Shallow knowledge:

Deep knowledge:

A student with deep knowledge knows more about the subject and the pieces of knowledge are more richly interconnected.
It allows the student to apply the knowledge in many different contexts to talk about it in different ways, to imagine how the system as a whole would change if one part of it changed and so forth.
Students with deep knowledge can predict how the machine would operate if one part were to be changed.

Knowledge in the cognitive perspective include both subject-specific understandings

general cognitive abilities

Sensory Memory

Cognitive Views of Memory

Very large, can take more information than we can handle
Perception and attention are critical
Perception-detecting a stimulus & assigning meaning to it
Attention- selective, one cognitively demanding task at a time

Long-Term Memory:Procedural
(how to do something)

Long-Term Memory: Conditional
(when to do something)

General Knowledge: When to give up and try another approach When to skim & when to read carefully. Domain-Specific Knowledge- When to use the formula for calculating volume.When to rush the net in tennis

how the student thinks of the experience

Storytelling is

The four C's

Causality-events are causally related to one another.
Conflict- a story has a main character pursuing a goal but he or she is unable to reach that goal.
Complications- Sub problems that arise from the main goal.
Character-good stories have strong interesting character.

Look at pg. 240

Look at pg. 109

Look pg 161-163

Greg ponders over his math problem. He looks, frowns, and several minutes passes as he continues to study and shuffle his papers. All at once, he smiles, picks up his pencil, and writes down the correct answer. The suddenness of Greg's solution best exemplifies:
a.)transfer
b.)insight
c.)functional fixedness
problem representation

The main difficulty that occurs when students are too quick to decide what a problems asks is that they may...
become too reflective
a.)experience overgeneralization
b.)activate an inappropriate schema
C.)rely on heuristics instead of algorithms to solve it

The main difficulty that occurs when students are too quick to decide what a problems asks is that they may...
a.)become too reflective
b.)experience overgeneralization
c.)activate an inappropriate schema
d.)rely on heuristics instead of algorithms to solve it

In order to encourage student creativity, teachers are advised to
a.)work on increasing the speed with which students c.)can identify solutions to a problem
c.)enhance each student's reliance on authorities for response accuracy
d.)promote convergent thinking and problem-solving skills
e.)reinforce unusual solutions, even if the product is not perfect

A procedure that is guaranteed to accomplish a particular goal when correctly implemented is called a(n)
a.)algorithm
b.)theorem
c.)heuristic
d.)working-backward strategy

Frank was supposed to push three wheelbarrows back to the barn, and he wasn't relishing the idea of three trips. Then in a flash he reorganized the problem. He loaded two wheelbarrows into the third wheelbarrow and made one trip. In doing this he demonstrated
a.)functional fixedness
b.)insight
c.)flexibility
d.)response set

The strategy of solving a crossword puzzle by doing "down" items before "across" items is an example of
a.)top-down processing
b.) heuristic
c.)patterning
d.)metacognition

Learning Latin to improve basic intelligence would possibly be ineffective due to
a.)the impracticality of disciplining mental processes
b.)specific rather than general transferring taking place
c.)the irrelevance of the subject
d.)general rather than specific transferring taking place

Jennifer had her stomach pumped after she ingested part of an unknown compound in chemistry class. "But at home I always taste things to find out whether they're sugar or salt," she said. Jennifer is a victim of
a.)intuitive thinking
b.)negative transfer
c.)positive transfer
d.)improper coding

Which of the following statements is true?
a.)Children in second grade are too young to engage in self-reflection.
b.)Students' metacognitive skills are fixed because they are aligned to their learning style.
c.)Very young children are better metacognitive thinkers than adolescents.
d.)Metacognitive knowledge and skills can be learned and improved.

One of the conditions for using good learning strategies is that students must
a.)value and care about learning
b.)have speed of learning
c.)understand that ability is more important than effort
d.)be able to work independently

Before pulling off the bank job, Bugsy and his gang recited the steps of the operation. "Do we hafta, Bugsy?" complained Willy. "We must have been over them steps fifty times already." Bugsy is aware of the benefits of
a.)overlearning
b.)general transfer
c.)modeling
d.)making learning meaningful

Creativity is thought to be associated directly with what type of thinking?
a.)divergent thinking
b.)ntuitive
c.)convergent
d.)deductive reasoning

Which one of the following illustrates the best example of creative behavior?
A.)Billy uses and established a method to solve an algebraic equation on a test.
B.)Calita uses an encyclopedia to find the significance of the date July 4, 1776.
C.)Cheryl generates a list of solutions for the recycling program.
D.)Jack pours a solution of acid into a beaker of water in the chemistry lab.

Use of the READS method would probably have questionable benefits for
a.)Children in early elementary school
b.)High school students
c)Improving recall of information from the text
d.)Encouraging a distributed practice schedule

Which one of the following is the first step in the KWL reading strategy?
a.)Asking "which information will most likely be on the test?"
b.)Asking "what do I want to know?"
c.)Asking "what do I already know about this subject?"
d.)Asking "what have I been learning?"

Means-ends analysis in problem solving involves
a.)Distance reduction and dividing a problem into subgoals
b.)Using analogical reasoning and heuristics
c.)Limiting the search for solutions having something in common with the problem
d.)Beginning at the goal and moving backward to the unsolved initial problem

Identifying a particular learning style of a given ethnic group:

a.)can become just one more basis for stereotyping.
b.)can help to provide the basis for grouping similar individuals.
c.)helps teachers to prejudge how a student will learn best.
d.)is helpful because every individual in a group shares the same learning style.

When students are in situations that provoke stereotype threat, they tend to:
a,)adopt performance-avoidance goals to avoid feelings of failure.
b.)work harder to disprove the stereotype.
c.)accept that the stereotype is true.

Our ability to take in, store, and use information is referred to as:
a.)sensory memory.
b.)information processing.
c.)perception.
d.)bottom-up processing.

Archimedes is instructed to determine whether a beautifully crafted crown is composed of pure gold, without cutting the crown. One day, as Archimedes sits down in his bathtub, he notices that, as always, a certain amount of water is displaced. By applying the general schema that "objects of different densities displace different amounts of water," he solves the crown problem. Archimedes' application of his previous knowledge to a new domain might be described most accurately as:

a.)chunking.
b.)dual coding.
c.)elaboration.
d.)limited capacity.

Sam reads a story about a family going to a fast-food restaurant for lunch. The story never mentions that the family members order and pay for their meals at the counter before they sit down. Nevertheless, Sam assumes that they do these things. How can you best explain what Sam does?
a.)Sam has elaborated on the story drawing on a previous script he had constructed about fast-food restaurants
b.)Sam is the victim of reconstruction error.
c.)Sam has a confirmation bias
d.)Sam is using a mnemonic technique.

a.)Sam has elaborated on the story drawing on a previous script he had constructed about fast-food restaurants

Three of the following statements are consistent with the textbook's recommendations for teaching learning and metacognitive strategies. Which statement is not?
a.)Students should have lots of practice applying their new strategies.
b.)Encourage students to become quick at selecting and using appropriate strategies.
c.)Explain how, when, and where to use learning strategies most effectively.
d.)Encourage students to engage in self-monitoring of their strategy use.

b.)Encourage students to become quick at selecting and using appropriate strategies.

A general strategy used in attempting to solve problems is called:
a.)means-end analysis.
b.)a heuristic.
c.)analogical reasoning.
d.)an algorithm.

In order to facilitate creative thinking, teachers should:
a.)limit fantasy thinking because it is not realistic.
b.)create an autonomous and challenging learning environment.
c.)teach general strategies for increasing creativity.
d.)limit brainstorming activities.

Critical thinking is defined as:
a.)a broad and complex process of acquiring knowledge and understanding.
b.)evaluating conclusions by systematically and logically examining the problem, evidence, and solution.
c.)making connections between the information in different texts and noting similarities and contradictions.
d.)the situation when something previously learned influences current learning or when solving an earlier problem affects how you solve a new problem.

b.)evaluating conclusions by systematically and logically examining the problem, evidence, and solution.