Chris Horsley, director - process engineering division at Babcock Wanson, writes on the pioneering process developed at Arigna Fuels in Ireland to convert biomass into a fuel that is more environmentally friendly than direct alternatives

A

rigna Fuels in County Roscommon in Ireland is an innovative company that

converts a variety of biomass into a high energy, high density and greener fuel with the same burning characteristics as many existing fossil based fuels. Preparing this type of fuel from

biomass residues, which includes food by-product olive stones, to produce a sustainable, quality fuel for domestic use meant that Arigna had to develop its own pioneering processing system based around torrefaction. Torrefaction is the process of heating biomass in the absence of oxygen, similar to the way that coffee is roasted. This removes chemically bound oxygen and results in a fuel with a higher energy content and improved combustion properties. At the heart of Arigna’s system are

two reduced atmosphere reactors that were developed in-house. One is used to dry the biomass and the other for the torrefaction process itself. The initial reactor heats the raw biomass to remove the water content and dry the material. This also kick-starts a thermal reaction to break down the hemicellulose - a natural polymer contained within the plant structure. The dried biomass material is then fed

through to the second reactor where torrefaction takes place at a higher temperature. Both reactors are heated using thermal fluid. As you might expect, such a process

requires considerable energy input; something Arigna was keen to minimise to produce a truly sustainable product. A clever solution was developed in conjunction with Babcock Wanson, based around the integration of a recuperative thermal oxidiser fired on the gas produced from the torrefaction process with heat recovery to thermal fluid. This system means the process is mostly self-fuelling and also helps Arigna meet the site emission targets. Relatively low calorific syngas is

approximately 0.8 seconds before it is discharged into the atmosphere as a harmless exhaust. Recuperative oxidisers are ideal for industrial processes where there is a combination of high process energy demand and

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effluent oxidation. They are becoming increasingly popular due to their quick start up and high energy recovery, plus they are safe and reliable to operate. At the same time the gas is being

oxidised, the heat recovery unit that forms part of the oxidiser system recovers up to 2.5MW of energy to thermal fluid from the gas exhaust stream. The heat recovery device is based on a vertical, first gas-pass upwards design of coil type assembly with gas reversal into a plenum between the coils. This is a tried and tested design which has been used successfully in a number of more demanding environments where the effluent is far ‘dirtier’, such as the bitumen industry. Heat recovery from the oxidiser is

linked into the site thermal fluid system which uses a TPC1500B Babcock Wanson thermal fluid heater. This enables the process to be started quickly and efficiently whilst the oxidiser and reactors warm up. A propane fired burner on the oxidiser is used during start-up, but is quickly reduced to a small back up flame of 50-100kW as the process gas takes over the fuelling demand as part of this clever self-fuelling process. The entire oxidisation and heat recovery

suited to this process due to their environment credentials, having an integral burner which ensures efficient use of fuel, plus low overall emissions. Furthermore, their design, featuring an integral air-cooled outer case that acts as both a combustion air pre-heater/economiser and as a constant barrier between the hot combustion gasses and the outer structure, ensures stress free operation for long equipment life. At the end of the process, the product

is cooled and briquetted for a greener, more sustainable fuel. “As the process was developed and

commercialised, operating parameters had to be adjusted and altered numerous times. The recuperative thermal oxidiser proved to be very resilient to the parameter changes and was easily able to meet site emission targets over a wide range of operating conditions with heat recovery efficiency exceeding expectations over an extended operating range,” comments Peter Layden, R&#38;D director, Arigna Fuels. “We are in detailed design stage for a much larger plant and intend to use this technology in the next stage of our development of replacements for our existing fossil fuel products.”