This book offers an introduction to the post-war French roman noir from a cultural studies perspective. A populist and widely disseminated genre, the French roman noir has suffered from a reputation ...
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This book offers an introduction to the post-war French roman noir from a cultural studies perspective. A populist and widely disseminated genre, the French roman noir has suffered from a reputation as a minor genre with its roots in American popular culture. The book challenges such preconceptions and examines how selected writers have appropriated the roman noir as a critical response to formative concerns and debates in post-war French society. Starting with the first truly French roman noir, Léo Malet's 120 rue de la gare (1943) and concluding with Maud Tabachnik's feminist thriller Un été pourri (1994), this book analyses both texts and film in relation to their specific historical and cultural context. From the heritage of the Second World War and France's wars of decolonisation to the rise of consumer culture and questions of gender and sexual equality, the roman noir operates in dialogue with its times, mediating social change and transformation with stories of crime, transgression, and marginality. All the novelists studied were published initially in popular collections, such as the Série noire, but they have been chosen for the innovation of their work and the exciting ways in which they resist tired conventions and offer new ways of representing social reality.Less

The Roman Noir in Post-War French Culture : Dark Fictions

Claire Gorrara

Published in print: 2003-02-06

This book offers an introduction to the post-war French roman noir from a cultural studies perspective. A populist and widely disseminated genre, the French roman noir has suffered from a reputation as a minor genre with its roots in American popular culture. The book challenges such preconceptions and examines how selected writers have appropriated the roman noir as a critical response to formative concerns and debates in post-war French society. Starting with the first truly French roman noir, Léo Malet's 120 rue de la gare (1943) and concluding with Maud Tabachnik's feminist thriller Un été pourri (1994), this book analyses both texts and film in relation to their specific historical and cultural context. From the heritage of the Second World War and France's wars of decolonisation to the rise of consumer culture and questions of gender and sexual equality, the roman noir operates in dialogue with its times, mediating social change and transformation with stories of crime, transgression, and marginality. All the novelists studied were published initially in popular collections, such as the Série noire, but they have been chosen for the innovation of their work and the exciting ways in which they resist tired conventions and offer new ways of representing social reality.

This chapter shows how coalitions formed around different understandings of Germany in the early postwar period. Once decided upon a policy of rehabilitation toward Germany, the American government ...
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This chapter shows how coalitions formed around different understandings of Germany in the early postwar period. Once decided upon a policy of rehabilitation toward Germany, the American government promoted a Cold War narrative of Germany that legitimized America's struggle against the Soviet Union. With the prestige and stature that the U.S. government enjoyed after victory in World War II, the dawning of a new ideological struggle with the Soviet Union, and a widespread fear of communist subversion, an era of consensus settled in that discouraged dissent. While some actors, such as the Federal Republic of Germany and the American Council on Germany, promoted the Cold War narrative based on their respective self-interests, major Jewish groups like the American Jewish Committee and the Anti-Defamation League offered their support, or at least refused to dissent, out of fear of being labeled anti-American or sympathetic to Bolshevism. The only organization that remained faithful to the world war narrative and resolved to stand against the power of the state was the Society for the Prevention of World War III. It was marginalized in the larger society and abandoned by its erstwhile allies.Less

“Germany Belongs in the Western World” : Germany and Consensus Politics in America, 1945–1959

Brian C. Etheridge

Published in print: 2015-12-15

This chapter shows how coalitions formed around different understandings of Germany in the early postwar period. Once decided upon a policy of rehabilitation toward Germany, the American government promoted a Cold War narrative of Germany that legitimized America's struggle against the Soviet Union. With the prestige and stature that the U.S. government enjoyed after victory in World War II, the dawning of a new ideological struggle with the Soviet Union, and a widespread fear of communist subversion, an era of consensus settled in that discouraged dissent. While some actors, such as the Federal Republic of Germany and the American Council on Germany, promoted the Cold War narrative based on their respective self-interests, major Jewish groups like the American Jewish Committee and the Anti-Defamation League offered their support, or at least refused to dissent, out of fear of being labeled anti-American or sympathetic to Bolshevism. The only organization that remained faithful to the world war narrative and resolved to stand against the power of the state was the Society for the Prevention of World War III. It was marginalized in the larger society and abandoned by its erstwhile allies.

The British soldier was a fascinating and complex figure in the century between the Hanoverian accession and the Battle of Waterloo. The ‘war and society’ approach has shed much light on Britain's ...
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The British soldier was a fascinating and complex figure in the century between the Hanoverian accession and the Battle of Waterloo. The ‘war and society’ approach has shed much light on Britain's frequent experience of conflict in this period, but Britain's Soldiers argues that it is time to refocus our attention on the humble redcoat himself, and rethink historical approaches to soldiers’ relationship with the society and culture of their day. Using approaches drawn from the histories of the military, gender, art, society, culture and medicine, this volume presents a more rounded picture of the men who served in the various branches of the British armed forces. This period witnessed an unprecedented level of mass mobilisation, yet this was largely achieved through novel forms of military service outside of the regular army. Taking a wide definition of soldiering, this collection examines the part-time and auxiliary forces of the period, as well as looking at the men of the British Army both during their service and once they had been discharged from the army. Chapters here explore the national identity of the soldier, his sense of his rights within systems of military discipline, and his relationships with military hierarchies and honour codes. They also explore the welfare systems available to old and wounded soldiers, and the ways in which soldiers were represented in art and literature. In so doing, this book sheds new light on the processes through which soldiers were ‘made’ during this crucial period of conflict.Less

Britains Soldiers : Rethinking War and Society, 1715-1815

Published in print: 2014-03-01

The British soldier was a fascinating and complex figure in the century between the Hanoverian accession and the Battle of Waterloo. The ‘war and society’ approach has shed much light on Britain's frequent experience of conflict in this period, but Britain's Soldiers argues that it is time to refocus our attention on the humble redcoat himself, and rethink historical approaches to soldiers’ relationship with the society and culture of their day. Using approaches drawn from the histories of the military, gender, art, society, culture and medicine, this volume presents a more rounded picture of the men who served in the various branches of the British armed forces. This period witnessed an unprecedented level of mass mobilisation, yet this was largely achieved through novel forms of military service outside of the regular army. Taking a wide definition of soldiering, this collection examines the part-time and auxiliary forces of the period, as well as looking at the men of the British Army both during their service and once they had been discharged from the army. Chapters here explore the national identity of the soldier, his sense of his rights within systems of military discipline, and his relationships with military hierarchies and honour codes. They also explore the welfare systems available to old and wounded soldiers, and the ways in which soldiers were represented in art and literature. In so doing, this book sheds new light on the processes through which soldiers were ‘made’ during this crucial period of conflict.

The pivotal contention of this chapter is that the economic impact in war-torn societies of a large military, police, and international aid presence can bring patchy windfall gains for local ...
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The pivotal contention of this chapter is that the economic impact in war-torn societies of a large military, police, and international aid presence can bring patchy windfall gains for local populations, often overly concentrated in large cities and around military bases. Exits do not necessarily leave sustainable local political economies. The exit paths generally fail to protect populations from the economic stresses of neoliberalism introduced by donors, development agencies, and international financial institutions (IFIs) and do not forge the social contracts that liberal peacebuilding envisages for war-torn societies. While engagement by locals with postconflict state-building operations often involves coincidences of interest, war-torn economies face considerable strains in adopting imported economic models.Less

The Political Economy of Exit

Michael Pugh

Published in print: 2012-09-07

The pivotal contention of this chapter is that the economic impact in war-torn societies of a large military, police, and international aid presence can bring patchy windfall gains for local populations, often overly concentrated in large cities and around military bases. Exits do not necessarily leave sustainable local political economies. The exit paths generally fail to protect populations from the economic stresses of neoliberalism introduced by donors, development agencies, and international financial institutions (IFIs) and do not forge the social contracts that liberal peacebuilding envisages for war-torn societies. While engagement by locals with postconflict state-building operations often involves coincidences of interest, war-torn economies face considerable strains in adopting imported economic models.

The chapter provide an introduction and context to the book and explores how the ‘war and society’ approach has often led to a focus on civilian society during wartime at the expense of studying the ...
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The chapter provide an introduction and context to the book and explores how the ‘war and society’ approach has often led to a focus on civilian society during wartime at the expense of studying the combatants themselves. The chapter argues that scholars can refocus on these individuals and think about their place within society by drawing upon techniques from social and cultural history. It sets the parameters of the collection, considering ‘soldiering’ as a lifecycle and the different types of soldiers that existed between 1740-1815, as well as defining what Britain meant in this period.Less

Introduction

Kevin LinchMatthew McCormack

Published in print: 2014-03-01

The chapter provide an introduction and context to the book and explores how the ‘war and society’ approach has often led to a focus on civilian society during wartime at the expense of studying the combatants themselves. The chapter argues that scholars can refocus on these individuals and think about their place within society by drawing upon techniques from social and cultural history. It sets the parameters of the collection, considering ‘soldiering’ as a lifecycle and the different types of soldiers that existed between 1740-1815, as well as defining what Britain meant in this period.

This chapter addresses the question of the “afterlife” of the German inflation. It suggests that the National Socialist vision of German culture represented the complete opposite of the culture of ...
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This chapter addresses the question of the “afterlife” of the German inflation. It suggests that the National Socialist vision of German culture represented the complete opposite of the culture of inflation and that the collective memory of the inflation continued to shape Germany's post-war society. It also discusses the ambivalence many Germans felt at the prospect of the surrender of Germany monetary fiscal control to the new European Central Bank with the introduction of the euro.Less

Aftershocks : Inflation, National Socialism, and Beyond

Bernd Widdig

Published in print: 2001-03-21

This chapter addresses the question of the “afterlife” of the German inflation. It suggests that the National Socialist vision of German culture represented the complete opposite of the culture of inflation and that the collective memory of the inflation continued to shape Germany's post-war society. It also discusses the ambivalence many Germans felt at the prospect of the surrender of Germany monetary fiscal control to the new European Central Bank with the introduction of the euro.

Conflict before, during, and after the Indochinese Women’s Conferences (IWC) in Canada in 1971 forced women's liberationists invested in hosting the IWC to contemplate why war was an important ...
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Conflict before, during, and after the Indochinese Women’s Conferences (IWC) in Canada in 1971 forced women's liberationists invested in hosting the IWC to contemplate why war was an important feminist issue. Before the conference even began, white women's liberationists debated the relationship between sexism and imperialism and fostered a rethinking of war's relationship to women and society. Much of the literature on second-wave feminism overlooks the international context, but I argue that the circumstances of the Viet Nam war generated feminist perspectives on military actions.Less

Establishing Feminist Perspectives on War, 1969–1972

Jessica M. Frazier

Published in print: 2017-03-20

Conflict before, during, and after the Indochinese Women’s Conferences (IWC) in Canada in 1971 forced women's liberationists invested in hosting the IWC to contemplate why war was an important feminist issue. Before the conference even began, white women's liberationists debated the relationship between sexism and imperialism and fostered a rethinking of war's relationship to women and society. Much of the literature on second-wave feminism overlooks the international context, but I argue that the circumstances of the Viet Nam war generated feminist perspectives on military actions.

Strategic thought often developed in reaction to the experience of war, particularly in the case of the two World Wars. The two major British military thinkers in history emerged in the aftermath of ...
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Strategic thought often developed in reaction to the experience of war, particularly in the case of the two World Wars. The two major British military thinkers in history emerged in the aftermath of the First World War and both wrote about grand strategy, drawing upon their wartime experiences. John Frederick Charles Fuller’s idea, the purpose of grand strategy was in constant flux, but its core purpose was to protect civilization by preventing wars from becoming too economically damaging, by limiting the conduct of war to certain preferred methods. Basil Liddell Hart’s thoughts on grand strategy were based on avoiding or minimizing loss of life and economic hardship during war, primarily by identifying and implementing methods of avoiding battle. During the Second World War, various other writers conceived of grand strategy as the connection between war and society.Less

Grand Strategy in British Reactions to the World Wars

Lukas Milevski

Published in print: 2016-05-01

Strategic thought often developed in reaction to the experience of war, particularly in the case of the two World Wars. The two major British military thinkers in history emerged in the aftermath of the First World War and both wrote about grand strategy, drawing upon their wartime experiences. John Frederick Charles Fuller’s idea, the purpose of grand strategy was in constant flux, but its core purpose was to protect civilization by preventing wars from becoming too economically damaging, by limiting the conduct of war to certain preferred methods. Basil Liddell Hart’s thoughts on grand strategy were based on avoiding or minimizing loss of life and economic hardship during war, primarily by identifying and implementing methods of avoiding battle. During the Second World War, various other writers conceived of grand strategy as the connection between war and society.

This chapter aims to explain the ideas about slavery, rape, and commerce embedded in and produced by the passionate desires of Franklin and his partners. For years, historians interpreting the ...
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This chapter aims to explain the ideas about slavery, rape, and commerce embedded in and produced by the passionate desires of Franklin and his partners. For years, historians interpreting the institutions and ideology of nineteenth-century southern slavery focused their attentions on explaining slaveholders' paternalist defenses of their planter institution. Like some of their sources, such histories have often explicitly or implicitly portrayed the domestic slave trade as a contradiction within an otherwise stable system. Recent works have returned the issue of that trade to the forefront, arguing that the commerce in human beings was an inescapable and essential feature of the region's pre-Civil War society and culture. Franklin, Ballard, and their associates reveal themselves as being so devoted to their picture of the slave trade as a fetishized commodification of human beings that it may be necessary to insist on mystification as one of the necessary bases of the economic expansion of the antebellum South.Less

“Cuffy,” “Fancy Maids,” and “One-Eyed Men” : Rape, Commodification, and the Domestic Slave Trade in the United States

Edward E. Baptist

Published in print: 2005-03-08

This chapter aims to explain the ideas about slavery, rape, and commerce embedded in and produced by the passionate desires of Franklin and his partners. For years, historians interpreting the institutions and ideology of nineteenth-century southern slavery focused their attentions on explaining slaveholders' paternalist defenses of their planter institution. Like some of their sources, such histories have often explicitly or implicitly portrayed the domestic slave trade as a contradiction within an otherwise stable system. Recent works have returned the issue of that trade to the forefront, arguing that the commerce in human beings was an inescapable and essential feature of the region's pre-Civil War society and culture. Franklin, Ballard, and their associates reveal themselves as being so devoted to their picture of the slave trade as a fetishized commodification of human beings that it may be necessary to insist on mystification as one of the necessary bases of the economic expansion of the antebellum South.

This chapter investigates the cultural ideal of “man the warrior” to which all men in war-reliant societies are subjected, regardless of whether or not they function as actual warriors. The cultural ...
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This chapter investigates the cultural ideal of “man the warrior” to which all men in war-reliant societies are subjected, regardless of whether or not they function as actual warriors. The cultural ideal is premised within emotional toughness or the capacity of men to suppress or suspend their ability to care about the suffering of others or even themselves. When men lack emotional toughness, they will be perceived as womanly, the worst possible fate that could befall them. The cultural ideal then suggests the practice of misogyny—that is, avoiding being labeled as female-like. The chapter illustrates the intensity and range of emotional toughness and misogyny in a wide array of examples within militaristic cultures.Less

How to Make a Warrior : Misogyny and Emotional Toughness in the Construction of Masculinity

Tom Digby

Published in print: 2014-10-28

This chapter investigates the cultural ideal of “man the warrior” to which all men in war-reliant societies are subjected, regardless of whether or not they function as actual warriors. The cultural ideal is premised within emotional toughness or the capacity of men to suppress or suspend their ability to care about the suffering of others or even themselves. When men lack emotional toughness, they will be perceived as womanly, the worst possible fate that could befall them. The cultural ideal then suggests the practice of misogyny—that is, avoiding being labeled as female-like. The chapter illustrates the intensity and range of emotional toughness and misogyny in a wide array of examples within militaristic cultures.

Crimea in War and Transformation is the first book in any language to examine the Crimean War from home front through demobilization, and in so doing it addresses a wide range of historical ...
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Crimea in War and Transformation is the first book in any language to examine the Crimean War from home front through demobilization, and in so doing it addresses a wide range of historical questions. The book argues that the Crimean War was a transitional conflict, ushering in not just modern technological warfare, but also new population policies characterized by fears of diversity. The war was transformative as well as transitional, as it completely changed Crimea’s population and physical environment. In generating the Great Reforms, it also produced change on an imperial scale. Finally, the book addresses the costs of war, and the fraught process of reconstruction. Areas of interest include military history; demobilization and reconstruction; Russian military-civilian policy; war and society; forced migrations/deportations; Russia’s religious policy; and Russia’s Great Reforms.Less

Introduction

Mara Kozelsky

Published in print: 2018-11-01

Crimea in War and Transformation is the first book in any language to examine the Crimean War from home front through demobilization, and in so doing it addresses a wide range of historical questions. The book argues that the Crimean War was a transitional conflict, ushering in not just modern technological warfare, but also new population policies characterized by fears of diversity. The war was transformative as well as transitional, as it completely changed Crimea’s population and physical environment. In generating the Great Reforms, it also produced change on an imperial scale. Finally, the book addresses the costs of war, and the fraught process of reconstruction. Areas of interest include military history; demobilization and reconstruction; Russian military-civilian policy; war and society; forced migrations/deportations; Russia’s religious policy; and Russia’s Great Reforms.

This chapter examines the exchange-based economy of heterosexual romantic relationships. On the one hand, this economy argues that to assure man's dominance, he is expected to protect and provide for ...
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This chapter examines the exchange-based economy of heterosexual romantic relationships. On the one hand, this economy argues that to assure man's dominance, he is expected to protect and provide for his family, as well as to procreate. On the other hand, a woman is considered as a homemaker for both her children and her partner. This situation is known as transactionality, which exacerbates the antagonism of heterosexual romantic relationships. When the pressure to conform to this transactionality intensifies, both individuals in the relationship might end up exploiting one another. The chapter goes on to describe transactional heterosexuality in traditional war-reliant societies and their contemporary counterparts.Less

Let’s Make a Deal : The Heterosexual Economy Falls Off a Cliff

Tom Digby

Published in print: 2014-10-28

This chapter examines the exchange-based economy of heterosexual romantic relationships. On the one hand, this economy argues that to assure man's dominance, he is expected to protect and provide for his family, as well as to procreate. On the other hand, a woman is considered as a homemaker for both her children and her partner. This situation is known as transactionality, which exacerbates the antagonism of heterosexual romantic relationships. When the pressure to conform to this transactionality intensifies, both individuals in the relationship might end up exploiting one another. The chapter goes on to describe transactional heterosexuality in traditional war-reliant societies and their contemporary counterparts.

After explaining Evelyn’s interest in spiritual partnerships, the chapter details the broad documentary base for the two friendships chosen, the spiritual mentorship of Jeremy Taylor and the long ...
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After explaining Evelyn’s interest in spiritual partnerships, the chapter details the broad documentary base for the two friendships chosen, the spiritual mentorship of Jeremy Taylor and the long friendship with Elizabeth Carey/Mordaunt, the subject of the next chapter. The Taylor friendship is traced from its inception to the challenges of spiritual advice and the growth of mutual services, including attempts to raise an income for Taylor during the Commonwealth years. The correspondence shows more and more shared activities in support of the disabled episcopalian church. This friendship blossomed at the same time that Taylor wrote his Discourse of Friendship for Katherine Philips. This popular little book put practical emphasis on ‘doing good’ and prescribed eirenically for a war-torn society. Evelyn adopted many of the recommendations of his friend, and in turn, in gratitude, Taylor declared in 1657 that his friend had in life exceeded the prescriptions of his little book.Less

John Evelyn and Jeremy Taylor

Cedric C. Brown

Published in print: 2016-11-10

After explaining Evelyn’s interest in spiritual partnerships, the chapter details the broad documentary base for the two friendships chosen, the spiritual mentorship of Jeremy Taylor and the long friendship with Elizabeth Carey/Mordaunt, the subject of the next chapter. The Taylor friendship is traced from its inception to the challenges of spiritual advice and the growth of mutual services, including attempts to raise an income for Taylor during the Commonwealth years. The correspondence shows more and more shared activities in support of the disabled episcopalian church. This friendship blossomed at the same time that Taylor wrote his Discourse of Friendship for Katherine Philips. This popular little book put practical emphasis on ‘doing good’ and prescribed eirenically for a war-torn society. Evelyn adopted many of the recommendations of his friend, and in turn, in gratitude, Taylor declared in 1657 that his friend had in life exceeded the prescriptions of his little book.

This book on the operation of early modern armies methodically looks at the French and Savoyard invasion of Spanish Lombardy in 1636, from the recruitment of the soldiers, the care and feeding of the ...
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This book on the operation of early modern armies methodically looks at the French and Savoyard invasion of Spanish Lombardy in 1636, from the recruitment of the soldiers, the care and feeding of the armies and their horses, the impact of the invasion on civilians, and the manner in which generals conducted their campaign in response to the information at their disposal. Step-by-step a chapter unfolds the long and stubborn battle of Tornavento, where Spanish, German, and Italian soldiers stormed the French in their entrenchments. It describes the tactics of both the infantry and the cavalry, and re-evaluates the effectiveness of Spanish methods in the 1630s. The account’s neo-Darwinian approach focuses on the motivations of soldiers to fight, and how they reacted to the stress of combat. A final chapter examines the penchant for looting of the soldiery in the aftermath of battle, the methods of treating wounded soldiers in the Milan hospital, the hygienic breakdown in the French camp, and the strategic failure of the invasion. The book explains the surprising resilience of Spanish policies and Spanish arms in Europe. In describing the invasion of 1636, the book deals with broader aspects of universal features of human behaviour and psychology as they relate to violence and war.Less

Italy 1636 : Cemetery of Armies

Gregory Hanlon

Published in print: 2016-01-01

This book on the operation of early modern armies methodically looks at the French and Savoyard invasion of Spanish Lombardy in 1636, from the recruitment of the soldiers, the care and feeding of the armies and their horses, the impact of the invasion on civilians, and the manner in which generals conducted their campaign in response to the information at their disposal. Step-by-step a chapter unfolds the long and stubborn battle of Tornavento, where Spanish, German, and Italian soldiers stormed the French in their entrenchments. It describes the tactics of both the infantry and the cavalry, and re-evaluates the effectiveness of Spanish methods in the 1630s. The account’s neo-Darwinian approach focuses on the motivations of soldiers to fight, and how they reacted to the stress of combat. A final chapter examines the penchant for looting of the soldiery in the aftermath of battle, the methods of treating wounded soldiers in the Milan hospital, the hygienic breakdown in the French camp, and the strategic failure of the invasion. The book explains the surprising resilience of Spanish policies and Spanish arms in Europe. In describing the invasion of 1636, the book deals with broader aspects of universal features of human behaviour and psychology as they relate to violence and war.