* As you can, there are different understandings of ‘net debt’ in practice and the selection of the formula should depend on the aim of the analysis. The first formula is mostly used by accountants while the second formula has the best practical meaning in case of business valuation. To decide if ‘cash & cash equivalents’ or ‘non-operating assets’ should be used, the exact situation and structure of the assets (there should be no income from those assets or those should be eliminated) should play main role, but in any case ‘non-operating assets’ should be measured in real market value instead of only book value. Also, if long-term liabilities include significant amount of non-financial liabilities, those should be analyzed separately before deciding if to allocate them to the net debt.

‘Net debt’ may be used for many reasons. Mostly it is used in valuations or some financial presentations of the company. In valuation this ratio has critical importance to the value of shares. If we know the value of a business (there are various methods to calculate this), then the value of shares is equal to the value of business less net debt. If company has no debt and has a lot of cash, value of shares will be higher than the value of the business (enterprise value). In case of valuation, all liabilities that do not belong to the working capital should be included in to net debt, and all financial assets or other assets (for example, unused land plot) that do not generate any income in to the cash flow (which is used for valuation) should be excluded.

If net debt is calculated by company’s accountants for some presentation or annual report, it normally includes current and non-current financial liabilities with accrued interest, liabilities from corporate transactions and excludes cash and cash equivalents, and other financial assets (securities held for trading, derivative financial assets and similar).

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