Tuesday, March 25, 2008

Brian doesn't, can't comprehend where all this form comes from. Can't imagine that the form of Gloeotrichia, lichen, Coprinus is the product of arbitrary forces. (but they aren't arbitrary.)

That's what bothers them. Lichen ascocarp is obviously a work of art; composed, balanced, spiced with color, harmoniously functioning... And how can all that be a product of arbitrary evolution? It's got to be designed by a mind.

(But look here: how does a planet keep from flying off into space? Ain't some INTENTION got to be pulling it?

We are so full of our own story of consciously willed acts. And this is a fairy tale all of us self puffed up baby Gautama Buddhas tell ourselves. We want to think that human mind is the only source of creation in this universe.

So why do we want everything beautiful, structured to come from the human mind? Are we so bent on a myth that human mind is alien to this world that it ought not be tainted by mud, wet pussy, mosquitoes and decaying flesh of a grandmother? This is the impetus to fight a theory of evolution, we want our souls to be immortal and evolution is a story of the cycling through death. Creation out of death.

Miraculous coming together of pattern and then eventual dissolution of pattern is the way of the universe unless the patterns are simple tautological developments of physical law.

So why can't an intricately carved and behaving Stentor be the product of mud and random forces? Look, not many people have the slightest clue as to the immense hierarchical complexity of the city of molecules that makes a Stentor behave.

To say a Stentor is the activity of molecules is to say nothing to the average man on the street. They just have no training in the levels of complexity involved. Even after a few years of biology in college!!!

Why not? Don't people stop to think how a language functions, a nation functions, forest functions? But not necessarily with the agenda of looking for interacting parts!

M. Scott Peck says life is hard, life is complex. Too know this, to act upon this knowledge is to become as God. To act in this way is to act with a great burden of responsibility. Most of us shy from it.

To take the time to learn how a theory of evolution by natural selection on molecular driven metabolism and structure can create life is to do a lot of hard work and once this hard-won knowledge is won, you got the opportunity to be responsible for creation yourself. You realize that you might actually be able to create life, redesign life. We fear this.

Are you serious Bar? That's the fear? Sure, if you leave stentor, human mind, the ability for such to be created in the FUZZY realm of a Michelangelo in the sky to paint with some brush strokes you aren't really taking responsibility for understanding how this creation works. You are not SERIOUSLY asking how it's possible!

Look, if you subscribe to the story that some mind created - poof - Stentor AND directs its steps, you are living in delusion. You short-circuit the need to understand, the possibility of understanding, even the DESIRE TO LOOK AT THE COMPLEXITY YOU WISH TO REMAIN IGNORANT ABOUT.

That story keeps you from doing the hard work of experiments in physics, chemistry to learn how parts can make wholes over many levels of complexity. Years of leaning and doodling that takes to hold in your mind an image of the humongous circus that is a Stentor on the molecular level.

Only after you have accepted this task of learning are you even eligible for the right to decide whether Stentor is cooperative mechanics or mind of God.

Of course just the act of saying, "mind of God" throws out the whole question of structure. Even throws out any questioning at all. So, yes, denying outright a theory of evolution, in most people is probably just shear laziness!

And in the Practical realm? Obviously! People listen to topical events and personalities on the NEWS every evening but to act on that information as a citizen in a polity requires wending the complex paths of human, economic... interactions and understanding how complex interactions of parts works.

As I stated in MONSTERS, people want to take the easy way out and instantiate horror in a monster, beauty in a god, instead of thread through what is in reality the complex set of interactions required to understand how the horror comes about. I.e. how tanglingly complex the damm structure was that makes it look like horror as it comes apart! Easy way out is to invent a simple monster instead and kill it. But that doesn't heal. Healing requires patience and untangling.

If dead creatures fall to Earth, to the ground, rottingwho picks up? The Mother?Luckily, Oak leaf and squirrel are not builtof inert parts, dead dumb building blocks,but active molecules resting, staying together for awhilein a chemical embrace.But down in the wet fallen leaves and twigs it's colder, less sunlight.So there's energy, yet to pull out of sugarsstrong strands of cellulose,spent fatty membranes of cells.And the living and dead ones have more story yet to tell the night sky.So flesh flings apart into simpler existencesprung apart by living catalysts.Now fling their birth energy from the sun into night.Becoming simpler seperate mobile forms,becoming breath again.

And the catalysts are embeded in,take the form of living creaturesearthworms probing softly in the night,with its featureless blind headless head.white nets spreading accross leaves of fungal fingersthousands of mites like motes of dust chewingand the slow eating of pale white grubs.And the ants.

Ants are funny creatures;they are one coordinated identity?Many mouths many mobile catalystsstrength in numbers though and mobile,help each other perform complex tasksmany colonies to the square yardin soil in wood in nut shells under all rocks and logs

The strong staight wooden trunk of oakis the temporary resting place of breath elementscarbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen.so the beetle larvae eat tunnels through itand the carpenter ants enlarge them into vastthree dimensional smoothly polished chambersand the lightning strikes it down to the forest floorwhere it moistens, moss grows on itand wood eating microbes in the bellies of termiteswho chew it up finer and finer for themdissolve it back into breath

All complex stories like the oakin the face of Night are anxious to return to Night,to the seperate fleeting existence of breaththeir vast networks of macromoleculeswant to let go of their charged embrace of each otherand release electron potential through infrared photonsback to Night whence they came back in the beginning.

After the quick beginning of the universein the birth burst of the initial singularity event,the simplest elemental stuff, protons and neutronselectrons hazily wandering among themspilled out into space fleeing from each otherthey were happiest huddled togetherbut as the universe expandedthey grew too cold to perfom the act.

Then the strong far reaching arms of gravitybegan to pull this chaotic outflinging of sunstuff togethersqueezing electrons to higher orbit and out of the waysqueezing nuclei together into higher orbitand in the seething cauldron of the sunthey were smashed into each other and joinedjoined to make the staff of life: carbonjoined to make nitrogen, subtle partner to herjoined to make the burning oxygenwill keep on joining till the end whenhappiest, close huddledinto the heavy solid core of ironin the belly of a planet or cold white dwarf sun,

But meanwhile, the sun shone.energy of a million atomic bombsrace back to the void that gravity pulled it fromfrom that dense hot core of cauldron in the sun,through a pinball game against atom afterrushing atom of sun's seething middle space,long journey it is, takes a million yearsfor one single photon of it toreach the surface of the sun,to slow it down from a million degrees of heatand pressure, down to a mere 5700 degrees fahrenheit.looking yellow to our eyes and feelingwarm on our skin. and then quickly rushes byand flees to oblivion in the cold dark void,perhaps never to come back again.

And meanwhile some flees past Earthand can whip up some ephemeralstories on the way, keep spinningfor a while a goodly number of platesthe magician balances on poles on his noseand elbows and one knee, till they eventuallydie down and fall.So for a little while the day, the lightof sun in the day, shining, casts intoelectron dances of atoms,makes them dance more freelysharing partner nuclei to formtemporary families of atomsa square dance between 'em. and shapesand colors and even smells evolveon the face of the Earth in sunlight.

But on the night side, stuff huddlesfacing the dark cold void,these celebratory electrons pumped with photons of excitement,these electron families pumped upwith celebration of that initial singularburst birth event can't hold outto the night sky which calls that initial eventinto the future,so they let go,settling tighter to each its own nucleus,and the families of atoms of electron dances seperateback into simple molecules of breath.

They would like to do this,but they can't, for they are loaded like a springand need help to unlock the catch to let that springof energy fling into the night sky.So enzymes do this but enzymes are delicate, elaborate,molecules of shape, many excited electonsfullof huge molecules many reactions awayfrom the stablest molecules of breath.So enzymes find themselves homes, build themselves homesto sheath them in a comfortable soup.Because being masters of energy play, flexibility of morphing,they would absorb sunlight, would absorb high dancingpotential of melecular oxygen and flow quickly,too quickly into the night.So they build around themselves a mob,of dancing crowds of dancers,molecules singing and drinking drunkily in crowdsform a living soup, the busy cell structures.build those cells into an organismto save them from harsh air and light.

build more complex and more complex kinds of dancingand sun flows to void means ultimatelythis fierce huge shining sun eventually settlesinto a dull spinning sphere of iron corecold and used up.but against that flowflowing to the future which is death,runs the complexity forming of Earth protoplasmplayin in this flow.

And dances of dances huge overnight partiesof electon dancing between nuclei drunk on light,form vast extensive square dances, and bucket brigadesof slowing down the fate of speeding photonsfrom the sun to their eventual doomto the calling dark cold voids of space,slow them down to catch their excitement a little whileto help ferment the brew for the party,to run the machinery of enzyme building, reparing,a myriad tasks in that frenetic ballroom.These dances build up the cell.build up hierarchy to manage all complexity

and cells come together into organisms...

and the work of the night the work of photons fleeingto cold night is done in the soil,cool moist soil. There lurk the little creaturesslowly laying out the exhausted partiesand palaces of electron celebration far flingingfrom the elaborate nuclii dancesand slowly allow them to slip apartand settle lower and lower into quieter dances.let slip out those photons of celebrationonward towards their destiny of oblivion.These slow blind mole creatures,digging, chewing, salivating, cuttin upthe constucts of that daytime madness into quiet night

Ants reign supreme here,vast multimouthed organismsmasters of coordination and seperation,so many sharp toothed mandiblesso many glands for secretion and communicationhow does a colony of ants compare to an earthworm?Earth worms born way backfrom an old family line of mud burrowing sea wormsneeds moisture and has only one mouth,or used to have many wide reaching threadsof filter feeding delicate flowers floating in the ebb and flowof deep sea waves.But land, the move to land is difficult,letting a flower of filter feeding filiments out on land, it would droop,it would dry out.

in the sea all flowin swirlin past youand water comes into mud burrowsand you can create currents to flow through your mud burrowpulling in O2 and flinging out CO2, spent electon stuff.You can stay moist and boyant so easily.

But land, land was so hard to colonizeand some worms tried, brave soulsthat slowly, generation after generation worked their waysup the mud routes learning from the mistakes of their forbears,generation after generationbeing winnowed by the harshness of the drying sun and wind rushing.The hot flow of life giving life flinging sunlighton dry land offers so much opportunity to build sky scrapersof elaborate complex celebrationsbut it's so dry, it's too much.Delicate operations to piece together complex dancesrequires nurturing wombs of waterbut how on dry land?

and so the various organisms had to be moldedby abundant exploration and winnowingto contain tiny earth boats of sea within them,build thick waxy water repellant cuticle,build melanized sclerotized cuticleto absorb life wrecking ultraviolet rays.Rays to incite atoms to dance together,but too much, they join more and moredances tangling intoone single black orgy of tar.

and Oxygen abounded but how to let gills float freeto feel it? Without the boyancy born of water,they would colapse in on themselves and jam.So many problems to solve to conquer dry land.

So earthworms stay in their burrows in the drying day.only have one mouth for eating, and cant traveltoo far in search for food, but at night they do.Why cant Earthworm's be as succssful as ants?

So, insects. Sing to me goddess, do Iknow yet enough about insects to tell me whythey alone of the host of the sea can scuttleaccross hot desert sands roasting with heat tofry a worm or a snail and still survive?What has made insects ruling beast of dry land?How did they bring ashore self contained earth boatsof life holding womb nutrients sloshing inside of them?What makes 'em tick? Hemocoel instead of Ceolum?Crisp jointed waxed cuticle rather thanup instead of flexible pliable worm cuticle?Sclerotized exoskeleton with flexible joints?The existence of a skeleton at all?What creatures of the sea had skeletons?Snails and ammonites but it had no flex!ammonites were creatures that plied the trade of bouancy.But stiff shell was no match for the pliable spine of the fish.The arthropods, crustaceans, masters of jointsand clinging to seaweed and clambering over rocksfrom pool to pool when the water became stale.picking off the other sea creatures that rotted away,scavanging what died in the hot sun.

So the arthropods predisposed to find lifeunder that hot unforgiving sun

The trachea what fine invention was that?how did the insect tribe find the right balance,the right organization of meeting placebetween internal blood sea in canalsand life burning air flow into tracheal maze?

And spent enzymes, the loose ends of ammoniathat get cut off in the internal maintenance of the body?Ammonia is a poison to all creaturesthy must expell it from each cell of their bodiesfor small creatures, mother ocean washes it away from them.washes away spent enzyme ammonia,washes away carbon dioxide from the breathcarbon dioxide, another poison to the cells.

But if you live on land, ammonia's a problem.the air that bathes you won't wash it out of cellsbesides if it did it also takes with it precious waterwater, a dear commodity on landSo you seal your skin with cuticleand expell ammonia in piss. etc etc..

[do i really need this in this poem?]

so urea requires much extra energyto concentrate out in vast work of insect kidneys,the tangled malpighian tubes of internal seaand deposit it on dry land.

But why cant they just recycle the nitrogen partsthat's a mystery to me. Must be some nitrogen joining reactionis too dangerous to take placein the delicate complex house of cardsbalance of large hypersea organismsand must be left to the quick and fleetingsimplified bacteria in the muds and soils

And so the insects prospered on the face of Earthunder the strong dangerous rays of the sun.

But the soil, all dead plants and dead insect bodiesaccumulated on it. They dry out.You got to get them under where it's moistfor bacterial enzymes to work them.In the sea dead bodies sink downand a vast and silent benthos of organismsslowly digests them in perpetual night

But on land they just rain down onto dry soiland how to you tear em apart and moisten themso they can begin their journey back to breath?and let the sunlight resting in high flung bondsback to the waiting cold dark void at night?

Chew, chew the detritus into tiny bitsneeds armies of little jaws and littler jawsand pull em under the earth to moisten themand bring them into internal seas to housedelicate enzymes to digest them.

and the rain of litter of dead bugs and plantsand animals and rain of leaves and seeds and woodis chaotic is messyis far flung accross the face of the groundand one methodical organism one mouthand stomach just can't do it.

Especially in the tropics,the tropics is trees is a tangled mass of tree branchesand vines and roots and crevices, there just aint timefor one whole organism holding internal digestingsea in her belly and arteries to canvass that complexity.

See her on a branch: it branches in two ways.She needs to split herself in half to visitboth paths quickly conserving effort for her tribethen split herselves in half again, againand whilst splitting, collecting, eating and exploring she needsmore of herselves to digest the stuff she findsand brings back to her nestmatesmore the herselves to watch for predatorsmore of herselves to watch for parasitiodswhich would like to live inside of her internal seaboat

And now she is, such a multidute of herselvescanvassing that chaotic branching worldshe must continuously provide much youngand who will tend them?More of herselves to tend and protect themto carry them from crevice to crevice

I can sit in a treewaving with the windI can see through the leavesleaves that flutter and tinkle in the windmake papery windchime music

trees growembodying the shapes of the years, months, and dayssun pulling leaves and buds round the sky treksculpted by wind into shapes that fit my bodyecho the shapes of hills i can see through her branches

i use my whole body to climb a tree like sexlike sex, the tree is responding, only slowerants live on itit's growing.

leaves are formedare bornin the tiniest, quietest little factories: the bud tipsand unfurl.and the leaves are veinedand the veins are veined and the texture goes in deeper and deeper

When they are exhausted they go through this tiring out process,drying out processeach cell like the leaves themselves going away into breath, one by oneand dying, molecule by moleculethey leave behind subtle colors and texturessubtle shades of red yellow browngifts fallen to groundof intricate carving and texturemore beautiful and more comfortingthan any manmade gimcrackforgotten in the trash.

(but leaves are not forgotten...)

this dying out process unfolds the complexity out of which these leaves were made

Tree buds, those thousands of wood shedding...Tree buds, weaving their way upwards towards the sun...Tree buds, opening and closing with the seasons, fluttering through the centuries like green butterflies through the woodsCalling their children to follow them generation after generationleaving behind a woven trail of strong wooden branches as memoryshed dresses left behind

When tree buds have travelled so high,When bracket fungi and beetle have chewed their woven mountain hollow,When buds die of drought,no strong rivers left to flow through them into hot sunlit days,Or when lightning strikes their home, releasing their woodwork back into breath it was pulled from...

But they know this.They grow anther and ovumThey mate to mix their mother's and father's pastsThey fling gemlike pollen, those heirloom capsules of old stories, into the wind.or hang them out to catch flight on woolen bee's thighssend them forth to find fertile ovaincite her to grow into a far fearing seed boatmarvel of ribosome machineryable to entice sun, soil, and breathinto a whirlpool of biochemical square dances.

not born in factorieseach leafa swarm of brilliant green little oneslike Chlamydomonas, single celled marvel of pondsdaughters splitting themselves into more daughters like siamese twinssplitting, then huddling together in tree celebration

trees do not build with repetitive bricks and rectangles as we doa tree grows with moistness and any random flux from life can alight in the moistnessand nudge it, all the nudges carving form into treea living complex clay that can be sculpted by surprise

cells grow at each other's boundariesshape each other as they growwith pliable woven wallsstandardization not required!

if they don't all end up being identical packable polyhedra, it's all right. it fits.living creatures are ways of fitting non identical shapes together.

but if subject to surprise, open to the whims of weatherhow do sycamore leaves, eyebrows, babies' handsfall into forms at all?out of a vast blobby space of all possible formlife falls into specific formno mere amorphous haze of protoplasm.how does she do it?

with their long legacy of chemical crafstmanshipcraft of sculpting with atomsthey maintain discrete forms out of the vast blobby space of all possible forms.

then strung like beads on streams of Sun to Void flowingthey drive each other to speciationvaryingbut arriving at distinct formsfixed for long periods of timeand we do not live in the nightmare haze of a vast continuum of blobby green plasmcovering the face of the Earth.

The young spring leaves glow bright yellow green in the morning sun.Glow and glisten in their suppleness, matching the suppleness and softness of my lips kissing my lover's soft shoulders. They glow like her eyes. Leaves have hairs like the downy hairs of her belly, and texture of veins sprouting yet more veins sprouting yet more veins themselves.

Leaves and I obviously come from the same family! both grown by cells within us, these wonderful cells who are already living creatures.we are creatures of creaturesrelationships made of relationships

whiplash Chlamydomonas algae and tentacled Choanoflagelateancestor to sycamore and uswatch 'em in a drop of pond wateryou see they are brother and sister.at root sharing the same life qualities, capabilities.only minor differencesthat get played out only when each kind joins into huge multicellular lives

What are the miraculous qualities these cells share that they can grow woman and sycamore sprig in quiet sensual wombs?

they are molecular dances they are fluid able to act and sculpt with surprise responsive quiet masters of maintaining the forms handed down by their ancestors desiring food, shunning pain being linked to each other in ecological cycles having earthy geology and weather patterns and cycles of year, month,and day embodied in them they are playful, inventive, dynamic, they fight hard! they have strong lust for sex with each other in order to play with new combinations of heredity and at the same time to help maintain the hereditary integrity of their species. Then again, sexual reproduction can drive speciation

These are very sophisticated acts requiring very highly evolved andsophisticated molecular machinery, molecular dances that cells haveevolved over the millions of generations of exploration. Thesecreatures,

cells, are tiny, but even as single cells they are richly textured, having as many moving parts and active agents as does all of New York City! And they come together in millions, billions, to sculpt from the inside our living bodies with veins and cillia and hairs and limbs and joints and nerves and vessels and layers and cavities.

And the networks, meshworks, webworks of molecular fibers that they weave betwen themselves makes us tough and supple, giving the joy of climbing a tree waving in a strong wind or touching my bare body to my lover's bare body, supple, rippling soft firm tough muscular. fibers which can imbibe water into their networks to make flesh.

We are built with water!leaves and people are three quaters waterHow wonderful!Human architects use wood, rock metal paper or plastic but never water. How to envision architecture with water?

We are these meshworksof living cells, molecular fibers, lipid membrane bags filled with water. The lipid membranes themselves fluid films that hold together because they repell and won't mix with thewater inside them or outside them. Not only are we made of fluids and fibers, but the fluids and fibers themselves are in continual flux.

Bodies of cells filled with water which is not the stale stagnant water that sits in closed sacks, but water that is in continual flowfrom rain to river to soil to plants to people to breath to air to clouds and again to rain. The water in us does not just sit IN us but Flows through us. We are tributaries of this great gushing swrling of water round and round this Earth.

And the water is exhaled with each breath. And The sacs of lipid membranes are not just stagnant films of oil on water, the molecules of fat continually flow in and out of metabolism to be exhaled as a breath of carbon dioxide. And the tough protein fibers and muscles are linked together by nitrogen that also flows through metabolism out the piss as urea into living fermenting soil, because our fibers are not fixed but are in a continual state of assembly and disassembly as our living bodies respond and rearange to the flow of life around ourselves. But the fermenting molding tangle of soil fungi and bacteria exhale urea back into nitrogen gas to the air.

And the vapor of the breath goes back to the swirl of clouds and the carbon dioxide of the breath is inhaled by plants and linked into their cellulose fibers to make wood and the nitrogen from the breath of soil bacteriais lassoed, hard fighting molecule that it is, by select tribes of nitro fixing bacteria in the roots of plants to be linked back into protein for us to eat.

90% of what we are, all of us on earth is water and carbon dioxide and nitrogen, all breath!we are not solid at all, in how many short weeks will what percent of me become air again?

We are just momentary coming together places of breath. Not things, more like temporary aquaintances between characters in a long epic narrative.Our flesh is like a song sung with the breath. It is ephemeral.

But our forms are not. Our forms are passed down from generation to generation like songs or stories. The forms of species last on the average of two to ten million years Some stories, like that of the horse shoe crabs has been handed down from generation to generationthrough fourty million tellings and has not been lost! And thedistinct form of the undulating whiplash fiber in the tail of all plantand animal sperm has been handed down from cell to cell, individual toindividual, even from species to species as they evolve, I don't knowhow many billions of times. Handed down precisely! We've carried itwith us for at least a billion years on this journey. Every livingcreature on this planet, more than 10 million of them, from redwoodtree to single celled dinoflagelate, forms his sperm tails with thesame exact pattern.

And if Darth Vader with his death star came to vaporize the Earth with all life on it, would the stories be lost? No! Those same cells who learned to swim and explore and mutate and create have been creating yet, and have learned to fly, and build, and.. we've even learned to leave the Earth, to explore new planets, such is the creativity and tenacity of life.

Saturday, March 15, 2008

Monday, March 10, 2008

"Lindauer's (1952) bee number 107, possibly the most observed bee in history, spent parts of the eigth day of her life resting, patrolling, eating pollen, cleaning cells, tending brood, and building and capping comb" p92

"and a few workers observed by Winston and Punnett (1982) , which spent much of their lives grooming other workers. p94

"Occasionally a worker will be observed to perform only one task during most of her lifetime, such as Robinson, Underwood and Henderson's (1984) bee Yellow 57, which spent the last 14 days of her life collecting water."p94

Sunday, March 9, 2008

*eat as larvae*grow as a larva*defecate once, then*spin cocoon*pupate into an adult*chew way out of cell!*breath*eat pollen from cells*beg for and accept brood food from nurse bees*produce saliva in salivary glands to digest food*cleaning self, brushing debris off body*grooming antenna*grooming other workers*walk*decide what to eat for each developmental stage*cap brood*tend brood*feeding larvae*recognize full sisters vs half sisters (different father)? and preferentially feed, especially if queen larvae*produce larva food in mandibular glands when young*produce protein and vitamin food for larva in hypopharyngeal glands when young*produce alarm pheromone in mandibular gland when older*decide what food to feed larvae depending on larval age!*recognize adult begging and feed 'em*regurgitate food for adults*groom queen*feed queen*licking pheromones off queen*exchanging with other workers*trophallaxis which is NOT involved in feeding but in information exchange*antennate*receive nectar*produce invertase for honey production in hypopharyngeal glands*evaporating nectar on mouth*placing nectar in cells*fanning nectar into honey*produce wax*preparing it with saliva and warming it*cap honey cells*packing pollen in cells*receiving water*build honeycomb*occasionally move eggs/young larvae to queen cells!*tear down queen cells when done*recognize queen larval cells and feed royal jelly*recognize diploid drone larvae and kill 'em*clean debris from hive*removing dead larvae and pupae from cells*recognizing dead workers*clean cells*smooth edges*remove caps*sense humidity*sense carbon dioxide levels*ventilate hive mostly at entrance*sense temp and maintain brood temp to close optimum between 30 and 35degC often to within .5deg*upping metabolic rate to warm*lining up in fanning chains to cool brood*spreading water for cooling*tongue lashing of water for faster cooling*leaving nest to reduce metabolic heat and leave more room for ventilating*patrolling (collecting and transferring info)*resting*guard duty*release scent pheromone from nasanov gland at entrance*letting in bees of same colony*letting in workers of foreign colony if proper submissive behaviors especially if they bring food*(foreign bees may be adopted, what behaviors? learning new hive scent!)*recognizing adversaries*releasing alarm pheromones if alarmed by attacker*responding to alarm pheromones and flying out searching for attacker*attack by buzzing*attack by biting*attack by pulling hairs*group grappling on hard shelled insects*turning and kicking and fanning to attack ants*shimmering to attack wasps*attacking robber honeybees at entrance in midair flight*attack by stinging*pulling away from stinger*stinger continues to pump poison for a minute*stinger exudes alarm pheromones*flying to attacker based on sting pheromones*zeroing in on sting pheromone and stinging in close spot*recognizing nest mates*orientation flight 5 minutes of circles to familiarize with territory*first voiding of feces!*fly!*find new source of resource, and come backmake round dance for sources closer than 15m communicating source quality compared to colony needs*observe round dances*make waggle dances for sources farther than 100m (intermediate dances for intermediate sources!)*communicate amount of flight energy expended (distance and headwind), food quality vs needs, direction*observing waggle dances*summing info from multiple dances from same source!*comparing info from dances from many sources and deciding on the most efficient*squeak during observation of dance for food samples*stock up on honey for energy before a flight take more if waggle dance says long distance*DVAV dance to call workers to the dance stage*there are probably other movement oriented communication acts*keeping track of how many bees have taken pollen/nectar/water from you*deciding to switch resources to forage for*deciding whether to look for a dance to follow or go on a new scouting run*(I don't understand, all the options a forager has in her 4 -5 days of foraging, when do you scout, when follow a dance, when go to a site you've memorized? age dependant?)*more experienced foragers preferentially scout*decide to scout when colony needs are NOT being met*up to 35% of total foragers may scout!*don't spend TOO much time on any foraging trip so that you can maximize time in nest *gaining info about changing foraging needs and possibilities*deciding whether to unload pollen from incoming foragers*deciding whether to unload nectar from incoming foragers*deciding whether to unload water from incoming foragers*deciding whether to unload propolis from incoming foragers*sensing compass angle of sun*sensing compass angle of polarization*using landmarks to navigate*sensing magnetic field*assessing hierarchy of information between these*compensating for passage of time*remembering location of source over night*learn the times of day for multiple optimal nectar flows*visit specific learned patches at specific times of optimal nectar flows each day*decide to do this instead of responding to other input*visit same small patch at a foraging site repeatedly*sense wind speed*recognizing flowers visually*color vision*pattern vision*pattern memory*learn most efficient way to approach and collect food from a flower in 1 to 5 visits*stick to that method.*workers can memorize these things over 175 days of winter confinement!*flower preference and food type preference is partially hereditary and can be bred for!*visit mostly a single species of flower per foraging trip*visit that species on next trip*from 1 to >1000 flowers per trip*when yield is good make short hops and change direction often between flowers to remain in one patch*when collection efficiency drops decide to make longer hops not changing direction to move out of patch*10 to 150 trips per day*on average travel further for pollen than nectar (lighter?)*sensing movement: flicker fusion frequency of 300 stripes/sec (human is 15-20)*recognizing flowers olfactorily*sensing olfactory direction*foraging (lasts only about 800km 4 -5 days 10 trips /day)*up to 6miles distant! (10km)*recognizing pollen*choose pollen based on odor and configuration of pollen grains*collecting pollen*manipulate anthers to get grains*insert proboscis into tubular flowers for nectar, getting pollen on head and legs*force closed flowers open and find pollen inside*run along spikes and catkins getting pollen on body*press abdomen against presentation flowers to get pollen*packing it on pollen basket making it sticky with honey*taking pollen packets off and placing in cells*treating pollen with phytoacids and enzymes*collecting nectar*work flowers from the side for nectar avoiding pollen*find side holes bitten by bumblebees for nectar*learn to avoid getting trapped by flowers like alfalfa and search for 'tripped' flowers*or approach trap flowers from the side*collecting water*releasing nasonov scent at resource location*deciding to release nasonov scent at resources based on colony needs and source quality*recognizing foreign nests as honey sources at end of summer or in time of dearth*pre attack flights at nest entrance*gaining entrance, ingesting honey and bringing back to colony*(receiving bees observing waggle dance can tell by honey that it's from a hive?)*successful robbers more likely to seek out more hives for honey*regurgitating nectar and water*using proventriculus to select contents of crop to digest*excrete while outside nest*hold it in in the winter!*collecting plant resins*produce propolis*coat nest cavity with propolis*plug holes with propolis*embalm carcasses of mice etc.. with propolis*develop into a queen*as queen, produce queen substance in mandibular gland when a queen*as queen, lay eggs*as queen, sense difference between worker and drone cells*as queen, fertilize an egg or not depending on which kind of cell*as queen, recognize swarming behavior and leave hive with workers!*develop into drone*as newly hatched or prehatched queen, release pheromone and pipeworkers listen to piping*don't let any other virgin queens out if hear a new virgin piping in the nest*as queen, if more than one virgin queen in nest kill rival queens or kill queens still in cells*workers form ball around loser in combat and finish her off.*pre mating flight workers prepare queen*workers push queen out of nest*workers form dense cluster at entrance fanning nasonov pheromones to call her back*as queen, go on mating flights*as queen, find mating area FAR from nest probably >2km*as drone find mating area FAR from nest probably >2km*drone recognize queen*queen recognize drone*try to go on flights when weather conditions are right*as drone follow queens*as drone mount queen*as queen decide whether to be receptive (within seconds?)*as drone mate with queen and die*as second drone push mating plug aside to mate with already mated queen*when queen returns workers lick mating plug and remove it*if not enough sperm go on more flights*after enough sperm squeeze most of it out retaining enough in spermatheca.*workers eat excess sperm off queen.*when resources are low expel drones from nest*if resrources are high or it's autumn and no queen keep drones for spring*if queen is injured, initiate supersedure*if queen is dies or drops in pheromone production, initiate supersedure*if queen lays insufficient number of eggs, or lays unfertilized eggs, initiate superseduresupersedure is to raise half a dozen new queens*in cases of old queen laying fertilized eggs but in some way inferior, let new queen go on mating flight, keep old queen alive UNTIL new queen proves herself to be able to lay fertilized eggs, THEN let new queen kill old one.*Or let old queen attempt swarm? will workers go with her? and practice new supersedure in new colony? not likely.*in absence of queen and brood workers will begin to lay eggs*laying workers may fight each other*colonies with laying workers may raise up drones*sense worker and larvae population levels*begin brood rearing in dead of winter (signal?)*synthesize information from cues about: colony size, brood area, adult population, brood nest congestion, worker age distribution, reduced transmission through nest of queen pheromones to begin queen rearing and preswarm conditions*build drone cells numbered in proportion to colony resources*feed queen more before swarming to induce more egg laying*but closer to swarming time, feed her less, so she becomes light enough to fly*harass queen prior to swarming*younger workers engorge with honey during preswarming conditions up to 10 days prior, to be prepared for quick swarming decision*sense worker brood maximum (all cells full) to initiate preswarm queen production*initiate queen cells for swarming*destroy queen cells if conditions aren't right*sense weather conditions to decide on swarming*engage in positive feedback loop swarm initiation*harass queen during swarm initiation*form swarm around queen*fly with the swarm if you are young (less than 10days old), not old. (what about the scouts?)*if on flight but queen didn't come, go back!*form swarm cluster at interim site hanging from branch etc..*scout for nests (initiated prior to swarm) (how to decide who scouts?)*scouts study inside of possible nest*scouts study environs of nest*a scout synthesizes info about nest site from different times of day?*scouts waggle dance site position and quality*observing nest selection dances*choose one and fly to it becoming a scout*when consensus is reached (threshold level?) scouts perform buzzing run and initiates swarm flight*when nest site is decided on form large cloud of bees and follow scouts*scouts perform streaking flights through the cloud to guide it*scouts attract workers to site entrance with nasonov glands*founding nest*initiate comb building*huddling and buzzing to warm the wax to optimal working temp*sense gravitational gradient*if population levels warrant it go in an afterswarm with a newly mated virgin queen. test whether she lays fertile eggs first?*covering nest entrance in winter!*clustering in nest begins with ambient temps of 18degC*at 14degC cluster develops compact shell of a few bees thickness the bees are in dynamic equilibrium circulating between layers*by -5degC the cluster can no longer contract*bees break out of cluster to feed on honey*maintain minimal inner cluster temp of 13degC outer temp 8degC, maximal temp of 20degC