Dengue fever (UK /ˈdɛŋɡeɪ/ or US /ˈdɛŋɡiː/), also known as breakbone fever, is an infectious tropical diseasecaused by the dengue virus. Symptoms include fever,headache, muscle and joint pains, and a characteristicskin rash that is similar to measles. In a small proportion of cases the disease develops into the life-threateningdengue hemorrhagic fever, resulting in bleeding, low levels of blood platelets and blood plasma leakage, or into dengue shock syndrome, where dangerously low blood pressure occurs. Dengue is transmitted by several species of mosquitowithin the genus Aedes, principally A. aegypti. The virus has four different types; infection with one type usually gives lifelong immunity to that type, but only short-term immunity to the others. Subsequent infection with a different type increases the risk of severe complications. As there is no commercially available vaccine, prevention is sought by reducing the habitat and the number of mosquitoes and limiting exposure to bites. Treatment of acute dengue is supportive, using either oral or intravenous rehydration for mild or moderate disease, and intravenous fluids and blood transfusion for more severe cases. The incidence of dengue fever has increased dramatically since the 1960s, with around 50–100 million people infected yearly. Early descriptions of the condition date from 1779, and its viral cause and the transmission were elucidated in the early 20th century. Dengue has become a global problem since the Second World War and isendemic in more than 110 countries. Apart from eliminating the mosquitoes, work is ongoing on a vaccine, as well as medication targeted directly at the virus.

STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

The incidence of dengue has grown dramatically around the world in recent decades. Some 2.5 billion people – two fifths of the world's population – are now at risk from dengue. WHO currently estimates there may be 50 million dengue infections...

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...DengueDengue is characterized in outbreaks. Outbreak means food borne illness that spreads widely in an area.
Causative agent:-
The causative agent of DengueFever (also known as the Devil's Crunch or Breakbone Fever) is the DengueFever Virus (DENV), a member of the Flaviviridae family and the Flavivirus species. However, there are fourserotypes of the Denguefever virus, aptly named DENV-1, DENV-2, DENV-3 and DENV-4 and within these serotypes there are clades and strains that are inherently different in nature. However, as a conclusion, one would say the DENV virus is the agent of DengueFever.
Symptoms:-
The list of signs and symptoms mentioned in various sources for Denguefever includes the 21 symptoms listed below:
* High fever - up to 105 degrees Fahrenheit
* Severe headache
* Retro-orbital pain - pain behind the eye
* Severe joint pains
* Muscle pains
* Muscle aches
* Swollen lymph nodes
* General weakness
* Nausea
* Vomiting
* Rash
* Children get non-typical symptoms
* Fever
* Weakness
* Prostration
* Severe headache
* Pain behind the eyes
* Severe muscle pain
* Slowed heart rate
* Enlarge lymph nodes
* Maculopapular rash
Mode of spread/ transmission:-...

...Dengue virus is an epidemic facing many Asian countries. Although the current topic of discussion among health professionals is a possible outbreak of avian flu among humans, the dengue virus kills hundreds every year in the same region (ONE). This epidemic is not one that faces easy fixes, in fact there is no vaccine for the dengue virus. In this paper I will discuss and explain how the dengue virus poses a great threat to the region and how it plagues the lives of thousands of people in Asia.
What is the dengue virus and how does it behave? The dengue virus is a flu-like viral disease spread by the bite of infected mosquitoes (THREE). Symptoms of this virus include nausea, severe cramping, other flu-like symptoms and quite often also leads to death. Initially, the virus begins to show itself in the host through symptoms relating to a high fever, rash, pain behind the eyes, and muscle and joint pain. The severeness of the pain associated with the joint pains has gained dengue virus the nickname of "brokenbone fever" along with several others (THREE). The dengue virus can be found in most tropical areas of the world, but mostly effects the Asian tropical areas, including Singapore, Thailand and the Philippines (THREE). Being exposed and infected with one strain, or family, of the dengue virus does not mean you are...

...Dengue Virus Infection
I. What is the name of the disease? What is the name of the pathogen that causes this disease?
A. Denguefever
1. Four related viruses
2. DENV 1, DENV 2, DENV 3 or DENV 4
B. Dengue Virus Infection
II. What are some characteristics of the pathogen? How is the pathogen grown in the lab?
A. Single stranded RNA virus
1.Positive strand virus of the family Flaviviridae
2. Virus enveloped with a lipid membrane.
B. Replication grown in serum
1. Original cell isolated from larvae or human sera.
2. Incubation very depending of phase of virus.
3. Acute-phase and convalescent phase serum samples.
III. What is the epidemiology for this disease? Who gets the disease? How common is it?
A. Mosquito borne viral disease
1. Originated in monkeys then being spread to humans.
2. Etiology of dengue was established by 1940s.
3. Dengue shock syndrome and Dengue hemorraghic fever (separate disease).
B. Western Hemisphere, outbreak in Hawaii.
1. People who live and travel in tropics and subtopics.
2. Endemic in Puerto Rico, Latin America, Southeast Asia, Samoa and Guam.
3. 100 million people are infected yearly.
IX. Describe the disease, how is the disease spread? How does the pathogen get into the body? What does it do inside the body?
A. Denguefever...

...Menace of DengueDengue is an arbovirus disease caused by any one of four closely related viruses that do not provide cross-protective immunity; a person can be infected as many as four times, once with each serotype. Dengue viruses are transmitted from person to person by the Aedes aegypti mosquito in the domestic environment. Periodic epidemics have occurred in the Western Hemisphere for over 200 years. In the past 20 years, however,dengue transmission and frequency of epidemics have increased greatly in most tropical countries of the American, African and Asian region. As this has occurred, dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF) has emerged and produced epidemics in many countries of the region.
What is Dengue?
The first reported epidemics of denguefever occurred in 1779-1780 in Asia, Africa, and North America; the near simultaneous occurrence of outbreaks on three continents indicates that these viruses and their mosquito vector have had a worldwide distribution in the tropics for more than 200 years. During most of this time, denguefever was considered a benign, nonfatal disease of visitors to the tropics. Generally, there were long intervals (10-40 years) between major epidemics, mainly because the viruses and their mosquito vector could only be transported between population centers by sailing vessels.
A global...

...In subtropical and tropical regions, the dengue virus represents a major threat to human health. The microorganism's natural hosts include mosquitoes, lower primates, and humans. Infection of the human host results in a biphasic fever with the potential to evolve into severe hemorrhagic disease. Over the past few decades, the virus genome structure, viral proteins, and viral antigens have been well characterized. Unfortunately though, the precise mechanisms by which the dengue virus causes disease remain unknown.
Throughout history, major denguefever epidemics have generally occurred at irregular intervals within the range of the mosquito vector. For instance, in 1922, one such epidemic may have affected between 1 and 2 million people in the southern United States. At present, denguefever may cause more human morbidity and mortality than any other arthropod-borne viral disease (Henchal & Putnak, 1990, pp. 376-396). The dengue viruses are currently endemic in most tropical areas of the world (Lanciotti, Lewis, Gubler, & Trent, 1994, p. 65). It has been estimated that there could be as many as 100 million cases of dengue infection every year (Halstead, 1988, p. 476).
The only natural hosts for dengue virus infections are mosquitoes, lower primates (e.g., chimpanzees, rhesus monkeys, and macaques), and humans.
Dengue...

...Denguefever, also known as breakbone fever, is a mosquito-borne infection that causes a severe flu-like illness. There are four different viruses that can cause denguefever, all of which spread by a certain type of mosquito. Dengue can vary from mild to severe; the more severe forms include dengue shock syndrome and dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF). Patients who develop the more serious forms of denguefever usually need to be hospitalized.
There are currently no vaccines for Denguefever. The best way to prevent the disease is to avoid being bitten by mosquitoes altogether. Although there is no certain treatment for Dengue, it can be treated as long as it is caught before developing into dengue shock syndrome or dengue hemorrhagic fever.
There are up to 100 million cases of denguefever worldwide every year; the most common occurrences are in urban parts of subtropical and tropical areas, such as Central and South America, parts of Africa, parts of Asia, the Caribbean and the Pacific . Dengue is just as prevalent in urban districts of its range as in rural areas (unlike malaria).
According to the World Health Organization (WHO):
* Approximately 2.5 billion people, or two-fifths of the world's population, are...

...Denguefever is a disease caused by one of a number of viruses that are carried by mosquitoes. These mosquitoes then transmit the virus to humans.
The virus that causes denguefever is called an arbovirus, which stands for arthropod-borne virus. Mosquitoes are a type of arthropod. In a number of regions, mosquitoes carry this virus and are responsible for passing it along to humans. These regions include the Middle East, the far East, Africa, and the Caribbean Islands. In these locations, the denguefever arbovirus is endemic, meaning that the virus naturally and consistently lives in that location. The disease only shows up in the United States sporadically.
In order to understand how denguefever is transmitted, several terms need to be defined. The word "host" means an animal (including a human) that can be infected with a particular disease. The word "vector" means an organism that can carry a particular disease-causing agent (like a virus or bacteria) without actually developing the disease. The vector can then pass the virus or bacteria on to a new host.
Many of the common illnesses in the United States (including the common cold, many viral causes of diarrhea, and influenza or "flu") are spread because the viruses that cause these illness can be passed directly from person to person. However, denguefever cannot be...

...Dengue and Its Prevention
Denguefever is a disease caused by a family of viruses that are transmitted by mosquitoes. It is an acute illness of sudden onset that usually follows a benign course with symptoms such as headache, fever, exhaustion, severe muscle and joint pain, swollen glands (lymphadenopathy), and rash. The presence (the "dengue triad") of fever, rash, and headache (and other pains) is particularly characteristic of dengue. Other signs of denguefever include bleeding gums, severe pain behind the eyes, and red palms and soles.
Dengue (pronounced DENG-gay) strikes people with low levels of immunity. Because it is caused by one of four serotypes of virus, it is possible to get denguefever multiple times. However, an attack of dengue produces immunity for a lifetime to that particular serotype to which the patient was exposed.
Dengue goes by other names, including "breakbone" or "dandy fever." Victims of dengue often have contortions due to the intense joint and muscle pain, hence the name breakbone fever. Slaves in the West Indies who contracted dengue were said to have dandy fever because of their postures and gait.
Dengue hemorrhagic...