The International Opium Convention Regulate international trade on opium and other drugsCannabis introducedEnd opium trade in 15 years 'only 15y after china end execessive production (UK)

System of import/export certification system creation of the Permanent Central Opium Board (future INCB) Signatories to submit statistics of production of opium, morphine heroine, cocaine US suggestions: 1) eliminate opium smoking in 10 years2) Restrict opium and coca production to medical and scientific needsUS leads the prohibitionist crusade and refuse to ratify a too weak treatyThe most influential actor in international drug control circles. Commssioner of the Federal Bureau of Narcotics (later DEA) for 33 years (1930-1963) United Nations General Assembly Special Session2009 CND High Level United NationsThe CND Commission on narcotic DrugsThe United Nations Office for Drugs and CrimeThe INCBInternational Narcotic Control Board 1936 Convention on Illicit Trafficking1945The UN drugs control structureThe consensus among marihuana smokers is that the use of the drug creates a definite feeling of adequacy.

The practice of smoking marihuana does not lead to addiction in the medical sense of the word.

The sale and distribution of marihuana is not under the control of any single organized group.

The use of marihuana does not lead to morphine or heroin or cocaine addiction and no effort is made to create a market for these narcotics by stimulating the practice of marihuana smoking.

Marihuana is not the determining factor in the commission of major crimes.

Marihuana smoking is not widespread among school children.

Juvenile delinquency is not associated with the practice of smoking marihuana.

The publicity concerning the catastrophic effects of marihuana smoking in New York City is unfounded.

"... eliminating or significantly reducing the illicit cultivation of the coca bush, the cannabis plant and the opium poppy by the year 2008."

the Assembly decided to convene, in early 2016, a special session on the world drugproblem to review the progress made in the implementation of the Political Declaration and Plan of Action, including an assessment of the achievements andchallenges in countering the world drug problem, 2012High Level Review of the 2009 Plan 13-21 March 2014Mexico, Colombia, Guatemala proposal to 'review the approach' Three groups of countriesThe TraditionalsThe public healthThe reformistsUruguay, Mexico, Colombia, Ecuador Guatemala, Czech Republic

Public health - Harm reduction (not all of them) - No to criminalisation of users (not all of them) - Alternatives to imprisonment2010The indian Hemp Drugs Commission report key reccomendations1. Total prohibition is not necessary...

2. Policy to control to impede the excessive use

3. Taxation, licencing limited nº of shops, limit the quantity to be possessed,...Marihuana is used extensively in the Borough of Manhattan but the problem is not as acute as it is reported to be in other sections of the United States.

The introduction of marihuana into this area is recent as compared to other localities.

The cost of marihuana is low and therefore within the purchasing power of most persons.

LA GUARDIA REPORT 1944Is something happening in the field of drug policy at international level? Mexico70.000 drugs related killing 2006 - 2012GuatemalaColombiaCosta RicaBoliviaLegalisation of coca chewingUruguayColoradoWashingtonOpium warsInternationalisation2nd WWUnited NationsThe 3 ConventionsUNGASS 1998; PD 2009, UNGASS 2016 The principle of 'all together' (50s - 80s) is questioned North South divisionUS drug certification mechanismThe dualism between consumers and producer countriesEuropean 'Experiments'NL Coffee ShopsHarm Reduction ApproachesDrug Consumption RoomsSince 1986, more than 90 DCRs have been set up in Switzerland, the Netherlands, Germany, Spain, Luxembourg, Norway, Canada and Australia.Syringes exchange; Substitution Treatment; Decriminalisation of use;To have faith into the systemUK delegate, Mr Richardson: “Some people are giving up the battle, claiming that the narcotics problem is insurmountable. They refer to the fact that we have been unable to solve the problem within the framework of existing legislation... We must not surrender to the head-in-the-sand policy advocated by the supporters of legalisation” The Under-Secretary of State for Italy, I believe these attitudes could be very dangerous because they may weaken our commitment against narcotic drugs trafficking... To be open to debateDanish delegate

"I believe that we have reached the point where we must realise that there is a need for new approaches to the drug problem... There may be a need to shift the focus of our efforts from law enforcement to prevention and treatment."

Spain (baltazar garzon): "The time has come to pause and meditate on the solutions that should be adopted. To evaluate what has been achieved and to think about the future. We should come to this debate without any preconceived ideas or immovable dogmas. We must be open to the exchange of ideas”.

1993 UN RESOLUTION 48/12 Request the CND to monitor and evaluate the implementation of national and international drug control instruments, so as to identify areas of progress and weakness, and recommend appropriate adjustments of drug control activities whenever required.

Ad-hoc Advisory group to contribute to the examination of the issues and identify "concrete action-oriented recommendations

Ad-hoc Advisory groupMexico, USA, India, Argentina, the Russian Federation, Sweden, Poland, Japan, Egypt and NigeriaTone of the group : on Harm Reduction as the Trojan horse of legalisation - Expert group on the classification of coca leaf and cannabis

- Study harm reduction and decriminalisation

- Convene an international conference to evaluate achievement in drug policy 1995 - 1996 Uruguay "We have deep concern at the voices raised for liberalising drug consumption... The UN from its high position must be clear. Any doubt, hesitation, or unjustified review of the validity of goals will only undermine our commitment... Our goals are noble and inflexible. We cannot be successful if there are discordant voices. BOLIVIA: "it is impossible to continue on the present road, we call for a World Summit to seek out the reasons for the impotence of the present system of control" 199819981997The distribution and use of marihuana is centered in Harlem.The majority of marihuana smokers are Negroes and Latin-Americans.54.8% voted in favor in elections in 2012

Aleksander KwasniewskiFormer President of PolandAsma JahangirHuman rights activist, former UN Special Rapporteur on Arbitrary, Extrajudicial and Summary Executions, PakistanCarlos FuentesWriter and public intellectual, Mexico – in memoriaCésar GaviriaFormer President of ColômbiaErnesto ZedilloFormer President of MexicoFernando Henrique CardosoFormer President of Brazil (chair)George PapandreouFormer Prime Minister of GreeceGeorge ShultzFormer Secretary of State, United States (honorary chair)Javier SolanaFormer European Union High Representative for the Common Foreign and Security Policy, SpainJohn WhiteheadBanker and civil servant, chair of the World Trade Center Memorial, United StatesJorge SampaioFormer President of PortugalKofi AnnanFormer Secretary General of the United Nations, GhanaLouise ArbourFormer UN High Commissioner for Human Rights, president of the International Crisis Group, CanadaMaria CattauiFormer Secretary-General of the International Chamber of Commerce, SwitzerlandMario Vargas LlosaWriter and public intellectual, PeruMichel KazatchkineProfessor of medicine, former Executive director of the Global Fund to fight AIDS, tuberculosis and malariaPaul VolckerFormer Chairman of the US Federal Reserve and of the Economic Recovery Board, USPavel BémFormer Mayor of Prague, member of the Parliament, Czech RepublicRicardo LagosFormer president of ChileRichard BransonEntrepreneur, advocate for social causes, founder of the Virgin Group, cofounder of The Elders, United KingdomRuth DreifussFormer President of Switzerland and Minister of Home AffairsThorvald StoltenbergFormer Minister of Foreign Affairs and UN High Commissioner for Refugees, Norway