Washington extract
fromJohn Reed Swanton'sThe Indian Tribes
of North America

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The Indian Tribes of North America

by John R. SwantonBureau of American Ethnology Bulletin 1451953[726 pagesSmithsonian Institution](pp. 412-451)

Washington

The State of
Washington was occupied by a great number of Indian tribes formerly very
populous, particularly those along the coast. There are few traditions
regarding migrations and those which we have apply almost entirely to the
interior people. After the Whites came it was unlikely that the Indians would
move eastward in the face of the invasion and impossible for them to move
westward; hence we do not have to trace various stages of long migrations due
to displacement by the Whites and the overland retreat which followed, so
marked in the history of the eastern Indians. Contrary to an older view, which
held that Salishan tribes formerly extended to the lower Columbia and were
driven north by Shahaptians, pushed forward in turn by Shoshonean peoples, it
seems that the relative positions of Salishans and Shahaptians has been
unchanged for an uncertain period of time and that, as a matter of fact, the
Shoshoneans have been pushed southward although this movement was very recent.
The Athapascan Kwalhioqua must represent a comparatively late invasion although
that may not have been so recent as their anomalous position would lead one to
suppose. There is also evidence of a much earlier movement when the Salishans
came down upon the coast. The earliest European to meet any of the peoples of
Washington was probably Juan de Fuca, a Greek navigator sailing under the
Spanish flag, who, in 1592, visited the straits which now bear his name. Other
Spanish explorers followed, and were later succeeded by English and Americans.
The continual resort of trading vessels to Nootka on the west coast of
Vancouver Island served to distribute European commodities and had a
considerable influence among the tribes of Washington. In the latter part of
the eighteenth century traders of the Hudson Bay and Northwest Companies made
their appearance, but the Washington peoples first come squarely out upon the
stage of history with the descent of the Columbia by Lewis and Clark in 1805-6.
These pioneers gave the first general description of the region, enumerated the
aboriginal peoples found in occupancy, and attempted estimates of their
numbers. For some time afterward the territory was dominated by representatives
of British companies and the land was claimed by England, while the only
attempt to exploit it on the part of Americans, the settlement of Astoria, was
soon abandoned. Following upon the acceptance of the 49th parallel of latitude
as the International Boundary, however, and still more the discovery of gold in
California and the opening up of the "Oregon trail," settlers from the Eastern
States began to pour in in numbers. It was thereafter inevitable that friction
should develop between the newcomers and the aborigines. There were wars with
the Nez Percé, Yakima, and other tribes, but the Indians suffered less in this
way than from European diseases, particularly the smallpox, which began their
ravages before Lewis and Clark appeared, from spirituous liquors, and from a
general dislocation of their aboriginal adjustments. The destruction was
greatest in the Columbia Valley, which as the main artery of travel and trade
was peculiarly exposed to epidemics, and within a few years the greater part of
the once teeming populations of the lower valley were practically wiped out of
existence. Roman Catholic missions sprang up at an early date in the eastern
part of the territory, and were soon followed by those of Protestant
denominations, notable among which was that conducted among the Cayuse by
Marcus Whitman (1838-47). As in other parts of the United States, the Indians
gradually parted with their lands and were placed upon reservations, though in
most cases they were not removed so far from their original homes as in the
eastern parts of the Union.

The above sketch will show enough of the
history of most of the tribes in this area, though some details have been added
in certain cases (i.e., in connection with the Cayuse, Chilluckittequaw,
Chimakum, Chinook, Klickitat, and Yakima. (See Ray, 1932, and Spier and Sapir,
1930.)

Guasámas, or
Guithlamethl, by the Clackamas. Kathlamet, own name. Kwillu'chini, by
the Chinook.

Connections.The Cathlamet
belonged to the Chinookan stock. The dialect to which they have given their
name was spoken as far up the Columbia River as Ranier.

Location.On the south bank of
Columbia River near its mouth, claiming the territory between Tongue Point and
the neighborhood of Puget Island, and on the north bank from the mouth of Grays
Bay to a little east of Oak Point.

Villages:

Ika'naiak, on the north side of the
Columbia River at the mouth of Coal Creek Slough just east of Oak Point.
Ilo'humin, on the north side of Columbia River opposite Puget Island and near
the mouth of Alockman Creek. Kathla'amat, on the south side of Columbia
River about 4 miles below Puget Island. Ta'nas ilu', on Tanas Ilahee Island
on the south side of the Columbia River. Wa'kaiyakam, across Alockman Creek
opposite Ilo'humin.

Population.Mooney (1928)
estimated 450 Cathlamet in 1780. In 1805-6 Lewis and Clark gave 300. In 1849
Lane reported 58. They are now extinct as a separate
group.

Connection in which they have become
noted.The capital of Wahkiakum County, Washington,
perpetuates the name of the Cathlamet.

Connections.The Chehalis belonged to
the coastal division of the Salishan linguistic family, being most intimately
related to the Humptulips, Wynoochee, and Quinault.

Location.On the lower course of
Chehalis, River, especially on the south side, and on the south side of Grays
Bay. In later times the Chehalis, occupied territory to and about Willapa Bay
that had formerly been held by the
Chinook.

Villages:

Chehalis (Gibbs, 1877),
on the south side of Grays Harbor near Westport, in country earlier occupied by
the Chinook. Chiklisilkh (Gibbs), at Point Leadbetter, Willapa Bay, in
territory earlier occupied by Chinook. Hlakwun (Curtis, 1907-9), near
Willapa on Willapa River in territory earlier occupied by the Chinook.
Kaulhlak (Curtis), at the head of Palux River, earlier in Chinook country.
Klumaitumsh (Gibbs and Boas personal information), given doubtfully as the name
of a former band or village on the south side of Grays Harbor at its
entrance. Nai'yasap (Curtis), on Willapa River in territory earlier
occupied by Chinook. Nickomin (Swan 1857 and Boas, personal information),
on North River which flows into Willapa Bay, in territory earlier occupied by
the Chinook. Noohooultch (Gibbs), on the south side of Grays Harbor.
Noosiatsks (Gibbs), on the south side of Grays Harbor. Nooskoh (Gibbs), on
a creek opposite Whishkah River. Qyan (Gairdner, 1841), on the north point
of Grays Harbor. Talal (Gibbs), at Ford's Prairie on the Chehalis River
near Centralia, and therefore far outside of the Chehalis territory proper.
Willapa, on Willapa River and in earlier Chinook country.

The following
villages were originally occupied by Chinook but seem to have shifted in
population or language or both so as to become Chehalis: Hwa'hots,
Nutskwethlso'k, Quela'ptonlilt, Quer'quelin, Tske'lsos.

Population.Mooney (1928) estimated
a population of 1,000 in the year 1780 for the Lower and Upper Chehalis, the
Cowlitz, the Humptulips, and related tribes, but the number had sunk to 170 by
1907. However, the census of 1910 gives 282 for the same group exclusive of the
Cowlitz. In 1923 the United States Indian Office returned 89, and in
1937, 131.

Connections in which they have become
noted.A river, county, and city in Washington preserve the
name of the Chehalis. There is a Chehalis in Minnesota but its name probably
has no connection with that of the Washington tribe.

Connections in which they have become
noted.The name Chelan is shared not only by the lake above
mentioned but by Chelan Falls, a range of mountains, a county, and two post
villages, Chelan and Chelan Falls.

Location.As reported by Lewis and
Clark, the Chilluckittequaw lay along the north side of Columbia River, in the
present Klickitat and Skamania Counties, from about 10 miles below the Dalles
to the neighborhood of the Cascades. Spier (1936) thinks they may have been
identical with the White Salmon or Hood River group of Indians and perhaps
both. In the latter case we must suppose that they extended to the south side
of the Columbia.

Subdivisions and Villages:

Itkilak or Ithlkilak (occupied jointly with Klickitat), at White Salmon
Landing. Nanshuit (occupied jointly with Klickitat), at the present
Underwood. Smackshop, a band of Chilluckittequaw extending from the River
Labiche (Hood River ?) to the Cascades. Tgasgutcu (occupied jointly with
Klickitat), said to be about 1/2 mile west of a long, high mountain opposite
Mosier, Oreg.) and at the same time about a mile above White Salmon Landing, an
apparent inconsistency. Thlmieksok or Thlmuyaksok, 1/2 mile from the last;
in 1905 the site of the Burket Ranch.

Historical
Note.According to Mooney (1928) a remnant of the
Chilluckittequaw lived near the mouth of the White Salmon River until 1880 when
they removed to the Cascades, where a few still resided in
1895.

Population.Mooney (1928) estimated
3,000 for this tribe in 1780. In 1806 Lewis and Clark placed the figure at
1,400, besides 800 Smackshop, or a total of 2,200.

Connections.The Chimakum, the Quileute,
and the Hoh (q. v.) together constituted the Chimakuan linguistic stock, which
in turn was probably connected with the Salishan
stock.

Location.On the peninsula between
Hood's Canal and Port Townsend.

History.The
Chimakum were constantly at war with the Clallam and other Salish tribes and,
being inferior in numbers, suffered very much at their hands. They were
included in the Point-no-Point Treaty of 1855 and placed on the Skokomish
Reservation, where they gradually diminished in numbers until, in 1890, Boas
was able to find only three individuals who could speak their language, and
then but imperfectly.

Ala'dshush, Nestucca name. Flatheads, a name shared with a number of other
tribes in the region from their custom of deforming the head. Thlála'h,
Clackama name.

Connections.The Chinook
belonged to the Lower Chinook division of the Chinookan
family.

Location.On the north side of the
Columbia River from its mouth to Grays Bay (not Grays Harbor), a distance of
about 15 miles, and north along the seacoast to include Willapa or Shoalwater
Bay. Ray (1938) makes a separate division to include the Shoalwater Chinook but
it will be more convenient to treat them under one head. It is understood that
they differed not at all in dialect.

Towns: (As
given by Ray (1938), except as otherwise indicated)

Clamoitomish
(Sapir, 1930), in Grays Bay. Hakelsh, at the mouth of Smith Creek on the
northeast shore of Willapa Bay. Hwa'hots, at a former settlement called
Bruceport about 3 miles north of the mouth of Palix River. Ini'sal, on
Naselle River where it enters the arm of Willapa Bay. Iwa'lhat, at the
mouth of Wallicut River, which bears its name in a corrupted form.
Kalawa'uus, on the peninsula At Oysterville Point. Killaxthokle (Lewis and
Clark, 1905-6), probably on Willapa Bay. Kwatsa'mts, on Baker Bay at the
mouth of Chinook River, north side of the Columbia. Lapi'lso, on an island
in an arm of Willapa Bay below the mouth of Naselle River. Ma'hu, at the
mouth of Nemah River below the present town of Nemah. Mo'kwal, at the mouth
of Deep River on Grays Bay. Nahume'nsh, on the west side of North River at
its mouth on the north shore of Willapa Bay. Namla'iks, at Goose Point.
Na'mstcats, at a site now called Georgetown between Tokeland and North
Cove. Nokska'itmithls, at Fort Canby on Cape Disappointment.
No'skwalakuthl, at Ilwaco, named after its last chief. Nu'kaunthl, at
Tokeland, named after its chief. Nu'patstcthl, at the site of Nahcotta, on
the peninsula opposite the mouth of Nemah River. Nutskwethlso'k, on Willapa
Bay west of Bay Center. Nuwi'lus, on the site of Grayland on the coast.
Quela'ptonlilt (Swan, 1857), at the mouth of Willapa River. Querquelin
(Swan), at the mouth of Querquelin River, which flows into Palix River from the
south near the mouth of the latter. Se'akwal, on the north bank of the
Columbia a short distance below Mo'kwal. Tokpi'luks, at the mouth of Palix
River. Tse'yuk, at Oysterville on the peninsula north of Nahcotta.
Tske'lsos, on Willapa River between South Bend and Raymond. Ya'kamnok, at
Sandy Point 3 miles south of Goose Point, the extreme north point at Bay
Center.

History.Though the Chinook had been
known to traders for an indefinite period previously, they were first described
by Lewis and Clark, who visited them in 1805. From their proximity to Astoria
and their intimate relations with the early traders, they soon became well
known, and their language formed the chief Indian basis for the Chinook jargon,
first employed as a trade language, which ultimately extended from California
to Alaska. In the middle of the nineteenth century they became mixed with the
Chehalis with whom they ultimately fused entirely, dropping their own language.
The Chinook of later census returns are composed of a number of other tribes of
the same stock.

Population.Mooney (1928)
estimates that there were 800 of these Indians in 1780, "including the Chinook
and Killaxthokl." In 1805 Lewis and Clark gave 400 on Columbia River alone. In
1885 Swan states that there were 112. They are now nearly extinct though Ray
(1938) discovered three old people still living as late as
1931-36.

Connection in which they have become
noted.The name of the Chinook tribe became famous (1)
because of intimate dealings between the Chinook and British and American
traders, (2) on account of the extension of their name to the related tribes
now classed in the Chinooks stock, (3) because the name was also extended to
the Chinook jargon or Oregon Trade Language known throughout the entire
Northwest, (4) because of its application to the Chinook or Pacific wind, and
(6) from its application to towns in Pacific County, Wash., and Blaine County,
Mont.

Clackamas. Placed on both sides of the Columbia, but I
prefer to follow Berreman (1937) in limiting the term to groups living on the
Oregon side. (See
Oregon.)

Connections.The Clallam were a
tribe of the coastal division of the Salishan linguistic stock most closely
connected with the Songish.

Location.—On the south
side of the Strait of Juan de Fuca, between Port Discovery and Hoko River.
Later the Clallam occupied the Chimakum territory also and a small number lived
on the lower end of Vancouver
Island.

Villages:

Elwah, at the mouth of
Elwah River. Hoko, at the mouth of Hoko Creek. Huiauulch, on the site
of modern Jamestown, 5 miles east of Dungeness. Hunnint or Hungi'ngit, on
the cast side of Clallam Bay, this town and Klatlawas together were called
Xainañt by Erna Gunther (1927). Kahtai, at Port Townsend, occupied after
the destruction of the Chimakum. Kaquaith (or Skakwiyel), at Port
Discovery. Klatlawas, the Tlatlawai'is of Curtis (1907-9), on the west side
of Clallam Bay; see Hunnint. Kwahamish, a fishing village on the Lyre
River. Mekoös, on Beecher Bay, Vancouver Island, B. C. Pistchin, on
Pysht Bay. Sequim or Suktcikwiiñ, on Sequim Bay or Washington Harbor.
Sestietl, Upper Elwah. Stehtlum, at new Dungeness. Tclanuk, on Beecher
Bay, Vancouver Island, B. C. Tsako, at the former mouth of Dungeness
River. Tsewhitzen, on Port Angeles Spit, 2 or 3 miles west of the old town
of Stehtlum. Yennis, at Port Angeles or False
Dungeness.

Population.Mooney (1928) estimated
2,000 Clallam in 1780. In 1854 Gibbs estimated 800. In 1855, 926 were reported.
In 1862 Eells estimated 1,300 but gave 597 in 1878. In 1881 he reduced this to
485. In 1904, 336 were returned. By the census of 1910, 398 were reported; by
the United States Indian Office in 1923, 535, and in 1937,
764.

Connections in which they have become
noted.The name Clallam is perpetuated by its application
to a bay, a county, a river, and a precinct in the State of
Washington.

Columbia or
Sinkiuse-Columbia.
So called because of their former prominent association with Columbia River,
where some of the most important bands had their homes. Also called:

Bo'tcaced, by the Nez Percé, probably, meaning "arrows" or "arrow people."
Isle-de-Pierre, a traders' name, perhaps from a place in their country or for a
band of the tribe. Middle Columbia Salish, so called by Teit (1928) and
Spier (1930 b). Papspê'lu, Nez Percé
name, meaning "firs," or "fir-tree
people." .sa'ladebc, probably the Snohomish
name. Sinkiuse, the name applied to themselves and most other neighboring
Salish tribes, and said to have belonged originally and properly to a band
which once inhabited Umatilla Valley. Suwa'dabc, Snohomish name for all
interior Indians, meaning "inland people," or "interior people."
.swa'dab.c, Twana name for all interior Indians, meaning "inland people."
.swa'namc, Nootsak name for all interior Indians, meaning "inland people."
Ti'attluxa, Wasco Chinook name. .tskowa'xtsEnux or
.skowa'xtsEnEx, applied
by themselves, meaning has something to do with "main
valley."

Connections.The Sinkiuse-Columbia
belonged to the inland division of the Salishan linguistic stock, their nearest
relatives being the Wenatchee and Methow.

Subdivisions or
Bands:
(According to Teit, 1930)

.nkee'us or .s.nkeie'usox (Umatilla Valley). Stata'ketux, around White Bluffs on the
Columbia. .tskowa'xtsEnux or
.skowa'xtsEnEx, also called Moses Columbia or
Moses Band after a famous chief (Priest's Rapids and neighboring
country).

Curtis (1907-9) gives the following: "Near the mouth of the
sink of Crab Creek were the Sinkumkunatkuh, and above them the
Sinkolkolumínuh.
Then came in succession the Stapi'sknuh, the Skukulat'kuh, the Skoáhchnuh, the
Skihlkintnuh, and, finally, the Skultaqchi'mh, a little above the mouth of
Wenatchee River."

Spier (1927) adds that the Sinkowarsin met by
Thompson in 1811 might have been a band of this tribe.

Location
and History.The Sinkiuse-Columbia lived on the east side
of Columbia River from Fort Okanogan to the neighborhood of Point Eaton. Later
a reservation was created for them known as Columbia Reservation. In 1870
Winans placed them "on the east and south sides of the Columbia River from
the Grand Coulee down to Priest's Rapids." They are now under the jurisdiction
of Colville Agency and one band, the Moses-Columbia Band, is in the southern
part of Colville Reservation.

Population.The
Sinkiuse-Columbia are estimated by Mooney (1928) to have numbered 800 in 1780,
but were probably considerably more numerous as Teit (1927) considers that this
tribe and the Pisquow together must have totaled something like 10,000 before
the smallpox reached them. In 1905, 355 were reported; in 1908, 299; and in
1909, perhaps including some others, 540 were returned. The census of 1910 gave
52.

Colville. The name is derived from Fort Colville, a post of the Hudson's
Bay Company at Kettle Falls, which was in turn named for the London governor of
the company at the time when the post was founded, i.e., in 1825. Also
called:

Basket People, by Hale (1846). Chaudière, French name
derived from the popular term applied to them, Kettle Falls Indians. Kettle
Falls Indians, as above. Sälsxuyilp, Okanagon name. Skuyélpi, by other
Salish tribes. Whe-el-po, by Lewis and Clark, shortened from
above.

Connections.The Colville belonged to
the inland division of the Salishan linguistic stock and to that branch of the
latter which included the Okanagon, Sanpoil, and
Senijextee.

Location.On Colville River and
that part of the Columbia between Kettle Falls and Hunters.

Villages and Subdivisions: (From Ray, 1932)

Kakalapia, home of the Skakalapiak (across from the present town of Harvey, at
the point where the ferry now crosses). Kilumaak, home of the Skilumaak
(opposite the present town of Kettle Falls, about 1 1/2 miles above
Nchumutastum). Nchaliam, home of the Snchalik (about 1 1/2 miles above the
present town of Inchelium). Nchumutastum, home of the Snchumutast (about 6
miles above Nilamin). Nilamin, home of the Snilaminak (about 15 miles above
Kakalapia). Nkuasiam, home of the Snkuasik (slightly above the present town
of Daisy, on the opposite side of the river). Smichunulau, home of the
Smichunulauk (at the site of the present State bridge at Kettle
Falls).

History.The history of the Colville
was similar to that of the neighboring tribes except that Kettle Falls was
early fixed upon as the site of an important post by the Hudson Bay Company and
brought with it the usual advantages and disadvantages of White
contact.

Population.Mooney (1928) estimated
the number of the Colville at 1,000 as of 1780, but Lewis and Clark placed it
at 2,500, a figure also fixed upon by Teit (1930). In 1904 there were 321; in
1907, 334; and in 1937, 322.

Connections in which they have become
noted.The name Colville was applied to an important Indian
Reservation and later to a town, the county seat of Stevens County, Wash., but
the original, of course was not Indian.

Connections.The Copalis belonged to
the coastal division of the Salishan linguistic family.

Location.Copalis River and the Pacific Coast
between the mouth of Joe Creek and Grays
Harbor.

Population.Lewis and Clark in 1805
estimated a population of 200 Copalis in 10 houses. The 5 individuals assigned
to a "Chepalis" tribe in an enumeration given by Olson of the year 1888
probably refers to them.

Connections in which they have become
noted.The name Copalis is perpetuated in that of Copalis
River, and in the post villages of Copalis Beach and Copalis Crossing, Grays
Harbor County, Wash.

Nu-so-lupsh, name given by Indians not on the Sound to Upper Cowlitz and Upper
Chehalis.

Connections.The Cowlitz belonged to
the coastal division of the Salishan linguistic family, yet shared some
peculiarities with the inland
tribes.

Location.Most of the lower and all
the middle course of Cowlitz River. Later they were divided between Chehalis
and Puyallup Reservations.

Towns: Ray
(1932) gives: Awi'mani, at the mouth of Coweman River, south of Kelso, and
Manse'la, on site of Longiew. (See Curtis,
1907-9.)

Population.Mooney (1928) estimated
the number of the Cowlitz, along with the Chehalis, Humptulips, and some other
tribes, at 1,000 in 1780. In 1853 Gibbs stated that they and the Upper Chehalis
counted not more than 165. About 1887 there were 127 on Puyallup Reservation.
The census of 1910 returned 105. The United States Indian Office Report of 1923
gives 490, probably including other tribes.

Connections in which
they have become noted.The name Cowlitz is perpetuated by
Cowlitz River and Cowlitz Pass; by Cowlitz Glacier, which radiates from Mount
Ranier; and by Cowlitz County, Cowlitz Park, Cowlitz Chimney, Cowlitz Cleaver,
and some small towns in the same region.

Connections.The Duwamish belonged to
the Nisqually dialectic group of the coast division of the Salishan linguistic
stock.

Subdivisions and Villages: (According to
Smith, 1940)

A. The Duwamish River from its mouth up to and including
the Black and Cedar Rivers, with the following villages:

Dsidsila'letc,
at Yesler Way and Jackson St., Seattle. Duwe'kwulsh, at Maple Valley.
Kati'lbabsh, at the present town of Renton. Sakwe'kwewad, on Cedar River
about 2 miles from Renton. Skwa'lko, where the Black and White Rivers join
to form the Duwamish. Tkwabko', at south end of Lake Washington.
Tola'ltu, below Duwamish Head, Seattle. Tupa'thlteb, at the mouth of the
easternmost estuary of the Duwamish. Tuduwa'bsh, at the mouth of the
Duwamish River.

B. From where the Black River flows into the Duwamish
to the junction of the White and Green Rivers, including these
villages:

Stak and Tcutupa'lhu, on the east bank of the White River
between its junction with the Black River and the mouth of the Green
River.

C. The Green River villages:

Ila'lkoabsh, at the
junction of the Green and White Rivers. Su'sabsh, on Suise Creek.
Perhaps several groups of houses: (1) on the upper Green River, including
Tskoka'bid (at the bend now spanned by the highway bridge about 4 miles east of
Auburn); (2) on the north bank of the Robert Wooding Place; (3) on the Du Bois
Place, and (4) at the mouth of Newaukum Creek.

D. The White River
village, Sbalko'absh (on White River near a small stream at the southeast
corner of the present Muckleshoot Reservation and to the east on Boise
Creek).

E. The Lake Washington people, including the Thluwi'thalbsh (at
Union Bay), the Sammamish (at the mouth of Sammamish River), and the peoples of
Salmon Bay. In 1856 they were removed to the eastern shore of Bainbridge Island
but as the place lacked a fishing ground they were shortly afterward taken to
Holderness Point, on the west side of Eliot Bay, which was already a favorite
place for fishing. They are now under the Tulalip School
Superintendency.

Population.The Duwamish were
estimated by Mooney (1928), with the Suquamish and other tribes, at 1,200 in
1780. About 1856 they are variously given at from 64 to 312 The census of 1910
returned 20.

Connections in which they have become
noted.The Duwamish will be remembered mainly as one of the
tribes formerly located on the site of Seattle, and one of the two of which the
Indian who gave his name to that city was chief. The name Duwamish itself is
preserved in Duwamish River and in the name of a small
town.

Connections.The Hoh spoke the
Quileute language and were often considered part of the same tribe,
constituting one division of the Chimakuan linguistic stock and more remotely
connected with the Salishan
family.

Location.On Hoh River on the west
coast of Washington.

Population.Mooney (1928)
estimates 500 in the Hoh and the Quileute together in 1780. In 1905 the Hoh
numbered 62.

Connection in which they have become
noted.The name Hoh is preserved in that of the Hoh
River.

Connections.The Humptulips belonged
to the coastal division of the Salishan linguistic stock, being connected most
closely with the Chehalis.

Location.On the Humptulips River, and part of Grays Harbor, including also Hoquiam Creek and
Whiskam River.

Villages:

Hli'mumi (Curtis,
1907-9), near North Cove. Hoquiam, on Hoquiam Greek. Hooshkal (Gibbs),
on the north shore of Grays Harbor. Kishkallen (Gibbs), on the north shore
of Grays Harbor. Klimmim (Gibbs), 1877). Kplelch (Curtis), at the mouth
of North River. Kwapks (Curtis, 1907-9), at the mouth of North River.
Mo'nilumsh (Curtis), at Georgetown. Nooachhummik (Gibbs), on the coast
north of Grays Harbor. Nookalthu (Gibbs), north of Grays Harbor.
Nu'moihanhl (Curtis), at Tokeland. Whishkah, on Whishkah River.

These are placed under the Humptulips only on account of their locations as
described.

Population.See Chehalis. In 1888
according to Olsen 18 Humptulips were reported. In 1904 there were
21.

Connection in which they have become
noted.Humptulips River and a village in Grays Harbor
County preserve the name of the Humptulips Indians.

Kalispel. The Kalispel extended over into the
eastern edge of the State from
Idaho (q. v.).

Klickitat. From a Chinook term meaning "beyond" and having reference to
the Cascade Mountains. Also called:

Connections.The Klickitat belonged to
the Shahaptian division of the Shapwailutan linguistic
family.

Subdivisions and Villages:

Possibly
the Atanum or Atanumlema should be added to the Klickitat. Mooney (1928)
reports that their language was distinct from, though related to, both
Klickitat and Yakima.

The following villages are mentioned:

Itkilak or Ithlkilak, at White Salmon Landing, which they occupied jointly with
the Chilluckquittequaw. Nanshuit (occupied jointly with the
Chilluckquittequaw), at Underwood. Shgwaliksh, not far below Memaloose
Island. Tgasgutcu (occupied jointly with the Chilluckquittequaw), said to
be about 1/2 mile west of a long high mountain opposite Mosier, Oreg., and
about 1 mile above White Salmon Landing but the exact location seems to be in
doubt. Wiltkun (exact location
unknown).

History.The original home of the
Klickitat was somewhere south of the Columbia, and they invaded their later
territory after them Yakima crossed the river. In 1805 Lewis and Clark found
them wintering on Yakima and Klickitat Rivers. Taking advantage of the weakness
of the Willamette tribes following upon an epidemic of fever between 1820 and
1830, the Klickitat crossed the Columbia and forced their way as far south as
the valley of the Umpqua but were soon compelled to retire to their old seats.
They were active and enterprising traders, profiting by their favorable
location to become middlemen between the coast tribes and those living east of
the Cascades. They joined in the Yakima treaty at Camp Stevens, June 9, 1855,
by which they ceded their lands to the United States, and most of them settled
upon the Yakima
Reservation.

Population.Mooney (1928)
estimated that the Klickitat, including the Taitinapam, numbered 600 in 1780.
In 1805 Lewis and Clark placed their total population at about 700. The Census
of 1910 returned 405.

Connections in which they have become
noted.The Klickitat were early distinguished from other
tribes of central Washington owing to their propensity for trading. The name is
perpetuated in that of a small affluent of the Columbia and in the name of the
county, and a post village in the county.

Kwu-teh-ni, Kwalhioqua
name. Nu-so-lupsh, by Sound Indians, referring to the rapids of their
stream. Stak-ta-mish, a name for this and other inland tribes, meaning
"forest people." Upper Chehalis, common
name.

Connections.The Kwaiailk belonged to
the coastal division of the Salishan linguistic family but a part of them were
associated with the inland tribes by certain peculiarities of speech. Their
nearest relatives seem to have been the Cowlitz and
Chehalis.

Location.On the upper course of
Chehalis River.

Subdivisions and Villages:

Cloquallum, on Cloquallum
River.

Population.In 1855, according to Gibbs
(1877), the Kwaiailk numbered 216 but were becoming amalgamated with the
Cowlitz. (See Chehalis.)

Kwalhioqua. From their Chinook designation,
meaning "a lonely place in the woods." Also called:

Axwe'lapc, "people
of the Willapa," by the Chinook and Quinault Indians. Gila'q¡ulawas, from
the name of the place where they usually lived. Owhillapsh or Willapa,
applied to this tribe erroneously. Tkulhiyogoa'ikc, Chinook
name.

Location.On
the upper course of Willopah River, and the southern and western headwaters of
the Chehalis. Gibbs (1877) extends their territory eastward of the Cascades,
but Boas (1892) doubts the correctness of this.

Subdivisions:

Suwal, on headwaters of the
Chehalis. Wela'pakote'li, on Willapa
River.

Population.Mooney (1928) estimated 200
in 1780; Hale (1846) gives about 100, but in 1850 it is said that only 2 males
and several females survived, which indicates that an error had been made by
one or the other.

Connection in which they have become
noted.The Kwalhioqua were distinguished almost solely by
the fact that they belonged to the great Athapascan group yet were the only
tribe of that stock in the State of Washington in historic times, having become
entirely isolated from their relatives.

Nukhlésh, by the
Skagit, who also included the Clallam in the
designation.

Connections.The Lummi belonged
to the coastal district of the Salishan linguistic family and spoke, according
to Boas (1911), the same dialect as the Songish of Vancouver
Island.

Location.On the upper part of
Bellingham Bay and about the mouth of Nooksack River. Formerly the Lummi are
said to have resorted at times to a group of islands east of Vancouver Island.
They were finally placed on Lummi Reservation.

Villages: (According to Stern, 1934)

Elek, near
the upper end of Bellingham Bay. Hwetlkiem, near the upper and of
Bellingham Bay west of Nooksack River. Kwakas, on the north side of
Nooksack River. Momli, near the mouth of Nooksack River. Skalisan,
north of Point Francis and opposite Lummi Island.

The following fishing
stations are also cited:

Hoholos, a point on Orcas Island south of
Freeman Island. Hwitcosang, in Upright Channel south of Shaw Island.
Hwtcihom or Bee Station, north of Sandy Point. Skalekushan or Village
Point, on Lummi Island. Skolete, on Lopez Island opposite Lopez.
Tceltenem, Point Roberts. Tlkwoloks, on Orcas
Island.

Population.Mooney (1928) estimates
the number of Lummi at 1,000 in 1780, including the Samish and Nooksack. In
1905 there were 412; according to the census of 1910, 353; according to the
United States Indian Office Report for 1923, 505; and according to that for
1937, 661.

Connection in which they have become
noted.Lummi River, Washington preserves the
name.

Population.Together with the
Ozette, the Makah were estimated by Mooney (1928) to number 2,000 in 1780, a
figure evidently based on that given by Lewis and Clark in 1805. In 1905 there
were 435, the census of 1910 gave 360, and the United States Indian Office
Report for 1923 gave 425, including the people of Ozette. In 1937, 407 were
returned besides the Ozette Indians.

Connection in which they have
become noted.The Makah and the Ozette are peculiar as the
only tribes of the Nootka group and the Wakashan stock in the United
States.

Smith (1940) adds Dothliuk, at South Prairie below
where Cole Creek enters South Prairie Creek, an affluent of Carbon
River.

Population.The Muckleshoot are
probably included in the 1,200 "Nisqually, Puyallup, etc." estimated by Mooney
(1928) as in existence in 1780. The Skopamish numbered 222 in 1863 and the
Smulkamish about 183 in 1870. Mooney estimated a total of 780 in 1907 for the
group above given. In 1937 the United States Office of Indian Affairs reported
194 Indians of this tribe.

Connection in which they have become
noted.The name of the Muckleshoot is preserved in that of
Muckleshoot Indian Reservation.

Neketemeuk. A supposed Salishan tribe placed by Teit's
informants at an early period near and above the Dalles. Ray (1932), however
discredits the existence of an independent tribe of this
name.

Nez
Percé. The Nez Percé occupied territory in
the extreme southeastern part of the state. (See
Idaho.)

Nisqually. From Skwale'absh, the native name of Nisqually River. Also
spelled Quallyamish, and Skwalliahmish. Also called:

Askwalli,
Calapooya name. Ltsxe'als, Nestucca name. Suketi'kenuk,
Sukoti'kenuk, by
Columbia Indians along with all other coast people, meaning "people of the
other side," with reference to the Cascades. Tse Skua'lli ami'm, Luckamiut
Kalapooian name.

Connections.They gave their
name to one dialectic division of the coastal division of the Salishan
linguistic stock.

Location.On Nisqually River
above its mouth and on the middle and upper courses of Puyallup River.

Subdivisions and Villages:

Basha'labsh, on Mashell
Creek and neighboring Nisqually River, the town on a highland below Eatonville
on Mashell Creek. Sakwi'absh, Clear Creek and neighboring Nisqually River,
the main settlement on a hill near the junction of Clear Creek and the
Nisqually River. Sigwa'letcabsh, on Segualitcu River, the main settlement
where Dupont Creek enters the Sqwualitcu River. Tsakwe'kwabsh, on Clarks
Creek and neighboring Puyallup River, the main settlement where Clarks Creek
empties into Puyallup River, but seems to have included also Skwa'dabsh, at the
mouth of a creek entering Wappato Creek above the Wappato Creek village.
Sta'habsh, where the Stuck River enters the Puyallup. Tsuwa'diabsh, on what
is now the Puyallup River above its junction with the Carbon, and just below
the site of the Soldiers' Home. Tuwha'khabsh, above Ortig where Vogt Creek
enters the Carbon River. Yisha'ktcabsh, on Nisqually Lake, the principal
settlement being at the mouth of a sizable creek. Yokwa'lsshabsh, on Muck
Creek and the neighboring parts of Nisqually River, the main settlement located
where Muck Creek enters Nisqually River, and a division on Clover
Creek.

Population.Mooney (1928) estimated
that in 1780 there were about 3,600 Nisqually of whom, in 1907, between 1,100
and 1,200 survived. About 1,100 were returned in the census of 1910, but the
Indian Office Report for 1937 gives only 62, evidently a minor tribe which gave
its name to the larger body.

Connection in which they have become
noted.The memory of the Nisqually tribe, or cluster of
bands, has been preserved in the name of Nesqually or Nisqually River, and in
the post village of Nisqually in Thurston County.

Population.In
1906, 200 Nooksack were officially returned, but Hill-Tout (1902) states that
in 1902 there were only about 6 true male members of the tribe. The census of
1910 gives 85 under this name, and the Report of the United States Office of
Indian Affairs for 1937 returned 239. (See Lummi.)

Connection in
which they have become noted.Nooksack River and Nooksack
town in Whatcom County, Washington, preserve the name.

Ntlakyapamuk. The southern bands of this tribe hunted over
in the territory now embraced in Washington. (See
Canada.)

Okanagon. From the native term Okana'qen, Okanaqe'nix, or Okina'qen. The
name is derived from some place on the Okanogan River, near Okanogan Falls at
the mouth of the Similkameen, where is said to have been the headquarters of a
large band of the tribe and is even given as the place of origin of the entire
tribe. Also called:

Connections.The Okanagon belonged to
the interior division of the Salishan stock, but their closest relatives were
the Sanpoil, Colville, and Senijextee.

Location.On Okanagan River above
the mouth of the Similkameen to the Canadian border and in British Columbia
along the shores of Okanagan Lake and in the surrounding country; in later
times they have displaced an Athapascan tribe and part of the Ntlakyapamuk from
the Similkameen Valley. (See also
Canada.)

Subdivisions and
Villages: The Similkameen Okanagon were divided into
three bands, the Okanagon proper into four; with the villages belonging to
each, they are as follows:

Upper Similkameen Band:

Ntkaihelok (Ntkai'xelôx), about 11 miles below Princeton, north side of Similkameen
River. Snazaist (Snäzäi'st), on the north shore of Similkameen River, a
little east of Twenty-mile Creck and the town of Hedley. Tcutcuwiha
(Tcutcuwî'xa) or Tcutcawiha (Tcutcawi'xa), on the north side of Similkameen
River, a little below the preceding.

Ashnola Band:

Ashnola (Acnu'lôx), on the south side of Similkameen River, near the mouth of Ashnola
Creek. Nsrepus (Nsre'pus) or Skanek, .sa'nEx, a little below the Ashnola,
but on the north side of Similkameen River.

Lower Similkameen
Band:

KekerEmyeaus (KekerEmye'aus), across Similkameen River from Keremyeus. Keremyeus
(KerEmye'us), on the north side of Similkameen River,
near Keremeos. Nkura-elok (Nkurae'lôx), on the south side of Similkameen
River and about 4 miles below KerEmyeaus. Ntleuktan (Ntleuxta'n), on the
south side of Similkameen River, opposite Skemkain. Skemkain (Skemquai'n),
a short distance below Nkuraelok. Smelalok (Smela'lox), on the south side
of Similkameen River, about 10 miles below Nsrepus.

To the villages
listed above must be added the following old Similkameen village sites in
Washington:

Hepulok (Xe'pulôx). Konkonetp (Ko'nkonetp), near the mouth of
Similkameen River. Kwahalos (Kwaxalo's), a little back from Similkameen
River, below Hepulok. Naslitok (Na.sli'tok), just across the International
Boundary in Washington. Skwa'nnt, below Kwahalos. Tsakeiskenemuk
(Tsakei'sxEnEmux), on a creek along the trail between Keremeous and
Penticton. Tseltsalo's, below Kwahalos.

Douglas Lake Band:

Kathlemik (Ka.'lEmix), near Guichons, at the mouth of the Upper Nicola River,
where it falls into Nicola Lake. Komkonatko (Komkona'tko) or Komkenatk
(KomkEna'tkk), at Fish Lake on the headwaters of the Upper Nicola River.
Kwiltcana (Kwiltca'na) at the mouth of Quilchene Creek. Spahamen
(Spa'xamEn) or Spahamen (Spa'xEmEn), at Douglas Lake.

Komaplix or Head
of the Lake Band:

Nkamapeleks (Nkama'pElEks) or Nkomapeleks (Nkoma'pElEks), near the head of Okanagan Lake, about 8 miles north of
Vernon. Nkekemapeleks (Nkekema'pElEks), at the head of Long Lake, a little
over a mile from Vernon. Nkokosten (Nxok.o'stEn), a place near Kelowna, and
also a general name for the district around there and Mission. Skelaunna
(SkEla'un.na), at Kelowna, near the present town. Sntlemukten
(SntlEmuxte'n), (Black Town), a little north of the head of Okanagan Lake.
Stekatelkeneut (Stekatelxene'ut), a little above Mission (?) on Long Lake
opposite Tselotsus. Tseketku (Tse'kEtku), at a small lake a little north of
Black Town. Tselotsus (TsElo'tsus), at the narrows of Long Lake.
Tskelhokem (TsxElho'qEm), near the lower end of Long Lake about 19 miles south
of Vernon.

Penticton Band:

Penticton (Penti'ktEn), Penticton,
near the foot of Okanagan Lake. Stekatkothlkneut (StEkatkolxne'ut) or
Stekatethlkeneut (StEkatElxEne'ut), on the opposite side of Long Lake from
Mission.

Nkamip Band:

Nkamip (Nkami'p), on the east side of the
upper end of Osoyoos Lake.
Sci'yus, near Haynes or the old customhouse just
north of the American line. Skohenetk (Sxoxene'tkuu), at the lower end of
Dog Lake.

To the villages listed above must be added the following
names of old village sites on Okanagan River south of the Canadian
line:

Milkemahituk (MilkEmaxi-tuk) or Milkemihituk
(MilkEmixi'tuk), a
general name for the district around the mouth of Similkameen River and of the
river itself. Okinaken (Okina'qen), an old name for Sathlilk. Sathlilk
(Sah'lxu), near the mouth of Similkameen River. SmElkammin
(Smelkammi'n),
thought to be the old name of a place at the mouth of Similkameen
River.

History.The history of the Okanagon
differed little from that of the Ntlakyapamuk and other neighboring tribes
except that they were affected by the fact that a part of them were on the
south side of the International Boundary. During the last two centuries,
however, there has been a steady movement of the tribe northward, where they
have displaced the Shuswap, who once hunted down to the head of Okanagan Lake
and in the hinterland on the east side of it down to the latitude of Penticton.
They have also displaced the Stuwik(?) and the Ntlakyapamuk in the Similkameen
Valley.

Population.Mooney (1928) estimated
that there were about 2,200 Okanagon in 1780. Teit (1900) gives the population
as between 2,500 and 3,000. In 1905, according to the Canadian and United
States Departments of Indian Affairs, there were 1,516 Indians belonging to
this tribe, including 824 in Canada and 692 in the United States. In 1906 the
numbers were given as 824 and 527, respectively.

Connections in
which they have become noted.The name of the Okanagon in
the form Okanogan has been given to a county, a town in that county, a
precinct, and a river in the State of Washington, and in the form Okanagan to a
lake and a town in British Columbia.

Pallotepellows, by Lewis and Clark in 1806. .spalu'.sox, so
called by Sinkiuse, said to be from a place
name.

Connections.The Palouse belonged to the
Shahaptian division of the Shapwailutan linguistic stock, and were most closely
connected with the Nez Percé.

Location.In the
valley of Palouse River in Washington and Idaho and on a small section of Snake
River, extending eastward to the camas grounds near Moscow, Idaho. The Palouse
were included in the Yakima treaty of 1865 but have never recognized the treaty
obligations and have declined to lead a reservation life.

Subdivisions and Villages:

Almotu, on the north
bank of Snake River about 30 miles above the mouth of Palouse River.
Chimnapum, on the northwest side of Columbia River near the mouth of Snake
River and on lower Yakima River. Kasispa, at Ainsworth, at the function of
Snake and Columbia Rivers, Wash. Palus, on the north bank of Snake River
just below its junction with the Palouse. Sokulk or Wanapum, on Columbia
River above the mouth of Snake River. Tasawiks, on the north bank of Snake
River, about 15 miles above its
mouth.

History.The Palouse are said to have
separated from the
Yakima.

Population.Estimated by Mooney (1928)
at 5,400 in 1780. In 1805 Lewis and Clark gave 1,600. In 1854 they were said to
number 500. The census of 1910 returned 82.

Connection in which
they have become noted.Palouse or Pelouse River, in Idaho
and Washington, and the city of Palouse in Whitman County, Washington, preserve
the name of the Palouse Indians.

Connections.The Puyallup belonged to
the Nisqually dialectic group of the Coastal division of the Salishan
linguistic family.

Location.At the mouth of
Puyallup River and the neighboring coast, including Carr Inlet and the southern
part of Vashon Island.

Subdivisions and
Villages:

Esha'ktlabsh, on Hylebos Waterway.
Kalka'lak, at the mouth of Wappato Creek. Klbalt, at Glencove. Puyallup
or Spwiya'laphabsh, on Commencement Bay and Puyallup River as far up as the
mouth of Clarks Creek, including the main settlement of the same name at the
mouth of Puyallup River. Sha'tckad, where Clay Creek empties into the
Puyallup River. Sko'tlbabsh, on Carr Inlet, including a Sko'tlbabsh
settlement on Carr Inlet above the town of Minter. Skwapa'bsh, on the south
part of Vashon Island and the land west of the Narrows, including a town of the
same name at the mouth of a stream at Gig Harbor. Skwlo'tsid, at the head
of Wollochet Bay. Steilacoom, on Steilacoom Creek and the neighboring
beach, the main village on the present site of Steilacoom. Tsugwa'lethl, at
Quartermaster Harbor. Tule'lakle, at the head of Burley Lagoon, Carr
Inlet. Twa'debshab, at the mouth of a creek formerly entering Commencement
Bay and now covered by
Tacoma.

Population.(See Nisqually.) The
report of the United States Office of Indian Affairs for 1937 gave 322
Puyallup.

Connections in which they have become
noted.The name Puyallup is preserved by a river, an Indian
reservation, a glacier, an important town in Pierce County, and in the ridge
called Puyallup Cleaver.

Connections.The Queets belonged to
the Coastal division of the Salishan linguistic family and were most intimately
related to their neighbors to the south, the
Quinault.

Location.On Queets River and its
branches.

Population.Lewis and Clark in 1805
estimated that the Queets numbered 250. They then occupied 18 houses. Mooney
(1928) estimated that in 1780 they and the Quinault together numbered 1,500,
but Olson (1936) regards this figure as too high. Olson prints an estimate of
82 as their present population, including 23 males over 18, 32 females over 14,
and 16 children between 6 and 16. In 1909 there were
62.

Connection in which they have become
noted.The name of the Queets is perpetuated in that of
Queets River.

Connections.Together with the Hoh
and Chimakum, the Quileute constituted the Chimakuan linguistic family which is
possibly more remotely related to Wakashan and
Salishan.

Location.On Quilayute River, on the
west coast of Washington. They are now on the Quileute and Makah
Reservations.

Population (including the
Hoh).Mooney (1928) estimates that in 1780 there were of
the Quileute and the Hoh 500 Indians. Olson (1936) quotes a figure of 64 in
1888. The census of 1910 returned 303 and the United States Office of Indian
Affairs in 1937 gave 284.

Connection in which they have become
noted.The town of Quillayute in Clallam County, preserves
the name of the Quileute and it was formerly that of Soleduck River. Otherwise
the tribe is particularly noted on account of the uniqueness of its language,
which was spoken by no other known tribes except the Hoh and Chimakum (q.
v.).

Quinault. A corruption of kwi'nail, the name of the largest settlement
situated at the present site of the village (Taholah) at the mouth of the
Quinault River.

Connections.The Quinault
belonged to the coastal division of the Salishan linguistic
family.

Location.The valley of Quinault River and the Pacific coast between Raft River and Joe Creek.

Subdivisions:

Lewis and Clark mention a division or
associated band called Calasthocle.

Towns:
(Olson's (1936) list modified phonetically)

A'alatsis, 3 miles below
Lake Quinault. Djagaka'lmik, 1/2 mile above Nosklako's. Djekwe'ls, on
the north bank of Quinault River about 400 yards above Thlathle'-lap).
Gutse'lps, 6 miles below Lake Quinault. Hagwi'shtap, about 1 1/2 miles
above Cook Creek. He'shnithl or Kuku'mnithl, on the south bank of Quinault
River about 500 yards above Pini'lks. Kwakwa'h, not far from
Hagwi'shtap. Kwakwa'nikatctan, 4 miles below Lake Quinault.
Kwatai'tamik, 3 miles above Kwakwa'h. Kwatai'tumik, on the south bank about
500 yards above Kwi'naithl. Kwikwa'la, perhaps 1/2 mile above
Sunuksunu'ham. Kwi'naithl, at present site of Taholah. Lae'lsnithl, on
north bank a mile or less above Heshnithl. La'lshithl, perhaps a mile above
Djagaka'lmik on Quinault River. Ma'atnithl, 1 mile below the fork of upper
Quinault River. Magwa'ksnithl, 300 yards above Kwikwa'la.
Me'tsugutsathlan, on south bank of Quinault River at its mouth.
Nago'olatcan, not far from Nossho'k. Negwe'thlan, at the mouth of Cook
Creek. Nokedja'kt or Thla'a'lgwap, on south bank a few hundred yards above
Tonans. Nomi'lthlostan, just above Kwakwa'h. No'omo'thlapsh, at mouth
of Moclips River, which bears his name in a corrupted form.
No'omo'thlapshtcu, not far above Magwa'ksnithl. No'skathlan, a few miles
above Kwi'naithl, on the north bank of Quinault River. Noskthlako's, on
south bank of Quinault River perhaps 1 mile above No'skathlan. Nossho'k,
not far above Nokedja'kt. No'sthluk, not far from Djekwe'ls.
Pina'alathl, located where the upper Quinault River enters Lake Quinault.
Pini'lks, close to La'lshithl. Pino'otcan tci'ta, on the upper Quinault
below Ma'anithl. Po'iks, on the upper Quinault above Finley Creek.
Pote'lks, 1 mile above Tsimi'sh. Sunuksunu'ham, not far from
Nomi'lthlostan. Tamo'ulgutan, just below No'omo'thlapshtcu.
Tci'tano'sklakalathl, at the outlet of Lake Quinault. Thlathle'lap, at the
mouth of Quinault River and on the north bank. To'nans, less than 1/2 mile
above He'shnithl. Tsi'i'sh, 2 miles above
Magwaksnithl.

Population.Lewis and Clark in
1805 estimated 800 Quinault proper and 200 Calasthocle. Mooney (1928) estimated
1,500 in 1780 including the Quaitso, but Olson (1936) suggests 800 and regards
that as too high if anything. This would reduce Mooney's figure considerably
since the Quaitso were a much smaller tribe. A tabulation recovered by Olson
but believed to be from some Indian agent gave 95 Quinault in 1888. The Indian
Office figure for the two tribes in 1907 was 196. The census of 1910, however,
returned 288, presumably including the Quaitso. In 1923 the Indian Office
returned 719 on the Quinault Reservation, perhaps representing several tribes,
but that for 1937 gave 1,228 of the Quinault alone.

Connection in
which they have become noted.Quinault Lake and River and a
small town, all in Grays Harbor County, preserve the name of the
Quinault.

Connections.The Sahehwamish
belonged to the Nisqually dialectic group of the coastal division of the
Salishan linguistic stock.

Location.On the
innermost inlets of Puget Sound as indicated by the positions of the
subdivisions given below.

Subdivisions:

Elo'sedabsh, on Medicine Creek and the lower reaches of Nisqually River,
including a main settlement at the mouth of Nisqually River and Tuda'dab, at
the mouth of McAllister or Medicine Creek. Sahehwamish or Sahe'wabsh, on
Shelton Inlet, including the main settlement of Sahe'wabsh, at Arcadia, and a
village opposite the town of Shelton. Skwaysithlhabsh, on Mud Bay or Eld
Inlet. Statca'sabsh, on Budd Inlet, with its principal settlement at
Tumwater. Tapi'ksdabsh, with its main settlement on Oyster Bay or Totten
Inlet below the town of Oyster Bay. Tutse'tcakl, on South Bay or Henderson
Inlet, between the creek at the head and that on the
south.

Population.The group to which this
tribe belonged is estimated by Mooney (1928) to have numbered 1,200 in 1780,
and he gives 780 for the year 1907.

Connection.The Samish belonged to
the coastal division of the Salishan linguistic
family.

Location.On Samish Bay and Samish
Island, Guemes Island, and the northwest portion of Fidalgo Island. The Samish
were later placed on Lummi Reservation.

Villages:

Atse'ked, on the south side of the slough
at Edison on Samish Bay. Dikwi'bthl. Gunguna'la, on Guemes Island
facing west toward Cypress Island. Hwaibathl, at Anacortes. Kwalo'l, at
Summit Park on Fidalgo Bay. Nukhwhaiimikhl, on the southwest side of Guemes
Island.

The name of the last village listed above is from Gibbs (1877)
and may be another name for Gunguna'la, and Gibbs' Aseakum is perhaps
Atse'ked.

Population.Mooney (1928) estimates
the Samish tribe, together with the Lummi and Nooksack, at 1,000 in 1780. No
later estimate is given.

Connection in which they have become
noted.Samish River, Samish Bay, Samish Island, and a post
hamlet on Bellingham Bay perpetuate the name of the Samish
Indians.

Sanpoil. A native word in spite of its French aspect; meaning unknown.
Also called:

Hai-ai'-nima, by the Yakima. Ipoilq, another Yakima
name. Nesilextci'n, .n.selixtci'n, by Sanpoil, and probably meaning
"Salish-speaking." N'poch-le, a shortened form of the
name.

Connections.The Sanpoil belonged to
the inland division of the Salishan linguistic stock, and were related most
closely to its eastern section.

Location.On
Sanpoil River and Nespelem Creek and on the Columbia below Big Bend. They were
later placed on Sanpoil and Colville Reservations.

Subdivisions
and Villages: The Nespelim of Nespelem Creek were often
given independent status. Ray gives the following villages and camps:

Nespelim villages:

Haimisahun, a summer settlement of the Suspiluk, on
the north bank of Columbia River about a half mile above the mouth of Nespelem
River. Masmasalimk, home of the Smasmasalimkuwa, approximately a mile and a
half above Skik. Nekuktshiptin, home of the Snekuktshiptimuk, at the site
of the present Condon's Ferry, on the north side of the river. Nspilem,
home of the Snspiluk, on the lower Nespelem from the falls to the mouth of the
river. Salkuahuwithl, home of the Salkuahuwithlau, across the river from
the present town of Barry. Skik, home of the Skik, about a mile above
Salkuahuwithl on the same side of the river. Skthlamchin, fishing grounds
of the Salkuahuwithlau, across the river from the mouth of the Grand
Coulee.

Sanpoil villages:

Enthlukaluk, about a mile and a half
north of the mouth of the river. Hahsulauk, home of the Shahsulauhuwa, near
Plum. Hulalst, home of the S-hulalstu, at Whitestone, about 8 miles above
Npuiluk. Hwatsam, a winter camp, about 3 miles above Snukeilt.
Kakamkam, on the islands in the Sanpoil River a short distance above the
mouth. Kathlpuspusten, home of the Kathlpuspustenak, about a mile above
Plum, on the opposite side of the river. Ketapkunulak, on the banks of the
Columbia just east of the Sanpoil River. Naak, home of the Snaakau, about a
mile below Plum but on the north side of the river. Nhohogus, fishing
grounds of the S-hulalstu. Npokstian, a winter camp, about 2 miles above
Hwatsam. Npuiluk, home of the Snpuiluk, at the mouth of Sanpoil River, made
up of the following camps: Snkethlkukwiliskanan, near the present landing of
the Keller ferry; a branch of the last called by the same name, several hundred
yards north of the first between the cliff and the Sanpoil River, on the west
side; Kethltselchin, on the first bench above the Columbia, west of the Sanpoil
River. Nthlahoitk, a winter camp of the Snpuiluk, about halfway between
Skthlamchin and Naak. Saamthlk, home of the Saamthlk, on the opposite side
of the river from Kathlpuspusten. Skekwilk, on the west side of Sanpoil
River about a mile above the mouth. Snputlem, on the east bank of Sanpoil
River, about an eighth of a mile above the mouth. Snukeilt, home of the
Snukeiltk, on the west side of Columbia River about 1/2 mile above the mouth
of Spokane River Tkukualkuhun, home of the Stkukualkuhunak, at Rodger's Bar
just across the river from Hunters. Tsaktsikskin, a winter camp of the
Snpuiluk, about a half mile below Naak. Wathlwathlaskin, home of the
Swathlwathlaskink, 1/2 mile up the river from Nthlahoitk.

Temporary
camp sites of the Sanpoil on Sanpoil River; beginning with the first temporary
camp beyond Npuiluk:

Enluhulak, about 3 miles above the mouth of the
river. Ksikest, on the west side of the river about halfway between the
Columbia river and Keller. Aklaiyuk, 1/2 mile above Ksikest.
Snkloapeten, a short distance below Keller. Pupesten, at the present site
of Keller. Nmhoyam, about a quarter of a mile north of Keller.
Nhwiipam, a mile above Alice Creek on the east side of the river.
Seaachast, at Alice Creek. Achhulikipastem, about half a mile north of
Alice Creek. Nloklokekuelikten, about 2 miles south of Cash Creek.
Nhatlchinitk, on the west side of the river at Cash Creek. Snthulusten, on
the east side of the river at the foot of a cliff, about 1/4 mile above Cash
Creek. Nlupiam, 1 1/2 miles above Snthulusten, on the same side of the
river. Slakumulemk, directly across the river from Nlupiam. Nklakachin,
on the east side of the river, at Thirty-mile Creek. Malt, 1/2 mile above
Thirty-mile Creek. Lulukhum, at Devil's Elbow.

The following
possible camp sites are higher up:

Akthlkapukwithlp, 8 miles below West
Fork. Kthliipus, at the present site of Republic. Tkwiip, near the
creek at West Fork.

Population.Mooney (1928)
estimates 800 Sanpoil in 1780 but Ray (1932) raises this to 1,600-1,700, and
considers that there were about 1,300 immediately following the middle of the
nineteenth century. In 1905 the United States Indian Office returned 324
Sanpoil and 41 Nespelim; in 1910 the census gave 240 and 46; in 1913, as the
result of a survey, the Office of Indian Affairs returned 202 and
43.

Connection in which they have become
noted.Sanpoil River, a northern tributary of the Columbia,
perpetuates the name of the Sanpoil. Nespelem River is named for the subgroup,
and a town.

Lake Indians, a
popular name for them because they lived on the Arrow
Lakes.

Connections.The Senijextee belonged to
the inland division of the Salishan linguistic stock, and were most closely
connected with the Sanpoil.

Location.On both
sides of the Columbia River from Kettle Falls to the Canadian boundary, the
valley of Kettle River, Kootenay River from its mouth to the first falls, and
the region of the Arrow Lakes, B. C. The Lake Indians on the American side were
placed on Colville
Reservation.

Population.Mooney (1928)
estimates their numbers at 500 in 1780. In 1909 the United States Office of
Indian Affairs reported 342 on Colville Reservation. The census of 1910
identifies them with the Colville and returns 785.

Sinkaietk. Significance unknown; an Anglicized form of their own
name.

Connections.The Sinkaietk are sometimes
classed with the Okanagon, and called Lower Okanagon, both constituting a
dialectic group of interior Salishan
Indians.

Location.Okanagan River from its
mouth nearly to the mouth of the Similkameen.

Subdivisions:

Kartar, from the foot of Lake Omak to
the Columbia River. Konkonelp, winter sites, from about 3 miles above
Malott to the turn of the Okanagan River at Omak. Tonasket, from Riverside
upstream to Tonasket. Tukoratum, winter sites, from Condon's Ferry on the
Columbia to the mouth of the Okanagan River and up the latter to about 4 miles
above Monse, Wash. Ray (1932) mentions four villages belonging to the Kartar
and Tukoratum Bands.

Connections.The
Skagit belonged to the coastal division of the Salishan linguistic
stock.

Location.On Skagit and Stillaguamish
Rivers except about their mouths.

Subdivisions and
Villages: (Smith, 1941)

Base'lelotsed, on Skagit
River from Van Horn to roughly 3 miles above Rockport and Sauk River almost to
the mouth of Suiattle, including the village of Tca'gwalk, at the mouth of Sauk
River. Baska'dsadsiuk, on the south bank of Skagit River from Hamilton to
Birdsview, including a village opposite Hamilton. Baske'kwiuk, on Skagit
River above Rockport, including a village at Marble Mount at the mouth of the
Cascade River. Baslo'halok, on the north bank of the Skagit from Hamilton
to Birdsview, including a settlement at Hamilton. Duwa'ha, on the mainland
drainages from South Bellingham to Bayview including part of Lake Whatcom, Lake
Samish and Samish River, including the village of Batsla'thllaos, at Bayview on
Padilla Bay. Nookachamps, on Skagit River from Mount Vernon to Sedro
Woolley and Nookachamps River drainage including Big Lake, including a village
back of Mount Vernon just below the concrete bridge, and Tsla'tlabsh on Big
Lake. Sauk, on Sauk River above the confluence of the Suiattle River,
including a settlement on Sauk prairie above Darrington. Sba'leuk, on
Skagit River from above Birdsview to above Concrete, including a village at
Concrete. Sikwigwi'lts, on Skagit River from Sedro Woolley to below Lyman,
including a village on the flats near Sedro Woolley. Stillaguamish, on
Stillaguamish River from Arlington up, including villages at Arlington and
Trafton. Suiattle, on Suiattle River, including a village not far about the
mouth of Suiattle River. Tcubaa'bish, on Skagit River from Lyman to below
Hamilton, including Day Creek drainage, and including a village at the mouth of
Dry Creek.

Population.The Skagit population
is given by Mooney (1928), with the Swinomish and some other tribes, as 1,200
in 1780. Bibbs (1877) estimated there were 300 Skagit proper in 1853. The
census of 1910 returned 56 under this name. In 1923 the United States Indian
Office entered 221 "Swinomish" in their returns, including evidently the Skagit
and some other tribes; in 1937 it gave an estimate of 200
Skagit.

Connection in which they have become
noted.Skagit River, which flows into Puget Sound, Skagit
County, and a post hamlet preserve the name of the Skagit
Indians.

Connections.The Skilloot belonged to
the Clackamas dialectic division of the Chinookan linguistic
family.

Location.On both sides of Columbia
River above and below the mouth of Cowlitz River. (See also
Oregon.)

Subdivisions and Villages:

Cooniac (at Oak Point on
the south side of Columbia River, below the mouth of the Cowlitz, in the
present Columbia County, Oregon) was their principal village in later times.
The Hullooetell, reported to Lewis and Clark as a numerous nation north of
Columbia River on Cowlitz and Lewis Rivers, may have been a subdivision,
although perhaps Salishan. The Seamysty, at the mouth of Cowlitz River before
1835, were undoubtedly a Skilloot band and the Thlakalama and Tlakatlala of
Boas (1901, and personal information 1905), at the mouth of Kalama river,
about 3 miles above Oak Point, had best be
added.

Population.Mooney (1928) estimates the
number of Skilloot at 3,250 in 1780 including 250 Tlakalama. In 1806 Lewis and
Clark give 2,500 and in 1850 Lane places the Skilloot population at 200. They
have now entirely disappeared as an independent group.

Connections.The Skin belonged to the
Shahaptian division of the Shapwailutan linguistic
stock.

Location.On Columbia River from the
Dalles to a point about 75 miles above.

Villages:

Ka'sawi, on the Columbia opposite the
mouth of Umatilla River. Skin, opposite the mouth of Deschutes River.
Uchi'chol, on the north bank of the Columbia in Klickitat County.
Waiya'mpam, about Celilo.

Eneeshur is used by Lewis and Clark for part
of the above people, perhaps all of
them.

Population.Mooney (1928) includes the
skin in a group under the general name Tapanash, which he estimates to have
numbered 2,200 in 1780.

Snohomish. Meaning unknown but evidently the name of a
place. Also called:

Ashnuhumsh, Kalapuya
name.

Connections.The Snohomish belonged to
the Nisqually dialectic group of the coastal division of the Salishan
linguistic stock.

Location.On the lower
course of Snohomish River and on the southern end of Whidbey Island.

Subdivisions and Villages:

Sdugwadskabsh, the south
portion of Whidbey Island, including villages opposite Mukilteo on Whidbey
(Neg

ua'sx) Island and at Newell on Useless Bay. Skwilsi'diabsh,
from Preston Point, above Everett, to the southern tip of Camano Island,
including a village at Marysville and Tcatcthlks opposite Tulalip on Tulalip
Bay. Snohomish, Port Gardner Bay and Snohomish River as far up as
Snohomish, including Tctlaks at Everett on the south side of the mouth of
Snohomish River and Hibolb on the north side of its mouth. Tukwetlbabsh, on
Snohomish River from Snohomish to Monroe, including villages at Snohomish at
the mouth of Pilchuck Creek and below Monroe 2 miles from the confluence of the
Skykomish and the
Snoqualmie.

Population.Mooney (1928)
estimated the population of the Snohomish, the Snoqualmie, the Tulalip, and
some others at 1,200 in 1780. In 1850 there were 350 Snohomish. The census of
1910 gives 664, evidently including other bands, and the United States Office
of Indian Affairs, 667 in 1937.

Connections in which they have
become noted.The name of the Snohomish is perpetuated in
Snohomish River, Snohomish County, and a city in that
county.

Connections.The
Snoqualmie belonged to the Nisqually branch of the coastal division of the
Salishan linguistic family.

Location.On Snoqualmie and Skykomish Rivers.

Subdivisions and
Villages:

Skykomish, on Skykomish River above Sultan, and
on the same below Goldbar. Snoqualmie, on Snoqualmie River, including
villages at Cherry Valley, on Snoqualmie River opposite the mouth of Tolt
River; at Fall City; and below Snoqualmie Falls. Stakta'ledjabsh, on
Skykomish River as far up as Sultan, including Sultan Creek, including villages
above Monroe at the mouth of Sultan Creek and on Sultan Creek 4 miles above
its mouth.

Population.(See Snohomish.) The
population of the Snoqualmie alone was reported as 225 in
1857.

Connections in which they have become
noted.The name of the Snoqualmie is perpetuated by
Snoqualmie River and a town upon it in King County.

Spokan. Phonetically Spoke'.n or spo.qe'in); said by some to signify
"Sun people," though this origin is doubtful. Also called:

Lêcle'cuks, Wasco name probably intended for this tribe. Lar-ti-e-lo,
by Lewis and Clark in 1806. S

Enoxami'naEx, by the Okanagon, from their
principal division. SEntutu' or SEnoxma'n, by the Upper Kutenai from the
Salish names for the Middle and Little Spokan
respectively.

Connections.The Spokan belonged
to the inland division of the Salishan linguistic stock, and were most closely
connected with the Kalispel, Pend d'Oreilles, Sematuse, and
Salish.

Location.On the Spokane and Little
Spokane Rivers, southward to, and perhaps, including Cow Creek, and northward
to include all of the northern feeders of the Spokane. (See also
Idaho and
Montana.)

Subdivisions:

The Lower Spokan
(about the mouth and on the lower part of Spokane River, including the present
Spokane Indian reserve), the Upper Spokan or Little Spokan (occupying the
valley of the Little Spokane River and all the country east of the lower
Spokane to within the borders of Idaho), the South or Middle Spokan (occupying
at least the lower part of Hangmans Creek, extending south along the borders of
the Skitswish).

History.Like so many other
tribes of the Columbia region, the Spokan enter the arena of history with the
appearance of Lewis and Clark in their territory in 1805. Teit (1930) thinks it
possible that the several bands were once so many distinct tribes which have
become fused in course of time, but of this there is no certainty. The Lower
and most of the Middle Spokan, and part of the Upper Spokan, were finally
placed under the Colville Agency; the rest are on the Flathead Reservation in
Montana.

Population.Moody (1928) estimated
that about 1780 there might have been 1,400 Spokan, but Teit's figures would
raise this to something like 2,500. In 1806 Lewis and Clark thought there were
600 but they may have included only one of the three divisions. In 1905 the
United States Indian Office gave 277 Lower Spokan and 177 Middle and Upper
Spokan under the Colville Agency and 135 on the Flathead Reservation; in 1909
it gave 509 all together under the Colville Agency and 138 on the Flathead
Reservation. The United States Census of 1910 returned 643 all told; the Indian
Office Report for 1923, 669; and the Indian Office Report for 1937,
847.

Connections in which they have become
noted.The fame of the Spokan will rest in the future
mainly upon the importance of the Washington city of Spokane. Their name is
also attached to a river in Idaho and Washington, and to the county of which
Spokane is the metropolis. It has also been applied to post hamlets in Custer
County, S. Dak.; in Christian County, Mo.; and in Trumbull County, Ohio; also
to Spokane Bridge, Spokane County, Wash.

Connections.They
belonged to the Nisqually branch of the coastal division of the Salishan
linguistic stock, their closest connections being with the Duwamish. The famous
Seattle was chief or both tribes.

Location.On
the west side of Puget Sound, according to Paige (1857) claiming the territory
from Applegate Cove to Gig Harbor.

Subdivisions and
Villages:

Saktabsh, on Sinclair Inlet, Dyes Inlet, and
southern Blakely, Blakely Island, with villages at Bremerton and on Eagle
Harbor. Suquamish, on Liberty Bay, at Port Madison, and on the northern
part of Blakely Island, with villages at Suquamish, above Poulsbo, and at Point
Monroe.

Population.(See Duwamish.) The
Suquamish numbered 441 in 1857, 180 in 1909, and 307 in 1910, according to the
census of that year. The United States Indian Office returned 204 "Susquamish"
Indians in 1910, probably meaning this tribe. In 1937 it returned 168
"Suquamish."

Connection in which they have become
noted.The name Suquamish is applied to a town in Kitsap
County, Wash.

Connections.The Swinomish belonged to
the coastal division of the Salishan linguistic family, and are sometimes
called a subdivision of the
Skagit.

Location.On the northern part of
Whidbey Island and about the mouth of Skagit River.

Subdivisions
and Villages:

Ho'baks, on the upper end of Penn's Cove,
not far from San de Fuca, Batsa'dsali at Coupeville, Ba'asats between
Coupeville and Snaklem Point west of Long Point, and Tcubaa'ltced on the north
side of Snaklem Point about 4 miles from Coupeville. Kikia'los, on Skagit
Bay from the South Fork of Skagit River to the north tip of Camano Island, with
a village at the mouth of Carpenter Creek between Conway and Fir, and another
called Atsala'di at Utsalady on Camano Island. Kwa'dsakbiuk, on the lower
reaches of Stillaguamish River and Port Susan, with a village at the mouth of
the Stillaguamish. Skagit, on Whidbey Island, from Oak Harbor south to
Snaklem Point, with a village at Oak Harbor. Skwada'bsh, on the North Fork
of the Skagit River and the eastern part of Whidbey Island lying north of Oak
Harbor, with Skwi'kwikwab at the mouth of the North Fork of the Skagit, and
Tcotab on a point across Skagit Bay. Swinomish (on southern Padilla Bay,
Swinomish Slough which joins Padilla Bay and Skagit Bay, Skagit Bay from
Sullivan Slough north, and the southeast portion of Fidalgo Island), with the
following villages: Kale'kut (not far from Whitney at the highway bridge),
Sde'os (near Lone Tree Point), Shuptada'tci (on Swinomish Slough 3 miles from
La Conner), and another village (on Sullivan Slough just east of La
Conner).

Population.The Swinomish are usually
enumerated with the Skagit (q.v.). The Skagit and Swinomish together numbered
268 in 1909. in 1937 there were 285 Swinomish reported.

Connections.The Taidnapam belonged
to the Shahaptian division of the Shapwailutan linguistic
family.

Location.On the headwaters of Cowlitz
river and perhaps extending over into the headwaters of the Lewis
River.

Population.Mooney estimates the
population of the Taidnapam and Klickitat together at 600 in 1780, but extinct
as independent tribes by 1907.

Twana. Said to signify "a portage," referring to
that between the upper end of Hoods Canal and the headwaters of Puget Sound.
Also called:

Tu-a'd-hu, own name Skokomish, from the name of a
principal division. Wi'lfa Ampa'fa ami'm, Luckiamute-Kalapuya
name.

Connections.The Twana constituted one
dialectic group of the coastal division of the Salishan
stock.

Location.On both sides of Hoods Canal.
Later they were placed on Skokomish Reservation.

Subdivisions and
Villages: Eels (1877) gave the following:

Kolsid,
on Quilcene and Dabop Bays. Skokomish, around Annas Bay and the drainage
area of Skokomish River. Soatlkobsh, on both sides of the canal from
Seabeck and Oak Head to Port Gamble and Squamish Harbor opposite.

Smith
(1941) lists the following villages:

Habha'b, at Eldon on the Canal at
the mouth of the Hammerhammer River. Li'liwap, at Lilliwap on the
Canal. Skoko'bsh, at the mouth of the Skokomish River. Tule'lalap, at
the east branch of the Canal at the mouth of Mission Creek. Two towns at
Duckabush and Brinnon.

Population.Mooney
(1928) gives the Twana, Skokomish, and Squaxon together a population of 1,000
in 1780. In 1853 they were estimated to total about 265. The census of 1910
gave 61 Twana and 195 Skokomish, and the United States Office of Indian Affairs
returned 206 Skokomish in 1937.

Connections.The
Wallawalla language belongs to the Shahaptian division of the Shapwailutan
linguistic stock and is very closely related to the Nez
Percé.

Location.On the lower
Wallawalla River, except perhaps for an area around Whitman occupied by Cayuse,
and a short span along the Columbia and Snake Rivers near their junction, in
Washington and Oregon. They are now on Umatilla Reservation,
Oregon.

Population.Mooney (1928) gives 1,500
for the Wallawalla and the Umatilla together in 1780. In 1805 Lewis and Clark
estimated 1,600 but they included other bands now known to be independent. The
census of 1910 gave 397, the Report of the United States Office of Indian
Affairs for 1923, 628, and that for 1937, 631, the two last evidently including
some other peoples.

Connections in which they have become
noted.The name Wallawalla is perpetuated in that of the
city of Walla Walla, Wash.; Walla Walla County; Walla Walla River, which flows
through Oregon and Washington; and appears in the name of a small place in
Illinois.

(Wina't:ca). So called by the
Wasco, and it has become a popular name for them. Also called:

Awena'tchela, by the Klickitat, meaning "people at the coming- out or source,"
said to refer to the fact that they occupied the country at the heads of the
rivers or above the Yakima. Pisquow, from .s.npeskwau'zux, their own name,
variants of which appear in the appellations given them by other Salish tribes
in the neighborhood. Tso'kwob.c, by the
Snohomish.

Connections.The Wenatchee belonged
to the inland division of the Salishan linguistic family, their nearest
relations being the Sinkiuse-Columbia Indians.

Subdivisions:

Sinia'lkumuk, on the Columbia between
Entiat Creek and Wenatchee River. Sinkumchi'muk, at the mouth of the
Wenatchee. Sinpusko'isok, at the forks of the Wenatchee, where the town of
Leavenworth now stands. Sintia'tkumuk, along Entiat Creek.
Stske'tamihu, 6 miles down river from the present town of Wenatchee.

Minor divisions mentioned are the following:

Camiltpaw, on the east
side of Columbia River. Shanwappom, on the headwaters of Cataract (Klickitat) and Tapteel Rivers. Siapkat, at a place of this name on the
east bank of Columbia river, about Bishop Rock and Milk Creek, below Wenatchee
River. Skaddal, originally on Cataract (Klickitat) River, on the west bank
of Yakima River and later opposite the entrance to Selah
Creek.

Location.On Methow and Wenatchee
Rivers and Chelan Lake. The Wenatchee are now under the Colville
Agency.

Population.Mooney (1928) estimated
there were 1,400 Wenatchee in 1780, but Teit (1928) considers this considerably
too low. The four bands of this tribe mentioned by Lewis and Clark in 1805
totaled 820. The census of 1910 gave 52.

Connection in which they
have become noted.Wenatchee River, Lake Wenatchee, and
Wenatchee Mountain preserve the name, as also the town of Wenatchee, county
seat of Chelan County.

Wishram. From Wu'cxam, the name given them
by the Yakima and Klickitat Indians. Also called:

E-che-loot, by Lewis
and Clark in 1806, from their own name. Ila'xluit, their own name and from
this called Tlakluit.

Connections.They
belonged to the Chinookan stock, and spoke the same dialect as the
Wasco.

Location.On the north side of Columbia
River in Klickitat County.

Villages:

Atatathlia itcagitkok, on a small island near Celilo Falls, or more likely
Ten-Mile Rapids. Chalaitgelit, a short distance east of The Dalles.
Gawilapchk, a winter village below The Dalles. Gawishila, a fishing station
above The Dalles. Hladakhat, about 10 miles below The Dalles.
Hliluseltshlikh, below Big Eddy. Kwalasints, opposite The Dalles.
Nayakkhachikh, a winter village below Gawilapchk. Niukhtash, at Big
Eddy. Shabanahksh, 1 mile below Wishram (?). Shgwaliksh, perhaps
Klickitat, about 12 miles (?) below The Dalles. Shikeldaptikh, about a half
mile below The Dalles. Shkagech, below Crate's Point. Shkonana,
opposite Crate's Point Shkukskhat, below The Dalles. Tsapkhadidlit, a
wintering place below Nayakkhachikh. Waginkhak, below The Dalles and the
lowest Tlakluit town on the river. Wakemap, above Wishram. Wasnaniks,
below Skukskhat. Wayagwa, above The Dalles, the easternmost town.
Wishram (properly called Nixlúidix

.), about 5 miles above The
Dalles.

Population.Mooney (1928) estimated
that in 1780 there were about 1,500 Wishram, but Spier and Sapir (1930) suggest
1,000 about 1800. The latter figure is the one given by Lewis and Clark in
1806. The census of 1910 returned 274, and in 1937, under the designation
"Upper Chinook," the United States Office of Indian Affairs gave
124.

Connection in which they have become
noted.A town in Klickitat County preserves the name of the
Wishram.

Cuts-sáh-nem, by Clark in 1805 in Lewis and Clark Journals (1904-5).
Pa` kiut`lema, own name, "people of the gap." Shanwappoms, from Lewis and
Clark in 1805. Stobshaddat, by the Puget Sound tribes, meaning
"robbers." Waptai'lmin, own name, "people of the narrow river." Both of
their names for themselves refer to the narrows in Yakima River at Union Gap
where their chief village was formerly
situated.

Connections.The Yakima belonged to
the Shahaptian division of the Shapwailutan linguistic
family.

Location.On the lower course of
Yakima River.

Subdivisions: (As given by
Spier (1936), quoting Mooney and Curtis)

Átanum-lema, on Atanum
Creek. Nakchi'sh-hlama, on Naches River, and hence possibly
Pshwa'nwapam. Pisko, about the mouth of Toppenish Creek. Se'tas-lema,
on Satus Creek. Si'-hlama, on Yakima River above the mouth of Toppenish
Creek. Si'la-hlama, on Yakima River between Wenas and Umtanum Creeks.
Si'mkoe-hlama, on Simcoe Creek. Tkai'waichash-hlama, on Cowiche Creek
Topinish, on Toppenish Creek. Waptailmin, at or below Union Gap.

It
is quit possible that under the term Yakima several distinct tribes were
included.

History and Location.The Yakima are
mentioned by Lewis and Clark under the name of Cutsahnim, but it is not known
how many and what bands were included under that term. In 1855 the United
States made a treaty with the Yakima and 13 other tribes of Shapwailutan,
Salishan, and Chinookan stocks, by which these Indians ceded the territory from
the Cascade Mountains to Palouse and Snake rivers and from Lake Chelan to the
Columbia. The Yakima Reservation was established at the same time and upon it
all the participating tribes and bands were to be confederated as the Yakima
Nation under the leadership of Kamaiakan, a distinguished Yakima chief. Before
this treaty could be ratified, however, the Yakima War broke out, and it was
not until 1859 that its provisions were carried into effect. The Palouse and
certain other tribes have never recognized the treaty or come on the
reservation. Since the establishment of the reservation, the term Yakima has
been generally used in a comprehensive sense to include all the tribes within
its limits, so that it is now impossible to estimate the number of true
Yakima.

Population.Mooney (1928) estimated
the Yakima proper at 3,000 in 1780. In 1806 Lewis and Clark give an estimated
population of 1,200 to their Cutsahnim (see above). The census of 1910 gives
1,362 "Yakima," and the Report of the United States Indian Office for 1923,
2,939, but as already stated, this name now covers many people beside the true
Yakima tribe. In 1937 the population of the same body of Indians was given as
2,933.

Connections in which they have become
noted.The Yakima first attained prominence on account of
the extension of their name over a number of related, and some unrelated,
peoples as above mentioned, and its use to designate the Yakima Reservation. It
has attained greater permanence as the designation of a branch of Columbia
River, a county in Washington, and a town in the same County and
State.