Islands of the Lesser Antilles in the Caribbean

This dry forest ecoregion is comprised of several relatively small land areas on islands in the Caribbean’s Leeward Island Group. Due to the small geographic size and proximity to the more densely populated coastal regions, these forests are particularly prone to degradation and disturbance. Centuries of deforestation and intensive agricultural use have resulted in the alteration of much of the original forest cover and contributed to a subsequent loss of species richness. A relatively high degree of island-endemism is a characteristic that these dry forests share with many other forests in the Leeward Islands Group. Conservation measures vary significantly from one island to another while most suffer similarly from population-related development, agricultural encroachment, hunting, and limited enforcement of wildlife and environmental legislation.

Scientific Code

(NT0220)

Ecoregion Category

Neotropical

Size

50 square miles

Status

Critical/Endangered

Habitats

Description Location and General DescriptionThis ecoregion covers small portions of the Caribbean’s Leeward Islands. It is commonly found as a mid-gradient forest type between the xeric coastal regions and the higher-relief inner-island moist forests. This ecoregion is characterized by moderate relief and rainfall, and covers all of St. Eustatius, the central portion of Barbuda, interior portions of Montserrat, and small coastal areas on Anguilla and Antigua.

The Leeward Islands are found north of the Windward Islands extending to just east of the Virgin Islands between latitudes 15° 45' N to 18° 35' N and longitudes 61° 45' W to 63° 20' W (Rand McNally 1988). All of the Leeward Islands lie within the trade-winds belt resulting in a subtropical climate. Islands with sufficient relief receive adequate rainfall, but those with a more subdued topography tend to be dry to semi-arid. The main hurricane track passes through these islands.

The Leeward Islands exhibit two geologically distinct belts (Fink and Fairbridge 1975). The island of Guadeloupe marks the southern end of the two belts and embodies characteristics of both. The eastern half of Guadeloupe is called Grande Terre and is composed entirely of limestone overlying older andesitic and dacitic volcanics (Dononvan & Jackson 1994). Basse Terre, the western half, is dominated by Soufriere, a 1,467-meter high active volcano. The inner belt or arc of islands is volcanic in origin and tends to have higher, more rugged topography. These include Monserrat, Nevis, St. Christopher, St. Eustatius, and Saba. Andesitic flows, pyroclastic units, and volcanoclastics of recent to Eocene age dominate this belt. These volcanics are interbedded with Pliocene and Pleistocene limestones on some islands, notably on St. Eustatius, St. Christopher, and Monserrat. Formiferal or oolitic limestone underlies the remaining islands in the outer belt or arc of islands including Guadeloupe's offshore islands of Marie Galante and Desirade, Antigua, Barbuda, St. Barthelemy, St Martin, and Anguilla (Donovan & Jackson 1994).

The Caribbean is an important biological region due to its rich vegetation and the large number of endemic plants. The West Indies have about 200 endemic genera; the largest Wallenia has 30 species while 6 other genera have 10 or more. The larger genera (Bontia, Spathelia, Lagetta and Catesbaea) are more or less widely distributed over the archipelago (Stoffers 1993). Corresponding with lower elevations and less rainfall, the original forest formations of this ecoregion include littoral woodland, thorn woodland, deciduous woodland, and semi-evergreen woodland. Commonly found are plant species such as white cedar (Tabeduia pallida), Begonia retusa, Myrcia citrifolia, Imrayana spp., and Aristida suringari. Some damp valleys still house remnants of the original woodland mixed with fruit trees and large numbers of Acacia and Orchidaceae species can be found in specific locations.

Biodiversity FeaturesFrom the earliest colonial period, to as recently as the 1960’s, export agriculture dominated the land-use patterns of many of these Leeward Islands, resulting in major changes to terrestrial habitats and the islands’ biodiversity. Nearly three centuries of deforestation and land clearing for intensive agricultural use have resulted in the removal or degradation of much of the original vegetation and contributed to habitat destruction and subsequent loss of species richness (CCA 1991).

Anolis lizards (Anolis spp.), geckos (e.g., Thecadactylus spp., Sphaerodactylus spp., Hemidactylus spp.) and in Barbuda, the tortoise (Geochelone carbonaria) are common reptiles associated with this ecoregion (CCA 1991). The Boven National Park, recently established in the northern hills of Barbuda, is the common location for the Lesser Antillean iguana (Iguana delicatissima) (Malhotra & Thorpe 1999).

Most extant mammals in the Leeward islands are introduced. More common are species such as agouti (Dasyprocta agouti), fallow deer (Dama dama) to provide game (Pregill, et al. 1988), the indian mongoose (Herpestes auropunctatus) and the inadvertent importation of the black or roof rat and the brown or Norway rat (Rattus rattus, R. norvegicus). There are no remaining endemic rodents in the Lesser Antilles (Woods 1985).

The Leeward Islands are similar to other Caribbean islands in having a relatively high degree of island-endemism. The amount of diversity and number of island endemics in the Lesser Antilles is related to island size, diversity of habitat, and distance from the mainland or another island. Thus, larger islands from Guadeloupe and south into the Windward islands have relatively high diversity and a higher degree of endemic flora and fauna.

Current StatusMuch of this ecoregion has been drastically reduced in most parts of the Leeward Islands. On the other hand, Barbuda, which consists primarily of this dry forest habitat, has much of its original dry forest community intact, representing a valuable scientific resource (CCA 1991).

Clearing of land was greatest early in the 19th century. After that, erosion and the depression of sugar as a commodity caused poor and degraded areas to be abandoned and reverted to pasture. Ultimately, various types of secondary woodland grew up. The history of land-use can be inferred through the presence in the woodlands of trees such as logwood (Haematoxylum campechianum) produced from Central America in the 18th century. After the abolition of slavery, people scattered into the hills surrounding the plantations and settled there leading to further degradation of other forests.

The recurrent planting of sugar cane over several centuries, and the extensive area under cane production are considered to have destroyed, for all practical purposes, the evidence of natural vegetation. The introduction and rapid naturalization of many plant species, which now dominate areas previously used for agriculture, have created pioneer ecosystems that are maintained by current land practices. On the other hand, there has been a trend towards the abandonment of upper hill slopes for agriculture in favor of more suitable sites, and some areas are reverting to secondary forest.

Similar to the moist forest ecoregion of the Lesser Antilles, conservation measures in the dry forests vary significantly from one island to another. In Montserrat, there is no substantive legislation for establishing and managing natural areas for either the conservation of fauna and flora, or the declaration of terrestrial or marine parks (Butler 1991). Nor is there any governmental organization with responsibilities for wildlife conservation, although the draft Forestry and Wildlife Ordinance makes provision for a Forestry and Wildlife Division to be responsible for management and wildlife. In Antigua and Barbuda, the National Parks Act gives general powers to the relevant Minister to declare any area of land or water to be a national park. This is subject to affirmative resolution of the legislature, and provides for the creation of a statutory corporation called the National Parks Authority. The institutional framework for the management of protected areas needs review, primarily because laws have been passed without sufficient consideration of staffing and budgetary requirements (CCA 1991).

Types and Severity of ThreatsThe philosophy that natural products of the land are divine bounty to be used directly or shared with whomever is in need is prevalent in the West Indies. Such belief tends to blur refinements of property and ownership, resulting in only occasional prosecutions and even rarer convictions for illicit felling of trees or environmental vandalism. Long-term culling for charcoal and uncommon forest products causes progressive damage.

The drier forests, by virtue of being of lower relief and closer to population-related development, are more susceptible to agricultural encroachment, hunting, and also suffer from limited enforcement of wildlife and environmental legislation. Predatory importations, in particular domestic cats and mongooses, have been destructive of other animals and have extirpated several small mammals, mainly herbivores, birds and reptiles. Historically, hunting was widely practiced without adequate attention to biology of the game species hunted or controls regarding the numbers of birds taken. This has resulted in dramatic declines of formerly common species, particularly pigeons, doves and waterfowl.

Justification of Ecoregion DelineationThe dry forests ecoregion of the Leeward Islands were designated according to CCA survey reports (1980). In order to maintain our broad scale coverage we lumped the dry woodland terrestrial life zones from all of the Leeward Island, which contained this habitat type. Littoral vegetation was also included, when bordering dry woodland formations.

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Caribbean Conservation Association. 1980. Survey of conservation priorities in the Lesser Antilles: St. Eustasius, Preliminary Data Atlas. Eastern Caribbean Natural Area Management Program, Caribbean Conservation Association, the University of Michigan and the United Nations.

Caribbean Conservation Association. 1980. Survey of conservation priorities in the Lesser Antilles: Montserrat, Preliminary Data Atlas. Eastern Caribbean Natural Area Management Program, Caribbean Conservation Association, the University of Michigan and the United Nations.

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Caribbean Conservation Association. 1980. Survey of conservation priorities in the Lesser Antilles: Barbuda, Preliminary Data Atlas. Eastern Caribbean Natural Area Management Program, Caribbean Conservation Association, the University of Michigan and the United Nations.

Caribbean Conservation Association. 1980. Survey of conservation priorities in the Lesser Antilles: Nevis, Preliminary Data Atlas. Eastern Caribbean Natural Area Management Program, Caribbean Conservation Association, the University of Michigan and the United Nations.

Caribbean Conservation Association. 1980. Survey of conservation priorities in the Lesser Antilles: Guadeloupe, Preliminary Data Atlas. Eastern Caribbean Natural Area Management Program, Caribbean Conservation Association, the University of Michigan and the United Nations.

Caribbean Conservation Association. 1980. Survey of conservation priorities in the Lesser Antilles: Antigua, Preliminary Data Atlas. Eastern Caribbean Natural Area Management Program, Caribbean Conservation Association, the University of Michigan and the United Nations.

Donovan, S. K., and T. A. Jackson. 1994. Caribbean geology: an introduction. Kingston: University of the West Indies Publishers Association.