Prior to the establishment of this diocese, there were still several independent Greek parishes in North America that had not been regularized by Archbishop Athenagoras, who had been going from parish to parish for several years, bringing independents into the fold of the Greek Archdiocese. These independent parishes sometimes looked to Greece for priests, and sometimes turned to vagante bishops such as Christopher Contogeorge. The situation in general in the 1930's and 40's was one of ecclesiastical confusion, and Old Calendarismper se could be seen in some cases as a side effect of the parish remaining independent rather than as a purely idealogical position.

Establishment

In 1951, ArchimandritePetros (Astyfides) arrived in New York at the invitation of Arsenios Saltas, whom he understood to be the Greek Old Calendarist bishop of America. Soon learning that this was not the case, Archimandrite Petros resolved to return to Greece. However, a number of Greek Old Calendarist families in Queens persuaded him to begin services for them, and by 1954 Saint Markella's Cathedral was established.

Archimandrite Petros began to gather various independent parishes until a diocese was formed. During this time, he was under the Metropolia and then the ROCOR. Two ROCOR bishops, Seraphim (Svezhevsky) of Caracas and Leonty (Filippovich) of Chile, consecrated him to the episcopacy in November 1962 as Bishop of Astoria. This consecration was initially considered irregular, as it was done in secret. However, in 1969 the ROCOR Synod ruled to recognize this act as well as the restoration of the episcopacy of the Genuine Greek Orthodox Church of Greece performed earlier by ROCOR hierarchs. At this time, Bishop Petros of Astoria joined with the Synod in Greece officially.

Dispute over Grace

In 1974, the Synod of the Greek Old Calendarist Church reiterated its belief that the New Calendar Church was schismatic and devoid of grace. Metropolitan Petros was opposed to this decision and asked the ROCOR bishops what to do, since they had consecrated him, and his consecration certificate stated that he would defer to the Synod if any question arose. While this may seem a simplistic reasoning, the Metropolitan was concerned about keeping his pledge.

Reunion in 1985

In 1985, Metropolitan Petros began talks with the Synod culminating in his return to the Synod. He was given a title of Metropolitan of Astoria, an irregular act given the existing jurisdiction of Metropolitan Paisios as Metropolitan of North and South America. Nevertheless, this was an attempt to find peace in the church, which lasted until Metropolitan Paisios went into schism in 1995 to join the Lamian Synod, and then from it the Athanasian Synod, and finally joined the Ecumenical Patriarchate in 1998. From 1995, the Metropolis of America was joined to the Metropolis of Astoria until the election and consecration of Metropolitan Pavlos (Stratigeas) in 1998 to preside over one unified Metropolis of America.

Ascension of Metropolitan Pavlos

In 1997, Metropolitan Petros reposed, and in 1998 his grandnephew, Archimandrite Pavlos (Stratigeas) was elected as the Metropolitan of North and South America. He was installed in March 1998. In 2000, Archimandrite Christodoulos was consecrated titular Bishop of Theopoulis to assist Metropolitan Pavlos.

In February 2006, Metropolitan Pavlos suffered a stroke and was temporarily incapacitated. Archbishop Chrysostom II of Athens was appointed provisional administrator of the Holy Metropolis of America. After substantially recovering, Metropolitan Pavlos was restored as full ruling hierarch of the Holy Metropolis in 2007.

In December 2013, Metropolitan Pavlos retired from his position for health reasons. In February 2014, Bishop Demetrius (Kyriakou) of Boston was elected by the Holy Synod to succeed him as Metropolitan of America and President of the Eparchial Synod of the Church of the GOC of America.

Progress toward Old Calendar Unity

In 2011, Metropolitan Moses of Portland and Bishop Sergios (Black) of Loch Lomond from the Holy Orthodox Church in North America were received into the Genuine Greek Orthodox Church of America, along with several HOCNA parishes and clergy from both the United States and Canada. In 2012, Bishop Demetrios of Carlisle from the Holy Orthodox Church in North America, along with many parishes and clergy, and along with over half the monastics from Holy Transfiguration Monastery in Brookline, MA, were received by the Genuine Greek Orthodox Church of America, with Bishop Demetrios being given the title Bishop of Boston.

In 2014, after several years of negotiations, full unity was achieved between the Church of the Genuine Orthodox Christians of Greece (Synod of Archbishop Kallinikos) and the Holy Synod in Resistance with the latter ceasing to exist as a separate administrative entity. This unity also established full communion between the largest factions of Old Calendarists in Greece, Romania and Bulgaria, along with the remnant Russian Orthodox Church Outside of Russia (Synod of Metropolitan Agafangel), made up of those who refused to reunite with the Moscow Patriarchate in 2007.

Diocesan and Parish Organization

In 2002, the Holy Synod of Greece granted the Metropolis of America the status of a semi-autonomous eparchy, which included the establishment of an Eparchial Synod along with a local Ecclesiastical Tribunal. The Eparchy of America is comprised of two Metropoleis (America and Toronto) and two Dioceses (Boston, and Etna and Portland), whose ruling hierarchs are suffragans of the Metropolitan of America based in New York City. Currently there are 50 parishes and missions and 11 monastic communities in the United States and Canada.