Incinerator

03.03.2018

Übersetzung im Kontext von „incinerator“ in Rumänisch-Deutsch von Reverso Context: Subiect: Nereguli în construcţia unui incinerator. SCHNELLVERASCHER bis °C. RAPID INCINERATOR up to °C. HARRY GESTIGKEIT GMBH. Tel. +49 (0) - 74 63 Fabrik für Labor - Apparate. März Background: When household waste is incinerated in the grate firing processes, the residues are called incinerator bottom (IBA) ash or slag.
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Huddle around your screen. Test your visual vocabulary with our question challenge! Facebook Twitter YouTube Instagram. Examples of incinerator in a Sentence Recent Examples on the Web Every year, the average American throws away 70 pounds of clothing, sending massive amounts of textiles to landfills or incinerators and contributing to the emission of hazardous greenhouse gases, which speeds up climate change.

First Known Use of incinerator , in the meaning defined above. Learn More about incinerator. Resources for incinerator Time Traveler!

Comments on incinerator What made you want to look up incinerator? As of [update] in the United States, private rural household or farm waste incineration of small quantities was typically permitted so long as it is not a nuisance to others, does not pose a risk of fire such as in dry conditions, and the fire does not produce dense, noxious smoke.

A handful of states, such as New York, Minnesota, and Wisconsin, have laws or regulations either banning or strictly regulating open burning due to health and nuisance effects.

The typical incineration plant for municipal solid waste is a moving grate incinerator. The moving grate enables the movement of waste through the combustion chamber to be optimized to allow a more efficient and complete combustion.

The waste is introduced by a waste crane through the "throat" at one end of the grate, from where it moves down over the descending grate to the ash pit in the other end.

Here the ash is removed through a water lock. Part of the combustion air primary combustion air is supplied through the grate from below.

This air flow also has the purpose of cooling the grate itself. Cooling is important for the mechanical strength of the grate, and many moving grates are also water-cooled internally.

Secondary combustion air is supplied into the boiler at high speed through nozzles over the grate. It facilitates complete combustion of the flue gases by introducing turbulence for better mixing and by ensuring a surplus of oxygen.

In order to comply with this at all times, it is required to install backup auxiliary burners often fueled by oil , which are fired into the boiler in case the heating value of the waste becomes too low to reach this temperature alone.

In Scandinavia , scheduled maintenance is always performed during summer, where the demand for district heating is low. The older and simpler kind of incinerator was a brick-lined cell with a fixed metal grate over a lower ash pit, with one opening in the top or side for loading and another opening in the side for removing incombustible solids called clinkers.

Many small incinerators formerly found in apartment houses have now been replaced by waste compactors. The rotary-kiln incinerator [12] is used by municipalities and by large industrial plants.

This design of incinerator has 2 chambers: The primary chamber in a rotary kiln incinerator consists of an inclined refractory lined cylindrical tube.

The inner refractory lining serves as sacrificial layer to protect the kiln structure. This refractory layer needs to be replaced from time to time.

In the primary chamber, there is conversion of solid fraction to gases, through volatilization, destructive distillation and partial combustion reactions.

The secondary chamber is necessary to complete gas phase combustion reactions. The clinkers spill out at the end of the cylinder. A tall flue-gas stack, fan, or steam jet supplies the needed draft.

Ash drops through the grate, but many particles are carried along with the hot gases. The particles and any combustible gases may be combusted in an "afterburner".

A strong airflow is forced through a sandbed. The air seeps through the sand until a point is reached where the sand particles separate to let the air through and mixing and churning occurs, thus a fluidized bed is created and fuel and waste can now be introduced.

The bed is thereby violently mixed and agitated keeping small inert particles and air in a fluid-like state. This allows all of the mass of waste, fuel and sand to be fully circulated through the furnace.

Furniture factory sawdust incinerators need much attention as these have to handle resin powder and many flammable substances. Controlled combustion, burn back prevention systems are essential as dust when suspended resembles the fire catch phenomenon of any liquid petroleum gas.

The heat produced by an incinerator can be used to generate steam which may then be used to drive a turbine in order to produce electricity.

Incineration has a number of outputs such as the ash and the emission to the atmosphere of flue gas. Before the flue gas cleaning system , if installed, the flue gases may contain particulate matter , heavy metals , dioxins , furans , sulfur dioxide , and hydrochloric acid.

If plants have inadequate flue gas cleaning, these outputs may add a significant pollution component to stack emissions. In a study from , Delaware Solid Waste Authority found that, for same amount of produced energy, incineration plants emitted fewer particles, hydrocarbons and less SO 2 , HCl, CO and NO x than coal-fired power plants, but more than natural gas—fired power plants.

The most publicized concerns from environmentalists about the incineration of municipal solid wastes MSW involve the fear that it produces significant amounts of dioxin and furan emissions.

The EPA announced in that the safe limit for human oral consumption is 0. In , The Ministry of the Environment of Germany, where there were 66 incinerators at that time, estimated that " Chimneys and tiled stoves in private households alone discharge approximately 20 times more dioxin into the environment than incineration plants.

According to the United States Environmental Protection Agency , [9] the combustion percentages of the total dioxin and furan inventory from all known and estimated sources in the U.

Thus, the controlled combustion of waste accounted for In , before the governmental regulations required the use of emission controls, there was a total of 8, Today, the total emissions from the plants are Studies conducted by the US-EPA [19] demonstrated that the emissions from just one family using a burn barrel produced more emissions than an incineration plant disposing of metric tons short tons of waste per day by and five times that by due to increased chemicals in household trash and decreased emissions by municipal incinerators using better technology.

Their later studies [21] found that burn barrels produced a median of Most of the improvement in U. The breakdown of dioxin requires exposure of the molecular ring to a sufficiently high temperature so as to trigger thermal breakdown of the strong molecular bonds holding it together.

Small pieces of fly ash may be somewhat thick, and too brief an exposure to high temperature may only degrade dioxin on the surface of the ash.

For a large volume air chamber, too brief an exposure may also result in only some of the exhaust gases reaching the full breakdown temperature.

For this reason there is also a time element to the temperature exposure to ensure heating completely through the thickness of the fly ash and the volume of waste gases.

There are trade-offs between increasing either the temperature or exposure time. Generally where the molecular breakdown temperature is higher, the exposure time for heating can be shorter, but excessively high temperatures can also cause wear and damage to other parts of the incineration equipment.

A side effect of breaking the strong molecular bonds of dioxin is the potential for breaking the bonds of nitrogen gas N 2 and oxygen gas O 2 in the supply air.

As the exhaust flow cools, these highly reactive detached atoms spontaneously reform bonds into reactive oxides such as NO x in the flue gas, which can result in smog formation and acid rain if they were released directly into the local environment.

These reactive oxides must be further neutralized with selective catalytic reduction SCR or selective non-catalytic reduction see below.

The temperatures needed to break down dioxin are typically not reached when burning plastics outdoors in a burn barrel or garbage pit, causing high dioxin emissions as mentioned above.

While plastic does usually burn in an open-air fire, the dioxins remain after combustion and either float off into the atmosphere, or may remain in the ash where it can be leached down into groundwater when rain falls on the ash pile.

Fortunately, dioxin and furan compounds bond very strongly to solid surfaces and are not dissolved by water, so leaching processes are limited to the first few millimeters below the ash pile.

The gas-phase dioxins can be substantially destroyed using catalysts, some of which can be present as part of the fabric filter bag structure.

They are equipped with auxiliary heaters to ensure this at all times. These are often fueled by oil or natural gas, and are normally only active for a very small fraction of the time.

Further, most modern incinerators utilize fabric filters often with Teflon membranes to enhance collection of sub-micron particles which can capture dioxins present in or on solid particles.

For very small municipal incinerators, the required temperature for thermal breakdown of dioxin may be reached using a high-temperature electrical heating element, plus a selective catalytic reduction stage.

As for other complete combustion processes, nearly all of the carbon content in the waste is emitted as CO 2 to the atmosphere.

Since the global warming potential of methane is 34 and the weight of 62 cubic meters of methane at 25 degrees Celsius is In some countries, large amounts of landfill gas are collected.

Still the global warming potential of the landfill gas emitted to atmosphere is significant. In addition, nearly all biodegradable waste has biological origin.

This material has been formed by plants using atmospheric CO 2 typically within the last growing season.

If these plants are regrown the CO 2 emitted from their combustion will be taken out from the atmosphere once more. Such considerations are the main reason why several countries administrate incineration of biodegradable waste as renewable energy.

Different results for the CO 2 footprint of incineration can be reached with different assumptions. Local conditions such as limited local district heating demand, no fossil fuel generated electricity to replace or high levels of aluminium in the waste stream can decrease the CO 2 benefits of incineration.

The methodology and other assumptions may also influence the results significantly. For example, the methane emissions from landfills occurring at a later date may be neglected or given less weight, or biodegradable waste may not be considered CO 2 neutral.

A study by Eunomia Research and Consulting in on potential waste treatment technologies in London demonstrated that by applying several of these according to the authors unusual assumptions the average existing incineration plants performed poorly for CO 2 balance compared to the theoretical potential of other emerging waste treatment technologies.

Of the heavy metals, mercury is a major concern due to its toxicity and high volatility, as essentially all mercury in the municipal waste stream may exit in emissions if not removed by emission controls.

The steam content in the flue may produce visible fume from the stack, which can be perceived as a visual pollution. It may be avoided by decreasing the steam content by flue-gas condensation and reheating, or by increasing the flue gas exit temperature well above its dew point.

Flue-gas condensation allows the latent heat of vaporization of the water to be recovered, subsequently increasing the thermal efficiency of the plant.

The quantity of pollutants in the flue gas from incineration plants may or may not be reduced by several processes, depending on the plant. The latter are generally very efficient for collecting fine particles.

In an investigation by the Ministry of the Environment of Denmark in , the average particulate emissions per energy content of incinerated waste from 16 Danish incinerators were below 2.

Detailed measurements of fine particles with sizes below 2. One incinerator equipped with an ESP for particle filtration emitted 5.

The efficiency of removal will depend on the specific equipment, the chemical composition of the waste, the design of the plant, the chemistry of reagents, and the ability of engineers to optimize these conditions, which may conflict for different pollutants.

Waste water from scrubbers must subsequently pass through a waste water treatment plant. Sulfur dioxide may also be removed by dry desulfurisation by injection limestone slurry into the flue gas before the particle filtration.

NO x is either reduced by catalytic reduction with ammonia in a catalytic converter selective catalytic reduction , SCR or by a high-temperature reaction with ammonia in the furnace selective non-catalytic reduction , SNCR.

Urea may be substituted for ammonia as the reducing reagent but must be supplied earlier in the process so that it can hydrolyze into ammonia.

Substitution of urea can reduce costs and potential hazards associated with storage of anhydrous ammonia. Heavy metals are often adsorbed on injected active carbon powder, which is collected by particle filtration.

Incineration produces fly ash and bottom ash just as is the case when coal is combusted. Odor pollution can be a problem with old-style incinerators, but odors and dust are extremely well controlled in newer incineration plants.

They receive and store the waste in an enclosed area with a negative pressure with the airflow being routed through the boiler which prevents unpleasant odors from escaping into the atmosphere.

However, not all plants are implemented this way, resulting in inconveniences in the locality. An issue that affects community relationships is the increased road traffic of waste collection vehicles to transport municipal waste to the incinerator.

Due to this reason, most incinerators are located in industrial areas. This problem can be avoided to an extent through the transport of waste by rail from transfer stations.

Use of incinerators for waste management is controversial. The debate over incinerators typically involves business interests representing both waste generators and incinerator firms , government regulators, environmental activists and local citizens who must weigh the economic appeal of local industrial activity with their concerns over health and environmental risk.

People and organizations professionally involved in this issue include the U. Environmental Protection Agency and a great many local and national air quality regulatory agencies worldwide.

The history of municipal solid waste MSW incineration is linked intimately to the history of landfills and other waste treatment technology.

The merits of incineration are inevitably judged in relation to the alternatives available. Since the s, recycling and other prevention measures have changed the context for such judgements.

Since the s alternative waste treatment technologies have been maturing and becoming viable. Incineration is a key process in the treatment of hazardous wastes and clinical wastes.

It is often imperative that medical waste be subjected to the high temperatures of incineration to destroy pathogens and toxic contamination it contains.

The first incinerator in the U. Ross founded one of the first hazardous waste management companies in the U. He began Robert Ross Industrial Disposal because he saw an opportunity to meet the hazardous waste management needs of companies in northern Ohio.

In , the company built one of the first hazardous waste incinerators in the U.