4.
TASK (1): a piece of work that must be done,especially one that is difficult or that must bedone regularly.TASK (2): to give someone the responsibility fordoing something. (Longman English Dictionary) 5

5.
A task is any activity that learners engagein to process of learning a language. (Williams and Burden, 1997:168) 6

6.
A task is a range of learning activities from thesimple and brief exercises to more complex andlengthy activities such as group problem-solving orsimulations and decision-making. (Breen, 1987:23) 7

7.
An activity which required learners to arriveat an outcome from given information throughsome process of thought and which allowedteachers to control and regulate that process wasregarded as a task. (Prabhu , 1987:24) 8

9.
Task Based Language Teaching (TBLT) is anapproach which offers students opportunities toactively engage in communication in order toachieve a goal or complete a task. TBLT seeks todevelop students’ interlanguage through providinga task and then using language to solve it. 10

10.
It was first developed by N. Prabhu inBangladore, Southern India. Prabhu believedthat students may learn more effectively whentheir minds are focused on the task, rather thanon the language they are using. (Prabhu, 1987; as cited in Littlewood, 2004) 11

11.
On the other hand, using tasks for teaching firstappeared in the vocational training practice of the 1950’s.Task focused here first derived from training designconcerns of the military regarding new military technologiesand occupational specialities of the period. Task analysisinitially focused on solo psychomotor tasks for which littlecommunication or collaboration was involved. (Richards & Rodgers, 2001:225) 12

12.
TBLT makes the performance of meaningfultasks central to the learning process. Instead of a language structure or function to belearnt, students are presented with a task they have toperform or a problem they have to solve. (Harmer, J. The practice of English Language Teaching, 2007:71) 13

13.
• Preparing a meal • Two pictures or texts to• Ordering food in a cafe find the differences• Talking to someone on • Solving a problem the phone • Designing a brochure.• Compiling qualities of a good friend. 14

14.
Help! Thieves!Can you describe There were two Did the Yes, glassesthe thieves? thieves, a man woman wear and long black and a woman glasses? hair. She is young.Did the manhave a A black moustache, but Look at these Yes, here A task taken from pictures. they are!moustache? no glasses. He has short hair. a task-based syllabus for beginners. 15

15.
TBLT constitutes a strong version of CommunicativeLanguage Teaching. (Skehan, 2003b) Teacher’s dominant authority turns into teacher’s guidingin TBLT; because, teacher centered learning (PPP) becomeslearner centered. It can be seen as both a refinement of Communicative Language Teaching (CLT) and a reaction to the use of PPP. (Ellis, 2003: ix) 16

18.
• Tasks can be easily related to students’ real-lifelanguage needs.• They create contexts that facilitate second languageacquisition.• Tasks create opportunities for focusing on form.• Students are more likely to develop intrinsicmotivation in a task-based approach.• A task-based approach enables teachers to see ifstudents are developing the ability to communicate inan L2. 19

19.
Two essential characteristics of focus-on-form: 1) the overriding focus in a form-focusedclassroom is meaning or communication, and 2) attention to form arises incidentally inresponse to communicative need (Ellis, 2001) 20

23.
APPROACH DESIGN PROCEDURE CONCLUSION1. Making errors is natural and is considered as a part of the process in acquiring the target language.2. Exposure to comprehensible input is crucial.3. Learning tasks facilitating learners to engage in interactions are essential. (Priyana, 2006) 24

24.
APPROACH DESIGN PROCEDURE CONCLUSION 4. Learners need to be encouraged to produce the target language as producing the target language facilitates learning. 5. Although language production may be encouraged from the early stage in the learning process, it is reasonable to allow a silent period. 6. Focus on form is necessary. (Priyana, 2006) 25

25.
APPROACH DESIGN PROCEDURE CONCLUSION 7. Second language teaching and learning pace should be made reasonable for both learners with higher and lower aptitude. 8. Language learning tasks should be varied to cater for the needs for both extrovert and introvert learners. 9. Learning tasks should encourage learners to attend to both meaning and form and be varied in order to accommodate learners with different learning strategy preferences. (Priyana, 2006) 26

29.
APPROACH DESIGN PROCEDURE CONCLUSION • to engage learners in using language purposefully and cooperatively, • to make learners participate in a complete interaction, not just one-off sentences, • to give learners chances to try out communication strategies, • to develop learners’ confidence that they can achieve communicative goals. (Willis, 1996: 35–6) 30

37.
APPROACH DESIGN PROCEDURE CONCLUSION • Use materials such as picture/text/song etc. to lead into the topic. • Brainstorming, comparing ideas, sharing experiences. • Provide elicit vocabulary. • Provide a model, exploit role-play. • Do a similar task • Allow the students time to plan. 38

38.
APPROACH DESIGN PROCEDURE CONCLUSION • Pair work and small group work versus the whole class. • Introduce a surprise element. • Set a time for completing the task. • Vary the number of participants. • Tell students they will have to present a report to the whole class. 39

39.
APPROACH DESIGN PROCEDURE CONCLUSION • Students give a report. • Repeat the task (e.g. students switch groups) • Consciousness-raising activities. • Students listen to a recording or watch a clip of fluent speakers doing the same task, and compare their tasks with theirs. • Teacher gives feedback and evaluates the success of the task. 40

40.
Introduction to topic and task: Teacher explores the topic with the class,Pre-task highlights useful words and phrases, helps students understand task instructions and prepare. Task: Students do the task, in pairs or small groups. Teacher monitors. Planning: Students prepare to report to the whole class( orally or in writing)Task Cycle how they did the task, what they decided or discovered. Report: Some groups present their reports to the class, or exchange written reports and compare results. (Students receive feedback on their level of success on completing the task). Analysis: Students examine and discuss specific features of the text orLanguage transcript of the recording. Focus Practice: Teacher conducts practice or new words, phrases and patterns occurring in the data, either during or after the analysis. (Willis 1996: 38) 41

42.
APPROACH DESIGN PROCEDURE CONCLUSION • TBLT is applicable and suitable for students of all ages and backgrounds. • Students will have a much more varied exposure to language with TBLT. • Students are free to use whatever vocabulary and grammar they know, rather than just the target language of the lesson. • TBLT helps students pay close attention to the relationship between form and meaning 43

43.
APPROACH DESIGN PROCEDURE CONCLUSION • TBLT allows meaningful communication. • Students will be exposed to a whole range of lexical phrases, collocations and patterns as well as language forms. • Encourages students to be more ambitious in the language they use. • The psychological dynamics of the group which works together to complete a task will have a great influence on the success. 44

44.
APPROACH DESIGN PROCEDURE CONCLUSION • TBLT requires a high level of creativity and initiative on the part of the task. • There is a risk for learners to achieve fluency at the expense of accuracy. • TBLT requires resources beyond the textbooks and related materials usually found in language classrooms. 45

45.
APPROACH DESIGN PROCEDURE CONCLUSION • Task-based instruction is not teacher-centered and it requires individual and group responsibility and commitment on the part of students. If students are notably lacking in these qualities, task-based instruction may, indeed, be difficult to implement. • Evaluation of task-based learning can be difficult. The nature of task-based learning prevents it from being measurable by some of the more restricted and traditional tests. (Krahne, 1987) 46

46.
APPROACH DESIGN PROCEDURE CONCLUSION • While Task-Based Instruction may fruitfully develop learners’ authority of what is known, it is significantly less effective for the systematic teaching of new language. This is especially so where time is limited and out-of-class exposure is unavailable, such as in Turkey. 47

47.
APPROACH DESIGN PROCEDURE CONCLUSION TBLT is based on the principle that language learning will progress most successfully if teaching aims simply to create contexts in which the learner’s natural language learning capacity can be nurtured rather than making a systematic attempt to teach the language bit by bit. (Ellis, 2009:222) 48

48.
APPROACH DESIGN PROCEDURE CONCLUSION It may help to encourage students to use thetarget language actively and meaningfully. But still, many aspects of TBLT have to bejustified such as task type, task sequencing andevaluation of task performance. 49

49.
APPROACH DESIGN PROCEDURE CONCLUSION The basic assumption of TBLT -that it provides for a more effective basis for teaching than other language teaching approaches- remains in the domain of ideology rather than fact. It depends on tasks as the primary source of pedagogical input in teaching, but the absence of a systematic grammatical syllabus entails current versions of TBLT. 50

50.
Work with three other students.You are on a ship that is sinking. Youhave to swim to a nearby island. Youhave a waterproof container, but canonly carry 20 kilos of items in it. Decidewhich of the following items you willtake. (Remember, you can’t take morethan 20 kilos with you.) 51