The number killed in action was 2,303,320; died of wounds, disease or accidents 500,165; 11,000 sentenced to death by court martial; 2,007,571 missing in action or unaccounted for after the war; 25,000 suicides; 12,000 unknown[2]; 459,475 confirmed POW deaths, of whom 77,000 were in the custody of the U.S., UK and France; and 363,000 in Soviet custody. POW deaths includes 266,000 in the post war period after June 1945, primarily in Soviet captivity;[3]; .

Dr. Rüdiger Overmans believes that "It seems entirely plausible, while not provable,that one half of the missing were killed in action, the other half however in fact died in Soviet custody" [4];

Soviet sources list the deaths of 474,967 of the 2,652,672 German Armed Forces POW taken in the War.[5]

The official figures for military war dead and missing from 1941–45 are 8,668,400 comprising 6,329,600 combat related deaths, 555,500 non combat deaths.[8]., 500,000 missing in action and 1,103,300 POW dead and another 180,000 liberated POWs who most likely emigrated to other countries.[9][10].[11] Figures include Navy losses of 154,771.[12] Non combat deaths include 157,000 sentenced to death by court martial[13].

The official Russian figure for total POW held by the Germans is 4,059,000; the number of Soviet POW who survived the war was 2,016,000, including 180,000 who most likely emigrated to other countries, and an additional 939,700 POW and MIA who were redrafted as territory was liberated. This leaves 1,103,000 POW dead. However, western historians put the number of POW held by the Germans at 5.7 million and about 3 million as dead in captivity (in the official Russian figures 1.1 million are military POW and remaining balance of about 2 million are included with civilian war dead). .[9][16]

Conscripted reservists is an estimate of men called up, primarily in 1941, who were killed in battle or died as POWs before being listed on active strength. Soviet and Russian sources classify these losses as civilian deaths.[17].

The 'Debt of Honour Register' from the Commonwealth War Graves Commission lists the 1.7m men and women of the Commonwealth forces who died during the two world wars.[25]

U.S.

Battle deaths were 292,131, Army 234,874, Navy 36,950, Marine Corps 19,733, Coast Guard 574, and United States Army Air Forces (included in Army) 52,173. (185,924 deaths occurred in the European/Atlantic theater of operations and 106,207 deaths occurred in Asia/Pacific theater of operations.) [26][27]

The United States Merchant Marine war dead of 9,521 are included with military losses. U.S. Merchant Mariners in “ocean-going service” during World War II have Veteran Status.[28]

During World War II, 1.2 million African Americans served in the Armed Forces and 708 were killed in combat. 350,000 American women served in the military during World War II and 16 were killed in action[29]

^Australia
The Australian War Memorial[32] reports 39,761 military deaths. This figure includes all personnel who died from war-related causes during 1939–47.
The Australian government does not regard merchant mariners as military personnel and the 349 Australians killed in action while crewing merchant ships around the world,[33] are included in the total civilian deaths. Other civilian fatalities were due to air raids and attacks on passenger ships.
The preliminary 1945 data for Australian losses was 23,365 killed, 6,030 missing, 39,803 wounded and 26,363 POWs.[34]

^Austria
Military war dead reported by Dr. Rüdiger Overmans of 260,749 are included with Germany.[2].The Embassy of Austria, Washington DC USA, provides the following information on human losses during the rule of the Nazis. For Austria the consequences of the Nazi regime and the Second World War were disastrous: During this period 2,700 Austrians had been executed and more than 16,000 citizens murdered in the concentration camps. Some 16,000 Austrians were killed in prison, while over 67,000 Austrian Jews were deported to death camps, only 2,000 of them lived to see the end of the war. In addition, 247,000 Austrians lost their lives serving in the army of the Third Reich or were reported missing, and 24,000 civilians were killed during bombing raids.[35] These figures include the genocide of Romani people of 6,500 persons[36] and Jewish Holocaust victims totaling 65,000.[31]

^Belgium
Belgian government sources reported that military war dead included 8,800 killed, 500 missing in action, 200 executed, 800 resistance movement fighters and 1,800 POWs. Civilian losses included deaths due to military operations of 32,200 and 16,900 non-Jewish victims of Nazi reprisals and repression.[37] Losses of about 10,000 in the German Armed Forces are not included in these figures, they are included with German military casualties.[38]. The genocide of Roma people was 500 persons[39] .Jewish Holocaust victims totaled 24,387.[31]

^Bulgaria
Bulgarian military war dead were as follows, 2,000 military with Axis in Yugoslavia and Greece; 10,124 military dead as allies of the USSR and 10,000 Anti-Fascist Partisan deaths.[42] Regarding partisan and civilian casualties the Russian journalist Vadim Erlikman notes "According to the official data of the royal government 2,320 were killed and 199 executed. The communists claim that 20–35,000 persons died. In reality deaths were 10,000, including and unknown number of civilians." .[42] 3,000 civilians were killed by Anglo-American air raids.[43], including 1,374 in Bombing of Sofia in World War II.[44]

^Canada
The Commonwealth War Graves Commission lists 45,364 war dead [48]. including 102 deaths from Newfoundland with the Canadian forces[49]. The Canadian War Museum puts military losses at 42,000 plus 1,600 Merchant Navy deaths [50] The Canadian Virtual War Memorial contains a registry of information about the graves and memorials of Canadians and Newfoundlanders who served valiantly and gave their lives for their country [51]
The preliminary 1945 data for Canadian losses was killed 37,476, missing 1,843, wounded 53,174 and POW 9,045.[52]

^China
Sources for total Chinese war dead range from 10 to 20 million as detailed below.John W. Dower has noted "So great was the devastation and suffering in China that in the end it is necessary to speak of uncertain 'millions' of deaths. Certainly, it is reasonable to think in general terms of approximately 10 million Chinese war dead, a total surpassed only by the Soviet Union."[53]
The official Chinese government statistics for China's civilian and military casualties in the Second Sino-Japanese War from 1937–1945 are 20 million dead and 15 million wounded. The figures for total military casualties, killed and wounded are: Nationalist 3.2 million; Communist 580,000 and collaborator forces 1.18 million; captured: collaborator forces 950,000.[54]
The official account of the war published in Taiwan reported the Nationalist Chinese Army lost 3,238,000 men ( 1.797,000 WIA; 1,320,000 KIA and 120,000 MIA.) and 5,787,352 civilians in casualties[55]
An academic study published in the United States estimates total war deaths of 15–20 million from all causes: military casualties: 1.5 million killed in battle, 750,000 missing in action, 1.5 million deaths due to disease and 3 million wounded; civilian casualties: due to military activity, killed 1,073,496 and 237,319 wounded; 335,934 killed and 426,249 wounded in Japanese air attacks[56]R. J. Rummel's estimate of total war dead from 1937–45 is 19,605,000[57] The details are as follows:
Military dead: 3,400,000 (including 400,000 POW) Nationalist/Communist and 432,000 collaborator forces.
Civilian war deaths: 3,808,000 killed in fighting and 3,549,000 victims of Japanese war crimes (not including an additional 400,000 POWs);
Other deaths: Repression by Chinese Nationalist's 5,907,000 (3,081,000 military conscripts who died due mistreatment and 2,826,000 civilian deaths caused by Nationalist government, including the 1938 Yellow River flood; political repression by Chinese Communists 250,000 and by Warlords 110,000. Additional deaths due to famine were 2,250,000.Werner Gruhl estimates China's war losses at 12,392,000 civilian dead due to the Japanese occupation and 3,162,00 military dead. He also estimates an additional 1,445,000 deaths due to internal Chinese conflicts[58]

^Czechoslovakia
Military war dead of 25,000 included Killed during 1938 occupation(171); Czechoslovak Forces with the western allies (3,220); Czechoslovak military units on Eastern front (4,570); Slovak Republic (WWII) Axis forces (7,000); Partisan (military) losses of (2,170) and killed in 1945 uprising(8,000). Civilian losses in include killed during 1938 occupation(262); non Jewish victims of Nazi reprisals (26,500) and killed in military operations (10,000).[59][60],Civilian losses include the territories of prewar Czechoslovakia including Carpathian Ruthenia which was ceded to the USSR after the war. The genocide of Roma people was 7,500 persons.[61] Jewish Holocaust victims totaled 277,000.[31]

^Denmark
During the Occupation of Denmark military war dead included 1,281Merchant Marine, 797 resistance fighters and 39 Army personnel. Civilian deaths included 628 victims of Nazi reprisals and 427 killed during military operations. Total deaths 3,172. There were an additional 3,900 Danish deaths in German military service that are included with German losses.[62]
.Deaths of Jewish Holocaust victims totaled 77.[31]

^Dutch East IndiesJohn W. Dower cites a UN report that estimated 4 million famine and forced labor dead during the Japanese Occupation of Indonesia.[63].
The United Nations reported in 1947 that "about 30,000 Europeans and 300,000 Indonesian internees and forced laborers died during the occupation." They reported, "The total number who were killed by the Japanese, or who died from, hunger, disease and lack of medical attention is estimated at 3,000,000 for Java alone, 1,000,000 for the Outer Islands. Altogether 35,000 of the 240,000 Europeans died; most of them were men of working age." [64]
The Dutch Red Cross reported the deaths in Japanese custody of 14,800 European civilians out of 80,000 interned and 12,500 of the 34,000 POW captured.[65]Werner Gruhl estimates the civilian death toll due to the war and Japanese occupation at 3,000,000 Indonesians and 30,000 interned Europeans.[66]

^Estonia
Civilian deaths due to the Soviet and German occupation of Estonia from 1940 to 1945 were approximately 51,000 persons based on a study by Estonian State Commission on Examination of Policies of Repression
A.Civilian deaths due to the Soviet occupation in 1940–1941 were 33,900 including (7,800 deaths)of arrested people, (6,000) deportee deaths, (5,000) evacuee deaths, (1,100) people gone missing and (14,000) conscripted for forced labor .[67]
B.Losses during the 1941-1944 Occupation of Estonia by Nazi Germany were 12,040, including (7,800) executed by Nazis and (1,040) killed in prison camps. (200) people died in forced labor in germany. (800) deaths in Soviet bombing raids against Estonian cities, (1,000) killed in Allied air raids on Germany and (1,200) perished at sea while attempting to flee the country in 1944–45.[67]
Included in the above figures is the genocide of Roma people of (243) persons,[68] Jewish Holocaust victims totaling (1,000).[31]
C.After the reoccupation by the U.S.S.R 5,000 Estonians died in Soviet prisons during 1944–45. .[67]
D.The figures do not include the military deaths of the illegally drafted conscripts by the Soviet (10,000) and German Armed Forces (11,000).[67]
E.Figures do not include the executions, deportee deaths, and insurgent losses in 1946–1989 during the Soviet reoccupation of 11,000 persons.
Total deaths from 1940–53 due the war and the Soviet occupation was approximately 82,000 persons (8% of the population).[67]

^Ethiopia
Total military and civilian dead in the East African Campaign were 100,000.[69]. Military losses were 5,000 [70].
These totals do not include losses in the Italian Second Italo-Abyssinian War and Italian occupation from 1935–41. The official Ethiopian government report lists 760,000 deaths due to the war and Italian occupation from 1935–41.[71]. However, R. J. Rummel estimates 200,000 Ethiopians and Libyans killed by the Italians from the 1920s–41, his estimate is "based on Discovery TV Cable Channel Program 'TimewatchFormat:' " 1/17/92.[72]

^French Indochina
Sources for total IndoChinese civilian war dead range from 1 to 1.5 million as detailed below.John W. Dower estimated 1.0 million deaths due to Vietnamese Famine of 1945 during Japanese occupation [85]Werner Gruhl estimates the civilian death toll due to the war and Japanese occupation at 1,500,000.[86]

^GermanyGerman Population
The 1939 Population is for Germany within 1937 borders, not included with the German population are Austria and the 7,292,000 [87]ethnic Germans of Europe [88] However, the 601,000 military deaths of ethnic Germans from Eastern and Western Europe and 261,000 Austrians are included with total German military losses [89].Total German War Dead
A German demographic study estimated 6.9 million excess deaths caused by the war, for the population within the 1937 borders.,[90]. These losses included about 4.4 million military and 1.0 million civilian deaths during the war and 1.5 civilians who died as a result of expulsions from Poland and the famine in Germany during 1945-46. There were additional deaths of the ethnic Germans in Eastern Europe. A recent study by Dr. Rüdiger Overmans found 538,000 military deaths of ethnic Germans who were conscripted by Germany in Eastern Europe[91]. The number of war related civilian deaths among the ethnic Germans from Eastern European countries is disputed. An analysis by the West German government in 1958 estimated civilian deaths among the ethnic Germans from Eastern Europe countries at 886,000.[92] However, a more recent study by the German government archives estimated total civilian deaths directly caused by the war among the ethnic Germans from Eastern European countries at about 200,000.[93][94]German Military Casualties
Dr. Rüdiger Overmans, an associate of the German Armed Forces Military History Research Office until 2004, has provided an official reassessment of German military war dead based on a statistical analysis of German military personnel records. The Overmans research project was supported and funded by the German government. The study found that the statistics collected by German military during the war were incomplete and did not provide an accurate accounting of casualties. The research by Overmans concluded that German military dead and missing were 5,318,000, included in this total are 344,000 deaths that were previously listed as civilian expulsion losses in eastern Europe and 230,000 deaths of paramilitary, Volkssturm and police forces fighting with the regular forces.[91], Overmans did not include an additional 215,000 deaths of Soviet citizens conscripted by Germany [95].Military Losses by Theatre
Overmans lists the following losses- Africa 16,066 ; the Balkans 103,693 ; Northern Europe 30,165 ; Western Europe until 12/31/44- 339,957 ; Italy 150,660; against the U.S.S.R. until 12/31/44- 2,742,909 ; final battles in Germany during 1945- 1,230,045 ; other (including air war in Germany & at sea) 245,561 ; confirmed deaths of POWs in captivity 459,475[89].Military Losses by Country of origin
Overmans lists deaths of 4,456,000 men from pre-war Germany(1937 borders) and the Free City of Danzig, 261,000 from Austria, 534,000 ethnic Germans conscripted in eastern Europe, 30,000 French (mostly men conscripted in Alsace-Lorraine), and 37,000 volunteers from western Europe.Military Losses by branch of service
Overmans lists losses by branch as: Army-4,202,030; Air Force-432,706; Navy-138,429; Waffen SS – 313,749; Volkssturm – 77,726;Other Paramilitary and support forces- 153,891-[89]. .Military Prisoners of War and Missing
Overmans Includes in the total of 5,318,000 war dead 2,008,000 men that are listed as missing in action or unaccounted for after the war and 459,000 prisoners of war who died in captivity.[89]. The details of these POW deaths by country that held them in custody are as follows: USSR 363,000; France 34,000; USA 22,000; UK 21,000; Yugoslavia 11,000; other nations 8,000.[96] Dr. Rüdiger Overmans believes that "It seems entirely plausible, while not provable, that one half of the missing were killed in action, the other half however in fact died in Soviet custody"[4]. A 1995 study by the Russian Academy of Science lists the deaths of 474,967 of the 2,652,672 German Armed Forces POW taken in the War.[5]German Civilian casualties during the war
German civilian deaths during the war and Holocaust victims totaled about 1,000,000 including:
A. 360–370,000 civilians killed by Strategic bombing within the 1937 German boundaries, this estimate was made by the German Armed Forces Military History Research Office based on a study done in 1990[97].,
B. A 1974 study by the German government archives estimated a death toll of about 250,000 (100,00 in pre war Germany and 150,000 ethnic Germans) civilians who died as a result of "war crimes" committed by the Soviet forces and their Allies .[98].
C.22,000 civilians were killed in the Battle of Berlin[99]
D.The German government reported that 300,000 Germans were victims of Nazi political, racial and religious persecution [100](including 160,000 German Jews[101] ,15,000 Roma people [61] and 130,000 political prisoners). In addition there were at least 100,000 German victims of the Action T4 euthanasia program.[102]
E.However, The German newspaper Die Welt on May 5, 2005 listed 500.000 - 600.000 civilian deaths caused by Allied bombing, as well as 250.000 civilian deaths in the period from autumn 1944 to may 1945 caused by the Allied invasion of Germany.[103].The Deutsches Historisches Museum also gives a figure of 500.000 - 600.000 civilian deaths from Allied bombing[104] In 1956 West German government published statistics on deaths in the Air War within the German borders of 1937- Total dead 593,000( including 410.000 civilians killed in Allied Strategic Bombing and 128,000 refugees killed in the flight from the Russians in 1945. The remaining balance of 55,000 dead were military, police, POWs and foreign workers. There were an additional 42,000 dead in the annexed territories(including 24,000 in Austria).[105]Civilian deaths due to theexpulsion of Germans after World War II and the Forced labor of Germans in the Soviet Union
These losses are sometimes included with World War II Casualties. The figures for these losses are currently disputed. The following is a summary of the various estimates for German civilian deaths in Eastern Europe.
A. In 1950 the West German government made a preliminary estimate of 3.0 million civilian deaths in the expulsions. At the same time German Red Cross began to investigate the cases of persons reported missing in the area of the expulsions.[94] The first attempt to compute the losses was made in 1953 by the German scholar Gotthold Rhode who estimated German military and civilian deaths in the East Europe at 3,140,000.[106] The Schieder commission estimated a civilian death toll in the expulsions of about 2.3 million persons, broken out as follows: Poland 2,000,000; Czechoslovakia 225,600; Yugoslavia 69,000; Rumania 20,000; Hungary 11,000.[107] These early estimates are no longer considered valid because subsequent investigations provided a revised accounting of the losses
B. A 1958 West German government demographic study estimated 2,225,000 civilians died during the post war expulsions, broken out as follows: Poland 1,607,000; Czechoslovakia 273,000; Yugoslavia 136,000; Rumania 101,000; Hungary 57,000; Baltic States 51,000.[108] The figures from the 1958 German government statistical analysis as well as the report of the Schieder commission are often cited in English language sources dealing with the expulsions.[109]. In 2006 The German government reaffirmed its belief that 2 million civilians perished in the flight and expulsion from Eastern Europe.[110]. However, the German historian Ingo Harr believes that civilian losses in the expulsions have been overstated in Germany for decades for political reasons. Harr argues that Cold War political pressure influenced the findings of the Schieder commission and the 1958 West German government demographic study of Expulsion deaths.[111][112] The German scholar Dr. Rüdiger Overmans believes that the statistical foundations of the 1958 West German government demographic report to be questionable and cannot be regarded as definitive.[94] A recent analysis by a Polish scholar found that; Generally speaking, the German estimates…are not only highly arbitrary, but also clearly tendentious in presentation of the German losses[113] He maintains that the German government figures from 1958 overstated the total number of the ethnic Germans living in Poland prior to war as well as the total civilian deaths due to the expulsions.[113][114]
C. By 1965, the Suchdienst (search service) of the German churches was able to confirm 473,013 civilian deaths in eastern Europe, broken out as follows: Poland 367,392; Czechoslovakia 18,889; other countries 86,735. There were an additional 1,905,991 unconfirmed cases of persons reported missing and presumed dead. Dr.Rüdiger Overmans gave a summary of this unpublished data at a 1994 historical symposium in Poland. Overmans pointed out that the figures are incomplete and only a partial not an exact accounting of total deaths. Overmans believes that since there are only about 500,000 confirmed deaths of German civilians in eastern Europe, the balance being a demographic estimate, that new research on the number of expulsion deaths is needed.[94] . However, the German historian Ingo Harr believes that the Church Service records provide a more realistic view of the total deaths due to the expulsions [111][112]
D. A 1974 study by the German government archives estimated a civilian death toll of about 600,000 of civilians who died as a result of war crimes. Broken out as follows: Poland: c. 400,000(-Killed by Soviet forces and their Allies 100,000; dead during the Forced labor of Germans in the Soviet Union 200,000; dead in transit camps or in transit during the expulsions 100,000.) Czechoslovakia 130,000- All killed by Soviet forces and their Allies. Yugoslavia- c. 80,000(-Killed by Soviet forces and their Allies 15-20,000; dead during the Forced labor of Germans in the Soviet Union 4,500; dead in transit camps or in transit during the expulsions c.60,000). This report did not provide an estimate for ethnic German deaths in Rumania and Hungary.[115].Dr. Rüdiger Overmans believes that the 1974 report is only a partial not a definitive accounting of total deaths in the expulsions.[116] However, the German historian Ingo Harr believes the Archives study has provided a more realistic view of the total deaths due to the expulsions.[111][112]
E. A revised demographic analysis published in 1995, which has the support of the German government, estimated 2,020,000 civilians died during the post war expulsions and the Forced labor of Germans in the Soviet Union broken out as follows: Poland 1,192,000; Czechoslovakia 220,000; Yugoslavia 106,000; Rumania 75,000; Hungary 84,000; Baltic States 33,000; USSR 310,000.[87] The German government maintains that the figure of about 2 million deaths is correct because it includes additional post war deaths from hunger and disease of those civilians subject to the expulsions.[110].
F. In 1996 a joint Czech-German Historical Commission determined that between 15,000 and 30,000 Germans perished in the expulsions. The commission found that the demographic estimates by the German government of 220,000 to 270,000 civilian deaths due to expulsions from Czechoslovakia were based on faulty data. The Commission determined that the demographic estimates by the German government counted as missing 90,000 ethnic Germans assimilated into the Czech population; military deaths were understated and that the 1950 census data used to compute the demographic losses was unreliable.[117][118]
G. Research by former ethnic Germans from Yugoslavia determined that 57,730 civilians perished after the war. Broken out as follows:-Killed by partisans 8,049; dead during the Forced labor of Germans in the Soviet Union 1,994; dead in transit camps or in transit during the expulsions 48,687.[119]
H. In his 2000 study of German military casualties Dr. Rüdiger Overmans found 344,000 additional military deaths of Germans from the Former eastern territories of Germany and conscripted ethnic Germans from Eastern Europe. Overmans believes this will reduce the number of civilians previously listed as missing in the expulsions.[120].
H. The Polish historian Bernadetta Nitschke has provided a summary of the research in Poland on the calculation of German losses due to the flight and resettlement of the Germans from Poland only, not including other eastern European countries. Nitschke contrasted the estimate of 1.6 million deaths in Poland reported in 1958 by the West German government with the more recent figure of 400,000 that was detailed by Rudiger Overmans in 1994. She noted that the Polish researcher Stefan Banasiak estimated in 1963 that the death toll was 1.136 million, a figure accepted by other Polish historians who maintain that that most of the deaths occurred during the flight and evacuation during the war, the deportation to the U.S.S.R. for forced labor and after the resettlement due to the harsh conditions in the Soviet occupation zone in post war Germany.[121]. This is in sharp contrast to the 1958 West German government Schieder commission report which maintained that these deaths occurred after the war on Polish territory.Famine Deaths 1945-1946.
. There were additional post war famine deaths in occupied Germany of 250,000 [122] In Allied occupied the Germany shortage of food was an acute problem in 1946–47 the average kilocalorie intake per day was only 1,600 to 1,800, an amount insufficient for long-term health.[123] ,Prior estimates made in the 1950s by German government
A preliminary estimate of war dead made in 1949 by the West German government for the population only within the borders of 1937 Germany, was 3,250,000 military dead and missing plus 500,000 dead and 1,533,000 missing civilians[124].
In 1956 these figures were revised by the West German government for losses only within the borders of 1937 Germany; 3,760,000 military dead and missing, 410,000 civilians killed by Strategic bombing, 20,000 civilians killed in ground fighting, 1,260,000 civilian refugees killed in the flight from the Former eastern territories of Germany and the expulsions from Poland.[125].These figures did not include additional losses from Austria, 280,000 in the German military and 24,000 civilians killed in air raids; A separate accounting of ethnic Germans from eastern Europe was made in 1958, 432,000 deaths in the German military and 886,000 ethnic German civilians killed in expulsions[126]; not including 60,000 German military deaths of men conscripted in France and western Europe. Total 4,530,000 for entire German Armed Forces and 2,576,000 civilians.

^Greece
The Greek National Council for Reparations from Germany reports the following casualties during the Axis occupation of Greece during World War II. Military dead: 35,077 including, 13,327 killed in the Greco-Italian War of 1940–41; 1,100 with the Greek Forces in the Mid East and 20,650 partisan deaths. Civilian Deaths: 771,845 including: 56,225 executed by Axis forces ; 105,000 dead in German concentration camps(including Jews); 7,120 deaths due to bombing, 3,500 merchant marine dead, and 600,000 war related famine deaths [127] Jewish Holocaust victims totaled 69,500.[31]
Gregory Frumkin, who was throughout its existence editor of the Statistical Year-Book of the. League of Nations gave the following assessment of Greek losses in the war. He points out that that, "the data on Greek war losses are frequently divergent and even inconsistent". His estimates for Greek losses are as follows: The war dead included 20,000 military deaths in the Greco-Italian War of 1940–41, 60,000 non-Jewish civilians, 20,000 non Jewish deportees, 60,000 Jews and 140,000 famine deaths during the Axis occupation of Greece during World War II[128]

^Hungary
Tamás Stark of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences has provided the following assessment of losses from 1941–45 in Hungary. Military losses were 300,000–310,000 including 110–120,000 killed in battle and 200,000 missing in action and POW in the Soviet Union. Hungarian military losses include 110,000 men who were conscripted from the annexed territories of Greater Hungary in Slovakia, Romania and Yugoslavia and the deaths of 20–25,000 Jews conscripted for Army labor units. Civilian losses were 44,500 killed in the 1944–45 military campaign and in air attacks,[129] Russian sources give the deaths of 54,700 of the 513,700 Hungarian POW taken in the War.[95] The genocide of Roma people of 28,000 persons.[130] Jewish Holocaust victims within the 1939 borders were 200,000.[31]

^Iceland
Confirmed losses of civilian sailors due to German attacks and mines.[131]

^Ireland
Despite being neutral, Ireland suffered casualties. In 1995 Irish Taoiseach(Prime Minister)John Bruton claimed at least 10,000 Irish were killed serving in the British or Commonwealth armed forces.[141] The civilian death figure includes 33 Irish merchantmen were killed when a U-Boat torpedoed the SS Irish Pine (1919) and deaths caused by the presumably accidental bombing of Ireland in three instances.[142].

^Italy
The official Italian government accounting of World War II 1940–45 losses listed the following data. Total military dead and missing from 1940–45 were 291,376, losses prior to the September 8, 1943 Armistice with Italy totaled 204,346 ( 66,686 killed, 111,579 missing, 26,081 died of disease), after the September 8, 1943 Armistice with Italy, 87,030 (42,916 killed, 19,840 missing, 24,274 died of disease). Losses by branch of service: Army 201,405; Navy 22,034; Air Force 9,096; Colonial Forces 354; Chaplains 91; Fascist militia 10,066; Paramilitary 3,252; not indicated 45,078. Military Losses by theatre of war: Italy 74,725 (37,573 post armistice); France 2,060 (1,039 post armistice); Germany 25,430 (24,020 post armistice); Greece, Albania & Yugoslavia 49,459 (10,090 post armistice); USSR 82,079 (3,522 post armistice); Africa 22,341 (1,565 post armistice), at sea 28,438 (5,526 post armistice); other & unknown 6,844 (3,695 post armistice). POW losses are included with military losses mentioned above. Civilian losses were 153,147 ( 123,119 post armistice) including 61,432 (42,613 post armistice) in air attacks.[143] A brief summary of data from this report can be found online [144]
There were in addition to these losses the deaths of African soldiers conscripted by Italy which were estimated by the Italian military at 10,000 in East African Campaign of 1940–41.[145] Civilian losses as a result of the fighting in Italian Libya were estimated by an independent Russian journalist to be 10,000.[146]
Included in the losses are 64,000 victims of Nazi reprisals and genocide including 30,000 POWs and 8,500 Jews [147] Russian sources list the deaths of 28,000 of the 49,000 Italian war prisoners in Soviet Union 1942-1954.[148] Military losses in Italy after the September 1943 Armistice with Italy, included 5,927 with the Allies, 17,488 Italian resistance movement fighters and 13,000 RSI Italian Social Republic Fascist forces.[149] The genocide of Roma people was 1,000 persons.[61] Jewish Holocaust victims totaled 8,562 (including Libya)[150]

^Japan
1939 Japanese population includes 1.7 million Japanese in China and Korea.[151]
Japanese military losses were 2,120,000 including 1,740,000 in the war from 1937–1945 and 380,000 POW deaths after the surrender. John W. Dower reported that Japanese government figures list the military deaths of 1,740,955 from 1937–45. The details are as follows: 185,647 in China from 1937–41 and 1,555,308 from 1941–45 in the Pacific War. Army - Against US- 485,717; Against UK/Netherlands-208,026; In China-202,958; Against Australia -199,511; French Indochina -2,803; Against USSR -7,483; Other overseas -23,388; Japan proper -10,543. Navy 1941/45 -414,879."only one third of the military deaths occurred in actual combat, the majority being caused by illness and starvation"[152] In addition there were the deaths of prisoners after the surrender. According to John W. Dower; the "Known deaths of Japanese troops awaiting repatriation in Allied (non-Soviet) hands were listed as 81,090 by U.S. authorities[153] An additional 300,000 Japanese prisoners died in Soviet hands after the surrender in Manchuria, Korea and the U.S.S.R."[152] The Japanese Ministry of Welfare and Foreign Office reported that 347,000 military personnel and civilians were dead or missing in Soviet hands after the war. The Japanese list the losses of 199,000 in Manchurian transit camps, 36,000 in North Korea, 9,000 from Sakhalin and 103,000 in the U.S.S.R..[154] These figures were disputed by the Soviet Union, Russian sources report the POW deaths of 62,105(61,855 Japanese and 214 collaborator forces) out of the 640,105 captured(609,448 Japanese and 30,657 collaborator forces).[155]
Military deaths include Koreans and Chinese from Taiwan conscripted by Japan. Not included in Japanese war dead are 432,000 Chinese military forces collaborating with Japan.[156]John W. Dower reports civilian losses due to U.S. Strategic bombing according to official Japanese figures were 393,367 dead, including 210,000 killed in the Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki and 97,031 in the Bombing of Tokyo in World War II. In addition to these deaths 150,000 civilians were killed on Okinawa and 10,000 on Saipan during the fighting.[152]. War related deaths of Japanese merchant marine personnel were 27,000.[157]
The Yasukuni Shrine in Japan lists a total of 2,325,128 military deaths from 1937–1945 including civilians who participated in combat, Chinese(Taiwan) and Koreans in the Japanese Armed Forces.

^Korea
Sources for total Korean civilian war dead range from 378,000 to 483,000 as detailed below.
The American researcher R. J. Rummel's estimates 378,000 Korean dead due to forced labor in Japan and Manchuria. According to Rummel "Information on Korean deaths under Japanese occupation is difficult to uncover. We do know that 5,400,000 Koreans were conscripted for labor beginning in 1939, but how many died can only be roughly estimated.".[158].John W. Dower has noted "Between 1939 and 1945, close to 670,000 Koreans were brought to Japan for fixed terms of work, mostly in mines and heavy industry, and it has been estimated that 60,000 or more of them died under harsh conditions of their work places. Over 10,000 others were probably killed in the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki" [159].Werner Gruhl estimates the civilian death toll due to the war and Japanese occupation at 483,000 and an additional 50,000 deaths of Koreans conscripted in the Japanese military service[160]
A Korean demographic study reports "the mortality level and the course of mortality changes among Koreans in Korea during the war, appear not to have been much affected. Even for all Koreans living in Korea, Japan and Manchuria, the impact of World War II on the trend and level of mortality is not likely to have been significant. The same source reports '6,369 Koreans to have died in the Japanese military forces, and the number rises to 14,527 when civilians attached to the military forces is added[161]
Korean military forces fighting against Japan were the Korean Liberation Army under Chinese Nationalist command and the Korean Volunteer Army which fought with the Chinese Communist guerrillas.

^Latvia
Includes civilian losses due to war (220,000) and Soviet occupation in 1940–41(7,000). Does not include military dead with Soviet(13,000) and German Armed Forces (24,000).Total deaths from 1940–53 due the war and the Soviet occupation were 287,000(14% of the population)[162] The genocide of Roma people was 2,500 persons.[130] Jewish Holocaust victims totaled 80,000[31]

^Lithuania
Includes civilian losses due to war (345,000) and Soviet occupation in 1940–41(8,000). Does not include military dead with Soviet (27,000) and German Armed Forces (8,000).Total deaths from 1940–53 due the war and the Soviet occupation were 448,000(15% of the population)[163] The genocide of Roma people was 1,000 persons.[130] Jewish Holocaust victims totaled 141,000[31]

^Luxembourg
Total war dead were 5,000[164] which included military losses of about 3,000 with the German Armed Forces and 200 in Belgian Army. The genocide of Roma people was 200 persons.[130] Jewish Holocaust victims totaled 700[31]

^Malaysia
Victims of forced labor and reprisals during the Japanese occupation."[137].

^Malta
Air attack victims.[165]. The BBC has an online report on the siege of Malta[166]

^Nauru
Deaths are 463 Nauruan labourers deported by Japanese authorities to the Caroline Islands [168]

^Netherlands
Dutch government figures for losses in Europe released in 1948 [169] listed 210,000 direct war casualties plus an additional 70,000 post war disease deaths caused by the war. The details are as follows: Military deaths of 8,100; which included 2,200 regular Army, 1,700 Dutch Resistance forces, 2,600 Navy forces, 250 POW in Germany and 1,350 Merchant seaman. Civilian deaths of 271,900; which included 27,000 forced workers in Germany, 7,500 missing and presumed dead in Germany, 2,800 victims of executions, 2,500 deaths in Dutch concentration camps, 18,000 political prisoners in Germany, 20,400 deaths due to military activities, 3,700 Dutch serving in the German military, 104,000 deported Jews and 16,000 deaths in the Dutch famine of 1944. The official statistics also reported an additional 70,000 "indirect war casualties", which are attributed to various diseases caused by wartime conditions. Not included in these figures are an additional 1,650 foreign nationals killed while serving in the Dutch Merchant Marine[170] The losses of the 3,700 Dutch in the German Armed Forces are not in Dutch war casualties on this page, they are included with the military of Germany.
The Dutch suffered additional losses in the Far East which were not included in the above figures except for the Navy. Military losses in Asia were 900 in the 1942 Dutch East Indies campaign and 8,500 military POW deaths in Japanese captivity [171] Paris.The Australian War Memorial reports 8,000 of the 37,0000 Dutch POW died in Japanese captivity [172]. Civilian losses in Asia reported by the Dutch Red Cross included the deaths in Japanese custody of 14,800 Europeans out of 80,000 interned in the Dutch East Indies.[65]
The Netherlands War Graves Foundation maintains a registry of the names of Dutch war dead.[173] The genocide of Roma people was 500 persons.[130]

^Newfoundland
Newfoundland's losses are not listed separately by the Commonwealth War Graves Commission since they served with U.K. and Canadian Forces during the war. Military losses were 1,058: with 956 with the UK: Navy(351),Army (115),Air Force (134) and Merchant Navy (356) and 102 with Canada: Navy (21), Army(41) and Air Force (40).[174]. The losses of the Newfoundland Merchant Navy are commemorated at the Allied Merchant Navy Memorial in Newfoundland,[175] Civilian losses were due to the sinking of the SS Caribou in October 1942 [176]

^New Zealand
The military deaths listed here are those reported by the Commonwealth War Graves Commission Total deaths were 11,928 .[177]. The 'Debt of Honour Register' from the Commonwealth War Graves Commission lists the 1.7m men and women of the Commonwealth forces who died during the two world wars.[178] Details can be found online at the New Zealand Armed Forces Memorial Project[179] The preliminary 1945 data for New Zealand losses was, killed 10,033, missing 2,129, wounded 19,314 and POW 8,453.[180]

^Norway
Military deaths were 2,000 regular forces; 1,500 resistance fighters and political prisoners. Civilian dead include 3,600 merchant marine, 1,800 war related civilian deaths and 700 Jews. The 700 deaths with German Armed Forces are included with Germany on this schedule.[181] The Norwegian Foreign Ministry reported that "10,262 Norwegians had been killed, including 3,670 seamen. The Germans had executed 366 and tortured 39 to death. Among political prisoners and members of the underground, 658 died at home and 1,433 abroad. About 6,000 Norwegians had served the German war cause, and 709 of them had fallen in battle.[182] Jewish Holocaust victims totaled 728.[31]

^Pacific Islands
- This territory includes areas now known as the Marshall Islands, Micronesia, Palau, and the Northern Mariana Islands.
The estimate by R. J. Rummel of the number of victims due to Japanese war crimes on the various Pacific Islands is 57,000.[158].
Micronesian war related civilian deaths were caused by American bombing and shellfire; and malnutrition caused by the U.S. blockade of the islands. In addition the civilian population was conscripted by the Japanese as forced laborers and were subjected to numerous mindless atrocities.[183]
During the Battle of Guam (1944) the number of Chamorro people killed or wounded is not accurately known but it was well over six hundred.[184], During the Battle of Saipan 10,000 persons in a mass suicide of the Japanese civilian population.[185]Papua New Guinea
Civilian deaths were caused by Allied bombing and shellfire and Japanese atrocities. Both the Allies and Japanese also conscripted civilians to work as laborers and porters.[186]

^Philippines
Sources for total Filipino civilian war dead range from 500,000 to 1,000,000 as detailed below.
The United States State Dept. has reported that, In total, an estimated one million Filipinos lost their lives in the war[187] The primary reason for this high death toll was war related famine and disease. Civilian losses included victims of Japanese war crimes, such as the Bataan Death March and the Manila massacre which claimed the lives of 90,000 Filipinos.[185]Werner Gruhl estimates the civilian death toll due to the war and Japanese occupation at 500,000 ( 141,000 massacred, 22,500 forced labor deaths and 336,500 deaths due war related famine).[188]
The estimate in 1946 by the U.S. War Dept. for Filipino military war dead was 27,260.[158]. More recent figures for military war dead, include 7,000 in the Battle of the Philippines (1941-42), 8,000 anti-Japanese guerrillas and 42,000 (out of 98,000) POWs in Japanese captivity[189] Werner Gruhl estimates an 27,000 Filipinos died serving in the military(including 20,000 POW).[190]

^PolandTotal Polish War Dead.
In August 2009 the Polish Institute of National Remembrance (IPN) put the figure of Poland's dead at between 5,620,000 and 5,820,000; including an estimated 150,000 Polish citizens who died due to Soviet repression. The IPN's figures include 3 million Polish Jews who died in the Holocaust, as well as ethnic Poles and other ethnic groups (Ukrainians and Belarussians)[191]Czesław Łuczak estimated in 1994 the actual total of war dead to be 5.9 to 6.0 million, including 2.9 to 3.0 million Jews. He estimated the number of ethnic Poles who died at 2.0 million, including 1.5 million, due to the German occupation of the territory of modern day Poland and the balance of 500,000 in the former eastern Polish regions under both Soviet and German occupation. Łuczak also included in his figures an estimated 1,000,000 war dead of Polish citizens from the ethnic Ukrainian and Belarusian ethnic groups who comprised 20% of Poland's pre-war population. The Polish government estimate made in 1947 of 6.0 million war dead excluded ethnic Ukrainian and Belarusian losses.[192]- [193]Dr. Tadeusz Piotrowski estimated in 2005 Poland's losses in World War Two to be 5.6 million; including 5,150,000 victims of Nazi crimes against ethnic Poles and the Holocaust, 350,000deaths during the Soviet occupation in 1940–41 and about 100,000 Poles killed in 1943–44 during the massacres of Poles in Volhynia. Losses by ethnic group were 3,100,000 Jews; 2,000,000 ethnic Poles; 500,000 Ukrainians and Belarusians[194]
Civilian losses bygeographic area were about 3.0 million in present day Poland[195] and about 2.0 million in the Polish areas annexed by the Soviet Union[196]- [197] Contemporary Russian sources also include Poland's losses in the annexed territories with Soviet war deaths.[198]
The official Polish government report on war damages prepared in 1947 listed 6,028,000 war victims during the German occupation (including 123,178 military deaths, 2.8 million Poles and 3.2 million Jews), out of a population of 27,007,000 ethnic Poles and Jews; this report excluded ethnic Ukrainian and Belarusian losses. Losses were calculated for the territory of Poland in 1939, including the territories annexed by the U.S.S.R.[199] The figure of 6.0 million war dead has been disputed by Polish scholars since the fall of communism who now put the total actual losses at about 5.0 million. They maintain that the official statistics include those persons who were missing and presumed dead, but actually remained abroad in the west and the USSR after the war.[193][200]The United States Holocaust Memorial Museum maintains that in addition to 3 million Polish Jews killed in the Holocaust. "Documentation remains fragmentary, but today scholars of independent Poland believe that 1.8 to 1.9 million Polish civilians (non-Jews) were victims of German Occupation policies and the war",[201]
The genocide of Roma people was 35,000 persons[202] Jewish Holocaust victims, in 1939 borders, totaled 3,000,000[31], including 2 million within the borders of contemporary Poland and 1 million in the territories annexed by the U.S.S.R.[203]Polish Losses during the Soviet Occupation (1939–1941)
In August 2009 the Polish Institute of National Remembrance (IPN) researchers estimated 150,000 Polish citizens were killed due to Soviet repression. Since the collapse of the USSR, Polish scholars have been able to do research in the Soviet archives on Polish losses during the Soviet occupation.[204]Andrzej Paczkowski puts the number of Polish deaths at 90–100,000 of the 1.0 million persons deported and 30,000 executed by the Soviets.[205] In 2005 Tadeusz Piotrowski estimated the death toll in Soviet hands at 350,000[194] An earlier estimate made in 1987 by Franciszek Proch of the Polish Association of Former Political Prisoners of Nazi and Soviet Concentration Camps estimated the total dead due to the Soviet occupation at 1,050,000.[206]
Poland lost a total of 239,800 regular soldiers and Polish resistance movement fighters during the war.[193] Military dead and missing were 95,000–97,000 and 130,000 wounded in the 1939 Invasion of Poland, including 17–19,000 killed by the Soviets in the Katyn massacre and 12,000 in German POW camps.[207] The Polish contribution to World War II included the Polish Armed Forces in the West, and the 1st Polish Army fighting under Soviet command. Total casualties of these forces in exile were 33,256 killed in action, 8,548 missing in action, 42,666 wounded and 29,385 interned.[208] The Polish Red Cross reported that the 1944 Warsaw Uprising cost the lives of 120,000 -130,000 Polish civilians and 16–17,000 Polish resistance movement fighters[193] The names of Polish war dead are presented at a database online [209]
During the war 2,762,000[210] Polish citizens of German descent declared their loyalty to Germany by signing the Deutsche Volksliste. A West German government report estimated the deaths of 108,000 Polish citizens serving in the German armed forces[211], these men were conscripted in violation of international law[212]

^Timor
Officially neutral, East Timor was occupied by Japan during 1942–45. Allied commandos initiated a guerilla resistance campaign and most deaths were caused by Japanese reprisals against the civilian population. The civilian death toll is estimated at 40,000 to 70,000 [213]

^Romania
Total Romanian military war dead were approximately 300,000 [214] Total Killed were 93,326 ( 72,291 with Axis and 21,035 with allies): Total missing and POW were 341,765( 283,322 with Axis and 58,443 with allies) only about 80,000 survived Soviet capitivity) [215] Russian sources list the deaths of 54,600 of the 201,800 Romanian POW taken in the War.[216] Figures do not include an additional estimated 40,000 to 50,000 dead included with the Hungarian Army.[217] Civilian losses of 64,000 included 20,000 during Soviet occupation of Bessarabia and Bukovina in 1940–41 .[216]; the genocide of Roma people 36,000 deaths.[61]; Allied air raids on Romania caused the deaths of 7,693 civilians[218].
Jewish Holocaust victims totaled 469,000 in 1939 borders which includes 325,000 in Bessarabia and Bukovina occupied by the U.S.S.R. in 1940.[31][219]

^Ruanda Urundi
The 1943 famine in Ruanda which took 300,000 lives was due to a local drought and the harsh wartime policies of the Belgian colonial administration to increase food production for the war effort in the Congo.[220][221] Since Rwanda was not occupied nor the supply of food cut off, these deaths are not usually included with World War Two casualties. However, at least one historian has compared the 1943 famine in Ruanda to the Bengal famine of 1943 which is attributed to the war.[222]

^South Africa
The military deaths listed here are those reported by the Commonwealth War Graves Commission Total deaths were 11,903 .[223]. The 'Debt of Honour Register' from the Commonwealth War Graves Commission lists the 1.7m men and women of the Commonwealth forces who died during the two world wars.[224] The preliminary 1945 data for South African losses was killed 6,840, missing 1,841 wounded 14,363 and POW 14,589.[225]

^Soviet UnionMilitary Losses
Military deaths from 1939–1945, totaling 10.7 million, include 7.7 million killed or missing in action; 2.6 million POW dead, and 400,000 paramilitary and Soviet partisan losses.[226]
The official Russian Ministry of Defense figure for military total dead and missing from 1941–1945 is 8,668,400; including 6,330,000 killed in action or died of wounds and 556,000 dead from non-combat causes; 500,000 MIA and 1,283,000 dead and missing POW. Official Russian figures indicate 4,559,000 POWs and missing, out of which about 500,000 missing were killed in battle, 939,700 were conscripted back into the Soviet army during the war as territories were being liberated,2,016,000 POW survived the war, 1,836,000 POWs are known to have returned to the U.S.S. R. after the war, this leaves 1,103,300 POW dead and another 180,000 missing POWs who most likely emigrated to other countries.[9][227]Richard Overy has noted that "The official figures themselves must be viewed critically, given the difficulty of knowing in the chaos of 1941 and 1942 exactly who had been killed, wounded or even conscripted".[228] The official Russian statistics for military dead do not include an additional estimated 500,000 conscripted reservists missing or killed before being listed on active strength, 1,000,000 civilians treated as POW by Germany; and an estimated 150,000 militia and 250,000 Soviet partisan dead, which are considered civilian war losses in the official figures.[226] The estimate by most western historians of Soviet military POW deaths is about 3 million out of 5.7 million total POWs in German hands [229]
There were additional casualties in 1939–40, which totaled 136,945: Battle of Khalkhin Gol in 1939 (8,931); Invasion of Poland of 1939 (1,139); and the Winter War with Finland (1939–40) (126,875).[230]
The names of many Soviet war dead are presented in the OBD Memorial database online [231]Total Population Losses of the Soviet Union 1941–1945
A report published by the Russian Academy of Science in 1993 estimated that the total Soviet population losses from 1941–1945, within Soviet borders of 1946–1991, were 26.6 million out of a total population of 196.7 million, which included the annexed territories.[232][233]
In 2000 the late Dr. S. N. Mikhalev of the History department of Krasnoyarsk State Pedagogical University[234] published a critical analysis of the official Russian wartime casualty statistics, he estimated actual Soviet military war dead at more than 10.9 million persons. He maintained that the official figures cannot be reconciled to the total men drafted and that POW deaths were understated. Mikhalev believed that the official figure of 26.6 million war dead should not be regarded as definitive. His analysis of the demographic balance of the USSR in the war indicated total losses ranging from 21.240 million to 25.854 million, with the mid range being 23.568 million total war dead. Mikhalev pointed out that the estimate of total war deaths are based on a range of estimates for the population in 1939 and the population of the annexed territories that are by no means certain.[235]
Michael Haynes has noted that "We do not know the total number of deaths as a result of the war and related policies" We do know that the demographic estimate of excess deaths was 26.6 million plus an additional 16.1 million natural deaths that would have occurred in peacetime, bringing the total dead to 42.7 million. At this time the actual total number of deaths caused by the war is unknown since among the 16.1 million "natural deaths" some would have died peacefully and others as a result of the war.[236]Civilian War Dead
Civilian deaths listed on the table above of 23.9 million are for the USSR within 1939 borders and does not include an estimated 2.5 million civilian dead in the territories annexed by the USSR in 1939-1945 and the 215,000 Soviet war dead in the German armed forces. Civilian losses in territories annexed by USSR are included in totals of the Baltic states(600,000).[237], Poland(1,500,000) [238]-[239] Romania(300,000) and Czechoslovikia(50,000)[31]
The deaths of Soviet civilians, including Jews, were documented from 1942–1946 by the Soviet Extraordinary State Commission[240][241][242] In 1995 the Russian Academy of Science published a report that summarized Soviet losses in the war. They reported civilian deaths in the German occupied USSR totaling 13.7 million, which includes 7.4 million victims of Nazi genocide and reprisals; 2.2 million deaths of persons deported to Germany for forced labor; and 4.1 million famine and disease deaths in occupied territory.[243] Total Soviet war dead include losses include an estimated 2.5 to 3.2 million civilian dead due to famine in Soviet territory not occupied by the Germans [244] Additional famine deaths which totaled 1 million during 1946–47 are not included with World War II casualties.[226] Documents from the Soviet archives list the total deaths of prisoners in the Gulag from 1941 to 1945 at 621,637.[245]. An independent Russian journalist believes the actual death toll may be as high as 1.7 million, when one takes into account summary executions and deaths of those forcibly deported during the war..[246],
An independent Russian journalist has provided the estimated breakdown for each Republic for total Soviet war dead from 1941–45).[237],
Military deaths (including partisans & militia), of the individual Soviet republics were 10.5 million : Russia 6,750,000 ; Armenia 150,000 ; Azerbaijan 210,000 ; Belarus 620,000 ; Georgia 190,000 ; Moldova 41,000 ; Ukraine 1,620,000 ; Estonia 13,000 ; Latvia 18,000 ; Lithuania 27,000 ; Kazakhstan 310,000 ; Kyrgyzstan 70,000 ; Tajikistan 50,000 ; Turkmenistan 70,000 ; Uzbekistan 330,000.
Civilian deaths, (including territories annexed 1939–45), of the individual Soviet republics were 15.7 million:Russia 7,200,000 ; Armenia 30,000 ; Azerbaijan 110,000 ; Belarus 1,670,000 ; Georgia 110,000; Moldova 120,000 ; Ukraine 5,200,000 ; Estonia 35,000 ; Latvia 220,000 ; Lithuania 345,000 ; Kazakhstan 350,000 ; Kyrgyzstan 50,000 ; Tajikistan 70,000 ; Turkmenistan 30,000 ; Uzbekistan 220,000.
The genocide of Roma people was 30,000 persons.[61] Jewish Holocaust victims, within 1939 borders, totaled 1,000,000.[31]

^Spain
Military deaths were with the all Spanish Blue Division serving alongside Germany Army in the U.S.S.R. The unit was withdrawn by Spain in 1943.[247]R. J. Rummel estimates the deaths of 20,000 anti-Fascist Spanish refugees resident in France who were deported to Nazi camps, these deaths are included with French civilian casualties.[248]

^Sweden
During the Winter war of 1939–40 the Swedish Volunteer Corps served with the Finnish Armed Forces and lost 117 men in combat[249]. About 300 Swedish volunteers served in the German Wehrmacht and 30–45 were killed in action.[250]
33 Swedish sailors were killed when submarine HMS Ulven was sunk by a German mine on April 16, 1943.
During 1939-1941 Swedish merchant shipping was attacked by German submarines and 391 merchant seamen were killed. Soviet attacks on Swedish merchant shipping from 1941-1944 cost the lives of 187 merchant seamen. The Red Cross Ship Stureborg was attacked by Italian aircraft in July 1942 resulting in the deaths of 19 of the crew and a Red Cross Official.[251]

^Switzerland
The Americans accidentally bombed Switzerland during the war causing civilian casualties.[252][253] Losses of about 300 Swiss in the German Armed Forces are included with German casualties.[38].

^United Kingdom and Colonies
The losses listed here are those reported by the Commonwealth War Graves Commission. Total military deaths were 383,677, including Newfoundland [258]. The 'Debt of Honour Register' from the Commonwealth War Graves Commission lists the 1.7m men and women of the Commonwealth forces who died during the two world wars. The 'Debt of Honour Register' from the Commonwealth War Graves Commission lists the 1.7m men and women of the Commonwealth forces who died during the two world wars.[133] The losses of Newfoundland (956 military) are included in these figures.[174].
The Commonwealth War Graves Commission maintains a Roll of Honour of those civilians under Crown Protection who died as a result of enemy actions in the Second World War. The names of 67.073 are commemorated in the Civilian War Dead Roll of Honour.[259].
UK casualties include losses of the colonial forces [260] UK colonial forces included units from East Africa, West Africa, Ghana, the Caribbean, Malaya, Burma, Hong Kong, Jordan, Sudan, Malta and the Jewish Brigade The preliminary 1945 data for colonial forces was killed 6,877, missing 14,208, wounded 6,972 and POW 8,115.[261]
The official UK report on war casualties of June 1946 provided a preliminary tally of war losses. This report listed the war deaths of 357,116; Navy (50,758); Army (144,079); Air Force (69,606); Women's Auxiliary Territorial Service (624); Merchant Navy (30,248); British Home Guard ( 1,206) and Civilians (60,595). The total still missing on 2/28/1946 was 6,244; Navy (340); Army (2,267); Air Force (3,089); Women's Auxiliary Territorial Service (18); Merchant Navy (530); British Home Guard (0) and Civilians (0). These figures included the losses of Newfoundland and Southern Rhodesia. There were an additional 31,271 military deaths due to "natural causes" which are not included in these figures. Deaths due to air and rocket attacks were 60,595 civilians and 1,206 British Home Guard. The deaths of civilians interned was not given in the report.[262][263]

^Yugoslavia
The U.S. Bureau of the Census published a report in 1954 that concluded that Yugoslav war related deaths were 1,067,000. The U.S. Bureau of the Census noted that the official Yugoslav government figure of 1.7 million war dead was overstated because it "was released soon after the war and was estimated without the benefit of a postwar census" [280] A recent study by Vladimir Žerjavić estimates total war related deaths at 1,027,000 which included military losses of 237,000 Yugoslav partisans and 209,000 Ustaše. Civilian dead of 581,000, including 57,000 Jews. Losses of the Yugoslav Republics were Bosnia 316,000; Serbia 273,000; Croatia 271,000; Slovenia 33,000; Montenegro 27,000; Macedonia 17,000; and killed abroad 80,000.[281] . Bogoljub Kočović a Yugoslav statistician,calculated that the actual war losses were 1,014,000 [282] The late Jozo Tomasevich , Professor Emeritus of Economics at San Francisco State University, believes that the calculations of Kočović and Žerjavić "seem to be free of bias, we can accept them as reliable" [283]
The reasons for the high human toll in Yugoslavia were as follows:
A.Military operations between the Germans, Italians and their Ustaše collaborators on one hand against the Yugoslav partisans and Chetniks[284]
B.German forces, under express orders from Hitler, fought with a special vengeance against the Serbs, who were considered Untermensch[284] One of the worst massacres during the German military occupation of Serbia was the Kragujevac massacre.
C. Deliberate acts of reprisal against target populations were perpetrated by all combatants. All sides practiced the shooting of hostages on a large scale. At the end of the war Ustaše collaborators were killed during the Bleiburg massacre[284]
D.The systematic extermination of large numbers of people for political, religious or racial reasons. The most numerous victims were Serbs[284] The USHMM reports between 77,000 and 99,000 persons were killed at the Jasenovac concentration camp[285]. The genocide of Roma was 40,000 persons.[61] Jewish Holocaust victims totaled 67,122.<[286]
E.The reduced food supply caused famine and disease.[284]
F.Allied bombing of German supply lines caused civilian casualties. The hardest hit localities were Podgorica, Leskovac, Zadar and Belgrad.[284]:
G. The demographic losses due to a 335,000 reduction in the number of births and emigration of about 660,000 are not included with war casualties.[284]

^Werner Gruhl, Imperial Japan's World War Two, 1931–1945 Transaction 2007 ISBN 978-0-7658-0352-8 (Werner Gruhl is former chief of NASA's Cost and Economic Analysis Branch with a lifetime interest in the study of the First and Second World Wars.)

^Werner Gruhl, Imperial Japan's World War Two, 1931–1945 Transaction 2007 ISBN 978-0-7658-0352-8 (Werner Gruhl is former chief of NASA's Cost and Economic Analysis Branch with a lifetime interest in the study of the First and Second World Wars.)

^Werner Gruhl, Imperial Japan's World War Two, 1931–1945 Transaction 2007 ISBN 978-0-7658-0352-8 (Werner Gruhl is former chief of NASA's Cost and Economic Analysis Branch with a lifetime interest in the study of the First and Second World Wars.)

^Werner Gruhl, Imperial Japan's World War Two, 1931–1945 Transaction 2007 ISBN 978-0-7658-0352-8 (Werner Gruhl is former chief of NASA's Cost and Economic Analysis Branch with a lifetime interest in the study of the First and Second World Wars.)

^Werner Gruhl, Imperial Japan's World War Two, 1931–1945 Transaction 2007 ISBN 978-0-7658-0352-8 (Werner Gruhl is former chief of NASA's Cost and Economic Analysis Branch with a lifetime interest in the study of the First and Second World Wars.)

^Annual Changes in Population of Japan Proper 1 October 1920–1 October 1947, General Headquarters for the Allied Powers Economic and Scientific Section Research and Programs Division. Tokyo, July 1948.

^Werner Gruhl, Imperial Japan's World War Two, 1931–1945 Transaction 2007 ISBN 978-0-7658-0352-8 (Werner Gruhl is former chief of NASA's Cost and Economic Analysis Branch with a lifetime interest in the study of the First and Second World Wars.)

^Werner Gruhl, Imperial Japan's World War Two, 1931–1945 Transaction 2007 ISBN 978-0-7658-0352-8 (Werner Gruhl is former chief of NASA's Cost and Economic Analysis Branch with a lifetime interest in the study of the First and Second World Wars.)

^Werner Gruhl, Imperial Japan's World War Two, 1931–1945 Transaction 2007 ISBN 978-0-7658-0352-8 (Werner Gruhl is former chief of NASA's Cost and Economic Analysis Branch with a lifetime interest in the study of the First and Second World Wars.)

^ abcdGniazdowski, Mateusz. Losses Inflicted on Poland by Germany during World War II. Assessments and Estimates—an Outline The Polish Quarterly of International Affairs, 2007, no. 1.This article is available from the Central and Eastern European Online Library at http://www.ceeol.com

^Andreev, EM, et al., Naselenie Sovetskogo Soiuza, 1922–1991. Moscow, Nauka, 1993. ISBN 5-02-013479-1 Page 78. Total Soviet losses of 26.6 million are computed for the population in mid 1941 in the territory of the Soviet Union of 1946-1991

^Poland. Bureau odszkodowan wojennych, Statement on war losses and damages of Poland in 1939–1945. Warsaw 1947.(the figures of 2.8 miilion Jews and 3.2 miilion Poles are based on language spoken, not religion)

^Eiji Murashima, “The Commemorative Character of Thai Historiography: The 1942–43 Thai Military Campaign in the Shan States Depicted as a Story of National Salvation and the Restoration of Thai Independence” Modern Asian Studies, v40, n4 (2006) pp1053–1096, p1057n: "Deaths in the Thai military forces from 8 December 1941 through the end of the war included 143 ofﬁcers, 474 non-commissioned ofﬁcers, and 4,942 soldiers. (Defense Ministry of Thailand, In Memory of Victims who Fell in Battle [in Thai], Bangkok: Krom phaenthi Thahanbok, 1947). With the exception of about 180 who died in the 8 December [1941] battles and another 150 who died in battles in the Shan states [Burma], almost all of the war dead died of malaria and other diseases."

^E. Bruce Reynolds, "Aftermath of Alliance: The Wartime Legacy in Thai-Japanese Relations", Journal of Southeast Asian Studies, v21, n1, March 1990, pp66-87. "An OSS document (XL 30948, RG 226, USNA) quotes Thai Ministry of Interior figures of 8,711 air raids deaths in 1944–45 and damage to more than 10,000 buildings, most of them totally destroyed. However, an account by M. R. Seni Pramoj (a typescript entitled 'The Negotiations Leading to the Cessation of a State of War with Great Britain' and filed under Papers on World War II, at the Thailand Information Center, Chulalongkorn University, p. 12) indicates that only about 2,000 Thai died in air raids."

^E. Bruce Reynolds, "Aftermath of Alliance: The Wartime Legacy in Thai-Japanese Relations", Journal of Southeast Asian Studies, v21, n1, March 1990, pp66-87. Thailand exported rice to neighboring Japanese-occupied countries during 1942–45 (p72n) and did not experience the notorious famines that occurred in India and French Indochina (see above), during 1943-1944.

^Center for Internee Rights- Civilian prisoners of the Japanese in the Philippine Islands Turner Press 2002, ISBN 1563118386] (The total of 1,536 is broken out-992 "died" and 544 "unknown" out of 13,996 total detained by Japan) (Those detained by Germany-168 "died" and 715 "unknown" out of 4,749 total detained)]

^The annual death rate from 1942-1945 of Americans interned by Japan was about 3.5% There were 1,536 deaths among the 13,996 interned civilians from 1942-1945.
The United States interned about 100,000 Japanese Americans from 1942-1945. The 1946 report by the U.S. Dept. of The Interior “The Evacuated People a Quantitative Description” gave the annual death rate from 1942-1945 of Japanese detained in the U.S. at about 0.7% There were 1,862 deaths of among the 100,000 to 110,00 Japanese civilians interned in the U.S. from 1942-1945. The annual death rate among the U.S. population as a whole from 1942-1945 was about 1.1% per annum.

^Tomasevich, Jozo. War and Revolution in Yugoslavia, 1941–1945: Occupation and Collaboration. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2001. ISBN 0804736154 In Cap.17 Alleged and True Population Losses there is a detailed account of the controversies related to Yugoslav war losses.Page 737

^ abcdefgTomasevich, Jozo. War and Revolution in Yugoslavia, 1941–1945: Occupation and Collaboration. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2001. ISBN 0804736154 In Cap.17 Alleged and True Population Losses there is a detailed account of the controversies related to Yugoslav war losses. Page 744-750