normal subgroup lattice is modular

The fact that the normal subgroups of a group G form a lattice (call it N⁢(G)) is proved here (http://planetmath.org/NormalSubgroupsFormSublatticeOfASubgroupLattice). The only remaining item is to show that N⁢(G) is modular (http://planetmath.org/ModularLattice). This means, for any normal subgroups H,K,L of G such that L⊆K,

Proof.

L⊆K∧(L∨H): L⊆K is assumed and L⊆L∨H follows from the definition of ∨, and

2.

H∧K⊆K∧(L∨H): H∧K⊆K follows from the definition of ∧, and H∧K⊆H⊆L∨H.

As a result, L∨(H∧K)⊆K∧(L∨H)=(L∨H)∧K.

Before proving the other inclusion, we shall derive a small lemma concerning L∨H where L,H are normal subgroups of G:

L∨H={ℓ⁢h∣ℓ∈L⁢ and ⁢h∈H}.

Proof.

One direction is obvious, so we will just show L∨H⊆{ℓ⁢h∣ℓ∈L⁢ and ⁢h∈H}. Any element of L∨H can be expressed as a finite product of elements from L or H. This finite product representation can be reduced so that no two adjacent elements belong to the same group. Next, h⁢ℓ=(h⁢ℓ⁢h-1)⁢h, where h⁢ℓ⁢h-1∈L since L is normal, showing that an ℓ on the right of the product can be “filtered” to the left of the product (of course, this “filtering” changes ℓ to another element of L, but it is the form of the product, not the elements in the product, that we are interested in). This implies that the finite product representation can further be reduced (by an inductionargument) so it has the final form ℓ⁢h.
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Now back to the main proof. Take any g∈(L∨H)∧K. Then g∈K and g∈L∨H and so g=ℓ⁢h for some ℓ∈L and h∈H by the lemma just shown. Since g∈K, this means h=ℓ-1⁢g∈L⁢K⊆K. So h∈H∧K. We have just expressed g as a product of ℓ∈L and h∈H∧K, and so g∈L∨(H∧K).
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