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E. Huld Indo-Europeanization of Northern Europe (1996); Adrados, Bernabé, Mendoza, Manual de Lingüística Indoeuropea (1998); etc. Furthermore, regarding modern IE studies, even without accepting a common, independent North-West IE language, “There are so many of these words that are confined within these five language groups (Celtic, Italic, Germanic, Baltic, and Slavic) that most linguists would regard 33 A GRAMMAR OF MODERN INDO-EUROPEAN cognates found exclusively between any two or among all of these groups as specifically NorthWest Indo-European and not demonstrably Proto-Indo-European.

Compare the case, among others, of relative pronouns, which in Celtic, contrarily to the Italic *kwo-/*kwi-, is represented by *Hi̯o-, a characteristic that it shares with Greek, Phrygian, Indo-Iranian and Slavic”. Even though classifications of early proto-languages may vary depending on different criteria, they all have a known common origin, which is generally easier to reconstruct than their dialectal groupings. For example, if we had only some texts of Old French, Old Spanish and Old Portuguese, Mediaeval Italian and Modern Romanian and Catalan, then Vulgar Latin (ca.

If we had only contemporary data to work with, we would have to conclude that both Proto-Italic (now equivalent to Proto-Romance) and ProtoGreek flourished around the beginning of the Christian era. These ‘extinction events’ in the history of Italic and Greek had the effect of ‘resetting’ the time depth of the proto-language. This process must have been repeated time and again in the prehistoric period”. Similarly, Kortlandt (1989) detected what “seems to be a general tendency to date protolanguages farther back in time than is warranted by the linguistic evidence.