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For many years, historians thought that the development of [#permalink]

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16 Jul 2008, 08:35

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For many years, historians thought that the development of capitalism had not faced serious challenges in the United States. Writing in the early twentieth century, Progressive historians sympathized with the battles waged by farmers and small producers against large capitalists in the late nineteenth century, but they did not question the widespread acceptance of laissez-faire (unregulated) capitalism throughout American history. Similarly, Louis Hartz, who sometimes disagreed with the Progressives, argued that Americans accepted laissez-faire capitalism without challenge because they lacked a feudal, precapitalist past. Recently, however, some scholars have argued that even though laissez-faire became the prevailing ethos in nineteen-century America, it was not accepted without struggle. Laissez-faire capitalism, they suggest, clashed with existing religious and communitarian norms that imposed moral constraints on acquisitiveness to protect the weak from the predatory, the strong from corruption, and the entire culture from materialist excess. Buttressed by mercantilist notions that government should be both regulator and promoter of economic activity, these norms persisted long after the American Revolution helped unleash the economic forces that produced capitalism. These scholars argue that even in the late nineteenth century, with the government's role in the economy considerably diminished, laissez-faire had not triumphed completely. Hard times continued to revive popular demands for regulating business and softening the harsh edges of laissez-faire capitalism.

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------Q12: The primary purpose of the passage is to

A. reveal the underlying similarities of certain arguments regarding the development of capitalism in the United StatesB. synthesize two competing arguments regarding the development of capitalism in the United StatesC. defend an established argument regarding the development of capitalism in the United StatesD. summarize a scholarly refutation of an argument regarding the development of capitalism in the United StatesE. discuss a new methodology for the study of the development of capitalism in the United States

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------Q13: According to the passage, the Progressive historians mentioned in line 5 and the scholars mentioned in line 17 disagree with regard to which of the following?

A. Whether laissez-faire became the predominant ethos in the nineteenth-century United StatesB. Whether moral restraints on acquisitiveness were necessary in the nineteen-century United StatesC. The economic utility of mercantilist notions of governmentD. The nature of the historical conditions necessary for the development of laissez-faire capitalism in the nineteen-century United StatesE. The existence of significant opposition to the development of laissez-faire capitalism in the nineteen-century United States

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------Q14: The passage suggests that the scholars mentioned in line 17 would agree with which of the following statements regarding the “norms” mentioned in line 23?

A. They provided a primary source of opposition to the development of laissez-faire capitalism in the United States in the nineteenth century.B. Their appeal was undermined by difficult economic times in the United States at the end of the nineteenth century.C. They disappeared in the United States in the late nineteenth century because of the triumph of laissez-faire capitalism.D. They facilitated the successful implementation of mercantilist notions of government in the United States in the nineteenth-century.E. They are now recognized by historians as having been an important part of the ideology of the American Revolution.

Re: For many years, historians thought that the development of [#permalink]

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23 Jul 2011, 20:46

The primary purpose of the passage is toA. reveal the underlying similarities of certain arguments regarding the developmentof capitalism in the United StatesB. synthesize two competing arguments regarding the development of capitalism inthe United StatesC. defend an established argument regarding the development of capitalism in theUnited StatesD. summarize a scholarly refutation of an argument regarding the development ofcapitalism in the United StatesE. discuss a new methodology for the study of the development of capitalism in theUnited States

The passage is not doing any of the above bolded.So the answer is the only remaining option D. D is in the ballpark, where when u read u may not feel this is the answer, but as you eliminate you become more confident.

Re: For many years, historians thought that the development of [#permalink]

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18 Jun 2016, 15:13

gmatter0913 wrote:

The primary purpose of the passage is toA. reveal the underlying similarities of certain arguments regarding the developmentof capitalism in the United StatesB. synthesize two competing arguments regarding the development of capitalism inthe United StatesC. defend an established argument regarding the development of capitalism in theUnited StatesD. summarize a scholarly refutation of an argument regarding the development ofcapitalism in the United StatesE. discuss a new methodology for the study of the development of capitalism in theUnited States

The passage is not doing any of the above bolded.So the answer is the only remaining option D. D is in the ballpark, where when u read u may not feel this is the answer, but as you eliminate you become more confident.

I am confused between B and D. Can anyone explain why is B incorrect? Is the passage not competitive arguments 1) Where it says capitalism didn't face any serious challenge ( veiwendorsed by progressive historians ) and other where recently some scholars have found that laissez-faire was not accepted without struggle.

Re: For many years, historians thought that the development of [#permalink]

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31 Jul 2016, 02:09

DE A

4 MINUTES Riding a juggernaut in RC but PS is problematic for the last 2 days . Why can't I have the best of both worlds ..?? _________________

Posting an answer without an explanation is "GOD COMPLEX". The world doesn't need any more gods. Please explain you answers properly.FINAL GOODBYE :- 17th SEPTEMBER 2016. .. 16 March 2017 - I am back but for all purposes please consider me semi-retired.

Re: For many years, historians thought that the development of [#permalink]

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04 Aug 2016, 18:33

toprasadcp wrote:

gmatter0913 wrote:

The primary purpose of the passage is toA. reveal the underlying similarities of certain arguments regarding the developmentof capitalism in the United StatesB. synthesize two competing arguments regarding the development of capitalism inthe United StatesC. defend an established argument regarding the development of capitalism in theUnited StatesD. summarize a scholarly refutation of an argument regarding the development ofcapitalism in the United StatesE. discuss a new methodology for the study of the development of capitalism in theUnited States

The passage is not doing any of the above bolded.So the answer is the only remaining option D. D is in the ballpark, where when u read u may not feel this is the answer, but as you eliminate you become more confident.

I am confused between B and D. Can anyone explain why is B incorrect? Is the passage not competitive arguments 1) Where it says capitalism didn't face any serious challenge ( veiwendorsed by progressive historians ) and other where recently some scholars have found that laissez-faire was not accepted without struggle.

RC is tough for me. I spend 11 minutes on reading the passage and answering the questions. After that, I used the dictionary to look up for the challenging words and read the passage second time.

Back to your question, regarding B and D:

First, let's summarize the content of the passage. For many years, historians thought that the development of capitalism had not faced serious challenges in the United States - here is the argument with a prevailing belief of historians that road to capitalist was easy.

But then, some scholars argue that development of capitalist was not easy, rather it experienced serious challenges:- was not accepted without struggle- even in the late nineteenth century ... laissez-faire had not triumphed completely

In other words, some folks thought that path to capitalism was easy, but the other folks disagreed and refuted the argument providing examples in the second part of the passage.So what is the author doing in the passage?

B: Is the author combining/synthesizing the arguments from scholars? No. In the passage the competing arguments are contrasted, rather than synthesized. Think about it this way. The second argument totally denies the first argument, thus the two arguments cannot coexist. Hence, the arguments are not synthesized.

D: Is the author summarizing a scholarly refutation? Yes. The passage talks about the two schools, and the second school denies the argument of the first school. Furthermore, The second part of the passage is filled with evidences to support the claim of the second school and thus refute the argument of the first school. Hence, the main idea of the passage is to refute the argument.

Re: For many years, historians thought that the development of [#permalink]

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14 Apr 2017, 01:50

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vksunder wrote:

For many years, historians thought that the development of capitalism had not faced serious challenges in the UnitedStates. Writing in the early twentieth cen- tury, Progressive historians sympathized with the battles waged by farmers and small producers against large capitalists in the late nineteenth century, but they did not question the widespread acceptance of laissez-faire (unregulated) capitalism throughout American history. Similarly, Louis Hartz, who sometimes disagreed with the Progressives, argued that Americans accepted laissez-faire capitalism without challenge because they lacked a feudal, precapitalist past. [highlight]Recently, however, some scholars have argued that even though laissez-faire became the prevailing ethos in nineteen-century America, it was not accepted without struggle. [/highlight]Laissez-faire capitalism, they suggest, clashed with existing religious and communitarian norms that imposed moral constraints on acquisitiveness to protect the weak from the predatory, the strong from corruption, and the entire culture from materialist excess. Buttressed by mercantilist notions that government should be both regulator and promoter of economic activity, these norms persisted long after the American Revolution helped unleash the economic forces that produced capitalism. These scholars argue that even in the late nineteenth century, with the government's role in the economy considerably diminished, laissez-faire had not triumphed completely.[color=#ff0000][/color] Hard times continued to revive popular demands for regulating business and softening the harsh edges of laissez-faire capitalism..

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------Q12:The primary purpose of the passage is toA. reveal the underlying similarities of certain arguments regarding the developmentof capitalism in the United StatesB. synthesize two competing arguments regarding the development of capitalism inthe United StatesC. defend an established argument regarding the development of capitalism in theUnited StatesD. summarize a scholarly refutation of an argument regarding the development ofcapitalism in the United StatesE. discuss a new methodology for the study of the development of capitalism in theUnited States

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------Q13:According to the passage, the Progressive historians mentioned in line 5 and the scholarsmentioned in line 17 disagree with regard to which of the following?A. Whether laissez-faire became the predominant ethos in the nineteenth-centuryUnited StatesB. Whether moral restraints on acquisitiveness were necessary in the nineteencenturyUnited StatesC. The economic utility of mercantilist notions of governmentD. The nature of the historical conditions necessary for the development of laissezfairecapitalism in the nineteen-century United StatesE. The existence of significant opposition to the development of laissez-fairecapitalism in the nineteen-century United States

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------Q14:The passage suggests that the scholars mentioned in line 17 would agree with which ofthe following statements regarding the “norms” mentioned in line 23?A. They provided a primary source of opposition to the development of laissez-fairecapitalism in the United States in the nineteenth century.B. Their appeal was undermined by difficult economic times in the United States atthe end of the nineteenth century.C. They disappeared in the United States in the late nineteenth century because ofthe triumph of laissez-faire capitalism.D. They facilitated the successful implementation of mercantilist notions ofgovernment in the United States in the nineteenth-century.E. They are now recognized by historians as having been an important part of theideology of the American Revolution.

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