Galloping
Gertie - The Tacoma Narrows Bridge

Galloping Gertie

Slender, elegant and graceful,
the Tacoma Narrows Bridge stretched like a steel ribbon across Puget
Sound
in 1940. The third longest suspension span in the world opened on July
1st. Only four months later, the great span's short life ended in disaster. "Galloping
Gertie," collapsed in a windstorm on November 7,1940.

The City of Tacoma and Pierce
County Board of Commissioners asked the State to construct a bridge
across the Tacoma Narrows in 1935. The
legislature appropriated $25,000 to study the request and, satisfied
with the results, the State of Washington submitted
an application to the Public Works Administration (PWA) requesting
funds
for construction of a new suspension bridge on May 23, 1938.

The 1940 Narrows Bridge was built "primarily
as a military necessity" to link McChord Air Field south of Tacoma
and the Puget Sound Navy Shipyard in Bremerton. This important fact
is often is often overlooked today. But, it was well known to area
residents and local newspapers in 1940.

Between the time the state legislature authorized the money to study
the proposal and the completion of that study, Lacey Murrow, Director
of the Washington State Department of Highways, had given Clark Eldridge,
a bridge engineer with the department, the green light to design a
bridge to span the Narrows. Eldridge’s plan called for a 5,000
foot, two-lane suspension bridge. When completed, the structure would
be the third longest suspension bridge in the world.

Once the structural integrity was compromised, major portions
of the bridge deck began to fall into the Tacoma Narrows channel. Notice
the unfortunate car on the bridge deck in the upper right corner of
this picture. The larger section of bridge decking in this picture
is approximately 600 feet long. The smaller section in the center of
the picture is 25 feet long.

After examination of Eldridge's plans in May of 1938,
the Public Works Administration agreed to finance 45 percent of the construction,
provided that the State of Washington retain a board of independent engineering
consultants to reexamine Eldridge's design. The State complied and employed
the firm of Moran and Proctor to study the plans for the substructure.
Furthermore, the State retained Leon S. Moisseiff, the world-renowned
suspension bridge builder to examine the plans concerning the superstructure.
Both Moran and Proctor and Moisseiff made significant alterations to
Eldridge's original design. Specifically, Moran and Proctor wanted an
entirely different substructure. As to Moisseiff, he substituted the
25 foot deep open stiffening truss with an eight foot, shallow plate
girder, resulting in a much lighter bridge.

Prior to the opening of the construction bids, a group of contractors
notified the engineers they could not meet the specifications for the
substructure. As a result, Moran and Proctor's plans for the substructure
were scrapped, and Eldridge's original plans for the substructure were
reintroduced. After consultation with Moisseiff, it was agreed that
Eldridge's design for the substructure would be used in conjunction
with Moisseiff's plans for the superstructure. This modified plan was
approved by the Public Works Administration and bids for construction
were opened on September 27, 1938. The Pacific Bridge Company's low
bid of $5,594,730.40 was accepted. The Bethlehem Steel Company was
an associate contractor that supplied and erected the steel and wire.
Work on the bridge began in early 1939 and on July 1, 1940, the $6.4
million bridge opened and the link between the Washington mainland
and the Olympic Peninsula was complete.

Vertical oscillations of the roadbed occurred even during the construction
phase and raised questions about the structure's stability. Some
breezes as low as four miles per hour caused oscillations, while
stronger breezes often had no effect. Prior to the bridge's opening,
hydraulic buffers were installed at the towers to control the stresses.
The undulations continued, however, and further studies were undertaken
at the University of Washington. Their recommendation of the installation
of tie-down cables in the side spans were implemented, but to little
effect.

The name "Galloping Gertie" was first
used for the Wheeling Bridge. Charles Ellet built this 900-foot
long suspension bridge in 1849 over the Ohio River at Wheeling,
West Virginia. Back then, it was the longest suspension bridge
in the world. It collapsed in a windstorm in May 1854.

Local folks lost no time
in nicknaming the bridge "Galloping
Gertie." Fascinated by Gertie, thousands of people drove hundreds
of miles to experience the sensation of crossing the rolling center
span. The disappearance and then reappearance of cars often highlighted
the experience. For four months, the Washington Toll Bridge Authority
thrived as traffic had trebled from what had been expected. Although
concerns about the bridge's stability had been voiced, bridge officials
were so confident of the structure, they considered canceling the insurance
policies in order to obtain reduced rates on a new one.

Throughout the early morning hours of Thursday, November 7, 1940,
the center span had been undulating three to five feet in winds of
35 to 46 miles per hour. Alarmed by this constant motion, highway officials
and state police closed the bridge at 10:00 A.M. Shortly thereafter
the character of the motion dramatically changed from a rhythmic rising
and falling to a two-wave twisting motion. The twisting motion grew
stronger with each twist; span movement had gone from 5 foot to 28
foot undulations. This twisting motion caused the roadbed to tilt 45
degrees from horizontal one way and then 45 degrees from horizontal
the other way.

For about 30 minutes, the center span endured the twisting. At about
10:30 A.M., a center span floor panel dropped into the water 195 feet
below. The roadbed was breaking up, and chunks of concrete were raining
into the Sound. At 11:02 A.M., 600 feet of the western end of the span
twisted free, flipped over, and plunged down into the water. Engineers
on the scene hoped that once this had happened, the remainder of the
span would settle down. The twisting continued, and at 11:09 A.M.,
the remaining bridge sections ripped free and thundered down into the
Sound. When this happened, the 1,100 foot side spans dropped 60 feet,
only to bounce up and then settle into a sag of 30 feet. As for the
center span, it rested on the dark and tide-swept bottom of the Narrows.

Scandal: Who Was to Blame?" U. S. MONEY-LENDERS BLAMED
BY ENGINEERS FOR SPAN CRASH"
appeared in the Tacoma Times on November 9, 1940, two
days after the collapse of Galloping Gertie. When reporters asked
lead project engineer Clark Eldridge to explain why the Narrows Bridge
collapsed, he could not hold back. He was angry.Eldridge told the
newspapers:
"
The men who held the purse-strings were the whip-crackers on the entire
project. We had a tried-and-true conventional bridge design. We were
told we couldn't have the necessary money without using plans furnished
by an eastern firm of engineers, chosen by the money-lenders." Eldridge
and other state engineers had protested Leon Moisseiff's design with
its 8-foot solid girders, which he called "sails." But, it
was no use.