Cyclosporine (CSA; Neoral) is one of the most common immunosuppressants used in pediatric renal transplantation. Research in adult renal transplant recipients has shown that 2-h post-dose concentration (C2) monitoring and limited sampling strategies (LSSs) are better at predicting drug exposure and outcome than trough concentrations (C0). While C0 monitoring is the usual practice in pediatric renal transplant patients, area under the curve (AUC) monitoring has been shown to be superior in terms of predictive ability and outcomes. However, AUC monitoring is impractical and inconvenient in a clinic setting because it involves many blood samples. An LSS provides a reliable alternative. The purpose of this study was to prospectively define an LSS (AUC(0-12)) for CSA monitoring and to test its predictive performance. As well, an LSS (AUC(0-4)) for CSA was developed and its predictive performance tested. Blood samples for CSA concentrations were collected in 29 stable pediatric renal transplant patients prior to (t = 0) and at 0.5, 1, 2, 4, 6, and 8 h following a steady-state morning CSA dose. AUC was calculated by the trapezoidal method; LSSs for AUC(0-12) and AUC(0-4) were determined using multiple regression analysis in 14 patients; and the LSSs' predictive performance was tested in 15 additional patients. Both LSSs require two blood samples. For the LSS (AUC(0-12)), blood samples are required immediately before the dose and 2 h post-dose: AUC(0-12) = 12.45 C0 + 2.17 C2 + 723.16 (r2 = 0.909). For the LSS (AUC(0-4)), blood samples are required at one and 2 h post-dose, AUC(0-4) = 1.17 C1 + 1.85 C2 - 41.00 (r2 = 0.971). The LSSs demonstrated low bias and high precision for both AUC(0-12) and AUC(0-4). Our two-concentration LSSs are accurate and precise predictors that are more clinically useful for our patient population than other LSSs that have been developed for pediatric renal transplant patients. Our study template provides a guide for other centers to develop

New cyclosporine A (CsA) formulations must prove their bioequivalence to Neoral, the reference CsA formulation, to allow free prescription for the patients. The aim of this study was to compare the pharmacokinetics (PK) of a new CsA formulation (Zinograf-ME), produced by Strides-Arcolab, to Neoral and to demonstrate their interchangeability in stable renal transplant recipients. Twelve-hour PK studies were obtained from 18 (13 M/5 F) adult patients (mean age 44.7 +/- 12 years). They received their renal allografts from 13 cadaver and 5 living donors. Before enrollment, all patients were receiving a third generic CsA for a mean of 48 months. Nine patients were also under azathioprine and 9 under mycophenolate mofetil; 17 received prednisone. A single oral dose of either Zinograf or Neoral was administered. The first PK study was performed with one formulation, and 1 week later, a second PK was done with the other formulation. During the washout period, patients continued taking the third CsA formulation. The drug substitution was done milligram-for-milligram. The CsA whole-blood level was measured by TDx immunoassay. Mean +/- SD of area under the curve (AUC), maximum concentration (C(max)), and concentration at the second hour (C2) of Zinograf were not statistically different from those with Neoral (4019 +/- 1466 vs 3971 +/- 1325 ng x h/mL, 998 +/- 376 vs 1021 +/- 356 ng/mL, and 707 +/- 254 vs 734 +/- 229 ng/mL, respectively). In the same way, the Zinograf 90% confidence interval for either C(max) (-123, +77 ng/mL) or AUC (-214, +311 ng.mL/h) were within the Neoral bioequivalence interval for the same parameters (+/-204 ng/mL and +/-794 ng x mL/h, respectively). These data demonstrate that the ZinografME CsA formulation is bioequivalent to Neoral.

The study was planned and conducted to assess the benefit of C-2 levels (blood cyclosporine levels two hours postdosing) monitoring over trough (C0) levels (predosing) in postrenal transplant patients. The patient population included 34 postrenal transplant individuals (28 males and six females, mean age of 39.9 +/- 12.3 years). The patients were first-transplant patients and were receiving a microemulsion form of cyclosporine A (CsA) as an immunosuppressant along with azathioprine and prednisolone. In addition, they were not on any enzyme inducer/inhibitor drugs, except for diltiazem. Timed collection of C0 and C-2 samples was done and the samples were immediately processed using the cedia cyclosporine plus assay kit. Estimation was done on a Beckman synchron CX5CE fully automated chemistry analyzer. Serum urea nitrogen and creatinine levels were checked. Poor graft survival was found in this population with 29.3% patients showing graft rejection. The graft rejection patients were assigned to two groups: group I with chronic graft rejection patients (17.6%) and group II with acute graft rejection patients (11.7%). Group III consisted of graft survival patients (70.7%). Mean +/- SD was calculated for C0 and C2 levels. Individual values for C0 and C-2 were plotted on a scatter chart. C0 and C-2 levels were normalized by calculating them as the percentage of their targets (data not shown) and compared using the Kruskal Wallis one-way analysis of variance. C0 levels in all the three groups were within the recommended therapeutic range (150-300 ng/mL) (P < 0.182). Blood C-2 concentrations did not achieve the recommended target levels in these patients. One-way analysis of variance for C-2 values when expressed as the percentage of the target values did not show any significant difference between these groups (P < 0.84). No significant difference was found in C0 levels between groups I, II, and group III patients when expressed as the percentage of the target values (P

Electrical cell-substrate impedance sensing is increasingly being used for label-free and real-time monitoring of changes in cell morphology and number during cell growth, drug screening, and differentiation. In this study, we evaluated the feasibility of using ECIS to monitorC2C12 myoblast differentiation using a fabricated indium tin oxide (ITO) electrode-based chip. C2C12 myoblast differentiation on the ITO electrode was validated based on decreases in the mRNA level of MyoD and increases in the mRNA levels of myogenin and myosin heavy chain (MHC). Additionally, MHC expression and morphological changes in myoblasts differentiated on the ITO electrode were comparable to those in cells in the control culture dish. From the monitoring the integration of the resistance change at 21.5 kHz, the cell differentiation was label-free and real-time detectable in 30 h of differentiation (p < 0.05). PMID:27929401

We report our research on the development of optical fiber trace gas sensors for environmental applications. A novel optical fiber sensor for monitoring acetylene (C2H2) gases is described. Through studying the measure theory, we use the Beer-Lambert law to monitor the gas. And after analyzing the C2H2 spectrum, we select Distributed Feedback Laser Diode (DFB LD) as light source. Comparing many kinds" sensor detection head, the gas absorbing cell with tail fiber can have good coupling with optical fiber and improve the coupling stability. In the data processing system, signals are distilled by lock-in amplifiers and then harmonic measure technology processes that distilled faint signals. After the all, the electronic signals are transmitted into computer to process, alarm and display. We design the instrument who can remote and on-line measuring acetylene. Through theory analysis and system experiment, the design of the system is practicable, and has a better precision and some apply foreground.

A novel bioequivalence testing approach was used to determine intrasubject variability and switchability of two ciclosporin formulations, SangCya (test) and Neoral (reference). Twenty healthy volunteers were enrolled into a single-dose, randomized, open-label, 4-period, 2-sequence study with a crossover replicate design. Subject-by-formulation interaction variances were compared using a mixed effects linear model. Intrasubject variability for ln AUC(0-infinity) and ln C(max) of SangCya and Neoral were not significantly different. The 95% confidence intervals of the intrasubject variability of AUC(0-infinity) (0.94) and C(max) (1.28) as determined using the bootstrap nonparametric percentile method (n = 2,000) were below the individual bioequivalence limit estimated at 2.25. We concluded equivalent intrasubject variability of ciclosporin pharmacokinetics and switchability between SangCya and Neoral.

The hydrogenation of C2 molecules formed on the Pt(111) surface through acetylene exposure at 750 K was monitored in-situ with reflection absorption infrared spectroscopy (RAIRS) in the presence of up to 10 Torr of H2. The coverage of post-reaction surface carbon was measured with Auger electron spectroscopy. The RAIR spectra show that C2 is hydrogenated to an ethylidyne intermediate. The hydrogenation of ethylidyne was also monitored at 400 K for H2(g) pressures of 1.0 × 10- 2 to 10 Torr. At H2(g) pressures greater than 1.0 Torr, ethylidyne is completely hydrogenated. In an attempt to probe the nature of the C2 adsorption sites, RAIR spectra of coadsorbed CO were obtained. It is found that while C2 does not block CO adsorption, the spectra indicate that the surface carbon is free of hydrogen. In contrast, ethylidyne blocks CO adsorption sites. In the presence of coadsorbed CO, complete hydrogenation of ethylidyne occurs at 450 K versus 400 K in the absence of CO.

Cyclosporine (CsA) has had a major impact on the process and success of solid organ transplantation. Early in the use of CsA, therapeutic monitoring using the predose (trough, or C0) concentration became the standard of care. However, there are complications with the use of C0 monitoring that have only partly been mitigated with the advent of the micro-emulsion formulation (CsA-ME). More recently, limited sampling strategies (LSSs) for measuring the area under the CsA concentration-time curve (AUC) have been investigated to improve the monitoring of CsA post-transplantation. Many centres now routinely monitor CsA therapy using the concentration at 2 hours postdose (C2). In this paper the strength of the evidence for C2 (or other LSSs) relative to C0 monitoring of CsA-ME for improving clinically important outcomes in liver transplant patients is critically examined. Additionally, gaps in the literature are identified and recommendations are made for clinical research that could be done to provide more definitive evidence for the use of C2 or other LSSs in monitoring liver transplant patients.

Due to concern over long term safety of continuous treatment with cyclosporin, the aim of this 1-year study was to assess the effect of intermittent therapy with cyclosporin (Neoral) on the quality of life of patients suffering from chronic plaque psoriasis. A total of 41 patients with chronic plaque psoriasis (26 male, mean age: 36 years, range: 18-61; duration of psoriasis 17 years, range: 2-31) entered a 9-centre open study in which cyclosporin was taken as an initial dose of 5 mg/kg/daily for a maximum of 12 weeks for up to three cycles. Each patient completed a psoriasis specific QOL measure (Psoriasis Disability Index, PDI) at the beginning and end of each treatment cycle and at the end of study. Clinical parameters including Psoriasis Area and Severity Index (PASI) were measured. The PDI scores showed a significant improvement (p < 0.01) between the beginning and end of all three treatment cycles. The various clinical assessments for each treatment period also showed significant improvement (p < 0.001) for all three cycles. When comparing the last follow-up value to baseline there was a clear indication of relapse, but these scores were still significantly better than at baseline (p < 0.01). Notably, the mean PASI score improved by more than 50% (p < 0.001) between first baseline and end of the study. These findings indicate that a short course of intermittent therapy with cyclosporin in microemulsion formulation, used at starting doses of 5 mg/kg/day, improves QOL of patients with chronic plaque psoriasis. Once again, the applicability and validity of the PDI as a useful QOL tool has been demonstrated.

In the present work the time course of collagen-induced arthritis and the effect of Sandimmune Neoral in this model of arthritis were followed in the rat over an extended period of time (70 days) using high resolution three-dimensional (3D) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). High resolution 3D gradient-echo (TR = 100 ms; TE = 3.8 ms) images with a voxel size of 94 × 81 × 60 μm3were acquired from the hind paw of DA rats (n= 21) at various time points after injection of type II bovine collagen into the tail. Eleven rats were treated with Neoral (15 mg/kg/day p.o. together with vehicle) for 42 days starting at day 14 after collagen injection. The remaining controls received vehicle. Pathomorphological changes associated with the collagen-induced arthritic process, e.g., increase of joint space and cartilage and bone erosion, could be observedin vivoin the control group. In contrast, no changes in the joint architecture were detected in Neoral-treated animals. Indeed, Neoral showed strong anti-inflammatory effects and marked protection against cartilage and bone destruction in this model. Qualitative information derived from the MR images correlated significantly with histological findings.

A 5 week monitoring campaign was carried out in Dublin City centre, to establish which site gave a more accurate background city centre estimation: a roof-top or green field site. This background represented a conservative estimate of HC exposure in Dublin City centre, useful for quantifying health effects related to this form of pollution and also for establishing a local background relative to the four surrounding main roads when the wind direction is travelling towards each road with the background receptor upwind. Over the entire monitoring campaign, the lowest concentrations and relative standard deviations were observed at the green field site, regardless of time of day or meteorological effects.

The pulsed excitation of acoustic resonances was studied with a continuously monitoring photoacoustic detector system. Acoustic waves were generated in C2H4/N 2 gas mixtures by light absorption of the pulses from a transversely excited atmospheric CO2 laser. The photoacoustic part consisted of high-Q cylindrical resonators (Q factor 820 for the first radial mode in N2) and two adjoining variable acoustic filter systems. The time-resolved signal was Fourier transformed to a frequency spectrum of high resolution. For the first radial mode a Lorentzian profile was fitted to the measured data. The outside noise suppression and the signal-to-noise ratio were investigated in a normal laboratory environment in the flow-through mode. The acoustic and electric filter system combined with the

The aim of this study was to compare the bioavailability of cyclosporine (CyA) from the generic dispersion formulation Cicloral (CIC) with the microemulsion formulation Neoral (NEO) and the original Sandimmune (SIM) capsules after single doses of 100, 300, or 600 mg of drug, respectively. The study was performed according to an open 3-period cross-over design with 12 young healthy male volunteers for each dosage. The concentrations of CyA and its main metabolites were determined by high performance liquid chromatography in whole blood and urine up to 48 hours postdosing. Peak concentrations and area under the time-concentration curve were greater for the NEO and CIC formulations compared with SIM, and the mean bioavailability of CIC was significantly (P<0.05) lower compared with NEO. The bioavailability of SIM compared with NEO was 54% to 71%, in agreement with previous results. Bioequivalence was not demonstrated between CIC (test) and NEO (reference) as the 90% confidence intervals were outside the 80% to 125% guidelines based on log-transformed AUCs, and were 75.2% to 87.7% at 100 mg, 79.2% to 91.8% at 300 mg, and 76.6% to 94.5% at 600 mg doses. The respective values for Cmax were 78.9% to 94.6%, 80.7% to 95.0%, and 71.4% to 84.1%. A good correlation was demonstrated between the urinary recovery of CyA and the AUC4. Therefore, the urinary recovery of CyA may be helpful as a surrogate parameter for the systemic exposure of patients to CyA. Whereas the relative amount of hydroxylated metabolites (AM1, AM9, AM1c) was similar for all formulations and doses, the urinary recovery of the N-demethylated metabolite AM4N decreased with increasing dose indicating saturable metabolism. No relationship could be demonstrated between CYP3A activity using dextromethorphan as a probe for the metabolic clearance of CyA.

An unattended, automated, on-line, cryogen-free, remotely controlled gas chromatography (GC) system was developed and has been deployed for more than 1 year for the continuous determination of C(2) to C(6) hydrocarbons at an observatory located at 2225 m elevation, on the summit caldera of an inactive volcano on the island of Pico, Azores. The GC instrument is tailored to the measurement challenges at this remote and high altitude site. All consumable gases are prepared in situ. Total power use remains below 700 W at all times. Sample collection and analysis is performed without use of cryogen. Hydrocarbons are concentrated on a one-stage trapping/injection system consisting of a Peltier-cooled multi-bed solid adsorbent trap. Analytes are detected after thermal desorption and separation on an alumina-PLOT (porous-layer open tubular) column by flame ionization detection (FID). Sample focusing, desorption, separation and detection parameters were thoroughly investigated to ensure quantitative collection and subsequent injection onto the GC system. GC operation is controlled remotely and data are downloaded daily. Sample volumes (600 and 3000 ml) are alternated for analysis of C(2) to C(3) and C(3) to C(6) hydrocarbons, respectively. Detection limits are in the low parts per trillion by volume (pptv) range, sufficient for quantification of the compounds of interest at their central North Atlantic lower free troposphere background concentrations.

The optimal use and monitoring of cyclosporine A (CyA) have remained unclear and the current strategy of CyA treatment requires frequent dose adjustment following an empirical initial dosage adjusted for total body weight (TBW). The primary aim of this study was to evaluate age and anthropometric parameters as predictors for dose adjustment of CyA; and the secondary aim was to compare the usefulness of the concentration at predose (C0) and 2-hour postdose (C2) monitoring. An open-label, non-randomized, retrospective study was performed in 81 renal transplant patients in Japan during 2001-2010. The relationships between the area under the blood concentration-time curve (AUC0-9) of CyA and its C0 or C2 level were assessed with a linear regression analysis model. In addition to age, 7 anthropometric parameters were tested as predictors for AUC0-9 of CyA: TBW, height (HT), body mass index (BMI), body surface area (BSA), ideal body weight (IBW), lean body weight (LBW), and fat free mass (FFM). Correlations between AUC0-9 of CyA and these parameters were also analyzed with a linear regression model. The rank order of the correlation coefficient was C0 > C2 (C0; r=0.6273, C2; r=0.5562). The linear regression analyses between AUC0-9 of CyA and candidate parameters indicated their potential usefulness from the following rank order: IBW > FFM > HT > BSA > LBW > TBW > BMI > Age. In conclusion, after oral administration, C2monitoring has a large variation and could be at high risk for overdosing. Therefore, after oral dosing of CyA, it was not considered to be a useful approach for single monitoring, but should rather be used with C0 monitoring. The regression analyses between AUC0-9 of CyA and anthropometric parameters indicated that IBW was potentially the superior predictor for dose adjustment of CyA in an empiric strategy using TBW (IBW; r=0.5181, TBW; r=0.3192); however, this finding seems to lack the pharmacokinetic rationale and thus warrants further basic and clinical

The Family of Integrated Rapid Response Equipment (FIRRE) is an advanced technology demonstration program intended to develop a family of affordable, scalable, modular, and logistically supportable unmanned systems to meet urgent operational force protection needs and requirements worldwide. The near-term goal is to provide the best available unmanned ground systems to the warfighter in Iraq and Afghanistan. The overarching long-term goal is to develop a fully-integrated, layered force protection system of systems for our forward deployed forces that is networked with the future force C4ISR systems architecture. The intent of the FIRRE program is to reduce manpower requirements, enhance force protection capabilities, and reduce casualties through the use of unmanned systems. FIRRE is sponsored by the Office of the Under Secretary of Defense, Acquisitions, Technology and Logistics (OUSD AT&L), and is managed by the Product Manager, Force Protection Systems (PM-FPS). The FIRRE Command and Control (C2) Station supports two operators, hosts the Joint Battlespace Command and Control Software for Manned and Unmanned Assets (JBC2S), and will be able to host Mission Planning and Rehearsal (MPR) software. The C2 Station consists of an M1152 HMMWV fitted with an S-788 TYPE I shelter. The C2 Station employs five 24" LCD monitors for display of JBC2S software [1], MPR software, and live video feeds from unmanned systems. An audio distribution system allows each operator to select between various audio sources including: AN/PRC-117F tactical radio (SINCGARS compatible), audio prompts from JBC2S software, audio from unmanned systems, audio from other operators, and audio from external sources such as an intercom in an adjacent Tactical Operations Center (TOC). A power distribution system provides battery backup for momentary outages. The Ethernet network, audio distribution system, and audio/video feeds are available for use outside the C2 Station.

Rate coefficients for the reactions C2H with C2H4, C2H6, and H2 are measured over the temperature range 150-359 K using transient infrared laser absorption spectroscopy. The ethynyl radical is formed by photolysis of C2H2 with a pulsed excimer laser at 193 nm, and its transient absorption is monitored with a color center laser on the Q(sub 11)(9) line of the A(sup 2) Pi-Chi(sup 2) Sigma transition at 3593.68 cm(exp -1). Over the experimental temperature range 150-359 K the rate constants of C2H with C2H4, C2H6, and H2 can be fitted to the Arrhenius expressions k(sub C2H4) = (7.8 +/- 0.6) x 10(exp -11) exp[(134 +/- 44)/T], k(sub C2H6) = (3.5 +/- 0.3) x 10(exp -11) exp[(2.9 +/- 16)/T], and k(sub H2) = (1.2 +/- 0.3) x 10(exp -11) exp[(-998 +/- 57)]/T cm(exp 3) molecule(exp -1) sec(exp -1). The data for C2H with C2H4 and C2H6 indicate a negligible activation energy to product formation shown by the mild negative temperature dependence of both reactions. When the H2 data are plotted together with the most recent high-temperature results from 295 to 854 K, a slight curvature is observed. The H2 data can be fit to the non-Arrhenius form k(sub H2) = 9.2 x 10(exp -18) T(sup 2.17 +/- 0.50) exp[(-478 +/- 165)/T] cm(exp 3) molecules(exp -1) sec(exp -1). The curvature in the Arrhenius plot is discussed in terms of both quantum mechanical tunneling of the H atom from H2 to the C2H radical and bending mode contributions to the partition function.

... 42 Public Health 1 2011-10-01 2011-10-01 false Definitions. 52c.2 Section 52c.2 Public Health PUBLIC HEALTH SERVICE, DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES GRANTS MINORITY BIOMEDICAL RESEARCH SUPPORT PROGRAM § 52c.2 Definitions. As used in this part: Act means the Public Health Service Act,...

... 42 Public Health 1 2013-10-01 2013-10-01 false Definitions. 52c.2 Section 52c.2 Public Health PUBLIC HEALTH SERVICE, DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES GRANTS MINORITY BIOMEDICAL RESEARCH SUPPORT PROGRAM § 52c.2 Definitions. As used in this part: Act means the Public Health Service Act,...

... 42 Public Health 1 2012-10-01 2012-10-01 false Definitions. 52c.2 Section 52c.2 Public Health PUBLIC HEALTH SERVICE, DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES GRANTS MINORITY BIOMEDICAL RESEARCH SUPPORT PROGRAM § 52c.2 Definitions. As used in this part: Act means the Public Health Service Act,...

... 42 Public Health 1 2014-10-01 2014-10-01 false Definitions. 52c.2 Section 52c.2 Public Health PUBLIC HEALTH SERVICE, DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES GRANTS MINORITY BIOMEDICAL RESEARCH SUPPORT PROGRAM § 52c.2 Definitions. As used in this part: Act means the Public Health Service Act,...

... 42 Public Health 1 2010-10-01 2010-10-01 false Definitions. 52c.2 Section 52c.2 Public Health PUBLIC HEALTH SERVICE, DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES GRANTS MINORITY BIOMEDICAL RESEARCH SUPPORT PROGRAM § 52c.2 Definitions. As used in this part: Act means the Public Health Service Act,...

interdependent entities • Thus, the most network enabled approach is not always the most appropriate • Rather, the most appropriate approach will be a function...that can cascade within individual networks and across network boundaries • Appreciate that C2 is not an end unto itself but needs to be considered...Collaborative C2 Approach Coordinated C2 Approach De-Conflicted C2 Approach Conflicted C2 Approach Edge C2 Approach 8 Network Enabled C2 Approaches Source

Laboratory studies of the secondary photolysis of the C2H radical are summarized and used to explain some discrepancies between models of C2 emission in comets. These studies show that several states of the C2 radicals produced in the photolysis of C2H2 at 193 nm have bimodal rotational distributions when plotted as a Boltzmann diagram. They also establish that the C2 radicals are formed with varying degrees of vibrational excitation, so that if they are formed in a similar manner in comets, the C2 radicals must start out with this initial vibrational excitation.

Chloride channels (ClCs) have gained worldwide interest because of their molecular diversity, widespread distribution in mammalian tissues and organs, and their link to various human diseases. Nine different ClCs have been molecularly identified and functionally characterized in mammals. ClC-2 is one of nine mammalian members of the ClC family. It possesses unique biophysical characteristics, pharmacological properties, and molecular features that distinguish it from other ClC family members. ClC-2 has wide organ/tissue distribution and is ubiquitously expressed. Published studies consistently point to a high degree of conservation of ClC-2 function and regulation across various species from nematodes to humans over vast evolutionary time spans. ClC-2 has been intensively and extensively studied over the past two decades, leading to the accumulation of a plethora of information to advance our understanding of its pathophysiological functions; however, many controversies still exist. It is necessary to analyze the research findings, and integrate different views to have a better understanding of ClC-2. This review focuses on ClC-2 only, providing an analytical overview of the available literature. Nearly every aspect of ClC-2 is discussed in the review: molecular features, biophysical characteristics, pharmacological properties, cellular function, regulation of expression and function, and channelopathies. PMID:24378849

Chloride channels (ClCs) have gained worldwide interest because of their molecular diversity, widespread distribution in mammalian tissues and organs, and their link to various human diseases. Nine different ClCs have been molecularly identified and functionally characterized in mammals. ClC-2 is one of nine mammalian members of the ClC family. It possesses unique biophysical characteristics, pharmacological properties, and molecular features that distinguish it from other ClC family members. ClC-2 has wide organ/tissue distribution and is ubiquitously expressed. Published studies consistently point to a high degree of conservation of ClC-2 function and regulation across various species from nematodes to humans over vast evolutionary time spans. ClC-2 has been intensively and extensively studied over the past two decades, leading to the accumulation of a plethora of information to advance our understanding of its pathophysiological functions; however, many controversies still exist. It is necessary to analyze the research findings, and integrate different views to have a better understanding of ClC-2. This review focuses on ClC-2 only, providing an analytical overview of the available literature. Nearly every aspect of ClC-2 is discussed in the review: molecular features, biophysical characteristics, pharmacological properties, cellular function, regulation of expression and function, and channelopathies.

Controlled and automatic human information processing: II. Perceptual learning , automatic attending and a general theory . Psychological Review, 84 (2...1 19 th ICCRTS “C2 Agility: Lessons Learned from Research and Operations” Decision Science Challenges for C2 Agility Topic 1 (First...systems. We have two vectors there. The first vector would be in things like man-machine interface. The second ... is in the whole area of cognition

Theoretical microwave spectral constants have been computed for C2N, C3H, and C2N(+). For C2N these are compared with values obtained from optical data. Calculated hyperfine constants are also presented for HNC, DNC, and HCNH(+). The possibility of observing these species in dense interstellar clouds is discussed.

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... ACT OF 1974 ADJUSTMENT OF CIVIL PENALTIES UNDER ERISA TITLE I Adjustment of Civil Penalties Under ERISA Title I § 2575.502c-2 Adjusted civil penalty under section 502(c)(2). In accordance with the... section 502(c)(2) of the Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974, as amended (ERISA), is...

... ACT OF 1974 ADJUSTMENT OF CIVIL PENALTIES UNDER ERISA TITLE I Adjustment of Civil Penalties Under ERISA Title I § 2575.502c-2 Adjusted civil penalty under section 502(c)(2). In accordance with the... section 502(c)(2) of the Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974, as amended (ERISA), is...

The invention provides apparatus and methods which facilitate movement of an instrument relative to an item or location being monitored and/or the item or location relative to the instrument, whilst successfully excluding extraneous ions from the detection location. Thus, ions generated by emissions from the item or location can successfully be monitored during movement. The technique employs sealing to exclude such ions, for instance, through an electro-field which attracts and discharges the ions prior to their entering the detecting location and/or using a magnetic field configured to repel the ions away from the detecting location.

Sustainment of an advanced neutral beam-driven FRC for a period in excess of 5 ms is the primary goal of the C-2U machine at Tri Alpha Energy. In addition, a criteria for long-term global sustainment of any magnetically confined fusion reactor is particle refueling. To this end, a magnetized coaxial plasma-gun has been developed. Compact toroids (CT) are to be injected perpendicular to the axial magnetic field of C-2U. To simulate this environment, an experimental test-stand has been constructed. A transverse magnetic field of B ~ 1 kG is established (comparable to the C-2U axial field) and CTs are fired across it. As a minimal requirement, the CT must have energy density greater than that of the magnetic field it is to penetrate, i.e., 1/2 ρv2 >=B2 / 2μ0 . This criteria is easily met and indeed the CTs traverse the test-stand field. A preliminary experiment on C-2U shows the CT also capable of penetrating into FRC plasmas and refueling is observed resulting in a 20 - 30% increase in total particle number per single-pulsed CT injection. Results from test-stand and C-2U experiments will be presented.

In this study, we present density functional theory calculations within the generalized gradient approximation of U2RhC2 and U2PtC2. We find the calculated density of states are significantly less than that measured by specific heat indicating the need for electronic correlations. The mass enhancement found for U2PtC2 is m*/mband ≈ 4.

One of the vexing problems that besets concurrent use of multiple, heterogeneous resources is format multiplicity. C(2)M aims to equip scientists with a wrapper generator on their desktop. The wrapper generator can build wrappers, or converters that can convert data from or into different formats, from a high-level description of the formats. The language in which such a high-level description is expressed is easy enough for scientists to be able to write format descriptions at minimal cost. In C(2)M, wrappers and documentation for human reading are automatically obtained from the same user-supplied specifications. Initial experiments demonstrate that the idea can, indeed, lead to the advent of usergoverned wrapper generators. Future research will consolidate the code and extend the approach to a realistic variety of formats.

Upgrades of the experimental facility at Tri Alpha Energy have led to record Field Reversed Configuration (FRC) performance on the C-2U device. Modifications to magnetic field characteristics and increases in neutral beam power were critical drivers in achieving sustained plasma targets for greater than 5ms. 0D power balance calculations detailing loss channel characteristics and plasma timescales will be presented demonstrating substantial improvements in equilibrium and transport parameters. Tri Alpha Energy, Inc.

In the C-2 field-reversed configuration (FRC) experiment, tangential neutral beam injection (20 - 40 keV hydrogen, 4 MW total), coupled with electrically-biased plasma guns at the plasma ends, magnetic end plugs, and advanced surface conditioning, led to dramatic reductions in turbulence-driven losses and greatly improved plasma stability. Under such conditions, highly reproducible FRCs with a significant fast-ion population and total plasma temperature of about 1 keV were achieved. The FRC's were macroscopically stable and decayed on characteristic transport time scales of a few milliseconds. In order to sustain an FRC configuration, the C-2 device was upgraded with a new neutral beam injection (NBI) system, which can deliver a total of 10 + MW of hydrogen beam power, by far the largest ever used in a compact toroid plasma experiment. Compared to C-2, the beam energy was lowered to 15 keV and angled injection geometry was adopted to provide better beam coupling to the FRC. The upgraded neutral beams produce a dominant fast ion population that makes a dramatic beneficial impact on the overall plasma performance. Specifically: (1) high-performance, advanced beam-driven FRCs were produced and sustained for times significantly longer (5 + ms) than all characteristic plasma decay times without the beams, (2) the sustainment is fully correlated with neutral beam injection, (3) confinement of fast ions is close to the classical limit, and (4) new, benign collective fast ion effects were observed. Collectively, these accomplishments represent a dramatic advance towards the scientific validation of the FRC-based approach to fusion. This talk will provide a comprehensive overview of the C-2U device and recent experimental advances.

This broader construct demands greater agility on the part of both military and non-military leadership and organisations. Therefore, agility must be...the situation; • infrastructure (availability, quality); • clarity, unity of intent (purpose), and strategy ; • nature of effects space (PMESII...in time, energy , and resources needed for higher levels of C2 maturity is clear from the analysis in these experiences. From the perspective of the

processes , and ideas that help link our tactical actions to desired strategic outcomes. This article describes the foundational C2 concepts that...the peo- ple, processes , and products that constitute the air tasking cycle in component major command and numbered air force headquarters. For July...commander has the authority to develop and promulgate: Going beyond personality alone, . . . the essence of command lies in the cognitive processes of

N2C2M2, C2 Agility Conceptual Model, Agility metrics, and an associated measurement process . Based on experiments designed and conducted using the...be tested than it would be otherwise. It should be noted that a meta-analysis of multiple experiments must adhere to the same design process ... process . One approach was to identify theories and definitions that reflected the concepts underlying a variable. For instance, there is an important

Tri Alpha Energy's experimental program has been focused on a demonstration of reliable field-reversed configuration (FRC) formation and sustainment, driven by fast ions via high-power neutral-beam (NB) injection. The world's largest compact-toroid experimental devices, C-2 and C-2U, have successfully produced a well-stabilized, sustainable FRC plasma state with NB injection (input power, PNB 10 + MW; 15 keV hydrogen) and end-on coaxial plasma guns. Remarkable improvements in confinement and stability of FRC plasmas have led to further improved fast-ion build up; thereby, an advanced beam-driven FRC state has been produced and sustained for up to 5 + ms (longer than all characteristic system time scales), only limited by hardware and electric supply constraints such as NB and plasma-gun power supplies. To further improve the FRC performance the C-2U device is being replaced by C-2W featuring higher injected NB power, longer pulse duration as well as enhanced edge-biasing systems and substantially upgraded divertors. Main C-2U experimental results and key features of C-2W will be presented. Tri Alpha Energy, Inc.

the twentieth century, such as the Provisional Irish Republican Army ( IRA ) and the Basque separatist organization Euskadi Ta Askatasuna (ETA), had...tighter hierarchical C2 architectures. The IRA and its splinter groups did move towards more edge-like behavior under pressure from law enforcement.8...updates, and instead concentrated on more crucial 42 Saunders (2002) 43 Fox (1995

The formation of C2 has been observed following the vibrational excitation of CO. Emission from four different electronic states has been observed: Swan bands (d 3Πg → a 3Πu); Deslandres-d'Azambuja bands (C 1Πg → A 1Πu); Fox-Herzberg bands (e 3Πg → a 3Πu) and a Mulliken band ( D 1Σ u+ → X 1Σ g+). The vibrational populations in the electronic states have been determined from low-resolution emission spectra. The time-resolved behaviour of the emissions indicates that the upper states close to the dissociation limit are populated first, while the lower electronic states are populated following a time delay. Formation mechanisms are discussed.

A proposal is presented to conduct a satellite VLBI experiment using the ATS C-2 spacecraft. The main objectives of the experiment are: (1) precision spacecraft position determination with the VLBI technique and comparison of the L-band interferometric technique with the L-band R and R technique from the viewpoint of operational simplicity and precision, (2) comparison of the single differential Doppler and the wideband VLBI technique for such uses as tracking, geodesy, etc., (3) derivation of real time ionospheric corrections and phase scintillation effects utilizing simultaneous two-frequency (L- and C-band) tracking of the spacecraft in both time delay and Doppler interferometry, (4) development of techniques for precise time dissemination, particularly to marine users, through wideband time-delay interferometry, (5) development of techniques to use synchronous satellites as stable platforms in space in the area of marine geodesy, (6) station location and calibration, and (7) aid to L-band navigation experiments which utilize precise spacecraft position and time in deriving the user's position.

... degree and/or willfulness of the failure or refusal to file the annual report. However, the amount assessed under section 502(c)(2) of the Act shall not exceed $1,000 a day (or such other maximum amount as... not be assessed for any day from the date the Department serves the administrator with a copy of...

... degree and/or willfulness of the failure or refusal to file the annual report. However, the amount assessed under section 502(c)(2) of the Act shall not exceed $1,000 a day (or such other maximum amount as... not be assessed for any day from the date the Department serves the administrator with a copy of...

The CRISPR-Cas adaptive immune system defends microbes against foreign genetic elements via DNA or RNA-DNA interference. We characterize the Class 2 type VI-A CRISPR-Cas effector C2c2 and demonstrate its RNA-guided RNase function. C2c2 from the bacterium Leptotrichia shahii provides interference against RNA phage. In vitro biochemical analysis show that C2c2 is guided by a single crRNA and can be programmed to cleave ssRNA targets carrying complementary protospacers. In bacteria, C2c2 can be programmed to knock down specific mRNAs. Cleavage is mediated by catalytic residues in the two conserved HEPN domains, mutations in which generate catalytically inactive RNA-binding proteins. These results broaden our understanding of CRISPR-Cas systems and suggest that C2c2 can be used to develop new RNA-targeting tools. PMID:27256883

The high pressure structural changes of calcium carbide CaC2 have been investigated with Raman spectroscopy and synchrotron X-ray diffraction (XRD) techniques in a diamond anvil cell at room temperature. At ambient conditions, two forms of CaC2 co-exist. Above 4.9 GPa, monoclinic CaC2-ii diminished indicating the structural phase transition from CaC2-ii to CaC2-i. At about 7.0 GPa, both XRD patterns and Raman spectra confirmed that CaC2-i transforms into a metallic Cmcm structure which contains polymeric carbon chains. Along with the phase transition, the isolated C2 dumbbells are polymerized into zigzag chains resulting in a large volume collapse with 22.4%. Above 30.0 GPa, the XRD patterns of CaC2 become featureless and remain featureless upon decompression, suggesting an irreversible amorphization of CaC2.

The high pressure structural changes of calcium carbide CaC2 have been investigated with Raman spectroscopy and synchrotron X-ray diffraction (XRD) techniques in a diamond anvil cell at room temperature. At ambient conditions, two forms of CaC2 co-exist. Above 4.9 GPa, monoclinic CaC2-ii diminished indicating the structural phase transition from CaC2-ii to CaC2-i. At about 7.0 GPa, both XRD patterns and Raman spectra confirmed that CaC2-i transforms into a metallic Cmcm structure which contains polymeric carbon chains. Along with the phase transition, the isolated C2 dumbbells are polymerized into zigzag chains resulting in a large volume collapse with 22.4%. Above 30.0 GPa, the XRD patterns of CaC2 become featureless and remain featureless upon decompression, suggesting an irreversible amorphization of CaC2.

The association reactions, C4H2(+) + C2H2 and C4H3(+) + C2H2 have been examined at pressures between 8 x 10(-8) and 1 x 10(-4) Torr at 298 K in an ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometer. Association occurred via two different mechanisms. At pressures below approximately 2 x 10(-6) Torr, the association was bimolecular having rate coefficients k2 = 2.7 x 10(-10) cm3 s-1 and 2.0 x 10(-10) cm3 s-1 for C4H2+ and C4H3+, respectively. At pressures above approximately 2 x 10(-6) Torr, termolecular association was observed with rate coefficients, k3 = 5.7 x 10(-23) cm6 s-1 and 1.3 x 10(-23) cm6 s-1 for C4H2+ and C4H3+, respectively, when M = C2H2. The termolecular rate constants with N2, Ar, Ne, and He as the third body, M, are also reported. We propose that the low pressure bimolecular association process was the result of radiative stabilization of the complex and the termolecular association process was the result of collisional stabilization. Elementary rate coefficients were obtained and the lifetime of the collision complex was > or = 57 microseconds for (C6H4+)* and > or = 18 microseconds for (C6H5+)*. At pressures below 1 x 10(-6) Torr, approximately 11% of the (C6H4+)* were stabilized by photon emission and the remaining approximately 89% reverted back to reactants, while approximately 24% of the (C6H5+)* were stabilized by photon emission and the remaining approximately 76% reverted back to reactants. The ionic products of the C2H2(+) + C2H2 reaction, C4H2+ and C4H3+, were found to be formed with enough internal energy that they did not react by the radiative association channel until relaxed by several nonreactive collisions with the bath gas.

The Q2D code is a 2D MHD code, which includes a neutral fluid and separate ion and electron temperatures, coupled with a 3D Monte Carlo code, which is used to calculate source terms due to neutral beams. Q2D has been benchmarked against the 1D transport code Q1D and is used to simulate the evolution of the C-2 and C-2U field reversed configuration experiments [1]. Q2D simulations start from an initial equilibrium and transport coefficients are chosen to match C-2 experimental data. C-2U is an upgrade of C-2, with more beam power and angled beam injection, which demonstrates plasma sustainment for 5 + ms. The simulations use the same transport coefficients for C-2 and C-2U, showing the formation of a steady state in C-2U, sustained by fast ion pressure and current drive.

We present the first temperature-dependent rate constants and branching ratios for the reactions of Fe(+) and FeO(+) with C2H2, C2H4, and C2H6 from 170 to 700 K. Fe(+) is observed to react only by association with the three hydrocarbons, with temperature dependencies of T(-2) to T(-3). FeO(+) reacts with C2H2 and C2H4 at the collision rate over the temperature range, and their respective product branchings show similar temperature dependences. In contrast, the reaction with ethane is collisional at 170 K but varies as T(-0.5), while the product branching remains essentially flat with temperature. These variations in reactivity are discussed in terms of the published reactive potential surfaces. The effectiveness of Fe(+) as an oxygen-transfer catalyst toward the three hydrocarbons is also discussed.

RRKM theory has been employed to analyze the kinetics of the title reaction, in particular, the once-controversial negative activation energy. Stationary points along the reaction coordinate were characterized with coupled cluster theory combined with basis set extrapolation to the complete basis set limit. A shallow minimum, bound by 9.7 kJ mol(-1) relative to C(2)H(5) + HBr, was located, with a very small energy barrier to dissociation to Br + C(2)H(6). The transition state is tight compared to the adduct. The influence of vibrational anharmonicity on the kinetics and thermochemistry of the title reaction were explored quantitatively. With adjustment of the adduct binding energy by ∼4 kJ mol(-1), the computed rate constants may be brought into agreement with most experimental data in the literature, including new room-temperature results described here. There are indications that at temperatures above those studied experimentally, the activation energy may switch from negative to positive.

The crystal structure of C2b has been determined at 1.8 Å resolution, which reveals the arrangement of its three complement control protein (CCP) modules. A model for complement component C2 is presented and its conformational changes during the C3-convertase formation are also discussed. The second component of complement (C2) is a multi-domain serine protease that provides catalytic activity for the C3 and C5 convertases of the classical and lectin pathways of human complement. The formation of these convertases requires the Mg{sup 2+}-dependent binding of C2 to C4b and the subsequent cleavage of C2 by C1s or MASP2, respectively. The crystal structure of full-length C2 is not yet available, although the structure of its C-terminal catalytic segment C2a has been determined. The crystal structure of the N-terminal segment C2b of C2 determined to 1.8 Å resolution presented here reveals the arrangement of its three CCP domains. The domains are arranged differently compared with most other CCP-domain assemblies, but their arrangement is similar to that found in the Ba part of the full-length factor B structure. The crystal structures of C2a, C2b and full-length factor B are used to generate a model for C2 and a discussion of the domain association and possible interactions with C4b during formation of the C4b–C2 complex is presented. The results of this study also suggest that upon cleavage by C1s, C2a domains undergo conformational rotation while bound to C4b and the released C2b domains may remain folded together similar to as observed in the intact protein.

We report magnetic field tuned competition between magnetic order and charge density wave (CDW) states in SmNiC2 and NdNiC2 polycrystals. The destruction of CDW can be observed not only in SmNiC2 below ferromagnetic (FM) but also in NdNiC2 below antiferromagnetic (AFM) transition temperature. Moreover, the CDW states near magnetic transition temperatures can be tuned by the magnetic field for both compounds. Magnetic-field induced FM state in NdNiC2 is more effective in weakening the CDW than the AFM state at temperatures near Neel temperature T N but both ordering states have the same effect on CDW below T N. The interplay between magnetic and CDW states in SmNiC2 and NdNiC2 may be different, suggesting that these materials are good models to study correlations between magnetic and CDW wave order.

Background and aims: Involvement of the epithelial chloride channel ClC-2 has been implicated in barrier recovery following ischemic injury, possibly via a mechanism involving ClC-2 localization to the tight junction. The present study investigated mechanisms of intestinal barrier repair following ischemic injury in ClC-2{sup -/-} mice. Methods: Wild type, ClC-2 heterozygous and ClC-2{sup -/-} murine jejunal mucosa was subjected to complete ischemia, after which recovery of barrier function was monitored by measuring in vivo blood-to-lumen clearance of {sup 3}H-mannitol. Tissues were examined by light and electron microscopy. The role of ClC-2 in re-assembly of the tight junction during barrier recovery was studied by immunoblotting, immunolocalization and immunoprecipitation. Results: Following ischemic injury, ClC-2{sup -/-} mice had impaired barrier recovery compared to wild type mice, defined by increases in epithelial paracellular permeability independent of epithelial restitution. The recovering ClC-2{sup -/-} mucosa also had evidence of ultrastructural paracellular defects. The tight junction proteins occludin and claudin-1 shifted significantly to the detergent soluble membrane fraction during post-ischemic recovery in ClC-2{sup -/-} mice whereas wild type mice had a greater proportion of junctional proteins in the detergent insoluble fraction. Occludin was co-immunoprecipitated with ClC-2 in uninjured wild type mucosa, and the association between occludin and ClC-2 was re-established during ischemic recovery. Based on immunofluorescence studies, re-localization of occludin from diffuse sub-apical areas to apical tight junctions was impaired in ClC-2{sup -/-} mice. Conclusions: These data demonstrate a pivotal role of ClC-2 in recovery of the intestinal epithelium barrier by anchoring assembly of tight junctions following ischemic injury.

The clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat (CRISPR)-CRISPR-associated genes (Cas) adaptive immune system defends microbes against foreign genetic elements via DNA or RNA-DNA interference. We characterize the class 2 type VI CRISPR-Cas effector C2c2 and demonstrate its RNA-guided ribonuclease function. C2c2 from the bacterium Leptotrichia shahii provides interference against RNA phage. In vitro biochemical analysis shows that C2c2 is guided by a single CRISPR RNA and can be programmed to cleave single-stranded RNA targets carrying complementary protospacers. In bacteria, C2c2 can be programmed to knock down specific mRNAs. Cleavage is mediated by catalytic residues in the two conserved Higher Eukaryotes and Prokaryotes Nucleotide-binding (HEPN) domains, mutations of which generate catalytically inactive RNA-binding proteins. These results broaden our understanding of CRISPR-Cas systems and suggest that C2c2 can be used to develop new RNA-targeting tools.

Clostridium botulinum C2 toxin is the prototype of actin-ADP-ribosylating toxins. The toxin consists of the enzyme component C2I and the separated binding/translocation component C2II. C2II is proteolytically activated to form heptamers, which bind the enzyme component. After endocytosis of the receptor-toxin complex, the enzyme component enters the cytosol from an acidic endosomal compartment to modify G-actin at arginine177. Recent data indicate that chaperons are involved in the translocation process of the toxin.

Polymorphic CaC2 was prepared by reacting mixtures of CaH2 and graphite with molar ratios between 1:1.8 and 1:2.2 at temperatures between 700 and 1400 °C under dynamic vacuum. These conditions provided a well controlled, homogeneous, chemical environment and afforded products with high purity. The products, which were characterized by powder X-ray diffraction, solid state NMR and Raman spectroscopy, represented mixtures of the three known polymorphs, tetragonal CaC2-I and monoclinic CaC2-II and -III. Their proportion is dependent on the nominal C/CaH2 ratio of the reaction mixture and temperature. Reactions with excess carbon produced a mixture virtually free from CaC2-I, whereas high temperatures (above 1100 °C) and C-deficiency favored the formation of CaC2-I. From first principles calculations it is shown that CaC2-I is dynamically unstable within the harmonic approximation. This indicates that existing CaC2-I is structurally/dynamically disordered and may possibly even occur as slightly carbon-deficient phase CaC2-δ. It is proposed that monoclinic II is the ground state of CaC2 and polymorph III is stable at temperatures above 200 °C. Tetragonal I represents a metastable, heterogeneous, phase of CaC2. It is argued that a complete understanding of the occurrence of three room temperature modifications of CaC2 will require a detailed characterization of compositional and structural heterogeneities within the high temperature form CaC2-IV, which is stable above 450 °C. The effect of high pressure on the stability of the monoclinic forms of CaC2 was studied in a diamond anvil cell using Raman spectroscopy. CaC2-II and -III transform into tetragonal CaC2-I at about 4 and 1GPa, respectively.

Percutaneous vertebroplasty was performed via a transoral route in a 70-year-old woman with a C2 metastasis of thyroid origin involving anterior vertebral elements. Complete pain relief was obtained after an uncomplicated minimally invasive procedure. This preliminary experience demonstrates that a transoral approach under fluoroscopic control can provide safe access to the upper cervical spine at C2 level.

A one-step haemolytic assay using cellular intermediates was used to determine C2 levels in 50 HLA-A25 and B18 positive blood donors and four families suspected to have the C2-deficiency gene. The method clearly discriminated between homozygous normals and heterozygous deficient individuals, and it was found that approx. 50% of individuals with the haplotype HLA-A25, B18 had low levels of functional C2. In the four families studied, the close linkage of the C2-deficiency gene and the haplotype HLA-A25, B18 was confirmed. Furthermore, the C2-deficiency gene was shown to be a silent or null allele at the structural locus. PMID:7380478

Samples of all eighteen of the known C2 chondrites have been analyzed thermomagnetically. For eleven of these, initial Fe3O4 content is low (generally <1%) and theJs-T curves are irreversible. The heating curves show variable greater (up to 10 times) than it is initially. This behavior is attributed to the production of magnetite from a thermally unstable phase - apparently FeS. Four of the remaining seven C2 chondrites contain Fe3O4 as the only significant magnetic phase: initial magnetite contents range from 4 to 13%. The remaining three C2 chondrites contain iron or nickel-iron in addition to Fe3O4. These seven C2 chondrites show little evidence of the breakdown of a thermally unstable phase. ?? 1975.

The bonding of Nb(2+) with CH2, C2H2, and C2H4 is studied by using electronic structure calculations that include high levels of electron correlation. The binding energy for NbCH2(2+) is in good agreement with the lower bound determined from the reaction with CH4 but is significantly smaller than the value determined from the binding energy and ionization potential of NbCH2(+). The calculations and a new interpretation of the experiment indicate that the larger value is in error primarily because the ionization potential of NbCH2(+) determined from bracketing charge-exchange reactions is too small. The computed binding energy of NbC2H2(2+) is in good agreement with experiment. The calculations show that the bonding is predominantly covalent in character for both NbCH2(2+) and NbC2H2(2+), whereas for NbC2H4(2+) the electronic states that are predominantly ionic and covalent are nearly degenerate. The trend in binding energies, CH2 greater than C2H2 greater than C2H4, is consistent with the energy required to prepare the ligands for bonding.

Several fundamental interstellar molecules, e.g., C2H2, CH4 and C3, are completely symmetric molecules and feature no permanent dipole moment and no pure rotation spectrum. As a result they have only previously been observed in the infrared. However, directly observing them with the rest of the molecular column especially when the source is spatially resolved would be very valuable in understanding chemical evolution. Vibrational difference bands provide a means to detect symmetric molecules with microwave precision using terahertz techniques. Herschel, SOFIA and ALMA have the potential to identify a number of vibrational difference bands of light symmetric species. This paper reports laboratory results on 12C2H2 and 12C2D2. Symmetric acetylene isotopologues have two bending modes, the trans bending and the cis bending. Their difference bands are allowed and occur in the microwave, terahertz, and far-infrared wavelengths, with band origins at 3500 GHz for 12C2H2 and 900 GHz for 12C2D2. Twenty 12C2H2 P branch high-J transitions and two hundred and fifty-one 12C2D2 P Q and R branch transitions have been measured in the 0.2 - 1.6 THz region with precision of 50 to 100 kHz. These lines were modeled together with prior data on the pure bending levels. Significantly improved molecular parameters were obtained for 12C2H2 and 12C2D2 with the combined data set, and new frequency and intensity predictions were made to support astrophysics applications. The research was performed at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, under contract with the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. S. Y. was supported by an appointment to the NASA Postdoctoral Program, administrated by Oak Ridge Associated Universities through a contract with NASA.

The obstruction for application of techniques like denominator reduction for the computation of the c_2 invariant of Feynman graphs in general is the absence of a 3-valent vertex. In this paper such a formula for a 4-valent vertex is derived. The formula allows us to compute the c_2 invariant of new graphs, for instance, some 4-regular graphs with small loop number.

significantly impacts the information quality of C2 system and improve the architecture designs. The rest of paper is organized as follow: Section 2 ...Simulation simulate the described architecture under specific scenarios Evaluation evaluate the IQ of the C2 system based on simulation results Analysis ...their 12 interactions SV- 2 5 systems and their 4 communications 4 systems and their 3 communications SV-4 27 functions 24 functions SV-5 39

Research and Technology Symposium (ICCRTS) was held Jun 15-17, 2009, in Washington, DC 14. ABSTRACT see report 15. SUBJECT TERMS 16. SECURITY...by ontology technology are indispensable.2 To identify the high frequency terms of the C2 domain, which will form the C2 Core Ontology, we need to...vocabulary. The Commander’s staff, including intelligence analysts, are subject matter experts on the technologies of information and intelligence

ClC-2 is a voltage-dependent chloride channel that activates slowly at voltages negative to the chloride reversal potential. Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and other nucleotides have been shown to bind to carboxy-terminal cystathionine-ß-synthase (CBS) domains of ClC-2, but the functional consequences of binding are not sufficiently understood. We here studied the effect of nucleotides on channel gating using single-channel and whole-cell patch clamp recordings on transfected mammalian cells. ATP slowed down macroscopic activation and deactivation time courses in a dose-dependent manner. Removal of the complete carboxy-terminus abolishes the effect of ATP, suggesting that CBS domains are necessary for ATP regulation of ClC-2 gating. Single-channel recordings identified long-lasting closed states of ATP-bound channels as basis of this gating deceleration. ClC-2 channel dimers exhibit two largely independent protopores that are opened and closed individually as well as by a common gating process. A seven-state model of common gating with altered voltage dependencies of opening and closing transitions for ATP-bound states correctly describes the effects of ATP on macroscopic and microscopic ClC-2 currents. To test for a potential pathophysiological impact of ClC-2 regulation by ATP, we studied ClC-2 channels carrying naturally occurring sequence variants found in patients with idiopathic generalized epilepsy, G715E, R577Q, and R653T. All naturally occurring sequence variants accelerate common gating in the presence but not in the absence of ATP. We propose that ClC-2 uses ATP as a co-factor to slow down common gating for sufficient electrical stability of neurons under physiological conditions.

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Context. The ethynyl radical (C2H) is one of the first radicals to be detected in the interstellar medium. Its higher rotational transitions have recently become available with the Herschel Space Observatory. Aims: We aim to constrain the physical parameters of the C2H emitting gas toward the Orion Bar. Methods: We analyze the C2H line intensities measured toward the Orion Bar CO+ Peak and Herschel/HIFI maps of C2H, CH, and HCO+ and a NANTEN map of [Ci]. We interpret the observed C2H emission using the combination of Herschel/HIFI and NANTEN data with radiative transfer and PDR models. Results: Five rotational transitions of C2H (from N = 6-5 up to N = 10-9) have been detected in the HIFI frequency range toward the CO+ peak of the Orion Bar. Based on the five detected C2H transitions, a single component rotational diagram analysis gives a rotation temperature of ~64 K and a beam-averaged C2H column density of 4 × 1013 cm-2. The rotational diagram is also consistent with a two-component fit, resulting in rotation temperatures of 43 ± 0.2 K and 123 ± 21 K and in beam-averaged column densities of ~8.3 × 1013 cm-2 and ~2.3 × 1013 cm-2 for the three lower-N and for the three higher-N transitions, respectively. The measured five rotational transitions cannot be explained by any single parameter model. According to a non-LTE model, most of the C2H column density produces the lower-N C2H transitions and traces a warm (Tkin ~ 100-150 K) and dense (n(H2) ~ 105-106 cm-3) gas. A small fraction of the C2H column density is required to reproduce the intensity of the highest-N transitions (N = 9-8 and N = 10-9) originating in a high-density (n(H2) ~5 × 106 cm-3) hot (Tkin ~ 400 K) gas. The total beam-averaged C2H column density in the model is 1014 cm-2. A comparison of the spatial distribution of C2H to those of CH, HCO+, and [Ci] shows the best correlation with CH. Conclusions: Both the non-LTE radiative transfer model and a simple PDR model representing the Orion Bar

AIM To identify and characterize the protective effect that L-carnitine exerted against an oxidative stress in C2C12 cells. METHODS Myoblastic C2C12 cells were treated with menadione, a vitamin K analog that engenders oxidative stress, and the protective effect of L-carnitine (a nutrient involved in fatty acid metabolism and the control of the oxidative process), was assessed by monitoring various parameters related to the oxidative stress, autophagy and cell death. RESULTS Associated with its physiological function, a muscle cell metabolism is highly dependent on oxygen and may produce reactive oxygen species (ROS), especially under pathological conditions. High levels of ROS are known to induce injuries in cell structure as they interact at many levels in cell function. In C2C12 cells, a treatment with menadione induced a loss of transmembrane mitochondrial potential, an increase in mitochondrial production of ROS; it also induces autophagy and was able to provoke cell death. Pre-treatment of the cells with L-carnitine reduced ROS production, diminished autophagy and protected C2C12 cells against menadione-induced deleterious effects. CONCLUSION In conclusion, L-carnitine limits the oxidative stress in these cells and prevents cell death. PMID:28289521

The C-2/C-2U Thomson scattering system has been substantially upgraded during the latter phase of C-2/C-2U program. A Rayleigh channel has been added to each of the three polychromators of the C-2/C-2U Thomson scattering system. Onsite spectral calibration has been applied to avoid the issue of different channel responses at different spots on the photomultiplier tube surface. With the added Rayleigh channel, the absolute intensity response of the system is calibrated with Rayleigh scattering in argon gas from 0.1 to 4 Torr, where the Rayleigh scattering signal is comparable to the Thomson scattering signal at electron densities from 1 × 1013 to 4 × 1014 cm-3. A new signal processing algorithm, using a maximum likelihood method and including detailed analysis of different noise contributions within the system, has been developed to obtain electron temperature and density profiles. The system setup, spectral and intensity calibration procedure and its outcome, data analysis, and the results of electron temperature/density profile measurements will be presented.

The C2 molecule is well known for its astrophysical importance. The radiative transition parameters that include Franck-Condon (FC) factor, r-centroid, electronic transition moment, Einstein coefficient, absorption band oscillator strength, effective temperatures and radiative life time have been estimated for the Swan band (d3Πg -a3Πu) system of C2 molecule for experimentally observed vibrational levels using RKR (Rydberg-Klein-Rees) potential energy curve. The lifetime for the d3Πg state of C2 molecule was found to be 82.36 ns for the v‧ = 0 level. A reliable numerical integration method has been used to solve the radial Schrödinger equation for the vibrational wave functions of upper and lower electronic states based on the latest available spectroscopic data and known wavelengths. The estimated radiative transition parameters are tabulated. The effective vibrational temperature of Swan band system of C2 molecule is found agreed with the effective rotational temperature from photosphere spectrum. Hence, the radiative transition parameters and effective temperatures help us to ascertain the presence of C2 molecule in the interstellar medium, photosphere and sunspots.

Hydrocarbons such as acetylene (C2H2) and ethane (C2H6) are important tracers in Jupiter's atmosphere, constraining our models of the chemical and dynamical processes. However, our knowledge of the vertical and meridional variations of their abundances has remained sparse. During the flyby of the Cassini spacecraft in December 2000, the Composite Infrared Spectrometer (CIRS) instrument was used to map the spatial variation of emissions from 10-1400 cm(sup -1) (1000-7 microns). In this paper we analyze a zonally-averaged set of CIRS spectra taken at the highest (0.5 cm(sup -1)) resolution, to infer atmospheric temperatures in the stratosphere at 0.5-20 mbar via the v4 band of CH4, and in the troposphere at 150-400 mbar, via the H2 absorption at 600-800 cm(sup -1). Simultaneously, we retrieve the abundances of C2H2 and C2H6 via the v5 and vg bands respectively. Tropospheric absorption and stratospheric emission are highly anti-correlated at the CIRS resolution, introducing a non-uniqueness into the retrievals, such that vertical gradient and column abundance cannot both be found without additional constraints. Assuming profile gradients from photochemical calculations, we show that the column abundance of C2H2 decreases sharply towards the poles by a factor approximately 4, while C2H6 is unchanged in the north and increasing in the south, by a factor approximately 1.8. An explanation for the meridional trends is proposed in terms of a combination of photochemistry and dynamics. Poleward, the decreasing UV flux is predicted to decrease the abundances of C2H2 and C2H6 by factors 2.7 and 3.5 respectively at a latitude 70 deg. However, the lifetime of C2H6 in the stratosphere (5 x 10(exp 9)) is much longer than the dynamical timescale for meridional motions inferred from SL-9 debris (5 x 10(exp 8 s)), and therefore the constant or rising abundance towards high latitudes likely indicates that meridional mixing dominates over photochemical effects. For C2H2, the opposite

Dissociative electron attachment to the reactive C(2)F(5) molecular radical has been investigated with two complimentary experimental methods; a single collision beam experiment and a new flowing afterglow Langmuir probe technique. The beam results show that F(-) is formed close to zero electron energy in dissociative electron attachment to C(2)F(5). The afterglow measurements also show that F(-) is formed in collisions between electrons and C(2)F(5) molecules with rate constants of 3.7 × 10(-9) cm(3) s(-1) to 4.7 × 10(-9) cm(3) s(-1) at temperatures of 300-600 K. The rate constant increases slowly with increasing temperature, but the rise observed is smaller than the experimental uncertainty of 35%.

Dissociative electron attachment to the reactive C2F5 molecular radical has been investigated with two complimentary experimental methods; a single collision beam experiment and a new flowing afterglow Langmuir probe technique. The beam results show that F- is formed close to zero electron energy in dissociative electron attachment to C2F5. The afterglow measurements also show that F- is formed in collisions between electrons and C2F5 molecules with rate constants of 3.7 × 10-9 cm3 s-1 to 4.7 × 10-9 cm3 s-1 at temperatures of 300-600 K. The rate constant increases slowly with increasing temperature, but the rise observed is smaller than the experimental uncertainty of 35%.

Comets are remnants from the Solar System formation. They reside at large distances from the Sun and are believed to store deep freeze imprints of the chemical and physical conditions at the time the Solar System formed. The main ice component of a comet is H2O followed by CO and CO2 with additional small amounts of molecules with varying complexity. Comets also contain large amounts of dust. If a comet approaches the Sun the ices begin to sublimate giving rise to the cometary coma. The molecules producing the coma can be observed in the infrared, the radio wavelength range and at optical wavelengths. To constrain the formation of the Solar System, models require knowledge of the composition for a statistically significant number of comets. This favors optical observations of e.g. C3 (tricarbon) and C2 (dicarbon) since these species allow observations even of relatively faint comets and do not require space missions (infrared observations). However, one has to link these observed photodissociation product species (daughter species) to the molecules that originally sublimated from the comet nucleus surface, i.e. the so-called parent molecules, as e.g. C2H2 (acetylene) for C2. However, for C3 no parent molecules have been identified so far. This thesis investigates the formation of C3 and C2 radicals in cometary comae due to photodissociation of observed and in the literature proposed hydrocarbon parent molecules. For this purpose a one-dimensional multi-fluid coma chemistry model has been improved and applied. This work added new photo reactions to the model, updated the hydrocarbon photo rate coefficients and quantified their uncertainty. A sensitivity analysis has been carried out to determine the reactions whose uncertainty most affect the model output uncertainty. Special attention should be paid to these so-called key reactions in future laboratory experiments and quantum chemical computations to reduce the model output uncertainty more effectively. This will

Interaction of C2Hn+ (n = 2-5) hydrocarbon ions and some of their isotopic variants with room-temperature and heated (600 degrees C) highly oriented pyrolytic graphite (HOPG) surfaces was investigated over the range of incident energies 11-46 eV and an incident angle of 60 degrees with respect to the surface normal. The work is an extension of our earlier research on surface interactions of CHn+ (n = 3-5) ions. Mass spectra, translational energy distributions, and angular distributions of product ions were measured. Collisions with the HOPG surface heated to 600 degrees C showed only partial or substantial dissociation of the projectile ions; translational energy distributions of the product ions peaked at about 50% of the incident energy. Interactions with the HOPG surface at room temperature showed both surface-induced dissociation of the projectiles and, in the case of radical cation projectiles C2H2+* and C2H4+*, chemical reactions with the hydrocarbons on the surface. These reactions were (i) H-atom transfer to the projectile, formation of protonated projectiles, and their subsequent fragmentation and (ii) formation of a carbon chain build-up product in reactions of the projectile ion with a terminal CH3-group of the surface hydrocarbons and subsequent fragmentation of the product ion to C3H3+. The product ions were formed in inelastic collisions in which the translational energy of the surface-excited projectile peaked at about 32% of the incident energy. Angular distributions of reaction products showed peaking at subspecular angles close to 68 degrees (heated surfaces) and 72 degrees (room-temperature surfaces). The absolute survival probability at the incident angle of 60 degrees was about 0.1% for C2H2+*, close to 1% for C2H4+* and C2H5+, and about 3-6% for C2H3+.

Greece, Persia, and Rome had periods of “grand strategy,” the portrait of C2 in ancient warfare is framed largely through individual battles—often...Daniel J. Hughes and Harry Bell (Novato, CA: Presidio Press, 1993), 12. Before the Prussians, Pierre de Bourcet of the Ancient Regime in France

Besides CF_4, perfluoroethane, C_2F_6, is also one of the fluorocarbon compounds most frequently used in plasma processing applications. Consequently, the knowledge of the ionization properties of C_2F6 is clearly of interest in order to model the plasma-chemical reactions. Nevertheless, only few partial ionization-cross-section measurements [1,2] for this molecule were reported in the literature. Also, the energy range covered in these studies was very limited (below 120 eV). Recently, we have studied these properties. More specifically, partial ionization cross sections (PICS) for the fragments: C^+, F^+, CF^+, CF_2^+, CF_3^+ and C_2F_5^+, produced by electron impact on C_2F_6, were measured in a single-collision condition from near ionization threshold to 1000 eV. In addition, total ionization cross sections (TICS) are also obtained by summing up the PICS's. The comparison of our measured PICS and derived TICS with available data [1-4] will be presented during the Conference. [1] H. U. Poll, J. Meischner, Contrib. Plasma Phys. 27 (1987) 359. [2] C. Q. Jiao, A Garscadden, P. D. Haaland, Chem. Phys. Lett. 310 (1999) 52. [3] H. Nishimura, W. M. Huo, M. A Ali and Y -K. Kim, J. Chem. Phys. 110 (1999) 3811. [4] L. G. Christophorou and J. K. Olthoff, J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data 27 (1998) 1 and references therein.

... Social Security Act to extend social security coverage thereto, the service for which such fees are...-employment income, pursuant to the provisions of section 122(c)(2) of the Social Security Amendments of 1967... representative, a county commissioner, a judge, a justice of the peace, a county or city attorney, a marshal,...

Non-centrosymmetric superconductors as CePt3Si [1 2] and sequicarbides (La,Y)2C3 [3] are remarkable examples of unusual properties displayed associated to unconventional pairing due to an antisymmetric spin-orbit coupling. Another interesting case is the family of compounds belonging to the CeNiC2 type structure, in which more than thirty stable compounds have found to crystallize in this structure. Here we report magnetization, resistivity, and heat capacity measurements on poly-crystalline samples of non-centrosymmetric YCo0.7C2, showing clear evidence of bulk superconductivity with a critical temperature of Tc = 4 K. Interestingly the specific heat of the superconducting state deviates from conventional exponential temperature dependence, which is suggestive of possible unconventional superconducting behavior in YCo0.7C2, similar to that seen in the isostructural and isoelectronic superconductor LaNiC2 [4]. Besides, these results strongly suggest that this material is a strong candidate of multiband superconductivity. References: [1] E. Bauer, G. Hilscher, H. Michor, C. Paul and P. Rogl, Phys. Rev. Lett. 92 (2004) 027003.

was only done for the “subsurface real ” test range. After mapping the surface contour, the Rover was used to mark the locations of notable...8 Figure 6. Map of Wyoming Showing General Location of R2C2 Ranges...Figure 48. Team Sky Research Geophysical Coverage Map ........................................................49 Figure 49. Anomaly Location Accuracy

C2H(N = 1-0) emission has been extensively observed in a variety of molecular clouds, including: 12 hot, dense, cloud cores, 3 bright-rimmed clouds (in NGC 1977, IC 1396, and IC 1848), and across the extended OMC - 1 cloud. It has also been observed in the circumstellar envelopes IRC + 10216 and AFGL 2688. Abundance analyses of the molecular clouds yield C2H/(C-13)O abundance ratios of about 0.01, with little variation (less than about a factor of 4) either between clouds or across individual clouds. In the Orion plateau source, the C2H abundance is enhanced by less than a factor of 4, relative to the extended cloud. The generally high levels of C2H found in the molecular clouds are not readily accounted for by simple, steady-state chemical models, and suggest, as do earlier observations of atomic carbon, that the carbon chemistry in dense clouds is more active than is commonly assumed.

Water scarcity represents one of the most serious global problems of our time and challenges the advancements in desalination techniques. Although water-filtering architectures based on graphene have greatly advanced the approach to high performance desalination membranes, the controlled-generation of nanopores with particular diameter is tricky and has stunted its wide applications. Here, through molecular dynamic simulations and first-principles calculations, we propose that the recently reported graphene-like carbon nitride (g-C2N) monolayer can serve as high efficient filters for water desalination. Taking the advantages of the intrisic nanoporous structure and excellent mechanical properties of g-C2N, high water transparency and strong salt filtering capability have been demonstrated in our simulations. More importantly, the “open” and “closed” states of the g-C2N filter can be precisely regulated by tensile strain. It is found that the water permeability of g-C2N is significantly higher than that reported for graphene filters by almost one order of magnitude. In the light of the abundant family of graphene-like carbon nitride monolayered materials, our results thus offer a promising approach to the design of high efficient filteration architectures. PMID:27384666

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We point out a logical possibility, based on special relativity, that the validity of Einstein's 1905 generalization, Δm = ΔErest/c2, might depend on how the energy of a body is defined in special relativity. The analysis is another illustration of the importance of Ockham's razor in special relativity.

A C2 rational quadratic trigonometric spline interpolation has been studied using two kind of rational quadratic trigonometric splines. It is shown that under some natural conditions the solution of the problem exits and is unique. The necessary and sufficient condition that constrain the interpolation curves to be convex in the interpolating interval or subinterval are derived.

Water scarcity represents one of the most serious global problems of our time and challenges the advancements in desalination techniques. Although water-filtering architectures based on graphene have greatly advanced the approach to high performance desalination membranes, the controlled-generation of nanopores with particular diameter is tricky and has stunted its wide applications. Here, through molecular dynamic simulations and first-principles calculations, we propose that the recently reported graphene-like carbon nitride (g-C2N) monolayer can serve as high efficient filters for water desalination. Taking the advantages of the intrisic nanoporous structure and excellent mechanical properties of g-C2N, high water transparency and strong salt filtering capability have been demonstrated in our simulations. More importantly, the "open" and "closed" states of the g-C2N filter can be precisely regulated by tensile strain. It is found that the water permeability of g-C2N is significantly higher than that reported for graphene filters by almost one order of magnitude. In the light of the abundant family of graphene-like carbon nitride monolayered materials, our results thus offer a promising approach to the design of high efficient filteration architectures.

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) interact with their target mRNAs and regulate biological processes at post-transcriptional level. While one miRNA can target many mRNAs, a single mRNA can also be targeted by a set of miRNAs. The targeted mRNAs may be involved in different biological processes that are described by gene ontology (GO) terms. The major challenges involved in analyzing these multitude regulations include identification of the combinatorial regulation of miRNAs as well as determination of the co-functionally-enriched miRNA pairs. The C2Analyzer: Co-target–Co-function Analyzer, is a Perl-based, versatile and user-friendly web tool with online instructions. Based on the hypergeometric analysis, this novel tool can determine whether given pairs of miRNAs are co-functionally enriched. For a given set of GO term(s), it can also identify the set of miRNAs whose targets are enriched in the given GO term(s). Moreover, C2Analyzer can also identify the co-targeting miRNA pairs, their targets and GO processes, which they are involved in. The miRNA–miRNA co-functional relationship can also be saved as a .txt file, which can be used to further visualize the co-functional network by using other software like Cytoscape. C2Analyzer is freely available at www.bioinformatics.org/c2analyzer. PMID:24862384

The abundances of hydrocarbons such as acetylene (C2H2) and ethane (C2H6) in Jupiter's atmosphere are important physical quantities, constraining our models of the chemical and dynamical processes. However, our knowledge of these quantities and their vertical and latitudinal variations has remained sparse. The flyby of the Cassini spacecraft with Jupiter at the end of 2000 provided an excellent opportunity to observe the infrared spectrum with the Composite Infrared Spectrometer (CIRS) instrument, mapping the spatial variation of emissions from 10-1400 cm-1. CIRS spectra taken at the highest resolution (0.5 cm-1) in early December 2000 have been analysed to infer atmospheric temperatures in the stratosphere at 0.5-20 mbar via the v4 of CH4, and in the troposphere at 100-400 mbar, via the hydrogen collision-induced continuum absorption at 600-800 cm. Simultaneously, we have searched for meridional abundance variations in C2H2 and C2H6 via the v5 and vg bands respectively. Tropospheric absorption and stratospheric emission are highly anti-correlated at the CIM resolution, introducing a non-uniqueness into the retrievals, which means that vertical gradient and column abundance cannot be simultaneously found without additional constraints. If we assume the profile shapes from photochemical model calculations, we show that the column abundance of C2H2 must decrease sharply towards the poles, while C2H6 is constant or slightly increasing. The relevance of these results to current photochemical and dynamical knowledge of Jupiter's atmosphere is discussed.

The reaction between the hydrogen atom and the ethyl (C2H3) radical is predicted by photochemical modeling to be the most important loss process for C2H5 radicals in the atmospheres of Jupiter and Saturn. This reaction is also one of the major sources for the methyl radicals in these atmospheres. These two simplest hydrocarbon radicals are the initial species for the synthesis of larger hydrocarbons. Previous measurements of the rate constant for the H + C2H5 reaction varied by a factor of five at room temperature, and some studies showed a dependence upon temperature while others showed no such dependence. In addition, the previous studies were at higher temperatures and generally higher pressures than that needed for use in planetary atmospheric models. The rate constant for the reaction H + C2H5 has been measured directly at T = 150, 202 and 295 K and at P = 1.0 Torr He for all temperatures and additionally at P = 0.5 and 2.0 Torr He at T = 202 K. The measurements were performed in a discharge - fast flow system. The decay of the C2H5 radical in the presence of excess hydrogen was monitored by low-energy electron impact mass spectrometry under pseudo-first order conditions. H atoms and C2H5 radicals were generated rapidly and simultaneously by the reaction of fluorine atoms with H2 and C2H6, respectively. The total rate constant was found to be temperature and pressure independent. The measured total rate constant at each temperature are: k(sub 1)(295K) = (1.02+/-0.24)x10(exp -10), k(sub 1)(202K) = (1.02+/-0.22)x10(exp -10) and k(sub 1)(150K) = (0.93+/-0.21)x10(exp -10), all in units of cu cm/molecule/s. The total rate constant derived from all the combined measurements is k(sub 1) = (l.03+/-0.17)x10(exp -10) cu cm/molecule/s. At room temperature our results are about a factor of two higher than the recommended rate constant and a factor of three lower than the most recently published study.

An intermolecular potential energy surface and rovibrational transition frequencies are computed for CO2-C2H2. An interpolating moving least squares method is used to fit ab initio points at the explicitly correlated coupled-cluster level. The rovibrational Schrödinger equation is solved with a symmetry-adapted Lanczos algorithm. The computed disrotatory and torsion vibrational levels of both CO2-C2H2 and CO2-C2D2 differ from those obtained by experimentalists by less than 0.5 cm-1. CO2-C2H2 has two equivalent minima with the monomers perpendicular to the inter-monomer axis. In contrast to many other Van der Waals dimers there is no disrotatory path that connects the minima. The tunnelling path follows the torsional coordinate over a high barrier and the splitting is therefore tiny. Using vibrational parent analysis we are able to fit and thus obtain rotational constants and centrifugal distortion constants. Calculated rotational constants differ from their experimental counterparts by less than 0.001 cm-1.

With about 40% of all the known interstellar and circumstellar molecules having their isomeric analogues as known astromolecules, isomerism remains one of the leading themes in interstellar chemistry. In this regard, the recent detection of methyl isocyanate (with a number of isomeric analogues) in the Sgr B2(N) giant molecular cloud opens a new window for the possible astronomical detection of other C_2H_3NO isomers. The present work looks at the possibility of detecting other isomers of methyl isocyanate by considering different factors such as thermodynamic stability of the different isomers with respect to the Energy, Stability and Abundance (ESA) relationship, effect of interstellar hydrogen bonding with respect to the formation these isomers on the surface of the interstellar dust grains, possible formation routes for these isomers, spectroscopic parameters for potential astromolecules among these isomers, chemical modeling among other studies. The same studies are repeated for the C_2H_3NS isomers which are the isoelectroninc analogues of the C_2H_3NO isomers taking into account the unique chemistry of S and O-containing interstellar molecular species. Among the C_2H_3NS isomers, methyl isothiocyanate remains the most potential candidate for astronomical observation.

C-2 is the world's largest compact-toroid (CT) device at Tri Alpha Energy that produces field-reversed configuration (FRC) plasmas by colliding/merging oppositely-directed CTs and seeks to study the evolution, heating and sustainment effects of neutral-beam (NB) injection into FRCs. Recently, significant progress has been made in C-2 on both technology and physics fronts, achieving ~ 5 ms stable plasmas with a dramatic improvement in confinement. FRCs are stabilized with an edge biasing using end-on plasma-guns and/or electrodes, and are partially sustained with NB injection (20 keV Hydrogen, ~ 4 MW). Recent work to reduce scrape-off layer and radiative losses has succeeded in reducing the average power balance deficit to ~ 1.5 MW. Increasing plasma pressure and electron temperature are now observed during brief periods of the discharge, which indicate a sign of NB injection effect such as accumulating fast-ions as well as heating core/edge plasmas. Highlights of these advances, broader C-2 experimental program, and future plan on upgrading the C-2 device with new NBs (15 keV, up to 10 MW injection power, selectable beam injection angle) will be presented.

We have performed high-resolution spectral observations at mid-infrared wavelengths of CH4 (8.14 micrometers), C2H6 (12.16 micrometers), and C2H2 (13.45 micrometers) on Jupiter. These emission features probe the stratosphere of the planet and provide information on the carbon-based photochemical processes taking place in that region of the atmosphere. The observations were performed using our cryogenic echelle spectrometer CELESTE, in conjunction with the McMath-Pierce 1.5-m solar telescope between November 1994 and February 1995. We used the methane observations to derive the temperature profile of the jovian atmosphere in the 1-10 mbar region of the stratosphere. This profile was then used in conjunction with height-dependent mixing ratios of each hydrocarbon to determine global abundances for ethane and acetylene. The resulting mixing ratios are 3.9(+1.9)(-1.3) x 10(-6) for C2H6 (5 mbar pressure level), and 2.3 +/- 0.5 x 10(-8) for C2H2 (8 mbar pressure level), where the quoted uncertainties are derived from model variations in the temperature profile which match the methane observation uncertainties.

The synaptotagmin (Syt) family of proteins contains tandem C2 domains, C2A and C2B, which bind membranes in the presence of Ca2+ to trigger vesicle fusion during exocytosis. Despite recent progress, the role and extent of interdomain interactions between C2A and C2B in membrane binding remain unclear. To test whether the two domains interact on a planar lipid bilayer (i.e., experience thermodynamic interdomain contacts), diffusion of fluorescent-tagged C2A, C2B, and C2AB domains from human Syt7 was measured using total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy with single-particle tracking. The C2AB tandem exhibits a lateral diffusion constant approximately half the value of the isolated single domains and does not change when additional residues are engineered into the C2A–C2B linker. This is the expected result if C2A and C2B are separated when membrane-bound; theory predicts that C2AB diffusion would be faster if the two domains were close enough together to have interdomain contact. Stopped-flow measurements of membrane dissociation kinetics further support an absence of interdomain interactions, as dissociation kinetics of the C2AB tandem remain unchanged when rigid or flexible linker extensions are included. Together, the results suggest that the two C2 domains of Syt7 bind independently to planar membranes, in contrast to reported interdomain cooperativity in Syt1. PMID:25437758

The effects of the production of the radicals CN and C2H from the dissociation of HCN and C2H2 by ambient UV photons in the outer envelope of IRC +10216 are investigated. The spatial distribution of the radicals and their observable millimeter emission-line characteristics are calculated from the inferred abundances of the progenitor species in the envelope of IRC +10216 using photochemical and radiative transfer models. These are compared with available observations to examine whether photoproduction is a possible explanation of the observed emission from these species. The results suggest that the variable abundances induced by photodestruction of their progenitors do affect the observed emission from the radicals.

and second, to note that the responsiveness of the Department’s acquisition and development environment impacts operational agility. 2.2 Finding...the planned enterprise enablers has been slower than planned and appears to have impacted both planning and progress in implementing C2 data sharing...user-centric, and from tightly integrated to net- centric/SOA. All of these changes impact organizational roles and responsibilities, governance

corporation that operates three federally funded research and development centers to provide objective analyses of national security issues...Science Research Laboratory \\ 41 DoD CCRP ELICIT • The U.S. DoD (OASD/NII) Command and Control Research Program (CCRP) sponsored the design and...The purpose of ELICIT-related experimentation, teaching , and analysis is to investigate the cognitive and social impacts of C2 approach and

In previous studies, exposure to conducted energy weapons (CEWs) (such as TASER International's Advanced TASER X26 device) resulted in leg muscle contraction, acidosis, increased blood electrolytes, and other biochemical and physiological changes. In the current study, experiments were performed to examine the effects of exposures to TASER International's "C2" CEW, which is specifically marketed to civilian rather than law-enforcement users. Ten pigs (Sus scrofa) were sedated with an intramuscular injection of Telezol (tiletamine HCl and zolazepam HCl) and intubated. General anesthesia was maintained with an IV propofol infusion. Applications of the C2 device for 30 s resulted in extensive muscle contraction and significant increases in heart rate and hematocrit, and in blood levels of pCO2, lactate, glucose, and potassium, sodium, and calcium ions. Significant decreases were observed in blood oxygen saturation, pO2, and pH. Qualitatively, many of these changes were consistent with previous reports in the literature dealing with studies of muscle stimulation or exercise. The changes in blood pCO2, pO2, electrolytes, lactate, and pH, however, were greater than in a previous study of three repeated 5-s exposures to the X26 CEW commonly used by law-enforcement personnel. On the basis of the results, potential detrimental effects due to use of the "citizen-version" TASER C2 CEW may be more likely than limited intermittent applications of the X26 CEW.

We have studied Ca+(C2H4) by photodissociation spectroscopy in a reflectron time-of-flight mass spectrometer over the spectral range 440-790 nm. Ca+ is the only photofragment observed. We find four absorption bands of the complex and assign them to metal-centered transitions correlating with excitation of Ca+(3d and 4p). Spectral assignment is supported by ab initio electronic structure calculations of the complex and isotope substitution experiments. Calculations find a weakly bound ground state equilibrium structure with C2V π-bonding geometry and a dissociation energy of De″=0.506 eV. Theoretical and experimental results show the 4pπ(2 2B2 & 2 2B1) excited states to be relatively weakly bound at long range. Spectral analysis gives vibrational constants for the Ca+--C2H4 intermolecular a1-stretch in the 1 2A1, 2 2B1, and 2 2B2 states, and for the CH2-CH2 a1-wag and the HCH a1-bend in 2 2B2. The results offer an interesting comparison with previous studies of similar weakly bound bimolecular complexes of light metal ions with alkene or alkane hydrocarbons.

Optical absorption-line techniques have been applied to the study of a number of translucent molecular clouds in which the total column densities are large enough that substantial molecular abundances can be maintained. Results are presented for a survey of absorption lines of interstellar C2, CH, and CN. Detections of CN through the A 2Pi-X 2Sigma(+) (1,O) and (2,O) bands of the red system are reported and compared with observations of the violet system for one line of sight. The population distributions in C2 provide diagnostic information on temperature and density. The measured column densities of the three species can be used to test details of the theory of molecule formation in clouds where photoprocesses still play a significant role. The C2 and CH column densities are strongly correlated with each other and probably also with the H2 column density. In contrast, the CN column densities are found to vary greatly from cloud to cloud. The observations are discussed with reference to detailed theoretical models.

Infrared spectrophotometry of the R-type carbon star HD 19557 is presented. Two unusual spectroscopic features are seen: a 3.1 micron band is lacking and a 2.8 micron band is present. Identifications are proposed for three previously unreported stellar absorption bands with electronic sequences of C2, CN, and C2H. The latter is proposed to be responsible for the 2.8 micron feature. The atmospheric structure of the star is studied with synthetic spectra, and an effective temperature between 2600 K and 3000 K is suggested. No SiC emission is seen at 11.3 microns, indicating that grain formation is not a viable process around the star. The lack of dust in R stars may suggest a salient difference between R and N types.

The reaction C(2)H(5) + HBr --> C(2)H(6) + Br has been theoretically studied over the temperature range from 200 to 1400 K. The electronic structure information is calculated at the BHLYP/6-311+G(d,p) and QCISD/6-31+G(d) levels. With the aid of intrinsic reaction coordinate theory, the minimum energy paths (MEPs) are obtained at the both levels, and the energies along the MEP are further refined by performing the single-point calculations at the PMP4(SDTQ)/6-311+G(3df,2p)//BHLYP and QCISD(T)/6-311++G(2df,2pd)//QCISD levels. The calculated ICVT/SCT rate constants are in good agreement with available experimental values, and the calculate results further indicate that the C(2)H(5) + HBr reaction has negative temperature dependence at T < 850 K, but clearly shows positive temperature dependence at T > 850 K. The current work predicts that the kinetic isotope effect for the title reaction is inverse in the temperature range from 200 to 482 K, i.e., k(HBr)/k(DBr) < 1.

We quantitatively investigated the hydrogen addition reactions of acetylene (C2H2) and ethylene (C2H4) on amorphous solid water (ASW) at 10 and 20 K relevant to the formation of ethane (C2H6) on interstellar icy grains. We found that the ASW surface enhances the reaction rates for C2H2 and C2H4 by approximately a factor of 2 compared to those on the pure-solid C2H2 and C2H4 at 10 K, probably due to an increase in the sticking coefficient and adsorption energy of the H atoms on ASW. In contrast to the previous proposal that the hydrogenation rate of C2H4 is orders of magnitude larger than that of C2H2, the present results show that the difference in hydrogenation rates of C2H2 and C2H4 is only within a factor of 3 on both the surfaces of pure solids and ASW. In addition, we found the small kinetic isotope effect for hydrogenation/deuteration of C2H2 and C2H4 at 10 K, despite the requirement of quantum tunneling. At 20 K, the reaction rate of deuteration becomes even larger than that of hydrogenation. These unusual isotope effects might originate from a slightly larger number density of D atoms than H atoms on ASW at 20 K. The hydrogenation of C2H2 is four times faster than CO hydrogenation and can produce C2H6 efficiently through C2H4 even in the environment of a dark molecular cloud.

The reaction of atomic oxygen with ethylene is a fundamental oxidation step in combustion and is prototypical of reactions in which oxygen adds to double bonds. For 3O+C2H4 and for this class of reactions generally, decomposition of the initial adduct via spin-allowed reaction channels on the triplet surface competes with intersystem crossing (ISC) and a set of spin-forbidden reaction channels on the ground-state singlet surface. The two surfaces share some bimolecular products but feature different intermediates, pathways, and transition states. In addition, the overall product branching is therefore a sensitive function of the ISC rate. The 3O+C2H4 reaction has beenmore » extensively studied, but previous experimental work has not provided detailed branching information at elevated temperatures, while previous theoretical studies have employed empirical treatments of ISC. Here we predict the kinetics of 3O+C2H4 using an ab initio transition state theory based master equation (AITSTME) approach that includes an a priori description of ISC. Specifically, the ISC rate is calculated using Landau–Zener statistical theory, consideration of the four lowest-energy electronic states, and a direct classical trajectory study of the product branching immediately after ISC. The present theoretical results are largely in good agreement with existing low-temperature experimental kinetics and molecular beam studies. Good agreement is also found with past theoretical work, with the notable exception of the predicted product branching at elevated temperatures. Above ~1000 K, we predict CH2CHO+H and CH2+CH2O as the major products, which differs from the room temperature preference for CH3+HCO (which is assumed to remain at higher temperatures in some models) and from the prediction of a previous detailed master equation study.« less

Carbon can exist as isolated dumbbell, 1D chain, 2D plane, and 3D network in carbon solids or carbon-based compounds, which attributes to its rich chemical binding way, including sp-, sp2-, and sp3-hybridized bonds. sp2-hybridizing carbon always captures special attention due to its unique physical and chemical property. Here, using an evolutionary algorithm in conjunction with ab initio method, we found that, under compression, dumbbell carbon in CaC2 can be polymerized first into 1D chain and then into ribbon and further into 2D graphite sheet at higher pressure. The C2/m structure transforms into an orthorhombic Cmcm phase at 0.5 GPa, followed by another orthorhombic Immm phase, which is stabilized in a wide pressure range of 15.2–105.8 GPa and then forced into MgB2-type phase with wide range stability up to at least 1 TPa. Strong electron–phonon coupling λ in compressed CaC2 is found, in particular for Immm phase, which has the highest λ value (0.562–0.564) among them, leading to its high superconducting critical temperature Tc (7.9∼9.8 K), which is comparable with the 11.5 K value of CaC6. Our results show that calcium not only can stabilize carbon sp2 hybridization at a larger range of pressure but also can contribute in superconducting behavior, which would further ignite experimental and theoretical interest in alkaline–earth metal carbides to uncover their peculiar physical properties under extreme conditions. PMID:23690580

A laser, especially the infrared line tunable laser, opens up a new way to monitor the atmospheric environment, and already has gotten effective practical application. One of the most serious problems in open path remote measurement at atmospheric pressure is the broadening effect which leads to increased linewidths, spectral interferences, and, as a result, tends to reduce detection sensitivity, so measuring laser wavelengths should be selected carefully, and interaction between the measuring wavelength and gas to be measured must be known very well. Therefore, N2O, No, NO2, CH4, NH3 and C2H4 absorption properties at some lines of CO and CO2 line tunable lasers were studied. The absorption coefficients of NO, NO2, and C2H4; some results on detection of NO sub x, C2H4 concentrations in both laboratory and field; and selection of measuring wavelengths and error analysis are discussed.

The authors present a case report of a potentially missed C2 fracture whose signs and symptoms did not warrant radiograph imaging according to both the National Emergency X-Radiography Utilization Study and Canadian C-spine Rules. The patient had a significant injury while rear-ending a stationary vehicle at 20 mph, and the correct diagnosis was only made based on approaching him with a high index of suspicion. He was successfully treated in a halo collar and made an excellent recovery.

Collaborative research project with Tri Alpha Energy has been started and we have developed a new compact toroid (CT) injector for the C-2 device, mainly for fueling field-reversed configurations (FRCs). The CT is formed by a magnetized coaxial plasma-gun (MCPG), which consists of coaxial cylinder electrodes; a spheromak-like plasma is generated by discharge and pushed out from the gun by Lorentz force. The inner diameter of outer electrode is 83.1 mm and the outer diameter of inner electrode is 54.0 mm. The surface of the inner electrode is coated with tungsten in order to reduce impurities coming out from the electrode. The bias coil is mounted inside of the inner electrode. We have recently conducted test experiments and achieved a supersonic CT translation speed of up to ~100 km/s. Other typical plasma parameters are as follows: electron density ~ 5 × 1021 m-3, electron temperature ~ 40 eV, and the number of particles ~0.5-1.0 × 1019. The CT injector is now planned to be installed on C-2 and the first CT injection experiment will be conducted in the near future. The detailed MCPG design as well as the test experimental results will be presented.

A suite of multi-point Thomson scattering systems is now being designed and built in parallel with the construction of the C-2W FRC experimental device, which is expected to have a wide range of electron temperature Te and density ne from edge to center region at different operational phases. The suite consists of two sub-systems that measure Te and ne profiles at the C-2W central plane and at the jet region. A high-repetition rate Nd:YAG laser is planned for the central plane subsystem for time-resolved profile measurement at 1 kHz. The central plane and jet region subsystems have their own specially-designed collection optics that image 16 and 5 radial points along the laser-beam path onto corresponding surfaces of fiber bundles, which will then relay the collected laser light into dispersing polychromators. The polychromators are designed with five spectral channels with four channels optimized and dedicated to Te measurement and one channel dedicated to Rayleigh scattering calibration for ne measurement. Detail system design and layout of lasers, beam transportation and stray light control, collection optics and fiber optics, dispersion and detection system and its spectral calibration setup will be presented.

are able to observe the enemy entities. SAUs that arrive at the eXecution Monitoring Mediator (XM2) are aggregated and delayed so as not to...Faust (FST) and HEROS (HRS). The German Army Modeling and Simulations (MS) systems (MSDE) included PABST and SIRA . The US Army MS system (MSUS...of fire interaction. From a networking point of view, we observed that having separate nets bridged by gateways for M&S, for National C2 data

This paper presents an application of the reaction class transition state theory (RC-TST) to predict thermal rate constants for hydrogen abstraction reactions of the type C(2)H(3) + alkane --> C(2)H(4) + alkyl radical. The linear energy relationship (LER) was proven to hold for both noncyclic and cyclic hydrocarbons. We have derived all parameters for the RC-TST method from rate constants of 19 representative reactions, coupling with LER and the barrier height grouping (BHG) approach. Both the RC-TST/LER, where only reaction energy is needed, and the RC-TST/BHG, where no other information is needed, can predict rate constants for any reaction in this reaction class with satisfactory accuracy for combustion modeling. Our analysis indicates that less than 90% systematic errors on the average exist in the predicted rate constants using the RC-TST/LER or RC-TST/BHG method, while in comparison to explicit rate calculations, the differences are within a factor of 2 on the average.

The Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) absorption spectrum of the ν12 fundamental band of ethylene-13C2 (13C2H4) was recorded in the frequency range of 1350-1550 cm-1 with unapodized resolution of 0.0063 cm-1. Improved upper state (ν12 = 1) rovibrational constants consisting of three rotational, five quartic and five sextic constants were derived by assigning and fitting 1731 infrared transitions using Watson's A-reduced Hamiltonian in the Ir representation. The root-mean-square deviation of the fit was 0.00030 cm-1. More higher-order upper state (ν12 = 1) constant were derived in the present analysis than previously reported. Improved ground state rovibrational constants were also determined from the fit of 1104 ground state combination differences (GSCD) with a root-mean-square deviation of 0.00029 cm-1. The A-type ν12 band centered at 1436.65409 ± 0.00002 cm-1 has a calculated inertial defect Δ12 is 0.242896 ± 0.000007 μÅ2. No indications of perturbation were found in the analysis of the band.

Physical and spectroscopic properties of ices of C2H4 and CH4:C2H4 mixtures with 3:1, 1:1 and 1:3 ratios have been investigated at 30 K. Two laboratories are involved in this work. In one of them, the density and refractive index of the samples have been measured by using a cryogenic quartz microbalance and laser interferometric techniques. In the other one, IR spectra have been recorded in the near- and mid-infrared regions, and band shifts with respect to the pure species, band strengths of the main bands, and the optical constants in both regions have been determined. Previous data on ethylene and the mixtures studied here were scarce. For methane, both the wavenumbers and band strengths have been found to follow a regular pattern of decrease with increasing dilution, but no pattern has been detected for ethylene vibrations. The method employed for the preparation of the samples, by vapour deposition under vacuum, is thought to be adequate to mimic the structure of astrophysical ices. Possible astrophysical implications, especially by means of the optical constants reported here, have been discussed.

The absorption, emission, and photodissociation yield spectra of C2N2 were measured in the 220 and 210 nm region near the 4(0)1 and 1(0)1 4(0)1 bands of the A 1 sigma + from the X 1 sigma + system. The emission spectrum showed very few lines which appeared in the absorption spectrum. Moreover, the emission had 660 ns lifetime and, at 210 nm a very large electronic emission quenching rate. Laser induced fluorescence was used to measure the relative yield of CN radicals as a function of photolysis wavelength. This spectrum seemed to follow the absorption spectrum below the dissociation threshold. Energy in the CN fragments appeared to be statistically distributed.

Membrane-targeting domains play crucial roles in the recruitment of signalling molecules to the plasma membrane. For most peripheral proteins, the protein-to-membrane interaction is transient. After proteins dissociate from the membrane they have been observed to rebind following brief excursions in the bulk solution. Such membrane hops can have broad implications for the efficiency of reactions on membranes. We study the diffusion of membrane-targeting C2 domains using single-molecule tracking in supported lipid bilayers. The ensemble-averaged mean square displacement (MSD) exhibits superdiffusive behaviour. However, traditional time-averaged MSD analysis of individual trajectories remains linear and does not reveal superdiffusion. Our observations are explained in terms of bulk excursions that introduce jumps with a heavy-tail distribution. These hopping events allow proteins to explore large areas in a short time. The experimental results are shown to be consistent with analytical models of bulk-mediated diffusion and numerical simulations.

Membrane-targeting domains play crucial roles in the recruitment of signalling molecules to the plasma membrane. For most peripheral proteins, the protein-to-membrane interaction is transient. After proteins dissociate from the membrane they have been observed to rebind following brief excursions in the bulk solution. Such membrane hops can have broad implications for the efficiency of reactions on membranes. We study the diffusion of membrane-targeting C2 domains using single-molecule tracking in supported lipid bilayers. The ensemble-averaged mean square displacement (MSD) exhibits superdiffusive behaviour. However, traditional time-averaged MSD analysis of individual trajectories remains linear and does not reveal superdiffusion. Our observations are explained in terms of bulk excursions that introduce jumps with a heavy-tail distribution. These hopping events allow proteins to explore large areas in a short time. The experimental results are shown to be consistent with analytical models of bulk-mediated diffusion and numerical simulations. PMID:26639944

The molecular mechanisms for calcium-triggered membrane fusion have long been sought for, and detailed models now exist that account for at least some of the functions of the many proteins involved in the process. Key players in the fusion reaction are a group of proteins that, upon binding to calcium, trigger the merger of cargo-filled vesicles with the plasma membrane. Low-affinity, fast-kinetics calcium sensors of the synaptotagmin family - especially synaptotagmin-1 and synaptotagmin-2 - are the main calcium sensors for fast exocytosis triggering in many cell types. Their functions extend beyond fusion triggering itself, having been implicated in the calcium-dependent vesicle recruitment during activity, docking of vesicles to the plasma membrane and priming, and even in post-fusion steps, such as fusion pore expansion and endocytosis. Furthermore, synaptotagmin diversity imparts distinct properties to the release process itself. Other calcium-sensing proteins such as Munc13s and protein kinase C play important, but more indirect roles in calcium-triggered exocytosis. Because of their higher affinity, but intrinsic slower kinetics, they operate on longer temporal and spatial scales to organize assembly of the release machinery. Finally, the high-affinity synaptotagmin-7 and Doc2 (Double C2-domain) proteins are able to trigger membrane fusion in vitro, but cellular measurements in different systems show that they may participate in either fusion or vesicle priming. Here, we summarize the properties and possible interplay of (some of) the major C2-domain containing calcium sensors in calcium-triggered exocytosis. This article is part of a mini review series: "Synaptic Function and Dysfunction in Brain Diseases".

Dysphagia is a known complication of cervical surgery and may be prolonged or occasionally serious. A previous study showed that dysphagia after occipitocervical fusion was caused by oropharyngeal stenosis resulting from O-C2 (upper cervical lordosis) fixation in a flexed position. However, there have been few reports analyzing the association between the C2-C7 angle (middle-lower cervical lordosis) and postoperative dysphagia. The aim of this study was to analyze the relationship between cervical lordosis and the development of dysphagia after anterior and posterior cervical spine surgery (AC and PC). Three hundred fifty-four patients were reviewed in this retrospective clinical study, including 172 patients who underwent the AC procedure and 182 patients who had the PC procedure between June 2007 and May 2010. The presence and duration of postoperative dysphagia were recorded via face-to-face questioning or telephone interview performed at least 1 year after the procedure. Plain cervical radiographs before and after surgery were collected. The O-C2 angle and the C2-C7 angle were measured. Changes in the O-C2 angle and the C2-C7 angle were defined as dO-C2 angle = postoperative O-C2 angle - preoperative O-C2 angle and dC2-C7 angle = postoperative C2-C7 angle - preoperative C2-C7 angle. The association between postoperative dysphagia with dO-C2 angle and dC2-C7 angle was studied. Results showed that 12.8 % of AC and 9.4 % of PC patients reported dysphagia after cervical surgery. The dC2-C7 angle has considerable impact on postoperative dysphagia. When the dC2-C7 angle is greater than 5°, the chance of developing postoperative dysphagia is significantly greater. The dO-C2 angle, age, gender, BMI, operative time, blood loss, procedure type, revision surgery, most cephalic operative level, and number of operative levels did not significantly influence the incidence of postoperative dysphagia. No relationship was found between the dC2-C7 angle and the degree of

The ion-neutral reactions of the C2H2N+ cation with C2H2 have been investigated using a Guided Ion Beam Mass Spectrometer (GIB-MS). The following ionic products were observed: CH3+, C2H2+, C2H3+, HNC+ /HCN+ , HCNH+, C3H+ , C2N+ , C3H3+, HCCN+ and C4H2N+ . Theoretical calculations have been carried out to propose reaction pathways leading to the observed products. These processes are of relevance for the generation of long chain nitrogen-containing species and they may be of interest for the chemistry of Titan's ionosphere or circumstellar envelopes.

Tests were performed to evaluate the location of the air-sampling probe in the proposed design for the Waste Treatment Plant’s HV-C2 air exhaust stack. The evaluation criteria come from ANSI/HPS N13.1-1999, “Sampling and Monitoring Releases of Airborne Radioactive Substances from the Stacks and Ducts of Nuclear Facilities.” Pacific Northwest National Laboratory conducted the tests on a 3.67:1 scale model of the stack. Limited confirmatory tests on the actual stack will need to be conducted during cold startup of the High Level Waste Treatment Facility. The tests documented here assessed the capability of the air-monitoring probe to extract a sample representative of the effluent stream in accordance with criteria in ANSI/HPS N13.1. The test parameters covered the expected range of system flowrates with both one and two operating fans. The current stack design calls for the sampling probe to be located about 10 diameters downstream of the junction of the duct from Fan A with the stack. In accordance with the statement of work and the test plan, the test measurements were made at that location and also at one point upstream and another downstream. An adjustment was made for the distance between a typical sampling probe inlet and the centerline of its mounting flange. Thus, the test measurements were made at three positions designated as Test Port 1, 2, and 3, respectively. The designed HV-C2 exhaust system includes dampers on the fan discharges. Custom-scale model dampers were fabricated to simulate the same number and configuration of damper blades shown in the design documents received from BNI. A subset of the test runs was run without the dampers to determine whether the dampers should be included in future tests on scale models.

HTA ) that highlighted the typical tasks a commander performs during a Raven mission as well as the specific information requirements associated...The HTA and the CTA revealed an interesting pattern. The commander’s tasks could be sorted into three general task categories: monitoring the...approach to this issue was to use the goals and methods from the HTA to build a GOMS model for the commander. The methods in this model describe the

The newly discovered Citrus leprosis virus cytoplasmic type 2 (CiLV-C2) is one of the causal virus of citrus leprosis disease complex; which leads to substantial loss of citrus production in the states of Meta and Casanare of Colombia. Specific and sensitive detection methods are needed to monitor the dissemination of CiLV-C2 in Colombia, and to prevent introduction of CiLV-C2 to other citrus growing countries. Toward this end, putative coat protein gene (CPG) of CiLV-C2 was amplified from CiLV-C2 infected citrus tissues. The CPG was cloned, expressed and purified a recombinant coat protein of ∼31kDa which used to generate monoclonal antibodies and polyclonal antisera. Four monoclonal antibodies and two polyclonal antisera were selected as being specific following Western blotting. The monoclonal antibody MAb E5 and polyclonal antiserum PAb UF715 were selected testing with an extract of CiLV-C2 infected leaves using triple antibody sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (TAS-ELISA). In addition, an immunocapture RT-PCR was standardized using MAb E5 for specific and sensitive detection of CiLV-C2. The standardized TAS-ELISA and IC-RT-PCR were able to detect CiLV-C2 in the extracts of symptomatic citrus leprosis tissues up to the dilutions of 1:160 and 1:2580, respectively. Result demonstrated that CiLV-C2 is present in citrus orchards in Meta and Casanare citrus growing areas of Colombia. TAS-ELISA could be used for routine detection of CiLV-C2, epidemiological studies, and for border inspections for quarantine purposes. IC-RT-PCR could be valuable for CiLV-C2 validation and viral genome analysis.

This study determined the performance of a pilot scale cartridge filter tank utilized to treat raw water at Rocky Flats Plant terminal Pond C-2. No chemical treatment was used during this study. The filter tank was fitted with eight polypropylene 3M{reg_sign} Model 723 cartridges vendor rated at 99% removal efficiency for particles of 2 microns and larger. The duration of the test was 30 minutes at a flowrate of 200 gallons per minutes. Performance was determined by measuring total suspended solids (TSS), total dissolved solids (TDS), nephelometric turbidity units (NTU), gross alpha activity, gross beta activity, plutonium ({sup 239}Pu) levels, total particle counts (TPC), and differential particle counts (DPC) before and after treatment at specific time intervals throughout the test. Performance testing shows this treatment method produced a high quality effluent. Compared to raw water levels, TSS, NTU, gross alpha, and Pu{sup 239} were significantly reduced in the treated water samples. TPC and DPC data showed an average filtration efficiency of 97% for particles in the 1--50 micron range. This treatment method had no statistically significant affect on TDS and gross beta activity levels.

There are many pathogenic Clostridium species with diverse virulence factors that include protein toxins. Some of these bacteria, such as C. botulinum, C. difficile, C. perfringens, and C. spiroforme, cause enteric problems in animals as well as humans. These often fatal diseases can partly be attributed to binary protein toxins that follow a classic AB paradigm. Within a targeted cell, all clostridial binary toxins destroy filamentous actin via mono-ADP-ribosylation of globular actin by the A component. However, much less is known about B component binding to cell-surface receptors. These toxins share sequence homology amongst themselves and with those produced by another Gram-positive, spore-forming bacterium also commonly associated with soil and disease: Bacillus anthracis. This review focuses upon the iota and C2 families of clostridial binary toxins and includes: (1) basics of the bacterial source; (2) toxin biochemistry; (3) sophisticated cellular uptake machinery; and (4) host–cell responses following toxin-mediated disruption of the cytoskeleton. In summary, these protein toxins aid diverse enteric species within the genus Clostridium. PMID:22919577

Ceramides are known to play a major regulatory role in apoptosis by inducing cytochrome c release from mitochondria. We have previously reported that ceramide, but not dihydroceramide, forms large and stable channels in phospholipid membranes and outer membranes of isolated mitochondria. C2-ceramide channel formation is characterized by conductance increments ranging from <1 to >200 nS. These conductance increments often represent the enlargement and contracture of channels rather than the opening and closure of independent channels. Enlargement is supported by the observation that many small conductance increments can lead to a large decrement. Also the initial conductances favor cations, but this selectivity drops dramatically with increasing total conductance. La+3 causes rapid ceramide channel disassembly in a manner indicative of large conducting structures. These channels have a propensity to contract by a defined size (often multiples of 4 nS) indicating the formation of cylindrical channels with preferred diameters rather than a continuum of sizes. The results are consistent with ceramides forming barrel-stave channels whose size can change by loss or insertion of multiple ceramide columns. PMID:12944273

Measurements of the flux of fusion products from high temperature plasmas provide valuable insights into the ion energy distribution, as the fusion reaction rate is a very sensitive function of ion energy. In C-2, where field reversed configuration plasmas are formed by the collision of two compact toroids and partially sustained by high power neutral beam injection [M. Binderbauer et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 105, 045003 (2010); M. Tuszewski et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 108, 255008 (2012)], measurements of DD fusion neutron flux are used to diagnose ion temperature and study fast ion confinement and dynamics. In this paper, we will describe the development of a new 3 MeV proton detector that will complement existing neutron detectors. The detector is a large area (50 cm(2)), partially depleted, ion implanted silicon diode operated in a pulse counting regime. While the scintillator-based neutron detectors allow for high time resolution measurements (∼100 kHz), they have no spatial or energy resolution. The proton detector will provide 10 cm spatial resolution, allowing us to determine if the axial distribution of fast ions is consistent with classical fast ion theory or whether anomalous scattering mechanisms are active. We will describe in detail the diagnostic design and present initial data from a neutral beam test chamber.

Otoferlin is a transmembrane protein consisting of six C2 domains, proposed to act as a calcium sensor for exocytosis. Although otoferlin is believed to bind calcium and lipids, the lipid specificity and identity of the calcium binding domains are controversial. Further, it is currently unclear whether the calcium binding affinity of otoferlin quantitatively matches the maximal intracellular presynaptic calcium concentrations of ∼30–50 μM known to elicit exocytosis. To characterize the calcium and lipid binding properties of otoferlin, we used isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC), liposome sedimentation assays, and fluorescence spectroscopy. Analysis of ITC data indicates that with the exception of the C2A domain, the C2 domains of otoferlin bind multiple calcium ions with moderate (Kd = 25–95 μM) and low affinities (Kd = 400–700 μM) in solution. However, in the presence of liposomes, the calcium sensitivity of the domains increased by up to 10-fold. It was also determined that calcium enhanced liposome binding for domains C2B–C2E, whereas the C2F domain bound liposomes in a calcium-independent manner. Mutations that abrogate calcium binding in C2F do not disrupt liposome binding, supporting the conclusion that the interaction of the C2F domain with phosphatidylserine is calcium-independent. Further, domains C2C and C2F, not domains C2A, C2B, C2D, and C2E, bound phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate 1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phospho(1′-myoinositol-4′,5′-bisphosphate) [PI(4,5)P2], which preferentially steered them toward liposomes harboring PI(4,5)P2. Remarkably, lysine mutations L478A and L480A in C2C selectively weaken the PI(4,5)P2 interaction while leaving phosphatidylserine binding unaffected. Finally, shifts in the emission spectra of an environmentally sensitive fluorescent unnatural amino acid indicate that the calcium binding loops of the C2F domain directly interact with the lipid bilayer of negatively charged liposomes in a calcium

It has been estimated that aviation accidents are typically preceded by numerous minor incidents arising from the same causal factors that ultimately produced the accident. Accident databases provide in-depth information on a relatively small number of occurrences, however incident databases have the potential to provide insights into the human factors of Remotely Piloted Aircraft System (RPAS) operations based on a larger volume of less-detailed reports. Currently, there is a lack of incident data dealing with the human factors of unmanned aircraft systems. An exploratory study is being conducted to examine the feasibility of collecting voluntary critical incident reports from RPAS pilots. Twenty-three experienced RPAS pilots volunteered to participate in focus groups in which they described critical incidents from their own experience. Participants were asked to recall (1) incidents that revealed a system flaw, or (2) highlighted a case where the human operator contributed to system resilience or mission success. Participants were asked to only report incidents that could be included in a public document. During each focus group session, a note taker produced a de-identified written record of the incident narratives. At the end of the session, participants reviewed each written incident report, and made edits and corrections as necessary. The incidents were later analyzed to identify contributing factors, with a focus on design issues that either hindered or assisted the pilot during the events. A total of 90 incidents were reported. This presentation focuses on incidents that involved the management of the command and control (C2) link. The identified issues include loss of link, interference from undesired transmissions, voice latency, accidental control transfer, and the use of the lost link timer, or lost link OK features.

This abstract presents the training approach taken to create a management-centered, experiential learning solution for the Virginia Port Authority's Port Command Center. The resultant tool, called the Command Center Training Tool (C2T2), follows a holistic approach integrated across the training management cycle and within a single environment. The approach allows a single training manager to progress from training design through execution and AAR. The approach starts with modeling the training organization, identifying the organizational elements and their individual and collective performance requirements, including organizational-specific performance scoring ontologies. Next, the developer specifies conditions, the problems, and constructs that compose exercises and drive experiential learning. These conditions are defined by incidents, which denote a single, multi-media datum, and scenarios, which are stories told by incidents. To these layered, modular components, previously developed meta-data is attached, including associated performance requirements. The components are then stored in a searchable library An event developer can create a training event by searching the library based on metadata and then selecting and loading the resultant modular pieces. This loading process brings into the training event all the previously associated task and teamwork material as well as AAR preparation materials. The approach includes tools within an integrated management environment that places these materials at the fingertips of the event facilitator such that, in real time, the facilitator can track training audience performance and resultantly modify the training event. The approach also supports the concentrated knowledge management requirements for rapid preparation of an extensive AAR. This approach supports the integrated training cycle and allows a management-based perspective and advanced tools, through which a complex, thorough training event can be developed.

Creatine (Cr), one of the most popular nutritional supplements among athletes, has been recently shown to prevent the cytotoxicity caused by different oxidative stressors in various mammalian cell lines, including C2C12 myoblasts, via a direct antioxidant activity. Here, the effect of Cr on the differentiating capacity of C2C12 cells exposed to H(2)O(2) has been investigated. Differentiation into myotubes was monitored using morphological, ultrastructural, and molecular techniques. Treatment with H(2)O(2) (1 h) not only caused a significant (30%) loss of cell viability, but also abrogated the myogenic ability of surviving C2C12. Cr-supplementation (24 h prior to H(2)O(2) treatment) was found to prevent these effects. Interestingly, H(2)O(2)-challenged cells preconditioned with the established antioxidants trolox or N-acetyl-cysteine, although cytoprotected, did not display the same differentiating ability characterizing oxidatively-injured, Cr-supplemented cells. Besides acting as an antioxidant, Cr increased the level of muscle regulatory factors and IGF1 (an effect partly refractory to oxidative stress), the cellular availability of phosphocreatine and seemed to exert some mitochondrially-targeted protective activity. It is concluded that Cr preserves the myogenic ability of oxidatively injured C2C12 via a pleiotropic mechanism involving not only its antioxidant capacity, but also the contribution to cell energy charge and effects at the transcriptional level which common bona fide antioxidants lack.

Synaptic vesicles aggregate at the presynaptic terminal during synapse formation via mechanisms that are poorly understood. Here we have investigated the role of the putative calcium sensor synaptotagmin I in vesicle aggregation during the formation of soma–soma synapses between identified partner cells using a simple in vitro synapse model in the mollusc Lymnaea stagnalis. Immunocytochemistry, optical imaging and electrophysiological recording techniques were used to monitor synapse formation and vesicle localization. Within 6 h, contact between appropriate synaptic partner cells up-regulated global synaptotagmin I expression, and induced a localized aggregation of synaptotagmin I at the contact site. Cell contacts between non-synaptic partner cells did not affect synaptotagmin I expression. Application of an human immunodeficiency virus type-1 transactivator (HIV-1 TAT)-tagged peptide corresponding to loop 3 of the synaptotagmin I C2A domain prevented synaptic vesicle aggregation and synapse formation. By contrast, a TAT-tagged peptide containing the calcium-binding motif of the C2B domain did not affect synaptic vesicle aggregation or synapse formation. Calcium imaging with Fura-2 demonstrated that TAT–C2 peptides did not alter either basal or evoked intracellular calcium levels. These results demonstrate that contact with an appropriate target cell is necessary to initiate synaptic vesicle aggregation during nascent synapse formation and that the initial aggregation of synaptic vesicles is dependent on loop 3 of the C2A domain of synaptotagmin I. PMID:17317745

Rubidium atoms are accelerated in a high-temperature expansion of hydrogen to produce beams with energies high enough to observe collisional ionization with a cross beam. The speed of the atoms is directly measured by time-of-flight techniques, and the positive and negative ions produced are detected in separate mass spectrometers and detected in coincidence. Chloroperfluoroethane produces C(2)F(5)(-) and Cl(-) ions, whereas iodoperfluoroethane produces I(-), C(2)F(5)(-), and C(2)F(5)I(-) ions. When the measured speed distributions are used, the signal versus energy may be deconvolved to yield thresholds and electron affinities (EAs). The EA for C(2)F(5)I is measured to be 0.96 +/- 0.1 eV. Anomalously high EA values result for C(2)F(5) apparently because C(2)F(5)(-) is produced by parts per million concentrations of Rb(2).

Two different types of chlorophyll c ( c1 and c2) and their oxidized forms ( c1' and c2') were isolated from a brown seaweed, Undaria pinnatifida, and their structures were determined by mass spectrometry and 1H NMR spectroscopy. The order of conversion efficiencies in titania-based solar cells using these chlorophyll sensitizers, i.e., c2(4.6%)>c1(3.4%)>c2'(2.6%)≧c1'(2.5%), were explained in terms of a more extended conjugated system and the resultant higher electron densities in Chl c2 than Chl c1 as well as the different configurations and electron densities of the vinyl carboxyl group in Chls c2' and c1'.

Solutions of endohedral Gd@C82( C2 v ) and Ho@C82( C2 v ) metallofullerenes are studied by means of visible and near-IR spectroscopy upon their conversion from neutral to the anionic form via a redox reaction with the electron donor potassium perchlorotriphenylmethide K(18-crown-6)[C(C6Cl5)3]. The concentrations of the studied solutions of endohedral Gd@C82( C2 v ) and Ho@C82( C2 v ) metallofullerenes in o-dichlorobenzene were determined from the spectroscopic data, and their molar extinction coefficients are calculated.

The impact of modified montmorillonites on adsorption and biodegradation of crude oil C1-phenanthrenes, C1-dibenzothiophenes, C2-phenanthrenes and C2-dibenzothiophenes was investigated in aqueous clay/oil microcosm experiments with a hydrocarbon degrading microorganism community. Consequently, the effect on C1-dibenzothiophenes/C1-phenanthrenes, C2-dibenzothiophenes/C2-phenanthrenes, 2+3-methyldibenzothiophene/4-methyldibenzothiophene and 1-methyldibenzothiophene/4-methyldibenzothiophene ratios commonly used as diagnostic ratios for oil forensic studies was evaluated. The clay mineral samples were treated to produce acid activated montmorillonite, organomontmorillonite and homoionic montmorillonite which were used in this study. The different clay minerals (modified and unmodified) showed varied degrees of biodegradation and adsorption of the C1-phenanthrenes, C1-dibenzothiophenes, C2-phenanthrenes and C2-dibenzothiophenes. The study indicated that as opposed to biodegradation, adsorption has no effect on the diagnostic ratios. Among the diagnostic ratios reviewed, only C2-dibenzothiophenes/C2-phenanthrenes ratio was neither affected by adsorption nor biodegradation making this ratio very useful in forensic studies of oil spills and oil-oil correlation.

Oxy C2 is a valuable immunologic reagent, particularly for investigators whose research or clinical assays require a stable classical pathway C3 and/or C5 convertase or a highly active plasma complement source. To date only one method for the conversion of serum C2 or purified C2 to their respective oxy C2 forms has been published. However, this method has several disadvantages. For example, handling and dissolving the iodine crystals required in this process are difficult and time consuming. Also, the enhancement procedure results in a significant dilution of the original C2 sample. We have, therefore, developed a new, simplified method for oxidation of plasma, serum, or pure C2 which circumvents the difficulties associated with the earlier method. Moreover, this method offers additional flexibility with regard to oxidative conditions (i.e., buffer pH, temperature, and C2 concentrations) and reagent handling and final C2 product stability.

The present study aimed to evaluate the effect of using one-stage posterior C2 and C3 pedicle screw fixation or combined anterior C2-C3 fusion in the treatment of unstable hangman's fracture. A total of 13 patients with unstable hangman's fractures underwent C2 and C3 pedicle screw fixation, lamina interbody fusion or combined anterior C2-C3 fusion and imaging examinations to evaluate the fracture fixation and healing condition at three days and three months following surgery. Postoperative X-ray and computed tomography (CT) results showed high fracture reduction, good internal fixation position and reliable fracture fixation. The three-month postoperative CT showed good vertebral fracture healing. C2 and C3 pedicle screw fixation has a good curative effect in the treatment of unstable hangman's fracture. The direct fixation of the fracture enables early ambulation by the patients.

Aircraft observations of Asian outflow from the Transport and Chemical Evolution Over the Pacific (TRACE-P) aircraft mission over the NW Pacific (March and April 2001) show large CH4 enhancements relative to background, as well as strong CH4-C2H6-CO correlations that provide signatures of regional sources. We apply a global chemical transport model simulation of the CH4-C2H6-CO system for the TRACE-P period to interpret these observations in terms of CH4 sources and to explore in particular the unique constraints from the CH4-C2H6-CO correlations. We use as a priori a global CH4 source inventory constrained with National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Climate Monitoring and Diagnostics Laboratory (CMDL) surface observations [Wang et al., 2004]. We find that the observed CH4 concentration enhancements and CH4-C2H6-CO correlations in Asian outflow in TRACE-P are determined mainly by anthropogenic emissions from China and Eurasia (defined here as Europe and eastern Russia), with only little contribution from tropical sources (wetlands and biomass burning). The a priori inventory overestimates the observed CH4 enhancements and shows regionally variable biases for the CH4/C2H6 slope. The CH4/CO slopes are simulated without significant bias. Matching both the observed CH4 enhancements and the CH4-C2H6-CO slopes in Asian outflow requires increasing the east Asian anthropogenic source of CH4, and decreasing the Eurasian anthropogenic source, by at least 30% for both. The need to increase the east Asian source is driven by the underestimate of the CH4/C2H6 slope in boundary layer Chinese outflow. The Streets et al. [2003] anthropogenic emission inventory for east Asia fits this constraint by increasing CH4 emissions from that region by 40% relative to the a priori, largely because of higher livestock and landfill source estimates. Eurasian sources (mostly European) then need to be reduced by 30-50% from the a priori value of 68 Tg yr-1. The decrease of

The total rate constant k1 has been determined at P = 1 Torr nominal pressure (He) and at T = 298 K for the vinyl-methyl cross-radical reaction CH3 + C2H3 yields products. The measurements were performed in a discharge flow system coupled with collision-free sampling to a mass spectrometer operated at low electron energies. Vinyl and methyl radicals were generated by the reactions of F with C2H4 and CH4, respectively. The kinetic studies were performed by monitoring the decay of C2H3 with methyl in excess, 6 < |CH3|(sub 0)/|C2H3|(sub 0) < 21. The overall rate coefficient was determined to be k1(298 K) = (1.02 +/- 0.53)x10(exp -10) cubic cm/molecule/s with the quoted uncertainty representing total errors. Numerical modeling was required to correct for secondary vinyl consumption by reactions such as C2H3 + H and C2H3 + C2H3. The present result for k1 at T = 298 K is compared to two previous studies at high pressure (100-300 Torr He) and to a very recent study at low pressure (0.9-3.7 Torr He). Comparison is also made with the rate constant for the similar reaction CH3 + C2H5 and with a value for k1 estimated by the geometric mean rule employing values for k(CH3 + CH3) and k(C2H3 + C2H3). Qualitative product studies at T = 298 K and 200 K indicated formation of C3H6, C2H2, and C2H5 as products of the combination-stabilization, disproportionation, and combination-decomposition channels, respectively, of the CH3 + C2H3 reaction. We also observed the secondary C4H8 product of the subsequent reaction of C3H5 with excess CH3; this observation provides convincing evidence for the combination-decomposition channel yielding C3H5 + H. RRKM calculations with helium as the deactivator support the present and very recent experimental observations that allylic C-H bond rupture is an important path in the combination reaction. The pressure and temperature dependencies of the branching fractions are also predicted.

The calculated values of thermodynamic and transport properties of pure F2 and fluorocarbon compounds CF4, C2F2, C2F4, C2F6, C3F6 and C3F8 at high temperatures are presented in this paper. The thermodynamic properties are determined by the method of Gibbs free energy minimization, using standard thermodynamic tables. The transport properties, including electron diffusion coefficients, viscosity, thermal conductivity and electrical conductivity, are evaluated using the Chapman-Enskog method expanded up to the third-order approximation (second order for viscosity). The most accurate cross-section data that could be located are used to evaluate collision integrals. The calculations based on the assumption of local thermodynamic equilibrium are performed for atmospheric-pressure plasmas in the temperature range from 300 to 30 000 K for different pressures between 0.1 and 10 atm. The results of F2, CF4, C2F2, C2F4 and C2F6 are compared with those of previously published studies. Larger discrepancies occur for transport coefficients; these are explained in terms of the different values of the collision integrals that were used. The results presented here are expected to be more accurate because of the improved collision integrals employed.

The photoionization efficiency (PIE) spectrum from 600 to 1200 Å for the production of the ion C2H4Cl+ by dissociative photoionization of the products of room-temperature jet expansions of a 1:4 mixture of C2H4 and HCl was measured at several nozzle pressures. The results were resolved into the PIE yield curve for the heterodimer process C2H4·HCl+ hv→C2H4Cl++H+ e. This reaction is necessarily characterized by a large change in geometry between neutral complex and ionic product. The observed spectrum exhibits an unusual and conspicuous peak at 15.2 eV that is characterized by a sharp cutoff to the high energy side. This feature points to the onset of strongly nonstatistical channels for the production of C2H4Cl+ at this energy such that product formation proceeds through very few states. The observed onset of C2H4Cl+ at 11.92±0.24 eV is 17±6 kcal mol-1 above the true threshold. An important conclusion is that at all energies above the onset the yield of dissociative ionization of the heterodimer to the cation C2H4Cl+ is determined by dynamical factors.

La{_3}C{_2}O is produced for the first time by laser vaporization in a pulsed cluster source and identified by photoionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Vibrationally-resolved ion spectra are obtained with mass-analyzed threshold ionization (MATI) spectroscopy. The adiabatic ionization energy of La{_3}C{_2}O is measured to be 30891(5) Cm-1. The spectra display several short vibrational progressions, and these progressions are associated mainly with La-La, La-C and La{_3}C{_2}O stretching excitations. The electron-spin multiplicities and molecular symmetries of La{_3}C{_2}O and La{_3}C{_2}O^+ are determined by combining the experimental measurements with ab initio calculations at MP2 level. Preliminary data analysis shows that the ^1A_1 ← ^2A_1 transition is responsible for the observed MATI spectra. The cluster has C2v symmetry with La{_3}C{_2}O in a bi-pyramid structure and oxygen being attached to the La_3 plane.

A chirped-pulse Fourier transform microwave spectrometer has been used to measure the microwave spectra of both C2H2\\cdots AuI and C2H4\\cdots AuI. These complexes are generated via laser ablation at 532 nm of a gold surface in the presence of CF3I and either C2H2 or C2H4 and argon and are stabilized by a supersonic expansion. Rotational (A0, B0, C0) and centrifugal distortion constants (ΔJ, ΔJK and δJ) of each molecule have been determined as well the nuclear electric quadrupole coupling constants of gold and iodine atoms (χaa(Au}, χbb-χcc(Au), χaa(I) and χbb-χcc(I)). The spectrum of each molecule is consistent with a C2v structure in which the metal atom interacts with the π-orbital of the ethene or ethyne molecule. Isotopic substitutions of atoms within the C2H2 or C2H4 subunits are in progress and in conjunction with high level ab initio calculations will allow for accurate determination of the geometry of each molecule.

Lactadherin, a glycoprotein secreted by a variety of cell types, contains two EGF domains and two C domains with sequence homology to the C domains of blood coagulation proteins factor V and factor VIII. Like these proteins, lactadherin binds to phosphatidylserine (PS)-containing membranes with high affinity. We determined the crystal structure of the bovine lactadherin C2 domain (residues 1 to 158) at 2.4 {angstrom}. The lactadherin C2 structure is similar to the C2 domains of factors V and VIII (rmsd of C{sub {alpha}} atoms of 0.9 {angstrom} and 1.2 {angstrom}, and sequence identities of 43% and 38%, respectively). The lactadherin C2 domain has a discoidin-like fold containing two {beta}-sheets of five and three antiparallel {beta}-strands packed against one another. The N and C termini are linked by a disulfide bridge between Cys1 and Cys158. One {beta}-turn and two loops containing solvent-exposed hydrophobic residues extend from the C2 domain {beta}-sandwich core. In analogy with the C2 domains of factors V and VIII, some or all of these solvent-exposed hydrophobic residues, Trp26, Leu28, Phe31, and Phe81, likely participate in membrane binding. The C2 domain of lactadherin may serve as a marker of cell surface phosphatidylserine exposure and may have potential as a unique anti-thrombotic agent.

Lactadherin, a glycoprotein secreted by a variety of cell types, contains two EGF domains and two C domains with sequence homology to the C domains of blood coagulation proteins factor V and factor VIII. Like these proteins, lactadherin binds to phosphatidylserine (PS)-containing membranes with high affinity. We determined the crystal structure of the bovine lactadherin C2 domain (residues 1 to 158) at 2.4 Angstroms. The lactadherin C2 structure is similar to the C2 domains of factors V and VIII (rmsd of C? atoms of 0.9 Angstroms and 1.2 Angstroms, and sequence identities of 43% and 38%, respectively). The lactadherin C2 domain has a discoidin-like fold containing two ?-sheets of five and three antiparallel ?-strands packed against one another. The N and C termini are linked by a disulfide bridge between Cys1 and Cys158. One ?-turn and two loops containing solvent-exposed hydrophobic residues extend from the C2 domain ?-sandwich core. In analogy with the C2 domains of factors V and VIII, some or all of these solvent-exposed hydrophobic residues, Trp26, Leu28, Phe31, and Phe81, likely participate in membrane binding. The C2 domain of lactadherin may serve as a marker of cell surface phosphatidylserine exposure and may have potential as a unique anti-thrombotic agent.

The interaction of Fe0 atoms with C2Cl6 multilayers over FeO(111) has been investigated using the “atom dropping” preparation technique and a combination of temperature programmed desorption, Auger electron spectroscopy, and x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The reactivity and reaction products are strongly dependent on the Fe0 coverage. Submonolayer Fe0 doses lead to high reactivity and primarily FeCl3 and C4Cl6, whereas multilayer Fe0 doses lead to the production of FeCl2 and C2Cl4 with much lower Fe0 reactivity. The data are consistent with a model where Fe atoms form intermediate species at low coverage, which consist of a Fe atom inserted into a C-Cl bond. When two Fe atoms react with C2Cl6, a different intermediate species is formed which produces the alternative reaction pathway and the formation of C2Cl4. Similar atom dropping experiments demonstrate that C2Cl4 is also reactive towards Fe0 atoms at low Fe0 dose, leading to the production of one FeCl2 molecule per C2Cl4 molecule reacted. At higher coverages, Fe atoms form clusters which are much less reactive toward C2Cl4.

Synaptotagmin 1 (Syt1) is the Ca+2 receptor for fast, synchronous vesicle fusion in neurons. Because membrane fusion is an inherently mechanical, force-driven event, Syt1 must be able to adapt to the energetics of the fusion apparatus. Syt1 contains two C2 domains (C2A and C2B) that are homologous in sequence and three-dimensional in structure; yet, a number of observations have suggested that they have distinct biochemical and biological properties. In this study, we analyzed the mechanical stability of the C2A and C2B domains of human Syt1 using single-molecule atomic force microscopy. We found that stretching the C2AB domains of Syt1 resulted in two distinct unfolding force peaks. The larger force peak of ∼100 pN was identified as C2B and the second peak of ∼50 pN as C2A. Furthermore, a significant fraction of C2A domains unfolded through a low force intermediate that was not observed in C2B. We conclude that these domains have different mechanical properties. We hypothesize that a relatively small stretching force may be sufficient to deform the effector-binding regions of the C2A domain and modulate the affinity for soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor (NSF) attachment protein receptors (SNAREs), phospholipids, and Ca+2. PMID:19186144

Pertinent literature exists concerning indications, techniques, complications of treatment, and risk factors for nonunion in axis and odontoid fractures; however, there are scarce data regarding the incidence and definition of malunion in these fractures. As a prerequisite for the study of anatomical alignment following surgical and nonsurgical treatment of C2-fractures, an understanding of normal C2 anatomy is essential. Therefore, the authors intended to evaluate morphometrical dimensions of the C2 vertebra. The purpose was to provide normalized quantitative data to enable assessment of malalignment following the treatment of C2-fractures within a classification system. Using digitized cervical spine lateral and transoral odontoid radiographs of 100 consecutive patients without any evidence of traumatic or neoplastic disorders, the authors performed measurements on distinct anatomical structures and investigated morphometrical dimensions of the normal axis vertebra. The incidence of atlantoaxial arthritis was also evaluated. In addition, with the assessment of twenty arbitrarily chosen sets of radiographs by three different observers we calculated the interobserver reliability in terms of intraclass correlation coefficients for each parameter. With calculation of SD and 95% confidence limits, pathological cut-offs were reconstructed from measurements performed resembling non-physiological and pathological limits. Distinct parameters were selected to form a new classification system for radiographical follow-up that focuses on the quantitative C1-2 vertebral alignment. The measurement process resulted in 2,400 data points. Distinct morphometrical parameters, such as a quantitative characterization of the sagittal atlantoaxial congruency, the lateral mass inclination and the type of degenerative changes at the atlantoaxial joint could be demonstrated to be valuable and reliably used within a proposed classification for C2-malunions following C2-fractures. The

Deficiency of the complement protein C2 (C2D), one of the most common genetic deficiencies of the complement system, is associated with rheumatological disorders and increased susceptibility to infection. Two types of C2D have been recognized, each in the context of specific major histocompatibility complex (MHC) haplotypes; type I, a deletion, frameshift and premature stop codon resulting in absence of detectable C2 protein synthesis, and type II, missense mutations resulting in a block in secretion of C2 proteins. Analysis of C2 expression in a child with C2 deficiency, a MHC haplotype different from those associated with type I or II C2D, and recurrent infections revealed additional molecular heterogeneity among C2 deficient patients. No detectable C2 protein was synthesized in the child's fibroblasts under conditions supporting C2 synthesis and secretion in normals and the child's C2 mRNA was reduced to 42% of normal. Nucleotide sequencing of RT-PCR fibroblast mRNA and genomic DNA revealed a type I C2 deficiency (28 base-pair deletion) on one allele and a previously unrecognized two base-pair deletion in exon 2 on the other. Expression of the closely linked factor B gene was markedly decreased (Bf mRNA 25% of normal), though Bf was up-regulated appropriately by interferon-gamma and the flanking sequence containing the Bf promoter was normal in this C2-deficient patient. Moreover, the concentration of Bf protein was normal in the patient's plasma. Images Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 4 Figure 5 PMID:9616367

Introduction Posterior C1-C2 fusion is a highly successful treatment for atlantoaxial instability and other pathologies of the cervical spine, with fusion rates approaching 95%-100%. However, poor visualization of the lateral masses of C1 secondary to the course of the C2 nerve root along with blood loss from the venous plexus and compression of the C2 nerve from lateral mass screws are technical obstacles that can arise during surgery. Thus, sacrifice of the C2 nerve root has long since been debated in fusions involving the C1 and C2 vertebral bodies. Methods Cadaveric dissections on four adult specimens were performed. Both intradural and extradural courses of C2 were studied in detail. The tentative site of C2 nerve root compression during placement of C1 lateral mass screws was studied in detail. Both the indication as well as the ease of C2 neurectomy were studied in relation to postoperative compression and entrapment. Results Four-six dorsal rootlets of C2 nerve were observed while studying the intradural course. The extradural course was studied with respect to the lateral mass of C1. The greater occipital nerve (GON) course was fairly consistent in all specimens. Transection of C2 around its ganglion would allow for proper C1 lateral mass screw placement as the course of C2 nerve interferes with proper placement of instrumentation. Conclusion C2 nerve root transection is associated with occipital numbness but this often has no effect on health-related quality of life (HRQOL). The C2 nerve root preservation is often associated with entrapment neuropathy or occipital neuralgia, which greatly affects HRQOL. The C2 nerve root transection helps in better visualization, aids in optimal placement of C1 lateral mass screws, minimizes estimated blood loss and improves surgical outcome with successful fusion.

NiCr-Cr3C2 coating was fabricated using supersonic plasma spraying technology. Subsequently, rolling/sliding contact fatigue (R/SCF) testing was carried out, using acoustic emission (AE) technology to monitor the failure process. The results showed that R/SCF consists of three failure modes, namely abrasion, spalling, and delamination. Abrasion is the main failure mode, but delamination is the most severe. The AE monitoring results indicated that the R/SCF failure process is composed of normal contact, crack initiation, crack propagation, and material removal stages. The frequency of each stage was analyzed by fast Fourier transform, revealing a peak frequency for each stage mainly distributed from 200 to 250 kHz.

This study aims at investigating the behavior in terms of the proliferation and skeletal muscle differentiation capability of two myoblastic cell lines, C2C12 and H9c2, on both isotropic and anisotropic electrospun nanofibrous poly(hydroxybutyrate) (PHB) scaffolds, as well as on PHB films and polystyrene controls. After a careful characterization of the matrices in terms of surface morphology, surface roughness and mechanical properties, the proliferation rate and the capability of the two cell lines to form skeletal myotubes were evaluated. Genetic analyses were also performed in order to assess the differentiation level of the cells on the different substrates. We demonstrated that the aligned nanofibrous mesh decreases the proliferation activity and provides a higher differentiative stimulus. We also clarified how the nanofibrous substrate influences myotube formation, and quantified a series of myotube-related parameters for both C2C12 and H9c2 cells.

Dysferlin is a large transmembrane protein composed of a C-terminal transmembrane domain, two DysF domains, and seven C2 domains that mediate lipid- and protein-binding interactions. Recessive loss-of-function mutations in dysferlin lead to muscular dystrophies, for which no treatment is currently available. The large size of dysferlin precludes its encapsulation into an adeno-associated virus (AAV), the vector of choice for gene delivery to muscle. To design mini-dysferlin molecules suitable for AAV-mediated gene transfer, we tested internally truncated dysferlin constructs, each lacking one of the seven C2 domains, for their ability to localize to the plasma membrane and to repair laser-induced plasmalemmal wounds in dysferlin-deficient human myoblasts. We demonstrate that the dysferlin C2B, C2C, C2D, and C2E domains are dispensable for correct plasmalemmal localization. Furthermore, we show that the C2B, C2C, and C2E domains and, to a lesser extent, the C2D domain are dispensable for dysferlin membrane repair function. On the basis of these results, we designed small dysferlin molecules that can localize to the plasma membrane and reseal laser-induced plasmalemmal injuries and that are small enough to be incorporated into AAV. These results lay the groundwork for AAV-mediated gene therapy experiments in dysferlin-deficient mouse models. PMID:22736764

Replacing the benzene spacer in the organic linker 5,5'-(benzene-1,4-diyl)diisophthalate with the nitrogen containing heterocyclic rings, namely, pyrazine, pyridazine, and pyrimidine results in three organic linkers, which were reacted with copper ions under solvothermal conditions to form three isostructural metal-organic frameworks (ZJNU-46, ZJNU-47 and ZJNU-48) exhibiting exceptionally high sorption capacities with regard to acetylene due to the simultaneous immobilization of open metal sites and Lewis basic nitrogen sites in the frameworks. At 1 atm and 295 K, the gravimetric C2H2 adsorption uptakes reach 187, 213 and 193 cm(3) (STP) g(-1) for these three compounds. The gravimetric C2H2 adsorption amount of ZJNU-47a is the second highest reported for MOF materials. Notably, despite their same porosities, and densities of open metal sites and uncoordinated nitrogen sites, distinctly different C2H2 adsorption capacities were observed for these three compounds, which we think are mainly associated with the difference in the relative position of nitrogen atoms leading to different binding affinities of the frameworks towards C2H2 guest molecules, and thus different C2H2 adsorptions. This work demonstrates that the rational arrangement of open nitrogen sites will favorably improve the C2H2 uptake and thus provides useful information for future design of porous MOFs with high acetylene storage capacities.

We present a classical-trajectory study of the dynamics of high-energy (5-12 eV) collisions between Ar atoms and the C2H6 and C2F6 molecules. We have constructed the potential-energy surfaces for these systems considering separately the Ar-molecule interactions (intermolecular potential) and the interactions within the molecule (intramolecular potential). The intermolecular surfaces consist of pairwise empirical potentials derived from high-accuracy ab initio calculations. The intramolecular potentials for C2H6 and C2F6 are described using specific-reaction-parameters semiempirical Hamiltonians and are calculated "on the fly", i.e., while the trajectories are evolving. Trajectory analysis shows that C2F6 absorbs more energy than C2H6 and is more susceptible to collision-induced dissociation (CID). C-C bond-breakage processes are more important than C-H or C-F bond breakage at the energies explored in this work. Analysis of the reaction mechanism for CID processes indicates that, although C-C breakage is mostly produced by side-on collisions, head-on collisions are more efficient in producing C-F or C-H dissociation. Our results suggest that high-energy collisions between closed-shell species of the natural low-Earth-orbit environment and spacecraft can contribute to the observed degradation of polymers that coat spacecraft surfaces.

First-principles calculations were performed to investigate the electronic and magnetic properties of Ti3C2 monolayer and its derivatives. We found that pristine Ti3C2 monolayer acts as a magnetic metal, and magnetic moments come from Ti2+ ions at two sides. Through doping nitrogen atoms, the spin moments is significantly reduced. On other hand, when two surfaces of Ti3C2 monolayer are saturated by external groups, the magnetism will be spontaneously annihilated. Even for the saturation of one side, we also found that the magnetism of Ti3C2Y (Y is O and OH) monolayer is removed because of the invalidation of stoner instability. More importantly, we explored that both doping and surface modification will reduce the Curie temperature of Ti3C2 monolayer. Therefore, our results shed a light on the way to get high-temperature magnetism in Ti3C2 monolayer.

Isotope separation of tritium by CO2 laser-induced multiphoton dissociation (MPD) of C2TF5 is reported for the first time. The MPD spectrum obtained for C2TF5 comprised a broad peak at about 940 cm-1 where C2HF5 was nearly transparent. The unimolecular dissociation of C2TF5 was induced with much lower laser fluence than that for CTF3, another working molecule we proposed for laser isotope separation of tritium. The mechanisms and kinetics of the dissociation of C2TF5 and C2HF5 were investigated under various experimental conditions: laser frequency, pulse energy, pulse duration, tritium concentration, sample pressure, buffer gas pressure and irradiation geometry. Single-step separation factors exceeding 500 were achieved with the most efficient P(20) line in 00o 10o0 transition at 944.2 cm-1.

Synaptotagmin-1 (Syt1) acts as a Ca2+ sensor for neurotransmitter release through its C2 domains. It has been proposed that Syt1 promotes SNARE-dependent fusion mainly through its C2B domain, but the underlying mechanism is poorly understood. In this study, we show that the C2B domain interacts simultaneously with acidic membranes and SNARE complexes via the top Ca2+-binding loops, the side polybasic patch, and the bottom face in response to Ca2+. Disruption of the simultaneous interactions completely abrogates the triggering activity of the C2B domain in liposome fusion. We hypothesize that the simultaneous interactions endow the C2B domain with an ability to deform local membranes, and this membrane-deformation activity might underlie the functional significance of the Syt1 C2B domain in vivo. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.14211.001 PMID:27083046

The ClC-2 chloride channel is a member of the voltage-gated chloride channel family. ClC-2 is involved in various physiological processes, including fluid transport and secretion, regulation of cell volume and pH, maintaining the membrane potential of the cell, cell-to-cell communication, and tissue homeostasis. Recently, our laboratory has accumulated evidence indicating a critical role of ClC-2 in the regulation of intestinal barrier function by altering inter-epithelial tight junction composition. This review will detail the role of ClC-2 in intestinal barrier function during intestinal disorders, including experimental ischemia/reperfusion injury and dextran sodium sulfate (DSS)-induced inflammatory bowel disease. Details of pharmacological manipulation of ClC-2 via prostone agonists will also be provided in an effort to show the potential therapeutic relevance of ClC-2 regulation, particularly during intestinal barrier disruption.

The ClC-2 chloride channel is a member of the voltage-gated chloride channel family. ClC-2 is involved in various physiological processes, including fluid transport and secretion, regulation of cell volume and pH, maintaining the membrane potential of the cell, cell-to-cell communication, and tissue homeostasis. Recently, our laboratory has accumulated evidence indicating a critical role of ClC-2 in the regulation of intestinal barrier function by altering inter-epithelial tight junction composition. This review will detail the role of ClC-2 in intestinal barrier function during intestinal disorders, including experimental ischemia/reperfusion injury and dextran sodium sulfate (DSS)-induced inflammatory bowel disease. Details of pharmacological manipulation of ClC-2 via prostone agonists will also be provided in an effort to show the potential therapeutic relevance of ClC-2 regulation, particularly during intestinal barrier disruption. PMID:26716076

A chirped-pulse Fourier transform microwave spectrometer has been used to measure the microwave spectra of both C2H_{2\\cdots AgI} and C2H_{4\\cdots AgI}. These complexes are generated via laser ablation at 532 nm of a silver surface in the presence of CF3I and either C2H_{2} or C2H_{4} and argon and are stabilized by a supersonic expansion. Rotational (A0, B0, C0) and centrifugal distortion constants (ΔJ and ΔJK) of each molecule have been determined as well the nuclear electric quadrupole coupling constants the iodine atom (χaa(I) and χbb-χcc(I)). The spectrum of each molecule is consistent with a C2v structure in which the metal atom interacts with the π-orbital of the ethene or ethyne molecule. Isotopic substitutions of atoms within the C2H_{2} or C2H_{4} subunits are in progress and in conjunction with high level ab initio calculations will allow for accurate determination of the geometry of each molecule. These to complexes are put in the context of the recently studied H2S\\cdots AgI, OC\\cdotsAgI, H3N\\cdots AgI and (CH3)_{3N\\cdots AgI}. S.Z. Riaz, S.L. Stephens, W. Mizukami, D.P. Tew, N.R. Walker, A.C. Legon, Chem. Phys. Let., 531, 1-12 (2012) S.L. Stephens, W. Mizukami, D.P. Tew, N.R. Walker, A.C. Legon, J. Chem. Phys., 136(6), 064306 (2012) D.M. Bittner, D.P. Zaleski, S.L. Stephens, N.R. Walker, A.C. Legon, Study in progress.

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Ciliopathies are a group of genetic disorders caused by defective assembly or dysfunction of the primary cilium, a microtubule-based cellular organelle that plays a key role in developmental signalling. Ciliopathies are clinically grouped in a large number of overlapping disorders, including the orofaciodigital syndromes (OFDS), the short rib polydactyly syndromes and Jeune asphyxiating thoracic dystrophy. Recently, mutations in the gene encoding the centriolar protein C2CD3 have been described in two families with a new sub-type of OFDS (OFD14), with microcephaly and cerebral malformations. Here we describe a third family with novel compound heterozygous C2CD3 mutations in two fetuses with a different clinical presentation, dominated by skeletal dysplasia with no microcephaly. Analysis of fibroblast cultures derived from one of these fetuses revealed a reduced ability to form cilia, consistent with previous studies in C2cd3-mutant mouse and chicken cells. More detailed analyses support a role for C2CD3 in basal body maturation; but in contrast to previous mouse studies the normal recruitment of the distal appendage protein CEP164 suggests that this protein is not sufficient for efficient basal body maturation and subsequent axonemal extension in a C2CD3-defective background. PMID:27094867

Using synchrotron radiation as a continuum light source, the photoabsorption and photoionization cross sections of NH3, PH3, H2S, C2H2, and C2H4 have been measured from their respective ionization thresholds to 1060 A. The vibrational constants associated with the nu(2) totally symmetric, out-of-plane bending vibration of the ground electronic state of PH3(+) have been obtained. The cross sections and quantum yields for producing neutral products through photoexcitation of these molecules in the given spectral regions have also been determined. In the present work, autoionization processes were found to be less important than dissociation and predissociation processes in NH3, PH3, and C2H4. Several experimental techniques have been employed in order to examine the various possible systematic errors critically.

An ab initio computational density functional theory (DFT) was used to study the formation of the first cyclic molecule (phenyl) initiated by the ethynyl radical (C(2)H*). The study covers a competition reaction between the addition reactions of C(2)H* with ethyne (C(2)H(2)) and some molecular re-arrangement schemes. The minimum energy paths of the preferred cyclic formation route were characterized. A thorough thermochemical analysis was performed by evaluating the differences in the energy of activation (DeltaE), enthalpy (DeltaH), and Gibb's free energy (DeltaG) of the optimized stable and transition state (TS) molecules. The reaction temperatures were set to normal (T = 298 K) and combustion (T = 1,200 K) conditions.

Following Vasisht et al’s identification of the second critical point (T c2, P c2) for liquid silicon in the Stillinger-Weber (S-W) model for silicon, we study the variation of T c2, P c2 with tetrahedral repulsion parameter in an extension of the earlier ‘potential tuning’ study of this system. We use the simple isochore crossing approach to identify the location of the second critical point (before any crystallization can occur) as a function of the ‘tuning’ or ‘tetrahedrality’, parameter λ, and identify two phenomena of high interest content. The first is that the second critical point pressure P c2, becomes less negative as λ decreases from the silicon value (meaning the drive to high tetrahedrality is decreased) and reaches zero pressure at the same value of lambda found to mark the onset of glassforming ability in an earlier study of this tunable system. The second is that, as the T c,2 approaches the temperature of the liquid-gas spinodal, λ > 22, the behavior of the temperature of maximum density (TMD) switches from the behavior seen in most current water pair potential models (locus of TMDs has a maximum), to the behavior seen in empirical engineering multiparameter equations of state (EoS) (and also by two parameter Speedy isothermal expansion EoS) for water, according to which the locus of TMDs of HDL phase has no maximum, and the EoS for HDL has no second critical point. At λ = 23 the behavior is isomorphic with that of the mW model of water, which is now seen to conform, at least closely, to the ‘critical point free’ scenario for water.

(13)C MR spectroscopy studies performed on hearts ex vivo and in vivo following perfusion of prepolarized [1-(13)C]pyruvate have shown that changes in pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH) flux may be monitored non-invasively. However, to allow investigation of Krebs cycle metabolism, the (13)C label must be placed on the C2 position of pyruvate. Thus, the utilization of either C1 or C2 labeled prepolarized pyruvate as a tracer can only afford a partial view of cardiac pyruvate metabolism in health and disease. If the prepolarized pyruvate molecules were labeled at both C1 and C2 positions, then it would be possible to observe the downstream metabolites that were the results of both PDH flux ((13)CO(2) and H(13)CO(3)(-)) and Krebs cycle flux ([5-(13)C]glutamate) with a single dose of the agent. Cardiac pH could also be monitored in the same experiment, but adequate SNR of the (13)CO(2) resonance may be difficult to obtain in vivo. Using an interleaved selective RF pulse acquisition scheme to improve (13)CO(2) detection, the feasibility of using dual-labeled hyperpolarized [1,2-(13)C(2)]pyruvate as a substrate for dynamic cardiac metabolic MRS studies to allow simultaneous investigation of PDH flux, Krebs cycle flux and pH, was demonstrated in vivo.

Herein we report on the formation of defects in response to neutron irradiation of polycrystalline Ti3SiC2 and Ti3AlC2 samples exposed to total fluences of ≈6 × 1020 n/m2, 5 × 1021 n/m2 and 1.7 × 1022 n/m2 at irradiation temperatures of 121(12), 735(6) and 1085(68)°C. These fluences correspond to 0.14, 1.6 and 3.4 dpa, respectively. After irradiation to 0.14 dpa at 121 °C and 735 °C, black spots are observed via transmission electron microscopy in both Ti3SiC2 and Ti3AlC2. After irradiation to 1.6 and 3.4 dpa at 735 °C, basal dislocation loops, with a Burgers vector of b = ½ [0001] are observed in Ti3SiC2, with loop diameters of 21(6) and 30(8) nm after 1.6 dpa and 3.4 dpa, respectively. In Ti3AlC2, larger dislocation loops, 75(34) nm in diameter are observed after 3.4 dpa at 735 °C, in addition to stacking faults. Impurity particles of TiC, as well as stacking fault TiC platelets in the MAX phases, are seen to form extensive dislocation loops under all conditions. Cavities were observed at grain boundaries and within stacking faults after 3.4 dpa irradiation, with extensive cavity formation in the TiC regions at 1085 °C. Remarkably, denuded zones on the order of 1 μm are observed in Ti3SiC2 after irradiation to 3.4 dpa at 735 °C. Small grains, 3-5 μm in diameter, are damage free after irradiation at 1085 °C at this dose. The results shown herein confirm once again that the presence of the A-layers in the MAX phases considerably enhance their irradiation tolerance. Based on these results, and up to 3.4 dpa, Ti3SiC2 remains a promising candidate for high temperature nuclear applications as long as the temperature remains >700 °C.

A nonaxenic unialgal culture of Limnothrix sp. strain P13C2 was obtained through multiple subculturing of an inoculum obtained from a tropical freshwater lake. Here, we report the genome of P13C2 of 4.6 Mbp, extracted from the metagenome of this coculture. PMID:27795269

Synaptotagmin I (Syt I) is a vesicle-localized protein implicated in sensing the calcium influx that triggers fast synchronous release of neurotransmitter. How Syt I utilizes its two C2 domains to integrate signals and mediate neurotransmission has continued to be a controversial area of research, though prevalent hypotheses favor independent function. Using differential scanning calorimetry and fluorescence lifetime spectroscopy in a thermodynamic denaturation approach, we tested an alternative hypothesis in which both domains interact to cooperatively disseminate binding information. The free energy of stability was determined for C2A, C2B, and C2AB constructs by globally fitting both methods to a two-state model of unfolding. By comparing the additive free energies of C2A and C2B with C2AB, we identified a negative coupling interaction between the C2 domains of Syt I. This interaction not only provides a mechanistic means for propagating signals, but also a possible means for coordinating the molecular events of neurotransmission. PMID:23071627

Hierarchically organized myosin and actin filaments found in biological systems exhibit contraction and expansion behaviours that produce work and force by consuming chemical energy. Inspired by these naturally occurring examples, we have developed photoresponsive wet- and dry-type molecular actuators built from rotaxane-based compounds known as [c2]daisy chains (specifically, [c2]AzoCD2 hydrogel and [c2]AzoCD2 xerogel). These actuators were prepared via polycondensation between four-armed poly(ethylene glycol) and a [c2]daisy chain based on α-cyclodextrin as the host component and azobenzene as a photoresponsive guest component. The light-induced actuation arises from the sliding motion of the [c2]daisy chain unit. Ultraviolet irradiation caused the gels to bend towards the light source. The response of the [c2]AzoCD2 xerogel, even under dry conditions, is very fast (7° every second), which is 10,800 times faster than the [c2]AzoCD2 hydrogel (7° every 3 h). In addition, the [c2]AzoCD2 xerogel was used as a crane arm to lift an object using ultraviolet irradiation to produce mechanical work.

The development of biocompatible nanomaterials for smart drug delivery and bioimaging has attracted great interest in recent years in biomedical fields. Here, the interaction between the recently reported nitrogenated graphene (C2 N) and a prototypical protein (villin headpiece HP35) utilizing atomistic molecular dynamics simulations is studied. The simulations reveal that HP35 can form a stable binding with the C2 N monolayer. Although the C2 N-HP35 attractive interactions are constantly preserved, the binding strength between C2 N and the protein is mild and does not cause significant distortion in the protein's structural integrity. This intrinsic biofriendly property of native C2 N is distinct from several widely studied nanomaterials, such as graphene, carbon nanotubes, and MoS2 , which can induce severe protein denaturation. Interestingly, once the protein is adsorbed onto C2 N surface, its transverse migration is highly restricted at the binding sites. This restriction is orchestrated by C2 N's periodic porous structure with negatively charged "holes," where the basic residues-such as lysine-can form stable interactions, thus functioning as "anchor points" in confining the protein displacement. It is suggested that the mild, immobilized protein attraction and biofriendly aspects of C2 N would make it a prospective candidate in bio- and medical-related applications.

Hierarchically organized myosin and actin filaments found in biological systems exhibit contraction and expansion behaviours that produce work and force by consuming chemical energy. Inspired by these naturally occurring examples, we have developed photoresponsive wet- and dry-type molecular actuators built from rotaxane-based compounds known as [c2]daisy chains (specifically, [c2]AzoCD2 hydrogel and [c2]AzoCD2 xerogel). These actuators were prepared via polycondensation between four-armed poly(ethylene glycol) and a [c2]daisy chain based on α-cyclodextrin as the host component and azobenzene as a photoresponsive guest component. The light-induced actuation arises from the sliding motion of the [c2]daisy chain unit. Ultraviolet irradiation caused the gels to bend towards the light source. The response of the [c2]AzoCD2 xerogel, even under dry conditions, is very fast (7° every second), which is 10,800 times faster than the [c2]AzoCD2 hydrogel (7° every 3 h). In addition, the [c2]AzoCD2 xerogel was used as a crane arm to lift an object using ultraviolet irradiation to produce mechanical work.

We report a variety of [c2]daisy chain molecules which undergo quantitative, efficient, and fully reversible molecular movements upon the addition of base/acid in organic solvents. Such externally triggered molecular movements can induce the contraction and extension of the [c2]daisy chain molecule as a whole. A linear polymer of such a bistable [c2]daisy chain exerts similar types of movements and can be looked upon as a candidate for the development of artificial muscles. The spectrophotometric investigations of both the monomeric and polymeric bistable [c2]daisy chains, as well as the corresponding model compounds, were performed in MeCN at room temperature, in order to obtain the thermodynamic parameters for these mechanically interlocked molecules. Based on their spectrophotometric and thermodynamic characteristics, kinetic analysis of the acid/base-induced contraction and extension of the [c2]daisy chain monomer and polymer were conducted by employing a stopped-flow technique. These kinetic data suggest that the rates of contraction and extension for these [c2]daisy chain molecules are determined by the thermodynamic stabilities of the corresponding kinetic intermediates. Faster switching rates for both the contraction and extension processes of the polymeric [c2]daisy chain were observed when compared to those of its monomeric counterpart. These kinetic and thermodynamic investigations on [c2]daisy chain-based muscle-like compounds provide important information for those seeking an understanding of the mechanisms of actuation in mechanically interlocked macromolecules.

The novel labelled compound 1-/sup 11/C-2-deoxy-D-glucose, and a process for its preparation from 2,3:4,5-di-O-isopropylidene-D-arabinitol derivatives of relatively high reactivity are disclosed. 1-/sup 11/C-2-deoxy-D-glucose is useful for measuring regional brain glucose metabolism in vivo.

We present a metal carbide clusterfullerene Sc2C2@Cs(10528)-C72, whose structure has been baffling for many years. A motional endohedral Sc2C2 cluster, special molecule geometry and electronic structure were found in Sc2C2@Cs(10528)-C72. The paramagnetic Sc2C2@Cs-C72 anion radical was successfully prepared by a chemical reduction method and hyperfine couplings in the ESR spectrum were observed.We present a metal carbide clusterfullerene Sc2C2@Cs(10528)-C72, whose structure has been baffling for many years. A motional endohedral Sc2C2 cluster, special molecule geometry and electronic structure were found in Sc2C2@Cs(10528)-C72. The paramagnetic Sc2C2@Cs-C72 anion radical was successfully prepared by a chemical reduction method and hyperfine couplings in the ESR spectrum were observed. Electronic supplementary information (ESI) available: Experimental details, HPLC chromatogram, and DFT calculations. CCDC 917712. For ESI and crystallographic data in CIF or other electronic format see DOI: 10.1039/c3nr01739g

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It has been difficult to separate/identify the roles of ClC-2 and CFTR in Cl(-) transport studies. Using pharmacological agents, we aimed to differentiate functionally between ClC-2 and CFTR Cl(-) channel currents. Effects of CFTR inhibitor 172 (CFTRinh172), N-(4-methylphenylsulfonyl)-N'-(4-trifluoromethylphenyl)urea (DASU-02), and methadone were examined by whole cell patch clamp on Cl(-) currents in recombinant human ClC-2/human embryonic kidney 293 (ClC-2/HEK293) cells stably transformed with Epstein-Barr nuclear antigen 1 (hClC-2/293EBNA) and human CFTR/HEK293 (hCFTR/HEK293) cells and by short-circuit current (Isc) measurements in T84 cells. Lubiprostone and forskolin-IBMX were used as activators. CFTRinh172 inhibited forskolin-IBMX-stimulated recombinant human CFTR (hCFTR) and lubiprostone-stimulated recombinant human ClC-2 (hClC-2) Cl(-) currents in a concentration-dependent manner equipotently. DASU-02 inhibited forskolin-IBMX-stimulated Cl(-) currents in hCFTR/HEK293 cells, but not lubiprostone-stimulated Cl(-) currents in hClC-2/293EBNA cells. In T84 cells with basolateral nystatin or 1-ethyl-2-benzimidazolinone (1-EBIO), lubiprostone-stimulated and forskolin-IBMX-cyclosporin A (FICA)-stimulated Isc components were observed. CFTRinh172 inhibited major portions of both components. DASU-02 had no effect on lubiprostone-stimulated Isc but partially inhibited FICA-stimulated Isc. T84 cells in which ClC-2 or CFTR was knocked down using siRNAs were constructed. T84 ClC-2 knockdown cells did not respond to lubiprostone but did respond to forskolin-IBMX in a methadone-insensitive, DASU-02-sensitive manner, indicating CFTR function. T84 CFTR knockdown cells responded separately to lubiprostone and forskolin-IBMX in a methadone-sensitive and DASU-02-insensitive manner, indicating ClC-2 function. Low lubiprostone concentrations activated ClC-2, but not CFTR, and both channels were activated by forskolin-IBMX but have different inhibitor sensitivities. Methadone, but

Agrobacterium sp. 10C2 is a nonpathogenic and non-symbiotic nodule-endophyte strain isolated from root nodules of Phaseolus vulgaris. The effect of this strain on nodulation, plant growth and rhizosphere bacterial communities of P. vulgaris is investigated under seminatural conditions. Inoculation with strain 10C2 induced an increase in nodule number (+54 %) and plant biomass (+16 %). Grains also showed a significant increase in phosphorus (+53 %), polyphenols (+217 %), flavonoids (+62 %) and total antioxidant capacity (+82 %). The effect of strain 10C2 on bacterial communities was monitored using terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism of PCR-amplified 16S rRNA genes. When the initial soil was inoculated with strain 10C2 and left 15 days, the Agrobacterium strain did not affect TRF richness but changed structure. When common bean was sown in these soils and cultivated during 75 days, both TRF richness and structure were affected by strain 10C2. TRF richness increased in the rhizosphere soil, while it decreased in the bulk soil (root free). The taxonomic assignation of TRFs induced by strain 10C2 in the bean rhizosphere revealed the presence of four phyla (Firmicutes, Actinobacteria, Bacteroidetes and Proteobacteria) with a relative preponderance of Firmicutes, represented mainly by Bacillus species. Some of these taxa (i.e., Bacillus licheniformis, Bacillus pumilus, Bacillus senegalensis, Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus firmus and Paenibacillus koreensis) are particularly known for their plant growth-promoting potentialities. These results suggest that the beneficial effects of strain 10C2 observed on plant growth and grain quality are explained at least in part by the indirect effect through the promotion of beneficial microorganisms.

We report a case with compression myelopathy due to proliferative changes around the C2 pars defects without instability. A 69-year-old man presented with progressive clumsy hands and spastic gait. Plain radiographs showed bilateral spondylolysis (pars defects) at C2 and fusion between C2 and C3 spinous processes. Dynamic views revealed mobility through the pars defects, but there was no apparent instability. Computed tomography showed proliferative changes at the pars defects, which protruded into spinal canal. On magnetic resonance imaging, the spinal cord was compressed and intramedullary high signal change was found. A diagnosis of compression myelopathy due to proliferative changes around the C2 pars defects was made. We performed posterior decompression. Postoperatively, symptoms have been alleviated and images revealed sufficient decompression and no apparent instability. In patients with the cervical spondylolysis, myelopathy caused by instability or slippage have been periodically reported. The present case involving C2 spondylolysis is extremely rare. PMID:27340539

The Cys2His2 zinc finger protein gene c2h2 of Schizophyllum commune is involved in mushroom formation. Its inactivation results in a strain that is arrested at the stage of aggregate formation. In this study, the c2h2 orthologue of Agaricus bisporus was over-expressed in this white button mushroom forming basidiomycete using Agrobacterium-mediated transformation. Morphology, cap expansion rate, and total number and biomass of mushrooms were not affected by over-expression of c2h2. However, yield per day of the c2h2 over-expression strains peaked 1 day earlier. These data and expression analysis indicate that C2H2 impacts timing of mushroom formation at an early stage of development, making its encoding gene a target for breeding of commercial mushroom strains.

The C-2U experiment aims at sustaining a dynamically formed field reversed configuration (FRC) for 5 + ms via injection of 10 +MW of neutral beams. One of the systems currently used to refuel the C-2U plasma is a single pulse compact toroid injector (CTI). The CTI is a magnetized co-axial plasma gun, which generates a spheromak-like plasma that is injected into the core of the advanced beam-driven FRC of C-2U. In order to refuel the recent long-lived plasmas in C-2U, a multi-pulse CTI system, whose modular design allows for expandable burst numbers, is being designed. Details of the pulsed power systems used to energize the single pulse and the upgraded multi-pulse CTI will be discussed. Results of injector performance carried out on a dedicated test stand as well as some refueling data on C-2U will also be presented.

In Spring of 2015, the NextGen Institute conducted two UAS C2 Communications Feasibility Studies on behalf of the FAA UAS Integration Office to develop two limited UAS C2 operational examples, each involving low-altitude BLOS (Beyond Line of Sight) Line of Communication (LOC) UAS applications, as part of assessing the myriad practical UAS C2 deployment challenges associated with these approaches. The studies investigated the feasibility of "Point-to-Point" (PTP) and "Network" approaches to UAS C2 to better understand potential user needs and to explore evolutionary paths to establishing a nation-wide system for delivering UAS C2 communications. This paper will summarize the solicitation, approach and results of the two studies teams led by Aviation Management Associates, Inc. and Exelis Inc.

Recent laboratory results on the photodissociation of the C2H and C3H2 radicals are described. These studies show that the C2 and C3 radicals are produced by the 193 nm photolysis of the C2H and C3H2 radicals, respectively. The quantum state distributions that were determined for the C2 radicals put certain constraints on the initial conditions for any models of the observed C2 cometary spectra. Experimental observations of C2 formed by the 212.8 nm photolysis of C2H are used to calculate a range of photochemical lifetimes for the C2H radical.

Pressure-dependent product yields have been experimentally determined for the cross-radical reaction C2H5 + C2H3. These results have been extended by calculations. It is shown that the chemically activated combination adduct, 1-C4H8*, is either stabilized by bimolecular collisions or subject to a variety of unimolecular reactions including cyclizations and decompositions. Therefore the "apparent" combination/disproportionation ratio exhibits a complex pressure dependence. The experimental studies were performed at 298 K and at selected pressures between about 4 Torr (0.5 kPa) and 760 Torr (101 kPa). Ethyl and vinyl radicals were simultaneously produced by 193 nm excimer laser photolysis of C2H5COC2H3 or photolysis of C2H3Br and C2H5COC2H5. Gas chromatograph/mass spectrometry/flame ionization detection (GC/MS/FID) were used to identify and quantify the final reaction products. The major combination reactions at pressures between 500 (66.5 kPa) and 760 Torr are (1c) C2H5 + C2H3 yields 1-butene, (2c) C2H5 + C2H5 yields n-butane, and (3c) C2H3 + C2H3 yields 1,3-butadiene. The major products of the disproportionation reactions are ethane, ethylene, and acetylene. At moderate and lower pressures, secondary products, including propene, propane, isobutene, 2-butene (cis and trans), 1-pentene, 1,4-pentadiene, and 1,5-hexadiene are also observed. Two isomers of C4H6, cyclobutene and/or 1,2-butadiene, were also among the likely products. The pressure-dependent yield of the cross-combination product, 1-butene, was compared to the yield of n-butane, the combination product of reaction (2c), which was found to be independent of pressure over the range of this study. The [ 1-C4H8]/[C4H10] ratio was reduced from approx.1.2 at 760 Torr (101 kPa) to approx.0.5 at 100 Torr (13.3 kPa) and approx.0.1 at pressures lower than about 5 Torr (approx.0.7 kPa). Electronic structure and RRKM calculations were used to simulate both unimolecular and bimolecular processes. The relative importance

Clostridium botulinum (group-III) is an anaerobic bacterium producing C2 toxin along with botulinum neurotoxins. C2 toxin is belonged to binary toxin A family in bacterial ADP-ribosylation superfamily. A structural and functional diversity of binary toxin A family was inferred from different evolutionary constraints to determine the avirulence state of C2 toxin. Evolutionary genetic analyses revealed evidence of C2 toxin cluster evolution through horizontal gene transfer from the phage or plasmid origins, site-specific insertion by gene divergence, and homologous recombination event. It has also described that residue in conserved NAD-binding core, family-specific domain structure, and functional motifs found to predetermine its virulence state. Any mutational changes in these residues destabilized its structure-function relationship. Avirulent mutants of C2 toxin were screened and selected from a crucial site required for catalytic function of C2I and pore-forming function of C2II. We found coevolved amino acid pairs contributing an essential role in stabilization of its local structural environment. Avirulent toxins selected in this study were evaluated by detecting evolutionary constraints in stability of protein backbone structure, folding and conformational dynamic space, and antigenic peptides. We found 4 avirulent mutants of C2I and 5 mutants of C2II showing more stability in their local structural environment and backbone structure with rapid fold rate, and low conformational flexibility at mutated sites. Since, evolutionary constraints-free mutants with lack of catalytic and pore-forming function suggested as potential immunogenic candidates for treating C. botulinum infected poultry and veterinary animals. Single amino acid substitution in C2 toxin thus provides a major importance to understand its structure-function link, not only of a molecule but also of the pathogenesis.

Corrosion in incinerators, power plants, and chemical industries are frequently encountered due to the presence of salts containing sodium, sulphur, and chlorine. To obviate this problem, bare and coated alloys were tested under environments simulating the conditions present inside incinerators and power plants. 0.2 wt.% zirconium powder was incorporated in the Cr3C2-(NiCr) coating powder. The original powder and Zr containing powder was sprayed on Superni 718 alloy by D-gun technique. The bare and coated alloys were tested under Na2SO4 + K2SO4 + NaCl + KCl and Na2SO4 + NaCl environment. The corrosion rate of specimens was monitored using weight change measurements. Characterization of the corrosion products has been done using FE-SEM/EDS and XRD techniques. Bare and coated alloys showed very good corrosion resistance under given molten salt environments. Addition of 0.2wt.%Zr in Cr3C2-25%(NiCr) coating further greatly reduced the oxidation rate as well as improved the adherence of oxide scale to the coating surface during the time of corrosion.

Comet P/Brorsen-Metcalf (1989o) has been extensively observed in the visible and in the ultraviolet during its latest apparition of summer 1989. In this paper we report a preliminary determination of the C2 production rates and lifetimes and we compare those rates to the H2O production rates obtained from UV data.

According to Lieb's theorem the ferromagnetic interaction in graphene-based materials with bipartite lattice is a result of disbalance between the number of sites available for pz electrons in different sublattices. Here we report on another mechanism of the ferromagnetism in functionalized graphene that is the direct exchange interaction between spin orbitals. By the example of the single-side semihydrogenated (C2H ) and semifluorinated (C2F ) graphene we show that such a coupling can partially or even fully compensate antiferromagnetic character of indirect exchange interactions reported earlier [Phys. Rev. B 88, 081405(R) (2013), 10.1103/PhysRevB.88.081405]. As a result, C2H is found to be a two-dimensional material with the isotropic ferromagnetic interaction and negligibly small magnetic anisotropy, which prevents the formation of the long-range magnetic order at finite temperature in accordance with the Mermin-Wagner theorem. This gives a rare example of a system where direct exchange interactions play a crucial role in determining a magnetic structure. In turn, C2F is found to be at the threshold of the antiferromagnetic-ferromagnetic instability, which in combination with the Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya interaction can lead to a skyrmion state.

Vibrational predissociation spectra are reported for the cationic acetylene clusters, (C2H2)n+, n =1-6, in the region of the C-H stretching fundamentals. For n =1 and 2, predissociation could only be observed for the Ar-tagged clusters. These were prepared by charge-transfer collisions of Ark+ with C2H2 to create C2H2+ṡArm clusters, which were then converted into larger members of the (C2H2)n+ṡAr series by sequential addition of acetylene molecules. The (C2H2)2+ṡAr spectrum indicates that this species is predominantly present as the cyclobutadiene cation. Although mobility measurements on the electron-impact-generated (C2H2)3+ ion indicated that it primarily occurs as the benzene cation, [P. O. Momoh, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 128, 12408 (2006)] photofragmentation of (C2H2)3+ṡAr in the C-H stretching region is dominated by the loss of C2H2 in addition to the weakly bound Ar atom. This suggests that the dominant n =3 species formed by sequential addition of C2H2 is based on a covalently bound C4H4+ core ion. Interestingly, the spectrum of this core C4H4+ species is different from that found for the cyclobutadiene cation, displaying instead a new band pattern that is retained in the higher (C2H2)3-6+ clusters. Multiple isomers are clearly involved, as yet another pattern of bands is recovered when the (C2H2)3+ṡAr action spectrum is recorded in the (minor) Ar loss fragmentation channel. One of these features does appear in the location of the single band characteristic of the Ar-tagged benzene cation reported earlier [Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 4, 24 (2002)], supporting a scenario where the benzene cation is one of the isomers present. We then compare the Ar predissociation results with (C2H2)n+ spectra obtained when the ions are prepared by electron impact ionization of neutral acetylene clusters. The photofragmentation behavior and vibrational spectra indicate that the dominant species formed in this way also occur with a covalently bound C4H4+ core. There are

To prevent over-testing of the test-item during random vibration testing Scharton proposed and discussed the force limited random vibration testing (FLVT) in a number of publications. Besides the random vibration specification, the total mass and the turn-over frequency of the test article (load), C^2 is a very important parameter for FLVT. A number of computational methods to estimate C^2 are described in the literature, i.e. the simple and the complex two degree of freedom system, STDFS and CTDFS, respectively. The motivation of this work is to evaluate the method for the computation of a realistic value of C^2 to perform a representative random vibration test based on force limitation, when the description of the supporting structure (source) is more or less unknown. Marchand discussed the formal description of obtaining C^2, using the maximum PSD of the acceleration and maximum PSD of the force, both at the interface between test article and supporting structure. Stevens presented the coupled systems modal approach (CSMA), where simplified asparagus patch models (parallel-oscillator representation) of load and source are connected. The asparagus patch model consists of modal effective masses and spring stiffnesses associated with the natural frequencies. When the random acceleration vibration specification is given the CSMA method is suitable to compute the value of the parameter C^2. When no mathematical model of the source can be made available, estimations of the value C^2 can be find in literature. In this paper a probabilistic mathematical representation of the unknown source is proposed, such that the asparagus patch model of the source can be approximated. The chosen probabilistic design parameters have a uniform distribution. The computation of the value C^2 can be done in conjunction with the CSMA method, knowing the apparent mass of the load and the random acceleration specification at the interface between load and source, respectively. Data of two

We analyse the carbon monoxide (CO), ethane (C2H6) and hydrogen cyanide (HCN) partial columns (from the ground to 12 km) derived from measurements by ground-based solar Fourier Transform Spectroscopy at Lauder, New Zealand (45° S, 170° E), and at Arrival Heights, Antarctica (78° S, 167° E), from 1997 to 2009. Significant negative trends are calculated for all species at both locations, based on the daily-mean observed time series, namely CO (-0.94 ± 0.47% yr-1), C2H6 (-2.37 ± 1.18% yr-1) and HCN (-0.93 ± 0.47% yr-1) at Lauder and CO (-0.92 ± 0.46% yr-1), C2H6 (-2.82 ± 1.37% yr-1) and HCN (-1.41 ± 0.71% yr-1) at Arrival Heights. The uncertainties reflect the 95% confidence limits. However, the magnitudes of the trends are influenced by the anomaly associated with the 1997-1998 El Niño Southern Oscillation event at the beginning of the time series reported. We calculate trends for each month from 1997 to 2009 and find negative trends for all months. The largest monthly trends of CO and C2H6 at Lauder, and to a lesser degree at Arrival Heights, occur during austral spring during the Southern Hemisphere tropical and subtropical biomass burning period. For HCN, the largest monthly trends occur in July and August at Lauder and around November at Arrival Heights. The correlations between CO and C2H6 and between CO and HCN at Lauder in September to November, when the biomass burning maximizes, are significantly larger that those in other seasons. A tropospheric chemistry-climate model is used to simulate CO, C2H6, and HCN partial columns for the period of 1997-2009, using interannually varying biomass burning emissions from GFED3 and annually periodic but seasonally varying emissions from both biogenic and anthropogenic sources. The model-simulated partial columns of these species compare well with the measured partial columns and the model accurately reproduces seasonal cycles of all three species at both locations. However, while the model satisfactorily

We present a comparative study on the static and dynamical properties of bare Ti3C2 and T-terminated Ti3C2T2 (T = O, F, OH) monosheets using density functional theory calculations. First, the crystal structures are optimized to be of trigonal configurations (P3[combining macron]m1), which are thermodynamically and dynamically stable. It is demonstrated that the terminations modulate the crystal structures through valence electron density redistribution of the atoms, particularly surface Ti (Ti2) in the monosheets. Second, lattice dynamical properties including phonon dispersion and partial density of states (PDOS) are investigated. Phonon PDOS analysis shows a clear collaborative feature in the vibrations, reflecting the covalent nature of corresponding bonds in the monosheets. In the bare Ti3C2 monosheet, there is a phonon band gap between 400 and 500 cm(-1), while it disappears in Ti3C2O2 and Ti3C2(OH)2 as the vibrations associated with the terminal atoms (O and OH) bridge the gap. Third, both Raman (Eg and A1g) and infrared-active (Eu and A2u) vibrational modes are predicted and conclusively assigned. A comparative study indicates that the terminal atoms remarkably influence the vibrational frequencies. Generally, the terminal atoms weaken the vibrations in which surface Ti atoms are involved while strengthening the out-of-plane vibration of C atoms. Temperature-dependent micro Raman measurements agree with the theoretical prediction if the complexity in the experimentally obtained lamellae for the Raman study is taken into account.

With the objective of investigation of the influence of molecular structure on CN violet and C2 Swan bands system spectra, plasma emissions from different organic materials, including polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, aromatic carboxylic acid, aliphatic carboxylic acid, amides and polymers, have been analyzed by laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) technique in air. To evaluate the influence of N2 and O2 molecules concentration on the CN and C2 molecular emissions, LIB spectra of four different samples have been recorded in air (approximately 80 % N2 and 20 % O2), nitrogen, oxygen and argon atmospheres. Experimental results indicate that the main reason for the absence of C2 emission in LIB spectra of samples which do not contain C-C bonds, when measurements were taken in air, is the presence of oxygen which could potentially deplete C2 emission rather than the absence of C-C bonds in their structure. Also, comparisons between experiment and theory spectra are made using a Nelder-Mead temperature program for CN and C2 bands with the ∆ν = 0 sequences from LIB spectra of different samples in various atmospheres. Furthermore, CN and C2 vibrational temperatures in Kelvin (K) are calculated from these spectral fittings. Both CN and C2 vibrational temperatures have highest values in argon atmosphere, and increasing the oxygen concentration in ambient atmosphere decreased those in most cases.

Currently, the available algorithms for unbiased structure searches are primarily atom-based, where atoms are manipulated as the elementary units, and energy is used as the target function without any restrictions on the bonding of atoms. In fact, in many cases such as nanostructure-assembled materials, the structural units are nanoclusters. We report a study of a bonding-restricted structure search method based on the particle swarm optimization (PSO) for finding the stable structures of two-dimensional (2D) materials containing dispersed C2 dimers rather than individual C atoms. The C2 dimer can be considered as a prototype of nanoclusters. Taking Si-C, B-C and Ti-C systems as test cases, our method combined with density functional theory and phonon calculations uncover new ground state geometrical structures for SiC2, Si2C2, BC2, B2C2, TiC2, and Ti2C2 sheets and their low-lying energy allotropes, as well as their electronic structures. Equally important, this method can be applied to other complex systems even containing f elements and other molecular dimers such as S2, N2, B2 and Si2, where the complex orbital orientations require extensive search for finding the optimal orientations to maximize the bonding with the dimers, predicting new 2D materials beyond MXenes (a family of transition metal carbides or nitrides) and dichalcogenide monolayers.

Currently, the available algorithms for unbiased structure searches are primarily atom-based, where atoms are manipulated as the elementary units, and energy is used as the target function without any restrictions on the bonding of atoms. In fact, in many cases such as nanostructure-assembled materials, the structural units are nanoclusters. We report a study of a bonding-restricted structure search method based on the particle swarm optimization (PSO) for finding the stable structures of two-dimensional (2D) materials containing dispersed C2 dimers rather than individual C atoms. The C2 dimer can be considered as a prototype of nanoclusters. Taking Si-C, B-C and Ti-C systems as test cases, our method combined with density functional theory and phonon calculations uncover new ground state geometrical structures for SiC2, Si2C2, BC2, B2C2, TiC2, and Ti2C2 sheets and their low-lying energy allotropes, as well as their electronic structures. Equally important, this method can be applied to other complex systems even containing f elements and other molecular dimers such as S2, N2, B2 and Si2, where the complex orbital orientations require extensive search for finding the optimal orientations to maximize the bonding with the dimers, predicting new 2D materials beyond MXenes (a family of transition metal carbides or nitrides) and dichalcogenide monolayers.

Infrared spectra of Ne-C2D2 are observed in the region of the ν3 fundamental band (asymmetric C-D stretch, ≈2440 cm(-1)) using a tunable optical parametric oscillator to probe a pulsed supersonic slit jet expansion from a cooled nozzle. Like helium-acetylene, this system lies close to the free rotor limit, making analysis tricky because stronger transitions tend to pile up close to monomer (C2D2) rotation-vibration transitions. Assignments are aided by predicted rotational energies calculated from a published ab initio intermolecular potential energy surface. The analysis extends up to the j = 3←2 band, where j labels C2D2 rotation within the dimer, and is much more complete than the limited infrared assignments previously reported for Ne-C2H2 and Ne-C2HD. Two previous microwave transitions within the j = 1 state of Ne-C2D2 are reassigned. Coriolis model fits to the theoretical levels and to the spectrum are compared. Since the variations observed as a function of C2D2 vibrational excitation are comparable to those noted between theory and experiment, it is evident that more detailed testing of theory will require vibrational averaging over the acetylene intramolecular modes.

In this study, a simple hydrothermal method has been developed to prepare Ti3C2Tx from Ti3AlC2 as a high-performance electrode material for supercapacitors. This method is environmentally friendly and has a low level of danger. The morphology and structure of the Ti3C2Tx can be controlled by hydrothermal reaction time, temperature and NH4F amounts. The prepared Ti3C2Tx was characterized by X-ray diffraction, field emission scanning electron microscopy, Raman spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and Brunauer-Emmet-Teller. The results show that the prepared Ti3C2Tx is terminated by O, OH, and F groups. The electrochemical properties of the Ti3C2Tx sample exhibit specific capacitance up to 141 Fcm-3 in 3 M KOH aqueous electrolyte, and even after 1000 cycles, no significant degradation of the volumetric capacitance was observed. These results indicate that the Ti3C2Tx material prepared by this hydrothermal method can be used in high performance supercapacitors.

A bond descriptor based on the kinetic energy density, the localized-orbital locator (LOL), is used to characterize the nature of the chemical bond in electron deficient multi-center bonds. The boranes B(2)H(6), B(4)H(4), B(4)H(10), [B(6)H(6)](2-), and [B(6)H(7)](-) serve as prototypical examples of hypovalent 3c-2e and 4c-2e bonding. The kinetic energy density is derived from a set of Kohn-Sham orbitals obtained from pure density functional calculations (PBE/TZVP), and the topology of LOL is analyzed in terms of (3,-3) attractors (Gamma). The B-B-B and B-H-B 3c-2e, and the B-B-H-B 4c-2e bonding situations are defined by their own characteristic LOL profiles. The presence of one attractor in relation to the three or four atoms that are engaged in electron deficient bonding provides sufficient indication of the type of 3c-2e or 4c-2e bond present. For the 4c-2e bond in [B(6)H(7)](-) the LOL analysis is compared to results from an experimental QTAIM study.

Synthetic peptides that correspond to the COOH-terminal portion of C2b enhance vascular permeability in human and guinea pig skin. In human studies, 1 nmol of the most active peptide of 25-amino acid residues produced substantial local edema. A pentapeptide and a heptapeptide corresponding to the COOH-terminal sequence of C2b each induced contraction of estrous rat uterus in the micromole range; a peptide of 25 amino acids from this region induced a like contraction of rat uterus at a concentration 20-fold lower than the smaller peptides. The vascular permeability of guinea pig skin was enhanced by doses of these synthetic peptides in a similar fashion as that observed for the concentration of rat uterus. The induction of localized edema by intradermal injection in both the guinea pig and the human proceeds in the presence of antihistaminic drugs, suggesting that there is a histamine-independent component to the observed increase in vascular permeability. Cleavage of C2 with the enzymic subcomponent of C1, C1s, yields only C2a and C2b, and no small peptides, whereas cleavage of C2 with C1s and plasmin yields a set of small peptides. These plasmin- cleaved peptides are derived from the COOH terminus of C2b, and they induce the contraction of estrous rat uterus. PMID:2972793

Currently, the available algorithms for unbiased structure searches are primarily atom-based, where atoms are manipulated as the elementary units, and energy is used as the target function without any restrictions on the bonding of atoms. In fact, in many cases such as nanostructure-assembled materials, the structural units are nanoclusters. We report a study of a bonding-restricted structure search method based on the particle swarm optimization (PSO) for finding the stable structures of two-dimensional (2D) materials containing dispersed C2 dimers rather than individual C atoms. The C2 dimer can be considered as a prototype of nanoclusters. Taking Si-C, B-C and Ti-C systems as test cases, our method combined with density functional theory and phonon calculations uncover new ground state geometrical structures for SiC2, Si2C2, BC2, B2C2, TiC2, and Ti2C2 sheets and their low-lying energy allotropes, as well as their electronic structures. Equally important, this method can be applied to other complex systems even containing f elements and other molecular dimers such as S2, N2, B2 and Si2, where the complex orbital orientations require extensive search for finding the optimal orientations to maximize the bonding with the dimers, predicting new 2D materials beyond MXenes (a family of transition metal carbides or nitrides) and dichalcogenide monolayers. PMID:27403589

Here we present an entire temporal transcriptional profile of Lactococcus lactis subsp. cremoris UC509.9 undergoing lytic infection with two distinct bacteriophages, Tuc2009 and c2. Furthermore, corresponding high-resolution whole-phage genome tiling arrays of both bacteriophages were performed throughout lytic infection. Whole-genome microarrays performed at various time points postinfection demonstrated a rather modest impact on host transcription. The majority of changes in the host transcriptome occur during late infection stages; few changes in host gene transcription occur during the immediate and early infection stages. Alterations in the L. lactis UC509.9 transcriptome during lytic infection appear to be phage specific, with relatively few differentially transcribed genes shared between cells infected with Tuc2009 and those infected with c2. Despite the apparent lack of a coordinated general phage response, three themes common to both infections were noted: alternative transcription of genes involved in catabolic flux and energy production, differential transcription of genes involved in cell wall modification, and differential transcription of genes involved in the conversion of ribonucleotides to deoxyribonucleotides. The transcriptional profiles of both bacteriophages during lytic infection generally correlated with the findings of previous studies and allowed the confirmation of previously predicted promoter sequences. In addition, the host transcriptional response to lysogenization with Tuc2009 was monitored along with tiling array analysis of Tuc2009 in the lysogenic state. Analysis identified 44 host genes with altered transcription during lysogeny, 36 of which displayed levels of transcription significantly reduced from those for uninfected cells.

The LASCO-C2 coronagraph aboard SOHO (the SOlar and Heliospheric Observatory) is continuously observing the solar corona since early 1996. The instrument as well as the experimental context underwent during this period many changes and observational constraints. The consequences for the in-orbit calibration procedures are illustrated with the systematic measure of the coronagraph straylight. Disentangle the coronal signal and the straylight is the crucial point. The separation and monitoring of the straylight component rely on the daily sets of polarized observations of the corona and a minimal set of assumptions about the symmetry of the F-corona (the dust component of the solar corona). Four main changes have been detected since 1996. Specific recommendations for the in-orbit calibration of future spatial coronagraphs will be presented.

Infrared atmospheric absorption spectra at 0.02/cm resolution were obtained during a balloon flight on March 23, 1981 from the Holloman AFB, New Mexico. The absorption features, attributed to C2H2, were used to derive a preliminary mixing ratio of about 25 pptv near 9 km, accurate to + or - 40%. This mixing ratio falls into the range of values calculated for the upper troposphere C2H2 in a photochemical/transport model. However, previous measurements from aircraft grab sampling (Cronn and Robinson, 1979) show four to twelve times this C2H2 concentration 1.5 km below the tropopause.

We report the spectroscopic classification of DES16C2nm as a superluminous supernova (SLSN) discovered by the Dark Energy Survey (ATEL #4668). DES16C2nm was discovered in the first epoch of DES Y4, on 22 August 2016 at R.A. = 03:40:14.83, Decl = -29:05:53.5 with i = 23.2 mag. DES16C2nm has a non-detection in the final epoch of DES Y3 on 08 February 2016.

The apparatus and method provide techniques for effectively implementing alpha and/or beta and/or gamma monitoring of items or locations as desired. Indirect alpha monitoring by detecting ions generated by alpha emissions, in conjunction with beta and/or gamma monitoring is provided. The invention additionally provides for screening of items prior to alpha monitoring using beta and/or gamma monitoring, so as to ensure that the alpha monitoring apparatus is not contaminated by proceeding direct to alpha monitoring of a heavily contaminated item or location. The invention provides additional versatility in the emission forms which can be monitored, whilst maintaining accuracy and avoiding inadvertent contamination.

We report observation and analysis of a high-resolution 2.87-3.54 μm spectrum of the southern temperate region of Saturn obtained with NIRSPEC at Keck II. The spectrum reveals absorption and emission lines of five molecular species as well as spectral features of haze particles. The ν+ν band of CH 3D is detected in absorption between 2.87 and 2.92 μm; and we derived from it a mixing ratio approximately consistent with the Infrared Space Observatory result. The ν band of C2H 2 also is detected in absorption between 2.95 and 3.05 μm; analysis indicates a sudden drop in the C2H 2 mixing ratio at 15 mbar (130 km above the 1 bar level), probably due to condensation in the low stratosphere. The presence of the ν+ν+ν band of C2H 6 near 3.07 μm, first reported by Bjoraker et al. [Bjoraker, G.L., Larson, H.P., Fink, U., 1981. Astrophys. J. 248, 856-862], is confirmed, and a C2H 6 condensation altitude of 10 mbar (140 km) in the low stratosphere is determined. We assign weak emission lines within the 3.3 μm band of CH 4 to the ν band of C2H 6, and derive a mixing ratio of 9±4×10 for this species. Most of the C2H 6 3.3 μm line emission arises in the altitude range 460-620 km (at ˜μbar pressure levels), much higher than the 160-370 km range where the 12 μm thermal molecular line emission of this species arises. At 2.87-2.90 μm the major absorber is tropospheric PH 3. The cloud level determined here and at 3.22-3.54 is 390-460 mbar (˜30 km), somewhat higher than found by Kim and Geballe [Kim, S.J., Geballe, T.R., 2005. Icarus 179, 449-458] from analysis of a low resolution spectrum. A broad absorption feature at 2.96 μm, which might be due to NH 3 ice particles in saturnian clouds, is also present. The effect of a haze layer at about 125 km (˜12 mbar level) on the 3.20-3.54 μm spectrum, which was not apparent in the low resolution spectrum, is clearly evident in the high resolution data, and the spectral properties of the haze particles suggest that

Superdomain is uniquely defined in this work as a conserved combination of different globular domains in different proteins. The amino acid sequences of 25 structurally and functionally diverse proteins from fungi, plants, and animals have been analyzed in a test of the superdomain hypothesis. Each of the proteins contains a protein tyrosine phosphatase (PTP) domain followed by a C2 domain. Four novel conserved sequence motifs have been identified, one in the PTP domain and three in the C2 domain. All contribute to the PTP-C2 domain interface in PTEN, a tumor suppressor, and all are more conserved than the PTP signature motif, HCX3(K/R)XR, in the 25 sequences. We show that PTP-C2 was formed prior to the fungi, plant, and animal kingdom divergence. A superdomain as defined here does not fit the usual protein structure classification system. The demonstrated existence of one superdomain suggests the existence of others. PMID:25694109

To achieve stable fixation of the upper cervical spine in posterior fusions, the occiput is often included. With the newer techniques, excluding fixation to the occiput will retain the occiput-cervical motion, while still allowing a stable fixation. Harms's technique has been adapted at our institution and its effectiveness for indications such as C2 complex fractures and tumors using C1 or C2 as endpoints of a posterior fixation are reviewed. Fourteen cases were identified, consisting of one os odontoideum; four acute fractures and four non-unions of the odontoid; three tumors and two complex fractures of C2 vertebral body, and one C2-C3 post-traumatic instability. One misplaced screw without clinical consequences was the only complication recorded. Screw loosening or migration was not observed at follow-up, showing a stable fixation.

Retro-odontoid cysts associated with chronic atlantoaxial subluxation are extremely rare. This article describes a case of retro-odontoid cystic mass associated with chronic atlantoaxial subluxation and its management with posterior C1 and partial C2 laminectomy and C1-C2 pedicle screw fixation without resection of the retro-odontoid cyst. A 64-year-old woman experienced a sudden onset of neck pain, hand and foot paresthesia. Atlantoaxial instability associated with a retro-odontoid cystic mass was found in the imaging. The patient underwent posterior C1 and partial C2 laminectomy and C1-C2 pedicle screws fixation without resection of the retro-odontoid cyst. During the 24 months followup period, the cyst disappeared completely and the patient remained symptom free and returned to independent daily living. These findings suggest that posterior laminectomy and fixation without resection of the retro-odontoid cyst is relatively simple and safe and the results are satisfactory.

Extensive studies of metals and alloys have observed that nanotwins lead to strengthening, but the role of nanotwins in ceramics is not well established. We compare here the shear strength and the deformation mechanism of nanotwinned boron-rich boron carbide (B13C2) with the perfect crystal under both pure shear and biaxial shear deformations. We find that the intrinsic shear strength of crystalline B13C2 is higher than that of crystalline boron carbide (B4C). But nanotwins in B13C2 lower the strength, making it softer than crystalline B4C. This reduction in strength of nanotwinned B13C2 arises from the interaction of the twin boundary with the C-B-C chains that connect the B12 icosahedra.

A theoretical study of the convergence of the C-H bond dissociation energy D(0) in C2H with respect to both the one- and n-particle spaces is presented. The calculated C-H bond energies of C2H2 and C2H4, which are in excellent agreement with experiment, are used for calibration. The best estimate for D(0) of 112.4 + or - 2.0 kcal/mol is slightly below the recent experimental value of 116.3 + or - 2.6 kcal/mol, but substantially above a previous theoretical estimate of 102 kcal/mol. The remaining discrepancy with experiment may reflect primarily the uncertainty in the experimental D(0) value of C2 required in the analysis.

Examples of different C(2)(n) profiles lead to substantially different profiles of lidar image radius in a study of the calculated performance of a diffraction-limited lidar system. The differences in image radii indicate the usefulness of a ground-based lidar for measurement of C(2)(n) profiles used to predict optical propagation phenomena. We conclude that the overall strength of the C(2)(n) profile and its general altitude dependence can be determined from inspection of the image radius profile. Approximate calculations of available and required SNRs show that a lidar with a telescope aperture of 0.5 m and a few pulses of ~1-J total transmitted energy will provide useful image radius data to an altitude of 20 km under daytime conditions. The weighting function for sensitivity of the fractional increase in image radius to changes of C(2)(n) on a logarithmic altitude scale is approximately constant with height.

An enzyme involved in the biosynthesis of phytoecdysteroids, the C2-hydroxylase, has been investigated in spinach, Spinacia oleracea. This enzyme is microsomal and its K(m) has been determined using 2-deoxy-20-hydroxyecdysone as substrate (K(m)=3.72 microM). It is much more efficient with 2-deoxy-20-hydroxyecdysone than with 2-deoxyecdysone and, conversely, the C20-hydroxylase is more active on 2-deoxyecdysone than on ecdysone. These data support the conclusion that C20-hydroxylation precedes C2-hydroxylation. The C2-hydroxylase is inhibited by high concentrations of 20E. Substrate specificity and subcellular localization of C2-hydroxylase differ between plants and insects, and these data, as well as those previously reported on other biosynthetic steps, show the great difference between plant and insect ecdysteroid biosynthetic pathways and suggest an independent origin for the pathways in both kingdoms.

C2 domains are widespread motifs that often serve as Ca2+-binding modules; some proteins have more than one copy. An open issue is whether these domains, when duplicated within the same parent protein, interact with one another to regulate function. In the present study, we address the functional significance of interfacial residues between the tandem C2 domains of synaptotagmin (syt)-1, a Ca2+ sensor for neuronal exocytosis. Substitution of four residues, YHRD, at the domain interface, disrupted the interaction between the tandem C2 domains, altered the intrinsic affinity of syt-1 for Ca2+, and shifted the Ca2+ dependency for binding to membranes and driving membrane fusion in vitro. When expressed in syt-1 knockout neurons, the YHRD mutant yielded reductions in synaptic transmission, as compared with the wild-type protein. These results indicate that physical interactions between the tandem C2 domains of syt-1 contribute to excitation–secretion coupling. PMID:26792839

MP2/6-31++G** and B3LYP/6-31++G** ab initio molecular orbital calculations have been performed in order to obtain molecular geometries, binding energies and vibrational properties of the C2H2-HF, C2H(CH3)-HF and C2(CH3)2-HF H-bonded complexes. As expected, the more pronounced effects on the structural properties of the isolated molecules due to complexation was verified for the C[triple bond]C and H-F bond lengths, which are directly involved in the H-bond formation. These bond distances increased after complexation. BSSE uncorrected B3LYP binding energies are always lower than the corresponding MP2 values. However, the opposite trend has been verified after BSSE correction by the counterpoise method since it is much lower at B3LYP than at MP2 level. The binding energies for these complexes as well as for the HF acid submolecule modes (the HF stretching and vibrational frequency modes) showed an increasing hydrogen-bonding strength with increasing methyl substitution. The splitting in the HF in-plane and out-of-plane bending modes reflects the anisotropy in the hydrogen-bonding interaction with the pi system of the C[triple bond]C bond. The H-F stretching frequency is shifted downward after complexation and it increases with the methyl substitution. The IR intensities of the HF acid submolecule fundamentals are adequately interpreted through the atomic polar tensor of the hydrogen atom using the charge-charge flux-overlap model. The skeletal stretching modes of the Alkyne submolecule are decreased in the complex. The new vibrational modes arising from complexation show several interesting features.

The principle goal of our research was to understand the formation of free radicals in comets. To do this we compared laboratory results with cometary observations in attempt to make sure that the cometary observations agree with what is known about the photochemistry of the proposed parent molecule. Initially we concentrated on the CS emission in an effort to show the parent of this molecule was CS2, consistent with cometary observations of the photochemical lifetime. We then started to look into the problem of the C2 formation in comets. We set out to see if we could measure all of the nascent distributions of the C2 products in the hope that they would be a characteristic signature of the formation process.

The ionic title complex, bis(μ-ethyl­ene glycol)-κ3 O,O′:O′;κ3 O:O,O′-bis[(ethyl­ene glycol-κ2 O,O′)(ethyl­ene glycol-κO)sodium] bis(ethyl­ene glycolato-κ2 O,O′)copper(II), [Na2(C2H6O2)6][Cu(C2H4O2)2], was obtained from a basic solution of CuCl2 in ethyl­ene glycol and consists of discrete ions inter­connected by O—H⋯O hydrogen bonds. This is the first example of a disodium–ethyl­ene glycol complex cation cluster. The cation lies about an inversion center and the CuII atom of the anion lies on another independent inversion center. PMID:20203401

A kinetic study of the reactions C6H6 + CH3/C2H5 = C6H5 + CH4/C2H6 was carried out in the temperature range of 300-2500 K using high levels of electronic structure theory, namely, CCSD(T)/CBS//BH&HLYP/cc-pVDZ, and canonical variational transition state theory (CVT) with corrections for small curvature tunneling (SCT) and hindered internal rotation (HIR) treatments. It is found that variational effect is not important and both SCT and HIR corrections noticeably affect the rate constants. Being in good agreement with literature data, the calculated results provide solid basis information for the investigation of the polyaromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) + alkyl radical reaction, an important class in combustion and soot formation.

We have developed a laser Raman spectroscopy technique for assessing the working conditions of transformers by measuring dissolved C2H2 gas concentrations present in transformer oils. A frequency doubled Q-switched Nd:YAG laser (532 nm) was used as a laser source, and Raman signals at ~1972 cm(-1) originating from C2H2 gas dissolved in oil were detected. The results show that laser Raman spectroscopy is a useful alternative method for detecting transformer faults.

TECHNICAL REPORT 80-02 QUARTERLY TECHNICAL REPORT: THE DESIGN AND TRANSFER OF ADVANCED COMMAND AND CONTROL (C2 ) COMPUTER-BASED SYSTEMS ARPA...The Tasks/Objectives and/or Purposes of the overall project are connected with the design , development, demonstration and transfer of advanced...command and control (C2 ) computer-based systems; this report covers work in the computer-based design and transfer areas only. The Technical Problems thus

A novel procedure for the synthesis of C2-diversified oxazoles, through palladium-catalyzed imidoylative cyclization of α-isocyanoacetamides with aryl, vinyl, alkynyl halides, or triflates, was developed. Migratory insertion of isocyanide into a Csp3-palladium(II) intermediate in a cascade process was also realized, generating alkyl-substituted oxazoles. Therefore, oxazoles functionalized at the C2 position with sp, sp(2), and sp(3) hybridized carbon atoms are accessible by applying this method.

H[sub c2](T) has been measured for thin BSCO films at temperatures down to 65 mK and pulsed fields up to 35 T. H[sub c2](T) diverged anomalously as the temperature decreased. At the lowest temperature, it was five times that expected for a conventional superconductor. This result cannot be explained by any conventional model which relies on magnetic ordering, local pairing mechanisms, or superlattice superconductivity. 51 refs., 3 figs.

C2H5) plays an important role in combustion chemistry. Because the reverse reactions constitute the addition of a hydrogen atom to a stable molecule...primary reaction zones of premixed flames. The hydrogen atom thus produced acts to promote chain branching through the H + O2 ⇌ OH + O reaction . Thus...calculations of reaction paths on the electronically excited-state potential energy surfaces (PESs) of C2H5 14 predict that the nonclassical bridge structure is

In this article, the outgoing quality (OQ) and total inspection (TI) of multiple deferred state sampling plans MDS-1(c1,c2) are studied. It is assumed that the inspection is rejection rectification. Procedures for designing MDS-1(c1,c2) sampling plans with minimum variance of OQ and TI are developed. A procedure for obtaining a plan for a designated upper limit for the variance of the OQ (VOQL) is outlined.

The object of theoretical research is the C2 H 4 molecule, as it is important to know its properties to address numerous problems of molecular physics. The "expanded" local mode approach developed earlier was used for a X2Y4 molecule. This approach makes it possible to obtain simple expressions for the transformation coefficients of the investigated molecule, which subsequently allows one to determine various spectroscopic parameters of the C2 H 4 molecule in a simple form.

Ricin belongs to the type II ribosome-inactivating proteins that depurinate the universally conserved α-sarcin loop of rRNA. The RNA N-glycosidase activity of ricin also largely depends on the ribosomal proteins that play an important role during the process of rRNA depurination. Therefore, the study of the interaction between ricin and the ribosomal elements will be better to understand the catalysis mechanism of ricin. The antibody 6C2 is a mouse monoclonal antibody exhibiting unusually potent neutralizing ability against ricin, but the neutralization mechanism remains unknown. Here, we report the 2.8 Å crystal structure of 6C2 Fab in complex with the A-chain of ricin (RTA), which reveals an extensive antigen-antibody interface that contains both hydrogen bonds and van der Waals contacts. The complementarity-determining region loops H1, H2, H3, and L3 form a pocket to accommodate the epitope on the RTA (residues Asp(96)-Thr(116)). ELISA results show that Gln(98), Glu(99), Glu(102), and Thr(105) (RTA) are the key residues that play an important role in recognizing 6C2. With the perturbation of the 6C2 Fab-RTA interface, 6C2 loses its neutralization ability, measured based on the inhibition of protein synthesis in a cell-free system. Finally, we propose that the neutralization mechanism of 6C2 against ricin is that the binding of 6C2 hinders the interaction between RTA and the ribosome and the surface plasmon resonance and pulldown results confirm our hypothesis. In short, our data explain the neutralization mechanism of mAb 6C2 against ricin and provide a structural basis for the development of improved antibody drugs with better specificity and higher affinity.

ClC-2 is a Cl(-) channel that belongs to the CLC family of chloride channel/transport proteins. ClC-2 molecular role is not clear, and Clcn2 knockout mice develop blindness, sterility, and leukodystrophy by unknown reasons. ClC-2 is associated in the brain with the adhesion molecule GlialCAM, which is defective in a type of leukodystrophy, involving ClC-2 in the homeostasis of myelin. To get more insight into the functions of ClC-2, we have identified in this work the three ClC-2 orthologs in zebrafish. clcn2a and clcn2b resulted from the teleost-specific whole genome duplication, while clcn2c arose from a gene duplication from clcn2b. The expression patterns in adult tissues and embryos of zebrafish clcn2 paralogs support their subfunctionalization after the duplications, with clcn2a being enriched in excitable tissues and clcn2c in ionocytes. All three zebrafish clc-2 proteins interact with human GLIALCAM, that is able to target them to cell junctions, as it does with mammalian ClC-2. We could detect clc-2a and clc-2b inward rectified chloride currents with different voltage-dependence and kinetics in Xenopus oocytes, while clc-2c remained inactive. Interestingly, GlialCAM proteins did not modify clc-2b inward rectification. Then, our work extends the repertoire of ClC-2 proteins and provides new tools for structure-function and physiology studies.

you all for your constructive criticism, encouragement, and guidance while allowing me the latitude to scope my research onto a subject I thought...identified five deficiencies in which the CONUS AMD C2 system effectiveness can be improved. The research concluded by shaping three overall recommendations...it identified five deficiencies in which the CONUS AMD C2 system effectiveness can be improved. The research concluded by shaping three overall

The aldo-keto reductase (AKR) superfamily of enzymes is critical for the detoxification of drugs and toxins in the human body; these enzymes are involved not only in the development of drug resistance in cancer cells but also in the metabolism of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Here, we demonstrated that AKR1C1/C2 increased the metabolism of ethyl-3,4-dihydroxybenzoate (EDHB) in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) cells. Previous studies have shown that EDHB can effectively induce esophageal cancer cell autophagy and apoptosis, and the AKR1C family represents one set of highly expressed genes after EDHB treatment. To explore the cytotoxic effects of EDHB, esophageal cancer cells with higher (KYSE180) or lower (KYSE510) AKR1C expression levels were evaluated in this study. The proliferation of KYSE180 cells was inhibited more effectively than that of KYSE510 cells by EDHB treatment. Furthermore, the effective subunits of the AKR superfamily, AKR1C1/C2, were quantitatively identified using multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) assays. The sensitivity of esophageal cancer cells to EDHB was significantly attenuated by the siRNA knockdown of AKR1C1/C2. Moreover, the expression of autophagy inducers (Beclin, LC3II and BNIP3) and NDRG1 was significantly elevated in KYSE180 cells, but not in KYSE510 cells, after EDHB treatment. When autophagy was inhibited by 3-methyladenine, KYSE180 cells exhibited an increased sensitivity to EDHB, which may be a metabolic substrate of AKR1C1/C2. These results indicated that ESCC patients with high AKR1C1/C2 expression may be more sensitive to EDHB, and AKR1C1/C2 may facilitate EDHB-induced autophagy and apoptosis, thus providing potential guidance for the chemoprevention of ESCC. PMID:26934124

Ferredoxin (Fd) protein as unique electron acceptor, involved in a variety of fundamental metabolic and signaling processes, which is indispensable for plant growth. The molecular mechanisms of Fd such as regulation of electron partitioning, impact of photosynthetic rate and involvement in the carbon fixing remain elusive in rice. Here we reported a heading date delay and yellowish leaf 1 (hdy1) mutant derived from Japonica rice cultivar "Nipponbare" subjected to EMS treatment. In the paddy field, the hdy1 mutant appeared at a significantly late heading date and had yellow-green leaves during the whole growth stage. Further investigation indicated that the abnormal phenotype of hdy1 was connected with depressed pigment content and photosynthetic rate. Genetic analysis results showed that the hdy1 mutant phenotype was caused by a single recessive nuclear gene mutation. Map-based cloning revealed that OsHDY1 is located on chromosome 3 and encodes an ortholog of the AtFdC2 gene. Complementation and overexpression, transgenic plants exhibited the mutant phenotype including head date, leaf color and the transcription levels of the FdC2 were completely rescued by transformation with OsHDY1. Real-time PCR revealed that the expression product of OsHDY1 was detected in almost all of the organs except root, whereas highest expression levels were observed in seeding new leaves. The lower expression levels of HDY1 and content of iron were detected in hdy1 than WT's. The FdC2::GFP was detected in the chloroplasts of rice. Real-time PCR results showed that the expression of many photosynthetic electron transfer related genes in hdy1 were higher than WT. Our results suggest that OsFdC2 plays an important role in photosynthetic rate and development of heading date by regulating electron transfer and chlorophyll content in rice.

C2H2 zinc finger proteins represent the largest and most enigmatic class of human transcription factors. Their C2H2-ZF arrays are highly variable, indicating that most will have unique DNA binding motifs. However, most of the binding motifs have not been directly determined. In addition, little is known about whether or how these proteins regulate transcription. Most of the ∼700 human C2H2-ZF proteins also contain at least one KRAB, SCAN, BTB, or SET domain, suggesting that they may have common interacting partners and/or effector functions. Here, we report a multifaceted functional analysis of 131 human C2H2-ZF proteins, encompassing DNA binding sites, interacting proteins, and transcriptional response to genetic perturbation. We confirm the expected diversity in DNA binding motifs and genomic binding sites, and provide motif models for 78 previously uncharacterized C2H2-ZF proteins, most of which are unique. Surprisingly, the diversity in protein–protein interactions is nearly as high as diversity in DNA binding motifs: Most C2H2-ZF proteins interact with a unique spectrum of co-activators and co-repressors. Thus, multiparameter diversification likely underlies the evolutionary success of this large class of human proteins. PMID:27852650

We reanalyzed the CN images of Comet P/Halley, in which jets have been discovered for the first time, in search of shell structures. Shells were actually detected at the outer edges of the frames on those dates for which shells with radii small enough to be covered by the limited field of view of the CCD were predicted. The C2 images of the same data set were subjected to an analogous investigation which led to the discovery of shell structures in C2 as well. The morphology of the CN and the C2 shells is essentially equal on the same observational date. They have the same radii and show almost identical asymmetries which suggests that CN and C2 in the shells originate from the same general source. The comparison of the jets in both species before and after a two-dimensional continuum subtraction supports this supposition. The similar morphology of the jets indicates that both species are produced from the same bulk of precursor material which has been ejected in the form of jets from the same active area. However, similarly located and oriented jets in CN and C2 do not show similar relative intensities in most cases. These differences in the intensity distribution imply that the production rates of CN and C2 follow different laws.

M_3C_2 (M=Sc, La) clusters are produced by laser vaporization in a pulsed metal-cluster source and identified by photoionization mass spectrometry. Vibrationally resolved ion spectra are obtained with mass-analyzed threshold ionization (MATI) spectroscopy. The MATI spectra of M_3C_2 (M=Sc, La) exhibit a weak 0-0 transition, indicating a significant geometry difference between the neutral and ionized clusters. The ionization energies of Sc_2C_2 and La_3C_2 are measured to be 36398 (5) and 30051(5) Cm-1, respectively. In addition, the spectra of the two clusters display a number of vibrational intervals that are associated with M_3 deformations. Preliminary data analysis shows that both clusters have a C2v bi-pyramid structure in the neutral state and a D3h bi-pyramid structure in the ion state, and the spectra may be assigned to the ^1A'_1 (D3h)← ^2B_2 (C2v) transitions.

MXenes represent a large family of functionalized two-dimensional (2D) transition-metal carbides and carbonitrides. However, most of the understanding on their unique structures and applications stops at the theoretical suggestion and lack of experimental support. Herein, the surface structure and intercalation chemistry of Ti3C2X are clarified at the atomic scale by aberration-corrected scanning transmission electron microscope (STEM) and density functional theory (DFT) calculations. The STEM studies show that the functional groups (e.g., OH(-), F(-), O(-)) and the intercalated sodium (Na) ions prefer to stay on the top sites of the centro-Ti atoms and the C atoms of the Ti3C2 monolayer, respectively. Double Na-atomic layers are found within the Ti3C2X interlayer upon extensive Na intercalation via two-phase transition and solid-solution reactions. In addition, aluminum (Al)-ion intercalation leads to horizontal sliding of the Ti3C2X monolayer. On the basis of these observations, the previous monolayer surface model of Ti3C2X is modified. DFT calculations using the new modeling help to understand more about their physical and chemical properties. These findings enrich the understanding of the MXenes and shed light on future material design and applications. Moreover, the Ti3C2X exhibits prominent rate performance and long-term cycling stability as an anode material for Na-ion batteries.

Storage and separation of small (C1-C3) hydrocarbons are of great significance as these are alternative energy resources and also can be used as raw materials for many industrially important materials. Selective capture of greenhouse gas, CO2 from CH4 is important to improve the quality of natural gas. Among the available porous materials, MOFs with permanent porosity are the most suitable to serve these purposes. Herein, a two-fold entangled dynamic framework {[Zn2 (bdc)2 (bpNDI)]⋅4DMF}n with pore surface carved with polar functional groups and aromatic π clouds is exploited for selective capture of CO2 , C2, and C3 hydrocarbons at ambient condition. The framework shows stepwise CO2 and C2 H2 uptake at 195 K but type I profiles are observed at 298 K. The IAST selectivity of CO2 over CH4 is the highest (598 at 298 K) among the MOFs without open metal sites reported till date. It also shows high selectivity for C2 H2 , C2 H4 , C2 H6 , and C3 H8 over CH4 at 298 K. DFT calculations reveal that aromatic π surface and the polar imide (RNC=O) functional groups are the primary adsorption sites for adsorption. Furthermore, breakthrough column experiments showed CO2 /CH4 C2 H6 /CH4 and CO2 /N2 separation capability at ambient condition.

The world's largest compact toroid (CT) device, C-2, has recently been upgraded to C-2U at Tri Alpha Energy to seek for a sustainment of field-reversed configuration (FRC) plasma by neutral-beam (NB) injection. The C-2 experimental program was successfully completed with dramatic improvements in confinement and stability of FRC plasmas, as well as demonstrated plasma pressure increase and plasma heating by NB injection. To enhance the NB injection effect and further improve the FRC performance, the C-2U experimental program has started with following key system upgrades: (i) increased total NB input power to 10 + MW (15 keV hydrogen) with tilted injection angle; (ii) enhanced edge-biasing capability for stability control; (iii) upgraded particle inventory control systems. The initial C-2U experiment has already demonstrated much further improvements, revealing advanced beam-driven FRC plasmas. In the best operating regime we have successfully achieved plasma sustainment up to 5 + ms; while, in the longer-pulsed regime the plasma lifetime can be extended up to the end of NB pulse-duration (8 + ms). The overall C-2U experimental program and the initial experimental results will be presented at the meeting.

With the aid of density functional theory (DFT)-based calculations, we investigate the adsorption of C2H4 on Cu(210). We found two C2H4 adsorption sites, viz., the top of the step-edge atom (S) and the long bridge between two step-edge atoms (SS) of Cu(210). The step-edge atoms on Cu(210) block the otherwise active terrace sites found on copper surfaces with longer step sizes. This results in the preference for π-bonded over di-σ-bonded C2H4. We also found two stable C2H4 adsorption orientations on the S- and SS-sites, viz., with the C2H4 C[double bond, length as m-dash]C bond parallel (fit) and perpendicular (cross) to [001]. Furthermore, we found that the three peaks observed in previous temperature programmed desorption (TPD) experiment [Surf. Sci., 2011, 605, 934-940] could be attributed to C2H4 in the S-fit or S-cross, S-fit and S-cross-fit (S-cross and S-fit configurations that both exist in the same unit cell) configurations on Cu(210).

The potential energy surface (PES) for reaction C2H4 + HO2 was examined by using the quantum chemical methods. All rates were determined computationally using the CBS-QB3 composite method combined with conventional transition state theory(TST), variational transition-state theory (VTST) and Rice-Ramsberger-Kassel-Marcus/master-equation (RRKM/ME) theory. The geometries optimization and the vibrational frequency analysis of reactants, transition states, and products were performed at the B3LYP/CBSB7 level. The composite CBS-QB3 method was applied for energy calculations. The major product channel of reaction C2H4 + HO2 is the formation C2H4O2H via an OH(···)π complex with 3.7 kcal/mol binding energy which exhibits negative-temperature dependence. We further investigated the reactions related to this complex, which were ignored in previous studies. Thermochemical properties of the species involved in the reactions were determined using the CBS-QB3 method, and enthalpies of formation of species were compared with literature values. The calculated rate constants are in good agreement with those available from literature and given in modified Arrhenius equation form, which are serviceable in combustion modeling of hydrocarbons. Finally, in order to illustrate the effect for low-temperature ignition of our new rate constants, we have implemented them into the existing mechanisms, which can predict ethylene ignition in a shock tube with better performance.

The spherical top data system (STDS) program suite developed in Dijon has been extended with the aim of studying any rovibrational band or polyad of XY2Z2(C2v) asymmetric top molecules. We work in the O(3)⊃Td⊃C2v chain because these species result from the substitution of two ligands of a corresponding “parent” spherical top and thus are relatively close to tetrahedral symmetry. The choice of this group chain has consequences on the method used to specify the input parameters of the programs for Hamiltonian and transition moment model calculations. One example concerning the ground state of the SO2F2 quasi-spherical molecule is presented. As before, this suite consists in a series of FORTRAN programs called by a script. The whole package is freely accessible through ftp (user anonymous) at jupiter.u-bourgogne.fr/dist or through the World Wide Web at http://www.u-bourgogne.fr/LPUB/c2vTDS.html. Further general improvements have been brought about for all the TDS packages (STDS, HTDS, C4vTDS) developed in our group and are briefly discussed in the present paper.

Janus kinase-3 (JAK3) fosters proliferation and counteracts apoptosis of lymphocytes and tumor cells. The gain of function mutation (A572V)JAK3 has been discovered in acute megakaryoplastic leukemia. JAK3 is inactivated by replacement of lysine by alanine in the catalytic subunit ((K855A)JAK3). Regulation of cell proliferation and apoptosis involves altered activity of Cl(-) channels. The present study, thus, explored whether JAK3 modifies the function of the small conductance Cl(-) channel ClC-2. To this end, ClC-2 was expressed in Xenopus oocytes with or without wild-type JAK3, (A568V)JAK3 or (K851A)JAK3, and the Cl(-) channel activity determined by dual-electrode voltage clamp. Channel protein abundance in the cell membrane was determined utilizing chemiluminescence. As a result, expression of ClC-2 was followed by a marked increase of cell membrane conductance. The conductance was significantly decreased following coexpression of JAK3 or (A568V)JAK3, but not by coexpression of (K851A)JAK3. Exposure of the oocytes expressing ClC-2 together with (A568V)JAK3 to the JAK3 inhibitor WHI-P154 (4-[(3'-bromo-4'-hydroxyphenyl)amino]-6,7-dimethoxyquinazoline, 22 μM) increased the conductance. Coexpression of (A568V)JAK3 decreased the ClC-2 protein abundance in the cell membrane of ClC-2 expressing oocytes. The decline of conductance in ClC-2 and (A568V)JAK3 coexpressing oocytes following inhibition of channel protein insertion by brefeldin A (5 μM) was similar in oocytes expressing ClC-2 with (A568V)JAK3 and oocytes expressing ClC-2 alone, indicating that (A568V)JAK3 might slow channel protein insertion into rather than accelerating channel protein retrieval from the cell membrane. In conclusion, JAK3 downregulates ClC-2 activity and thus counteracts Cl(-) exit-an effect possibly influencing cell proliferation and apoptosis.

Cr3C2-25(NiCr) coating is widely used in wear, erosion and corrosion applications. In the present study, D-gun-sprayed Cr3C2-25(NiCr) coatings with and without 0.4 wt.% ceria incorporated were deposited on Superni 718, Superni 600 and Superco 605 substrates. Hot-corrosion runs were conducted in 40 %Na2SO4-40 %K2SO4-10 %NaCl-10 %KCl environment at 900 °C for 100 cycles. Corrosion kinetics was monitored using weight gain measurements. Characterization of corrosion products was carried out by field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM)/energy-dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) and x-ray diffraction (XRD) techniques. It was observed that Cr3C2-25(NiCr) coating with and without added ceria deposited on both of the Ni-based alloys showed resistance to corrosion under the given environment. Addition of ceria enhanced the adherence of the oxide to the coating during the corrosion run and reduced the overall weight gain. However, Cr3C2-25(NiCr)-coated Superco 605 did not perform satisfactorily under this environment.

X-ray scattering and electrical resistivity measurements were performed on GdNiC2 and TbNiC2. We found a set of satellite peaks characterized by q1=(0.5 ,η ,0 ) below T1, at which the resistivity shows a sharp inflection, suggesting the charge density wave (CDW) formation. The value of η decreases with decreasing temperature below T1, and then a transition to a commensurate phase with q1 C=(0.5 ,0.5 ,0 ) takes place. The diffuse scattering observed above T1 indicates the presence of soft phonon modes associated with CDW instabilities at q1 and q2=(0.5 ,0.5 ,0.5 ) . The long-range order given by q2 is developed in addition to that given by q1 C in TbNiC2, while the short-range correlation with q2 persists even at 6 K in GdNiC2. The amplitude of the q1 C lattice modulation is anomalously reduced below an antiferromagnetic transition temperature TN in GdNiC2. In contrast, the q2 order vanishes below TN in TbNiC2. We demonstrate that R NiC2 (R = rare earth) compounds exhibit similarities with respect to their CDW phenomena, and discuss the effects of magnetic transitions on CDWs. We offer a possible displacement pattern of the modulated structure characterized by q1 C and q2 in terms of frustration.

MAX phases (M: early transition metal; A: elements in group 13 or 14; X: C or N), such as titanium silicon carbide (Ti3SiC2), have a unique combination of both metallic and ceramic properties, which make them attractive for potential nuclear applications. Ti3SiC2 has been considered as a possible fuel cladding material. This study reports on the diffusivities of fission product surrogates (Ag and Cs) and a noble metal Au (with diffusion behavior similar to Ag) in this ternary compound at elevated temperatures, as well as in dual-phase nanocomposite of Ti3SiC2/3C-SiC and polycrystalline CVD 3C-SiC for behavior comparisons. Samples were implanted with Ag, Au or Cs ions and characterized with various methods, including x-ray diffraction, electron backscatter diffraction, energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy, Rutherford backscattering spectrometry, helium ion microscopy, and transmission electron microscopy. The results show that in contrast to immobile Ag in 3C-SiC, there is a significant outward diffusion of Ag in Ti3SiC2 within the dual-phase nanocomposite during Ag ion implantation at 873 K. Similar behavior of Au in polycrystalline Ti3SiC2 was also observed. Cs out-diffusion and release from Ti3SiC2 occurred during post-implantation thermal annealing at 973 K. This study suggests caution and further studies in consideration of Ti3SiC2 as a fuel cladding material for advanced nuclear reactors operating at very high temperatures.

Nonunion and C1-C2 instability of odontoid fractures usually result from delayed diagnosis and inappropriate treatment. However, the available treatment options for odontoid fractures remain controversial. The authors evaluated the effectiveness of internal screw fixation via the C1 and C2 pedicle in cases of old odontoid fractures. This retrospective study included 21 patients with old odontoid fractures (13 men and 8 women; mean age, 46.5 years; range, 24-69 years). Internal screw fixation via the C1 and C2 pedicle was performed in all patients. Fracture reduction and C1-C2 fusion were assessed with imaging. The neck pain visual analog scale score and cervical spinal cord functional Japanese Orthopaedic Association score (for those who had cervical spinal cord injury) were used to evaluate the effectiveness of treatment. Postoperative complications were recorded. Postoperative imaging showed that the C1-C2 dislocation was satisfactorily repositioned in all patients. Bone fusion was observed 1 year after surgery in all patients. No loosening or breaking of internal fixation occurred. The preoperative neck pain visual analog scale score was 5.9±1.5 and improved significantly to 1.8±0.8 after surgery (PC2 pedicle was found to be an effective and safe surgical approach for the treatment of old odontoid fractures with C1-C2 dislocation or instability.

Objective Ghrelin is known to regulate appetite control and cellular metabolism. The Corticotropin-Releasing Factor (CRF) family is also known to regulate energy balance. In this study, we investigated the links between ghrelin and the CRF family in C2C12 cells, a mouse myoblast cell line. Design and methods C2C12 cells were treated with ghrelin in the presence or absence of CRF receptor antagonists and then subjected to different metabolic analyses. Results Ghrelin enhanced glucose uptake by C2C12 cells, induced GLUT4 translocation to the cell surface and decreased RBP4 expression. A CRF-R2 selective antagonist, anti-sauvagine-30, blocked ghrelin-induced glucose uptake, Ghrelin upregulated CRF-R2 but not CRF-R1 levels. Moreover, ghrelin-treated C2C12 cells displayed a cAMP and pERK activation in response to Ucn3, a CRF-R2 specific ligand, but not in response to CRF or stressin, CRF-R1 specific ligands. Ghrelin also induced UCP2 and UCP3 expression, which were blocked by anti-sauvagine-30. Ghrelin did not induce fatty acids uptake by C2C12 cells or ACC expression. Even though C2C12 cells clearly exhibited responses to ghrelin, the known ghrelin receptor, GHSR1a, was not detectable in C2C12 cells. Conclusion Our results suggest that, ghrelin plays a role in regulating muscle glucose and, raise the possibility that suppression of the CRF-R2 pathway might provide benefits in high ghrelin states. PMID:23804489

Previous experiments [Baer, et al. J. Phys. Chem. A 116, 2833 (2012)] have studied the dissociation of 1,2-diiodoethane radical cation (C2H4I2+•) and found a one-dimensional distribution of translational energy; an odd finding considering most product relative translational energy distributions are two-dimensional. The goal of this study is to obtain an accurate understanding of the potential energy surface (PES) topology for the unimolecular decomposition reaction C2H4I2+• - C2H4I+ + I•. This is done through comparison of many single-reference electronic structure methods, coupled-cluster single point (energy) calculations, and multi-reference calculations used to quantify spin-orbit (SO) coupling effects. We find that the structure of the C2H4I2+• reactant has a substantial effect on the role of SO coupling on the reaction energy. Both the BHandH and MP2 theories with an ECP/6-31++G** basis set, and without SO coupling corrections, provide accurate models for the reaction energetics. MP2 theory gives an unsymmetric structure with different C-I bond lengths, resulting in a SO energy for C2H4I2+• similar to that for the product I-atom and a negligible SO correction to the reaction energy. In contrast, DFT gives a symmetric structure for C2H4I2+•, similar to that of the neutral C2H4I2 parent, resulting in a substantial SO correction and increasing the reaction energy by 6.0-6.5 kcal/mol. Also, we find that for this system single point energy calculations are inaccurate, since a small change in geometry can lead to a large change in energy.

C2-toxin from Clostridium botulinum and Iota-toxin from Clostridium perfringens belong both to the binary A-B-type of toxins consisting of two separately secreted components, an enzymatic subunit A and a binding component B that facilitates the entry of the corresponding enzymatic subunit into the target cells. The enzymatic subunits are in both cases actin ADP-ribosyltransferases that modify R177 of globular actin finally leading to cell death. Following their binding to host cells’ receptors and internalization, the two binding components form heptameric channels in endosomal membranes which mediate the translocation of the enzymatic components Iota a and C2I from endosomes into the cytosol of the target cells. The binding components form ion-permeable channels in artificial and biological membranes. Chloroquine and related 4-aminoquinolines were able to block channel formation in vitro and intoxication of living cells. In this study, we extended our previous work to the use of different chloroquine analogs and demonstrate that positively charged aminoquinolinium salts are able to block channels formed in lipid bilayer membranes by the binding components of C2- and Iota-toxin. Similarly, these molecules protect cultured mammalian cells from intoxication with C2- and Iota-toxin. The aminoquinolinium salts did presumably not interfere with actin ADP-ribosylation or receptor binding but blocked the pores formed by C2IIa and Iota b in living cells and in vitro. The blocking efficiency of pores formed by Iota b and C2IIa by the chloroquine analogs showed interesting differences indicating structural variations between the types of protein-conducting nanochannels formed by Iota b and C2IIa. PMID:27517960

The geographical distribution of hepatitis B virus (HBV) subgenotypes and their clinical implications in patients with acute and chronic hepatitis B in the Heilung-kiang province of northeast China were investigated. Nested PCR and multiplex PCR were performed with genotype-specific primers and with subgenotype-specific primers to identify genotypes and subgenotypes from serum samples of 412 HBV infections including 69 with acute self-limited hepatitis (ASH) and 343 with chronic hepatitis (CH). A total of 361 samples were genotyped and 304 were further subgenotyped. The most common HBV genotype was C (93.63%, 338/361), with subgenotype group C2 (83.73%, 283/338) predominating. Genotype B was also found and subgenotype B2 predominated within this genotype. Out of 69 infected patients with ASH, 48 were identified as genotype C and all belonged to subgenotype C2. Of 343 infected patients with CH, 313 were genotyped and 256 were subgenotyped; amongst these, C2 (91.80%, 235/256), B2 (7.42%, 19/256) and mixed subgenotypes B2 and C2 (0.78%, 2/256) were found. In HBV subgenotype C2 infections, ASH had a higher ratio of women than CH patients. These results show that HBV subgenotypes C2 and B2 were found in Heilung-kiang province of northeast China. In ASH and CH groups, the distributions of subgenotypes were coincident with C2, the predominant subgenotype. Analysis of the association between subgenotype and the outcomes of HBV infection was inconclusive in our study.

H9c2 myoblasts are a cell model used as an alternative for cardiomyocytes. H9c2 cells have the ability to differentiate towards a cardiac phenotype when the media serum is reduced in the presence of all-trans-retinoic acid (RA), creating multinucleated cells with low proliferative capacity. In the present study, we performed for the first time a transcriptional analysis of the H9c2 cell line in two differentiation states, i.e. embryonic cells and differentiated cardiac-like cells. The results show that RA-induced H9c2 differentiation increased the expression of genes encoding for cardiac sarcomeric proteins such as troponin T, or calcium transporters and associated machinery, including SERCA2, ryanodine receptor and phospholamban as well as genes associated with mitochondrial energy production including respiratory chain complexes subunits, mitochondrial creatine kinase, carnitine palmitoyltransferase I and uncoupling proteins. Undifferentiated myoblasts showed increased gene expression of pro-survival proteins such as Bcl-2 as well as cell cycle-regulating proteins. The results indicate that the differentiation of H9c2 cells lead to an increase of transcripts and protein levels involved in calcium handling, glycolytic and mitochondrial metabolism, confirming that H9c2 cell differentiation induced by RA towards a more cardiac-like phenotype involves remodeled mitochondrial function. PI3K, PDK1 and p-CREB also appear to be involved on H9c2 differentiation. Furthermore, complex analysis of differently expressed transcripts revealed significant up-regulation of gene expression related to cardiac muscle contraction, dilated cardiomyopathy and other pathways specific for the cardiac tissue. Metabolic and gene expression remodeling impacts cell responses to different stimuli and determine how these cells are used for biochemical assays. PMID:26121149

We perform first-principles calculations of crystal structure, magnetism, electronic structure, chemical bonding and elastic properties for PuC2 using the standard local spin-density approximation (LSDA)+U scheme. The use of the Hubbard term to describe the 5f electrons of plutonium is discussed according to the lattice parameters, magnetism and densities of states. Our calculated lattice constants and magnetism are in good agreement with the experimental data or other theoretical calculations. It is shown that the total densities of states at the Fermi energy level mainly come from the contribution of narrow f band. The Pu-C bonds of PuC2 have a mixture of covalent character and ionic character, while covalent character is stronger than ionic character. The C1-C2 bonding has strong covalent character because of sp2 hybridization between C atoms. Lastly, the elastic properties of PuC2 are studied. We hope that our results can provide a useful reference for further theoretical and experimental research on PuC2. Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant Nos. 21371160, 21401173, and the Science Challenge Program of China

The ablation of carbon-phenolic heat shields upon entry into the atmosphere of one of the outer planets leads to the injection of large amounts of C, C2, and C3 into the shock layer. These species must be included in the calculation of transport properties in the shock layer. The kinetic theory of gases has been used to obtain accurate results for the transport properties of monatomic carbon. The Hulburt-Hirschelder potential, the most accurate general purpose atom-atom potential for states with an attractive minimum, was used to represent such states and repulsive states were represented by fitting quantum mechanical potential energy curves with the exponential repulsive potential. These results were orientation averaged according to the peripheral force model to obtain transport collision integrals for the C-C2 and C2-C2 interaction. Results for C3 were obtained by ignoring the presence of the central carbon atom. The thermal conductivity, viscosity, and diffusion coefficients for pure C, C2, and C3, and for mixtures of these gases, were then calculated from 1000 K - 25,000 K.

Ti3C2Tx MXene, a two-dimensional (2D) early transition metal carbide, has shown an extremely high volumetric capacitance in aqueous electrolytes, but in a narrow voltage window (less than 1.23 V). The utilization of MXene materials in ionic liquid electrolytes with a large voltage window has never been addressed. Here, we report the preparation of the Ti3C2Tx MXene ionogel film by vacuum filtration for use as supercapacitor electrodes operating in 1-Ethyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide (EMI-TFSI) neat ionic liquid electrolyte. Due to the disordered structure of the Ti3C2Tx hydrogel film and a stable spacing after vacuum drying, achieved through ionic liquid electrolyte immersion of the Ti3C2Tx hydrogel film, the Ti3C2Tx surface became accessible to EMI+ and TFSI- ions. A capacitance of 70 F g-1 together with a large voltage window of 3 V was obtained at a scan rate of 20 mV s-1 in neat EMI-TFSI electrolyte. The electrochemical signature indicates a capacitive behavior even at a high scan rate (500 mV s-1) and a high power performance. This work opens up the possibilities of using MXene materials with various ionic liquid electrolytes.

We recently reported that the C2AB portion of Synaptotagmin 1 (Syt1) could self-assemble into Ca2+-sensitive ring-like oligomers on membranes, which could potentially regulate neurotransmitter release. Here we report that analogous ring-like oligomers assemble from the C2AB domains of other Syt isoforms (Syt2, Syt7, Syt9) as well as related C2 domain containing protein, Doc2B and extended Synaptotagmins (E-Syts). Evidently, circular oligomerization is a general and conserved structural aspect of many C2 domain proteins, including Synaptotagmins. Further, using electron microscopy combined with targeted mutations, we show that under physiologically relevant conditions, both the Syt1 ring assembly and its rapid disruption by Ca2+ involve the well-established functional surfaces on the C2B domain that are important for synaptic transmission. Our data suggests that ring formation may be triggered at an early step in synaptic vesicle docking and positions Syt1 to synchronize neurotransmitter release to Ca2+ influx. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.17262.001 PMID:27434670

This article proposes the image intraclass correlation (I2C2) coefficient as a global measure of reliability for imaging studies. The I2C2 generalizes the classic intraclass correlation (ICC) coefficient to the case when the data of interest are images, thereby providing a measure that is both intuitive and convenient. Drawing a connection with classical measurement error models for replication experiments, the I2C2 can be computed quickly, even in high-dimensional imaging studies. A nonparametric bootstrap procedure is introduced to quantify the variability of the I2C2 estimator. Furthermore, a Monte Carlo permutation is utilized to test reproducibility versus a zero I2C2, representing complete lack of reproducibility. Methodologies are applied to three replication studies arising from different brain imaging modalities and settings: regional analysis of volumes in normalized space imaging for characterizing brain morphology, seed-voxel brain activation maps based on resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), and fractional anisotropy in an area surrounding the corpus callosum via diffusion tensor imaging. Notably, resting-state fMRI brain activation maps are found to have low reliability, ranging from .2 to .4. Software and data are available to provide easy access to the proposed methods.

We report a study on tuning the charge density wave (CDW) ferromagnet SmNiC2 to a weakly coupled superconductor by substituting La for Sm. X-ray diffraction measurements show that the doped compounds obey Vegard's law, where La (Lu) alloying expands (shrinks) the lattice due to its larger (smaller) atomic size than Sm. In the series Sm1-xLaxNiC2, CDW transition (TCDW = 148 K) for SmNiC2 is gradually suppressed, while the ferromagnetic (FM) ordering temperature (TC) at 17 K slightly increases up to x = 0.3. For x > 0.3, TC starts to decrease and there is no signature that could be related with the CDW phase. Electrical resistivity, magnetic susceptibility and specific heat measurements point toward the possible presence of a FM quantum critical point (QCP) near x = 0.92, where the TC is extrapolated to zero temperature. Superconductivity in LaNiC2 (Tsc = 2.9 K) is completely suppressed with small amount of Sm inclusion near the proposed FM critical point, indicating a competition between the two ordered phases. The tunable lattice parameters via chemical substitution (La,Lu) and the ensuing change among the ordered phases of ferromagnetism, CDW and superconductivity underscores that SmNiC2 provides a rich avenue to study the rare example of a FM QCP, where the broken symmetries are intricately correlated.

Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) induce osteoblastic differentiation of myoblasts via binding to cell surface receptors. Repulsive guidance molecules (RGMs) have been identified as BMP co-receptors. We report here that DRAGON/RGMb, a member of the RGM family, suppressed BMP signaling in C2C12 myoblasts via a novel mechanism. All RGMs were expressed in C2C12 cells that were differentiated into myocytes and osteoblastic cells, but RGMc was not detected in immature cells. In C2C12 cells, only DRAGON suppressed ALP and Id1 promoter activities induced by BMP-4 or by constitutively activated BMP type I receptors. This inhibition by DRAGON was dependent on the secretory form of the von Willbrand factor type D domain. DRAGON even suppressed BMP signaling induced by constitutively activated Smad1. Over-expression of neogenin did not alter the inhibitory capacity of DRAGON. Taken together, these findings indicate that DRAGON may be an inhibitor of BMP signaling in C2C12 myoblasts. We also suggest that a novel molecule(s) expressed on the cell membrane may mediate the signal transduction of DRAGON in order to suppress BMP signaling in C2C12 myoblasts.

Five room temperature ionic liquids based on C-2 substituted imidazolium cations and bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide (TFSI) anion were synthesized and their physicochemical properties: thermal property, density, viscosity, ionic conductivity, self-diffusion coefficients, and electrochemical stability were systematically investigated. The temperature dependence of both viscosity and ionic conductivities of these ionic liquids can be described by Vogel-Fulcher-Tamman (VFT) equation. Compared with the reference, 1-propyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide, the introduction of functional groups at the C-2 position generally increased the viscosity and lowered the ionic conductivity. The introduction of ether group ( CH2OCH2CH2CH2CH3) at the C-2 position not only enhanced the reduction stability of the ionic liquids but also exhibited the lowest solid electrolyte interfacial resistance (RSEI). On the contrary, the introduction of a cyano group ( CN) at the C-2 position not only decreased the reduction stability but also adversely increased the SEI resistance. The effect of the C-2 substitution on the reduction stability was explained by the change of the energy level of the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital. The self-diffusion coefficients (D) of each ion were measured by pulsed field gradient nuclear magnetic resonance (PFG-NMR). The lithium transference number (tLi) of 0.5 M LiTFSI/IL solutions calculated from the self-diffusion coefficients was in the range of 0.04 and 0.09.

Carbon has the capability of forming various bonding states that affect the structures and properties of transition metal carbides. In this work, structural search was performed to explore the structural diversity of LaC2 at pressures of 0.0-30.0 GPa. Five stable structures of LaC2 reveal a variety of carbon structural units ranging from a dimer to bent C3, zigzag C4 and armchair polymer chains. A series of pressure-induced structural transformations are predicted, I4/mmm (i.e. experimental α phase) →C2/c→Pnma→Pmma, which involve the catenation of carbon from a dimer to zigzag C4 units and further to armchair polymer chains. The bent C3 unit appears in a novel Immm structure. This structure is the theoretical ground state of LaC2 under ambient conditions, but is kinetically inaccessible from the experimental α phase. LaC2 becomes thermodynamically metastable relative to La2C3 + diamond above 17.1 GPa, and eventually decomposes into constituent elements above 35.6 GPa. The presented results indicate that catenation of carbon can be realized even in simple inorganic compounds under nonambient conditions.

Ti3C2Tx MXene, a two-dimensional (2D) early transition metal carbide, has shown an extremely high volumetric capacitance in aqueous electrolytes, but in a narrow voltage window (less than 1.23 V). The utilization of MXene materials in ionic liquid electrolytes with a large voltage window has never been addressed. Here, we report the preparation of the Ti3C2Tx MXene ionogel film by vacuum filtration for use as supercapacitor electrodes operating in 1-Ethyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide (EMI-TFSI) neat ionic liquid electrolyte. Due to the disordered structure of the Ti3C2Tx hydrogel film and a stable spacing after vacuum drying, achieved through ionic liquid electrolyte immersion of themore » Ti3C2Tx hydrogel film, the Ti3C2Tx surface became accessible to EMI+ and TFSI- ions. A capacitance of 70 F g-1 together with a large voltage window of 3 V was obtained at a scan rate of 20 mV s-1 in neat EMI-TFSI electrolyte. The electrochemical signature indicates a capacitive behavior even at a high scan rate (500 mV s-1) and a high power performance. This work opens up the possibilities of using MXene materials with various ionic liquid electrolytes.« less

Low-temperature plasmas using gas mixtures which contain fluorocarbon species such as CF4, C2F6, or C3F8 are widely used in the semiconductor industry for the etching of silicon. Optical emissions from these plasmas can be used for diagnostics purposes. While the optical emissions from electron-impact excited CF4 have been studied extensively in the past for emissions from the vacuum ultraviolet (90 nm) to the near-infrared (900 nm) by several groups, no such studies have been carried out for C2F6 and C3F8. We report a comprehensive measurement of absolute photoemission cross sections and appearance energies for emissions produced by controlled electron impact on C2F6 from the VUV, where the F resonance lines around 95 nm are the most prominent emission features, to the 600 - 800 nm range, where F emissions resulting from transitions between excited atomic fluorine state occur. In general, we found that the intensity of the optical emissions from C2F6 was weaker than what was observed for the same emissions from CF4. In addition, we found no evidence in C2F6 of the prominent emission continuum from 200 to 500 nm that dominates the CF4 emission spectrum. *Work supported by the NSF.

Thorium-carbon systems have been thought as promising nuclear fuel for Generation IV reactors which require high-burnup and safe nuclear fuel. Existing knowledge on thorium carbides under extreme condition remains insufficient and some is controversial due to limited studies. Here we systematically predict all stable structures of thorium dicarbide (ThC2) under the pressure ranging from ambient to 300 GPa by merging ab initio total energy calculations and unbiased structure searching method, which are in sequence of C2/c, C2/m, Cmmm, Immm and P6/mmm phases. Among these phases, the C2/m is successfully observed for the first time via in situ synchrotron XRD measurements, which exhibits an excellent structural correspondence to our theoretical predictions. The transition sequence and the critical pressures are predicted. The calculated results also reveal the polymerization behaviors of the carbon atoms and the corresponding characteristic C-C bonding under various pressures. Our work provides key information on the fundamental material behavior and insights into the underlying mechanisms that lay the foundation for further exploration and application of ThC2. PMID:28383571

Rate coefficients for the reactions of C2H radicals with methane (k1), ethane (k2), propane (k3), ethylene (k4), and propylene (k5) were computed using canonical variational transition state theory (CVT) coupled with hybrid-meta density functional theory (DFT) over a wide range of temperatures from 150 to 5000 K. The quantum chemical tunneling effect was corrected by the small curvature tunneling (SCT) method. The dynamic calculations are performed using the variational transition state theory (VTST) with the interpolated single-point energies (ISPE) method at the CCSD(T)/cc-pVTZ//M06-2X/6-31+G(d,p) level of theory. Intrinsic reaction coordinate (IRC) calculations were performed to verify that the transition states are connected to the reactants and products. The rate coefficients obtained over the studied temperature range yield the following Arrhenius expressions (cm(3) molecule(-1) s(-1)): k1 = 4.69 × 10(-19)T(2.44) exp[331/T], k2 = 4.29 × 10(-17)T(2.11) exp[432/T], k3 = 4.81 × 10(-17)T(1.98) exp[697/T], k4 = 7.54 × 10(-21)T(2.96) exp[1942/T], and k5 = 8.04 × 10(-23)T(3.44) exp[3011/T] cm(3) molecule(-1) s(-1). Branching ratio calculation for the reactions of C2H radicals with ethylene and propylene shows that the abstraction reactions are not important at lower temperatures. However, as the temperature increases, abstraction reactions become more important.

Neomycin-conjugated homopyrimidine oligo 2'-deoxyribonucleotides have been synthesized on a solid phase and their potential as triplex forming oligonucleotides (TFOs) with DNA-duplexes has been studied. For the synthesis of the conjugates, C-5, C-2' and C-4'-tethered alkyne-modified nucleoside derivatives were used as an integral part of the standard automated oligonucleotide chain elongation. An azide-derived neomycin was then conjugated to the incorporated terminal alkynes by Cu(I)-catalyzed 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition (the click chemistry). Concentrated ammonia released the desired conjugates in acceptable purity and yields. The site of conjugation was expectedly important for the Hoogsteen-face recognition: C-5-conjugation showed a notable positive effect, whereas the influence of the C-2' and C-4'-modification remained marginal. In addition to conventional characterization methods (UV- and CD-spectroscopy), (19)F NMR spectroscopy was applied for the monitoring of triplex/duplex/single strand-conversions.

A comprehensive diagnostic suite for field-reversed configuration (FRC) plasmas has been developed and installed on the C-2 device at Tri Alpha Energy to investigate the dynamics of FRC formation as well as to understand key FRC physics properties, e.g., confinement and stability, throughout a discharge. C-2 is a unique, large compact-toroid merging device that produces FRC plasmas partially sustained for up to ∼5 ms by neutral-beam (NB) injection and end-on plasma-guns for stability control. Fundamental C-2 FRC properties are diagnosed by magnetics, interferometry, Thomson scattering, spectroscopy, bolometry, reflectometry, and NB-related fast-ion/neutral diagnostics. These diagnostics (totaling >50 systems) are essential to support the primary goal of developing a deep understanding of NB-driven FRCs.

An uncharacterized protein from Arabidopsis thaliana consisting of a single C2 domain (At3g17980) was cloned into the pETM11 vector and expressed in Escherichia coli, allowing purification to homogeneity in a single chromatographic step. Good-quality diffracting crystals were obtained using vapour-diffusion techniques. The crystals diffracted to 2.2 Å resolution and belonged to space group P2(1)2(1)2(1), with unit-cell parameters a = 35.3, b = 88.9, c = 110.6 Å. A promising molecular-replacement solution has been found using the structure of the C2 domain of Munc13-C2b (PDB entry 3kwt) as the search model.

An uncharacterized protein from Arabidopsis thaliana consisting of a single C2 domain (At3g17980) was cloned into the pETM11 vector and expressed in Escherichia coli, allowing purification to homogeneity in a single chromatographic step. Good-quality diffracting crystals were obtained using vapour-diffusion techniques. The crystals diffracted to 2.2 Å resolution and belonged to space group P212121, with unit-cell parameters a = 35.3, b = 88.9, c = 110.6 Å. A promising molecular-replacement solution has been found using the structure of the C2 domain of Munc13-C2b (PDB entry 3kwt) as the search model. PMID:22139170

Nanostructured MgB2C2 is a promising candidate as functional material. High Temperature synthesis conditions were the limitations for its exploitation in materials research. Present study deals with the synthesis of specifically oriented nanostructured MgB2C2 at relatively low temperature by solvothermal route. The synthesis conditions are modified to grow these nanostructures in least dense plane (002). Optical properties are explored for the first time. XRD analysis confirms the formation of MgB2C2 phase. Morphological analysis (Transmission/Scanning Electron Microscopy) indicated that the synthesized material is in nano range. Photoluminescence study shows that the synthesized material emits light in visible spectrum when excited at 380 nm. The quantum efficiency of synthesized material calculated by De Mello's method is approximately 23% which makes the material efficient enough for lightening applications.

Two paths are investigated for the growth of phenanthrene from naphthalene by the addition of C2H2 groups. The first series of steps leads to acenaphthylene (ACN), which is consistent with the path found previously. The addition of C2H2 to ACN can yield a product with two adjacent five-membered rings. Opening one five-membered ring produces a five-membered ring with CH2 side group. This can be converted to a six-membered ring in a manner analogous to the hydrogen atom catalysed fulvene to benzene conversion. A second path, with a somewhat higher barrier, can also lead to the phenanthrene product. The transition state for the second path is essentially isoenergetic with the stating material of ACN + C2H2 + H.

DNA sequencing of the vanC-2 gene was partially carried out on 10 isolates of Enterococcus casseliflavus obtained from 8 samples of imported chickens in Japan between July 1999 and June 2001 to evaluate the variation in the gene. Forty nucleotide substitutions in 36 codons were identified within 345 base pairs when compared with the vanC-2 sequence of the reference strain E. casseliflavus ATCC25788. Identical nucleotide substitutions were commonly found in the isolates recovered from chickens imported from both Brazil and China. Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) patterns of NotI-digested chromosomal DNA of these strains were distinguished by two, or more than six, band differences. These observations suggest that sequencing of the vanC-2 gene may be helpful for epidemiological investigation in combination with the PFGE analyses of the isolates, although particular genotypes are unlikely to be restricted to each of the countries that exported chickens. PMID:12403118

Infrared spectra of Ar-C2D2 are observed in the region of the ν3 fundamental band (asymmetric C-D stretch, ≈2440 cm-1) using a tunable optical parametric oscillator to probe a pulsed supersonic slit jet expansion from a cooled nozzle. Transitions are assigned involving K = 0-2 in the ground vibrational state, and K = 0-4 in the excited state. The intermolecular bending combination band is also observed, giving a bending frequency of 4.798 cm-1. Despite this low bending frequency, the Ar-C2D2 spectrum qualitatively resembles that of a normal semi-rigid molecule, in contrast to He- and Ne-C2D2 which are much closer to the limit of free internal rotation.

We have studied the electronic properties of a 'Russian-doll'-style endohedral fullerene Sc 4C2@C 80 based on first-principles density-functional calculations coupled with many-body GW correction. Our calculation results yield a GW rectified gap of 1.8 eV for the 'Russian doll' structured Sc 4C2@C 80, in very good conformity with experimental observed value of 1.6 eV. The calculated electronic characteristics of the Russian-doll fullerene reveal distinct shell structures, which are embellished in the GW approach. The analysis of vibrational frequency demonstrates profound hybridizations associated with the interactions between the Sc 4C2 core and C 80 shell.

The 6-12 micrometer spectrum of Neptune has been recorded with the PHT-S instrument of the Infrared Space Observatory (ISO) at a resolution of 0.095 micrometer. In addition to the emissions of CH4, CH3D and C2H6 previously identified, the spectrum shows the first firm identification of ethylene C2H4. The inferred column density above the 0.2-mbar level is in the range (1.1 - 3) x 10(exp 14) molecules/cm. To produce this low amount, previous photochemical models invoked rapid mixing between the source and sink regions of C2H4. We show that this requirement can be relaxed if recent laboratory measurements of CH4 photolysis branching ratios at Lyman alpha are used.

A comprehensive diagnostic suite for field-reversed configuration (FRC) plasmas has been developed and installed on the C-2 device at Tri Alpha Energy to investigate the dynamics of FRC formation as well as to understand key FRC physics properties, e.g., confinement and stability, throughout a discharge. C-2 is a unique, large compact-toroid merging device that produces FRC plasmas partially sustained for up to ˜5 ms by neutral-beam (NB) injection and end-on plasma-guns for stability control. Fundamental C-2 FRC properties are diagnosed by magnetics, interferometry, Thomson scattering, spectroscopy, bolometry, reflectometry, and NB-related fast-ion/neutral diagnostics. These diagnostics (totaling >50 systems) are essential to support the primary goal of developing a deep understanding of NB-driven FRCs.

A comprehensive diagnostic suite for field-reversed configuration (FRC) plasmas has been developed and installed on the C-2 device at Tri Alpha Energy to investigate the dynamics of FRC formation as well as to understand key FRC physics properties, e.g., confinement and stability, throughout a discharge. C-2 is a unique, large compact-toroid merging device that produces FRC plasmas partially sustained for up to ∼5 ms by neutral-beam (NB) injection and end-on plasma-guns for stability control. Fundamental C-2 FRC properties are diagnosed by magnetics, interferometry, Thomson scattering, spectroscopy, bolometry, reflectometry, and NB-related fast-ion/neutral diagnostics. These diagnostics (totaling >50 systems) are essential to support the primary goal of developing a deep understanding of NB-driven FRCs.

Methylation at the C2 position of 1,3-disubstituted imidazolium-based ionic liquids (ILs) is one of the structural features that has gained attention due to its drastic impact on thermophysical and transport properties. Several hypotheses have been proposed to explain this effect but there is still much discrepancy. Aiming for the rationalization of the effects of these structural features on the properties of imidazolium ILs, we present a thermodynamic and computational study of two methylated ILs at the C2 position of imidazolium, [(1)C4(2)C1(3)C1im][NTf2] and [(1)C3(2)C1(3)C1im][NTf2]. The phase behaviour (glass transition and vaporization equilibrium) and computational studies of the anion rotation around the cation and ion pair interaction energies for both ILs were explored. The results have shown that C2-methylation has no impact on the enthalpy of vaporization. However, it decreases the entropy of vaporization, which is a consequence of the change in the ion pair dynamics that affects both the liquid and gas phases. In addition, the more hindered dynamics of the ion pair are also reflected in the increase in the glass transition temperature, Tg. The entropic contribution of anion-around-cation rotation in the imidazolium [NTf2] ILs was quantified experimentally by the comparative analysis of the entropy of vaporization, and computationally by the calculation of the entropies of hindered internal rotation. The global results exclude the existence of significant H-bonding in the C2-protonated (non-methylated) ILs and explain the C2-methylation effect in terms of reduced entropy of the ion pair in the liquid and gas phases. In light of these results, the C2-methylation effect is intrinsically entropic and originates from the more hindered anion-around-cation rotation as a consequence of the substitution of the -H with a bulkier -CH3 group.

Study Design Case series. Purpose To present results of conservative management in patients with pure C2 body fractures. Overview of Literature Axis body fractures, a less common subgroup of C2 fractures, are commonly classified as vertical coronal, vertical sagittal, and transverse subtypes. While the treatment paradigm for other C2 fractures is clear, there is insufficient evidence to support treatment guidelines for C2 body fractures. Methods Eleven patients with pure C2 body fractures were managed with external immobilization and followed thereafter. Results All neurologic examinations were normal. In computed tomography (CT) scans, four, two, three, and two patients had a coronal, sagittal, horizontal, and burst fracture, respectively. Magnetic resonance imaging showed hematoma and partial rupture in the anterior longitudinal ligament in four patients, posterior ligamentous complex injury in one, and normal ligamentous structure in six. All fractures were managed conservatively using the Philadelphia collar, which was continued until complete disappearance of symptoms (within 1–3 months in all patients). The decision to discontinue the neck collar was made by a dynamic neck X-ray and CT scan that showed complete bony fusion. All patients were then followed for an additional 1.5 years (mean follow-up of 21 months for all patients). No patient showed any neurologic symptoms or deficits during the follow-up period. Conclusions In patients with pure C2 body fracture, non-operative management with Philadelphia neck collar is a safe and efficacious option, even in the presence of some sort of ligamentous injury. PMID:27790321

Experimental data on the enthalpies of formation of chloromethanes, chloroethynes, chloroethenes, and chloroethanes are critically reviewed. Enthalpy of formation values for the C1 and C2 chlorinated hydrocarbons are highly cross-linked by various measured reaction equilibria and currently available sets of values are not internally self-consistent. It is shown that the early static bomb combustion calorimetry studies on highly chlorinated compounds generally give enthalpies of formation that are systematically more positive than later values derivable from rotating bomb combustion or equilibria studies. Those previously recommended values which were based mainly on the early static bomb work therefore need substantial revision. On the basis of more recent literature data obtained with rotating bomb combustion calorimetry, together with analyses of literature data on other reaction enthalpies and equilibria involving chlorinated hydrocarbons, an updated self-consistent set of ΔfHo[298.15 K] values for closed shell chlorinated C1 and C2 hydrocarbons (25 compounds) is recommended. Data on the enthalpies of vaporization are also reviewed and values of ΔvapH[298.15 K] and ΔvapHo[298.15 K] are recommended. The presently suggested enthalpies of formation for highly chlorinated alkenes and alkanes (particularly C2Cl4, C2HCl3, C2HCl5, and C2Cl6) are significantly (8-15 kJ mol-1) more negative than given by most previous evaluators. Values for the chloroethynes are 10-25 kJ mol-1 more positive than given in previous reviews and more limited changes are suggested for other compounds in the series.

The goal of this study was to determine the mechanism of lubiprostone activation of epithelial chloride transport. Lubiprostone is a bicyclic fatty acid approved for the treatment of constipation [1]. There is uncertainty, however, as to how lubiprostone increases epithelial chloride transport. Direct stimulation of ClC-2 and CFTR chloride channels as well as stimulation of these channels via the EP(4) receptor has been described [2-5]. To better define this mechanism, two-electrode voltage clamp was used to assay Xenopus oocytes expressing ClC-2, with or without co-expression of the EP(4) receptor or β adrenergic receptor (βAR), for changes in conductance elicited by lubiprostone. Oocytes co-expressing CFTR and either βAR or the EP(4) receptor were also studied. In oocytes co-expressing ClC-2 and βAR conductance was stimulated by hyperpolarization and acidic pH (pH = 6), but there was no response to the β adrenergic agonist, isoproterenol. Oocytes expressing ClC-2 only or co-expressing ClC-2 and EP(4) did not respond to the presence of 0.1, 1, or 10 μM lubiprostone in the superperfusate. Oocytes co-expressing CFTR and βAR did not respond to hyperpolarization, acidic pH, or 1 μM lubiprostone. However, conductance was elevated by isoproterenol and inhibited by CFTR(inh)172. Co-expression of CFTR and EP(4) resulted in lubiprostone-stimulated conductance, which was also sensitive to CFTR(inh)172. The EC(50) for lubiprostone mediated CFTR activation was ~10 nM. These results demonstrate no direct action of lubiprostone on either ClC-2 or CFTR channels expressed in oocytes. However, the results confirm that CFTR can be activated by lubiprostone via the EP(4) receptor in oocytes.

Infrared spectra of the C(2)H(2)-(OCS)(2) trimer are studied by means of direct infrared absorption spectroscopy. The van der Waals complexes are generated in a supersonic slit-jet apparatus and probed using a rapid-scan tunable diode laser in the region of the ν(1) fundamental vibration of the OCS monomer. Two infrared bands are analyzed for the lowest energy isomer of the trimer, which has C(2) symmetry and is experimentally observed here for the first time. A relatively strong band centered at 2068.93 cm(-1) is assigned as the out-of-phase vibrations of the pair of equivalent OCS monomers. This band is blue-shifted relative to the free OCS monomer but with a reduced shift as compared with the analogous vibration of the nonpolar OCS dimer. A weaker red-shifted band observed at 2049.64 cm(-1) establishes the nonplanarity of the OCS dimer subunit within the trimer. Spectra for three isotopologues in addition to the normal form are used to help define an experimental structure, which agrees well with past and present semiempirical calculations.

The vibrational and rotational energy distributions of ground state SrF(X 2Σ) formed in the reactions of electronically excited Sr(3P1) with methylfluoride, ethylfluoride, and 1,1-difluoroethane have been studied by laser-induced fluorescence. Although the reactions of ground state Sr with these reactants are exothermic, no SrF products are observed for those reactions in this study. The fraction of available energy disposed into the sum of rotational and vibrational energy of the SrF(X 2Σ) product is approximately the same for all three reactions, i.e., 40%. The reaction of Sr(3P1) with CH3F results in very low vibrational excitation in the SrF reaction product. The product vibration increases in going to C2H5F and C2H4F2. It is concluded that the alkyl group influences the energy disposal mechanism in these reactions, and some suggestions are given for a partial explanation of the observations.

We present a case of vertebral artery pseudoaneurysm after a posterior C1-C2 transarticular screw fixation procedure that was effectively treated with endovascular coil occlusion. Vertebral artery pseudoaneurysm complicating posterior C1-C2 transarticular fixation is extremely rare, with only one previous case having been reported previously. Endovascular occlusion is better achieved in the subacute phase of the pseudoaneurysm, when the wall of the pseudoaneurysm has matured and stabilized. Further follow-up angiographies are mandatory in order to confirm that there is no recurrence of the lesion.

We report theoretical as well as (normalized) experimental differential and integral cross sections for vibrationally elastic scattering of low-energy electrons from chloroethane, C2H5Cl, also known as ethyl chloride. The theoretical cross sections were computed using the Schwinger multichannel variational method in the single-channel approximation, with polarization effects included via virtual excitations. Cross section measurements were made at incident energies ranging from 1 to 30 eV and at scattering angles from {10}\\circ to {125}\\circ . We compare our data to previous results for C2H5Cl and for the related molecule chloromethane.

The Cr3C2-C peritectic fixed point was investigated to test its capability to serve as a practical high-temperature fixed point. An improved filling technique where C/C sheet works as a wick and graphite paper as a hopper was applied successfully, and the long-term stability of the peritectic cell was evaluated by means of radiation thermometry. The repeatability of the melting point in one day was 7 mK with a melting range of approximately 100 mK. The cell was aged for 7 days, and the evaluated 56 melting temperatures during this period all fall within 90 mK, with a standard deviation of 19 mK. X-ray transmission photos showed that the ingot was filled uniformly in the crucible. After the evaluation of long-term stability, no clear degradation of the ingot shape and no leakage of molten metal were observed. From these results, it can be concluded that the Cr3C2-C peritectic cell has good stability and robustness, and the new filling technique was established. The impurity effect on the Cr3C2-C peritectic cell was also investigated by adding tungsten powder to another cell as the impurity component. After the observation of melting and freezing plateaux, the cell was cut in half to analyze the microstructure by means of electron probe microanalysis (EPMA) and laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer (LA-ICP-MS). The high concentration of impurity was observed in the area of the chromium-rich domain (eutectic mixture of Cr7C3 and Cr3C2), which suggests that impurities were rejected from the Cr3C2 peritectic phase during the peritectic freezing and were accumulated in the Cr7C3-Cr3C2 eutectic phase. This explains why the impurity effect is more severe for the Cr7C3-Cr3C2 eutectic point than for the Cr3C2-C peritectic point.

The structures of nanocrystalline pristine, potassium hydroxide and sodium acetate intercalated new two-dimensional materials Ti3C2 MXenes were studied using the x-ray atomic pair distribution function technique. Pristine MXene has a hexagonal structure with a =b=3.0505(5) Å, c =19.86(2) Å (S.G. P63/mmc No. 194). Both hydroxyl and fluoride terminating species are present. The intercalation of K+ or Na+ ions expands the Ti3C2 layers perpendicular to the planes but shrinks the in-plane a and b lattice parameters.

Cervical fractures can result in severe neurological compromise and even death. One of the most commonly injured segments is the C2 vertebrae, which most frequently involves the odontoid process. In this report, we present the unusual case of a 28-year-old female who sustained a C2 vertebral body fracture (comminuted transverse fracture through the body and both transverse processes) that had both a significant distractive and rotational component, causing the fracture to be highly unstable. Application of halo bracing was unsuccessful. The patient subsequently required a C1-C4 posterior spinal fusion. Follow-up computer tomography imaging confirmed fusion and the patient did well clinically thereafter.

The structures of nanocrystalline pristine, potassium hydroxide and sodium acetate intercalated new two-dimensional materials Ti3C2 MXenes were studied using the x-ray atomic pair distribution function technique. Pristine MXene has a hexagonal structure with a=b=3.0505(5) Å, c=19.86(2) Å (S.G. P63/mmc No. 194). Both hydroxyl and fluoride terminating species are present. The intercalation of K+ or Na+ ions expands the Ti3C2 layers perpendicular to the planes but shrinks the in-plane a and b lattice parameters.

Infrared atmospheric absorption spectra at ˜0.02 cm-1 resolution obtained during a balloon flight made on March 23, 1981, show absorption features attributable to C2H2. These features are used to derive a preliminary mixing ratio of ˜25 pptv near 9 km. This mixing ratio falls into the range of values we calculate for upper tropospheric C2H2 in a photochemical/transport model but well below values measured previously in samples collected by other researchers.

decade, and some of the key documents include [16]: • DoD Net-Centric Data Strategy ( NCDS ), May 2003 • Data Sharing in a Net-Centric Department of...Interim Guidance to Implement NCDS in the C2 Portfolio, Mar 2009 • DoD C2 Implementation Plan Version 1.0, Oct 2009. The DoD Net Centric Data...Strategy ( NCDS ) [17] and the Army Data Transformation (ADT) [18] effort are two examples of strategy developed in this area. Both documents are

NCDS ) in the C2 domain.2 It is anticipated that the results of this study will be used to develop guidance for implementing services in the C2...Two key issuances in this regard are the 2003 Net-Centric Data Strategy ( NCDS ) and the 2007 Net-Centric Services Strategy (NCSS).2 Implementing both...the NCDS and NCSS has proven to be complex and challenging. In 2008, the OASD(NII)/DoD CIO sponsored a study to determine an approach for

The observations here were all obtained by the c2d project or by GTO observations that we have included in our data. They have been described in the publications given hereafter: Five large clouds were selected for the c2d project: Serpens (Eiroa et al., 2008hsf2.book..693E), Perseus (Bally et al., 2008hsf1.book..308B), Ophiuchus (Wilking et al., 2008hsf2.book..351W), Lupus (Comeron, 2008hsf2.book..295C), and Chamaeleon (Luhman, 2008hsf2.book..169L). (5 data files).

In this paper we consider six possible sources of CH4 and other low-mass (C2 - C5) organics in the plume of Enceladus: initial endowments of cometary organics or Titan- like tholin, in situ production by Fisher-Tropsch type reactions, water-rock reactions, or microbiology, and thermogenesis from heavier organics already present. We report on new laboratory results C2 hydrocarbons released on thermogenesis of laboratory tholin and Fisher-Tropsch type synthesis. Tholin heating produced ratios of CH4/C2H4 and CH4/C2H6 of about 2 for temperatures up to 450 C and about 6 for a temperature of 650 C. Low pressure Fisher-Tropsch type experiments produced CH4/C2H4 of approx 1.5, similar to previous results. No C2H2 was produced by either process. Tests of gas production by four strains of methanogens confirmed the absence of any detectable production of non-methane hydrocarbons. Cometary endowment, Fisher-Tropsch type synthesis, and Titan-like tholin incorporation could be primary inputs of organics and subsequent thermal processing of any of these all are possible sources of low mass organics in the plume. Biological production and water-rock reactions are an alternative source of CH4. Neither water-- ]rock reactions or thermal processing of biomass could be a source C2 . C5 organics due to the low interior pressures. The confirmed detection of CO and C2H2 in the plume of Enceladus would provide an important constraint on sources as we have identified no process . other than the initial volatile component of cometary organics which can supply these gases. Precise determination of the relative concentrations of C1 - C5 hydrocarbons may provide additional constraints on sources but a detailed isotopic analysis of C and H in these organics and a search for amino acids constitute the next important steps in resolving the sources of the organics in Enceladus' plume.

Standards Organization (SISO) provides a collaborative environment for exchange of information about...19th ICCRTS “C2 Agility: Lessons Learned from Research and Operations” Advances in Systems and...Their vision is a future where military organizations can link their C2 and simulation systems without special preparation in support of coalition

A six-channel two-color interferometer has been developed for plasma electron density measurements in the C-2 field reversed configuration experiment. A CO(2) laser is utilized as the main probe beams, while copropagating visible HeNe laser beams are mainly sensitive to vibration. Density measurements in C-2 plasmas have shown that this is a reliable turn-key system. The maximum residual phase noise after vibration compensation is less than ±5°, corresponding to a line integral density of 3×10(18) m(-2). The time resolution for routine operation is 2 μs.

A long-lived field-reversed configuration (FRC) plasma has been produced in the C-2 device by dynamically colliding and merging two oppositely directed, highly supersonic compact toroids (CTs). The reversed-field structure of the translated CTs and final merged-FRC state have been directly verified by probing the internal magnetic field structure using a multi-channel magnetic probe array near the midplane of the C-2 confinement chamber. Each of the two translated CTs exhibits significant toroidal fields (B(t)) with opposite helicity, and a relatively large B(t) remains inside the separatrix after merging.

Electron-impact total ionization cross sections for the CH radical and C2H2 (acetylene) have been calculated using the Binary-Encounter-Bethe (BEB) model. The BEB model combines the Mott cross section and the asymptotic form of the Bethe theory, and has been shown to generate reliable ionization cross sections for a large variety of molecules. The BEB cross sections for CH and C2H2 are in good agreement with the available experimental data from ionization thresholds to hundreds of eV in incident energies. PMID:27805116

Pressure-broadening parameters of six lines belonging to the ν5 band of C2H 2 in collision with N 2 have been measured with a tunable diode-laser spectrometer in order to complete up to J = 33 our earlier measurements (D. Lambot, G. Blanquet, and J. P. Bouanich, J. Mol. Spectrosc.136, 86-92 (1989)) on the broadening of C2H 2 by N 2 and O 2 at 297 K. These N 2- and O 2-broadening coefficients have been first calculated on the basis of the Anderson-Tsao-Curnutte theory; in this approach, we show that the short-range interactions which contribute significantly to the linewidths are not correctly treated. Next, we consider the improved semiclassical model proposed by Robert and Bonamy. The intermolecular potential consists in the addition of the atom-atom interaction model to the quadrupolar interactions. The limited radial spherical harmonics expansion of the atom-atom potential, from which expressions for the differential cross section were derived, appears to be quite insufficient at short intermolecular distances. Therefore, we use a more accurate representation of this potential, avoiding an inadequate truncation and keeping the analytic expressions obtained by Bonamy and Robert. In the calculations we take into account the contributions derived from the radial functions U000( r), U200( r), and U220( r), as well as from U400( r). A theoretical expression is obtained for the U400 contribution to the differential cross section. The results of the calculations arising from the exact radial expansion of the atom-atom potential appear to be significantly larger for high J lines than those arising from the truncated expansion. The latter results, which do not include adjustable atom-atom parameters, are in good agreement with experimental broadening coefficients for C2H 2O 2 and in reasonable agreement (except at large J values) for C2H 2N 2. It is also shown that the contributions to the linewidths derived from U400 are rather small for C2H 2N 2 and more

Enhanced biodegradation in the rhizosphere has been reported for many organic xenobiotic compounds, although the mechanisms are not fully understood. The purpose of this study was to discover whether rhizosphere-enhanced biodegradation is due to selective enrichment of degraders through growth on compounds produced by rhizodeposition. We monitored the mineralization of [U-14C]2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) in rhizosphere soil with no history of herbicide application collected over a period of 0 to 116 days after sowing of Lolium perenne and Trifolium pratense. The relationships between the mineralization kinetics, the number of 2,4-D degraders, and the diversity of genes encoding 2,4-D/α-ketoglutarate dioxygenase (tfdA) were investigated. The rhizosphere effect on [14C]2,4-D mineralization (50 μg g−1) was shown to be plant species and plant age specific. In comparison with nonplanted soil, there were significant (P < 0.05) reductions in the lag phase and enhancements of the maximum mineralization rate for 25- and 60-day T. pratense soil but not for 116-day T. pratense rhizosphere soil or for L. perenne rhizosphere soil of any age. Numbers of 2,4-D degraders in planted and nonplanted soil were low (most probable number, <100 g−1) and were not related to plant species or age. Single-strand conformational polymorphism analysis showed that plant species had no impact on the diversity of α-Proteobacteria tfdA-like genes, although an impact of 2,4-D application was recorded. Our results indicate that enhanced mineralization in T. pratense rhizosphere soil is not due to enrichment of 2,4-D-degrading microorganisms by rhizodeposits. We suggest an alternative mechanism in which one or more components of the rhizodeposits induce the 2,4-D pathway. PMID:15294813

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Tissue transglutaminase (TG2) has been shown to mediate cell survival in many cell types. In this study, we investigated whether the role of TG2 in cytoprotection was mediated by the activation of PKA and PKC in cardiomyocyte-like H9c2 cells. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH H9c2 cells were extracted following stimulation with phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate (PMA) and forskolin. Transglutaminase activity was determined using an amine incorporating and a protein crosslinking assay. The presence of TG isoforms (TG1, 2, 3) was determined using Western blot analysis. The role of TG2 in PMA- and forskolin-induced cytoprotection was investigated by monitoring H2O2-induced oxidative stress in H9c2 cells. KEY RESULTS Western blotting showed TG2 >> TG1 protein expression but no detectable TG3. The amine incorporating activity of TG2 in H9c2 cells increased in a time and concentration-dependent manner following stimulation with PMA and forskolin. PMA and forskolin-induced TG2 activity was blocked by PKC (Ro 31-8220) and PKA (KT 5720 and Rp-8-Cl-cAMPS) inhibitors respectively. The PMA- and forskolin-induced increases in TG2 activity were attenuated by the TG2 inhibitors Z-DON and R283. Immunocytochemistry revealed TG2-mediated biotin-X-cadaverine incorporation into proteins and proteomic analysis identified known (β-tubulin) and novel (α-actinin) protein substrates for TG2. Pretreatment with PMA and forskolin reversed H2O2-induced decrease in MTT reduction and release of LDH. TG2 inhibitors R283 and Z-DON blocked PMA- and forskolin-induced cytoprotection. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS TG2 activity was stimulated via PKA- and PKC-dependent signalling pathways in H9c2 cells These results suggest a role for TG2 in cytoprotection induced by these kinases. PMID:24821315

The purpose of this study was to assess the frequency and severity of motion sickness in personnel during a field exercise in the Command and Control Vehicle (C2V). This vehicle contains four workstations where military personnel are expected to perform command decisions in the field during combat conditions. Eight active duty military men (U.S. Army) at the Yuma Proving Grounds in Arizona participated in this study. All subjects were given baseline performance tests while their physiological responses were monitored on the first day. On the second day of their participation, subjects rode in the C2V while their physiological responses and performance measures were recorded. Self-reports of motion sickness were also recorded. Results showed that only one subject experienced two incidences of emesis. However, seven out of the eight subjects reported other motion sickness symptoms; most predominant was the report of drowsiness, which occurred a total of 19 times. Changes in physiological responses were observed relative to motion sickness symptoms reported and the different environmental conditions (i.e., level, hills, gravel) during the field exercise. Performance data showed an overall decrement during the C2V exercise. These findings suggest that malaise and severe drowsiness can potentially impact the operational efficiency of the C2V crew. It was concluded that conflicting sensory information from the subject's visual displays and movements of the vehicle during the field exercise significantly contributed to motion sickness symptoms. It was recommended that a second study be conducted to further evaluate the impact of seat position or orientation and C2V experience on motion sickness susceptibility. Further, it was recommended that an investigation be performed on behavioral methods for improving crew alertness, motivation, and performance and for reducing malaise.

The currently available data on the distribution of C2 fracture subtypes is sparse. This study was designed to identify the proportions of the second cervical vertebra (C2) fracture subtypes and to present age and gender specific incidences of subgroups. A dataset of all patients treated between 2002 and 2014 for C2 fractures was extracted from the regional hospital information system. C2 fractures were classified into odontoid fractures types 1, 2, and 3, Hangman's fractures types 1, 2, and 3, and atypical C2 fractures. 233 patients (female 51%, age 72 ± 19 years) were treated for a C2 fracture. Odontoid fractures were found in 183 patients, of which 2 were type 1, 127 type 2, and 54 type 3, while 26 of C2 fractures were Hangman's fractures and 24 were atypical C2 fractures. In the geriatric subgroup 89% of all C2 fractures were odontoid, of which 71% were type 2 and 29% type 3. There was an increasing incidence of odontoid fractures types 2 and 3 from 2002 to 2014. 40% of C2 fractures were treated surgically. This study presents reliable subset proportions of C2 fractures in a prospectively collected regional cohort. Knowledge of these proportions facilitates future epidemiological studies of C2 fractures. PMID:28182084

The currently available data on the distribution of C2 fracture subtypes is sparse. This study was designed to identify the proportions of the second cervical vertebra (C2) fracture subtypes and to present age and gender specific incidences of subgroups. A dataset of all patients treated between 2002 and 2014 for C2 fractures was extracted from the regional hospital information system. C2 fractures were classified into odontoid fractures types 1, 2, and 3, Hangman's fractures types 1, 2, and 3, and atypical C2 fractures. 233 patients (female 51%, age 72 ± 19 years) were treated for a C2 fracture. Odontoid fractures were found in 183 patients, of which 2 were type 1, 127 type 2, and 54 type 3, while 26 of C2 fractures were Hangman's fractures and 24 were atypical C2 fractures. In the geriatric subgroup 89% of all C2 fractures were odontoid, of which 71% were type 2 and 29% type 3. There was an increasing incidence of odontoid fractures types 2 and 3 from 2002 to 2014. 40% of C2 fractures were treated surgically. This study presents reliable subset proportions of C2 fractures in a prospectively collected regional cohort. Knowledge of these proportions facilitates future epidemiological studies of C2 fractures.

... Effectiveness of a Proposed Rule Change Relating to Fees for the Complex Order Book Data Feed for C2 Listed...''), an affiliate of C2, to establish fees for the Complex Order Book (``COB'') Data Feed for C2 listed... a real-time feed that consists of data regarding the Exchange's Complex Order Book and...

Research highlights: {yields} HTT2800 has a significant effect on intracellular lipid accumulation. {yields} HTT2800 reduced muscle-specific genes and led to the emergence of adipocyte-related genes. {yields} HT2800 converts the differentiation pathway of C2C12 myoblasts to that of adipoblast-like cells. -- Abstract: In this report, we sought to elucidate whether multiwall carbon nanotubes are involved in the modulation of the proliferation and differentiation of the skeletal muscle cell line C2C12. Skeletal muscle is a major mass peripheral tissue that accounts for 40% of total body weight and 50% of energy consumption. We focused on the differentiation pathway of myoblasts after exposure to a vapor-grown carbon fiber, HTT2800, which is one of the most highly purified carbon nanotubes. This treatment leads in parallel to the expression of a typical adipose differentiation program. We found that HTT2800 stimulated intracellular lipid accumulation in C2C12 cells. We have also shown by quantified PCR analysis that the expression of adipose-related genes was markedly upregulated during HTT2800 exposure. Taken together, these results suggest that HTT2800 specifically converts the differentiation pathway of C2C12 myoblasts to that of adipoblast-like cells.

The C-H bond energy in C2H6 is computed to be 99.76 +/- 0.35 kcal/mol, which is in excellent agreement with the most recent experimental values. The calculation of the C-H bond energy by direct dissociation and by an isodesmic reaction is discussed.

Giant cell tumor is colonized by aneurismal bone cyst in only 15% of cases and cervical localisation accounts for less than 1% of giant cell tumors. We are reporting a rare case of a C2 hypervascularized giant cell tumor colonized by an aneurismal bone cyst treated with an effective preoperative Onyx embolization followed by a full tumor resection. The patient experienced a moderate cervical spine injury 2 months prior admission followed by a progressive stiff neck and cervicalgia. CT and MRI identified a lytic lesion of the body and lateral masses of the C2 with encasement of both vertebral arteries. The angiography showed a hypervascularization of the lesion from the vertebral and external carotid arteries as well as a thrombosis of the V3 segment of the right vertebral artery at the C1 level. A posterior occipito-C3/C4 fixation and a tumor biopsy were performed. Histopathological examination concluded to a giant cell tumor colonized by an aneurismal bone cyst. Three weeks later, the patient developed a right upper extremity deficit. The MRI showed an increased C1-C2 stenosis and an increase of the hypervascularization. Three sessions of embolization by the onyx were performed. During surgery a near total tumor devascularisation was observed and a complete resection of the tumor was achieved through an anterolateral approach. Reconstruction consisted of a cementoplasty of the C2 body and odontoïd process with an anterior C3-prosthesis plate. The postoperative course was uneventful.

The patient was a 60-year-old woman, with long-standing balance deficits due to multiple sclerosis, referred to physical therapy by her primary care physician secondary to increasing fall frequency. Following evaluation, the physical therapist escorted the patient to her primary care physician's office, where a computed tomography scan was immediately performed, revealing a comminuted C2 articular pillar fracture.

... Change Relating to the Complex Order Auction Process October 24, 2012. I. Introduction On August 30, 2012...\\ and Rule 19b-4 thereunder,\\2\\ a proposed rule change to modify C2 Rule 6.13(c), ``Process for Complex...'') message sent to Participants at the start of a Complex Order Auction (``COA''); and (ii) require...

We reconsider the holographic dark energy (HDE) model with a slowly time varying c2(z) parameter in the energy density, namely ρ D=3{Mp2} c2(z)/L2, where L is the IR cutoff and z is the redshift parameter. As the system's IR cutoff we choose the Hubble radius and the Granda-Oliveros (GO) cutoffs. The latter inspired by the Ricci scalar curvature. We derive the evolution of the cosmological parameters such as the equation of state and the deceleration parameters as the explicit functions of the redshift parameter z. Then, we plot the evolutions of these cosmological parameters in terms of the redshift parameter during the history of the universe. Interestingly enough, we observe that by choosing L = H -1 as the IR cutoff for the HDE with time varying c2(z) term, the present acceleration of the universe expansion can be achieved, even in the absence of interaction between dark energy and dark matter. This is in contrast to the usual HDE model with constant c2 term, which leads to a wrong equation of state, namely that for dust w D =0, when the IR cutoff is chosen the Hubble radius.

(1)H and (19)F NMR experiments have identified and quantified the internal surface terminations of Ti3C2Tx MXene. -F and -OH terminations are shown to be intimately mixed and there are found to be significantly fewer -OH terminations than -F and -O, with the proportions highly dependent on the synthesis method.

The photoabsorption and fluorescence cross sections of C2H5OH have been measured in the 46-200 nm region. Fluorescence is dispersed to identify the emission systems, which are mainly OH(A-X), CH(A,B-X), and the H Balmer series. The photodissociation processes that produce the observed emissions are discussed.

Using a sensitive and quantitative adhesion assay, we have studied the initial stages of the intercellular adhesion of the C2 mouse myoblast line. After dissociation in low levels of trypsin in EDTA, C2 cells can rapidly reaggregate by Ca2+-independent mechanisms to form large multicellular aggregates. If cells are allowed to recover from dissociation by incubation in defined media, this adhesive system is augmented by a Ca2+-dependent mechanism with maximum recovery seen after 4 h incubation. The Ca2+-independent adhesion system is inhibited by preincubation of cell monolayers with cycloheximide before dissociation. Aggregation is also reduced after exposure to monensin, implicating a role for surface-translocated glycoproteins in this mechanism of adhesion. In coaggregation experiments using C2 myoblasts and 3T3 fibroblasts in which the Ca2+-dependent adhesion system was inactivated, no adhesive specificity between the two cell types was seen. Although synthetic peptides containing the RGD sequence are known to inhibit cell-substratum adhesion in various cell types, incubation of C2 myoblasts with the integrin-binding tetrapeptide, RGDS, greatly stimulated the Ca2+-independent aggregation of these cells while control analogs had no effect. These results show that a Ca2+- independent mechanism alone is sufficient to allow for the rapid formation of multicellular aggregates in a mouse myoblast line, and that many of the requirements and perturbants of the Ca2+-independent system of intercellular myoblast adhesion are similar to those of the Ca2+-dependent adhesion mechanisms. PMID:3198689

... Change Relating to Its Automated Improvement Mechanism March 29, 2012. On January 31, 2012, the C2... Automated Improvement Mechanism (``AIM''). The proposal would permit a participant (``Participant''), when.... \\3\\ In an AIM auction, described here generally, a Participant submits into the mechanism an...

The growth of carbide on a Ni(1 1 1) surface by the decomposition of C2H 4 and the Boudouard reaction (2CO g→C a+CO 2,g) was studied using scanning tunneling microscopy (STM), Auger electron spectroscopy and low energy electron diffraction. STM results showed that the carbide growth by the Boudouard reaction started at step edges on Ni(1 1 1), while for the C2H 4 decomposition the carbide was formed preferentially at terrace sites with very low concentration of carbide at the step edge. The different behavior for the carbide growth was ascribed to the difference in the dissociation sites of CO and C2H 4. As for the Boudouard reaction, CO was dissociated at the step edge and then carbon migrated into the bulk at a reaction temperature of 500 K. The carbon was then segregated at room temperature to the surface from the bulk to form a single domain of the ( 39× 39) R16.1° structure at the step edge. On the other hand, the C2H 4 decomposition took place on the terrace leading to an isolated carbide unit or carbide short strings on the terrace.

We report optical spectroscopy of a supernova candidate discovered by the Dark Energy Survey (ATel #4668). The spectrum (400-850nm) of DES15C2ir was obtained using the Robert Stobie Spectrograph (RSS) on the Southern African Large Telescope (SALT).

We use the generating function of the characters of C2 to obtain a generating function for the multiplicities of the weights entering in the irreducible representations of that simple Lie algebra. From this generating function, we derive some recurrence relations among the multiplicities and a simple graphical recipe to compute them.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze through tomographic studies, the morphology and dimensions of the C1-C2 vertebrae in pediatric patients, to evaluate the possibility of application of Magerl's technique in these patients, and to contribute with data for the usage of the technique in safety. METHOD: Forty normal cervical tomographies, from patients at an age range of 24-120 months of age and from both genders, were retrospectively analyzed. Data was statistically analyzed to obtain mean value and variations of each measurement: length from the C2's pedicle to C1's lateral mass, thickness of the pedicle of C2, the attack angle of the screw at the C2 isthmus with the horizontal axis and the distance from the odontoid to the anterior arch of C1. RESULTS: The mean values obtained were: length right 30.86 mm, left 31.47 mm; thickness right 5.28 mm, left 5.26 mm; attack angle right 46.250 , left 44.500 ; distance from odontoid to anterior arch of C1 2,17 mm. CONCLUSION: The Magerl technique, after tomographic study, seems to be a viable option to be used in pediatric patients. Level of Evidence IV, Case Series. PMID:24453677

When Nil2C2, a metastatic clone derived from hamster embryo fibroblasts (Nil), was inoculated over (/sup 3/H)leucine-labeled fixed cells, Nil2C2 cells solubilized and phagocytosed fixed cells, and the radioactivity was released into the culture medium as trichloroacetic acid-soluble fragments. The solubilization of fixed cells was dependent on both the time of incubation of living cells with fixed cells and the number of living cells inoculated. Nil2C2 cells were shown by autoradiographic and electron microscopic studies to peel off fixed cells and ingest them as large fragments. The solubilization of fixed cells was significantly decreased when plasminogen was depleted from the culture medium. Protease inhibitors such as leupeptin, epsilon-aminocaproic acid, and soybean trypsin inhibitor partially inhibited the proteolysis and phagocytosis of Nil2C2 cells. Mouse peritoneal macrophages activated by Salmonella typhimurium solubilized fixed cells after the addition of 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate. However, they did not phagocytose fixed cells as large fragments.

A practical method was developed for the preparation of a diastereomeric library of C2-symmetric chiral 4-pyrrolidinopyridine catalysts with dual amide side chains. Use of a racemic precursor is the key to the concise production of catalysts with diverse stereochemisty.

In Tri Alpha Energy's C-2U experiment, advanced beam-driven field-reversed configuration (FRC) plasmas were sustained via tangential neutral beam injection1. The dominant fast ion population made a dramatic impact on the overall plasma performance. A fast-ion D-alpha (FIDA)2 diagnostic, which is based on the Doppler-shifted Balmer-alpha light from neutralized fast ions, was recently added to the C-2U fast-ion diagnostics suite. The first ever FIDA measurements on an FRC topology have been carried out. Bandpass-filtered FIDA measurements (>6 keV ions) were made with a photomultiplier tube and are forward modeled by FIDASIM. Line-integrated signals were taken at eight radial locations and eight times during the FRC lifetime. While the measurements share some salient features with the simulation, they are 4.5x larger, suggesting a higher fast-ion content than the Monte Carlo distribution. Highly Doppler-shifted beam radiation is also measured with a high-speed camera and is spatially well-correlated with FIDASIM. Having shown the feasibility of FIDA on C-2U, we will further explore the use of FIDA on the upgraded C-2W machine to estimate fast-ion densities and to infer the local fast-ion distribution function. Tri Alpha Energy, Inc.

Views July–August 2014 Air & Space Power Journal | 119 Command and Control in Africa Three Case Studies before and after Tactical C2 Maj Damon ...agencies such as the National Air and Space Intelligence Center and the National Geospatial Agency. Maj Damon Matlock, USAF Major Matlock (BS, Regents

C-2U Field-Reversed Configuration (FRC) experiment proved substantial reduction in turbulence-driven losses via tangential neutral beam injection (NBI) coupled with electrically biased plasma guns at the plasma ends. Under such conditions, highly reproducible, advanced beam-driven FRCs were produced and sustained for times significantly longer (more than 5 ms) than all characteristic plasma decay times without beams. To further improve FRC sustainment and demonstrate the FRC ramp-up, the C-2U experimental device is undergoing a major upgrade. The upgrade, C-2W, will have a new NBI system producing a record total hydrogen beam power of 20 + MW in a 30ms pulse. The NBI system consists of eight positive-ion based injectors featuring flexible, modular design. Four out of eight NBI injectors have a capability to switch the beam energy during a shot from the initial 15 keV to 40 keV at a constant beam current. This feature allows to increase the beam energy and thereby optimize the beam-plasma coupling during the magnetic field ramp up. This presentation provides an overview of the C-2W NBI system, including the design of the switchable energy injectors, layout of the power supply system, and results of the prototype testing.

CDC group IV c-2, an environmental gram-negative bacillus recently proposed for inclusion in the genus Ralstonia, has been isolated in several human infections. Biochemical characterization and 16S ribosomal DNA (rDNA) sequencing with phylogenetic analysis were used to characterize eight clinical isolates and four type strains. Other typing tools, such as pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) and randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) analysis, were also used. PFGE typing of clinical isolates was unsuccessful because the DNA was degraded, and RAPD analysis was poorly discriminatory. In contrast, the type strains were clearly distinguished with both PFGE and RAPD analysis. All of the 16S rDNA sequences were identical. Comparison of the 16S rDNA sequences to the GenBank sequences showed that they were consistent with CDC group IV c-2 belonging to the genus Ralstonia. The closest matches were obtained with Ralstonia eutropha. However, four differences in 32 biochemical tests separated R. eutropha from CDC group IV c-2, which suggests that CDC group IV c-2 is a new species of the genus Ralstonia. PMID:10325323

Direct, resonant production of the charmonium states χc 1 and χc2 in electron-positron annihilation is investigated. Depending on details of the model, a sizeable variation of the prediction for the production cross section is anticipated. It is demonstrated that resonant production could be observed under favorable circumstances.

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Flavobacterium columnare is a Gram-negative bacterial pathogen that causes columnaris disease of freshwater fish. Flavobacterium columnare strain C#2 was isolated from a diseased warm water fish and is typed as genomovar II. The genome consists of a single 3.33 Mb circular chromosome with 2,689 pred...

COupled SLope and scIntillation Detection And Ranging (CO-SLIDAR) is a recent profiling method of the vertical distribution of atmospheric turbulence strength (C(2)(n) profile). It takes advantage of correlations of slopes and of scintillation, both measured with a Shack-Hartmann wavefront sensor on a binary star. In this paper, we present the improved CO-SLIDAR reconstruction method of the C(2)(n) profile and the first on-sky results of the CO-SLIDAR profiler. We examine CO-SLIDAR latest performance in simulation, taking into account the detection noise bias and estimating error bars along with the turbulence profile. The estimated C(2)(n) profiles demonstrate the accuracy of the CO-SLIDAR method, showing sensitivity to both low and high altitude turbulent layers. CO-SLIDAR is tested on-sky for the first time, on the 1.5 m MeO (Métrologie Optique) telescope at Observatoire de la Côte d'Azur (France). The reconstructed profiles are compared to turbulence profiles estimated from meteorological data and a good agreement is found. We discuss CO-SLIDAR's contribution in the C(2)(n) profilers' landscape and we propose some improvements of the instrument.

PUBLIC RELEASE C2WS Physical Environment Zodiac Network Radio Network Combat Level Node (Vehicle) Radio Local Store Local Store Local Store To Other...distribution – can be processed ‘out of order’ – can be distributed with different QoS setttings (future) – can be encrypted and signed (future) – portable data

Occiput-C1 and C1-C2 dissociations and dislocations have been well documented in the literature. However, after thorough review of the literature, we found very little in the literature regarding combined occiput-C1 and C1-C2 dissociations in adults who survived. We present 2 case reports describing the clinical presentation, initial management, operative treatment, and postoperative course of 2 patients who sustained traumatic combined occiput-C1 and C1-C2 dissociations. After initial stabilization, both patients underwent open reduction and posterior occipital-cervical fusion with segmental fixation. At recent follow-up, both patients maintain good sagittal alignment without loss of reduction, and they have radiographic progression to fusion, minimal pain, and improved neurologic function. Combined occiput-C1 and C1-C2 dissociations are rare but serious injuries. Incomplete dissociations may not be evident on initial radiographs. Computed tomography or magnetic resonance imaging is recommended for formal diagnosis. A traumatic dural tear may be present. We recommend open reduction and posterior occipital-cervical fusion with segmental fixation for these patients.

Purpose To evaluate the efficacy and safety of pneumodescemetopexy with intracameral perfluoroethane (C2F6) gas for the treatment of acute hydrops secondary to keratoconus. Methods Retrospective, non-comparative, interventional case series. Eight eyes of eight patients who presented with acute hydrops secondary to keratoconus between July 2009 and September 2013 were consecutively recruited. All were treated with intracameral 14% isoexpansile concentration of C2F6. Preoperative and postoperative best-corrected visual acuities (BCVA), intraoperative and postoperative complications, and time taken for resolution of corneal oedema were assessed. Results All the patients, except for one, were followed up for 1 year. The mean age of the cohort was 29.1±13.5 years. BCVA at presentation was 6/60 or less in all patients. Improvement of BCVA was achieved postoperatively in seven (87.5%) patients, with three (37.5%) patients achieving a BCVA of 6/18. The average time between initial presentation and complete resolution of corneal oedema was 60.0±32.1 days. The C2F6 gas persisted in the anterior chamber between 6 and 8 days. All the patients required only one injection during the treatment period. There was no intraoperative or postoperative complication noted during the follow-up period. Conclusion Pneumodescemetopexy with intracameral isoexpansile concentration of C2F6 gas serves as a safe and effective treatment modality for patients with acute hydrops secondary to keratoconus. PMID:24833179

We present a technique to fit C2 continuous parametric surfaces to scattered geometric data points forming frontiers delimiting physiologic structures in segmented images. Such mathematical representation is interesting because it facilitates a large number of operations in modeling. While the fitting of C2 continuous parametric curves to scattered geometric data points is quite trivial, the fitting of C2 continuous parametric surfaces is not. The difficulty comes from the fact that each scattered data point should be assigned a unique parametric coordinate, and the fit is quite sensitive to their distribution on the parametric plane. We present a new approach where a polygonal (quadrilateral or triangular) surface is extracted from the segmented image. This surface is subsequently projected onto a parametric plane in a manner to ensure a one-to-one mapping. The resulting polygonal mesh is then regularized for area and edge length. Finally, from this point, surface fitting is relatively trivial. The novelty of our approach lies in the regularization of the polygonal mesh. Process performance is assessed with the reconstruction of a geometric model of mouse heart ventricles from a computerized tomography scan. Our results show an excellent reproduction of the geometric data with surfaces that are C2 continuous. PMID:24782911

Retro-odontoid cysts associated with chronic atlantoaxial subluxation are extremely rare. This article describes a case of retro-odontoid cystic mass associated with chronic atlantoaxial subluxation and its management with posterior C1 and partial C2 laminectomy and C1-C2 pedicle screw fixation without resection of the retro-odontoid cyst. A 64-year-old woman experienced a sudden onset of neck pain, hand and foot paresthesia. Atlantoaxial instability associated with a retro-odontoid cystic mass was found in the imaging. The patient underwent posterior C1 and partial C2 laminectomy and C1-C2 pedicle screws fixation without resection of the retro-odontoid cyst. During the 24 months followup period, the cyst disappeared completely and the patient remained symptom free and returned to independent daily living. These findings suggest that posterior laminectomy and fixation without resection of the retro-odontoid cyst is relatively simple and safe and the results are satisfactory. PMID:25404777

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The objective of the study was to describe the technique, accuracy of placement and complications of transpedicular C2 screw fixation without spinal navigation. Patients treated by C2 pedicle screw fixations were identified from the surgical log book of the department. Clinical data were extracted retrospectively from the patients' charts. Pedicle screw placement accuracy was assessed on postoperative CT scans according to Gertzbein and Robbins (GRGr). A total of 27 patients were included in the study. The mean age of the patients was 56 +/- 22.0 years; 51.9% of them were female. As much as 17 patients suffered from trauma, 5 of degenerative disease, 3 of inflammations and 2 of metastatic disease. A total of 47 C2 transpedicular screw fixations were performed. The canulated screws were inserted under visual control following the preparation of the superior surface of the isthmus and of the medial surface of the pedicles of the C2. Intraoperative fluoroscopy was additionally used. The postoperative CT findings showed in 55.3% GRGr 1, in 27.7% GRGr 2, in 10.6% GRGr 3, and in 6.3% GRGr 4 pedicle screw insertion accuracy. Screw insertions GRGr 5 were not observed. Screw malpositioning (i.e., GRGr 3 and 4) was significantly associated with thin (<5 mm) pedicle diameters and with surgery for C2 fractures. In the three patients with screw insertions GRGr 4, postoperative angiographies were performed to exclude vertebral artery affections. In one of these three cases, the screw caused a clinically asymptomatic vertebral artery compression. Hardware failures did not occur. In one patient, postoperative pneumonia resulted in the death of the patient. Careful patient selection and surgical technique is necessary to avoid vertebral artery injury in C2 pedicle screw fixation without spinal navigation. A slight opening of the vertebral artery canal (Gertzbein and Robbins grade < or =3) does not seem to put the artery at risk. However, the high rate of misplaced screws when

Observations were made of absorption from CH, C2, and CN toward moderately reddened stars in Sco, OB2, Ceo OB3, and Taurus/Auriga. For these directions, most of the reddening is associated with a single cloud complex, for example, the rho Ophiuchus molecular cloud, and as a result, the observations probe moderately dense material. When combined with avaliable data for nearby directions, the survey provides the basis for a comprehensive analysis of the chemistry for these species. The chemical transitions affecting C2 and CN in cloud envelopes were analyzed. The depth into a cloud at which a transition takes place was characterized by tauuv, the grain optical depth at 1000 A. One transition at tauuv approx. = 2, which arises from, the conversion of C(+) into CO, affects the chemistries for both molecules because of the key role this ion plays. A second one involving production terms in the CN chemistry occurs at tauuv of approx. = 3; neutral reactions which C2 and CH is more important at larger values for tauuv. The transition from photodissociation to chemical destruction takes place at tauuv approx. = 4.5 for C2 and CN. The observational data for stars in Sco OB2, Cep OB3, and Taurus/Auriga were studied with chemical rate equations containing the most important production and destruction mechanisms. Because the sample of stars in Sco OB2 includes sight lines with Av ranging from 1-4 mag, sight lines dominated by photochemistry could be analyzed separately from those controlled by gas-phase destruction. The analysis yielded values for two poorly known rate constants for reactions involved in the production of CN; the reactions are C2 + N yields CN + C and C(+) + NH yields all products. The other directions were analyzed with the inferred values. The predicted column densities for C2 and CN agree with the observed values to better than 50%, and in most instances 20%. When combining the estimates for density and temperature derived from chemical modeling and

Background There has been recent concern regarding the inability of predictive modeling approaches to generalize to new data. Some of the problems can be attributed to improper methods for model selection and assessment. Here, we have addressed this issue by introducing a novel and general framework, the C1C2, for simultaneous model selection and assessment. The framework relies on a partitioning of the data in order to separate model choice from model assessment in terms of used data. Since the number of conceivable models in general is vast, it was also of interest to investigate the employment of two automatic search methods, a genetic algorithm and a brute-force method, for model choice. As a demonstration, the C1C2 was applied to simulated and real-world datasets. A penalized linear model was assumed to reasonably approximate the true relation between the dependent and independent variables, thus reducing the model choice problem to a matter of variable selection and choice of penalizing parameter. We also studied the impact of assuming prior knowledge about the number of relevant variables on model choice and generalization error estimates. The results obtained with the C1C2 were compared to those obtained by employing repeated K-fold cross-validation for choosing and assessing a model. Results The C1C2 framework performed well at finding the true model in terms of choosing the correct variable subset and producing reasonable choices for the penalizing parameter, even in situations when the independent variables were highly correlated and when the number of observations was less than the number of variables. The C1C2 framework was also found to give accurate estimates of the generalization error. Prior information about the number of important independent variables improved the variable subset choice but reduced the accuracy of generalization error estimates. Using the genetic algorithm worsened the model choice but not the generalization error estimates

Observations were made of absorption from CH, C2, and CN toward moderately reddened stars in Sco, OB2, Ceo OB3, and Taurus/Auriga. For these directions, most of the reddening is associated with a single cloud complex, for example, the rho Ophiuchus molecular cloud, and as a result, the observations probe moderately dense material. When combined with avaliable data for nearby directions, the survey provides the basis for a comprehensive analysis of the chemistry for these species. The chemical transitions affecting C2 and CN in cloud envelopes were analyzed. The depth into a cloud at which a transition takes place was characterized by tau(sub uv), the grain optical depth at 1000 A. One transition at tau(sub uv) approx. = 2, which arises from, the conversion of C(+) into CO, affects the chemistries for both molecules because of the key role this ion plays. A second one involving production terms in the CN chemistry occurs at tau(sub uv) of approx. = 3; neutral reactions which C2 and CH is more important at larger values for tau(sub uv). The transition from photodissociation to chemical destruction takes place at tau(sub uv) approx. = 4.5 for C2 and CN. The observational data for stars in Sco OB2, Cep OB3, and Taurus/Auriga were studied with chemical rate equations containing the most important production and destruction mechanisms. Because the sample of stars in Sco OB2 includes sight lines with A(sub v) ranging from 1-4 mag, sight lines dominated by photochemistry could be analyzed separately from those controlled by gas-phase destruction. The analysis yielded values for two poorly known rate constants for reactions involved in the production of CN; the reactions are C2 + N yields CN + C and C(+) + NH yields all products. The other directions were analyzed with the inferred values. The predicted column densities for C2 and CN agree with the observed values to better than 50%, and in most instances 20%. When combining the estimates for density and temperature derived

We report a study on tuning the charge density wave (CDW) ferromagnet SmNiC2 to a weakly coupled superconductor by substituting La for Sm. X-ray diffraction measurements show that the doped compounds obey Vegard’s law, where La (Lu) alloying expands (shrinks) the lattice due to its larger (smaller) atomic size than Sm. In the series Sm1-xLaxNiC2, CDW transition (TCDW = 148 K) for SmNiC2 is gradually suppressed, while the ferromagnetic (FM) ordering temperature (TC) at 17 K slightly increases up to x = 0.3. For x > 0.3, TC starts to decrease and there is no signature that could be related with the CDW phase. Electrical resistivity, magnetic susceptibility and specific heat measurements point toward the possible presence of a FM quantum critical point (QCP) near x = 0.92, where the TC is extrapolated to zero temperature. Superconductivity in LaNiC2 (Tsc = 2.9 K) is completely suppressed with small amount of Sm inclusion near the proposed FM critical point, indicating a competition between the two ordered phases. The tunable lattice parameters via chemical substitution (La,Lu) and the ensuing change among the ordered phases of ferromagnetism, CDW and superconductivity underscores that SmNiC2 provides a rich avenue to study the rare example of a FM QCP, where the broken symmetries are intricately correlated.

We report a study on tuning the charge density wave (CDW) ferromagnet SmNiC2 to a weakly coupled superconductor by substituting La for Sm. X-ray diffraction measurements show that the doped compounds obey Vegard’s law, where La (Lu) alloying expands (shrinks) the lattice due to its larger (smaller) atomic size than Sm. In the series Sm1−xLaxNiC2, CDW transition (TCDW = 148 K) for SmNiC2 is gradually suppressed, while the ferromagnetic (FM) ordering temperature (TC) at 17 K slightly increases up to x = 0.3. For x > 0.3, TC starts to decrease and there is no signature that could be related with the CDW phase. Electrical resistivity, magnetic susceptibility and specific heat measurements point toward the possible presence of a FM quantum critical point (QCP) near x = 0.92, where the TC is extrapolated to zero temperature. Superconductivity in LaNiC2 (Tsc = 2.9 K) is completely suppressed with small amount of Sm inclusion near the proposed FM critical point, indicating a competition between the two ordered phases. The tunable lattice parameters via chemical substitution (La,Lu) and the ensuing change among the ordered phases of ferromagnetism, CDW and superconductivity underscores that SmNiC2 provides a rich avenue to study the rare example of a FM QCP, where the broken symmetries are intricately correlated. PMID:27221309

The purpose of this study was to assess the feasibility and radiographic indications of using the subaxial anterior approach for decompression and fusion at C2. Anterior exposure at C2 was difficult and associated with increased morbidity. The subaxial anterior approach is easy and familiar to spine surgeons but did not provide satisfying exposure in all patients. This article describes a series of patients undergoing anterior surgery involving C2 through the subaxial anterior approach. Patients were selected based on lateral extension radiographs showing a mandibular angle higher than the C3 upper endplate. Forty-two patients (29 men and 13 women) with average age of 45 years and an average follow-up of 9.7 months were reviewed. Etiologies included Hangman's fracture (n=35), traumatic disk herniation at C2-C3 (n=1), C3 fracture (n=2), ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament (n=2), and tumor (n=2). Single-level diskectomy (n=36) and corpectomy (n=6) were performed. Exposure was satisfactory, and operations went smoothly in all patients except in 1 man with a muscular neck. One (2.4%) postoperative complication of choking and trouble swallowing liquids was observed and diminished in 3 months with no treatment. Pre- and postoperative Japanese Orthopaedic Association scores were 13.86 ± 2.25 and 16.50 ± 0.76, respectively, with an improvement rate of 85% ± 24% in 14 patients who had preoperative neurological dysfunction. A fusion rate of 100% was achieved. The subaxial anterior approach may be simple and safe for exposure at C2 in select patients. Complicated exposure, such as the transoral or retropharyngeal approach, should be avoided in these patients.

Abstract Introduction: Atlantoaxial instability is a common and serious injury of the upper cervical spine. Brooks’ procedure is widely used to reconstruct the unstable atlantoaxial joint. The migration into spinal cord of titanium cable and spontaneous fusion between C2 and C3 has been little reported and the management of such a patient is difficult. We describe an unusual case of fatigue failure of posterior titanium atlantoaxial cable fixation with migration into the spinal cord and spontaneous fusion between C2 and C3. Case report: A 16-year-old girl complained of cervico-occipital pain with numbness and weakness of extremities 3 months ago. The girl underwent posterior C1–C2 arthrodesis with titanium cables and autogenous iliac crest bone grafting when she was 6 years old. When presented to our emergency department, imaging revealed the cracked titanium atlantoaxial cable and the spontaneous fusion between C2 and C3. Computed tomography demonstrated a broken wire with anterior migration of the cable into the spinal cord. The patient underwent posterior approach cervical spinal surgery to remove the broken cables. She remains neurologically intact a year following the posterior approach cervical spine surgery. Conclusions: Brooks’ posterior stabilization could not effectively control rotation at the atlantoaxial articulation, so surgeons must be aware of the potential of fatigue failure of cables as well as the possibility of its migration into the spinal cord when using Brooks’ posterior stabilization. Bilateral C1 lateral mass and C2 pedicle screw fixation or transarticular screw fixation are recommended by the authors in the event of rotatory instability. PMID:28033285

Muscle cell apoptosis accompanies normal muscle development and regeneration, as well as degenerative diseases and aging. C2C12 murine myoblast cells represent a common model to study muscle differentiation. Though it was already shown that myogenic differentiation of C2C12 cells is accompanied by enhanced apoptosis in a fraction of cells, either the cell population sensitive to apoptosis or regulatory mechanisms for the apoptotic response are unclear so far. In the current study we characterize apoptotic phenotypes of different types of C2C12 cells at all stages of differentiation, and report here that myotubes of differentiated C2C12 cells with low levels of anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 expression are particularly vulnerable to apoptosis even though they are displaying low levels of pro-apoptotic proteins Bax, Bak and Bad. In contrast, reserve cells exhibit higher levels of Bcl-2 and high resistance to apoptosis. The transfection of proliferating myoblasts with Bcl-2 prior to differentiation did not protect against spontaneous apoptosis accompanying differentiation of C2C12 cells but led to Bcl-2 overexpression in myotubes and to significant protection from apoptotic cell loss caused by exposure to hydrogen peroxide. Overall, our data advocate for a Bcl-2-dependent mechanism of apoptosis in differentiated muscle cells. However, downstream processes for spontaneous and hydrogen peroxide induced apoptosis are not completely similar. Apoptosis in differentiating myoblasts and myotubes is regulated not through interaction of Bcl-2 with pro-apoptotic Bcl-2 family proteins such as Bax, Bak, and Bad.

In gas phase ion chemistry, the guided-ion-beam (GIB) technique is well established for measuring reliable absolute integral cross sections over a wide range of collision energies. It is less known that the method is also well suited for recoil velocity distributions of product ions (the axial component is determined by using the time-off-flight method (GIB-TOF), the transverse component by guiding field variation (GIB-VAR)). This additional information can be used as a diagnostic tool and helps to unravel the energetics of competing reaction pathways. In general, it allows determination of absolute doubly differential cross sections with very high sensitivity and in an energy and scattering angular range inaccessible to standard ion-beam methods. The experimental part of this paper describes the technique in detail, its difficulties and advantages and the required experimental test procedures. Numerical simulations aid the understanding of the kinematics and the shortfalls of the technique, mainly caused by the random motion of the gas in the scattering cell. The results section briefly summarizes already published product velocity distributions obtained for simple systems. New measurements will be presented for two collision systems, N + + N 2 and C2H 2+C2D 4. For the first one, product velocity distributions provide information on the role of excited states of both reactants and products. In combination with new ab initio calculations of the N 3+ potential surface [F.R. Bennett et al., Chem. Phys., this issue] the role of barriers and nonadiabatic interactions is elucidated. In the case of the more complicated hydrocarbon system, the method allows us to distinguish between products of same mass but different isotopic compositions. In addition, different reaction pathways are identified and hints to barrier heights are extracted from the product velocity distributions.

To prevent over-testing of the test-item during random vibration testing Scharton proposed and discussed the force limited random vibration testing (FLVT) in a number of publications, in which the factor C2 is besides the random vibration specification, the total mass and the turnover frequency of the load(test item), a very important parameter. A number of computational methods to estimate C2 are described in the literature, i.e. the simple and the complex two degrees of freedom system, STDFS and CTDFS, respectively. Both the STDFS and the CTDFS describe in a very reduced (simplified) manner the load and the source (adjacent structure to test item transferring the excitation forces, i.e. spacecraft supporting an instrument).The motivation of this work is to establish a method for the computation of a realistic value of C2 to perform a representative random vibration test based on force limitation, when the adjacent structure (source) description is more or less unknown. Marchand formulated a conservative estimation of C2 based on maximum modal effective mass and damping of the test item (load) , when no description of the supporting structure (source) is available [13].Marchand discussed the formal description of getting C2 , using the maximum PSD of the acceleration and maximum PSD of the force, both at the interface between load and source, in combination with the apparent mass and total mass of the the load. This method is very convenient to compute the factor C2 . However, finite element models are needed to compute the spectra of the PSD of both the acceleration and force at the interface between load and source.Stevens presented the coupled systems modal approach (CSMA), where simplified asparagus patch models (parallel-oscillator representation) of load and source are connected, consisting of modal effective masses and the spring stiffnesses associated with the natural frequencies. When the random acceleration vibration specification is given the CMSA

The concentration of C2 was determined by electroimmunoassay in sera from healthy controls, patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), their relatives and patients with other diseases. Monospecific anti-human C2 serum was obtained by immunizing rabbits with purified human C2 and then absorbing the rabbit serum with inactivated normal human serum that was made insoluble. In addition, it was shown that human C2 could be purified by means of affinity chromatography on anti-C2 antibody coupled Sepharose. The serum concentration of C2 was 37.8 +/- 5.0 (s.d.) micrograms/ml in healthy controls (n = 133). In patients with SLE, the values were below normal in the active phase and were within normal limits in the inactive phase, showing good correlations with other complement parameters such as CH50, C4, C3 and factor B. C2 concentration was well correlated with C2 haemolytic activity in the inactive phase of SLE, but there was no relationship between the two in the active phase. The mean value of C2 concentration in the relatives of patients with SLE showed no significant difference from that in healthy controls. C2 concentration tended to be high in patients with scleroderma, polymyositis, rheumatoid arthritis, Behçet's disease and aortitis syndrome. However, the values were often low in patients with chronic liver diseases, suggesting a decrease of C2 production in the liver. Images Fig. 2 Fig. 3 PMID:6409476

Defects in the astrocytic membrane protein MLC1, the adhesion molecule GlialCAM or the chloride channel ClC-2 underlie human leukoencephalopathies. Whereas GlialCAM binds ClC-2 and MLC1, and modifies ClC-2 currents in vitro, no functional connections between MLC1 and ClC-2 are known. Here we investigate this by generating loss-of-function Glialcam and Mlc1 mouse models manifesting myelin vacuolization. We find that ClC-2 is unnecessary for MLC1 and GlialCAM localization in brain, whereas GlialCAM is important for targeting MLC1 and ClC-2 to specialized glial domains in vivo and for modifying ClC-2's biophysical properties specifically in oligodendrocytes (OLs), the cells chiefly affected by vacuolization. Unexpectedly, MLC1 is crucial for proper localization of GlialCAM and ClC-2, and for changing ClC-2 currents. Our data unmask an unforeseen functional relationship between MLC1 and ClC-2 in vivo, which is probably mediated by GlialCAM, and suggest that ClC-2 participates in the pathogenesis of megalencephalic leukoencephalopathy with subcortical cysts.

Severe poisoning has recently been diagnosed in humans having hip implants composed of cobalt–chrome alloys due to the release of particulate wear debris on polyethylene and ceramic implants which stimulates macrophagic infiltration and destroys bone and soft tissue, leading to neurological, sensorial and muscular impairments. Consistent with this premise, in this study, we focused on the mechanisms underlying the toxicity of Co(II) ions on skeletal muscle using mouse skeletal C2C12 myotubes as an in vitro model. As detected using propidium iodide incorporation, increasing CoCl{sub 2} doses (from 5 to 200 μM) affected the viability of C2C12 myotubes, mainly by cell necrosis, which was attenuated by necrostatin-1, an inhibitor of the necroptotic branch of the death domain receptor signaling pathway. On the other hand, apoptosis was hardly detectable as supported by the lack of caspase-3 and -8 activation, the latter resulting in only faint activation after exposure to higher CoCl{sub 2} doses for prolonged time points. Furthermore, CoCl{sub 2} treatment resulted in atrophy of the C2C12 myotubes which was characterized by the increased expression of HSP25 and GRP94 stress proteins and other typical 'pro-atrophic molecular hallmarks, such as early activation of the NF-kB pathway and down-regulation of AKT phosphorylation, followed by the activation of the proteasome and autophagy systems. Overall, these results suggested that cobalt may impact skeletal muscle homeostasis as an inducer of cell necrosis and myofiber atrophy. - Highlights: • The effects of cobalt on muscle myofibers in vitro were investigated. • Cobalt treatment mainly causes cell necrosis in skeletal C2C12 myotubes. • Cobalt impacts the PI3K/AKT and NFkB pathways and induces cell stress markers. • Cobalt induces atrophy of C2C12 myotubes through the activation of proteasome and autophagy systems. • Co treatment triggers NF-kB and PI3K/AKT pathways in C2C12 myotubes.

This study aims to investigate the effect and mechanism of type 2 voltage-gated chloride channel (ClC-2) on myelin development of newborn rats' cerebral white matter with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). In this study, GDM model was induced in late pregnant rat model. The alteration of ClC-2 expression in various developmental stages of cerebral white matter with/without being exposed to high glucose was analyzed using RT-PCR, active oxygen detection, TUNEL staining, Western Blot as well as immuno-histochemical staining. Our results showed that ClC-2 mRNA and protein expressions in GDM group were significantly increased in white matter of fetal rats after E18 stage, and elevated the level of TNF-α and iNOS in white matter at P0 and P3 stage of newborn rats. Meanwhile, In GDM group, reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels of the white matter at E18, P0, and P3 stage were significantly higher than control group. Furthermore, the expression level of myelin transcription factor Olig2 at P0 stage and CNPase at P3 stage were strikingly lower than that of the control group. In GDM group, ClC-2 expression in the corpus callosum (CC) and cingulate gyrus (CG) regains, and TUNEL positive cell number were increased at P0 and P3 stage. However, PDGFα positive cell number at P0 stage and CNPase expression at P3 stage were significantly decreased. Caspase-3 was also increased in those white matter regions in GDM group, but p-Akt expression was inhibited. While DIDS (a chloride channel blocker) can reverse these changes. In conclusion, ClC-2 and caspase-3 were induced by GDM, which resulted in apoptosis and myelination inhibition. The effect was caused by repressing PI3K-Akt signaling pathway. Application of ClC-2 inhibitor DIDS showed protective effects on cerebral white matter damage stimulated by high glucose concentration.

This study aims to investigate the effect and mechanism of type 2 voltage-gated chloride channel (ClC-2) on myelin development of newborn rats' cerebral white matter with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). In this study, GDM model was induced in late pregnant rat model. The alteration of ClC-2 expression in various developmental stages of cerebral white matter with/without being exposed to high glucose was analyzed using RT-PCR, active oxygen detection, TUNEL staining, Western Blot as well as immuno-histochemical staining. Our results showed that ClC-2 mRNA and protein expressions in GDM group were significantly increased in white matter of fetal rats after E18 stage, and elevated the level of TNF-α and iNOS in white matter at P0 and P3 stage of newborn rats. Meanwhile, In GDM group, reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels of the white matter at E18, P0, and P3 stage were significantly higher than control group. Furthermore, the expression level of myelin transcription factor Olig2 at P0 stage and CNPase at P3 stage were strikingly lower than that of the control group. In GDM group, ClC-2 expression in the corpus callosum (CC) and cingulate gyrus (CG) regains, and TUNEL positive cell number were increased at P0 and P3 stage. However, PDGFα positive cell number at P0 stage and CNPase expression at P3 stage were significantly decreased. Caspase-3 was also increased in those white matter regions in GDM group, but p-Akt expression was inhibited. While DIDS (a chloride channel blocker) can reverse these changes. In conclusion, ClC-2 and caspase-3 were induced by GDM, which resulted in apoptosis and myelination inhibition. The effect was caused by repressing PI3K-Akt signaling pathway. Application of ClC-2 inhibitor DIDS showed protective effects on cerebral white matter damage stimulated by high glucose concentration. PMID:28255270

An overweight 56-year-old type II diabetic on peritoneal dialysis (body mass index 35 kg/m(2)) was taking Orlistat for some months up until live-unrelated renal transplantation. Despite oral cyclosporin A (CyA) for 48 hours pretransplantation, it was very difficult to achieve adequate CyA blood levels for the first week postengraftment despite the use of much larger oral CyA doses. After opening his bowels on day 7, and the use of 3 days intravenous CyA, good CyA blood levels were achieved then maintained with conventional oral doses. The authors believe that this case shows important interactions between CyA and Orlistat.

This document reports on a series of tests conducted to assess the proposed air sampling location for the Hanford Tank Waste Treatment and Immobilization Plant (WTP) Low-Activity Waste (LAW) C2V (LV-C2) exhaust stack with respect to the applicable criteria regarding the placement of an air sampling probe. Federal regulations require that a sampling probe be located in the exhaust stack according to the criteria established by the American National Standards Institute/Health Physics Society (ANSI/HPS) N13.1-1999, Sampling and Monitoring Releases of Airborne Radioactive Substances from the Stack and Ducts of Nuclear Facilities. These criteria address the capability of the sampling probe to extract a sample that represents the effluent stream. The tests were conducted on the LV-C2 scale model system. Based on the scale model tests, the location proposed for the air sampling probe in the scale model stack meets the requirements of the ANSI/HPS N13.1-1999 standard for velocity uniformity, flow angle, gas tracer and particle tracer uniformity. Additional velocity uniformity and flow angle tests on the actual stack will be necessary during cold startup to confirm the validity of the scale model results in representing the actual stack.

The detection of acoustic emission (AE) from Lactococcus lactis, ssp lactis is reported in which emission intensities are used to follow and define metabolic activity during growth in nutrient broths. Optical density (OD) data were also acquired during L. lactis growth at 32°C and provided insight into the timing of the AE signals relative to the lag, logarithmic, and stationary growth phases of the bacteria. The inclusion of a metabolic inhibitor, NaN3, into the nutrient broth eliminated bacteria metabolic activity according to the OD data, the absence of which was confirmed using AE data acquisition. The OD and AE data were also acquired before and after the addition of Bacteriophage c2 in L. lactis containing nutrient broths during the early or middle logarithmic phase; c2 phage m.o.i. (Multiplicity of infection) was varied to help differentiate whether the detected AE was from bacteria cells during lysis or from the c2 phage during genome injection into the cells. It is proposed that AE measurements using piezoelectric sensors are sensitive enough to detect bacteria at the amount near 104 cfu/mL, to provide real time data on bacteria metabolic activity and to dynamically monitor phage infection of cells. PMID:24349820

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Diagnostic Ultrasound Corporation's Bladder Scan Monitor continuously records and monitors bladder fullness and alerts the wearer or caretaker when voiding is required. The sensor is held against the lower abdomen by a belt and connected to the monitor by a cable. The sensor obtains bladder volume data from sound waves reflecting off the bladder wall. The device was developed by Langley Research Center, the Ames Research Center and the NASA Technology Applications Team. It utilizes Langley's advanced ultrasound technology. It is licensed to the ARC for medical applications, and sublicensed to Diagnostics Ultrasound. Central monitoring systems are planned for the future.

In order to relate the measured fringe shift of an interferometer to the density of a medium, the relation between density and refractive index, which is expressed by the specific refractivity, must be known. In the present paper, the specific refractivities of the wind tunnel test gases CF4 and C2F6 are determined in order to verify estimations based on the atomic refractivities of carbon and fluorine. A Twyman-Green two-beam interferometer with a 633-nm He-Ne laser light source was used to measure the specific refractivity as a function of fringe shift as the density of the gas was changed. Values of 0.122 and 0.131 cu cm/g were obtained for CF4 and C2F6 respectively at a temperature of 300 K, which are within 1% of the values computed from the atomic refractivities.

The purpose of this project was to use NASA technology to assist the US Army in the assessment of motion sickness incidences and effects on soldier performance and mood states within the Command and Control Vehicle (C2V). Specific objectives were (1) to determine if there was a significant difference between three internal configurations of the C2V and/or between seats within these vehicles; (2) to determine if there was a significant difference between the park, move, or short-halt field conditions; and (3) to validate a method of converging indicators developed by NASA to assess environmental impact of long duration spaceflight on crewmembers, using a large sample of subjects under ground-based operational conditions.

In order to relate the measured fringe shift of an interferometer to the density of a medium, the relation between density and refractive index, which is expressed by the specific refractivity, must be known. In the present paper, the specific refractivities of the wind tunnel test gases CF4 and C2F6 are determined in order to verify estimations based on the atomic refractivities of carbon and fluorine. A Twyman-Green two-beam interferometer with a 633-nm He-Ne laser light source was used to measure the specific refractivity as a function of fringe shift as the density of the gas was changed. Values of 0.122 and 0.131 cu cm/g were obtained for CF4 and C2F6 respectively at a temperature of 300 K, which are within 1% of the values computed from the atomic refractivities.

The bond dissociation energies of CH4 and C2H2 and their fragments are investigated using basis set extrapolations and high levels of correlation. The computed bond dissociation energies (D(sub e)) are accurate to within 0.2 kcal/mol. The agreement with the experimental (D(sub 0)) values is excellent if we assume that the zero-point energy of C2H is 9.18 kcal/mol. The effect of core (1s) correlation on the bond dissociation energies of C-H bonds is shown to vary from 0.2 to 0.7 kcal/mol and that for C-C bonds varies from 0.4 to 2.2 kcal/mol.

Rab proteins are important regulators of GLUT4 trafficking in muscle and adipose cells. It is still unclear which Rabs are involved in insulin-stimulated GLUT4 translocation in C2C12 myoblasts. In this study, we detect the colocalization of Rab8A with GLUT4 and the presence of Rab8A at vesicle exocytic sites by TIRFM imaging. Overexpression of dominant-negative Rab8A (T22N) diminishes insulin-stimulated GLUT4 translocation, while constitutively active Rab8A (Q67L) augments it. In addition, knockdown of Rab8A inhibits insulin-stimulated GLUT4 translocation, which is rescued by replenishment of RNAi-resistant Rab8A. Together, these results indicate an indispensable role for Rab8A in insulin-regulated GLUT4 trafficking in C2C12 cells.

Myotubularin related protein 7 (MTMR7) is a key member of the highly conserved myotubularin related proteins (MTMRs) family, which has phosphatase activity. MTMR7 was increased during myoblast differentiation and exhibited high expression level at primary fibers formation stages in pigs. This suggests that MTMR7 may be involved in myogenesis. In our study, we investigated the roles of MTMR7 on proliferation and differentiation of C2C12 myoblasts. Knocking down MTMR7 not only enhanced myoblast early differentiation via altering the expression of Myf5, but also promoted myoblast proliferation through increasing cyclinA2 expression. The improved proliferation capacity was related to the increased phosphorylation of AKT. Taken together, our research demonstrates that MTMR7 plays an important role in proliferation and early differentiation of C2C12 myoblast.

Two Doppler spectroscopy diagnostics with complementary capabilities are developed to measure the ion temperatures and velocities of FRC plasmas in the C-2 device. First, the multichord ion doppler diagnostic can simultaneously measure 15 chords of the plasma using an image intensified camera. Second, a single-chord fast-response ion Doppler diagnostic provides much higher faster time response by using a 16-channel photo-multiplier tube array. To study the neutral density of deuterium under different wall and plasma conditions, a highly sensitive eight-channel D-alpha diagnostic has been developed and calibrated for absolute radiance measurements. These spectroscopic diagnostics capabilities, combined with other plasma diagnostics, are helping to understand and improve the field reversed configuration plasmas in the C-2 device.

Two Doppler spectroscopy diagnostics with complementary capabilities are developed to measure the ion temperatures and velocities of FRC plasmas in the C-2 device. First, the multichord ion doppler diagnostic can simultaneously measure 15 chords of the plasma using an image intensified camera. Second, a single-chord fast-response ion Doppler diagnostic provides much higher faster time response by using a 16-channel photo-multiplier tube array. To study the neutral density of deuterium under different wall and plasma conditions, a highly sensitive eight-channel D-alpha diagnostic has been developed and calibrated for absolute radiance measurements. These spectroscopic diagnostics capabilities, combined with other plasma diagnostics, are helping to understand and improve the field reversed configuration plasmas in the C-2 device.

Command Post of the Future (CPOF) is distributed, collaborative Command and Control (C2) system developed as part of a research and development program by the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA). It was introduced in Operation Iraqi Freedom in January, 2004 and has been in continual use since that time. Anecdotal evidence indicates that CPOF, in the field, has facilitated new ways of sharing information and collaborating. MACE is a follow-on project (not a DARPA program) that intends to (a) verify and quantify the kinds of information sharing and ad-hoc collaboration in CPOF; (b) investigate the potential role of machine learning and other "cognitive" technologies in further facilitating collaboration, problem-solving, situational awareness, strategic and tactical planning, and other aspects of command and war-fighting; and (c) develop a research plan to develop the next generation C2 system that learns to support the decision-makers and facilitates ad-hoc collaboration and information sharing.

Centrioles are microtubule-based organelles important for the formation of cilia, flagella and centrosomes. Despite progress in understanding the underlying assembly mechanisms, how centriole integrity is ensured is incompletely understood, including in sperm cells, where such integrity is particularly critical. We identified C. elegans sas-1 in a genetic screen as a locus required for bipolar spindle assembly in the early embryo. Our analysis reveals that sperm-derived sas-1 mutant centrioles lose their integrity shortly after fertilization, and that a related defect occurs when maternal sas-1 function is lacking. We establish that sas-1 encodes a C2 domain containing protein that localizes to centrioles in C. elegans, and which can bind and stabilize microtubules when expressed in human cells. Moreover, we uncover that SAS-1 is related to C2CD3, a protein required for complete centriole formation in human cells and affected in a type of oral-facial-digital (OFD) syndrome.

Within carbon suboxide C2O devised from ab initio in ground state two-dimensional structure, finite spin polarization is demonstrated, leading to a stable ferromagnetic order confirmed for simple and superstructure cells. Specifically structural relaxation of C2O in 2D AlB2-type structure shows that the hexagonal crystal symmetry is maintained with a large c/a ratio letting magnetization develop on oxygen p valence states. Band-like O-px,y and localized-like O-pz spin projected density of states show striking resemblance with Cr-d in well known room temperature CrO2 ferromagnet with band gap opening in majority spin states leading to an integer magnetic moment of 2 μB and a strongly ferromagnetic behavior in the ground state.

Using interaction potentials from the embedded-atom method we investigated the structural and vibrational properties of a Cu(100)-c(2×2)-Pd surface alloy and an underlayer c(2×2) alloy with a mixed CuPd second layer. The calculated surface phonon frequencies are in agreement with the experimental values obtained by electron energy-loss spectroscopy. From the calculated local phonon densities of states we find that surface effects are most pronounced in the first two layers for both systems studied. The results also indicate a very strong Pd-Cu bonding accompanied by a weaker bonding of the Cu surface atoms to their nearest neighbors. This has considerable influence on the surface phonon frequencies.

In the C-2U fusion energy experiment, high power neutral beam injection creates a large fast ion population that sustains a field-reversed configuration (FRC) plasma. The diagnosis of the fast ion pressure in these high-performance plasmas is therefore critical, and the measurement of the flux of neutrons from the deuterium-deuterium (D-D) fusion reaction is well suited to the task. Here we describe the absolute, in situ calibration of scintillation neutron detectors via two independent methods: firing deuterium beams into a high density gas target and calibration with a 2 × 107 n/s AmBe source. The practical issues of each method are discussed and the resulting calibration factors are shown to be in good agreement. Finally, the calibration factor is applied to C-2U experimental data where the measured neutron rate is found to exceed the classical expectation.

Large-scale self-consistent-field plus configuration-interaction calculations have been performed for the a 3Pi u and d 3Pi g states of C2. The theoretical potential curves are in good agreement with those found by a Klein-Dunham analysis of measured molecular constants in terms of shape and excitation energy. The sum of the squares of the theoretical transition moments between the states at 2.44 bohr is 4.12 a.u. which agrees with the results of shock tube measurements. The variation in the sum of the squares of the theoretical moments with internuclear separation agrees with the values of Danylewych and Nicholls (1974). Based on the data for C2 and mother molecules, it is suggested that CI calculations using near Hartree-Fock quality Slater basis sets produce highly reliable transition moments.

Submillimeter wave laser action is reported for optically pumped chlorodifluoromethane gas and ethyl iodide vapor. The compounds were pumped by an electrically chopped CO2 laser at 10 Hz coupled to a metallic waveguide unoptimized 3.5 mm output-hole-coupled resonator with plunger mirrors. Coincidences between CO2 pump lines and molecular absorption lines were detected at three lines in the 9-micron R region in CHClF2 and two lines in the 10-micron R and P regions in C2H5I for chopped and not CW laser regimes. Comparison of the molecular structures of the two species with the CW FIR laser material selection criteria of Danielewicz and Weiss (1978) reveals that CHClF2 satisfies these criteria (although CHClF2 absorption does not overlap with many CO2 pump lines), while C2H5I does not, in agreement with experimental results.

The surface structure of the Pd(100)-c(2×2)-K phase formed by adsorption of K at room temperature has been determined by quantitative analysis of low-energy electron-diffraction (LEED) intensity-energy measurements. K atoms occupy four-fold hollow sites on a slightly perturbed substrate. The vertical distance between the K layer and the first Pd layer is determined to be 2.13±0.06 Å, which corresponds to an effective hard-sphere radius of 1.83 Å for the adsorbed K atoms. The second Pd layer is rumpled with a splitting of 0.04 Å between two bilayers. An analysis of LEED intensities measured for the clean Pd(100) surface confirms previous reports of an expansion of the first interlayer spacing. Adsorption of K in the c(2×2) structure results in a reduction of this expansion from 5% to 1%.

Centrioles are microtubule-based organelles important for the formation of cilia, flagella and centrosomes. Despite progress in understanding the underlying assembly mechanisms, how centriole integrity is ensured is incompletely understood, including in sperm cells, where such integrity is particularly critical. We identified C. elegans sas-1 in a genetic screen as a locus required for bipolar spindle assembly in the early embryo. Our analysis reveals that sperm-derived sas-1 mutant centrioles lose their integrity shortly after fertilization, and that a related defect occurs when maternal sas-1 function is lacking. We establish that sas-1 encodes a C2 domain containing protein that localizes to centrioles in C. elegans, and which can bind and stabilize microtubules when expressed in human cells. Moreover, we uncover that SAS-1 is related to C2CD3, a protein required for complete centriole formation in human cells and affected in a type of oral-facial-digital (OFD) syndrome. PMID:25412110

Large field reversed configurations (FRCs) are produced in the C-2 device by combining dynamic formation and merging processes. The good confinement of these FRCs must be further improved to achieve sustainment with neutral beam (NB) injection and pellet fuelling. A plasma gun is installed at one end of the C-2 device to attempt electric field control of the FRC edge layer. The gun inward radial electric field counters the usual FRC spin-up and mitigates the n = 2 rotational instability without applying quadrupole magnetic fields. Better plasma centering is also obtained, presumably from line-tying to the gun electrodes. The combined effects of the plasma gun and of neutral beam injection lead to the high performance FRC operating regime, with FRC lifetimes up to 3 ms and with FRC confinement times improved by factors 2 to 4.

We report a systematic study of the effects of a 400 keV helium ion beam irradiation on the surface morphology and crystal structure of Ti3AlC2 by combined scanning electron microscopy, grazing incidence X-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy. Helium irradiation experiments were performed at both room temperature and 500 °C, respectively, with fluence up to 2.0 × 1017 He+/cm2. After irradiation, intragranular orientated cracks grew along the (10 1 bar 0)Ti3AlC2 plane and the surface has started to exfoliate. The formation of the cracks is mainly attributed to the reduction of the lattice parameter along the a direction induced by ion irradiation, and the crack growth is affected by the grain size and the content of impurity phase TiAl3. The surface exfoliation is due to the blistering of He bubbles at the projected depth.

This paper presents a finding of the correlation between the width of a strong diffuse interstellar band at 6196 Å and the excitation temperature of C2 based on high resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio spectra. The excitation temperature was determined from absorption lines of the Phillips A1Π_u-X1Σ+g and Mulliken D1Σ+_u-X1Σ+g systems. The width and shape of the narrow 6196 Å DIB profile apparently depend on the C2 temperature, being broader for higher values. Based on data collected at the ESO (8 m telescope at Paranal, 3.6 m and 2.2 m telescopes at La Silla) and observations made with the 1.8 m telescope in South Korea and the Cassegrain Fiber Environment in Hawaii.

Reactivities of the structural isomers CCN(+) and CNC(+) were examined in a selected-ion flow tube at 300 + or - 5 K. The less reactive CNC(+) isomer was identified as the product of the reactions of C(+) + HCN and C(+) + C2N2; in these reactions only CNC(+) can be produced because of energy constraints. Rate coefficients and branching ratios are reported for the reactions of each isomer with H2, CH4, NH3, H2O, C2H2, HCN, N2, O2, N2O, and CO2. Ab initio calculations are presented for CCN(+) and CNC(+); a saddle point for the reaction CCN(+) yielding CNC(+) is calculated to be 195 kJ/mol above CNC(+). The results provide evidence that the more reactive CCN(+) isomer is unlikely to be present in measurable densities in interstellar clouds.

Conventional protein kinase Cs (cPKCs) are key signaling proteins for transducing intracellular Ca2+ signals into downstream phosphorylation events. However, the lifetime of individual membrane-bound activated cPKCs is an order of magnitude shorter than the average time needed for target-protein phosphorylation. Here, we employed intermolecular Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET) in living cells combined with computational analysis to study the spatial organization of cPKCs bound to the plasma membrane. We discovered Ca2+-dependent cPKC nano-clusters that significantly extend cPKC’s plasma-membrane residence time. These protein patterns resulted from self-assembly mediated by Ca2+-binding C2-domains, which are widely used for membrane-targeting of Ca2+-sensing proteins. We also established clustering of other unrelated C2-domain containing proteins, suggesting that nano-cluster formation is a key step for efficient cellular Ca2+-signaling. PMID:27808106

Different microwave heating scenarios for the C-2 plasmas have been investigated recently with use of both the Genray ray-racing code and the IPF-FDMC full-wave code, and the study was focused on the excitation of the electron Bernstein wave (EBW) with O-mode launch. For a given antenna position on C-2 and the fixed 2D plasma density and equilibrium field profiles, simulations have been done for six selected frequencies (2.45 GHz, 5 GHz, 8 GHz, 18 GHz, 28 GHz, and 50 GHz). Launch angles have been optimized for each case in order to achieve high coupling efficiencies to the EBW by the O-X-B mode conversion process and high power deposition. Results show that among those six frequencies, the case of 8 GHz is the most promising scenario, which has both high mode conversion efficiency (90%) and the relatively deeper power deposition.

The purpose of this project was to use NASA technology to assist the US Army in the assessment of motion sickness incidences and effects on soldier performance and mood states within the Command and Control Vehicle (C2V). Specific objectives were (1) to determine if there was a significant difference between three internal configurations of the C2V and/or between seats within these vehicles; (2) to determine if there was a significant difference between the park, move, or short-halt field conditions; and (3) to validate a method of converging indicators developed by NASA to assess environmental impact of long duration spaceflight on crewmembers, using a large sample of subjects under ground-based operational conditions.

Conventional protein kinase Cs (cPKCs) are key signaling proteins for transducing intracellular Ca(2+) signals into downstream phosphorylation events. However, the lifetime of individual membrane-bound activated cPKCs is an order of magnitude shorter than the average time needed for target-protein phosphorylation. Here, we employed intermolecular Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET) in living cells combined with computational analysis to study the spatial organization of cPKCs bound to the plasma membrane. We discovered Ca(2+)-dependent cPKC nano-clusters that significantly extend cPKC's plasma-membrane residence time. These protein patterns resulted from self-assembly mediated by Ca(2+)-binding C2-domains, which are widely used for membrane-targeting of Ca(2+)-sensing proteins. We also established clustering of other unrelated C2-domain containing proteins, suggesting that nano-cluster formation is a key step for efficient cellular Ca(2+)-signaling.

A probable identification of the (1,0) band of the C2 Phillips (1948) system in the solar photospheric spectrum is reported. The band oscillator strength derived from an analysis of the equivalent widths is compared with available laboratory and theoretical estimates. An independent search for the (2,0), (3,0), (4,1), and (5,2) bands recently reported by Sinha (1973) is also discussed.

Statistical equilibrium calculations have been made for both the triplet and ground state singlets for C2 in comets, using the exchange rate as a free parameter. The predictions of the results are consistent with optical observations and may be tested definitively by accurate observations of the Phillips and Swan band ratios. Comparison with the one reported observation indicates compatibility with a low exchange rate and resonance fluorescence statistical equilibrium.

The tropospheric distribution of 1077 C2-C5 hydrocarbon samples was determined. Shipboard measurements obtained over the eastern Pacific Ocean reveal large north-to-south gradients for most nonmethane hydrocarbons (NMHCs). The results show that NMHC concentrations can decrease by a factor of two or more during the passage of cold fronts in winter and spring, and that upper tropospheric concentrations were lower than those in the lower troposphere.

An observation program of Comet Hyakutake C/1996 B2 was conducted in the long-slit spectrometric and narrow-band imagery modes at the Observatoire de Haute Provence on March 24-25 and March 30-April 2, 1996. Images in the continuum taken on March 31, at 19 h 30 UT, show dust jets in the solar-side hemisphere and the presence of two condensationsat r = 2000 and 8000 km (±200 km) along a line in the anti-solar direction. Images in the C2 (1,1) (at 513 nm) and (0,0) (at 516 nm) bands show the presence of an arc perpendicular to the anti-solar direction at r = 2000 km (±200 km). A bi-dimensional visualisation of the 513 nm/516 nm intensity ratio for C2 and of the dust "red" colour parameter given by the 682 nm/527 nm intensity ratio shows that both parameters are correlated in the inner coma at r < 5000 km. Synthetic spectra of C2 are calculated by using a model in which the vibrational and rotational temperatures are adjusted in order to obtain the best fit to the measured spectra. It is shown that both temperatures increase with increasing cometocentric distance. The C 2513 nm/516 nm ratio shows a V-type behaviour centred on the nucleus, with the exception of a region around 1200 km where it reaches a maximum value. It is suggested that the condensations are dust particle clusters released by the nucleus, which create a diffuse source producing the C2 molecules at a high excitation temperature. The colour of dust in this scheme suggests that the diffuse source contains a higher proportion of small grains than the surrounding coma.

By utilizing a crossed electron beam collision geometry, a combination of time-of-flight (TOF) and quadrupole mass spectrometers, and the relative flow technique1 normalized values of cross sections and appearance energies (AP) were obtained for the formation of singly and multiply ionized species resulting from the ionization and dissociation of C2H2. Details ont he apparatus and technique have been published previously.2,3.

High spectral resolution mid-IR observations of ethylene (C2H4) towards the AGB star IRC+10216 were obtained using the Texas Echelon Cross Echelle Spectrograph (TEXES) at the NASA Infrared Telescope Facility (IRTF). Eighty ro-vibrational lines from the 10.5 µm vibrational mode ν7 with J ≲ 30 were detected in absorption. The observed lines are divided into two groups with rotational temperatures of 105 and 400 K (warm and hot lines). The warm lines peak at ≃ −14 km s−1 with respect to the systemic velocity, suggesting that they are mostly formed outwards from ≃ 20R⋆. The hot lines are centered at −10 km s−1 indicating that they come from a shell between 10 and 20R⋆. 35% of the observed lines are unblended and can be fitted with a code developed to model the emission of a spherically symmetric circumstellar envelope. The analysis of several scenarios reveal that the C2H4 abundance relative to H2 in the range 5 − 20R⋆ is 6.9 × 10−8 in average and it could be as high as 1.1 × 10−7. Beyond 20R⋆, it is 8.2 × 10−8. The total column density is (6.5 ± 3.0) × 1015 cm−2. C2H4 is found to be rotationally under local thermodynamical equilibrium (LTE) and vibrationally out of LTE. One of the scenarios that best reproduce the observations suggests that up to 25% of the C2H4 molecules at 20R⋆ could condense onto dust grains. This possible depletion would not influence significantly the gas acceleration although it could play a role in the surface chemistry on the dust grains. PMID:28184097

The celebrated C(2)H(5)+O(2) reaction is an archetype for hydrocarbon combustion, and the critical step in the process is the concerted elimination of HO(2) from the ethylperoxy intermediate (C(2)H(5)O(2)). Master equation kinetic models fitted to measured reaction rates place the concerted elimination barrier 3.0 kcal mol(-1) below the C(2)H(5)+O(2) reactants, whereas the best previous electronic structure computations yield a barrier more than 2.0 kcal mol(-1) higher. We resolve this discrepancy here by means of the most rigorous computations to date, using focal point methods to converge on the ab initio limit. Explicit computations were executed with basis sets as large as cc-pV5Z and correlation treatments as extensive as coupled cluster through full triples with a perturbative inclusion of quadruple excitations [CCSDT(Q)]. The final predicted barrier is -3.0 kcal mol(-1), bringing the concerted elimination mechanism into precise agreement with experiment. This work demonstrates that higher correlation treatments such as CCSDT(Q) are not only feasible on systems of chemical interest but are necessary to supply accuracy beyond 0.5 kcal mol(-1), which is not obtained with the "gold standard" CCSD(T) method. Finally, we compute the enthalpy of formation of C(2)H(5)O(2) to be Delta(f)H degrees (298 K)=-5.3+/-0.5 kcal mol(-1) and Delta(f)H degrees (0 K)=-1.5+/-0.5 kcal mol(-1).

searching existing data sources, gathering and maintaining the data needed, and completing and reviewing the collection of information. Send comments...to mobile units operating throughout the country. Third, bandwith has been increased sufficiently to accommodate regular data and image transfers...satellite communications capabilities to all of its units, although data and video capabilities remain limited. The Air Force In the context of C2

Background: Although inflammation-induced expansion of the intestinal lymphatic vasculature (lymphangiogenesis) is known to be a crucial event in limiting inflammatory processes, through clearance of interstitial fluid and immune cells, considerably less is known about the impact of an impaired lymphatic clearance function (as seen in inflammatory bowel diseases) on this cascade. We aimed to investigate whether the impaired intestinal lymphatic drainage function observed in FoxC2(+/−) mice would influence the course of disease in a model of experimental colitis. Methods: Acute dextran sodium sulfate colitis was induced in wild-type and haploinsufficient FoxC2(+/−) mice, and survival, disease activity, colonic histopathological injury, neutrophil, T-cell, and macrophage infiltration were evaluated. Functional and structural changes in the intestinal lymphatic vessel network were analyzed, including submucosal edema, vessel morphology, and lymphatic vessel density. Results: We found that FoxC2 downregulation in FoxC2(+/−) mice significantly increased the severity and susceptibility to experimental colitis, as displayed by lower survival rates, increased disease activity, greater histopathological injury, and elevated colonic neutrophil, T-cell, and macrophage infiltration. These findings were accompanied by structural (dilated torturous lymphatic vessels) and functional (greater submucosal edema, higher immune cell burden) changes in the intestinal lymphatic vasculature. Conclusions: These results indicate that sufficient lymphatic clearance plays a crucial role in limiting the initiation and perpetuation of experimental colitis and those disturbances in the integrity of the intestinal lymphatic vessel network could intensify intestinal inflammation. Future therapies might be able to exploit these processes to restore and maintain adequate lymphatic clearance function in inflammatory bowel disease. PMID:25822012

Michel Wibault's two seat monoplane 8C2, is similar to the Parasol pursuit monoplane which preceded it. It has no perishable parts in its structure and needs no special storage or coverings. The sample aeroplane uses a 500 HP Hispano-Suiza engine but can accept a 400-600HP engine from a variety of manufacturers with little difficulty. It uses a two blade tractor propeller.

The vibrational properties of the Al(001)-c(2 × 2)-Na (Li) ordered phases formed by alkali atoms (Na and Li) on the Al(001) surface at low and room temperatures are presented. The equilibrium structural characteristics, phonon dispersions and polarization of vibrational modes as well as the local density of phonon states are calculated using the embedded-atom method. The obtained structural parameters are in close agreement with experimental data.

The vibrational properties of the Al(001)-c(2 × 2)-Na (Li) ordered phases formed by alkali atoms (Na and Li) on the Al(001) surface at low and room temperatures are presented. The equilibrium structural characteristics, phonon dispersions and polarization of vibrational modes as well as the local density of phonon states are calculated using the embedded-atom method. The obtained structural parameters are in close agreement with experimental data.

High spectral resolution mid-IR observations of ethylene (C2H4) towards the AGB star IRC+10216 were obtained using the Texas Echelon Cross Echelle Spectrograph (TEXES) at the NASA Infrared Telescope Facility (IRTF). Eighty ro-vibrational lines from the 10.5 µm vibrational mode ν7 with J ≲ 30 were detected in absorption. The observed lines are divided into two groups with rotational temperatures of 105 and 400 K (warm and hot lines). The warm lines peak at ≃ -14 km s(-1) with respect to the systemic velocity, suggesting that they are mostly formed outwards from ≃ 20R⋆. The hot lines are centered at -10 km s(-1) indicating that they come from a shell between 10 and 20R⋆. 35% of the observed lines are unblended and can be fitted with a code developed to model the emission of a spherically symmetric circumstellar envelope. The analysis of several scenarios reveal that the C2H4 abundance relative to H2 in the range 5 - 20R⋆ is 6.9 × 10(-8) in average and it could be as high as 1.1 × 10(-7). Beyond 20R⋆, it is 8.2 × 10(-8). The total column density is (6.5 ± 3.0) × 10(15) cm(-2). C2H4 is found to be rotationally under local thermodynamical equilibrium (LTE) and vibrationally out of LTE. One of the scenarios that best reproduce the observations suggests that up to 25% of the C2H4 molecules at 20R⋆ could condense onto dust grains. This possible depletion would not influence significantly the gas acceleration although it could play a role in the surface chemistry on the dust grains.

The review is devoted to the application of C2-symmetric diamines and their derivatives as organocatalysts for asymmetric reactions (aldol, Michael, Mannich, Diels-Alder reactions, desymmetrization, allylation, etc.). Amino acid derivatives, di- and polyamides (sulfamides), bisureas, bisthioureas, bisamidines and bisguanidines are considered. Significant attention is given to the effect of the catalyst structure on the mechanism of catalytic action. Successful applications of such catalysts in enantioselective synthesis of chiral biologically active compounds are summarized. The bibliography includes 181 references.

High spectral resolution mid-IR observations of ethylene ({{{C}}}2{{{H}}}4) toward the AGB star IRC+10216 were obtained using the Texas Echelon Cross Echelle Spectrograph (TEXES) at the NASA Infrared Telescope Facility (IRTF). 80 ro-vibrational lines from the 10.5 μm vibrational mode {ν }7 with J ≲ 30 were detected in absorption. The observed lines are divided into two groups with rotational temperatures of 105 and 400 K (warm and hot lines). The warm lines peak at ≃ ‑14 km s‑1 with respect to the systemic velocity, suggesting that they are mostly formed outwards from ≃ 20{R}\\star . The hot lines are centered at ‑10 km s‑1 indicating that they come from a shell between 10 and 20{\\text{}}{R}\\star . 35% of the observed lines are unblended and can be fitted with a code developed to model the emission of a spherically symmetric circumstellar envelope. The analysis of several scenarios reveals that the {{{C}}}2{{{H}}}4 abundance relative to H2 in the range 5‑20R⋆ is 6.9× {10}-8 on average and it could be as high as 1.1 × 10‑7. Beyond 20{\\text{}}{R}\\star , it is 8.2 × 10‑8. The total column density is (6.5 ± 3.0) × 1015 cm‑2. {{{C}}}2{{{H}}}4 is found to be rotationally under local thermodynamical equilibrium (LTE) and vibrationally out of LTE. One of the scenarios that best reproduce the observations suggests that up to 25% of the {{{C}}}2{{{H}}}4 molecules at 20{\\text{}}{R}\\star could condense onto dust grains. This possible depletion would not significantly influence the gas acceleration although it could play a role in the surface chemistry on the dust grains.

The celebrated C2H5+O2 reaction is an archetype for hydrocarbon combustion, and the critical step in the process is the concerted elimination of HO2 from the ethylperoxy intermediate (C2H5O2). Master equation kinetic models fitted to measured reaction rates place the concerted elimination barrier 3.0kcalmol-1 below the C2H5+O2 reactants, whereas the best previous electronic structure computations yield a barrier more than 2.0kcalmol-1 higher. We resolve this discrepancy here by means of the most rigorous computations to date, using focal point methods to converge on the ab initio limit. Explicit computations were executed with basis sets as large as cc-pV5Z and correlation treatments as extensive as coupled cluster through full triples with a perturbative inclusion of quadruple excitations [CCSDT(Q)]. The final predicted barrier is -3.0kcalmol-1, bringing the concerted elimination mechanism into precise agreement with experiment. This work demonstrates that higher correlation treatments such as CCSDT(Q) are not only feasible on systems of chemical interest but are necessary to supply accuracy beyond 0.5kcalmol-1, which is not obtained with the "gold standard" CCSD(T) method. Finally, we compute the enthalpy of formation of C2H5O2 to be ΔfH °(298K)=-5.3±0.5kcalmol-1 and ΔfH°(0K)=-1.5±0.5kcalmol-1.

Inositol hexakisphosphate (InsP(6)) levels rise and fall with neuronal excitation and silence, respectively, in the hippocampus, suggesting potential signaling functions of this inositol polyphosphate in hippocampal neurons. We now demonstrate that intracellular application of InsP(6) caused a concentration-dependent inhibition of autaptic excitatory postsynaptic currents (EPSCs) in cultured hippocampal neurons. The treatment did not alter the size and replenishment rate of the readily releasable pool in autaptic neurons. Intracellular exposure to InsP(6) did not affect spontaneous EPSCs or excitatory amino acid-activated currents in neurons lacking autapses. The InsP(6)-induced inhibition of autaptic EPSCs was effectively abolished by coapplication of an antibody to synaptotagmin-1 C2B domain. Importantly, preabsorption of the antibody with a GST-WT synaptotagmin-1 C2B domain fragment but not with a GST-mutant synaptotagmin-1 C2B domain fragment that poorly reacted with the antibody impaired the activity of the antibody on the InsP(6)-induced inhibition of autaptic EPSCs. Furthermore, K(+) depolarization significantly elevated endogenous levels of InsP(6) and occluded the inhibition of autaptic EPSCs by exogenous InsP(6). These data reveal that InsP(6) suppresses excitatory neurotransmission via inhibition of the presynaptic synaptotagmin-1 C2B domain-mediated fusion via an interaction with the synaptotagmin Ca(2+)-binding sites rather than via interference with presynaptic Ca(2+) levels, synaptic vesicle trafficking, or inactivation of postsynaptic ionotropic glutamate receptors. Therefore, elevated InsP(6) in activated neurons serves as a unique negative feedback signal to control hippocampal excitatory neurotransmission.

Muscle mass is determined between protein synthesis and protein degradation. Reduction of muscle mass leads to bedridden condition and attenuation of resistance to diseases. Moreover, bedridden condition leads to additional muscle loss due to disuse muscle atrophy. In our previous study (Sato et al. 2013), we showed that administered lysine (Lys), one of essential amino acid, suppressed protein degradation in skeletal muscle. In this study, we investigated that the mechanism of the suppressive effects of Lys on skeletal muscle proteolysis in C2C12 cell line. C2C12 myotubes were incubated in the serum-free medium containing 10 mM Lys or 20 mM Lys, and myofibrillar protein degradation was determined by the rates of 3-methylhistidine (MeHis) release from the cells. The mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) activity from the phosphorylation levels of p70-ribosormal protein S6 kinase 1 and eIF4E-binding protein 1 and the autophagic-lysosomal system activity from the ratio of LC3-II/I in C2C12 myotubes stimulated by 10 mM Lys for 0-3 h were measured. The rates of MeHis release were markedly reduced by addition of Lys. The autophagic-lysosomal system activity was inhibited upon 30 min of Lys supplementation. The activity of mTOR was significantly increased upon 30 min of Lys supplementation. The suppressive effect of Lys on the proteolysis by the autophagic-lysosomal system was maintained partially when mTOR activity was inhibited by 100 nM rapamycin, suggesting that some regulator other than mTOR signaling, for example, Akt, might also suppress the autophagic-lysosomal system. From these results, we suggested that Lys suppressed the activity of the autophagic-lysosomal system in part through activation of mTOR and reduced myofibrillar protein degradation in C2C12 myotubes.

The energy spectrum of C82 fullerene (isomer no. 3 of C2 symmetry) is calculated within the Hubbard model in the approximation of static fluctuations. Based on the energy spectrum, optical absorption spectra of this isomer in neutral and anionic states with one, two, three, and four additional electrons are simulated. The calculated optical spectra in neutral and monoanionic states are compared with known experimental spectra.

Chiral, C2-symmetric imidazolium and imidazolinium ions, as well as the corresponding copper or silver bound carbenoids, have been prepared. Structural study of these compounds by X-ray crystallography reveals a chiral pocket that surrounds the putative carbene site or the metal-carbene bond, at carbon 2, in three of the four ligands prepared. Preliminary investigation into the application of these complexes has shown one of them to be highly enantioselective in the hydrosilylation of acetophenone. PMID:21823580

Natural killer cells and cytotoxic T-lymphocytes deploy perforin and granzymes to kill infected host cells. Perforin, secreted by immune cells, binds target membranes to form pores that deliver pro-apoptotic granzymes into the target cell. A crucial first step in this process is interaction of its C2 domain with target cell membranes, which is a calcium-dependent event. Some aspects of this process are understood, but many molecular details remain unclear. To address this, we investigated the mechanism of Ca2+ and lipid binding to the C2 domain by NMR spectroscopy and x-ray crystallography. Calcium titrations, together with dodecylphosphocholine micelle experiments, confirmed that multiple Ca2+ ions bind within the calcium-binding regions, activating perforin with respect to membrane binding. We have also determined the affinities of several of these binding sites and have shown that this interaction causes a significant structural rearrangement in CBR1. Thus, it is proposed that Ca2+ binding at the weakest affinity site triggers changes in the C2 domain that facilitate its interaction with lipid membranes. PMID:26306037

Recently, the extracellular microenvironment has been shown to be critical for the correct differentiation of stem cells to specific tissues. Many factors, including physical (e.g. biomaterial stiffness and topography) and biological (as growth factors, cytokines and chemokines) components, cooperate to create an ideal microenvironment for muscle stem cells, with many of these factors having been widely investigated. We previously demonstrated that the use of non-proliferating muscle-specific and unrelated cells as feeder layers for skeletal muscle progenitor cell differentiation resulted in significant differences in the ability to form myotubes, suggesting the importance of biological factors in myogenic differentiation. In this study, we investigated the biological factors involved in this process, analyzing the expression profile of 84 genes coding for cytokines and chemokines. We successfully identified a novel role for the cytokine IL-12 in the myogenic differentiation of C2C12 mouse skeletal muscle cells. Experiments involving the overexpression or silencing of the IL-12 gene in C2C12 showed that IL-12 enhanced the myogenic differentiation process. Moreover, when IL-12 was overexpressed in non-biologically related feeder cells, the new co-culture system was able to improve myogenic differentiation of C2C12 seeded on top. Although IL-12 is known to be a cytokine involved in inflammatory responses, it also appears to be involved in the myogenic differentiation process, acting as a positive regulator of this mechanism. This fact is expected to prove to be important for the development of functional biomaterials.

Shakuyakukanzoto (shao-yao-gan-cao-tang) is a commonly used Chinese traditional herbal medicine for the treatment of acute pain with muscle cramp. However, its mechanism of action is unclear. We previously reported that a low concentration of Kanzo (licorice) and isoliquiritigenin, a component of licorice, inhibited the potassium (K(+)) current in H9c2 cells. Therefore, in the present study, we examined the effects of Shakuyakukanzoto, Shakuyaku or Kanzo on the K(+) current (IKur) in H9c2 cells. Shakuyakukanzoto inhibited IKur in a concentration-dependent manner. The half-maximal concentration of Shakuyakukanzoto was approximately 1.3 mg/mL and the Hill coefficient was 1.2. The order of potency of inhibiting IKur was Kanzo>Shakuyakukanzoto>Shakuyaku. Glycyrrhizin, a major component of licorice, had no inhibitory effect on IKur. A small interfering RNA experiment indicated that IKur was most likely to be Kv2.1 in H9c2 cells. Our results suggest that Shakuyakukanzoto may normalize intracellular and extracellular K(+) balance by inhibiting IKur and reducing K(+) efflux, while the Na(+)-K(+) pump promotes K(+) influx into myofibers. Consequently, excess K(+) may be reduced from external space of myofibers. This may be a part of the Shakuyakukanzoto mechanism for improving muscle pain.

Studies of molecular hot cores and protostellar environments have shown that the observed abundance of gas-phase acetylene (C2H2) cannot be matched by chemical models without the inclusion of C2H2 molecules subliming from icy grain mantles. Searches for infrared (IR) spectral features of solid-phase acetylene are under way, but few laboratory reference spectra of C2H2 in icy mixtures, which are needed for spectral fits to observational data, have been published. Here, we report a systematic study of the IR spectra of condensed-phase pure acetylene and acetylene in ices dominated by carbon monoxide (CO), carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), and water (H2O). We present new spectral data for these ices, including band positions and intrinsic band strengths. For each ice mixture and concentration, we also explore the dependence of acetylene's nu5-band position (743 cm-1, 13.46 micrometers) and FWHM on temperature. Our results show that the nu5 feature is much more cleanly resolved in ices dominated by non-polar and low-polarity molecules, specifically CO, CO2, and CH4, than in mixtures dominated by H2O-ice. We compare our laboratory ice spectra with observations of a quiescent region in Serpens.

We have resolved long-standing discrepancies between the theoretical and experimental crystal structures of boron carbide B13C2. Theoretical studies predict that B13C2 should be stoichiometric and have the highest symmetry of the boron carbides. Experimentally, B13C2 is a semiconductor and many defect states have been reported, particularly in the CBC chain. Reconciling the disordered states of the chain, the chemical composition, and the lowest-energy state is problematic. We have solved this problem by constructing a structural model where approximately three-quarters of the unit cells contain (B11C)(CBC) and one-quarter of them contain (B12)(B4). This structural model explains many experimental results, such as the large thermal factors in x-ray diffraction and the broadening of the Raman spectra, without introducing unstable CBB chains. The model also solves the energy-gap problem. We show that there are many arrangements of these two types of unit cells, which are energetically almost degenerate. This demonstrates that boron carbides are well described by a geometrically frustrated system, similar to that proposed for β-rhombohedral boron.