It's still about jobs. What will determine the core success of President Obama's second term is progress -- or the lack thereof -- in reducing long-term unemployment. We know this from exit polls, which ranked the economy as the top issue (selected by about 60 percent of voters) and, more important, from common sense.

To be sure, the labor market has improved from its low point. At 7.9 percent, the unemployment rate is down from its peak of 10 percent in October 2009. The ratio of job seekers to job openings has declined from 6.7-to-1 (nearly seven unemployed for every job) in July 2009 to 3.4-to-1 in September, reports Heidi Shierholz of the Economic Policy Institute, a liberal think tank. Still, that's much higher than the 1.5-to-1 or 2-to-1 that prevails in a stronger labor market.

What truly defines the bleak job market is long-term unemployment, which is near post-World War II records. Beginning in December 2009 -- that is, for 35 consecutive months -- the share of the unemployed who have been jobless for more than six months has exceeded 40 percent. The previous postwar high occurred in 1983, just as the economy was emerging from the harsh 1980-82 slump, when the long-term unemployed exceeded 25 percent for a single month. Typically, the long-term jobless represent from 10 percent to 20 percent of the total.

The social consequences have been devastating, although -- because this is so new -- studies are few. As unemployment persists, the jobless deplete their savings and lose confidence. Marriages become strained; paying everyday bills and the mortgage grows harder or impossible. Contacts with the labor market weaken; potential employers grow more suspicious of long stretches without work.

Even those who ultimately find new jobs often have to take huge pay cuts. Consider a new study by economists Bruce Fallick of the Federal Reserve, John Haltiwanger of the University of the Maryland and Erika McEntarfer of the Census Bureau. They examined the experience of workers who lost jobs at firms that were shrinking in 1995, 1999 and 2001. Workers who didn't get another job for a year typically suffered an 18 percent pay loss. The experience now may be worse because the job market is weaker.

There's a second reason why a strengthened labor market is pivotal for Obama: the young. Many recent high-school and college graduates can't find full-time jobs or jobs that fit their skills. Careers, marriages and births are being delayed. Until the labor market strengthens, these workers are particularly vulnerable, because -- as the old cliche goes -- they're the last hired and the first fired.

Obama's problem is that, because job creation mainly occurs in the private sector, the president's influence is mostly indirect. One pathway is to try to spur hiring by juicing up the economy through deficit spending. But recent deficits ($5.1 trillion from 2009 to 2012) have created a political backlash, and some economists are skeptical about deficits' effectiveness. This option seems off-limits.

A more general approach is to bolster confidence among businesses. The trouble is that Obama's relations with the business community have been rocky. An obvious flash point: the president's proposal to raise the top personal income tax rate from 35 percent to 39.6 percent for couples earning more than $250,000. Small-business organizations have objected, arguing that many small businesses pay taxes at the personal rates and that higher rates would discourage job creation.

The first test of the post-election political climate will come when the president and congressional leaders try to avert the "fiscal cliff" -- the roughly $500 billion in tax increases and spending cuts scheduled for 2013. The Congressional Budget Office and others have said that if all the changes took effect, the economy would probably plunge back into recession. For jobs, that would be a disaster.

Robert Samuelson is a columnist for the Washington Post Writers Group. His weekly column and blog appear online at telegram.com.

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