List of Nobel laureates by university affiliation

This list of Nobel laureates by university affiliation shows the university affiliations of individual winners of the Nobel Prize and the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences since 1901 (as of 2018, 904 individual laureates in total).[1] This list considers Nobel laureates as equal individuals and does not consider their various prize shares or if they received the prize more than once.[2] It does not include Nobel-winning organizations (as of 2018, 24 such organizations) or any individuals affiliated with those organizations. In this list, universities are presented in descending order, beginning with those affiliated with most Nobel Prize winners.

The university affiliations in this list are all official academic affiliations such as degree programs and official academic employment, including academic positions at research organizations formally affiliated with or operated by a university. Non-academic affiliations such as advisory committee and administrative staff are generally excluded. The official academic affiliations fall into three categories: 1) Alumni (graduates and attendees), 2) Long-term academic staff, and 3) Short-term academic staff. Graduates are defined as those who hold Bachelor's, Master's, Doctorate or equivalent degrees from a university, while attendees are those who formally enrolled in degree programs at a university but did not complete the programs; thus, honorary degrees, posthumous degrees, summer attendees, exchange students and auditing students are excluded. The category of "Long-term academic staff" consists of tenure or tenure-track and equivalent academic positions, while that of "Short-term academic staff" consists of lecturers (without tenure), postdoctoral researchers, visiting professors or scholars (visitors), and equivalent academic positions. At any university, the specific academic title solely determines the type of affiliation, regardless of the actual time the position was held by a laureate.

Further explanations on "visitors" under "Short-term academic staff" are now presented. 1) All informal or personal visits are excluded from the list; 2) all employment-based visiting positions, which carry teaching or research duties, are included as affiliations in the list; 3) for award-based visiting positions, this list includes the positions as affiliations only if the laureates were required to assume employment-level duty (teaching or research) or the laureates specifically classified the visiting positions as "appointment" or similar in reliable sources such as their curriculum vitae. To be specific, some award-based visiting positions such as the "Morris Loeb Short-term Lectureship" at Harvard University and Guggenheim Fellowship are awards/honors without employment-level duty;[3][4] attending meetings and giving public lectures, talks or non-curricular seminars are not employment-level duties. On the other hand, positive award-based examples include "Morris Loeb Long-term Lectureship" at Harvard University (teaching duty), "Visiting Miller Professorship" at UC Berkeley (research duty) and Fulbright Scholarship.[4][5][6] Finally, summer visitors are generally excluded from the list unless summer work yielded significant end products such as research publications and components of Nobel-winning work, since summer terms are not part of formal academic years; the same rule applies to extension schools of universities.

In this list, the number following a person's name is the year they received the prize; in particular, a number with asterisk (*) means the person received the award while they were working at the institution (including emeritus staff) containing that asterisk. A name underlined implies that this person has been listed for a same institution previously (i.e., multiple affiliations). If a person had multiple positions under one category, only the position with highest rank is listed.

Different universities adopt different criteria—from generous to conservative—for claiming Nobel affiliates, which may not encompass all types of affiliations in this list.[7] The University Counts (Univ Counts), which are published by the universities themselves, are thus shown as comparison below. Finally, this list, together with the List of Fields Medal winners by university affiliation and the List of Turing Award laureates by university affiliation, presents the university affiliation of people who have won highest honors in fundamental academic disciplines.

5) Eric Cornell was a Teaching Fellow at Harvard Extension School in 1989.[14] He is excluded from the list. Also being excluded are Albert Szent-Györgyi who was visiting Harvard to deliver three public lectures in 1935,[15][16] and Shimon Peres who attended a 4-month Advanced Management Program (non-degree) at Harvard Business School.[17]

6) The following laureate has an unclear visiting position at Harvard and is not included for now: Gerald Edelman.[18]

Notes: 1) The official Fellows at various Colleges of Cambridge University are long-term academic staff with teaching/research duties.[189][190] On the contrary, the "Overseas Fellowship" in Churchill College and other similar visiting/honorary fellowships at the Colleges are award/honor-based visiting positions without employment-level duty, which are generally excluded from the list.[191][192][193]

4) The "Charles M. and Martha Hitchcock Lectureship" is an award/honor-based visiting position without employment-level duty, which is generally excluded from the list.[316]

5) The "Visiting Miller Professorship" is an award/honor-based visiting position which carries research duty.[5]

6) Berkeley has hosted many public lecturers and summer visitors (as lecturers or researchers) who are not counted as official affiliates in this list. Their details can be found in the main article (above) of Berkeley Nobel laureates.

3) Affiliates of Fermilab are not included in this list, for it is not directly affiliated with or operated by UChicago. It is managed by Fermi Research Alliance LLC (since 2007), a partnership of the UChicago and Universities Research Association, a consortium of 89 research universities.[410]

5) UChicago has hosted many public lecturers and summer visitors (as lecturers or researchers) who are not counted as official affiliates in this list. Their details can be found in the main article (above) of UChicago Nobel laureates.

2) The "Ingeborg Rennert Professorship" and "Global Fellowship" are award/honor-based visiting positions without employment-level duty, which are generally excluded from the list.[475][476]

3) The "Earnest Kempton Adams (EKA) Lectureship" is an award/honor-based visiting position without employment-level duty, which is generally excluded from the list. The EKA Fund was established in 1904, enabling Columbia to invite scientists to give a series of public lectures.[477][478][479][Note 7]

Notes: 1) According to the official Nobel biography, Mario Capecchi was on a "work-study program" of Antioch College and as an undergraduate of Antioch he spent several quarters at MIT.[534] This program is not a degree program and is equivalent to a student-exchange program. Thus, Mario Capecchi is not included in the following list.

2) Paul Greengard, being an electronics technician at MIT during World War II, is not included in this list since he did not hold any academic position.[535]

3) The "Arthur D. Little Visiting Professorship/Lectureship" at the MIT Chemistry Department is an award/honor-based position without employment-level duty.[536][537][Note 8]

Notes: 1) The University Count of Caltech does not include short-term academic staff.

2) There were a number of Nobel laureates who visited Caltech upon the invitation of Robert Millikan during 1920-30s.[592] Most of these laureates were simply giving public lectures or non-curricular seminars at Caltech and thus are excluded from the list. There are a few exceptions including Albert Einstein.

Notes: 1) The University Count of Oxford does not include affiliates who came to Oxford after receiving their Nobel prizes.

2) The official Fellows at various Colleges of Oxford University are long-term academic staff with teaching/research duties. On the other hand, various visiting fellowship and honorary fellowships are award/honor-based visiting positions without employment-level duty, which are generally excluded from the list.

3) The "Sanjay Lall Visiting Professorship" and "Christensen Fellowships" at Oxford are award/honor-based visiting positions without employment-level duty, which are generally excluded from the list.[632][633]

4) The "George Eastman Visiting Professorship" is an award/honor-based visiting position which carries teaching duty.[634][635]

5) The "Newton Abraham Visiting Professorship" is an award/honor-based visiting position which carries employment-level duties (Fellow at Lincoln College).[636]

Notes: 1) Princeton's University Count only includes alumni and academic staff who "have performed their award-winning work at Princeton, were employed by Princeton when they received their award, or are currently working at the University".[664]

2) Unlike the "Long-term Visiting Fellow" program, the "Belknap Visitor" and the "Short-term Visiting Fellow" programs of Council of Humanities at Princeton are award/honor-based visiting positions without employment-level duty, which are generally excluded from the list.[665]

Notes: 1) The University Count of Cornell does not include short-term academic staff (Fritz Lipmann being an exception).

2) The "Baker Lectureship" is an award/honor-based visiting position without employment-level duty, which is generally excluded from the list.[706]

3) The "A.D White Professorship-at-Large (A.D.W Professor)" at Cornell is an academic appointment which has a definite duration of appointment (six years). This is similar to adjunct professorship instead of usual visiting professorship (note that the University Count considers the A.D White Professors as full-time academic staff).[707]

Notes: 1) Francis Crick Institute (UKCMRI), founded in 2010, has no direct affiliation with University College London and thus its affiliates are not counted as affiliates of UCL.[900] However, the founding director Paul Nurse is included in the following list since the university is a founding partner of the institute.

Notes: 1) The University Count includes Philip W. Anderson and James Tobin as affiliates only because they graduated from University Laboratory High School - Urbana. These two laureates are thus excluded from the list.

Notes: 1) The University Count includes 4 honorary doctors and some affiliates with research institutes in City of Heidelberg. They are excluded from the following list.

2) Harald zur Hausen has been an honorary professor at the university since 1988. This is an honor-based position, which is not classified as an "appointment" in Hausen's C.V.[896][956] Thus, he is excluded from the following list, contrary to the University Count.

Notes: 1) CMU University Count includes Edward S. Rubin who was a coordinating lead author on organization IPCC, which shared the 2007 Nobel Peace Prize. Rubin is thus excluded from the following list.

2) Thomas Sargent is included in the following list but not the University list.

^From 1931-1971 the lab was named "University of California Radiation Laboratory" (1931-1958) and "Lawrence Radiation Laboratory" (1958-1971), and was widely regarded as a part of the University of California, Berkeley. In 1971, the lab was renamed "Lawrence Berkeley Lab" with its Livermore branch becoming a separate lab "Lawrence Livermore Lab", both of which were counted as a part of the University of California. In 1995, the lab was renamed "Lawrence Berkeley National Lab" as a national lab of U.S. Department of Energy, being officially managed by the University of California.

^Even though the laboratory (as Project Y) was officially managed by University of California, Berkeley after its establishment in 1943, the initial appointments in the lab were for military purposes only and were not academic appointments. After the Manhattan Project the lab was renamed "Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory" in January 1, 1947, and in 1952 the lab became officially managed by the University of California when the latter was separated from UC Berkeley. In 1981, the lab was renamed "Los Alamos National Laboratory" as a national lab of U.S. Department of Energy.