11.
Czech has three event profiles (aspects) :
perfective (profiles event as a completed whole
with no time span), imperfective (profiles events
in progress without reference to beginning or end
but definite time span) and repetitive (profiles
whole events repeated).

12.
Only verbs of motion have special forms for all
three aspects. Most other verbs use the same
form for imperfective and repetitive aspect.

32.
Analytic / pedagogic advantages:
1. Verbs of motions stop posing difficulties
2. -va- infix drops out of the aspect system as a separate
construction
3. Czech can be more easily compared with English

33.
English with
aspect AspectTense Past Present Future
Simple V2nd
He swam.
V1st
He swims./I swim.
will + V1st
He will swim.
Continuous to be2nd + Ving
He was swimming.
to be + Ving
He is swimming.
will + be + Ving
He will be swimming.
Perfect Simple had + V3rd
He had swum.
to have + V3rd
He has swum.
will + have + V3rd
He will have swum.
Continuous had + been + Ving
He had been
swimming.
to have + been +
Ving
He has been
swimming.
will + have + been +
Ving
He will have been
swimming.
Including “going to” future, there are 14 tenses in English. These can all be active or
passive doubling the number of separate forms to 28.

48.
Different levels of schematicity and
knowledge of the world are required.

49.
*?They build a statue next to my house. [dig a
ditch, build a bridge]
They run the marathon next to my house.

50.
I was about to break up with him and then he goes
and buys me beautiful flowers. [Complaint!]
We're having dinner and she gives me
flowers. [Narrative]
*Look at this. She gives me flowers right now.
[Description of current events] (Change orientation
and intonation: 'Would you look at that. She gives
me flowers. Right now?!)

51.
I had a great view. And guess what they do!
They build a statue next to my house.
* Come quick. Look out the window. They run
a marathon next to my house.

56.
This mental space orientation needs to work within
the constraints of the constructional inventory.
Otherwise we would not get gaps in competence
from native speakers such as.
I hit him. ?Who did you hit?
He came. *Whom came?