A Syriac abbreviation generally extends from the last tall character in the word until the end of the word.

ܬܫܒܘܚܬܐtiš ' buḥ ta (praise)

ܬ܏ܫܒܘ

ܬܶܫܒܽܘܚܬܳܐ

ܬ܏ܫܒܘ

ܬܶ܏ܫܒܽܘ

ܦܛܪܝܪܟܐpaṭr ' iar ka (Patriarch)

܏ܦܛܪ

ܦܰܛܪܝܰܪܟܳܐ

܏ܦܛܪ

܏ܦܰܛܪ

An incorrect spelling in TUS ch. 8, Fig. 8-7

2013-02-09

The Şurayt Latin Alphabet consists of thirty-six (36) letters. Twenty-six (26) of these are borrowed from the English alphabet (ISO Basic Latin alphabet) and the remaining ten (10) are modified letters with diacritics.

The Şurayt Latin Alphabet has been in use since 1983 (for the history of its use, see Otto Jastrow and Jan Beṯ-Şawoce, Svensk-nyvästsyrisk Lärobok, 2008).

The Şurayt Latin Alphabet has 10 modified letters, with the following four (4) diacritics.

Diaeresis ¨ Ëë

Cedilla ¸ Şş Ţţ

Macron ̱ Ḏḏ H̱ẖ Ṯṯ

Caron ˇ Čč Ǧǧ Šš Žž

Note that Ǧǧ is not the same as Ğğ:

Breve ˘ Ğğ

Caron and breve look similar but they are two different diacritics.

There is no use for any other letter or sign except the 36 letters listed above. This is a simple standard alphabet. It has a different purpose than the Semitic standard alphabet that scholars and universities use. (For example, the scholars employ Āā Ōō Ēē Īī Ūū Ḇḇ Ḡḡ Ḫḫ Ḵḵ P̄p̄ etc. while we do not).

The vowel mark for 'e' looks clearer in East Syriac Adiabene (ܐܹܐܸ);
in ES Nohadra, it's a little confusing because the two dots are less slanted (ܐܹܐܸ).

The Estrangela form of n looks like Arabic ن (minus the dot).

The majority of Assyrians today (Western Assyrians, Chaldeans, and Tyaraye at the very least) still have the "th" and "dh" sounds. I highly doubt that the remaining minority of Assyrians who say shedaanaa instead of shedhaanaa have carried on the Akkadian pronunciation for thousands of years; if that were true, then they would pronounce "book" like ktaabaa and "yours" like deeduk. They most likely just lost the "th" and "dh" within the last few centuries.

I think, historically, the Hakkari Assyrians were fairly cut off from Urmi and especially Western Assyrians, so language contact would have been minimal. Most of the Urmi influence, for example, didn't come through until the 20th century when people started to speak "Iraqi Koine." Even today you don't get too many people who speak a pure dialect anymore, it's all mixed together.

Estrangela is different from Madnhaya only in a few letters, esp. ܐ‎
ܕ‎
ܗ‎
ܪ‎
ܬ‎.

In Estrangelo Edessa: (a) ܓ‎
ܙ‎
ܫ‎
are written more or less like in Serto.
ܙ‎ ZAIN looks like a dotless i;
ܫ‎ SHIN looks like a Y (or a heart mark) above a horizontal line.
(b) Additionally, ܐ‎ looks like a λ rotated 90 degrees counterclockwise;
ܝ‎ looks like a comma (or an angle quotation mark › ).

Serto is different from Madnhaya in many letters. However, if you compare it with Estrangelo Edessa (older forms of letters),
only a few glyphs are greatly different, viz.
ܟ‎ KAPH,
ܠ‎ LAMADH,
ܥ‎ E,
ܨ‎ SADHE,
and
ܬ‎ TAW.
ܗ‎ is not like in Estrangela,
but it's easily recognizable as it's like Madnhaya
ܗ‎.

Estrangelo Edessa is based on Estrangelo Talada, which is based on a 7th c. MS.
Estrangelo Nisibin was designed by a German publisher, W. Drugulin, used by the Assyrian Press in Mosul,
and digitalized helped by Mar Emanuel Emanuel of the Assyrian Church of the East.
Estrangelo Quenneshrin was designed by the same person, George Kiraz.
While he belongs to a west (the Syriac Orthodox) Church, the font face is Madnhaya-ish.
Estrangelo Antioch is based on a 11th c. MS of the Syriac Orthodox Patriarchal Library.
Estrangelo Midyat is based on a 13th century manuscript, originally of the Church of Mort Shmoni in Midyat,
now at Mor Gabriel Monastery in Tur Abdin (Syriac Orthodox).

2013-02-06

drunken / ivre

beautiful / beau

chess / le jeu d'échecs

peace / paix

history / l'histoire

ra ' va: ia: (ravāyā)

ša ' pi: ra (šapīrā)

' ši:t rAndj (šētrandj)

' šla ma: (šlāmā)

taš ' i: tha: (tašʿīṯā)

ܪܲܘܵܝܵܐ

ܫܲܦܝܼܪܵܐ

ܫܹܬܪܲܢܓ̰

ܫܠܵܡܵܐ

ܬܲܫܥܝܼܬ݂ܵܐ

ܓ̰ [d͡ʒ].

Arabic شطرنج shaṭranj : Skrt. caturaṅgaḥ

Cf. سَلاَمٌ / שָׁלוֹם

tašʿīṯā - ṯ is left unspirantized (t) in some modern Eastern dialects.

An examination of the peculiarities of speech in different districts would lead us to divide the language into four main divisions, the two first of which [Urmi/Northern] may be called the non-aspirating, and the two last [Ashiret/Southern] the aspirating dialects, the difference being in the hardening or softening of the letters Tau and Dalath.

"ES Nohadra" is less known, but it seems to be a good Madnhaya font.
ES Nohadra.ttf
I like it better than East Syriac Adiabene/East Syriac Ctesiphon.
(Nohadra = The Syriac name of Dohuk, Iraq)2014-02-07 Apparently ES Nohadra was created by the Barutha Assyrian Language Centre.

With the 'Common Christological Declaration', signed in 1994 by Pope John Paul II and Patriarch Mar Dinkha IV, the main dogmatic problem between the Catholic Church and the Assyrian Church has been resolved.

The controversies of the past led to anathemas, bearing on persons and on formulas. The Lord's Spirit permits us to understand better today that the divisions brought about in this way were due in large part to misunderstandings.

kaldu.org is the website of St. Peter Diocese of the Chaldean Catholic Church. You can actually see that they are using Madnhaya (with Estrangela for titles).
This page is even in Unicode, and the font is "East Syriac Adiabene" for the body, "Estrangelo Nisibin" for the title.

"LAMADH ALAPH" is an obligatory ligature in Serto; it's usually ligated in East and in Estrangela too.
"LAMADH SPACE ALAPH" is an optional ligature, used only in Serto.
This means that a word ending with LAMADH and the next word beginning with ALAPH may be connected (Compendious Syr. Gr. p. 3).
Serto Jerusalem and Serto Kharput do support it;
Serto Batnan and Serto Urhoy do not.

East

ܠ‎ +
ܐ‎ =
ܠܐ‎ܠ‎ +
SPACE‎ +
ܐ‎ =
ܠ ܐ‎

Serto

ܠ‎ +
ܐ‎ =
ܠܐ‎ܠ‎ +
SPACE‎ +
ܐ‎ =
ܠ ܐ‎

The LAMADH SPACE ALAPH ligature does not work on Firefox18; it works on IE8.

Test1: ܒܠ ܐܒ

Test2 (nbsp): ܒܠ ܐܒ

Test3 (2 spaces): ܒܠ ܐܒ

Test4 (newline instead of space): ܒܠ
ܐܒ

Estrangela

ܠ‎ +
ܐ‎ =
ܠܐ‎ܠ‎ +
SPACE‎ +
ܐ‎ =
ܠ ܐ‎

Until the 1950s, Chaldean Catholics were mostly settled in Mosul — in 1932, 70 percent of Assyrian Christians of all denominations lived there, but by 1957, only 47 percent remained, as they migrated southward due in part to ethnic and religious violence and regional and political tensions. It was estimated that about half of Iraq's Assyrian Christian's lived in Baghdad by 1979, accounting for 14 percent of that city's population
This period also marks the intensification of denominational antagonism among Aramaic speakers in Iraq as some church institutions began to distance themselves from the members of the Assyrian Church of the East who were seen as magnets for Muslim antagonism.

OK, this is how we're going to handle HTML language tags for Syriac languages.
If it's written in Madnhaya, we tag it as syr (aii or cld if we want to be more specific),
without saying -Syrn.
It's acceptable, because syr means the modern dialects which is usually written in Madnhaya.
Of course if it's not modern, we'll tag it as syc-Syrn.
Similarly, Serto will be tagged as tru if modern, syc-Syrj if classic.

We use syc to mean Estrangela by default (same as syc-Syre).

In case a modern dialect is written in Estrangela (as in a title etc.),
that'll be syr-Syre if East,
tru-Syre if West.

The above works neatly if we have something like this in our CSS file:

-Syre is marked as !important, since it's more important than lang;
otherwise lang would take precedance.
One thing that wouldn't work is Garshuni (e.g. ar-Syrj).
It's easy to add a few more lines to support Garshuni, though.
Also, we won't use Syrc at all, because just saying Syriac is not sufficient for our purpose (that is, to select a font).
It might be a good idea to assume that Syrc means Syre, but then again that could be a bad idea.
Maybe we could use Syrc when the style is neither Estrangela nor Madnhaya nor Serto.

PS. Maybe syc should default to syc-Syrj. Not sure.
Font-wise, the code syc is not specific enough.
It's as ambiguous as Syrc.

2013-08-10: Perhaps it is acceptable to use -TR (cf. Edessa, Midyat) to mean W-Syr. and -IR (cf. Urmia) to mean E-Syr. — for example in syc-Latn-TR (Classical West Syriac, romanized).

a cross / une croix

an example / un exemple

potency, power / la puissance, la force

paper / le papier

a word / un mot

' ṣli: va: (ṣlīvā)

' ṭu sa: (ṭusā)

' qu: vat (qūvat)

qar ' ṭi: sa (qarṭīsa)

' mil ta: (miltā)

ܨܠܝܼܒ݂ܵܐ

ܛܘܼܦ̮ܣܵܐ

ܩܘܼܘܲܬ

ܩܲܪܛܝܼܣܵܐ

ܡܹܠܬܵܐ

ܨ (Estrangela: ܨ; Serto: ܨ)
is like Arabic ص,
different from ܣ.

ܝܼ stands for i/ī; it has only one dot, unlike Arabic ي, and (somewhat) like Hebrew יִ.

ܦ̮ seems silent in ܛܘܼܦ̮ܣܵܐ.
Dic says the word is of Greek origin. Maybe τύπος?
That would explain why it has 'P', even though (soft and) silent.
Greek ο is often ignored in Syriac (Compend. p. 6).

miltā (meltho): Cf. Meltho fonts - the original meaning of "Melto Fonts" was "fonts usable on MS Word".
"Meltho" is the West (Turoyo/Surayt) form of this word.
This also explains why Meltho Fonts have many Serto and Estrangela fonts but only two East fonts,
why Estrangela is called Estrangelo as font name (e.g. Estrangelo Edessa),
and why TUS is Serto-centric.
Because West Syriac people did the job.

TUS says:
In Modern Syriac usage, when a word contains a rish and seyame, the dot of the rish and the seyame are replaced by a rish with two dots above it:
Rish + Seyame (pl. marker) = Rish with 2 dots above (i.e. "Dotless Dalath-Rish" + Seyame written lower)

ܪ‎ +
̈‎ =
ܪ̈ (Cf. ܕ̈)

It's called "RISH SEYAME" in TUS Table 8-17 (though they didn't define SEYAME).
The ligature form is obligatory in all three styles, including Estrangela, which is not so Modern.
Serto: ܪ̈
Estrangela: ܪ̈

Gr. §16D -
With the point of the letter ܪ the plural sign generally blends into ܪ̈ - so it's not only in Modern Syriac.

a festival / une fête

in love / amoureux

a translation / une traduction

spreading / le développement

a physician / un docteur en médecine

' i: da: (ʿīdā)

' a: šiq (ʿāšiq)

pu: ' ša qa (pūšāqā)

' pras ta (prāstā)

fu: ' zi: qa: (fūzīqā)

ܥܸܐܕܵܐ

ܥܵܫܸܩ

ܦܘܼܫܵܩܵܐ

ܦܪܵܣܬܵܐ

ܦ̮ܘܼܙܝܼܩܵܐ

TAW + ALAPH (TAW-ALAP) may be a ligature.ܒ‎ + ܬܐ‎ = ܒܬܐ‎
where the TAW might look like a small λ (lambda) or ʎ (turned y) dual-joined between BETH and ALAPH.
A ligature for TAW-ALAPH can be used in Estrangela as well; the Estrangelo Nisibin font [used in the Dominican and Assyrian Presses in Mosul] supports it.

ܦ̮ is PE + U+032E [ ̮ ] COMBINING BREVE BELOW, read as [f] or [w].
It's essentially the same as ܦ݂ i.e. PE with a RUKKAKHA (ܪܘܼܟܵܟ݂ܵܐ) dot.
COMBINING BREVE BELOW is used only with PE.

Have any of you Maerwaye [=Magarbaya (West)] speakers heard the Chaldean dialect? If so, do you understand it more then standard east dialect? There are a lot of similarities.

...
If you were to read pure Chaldean(not spoken one because it has too much Arabic) i think the east dialect would make a lot more sense to you..

U+0733 [ ܳ ] SYRIAC ZQAPHA ABOVE in Syrj
is like
U+0735 [ ܵ ] SYRIAC ZQAPHA DOTTED
in Syrn, but it's read as O.
If a consonant is followed by an ALAPH, assume this vowel anyway, even if not marked.
See Book 1 p. 10.
In [tru] ALAPH is Olaf in the first place.
Similary, if a consonant is followed by a WAW, assume U even if not marked.
That's how "aturoyo" works.

In Unicode, the pl. marker comes later: ܐܵܬܘܿܪܵܝܵ̈ܐ.
If you type it first, you'll get ܐܵܬܘܿܪܵܝ̈ܵܐ, which wouldn't be normalized.

sh1t, you east dialet speakers are so complicated, one say this while the other says that...
Haha, that's why we have dialects while you Western speakers only have one Turoyo. :)
This is also the reason why we need a standard language. It's not as simple as learning two different dialects.

A lot of [we] Chaldeans think that Assyrians have better grammar than us because we use some Arabic. The thing is, I think our grammar is actually better but our *words* are replaced with lots of Arabic.
...
I don't think that the Assyrian [aii] grammar is very good. Maybe someone can correct me? I think our grammar [cld] is better although we have Arabic words in our vocabulary.

I wouldn't worry about the "correct" form of modern words (since none exist in the classical language :)). But yeah, all dialects have foreign words to some degree or other. The Urmi dialect is riddled with Persian words, and my own dialect has plenty of Kurdish/Turkish/Arabic/English words. In the case of the Chaldean dialect, I think the vast majority of your foreign words are very recent borrowings (within the last 60 years or so) and they're mostly from Arabic.

I'm trying to learn the Western dialect of Assyrian so I bought a book to learn, its called "Modern Aramaic - (Assyrian/Syriac)" Its a dictionary and phrasebook in both modern Aramaic dialects, Eastern (Swadaya) and Western (Turoyo).

BBC NEWS | Middle East | Who are the Chaldean Christians?Chaldeans are members of an autonomous Catholic Church that retains a unique liturgy and tradition while recognising the Pope's authority.
Chaldeans form the majority - about 550,000 - of Iraq's estimated 700,000 Christians.
The Eastern-rite Church [is what] the Chaldeans belong to...

Paul Bedjan (27 November 1838 – 9 June 1920) ... born into a Chaldean Catholic family...

Of his works, his seven edited volumes of Syriac lives of saints and martyrs (Acta Martyrum et Sanctorum) and five volumes of verse-homilies of Jacob of Serugh (Homiliae selectae Mar Iacobi Sarugensis) are the most significant. He was able to complete a Neo-Aramaic Bible translation...

[GotD] Maclean, Arthur John, 1858-1943:
Grammar of the dialects of vernacular Synac: as spoken by the Eastern Syrians of Kurdistan, north-west Persia, and the Plain of Mosul: with notices of the vernacular of the Jews of Azerbaijan and of Zakhu near Mosul.
(1895, London)

The variation of the dialects is geographical; there are practically no differences of class among the people, and all
in the same place have more or less the same tongue. (GotD, xii) - アッシリア語・カルデア語という区分は、
アッシリア教会 vs. カルデア教会という誤解につながる。
同じ町でも、所属教会が違う人は話す方言が違う…という「ボスニア的」誤解だ。
現実には、例えば、
cld 地域 Alqosh に古くから住むアッシリア東方教会の人も、同じ Alqosh の言葉、つまり「カルデア語」 cld を話す…。
アッシリア vs カルデアという区分は、90%のケースでは実用的かもしれないが、こういうケースでは直観に反している。

I. The Urmi group (U.); the dialect of the great plain of Urmi,
in Azerbaijan, to the west of the sea of that name [Lake Urmia]; the dialect of the
smaller plain of Solduz [Naqadeh] to the south of the sea, which is almost the
same, though in a few of its Syrian villages Syriac has given place to
Azerbaijani Turkish ; the dialect of the north part of the plain of
Urmi, noted here as ' Sp.' i.e. Sipurghan, which is somewhat affected
by the Salamas dialect (Group II), as is also that of the small
plain of Gavilan between the two.
II. The Northern group. This group is especially noticeable for
dropping Tau.
a. (Sal.) Plain of Salamas, in Persia, to the north-west of the
Sea of Urmi.
b. (Q) Qudshanis, in Turkey, the village of the Patriarch Mar
Shimun, gives its name to the dialect of the neighbouring district,
which is a little south of the Sea of Van.
c. (Gaw.) The plain of Gawar, in Turkey, a high table-land to
the west of the Perso-Turkish frontier. This plain and the district
round Qudshanis are called ' Rayat ' or Subject, being entirely under
the direct government of the Turks.
d. (J.) The dialect of Jilu is practically the same. This very
mountainous district lies a little to the west of Gawar, and geogra-
phically belongs to Group III., being Ashiret ; but philologically it
belongs to Group II. Its people are very different in appearance
and character from most of the other Syrians, being of a more Jewisli
cast.

Ashiret: トルコのVan湖（北）とイラクのモースル（南）の間の山岳地帯。

III. The Ashiret group. K. in the following pages denotes the
dialects of the Ashiret or Tribal (semi-independent) districts of Central
Kurdistan, which consist of inaccessible mountains and valleys lying
between Van and Mosul. Over these districts the Turks exercise
little more than a nominal sway, and the soldiers seldom penetrate it.
Of these districts we have : —
a. (Ti.) Upper Tiari, to the north-west of the group; this is by
far the largest Ashiret district.
b. (Tkh.) Tkhuma, a large valley east of Tiari, south-west of
Jilu.
c. Tal, Baz, Diz, Waltu, smaller Ashiret districts, north and east
of Tkhuma.
d. (Ash.) Ashitha, in Lower Tiari, to the south-west of the
group. This is the principal village in the Ashiret districts, and its
dialect differs very greatly from that of Upper Tiari, and approaches
rather those of the fourth group.
e. (MB.) Mar Bishu ; (Sh.) Shamsdin. These are districts in
Turkey close to the Persian frontier, south-west of Gawar, and are
inhabited by colonies from Tiari. Their dialects are closely related
to that of Tiari, but are somewhat influenced by the first, or Urmi,
group. This is still more the case with the dialects of Tergawar,
Mergawar, and Bradust, three neighbouring upland plains on the
Persian side of the frontier. The village of Anhar in the plain of
Urmi, near Tergawar, is also a colony from Tiari, and retains several
Tiari peculiarities of language, grafted on the Urmi speech. These
districts are separated from the rest of this group by Gawar and Jilu.
IV. The Southern group,
a. (Al.) The Alqosh dialect [cld], spoken
in the villages of the plain of Mosul. In the town of Mosul itself
vernacular Syriac almost entirely gives place to Arabic. This dialect
receives its name from the village of Alqosh, about thirty miles north
of Mosul, where is the famous monastery of Raban Hurmizd. The
language of the other villages, Telkief, Teleskof, and the rest, differ
in small particulars from that of Alqosh itself.
b. (Bo.) The Bohtan dialect [bhn], spoken in Bohtan, in Western
Kurdistan, a district lying on the Eastern branch of the Upper
Tigris.
c. (Z.) The Zakhu [Zakho] dialect, spoken by the Jews of that place,
which is about sixty miles north of Mosul. It greatly resembles that
of Alqosh. [Lishana Deni: lsd]

sudden / soudain

slow / lent

quick / rapide

na ' gis tan (nāgistān)

' ni: ḥa (niḥā)

' djal di (g̃aldē)

ܢܵܓܸܣܬܵܢ

ܢܝܼܚܵܐ

ܓ̰ܲܠܕܹܐ

Glyphs of GAMAL are slightly different by position.
ܓܓ
Serto: ܓܓ;
Estrangela: ܓܓ;

Generally, Dot-below (Ḥḇāṣā) is always used with YUDH.
Meaning: (1) when you want to show the vowel [i] with this mark, write YUDH first;
(2) even when vowels are not marked, it's likely that YUDH stands for [i].

Majliyana is written before the vowel mark.

2013-01-31

So I found another cool thing here: Learn Syriac | The American Foundation for Syriac Studies.
The cool part is, the lessons are written in the Serto style.
One down side, however, is, they are all huge JPEGs, and are cumbersome to handle, unless your screen is really big.
(Edit: pages are much easier to read through this i/f with JavaScript enabled.)
Nevertheless, it's nice to see that the Serto style is alive, as in contemporary.
They say aii/cld are written in the Eastern style.
So what language is this exactly?

Hm it says it was originally written in 1930s by Malfono Naaman Qarabashi.
So it's not contemporary after all.
Revised in 2008 for the use of the "St. Ephraim Syriac School"...

QARABASHI, Abdulmasih: Herge d'qeryono. (Insgesamt 6 Übungshefte und eine Grammatik. In Qamishli/Syrien 1967-1975 für die Schulen der syrisch-orthodoxen Kirche (1.-6. Klasse) konzipiert)
It seems that the school was (and possibly still IS but maybe not) in Qamishli, Al Hasakah, Syria.
Which means, the language is probably Turoyo/Surayt [tru], and not aii/cld (though they are closely related).
It says Suryoyo.
I guess that's why the title says "Learn Syriac (Aramaic)".

I've heard of those books, there's one called Toxu Qorena thats apparently focused on Turoyo. The only sources I have are basic Lessons and Qarabashi lessons from here
http://syrianorthodoxchurch.com/p_syriac.htm
http://www.syriacstudies.com/AFSS/Learn_Syriac_%28Aramaic%29/Learn_Syriac_%28Aramaic%29.html
But the second source is heavily focused on Kthobonoyo

The city of Qamishli was founded in 1926;
on the border with Turkey, adjoining the Turkish city of Nusaybin.

There are also other churches who pray in Suryoyo. They are the Maronites, Chaldeans, Syrian Catholics and the Church of the East (or Assyrians). The followers of these churches are also called Suryoye. - says the Syriac/Syrian Orthodox Church.

The Archbishops of the United States, Mor Clemis Eugene Kaplan and Mor Cyril Aphram Karim, requested that the Church be called "Syriac Orthodox Church" in English. The recommendation was motivated by the current realities in English-speaking countries where the term "Syrian" is widely recognized as referring to the nation of Syria. While noting the historical antecedents for the use of the term "Syrian Orthodox Church" (Syr. `idto suryoyto treeysath shubho), the Synod approved the recommendation and declared that the Church should be called the "Syriac Orthodox Church of Antioch" in English. This name will be adopted gradually by the Church. (ed. The names of the Church in other languages were not considered by the Holy Synod).

BTW: What is this U+0724 [ ܤ ] SYRIAC LETTER FINAL SEMKATH thing?
It's a glyph variant of U+0723, and may be used in the final position of a word (possibly a non-final position too).
The thing is, there can be 3 different forms of SEMKATH used in an identical contextual position,
encoded in Unicode as 0723 vs. 0723+ZWNJ vs. 0724[+ZWNJ].
Basically, we have another code point because the situation is more complicated than ZWNJ can handle alone.
See, Unicode 6.2, p. 269, "Semkath".
Use 0723, though, unless you really need to use 0724.

cld: Mosul, Baghdad, Basrah, southeast Iraqi Kurdistan... High intelligibility of Lishana Deni [lsd] and Ashirat [aii]
- aiiよりもlsdに近い。
*Mosul -
The majority of people in Mosul are Sunni Muslims, though Mosul had a proportion of Assyrian Christians who also have a presence in the villages around of Mosul in ancient Nineveh since the foundation of the city (majority follow the Chaldean Catholic Church, the Syriac Catholic Church and the Syriac Orthodox Church, and a minority follow the Assyrian Church of the East).

ニナワ県モースル。イラク第三の都市。古代都市ニネベ付近。
この地域のアッシリア人は、
主にカルデア、シリア・カトリック、シリア正教に属し、
アッシリア東方教会は少数派だという。
aii/cld を分けるとしたら、まさに cld 地域だ。
ニナワ県 Alqosh: Rabban Hormizd Monastery: From this monastery came Yohannan Sulaqa, who decided to unite with the Catholic Church in 1553 and established the Chaldean Church.
ニナワ県 Aqrah;
*Tel Keppe;
Bakhdida (w/ Syriac Catholic Churches and Syriac Orthodox Churches In 1580, certain Jacobites of Bakhdida began to build relations with Rome through the monastery of Mar Bihnam, but it was not until the 18th century that these Jacobites began to join the Vatican and became known as Syrian Catholics.)
Tel Isqof (most of whose inhabitants are members of the Chaldean Catholic Churc);
Baqofah (The population of Baqofah are all Assyrians followers of the Chaldean Catholic Church);
Batnaya (All the people in the town are Assyrian belonging to the Chaldean Catholic Church.));
*Bartella.
Araden (Iraqi Kurdistan - Dohuk Governorate) Originally prior to the 18th century the inhabitants belonged to the Assyrian Church of the East, but gradually converted to Catholicism.;
*Dohuk (Iraqi Kurdistan - the capital of Dohuk Governorate).

Additional towns
from
Predominantly Assyrian Chaldean Catholic towns in Iraq
(Chaldean Christians):
Shaqlawa, Arbil Province, Kurdistan, Iraq;
Karamlish, 18 miles (29 km) south east of Mosul (Today, the inhabitants of Karamlish are mainly members of the Chaldean Catholic Church, but there are also members of the Syriac Orthodox Church and Assyrian Church of the East.);
Araden, Dohuk, Kurdistan, Iraq (Originally prior to the 18th century the inhabitants belonged to the Assyrian Church of the East, but gradually converted to Catholicism.);
Ankawa, Arbil, Kurdistan, Iraq (The town is predominantly Catholic Assyrian ... commonly called Chaldean).

標準の文章語（アッシリア語の）は、ウルミエ（Urmia / ペルシャ語 Orūmīyeh）方言に基づく。
During the 19th century, the region became the center of a short lived Assyrian renaissance with many books and newspapers being published in Syriac.From the 1830s to the end of World War I, Urmia was the spiritual capital of the Assyrians by the influence of four Christian missions (see above), which also founded four printing-houses. In 1915-17 the missionary stations in Urmia were able to offer refuge to thousands of Assyrians from the Turkish territory of Hakkari who, under the leadership of their Nestorian patriarch, had to leave their homes to save themselves from the persecution of the Turkish government determined to exterminate all Christians in the Turkish territory. In the early years of the Iranian constitution, the Assyrians had a deputy in the Iranian Parliament...
Prior to World War I Assyrians were heavily concentrated in the border regions of present day Turkey, Iraq, and Iran (the area between Lake Urmia, Lake Van, the town of Mosul; and further beyond, in the major cities of Damascus, Aleppo, Mārdīn, Medyāt, and Baghdad). Today they are widely dispersed the world over.

The Central and Western groups are often grouped together as Ashiret dialects. They, and especially the Western group, have more in common with Chaldean Neo-Aramaic than with General Urmian. Ashiret dialects are often characterised by the presence of the fricatives θ (th) and ð (dh), where other dialects pronounce them either as stops (t and d) or, in the case of the Northern group, often eliding them.

*

Syriac Orthodox Church は確かにSerto体を使っている。
ただし、ロゴなどでは古体も見られる。
Syriac-English-Arabic-French Dictionaryでは、Serto Urhoyフォントを使っている（Derived with changes from Syriac books published in Syria And
Lebanon）。
Sureth dictionary (Syriac Dictionary @ The Hittite Grammar Homepage / Association Assyrophile de France) では、西シリアに対して、
デフォルトでSerto Kharputを使っている（originally designed by the Swedish designer O. Tullberg; one of the first Serto types that contained a good deal of ligatures）（設定で変更可能）。

Assyrian Church of the East (Nestorian Church)
located to Iraq with about 300,000 adherents, plus about 450,000 Iraqis in foreign exile.
...
their members are called "Assyrians", even if many of Assyrian decent are not Nestorian Christians.
...
The core of the teaching of Nestorius, was that there was a clear division between Jesus' qualities as god and human. These 2 natures were morally united through their will. The opposing view, which came to be adopted by the Catholic Church, was that these 2 qualities were unified in the same character of Jesus.
The present-day Nestorian Church of Iraq is related to original Nestorianism mainly in name only, since its Christology was redefined around 600 by Babai the Great, who taught that Christ has two qnomes (essences), unmingled and eternally united in one parsopa (personality).

Chaldean Catholic Church
The head of the church is based in Baghdad, Iraq ... The Chaldeans still embrace their East Syrian liturgy of Addai and Mari, performing it in Syriac
Iraq 420,000 1.7%
Syria 20,000 0.1%
Lebanon 12,000 0.4%

Syrian Catholic Church
The official centre of their church is Antakya, Turkey, but the Patriarch ...has his headquarters in Beirut, Lebanon. ... Despite its name, the Syrian Catholic Church is today strongest in Iraq and Lebanon.
Iraq 100,000 0.4%
Syria 30,000 0.2%
Lebanon 25,000 0.8%

Babai's teaching
Babai in the 'Book of Union' teaches two qnome..., which are unmingled but everlastingly united in one parsopa
Babai the Great would in the early 7th century redefine the Christology, stating that that Christ has two qnome (essences), unmingled and eternally united in one personality. While this deviates somewhat from Nestorianism, it has survived as the core theology of the Nestorian church until modern times.

* One might think Assyrian is called "aii" simply because they didn't like to use "ass" (lol).
Actually, "ass" is for Ipulo aka Assumbo, a language spoken in Cameroon.
It's possible that aii is related to the name of the language in Russian, Айсорский/Ассирийский.
Or simply, you can think it as AssIrIan.

** According to this PDF, more Assyrians-in-Georgia live in Dzveli Kanda, than in Gardabani.

古典シリア語 [syc] の東方言・西方言などの細分類と、
現代シリア語 [syr] の同様の細分類を混同してはいけない。
syc は、北はトルコから南はエジプトまで、西はレバノン・イスラエルから東はイランまでの広大な範囲で使われた大言語である。
一方、aii+cld は、イラク北部を中心とする比較的狭い範囲で使われる。
Ethnologueによれば、aiiは次の場所でも使われる。
30,000 in Syria (1995): シリア北部のKhabur川流域;
15,000 in Iran (1994): Urmia. Most in Tehran;
3,409 in Armenia (2001 census): Assyrians in Armenia today mostly belong to Assyrian Church of the East, but there is a small community belonging to the Chaldean Catholic Church as well. ;
3,299 in Georgia (2002 census) The biggest groups of Assyrians are located in Tbilisi, in Gardabani and in the village of Dzveli Kanda in Mtskheta district. Around 80% of Assyrians are Orthodox Christian (both Georgian and Russian Orthodox) and about 20% are Roman Catholics. The mother tongue of the Assyrians is the Syriac language, which belongs to the Aramaic branch of the family of Semitic languages and has its own highly distinctive Syriac alphabet. Although most Assyrians can speak their own language, only a minority can write it. There are no Assyrian schools in Georgia.The main problem facing the Assyrian community is the fact that they are a smallminority with no kin state outside Georgia and therefore they receive very little materialsupport. West of Tbilisi (for example in the village of Kanda) they face assimilation into the Georgian population as they are surrounded by Georgian communities and many young people no longer know the Assyrian language. In Tbilisi, Rustavi and Gardabani, on the other hand, Assyrians have problems integrating due to their poor knowledge of Georgian

A dot above and a dot below a letter represent [a] (PTHAHA);
Two diagonally-placed dots above a letter represent [ɑ], transliterated as ā or â or å (ZQAPHA) // Vowel length is generally not important: close vowels tend to be longer than open vowels.

Two horizontally-placed dots below a letter represent [ɛ], transliterated as e or ĕ; often pronounced [ɪ] and transliterated as i in the East Syriac dialect.

A letter Yōḏ with a dot beneath it represents [i], transliterated as ī or i.

Chaldean Neo-Aramaic [cld] / Syriac script. - Religious separation of Assyrian and Chaldean happened in the 16th century. カルデア教会 / The division of the Assyrians was a consequence of the religious schism of 1552 which led to the formation of the Chaldean Church. Chaldeans were originally Assyrians before this schism of 1552

BET NAH-REN

BE-TAA

GIKH-KAA

Mesopotamia

house

laugh

ܒܲܝܬ ܢܲܗܪ̈‌ܹܝܢ
(?)

ܒܲܝܬܵ‌ܐ

ܓܸܚܟܵܐ

ܐܹܠܝܼ ܐܹܠܝܼ ܠܡܵܢܵܐ ܣܵܒܵܟܬܵܢܝܼ

One diacritic, which looks like ~, is missing below ܟܟ.
Woud that be a RUKKAKHA? As in:

ܐܹܠܝܼ ܐܹܠܝܼ ܠܡܵܢܵܐ ܣܵܒܵܟ݂ܬܵܢܝܼ

It's KAP + something called Maaj-lee-aa-naa, which would make KAP into CHAP.
For now, I'll just do this w/ U+0330 [ ̰ ] COMBINING TILDE BELOW:

ܐܹܠܝܼ ܐܹܠܝܼ ܠܡܵܢܵܐ ܣܵܒܵܟ̰ܬܵܢܝܼ

En-wiki: A mark similar in appearance to a tilde, called Majlīyānā (ܡܓ̰ܠܝܢܐ), is placed either above or below a letter in the Maḏnḥāyā variant of the alphabet to change its phonetic value