1.Introduction

This document provides an axiomatization for the Resource
Description Framework (RDF), RDF Schema (RDF-S), and DAML+OIL by specifying a
mapping of a set of descriptions in any one of these languages into a logical
theory expressed in first-order predicate calculus.The basic claim of this paper is that the logical theory produced
by the mapping specified herein of a set of such descriptions is logically
equivalent to the intended meaning of that set of descriptions.

Providing a means of translating RDF, RDF-S, and DAML+OIL
descriptions into a first-order predicate calculus logical theory not only
specifies the intended meaning of the descriptions, but also produces a
representation of the descriptions from which inferences can automatically be
made using traditional automatic theorem provers and problem solvers.For example, the DAML+OIL axioms enable a
reasoner to infer from the two statements “Class Male and class Female are
disjointWith.” and “John is type Male.” that the statement “John is type
Female.” is false.

The mapping into predicate calculus consists of a simple
rule for translating RDF (http://www.w3.org/TR/REC-rdf-syntax/)
statements into first-order relational sentences and a set of first-order logic
axioms that restrict the allowable interpretations of the non-logical symbols
(i.e., relations, functions, and constants) in each language.Since RDF-S (http://www.w3.org/TR/rdf-schema/)
and DAML+OIL (http://www.daml.org/2000/12/daml+oil-index.html)
are both vocabularies of non-logical symbols added to RDF, the translation of
RDF statements is sufficient for translating RDF-S and DAML+OIL as well.

The axioms are written in ANSI Knowledge Interchange Format
(KIF) (http://logic.stanford.edu/kif/kif.html),
which is a proposed ANSI standard.The
axioms use standard first-order logic constructs plus KIF-specific relations
and functions dealing with lists.[1]Lists as objects in the domain of discourse
are needed in order to axiomatize RDF containers and the DAML+OIL properties
dealing with cardinality.

The mapping of each of these languages into first-order
logic is as follows: A logical theory in KIF that is logically equivalent to a
set of RDF, RDF-S, or DAML+OIL descriptions can be produced as follows:

·Translate each RDF statement with predicate P, subject
S, and object O into a KIF sentence of the form “(PropertyValue P S O)”.

·Include in the KIF theory the axioms in this document
associated with the source language (RDF, RDF-S, or DAML+OIL).

Note that it is not necessary to specify a translation for
every construct in RDF since any set of RDF descriptions can be translated into
an equivalent set of RDF statements.Thus, the one translation rule above suffices to translate all of RDF and therefore all of the other two languages as well.

This axiomatization is designed to place minimal constraints
on the interpretation of the non-logical symbols in the resulting logical
theory.In particular, the axioms do
not require use of a set theory, that classes be considered to be sets or to be
unary relations, nor do they require that properties be considered to be mappings
or binary relations.Such constraints
could be added to the resulting logical theory if desired, but they are not
needed to express the intended meaning of the RDF, RDF-S, or DAML+OIL
descriptions being translated.

3.1.3.Class

%% If an object C
is type “Class” then C is also type “Resource” (i.e., classes are resources),
and no object can be both type “Property” and type “Class” (i.e., properties
and classes are disjoint).

Ax6.(=> (Type ?c
Class) (Type ?c Resource))

Ax7.(not (and (Type ?x
Property) (Type ?x Class)))

3.1.4.FunctionalProperty

The class “FunctionalProperty” is not in RDF or RDF-S.We define “FunctionalProperty” only for
convenience in axiomatizing other classes and properties.

%% If an object A
is type “FunctionalProperty” then A is also type “Property”.(I.e., functional properties are
properties.)

Ax8.(=> (Type ?a
FunctionalProperty) (Type ?a Property))

%% If an object FP
is type “FunctionalProperty”, and objects V1 and V2 are both values of FP for
some object, then V1 is equal to V2.(I.e., a functional property is functional in its value.)

Ax9.(=> (and (Type
?fp FunctionalProperty)

(PropertyValue ?fp ?s ?v1)

(PropertyValue ?fp ?s ?v2))

(= ?v1 ?v2))

3.1.5.Literal

%% “Literal” is
type “Class”.

Ax10.(Type Literal Class)

3.1.6.Statement

%% If an object S
is type “Statement”, then S is also type “Resource”.(I.e., statements are resources.)

Ax11.(=> (Type ?s Statement) (Type ?s Resource))

%% If an object ST
is type “Statement”, then there exists a value of “Predicate” for ST, a value
of “Subject” for ST, and a value of “Object” for ST. (I.e., every statement has
a predicate, subject, and object.)

Ax12.(=> (Type Statement ?st)

(exists (?p ?s ?o)

(and (PropertyValue
Predicate ?st ?p)

(PropertyValue Subject
?st ?r)

(PropertyValue Object
?st ?o))))

3.1.7.Container

%% If an object C
is type “Container”, then C is also type “Resource”.(I.e., containers are resources.)

Ax13.(=> (Type ?c Container) (Type ?c Resource))

%% If an object C
is type “Container”, then C is a KIF list.(I.e., a container is considered to be a list as defined in KIF.)

Ax14.(=> (Type ?c Container) (List ?c))

%% If an object C
is type “Container”, then C is type “Bag” or type “Seq” or type “Alt”.(I.e., a container is a bag, a sequence, or
an alternative.)

Ax15.(=> (Type ?c Container)

(or (Type ?c Bag)

(Type ?c Seq)

(Type ?c Alt)))

3.1.7.1.Bag

%% If an object B
is type “Bag”, then B is also type “Container”.(I.e., bags are containers.)

Ax16.(=> (Type ?b Bag) (Type ?b Container))

3.1.7.2.Seq

%% If an object S
is type “Seq”, then S is also type “Container”.(I.e., sequences are containers.)

Ax17.(=> (Type ?s Seq) (Type ?s Container))

%% No object X is
both type “Bag” and type “Seq”.(I.e.,
bags and sequences are disjoint.)

Ax18.(not (and (Type ?x Bag) (Type ?x Seq)))

3.1.7.3.Alt

%% If an object A
is type “Alt”, then A is also type “Container”.(I.e., alternatives are containers.)

Ax19.(=> (Type ?a Alt) (Type ?a Container))

3.1.7.4.ContainerMembershipProperty

%% If an object C
is type “ContainerMembershipProperty”, then C is also type “Property”.(I.e., container membership properties are
properties.)

Ax20.(=> (Type ?c
ContainerMembershipProperty) (Type ?c Property))

3.2.Properties

This section axiomatizes the properties that are included in
RDF.

3.2.1.type

“type” is used to indicate that a resource is a member of a
class.

%% “type” is type “Property”.(I.e., “type” is a property.)

Ax21.(Type type Property)

%% The first
argument of “Type” is a resource and the second argument of “Type” is a class.

3.2.2.subject

%% “Subject” is
type “FunctionalProperty”, and if an object SB is the value of “Subject” for an
object ST, then ST is type “Statement” and SB is type “Resource”.(I.e., every statement has exactly one
subject, and that subject is a resource.)

Ax23.(Type Subject FunctionalProperty)

Ax24.(=> (PropertyValue Subject ?st ?sb)

(and (Type ?st Statement) (Type ?sb
Resource)))

3.2.3.predicate

%% “Predicate” is
type “FunctionalProperty”, and if an object P is the value of “Predicate” for
an object ST, then P is type “Property” and ST is type “Statement”.(I.e., every statement has exactly one
predicate, and that predicate is a property.)

Ax25.(Type Predicate FunctionalProperty)

Ax26.(=> (PropertyValue Predicate ?st ?p)

(and (Type ?st Statement) (Type ?p
Property)))

3.2.4.object

%% “Object” is
type “FunctionalProperty”, and if an object O is the value of “Object” for an
object ST, then O is either type “Resource” or type “Literal” and ST is type
“Statement”.(I.e., every statement has
exactly one object, and that object is either a resource or a literal.)

Ax27.(Type Object FunctionalProperty)

Ax28.(=> (PropertyValue Object ?st ?o)

(and (Type ?st Statement)

(or (Type ?o Resource) (Type ?o
Literal))))

3.2.5.value

%% “value” is type
“Property”, and if an object V is a value of “value” for an object SV, then SV
is type “Resource” and V is either type “Resource” or type “Literal”.

Ax29.(Type value Property)

Ax30.(=> (PropertyValue value ?sv ?v)

(and (Type ?sv Resource)

(or (Type ?v Resource) (Type ?v
Literal))))

3.2.6._1, _2, _3, …

%% For each
positive integer N, “_N” is type “FunctionalProperty”, and if an object O is
the value of “_N” for an object C, then C is type “Collection”.(The _N of a collection is intended to be
the Nth element of that collection.)

Ax31.(Type FunctionalProperty _1)

Ax32.(=> (PropertyValue _1 ?c ?o) (Type
Collection ?c))

and similarly for
_2, _3, etc.

4.RDF-S

RDF-S is a collection of classes and properties that is
added to RDF.Statements in RDF-S are
RDF statements.

4.1.Classes

This section axiomatizes the classes that are added to RDF
in RDF-S.

4.1.1.ConstraintResource

“ConstraintResource” is a class of RDF-S constructs involved
in the expression of constraints.

%% “Resource” is a
value of “subClassOf” for “ConstraintResource”.(I.e., constraint resources are resources.)

Ax33.(PropertyValue subClassOf
ConstraintResource Resource)

4.1.2.ConstraintProperty

%% An object CP is
type “ConstraintProperty” if and only if it is type “ConstraintResource” and
type “Property”.(I.e., constraint
properties are exactly those constraint resources that are also properties.)

Ax34.(<=> (Type ?cp ConstraintProperty)

(and (Type ?cp ConstraintResource)

(Type ?cp Property)))

4.2.Properties

This section axiomatizes the properties that are added to
RDF in RDF-S.

4.2.1.subClassOf

%% “subClassOf” is
type “Property”.

Ax35.(Type subClassOf Property)

%% If an object
CSUPER is a value of “subClassOf” for an object CSUB, then CSUPER is type
“Class”, CSUB is type “Class”, CSUB is not CSUPER, and if an object X is type
CSUB then it is also type CSUPER.(I.e., the arguments of subClassOf are classes, and objects in a
subclass are also in the superclass.)

Ax36.(=> (PropertyValue subClassOf ?csub
?csuper)

(and (Type ?csub Class)

(Type ?csuper Class)

(\= ?csub ?csuper)

(forall (?x) (=> (Type ?x ?csub) (Type ?x ?csuper)))))

4.2.2.subPropertyOf

%% “subPropertyOf”
is type “Property”.

Ax37.(Type subPropertyOf Property)

%% If an object
SUPERP is a value of “subPropertyOf” of an object SUBP, then SUBP is type
“Property”, SUPERP is type “Property”, and if an object V is a value of SUBP
for an object O then V is also a value of SUPERP for O.(I.e., if a subProperty has a value V for an
object O, then the superproperty also has value V for O.)

Ax38.(=> (PropertyValue subPropertyOf ?subP ?superP)

(and (Type ?subP Property)

(Type ?superP Property)

(forall (?o ?v) (=>
(PropertyValue ?subP ?o ?v)

(PropertyValue ?superP ?o ?v)))))

4.2.3.seeAlso

%% “seeAlso” is
type “Property”, and “Resource” is a value of both “domain” and “range” for
“seeAlso.(I.e., “seeAlso” is a
property whose arguments are resources.)

Ax39.(Type seeAlso Property)

Ax40.(PropertyValue domain seeAlso Resource)

Ax41.(PropertyValue range seeAlso Resource)

4.2.4.isDefinedBy

%% “seeAlso” is a
value of “subPropertyOf” for “isDefinedBy”.(I.e., “isDefinedBy” is a subproperty of “seeAlso”.)

Ax42.(PropertyValue subPropertyOf isDefinedBy
seeAlso)

4.2.5.comment

%% “comment” is
type “Property”, and “Literal” is the value of “range” for “comment”.(I.e., “comment” is a property whose value
is a literal.)

Ax43.(Type comment Property)

Ax44.(PropertyValue range comment Literal)

4.2.6.label

%% “label” is type
“Property”, and “Literal” is the value of “range” for “label”.(I.e., “label” is a property whose value is
a literal.)

Ax45.(Type label Property)

Ax46.(PropertyValue range label Literal)

4.3.Constraint Properties

%% “Property” is a
value of “subClassOf” for “ConstraintProperty”.(I.e., constraint properties are properties.)

Ax47.(PropertyValue subClassOf
ConstraintProperty Property)

4.3.1.range

%% If an object R
is the value of “range” for an object P, then P is type “Property”, R is type
“Class”, and if an object Y is a value of P then Y is type R.(I.e., if R is the range of P, then P is a
property, R is a class, and every value of P is an R.)

Ax50.(=> (PropertyValue range ?p ?r)

(and (Type ?p Property)

(Type ?r Class)

(forall (?x ?y)

(=> (PropertyValue
?p ?x ?y) (Type ?y ?r)))))

%% Note that the
following can be inferred from the axioms regarding “domain” and “range”:

Th1.(PropertyValue
domain range Property)

Th2.(PropertyValue
range range Class)

4.3.2.domain

%% “domain” is
type “ConstraintProperty”.

Ax51.(Type domain ConstraintProperty)

%% If an object D
is a value of “domain” for an object P, then P is type “Property”, D is type
“Class”, and if P has a value for an object X then X is type D.(I.e., if D is a domain of P, then P is a
property, D is a class, and every object that has a value of P is a D.)

Ax52.(=> (PropertyValue domain ?p ?d)

(and (Type ?p Property)

(Type ?d Class)

(forall (?x ?y)

(=> (PropertyValue ?p ?x ?y) (Type ?x
?d)))))

%% Note that the
following can be inferred from the axioms regarding “domain” and “range”:

Th3.(PropertyValue
domain domain Property)

Th4.(PropertyValue
range domain Class)

5.DAML+OIL

DAML+OIL is a collection of classes, properties, and objects
that is added to RDF and RDF-S.Statements in DAML+OIL are RDF statements.

5.1.Classes

This section axiomatizes the classes that are added to RDF
and RDF-S.

5.1.1.Thing

%% If an object C
is type “class”, then if NC is the value of “complementOf” for C and L is a two
element list containing C and NC, then L is a value of “unionOf” for
“Thing”.(I.e., “Thing” is the union of
any class and its complement.)

Ax53.(=> (Type ?c Class)

(forall (?nc ?l)

(=> (and (PropertyValue
complementOf ?c ?nc)

(Type ?l List)

(PropertyValue item
?l ?c)

(PropertyValue item
?l ?nc)

(forall (?x) (=>
(PropertyValue item ?l ?x)

(or (= ?x ?c)

(= ?x ?nc)))))

(PropertyValue unionOf
Thing ?l))))

5.1.2.Nothing

%% “Nothing” is
the value of “complementOf” for “Thing”.(I.e., “Nothing” is the complement of “Thing”.)

Ax54.(PropertyValue complementOf Thing Nothing)

5.1.3.Disjoint

%% “Disjoint” is
type “Class”.

Ax55.(Type Disjoint Class)

%% Saying that an
object is type “Disjoint” is logically equivalent to saying that the object is
type “List”, that every item in the list is type “Class”, and that the classes
in the list are pairwise joint.

Ax56.(<=> (Type ?l Disjoint)

(and (Type ?l List)

(forall (?c) (=>
(PropertyValue Item ?c ?l)

(Type ?c Class)))

(forall (?c1 ?c2)

(=> (and
(PropertyValue item ?c1 ?l)

(PropertyValue item ?c2 ?l)

(not (= ?c1
?c2)))

(PropertyValue
disjointWith ?c1 ?c2)))))

%% Note that the
following can be inferred from the axioms regarding “Disjoint” and
“subClassOf”:

Th5.(PropertyValue
subClassOf Disjoint List)

5.1.4.Restriction

%% “Restriction”
is type “Class”.

Ax57.(Type Restriction Class)

5.1.5.NonNegativeInteger

%% “Integer” is a
value of “subClassOf” for “NonNegativeInteger”.(I.e., non-negative integers are integers.)

Ax58.(subClassOf NonNegativeInteger Integer)

5.1.6.TransitiveProperty

%%
“TransitiveProperty” is type “Class”.

Ax59.(Type TransitiveProperty Class)

%% Saying that an
object P is type “TransitiveProperty” is logically equivalent to saying that P
is a property and that if an object Y is a value of P for an object X and an
object Z is a value of P for Y then Z is a value of P for X.

Ax60.(<=> (Type ?p TransitiveProperty)

(and (Type ?p Property)

(forall (?x ?y ?z)

(=> (and
(PropertyValue ?p ?x ?y)

(PropertyValue ?p ?y ?z))

(PropertyValue ?p
?x ?z)))))

%% Note that the
following can be inferred from the axioms regarding “TransitiveProperty” and
“subClassOf”:

Th6.(PropertyValue
subClassOf TransitiveProperty Property)

5.1.7.UniqueProperty

%%
“UniqueProperty” is type “Class”.

Ax61.(Type UniqueProperty Class)

%% Saying that an
object P is type “UniqueProperty” is logically equivalent to saying that P is
type “Property” and that if an object Y is a value of P for an object X and an
object Z is a value of P for X then Y is equal to Z (i.e., then Y and Z are the
same object).

Ax62.(<=> (Type ?p UniqueProperty)

(and (Type ?p Property)

(forall (?x ?y ?z)

(=> (and
(PropertyValue ?p ?x ?y)

(PropertyValue ?p ?x ?z))

(= ?y ?z)))))

%% Note that the
following can be inferred from the axioms regarding “UniqueProperty” and
“subClassOf”:

Th7.(PropertyValue
subClassOf UniqueProperty Property)

5.1.8.UnambiguousProperty

%%”UnambiguousProperty”
is type “Class”.

Ax63.(Type UnambiguousProperty Class)

%% Saying that an
object P is type “UnambiguousProperty” is logically equivalent to saying that P
is type “Property” and that if an object V is a value of P for an object X and
V is a value of P for an object Y then X is equal to Y (i.e., then X and Y are
the same object).

Ax64.(<=> (Type ?p UnambiguousProperty)

(and (Type ?p Property)

(forall (?x ?y ?v)

(=> (and
(PropertyValue ?p ?x ?v)

(PropertyValue ?p ?y ?v))

(= ?x ?y)))))

%% Note that the
following can be inferred from the axioms regarding “UnambiguousProperty” and
“subClassOf”:

Th8.(PropertyValue
subClassOf UnambiguousProperty Property)

5.1.9.List

%% “Seq” is a
value of “subClassOf” for “List”.(I.e.,
lists are sequences.)

Ax65.(PropertyValue subClassOf List Seq)

5.1.10.Ontology

%% An ontology is
type “Class”.

Ax66.(Type Ontology Class)

5.2.Properties

This section axiomatizes the properties that are added to
RDF and RDF-S.

5.2.1.equivalentTo

%% “equivalentTo”
is type “Property”.

Ax67.(Type equivalentTo Property)

%% An object Y is
a value of “equivalentTo” for an object X if and only if X is equal to Y.(I.e., saying that objects X and Y are
“equivalentTo” is logically equivalent to saying that X and Y denote the same
object.)

Ax68.(<=> (PropertyValue equivalentTo ?x
?y) (= ?x ?y))

5.2.2.sameClassAs

%% The values of
“subPropertyOf” for “sameClassAs” include “equivalentTo” and “subClassOf”.(I.e., “sameClassAs” is “equivalentTo” for
classes, and two classes that are the same are also subclasses of each other.)

Ax69.(PropertyValue subPropertyOf sameClassAs
equivalentTo)

Ax70.(PropertyValue subPropertyOf sameClassAs
subClassOf)

5.2.3.samePropertyAs

%% The values of
“subPropertyOf” for “samePropertyAs” include “equivalentTo” and
“subPropertyOf”.(I.e., “samePropertyAs”
is “equivalentTo” for properties, and two properties that are the same are also
subproperties of each other.)

Ax71.(PropertyValue subPropertyOf samePropertyAs
equivalentTo)

Ax72.(PropertyValue subPropertyOf samePropertyAs
subPropertyOf)

5.2.4.disjointWith

%% “disjointWith”
is type “Property”.

Ax73.(Type disjointWith Property)

%% Saying that an
object C2 is a value of “disjointWith” for an object C1 is logically equivalent
to saying that C1 is type “Class”, C2 is type “Class”, and that no object X is
both type C1 and type C2.

Ax74.(<=> (PropertyValue disjointWith ?c1
?c2)

(and (Type ?c1 Class)

(Type ?c2 Class)

(not (exists (?x) (and (Type
?x ?c1) (Type ?x ?c2))))))

%% Note that the
following can be inferred from the axioms regarding “disjointWith”, “domain”,
and “range”:

Th9.(PropertyValue
domain disjointWith Class)

Th10.(PropertyValue range disjointWith Class)

5.2.5.unionOf

%% “unionOf” is a
property.

Ax75.(Type unionOf Property)

%% Saying that an
object L is a value of “unionOf” for an object C1 is logically equivalent to
saying that C1 is type “Class”, L is type “List”, every item in list L is type
“Class”, and the objects of type C1 are exactly the objects that are of type
one or more of the classes in the list L.

Ax76.(<=> (PropertyValue unionOf ?c1 ?l)

(and (Type ?c1 Class)

(Type ?l List)

(forall (?x) (=>
(PropertyValue item ?x ?l)

(Type ?x
Class)))

(forall (?x)

(<=> (Type ?x ?c1)

(exists (?c2)

(and
(PropertyValue item ?c2 ?l)

(Type ?x ?c2)))))))

%% Note that the
following can be inferred from the axioms regarding “unionOf”, “domain”, and
“range”:

Th11.(PropertyValue domain unionOf Class)

Th12.(PropertyValue range unionOf List)

5.2.6.disjointUnionOf

%%
“disjointUnionOf” is type “Property”.

Ax77.(Type disjointUnionOf Property)

%% Saying that an
object L is a value of “disjointUnionOf” for an object C is logically
equivalent to saying that L is type “Disjoint” and L is a value of “unionOf”
for C.(I.e., an object C is a disjoint
union of an object L if and only if L is a list of pairwise disjoint classes
and C is the union of the list L of classes.)

Ax78.(<=> (PropertyValue disjointUnionOf
?c ?l)

(and (PropertyValue unionOf ?c ?l)
(Type ?l Disjoint)))

%% Note that the
following can be inferred from the axioms regarding “disjointUnionOf”,
“unionOf”, “domain”, and “range”:

Th13.(PropertyValue domain disjointUnionOf
Class)

Th14.(PropertyValue range disjointUnionOf
Disjoint)

5.2.7.intersectionOf

%%
“intersectionOf” is type “Property”.

Ax79.(Type intersectionOf Property)

%% Saying that an
object L is a value of “intersectionOf” for an object C1 is logically equivalent
to saying that C1 is type “Class”, L is type “List”, all of the items in list L
are type “Class”, and the objects that are type C1 are exactly those objects
that are type all of the classes in list L.

Ax80.(<=> (PropertyValue intersectionOf
?c1 ?l)

(and (Type ?c1 Class)

(Type ?l List)

(forall (?x) (=>
(PropertyValue item ?x ?l)

(Type ?x
Class)))

(forall (?x)

(<=> (Type ?x
?c1)

(forall (?c2)

(=>
(PropertyValue item ?c2 ?l)

(Type
?x ?c2 )))))))

%% Note that the
following can be inferred from the axioms regarding “intersectionOf”, “domain”,
and “range”:

Th15.(PropertyValue domain intersectionOf Class)

Th16.(PropertyValue range intersectionOf List)

5.2.8.complementOf

%% “complementOf”
is type “Property”.

Ax81.(Type complementOf Property)

%% Saying that an
object C2 is a value of “complementOf” for an object C1 is logically equivalent
to saying that C1 and C2 are disjoint classes and all objects are either type
C1 or type C2.

Ax82.(<=> (PropertyValue complementOf ?c1
?c2)

(and (PropertyValue disjointWith
?c1 ?c2)

(forall (?x) (or (Type ?x ?c1)
(Type ?x ?c2)))))

%% Note that the
following can be inferred from the axioms regarding “complementOf”,
“disjointWith”, “domain”, and “range”:

Th17.(PropertyValue domain complementOf Class)

Th18.(PropertyValue range complementOf Class)

Th19.(PropertyValue complementOf Thing Nothing)

5.2.9.oneOf

%% “oneOf” is type
“Property”.

Ax83.(Type oneOf Property)

%% Saying that an
object L is a value of “oneOf” for an object C is logically equivalent to
saying that C is type “Class”, L is type “List”, and the objects that are type C
are exactly the objects that are values of “item” for L.(I.e., saying that C is “oneOf” L is saying
that C is a class, L is a list, and the objects of type C are the objects on
the list L.)

Ax84.(<=> (PropertyValue oneOf ?c ?l)

(and (Type ?c Class)

(Type ?l List)

(forall (?x) (<=> (Type
?x ?c)

(PropertyValue item ?l ?x)))))

%% Note that the
following can be inferred from the axioms regarding “oneOf”, “domain”, and
“range”:

Th20.(PropertyValue domain oneOf Class)

Th21.(PropertyValue range oneOf List)

5.2.10.onProperty

%% “onProperty” is
type “Property”.

Ax85.(Type onProperty Property)

%% “Ristriction”
is a value of “domain” for “onProperty”.(I.e., the first argument of onProperty is a restriction.)

Ax86.(PropertyValue domain onProperty
Restriction)

%% “Property” is
the value of “range” for “onProperty”.(I.e., the second argument of onProperty is a property.)

Ax87.(PropertyValue range onProperty Property)

5.2.11.toClass

%% “toClass” is
type “Property”.

Ax88.(Type toClass Property)

%% “Restriction”
is a value of “domain” for “toClass”.(I.e., the first argument of toClass is a restriction.)

Ax89.(PropertyValue domain toClass Restriction)

%% “Class” is the
value of “range” for “toClass”.(I.e.,
the second argument of toClass is a class.)

Ax90.(PropertyValue range toClass Class)

%% If a property P
is a value of “onProperty” for a restriction R and a class C is a value of
“toClass” for R, then an object I is type R if and only if every value of P for
I is type C.(I.e., a “toClass”
restriction of C on a property P is the class of all objects I such that all
values of P for I are type C.)

Ax91.(=> (and (PropertyValue onProperty ?r
?p)

(PropertyValue toClass ?r ?c))

(forall (?i) (<=> (Type ?i ?r)

(forall (?j) (=> (PropertyValue ?p ?i ?j)

(Type ?j ?c))))))

5.2.12.hasValue

%% “hasValue” is
type “Property”.

Ax92.(Type hasValue Property)

%% “Restriction”
is a value of “domain” for “hasValue”.(I.e., the first argument of hasValue is a restriction.)

Ax93.(PropertyValue domain hasValue Restriction)

%% If a property P
is a value of “onProperty” for a restriction R and an object V is a value for
“hasValue” for R, then an object I is type R if and only if V is a value of P
for I.(I.e., a “hasValue” restriction
of V on a property P is the class of all objects that have V as a valueof P.)

Ax94.(=> (and (PropertyValue onProperty ?r
?p)

(PropertyValue hasValue ?r ?v))

(forall (?i) (<=> (Type ?i ?r)
(PropertyValue ?p ?i ?v))))

%% Note that the
following can be inferred from the axioms regarding “qualifiedBy”,
“onProperty”, “hasValue” and “minCardinality”:

Th22.(=> (and (PropertyValue qualifiedBy ?c1
?q)

(PropertyValue onProperty ?q
?p)

(PropertyValue hasValue ?q
?c2))

(PropertyValue minCardinality ?p 1))

5.2.13.hasClass

%% “hasClass” is
type “Property”.

Ax95.(Type hasClass Property)

%% “Restriction”
is a value of “domain” for “hasClass”.(I.e., the first argument of hasClass is a restriction.)

Ax96.(PropertyValue domain hasClass Restriction)

%% “Class” is the
value of “range” for “hasClass”.(I.e.,
the second argument of hasClass is a class.)

Ax97.(PropertyValue range hasClass Class)

%% If a property P
is a value of “onProperty” for a restriction R and a class C is a value of
“hasClass” for R, then an object I is type R if and only if there exists a
value of P for I that is type C.(I.e.,
a “hasClass” restriction of C on a property P is the class of all objects I
which have a value of P that is type C.)

Ax98.(=> (and (PropertyValue onProperty ?r
?p)

(PropertyValue hasClass ?r ?c))

(forall (?i) (<=> (Type ?i ?r)

(exists (?j) (and
(PropertyValue ?p ?i ?j)

(Type ?j ?c))))))

5.2.14.minCardinality

%%
“minCardinality” is type “Property”.

Ax99.(Type minCardinality Property)

%% “Restriction”
is a value of “domain” for “minCardinality”.(I.e., the first argument of minCardinality is a restriction.)

Ax100.(PropertyValue domain minCardinality
Restriction)

%%
“NonNegativeInteger” is the value of “range” for “minCardinality”.(I.e., the second argument of minCardinality
is a non-negative integer.)

Ax101.(PropertyValue range minCardinality
NonNegativeInteger)

%% If a property P
is a value of “onProperty” for a restriction R and a non-negative integer N is
a value of “minCardinality” for R, then an object I is type R if and only if
there is a “no-repeats-list” all of whose items are values of P for I and whose
length is greater than or equal to N.(I.e., a “minCardinality” restriction of N on a property P is the class
of all objects I which have at least N values of P.)

5.2.15.maxCardinality

%% “Restriction”
is a value of “domain” for “maxCardinality”.(I.e., the first argument of maxCardinality is a restriction.)

Ax104.(PropertyValue domain maxCardinality
Restriction)

%%
“NonNegativeInteger” is the value of “range” for “maxCardinality”.(I.e., the second argument of maxCardinality
is a non-negative integer.)

Ax105.(PropertyValue range maxCardinality
NonNegativeInteger)

%% If a property P
is a value of “onProperty” for a restriction R and a non-negative integer N is
a value of “maxCardinality” for R, then an object I is type R if and only if
all “no-repeats-lists” whose items are exactly the values of P have length less
than or equal to N.(I.e., a
“maxCardinality” restriction of N on a property P is the class of all objects I
which have at most N values of P.)

5.2.16.cardinality

%% “Restriction”
is a value of “domain” for “cardinality”.(I.e., the first argument of cardinality is a restriction.)

Ax108.(PropertyValue domain cardinality
Restriction)

%%
“NonNegativeInteger” is the value of “range” for “cardinality”.(I.e., the second argument of cardinality is
a non-negative integer.)

Ax109.(PropertyValue range cardinality
NonNegativeInteger)

%% If a property P
is a value of “onProperty” for a restriction R and a non-negative integer N is
a value of “cardinality” for R, then an object I is type R if and only if all
“no-repeats-lists” whose items are exactly the values of P have length N.(I.e., a “cardinality” restriction of N on a
property P is the class of all objects I which have exactly N values of P.)

Ax110.(=> (and (PropertyValue onProperty ?r
?p)

(PropertyValue
cardinality ?r ?n))

(forall (?i)

(<=> (Type ?i
?r)

(forall (?vl)

(=>
(and (no-repeats-list ?vl)

(forall

(?v)

(<=> (PropertyValue

item ?vl ?v)

(PropertyValue

?p ?i ?v))))

(=
(length ?vl) ?n))))))

5.2.17.hasClassQ

%% “hasClassQ” is
type “Property”.

Ax111.(Type hasClassQ Property)

%% “Restriction”
is a value of “domain” for “hasClassQ”.(I.e., the first argument of hasClassQ is a restriction.)

Ax112.(PropertyValue domain hasClassQ
Restriction)

%% “Class” is the
value of “range” for “hasClassQ”.(I.e., the second argument of hasClassQ is a class.)

Ax113.(PropertyValue range hasClassQ Class)

5.2.18.minCardinalityQ

%%
“minCardinalityQ” is type “Property”.

Ax114.(Type minCardinalityQ Property)

%% “Restriction”
is a value of “domain” for “minCardinalityQ”.(I.e., the first argument of minCardinalityQ is a restriction.)

Ax115.(PropertyValue domain minCardinalityQ
Restriction)

%%
“NonNegativeInteger” is the value of “range” for “minCardinalityQ”.(I.e., the second argument of
minCardinalityQ is a non-negative integer.)

Ax116.(PropertyValue range minCardinalityQ
NonNegativeInteger)

%% If a property P
is a value of “onProperty” for a restriction R, a non-negative integer N is a
value of “minCardinalityQ” for R, and a class C is a value of “hasClassQ” for
R, then an object I is type R if and only if there is a “no-repeats-list” all
of whose items are type C and values of P for I and whose length is greater
than or equal to N.(I.e., a
“minCardinalityQ” restriction of N on a property P is the class of all objects
I which have at least N values of P that are type C.)

Ax117.(=> (and (PropertyValue onProperty ?r
?p)

(PropertyValue
minCardinalityQ ?r ?n)

(PropertyValue hasClassQ
?r ?c))

(forall

(?i)

(<=> (Type ?i ?r)

(exists

(?vl)

(and (no-repeats-list
?vl)

(forall

(?v)

(=>
(PropertyValue item ?vl ?v)

(and
(PropertyValue ?p ?i ?v)

(Type
?v ?c)))

(>= (length
?vl) ?n))))))

5.2.19.maxCardinalityQ

%%
“maxCardinalityQ” is type “Property”.

Ax118.(Type maxCardinalityQ Property)

%% “Restriction”
is a value of “domain” for “maxCardinalityQ”.(I.e., the first argument of maxCardinalityQ is a restriction.)

Ax119.(PropertyValue domain maxCardinalityQ
Restriction)

%%
“NonNegativeInteger” is the value of “range” for “maxCardinalityQ”.(I.e., the second argument of maxCardinalityQ
is a non-negative integer.)

Ax120.(PropertyValue range maxCardinalityQ
NonNegativeInteger)

%% If a property P
is a value of “onProperty” for a restriction R, a non-negative integer N is a
value of “maxCardinalityQ” for R, and a class C is a value of “hasClassQ” for
R, then an object I is type R if and only if all “no-repeats-lists” whose items
are exactly the values of P that are type C have length less than or equal to
N.(I.e., a “maxCardinalityQ”
restriction of N on a property P is the class of all objects I which have at
most N values of P that are type C.)

Ax121.(=> (and (PropertyValue onProperty ?r
?p)

(PropertyValue
maxCardinalityQ ?r ?n)

(PropertyValue hasClassQ
?r ?c))

(forall

(?i)

(<=> (Type ?i ?r)

(forall

(?vl)

(=> (and
(no-repeats-list ?vl)

(forall

(?v)

(<=> (PropertyValue item ?vl ?v)

(and
(PropertyValue ?p ?i ?v)

(Type ?v ?c)))))

(=< (length
?vl) ?n))))))

5.2.20.cardinalityQ

%% “cardinalityQ”
is type “Property”.

Ax122.(Type cardinalityQ Property)

%% “Restriction”
is a value of “domain” for “cardinalityQ”.(I.e., the first argument of cardinalityQ is a restriction.)

Ax123.(PropertyValue domain cardinalityQ
Restriction)

%% “NonNegativeInteger”
is the value of “range” for “cardinalityQ”.(I.e., the second argument of cardinalityQ is a non-negative integer.)

Ax124.(PropertyValue range cardinalityQ
NonNegativeInteger)

%% If a property P
is a value of “onProperty” for a restriction R, a non-negative integer N is a
value of “cardinalityQ” for R and a class C is a value of “hasClassQ” for R,
then an object I is type R if and only if all “no-repeats-lists” whose items
are exactly the values of P that are type C have length N.(I.e., a “cardinalityQ” restriction of N on
a property P is the class of all objects I which have exactly N values of P
that are type C.)

Ax125.(=> (and (PropertyValue onProperty ?r
?p)

(PropertyValue
cardinalityQ ?r ?n)

(PropertyValue hasClassQ
?r ?c))

(forall

(?i)

(<=> (Type ?i ?r)

(forall

(?vl)

(=> (and
(no-repeats-list ?vl)

(forall

(?v)

(<=>
(PropertyValue item ?vl ?v)

(and
(PropertyValue ?p ?i ?v)

(Type ?v ?c)))))

(= (length ?vl)
?n))))))

5.2.21.inverseOf

%% “inverseOf” is
type “Property”.

Ax126.(Type inverseOf Property)

%% Saying that an
object P2 is a value of “inverseOf” for an object P1 is logically equivalent to
saying that P1 is type “Property”, P2 is type “Property”, and that an object X2
is a value of P1 for an an object X1 if and only X1 is a value of P2 for X2.

Ax127.(<=> (PropertyValue inverseOf ?p1
?p2)

(and (Type ?p1 Property)

(Type ?p2 Property)

(forall (?x1 ?x2)

(<=>
(PropertyValue ?p1 ?x1 ?x2)

(PropertyValue ?p2 ?x2 ?x1)))))

%% Note that the
following can be inferred from the axioms regarding “inverseOf”, “domain”, and
“range”:

Th23.(PropertyValue domain inverseOf Property)

Th24.(PropertyValue range inverseOf Property)

5.2.22.first

%% “first” is type
“FunctionalProperty”.

Ax128.(Type first FunctionalProperty)

%% Saying that an
object X is the value of “first” for an object L is logically equivalent to
saying that L is type “List” and the value of “_1” for L is X.(I.e., “first” is “_1” for lists.)

Ax129.(<=> (PropertyValue first ?l ?x)

(and (Type ?l List)
(PropertyValue _1 ?l ?x)))

5.2.23.rest

%% “rest” is type
“FunctionalProperty”.

Ax130.(Type rest FunctionalProperty)

%% Saying that an
object R is the value of “rest” for an object L is logically equivalent to
saying that L is type “List”, R is type “List”, and L has the same items in the
same order as list R with one additional object as its first item.

%% Note that the
following can be inferred from the axioms regarding “oneOf”, “domain”, and
“range”:

Th25.(PropertyValue domain rest List))

Th26.(PropertyValue range rest List)

5.2.24.item

%% “item” is type
“Property”.

Ax132.(Type item Property)

%% Saying that an
object X is a value of “item” for an object L is logically equivalent to saying
that L is type “List” and either X is the value of “first” for L or X is a
value of “item” for the value of “rest” of L.(I.e., Saying that X is an item of L is saying that X is the first item
in list L or there is a list R that is the rest of list L and X is an item in
the list R.)

Ax133.(<=> (PropertyValue item ?l ?x)

(and (Type ?l List)

(or (PropertyValue first
?l ?x)

(exists (?r)

(and
(PropertyValue rest ?l ?r)

(PropertyValue item ?r ?x))))))

%% Note that the
following can be inferred from the axioms regarding “item”, and “domain”:

Th27.(PropertyValue domain item List))

5.2.25.versionInfo

%% “versionInfo”
is a property.

Ax134.(Type versionInfo Property)

5.2.26.imports

%% “imports” is a
property.

Ax135.(Type imports Property)

5.3.Other Objects

5.3.1.nil

%% “nil” is a list
for which there are no values of “item”.(I.e., “nil” is the empty list.)

Ax136.(Type nil List)

Ax137.(not (PropertyValue item nil ?x))

[1] Previous versions
of this document used additional KIF constructs such as “holds” and sequence
variables not found in other first-order logic languages.Those constructs have been eliminated from
the axiomatization in this version of the document.

[2] The authors
would like to thank Pat Hayes and Peter Patel-Schneider for their generous help
in debugging earlier versions of this document.We would also like to acknowledge constructive comments from many
on the RDF mailing list including Alex Borgida, Dan Connolly, and Ora Lassila.

[4] KIF
note:“<=>” means “if and only
if”.Relational sentences in KIF have
the form “ (<relation name> <argument>*)”.Names whose first character is ``?'' are
variables.If no explicit quantifier is
specified, variables are assumed to be universally quantified.

[5] KIF notes:
“nil” denotes an empty list.“(listof
x)” is a term that denotes the list of length 1 whose first (and only) item is
x.“=” means “denotes the same object
in the domain of discourse”.“item” is
a binary relation that holds when the object denoted by its second argument is
an element of the list denoted by its first argument.“first” is a unary function whose value is the first element of
the list denoted by its argument.“rest” is a unary function which has a value when its argument is a
non-empty list and has as a value the list consisting of all but the first
element of the list denoted by the argument.

[11] KIF note:
“cons” is a KIF function that takes an object and a list as arguments and whose
value is the list produced by adding the object to the beginning of the list so
that the object is the first item on the list that is the function’s value.