The overview, a biennial booklet, is established into 3 major elements. half I describes the surroundings in which the delivery region is constructing and the important demanding situations that this atmosphere poses to governments, the shipping and society at huge. half II specializes in tracing the numerous improvement of roads, railways, delivery, ports, inland waterways and air shipping industries and infrastructure within the quarter.

KGaA, Weinheim. 3 of this chapter are concerned with the topology of the equilibrium magnetic ﬁeld, which has a dominant inﬂuence on the transport of mass and energy towards the tokamak boundary. Charged particles become trapped between regions of increasing ﬁeld strength called magnetic mirrors and more than half of the electrons and ions oscillate between these mirrors; this is standard tokamak theory. The remaining sections of the chapter describe how, under the combined inﬂuence of the radial temperature gradient and electron ﬂuid shear, the trapped particles transport thermal energy out of the tokamak plasma at rates orders of magnitude larger than predicted by either classical or neoclassical transport theory.

Ii) High beta regime ¯e overestimated τE , and a At high densities it was discovered that the empirical law τE ∝ n weaker dependence was required (Gaudreau et al. 1977, Equipe TFR 1980). 5 Electron energy conﬁnement time 21 densities still, τE reaches a ﬂat maximum and then starts to fall as n ¯e is increased (Ejima et al. 1982). 8 shows an example of the ‘saturation’ of τE with increasing values of n ¯e qa in TFTR (Efthimion et al. 1984). Since higher density means an increase in collision frequency, it was presumed (Alladio et al.