2 The sole issue on appeal is
whether the Workers' Compensation Court erred in concluding that Hanks had
suffered an injury under the Workers' Compensation Act and in turn dismissing
her occupational disease claim?

Background

3 On July 31, 1995, Hanks went
to work for Partners in Home Care, Incorporated (Partners), as a home-care
aide. Her job entailed helping patients with baths and their basic personal
care, including helping wheelchair bound patients into and out of their
wheelchairs. In January 2001, Hanks, then 65 years old, felt a "krik"
or "twinge" in her back while helping an Alzheimer's patient
dress. Hanks described the event as causing a "pop-type sound"
and "a little pain." She did not report the incident to her
supervisor at the time.

4 Prior to the "krik"
incident, Hanks had never experienced back problems. Following the "krik"
incident, Hanks continued to experience pain. Two or three days after
the incident, Hanks began having difficulty getting into and out of her
car due to pain radiating into her right leg. On February 8, 2001, Hanks
visited Dr. Susan Selbach, her family physician. Dr. Selbach's office
notes for that visit state that Hanks "complains that she has been
having some right-sided lower back pain that goes down into her buttocks,
has doubled her over on occasion." When considering possible etiologies
of the pain, Dr. Selbach noted only, "She does not remember any recent
falls."

5 Despite a trial of physical therapy, Hanks continued to experience low-back
pain radiating into her buttocks and leg. On March 13, 2001, Hanks underwent
an MRI which revealed a left-sided protruding disc at the L4-5 level,
as well as significant degenerative changes at that level. Dr. Selbach
restricted Hanks to light duty on March 27, 2001, and referred her to
Dr. Carter Beck, a neurosurgeon. The next day Hanks told her supervisor
about her back pain and the "krik" incident. Hanks' supervisor
filled out a first report that day which indicated that Hanks' pain was
"chronic" and that Hanks was "not sure" of the cause
of her pain. Hanks could not recall the date of the "krik" incident,
only that it had occurred a couple of months previous, probably sometime
in mid-January.

6 Hanks was seen by Dr. Beck
on April 3, 2001. He reviewed her MRI, which he read as showing "lumbar
stenosis at L4-5 where there is bilateral neural foraminal stenosis and
subarticular recess stenosis." On May 9, 2001, he performed a bilateral
L4-5 laminotomy and foraminotomy with partial mesial facetectomy.

7 Liberty, the insurance provider
for Partners, denied Hanks benefits on account of her failure to report
the "krik" incident to her employer within 30 days of its occurrence
as required by the Workers' Compensation Act.

8 On August 27, 2001, at the request of the Department of Labor and Industry,
Dr. Randale C. Sechrest, an orthopedic surgeon, examined Hanks. Dr. Sechrest
reported that Hanks suffered from "long-standing degenerative changes
in the lumbar spine" which were rendered symptomatic in January or
February of 2001, and most likely were aggravated by her activity at work.
In his report, Dr. Sechrest stated that Hanks' need for surgery "arose
from her underlying degenerative disease" and "spinal stenosis
secondary to [her] long-standing degenerative" disease. In his deposition,
he reiterated that Hanks had long-standing and extensive degenerative
back disease, but also added that her condition was aggravated and made
symptomatic by the "krik" incident.

9 The Workers' Compensation
Court granted Hanks' petition for an emergency trial, which was conducted
on December 10, 2001. On March 22, 2002, it issued a judgment dismissing
Hanks' claim with prejudice based on its findings that although Hanks
had suffered an injury under the Workers' Compensation Act, she had failed
to comply with the Act's 30-day notice requirement. Hanks appeals from
this judgment. We affirm.

Discussion

10 Did the Workers' Compensation
Court err in concluding that Hanks had suffered an injury under the Workers'
Compensation Act and in turn denying her occupational disease claim?

11 A claimant has the burden
of proof that he or she is entitled to benefits under the Workers' Compensation
Act. King v. TTC Illinois, Inc., 2000 MT 260, 11, 301 Mont. 527, 11, 11
P.3d 1199, 11. This Court reviews the Workers' Compensation Court's findings
to determine whether they are supported by substantial credible evidence
and reviews its conclusions of law to determine whether they are correct.
See Schimmel v. Montana Uninsured Employers Fund, 2001 MT 280, 5, 307
Mont. 344, 5, 38 P.3d 788, 5.

12 Workers' compensation benefits are determined by the statutes in effect
as of the date of injury. Buckman v. Montana Deaconess Hosp. (1986), 224
Mont. 318, 321, 730 P.2d 380, 382. The 1999 version of the Act applies
since it was in effect at the time of Hanks' "krik" incident.
Accordingly, all statutory references hereinafter will be to the 1999
version of the Act unless otherwise indicated.

13 The 30-day notice requirement
of the Workers' Compensation Act is located at § 39-71-603, MCA,
and provides as follows:

A claim to recover benefits
under the Workers' Compensation Act for injuries not resulting in death
may not be considered compensable unless, within 30 days after the occurrence
of the accident that is claimed to have caused the injury, notice of
the time and place where the accident occurred and the nature of the
injury is given to the employer or the employer's insurer by the injured
employee or someone on the employee's behalf.

This provision of the Act is
mandatory, and compliance with the notice requirement is indispensable
to maintaining a claim for compensation. Reil v. Billings Processors,
Inc. (1987), 229 Mont. 305, 309-10, 746 P.2d 617, 619. The purpose of
the notice requirement is to enable the employer to protect itself by
prompt investigation of the claimed accident and prompt treatment of the
injury to minimize its effect. Larson v. Barry Smith Logging, Inc. (1994),
267 Mont. 444, 448, 884 P.2d 786, 788-89; Bender v. Roundup Mining Co.
(1960), 138 Mont. 306, 313, 356 P.2d 469, 473. 14 Because it is undisputed
that Hanks failed to report the "krik" incident to Partners
within 30 days of its occurrence, the threshold question in this case
is whether the "krik" incident qualifies as an "injury"
under the Workers' Compensation Act. If it does, Hanks' failure to meet
the mandatory requirements of the Act, specifically her failure to timely
notify her employer, bars her from receiving workers' compensation benefits.

15 Injury, under the Workers' Compensation Act, is defined as "an
unexpected traumatic incident or unusual strain; identifiable by time
and place of occurrence; identifiable by member or part of the body affected;
and caused by a specific event on a single day or during a single work
shift." Section 39-71-119(2), MCA. In its ruling, the Workers' Compensation
Court adopted Liberty's argument that Hanks' back problems arose from
a specific event, the "krik" incident, and thus ruled that the
"krik" incident did qualify as an injury subject to the Workers'
Compensation Act and its 30-day notice provision. In concluding that the
"krik" incident qualified as an injury, the court emphasized
Hanks' own testimony that prior to the "krik" incident, she
had never suffered back problems and that severe pain followed the "krik"
incident within a couple of days. This testimony confirms that Hanks'
back problems were brought about by the "krik" incident. We
conclude that the Workers' Compensation Court's decision was based on
substantial credible evidence. Therefore, we affirm its ruling that Hanks
suffered an injury to which the notice provision of the Workers' Compensation
Act applies.

16 In some instances, however, the 30 days may be tolled if the employee
has a reasonable belief at the time of an accident that he or she has
suffered no injury which will require treatment or is otherwise compensable
until he or she learns otherwise. Killebrew v. Larson Cattle Co. (1992),
254 Mont. 513, 521, 839 P.2d 1260, 1265. In this instance, Hanks' own
testimony that severe pain followed the "krik" incident within
a couple of days precludes the tolling of the 30 days. This statement
confirms that Hanks should have been on notice of the possible relationship
between the "krik" incident and her increasing symptoms at that
time. Even if this Court were to determine that the 30 days did not start
running until a couple of days after the "krik" incident, when
Hanks started to experience pain, Hanks did not report the injury to her
employer within 30 days of the pain commencing. Hanks failed to notify
her employer within 30 days from the date of either the incident itself,
or the onset of pain a few days later. Therefore, she is barred from recovering
under the Workers' Compensation Act.

17 Hanks maintains that the
Workers' Compensation Act and its 30-day notice requirement do not apply
to her because she did not suffer an injury, but rather she suffers from
an occupational disease. To that end, Hanks contends that her work-related
activity preceding and following the "krik" incident caused
her back problems. Therefore, Hanks argues that she is entitled to benefits
under the Occupational Disease Act. Instead of a 30-day notice requirement,
the Occupational Disease Act requires employer notification within one
year of the claimant actually or constructively learning that his or her
condition results in an occupational disease. Section 39-72-403, MCA.

18 Occupational disease is defined as "harm, damage, or death as
set forth in § 39-71-119(1) arising out of or contracted in the course
and scope of employment and caused by events occurring on more than a
single day or work shift." Section 39-72-102(10), MCA (emphasis added).
By affirming the Workers' Compensation Court's ruling that Hanks suffered
from an injury, this Court necessarily recognizes that her condition was
"caused by a specific event on a single day or during a single work
shift." Section 39-71-119(2), MCA (emphasis added). Consequently,
Hanks is not entitled to bring a claim under the Occupational Disease
Act given that her injury did not occur on more than a single day. Moreover,
in order for a condition to qualify as an occupational disease under Montana's
Occupational Disease Act, it must arise "in the course and scope
of employment," § 39-72-102(10), MCA, and be "incidental
to the character of the business." Section 39-72-408, MCA. Hanks,
however, has not offered any testimony that her underlying preexisting
back disease was incidental to her work at Partners and, therefore, has
not established that she suffers from an occupational disease. Accordingly,
the Workers' Compensation Court was correct in denying her occupational
disease claim with prejudice.

19 Finally, Hanks urges this
Court to reverse the ruling of the Workers' Compensation Court because
denying her benefits is contrary to public policy. While one "objective
of the Montana workers' compensation system [is] to provide, without regard
to fault, wage supplement and medical benefits to a worker suffering from
a work-related injury or disease," § 39-71-105, MCA, the general
intent expressed in that statute is qualified by the particular intent
of the 30-day notice requirement of § 39-71-603, MCA. Our precedent
clearly states that "[n]otice under the statute is mandatory, and
compliance is indispensable to maintaining a claim for compensation."
Larson v. Barry Smith Logging, Inc. (1994), 267 Mont. 444, 449, 884 P.2d
786, 789; Reil v. Billings Processors, Inc. (1987), 229 Mont. 305, 309,
746 P.2d 617, 619.

20 The Workers' Compensation Court's ruling that the "krik"
incident was a single identifiable incident occurring in a single work
shift, thus meeting the criteria of an injury, is based on substantial
credible evidence. Therefore, the Workers' Compensation Court did not
err in concluding that Hanks failed to comply with the 30-day notice requirement
of the Workers' Compensation Act and in dismissing her occupational disease
claim with prejudice.

/S/ W. WILLIAM LEAPHART

We concur:

/S/ KARLA M.
GRAY
/S/ JAMES C. NELSON
/S/ JIM RICE

Justice Terry N. Trieweiler dissenting.

21 I dissent from the majority
Opinion. I would reverse the judgment of the Workers' Compensation Court.

22 The result in this case
is unconscionable and far from compelled by even the blindest adherence
to the law.

23
The important facts are without dispute. Edna Hanks was a sixty-five year
old widow working as a home care aid in 2001 when she developed symptoms
of low back disease. She had been employed as a home care aid by Partners
in Home Care, Inc., for five and a half years. She continued to work in
that occupation, in spite of her age, because the social security benefits
to which she is entitled through her deceased husband did little more
than make her house payments. Without employment, she would not have been
able to feed herself or pay for her transportation.

24 By 2001, Edna, like most people her age, had developed considerable
underlying degenerative disease in her spine. The evidence was that the
degree of underlying degenerative disease would have been aggravated by
the nature of employment she had engaged in for the previous five and
one-half years, which included heavy lifting, bending and twisting. It
was in that condition that she first experienced back symptoms while lifting
a patient toward the end of January, 2001. However, she didn't go to the
doctor immediately and she didn't complain about her symptoms. That was
not her nature. She first saw a physician on February 8, 2001, but was
given no diagnosis by that physician which would relate her condition
to her job. She continued to work and participated in a regimen of physical
therapy. However, when her symptoms persisted, her treating physician
limited her to light duty and referred her to a neurosurgeon. That occurred
on March 27, 2001. The next day, claimant immediately advised her supervisor
about her condition and the fact that it first became symptomatic during
the course of her employment sometime in January.

25 Up until March 27, 2001,
Hanks had continued to perform all of her duties, including lifting people
up and out of bed and in and out of wheelchairs. She testified that when
she originally experienced the back pain, she had assumed it was due to
an arthritic condition since her mother had suffered from disabling arthritis.

26 No one questions that Edna
Hanks' condition from which she is now disabled is related to her employment.
No one questions the severity of her condition nor the extent of her permanent
disability. Finally, no one disputes that Hanks notified her employer
that her disability is work related immediately after learning that she
would need medical treatment and be unable to return to her normal employment
duties. In spite of these undisputed facts, and with the blessing of this
Court, Edna Hanks has been denied any compensation for her substantial
medical expenses or her lifetime of disability based on catch 22 provisions
in the Workers' Compensation Act.

27 The Workers' Compensation
Court and this Court have concluded that Hanks' condition could not be
an occupational disease because it first became symptomatic during a single
lifting incident. Yet, because she sustained an "injury" during
that incident, she is not eligible for benefits because she did not notify
her employer about the "injury" that she did not know she had
sustained for a period of more than thirty days.

28 Based on the not uncommon facts in this case, I would interpret the
evidence in a manner that permits recovery of benefits.

29 First, I disagree with
the majority's conclusion in 16 that "Hanks' own testimony that severe
pain followed the "krik" incident within a couple of days precludes
the tolling of the thirty days." Hanks actually testified as follows:

So I felt a little cringe
or a little crook in my back, as I called it. And it hurt a little bit,
but I thought I was just-you know, just some little thing was going
on. I didn't expect anything more than that. And it stopped, and I didn't
have anymore pain. And I didn't tell her hubby that I felt a little
cringe in my back and that. I just kind of let it go after that.

Two or three days later,
I-when I started to get in and out of the car, it was hard for me to
get in and out of the car. And then, it quit again. And it was pain,
little pains going down my right leg, not my left leg, my right leg.
And I didn't think anymore about it until, oh, it was January, February,
March-towards March, I started really hurting bad at nights and that.
. . .

So, I went back to Dr. Selbach
and she sent me to Dr. Beck. . . .

So again they-I can't remember
the date of the MRI but, anyway, I had the MRI and then I went back
to Dr. Beck's. And it had to be about the 27th of March because just
as soon as he told me what was wrong and he could see that it was wrecked,
you know, on the MRI-it's like an x-ray. I went right over to Partners
and told them what was going on and that I couldn't work.

30 There were only two witnesses
in this case. Edna Hanks gave the foregoing testimony at the hearing before
the Workers' Compensation Court. Dr. Randale Sechrest testified by deposition.
Hanks' testimony as set forth above was uncontroverted. Therefore, I disagree
with the majority's conclusion that based on her own testimony, severe
pain followed the "krik" incident within a couple of days which
precludes the tolling of the thirty-day report period. I would apply Killebrew
v. Larson Cattle Co. (1992), 254 Mont. 513, 830 P.2d 1260, to toll the
thirty-day period even if it had been established that Hanks had sustained
an occupational "injury" rather than an "occupational disease."

31 However, I also disagree
with the majority's observation in 18 that Hanks has not offered testimony
that her underlying pre-existing back disease was incidental to her work
at Partners and, therefore, has not established an occupational disease.

32 It is true that Dr. Sechrest
testified that the lifting incident in January contributed to her disability.
However, Sechrest also testified that there is a relationship between
the frequency of low-back problems and healthcare work because of the
lifting, bending and twisting that is done over a period of time. She
testified that injury to the lumbar spine occurs primarily from axial
loading, flexion and twisting-all factors that are present for the healthcare
worker. She testified that in addition, healthcare workers are typically
lifting patients in abnormal positions where they cannot apply good body
mechanics. She stated that the longer a person is a healthcare worker,
the more cumulative stress and strain is applied to the back.

33 Dr. Sechrest testified
that she believed there was a direct causal connection between healthcare
work and Edna's ultimate physical condition. Most importantly, she gave
the following testimony:

Q. Well, some people suffer
from spinal stenosis. [A condition diagnosed in Hanks.] And I'm wondering
if there's a positive correlation between lifting, heavy lifting, awkward
lifting and acceleration or development of spinal stenosis?

A. I would say intuitively
there is. Intuitively, and probably in a broad sense bending, twisting,
lifting would increase and accelerate the degree of, one, your risk
of disc injury, risk of disc degeneration and would accelerate the condition
once it occurs.

Q. So, the lifting and working
with patients that Edna did in the year preceding the crick were contributing
factors to whatever degenerative disc disease she had, correct?

A. Yes.

. . . .

Q. Are you saying that it's
not possible for you to give an opinion to discriminate between how
much was pre-existing condition caused by just general heavy work and
how much was caused by lifting the Alzheimer's patient?

A. I think that would be
accurate, as I understand your question.

34 Based on the quoted testimony
from Dr. Sechrest, I would conclude that the Workers' Compensation Court
was clearly erroneous when it found that "lacking in his [Dr. Sechrest's]
testimony and report is any indication that her underlying, pre-existing
back disease was in whole or in part an occupational disease." I
would conclude that the Workers' Compensation Court was also clearly erroneous
when it found that Dr. Sechrest's testimony established that Hanks' condition
was made symptomatic by a single incident. Dr. Sechrest actually testified
that she was unable to distinguish between a single incident and the nature
of Hanks' employment for purposes of determining what made Hanks' back
condition symptomatic.

35 Traditionally we defer to trial judges and juries in the resolution
of factual disputes. However, as we have frequently noted, that deference
makes no logical sense where the Workers' Compensation Court simply reads
the same deposition that we read. In that situation, we are in as good
a position to evaluate the medical testimony as the trial judge. See Brown
v. Ament (1988), 231 Mont. 158, 752 P.2d 171, and Shupert v. Anaconda
Aluminum Co. (1985), 215 Mont. 182, 188, 696 P.2d 436, 439.

36 Although Dr. Sechrest was
unable to distinguish between the single incident in January and the long-term
nature of Hanks' work for purposes of determining which more significantly
contributed to her symptoms, I would conclude that when, as in this case,
it is undisputed that her condition is work related, the uncertainty must
be resolved in favor of providing workers' compensation coverage to the
injured employee. Otherwise, the public policy set forth at § 39-71-105,
MCA, to provide wage supplement and medical benefits to a worker suffering
from a work-related injury or disease is frustrated.

37 This case is just the most
recent example of a trend, which began in this state in 1987, to write
and interpret laws for the benefit of employers and insurers without regard
to the terrible human consequences that work-related injuries and diseases
have on working people. I sometimes wonder if, collectively, the citizens
of this state have lost sight of the fact that injured workers are real
human beings with families, frequently substantial medical expenses and
bills to pay for food, housing and transportation. I am sometimes concerned
that as a society we have become so self centered that no one cares.

38 Our case law is replete with examples of the insurance industry's efforts
to prove that a disabled worker had an "occupational disease"
rather than an "injury" when it was to the insurer's advantage
to do so. Here, on the other hand, where the injury claim is arguably
barred by an unreasonable and unfair procedural requirement, the insurer
goes to great lengths to spin Hanks' affliction as an "injury"
rather than a disease. If anyone ever needed an example of the cold and
calculated manner in which injured workers are treated and the reason
why liberal sanctions and attorney fees should be awarded to claimants
who have been unlawfully denied their benefits, this case is it.

39 The state of the workers'
compensation laws in Montana have become so unfair and one-sided that
I have concluded employees would be better off if the whole system was
scrapped and they were given back their common rights to sue employers
who cause them injury by employer negligence. Why should employers be
protected from liability for unsafe workplaces when employees get nothing
in return? The assumed quid pro quo is simply no longer there.

40 For these reasons, I dissent
from the majority Opinion. I would reverse the judgment of the Workers'
Compensation Court.