Labor Force Statistics from the Current Population Survey

Persons with a Disability: Labor Force Characteristics News Release

For release 10:00 a.m. (EDT) Wednesday, August 25, 2010 USDL-10-1172
Technical information: (202) 691-6378 * cpsinfo@bls.gov * www.bls.gov/cps
Media contact: (202) 691-5902 * PressOffice@bls.gov
PERSONS WITH A DISABILITY: LABOR FORCE CHARACTERISTICS -- 2009
The proportion of the population employed in 2009--the employment-population
ratio--was 19.2 percent among those with a disability, the U.S. Bureau of
Labor Statistics reported today. The employment-population ratio for persons
without a disability was 64.5 percent. The unemployment rate of persons with
a disability was 14.5 percent, higher than the rate for those with no disabil-
ity, which was 9.0 percent.
This is the first news release focusing on the employment status of persons
with a disability. The information in this release was obtained from the
Current Population Survey (CPS), a monthly sample survey of about 60,000
households that provides statistics on employment and unemployment in the
United States. Beginning in June 2008, questions were added to the CPS that
were designed to identify persons with a disability in the civilian noninsti-
tutional population age 16 and over, and 2009 is the first calendar year for
which annual averages are available. The collection of these data is spon-
sored by the Department of Labor's Office of Disability Employment Policy.
For more information, see the Technical Note.
Some highlights from the 2009 data are:
--For all age groups, the employment-population ratio was much lower for
persons with a disability than for those with no disability. (See table 1.)
--The unemployment rate of persons with a disability was well above the
rate of those with no disability. (See table 1.)
--Persons with a disability were over three times as likely as those with
no disability to be age 65 or over. (See table 1.)
--Nearly one-third of workers with a disability were employed part time,
compared with about one-fifth of those with no disability. (See table 2.)
Demographic characteristics
Persons with a disability tend to be older than persons with no disability,
reflecting the increased incidence of disability with age. In 2009, almost
half of persons with a disability were age 65 and over, compared with about
one-tenth of those with no disability. Women were somewhat more likely to
have a disability than men, partly reflecting the greater life expectancy
of women. Among major race and ethnicity groups, the prevalence of a disa-
bility was higher for blacks and whites than for Asians and Hispanics.
(See table 1.)
Employment
In 2009, the employment-population ratio--the proportion of the population
that is employed--was 19.2 percent for persons with a disability. Among
those with no disability, the ratio was much higher (64.5 percent). In part,
this reflects the older age profile of persons with a disability; older in-
dividuals--regardless of disability status--are less likely to be employed.
However, across all age groups, persons with a disability were much less
likely to be employed than those with no disability. (See table 1.)
Persons with a disability who have completed higher levels of education were
more likely to be employed than those with less education. However, at all
levels of education, persons with a disability were less than half as likely
to be employed than were their counterparts with no disability. (Because
many people have completed their education by age 24, educational attainment
data are presented for those age 25 and over.) (See table 1.)
Workers with a disability were more likely than those with no disability to
work part time. Among workers with a disability, 32 percent usually worked
part time in 2009, compared with 19 percent of workers without a disability.
A slightly larger proportion of workers with a disability worked part time
for economic reasons than those with no disability (8 and 6 percent, respect-
ively). These individuals were working part time because their hours had
been cut back or because they were unable to find a full-time job. (See
table 2.)
Workers with a disability were slightly more likely than those with no dis-
ability to work in service occupations (20 percent, compared with 18 percent)
and in production, transportation, and material moving occupations (14 per-
cent, compared with 11 percent). Those with a disability were less likely to
work in management, professional, and related occupations (31 percent, com-
pared with 38 percent). (See table 3.)
In 2009, 16 percent of workers with a disability were employed in federal,
state, and local government, about the same percentage as those with no
disability (15 percent). Seventy-three percent of workers with a disability
were employed as private wage and salary workers, compared with 78 percent
of those with no disability. A larger proportion of workers with a disabil-
ity were self-employed than were those with no disability (11 and 7 percent,
respectively). (See table 4.)
Unemployment
Individuals with a disability were more likely to be unemployed than were
those with no disability. The unemployment rate for persons with a dis-
ability was 14.5 percent in 2009, well above the figure of 9.0 percent for
those with no disability. (Unemployed persons are those who did not have
a job, were available for work, and were actively looking for a job in
the past 4 weeks.) (See table 1.)
Among persons with a disability, the jobless rate for men (15.1 percent)
was slightly higher than the rate for women (13.8 percent). As is the case
among those without a disability, the unemployment rates in 2009 for those
with a disability were higher among blacks (22.1 percent) and Hispanics
(19.0 percent) than among whites (13.3 percent) and Asians (11.6 percent).
(See table 1.)
Not in the labor force
Persons who are neither employed nor unemployed are referred to as not in
the labor force. A large proportion of those with a disability--about 8 in
10--were not in the labor force in 2009, compared with 3 in 10 of those
with no disability. In part, this reflects the fact that many of those with
a disability are age 65 and over. However, for all age groups, persons with
a disability were more likely than those with no disability to be out of
the labor force.
For persons with and without a disability, the vast majority of those not
in the labor force reported that they do not want a job. Among those who
do want a job, a subset is classified as marginally attached to the labor
force. These individuals were not in the labor force, wanted and were avail-
able for work, and had looked for a job sometime in the prior 12 months.
They were not counted as unemployed because they had not searched for work
in the 4 weeks preceding the survey. Among persons not in the labor force,
1 percent of those with a disability were marginally attached to the labor
force in 2009, compared with 3 percent of those with no disability. (Per-
sons marginally attached to the labor force include discouraged workers.)
(See table 5.)

Technical Note
The estimates in this release are based on annual average data obtained
from the Current Population Survey (CPS). The CPS is a monthly survey of
about 60,000 households that is conducted by the U.S. Census Bureau for
the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS).
Questions were added to the CPS in June 2008 to identify persons with
a disability in the civilian noninstitutional population age 16 and older.
The addition of these questions allowed the Bureau of Labor Statistics to
begin releasing monthly labor force data from the CPS for persons with a
disability. The collection of these data is sponsored by the Department
of Labor's Office of Disability Employment Policy.
Information in this release will be made available to sensory-impaired
individuals upon request. Voice phone: (202) 691-5200; Federal Relay Ser-
vice: (800) 877-8339.
Reliability of the estimates
Statistics based on the CPS are subject to both sampling and nonsam-
pling error. When a sample, rather than the entire population, is sur-
veyed, there is a chance that the sample estimates may differ from the
"true" population values they represent. The exact difference, or sam-
pling error, varies depending on the particular sample selected, and
this variability is measured by the standard error of the estimate.
There is about a 90-percent chance, or level of confidence, that an
estimate based on a sample will differ by no more than 1.6 standard
errors from the "true" population value because of sampling error.
BLS analyses are generally conducted at the 90-percent level of con-
fidence.
The CPS data also are affected by nonsampling error. Nonsampling
error can occur for many reasons, including the failure to sample a
segment of the population, inability to obtain information for all
respondents in the sample, inability or unwillingness of respondents
to provide correct information, and errors made in the collection or
processing of the data.
In addition, unlike other CPS data, the estimates of the population
of persons with a disability are not controlled to independent popula-
tion totals because such data are not currently available. Without con-
trols, estimates are more apt to vary in unpredictable ways from one
month to the next. Additionally, the labor force estimates for persons
with disabilities have not been seasonally adjusted due to the fact that
these data have been collected for a few months only. Typically, several
years worth of monthly estimates are required before seasonally adjusted
estimates can be produced.
A full discussion of the reliability of data from the CPS and informa-
tion on estimating standard errors is available online at www.bls.gov/cps/
documentation.htm#reliability.
Disability questions and concepts
The CPS uses a set of six questions to identify persons with disabili-
ties. In the CPS, persons are classified as having a disability if there
is a response of "yes" to any of these questions. The disability questions
appear in the CPS in the following format:
This month we want to learn about people who have physical, mental, or
emotional conditions that cause serious difficulty with their daily acti-
vities. Please answer for household members who are 15 years and older.
--Is anyone deaf or does anyone have serious difficulty hearing?
--Is anyone blind or does anyone have serious difficulty seeing
even when wearing glasses?
--Because of a physical, mental, or emotional condition, does anyone
have serious difficulty concentrating, remembering, or making
decisions?
--Does anyone have serious difficulty walking or climbing stairs?
--Does anyone have difficulty dressing or bathing?
--Because of a physical, mental, or emotional condition, does anyone
have difficulty doing errands alone such as visiting a doctor's
office or shopping?
The CPS questions for identifying individuals with disabilities are
only asked of household members who are age 15 and older. Each of the
questions ask the respondent whether anyone in the household has the
condition described, and if the respondent replies "yes," they are then
asked to identify everyone in the household who has the condition. Labor
force measures from the CPS are tabulated for persons age 16 and older.
More information on the disability questions and the limitations of the
CPS disability data is available on the BLS Web site at www.bls.gov/cps/
cpsdisability_faq.htm.
Other definitions
Other definitions used in this release are described briefly below.
Additional information on the concepts and methodology of the CPS is
available at www.bls.gov/cps/documentation.htm.
Employed persons are all those who, during the survey reference week
(which is generally the week including the 12th day of the month), (a)
did any work at all as paid employees; (b) worked in their own business,
profession, or on their own farm; (c) worked 15 hours or more as unpaid
workers in a family-operated enterprise; or (d) were temporarily absent
from their jobs because of illness, vacation, labor dispute, or another
reason.
Unemployed persons are all persons who had no employment during the
reference week, were available for work, except for temporary illness,
and had made specific efforts to find employment sometime during the 4
weeks preceding the survey. Persons who were waiting to be recalled to
a job from which they had been laid off need not have been looking for
work to be classified as unemployed.
Civilian labor force comprises all persons classified as employed
or unemployed.
Unemployment rate represents the number of unemployed persons as a
percent of the civilian labor force.
Not in the labor force includes all persons who are not classified
as employed or unemployed. Information is collected on their desire
for and availability to take a job at the time of the CPS interview,
job search activity in the prior year, and reason for not looking in
the 4-week period prior to the survey week. This group includes in-
dividuals marginally attached to the labor force, defined as persons
not in the labor force who want and are available for a job and who
have looked for work sometime in the past 12 months (or since the end
of their last job if they held one within the past 12 months). They
are not counted as unemployed because they had not actively searched
for work in the prior 4 weeks. Within the marginally attached group
are discouraged workers--persons who are not currently looking for
work because they believe there are no jobs available or there are
none for which they would qualify. The other persons marginally at-
tached to the labor force group includes persons who want a job but
had not looked for work in the past 4 weeks for reasons such as family
responsibilities or transportation problems.
At work part time for economic reasons, a measure sometimes referred
to as involuntary part time, refers to individuals who gave an economic
reason for working 1 to 34 hours during the reference week. Economic
reasons include slack work or unfavorable business conditions, inabil-
ity to find full-time work, and seasonal declines in demand. Those who
usually work part time must also indicate that they want and are avail-
able for full-time work.
Occupation, industry, and class of worker for the employed relate
to the job held in the survey reference week. Persons with two or more
jobs are classified in the job at which they worked the greatest number
of hours. Persons are classified using the 2002 Census occupational and
2007 Census industry classification systems. The class-of-worker break-
down assigns workers to the following categories: Private and government
wage and salary workers, self-employed workers, and unpaid family workers.
Wage and salary workers receive wages, salary, commissions, tips, or pay
in kind from a private employer or from a government unit. Self-employed
persons are those who work for profit or fees in their own business, pro-
fession, trade, or farm. Only the unincorporated self-employed are in-
cluded in the self-employed category. Self-employed persons who respond
that their businesses are incorporated are included among wage and salary
workers because, in a legal sense, they are paid employees of a corpora-
tion.

Footnotes(1) Includes persons with a high school diploma or equivalent.(2) Includes persons with bachelor's, master's, professional, and doctoral degrees.

NOTE: Estimates for the above race groups (white, black or African American, and Asian) do not sum to totals because data are not presented for all races. Persons whose ethnicity is identified as Hispanic or Latino may be of any race.

Footnotes(1) Refers to persons who, whether they usually work full or part time, worked 1 to 34 hours during the reference week for an economic reason such as slack work or unfavorable business conditions, inability to find full-time work, or seasonal declines in demand. Persons who usually work part time for an economic reason, but worked 35 hours or more during the reference week are excluded. Also excludes employed persons who were absent from their jobs for the entire reference week.

NOTE: Full time refers to persons who usually work 35 hours or more per week; part time refers to persons who usually work less than 35 hours per week.

Footnotes(1) Data refer to persons who want a job, have searched for work during the prior 12 months, and were available to take a job during the reference week, but had not looked for work in the past 4 weeks.(2) Includes those who did not actively look for work in the prior 4 weeks for reasons such as thinks no work available, could not find work, lacks schooling or training, employer thinks too young or old, and other types of discrimination.(3) Includes those who did not actively look for work in the prior 4 weeks for such reasons as school or family responsibilities, ill health, and transportation problems, as well as a number for whom reason for nonparticipation was not determined.