"John Bardeen was the most intelligent human
being that I've ever met"  Bob Brattain

John and his siblings, 1917

"John is the concentrated essence of the brain,"
Althea once wrote to her father-in-law.

"It was on the way between my high school
and home so that I would stop and see her on the way home from school.
I remember stopping in to see her on the day before she died. I thought
she looked well that day and cheerful and I was shocked to hear the next
day that she had passed away. I didn't realize how seriously ill she was."
John Bardeen, May 12,1977 , Childhood recollection of
his mother.

John Bardeen

"Whispering John"

Early Heartbreak

John Bardeen was born on May 23, 1908 in Madison, Wisconsin.
He was the second son of Dr. Charles Russell Bardeen, dean of the University
of Wisconsin medical school, and Althea Harmer Bardeen, a well-educated
young woman who had studied art and design at the Pratt Institute in
Brooklyn. Bardeen was a brilliant kid right from the beginning -- his
parents decided to move him from third grade up into junior high.

When Bardeen was 12, his mother became seriously ill with
cancer. Thinking he was helping his kids, Dr. Bardeen downplayed the
seriousness of her illness. John didn't realize she was dying, and was
stunned when it happened. His father quickly married his secretary,
Ruth Hames, wanting
to give his young children the family he thought they needed. It didn't
help Bardeen much -- he was heartbroken and distracted, barely passing
French that year. Nevertheless, he made it through high school and entered
the University of Wisconsin in the fall of 1923 at the age of 15, where
he majored in engineering.

Not Like His Father

John Bardeen stayed on at the University of Wisconsin
to get his Master's degree in electrical engineering. He chose engineering
because it had lots of the math he loved, but it also had good job prospects.
He didn't want to be an academic, like his father. By the time he graduated,
however, the Depression had struck and jobs were scarce. Bardeen was
courted briefly by Bell
Labs, but a hiring freeze closed that door.

One of the few companies still hiring was Gulf Oil Company,
and Bardeen took a job there as a geophysicist. He was there for three
years, but he always kept an eye on advances in the world of physics.
His heart wasn't in geology -- the time had come to go back to school.

Bardeen Becomes a Physicist

He went to Princeton to get his Ph.D. in mathematical
physics. It was there that Bardeen first got involved with the studies
of metals. He attended Princeton at an exciting time, when scientists
like Eugene Wigner and Frederick Seitz were using the new theories of
quantum mechanics to help understand how semiconductors worked. These
theories would help Bardeen later during the invention of the transistor.
He finished his dissertation in 1935.

Bardeen went on to Harvard where he was hired as a Junior
Fellow with a salary of $1,500 a year, plus living expenses -- a sum considered
quite substantial at the time. Life in Cambridge allowed him to spend
more time with his sweetheart Jane Maxwell, a biologist who taught at
a girls high school near Boston. They were married in 1938. After Harvard,
Bardeen worked at the University of Minnesota until World War II broke
out, then he transferred to the Naval Ordnance Labs. During the war,
he helped the Navy develop ways to protect U.S. ships and submarines
from magnetic mines and torpedoes.