1.
United States
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Forty-eight of the fifty states and the federal district are contiguous and located in North America between Canada and Mexico. The state of Alaska is in the northwest corner of North America, bordered by Canada to the east, the state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific Ocean. The U. S. territories are scattered about the Pacific Ocean, the geography, climate and wildlife of the country are extremely diverse. At 3.8 million square miles and with over 324 million people, the United States is the worlds third- or fourth-largest country by area, third-largest by land area. It is one of the worlds most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, paleo-Indians migrated from Asia to the North American mainland at least 15,000 years ago. European colonization began in the 16th century, the United States emerged from 13 British colonies along the East Coast. Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the following the Seven Years War led to the American Revolution. On July 4,1776, during the course of the American Revolutionary War, the war ended in 1783 with recognition of the independence of the United States by Great Britain, representing the first successful war of independence against a European power. The current constitution was adopted in 1788, after the Articles of Confederation, the first ten amendments, collectively named the Bill of Rights, were ratified in 1791 and designed to guarantee many fundamental civil liberties. During the second half of the 19th century, the American Civil War led to the end of slavery in the country. By the end of century, the United States extended into the Pacific Ocean. The Spanish–American War and World War I confirmed the status as a global military power. The end of the Cold War and the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 left the United States as the sole superpower. The U. S. is a member of the United Nations, World Bank, International Monetary Fund, Organization of American States. The United States is a developed country, with the worlds largest economy by nominal GDP. It ranks highly in several measures of performance, including average wage, human development, per capita GDP. While the U. S. economy is considered post-industrial, characterized by the dominance of services and knowledge economy, the United States is a prominent political and cultural force internationally, and a leader in scientific research and technological innovations. In 1507, the German cartographer Martin Waldseemüller produced a map on which he named the lands of the Western Hemisphere America after the Italian explorer and cartographer Amerigo Vespucci

2.
Helen Wills Moody
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Helen Newington Wills, also known as Helen Wills Moody and Helen Wills Roark, was an American tennis player. She became famous around the world for holding the top position in womens tennis for a total of nine years and she won 31 Grand Slam tournament titles during her career, including 19 singles titles. Wills was the first American woman athlete to become a celebrity, making friends with royalty. She was admired for her graceful physique and for her fluid motion and she was part of a new tennis fashion, playing in knee-length pleated skirts rather than the longer ones of her predecessors. Unusually, she practiced against men to hone her craft, and she played a game, wearing down her female opponents with power. In 1933 she beat the 8th-ranked male player in an exhibition match and her record of eight wins at Wimbledon was not surpassed until 1990 when Martina Navratilova won nine. She was said to be arguably the most dominant tennis player of the 20th century, Wills was born on October 6,1905 in Centerville, Alameda County, California, near San Francisco. She was the child to Clarence A. Willis, a physician and surgeon. She lived in the town of Byron, California. She was tutored by her mother at home until she was 8 years old, Wills attended the University of California, Berkeley, as both her parents had done previously, on an academic scholarship, and graduated in 1925 as a member of Phi Beta Kappa honor society. When she was eight years old her father bought her a tennis racket, Wills interest in tennis was kindled after watching exhibition matches by famous Californian players including May Sutton, Bill Johnston and her particular favorite, Maurice McLoughlin. In 1917 when her father was enlisted in the U. S. Army the family moved to Vermont for a year, afterwards the family returned to California an took up residence in Berkeley, near Live Oak Park. In August 1919 she joined the Berkeley Tennis Club as a member on the advice of tennis coach Wiliam Pop Fuller. In the spring of 1920 she practiced a few weeks with Hazel Hotchkiss Wightman, Championships singles title, on strokes, footwork and tactics. In September 1921 Wills won the singles and doubles titles at the California State Championships, Wills also won two Olympic gold medals in Paris in 1924, the last year that tennis was an Olympic sport until 1988. Wills was the U. S. girls singles champion in 1921 and 1922 and she won her first womens national title at the age of 17 in 1923, making her the youngest champion at that time. From 1919 through 1938, she amassed a 398–35 match record, including a streak of at least 158 matches. She was a member of the U. S. Wightman Cup team in 1923,1924,1925,1927,1928,1929,1930,1931,1932, Wills was reported to be introverted and detached

3.
United Kingdom
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The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom or Britain, is a sovereign country in western Europe. Lying off the north-western coast of the European mainland, the United Kingdom includes the island of Great Britain, Northern Ireland is the only part of the United Kingdom that shares a land border with another sovereign state‍—‌the Republic of Ireland. The Irish Sea lies between Great Britain and Ireland, with an area of 242,500 square kilometres, the United Kingdom is the 78th-largest sovereign state in the world and the 11th-largest in Europe. It is also the 21st-most populous country, with an estimated 65.1 million inhabitants, together, this makes it the fourth-most densely populated country in the European Union. The United Kingdom is a monarchy with a parliamentary system of governance. The monarch is Queen Elizabeth II, who has reigned since 6 February 1952, other major urban areas in the United Kingdom include the regions of Birmingham, Leeds, Glasgow, Liverpool and Manchester. The United Kingdom consists of four countries—England, Scotland, Wales, the last three have devolved administrations, each with varying powers, based in their capitals, Edinburgh, Cardiff and Belfast, respectively. The relationships among the countries of the UK have changed over time, Wales was annexed by the Kingdom of England under the Laws in Wales Acts 1535 and 1542. A treaty between England and Scotland resulted in 1707 in a unified Kingdom of Great Britain, which merged in 1801 with the Kingdom of Ireland to form the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. Five-sixths of Ireland seceded from the UK in 1922, leaving the present formulation of the United Kingdom of Great Britain, there are fourteen British Overseas Territories. These are the remnants of the British Empire which, at its height in the 1920s, British influence can be observed in the language, culture and legal systems of many of its former colonies. The United Kingdom is a country and has the worlds fifth-largest economy by nominal GDP. The UK is considered to have an economy and is categorised as very high in the Human Development Index. It was the worlds first industrialised country and the worlds foremost power during the 19th, the UK remains a great power with considerable economic, cultural, military, scientific and political influence internationally. It is a nuclear weapons state and its military expenditure ranks fourth or fifth in the world. The UK has been a permanent member of the United Nations Security Council since its first session in 1946 and it has been a leading member state of the EU and its predecessor, the European Economic Community, since 1973. However, on 23 June 2016, a referendum on the UKs membership of the EU resulted in a decision to leave. The Acts of Union 1800 united the Kingdom of Great Britain, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland have devolved self-government

4.
Eileen Bennett
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Eileen Bennett Whittingstall was a female tennis player from the United Kingdom who won six Grand Slam doubles titles from 1927 to 1931. Although most of her success was in doubles or mixed doubles, Whittingstall reached the singles final of the 1928 French Championships. She lost both of those finals in straight sets to Helen Wills Moody and she twice won the womens doubles title at the French Championships, in 1928 with Phoebe Holcroft Watson and in 1931 with Betty Nuthall. Whittingstall and Nuthall lost the 1932 final to the team of Moody, Whittingstall teamed with Ermyntrude Harvey to reach the 1928 womens doubles final at Wimbledon, losing to the team of Watson and Peggy Saunders 2–6, 3–6. She also teamed with Shoemaker to win the 1931 womens doubles title at the U. S. Championships, defeating Helen Jacobs, Whittingstall twice partnered with Henri Cochet to win the mixed doubles title at the French Championships. In both 1928 and 1929, they defeated the team of Moody and Frank Hunter in the final, Whittingstall and Cochet lost the 1930 French final to the team of Bill Tilden and Cilly Aussem. Whittingstall and Cochet won the doubles title at the 1927 US Championships, defeating Hazel Wightman. Bennett is credited with first wearing a form of divided skirt for competitive tennis. She was married on 19 November 1929 to Edmund Fearnley-Whittingstall, a painter and she married Marcus Marsh, a racehorse trainer, on 28 September 1936 and gave birth to a daughter on 7 March 1937. She was divorced from Mr Marsh in early 1947 and married Mr Geoffrey Ackroyd in June 1947 and she married for a fourth and final time in June 1957 to Mr Carl Vyvyan Forslind who outlived her. SR = the ratio of the number of Grand Slam singles tournaments won to the number of tournaments played. Performance timelines for all female tennis players who reached at least one Grand Slam final Eileen Vivian Bennett, set of eight portraits by Bassanos studio

5.
French Championships (tennis)
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The French Open, often referred to as Roland Garros, is a major tennis tournament held over two weeks between late May and early June at the Stade Roland Garros in Paris, France. Roland Garros is the only Grand Slam event held on clay, French spelling rules dictate that in the name of a place or event named after a person, the elements of the name are joined together with a hyphen. Therefore, the names of the stadium and the tournament are hyphenated as Roland-Garros, in 1891 the Championnat de France, which is commonly referred to in English as the French Championships, was begun. It was only open to players who were members of French clubs. The first winner was a Briton—H, the first womens singles tournament, with four entries, was held in 1897. The mixed doubles event was added in 1902 and the doubles in 1907. This French club members only tournament was played until 1924, using four different venues during that period, Île de Puteaux, in Puteaux, the Racing Club de France, played on clay. For one year,1909, it was played at the Société Athlétique de la Villa Primrose in Bordeaux, Tennis Club de Paris, at Auteuil, Paris, played on clay. Another tournament, the World Hard Court Championships, is considered the precursor to the French Open as it was open to international competitors. Winners of this tournament included world no, 1s such as Tony Wilding from New Zealand and Bill Tilden from the US. In 1924 there was no World Hard Court Championships due to tennis being played at the Paris Olympic Games, in 1925, the French Championships became open to all amateurs internationally and was designated a major championship by the ILTF. It was held at the Stade Français in Saint-Cloud in 1925 and 1927, in 1926 the Racing Club de France hosted the event in Paris, site of the previous French club members only Championship, also on clay. In 1928, the Roland Garros stadium was opened and the event has held there ever since. After the Mousquetaires or Philadelphia Four won the Davis Cup on American soil in 1927, the Stade de France had offered the tennis authorities three hectares of land with the condition that the new stadium must be named after the World War I pilot, Roland Garros. The new Stade de Roland Garros, and its Center Court hosted that Davis Cup challenge, during World War II the tournament was held from 1941 through 1945 on the same grounds but these editions are not recognized by the French governing body, Fédération Française de Tennis. From 1946 through 1947, the French Championships were held after Wimbledon, in 1968, the French Championships became the first Grand Slam tournament to go open, allowing both amateurs and professionals to compete. Since 1981, new prizes have been presented, the Prix Orange, the Prix Citron, in another novelty, since 2006 the tournament has begun on a Sunday, featuring 12 singles matches played on the three main courts. Additionally, on the eve of the opening, the traditional Benny Berthet exhibition day takes place

6.
France
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France, officially the French Republic, is a country with territory in western Europe and several overseas regions and territories. The European, or metropolitan, area of France extends from the Mediterranean Sea to the English Channel and the North Sea, Overseas France include French Guiana on the South American continent and several island territories in the Atlantic, Pacific and Indian oceans. France spans 643,801 square kilometres and had a population of almost 67 million people as of January 2017. It is a unitary republic with the capital in Paris. Other major urban centres include Marseille, Lyon, Lille, Nice, Toulouse, during the Iron Age, what is now metropolitan France was inhabited by the Gauls, a Celtic people. The area was annexed in 51 BC by Rome, which held Gaul until 486, France emerged as a major European power in the Late Middle Ages, with its victory in the Hundred Years War strengthening state-building and political centralisation. During the Renaissance, French culture flourished and a colonial empire was established. The 16th century was dominated by civil wars between Catholics and Protestants. France became Europes dominant cultural, political, and military power under Louis XIV, in the 19th century Napoleon took power and established the First French Empire, whose subsequent Napoleonic Wars shaped the course of continental Europe. Following the collapse of the Empire, France endured a succession of governments culminating with the establishment of the French Third Republic in 1870. Following liberation in 1944, a Fourth Republic was established and later dissolved in the course of the Algerian War, the Fifth Republic, led by Charles de Gaulle, was formed in 1958 and remains to this day. Algeria and nearly all the colonies became independent in the 1960s with minimal controversy and typically retained close economic. France has long been a centre of art, science. It hosts Europes fourth-largest number of cultural UNESCO World Heritage Sites and receives around 83 million foreign tourists annually, France is a developed country with the worlds sixth-largest economy by nominal GDP and ninth-largest by purchasing power parity. In terms of household wealth, it ranks fourth in the world. France performs well in international rankings of education, health care, life expectancy, France remains a great power in the world, being one of the five permanent members of the United Nations Security Council with the power to veto and an official nuclear-weapon state. It is a member state of the European Union and the Eurozone. It is also a member of the Group of 7, North Atlantic Treaty Organization, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, the World Trade Organization, originally applied to the whole Frankish Empire, the name France comes from the Latin Francia, or country of the Franks

7.
Netherlands
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The Netherlands is the main constituent country of the Kingdom of the Netherlands. It is a densely populated country located in Western Europe with three territories in the Caribbean. The European part of the Netherlands borders Germany to the east, Belgium to the south, and the North Sea to the northwest, sharing borders with Belgium, the United Kingdom. The three largest cities in the Netherlands are Amsterdam, Rotterdam and The Hague, Amsterdam is the countrys capital, while The Hague holds the Dutch seat of parliament and government. The port of Rotterdam is the worlds largest port outside East-Asia, the name Holland is used informally to refer to the whole of the country of the Netherlands. Netherlands literally means lower countries, influenced by its low land and flat geography, most of the areas below sea level are artificial. Since the late 16th century, large areas have been reclaimed from the sea and lakes, with a population density of 412 people per km2 –507 if water is excluded – the Netherlands is classified as a very densely populated country. Only Bangladesh, South Korea, and Taiwan have both a population and higher population density. Nevertheless, the Netherlands is the worlds second-largest exporter of food and agricultural products and this is partly due to the fertility of the soil and the mild climate. In 2001, it became the worlds first country to legalise same-sex marriage, the Netherlands is a founding member of the EU, Eurozone, G-10, NATO, OECD and WTO, as well as being a part of the Schengen Area and the trilateral Benelux Union. The first four are situated in The Hague, as is the EUs criminal intelligence agency Europol and this has led to the city being dubbed the worlds legal capital. The country also ranks second highest in the worlds 2016 Press Freedom Index, the Netherlands has a market-based mixed economy, ranking 17th of 177 countries according to the Index of Economic Freedom. It had the thirteenth-highest per capita income in the world in 2013 according to the International Monetary Fund, in 2013, the United Nations World Happiness Report ranked the Netherlands as the seventh-happiest country in the world, reflecting its high quality of life. The Netherlands also ranks joint second highest in the Inequality-adjusted Human Development Index, the region called Low Countries and the country of the Netherlands have the same toponymy. Place names with Neder, Nieder, Nether and Nedre and Bas or Inferior are in use in all over Europe. They are sometimes used in a relation to a higher ground that consecutively is indicated as Upper, Boven, Oben. In the case of the Low Countries / the Netherlands the geographical location of the region has been more or less downstream. The geographical location of the region, however, changed over time tremendously

8.
Kornelia Bouman
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Cornelia Kea Bouman was a female tennis player from the Netherlands. She won the title at the 1927 French Championships, beating Irene Bowder Peacock of South Africa in the final. Bouman was the first, and so far the only, Dutch woman to win a Grand Slam singles tournament, in 1923,1924,1925 and 1926 she won the singles title at the Dutch Championships. Born in Almelo, Bouman is also the first female Dutch athlete to win an Olympic medal, in October 1927 Bouman won the singles title of the Pacific Southwest Tennis Championship, defeating Molla Mallory in the final in three sets. In 1929, Bouman teamed with Spains Lilí Álvarez to win the doubles title at the French Championships. According to A. Wallis Myers of The Daily Telegraph and the Daily Mail, Bouman was ranked in the top ten in 1927 and 1928. Bouman also was successful in other sports and she was a Dutch champion in golf and played for the national field hockey team. SR = the ratio of the number of Grand Slam singles tournaments won to the number of tournaments played. 1Through 1923, the French Championships were open only to French nationals, the World Hard Court Championships, actually played on clay in Paris or Brussels, began in 1912 and were open to all nationalities. The results from the 1923 edition of that tournament are shown here, the Olympics replaced the WHCC in 1924, as the Olympics were held in Paris. Beginning in 1925, the French Championships were open to all nationalities, performance timelines for all female tennis players who reached at least one Grand Slam final 1924 Olympic diploma Kea Bouman

9.
Australia
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Australia, officially the Commonwealth of Australia, is a country comprising the mainland of the Australian continent, the island of Tasmania and numerous smaller islands. It is the worlds sixth-largest country by total area, the neighbouring countries are Papua New Guinea, Indonesia and East Timor to the north, the Solomon Islands and Vanuatu to the north-east, and New Zealand to the south-east. Australias capital is Canberra, and its largest urban area is Sydney, for about 50,000 years before the first British settlement in the late 18th century, Australia was inhabited by indigenous Australians, who spoke languages classifiable into roughly 250 groups. The population grew steadily in subsequent decades, and by the 1850s most of the continent had been explored, on 1 January 1901, the six colonies federated, forming the Commonwealth of Australia. Australia has since maintained a liberal democratic political system that functions as a federal parliamentary constitutional monarchy comprising six states. The population of 24 million is highly urbanised and heavily concentrated on the eastern seaboard, Australia has the worlds 13th-largest economy and ninth-highest per capita income. With the second-highest human development index globally, the country highly in quality of life, health, education, economic freedom. The name Australia is derived from the Latin Terra Australis a name used for putative lands in the southern hemisphere since ancient times, the Dutch adjectival form Australische was used in a Dutch book in Batavia in 1638, to refer to the newly discovered lands to the south. On 12 December 1817, Macquarie recommended to the Colonial Office that it be formally adopted, in 1824, the Admiralty agreed that the continent should be known officially as Australia. The first official published use of the term Australia came with the 1830 publication of The Australia Directory and these first inhabitants may have been ancestors of modern Indigenous Australians. The Torres Strait Islanders, ethnically Melanesian, were originally horticulturists, the northern coasts and waters of Australia were visited sporadically by fishermen from Maritime Southeast Asia. The first recorded European sighting of the Australian mainland, and the first recorded European landfall on the Australian continent, are attributed to the Dutch. The first ship and crew to chart the Australian coast and meet with Aboriginal people was the Duyfken captained by Dutch navigator, Willem Janszoon. He sighted the coast of Cape York Peninsula in early 1606, the Dutch charted the whole of the western and northern coastlines and named the island continent New Holland during the 17th century, but made no attempt at settlement. William Dampier, an English explorer and privateer, landed on the north-west coast of New Holland in 1688, in 1770, James Cook sailed along and mapped the east coast, which he named New South Wales and claimed for Great Britain. The first settlement led to the foundation of Sydney, and the exploration, a British settlement was established in Van Diemens Land, now known as Tasmania, in 1803, and it became a separate colony in 1825. The United Kingdom formally claimed the part of Western Australia in 1828. Separate colonies were carved from parts of New South Wales, South Australia in 1836, Victoria in 1851, the Northern Territory was founded in 1911 when it was excised from South Australia

10.
Daphne Akhurst
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Daphne Jessie Akhurst known also by her married name Daphne Cozens, was an Australian tennis player. Akhurst won the singles title at the Australian Championships five times between 1925 and 1930. According to Wallis Myers, she was ranked World No.3 in 1928 and she is fourth on the list of most womens singles titles at the Australian Championships, behind only Margaret Court with eleven titles and Nancye Wynne Bolton and Serena Williams with six titles. She won the doubles title at the Australian Championships five times, in 1924 and 1925 with Sylvia Lance Harper, in 1928 with Esna Boyd Robertson. She and Marjorie Cox were the runners-up in 1926, in 1925 she was part of the first Australian womens team to tour Europe and reached the quarterfinal of the singles event at Wimbledon which she lost to Joan Fry. Akhurst won the doubles title at the Australian Championships four times, in 1924 and 1925 with Jim Willard, in 1928 with Jean Borotra. She and Willard were the runners-up in 1926 and she and her partner Jack Crawford reached the mixed doubles final at Wimbledon in 1928, but lost to the team of Elizabeth Ryan/Patrick Spence, 7–5, 6–4. Akhurst won the title at the German Championships in 1928 after a three-sets victory in the final against defending champion Cilly Aussem. E. Tildesleys Normanhurst School, followed by the Sydney Conservatorium of Music, Daphne Akhurst Cozens died on 9 January 1933, aged 29, from an ectopic pregnancy and was cremated. Since 1934 the trophy presented each year to the winner of the singles at the Australian Open is named the Daphne Akhurst Memorial Cup in her honour. She was inducted into the Australian Tennis Hall of Fame on Australia Day,2006 and she was inducted into the International Tennis Hall of Fame in 2013. SR = the ratio of the number of Grand Slam singles tournaments won to the number of tournaments played. 1The French Championships were not held in 1924, as the Olympics were held in Paris that year

11.
Spain
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By population, Spain is the sixth largest in Europe and the fifth in the European Union. Spains capital and largest city is Madrid, other urban areas include Barcelona, Valencia, Seville, Bilbao. Modern humans first arrived in the Iberian Peninsula around 35,000 years ago, in the Middle Ages, the area was conquered by Germanic tribes and later by the Moors. Spain is a democracy organised in the form of a government under a constitutional monarchy. It is a power and a major developed country with the worlds fourteenth largest economy by nominal GDP. Jesús Luis Cunchillos argues that the root of the span is the Phoenician word spy. Therefore, i-spn-ya would mean the land where metals are forged, two 15th-century Spanish Jewish scholars, Don Isaac Abravanel and Solomon ibn Verga, gave an explanation now considered folkloric. Both men wrote in two different published works that the first Jews to reach Spain were brought by ship by Phiros who was confederate with the king of Babylon when he laid siege to Jerusalem. This man was a Grecian by birth, but who had given a kingdom in Spain. He became related by marriage to Espan, the nephew of king Heracles, Heracles later renounced his throne in preference for his native Greece, leaving his kingdom to his nephew, Espan, from whom the country of España took its name. Based upon their testimonies, this eponym would have already been in use in Spain by c.350 BCE, Iberia enters written records as a land populated largely by the Iberians, Basques and Celts. Early on its coastal areas were settled by Phoenicians who founded Western Europe´s most ancient cities Cadiz, Phoenician influence expanded as much of the Peninsula was eventually incorporated into the Carthaginian Empire, becoming a major theater of the Punic Wars against the expanding Roman Empire. After an arduous conquest, the peninsula came fully under Roman Rule, during the early Middle Ages it came under Germanic rule but later, much of it was conquered by Moorish invaders from North Africa. In a process took centuries, the small Christian kingdoms in the north gradually regained control of the peninsula. The last Moorish kingdom fell in the same year Columbus reached the Americas, a global empire began which saw Spain become the strongest kingdom in Europe, the leading world power for a century and a half, and the largest overseas empire for three centuries. Continued wars and other problems led to a diminished status. The Napoleonic invasions of Spain led to chaos, triggering independence movements that tore apart most of the empire, eventually democracy was peacefully restored in the form of a parliamentary constitutional monarchy. Spain joined the European Union, experiencing a renaissance and steady economic growth

12.
Lilly De Alvarez
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Elia Maria González-Álvarez y López-Chicheria, also known as Lilí Álvarezb was a Spanish multi-sport competitor, an international tennis champion, an author, feminist and a journalist. She was born at the Hotel Flora in Rome, Italy and she was raised in Switzerland and from an early age began competing in a variety of sports. At age eleven, she won her first ice skating competition and she won her first tennis tournament at age fourteen. An all-around sportsperson, Álvarez was a skier, equestrian. Álvarez was a pioneer in womens tennis in Spain and was her countrys most dominant player during the 1920s, between 1926 and 1928, she reached three consecutive singles finals at Wimbledon. According to American Helen Wills Moody, who defeated Álvarez twice in Wimbledon singles finals, in 1929, Álvarez teamed up with the Dutch player Kea Bouman to win the womens doubles title at the French Championships. Álvarez and Bill Tilden were the runners-up in the doubles competition at the 1927 French Championships. In 1927, Álvarez authored a book in English published in London under the title Modern Lawn Tennis, in 1931, she shocked the staid tennis world by playing at Wimbledon in a divided tennis skirt specially made by designer Elsa Schiaparelli that was the forerunner of shorts. That year, Álvarez began reporting on the events in Spain for the British newspaper. In 1939, she lost her child and the couple soon separated. She returned home to Spain in 1941 where she continued to be active in sports and began writing on religious and feminist topics and she actively supported the worldwide feminist movement and in 1951 gave a speech entitled La batalla de la feminidad at the Hispanic-American Feminist Congress. Over the years, she wrote more books. Álvarez died in Madrid in 1998, SR = the ratio of the number of Grand Slam singles tournaments won to the number of those tournaments played. Her book Modern Tennis has sources showing multiple spellings, lili De Alvarez at the International Tennis Federation

13.
Germany
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Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany, is a federal parliamentary republic in central-western Europe. It includes 16 constituent states, covers an area of 357,021 square kilometres, with about 82 million inhabitants, Germany is the most populous member state of the European Union. After the United States, it is the second most popular destination in the world. Germanys capital and largest metropolis is Berlin, while its largest conurbation is the Ruhr, other major cities include Hamburg, Munich, Cologne, Frankfurt, Stuttgart, Düsseldorf and Leipzig. Various Germanic tribes have inhabited the northern parts of modern Germany since classical antiquity, a region named Germania was documented before 100 AD. During the Migration Period the Germanic tribes expanded southward, beginning in the 10th century, German territories formed a central part of the Holy Roman Empire. During the 16th century, northern German regions became the centre of the Protestant Reformation, in 1871, Germany became a nation state when most of the German states unified into the Prussian-dominated German Empire. After World War I and the German Revolution of 1918–1919, the Empire was replaced by the parliamentary Weimar Republic, the establishment of the national socialist dictatorship in 1933 led to World War II and the Holocaust. After a period of Allied occupation, two German states were founded, the Federal Republic of Germany and the German Democratic Republic, in 1990, the country was reunified. In the 21st century, Germany is a power and has the worlds fourth-largest economy by nominal GDP. As a global leader in industrial and technological sectors, it is both the worlds third-largest exporter and importer of goods. Germany is a country with a very high standard of living sustained by a skilled. It upholds a social security and universal health system, environmental protection. Germany was a member of the European Economic Community in 1957. It is part of the Schengen Area, and became a co-founder of the Eurozone in 1999, Germany is a member of the United Nations, NATO, the G8, the G20, and the OECD. The national military expenditure is the 9th highest in the world, the English word Germany derives from the Latin Germania, which came into use after Julius Caesar adopted it for the peoples east of the Rhine. This in turn descends from Proto-Germanic *þiudiskaz popular, derived from *þeudō, descended from Proto-Indo-European *tewtéh₂- people, the discovery of the Mauer 1 mandible shows that ancient humans were present in Germany at least 600,000 years ago. The oldest complete hunting weapons found anywhere in the world were discovered in a mine in Schöningen where three 380, 000-year-old wooden javelins were unearthed

14.
Cilly Aussem
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Cilly Aussem was a German female tennis player. She was the first German, male or female, to win the title at Wimbledon in 1931. She also won the single titles at the French Championships. Aussems coach and mixed doubles partner was Bill Tilden and they won the mixed doubles title at the 1930 French Championships. Aussem was born in Cologne on 4 January 1909, the daughter of a wealthy salesman Johann Joseph Jean Aussem, at the age of fourteen, she returned to Cologne after spending several years in Geneva getting a boarding school education. It was at time that she started taking tennis lessons at the local club KTHC Stadion Rot-Weiss, driven by her mother. She contacted Roman Najuch, the world professional champion. Najuch referred Aussem to Willy Hanneman, a coach from Cologne. Hannemann taught Aussem a great sliced backhand, a precisely placed serve, in 1925 she won the junior singles title at the German Championships in Erfurt and was ranked nr.6 nationally. Aussem won the German Championships for the first time in 1927, in Hamburg she defeated reigning champion Ilse Friedleben in the final in straight sets. But Aussem, who was described as a graceful, small, usually, the family traveled to exclusive places all over Europe. During the familys summer vacation at the French Riviera, Aussems ambitious mother asked the worlds best player, Bill Tilden, for advice. After having a look at small, shy, Cilly he replied, My dear lady, Cilly will become a great champion, Tilden became Aussems coach and made her a world class player. Aussems trademark became her powerful flat forehand, newspaper articles said that Aussem had a great sliced backhand and effective drop shots. But her biggest qualities were her precision, athletic conditioning, and she lost her German Championships singles title in 1928 after a three-sets defeat in the final to Daphne Akhurst. Aussem suffered from eye inflammation throughout 1929 but in 1930 she had her breakthrough, with Tilden, she won all the mixed double titles on the Riviera that season. Aussem also reached a semifinal, where she lost to Helen Jacobs. At Wimbledon, Aussem won against Jacobs in the quarterfinal and faced Ryan in a semifinal, while running, Aussem tumbled, fell, twisted her ankle and lost consciousness

15.
Joan Fry
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Joan Craddock Fry was a British tennis player. Fry was a finalist at the 1925 Wimbledon Championships where she lost in straight sets to Suzanne Lenglen and she was part of the British team that won the 1930 Wightman Cup against the United States. She lost her singles matches to Helen Wills and Helen Jacobs but together with Ermyntrude Harvey won the match against Sarah Palfrey. In 1930 she was a finalist at the British Covered Court Championships, on 12 November 1930 she married Thomas Ashley Lakeman, a lieutenant in the Royal Tank Corps. National Portrait Gallery, Portraits of Joan Fry

16.
Germaine Golding
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A. Germaine Golding was a French tennis player. Golding reached the final of the 1914 World Hard Court Championships which she lost to 15-year-old Suzanne Lenglen, after World War I, she was finalist at the French national championships three times in a row from 1921, but lost to Lenglen each time. Her greatest triumph were her three titles in singles, doubles and mixed at the 1922 World Covered Court Championship at St. Moritz. At the 1924 Summer Olympics at Paris, she lost in the semifinals against Helen Wills as well as the match for bronze against Kathleen McKane. After the French championships were opened for players in 1925. She played at Paris for the last time in 1933 where she lost to Sylvie Jung Henrotin in the second round, Germaine Golding at the International Tennis Federation Germaine Golding at Sports Reference

17.
Meryl O'Hara Wood
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Meryl OHara Wood was an Australian tennis player who was active in the 1920 and 1930s. Meryl O’Hara Wood won the doubles title at the Australian Championships in 1926 and 1927. The first title was won together with compatriot Esna Boyd defeating Daphne Akhurst, the next year,1927, she successfully defended her title partnering Louie Bickerton, winning in the final against Esna Boyd and Sylvia Lance in two straight sets. On 3 August 1923 she married Australian tennis player Pat OHara Wood

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Betty Nuthall
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Betty May Nuthall Shoemaker was an English tennis player. She won the doubles championships at the French Open in 1931 with Pat Spence. She won the championships of Great Britain in 1924,1925 and 1926. In 1927 at the age of 16, Nuthall tied Elisabeth Moore as the then-youngest womens singles finalist ever at the U. S. Championships, Nuthall lost the final to Helen Wills in straight sets while serving under-handed. Also in 1927, Nuthall played on the British Wightman Cup team, in her mixed doubles matches, the final of the Nottingham Championships, she won with her partner Pat Spence. She also represented Great Britain in the 1929 and 1931–34 Wightman Cup competitions. In 1930, Nuthall became the first non-American since 1892 to win a singles title at the U. S. Championships. She was the last British female player to win the title until Virginia Wade won in 1968, in 1931 she reached the singles final of the French Championships but lost in two sets to first-seeded Cilly Aussem. Also in 1930 she triumphed in the mixed contest with her recurring partner Spence, Nuthall and he went for the British Hard Court Championships in April and were only eliminated in the final, while in May they won the mixed title at the French Championships. Championships in 1933, Nuthall won a quarterfinal versus Alice Marble 6–8, 6–0, in the semifinal versus Moody, Nuthall won the first set 6–2 in just 12 minutes, which was the first set Wills had lost at this tournament since 1926. Moody, however, turned around the match and won the last two sets 6–3, 6–2 despite losing her twice in the second set. Nuthall never again reached the quarterfinals of a Grand Slam singles tournament, Nuthall won womens doubles titles at the 1930,1931, and 1933 U. S. Championships and at the 1931 French Championships and she won mixed doubles championships at the 1929 and 1931 U. S. Championships and at the 1931 and 1932 French Championships, Nuthall was inducted into the International Tennis Hall of Fame in 1977. She formed a couple with her doubles partner Pat Spence. In 1954 she married Franklin Shoemaker, who died in 1982, on 8 November 1983 Nuthall died in New York of a coronary arrest. R = tournament restricted to French nationals and held under German occupation, SR = the ratio of the number of Grand Slam singles tournaments won to the number of those tournaments played. 1In 1946, the French Championships were held after Wimbledon, performance timelines for all female tennis players who reached at least one Grand Slam final Betty Nuthall at the International Tennis Hall of Fame British Pathé Reel – Southampton. Were Glad Shes Glad - Shes Glad Were Glad

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Molla Mallory
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Anna Margrethe Molla Bjurstedt Mallory was a Norwegian tennis player, naturalized American. She won a record eight titles at the U. S. Championships. Indoor Championships that year unheralded and beat defending champion Marie Wagner 6–4, 6–4. She also won the title in Cincinnati in 1915. Mallory had less in the way of equipment than most tennis champions. But the sturdy, Norwegian-born woman, the daughter of an officer, was a fierce competitor. Robert Kelleher, a president of the United States Tennis Association. She walked around in a manner that said youd better look out or shed deck you and she was an indomitable scrambler and runner. She was a player of the old school and she held that a woman could not sustain a volleying attack in a long match. I do not know a girl who can play the net game. Therefore, she relied on her game, consisting of strong forehand attacks. She took the ball on the rise and drove it from corner to corner to keep her opponent on the constant run and her quick returns made her passing shots extremely effective. She once said, I find that the girls generally do not hit the ball as hard as they should. I believe in always hitting the ball with all my might, I do not call this tennis. Her second round match with Suzanne Lenglen at the 1921 U. S. National Championships brought Mallory her greatest celebrity, before the match, Bill Tilden advised Mallory to hit the cover off the ball. Once the match began, Mallory attacked with a vengeance and was ahead 2–0 when Lenglen began to cough, after the match, the USTA accused Lenglen of feigning illness. The French Tennis Federation exonerated Lenglen and accepted her testimony that she had been ill, however, Albert de Joannis, vice president of the FTF who accompanied Lenglen during her trip to the United States, quit his post in protest of the FTFs conclusion. He claimed that Lenglen was perfectly fit during the match and that, Lenglen avenged the loss by defeating Mallory 6–2, 6–0 in 26 minutes in the 1922 Wimbledon final, the shortest final in a Grand Slam tournament on record

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Esna Boyd
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Esna Boyd Robertson was an Australian tennis player who reached seven consecutive womens singles finals at the Australian Championships from 1922 through 1928. She won one of those finals, defeating Sylvia Lance Harper in 1927, Robertson participated in the first womens singles final at the Australian Championships in 1922 against fellow Australian Margaret Molesworth. According to Wallis Myers of The Daily Telegraph and the Daily Mail, Boyd was born in Melbourne on 21 September 1899, the daughter of James Boyd, a politician, and Emma Flora McCormack. She had a sister, Alva who became a medical practitioner and she married Angus Robertson on March 11,1929 and they had a son, William, in 1930 and a daughter Mary, in 1933. SR = the ratio of the number of Grand Slam singles tournaments won to the number of tournaments played. 1Through 1923, the French Championships were open only to French nationals, the World Hard Court Championships, actually played on clay in Paris or Brussels, began in 1912 and were open to all nationalities. The results from the 1922 and 1923 editions of that tournament are shown here, the Olympics replaced the WHCC in 1924, as the Olympics were held in Paris. Beginning in 1925, the French Championships were open to all nationalities, performance timelines for all female tennis players who reached at least one Grand Slam final

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Mence Dros-Canters
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Mence Dros-Canters was a Dutch female hockey, badminton- and tennis player who was active from the 1920s until her death in 1934. She won seven national titles and made 12 appearances in the Dutch national hockey team. Dros-Canters became Dutch doubles tennis champion six times between 1927 and 1933, in addition she won the national mixed doubles title in 1930. Between 1925 and 1931 she participated in five Wimbledon Championships and her best result in the singles event was reaching the fourth round in 1930, losing in straight sets to eventual champion and World no.1 Helen Wills-Moody. Also in 1930 she reached the round in the doubles events partnering compatriot Madzy Rollin Couquerque. With Henk Timmer she reached the round of the mixed doubles in 1928 and 1930. She took part in the French Championships on three occasions and she reached the second round at the 1928 Championships after a bye in the first round. In 1932 and 1933 she lost in the first round of the singles event, with Madzy Rollin Couquerque she reached the quarterfinal of the doubles event in 1932. In the winter months she played hockey for HOC in The Hague. HOC, with Drost-Canters and her tennis doubles partner Madzy Rollin Couquerque, were the champion between 1921 and 1935. Drost-Canters would make 12 appearances for the Dutch national team, in 1932 she became the Dutch badminton champion in the singles event, the doubles and mixed doubles. She married businessman Adrian Dros jr. on 17 March 1931 and she became seriously ill at the end of 1933 and died on 14 August 1934 at the age of 34

United States
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Forty-eight of the fifty states and the federal district are contiguous and located in North America between Canada and Mexico. The state of Alaska is in the northwest corner of North America, bordered by Canada to the east, the state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific Ocean. The U. S. territories are scattered about the Pacific Ocean,

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Native Americans meeting with Europeans, 1764

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Flag

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The signing of the Mayflower Compact, 1620.

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The Declaration of Independence: the Committee of Five presenting their draft to the Second Continental Congress in 1776

Helen Wills Moody
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Helen Newington Wills, also known as Helen Wills Moody and Helen Wills Roark, was an American tennis player. She became famous around the world for holding the top position in womens tennis for a total of nine years and she won 31 Grand Slam tournament titles during her career, including 19 singles titles. Wills was the first American woman athlete

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Helen Wills in 1932

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Helen Wills Moody in 1929

United Kingdom
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The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom or Britain, is a sovereign country in western Europe. Lying off the north-western coast of the European mainland, the United Kingdom includes the island of Great Britain, Northern Ireland is the only part of the United Kingdom that shares a land border wi

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Stonehenge, in Wiltshire, was erected around 2500 BC.

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Flag

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The Bayeux Tapestry depicts the Battle of Hastings, 1066, and the events leading to it.

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The Treaty of Union led to a single united kingdom encompassing all Great Britain.

Eileen Bennett
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Eileen Bennett Whittingstall was a female tennis player from the United Kingdom who won six Grand Slam doubles titles from 1927 to 1931. Although most of her success was in doubles or mixed doubles, Whittingstall reached the singles final of the 1928 French Championships. She lost both of those finals in straight sets to Helen Wills Moody and she t

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Eileen Bennett Whittingstall

French Championships (tennis)
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The French Open, often referred to as Roland Garros, is a major tennis tournament held over two weeks between late May and early June at the Stade Roland Garros in Paris, France. Roland Garros is the only Grand Slam event held on clay, French spelling rules dictate that in the name of a place or event named after a person, the elements of the name

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Suzanne Lenglen Court at Roland Garros.

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Internationaux de France de Tennis, Roland-Garros

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Stan Wawrinka was the winner of the Men's Singles in 2015. It was his second Grand Slam singles title and his first at Roland Garros.

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Serena Williams was the winner of the Women's Singles in 2015. It was her 20th Grand Slam singles title and her third at Roland Garros.

France
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France, officially the French Republic, is a country with territory in western Europe and several overseas regions and territories. The European, or metropolitan, area of France extends from the Mediterranean Sea to the English Channel and the North Sea, Overseas France include French Guiana on the South American continent and several island territ

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One of the Lascaux paintings: a horse – Dordogne, approximately 18,000 BC

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Flag

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The Maison Carrée was a temple of the Gallo-Roman city of Nemausus (present-day Nîmes) and is one of the best preserved vestiges of the Roman Empire.

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With Clovis ' conversion to Catholicism in 498, the Frankish monarchy, elective and secular until then, became hereditary and of divine right.

Netherlands
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The Netherlands is the main constituent country of the Kingdom of the Netherlands. It is a densely populated country located in Western Europe with three territories in the Caribbean. The European part of the Netherlands borders Germany to the east, Belgium to the south, and the North Sea to the northwest, sharing borders with Belgium, the United K

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The Netherlands in 5500 BC

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Flag

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The Netherlands in 500 BC

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An oak figurine found in Willemstad, North Brabant (4500 BC).

Kornelia Bouman
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Cornelia Kea Bouman was a female tennis player from the Netherlands. She won the title at the 1927 French Championships, beating Irene Bowder Peacock of South Africa in the final. Bouman was the first, and so far the only, Dutch woman to win a Grand Slam singles tournament, in 1923,1924,1925 and 1926 she won the singles title at the Dutch Champions

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Kea Bouman (1929)

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Bill Tilden and Kea Bouman at the 1927 French Championships

Australia
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Australia, officially the Commonwealth of Australia, is a country comprising the mainland of the Australian continent, the island of Tasmania and numerous smaller islands. It is the worlds sixth-largest country by total area, the neighbouring countries are Papua New Guinea, Indonesia and East Timor to the north, the Solomon Islands and Vanuatu to t

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Aboriginal rock art in the Kimberley region of Western Australia

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Portrait of Captain James Cook, the first European to map the eastern coastline of Australia in 1770

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Tasmania's Port Arthur penal settlement is one of eleven UNESCO World Heritage-listed Australian Convict Sites.

Daphne Akhurst
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Daphne Jessie Akhurst known also by her married name Daphne Cozens, was an Australian tennis player. Akhurst won the singles title at the Australian Championships five times between 1925 and 1930. According to Wallis Myers, she was ranked World No.3 in 1928 and she is fourth on the list of most womens singles titles at the Australian Championships,

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Daphne Akhurst Cozens

Spain
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By population, Spain is the sixth largest in Europe and the fifth in the European Union. Spains capital and largest city is Madrid, other urban areas include Barcelona, Valencia, Seville, Bilbao. Modern humans first arrived in the Iberian Peninsula around 35,000 years ago, in the Middle Ages, the area was conquered by Germanic tribes and later by t

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Lady of Elche

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Flag

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Altamira Cave paintings, in Cantabria.

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Celtic castro in A Guarda, Galicia.

Lilly De Alvarez
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Elia Maria González-Álvarez y López-Chicheria, also known as Lilí Álvarezb was a Spanish multi-sport competitor, an international tennis champion, an author, feminist and a journalist. She was born at the Hotel Flora in Rome, Italy and she was raised in Switzerland and from an early age began competing in a variety of sports. At age eleven, she won

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Lilí Álvarez at the 1931 French Championships wearing her controversial "robe-pants"

Germany
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Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany, is a federal parliamentary republic in central-western Europe. It includes 16 constituent states, covers an area of 357,021 square kilometres, with about 82 million inhabitants, Germany is the most populous member state of the European Union. After the United States, it is the second most popular

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The Nebra sky disk is dated to c. 1600 BC.

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Flag

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Martin Luther (1483–1546) initiated the Protestant Reformation.

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Foundation of the German Empire in Versailles, 1871. Bismarck is at the center in a white uniform.

Cilly Aussem
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Cilly Aussem was a German female tennis player. She was the first German, male or female, to win the title at Wimbledon in 1931. She also won the single titles at the French Championships. Aussems coach and mixed doubles partner was Bill Tilden and they won the mixed doubles title at the 1930 French Championships. Aussem was born in Cologne on 4 Ja

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Aussem in 1927

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Cilly Aussem in 1930

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German stamp issued in 1988 in the Women in German history series

Joan Fry
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Joan Craddock Fry was a British tennis player. Fry was a finalist at the 1925 Wimbledon Championships where she lost in straight sets to Suzanne Lenglen and she was part of the British team that won the 1930 Wightman Cup against the United States. She lost her singles matches to Helen Wills and Helen Jacobs but together with Ermyntrude Harvey won t

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Joan Fry

Germaine Golding
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A. Germaine Golding was a French tennis player. Golding reached the final of the 1914 World Hard Court Championships which she lost to 15-year-old Suzanne Lenglen, after World War I, she was finalist at the French national championships three times in a row from 1921, but lost to Lenglen each time. Her greatest triumph were her three titles in sing

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Golding (r.), with Suzanne Lenglen (1921)

Meryl O'Hara Wood
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Meryl OHara Wood was an Australian tennis player who was active in the 1920 and 1930s. Meryl O’Hara Wood won the doubles title at the Australian Championships in 1926 and 1927. The first title was won together with compatriot Esna Boyd defeating Daphne Akhurst, the next year,1927, she successfully defended her title partnering Louie Bickerton, winn

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Meryl O'Hara Wood, with Gerald Patterson, at the 1928 French Championships

Betty Nuthall
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Betty May Nuthall Shoemaker was an English tennis player. She won the doubles championships at the French Open in 1931 with Pat Spence. She won the championships of Great Britain in 1924,1925 and 1926. In 1927 at the age of 16, Nuthall tied Elisabeth Moore as the then-youngest womens singles finalist ever at the U. S. Championships, Nuthall lost th

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Betty Nuthall

Molla Mallory
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Anna Margrethe Molla Bjurstedt Mallory was a Norwegian tennis player, naturalized American. She won a record eight titles at the U. S. Championships. Indoor Championships that year unheralded and beat defending champion Marie Wagner 6–4, 6–4. She also won the title in Cincinnati in 1915. Mallory had less in the way of equipment than most tennis cha

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Molla Bjurstedt Mallory in 1909

Esna Boyd
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Esna Boyd Robertson was an Australian tennis player who reached seven consecutive womens singles finals at the Australian Championships from 1922 through 1928. She won one of those finals, defeating Sylvia Lance Harper in 1927, Robertson participated in the first womens singles final at the Australian Championships in 1922 against fellow Australian

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Esna Boyd

Mence Dros-Canters
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Mence Dros-Canters was a Dutch female hockey, badminton- and tennis player who was active from the 1920s until her death in 1934. She won seven national titles and made 12 appearances in the Dutch national hockey team. Dros-Canters became Dutch doubles tennis champion six times between 1927 and 1933, in addition she won the national mixed doubles t