Comic Books and Graphic Novels

Comic books began as light-hearted entertainments for children, but they have become a medium that achieves a wide variety of artistic effects and that appeals to people of all ages. The publications originally were comic in that they were humorous and satiric, but as the medium caught on, it was used to tell other kinds of stories: mystery, Westerns, romance, horror, biography, science fiction, and war heroism. The archetypal figure of the superhero, although it owes a lot to mythical characters such as Hercules, entered the modern imagination through comic books.

Comic books have been used in educational settings to communicate with reluctant readers but also have spun off a subgenre, the graphic novel, that strives for the depth and complexity of literature. Some work in the field has attracted the interest and investments of serious art collectors.

Like other publishing industries, this one consists of three major components: the creative team, the production team, and the distribution network. The creative team consists mainly of writers, artists, and editors. The production team handles printing or, for digital platforms, rendition of the image files in an appropriate format. The distribution network includes market researchers, advertisers, sales workers, the distributors who deliver the printed products to comics stores and bookshops, and the Web sites where digital comic books can be purchased for download.

According to estimates by Comichron and ICv2's Internal Correspondence, the North American comic book market sales totaled about $935 million in 2014 for periodical comic books, graphic novels, and digital comics, which was a 7 percent increase over 2013. Digital comics, the fastest growing market segment, represented about $100 million in sales in 2014, an 11 percent increase compared to the previous year. Graphic novels sales grew from $170 million in 2013 to $175 million in 2014. There is also a foreign market for American comic books; for example, sales in the United Kingdom usually equal about 10 percent of North American sales.

A small but intense market exists for vintage comic books. Historic first editions, such as the issue of Action Comics that introduced Superman, can sell for more than $1 million. Collectors have traditionally bought and sold at comics stores, but auctions and Web-based sales have become common.

The industry benefits from the use of characters licensed from other media, such as tie-ins with characters from popular children's animated television shows. However, the industry also derives a great amount of revenue from the opposite direction: Through licensing or sales, publishers grant other businesses the right to use popular characters as toys or in movies, television shows, or video games. The Avengers, Superman, the Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles, and G.I. Joe are some examples.