With Wandering Steps

Edited by Mary C. Fenton and Louis Schwartz

With Wandering Steps

Generative Ambiguity in Milton’s Poetics

Edited by Mary C. Fenton and Louis Schwartz

Throughout his poetry, as he explored how human beings could and should align their wills with God’s, John Milton grappled with this reality: as we travel through this life, our paths fork and choices are made, and thus the eventual integration into the divine all described in Paradise Lost is always delayed or projected forward. In this relationship, Milton sees a generative tension between certainties—such as the premise that God exists and is good—and contingencies, those acts and experiences that are generated by the created world. As the essays in this volume argue, it is this tension that fuels Milton’s creative power.

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Throughout his poetry, as he explored how human beings could and should align their wills with God’s, John Milton grappled with this reality: as we travel through this life, our paths fork and choices are made, and thus the eventual integration into the divine all described in Paradise Lost is always delayed or projected forward. In this relationship, Milton sees a generative tension between certainties—such as the premise that God exists and is good—and contingencies, those acts and experiences that are generated by the created world. As the essays in this volume argue, it is this tension that fuels Milton’s creative power.

These nine scholars, then, take up those parts of Milton’s work that wander, that refuse to move in a straight line or come to a fixed conclusion. Milton is seen to be centered on beginnings without clear endings, on figures who cycle or recur, on moments of ambiguity or ambivalence that seemed designed never to resolve. Milton’s works draw readers into aesthetic, rhetorical, and epistemological schemes—plots, tropes, and arguments—that assert the value of differences while, at the same time, calling all differences into question. These essays represent an attempt to take the conversation about Milton’s relationship with difference in a new direction; while some critics have argued that difference is meaningless in Milton because all differences melt into a singular truth, other critics have seen these differences as destabilizing, rendering Milton a poet of uncertainty and indetermination. With Wandering Steps focuses instead on the procreative and creative impulses at the very heart of Milton’s poetry and poetic processes, wherein all paths are valid paths—however far they may seem to wander, they usually return, reunite, and imply the idea of a larger, consistent whole.

Mary C. Fenton is professor of English at Western Carolina University and a past president of the Milton Society of America.