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In rail transport, a train is a vehicle or (more frequently) a string of vehicles capable of being moved along a continuous line of rails or other guideway for the purpose of conveying freight or passengers between points on a predetermined route. The train may be hauled or propelled by one or more vehicles designed exclusively for that purpose (locomotives) or may be driven by a number of motors incorporated in all or several of the vehicles (multiple units).

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Roosevelt Island is a station on the IND 63rd Street Line of the New York City Subway. Located in Manhattan on Roosevelt Island in the East River, it is served by the F train at all times. At 100 feet (30 m) below ground, the station is one of the deepest in the system because the line has to pass under the West and East Channels of the East River. In the 1960s, the New York City Transit Authority (NYCTA) announced that it would build a subway station on Roosevelt Island to encourage transit-oriented development on the island. The station opened in October 1989 along with the rest of the 63rd Street Line. Until December 2001, this was the second-to-last stop of the line, which terminated one stop east at 21st Street–Queensbridge. In 2001 the 63rd Street Tunnel Connection opened, allowing trains from the IND Queens Boulevard Line to use the line. Since the opening of the connection, the line has been served by F trains, and the subway then became the second means for direct travel between the island and Queens, supplementing the buses that had been operating over the Roosevelt Island Bridge.

Trains News

January 31, 2018 – The first Class 331 EMU for Northern Rail in the United Kingdom is unveiled at the CAF factory in Zaragoza. It will be tested in the Czech Republic before being delivered to the UK. (Rail Magazine)

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1.
Rail transport
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Rail transport is a means of conveyance of passengers and goods on wheeled vehicles running on rails, also known as tracks. It is also referred to as train transport. In contrast to road transport, where vehicles run on a flat surface. Tracks usually consist of rails, installed on ties and ballast, on which the rolling stock, usually fitted with metal wheels. Other variations are possible, such as slab track, where the rails are fastened to a concrete foundation resting on a prepared subsurface. Rolling stock in a transport system generally encounters lower frictional resistance than road vehicles, so passenger. The operation is carried out by a company, providing transport between train stations or freight customer facilities. Power is provided by locomotives which either draw electric power from a railway system or produce their own power. Most tracks are accompanied by a signalling system, Railways are a safe land transport system when compared to other forms of transport. The oldest, man-hauled railways date back to the 6th century BC, with Periander, one of the Seven Sages of Greece, Rail transport blossomed after the British development of the steam locomotive as a viable source of power in the 19th centuries. With steam engines, one could construct mainline railways, which were a key component of the Industrial Revolution, also, railways reduced the costs of shipping, and allowed for fewer lost goods, compared with water transport, which faced occasional sinking of ships. The change from canals to railways allowed for markets in which prices varied very little from city to city. In the 1880s, electrified trains were introduced, and also the first tramways, starting during the 1940s, the non-electrified railways in most countries had their steam locomotives replaced by diesel-electric locomotives, with the process being almost complete by 2000. During the 1960s, electrified high-speed railway systems were introduced in Japan, other forms of guided ground transport outside the traditional railway definitions, such as monorail or maglev, have been tried but have seen limited use. The history of the growth, decline and restoration to use of transport can be divided up into several discrete periods defined by the principal means of motive power used. The earliest evidence of a railway was a 6-kilometre Diolkos wagonway, trucks pushed by slaves ran in grooves in limestone, which provided the track element. The Diolkos operated for over 600 years, Railways began reappearing in Europe after the Dark Ages. The earliest known record of a railway in Europe from this period is a window in the Minster of Freiburg im Breisgau in Germany

2.
Train
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A train is a form of rail transport consisting of a series of vehicles that usually runs along a rail track to transport cargo or passengers. Motive power is provided by a locomotive or individual motors in self-propelled multiple units. Although historically steam propulsion dominated, the most common forms are diesel and electric locomotives. Other energy sources include horses, engine or water-driven rope or wire winch, gravity, pneumatics, batteries, the word train comes from the Old French trahiner, from the Latin trahere pull, draw. There are various types of trains that are designed for particular purposes, a train may consist of a combination of one or more locomotives and attached railroad cars, or a self-propelled multiple unit. The first trains were rope-hauled, gravity powered or pulled by horses, from the early 19th century almost all were powered by steam locomotives. A passenger train is one which includes passenger-carrying vehicles which can often be very long, one notable and growing long-distance train category is high-speed rail. In order to much faster operation over 500 km/h, innovative Maglev technology has been researched for years. In most countries, such as the United Kingdom, the distinction between a tramway and a railway is precise and defined in law, a freight train uses freight cars to transport goods or materials. Freight and passengers may be carried in the train in a mixed consist. Rail cars and machinery used for maintenance and repair of tracks, etc. are termed maintenance of way equipment, similarly, dedicated trains may be used to provide support services to stations along a train line, such as garbage or revenue collection. There are various types of trains that are designed for particular purposes, a train can consist of a combination of one or more locomotives and attached railroad cars, or a self-propelled multiple unit. Trains can also be hauled by horses, pulled by a cable, special kinds of trains running on corresponding special railways are atmospheric railways, monorails, high-speed railways, maglev, rubber-tired underground, funicular and cog railways. A passenger train may consist of one or several locomotives and coaches, alternatively, a train may consist entirely of passenger carrying coaches, some or all of which are powered as a multiple unit. In many parts of the world, particularly the Far East and Europe, freight trains are composed of wagons or trucks rather than carriages, though some parcel and mail trains are outwardly more like passenger trains. Trains can also be mixed, comprising both passenger accommodation and freight vehicles, special trains are also used for track maintenance, in some places, this is called maintenance of way. A train with a locomotive attached at each end is described as top and tailed, where a second locomotive is attached temporarily to assist a train up steep banks or grades it is referred to as banking in the UK, or helper service in North America. Recently, many loaded trains in the United States have been made up one or more locomotives in the middle or at the rear of the train

3.
Railroad car
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A railroad car or railcar, railway wagon or railway carriage, also called a train car or train wagon, is a vehicle used for the carrying of cargo or passengers on a rail transport system. Such cars, when coupled together and hauled by one or more locomotives, alternatively, some passenger cars are self-propelled in which case they may be either single railcars or make up multiple units. The term car is used by itself in American English when a rail context is implicit. Indian English sometimes uses bogie in the manner, though the term has other meanings in other variants of English. In American English, railcar is a term for a railway vehicle, in other countries railcar refers specifically to a self-propelled, powered. Tables may be provided between seats facing one another, alternatively, seats facing in the same direction may have access to a fold-down ledge on the back of the seat in front. If the aisle is located between seats, seat rows may face the direction, or be grouped, with twin rows facing each other. In some vehicles intended for services, seats are positioned with their backs to the side walls. This gives a wide accessway and allows room for standing passengers at peak times, if the aisle is at the side, the car is usually divided into small compartments. These usually contain six seats, although sometimes in second class they contain eight, modern cars usually have either air-conditioning or windows that can be opened, or sometimes both. Various types of onboard train toilet facilities may also be provided, other types of passenger car exist, especially for long journeys, such as the dining car, parlor car, disco car, and in rare cases theater and movie theater car. In some cases another type of car is converted to one of these for an event. Observation cars were built for the rear of many trains to allow the passengers to view the scenery. Sleeping cars outfitted with small bedrooms allow passengers to sleep through their night-time trips, long-distance trains often require baggage cars for the passengers luggage. In European practice it used to be common for day coaches to be formed of compartments seating 6 or 8 passengers, in the UK, Corridor coaches fell into disfavor in the 1960s and 1970s partially because open coaches are considered more secure by women traveling alone. Another distinction is between single- and double deck train cars, an example of a double decker is the Amtrak superliner. A trainset is a semi-permanently arranged formation of cars, rather than one created ad hoc out of cars are available. These are only broken up and reshuffled on shed, trains are then built of one or more of these sets coupled together as needed for the capacity of that train

4.
Rail tracks
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The track on a railway or railroad, also known as the permanent way, is the structure consisting of the rails, fasteners, railroad ties and ballast, plus the underlying subgrade. It enables trains to move by providing a surface for their wheels to roll upon. For clarity it is referred to as railway track or railroad track. Tracks where electric trains or electric trams run are equipped with a system such as an overhead electrical power line or an additional electrified rail. The term permanent way also refers to the track in addition to structures such as fences etc. Most railroads with heavy traffic use continuously welded rails supported by sleepers attached via baseplates that spread the load, a plastic or rubber pad is usually placed between the rail and the tieplate where concrete sleepers are used. The rail is held down to the sleeper with resilient fastenings. For much of the 20th century, rail track used softwood timber sleepers and jointed rails, jointed rails were used at first because contemporary technology did not offer any alternative. The joints also needed to be lubricated, and wear at the mating surfaces needed to be rectified by shimming. For this reason jointed track is not financially appropriate for heavily operated railroads, timber sleepers are of many available timbers, and are often treated with creosote, copper-chrome-arsenic, or other wood preservative. Pre-stressed concrete sleepers are used where timber is scarce and where tonnage or speeds are high. Steel is used in some applications, the track ballast is customarily crushed stone, and the purpose of this is to support the sleepers and allow some adjustment of their position, while allowing free drainage. A disadvantage of traditional track structures is the demand for maintenance, particularly surfacing and lining to restore the desired track geometry. Weakness of the subgrade and drainage deficiencies also lead to maintenance costs. This can be overcome by using ballastless track, in its simplest form this consists of a continuous slab of concrete with the rails supported directly on its upper surface. There are a number of systems, and variations include a continuous reinforced concrete slab. Many permutations of design have been put forward, however, ballastless track has a high initial cost, and in the case of existing railroads the upgrade to such requires closure of the route for a long period. Its whole-life cost can be lower because of the reduction in maintenance, some rubber-tyred metros use ballastless tracks

5.
Permanent way
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The track on a railway or railroad, also known as the permanent way, is the structure consisting of the rails, fasteners, railroad ties and ballast, plus the underlying subgrade. It enables trains to move by providing a surface for their wheels to roll upon. For clarity it is referred to as railway track or railroad track. Tracks where electric trains or electric trams run are equipped with a system such as an overhead electrical power line or an additional electrified rail. The term permanent way also refers to the track in addition to structures such as fences etc. Most railroads with heavy traffic use continuously welded rails supported by sleepers attached via baseplates that spread the load, a plastic or rubber pad is usually placed between the rail and the tieplate where concrete sleepers are used. The rail is held down to the sleeper with resilient fastenings. For much of the 20th century, rail track used softwood timber sleepers and jointed rails, jointed rails were used at first because contemporary technology did not offer any alternative. The joints also needed to be lubricated, and wear at the mating surfaces needed to be rectified by shimming. For this reason jointed track is not financially appropriate for heavily operated railroads, timber sleepers are of many available timbers, and are often treated with creosote, copper-chrome-arsenic, or other wood preservative. Pre-stressed concrete sleepers are used where timber is scarce and where tonnage or speeds are high. Steel is used in some applications, the track ballast is customarily crushed stone, and the purpose of this is to support the sleepers and allow some adjustment of their position, while allowing free drainage. A disadvantage of traditional track structures is the demand for maintenance, particularly surfacing and lining to restore the desired track geometry. Weakness of the subgrade and drainage deficiencies also lead to maintenance costs. This can be overcome by using ballastless track, in its simplest form this consists of a continuous slab of concrete with the rails supported directly on its upper surface. There are a number of systems, and variations include a continuous reinforced concrete slab. Many permutations of design have been put forward, however, ballastless track has a high initial cost, and in the case of existing railroads the upgrade to such requires closure of the route for a long period. Its whole-life cost can be lower because of the reduction in maintenance, some rubber-tyred metros use ballastless tracks

6.
Locomotive
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A locomotive or engine is a rail transport vehicle that provides the motive power for a train. A locomotive has no payload capacity of its own, and its purpose is to move the train along the tracks. In contrast, some trains have self-propelled payload-carrying vehicles and these are not normally considered locomotives, and may be referred to as multiple units, motor coaches or railcars. The use of these vehicles is increasingly common for passenger trains. Traditionally, locomotives pulled trains from the front, however, push-pull operation has become common, where the train may have a locomotive at the front, at the rear, or at each end. Prior to locomotives, the force for railroads had been generated by various lower-technology methods such as human power, horse power. The first successful locomotives were built by Cornish inventor Richard Trevithick, in 1804 his unnamed steam locomotive hauled a train along the tramway of the Penydarren ironworks, near Merthyr Tydfil in Wales. Although the locomotive hauled a train of 10 long tons of iron and 70 passengers in five wagons over nine miles, the locomotive only ran three trips before it was abandoned. Trevithick built a series of locomotives after the Penydarren experiment, including one which ran at a colliery in Tyneside in northern England, the first commercially successful steam locomotive was Matthew Murrays rack locomotive, Salamanca, built for the narrow gauge Middleton Railway in 1812. This was followed in 1813 by the Puffing Billy built by Christopher Blackett and William Hedley for the Wylam Colliery Railway, Puffing Billy is now on display in the Science Museum in London, the oldest locomotive in existence. In 1814 George Stephenson, inspired by the locomotives of Trevithick. He built the Blücher, one of the first successful flanged-wheel adhesion locomotives, Stephenson played a pivotal role in the development and widespread adoption of steam locomotives. His designs improved on the work of the pioneers, in 1825 he built the Locomotion for the Stockton and Darlington Railway, north east England, which became the first public steam railway. In 1829 he built The Rocket which was entered in and won the Rainhill Trials and this success led to Stephenson establishing his company as the pre-eminent builder of steam locomotives used on railways in the United Kingdom, the United States and much of Europe. The first inter city passenger railway, Liverpool and Manchester Railway, opened in 1830, there are a few basic reasons to isolate locomotive train power, as compared to self-propelled vehicles. Maximum utilization of power cars Separate locomotives facilitate movement of costly motive power assets as needed, flexibility Large locomotives can substitute for small locomotives when more power is required, for example, where grades are steeper. As needed, a locomotive can be used for freight duties. Obsolescence cycles Separating motive power from payload-hauling cars enables replacement without affecting the other, to illustrate, locomotives might become obsolete when their associated cars did not, and vice versa

7.
Multiple unit
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Multiple units are self-propelled train carriages capable of coupling with other units of the same or similar type and still being controlled from one driving cab. Often these are passenger trainsets consisting of more than one carriage, single self-propelling carriages are multiple units if capable of operating with other units. Multiple units are classified by their source and are of two main types, electric multiple unit or diesel multiple unit. Diesel-powered units may be classified by their transmission type, diesel-electric. Locomotives utilising multiple-unit train control are not multiple units, multiple-unit train control was first used in Electric Multiple Units in the 1890s. This allowed electrically-powered rapid transit trains to be operated from a driving position. Early users of multiple units include the Liverpool Overhead Railway. The United Kingdom and France had many examples of steam trains, or autotrains. These provided many of the benefits of a multiple unit. While a professor at the University of Denver, Sidney Howe Short conducted important experiments which established that multiple unit powered cars were a way to operate trains. Most MUs are powered either by traction motors, receiving their power through a rail or overhead wire. Diesel-electric multiple units have an engine that drives a generator producing electricity to drive traction motors in a similar fashion to a diesel-electric locomotive. A multiple-unit has the power and traction components as a locomotive. In many cases these cars can only propel themselves when they are part of the unit and it is not necessary for every single car in an MU to be motorized. Therefore, MU cars can be motor units or trailer units, instead of motors, trailing units can contain supplementary equipment such as air compressors, batteries, etc. trailer cars may also be fitted with a driving cab. In most cases, MU trains can only be driven/controlled from dedicated cab cars, an example of this arrangement is the NJ Transit Arrows. Virtually all rapid transit rolling stock, such as used on the New York City Subway, the London Underground. Most trains in the Netherlands and Japan are MUs, making them suitable for use in areas of population density

8.
Rail transport operations
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A railway has two major components, the rolling stock and the infrastructure. The operation of the railway is through a system of control, originally by mechanical means, signalling systems used to control the movement of traffic may be either of fixed block or moving block variety. Fixed block signalling Most blocks are fixed blocks, i. e. they delineate a section of track between two defined points, on timetable, train order, and token-based systems, blocks usually start and end at selected stations. On signalling-based systems, blocks start and end at signals. Alternatively, cab signalling may be in use, the lengths of blocks are designed to allow trains to operate as frequently as necessary. A lightly used line might have blocks many kilometres long. Moving block signalling A disadvantage of fixed blocks is that the trains are permitted to run, the longer the stopping distance. With moving block, computers are used to calculate a safe zone, behind each moving train, the system depends on precise knowledge of where each train is and how fast it is moving. With moving block, lineside signals are not provided, and instructions are passed direct to the trains and it has the advantage of increasing track capacity by allowing trains to run much closer together. Most rail systems serve a number of functions on the track, carrying local, long distance and commuter passenger trains. The emphasis on each varies by country, some urban rail transit, rapid transit and light rail systems are isolated from the national system in the cities they serve. Some freight lines serving mines are also isolated, and these are owned by the mine company. An industrial railway is a rail system used inside factories or mines. Steep grade railways are isolated, with special safety systems. The permanent way trails through the physical geography, the tracks geometry is limited by the physical geography. Trains are pushed/pulled by one or more locomotive units, two or more locomotives coupled in multiple traction are frequently used in freight trains. Railroad cars or rolling stock consist of cars, freight cars, maintenance cars. Modern passenger trains sometimes are pushed/pulled by a tail and head unit, many passenger trains consist of multiple units with motors mounted beneath the passenger cars

9.
Train station
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A train station, railway station, railroad station, or depot is a railway facility where trains regularly stop to load or unload passengers or freight. It generally consists of at least one platform and a station building providing such ancillary services as ticket sales. If a station is on a line, it often has a passing loop to facilitate traffic movements. The smallest stations are most often referred to as stops or, in parts of the world. Stations may be at level, underground, or elevated. Connections may be available to intersecting rail lines or other modes such as buses. In British usage, the station is commonly understood to mean a railway station unless otherwise qualified. In the United States, the most common term in contemporary usage is train station, Railway station and railroad station are less frequent. Outside North America, a depot is place where buses, trains, or other vehicles are housed and maintained and from which they are dispatched for service. The two-storey Mount Clare station in Baltimore, Maryland, which survives as a museum, first saw service as the terminus of the horse-drawn Baltimore. The oldest terminal station in the world was Crown Street railway station in Liverpool, built in 1830, as the first train on the Liverpool-Manchester line left Liverpool, the station is slightly older than the Manchester terminal at Liverpool Road. The station was the first to incorporate a train shed, the station was demolished in 1836 as the Liverpool terminal station moved to Lime Street railway station. Crown Street station was converted to a goods station terminal, the first stations had little in the way of buildings or amenities. The first stations in the modern sense were on the Liverpool and Manchester Railway, manchesters Liverpool Road Station, the second oldest terminal station in the world, is preserved as part of the Museum of Science and Industry in Manchester. It resembles a row of Georgian houses, dual-purpose stations can sometimes still be found today, though in many cases goods facilities are restricted to major stations. In rural and remote communities across Canada and the United States, such stations were known as flag stops or flag stations. Many stations date from the 19th century and reflect the architecture of the time. Countries where railways arrived later may still have such architecture, as later stations often imitated 19th-century styles, various forms of architecture have been used in the construction of stations, from those boasting grand, intricate, Baroque- or Gothic-style edifices, to plainer utilitarian or modernist styles

10.
History of rail transport
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Including systems with man or horse power, and tracks or guides made of stone or wood, the history of rail transport dates back as far as the ancient Greeks. Wagonways were relatively common in Europe from about 1500 through 1800, mechanised rail transport systems first appeared in England in the 1820s. These systems, which use of the steam locomotive, were critical to the Industrial Revolution. They have remained the form of long distance land transportation for many bulk materials such as coal, ore, grains, stone and sand. Reduction in friction was one of the reasons for the success of railroads compared to wagons. This was demonstrated on an iron plate-covered wooden tramway in 1805 at Croydon in England, “A good horse on an ordinary turnpike road can draw two thousand pounds, or one ton. A party of gentlemen were invited to look upon the experiment, twelve wagons were loaded with stones, till each wagon weighed three tons, and the wagons were fastened together. A horse was then attached, which drew the wagons with ease, six miles in two hours, having stopped four times, in order to show he had the power of starting, as well as drawing his great load. ”Wheeled vehicles pulled by men and animals ran in grooves in limestone, which provided the track element, preventing the wagons from leaving the intended route. The Diolkos was in use for over 650 years, until at least the 1st century AD, the first horse-drawn wagonways also appeared in ancient Greece, with others to be found on Malta and various parts of the Roman Empire, using cut-stone tracks. They fell into disuse as the Roman Empire collapsed, in 1515, Cardinal Matthäus Lang wrote a description of the Reisszug, a funicular railway at the Hohensalzburg Castle in Austria. The line originally used wooden rails and a hemp haulage rope, the line still exists, albeit in updated form, and is possibly the oldest wagonway still to operate. Wagonways are thought to have developed in Germany in the 1550s to facilitate the transport of ore tubs to and from mines, such an operation was illustrated in 1556 by Georgius Agricola. This used Hund carts with unflanged wheels running on wooden planks, such a transport system was used by German miners at Caldbeck, Cumbria, England, perhaps from the 1560s. An alternative explanation derives it from the Magyar hintó - a carriage, there are possible references to their use in central Europe in the 15th century. The first true railway is now suggested to have been a railway made at Broseley in Shropshire. This carried coal for James Clifford from his mines down to the river Severn to be loaded onto barges, though the first documentary record of this is later, its construction probably preceded the Wollaton Wagonway, completed in 1604, hitherto regarded as the earliest British installation. This ran from Strelley to Wollaton near Nottingham, another early wagonway is noted onwards. Huntingdon Beaumont, who was concerned with mining at Strelley, also laid down broad wooden rails near Newcastle upon Tyne, by the 18th century, such wagonways and tramways existed in a number of areas

11.
Rail terminology
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Rail terminology is a form of technical terminology. The difference between the American term railroad and the term railway is the most significant difference in rail terminology. There are also others, due to the development of rail transport systems in different parts of the world. Various global terms are presented here, where a term has multiple names, the abbreviation UIC refers to standard terms adopted by the International Union of Railways in its official publications and thesaurus. Instead, an alarm is sounded at an interval in which the operator must respond by pressing a button to reset the alarm. If the operator does not respond within a time, the prime mover is automatically throttled back to idle. They also serve to support the arch or equivalent. The only significant difference is the size, measured in feet rather than inches, the fireman remains with the locomotive and, when the driver is at the other end, the fireman controls the cut off and vacuum ejectors in addition to his usual duties. Axlebox or axle box The housing that holds the bearings of a locomotive The housing attaching the end of the axle to the bogie which contains the bearing allowing the axle to rotate. Bad order A tag or note applied to a piece of equipment. Generally, equipment tagged as bad order is not to be used until repairs are performed, revolving masses can easily be balanced by counterweights, but the balancing of reciprocating parts is a matter of compromise and judgement. Balloon A looped length of track, usually at the end of a spur or branch, can be used as part of a freight installation to allow the loading or unloading of bulk materials without the need to stop the train. Early locomotives burned coke, provision of an arch was necessary before coal could be used without producing excessive smoke. Many early railroads were broad gauge, for example the Great Western Railway in the UK which adopted 7 ft gauge until it was converted to standard gauge in the 1860s - 1890s, russia still has over 80,000 km of broad gauge railroads. Broad gauge is also normal in Spain and Portugal, in India, as well as Ireland, cabless A locomotive without a cab. Commonly referred to as a B unit or a Slug, although not all Slugs are cabless, caboose A railroad car attached usually to the end of a train, in which railroad workers could ride and monitor track and rolling stock conditions. Largely obsolete, having been replaced by the electronic end-of-train device, the correct classification is CoCo, but Co-Co is used more often. One set uses high pressure steam, then passes the low pressure exhausted steam to the second, also known as master and slave, as in the British Rail Class 13 shunters at Tinsley Marshalling Yard

12.
Rail transport modelling
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Railway modelling or model railroading is a hobby in which rail transport systems are modelled at a reduced scale. The earliest model railways were the railways in the 1840s. Electric trains appeared around the start of the 20th century, Model trains today are more realistic. Today modellers create model railway layouts, often recreating real locations, involvement ranges from possession of a train set to spending hours and large sums of money on a large and exacting model of a railroad and the scenery through which it passes, called a layout. Hobbyists, called railway modellers or model railroaders, may maintain models large enough to ride, modellers may collect model trains, building a landscape for the trains to pass through. They may also operate their own railroad in miniature, for some modellers, the goal of building a layout is to eventually run it as if it were a real railroad or as the real railroad did. If modellers choose to model a prototype, they may reproduce track-by-track reproductions of the railroad in miniature, often using prototype track diagrams. Layouts vary from a circle or oval of track to realistic reproductions of real places modelled to scale. Probably the largest model landscape in the UK is in the Pendon Museum in Oxfordshire, UK, the museum also houses one of the earliest scenic models – the Madder Valley layout built by John Ahern. This was built in the late 1930s to late 1950s and brought in realistic modelling, receiving coverage on both sides of the Atlantic in the magazines Model Railway News and Model Railroader. Bekonscot in Buckinghamshire is the oldest model village and includes a model railway, the worlds largest model railroad in H0 scale is the Miniatur Wunderland in Hamburg, Germany. The largest live steam layout, with 25 miles of track is Train Mountain in Chiloquin, Oregon, clubs often display models for the public. One specialist branch concentrates on larger scales and gauges, commonly using track gauges from 3.5 to 7.5 inches. Models in these scales are usually hand-built and powered by steam, or diesel-hydraulic. The Tech Model Railroad Club at MIT in the 1950s pioneered automatic control of track-switching by using telephone relays, the oldest society is The Model Railway Club, near Kings Cross, London, UK. As well as building model railways, it has 5,000 books, similarly, The Historical Model Railway Society at Butterley, near Ripley, Derbyshire specialises in historical matters and has archives available to members and non-members. The words scale and gauge seem at first interchangeable but their meanings are different, Scale is the models measurement as a proportion to the original, while gauge is the measurement between the rails. The size of engines depends on the scale and can vary from 700 mm tall for the largest ridable live steam scales such as 1,4, down to size for the smallest

13.
Roosevelt Island (IND 63rd Street Line)
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Roosevelt Island is a station on the IND 63rd Street Line of the New York City Subway. Located in Manhattan on Roosevelt Island in the East River, it is served by the F train at all times, the current plans were drawn up in the 1960s under the MTAs Program For Action. The construction of a station was viewed to be vital for the development of the island, the projected cost of the station was $3,300,000. This station opened on October 29,1989 along with the entire IND 63rd Street Line, the Q train served the station on weekdays and the B train stopped there on the weekends, both services used the Sixth Avenue Line. For the first couple of months after the station opened, the JFK Express to Kennedy Airport also served the station until it was discontinued in 1990, the tunnel had gained notoriety as the tunnel to nowhere both during its planning and after its opening. Thereafter, the station began being served by the F train and this is part of a larger MTA initiative to use sustainable energy resources within the subway system. The station has two tracks and two side platforms and it is the fourth-deepest station in the New York City Subway at about 100 feet below street level behind 34th Street–Hudson Yards, 190th Street, and 191st Street stations, also in Manhattan. Due to its depth, the station contains several features not common in the rest of the system, similar to stations of the Paris Metro and Washington Metro, the Roosevelt Island station was built with a high vaulted ceiling and a mezzanine directly visible above the tracks. The station is fully ADA-accessible, with elevators to street level, west of this station, there is a diamond crossover and two bellmouths that curve southward toward an unbuilt portion of the Second Avenue Subway. There is an exit from the future LIRRs lower level at the middle of each platform. Fare control is in a glass-enclosed headhouse building off of Main Street, the headhouse has a feature that is unusual to the subway system, it uses recordings of birds to try to scare away city pigeons, and these bird recordings play every few minutes or so. This is because of issues with entering the headhouse and leaving feathers. Previous efforts, like spiked ledges, had been ineffective in curbing the pigeon population of the area next to the station. In 2008, the station saw about 5,900 daily riders, in 2015, an average of 6,197 daily riders used the station on an average weekday. This amounted to 1,966,493 total riders entering the station in 2015, firefighters Field Goldwater Memorial Hospital Good Shepherd Church Roosevelt Island Tramway – to 2nd Avenue and 60th Street, Manhattan nycsubway

14.
Metro station
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A metro station or subway station is a railway station for a rapid transit system, which as a whole is usually called a Metro or Subway. The station provides a means for passengers to purchase tickets, access trains stopping at its platforms, the location of a metro station is carefully planned to provide easy access to important urban facilities such as roads, commercial centers, major buildings and other transport nodes. Most stations are located underground, with entrances/exits leading up to ground or street level, the bulk of the station typically positioned under land reserved for public thoroughfares or parks. This is especially important where the station is serving high-density urban precincts, in other cases, a station may be elevated above a road, or at ground level depending on the level of the train tracks. The physical, visual and economic impact of the station and its operations will be greater, planners will often take metro lines or parts of lines at or above ground where urban density decreases, extending the system further for less cost. Metros are most commonly used in cities, with great populations. Alternatively, a railway land corridor is re-purposed for rapid transit. At street level the logo of the company marks the entrances/exits of the station. Usually, signage shows the name of the station and describes the facilities of the station, often there are several entrances for one station, saving pedestrians from needing to cross a street and reducing crowding. A metro station typically provides ticket vending and ticket validating systems, the station is divided into an unpaid zone connected to the street, and a paid zone connected to the train platforms. The ticket barrier allows passengers with tickets to pass between these zones. The barrier may operated by staff or more typically with automated turnstiles or gates that open when a pass is scanned or detected. Some small metro systems dispense with paid zones and validate tickets with staff in the train carriages, access from the street to ticketing and the train platform is provided by stairs, concourses, escalators, elevators and tunnels. The station will be designed to minimise overcrowding and improve flow, permanent or temporary barriers may be used to manage crowds. Some metro stations have connections to important nearby buildings. Most jurisdictions mandate that people with disabilities must have unassisted use of the station and this is resolved with elevators, taking a number of people from street level to the unpaid ticketing area, and then from the paid area to the platform. In addition, there will be stringent requirements for emergencies, with lighting, emergency exits. Stations are a part of the evacuation route for passengers escaping from a disabled or troubled train

15.
63rd Street Lines
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The two lines run under 63rd Street on the Upper East Side of Manhattan and meet at the Lexington Avenue–63rd Street station. The IND line is served by F trains at all times, the BMT line is served by the Q train at all times, and some N trains during rush hours. Also known as the Second Avenue Connector, it links the BMT Broadway Line to the IND Second Avenue Line. Under the current service plan, no service needs to cross lines, however this has been used, mainly during service disruptions and once during the Manhattan Bridge closures. The following services use the 63rd Street Lines, The IND line begins as a continuation of the IND Sixth Avenue Line at 57th Street station, at its eastern end, the line merges with the IND Queens Boulevard Line under Northern Boulevard, west of 36th Street station. This line is coded as new chaining route T, the tracks on this line are coded as BMT chaining, tracks G3 and G4 to distinguish them from the pre-existing G1 and G2 tracks associated with the 60th Street Tunnel and Astoria Line. Just west of Lexington Avenue-63rd Street station, two diamond crossover tracks allow trains to switch between the two lines, the BMT 63rd Street Line was not used for passenger service. The IND Line was usually served by B and Q trains, during this time, Q trains ran on the IND Sixth Avenue Line due to reconstruction of the Manhattan Bridge. Q trains served the IND Line weekdays until 9,30 PM, while B trains typically served the late evenings. The JFK Express also served the IND Line very briefly, as the service was discontinued on April 15,1990, in May 1997, 63rd Street Shuttle service via the IND Sixth Avenue Line replaced F service during late nights. Between February 22,1998 and May 22,1999, service between the Sixth Avenue Line and the 63rd Street Line was suspended because of construction on the IND Line, B and Q trains were cut back to 57th Street, and the late night shuttle suspended. On May 22,1999, the B and Q returned to 21st Street - Queensbridge. On July 22,2001, the side tracks of the Manhattan Bridge closed. Before the Second Avenue Subway opened in 2017, the BMT line was not used for passenger service. Because the line was not used in service from 1989 to 2016, it was not shown on the official subway map. Prior to 2011, these tracks were used to store trainsets outside of rush hour. In February 1963, the Transit Authority proposed a two-track East River subway tunnel under 76th Street with unspecified connections to the rest of the transit network, in a May 2,1963 report, the proposed site of the tunnel was switched to 59th Street. On May 24, Mayor Wagner suggested that a tunnel around 61st Street be built with all deliberate speed

16.
New York City Subway
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Opened in 1904, the New York City Subway is one of the worlds oldest public transit systems, one of the worlds most used metro systems, and the metro system with the most stations. It offers service 24 hours per day, every day of the year, the New York City Subway is the largest rapid transit system in the world by number of stations, with 472 stations in operation. Stations are located throughout the boroughs of Manhattan, Brooklyn, Queens, the Port Authority Trans-Hudson and the AirTrain JFK, in Manhattan and Queens respectively, accept the subways MetroCard but are not operated by the MTA and do not allow free transfers. Another mass transit service that is not operated by the MTA, the system is also one of the worlds longest. Overall, the system contains 236 miles of routes, translating into 665 miles of track. In 2015, the subway delivered over 1.76 billion rides, averaging approximately 5.7 million daily rides on weekdays and a combined 5.9 million rides each weekend. Of the systems 25 services,22 of them pass through Manhattan, the exceptions being the G train, the Franklin Avenue Shuttle, and the Rockaway Park Shuttle. Large portions of the subway outside Manhattan are elevated, on embankments, or in open cuts, in total, 40% of track is not underground despite the subway moniker. Many lines and stations have both express and local services and these lines have three or four tracks. Normally, the two are used for local trains, while the inner one or two are used for express trains. Stations served by express trains are typically major transfer points or destinations, alfred Ely Beach built the first demonstration for an underground transit system in New York City in 1869 and opened it in February 1870. The tunnel was never extended for political and financial reasons, although extensions had been planned to take the tunnel southward to The Battery, the Great Blizzard of 1888 helped demonstrate the benefits of an underground transportation system. A plan for the construction of the subway was approved in 1894, the first underground line of the subway opened on October 27,1904, almost 36 years after the opening of the first elevated line in New York City, which became the IRT Ninth Avenue Line. The fare was $0.05 and on the first day the trains carried over 150,000 passengers, the oldest structure still in use opened in 1885 as part of the BMT Lexington Avenue Line in Brooklyn and is now part of the BMT Jamaica Line. The oldest right-of-way, which is part of the BMT West End Line near Coney Island Creek, was in use in 1864 as a railroad called the Brooklyn, Bath. By the time the first subway opened, the lines had been consolidated into two privately owned systems, the Brooklyn Rapid Transit Company and the Interborough Rapid Transit Company, the city built most of the lines and leased them to the companies. This required it to be run at cost, necessitating fares up to double the five-cent fare popular at the time, in 1940, the city bought the two private systems. Some elevated lines ceased service immediately while others closed soon after, integration was slow, but several connections were built between the IND and BMT, these now operate as one division called the B Division

17.
Manhattan
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Manhattan is the most densely populated borough of New York City, its economic and administrative center, and the citys historical birthplace. The borough is coextensive with New York County, founded on November 1,1683, Manhattan is often described as the cultural and financial capital of the world and hosts the United Nations Headquarters. Many multinational media conglomerates are based in the borough and it is historically documented to have been purchased by Dutch colonists from Native Americans in 1626 for 60 guilders which equals US$1062 today. New York County is the United States second-smallest county by land area, on business days, the influx of commuters increases that number to over 3.9 million, or more than 170,000 people per square mile. Manhattan has the third-largest population of New York Citys five boroughs, after Brooklyn and Queens, the City of New York was founded at the southern tip of Manhattan, and the borough houses New York City Hall, the seat of the citys government. The name Manhattan derives from the word Manna-hata, as written in the 1609 logbook of Robert Juet, a 1610 map depicts the name as Manna-hata, twice, on both the west and east sides of the Mauritius River. The word Manhattan has been translated as island of hills from the Lenape language. The United States Postal Service prefers that mail addressed to Manhattan use New York, NY rather than Manhattan, the area that is now Manhattan was long inhabited by the Lenape Native Americans. In 1524, Florentine explorer Giovanni da Verrazzano – sailing in service of King Francis I of France – was the first European to visit the area that would become New York City. It was not until the voyage of Henry Hudson, an Englishman who worked for the Dutch East India Company, a permanent European presence in New Netherland began in 1624 with the founding of a Dutch fur trading settlement on Governors Island. In 1625, construction was started on the citadel of Fort Amsterdam on Manhattan Island, later called New Amsterdam, the 1625 establishment of Fort Amsterdam at the southern tip of Manhattan Island is recognized as the birth of New York City. In 1846, New York historian John Romeyn Brodhead converted the figure of Fl 60 to US$23, variable-rate myth being a contradiction in terms, the purchase price remains forever frozen at twenty-four dollars, as Edwin G. Burrows and Mike Wallace remarked in their history of New York. Sixty guilders in 1626 was valued at approximately $1,000 in 2006, based on the price of silver, Straight Dope author Cecil Adams calculated an equivalent of $72 in 1992. In 1647, Peter Stuyvesant was appointed as the last Dutch Director General of the colony, New Amsterdam was formally incorporated as a city on February 2,1653. In 1664, the English conquered New Netherland and renamed it New York after the English Duke of York and Albany, the Dutch Republic regained it in August 1673 with a fleet of 21 ships, renaming the city New Orange. Manhattan was at the heart of the New York Campaign, a series of battles in the early American Revolutionary War. The Continental Army was forced to abandon Manhattan after the Battle of Fort Washington on November 16,1776. The city, greatly damaged by the Great Fire of New York during the campaign, became the British political, British occupation lasted until November 25,1783, when George Washington returned to Manhattan, as the last British forces left the city

18.
Roosevelt Island
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Roosevelt Island is a narrow island in New York Citys East River. It lies between Manhattan Island to its west and the borough of Queens on Long Island to its east, and is part of the borough of Manhattan. Running from the equivalent of East 46th to 85th Streets on Manhattan Island, it is about 2 miles long, with a width of 800 feet. Together with Mill Rock, Roosevelt Island constitutes Manhattans Census Tract 238, which has an area of 0.279 sq mi. It had a population of 11,661 as of the 2010 United States Census, the island was called Minnehanonck by the Lenape and Varkens Eylandt by New Netherlanders, and during the colonial era and later as Blackwells Island. It was known as Welfare Island when it was used principally for hospitals and it was renamed Roosevelt Island in 1971 after Franklin D. Roosevelt. Roosevelt Island is owned by the city, but was leased to the state of New Yorks Urban Development Corporation for 99 years in 1969, most of the residential buildings on Roosevelt Island are rental buildings. There is also a cooperative and a condominium building, One rental building has left New York States Mitchell-Lama Housing Program, though current residents are still protected. Three other buildings are now working toward privatization, including the cooperative, in 1637, Dutch Governor Wouter van Twiller purchased the island, then known as Hog Island, from the Canarsie Indians. Through the 19th century, the island housed several hospitals and a prison, by 1839, the New York City Lunatic Asylum opened, including the Octagon Tower, which still stands but as a residential building, it was renovated and reopened in April 2006. The asylum, which was designed by Alexander Jackson Davis, at one point held 1,700 inmates, in 1852, a workhouse was built on the island to hold petty violators in 220 cells. In 1861, prisoners completed construction of Renwicks City Hospital, which served both prisoners and New York Citys poorer population, seventeen years later, in 1889, the Chapel of the Good Shepherd, designed by Frederick Clarke Withers, opened. By 1895, inmates from the Asylum were being transferred to Wards Island, the Asylum was renamed Metropolitan Hospital. However, the last convicts were not moved off the island until 1935, the 20th century was a time of change for the island. The Queensboro Bridge started construction in 1900 and opened in 1909, it passed over the island, in 1921, Blackwells Island was renamed Welfare Island after the City Hospital on the island. In 1930, an elevator to transport cars and passengers on Queensboro Bridge started to allow vehicular. In 1939, Goldwater Memorial Hospital, a care facility, opened. As late as August 1973, though, another passenger elevator ran from the Queens end of the bridge to the island, more changes came in the latter half of the century

19.
East River
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The East River is a salt water tidal estuary in New York City. The waterway, which is not a river despite its name. It separates the borough of Queens on Long Island from the Bronx on the North American mainland, and also divides Manhattan from Queens and Brooklyn, because of its connection to Long Island Sound, it was once also known as the Sound River. The tidal strait changes its direction of flow frequently, and is subject to fluctuations in its current. The waterway is navigable for its length of 16 miles. Technically a drowned valley, like the other waterways around New York City, the distinct change in the shape of the strait between the lower and upper portions is evidence of this glacial activity. The upper portion, running perpendicular to the glacial motion, is wide, meandering. The lower portion runs north-south, parallel to the glacial motion and it is much narrower, with straight banks. The bays that exist, as well as those used to exist before being filled in by human activity, are largely wide. The stretch has since been cleared of rocks and widened, washington Irving wrote of Hell Gate that the current sounded like a bull bellowing for more drink at half tide, whilte at full tide it slept as soundly as an alderman after dinner. He said it was like a peaceable fellow enough when he has no liquor at all, or when he has a skinful, but who, the river is navigable for its entire length of 16 miles. Why the river turns to the east as it approaches the three lower Manhattan bridges is currently geologically unknown, in the stretch of the river between Manhattan Island and the borough of Queens, lies Roosevelt Island, a narrow 2-mile long island consisting of 147 acres. Politically part of Manhattan, it begins at around the level of East 46th Street of that borough and it is connected to Queens by the Roosevelt Island Bridge, to Manhattan by the Roosevelt Island Tramway, and to both by a subway station. The Queensboro Bridge runs across Roosevelt Island, but no longer has an elevator connection to it. The abrupt termination of the island on its end is due to an extension of the 125th Street Fault. The Bronx River drains into the East River in the section of the strait. North of Randalls Island, it is joined by the Bronx Kill. Along the east of Wards Island, at approximately the midpoint, it narrows into a channel called Hell Gate

20.
F (New York City Subway service)
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The F Sixth Avenue Local is a rapid transit service in the B Division of the New York City Subway. Its route bullet is colored bright orange since it uses the IND Sixth Avenue Line in Manhattan, some rush hour trains short turn at Kings Highway due to capacity issues at Stillwell Avenue. F service officially began on December 15,1940 operating between Parsons Boulevard and Church Avenue via the Queens Boulevard, Sixth Avenue, and Culver Lines and it ran express in Queens and local in Manhattan and Brooklyn. During World War II, by January 10,1944, trains were extended to 169th Street during evenings, late nights, and Sunday mornings. Temporarily in 1948, as shown in a map from that year, the D and F service switched, with the F terminating at Second Avenue, on December 11,1950, trains were extended to the newly opened 179th Street on evenings, nights, and Sunday mornings. On May 13,1951, all trains outside of rush hour were extended to 179th Street using the tracks beyond Parsons Boulevard. On October 8,1951, trains were extended to 179th Street at all times, during rush hours F trains skipped 169th Street running via the express tracks. At other times, the F stopped at 169th Street, in 1953, the platforms were lengthened to 660 feet at 75th Avenue and Sutphin Boulevard so that F trains could run eleven car trains. The F began running eleven car trains during rush hours on September 8,1953, the extra train car increased the total carrying capacity by 4,000 passengers. On October 30,1954, the connection between the IND Culver Line and BMT Culver Line opened, with the IND taking over the elevated section, all F service began terminating at Broadway–Lafayette Street with D service entering Brooklyn via the Rutgers Street Tunnel. In addition, all except weekday daytime trains were rerouted via the tracks between Continental Avenue and Parsons Boulevard. On April 29,1956, trains were extended to Second Avenue, beginning on October 6,1957, trains terminated at 34th Street–Herald Square evenings, nights and weekends. On November 10,1958, F service was cut back from Second Avenue, F service replaced it on the IND Culver Line. Beginning on June 16,1969 express service was modified with Kings Highway trains operating as locals along the entire route Bergen Street to Kings Highway, at the same time, all trains were rerouted via the express tracks between Continental Avenue and Parsons Boulevard in Queens. On January 18,1976 F express service between Bergen Street and Church Avenue was discontinued during rush hours in the non-peak direction, on August 30,1976 express service between Bergen Street and Church Avenue was completely discontinued, with all trains making all stops. Rush direction alternate-train express service between Ditmas Avenue and Kings Highway was retained and this was due to budget cuts and continuing complaints about reduced Manhattan service by riders at local stations. Starting on August 27,1977, F was made a local in Queens between Continental Avenue and Queens Plaza, late nights, replacing the GG service, on May 24,1987, N and R services swapped terminals in Queens. As part of the plan, F service terminated at 57th Street / Sixth Avenue during late nights

21.
New York City Transit Authority
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The New York City Transit Authority is a public authority in the U. S. state of New York that operates public transportation in New York City. Part of the Metropolitan Transportation Authority, the busiest and largest transit system in North America, the NYCTA operates the following systems, New York City Subway, a rapid transit system in Manhattan, The Bronx, Brooklyn, and Queens. Staten Island Railway, a transit line in Staten Island New York City Bus. As part of establishing a common identity, the Metropolitan Transportation Authority in 1994 assigned popular names to each of its subsidiaries and affiliates. The New York City Transit Authority is now known popularly as MTA New York City Transit, newer contracts and RFPs, however, have also used the popular name. The Authority is also referred to as NYCT, or simply the TA. The Executive Director of the MTA is, ex officio, Executive Director of the Transit Authority, the Transit Authority has its own management structure which is responsible for its day-to-day operations, with executive personnel reporting to the agency president. Veronique “Ronnie” Hakim is the current President of New York City Transit, the subway system today is composed of what once were three separate systems in competition with one another. Two of them were built and operated by companies, August Belmonts Interborough Rapid Transit Company. The third, the public Independent Subway System was owned and operated by the City of New York. The IRT and BMT systems were acquired by the city on June 1,1940 for $317,000,000, the buses on Staten Island had been operated by a private company operating under a franchise that expired in 1946. When it became known that the company would not renew its franchise and this group ran into financial difficulties and the city took over the company on February 23,1947. The city then controlled all of the bus routes on Staten Island, on March 30,1947, the City took over the bus lines of the North Shore Bus Company, which comprised half of the privately owned lines in Queens, after that company went into financial troubles. On September 24,1948, the City acquired five bus lines in Manhattan for similar reasons, factories began to work around the clock, and therefore business boomed. Transit repairs were kept at a minimum as basic materials were in supply for civilian use. Operating revenues were raised and maintenance costs were reduced, but as a result, the future problems of deferred maintenance and falling ridership. In 1946, costs rose and profits turned to losses, and to obtain needed funds, the fare was raised in 1948 to ten cents on the subways and elevated and this increase only produced a revenue surplus for a single year. In 1951 a uniform ten-cent fare was established on both the transit and surface lines

22.
Transit-oriented development
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In urban planning, a transit-oriented development is a type of urban development that maximizes the amount of residential, business and leisure space within walking distance of public transport. A TOD typically includes a transit stop surrounded by a high-density mixed-use area. A TOD is also designed to be more walkable than other built-up areas, through using smaller block sizes. Many of the new towns created after World War II in Japan, Sweden, in the United States, a half-mile-radius circle has become the de facto standard for rail-transit catchment areas for TODs. A half mile corresponds to the distance someone can walk in 10 minutes at 3 mph and is an estimate for the distance people will walk to get to a rail station. The half-mile ring is a more than 500 acres in size. Another key feature of transit-oriented development that differentiates it from transit-proximate development is reduced amounts of parking for personal vehicles, many cities throughout the world are developing TOD policy. One of the earliest and most successful examples of TOD is Curitiba, Curitiba was organized into transport corridors very early on in its history. Over the years, it has integrated its zoning laws and transportation planning to place high-density development adjacent to high-capacity transportation systems, the source of innovation in Curitiba has been a unique form of participatory city planning that emphasizes public education, discussion and agreement. This is simultaneously being implemented along with a bus transit system called Transmetro. Calgary is home to a very successful TOD community called The Bridges, the Bridges is home to a diverse range of condos, shops, services, and parks. Some other TODs currently being constructed are London and Westbrook, both high rise condo and retail communities in areas of the City. The City continues to create TOD policy for other Calgary communities, Calgary City Council has allocated funding for the creation of six Station Area Plans around the city, to guide increasing development pressure around some of the light rail transit stations. On June 9,2008, Calgary City Council approved the first station area plan in Calgarys history, most of the suburban high rises were not along major rail lines like other cities until recently, when there has been incentive to do so. Century Park is a growing community in southern Edmonton at the south end of Edmontons LRT. It will include low to high rise condos, recreational services, shops, restaurants, Edmonton is also looking into some new TODs in various parts of the city. In the northeast, there are plans to redevelop underutilized land at two sites around existing LRT, Fort Road and Stadium Station, according to the Metropolitan Development and Planning Regulation of late 2011, 40% of new households will be built as TOD neighbourhoods. Toronto has a policy of encouraging new construction along the route of its primary Yonge Street subway line

23.
IND Queens Boulevard Line
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The IND Queens Boulevard Line, sometimes abbreviated as QBL, is a line of the B Division of the New York City Subway in Manhattan and Queens, New York City, United States. The line, which is underground throughout its route, contains 23 stations. As of 2015, it is among the systems busiest lines, the Queens Boulevard Lines eastern terminus is the four-track 179th Street station. The line continues westward then northwest as a line with the local tracks to the outside of the express tracks. The Queens Boulevard Line merges with the IND Archer Avenue Line west of Briarwood, the express tracks and the local tracks diverge at 65th Street in Jackson Heights and merge again at 36th Street in Sunnyside. West of 36th Street, the IND 63rd Street Line splits off both pairs of tracks, entering Manhattan via the 63rd Street Tunnel. At Queens Plaza in Long Island City, the narrows to two tracks, with the local tracks splitting into the 60th Street Tunnel Connection and the IND Crosstown Line. From there, the tracks of the line provide crosstown service across Manhattan under 53rd Street before turning southwest at Eighth Avenue. The two-track section west of Queens Plaza is also known as the IND 53rd Street Line, the Queens Boulevard line is served by four overlapping routes. The E train serves the section between 50th Street and Briarwood, normally running express west of 71st Avenue, the F runs express from 36th Street to 71st Avenue and local east of 71st Avenue. The M and R serve local stops on the route west of 71st Avenue, with the M diverging from the line west of Fifth Avenue/53rd Street and the R splitting west of Queens Plaza. The E and F serve the line at all times, while the M runs on the line during weekdays only, during late nights, the E makes local stops west of Briarwood to provide local service along the line. The routes experience frequent overcrowding during weekdays, and the Queens Boulevard line has among the highest rush-hour train frequencies in the system, a proposed upgrade to the line, to replace its signals with a communications-based train control system, would add capacity to the line. The lines construction in the 1920s and 1930s promoted housing growth along the Queens Boulevard corridor, however, there are multiple provisions for spur routes along the Queens Boulevard line that were never built. The IND Queens Boulevard Line begins with a storage yard consisting of two levels with four tracks each south of 185th Street and Hillside Avenue. Once the tracks from the lower level merge with the tracks on the level, there is the first station Jamaica–179th Street. Just after curving north under the Van Wyck Expressway, a flying junction joins the two-track Archer Avenue Line to the local, soon after, the line turns west under Queens Boulevard. East of Kew Gardens–Union Turnpike, another flying junction ties the eastward tracks to Jamaica Yard, the other side of the wye curves west to become a lower level of the subway just west of Kew Gardens–Union Turnpike

24.
Program for Action
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It was one of the most ambitious expansion plans in the history of the New York City Subway, with 40 miles of track miles to be added to the New York City Subway within Queens alone. Transport improvements built under the Program for Action were supposed to relieve overcrowding on existing transit modes in the New York City area. The remaining projects, the 63rd Street and Archer Avenue lines, were both dramatically truncated from their original lengths, and both lines opened much later than originally projected, in total, only six stations and 15 miles of tracks were added under the Program for Action. In 1965, the Metropolitan Commuter Transportation Authority was created by New York State Legislature to operate the bankrupt Long Island Rail Road. In 1968, the MCTA absorbed the New York City Transit Authority of New York City and that year, US$600,000,000 was made available to the MCTA, as part of a $2.5 billion bond for transportation passed by the New York State legislature. Executives involved with the proposal included New York baseball executive William Shea, the Program for Action was put forward simultaneously with other development and transportation plans under the administration of Mayor John Lindsay. This included Lindsays Linear City plan for housing and educational facilities, shortly after the release of the plans, on March 1,1968 the MCTA became the MTA. In its rationale for the Program for Action, the MCTA stated, By 1985, … The prospects, based upon the best available projections, are that the population growth will take place principally in the suburbs. New York City is not expected to grow much by 1985, the city was expected to gain 2.5 million jobs in these two decades, and the 8. 6-square-mile Manhattan central business district already had 7.8 million employees. The two-phase Program for Action would cost $2.9 billion in total, as part of the Program for Action, existing elevated structures considered obsolete or dilapidated were to be replaced with new subways, in part to encourage development in those neighborhoods. A subway map was drawn up to illustrate planned service patterns upon the programs completion. On September 20,1968 the New York City Board of Estimate and it would also comprise the renovation of deteriorating transit routes. Originally, Phase I was to cost $961 million, but costs went up to $1.6 billion, Phase I would have been completed over the span of a decade. The construction of line was to be split up into three parts. The first part, Route 131–A, would run from Sixth and Seventh Avenues in Manhattan below 63rd Street, the next part, Route 131–B, the Super–Express Bypass Line, would continue along the LIRR right-of-way to Forest Hills. The westernmost part of the line entailed aggressive completion of the 63rd Street Tunnel, as well as the connections from the tunnel to the IND Sixth Avenue Line and the BMT Broadway Line. The 63rd Street portion of the line would reduce overcrowding on the IND Queens Boulevard Line, on the IRT Flushing Line, and on the 60th Street Tunnels services. The bypass would have used one of the two trackways parallel to, and surrounding, the four-track LIRR Main Line, the trackways, formerly used by the Rockaway Beach Branch, are currently unused

25.
London Waterloo station
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Waterloo main line station is one of 19 in the country that are managed by Network Rail and the station complex is in fare zone 1. The first railway station on site opened in 1848, the present structure was inaugurated in 1922. Part of the station is a Grade II listed building, with just under 100 million National Rail passenger entries/exits in 2015/16, Waterloo is Britains busiest railway station by patronage. Waterloo railway station alone is the 15th-busiest passenger station in Europe, however, including National Rail interchanges, the Underground station, and Waterloo East, the complex handled a total of 211 million passengers in the 2015/2016 financial year. It is therefore the busiest transport hub in Europe and it has more platforms and a greater floor area than any other station in the UK. The station was the London terminus for Eurostar international trains from 1994 until 2007, the London and South Western Railway opened the station on 11 July 1848 as Waterloo Bridge Station when its main line was extended from Nine Elms. The station, designed by William Tite, was raised above ground on a series of arches. The unfulfilled intention was for a station with services to the City of London. In 1886, it officially became Waterloo Station, reflecting long-standing common usage, the L&SWRs aim throughout much of the 19th century was to extend its main line eastward beyond Waterloo into the City of London. Given this, it was reluctant to construct a grand terminus at Waterloo. However traffic and passenger usage continued to grow and the company expanded the station at regular intervals and this resulted in the station becoming increasingly ramshackle. The original 1848 station became known as the Central Station as other platforms were added, each of these stations-within-a-station had its own booking office, taxi stand and public entrances from the street, as well as often poorly marked and confusing access to the rest of the station. Passengers were, not surprisingly, confused by the layout and by the two adjacent stations called Waterloo, from 1897 there had also been the adjacent Necropolis Company station. This complexity and confusion became the butt of jokes by writers and music hall comics for many years in the late 19th century, by the late 1890s the L&SWR accepted that main-line access to the City was impossible. In 1898, the company opened the Waterloo & City line and this gave the company the direct commuter service it had long desired. Legal powers to carry out the work were granted in 1899 and extensive groundwork and slum clearance were carried out until 1904, the new station was opened in stages, the first five new platforms being opened in 1910. The engineers J. W. Jacomb-Hood and Alfred Weeks Szlumper designed the roof and platforms, construction continued sporadically throughout the First World War, and the new station finally opened in 1922, with 21 platforms and a concourse nearly 800 feet long. The new station included a stained glass window depicting the L&SWRs company crest over the main road entrance

26.
Electric locomotive
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An electric locomotive is a locomotive powered by electricity from overhead lines, a third rail or on-board energy storage such as a battery or fuel cell. Electricity is used to smoke and take advantage of the high efficiency of electric motors. One advantage of electrification is the lack of pollution from the locomotives, electrification results in higher performance, lower maintenance costs and lower energy costs. Power plants, even if they burn fossil fuels, are far cleaner than mobile sources such as locomotive engines, the power can come from clean or renewable sources, including geothermal power, hydroelectric power, nuclear power, solar power and wind turbines. Electric locomotives are quiet compared to locomotives since there is no engine and exhaust noise. The lack of reciprocating parts means electric locomotives are easier on the track, Electric locomotives are ideal for commuter rail service with frequent stops. They are used on high-speed lines, such as ICE in Germany, Acela in the U. S. Shinkansen in Japan, China Railway High-speed in China, Electric locomotives are used on freight routes with consistently high traffic volumes, or in areas with advanced rail networks. Electric locomotives benefit from the efficiency of electric motors, often above 90%. Additional efficiency can be gained from regenerative braking, which allows energy to be recovered during braking to put power back on the line. Newer electric locomotives use AC motor-inverter drive systems provide for regenerative braking. The chief disadvantage of electrification is the cost for infrastructure, overhead lines or third rail, substations, public policy in the U. S. interferes with electrification, higher property taxes are imposed on privately owned rail facilities if they are electrified. In Europe and elsewhere, railway networks are considered part of the transport infrastructure, just like roads, highways and waterways. Operators of the rolling stock pay fees according to rail use and this makes possible the large investments required for the technically and, in the long-term, also economically advantageous electrification. Because railroad infrastructure is owned in the U. S. railroads are unwilling to make the necessary investments for electrification. The first known electric locomotive was built in 1837 by chemist Robert Davidson of Aberdeen and it was powered by galvanic cells. Davidson later built a locomotive named Galvani, exhibited at the Royal Scottish Society of Arts Exhibition in 1841. The seven-ton vehicle had two direct-drive reluctance motors, with fixed electromagnets acting on iron bars attached to a cylinder on each axle. It hauled a load of six tons at four miles per hour for a distance of one and it was tested on the Edinburgh and Glasgow Railway in September of the following year, but the limited power from batteries prevented its general use

27.
Czech Republic
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The Czech Republic, also known as Czechia, is a nation state in Central Europe bordered by Germany to the west, Austria to the south, Slovakia to the east and Poland to the northeast. The Czech Republic covers an area of 78,866 square kilometres with mostly temperate continental climate and it is a unitary parliamentary republic, has 10.5 million inhabitants and the capital and largest city is Prague, with over 1.2 million residents. The Czech Republic includes the territories of Bohemia, Moravia. The Czech state was formed in the late 9th century as the Duchy of Bohemia under the Great Moravian Empire, after the fall of the Empire in 907, the centre of power transferred from Moravia to Bohemia under the Přemyslid dynasty. In 1002, the duchy was formally recognized as part of the Holy Roman Empire, becoming the Kingdom of Bohemia in 1198 and reaching its greatest territorial extent in the 14th century. Following the Battle of Mohács in 1526, the whole Crown of Bohemia was gradually integrated into the Habsburg Monarchy alongside the Archduchy of Austria, the Protestant Bohemian Revolt against the Catholic Habsburgs led to the Thirty Years War. After the Battle of the White Mountain, the Habsburgs consolidated their rule, reimposed Roman Catholicism, the Czech part of Czechoslovakia was occupied by Germany in World War II, and was liberated in 1945 by the armies of the Soviet Union and the United States. The Czech country lost the majority of its German-speaking inhabitants after they were expelled following the war, the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia won the 1946 elections. Following the 1948 coup détat, Czechoslovakia became a one-party communist state under Soviet influence, in 1968, increasing dissatisfaction with the regime culminated in a reform movement known as the Prague Spring, which ended in a Soviet-led invasion. Czechoslovakia remained occupied until the 1989 Velvet Revolution, when the communist regime collapsed, on 6 March 1990, the Czech Socialistic Republic was renamed to the Czech Republic. On 1 January 1993, Czechoslovakia peacefully dissolved, with its constituent states becoming the independent states of the Czech Republic and the Slovak Republic. The Czech Republic joined NATO in 1999 and the European Union in 2004, it is a member of the United Nations, the OECD, the OSCE, and it is a developed country with an advanced, high income economy and high living standards. The UNDP ranks the country 14th in inequality-adjusted human development, the Czech Republic also ranks as the 6th most peaceful country, while achieving strong performance in democratic governance. It has the lowest unemployment rate in the European Union, the traditional English name Bohemia derives from Latin Boiohaemum, which means home of the Boii. The current name comes from the endonym Čech, spelled Cžech until the reform in 1842. The name comes from the Slavic tribe and, according to legend, their leader Čech, the etymology of the word Čech can be traced back to the Proto-Slavic root *čel-, meaning member of the people, kinsman, thus making it cognate to the Czech word člověk. The country has traditionally divided into three lands, namely Bohemia in the west, Moravia in the southeast, and Czech Silesia in the northeast. Following the dissolution of Czechoslovakia at the end of 1992, the Czech part of the former nation found itself without a common single-word geographical name in English, the name Czechia /ˈtʃɛkiə/ was recommended by the Czech Ministry of Foreign Affairs

28.
Republic of Ireland
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Ireland, also known as the Republic of Ireland, is a sovereign state in north-western Europe occupying about five-sixths of the island of Ireland. The capital and largest city is Dublin, which is located on the part of the island. The state shares its land border with Northern Ireland, a part of the United Kingdom. It is otherwise surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean, with the Celtic Sea to the south, Saint Georges Channel to the south-east, and it is a unitary, parliamentary republic. The head of government is the Taoiseach, who is elected by the Dáil and appointed by the President, the state was created as the Irish Free State in 1922 as a result of the Anglo-Irish Treaty. It was officially declared a republic in 1949, following the Republic of Ireland Act 1948, Ireland became a member of the United Nations in December 1955. It joined the European Economic Community, the predecessor of the European Union, after joining the EEC, Ireland enacted a series of liberal economic policies that resulted in rapid economic growth. The country achieved considerable prosperity between the years of 1995 and 2007, which known as the Celtic Tiger period. This was halted by a financial crisis that began in 2008. However, as the Irish economy was the fastest growing in the EU in 2015, Ireland is again quickly ascending league tables comparing wealth and prosperity internationally. For example, in 2015, Ireland was ranked as the joint sixth most developed country in the world by the United Nations Human Development Index and it also performs well in several national performance metrics, including freedom of the press, economic freedom and civil liberties. Ireland is a member of the European Union and is a member of the Council of Europe. The 1922 state, comprising 26 of the 32 counties of Ireland, was styled, the Constitution of Ireland, adopted in 1937, provides that the name of the State is Éire, or, in the English language, Ireland. Section 2 of the Republic of Ireland Act 1948 states, It is hereby declared that the description of the State shall be the Republic of Ireland. The 1948 Act does not name the state as Republic of Ireland, because to have done so would have put it in conflict with the Constitution. The government of the United Kingdom used the name Eire, and, from 1949, Republic of Ireland, for the state, as well as Ireland, Éire or the Republic of Ireland, the state is also referred to as the Republic, Southern Ireland or the South. In an Irish republican context it is referred to as the Free State or the 26 Counties. From the Act of Union on 1 January 1801, until 6 December 1922, during the Great Famine, from 1845 to 1849, the islands population of over 8 million fell by 30%

29.
European Union
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The European Union is a political and economic union of 28 member states that are located primarily in Europe. It has an area of 4,475,757 km2, the EU has developed an internal single market through a standardised system of laws that apply in all member states. Within the Schengen Area, passport controls have been abolished, a monetary union was established in 1999 and came into full force in 2002, and is composed of 19 EU member states which use the euro currency. The EU operates through a system of supranational and intergovernmental decision-making. The EU traces its origins from the European Coal and Steel Community, the community and its successors have grown in size by the accession of new member states and in power by the addition of policy areas to its remit. While no member state has left the EU or its antecedent organisations, the Maastricht Treaty established the European Union in 1993 and introduced European citizenship. The latest major amendment to the basis of the EU. The EU as a whole is the largest economy in the world, additionally,27 out of 28 EU countries have a very high Human Development Index, according to the United Nations Development Programme. In 2012, the EU was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize, through the Common Foreign and Security Policy, the EU has developed a role in external relations and defence. The union maintains permanent diplomatic missions throughout the world and represents itself at the United Nations, the World Trade Organization, the G7, because of its global influence, the European Union has been described as an emerging superpower. After World War II, European integration was seen as an antidote to the nationalism which had devastated the continent. 1952 saw the creation of the European Coal and Steel Community, the supporters of the Community included Alcide De Gasperi, Jean Monnet, Robert Schuman, and Paul-Henri Spaak. These men and others are credited as the Founding fathers of the European Union. In 1957, Belgium, France, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands and West Germany signed the Treaty of Rome and they also signed another pact creating the European Atomic Energy Community for co-operation in developing nuclear energy. Both treaties came into force in 1958, the EEC and Euratom were created separately from the ECSC, although they shared the same courts and the Common Assembly. The EEC was headed by Walter Hallstein and Euratom was headed by Louis Armand, Euratom was to integrate sectors in nuclear energy while the EEC would develop a customs union among members. During the 1960s, tensions began to show, with France seeking to limit supranational power, Jean Rey presided over the first merged Commission. In 1973, the Communities enlarged to include Denmark, Ireland, Norway had negotiated to join at the same time, but Norwegian voters rejected membership in a referendum

30.
Boston and Providence Railroad
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The Boston and Providence Railroad was an early US Railroad in New England, connecting Boston and Providence and is now part of Amtraks Northeast Corridor. The Boston and Providence Railroad was incorporated June 21,1831, the first section, from Boston to Canton with a branch to Dedham, opened in 1834, and the rest on July 28,1835 with the completion of the Canton Viaduct. Stations in Jamaica Plain allowed the development of one of the first commuter suburbs in America. Until 1899, when South Station opened, the Boston terminal was at Park Square, with a crossing at grade of the Boston, a ferry across the Providence River connected Fox Point to the South Providence terminal of the New York, Providence and Boston Railroad. In 1847, the Providence and Worcester Railroad opened between downtown Providence and Worcester, Massachusetts, at the same time, the B&P built a connection west from its main line in southern Attleboro to the P&W in Central Falls. The B&P and P&W jointly owned the south of Central Falls into downtown Providence. On April 1,1888, the Old Colony Railroad leased the B&P for 99 years, the New York, New Haven and Hartford Railroad leased the Old Colony on March 1,1893, and assumed the lease. The New Haven used the B&P as part of its main Boston - New York City Shore Line, when Bostons South Station opened in 1899, a new line was built along the south side of the Boston and Albany Railroad to it, near the B&As terminal. The old line to Park Square was abandoned, the East Side Railroad Tunnel opened in 1908 between East Providence and downtown Providence. This provided a route into Providence, using the old alignment to East Providence. The tunnel is no longer in use, having been disconnected on the side, with its entrance underneath the What Cheer Building. The Penn Central Transportation Company was created in 1968 through a merger that included the New York, New Haven, the Penn Central bankruptcy in the early 1970s coincided with the creation of Amtrak. Penn Central merged the Boston and Providence Railroad into itself in 1972 and it hosts the Acela Express, the only high-speed rail service in North America. In 1973, the MBTA purchased the portion of the B&P main line in Massachusetts, including the Stoughton Branch, the portion in Rhode Island was sold to Amtrak in 1976. Dedham The first branch was the Dedham Branch to Dedham from Readville, the Norfolk County Railroad opened in 1849, continuing from Dedham to the southwest. In 1850, a branch to Dedham opened from Forest Hills. Another outlet for the Dedham Branch opened in 1906, with a connection west to the New England Railroad at Needham Junction. The Dedham Branch from Forest Hills to that connection is still in use as the Needham Branch of the MBTA Commuter Rail, Stoughton The Stoughton Branch Railroad was incorporated April 16,1844 as a branch of the B&P from Canton Junction to Stoughton

31.
Huntsville Hospital Tram System
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The Huntsville Hospital Tram System is an automated people mover system located as part of the Huntsville Hospital System complex in Huntsville, Alabama, United States. Operating on a 1, 890-foot concrete guideway, the serve to connect the Huntsville Hospital with the Huntsville Hospital for Women & Children. At the time of completion, this was the hospital people mover system in the United States after the Duke University Medical Center Patient Rapid Transit. As of January 2010, this is the automated people mover system completed in the state of Alabama.9 million. The two 1, 890-foot concrete guideways are elevated 30 feet above the surface, costing $280,000 annually to operate, the Huntsville Hospital Tram System handles approximately 2,200 passengers per day. The vehicles were designed by the Gangloff company of Switzerland, each car can handle three seated and 38 standing passengers. Additionally, each car was designed to accommodate the largest bed in use by the hospital for the transport of patients, the system offers two separate modes for reaching the various stations, a Local Mode and an Express Mode. The Local Mode makes all four stops, primarily traveling along the northern track The Express Mode only travels between the two termini, primarily along the southern track, the idea of developing a tram system for Huntsville Hospital was initially proposed in mid-1997. The tram was proposed as a solution to both parking issues and to allow for easier connectivity between the buildings of the sprawling hospital campus. By December 1998, plans for the system moved forward after gaining approval of several property variances from the Huntsville Board of Zoning Adjustment to allow for its construction, by early 2000 construction of the system would commence, with an initial opening slated for summer 2001. However, due to delays and the need for enhanced security along the system in the wake of the September 11 attacks, the system would not open until June 19,2002. By 2004, use of the resulted in the elimination of approximately 4,500 annual ambulance trips

32.
Automated people mover
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A people mover or automated people mover is a type of grade-separated mass transit system. The term was applied to three different systems, developed roughly at the same time. One was Skybus, a mass transit system prototyped by the Westinghouse Electric Corporation beginning in 1964. The second, alternately called the People Mover and Minirail, opened in Montreal at Expo 67, finally the last, called PeopleMover or WEDway PeopleMover, was an attraction that was originally presented by Goodyear Tire and Rubber Company and that opened at Disneyland in 1967. Now, however, the people mover is generic, and may use technologies such as monorail, duorail. Propulsion may involve conventional on-board electric motors, linear motors or cable traction, generally speaking, larger APMs are referred to by other names. The most generic is automated guideway transit, which encompasses any automated system regardless of size, some complex APMs deploy fleets of small vehicles over a track network with off-line stations, and supply near non-stop service to passengers. These taxi-like systems are usually referred to as personal rapid transit. Larger systems, with vehicles with 20 to 40 passengers, are referred to as group rapid transit. Other complex APMs have similar characteristics to mass transit systems, another term Light Metro is also applied to describe the system worldwide. One of the first automated systems for human transportation was the screw-driven Never-Stop-Railway, constructed for the British Empire Exhibition at Wembley, London in 1924. This railway consisted of 88 unmanned carriages, on a double track along the northern and eastern sides of the exhibition. The railway ran reliably for the two years of the exhibition, and was then dismantled, small sections of this track bed, and a nearby heavy rail track bed, have been proposed for reuse. if Goodyear had ever considered working on People Movers. He felt that with Goodyears ability to move materials in large quantities on conveyor belts they should consider moving batches of people. Four years of engineering design, development and testing led to a joint patent being issued for three types of people movers, named Speedwalk, Speedramp, and Carveyor, Goodyear would sell the concept and Stephens-Adamson would manufacture and install the components. A Speedwalk consisted of a conveyor belt riding on a series of rollers, or a flat slippery surface. The passengers would walk onto the belt and could stand or walk to the exit point and they were supported by a moving handrail. Customers were expected to include airport terminals, ballparks, train stations, today, several manufacturers produce similar units called moving walkways

33.
Hunts Cross railway station
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Hunts Cross railway station is a Grade II listed railway station in Hunts Cross, Liverpool, England. It is situated on the branch of the City Lines Liverpool to Manchester route. Originally built by the Cheshire Lines Committee and opened in May 1874 and it was also a junction at the southern end of the North Liverpool Extension Line to Gateacre, West Derby, north Liverpool docks and Southport. This line was closed in stages from 1952 to 1979 and is now part of National Cycle Network Route 62, the closure of the North Liverpool route left Hunts Cross to be served by the local service from Liverpool Lime Street to Warrington and Manchester. In 1983 Merseyrails electrified Northern Line from Liverpool Central was extended to Hunts Cross from its previous terminus at Garston, one of the former Gateacre line platforms was reinstated as a bay platform for terminating electric services. Northern Line trains originally ran through to Kirkby, but in 1984 the timetable was altered, when the Merseyrail service was introduced, the service from Liverpool Lime Street to Manchester was cut back to terminate at Hunts Cross. Passengers from Manchester wishing to continue to Liverpool had to change to a Merseyrail train and this arrangement was short-lived and ended in 1989 when the through trains to Lime Street were restored. From 11 June 2006, the number of Manchester-bound trains stopping at Hunts Cross was reduced from two trains per hour to one, however, during morning and evening peaks the half-hourly frequency is still maintained. From 11 December 2006, the Monday-Saturday evening Northern Line service was increased to run every 15 minutes, previously, services had reduced to a half-hourly frequency after 7. 30pm. In the May 2013 Network News section of the Northern Line timetable, the station is in a cutting and is reached by stepped ramps from the ticket office. A building on the Southport/Manchester-bound platform contains a toilet, a snack shop. The former main building has been converted into a bar/restaurant and has been replaced by a modern ticket office. A small car park is available, and bus stops are nearby, train running information is offered via digital display screens and automated announcements. Merseyrail electric Northern Line services operate from Southport via Liverpool Central every 15 minutes Monday to Saturday, in addition, a limited number of peak-hour services operated by East Midlands Trains additionally stop here between Liverpool, Manchester and Nottingham/Norwich. Hunts Cross station currently has three operational platforms, Northern and East Midlands Trains services bound for Liverpool Lime Street. Northern services bound for Warrington Central and Manchester Oxford Road, Merseyrail services bound for Liverpool Central and Southport. The track serving platform 2 is also electrified and can be used by Merseyrail EMUs if the platform is blocked. This facility is used rarely, as any terminating train in this platform will block the line towards Manchester

34.
Railway platform
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A railway platform is a section of pathway, alongside rail tracks at a railway station, metro station or tram stop, at which passengers may board or alight from trains or trams. Almost all rail stations have some form of platform, with larger stations having multiple platforms, the term platform has also gained usage as a verb among some rail conductors, as in, The first two cars will not platform at. The term railway platform can also mean any type of freight platform beside a rail siding for loading/unloading freight to/from rail cars. The most basic form of platform consists of an area at the level as the track. This would often not be considered a true platform, the more traditional platform is elevated relative to the track but often lower than the train floor, although ideally they should be at the same level. On the London Underground some stations are served by both District line and Piccadilly line trains, and the Piccadilly trains have lower floors. A tram stop is often in the middle of the street, usually it has as a platform a refuge area of a height to that of the sidewalk. The latter requires extra care by passengers and other traffic to avoid accidents, both types of tram stops can be seen in the tram networks of Melbourne and Toronto. A train station may be served by heavy-rail and light-rail vehicles with lower floors and have a dual- height platform, platform types include the bay platform, side platform, split platform and island platform. A bay platform is one at which the track terminates, i. e. a dead-end or siding, trains serving a bay platform must reverse in or out. A side platform is the usual type, alongside tracks where the train arrives from one end. An island platform has through platforms on both sides, it may be indented on one or both ends, with bay platforms, to reach an island platform there may be a bridge, a tunnel, or a level crossing. The climb up to the bridge or down to the tunnel may use stairs, ramps, escalators, lifts, or a combination of the above. Some, such as London Waterloo East, use instead of numbers, some, such as Paris-Gare de Lyon, use letters for one group of platforms. Usually platform numbering is a numbering of the areas in the station. In some cases, tracks used only for traffic without platform access also have a number. In North America, reference is made to a track. The term platform is used in the US, but a single island platform may have access to two tracks

35.
Liverpool Central railway station
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Liverpool Central railway station in Liverpool, England, forms a central hub of the Merseyrail network, being on both the Northern Line and the Wirral Line. The station is located underground on two levels, below the site of a mainline terminus. It is the busiest station in Liverpool, though smaller than Lime Street station, the mainline terminus. In terms of entries and exits between April 2010 and March 2011, Liverpool Central is the seventh-busiest station outside London. The station is the busiest underground station outside London serving 40,000 people daily, Liverpool Central is one of nine stations on the Merseyrail network to incorporate automatic ticket gates. The main concourse is part of a centre and includes a subway link to the former Lewiss department store. The original station, which was a large, above-ground terminal station, opened on 2 March 1874 and it replaced Brunswick station as the CLCs Liverpool terminus, becoming the headquarters of the committee. The three-storey building fronted Ranelagh Street in the city centre, with a 65 feet high, arched iron and glass train shed behind. In 1966, most services on the CLC route were diverted to Liverpool Lime Street via the Hunts Cross chord, leaving only an urban commuter trains per day to. These final services were withdrawn on 17 April 1972 with a promise to reinstate the Gateacre route when the Merseyrail network was completed in 1978, the area of the train shed now forms the centre of the planned Central Village development. The Mersey Railway tunnel entering Central Low Level from the north of the station was aligned with the high level stations approach tunnel from the south. This was to ensure minimum engineering work if there was to be a link up of the two tunnels – as did occur when the two tunnels were linked in the 1970s. In the 1970s, the Merseyrail network was created by merging separate railways into one comprehensive network, Central underground station would service the Northern Line and Wirral Lines. A new loop tunnel was built in Liverpool city centre for Wirral Line trains, linking James Street with Moorfields, Lime Street, Liverpool Central, a new deep-level underground platform was built at Liverpool Central as part of this loop tunnel. The former CLC route was taken underground connecting to the underground Mersey Railway platforms, another new tunnel, the Link Tunnel, allowed trains to continue northwards via Moorfields to the approach lines to Liverpool Exchange, creating one long line from Hunts Cross to Southport. Liverpool Exchange terminal station was closed in 1977 and this route became the Merseyrail Northern Line. The rebuilt underground station opened by British Rail in 1977, in the original 1970s Merseyrail plan, southbound trains would have continued to Warrington and Manchester, however, services terminated at Garston, then later extended to Hunts Cross. Trains would have operated from Central station to the east of the city, on 26 October 2005 a Wirral Line train derailed on the approach to Liverpool Central en route from Liverpool Lime Street

36.
Manchester Central railway station
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Manchester Central railway station is a former railway station in Manchester city centre, England. One of Manchesters main railway terminals between 1880 and 1969, it has converted into an exhibition and conference centre named Manchester Central. The structure is a Grade II* listed building, the station was built between 1875 and 1880 by the Cheshire Lines Committee, and was officially opened on 1 July 1880. The architect was Sir John Fowler and the engineers were Richard Johnson, Andrew Johnston, while it was being built, a temporary facility, Manchester Free Trade Hall Station was in use from 9 September 1877. It had two platforms serving four tracks. When the station opened, the station became Manchester Central Goods. In 1963 building was Grade II* listed for its special architectural or historic interest, the stations roof is a single span wrought iron truss structure 550 feet long with a span of 210 feet, and was 90 feet high at its apex above the railtracks. Glass covered the section, timber and slate covered the outer quarters. The end screens were glazed with timber boarding surrounding the outer edges and it was constructed by Andrew Handyside and Co. The substructure and masonry partition were provided by Robert Neill and Sons of Manchester, underneath the train shed is a large brick undercroft with intersecting tunnel vaults, above which were six platforms above street level which exited the station onto viaducts and bridges. The undercroft was used for storage and connected to the adjacent goods sidings by a carriage lift, the stations two-storey south wall has 15 bays separated by brick pilasters. At ground-floor level the bays have three round-headed windows and at level three square-headed. In the 20th century a glazed canopy was erected at the entrance at north end, the Midland Hotel was built by the Midland Railway in 1898-1903 on an adjacent site. The Midland Railway, one of the CLCs partners, used Manchester Central as its terminus for services including trains to London St Pancras. Beginning in 1938, the London, Midland and Scottish Railway ran two prestige expresses, The Peaks and the Palatine, stopping en route at Chinley, Millers Dale, Matlock, Derby and Leicester. Between 1960 and 15 April 1966, during the electrification of the West Coast Main Line, Central Station was the terminus for the Midland Pullman and this stopped at Cheadle Heath, before running fast to St Pancras. Services through Millers Dale finished in July 1968 when the line was closed as a through route, on 8 June 1939, a passenger train departed against a danger signal and was in collision with another passenger train. Over a decade Central Station fell into a state, was damaged by fire

37.
Joseph R. Anderson
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Joseph Reid Anderson was an American civil engineer, industrialist, and soldier. During the American Civil War he served as a Confederate general, starting with a small forge and rolling mill in the mid-1830s, It was a flourishing operation by 1843 when he leased it. He eventually bought the company outright in 1848 and forcefully and aggressively built Tredegar Iron Works into the Souths largest and most significant iron works, when the Civil War broke out he entered the Army as a Brigadier General in 1861. Shortly after he was wounded and then resigned from the Army returning to the iron works and it was the confederacies major and for much of the war only source of cannons and munitions, employing some 900 workers, most of whom slaves. His plant was confiscated by the United States In 1865, but returned to him in 1867, Anderson was very active in local civic and political affairs. Joseph Reid Anderson was born at Walnut Hill near Fincastle, the county seat of Botetourt County, the grandson of Scotch-Irish immigrants, he was the son of Colonel William Anderson and Anne Anderson. The elder Anderson had served in the American Revolutionary War, and was also a colonel of a Virginia regiment in the War of 1812. Josephs father was a engineer and surveyor and was later responsible for the building of the turnpike that is now U. S. Route 220. Col. Andersons son was to follow in similar work, Joseph was appointed to the United States Military Academy at West Point, New York, and graduated 4th in his class in 1836. His primary duty with the Corps of Engineers was in the construction of Fort Pulaski to guard the Port of Savannah, Georgia. Anderson married Sara Eliza Archer, daughter of Dr. Robert Archer, in 1841, Anderson joined the Tredegar Iron Company in Richmond, Virginia, eventually becoming its owner in 1848. When the Civil War came, the Tredegar Iron Company emerged as the heart of the Confederate States of America. Using slave and free labor, Anderson supervised ordnance and munitions production through most of the war. Anderson, a supporter of secession and states rights, was commissioned a Major of artillery in August 1861. With the mounting threat to Richmond during the Peninsula Campaign, Anderson was placed in command of the 3rd Brigade in A. P. Hills newly formed Light Division. During the Seven Days Battles, he saw action at Mechanicsville, Gaines Mill, General Anderson resigned his army commission on July 19,1862, and served the Confederate war effort in the Ordnance Department until the evacuation of Richmond on the night of April 2–3,1865. As a result, the Tredegar Iron Works is one of few Civil War era buildings in the district that survived the burning of Richmond. His son, Archer Anderson, became involved in the business, another son Joseph Reid Anderson, went to the Virginia Military Institute after the Civil War and later taught there, and is considered to be the Second Founder of the Alpha Tau Omega Fraternity

38.
United States
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Forty-eight of the fifty states and the federal district are contiguous and located in North America between Canada and Mexico. The state of Alaska is in the northwest corner of North America, bordered by Canada to the east, the state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific Ocean. The U. S. territories are scattered about the Pacific Ocean, the geography, climate and wildlife of the country are extremely diverse. At 3.8 million square miles and with over 324 million people, the United States is the worlds third- or fourth-largest country by area, third-largest by land area. It is one of the worlds most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, paleo-Indians migrated from Asia to the North American mainland at least 15,000 years ago. European colonization began in the 16th century, the United States emerged from 13 British colonies along the East Coast. Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the following the Seven Years War led to the American Revolution. On July 4,1776, during the course of the American Revolutionary War, the war ended in 1783 with recognition of the independence of the United States by Great Britain, representing the first successful war of independence against a European power. The current constitution was adopted in 1788, after the Articles of Confederation, the first ten amendments, collectively named the Bill of Rights, were ratified in 1791 and designed to guarantee many fundamental civil liberties. During the second half of the 19th century, the American Civil War led to the end of slavery in the country. By the end of century, the United States extended into the Pacific Ocean. The Spanish–American War and World War I confirmed the status as a global military power. The end of the Cold War and the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 left the United States as the sole superpower. The U. S. is a member of the United Nations, World Bank, International Monetary Fund, Organization of American States. The United States is a developed country, with the worlds largest economy by nominal GDP. It ranks highly in several measures of performance, including average wage, human development, per capita GDP. While the U. S. economy is considered post-industrial, characterized by the dominance of services and knowledge economy, the United States is a prominent political and cultural force internationally, and a leader in scientific research and technological innovations. In 1507, the German cartographer Martin Waldseemüller produced a map on which he named the lands of the Western Hemisphere America after the Italian explorer and cartographer Amerigo Vespucci

39.
Steam locomotive
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A steam locomotive is a railway locomotive that produces its pulling power through a steam engine. These locomotives are fueled by burning combustible material—usually coal, wood, the steam moves reciprocating pistons which are mechanically connected to the locomotives main wheels. Both fuel and water supplies are carried with the locomotive, either on the locomotive itself or in wagons pulled behind, the first steam locomotive, made by Richard Trevithick, first operated on 21 February 1804, three years after the road locomotive he made in 1801. The first practical steam locomotive was built in 1812-13 by John Blenkinsop, Steam locomotives were first developed in Great Britain during the early 19th century and used for railway transport until the middle of the 20th century. From the early 1900s they were superseded by electric and diesel locomotives, with full conversions to electric. The majority of locomotives were retired from regular service by the 1980s, though several continue to run on tourist. The earliest railways employed horses to draw carts along railway tracks, in 1784, William Murdoch, a Scottish inventor, built a small-scale prototype of a steam road locomotive. An early working model of a rail locomotive was designed and constructed by steamboat pioneer John Fitch in the US during 1794. His steam locomotive used interior bladed wheels guided by rails or tracks, the model still exists at the Ohio Historical Society Museum in Columbus. The authenticity and date of this locomotive is disputed by some experts, accompanied by Andrew Vivian, it ran with mixed success. The design incorporated a number of important innovations that included using high-pressure steam which reduced the weight of the engine, Trevithick visited the Newcastle area in 1804 and had a ready audience of colliery owners and engineers. The visit was so successful that the railways in north-east England became the leading centre for experimentation. Trevithick continued his own steam propulsion experiments through another trio of locomotives, Four years later, the successful twin-cylinder locomotive Salamanca by Matthew Murray for the edge railed rack and pinion Middleton Railway debuted in 1812. Another well known early locomotive was Puffing Billy built 1813–14 by engineer William Hedley and it was intended to work on the Wylam Colliery near Newcastle upon Tyne. This locomotive is the oldest preserved, and is on display in the Science Museum. George Stephenson built Locomotion No.1 for the Stockton and Darlington Railway, north-east England, in 1829, his son Robert built in Newcastle The Rocket which was entered in and won the Rainhill Trials. This success led to the company emerging as the pre-eminent builder of locomotives used on railways in the UK, US. The Liverpool and Manchester Railway opened a year later making exclusive use of power for passenger

40.
Tredegar Iron Works
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The Tredegar Iron Works was a historic iron works in Richmond, the capital of the U. S. state of Virginia. Opened in 1837, by 1860 it was the third-largest iron manufacturer in the United States, during the American Civil War, the works served as the primary iron and artillery production facility of the Confederate States of America. The iron works avoided destruction during the Evacuation Fire of 1865, in 1836, a group of Richmond businessmen and industrialists led by Francis B. Deane, Jr. set about to capitalize on the railroad boom in the United States. The group hired Rhys Davies, then an engineer, to construct a new facility, brought a number of his fellow iron workers from Tredegar, Wales, to construct the furnaces. The foundry was named in honor of the town of Tredegar, the new works opened in 1837, yet the Panic of 1837 and accompanying downturn resulted in hardship for the new company. Davies died in Richmond in September 1838 from stab wounds sustained in a fight with a workman and was buried on Belle Isle in the James River. In 1841, the owners turned management over to a 28-year-old civil engineer named Joseph Reid Anderson who proved to be an able manager. Anderson acquired ownership of the foundry in 1848, after two years of leasing the works, and was doing work for the United States government. Anderson began introducing slave labor to cut production costs, by the beginning of the Civil War in 1861, half of the 900 workers were slaves, including many in skilled positions. By 1860, Andersons father-in-law Dr. Robert Archer had joined the business, one of those attributed with starting the Tredegar Locomotive Works with John Souther was Zerah Colburn, the well-known locomotive engineer and journalist. The company produced about 70 steam locomotives between 1850 and 1860, from 1852 to 1854, John Souther also managed the locomotive shop at Tredegar. Its locomotive production work is listed with combinations of the names Anderson, Souther, Delaney. Tredegar also produced the steam plants for the USS Roanoke. Prior to the Civil War, industry expanded at the Tredegar site under Andersons direction to include a new mill on land leased to Lewis D. Crenshaw. By 1860, Crenshaw and Co. had established the Crenshaw Woolen Mill on adjoining land they owned and this enterprise employed more than 50 people. The Crenshaw Woolen Mill became the source of supply for the Armys requirements of uniform material during the first half of the Civil War. A May 16,1863 fire on the Tredegar/Crenshaw site damaged the mill, which was not rebuilt, Tredegar supplied high-quality munitions to the Confederacy during the war

Rail transport
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Rail transport is a means of conveyance of passengers and goods on wheeled vehicles running on rails, also known as tracks. It is also referred to as train transport. In contrast to road transport, where vehicles run on a flat surface. Tracks usually consist of rails, installed on ties and ballast, on which the rolling stock, usually fitted with me

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Four BNSF GE C44-9W diesel locomotives hauling a mixed freight train along the banks of the Columbia River, between Kennewick and Wishram, Washington State, United States

2.
Horsecar in Brno, Czech Republic

3.
A British steam locomotive-hauled train

4.
Tren a las Nubes (Train to the Clouds), located in Salta, Argentina

Train
–
A train is a form of rail transport consisting of a series of vehicles that usually runs along a rail track to transport cargo or passengers. Motive power is provided by a locomotive or individual motors in self-propelled multiple units. Although historically steam propulsion dominated, the most common forms are diesel and electric locomotives. Oth

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A BNSF intermodal freight train passes through Wisconsin, United States

2.
Steam locomotive -hauled passenger train

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British Rail Class 390 Electric multiple unit train

4.
A Transperth B-series train

Railroad car
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A railroad car or railcar, railway wagon or railway carriage, also called a train car or train wagon, is a vehicle used for the carrying of cargo or passengers on a rail transport system. Such cars, when coupled together and hauled by one or more locomotives, alternatively, some passenger cars are self-propelled in which case they may be either sin

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American wooden clerestory cars on display at the Mid-Continent Railway Museum in North Freedom, USA.

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British Rail Mark 3 coach, an all-steel car from the 1970s

3.
Inside a modern day car from Finland

4.
American style Hopper Car

Rail tracks
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The track on a railway or railroad, also known as the permanent way, is the structure consisting of the rails, fasteners, railroad ties and ballast, plus the underlying subgrade. It enables trains to move by providing a surface for their wheels to roll upon. For clarity it is referred to as railway track or railroad track. Tracks where electric tra

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Ballastless high-speed track in China

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Minimum

3.
Ladder track at Shinagawa Station, Tokyo, Japan

4.
Diagram of cross section of 1830s ladder type track used on the Leeds and Selby Railway

Permanent way
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The track on a railway or railroad, also known as the permanent way, is the structure consisting of the rails, fasteners, railroad ties and ballast, plus the underlying subgrade. It enables trains to move by providing a surface for their wheels to roll upon. For clarity it is referred to as railway track or railroad track. Tracks where electric tra

1.
Ballastless high-speed track in China

2.
Minimum

3.
Ladder track at Shinagawa Station, Tokyo, Japan

4.
Diagram of cross section of 1830s ladder type track used on the Leeds and Selby Railway

Locomotive
–
A locomotive or engine is a rail transport vehicle that provides the motive power for a train. A locomotive has no payload capacity of its own, and its purpose is to move the train along the tracks. In contrast, some trains have self-propelled payload-carrying vehicles and these are not normally considered locomotives, and may be referred to as mul

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Three body styles of diesel locomotive: cab unit, hood unit and box cab. These locomotives are operated by Pacific National in Australia.

2.
R class steam locomotive number R707 as operated by the Victorian Railways of Australia.

3.
A Green Cargo RC 4 class electric locomotive repainted in its original livery for the Swedish 150-year railway anniversary in 2006.

4.
The first passenger railway, the Liverpool and Manchester Railway, in England.

Multiple unit
–
Multiple units are self-propelled train carriages capable of coupling with other units of the same or similar type and still being controlled from one driving cab. Often these are passenger trainsets consisting of more than one carriage, single self-propelling carriages are multiple units if capable of operating with other units. Multiple units are

1.
A classic Belgian multiple unit of type 74

2.
A sign at a light rail stop in Stuttgart, Germany which includes pictorial information advising passengers whether services will be formed of single or double / twin multiple-unit light rail vehicles.

3.
The Transwa Prospector DEMU capable of up to 200 km/h provides a passenger service between Perth, Western Australia and the mining town of Kalgoorlie

Rail transport operations
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A railway has two major components, the rolling stock and the infrastructure. The operation of the railway is through a system of control, originally by mechanical means, signalling systems used to control the movement of traffic may be either of fixed block or moving block variety. Fixed block signalling Most blocks are fixed blocks, i. e. they de

1.
Two British Rail Class 143 DMUs at Cardiff Queen Street station in the United Kingdom. Both trains are operated by Arriva Trains Wales.

2.
The Secunderabad Railway Station is one of the busiest stations of Indian Railways

3.
Freight wagons await unloading

Train station
–
A train station, railway station, railroad station, or depot is a railway facility where trains regularly stop to load or unload passengers or freight. It generally consists of at least one platform and a station building providing such ancillary services as ticket sales. If a station is on a line, it often has a passing loop to facilitate traffic

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Broad Green station, Liverpool, shown in 1962, opened in 1830, is the oldest station site in the world still in use as a passenger station.

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Baker Street station, London, opened in 1863, was the world's first station to be completely underground. Its original part, seen here, is just below the surface and was constructed by cut-and-cover.

3.
Opened in 2006, Berlin Hauptbahnhof is a large station at the crossing point of two major railways and features modern, abstract architecture. Berlin used to have a ring of terminus stations, similar to London and Paris, but these were gradually replaced with through stations over the period of 1882–1952.

4.
Liverpool Lime Street Station's frontage resembles a château and is the world's oldest used terminus

History of rail transport
–
Including systems with man or horse power, and tracks or guides made of stone or wood, the history of rail transport dates back as far as the ancient Greeks. Wagonways were relatively common in Europe from about 1500 through 1800, mechanised rail transport systems first appeared in England in the 1820s. These systems, which use of the steam locomot

1.
Horse-drawn railway coach, late 18th century

2.
Density of the railway net in Europe 1896

3.
Minecart shown in De Re Metallica (1556). The guide pin fits in a groove between two wooden planks.

4.
A replica of Trevithick's engine at the National Waterfront Museum, Swansea

Rail terminology
–
Rail terminology is a form of technical terminology. The difference between the American term railroad and the term railway is the most significant difference in rail terminology. There are also others, due to the development of rail transport systems in different parts of the world. Various global terms are presented here, where a term has multipl

Rail transport modelling
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Railway modelling or model railroading is a hobby in which rail transport systems are modelled at a reduced scale. The earliest model railways were the railways in the 1840s. Electric trains appeared around the start of the 20th century, Model trains today are more realistic. Today modellers create model railway layouts, often recreating real locat

2.
The Miniatur Wunderland in Hamburg, Germany is the largest model railway in the world.

3.
One of the smallest (Z scale, 1:220) placed on the buffer bar of one of the larger (live steam, 1:8) model locomotives.

Roosevelt Island (IND 63rd Street Line)
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Roosevelt Island is a station on the IND 63rd Street Line of the New York City Subway. Located in Manhattan on Roosevelt Island in the East River, it is served by the F train at all times, the current plans were drawn up in the 1960s under the MTAs Program For Action. The construction of a station was viewed to be vital for the development of the i

1.
Roosevelt Island

2.
Platforms and tracks

3.
Station Entrance

Metro station
–
A metro station or subway station is a railway station for a rapid transit system, which as a whole is usually called a Metro or Subway. The station provides a means for passengers to purchase tickets, access trains stopping at its platforms, the location of a metro station is carefully planned to provide easy access to important urban facilities s

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Outside the Consolação Metro station on Paulista Avenue in São Paulo, Brazil.

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Georg-Brauchle-Ring station of the Munich U-Bahn, Germany.

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Every station of the Paris Métro Line 14 in France has automatic platform screen doors.

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Display of archeological relics found during construction in Athens Metro, part of the Syntagma Metro Station Archaeological Collection.

63rd Street Lines
–
The two lines run under 63rd Street on the Upper East Side of Manhattan and meet at the Lexington Avenue–63rd Street station. The IND line is served by F trains at all times, the BMT line is served by the Q train at all times, and some N trains during rush hours. Also known as the Second Avenue Connector, it links the BMT Broadway Line to the IND S

New York City Subway
–
Opened in 1904, the New York City Subway is one of the worlds oldest public transit systems, one of the worlds most used metro systems, and the metro system with the most stations. It offers service 24 hours per day, every day of the year, the New York City Subway is the largest rapid transit system in the world by number of stations, with 472 stat

2.
Top: A 6 train made up of R142A cars enters the Parkchester station. Bottom: An E train made up of R160A cars waits for passengers at the 42nd Street – Port Authority Bus Terminal station.

3.
The City Hall station of the IRT Lexington Avenue Line opened on October 27, 1904.

4.
Graffiti became a notable symbol of declining service during the 1970s.

Manhattan
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Manhattan is the most densely populated borough of New York City, its economic and administrative center, and the citys historical birthplace. The borough is coextensive with New York County, founded on November 1,1683, Manhattan is often described as the cultural and financial capital of the world and hosts the United Nations Headquarters. Many mu

1.
View from Midtown Manhattan, facing south toward Lower Manhattan

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Peter Minuit, early 1600s.

3.
The Castello Plan showing the Dutch colonial city of New Amsterdam in 1660 – then confined to the southern tip of Manhattan Island.

4.
J.Q.A. Ward 's statue of George Washington in front of Federal Hall (on Wall Street) where he was inaugurated as the first U.S. President in 1789.

Roosevelt Island
–
Roosevelt Island is a narrow island in New York Citys East River. It lies between Manhattan Island to its west and the borough of Queens on Long Island to its east, and is part of the borough of Manhattan. Running from the equivalent of East 46th to 85th Streets on Manhattan Island, it is about 2 miles long, with a width of 800 feet. Together with

1.
Main Street on Roosevelt Island

2.
The 1889 Chapel of the Good Shepherd in modern surroundings

3.
Roosevelt Island, in the East River (center, running from left to right), in 1981, with Manhattan behind and Queens in front. New Jersey is in the background.

East River
–
The East River is a salt water tidal estuary in New York City. The waterway, which is not a river despite its name. It separates the borough of Queens on Long Island from the Bronx on the North American mainland, and also divides Manhattan from Queens and Brooklyn, because of its connection to Long Island Sound, it was once also known as the Sound

1.
East River and the headquarters of the United Nations in Manhattan, as seen from Roosevelt Island.

2.
The East River is shown in red on this satellite photo of New York City.

3.
A map from 1781

4.
Exposition display showing cross-section of East River railroad tunnel to Pennsylvania Station

F (New York City Subway service)
–
The F Sixth Avenue Local is a rapid transit service in the B Division of the New York City Subway. Its route bullet is colored bright orange since it uses the IND Sixth Avenue Line in Manhattan, some rush hour trains short turn at Kings Highway due to capacity issues at Stillwell Avenue. F service officially began on December 15,1940 operating betw

3.
A train made of R46 cars in F service, about to stop at and pick up passengers from Avenue P, bound for Coney Island.

4.
Services

New York City Transit Authority
–
The New York City Transit Authority is a public authority in the U. S. state of New York that operates public transportation in New York City. Part of the Metropolitan Transportation Authority, the busiest and largest transit system in North America, the NYCTA operates the following systems, New York City Subway, a rapid transit system in Manhattan

1.
The New York City Transit Authority (trading as MTA New York City Bus/Subway and Access-A-Ride) provides bus, subway, and paratransit service throughout New York City.

2.
Headquarters in Brooklyn

3.
R33 car painted in its original livery

4.
Then-NYCT President and current MTA Chairman & CEO Thomas F. Prendergast at the opening of the Court Square subway complex.

Transit-oriented development
–
In urban planning, a transit-oriented development is a type of urban development that maximizes the amount of residential, business and leisure space within walking distance of public transport. A TOD typically includes a transit stop surrounded by a high-density mixed-use area. A TOD is also designed to be more walkable than other built-up areas,

1.
The local government of Arlington County, Virginia encourages transit-oriented development within 1 ⁄ 4 to 1 ⁄ 2 mile (400 to 800 m) from the County's Washington Metro rapid transit stations, with mixed-use development, bikesharing and walkability.

4.
Land use planning allowed high density to develop along Curitiba's BRT corridors

IND Queens Boulevard Line
–
The IND Queens Boulevard Line, sometimes abbreviated as QBL, is a line of the B Division of the New York City Subway in Manhattan and Queens, New York City, United States. The line, which is underground throughout its route, contains 23 stations. As of 2015, it is among the systems busiest lines, the Queens Boulevard Lines eastern terminus is the f

1.
39th Avenue Ventilation Complex on Northern Boulevard

2.
Briarwood station police HQ

3.
Services

Program for Action
–
It was one of the most ambitious expansion plans in the history of the New York City Subway, with 40 miles of track miles to be added to the New York City Subway within Queens alone. Transport improvements built under the Program for Action were supposed to relieve overcrowding on existing transit modes in the New York City area. The remaining proj

1.
The Lexington Avenue – 63rd Street station, one of six ultimately built as part of the Program for Action, prior to its 2013 renovation

2.
The 57th Street station of the Chrystie Street Connection, which predated the Program for Action

3.
The super-express bypass would have used the outermost trackways of the Long Island Rail Road 's Main Line (shown). LIRR service would use the four tracks shown here, which would have been the inner tracks of the bypass.

4.
One of the tunnels from the BMT 63rd Street Line to the Second Avenue Subway

London Waterloo station
–
Waterloo main line station is one of 19 in the country that are managed by Network Rail and the station complex is in fare zone 1. The first railway station on site opened in 1848, the present structure was inaugurated in 1922. Part of the station is a Grade II listed building, with just under 100 million National Rail passenger entries/exits in 20

1.
Aerial view from the south

2.
Plan of Waterloo station in 1888

3.
A pair of Class 421 units at Waterloo in 1979; behind them is a Class 487 Driving Motor car, on the site eventually used for Waterloo International

4.
Waterloo station clock

Electric locomotive
–
An electric locomotive is a locomotive powered by electricity from overhead lines, a third rail or on-board energy storage such as a battery or fuel cell. Electricity is used to smoke and take advantage of the high efficiency of electric motors. One advantage of electrification is the lack of pollution from the locomotives, electrification results

Czech Republic
–
The Czech Republic, also known as Czechia, is a nation state in Central Europe bordered by Germany to the west, Austria to the south, Slovakia to the east and Poland to the northeast. The Czech Republic covers an area of 78,866 square kilometres with mostly temperate continental climate and it is a unitary parliamentary republic, has 10.5 million i

1.
Přemysl Ottokar II, King of Bohemia (1253–1278) and Duke of Austria (1251–1278)

2.
Flag

3.
The Crown of Saint Wenceslas is the 4th oldest in Europe

4.
The Defenestration of Prague sparked the Thirty Years' War

Republic of Ireland
–
Ireland, also known as the Republic of Ireland, is a sovereign state in north-western Europe occupying about five-sixths of the island of Ireland. The capital and largest city is Dublin, which is located on the part of the island. The state shares its land border with Northern Ireland, a part of the United Kingdom. It is otherwise surrounded by the

1.
The Irish Parliamentary Party was formed in 1882 by Charles Stewart Parnell (1846–1891).

2.
Flag

3.
In 1922 a new parliament called the Oireachtas was established, of which Dáil Éireann became the lower house.

4.
Éamon de Valera (1882–1975)

European Union
–
The European Union is a political and economic union of 28 member states that are located primarily in Europe. It has an area of 4,475,757 km2, the EU has developed an internal single market through a standardised system of laws that apply in all member states. Within the Schengen Area, passport controls have been abolished, a monetary union was es

1.
In 1989, the Iron Curtain fell, enabling the union to expand further (Berlin Wall pictured).

Boston and Providence Railroad
–
The Boston and Providence Railroad was an early US Railroad in New England, connecting Boston and Providence and is now part of Amtraks Northeast Corridor. The Boston and Providence Railroad was incorporated June 21,1831, the first section, from Boston to Canton with a branch to Dedham, opened in 1834, and the rest on July 28,1835 with the completi

1.
The Boston and Providence Railroad built the Canton Viaduct in 1835. Revere Copper Mill can be seen in the background

Huntsville Hospital Tram System
–
The Huntsville Hospital Tram System is an automated people mover system located as part of the Huntsville Hospital System complex in Huntsville, Alabama, United States. Operating on a 1, 890-foot concrete guideway, the serve to connect the Huntsville Hospital with the Huntsville Hospital for Women & Children. At the time of completion, this was the

1.
Huntsville Hospital Tram System

Automated people mover
–
A people mover or automated people mover is a type of grade-separated mass transit system. The term was applied to three different systems, developed roughly at the same time. One was Skybus, a mass transit system prototyped by the Westinghouse Electric Corporation beginning in 1964. The second, alternately called the People Mover and Minirail, ope

1.
Skytrain Mark II, Vancouver, BC, Canada

2.
Yurikamome, Tokyo, Japan. More than 100,000 people a day use Yurikamome.

3.
PHX Sky Train in Phoenix, USA opened in 2013

4.
Innovia Monorail 300 in São Paulo, Brazil.

Hunts Cross railway station
–
Hunts Cross railway station is a Grade II listed railway station in Hunts Cross, Liverpool, England. It is situated on the branch of the City Lines Liverpool to Manchester route. Originally built by the Cheshire Lines Committee and opened in May 1874 and it was also a junction at the southern end of the North Liverpool Extension Line to Gateacre, W

3.
The Waiting Room bar and restaurant, formerly the station building.

4.
A Merseyrail Class 507 arrives with a service from Liverpool.

Railway platform
–
A railway platform is a section of pathway, alongside rail tracks at a railway station, metro station or tram stop, at which passengers may board or alight from trains or trams. Almost all rail stations have some form of platform, with larger stations having multiple platforms, the term platform has also gained usage as a verb among some rail condu

1.
Low-lying platform in the outskirts of Bern, Switzerland, with wooden passenger walkway across the track

2.
Platform barriers on the Berlin-Hamburg high speed line

3.
A common marking at curved platforms on the London Underground.

4.
Eastern end of longest platform in Kollam Junction railway station in India. This is the world's second longest railway platform

Liverpool Central railway station
–
Liverpool Central railway station in Liverpool, England, forms a central hub of the Merseyrail network, being on both the Northern Line and the Wirral Line. The station is located underground on two levels, below the site of a mainline terminus. It is the busiest station in Liverpool, though smaller than Lime Street station, the mainline terminus.

1.
Two Class 507 trains at the Northern Line island platform

2.
A 1909 Railway Clearing House Junction Diagram showing railways in the vicinity of Liverpool Central – low level station (Mersey Railway) in purple; high level station (Cheshire Lines) in orange

3.
Liverpool Central Sign

4.
Wirral Line platform before refurbishment

Manchester Central railway station
–
Manchester Central railway station is a former railway station in Manchester city centre, England. One of Manchesters main railway terminals between 1880 and 1969, it has converted into an exhibition and conference centre named Manchester Central. The structure is a Grade II* listed building, the station was built between 1875 and 1880 by the Chesh

1.
Manchester Central

2.
Manchester Central Station on a winter's day in 1961

3.
Manchester railways 1910

4.
Midland lines

Joseph R. Anderson
–
Joseph Reid Anderson was an American civil engineer, industrialist, and soldier. During the American Civil War he served as a Confederate general, starting with a small forge and rolling mill in the mid-1830s, It was a flourishing operation by 1843 when he leased it. He eventually bought the company outright in 1848 and forcefully and aggressively

1.
Joseph Reid Anderson

2.
Engraving of Anderson from an 1886 book on Richmond industries.

United States
–
Forty-eight of the fifty states and the federal district are contiguous and located in North America between Canada and Mexico. The state of Alaska is in the northwest corner of North America, bordered by Canada to the east, the state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific Ocean. The U. S. territories are scattered about the Pacific Ocean,

1.
Native Americans meeting with Europeans, 1764

2.
Flag

3.
The signing of the Mayflower Compact, 1620.

4.
The Declaration of Independence: the Committee of Five presenting their draft to the Second Continental Congress in 1776

Steam locomotive
–
A steam locomotive is a railway locomotive that produces its pulling power through a steam engine. These locomotives are fueled by burning combustible material—usually coal, wood, the steam moves reciprocating pistons which are mechanically connected to the locomotives main wheels. Both fuel and water supplies are carried with the locomotive, eithe

1.
The 4-8-8-4 Union Pacific Big Boy was one of the largest steam locomotives ever built

2.
Stephenson 's Rocket 1829, the winner of the Rainhill Trials

3.
The Austria, the first locomotive in Austria

4.
A steam locomotive with the boiler and firebox exposed (firebox on the left)

Tredegar Iron Works
–
The Tredegar Iron Works was a historic iron works in Richmond, the capital of the U. S. state of Virginia. Opened in 1837, by 1860 it was the third-largest iron manufacturer in the United States, during the American Civil War, the works served as the primary iron and artillery production facility of the Confederate States of America. The iron works

2.
The double-decked George Washington Bridge, connecting New York City to Bergen County, New Jersey, USA, is the world's busiest suspension bridge, carrying 102 million vehicles annually.

3.
The Manhattan Bridge, connecting Manhattan and Brooklyn in New York City, opened in 1909 and is considered to be the forerunner of modern suspension bridges; its design served as the model for many of the long-span suspension bridges around the world.

4.
The diagram of the chain bridge over the Menai constructed near Bangor, Wales in 1820