I want to ask translation for this words or sentences into hokkien, I prefer to get penang hokkien translation as I'm chinese indonesian where the hokkien here (sumatran hokkien) is more related to penang hokkien which is based on zhangzhou dialect too. But for other hokkien dialect translation like taiwanese or amoy is welcomed too as I like to learn other hokkien dialects too.

in Taiwanese, I would say it like this (I used the POJ transcription. For the characters, keep in mind that there is no standardized set of characters for Hokkien, so people might used different characters than I do):

if there is a more definite etymological answer to that question, I would be interested to hear it, too, because this may be the question Hokkien writers were (and are) most devided about.In Taiwan this word is usually pronounced ê and the Ministery of Education system uses two different characters for that: 的 for the attribute particle and 个 for the classifier. However this distinction seems very artificial to me because it is made on the basis of Mandarin grammar (的 vs. 個). Therefore, I have also seen a lot of people just use one character (mostly 个) for both. As far as I know, Cantonese also uses the same word for the attribute particle and the general classifier, which sounds like ge in some tone (I don't know Cantonese ) and may or may not be etymologically related to the Hokkien word. This word is written 嘅, simply by adding a 口 to the character 既 which I guess is pronounced in a similar way in Cantonese. This way of writing unknown Cantonese words by adding 口 to an existing character seems pretty common in Cantonese writing, but if you want more information on that, maybe you should ask someone who actually knows Cantonese ). In any case, I believe 嘅 would be more suited to spell Hokkien ê/leh with because the Cantonese word spelt with it is a much closer cognate to the Hokkien ê/leh than with either 的 or 個. On the other hand, the character it is derived from, 既, doesn't seem to have much of a phonological connection with ê/leh (but then again neither do 的 and 個).

I'm sorry, I don't know about this word. I can only guess that maybe this one is in fact the same one as Cantonese 嘅, but that theory is based purely on phonological resemblance (kai and ge) and apparently similar functions, not on research or anything. In Taiwanese I would say "chit ê lâng bô chîⁿ" and "nn̄g keng chhù." Do you happen to know the tone of "kai"? And does it feel different from "leh" to you?

tamoe wrote:I think the tone is same as "leh" which is 5 (2 in penang) and 7 (3 in penang) when tone shandi-ed.

I'm guessing the numbers outside the parentheses are the tone number, so it would be iûⁿ-pêⁿ 陽平 (the one which POJ uses the circumflex ^ for) and iûⁿ-khì 陽去 (the one with the caron ˉ)? According to my dicts Cantonese 嘅 is either tone 3 or tone 2, which according to a quick research (only wiki, nothing reliable ) should correspond to the same tones in Hokkien (i.e. im-chiūⁿ 陰上 and im-khì 陰去, which are in POJ marked with acute ´and gravis `accents respectively). So supposing I didn't make a mistake there (quite possible), this would not fit your 5 or 7. Considering you also described it as in the same tone as "leh," I guess it might also be possible that it is simply in khin-siaⁿ 輕聲 (i.e. without a proper tone)? In this case it may have originally been tone 2 or 3... but considering all this is based purely on the wiki research of somebody with zero knowledge of Cantonese, this theory is anything but well-founded.

tamoe wrote:Btw, what is the mandarin character for house (tshu) in hokkien?

This is another question people have been arguing over for ages. Most people (including myself because I use the TW Ministry of Education characters as a standard) write 厝. Others however doubt that that is correct because this character is listed with the meaning "tombstone" in dictionaries for Classical Chinese (bûn-giân-bûn/wényánwén 文言文) and that doesn't quite seem to fit. Some propose 茨 which can mean "thatched hut." However it has been argued that its phonology doesn't fit. For more detailed information see this thread on the topic: http://www.chineselanguage.org/forums/viewtopic.php?f=6&t=7644

The picture represents the tone sandhi in your variant? It is exactly the same pattern I use, but the sandhi is not completely universal across variants; even within Taiwan there are people who sandhi tone 5 to tone 3 instead of 7, and I seem to recall the differences to Penang Hokkien are a little more extensive than that.If that is the pattern you use, though, I'm guessing your numbers referred to tone 5 being sandhied to tone 7? That wouldn't match the tone on Cantonese "ge" if my analysis is correct, but again, I'm anything but qualified.

Sorry Tamoe, I didn't look at the forum for a while. I can try and say these in Northern Malaysian/Penang/Kedah Hokkien. I am not a native speaker, but I've thought about some of these things for years. You can search for a lot about Penang Hokkien grammar in this forum, and find some of the most reliable guides to how to construct sentences.

1. If you don't go, then please stay at home helping me.

Lú (nā-sī) mài khì, lú tō tòa tī chhù tàu-kha-chhiú wá.

Literally "(If) You don't want to go, then you help me at home"

2. Before I go to sleep, I want to submit this CV.

Wá ài kià chí-lê CV thâu-seng, liáu-ka khì khùn.

"I want to send this CV first, only then can I go to sleep"

3. (in restaurant) "Hello, I want to order fried rice two plates"

Wá ài nō·-pôaⁿ chhà-pūiⁿ "I want two plates of fried rice" - order is "kiò", but I think "Wá ài kiò nō·-pôaⁿ chhà-pūiⁿ" means more like "I am going to order…" when spoken to another person.

The "kai" you ask about is from Teochew, but widely used in different Hokkien dialects in Southeast Asia.

I have a Chinese article on Medan Hokkian I can send you, if you send me a PM with your e-mail address.

Thank you Ah-bin for your suggestions; I found them very interesting even though my own focus of study doesn’t lie on Medan Hokkien (at least not at the moment

Ah-bin wrote:Lú (nā-sī) mài khì, lú tō tòa tī chhù tàu-kha-chhiú wá.

Indeed, now that you mentioned it “mài khì” does sound better than “m̄ khì” in the first sentence to me as well… Also, I didn’t know that “tàu-kha-chhiú” can be transitive in Northern Malaysia; in Taiwanese I’m pretty sure it’s verb+object (so I would say “kā guá tàu kha-chhiú”). Can you add a verb compound after “tàu-kha-chhiú wá”, too? For example: tàu-kha-chhiú wá chò puīnn, help me cook?

Ah-bin wrote:chhà-pūiⁿ

is also interesting with respect to the tone on the first syllable. As far as I know “to fry” is “chhá” in second tone in TW, although I’m not sure that “fried rice” isn’t pronounced as “tshá--pn̄g” (or maybe “chhá--puīⁿ” if you’re from around Gî-lân) with a standing tone on the first syllable. Is the verb “to fry” also in third tone in Northern Malaysia?