Notwithstanding laudable successes, incomplete or poorly conceived disarmament, demobilization, and
reintegration (DDR) initiatives have been key factors to high rates of conflict relapse in Africa.

Reintegration is the most complex and critical yet least prioritized facet of DDR.

The decision to integrate former militias into the national army is typically a political expediency that impedes military professionalism and increases the likelihood of human rights abuses and instability.