This painting by Marc Chagall (b.1887, Belarus, Russia-1985, Saint-Paul de Vence, France), as do many of his paintings, illustrates the internal battle that affected many Jews during the Modern era. Both the process and the eventual outcome present vast unknowns to those experiencing them. In the painting, the traditional Jewish life is contrasted with the changes occurring in the larger community. The proportions of the painting are interesting to note. The fiddler comprises most of the image, and is disproportionately large in comparison to his surroundings. Furthermore, the fiddler has one foot on the root of the house and one on the ground, something that is physically impossible. The foot on the house potentially represents a deep connection to the home, as well traditional Jewish life. The foot on the ground potentially represents the struggle to integrate into the larger community. The importance of a religious grounding is further emphasized by the present of a church, on the right side of the painting. Other aspects of the painting include, a man flying above, who may symbolize freedom, and three figures on the left side of the painting, which may represent familial life. The painting wonderfully illustrates the internal struggle between remaining true to one’s religious and cultural roots in the midst of change.http://www.wikipaintings.org/en/marc-chagall/the-fiddler-1913Oil on canvas, from the Stedelijk Museum, Amsterdam, Netherlands