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'Every historian, each economist, each Bolshevik even, owes Mr. Carr a debt of gratitude too deep to be formulated', wrote A. J. P. Taylor, reviewing Carr's magisterial fourteen-volume heritage of the early Soviet interval. The ranks of the indebted were tremendously multiplied through the looks of Carr's new booklet expressly written for college students and the overall reader.

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Key question Key date What led to the divide in the SD Party? The SDs split into the Bolsheviks and Mensheviks factions: 1903 putting his case to the party members. Lenin criticised Plekhanov for being more interested in reform than revolution. He said that under Plekhanov the SDs, instead of transforming the workers into a revolutionary force for the overthrow of capitalism, were following a policy of ‘economism’. Lenin wanted living and working conditions to get worse, not better. In that way the bitterness of the workers would increase, and so drive the Russian proletariat to revolution.

Lenin deliberately emphasised the difference between himself and Martov by resigning from the editorial board of Iskra and starting his own journal, Vyperod (Forward), as an instrument for Bolshevik attacks upon the Mensheviks. A Bolshevik daily paper, Pravda (the Truth), was ﬁrst published in 1912. Lenin and the Bolsheviks The later success of Bolshevism in the October Revolution has tempted writers to overstate the importance of Lenin in the period before 1917. For example, Trotsky, who joined Lenin in 1917 after having been a Menshevik, argued in his later writings that the Bolsheviks had been systematically preparing the ground for revolution since 1903.

Key term Historians disagree over how realistic Stolypin’s policies were. The standard view of most scholars in this ﬁeld has been that he had little real chance of reforming agriculture since the Russian peasantry was so backward and he had so little time to change things. Others, however, have argued that, while it is true that the conservatism of most peasants prevented them from embracing progressive change, Stolypin was right, nonetheless, in thinking that he could wager on ‘the strong’ since there was, indeed, a layer of strong peasant farmers.