October 2011
A PROPOSED STUDY ON THE EFFECTS OF MECHANICAL ON Ulva reticulata FOR THE PRODUCTION OF BIOETHANOL

In Partial Fulfillment of the requirements for the course Chemical Engineering Research 1

Approved by:

Eng’r. Coleta L. EsplanadaEng’r. Vera Marie LanariaPanelistPanelist

Dr. ir. Jerome B. Taboada
Adviser

ABSTRACT

This study proposes that mechanical pretreatment of the algae Ulva reticulata will increase the percentage of ethanol produced. Two batches of sample will be prepared. The first will serve as a control. The second will be subjected to maceration. The two batches will undergo dilute acid hydrolysis. The sugar released will then be fermented to produce ethanol. The ethanol yield of the two batches will then be compared. The result of the comparison will justify the effect of mechanical pretreatment on the bioethanol yield from Ulva reticulata.

I. INTRODUCTION

The growing demand in energy rapidly depletes the conventional sources of fuel such as coal and petroleum. These kinds of fuels are non-renewable because it takes million of years to form. This is one of the reasons why most of the researches are inclined to find alternative fuels which are renewable.

Biofuels are referred to solid, liquid or gaseous fuels derived from organic matter. One of the examples of renewable fuels is bioethanol. The sources of this type of fuel are classified into three: the first, the second, and the third generation [1].

First generation biofuel [2] are made from edible crops such as corn, sugar, starch, and vegetable oil. Second generation biofuel [2] is any biofuel from inedible biomass such as perennial grasses and agricultural wastes. Compared with first generation biofuel, second generation biofuel holds greater promise because of its lack of competition with food production. However, the production of first and second generation biofuel faces several challenges because it still requires huge amount of land area for its production. A solution to this problem is using a biomass that does not require land for its production. This gave rise to the third generation biofuel which is the algal fuels.

Algae are simple organisms that live in oceans, lakes, rivers, ponds, and moist soil. A single organism of this type is called an alga.

Generally, algae are grouped into two categories [3] – microalgae and macroalgae – based on their morphology and size. As the name indicates, microalgae are microscopic photosynthetic organisms, many of which are unicellular. On the contrary, macroalgae are composed of multiple cells which organize to structures resembling roots, stems, and leaves of higher plants. Large marine algae are macroalgae which are typically called as seaweeds.

While microalgae are the most researched species when it comes to biofuels, it should be remembered that macroalgae have some advantages. Mainly because of their relatively larger sizes than microalgae, it can be harvested more easily. In addition to that, macroalgae such as seaweed are very common to the shores of the Philippines.

Using macroalgae (or seaweeds) as biofuel has the advantage of higher growth rates compared to terrestrial crops and avoids competing with the agricultural land. Moreover, seaweeds can mitigate greenhouse gases emission since CO2 from flue gas can be utilized as carbon source in algae growth. Aside from that, wastewater can be used to provide nutrients for seaweed growth [22].

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