The world of suppressors is a relatively new one for many of us. With any new
concept there is a body of knowledge that must be absorbed in order to make that
concept work effectively. A suppressed rifle that is truly quiet is an
incredibly useful tool for the wildlife management community. We hope that the
information contained in this article will give you a good start on what needs
to be known before one can begin operations with an accurate suppressed firearm.

Here, Mark White prepares to fire his creation. The
Classic Ultralight system handles extremely well. Photo courtesy Alan C.
Paulson, author of the book
Silencer History and
Performance.

How It Used To Be

My first exposure to animal control occurred as a kid growing up in the late
40s. Buffalo, N.Y. was overrun with pigeons at that time, with the disease and
filth that such a situation carried with it. Two gray-haired old men in an
equally gray old van were doing their best to make a dent in the population. I
was told that they were on a salary from the City of Buffalo. The van cruised
the streets of the city with impunity, and whenever the old men saw a large
flock of pigeons they stopped. Each carried a filthy Winchester pump gallery
rifle with iron sights, chambered in .22 Short. The men shot in front of anyone,
at any time, and they rarely if ever missed. The rule was one shot per bird, so
wounded survivors were often dispatched with a crushing blow from the butt of a
rifle. The old van was labeled "Buffalo Pigeon Control". Birds were
loaded into the back with large pitchforks, and the van made several trips to
the city landfill each day to dispose of the carcasses. Every once in awhile
there would be a minor confrontation with a shocked resident, but any complaints
fell on deaf ears at city hall in those days. How times have changed.

How It Is Now

Today one must keep a very low profile, doing this sort of work at odd hours and
with as little fuss and commotion as possible. One wouldn't think of blazing
away in full public view during rush hour today. The rules of engagement in
today's world are: Don't draw attention to yourself. Enter, work and leave
quietly. Leave no trace. Pack carcasses in opaque plastic or fiber bags for
disposal. Never leave empty shell casings where they can be found. Shoot from
cover whenever possible. Use a firearm that is small, drab and nondescript. The
public at large equates size and noise level with power, lethality and danger.
The longer and flashier and louder a gun is, the more repulsive it is to them.
Walk quickly away from any possible confrontation with activists. Never engage
an activist directly. There will be an argument you can't win. Sidestep or evade
whenever you can. Use police or security personnel to run interference between
you and angry activists whenever possible.

Firearms and Silencers

While traps and poisons may have their place, there are many situations where a
firearm is the most expedient solution to the problem at hand. At this point I
should mention that we own a small company called
Sound Technology, which has
supplied municipalities and private contractors with firearm sound suppressors
over the past twenty years. For the most part, we supply sound reduction devices
for small caliber arms  primarily .22 LR rifles, a few pistols, and an
occasional .308 rifle.

In most cases, sound reduction devices are being sold and used to eliminate or
reduce problems with public relations and activists. Loud gunfire noise draws
human attention and resentment like a magnet; in fact it is the sound most hated
and feared of any category of noise pollution. A properly made suppressor
typically reduces firearm noise below the threshold of human attention, and
disguises it to the point where a firearm sound signature can no longer be
recognized as a gunshot. Our experience has helped us to recognize what works
and what doesn't. There are some commonalties that bear mentioning, and some
things that simply aren't worth doing. A little education and common sense will
save a lot of grief later.

Ammunition and Ballistic Crack

With
regard to public relations, quieter and farther from public view are always
better. In some cases and with some species, one has to worry about
overpenetration and damage beyond the primary targets. Fortunately there is a
wide latitude of ammunition available today. For pigeons and small-bodied
rodents inside hangers, factories and warehouses, a Mexican company called
Aguila makes a tiny, 20-grain projectile powered only with priming material. The
small pointed projectile is mildly accurate at short range, travels at a sedate
400 (+or) feet per second (fps), and is very quiet in any weapon, even those
which are not suppressed. It is typically more accurate and more reliable than
the oft-used .22 CB Caps and CB Longs. It will not penetrate most roofing metal,
and usually won't break windows.

Before going further, I should speak to the subject of sonic or ballistic crack,
the phenomenon where any bullet that travels faster than 1,100 fps generates a
noise resembling an unsuppressed .22 rifle being fired. In low-profile
situations all bullets should travel 1,000 fps or less, safely below the
threshold of sonic crack. Bullets traveling at or below 1,000 fps emanate a
barely audible whizzing sound, while those traveling at or beyond 1,100 fps
generate a CRACK! that will wake the dead, by comparison. The requirement for a
low bullet flight noise eliminates the so-called high-speed, garden variety of
.22 rimfires and .22 Magnum rimfires from consideration. Even if these are
silenced, the crack of supersonic flight noise is still so loud that the
modification usually isn't worth the effort and expense. If one is going to have
a sonic crack with a suppressed firearm, he might just as well have a more
powerful rifle with greater range, like a .223 or .22-250, since the sound level
from a distance is about the same. For true silence one must avoid the sonic
crack like the plague. One wants velocity very close to 1000 fps, but not beyond
that figure, since the risk of a bullet going supersonic on a hot day is too
great.

In the firearm sound suppression industry a tremendous amount of effort has been
expended toward limiting the velocity of common high-speed .22 LR projectiles.
Typically this is done by shortening barrels by either cutting them off, or by
drilling holes (ports). For a combination of reasons we have found that barrels
shorter than four inches are not particularly accurate, while barrels between
six and seven inches long are as accurate or are more accurate than .22 LR
barrels up to thirty inches long. We have suppressed literally hundreds of Ruger
MK II target pistols with 5.5-inch bull barrels, and we rarely find one that
won't print a tight group when test fired. We have also suppressed a number of
similar pistols with barrels four inches and under. We almost never find a
barrel shorter than four inches that is reliably accurate. Because the
high-speed .22 rimfire cartridge is extremely efficient, we don't often use a
rifle or pistol barrel substantially over six inches long, since high-speed .22
bullets fired from longer, solid (unported) barrels usually generate a ballistic
crack. For the record, a .22 LR barrel will generate its maximum velocity within
fourteen to sixteen inches. We have done several barrel-cutting experiments to
prove this to our satisfaction. Anything longer than fourteen inches will slow
the projectile down a bit, and increase bore leading. In recent years we have
adopted the practice of physically welding eleven-inch suppressor tubes to
six-inch rifle barrels in order to avoid problems associated with a federal law
concerning rifle barrels shorter than sixteen inches. In Canada the law
discriminates against rifle barrels shorter than 18.5 inches, and sound
suppressors may only be owned by municipalities, police and military. In the
United States sound suppression devices may be owned by qualified individuals
and corporations in 33 states, and by municipalities, police and military
organizations in any state. If a contractor is prohibited from owning a silenced
firearm in a particular state, and if he or she works for a county or
municipality, it is possible for the governmental entity to own the device while
the contractor uses it.

Getting back to .22 LR ammunition, there are times when the greater power and
range of standard 40-grain projectiles are required. In these instances, we
often recommend Winchester Dynapoint .22 LR ammunition (available at K-Marts
across the country) as an accurate, consistent, clean-burning round that will
stay subsonic in relatively short (six to ten inch) barrels. For those who have
longer barrels, Remington, Winchester, Lapua, RWS, Nobel and Aguila all
manufacture special subsonic rounds (some are hollowpoint) that are usually
subsonic in most long rifle barrels. CCI manufactures an unusually hard lead
bullet with a small flat on its tip especially for small game. Appropriately
called the SGB (small game bullet) these are very accurate and penetrate well 
for tougher targets such as rabid coyotes, feral dogs & hogs, etc. Unfortunately
the SGB exits at 1,400 fps from a sixteen-inch barrel, but it is subsonic out of
a six-inch barrel.

Moving up the .22 rimfire ammo line, the Lapua Scoremax features a 48-grain,
subsonic bullet with great accuracy potential. The heaviest currently available
round in .22 LR is Aguila's SSS (sniper, subsonic), a 60-grain projectile in a
.22 Short case. These are fairly accurate, and have a typical muzzle velocity of
about 750-fps from a six-inch barrel. They have a velocity of 890 fps when fired
from a fourteen inch barrel, and may have more problems with trajectory than
most other rounds. They are very quiet when fired from a suppressed weapon with
a fixed breech. When fired from a semi-auto, suppressed weapon with a barrel
over 6 inches the shortened cartridge case often breaks the seal of the chamber
before the pressure has dropped, leading to a loud escape of gas and particles
from the action area, hence we usually fire these rounds from bolt-action
rifles. The SSS penetrates about 40% more deeply than a standard .22 LR round.
It is reliable in bolt-action and pump rifles, but will not always be reliable
in semi-auto rifles. It usually feeds and functions properly in the standard of
the industry, Ruger's MK II, KMK512 pistol with a 5.5-inch bull barrel. The SSS
may overpenetrate when fired into dog and deer-sized targets, hence one should
only use it in rural areas where a safe backstop exists.

Most of the rounds mentioned sell for between 2 and 4 cents each, except for
Scoremax, which is about 18 cents a round in the United States. If one has a
particular rifle or pistol, it will pay to fire various brands of different
ammunition at test targets to determine which is the most accurate, since some
brands and lots will tend to be in better harmony with a particular barrel.
Avoid hyper-velocity rounds such as Stingers and Vipers, since they are very
loud and are usually not accurate.

Weapons

Silencers come in two basic forms, integral and muzzle can. The integral looks
simple, but it is far more complex. The muzzle can is the simplest and will
cause the user the least amount of trouble. An integral system has holes (ports)
bored in the host weapon's barrel, with the body of the silencer an integral
part of the weapon. A muzzle can is essentially a separate silencer, either
welded to or screwed on to the end of the barrel.

While the integral system used to have an edge on the rate of sound reduction
(no longer the case with advanced designs of muzzle cans) there are two inherent
problems that must be dealt with. The first problem has to do with the
difficulty of deburring holes drilled in a weapon's barrel. Access to the holes
inside the barrel is a problem, and many holes were never deburred properly,
with the result that sharp edges and bore protrusions deformed passing bullets
and packed the holes with the scrapings. Over time the suppressor picked up so
much lead that it weighed several pounds more than it should have. Even if the
holes were properly deburred, lead vapor was driven through the holes,
eventually clogging the passages. Water vapor is formed with the burning of
gunpowder, and is usually trapped inside an integral suppressor, similar to what
happens with a car's muffler. There is no easy escape route for the water, and
it will cause corrosion problems. While there are techniques to limit these
problems, the bottom line is that integral silencers have a finite longevity.
Some integrals are better than others, but all will eventually suffer a
degradation of performance from lead buildup and corrosion.

The muzzle can may not look as benign as an integral (its purpose is more
obvious and its profile is apparent) but neither does it suffer from the same
problems. Some muzzle cans tend to unscrew as they are fired, but this problem
is usually cured with left-hand threads that oppose the direction of the rifling
twist. Those cans that are bonded or welded to a barrel won't come loose, which
will prevent problems with a shifting zero. Water buildup will be a much smaller
problem, and this can be countered with the use of anti-corrosive oil, and by
storing the weapon in a muzzle-down position with the action open. Liquid water
will run towards the suppressor's muzzle. Evaporation will take place if the
weapon's bore remains open, allowing air circulation. Large caliber weapons are
more affected by water buildup than the .22 LR, with its tiny charge of powder.
Also, .22 LR bullets are lubricated with an oily, waxy coating. This distributes
itself over the barrel's bore, preventing exposure to corrosion. While muzzle
cans may look more obvious, they are the professional workhorses in the animal
control industry.

The common .22 rifle will take care of most situations encountered in an urban
setting. If the shooter does his part with care and skill, the standard 40-grain
bullet will quietly and humanely remove even fairly large animals from an area.
The rifle must be accurate, and that entails having a good free-floating barrel,
a good trigger, a good scope (properly sighted in), and ammunition that fits the
weapon well. A single shot must be very carefully placed into the lower rear
portion of the brain area (medulla oblongata) of the animal to be collected.
Such a shot will effectively sever the connection between the brain and the
central nervous system (CNS), preventing further muscular movement and
immediately terminating the life of the animal in question. Because of the
limitations of the .22 cartridge (primarily drop) the shot must be delivered
within 100 yards or less, and it must not be rushed. A properly suppressed
weapon will be very quiet. The dominant sound will be the plop of bullet strike.
Animals have much better hearing than humans do; yet a properly suppressed
weapon will not normally frighten them away. Those animals that would run from
the sound of a regular firearm will probably not be alarmed by most suppressed
fire delivered from a bolt-action rifle. This will have to be taken on a
case-by-case basis, since all suppressors are not created equally. The primary
reason for using a suppressor is to shield urban residents and activists from
the awareness of a collection operation, so that the contractor can perform his
mission without the hassle that public awareness would bring. A side benefit of
an extremely quiet weapon is that many animals can often be collected at one
time, since there is no loud report to frighten them. A properly executed shot
will drop an animal immediately, like a sack of potatoes. There will be no
spasms or violent movements that could alarm others in the area.

Varmints such as coyotes in rural settings are normally more wary, and may not
allow a contractor to approach closer than 300 yards. Here a centerfire rifle in
the .223 to 22-.250 category is called for. Even though such a weapon is
suppressed, the sound level from muzzle gas discharge and bullet flight noise
will be many orders of magnitude louder than the .22 LR. A .22 rimfire bullet is
driven with less than a grain of powder, while a centerfire bullet will use from
25 to 50 grains of powder. The gas discharge at a barrel's muzzle may only be
800 pounds per square inch (psi) in the case of a .22 LR, while it can easily
exceed 30,000 psi with a centerfire varmint rifle. Bullet flight noise is
virtually the same for supersonic projectiles of the same caliber; whether they
are traveling at 1,150 fps or 4,000 fps. In an open field the noise isn't too
severe, but near reflective surfaces like trees and buildings the racket will be
substantial. A subsonic suppressed .22 LR rifle discharge won't be noticed 50
yards away. Suppressed supersonic fire can be heard up to a mile away on a still
evening.

Tactics

A skilful, experienced animal control contractor can perform operations that
absolutely amaze those outside the field. Much of this has to do with knowing
the habits of the animals causing problems. Take, for instance, a herd of deer
causing crop damage in a soybean field, or posing a hazard at an airport.
Typically, the needs of animals are food, water and rest. They will enter and
feed in a field close by a resting area where they feel safe and secure from
possible predators. If water is available nearby, so much the better. The routes
they travel to and from their resting areas are usually very predictable. If a
contractor quietly enters from one such area while the animals are feeding the
herd will be disoriented. If the contractor sits down and quietly dispatches the
alpha female with a suppressed .22, the remainder of the herd will continue to
graze, or simply mill around. The confusion and silence will allow the
contractor to quietly take out the bulk of the herd with individual brain stem
shots.

Shooting should take place slowly and deliberately, with a suppressed,
bolt-action rifle. Shots should be taken from the side or from the rear of
individual animals whenever possible, with the lower rear portion of the brain
the only target. A shot should not be taken unless one is absolutely sure of his
target. Accuracy is always to be preferred over power. A .22 LR rifle will be
adequate at ranges up to 100 yards, as long as the shooter can place the shot
within the brain stem. Although a subsonic .22 bullet has a limited amount of
energy (the short form for energy being 2.2 times the weight in grains to equal
foot pounds at 1,000 fps), velocity does not drop very much over distance when
compared with supersonic bullets, which have four times the drag factor. A
velocity of from 650 to 1000 fps is more than adequate for the task.

Aside from distance, bullet drop is probably the most important factor in
accurate shooting. Some contractors use different points on the vertical
crosshair for different ranges, and become very adept at judging distance. There
is no substitute for practice using a paper silhouette of the animal being
collected, with the brain stem area highlighted. Practicing at different ranges
will provide a dose of reality for the optimists who lack skill in field
shooting. If this work is not done perfectly the results can be disastrous in an
urban setting. We will not dwell on the problems that could result from public
awareness of a botched shot, but they could be substantial. Shooting at a paper
silhouette can be a humbling experience, but it is excellent and necessary
practice.

Improvised field positions should be practiced, with braced sitting and standing
with a rest the most useful. Some shoot from inside a vehicle, using a padded
window edge as a rest, controlling elevation by rolling the window up or down
manually. Deer and other animals near runways in tall grass are sometimes
engaged from the top of a pickup truck. The driver points the truck at the
animals at night, while the shooter(s) sit on a board over the bed, resting
their suppressed rifle(s) on canvas pillows filled with sawdust or styrene beads
on the roof of the cab. Again, common sense is called for. This technique should
not be used in full public view, or where planes full of passengers taxi slowly
by.

Range Finders

Inexpensive range finders are changing the way some shoot. Bushnell's Yardage
Pro series uses an invisible beam of light to range the distance to a target.
The Yardage Pro weighs 18 ounces and has a street price of $180. The more
compact 600 weighs 10 ounces and has a price of $280. The 800 has a weight of 12
ounces and a price of $320. In truth, all will accurately measure distances up
to 1,000 yards on a good day, with a reflective target. The more expensive units
are lighter and will not be as confused by rain, snow or brush. They are more
likely to give a good reading on a small, absorptive target. Sophisticated
operators tape a table of drop and elevation corrections to a rifle's stock for
extended range. Varmints have been successfully engaged at ranges up to 400
yards with the humble suppressed .22 LR rifle. Deer and feral dogs & hogs have
been taken at ranges up to 200 yards with the 48-grain Lapua Scoremax and
60-grain Aguila .22 LR ammo.

Summary

An accurate .22 rimfire rifle with an inexpensive muzzle can is adequate for
almost all of an animal control operator's needs. Ruger 10/22 and 77/22 rifles
dominate the industry. Both have robust actions and easily removable barrels.
All rifles are not created equal. Some are accurate and some are not. If a
weapon is not accurate it is the barrel (thickness, chambering, rifling, muzzle
crown, etc.), the bedding, or the suppressor that is/are at fault. Don't start
with an inaccurate weapon as a candidate for suppression. It won't get any
better, and accuracy is of paramount importance. Good looks and price are no
guarantee of accuracy. A symmetrical, catch-free muzzle crown and a symmetrical
blast baffle inside the silencer are very important to long-term, reliable
accuracy. While a barrel doesn't have to be more than six inches long in order
to be accurate, it should be as thick as is practical, since thickness equals
strength and stiffness, and both are important for reliable accuracy in the
field. The thicker the barrel is at the muzzle, the stronger the connection. The
muzzle is the last thing a bullet feels on the way out. The more stable that
point of departure is, the more consistently accurate the shot will be.

The most important shot is always the first shot, from a cold bore. This is
often referred to as the cold bore shot, or CBS. Lightweight cans made of
aluminum are often fragile. Serious muzzle cans for animal control work are made
of heavy steel or stainless steel, and they are of large volume in order to
handle the abuse and debris that comes from long-term field usage. While thin
barrels can be accurate, a thicker barrel allows more metal to be used at the
joint between barrel and suppressor, and this equates to reliable accuracy under
field conditions.

A semi-automatic rifle offers rapid follow-up shots, but it will be much
noisier, and not as reliable. If the first shot is good, one won't need another
one. Many semi-auto rifles don't start to shoot reliably and accurately until
they are warm and running, and that is often too late for our purposes. The
semi-auto can be useful in situations where nests of rattlesnakes, water
moccasins, rats, or similar small targets may be encountered in numbers. In all
other situations a bolt-action rifle with a short, thick barrel, coupled to a
powerful muzzle can will provide quiet, subsonic firepower in a compact package.
Spend enough money on a variable scope and mounting system to get reliable
sighting with adequate resolution. If you can't see it you won't be able to hit
it. Adjustable focus on a side wheel is sometimes quite useful. Brilliant optics
are a comfort, but one needn't demand clarity all the way out to the edge of the
field of view, since it isn't necessary. A variable scope will provide the best
image in the middle of its range when there is little light available. There
will be occasional, low-light situations where a peep sight combined with a
hi-visibility front post will be preferred. Paint or tape the weapon with a camo
finish to help it blend in better. A rifle need not be pretty to be effective.
Small and drab is where it's at in this business.Firing an AR15 with Sound Technology's "M16" can mounted on a 10.5" upper.
"It sounds like a .22 rimfire!" Photo courtesy Chris Halbrook.

Practice on a paper silhouette target under simulated field conditions. In the
field, get as close as you can. Thirty to sixty yards are realistic distances.
Use a rest or the braced sitting position whenever possible. Always use
ammunition that is subsonic in your weapon. Don't use hollowpoints on animals
larger than 8 pounds. The tip often blows off, leaving a tiny rear portion with
inadequate penetration characteristics. Lapua 48-grain Scoremax and Aguila
60-grain SSS are solids that will deliver the most effective performance to the
brain stem of a living target. Don't take a frontal shot unless you absolutely
have no other choice. Shots taken from this direction are usually deflected. A
side or rear quartering shot to the medulla oblongata are always to be
preferred. While the lighter 40-grain bullets will work, animals struck with
them often shake their heads and take a step or two before falling down. They
usually collapse and expire immediately when hit properly with the heavier 48
and 60-grain projectiles. If you snap your fingers once the animal will freeze
in position, allowing a still rather than a moving shot. Grazing animals are
almost always moving their heads in rapid and often unpredictable ways.

Mark White is a
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