4 List of abbreviations CEAGESP: CECRIA: CEDUS: General Complex of Distribution of Products of São Paulo Centre of reference for studies and activities about children and adolescents Centre for sexual education CENDHEC: Center of Studies and Social Action Dom Helder Camara CPI: CRAS: CREAS: FASC: FIFA: GAATW: IBISS: ILO: INPA: IOM: MTUR: NGO: PESTRAF: National Parliamentary Inquiry basic assistance services specialized assistance services Foundation of Social Assistance and Citizenship Fédération Internationale de Football Association Global Alliance Against Trafficking of Women Brazilian Institute of Innovation for a Healthy Society International Labor Organization National Institute of Amazonian Research International Organization on Migration Ministry of Tourism Non Governmental Organization Study on Trafficking of Women, Children and adolescents for Exploitation in Brazil RENAS: SDH: SECOPA: SESI: SIPIA: UNICEF: National Evangelical Social Action Network Federal Secretariat for Human Rights Special Secretary for the World Cup Social Service for the Industry Information System on Children and Adolescents of the Guardianship Councils United Nations Children's Fund 4

5 exploitation of children, our concern exploitation of children in Brazil is a problem which causes inconceivable, physical and psychological traumas to the victims, who are at this very moment largely unknown to politicians and the public. The lack of knowledge of the problem makes it difficult for organizations to help the victims, living in the fringes of society, and to prosecute the child abusers, who are largely grown up men, both locals and foreigners. The invisibility of the problem encouraged child protection organizations Terre des Hommes, Plan, ECPAT and Free a Girl to issue a research on the scope and magnitude of the problem of sexual exploitation in Brazil. No such research had been conducted before and figures in reports and articles on the issue vary, leading to guestimates, quite often contradictory to each other. exploitation of children however seems to exist throughout the country, there is not a town in Brazil that goes without a case of sexual exploitation of children. The information gathered during this research suggests that we still only have the tip of the iceberg in view. Previous research 1 proves that victims of sexual exploitation develop a negative self-image, leading to shame, fear and self-destructive behaviour, ranging from social isolation, promiscuity to even suicide. Besides, the children are often physically molested, which causes permanent physical damage and sexually transmitted diseases, to the extent of HIV. This downward spiral produces generations of sexually exploited children, not capable to fight and overcome their situations, hence the importance of strengthened efforts by the Brazilian government and NGOs to prevent the sexual exploitation of children and to provide adequate legal, social, medical and psychological support to the victims. The urgency of the problem could increase as this summer s FIFA World Cup may exacerbate the sexual exploitation of children by people who seize the opportunity of being anonymous in a foreign country. Moreover, the construction of infrastructure and the construction of stadiums, hotels and shopping malls in the cities where the World Cup will take place attracts workers from all over Brazil, leading to an increased risk of these construction workers turning to commercial sex with minors, before and during the games. Furthermore, displacement of communities and forced evictions for infrastructure development is commonplace. This leads to broken traditional support systems and eventually to the increased vulnerability of children and their families to, amongst others, become victim of sexual exploitation. 1 Amongst others: Browne & Finkelhor 1986; Neumann et al. 1996; Putman 2003; ECPAT 2013; Terre des Hommes

6 However, we must keep in mind that sexual exploitation of children is not a new problem in Brazil, it has been there for a long time. Big events like the World Cup are not the origin of this problem, but they create extra challenges due to the big concentration of men looking for entertainment. This offers opportunities for those with bad intentions, the exploiters and those who commit the crime of child sex abuse. exploitation of children in Brazil is a problem that needs to be addressed during but also beyond the FIFA World Cup. When the attention on Brazil due to the World Cup has faded, the costs of the event on Brazilian society will need to be acknowledged. In particular, the right of children to live free from sexual abuse and exploitation will have to be recognized with renewed energy. Therefore, the main goal of this research is to end the lack of recognition of the victims that are sexually abused and exploited in Brazil and to put the problem centre spot, in full view of all the spectators of the world. 6

7 1. exploitation of children in Brazil today 1.1 The figures A thorough study of the data and statistics on sexual exploitation of children in Brazil gives no straightforward answer to the research question regarding the scope and magnitude of the problem. Therefore, various facts and figures available regarding the problem of sexual exploitation of children in Brazil are analyzed in this chapter. The National Parliamentary Inquiry (CPI) into Child Prostitution stated in 1993 that sexual exploitation is a phenomenon that is present throughout the entire country. The child abusers are often grown up men, from all backgrounds in society, mostly locals. According to the CPI, 500,000 children and adolescents are sexually exploited in Brazil. Unfortunately, the CPI could not prove the origins of that figure. The Special Rapporteur of the UN on the Sale of Children and Adolescents, Child Prostitution and Child Pornography, Mr. Juan Miguel Petit, chose a more nuanced take on the matter. Petit wrote in his report after his visit to Brazil in 2003: It is evident that it is extremely difficult to quantify the sexual exploitation of children and adolescents in Brazil, mainly because there is an enormous disparity between the estimates that are provided by various sources, which vary between 100,000 and 500,000 cases (Petit 2003). The US Dept of State, Trafficking in Persons report 85 (2009, in Gustafson 2011) estimates that between 250,000 and 400,000 children are forced into domestic prostitution in Brazil. The victims of sexual exploitation are quite often also the victims of trafficking. In a recent mapping conducted by the Federal Highway Police in 2012, Brazil produced 1,776 points vulnerable to sexual exploitation of children and adolescents on its federal highways, being places where children routinely interact with highway travelers without any responsible adult supervision (Polícia Rodovíaria Federal 2013). In 2011 MATRIZ (Matriz Intersetorial de Enfrentamento à Exploração de Crianças e Adolescentes) analyzed the complaints of sexual exploitation received by Dial 100, a hotline taking urgent calls regarding violence against children and adolescents. This study collected data between 2005 and 2010, in which Dial 100 received 27,644 complaints regarding sexual exploitation originating from 2,930 municipalities in Brazil. The study confirms that sexual exploitation of children and adolescents can be found throughout Brazilian society as a whole. 7

8 More recent data concerning the years 2011 till 2013 from the Human Rights Hotline, which was incorporated in the Dial 100 hotline in 2010, presented by the Federal Secretariat for Human Rights (SDH 2014) further show that the problem exists all over the country. 8

9 Table 1. Violence against children and adolescents in Brazil ( ), per type of violence Brazil Violence against children and adolesce nts (total) violence against children and adolescents abuse exploitation exploitation in tourism Other forms of sexual violence * ,139 10,699 7,985 2, ,490 40,699 31,551 8, , ,079 35,091 26,613 7, *Other forms: rape, grooming, sexting, child pornography, not specified Table 2. Violence against children and adolescents in Brazil ( ), per region Violence against children and adolescents (total) Total Brazil North North East Center West South East South ,699 1,117 4, ,206 1, ,699 4,077 15,288 4,269 12,000 4, ,091 3,458 11,397 3,418 11,423 5,161 Table 3. exploitation of children in Brazil ( ), per region exploitation Total Brazil North North East Center West South East South , , , ,392 1, , , ,179 1,136 Table 4. exploitation in tourism in Brazil ( ), per region Total Brazil North North East Center West South East South exploitation in tourism

10 The Hotline has, until now, been very successful, seeing an increase in reports regarding violence against children and adolescents from 4,494 in May-December 2003 to 124,079 in According to their data, around 30% of the reports included sexual violence. Within the category of sexual violence, a huge majority (72%) of the reports are with regards to sexual abuse, and in 2012 and 2013 about 20% are cases of sexual exploitation, this is about 6% of the total number of reports on violence against children and adolescents. The numbers regard reports that were sent to the local authorities in the municipalities. There is no information on if and how assistance has been provided for the victims and if child abusers have been brought to justice. One thing is clear though: the number of reports has been growing constantly. The organization vastly increased its services and publicity activities in 2010, which may account for this increase. On the other hand, data generated by the SIPIA, a national system of information regarding childhood issues that registers cases of violation of children and adolescents rights, attended to by Brazil s municipal Guardianship Councils (Conselhos Tutelares), show a different picture. Its registers depend on the cases of the Guardianship Councils alone. However, not all of these Councils are linked into the SIPIA-System. Between January 2009 and the beginning of February 2014, according to SIPIA, only 393 cases of sexual exploitation of children and adolescents were accompanied by a Guardianship Council in 18 states of Brazil. Unfortunately, a straightforward conclusion on these widely varying data is not readily made. Even after 20 years of research, policies, campaigns and actions to combat the sexual exploitation of children and adolescents, the numbers of children that become victim of sexual exploitation in Brazil that are known are highly contradictory and easily misinterpreted. One thing these figures are teaching us, is that sexual exploitation of children and adolescents is a big problem in Brazil. Although the government and a number of organizations have been trying to fight it for years now, there are no indications that child prostitution is diminishing. While we still lack accurate knowledge of the real numbers of children involved, we know from experience that complaints coming in on a telephone hotline are just a small percentage of what is really happening, a tip of the iceberg. Underreporting is mainly caused in Brazil by mistrust whether anything will be done with complaints and by little knowledge about children s rights. Another important point is the absence of awareness within society on the issue of sexual exploitation of children. In general people think that girls are voluntarily involved in prostitution to gain an income and therefore they don t report (interview with Flavio Debique of Plan Brazil). 10

11 Therefore we expect the real number of children becoming victim of sexual exploitation to be much higher than the number of cases reported to Dial 100. An intensified strategy by the Brazilian government is needed to increase knowledge on the scope and magnitude of sexual exploitation of children in Brazil and to improve the situation of thousands of vulnerable children and youth. 1.2 Sports events and sexual exploitation Although many organizations assume that there is a causal connection between sexual exploitation of children and adolescents, human trafficking and big sporting events, in reality this is not easily proven. According to the German police, as their country hosted the FIFA World Cup in 2006, the World Cup seemed not to be worth it for traffickers to traffic women into Germany. Expenses and risks of trafficking did not compensate the yield that could have been produced in the short period of time in which the games took place. Furthermore, maximum police presence seemed to have deterred many traffickers and sex workers during the World Cup from conducting their business in Germany (Eidgenössisches Justiz- und Polizeidepartement EJPD 2007). The slight to no increase in exploitation and trafficking could very well have been due to Germany s prevention measures taken by law enforcement and NGOs in the region and the fact that the planning for these measures began well before there was an international outcry. The German police underline that investments in prevention campaigns can diminish the demand for sexual services and sensitize football fans and society (information, campaigns and police presence and surveillance). They emphasize the importance of joint interventions by government and NGOs (Eidgenössisches Justiz- und Polizeidepartement EJPD 2007). There are some crucial elements however that should not be overlooked when it comes to sports events and the link to sexual exploitation and these can be found in the phase prior to the event. It is very well known that important violations of human rights linked to sports events happen during the preparation period, caused by the social vulnerabilities of the children and adolescents and their families on the one hand and the context of social and economic inequalities on the other hand. The vulnerabilities of children and adolescents increase when their family life is threatened, for instance when one of their parents is forced to work far from home on construction sites of sports buildings or when families are dislocated to make place for the stadiums and sports facilities. When the social structures around children break, they tend to become even more vulnerable and prone to exploitation of any kind (Brunel University 2013). 11

12 In an article in the Brazilian newspaper O Globo, the Special Rapporteur on Human Rights of the UN Raquel Rolnik denounced the violent processes of displacements and the lack of guarantees of rights like new housing (or housing very far from the city center), fair compensations, participation and democracy. This is especially the case in Rio de Janeiro, São Paulo, Belo Horizonte, Curitiba, Porto Alegre, Recife, Natal and Fortaleza, where between 1,000 and 11,000 families per city are expected to be dislocated and expropriated because of the construction works (O Globo ). Furthermore, the construction of infrastructure and the construction of stadiums, hotels and shopping malls in the cities where the World Cup will take place attracts workers from all over Brazil. Accelerated construction timetables with large numbers of men separated from their families is a presumed source of risk of these construction workers turning to commercial sex with minors, before and during the games (Brunel University 2013). This is confirmed by a study of the Brazilian NGO Childhood on the issue of sexual exploitation of minors among 316 construction workers at different construction sites in the states of Goiás, Minas Gerais, Santa Catarina, São Paulo and Rondônia. In their survey, 57% of the workers confirmed that children and adolescents nearby big construction works are being sexually exploited, while 25% of them admitted to have had sex one or more times with adolescents (Childhood 2013). Itamar Goncalves, programme manager at Childhood, says: They are young workers, aged between 25 and 30 years and with a low education, out of their social environment and without recreational facilities, and end up having sex with minors (adolescents). Goncalves explains that the child abusers create a dependency relationship with the girls: They will house a teenager and have sex instead of asking for rent. But they charge too much for the housing, intimidate the girls and it becomes difficult to settle the debt (Ultimo Segundo ). Factors increasing the risks of children being exploited are the abrupt changes in the local community, the vulnerability of the families in the surrounding neighborhoods and the presence of many male workers, living under pressure and with bad working and housing conditions. 12

13 2. Places and cases Behind every statistic, there is a story. In order to come to a better understanding of the matter, this chapter presents a panorama of the sexual exploitation of children and adolescents in the World Cup Cities, including some exemplary cases and known areas of sexual exploitation. The 2. Places and cases information is based on a literature review, field observations and interviews with i.a., experts, government Behind every representatives, statistic, there is Guardianship a story. In order Councils, to come the to a Secretary better understanding of Tourism of and the NGOs matter, in the this chapter presents a panorama of the sexual exploitation of children and adolescents in the different cities. World Cup Cities, including some exemplary cases and known areas of sexual exploitation. The information is based on a literature review, field observations and interviews with i.a., experts, 2.1 government Manaus representatives, Guardianship Councils, the Secretary of Tourism and NGOs in the different cities. Manaus is mentioned as one of the main routes of human trafficking. The Federal Police however 2.1 Manaus only identified six investigations of possible human trafficking in its archives over a period of four years Manaus ( ), is mentioned which as up one to now of the have main not routes resulted of human in a single trafficking. court case The (Senado Federal Federal Police Comissão however Parlamentar only identified de six Inquérito investigations 2011). of possible human trafficking in its archives over a period of four years ( ), which up to now have not resulted in a single court case (Senado Federal Comissão Parlamentar de Inquérito 2011). The Dial 100 Hotline received approximately 619 reports of sexual exploitation of children and adolescents in the State of Amazonas, of which Manaus is the state capital, over the period The Dial 100 Hotline received approximately 619 reports of sexual exploitation of children and stretching adolescents from in the 2011 State till of Amazonas, of which Manaus is the state capital, over the period stretching from 2011 till Table 5. violence against children in Amazonas (state capital: Manaus), Total sexual violence against children and adolescents abuse exploitation exploitation in tourism Other forms of sexual violence* , Source: Total Balance DIAL 100: (SDH, 2014) *Other forms: rape, grooming, sexting, child pornography, not specified Operation Estocolmo (2012) (the name referring to Stockholm syndrome) 2 identified a network of sexual exploitation of children and adolescents and youth, involving politicians and businessmen in the state Amazonas. According to articles in Acritica, a regional newspaper in Amazonas, the investigation filed by the prosecutors indicted 20 people. Among the defendants are State Representative Fausto S., the honorary consul of the Netherlands Victório N. and entrepreneur and former owner of the Centro Universitário do Norte (Uninorte) Waldery A Stockholm syndrome, or capture bonding, is a psychological phenomenon in which hostages express empathy and sympathy and

14 Operation Estocolmo (2012) (the name referring to Stockholm syndrome) 2 identified a network of sexual exploitation of children and adolescents and youth, involving politicians and businessmen in the state Amazonas. According to articles in Acritica, a regional newspaper in Amazonas, the investigation filed by the prosecutors indicted 20 people. Among the defendants are State Representative Fausto S., the honorary consul of the Netherlands Victório N. and entrepreneur and former owner of the Centro Universitário do Norte (Uninorte) Waldery A. Other businessmen and the former mayor of Jutaí are also among the accused. A total of 30 victims aged 13 to 17 years were identified during the investigation. Some of these victims were living in areas considered to be no-go areas because of drug trafficking. The victims felt exposed, insulted and ill-treated by the police intervention and many deny their involvement in the case (Acritica ; Acritica ). On February 8, 2014, the mayor of the city Coari, Adail P., was arrested by the police. He and his supporting network of politicians have been accused of organizing for many years the abuse of poor adolescents, whose sexual services were negotiated with their parents or directly with the adolescents themselves. The mayor in question is a very powerful man in the region, and a defendant in more than 70 court cases, but he has never been judged in a court of law (Acrtica ). Furthermore, an American fishing tour operator, Richard W.S., is under a criminal investigation by the US Justice Department, as he is accused of organizing sex tourism in the area around Manaus from 2005 till The defendant, allegedly used sports fishing expeditions in the Amazon as a cover for tourists to have sex with underage girls. The lawsuit was recently filed by the Atlanta law firm King & Spalding and coordinated by the human rights organization Equality Now on behalf of four Brazilian women who were the alleged victims of sex trafficking. The federal complaint states that most of the customers were affluent Americans who induced impoverished Brazilian girls with the possibility of earning money. A Brazilian tourist company is also under criminal investigation for the same charge. The Brazilian federal police reported that at least 15 underage girls were coerced to perform sex acts with tourists (Bloomberg ). Above mentioned cases were dealt with in the media, but there are numerous more that go unseen, taking place in the highly frequented spots in the city center of Manaus. Circular Place for instance, is a busy street, with taxi drivers and truck drivers looking for girls from 12 to 16 years. This place is mostly popular in the late afternoon. Later at night, the same girls are exploited in small brothels on the edge of this avenue. 2 Stockholm syndrome, or capture-bonding, is a psychological phenomenon in which hostages express empathy and sympathy and have positive feelings toward their captors, sometimes to the point of defending them. These feelings are generally considered irrational in light of the danger or risk endured by the victims, who essentially mistake a lack of abuse from their captors for an act of kindness. The name of this operation may indicate the way the authorities feel towards the alleged victims who have refused to testify and who have accused the police of mistreatment. 14

15 Suframa is a boardwalk recreation area with small bars and pubs with adult prostitution, but also adolescents involved in prostitution. Cathedral Square is a place for cheap and popular prostitution, with the presence of many adolescents. Clients are taxi drivers, street sellers, and traders. After 11 PM, the area is abandoned, which is when both adults and adolescents retire to their poor rooms and apartments in the city center. V8 is a street near the National Institute of Amazonian Research (INPA) where one can find adolescent transvestites (aged 12 to 15 years) working the area. Taxi drivers play another role as well. They are called by clients to fetch girls, especially from the eastern part of the city, and drive them directly to the customers apartments, hotels, motels or other meeting places. They earn a good amount of money for their services. Manaus is also the destination of numerous ships which arrive by navigating the Amazon River. According to the National Parliamentary Inquiry of the Federal Senate of Brazil sexual exploitation of children on these ships is also common. Among the varied contexts reported by respondents, sexual exploitation on vessels stood out, especially on the ferries and cargo transports to Manaus, which were identified as "route of sexual exploitation" involving mainly the municipalities of Portel, Muaná, Brief, Curralinho, São Sebastião da Boa Vista and Gurupá (Senado Federal Comissão Parlamentar de Inquérito 2010). exploitation of adolescents from the poorer east side of the city is a problem with no effective intervention. There are only two specialized assistance services (CREAS) in the city, although there are resources to deploy five more. There are also a mere total of thirteen general basic assistance services (CRAS), nine Guardianship Councils, one police protection office and only one shelter home for girls. Very few cases of sexual exploitation are ever denounced or reported to the Child Protection Police station or to child protection agencies. 2.2 Cuiabá Cuiabá is a relatively small state capital (half a million inhabitants) in Mato Grosso and the heart of an urban area that also includes the state's second largest city, Várzea Grande. Thermal electric and hydroelectric plants located in the area have been expanded since the completion of a natural gas pipeline from Bolivia in A research in another area in Brazil, Urucu in the state Amazonas, shows that during the construction of a gas pipeline, sexual exploitation of children and adolescents often intensifies. 15

16 The rise of the predominantly male population, aged between 20 and 50 years, creates a disproportion between the numbers of men and women, which often leads to an increase in both adult and child prostitution. When children and adolescents start dating male workers from other areas, they are often abandoned when they get pregnant, and prostitution becomes one of their few chances of survival (Gawora 2003). There are indications that this is also occurring in Cuiabá. Cuiabá is not a tourist city, yet more a transit city for tourists heading to other places in the region, due to its location near the region s main highway. The Dial 100 Hotline received approximately 334 reports of sexual exploitation of children and adolescents in the state Mato Grosso in a 3 year period ( ), with an alarming increase of almost 230% of cases of sexual exploitation in 2013 compared to In the same period only 4 reports of child sex tourist were made. Table 6. violence against children in Mato Grosso (state capital: Cuiabá), violence against abuse exploitation exploitation in tourism Other forms of sexual violence * children and adolescents Source: Total Balance DIAL 100: (SDH, 2014) *Other forms: rape, grooming, sexting, child pornography, not specified In 2013, the city s six Guardianship Councils registered 364 cases of sexual violence against In children 2013, the and city s adolescents, six Guardianship with 84 of Councils these cases registered involving 364 sexual cases exploitation of sexual violence and 285 against cases children involving and sexual adolescents, abuse. In with that 84 same of these year, cases the involving Guardianship sexual Council exploitation of the West and 285 Region cases involving reported even sexual higher abuse. numbers In that of same sexual year, violence, the Guardianship sexual abuse Council and sexual of the exploitation West Region than reported usual. even higher numbers of sexual violence, sexual abuse and sexual exploitation than usual. The Parliamentary Investigation Commission on the Exploitation of Children and The Adolescents Parliamentary denounced Investigation several situations Commission of sexual on the exploitation Exploitation in Cuiabá. Its of report Children shows and that Adolescents adolescents were denounced subjected several to sexual situations exploitation of sexual in bars exploitation located Rua in Cuiabá. João Ribeiro Its report Garden shows in that adolescents Santa Luzia. were Moreover, subjected the report to sexual contains exploitation testimonials in bars that tell located the same at Rua story João of exploitation. Ribeiro Garden A in Santa girl, aged Luzia. 11, Moreover, told prosecutors the report that she contains worked testimonials for a sexual services that tell agency the same charging story between of exploitation. R$ 100 and R$ 150 per service, which the girls divide between themselves and the owner of the place. According to the girl, the agency works with approximately 12 to 13 girls between 12 and 17 years of age. Another girl, aged 15, stated to the Public Prosecutor for the Rights of Children and Adolescents that she had frequented the neighborhood along Porto Street known as ʺMud Alley for more than three years. She frequented a brothel where she paid R$ 5 of each R$15 service to the owners. In return they let her use a room. Even the former mayor of Cuiabá, Bento 16

17 A girl, aged 11, told prosecutors that she worked for a sexual services agency charging between R$ 100 and R$ 150 per service, which the girls divide between themselves and the owner of the place. According to the girl, the agency works with approximately 12 to 13 girls between 12 and 17 years of age. Another girl, aged 15, stated to the Public Prosecutor for the Rights of Children and Adolescents that she had frequented the neighborhood along Porto Street known as "Mud Alley for more than three years. She frequented a brothel where she paid R$ 5 of each R$15 service to the owners. In return they let her use a room. Even the former mayor of Cuiabá, Bento L. (70), was caught with two teens aged 14 and 15 in the Casablanca Motel, just outside Cuiabá in the Chapada dos Guimarães (Congresso Nacional 2004). More recent information points to two specific places, both outside Cuiabá. Near Highway BR 364, at the entry of the City, there is a petrol station called St. Matthew, where there is a large concentration of travelers and truckers and a considerable number of bars, night clubs, hotels and love motels. The main clients are truckers, local merchants and workers of the industrial district. Motorcycle taxi drivers (or sometimes the parents themselves) are hired by exploiters to seek adolescent and young girls and after sex, to bring them back to their home. Journalistic investigations conducted by reporter Silvana Ribas of Gazeta Digital shows that gas stations on Highway BR 364, around the city, have also become a meeting point for the practice of sexual exploitation of children and adolescents and also for drug trafficking (Gazeta Digital ). Distrito do Guia lies some 20 kilometres outside Cuiabá. It is a local tourist spot in a rural area, with hostels receiving adolescent girls and boys who have paid sex with their clients. There is widespread speculation in the city as to who the key customers are who sexually exploit these teens. Rumors circulate that these customers are not always tourists, but also people from Cuiabá with great purchasing power, like politicians, judges and people connected to the local press. 2.3 Rio de Janeiro Rio being Brazil s main tourist destination and a well-known nexus for erotic and sexual tourism, one would presume that sexual exploitation of children and adolescents linked to tourism would be commonplace in the city. In reality however the majority of sexual exploitation in Rio de Janeiro is linked to other sectors and contexts of violence and inequality. According to Thaddeus Blanchette, a researcher investigating prostitution in Rio for more than ten years, most sexual exploitation takes place in non-prostitution areas, like bohemian social meeting points (e.g. the Lapa neighborhood). The sex these mostly middle-class and lower middle-class adolescents engage in is not properly prostitution, but rather transactional sex : the exchange of sexual favors for presents. 17

18 Because the vast majority of these adolescents do not openly charge for sex, and the fact that their complexion is white or light brown and that they are members of the middle class, city authorities do not pay much attention to their situations: The Lapa neighborhood which hosts a lot of middle-class transactional sex, is not even on the police radar, let alone the NGO s radar. The police focus primarily on the formal prostitution venues and secondarily on the young, poor brown girls in the favelas (interview with Thaddeus Blanchette). Meanwhile, similar transactional sex occurring in Rio s favelas and working-class neighbourhoods, involving mostly poor and black youth, is widely understood to be sexual exploitation by the local authorities. With the upcoming sports events on the horizon, local authorities have decided to evaporate some of the city s highly frequented sex spots. Blanchette writes: It seems to us that, in preparing for the upcoming games, the municipal and state governments of Rio de Janeiro (with federal support) have decided to bulldoze the city s sexscape in a manner analogous to the razing of the shanty towns that block the expansion of Olympic facilities. Reconstructing Rio to receive masses of foreign guests does not only require the construction of hotels, stadiums and highways: it also requires a reconfiguration of the way in which the inhabitants of the city imagine themselves and are imagined by the world (Blanchette 2014). In the region of Maracana stadium, for example, there was a prostitution point for boys who were also involved with crack dealing. This point was eliminated by the construction projects, just like a sauna near the same site (interview with Roberto Pereira from the NGO CEDUS/RJ). The Porto Maravilha (Wonder Port) project also provoked migration of sex work venues operating at this location to other locations (interview with Lucio Taveira and Monica Alkmim of the human rights organization Projeto Legal). The cleaning of the city doesn t only concern prostitution areas, but also poor neighborhoods that are evicted for infrastructure and stadium development. These displacements create vulnerabilities for entire families, including children, as traditional support systems are broken down. An example is the population of the Recreio neighborhood whose homes were demolished and they were moved to a nearby location, Pedra de Guaratiba. There, they do not have access to a basic social service network, including health care, education and social projects (interview with Lucio Taveira and Monica Alkmim). This increases the vulnerability to risks such as sexual exploitation (Brunel University London 2013). 18

19 Other places where sexual exploitation of teenagers and children takes place are the favelas, where drugs mafias and militias (formed by police and ex-police men) use their power to exploit. Journalist Tim Lopes did some investigative reporting in a carioca favela. With a hidden micro camera, he intended to film a funk party in the Vila Cruzeiro favela, one of the communities of Complexo do Alemão. He was investigating a complaint that there was sexual exploitation of minors and drug use during festivals sponsored by traffickers, and then he was murdered (ultimosegundo ). Militia RJ is accused of sexually exploiting children and adolescents. Militia men who work in the Gardenia Azul favela in Rio de Janeiro are being investigated by the Public Prosecutor, being accused of the sexual exploitation of girls aged between 9 and 14 years from the same community. In exchange for having sex with several men during one night, each girl receives U.S. $ 1 from the militia men (O Globo ). According to the statistics of the Dial 100 Hotline approximately 1,721 reports of sexual exploitation of children and adolescents and 17 cases of child sex tourism were made in the state Rio de Janeiro in a 3 year period ( ). Table 7. violence against children in Rio de Janeiro (state capital: Rio de Janeiro), violence against abuse exploitation exploitation in tourism Other forms of sexual violence * children and adolescents , ,788 2, ,613 2, Source: Total Balance DIAL 100: (SDH, 2014) *Other forms: rape, grooming, sexting, child pornography, not specified Fortaleza Fortaleza is the fifth largest municipality of Brazil, one of the country s most visited touristic capitals and according to the English newspaper The Guardian, Brazilʹs child prostitution capital and a magnet for sex tourism (The Guardian ). This image found its origin in the beginning of the 1990s, when it was common to see street girls and boys in the central beach areas, making contact with foreign tourists. It was also common to see foreign tourists enter their hotels in the company of these young girls and boys. Since then much has changed however. Several NGOs as well as government bodies have given priority to combating sexual exploitation in tourism. Many campaigns have been launched, educating professionals working in the tourist area, from cab drivers to hotel staff. Street work has been intensified and, at the 19

20 2.4 Fortaleza Fortaleza is the fifth largest municipality of Brazil, one of the country s most visited touristic capitals and according to the English newspaper The Guardian, Brazil's child prostitution capital and a magnet for sex tourism (The Guardian ). This image found its origin in the beginning of the 1990s, when it was common to see street girls and boys in the central beach areas, making contact with foreign tourists. It was also common to see foreign tourists enter their hotels in the company of these young girls and boys. Since then much has changed however. Several NGOs as well as government bodies have given priority to combating sexual exploitation in tourism. Many campaigns have been launched, educating professionals working in the tourist area, from cab drivers to hotel staff. Street work has been intensified and, at the same time, the tourist area in Fortaleza was given a complete facelift. Although much has changed over the years, it is still highly doubtful that the sexual exploitation of children and adolescents has diminished. The problem has moved to other areas and has become less visible in areas where it always was. The murderous invasion of crack, mainly in Fortaleza s poor areas (and throughout Brazil), has also led to an increase in sexual exploitation. Addicted girls and boys sell sexual services for a few Euros in order to get high. Apart from some Christian organizations, there are no government treatment centers for these addicted adolescents and youth. The additional problem of drug addiction means that the lives of sexually exploited youth have become much more risky than in the past. According to the Municipal Parliamentary Investigation on Exploitation of Children and Adolescents, published in 2011, among the main points of sexual exploitation are sidewalks, street corners and bars in the areas Barra do Ceará, Praia do Futuro, Avenida Osório de Paiva, Centro, Benfica, Aldeota, Jangurussú, Avenida Padaria Espiritual and the Avenida José Bastos. Apart from the Praia do Futuro (beach area), these are not touristic but mainly suburban areas (O Povo ). The Matriz (Matriz Intersetorial de Enfrentamento Exploração de Crianças e Adolescentes) 2011 shows that the highest number of complaints compared to other state capitals regarding sexual exploitation received by Dial 100 between 2005 and 2010 came from Fortaleza: 1,175. In the years 2011 till 2013 the hotline received 816 reports of sexual exploitation and 14 reports of child sex tourism. 20

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