"The research is a timely reminder of both the progress that has been made in tackling racism in football, and the challenges that remain," said Kick It Out chair Lord Ouseley.

"There is clear global trend towards an acceptance of the BAME [black, Asian and minority ethnic] community's central role in football, but further progress is unlikely to be made until governing bodies are bolder in their efforts to eradicate racism from every level.

"The governing bodies, including the FA, Uefa and Fifa, must do more to promote methods of reporting racism and they must listen to supporters' demands - clubs or countries whose supporters are racially abusive should face harsher sanctions, including points deductions."