The Discordian year 1 YOLD is 1166 BC. (Elsewhere in the Principia Discordia, it is mentioned that the Curse of Greyface occurred in 1166 BC, so this is presumably related to the start-date of the calendar.[2]) As a reference, AD 2018 is 3184 YOLD (Year of Our Lady of Discord). The abbreviation "YOLD" is not used in the Principia, though the phrase "Year of Our Lady of Discord" is mentioned once.[3]

Contents

As described in the Principia Discordia, the Discordian calendar has five 73-day seasons: Chaos, Discord, Confusion, Bureaucracy, and The Aftermath. The Discordian year is aligned with the Gregorian calendar and begins on January 1, thus Chaos 1, 3184 YOLD is January 1, 2018 Gregorian.

The Erisian week consists of five days: Sweetmorn, Boomtime, Pungenday, Prickle-Prickle, and Setting Orange, the days of the week are named after the five basic Discordian elements: Sweet, Boom, Pungent, Prickle, and Orange. There are 73 of these weeks per year and every year begins with Sweetmorn.

Every fourth year in the Discordian calendar, starting in 2 YOLD, an extra day is inserted between Chaos 59 and Chaos 60 called St. Tib's Day. This is because 4 years + 1 day = 5, a holy number, but the Discordian leap year also coincides with the Gregorian one, the result of this is that any given day of the year in the Discordian calendar may be taken to correspond to the same day of the year in the Gregorian calendar, and vice versa, although some users of the calendar believe that it is tied to the Julian calendar and so will diverge from the Gregorian in 3266 YOLD (AD 2100). St. Tib's day is considered outside the Discordian week.

There are Apostle Holydays on the 5th day of each season, named after the 5 Discordian apostles: Mungday, for Hung Mung; Mojoday, for Dr Van Van Mojo; Syaday, for Sri Syadasti; Zaraday, for Zarathud; and Maladay, for Malaclypse the Elder. There are also Season Holydays on the 50th of each season: Chaoflux, Discoflux, Confuflux, Bureflux, and Afflux.

Only these eleven dates are named in the Principia Discordia; however, Discordians have felt free to invent other holidays which have become popular to varying degrees. Some of these include Discordians for Jesus/Love Your Neighbor Day (March 25/Discord 11); Jake Day (April 6/Discord 23 or occasionally May 23/Discord 70), a day to send tongue-in-cheek letters, emails or faxes to an official or bureaucracy; Saint Camping's Day (May 21/Discord 68), a day to make End of Days predictions and share them in social media; Towel Day (May 25/Discord 72); Mid Year's Day (July 2/ Confusion 37); X-Day (July 5/Confusion 40); and Multiversal Underwear Day (August 10/Bureaucracy 3).[4]

Ddate, a program that prints the current date in the Discordian calendar, was part of the util-linux package containing basic system utilities.[5] As such, it had been included at least since 1994 in nearly all Linux distributions; in August 2011 however, one of the maintainers of util-linux made ddate optional, and by default omitted.[6] In October 2012, ddate was completely removed from util-linux,[7] the ddate program now has an upstream source.[8] There was some controversy,[9][10] but in the end, anyone wishing to reintroduce ddate to a distribution will have to create a separate package based on the new upstream, this has been done for Debian, FreeBSD, Fedora Linux,[11] and Gentoo Linux[12] for example.

There are many other programs with similar functionality, such as HodgePodge,[13] an Android widget. Discordian-calendar is an implementation using Java 8's date and time classes.[14]

1.
Calendar
–
A calendar is a system of organizing days for social, religious, commercial or administrative purposes. This is done by giving names to periods of time, typically days, weeks, months, a date is the designation of a single, specific day within such a system. A calendar is also a record of such a system. A calendar can also mean a list of planned events, such as a calendar or a partly or fully chronological list of documents. Periods in a calendar are usually, though not necessarily, synchronized with the cycle of the sun or the moon. The most common type of calendar was the lunisolar calendar. Latin calendarium meant account book, register, the Latin term was adopted in Old French as calendier and from there in Middle English as calender by the 13th century. The course of the Sun and the Moon are the most evident forms of timekeeping, nevertheless, the Roman calendar contained very ancient remnants of a pre-Etruscan 10-month solar year. The first recorded calendars date to the Bronze Age, dependent on the development of writing in the Ancient Near East, a larger number of calendar systems of the Ancient Near East becomes accessible in the Iron Age, based on the Babylonian calendar. This includes the calendar of the Persian Empire, which in turn gave rise to the Zoroastrian calendar as well as the Hebrew calendar, calendars in antiquity were lunisolar, depending on the introduction of intercalary months to align the solar and the lunar years. This was mostly based on observation, but there may have been attempts to model the pattern of intercalation algorithmically. The Roman calendar was reformed by Julius Caesar in 45 BC, the Julian calendar was no longer dependent on the observation of the new moon but simply followed an algorithm of introducing a leap day every four years. This created a dissociation of the month from the lunation. The Islamic calendar is based on the prohibition of intercalation by Muhammad and this resulted in an observationally based lunar calendar that shifts relative to the seasons of the solar year. The first calendar reform of the modern era was the Gregorian calendar. Such ideas are mooted from time to time but have failed to gain traction because of the loss of continuity, massive upheaval in implementation, a full calendar system has a different calendar date for every day. Thus the week cycle is by not a full calendar system. The simplest calendar system just counts time periods from a reference date and this applies for the Julian day or Unix Time

2.
Discordianism
–
According to its primary historian Discordianism was founded as a parody religion. Many outside observers still regard Discordianism as a parody religion although some of its adherents utilize it as a legitimate religion, the Principia Discordia, if read literally, encourage the worship of Eris, a. k. a. Discordia, the Goddess of chaos, or archetypes and or ideals associated with her, the Principia Discordia holds three core principles, the Aneristic Principle, the Eristic Principle and the notion that both are mere illusions. It is only by rejecting these principals that you can truly perceive reality, the foundational document of Discordianism is the Principia Discordia, fourth edition, written by Malaclypse the Younger, an alias of Greg Hill. In discordian mythology, Aneris is described as the sister of Eris a. k. a, whereas Eris/Discordia is the Goddess of Disorder and Being, Aneris/Harmonia is the Goddess of Order and Non-Being. DOGMA III – HISTORY32, COSMOGONY in Principia Discordia, states, In the beginning there was VOID, the sterile Aneris becomes jealous of Eris, and starts making existent things non-existent. This explains why life begins, and later ends in death, and to this day, things appear and disappear in this very manner. Both order and disorder are man made concepts and are divisions of PURE CHAOS. The concepts represented by The Hand of Eris are of importance to Discordians. A particular form of The Hand has been proposed for use as the astronomical and astrological symbol for the dwarf planet Eris, the Original Snub is the Discordian name for the events preceding the Judgement of Paris, although more focus is put on the actions of Eris. Zeus believes that Eris is a troublemaker, so he does not invite her to Peleus, having been snubbed, Eris creates a golden apple with the word kallisti inscribed in it. This, the Apple of Discord, is a symbol in Discordianism for its inclusion in the Holy Chao. This interpretation would see Eris as innocent and her causing of chaos as a by-product of the wedding guests reaction upon seeing her at the wedding. The Principia Discordia holds three core principles, the Aneristic Principle, the Eristic Principle and the notion that both are mere illusions, the following excerpt summarizes these principles, The Aneristic Principle is that of apparent order, the Eristic Principle is that of apparent disorder. Both order and disorder are man made concepts and are divisions of pure chaos. With our concept-making apparatus called the brain we look at reality through the ideas-about-reality which our cultures give us, the ideas-about-reality are mistakenly labeled reality and unenlightened people are forever perplexed by the fact that other people, especially other cultures, see reality differently. It is only the ideas-about-reality which differ, real True reality is a level deeper than is the level of concept. We look at the world through windows on which have been drawn grids, a culture is a group of people with rather similar grids

3.
Principia Discordia
–
The Principia Discordia is a Discordian religious text written by Greg Hill with Kerry Wendell Thornley. The first edition was printed using Jim Garrisons Xerox printer in 1963, the second edition was published under the title Principia Discordia or How The West Was Lost in a limited edition of five copies in 1965. The phrase Principia Discordia, reminiscent of Newtons Principia Mathematica, is intended to mean Discordant Principles. The Principia describes the Discordian Society and its Goddess Eris, as well as the basics of the POEE denomination of Discordianism and it features typewritten and handwritten text intermixed with clip art, stamps, and seals appropriated from other sources. The Principia is quoted extensively in and shares many themes with the science fiction book The Illuminatus. Trilogy by Robert Shea and Robert Anton Wilson, Wilson was not directly involved in writing the Principia. Saints identified include Emperor Norton, Yossarian, Don Quixote, the Principia also introduces the mysterious word fnord, later popularized in The Illuminatus. Trilogy, the trilogy itself is mentioned in the afterword to the Loompanics edition, the Principia Discordia holds three core principles, the Aneristic Principle, the Eristic Principle and the notion that both are mere illusions. The following excerpt summarizes these principles, The Aneristic Principle is that of apparent order, both order and disorder are man made concepts and are artificial divisions of pure chaos, which is a level deeper than is the level of distinction making. With our concept-making apparatus called the brain we look at reality through the ideas-about-reality which our cultures give us, the ideas-about-reality are mistakenly labeled reality and unenlightened people are forever perplexed by the fact that other people, especially other cultures, see reality differently. It is only the ideas-about-reality which differ, real True reality is a level deeper than is the level of concept. We look at the world through windows on which have been drawn grids, a culture is a group of people with rather similar grids. Through a window we view chaos, and relate it to the points on our grid, the order is in the grid. This is illusory, it is what we Erisians call the Aneristic Illusion, some grids can be more useful than others, some more beautiful than others, some more pleasant than others, etc. but none can be more True than any other. Disorder is simply unrelated information viewed through some particular grid, but, like relation, no-relation is a concept. Male, like female, is an idea about sex, to say that male-ness is absence of female-ness, or vice versa, is a matter of definition and metaphysically arbitrary. The artificial concept of no-relation is the Eristic Principle, the belief that order is true and disorder is false or somehow wrong, is the Aneristic Illusion. To say the same of disorder, is the Eristic Illusion, the point is that truth is a matter of definition relative to the grid one is using at the moment, and that Truth, metaphysical reality, is irrelevant to grids entirely

4.
Bureaucracy
–
Bureaucracy means both a body of non-elective government officials and an administrative policy-making group. Historically, a bureaucracy was a government administration managed by departments staffed with non-elected officials, today, bureaucracy is the administrative system governing any large institution. The public administration in many countries is an example of a bureaucracy, since being coined, the word bureaucracy has developed negative connotations. Bureaucracies have been criticized as being inefficient, convoluted, or too inflexible to individuals, the dehumanizing effects of excessive bureaucracy became a major theme in the work of German-language writer Franz Kafka and are central to his novels The Trial and The Castle. The elimination of bureaucracy is a key concept in modern managerial theory and has been an issue in some political campaigns. Others have noted the necessity of bureaucracies in modern life, the term bureaucracy is French in origin and combines the French word bureau – desk or office – with the Greek word κράτος kratos – rule or political power. It was coined in the century by the French economist Jacques Claude Marie Vincent de Gournay and was a satirical pejorative from the outset. Gournay never wrote the term down but was quoted at length in a letter from a contemporary. Here, too, the sense was pejorative, with Irish novelist Lady Morgan referring to the Bureaucratie, or office tyranny, by which Ireland has so long been governed. By the mid-19th century, the word was being used in a neutral sense. In this sense bureaucracy was seen as a form of management. In the1920s, the definition was expanded by the German sociologist Max Weber to include any system of administration conducted by trained professionals according to fixed rules, although the term bureaucracy was not coined until the mid 18th century, organized and consistent administrative systems are much older. Ancient Egypt also had a class of scribes that administered the civil service bureaucracy. The Roman Empire was administered by a hierarchy of regional proconsuls, the reforms of Diocletian doubled the number of administrative districts and led to a large-scale expansion in Roman bureaucracy. After the Empire split, the Byzantine Empire developed a complicated administrative hierarchy. In Ancient China, the Han dynasty established a complicated bureaucracy based on the teachings of Confucius, who emphasized the importance of ritual in family, relationships, with each subsequent Dynasty, the bureaucracy evolved. During the Song dynasty, the bureaucracy became meritocratic, following the Song reforms, competitive exams were held to determine who could hold which positions. The imperial examination system lasted until 1905, six years before the collapse of the Qing Dynasty, a modern form of bureaucracy evolved in the expanding Department of Excise in the United Kingdom, during the 18th century

5.
Leap year
–
A leap year is a calendar year containing one additional day added to keep the calendar year synchronized with the astronomical or seasonal year. By inserting an additional day or month into the year, the drift can be corrected, a year that is not a leap year is called a common year. For example, in the Gregorian calendar, each year has 366 days instead of the usual 365. In the Bahai Calendar, a day is added when needed to ensure that the following year begins on the vernal equinox. For example, Christmas Day fell on a Tuesday in 2001, Wednesday in 2002, the length of a day is also occasionally changed by the insertion of leap seconds into Coordinated Universal Time, owing to the variability of Earths rotational period. Unlike leap days, leap seconds are not introduced on a regular schedule, in the Gregorian calendar, the standard calendar in most of the world, most years that are multiples of 4 are leap years. In each leap year, the month of February has 29 days instead of 28, adding an extra day to the calendar every four years compensates for the fact that a period of 365 days is shorter than a tropical year by almost 6 hours. Some exceptions to this rule are required since the duration of a tropical year is slightly less than 365.25 days. For example, the years 1700,1800, and 1900 were not leap years, over a period of four centuries, the accumulated error of adding a leap day every four years amounts to about three extra days. The Gregorian calendar therefore removes three leap days every 400 years, which is the length of its leap cycle and this is done by removing February 29 in the three century years that cannot be exactly divided by 400. The years 1600,2000 and 2400 are leap years, while 1700,1800,1900,2100,2200 and 2300 are common years, by this rule, the average number of days per year is 365 + 1⁄4 − 1⁄100 + 1⁄400 =365.2425. The rule can be applied to years before the Gregorian reform, the Gregorian calendar was designed to keep the vernal equinox on or close to March 21, so that the date of Easter remains close to the vernal equinox. The Accuracy section of the Gregorian calendar article discusses how well the Gregorian calendar achieves this design goal, the following pseudocode determines whether a year is a leap year or a common year in the Gregorian calendar. The year variable being tested is the representing the number of the year in the Gregorian calendar. Care should be taken in translating mathematical integer divisibility into specific programming languages, if then else if then else if then else February 29 is a date that usually occurs every four years, and is called leap day. This day is added to the calendar in leap years as a corrective measure, the Gregorian calendar is a modification of the Julian calendar first used by the Romans. The Roman calendar originated as a calendar and named many of its days after the syzygies of the moon, the new moon. The Nonae or nones was not the first quarter moon but was exactly one nundina or Roman market week of nine days before the ides and this is what we would call a period of eight days

6.
Gregorian calendar
–
The Gregorian calendar is internationally the most widely used civil calendar. It is named after Pope Gregory XIII, who introduced it in October 1582, the calendar was a refinement to the Julian calendar involving a 0. 002% correction in the length of the year. The motivation for the reform was to stop the drift of the calendar with respect to the equinoxes and solstices—particularly the northern vernal equinox, transition to the Gregorian calendar would restore the holiday to the time of the year in which it was celebrated when introduced by the early Church. The reform was adopted initially by the Catholic countries of Europe, the last European country to adopt the reform was Greece, in 1923. Many countries that have used the Islamic and other religious calendars have come to adopt this calendar for civil purposes. The reform was a modification of a made by Aloysius Lilius. His proposal included reducing the number of years in four centuries from 100 to 97. Lilius also produced an original and practical scheme for adjusting the epacts of the moon when calculating the date of Easter. For example, the years 1700,1800, and 1900 are not leap years, but the years 1600 and 2000 are. The canonical Easter tables were devised at the end of the third century, when the vernal equinox fell either on 20 March or 21 March depending on the years position in the leap year cycle. As the rule was that the full moon preceding Easter was not to precede the equinox, the date was fixed at 21 March for computational purposes, the Gregorian calendar reproduced these conditions by removing ten days. To unambiguously specify a date, dual dating or Old Style, dual dating gives two consecutive years for a given date, because of differences in the starting date of the year, and/or to give both the Julian and the Gregorian dates. The Gregorian calendar continued to use the calendar era, which counts years from the traditional date of the nativity. This year-numbering system, also known as Dionysian era or Common Era, is the predominant international standard today, the Gregorian calendar is a solar calendar. A regular Gregorian year consists of 365 days, but as in the Julian calendar, in a leap year, in the Julian calendar a leap year occurs every 4 years, but the Gregorian calendar omits 3 leap days every 400 years. In the Julian calendar, this day was inserted by doubling 24 February. In the modern period, it has become customary to number the days from the beginning of the month, some churches, notably the Roman Catholic Church, delay February festivals after the 23rd by one day in leap years. Gregorian years are identified by consecutive year numbers, the cycles repeat completely every 146,097 days, which equals 400 years

7.
Julian calendar
–
The Julian calendar, proposed by Julius Caesar in 46 BC, was a reform of the Roman calendar. It took effect on 1 January 45 BC, by edict, the Julian calendar gains against the mean tropical year at the rate of one day in 128 years. For the Gregorian the figure is one day in 3,030 years, the difference in the average length of the year between Julian and Gregorian is 0. 002%. The Julian calendar has a year of 365 days divided into 12 months. A leap day is added to February every four years, the Julian year is, therefore, on average 365.25 days long. It was intended to approximate the tropical year, as a result, the calendar year gains about three days every four centuries compared to observed equinox times and the seasons. This discrepancy was corrected by the Gregorian reform of 1582, consequently, the Julian calendar is currently 13 days behind the Gregorian calendar. Egypt converted on 20 December 1874/1 January 1875, turkey switched on 16 February/1 March 1917. Russia changed on 1/14 February 1918, Greece made the change for civil purposes on 16 February/1 March 1923 - the national day, which was a religious holiday, was to remain on the old calendar. Most Christian denominations in the west and areas evangelised by western churches have replaced the Julian calendar with the Gregorian as the basis for their liturgical calendars. However, most branches of the Eastern Orthodox Church still use the Julian calendar for calculating the date of Easter, some Orthodox churches have adopted the Revised Julian calendar for the observance of fixed feasts, while other Orthodox churches retain the Julian calendar for all purposes. The Julian calendar is used by the Berbers of the Maghreb in the form of the Berber calendar. In the form of the Alexandrian calendar, it is the basis for the Ethiopian calendar, during the changeover between calendars and for some time afterwards, dual dating was used in documents and gave the date according to both systems. In contemporary as well as texts that describe events during the period of change. The ordinary year in the previous Roman calendar consisted of 12 months, in addition, a 27- or 28-day intercalary month, the Mensis Intercalaris, was sometimes inserted between February and March. The net effect was to add 22 or 23 days to the year, some say the mensis intercalaris always had 27 days and began on either the first or the second day after the Terminalia. According to the later writers Censorinus and Macrobius, the ideal intercalary cycle consisted of ordinary years of 355 days alternating with intercalary years, alternately 377 and 378 days long. In this system, the average Roman year would have had 366 1⁄4 days over four years, Macrobius describes a further refinement whereby, in one 8-year period within a 24-year cycle, there were only three intercalary years, each of 377 days

8.
February 29
–
February 29, also known as leap day or leap year day, is a date added to most years that are divisible by 4, such as 2008,2012,2016,2020, and 2024. A leap day is added in various solar calendars, including the Gregorian calendar standard in most of the world, lunisolar calendars instead add a leap or intercalary month. In the Gregorian calendar, years that are divisible by 100, thus,1700,1800, and 1900 did not contain a leap day, neither will 2100,2200, and 2300. Conversely,1600 and 2000 did and 2400 will, Years containing a leap day are called leap years. Years not containing a leap day are called common years, February 29 is the 60th day of the Gregorian calendar, in such a year, with 306 days remaining until the end of the year. In the Chinese calendar, this day will only occur in years of the monkey, dragon, a leap day is observed because a complete revolution around the Sun takes approximately 6 hours longer than 365 days. A leap day compensates for this lag, realigning the calendar with the Earths position in the Solar System, otherwise, although most modern calendar years have 365 days, a complete revolution around the Sun takes approximately 365 days and 6 hours. An extra 24 hours thus accumulates every four years, requiring that a calendar day be added to align the calendar with the Suns apparent position. A solar year is slightly shorter than 365 days and 6 hours. The currently accepted figure is 365 days,5 hours,48 minutes,45 seconds. Adding a calendar day every four years, therefore, results in an excess of around 44 minutes for those four years, to compensate for this, three days are removed every 400 years. The Gregorian calendar reform implements this adjustment by making an exception to the rule that there is a leap year every four years. Instead, a year divisible by 100 is not a year unless that year is also divisible by 400. This means that the years 1600,2000, and 2400 are leap years, while the years 1700,1800,1900,2100,2200,2300, the Gregorian calendar repeats itself every 400 years, which is exactly 20,871 weeks including 97 leap days. Over this period, February 29 falls on Sunday, Tuesday, and Thursday 13 times each,14 times each on Friday and Saturday, the calendar of the Roman king Numa Pompilius had only 355 days which meant that it would quickly become unsynchronized with the solar year. An earlier Roman solution to this problem was to lengthen the calendar periodically by adding days to February. February consisted of two parts, each with an odd number of days, the first part ended with the Terminalia on the 23rd, which was considered the end of the religious year, and the five remaining days formed the second part. To keep the calendar year roughly aligned with the solar year, the second part of February was incorporated in the intercalary month as its last five days, with no change either in their dates or the festivals observed on them

9.
Harold Camping
–
Harold Egbert Camping was an American Christian radio broadcaster, author and evangelist. Beginning in 1958, he served as president of Family Radio, in October 2011, he retired from active broadcasting following a stroke, but still maintained a role at Family Radio until his death. Camping is notable for issuing multiple failed predictions of dates for the End Times and he had previously predicted that Judgment Day would occur on or about September 6,1994. Except for one appearance on May 23,2011, Camping largely avoided press interviews after May 21. Camping was reported to have retired from his position at Family Radio on October 16,2011, however, his daughter later clarified that he had not retired outright, but was maintaining a role at Family Radio while working from home. In March 2012, he stated that his attempt to predict a date was sinful, and he added that he was now searching the Bible even more fervently. not to find dates, but to be more faithful in understanding. After the failure of Campings prophecies, Family Radio suffered a significant loss of assets, staff, Harold Egbert Camping was born on July 19,1921, in Boulder, Colorado and moved at an early age to California. Both his parents came from the Netherlands – his mother from Friesland, his father from Groningen –, in 1942, Camping earned a B. S. degree in civil engineering from the University of California, Berkeley. In 1943, he married his wife, Shirley and he and his family were members of the Christian Reformed Church until 1988. In 1958, Camping joined with other individuals of Christian Reformed, Bible Baptist, the radio station – KEAR, then at 97.3 MHz – was used to broadcast traditional Christian Gospel to the conservative Protestant community and minister to the general public. Through the 1960s, Family Radio acquired six additional FM stations, in 1961, Family Radio began running the Open Forum, a live, weeknight call-in program that Camping hosted until 2011. The Open Forum continued running until Campings partial retirement in July 2011, in October 2012, over a year after the failure of Campings prophecies, Family Radio began airing repeats of his broadcasts. Family Radio runs various programs on its radio stations, Family Radio also utilized at least three television stations, WFME-TV in the New York City area, KFTL-CD in San Francisco, California, and KHFR-LD in Boise, Idaho. Family Radio spent over US$100 million on the campaign for Campings 2011 end times prediction, financed by sales. In 1970, Camping published The Biblical Calendar of History, in which he dated the Creation of the world to the year 11,013 BC and the Flood to 4990 BC. This was in contradiction to Bishop James Usshers famous 17th-century chronology, which placed the Creation at 4004 BC, Camping argued that Usshers dates agree neither with the Biblical nor the secular evidence, asserting that Usshers methodology was flawed. Camping noted the use of the phrase called his name, which he characterized as a phrase to indicate an immediate father–son relationship. He also points out the use of qara shem in Isaiah 7,14, which he interpreted as meaning, Behold, a virgin shall conceive, and bear a son, and shall call his name Immanuel

10.
Towel Day
–
Towel Day is celebrated every year on 25 May as a tribute to the author Douglas Adams by his fans. On this day, fans openly carry a towel with them, as described in Adams The Hitchhikers Guide to the Galaxy, to demonstrate their appreciation for the books, the commemoration was first held 25 May 2001, two weeks after Adams death on 11 May. The original quotation that explained the importance of towels is found in Chapter 3 of Adams work The Hitchhikers Guide to the Galaxy, a towel, it says, is about the most massively useful thing an interstellar hitchhiker can have. Partly it has practical value. More importantly, a towel has immense psychological value, furthermore, the strag will then happily lend the hitch hiker any of these or a dozen other items that the hitch hiker might accidentally have lost. Hence a phrase that has passed into hitchhiking slang, as in Hey, theres a frood who really knows where his towel is. The original article that began Towel Day was posted by a user Clyde at System Toolbox, chris Campbell and his friends registered the domain towelday. org to promote the day, reminding people to bring their towels. Towel Day was a success among fans and many people sent in pictures of themselves with their towels. Several news sources around the world have mentioned Towel Day, including the Norwegian newspaper Aftenposten and the news show NRK Nyheter. In May 2010, a petition was created asking Google to recognize Towel Day with either a Google Doodle or by returning search results in the Vogon language for a day. As of 10 September 2014, the petition had received 5,373 signatures, however, in Canada, Volt, a French/English television show, created a skit in which Towel Day was explained and featured. In Ecuador, Radio City, a BBC affiliated radio station, the interview was in Spanish and English. In the United Kingdom, Planet Rock aired an Alternative Thought Of The Day by David Haddock about Towel Day, in January 2012, The Huffington Post listed Towel Day as one of ten cult literary traditions. In recognition of Towel Day, the Norwegian public transportation company Kolumbus gave away a number of special towels to customers. Each towel contained an RFID chip that allows a free ride on their buses, in Washington DC, the Chevy Chase branch of the DC Public Library offered prizes for those who wore a towel to the library on Towel Day. On Towel Day 2015, astronaut Samantha Cristoforetti sent a Towel Day greeting, as Towel Day 2016 fell during the RIPE72 meeting, the RIPE NCC distributed a beach towel printed with an IPv6 subnet chart. One of those towels was later auctioned at BSDCan 2016 for CAN$142, Towel Day was celebrated by Briton Tim Peake on the International Space Station

11.
Undergarment
–
Undergarments are items of clothing worn beneath outer clothes, usually in direct contact with the skin, although they may comprise more than a single layer. In cold weather, long underwear is sometimes worn to provide additional warmth, special types of undergarments have religious significance. Some items of clothing are designed as undergarments, while others, such as T-shirts, if made of suitable material or textile, some undergarments can serve as nightwear or swimsuits, and some are intended for sexual attraction or visual appeal. Undergarments are generally of two types, those that are worn to cover the torso and those that are worn to cover the waist and legs, different styles of undergarments are generally worn by females and males. Undergarments commonly worn by females today include bras and panties, while males often wear briefs, items commonly worn by both sexes include T-shirts, sleeveless shirts, bikini underwear, thongs, and G-strings. Undergarments are known by a number of terms, in the United States, womens underwear may be known as delicates due to the recommended washing machine cycle or because they are, simply put, delicate. Womens undergarments collectively are called lingerie and they also are called intimate clothing and intimates. An undershirt is a piece of underwear covering the torso, while underpants, drawers, terms for specific undergarments are shown in the table below. Not wearing underpants under outer clothing is known in American slang as freeballing for men, the act of a woman not wearing a bra is sometimes referred to as freeboobing. Underwear is worn for a variety of reasons and they keep outer garments from being soiled by perspiration, urine, semen, menstrual blood and feces. Womens brassieres provide support for the breasts, and mens briefs serve the function for the male genitalia. A corset may be worn as a garment to alter a womans body shape. For additional support and protection when playing sports, men often wear more tightly fitting underwear, including jockstraps and jockstraps with cup pocket and protective cup. Women may wear sports bras which provide support, thus increasing comfort. In cold climates, underwear may constitute an additional layer of clothing helping to keep the wearer warm, Underwear may also be used to preserve the wearers modesty – for instance, some women wear camisoles and slips under clothes that are sheer. Conversely, some types of underwear can be worn for sexual titillation, such as underwear, crotchless panties. Some items of clothing are designed exclusively as underwear, while others such as T-shirts, the suitability of underwear as outer clothing is, apart from the indoor or outdoor climate, largely dependent on societal norms, fashion and the requirements of the law. If made of material, some underwear can serve as nightwear or swimsuits

12.
Linux distribution
–
A Linux distribution is an operating system made from a software collection, which is based upon the Linux kernel and, often, a package management system. A typical Linux distribution comprises a Linux kernel, GNU tools and libraries, additional software, documentation, a system, a window manager. Most of the software is free and open-source software made available both as compiled binaries and in source code form, allowing modifications to the original software. Usually, Linux distributions optionally include some proprietary software that may not be available in source code form, the software is usually adapted to the distribution and then packaged into software packages by the distributions maintainers. The software packages are available online in so-called repositories, which are storage locations usually distributed around the world, almost six hundred Linux distributions exist, with close to five hundred out of those in active development. There are commercially backed distributions, such as Fedora, openSUSE and Ubuntu, most distributions come ready to use and pre-compiled for a specific instruction set, while some distributions are distributed mostly in source code form and compiled locally during installation. Linus Torvalds developed the Linux kernel and distributed its first version,0.01, since the installation procedure was complicated, especially in the face of growing amounts of available software, distributions sprang up to simplify this. Early distributions included the following, H. J, the SLS distribution was not well maintained, so in July 1993 a new distribution, called Slackware and based on SLS, was released by Patrick Volkerding. Also dissatisfied with SLS, Ian Murdock set to create a distribution by founding Debian. Most early adopters were familiar with Unix from work or school and they embraced Linux distributions for their low cost, and availability of the source code for most or all of the software included. Originally, the distributions were simply a convenience, but later became the usual choice even for Unix or Linux experts. To date, Linux has become popular in server and embedded devices markets than in the desktop market. For example, Linux is used on over 50% of web servers, many Linux distributions provide an installation system akin to that provided with other modern operating systems. Distributions are normally segmented into packages, each package contains a specific application or service. Examples of packages are a library for handling the PNG image format, the package is typically provided as compiled code, with installation and removal of packages handled by a package management system rather than a simple file archiver. Each package intended for such a PMS contains meta-information such as a description, version. Although Linux distributions typically contain much more software than proprietary operating systems, an example would be a newer version of a software application than that supplied with a distribution, or an alternative to that chosen by the distribution. If the additional software is distributed in form, this approach requires local compilation

13.
Debian
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The Debian Project was first announced in 1993 by Ian Murdock, Debian 0.01 was released on September 15,1993, and the first stable release was made in 1996. The Debian stable release branch is one of the most popular for personal computers and network servers, new distributions are updated continually, and the next candidate is released after a time-based freeze. As one of the earliest Operating Systems based on the Linux kernel and this decision drew the attention and support of the Free Software Foundation, which sponsored the project for one year from November 1994 to November 1995. Upon the ending of the sponsorship, the Debian Project formed the non-profit organisation Software in the Public Interest, while Debians main port, Debian GNU/Linux, uses the Linux kernel, other ports exist based on BSD kernels and the HURD microkernel. All use the GNU userland and the GNU C library, Debian has access to online repositories that contain over 50,000 software packages making it one of the largest software compilations. Debian officially contains only free software, but non-free software can be downloaded from the Debian repositories, Debian includes popular free programs such as LibreOffice, Firefox web browser, Evolution mail, K3b disc burner, VLC media player, GIMP image editor, and Evince document viewer. Debian is a choice for web servers. Debian supports Linux officially, offered kFreeBSD for version 7 but not 8, GNU/kFreeBSD was released as a technology preview for IA-32 and x86-64 architectures, and lacked the amount of software available in Debians Linux distribution. Official support for kFreeBSD was removed for version 8, which did not provide a kFreeBSD-based distribution, several flavors of the Linux kernel exist for each port. For example, the port has flavors for IA-32 PCs supporting Physical Address Extension and real-time computing, for older PCs. The Linux kernel does not officially contain firmware without sources, although such firmware is available in non-free packages, Debian offers DVD and CD images for installation that can be downloaded using BitTorrent or jigdo. Physical disks can also be bought from retailers, Debian offers different network installation methods. A minimal install of Debian is available via the netinst CD, whereby Debian is installed with just a base, another option is to boot the installer from the network. Installation images are hybrid on some architectures and can be used to create a bootable USB drive, the default bootstrap loader is GNU GRUB version 2, though the package name is simply grub, while version 1 was renamed to grub-legacy. This conflicts with e. g. Fedora, where grub version 2 is named grub2, the default desktop may be chosen from the DVD boot menu among GNOME, KDE Software Compilation, Xfce and LXDE, and from special disc 1 CDs. Debian offers CD images specifically built for GNOME, KDE Software Compilation, Xfce, MATE is officially supported, while Cinnamon support was added with Debian 8.0 Jessie. Less common window managers such as Enlightenment, Openbox, Fluxbox, IceWM, Window Maker, the default desktop environment of version 7.0 Wheezy was temporarily switched to Xfce, because GNOME3 did not fit on the first CD of the set. The default for the version 8.0 Jessie was changed again to Xfce in November 2013, Debian releases live install images for CDs, DVDs and USB thumb drives, for IA-32 and x86-64 architectures, and with a choice of desktop environments

14.
FreeBSD
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FreeBSD is a free and open source Unix-like operating system descended from Research Unix via the Berkeley Software Distribution. Although for legal reasons FreeBSD cannot use the Unix trademark, it is a descendant of BSD. FreeBSD has similarities with Linux, with two differences in scope and licensing, FreeBSD maintains a complete operating system, i. e. The FreeBSD project includes a security team overseeing all software shipped in the base distribution, a wide range of additional third-party applications may be installed using the pkgng package management system or the FreeBSD Ports, or by directly compiling source code. FreeBSDs roots go back to the University of California, Berkeley, the university acquired a UNIX source license from AT&T. The BSD project was founded in 1976 by Bill Joy, but since BSD contained code from AT&T Unix, all recipients had to get a license from AT&T first in order to use BSD. In June 1989, Networking Release 1 or simply Net-1 – the first public version of BSD – was released, after releasing Net-1, Keith Bostic, a developer of BSD, suggested replacing all AT&T code with freely-redistributable code under the original BSD license. Work on replacing AT&T code began and, after 18 months, however, six files containing AT&T code remained in the kernel. The BSD developers decided to release the Networking Release 2 without those six files and they released 386BSD via an anonymous FTP server. The first version of FreeBSD was released on November 1993, in the early days of the projects inception, a company named Walnut Creek CDROM, upon the suggestion of the two FreeBSD developers, agreed to release the operating system on CD-ROM. By 1997, FreeBSD was Walnut Creeks most successful product, the company itself later renamed to The FreeBSD Mall and later iXSystems. Today, FreeBSD is used by many IT companies such as IBM, Nokia, Juniper Networks, certain parts of Apples Mac OS X operating system are based on FreeBSD. The PlayStation 3 operating system also borrows certain components from FreeBSD, netflix, WhatsApp, and FlightAware are also examples of big, successful and heavily network-oriented companies which are running FreeBSD. 386BSD and FreeBSD were both derived from 1992s BSD release, in January 1992, BSDi started to release BSD/386, later called BSD/OS, an operating system similar to FreeBSD and based on 1992s BSD release. AT&T filed a lawsuit against BSDi and alleged distribution of AT&T source code in violation of license agreements, the lawsuit was settled out of court and the exact terms were not all disclosed. The only one that became public was that BSDi would migrate their source base to the newer 4. 4BSD-Lite sources, Although not involved in the litigation, it was suggested to FreeBSD that they should also move to 4. 4BSD-Lite. FreeBSD2.0, which was released on November 1994, was the first version of FreeBSD without any code from AT&T, Desktop Although FreeBSD does not install the X Window System by default, it is available in the FreeBSD ports collection. A number of Desktop environments such as GNOME, KDE and Xfce, embedded systems Although it explicitly focuses on the IA-32 and x86-64 platforms, FreeBSD also supports others such as ARM, PowerPC and MIPS to a lesser degree

15.
Fedora (operating system)
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Fedora /fᵻˈdɒr. ə/ is an operating system based on the Linux kernel, developed by the community-supported Fedora Project and sponsored by Red Hat. Fedora contains software distributed under a free and open-source license and aims to be on the edge of such technologies. As of February 2016, Fedora has an estimated 1.2 million users, including Linus Torvalds, Fedora has a reputation for focusing on innovation, integrating new technologies early on and working closely with upstream Linux communities. Making changes upstream instead of specifically in Fedora ensures that the changes are available to all Linux distributions, Fedora users can upgrade from version to version without reinstalling. The default desktop environment in Fedora is GNOME and the user interface is the GNOME Shell. Other desktop environments, including KDE Plasma, Xfce, LXDE, MATE and Cinnamon, are available, Fedora uses the RPM package management system. Flatpak is also supported by default, and support for Ubuntus snaps can also be added, Fedora uses Delta RPMs when updating installed packages. A Delta RPM contains the difference between an old and new version of a package and this means that only the changes between the installed package and the new one are downloaded reducing network traffic and bandwidth consumption. Fedora provides hardening wrapper, and does hardening for all of its packages by using features such as position-independent executable. Fedora comes installed with a range of software such as LibreOffice. Additional software is available from the repositories and can be installed using the DNF package manager or GNOME Software. Additionally, extra repositories can be added to the system, so that software not available in Fedora can be installed, popular third-party repositories include RPM Fusion free and non-free repositories. Fedora also provides users with a build system for creating their own repositories called Copr. It comes with GNOME by default but other desktops can be installed or can be installed as Spins. Fedora Server – Its target usage is for servers, and it includes the latest data center technologies and this edition doesnt come with a desktop environment, but one can be installed. Fedora Cloud – It provides an image of Fedora which includes just the bare essentials. It is meant for deployment in cloud computing and it also provides Fedora Atomic Host images which are optimized minimal images for container uses. A Live USB drive can be created using Fedora Live USB creator or the dd command and it allows the users to try Fedora without making changes to the hard disk

16.
Gentoo Linux
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Gentoo Linux is a Linux distribution built using the Portage package management system. Unlike a binary software distribution, the code is compiled locally according to the users preferences and is often optimized for the specific type of computer. Precompiled binaries are available for some larger packages or those with no source code. Gentoo Linux is named after the fast-swimming gentoo penguin, the name was chosen to reflect the potential speed improvements of machine-specific optimization, which is a major feature of Gentoo. Gentoo package management is designed to be modular, portable, easy to maintain, Gentoo describes itself as a meta-distribution because of its adaptability, in that the majority of users have configurations and sets of installed programs which are unique to themselves. Gentoo Linux was initially created by Daniel Robbins as the Enoch Linux distribution, the goal was to create a distribution without precompiled binaries that was tuned to the hardware and only included required programs. At least one version of Enoch was distributed, version 0.75, Daniel Robbins and the other contributors experimented with a fork of GCC known as EGCS developed by Cygnus Solutions. At this point, Enoch was renamed Gentoo Linux, the modifications to EGCS eventually became part of the official GCC, and other Linux distributions experienced similar speed increases. Gentoo Linux 1.0 was released March 31,2002, in 2004, Robbins set up the non-profit Gentoo Foundation, transferred all copyrights and trademarks to it, and stepped down as chief architect of the project. The current board of trustees is composed of five members who were announced on March 2,2008, there is also a seven-member Gentoo Council that oversees the technical issues and policies of Gentoo. The Gentoo Council members are elected for a period of one year, when a member of the Council retires, the successor is voted into place by the existing Council members. The Gentoo Foundation is a 501 non-profit foundation, registered in the State of New Mexico. In late 2007, the Foundations charter was revoked, but by May 2008 the State of New Mexico declared that the Gentoo Foundation, Gentoo appeals to Linux users who want full control of the software that is installed and running on their computer. People who are prepared to invest the time required to configure and tune a Gentoo system can build very efficient desktops, Gentoo encourages users to build a Linux kernel tailored to their particular hardware. It allows very fine control of which services are installed and running, also, memory usage can be reduced, compared to other distributions, by omitting unnecessary kernel features and services. Gentoo is a distribution for fairly technical people who want to learn more about Linux, as well as for Linux enthusiasts, programmers. The quantity and quality of the documentation is exceptionally high, a very large collection of software is available. Each package contains details of any dependencies on other software, so only the minimum set need be installed to run the required applications, as Gentoo does not impose a standard look-and-feel, installed packages usually appear as their authors intended

17.
Android (operating system)
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Android is a mobile operating system developed by Google, based on the Linux kernel and designed primarily for touchscreen mobile devices such as smartphones and tablets. In addition to devices, Google has further developed Android TV for televisions, Android Auto for cars. Variants of Android are also used on notebooks, game consoles, digital cameras, beginning with the first commercial Android device in September 2008, the operating system has gone through multiple major releases, with the current version being 7.0 Nougat, released in August 2016. Android applications can be downloaded from the Google Play store, which features over 2.7 million apps as of February 2017, Android has been the best-selling OS on tablets since 2013, and runs on the vast majority of smartphones. In September 2015, Android had 1.4 billion monthly active users, Android is popular with technology companies that require a ready-made, low-cost and customizable operating system for high-tech devices. The success of Android has made it a target for patent, Android Inc. was founded in Palo Alto, California in October 2003 by Andy Rubin, Rich Miner, Nick Sears, and Chris White. Rubin described the Android project as tremendous potential in developing smarter mobile devices that are aware of its owners location. The early intentions of the company were to develop an operating system for digital cameras. Despite the past accomplishments of the founders and early employees, Android Inc. operated secretly and that same year, Rubin ran out of money. Steve Perlman, a friend of Rubin, brought him $10,000 in cash in an envelope. In July 2005, Google acquired Android Inc. for at least $50 million and its key employees, including Rubin, Miner and White, joined Google as part of the acquisition. Not much was known about Android at the time, with Rubin having only stated that they were making software for mobile phones, at Google, the team led by Rubin developed a mobile device platform powered by the Linux kernel. Google marketed the platform to handset makers and carriers on the promise of providing a flexible, upgradeable system, Google had lined up a series of hardware components and software partners and signaled to carriers that it was open to various degrees of cooperation. Speculation about Googles intention to enter the communications market continued to build through December 2006. In September 2007, InformationWeek covered an Evalueserve study reporting that Google had filed several patent applications in the area of mobile telephony, the first commercially available smartphone running Android was the HTC Dream, also known as T-Mobile G1, announced on September 23,2008. Since 2008, Android has seen numerous updates which have improved the operating system, adding new features. Each major release is named in order after a dessert or sugary treat, with the first few Android versions being called Cupcake, Donut, Eclair. In 2010, Google launched its Nexus series of devices, a lineup in which Google partnered with different device manufacturers to produce new devices and introduce new Android versions

18.
Malaclypse the Younger
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Gregory Hill, better known by the pen name Malaclypse the Younger, was one of the two writers of the Principia Discordia, along with Kerry Wendell Thornley. He was also adapted as a character in The Illuminatus, greg Hill described Mal-2 as a spirit sent into him by Eris that helped him write the Principia Discordia over the course of ten years in his early adulthood. An interview included in the edition of the Principia Discordia by Loompanics Press reveals that Mal-2 left once the book was finished. He claims Mal-2 returned to leave a fifth and final edition consisting solely of a Western Union telegraph form filled with the letter M, greg Hill also reveals that he had access to Western Union forms when he worked at Western Union. Possessing many titles, including Omnibenevolent Polyfather of Virginity in Gold and he is frequently mentioned in the Principia Discordia. Credited with wiring telegrams to God from the Celestial Hotel and decrying the usefulness of prayer, very little is known about Malaclypse the Elder, the namesake of Mal-2. The Principia Discordia merely mentions him as a non-prophet and that he was mistaken for a doomsayer when carrying a sign that read DUMB, Malaclypse the Younger also appears in The Illuminatus. Trilogy by Robert Shea and Robert Anton Wilson and he founded the Norton Cabal, and then left the cabal to join the very esoteric Erisian Liberation Front. The character Dr. Ignotum P. Ignotius says the last thing Mal-2 wrote before he left for the ELF was and this is the slogan of the Joshua Norton Cabal of San Francisco. Malaclypse has a larger role in The Illuminatus. In fact, he is an important shape-shifting character in the book, posing as Jean-Paul Sartre, Billy Graham, according to Malaclypse the Elder himself, he is a 4th century B. C. Erisian priest who achieved transcendental illumination in the course of the massacre at Melos in 415 BC, the Illuminati believe that death releases a certain form of energy. Given enough death and an intent on capturing said energy. Malaclypse the Elder also posed as Jesus after Jesus was crucified, in the form of Jesus, he introduced Bingo, but asked Luke to not record it. Principia Discordia, 1st Edition, page A7, Principia Discordia, 4th Edition,1980, Loompanics Unlimited. Principia Discordia, 5th Edition,1991, IllumiNet Press, gorightly, Adam, The Prankster and the Conspiracy, The Story of Kerry Thornley and How He Met Oswald and Inspired the Counterculture, Paraview Press, November 2003. Works written by or about Malaclypse the Younger at Wikisource

19.
Git
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Git is a version control system for tracking changes in computer files and coordinating work on those files among multiple people. It is primarily used for development, but it can be used to keep track of changes in any files. As a distributed control system it is aimed at speed, data integrity. Git was created by Linus Torvalds in 2005 for development of the Linux kernel and its current maintainer since 2005 is Junio Hamano. Like the Linux kernel, Git is free software distributed under the terms of the GNU General Public License version 2, the copyright holder of BitKeeper, Larry McVoy, had withdrawn free use of the product after claiming that Andrew Tridgell had reverse-engineered the BitKeeper protocols. Linus Torvalds wanted a system that he could use like BitKeeper. So immediately after the 2.6. 12-rc2 Linux kernel development release, Torvalds quipped about the name git, Im an egotistical bastard, and I name all my projects after myself. The man page describes Git as the stupid content tracker, the readme file of the source code elaborates further, The development of Git began on 3 April 2005. Torvalds announced the project on 6 April, it became self-hosting as of 7 April, the first merge of multiple branches took place on 18 April. Torvalds achieved his goals, on 29 April, the nascent Git was benchmarked recording patches to the Linux kernel tree at the rate of 6.7 per second. On 16 June Git managed the kernel 2.6.12 release, Torvalds turned over maintenance on 26 July 2005 to Junio Hamano, a major contributor to the project. Hamano was responsible for the 1.0 release on 21 December 2005, gits design was inspired by BitKeeper and Monotone. Git was originally designed as a version control system engine on top of which others could write front ends. The core Git project has become a complete version control system that is usable directly. While strongly influenced by BitKeeper, Torvalds deliberately avoided conventional approaches, in Git, a core assumption is that a change will be merged more often than it is written, as it is passed around to various reviewers. In Git, branches are very lightweight, a branch is only a reference to one commit, with its parental commits, the full branch structure can be constructed. These changes are imported as added development branches, and can be merged in the way as a locally developed branch. Git also has a CVS server emulation, which enables the use of extant CVS clients, Subversion and svk repositories can be used directly with git-svn

20.
GitHub
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GitHub is a web-based Git or version control repository and Internet hosting service. It offers all of the version control and source code management functionality of Git as well as adding its own features. It provides access control and several features such as bug tracking, feature requests, task management. GitHub offers both plans for private and free repositories on the account which are commonly used to host open-source software projects. As of April 2016, GitHub reports having more than 14 million users and more than 85.5 million repositories, the trademark mascot of GitHub is Octocat, an anthropomorphized cat with cephalopod limbs. Development of the GitHub platform began on 1 October 2007, the site was launched in April 2008 by Tom Preston-Werner, Chris Wanstrath, and PJ Hyett after it had been made available for a few months prior as a beta release. Projects on GitHub can be accessed and manipulated using the standard Git command-line interface, GitHub also allows registered and non-registered users to browse public repositories on the site. Multiple desktop clients and Git plugins have also created by GitHub. The site provides social networking-like functions such as feeds, followers, wikis, a user must create an account in order to contribute content to the site, but public repositories can be browsed and downloaded by anyone. With a registered account, users are able to discuss, manage, create repositories, submit contributions to others repositories. The software that runs GitHub was written using Ruby on Rails and Erlang by GitHub, Inc. developers Chris Wanstrath, PJ Hyett, GitHub is mostly used for code. Emojis GitHub Pages, small websites can be hosted from public repositories on GitHub, nested task-lists within files Visualization of geospatial data 3D render files that can be previewed using a new integrated STL file viewer that displays the files on a 3D canvas. The viewer is powered by WebGL and Three. js, photoshops native PSD format can be previewed and compared to previous versions of the same file. GitHubs Terms of Service do not require public software projects hosted on GitHub to meet the Open Source Definition. For that reason, it is advisable for users and developers intending to use a piece of software found on GitHub to read the license in the repository to determine if it meets their needs. The Terms of Service state, By setting your repositories to be viewed publicly, you agree to allow others to view, GitHub also operates other services, a pastebin-style site called Gist that is for hosting code snippets, and a slide hosting service called Speaker Deck. Tom Preston-Werner presented the then-new Gist feature at a punk rock Ruby conference in 2008, Gist builds on the traditional simple concept of a pastebin by adding version control for code snippets, easy forking, and SSL encryption for private pastes. Because each gist has its own Git repository, multiple code snippets can be contained in a single paste, further, forked code can be pushed back to the original author in the form of a patch, so gists can become more like mini-projects

21.
Red Hat
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Red Hat, Inc. is an American multinational software company providing open-source software products to the enterprise community. Founded in 1993, Red Hat has its headquarters in Raleigh, North Carolina. Red Hat has become associated to an extent with its enterprise operating system Red Hat Enterprise Linux. Red Hat also offers Red Hat Virtualization, a virtualization product. Red Hat provides storage, operating system platforms, middleware, applications, management products, and support, training, Red Hat creates, maintains, and contributes to many free software projects. It has acquired several proprietary software product codebases through corporate mergers, as of March 2016, Red Hat is the second largest corporate contributor to the Linux kernel version 4.5 after Intel. In 1993, Bob Young incorporated the ACC Corporation, a business that sold Linux. In 1994, Marc Ewing created his own Linux distribution, which he named Red Hat Linux, Ewing released the software in October, and it became known as the Halloween release. Young bought Ewings business in 1995, and the two merged to become Red Hat Software, with Young serving as executive officer. Red Hat went public on August 11,1999, achieving the eighth-biggest first-day gain in the history of Wall Street, matthew Szulik succeeded Bob Young as CEO in December of that year. Bob Young went on to found the print on demand and self-publishing company. Before its IPO, Red Hat had received funding from Joyce Young. When Red Hat went public, she cashed in enough stock to recoup her initial investment, then left the remaining stock to linger, for fun. Her return on investment was so great that, by January 2000 she was a millionaire, on November 15,1999, Red Hat acquired Cygnus Solutions. Cygnus provided commercial support for software and housed maintainers of GNU software products such as the GNU Debugger. One of the founders of Cygnus, Michael Tiemann, became the technical officer of Red Hat. Later Red Hat acquired WireSpeed, C2Net and Hells Kitchen Systems, in February 2000, InfoWorld awarded Red Hat its fourth consecutive Operating System Product of the Year award for Red Hat Linux 6.1. Red Hat acquired Planning Technologies, Inc in 2001 and AOLs iPlanet directory, Red Hat moved its headquarters from Durham to North Carolina State Universitys Centennial Campus in Raleigh, North Carolina in February 2002

22.
LWN.net
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LWN. net is a computing webzine with an emphasis on free software and software for Linux and other Unix-like operating systems. It consists of an issue, separate stories which are published most days. Most news published daily are short summaries of articles published elsewhere, original articles are usually published weekly on Thursdays and are available only to subscribers for one week, after which they become free as well. LWN. net is part of Eklektix, Inc, LWN caters to a more technical audience than other Linux/free software publications. It is often praised for its coverage of Linux kernel internals. The acronym LWN originally stood for Linux Weekly News, that name is no longer used because the site no longer covers exclusively Linux-related topics, and it has daily as well as weekly content. Founded by Jonathan Corbet and Elizabeth Coolbaugh and published since January 1998, LWN was originally a site devoted to collecting Linux news. At the end of May 2002, LWN announced a redesigned site, among the changes was a facility for readers to post comments about stories. On July 25,2002, LWN announced that due to its inability to raise funds through donations. Following an outpouring of support from readers, however, the editors of LWN decided to continue publishing, new weekly editions of LWN are initially only available to readers who subscribe at one of three levels. After a 1-week delay, each issue becomes freely available to readers who are unable or unwilling to pay, LWN. net also purchases a number of articles from freelance authors. DistroWatch Slashdot Official website Timeline page - Also includes the sites own history at the bottom 2007 Subscribers survey, showing demographics and what sections of the site are liked

23.
Google Play
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Google Play is a digital distribution service, including a digital media store, the Google Play Store, operated and developed by Google. Google Play also serves as a digital media store, offering music, magazines, books, movies and it previously offered Google hardware devices for purchase until the introduction of a separate online hardware retailer, Google Store, on March 11,2015. Applications are available through Google Play either free of charge or at a cost and they can be downloaded directly to an Android device through the Play Store mobile app, or by deploying the application to a device from the Google Play website. Applications exploiting hardware capabilities of a device can be targeted to users of devices with specific hardware components, the Google Play store had over 50 billion app downloads in 2013 and has reached over 2.7 million apps published in 2017. Google Play was launched on March 6,2012, bringing together the Android Market, Google Music, and the Google eBookstore under one brand, marking a shift in Googles digital distribution strategy. The services operating under the Google Play banner are, Google Play Books, Google Play Games, Google Play Movies & TV, Google Play Music, as of February 2017, Google Play features over 2.7 million Android applications. Developers in over 150 locations can distribute apps on Google Play, to distribute apps, developers have to pay a one-time $25 registration fee for a Google Play Developer Console account. App developers can control which countries an app is distributed to, Developers receive 70% of the application price, while the remaining 30% goes to the distribution partner and operating fees. Developers can set up sales, with the original price striked out, Google Play allows developers to release early versions of apps to a select group of users, as alpha or beta tests. Developers can also release apps through staged rollouts, in which your update reaches only a percentage of your users, users can pre-order select apps to have the items delivered as soon as they are available. Some network carriers offer billing for Google Play purchases, allowing users to opt for charges in the phone bill rather than on credit cards. Users can request refunds within 48 hours if something you bought isnt working, isnt what you expected, was bought by accident, Apps meeting specific usability requirements can qualify as an Android Wear app. Google Play Games is a gaming service for Android that features real-time multiplayer gaming capabilities, cloud saves, social and public leaderboards. The service was introduced at the Google I/O2013 Developer Conference, Google Play Music is a music and podcast streaming service and online music locker. It features over 40 million songs, and gives users free cloud storage of up to 50,000 songs, as of January 2017, Google Play Music is available in 62 countries. Google Play Books is a digital distribution service. Google Play offers over five million ebooks available for purchase, as of January 2017, Google Play Books is available in 75 countries. Google Play Movies & TV is a video on demand service offering movies and television shows available for purchase or rental, Google Play Newsstand is a news aggregator and digital newsstand service offering subscriptions to digital magazines and topical news feeds

24.
Google
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Google is an American multinational technology company specializing in Internet-related services and products. These include online advertising technologies, search, cloud computing, software, Google was founded in 1996 by Larry Page and Sergey Brin while they were Ph. D. students at Stanford University, in California. Together, they own about 14 percent of its shares, and they incorporated Google as a privately held company on September 4,1998. An initial public offering took place on August 19,2004, in August 2015, Google announced plans to reorganize its various interests as a conglomerate called Alphabet Inc. Google, Alphabets leading subsidiary, will continue to be the company for Alphabets Internet interests. Upon completion of the restructure, Sundar Pichai became CEO of Google, replacing Larry Page, rapid growth since incorporation has triggered a chain of products, acquisitions, and partnerships beyond Googles core search engine. The company leads the development of the Android mobile operating system, the Google Chrome web browser, and Chrome OS, the new hardware chief, Rick Osterloh, stated, a lot of the innovation that we want to do now ends up requiring controlling the end-to-end user experience. Google has also experimented with becoming an Internet carrier, alexa, a company that monitors commercial web traffic, lists Google. com as the most visited website in the world. Several other Google services also figure in the top 100 most visited websites, including YouTube, Googles mission statement, from the outset, was to organize the worlds information and make it universally accessible and useful, and its unofficial slogan was Dont be evil. In October 2015, the motto was replaced in the Alphabet corporate code of conduct by the phrase Do the right thing, Google began in January 1996 as a research project by Larry Page and Sergey Brin when they were both PhD students at Stanford University in Stanford, California. They called this new technology PageRank, it determined a websites relevance by the number of pages, and the importance of those pages, Page and Brin originally nicknamed their new search engine BackRub, because the system checked backlinks to estimate the importance of a site. Originally, Google ran under Stanford Universitys website, with the domains google. stanford. edu, the domain name for Google was registered on September 15,1997, and the company was incorporated on September 4,1998. It was based in the garage of a friend in Menlo Park, craig Silverstein, a fellow PhD student at Stanford, was hired as the first employee. The first funding for Google was an August 1998 contribution of $100,000 from Andy Bechtolsheim, co-founder of Sun Microsystems, given before Google was incorporated. At least three other investors invested in 1998, Amazon. com founder Jeff Bezos, Stanford University computer science professor David Cheriton. Author Ken Auletta claims that each invested $250,000, early in 1999, Brin and Page decided they wanted to sell Google to Excite. They went to Excite CEO George Bell and offered to sell it to him for $1 million, vinod Khosla, one of Excites venture capitalists, talked the duo down to $750,000, but Bell still rejected it. Googles initial public offering took place five years later, on August 19,2004, at that time Larry Page, Sergey Brin, and Eric Schmidt agreed to work together at Google for 20 years, until the year 2024

25.
Kerry Wendell Thornley
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Kerry Wendell Thornley is known as the co-founder of Discordianism, in which context he is usually known as Omar Khayyam Ravenhurst or simply Lord Omar. He and Hill authored the seminal text Principia Discordia, Or, How I Found Goddess. Thornley was also known for his 1962 manuscript, The Idle Warriors, Thornley was highly active in the countercultural publishing scene, writing for a number of underground magazines and newspapers, and self-publishing many one-page newsletters of his own. One such newsletter called Zenarchy was published in the 1960s under the pen name Ho Chi Zen, raised Mormon, in adulthood Kerry shifted his ideological focus frequently, in rivalry with any serious countercultural figure of the 1960s. Kerry Wendell Thornley was born on April 17,1938 in Los Angeles to Kenneth and he had two younger brothers, Dick and Tom. On Saturday, December 11,1965, Kerry married Cara Leach at Wayfarers Chapel in Palos Verdes and they had one son, Kreg Thornley, born in 1969. Kreg is a photographer, painter, musician and film maker, in early 1959, Thornley served for a short time in the same radar operator unit as Lee Harvey Oswald at MCAS El Toro in Santa Ana, California. While aboard a troopship returning to the United States from duty in Japan, Thornley read of Oswalds autumn 1959 defection to the Soviet Union in the US military newspaper Stars and Stripes. In February 1962, Thornley completed The Idle Warriors, which has the distinction of being the only book written about Lee Harvey Oswald before Kennedys assassination in 1963. Due to the nature of Thornleys choice of literary subject matter, he was called to testify before the Warren Commission in Washington. The Commission subpoenaed a copy of the manuscript and stored it in the National Archives, in 1965, Thornley published another book titled Oswald, generally defending the Oswald-as-lone-assassin conclusion of the Warren Commission, which met with dismal sales. In his later years, Thornley became convinced that Oswald had in truth been a CIA asset whose purpose was to out suspected Communist sympathizers serving in the Corps. Garrison charged Thornley with perjury after Thornley denied that he had been in contact with Oswald in any manner since 1959, according to his account, they had detailed discussions on numerous subjects ranging from the mundane to the exotic, and bordering sometimes on bizarre. Among these was the subject of how one might assassinate President Kennedy, whose beliefs, Thornley also claimed that Kirstein and Brooks had accurately predicted Richard M. This led Thornley to believe that the US government had somehow been involved, directly or indirectly, in creating and/or supporting these events, personages and phenomena. For the next 30 years, Thornley traveled and lived all over the United States and was involved in a variety of activities and he spent most of the remainder of his life in the Little Five Points neighborhood of Atlanta. During this time he maintained a series of fliers titled Out of Order. This single page, double sided Xeroxed periodical was distributed in the Little Five Points area, in 1994, he and Malaclypse the Younger were inducted into the Order of the Pineapple

26.
Robert Anton Wilson
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Robert Anton Wilson was an American author, novelist, essayist, editor, playwright, poet, futurist, and self-described agnostic mystic. Recognized as an Episkopos, Pope, and saint of Discordianism, Wilson helped publicize the group through his writings and his goal being to try to get people into a state of generalized agnosticism, not agnosticism about God alone but agnosticism about everything. He suffered from polio as a child, and found generally effective treatment with the Kenny Method which the American Medical Association repudiated at that time, beard, science fiction and Alfred Korzybskis interdisciplinary theory of general semantics. He would later recall that the family was living so well, compared to the Depression during this period that I imagined we were lace-curtain Irish at last. Following his graduation in 1950, Wilson was employed in a succession of jobs, after smoking marijuana for nearly a decade, he first experimented with mescaline in Yellow Springs, Ohio on December 28,1961. Wilson began to work as a freelance journalist and advertising copywriter in the late 1950s, according to Wilson, Playboy paid me a higher salary than any other magazine at which I had worked and never expected me to become a conformist or sell my soul in return. I enjoyed my years in the Bunny Empire, I only resigned when I reached 40 and felt I could not live with myself if I didnt make an effort to write full-time at last. Along with frequent collaborator Robert Shea, Wilson edited the magazines Playboy Forum advice column, Burroughs and Allen Ginsberg, and lectured at the Free University of New York on Anarchist and Synergetic Politics in 1965. He received a B. A. M. A. and Ph. D. in psychology from Paideia University, Wilson reworked his dissertation, and it found publication in 1983 as Prometheus Rising. Wilson married freelance writer and poet Arlen Riley in 1958 and they had four children, including Christiana Wilson Pearson and Patricia Luna Wilson. Luna was beaten to death in an apparent robbery in the store where she worked in 1976 at the age of 15, Arlen Riley Wilson died in 1999 following a series of strokes. Among Wilsons 35 books, and many works, perhaps his best-known volumes remain the cult classic series The Illuminatus. Trilogy, co-authored with fellow Playboy editor Robert Shea. P, lovecraft and author and occultist Aleister Crowley, and American paranoia about conspiracies and conspiracy theories. The book was intended to poke fun at the frame of mind. Wilson and Shea derived much of the material from letters sent to Playboy magazine while they worked as the editors of its Forum. The books mixed true information with imaginative fiction to engage the reader in what Wilson called guerrilla ontology, the trilogy also outlined a set of libertarian and anarchist axioms known as Celines Laws, concepts Wilson revisited several times in other writings. Among the many subplots of Illuminatus, popularized Discordianism and the use of the term fnord. It incorporates experimental prose styles influenced by such as William S. Burroughs, James Joyce

A page from a Tunisian calendar, showing the correspondence of 1 Yennayer ʿajmi (in red on bottom) with the 14 January of the Gregorian calendar. The writing on the bottom signals that it is ʿajmi New Year's Day and that al-lyali al-sud ("the black nights") are beginning.

Iḍ n innayr

Photo taken on 31 December 2007 near Tafraout (Morocco), with the writings aseggas ameggaz ("good year") in Tifinagh and bonne année 2959 ("good year 2959") in French. Note the 1-year mistake, as 2959 corresponds to the Gregorian year 2009.

The manzana de la discordia (the turret on the left belongs to the Casa Lleó Morera; the building with the stepped triangular peak is the Casa Amatller; and the curved façade to its right is the Casa Batlló).