abundant morphology using affixes of all kinds(prefixes suffixes infixes circumfixes) reduplication to build up complex words from simpler ones and inclusive/exclusive distinction in plural pronouns ex: there are two words for 'we'

Features of Mon-Khmer

"large vowel inventories systems with four degrees of vowel height several series of vowels differing according to ""voice register"" or phonation type and have a complete set of stops and nasals in labial alveolar palatal and velar positions few fricatives."

"Part of the mouth that ""hangs"" over the back of the throat and either allows or blocks passage of the air stream to the nasal cavities"

Uvula

Lips

Labial

Teeth

Dental

Alveolar ridge

Alveolar

Hard palate

Palatal

Soft palate

Velar

Uvula

uvular

Pharynx

Pharyngeal

Glottis

Glottal

Blocked air is released with a noticeable puff of air exiting the mouth

Aspirate consonants

Blocked air is dispersed within the oral cavity without a noticable puff of air existing the mouth

Non-aspirate consonants

"""steady-state"" vowel pronunciation"

monophthongs

vowel sounds have change during pronunciation

diphthongs

Front vowels

a E e i

Back vowels

a c o u

Allomorphs

contextually determined variants of a morpheme

Root

base form of a word which cannot be further analyzed without a loss of identity

Affix

morpheme can only be used when attached to the beginning end or inside a base. Three main types: prefixes suffixes infixes

Inflectional

pertains to all forms within a grammatical class. Incl. paradigms. Conjugation of verbs: declension of nouns adjectives pronouns.

Derivational

serves to transform a word from one functional class (i.e. part of speech) to another

that to which an affix is attached is known as

stemm

Free morpheme

can occur as independent word

Bound morpheme

can ONLY occur linked to some other morphem

Analytic

(isolating) all words are invariable and syntactic relationships are shown mostly by word order

Inflexional

words consist of more than one morpheme but there is no one-to-one relationship between morphemes and meanings or functions

Agglutinating

each word contains a linear sequence of morphemes with each morpheme having a single meaning or function

SOV

"Subject-Object-Verb (ex. ""Hansan the ox bought"""

SVO

Ex. The athlete broke the record

VSO

Ex. Killed the dragon the man

VOS

Ex. Saw the student the woman

Lexeme

basic building blocks of vocabulary

Etymology

study of word origins

Onomastics

study of the origins of names

Comparative Reconstruction

reconstruction of an earlier language based upon the comparison of data from more than one language believed to be descended from the earlier language

Internal Reconstruction

reconstruction of an earlier language based upon the comparison of data from only later stages of the language in question

Sir William Jones

"(1746-1794) English judge learns Sanskrit to learn ""Hindu laws"". Concludes Latin Greek and Sanskrit must have derived from a common precursor language. Sets in motion the start of the ""Indo-European"" family"

Jakob Grimm

"(1785-1863) German polymath and scholar of law culture folklore and language. With brother Wilhelm compiled diction of the German language wrote history of German folklore and compiled ""Grimm's Fairy Tales"""

Grammatology

scientific study of writing systems

Allographs

positionally determined variants of graphemes

Fit

relationship between graphemes in a given writing system and basic elements in the language represented by the writing system.

Writing system

orthography/orthographic system/script

Alphabet

writing system in which graphemes represent individual sounds

Syllabary

writing system in which graphemes represents syllables

Logographic

writing systems in which graphemes represent entire words

Abjads

(consonant alphabets) consonants only/consonants plus some vowels.

Abugidas

(alphsyllabaries) writing systems in which the words are formed from linear sequences of symbols standing for entire syllable but where each sign can be analyzed into components standing for the sounds that comprise the syllable.

Brahmi

derivatives of an ancient syllabry (Indian)

Kharosthi

an acient syllabary used in North-west India

Isogloss

a line drawn on a map/other figure to separate the alternatives of some linguistic variable

Dialect

a speech variety shared by some definable group within a language community

Linguistic Variable

any linguistic feature that varies within a language dialect or a single person's speech