Authors:Ana Carolina Hollanda, Ana Katherine Gonçalves, Carlos André Jatobá, Teresa Dantas Fabrício, Adalberto Fabrício Silva, Ricardo Ney CobucciPages: 10 - 15Abstract: The study aims to evaluate the importance of resection margins in the risk of residual disease (RD) and to investigate other factors that could potentially predict RD before patients engage in follow-up. Eighty-six women with a histologically confirmed diagnosis of cervical intraepithelial neoplasms (CIN) treated by loop electrosurgical excision procedure (LEEP), were included in this retrospective study, between January 2015 and May 2016. Age, smoking habit, menopause status, and LEEP margins were evaluated as possible predictors of RD. The mean age at diagnosis was 35.8 years (range 18-61). The mean follow-up period was 12 months. 11.6% of patients (09/86) were lost in follow-up. 64% of patients (55/86) had clear margins in the specimen and 34.8% of patients had positive surgical margins (30/86). In 1.2% of patients (01/86) the resection margins were uncertain. RD was demonstrated by positive Pap Smear and by colposcopy-guided biopsy in 26.7% of patients (23/86). We found significant differences in the frequency of RD depending on the status of margins: 65.2% of cases with positive margins vs. 24.5% of cases with negative margins (p<0.0001). Multivariate analysis showed that only high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (H-SIL) detection in cervical biopsy and status of the LEEP margins were significantly predictive of RD (OR 5.4, 95%CI 1.08-27.7, p<0.05 and OR 7.05, 95%CI 2.1-23.1, p=0.001; respectively). The combination of histological examination of resection margins plus H-SIL detection in cervical biopsy would help to classify LEEP-treated patients into categories of different risk levels of residual disease.PubDate: 2018-02-15Issue No:Vol. 6, No. 1 (2018)

Authors:A. Ebinesh, G. S. Vijaykumar, T. S. KiranPages: 16 - 35Abstract: Aim: To phenotypically study the role of domestic environmental stress in the emergence of antimicrobial resistance in Acinetobacter baumannii. Materials and Methods: Six strains of A. baumannii were initially subjected to AST and then were exposed to various stresses (temperature, pH and random combinations). Stressed cells were subcultured and then subjected for AST. The ZOIs before and after exposure to stress were compared. Statistical analysis was done using Student t-test at p < 0.10. Results: Exposure to stresses and combination of stresses resulted in substantial reduction in the ZOIs. Stress hardening was associated with further reduction in ZOIs. Conclusion: Exposure to domestic environmental stress imparted a significant and substantial reduction in the susceptibility of A. baumannii strains to antibiotics.PubDate: 2018-02-25Issue No:Vol. 6, No. 1 (2018)

Authors:Vesna Ambarkova, Mihail Kochubovski, Ljuben Guguvcevski, Vanco SpirovPages: 31 - 36Abstract: A vast majority of people in Macedonia use bottled water for drinking. Use of bottled water without knowing the F level may expose children to dental caries risk if the F level is lower than optimal or to dental fluorosis if the F level is too high. To determine the content of fluoride in drinking bottled water available in the country. Thirty-five commercial brands of bottled water (12 out of 23 domestic production and imported brands) were procured from bigger markets in the Republic of Macedonia. Determination of the content of fluorine is performed using ion selective electrode (Thermo Orion Ion Plus Fluoride Electrode) and Ionometer (pH/ISE meter - Thermo-Orion) of the public health Institute. The content of fluoride in packaged water from domestic production ranged from 0.035 in Spring to 1.086 in vision with an average 0.368 (± 0.305), while imported bottled water ranged from 0.032 in ordinary water ROSA to 2.220 in bottled water KOM, with an average 0.631 (± 0.497). There was a wide variation in the F levels in the different brands of bottled water. Parents that use bottled water to prepare powdered milk for babies and baby foods should be aware that it may contain higher concentrations of fluoride and put their child at risk the occurrence of dental fluorosis.PubDate: 2017-06-28Issue No:Vol. 5, No. 2 (2017)

Authors:Amit Gupta, Machchindra Pawar, Sanjay Sharma, Nilima PendharkarPages: 37 - 44Abstract: The objective of our study is to confirm and isolate the enzyme chitinase from bacterial samples that are present in different soil samples of Baramati region, Maharashtra and determined its antimicrobial activity of chitinase with protease activity against Rapither AB in virally infected human whole blood samples. In this study, soil samples of different regions of Baramati were collected and identified chitinase enzyme on the basis of zone inhibition in chitin agar plates and finally confirmation through Bergey manual method. For these studies, quantifying the protein content including crude enzyme of bacterial colonies using Nanodrop method. In addition, protease activity of chitinase crude enzyme was determined against Rapither AB and estimated its proliferation rate including total cellular content in virally infected human whole blood samples. After confirmation of chitinase enzyme through various biochemical tests (protein content) and showed higher or rich amount of protein including crude enzyme at a very low concentration. In contrast, protease at higher concentration showed declined in proliferation rate including total cellular content in virally infected human whole blood samples. Overall studies indicated its antimicrobial activity of chitinase with protease activity against Rapither AB.PubDate: 2017-07-20Issue No:Vol. 5, No. 2 (2017)

Authors:Jadwiga Kuciel-Lewandowska, Sylwia Płaczkowska, Lilla Pawlik-Sobecka, Agnieszka PiwowarPages: 63 - 68Abstract: Osteoarthritis and other arthropathies are still one of the most debilitating musculoskeletal disorders among the elderly population. Pathogenesis of these diseases is multifactorial and mainly connected with increasing of oxidative stress. Pharmacotherapy, physico- and balneotherapy are the most commonly used methods of treatment. The mechanism of action balneotherapy in arthropathies is not fully understood. Probably it is a combined effect of used forms of biological interactions which influence different metabolic pathways. One of the potential factor connected with decreasing oxidative stress status during balneotherapy can be iron bioavailability and changes its concentration during this therapy. The aim of this study was assessing change of iron blood status during the routine 21 days’ radon-sulfide balneotherapy course in patients with osteoarthritis. The study group consisted of 35 osteoarthritis patients without impediment to comprehensive treatment at spa. The age of patients ranged 32-67 years (average 53.5). The blood samples were collected before the therapy and after 21 days of treatment at a spa. The levels of iron, transferrin, total iron binding capacity and transferrin saturation percent were assessed. Within statistical comparison before and after spa course reveled decreasing trend for all iron status parameters after 21 days’ spa treatment, but the observed changes were significant only for TIBC. In the course of spa therapy Osteoarthritis patients, the level of the systemic iron components is not affected and changes in blood oxidative status during this therapy probably are not influenced by iron status and vice versa.PubDate: 2017-10-30Issue No:Vol. 5, No. 2 (2017)

Authors:Twinkle S. Bansode, Amit Gupta, Bharat Shinde, B. K. SalalkarPages: 1 - 7Abstract: Antidiabetic studies were conducted in human whole blood using different medicinal plant products (Trigonella foenum graecum, seeds; Syzygium cumini, seeds; Salavadora persica, leaves and Terminalia chebula, seeds). The objective of our study is to screen fractions of these four different medicinal plant products on diabetic human whole blood samples. For these studies, our group evaluated secondary metabolites through thin layer chromatography (TLC) and also determined its activity on diabetic human whole blood samples in order to determine total cellular content, free hemoglobin in the supernatant and also estimated its glucose content. The results of these studies claimed that all these fractions isolated from these medicinal plant productsshowed antidiabetic effect at lower doses because of decline in total cellular content, free hemoglobin in the supernatant and glucose content but maximum effect observed in case of fraction isolated from Syzygium cumini and Salavadora persica. Overall, this study claimed that all these plant fractions showed anti-diabetic activity.PubDate: 2017-01-28Issue No:Vol. 5, No. 1 (2017)

Authors:Ranbeer Kumar Singh, Dipak Kushwaha, Syed S. Haque, Md. Tanweeruddin, Tarique Aziz, B. K. Singh, Kalpana SinghPages: 8 - 11Abstract: Meningitis is life-threatening condition and examination of the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) may not give a precise diagnosis and prognosis of different types of meningitis. Bacterial meningitis is still a very common problem especially in many developing countries. The aims of study are to estimate the importance and significance of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) isoenzymes, protein and sugar in CSF of different types of meningitis. A total of 160 cases, aged between 1 month and 60 years, including patients with bacterial meningitis (n=50), pyogenic meningitis (n=46), viral meningitis (n=24) and a control group (n=40), were analyzed on the basis of data from the initial clinical examinations. Significant increase in LDH level (P<0.001) were observed in the test group when compared to the control group. The LDH activity was significantly elevated in the CSF and serum (p < 0.001) in cases of pyogenic (PM) as well as tuberculous meningitis (TBM). Bacterial meningitis is more common than non bacterial meningitis. The enzymatic activity of LDH although significantly raised in PM compared to TBM but there was no cutoff level to differentiate them. The LDH level did rise quite significantly in pyogenic meningitis.PubDate: 2017-04-07Issue No:Vol. 5, No. 1 (2017)

Authors:Ayobola A. Iyanda, John AnetorPages: 17 - 23Abstract: The influence of gender on the modulating effects of many xenobiotics has been suggested. The aim of the study is to determine which of the genders, is more at risk of altered micronutrient status subsequent to petroleum-product exposure. 60 petrol-station attendants (PSA) as well as 60 control participants were recruited for the study. The test or control group for each gender consisted of 30 participants. Serum obtained from five millimeters of blood was used to determine the levels of micronutrients. Vitamins and trace elements were determined using High Performance Liquid Chromatography and Atomic Absorption Spectrometry respectively. Significant differences between groups were ascertained using Student’s t test. Correlation study between length of service (at petrol station) and micronutrient levels was determined using Pearson’s correlation co-efficient. P<0.05 was considered significant. Although correlation was observed between length of service and several micronutrients for both male and female PSA and petrol caused significant reduction in micronutrient levels in both groups of PSA; Mo, Fe and Se, pyridoxine, niacin, vitamins E and vitamin C were more significantly lower in female PSA than male ones. These results suggest that women are more susceptible than men to micronutrient depletion during petrol exposure.PubDate: 2017-05-24Issue No:Vol. 5, No. 1 (2017)

Authors:Archibong N. Archibong, Clement Oshie Nku, Ofem Effiong OfemPages: 24 - 30Abstract: Moringa oleifera Lam. is an important plant with huge medicinal potentials. This study is aim at investigating the effect of leaf extract of Moringa oleifera on some haematological parameters in salt loaded albino Wistar rats. A total of twenty four (24) male albino Wistar rats weighing between 200 to 250 g were used for the experiment and were divided into four groups of six rats each. They were given either normal rat feed and drinking water, high salt diet (8% NaCl diet) + 1% NaCl drinking water and/or Moringa oleifera extract (600 mg/kg b.w., orally, once daily). The feeding regimens lasted for six weeks. After an overnight fast, blood was collected and analyzed for hematological parameters. The salt fed untreated rats had significant (p<0.05) increase in red blood cell count (RBC) and packed cell volume (PCV), (P<0.01). These parameters were significantly (p<0.05) reduced to near control values following extract treatment. Salt fed untreated rats were observed to have significant (p<0.05) reduction in total white blood cell count (TWBC) and platelet (PLT) count (P<0.01), but the reverse was the case following extract treatment. In conclusion consumption of Moringa oleifera leaf extract ameliorates the adverse effects of salt loading on the blood cells. Therefore, the extract is recommended to pharmaceutical industries for further research and possible use in the manufacture of drugs that are necessary in management of blood pressure and other related ailments.PubDate: 2017-05-27Issue No:Vol. 5, No. 1 (2017)

Authors:Amit Gupta, Sushama R. ChaphalkarPages: 1 - 7Abstract: According to the literature which revealed that immunopharmacological based activity of crude terpenoids extracted from the leaves of Emblica officinalis, Ficus racemosa and Strychnos nux-vomica on human whole blood has not been carried out. In order to explore its immunosuppressive activity of these crude terpenoids (6.25-25 mg/ml; 50 µl) using human whole blood stimulated with hepatitis B vaccine containing surface antigen (HBsAg, 20 µg/ml; 10 µl) pertaining to human blood counts (lymphocytes, monocytes and granulocytes count), CD14 monocyte surface marker and HBsAg stimulated proliferation assay. The results showed that these crude terpenoids extracted from various medicinal plants containing HBsAg inhibited the percentage count of monocytes as well as granulocytes at higher doses. In addition, these crude terpenoids also reduces its proliferation rate at higher doses as compared to control and standard (HBsAg). The overall conclusion of this study showed that these crude terpenoids possess immunosuppressive activity and might be used for various therapeutic purposes.PubDate: 2016-02-03Issue No:Vol. 5, No. 2 (2016)

Authors:Taranisen Panda, Nirlipta Mishra, Bikram Kumar Pradhan, Rajballav MohantyPages: 8 - 20Abstract: An ethnobotanical investigation was carried out in Bhadrak and Kendrapara districts of Odisha, India to explore the therapeutic use of plants by local inhabitants. Data on medicinal plants were collected from June 2012 to July 2014 using structured questionnaires, complemented by free interviews and informal conversations. The research resulted identification of 64 medicinal plants belonging to 45 families. The most cited families were Cucurbitaceae, Fabaceae, Araceae and Asteraceae. Different plant parts like bark, leaf, flower, seed, stem, root and whole plant were reported as used in raw or cooked form against different diseases. Prominent diseases treated by plant remedies were asthma, cardiovascular ailments, gastrointestinal disorders, diabetes, jaundice, malaria, skin disorders and rheumatism. Data obtained showed that in the studied area the folk use of plants is still alive and plays an important role in the conservation of biodiversity and the regional indigenous medicinal knowledge for future generations. Further investigation of the reported plant species related to pharmacological and phytochemical studies may lead to the discovery of new bioactive compounds for treating life-threatening illnesses.PubDate: 2016-02-08Issue No:Vol. 5, No. 2 (2016)

Authors:Marta Sak, Małgorzata Radecka, Tomasz M. Karpiński, Anna Wędrychowicz-Welman, Anna K. SzkaradkiewiczPages: 21 - 31Abstract: Resorption is the combination of physiological or pathological factors leading to the loss of enamel, dentin, cementum, and the alveolar bone by the action of polynuclear giant cells. There are various theories about the causes of resorption. They can be divided into local and systemic. For local reasons mainly are mentioned injuries, pulp necrosis, arising as a result of local caries, chronic pulp inflammation and iatrogenic factors, especially high temperature triggered during the cavity preparation or tooth crown preparation in prosthetic reconstruction. Depending on location of the lesion, resorption is divided into internal and external. In some cases, the two types of resorption may occur simultaneously. Untreated resorption usually leads to loss of the tooth.PubDate: 2016-02-26Issue No:Vol. 5, No. 2 (2016)

Authors:Minakshi Rohilla, Arun Kalpdev, V. Jain, G. R. V. Prasad, J. KalraPages: 32 - 36Abstract: India has high burden of tuberculosis (>60 cases per 1 lac population per year) accounting for 30% burden of the total TB cases in the world. It is a leading cause of death of women amounting to approximately 500000 deaths every year. TB is also one of the leading non obstetric causes of maternal mortality with an estimated 33% deaths in women of child bearing age. There is limited data on extrapulmonary tuberculosis (EPTB) during pregnancy and postpartum period. Pregnancy being an immune compromised state, adds the theoretical risk for getting tubercular infection in women. Due to vague and nonspecific symptomatology of EPTB the diagnosis is often missed or late in pregnancy. There is variable opinion about effects of pregnancy on tuberculosis and vice versa, mostly showing no effect on each other. Other types of EPTB like genital, meningeal and abdominal tuberculosis are rare in pregnancy and are associated with variable maternal as well as fetal outcomes. Rare presentations of extrapulmonary TB in reproductive age women like secondary amenorrhoea, tuberculosis of the cervix, tubercular meningitis and postpartum tuberculosis as puerperal sepsis, perforation peritonitis and wound sinus formation are being discussed in the present series. Prompt diagnosis and early treatment especially during pregnancy are of paramount importance for maternal health.PubDate: 2016-03-15Issue No:Vol. 5, No. 2 (2016)

Authors:Nagat Ali Muqbil, Adelah Mohammed MuqbelPages: 37 - 42Abstract: Cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) is a serious health problem in Yemen. Although there are some previous reports, but it was not fully documented in all areas of Yemen. Alswalaha area is one of the areas in Yemen, which is not documented. Therefore the current study aimed to determine the prevalence of CL in ten villages in this studied area during the period from July 2011 - March 2012. Stained with Giemsa skin slit smears revealed amastigotes in 75 cases (91%) out of 82 examined individuals. The positive cases were confirmed by culture in NNN medium. Infection were detected in both sexes. Males are often infected (60%) than females (40%). Lesions were recorded in different age groups, with the largest number of patients (38 cases) in the age group 10-20 years. A dry skin type of leishmaniasis due to L. tropica is more prevalence (65%) in the studied area than the wet type (35%). The most ulcers were recorded on the face of 40 patients (45%), in the upper extremity of 25 cases (29%), and in the lower extremity of 17 cases (20%). Size of the lesions ranging between 3 mm to 5 cm. Most of the patients (73%) have single lesion, 20% of patients have two lesions, while 3 and more lesions developed 7% of patients. The duration of the infection varied from one month to more than a year. The study conclude that Al-Swalaha is one of the endemic areas in Yemen that in need of high attention of authorities and the society.PubDate: 2016-03-30Issue No:Vol. 5, No. 2 (2016)

Authors:Surabhi Aggarwal, Minakshi Rohilla, Seema Chopra, Rashmi BaggaPages: 43 - 48Abstract: To compare the efficacy of 3 doses of ampicillin prophylaxis regimen with 7 days regimen of ampicillin prophylaxis on infectious morbidity in women undergoing elective caesarean delivery. A prospective non blinded randomized controlled study was conducted on 128 women planned for elective caesarean section. In the study group, patients were given 3 doses: 1 g of IV Ampicillin - 30 minutes preoperatively, later at 6 and 12 hours post operatively. In the control group, patients were given 7 days of antibiotic prophylaxis: IV ampicillin 500 mg - 30 minutes preoperatively, 6 hourly for 24 hours post operatively, followed by oral amoxycillin 500 mg 8 hourly till 7th postoperative days. Patients were followed up till day 7 post operative days for infectious morbidity. No significant difference was found either in the prevalence of postoperative infection or in the mean hospital stays. The cost of the three doses of prophylactic antibiotics was 2/3 rd the cost of the seven days standard postoperative scheme. The usage of minimum doses of prophylactic antibiotics in elective caesarean delivery has an equivalent impact as compared to the conventional seven days regimen in terms of infectious morbidity both on the mother and the neonate with significant reduction in terms of cost of treatment. Shorter regimen is judicious way of use of antibiotics and decreases the workload of the paramedical staff as well.PubDate: 2016-06-29Issue No:Vol. 5, No. 2 (2016)

Authors:Amit Gupta, Ankit Shah, A. R. Chabukswar, Sushama R. ChaphalkarPages: 49 - 54Abstract: Medicinal plant products are generally used as immunomodulatory (stimulatory/suppressive/adjuvant) agents for curing various ailments. These activities could be due to the presence of primary and secondary metabolites as already described in the literature. In the present study, we focused on those proteases isolated from the flowers of Caesalpinia pulcherrima and Phanera variegata against specific protein antigen i.e. Bovine serum albumin (BSA) on human diabetic blood samples using flow cytometry. For these studies, determination of protein (Nanodrop) and protease (spectrophotometer) content from the flowers of Caesalpinia pulcherrima and Phanera variegata using phosphate buffered saline (PBS, pH 3 to 9). Out of these, the most active protease treated with diabetic human blood samples (n=6; fasting glucose level, >180) using diluted and concentrated form of protease (100 µl) and determined its blood counts in the form of lymphocytes, monocytes and granulocytes count and also analysed its forward and side scatter of the cell. The results showed that acid protease (pH 5) showed enhancement in granulocytes count but sudden decline in monocytes count as compared to control. Similarly, there is enhancement in both forward and side scatter after treating with acid protease of Caesalpinia pulcherrima and Phanera variegata. Overall, flow cytometric results revealed that acid protease (pH 5) from the flowers of Caesalpinia pulcherrima and Phanera variegata showed antidiabetic property in human blood samples.PubDate: 2016-09-07Issue No:Vol. 5, No. 2 (2016)

Authors:Twinkle Sunder Bansode, B K SalalkarPages: 60 - 67Abstract: Diabetes mellitus is the fifth deadliest disease in the developing countries. Even with all the research and new drugs available, combating diabetes is still challenging. There are successes in finding new cost effective drugs without side effects, even if not perfect. In our investigation, we studied the in silico binding mechanism of secondary metabolites of Terminalia chebula, with the key enzymes used in the diabetes management. It was analyzed that three compounds out of 16 have a higher binding affinity for the target proteins/enzymes. Ellagic acid showed highest binding affinity with alpha amylase, beta glucosidase and alpha glucosidase with lesser binding energies -4.5 kcal/mol, -5.36 kcal/mol and -4.48 kcal/mol respectively. Arjungenin has lesser binding energy of 4.77 kcal/mol with glucokinase while luteolin has a binding energy of -7.25 kcal/mol for enzyme glycogen synthase kinase. These entire compounds interacted with non-covalent interaction. In vitro antidiabetic studies revealed that the petroleum ether extract has the significant alpha amylase inhibitory activity, i.e. 51.22% as compared to standard drug (65.99%). Further, TLC analysis revealed the presence of total 9 compounds in different plant extracts one of them might be a lead compound which could be further exploited for the development of novel, safer and potent antidiabetic drug.PubDate: 2016-11-21Issue No:Vol. 5, No. 2 (2016)

Authors:Iwona Łopacińska, Zbigniew Tokarski, Agnieszka Renn-Żurek, Andrzej DenysPages: 1 - 4Abstract: Introduction: Medical services provide unique services. Their distinct feature is based on the fact that they provide immaterial product in contrast to industry sector. For medical personnel it means properly performed procedures which lead to health improvement. The final result is of vital importance for a patient and their family but also the course of treat-ment, participation in making decisions, relationship with medical personnel, good equipment and perfect organization. There are many supporters of quality management system by ISO 9001 and many who are opposed. A documented system is a requirement of today.Aim: The aim of the paper was to find out whether implementation of quality management system by ISO had an effect on work safety in both public and non-public hospital personnel feelings. Material and methods: Diagnostic poll method using the author designed questionnaire was used. The study was carried out on 200 persons of medi-cal personnel from two Polish hospitals, public and non-public, before quality management system by ISO 9001-2000 was implemented. Results: The study showed that 78.00% (n=156) respondents were of opinion that implementation of standardization improved work safety while 9.50% (n=19) thought it did not, 12.50% (n=25) had no opinion.Conclusions: The investigated public hospital per-sonnel thought that introduction of standardization improved work safety than those more often from non-public hospital. The nurses and paramedics were of opinion that introduction of standardization improved work safety slightly more often than the physicians.PubDate: 2015-02-24Issue No:Vol. 5, No. 2 (2015)

Authors:Chandan N. Jadhav, Atul Parashar, Ramesh K. Sharma, Ritambhra NadaPages: 5 - 7Abstract: Malignant degeneration of chronic burn wound is a known complication. These tumours are almost always squamous cell carcinomas although other rare types have been described. Malignant fibrous histiocytoma (MFH) which is usually originated from muscles and deep fascia is the most common soft tissue sarcoma. However MFH arising in chronic burn scar wound is a very rare entity. Only 8 cases have been reported so far. A female patient with history of childhood burns, presented to us with proliferative lesion over the left thigh; arising within the burn scar. Pathological diagnosis of pleomorphic storiform type of MFH was made. She underwent wide local excision with 2 cm margin including deep fascia up to the muscle. The defect was resurfaced with intermediate thickness split skin graft. This case represents a very uncommon complication of burn injury and reemphasizes, that the best prophylaxis for development of malignancy in chronic burn scar, is to achieve a stable cover of burn wound.PubDate: 2015-02-24Issue No:Vol. 5, No. 2 (2015)

Authors:Arun Kumar Srivastava, Vinay Kumar SinghPages: 8 - 19Abstract: One of the neglected food-borne diseases in the international public health arena is fasciolosis. The two species most commonly implicated as the etiological agents of fasciolosis are Fasciola hepatica and F. gigantica. The intermediate host for Fasciola is the freshwater snail of the genus Lymnaea. Lymnaea acuminata is oviparous and reproduce round the year and lays eggs on lower surface of aquatic vegetation. Oval eggs were laid in a row containing 2-196 egg. Increase in temperature resulted an increase in organism’s reproductive rate. Temperature increases beyond 33ºC the reproductive rate decline. Sudden drops in temperature promote egg mass abortion. A temperature of 25ºC is considered for optimal for oviposition and growth in pomacean snails. The CDC cells (caudo dorsal cells) in the brain of the snail L. acuminata release ovulation hormone. The CDCS synthesize and release multiple peptides, among which is the ovulation hormone (CDCH). It is thought that each peptide controls a specific aspect of the processes involved in egg laying.PubDate: 2015-04-11Issue No:Vol. 5, No. 2 (2015)

Authors:Agnieszka Renn-Żurek, Iwona Łopacińska, Zbigniew Tokarski, Andrzej DenysPages: 20 - 25Abstract: Introduction: The threat of terrorist attacks in Poland has become a real and constant problem for the safety of our country. The danger of using mass destruction weapons, including biological warfare, seems to be serious. Thus preparedness for a biolo-gical attack of emergency services and health care workers is of vital importance. The most numerous group of emergency services are nurses who are employed in all types of organisational units of medical care and thus should have knowledge of emergency treatment during bioterrorist attack.Objective: The thesis objective was to assess level of nurses knowledge of bioterrorist threat in Poland and need for additional training in this field.Materials and methods: The study group consisted of professionally active nurses from the Łódź region, the applied research method was a diagnostic poll.Results: Seventy eight percent respondents claimed that the threat of a bioterrorist attack in Poland was real. The majority of the respondents (89%) point to anthrax, plague, smallpox, tularaemia, botulinum toxin, viral haemorrhagic fever as the most impor-tant group of pathogens that could be used in a terrorist attack; 87% of the nurses claimed that their knowledge of biological warfare and infectious patients treatment was not sufficient; 92% of them understood the need to organise trainings for medi-cal staff on bioterrorism threat and procedures in case of such an attack.Conclusions:1. In the current political situation of Poland, the nurses consider a bioterrorist attack a real threat.2. The respondents are aware of bioterrorism, can name risk factors, targets of the attack and epide-miological clues suggesting biological weapon was used.3. Majority of respondents find the knowledge of bioterrorism not satisfactory and indicate the need to educate medical staff and the public.PubDate: 2015-05-21Issue No:Vol. 5, No. 2 (2015)

Authors:Minakshi Rohilla, N. Pramya, G. R. V. Prasad, Vanita Jain, Jaswinder KalraPages: 26 - 30Abstract: The frequency of adherent placenta is increasing due to growing number of caesarean deliveries. The optimal management of this condition remains unclear, resulting in complications in the peripartum period such as severe haemorrhage, a possible need for caesarean hysterectomy, and even severe injuries to pelvic organs. We report cases of conservative management of adherent retained placenta following midtrimester abortion, preterm normal and caesarean delivery. All were managed conservatively with antibiotics, and followed up with 2-4 weekly USG. There was complete resorption of placenta by 3-6 months postpartum in all the cases. No complications developed during the conservative management and all women resumed normal menstruation by 5-6 months post procedure. Conservative management of abnormally invasive placentation can be effective and fertility can be preserved which should be considered in highly selective cases. Further research with prospective evaluation for conservative treatments versus different approaches for adherent retained placenta is necessary.PubDate: 2015-06-28Issue No:Vol. 5, No. 2 (2015)

Authors:A. Jablokov, Oleg GradovPages: 31 - 35Abstract: The construction of a novel surgical instrument is considered, which is also a probing device providing a signal to the measuring equipment, which after its interpretation allows to obtain useful information about the section quality and the biomaterial properties. We propose here some formalized considerations on the possibility of its implementation for different variables registration. The idea is also extrapolated into the field of micrurgy which refers to the microelectrode techniques and the local potential registration in situ.PubDate: 2015-06-30Issue No:Vol. 5, No. 2 (2015)

Authors:Amit Gupta, Sushama R. ChaphalkarPages: 36 - 44Abstract: Cancer is the uncontrolled growth of abnormal cells in one or both of the tissues/organs. While the capability of normal cells reproduce and develop into healthy tissue but these abnormal cells reproduce faster and never grow into normal organ tissue. Due to uncontrolled cell division, lumps of cancer cells (tumors) then form, grow and spread to other parts of the body. Over the past three decades, the concept of cancer and its types has greatly expanded. Clinicians have take advantages of these initial discoveries related to signs and symptoms of disease and have consistently used scientific breakthrough to design new treatments against particular type of cancer. Recently lung, colorectal, breast, pancreatic and prostate are top five killer diseases in human all over the world. PubDate: 2015-08-24Issue No:Vol. 5, No. 2 (2015)