The fact that there is no mass inside a photon, only fields propagating in a normal direction, there is no obvious angular momentum in terms of mass. Thus, to fill in the full domain of angular momentum phenomena we must examine how the photon was generated as it converts the angular momentum in one orbital system into an equivalent linear energy that has units of angular momentum.

The photon appears to have a rotating EM field because of the associated criteria:

o Photons form as a result of the drop in orbital electron energy.

o Photons generate and propagate in a direction tangential to the point on the orbital where the electron drops from a high to low energy orbital.

o In a closed system, the conservation of angular momentum requires that the angular momentum of the system before the orbital decay must equal the angular momentum after the shell drop.

The sequence of disturbance of the high energy orbital is as follows. First a force from a mass or photon collision causes the high energy orbital electron to be disturbed. The force on the orbital electron causes a destabilization of the structure of the orbital electron’s momentum energy storage in the space around the electron. Thus, the electron loses its ability to tunnel around the nucleus at each moment.

o The electron has not gained enough energy to be able to escape, thus it is still under the centripetal force of the electron-nucleus electrostatic attraction.

o As a result of being out of energy-resonance with the allowed quanta of energy in the space around the nucleus, the electron loses its ability to maintain the organization of DPs comprising the energy differential between its current energy and the lower allowed energy orbital momentum.

o The quantum of differential between these two states results in the formation of a photon that represents that energy-differential. The organization-energy associated with the momentum differential between the two states of the orbital electron results in the formation of a photon of that energy.

o The photon then exits the orbital at a tangent to the previous locus of the high-energy orbital electron.

o The nucleus provides the positive E field which acts as the centrifugal force to maintain the negative electron in its resistance-less tunneling around each of the allowable orbital energies.

o The E and B fields generated by both the motion of the orbiting electron and the electrostatic and magnetic fields of the nucleus interact to create the stress of space that defines the energy where space can hold energy in the allowed orbitals.

o The nucleus and orbital electron system does not lose energy as it orbits because the orbital electron tunnels from point to point in the orbital. This allows it to change direction without losing contact with any portion of its magnetic field kinetic energy. Normally such a perpendicular acceleration would cause the electron to lose contact with a portion of its kinetic energy and generate a photon. The tunneling around the orbital allows the change in direction, but without a loss of energy.

o Every orbital has an extremely large number of allowable orbital activation energies. Each orbital is defined as an allowable quantum levels when the orbital contains an angular momentum related to an integer multiple of Planck’s constant (ħ).

o The orbital electron and the nucleus exert force on each other by both their magnetic and electric fields. The orbital electron has a magnetic field orientation, as does the nucleus, and when the two magnetic fields are out of alignment, they will naturally exert a force on each other to minimize the mutual net force.

o This principle is illustrated by the fact that atoms are generally magnetically neutral. The electron orbital and its magnetic pole automatically orients to neutralize the magnetic pole of the atom.

The most famous example of a non-neutral magnetic material is iron, which has an unpaired electron. This lack of cancellation allows the atom to retain a particular magnetic polarity.

o This type of net magnetic orientation is universal when there is an unpaired electron in the shell. Materials orient randomly magnetically, much the same as the Dipole Sea in the undisturbed space orients randomly. But, when an external magnetic force is applied to the bulk material, and the crystalline structures of the metal hold the domains in place, a ferromagnetic substance such as iron can hold their magnetic fields in place.

The question then is “How does the second orbital electron of the shell orient itself to neutralize the magnetic field of the atom?”

o The answer is that the two electrons of a full shell form an electromagnetic dyad. The negative charges of the electrons repel each other toward opposite sides of the orbital, but their magnetic poles seek to align and attract. Thus, the two electrons in a full shell assume a position in relationship to each other that balances the repulsion of the electrons and the attraction of the aligned magnetic poles. ???

o Together, the two electrons form a magnetically linked unit, where each one individually resonates with the nucleus, and with each other.