The arresting power of the original SimCity in 1989 can seem
alien to us today. The simulation is literally distant, hoisting the player
heavenward and granting him the power to zone land for commercial,
industrial, or residential development. An average play session is marked
by mundane occurrences: traffic jams, natural disasters, budgets. For many,
three decades on, the experience is haughty, removed, even a little dull.
With context, we can better understand the delirious approval heaped on SimCity in its day.

Back in February 1989, a game with neither an objective nor protagonist was still a novelty. Bullfrog's Populous was several months away, and Myst wouldn't turn exploration into an industry staple for another four years. Digital paint software and virtual engineering kits such as Electronic Arts' Construction Set series had existed for some time, but these were borrowed capital - video game adaptations of art class and Erector sets.

SimCity was video gaming's first indigenous species. Its tilt-shift world could exist only in computer space, powered by a million computing cycles per second. SimCity's creator, Will Wright, coined the term "software toy" to emphasize his innovation, and for years SimCity remained the most popular software toy on the market as players wrangled with the game's open-ended questions.

What did the disembodied view represent? (A mayor's daydreams over a topo map? A satellite feed? The eye of God?) And what did it mean to 'win' the game?

SimCity declined to dictate an end-game scenario. SimCity didn't mind what
you did. SimCity wasn't prescriptive. It was your sandbox - an empty
canvas, a blank check. The appeal lay in its subsystem-driven design, in
which traffic, population, disasters, and utilities begin to interplay in
surprising ways. The subsystems conceal an essentially simple simulation
beneath layers of perceived complexity and allow players to improvise their
own fun. No longer did the game designer, far removed by space and time,
direct the experience with a firm hand. Instead the players called the
shots, even to the extreme of wrecking their cities with a giant lizard or
a tornado.

Players could come and go as they pleased, but in general they came (and
stayed) in unprecedented numbers: a million units sold by 1992. It was a
golden era for Will Wright and his comrades at Maxis Software, and SimCity's phenomenal performance gave the studio breathing
room to tinker with the software toy. SimEarth, SimAnt, SimLife, and SimFarm marked the years following 1989's gold
boom, to varying degrees of success.

Through 1994, with the release of SimCity 2000, the Maxis monopoly on software toys continued. But the market was changing, and SimCity 's future hold on the rank and file looked tenuous. SimCity 2000 was gauche compared to 1995's strategic heavy-hitters, Warcraft II and Command & Conquer. Elsewhere in the industry, Quake and hardware acceleration were about to rocket action gaming into the polygonal stratosphere.

As the SimCity 2000 revenue stream began to trail off, Will Wright
cast about for something new, something different, something 3D. He
alighted on a Hindenburg flight simulator. Though it would be shelved over
concerns about Nazi imagery, the general flight sim concept would resurface
soon enough.

1995 found Maxis in a state of turmoil with, as Geoff Keighly put it, "no
focus, no clear direction, and Wall Street banging on the door." An IPO had
introduced capital, but mounting pressure came with the influx of cash. New
management leveled an ultimatum on engineering: four products shipped by
the end of 1996. Understaffed, out of time, and without a SimCity
sequel in the pipeline, Will Wright dusted off the Hindenburg flight
simulator and gave it a civic coat of paint. The game was to be the start
of a new franchise and a prototype - a new moneymaker and Maxis' polygonal
debut.

Now it was Maxis' turn to field hard questions. What was the SimCity
philosophy in the context of a 3D action game? Could it survive the
transition? Was there time to do it right?

SimCity

SimCopter

SimCopter - Windows (1996)

The flying occurs in an assortment of real-life airframes from Bell,
McDonnell Douglas, and Schweitzer. Handling and capacity vary according to
real-world specifications, and better machines make it easier to complete
missions. An algorithmic subsystem generates these missions along general
categories: police work, medical evacuation, firefighting, riot control,
and VIP transport. Completing missions pays cash to outfit your fleet and
points to unlock new cities with higher difficulty.

Each metropolis is similar to the others - surreal, abstract, crude. Cars
are flat-shaded jumbles of blocks that jerk along angular roads. People
resemble the Intellivision Running Man with a magazine clipping for a face.
Buildings are squat rectangles that fade in and out of the smog.

In addition to the thirty-odd cities on the disk, players can import their
own SimCity 2000 creations and let the SimCopter engine
extrude 2D data into 3D urban sprawl. Therein lies Will Wright's
two-part translation of the SimCity philosophy into the language of
an energetic 3D action game.

From a traditional SimCity perspective, SimCopter adds value
to a player's existing investment. They can enjoy the fruit of their SimCity 2000 labor in a fresh way, with missions providing structure
to the exploration of a beloved city. But as with SimCity, there's
no need to play by the rules. Central dispatch's monotone voice will
continue trying to pique your interest with an endless carousel of
missions, but SimCopter's subsystems are at the player's
disposal.

The little marionette citizens dance and cluck their bizarre Simlish
protests, the cartoon cars burst into flames at the touch of a landing
skid, and the eerie expanse beyond the edge of the city limits beckons to
the adventurous. One can play the distant observer, dutiful public servant,
or Godzilla-esque natural disaster. And the bevy of cheat codes for free
cash and helicopters - even an Apache gunship - tell the player to loosen
up.

Alternately, from a 3D action viewpoint, SimCopter is a
self-contained experience. The metropolis may not be yours if you
don't import from SimCity 2000, but SimCopter makes it
easy to have fun in a strange land. It makes no mayoral demands. After all,
zoning and infrastructure strategy isn't relevant to the totalitarian glee
of hosing down rioters with a water cannon.

There's an immediate thrill to racing your helicopter under bridges in
search of a hospital while a burn victim gurgles in the backseat. The
difficulty curve is well-tuned, and the mission subsystem is varied. It's
true that SimCopter is less focused than what we've come to
expect of action games, but it wore the mask well for its time.

And generally speaking, time has favored SimCopter. Huizinga would
have us remember that seven Grand Theft Auto games have released
since SimCopter hit shelves in February 1996. We have to think of SimCopter in an increasingly distant context, and as it matures into
gaming history as a grandfather of the modern metropolitan sandbox genre,
it grows more unique - empirically and subjectively.

Empirically, the 3D graphics industry has homogenized since 1996 and
stranded SimCopter outside the pale of rendering convention. Fewer
development houses write their own renderers. Unreal, CryEngine, and Unity
all offer similar features based on the same academic research. SIGGRAPH
attendance has declined since New Orleans '96. These factors combine to
give SimCopter a one-of-a-kind graphical style.

Subjectively, two decades have steeped SimCopter's depiction of city
and citizenry into a heady mix. Your helicopter's radio offers an eclectic,
low-fi goulash of tunes. Commercials bookend the music with consumerist
cynicism, deadpan puns and absurdities. Outside your helicopter, the
hapless population communicates with "Simlish", a piping, keening pidgin
language. Simlish would make a famous repeat appearance in The Sims,
but it's more appropriate here in the alien world of SimCopter.

Fog shrouds the cities in slate grey by day and black at night. UFOs buzz
high above the cityscape. The unflappable helicopter pilot flutters his
legs and preens and coos as he hoists both people and dogs into the
passenger bay. At the police station helipad, officers stagger and wave
like so many badge-wearing zombies. If your rotors dice them to pieces
during the landing attempt? Don't sweat it, just run the medevac missions
for bonus Simoleons.

It's partly this eccentricity that has kept SimCopter alive in the
collective gaming memory. Fan remakes for SimCopter get proposed
frequently, and a spiritual successor mod for Cities: Skylines was
underway at one point. While it's natural to want to relive an enjoyable
experience, does SimCopter need an update? How much of its unique
tone would survive the clean image of a modern renderer and the loss of all
that weirdness? If SimCopter works only as a total package,
rehashing the particulars of helicopters, missions, and cities would miss
the point.

Additional desire for a remake comes from SimCopter's
incompatibility with modern PCs. Unfortunately, there isn't any other way
to play the game. SimCopter became a permanent PC exclusive in 1999
when Maxis cancelled a port for Nintendo's 64DD. The only remaining
artifacts are magazine scans and bit of trade show footage - thoughSimCity 64's helicopter minigame may use some of the cancelled 64DD SimCopter code.

The same year SimCity 64 released in Japan, Electronic Arts began
re-releasing the Maxis back catalog at a budget price via the SimMania bundle series. SimCopter made it into the first and
third installments, but without any additional patches.

Another omission from both SimMania bundles is SimCity 2000,
which is especially odd considering how well it and SimCopter work
together. Luckily the SimCopter disk already includes theSimCity Urban Renewal Kit, or SCURK. SCURK is essentially the SimCity 2000 toolkit liberated from the restraints of time, money,
disasters, geography and population. SimCopter can import these
SCURK ghost towns and crank out the appropriate traffic, citizenry, and
missions, though the burden is on the player to distribute hospitals and
fire and police stations. Still, for novelty maps - recreating Waterworld,
for instance, or a city built around a spiral road - SCURK is probably more
efficient for laymen than the full SimCity 2000 engine.

A level editor, singular quirkiness, SimCity 2000 integration... SimCopter looks good on paper. How did it perform?

In October 1996, SimCopter served as rearguard for the four-game
lineup Maxis management had demanded the year before. It was the only one
Will Wright shepherded personally, but he wasn't pleased with the final
product. He told Geoff Keighly in an interview: "The low point for me was
releasing SimCopter when we did...we just had to ship it too soon."

We don't know exactly what Wright intended for SimCopter, but we can
guess it involved a more convincing simulation of both the helicopter and
the city. The game's final patch unlocked an alpha build of the game
with more realistic helicopter handling and early hardware acceleration
support.

Still, others didn't seem to mind. Gaming magazines awarded respectable
scores to this civilian take on a typically military genre. Franchise
faithful flocked in to tour their SimCity 2000 creations in 3D. Not
even an unusual post-release hiccup - the unauthorized "himbo" Easter egg featuring kissing gay couples New York Times - could stop Maxis
from reaching the end of 1996 with an intact reputation and decent
Christmas sales.

SimCopter
had been a gamble, an attempt to lay groundwork for a future 3D SimCity and diversify the Maxis portfolio. It achieved the first
goal - SimCopter solidified the assumption within Maxis and without
that the next 'real' Sim game would be in full 3D. But it did not achieve
the second. There would be no SimCopter sequels.

Neither did it satisfy pent-up demand for proof of the company's
vision. It became clear only a new SimCity could do that, but Maxis
had committed its overworked development teams to the 1996 ultimatum.
Production on a new SimCity sequel hadn't even begun. That meant an
empty pipeline for 1997 and nothing but bad news in the year's
first-quarter finance report.

Spring slipped away while the new SimCity gestated, but the SimCity 2000 cashflow was waning. In desperation, Maxis management
cast about for a stopgap. Maxis acquired Texas-based developer
Cinematronics, launched a mascot-fronted children's label, and greenlit an
FMV game. It wasn't to be. Summer found the fledgling 3D SimCity in
critical condition and the company coffers bare. Maxis accepted a buyout
from Electronic Arts.

EA arrived and cleaned house. The new general manager, Luc Barthelet,
cancelled ancillary projects and refocused a leaner Maxis on SimCity 3000. Work began afresh, this time without the 3D mandate.
The result would be redemption for Maxis and SimCity, built on the
bones of Cinematronics and the other cancelled stopgaps.

One of the few to survive Barthelet's bloodletting was Streets of SimCity, a game built on the SimCopter engine. It
had been intended for a misbegotten Maxis Sports label, but it released the
day before Halloween 1997 under the new EA Maxis branding. Halloween would
prove to be an appropriate omen for a game unloved by critics, unplayable
for many gamers, and still unmentionable in the Maxis offices years later.

Players retrofit classic cars with an arsenal of Bond gadgets - rockets,
machine guns, land mines, oil slicks, airfoils, jumpjets - before departing
the safety of the garage in search of mayhem. In contrast to SimCopter's slower pace, which kept players in a single city for an
hour or more, Streets missions last from five to thirty minutes.

Individual missions remix the same mechanics of delivering packages,
destroying buildings, fighting, and upgrading your arsenal. It's the map
design that provides the variety. You'll brawl on an island nuclear plant,
at an airport, in the Appalachians, etcetera. And to accommodate free
spirits, Streets supports both deathmatch and joyriding in any SimCity 2000 or SCURK creation.

Still, if this sounds more Twisted Metal than SimCity, that's
because Streets retains little of the Sim DNA. What, exactly, does
it simulate? Not driving. Cars feature different top speeds and acceleration, but all
are variations on a cartoonish physics model that permits instant bootleg
turns and even strafing. But it doesn't simulate city transit, either, not
even in parody as in Crazy Taxi or Midtown Madness. The
highways and byways are as bare as a rural road.

What Streets really simulates is watching television. Alone. Late at
night. This theme begins with analog channel tuning during the intro video,
continues through kitschy menus, and finally informs how Streets
collects its missions as episodes of fictional television shows. "Zippy's
Courier Service" casts the player as a redneck deliveryman expanding his
operations. "Granny's Wild Ride" pits an old lady and her dog against an
alien invasion. There's another scenario for racing, and an eponymous
anthology scenario for miscellaneous gimmick missions.

These scenarios provide flavor as well as function - Granny banters with
her dog, Galahad mutters film-noir quips. And Streets needs
personality, badly. Even television can provide intimacy in isolation, at
least wherever there are human stories with human concerns. Streets,
by contrast, is desolate.

The little flapping citizens of SimCopter are gone. Perhaps Wright
didn't want a Carmageddon-esque slaughter of his peeping creations,
or thought their fluorescent colors clashed with Streets' drab
palette. Either way, Streets replaces them with a cadre of
inscrutable men in pale green. But where the old Simlings offered a kind of
jabbering personality, the silent clones in Streets just
mechanically stalk the cities with brown parcels. The only other sentient
thing is the army of enemy hunter-killers, chiefly composed of blacked-out
1960s Cadillacs that endlessly chase, ram, and snipe.

Streets' glaring omission of humanity alienates it from the wider Sim franchise,
which always balanced godlike detachment with the illusion of bustling
life. SimCity tucked you away in the clouds, yes, but it comforted
you with a burgeoning society. SimCopter had its Simlings and cars
and even some planes. Your best friend in Streets is your car radio.

It's a simple idea. Instead of piping in a pre-planned soundtrack, permit
the player a choice of several different stations. This 'Sim Radio' concept
existed first in SimCopter, albeit with immature execution - the
satire was less sharp, and the music was intentionally downsampled to mimic
a transistor radio. Sim Radio comes into its own in Streets. Jerry
Martin crafted reverent takes on a variety of genres: Bluegrass, Jazz,
Techno, Rock. Only the lyrics in a few songs - "Just a Splatter", "Czar" -
are delivered with tongue in cheek. The commercials and station bumps that
fill the gaps skewer everything from awkward local ads to white-collar
crime, temp agencies, college radio, consumerism, and car culture.

Sim Radio and the television show framing devices are the kernel of
something good. Not necessarily a good Sim game, but a good satirical car
combat game. Unfortunately Streets was rushed, as the vacuous world
and constant technical issues attest. The game crashed often, even on
machines of the time, and latent bugs soon combined with faster processors
to make the game unplayable without a frame limiter.

This is in contrast to the largely stable SimCopter. What happened?
Well, Streets shipped with support for hardware accelerated graphics
via 3dfx's Glide API, while SimCopter only received 3dfx support as
an experimental novelty in the 1.02 patch. Apparently Maxis didn't have
time to harden the changes to the engine, but the years have proven that to
be the wrong choice. Streets' notoriety for crashing has far
outweighed any marginal graphical upgrades.

This is, surely, one reason Streets has soured in many memories
where SimCopter has retained a warmer welcome. But SimCopter
also better implemented the basic Maxis blueprint of a software toy - that
is, subsystems interacting to surprise an empowered player. Streets
has only one subsystem to offer, and that's the enemy AI. There is also the
issue of novelty.

Streets
was eclipsed in its own day by Vigilante 8 and Interstate '76, while few civilian helicopter games preceded or followed SimCopter. That's because SimCopter took the established helicopter simulation genre, dense with military games, and gave it a civilian spin. Streets went the opposite direction, taking the car combat genre andoffering the vanilla experience.

Perhaps this reflects the absence of Will Wright's guiding hand. Even
aggressive deadlines, cut content, and insufficient resources couldn't
clean his fingerprints from SimCopter. It is an imperfect execution
on an auteur's vision. By comparison, Streets' concept has the ring
of a focus group or a management brainstorming session rather than one
man's daydreams. And the execution smacks of a development team that knew
what it was working on no longer mattered.

So is Streets worth a look for the inquisitive computer game archaeologist?
Tentatively, yes. Assuming that it's running at the right framerate -
either on a VM, Wine, or legacy hardware - there are redeeming qualities.
Jerry Martin's music and the zany Sim Radio are worth a listen in context,
and you may even discover that one or two of the television show framing
devices appeals to you enough to merit a playthrough. And there's the
ability to strap six machine guns to a bread truck.

With low expectations and some time, Streets is a game that may grow
on you. Unfortunately, the public and critics alike had neither to spare in
1997. Pressure was high for Maxis to deliver something great, and the
'95-'96 lineup had frittered away much of the public's goodwill.

Usenet chatter was excoriating, even angry, from the moment Streets
released. There's no evidence that the car shop features, netplay, SCURK,
or race editor were sufficient to encourage any kind of community
development around Streets. Maxis released only a small patch for
Voodoo Rush graphics cards, but otherwise left the many technical bugs
un-squashed. In January 1998, the Maxis website featured a "Baby You Can
Paint My Car" contest.

Conclusion

Salvation dawned on Maxis in January 1999 with SimCity 3000, an
isometric sequel built under Luc Barthelet's conservative guidance. It
proved to be what fans wanted, or at least what they gratefully accepted
after so long a wait. The new millennium unleashed The Sims, Will
Wright's visionary :'dollhouse simulation". Three years later, SimCity achieved its apex with the franchise's fourth installment -
this time, in 3D.

All this market success cleared SimCopter and Streets of
blame for Maxis' near-demise. Good times had returned to Walnut Creek, and
they seemed destined to roll on indefinitely.

This side of Maxis' closure in 2015, we can see these games not as utter
failures, but as middling games made by a company in need of direction. The
question is, what does this knowledge do for us? In Men and Ideas,
Huizinga comments that history is the "interpretation of the significance
that the past has for us." What significance do SimCopter and Streets hold, if any?

First is the ominous fact that neither game would ever be greenlit by a
major company today. They were gambles made by a company capable of great
things. Sometimes a kind of spontaneous alchemy mixes talent and risk into
pure gold. Sometimes it doesn't. Either way, it's hard to argue gaming
didn't benefit from these gambits. They often admitted fresh air and light
into an industry all too predisposed toward orthodoxy.

Some of this agitation persists today in the indie scene, but there's
quantitative and often qualitative difference between an indie studio and a
top-tier development house. The implementation of an idea by a five-man
team will not be the same as that of a AAA studio. But in these latter days
of high production costs and stiff competition from a fractured
entertainment culture, the major studios have vacated the midrange. The gap
between their output and the indies has never been wider.

Second is that today's gaming scandal and outrage will become the object of
future bemused analysis. In their time, SimCopter and Streets
were controversial. Jacques Servin's hacktivism prompted a flurry of
journalism, a patch, and a press release. Gamers who felt the games were
not on par with SimCity let the world know about it, long and loud
and livid. The message boards churned with anger, calls went out for Maxis
to go bankrupt, accusations were made that Streets had ripped off
other games, and so on.

Ultimately the uproar subsided and everyone moved on to other issues. This
isn't a call to apathy, or a claim that gaming is of no consequence in the
greater scheme. After all, there are times that consumers should be vocal,
and there are issues that matter. But in the hypertension of the Internet
age, it's all too easy to get carried away and let the rush float us from
one crisis to the next.

As we learn to hold the longer view, to take a position that considers the
big picture and the relation of priorities, we begin to learn something SimCity was trying to teach us all along.