Russian biophysicist and molecular biologist Pjotr
Garjajev and his colleagues have been carrying out cutting-edge
research the more esoteric nature of DNA. They simply did not
believe that 90% of our DNA is ‘Junk DNA’. From the German book
Vernetzte Intelligenz by Grazyna Fosar and Franz Bludorf
(summarised and translated by Baerbel):

The latest research explains phenomena such as
clairvoyance, intuition, spontaneous and remote acts of healing,
self healing, affirmation techniques, unusual light-auras around
people (namely spiritual masters), mind's influence on
weather-patterns and much more. The Russian scientists also found
out that our DNA can cause disturbing patterns in the vacuum, thus
producing magnetized wormholes! Wormholes are the microscopic
equivalents of the so-called Einstein-Rosen bridges in the
vicinity of black holes (left by burned-out stars). These are
tunnel connections between entirely different areas in the
universe through which information can be transmitted outside of
space and time. The DNA attracts these bits of information and
passes them on to our consciousness...

Russian researcher Dr.Vladimir Poponin put DNA in a tube
and beamed a laser through it. When the DNA was removed, the laser
light continued spiralling on its own, like it would through a
crystal! This effect is called ‘Phantom DNA Effect’.

It is surmised that energy from outside of space and
time still flows through the activated wormholes after the DNA was
removed. The side effect encountered most often in hyper
communication and also in human beings are inexplicable
electromagnetic fields in the vicinity of the persons concerned.
Electronic devices like CD players and the like can be irritated
and cease to function for hours. When the electromagnetic field
slowly dissipates, the devices function normally again. Many
healers and psychics know this effect from their work.

While western science invested in the International
Human Genome Project focusing on the 5% of the encoding triplets
of DNA, in the Soviet Union in 1990 a group of Russian scientists
of the Russian Academy of Sciences was formed to study the
complete human genome. This research was led by Dr. Pjotr
Garjajev, member of the Russian Academy of Sciences as well as the
Academy of Sciences in New York. The Russian research was taking a
wide angle and held an open view in their studies. The research
team included bio physicists, molecular biologists, embryologists
and even linguistic experts. Their research revealed that the
supposed junk DNA that has been completely neglected and forgotten
by western mainstream science, was no redundant leftover of
evolution at all. Linguistic studies revealed that the sequencing
of the codons of the non-coding DNA follow the rules of some basic
syntax. There is a definite structure and logic in the sequence of
these triplets, like some biological language. Research further
revealed that the codons actually form words and sentences just
like our ordinary human language follows grammar rules.

Scientists have conducted much research on the origins
of human languages and the origins of the grammatical rules that
are so essential to all human languages; however they have always
failed to find the source. But now for the first time in history
the origins of language may be surprisingly attributed to DNA. The
language of the genes is much, much older than any human language
that was ever uttered on this globe. It is even conceivable that
the DNA grammar itself served as the blueprint for the development
of human speech.

Whereas the western Human Genome Project deciphered the
‘machine language’ code of the DNA molecule, the structure of the
DNA ‘bits’ formed by the sequence of nucleotides, Russian scholars
discovered the higher level language present in DNA. Another
amazing fact that Garjajev’s group discovered was that the DNA is
by no means a closed book of life. He discovered that the text of
the DNA book can be altered. The codons of the DNA string can be
rearranged in different sequences. In other words the software of
the human genome our DNA molecule can be reprogrammed! Research
revealed that the triplets in the DNA string are able to exchange
places.

Since the DNA was found to have a syntax and semantics
akin to our human languages, it indicated that our currently
restricted understanding of DNA serving only for the coding of the
reproduction of proteins for the chemical make up of an organism,
is only half of the story.

When in vitro DNA in test tubes was exposed to coherent
laser light, the laser light spiralled along the DNA helix as if
it was guided by the structure of the DNA molecule. The most
amazing effect was noticed when the DNA itself was removed and the
laser light kept spiralling! The vacuum of the space that was just
previously occupied by the DNA had changed and something caused
the laser light to keep spiralling. These effects have been
measured and remained for quite some time after the DNA was
removed. The effect is now becoming well known as the DNA phantom
effect. Vladimir Poponin and his team of Russian Academy of
Sciences repeated the work of Garjajev at the Hearthmath Institute
in the U.S.A. Poponin concluded again that a field structure was
formed in the physical vacuum even when the original DNA was
removed. We’ve seen similar examples of vacuum changes before that
could be attributed to torsion fields. (1)

DNA programming

The most astonishing experiment that was performed by
Garjajev’s group is the reprogramming of the DNA codon sequences
using modulated laser light. From their discovered grammatical
syntax of the DNA language they were able to modulate coherent
laser light and even radio waves and add semantics (meaning) to
the carrier wave. In this way they were able to reprogram in vivo
DNA in living organisms, by using the correct resonant frequencies
of DNA. The most impressive discovery made so far is that spoken
language can be modulated to the carrier wave with the same
reprogramming effect. Now this is a baffling and stunning
scientific discovery! Our own DNA can simply be reprogrammed by
human speech, supposing that the words are modulated on the
correct carrier frequencies!

Whereas western science uses complicated bio chemical
processes to cut and paste DNA triplets in the DNA molecule,
Russian scientist use modulated laser light to do exactly the same
thing. The Russians have proven to be very successful in repairing
damaged DNA material in vivo!

Laser light therapies based on Garjajev’s findings are
already applied in some European academic hospitals with success
on various sorts of skin cancer. The cancer is cured without any
remaining scars.
(2)...

"...In truth, DNA is not just a blueprint for
constructing the body; it is also a storage medium for optical
information as well as an organ for communication.

The German biophysicist Fritz-Albert Popp spent many
years studying biophoton emission, i.e., the light that the body
naturally emits. Popp’s studies indicate that DNA is one of the
main suppliers of biophotons. Through comprehensive studies, he
discovered that DNA is a harmonic oscillator – an oscillating
system with its own particular frequency, or resonating frequency.
Using the length of the DNA molecule (about two meters, when
stretched out), and the known speed of light, DNA’s own frequency
is calculated as about 150 megahertz...

The principles have been worked out by Dr. Piotr P.
Garjajev and his colleagues at the Russian Academy of Science in
Moscow.

Genes Speak Our Language

Garjajev’s findings go far beyond Popp’s: According to
Garjajev’s studies, DNA is not only the transmitter and receiver
of electromagnetic radiation (in the form of energy), but it also
absorbs information contained in the radiation and interprets it
further. Thus, DNA is an extremely complex interactive optical
biochip. In our book Vernetzte Intelligenz (Cross-Linked
Intelligence) we wrote the following on this subject:

“For example, today we speak almost matter-of-factly
about the “genetic code,” that is, about a systematic codification
of information. However, genetics to date has gotten stuck at this
point, and has relied exclusively on chemistry to finish the work,
without even once calling in language experts.

“In Moscow, things are different. There, the genetic
code was…additionally subjected to thorough examination by
linguists. (Linguistics is the science of the structure and
formation of languages). When studying a language, people
investigate regularities such as syntax (rules for building words
from letters), semantics (the study of the content meaning of
words), and rules of grammar.

“When this scientific knowledge is applied to the
genetic code, it can be seen that this code follows the same rules
as our human languages.

“It should be noted: not the rules of a particular
language (in this case, for example, the Russian language), but
rather rules at a fundamental level where common features reside
among all existing languages of mankind. Thus, the structure of
the genetic code can be connected with every existing human
language.

“Scientists have been seeking the ancestral human
language for centuries – Piotr Garjajev and his colleagues may
have found it.”

The human DNA is a biological Internet and superior in
many aspects to the artificial one. The latest Russian scientific
research directly or indirectly explains phenomena such as
clairvoyance, intuition, spontaneous and remote acts of healing,
self healing, affirmation techniques, unusual light/auras around
people (namely spiritual masters), mind´s influence on weather
patterns and much more. In addition, there is evidence for a whole
new type of medicine in which DNA can be influenced and
reprogrammed by words and frequencies WITHOUT cutting out and
replacing single genes.

Only 10% of our DNA is being used for building proteins.
It is this subset of DNA that is of interest to western
researchers and is being examined and categorized. The other 90%
are considered "junk DNA." The Russian researchers, however,
convinced that nature was not dumb, joined linguists and
geneticists in a venture to explore those 90% of "junk DNA." Their
results, findings and conclusions are simply revolutionary!

According to them, our DNA is not only responsible for
the construction of our body but also serves as data storage and
in communication. The Russian linguists found that the genetic
code, especially in the apparently useless 90%, follows the same
rules as all our human languages. To this end they compared the
rules of syntax (the way in which words are put together to form
phrases and sentences), semantics (the study of meaning in
language forms) and the basic rules of grammar.

They found that the alkalines of our DNA follow a
regular grammar and do have set rules just like our languages. So
human languages did not appear coincidentally but are a reflection
of our inherent DNA.

The Russian biophysicist and molecular biologist Pjotr
Garjajev and his colleagues also explored the vibrational behavior
of the DNA. [For the sake of brevity I will give only a summary
here. For further exploration please refer to the appendix at the
end of this article.] The bottom line was: "Living chromosomes
function just like solitonic/holographic computers using the
endogenous DNA laser radiation." This means that they managed for
example to modulate certain frequency patterns onto a laser ray
and with it influenced the DNA frequency and thus the genetic
information itself.

Since the basic structure of DNA-alkaline pairs and of
language (as explained earlier) are of the same structure, no DNA
decoding is necessary. One can simply use words and sentences of
the human language! This, too, was experimentally proven! Living
DNA substance (in living tissue, not in vitro) will always react
to language-modulated laser rays and even to radio waves, if the
proper frequencies are being used. This finally and scientifically
explains why affirmations, autogenous training, hypnosis and the
like can have such strong effects on humans and their bodies. It
is entirely normal and natural for our DNA to react to language.
While western researchers cut single genes from the DNA strands
and insert them elsewhere, the Russians enthusiastically worked on
devices that can influence the cellular metabolism through
suitable modulated radio and light frequencies and thus repair
genetic defects.

Garjajev´s research group succeeded in proving that with
this method chromosomes damaged by x-rays for example can be
repaired. They even captured information patterns of a particular
DNA and transmitted it onto another, thus reprogramming cells to
another genome. So they successfully transformed, for example,
frog embryos to salamander embryos simply by transmitting the DNA
information patterns! This way the entire information was
transmitted without any of the side effects or disharmonies
encountered when cutting out and re-introducing single genes from
the DNA.

This represents an unbelievable, world-transforming
revolution and sensation! All this by simply applying vibration
and language instead of the archaic cutting-out procedure! This
experiment points to the immense power of wave genetics, which
obviously has a greater influence on the formation of organisms
than the biochemical processes of alkaline sequences.

Esoteric and spiritual teachers have known for ages that
our body is programmable by language, words and thought. This has
now been scientifically proven and explained. Of course the
frequency has to be correct. And this is why not everybody is
equally successful or can do it with always the same strength. The
individual person must work on the inner processes and maturity in
order to establish a conscious communication with the DNA. The
Russian researchers work on a method that is not dependent on
these factors but will ALWAYS work, provided one uses the correct
frequency.

But the higher developed an individual´s consciousness
is, the less need is there for any type of device! One can achieve
these results by oneself, and science will finally stop to laugh
at such ideas and will confirm and explain the results. And it
doesn´t end there.

The Russian scientists also found out that our DNA can
cause disturbing patterns in the vacuum, thus producing magnetized
wormholes! Wormholes are the microscopic equivalents of the
so-called Einstein-Rosen bridges in the vicinity of black holes
(left by burned-out stars). These are tunnel connections between
entirely different areas in the universe through which information
can be transmitted outside of space and time. The DNA attracts
these bits of information and passes them on to our consciousness.
This process of hypercommunication is most effective in a state of
relaxation.

Stress, worries or a hyperactive intellect prevent
successful hypercommunication or the information will be totally
distorted and useless. In nature, hypercommunication has been
successfully applied for millions of years. The organized flow of
life in insect states proves this dramatically. Modern man knows
it only on a much more subtle level as "intuition." But we, too,
can regain full use of it...

All informations are from the book "Vernetzte
Intelligenz" von Grazyna Fosar und Franz Bludorf, ISBN 3930243237,
summarized and commented by Baerbel. The book is unfortunately
only available in German so far. You can reach the authors here:
[www.fosar-bludorf.com] [2]; Transmitted by Vitae Bergman
[www.ryze.com/view.php?who=vitaeb]

Independent of the biochemical function as a protein
producer the DNA is a complicated electronic biological chip that
communicates with its environment, as latest research from Russia
found out.

In the year 1990 a group of scientists got together in
Moscow, for whom the study of the human Genoms was too much
reduced exclusively to biochemistry. They had recognized that by
this viewpoint, which is based rather on orthodox dogmatism than
on objective scientific realizations a lot of information remains
hidden to us.

Highly-qualified scientists belong to this group, to a
large extent from the Russian Academy of Sciences. Beside
physicists of the renowned Lebedev institute also molecular
biologists participate, bio physicists, geneticists, embryologists
and linguists. Director of the project is Dr. Pjotr Garjajev, a
bio physicist and molecular biologist. He is member of the Russian
Academy of Sciences as well as of the Academy of Sciences in New
York.

In the eight years since establishment of the project
the Muscovite group came to revolutionary realizations, which let
our understanding of the DNA and the human genetics appear in a
completely new light.

For example we speak today nearly naturally of the
»genetic code«, thus of a systematic information coding. But the
past genetics stopped here and settled the remainder of the work
exclusive with the help of chemistry, instead of consulting also
language experts.

Differently in Moscow. Here, as already mentioned, the
genetic code was submitted an exact investigation by linguists
too.

Linguistics is the science of the structure of
languages. It investigates thereby not only the natural languages,
which developed in the individual countries and cultures, but also
artificial languages, which are used for example for programming
computers and which were developed in the past decades
systematically using linguistic realizations.

One examines semantics (theory of the meaning of the
words) and language regularities like the syntax (rules for the
setting up of words from letters), as well as the bases of the
grammar.

If one uses these scientific realizations on the genetic
code, then one recognizes that this code follows the same rules as
our human languages.

Mind you: not the rules of a certain language (in this
case e.g. the Russian one), but on such a fundamental level, where
all existing languages of mankind have comparable structures. So
it is possible to set the structure of the genetic code in
relationship with each existing language of mankind.

For centuries scientists looked for the human original
language - Pjotr Garjajev and his coworkers possibly found it.

We must turn around the relations: the structure of the
DNA does not correspond to the human language structure, but the
human languages follow the genetic code in their structure the
rules! DNA and genetic code existed already for a long time,
before first humans spoke an articulated word for the first time!
Every human languages developed since that time followed the basic
pattern, already existing in the structure of the genetic code.

You should not misunderstand this realization: It does
not concern here an orthodox materialistic conception of the
world, according to which the ability for speaking would be only a
secondary effect of proteins, which are put on in some genes. The
arrangement of the elementary bases in the DNA follows a grammar,
an immaterial plan, which is similar to the structure of our
languages.

The fact that no physical procedure is concerned here is
proved by the next discovery of Garjajev's team: The analogy
between the structure of the DNA and the human language is most
pronounced just in the parts of the giant molecule, which are not
used for protein synthesis!

For a long time one knows that only about 10 per cent of
the DNA molecule are used for setting up genes. The remaining 90
per cent have a function unknown to classical science and were
designated so far as »silent DNA«.

Garjajev's realization thus is a revolution for the
entire area of genetics. Examining only the well-known genes
calling the remainder »silent DNA«, you will miss the most
important facts! It is paradoxical: just the »silent DNA« -
figurativy spoken - speaks a language!

In various experiments the Muscovites group could prove
that these extensive codes in the DNA are not used by any means
for the synthesis of a so far unknown quantity of components of
our body, as it is the case with the genes. This code is rather
actually used for communication, more exactly - for
hypercommunication.

Hypercommunication is a data exchange on DNA level using
genetic code. Since this code possesses a structure, which is the
basis of all human languages, also higher information may be
transported, which is able to come up to human consciousness and
to be interpreted there.

Garjajev and its colleague continued still another step.
They analyzed the vibration response of the DNA and found out that
it follows quite complicated laws, which are however well known in
the physics for a long time.

Those are the laws of nonlinear waveform-shaping, known
since center of 19 century as so-called Soliton waves. They are
known from observations, but so complicated that they may be
calculated only with modern computers. Soliton waves are
temporally extraordinarily stable and may store information in
this way for a long time.

Summarizing all these realizations, one comes to a
perfectly new form of the genetic engineering, possibly even to a
new gene therapy.

Concerning this Pjotr Garjajev writes: »The majority
tries to understand the principles of the DNA biological computer
by appointing oneself exclusively to the DNA Watson Crick Chargaff
rules: A-T, G-C. That is correct, but it is so not enough! The DNA
chromosomale continuum in living systems has wave attributes,
which lets us derive the unknown, a computer-similar program for
the setting up of the organisms. The well-known genetic code is a
code for protein synthesis and nothing further. Chromosomes in
vivo work as solitonic holographic computers under use of the
endogenous DNA laser radiation.«

This sounds like science of the 21st century and
probably is. But don't forget: Garjajevs statements are founded
scientifically in theory and experiment.

The consequences of these realizations are as
incomprehensible as simple and logical: If one modulates a laser
beam by a frequency sample, then one may affect with this the
information of the DNA waves and so the genetic information
itself.

For this one does not even need to decode the language
of the pairs of bases in laborious work, in order to formulate
from it artificially genetic information, but one can use quite
easily words and sentences of the human language! The bases of the
language structures are, as we in now know, the same.

Also this astonishing conclusion the Muscovites group of
researchers could prove already experimentally. DNA substance in
vivo (i.e. in the living fabric, not in the test tube) reacts to
language-modulated laser light, even to radio waves, if one keeps
the correct resonant frequencies.

In this way unknown possibilities are opened to the
medicine. One may design devices, with which through suitably
modulated radio or light radiation cell metabolism may be
affected, even the repair of genetic defects is possible, without
all the risks and side effects of the classical-biochemical
proceeding.

Garjajevs group of researchers could already prove that
with this method chromosomes may be repaired, which were damaged
e.g. by x-rays. The effects on medical therapy possibilities of
the coming century are immense: one can develop devices for new,
subtle cancer therapy, also for the treatment of aids and for the
slowing down of the aging process.

Already today devices are in use also in German
university clinics, with whose assistance cancer patients are
exposed to frequency-modulated magnetic field irradiation. The
results are promising.

We see here that the objectives of the Muscovites
researchers deviate from those of the western human Genome Project
in principle. While in the western science the trend is to develop
new chemical medicines from as much as possible items of
information from the genes - a procedure, which is however not
free from substantial risks, a potential giant business -, the
Russian scientists have a rather holistic understanding of the DNA
leading to the development of therapy devices, which may replace
some expensive and dangerous medicine in the long term.

Quite beside from the new wave theory of the genetic
code still some further interesting facts follow. For example one
knows for a long time that almost any bodily function,
particularly also in the metabolism and in the hormone production,
can be affected by suggestive strength of the spoken word,
although they run perfectly autonomously, thus under elimination
of the conscious will, whereupon the impact of the medical
hypnosis is based. These facts are well-known, however could not
be explained so far scientifically.

The medical model of the psycho neuro immunology led
back the effect of hypnotic suggestions so far exclusively to
control mechanisms in the brain, particularly in the regions,
which are assumed to contain subconscious layers.

Now it looks that it is much simpler: the DNA is able to
react directly to the spoken word.

Also different therapy procedures, whose impact was
inexplicable so far, as for instance the Chinese acupunkture, may
be explained with help of the DNA wave theory in Garjajev's
opinion scientifically.

If we summarize the research results of Professor Popp
and Professor Garjajev, then a remarkable connection results:
Light actually represents an important factor in the power supply
of our hereditary molecule, the DNA. It provides healthy
functioning of all procedures in our cells. However it cannot form
a complete replacement for material food alone.

The information, which will transfer via the light, is
much more important. The DNA communicates in this way - perhaps
with other organisms or with a superordinate plan - which a
morphogenetic field, which could be proven by the research in
Russia for the first time scientifically.

In this way the genetic information of each cell can
employ comparisons of their actual condition with a specified
condition each time and arrange possibly necessary repairs. This
can prevent or at least stop diseases such as cancer or aids, in
addition, slow down the age process.

The modern wave genetics is one of the key technologies
for the coming millennium, and we can be strained, what science
will discover in this area in the very near future.

4. The press release also claims that hypnosis is a valid
treatment for dyslexia based on a "scientific release" from a
Russian scientist, biophysicist and molecular biologist Pjotr
Garjajev, with the following claims"

"scientifically proven that affirmations along with
meditation/ hypnosis (another term for meditation) will raise
consciousness, well-being, and even change DNA

Garjajev has no citations in Pubmed. The claim for DNA
modulation seems to come from the article entitled, "The
Biological Chip in our Cells", by Grazyna Fosar and Franz Bludorf,
published on their website, "German Magazine KonteXt reports on
current developments within the ranges of border science and
spirituality." There are a number of claims made, but no data to
back up the claims. Remember, "Extraordinary claims demand
extraordinary proof". We can reject the Fosar-Bludorf claims for
lacking evidence...

1. Genetic code only half the story - DNA is a
quantum mechanical biowave computer

Recent research has demonstrated that electromagentic signals are
of key importance in the regulatory functioning of DNA . Part of
it is based on ultraviolet luminence creating biophotons that have
been experimentally demonstrated to be able to enhance metabolic
reactions thousandfold (1). Another aspect is an
electromagnetically mediated "language" for communication between
DNA and the cells. Actually laser light generated in DNA,
experimentally demonstrated by P.P. Garajev (2),(3) is a key
element in this information transmission system.

Excerpt from:

Gariaev P., et al, "The DNA-wave Biocomputer" (3)

"...These assumptions produce a chromosome apparatus and
fast wave genetic information channels connecting the chromosomes
of the separate cells of an organism into a holistic continuum,
working as the biocomputer, where one of the field types produced
by the chromosomes, are their radiations. This postulated
capability of such "laser radiations" from chromosomes and DNA, as
will be shown, has already been demonstrated experimentally in
Moscow, by the Gariaev Group. Thus it seems the accepted notions
about the genetic code must change fundamentally, and in doing so
it will be not only be possible to create and understand DNA as a
wave biocomputer, but to gain from nature a more fundamental
understanding of what information [Marcer in press] really is! For
the Gariaev Group's experiments in Moscow and Toronto say that the
current understanding of genomic information i.e. the genetic
code, is only half the story [Marcer this volume]. "

This paper reports
experimental work carried out in Moscow at the Institute of
Control Sciences, Wave Genetics Inc. and theoretical work from
several sources. This work changes the notion about the genetic
code essentially. It asserts: -

1) That the evolution of
biosystems has created genetic "texts", similar to natural context
dependent texts in human languages, shaping the text of these
speech-like patterns.

2) That the chromosome
apparatus acts simultaneously both as a source and receiver of
these genetic texts, respectively decoding and encoding them, and

3) That the chromosome
continuum of multicellular organisms is analogous to a
static-dynamical multiplex time-space holographic grating, which
comprises the space-time of an organism in a convoluted form.

That is to say, the DNA
action, theory predicts and which experiment confirms,

i) is that of a "gene-sign"
laser and its solitonic electro-acoustic fields, such that the
gene-biocomputer "reads and understands" these texts in a manner
similar to human thinking, but at its own genomic level of
"reasoning". It asserts that natural human texts (irrespectively
of the language used), and genetic "texts" have similar
mathematical-linguistic and entropic-statistic characteristics,
where these concern the fractality of the distribution of the
character frequency density in the natural and genetic texts, and
where in case of genetic "texts", the characters are identified
with the nucleotides, and ii) that DNA molecules, conceived as a
gene-sign continuum of any biosystem, are able to form holographic
pre-images of biostructures and of the organism as a whole as a
registry of dynamical "wave copies" or "matrixes&rdquo;,
succeeding each other. This continuum is the measuring,
calibrating field for constructing its biosystem.

How did this new theory
take shape? The principle problem of the creation of the genetic
code, as seen in all the approaches [Gariaev 1994; Fatmi et al.
1990; Perez 1991: Clement et al. 1993; Marcer, Schempp 1996;
Patel, 2000] was to explain the mechanism by means of which a
third nucleotide in an encoding triplet, is selected. To
understand, what kind of mechanism resolves this typically
linguistic problem of removing homonym indefiniteness, it is
necessary firstly to postulate a mechanism for the context-wave
orientations of ribosomes in order to resolve the problem of a
precise selection of amino acid during protein synthesis [Maslow,
Gariaev 1994]. This requires that some general informational
intermediator function with a very small capacity, within the
process of convolution versus development of sign regulative
patterns of the genome-biocomputer endogenous physical fields. It
lead to the conceptualization of the genome's
associative-holographic memory and its quantum nonlocality. These
assumptions produce a chromosome apparatus and fast wave genetic
information channels connecting the chromosomes of the separate
cells of an organism into a holistic continuum, working as the
biocomputer, where one of the field types produced by the
chromosomes, are their radiations. This postulated capability of
such "laser radiations" from chromosomes and DNA, as will be
shown, has already been demonstrated experimentally in Moscow, by
the Gariaev Group. Thus it seems the accepted notions about the
genetic code must change fundamentally, and in doing so it will be
not only be possible to create and understand DNA as a wave
biocomputer, but to gain from nature a more fundamental
understanding of what information [Marcer in press] really is! For
the Gariaev Group's experiments in Moscow and Toronto say that the
current understanding of genomic information i.e. the genetic
code, is only half the story [Marcer this volume].

1.2 What experiment
confirms, part one.

These
wave approaches all require that the fundamental property of the
chromosome apparatus is the nonlocality of the genetic
information. In particular, quantum nonlocality/teleportation
within the framework of concepts introduced by Einstein,
Podolsky and Rosen (EPR) [Sudbery 1997; Bouwmeester et al.1997].
This quantum nonlocality has now, by the experimental work of
the Gariaev Group, been directly related (i) to laser
radiations from chromosomes, (ii) to the ability of the
chromosome to gyrate the polarization plane of its own radiated
and occluded photons and (iii) to the suspected ability of
chromosomes, to transform their own genetic-sign laser
radiations into broadband genetic-sign radio waves. In the
latter case, the polarizations of chromosome laser photons are
connected nonlocally and coherently to polarizations of radio
waves. Partially, this was proved during experiments in
vitro, when the DNA preparations interplaying with a laser
beam (=632.8nm ), organized in a certain way, polarize
and convert the beam simultaneously into a radio-frequency range.
In these experiments, another extremely relevant phenomenon was
detected: photons, modulated within their polarization by
molecules of the DNA preparation. These are found to be localized
(or "recorded") in the form of a system of laser mirrors'
heterogeneities. Further, this signal can "be read out" without
any essential loss of the information (as theory predicts [
Gariaev 1994; Marcer, Schempp 1996]), in the form of isomorphously
(in relation to photons) polarized radio waves. Both the
theoretical and experimental research on the convoluted condition
of localized photons therefore testifies in favour of these
propositions.

These independently research approaches also lead to the
postulate, that the liquid crystal phases of the chromosome
apparatus (the laser mirror analogues) can be considered as a
fractal environment to store the localized photons, so as to
create a coherent continuum of quantum-nonlocally distributed
polarized radio wave genomic information. To a certain extent,
this corresponds with the idea of the genome's
quantum-nonlocality, postulated earlier, or to be precise, with a
variation of it.

This
variation says that the genetic wave information from DNA,
recorded within the polarizations of connected photons, being
quantum-nonlocal, constitutes a broadband radio wave spectrum
correlated - by means of polarizations - with the photons. Here,
the main information channel, at least in regard to DNA, is the
parameter of polarization, which is nonlocal and is the same for
both photons and the radio waves. A characteristic feature is,
that the Fourier-image of the radio spectra is dynamic,
depending essentially on the type of matter interrogated. It can
therefore be asserted, that this phenomenon concerns a new type
of a computer (and biocomputer) memory, and also a new type of
EPR spectroscopy,namely one featuring photon-laser-radiowave
polarization spectroscopy.The fundamental notion is, that the
photon-laser-radiowave features of different objects (i.e. the
Fourier-spectra of the radiowaves of crystals, water, metals,
DNA, etc) are stored for definite but varying times by means
of laser mirrors, such that the "mirror spectra" concern
chaotic attractors with a complex dynamic fractal dynamics,
recurring in time.The Gariaev
Group experiments are therefore not only unique in themselves,
they are a first example, that a novel static storage/recording
environment (laser mirrors) exists, capable of directly
recording the space-time atomic/molecular rotary dynamical
behaviour of objects. Further the phenomena, detected by
these experiments described in part two, establish the existence
of an essentially new type of radio signal, where the information
is encoded by polarizations of electromagnetic vectors. This will
be the basis of a new type of video recording, and will create a
new form of cinema as well.

Further
experimental research has revealed the high biological (genetic)
activity of such radio waves, when generated under the right
conditions by DNA. For example, by means of such artificially
produced DNA radiations, thesuper
fastgrowth of potatoes (up to 1 cm
per day) has been achieved, together with dramatic changes of
morphogenesis resulting in the formation of small tubers not on
rootstocks but on stalks. The same radiations also turned out to
be able to cause a statistically authentic "resuscitation" of
dead seeds of the plant Arabidopsis thaliana, which were
taken from the Chernobyl areain
1987. By contrast, the monitoring of irradiations by polarized
radio waves, which do not carry information from the DNA, isobserved to be biologically inactive. In this
sequence of experiments, additional evidence was also obtained
in favourof the possibility of the
existence of the genetic information in form of the polarization
of aradio wave physical field. This
supports the supposition that the main information channel in
these experiments is the biosign modulations of polarizations
mediated by some version of quantum nonlocality. A well known
fact can therefore be seen in new light, namely, that the
information biomacromolecules - DNA, RNA and proteins - have an
outspoken capacity to optical rotatory dispersion of visible
light and of circular dichroism. Similarly, the low molecular
components of biosystems, such as saccharides, nucleotides,
amino acids, porphyrins and other biosubstanceshave the same capacity; a capacity, which until now
made little biological sense. Now, however, it supports, the
contention that this newly detected phenomenon of quantized
optical activity can be considered as the means by which the
organism obtains unlimited information on its own metabolism.
That is, such information is read by endogenouslaser radiations of chromosomes, which, in their
turn, produce the regulative ("semantic") radio emission of the
genome biocomputer. Furthermore, the apparent inconsistency
between the wavelengths of such radiations and the sizes of
organisms, cells and subcell structures is abrogated, since the
semantic resonances in the biosystems' space are realized not at
the wavelength level, but at the level of frequencies and angles
of twist of the polarization modes. This mechanism is the basis
for the artificial laser-radio-wave vitro-in vivo
scanning of the organism and its components.

However, chromosome quantum
nonlocality as a phenomenon of the genetic information is seen as
particularly important in multicellular organisms and as applying
on various levels.

The 1-st
level is that the organism as a whole. Here nonlocality is
reflected in the capacity for regeneration, such that any part
of the body recreates the whole organism, as, for example, in
case of the worm Planaria. That is to say, any
local limiting of the genetic information to any part of a
biosystem is totally absent. The same concerns the vegetative
reproduction of plants.

The 2nd level is the
cellular level. Here it is possible to grow a whole organism out
of a single cell. However with highly evolved animal biosystems,
this will be a complex matter.

The 3rd
level is the cellular-nuclear level. The enucleation of nucleifrom somatic and sexual cells and the
subsequent introduction into them of other nuclei does not
impede the development of a normal organism. Cloning of this
kind has already been carried out on higher biosystems,
for example, sheep.

The 4th level is the
molecular level: here, the ribosome "would read" mRNA not only on
the separate codons, but also on the whole and in consideration of
context.

The 5th level is the
chromosome-holographic: at this level, a gene has a holographic
memory, which is typically distributed, associative, and nonlocal,
where the holograms "are read" by electromagnetic or acoustic
fields. These carry the gene-wave information out beyond the
limits of the chromosome structure. Thus, at this and subsequent
levels, the nonlocality takes on its dualistic material-wave
nature, as may also be true for the holographic memory of the
cerebral cortex [ Pribram 1991; Schempp 1992; 1993; Marcer,
Schempp 1997; 1998]

The 6th
level concerns the genome's quantum nonlocality. Up to the 6th
level, the nonlocality of bio-information is realized within the
space of an organism. The 6th level has, however, a special
nature; not only because it is realized at a quantum level, but
also because it works both throughout the space of a biosystem
and in a biosystems own time frame. The billions of an
organism's cells therefore "know" about each other
instantaneously, allowing the cell set is to regulate and
coordinate its metabolism and its own functions. Thus,
nonlocality can be postulated to be the key factor explaining
the astonishing evolutionary achievement of multicellular
biosystems. This factor says that bioinformatic events, can be
instantaneously coordinated,taking
place "here and there simultaneously", and that in such
situations the concept of "cause and effect" loses any sense.
This is of a great importance! The intercellular diffusion of
signal substances and of the nervous processes isfar too inertial for this purpose. Even if it is
conceded that intercellular transmissions take place
electro-magnetically at light speeds, this would still be
insufficient to explain how highly evolved, highly complex
biosystems work in real time [Gariaev 1994; Ho 1993]. The
apparatus of quantum nonlocality and holography is in authors'
view, indispensable to a proper explanation of such real time
working. The 6th level therefore says, the genes can act as
quantum objects, and that, it is the phenomenon of
quantum non-locality/teleportation, that ensures the organism's
super coherency, information super redundancy, super knowledge,
cohesion and, as a totality or whole, the organism's integrity
(viability).

Indeed it can
be said that this new understanding of biocomputers, constitutes a
further step in a development of computer technology in general.
An understanding that will bring about a total change of the
constituent basis of that technology, in the history of analogue
> to > digital > to > now, the figurative semantic
(nonlocal) wave computer or biocomputer. This biocomputer will be
based on new understanding of the higher forms of the DNA memory,
and the chromosome apparatus, as the recording, storaging,
transducing and transmitting system for genetic information, that
must be considered simultaneously both at the level of matter and
at the level of physical fields. The latter fields, having been
just studied, as showed experimentally in this research, are
carriers of genetic and general regulative information, operating
on a continuum of genetic molecules (DNA, RNA, proteins, etc).
Here, previously unknown types of memory (soliton, holographic,
polarization) and also the DNA molecule, work both as biolasers
and as a recording environment for these laser signals. The
genetic code, considered from such a point of view, will be
essentially different from today's generally accepted but
incomplete model. This, the wave-biocomputer model asserts, only
begins to explain the apparatus of protein biosynthesis of living
organisms, providing an important interpretation for the initial
stages within this new proposed composite hierarchic chain of
material and field, sign, holographic, semiotic-semantic and, in
the general case, of figurative encoding and deciphering
chromosome functions. Here the DNA molecules, conceived as a
gene-sign continuum of any biosystem, are able to form pre-images
of biostructures and of the organism as a whole as a registry of
dynamical "wave copies" or "matrixes", succeeding each other. This
continuum is the measuring, calibrating field for constructing any
biosystem.

1.3
Features
of the Wave Model

Adleman
[1994],
for example, has used the mechanism for fast and precise mutual
recognition between the DNA anti-parallels half-chains to solve
the "the travelling salesman's problem". However in the wave
model of biosystems, this is only one aspect of the
self-organization taking place. For here, as the experimental
evidence now confirms, the mutual recognition of one DNA anti
parallel half chain (+) by the other (-) concerns special super
persistent/resonant acoustic-electromagnetic waves or solitons.
Such DNA solitons have two connected types of memory. The first
is typical of the phenomenon discovered by Fermi-Pasta-Ulam
(FPU) [Fermi, 1972]. It concerns the capability of non-linear
systems to remember initial modes of energisation and to
periodically repeat them [Dubois 1992]. The DNA liquid crystals
within the chromosome structure form such a non-linear system.
The second is that of the DNA-continuum in an organism. Such
memory is an aspect of the genome's nonlocality. It is
quasi-holographic/fractal, and relates, as is the case for any
hologram or fractal, to the fundamental property of biosystems
i.e. to their ability to restore the whole out of a part. This
property is well known (grafting of plants, regeneration of a
lizard's tail, regeneration of a whole organism from the
oocyte). And a higher form of such a biological memory would be
a holographic (associative) memory of the brain cortex, i.e. of
its neural network [Pribram 1991; Schempp 1992; Marcer Schempp
1997, 1998; Sutherland 1999]. Such wave sign encoding/decoding
therefore, like DNA's ability to resolve "the traveling
salesman's problem", is, it can be hypothesized, an integral
part of DNA's computational biofunctionality. Indeed DNA
solitary waves (solitons), and in particular, the nucleotide
waves of oscillatory rotation, "read" the genome's sign
patterns, so that such sign vibratory dynamics may be considered
as one of many genomic non-linear dynamic semiotic processes.
The expression "DNA's texts";, borrowed earlier as a metaphor
from the linguists, is it turns out therefore related directly
to actual human speech. For as mathematical-linguistic research
into DNA and human speech textual patterns, shows [Maslow,
Gariaev 1994] the key parameter of both such patterns is
fractality. It can therefore be hypothesized that the grammar of
genetic texts is a special case of the general grammar of all
human languages.

Returning
however
to DNA computation based on matter-wave sign functions with a
view to realizing its wave coding capabilities, as distinct
those used by Adleman, which might be termed its matter
capabilities. Such true wave control capabilities of the DNA or
chromosomes are, we hypothesize, those conditions that apply
inside the living cell, i.e. in an aqueous solution but which
correspond to a liquid-crystal condition as well. For under such
conditions, in the unique circumstances of cell division, the
living cell has the ability to replicate itself, and has the
property of what in relation to a self replicating automaton,
von Neumann [1966] called "universal computer construction" so
that we may say that the living cell is such a computer based on
DNA [Marcer Schempp 1997a]. And while the artificial cloning of
a single cell is not yet feasible, what we have been able to do,
is to record the DNA-wave information appropriate to these wave
sign conditions of the DNA in a cell on laser mirrors, and to
use, for example, the recorded DNA-wave information from living
seeds in the form of radio waves to resuscitate the
corresponding "dead" seeds damaged by radioactivity.

The
next
step forward is therefore to bring into general use, such wave
information and memory as now newly identified in relation to
DNA and gene structure. Such applications could be on the basis
of, for example,

Regarding
volume
and speed, such memory could exceed many times over the now
available magnetic and optical disks, as well as current
classical holographic systems. But in particular, such
applications may employ the principles of quantum nonlocality.
For DNA and the genome have now been identified as active
"laser-like" environments, where, as experimentally shown,
chromosome preparations may act as a memory and as "lasers",
with the abilities i), ii) and iii) above. And finally there are
the quasi-speech features of the DNA, as these concern both
natural gene texts, and artificial (synthesized) sign sequences
of polynucleotides, which emulate natural quasi-speech gene
programs. However, we believe this maybe a rather dangerous
path, where a regulatory system of prohibitions on artificial
wave genes is indispensable. The reason is that such an approach
to DNA-wave biocomputation means entering new semiotic areas of
the human genome and the biosphere in general; areas, which are
used by the Nature to create humankind. This thought follows
from the theoretical studies on a collective symmetry of the
genetic code as carried out by the Eigen's laboratory [Scherbak,
1988] at the Max Planck Institute in Germany. This research
shows, that the key part of the information, already recorded
and still being recorded as quasi-speech in the chromosomes of
all organisms on our planet, may concern semantic exobiological
influences, since in regard to DNA-wave biocomputation, DNA acts
as a kind of aerial open to the reception of not only the
internal influences and changes within the organism but to those
outside it as well. Indeed we regard this as one of our primary
findings, which in view of quantum nonlocality of organisms
extends not only to the organism's local environment, but also
beyond it to the extent of the entire universe.

With
reference
to what we have said already, it is possible to offer the
following perspectives on the sign manipulations with gene
structures.

1.Creation
of
artificial memory on genetic molecules, which will indeed
possess both fantastic volume and speed.

2.Creation
of
biocomputers, based on these totally new principles of DNA-wave
biocomputation, which use quantum teleportation [Sudbury 1997]
and can be compared to the human brain regarding methods of data
processing and functional capabilities.

3.The
implementation
of a remote monitoring of key information processes inside
biosystems by means of such artificial biocomputers, resulting
in treatments for cancer, AIDS, genetic deformities, control
over socio-genetic processes and eventually prolongation of the
human life time.

Some
of
the experiments and computer simulations carried out in Moscow
are now described. They set out in more detail how the
understanding in sections 1. was arrived at. These descriptions
concern the specific apparatus used and results obtained,
together with computer simulations carried out to validate
specific aspects of the developing understanding,

Photograph
1.
This first picture shows a photograph of the experimental
apparatus. The principal elements are a laser, the light of
which is directed through a lens system and a DNA sandwich
sample as shown diagrammatically below

Diagram 1.
Illustrates the workings of the experiment which employs a dynamic
light scattering system of the type Malvern.

This
understanding
is then compared in section 3 with an entirely independently
researched prospective obtained by Marcer, and Schempp [1996].

This
shows
the scattering by the DNA sample of the laser light, which is
then guided through another lens system into the type Malvern
analysing device, which counts the photons registered in
different serial channels.The results of two experiments are
shown at end of paper: the first entitled "Background - Empty
Space", done without a DNA sample, and the second, with it in
place, entitled "Physical DNA in SSC Solution".

The
latter
has the typical form of a periodically reoccurring pattern,
which is of the same functional type as found in an
autocorrelation. Such regularly occurring periodic patterns have
an interpretation in terms of the phenomenon of so-called
Fermi-Pasta-Ulam recurrence, which concerns solitonic waves.
That is to say, this interpretation says that roughly speaking,
the DNA, considered as a liquid-crystal gel-like state, acts on
the incoming light in the manner of a solitonic Fermi-Pasta-Ulam
lattice, as illustrated here:

***

The
leading
question, if this is the case, is what could such action
achieve? The starting idea was that it must be concerned with
the reading of the genetic texts encoded in the DNA, where
however this language metaphor is now applied directly to these
texts. That is to say, rather than the usual analogy taking such
texts as a digital computer language or symbolic instruction
code, such texts are considered instead as having the semantic
and generative grammatical features of a spoken or written
context dependent human language. That is, we conceived of the
DNA acting in the same way as the human would, when presented
with a text from a good book on a fascinating theme, which, as
it is read, invokes actual 3 dimensional pictures/images in the
mind's eye.

The
reason
for this choice concerned the problem in DNA coding raised by
the question of synonymy and homonymy as it applies to the third
element/codon of the codon triplets. For while, see figure
below, synonymy even seems to provide a kind of redundancy,
homonymy constitutes a serious difficulty under the often
proposed postulate that only the first two elements of the DNA
codon triplet (standing for a particular protein- the picture in
the mind's eye, so to speak) are the significant ones. That is
to say, how does the reading ribosome know which protein has to
be generated, if the third nucleotide in codon's triplet does
not of itself provide the answer with total certainty? The
proposed answer was, that this ambiguity might be resolved by
some kind of context dependent reading similar to that inherent
in human speech and language understanding.

Figure: Synonymy
versus Homonymy

Satisfyingly,
this
need to explain how such context-dependent reading might be
implemented in the DNA reduplication/reading process, as will be
shown, led back to the experimental evidence as presented above,
for it supports the postulate that such context dependent
reading of the DNA is indeed best understood in the framework of
a biosolitonic process model.

A
soliton is an ultra stable wave train often with a seemly simple
closed shape, which can arise in the context of non-linear wave
oscillations. It actually consists of a rather complexly
interrelated assembly of sub wave structures, which keep the
whole solitonic process in a stationary state over a
comparatively long time. In the literature, a soliton is often
described as an entity, which is neither a particle nor a wave
in much the same way as is a quantum, for it, too has
wave/particle duality. It can also be a means to carry
information. Solitonic processing in DNA, would therefore, it
was hypothesized, relate, in one of its aspects, the reading of
the codons, to quantum computing [Patel 2000], and this could
therefore concern the soliton viewed as the travelling "window",
that opens in the double helix structure as the reading takes
place, as is illustrated below:

It
was
therefore decided to model this reading process as a complex
mechanical oscillator [Gariaev 1994], capable of producing
solitonic wave transmissions, which takes the form of a system
of rotary pendulums, like those in a certain type of pendulum
clock, as illustrated,

to see if the
computer simulations could shed more light on just what might be
happening in the DNA. In the basic model, illustrated and shown
below, each of the oscillatory movements of each element of the
linked chain of oscillators depends heavily on the motion of its
neighbours, and on the differences in the specific weights of the
elements. Imagine now that the DNA forms such a kind of pendulum,
whilst the intertwined helices/chains are opened at one particular
section to provide the travelling window, as in the previous
figure. That is to say, the model to be simulated is a chain of
non-linear oscillators, the four types of which can be identified
with the Adenine (A), Cytosine (C), Guanine (G), and Thymine (T)
or Uracil (C) components DNA, all having different spatial
structures and masses, and where there is a travelling window
opened in the double helix. Such a model allows a rather complex
pattern of oscillation in the DNA chain of elements, depending on
the actual layout of the elements as specified by the actual
genetic code sequence involved. The window as it travels, is
therefore highly context dependent.

the
figures,
which follow, are those of the computer simulation of this
process of the travelling window, carried out in relation to a
particular fragment of viral DNA. The first two figures with
respect to the simulation, where the vertical is the time axis,
show what would happen, in case of a context dependent reading
beginning from two different nucleotides of the DNA chain,
namely the 400th and the 450th respectively. In both cases these
concern activity in the form of a "kink", which runs through the
chain of nucleotides, A, C, G, T. The second two figures show
even more sophisticated types of context dependent effects.
These concern the complex dynamic patterns, which arise when
also taking into account the non-linear covalent connections
between the nucleotides.

Thus subject to the
assumption that DNA is a certain kind of liquid crystal
structure with dynamic properties, where the interrelated
solitonic activities are linked, as may be supposed, together to
form a highly coherent wave structure, then:-

i) The masses of the
nucleotides and other parameters show that these oscillatory
activities should be located somewhere together in the
"acoustic" wave domain, and

ii) That, as a liquid
crystal, the DNA could influence the polarization of the weak
light emission known to exist in cells, the so called
"biophotons". This kind of emitted light in cells was first
discovered by the Russian investigator Alexander Gurwitsch
[1923], who called it the "mitogenic radiation". Today it is
known from the work of Fritz Albert Popp [Popp, 2000], that such
biophotonic or mitogenic light, while being ultraweak, is
however on the other hand, highly coherent, so that it has an
inherent laser-like light quality.

The
experimental
setting and the resulting simulations therefore say that:-

iii)
The
experimental laser beam is simply a substitute for the
endogenous intracellular coherent light emitted by the DNA
molecule itself, and that

iv)
The
superimposed coherent waves of different types in the cells are
interacting to form diffraction patterns, firstly in the
"acoustic" domain, and secondly in the electromagnetic domain.
Furthermore such diffraction patterns are by definition (and as
is known for example from magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
[Binz, Schempp 2000a,b] a kind of quantum hologram. Thus, it
seems that our original picture is confirmed and that the
considered interaction between solitonic oscillations in the
liquid crystal structure of DNA, and the polarization vector of
the ultraweak biophotonic highly coherent light, could indeed be
hypothetically understood as a mechanism of translation between
holograms in the "acoustic" frequency domain, which concerns
rather short range effects and those in the electromagnetic
domain and vice versa.

The
basis
of such an hypothetical mechanism as a translation process,
between acoustic and optical holograms, can be easily
illustrated in the laboratory, where, as shown below, there is a
fish illuminated in water by means of the acoustic radiation, in
such a way that on the surface of the water an interference
pattern or hologram forms, such that when this interference
pattern is illuminated from above in the right way, by light of
a high laser quality, a virtual visual image of the fish appears
above the water. It shows that the hologram in question acts as
a holographic transducer between the acoustic and
electromagnetic domains.

Laboratory
illustration
of a holographic transducer between the acoustic and
electromagnetic domains

This illustrated transduction when described in terms
of the formalization of Huygens' principle of secondary sources
[Jessel 1954], has been used as the basis of a new topological
computing principle [Fatmi, Resconi 1988] which defines entire
classes of non-commutative control structures, Fatmi et al
[1990]. It was applied to DNA. and more recently to the brain
[Clement et al. 1999].

Sections
1
and 2 are in excellent agreement with the independently
researched model of DNA produced by Marcer and Schempp [1996].
This explains the workings of the DNA-wave biocomputer in terms
of a quantum mechanical theory called quantum holography

[Schempp 1992] used by
Schempp [1998] and Binz and Schempp [2000a,b; 1999] to correctly
predict the workings of MRI. These two DNA-wave biocomputer
models are also, as cited, in good agreement with qubit model
explanation of DNA more recently published by Patel [2000], and
earlier independent researched models by Clement et al [1993]
and Perez [1991].

The
quantum holographic DNA-wave biocomputer model describes
the morphology and dynamics of DNA, as a self-calibrating
antenna working by phase conjugate adaptive resonance capable of
both receiving and transmitting quantum holographic information
stored in the form of diffraction patterns (which in MRI can be
shown to be quantum holograms). The model describes how
during the development of the embryo of the DNA's organism,
these holographic patterns carry the essential holographic
information necessary for that development. This would explain
the almost miraculous way the multiplying assembly of individual
cells is coordinated across the entire organism throughout every
stage of its development - in complete agreement with the
explanation arrived at in Moscow by Gariaev and his co-workers

The
quantum holographic theory requires that the DNA
consists of two antiparallel (phase conjugate) helices, between
which (in conformity with DNA's known structure, ie the planes
on which the base pairing takes place) the theory says, are
located hologram planes/holographic gratings, where the
necessary 3 spatial dimensional holographic image data of the
organism is stored in agreement with the Gariaev group's
hypothesis. It says, as described in relation to laser
illumination of a DNA sample, that such illumination can be
expected to turn the DNA into a series of active adaptive phase
conjugate mirrors (see figure below)/holographic transducers
(see figure of laboratory illustration earlier), from which
would resonantly emerge a beam of radiation, on which is carried
the holographic information as encoded in the DNA. As indeed is
the case in the Gariaev group experiments already described.
These experiments thus confirm the quantum holographic
prediction that DNA functions an antenna capable of both
encoding and decoding holographic information. This
functionality is also in good agreement with the findings of
Schempp [1986] that quantum holography is capable of
modelling antennae such as synthetic aperture radars, and that
this mathematical description of radar can be applied [Marcer
and Schempp 1997] to a model, working by quantum holography,
of the neuron. This model is in good accord with the biological
neuron's information processing morphology and signal dynamics.
As indeed are the quantum holographic models of the
brain as a conscious system, and of the prokaryote cell [Marcer,
Schempp 1996, 1997a]. It is a viewpoint originally voiced by de
Broglie, who presciently pictured the electron as being guided
by its own pilot wave or radar! These examples including MRI all
demonstrate that quantum holograph does indeed
incorporate signal theory into quantum physics and it can be
hypothesized biocomputation.

Phase
conjugate
mechanism or mirror in the laboratory. Action of an active
adaptive phase conjugate mirror

Furthermore, quantum holography predicts that
the planes, in which the base pairing takes place, constitute a
"paged" associative holographic memory and filter bank (carrying
holograms which can be written and read) and which has no cross
talk between the pages. The orthogonality of the holograms
encoded on these pages, arises as the result of the sharp
frequency adaptive coupling conditions (1), which specify very
narrow spectral windows, i.e. the "pages".

for
non-degenerate
four wavelet mixing where a,b,c,d are the corresponding wave
functions of the mixing; Hv(a,b; x,y) is the holographic
transform which in quantum holography defines the
probability of detecting a wave quantum frequency v within a
unit area attached to the point (x,y) of the hologram plane,
where the wavelet mixing aOb takes place and is described in
terms of a tensor multiplication O. The orthogonality condition
(1) can be seen therefore as specifying a set of diagonal
elements or trace Tr in a unit matrix in the frequency domain.
It implies, as can be shown, that the Shannon encoding schema
employed in DNA is optimally efficient, which following a
billion or more years of evolution, in DNA could be expected to
be the case.

The
conditions
(1) are therefore in excellent agreement with Gariaev group's
conclusion. It confirms that the planes on which the base
pairing takes places, concerns two quantum holograms, ie the
wavelet mixings aOb and cOd, where each specifies a "context",
one for the other. Further quantum holography predicts,
based on the symmetries of the 3 dimensional representation of
the Heisenberg Lie group G, that in relation to the quantum
hologram defined by a wavelet mixing aOb, the coherent wavelet
packet densities a(t)dt and b(t')dt' are indistinguishable by
means of relative time and phase corrections applied to the
respective wavelet pathways (x,y) in the hologram plane. That
is, to say, the tensor operation O, in the case of quantum
holography, describes a quantum entanglement, even though
aOb defines a quantum hologram, from which quantum
holography shows and MRI proves, holographic information
can be both written/encoded and read/decoded.

Thus,
mathematically,
DNA can on the basis of quantum holography be thought of
represented quantum mechanically very simply by the trace

Tr < a,b | c,d >

such
that
when the double helix is opened, in accordance with the Gariaev
description above, this corresponds to the representation

< a,b | >< | c,d
>

The process of completed
duplication of DNA can therefore represented as

Tr<a,b
|
c,d>< a,b | c,d >

because as it is
crucial to understand in the case of DNA, the two strands of the
double helix are, quantum holography shows, not the same
but phase conjugate, ie what biologists call
complementary/antiparallel, and so must be represented within
the context of DNA itself by a,b and c,d respectively. These
pairs differ quantum holographyshows, constituting
covariant and contragrediant representations, which are
essentially topologically cohomologous [Marcer 2000]. It could
explain why to quote de Duve [1984], just the two elementary
base-pairing {A,U/T}and {G,C} of respectively the nucleotides
Adenine and Uracil/Thymine together with Guanine and Cytosine,
are needed, to "govern through the two relatively fragile
structures they embody, the whole of information transfer
throughout the biosphere". That is to say, in DNA, these two
nucleotide base pairings are the universal chemical mechanisms
producing the wavelet mixing O on the hologram planes (which
they also define) such that DNA can then be given a shorthand
description in terms of context dependent genetic texts written
in the four letters A,T,G,C.

The
topological
differentiation referred to above follows from the fact that,
while in quantum mechanics, a wave function is only determined
up to an arbitrary phase, phase difference is of physical
significance (as in holography), because there exists a class of
quantum observables, which are the gauge invariant geometric
phases of the state vector or wave function [Resta 1997; Schempp
1992; Anandan 1992]. These observables must therefore be
distinguished from those which are the eigenvalues of some
operator, usually the Hamiltonian or energy function. Such a
state vector description (with gauge invariant phases) by means
of which each DNA molecule can clearly be expected to be
described, would explain the difference between the nature of
quantum interference and quantum self interference, which DNA
from its double helical structure can thus be recognized to
concern.

In
the
above means of representing DNA therefore, | >< |
represents by the quantum correspondence principle, the quantum
soliton control [see also, Denschlag et al, 2000] or wavepacket
activity rather than its classical soliton counterpart, which
was the subject of the Moscow computer simulations. These all
confirm the Gariaev group's conclusions reached as a result of
their experiments, that DNA functions as a quantum coherent
system/assembly (of now quantum oscillators) or whole, by means
of quantum entanglement. A whole, where as (1) shows, this may
be decomposed into an orthogonal family of holographically
encoded 3 spatial dimensional images in line with the usual
description of a quantum mechanical diagonalization. It also
says in line with the Gariaev group's findings that DNA can be
described as an "autocorrelation", where as shown here, this is
an optimally efficient decomposition into a decorrelated family
of holographic code primitives /holograms, and that this, as
Schempp[1992] shows, follows from the fact a quantum mechanical
harmonic oscillator (in this case the highly complex DNA
molecule itself) is equivalent to an assembly of bosons each
having one polarization state. The latter substantiates the
Gariaev group conclusion that they have indeed discovered an
entirely new form of electromagnetic vector by means of which
holographic images are carried in the form of a polarization
state, suitable for a new form of cinema, video and computer.

Quantum
holography
says that DNA satisfies the principle of computer
construction [Von Neumann, 1966], since it carries a copy of
itself, and is

(a) its own blueprint
written in the genetic texts, where the mechanism engineering
the DNA replication is the biophotonic electromagnetic field,
while the "letters" of the genetic texts A, G, C, U are held
invariant, but where,

(b) in the case of the replication of the organism,
for which DNA is the blueprint written in the holographic
information, the reverse is the case. That is, it is the
"acoustic field" in this case, which mechanically
constructs/engineers the organism out of the available matter,
in accordance with the information held in the electromagnetic
field holograms (these being held invariant in this case). This
must therefore mean that Adenine, Uracil, Guanine, and Cytosine
are invariants structures/weightings in both the acoustic and
electromagnetic field domains. These mechanisms therefore
correspond with the know basic features of quantum
communication/information transfer known as quantum
teleportation, which consists of two inseparable signal
processes one classical, one quantum. The latter is
instantaneous transmission from X to Y (unlimited in principle
as to distance), but which cannot be used without the other,
which is transmission from X to Y by conventional means at the
speed of light or lower. In the case of DNA, therefore, it is
the existence of the genetic text of the organism itself which
constitutes the classical signal process of quantum
teleportation, able to facilitate the quantum mechanical signal
processes of both the copying of the DNA as its own blueprint,
and of the construction of the organism (for which DNA is the
blueprint) in a massively parallel way by the means of quantum
teleportation.]

Remarkably too, quantum holography also
confirms and is confirmed by another astonishing experimental
finding. This is the so-called "DNA-Phantom-Effect" [Gariaev,
Junin, 1989; Gariaev et al, 1991; Gariaev, 1994], a very
intriguing phenomenon, widely discussed, when it was first found
by Peter Gariaev. Later similar phenomenon termed 'mimicking the
effect of dust' [Allison et al, 1990]. was detected by group of
R.Pecora. This is the discovery that the pattern below, found in
the first experiment described, when a laser illuminated DNA,
does not immediately disappear if the DNA samples are removed
from the apparatus. It continues in different form for sometime.
An explanation would be that quantum holography defines
an admitter/absorber quantum vacuum model of quantum mechanics
in terms of annihilation/creation operators [Schempp 1993],
implying that DNA does indeed behave like a single quantum,
which induces a "hole" temporarily in the vacuum by its removal.

Marcer P. and
Schempp W., 1996, A Mathematically Specified Template For DNA
And The Genetic Code, In Terms Of The Physically Realizable
Processes Of Quantum Holography, Proceedings of the Greenwich
Symposium on Living Computers, editors Fedorec A. and Marcer P.,
45-62.

Marcer P and
Schempp W., 1997a, The Model of the Prokaryote cell as an
Anticipatory System Working by Quantum Holography, Proceedings
of CASYS 97, 11-15, August, HEC-Liege, Belgium, International
Journal of Computing Anticipatory Systems, v.2, 307-315.

Marcer P., Schempp
W. 1998, The brain as a conscious system, International Journal
of General Systems, 27, 1/3, 231-248.

Abstract: The basic assumptions of our work include the
following: 1. the genome has a capacity for quasi-consciousness
so that DNA “words” produce and help in the recognition of
“semantically meaningful phrases”; 2. the DNA of chromosomes
control fundamental programs of life in a dual way: as chemical
matrixes and as a source of wave function and holographic
memory; 3. processes in the substance-wave structures of the
genome can be observed and registered through the dispersion and
absorption of a bipolar laser beam. The present article brings
forward considerable theoretical and experimental evidence in
support of this model, and discusses its practical applications
with respect to cancer and HIV therapeutic strategies.

I. The nature of HIV and
cancer: problems in interpretation.

The challenge ofHIV and cancer and
the essence of Life both lie on the same plane. As of now,
we still don't understand the most crucial facts about Life:
how did it appear on earth and in which way it is coded in
chromosomes? Several hypotheses are available, and each of
them at best represents just a piece of reality. This is
where the theoretical and biological difficulties in
interpreting the HIV and cancer phenomena come from - and
the price we are paying for this misunderstanding are the
mistakes emerging in the treatment of these diseases. Both
pathologies affect the most vital part in any biological
system, namely, its genetic apparatus - the organism’s
“self-knowledge”. And this is the paradox: we seem to know
quite enough about chromosomes and DNA - oncogenes have
already been found, the HIV genome has been studied, and
it’s clear how these informational structures function in
chromosomes. The genetic code and ribosome operation
principles also seem to have been investigated in detail.
But for some reason all this information is not enough to
develop universal methods for a successful intervention
against cancer and HIV.

A half-lie is the worst lie, because people
have reason to believe it - and this is especially true with
respect to the genetic coding paradigm. In this field,
everything is an impregnable bastion for critics, and everything
is ruled by dogma. Even the key definition, the strategic scheme
of genetic coding (DNA-> RNA-> protein), is called “the
Central Dogma”. Until recently, all attacks on this dogma seemed
trivial and doomed to failure. That was an incorrect assumption,
as it turned out. The accuracy and effectiveness of research
strategies dealing with HIV, cancer and many other pathologies
depend on whether we orderly understand the genetic coding
mechanism. The discovery of reverse transcriptase was the first
spectacular breach in this dogma, which as a result was
re-assigned a more discreet, working-hypothesis status: DNA Û
RNA--> protein. However, our ideas on protein biosynthesis
are gradually eroding: each new model is just an approach to the
truth, to the understanding of the genome language-image
pluralism as coding tool for the spatiotemporal structure of
biosystems [32, 33].

II. What do we want to prove?

In this paper we intend
to propose ideas which are not aimed at the final destruction of
the so-called genetic code “canonical” triplet model, but at the
development and establishment of its exact position in the
knowledge basis of the chromosome operational principles. Yes,
it’s possible to state that the triplet code is the truth.
However, this truth is as correct as the statement that we could
write a word using an alphabet. That statement is certainly
right. But if we try, based only on this knowledge, to go
further and vouch that by means of this alphabet we can compile
grammatically-correct sentences, this new statement won’t be
accurate. Such a statement is incorrect, in fact, because for
the compilation of human speech laws of syntax, logic and
grammar have to be applied. As for the genome, it’s a very
speech-like and logical structure, but its fundamental features
are not the only way to express genome associative-semantic
structures. Furthermore, we are inclined to agree with
V.V.Nalimov’s ideas [43] leading us to the conclusion that a
genome possesses quasi-conscious abilities. The logic we use and
the models we developed are only an attempt to obtain
higher-level understanding of laws pertaining to genetic text
structuring or to other genome vital structures - knowledge
which is now just beginning to emerge. The Russian researchers
A.G.Gurwitch [38], V.N.Beklemishev [29] and A.A.Lyubitchev [41]
laid the foundation of this science in the late 1920s.

What type of approaches
might enrichthe commonly-accepted genetic coding
theory and how can these innovations assist in resolving the HIV
and cancer issues, in particular? Let’s assume, until getting a
final proof, three "axioms" which have already gottendefinite
theoretical and experimental confirmation [8, 32, 33, 37]:

DNA molecules, included
in chromosomes, possess a substance--wave duality which is
similar to the dualism of elementary particles. In accordance
with it, DNA codes an organism in two ways, both with the
assistance of DNA matter and by DNA sign wave functions,
including coding at its own laser radiation level - [28].

The genetic apparatus
can be non-local at the molecular level (holographic memory of a
chromosome continuum) and at the same time quantum mechanically
non-local in compliance with the Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen effect
[4]. The latter means that the genome genetic and other
regulatory wave information is recorded at the polarization
level of its photons and is non-locally (everywhere and in no
time) transferred (plays out) throughout the entire space of a
biosystem by thepolarization code parameter. This helps
to set a quick-response information contact among the billions
of cells constituting an organism.

The genome on the whole
and the individual nucleus of cells can generate and recognize
text-associative regulatory structures with the application of a
background principle, holography and quantum non-locality.

III. What’s the next step?

Let’s assume that final
proofs of the above-mentioned statements have been obtained.
Then the problem of HIV and cancer rises to an altogether
different intellectual dimension.

For instance, what does
the “DNA matter-wave dualism” mean - and in which way is it
linked with the chromosome's numerous code functions? (Note: by
code function we understand processes which are dramatically
differed from the known triplet genetic code) In some sense, the
genome operates like a complex multiwave laser with adjustable
frequencies. It emits DNA light which is gene- and
sign-modulated by amplitude, phase, frequency and polarization.
Moreover, the genome is also likely to be a radio wave emitter
converting a wide spectrum of coherent sign-polarized radio
bands [37] (P.P. Gariaev, G.G.Tertyshniy, Ye.A. Leonova,
etc. Radio wave spectroscopy of local photons: exit to quantum
non-local bioinformational processes. Sensors and Systems
(2000, N9, pp. 2-13). The genome is also a dynamical
multiple hologram which is able to produce light and radio wave
images [37] which carry out management functions by the
biosystem. These structures are also the carriers of
electromagnetic marking schemes (calibration fields) of
biosystems’ space and time organization. And finally, the genome
is a quasi-text form possessing elements of quantum
non-locality, which can without any time delay “read” itself in
billions of cells and use information, thereby received, as a
control blueprint for living functions and structural
organization [8, 37]. Many biologists and geneticists, let alone
doctors, are likely to consider these new concepts of genome
organization as extremely complicated. However, not all of them
will: these ideas, whose seeds were first planted in Russia in
the 1920s, have seen a dramatic and accelerating development
over the last decade.

This clearly suggests
that it’s necessary to modify our strategy in searching for HIV
and cancer cures, as the traditional approaches to solving this
issue increasingly resemble the wish to produce a good harvest,
having planted an asphalt road. The new strategy has to be based
on fundamental investigations of substance-wave duality and
quasi-speech attributes of a higher system genome. Let’s stress
once again that we consider a chromosome continuum as a sign
laser & radio wave emitter [8, 33, 37], and direct
experimental evidences allows us to think so. For instance, to
demonstrate laser abilities of genetic structures, we showed
that DNA and chromatin in vitro could be pumped as a
laser-active medium for a consequent laser light generation
[28].

If we accept these
vital characteristics of a genome, then new specific issues
arise: for example, does the sign character of chromosome laser
& radio wave radiation change when a xenobiotic HIV genome
inserts itself into it? And, at the same time, what happens to
the radiation “semantics” during a transposition of oncogenes or
any other mobile polynucleotide sequences as well as during
B<--> Z and other conformational transitions of DNA
in-vivo? Are these changes linked to an alteration of quasi- and
real holographic programs, i.e. are new programs created and old
ones changed, or are these programs erased, and so on? Does the
radiation polarization parameter retain, in semiotic sense, its
dynamic properties in the process of genome reorganization? Do
all these changes influence ribosome operation? Further
questions may arise. The answer to any of them can play a key
role in interpreting the nature of HIV and cancer.

IV. Theoretical structures - more details

Let’s take another
fundamental problem. Oncogene and HIV genomes, occupying certain
positions in a 3D space of master cell chromosomes, do not
express themselves as pathogenic factors until a certain time.
In this sense, the behavior of HIV in the infected patient’s
organism is unpredictable. HIV's latency period may vary from a
week to 10 years. A specific mechanism of HIV-infection
induction from the latent (sleeping) condition is thought to
exist, but this mechanism is still misunderstood and, therefore,
the opportunity to make HIV viruses permanently latent in the
human organism is being missed. In this condition, the organism
and the cells simply “don’t notice” them or even, as in the case
of oncogenes, use them for their own benefit as a reproduction
factor. Why does an organism adequately accept and contain them
until a certain time X, and why they are semantically reborn,
causing a management catastrophe in cell, after the X-time has
come? Following our logic, it’s possible to think that both in
the pathologic and normal state four factors are engaged, at
least: genome “holography” and “linguistics”, genome background
(context) self-organization, and its quantum non-locality.

In the course of
evolution, biosystems have produced their own genetic “texts”
and a biocomputing genome as a quasi- intelligent “subject”
which “reads and understands” these texts at its level. The fact
that natural human texts (it doesn’t matter what the language
is) and genetic “texts” have similar mathematical &
linguistic and entropy-statistical characteristics is extremely
important for the genome elementary “intelligence”. This
relates, in particular, to concepts such as the fractality of
letters' occurrence frequency density distribution (in genetic
“texts”, nucleotides execute function of letters) [21].

American researchers
obtained another confirmation of the genome coding function
linguistic interpretation [20]. Dealing with the “coding” and
“non-coding” eukaryote DNA sequences [(in the framework of old
concepts of a gene), they came to a conclusion which was similar
with ours and which conflicted with the central dogma that
meaningful functions are concentrated only in the protein-coding
DNA sections. The researchers applied a statistical analysis
method for studying natural and musical texts, known as
Zipf-Mandelbrot’s law, as well as the known Shannon postulate of
text information redundancy calculated as a text entropy (more
information about text entropy and statistics of words
distribution in texts is given in [1, 25, 27, 31]). As a result,
they found that DNA “non-coding” areas (space, intronic and
others) had more in common with natural languages than the
“coding” ones. Taking this for granted, the authors inferred
that “non-coding” sequences of genetic molecules were the basis
for one or more biological languages. Furthermore, the authors
developed a statistical algorithm for searching DNA coding
sequences; the algorithm they developed demonstrated that
protein-coding areas had significantly fewer long-distance
correlations, compared with areas separating these sequences.
The DNA-sequence distribution was so sophisticated that the
methods the researchers applied stopped working satisfactorily
at distances of over 10^3-10^2 base pairs. Zipf-Mandelbrot’s
distribution for “words” occurrence frequency, where the number
of nucleotides ranged from 3 to 8, demonstrated that natural
language had more in common with the non-coding sequences, than
with the coding ones. It’s worth noting that the authors
considered the coding only as a record of amino acid sequence
information. And that was a paradox which made them state that
DNA non-coding areas were not merely “junk”, but the lingual
structures designed for reaching some still unknown goals.
Despite the discovery of hidden complexity in these non-coding
areas, the authors didn’t understand the implications of the
long-distance correlations characterizing these structures.
(They illustrated the process based on a family of genomes of
the myosin heavy chain and assigned it to the evolutionary
transition from lower taxons to higher taxons). The data
presented in [20] is in full compliance with the ideas we had
independently put forward [32, 33]; according to our point of
view, DNA non-coding sequences, or approximately 95-98% of a
genome, are a strategic informational content of chromosomes.
The said context has a substance-wave nature and, therefore, is
multidimensional and functions as a holographic
associative-image and semantic program of embryological origin,
the semantic continuation and the logic end of any biosystem.
Having intuitively understood that the old genetic coding model
led to a dead-end, the authors [20] said a nostalgic good-bye to
this now-obsolete paradigm, but didn’t propose anything to
replace it.

V. Homonymous-synonymous ambiguities of
genetic texts. What does an organism need them for?

Text homonymy and
synonymy are the common fundamental semantic properties of
natural and genetic texts. These features provide chromosomes,
natural texts and speech with redundant and multivalent
information and, thus, ensure some adaptive flexibility.
Ambivalent genetic texts acquire their monosemantic meaning
owing to a variation of DNA sequence position in genome space
through their transpositions and/or a transposition of their
environment. This resembles the situation with natural texts and
speech, in which homonymous-synonymous ambiguities of a semantic
field are eliminated by the context (this background principle
is described in [44]). Homonymies of coding doublets are easily
found in the traditional genetic code triplet model. The meaning
of these homonymies is still misunderstood and isn’t taken into
account, with some exceptions [33, 35]. The perplexing issue of
mRNA codon homonymies emerged with the creation of the triplet
model of amino acid coding in the process of protein
biosynthesis. It immediately became a “time-bomb”, since the
correct explanation of a biological (informational) meaning of
these homonymies automatically leads to the necessity of
significant correction or complete revision of the triplet
model. How are codons homonymies produced? A set of different
amino acids is coded in mRNA codons by similar doublets; the
third nucleotides in codons can relocate chaotically: they are
wobbling and may become any of the four canonical ones. As a
result, they don’t correlate with the coding amino acids [3,
11]. That’s why semantic ambiguity appears regarding the
ribosome’s choice of amino acid-carrying-tRNA anti-codons. For
instance, each synonymous codon of the standard code of higher
biosystems (AGT and AGC) codes for serine, while each synonymous
AGA and AGG codon codes for arginine. Thus, the third
nucleotides of mRNA codons in combination with a sign doublet
don’t have exact amino acid correlates; at the same time, the
first two sign codon nucleotides are similar with one another,
yet code different amino acids - hence the ambiguity in
selecting tRNA anti-codons. In other words, a ribosome may take
serine or arginine tRNA with an equal probability ; such an
outcome can initiate synthesis of abnormal proteins. In fact,
these mistake don’t occur and the precision of the protein
synthesis process is extremely high. These mistakes appear only
in some metabolically abnormal situations (the presence of some
antibiotics, a lack of amino acids, etc.). Usually a ribosome
somehow correctly chooses the tRNA anti-codons out of the
homonymous doublets.

We think that the correct choice out of
doublet anti-codon-homonyms is realized through a
resonant-wave or context (associative, holographic) and/or
“background” mechanisms. Amino acid code homonymity can be
overcome in the same way as they are in natural languages -
by the placement of a homonym in a complete phrase; the
homonym decodes the context and attaches a unique meaning to
it, thus resolving the ambiguity. That’s why mRNA, acting as
a “phrase”, should operate in the protein synthesis process
as an integral coding system, non-locally determining the
sequence of amino acids at the level of tRNA aminoacylated
associates, which interact in a global and complementary way
with the entire mRNA molecule. Macrosteric disagreement
between mRNA and tRNA continuums could be eliminated due to
a conformational lability of macromolecules. The A-P
sections of a ribosome are responsible for accepting these
associated amino acids, with their consequent enzymatic
sewing into peptide chains. In this case, a context-oriented
unambiguous choice and elimination of the doublet-anticodon
homonymy will occur. Considering the above, it’s possible to
predict that the interaction of aminoacylated tRNAs with
mRNAs has a collective phase character and is effected by a
type of re-association (“annealing”) of one-string DNA upon
the temperature reduction after melting of a native
polynucleotide. Does any experimental evidence for this
contention exist? Yes. A great deal of such information is
available and collected in the analytical review [45]. Here
we will only present some of the data. For example, the
correctness of terminating codons recognition by tRNA
molecules is known to depend on their context (that’s a
confirmation of our theoretical model), in particular, on
the existence of a uridine after the stop codon. In Paper
[9] the following information is presented: the insertion of
a line consisting of nine rarely-used CUA-leucine codons in
the position after the 13th one (in the compound of 313
codons of the tested mRNA) resulted in active inhibition of
their translation, yet did not notably influence the
translation of other CUA-codon-containing mRNAs. Here, the
translation context effect is clearly seen as a strategic
influence of distant mRNA codons on the inclusion (or
non-inclusion) of certain amino acids in the composition of
a protein being synthesized. This is a remote influence,
connected with the protein synthesis continuum; it’s also an
example of the genetic apparatus’ non-local functions,
whereby the protein-synthesizing apparatus recognizes mRNA
not only in parts (by nucleotides, locally), but in one
piece (non-locally) as well. However, in the work being
cited this key phenomenon is only stated and remains
inexplicable to the researchers; and probably for this
reason they don’t even discuss it. Similar results continue
to appear in the literature at an increasing rate. In the
work under discussion the authors refer to half a dozen
analogous situations, whose explanation in the classical
interpretation is rather difficult. This obviously points to
inconsistencies in the genetic code triplet model. The model
also fails to explain the existence of unusually swollen
anticodons. When they are involved in protein synthesis, the
number of base pairs in the ribosome A-site exceeds 3 [45].
This finding challenges the dogmatic postulate of code
triplets . Furthermore, studies of tRNA-tRNA interactions on
ribosomes are presented in [45]; they offer full
confirmation of our model, in which we consider an
amino-acid-loaded tRNA complex as the predecessor of a
protein. In [45] an important idea, very close to ours, was
put forward: the influence of the mRNA context on
monosemantic incorporation of amino acids into a peptide
chain reflects some basic, still unstudied, laws of genetic
information coding in the protein synthesis process. It’s
worth remembering that genetic information about protein
synthesis occupies only some 1% of a chromosome's total
volume. The remaining 98.5% of the whole contain programs of
a significantly higher level.

VI. Prions: the last blow to the central dogma
of molecular biology

As we can see, the
previously-existing hypotheses regarding the genetic code and
the operation of the protein-synthesis apparatus have been
grossly simplified. The prion phenomenon is likely to be the
last argument in favor of a final revision of the molecular
biology central dogma.

Prions are low-weight
molecular parasitic proteins (PrPsc) targeting the brains of
animals (mad-cow disease) and human beings (Alzheimer’s,
Kreutzfeld-Jacob’s syndrome, etc.). Virus-like
strain-specificity is an inexplicable feature of prions. This
strain-specificity is only attributed to microorganisms or
viruses which have a genetic apparatus. And yet, it’s thought
that prions don’t have a genome, since all efforts to find
traces of DNA or RNA in them have failed. An acute
contradiction, which once again discredits the molecular biology
central dogma, arises: prions don’t have a genome, but genetic
signs are present. Some scientists, unable to explain this
phenomenon and trying to “save” the central dogma, nevertheless
suppose that DNA or RNA traces are hidden in the prion
molecule’s wrinkles [10]. However, investigations carried out in
this field over decades and endorsed by the Nobel prize awarded
to Stanley Prusiner in 1997, reliably demonstrated that prions
had neither nucleic acids nor a genome [23]. How are we to
resolve this contradiction? If we admit that the central dogma
is correct, then this is impossible. Having rejected this dogma,
we can imagine the following prion biogenesis scenario [34]: in
this model, a “prion virtual genome”, i.e. a provisional genome
"borrowed" from the master cells for a given time, is the chief
player. To put it more exactly, this is a protein-synthesizing
apparatus of master cells. Prions are likely to have retained
the paleogenetic way as their way of reproduction; in some cases
this breeding method enables prions not to use genes encoded in
chromosomes, but to self-reproduce in another way, ignoring the
central dogma of molecular biology and genetics. To synthesize
prions, a cell has to address their genes: it’s a progressive,
but, at the same time, organizationally and energetically
difficult method. Prions can simplify this procedure.

We believe that PrPsc
(Prion-Protein-scrapy) NH-group peptide bonds can react
with the OH-groups of ribose remains of accepting CCA-sequences
of respective tRNAs. In the course of a hypothetical
fermentative reaction, an emerging poly-tRNA-complex, the
collinear PrPsc, pairwisely in space draws together anticodons
and forms a covalent and discrete “information RNA analog ”
(iaRNA). This stage is practically a reverse process of the
protein synthesis on a ribosome. The process is likely to take
place on the ribosome’s A- and P-sites. Then, the synthesis of
RNA on iaRNA takes place. For this purpose, a respective RNA
polymerase, which can work with an iaRNA covalently-discrete
matrix, is required. That’s the mechanism of “mutual usage” of
the protein-synthesizing apparatus during the prion reproduction
period. This impermanence creates the illusion that prions don’t
possess a genetic apparatus. In this process, prion peptide
chains are used as matrices on which poly-tRNA-continua in pairs
arrange themselves on the ribosome’s A-P sections, forming
discrete polyanticodons. The latter, joining in pairs , either
become a direct matrix for the prion’s RNA-dependent mRNA
synthesis, or (in the other case) polyanticodons may be
specifically spliced and then alloyed in a
covalently-undisrupted mRNA matrix of prions. Thus, prion’s mRNA
polymerizes prions on a ribosome. That means that the ribosome
operates in the reverse direction, being a
“prion-polyanticodon-dependent mRNA polymerase” in the process.
And, therefore, violating the dogma, information is transferred
from a protein to RNA. Thus, the scheme of the
DNA>RNA>Protein dogma completely changes. In this
case, it isn’t the dogma any longer, but only a working model
which needs further clarification and development. In accordance
with this view on prion biogenesis, the prion stain-specificity
is explained by peculiarities of reverse operation of ribosomes,
temporarily recruited during the synthesis of each prion strain.
These peculiarities reflect a taxonomic position of
prion-producing biosystems. Now, back to the basic postulates of
the genetic code model, still widely-accepted: the genetic code
is a triplet, unoverlapped, degeneratedand doesn’t have
“commas”, i.e. codons are not separated from each other.
Information flows from DNA through RNA to a protein. And
finally, the code is universal. In light of the preceding
arguments, what’s left out of the initial postulates? Nothing,
essentially. Indeed, the code is likely to be a multi-letter
fractal and heteromultiplet structure coding both individual
proteins and functionally-linked protein associates. It has
overlaps formed due to a shift in the ribosome’s reading frames.
It has commas, since heterocodons can be isolated from one
another by sequences with other functions, including punctuation
functions. The code is not universal: in 14 cases, it is
differed from the standard code of higher-level biosystems. The
mitochondrial, yeast, micoplasm, trematodian and other
lower organisms’ codes are included in these cases [5, 6].

And finally: a protein
can be a matrix for RNA, as we can see from the prion example.
How should we understand an actual protein code, taking into
account all the above-mentioned contradictions and in line with
our theory? It is possible to postulate a qualitative,
simplified, initial version of substance-wave control over the
amino acids' line-up order, dictated by the associates of
aminoacylated tRNA, the predecessors of proteins. Having
admitted this assumption, it’s easier to understand the
operation of the protein code and consider it as a
hierarchically-structured program of the substance-wave
biosystem organization. In this sense, the code is the first
stage in a chromosome’s plan of building a biosystem, since the
genome language is multidimensional and pluralistic and is
capable of setting up more than just a protein synthesis task.
The basic statements of this proposed preliminary model of
matter-wave sign processes in protein biosynthesis are as
follows:

Multicomponent
ribonucleoproteid
protein-synthesizing apparatus is a system which generates
highly organized sign radiation of acoustic-electromagnetic
fields which strategically regulate its self-organization and
the order of inclusion of amino acids in a polypeptide chain.

Aminoacylated tRNAs are
assembled in sequences, which are the precursors of protein
synthesis. This assembling is realized before the contact with
the A-P ribosome site. The resulting continuum of tRNA
anticodons pool is complementary to the complete mRNA, excluding
dislocations determined by the availability of non-canonical
nucleotide pairs.

The sequence of
aminoacylated tRNA in associates-protein precursors is
determined by the sign collective resonance of all the
participants involved in the amino acid sequence synthesis. In
this process, pre-mRNA and mRNA, which function as an integral
continuum (macrocontext) of heteropolycodons variously scaled by
length (including an intronic fraction pre-mRNA) are the key
wave matrices. The main function of the wave matrices is an
associative-context orientation of the aminoacylated tRNA
sequence; this orientation works on a global scale, compared to
F.Crick's “wobble-hypothesis”, superseding the rules of
canonical pairing of nucleotides in the unidimensional space
mRNA-tRNA. Laser-like radiations, emitted by the participants in
this process and correcting the order of insertion of the amino
acid components into a peptide, also function on the ribosome in
addition to and/or together with the resonance regulations of a
mutual dislocation of the codon-anticodon continuums. A ribosome
enzymatically “de jure” fixes the peptide covalent bonds of
amino acid sequences, selected “de facto” in a
polyaminoacid-poly-tRNA-associate, the predecessor of the
protein.

The resonance-wave
“censorship” of the order of inclusion of amino acids in a
peptide chain emends the potential semantic disorder in the
creation of false protein “proposals” following from the
homonymy of codon families, and ensures their correct “amino
acid conceptualization” due to the context lift of the homonymy
of multisided even doublets in codons The same mechanism is
engaged in a higher-ranked ambiguity when the number of codons
is (n+1).

Genetic code
degeneration is necessary for pre-mRNA-mRNA-dependent,
context-oriented exact matching of aminoacylated tRNAs,
determined by the nature of wave associative resonance
interactions in a protein-synthesizing apparatus.

The mechanism of
generating the correct sequences of aminoacylated tRNAs on the
wave matrixes of pre-mRNA-mRNA may be considered as a particular
case of a partially complementary re-association of one-string
DNA-DNA and RNA-DNA or, in general, as a self-assembly process
known to characterize ribosomes, chromosomes, membranes and
other molecular- and super-molecular cellular structures.

Ribosome can facilitate
RNA synthesis on a protein matrix.

Thus, the role the mRNA
plays is many-sided and dualistic. This molecule, like DNA, is a
cornerstone in the evolutionary process and is marked by the
mutually-dependent, synergistic unity of material and wave
genetic information. An ambiguity of the material (substantial)
coding is resolved by the precision of the wave information,
which is likely to be realized through the mechanisms of
collective resonance and laser-holographic (associative,
contextual and background) effects in the cellular-tissue
continuum. A jump to a more advanced level of wave regulation of
the RNA-->Protein translation is accompanied by a partial or
complete departure from the canonical laws of pairing of adenine
with uracil (thymine) and of guanine with cytosine, which were
attributable to the early (and simpler) evolutionary stages of
DNA replication and RNA transcription. Such a refusal is
informationally necessary, unavoidable and energetically
preferable at a higher biosystem level. It’s worth stressing
once again that the context associative-holographic mechanisms
of operation of an organism’s protein-synthesizing system are
tightly linked with the so-called “background principle” [44]
and also with a multivector and multisided logic of a
sophisticated system management (Gerhard Thomas’ kenogrammer)
[26]. From this point of view, macrocontexts of
pre-informational and contexts of informational RNA might be
considered as a background which in this particular case is an
“information noise source”. This permits to significantly
amplify a signal under which the correct choice (wave
identification) is made of one in two homonymous aminoacylated
tRNAs, where only one of the two is to be incorporated in a
protein correct “phrase”. This selection is only possible
after a ribosome has managed to split a coherent component in
the form of repeats of the same recognitions of one of the two
similar doublets in codons. The following simplified example can
explain the situation. Let’s suppose that it’s necessary to
select one of two words (analogues of codons with
doublets-homonyms). The words are “cow” and “bow”.
It’s clear that the choice depends on the entire sentence, or on
the context which helps to identify a signal, the correct word.
If the sentence is “A good cow gives lots of milk”, then the
replacement of “cow” with the word “bow” is equal
to noise generation and to losing the signal. Pre-informational
RNA and introns are likely to play a similar part; they are
different levels of contexts which a live cell and its ribosome
apparatus have to read and conceptualize to take a precise
decision on tRNA anticodon selection in homonymy situation.

A family of various
solitons (optical, acoustic, conformational,
rotational-oscillating, etc.) excited in polynucleotides can
become an apparatus for continual (non-local) “reading” of
context RNA sequences on a whole. These solitons help gather
semantic information on RNA contexts and then associatively
regulate codon-anticodon sign interrelations.
Genomes-biocomputers of cells carry out semantic estimates.
Soliton reading, scanning the RNA surface, is a method of
polynucleotide continual reading. For instance, the solitons of
rotating torque vibrations of nucleotides on a sugar-phosphate
axis we physically and mathematically considered for one-chain
RNA-like DNA segments [30, 36]. These solitons respond to the
nucleotide sequence alteration by the modulation of their
dynamic behavior which acquires sign features and can probably
be transmitted remotely, or over distances significantly
exceeding the hydrogen bond length. Without a remote (wave,
continual) migration of a signal containing information about
the whole system, i.e. about pre-mRNA-mRNA-sequences, it isn’t
possible to realize associative-context protein synthesis
regulation. For this purpose, the wave capability of solitons
(as well as of holographic memory) to deal both with separate
parts and integral system as a whole, is required. This
continuity or non-locality (which is the same) ensures that the
ribosome apparatus recognizes and correctly chooses an actual
codon from the two available doublet-homonymous ones, the codon,
pseudo-noised with a background (context).

VII. Practical applications of genetic text
linguistic ambiguities

What is the link
between the above discussion and the problem of HIV and cancer
research? Obviously, the link is direct. The HIV genome and
oncogenes as well as other DNA structures, pseudogenes for
instance, “are silent” (as factors of destruction), and this
silence continues until a certain time. This key moment for
initiation of a genome's pathological condition in cells,
potentially inclined to abnormal development, is determined by
transpositions of oncogenes and the HIV genome, or by
transpositions of their polynucleotide surroundings in the
chromosomal space and time structure. In both cases, the context
environment of the pathogenic genome changes. The latter is no
longer homonymous, unrecognizable or acceptable as a normal one
by the cell. Other signals aimed at HIV reproduction are turned
on (“are read and conceptualized”). A cell under the new context
recognizes oncogenes as factors having other (pathological)
command functions. The changed background (context) identifies
and amplifies in the new polynucleotide situation potential
signals and other meanings, which were hidden so far. The
situation looks like that taking place in protein synthesis
(choosing a correct codon out of the homonymic codons). Under
this new context, cells are “confused in giving meanings” of DNA
sequences and take-in wrong “decisions” as correct; this results
in the complete shift of metabolism and its re-adjustment to a
“cancer/viral way” - to reproduce the HIV genome. Here, a
dualistic situation occurs: the new decisions are wrong in
relation to the organism, but are right pertaining to the HIV
reproduction. That’s how pathogens identify themselves and
uncover their real “targets”, keeping and multiplying themselves
as allogenic particles through the destruction of a biosystem as
a whole. The problem of the DNA sequences migration in
chromosomes may be discussed more globally (oncogenes, HIV
genome or any other transposons whose purposes are still unclear
for us). Moving along a genome as if over a context continuum,
they obtain new meanings and other semantics which depend on
their location in a 3D space of interphase chromosomes. The same
logic is also true for “genetically-engineered” transgenesises
of plants and animals. A growing number of artificial
transgenetic organisms threatens with a global and rapid
degeneration of all creatures living on Earth, because an
uncontrolled automatic sign reconstruction of higher-ranked
genetic codes, occurring after the introduction of foreign DNA
molecules, isn’t taken into consideration. Practically
uncontrolled intertaxonic transfer of foreign DNA-sequences, an
avalanche-like semantic chaos in chromosomes and metabolic chaos
in all biosystems (including human beings) will be the result of
these genetically-engineered manipulations. It’s becoming hard
to slur over the first alarming signals.

The rather abstract
theoretical structures of genetic material transpositions we
propose are confirmed not only by the example of transgenetic
biosystems, but also by R.B.Hesin’s fundamental work [47].
Euchromatic genes, moving to an intercalar heterochromatin,
produce a positioning effect, i.e. they are inactivated in some
somatic cells and continue to function in others. Oncogenic
cellular sequences are able to build-in in retroviral structures
which didn’t originally have their own oncogenes. As a result,
relatively non-hazardous viruses sometimes become tumorigenic.
For instance, the RaLV rat virus might transform, having
included master’s determinants in the genome, into the RaSV
sarcoma virus. Cellular oncogenes, like viral ones, acquire a
transforming activity if the lengthy repeated viral end
sequences (LTR) are alloyed to oncogenes’ 5’-ends. In
appropriate surroundings, proviruses including HIV viruses (as
we think) are converted into latent (“silent”) genetic elements.
They can persist in a master’s genome without producing any harm
to it namely owing to the cellular DNA’s neighboring sequences
repressing their activity. Taking into account this statement of
Hesin’s, it’s possible to imagine a reverse situation, namely,
the HIV genome activation in an environment of other DNA
sequences when a cell in another DNA context already interprets
HIV as a hostile semantic structure, but can do nothing to
defend itself. However, as Mr. Hesin stresses, both
peculiarities of the chromosomal DNA adjacent sections and
operational principle which determine a provirus activity, are
still a mystery. The mystery will remain unresolved, unless we
apply new measurement criteria (semantically-vocal, wave or
image measurements, i.e. the criteria we propose) to the genome.
In this aspect, an interesting comparison of chromosome semantic
and holographic information appears. A higher biosystem genome
has several levels of information non-locality, “smearing” and
redundancy, with a chromosome continuum holographic memory being
one of them. Information locality and unambiguity of the
genome’s mobile elements, the transposons, is contraposed to it;
however, the multi-vector meanings of this information are
developed dependent on a changing context of the transposon
context surrounding; at the same time, transposons themselves
are the triggers initiating the appearance, disappearance and
repetition of the texts. A context “game” (combinatorial
analysis) depends on current metabolic requirements of cells,
tissues and an organism. The difference between a text and a
context is conditional and depends on the domain of a part and
an integer in a genome. The boundaries between the part and the
integer are conditional and are likely to have a
morpho-functional character which depends on an organism’s part
differentiation at the cell, tissue, organ and biosystem levels.
A finer ranking - by functional and metabolic areas of a cell
which are controlled by certain chromosome sections (up to
protein-genetic and exon-intronic splitting) - may also exist.
Each of these quanta is an integral system in relation to
itself, and just a part if the division rank is higher. Is it
here that metabolic pathologies and herontologic manifestations
are rooted when a biosystem stops identifying and
differentiating many-sided patterns of a part and an integer?
The HIV genome, like a transposon and a conditional part, might
be invisible for a cell under some DNA contexts of master
chromosomes . This is the way in which molecular-semantic
mimicry of pathogenic chromosome structures is produced. Each
coding-noncoding homonymous (or synonymous) and any other DNA
sequence can be considered as a potentially multi-meaning
pseudo-noised signal (signals) or as an image (images) which has
to be identified and understood on the background of other
dynamic gene images. The genetic apparatus amplifies each image
signal and picks up the amplified signals out of the background
(context, noise) not through the noise suppression procedure. On
the contrary, a cell, a tissue and an organism use the
background changing context as a means of extraction,
amplification and to understand the meaning of each of these
available image signals. It’s also logical to discuss in the
same way the role of 3’- and 5’ - flanking sequences of protein
genes highlighting one or another meaning. If we realized that
the proposed mechanism of the dynamic game of genetic text
meanings could play an important role in HIV and cancer
development and in an organism’s entire metabolic status on the
whole and if we accepted the idea that the comparison of a
genome with natural texts and images wasn’t just a poetic
metaphor, then real opportunities for the creation of a new
biosystem management strategy, including management of viruses
and oncogenes behavior, would emerge.

VIII. Is it possible to apply a probabilistic
approach to identify individual (including pathogenic)
meanings in a changing polysemantic genome continuum?

We have already
mentioned some similarities between the Background Principle and
Gerhard Thomas’ multi-vector logic (keno-grammar) and the
prospects of these methodologies for the extraction and
recognition of genetic or even metabolic vectors of
multicellular organisms’ live functions. There’s one other
direction in the natural languages theory, which, we hope, is
applicable to genetic linguistic. This direction was developed
by V.V.Nalimov and is linked with a probabilistic approach to
understanding a language [22, 43]. V.V.Nalimov proposed that the
semantics of any actual text (including a genetic one, we
believe) could be described by its own distribution function
(probability density), r (m ). Text revision and evolution are
linked with a spontaneous manifestation of the filter r (y/m ),
multiplicatively interacting with the initial function r (m ),
in a certain situation y. We consider a “y-change” in a genetic
text to be the natural transpositions of the DNA mobile
elements, recombinations, the slicing and the alloying. The
incorrect (for a biosystem) transpositions of its own (or
foreign) DNA mobile elements, mutations and artificial
transgenic manipulations are considered “unnatural changes”. An
introduction of viral genomes, the HIV genome for instance, into
a biosystem’s chromosome material, relates to a “specific class
of unnatural changes”. The interaction of the r (y/m ) filter
with the initial function r (m ) is ruled by known Buys’
formula:

r (m/y) = kr(m ) r(y/m
),

where

r (m/y) = distribution
function determining the semantic of a new text after the
“y-changes”

k = normalization
constant.

According to
V.V.Nalimov, Buys’ formula comes forward as a syllogism: based
on the two statements -
r (m) and r (m/ y), a text with a new semantic r (m/ y) comes to
life. Let’s assume that Buys-Nalimov’s logic is applicable to
genetic “texts”. Then the “idea” of these “texts” taken as a
whole is determined by 3 weight correlations which the r (m )
function specifies. “Meanings”, being a qualitative parameter in
nature, obtain a new quantitative characteristic. With the help
of the conditional distribution function r (m/y) V.V.Nalimov
presents a new interpretation, somewhat different from that used
in Buys’ statistics. In his theory, r (m/y) shows the
distribution density of a random value y under the given value m
. Therefore, not y, but m can be considered as an argument of
for the r (m/y) function which plays the role of a filter. We
think that the “y-changes” factor, initiating and exciting a new
semantic situation, is a key element in this model. Namely this
factor stimulates the unfolding of an increasing number of
alternative and new meanings, as well as of holographic
and other images in a variable semantic space of mobile DNAs in
a multicellular organism’s genome. The genome-carrying continuum
passes through the dynamic filter r (y/m) responding to it
by dramatic “y-changes”. It is significant that V.V.Nalimov had
been puzzled by the question of what permitted the reproduction
of the non-trivial r (y/m ) filters, but didn’t find an answer.
Nevertheless, at the same time he put forward an idea about the
role played by the environment and about a variety of situations
which could act as a source and a reason for adequate filter
formation. Here, V.V.Nalimov practically came up to the
above-discussed Background Principle. After the unification and
combination of Nalimov’s model and the Background Principle
statements it’s logical to consider that the y-factor is nothing
but a context (background) mechanism of switching on the r (y/m
) filters. These filters pick up the semantic loading and
meaning which are determined by an actual metabolic, including
genetic, situation: for instance - the necessity for a cell to
synthesize a huge amount of catalase at a given moment, a
process which is accompanied by a choice and the expression of
the catalase gene from a gene multi-meaning continuum. Herein
another, and perhaps the key mechanism of genome differential
activation to produce different proteins, is seen. Therefore,
the Background Principle and Buys-Nalimov’s logic became linked
by identical natural definitions. G.Thomas’ keno-grammar [26],
which is largely based on context orientations in choosing
priorities to manage complicated situations, is likely
convergent with the above-mentioned ideas.

Now back to the
“genetic engineering”. Let’s also remind of the “chromosomal
engineering”, when large blocks of a genome are used for
production of useful hybrids. From the probabilistic approach to
the mobile polysemantic chromosomal continuum, these
“engineering” seem rather gloomy. Any manipulation here is an
instant (as compared to the evolution pace) creation of new
y-factors by people (and not by the evolution) and therefore, a
mutation of the r (y/m ) purporting filters, unhampered by any
time (evolutionary) frames. That’s the Earth’s genetic fund
forthcoming chaos.

IX. The genetic apparatus paradox

The paradox of the
genetic apparatus lies in the combination of two normally
opposite properties - the stability of the information
transferred from one generation to another, and the genome's
volatility [47]. Genomic mobility is provided by polynucleotide
transpositions, soliton-like non-linear dynamics (electric
acoustic), and conformative and halogen restructuring. These
non-random (programmed) movements of a chromosome continuum in
live tissues are subtly and extensively distributed in a
biosystem's space-time. The said dynamics is a means of the wave
management of re-distribution of an organism’s various parts
among each other. At the same time, it’s a method of metabolic
event sequence organization. This strong sign chromosomal
non-linear dynamics, which is easily found even in vitro, is
realized through its isomorphous image in an organism’s space
and time structure [32]. As a result, in a chromosomal
continuum, as in a polysemantic and multiplex holographic
formation, a permanent and variable semantic “game” of meanings
goes on. Some kind of “endogenous semiotic show” of
optical-acoustic regulatory (sign) images, which also have
variable meanings, takes place. One of these chromosome images
was experimentally found in many laboratories and is generally
known as the phantom leaf effect (ref. to [32]). The phantom
leaf effect theory is based on the principles of holography [32,
37]. It’s possible to say that the “game of meanings” is a
function of sign dynamics of interphase chromosomes. This is a
prerequisite for storing and processing vast volumes of
information when a super-small volume of zygote mesomorphic
chromosomes is able to operate a multi-vector and many-sided
logic of development of extremely sophisticated biological
systems. This is the origin of the idea that an essentially
novel approach strategy to HIV and cancer treatment presumes the
understanding and the possibility of managing a multi-vector
genome logic. If we manage, applying
genetic engineering methods, to purposefully and
site-specifically introduce certain context DNA sequences to
the 3’ and 5’ ends of oncogenes or HIV-genome, then it’s
reasonable to expect the inactivation of their pathologic
expression. On the other side, if we know the principles of
ribosome operation in a context orientation mode, then we can
successfully fight HIV in a ribosomal wave (laser, solitonic,
polarization and radio wave) regulation zone. Ribosomes,
synthesizing HIV proteins, must have thin wave vectors for
management through context-background paths. Knowing them,
it’s possible to suppress viral protein synthesis by external
artificial modified fields similar to those normal cells use.

X. Genetic apparatus non-locality levels.
Preliminary experiments.

Now, let’s turn to
another genome operation phenomenon - that is, a supposed effect
of quantum non-locality of chromosome sign conditions, which we
have more or less experimentally confirmed [8, 37]. The idea of
quantum non-locality was proposed by Einstein, Podolsky and
Rosen [4] (EPR-effect). This effect is well in line with quantum
physics experimental evidence. In short, the EPR-effect states
that elementary particles, two photons for instance, which have
initially been in a so-called “entangled” state, retain a mutual
bond (this bond may be called “informational”) by quantum
parameters (for example, by polarization), even if these
elementary particles are removed from one another by any
arbitrary distance. If the polarization of one of the particles
has changed for any reason (for example, the photon passed
through an optically-active layer and recorded the polarization
modulations, then this photon disappears, but it manages to
instantly transfer the recorded polarization information to
another photon. To be more correct, it’s not a “transfer”, it’s
a transition of one photon into another by means of a permissive
teleportation mechanism. The first changed photon turns into the
second one, independent of the distance between them. The second
photon becomes a complete analogue of the first one. If this
situation is in some way reflected in the genetic apparatus,
then we rocket to new and higher orbits in understanding a
metabolic processes and the Life phenomenon as a whole. In
strictly physical terms, the EPR effect as a phenomenon of
photon teleportation was correctly confirmed only in 1997 [2].

Other researchers soon
obtained similar results, and not only based on photons.
Multi-frequency physical fields are now teleported. Based on
this data, it’s possible to suppose that photon fields, emitted
by chromosomes as sign fields, can be teleported within or even
outside the organism’s space. The same is true for wave photon
fronts, which were read from the chromosome continuum similar to
reading from a multiplex hologram. If photons are transformed
into radio waves (the situation we found - ref. to [8, 33, 37])
through the EPR-mechanism, then this phenomenon is vital. In
fact, the importance of quantum non-locality existence for a
genome is hard to overestimate. We put forward and published
this idea when we identified, with the help of the equipment we
had developed, what was probably a more sophisticated variant of
the EPR-effect. The said equipment includes a specially-designed
laser which is capable of transforming its own photons into
radio waves [46, 37, 8, 34]. The laser features a unique light
beam dynamic polarization which could in some way simulate a
dynamic polarization of chromosome laser radiations. It converts
its photons (l =632.8 nm) into kHz-MHz-band radio waves upon the
interaction of its beam with matter and the introduction of
probing photons back in the laser resonator. Under these
conditions, we suppose, pairs of entangled photons born in a
gaseous phase of the laser optic resonator are transformed
during their splitting and interaction with any body, including
the laser mirrors, into radio waves. Photons were found to be
able to localize in fractal clusters of the laser metal mirrors.
If photons are probing an outer object, then the mirrors “store”
its spectral characteristics. In such a way we have managed to
record polarization & radio wave information of DNA
preparations. This information carries morphogenetic signals.
This fact enabled us to develop a fundamentally new type of
dynamic polarization laser-radio wave spectroscopy and to
investigate quantum non-local (teleportative) genetic processes.

We’d like to make some
additional comments on the importance of quantum teleportation
of genetic & metabolic information for biology on the whole.
Quantum non-locality of genetic (chromosomal) information as a
method of manifestation of its wave total distribution
(continuity) in the space of multicellular biosystems seems to
be just a particular case. In biosystems, there are at least six
non-locality levels:

The first level is the
constitutional (organism) level. Here, non-locality is expressed
through the regeneration ability that organisms such as the
planarium worms possess. After sectioning off any part,
the worms’ body is able to reproduce an entire organism through
regeneration. In other words, in this case there’s no link point
between the genetic information common pool and a part of a
biosystem. The same is also applicable to vegetative
reproduction of plants.

The second level is the
cellular level. It is possible to grow an entire organism from
each cell (not only from a zygote). Despite the difficulties,
it’s also possible for animal biosystems. Each cell is a
potential continuum of an organism.

The third level is a
cellular-nuclear level. Removal of nucleus from somatic and
reproductive cells with a consequent introduction of another
nucleus inside doesn’t impede a normal organism development.
Such type of cloning has already been carried out at a higher
biosystem level, on sheep for instance. Each nucleus of a cell
is also a potential continuum of a biosystem. There’s no
localization of genetic potencies at the level of individual
cells.

The fourth level is a
molecular level. The ribosome “reads” informational RNA either
by individual codons, or on the whole, with the consideration of
context, i.e. non-locally and continuously.

The fifth level is a
chromosomal-holographic level. A genome possesses a holographic
memory [37] which in nature is a typically-distributed
(non-local) associative memory. At this and the next level
non-locality obtains a new feature - a dualistic substance-wave
character, since electromagnetic and/or acoustic fields,
bringing out gene-wave information outside chromosomal material,
“read” holograms as a substance. A physical field (or fields),
marking the organism’s prospective space (calibration), comes on
scene. The brain cortex holographic memory, establishing mental,
semantic and image spaces calibrating potential actions of
higher biosystems, is likely to belong to this category. In this
way, social and genetic processes are alike.

The sixth level is a
genome quantum non-locality. At the levels of up to 6th, genetic
information non-locality is realized in an organism’s space. The
6th level is of a special nature, since it acquires a new
quality. It’s manifested within the frames of one of the quantum
non-locality forms, namely, in the permissive form we postulate
in the current paper. In this case, non-locality is realized
both by biosystem space and by its own, shrinkable to zero,
time. Gene-wave programs, instantly spreading in such a way,
simultaneously operate in an organism “here and there” and
therefore, the semantic construction “now and then” loses its
meaning. And this is a strategic factor and a vital evolutionary
achievement of multicellular biosystems. Billions of organism’s
cells have to instantly “know” a lot of information about each
other. Without the “wave information instancy” phenomenon, a
giant multicellular continuum of higher biosystems won’t be able
to completely coordinate a metabolic process and its
physiological and other functions. The intercellular diffusion
of signal substances and nerve processes are too inert for this
purpose. Even if we assume that sign electromagnetic fields are
involved in an intercellular transfer process occurring with the
speed of light (this assumption is quite reasonable), it’s not
enough. A quantum non-locality mechanism, applicable to the
genetic apparatus and which can act as an instantly-distributed
quantum (wave) object isomorphous with substantial chromosomes,
is required. Using non-locality, the genetic apparatus of higher
biosystems creates an unparalleled phenomenon, where for certain
intervals of time the “here and there” and “now and then”
structures operate within the biosystems’ “closed” space-time as
a continuity providing the organism with intrinsic
super-coherence, information overredundance, a
super-informativity and linkage and, as a result, proper
integrity (survival). The ability of lower organisms’ (hydros,
worms, amphibian, lizards, crustaceans) tissues and organs to
regenerate (people have largely lost this ability ) is a
manifestation of this phenomenon. But, considering the biosystem
wave self-organization principles we are developing, it can be
re-activated. The world’s first successful adaptation of donor
tissues implanted to a blind man, which helped to return sight
function to the patient, is a good example of regeneration. The
principles behind this surgical operation and regeneration
process is described in [33-35].

At the same time,
theoretical and experimental research in this field is just
emerging and needs further physical and mathematical
understanding and development.

XI. Possible mechanism of recording
information on laser mirrors

Now, let’s return to
some features of the phenomenon of long-term recording of
dynamic photon polarization-radio wave information on laser
mirrors. We think this is linked with the phenomenon of photon
fields localization (compression) in the system of correlated
dispersers of laser mirrors. Given that the disperser material
possesses a low radiation absorption ability, the external light
field is capable to persist in the system for a long time
without dissipation into other forms of energy. The reason for
localization is connected with the interference of many
times-diffracted waves. An external electromagnetic signal (in
our case, it’s a laser beam modulated by polarization, for
instance, by a DNA preparation) is localized (“recorded”) in the
system of non-uniform laser mirrors. Later, the signal can be
“read” without a significant loss of information in the form of
isomorphously (in relation to photons) polarized radio waves.
Theoretical research on a strain state of localized photons [12,
14-19, 24] seem to support these ideas. If this opinion is
correct, then a chromosomal apparatus may also be considered as
a fractal medium of localized photons accumulation, creating a
coherent continuum with a quantum-nonlocally-distributed
polarization radio wave genetic information. To some extent,
this is in correspondence with our idea of genome quantum
non-locality manifesting in one of its forms - ref. to [8, 34,
37]. It’s possible that the apoptosis phenomenon, which is
likely to be involved in the regulation of multicellular
creatures’ life time, is connected with an abnormal compression
of photons by the nucleus of a cell, which are accumulated to a
maximal value and then destroy the nucleus. The background
principle of gene operation (including anti-oncogenes) may be
another supplemental apoptosis regulation mechanism. For
instance, an anti-oncogene coding the p53 protein could be
controlled through the introduction of the DNA artificial
flanking contexts from 3’-and 5’-ends of the p53 gene.

XII. Analysis of experimental evidences of
gene wave forms existence

We are unaware (with
some exceptions, of course) of modern publications on wave
genetic theory and practice, as available in the major
scientific journals. In the 1920-1940s, A.G.Gurwitch,
A.A.Lyubitchev and V.N.Beklemishev, who developed the first
theoretical models, were pioneers in this field; their ideas are
described in detail in [32, 33]. In this paper, we are trying to
produce more developed opinions of some possible synthesis
mechanisms and functions of wave genetic structures,
attributable to higher biosystems, as well as of the methods
applicable for simulation of sign wave processes in chromosomes
and model units simulating chromosome field functions and
transferring wave genes. A publication and a patent, granted for
the development of a device for the transfer of wave genes from
a donor biosystem to an accepting one, are worth mentioning as
an example of a rarely-appearing event. The said research was
carried out by Yu.V.Dzang Kangeng [39, 40]. Kangeng’s device for
a directed wave transmission of oncologic, including genetic,
information to change hereditary characteristics of a biological
accepting object is of a special interest. Unfortunately,
there’s no theoretical interpretation of the device operation
principles. Kangeng’s device has some common functional features
with the equipment we developed and whose operation is based on
similar principles. Kangeng’s device includes space elements
(forms) which make it possible to split the radiation of a
high-frequency SHF electromagnetic field generator into two
orthogonally-polarized beams which repeatedly, as in our
installation (in our case, it’s a laser beam transforming into
radio waves), were passing through a donor biosystem and an
accepting biosystem. Dzang Kangeng used a hexahedron, a cone, a
sphere and a parabolic-reflector aerial as types of special
forms. These forms provide a specific spinning (polarization) of
the SHF (super-high frequency) field electromagnetic vectors. In
our laser design, one of the mirrors used also had the form of a
parabolic-reflector aerial directed to a resonator. During
numerous repeated passes through an optically-active (an
electromagnetic wave polarization rotating plane)
hetero-liquid-crystalline donor biosystem, the organism’s
tissues modulate the radiation (in our case, this is laser-radio
wave radiation) by polarization, which is strengthened owing to
repeated passes and is repeatedly and over a long time delivered
to the accepting biosystem. In this process, the generator
electromagnetic field “stores” the donor biosystem gene-sign
polarization modulations in its “memory” then resonantly
interacts with gene-sign polarization distribution of the
accepting biosystem electromagnetic field. If the donor
biosystem is at an early morphogenesis stage accompanied by an
intense cell fission rate, it can’t be excluded that the
supposed polarization resonances are also of a holographic
nature. This many times-amplified signal, carrying the wave
information that was “read” from the donor biosystem chromosome
continuum, passes through the substance-wave structure of the
accepting biosystem and makes it execute new
gene-wave-polarization programs by means of the variation of
their differential polarization structure. Changes in the
accepting biosystem's gene-wave-polarization structure induced
by the donor in the process of the field integration (“wave
heterosis”) leads to a restructuring of its morphologic (genetic
and phenotypic) characteristics. Shear wave correlations of
polarization angles during the donor-accepting mixing of
physical waves resulted in the acquisition of new morpho-genetic
and biological properties from the accepting organism, are one
of the most important quantum-electrodynamic events of the “wave
hybridization” process. This fact allowed Dzang Kangeng with the
help of the wave method to transfer genetic information from
ducks to hens, for instance. Hybrid chickens of hens had typical
features of a duck - a flat beak, an elongated neck, larger
internal organs ( heart, liver, stomach and bowels). The weight
of a one-year-old hen-duck hybrid was 70% higher than the weight
of hens grown from irradiated eggs. The second generation of the
hen-duck hybrids retained all changes, which were obtained in
the first generation, even without further re-radiation. A wave
transfer of peanuts’ features to sunflower seeds resulted in the
change of form, taste and odor of a hybrid plant, which became
similar to those of peanuts. Productivity grew by 1.8-fold; new
features are transferred from one generation to another even
without further re-radiation.

Let’s highlight some
common features of the experiments Dzang Kangeng and we
independently carried out: first and foremost, they demonstrate
the possibility of genetic information existence in a wave form.
This similarity is in the polarization modulation of the
radiation orthogonal beams with intensity re-distribution in
primary orthogonal beams with a frequency secured in the radio
wave spectrum we register, by a donor organism. The spinning
polarization planes here act as gene-semiotic structures whose
biological meanings are identified and coded by angular and
intensity shifts by a frequency spectrum. Similarly-polarized
waves are known to be able to interfere, while
orthogonally-polarized waves do not interfere at all. Waves with
a partially-coinciding polarization produce, dependent on their
polarization coincidence degree, a more or less sharp contrast
interference picture. In other words, an angle cosine of each
vector in relation to their registration plane or to the wave
interference plane is a crucial factor.

Biology, including
genetics and embryology, has already come to a turning point in
its development, which is similar to the period when physics
first admitted the idea that the properties of waves and
particles didn’t contradict each other and were even
complementary in quantum objects. A huge number of facts and
scientific research outcomes available in modern molecular
biology, genetics and embryology, can’t be understood without
such a definition as physical fields, for instance, or without
the application of quantum electrodynamics principles. The idea
of lingual attributes of higher biosystems’ genome is a kind of
humanitarian counterweight to an apparently excessive physical
interpretation of basic Life function phenomena. The pace at
which this idea is gaining acceptance by society is rather slow
- in fact furious resistance has been encountered from certain
circles. The current situation is easy to explain: the subject
of Life is too complicated. Nevertheless, the time has come. If
we are too late understanding the wave gene-sign functions of
biosystems, it is possible that such diseases as cancer and HIV
will destroy our society, or at least cause irreversible damage.
We’ll also lose the opportunity for a mighty jump in
biotechnology and biocomputing. Last but not least, we’ll also
lose an opportunity to purposefully, rationally and positively
influence sociogenetic and demographic processes. Following the
above-described logic, we are coming to the conclusion that
human speech structures, which provide the major information
influx for mankind, possess fractally-scaled supergenetic
properties. Evolution of society is similar to an organism’s
morphogenesis. Books, libraries, movies, computer memory and
people’s live speech in the end are the functional analogues of
a cell chromosomal apparatus. The aim of these chromosomes is to
control the creation of society space (houses, roads, oil- and
gas pipelines, telephony, the Internet) and to arrange
functional and structural relationships among the people inside
it. Chromosomal sign properties, which have a lot in common with
organisms, have a substance-wave nature. For instance, a movie
showing an ideal model of a social structure and people’s
relations within its frames is a substantial (material)
formation (video tapes). However, it uses a mental-wave method
to input information (light, sound, speech, idea, image). That’s
the method chromosomes apply. The latter produce marking and
calibration fields to arrange the organism’s space and also
control information & metabolic relations, using, in
particular, quasi-speech methods (let’s remember context
orientations in the protein synthesis and function of oncogenes
and HIV). Therefore, people ought to carefully study the
operational principles of their own genetic apparatus and the
“tricks” HIVs play to “mislead” our chromosomes. This kind of
study is especially crucial today when Russia, and not only
Russia, could face a demographic and social collapse within the
next 5 to 10 years.

We have declared the
theoretical approach to describe the logic of sign speech-wave
relationships between HIV genomes and a master cell as well as
the oncogene behavior logic. However, it’s not enough. We must
obtain a set of key tools which will enable us to follow up at
least the simplest wave command biocomputing functions of our
chromosomes (1) and the reprogramming of our chromosomes by
nucleotide sequences of HIVs and oncogenes. We have already
developed this set of tools - it’s a laser uniquely reflecting
coherent polarization-laser-radio wave (PLRW) quantum-non-local
sign processes in chromosomes. Physico-mathematical formalism
characterizing the PLRW-quantum processes in such appliances is
presented in our research ( 2). PLRW-spectroscopy is the basis
of wave information recording on laser mirrors - the phenomenon
we have discovered. We have also managed to record information
from specially prepared mesomorphic DNA matrixes, to broadcast
it in a waveform at a distance of 1 m and to introduce it in
accepting biosystems. As an accepting biosystem, we took plant
seeds. Using this phenomenon, we effected a “wave reparation” of
a genome of radioactively-damaged old seeds of Athaliana
gathered in the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant area in 1987, and
initiated drastic changes in stem and tuber phenotype in the
second generation of the Solanum tuberosum plant. These
biological influences don’t have the nature of mutations, they
only have a sense meaning and are just another evidence that
genetic information can exist in the form of electromagnetic
fields.

No less important is
the fact that genetic information can be recorded, stored, read,
transmitted and introduced in accepting biosystems. Here, two
vital factors emerge. The first one is that the recording of
vast information volumes (including the genetic one) is an
unparalleled event which confirms that it’s possible to develop
principally new carriers of the dynamic super-capacity analog
memory (images, texts). This is rather important for future
biocomputing. The second factor is that owing to the PLRW
phenomenon we enter a huge area of genetico-metabolic wave sign
processes. Numerous and unclear events of distant “recognition”
of the antigene-antibody and tRNA anticodon-iRNA codon pairs, as
well as complementary mutual recognitions of DNA single chains,
self-construction of ribosomes, recognition sites of ferments,
careful piloting and landing of transposons in the DNA and so
on, are also well contained within the frames of these
processes. None of these phenomena can be explained by only
Brownian movement and adjacent van der Waals, ion, hydrogen and
electrostatic interactions.

And finally, the most
important thing for us in the context of the ideas we propose is
a wave and sign behavior of viruses, HIV or influenza, for
instance. Viruses can be considered as “orphaned” cells which
retained a minimum of chromosomal information required for a
wave search of landing site on a master cell and exact place to
cut-in own DNA as a transposon in the master cell’s DNA with
consequent possible precise re-transpositions. Wave “languages”,
which viruses use during the information contact with a cell’s
surface and its genome, are the most vulnerable parts of a
virus. Viruses use these “languages” to enter the semantic space
of a cell and then to “mislead” the cell; after that, they
undergo mimicry and are reprogrammed, reproduced and thus
survive in the end. Cells are likely to be able to “mislead”
viruses as well, creating a kind of “wave immunity”. That’s why
a certain balance of powers in the fight exists; the said
balance can shift in favor of a virus - for instance, in favor
of influenza virus if the temperature starts fluctuating.
Cooling of a blood circulation in nose mucosa capillaries
changes the temperature of liquid crystals in chromosome blood
cells. At the same time, protective wave programs recorded on
high topologies of chromosome mesomorphic phases can only be
slightly distorted. As a result, the “cold temperature
information breach” appears and is used by influenza virus to
reproduce. As a response to this action, a compensatory reaction
evolves in the organism, i.e. the body temperature goes up to a
sub-lethal level of 41° C. According to our thinking, this
reaction is designed to “submelt” mesomorphic phases of the
virus nucleic acid and, therefore, to produce noise or
completely erase virus wave programs which it needs to attack
the organism’s wave semantic space, thus to kill the growing
number of its cells. Virus genome acoustic fields tightly linked
with photon ones might act as wave bioprograms. Using the method
of correlative laser spectroscopy, we demonstrated drastic
changes in acoustic performance of the DNA liquid crystals in
vitro at temperatures of 40-41° C; the results obtained
partially confirmed our suppositions. And that’s only an example
of wave sign processes in the relationship between the influenza
virus and the human organism. Similar sense relationships exist
between HIV and human cells, and the same issues arise - how to
correctly find a landing site on a cell’s surface and precisely
build-in the DNA (reverse transcriptasal copy of a viral RNA) as
a mimicking transposon into the master cell DNA. Thereafter, the
task is to get accurately re-transposed in a proper place on a
chromosome and to detect and realize itself as a reproducing
pathogen.

For now we can
initially list the bottlenecks of HIV wave programs and name
countermeasures to eliminate the problems:

Searching and
recognition of HIV on a landing site (by altering the radiation
nature of a virus and/or sites of landing on a cell, it’s
necessary to distort the system of resonance-wave recognition
mechanisms).

Searching and
recognition of a viral DNA on the landing site by the master
cell’s DNA (altering the radiation nature of a virus and/or
sites of landing on the cell’s DNA, it’s necessary to distort
the system of resonance-wave recognition mechanisms).

Searching and mutual
recognition: protein's mRNAs of HIV«tRNAs
(codon-anticodon
recognitions) and proteins of HIV«RNA
of HIV (self-assemble) for wave distortion of this process.

Any violation of even
small wave sign resonances in this triad will result in the loss
of infectious ability of HIV and other viruses, and Nature has
created an example. As it was already mentioned, it’s an
organism’s temperature mode. In ways similar to the one found by
Nature it’ll become possible to design a simple “wave” vaccine
against HIV and other viruses and bacteria. Our goal is to study
the “alphabet” and “grammar” of wave “languages” of viruses’
genomes. And the foundation for this study has already been
laid. A laser capable to “read” PLRW-wave genetico-metabolic
information has been developed. However, the research in this
field is rather difficult due to intrinsically natural inertia
of the material understanding of genetic and metabolic
information. Technical issues also exist. The laser we use
generates only red photons, while the chromosomal apparatus of
human beings and viruses uses a wide spectrum of coherent
radiation ranged from 250 nm to 800 nm. Therefore, it’s
necessary to design lasers which function in a full span of the
spectrum visible area. This aim is technically feasible, but
significant investments are needed to achieve it. In our
opinion, all attempts to produce a material vaccine or other
drugs to fight against the HIV or influenza virus will fail.
Viruses continuously change their antigenic composition and thus
bury all efforts of immunologists and other scientists engaged
in the vaccine development. Efforts to chemically block certain
stages of virus morphogenesis are inefficient and only poison
human organisms. Wave vaccine is a reality. This vaccine would
be non-invasive and environmentally-friendly, since it touches
only a narrow area of wave sign relations between a virus and a
cell.