East Asian Genetic Variant can Help Evade Drug Tests

Previous research has shown that the genetic variant that can mask hormone use is far more common among East Asians than caucasians, by a ratio of seven-to-one.

According to this article from Google News, if doping controls for testosterone are to be effective, they need to take genes into account.

The current acceptable ratio of testosterone to epitestosterone is currently 4:1.

First there was sex tests, then urine tests, and now blood tests. Now they want to push tests for different ethnic groups?

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Genetic fluke allows athletes to evade doping test: study

Apr 22, 2008

PARIS (AFP) â€” A genetic variant common among East Asians masks the use of performance-enhancing testosterone prohibited in top-level sports competition, according to a new study.

Athletes with a slightly different expression of the same gene, by contrast, run the risk of being falsely accused of doping, said the study.

The standard test in professional and amateur sports for uncovering illicit testosterone use measures the ratio of two chemicals in the urine.

The level of testosterone glucuronide (TG), a by-product of testosterone in the body, is compared to the level of epitestosterone glucuronide (EG), which remains constant even when the power-boosting hormone is injected into the blood stream.

Any ratio above four-to-one is seen as suspect, according to the International Olympic Committee.

But depending on how many copies one has of a gene known as UGT2B17, the results of the test can vary by 20-fold, allowing drug cheaters to go undetected or yielding “false positives” for clean athletes.

A team of researchers led by Jenny Jakobsson at the Karolinska Institute in Stockholm injected 55 male volunteers with 500-milligrammes of testosterone enanthate, a substance banned by virtually all sports federations.

The subjects were divided into three groups, depending on whether they had one, two or no copies of UGT2B17.

More than 40 percent of the men who had no copies of the gene showed testosterone levels within permissible bounds in daily urine tests over the next 15 days despite having taken a large dose of a banned substance.

By contrast, 100 percent of the other two groups tested positive, said the study, published in the Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism.

“Nearly half of the individuals in our study who carried this genetic variation would go undetected in a regular doping test,” reported Schulze.

Previous research has shown that the genetic variant that can mask hormone use is far more common among East Asians than caucasians, by a ratio of seven-to-one, according to Jakkobson.

If doping controls for testosterone are to be effective, she said, they need to take genes into account.

“Genotyping as a complement to the conventional urine analysis would improve the sensitivity of the test” by adjusting benchmarks according to one’s genetic endowment, she said.

Synthetic steroids and testosterone build up muscle tissue, and have been by far the most-frequently detected illicit substance used in sports, accounting for 43 percent of positive results in 2005, according to the World Anti-Doping Agency.

After the 2006 Tour de France, the putative winner Floyd Landis of the United States tested positive for an elevated TG/EG ratio and was subsequently stripped of his victory.

The same hormones are used therapeutically to stimulate bone growth, and treat chronic wasting conditions such as cancer and AIDS.

Jimson Lee

I am a Masters Athlete and Coach currently based in London UK. My other projects include the Bud Winter Foundation, writer for the IAAF New Studies in Athletics Journal (NSA) and a member of the Track & Field Writers of America.

Related

In a May 1 post, you wrote “…Now they want to push tests for different ethnic groups?”

Actually, no. The test would be given to all athletes to see which of the three possible genetic variations — zero, 1 or 2 copies of the gene in question — that particular athlete possessed. This information would then be taken into account along with other indicators relevent to the case. It so happens that the variant that results in false negatives (i.e. testing negative even if one has taken the banned drug) is higher among people from East Asia. (The reverse is also true: there are more false positives among non-East Asians.) But scientifically speaking, race is irrelevent. (Indeed, most scientists agree that “race” does not correspond to any precise genetic configuration — race is a social concept, not a genetic reality.) And the situation could be the reverse for a different genetic variation.

Which is not to say that I should not have made this clearer in the article. (I wrote it.)

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Online since 2002, with the addition of the Blog in 2007, SpeedEndurance.com is the book I never wrote with 2000+ articles.
I am a former 200m/400m sprinter, a Masters Athlete and Coach, who has lived in Canada, US, Italy, and now resides in London UK. My other projects include the Bud Winter Foundation, writer for the IAAF New Studies in Athletics Journal (NSA), and a member of the Track & Field Writers of America.

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