I have written this post in response to a recent article by Tracy Cassels of the site Evolutionary Parenting. Tracy asked for clarification or corrections where necessary and I felt strongly compelled to respond point by point to dispel the many inaccuracies in that piece. I have interspersed a bit of my own opinion, but chose to support my points primarily using quotes from Magda Gerber herself as evidence. So for you, Tracy, and for any readers who might also misunderstand:~~You said: “What I do know is likely the same as any parent who decides to go looking into it without immersing oneself completely so, arguably, it speaks to how an average person would interpret RIE given the articles freely available.”The fact is: You wrote a piece indicting a philosophy for incorrect facts that you did not take the time to clarify or understand better and you used “an average person” as an excuse for doing minimal research and drawing inaccurate conclusions.~~You said: “Although previously people attributed too little to infants and children, arguably RIE attributes too much, or perhaps attributes capacities in the wrong areas.”The fact is: RIE doesn’t “attribute too much”. RIE advocates meeting the child where they are, observing to determine their needs, and giving them only as much help as they need to succeed on their own. RIE only attributes too much capability if you believe an infant is an incapable, empty vessel.﻿Magda says:﻿“We have a basic trust in the infant to be an initiator… we provide the infant with only enough help necessary to allow the child to enjoy mastery of her own actions” (Gerber 2).“At RIE, we urge parents to relax, observe, end enjoy what their babies are doing, noticing and enjoying new skills as they develop naturally.”~~You said: “Based solely on observation… without the biological underpinning, there’s really just observation and we must take that with a grain of salt."The fact is: RIE is based firmly in attachment theory and the extensive research of Drs. Bowlby and Ainsworth. Additionally, attachment theory itself is “based solely on observation”. RIE is NOT based on Attachment Parenting, a la Dr. and Mrs. Sears.Attachment theory states that a young child needs to develop a relationship with at least one primary caregiver for social and emotional development to occur normally.“Attachment behavior in adults towards the child includes responding sensitively and appropriately to the child’s needs” (McLeod).“John Bowlby… (1952) observed that children experienced intense distress when separated from their mothers” (McLeod).“Bowlby (1958) proposed that attachment can be understood within an evolutionary context in that the caregiver provides safety and security for the infant” (McLeod).Magda says: “A parent’s role is to provide a secure and predictable environment. You do have to be sensitive to your infant’s changing needs; the infant has to feel your caring presence.” (Gerber xv).“Some experts tell you to take your baby with you wherever you go to give her security. We believe that babies derive security not only from being near their parents, but also from being allowed to explore their environment freely on their own.You need to check in frequently and, of course, be available when your baby needs to be fed, diapered, bathed, etc. By all means, be with your baby when you enjoy relaxing and just watching him” (Gerber 15-16).The fact is: Parents have things to do, from working outside the home to laundry and dishes to showering or reading a book, that do not involve paying 100 percent attention to their babies.Magda says: “When adults try to do their own work while trying to pay attention to their children, both parent and child end up feeling frustrated. This trap, I feel, is created by books and advisors who say that a baby needs to have his parent near him at all times…Many parents are concerned about not being ‘good parents’ when they are not with their child. I still do not quite understand why it is so difficult for parents to accept that it is all right (sic) to leave a child in [a] totally safe space, while the parent is available but doing something else within hearing distance” (Gerber 17-18).~~You said: “Ignoring the importance of touch in favor of the mind.” You quoted Magda Gerber as saying, “What is the value of being held or touched if it’s only the skin that is in contact? What about your minds connecting, or to become more philosophical, your souls?”You: “I want to scream because too many people actually believe that touch is unimportant… [and] this seems to be the way touch is interpreted by many parents reading up on RIE.”The fact is: You have misinterpreted this quote and, taking it out of context and without a citation, have made it difficult for anyone to counter your point. The truth is that Magda was not talking about touch being unimportant. She was talking about touch being critical, but that touch for the sake of touch is not good enough. That when we touch an infant, we need to touch not only with our hands, but intimately with our souls as well.Magda says:“Often parents believe that holding is good, being left alone…is not. I believe babies need both. There are sound physiological reasons why a newborn should not be held all the time. To begin with, he must adapt to his new capabilities outside the womb, by kicking, stretching, curling and uncurling his body… I see lots of infants hanging on their [parents] in carriers. The babies are cramped and confined; any movement by the parent compresses them further into the carrier. Whenever the parent moves about or gesticulates, it is like a “mini-earthquake” for the baby!” (Gerber 45).“There are also psychological reasons why around-the-clock holding is not developmentally sound. Parents often say to me, ‘I want to hold my baby all the time to show him how much I love him.’ Most animals can show affection only through touch, but we humans have an extensive, varied, and refined repertoire of ways to demonstrate love. To me, a mature, evolved person shows love by respecting the otherness of the beloved. You become a good parent not only by listening to your instinctive messages but by paying close attention to your baby… Sensitive observation flows from respect… How often I see parents holding their babies, or carrying them in contraptions close to the body, without paying the slightest attention to them” (Gerber 45-46).~~You said: “RIE is a philosophy that focuses on respect of a child as an independent person that we must observe in order to gain our own awareness of them.”“RIE views infants as being independent from birth and they are to be treated with the respect that comes with a mind ready to engage…”The fact is: RIE is a philosophy that focuses on respect of the infant as a dependent, but aware and competent individual, capable of communicating with us and participating in her own care.Magda says:“We not only respect babies, we demonstrate our respect every time we interact with them. Respecting a child means treating even the youngest infant as a unique human being, not as an object” (Gerber 1).“We observe carefully to understand the infant’s communications and his needs. The more we observe, the more we understand and appreciate the enormous amount and speed of learning that happens during the first two or three years of life. We become more humble, we teach less, and we provide an environment for learning instead” (Gerber 2).~~You said: “The issue of the fourth trimester should be…moot.”The fact is: It is moot in this conversation, because it is irrelevant. RIE sees birth as the first separation and encourages parents to help babies when necessary to make a smooth transition from life inside the womb to life outside it. Caring for a dependent child is entirely different from claiming the need to create a womb-like environment outside the womb.I just want to briefly point out the fact that the “fourth trimester” being three times as long as a trimester doesn’t make any sense. You’re talking about a second gestation, not a fourth trimester. Babies are fully capable of adapting to their changed environment in three months or less, as evidenced by the fact that their sleep cycles regulate in about 4 months, they learn to suckle efficiently within a week or so, and their eyes adjust constantly from birth. Additionally, you mark mobility as the end of the “fourth trimester,” but babies are far from independent just because they are mobile. What’s the difference between needing help to move across the room and depending on a parent or caregiver for food, connection, and safety for at least 10-20 years?Magda says:“Babies have to learn to adapt to a very different life from the one to which they were accustomed in the womb. They need to sort out sensations coming from within and a barrage of stimuli coming from the outer world. They may feel lots of discomfort, and they express their discomfort by crying.Their discomfort may be from hunger, pain, feeling too cold or too warm, sudden changes in position, or too much noise, light, or activity around the child…Sometimes a change from wakefulness to sleep, and vice-versa, are vulnerable transition times… A very young baby may cry to discharge energy.It takes babies time to find out how they can help themselves. Eventually they learn how to get rid of gas bubbles, how to relax and fall asleep, how to suck most efficiently, etc.” (Gerber 39-40).~~You said: “The second issue about forced independence… is there doesn’t seem to be a lot of discussion surrounding how parents can properly read the signals sent by their children… telling them that their child is actually yearning for less contact and attention is not the message we should send. When parents believe their baby wants to be left alone, despite a wealth of research suggesting otherwise, parents can take that to mean they can and should spend less time with their babies, a problem when the average baby receives so little touch it borders on criminal.”The fact is: Anyone who is practicing RIE will most certainly NOT be giving their baby so little touch that it might be even remotely in the same vicinity as criminal. RIE never advocates spending very little time with babies. I think the question that should be posed is “Less than what?” If it is less than constant, then yes, RIE advocates less than constant contact with your baby. If it is less than the minimum for secure attachment, then absolutely not. RIE advocates much much more than that.﻿Magda says:﻿“Responding to a crying baby: Crying must be responded to. But how is a more complicated issue. To follow the advice, “Do not let your baby cry,” is practically impossible. At times, the harder a mother or father tries to stop the baby’s crying, the more anxious everyone becomes…The way a parent responds to the baby also “conditions” the baby to expect specific responses (feeding, covering, rocking). Instead of responding to real need, the parent may respond to a created need, conditioned by the parent.For example, an anxious and irritated parent (crying does irritate!) will most likely do what brings the fastest relief—give the breast or bottle… This is the right solution if the baby is hungry. However, if the baby has other needs…, she will learn to expect [suckling] in response to these other needs, and grasp the breast or bottle even though she is not hungry. Fast, easy solutions work to relieve immediate tension but can result in forming bad habits” (Gerber 40).“How can you help?… First, do accept that you don’t understand instinctively what exactly makes your baby cry, nor what to do about it. Next, rather than responding mechanically with one of the usual routines of holding, feeding, or changing your baby, to stop the crying, try quietly talking to your baby.Remember, crying is a baby’s language—it is a way to express pain, anger, and sadness. Acknowledge the emotions your baby is expressing. Let him know he has communicated.For example, you might say, ‘I see you’re uncomfortable. And hearing you cry really upsets me. I want to find out what you need. Tell me. I will try to understand your cues…’… Then think out loud. ‘Could it be that your diaper is wet? I don’t think you are hungry because you just ate. Maybe I’ve been holding you long enough and maybe you want to be on your back for a while.’ This is the start of lifelong, honest communication” (Gerber 41).﻿“My goal is for you to really understand what I mean. Then you can take what you like and reject what you don’t like. But that is what is so difficult, the understanding” (Gerber xvi).﻿“It is easy to give advice, but if good advice would work, we would all be perfect. I do not expect you to be perfect. I do not expect you or any other parent to be superhuman. I just hope that the RIE principles will slowly become part of your awareness, your thinking and your actions, and that eventually, when they truly become a part of you, they will serve as your own inner guidelines… Those inner guidelines can gently remind you… to use a little more patience, empathy, and sensitivity next time” (Gerber xvii).~~You said: “I believe that all babies should be supported when crying – so long as they allow it and don’t push away (in which case, give them their space, but remain close and remind them you are there when they are ready).”The fact is: I’m confused as to the issue here, because that is exactly what RIE advocates. The entire argument you follow up with about presupposing that babies cry for no reason is completely irrelevant. See above for the RIE stance on crying as communication and how to respond. It seems to me that your issue is less with RIE and more with, truly, your and others limited understanding of it or motivation to discover it. I am able to support this entire piece simply by pulling quotes from Magda’s most frequently recommended book, which costs $13.09 USD brand new from Amazon.You said: “Some of the problems are with interpretation and the fact that some of what is said in RIE can be misconstrued by parents looking for an easier way out.”The fact is: If you base your perception of anything on the interpretations of people “looking for an easier way out,” you’re in big trouble. People looking for the easy path are never a good measure of anything worth doing. I would suggest that you would probably not want anyone making assumptions about your theory based on the opinions of people looking for the easy way out.Sources Referenced:Cassels, Tracy. “My Problems With RIE.” 7 April 2014. Evolutionary Parenting. 9 April 2014. <http://evolutionaryparenting.com/my-problems-with-rie>.Gerber, Magda. Dear Parent: Caring for Infants with Respect. Ed. Joan Weaver. Los Angeles: Resources for Infant Educarers (RIE), 2002.McLeod, Saul. “Attachment Theory.” 2009. Simply Psychology. 9 April 2014.http://www.simplypsychology.org/attachment.html.Additional Resources:Your Self-Confident Baby by Magda Gerber ($12.08 on Amazon)1, 2, 3… The Toddler Years by Irene Van der Zande ($13.15 on Amazon)The RIE Manual by Resources for Infant Educarers ($22 at rie.org)Theories of Attachment: An Introduction to Bowlby, Ainsworth, Gerber, Brazelton, Kennell, and Klaus by Carol Mooney ($16.49 on Amazon)www.rie.org/educaringwww.janetlansbury.comwww.regardingbaby.orgwww.respectfulparent.com (not officially RIE, or endorsed by RIE)www.respectfulparent.com/12-reasons-why-the-rie-craze-isnt-crazyDisclosure: This post contains affiliate links to Amazon. If you purchase a product I have linked, I will receive a small portion of the seller’s profits. I have only recommended products I absolutely stand behind and I would recommend them with or without the marketing fee in any context.Tiffany Gough – has written 8 posts on the site Respectful Parent.Tiffany is a mama to a toddler and an avid researcher (information addict). She loves learning. developing parenting and coaching skills, and improving herself. She discovered RIE before her son was born, thanks to a friend posting an article from Janet Lansbury and a subsequent long fall down the "Janet Vortex".

I am a new grandmother, and of course want only the best for my adorable new granddaughter. She already has 3 mobiles, 2 cradle gyms, 2 busy boxes and untold numbers of stuffed animals. What toys do you recommend I buy her? I have heard you say that babies like plastic margarine dishes, but Magda, this is my first grandchild! I want to get her something really nice! New Grandma

Dear Magda,

I have been in the field of early childhood development for many years and I recently visited the RIE Center for the first time. I was very surprised. I went expecting to see the latest in infant toys and materials. Instead, what I saw in the babies' play room, neatly arrayed on low shelves were empty plastic soda bottles, aluminum plates, plastic strainers and other things that most people wouldn't consider toys. In fact most people wouldn't even bother saving many of those things. Would you please explain the reasons for your choices of baby toys? Confused Professional

Dear Grandma and Professional, (and all Parents),

I hear you both responding to today's frantic sales pitches for "new and better toys" for "new and better babies". I would like very much to give you my ideas on babies' toys, both what I recommend, and what I do not recommend.

First, I would like to say that rather than "toys", I prefer to call them play objects. We say that a baby is playing when she is manipulating an object (even if it is her own hand), so in fact any object a baby would choose to manipulate would be a play object.

As for my recommendations, the most important consideration is safety. Any play object must be safe for the infant who will use it.

This means a play object must be too big to be swallowed. A play object must not have removable parts. The eyes and ears of many teddy bears have ended up in babies' stomachs and, if they are lucky, in their stools. The peas and dried beans that some stuffed animals are filled with can escape through tiny holes in the seams. What a baby will typically do with these small, round objects is push them into his nose. The mucous inside the baby's nose will cause the bean to swell, and a doctor's help will be required to remove it.

The small objects that older children play with (construction toys such as Lego, tiny people and animals, etc.) are dangerous for infants and must be kept away from them. There is a size tester marketed for adults to use if they are in doubt about the swallowability of a toy. It is available through educational supply houses and some big toys stores, and might be useful for you.

Other elements of safety include checking a play object for sharp edges, breakability and anything that might cause suffocation. I would never give a baby a balloon for several reasons. For one thing, it might burst and frighten him, but more importantly he might put a popped or unblown balloon into his mouth, get it caught in his throat, and asphyxiate. For a similar reason I would not give an infant a silk or nylon scarf: babies tend to jam things into their mouths, and a fine scarf could cause a baby to choke.

I would also not give an infant any toy with liquid inside, such as those hour glass rattles with little beads floating in clear fluid. There is always the possibility of the rattle breaking, the beads spilling out, and since babies explore the world largely with their mouths, those beads will end up inside the baby.

Some of the loveliest toys to look at are ones I would not choose for use with groups of babies: those made of heavy wood. In a group situation a heavy wooden object may easily become a flying missile and may injure another child. However, for a single child at home, some wooden toys can be very nice.

I also do not like to see infants playing with objects that have long strings attached, such as pull toys for beginning walkers. The strings can too easily be wrapped around an infant's neck during normal play. (It is partly for these reasons that I do not recommend having infants and toddlers in the same group. Appropriate play objects and styles for toddlers can create an unsafe environment for smaller children.)

Now on to what I do recommend.In general, play objects for babies should be simple, sturdy and cleanable. In a baby's play space at home or in a group care setting there should be a variety of sizes, shapes and weights represented (but none so heavy that a baby would be injured if it fell on her). Most importantly, play objects for infants need to be those which the infant can look at, touch, grasp, hold, mouth, and manipulate endlessly, never repeating the same experience. It is easy to find such objects in your own kitchen or in a dime store.

If you have observed very young babies you know how much they like to hold on to their blankets, clothing, or diapers. I consider the best first "toy" a scarf about 18 inches square made of sturdy cotton or linen and hemmed all around. You can buy or sew several in different colors and patterns. Hold the scarf in the middle and arrange it to form a peak. Place it at an angle where the infant can look at it, reach out for it, touch it, and eventually grab it. You will be amazed at how many different ways and for how long even a very young baby will manipulate such a scarf.

It is true that at the RIE Center we have many plastic and aluminum containers for the babies to manipulate. Cups, bowls, colanders, dishpans, baskets, and camping mess kits in many sizes, shapes and colors provide children with many hours of activity during their first two years of life. Containers offer opportunities for babies to explore many notions, including in and out while the child remains in control of the activity and the object. This builds feelings of competence and confidence along with the concrete information gathered.

You can raid your own kitchen for these wonderful play objects, if you want to. Collect a variety of colorful, sturdy plastic containers. Make sure some will nest inside others, and that some will stack. Check to find some that make interesting noises when tapped against each other or the floor. Infants also enjoy holding things with holes in them, such as plastic bread baskets. Plastic, one-piece ice cube trays are a favorite, too. For more variety, include some light, shiny metal plates or pans (but watch for sharp handles).

For all infants, I recommend balls, balls, balls: big ones, small ones, plastic whiffle-type ones with holes. I like beach balls blown up to different degrees of firmness, so it is easy for little fingers to grab and lift them. Rubber balls are fine, but not those made of nerf-type foam, as infants could bite and eat pieces. Inflatable water toys, especially beach rings offer many different kinds of experiences for infants, all on dry land, of course.

All sizes of plastic bottles, thoroughly cleaned, are safe, easy for babies to manipulate and safely poke their fingers into. They also make very interesting noises when they fall over or bump another object. The 2 liter size soda bottles are among the best of this type.

Plastic chains are always fascinating to infants.

Those well-known oldies, large sized pop beads are still favorites, as well as newer types. Make sure, though, that if the chains are flexible, they are not long enough to tangle around a baby's neck or limbs. (This is not a concern with pop type beads because the chain is not very bendable.)

As a baby becomes older and more mobile, boxes of all types are excellent play objects. Large boxes can be crawled on, in or through, smaller ones can become containers for other play objects. Boxes can become towers, tunnels, walls, vehicles. Of course, the same criteria of safety and sturdiness hold for boxes as for other play objects.

Dear Grandma, if you still feel you want to buy something special for that wonderful grandchild, here are some suggestions for play objects that she will use more as she becomes a little older. As I mentioned, wooden toys are fine for one child to use at home. Many toy stores carry beautiful wooden blocks and lovely wooden puzzles of simple shapes with knobs for little fingers to lift each piece. Some Montessori materials such as wooden cylinder sets in their own trays make fine gifts. And of course it is a grandparent's prerogative to give a favorite doll to any grandchild. (Naturally a favorite doll would be a safe doll, with no small, removable parts.)

What do all of these recommended play objects have in common? None do anything. They will only respond when the infant activates them. In other words our active infant manipulates passive objects. In contrast, entertaining kinds of toys, such as mobiles or later on, windup toys, cause a passive infant to watch an active toy. This trains the child to expect to be amused and entertained, and sets the scene for later TV watching.

The best materials for infants need not be fancy, but neither are they limited to castoffs. The best play objects for babies are those which allow them to be as active .and competent as possible at every stage of development.

"And some of the people who studied with me told me seeing differently can be a curse as well as a blessing, because you see how many, many well meaning, kind, nice adults don't treat infants with respect.They manipulate them, they love them, they tickle them, they do many, many things, but they don't show respect. They use them as objects. They may be objects of love, or objects of pride. There are many different, but that's not what a little individual needs. This allowing, allowing that baby to become real, authentic, genuine, to move, to feel the way they really want to move and feel, and not to want to move and feel differently So we really don't show too much appreciation of what they are."

This one minute video clip from Seeing Infants With New Eyes, may forever change the way you view infants. Seeing Infants With New Eyes is available as a DVD, here, along with See How They Move, and On Their Own With Our Help, all featuring Magda speaking, sharing her philosophy, and working her magic with babies.