The subatomic particle such as the neutron, proton, and the more exotic particles such as pions, kaons, muons, etc. are hypothetically united into an underlying structure by the model that all subatomic particles are at their fundamental level composed of Negative DPs and Positive DPs.

As per the Standard Model, the neutron is a combination of quarks. When the neutron decays, its internal quarks transform to a set of different quarks, which are lower energy, and the excess energy is ejected from that space as an electron and neutrino, and the neutron then becomes a proton, which is a combination of quarks of various types. Thus, in some way the Negative DPs and Positive DPs that make up the quarks aggregate to form particles of 1/3 and 2/3 plus and minus charge.

The association of negative DPs and positive DPs into quarks is a reflection of the allowed quantum states on the sub-nuclear scale. Thus, the proton and neutron are composed of Negative DPs and positive DPs, which associate together as quarks of various types. Quarks are masses with only 1/3 or 2/3 charge; having coalesced together with Negative DPs and Positive DPs in the appropriate ratio to equal these charges. The quarks exist only as entities internal to the Baryons (proton and neutrons), and Mesons (pions, kaons, etc.). When a subatomic particle decays, they release a shower of particles visible in the cloud chamber. Each of these smaller particles are subsequently composed of a number of Negative DPs and Positive DPs, which have aggregated into other particles which may be composed of: photons (g, neutrinos [possibly a photon type particle]), Leptons (electron-type particles, neutrinos [possibly an electron-type particle]) or other quark-based particles (Baryons, and Mesons) after the larger particles decay.

The Neutrino:

Particle decay reveals how the DPs aggregate according to the allowed quanta associations. An interesting and important particulate aggregation is the neutrino. An example of neutrino formation is seen in neutron decay; the neutron releases a proton, electron, and neutrino. The neutrino appears to be a mass in the sense of having a half unit of spin (the amount held by all particles of mass, but not the amount held by photons). The neutrino appears to travel at almost the speed of light, but this data is based on slim evidence. The neutrino may travel at the speed of light like other photons, but not have the whole unit of angular momentum spin of other photons. The hallmark of particles with a rest-mass is the Central DP ???, which transports with the particle. If the neutrino does have a rest mass in the conventional sense, being that it has a neutral charge, it would have both a Central positive and negative DP so as to neutralize its charge. Thus, the more likely scenario is that the neutrino is a photon, a packet of alternative wave, which has a half unit of angular momentum like mass, and carries the increment of energy lost due to the loss of mass in the particle decay where it was formed.

Orbital Quantum Mechanics:

Quantum Mechanical effects are strongly evidenced in the orbital electron behaviors. The energetic states available to the electron orbitals reflect the relationship between the electron cloud and the nucleus. Given that space can only hold certain energies, the velocity of the orbital electron mass must conform to this restriction. The energy differential between two orbitals corresponds to the energy of the photon emitted when an orbital electron drops from the higher to lower orbital. Likewise, an electron occupying the lower orbital may absorb a photon with energy corresponding to the energy differential between two allowed electron orbits.