Fugard, Atholin full Athol Harold Lannigan Fugard ( born June 11, 1932 , Middleburg Middelburg, South AfricaSouth African dramatist, actor, and director who became internationally known for his penetrating and pessimistic analyses of South African society during the apartheid period.

Fugard’s earliest plays were No-Good Friday and Nongogo (both published in Dimetos and Two Early Plays, 1977), but it was The Blood Knot (1963), produced for stage (1961) and television (1967) in both London and New York City, that established his reputation. The Blood Knot, dealing with brothers who fall on opposite sides of the racial colour line, was the first in a sequence Fugard called “The Family Trilogy.” The series continued with Hello and Goodbye (1965) and Boesman and Lena (1969) and was later published under the title Three Port Elizabeth Plays (1974). Boesman and Lena, filmed in 1973 with Fugard as Boesman, played to a wider audience than any previous South African play; another film adaptation was released in 2000.

Fugard’s willingness to sacrifice character to symbolism caused some critics to question his commitment. Provoked by such criticism, Fugard began to question the nature of his art and his emulation of European dramatists. He began a more imagist approach to drama, not using any prior script but merely giving actors what he called “a mandate” to work around “a cluster of images.” From this technique derived the imaginative if shapeless drama of Orestes (published in Theatre One: New South African Drama, 1978), and the documentary expressiveness of Siswe Bansi Is Dead, The Island, and Statements After an Arrest Under the Immorality Act (all published in Statements: Three Plays, 1974).

A much more traditionally structured play, Dimetos (1977), was performed at the 1975 Edinburgh Festival. A Lesson from Aloes (published 1981) and “Master Harold”…and the Boys (1982) were performed to much acclaim in London and New York City, as was The Road to Mecca (1985; film 1992), the story of an eccentric older woman about to be confined against her will in a nursing home. Throughout the 1970s and ’80s Fugard worked to create and sustain theatre groups that, despite South African drama’s particular vulnerability to censorship, produced plays defiantly indicting the country’s apartheid policy.

After the dismantling of apartheid laws in 1990–91, Fugard’s focus turned increasingly to his personal history. In 1994 he published the memoir Cousins, and throughout the 1990s he wrote plays—including Playland (1992), Valley Song (1996), and The Captain’s Tiger (1997)—that have strong autobiographical elements. Subsequent plays include Sorrows and Rejoicings (2002), about a poet who returns to South Africa after years of exile; Victory (2009), a stark examination of postapartheid South Africa; and The Train Driver (2010), an allegorical meditation on white South Africans’ collective guilt about apartheid.

Films in which Fugard acted include Marigolds in August (1980; written with Ross Devenish) and The Killing Fields (1984). Fugard also wrote the novel Tsotsi (1980; film 2005). Notebooks, 1960–1977 (1983) collects selections from Fugard’s journals, and Karoo, and Other Stories (2005) is a compilation of short stories and journal extracts. In 2011 Fugard received a Tony Award for lifetime achievement.