Currently, my projects are focused on the DEPDC5 gene, an element of the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling pathway (review, Baulac, 2016), as well as NPRL2/3, its binding partners (Weckhuysen et al., 2016). We have discovered germline DEPDC5 mutations in patients with focal cortical dysplasia (FCD), a malformation of cortical development that frequently cause intractable pediatric epilepsy. Our pioneer studies revealed a second-hit somatic DEPDC5 mutation in resected brain tissue after epilepsy surgery on a patient with FCD (Baulac, 2015). We have recently generated and characterized Depdc5-deficient rats, demonstrating that they present most features of mTORopathy models (Marsan et al. 2016).