Cold Warrior in a Strange Land

Tom Engelhardt interviews Chalmers Johnson

As he and his wife Sheila drive me through downtown
San Diego in the glare of midday, he suddenly exclaims, "Look at that structure!"
I glance over, and just across the blue expanse of the harbor is an enormous
aircraft carrier. "It's the USS Ronald Reagan," he says, "the newest
carrier in the fleet. It's a floating Chernobyl and it sits a proverbial six
inches off the bottom with two huge atomic reactors. You make a wrong move and
there goes the country's seventh largest city."

Soon, we're heading toward their home just up the coast in one of those fabled
highway traffic jams that every description of Southern California must include.
"We feel we're far enough north," he adds in the kind of amused tone that makes
his company both alarming and thoroughly entertaining, "so we could see the
glow, get the cat, pack up, and head for Quartzsite, Arizona."

Chalmers Johnson, who served in the U.S. Navy and now is a historian of American
militarism, lives cheek by jowl with his former service. San Diego is the headquarters
of the 11th Naval District. "It's wall to wall military bases right up the coast,"
he comments. "By the way, this summer the Pentagon's planning the largest naval
concentration in the Pacific in the post-World War II period! Four aircraft-carrier
task forces – two from the Atlantic and that's almost unprecedented – doing
military exercises off the coast of China."

That afternoon, we seat ourselves at his dining room table. He's 74 years old,
crippled by rheumatoid arthritis and bad knees. He walks with a cane, but his
is one of the spriest minds in town. Out the window I can see a plethora of
strange, oversized succulents. ("That's an Agave attenuata," he says.
"If you want one, feel free. We have them everywhere. When the blue-gray tequila
plant blooms, its flower climbs 75 feet straight up! Then you get every hummingbird
in Southern California.") In the distance, the Pacific Ocean gleams.

Johnson is wearing a black T-shirt that, he tells me, a former military officer
and friend brought back from Russia. ("He was amused to see hippies selling
these in the Moscow airport.") The shirt sports an illustration of an AK-47
on its front with the inscription, "Mikhail Kalashnikov" in Cyrillic script,
and underneath, "The freedom fighter's friend, a product of the Soviet Union."
On the back in English, it says, "World Massacre Tour" with the following list:
"The Gulf War, Afghanistan, Vietnam, Angola, Laos, Nicaragua, Salvador, Lebanon,
Gaza Strip, Karabakh, Chechnya… To be continued."

Johnson, who served as a lieutenant (jg) in the Navy in the early 1950s and
from 1967-1973 was a consultant for the CIA, ran the Center for Chinese Studies
at the University of California, Berkeley for years. He defended the Vietnam
War ("In that I was distinctly a man of my times…"), but is probably the only
person of his generation to have written, in the years since, anything like
this passage from the introduction to his book Blowback: "The problem
was that I knew too much about the international Communist movement and not
enough about the United States government and its Department of Defense. … In
retrospect, I wish I had stood with the antiwar protest movement. For all its
naiveté and unruliness, it was right and American policy wrong."

Retired, after a long, provocative career as a Japan specialist, he is the
author of the prophetic Blowback,
The Costs and Consequences of American Empire, published in 2000 to
little attention. After 9/11, it became a bestseller, putting the word "blowback,"
a CIA term for retaliation for U.S. covert actions, into common usage. He has
since written The
Sorrows of Empire: Militarism, Secrecy, and the End of the Republic.
("As an academic subject, the American Empire is largely taboo," he tells me.
"I'm now comfortably retired, but I had a successful academic career. I realize
that young academics today will take up the subject and start doing research
on aspects of our empire only if they've got some cover. They need somebody
to go first. I've had some of my former graduate students say, 'Look, you're
invulnerable. If you won't take the lead, why do you expect us to go do a research
project on the impact of American military whorehouses on Turkey. I mean, let's
face it, it's a good subject!")

He is just now completing the final volume of his Blowback Trilogy.
It will be entitled Nemesis.

Sharp as a tack, energetic and high-spirited, by turns genuinely alarmed and
thoroughly sardonic, he's a talker by nature. Our encounter is an interview
in name only. No one has ever needed an interviewer less. I do begin with a
question that had been on my mind, but it's hardly necessary.

TomDispatch: Let's start with a telltale moment in your life, the moment
when the Cold War ended. What did it mean to you?

Chalmers Johnson: I was a cold warrior. There's no doubt about that.
I believed the Soviet Union was a genuine menace. I still think so.

There's no doubt that, in some ways, the Soviet Union inspired a degree of
idealism. There are grown men I admire who can't but stand up if they hear the
Internationale being played, even though they split with the Communists
ages ago because of the NKVD and the gulag. I thought we needed to protect ourselves
from the Soviets.

As I saw it, the only justification for our monster military apparatus, its
size, the amounts spent on it, the growth of the military-industrial complex
that [President Dwight] Eisenhower
identified for us, was the existence of the Soviet Union and its determination
to match us. The fact that the Soviet Union was global, that it was extremely
powerful, mattered, but none of us fully anticipated its weaknesses. I had been
there in 1978 at the height of [Soviet leader Leonid] Brezhnev's power. You
certainly had a sense then that no consumer economy was present. My colleagues
at the Institute for the USA and Canada were full of: Oh my God, I found a bottle
of good Georgian white wine, or the Cubans have something good in, let's go
over to their bar; but if you went down to the store, all you could buy was
vodka.

It was a fairly rough kind of world, but some things they did very, very well.
We talk about missile defense for this country. To this day, there's only one
nation with a weapon that could penetrate any missile defense we put up – and
that's Russia. And we still can't possibly match the one they have, the Topol-M,
also known as the SS-27. When [President Ronald] Reagan said he was going to
build a Star Wars, these very smart Soviet weapon-makers said: We're going to
stop it. And they did.

As [Senator] Daniel Moynihan said: Who needs a CIA that couldn't tell the Soviet
Union was falling apart in the 1980s, a $32 billion intelligence agency that
could not figure out their economy was in such awful shape they were going to
come apart as a result of their war in Afghanistan and a few other things.

In 1989, [Soviet leader] Mikhail Gorbachev makes a decision. They could have
stopped the Germans from tearing down the Berlin Wall, but for the future of
Russia he decided he'd rather have friendly relations with Germany and France
than with those miserable satellites Stalin had created in East Europe. So he
just watches them tear it down and, at once, the whole Soviet empire starts
to unravel. It's the same sort of thing that might happen to us if we ever stood
by and watched the Okinawans kick us out of Okinawa. I think our empire might
unravel in a way you could never stop once it started.

The Soviet Union imploded. I thought: What an incredible vindication for the
United States. Now it's over, and the time has come for a real victory dividend,
a genuine peace dividend. The question was: Would the U.S. behave as it had
in the past when big wars came to an end? We disarmed so rapidly after World
War II. Granted, in 1947 we started to rearm very rapidly, but by then our military
was farcical. In 1989, what startled me almost more than the Wall coming down
was this: As the entire justification for the military-industrial complex, for
the Pentagon apparatus, for the fleets around the world, for all our bases came
to an end, the United States instantly – pure knee-jerk reaction – began to
seek an alternative enemy. Our leaders simply could not contemplate dismantling
the apparatus of the Cold War.

That was, I thought, shocking. I was no less shocked that the American public
seemed indifferent. And what things they did do were disastrous. George Bush,
the father, was president. He instantaneously declared that he was no longer
interested in Afghanistan. It's over. What a huge cost we've paid for that,
for creating the largest clandestine operation we ever had and then just walking
away, so that any Afghan we recruited in the 1980s in the fight against the
Soviet Union instantaneously came to see us as the enemy – and started paying
us back. The biggest blowback of the lot was, of course, 9/11, but there were
plenty of them before then.

I was flabbergasted and felt the need to understand what had happened. The
chief question that came to mind almost at once, as soon as it was clear that
our part of the Cold War was going to be perpetuated – the same structure, the
same military Keynesianism, an economy based largely on the building of weapons
– was: Did this suggest that the Cold War was, in fact, a cover for something
else; that something else being an American empire intentionally created during
World War II as the successor to the British Empire?

Now that led me to say: Yes, the Cold War was not the clean-cut conflict between
totalitarian and democratic values that we had claimed it to be. You can make
something of a claim for that in Western Europe at certain points in the 1950s,
but once you bring it into the global context, once you include China and our
two East Asian wars, Korea and Vietnam, the whole thing breaks down badly, and
this caused me to realize that I had some rethinking to do. The wise-ass sophomore
has said to me – this has happened a number of times – "Aren't you being inconsistent?"
I usually answer with the famous remark of John Maynard Keynes, the British
economist, who, when once accused of being inconsistent, said to his questioner,
"Well, when I get new information, I rethink my position. What, sir, do you
do with new information?"

A personal experience five years after the collapse of the Soviet Union also
set me rethinking international relations in a more basic way. I was invited
to Okinawa by its governor in the wake of a very serious incident. On September
4, 1995, two Marines and a sailor raped a 12-year-old girl. It produced the
biggest outpouring of anti-Americanism in our key ally, Japan, since the Security
Treaty was signed [in 1960].

I had never been to Okinawa before, even though I had spent most of my life
studying Japan. I was flabbergasted by the 32 American military bases I found
on an island smaller than Kauai in the Hawaiian Islands and the enormous pressures
it put on the population there. My first reaction as a good Cold Warrior was:
Okinawa must be exceptional. It's off the beaten track. The American press doesn't
cover it. It's a military colony. Our military has been there since the battle
of Okinawa in 1945. It had all the smell of the Raj about it. But I assumed
that this was just an unfortunate, if revealing, pimple on the side of our huge
apparatus. As I began to study it, though, I discovered that Okinawa was not
exceptional. It was the norm. It was what you find in all of the American military
enclaves around the world.

TD: The way we garrison the planet has been essential to your rethinking
of the American position in the world. Your chapters on Pentagon basing policy
were the heart of your last book, The
Sorrows of Empire. Didn't you find it strange that, whether reviewers
liked the book or not, none of them seemed to deal with your take on our actual
bases? What do you make of that?

Johnson: I don't know why that is. I don't know why Americans take for
granted, for instance, that huge American military reservations in the United
States are natural ways to organize things. There's nothing slightly natural
about them. They're artificial and expensive. One of the most interesting ceremonies
of recent times is the brouhaha over announced base closings. After all, it's
perfectly logical for the Department of Defense to shut down redundant facilities,
but you wouldn't think so from all the fuss.

I'm always amazed by the way we kid ourselves about the influence of the military-industrial
complex in our society. We use euphemisms like supply-side economics or the
Laffer Curve. We never say: We're artificially making work. If the WPA [Works
Progress Administration of the Great Depression] was often called a dig-holes-and-fill-em-up-again
project, now we're making things that blow up and we sell them to people. Our
weapons aren't particularly good, not compared to those of the great weapons-makers
around the world. It's just that we can make a lot of them very rapidly.

TD: As a professional editor, I would say that when we look at the world,
we have a remarkable ability to edit it.

Johnson: Absolutely. We edit parts of it out. I mean, people in San
Diego don't seem the least bit surprised that between here and Los Angeles is
a huge military reservation called Camp Pendleton,
the headquarters of the First Marine Division. I was there myself back in the
Korean War days. I unfortunately crossed the captain of the LST-883 that I was
serving on. We had orders to send an officer to Camp Pendleton and he said,
"I know who I'm going to send." It was me. (He laughs) And I'll never forget
it. The world of Marine drill sergeants is another universe.

In many ways, as an enthusiast for the natural environment, I am delighted
to have Pendleton there. It's a cordon sanitaire. I spent a little time
with its commandant maybe a decade ago. We got to talking about protecting birds
and he said, "I'm under orders to protect these birds. One of my troops drives
across a bird's nest in his tank and I'll court martial him. Now, if that goddamn
bird flies over to San Clemente, he takes his chances." Even then I thought:
That's one of the few things going for you guys, because nothing else that goes
on here particularly contributes to our country. Today, of course, with the
military eager to suspend compliance with environmental regulations, even that
small benefit is gone.

TD: So, returning to our starting point, you saw an empire and…

Johnson: …it had to be conceptualized. Empires are defined so often
as holders of colonies, but analytically, by empire we simply mean the projection
of hegemony outward, over other people, using them to serve our interests, regardless
of how their interests may be affected.

So what kind of empire is ours? The unit is not the colony, it's the military
base. This is not quite as unusual as defenders of the concept of empire often
assume. That is to say, we can easily calculate the main military bases of the
Roman Empire in the Middle East, and it turns out to be about the same number
it takes to garrison the region today. You need about 38 major bases. You can
plot them out in Roman times and you can plot them out today.

An empire of bases
– that's the concept that best explains the logic of the 700 or more military
bases around the world acknowledged by the Department of Defense. Now, we're
just kidding ourselves that this is to provide security for Americans. In most
cases, it's true that we first occupied these bases with some strategic purpose
in mind in one of our wars. Then the war ends and we never give them up. We
discovered that it's part of the game; it's the perk for the people who fought
the war. The Marines to this day believe they deserve to be in Okinawa because
of the losses they had in the bloodiest and last big battle of World War II.

I was astonished, however, at how quickly the concept of empire – though not
necessarily an empire of bases – became acceptable to the neoconservatives
and others in the era of the younger Bush. After all, to use the term proudly,
as many of them did, meant flying directly in the face of the origins of the
United States. We used to pride ourselves on being as anti-imperialist as anybody
could be, attacking a king who ruled in such a tyrannical manner. That lasted
only, I suppose, until the Spanish-American War. We'd already become an empire
well before that, of course.

TD: Haven't we now become kind of a one-legged empire in the sense that,
as you've written, just about everything has become military?

Johnson: That's what's truly ominous about the American empire. In most
empires, the military is there, but militarism is so central to ours – militarism
not meaning national defense or even the projection of force for political purposes,
but as a way of life, as a way of getting rich or getting comfortable. I guarantee
you that the first Marine Division lives better in Okinawa than in Oceanside,
California, by considerable orders of magnitude. After the Wall came down, the
Soviet troops didn't leave East Germany for five years. They didn't want to
go home. They were living so much better in Germany than they knew they would
be back in poor Russia.

Most empires try to disguise that military aspect of things. Our problem is:
For some reason, we love our military. We regard it as a microcosm of our society
and as an institution that works. There's nothing more hypocritical, or constantly
invoked by our politicians, than "support our boys." After all, those boys and
girls aren't necessarily the most admirable human beings that ever came along,
certainly not once they get into another society where they are told they are,
by definition, doing good. Then the racism that's such a part of our society
emerges very rapidly – once they get into societies where they don't understand
what's going on, where they shout at some poor Iraqi in English.

TD: I assume you'd agree that our imperial budget is the defense budget.
Do you want to make some sense of it for us?

Johnson: Part of empire is the way it's penetrated our society, the
way we've become dependent on it. Empires in the past – the Roman Empire, the
British Empire, the Japanese Empire – helped to enrich British citizens, Roman
citizens, Japanese citizens. In our society, we don't want to admit how deeply
the making and selling of weaponry has become our way of life; that we really
have no more than four major weapons manufacturers – Boeing, Lockheed Martin,
Northrop Grumman, General Dynamics – but these companies distribute their huge
contracts to as many states, as many congressional districts, as possible.

The military budget is starting to bankrupt the country. It's got so much in
it that's well beyond any rational military purpose. It equals just less than
half of total global military spending. And yet here we are, stymied by two
of the smallest, poorest countries on Earth. Iraq before we invaded had a GDP
the size of the state of Louisiana and Afghanistan was certainly one of the
poorest places on the planet. And yet these two places have stopped us.

Militarily, we've got an incoherent, not very intelligent budget. It becomes
less incoherent only when you realize the ways it's being used to fund our industries
or that one of the few things we still manufacture reasonably effectively is
weapons. It's a huge export business, run not by the companies but by foreign
military sales within the Pentagon.

This is not, of course, free enterprise. Four huge manufacturers with only
one major customer. This is state socialism and it's keeping the economy running
not in the way it's taught in any economics course in any American university.
It's closer to what John Maynard Keynes advocated for getting out of the Great
Depression – counter-cyclical governmental expenditures to keep people employed.

The country suffers from a collective anxiety neurosis every time we talk about
closing bases and it has nothing to do with politics. New England goes just
as mad over shutting down the Portsmouth Naval Shipyard as people here in San
Diego would if you suggested shutting the Marine Corps Air Station. It's always
seen as our base. How dare you take away our base! Our congressmen
must get it back!

This illustrates what I consider the most insidious aspect of our militarism
and our military empire. We can't get off it any more. It's not that we're hooked
in a narcotic sense. It's just that we'd collapse as an economy if we let it
go, and we know it. That's the terrifying thing.

And the precedents for this should really terrify us. The greatest single previous
example of military Keynesianism – that is, of taking an economy distraught
over recession or depression, over people being very close to the edge and turning
it around – is Germany. Remember, for the five years after Adolf Hitler became
chancellor in 1933, he was admired as one of the geniuses of modern times. And
people were put back to work. This was done entirely through military
Keynesianism, an alliance between the Nazi Party and German manufacturers.

Many at the time claimed it was an answer to the problems of real Keynesianism,
of using artificial government demand to reopen factories, which was seen as
strengthening the trade unions, the working class. Capitalists were afraid of
government policies that tended to strengthen the working class. They might
prove to be revolutionary. They had been often enough in that century. In this
country, we were still shell-shocked over Bolshevism; to a certain extent, we
still are.

What we've done with our economy is very similar to what Adolf Hitler did with
his. We turn out airplanes and other weapons systems in huge numbers. This leads
us right back to 1991 when the Soviet Union finally collapsed. We couldn't let
the Cold War come to an end. We realized it very quickly. In fact, there are
many people who believe that the thrust of the Cold War even as it began, especially
in the National Security Council's grand strategy document, NSC68,
rested on the clear understanding of late middle-aged Americans who had lived
through the Great Depression that the American economy could not sustain itself
on the basis of capitalist free enterprise. And that's how – my god – in 1966,
only a couple of decades after we started down this path, we ended up with some
32,000 nuclear warheads. That was the year of the peak stockpile, which made
no sense at all. We still have 9,960 at the present moment.

Johnson: Not including war! These people have talked us into building
a fantastic military apparatus, and then, there was that famous crack [Clinton
Secretary of State] Madeleine Albright made to General Colin Powell: "What's
the point of having this superb military you're always talking about if we can't
use it?" Well, if you want to use it today, they charge you another $120 billion
dollars! [He laughs.]

But even the official budget makes no sense. It's filled with weapons like
Lockheed Martin's F-22 – the biggest
single contract ever written. It's a stealth airplane and it's absolutely useless.
They want to build another Virginia-class
nuclear submarine. These are just toys for the admirals.

TD: When we were younger, there were always lots of articles about Pentagon
boondoggles, the million-dollar military monkey wrench and the like. No one
bothers to write articles like that any more, do they?

Johnson: That's because they've completely given up on decent, normal
accounting at the Pentagon. Joseph
Stiglitz, the Nobel Prize-winning economist, and a colleague at Harvard
have put together a real Pentagon budget which, for the wars we're fighting
right now, comes out to about $2 trillion. What they've added in are things
like interest on the national debt that was used to buy arms in the past. Turns
out to be quite a few billion dollars. Above all, they try to get a halfway
honest figure for veterans' benefits. For this year, it's officially $68 billion,
which is almost surely way too low given, if nothing more, the huge number of
veterans who applied for and received benefits after our first Gulf War.

We hear on the nightly news about the medical miracle that people can be in
an explosion in which, essentially, three 155 millimeter shells go off underneath
a Humvee, and they survive through heroic emergency efforts. Barely. Like Bob
Woodruff, the anchor person from ABC News. The guy who saved his life said,
I thought he was dead when I picked him up. But many of these military casualties
will be wards of the state forever. Do we intend to disavow them? It leads you
back to the famous antiwar cracks of the 1930s, when congressmen used to say:
There's nothing we wouldn't do for our troops – and that's what we do, nothing.

We almost surely will have to repudiate some of the promises we've made. For
instance, Tricare is the government's medical care for veterans, their families.
It's a mere $39 billion for 2007. But those numbers are going to go off the
chart. And we can't afford it.

Even that pompous ideologue Donald Rumsfeld seems to have thrown in the towel
on the latest budget. Not a thing is cut. Every weapon got through. He stands
for "force transformation" and we already have enough nuclear equipment for
any imaginable situation, so why on Earth spend anything more? And yet the Department
of Energy is spending $18.5 billion on nuclear weapons in fiscal year 2006,
according to former Senior Defense Department Budget Analyst Winslow Wheeler,
who is today a researcher with the Center for Defense Information.

TD: Not included in the Pentagon budget.

Johnson: Of course not. This is the Department of Energy's budget.

TD: In other words, there's a whole hidden budget…

Johnson: Oh, it's huge! Three-quarters of a trillion dollars is the
number I use for the whole shebang: $440 billion for the authorized budget;
at least $120 billion for the supplementary war-fighting budget, calculated
by Tina Jones, the comptroller of the Department of Defense, at $6.8 billion
per month. Then you add in all the other things out there, above all veterans'
care, care of the badly wounded who, not so long ago, would have added up to
something more like Vietnam-era casualty figures. In Vietnam, they were dead
bodies; these are still living people. They're so embarrassing to the administration
that they're flown back at night, offloaded without any citizens seeing what's
going on. It's amazing to me that [Congressman] John Murtha, as big a friend
as the defense industry ever had – you could count on him to buy any crazy
missile-defense gimmick, anything in outer space – seems to have slightly woken
up only because he spent some time as an old Marine veteran going to the hospitals.

Another person who may be getting this message across to the public is Gary
Trudeau in some of his Doonesbury cartoons. Tom, I know your mother
was a
cartoonist and we both treasure Walt Kelly, who drew the Pogo strip. How
applicable is Pogo's most famous line today: "We have met the enemy and he is
us."