With urban poverty rising and affordable housing disappearing, the homeless and other “disorderly” people continue to occupy public space in many American cities. Concerned about the alleged ill ...
More

With urban poverty rising and affordable housing disappearing, the homeless and other “disorderly” people continue to occupy public space in many American cities. Concerned about the alleged ill effects their presence inflicts on property values and public safety, many cities have wholeheartedly embraced “zero-tolerance” or “broken window” policing efforts to clear the streets of unwanted people. Through an almost completely unnoticed set of practices, these people are banned from occupying certain spaces. Once zoned out, they are subject to arrest if they return—effectively banished from public places. This book offers an exploration of these new tactics that dramatically enhance the power of the police to monitor and arrest thousands of city dwellers. Drawing upon an extensive body of data, the chapters chart the rise of banishment in Seattle, a city on the leading edge of this emerging trend, to establish how it works and explore its ramifications. They demonstrate that, although the practice allows police and public officials to appear responsive to concerns about urban disorder, it is a highly questionable policy—it is expensive, does not reduce crime, and does not address the underlying conditions that generate urban poverty. Moreover, interviews with the banished themselves reveal that exclusion makes their lives and their path to self-sufficiency immeasurably more difficult. At a time when ever more cities and governments in the U.S. and Europe resort to the criminal justice system to solve complex social problems, the book provides a challenge to exclusionary strategies that diminish the life circumstances and the rights of those it targets.Less

Banished : The New Social Control In Urban America

Katherine BeckettSteve Herbert

Published in print: 2009-11-12

With urban poverty rising and affordable housing disappearing, the homeless and other “disorderly” people continue to occupy public space in many American cities. Concerned about the alleged ill effects their presence inflicts on property values and public safety, many cities have wholeheartedly embraced “zero-tolerance” or “broken window” policing efforts to clear the streets of unwanted people. Through an almost completely unnoticed set of practices, these people are banned from occupying certain spaces. Once zoned out, they are subject to arrest if they return—effectively banished from public places. This book offers an exploration of these new tactics that dramatically enhance the power of the police to monitor and arrest thousands of city dwellers. Drawing upon an extensive body of data, the chapters chart the rise of banishment in Seattle, a city on the leading edge of this emerging trend, to establish how it works and explore its ramifications. They demonstrate that, although the practice allows police and public officials to appear responsive to concerns about urban disorder, it is a highly questionable policy—it is expensive, does not reduce crime, and does not address the underlying conditions that generate urban poverty. Moreover, interviews with the banished themselves reveal that exclusion makes their lives and their path to self-sufficiency immeasurably more difficult. At a time when ever more cities and governments in the U.S. and Europe resort to the criminal justice system to solve complex social problems, the book provides a challenge to exclusionary strategies that diminish the life circumstances and the rights of those it targets.

This chapter explains how the account of norms for success in practical reason underwrite a conception of the metaphysics of value properties as response-dependent, along the lines suggested by John ...
More

This chapter explains how the account of norms for success in practical reason underwrite a conception of the metaphysics of value properties as response-dependent, along the lines suggested by John McDowell and David Wiggins. It considers the relation between reasons, ends, and values, and consider how response-dependent views of value properties have been developed by McDowell, Wiggins, and others before setting out a schema for understanding value as response-dependent given the account of practical rationality offered in this book.Less

Response-Dependent Value

Mark LeBar

Published in print: 2013-05-28

This chapter explains how the account of norms for success in practical reason underwrite a conception of the metaphysics of value properties as response-dependent, along the lines suggested by John McDowell and David Wiggins. It considers the relation between reasons, ends, and values, and consider how response-dependent views of value properties have been developed by McDowell, Wiggins, and others before setting out a schema for understanding value as response-dependent given the account of practical rationality offered in this book.

By the early twentieth century, in the space that Chicago developer Samuel Eberly Gross had advertised as “the working man’s reward,” residents recognized that the reward of upward mobility through ...
More

By the early twentieth century, in the space that Chicago developer Samuel Eberly Gross had advertised as “the working man’s reward,” residents recognized that the reward of upward mobility through homeownership had eluded many of them. They felt their property values threatened, they blamed African Americans, and, in July 1919, they rioted. Chicago’s week-long riots were a contest over the mortgages of whiteness, reinforcing the idea of binary race relations within twentieth-century assumptions of property values.Less

The Mortgages of Whiteness : Chicago’s Race Riots of 1919

Elaine Lewinnek

Published in print: 2014-05-01

By the early twentieth century, in the space that Chicago developer Samuel Eberly Gross had advertised as “the working man’s reward,” residents recognized that the reward of upward mobility through homeownership had eluded many of them. They felt their property values threatened, they blamed African Americans, and, in July 1919, they rioted. Chicago’s week-long riots were a contest over the mortgages of whiteness, reinforcing the idea of binary race relations within twentieth-century assumptions of property values.

Chapter 9 argues that there is a distinctive kind of phenomenological content associated with emotional experiences, which the author calls ‘evaluative phenomenology’. The term is apt because, the ...
More

Chapter 9 argues that there is a distinctive kind of phenomenological content associated with emotional experiences, which the author calls ‘evaluative phenomenology’. The term is apt because, the author argues, emotional experiences are essentially experiences of value or as of value, or what she will sometimes call ‘value experiences’. It is not uncommon for theorists to link emotion and value. One thing that distinguishes the view of emotions defended in this chapter is that it ties an emotion’s evaluative phenomenology inextricably to its intentionality, and in particular to how it represents the value properties of objects and states of affairs. This chapter ends with a discussion of the fine-grainedness of evaluative-phenomenological content and argues that it is fine-grained along various dimensions.Less

Evaluative Phenomenology : What Is Given in Conscious Emotion

Michelle Montague

Published in print: 2016-06-01

Chapter 9 argues that there is a distinctive kind of phenomenological content associated with emotional experiences, which the author calls ‘evaluative phenomenology’. The term is apt because, the author argues, emotional experiences are essentially experiences of value or as of value, or what she will sometimes call ‘value experiences’. It is not uncommon for theorists to link emotion and value. One thing that distinguishes the view of emotions defended in this chapter is that it ties an emotion’s evaluative phenomenology inextricably to its intentionality, and in particular to how it represents the value properties of objects and states of affairs. This chapter ends with a discussion of the fine-grainedness of evaluative-phenomenological content and argues that it is fine-grained along various dimensions.

Sociology, Politics, Social Movements and Social Change, Urban and Rural Studies

This chapter rescales the analysis to the level of the community to ask about the way homeowners reshape the places where they live. Deepening current theories of NIMBY politics, it argues that ...
More

This chapter rescales the analysis to the level of the community to ask about the way homeowners reshape the places where they live. Deepening current theories of NIMBY politics, it argues that homeowners often steer local political discussions as they work to protect their property values. Contrary to classic accounts of community engagement, which highlight the benefits to communities from high levels of civic participation, this chapter shows that homeowners often participate in a politics of exclusion. Their involvement narrows the opportunity for meaningful political dialogue and prioritizes property values over other community interests. Homeowners’ participation keeps people from accessing high-opportunity neighborhoods and reinforces symbolic boundaries between homeowners and renters.Less

Building Community? : Homeownership and the Politics of Exclusion

Brian J. McCabe

Published in print: 2016-05-01

This chapter rescales the analysis to the level of the community to ask about the way homeowners reshape the places where they live. Deepening current theories of NIMBY politics, it argues that homeowners often steer local political discussions as they work to protect their property values. Contrary to classic accounts of community engagement, which highlight the benefits to communities from high levels of civic participation, this chapter shows that homeowners often participate in a politics of exclusion. Their involvement narrows the opportunity for meaningful political dialogue and prioritizes property values over other community interests. Homeowners’ participation keeps people from accessing high-opportunity neighborhoods and reinforces symbolic boundaries between homeowners and renters.

This chapter introduces harmonic functions and discussing some of their basic properties, including the mean-value property, strong and weak maximum principles, uniqueness of solutions to the ...
More

This chapter introduces harmonic functions and discussing some of their basic properties, including the mean-value property, strong and weak maximum principles, uniqueness of solutions to the classical Dirichlet problem in bounded domains. It also presents Harnack inequality and its consequences and Weyl’s lemma.Less

Harmonic Functions and the Mean-Value Property

Ali Taheri

Published in print: 2015-07-01

This chapter introduces harmonic functions and discussing some of their basic properties, including the mean-value property, strong and weak maximum principles, uniqueness of solutions to the classical Dirichlet problem in bounded domains. It also presents Harnack inequality and its consequences and Weyl’s lemma.

Higher land and property values are seen as an indicator of success of leverage planning. However, they drive lower income households and businesses out of areas and result in a different range of ...
More

Higher land and property values are seen as an indicator of success of leverage planning. However, they drive lower income households and businesses out of areas and result in a different range of services for local communities. This chapter explores how a planning system could protect lower value land uses through zoning and other means. It covers: affordable housing; secondary and tertiary retail outlets (a largely ignored issue); SME workplaces and start-up space and the use of empty properties, including the empty public estate.Less

The environmental and social consequences of growth-dependent planning

Yvonne Rydin

Published in print: 2013-09-11

Higher land and property values are seen as an indicator of success of leverage planning. However, they drive lower income households and businesses out of areas and result in a different range of services for local communities. This chapter explores how a planning system could protect lower value land uses through zoning and other means. It covers: affordable housing; secondary and tertiary retail outlets (a largely ignored issue); SME workplaces and start-up space and the use of empty properties, including the empty public estate.

Between the 1860s and 1920s Chicago’s working-class immigrants designed the American dream of homeownership. They imagined homes that were simultaneously a consumer-oriented respite from work and ...
More

Between the 1860s and 1920s Chicago’s working-class immigrants designed the American dream of homeownership. They imagined homes that were simultaneously a consumer-oriented respite from work and also productive spaces for increasing property values and housing small businesses such as market gardens, laundries, or boardinghouses. Leapfrogging out of town along with assembly-line factories, Chicago’s diverse early suburbs were marketed with the elusive promise that homeownership might offer a bulwark against the vicissitudes of industrial capitalism, that homes might be “better than a bank for a poor man,” in the words of one evocative advertisement, and “the working man’s reward.” Coinciding with Victorian ideals of gendered domesticity as well as early city planning, Chicago’s working-class suburbs were spurred from both above and below. With the twentieth-century institutionalization of racialized property assessments, the working man’s reward evolved into the mortgages of whiteness: the hope that property values would increase if that property could be kept white. Because Chicago presented itself as a paradigmatic American city and because numerous Chicago-based experts eventually instituted national real estate programs, Chicago’s early growth affected the growth of twentieth-century America. This work examines the roots of America’s suburbanization, synthesizing the new suburban history and reperiodizing it. Despite two working-class riots against suburbanization in 1872 and 1919, Chicagoans helped develop America’s urban sprawl.Less

The Working Man’s Reward : Chicago's Early Suburbs and the Roots of American Sprawl

Elaine Lewinnek

Published in print: 2014-05-01

Between the 1860s and 1920s Chicago’s working-class immigrants designed the American dream of homeownership. They imagined homes that were simultaneously a consumer-oriented respite from work and also productive spaces for increasing property values and housing small businesses such as market gardens, laundries, or boardinghouses. Leapfrogging out of town along with assembly-line factories, Chicago’s diverse early suburbs were marketed with the elusive promise that homeownership might offer a bulwark against the vicissitudes of industrial capitalism, that homes might be “better than a bank for a poor man,” in the words of one evocative advertisement, and “the working man’s reward.” Coinciding with Victorian ideals of gendered domesticity as well as early city planning, Chicago’s working-class suburbs were spurred from both above and below. With the twentieth-century institutionalization of racialized property assessments, the working man’s reward evolved into the mortgages of whiteness: the hope that property values would increase if that property could be kept white. Because Chicago presented itself as a paradigmatic American city and because numerous Chicago-based experts eventually instituted national real estate programs, Chicago’s early growth affected the growth of twentieth-century America. This work examines the roots of America’s suburbanization, synthesizing the new suburban history and reperiodizing it. Despite two working-class riots against suburbanization in 1872 and 1919, Chicagoans helped develop America’s urban sprawl.

Tyson-Lord Gray discusses the landscape effects of windfarms. Gray begins his chapter by looking at declining wind turbine sales during the years 2007-2010. In an attempt to locate a reason for this ...
More

Tyson-Lord Gray discusses the landscape effects of windfarms. Gray begins his chapter by looking at declining wind turbine sales during the years 2007-2010. In an attempt to locate a reason for this decline, he evaluates two claims: (1) that windfarms reduce property value and (2) that windfarms ruin the beauty of nature. For the first claim, he looks at three studies conducted on residential property sales located near wind farms. For the second claim, he engages in a comparison of Immanuel Kant’s Critique of Judgment which defends purely emotional aesthetic evaluations and John Dewey’s Art as Experience which provides an understanding that views beauty as an integration of both emotional and cognitive judgments. According to Gray, Dewey’s aesthetic can help to push the conversation beyond the purely emotional response of many windfarm opponents.Less

Tyson-Lord Gray

Published in print: 2014-02-01

Tyson-Lord Gray discusses the landscape effects of windfarms. Gray begins his chapter by looking at declining wind turbine sales during the years 2007-2010. In an attempt to locate a reason for this decline, he evaluates two claims: (1) that windfarms reduce property value and (2) that windfarms ruin the beauty of nature. For the first claim, he looks at three studies conducted on residential property sales located near wind farms. For the second claim, he engages in a comparison of Immanuel Kant’s Critique of Judgment which defends purely emotional aesthetic evaluations and John Dewey’s Art as Experience which provides an understanding that views beauty as an integration of both emotional and cognitive judgments. According to Gray, Dewey’s aesthetic can help to push the conversation beyond the purely emotional response of many windfarm opponents.

This chapter analyzes the diaspora of the Camisard prophets that led to the memoirs and accounts that are so important to the book, including the dramatic escape by Abraham Mazel from the Tower of ...
More

This chapter analyzes the diaspora of the Camisard prophets that led to the memoirs and accounts that are so important to the book, including the dramatic escape by Abraham Mazel from the Tower of Constance and his exile, but points out that the adventures of what came to be called the “French Prophets” in England largely lie outside the scope of this book. It then details the brief revival of the war by Mazel in the Vivarais and his defeat and death, noting that the Camisard discourse remained remarkably the same from beginning to end, but also arguing that the quick response of the royal authorities showed they had learned important lessons from their earlier experience. The chapter finishes by analyzing the costs of the war, estimating the numbers of those killed, the value of property lost, the number of churches destroyed, and the amount of tax revenue lost to the crownLess

Alpha and Omega

W. Gregory Monahan

Published in print: 2014-03-06

This chapter analyzes the diaspora of the Camisard prophets that led to the memoirs and accounts that are so important to the book, including the dramatic escape by Abraham Mazel from the Tower of Constance and his exile, but points out that the adventures of what came to be called the “French Prophets” in England largely lie outside the scope of this book. It then details the brief revival of the war by Mazel in the Vivarais and his defeat and death, noting that the Camisard discourse remained remarkably the same from beginning to end, but also arguing that the quick response of the royal authorities showed they had learned important lessons from their earlier experience. The chapter finishes by analyzing the costs of the war, estimating the numbers of those killed, the value of property lost, the number of churches destroyed, and the amount of tax revenue lost to the crown