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247
background as a South Carolina farm laborer
with little education to working with
Manly’s press. By 1900, he was living with
the Manly brothers and other “ exiles” from
North Carolina in Washington, D. C. and
was working as a commercial printer. He
remained in the city and continued to work
as a printer for the next several decades,
eventually finding a wife and securing a
stable life for himself as a self- employed
printer. Goins exemplified the improved
conditions met by many men who fled the
city as a result of November 10, 1898. A
young man, Goins found another life in
another city and built upon the business
foundations he established in Wilmington.
Other young men who left the city after the
riot and found opportunity to prosper in
other parts of the country were attorneys
William Henderson and Armond Scott. 59
John C. Dancy
Another highly successful African
American who was present in the city at the
time of the riot was John C. Dancy. Dancy
was part of a larger family from Tarboro and
enjoyed wide political connections and
mutual respect of whites and blacks before
the riot and had just come to the city for his
second term as Collector for the Port in
1898. Because of his status as a federally
appointed employee with political
connection in Washington, D. C., Dancy
escaped the violence of 1898 since the white
leaders of the coup knew interference with
Dancy would certainly result in federal
intervention. Dancy left the city for a short
while around the time of the violence but
returned to serve his term as Collector until
he was appointed to be the Register of
Deeds for the District of Columbia by
President Theodore Roosevelt in 1902.
59 United States Census, 1870, 1880, 1900, 1910,
1920; Reaves, Strength Through Struggle, 462- 3;
Cody, “ After the Storm.”
Dancy became an influential spokesman for
African Americans respected by many on
both sides of the color line. In his speeches
Dancy emphasized the need for African
Americans to focus on improving the race as
a whole even as he lauded the efforts of a
wide spectrum of other leading blacks from
Booker T. Washington to Frederick
Douglass. Quite wealthy by the time of his
death in Washington in 1920, Dancy
exemplified a leadership formula that
defined the limits of his accommodation of
the tenets of white supremacy rhetoric. His
connections and desire to bridge the gaps
between the races extended to his son who
became a leader in the Urban League. 60
Mapping the City
Japanese scholar Hayumi Higuchi,
while in graduate school at UNC- Chapel
Hill in the 1970’ s, studied the changes in
residential patterns in the city using the city
directories from 1897, 1902, and 1905.61
Higuchi found that in 1897 the core of the
city was dominated by whites in a triangular
pattern beginning with Ninth at Market
working outward to Second at Dawson and
at Campbell. One small exception could be
found in two neighboring streets, North
60 Reaves, Strength Through Struggle, 384- 6; Booker
T. Washington Papers, Livingstone College; John C.
Dancy, Jr., Sand Against the Wind, 60- 71, 75; Louis
T. Harlan, ed., Booker T. Washington Papers, v. 5,
123- 4; Powell, William, ed., “ John C. Dancy,”
Dictionary of North Carolina Biography.
61 Higuchi plotted every residence in the directory by
race and then determined the percentage of race by
street to understand the racial make- up of the city. If
a street had fewer than 15% black occupants, it was
considered a white street; if a street had 85% or more
black, it was considered a black street. Other
increments of the percentage of black residents on a
street were also marked: 75- 84%, 60- 74%, 40- 59%,
25- 39%, 15- 24%, 0- 14%. The maps were not
included in her original thesis but were shared for use
in this work. New maps based on her work are
included in this report.

247
background as a South Carolina farm laborer
with little education to working with
Manly’s press. By 1900, he was living with
the Manly brothers and other “ exiles” from
North Carolina in Washington, D. C. and
was working as a commercial printer. He
remained in the city and continued to work
as a printer for the next several decades,
eventually finding a wife and securing a
stable life for himself as a self- employed
printer. Goins exemplified the improved
conditions met by many men who fled the
city as a result of November 10, 1898. A
young man, Goins found another life in
another city and built upon the business
foundations he established in Wilmington.
Other young men who left the city after the
riot and found opportunity to prosper in
other parts of the country were attorneys
William Henderson and Armond Scott. 59
John C. Dancy
Another highly successful African
American who was present in the city at the
time of the riot was John C. Dancy. Dancy
was part of a larger family from Tarboro and
enjoyed wide political connections and
mutual respect of whites and blacks before
the riot and had just come to the city for his
second term as Collector for the Port in
1898. Because of his status as a federally
appointed employee with political
connection in Washington, D. C., Dancy
escaped the violence of 1898 since the white
leaders of the coup knew interference with
Dancy would certainly result in federal
intervention. Dancy left the city for a short
while around the time of the violence but
returned to serve his term as Collector until
he was appointed to be the Register of
Deeds for the District of Columbia by
President Theodore Roosevelt in 1902.
59 United States Census, 1870, 1880, 1900, 1910,
1920; Reaves, Strength Through Struggle, 462- 3;
Cody, “ After the Storm.”
Dancy became an influential spokesman for
African Americans respected by many on
both sides of the color line. In his speeches
Dancy emphasized the need for African
Americans to focus on improving the race as
a whole even as he lauded the efforts of a
wide spectrum of other leading blacks from
Booker T. Washington to Frederick
Douglass. Quite wealthy by the time of his
death in Washington in 1920, Dancy
exemplified a leadership formula that
defined the limits of his accommodation of
the tenets of white supremacy rhetoric. His
connections and desire to bridge the gaps
between the races extended to his son who
became a leader in the Urban League. 60
Mapping the City
Japanese scholar Hayumi Higuchi,
while in graduate school at UNC- Chapel
Hill in the 1970’ s, studied the changes in
residential patterns in the city using the city
directories from 1897, 1902, and 1905.61
Higuchi found that in 1897 the core of the
city was dominated by whites in a triangular
pattern beginning with Ninth at Market
working outward to Second at Dawson and
at Campbell. One small exception could be
found in two neighboring streets, North
60 Reaves, Strength Through Struggle, 384- 6; Booker
T. Washington Papers, Livingstone College; John C.
Dancy, Jr., Sand Against the Wind, 60- 71, 75; Louis
T. Harlan, ed., Booker T. Washington Papers, v. 5,
123- 4; Powell, William, ed., “ John C. Dancy,”
Dictionary of North Carolina Biography.
61 Higuchi plotted every residence in the directory by
race and then determined the percentage of race by
street to understand the racial make- up of the city. If
a street had fewer than 15% black occupants, it was
considered a white street; if a street had 85% or more
black, it was considered a black street. Other
increments of the percentage of black residents on a
street were also marked: 75- 84%, 60- 74%, 40- 59%,
25- 39%, 15- 24%, 0- 14%. The maps were not
included in her original thesis but were shared for use
in this work. New maps based on her work are
included in this report.