Thursday, October 29, 2015

How do I display the characteristics of
file systems such as inodes, blocks, block size, file system name,
state, lifetime writes, fsck status and more on Linux or Unix-like
operating system? You can use any one of the following command as per your Linux or Unix variant: => tune2fs command => lsfs command => fstyp command => df command

Linux show file system characteristics

Pass the -l
option to list the contents of the filesystem superblock, including
the current values of the parameters that can be set via tune2fs
command. Type the following command:# tune2fs -l /path/to/device | more # tune2fs -l /dev/sda2 | grep # tune2fs -l /dev/cciss/c1d1p1 # tune2fs -l /dev/mapper/data Sample outputs:

Fig.01: tune2fs command in action

You can use grep command to filter out information. For example, to see lifetime writes on ext4 filesystem, enter:# tune2fs -l /dev/md0 | grep 'writes' Sample outputs:

Lifetime writes: 90 GB

A note about HP-UX specific command

The
fstyp command allows the user to determine the file system type of a
mounted or unmounted file system. You need to pass special a device
special file such as /dev/dsk/c1t6d0 and -v option to see information
about the file system's superblock.# fstyp -v /dev/vg02/lvol2 # fstyp -v /dev/dsk/c1t6d0 | more # df -g /dev/vg02/lvol2 The 'df -g' command the entire structure of the file system.

I wanted to monitor the temperature of my
CPU and fan speed. How do I read CPU core temperature data including fan
speed from a shell prompt under a Linux operating system? How do I
monitor my Linux server cpu hardware and all sensor chips data using a
command prompt on a Debian or Ubuntu?
You can use Linux hardware monitoring tool called lm_sensor. This tool
provides some essential command line utilities for monitoring the
hardware health of Linux systems containing hardware health monitoring
hardware such as the LM78, LM75 and more.

This
tool use the System Management Bus (SMBus or SMB), which is a simple
two-wire bus, derived from I²C and used for communication with
low-bandwidth devices on a motherboard, especially power related chips
such as a laptop's rechargeable battery subsystem. Other devices might
include temperature, fan, or voltage sensors; and lid switches. PCI
add-in cards may connect to an SMBus segment.

Installation

The lm_sensors (also known as "sensors" or "lm-sensors") package may or may not be installed on your server or laptop:

Configure lm_sensors

# sensors-detect revision 4609 (2007-07-14 09:28:39 -0700)
This program will help you determine which kernel modules you need
to load to use lm_sensors most effectively. It is generally safe
and recommended to accept the default answers to all questions,
unless you know what you're doing.
We can start with probing for (PCI) I2C or SMBus adapters.
Do you want to probe now? (YES/no):
Probing for PCI bus adapters...
Use driver `i2c-i801' for device 0000:00:1f.3: Intel 82801G ICH7
We will now try to load each adapter module in turn.
Module `i2c-i801' already loaded.
If you have undetectable or unsupported adapters, you can have them
scanned by manually loading the modules before running this script.
To continue, we need module `i2c-dev' to be loaded.
Do you want to load `i2c-dev' now? (YES/no):
Module loaded successfully.
We are now going to do the I2C/SMBus adapter probings. Some chips may
be double detected; we choose the one with the highest confidence
value in that case.
If you found that the adapter hung after probing a certain address,
you can specify that address to remain unprobed.
Next adapter: saa7133[0] (i2c-0)
Do you want to scan it? (YES/no/selectively):
Client found at address 0x47
Handled by driver `ir-kbd-i2c' (already loaded), chip type `Pinnacle PCTV'
(note: this is probably NOT a sensor chip!)
Client found at address 0x4b
Handled by driver `tuner' (already loaded), chip type `tda8290+75a'
(note: this is probably NOT a sensor chip!)
Client found at address 0x50
Probing for `Analog Devices ADM1033'... No
Probing for `Analog Devices ADM1034'... No
Probing for `SPD EEPROM'... No
Probing for `EDID EEPROM'... No
Next adapter: SMBus I801 adapter at 4000 (i2c-1)
Do you want to scan it? (YES/no/selectively):
Client found at address 0x2e
Probing for `Myson MTP008'... No
Probing for `National Semiconductor LM78'... No
Probing for `National Semiconductor LM78-J'... No
Probing for `National Semiconductor LM79'... No
Probing for `National Semiconductor LM80'... No
Probing for `National Semiconductor LM85 or LM96000'... No
Probing for `Analog Devices ADM1027, ADT7460 or ADT7463'... No
Probing for `SMSC EMC6D100, EMC6D101 or EMC6D102'... No
Probing for `Analog Devices ADT7462'... No
Probing for `Analog Devices ADT7467 or ADT7468'... No
Probing for `Analog Devices ADT7470'... No
Probing for `Analog Devices ADT7473'... No
Probing for `Analog Devices ADT7475'... No
Probing for `Analog Devices ADT7476'... No
Probing for `Andigilog aSC7611'... No
Probing for `Andigilog aSC7621'... Success!
(confidence 5, driver `to-be-written')
Probing for `National Semiconductor LM87'... No
Probing for `National Semiconductor LM93'... No
Probing for `Winbond W83781D'... No
Probing for `Winbond W83782D'... No
Probing for `Winbond W83792D'... No
Probing for `Winbond W83793R/G'... No
Probing for `Winbond W83791SD'... No
Probing for `Winbond W83627HF'... No
Probing for `Winbond W83627EHF'... No
Probing for `Winbond W83627DHG'... No
Probing for `Asus AS99127F (rev.1)'... No
Probing for `Asus AS99127F (rev.2)'... No
Probing for `Asus ASB100 Bach'... No
Probing for `Winbond W83L785TS-S'... No
Probing for `Analog Devices ADM9240'... No
Probing for `Dallas Semiconductor DS1780'... No
Probing for `National Semiconductor LM81'... No
Probing for `Analog Devices ADM1026'... No
Probing for `Analog Devices ADM1025'... No
Probing for `Analog Devices ADM1024'... No
Probing for `Analog Devices ADM1029'... No
Probing for `Analog Devices ADM1030'... No
Probing for `Analog Devices ADM1031'... No
Probing for `Analog Devices ADM1022'... No
Probing for `Texas Instruments THMC50'... No
Probing for `Analog Devices ADM1028'... No
Probing for `ITE IT8712F'... No
Probing for `SMSC DME1737'... No
Probing for `Fintek F75373S/SG'... No
Probing for `Fintek F75375S/SP'... No
Probing for `Fintek F75387SG/RG'... No
Probing for `Winbond W83791D'... No
Client found at address 0x44
Probing for `Maxim MAX6633/MAX6634/MAX6635'... No
Client found at address 0x50
Probing for `Analog Devices ADM1033'... No
Probing for `Analog Devices ADM1034'... No
Probing for `SPD EEPROM'... Yes
(confidence 8, not a hardware monitoring chip)
Probing for `EDID EEPROM'... No
Some chips are also accessible through the ISA I/O ports. We have to
write to arbitrary I/O ports to probe them. This is usually safe though.
Yes, you do have ISA I/O ports even if you do not have any ISA slots!
Do you want to scan the ISA I/O ports? (YES/no):
Probing for `National Semiconductor LM78' at 0x290... No
Probing for `National Semiconductor LM78-J' at 0x290... No
Probing for `National Semiconductor LM79' at 0x290... No
Probing for `Winbond W83781D' at 0x290... No
Probing for `Winbond W83782D' at 0x290... No
Probing for `Silicon Integrated Systems SIS5595'... No
Probing for `VIA VT82C686 Integrated Sensors'... No
Probing for `VIA VT8231 Integrated Sensors'... No
Probing for `IPMI BMC KCS' at 0xca0... No
Probing for `IPMI BMC SMIC' at 0xca8... No
Some Super I/O chips may also contain sensors. We have to write to
standard I/O ports to probe them. This is usually safe.
Do you want to scan for Super I/O sensors? (YES/no):
Probing for Super-I/O at 0x2e/0x2f
Trying family `National Semiconductor'... No
Trying family `SMSC'... Yes
Found `SMSC LPC47M182 Super IO Fan Sensors'
(but not activated)
Probing for Super-I/O at 0x4e/0x4f
Trying family `National Semiconductor'... No
Trying family `SMSC'... No
Trying family `VIA/Winbond/Fintek'... No
Trying family `ITE'... No
Some CPUs or memory controllers may also contain embedded sensors.
Do you want to scan for them? (YES/no):
AMD K8 thermal sensors... No
Intel Core family thermal sensor... Success!
(driver `coretemp')
Intel AMB FB-DIMM thermal sensor... No
Now follows a summary of the probes I have just done.
Just press ENTER to continue:
Driver `to-be-written' (should be inserted):
Detects correctly:
* Bus `SMBus I801 adapter at 4000'
Busdriver `i2c-i801', I2C address 0x2e
Chip `Andigilog aSC7621' (confidence: 5)
Driver `coretemp' (should be inserted):
Detects correctly:
* Chip `Intel Core family thermal sensor' (confidence: 9)
I will now generate the commands needed to load the required modules.
Just press ENTER to continue:
To make the sensors modules behave correctly, add these lines to
/etc/modules:
#----cut here----
# I2C adapter drivers
i2c-i801
# Chip drivers
# no driver for Andigilog aSC7621 yet
coretemp
#----cut here----
Do you want to add these lines to /etc/modules automatically? (yes/NO)

This is an interactive program that will walk you through the process of scanning your system for various hardware monitoring chips, or sensors, supported by libsensors, or more generally by the lm_sensors tool suite. For my system coretemp and i2c-i801 driver need to loaded in order to see sensors data. Type 'YES" to update /etc/modules files. Now you need to reboot the box. Alternatively, you can load all drivers using modprobe command:# modprobe coretemp # modprobe i2c-i801

Picat is a new logic-based programming language. In many ways, Picat is
similar to Prolog, especially B-Prolog, but it has functions in addition
to predicates, pattern-matching instead of unification in predicate heads,
list comprehensions and optional destructive assignment.
Knowing some Prolog helps when learning Picat but is by no means required.
According to the authors of the language, Picat is an acronym for:

Pattern-matching.

Imperative.

Constraints.

Actors.

Tabling.

Picat has a lot of interesting features, such as constraint logic programming
support and interfaces to various solvers. In this article, I focus
on one aspect of Picat: tabling and a tabling-based
planner module.
First, let's install and learn some basics of Picat. Installing Picat
is easy; you can download precompiled binaries for 32- and 64-bit Linux
systems, as well as binaries for other platforms. If you want to compile
it yourself, C source code is available under the Mozilla Public License.
The examples here use Picat version 1.2, but newer or slightly older
versions also should work.
After the installation, you can run picat from a command line and see
Picat's prompt:

Picat 1.2, (C) picat-lang.org, 2013-2015.
Picat>

You can run commands (queries) interactively with this interface.
Let's start with the mandatory "Hello, World":

Picat> println("Hello, World!").
Hello, World!
yes

No real surprises here. The yes at the end means that Picat successfully
executed the query.
For the next example, let's assign 2 to a variable:

Picat> X = 2.
X = 2
yes

Note the uppercase letter for the variable name; all variable
names must start with a capital letter or an underscore (the same as in Prolog).
Next, assign symbols to the X variable (symbols are enclosed in single
quotes; for many symbols, quotes are optional, and double-quoted strings,
like the "Hello, World!" above, are lists of symbols):

Picat> X = a.
X = a
yes
Picat> X = 'a'.
X = a
yes

For capital-letter symbols, single quotes are mandatory (otherwise it will be
treated as a variable name):

Picat> X = A.
A = X
yes
Picat> X = 'A'.
X = 'A'
yes

Note that the variable X in different queries (separated by a full stop) are
completely independent different variables.

Lists

Next, let's work with lists:

Picat> X = [1, 2, 3, a].
X = [1,2,3,a]
yes

Lists are heterogeneous in Picat, so you can have numbers as the first three list
elements and a symbol as the last element.
You can calculate the results of arithmetic expressions like this:

This probably is pretty surprising for you if your background is in
mainstream imperative languages. But from the logic point of view, it
makes prefect sense: X can't be equal to X + 1.
Using := instead of = produces a more expected answer:

Picat> X = 2, X := X + 1.
X = 3
yes

The destructive assignment operator := allows you to
override Picat's usual
single-assignment "write once" policy for variables. It works in a way
you'd expect from an imperative language.
You can use the [|] notation to get a
"head" (the first element) and a "tail"
(the rest of the elements) of a list:

The first example creates a new variable Y, and the
second example reuses
X with the assignment operator.

TPK Algorithm

Although it's handy to be able to run small queries interactively to try
different things, for larger programs, you probably will want to write the code to
a file and run it as a script.
To learn some of Picat's syntactical features, let's create a program (script)
for a TPK algorithm. TPK is an algorithm proposed by D. Knuth and
L. Pardo to show the basic syntax of a programming language beyond the
"Hello, World!" program. The algorithm asks a user to enter 11 real
numbers (a0...a10). After that, for i =
10...0 (in that order),
the algorithm computes the value of an arithmetic function y =
f(ai),
and outputs a pair (i, y), if y <=
400 or (i, TOO LARGE) otherwise.

First, the code defines a function to calculate the value of
f (a
function in Picat is a special kind of a predicate that always succeeds
with a return value). The main predicate follows
(main is a default
name for the predicate that will be run during script execution).
The code uses list comprehension (similar to what you have in Python,
for example) to read the 11 space-separated real numbers into an array
As. The foreach loop iterates
over the numbers in the array; I
goes from 11 to 1 with the step -1 (in Picat, array indices are 1-based).
The loop body calculates the value of y for every iteration and prints
the result using an "if-then-else" construct.
printf is similar to
the corresponding C language function; %w can be seen
as a "wild card"
control sequence to output values of different types.
You can save this program to a file with the .pi extension (let's call
it tpk.pi), and then run it using the command picat tpk.pi. Input 11
space-separated numbers and press Enter.

Tabling

Now that you have some familiarity with the Picat syntax and how to run the
scripts, let's proceed directly to tabling. Tabling is a form of
automatic caching or memoization—results of previous computations can
be stored to avoid unnecessary recomputation.
You can see the benefits of tabling by comparing two versions of a program
that calculates Fibonacci numbers with and without tabling.
Listing 2 shows a naive recursive Fibonacci implementation in Picat.

Listing 2. Naive Fibonacci

This naive implementation works, but it has an exponential running time.
Computing the 37th Fibonacci number takes more than two seconds on my
machine:

$ time echo 37 | picat fib_naive.pi
39088169
real 0m2.604s

Computing the 100th Fibonacci number would take this program forever!
But, you can add just one line (table) at the beginning of the
program to see a dramatic improvement in running time.
Now you can get not only 37th Fibonacci number instantly, but even the
1,337th (and the answer will not suffer from overflow, because Picat
supports arbitrary-length integers).
Effectively, with tabling, you can change the asymptotic running time from
exponential to linear.
An even more useful feature is "mode-directed" tabling. Using it you
can instruct Picat to store the minimal or the maximal of all possible
answers for a non-deterministic goal. This feature is very handy when
implementing dynamic programming algorithms.
However, that topic is beyond the scope of this article; see Picat's official documentation to learn
more about mode-directed tabling.

The planner Module

Picat also has a tabling-based planner module, which can be used to
solve artificial intelligence planning problems. This module provides
a higher level of abstraction and declarativity.
To use the module, an application programmer has to specify
action
and final predicates.
The final predicate, in its simplest form, has only one parameter—the
current state—and succeeds if the state is final.
The action predicate usually has several clauses—one for each possible
action or group of related actions. This predicate has four parameters:
current state, new state, action name and action cost.
Let's build a maze-solver using the planner module.
The maze-solving program will read a maze map from the standard input
and output the best sequence of steps to get to the exit.
Here is an example map:

5 5
@.#..
=.#..
.##..
.#X..
.|...

The first line contains the dimensions of the maze: the number of rows
R
and columns C.
Next, R lines describe the rows of the maze. Here is the description of
the map symbols:

@ — initial hero position.

. — an empty cell.

# — a permanent wall.

= — a key.

| — a closed door.

X — the exit.

The hero can move up, down, left and right (no diagonals) to any open
cell (a cell without a wall or a closed door). The hero can pick up keys
and open doors. Opening a door and moving into a newly open cell is
considered one action. To open a door, the hero must have a key.
Because this is a magic maze, the key disappears after it opens a door.
All keys are identical, so opening a door basically just decreases the
number of keys the hero has by one.
The goal is to reach the exit using the minimum amount of energy.
Moving to an open cell costs one energy unit, picking up a key costs one energy
unit, and opening a door and moving to the cell previously occupied by that
door costs two energy units.
Let's represent a state for this problem as a tuple (R, C, (ExitI,
ExitJ), Walls, Doors, Keys, K, (HeroI, HeroJ)):

R and C are the number of rows
and columns in the maze.

(ExitI, ExitJ) are the coordinates of the exit.

Walls is a list of the positions of all walls.

Doors is a list of the positions of all closed doors.

Keys is a list of the positions of not-yet-picked-up
keys.

K is the number of keys the hero has.

(HeroI, HeroJ) are coordinates of the hero's position.

Let's first do some boring work of translating a textual representation
of a maze to an initial state in the format defined before.
The main predicate is an imperative procedure in
constructing an
initial state from a textual representation of a maze: you read the input
line by line, symbol by symbol, and then construct the lists of walls, doors
and keys, as well as record the coordinates of the hero and the exit.

So, you have the dimensions of the maze (5 by 5), the coordinates of the exit
(4, 3), the list of the coordinates of all five walls,
a one-element list of
the closed doors and a one-element list of the keys available for picking up.
The hero has 0 keys and starts in cell (1, 1).
Now that you have your state, you can define some predicates to
solve the problem. First, the final predicate for the
planner module:

final((_, _, (I, J), _, _, _, _, (I, J))) =>
true.

The state is final when the hero is in the cell with the same coordinates
as the exit cell. Variables with name _ are
throw-away, "don't care"
variables that are not required to have any specific value (Picat invents
a different name for each _ behind the scenes, so they don't have to
be equal either).
Next, describe the action to take a key if the hero is in a cell with one:

First you decompose the state into components, and then you try to
select a key with the current coordinates of the hero
from the Keys
list. If there is such a key, this will succeed, and the rest of the keys
will be assigned to "NewKeys"; otherwise,
select fails, and Picat will
break the execution of this action clause.
The name of the action is take_key, with the coordinates of the event in
the parentheses (the $ instructs Picat to treat it literally, like a string,
and not to try to execute as a function), and the cost is one energy unit.
The new state is almost the same as the old state, except that the number
of keys the hero has is increased by one, and the current key no longer
is available to pick up.
Besides picking up keys, there are two more possible actions: moving to an
empty cell and moving to a cell with a door after opening it. It's a
good idea to combine both these actions into one clause, because they
share a lot of code used to select a new hero position and check whether
it's within the maze boundary:

Again, first you decompose the state into the components. Next, you try
all possible new positions for the hero with non-deterministic disjunction:
;.
A position must be within the maze boundaries: I must
be from 1 to R,
and J must be from 1 to C. After that, there are two possibilities:
move to an open cell, or open a door and move to that cell.
Moving to an open cell is possible only if there isn't a wall or a
closed door at the desired position. Two not membchk lines verify
this condition. If the condition is met, the action name is
move,
and the cost is one energy unit. The only change in the state is the hero's position.
Opening an door is possible if there is a door at the position and
the hero has at least one key. The select line here is similar to the
line for the take action, but now you select a door instead of a key.
If the conditions are met, the action name is open,
and the cost is two
energy units. The new state is almost the same as the old state, but
the door is removed from the list of doors, the number of keys the
hero has is decreased by one, and the hero has moved to a new position.
To use the defined final and
action predicates
and find the plan, you need to change
println(InitState) to
best_plan_unbounded(InitState, Plan), println(Plan) in
the main
from the maze_read.pi program. (Note: best_plan_unbounded is one of the
predicates of the planner module for finding best
plans. This particular
version uses memory to avoid re-exploring states, converting tree search
in the space of all possible plans to graph search.)
Listing 4 shows the complete maze program.

You can try to run this program with inputs of various sizes and with
different features. For example, this input requires the hero to take
a key to the right, then go left to get more keys, and then go right
again to the exit:

1 10 ==|=|@=||X

Of course, you can improve the maze program in many different ways:

Better user interface: currently, the output is not very easy to read,
and the program exits with an error if the maze is not solvable.

Sets or hash tables instead of lists: looking for a key or wall in a
list requires linear time, while with a more appropriate data structure,
it will be constant.

Adding a heuristic: the search could be improved with a heuristic to
make it a variant of an IDA* algorithm.

New maze features: you could implement different kinds of keys, weapons,
treasure and monsters.

Overall, Picat looks like a really good starting point for a journey into
the realm of logic-based programming languages. It provides many of
the goodies Prolog has, such as non-determinism and built-in depths-first
search with backtracking, and at the same time, Picat allows you to fall back to
convenient imperative concepts like destructive assignments and loops.
Higher-level features, like tabling and the planner
module, provide ways
to write concise, declarative and efficient programs.

Wednesday, October 28, 2015

Long week? Yeah, me too. I have my heavy metal Linux band in the
motel room and no customers to attend to at the moment…let’s do some
Bash scripting! Remember the “thumbnailing” script I did a few weeks
ago? This is the script I use before doing thumbnails. It’s actually a
bit more trippy and uses another script which I’ll cover in the next
installment.
I begin by getting a temporary file setup:

#!/bin/bash

set -e

DateFile="/tmp/image-dates.$$"

[ -z "$DateFile" ] && echo "no datefile, bye." && exit 1

[ -f "$DateFile" ] && rm -f $DateFile

touch "$DateFile"

We have a guard: did we screw up our file name? That’s almost
irrationally cautious, so you might feel justified in deleting that
guard. The $$ symbol is a quick way to get your process ID (PID). You
can use this for many things, but it is reasonably unique with
low-frequency usage (that is, a few times a day).
You can only have 65535 process IDs, and there are 86400 seconds a
day, so if you approach one process a second, you’ll get repeats. If we
find an identical date file, let’s delete it anyhow and create a new
one. (POP QUIZ: tell me a one-liner that does this.)
Turn that metal up! We’re about to “headbang” through a crazy lead solo of string manipulation:

ls *.jpg *.dng *.bmp *.tiff *.jpeg \

*.JPG *.DNG *.BMP *.TIFF *.JPEG 2>/dev/null \

| while read F

do

G=$( echo -n "$F" | perl -pe 'y/[A-Z]/[a-z]/' )

cmd="mv -v $F $G"

$cmd

done

Yeah! Let’s crush some upper-case file names! Why the 2>/dev/null
though? Have you ever done an “ls * .txt” command just to get everything
in your directory listed and followed by a warning: .txt: file not
found ? Yeah. That error message, or those TIFF or JPEG files you
probably won’t have will all give you that message. It’s a safe message
to discard into /dev/null.
We’re taking each file name F, and piping it into perl and feeding it
into the Sarlacc jaws of the y/// translator. This y/// operator is the
perl equivalent to the ‘tr’ command: it translates one character
pattern to another character pattern. We’re forcing all upper-case
alphabetic characters into lower case characters. Why? Type in caps
much? (The bassist does, the bastard.) Extra credit: give me the shell
command that replaces that perl command.
Now G is the transformed name, and we just move the file from the original F value to the new G value. (POP QUIZ:Why, oh why would I assemble a string of this command? Could this be evidence of an erased echo statement?) Extra Credit: make this command safer for filenames with spaces in them.

Drum solo! We’re going to rattle out some dates with another wee utility called ImgDate.sh:

ls *.{jpg,dng,bmp,tiff,jpeg,gif,png} 2>/dev/null \

| while read F

do

echo -n "$F " >> $DateFile

~/bin/ImgDate.sh $F >> $DateFile

done

Remember that the >> operator appends to files and echo -n prints stuff without a newline. Pay attention to spaces. We’re immediately going to use this output in a loop:

cat $DateFile | sort | uniq \

| while read D

do

echo "D $D"

imgfile=`echo "$D" | awk '{print $1}'`

imgdir=`echo "$D" | awk '{print $NF}'`

if [ ! -d "$imgdir" ]

then

mkdir -v $imgdir

fi

mv -v $imgfile $imgdir

done

What, another external program…awk? Isn’t that the sound
your drummer makes after the fifth shot of Jagermeister? Hell yeah. Awk
loves to toss out column values, so $1 is anything in the first column.
What did we put in the first column of DateFile? Oh yeah…the drummer,
no, the image file name. The last column is always $NF. Pop Quiz:Why not $2 in the second column? Warning: Don’t ask where why the drummer is called NF, he’s shy. Extra Credit #2: what if the file name has spaces in it?
Now we need to clean the floor of our motel room: /tmp. Let’s wipe up $DateFile.

rm -f $DateFile

I’m going to drag the drummer off to the tour bus, but I’m going to leave you with one more puzzler: If I delete $DateFile at the end of this party, why do I bother deleting it at the start of the party as well? Think about it…