In common American English usage, these two questions elicit the same response:

Do you have a ticket?

Don't you have a ticket?

These are the usual answers (I was going to say "possible answers" but I can think of a whole host of situations where one could get other answers, e.g. wake up someone in the middle of the night and ask it, the answer might easily be "I don't know" or "maybe" or "hey, just let me sleep!"... but that's neither here nor there... :-)

1 Answer
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As John Lawler says, below, “There is no asserted logical proposition in a question.” There is no ‘logical’ difference between Do you have a ticket? and Don’t you have a ticket? to be taken into consideration: both amount to the same thing, Do you … ?. The same is true of a third variant, You do have a ticket, don’t you?

The difference between them lies in the context which prompts the question and the answer which is expected. The answer to any of them, yes or no, depends on my possession of a ticket, not your expectation.

ME: Can I join you guys for the show?
YOU: Do you have a ticket? … a neutral question: you have no idea whether I have a ticket.
ME: Oh, yeah. … OR
ME: No, but I just checked at the box office and there are lots of tickets left.

ME: It looks like I’m not going to be able to join you guys for the show after all.
YOU: Don’t you have a ticket? … the context prompts you to expect the answer ‘No’
ME: Oh, yeah, but I just got called in to work. … OR
ME: No, and I just checked the box office and they’re sold out.

ME: You guys go ahead, I’ll meet you there.
YOU: You do have a ticket, don’t you? … You told me the show would sell out, and knowing my dilatory habits you suspect I’m going to try to buy one at the last minute.
ME: Oh, yeah, but I’ve got some errands to run first. … OR
ME: No, but I’m meeting up with a guy who’s selling me his one.

Your ‘Right?’ questions, on the other hand, literally ask a different question: Not Do you have a ticket? but Am I right in my assumption that you do/don’t have a ticket? And if I am literal-minded I will answer that question:

Logic only applies to statements. There is no asserted logical proposition in a question. So negation is appropriated to carry a different pragmatic message about the questioner's expectations about what the answer is. Much the same is true of tag questions: You ate already, didn't you? vs You haven't eaten yet, have you?
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John LawlerMar 7 '13 at 16:41