After obtaining the energy, divide by the mass of the fuel burnt to determine the energy density. Method: 1. Water was measured and weighed on a electronic balance in a beaker. The initial temperature of the water was also recorded. 2. Using a retort stand and clamp, the beaker was held above the spirit burner which contained ethanol. 3. The ethanol was placed on top of the electronic balance. While the ethanol was burning, for every 0.5g of ethanol burnt, the temperature of the water was recorded. 4. The water was refilled when the temperature of the water reached a high temperature.

of water. This then would be poured into the cup. The drainage time of the water will be measured with a stopwatch (�.01s). The timing will start when the water first makes contacts with the paper cup and stop when the water stops dripping from the cup. The same person will be timing for each trial. Controlled Variables: A control of this experiment would be using the same type of cup with the same size throughout the experiment. The size of the cup would be measured by using a paper mm ruler to measure the diameter of the bottom of the cup.

Responding Variable: The drop time of the paper helicopter The drop time will be measured with a stopwatch (�.01s). The timing will start when the hand lets go of the paper helicopter at a drop height of 1 meter and stop when the paper helicopter touches the floor. The same person will be timing for each trial. Controlled Variable: A control of this experiment would be having the drop height the same throughout the experiment. This will be measured by using a meter stick and marking the height at which to drop the paper helicopter. The paper helicopter will drop at that marked height each time.

Because the equation is now in the format y = mx + c, we know that E will be the y-intercept value, and -r will be the gradient. I plotted three sets of data for current and voltage: my original results, the values including uncertainties that would give the largest values of E and -r, and the values including uncertainties that would give the smallest values of E and -r.

In 1655 Christiaan Huygenswere did build powered but clumsy telescope with joined eyepieces. Isaac Newton is honored as the creator of the first real-world reflector in 1668. In 1672 Laurent Cassegrain explained the structure of a reflector having a little convex glass for reflecting the light within a center hole in the primary glass. [2] Figure 1: Telescopes There are some of the currently used Telescopes such as Large Binocular Telescope and Gran Telescopio Canarias. Large Binocular Telescope (LBT) An optical Telescope as Large Binocular Telescope (LBT)

First of all the coffee has to be made. Pour some water in the large beaker and heat it using the Bunsen burner. Once the water is boiling sprinkle the coffee powder into the beaker and stir it until the coffee is made. 2. Now pour equal amounts of coffee into the beakers A and B, and place a thermometer in each beaker. Set the stopwatch on zero and start recording the time. Record the temperature of each beaker. 3. Pour the milk into beaker A and stir the liquids for a short amount of time.

As the length of the string is being changed, it is the independent variable. This would affect the time period, hence being the dependant variable. Factors like the mass of the bob (154.02g �0.01g), angle of release (45� �1�), the stopwatch (�0.01s) The main purpose of the experiment is to find one factor that affects the time period of a simple pendulum. In this case, the factor is length of the string. Hypothesis As the length of the string decreases, the time period also decreases. This is because, as the length of the string decreases, the bob has to travel less distance in the same time (10 oscillations).

I decided to first take the spherical object. The amount of water displaced by the spherical object is equal to the volume of said object. The rise in the level of water came out to be 9cm3. The error in this case can be calculated as + 1 (because the LC of the cylinder is 0.5 mm). Next we calculate the volume using the formula to calculate the volume of a sphere i.e.Volume of a sphere = 4/3 ?r3. The radius of the spherical object is half the diameter, which I found using the Vernier Calipers.

This in turn would give me the density. I started the experiment by measuring the diameter of the wire, using the micrometer screw gauge. Before starting the measurement I checked for an error in the screw gauge. My gauge had a 0.002 cm positive error, which I had to subtract from my readings. I put the wire in the clamp of the gauge and tightened it, then I took note of the reading on the circular scale. I repeated this four more times (to get an accurate answer), then subtracted 0.002cm from each of the reading and then took an average of all the readings giving me the true value of the diameter of the wire.

In other words, the strength of a magnetic field and the size of the current through the wire will be directly proportional. The slope of this line will simply be the force over the current: We will use this relationship to calculate the strength B, inside the solenoid because combining the two previous formulas: Basing my hypothesis on these known formulas, I can safely predict that as more current is passed through the wire, the magnetic field will undoubtedly increase.

Reset photogates in order to make sure you recieve a proper time during experiment. Step 2- Set airtrack at a spefic angle using a protractor (in this case at 2� (+- 1�). Step 3- Initiate airtrack and observe as glider glides past photogates and collides with Rubber band stopper. Step 4- Record time output given by initial photogate. Step 5- Repeat step 1 through 4 for 5 trials at the same angle on the air track. Step 6- Increase the angle of the airtrack using a protractor (doesn't have to be incrementally) and repeat steps 1 through 5.

There are forces that act on the beam these have been called F1, F2, F3. The depression of the cantilever is given by: x = Kln * Where x is the value of depression. l is the normal straight length of the beam, and k is the proportionality constant. The following equation can be obtained from the above one. ln1 = lnx + lnk Procedure * A depression of 20cm is required, which is why you have to find a weight which will cause this successfully.

Apparatus Used: - Spring - 0.1kg (x6) masses - Boss and Clamp. - Retort Stand. - Stopwatch - Set square and ruler - Mean pointer I am going to change the independent variable by adding masses attached to the spring. First, I will start by adding a 0.1kg mass. Then, I will continue to add a 0.1kg mass and take readings for the time of oscillations until I have added 0.6kg. Once I have finished taking readings for 0.6kg, I will end my experiment.

It was measured using a spark timer, with a constant setting of 10Hz (10 dots /s). Dependent Variable- The displacement of the cart as it travels on an inclined plane. The time was measured using the spark timer and the distance from each dot on the ticker tape was measured by a meter stick and used to determine the displacement. Controlled Variables- * Environment: The experiments were performed in the same part of the classroom and this ensured more accurate results. There was no wind to affect or assist the cart in its movement across the horizontal track.

Voltmeter 5. Wires 6. Light Sensor 7. Logger Pro 8. Laptop 9. Power Supply Method: 1. Connect up all the wires in order to the resistor and the power supply. Connect the voltmeter to the resistor in series. Attach the light bulb to a socket and put the light bulb facing downwards on the clamp stand. 2. Put the power supply and the light bulb on. Connect the logger pro to the laptop and the light sensor to the logger pro and turn the software on. 3. Put the light sensor and the resistor the same distance away from the bulb.

On top of this, if we do not know what the value of n is. So, we take logs of both sides of the equation. The equation below has used natural logarithms: ln () = ln ( ln () = ln () + ln () ln () = ln () + ln () This is now in the same form as the equation for a straight-line: Thus, if we plot ln () on the y-axis and ln () on the x-axis we will get a straight-line graph. The gradient will be equal to. The y-intercept will be equal to ln ()

Take three readings for each mass. 10. Repeat steps 7-9 using 200g, 300g, 400g and 500g masses in turn and record all the results. Data Collection: Table 1: Raw data:- Mass (in g �0.01g) Length of spring (in cm �0.05cm) 0.00 13.80 100.00 19.50 200.00 29.00 300.00 38.50 400.00 48.50 500.00 58.50 Table 2: Calculating force and extension:- * In order to calculate the force exerted on the spring by the masses we use the formula F = mg, where F is the force in Newtons (N), m is the mass in kilograms (Kg)

It just holds it. This experiment is going to consist of using a book as a capacitor. Research question How does the amount of pages between the aluminum foil (x) affect the amount of charge/farads (y) the book can hold? Independent Variables: The number of pages between the aluminum foil Dependent Variables: The number of farads/ amount of charge the book holds Control Variables: The book, the cables, and the environment Hypothesis By adding more pages between the foils the amount of charge the book can hold should increase because the volume increases between the foils.

One of my classmates will contribute to the experiment using a stopwatch to measure time while I conduct the procedures. 1. When all the materials are gathered, attach the T-bar to the lab table. 2. Tie the string to the T-bar 30 centimeters away from the peak. 3. Tie the bob (1000 grams) to the string and adjust the length of the string to designated amount, may need adjustment from the string that is tied to the T-bar. 4. Set the bob next to the bar, check if the classmate is ready to start the time.

Obtain the picture of the planet Uranus that has all its moons and its orbits 2. Measure the radius from the center of Uranus to the moon's orbit on the x and y direction 3. Find the average of the radius in the x and y direction and multiply the answer by 1000 to go from cm to m 4.