Abstract: Importance of women issue
at Iran
especially rural area, at one side face with fast population
growth and mass of unemployed at process of access to rural
growth and development, and at other side with limitation of
facilities and productive resources.
Rural women at all production level of agriculture products and
livestock productions work alongside men and generally,
development is multidimensional process and contains different
economic, social, cultural and political dimensions. Women’s
participation at this process is active and affective
participation, and main aspect of this participation was its
economic dimension for rural women. Rural women have key role
as a producer at agriculture activities, rural sources and
services at rural area. rural women most efficient women of
society and among people who are active at productive
occupations , so it is obvious that attention to rural women as
a strong arm at rural development can follow positive and
undeniable affects , in this purpose.

Abstract: Human in the last 20 years climate
change has faced a lot of his works on display touches
gradually. Dust (size 4 microns) resulting from natural
phenomena in which these changes occur, the mitigation of
harmful effects is very difficult and almost "out of
control And why is Iran being on the belt of this phenomenon
(geographical location and latitude 24 40 °) regions of the
country constantly, especially "the South have faced with
this phenomenon but in recent years the amount, concentration
of suspended solids, number, time stability and the
establishment, expansion and influence of this phenomenon has
increased. Spread and persistence of dust caused climate change
in terms of amount of light received, changes in air
temperature and relative humidity changes in the amounts
directly and carbon dioxide and oxygen is indirectly.These changes on
plant metabolism and affects the performance characteristics of
qualitative and quantitative Morphophysiology and affect the
plants.Dust particles are no moisture
absorption and potential abundance of water that attracts
humidity and dry air over the process of expanding leaf
surfaces and limit plant growth.Dusts on plant surfaces are green and
the moisture levels, reduced water pressure are limited turgid
growth will intensify.
On the other hand
placing the green plants on the surface, disrupting the process
of receiving light and can reduce plant photosynthesis and are
dark spots on plants and garden products to create a
market-friendly to reduce the intensity. With low growth,
reduced plant height and dry matter accumulation, especially
"in plants such as sorghum and alfalfa hay spatial and
reduced product sweep sorghum
south province reduced panicle length, have a severe drop
Radashth product. According to estimates made phenomenon
to about 40 to 50 percent crop damage are: for example,
"reduce product pomegranates from 6 tons to two tons and
reduce product from 50 to 60 pounds below the five kilogram PJ
per tree in 2009 resulting this is a phenomenon. Because of the
dust early harvested crops such as pomegranates reduce serious
product and its quality is low. The amount of the paste
processing and production quality is very low. Dust phenomena addition to reducing
the impact of harvesting dates is seriously diminish the
quality of this product is too. At present rates of harvest
dates in Khorramshahr is faced with a significant decrease. In
2009 only six thousand and 500 tons of palm groves of palm
harvest and harvest dates grade level to zero level and harvest
dates Palm owners only grade 2 and below have hope. Dust
phenomena in addition to increasing sequence s pests, reducing
rates of photosynthesis and quality Field dates will be.

[Tayeb Saki Nejad, Climate
change caused by dust and its effects on the characteristics of
Morphophysiology, quantitative and qualitative yield of plants
in Khuzestan province.Journal
of American Science 2011;7(6):7-9]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org.

Abstract: Biological products that are organic
fertilizers include different types of microorganisms have the
ability to convert the elements of the form unavailable to
available form through biological processes have them.
Biological fertilizers increased microbial activity of
microorganisms and intensify them to make food available in
forms which are easily absorbed by the plant are. Huomic acid
as an organic acid from humus and other natural resources
through the hormonal effects of improved nutrient absorption
and increased root and shoot biomass is. Therefore, it seems,
especially biological fertilizers Huomic acid increased root
biomass, increased solubility of nutrients in the soil and can
increase the absorption is increased yield. Germination of
seeds is a complex physiological process triggered by
imbibitions of water after possible dormancy mechanisms have
been released by appropriate triggers. Organic matter due to
the beneficial effects on physical properties, chemical and
biological soil has an important role in soil fertility, plant
nutrition and crop yield have increased. Huomic acid humus
material that is part of the property due to the complex
hormonal and audience an important influence in increasing crop
production and supply is balanced. Effect of micro-fertilizers
in the new debate is the speed and germination. Huomic micro
elements like iron and acid compounds or elements Clat Huomic
complete micro or treatment Huomic Clat, complete micro and
macro elements on the speed of germination and affect. These
substances cause a change in speed and percentage germination
for causing water absorption and osmotic regulation are. The
purpose of this experiment was how to effect of micro
fertilizers on germination. After three days of testing, counting and
investigation was initiated seeds results indicate that the
five treatments applied after the third day: 10 numbers in the control
of the number 5 seed was germinated but in treatment Huomic
Clat magnesium and calcium from number 10 seed did not do any
germination.

Abstract: General
purpose of testing conditions to get the best crop production
figures for comments in order to get maximum yield is.
Appropriate distribution of plants per unit area in one of the
most consistent factor is to increase yield. In order to study
the effect of different densities on bean cultivars,
experimental farm in 2008 Farm Research, Islamic Azad
University of Ahvaz was executed. Factorial experiment in
randomized complete block design with three replications was
formed. The first factor consists of three densities (45, 55,
65) plants m and the second factor consists of three digits
(ZOHREH, SHAME and JAZAYERI) were. The results showed that
between different varieties of grain yield and all yield
components (seed number per pod and NO. pod) statistically
significant difference in the level of 5 percent there. ZOHREH
figure was superior to other cultivars and varieties having
SHAME with little JAZAYERI showed no statistical difference.
Grain yield in different cultivars ZOHREH, SHAME and JAZAYERI,
respectively1523.33, 1372.67, 1352 kg ha was. . Most biological
functions in the plant density of 55 3042.89 kg/ha obtained the
density of levels with other significant difference at 5
percent showed. Highest harvest index and density of about 55
plant varieties ZOHREH m according to the results the best
varieties for planting varieties bless and best density,
density of 55 plants per square meter is.

Abstract: Dry matter accumulation patterns in
most grains are sigmoid-type curve. In the first stage of this
model is that if growth is slow, then there is a rapid phase
after the flowering stage is followed by growth that is in pod
formation stage. Studies have shown that leaf area development
and dry matter accumulation in most cereal grains, especially
cold for a long period after transplantation is very slow. Accordingly, in order to
effect the kinds humic acid plant growth and bean seeds under
climatic conditions of Ahvaz in the form of a split-plot
experimental design with randomized complete block design based
on years of farming 2010 was designed and executed. Factor with
three bean varieties (V1 = Barekat, V2 =
Jazayeri, V3 = Shame) in the main plot factor with
four types humic acid (F0 = control, F1 =
humic acid, F2 = full macro humic acid, F3
= acid Micro humic full) rate of 2 ppm in the sub-plots were
placed. The results showed that the use of acid in all
varieties humic increased plant growth parameters such as crop
growth rate (CGR), plant height, grain yield, harvest index and
biological function has been compared to the control. the
highest total dry weight of the acid treatment Humic full macro
level was 5909 kg per hectare and the lowest rate to the
control was 4332 kg per hectare Effective grain filling period (EFP)
The increase in the treatment process itself revealed. Varieties planted in the province and
the third type humic acid with a control rate at 2 ppm was
placed in sub-plots. The highest and lowest average number of
lateral roots in this experiment in order Humic acid treatments
and control macro level 241.7 and 136 numbers were obtained.
Note that between the number of acid root treatment and between
macro and micro humic acid and acid micro Humic significant
difference was found. the highest root dry weight to macro
Humic acid treatment with a mean 4.22 grams of control
treatment and lowest with mean 2.63 has been hot Total root
number from 592 to 899 in number in the control humic full
macro will increase the number of roots, a positive regression
(r2 = 0.89) with the amount of
biological fixation (percentage of nitrogen nodules) showed. [Simin
Haghighi, Tayeb Saki Nejad, Shahram Lack. Calculatethe growthdynamics ofroot and shoot ofbeanplants. Journal of American Science
2011;7(6):19-26]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org.

Abstract: To evaluate the effects of drought
stress in different periods growth stomata behavior, research
using factorial experiment design, randomized complete block
with four replications and two factors with four levels of
water stress as the first factor and three levels of growth
periods As the second factor in the three crop years (1999-2000
&2000-2001 and 2001-2002) the Islamic Azad University Research
Station at 3 km south of Ahwaz, Ahwaz city was designed and
executed. Analysis of variance at 1% showed in all three years of
water stress treatment, periods of growth and interaction of
these two stomata resistance and lower leaf surface supernatant
separately showed significant effect. by applying different
levels of water stress, stomata resistance and lower leaf
surface increased supernatant Duncan test was at 5% level in
three years of the three groups presented mean that treatment
(severe water stress treatment) and the highest treatment
(control, no water stress) the lowest stomata resistance
showed. Duncan
test at 5% level one to two average growth for the period
presented the highest stomata resistance in all three years and
the treatments were obtained and lowest stomata resistance was
observed in treatment. Duncan test at 5% level interactions
show treatments with treatments that apply the lowest stomata
resistance values were the other words in the early stages of
plant growth when water is enough to provide resistance,
stomata express that little but more severe stress in the
course of Growth stomata resistance was increased considerably,
the underside of leaf stomata resistance levels much higher
than the leaf supernatant.

Abstract: In order to effect hormone gibberellins acid on properties such as bean
plants Morphophysiology: internodes' length and stem number,
plant height, leaf growth dynamics and crop growth rate
research as a factorial experiment in randomized complete block
design with three replications in crop year 2010 Farm Research
HASHEMI located in the city HAMIDIEH province was
conducted, first factor hormone gibberellins acid on four
levels, respectively, treated (d0) control (no hormone
gibberellins acid) treatments and d3, d2,
d1, respectively, 5, 50 and 250 ppm and the second
factor included three plant growth periods: (vegetative phase=
s0 , Flowering phase = s1 and pod
set phase = s2) for the hormone gibberellins
spray on beans were considered. Dose 50ppm hormone
gibberellins acid, more leaf area index (LAI)
with 1.98 in comparison with other surfaces have been in the
treatment group a was used Hormone gibberellins
acid applied best courses in the vegetative period before flowering
leaf dry weight, 752.2 kg/ha been in a treatment group were.
And the flowering period to Pod set treated with 678.3 ​​kg/ha-level statistical treatment Pod
set b to aggregation with 666.6 kg/ha c level was
statistically. Dose of the hormone gibberellins acid maximum
height of internodes 4.07 inches compared to other hormone
levels have been in statistical was. Other doses differ quite
significantly with this level did not have the lower levels
were. The results showed that the hormone gibberellins acid
increased crop growth rate to 35 percent in d3 =
20.15 g/m2/day treatment than control treatment was d0
= 14.5 g/m2/day. Hormone gibberellins acid effects
on bean plant stem internodes' distances showed that on average
2.2 inches were added to the internodes' length. Especially the
increase in the lower internodes bean plant stems were most
evident in the treated internodes' d2S0
height d0S0 than the control treatment
was significant. [ُSomaye
ghalandari, Tayeb Saki Nejad,Shahram Lack.
Effect ofGA3hormones
on growth dynamics of Bean. Journal of American Science
2011;7(6):32-39]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org.

Abstract: As addiction affects not only on
addict person but also on family members, so relationship
behaviors is an important part of codependents’ life which
needs to recover in order to achieve health promotion. This
study investigates to find whether the "12-Step Program"
empowers families of addicts/alcoholic in term of relationship
with others or not. In other words, this study aims to find
differences of relationship behaviors by comparing families of
addicts/alcoholics who practice the "12-Step Program"
and who do not. Theory of empowerment is the key theory to
conduct this study. The findings of this study indicate that
the “12-step program” is an effective program to enables
codependents to improve their relationship with others in
comparison with those who do not practice this program (control
group). In other words, independent samples t-test reveals that
codependents’ relationship behaviors are recovered duo to
practicing the "12-Step Program" in Al-Anon/Nar-Anon
groups in Iran.

AbstractDue to poor land of Khuzestan and land
pollution due to application of chemical fertilizers, use of
materials that can no harmful effects on the environment,
planting with very low doses, had positive effects on plants
have quality performance, it seems necessary. Why research in
this area in order to affect hormone levels and time use gibberellins acid (GA3) on the process of change
and increasing amounts of protein bean seeds, bean seeds to increase
the quality performance (Vicia FabaL.) were performed. The
research farm located in the city Hamidieh hashemi research
during the season and in 2010 was done, figure used in this
experiment using BARAKAT variety. Use design was factorial
experiments in randomized complete block design with three
replications. Factors tested included four concentrations of
the hormone gibberellins acid: (no hormones = d0, d1
= 5 ppm, d2 = 50 ppm and d3 = 250 ppm)
and the second factor the third period, hormone sprayed: (phase
of eruption = s0, Flowering = s1 and
phase pod set = s2), respectively. Measuring grain
protein levels indicated that the hormone gibberellins acid spray treatment growth period
increased grain protein and the greatest amount of protein in
the amount of treatments d2s0 d1s0
and 29.28 percent, respectively.. [ُSomaye
ghalandari, Tayeb Saki Nejad,Shahram Lack.
Effect ofdifferent
doses ofthe
hormonegibberellinsacidonthe process ofproteinchangesinbeanplants. Journal of American Science
2011;7(6):45-49]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org.

Abstract: The production of surface active
compounds or biosurfactants by microorganisms has been a
subject of increasing interest in recent years especially due
to the potential applications in enhanced oil recovery. A
number of studies have indicated that the type of medium and
growth conditions can influence the type and yield of
biosurfactants. The present work demonstrated that the isolated
bacteria, Pseudomonas sp from used edible oil was able
to utilize the used edible oil as carbon and energy source to
produce rhamnolipid at a concentration of 7.6 g/L. The
temperature, incubation period, and nitrogen source optima of
biosurfactant production was found at 36 °C, 72 hr and
sodium nitrate respectively.

Abstract: Interferon related side effects need
extensive researches especially the management strategies of
these side effects are available. This study was carried out to
assess the effect of nursing management protocol on selected
side effects of Interferon and Ribavirin among hepatitis C
patients. A convenience sample of 60 hepatitis C patients of
both sexes in liver out patient clinic at Shebin El- Kom
teaching hospital was selected for data collection. Tools for
data collection included Tool 1: Structured interview
questionnaire. It includes 3 parts to assess medical data and
knowledge of patients. Tool 2 : Fatigue severity scale to
measure fatigue severity among studied sample. Tool 3: Anxiety
scale to assess the anxiety level of studied sample. All
studied sample had several complains related to Interferon
before giving the nursing management. Also there were
statistical significance differences in all laboratory findings
and body temperature before and after the study by 8 weeks.
There were statistical significant improvement of these
knowledge after4 and 8 weeks from beginning of the study. Also,
there was significant improvement in anxiety and fatigue level
after 8 weeks from beginning of the study. It is concluded
that: nursing intervention and knowledge about chronic
hepatitis C, its treatment and management of Interferon related
side effects seemed to have positive effects on improving
patients knowledge about diseases and managing side effects of
treatment and self care modalities that reflected by
improvement in laboratory findings, vital signs, patients
complains, anxiety level and fatigue level. It is recommended
that: Promotion & enhancement of the self care modalities
to the patient; a strict written instruction with pictures
about disease process, prohibited and allowed foods, rest and
physical activities and follow up should be continued after
termination of the treatment through a rehabilitation program.

Abstract:Any activity that gets your students involved makes the
learning experiential. This includes small group discussions,
experiments, role playing, skits, building something at their
table or desk, writing or drawing something specific – activity
of any kind. Activities also keep people energized, especially
activities that involve getting up and moving about. Most adult
students are in your classroom because they want to be. Some of
them are there because they have Continuing Education
requirements to keep a certificate current, but most are there
because they’ve chosen to learn something new. This principle
is not about why your students are in your classroom, but about
why each thing you teach them is an important part of the
learning. I’ll use my own pickle-making lesson as an example.

Abstract:adult who is able to
recognize their needs. He is who knows what will. Refers to
individual adults in their lives cross
and understand their responsibilities and has accepted the role
is social. Adult learners are often those that distinguish each other and have many different
targets at the same time and will follow a common challenge to
fulfill the goals of building self motivation vectors as
educational materials to learn and use the forge. Adult
illiteracy is like a disease that infects virtually every
dimension of Kentucky
life. Adult illiteracy saps the energy and capability of Kentucky’s
people and its economy. Adult illiteracy feeds the state’s
unemployment, its welfare rolls, and the correctional
institutions. Though
rarer today then in the past, some teachers discount the
importance of learning styles. They continue to teach in their
one major method without trying to vary instructional methods.
This is a mistake that will lead to less learning in the
classroom. On the other hand, many students and to a
lesser degree some teachers make the mistake of thinking that
they cannot learn using methods that are not focused on their
learning style. This is also a huge mistake that in the end
will result in less learning. If teachers do not help their
students find ways to be successful learning information
presented in any style, they are not helping them succeed in
the future. The fact is that students will be faced with many
different styles of teaching during the educational career.
Only by finding ways to adapt and learn using other styles,
will students end up succeeding.

Abstract: There exist different methods of data
collection and analysis, each with its own strengths and
weaknesses. Through time, more appropriate and refined methods
have been developed. In the context of rural development,
information regarding the communities, their livelihoods, their
beliefs, the physical environment in which they live, and their
resource endowments need to be gathered and interpreted in a
manner that identifies their priorities with a view of
developing better understanding of their status and designing
appropriate intervention projects directed at resolving their
problems. The different ways of data collection and
interpretation can be seen under two perspectives(IUCN, 2001):
qualitative versus quantitative, and participatory versus top
down. While the quantitative methods generate information that
can be captured numerically, the qualitative methods generally
do not generate specific numbers. Qualitative methods are
concerned with exploring meanings, processes, reasons, and
explanations.

ABSTRACT: The data for diesel fuel
energy consumption on tillage, planting, cultivation,
irrigation, harvesting and grain hauling as well as electricity
for pumping water from wells obtained by questioners for four
western provinces of Iran. The data was
analyzed by SPSS software and then compared with the
calculation results for the similar activities. Calculations
were run for the worst case situation that is the hardest soil
type for tillage, lowest forward speed and field efficiency for
all. The results showed that the least energy consumption for
every one of the practices was higher than the calculated
figures; in some cases more than triple. The energy used for
irrigation was the dominating. More energy was put into the water
wells than for the hardest soil tillage. Statistics showed that
the farmers in these provinces used 24.10-38.98 GJha-1
to produce one hectare of irrigated wheat compared to 23.67
GJha-1 calculated for the worst case. International
data for semi tropical area in India for the
drought years was cited as 15.289 GJha-1.
experimental data for energy consumption for every practice was
separately analyzed and compared with the calculated figures.
Tillage with an average coefficient of 57.38 lha-1
and planting with an average 34.16 lha-1 showed no
significant differences between the provinces at 5% probability
level. Energy coefficient for the other activities that is
cultivation, irrigation, harvesting and grain hauling did show
significant differences between some of the provinces. The
average energy consumption for these activities was 1.045,
21.268, 1.406 and 2.99 GJha-1 respectively. The
worst case calculated values were 0.232, 18.813, 0.680 and
1.748 GJha-1 respectively. The energy coefficient
per ton of produced wheat was also obtained.

Abstract: One of the challenging
topics in image processing is extracting the shapes from noisy
backgrounds. There are some methods for doing it from different
kinds of noisy backgrounds. In this paper, we are going to
introduce another method by using 4 steps to extract circular
shapes from impulse noisy backgrounds. First step is applying
median filter to disappear "salt and pepper" noise. This
step causes edge smoothing. So, as the second step, a laplacian
sharpening spatial filter should be applied. It highlights fine
details and enhances the blurred edges. Using these two steps
sequentially causes noise reduction in an impressive way. Third
step is using Canny edge detection for segmenting the image.
Its algorithm is talked during the paper. Finally, forth step
is applying Circular Hough Transform (CHT) for detecting the
circles in image. At the end of paper different use cases of
this method is investigated.

Abstract: In the modern world that
the lives are going to have an online aspect in addition to
traditional life, having suitable websites for different purposes
plays a big role in social communications. High quality
communication is the product of good interaction, and a good
online interaction is the product of a good website.

In this paper, we want to
introduce some basic steps that can help to provide a guideline
for designing a suitable website. We have tried to cover both
technical and psychological aspects of a website. These steps
are divided into 3 parts: pre-design, design, and post-design
steps. Each one of them is consist of some steps that are
described in details through the paper.

Abstract: In this paper, we intend
to introduce a new heuristic algorithm to apply maximum
minimization to Boolean functions with normal SOP form. To
implement the proposed algorithm, we use the graph data
structure and define the adjacencies. Also, we demonstrate some
conditions to achieve the maximum minimization. Through this
paper, the problem of shared vertices in more than one
adjacency is talked, and the solution is presented. Karnaugh
map is used to clarify the matter.

Abstract: In this paper, we intend
to introduce a steganography algorithm for embedding a message
into a RGB 24-bit color image. It will be done by using the
concepts of linked list data structure. It will help us to
achieve some important advantages. First, we can create a
“stego-key” by the address of message blocks. Second, it makes
the detection of message harder. Also, there will be other
benefits that are mentioned during the paper.

Another point about the
presented algorithm is the flexibility. For example, it could
be written in recursive way. To prove it, we wrote a recursive
function called “Read()” for extracting the message from the
cover image. At the end of paper, characteristics of this
algorithm will be talked.

Abstract: User interface is a
general connection tool for getting the request of user and
give back the responses. A special type of user interface is
GUI (Graphical User Interface), which is very important in
computer world, and you can't find any application without it.
Designing a suitable GUI is definitely an important part of
designing any application. Due to this, there are some
principles that help to create an appropriate GUI. In this
paper, we are going to talk about the necessity of a suitable
GUI for an information system. So, the goals of GUI will be
investigated. Then we will get into common characteristics of a
proper GUI.

Abstract: In this paper, we are
going to introduce different types of steganography considering
the cover data. As the first step, we will talk about text
steganography and investigate its details. Then, image
steganography and its techniques will be investigated. Some
techniques including Least Significant Bits, Masking and
filtering and Transformations will be subjected during image
steganography. Finally, audio steganography which contains LSB
Coding, Phase Coding, Spread Spectrum and Echo Hiding
techniques will be described.

Abstract:The purpose of this study
was to compare the efficacy of ibuprofen phonophresis versus
topical application of ibuprofen in improvement of hand grip
strength in psoriatic arthritic patients. Methods: Forty
patients who had asymmetrical psoriatic arthritis in hand
participated in this study. Their ages ranged from 30 to 50
years. Patients were classified randomly into two groups of
equal numbers; group (1) (control group) received routine
physical therapy (hot therapy, stretching and strengthening
exercises), in addition to sham ibuprofen phonophoresis, while
group (2) (studied group): received routine physical therapy,
in addition to ibuprofen phonophoresis. Each patient was
evaluated for grip strength, tender and swollen joint count
before and after one month oftreatment.
The results revealed that there was a significant difference
between both groups regarding to grip strength, tender and
swollen joint count, with the percentage of improvement in
group 1 were 56%, 54%, and 55% ,while in group 2 were 82%, 80%
and 76% respectively. It is concluded that the
results of the current study confirms the effectiveness of phonophoresis
as a therapeutic modality enhancing the delivery of ibuprofen
so increasing the percentage of improvement of grip
strength in the studied group.

Abstract:During a scientific visit
to a coastal area at Suez,
Egypt,
it was observed that Tamarix niloticaplant
naturally dominated on oil polluted site in this area,
indicating that this plant is a tolerant of the combined
adverse effects of salinity and petroleum pollutants. This
observation stimulated a study to investigate the rhizosphere
effect of this plant on the degradation and removal of
petroleum aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) compounds from this
coastal saline soil. Accordingly, samples were collected from
the rhizosphere and from the non-rhizosphere soil and studied.
The results show that the rhizosphere soil of Tamarix
nilotica was rich in total heterotrophic bacteria and
oil-degraders. In the rhizosphere soil oil-degraders were of
higher percentage (30.7%) compared to the non-rhizosphere soil
(4.6%). Residual total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPH) in the
non-rizosphere soil was 2.25% (w/w), while in the rhizosphere
soil the percentage was 0.9% (w/w). This indicate a reduction
of 60% of the TPHs. The saturates fraction in the rhizosphere
as compared to the non-rizosphere soil was reduced by 87.5%,
while the aromatics were reduced by 60.7%. It is of interest to
find that the non-degradable asphaltenes and resins were
reduced in the rhizosphere by 1.1% and 2.5% respectively. As a
total the amount of PAHs (mgkg-1 soil) were 1073.5
and 541.94 in the non-rhizosphere and rhizosphere soil
respectively, i.e. with a loss of 49.5% in the rhizosphere.
Chrysene and dibenzo(ah)anthracene as compared to the other
PAHs were more frequent in the non-rhizosphere soil. These two
compounds were reduced by 55.7% and 24.3% respectively in the
rhizosphere. As a total the four-ringed PAHs as compared to
other PAH groups were highly reduced (60.3%) in the rhizosphere,
this was followed by the three-ringed PAH group (52.5%). The
five-ringed and the six-ringed groups were weakly reduced
(37.8% and 33.8% respectively). The 8 carcinogenic PAH group
were collectively reduced in the rhizosphere by 49.1%. A
particular notable distinction of the rhizosphere of Tamarix
nilotica is the greater efficiency to degrade the
carcinogenic PAH compounds especially flouranthene (75.4%),
benzo(a)anthracene (63.4%) and pyrene (60.2%). Results of Gas
Chromatography (GC) analysis for the detection of the
accumulated PAHs in the shoot tissue of Tamarix nilotica
plant growing in the polluted area as compared to that growing
in non-polluted area show that the identified peaks in the
tissue of both plants were 15 and 14 peaks respectively. The
sum of the 15 PAHs was 528 mgkg-1 dried tissue,
whereas the sum of the 14 PAHs was 769 mgkg-1 dried
soil. This result indicate an accumulation value of 1.46.

Abstract:
The present study was designed to evaluate the effect of low
level laser therapy on alveolar bone remodeling and rate of
tooth movement secondary to application of orthodontic forces.
42 male Guinea pigs were used in this study. The animals were
divided into two groups (each group contains 21 animals), group
(1) received soft laser therapy at the treatment site and group
(2) as a control group. The orthodontic device was cemented to
the lower central incisors to be activated once only. Daily
measurements were taken directly from the oral cavity to record
the rate of tooth movement of the experimental groups. Seven
animals of each group were sacrificed at 3 days, 2 weeks and
one month. Radiographic assessment was carried out at
these intervals using Radio-Visio-Graphy (RVG), with its
personal computer (PC) based version, to monitor
the changes in the bone density mesial to each lower central
incisor. The lower jaws were histologically treated to obtain
mesiodistal sections of the lower incisors with their
supporting structures and stained by H & E. Conclusion:
Soft laser can enhance the rate of orthodontic tooth movement
due to stimulation of bone remodeling.

ABSTRACT: Three isolates of Helicobacter pylori
(H. pylori) were originally isolated from gastric
biopsies taken from patients complaining of gastric disorders
in Makkah City,
Saudi Arabia.
The isolates that previously revealed to be vaculating
cytotoxin A positive were identified by 16S rRNA gene as H.
pylori using a primer pair designed from the similar
sequences within consensus regions of GenBank H. pylori
to amplify the 163 bp fragment. Sequence alignments of 16S rRNA
gene were performed and total numbers of 46, 55 and 40
nucleotide positional differences with base-pair substitutions
were identified for these isolates compared to GenBank strains
of H. pylori.
Phylogenetic analyses based on 16S rRNA gene sequences showed
that the three H. pylori strains formed a phylogenetically
distinct group, separate from all other species of H. pylori.
The three isolates were hence coined as H. pylori
Milyani-1, -2 and -3 at GenBank database under the accession
numbers HQ877021, HQ877022
and HQ877023, respectively. The
obtained results evidently
indicated a large diversity with unique characteristics of the
three Saudi Arabian H.
pylori strains from all the other established strains.

Abstract: In this article the
disk-rim flywheel is suggested for light weight. The mass of
the flywheel is minimized subject to constraints of required
moment of inertia and admissible stresses. The theory of the
rotating disks of uniform thickness and density is applied to
each the disk and the rim independently with suitable matching
condition at the junction. Suitable boundary conditions on the
centrifugal stresses are applied and the dimensional ratios are
obtained for minimum weight. It is proved that the required
design is very close to the disk with uniform thickness

Department of Biochemistry,
University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Enugu, Nigeria

ABSTRACT: This study was conducted to
evaluate the anti-hepatotoxic effect of intraperitoneal
administration of ethanol extract of Ficus vogeli
(600mg/kg) in CCl4-induced hepatotoxicity in male
albino rats. Phytochemically, the leaf extract contains tannin,
alkaloid, flavonoid, carbohydrates, protein, saponin, steroids,
terpenoids, fats and oil. The administration of the Ficus
vogelii extract was at one phase of the experiment
according to the body weight of the test animals. The ethanol
extracts of Ficus vogelii significantly reduced
(p<0.05) the level of activity of the hepatic enzyme markers
in the serum (Alanine amino transferase (ALT), Aspartate amino
transferase (AST), alkaline phosphate (ALP) and total
bilirubin) which occurred due to induced oxidative stress.
Relative to the control group, treatment with CCl4
significantly raised the levels of ALT, ASP, AST and total
bilirubin in the serum. The animals that received Ficus
vogelii showed not only reduced hepatocellular degeneration
but also of hepatocellular regeneration when compared to the
liver of those exposed to CCl4 alone. Thus the
histopathological studies also supported the anti-hepatpotoxic
action of the ethanol extract of Ficus vogelii. The
results of this study clearly indicate that Ficus vogelii ethanol
extract has a potent anti-hepatotoxicity action against carbon
tetrachloride induced liver damage in rats.

Abstract: Power
Purchasing Agreements (PPAs) are the recent contracts between
Generation Companies (GENCOs) and Independent System Operator (ISO).
After restructuring in power system, lack of motivations for
Independent Power Producers (IPPs) to partnership in power
generation and long term maintaining energy have affect the
long horizon expansion planning. In this area, long term
contracts can help the market entities to hedging their risks
in satisfying the future demands and ensuring the return of
their investment cost. From an IPP point of view, clarifying
the rate of return of investment has an important role in his
financial decision making. In competitive power market, each
GENCO would offer in the market and some of them could exercise
market power in power market. One of the proposed ways to
controlling the market power is PPA. In this paper the PPA and
some proposed PPAs are introduced and clarifying the weak and
strong point of the PPAs are presented.

[Mohammad Sadegh Javadi,
Amin Javadinasab. Power Purchasing Agreements in Modern Power
System,Journal of American
Science 2011;7(6):164-169]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org.

Abstract: The aim
of this research is to evaluate differences in growth and
chemical composition of in vitro grown seedlings (10, 20
and 30 days old) of Rumex vesicarius L. (
Polygonaceae) on either solidified MS medium or agar.
Percentage of germination increased with time from 2 days till
16 days in case of seedlings grown on MS medium, and 10 days in
case of seedlings grown on agar. Variations in seedlings length
at 10, 20 and 30 days were non significant. Seedlings grown on
agar were longer than seedlings grown on MS medium. Shoot: root
ratio (%) decreased with time from 10 to 30 days, shoot: root
ratio of seedlings grown on agar was less than these of
seedlings grown on MS medium.Variation in shoot: root
ratio of seedlings grown on either solidified MS medium or agar
was highly significant.Fresh and dry weights of these
seedlings increased with time in 10, 20 and 30 days old
seedlings. Variations were highly significant in both fresh and
dry weights. Fresh and dry weights of seedlings grown on MS
medium were higher than seedlings grown on agar. Phytochemical
screening of 10, 20 and 30 days old seedlings showed variations
in the presence and / or amount of some biologically active
constituents under investigation such as: flavonoids, saponins,
alkaloids and tannins, chlorides and Sulphates, these
variations indicated that, the formation of these active
constituents is positively or negatively related to time.
Regarding total phenolics, of seedlings grown on MS medium, 20
days old seedlings had the maximum concentration (3.833±0.334
mg GAEs/g F.W.), followed by 10 days old seedlings
(1.910±0.334 mg GAEs/g F.W.), while 30 days old
seedlings were found to contain the least amount of phenolics
(1.167±0.334 mg GAEs/g F.W.). Variations in the
amount of total phenolics within different seedlings were non
significant. Seedlings grown on agar contained low amount of
phenolics till 30 days old, compared with seedlings grown on MS
medium. Total flavonoids were determined also, highly
significant variations were found between 10, 20 and 30 days
old seedlings grown on either MS medium or agar. The maximum
amount of total flavonoids was found to be in 10 days old
seedlings grown on agar (106.350±3.849 µg/g F.W.); flavonoidal
contents were negatively related to time. In wild young
plantlets of Rumex vesicarius L. at vegetative stage,
total phenolics were found to be lower than in vitro
grown seedlings. Plantlets roots were found to be the richest
organ (1.695± 0.178 mg GAEs/g F.W.), however
roots contains about less than half amounts found in in
vitro grown seedlings on MS medium at 20 days old
(3.833±0.334 mg GAEs/g F.W.). Wild young plantlets
were rich in flavonoids. There were highly significant
variations between plantlets parts. Leaves were found to
contain the highest amount of flavonoids (2835.000 ± 305.757 µg/g F.W.).

Abstract: Different definitions
were presented about indigenous knowledge by experts that each
of them present their idea about this knowledge from their viewpoint.
Each of them emphasis on a special aspect of indigenous
knowledge according to their viewpoint. Oxford vocabulary define the
word indigenous knowledge such this" it is created
naturally in a region which is related to the people of that
region. Indigenous knowledge is a knowledge that has been grown
in a long time and has transferred from one generation to other
generation in hereditary form . Williams and Molina have
defined indigenous knowledge such this: indigenous knowledge is
the learning methods, understanding and attitude to the world
which is the result of experience and solving problems
according to test and error by the people who are active and
have used their available resources on its suitable time.
Chambers with emphasizing on people's role in development
process, believed that the phrase rural people's knowledge is
more sensible than the other phrase such ethnic ecology,
ethnographic knowledge, ethnic classification. He also believed
that indigenous knowledge is a knowledge that is created
naturally and is emanated from geographical circle.

Abstract: Distance education places
students and their instructors in separate locations using some
form of technology to communicate and interact. The student may
be located in the classroom, home, office or learning center.
The instructor may be located in a media classroom, studio,
office or home. The student may receive information via
satellite, microwave, or fiber optic cable, television
(broadcast, cable or Instructional Television Fixed Services
(ITFS), video cassette or disk, telephone - audio conferencing
bridge or direct phone line, audio cassette, printed materials
- text, study guide, or handout, computer - modem or floppy
disk, and compressed video. Recent rapid development of
technology has resulted in systems that are powerful, flexible,
and increasingly affordable. The base of available information
technology resources is increasing with dramatic speed. Much
has been learned about connecting various forms of technology
into systems, so that the ability to link systems is growing.
Most distance learning systems are hybrids, combining several
technologies, such as satellite, ITFS, microwave, cable, fiber
optic, and computer connections. Interactivity is accomplished
via telephone (one-way video and two-way audio), two-way video
or graphics interactivity, two-way computer hookups, two-way
audio. Interactivity may be delayed but interaction provided by
teacher telephone office hours when students can call or
through time with on-site facilitators. Classes with large
numbers of students have a limited amount of interactivity.
Much of the activity on computer networks is on a delayed basis
as well. Possibilities for audio and visual interaction are
increasingly wide.

[Esmaeil Ghorbani. Using
of E-learning in agricultural education. Journal of
American Science 2011;7(6):190-193]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org.

Abstract: This meta-analysis aims to
assess the influence of social capital on the Human Development
Index, Human Poverty Index, and Gender-related Development
Index in Iran.
The results reveal a positive and significant relationship
between social capital and the human development index (HDI).
The effect of social capital on the Human Poverty Index (HPI)
was negative and significant. However, no significant
relationship was found between social capital and the
Gender-related Development Index (GDI).

Abstract: This study explores the
importance of three elements of life skills, i.e. problem
solving, critical thinking and ability to abstinence, on drug
use and its effects on the prevention of relapse among male
adolescent opiate users in Kerman, Iran.
Life skills are one of the important factors that affect the
recovery of addicts and presuppose relapse among adolescents.
The lack of life skills is an operative factor to relapse among
adolescents. The development of life skill was recognized as a
factor that could help the adolescents in their efforts to
avoid relapse. Iran
is in the process of developing options concerning drug abuse
treatment for opiate and other drug dependent patients while
nearly 60% of its population is under the age of 25. Scholars
emphasize the critical role of life skills to prevent relapse
in adolescents and highlight the lack of life skill as a factor
leading to relapse among adolescents ADDIN EN.CITE
ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA (Barr & Parrett, 2001; Gorski,
2001; Gouws, Kruger, & Burger, 2000; Mc Whirter, 2004; Van
Niekerk & Prins, 2001). Focusing on this issue, this
research explores a new examination area and finally reinforces
the result of the previous relevant studies in its own
contribution. In this research 226 adolescents between the ages
of 13 to 20 in ten rehabilitation centers were selected to
answer the self-administered questionnaire. Benefiting from
Pearson Correlation analyses, the findings represent a
significant moderate negative relationship between life skills
and relapse (r= -0.453, p<0.01),
i.e. the lack of life skills significantly raises the
risk of relapse among adolescents. The study proposes some
suggestions in order to prevent relapse after treatment in
adolescents.

Abstract:Background: There are
evidences that low level laser therapy (LLLT) stimulates wound
healing. Objective: The study aimed at investigating the exact
vascular mechanisms through which infrared (IR) laser acts to
promote wound healing. Participants: Thirty normal female
volunteers were selected from the female section, Faculty of
Applied Medical Sciences, KingAbdul-AzizUniversity.
They were randomly divided into three equal study groups (G1,
G2, and G3). Methods: Five ml. of whole blood were collected in
a plane tube from all volunteers for the analysis of lipid
profile including cholesterol (Chol); triglyceride (TGL); low
density lipoprotein (LDL) and high density lipoprotein (HDL).
Other five ml of blood were collected for the performance of
glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c), hemoglobin (Hgb) and red
blood cells (RBCs) count before and immediately after receiving
continuous IR laser (810 nm, 100 mW). The irradiation doses
were 12 J/cm2 for 120 sec, 6 J/cm2 for 60
sec and 1.4 J/cm2 for 14 sec in groups one, two, and
three respectively. Results: There was a significant increase
in Chol, TGL, HbA1c%, Hgb concentration and
RBCs count after irradiation. On the other hand, there was no
significant difference in LDL or HDL concentration in the three
groups. Conclusion: Infrared laser was effective in increasing
the levels of different blood components that are important for
wound healing processes with the best results obtained from
laser dosage of 12 J/cm2.

Abstract: Background: Egypt’s family planning programs have
followed a similarly unsteady course. Debated by Egyptian
social scientists since the 1930s, Egypt’s high
population growth became widely viewed as an acute problem in
the 1960s, when the government acknowledged the serious
economic and social problems associated with it. Objectives:
analyzing the factors associated with contraceptive methods
discontinuation among women aged 15- 49 years in study area and
contraceptive use dynamics. We also examined the effect of
counseling on percent of continuation. Study design: A
cross sectional survey was carried out among the eligible
women. Study setting: The study areas included Assiut
Governorate family planning units in different places providing
contraceptive methods. Study population: One thousand
and ten women in reproductive age from 15-49 who used
contraceptive methods once or more, has one child or more were
included. Study tools: An interview questionnaire were
constructed including data about used contraceptive methods,
discontinuation and its causes, failure and its fate. We asked
about ten steps of counseling. Data entry –after revising and
editing -was done via Excel software while data analysis was
carried out via SPSS program version 11. Results: the
most commonly used modern method was IUD (43.0%). The results
revealed that (69.7% ) of methods had been stopped within 2
years of starting for various reasons. The percent of
discontinuation decreased significantly with increasing age.
Discontinuation was the lowest when there were four or more
living children and increased significantly by decreasing
number of living children. It decreased significantly with
increasing the number of sons. As regards infant deaths,
discontinuation was insignificant among those who did not
experience infant deaths, and presence of one and two deaths
respectively. University graduated women showed least discontinuation
level. As regards causes of discontinuations, side effects and
health concerns was the most common reason of
discontinuation. Most of method failure as expressed by
pregnancy ended in live births. The results indicated that a
higher score on counseling was significantly associated with
continuation. Conclusion: Counseling should emphasize
the possibility of side effects, stressing the fact that most
will be transient, and the need to identify a backup method.
Follow-up visits should be scheduled for 1 to 2 months after a
prescription is written.

Abstract:This paper describes a
newly observed phenomenon related to red blood cells (RBCs). We
found that plasma from a healthy individual immune-reacted with
hemolysates from the same person and from other individuals.
This strongly suggested presence of antigens in RBCs and
corresponding antibodies in plasma. Those RBCs’ antigens are
different from RBCs proteome. Those antigens can be separated
using plasma / serum of blood from which RBCs were taken. It is
found that those antigens consist of HLA antigens, tissue
specific antigens, and foreign antigens. The foreign antigens
can be fetus antigens in pregnant females, microorganisms’
antigens, food, insects or other antigens from environment. The
collection of those transported antigens represents a dynamic
store. Consequently, RBCs may play role in tolerance through
transporting those antigens to central organs of the immune
system. The experiments, which have been done, reveal some of
the antigens of the store, and show how this phenomenon can be
exploited, for instance, in diagnosis of human tuberculosis
(TB). In effect, this work opens a new avenue of research and
hopes.

Abstract: The sperm cells protection against
oxidative reactions
during cryopreservation process done by antioxidant and amino acids agents. The
purpose of this study was evaluation of the
effects of vitamin E on Azerbaijan Buffalo bull´s sperm cells after thawing. Therefore for definition the
percentage of motility, acrosomal membrane integrity, and
live ratio of sperm cells, ejaculations from five mature
buffalo bulls after preparation in tris-yolk base medium was
added with five levels of vitamin E (0.1, 0.5, 1 or 1.5 mM)
separately and frozen process was performed. One month latter,
five piote selected randomly and after thawing in 37°C water bath in
twenty seconds, sperm cells motility evaluated with 37 °C
warm plate microscope. On the other hand, the one step
eosin-nigrosin staining for evaluation of live ratio percentage
and formal citrate for acrosomal membrane integrity was
performed, then slides evaluated with 1000x light microscope
and 200 sperm per slide was counted. The result showed
significant difference between blank and vitamin E groups and
sperm motility was higher in vitamin E )P<0.05(. On the other hand sperm motility in
vitamin E 1.5 mMwas higher than other vitamin E groups )P<0.05(. Between vitamin E groups, the percentage of
live-ratio was higher in vitamin E 1.5 mMand lower in vitamin E 0.1
mM )P<0.05( and the lowest was in control group
(P<0.05).

Abstract:Supporting students’
autonomy has many outstanding benefits. It promotes self
motivation and satisfaction for students in various learning
settings. The aim of this study was to identify the nursing
students’ perception of their clinical instructors autonomy
support. A convenient sample was taken from
Faculty of Nursing, AlexandriaUniversity
at Maternity and Psychiatric Nursing Departments. Sample of
this study consisted of 250 undergraduate students attended and
studied Maternity and
Psychiatric Nursing courses. Data were collected in the
second semester of academic year 2009/2010. Two
tools were used to collect the necessary data. One
questionnaire sheet to obtain demographic data including
gender, age , and academic achievement . Second questionnaire
sheet was Learning Climate Questionnaire , to assess the
perceived autonomy support among students at different learning
settings . Results of this study showed that the majority of
Maternity and Psychiatric nursing students perceived either low
or moderate levels of autonomy support and no statistically
significant difference was found. Significant diferences were
only found between students’ perception of clinical instructors
autonomy support and gender
differences among both groups . Teaching programs will be
recommended to train clinical instructors in
both specialties to display more autonomy-supportive behaviors.

Abstract: Doxorubicin, has for long
been a major component in the combination chemotherapy for
Breast Cancer. At a cumulative dose of 400 and 600mg/m2
cardiomyopathies and electrocardiographic changes have been
reported which may be worsen in patients who receive external
beam radiation treatment to the left chest wall. This
study aimed at examining presence of cardiac sequalae that may
result from concurrent use of Doxorubicin based chemotherapy
and external beam radiotherapy to the chest wall in our breast
cancer population. Sixty-five (65) patients with cancer of the
breast on combination therapy who received 50mg/m2of
Doxorubicin in four divided three weekly doses and had 50Gy of
external beam radiation in 25 daily fractions over 5 weeks were
evaluated. The patients also had 5-florouracil 1000mg/m2
and Cyclophosphamide 1000mg/m2 as part of the
combination chemotherapy. All patients had ECG and Echocardiography
before commencement of treatment and at three and nine months
post treatment. Only 55 were found evaluable at the end of the
study with mean age of 48 years. Eleven
patients had history of hypertension
while none had any previous history of heart diseases. The pre
and post-treatment ECG and Echocardiography were similar
(p>005). The participants were also symptom free during the
follow up period. Though this study suggests a safe combination
of Doxorubicin-base chemotherapy and chest wall radiation
within the period of evaluation, this may however, not exclude
the possibility of long term complications.

Abstract: Tannins are one of the
secondary metabolites of plants that tend to combine with
protein and reduce parasitic properties in livestock and
veterinary industry. The aim of this study was to investigate
effects of different levels of Quebracho Condensed Tannins
(QCT) on Crude protein (CP) and other excretion parameters
during naturally acquired mixed nematode infections in Moghani
sheep. Twenty ewes (6-12 months years-old) with average body
weight (26.5 ± 3.5 kg) were selected randomly and divided into
four experimental groups: Control, A, B and C (were given 0,
1.5, 2 and 2.5 g/kg body weight QCT, respectively) in summer
2010. In order to reduce the undesirable effects of tannins, it
was used as a single oral dose drenches. Faecal samples were
taken at 24 and 48 hour after treatment. Our result showed that
protein excretion has a significant difference in all treatment
groups compare to control group after 24 hours from drenching
(P<0.05). Also, 48 hours after drenching, CP excretion was
significantly decreased in treatment groups (P<0.05) and the
QCT has no significant effect on faecal excretion of dry matter
(DM), organic matter (OM) and
ash (P>0.05). Our results indicate that high levels of
tannins intake were decreased protein excretion and increased
retention of nitrogen in animal body.

Abstract:Prematurity and
intrauterine growth restriction continues to be the major
determinant of neonatal morbidity and mortality. The aim of
this study was to assess morbidity and mortality of mild and
moderate preterm newborns admitted to NICU of Assiut University
Children Hospital, and to find out the effect of birth weight
on these outcomes. Three hundreds and six preterm cases were
included of which 194 were mild preterm (34-36 gestational
weeks) and 112 were moderate preterm (32-33 gestational weeks).
Cases with birth weight <10th percentile on
growth charts were classified as small for gestational age
(SGA). Cases were followed during the admission period for
neonatal mortality and /or morbidity including respiratory
distress (RD), need for mechanical ventilation,
sepsis/meningitis, intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH), and
necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC). The length of hospital stay
was also recorded. Results showed that moderate preterm group
had significantly higher susceptibility to RD and IVH, and
higher need to mechanical ventilation than the mild preterm
group. Furthermore, they showed higher rate of death and longer
hospital stay than the mild preterm. There was a significant
negative correlation between gestational age and length of
hospital stay. According to birth weight it was noticed that
SGA moderate preterm showed higher mortality rate and higher rate
of IVH and sepsis/meningitis than the corresponding AGA group,
while SGA mild preterm newborns had significantly lower rate of
RD and higher rate of IVH and sepsis/meningitis than the
corresponding AGA group. Both SGA subgroups had significantly
longer hospital stay than the corresponding AGA groups. In
conclusion, preterm infants especially SGA are at greater risk
of neonatal morbidity and mortality. Management strategies and
guidelines should be settled to prevent spontaneous preterm
deliveries and to early diagnose and manage intrauterine growth
restriction.

Abstract: In this
paper a new Linear Matrix Inequality (LMI) based switching
controller for multiple Bottleneck packet switching Network has
been considered. The main goal is to illustrate the effects of
the Switching Control methodology on the congestion control
problem of the packet switching Networks with dynamically
varying parameters such as Link capacity and time delays. The
congestion dynamic for congested network is presented and LMI
based switching controller is being discussed. Then, the
proposed control method has been applied on a case study in ATM
Congested Network and simulations are conducted, and simulation
results will be compared with old method..

Abstract:
The local farmer preserves the farm produce either by drying
over the cooking tripod flue or by the use of natural
sunlight. The quantity of produce that can be accommodated
over the cooking flue is limited and the traditional solar
drying is inefficient because the produce is exposed to
vagaries of nature, birds and occasionally to rodents.
The produce is preserved for use during the lean period, sold
when the price is right and stored to provide seeds for the
next planting season. The cost of building the typical
glass covered solar dryer is generally beyond the means of the
average rural farmer. There is therefore a need to find cheaper
construction materials to replace the major cost components
such as glass. Two solar dryers with glass and plastic
covers have been designed and constructed for the purpose of
assessing the suitability of plastic sheet as a replacement for
glass. The drying performance of the two dryers has been
compared. The results from the plastic covered solar
dryer compare favourably with those of the glass dryer.
It is therefore concluded that glass can be replaced with
plastic sheet without significant performance loss.

Abstract: PRA requires researchers / field
workers to act as facilitators to help local people conduct
their own analysis, plan and take action accordingly. It is
based on the principle that local people are creative and
capable and can do their own investigations, analysis, and
planning. The basic concept of PRA is to learn from rural people.
Chambers (1992) has defined PRA as an approach and methods for
learning about rural life and conditions from, with and by
rural people. He further stated that PRA extends into analysis,
planning and action. PRA closely involve villagers and local
officials in the process. Similarly, Rapid Rural Appraisal
(RRA) reflects the new thinking about development, needs, and
people oriented responsibilities. It is a process that is
highly systematic and structured, relying on interdisciplinary
teamwork and special strategies for data collection and
analysis such as triangulation, probing, and iteration. Some
critics consider RRA to be a quick and dirty technique. There
are a wide range of participatory tools and techniques
available. People can use these tools and techniques according
to their situation or needs. Generally, the application of
different tools may vary from one situation to another.
However, the process for conducting RRA/PRA remains the same.

Abstract: In conventional face to
face education, as far as teaching approaches are concerned
everything is left up to the teacher concerned. Though the
infra­structure is available the problem lies in its proper
communication. In order to gauge the distance per­ceived across
various aspects in the educational sys­tem, the researcher
conducted the present study. After consulting the literature,
nine­teen factors were identified and an opinionnaire was
accordingly prepared for teachers of Economics from the
conventional face to face educa­tion. The nineteen factors and
the teachers' opinion show how conventional educa­tional system
has not taken into consideration the communication aspects
which would hamper overall performance of teachers as well as
stu­dents. It has taken for granted that no communi­cation
distance can be present because of physical proximity between
teacher and students and in­stitution. Therefore there is a
need to reconstruct the conventional curriculum taking into
consid­eration the factors and compensate for them. To
compensate for this distance, one can look towards the distance
education mechanisms. The face-to-face education has thus a
number of les­sons to learn from distance education. In
distance education, distance is presumed and attempts are made
to create devices to compensate for it. As this study has
showed, there is no reason to be­lieve that the face-to-face
education does not have any communication distance. It is a
rather serious matter that most of the teachers in the
face-to-face system perceive a communication distance.

Abstract:The aim of this research were to
evaluated effect of canola oil on the EPA and DHA fatty acid
contents in the abdominal fat of Iranian native turkeys. A
total of 90 turkey chicks were randomly divided into 3
experimental treatments with 3 replicates were arranged in a
completely randomized design. The experimental period lasted 20
weeks. Experimental diets consisted of: Basal diet with 0%
canola oil; basal diet with 2.5% canola oil and basal diet with
5% canola oil. Results show that different level of canola oil
could not affect significantly EPA and DHA content but DPA
percent significantly increased in experimental treatments
compare with control group.

Abstract:
: In this study we fabricated Zinc Oxide
thin filmby sol-gel dip coating method on glass
substrate. X-ray reflectivity (XRR) and its optimization have
been used for characterization and extracting physical
parameters of the film. Genetic Algorithm (GA) has been applied
for this optimization process. Independent information was
exploited from Fourier transform of Fresnel reflectivity
normalized X-ray reflectivity. The Auto Correlation Function
(Fourier transformation of X-ray reflectivity) yields thickness
of each coated layer on substrate. This information is a
starting point for constructing optimization process. Specular
X-ray reflectivity optimization yields structural parameters
such as thickness, roughness of surface and interface and
electron density profile of the film. Acceptable agreement
exists between results obtained from Fourier transformation and
X-ray reflectivity fitting.

Abstract: in the process of
agriculture renovation in the third world that is indeed
unavoidable, the indigenous agriculture knowledge and local
methods in management of agriculture resources is to be
destroyed and simultaneity environmental regions are on the
verge of destruction. Modern agriculture
prefers huge profit from resources
and didn't pay attention to environmental, cultural, social and
economic varieties of traditional agriculture. So incongruities
of agriculture development plans are not compatible with rural
needs and talents and also rural conditions. By recognizing
indigenous agriculture features such as traditional
classification for identifying plant and animal species and
using of indigenous practices like simultaneous cultivation of
compatible crops, we can get useful information about suitable
ways for agriculture. Surely these guidelines will be more
compatible with rural needs and agriculture and environmental
features of each region and won't be reckless to social,
economic and environmental complex issues.

The
role of distance learning tools in Increase the efficiency of
adult education

Akram
Ghaffari

Darab
Branch, Islamic AzadUniversity, Darab, Iran

Email:
sharif11070@yahoo.com

Abstract: Adult
learners are often those that distinguish each other and have
many different targets at the same time and will follow a
common challenge to fulfill the goals of building self
motivation vectors as educational materials to learn and use
the forge Adult illiteracy is like a disease that infects
virtually every dimension of Kentucky life. Adult illiteracy
saps the energy and capability of Kentucky’s people and its
economy. Adult illiteracy feeds the state’s unemployment, its
welfare rolls, and the correctional institutions. Adult
illiteracy severely hinders the life chances of young children,
undermines school reform, and limits the opportunities for
postsecondary education. Despite landmark reforms in public
schools, too many Kentuckians continue to drop out of school,
thereby perpetuating the chronic problem of adult illiteracy.
Too many young Kentucky
parents are unable to read and lack the basic literacy
necessary to provide the necessary stimulating, supportive
family environments for young children. It is known that
children’s literacy levels are strongly linked to the
educational level of their parents and that children of parents
who are unemployed and have not completed high school are five
times more likely to drop out. To be successful, the
Commonwealth’s strategies must energize and gain the commitment
of all the state’s political, education, business, and civic
leaders. No strategy will succeed unless it engages leaders in
each community and county to identify needs and develop
programs and services appropriate to the community’s
unique circumstances.

[Akram
Ghaffari.The role of distance learning tools in
Increase the efficiency of adult education. Journal of
American Science 2011;7(6):304-308]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org.

Abstract: Rural
women constitute about half of the world’s population and in
the world production supply they have energetic communion and
constitute a great part of agriculture workforce. They
constitute% 50 of the workforce and they participate in the production of half of the foods in
the agriculture section. As an example the rural women
constitute about 70 to% 80 of agriculture workforce in
sub-Saharan Africa, %65 in Asia, %45 in Latin American &
Caribbean, %80 in Nigeria & Tunisia and %80 in India, but
their role in production system is the men’s supplements roles
and this causes a big responsibility inside their mother &
wife duties and it takes a great time and energy of them.
Studies in this field show that women spend about two thirds of
their time for production, management & organize of their
house as the men spend only one third of their time for such
things. In the development countries, rural societies which are
poverty for geographic reasons such as being far from urban
societies or because of mountainous of zone and also as the
roads are impassable and some other reason, they became
deprived of many human development programs. Unfortunately these
societies are suffering of mortality because of poverty but
what is clear here is that we can't attribute such privation to
geography and nature of the zone. Every country is tying to
solve such critical conditions by applying depoverty policies.

Importance
of educators' knowledge about teaching methods in adult
education

Fatemeh
Bakhtiar

Darab
Branch, Islamic AzadUniversity, Darab, Iran

E-mail:
abbasrezazadeh80@yahoo

Abstract:Complex role of adult
learning and training process is significant, his role
gradually changed from the donor information and active for
many years will assume that the principles and techniques that
are used in teaching children to contribute equally in the
adult learning process On the other hand is effective in
children for adult education teachers were employed. Later that
person was well trained (ie the experts), who could well slow
or a group leader to manage the program, was selected as an
adult educator. Thus learners directly in adult education
programs that are based on experience were used, and adult As a
mature child which has its own characteristics and is unique is
that the principles and techniques of the different techniques
used for the education of children is needed. As a result the
role of adult educator gradually from non-skilled person
without the expertise of individual specialists and trained to be
changed and Instructors for training and educational
opportunities were provided at all levels are therefore unable
to work for educators from institutions with short-term
training courses for users of the guidance program (project
leaders) through summer workshops for professional leaders
through programs Training of Master and PhD levels in schools
of higher education courses were provided. other procedures,
where the role of teacher has changed the theoretical concepts
first, an understanding of adult learning was unfounded on the
principle that the concept of adult education is based on
transferring knowledge to them and saying what they should know
or duty to interpret absorption educator their training. In
recent years the practice has changed and the role of educator
as a "change agent" and reform as a donor and an
"auxiliary roles" or "facilitators" were
raised as his understanding of adult personal and community
among people.

Abstract:The use of
Geomembranes as Tatrava surface can be considered as valuable
and affordable solution compared to other techniques for
sealing of earth dams. In one Of the earth dams in Iran (
Sar Chesmeh Copper mine dam), the Geomembrane is used to
increase the height of the dam. In this study, using by
software modeling to try to achieve the optimum thickness for
Geomembranes used in The shell was added to the old dam, based
on analysis of Seepage and slope stability downstream slope of
dam, So using by obtained thickness of the Geomembrane, the
smallest leak can cause, and Downstream slope of dam can
maintain its consistency and economic aspects are also
considered for implementation. To achieve this purpose,
Geomembranes with different thickness in the respective place,
Considered as a model and determine the optimal thickness of
the Geomembrane By comparing the results from the analysis of
leakage. Then downstream slope dam stability will examine. then
with using of SIGMA/W program from GeoStudio software is
applied to evaluate Geomembrane behavior in addition
crust to old dam and research be done about sufficiency and
insufficiency against enter forces that this evaluation is done
base on stress- strain analysis.

Abstract:adults, social experiences, many have
already learned different values ​​and
beliefs in their pronouns have stabilized, so changes in the
new act very cautiously. The idea of ​​such
a manner that skill and applying them older and longer life is,
Similar resistance to accept new ideas will be more and more
severe. Thus, the adult criteria for the built and paid for
their ideas and beliefs that are forming. Because of these
criteria and the beliefs that they are afraid of failure,
Therefore, to prevent it, sometimes against the resistance of
new phenomena are only the material taught and its face that make
reinforced concrete and tangible interference situation.

Abstract:Distance learning is one of the fastest-growing components
of higher education. Almost 3.5 million students were enrolled
in at least one distance learning course in
the fall of 2006 and online enrollments are increasing
every year. The convenience of taking classes at any time from
any location appeals to today’s adult learner, especially those
who work, have families or live in rural areas. Today a growing
number of paralegal and legal secretarial programs have a
distance learning component (no law schools currently grant
credit for distance learning studies). However, not all
distance learning programs are of equal quality. Moreover, the
increasing popularity of distance learning programs have led to
“diploma mills” or “accreditation mills” that offer bogus
degrees and certificates. Choosing a distance learning program
requires careful research and evaluation. Below are several
important factors to consider in choosing a distance learning
program. In evaluating distance learning paralegal programs,
determine if the school is accredited by one of the regional
accrediting bodies and by the American Bar Association (ABA).
ABA-approval signifies that the school has met certain
standards in terms of academics, facilities and instruction.
Graduating from an ABA-approved school may give you an
advantage in the legal job market.

Abstract:in
the rural community of Iran, there are
gaps between the ruling class (capital owners) and villagers,
between literate and illiterate, and between men and women.
Especially in villages women have fewer possibilities in terms of investment and less power and credit.
Role of rural women, over of men, is more influenced with
different economic, social, cultural and ecologic factors.
Rural women are considered as a noticeable potential in the
community either directly (crops production, livestock,
handicrafts, cottage industries) or indirectly by helping the
agricultural sector (as labor). About 5.6 million women are
involved in agricultural production, and activities related to
planting... harvesting, preparation of animal food, and taking
care of livestock and poultry and some certain activities
related to trading and marketing are all different fields of
rural women’s role and participation. Based on current
statistics, women in rural area participate about 50% in
conversion industries, 22% in producing crops and livestock,
75% in handicrafts and in areas related to planting…harvesting
, respectively, 25, 24 and 4.26. And also in activities related
to livestock, they handle 23% of livestock grazing, 42% of
animal care and 100 percent of total poultry in the village.
Therefore their role in achieving food security is undeniable.
But, like most developing countries, this crucial role in
society and in process of rural development, is not obvious. In
Iranian rural community, about 80% of women work, but they are
mostly considered as housewives, unpaid employment, domestic
workers, family workers, or independent employers. The
statistics often do not take into account seasonal, part-time,
unpaid employment, and housekeeping activities. In economics
and social sciences, those of women’s activities that have
emerged out of house and affected national economy, are the
ones to be noticed. In most research and statistics men are
known as the heads of household and they are also the owners of
lands and fields. That only 1% of the rural lands are belonging
to women does confirm such matter.

Abstract:
Among developing countries, millions of women always are in
farms and lands, work in engaged industries, keep the cattle,
store firewood and water and earn livelihood and participation
in economic activities is one of their important
characteristics. But Despite their widespread presence in
economic activities and benefits associated with it, they
always face with discrimination. The discrimination has never
tired them, but as a major force in economic activities is
discussed around the world. In Semi-desert areas in Africa, women traditionally are active in
keeping poultry and Vegetarian animals and wild plants and
trees fruit collected. In Turkey, women are
employed to produce vegetables and dairy products. Among
Indians, agricultural activities of women include the region
around the home and caring small animal, garden products and
collective activities such as spinning, weaving, wool weaving,
and the cheese production. In China, when the job
opportunity outside the farm is not available, the men are
trying to produce crops and women are keeping livestock, doing
crafts and spendingto food products. In that case, women
are responsible for all the agricultural tasks and do some
activities such as the poultry production.

Abstract:adult education in the local
agricultural education program is an essential component of the
"total" program. Offering adult education programs
helps to keep farmers and agribusiness employees better
informed of current trends and provides them with opportunities
to learn new skills and improve existing ones. Teaching adults
can be very challenging, but also very rewarding. Most teachers
would agree that the benefits derived from a successful adult
education program in agriculture far outweigh the costs. In
addition to the direct benefits to adult participants, the
teacher, the school, the community, and the secondary program
also benefit from a quality adult education program in
agriculture. Adults in agriculture use a number of sources to
gain new information that can be used to help them solve
problems. Persons employed in agriculture utilize newspapers,
magazines, newsletters, radio, television, government
publications, internet, and meetings to gather information
which can be directly utilized in their business activities. In
many communities, the agriculture teacher is the primary source
of agricultural information.

Abstract:Adult who is able to recognize their
needs. He is who knows what will. Refers to individual adults
in their lives cross and understand their responsibilities and
has accepted the role is social. Adult learners are often those
that distinguish each other and have many
different targets at the same time and will follow a common
challenge to fulfill the goals of building self motivation
vectors as educational materials to learn and use the forge.
Adult illiteracy is like a disease that infects virtually every
dimension of Kentucky
life. Adult illiteracy saps the energy and capability of Kentucky’s
people and its economy. Adult illiteracy feeds the state’s
unemployment, its welfare rolls, and the correctional
institutions. Adult illiteracy severely hinders the life
chances of young children, undermines school reform, and limits
the opportunities for postsecondary education. Despite landmark
reforms in public schools, too many Kentuckians continue to
drop out of school, thereby perpetuating the chronic problem of
adult illiteracy. Too many young Kentucky parents are unable
to read and lack the basic literacy necessary to provide the
necessary stimulating, supportive family environments for young
children. It is known that children’s literacy levels are strongly
linked to the educational level of their parents and that
children of parents who are unemployed and have not completed
high school are five times more likely to drop out.

Abstract:Adult illiteracy is like a disease
that infects virtually every dimension of Kentucky life. Adult
illiteracy saps the energy and capability of Kentucky’s people and its
economy. Adult illiteracy feeds the state’s unemployment, its
welfare rolls, and the correctional institutions. Adult
illiteracy severely hinders the life chances of young children,
undermines school reform, and limits the opportunities for
postsecondary education. Learning activities such as activities
outside the classroom, dialogue, role playing and ... Another
type of content is presented. Duties are placed on the learner,
a resource for developing knowledge, skills and insights he
considered. Curriculum content only from the training provided
to learners or not, but put together their learning through activities
that can inform or does, skills and attitude to achieve. In
this case, apart from learning that the assays taught learners
directly to sustainable and effective learning occurs in his.
Another way of providing content that is educational activities
outside the learning environment possible for learning more and
better enables adult learners. For example, hits, field trip
experiences for learners or transfer is provided, develop
knowledge, insight and skills.

Abstract: In the
countries that credits are provided in a proper financial
manner, not only it has increased production and income but
also it has encouraged poor to save a part of their income.
These savings can be an important support for the institutes
providing micro-credits and can be a financial base for more loans and all these result in institutes’
financial dependence.With the new way of micro-credit payments,
in addition to covering poor’s financial needs, a combination
of other services and facilities are available for them; such
as saving accounts, educational services, and cooperation
possibilities .If rural women can work through receiving
credits , loan and others finance facilities at favorite jobs
and live through earned income (as it called “self-reliance and
independence”) , so undoubtedly we would see changes in social,
economic and cultural relations of village. However these
actions caused that women stand in good economic condition and
also gain self reliance and rely themselves with no help from
husbands, but dominant cultural space on villages may create
some disorders. At most of villages in Iran,
patriarchal with all features dominate and women’s financial
self reliance may not being pleasant for some human and rural
groups.

Abstract: Robert
Chambers (2004) describes PRA as “a growing family of
approaches, methods, attitudes and behaviours to enable and
empower people to share, analyze and enhance their knowledge of
life and conditions, and to plan, act, monitor, evaluate and
reflect". While RRA focuses on data collection or extraction,
PRA focuses on empowerment. It needs to be noted that although
RRA and PRA carry the term ‘rural’, they can both be and have
been applied in urban settings. To make it more inclusive and
to emphasize the empowerment aspect, the term Participatory
Learning and Action (PLA) is used interchangeably with PRA. PRA
has many sources. The most direct is rapid rural appraisal
(RRA) from which it has evolved. RRA itself began as a response
in the late 1970s and early 1980s to the biased perceptions
derived from rural development tourism (the brief rural visit
by the urban-based professional) and the many defects and high
costs of large-scale questionnaire surveys. PRA has much in
common with RRA but differs basically in the ownership of
information, and the nature of the process: in RRA information
is more elicited and extracted by outsiders as part of a
process of data gathering; in PRA it is more generated,
analyzed, owned and shared by local people as part of a process
of their empowerment. The term Participatory Rural Appraisal
(PRA) is being used to describe a growing family of approaches
and methods to enable local people to share, enhance and
analyze their knowledge of life and conditions, to plan and to
act.

Abstract:
Indigenous knowledge is local knowledge that is restricted to
one specific culture and/or certain society. Indigenous knowledge
is different with scientific knowledge that was established by
universities and scientific communities. This knowledge is
basis for decision making at field of agriculture, health,
education, food and natural sources . Indigenous knowledge is set
of all knowledge and skills that people enjoy in one
geographical area ( in one environmental conditions) that most
of their skills and knowledge be transmitted to next generation
, and new generation would be adapted with them and add to it.
Since, each knowledge is consequent of individual interaction
with environment, so indigenous knowledge is consequent of
indigenous people interaction with their environment. Chambers
with emphasis on people’s role at development process believes
that “rural people’s knowledge” term is more eloquent than
other terms for indigenous knowledge. Our purpose of rural
people are producer farmers , input buyers , agriculture
production sellers and etc. “people” in above phrase emphasis
that this knowledge is more verbal and less has been written .
This word also referred to whole knowledge system which
contains concepts, beliefs, and attitudes and also contains
gain, store and transmitting knowledge process.

[Zahra Kaveie and Fakhteh
Ghahramani. The role of indigenous knowledge in Reaching to
sustainable development. Journal of American Science
2011;7(6):367-371]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org.

Abstract: If rural
women could provide a job for them by getting credits, loan and
other financial convenience, through their income they can get
self-reliance or financial independency and we will see social,
cultural & economic change in village. The question here is
that if these changes have positive or negative aspects in the
village? It's natural that every change in social phenomenon
has both positive and negative aspect, but which is Important
here is that which aspect is more than the other and it depends
to different condition in various societies. In our rural
society there is an especial social & cultural kind that
it's outcome maybe different and in some case inconsistent.
With these actions rural women could be in idealistic economic
condition and they could live without dependency to their
husband's income. In most of the villages in Iran
there is patriarchy in the families which is not acceptable for
the most of the rural people and groups. When rural women
became financially independent, it's acceptable to see its
cultural & social outcomes. Giving the
right that women make decision, independency to their family,
increasing the cultural knowledge among them& making relation
with new institutions, having independency in making decision
about marriage, occupation, migration & something like this
are the right that women have got it.

Abstract: Indigenous agriculture is base on farmer’s
cooperation with nature. Sustainable agriculture that inspired
by indigenous systems would rectify most of deficiencies of
modern agriculture. Indigenous agriculture systems is
production of centuries of cultural and subsistence revolution.
These systems are collections of farmer’s experiences that
haven't enjoy sources except inputs, capital and indigenous
knowledge. And consequently they accessed to such sustainable
agriculture that just is dependent on using restricted local
resources and existing humane and animal power. At indigenous
agriculture, culture diversity and frequency would minimize
possibility of loss crops in spite of simple technology. These
systems despite of limitation of sources enjoy merits of sponsors
traditions and intelligent methods of using animals, fields,
and compatible crop species. Thus ecological agriculture
scholars consider these systems as unique samples to determine
sustainability standards in agricultures activities. This
knowledge would rise at different fields such as language,
botanical and zoology and also skills and manual and
agriculture professions that all are product of human efforts
in his environment. This information contain best, useful and
consistent collocation of exploiting methods and living in
special environment which be transmitted through verbal and
empirical way from one generation to another.

Abstract: ICT
provides access to only a small part of the action is created
equal. Equal attention should also be applied to ensure the
technology really "is used by learners and ways of how
well their needs will cure. An educational program that
reinforced this approach shows the overall program is bilingual.
The program seeks to establish technology learning centers for
bilingual teachers, students, teachers, parents and community
members. Technical teams from each center three students, two
teachers and the director of the Center with at least one
female student and a teacher are female. Another example of a
general approach to the application of ICT in education, radio
education project Gobi Women of Mongolia, which seeks to
provide professional and educational structure of women's
favorite courses around the nomads and their opportunities for
income generation. It contains topics such as livestock
rearing, family support (family planning, health, nutrition and
health) to create income in the application of local raw
materials and basic skills for the job is a new market. Policy
makers and service providers have increasingly come to view
information and communication technologies (ICT), and
particularly the Internet, as an important tool in providing
disadvantaged groups and areas with access to information,
services and markets that would otherwise be inaccessible. The
concept of development of the rural, today, is not just project
initiatives and governance; it is much more beyond that. This
paper uncovers a whole plethora of ICT emergence as a
technology of the new millennium.

Abstract:
In order to study of different levels
of fertilizer treatment ( K , Zn, S ) on increase tolerance to
cold on quality characteristics on genotypes of rapeseed in
delayed planting , an investigation was carried out with
factorial in random complete block with three replications and
36 treatment ,in Varamin - Pishva university field research (
Ghaleh – sin ) in 2008-2009. Factors were genotypes in three
levels( Hyola -42 , SLM046 , Zarfam ) and fertilizer treatment
in 4 levels ( 1-Control , 2– C+ K, 3- C, K+Zn, 4- C, K, Zn +S
). Planted seed at 10th November were delayed
planting .The highest grain yield achieved from
(C,K,Zn,S,SLM046)with 6564.6 Kg/ha ,That had 72 % grain
yield further of (Control, Zarfam ) genotype with 1807.65
Kg/ha. Also the highest number of pods per plant, number of grain
per pods and biological yield with 156.97, 20.7 and 17384.9
Kg/ha respectively was obtained from Hyola-42 Hybrid and use of
C, K, Zn, S. In this research the lowest these amounts were
achieved for Zarfam genotype with Control fertilizer. In
conclusion Slm046 genotype with C, K, Zn, S fertilizers was
suitable for delayed planting (Cold Stress ) for Varamin
condition.

Abstract: Critical illness is accompanied by the activation
of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, which is
highlighted by increased serum corticotropin and cortisol
levels.In patients with severe sepsis, the integrity of
the HPA axis can be impaired by a variety of mechanisms. These
patients typically have an exaggerated proinflammatory response
and are considered to be relatively corticosteroid
insufficient. This complex syndrome
is referred to as critical illness-related corticosteroid
insufficiency (CIRCI) which manifests with insufficient
corticosteroid mediated down regulation of inflammatory
transcription factors. Similar to type II diabetes (relative
insulin deficiency), CIRCI arises due to corticosteroid tissue
resistance together with inadequate circulating levels of free
cortisol. Numerous papers have reported a high incidence
of adrenal failure in critically ill patients, including those
with end stage liver disease and liver transplant recipients.
The term hepatoadrenal syndrome e.i, Adrenocortical
insufficiency in patients with liver cirrhosis has been used to
describe such an association between liver disease and adrenal
failure and the definition of this term extends beyond the
occurrence of sepsis, which is a frequent complication of liver
failure. Aim of work to assess: The prevalence of
hepatoadrenal syndrome (HAS) among the Egyptian cirrhotic
patients, the prevalence of HAS among those complicated with
septic shock or hepatorenal syndrome and to find significant
predictors for HAS. Patients and methods: Our study was a cross
sectional study, conducted on 45 patients admitted to the liver
intensive care unit and hepatology ward of Theador Bilharz
Research Institute (TBRI) in the period between November 2009
and February 2010, who were fulfilling the criteria of Child
Pugh classification. Patients were divided into three
groups. Group A included 15 patients
with liver cirrhosis, with neither septic shock nor hepatorenal
syndrome, Group B included 15 patients with liver cirrhosis and
septic shock, but not associated with hepatorenal syndrome,
Group C included 15 patients with hepatorenal syndrome. The
adrenal function of all patients was assessed by the
conventional dose, short synacthen test (250 ug.iv) which was
performed within the first 24 h of admission. Blood
samples to measure plasma cartisol levels were obtained before
and 30 minutes after synacthen administration. Results: Our
study revealed that adrenocortical insufficiency (ACI) was
found in 33 patients out of the 45 patients subjected to this
study (73.3%).Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curve was
done and showed that the MELD score may be a good predictor for
ACI in liver cirrhosis patients. ROC curve showed also that the
serum bilirubin may be a good predictor for ACI in liver
cirrhosis patients. Conclusion: Adrenocortical insufficiency is
common in patients with cirrhosis and in patients complicated
with hepatorenal syndrome. According to our study MELD score
and serum bilirubin level may be good predictors for
Hepatoadrenal Syndrome. Recommendation: We recommend To make
further studies with greater number of patients to detect
hepatoadrenal syndrome and to study its effect on the
prognosis, the complication of liver cirrhosis and mortality.

Abstract:
Automatic control of environmental conditions is an
importantproblem of banana ripening treatment. In this study, a
capacitive sensing system was designed and developed. In this
method banana fruit is placed in the capacitive sensor as a
dielectric material and then the capacitance of sensor is
measured. Experiments were carried out with 10 kHz to 10 MHz
sinusoidal frequencies. A consistent decrease of εb
had occurred at 100 kHz and 1 MHz frequencies when banana had
been ripened. A high correlation was observed between εb
and ripening period (R2 = 0.96) at 100 kHz
frequency. This system has the following characteristics: rapid
response, simple operation, non-destructive measurement, and
low cost.

Abstract:Radiation is one of the
most widespread sources of environmental stress in living
environment which cause oxidative stress and metabolic changes.
Chitosan is widely distributed in nature as a component of
bacterial cell walls and exoskeletons of crustaceans and
insects. The present study aims to evaluate the
antioxidant effect of chitosan against gamma rays induced
oxidative stress and metabolic disorders in rats. The
study was conducted on forty eight (48) female rats which were
classified into four equal groups. Group1: Control group,
rats administrated orally 1.0 ml vehicle solution for forty
days Group. 2: Chitosan group, rats administrated orally (
intragastric intubation) 1.0 ml of chitosan solution (100mg/kg
b.wt. / day for 40 days).Group3: Irradiated rats, rats were
subjected to whole body γ–irradiation to dose 4 Gy
delivered as single exposure dose. Group 4: Combined treatment:
rats administrated orally 1.0 ml of chitosan solution (100mg/kg
b.wt. / day) for 40 days. At day 35 of chitosan treatment the
rats were irradiated at dose level of 4Gy. Rats inspected after
1th and 5th days post irradiation and
liver, spleen, lung and blood samples were collected. The
animals exposed to gamma radiation had significant increase in
TBARS, LDH, glucose, cholesterol, triglycerides, LDL-C, copper,
iron, urea, creatinine, AFP and non significant increase in Mg.
Also, significant decrease in GSH, CAT, HDL-C and estradiol was
recorded. Administration of chitosan to rats prior and post
gamma radiation improved the tested parameters so it is a
therapeutic alternative for oxidative stress, hyperlipidaemia
and hormonal changes. In this way, chitosan may be contributed
to the prevention of atherogenic processes and contribute as
safe functional fiber food.

Abstract:
Learning creativity is an interesting
educational phenomenon usually
observed at children classrooms. Early discovery of
individual children having mathematical creativity is a
challenging interdisciplinary research issue. This piece of
research focuses on quantitative analysis and evaluation of
mathematical learning creativity on the basis of acquired
“Subjective Domains of Experiences” (SDE) inside children's brain.
Acquisition of (SDE) assumed to modify a children's stored
experience via
application of various multimedia Computer Assisted Learning
(CAL) packages (modules). Accordingly,
fairly assessment of
mathematical learning time response
has been adoptedherein
for analysis and evaluation of learning creativity acquired by
(SDE). By some details, early discovery of creativity could be
performed well in accordance with obtained learning assessment
results. That is after solving
correctly a suggested mathematical topic (at children classrooms).Furthermore, interactive
interference between Reflective and Spontaneous Vorstellungen*
during mathematical education has been simulated using
supervised and autonomous Artificial Neural Network (ANN)
learning paradigms. * The German word Vorstellungen is
used in replacement of the vague English expression “internal
representation”

[H.M. Mustafa On Early Discovery of Mathematically Creative
Children using Artificial Neural Networks Modeling (with
a case study). Journal of American Science 2011;7(6):418-429].
(ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org.

Abstract:
Rice product after wheat has special
importance as the second agriculture strategic product. Rice
weevil as one of the most important stored pest has the main
role in losses of stored product. So in this research, the pest
effects was studied on 4 common varieties of rice in Guilan
province "Taroum, Hashemi, Ali kazemi and Dylamani"
in two conditions of facultative and obligatory nutrition.
Results showed that Taroum variety was the most sensitive
variety in conditional of facultative and obligatory nutrition
and after it Hashemi variety was in the second category and had
significant difference with Taroum variety. Ali kazemi and
Dylamani varieties didn’t have significant difference with together
and had the lowest sensitive.

Abstract:
Human resource planning has
traditionally been used by organizations to ensure that the
right person is in the right job at the right time. Under past
conditions of relative environmental certainty and stability,
human resource planning focused on the short term and was
dictated largely by line management concerns. Increasing
environmental instability, demographic shifts, changes in
technology, and heightened international competition are
changing the need for and the nature of human resource planning
in leading organizations. Planning is increasingly the product
of the interaction between line management and planners. In
addition, organizations are realizing that in order to
adequately address human resource concerns, they must develop
long-term as well as short term solutions. As human resource planners
involve themselves in more programs to serve the needs of the
business, and even influence the direction of the business,
they face new and increased responsibilities and challenges.

Abstract:
Human resource management can be
defined as the process of acquiring, training, developing,
motivating, and appraising a sufficient quantity of qualified
employees to perform the activities necessary to accomplish
organizational objectives; and developing specific activities
and an overall organizational climate to generate maximum
worker satisfaction and employee efficiency. While the
owner-manager of a small organization is likely to assume
complete responsibility for human resource management, larger
organizations use company specialists called human resource
managers to perform these activities in a systematic manner.
The position is becoming increasingly important because of
increased competition, government intrusion, emphasis on cost
control, complex wage and benefit programs, and a changing work
force. This article reviews the perspectives and the important
considerations over the HR management and what HR managers
should care about to achieve better Performance Measures.

Abstract:
Aim of this article is criticism of
Richard Rorty insight about epistemic gap between philosophic
Paradigms, through comparison of Avicenna about moral
propositions and pragmatic reasons with some views of
Rorty. Avicenna views about pragmatic reason position
have similarities to Rorty views, while each of them belongs to
two different philosophic paradigms. Writers believe that
between different philosophic paradigms, there is not so
epistemic gap that cause we cannot comparison them with each other.
Base of Rorty argumentations against epistemology and
traditional philosophy is his believe to "epistemic gap of
philosophic pragmatics". Rorty insight has consequences
that he didn't accept them, such as cutting conversation and
relation between cultures. Since conception of conversation in
his ideas have key role, acceptance of such consequences, would
unstable the most fundamental axis of his philosophy.

Evaluation
of Damages on Arc Frames of Reinforced Concrete by using
Pushover

Mehrdad
Dorvaj1, Mahdi Eezadpanah2

1M.Sc. in
Earthquake engineering, Building and Houses Research Center,
Tehran, Iran

2M.Sc. in
Civil engineering, Kordestan University, Kordestan, Iran

Mahdi.Civil1@yahoo.com

Abstract:
Qualification the scope of damage on
structures is of the most important categories recently has
been considered very much by researchers. For this purpose,
different researchers by consideration of different aspects of
structures have paid to presenting indexes. Depending most of
these indices to nonlinear dynamic analysis performance which
is very complex and time consuming has caused that using of
these indices more be restricted to research project. The aim
of this research is representing a simple and effective index
on the basis of increasing load analysis and proportionate with
operation point of structures which can represent a fair
estimation of the scope of damages on structures.

Abstract:The
current work aimed to study the effect of preeclampsia on
maternal serum level of beta subunit of human chorionic
gonadotropin and maternal plasma level of adenosine deaminase.
Ninety pregnant women with gestational age 24 - 26 weeks were
selected for this study, they were classified into three
groups: group 1 consists of 30 women with normal pregnancy,
group 2 consists of 30 patients with mild
preeclampsia and group 3 consists of 30 patients with
severe preeclampsia. Maternal serum level of beta subunit of
human chorionic gonadotropin, and maternal plasma adenosine deaminase
level were measured. Maternal serum level of beta subunit of
human chorionic gonadotropin was significantly higher in severe
preeclampsia compared with the mild preeclampsia group and
normal pregnancies. Maternal plasma adenosine deaminase level was
significantly higher in the severe group compared with the mild
preeclampsic and normal groups. Maternal serum level of beta
subunit of human chorionic gonadotropin and maternal plasma
level of adenosine deaminase might be useful as markers of the
severity of preeclampsia.

Abstract: In this
paper we show that the essentiality of the socle of an ideal of the algebra implies
that any invertibility preserving linear map is
a Jordan
homomorphism. Specially if is a preliminary algebra then
any such is an algebric homomorphism.

Abstract:
Agricultural extension is one of the main institutional
components of agriculture as it promotes the transfer and
exchange of information that can be converted into functional
knowledge. It is better to say that extension is the
instrument, which is helpful in developing enterprises that
promote productivity and generate income in the present climate
of change, which ultimately reduce poverty in developing as
well as developed countries. Un-fortunately in developing as
well as low income countries agricultural extension has failed
in diffusing new technology to its ultimate users and further
deterioration witnessed with the passage of time . The failure
of agricultural extension services for last decades is under
constant pressure to be responsive to ever-growing challenges
of food production. Agricultural extension is a non-formal type
of education that provides advisory services by the use of
educational approach in acquiring knowledge and skills to deal
with the growing needs of global world. Diverse agricultural
extension funding and delivery arrangements have been
undertaken since the mid-1980s by governments worldwide in the
name of "privatization." When agricultural
extension is discussed, privatization is used in the broadest
sense – of introducing or increasing private sector participation,
which does not necessarily imply a transfer of designated
state-owned assets to the private sector. In fact, various
cost-recovery, commercialization, and other so-called
privatization alternatives have been adopted to improve
agricultural extension. The form and content of
decentralization has dominated development discourse and public
sector reform agenda in Kenya in the last
two decades.

Abstract:
Objectives: Excessive exposure of
agrochemical male workers to organophosphate (OP) pesticides
may induce morphofunctional changes in their sperms. The
aim of this study was to explore sperm nuclear deoxyribonucleic
acid (DNA)reaction to in vitro incubation with or
in vivo chronic exposure to diazinon or diazoxon. Methods:
Fixed volumes of every semen sample of ten healthy volunteers
were incubated at 37oC for one hour with rising
serial volumes of 60% of either diazinon (DZ) or diazoxon
(DZO). Induced sperm morphological alterations were determined
by microscopic examination of direct fresh, Papaniclaue stained
and eosin-Y exclusion smears while sperm nuclear cytotoxicity
was assessed by DNA fluorometric examination. On the other
hand, sperms of 20 chronic agriculture DZ/DZO spraying workers
were directly examined for their quality and DNA denaturation
state. Results:Normal
human spermatozoa showed unfavorable increasing alterations in
their quality and DNA integrity after their incubation with
serially rising volumes of either diazinon or its oxon.
Induction of sperm nuclear DNA denaturation by DZO was more
severe both qualitatively and quantitatively than after DZ
treated testing. Similar alterations but to lesser extent were
found in sperms’ DNA of chronic DZ/DZO spraying workers without
exogenous OP treatment. Conclusion: In vivo DZ/DZO
chronic exposure induced unfavorable effects in seminal quality
and sperm DNA integrity but were lesser in strength than in
vitro testing.

Abstract: This
paper investigates the temperature distribution in porous fins
in natural convection condition and compares it with
temperature distribution in conventional fins. To formulate the
heat transfer equation, the energy balance and Darcy’s model
used. This study is based on finite-length fin with insulated
tip. The porous fin allows the flow infiltrate through it. The
theory section addressed the derived governing equation. The
effect on porosity parameters “S” and convection parameter in
porous fin “n”, and convection parameter in conventional fin
are discussed. The result suggests that by increasing “S” the
heat transfer increase but in some cases it has exemption.

Abstract: A new
synthetic fabric composed of a mixture of two biomaterials,
polyamide 6.6 and polyester, was manufactured with specific
tensile characters to serve in the reconstruction of the
patellar ligament rupture in dogs. Twelve skeletally mature
mongrel dogs with no evidence of clinical signs of lameness
were used in the present study. Patellar ligament rupture was
induced by severing the mid portion of the right ligament of
each limb. Surgical intervention was performed by primary
suturing of the severed patellar ligament ends and applying a
synthetic fabric to act as a supportive internal splint.
Satisfactory results were obtained concerning the tendon
healing and the return to limb normal function without
complications. It was found that the polyamide polyester fabric
proved to be a suitable reconstructive biocompatible material
that allowed primary ligament repair with adequate support by
and giver an excellent outcome in cases of patellar ligament
ruptures in dogs.

Abstract:Methanol is an
ideal candidate to replace fossil fuels. However, alterations
in the retinal function are primarily associated with methanol
intoxication. In the present work, chronic methanol
intoxication was carried out in New Zealand rabbits
previously depleted of foliates with methotrexate. We analyze
the effect of long-term alcohol consumption on oxidative stress
parameters of the rabbit retinas and its correlation to retinal
function. We show that methanol has a toxic effect on rabbit
retina associated with oxidative stress. Decreases in retina
glutathione concentration and increases in catalase activity in
whole retina homogenate significantly correlate with ERG a- and
b-wave decrease. We show also a marked change in the molecular
structure and orientation of rhodopsin in cell membranes of the
retina. Chronic methanol consumption induces oxidative stress
in rabbit retina associated with an impairment of ERG and
molecular changes of membrane proteins.

Abstract: Studieshaveshownthat in the contrary of
loss productivity oftraditionalsources (money, landand ...), knowledge is reallya sourceofincreasingeconomic
performance. Basically,managers of companiesare forced to correct andimproveproduction
methods, marketing, innovationsandultimatelyincreaseproductivityandeconomic efficiency by considering prevailingeconomic conditions constantly. One ofthemainways toimproveeconomicconditionsandincreasecompetitionfor successful factories whichcan reach to the potency of competition,
is the use ofcreativethinkingthatwithout therecognition andprotectionofintellectualcapitalwill not bepossible. In this study,
elements and components of intellectual capital are independent
variables as human, Structural, and relational capitals.
Economic performance indicators (dependent variables): profit
and cash earnings are considered. Methods of research in doing
is descriptive - correlation of covariance analysis of
structural equation model. The results were analyzed with the
Lisrel & SPSS software, and finally the relationship
between intellectual capital were confirmed and it has been
found that relational and structural capital directly and human
capital, indirectly, impress economic performance by structural
effects.

Abstract:
This study examined the extent of
work-family conflict experienced by married female junior
physicians and the coping behavior of the physicians in
managing the conflict. The sample of this study consisted of
married female physicians (with at least one child) aged 40 and
below working in fourteen public hospitals in Malaysia.
Data were gathered from a sample of 231 female junior
physicians using self-administered questionnaires through the
drop and collect method. The two major strategies used by the
physicians were personal role redefinition which involved
changing their own attitudes and perceptions of role
expectations, and reactive role behavior which involved careful
planning, scheduling and organizing their role activities, and
working harder to meet all their role demands. The least
frequently used strategy was structural role redefinition which
entails an active attempt to deal directly with role senders
and lessen the conflict by mutual agreement on a new set of
expectations. Implications of the findings and suggestions for
future research were discussed.

Abstract:As the
plant hormone abscisic acid (ABA) is involved in responses
to salinity stress. We tested
its putative relationship with the degree of tolerance to this
abiotic stress.For this
purpose we examined the responses of
sensitive (IR29) and tolerant (IR651) varieties of indica rice
(Oryza sativa L.) to a
range of salinity (0 (control) and 100 mM NaCl). Shoot and root
dry weight was reduced and leaf Na concentration increased in
response to salinity for both cultivars with a higher
extent in sensitive. Tolerance of IR29 to saline stress was generally
improved byABA treatment and leaves Na
content reduced to their respective control treatment. This
ABA
effect was evident in IR29 with low tolerance, as their ability
to recover from stress increased up to seven fold. Independent
of the saline treatment, the absolute endogenous leaf ABA
content in sensitive variety was significantly more than
tolerant one. However, upon stress, the increase in endogenous ABA
synthesis was higher in tolerant than in sensitive varieties.
These data together with those obtained by using Fluridone, an
inhibitor of ABA synthesis, suggested first, there was
differential sensitivity to ABA in the tolerant and sensitive
leaves cultivars and enhanced concentrations at tolerant levels
acted primarily to maintain root and shoot growth salt stress
and second, the differences in the level of tolerance to saline
stress is related to their different capacity of ABA synthesis
under stress conditions.

[Saeed Saeedipour. Is salinity tolerance of rice
lines related to endogenous ABA
level or to the cellular ability for ABA synthesis under stress? Journal
of American Science 2011;7(6):518-524]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.americanscience.org.

Abstract: Does
social capital generate positive influences on poverty
reduction? This question has important theoretical and policy
implications for the contemporary world, especially for the
developing countries. This study assesses social capital in
poverty reduction in rural areas of Marvdasht, Iran. Data were
collected using survey questionnaire. Results indicate that
although there is strong communication and social cohesion for
poverty reduction, but communities still face challenges and
constraints which hinder their contributions in poverty
reduction.

[Fatemeh Allahdadi, Building Social
Capital for Poverty Reduction in Rural Areas of Marvdasht, Iran,
Journal of American Science 2011; 7(6):532-535]. (ISSN: 1545‐1003). http://www.americanscience.org.

Abstract: This
study aims to investigate the relation between organizational
structure and entrepreneurship which is of discretional –
correlational type , done by the field method among all thephysical
education (PE) teachers and employees of Eastern
Azerbaijan, s Islamic Azad Universities (n=63) . Two
questionnaires about organizational structure and
entrepreneurship, whose reliability was achieved by the
experts, and Pearson and T correlational coefficients, were
used to test and analyze the data. The results showed no
relation between organizational entrepreneurship and complexity
but showed a negative and significant relation among
entrepreneurship and formality and concentration. Eventually,
no difference was observed between organizational
entrepreneurship of the (male or female) teachers and
employees.

Abstract: Automated
Visual Inspection Systems (AVIS) are becoming increasingly
popular due to low cost maintenance and high accuracy. Ceramic
tile factories, for example, are very much interested in these
sorts of systems. This paper introduces a different strategy in
ceramic tile inspection system to reveal four major problems,
namely, edge curvature, thickness, size measuring and edge
crack defects. It is believed that this method will cover edge
curvature defects and thickness measuring of ceramic tiles in
AVIS with recommending an individual algorithm for each defect
based on line feature extraction techniques. . In addition, it
is assumed that our model makes size measuring and edge defects
detection easier and more accurate rather than previous
approaches. This proposed model will allow ceramic tile
companies to perform quality control inspection without costly
measuring tools or error-prone inspection by humans. Moreover,
factories have to install and apply Flatness Control Machine
(FCM) to measure the flatness curvature of ceramic tiles. This
machine keeps the ceramic tiles in fixed position to
investigate the upper surface only. But our strategy is
independent of a specific position through inspection in various
angles from top and side views. We hope that our model, which
is prominent in low cost implementation, will enable companies
to apply this method in different situations in their
manufacturing production line systems. Hence, it will assist
them to produce not only more accurate reports on defects but
also permit improved manufacturing of quality products.

Abstract:
Nowadays, the issue of brand extension
strategy has emerged as one of the most crucial topics for
marketing management. Previous studies report extraordinarily
high failure in brand extension strategies. Hence, this study
present a practical framework for evaluation critical factors
of brand extension strategy of product based on appropriate
criteria and Fuzzy Analytical Hierarchy Process technique. For
obtaining critical factors, the key published papers are
employed to derive those initially important factors firstly,
15 factors are identified. These factors have been discussed
and publicized in academic and management fields and can be summarized
as three aspects and fifteen initially factors. Consequently,
the proposed Fuzzy AHP approach is used to measure relative
weights for evaluating these factors. The proposed methodology
implemented as an actual case in the biggest automobile manufacture
in Iran.
Finally, the results of this study shows that “Quality”,
“Services after sale”, “Determining the suitable strategies in
Brand field”, “Top management commitment and support” and
“Advertisement” is the top five critical factors.

Abstract: FT-IR spectroscopic technique was used
to evaluate the chemical composition, lycopene, β-carotene
and some adulterants (starch, allura red pigment and paprika)
of tomato products as a fast technique in comparison with
standard methods. The results indicated that, sensory
evaluation and color parameters of Hunter measurements (L*, a*
& b*) represent color value but the quality of tomato
natural pigment (lycopene) not identified. FT-IR spectra of
adulterated tomato paste with starch showed spectral peaks at
(1137 cm-1 and 1040 cm-1) while, in
adulterated paste with paprika revealed some peaks at 641 for
stretching (CH2, CH) and at 1520 cm-1 for
vibrational stretching of (C=C). Ketchup was characterized with
stretching (C-O-C) at 1279 cm-1. Adulterated tomato
paste with paprika characterized with total l phenolic
compounds (42.7±2.3) and high
antioxidant activity (78.3.8%±2.9). The
effect of processing on the volatile components present in
tomato paste, ketchup and adulterated tomato paste with starch
or paprika has been studied by gas chromatography (GC) and gas
chromatography-mass spectrometery (GC/MS). The most predominant
volatiles were saturated and unsaturated 6-carbon aldehydes and
alcohols. Hexanal and (Z)-3-hexen-1-ol, (Z)-3-hexenol,
5-methyl-5-hexen-2-ol and 1-hexanol were present in significant
concentrations in all samples. Methyl-(2-hydroxy-3-methyl)-valerate
and methyl-(2-OH)-iso-methyl valerate were generated in tomato
paste with high concentration (1.0 and 4.25%), respectively.

Abstract: Hard
wheat flour and durum of different extraction level (whole
meal, 82% and 72%) and their pasta products were evaluated by
the ordinary methods in parallel with FT-IR spectroscopy.
Chemically, there was considerable difference between hard
wheat flour and durum in protein and crude fiber contents.
Durum whole meal, hard wheat flour (72%) and durum adulterated
with hard wheat flour 72% (1:1) were used to prepare high
quality pasta and adulterated pasta, respectively. Color
analysis showed that, addition of hard wheat to durum increased
the lightness values but decreased the redness and yellowness
values. Also, pasta processed from these raw materials had the
same character except lightness. Cooked pasta had no
significant differences in lightness and redness values while
there were significant differences in yellowness values of the
cooked pasta. Sensory evaluation of pasta made from durum and
hard wheat and their mixture showed that, there were
significant differences between them in all sensory properties.
Cooking quality of pasta revealed that, the weight of hard
wheat pasta increased more than durum pasta, while, the volume
of durum pasta was higher than hard wheat pasta. Cooking loss
was very lower in durum pasta than hard wheat pasta. Since,
wheat and their products contain different polar functional
groups such as lipids, carbohydrates and proteins, FT-IR
spectroscopy was used as a beneficial tool for detecting
adulteration of pasta. The FT-IR results showed that hard wheat
(72%) was recognized from durum (72%) by presence of three
specific bands at 1420 and 1374 cm-1 which are nearly
disappeared in durum, while durum was characterized by two
absorption bands at 2860 and 1744 cm-1. FT-IR
spectral analysis of durum pasta and adulterated ones showed
the same results of durum and wheat flour raw materials.

Abstract:Deterioration of fresh
eggplant rings was demonstrated as a rapid increase of
enzymatic browning and with an obvious browning. The effect of
thermal and chemical pretreatments on enzymatic browning and
frying quality of eggplant rings were investigated. Thermal
pretreatment using water or steam blanching; and chemical
pretreatment by dipping in different concentrations of SO2,
chitosan, carboxy methylcellulose (CMC) or sodium chloride.
Changes in enzymatic browning in fresh eggplant rings during
storage at 25°C for 24
hrs were investigated by determining rings colour as a capacity
of browning and colour parameters. Best colour values of
eggplant rings were found in SO2 and steam blanching
pretreatments; hence the quality of fresh eggplant rings was
able to maintain for up to 24 hours at 25°C. The
inhibitory effect of various thermal and chemical pretreatments
on eggplant rings was found to decrease in the following order
SO2 > steam blanching > water blanching >
coated chitosan > coated CMC > sodium chloride. Frying
eggplant rings at 180°C/4 min
for SO2, chitosan or steam blanching was able to
optimize the quality of eggplant rings regarding to L*, a*, C*,
BI, ΔE-values and non-enzymatic browning (A420 nm).
The fried pre-treated eggplant rings with SO2 or
water blanching gave higher mean panel scores (7.8–8.6) in all
sensory characteristics compared to other pre-treated samples.

Abstract:Background: Asthma
is a leading cause of chronic illness in childhood. Respiratory
tract infections with viruses and mycoplasma pneumonia are
considered the most common triggers of asthma in all age
groups. Recently Chlamydia pneumonia infection has been
suggested to play a role in pathogenesis of asthma. Objective:
The aim of this work was to evaluate the possible role of
Chlamydia pneumonia in the development or aggravation of
childhood bronchial asthma. Patients and Methods: This
study included 50 asthmatic patients divided into 2 groups;
group (1) composed of 20 new wheezier who denied previous
wheezing and were evaluated during initial wheezing episode,
group (2) composed of 30 chronic asthmatic children who had
recurrent episodes of/or persistent wheezing. Also 20 healthy
children were included as a control group. Qualitative
estimation of Chlamydia pneumonia infection in nasopharyngeal
swabs using polymerase chain reaction (P.C.R) technique was
done to all cases and controls. Results: In the new
wheezier group 8 cases (40%) were Chlamydia pneumonia PCR
(+ve), in the chromic asthmatic group 9 cases (30%) were PCR
(+ve), while in the control group only 2 cases (10%) were
PCR+ve. The infection rate of Chlamydia pneumonia among
patients were 17 (89.5%) and among controls 2 (10.5%) with a
statistically significant difference (P = 0.041) between
patients and controls. There was an increase in asthma severity
and severity of exacerbation in PCR+ve than in PCR-ve patients
for C. pneumonia but it didn’t reach statistical significance.
Also there was a significant increase in PCR+ve males (58.8%)
than PCR+ve females (41.2%), while there were no significant
statistical difference between PCR+ve and PCR-ve patients as
regards age, residence, seasonal variation, atopic
manifestation and family history of atopy. Conclusion:
The incidence of C. pneumonia infection among new wheezier and
chronic asthmatics is high pointing to its possible role as a
triggering factor for asthma in new wheezier and continuation
of symptoms in spite of proper treatment plan in chronic
asthmatic children.

Abstract:The corrosion inhibition of
316 L stainless steel in 0.5 M H2SO4 by
lysine was investigated using open-circuit potential
measurements, potentiodynamic polarization measurements and
scanning electron microscopy (SEM) techniques. The open circuit
potentials were measured in the absence and presence of
different concentrations of lysine. It was found that the open
circuit potential becomes more positive with increasinf the concentration
of lysine. Potentiodymanic polarization measurements showed
that the presence of lysine in acidic solution effects mainly
the cathodic process and decreases the corrosion current to a
great extent and shifts the corrosion potential towards more negative
values. Results revealed clearly that lysine is a good cathodic
type inhibitor for 316L stainless steel in 0.5 M H2SO4.
The maximum inhibition efficiency of lysine was achieved
at (7 x 10–2 M). Analyses of the surface by SEM
confirm these results.

Abstract: Neonatal period is the most hazardous period of
life because of various problems/ diseases which a neonate
faces. There is great over lap between the risks associated
with morbidity and mortality in the perinatal and neonatal
periods. The present study aimed to identify the profile and
risk factors for neonatal mortality among neonates admitted to
neonatal intensive care unit in pediatric Assiut University
Hospital (AUH). A prospective study was conducted in NICU of
pediatric AUH. Study population included all neonates admitted
to NICU over a period of one year. The data collected included
detailed antenatal and natal histories, details of clinical
examination, primary diagnosis, progress during the hospital
stay and outcome. The outcome measure was in-hospital death.
Survival was defined as the discharge of a live infant from the
NICU. Differences between deceased and survived neonates
were estimated by the chi-square test and t-test. The
association between risk factors and neonatal mortality were
estimated by relative risk. The significance level used was
p-value of less than 0.05.A total of 990 neonates
were included in the study, of which 582 neonates (58.8%) died
during their hospital stay. The mortality rate decreased with
the increase in birth weight, as well as gestational age.
Respiratory distress was the commonest primary diagnosis
(94.5%) among all admitted neonates, followed by very low birth
weight (VLBW) (36.7%), congenital malformations (8.2%), and
infections (4.4%). Significant variables (P<0.05) associated
with neonatal mortality were: maternal diabetes, obstructed
labour, vaginal delivery, multiple births, neonatal respiratory
distress, prematurity, low birth weight (LBW) and congenital
malformations. It is concluded that majority of the causes of
neonatal mortality are preventable. Surveillance
programs for neonatal death should include preventive actions
and interventions for the perinatal period. Focused initiatives
for quality improvement may also be necessary.

Abstract: Domestic
violence against women is increasingly recognized as a global
problem. It poses a direct threat to women's health and has
serious reproductive health consequences.The
study aims to identify the relationship between women exposure
to spousal violence and some reproductive health indicators.Data from the 2005 Egyptian Demographic and Health
Survey (EDHS) were secondary analyzed for 5,613 ever-married
women aged 15-49 years. The results revealed that
more than three in ten women had an experience with any form of
spousal violence. Fertility was higher among women have
experienced violence than among women who have not (mean number
of children ever born was 3.4±2.1 versus
2.9 ± 2.4).
Total family planning need was higher among women who have
experienced violence than among women who have not. Self
reported prevalence of sexually transmitted infections was
higher among women who have ever or recently experienced
violence than women who have not (21.4%, 26.1% versus. 18.5%).
It is concluded that marital violence is related to various
negative reproductive health outcomes. Violence against women
is a vicious circle that needs to be broken. Actions must be
taken to make women and men understand that violence against
women is not legitimate or acceptable and that everybody pays a
high price for it.

Preparation of Layer
Nano-Silicate/Alumina Castable Composites

Abstract:
The
effect of adding nano scale particles on rheological and
mechanical properties of ultra low cement alumina castables was
investigated. After
clay purification by mechanical methods and obtaining
nano-silicate layers materials, the characterization was conducted
by using XRD. Then, the produced nano-silicate particles were
added to the ultra low cement Alumina castable containing
microsilica and reactive Alumina. Mechanical and rheological
properties of castable were studied before and after firing at
1500 ºC. The results showed that d-spacing between
nano-silicate layers was about 1.2 nm. Flow ability of the
castables showed an increase of 5%, indicating decreasing the
presence of some filler materials such as microsilica and
reactive Alumina. Finally XRD results of fired samples
indicated the existence of mulite as a desired phase in the
samples.

Abstract:
Crystallization of calcium sulfate dihydrate (CaSO4.2H2O)
in sodium chloride solutions at different supersaturation
(δ = 1.2–2), pH =3, ionic strength (I = 0.5 M) and at 80°C
was studied. The influence of aluminum and magnesium nitrates
having very low concentrations (10-7 mol dm-1)
on the rate of crystallization at different supersaturation was
investigated. The rate of crystallization was found to be
dependent of the stirring rate suggesting diffusion mechanism.
The addition of Mg+2 or Al+3 retarded the
rate of crystallization to an extent proportional to their
amounts present. Furthermore, the retardation effect was
enhanced as the supersaturation decreases. The results also
revealed that the increase in both pH (3 −10) and
crystallization temperature (20 −80 oC)
brought about an increase in calcium sulfate crystallization
rate.

Abstract: Cynodon
dactylon regarded to possess various medicinal properties
as an anticancer, antidiabetic, anti-inflammatory and
antioxidative agent, but there are a few studies on its
antibacterial effects. The aim of the present study was the
evaluation of the antibacterial activity of Cynodon dactylon
on 100 Multi Drug Resistant isolates of S. aureus, A.
baumannii, P. aeruginosa, Klebsiella and E.
coli. Cynodon dactylon samples were collected from
the fields of North West of Iran. Plant roots were cut, and
powder was prepared. Powdered roots were extracted by
maceration at room temperature for 72 hours. Bacterial isolates
were collected from clinical specimens from different wards of
educational hospitals in Urmia,
Iran
during a 12 months period. The susceptibility of isolates to Cynodon
dactylon root extracts was determined using a broth
microdilution method. Considering to the wide application of
ciprofloxacin in treatment of bacterial nosocomial infections,
the antibacterial effects of ciprofloxacin on isolates also
determined. All the multi- drug resistant bacterial isolates
were sensitive to different concentrations of Cynodon
dactylon root hydroalcoholic extract, the most sensitive
bacterial isolates to Cynodon dactylon root extracts
were P.aeruginosa isolates, however 69% of isolates were
resistant to ciprofloxacin. Results demonstrate that this
herbal drug could represent a new source of antimicrobial
agents, for the control of hospital acquired infections.
However, more adequate studies must be carried out to verify
the possibility of using it for fighting these bacteria in
human body infections.

Abstract:
Veterinary holds a great and long experience among the Turkish
people like the other nations especially
in folkloric literature and the part of literature which has
prolonged among the villagers and conserved its own existence
but its terms have not registered in their written forms. In a
glimpse over the terms like rabies, enterotoxaemia, foot and
mouth disease, contagious agalactia and lots of other disease
put an apparent persistence on its long experience among native
Azerbaijani people (Iran) in its
veterinarian aspect. We try our best to have a good
clarification over these terms.