This randomized phase III trial is studying low-dose vincristine to see how well it works compared with high-dose vincristine when given together with different combination chemotherapy regimens in treating young patients with intermediate-risk relapsed B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Drugs used in chemotherapy work in different ways to stop the growth of cancer cells, either by killing the cells or by stopping them from dividing. Giving more than one drug (combination chemotherapy) and giving the drugs in different ways and different doses may kill more cancer cells..

I. To determine levels of minimal residual disease (MRD) present at the end of the first & third blocks of Induction and determine if higher MRD levels at these times identify patients at higher risk of relapse who might be candidates for alternative therapies in future trials.

II. To determine whether common polymorphisms in candidate genes are associated with the frequency of vincristine adverse effects (peripheral neuropathy, syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion [SIADH], or constipation) and with anti-leukemic response (level of end-Induction MRD).

IV. To use deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) arrays to characterize patterns of gene expression that predict treatment failure, and to compare gene expression profiles at the time of relapse with those at initial diagnosis to gain an understanding of the pathways that may be involved in disease resistance.

OUTLINE: This is a multicenter, randomized study. Patients are randomized to 1 of 2 treatment regimens (randomization closed as of 09/2010).

INDUCTION THERAPY 1 (WEEKS 1-5):

Regimen A: Patients receive low-dose vincristine intravenously (IV) on days 1, 8, 15, and 22; prednisone orally (PO) 3 times daily (TID) on days 1-28; doxorubicin hydrochloride IV over 15 minutes on day 1; pegaspargase intramuscularly (IM) on days 2, 8, 15, and 22; cytarabine intrathecally (IT) on day 1; and methotrexate IT* on days 15 and 29.

Regimen B: (closed to accrual as of 09/2010)***: Patients receive high-dose vincristine IV on days 1, 8, 15, and 22 and prednisone, doxorubicin hydrochloride, pegaspargase, cytarabine, and methotrexate* as in Regimen A.

NOTE: *Central nervous system (CNS)-positive patients do not receive methotrexate IT. In both arms, CNS-positive patients receive intrathecal triple therapy (ITT) comprising methotrexate IT, hydrocortisone IT, and cytarabine IT on days 1, 8, 15, 22, and 29. CNS-positive patients not achieving remission after induction therapy 1 receive one additional dose of ITT on day 36. Patients in both arms then proceed to induction therapy 2**.

INDUCTION THERAPY 2 (WEEKS 6-10 or 7-11): Once blood counts recover, all patients receive etoposide phosphate IV over = 1 hour and cyclophosphamide IV over 1 hour on days 1-5; high-dose methotrexate IV continuously over 24 hours on day 22; leucovorin calcium IV or PO beginning 42 hours after start of high-dose methotrexate and continuing every 6 hours for at least 3 doses; and methotrexate IT* on days 1 and 22. Patients also receive filgrastim (G-CSF) IV or subcutaneously (SC) beginning on day 6 and continuing until blood counts recover.

NOTE: *CNS-positive patients do not receive methotrexate IT. CNS-positive patients receive ITT on days 1 and 22. Patients with testicular-relapse with persistent testicular disease at the end of induction therapy 1 undergo testicular radiotherapy once daily (QD), 5 days a week, for 12 days during induction therapy 2**.

INDUCTION THERAPY 3 (WEEKS 11-15 or 12-16): All patients receive high-dose cytarabine IV over 3 hours on days 1, 2, 8, and 9, and asparaginase IM on days 2 and 9. Patients also receive G-CSF IV or SC beginning on day 10 and continuing until blood counts recover. Patients with a suitable HLA-matched related donor are removed from study and proceed to stem cell transplantation. Patients without a suitable HLA-matched related donor proceed to intensification therapy 1 (as per their randomized regimen in induction therapy 1).

INTENSIFICATION THERAPY 1 (WEEKS 16-27 or 17-28):

Regimen A: Patients receive low-dose vincristine IV and high-dose methotrexate IV continuously over 24 hours on day 1; leucovorin calcium IV or orally beginning 42 hours after start of high-dose methotrexate and continuing every 6 hours for at least 3 doses; oral mercaptopurine once daily on days 2-6; etoposide phosphate IV over ≥ 1 hour and cyclophosphamide IV over 1 hour on day 8; and methotrexate IT* on day 15. Treatment repeats every 21 days for 4 courses (with the exception of IT methotrexate which repeats for only 3 courses).

Patients in both regimens then proceed to reinduction therapy (as per their randomized regimen in induction therapy 1).

REINDUCTION THERAPY (WEEKS 28-32 or 29-33):

Regimen A: Patients receive low-dose vincristine IV and doxorubicin hydrochloride IV over 15 minutes on days 1, 8, and 15, oral dexamethasone twice daily on days 1-7 and 15-21, pegaspargase IM on days 2 and 15, and methotrexate IT* on days 1 and 28.

Regimen B: Patients receive high-dose vincristine IV on days 1, 8, and 15 and doxorubicin hydrochloride, dexamethasone, pegaspargase, and methotrexate IT* as in Regimen A. (closed to accrual as of 09/2010)

NOTE: ** Patients already enrolled on Regimen B are crossover to Regimen A. Patients in both regimens then proceed to intensification therapy 2 (as per their randomized regimen in induction therapy 1).

INTENSIFICATION THERAPY 2 (WEEKS 33-56 or 34-57):

Regimen A: Once blood counts recover, patients receive high-dose cytarabine IV over 3 hours on days 1 and 2; pegaspargase IM on day 2; low-dose vincristine IV on days 22 and 29; high-dose methotrexate IV on day 22; leucovorin calcium IV or orally beginning 42 hours after start of high-dose methotrexate and continuing every 6 hours for at least 3 doses; oral mercaptopurine once daily on days 23-27; etoposide phosphate IV over ≥ 1 hour and cyclophosphamide IV over 1 hour on day 29; and methotrexate IT* on day 36. Patients also receive G-CSF IV or SC beginning on day 3 and continuing until blood counts recover. Treatment repeats every 42 days for 4 courses (with the exception of IT methotrexate which only repeats for 3 courses).

Patients in both regimens then proceed to maintenance therapy (as per their randomized regimen in induction therapy 1).

MAINTENANCE THERAPY (week 57-106 or 58-107):

Regimen A: Patients receive methotrexate IT on day 1* and then PO on days 8, 15, 22, 29, and 36; mercaptopurine PO QD on days 1-42; dexamethasone PO twice daily (BID) on days 1-5; and low-dose vincristine IV and cyclophosphamide IV over 1 hour on days 43, 50, 57, and 64. Treatment repeats every 70 days for 5 courses.

NOTE: *CNS-positive patients receive methotrexate IT on day 1, instead of oral methotrexate.

Beginning in week 1 of the first maintenance therapy course, patients with CNS relapse undergo cranial radiotherapy QD, 5 days a week, for 10 days. Patients with CNS relapse do not receive any IT therapy during maintenance therapy.

After completion of study therapy, patients are followed periodically for 5 years.

Note: Information about this trial is from the ClinicalTrials.gov database. The versions designated for health professionals and patients contain
the same text. Minor
changes may be made to the ClinicalTrials.gov record to standardize the names of study sponsors, sites, and
contacts. Cancer.gov only lists sites that are recruiting patients for active trials, whereas ClinicalTrials.gov lists all sites for all trials. Questions and comments regarding the presented information should
be directed to ClinicalTrials.gov.