Card Range To Study

129 Cards in this Set

Front

Back

movement away from the midline of the body

Abduction

bringing harm toward another. The abuse can be directed toward a child, adult, elderly individual, or an animal. The perpetrator can be any age, and usually is in a position of power (e.g. mother, father, supervisor) and/or care-giving (e.g. pet owner, home aide). Abuse can take many forms.
— neglect: a failure to provide for another’s needs. This can be physical (e.g. failure to provide
medical care or food), developmental (e.g. failure to provide emotional nurturing and cognitive stimulation), educational (failure to provide educational opportunities for a child according to the state’s education laws), or a combination.
—physical: assaults such as hitting, kicking, biting, throwing, and burning in which the other
person/animal is harmed bodily
—physical endangerment: reckless behaviors towards another that could lead to the serious
physical injury, such as leaving an infant alone or placing a child in a hazardous environment
—sexual: non-consensual sexualized contact in which one person is dominated, manipulated or taken advantage of through sexual acts or suggestiveness
—emotional: harming another through use of non-physical means. It can include terrorizing,
demeaning, consistently belittling, withholding warmth; often resulting in the feeling of powerlessness or decreased self-worth

the effectiveness with which a person deals with the natural and social demands of his environment

Adaptive Behavior

movement toward the midline of the body

Adduction

an objective manifestation, such as a facial expression, of an experience or emotion. The
observations one would make on assessment. For example, a client may be said to have a flat affect,
meaning that there is an absence or a near absence of facial expression when there is an experience or emotion that would indicate otherwise.The term has been used loosely to mean a feeling, emotion, or mood.

Affect

loss of the ability to recognize familiar objects. For example, a person may be unable to
identify familiar sounds, such as the ringing of a doorbell (auditory agnosia), or familiar objects, such as a toothbrush or keys (visual agnosia).

Agnosia

loss of a previous ability to write, resulting from brain injury or brain disease

Agraphia

motor restlessness, muscular quivering with an urge to move about constantly and an
inability to sit still, or an inability to sit down because of intense anxiety at the thought of doing so; a common side effect of neuroleptic drugs.

Akathisia

absence or diminution of voluntary motion. Akinesia can be accompanied by a parallel
reduction in mental activity.

Akinesia

lack of energy; passivity

Anergia

the inability to experience pleasure

Anhedonia

(Ventral) front of body

Anterior

loss of language ability due to dysfunction in the brain; may consist of a loss of receptive
ability (decreased ability to understand language); expressive ability (an inability to express one’s thoughts); or a combination

Aphasia

interruption of normal breathing which can be caused by medications or by physical blockage of the airway

Apnea

inability to perform a skilled motor activity, not related to paralysis or lack of comprehension,
but caused by a brain lesion. For example, a person may be unable to shave, to dress, or to do other previously learned and purposeful tasks.

Apraxia

difference between sides which would typically be similar, i.e. a difference found between the left and right sides of the body

a sudden obstruction or interruption in the spontaneous flow of thinking or speaking that is perceived as an absence or deprivation of thought

Blocking

one’s internalized sense of the physical self

Body image

brain and spinal cord

Central nervous system

refers to the long axis of the human body in a direction from head to tail

Cephalocaudal

a congenital condition consisting of three major structural abnormalities of
the lower brain

Chiari II malformation

circular movement, as with a joint

Circumduction

maladaptive coping behaviors that prevent individuals from taking care of their own needs and have as their core a preoccupation with the thoughts and feelings of another or others. It usually refers to the dependence of one person on another person who is addicted.

Codependent

the act, process, or result of knowing, learning or understanding

Cognition

repetitive, purposeless seeming behaviors performed according to certain rules known only to the person in order to temporarily reduce escalating anxiety

Compulsions

fi lling in a memory gap with a detailed fantasy believed by the teller. This is seen in organic conditions such as Korsakoff’s syndrome and brain injury.

Confabulation

the ethical responsibility of a health care professional, a teacher, or an instructor that prohibits the disclosure of privileged information without a person’s informed consent

Confidentiality

existing from birth

Congenital

a condition of fi xed resistance to passive stretch of a muscle resulting in limitation of
range of motion of a joint. This condition is due to shortening of muscles, tendons and/or ligaments
around joints.

Contracture

ways of adjusting to environmental stress without altering one’s goals or
purposes; includes both conscious and unconscious mechanisms

Coping mechanism

a skin lesion caused by prolonged pressure to an area of the body, especially over bony prominences

Decubitus ulcer

a phenomenon whereby a person experiences a sense of unreality or selfestrangement.
For example, one may feel that one’s extremities have changed, that one is seeing oneself
from a distance, or that one is in a dream.

Depersonalization

an interpersonal and interpersonal disassociation from affective expression. Therefore, individuals appear cold, aloof, and distant. This behavior is thought to be learned and is viewed as defensive.

Detachment

a disability produced by disease or injury interrupting normal
developmental sequence

Developmental Disability

a gradual change from a lower to higher behavioral state; an established
pattern of growth and development in human beings

Developmental Sequence

weakness of the lower body to a greater extent than the upper body

Diplegia

transfer of emotions associated with a particular person, object, or situation to another
person, object, or situation that is nonthreatening

Displacement

farthest from trunk (e.g. hand is distal to elbow)

Distal

inability to maintain attention, shifting from one area or topic to another with minimal
provocation

Distractibility

bending the ankle up (toes up)

Dorsiflexion

the existence of two, possibly unrelated, primary diagnoses. Ideally, in treatment, both diagnoses should be addressed. For instance, someone may have two separate physical disabilities
(e.g. diabetes and spinal cord injury), or, someone with a physical disability may also have a psychiatric or mental health disorder (e.g. bipolar disorder and spina bifi da). A substance abuse disorder may accompany a physical or a psychiatric diagnosis.

Dual Diagnosis

involuntary muscular activity, such as tic or spasm. The impairment of the power of voluntary movement, resulting in fragmentary or incomplete movements.

Dyskinesia

an impairment of control of muscle tone. May be an acute side effect of neuroleptic (antipsychotic) medication or a symptom of neurologic dysfunction.

Dystonia

an involuntary repetition or imitation of sounds or words

Echolalia

swelling; an unusual accumulation of fluid

Edema

self-centered

Egocentric

the ability of one person to see things from another person’s perspective and to
communicate this understanding to the other person

Empathy

helping a dependent individual avoid experiencing the consequences of his or her addiction. It is one component of a person in a co-dependency role.

Enabling

a state of balance; a condition in which opposing forces exactly counteract each other

Equilibrium

turning the foot out (e.g. duck feet)

Eversion

to straighten the body or a joint

Extension

to rotate outward away from the body’s midline

External Rotation

a gradual withdrawal of support or assistance when training a new skill

Fading

those individuals who make up the family unit and contribute to the functional state of the family unit

Family System

the body’s physiological response to fear or rage that triggers the sympathetic branch of the autonomic nervous system as well as the endocrine system. This response is useful in emergencies; however, a sustained response can result in pathophysiological changes such as high blood pressure, ulcers, cardiac problems, and more.

an excessive accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid in the brain which may result in
enlargement of the head

Hydrocephalus

movement of any joint beyond the joint’s normal position

Hyperextension

movement beyond what is normally expected

Hypermobility

high muscle tone, a state of greater than normal muscle tension, or incomplete relaxation

Hypertonic

excessive preoccupation with one’s physical health, without any organic pathology
being present

Hypochondriasis

low muscle tone, a state of lower than normal muscle tension

Hypotonic

arising spontaneously or from an obscure or unknown cause

Idiopathic

an action that is abrupt, unplanned, and directed toward immediate gratification. Often,
safety is jeopardized.

Impulsiveness

inability to control bowel and/or bladder function

Incontinence

the use of thinking and talking to avoid emotions and closeness

Intellectualization

to rotate inward toward the body’s midline

Internal Rotation

turning the foot in (e.g. pigeon toed)

Inversion

having rapidly shifting emotions; unstable

Labile

side away from the center of the body

Lateral

movement of the head and/or trunk sideways, away from the midline of the body

Lateral Flexion

the reasonable and rational setting of parameters for client behavior that provide control and safety

Limit Setting

purposeful behavior directed at getting needs met. Manipulation is maladaptive when:
1) It is the primary method used for getting needs met;
2) the needs, goals, and feelings of others are disregarded; and
3) others are treated as objects in order to fulfill the needs of the manipulator.

Manipulation

toward the center of the body

Medial

a very slight injury or lesion

Microtrauma

imaginary straight line through the center of the body from head to toe

Midline

weakness of one extremity

Monoplegia

condition in which a muscle is in a state of readiness to contract without excess slack or
shortening; the resistance of muscles to passively stretch or move

Muscle Tone

to close up or block off

Occlude

sudden, overwhelming anxiety of such intensity that it produces disorganization of the
personality, loss of rational thought, and inability to communicate, along with specific physiological changes

Panic

temporary or permanent complete loss of movement

Paralysis

weakness of both lower extremities

Paraplegia

partial or incomplete paralysis

Paresis

indirect expression of anger. Behavior may seem passive but is
motivated by unconscious anger, often triggering anger and frustration in others. Examples of passiveaggressive behavior include lateness, forgetting, ‘mistakes’, and obtuseness.

Passive Aggressive Behavior

conscious mental registration of sensory stimuli. Disturbance of perception is an inability
to register and interpret sensory stimuli based on past experiences.

Perception

in the extremities, such as peripheral arteries, peripheral nerves

Peripheral

the involuntary repetition of the same thought, phrase, or motor response (e.g., brushing teeth, walking); associated with brain damage

Perseveration

bending the ankle down (toes down)

Plantar Flexion

(dorsal) back side of body

Posterior

body position in which the body is aligned in the position of least strain and maximum
support

Posture

turning inward, pronation of the hand would be turning of the palms downward

Pronation

position of the body face down, or lying on the stomach

Prone

joint position sense, awareness of the angle of a joint

Proprioception

position of a body segment forward of other segments, such as protraction of the shoulder is movement of the shoulder forward

Protraction

nearest to trunk (e.g. shoulder is proximal to elbow)

Proximal

a term describing the interaction of the mind (psyche) and body (soma). The term is used in reference to certain diseases thought to be caused by psychological factors.

Psychosomatic

a treatment modality based on the development of a trusting relationship between client and therapist for the purpose of exploring and modifying the client’s behavior and feelings in a satisfying direction

Psychotherapy

weakness of all extremities

Quadriplegia

the degree of free, unrestricted motion found in each joint in the body

Range of Motion

involuntary response to a stimulus either sensory or positional; reflexes are specific, predictable, usually purposeful and adaptive

Reflexes

movement of a segment of the body behind another segment, such as retraction of the
shoulder is movement of the shoulder backwards

Retraction

tenseness, stiffness, inability to bend or be bent; lesion in cerebellum

Rigidity

repetitive actions that people must do over and over until they are exhausted or anxiety is decreased; often done to lessen the anxiety triggered by an obsession

Rituals

a technique used in group or family therapy in which a member acts out the behavior of another member in order to increase the other member’s ability to see a situation from another point of view

Role-Playing

a member of a group or family who becomes the target of aggression from others but who may not be the actual cause of hostility or frustration

Scapegoat

a person’s image of self

Self-Concept

feelings individuals have about their worth and value

Self-Esteem

skill and performance in development and coordination of sensory input, motor input and sensory feedback

Sensory Integration

through a series of successive approximations, a new response pattern is shaped and
developed

Shaping

the expression of psychological stress through physical symptoms

Somatization

increased tension of muscles causing stiff and awkward movements. The degree of stiffness
is velocity dependent; the more quickly a muscle is stretched, the stiffer it becomes.

Spasticity

partially dislocated

Sublux(at)ed

progressing by small steps closer and closer to a goal; the learner comes
to approximate the final response through a series of successive steps

Successive Approximation

turning a segment outward, supination of the hand is turning the palm up

Supination

position of the body lying fl at on the back

Supine

the conscious putting off of awareness of disturbing situation or feelings; the only defense mechanism that operates on a conscious level

Suppression

weakness of three extremities.

Triplegia

a clot of blood formed within a blood vessel and remaining attached to its
place of origin

Thrombus/Thrombosis

an abnormal and more-or-less fixed lateral flexion of the neck associated with muscular contracture