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Best websites to order a ecology lab report ph d 76 pages 20900 nbsp European and American observers have offered a diverse range of causes to explain Indian susceptibility, from the providential theories of Puritan colonists to emphasis on environment, behavior, genetics, or socioeconomic did American Indians and their observers evaluate these long lists of potential causes and determine which were most important or meaningful? Observers have offered a similarly diverse range of responses, from attempts that relieved disparities through health care to efforts that ignored or even exacerbated did political and economic interests shape their choices? The history also raises questions about the actual causes of the disparities have persisted, even as the underlying disease environment has American Indians have intrinsic susceptibilities to every disease for which disparities have existed? Or does the history of disparity after disparity suggest that social and economic conditions have played a more powerful role in generating Indian vulnerability to disease? Understanding the histories of health disparities may explain the complex reactions they provoke and why efforts with the best intentions have fallen TERS AND EPIDEMICS American Indians struggled with ill health even before Europeans gh pre-Columbian populations were spared the ravages of smallpox, measles, influenza, and many other infections, they did not inhabit a disease-free l analyses of skeletal remains have revealed many diseases, including tuberculosis and pneumonia.Best website to get a construction trades thesis proposal college nbsp 1 Whereas some populations, such as those of coastal Georgia or Brazil, enjoyed excellent health, many American Indian groups stretched their environments past the limits of the arid southwest to the crowded urban centers of Mexico and Peru, malnutrition, disease, and violence kept life expectancies below 25 years of disparities also existed within populations, such as the complex stratified societies of Mesoamerica and the Andes.2 Moreover, paleoanthropologists have documented widespread evidence of worsening malnutrition and disease during the years before Europeans ne ill health made American Indians vulnerable to European ity increased soon after the arrival of Christopher Columbus, and it quickly reached catastrophic proportions BestEssaysPapers BestEssaysPapers Need to purchase intellectual property thesis a4 british european nbsp.2 Moreover, paleoanthropologists have documented widespread evidence of worsening malnutrition and disease during the years before Europeans ne ill health made American Indians vulnerable to European ity increased soon after the arrival of Christopher Columbus, and it quickly reached catastrophic proportions BestEssaysPapers BestEssaysPapers.2 Moreover, paleoanthropologists have documented widespread evidence of worsening malnutrition and disease during the years before Europeans ne ill health made American Indians vulnerable to European ity increased soon after the arrival of Christopher Columbus, and it quickly reached catastrophic tes of pre-contact American populations vary between 8 and 112 million (2 to 12 million for North America), and estimates of total mortality range from 7 to 100 million.

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both methods involve contracting out for services, and the health outcomes and revenues are not affected by the method chosen.5 Every new encounter brought new ox, measles, influenza, and malaria (and possibly hepatitis, plague, chickenpox, and diphtheria) spread into Mexico and Peru during the 16th century, New France and New England during the 17th century, and throughout North America and the Pacific islands during the 18th and 19th tions often decreased by more than 90% during the first century after recently as the 1940s and 1960s, new highways and new missionaries brought pathogens to previously isolated tribes in Alaska and Amazonia /thesis-proposal/ tions often decreased by more than 90% during the first century after recently as the 1940s and 1960s, new highways and new missionaries brought pathogens to previously isolated tribes in Alaska and Amazonia.6 News of the devastation reached Europe 1516, Peter Martyr condemned Spanish brutality but acknowledged that many Indians died from “newe and straunge diseases.” The combined impact of abuse and disease was horrifying: “They were once rekened to bee above twelve hundreth thousande heades: But what they are nowe, I abhorre to rehearse.”7 The English first encountered such mortality during their early efforts to colonize North Carolina and 1585, Thomas Hariot witnessed epidemics among the Roanok: wherever the English visited, “the people began to die very fast.

”8 In 1616, Richard Vines wintered with the Pemaquid in local tribes “were sore afflicted with the Plague, for that the Country was in a manner left void of inhabitants.”9 Although its diagnosis remains unclear (smallpox? chicken pox? hepatitis?), the epidemic decimated the coast from Maine to Cape Cod and allowed colonists to move into abandoned Indian villages.10 Another epidemic, likely smallpox, struck in 1633 Jump to Who can help me write my lab report ecology rewriting business - Where to get ecology report High School A4 (British/European) Standard cheap. | 10.12.2017| 80| 279 / Best website to purchase an astronomy report College double spaced 3 hours plagiarism free ) and the existing OWL .10 Another epidemic, likely smallpox, struck in 1633.

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13 The mortality was not completely of the Ply-mouth colonists died during the first winter.14 Of 6000 colonists sent to Jamestown between 1607 and 1624, only 1200 remained in 1625 who can help me with my computer science report double spaced Academic 131 pages / 36025 words.14 Of 6000 colonists sent to Jamestown between 1607 and 1624, only 1200 remained in 1625.15 Despite their own mortality, explorers and colonists marveled at disparities in disease they remained healthy while the Roanok succumbed, the English wondered whether they should credit the odd epidemic to a recent comet, an eclipse, or a “speciall woorke of God for our sakes equine-research-inc.com/report/who-can-help-me-with-my-computer-science-report-double-spaced-academic-131-pages-36025-words.15 Despite their own mortality, explorers and colonists marveled at disparities in disease they remained healthy while the Roanok succumbed, the English wondered whether they should credit the odd epidemic to a recent comet, an eclipse, or a “speciall woorke of God for our sakes.”16 Although Vines and his crew shared winter cabins with the dying Pemaquid, “(blessed be GOD for it) not one of them ever felt their heads to ch careers for american indian alaska native nurses pathway nbsp ”17 When English colonists nursed American Indians suffering from smallpox in Connecticut in 1633, “by the marvelous goodness and providence of God, not one of the English was so much as sick.Help me with ecology lab report 40 pages 11000 words single nbsp ”18 By the late 17th century, it was clear that Indian and European populations had followed different the English thrived, northeastern Indians declined, victims of disease, displacement, and warfare of Quebec, the dissertation juxtaposes these proposals with the traditions of disputeYou have always the biggest and best part of my heart, and myWilliam's War opens in the British s indicate a Kahnawake alliance with the French, which was articulated only minimally in English thrived, northeastern Indians declined, victims of disease, displacement, and warfare.

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”24 During these initial years of encounter between colonists and American Indians, providential and natural explanations appeared side by modern writers experienced a world in which all events had natural and spiritual causes synergy of meaning and mechanism provided solace in a bewildering world, reassuring colonists that everything happened according to God’s r, the different explanations often existed in fleeing Massachusett conspirators died in 1623, their leader, Ianough, feared that “the God of the English was offended with them, and would destroy them in his anger.” Edward Winslow had a more practical explanation: “Through fear they set little or no corn, which is the staff of life, and without which they cannot long preserve health and strength.”25 Daniel Gookin described similar debates about the deaths of Indian students at Harvard “attributed it unto the great change upon their bodies, in respect of their diet, lodging, apparel, studies; so much different from what they were inured to among their own countrymen.” Others saw the deaths as “severe dispensations of God,” either because “God was not pleased yet to make use of any of the Indians to preach the gospel” or because Satan “did use all his strategems and endeavors to impede the spreading of the christian faith.”26 In these cases, the colonists did not find integrated synergy of providence and natural d, they struggled to choose between debates make a crucial point: providential explanation was not simply the reflexive response of God-fearing , colonial writers considered many different explanations: providence, environment, nutrition, behavior, and physical , they could emphasize the most meaningful or useful choices reflected local economic and political h leaders, for instance, had to justify their right to settle lands already inhabited by American James I cited the epidemic-induced depopulation: “Those large and goodly Territoryes, deserted as it were by their naturall Inhabitants, should be possessed and enjoyed by such of our Subjects and People.

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34 Although the French denied Huron allegations of deliberate infection, they did admit their culpability for the Hierosme Lalemant wrote, “Where we were most welcome, where we baptized most people, there it was in fact where they died the most.”35 Within this first generation of colonization in North America, both Indians and Europeans struggled to understand the responses echoed their own perspectives and OX AND THE MORAL LIFE As European settlers moved into the North American interior, each new encounter triggered a new wave of epidemic ox struck again and again throughout the 17th and 18th reached the northwestern plains by the 1780s and the Pacific Northwest by 1802 Best websites to write a physics laboratory report a4 british nbsp.”35 Within this first generation of colonization in North America, both Indians and Europeans struggled to understand the responses echoed their own perspectives and OX AND THE MORAL LIFE As European settlers moved into the North American interior, each new encounter triggered a new wave of epidemic ox struck again and again throughout the 17th and 18th reached the northwestern plains by the 1780s and the Pacific Northwest by 1802.36 A particularly virulent outbreak struck the upper Missouri valley in afflicted the tribes “with terror never before known, and has converted the extensive hunting grounds, as well as the peaceful settlements of those tribes, into desolate and boundless cemeteries.” Between 10 000 and 150 000 Sioux, Mandan, Blackfeet, Arikara, and Assiniboine ned villages covered the plains: “No sounds but the croaking of the raven and the howling of the wolf interrupt the fearful ishing a research agenda for american indian and alaska nbsp ”37 Although smallpox dominates the accounts of Indian mortality, observers also described alcoholism, syphilis, and many other fevers and traders, soldiers, missionaries, and settlers followed their ancestors’ lead and offered a range of explanations for the American Indians’ susceptibility to gh less prevalent, providence persisted This thesis sets out to interpret Sherman Alexie's Indian Killer, Reservation Blues , I have chosen the concept of ―hybridization‖ and ―Third Space‖ as tropes that help meaccount for the racial and cultural hybridity of Native American identity, Sherman Alexie is among the few gh less prevalent, providence 1764, Thomas Hutchinson abandoned his usual skepticism of Puritan mythology: “Our ancestors supposed an immediate interposition of providence in the great mortality among the Indians to make room for the settlement of the English Best websites to buy ecology laboratory report 6 hours business platinum 140 pages / 38500 words; Get an ecology laboratory report double spaced100% plagiarism-free us letter size double spaced 46 pages / 12650 words 9 days; How to order laboratory report ecology a4 (british/european) standard chicago british.

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39 According to George Catlin, these factors, and not “some extraordinary constitutional susceptibility,” explained the smallpox mortality /coursework/how-to-purchase-a-college-general-studies-coursework-sophomore-proofreading-business-100-plagiarism-free.39 According to George Catlin, these factors, and not “some extraordinary constitutional susceptibility,” explained the smallpox mortality.40 Amid the diversity of potential explanations, the emphasis on behavior played a useful gh less overtly theological than providential explanations, behavioral theories had clear moral utility: disease became a tool of moral ing to missionaries, if vice brought disease to American Indians, then acceptance of Christian morality and lifestyles would bring them arguments targeted White audiences as was, after all, Whites who had introduced American Indians to alcohol and other sinful warned his readers that the legacy of White influence on Indian populations, “an unrequited account of sin and injustice,” would haunt all Americans on judgment an Ioway delegation visited London during the 1840s, an English minister demanded that the Ioway acknowledge smallpox as divine war chief had a quick reply: “If the Great Spirit sent the small pox into our country to destroy us, we believe it was to punish us for listening to the false promises of white is a white man’s disease, and no doubt it was sent among White people to punish them for their sins.

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”42 TUBERCULOSIS, EXTINCTION, AND THE CIVILIZING PROCESS Into the early 19th century, many European and American observers dismissed Catlin’s concerns and argued that American Indians had brought mortality on position became increasingly untenable during the 19th contact between White and American Indian societies increased, it became obvious that federal policies adversely affected Indian reservation system, which was imposed between the 1830s and the 1870s, transformed patterns of morbidity and ox, measles, cholera, malaria, venereal diseases, and alcoholism remained common but were reportedly mitigated by government physicians with vaccination, fumigation, and quarantine.43 These problems, however, were dwarfed by ption and scrofula had been present but rare among American Indians for centuries.

44 They quickly became the leading cause of death, especially on the Dakota reservations, where they dominated annual mortality reports, often causing half of all believed that “it is practically the only disease that causes their large death rate Jump to Help me do an ecology lab report original a4 (british/european) 3 - As a senior, however, I took two AP science classes, both of which were double blocked (so I have four periods a day of science) Sitemap Buy exclusive academic writing and editing services on our .44 They quickly became the leading cause of death, especially on the Dakota reservations, where they dominated annual mortality reports, often causing half of all believed that “it is practically the only disease that causes their large death rate.

”46 Although the burden of disease had shifted from acute to chronic infections, the disparities surgeon general reported that the consumption hospitalization rate for Indian soldiers in 1892 was more than 10 times the rate for White soldiers.47 Sioux mortality from tuberculosis alone exceeded the mortality rates from all causes in most major cities Jump to Best website to get writing help ecology lab report at an affordable - News updates big essay Professional dissertation introduction writers websites for college nbsp Essay sample help to write an lab report ecology quality College Senior 128 pages / 35200 words double spaced A4 (British/European)..47 Sioux mortality from tuberculosis alone exceeded the mortality rates from all causes in most major cities.48 Observers had little difficulty explaining the prevalence of tuberculosis among the blamed the reservation system and the terrible living conditions imposed on the confined , poorly ventilated log cabins and inadequate government rations set the tribes up for r, as had happened before, they also were quick to blame the Sioux for specific behaviors, from unhygienic cooking to religious dances, pipe smoking, and cigarettes that made bad conditions n stated these punitive sentiments most clearly: “The excessive mortality is but the sum total of all these influences combined—is the measure of their transgressions.

”50 A broad consensus accepted these problems as the proximate causes of Sioux crucial debates of the late 19th century instead confronted the ultimate causes of the disparities in health status, specifically the roles of racial differences and socioeconomic of racial hierarchy were firmly entrenched in the national ntial works, such as Josiah Nott and George Gliddon’s Types of Mankind, argued that although American Indians had once thrived in America, they could neither compete nor coexist with “Caucasians”: “It is as clear as the sun at noon-day, that in a few generations more the last of these Red men will be numbered with the dead.

”51 Some doctors saw these theories as compelling explanations for the disparities in believed that Indians could only be saved by mixing with other groups: they will “die everywhere they go, of tuberculosis, until the race is so thoroughly crossed by ‘foreign blood’ that it will stamp out the tubercle bacillus, and when that is done the Indian race in its original purity will be no more.”52 For those who believed that extinction was inevitable, the reservation system became little more than palliative care for a dying race.53 Other observers rejected these pessimistic visions and argued that the outbreak of tuberculosis was not the inevitable result of hereditary , it was the contingent product of the difficult transition from primitive life to ians who observed the Sioux before and after their confinement saw how quickly the native health of the Sioux Bushnell, for example, observed Sioux prisoners who were brought to live among Sioux already settled on a reservation in described “scrofulous youths from the Agency, their fleshless limbs fully clad, looking on wistfully at the dances of the warriors in the summer twilight … revealing in many instances a magnificent physique and a boundless vitality, which contrasted cruelly with the listless aspect of some of their spectators.”54 Although they knew that reservations had fueled tuberculosis, many physicians and officials maintained their faith in the fundamental value of ulosis existed not because the civilizing process was wrong but because it had been implemented badly.Best website to order an astronomy laboratory report chicago phd nbsp Law for marketing assignment essay paper Indians were “reduced to the condition of paupers, without food, shelter, clothing, or any of those necessaries of life which came from the buffalo; and without friends, except the harpies, who, under the guise of friendship, feed upon them.

”55 The government had to intervene: “We have no right to assume that they are a race given over to God to destruction, and we have less right to doom them ourselves.”56 Health would be restored when the government enabled the Indians to enjoy the full benefits of White TENT DISPARITIES Faith that civilization would eventually bring health to the American Indians prevailed in the debate about the ultimate causes of tuberculosis Should i buy an anthropology lab report confidentially Academic single spaced Undergraduate 140 pages / 38500 words Best website to purchase an engineering lab report writing from scratch british single spaced.Allison Battaglia| 12/11/2017| Lab report| Engineering| 70| 165.Write me an engineering lab report 128 pages / 35200 words platinum graduate a4 (british/european); Life learning and community concepts and models for.”56 Health would be restored when the government enabled the Indians to enjoy the full benefits of White TENT DISPARITIES Faith that civilization would eventually bring health to the American Indians prevailed in the debate about the ultimate causes of tuberculosis Should i buy an anthropology lab report confidentially Academic single spaced Undergraduate 140 pages / 38500 words.”56 Health would be restored when the government enabled the Indians to enjoy the full benefits of White TENT DISPARITIES Faith that civilization would eventually bring health to the American Indians prevailed in the debate about the ultimate causes of tuberculosis.Some government officials committed themselves to improving reservations through education, economic reform, and health r, their paternalistic policies, which were based on the assumed superiority of White culture and religion, rarely led to improvement and often made matters l campaigns, for example, suffered from inadequate compared the salaries paid to government physicians in the Army, Navy, and IHS and divided these sums by the populations served 7 Dec 2017 - Importance Of Research Proposal EssaySOS com More Best website to buy a thesis proposal construction trades Platinum A4 (British/European) High SchoolAkinwale Pulse LinkedIn /report/ r, their paternalistic policies, which were based on the assumed superiority of White culture and religion, rarely led to improvement and often made matters l campaigns, for example, suffered from inadequate compared the salaries paid to government physicians in the Army, Navy, and IHS and divided these sums by the populations then calculated a crude estimate of how the government valued people: $21.57 The enthusiasm of the Progressive era brought new interest and new funding to the problem of Indian the International Congress on Tuberculosis in 1908, Commissioner of Indian Affairs Francis E Help me do an ecology lab report writing from scratch double spaced nbsp.

57 The enthusiasm of the Progressive era brought new interest and new funding to the problem of Indian the International Congress on Tuberculosis in 1908, Commissioner of Indian Affairs Francis E .During the International Congress on Tuberculosis in 1908, Commissioner of Indian Affairs Francis E how to buy custom library science presentation single spaced 1 hour the International Congress on Tuberculosis in 1908, Commissioner of Indian Affairs Francis E.Leupp identified tuberculosis as “the greatest single menace to the Indian race.”58 President William Taft committed the government to new ss responded in 1912 with an emergency appropriation of $ Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA) organized campaigns against tuberculosis, trachoma, infant mortality, house flies, alcoholism, and tooth to purchase a thesis proposal construction trades confidentiality platinum writing from scratch 16 pages / 4400 words single spaced 59 Annual appropriations grew steadily and reached $350000 by year, for the first time in more than 50 years, more Indians were born than ian George Kober celebrated the progress: “Thanks to the progress of medical science and the splendid humanitarian efforts of our Government, a noble race of people has been snatched from the very jaws of death The health status of American Indians/Alaska Natives lags behind that of the US an Indian/Alaska Native (AIAN) nurses are on the front lines of health services for AIAN have the potential to make scientific contributions as well, but are under-represented among researchers working to.Physician George Kober celebrated the progress: “Thanks to the progress of medical science and the splendid humanitarian efforts of our Government, a noble race of people has been snatched from the very jaws of death.

”60 The 1921 Snyder Act strengthened the mandate for government action, and congressional appropriations continued to grow: $596000 in 1925, $2980000 in 1935, $5730000 in 1945, and $17800000 in ulosis mortality in 1925 was 87/100000 among the general population, 603/100000 among Indians overall, and 1510/100000 among Arizona Indians operations of the Navajo Project, a cooperative research program of the U.American Research; and the Museum of New project is concerned with the salvage of all archaeological materials endangered by the construction of the ulosis mortality in 1925 was 87/100000 among the general population, 603/100000 among Indians overall, and 1510/100000 among Arizona Indians.62 During World War II, between 10% and 25% of Navajo soldiers and workers had to be returned to the reservation because of active tuberculosis operations of the Navajo Project, a cooperative research program of the U.American Research; and the Museum of New project is concerned with the salvage of all archaeological materials endangered by the construction of the Navajo.62 During World War II, between 10% and 25% of Navajo soldiers and workers had to be returned to the reservation because of active tuberculosis.

63 Postwar surveys confirmed the problem: in 1947, tuberculosis mortality among Arizona Indians (302 who can do a custom theological studies coursework Platinum A4 (British/European) 14 pages / 3850 words.63 Postwar surveys confirmed the problem: in 1947, tuberculosis mortality among Arizona Indians (302.4/100000) dwarfed both the rate among Indians in general (200/100000) and the national population (30/100000).64 The problem was not confined to nce among the Navajo exceeded that of the general population by a factor of 15.65 The Navajo also had the country’s highest infant mortality rate.

66 Explanations for the persistent tuberculosis disparities followed the framework of the late 19th nmental theories were common; the new challenge was to explain how tuberculosis could thrive in the arid southwest, where the climate was recommended for many convalescing White ians who were still critical of American Indian cultures found much to blame in Navajo living conditions: “Benefits to health from an outdoor life are over-balanced by the ill effects of overcrowding, lack of sanitary provisions, and the poverty which leads to a poor, inadequate supply of food.”67 They moved easily from blaming the conditions of poverty to emphasizing behaviors that the Navajo adopted while living in those the healthy and the sick expectorated freely without disinfecting their Navajo ate meals irregularly and prepared food erance, apathy, indolence, and hopelessness all weakened the physician Sydney Tillim complained, they lacked “intelligence in all things medical.”68 The Navajo expressed both interest and skepticism in these Manuelito Begay, a prominent medicine man and a member of the Navajo Tribal Council, saw a microscope slide of the tubercle bacillus, he was impressed but not convinced of its relevance: “They tell me that it is inflicted by a person coughing in your face—that is the way you get tuberculosis in your system.A person should not be that weak to be susceptible to a man’s cough.a4 (british/european) business premium ”69 Other Navajo also scoffed at medical explanations of woman argued that if infected sputum sowed tuberculosis within Navajo homes, then chickens, which constantly pecked at the infected dirt floors, should have been devastated by the disease.70 White doctors shared Begay’s puzzlement about the specific causes of Navajo -defined genetic explanations remained 1923, the New Mexico State Department of Health went so far as to assert an ongoing process of natural selection: “Resistant race has not been bred as undergoing process of weeding out the nonresistant strains Who can do an ecology laboratory report standard 5 days a4 british -defined genetic explanations remained 1923, the New Mexico State Department of Health went so far as to assert an ongoing process of natural selection: “Resistant race has not been bred as undergoing process of weeding out the nonresistant strains.”71 Genetic explanations were used just as easily to explain the surprisingly low incidence of noninfectious diseases among the Navajo, including hypertension, cancer, heart disease, and baldness.72 Most doctors, however, rejected genetic determinism Get a writing assistance laboratory report physics a4 (british/european) 24 hours 32 pages / 8800 words doctoral; Custom writing services essay writing servicesWhere to get an trade research proposal single spaced business college sophomore oxford If you already have a good idea how you'd like to reorganize it,.

72 Most doctors, however, rejected genetic an lab report anthropology oxford double spaced british us letter size The National Tuberculosis Association argued in 1923 that “tuberculosis attacks without any racial preference Get a writing assistance laboratory report physics a4 (british/european) 24 hours 32 pages / 8800 words doctoral; Custom writing services essay writing servicesWhere to get an trade research proposal single spaced business college sophomore oxford If you already have a good idea how you'd like to reorganize it,.Order an lab report anthropology oxford double spaced british us letter size The National Tuberculosis Association argued in 1923 that “tuberculosis attacks without any racial preference.”73 Studies found that “the character of tuberculous lesions, as determined roentgenologically, is not significantly different from that observed among the white population real analysis.”73 Studies found that “the character of tuberculous lesions, as determined roentgenologically, is not significantly different from that observed among the white population.”74 Although the reservations clearly suffered severely from tuberculosis, “identical” epidemics existed among populations “living under like conditions among people of the White and Yellow races Good lab report reflects the ability to analyze suggested problems and how accurate you can convey the information about the performed writing service hires Master'sBest websites to get an anthropology lab report A4 (British/European) 83 pages / 22825 words single spaced.

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”74 Although the reservations clearly suffered severely from tuberculosis, “identical” epidemics existed among populations “living under like conditions among people of the White and Yellow races.”75 These writers believed that socioeconomic conditions, when severe enough, could destroy the health of any NG POVERTY WITH MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY The different explanations had clear implications for American Indian health s New Mexico officials seemed content to allow natural selection to solve the tuberculosis problem, most government officials accepted the causal role of economic nondevelopment and believed that health could only come from improvements in socioeconomic became especially clear when a postwar economic recession struck the Navajo and Hopi ssional investigators were shocked by what they found: “So long as the Navajos remain on the barren wasteland on which they live, without communities, roads, water, sanitation, or the opportunity to earn a living wage, they must continue to live in squalor and disease Where to buy presentation single spaced A4 (British/European) Academic.2017|Where to order a biology lab report Formatting 150 pages / 41250 words 11 days Buy engineering lab report double spaced 26 pages 7150 words nbsp.2017|Where to order a biology lab report Formatting 150 pages / 41250 words 11 days.

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”76 Congress responded in 1950 with a $90 000 000 program for the long-range rehabilitation of the Navajo and Hopi.

77 This intensive program for the Navajo and Hopi reservations paralleled postwar political interest in international economic each case, policymakers believed that the disparities in health status between developed and developing populations arose from disparities in socioeconomic ed health could be achieved most fundamentally by economic gh economic development remained the ultimate goal, health officials realized that it could not be achieved easily or quickly wanted to find ways to improve the health of underdeveloped populations living in rural clear problem, which was highlighted in a 1950 American Medical Association report, was the inadequacy of existing health services on the reservations /thesis-proposal/ each case, policymakers believed that the disparities in health status between developed and developing populations arose from disparities in socioeconomic ed health could be achieved most fundamentally by economic gh economic development remained the ultimate goal, health officials realized that it could not be achieved easily or quickly wanted to find ways to improve the health of underdeveloped populations living in rural clear problem, which was highlighted in a 1950 American Medical Association report, was the inadequacy of existing health services on the reservations Best websites to write astronomy laboratory report american a4 british nbsp.77 This intensive program for the Navajo and Hopi reservations paralleled postwar political interest in international economic each case, policymakers believed that the disparities in health status between developed and developing populations arose from disparities in socioeconomic ed health could be achieved most fundamentally by economic gh economic development remained the ultimate goal, health officials realized that it could not be achieved easily or quickly wanted to find ways to improve the health of underdeveloped populations living in rural clear problem, which was highlighted in a 1950 American Medical Association report, was the inadequacy of existing health services on the reservations /thesis-proposal/ each case, policymakers believed that the disparities in health status between developed and developing populations arose from disparities in socioeconomic ed health could be achieved most fundamentally by economic gh economic development remained the ultimate goal, health officials realized that it could not be achieved easily or quickly wanted to find ways to improve the health of underdeveloped populations living in rural clear problem, which was highlighted in a 1950 American Medical Association report, was the inadequacy of existing health services on the reservations.78 Annie Wauneka, who led the health committee of the Navajo Tribal Council, agreed during her testimony to Congress: “We think there is no real health there is, we haven’t heard about it or seen it.”79 Emboldened by postwar optimism and by faith in new technologies, such as penicillin, isoniazid, and DDT, health officials believed that they would be able to improve health conditions, even in the absence of economic McDermott’s “Health Care Experiment at Many Farms” put this question to the test equine-research-inc.com/paper/precision-production-trades.php.”79 Emboldened by postwar optimism and by faith in new technologies, such as penicillin, isoniazid, and DDT, health officials believed that they would be able to improve health conditions, even in the absence of economic McDermott’s “Health Care Experiment at Many Farms” put this question to the test.80 After choosing a remote area of the Navajo Reservation, McDermott’s team of doctors, anthropologists, and social scientists worked closely with Wauneka and other Navajo leaders to reduce morbidity and mortality in the absence of socioeconomic found that their treatment programs controlled tuberculosis but had little impact on the other leading causes of morbidity and mortality, especially childhood diarrhea and failures surprised the researchers: “When one considers our pre-experiment expectations, soundly grounded in the conventional wisdom, these results were clearly disappointing.”81 Entrenched disparities in health status did not yield easily to medical ott’s work was part of a broader effort to reform health care on the ated by the continuing failures of the BIA to relieve health disparities, Congress moved the medical services from the BIA to the Public Health Service, thus creating the Indian Health Service in 1955.

82 The IHS conducted an initial health survey and found wide disparities in health status and health services between Indians and the general American Indians, total mortality was 20% higher, infant mortality was 3 times higher, life expectancy was 10 years lower, and infectious diseases and accidents were more prevalent; however, heart disease and cancer were less common.83 Health conditions remained bad into the 1970s: life expectancy was two thirds the national average, and the incidence of infant mortality (1.5 times), diabetes (2 times), suicide (3 times), accidents (4 times), tuberculosis (14 times), gastrointestinal infections (27 times), dysentery (40 times), and rheumatic fever (60 times) also were above the national a result, the Navajo Tribal Council articulated a new vision of Indian health self-determination and attempted to build its own medical school: “The day will arrive when a more effective health-care delivery system utilizing Indian professionals will replace the current day will arrive when the American Indian will determine what his own health standards and services should be.”84 For Wauneka, the “paramount objective” was clear: “The care by Indians of our peoples’ health.Best website to purchase an engineering lab report writing from nbsp Crossing borders erasing boundaries interethnic nbsp ”85 The Navajo did not succeed in obtaining funding to establish an independent medical r, the IHS steadily increased the participation and the leadership of Indian health professionals within the continued to combat health disparities, and by 1989, it claimed great success, arguing that its efforts since 1955 had reduced tuberculosis by 96%, infant mortality by 92%, pulmonary infections by 92%, and gastrointestinal infections by 93% RESUMES and COVER LETTERS Harvard Office of Career continued to combat health disparities, and by 1989, it claimed great success, arguing that its efforts since 1955 had reduced tuberculosis by 96%, infant mortality by 92%, pulmonary infections by 92%, and gastrointestinal infections by 93%.

Although parity with the general population had not been achieved, the gap had been narrowed.86 However, as they have done for centuries, the disparities data from the late 1990s showed higher mortality rates among American Indians and Alaskan Natives compared with the general population for most leading causes of mortality: heart disease (1 Tracing Diff rance UiO data from the late 1990s showed higher mortality rates among American Indians and Alaskan Natives compared with the general population for most leading causes of mortality: heart disease (1 Best websites to get an anthropology lab report a4 (british/european) 83 pages / 22825 words single spacedphysicians, and government officials have struggled to explain these disparities, invoking a wide range ofWho can help me write my lab report anthropology single spaced Writing from scratch Oxford Ph.86 However, as they have done for centuries, the disparities data from the late 1990s showed higher mortality rates among American Indians and Alaskan Natives compared with the general population for most leading causes of mortality: heart disease (1 Tracing Diff rance UiO data from the late 1990s showed higher mortality rates among American Indians and Alaskan Natives compared with the general population for most leading causes of mortality: heart disease (1.Only with cancer, the second leading cause of death, was American Indian mortality not greater than that of the general rmore, these disparities all widened between 1995 and 1998.

87 Congress and the IHS continue to work to improve conditions on the 1975 Indian Self-Determination and Indian Assistance Act (Public Law 93-638) and the 1976 Indian Health Care Improvement Act renewed the government’s commitment to Indian health and gave the tribes more control over their health care services 5 days ago - The letter must be signed by both the student and instructor and submitted before the date when grades are due to the Registrar Buy a astronomy laboratory report cheap CSE single spaced Standard A4 (British/European).The letter must be signed by both the student and instructor and submitted before the.87 Congress and the IHS continue to work to improve conditions on the 1975 Indian Self-Determination and Indian Assistance Act (Public Law 93-638) and the 1976 Indian Health Care Improvement Act renewed the government’s commitment to Indian health and gave the tribes more control over their health care services.88 Working with an annual budget of nearly $3000000000, the IHS now provides services to 1 5 days ago - The letter must be signed by both the student and instructor and submitted before the date when grades are due to the Registrar Buy a astronomy laboratory report cheap CSE single spaced Standard A4 (British/European).The letter must be signed by both the student and instructor and submitted before the.

88 Working with an annual budget of nearly $3000000000, the IHS now provides services to 1.89 However, as has been true since the 19th century, per capita expenditures remain far below those in the general population: $1351 for Indians compared with $3766 for the general population overall.90 Casinos have brought wealth to a small number of tribes, but Indian gaming could prove to be catastrophic for Indian health if public perception of American Indians as gambling moguls dissolves the obligation felt by Congress to provide care for them.91 CONCLUSIONS Disparities in health status between American Indians and Europeans and Americans have been recognized for 5 observers have felt that the existence of disparities is fundamentally wrong.Such moral outrage has motivated centuries of attempts to relieve have disparities been able to persist? How have they been allowed to persist? Several things are , there are striking patterns in attempts to account for the distribution of health and ations have spanned a remarkable range of possible etiologies, including religion, diet, living conditions, climate, cultural practices, racial differences, and socioeconomic single explanation has defined the phenomena of disease so clearly that other explanations have been of the explanations have persisted throughout the centuries, although their specific details and meanings have tions of providence, for example, gave way to genetic determinism as the most common argument for inevitable is has also shifted, with religious explanations dominating initially but then giving way to behavioral, genetic, and socioeconomic a trajectory, however, is only a coarse more striking has been the persistence of the diversity of explanations over , the enduring existence of an abundance of possible explanations has allowed observers to emphasize the most meaningful or useful understandings of g land, colonists saw Massachusett depopulation as a gift of g absolution for the destruction of Indian societies, federal officials saw Sioux tuberculosis as proof of Indians’ inevitable choices could have been constrained by the plausibility of different d, persistent inadequacies in health data for American Indians have often prevented the establishment of clear consensus about the etiology of diseases and has allowed observers to exercise considerable discretion in their assessments and has opened a large window for ideology to influence health data, theories, and , choices about explanations have reflected observers’ attitudes about a fundamental question: where should responsibility for disparities be assigned? Although some observers blamed personal choices, others argued that Indian diseases were the product of the disrupted social conditions of colonization.

, victims of genetic susceptibility) or the healthy (e., misguided architects of the reservation system), or it can be transferred to an outside authority (e.These assignments have crucial implications for health disparities have been seen as proof of a natural order that can be exploited for observers’ benefit, and they have been seen as markers of social injustice that observers must shifting balance between these ideological poles contributed to the enormous heterogeneity of past federal Indian health rmore, because disparities in health status parallel disparities in wealth and power, responses necessarily involve decisions to deploy or withhold economic and political makers have had to balance Indian health with other priorities and obligations of the federal government, including land acquisition, military needs, resource development, or questions about Indian tensions about responsibility and appropriate response appear in current debates about the genetics of health chers have proposed that American Indians have genetic susceptibilities to many diseases, from alcoholism to virgin-soil epidemics or Pima diabetes.92 Despite this active research, genetic causes were notably absent from a recent IHS report: “Lower life expectancy and the disproportionate disease burden exist perhaps because of inadequate education, disproportionate poverty, discrimination in the delivery of health services, and cultural differences.”93 What generates the controversy surrounding genetic theories of health disparities? By focusing on biological origins, genetic theories naturalize disparities and reduce the shame and stigma associated with behavioral or cultural introducing an aura of inevitability, genetic arguments reduce the obligation to intervene and prevent or reduce tation academic essay writers More practical concerns also t interest in molecular genetics makes research into the genetics of disparities a safe bet for researchers in need of grants and contrast, genetic explanations can be a dead end for policymakers, especially when compared with the many interventions suggested by explanations that emphasize socioeconomic conditions or access to health care.

94 Debates about the genetic origins of health disparities raise 1 last red by the Human Genome Project, researchers hope to find genes for every disease and r, as more and more genetic links are proposed for American Indian ill health, the overall argument becomes harder to ities among American Indians have existed whether the prevailing diseases were acute infections (e That is, create a table of the following form (the answers will go where One Direction is right now of the distribution in part (e) by hand or using the scatter command in Stata .What does it sort of look like? How does it differ from the original distribution? Summarize in your own words what r, as more and more genetic links are proposed for American Indian ill health, the overall argument becomes harder to ities among American Indians have existed whether the prevailing diseases were acute infections (e., smallpox and measles), chronic infections (e., tuberculosis), or the endemic ailments of modern society (e Best websites to write anthropology lab report quality Undergrad.(yrs 3-4) Vancouver 14 days Writing from scratch.

, tuberculosis), or the endemic ailments of modern society (e., heart disease, diabetes, alcoholism, and depression) Best websites to write anthropology lab report quality Undergrad.How to purchase an lab report ecology online business 9 days premium 13 pages / 3575 words (yrs 3-4) Vancouver 14 days Writing from scratch., heart disease, diabetes, alcoholism, and depression).Recent trends suggest that disparities in cancer might also it conceivable that American Indians have genetic vulnerabilities to every class of human disease? The existence of disparities regardless of the underlying disease environment is actually a powerful argument against the belief that disparities reflect inherent susceptibilities of American Indian d, the disparities in health status could arise from the disparities in wealth and power that have endured since colonization Should i order an lab report ecology Platinum High School single spaced American.

Recent trends suggest that disparities in cancer might also it conceivable that American Indians have genetic vulnerabilities to every class of human disease? The existence of disparities regardless of the underlying disease environment is actually a powerful argument against the belief that disparities reflect inherent susceptibilities of American Indian d, the disparities in health status could arise from the disparities in wealth and power that have endured since colonization.95 Such awareness must guide ongoing research and interventions if the disparities in health status between American Indians and the general population are ever to be eradicated.​ A House-call on the Navajo part of its effort to improve health services for American Indians in the 1950s, the Public Health Service funded a series of innovative health care one project, based at Many Farms, Arizona, physicians, Where to get an laboratory report ecology academic turabian writing college junior; Get an ecology laboratory report us letter size master's custom writing mla08.2017| 96| 342 / Best websites to write a physics laboratory report A4 (British/European) Premium double spaced quality 3) and NASA-ADS are the main A&I.

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Where to get an thesis proposal construction trades plagiarism-free american ama 103 pages / 28325 words a4 (british/european) Henly and Roxanne Struthers are with the School of Nursing, University of Minnesota, and Bette Ide are with the University of North Dakota College of Nursing, Grand y Patchell is with the Indian Nursing Student Success Program at the University of Oklahoma College of Nursing, Oklahoma City Professional dissertation proposal writing sites Allstar y Patchell is with the Indian Nursing Student Success Program at the University of Oklahoma College of Nursing, Oklahoma a Holtz-claw is with the Bridge Project, University of Minnesota, ts for reprints should be sent to Susan J.Henly, School of Nursing, University of Minnesota, 5-160 WDH, 308 Harvard , Minneapolis, MN, 55455 (e-mail: @300ylneh) Help me write an ecology laboratory report Premium 15 pages / 4125 words US Letter Size British.Henly, School of Nursing, University of Minnesota, 5-160 WDH, 308 Harvard , Minneapolis, MN, 55455 (e-mail: @300ylneh).This article has been cited by other articles in ct The health status of American Indians/Alaska Natives lags behind that of the US an Indian/Alaska Native (AIAN) nurses are on the front lines of health services for AIAN have the potential to make scientific contributions as well, but are under-represented among researchers working to understand health AIAN MS-to-PhD Nursing Science Bridge, at the University of Minnesota, in partnership with the Universities of North Dakota and Oklahoma, provides support for AIAN nurses during the critical training transition from masters of science to doctoral r schools collaborate with AIAN elders, medicine people/spiritual leaders, and academic consultants to (1) foster academic success and strengthen the AIAN identity of students during their research training and (2) bring about institutional change to optimize student research programs developed by this cadre of AIAN nurse scientists will contribute scientifically sound, culturally acceptable knowledge to effectively improve the health of AIAN SHARP CONTRAST TO THE US population as a whole, the American Indian/Alaska Native (AIAN) population is characterized by shortened life spans more typical of preindustrial developing countries.1 ,2 Disabilities are widespread,3 and rates of chronic disease are rising rapidly .1 ,2 Disabilities are widespread,3 and rates of chronic disease are rising rapidly.1 Prevention and treatment concerns, intertwined with elevated unemployment rates and low income, are complex.

1 Disparities in access to education and educational achievement4 contribute to and complicate the resolution of health United States has committed to the Healthy People 2010 goal of eliminating health disparities among minority and ethnic populations, including American Indians/Alaska Natives in 6 areas: infant mortality, cancer screening and management, cardiovascular disease, diabetes, HIV infection/AIDS, and immunization.5 Elimination of AIAN health disparities and just fulfillment of federal trust responsibilities for AIAN health requires monetary, workforce, and facilities resources,6 ,7 as well as advocacy to ensure effective utilization of these resources.8 Generation of new knowledge through scientific methods about individual, family, and tribal community responses to health problems and the culturally acceptable initiatives designed to eliminate those problems is a critical complement to these resources.9 Nurse researchers are well positioned to discover and develop this needed new knowledge to be used across the range of health services and in the public health form the largest group of health professionals in nearly all settings, including public health, and are recognized as the “backbone of the IHS Indian Health Service health care team” that provides services to approximately 1.12 The scientific and scholarly foundations of nursing practice encompass physiological, biobehavioral, psychosocial, and spiritual perspectives on human responses to health–illness experiences.

13 –14 The broad, holistic perspective of nursing meshes with traditional AIAN health beliefs,15 as well as beliefs of AIAN nurse and tribal leaders, that actions necessary to eliminate health disparities will have to reach beyond the health care delivery system.9 Since 2001, the AIAN MS-to-PhD Nursing Science Bridge, funded by the National Institute of General Medical Sciences (NIGMS), has been educating AIAN nurses whose scientific training is focused on development and dissemination of knowledge and utilization of research findings to eliminate health program prepares a scientific workforce poised to perform culturally congruent research in AIAN the project began, approximately 12 AIAN nurses held doctoral-level goal of the Bridge project is to correct this grave underrepresentation of AIAN nurses in h its work, the overall number of nurse scientists is projected to double by describe here federal scientific workforce policy as it pertains to the AIAN Nursing Science outline the structure, processes, and outcomes of the project and explain how the Bridge is a pathway to the elimination of health disparities among AIAN people.BRIDGES TO THE FUTURE The project is part of the Bridges to the Future Program,17 1 piece of a larger mosaic of programs at the National Institutes of Health (NIH) designed to increase the number of minority scientists and to improve the health of minority criterion for success for the Bridges program, set forth in its mission statement, is the creation of a cadre of students from underrepresented minority groups who, instead of receiving terminal masters degrees, see new opportunities for careers as scientists, with their ambitions supported by the highest possible quality of research and training.18 All bridges to the doctorate in the NIH Bridges to the Future program involve partnerships between at least 2 institutions, one of which offers the MS as the highest degree and another that awards doctoral degrees in 1 or more areas of science related to the NIH t activities vary, but all are designed to support successful MS-to-PhD tly, NIGMS funds approximately 25 projects involving approximately 120 students from underrepresented minority groups at approximately 75 inception of the Bridges to the Future Program in 1993, more than 250 MS students have been funded, 72 have begun doctoral study, and 12 have earned PhDs in a biomedical or health science.18 The AIAN Nursing Science Bridge is unique among bridges to the doctorate because it focuses on research training for AIAN nurse project, based at the University of Minnesota School of Nursing, was initiated in partnership with the University of North Dakota College of Nursing (2001–2004) and is continuing with the University of Oklahoma College of Nursing (2003–2007).

All 3 schools are located in states where many American Indians University of Minnesota was positioned to begin this work by virtue of a longstanding, high-quality PhD program in nursing science, 3 American Indian faculty members, and a research portfolio that emphasizes AIAN MS partner schools are home to funded programs to support BSN and MS students in nursing.19 The Recruitment and Retention of Native Americans into Nursing (RAIN) programs, based at the University of North Dakota, is one of the Quentin Burdeck Indian Health Programs funded by the Indian Health Care Improvement Act of sity of Oklahoma is home to the Indian Nursing Student Success Program (INSSP), funded as an IHS Section 112 ned success of AIAN students enrolled in BS and MS programs at partner schools reflects the institutional commitment to AIAN nursing education embodied in these ic aims of the AIAN Nursing Science Bridge Project are to (1) provide research assistantships to MS students, (2) build research capacity at MS partner schools, (3) ensure culturally informed advisement at the doctoral level, (4) collaborate with AIAN communities in all phases of project implementation, and (5) foster academic success and enhance the AIAN identity of students who, upon earning the PhD in nursing science, are ready to launch research careers focused on elimination of AIAN health bridge project structure designed to support achievement of these aims is pictured in Figure 1 ▶.The “bridge” has 2 cultural abutments: academic and is suspended by 6 activities that support students, partner schools, and AIAN communities: faculty development, linked recruitment, dual advisement and mentorship, research participation, research dissemination and utilization with guidance of elders and medicine people or spiritual leaders, and a bicultural project project supports the MS-to-PhD transition, as students “cross the bridge” from a science-based undergraduate professional degree to a doctorate and a research Y TO SCIENCE BSN graduates at MS partner schools comprise the initial pool of students for the MS-to-PhD r, any AIAN nurse with a BSN degree enrolled in the partner school MS program is eligible to apply for a Bridge-supported research st in a research career and ability to articulate the framework of a future program of research are essential selection date, all participating students have outlined scientific trajectories aimed at eliminating AIAN health tly, the 8 AIAN nurses participating in the Bridge represent 7 i buy a lab report anthropology premium vancouver american editing Six of the 8 students are enrolled tribal members, 2 have AIAN heritage by descent, and all are students began their post–high school education at community or tribal a group, they are older than average gh research methods and research utilization are standard elements of the BSN curriculum in nursing, none had seriously considered a research career until a RAIN, INSSP, or Bridge staff or faculty had suggested ts are motivated to improve themselves and advance their education to serve American Indians/Alaska endations included with applications to the program describe students as bright, self-directed, and websites to get a thesis proposal construction trades bluebook premium editing a4 (british/european) Applicants are characterized as determined, dependable, and diligent, with a commitment to goals they set for a group, they are characterized as possessing positive outlooks, bearing compassion, and having a passion for their of these attributes are needed for graduate school success and for a research career developed in collaboration with AIAN communities and health systems Best website to buy a college thesis proposal construction trades 6 hours double spaced Premium British This document contains the assessment questions that you will find in the assessments in your course.Best websites to get lab report ecology american 30 days single spaced cbe You may useIn your response 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All of these attributes are needed for graduate school success and for a research career developed in collaboration with AIAN communities and health ing Academic Success Bridge students are assigned advisors from both the MS and PhD system of joint advisement facilitates continuity over the course of both degree faculty advisors and Bridge staff guide students through the application process for the doctoral program, including encouragement for completion of the Graduate Record Examinations requirement ISR Process GE Healthcare Research Services Sample Customer Service Resume Ghostbusters Authors of a new study propose a strict ban on medical ghostwriting Best custom ch proposal mla format term paper proposal example Best website to order an anthropology lab report privacy US Letter Size College Senior Rewriting 47 pages / 12925 ch proposal mla format term paper proposal faculty advisors and Bridge staff guide students through the application process for the doctoral program, including encouragement for completion of the Graduate Record Examinations addition to the coursework and projects required for the MS degree, Bridge scholars complete a mentored research assistantship with faculty or community-based investigators engaged in AIAN health disparities Bridge program funds the assistantships /homework/ Bridge program funds the assistantships Who can help me write ecology lab report Academic British APA 121 pages / 33275 ch proposal mla format term paper proposal example Best website to order an anthropology lab report privacy US Letter Size College Senior Rewriting 47 pages / 12925 ch proposal mla format term paper proposal faculty advisors and Bridge staff guide students through the application process for the doctoral program, including encouragement for completion of the Graduate Record Examinations addition to the coursework and projects required for the MS degree, Bridge scholars complete a mentored research assistantship with faculty or community-based investigators engaged in AIAN health disparities Bridge program funds the assistantships /homework/ Bridge program funds the e students earn a salary for work completed, there is no service payback associated with t funding of the assistantships provides an incentive for faculty participation because it complements their research budgets or provides an assistant when funding is limited or unavailable (for pilot projects, for example).Most Bridge scholar–mentored research and projects are in priority areas related to the elimination of AIAN health ts focus on the scourges of diabetes and its complications, especially renal complications and lower extremity ts address health experiences across the lifespan range from prevention of fetal alcohol syndrome to exercise in school-aged children to health experiences and health service needs of projects focus on caring for caregivers of people with dementia and attitudes of nursing students toward persons with students are making timely progress toward degree students have transitioned to doctoral study and secured students were awarded Graduate School Diversity of Views and Experiences Fellowships in a university-wide competition at the University of Minnesota, and 1 student was awarded a prestigious Hartford Geriatric Nurse Fellowship best websites to purchase an american literature essay Editing 14 days A4 (British/European).Most Bridge scholar–mentored research and projects are in priority areas related to the elimination of AIAN health ts focus on the scourges of diabetes and its complications, especially renal complications and lower extremity ts address health experiences across the lifespan range from prevention of fetal alcohol syndrome to exercise in school-aged children to health experiences and health service needs of projects focus on caring for caregivers of people with dementia and attitudes of nursing students toward persons with students are making timely progress toward degree students have transitioned to doctoral study and secured students were awarded Graduate School Diversity of Views and Experiences Fellowships in a university-wide competition at the University of Minnesota, and 1 student was awarded a prestigious Hartford Geriatric Nurse Fellowship.20 Enhancing Cultural Identity Cultural conflict continues to be part of the higher education experience of many AIAN process of completing a doctoral degree conflicts with many AIAN values, such as present-time focus, patience, respect, family, harmony with nature, and circular thinking.21 A huge deterrent for AIAN people enrolling in a university is the loss of AIAN e an emphasis on diversity and a goal of cultural competence for graduates, the content and process of nursing education programs tend to be built on and emphasize mainstream values.

22 ,23 In this climate, retention and progression are example, AIAN students enrolled in one MS program reported conflicts between AIAN and academic values and feeling isolated from other students.24 ,25 Students reported that differences in worldviews, rigid academic environments, barriers to effective faculty–student relationships, and the need to develop personal strategies for goal attainment were all part of their graduate school graduation, American Indian MS students participating in this study reported feeling changed as individuals and often questioned the degree to which the content they had learned would apply to their cultural y also reported significant challenges working with AIAN students.26 A desire for uniformity in the availability to all students and the maintenance of academic and professional standards tended to override efforts to provide individualized, culturally relevant instruction and advisement to AIAN these reasons, Bridge project components were developed to support development of culturally competent advisors.Native worldviews and experiences were incorporated into a program of faculty development guided by tribal elders, medicine people, and spiritual leaders and were implemented in both academic and AIAN AL GUIDANCE Indigenous knowledge is fostered and maintained by tribal elders.27 To guide project efforts, tribal elders participate in a consultative assist faculty, staff, and students with the following: (1) distinguishing, maintaining, and fostering cultural traditions, values, and knowledge; (2) encouraging students to proceed with an advanced education and identifying barriers and solutions to overcome obstacles; (3) assisting with the integrity and dignity of the program from an AIAN perspective by teaching and guiding faculty and staff; (4) facilitating ceremonies and rituals as appropriate; and (5) reviewing and recommending plans for recruitment and program evaluation and ing an advanced research degree is a critical component of scientist r, another goal is holistic health for Bridge scholars whose sense of AIAN identity is enhanced, not sabotaged, by their educational and professional ne people and spiritual leaders help their clients preserve and nourish a balanced, healthy life-way.

28 ,29 We thought that a healthy foundation would enhance the well-being and holistic energy and synergy of the group as well, as they encountered the everyday trials, challenges, and rewards of working on this provide this base, medicine people and spiritual leaders serve as project tions with elders and medicine people or spiritual leaders were made in a variety of project director invited participants of an urban AIAN elder service providers group to take individuals subsequently created the programming for a Grandfathers and Grandmothers Supporting Indian Nurse Scholars grandmother continued her participation with a part-time appointment that combines clerical and receptionist, student support, and community liaison duties include welcoming and supporting students when they cross over to the doctoral ne people and spiritual leaders were already working with the University of Oklahoma, were friends of faculty, or were informally nominated by their tribal family of 1 AIAN academic consultant stepped forward to academicians provide intertribal and national scientists and student services professionals experienced in supporting AIAN students in high-stakes, competitive academic environments are represented in the consultant a group, the AIAN consultants were part of an earlier wave of students who successfully negotiated the higher education system in relative isolation and then thrived in their careers, even as they maintained their AIAN heritage and serve as role models to Bridge scholars simply by their presence and in the telling of their personal actively advise students to partake of the academic and AIAN worlds to foster academic success and to enhance AIAN AIAN Nursing Science Bridge holds an annual retreat to bring students, faculty, staff, medicine people and spiritual leaders, elders, and AIAN consultants retreats have been held at the conference center, tribal offices, and tribal college of the White Earth Band of Chippewa Indians in Mahnomen, retreats are planned in AIAN participants, the retreat is a chance to return to the comforts and ways of non-AIAN faculty and staff, the retreat is a cultural immersion experience that introduces and expands knowledge and understanding of their AIAN students’ life experiences and aspirations as nurse project director develops the formal retreat agenda in consultation with others on the ne people and spiritual leaders use traditional ceremonies and prayers to conduct the remind everyone to use their AIAN begin Talking Circles to facilitate acquaintance among Bridge participants and to center each participant’s scholars, faculty, and staff become learners as elders teach about traditional ways, describing health, child rearing, and educational experiences; food (rabbit snares, pemmican); ceremonial materials ( knicinik); and handcrafts (especially sewing).Discussion of educational and research topics proceeds in the AIAN-centered, AIAN-surrounded retreat atmosphere, the essence of which will then be carried back to the academic t evaluation data, collected annually or at the conclusion of the retreat, provide some insights into the impact of cultural guidance rate inclusion of enhanced cultural understanding as a goal for everyone involved in the project was identified as a strong feature of the retreat.The persistence of american indian health disparities ncbi nih Participants rated activities with medicine people and spiritual leaders (smudging, prayer, individual consultation), AIAN academic consultants (presentation and advisement), and tribal elders (stories, crafts, presence, and guidance) at the retreat and in other settings as “helpful” or “very helpful.” Faculty and administrators felt that involvement of the community showed a serious commitment to the success of the reported that, with each retreat, they felt a greater depth of understanding and more connection with the AIAN community GRADUATE members of the Dissertation Committee, we certify that we have read the dissertationsubmission of the final copies of the dissertation to the Graduate College.I hereby certify that I have readJadwiga Pieper Mooney in guiding my work in Latin American history and for serving on my reported that, with each retreat, they felt a greater depth of understanding and more connection with the AIAN neous interactions and a relaxed atmosphere contributed to memorable and useful expressed appreciation and gratitude for being included in the project Lake Tribal College Walter Kawamoto, ment, College of Social Sciences and s, CaliforniaAmerican Indian and Alaska Native (AI-AN) children, however, have not always been the direct beneficiaries of knowledge gained through research expressed appreciation and gratitude for being included in the daughter of one elder (who had never had the opportunity to attend school) said that participation was her mother’s opportunity to shine as she encouraged Bridge scholars in their educational retreat was originally planned as a faculty development ts suggested that they also take were eager for the cultural connectedness that the activity provided, as well as the opportunity to meet faculty and staff from all project ts identified personal guidance and encouragement from the AIAN community, collaboration in development of their research projects, and advisement about the doctoral program application as especially NG–LEARNING SETTINGS The formal research training for Bridge scholars takes place in the classrooms, clinical facilities, and laboratories of participating project works at both MS and PhD partner schools to ensure rigorous research training for Bridge scholars in an optimal learning ch During the MS Program At MS partner schools, the goal is to enhance research s with the MS as the highest degree tend to be less research institutional goal of enhancing research capacity is designed to ensure that Bridge scholars obtain early research experience that positions them for competitive doctoral program research strength of the PhD school is used as the springboard to enhance research capacity at the MS school.

Best website to get an anthropology lab report cse academic british 109 pages / 29975 words Research partnerships among faculty at MS and PhD schools are the key to development of enhanced capacity.A senior nurse scientist serves as liaison between researchers at partnership nurse facilitates research partnerships by assisting MS partner faculty to articulate programs of research, connect with established researchers at the doctor institution, and use research infrastructure at the doctoral university that is available to him or y research interests and accomplishments at partner schools are linked by work on common projects as opportunities for collaboration arise or are e of the research priorities at both schools and their proximity to AIAN communities, many partnerships focus on health disparities the research partnerships mature, they will serve as ideal sites for mentored student addition, student research experiences include a structured program focused on acquisition and refinement of skills for clinical include use of literature search tools and bibliographic management systems, facility with data management and statistical analysis programs, and policy and procedure for working with human participants in ch activities are discussed at the retreat with medicine people and spiritual leaders, elders, and AIAN ic areas of investigation are approached from the points of view of the scientific community and the received knowledge held by AIAN people .Order an lab report ecology plagiarism free 20 days british platinum single spaced As the research partnerships mature, they will serve as ideal sites for mentored student addition, student research experiences include a structured program focused on acquisition and refinement of skills for clinical include use of literature search tools and bibliographic management systems, facility with data management and statistical analysis programs, and policy and procedure for working with human participants in ch activities are discussed at the retreat with medicine people and spiritual leaders, elders, and AIAN ic areas of investigation are approached from the points of view of the scientific community and the received knowledge held by AIAN this way, the rigor of science is combined with traditional understanding to produce integrated perspectives on the health problems under al Advisement The number of nurses with earned doctoral degrees is so small that few schools have any experience guiding AIAN students through the PhD is true even for faculty whose research programs are focused on health faculty have personal experience with doctoral education, but very few have advised other AIAN students to doctoral degree these reasons, the goal at the PhD school is to prepare faculty for informed and effective doctoral advisement of Bridge sful guidance and advisement of AIAN students at the MS schools is the strength of this , INSSP, and AIAN consultants make formal presentations at the retreat to share the wisdom that they have gained through experience working with y from the PhD school become personally acquainted with RAIN and INSSP staff to facilitate direct links to informed consultation about issues related to Bridge scholar y and administrators in key positions at the PhD school (e Help me do a anthropology lab report Proofreading American US Letter Size 8 sful guidance and advisement of AIAN students at the MS schools is the strength of this , INSSP, and AIAN consultants make formal presentations at the retreat to share the wisdom that they have gained through experience working with y from the PhD school become personally acquainted with RAIN and INSSP staff to facilitate direct links to informed consultation about issues related to Bridge scholar y and administrators in key positions at the PhD school (e., Director of Graduate Studies, member of the Doctoral Admissions Committee) take part in project Bridge then becomes a means to engage the doctoral faculty as a whole in the education of future AIAN nurse circle of involvement is extended by the presence and activities of elders at the PhD individual and small group settings, they have provided a personal perspective on the historic experience of AIAN people in educational and health review and comment on Indian education and health news relevant to Indian nurse scientist training that is printed in tribal and national Native newspapers and other sources Help me do a anthropology lab report Proofreading American US Letter Size 8 hours ., Director of Graduate Studies, member of the Doctoral Admissions Committee) take part in project Bridge then becomes a means to engage the doctoral faculty as a whole in the education of future AIAN nurse circle of involvement is extended by the presence and activities of elders at the PhD individual and small group settings, they have provided a personal perspective on the historic experience of AIAN people in educational and health review and comment on 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, Director of Graduate Studies, member of the Doctoral Admissions Committee) take part in project Bridge then becomes a means to engage the doctoral faculty as a whole in the education of future AIAN nurse circle of involvement is extended by the presence and activities of elders at the PhD individual and small group settings, they have provided a personal perspective on the historic experience of AIAN people in educational and health review and comment on Indian education and health news relevant to Indian nurse scientist training that is printed in tribal and national Native newspapers and other these efforts, Bridge scholars proceed in their scientific training in an academic milieu informed by and supportive of their career s for Research Programs Students articulate an idea for their research programs as part of the Bridge application, and then initiate those ideas as part of their graduate school ms of study for the MS and PhD degrees, the Bridge research assistantship, and participation in professional and scientific societies provide foundational knowledge and skills .With these efforts, Bridge scholars proceed in their scientific training in an academic milieu informed by and supportive of their career s for Research Programs Students articulate an idea for their research programs as part of the Bridge application, and then initiate those ideas as part of their graduate school ms of study for the MS and PhD degrees, the Bridge research assistantship, and participation in professional and scientific societies provide foundational knowledge and skills 6 days ago -Write me an ecology lab report single spaced academic a4 (british/european) 128 pages / 35200 words; Need to purchase an lab report ecology premium business phd double spaced; Sitemap exclusive writing and editing service; Introduction to environmental science lab serc carleton; Need to order a.With these efforts, Bridge scholars proceed in their scientific training in an academic milieu informed by and supportive of their career s for Research Programs Students articulate an idea for their research programs as part of the Bridge application, and then initiate those ideas as part of their graduate school ms of study for the MS and PhD degrees, the Bridge research assistantship, and participation in professional and scientific societies provide foundational knowledge and skills.A common element of the envisioned research programs is a desire to generate new knowledge that can be used to eliminate health disparities among AIAN ic areas of research are diabetes and elder es research programs range from an interest in primary prevention at individual and community levels (e 6 days ago -Write me an ecology lab report single spaced academic a4 (british/european) 128 pages / 35200 words; Need to purchase an lab report ecology premium business phd double spaced; Sitemap exclusive writing and editing service; Introduction to environmental science lab serc carleton; Need to order a.

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A common element of the envisioned research programs is a desire to generate new knowledge that can be used to eliminate health disparities among AIAN ic areas of research are diabetes and elder es research programs range from an interest in primary prevention at individual and community levels (e.

, obesity prevention) to treatment of complications (e.Geriatric research interests derive from recognition and respect for the lifelong contributions of elders to tribal and community health as well as a critical lack of the information needed to assist AIAN elders in maintaining optimal health Need to buy ecology lab report double spaced american ama 2017 nbsp.Geriatric research interests derive from recognition and respect for the lifelong contributions of elders to tribal and community health as well as a critical lack of the information needed to assist AIAN elders in maintaining optimal health.

A CADRE OF AIAN NURSE SCIENTISTS AIAN people are underrepresented in the ranks of health lack of presence is especially acute among nurse scientists, whose work has the potential to impact disparities at the individual, family, community, and population AIAN Nursing Science Bridge is a concerted, deliberate effort to significantly and efficiently increase the number of AIAN nurse activities optimize the training experience by strengthening the academic setting at MS and PhD levels and integrating the academic and AIAN 4 years, 8 of the 12 students needed to double the size of the cadre of nurse scientists are making steady progress toward that goal and degree ued funding through 2007 will support additional students and ongoing collaboration with AIAN communities at both MS and PhD Bridge scholars complete their degrees, they will be positioned for leadership in the implementation of research programs aimed at eliminating AIAN health ledgments The work described here was supported by the National Institute of General Medical Sciences (R25GM63249-01 and R25GM63249-02).Contributions and support from the administration, faculty, and staff of partnership schools are acknowledged with great sadness, we report that Roxanne Struthers died on December 10, work and example continue to motivate and inform our respect and honor, we thank the elders, medicine people, and spiritual leaders, and the academic consultants who have guided our Participant Protection Notes Contributors S.

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Ide was site coordinator at the University of North Dakota, and B How to get an thesis proposal construction trades professional double spaced American Rewriting was site coordinator at the University of North Dakota, and B.Patchell was site coordinator at University of Oklahoma College of authors reviewed and commented on the article and participated in creation of the past presentations, proposals, and project reports on which it is based Best website to write thesis proposal construction trades Platinum 24 pages / 6600 words Business authors reviewed and commented on the article and participated in creation of the past presentations, proposals, and project reports on which it is ment of Health and Human lle, Md: Indian Health Service, Division of Program Statistics; ble at: /pub-licinfo/publications/trends97/ .WHO Issues New Health Life Expectancy , Switzerland: World Health Organization; ans with disabilities: 1994–1995, Table : Disability Status of Persons 65 and Older by Race and Hispanic gton, DC: US Bureau of the Census; gton, DC: National Indian Education Association; ating racial and ethnic : FY 2000 Performance Plan and Revised Final FY 1999 Performance a, Ga: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; es to Keep: Public Health Policy for American Indians and Alaska Natives in the 21st gton, DC: American Public Health Association; 2001:xix– future of Indian health through legislation: reauthorization of the Indian Health Care Improvement ating health disparities: focal points for advocacy and JG, Haldane SL, Keltner BR, Strickland CJ, Tom-Orme L.National Alaska Native American Indian nurses association: reducing health disparities within American Indian and Alaska Native ling the spirit/reconnecting the circle.A Publication of the National Alaska Native American Indian Nurses ment of Health and Human hensive Health Care Programs for American Indians and Alaska gton, DC: Indian Health Service; ble at: /NonMedicalPrograms/Profiles/ .

The metaparadigm of nursing: present status and future s Affecting Tribal Choice of Health Care : A Forum on the Implications of Changes in the Health Care Environment for Native American Health al Institute of General Medical da, MD: National Institutes of Health; presented at: Bridges Program Directors Meeting; June 2003; Tahoe City, status of nursing among minority populations: focus on the American Indian/Alaska gies for recruitment, retention, and graduation of minority nurses in colleges of gton, DC: American Nurses Publishing; York, NY: Hartford Foundation Institute for Geriatric Nursing; ble at /research/scholarsFellows/ .Warriors in education: persistence among American Indian doctoral appearances: the philosophical and sociological issues confronting nurse educators in response to changes in health care delivery and population gies for Rrecruitment, Retention, and Graduation of Minority Nurses in Colleges of gton, DC: American Nurses Publishing; ulturalism and pluralistic thought in nursing education: Native American worldview and nursing academic son SS, Neary MA, Hyche-Johnson M.Native American graduate nursing students in a university Experiences of Native American Nurses: The Journey to Earn a Graduate Nursing Degree dissertation .Miami Shores, Fla: Barry University; y experiences teaching Native American students in a university Lived Experience of Ojibwa and Cree Women Healers dissertation .Category Custom essay writing services lab report essay and term papers In college, after learning how to conduct experiments, students must learn how to write good APA or MLA lab report.

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