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The route begins in Cotton Plant near the eastern terminus of Highway 38 near a junction with Highway 17. Highway 306 runs north through cotton country and the community of Shady Grove until meeting Woodruff CR 762 and CR 780, where state maintenance ends. In an extremely rare circumstance, the highway designation continues along CR 780 in name only as an officially designated exception of 2.24 miles (3.60 km).[a 1] This overlap ceases at a junction with Highway 17 at which Highway 306 begins again and runs for 0.05 miles (0.080 km) before state maintenance ends again. The roadway continues as CR 680.[3]

The road from Hunter east to the St. Francis county line was designated a state highway on April 24, 1963.[1] The Highway 306 segments running north from Cotton Plant and west from Gieseck were added to the state highway system on November 23, 1966.[8]

^ abcdPlanning and Research Division (2010). "Arkansas Road Log Database"(Database). Arkansas State Highway and Transportation Department. Archived from the original on 23 June 2011. Retrieved June 9, 2011.