Introduction of the Sugar Glider, Petaurus
breviceps, into re-established forest of the Organ Pipes National Park,
VictoriaRobert Irvine and
Robert BenderAbstractIn 1989, 13 Sugar Gliders Petaurus
breviceps were introduced into the Organ Pipes National Park , a
re-afforested valley, 26 km north-west of Melbourne, Victoria. These Sugar
Gliders were relocated from a nearby (20 km) State forest at Pyrete Range,
Toolern Vale. This initial release was followed up in 1990 with the release of a
further 24 animals. Due to the absence of natural tree hollows, 24 nesting boxes
were installed prior to the release, spread over a 10 ha area. Introduced glider
population densities varied from 0.8 ha -1 to 5 ha
-1 from February 1989 to October 1992. In June 1993, 43 Sugar Gliders
were trapped and nesting boxes were installed over a wider area. By May 1995, 31
Sugar Gliders were trapped, marked with 'electronic chips' and some were found
nesting in boxes specifically designed for bats. Although there had been a
number of reintroduction's at other locations in Victoria, namely Tower Hill,
Blackburn Lake and Coolart, this was the first time wild Sugar Gliders had been
trapped and relocated. Due to senescence amongst Black Wattles Acacia
mearnsii at Organ Pipes National Park food sources may have reduced during
the study period. Despite this, the data indicate the population may have been
successfully established.

Introduction

This study documents
the introduction of wild Sugar Gliders into Organ Pipes National Park from 1989
to 1995 and makes comparisons to other Sugar Glider release programs in
Victoria. It was conducted to estimate the survival of those released P.
breviceps into Organ Pipes National Park and uses available results kept
during this period. Recommendations are made for future management of this Sugar
Glider population at Organ Pipes National Park and other release programs in
Victoria.

The study areaThe Organ Pipes National Park (37 40'
S, 144 45' E) (Fig 1) was declared in 1972 and it currently has a total area of
121 hectares. A continuing rabbit problem has meant the area has many well-grown
trees of nearly the same age (Kemp and Irvine 1993) but, until very recently,
almost no young trees naturally regenerating and almost no understorey.
Nevertheless, a preliminary evaluation of the alluvial flats concluded that the
habitat had become adequate for a fauna release program and could support a
small population of Sugar Gliders. The release area was set as the alluvial flat
in the bend of Jackson's Creek opposite the Organ Pipes formation. This is
divided in two by a steep ridge along which the main track into the valley has
been constructed. There are about 5 hectares of alluvial flat either side of the
central ridge.

Climate

Climatic records for Organ Pipes
National Park have been maintained since 1972, and show the area to be a rain
shadow, with a mean annual rainfall of 575 mm. This is considerably drier than
Tower Hill (730 mm) and Willung (750 mm), where wild populations were studied by
Suckling (1983), both sites being at more southerly latitudes than Organ Pipes
NP. Mean temperatures are similar (20C at OPNP and 18C at Tower Hill in
February), with means of 10C at both places in July. In late spring and summer,
evaporation exceeds rainfall (Willis 1964) and moderate frosts occur during
winter. A full account of the climate is given by McDougall (1987) and Wilk et
al. (1978). VegetationThe study area had been largely
denuded of vegetation by 1972 and the land was very degraded, with 90% covered
by 24 species of noxious weeds, dominated by African Boxthorn, Spanish Artichoke
and Horehound. It was infested by rabbits, foxes and other vermin, and severely
eroded (Edwards 1974). Few native plants or animals survived except where some
protection was provided by rock crevices or creek banks.

By 1989 the
revegetation project at the Organ Pipes National Park had been an outstanding
success as indicated by the diversity of indigenous species now found in the
Park Woodlands of trees and shrubs now provide excellent habitat for native
animals. Natural regeneration of trees and shrubs is now occurring where the
rabbit population has been controlled (Kemp and Irvine 1993). It has been
planted with a forest of Redgum and Manna Gum, Blackwood Wattle, Silver Wattle,
Black Wattle with dense growth of Woolly Tea Tree and River Bottle-brush at the
water's edge.

The area known locally as Middle Flat (Fig 1) is part of
the Red Gum Zone of the original planting plan (Kemp and Irvine 1993). By 1989,
there were Yellow Box Eucalyptus melliodora, Yellow Gum Eucalyptus
leucoxylon, River RedGum Eucalyptus camaldulensis and Manna Gum
Eucalyptus viminalis which have grown to a height of 20 m. There was also
a mixture of Wattles , including Black Wattle Acacia mearnsii, Silver
Wattle A. dealbata, Wirilda A. retinodes and Golden Wattle A.
pycnantha which had reached 10 m in height. The principal understorey plants
are grasses, Tree Violet Hymenanthera dentata, River Bottlebrush
Callistemon sieberi, Sweet Bursaria Bursaria spinosa, Lightwood
Acacia implexa and Silver Banksia Banksia
marginata.

FaunaA general fauna survey conducted in
February 1988 by Arthur Rylah Institute (Department of Conservation and Natural
Resources - DCNR) recorded no Sugar Gliders (Brereton and Schulz 1988). It was
accepted that the Sugar Gliders were unlikely to recolonise the park, as the
nearest forest population was too far from the park, with no suitable habitat in
between through which they could migrate to the park. Bird surveys showed a
steady increase in species using the area, and a fauna survey in 1988 showed the
presence of some possum species using the creekside trees for food and
nesting.Artificial hollows

In 1972 there were few old
trees with nesting hollows in the park but a vigorous planting program since
then has filled the alluvial flats with young trees. By 1989 all were still
under 20 years old, so none had natural nesting hollows. Because young
regenerating forest is usually an unsuitable habitat for arboreal mammals,
particularly forest-dependent species (Suckling 1983), the release proposal
involved construction of artificial nesting hollows constructed by Friends Of
Organ Pipes to be attached to trees along the creek (Fig 2) for installation in
the Park to make the area more habitable by Sugar Gliders.In
January 1989 two types of artificial hollows were constructed initially, box and
log. Each hollow had a circular side entrance near the top, and a hinged lid
that could be opened for inspection and cleaning out of unwanted materials such
as bird nests, rats or bees. Later, in an unrelated project in the same area to
provide roosting sites for bats, 10 bat roosting boxes (Fig 2) were installed,
of smaller internal dimensions than the glider boxes, and each with a 30 mm.
entrance slit in the base rather than a circular side entrance. In November
1990, 20 months after the initial glider release, FOOP constructed and installed
an additional 21 boxes designed for birds (but similar in design to the glider
boxes), and these were installed further west in the park, upstream of the
Tessellated Pavement and along Column Gully (Fig 1).Inspection of these in
1991 revealed that released Sugar Gliders had extended their range and were also
using the additional boxes (Bender 1991 36 p. 1). To further encourage the
northern expansion of the Sugar Gliders range, another ten boxes (no 60 - 70)
were installed along Jackson's Creek in 'Burns paddock' in 1992.Sugar
Glider release program

In January 1989 young non-breeding animals
were captured in the Pyrete Range, Toolern Vale, (37 35' S, 144 32' E) (Fig 1).
This area was chosen as a suitable because the Sugar Glider population was
judged capable of having animals removed. Traps were attached to Eucalypt and
Wattle trees at heights ranging from 2 m to 5 m above the ground. A mixture of
honey and oats was used as bait and as an additional attractant, a trail of
dilute honey was laid from a trap to the main stem of the tree. Initially Sugar
Gliders,were selected by age (a range of 2+ years to 4 months) (Table 1)
and breeding condition as suitable for translocation. They were transferred to
enclosures in two compounds at ARI for 10 days to acclimatise them to their new
nest boxes, to allow group interrelationships to be formed and to ensure the
animals were healthy. All animals were weighed, sexed and had metal ear tags
attached, male Sugar Gliders on the right ear, females on the left ear. They
were transported to Organ Pipes National Park in their nest boxes, where the
boxes were secured, with animals inside, to trees in the park. Twenty four
artificial nest boxes were attached to trees along the creek, and the Sugar
Gliders were placed in three of them in "family" groups. The
first Sugar Gliders were released at Red Gum Flat and the northern end of Main
Flat in February 1989. For the first few weeks, supplementary food (baby food,
egg and honey) was set out atop the glider nesting boxes. Most of this food was
consumed overnight. Artificial feeding was discontinued ten days after release
to encourage the young P. breviceps to establish their own feeding
patterns.

Another trapping was conducted at Toolern Vale in February 1990
and after a week at the Arthur Rylah Institute to settle down, the Sugar Gliders
were released into the park on 9 March 1990 (FOOP 30, p. 3; 32 p. 2).

MethodsNest Box inspections

All artificial
hollows (Nest boxes) were inspected in daylight on a monthly basis from 1989 to
1992, and intermittently after that period., Inspection was by raising the
hinged lid and looking inside the interior. Any gliders found inside were not
removed from the boxes, but the number of occupants was estimated. Presence of a
spherical nest of Eucalypt leaves was seen as an indicator of box use by gliders
(Triggs 1989).

Spotlighting

Spotlighting sessions were
conducted, by park staff and the Friends group, at about one month intervals to
gauge activity of gliders throughout the park. A hand-held 100 watt lamp was
used, with number of gliders seen and their movements being recorded for each
session. Estimates of glider known to be alive were adjusted to account for
them.

TrappingA three day trapping program was conducted every
two years, in winter, 1989, 1991, 1993 and 1995. Nine months after the initial
release an assessment trapping was made at OPNP during Nov 15-17 1989 to
determine the status of the population of wild-caught Sugar Gliders released in
February. A total of 68 Elliot traps, 30cm x 10cm x 10 cm (Elliott Scientific
Co., Upwey, Melbourne) and 8 wire traps were set over 3 nights, giving a total
of 228 trap-nights. (Table 2). In June 1993, 150 aluminium Elliott traps were
set up in a variety of Eucalyptus and Acacia trees along the
creek. Over two weeks they were baited with a sweet food, and inspected twice a
day for captured gliders. Those captured were taken to the park's Visitor Centre
for data collection: weight, sex, fur colour, condition, age (assessed by tooth
wear), ear tattoo (FOOP 49 p. 3).

In May 1995 trapping 200 Elliott traps
were set, covered with plastic in case of rain, and baited with a mixture of
rolled oats, honey and dried apple. Socks were installed in the traps, to keep
any trapped gliders warm. By this time many of the gliders had been
micro-chipped and could be identified merely by passing an electronic wand over
the chipped area.

ResultsNumber of Sugar
Gliders

In February 1989 thirteen Sugar Gliders 7 male, 6 female
(Table 1) were released and a monitoring program was commenced immediately. By
August 1989, daytime box inspections and followup night-time spotlighting
monitoring those boxes known to have gliders in them regularly yielded no more
than 2 sightings (FOOP 25 & 26 p. 2).The November 1989
trapping yielded 6 animals, 2 of which were pregnant females; 4 had metal ear
tags, 2 were untagged, which suggested that predation by Owls (Geoff Pitt
personal comment) and other predators was being offset by at least some of the
gliders breeding. Sugar Gliders have a number of native predators (Brunner et
al. 1975; Henry et al 1984) that were known to be present in the park as well as
possible introduced predators. It was therefore expected that predation by owls
would mean further releases of captive gliders were needed to maintain the
breeding population until a balance was achieved. On one spotlighting evening,
an owl was seen swooping down to pounce on a glider and carry it off (FOOP 29 p.
2). DCNR Wildlife division was satisfied that a sufficient number of animals had
survived to agree to relocate more animals.In 1990, another 18
gliders were trapped and subsequently released into the park in April 1990 . As
with the earlier releases, they were provided with an artificial food supply
daily at first, then every second day, the frequency being reduced to
fortnightly and eventually being discontinued (FOOP 32 p. 2). At this stage, a
total of 37 Sugar Gliders had been released into the National
Park.The box inspection records and the May 1991 trapping suggest
that the colony had split into three separate family groupings. Three males, an
older one and two younger ones, had at first formed a single colony (on Main
Flat), but later the two younger males had moved off to form their own groups,
one upstream in the bird boxes on Rubble Flat, the other further downstream on
Black Wattle Flat. 20 untagged animals were captured (FOOP 36 p.
1).In June 1993 a trapping yielded 43 Sugar Gliders, so the
population had considerably increased from the group released two years earlier
(FOOP 50 p. 3). During this survey period, the cumulative total of successful
trappings was 966 animals, many being trapped repeatedly. All of the artificial
hollows were found occupied at some time by gliders, in addition to some boxes
being found with Eucalyptus leaves woven into a ball about 25 cm. in diameter, a
common sign of nest-hollow use by gliders (Triggs 1989). This is consistent with
the fact that a number of gliders use a number of different hollows,
particularly during the breeding season (Golding 1979; Suckling 1980,
1984).In May 1995, 31 animals were trapped over four nights,
including six which were previously unrecorded
young.Glider density

Data for glider density
was calculated from the distance of boxes 1 to 55 for the period 2/89 to 10/92.
Accurate changes in the density of Sugar Gliders can be calculated as before the
first release density could be taken as zero (Shulz et al 1989). During the
program at known times and locations certain recorded numbers of gliders were
released. From then on, densities can be calculated using a combination of box
inspection results and trapping results (Figure 3) over known areas of boxes (10
hectare) and traps. By July 1991 CF & L reported that the glider population
was increasing faster than expected and seemed a success (FOOP 39 p. 3). Data
was recorded by the use of the "know to be alive" technique individual records
of animals over a long time period, and if missing or not observed during one or
two sessions but recorded in a later session, they were regarded as known to be
alive throughout the period (Fig 4).

Health and condition of
animalsAll of the original Sugar Gliders trapped at Pyrete Range were in
good health, the individual weights are shown in Table 1. Comparison of later
trappings at Organ Pipes National Park are shown in Table 2. with the animals at
Organ Pipes National Park on average lower weights than animals at Wilung and
Tower Hill. (Suckling 83).

Discussion

The results of this
release program are comparable to similar programs at Tower Hill Suckling et al
(1983, 1989) and wild Sugar Glider population ecology at Willung (Suckling 1980,
1984). The apparent lack of success at Blackburn Lake (Juzva et al 1992) and of
the early attempts at Tower Hill make the success of the release program at the
Organ Pipes National Park very significant. Although the OPNP is in the main an
artificially regenerated forest surrounded by cleared farmland, it does have
something of a flora corridor along Jackson's creek. Assessing the survival
success of the colony and the number of gliders in the area has difficulties as
all traps have been set within the National Park and some Sugar Gliders may have
moved in and out of the park study area in search of further food sources or
nesting hollows, while some may have been forced out of the area by competing
family groups. The Blackburn Lake project (Juzva et al 1992) may have failed due
to predation of gliders by foxes, feral cats and other introduced predators,
common in urban areas. To avoid repetition of this experience, regular carnivore
baiting and trapping has been carried out at OPNP during the study period. It
was agreed that a control program at OPNP of known glider predators foxes
Vulpes vulpes, and cats Felis cattus (Brunner et al. 1991) must be
intensified in preparation for the proposed release, which might otherwise just
be providing free food for the feral carnivores (FOOP 19 p.
2-3).By June 1991 results suggested that the glider reproduction
rate was adequate to maintain the population against owl predation (FOOP 37 p.
4). Seasonal variations in numbers of Sugar Gliders in boxes is known to be
partly due to dispersal of sub-adults from parental groups and to the formation
of larger aggregations during winter perhaps to huddle together to keep warm
(Menkhorst 1984).As all those gliders released into the park had
metal ear tags ( Salt Lake Stamp Co., U.S.A) or had been tattooed (later micro
chipped), it was possible to determine the numbers of wild-bred animals in the
population. However measurement of survival rate has problems as it is possible
for gliders to move out of the park along the Jacksons creek corridor where
there is sufficient mature trees existing to provide tree hollows. So more may
survive than are shown by trapping results within the park.In
April 1992, FOOP established a set of bat roosting boxes in the same general
area as the glider boxes, but on different trees (Irvine & Bender 95). The
boxes had a very different design, but inspection of the bat boxes showed
several regularly being used by gliders. This was clear from the discovery that
either gliders were in residence when the boxes were inspected (all ten boxes
have been used by gliders at some stage), or there were leaf-nests inside the
bat roost boxes, and the borders of the entrance slits on some boxes showed
signs of having been gnawed, assumed to be by gliders attempting to widen the
narrow entrances to make entry and exit easier (FOOP 54, 56, 57,
58)Feral honeybees in the artificial
hollowsSoon after installation of the artificial tree
hollows, bees established nests in two boxes, while others were regularly used
by Common Brushtail Possums Trichosurus vulpecula, Ringtail possums
Pseudocheirus peregrinus and Black Rats Rattus rattus (FOOP 24 p.
2).During the study, many boxes needed maintenance in the form of
repair or replacement following infestation of bees, which was a problem each
swarming season. Eventually a solution was found which keeps bees out, involving
fitting all hollows with a small pest strip under the lid. Bees still occupied
these hollows but inspections revealed heaps of dead bees which are easily
removed. In comparison to the problem at Tower Hill at which bees were found in
51% of hollows (Suckling and Goldstraw 1989) OPNP was less affected. As bees
were generally removed promptly, it should not have had a significant effect on
the number of hollows available for use by gliders. However, at swarming season,
some hollows have been occupied by aggressive bee swarms which may have caused
some glider mortality due to gliders being driven out of their boxes and exposed
to attack by predators (pers. comm. Laila Sadler).Population
size and densityBox inspections at OPNP found a maximum of 4
gliders per box (cf. Suckling 1984 who found a "normal" group size of 7). This
suggests that box counts could have under-estimated the number of gliders in
each box. During OPNP box inspections gliders were not actually removed from
boxes, but an estimate of the number of occupants was made visually. As gliders
often sleep stacked one on top of another, it can be difficult to estimate
accurately the number of animals in a crowded box. However if this was the case
it could be argued the Sugar Glider population is actually an underestimate and
any inaccuracy should be corrected during the trapping program each two
years.It is clear from the box inspection results that all boxes
were used but that there was one box in each area that was used most frequently
they were Box 8 in Middle Flat, Box 33 in Redgum Flat and Box 54 in Black Wattle
Flat (Fig 3). This may indicate a separate family group on each
Flat.The glider population at the park seems to have decreased
after the initial release, possibly as a result of predation by owls. Following
the 1990 releases, population seems to have increased significantly over the
next three years, with a maximum park population of around 43 being reached in
1993. Since then, there has been some decline, to around 30. This may be the
result of multiple causes, with some animals moving along the creek beyond the
park boundaries and so beyond the reach of the trapping program. It may indicate
something about the carrying capacity of this area, with dispersing young having
to seek territories outside the National Park. Other causes might be the
senescence of the Black Wattles which are all of about the same age, and
reaching the end of their normal life span of around 20 to 25 years. Breeding
seems to be continuing successfully, as new untagged animals have been found at
each trapping, replacing losses due to death of ageing animals, and due to
predation by owls, foxes and feral cats.

Sampling
efficienciesLong-term identification of individual animals has proved
difficult as the coloured metal ear-tags used on first release were soon torn
off, perhaps in aggressive male interactions, so a program of ear tattooing was
begun. This was not started until some ear-tags had already been lost and
tracing an identified ear-tagged animal to a later tattooed animal is not
possible for some gliders. The tattoos also proved a problem, as they faded and
were torn. The third attempt at secure identification has been by placement of
micro-chips beneath the skin, but again tracing tattooed individuals to later
micro-chipped animals has proved difficult for most of the gliders. So there is
limited continuity in the data and extracting life histories of survival and
movement is frustrated by these gaps in the data. Population sampling during
this study has been highly variable, with box inspections being carried out
monthly from February 1989 to October 1992 and then only biannual trapping in
1993 and 1995. Survival and status of Sugar Glider population
at OPNP.

During one of the trapping programs in 1990 some of the
trapped gliders were released at the south-eastern extremity of the OPNP. The
gliders did not travel upstream towards the artificial nesting boxes but instead
moved away from the park possibly towards a natural tree hollow in one of the
many original River Redgums (pers. comm. Richard Leppitt). Dispersing
individuals are known to go as far as 1.9 km (Suckling 1984) and so have the
potential to move well outside artificial hollow and trapping locations in
OPNP.The age structure, population size (Fig 4), reproductive
success, survival and condition (Table 2) of OPNP gliders substantiate the
conclusion that the species has been successfully established as a
self-regenerating population in the National Park. The population of Sugar
Gliders has now persisted at OPNP for 7 years. In the study period the size of
habitat has expanded as young tree seedlings have matured to offer new territory
for gliders, and the planted trees which were a maximum of 17 years old in 1989
are now 7 years older and more capable of sustaining a glider colony. As the
rainfall at Organ Pipes National Park is lower than Tower Hill or Willung the
growth rate of these trees may be slower and not provide as much of a food
source. The most recent survey indicates that there are about the same number of
gliders in the park as were released in 1989-90. From these findings reports
that the minimal viable size required for a glider program was 2000 hectares
(Juzva 1992) now appear to be an over-estimate.

Future management
implications

The data gathered during this project are relevant to
the future management of Sugar Gliders at Organ Pipes National Park and to
management of regenerating forest areas elsewhere in the state for the
conservation of Sugar Gliders.To ensure this survival there must
be a planned provision of natural food sources. In the OPNP these sources are
E. viminalis in spring-summer and in winter are likely to be Acacia
species (Suckling 1980,1983). The continued survival of Sugar Gliders at OPNP
suggests there were adequate natural food resources during the study. The
presence of Acacias capable of producing gum seems to be of great importance, at
least to southern populations. Seven such trees are enough to sustain one Sugar
Glider (Henry et al. 89). The OPNP has a strict planting policy of using only
local gene-stock. Self-seeding has been significantly affected by rabbits that
are still a major problem at OPNP, so the senescent mature Black Wattles have
not been replaced by maturing younger trees, and the food source is contracting.
Senescence of wattles as a main food tree is very high and most are about 20
years old. This means a major regeneration program must be conducted to keep
Sugar Gliders alive in the long term. Whether it is possible to replace the
currently dying older trees with younger trees useable as a food source in time
to ensure the survival of the current glider population remains to be
seen.Sugar gliders reduce their energy requirements in winter by
huddling together in nest groups, so to survive in OPNP Sugar gliders need
adequate shelter. Shelter sites must be provided in all areas where trees have
reached 5-6 m in height, which will allow dispersing animals to find shelter in
and colonise all areas of habitat that provide sufficient
food.Data on occupation of artificial hollows (Fig 3) show
comparisons of density of artificial hollows at Organ Pipes National Park (fig
1) (2.4 -1.0 ha) is comparable to densities recorded by Suckling (1984) Willung
(0.5 - 3.0 ha) and Tower Hill ( 3.0 - 5.0 ha). The erection of more hollows at
suitable sites should allow more P. breviceps to survive in the park.
Recommended box density is 3-5 nest hollows per hectare, preferably clumped into
groups (e.g. within a radius of 100 m.)Until such time as the
planted trees at OPNP form hollows, it will be necessary to ensure that nest
sites are provided and maintained in useable condition. Experience has shown
that boxes need to be constructed soundly from a resilient type of wood to
survive for many years out in the weather.

This study been shown that
Sugar Gliders will use boxes designed for bats with the slit at the bottom of
the box (Fig 2) this gives the advantage that bees do not swarm into these
boxes. Recent studies also have indicated that fitting loose carpet to the roof
of artificial hollows may stop bee infestation but studies are only at the
preliminary stage.

Further studies are needed to more accurately document
population variation of the Sugar Gliders at Organ Pipes National Park. Some
studies are currently underway and those results should be published
soon.

Acknowledgments

The authors are grateful for the
dedicated work of Brian Walters ecologist ex CF&L OPNP park staff past and
present Geoff Pitt, Mathew LeDuc, Richard Lepitt, Andrew Dennis who has been
involved since 1989, constructing boxes, inspecting hollows and trapping. The
assistance of members of Friends Of Organ Pipes who were involved in the
trapping, box checking work, construction and repair of boxes, tabulating
results. Graham Suckling and Laila Sadler for advice on associated Sugar Glider
research relating to this paper. (Permits RP-89-5)
(RP-90-020)(901-095)(945-140)(901-095).References

Kemp, B. and Irvine, R. (1993) 'Design and use of
planting zones at the Organ Pipes National Park: notes on research and planning
for the first 20 years' The Victorian Naturalist Vol. 110 (3)
June, pp. 113-124

Willis, J.H. (1964). Vegetation of the basalt plains in Western
Victoria. Proceedings of the Royal Society of Victoria 77,
397-418. Fig 1 Organ Pipes National Park, Victoria showing the location
of Artificial Hollows in 1992

Fig 2 Diagram of three different
types of artificial hollows established at Organ Pipes National Park

Fig 3 Sugar Glider usage of artificial nest hollows at Organ
Pipes National Park February 1989 to October 1992 (y) indicates the number of
times gliders were seen in the box during the 46 monthly
inspections

Fig 4 Number of Sugar Gliders known to be alive at Organ
Pipes National Park . Data from a combination of nest box inspections and
trapping (labelled).Table 1: First and second release of Sugar Gliders into
OPNP