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Abstract

Objectives

To quantify the improvement in health outcomes in patients after total knee replacement
(TKR).

Methods

This was a two-year non-randomized prospective observational study in knee osteoarthritis
(OA) patients undergone TKR. Patients were interviewed one week before, six months
after, and two years after surgery using a standardized questionnaire including the
SF-36, the Oxford Knee Score (OKS), and the Knee Society Clinical Rating Scale (KSS).
A generalized estimating equation (GEE) model was used to estimate the magnitudes
of the changes with and without the adjustment of age, ethnicity, BMI, and years with
OA.

Results

A total of 298 (at baseline), 176 (at six-months), and 111 (at two-years) eligible
patients were included in the analyses. All the scores changed significantly over
time, with the exception of SF-36 social functioning, vitality, and mental health.
With the adjustment of covariates, the magnitude of changes in these scores was similar
to those without the adjustment.

Conclusions

Both general and knee-specific physical functioning had been significantly improved
after TKR, while other health domains have not been substantially improved after the
surgery.

Introduction

Osteoarthritis (OA), a chronic degenerative disease, is characterized by pain and
physical disability, with knee being the most frequently affected joint[1]. OA is among the most prevalent diseases affecting adults and a major contributor
to physical disability, morbidity, and utilization of health care resources worldwide[2-5]. In patients with severe knee OA who have failed conservative treatments (e.g. medications,
exercises, and weight loss), total knee replacement (TKR), a surgical option involving
replacement of knee joint with artificial components, has been shown to be a highly
effective treatment that could result in substantial improvement in physical functioning[6].

It is known that pain, physical functioning, and health-related quality of life (HRQoL)
are important outcome measures in OA. Recently there is growing literature that has
contributed to the understanding on what could be achieved by TKR[7-10]. Both disease-specific functional measures such as the Western Ontario and McMaster
Universities Osteoarthritis Index (WOMAC)[11-14], the Oxford Knee Score (OKS)[15], and the Knee Society Clinical Rating Scale (KSS)[11,16], and generic HRQoL instrument such as the SF-36[11,13,14,16-20] have been used to evaluate the improvement in functioning and quality of life in
patients undergone TKR. However, such data are particularly lacking for Asian patients.
As prevalence of OA is increasing, TKR is expected to play an important role in reducing
pain and improving physical functioning and HRQoL of patients[21]. Thus, there is a pressing need to obtain more empirical evidence on health outcome
improvement after TKR in Asian populations.

Therefore, the objective of the present study was to quantify the improvement in health
outcomes in Asian patients after TKR.

Patients and Methods

This was a two-year non-randomized prospective observational study. The institutional
review board at the Singapore General Hospital (SGH) had approved this study and patient
informed consent forms were collected.

Patients

A total of 242 patients would be required to detect an effect size of 0.18 using the
SF-36[22] with a significance level of 0.05 and the power of 0.8[23]. The inclusion criteria were: (1) patients diagnosed with knee OA based on clinical
and radiographic features and received TKR in the SGH between January 1, 2003 and
December 31, 2003 (index dates); (2) patients who had not undergone either TKR or
other knee surgeries at least six months before the index dates, and (3) patients
who had consented to participate in this study. Each patient was interviewed in English
by a trained interviewer one week before, six months after, and two years after surgery
using a standardized questionnaire including a generic HRQoL instrument (i.e. the
SF-36) and two functioning instruments (i.e. the OKS and the KSS). Demographic information
for each participating patient was also collected before the surgery.

The KSS consists of two scores, a knee score and a functioning score, both ranging
from 0 (worst health or functioning) to 100 (best health or functioning)[25]. The knee score reflects an objective measurement as well as patient-reported pain
severity. Fifty of 100 points in the knee score are allocated to pain assessment with
50 representing no pain, while the other 50 points are allocated for a clinical assessment
of range of motion, stability, alignment, and muscle power of knee with 50 representing
at least 0°-125°of knee flexion with no active lag, no instability, and normal alignment.
The function score reflects patient-reported walking distance and stair-climbing and
makes deductions for use of a walking aid, with 100 representing unlimited walking
distance and normal stair-climbing without use of an aid.

The OKS, a procedure- and joint-specific functioning measure, consists of 12 questions
assessing pain and physical disability using a 5-point Likert-type scale, which generates
a single score ranging from the worst functional outcome of 0 to the best functional
outcome of 100[26].

Statistical analyses

In order to determine the difference in demographic characteristics of the patients
participating in baseline interviews compared to those in post-surgery follow-up interviews,
chi-square test and one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) were used for categorical
and continuous variables, respectively. A generalized estimating equation (GEE) model
was used to estimate the magnitude of changes in these outcomes over time with and
without the adjustment of age, ethnicity, BMI, and the number of years with OA.

The unadjusted marginal model was:

and the adjusted marginal model was:

Where T1 = 1 if the measurement was taken at six-months and 0 otherwise; T2 = 1 if
the measurement was taken at two-years and 0 otherwise; ethnicity = 1 for Chinese
and 0 otherwise, and y is the response in question.

The mechanism by which data was missing was investigated by examining which baseline
covariates and previous measurements predicted missingness of a given outcome. The
only significant predictor was general health at baseline for the missingness at two-years
(p = 0.04), and given the number of statistical tests done (40 in all), this is fewer
than would be expected by chance alone. It is thus reasonable to conclude that missingness
was completely at random and hence does not bias our results. All descriptive analyses
were conducted using SAS 9.1 (SAS Institute Inc., Cary, North Carolina, USA), and
the remaining analyses were done using R version 2.4.1 (procedures from GEE library).
All statistical tests were two-tailed and conducted at 5% significance level.

Results

The patients' characteristics are shown in Table 1. At baseline, 298 eligible patients participated in the present study with the mean
age of 66.8 years. The majority were female (80.4%) with the mean OA duration of 7.8
years and the mean body mass index (BMI, kg/m2) of 27.9. A total of 176 (follow-up
rate: 59.0%) and 111 (follow-up rate: 37%) were followed at six-months and two-years
after the surgery, respectively. The reasons for the patients lost to follow up were
not known. Nevertheless, the demographic characteristics of the patients at six-months
and two-years follow-up were comparable to those of the patients at baseline (Table
1).

The observed mean scores of SF-36 physical functioning, role physical, bodily pain,
general health, and role emotional, the OKS, the KSS knee and functioning scores changed
significantly over time, while the mean scores of SF-36 social functioning, vitality,
and mental health did not change significantly (Table 2).

Table 3 shows the mean changes from the pre-surgery scores predicted by the GEE models. Without
the adjustment of demographic characteristics, SF-36 physical functioning score increased
by 22.5 at six-months (p < 0.0001) and by 26.7 at two-years (p < 0.0001). Role physical
score increased by 32.9 at six-months (p < 0.0001) and 28.7 at two-years (p < 0.0001).
Bodily pain score increased by 6.0 at six-months (p = 0.0003), but the change was
not significantly at two-years. General health score did not change significantly
at six-months and decreased by 4.1 at two-years (p < 0.0001). Role emotional score
increased by 15.6 and 12.2 at six-months (p < 0.0001) and two-years (p = 0.0001),
respectively. The score increments at six-months were 28.5, 37.5, and 16.2 for the
OKS, and the KSS knee and functioning, respectively, while the corresponding increments
at two-years were 33.4, 41.3, and 20.9 (all ps < 0.0001).

Table 3. Results of the generalized estimating equation model without and with adjustment of
demographic characteristics*

With the adjustment of age, gender, ethnicity, BMI, and years with OA, the magnitude
of predicted changes in these scores were similar to those without the adjustment.
Physical functioning score increased by 22.8 at six-months (p < 0.0001) and 27.3 at
two-years (p < 0.0001). The corresponding increments were 35.9 (p < 0.0001) and 26.8
(p < 0.0001) for role physical and 15.9 (p < 0.0001) and 12.9 (p = 0.0011) for role
emotional. The score increments at six-months were 28.8, 37.0, and 15.8 for the OKS,
and the KSS knee and functioning, respectively, while the corresponding increments
at two-years were 32.4, 40.4, and 19.4 (all ps < 0.0001).

Discussion

In this two-year prospective study, statistically significant improvements were observed
in the generic SF-36 physical functioning, role physical, and role emotional domains
and in the two disease-specific instruments. After the adjustment of covariates including
age, gender, ethnicity, BMI, and years with OA, the results were similar. The magnitude
of the improvements also exceeded the minimally important difference reported for
the SF-36[22]. TKR, as an effective surgery option for severe OA patients, can substantially improve
both general physical functioning (as measured by the generic SF-36) and knee-specific
physical functioning, and reduce knee-related pain (as measured by the OKS and the
KSS). However, no significant improvement in other aspects of health (e.g., mental
and social health) or general health has been observed.

The improvement in knee functioning and substantial reduction in knee pain as measured
by the OKS and the KSS were consistent with previous studies[13-17], as was the physical functioning and role physical measured by the SF-36[13,14,17-20]. Surprisingly no significant change in SF-36 bodily pain score at both six-months
and two-years was observed. This finding was different from some published studies[9,10,13,14,17-20,22], which reported that SF-36 bodily pain had also been reduced significantly after
TKR. Though it is not clear about the true answer to this contrast finding, there
are several possible explanations. First is the presence of comorbid back pain in
this patient population. SF-36 bodily pain domain was designed for general bodily
pain (e.g. back pain) as opposed to knee pain. Veerapen et al., found that back pain was more common than knee joint pain in Asian populations[27] and back pain was reported as a significant factor influencing post-TKR SF-36 bodily
pain, vitality, and mental health scores[9]. This might be a possible reason why SF-36 bodily pain had demonstrated minimal improvement
after surgery if back pain was a common comorbid condition for this patient population.
However, the prevalence of back pain was not captured in the present study. It is
thus suggested that the information be collected in future studies. Second is the
difference in patient characteristics. The patients enrolled in previous studies were
either younger[10] or older[9,22], and with higher BMI[9,10,22]. Bugala-Szpak et al., found that BMI, rather than sex and age, had a significantly
influence on post-TKR quality of life scores[17]. A large study is necessary to confirm this finding. Thirdly and importantly, ethnic
differences in pain perception between Asian and Western populations might contribute
to this discrepancy. Thus caution should be exercised when generalizing the results
to other ethnic groups.

Social and mental health as measured by the SF-36 remained unchanged or even a little
worse after surgery. Singer et al., suggested that there might be a strong psychological adjustment or adaptation to
physical disability in the elderly[28]. Nevertheless, patients' social and mental health was still less satisfactory compared
to the same age group of Asian populations[29]. Ayers et al., reported that poorer pre-TKR mental health might have a negative impact on the
improvement of post-TKR physical functioning[30]. Escobar et al., also found that pre-TKR mental health was a significant factor predicting post-TKR
physical functioning[9]. Some studies have demonstrated that social support might play an important role
in moderating the effects of pain, physical disability, and depression in patients
with OA[31-36]. All these evidence may suggest that providing social and mental support to this
patient population could be an important way of improving their quality of life in
the long term.

The study had higher drop-out rates in following up the patients. A sensitivity analysis
was conducted by calculating the mean of the outcome measures at each time point using
all available measurements and comparing with those using completers only, and this
made very little difference. General health of patients was worse at two-years than
that at baseline. General health is also the only significant predictor for the missingness
at two-years. This finding was not surprising as more than 80% of the patients were
aged over 60 and 40% over 70. Although these patients might be seen in other departments
later on, it would be difficult for them to come back to the orthopedic department
to complete an additional examination two years after the surgery unless knee OA is
getting worse.

In conclusion, both general and knee-specific physical functioning had been significantly
improved after TKR, while other health domains remained unchanged after the surgery.

Competing interests

The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

Authors' contributions

FX designed the study, participated in data collection, data analysis, results interpretation
and took the lead on drafting the manuscript and subsequent revisions. NNL participated
in data collection and provided clinical expertise. EMP participated in the data analysis
and results interpretation, as well as contributing to writing the manuscript. JET,
DJO and RG participated in results interpretation and also contributed to writing
the manuscript. HPL participated in the data collection and results interpretation.
All authors read and approved the final version of the manuscript.

Peterlein CD, Schofer MD, Fuchs-Winkelmann S, Scherf FG: Clinical outcome and quality of life after computer-assisted total knee arthroplasty:
results from a prospective, single-surgeon study and review of the literature.