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Abstract

Around 200,000 people in England are being treated for substance dependence. However, since most illicit drug use is covert, this is likely to be the tip of the iceberg. When drug use becomes drug dependence, it can lead to physical and mental harm for the user, can have a knock-on effect that damages relationships and family life, and can generate extensive health and criminal justice costs. Furthermore, social exclusion of drug misusers can reduce the likelihood of them engaging with healthcare services.