his cello concerto (1899), a symphony, two string
quartets and two piano concertos
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Ernst Röhm
Ernst Julius Günther Röhm (German pronunciation: [ˈɛɐ̯nst
ˈʁøːm]; 28 November 1887 – 1 July 1934) was a German
military officer and an early member of the Nazi Party. As one of the
members of its predecessor, the German Workers' Party, he was a close
friend and early ally of
Adolf HitlerAdolf Hitler and a co-founder of the
SturmabteilungSturmabteilung (SA, "Storm Battalion"), the Nazi Party's militia, and
later was its commander
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Sturmabteilung
The
SturmabteilungSturmabteilung (SA; German pronunciation:
[ˈʃtʊɐ̯mʔapˌtaɪlʊŋ] ( listen)), literally Storm
Detachment, functioned as the original paramilitary wing of the Nazi
Party (NSDAP). It played a significant role in Adolf Hitler's rise to
power in the 1920s and 1930s
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Heinrich Himmler
Heinrich Luitpold Himmler (German: [ˈhaɪnʁɪç ˈluːɪtˌpɔlt
ˈhɪmlɐ] ( listen); 7 October 1900 – 23 May 1945)
was Reichsführer of the
SchutzstaffelSchutzstaffel (Protection Squadron; SS), and
a leading member of the
Nazi PartyNazi Party (NSDAP) of Germany. Himmler was one
of the most powerful men in
Nazi GermanyNazi Germany and one of the people most
directly responsible for the Holocaust.
As a member of a reserve battalion during World War I, Himmler did not
see active service. He studied agronomy in university, and joined the
Nazi PartyNazi Party in 1923 and the SS in 1925. In 1929, he was appointed
Reichsführer-SSReichsführer-SS by Hitler. Over the next 16 years, he developed the
SS from a mere 290-man battalion into a million-strong paramilitary
group, and, following Hitler's orders, set up and controlled the Nazi
concentration camps
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Universal StudiosUniversal PicturesUniversal Pictures (also referred to as Universal Studios or simply
Universal) is an American film studio owned by
ComcastComcast through the
Universal Filmed Entertainment Group division of its wholly owned
subsidiary NBCUniversal.[2] The company was founded in 1912 by Carl
Laemmle, Mark Dintenfass, Charles O. Baumann, Adam Kessel, Pat Powers,
William Swanson, David Horsley, Robert H. Cochrane, and Jules
Brulatour, and is the oldest surviving film studio in the United
States, the world's fourth oldest after Gaumont,
PathéPathé and Nordisk
Film, and the oldest in terms of the overall film market[citation
needed]
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Tay Garnett
William Taylor "Tay" Garnett (June 13, 1894 – October 3, 1977) was
an American film director and writer.Contents1 Biography
2 Private life
3 Death
4 Book
5 References
6 External linksBiography[edit]
Born in Los Angeles, California, Garnett attended the Massachusetts
Institute of Technology and served as a naval aviator in World War I.
He entered the film industry as a screenwriter in 1920, writing for
Mack SennettMack Sennett and Hal Roach, then joined
PathéPathé and began to direct
films in 1928. Among his films are
One Way PassageOne Way Passage (1932), China Seas
(1935), Eternally Yours (1939), Seven Sinners (1940), Cheers for Miss
Bishop (1941),
The Cross of LorraineThe Cross of Lorraine (1943), and Bataan (1943). He is
best known as the director of the 1946 thriller The Postman Always
Rings Twice, starring
John GarfieldJohn Garfield and Lana Turner
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Venice Film Festival
The
VeniceVenice Film Festival or
VeniceVenice International Film Festival
(Italian: Mostra Internazionale d'Arte Cinematografica della Biennale
di Venezia, "International Exhibition of Cinematographic Art of the
VeniceVenice Biennale"), founded in 1932, is the oldest film festival in the
world and one of the "Big Three" film festivals alongside the Cannes
Film Festival and Berlin International Film Festival.[1][2]
The film festival is part of the
VeniceVenice Biennale, which was founded by
the Venetian City Council in 1895
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Max ReinhardtMax ReinhardtMax Reinhardt (September 9, 1873 – October 30, 1943) was an
Austrian-born theatre and film director, intendant, and theatrical
producer. With his innovative stage productions, he is regarded as one
of the most prominent directors of German-language theatre in the
early 20th century. In 1920, he established the
Salzburg FestivalSalzburg Festival with
the performance of Hofmannsthal's Jedermann.Contents1 Life and career1.1 Reinhardt Theatres
1.2
Max ReinhardtMax Reinhardt and film2 Death
3 Tribute
4 Work on Broadway
5 Films
6 References
7 External linksLife and career[edit]
Reinhardt was born Maximilian Goldmann in the spa town of Baden near
Vienna, the son of Wilhelm Goldmann (1846–1911), a Jewish merchant
from Stomfa, Hungary, and his wife Rosa née Wengraf (1851–1924).
Having finished school, he began an apprenticeship at a bank, but
already took acting lessons
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Snow White
"Snow White" is a 19th-century German fairy tale which is today known
widely across the Western world. The
Brothers GrimmBrothers Grimm published it in
1812 in the first edition of their collection Grimms' Fairy Tales. It
was titled in German: Sneewittchen (in modern orthography
Schneewittchen) and numbered as Tale 53. The name Sneewittchen was Low
German and in the first version it was translated with
Schneeweißchen. The Grimms completed their final revision of the
story in 1854.[1][2]
The fairy tale features such elements as the magic mirror, the
poisoned apple, the glass coffin, and the characters of the evil queen
and the Seven Dwarfs. The seven dwarfs were first given individual
names in the 1912 Broadway play
Snow WhiteSnow White and the
Seven DwarfsSeven Dwarfs and
then given different names in Walt Disney's 1937 film
Snow WhiteSnow White and
the Seven Dwarfs
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Soviet Union
The
Soviet UnionSoviet Union (Russian: Сове́тский Сою́з, tr.
Sovétsky Soyúz, IPA: [sɐˈvʲɛt͡skʲɪj
sɐˈjus] ( listen)), officially the Union of Soviet
Socialist Republics (Russian: Сою́з Сове́тских
Социалисти́ческих Респу́блик, tr. Soyúz
Sovétskikh Sotsialistícheskikh Respúblik, IPA: [sɐˈjus
sɐˈvʲɛtskʲɪx sətsɨəlʲɪsˈtʲitɕɪskʲɪx
rʲɪˈspublʲɪk] ( listen)), abbreviated as the USSR
(Russian: СССР, tr. SSSR), was a socialist state in
EurasiaEurasia that
existed from 1922 to 1991. Nominally a union of multiple national
Soviet republics,[a] its government and economy were highly
centralized. The country was a one-party state, governed by the
Communist Party with
MoscowMoscow as its capital in its largest republic,
the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic
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War Crimes
A war crime is an act that constitutes a serious violation of the laws
of war that gives rise to individual criminal responsibility.[1]
Examples of war crimes include intentionally killing civilians or
prisoners, torture, destroying civilian property, taking hostages,
perfidy, rape, using child soldiers, pillaging, declaring that no
quarter will be given, and serious violations of the principles of
distinction and proportionality, such as strategic bombing of civilian
populations.[2]
The concept of war crimes emerged at the turn of the twentieth century
when the body of customary international law applicable to warfare
between sovereign states was codified. Such codification occurred at
the national level, such as with the publication of the
Lieber Code in
the United States, and at the international level with the adoption of
the treaties during the Hague Conventions of 1899 and 1907
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