Apresentações semelhantes

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Using corpora to study text and sentence structure in English and Portuguese Belinda Maia Faculdade de Letras Universidade do Porto

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Basic premises A Universal grammar probably exists at an abstract level Each language realises this universality in different ways There is a symbiotic relationship between language and culture Languages change because of influences from other languages and cultures

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Corpora Comparable corpora consist of original texts in two or more languages, on a specific subject or of a particular genre. Parallel corpora are aligned originals and their translations Translational corpora consist of translations, for studying how translated text deviates from normal monolingual text production

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English and Portuguese BOTH: – European languages –SVO languages BUT –Syntactic differences –Different conventions for ordering and presenting information

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Objectives of this paper Originally – to report on corpora assembled by students mastering in Terminology and Translation Now – due to lateness of arrival of material – a report on aspects of texts that we have investigated – and would like to investigate further

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1.Topic/theme in English and Portuguese 1.1 The subject-less sentence In Portuguese – pronouns exist – but only used for emphasis or special effect Theme/topic continues over several sentences

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NERO NERO THE POINTER Sentia-se cada vez pior. Agora nem a cabeça sustinha de pé. Por isso encostou-a ao chão, devagar. E assim ficou, estendido e bambo, à espera. Tinha-se despedido já de todos. Nada mais lhe restava sobre a terra senão morrer calmo e digno, como outros haviam feito a seu lado. He was feeling worse and worse. He couldn't even raise his head now. And so he let it rest gently upon the ground and remained like that, weakly stretched out, waiting. He had already said farewell to everyone; nothing more was left to him on this earth than to die serenely and with dignity, as others had done at his side.

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NERO NERO THE POINTER É claro que escusava de sonhar com um enterro bonito, igual a muitos que vira, dentro dum caixão de galões amarelos, acompanhado pelo povo em peso... Isso era só para gente, rica ou pobre. Ele teria apenas uma triste cova no quintal, debaixo da figueira lampa, o cemitério dos cães e dos gatos da casa. He knew, of course, that he could not dream of a fine burial like so many he had seen, with a yellow and white coffin, followed by everyone. That was only for humans, and not for all of them. He would have only a sad burial place beneath the fig-tree in the garden. Their cemetery was there.

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Example Original Coimbra é por múltiplas razões a mais apaixonante das cidades portuguesas Aureolada com epítetos vários desde longa data – justificados uns, injustificados outros – reúne de facto um conjunto de características, que a tornam única e inesquecível, para quantos nela passam algum tempo da sua vida. Situada nas margens do Mondego a quatro escassas dezenas do mar, numa importante encruzilhada viária, desempenha desde há séculos o papel de fulcro da vida de toda a zona centro do país. BABELFISH translation Coimbra is for multiple ratios apaixonante of the Portuguese cities. Aureoled with epítetos several since long date. justified ones, unjustified others. it congregates of fact a set of features, that become it only inesquecível e, for how many in they pass some time of its life. Situated in the margins of the Mondego the four scarce sets of ten of the sea, in important road crossroads, play since have centuries the paper of fulcrum of the life of all the zone center of the country.

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Possible developments Subject-less sentence and adjective/past participle agreement: –Seems more typical of literary texts –Is difficult to study using large corpora This area needs to be studied: –over large portions of text –in variety of genres

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Example 1 ORIGINAL Com este estado de coisas, iniciou-se uma forte pressão dos mercados sobre a peseta. O Banco de Espanha foi chamado a intervir e começarem os rumores de que a peseta poderia tomar o caminho da libra e da lira e abandonar o SME. Calcula-se o que poderia posteriormente suceder ao escudo, sabendo-se, como se sabe, que os técnicos do Comité Monetário aconselham uma desvalorização substancial da moeda nacional. BABELFISH TRANSLATION With this state of things, one strong pressure of the markets was initiated on the peseta. The Bank of Spain was called to intervine and the rumors to start of that the peseta could take the path of the pound and the lira and abandon the SME. Are calculated what it could later occur to the shield, knowing themselves, as if it knows, that the technician of the Monetary Comité advises a substantial depreciation of the national currency.

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Possible developments The phenomenon of making texts impersonal – using passives or other linguistic devices – is a rich area for study in all genres The effect of international English on Portuguese can be studied by comparing different kinds of corpora – parallel, comparable and translational

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International news – in English ISLAMABAD, Pakistan (CNN) -- Accusing the United States of "genocide" the Taliban authorities in Afghanistan said Monday that U.S. aircraft had bombed a hospital in the western city of Herat, killing up to 100 people. "It is now clear that America plans on intentionally targeting the Afghan people," Mullah Abdul Salam Zaeef, the Taliban's ambassador to Pakistan said Monday. He said the dead in Herat included doctors, nurses as well as patients. Eighteen others were killed when U.S. planes struck two clinics and shops in other parts of the country, "located far from military places," he added. Neither claim could be independently verified. Speaking to reporters in the Pakistani capital, Islamabad, Zaeef said the killing of civilians was a terrorist act on par with the attacks on the World Trade Center in New York.

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"[The] Bush administration is annoying the souls of those killed in New York by killing innocent men, women and children in Afghanistan," he said. "In attacking our country on mere suspicions, [the] CIA and FBI have escaped their failure to find the real culprit by putting the blame squarely on Afghanistan without any evidence." The Pentagon said it would investigate the Taliban's claims. Zaeef said 1,000 Afghans had been killed in the U.S.-led airstrikes since they began more than two weeks ago. But he added: "We are telling the Bush administration that you will never be able to break the will and determination of the Afghans," Zaeef said. "This is a nation that loves independence and faith more than its life." "The goal is to punish the Afghan nation for having chosen an Islamic system," the envoy added. "America is using, against the Afghan people, sophisticated and destructive weapons that have never been used before in any war."