4 8-12 Shear JointsJoints should be loaded in shear so that the fasteners see no additional stress beyond the tightening.Shear loading is resisted in two ways:The shear load is carried by friction between the members and ensured by the clamping action of the bolts or cap screws.The shear load is carried by dowel pins in reamed holes, placed in both parts while clamped together to ensure alignment. The dowels will carry the shear load.Dr. A. Aziz Bazoune Chapter 8: Screws, Fasteners and the Design of Nonpermanent Joints

6 Failure modes due to shear loading of riveted fastenersFailure modes due to shear loading of riveted fasteners. (a) Bending of member; (b) shear of rivet; (c) tensile failure of member; (d) bearing of rivet on member or bearing of member on rivet.Dr. A. Aziz Bazoune Chapter 8: Screws, Fasteners and the Design of Nonpermanent Joints

7 Centroid of pins, rivets or boltsIntegral to the analysis of a shear joint is locating the center of relative motion between two members.In Fig let A1 to A5 be the respective cross-sectional areas of a group of 5 points, or hot driven members. Under this assumption the rotational pivot point lies in the centroid of the cross-sectional area pattern of the pins, rivets or bolts.The centroid G is located by and , where and are the distances to the ith area centerFigure 8-23 Centroid of pins, rivets, or bolts.Dr. A. Aziz Bazoune Chapter 8: Screws, Fasteners and the Design of Nonpermanent Joints

23 8-13 Setscrews Used to prevent relative motion between the two parts.Unlike bolts and screws, which depend on tension to develop a clamping force, the setscrew depends on compression to develop the clamping force.A set screw is screwed through a threaded hole in one part so that its point presses against the other part.A set screw is screwed through a threaded hole in one part so that its point presses against the other part.Dr. A. Aziz Bazoune Chapter 8: Screws, Fasteners and the Design of Nonpermanent Joints

24 8-13 SetscrewsSetscrews depend on compression to develop a clamping forceThe resistance to axial motion of the collar or hub relative to the shaft is called holding power.This holding power, is a force resistance due to frictional resistance of the contacting portions of the collar and shaft as well as any slight penetration of the setscrew into the shaft.Dr. A. Aziz Bazoune Chapter 8: Screws, Fasteners and the Design of Nonpermanent Joints

25 Table 8-18Table 8-18 lists values of the seating torque and the corresponding holding power for inch-series setscrews.The values listed apply to both axial holding power and resisting torsion.Typical factors of safety are 1.5 and 2.0 for static loads and 4 to 8 for various dynamic loads.Setscrews should have a length of about half of the shaft diameter.This practice also provides a rough rule for the radial thickness of a hub or collar.Dr. A. Aziz Bazoune Chapter 8: Screws, Fasteners and the Design of Nonpermanent Joints

26 8-13 Keys and PinsKeys and pins are used on shafts to secure rotating elements, such as gears, pulleys, or other wheels.Keys are used to enable the transmission of torque from the shaft to the shaft-supported elements.Dr. A. Aziz Bazoune Chapter 8: Screws, Fasteners and the Design of Nonpermanent Joints

28 8-13 Keys and PinsPins are used for axial positioning and for the transfer of torque or thrust or both.Pins are useful when the principal loading is shear and when both torsion and thrust are present.Taper pins are sized according to the diameter at the large end.Some of the most useful sizes of these are listed in Table 8-19.The diameter of the small end iswhere d = diameter at small end, inD = diameter at large end, inL = length, in(8-51)Dr. A. Aziz Bazoune Chapter 8: Screws, Fasteners and the Design of Nonpermanent Joints

29 Square KeysThe standard sizes of square and rectangular keys, together with the range of applicable shaft diameters are listed in Table 8-20.The length of key is based on the hub length and the torsional load to be transferred .Dr. A. Aziz Bazoune Chapter 8: Screws, Fasteners and the Design of Nonpermanent Joints

30 Gib-Head KeyIt is tapered. When firmly driven, it acts to prevent relative axial motion. This also gives the advantage that the hub position can be adjusted for the axial location.Head makes removal possible without access to the other end, but the projection may be hazardous.Dr. A. Aziz Bazoune Chapter 8: Screws, Fasteners and the Design of Nonpermanent Joints

31 Woodruff KeyIt is useful when a wheel is to be positioned against a shaft shoulder.It also yields better concentricity after assembly of the wheel and shaft.Dr. A. Aziz Bazoune Chapter 8: Screws, Fasteners and the Design of Nonpermanent Joints

32 Dimensions for some standard Woodruff key sizes can be found in Table 8-21, and Table 8-22 gives shaft diameters for which the different keyseat widths are suitable.Stress-concentration factors for keyways depend for their values upon the fillet radius at the bottom and ends of the keyway.For fillet cut by standard milling-machine cutters, Peterson charts give Kt = 2.4 for bending and Kts = 2.62 for torsion.Dr. A. Aziz Bazoune Chapter 8: Screws, Fasteners and the Design of Nonpermanent Joints

33 Retaining RingA retaining ring is frequently used instead of a shaft shoulder or a sleeve to axially position a component on a shaft or in a housing bore.A groove is cut in the shaft or bore to receive the spring retainer.Dr. A. Aziz Bazoune Chapter 8: Screws, Fasteners and the Design of Nonpermanent Joints