This study focuses on the extent of use of Internet search engines, availability, accessibility and adequacy of information resources to undergraduates’ of university of Ibadan and Lead City University Ibadan in Oyo State, Nigeria. The findings shows that majority of the respondents use Internet search engines very often but do not use Boolean operators and advanced options of search engines in searching information on the Web. However, the study revealed that books, journals, Internet, reference sources, Online Public Access Catalogue (OPAC), library catalogue, newspapers /magazines, theses/dissertation etc are available, adequate and accessible but e-books, e-journals, e-database are available, adequate but not accessible in the university libraries. Therefore, university libraries should sensitize students by creating awareness of numerous functional Internet search engines and their search mechanism and also make provision for access to and use of e-resources.
Key Words: Availability of information resources, Use, Internet search engines, Oyo State, Nigeria

A Socio-Economic Analysis of Child Labor in Hyderabad City: This paper explores the hidden factors - pushing our future towards child labor. Sixty five child workers had been selected through the simple purposive sampling technique. All the respondents were male and having age 07-15 years. The result indicates that 49% respondents working at hotel/tea stalls. Albeit to work at hotel/tea stall comes in the category of the worst form of child labor. But, it’s unrevealed fact that the worst form of child labor noticed in Hyderabad city. 43% respondents related to Sindhi community and 54% were never ever enrolled for formal education. Fathers of 36% respondents being daily paid workers (Laborer) and 92% respondents initiated to work owing to poverty in other words to support their respective families and 05% initiated to learn skills in their own words. Monthly family income of 30% respondents is less than 6,000 Pakistani rupees. 30% respondents having 07 family members, 20% have 09 and 28% respondents have 08 family members. 49% respondents work 12 hours daily. Their honorarium is very low as compare to their services. Only 17% respondents get Pk Rs: 2,000 -2,500 honorarium per month and 28% respondents get 1,000 – 1,500 honorarium per month. Only 26% respondents have their own homes and 74% respondents live in rented homes.
Key Words: Socio-Economic, child labor, Hyderabad city, Sindh

It is true and sooth as far as Abraham linkan’s definition of democracy being implausible in a vast global democratic system. The definition of democracy of Abraham linkan is certainly palatable and practically realizable in those ancient times for states, then existed were smaller and nanoscopic and people could directly participate and realize the collective decisions (Abraham linkan defamation –of the people, by the people, for the people). In modern Democracies the Abraham linkan defamation was fast losing its relevance and people were groping in the dark. The citizens were challenging in the system on its essentials/prerequisites the state in modern times not only shirking its responsibility but also getting insulated. It was/is at this juncture the dawn of ICT on the horizon made people redeem nuances of participatory Democracy development rhythm of true democratic ideals ICT’s initiation in good governance heralded a new phase of participatory Democracy development attended to the glorious of direct democracy. The emergency of the ICT filled the vacuum existed between govt.and citizens. It also narrowed down the gap between citizens and govt. by holding out their responsibility in terms of development governance in veritably transparent manner.ICT in other words, the net-work of information accessible to all decision makers and also felicitated in decision makers to have a direct access to the existing situation and there by strengthening the decision making process.ICT by its inner Strength restored the democratic strength to the citizenery.Thus the main properties of ICT such as Transfrancy,Participation,Rule of low, Efficiency and Effectiveness etc. Propped up the governing entity get entrenched in good governance also, it opened new visas for creative discourse based on ICT’s utility in the field of planning and designing of strategies of development at all levels of governing pyramid. The ICT’s the fold opportunities for both ruling and being ruled such that a citizenry could collectively constituency observe the action of ruling class as it is entailed to and in turn the government, in principal, responsibility focus on and positively respond to. Hence, ICT as a potential agency bridging the gap in all aspect of system yielding place for communion development. The role ICT in a wider-Democratic System and good governance was also discussed. Conclusion is also drown keeping in riew its futuristic perspectives and prospects.
Key Words: ICT, Governance, Felicitated, Ruling class, Communion development, Wider-Democratic System.

The conflict between human rights and globalization can be understood in the parallel historical development of an international human rights regime with a so-called “free trade” regime. These two international regimes have upsurge without entering any real dialogue until till today, although they are claiming to serve the interests of humanity. The true goals of each of these movements are contradictory and cannot be resolved by a movement such as corporate social responsibility (CSR), which originates in the corporate sector. Even though the human rights regime and the global economic regime had a similar normative ideal ambition of advancing human welfare, rights and opportunities, structure of the global economic order made the achievement of these rights impossible. Whereas the primary responsibility for the enforcement of human rights standards lies with national governments, there is a growing acceptance that corporations also have an important role to play. Instruments of the human rights regime attempt to share or complement states responsibilities with private actors’ responsibility. Indeed, the human rights regime affirms explicitly the prevalence of the human right to fair remuneration over wealth creation, rationale of the free trade regime. The contradiction is apparent and the human right to fair remuneration highlights the incompatibility of the two regimes.
Key Words: Corporate Social Responsibility; Corporations; Fair Remuneration; Globalization; Human Rights; International Economic Regime.

Most of the finance ministers says that there is a need of dis-investment in public limited companies to reduce the fiscal deficit. And also there is a need of FDIs to expedite economic growth. Both should be needed because of in sufficient financial resources in the country. But its only applicable to the economic arena and does not to political arena. These are not my words, the expenditure of recent 16th Lok Sabha General Elections confirms this. According to the estimates of center for media studies, over 35,000 crores of rupees were powered over 810 million voters against around 10,000 crores in 2004. Despite of the ceiling on candidate expenditure, and election commission observations year by year and from one General Election to another General Election expenditure is scaling up as it is a bullet train. Unfortunately neither the candidate nor the political parties properly maintained the accounts of the funds which they have received from unknown sources, and the manner which they have spent. It reflects that most of the money spent by the candidates and political parties is illicit and ill gotten, funded by business industrial houses and corporate companies on the basis of quid pro quo. To fulfill their expenditure for elections they depend upon corporate companies at the Election time. After the Elections the winning party favors them in the form of allotting lands, assigning contracts and also amend the laws in the favor of their interests. Society have been seeing this kind of quid pro quo and scams for the last decade. The give and take policy taking place between the political parties and corporate companies the elections and politics are turned nothing but business. In this commercial political arena the common man has no scope to participate and contest in the Elections due to the more expenditure. These kind of trends may deprive the good governance and threatens the roots of the Democracy, equality and development in the county. So there is a need to curtail the rising Election expenditure to make the Elections free and fair and protect the common man interests. Then only we would able to strengthen the democracy. In this regard this paper analyzes the reasons for rising Election expenditure and its evils and also how to curb the over expenditure of elections.
Key Words: Elections, Expenditure, Reforms, Indian Elections, Indian Democracy

There are various Internet applications such as financial transactions, database access are always running on the Internet Server. Those applications must be able to run on multiple servers to accept an ever increasing number of users and networks need the ability to scale the performance to handle large volumes of client requests without creating unwanted delays. So, load sharing concept must be implemented for better performance as well as to increase the ability to handle more number of users. For these reasons, clustering is of wide interest to the enterprise. Clustering enables a group of independent servers to be managed as a single system for higher availability, easier manageability, and greater scalability.
Keywords: Load Sharing, Domain Name Server, Distributed Systems

Traditional Knowledge is an important cultural trait of a social group. It is an identity and logical creation of a social group and main weapon of livelihood practices. Traditional Knowledge exhibits technological values, scientific thought and idea. It helps to solve day to day problems, practical works, daily life and livelihood practices. The Mawalli community of Sundarban has vast traditional knowledge. They depend on traditional knowledge for their livelihood practice. They collect wild honey by the help of traditional knowledge. They have acquired this knowledge from their father and forefather through continuous livelihood practices. So, the role of traditional knowledge is an important as livelihood study or community development as like as folk science and folk philosophy study. In this paper I have tried to explain actual traditional knowledge of mawalli which involves in honey collection.
Key Words: Traditional Knowledge, Honey collection, Honey preservation, Mawalli, Sundarban.

The women in India continue to face discrimination and other social challenges and are often victims of abuse and violent crimes according to a global poll. Surprisingly while women in the west had to fight for over a century to get some of their basic rights like right to vote, the Constitution of India gave women equal rights with men from the beginning. Unfortunately, women in this country are mostly unaware of their rights because of illiteracy and oppressive tradition. This study is an attempt to discuss on women and equality with special reference to the Northeast.
Key Words - Women, equality, education, empowerment, national development

Caucasia is a broad isthmus between the Black Sea and the Caspian, traversed by a great chain of mountains rising to a height of 18,000 feet. Caucasian peoples, various ethnic groups living in the Caucasus, a geographically complex area of mountain ranges, plateaus, foothills, plains, rivers, and lakes, with grasslands, forests, marshes and dry steppes. The complex of regions harbours more than 50 separate peoples, ranging from language communities with only a few hundred speakers to large national groups numbering millions. This diversity is not of recent date. In no other region of its size in the world are there so many different races and languages.
Key Words: The Caucasus, peoples, History, Folklore

The services of microfinance are extended through various models and those models are developed to provide effective service to the needy people, mainly among the rural poor and women. Again, among its models, the SHG Models are the Indian home grown models and have dominated the Indian microfinance sector. ‘SHG Models’ comprises three models named as SHG Model-I, SHG Model-II and SHG Model-III, but only Model-II & III are functional in the area of study and SHG Model-III is found to be more dedicated than Model-II, during the period of study in Barpeta district. In terms of magnitude and coverage, Model-II is spread more than model-III, but in terms of growth and trend, the performance of model-III is found to be more active and growing. Again, performance of models on the selected developmental parameters in this study is mostly found in favour of model-III and SHGs under model-III records better performance than model-II.
Key Words: SHG Models, Performance, Barpeta District, Assam.

This paper examines the context and content of Nigeria’s federal arrangements and the missing links in the country’s federal practice. The paper further considers the country’s efforts at national integration and the daunting hurdles to national integration in Nigeria. Presently, the unity and national development of Nigeria is being increasingly threatened by ethnic and religious crises that have continually plagued the nation since independence. The paper reflects that more than half a century after independence, Nigeria is yet to resolve the problems of national integration, stability and development. The difficulty in forging a united nation after independence has often provoked doubts and debates as to the viability of the Nigerian project. The paper contends that the bizarre federal system operated in Nigeria has also facilitated the emergence of violent religious and ethnic militias, while politicians exploit and exacerbate inter-communal and inter-religious tensions for selfish reasons. The paper maintains that the deeply flawed federal system in Nigeria and failure of successive administrations to evolve an integrated Nigeria has left the nation continuously trapped in the vicious circle of poverty. The paper therefore concludes that the prospects of genuine nationhood and development in Nigeria lies in a swift adoption of true federalism and the building of a strongly united, cohesive and integrated Nigeria.
Key Words: Federalism; National Integration; National Development; Nigeria

The aim of the Consumer Protection Act, 1986 is to secure, protect and promote the consumers rights. The principle of the Act is remaining the same irrespective of the different types of consumption pattern of the consumers. Enjoying ‘service’ is also under the scope of the Act subject to certain limitations. This paper is specially designed to present the scenario of ‘medical services’ and its utility towards the patients (Consumers) under the purview of the Act by the help of many judgments and valuable remarks of the Supreme Court of India to adjudge the real relationship between the medical practitioner and patient. Medical negligence is a wrong, gets birth during the various processes of diagnosis, treatment, operation or administration of medicines, where as medical negligence is a prohibited theory in accordance with the medical ethics and medical code of conduct of the medical practitioners. So, ‘medical services’ and ‘consumerism’ is discussed in this paper, along with some suggestive and remedial measures at the end with hoping for subjective redefinition of the law by the Apex Court.

The Abhijnanasakuntalam is a marvelous work of the great poet and playwright Kalidasa, the brightest star in the firmament of Indian poetry. Kalidasa's imagination holds in perfect fusion the two elements of natural beauty and human feelings. Out of three plays of Kalidasa, Abhijnanasakuntalam is generally regarded as a masterpiece. The word ‘Abhijnana’ in the title signifies ‘a token of recognition’ (here a ring), which is instrumental in bringing about the final recognition of Sakuntala by the king. It is a Nataka in Seven Acts, based on the love-story of king Dushyanta and the maiden Sakuntala. Social values form an important part of the culture of the society. Values account for the stability of social order. They provide the general guidelines for social conduct. Values such as fundamental rights, patriotism, respect for human dignity, rationality, sacrifice, individuality, equality, democracy etc. guide our behaviour in many ways. Values are the criteria people use in assessing their daily lives; arrange their priorities and choosing between alternative courses of action. There are Seven Acts in Abhijnanasakuntalam. Each Act of Abhijnanasakuntalam reflects various social values of women which are more beneficial to human society and the present day world.
The present paper will try to shed some light on the various social values i.e., emotions, behaviour, attitude, feelings and experiences, mental states, the degree of patience, the quality of forgiveness, reaction to social situations, modesty and decency etc. of Women in Abhijnanasakuntalam.
Key Words: Society, Value, Social Value, Social Problem, Behaviour, Attitude, Love, Women

Abstract
Common lands, especially forests, contributes a lot to the rural economy in terms of providing food, fodder and fuel for the daily uses of the poor people. In most of the forest-bound economies, women play an important role in food gathering and fodder collection. Degradation of such common lands makes these poor rural women to spend longer hours in resource collection which affects their time allocation to other household activities. This paper analyses the inter-relationships between environment and gender in the rural forest villages of Tinsukia district during 2005-2010.
This paper reveals how the environmental degradation in the rural forest villages of Tinsukia district has an adverse impact on the female members of the rural households, not only in terms of reduced time for leisure and other domestic activities but also in terms of increased number of drop-out rates of the school going girl children.
Thus, this paper shows the need for building a natural resource conservation and management structure so that the condition and quality of life of the rural female folks can be improved by addressing the problems of gender biasness in terms of additional work load and education.
Key Words:-Environmental degradation, Gender, Resource collection, Quality of life.

This study examines Gilbert Harman’s submission that moral beliefs are incapable of the sort of empirical confirmation characteristic of scientific beliefs, in his work, ‘The Nature of Morality.’ This study argues that the incapability of moral beliefs to be empirically confirmed characteristic of scientific beliefs, as espoused by Harman, has not undermined the nature of moral beliefs and the existence of moral universe. Nevertheless, the study concedes that the fact that Harman’s grounds are appealing, his claim is insufficient. The study will conclude that moral beliefs cannot be reduced to nothingness: because they (moral beliefs) need not be empirically confirmed; a formal relationship between moral beliefs and empirical confirmation is not a matter of necessity; and, they (moral beliefs) have independent existence from scientific observation. The method of philosophical exposition and analysis will be employed.
Key Words: Morality, Science, Confirmation, Moral universe, Empirical universe

Abstract
Computer literacy is critical to students’ success in university libraries because of its influence in information organization and service delivery. The application of ICT in the university libraries in Nigeria has necessitated the need for competency in the use of computer. Therefore, the study investigated the influence of computer literacy on students in three university libraries in South-Western, Nigeria. Survey research design was adopted. Questionnaire was used to collect data for the study, and descriptive statistical method was used in analyzing the data collected. Simple random sampling techniques were used to administer the questionnaire. The findings revealed that 52.1% of the respondents have fair level of computer literacy skills which they acquire mainly through formal computer / IT training programme and practical self-teaching. Also it shows that the respondents are only proficient on the use of Microsoft word. The findings revealed that inadequate computer in the library and Lack of information literacy and sponsorship to computers/IT training program in the University Libraries are the major challenges encountered. The study recommends that universities should provide adequate computer systems in the library and also equip student with proper training on computer literacy.
Key Words: Computer literacy, University libraries, South-Western, Nigeria.

Raja Rammohun Roy, one of the makers of modern India was the earliest advocate of liberal economy in India. Like so much about Rammohun his economic ideas were controversial. In his economic ideas, from a broader perspective, Rammohun should definitely be regarded as the earliest member of liberal school. But from a closer observation a huge ambiguity can be estimated in his economic thought. On issues like Colonial economy, Permanent Settlement, Zamindary System, colonization he was so ambivalent that even the contemporary Bengal press remained divided on the question of where to locate him. Did he support the economic policy followed by the East India Company? What was his stand towards contemporary Zamindary System? What was his argument about the free trade or laissez faire economy? These are the interesting questions which the present article is dealing with. So, the main object of this paper is to focus on the economic thought of Rammohun Roy in the early Nineteenth century.
Key Words: Colonial Economy, Colonization, Economic Ideas, Zamindary System.

The period of last two decades witnessed a major change in India in the areas of information explosion and technological advancement through wireless networking technology. In this study networking technology indicates two particular technological advancements which are widely used by the public available in the form of Mobile Phone and Internet. The users of these systems are frequently getting victimized during the course of their subsequent use. The users face many complicacies that are beyond their knowledge caused due to these systems. Such situation arises by an intruder, unlawfully without the authorization/permission of the user. As these technological systems work only by the command of the operator, they are unable to render safety to the user, because the operator/intruder may not be the user. Consequently all these three mechanisms are threatening more to their users. Numerous times the users have harassed and being victimized by the application of these systems. So the innocent users became the victims by using these technological systems. The users have surrounded by innumerable malicious items like viruses, worms, hacking, phishing, malware, spyware and many more during the use of these technological systems. Thus networking technology though renders optimum service to its users, but finally leads towards a newer concept of victimology and creates a State full of victims made out of it. On the other hand there are no perfect legal enforcements available in India to curb the victimization of the innocent users caused by the above said technologically developed systems

Youth are the main contributor to the development of any nation. In India, where youth constitute one third of the total population, it is obvious that this young population should be provided with all facilities and support to develop them. Only providing adequate support will not suffice for their development, but appropriate measures should be taken to safeguard them from probable danger. One danger, our young India is exposed to is addiction. It has been identified and well established through various surveys and studies that huge portion our young population are suffering from addiction. Addictions not only affect the individual future, but jeopardize the family, community, society and country as a whole. This case study is of 50 young people suffering from drug addiction admitted in New Life Foundation( a de-addiction centre) for treatment and rehabilitation to show case how the our youth are in danger of addiction. The primary and secondary data were collected and analyzed with the help of frequency and percentage distribution. The study revealed that family crisis, unemployment, peer pressure and inadequate social support have mostly compelled them to face this miserable situation at their early age of life.
Key Words: Addiction, alcohol, drug, rehabilitation, treatment, youth.

Education is the doorway to the wider world. The education sector is crucial for developing the human capital of countries to innovate and find solutions for sustained and equitable growth. Article 45 of Indian Constitution state that, basic elementary education must be provided to all the children up to the age of fourteen years. Even after 68 years of independence some states of India are still struggling to achieve universal enrolment, retention and quality education. The North Eastern region of India is a thought provoking example of diversity well reflected in the matrix of socio-cultural traits, which are followed by myriads of distinct aboriginal tribal communities inhabiting in this region. The Deoris are also a part of these aboriginal communities inhabiting primarily in the rural areas of Assam. The rural education system of Assam is challenged by various socio-economic factors. Government is making various policies to improve the quality of rural education in the country but in various situations the socio-economic as well as environmental condition prevents the implementation of such policies. The present paper attempts to make an educational assessment of Chenia Deori Village of Dhemaji District, Assam. The Many factors including natural calamities like flood, lack of higher educational institution as well as poor condition of the existing schools are affecting the education system of the village. Such factors are decreasing the enrolment of students in schools and increasing the drop outs. Also the socio-economic condition of the villagers contributes to the wastage and stagnation of school children.
Key Words: Rural Education, Socio-economic, Deori, Flood, Drop outs

Legal services encompass a wide range of activities of economic and social consequences both in the developed as well as in the developing world. An important aspect regarding law is that it has a national character because it is part of local culture and life. This creates the main obstacle to cross-border trade in legal services. But amongst all national laws there is good deal of similarities especially in the basic principles abstracted from the observed practices. Further, in the past decades international trade in legal services has increased rapidly as a result of internationalization of the economy. Sectors such as corporate restructuring, privatization, cross border mergers and acquisition, intellectual property rights, new financial instruments and competition law have generated an increasing demand for more and more sophisticated legal services. Increasingly, lawyers are faced with transactions involving multiple jurisdictions and are required to provide services and advice in more than one jurisdiction. The author has discussed the emerging issues in detail in the article.
Key words: Trade, GATS, Cross Border, Law

With the emergence of new technology, English has become a global language, and proficiency in English communication skills is considered highly essential for a person’s personal and professional growth. Communication generally means the transfer of ideas, feelings, plans, messages, or information from one person to another. Hence, a student of Engineering and Technology cannot ignore the basic skills of communication. In the globalized context, they need a specific set of language skills for their success throughout. Today, it is effective communication in English that fetches students their dream jobs; helps a professional surge ahead of others; keeps afloat a multi-national organization and elevates a common mortal to the dizzy heights of achievements. Thus, it is expected from them to have effective communication skills not just because of decisive breakthroughs in communication technology but also because with each passing day, the impact of the words they say and write seems to grow manifold. At the professional front also, it is communication that decide a person’s career curve. It is so, because in the professional world, what professionals do most of the time is communicate. Effective communication skills are indispensable to move them up on the corporate ladder. Keeping this in mind, the English language teacher has to play an important role by taking a judicious responsibility to help the aforesaid students in developing their communication skills. This paper of mine is an attempt to highlight the strategies to be considered by the English language teachers in developing the required communication skills among the students of Engineering and Technology.
Key Words: Communication Skills, Proficiency, English Language Teacher, Engineering and Technology, Professionals.

The process and the principle of his Yoga, Sri Aurobindo elaborately explained in some of his major works such as The Synthesis of Yoga, Letters on Yoga and Records of Yoga. Although it is not possible to analyze the intuitive realization and the spiritual vision of Sri Aurobindo on the rational ground of the mind as it is a vast ocean of eternal Knowledge, an attempt has been made in this paper to recapitulate and to analyze Sri Aurobindo’s Purna Yoga which is a synthesis of essentials of all the traditional systems of yoga and which is at the same time unique in its totality.
Key Words: Consciousness, Integral Yoga, Transformation and Surrender.

Social Networking websites like ,Facebook, Myspace, Twitter,Youtube etc becoming more and more popular among the youngsters’, because of their attractive feature. Facebook is the most popular social site among the other. Social Networks is only an electronic connection between users but unfortunately it has become an addiction for students, teenagers, and even adults. The impact of social websites can be good on students. But if we have a closer look on the real impact of social networks, we will find its worst sides too. The main focus of students should be education but today’s students are emphasizing more on such sites which is a complete wastage of time.
This paper discusses the positive and Negative impact of social networks on Education of undergraduate level students as well as on their life, depending on one’s interest to use it in a positive manner for his /her education and vice versa .Last but not the least , some suggestive measures mentioned in this paper may be taken in to effect.
Key Words: Social Networks, Impact of Social Networks, Education, Web 2.0, Students

The empowerment of women is crucial for the development of a nation. Evidence across nations suggests that the empowerment of rural women can be achieved through the provision of micro-credit to Self-Help Group (SHG) members. This study was undertaken to examine the effectiveness of SHGs in economic empowerment of women in Assam. The study was based on primary data collected from Baksa district of Assam through interview of SHG member beneficiaries. A total of 100 members from 50 groups of two blocks (25 SHGs from each block) formed the sample size of the study. The study revealed that majority of the respondents belongs to the age group of 25 to 45 and have educational qualification of primary education and most of them are married and major portion of the respondents have 4 to 6 dependents. A number of income generating activities were undertaken by the members after joining SHGs. The result showed positive change in indicators of economic empowerment, viz., income, employment and savings after joining the SHG. The calculated value of Wilcoxon signed Ranks Test for the economic indicators were significant. It revealed that majority of the respondent’s income, employment days and amount of savings increased in the post-SHG situation as compared to pre-SHG situation. Thus the study concluded that SHGs have been playing a vital role in the empowerment of rural women in the study area.
Key Word: SHGs, Women Empowerment, Income, Employment, Savings, Baksa.

The Bodoland demand movement in Assam was first started democratically and soon culminated into an extremist movement and two groups viz., National Democratic Front of Bodoland (NDFB) and Boro Liberation Tigers Force (BLTF) played an instrumental role in the process. Both the NDFB and BLTF demand Bodoland, but BLTF demanded a separate state within India; on the other hand,the NDFB has been demanding a sovereign Bodoland outside the Indian union or secession from Indian Union. This ideological difference cause strong loggerheads between the two groups. This caused many fratricidal killings. The demand of BLTF has been partially fulfilled by the formation of Bodoland Territorial Council (BTC), ignoring the demand of NDFB. But, soon after the BTC formation each group became thirsty each others’ blood. So far, the Government authorities have not formulated or adopted any long-term strategy for a permanent solution to Bodo Terrorism; rather, they stratified the Bodo leadership and co-opted the middle class by negotiating with their demands. Meanwhile, some more militants have declined to lay down their arms.
In view of these developments, this paper examined the factors responsible for the fratricidal killings, the major incidents of fratricidal killings and the strategies that have been exercising by Bodo organisations in dealing with the same.
Key Words: Loggerheads, Fratricide, Fratricidal Clashes, Fratricidal Killings, Bodoland.

Women’s entrepreneurship contributes to the economic well-being of the family and communities and also reduces poverty. It ensures country’s economic growth and development. The empowerment of women to a large extent depends on taking part in some development activities. Therefore the promotion of micro and small scale enterprises has been recognized as an important strategy for advancing the economic empowerment of women. At the household level, women’s microenterprises and small scale businesses play an important role in ensuring the survival of poor household and in building up women’s confidence, skills and socio economic status. However it is seen that women are the most deprived category in the society specifically in developing countries. In India also the economic status of women is very low especially in rural areas and opportunities of earning are very less. In this scenario the Self Help Groups (SHGs) are considered as institutional innovation that fosters empowerment of rural women. Therefore the need for designing exclusive self-employed and other development programmers for promotion of women empowerment is essential. Keeping in view this importance of the research work on women empowerment, the present study aims at discussing some important aspects of women empowerment through micro entrepreneurship development and SHGs. These aspects include status of women SHGs, advantages of micro enterprise in building women empowerment, scope of micro enterprise development etc.
Key Words: Empowerment, Entrepreneurship, Micro enterprise, SHGs.

The main objective of the study is to highlight the psychological behavior of the children’s of Pakistan after watching TV Commercials on Pakistani channels. This research paper covers the detailed area of the selected research which is covering the contents of Cartoons; in this research we select the children’s of Gujrat City as sample. In this study media effects cultivation theory applied and survey method used for data collection. Study concluded that cartoon series especially Ben Ten influence the children behavior as well as their language. It is significant change in children that they prefer cartoon instead of physical games.
Key Words: Cartoons, Television, Culture, Negative effects, Behavior, Language, Violence.

In the present day world ‘humanity’ is the utmost necessary issue to establish in every society; for which many litterateurs used to make efforts to bring the same into the consistence of their writings. In this connection, the Egyptian fiction writer Muhammad Abdul Halim Abdullah also shared his views through his novels; he made portrayal of various issues related to the humanity in particular for showing the moral values in the society. He inquired of the human beings why they are negligent in matters of humanity. In his novels he made depictions of the society in such a way that the humanitarian activities are about to be nullified and subsequently people are oppressed by the dominating sections. In this connection, we find some of his novels that related to the issues of humanity; they are: ‘al-Bahith ‘an al-Haqîqah (Searching for the Truth), al-Jannah al-‘Adhra (the Virgin Garden), Laqîṭa (A Foundling Girl). Moreover, in his short-stories like Ḥâfa al-Jarîma (the Edge of Crime) and al-Nâfidha al-Gharbiyyah (The Western Window); all these novels are concerned with the values of humanity in the greater society of the world.
Key Words: Arabic Novel, humanity, fiancé, society, penniless

Ambedkar is one of the greatest personalities of 20th century India. His life was a great saga of suffering, sacrifice and struggle. His birth as an untouchable gave him a bitter taste of caste tyranny, oppression and unbearable agony. He was a fighter for the dignity of man and deprived people. His life was a struggle of a champion of human rights. So obviously he was a great thinker of woman and their rights. Being a pioneer of social justice, he always worked for the woman emancipation. His principle aim was to build up a society based on social justice. To secure and fulfill his dreams he thought everybody should be equal irrespective of caste, creed, gender and religion. For that reason he started work for the upliftment of woman and their rights. In this context, the present paper intends and tries to narrate the rights and upliftment of woman in the view of Ambedkar. The endeavor was also given to highlight the relevance of Ambedkar at present day India.
Key Words: Ambedkar, woman rights, social justice, relevance, India

Dr. Sarvapalli Radhakrishnan the name needs no introduction. A philosopher, a great teacher, a scholar par-excellence, a creative genius, a great humanist, a spiritualist, a man of vision, a man of mission, a man of principles, an idealist, an orator with gift of the gab, an original thinker, an eminent author and then the role of the Executive Head of India are few outlines of this personality. He was one of the greatest educationists in India. He not only enlightened India but also the whole world by his outstanding personality and intellect. He shines like a luminous star in the galaxy of intellectuals. He was a great son of India. His birthday is celebrated as the Teacher’s day in India. He was the torch-bearer of the Indian education. His contribution to the field of education, philosophy, religion, culture, science etc. was immemorial. Dr. Radhakrishnan defines education as the instrument for social, economic and cultural change. For social and national integration, for increasing productively, education should be properly utilized. The importance of education is not only in knowledge and skill, but it is to help us to live with others. According to him education should not merely give us some techniques so that we lead successful lives, but should also help us discover “lasting values”. The teaching profession was his first love and those who studied under him still remember with gratitude to his great qualities as a teacher.
In this milieu, the present paper has tried to focus on the educational thoughts of Sarvapalli Radhakrishnan- Concepts and Functions of Education, Aims of Education, Curriculum, Methods of Teaching, Discipline, Role of Teacher and Relevance of his educational thoughts in today’s India.
Key Words: Education, Philosophy, Religion, Educational thoughts, Man-Making, Character-forming, Life-building.

This paper tries to analyze the effectiveness of micro teaching on trainee pre-service and in-service teachers and students of training colleges and senior secondary level schools of Burdwan district in West Bengal. The study includes of two hundred teachers and one hundred students of different areas of Burdwan district in West Bengal. The analysis were undertaken by the Students’ t- test and the results indicate that micro teaching have a significant positive impact in alleviating the difficulties of traditional class room teaching. A binary logit regression model has been fitted to establish the nature and magnitude of relationship between efficacy of micro teaching and a set of selected factors undertaken for the present study of the trainee teachers and students.
Key Words: Micro teaching, Students’t- test, traditional class room teaching, binary logit regression.