Wednesday, 26 March 2014

As well as running WSPR
on occasion I have also been active using JT65-HF.

JT65 is a communication mode developed by Joe Taylor, K1JT, (specification here) originally intended for
amateur radio communication with extremely weak signals such as Earth-Moon-Earth (EME)
contacts on VHF it has gained popularity on the short wave bands using JT65-HF an
adaptation of the JT65A protocol.

Being restricted to 10W it is an attractive method of making contacts. The protocol
includes error-correcting features that make it usable even when the signals are too
weak to be heard or are being subject to interference.

A number of software packages support JT65, the most popular being JT65-HF originally
developed by Joe, W6CQZ. Sadly Joe is no longer developing the software, but the last
version released still works, and is available at http://sourceforge.net/projects/jt65-hf/

Thankfully the project was open source and Beat Oehrli, HB9HQX as developed his own
version with the catchy title JT65-HF-HB9HQX-Edition, available at
http://sourceforge.net/projects/jt65hfhb9hqxedi/
This is the version I have been using with great success, the colour coding and simple button
pressing makes a QSO straight forward and the built in logging and exporting make
uploading to QRZ, eQSL and HRDlog painless.

Whilst to a traditionalist amateur operator it is
perhaps a little slow, remote and impersonal (each exchange occurs during alternate minutes) I really like it! One advantage is I can set up the radio in the shack with CAT
control via HRD and then have QSOs while VNC'ing into the computer from the laptop
whilst in front of the TV with the wife and the dogs! (Thanks Tim G4VXE for that
suggestion!)

I have been active on the 10/20/30 and 40M bands over the past few weeks making contacts with Bulgaria, Canada,
Denmark, Germany, Greece, Iceland, Kazakhstan, Poland, Russia, Serbia, Sweden,
Thailand, Ukraine, USA and Venezuela.

Contesting 'DX' Headset and Interface

I have become hooked on the RSGB UKAC VHF contests, operating on a Tuesday evening on
different frequencies (50MHz, 144MHz, 432MHz depending on which week of the month)
Whilst my results are small-fry compared to the big guns I have been more than happy
with my modest antenna set up and less than ideal location (previous blog posts)

I soon appreciated that using headphones rather than the speaker made life easier but
I was still using the stock supplied hand microphone. Several times I have found it difficult
to make myself understood and suspected that not only am I plagued by my 'Black Country' accent and poor enunciation but maybe the microphone wasn't quite cutting it.

Not able to afford or justify the purchase of a Heil headset just yet I took
inspiration from Charlie M0PZT and his recommendation for a budget solution using a
£10 computer headset from CPC (product AV21444).

On the Yaesu FT-857D the microphone connector is a 8-pin RJ45 socket which is behind
the removable front panel with the lead coming out of one of a number of openings.
Whilst the panel is easily removable I didn't want to keep removing it when
switching between microphones, also re-purposing an obvious CAT5 network lead was problematic as they
are often thicker than the openings.

The lead removed from MH-31, RJ45 on interface

A quick look at the supplied Yaesu MH-31 microphone revealed it can be unplugged, so
what I needed was a interface box where I could plug in the headset and the microphone
lead. This would also allow me to try different headsets in the future.

Mic lead connected and headset

The budget 'dx' headset

My solution as pictured above is quite simple, I won't include any pictures of the interior
as it is a bit messy and not my best work! It is built from salvaged parts, including the box. The RJ45 socket came from an old
network adapter, but beware some sockets are only 6 pin not the 8 as needed here. The headphone part of the headset is a simple connection to the rear socket on the FT-857D (the grey cable on the picture above)

Yaesu FT-857D mic socket as view from front

Most microphones designed for computers use electret elements which require a
bias voltage, this is quite simple as the Yaesu microphone connector supplies 5V, so a
simple resistor (8.2K) will supply this, also by using a couple of different capacitors
and a switch I can select a 'thin' higher frequency response (for DX work) or a more normal 'fatter'
response. A circuit can be found on George Smart's webpage, the bias is simply applied to the tip of the microphone jack.

The box also has a PTT switch, this could have simply grounded the PTT line but I wanted to
have a LED indication on the box and again I could have just wired a LED and resistor to 5V and
to the PTT line so it would light when the switch was closed, pulling PTT to ground and
completing the circuit. I opted to use a simple transistor open collector switch to
add a little isolation.

The interface works well and I used it for the first time last night in the 50MHz UKAC
with my homebrew MOXON antenna...

6M/50MHz MOXON
My first contest back in January was the 50MHz UKAC and as I blogged I made a solitary
contact due to antenna issues, i.e I didn't really have one!

I missed the February contest so this month I really wanted to have a decent stab at
it which meant building an antenna.
I decided early on that a Moxon was probably the easiest to construct, so I downloaded
the MoxGen program to calculate the element lengths.

Using 1mm diameter 'garden wire' for the driven element and reflector. I had various
bits of flexible plastic pipe kicking about and decided to use them to construct an x-shaped
spreader, unfortunately the pipe was obviously from different batches and as soon as it was
tensioned by the wire it bent into all sorts of strange shapes due to the different
elastic properties so I abandoned that design.

I had left the build to the last minute and needed a quick solution, so yesterday morning
plan-B was to go an get some cheap timber from the local B&Q on the way to work and
build a simple frame to wrap the wire round.

Moxon on garage floor

Coax and common-mode choke, and sturdy support!

I impressed myself by completing the
construction of the frame in the short time I had at lunchtime!

One thing I hadn't appreciated was just how big the final antenna was, it wasn't heavy
just big! So last night an hour before the contest started I fitted the choke balun and
coax to the terminal block. To be safe I removed the other antenna from the mast and
hoisted her up.

Up in the night sky

Moment of truth, thankfully the VSWR was around 1.5:1 at 50.2MHz, rising to nearer 2:1
at the top end of the band. Not ideal but close enough.
The VSWR measurements would suggest that the Moxon is a little bit long, interestingly
some online Moxon calculators suggested dimensions for a slightly smaller Moxon than
the downloaded Moxgen program did? Something to tweak/experiment with possibly using some thicker wire to increase the bandwidth.

50MHZ UKAC 25 March 2014
I was sorted! Moxon antenna up, contesting headset and interface plugged in and a quick scan up and
down and I could clearly hear several stations testing and setting up. I poured myself a beer and
soon the contest started.

Time between QSOs for a 'selfie'

I finished the night with just 14 QSOs, more would have been nice and it wasn't through
lack of trying I could hear many more operators but simply couldn't make myself heard
either because the antenna was in wrong direction or due to low power and getting lost in the
pile ups to stronger stations.

I was not disappointed in fact I was quite happy with what my 10W, my new headset and
home brewed antenna had achieved. The Moxon showed great promise and directional characteristics but
for some reason just couldn't get south as the map indicates.

Out of interest I wondered what the line of slight view from my mast looked like so I strapped a camera on to the moxon this afternoon..

Need more height I think, especially if pointing South and a rotator would be nice!
Well that wraps it up for the moment.. 73

Monday, 10 March 2014

This weekend I finally got around to sorting out my digital/data mode interface for the Yaesu FT-857D.

To transmit and receive digital/data modes you need to connect the radio audio in/out to the computers sound card in/out, the computer then runs the necessary software to encode/decode the signals. I want to try out WSPR, PSK, JT65 and some SSTV for starters I have spent too long just receiving and decoding...

There are a number of inexpensive commercial interfaces available, but many of them use the same basic design originally intended for eQSO/Echolink operation. I nearly succumbed but I had built an eQSO interface many years ago when using PMR446 and had most of the parts to build another.

I nearly took the easy route and got a commercial one since connecting up some home built circuitry to a £20 hand held is slightly less daunting than plugging it into an expensive rig! My original interface has been modified and reused over the years and was a bit of a mess, but being brave I decided I could tidy it up and I couldn't really damage anything if I took my time... actually the truth was I discovered I didn't have the necessary optocoupler IC so couldn't build a new one just yet...

A simple internet search for digital/data mode interfaces will bring up a
great deal of information, schematics and ideas for home brew solutions.
The basics can be found here for example.

The simplest form of interface is just a simple direct lead with the
transmitter operating in VOX mode. However levels can be a problem as
the line/speaker output from a computer can be too high for a
transmitters microphone input. Also connecting a radio to a computer
directly can lead to problems with ground loops and interference.

The computer can be made to control the Push-To-Talk (PTT) on the transmitter using a serial port with the software controlling one of the handshake lines (RTS/DTR) Some data mode software support CAT to allow control of the PTT as well as tuning the transmitter, but the serial port method is more universal.

The preferred interface, and the one I had built isolates the computer from the radio by using two audio transformers and an optocoupler. There is no direct connection between the two devices so keeps interference to a minimum.

I could have used the microphone and speaker output on the radio, but the FT-857D has a convenient data connector on the back. This is a 6-pin DIN socket as used by older (PS/2) computer keyboards/mice. Note the diagram shown in the FT-857D manual (as below) is the view as you look at the socket.

FT-857D Data connector as in the manual

The connector has two "data" outputs but they are simply fixed level audio outputs from the receiver. The one of interest for most modes is the 1200 baud output (the 9600 baud output is more akin to a discriminator tap and is only of use for FM packet) There is a data-in (TX-audio) and a PTT control line.

Like many people I initially thought I could cut a lead off a mouse/keyboard and repurpose it, however I discovered most only use four wires and they don't use the necessary pins! You might be lucky especially with older keyboards or alternatively if you have an old keyboard extender cable they usually have all six wires present. Alternatively the plugs are readily available from the likes of CPC/Farnell.

I had a hunt around in a junk box and located a suitable keyboard extender cable. I chopped off the useless end and metered out the pins to identify the appropriate wires. Remember when looking at the plug the pins are swapped left-to-right compared to the diagram which is the socket view.

Well here is the insides of the interface.. and as you can see I completely failed to tidy it up! Not my best work, but I did put it in a new box and I did tape up all those unused wires!

The messy internals of the interface

One annoying issue I had was the audio from the computer wasn't getting to the radio, it worked and scoped out okay when out the box, but in the box it stopped working. I suspected a bad solder joint and redid them all, but still showing the same intermittent issue. I did notice flexing the board slightly out the box cause the fault and soon located a track on the vero-board which appeared to have a hairline crack, I couldn't see anything obvious but a wire soldered along it cured the issue.

It was straight forward setting up WSPR to use a combination of CAT for tuning and the RTS PTT control and soon had some encouraging results, in fact these are some of the spots of my 5W signal on 10m/20m and 30m, I was grinning from ear to ear!

10M Spots

20M Spots

30M Spots

I had simply set up the FT-857D for basic USB transmission, however it does have a dedicated DIG mode, the manual refers to setting it up for RTTY/PSK, I very briefly had a go with PSK31 and Digipan and was successfully decoding signals and put out a few CQ calls (again on 5w) but got no immediate response. However checking PSK Reporter later it seems I had been heard by VC3S, OH1FOG and ES1JA maximum distance was around 3260 miles

Looking forward to spending some more time experimenting with the data modes.

Monday, 3 March 2014

Several of the Arduino projects I have been experimenting with have used a GPS module
to provide accurate time and/or location information and in the case of the QRSS/WSRP
QRP beacon a highly accurate GPS derived 1 second pulse is used for frequency
calibration. A number of people have enquired about the GPS module I am
using.

I soon found something called a GY-GPS6MV2, it appears to be a generic design and is
readily available on eBay from suppliers in China, Hong Kong and Singapore and can be
purchased at the moment for around than £10 (approx $15) including postage!

It is also available from
domestic suppliers but often at a much more inflated price, but you don't have to wait several weeks for them to be delivered.

There are many other GPS modules available but this module seems to be one of the cheapest
available. it is often listed as a NEO6MV2 GPS Module Aircraft Flight Controller.

The module consists of a small PCB 25mm x 35 mm size with a separate ceramic antenna connected
by a small lead which is 25mm x 25mm in size. The Antenna is quite heavy and isn't
suited to Pico HAB payloads but for other uses is more than satisfactory.

On the board is a small button-cell battery to provide backup to the GPS chip and a small EEPROM connected to the GPS chip which I believe can store configuration(s). I haven't used it myself just using the module in it's default set up at the moment. For a schematic click here

The board has four connectors VCC, GND, TX (Transmit) and RX (Receive) and can be
powered by the 5V supply on Arduino boards since it has a small regulator to provide
the 3.3V needed.

In most projects all that is required is data out of the GPS. The GPS TX (data out)
being connected directly to the microcontrollers RX (data in) The (0V and 3.3V) level
shift of the signal is compatible with the TTL input of the microcontroller.

The GPS by default will start up and output standard NMEA sentences at 9600 Baud, until
GPS position lock is achieved the NMEA sentences won't have a long/lat location.
The module also has an LED which will start flashing once a lock is achieved.

There is no direct connection for the highly accurate 1PPS (pulse per second) signal that can be used for frequency calibration, but the flashing LED is driven by pin 3 of the
GPS module which is the 1PPS (pulse per second) signal required.

The 1PSS signal, like the TX is either 0V and 3.3V, in order to use it a small lead
will need to be soldered onto the board, either directly onto Pin3 of the GPS chip, or
alternatively on to the small current limiting resistor used by the LED, as indicated below.