Submitted by Charles Knighton

The idea of divine beings producing children with human mothers is as ancient as mankind itself. Zeus was so prodigious in the siring of offspring with human mothers that an entire cadre of Immortals, such as Hercules, came to permeate much of Greek mythology. That such beliefs are scoffed at today by many of the same individuals who believe their God impregnated Mary simply demonstrates the grip superstition continues to hold on minds that should have evolved more fully over the millennia.

The action of a man who volunteers to die for his fellow men is universally regarded as noble. The extra claim not to have “really” died makes the whole sacrifice tricky and meretricious. (Thus, those who say “Christ died for my sins,” when he did not really “die” at all, are making a statement that is false in its own terms.)

Having no reliable or consistent witnesses, in anything like the time period needed to certify such an extraordinary claim, we are finally entitled to say that we have a right, if not an obligation, to respect ourselves enough to disbelieve the entire claim of Jesus’ Resurrection.

Hercules was not the son of Zeus. Jesus is not the Son of God. Can we not believe this and yet still find his precepts for living with Earth’s fellow inhabitants worthy of emulation? Or are Jesus’ prescriptions and proscriptions only valid if tinged with the Divine?

There is also Karl Watson’s 2000 article in The Journal of Caribbean History “Walk and Nyam Buckras”: Poor-White Emigration from Barbados, 1834–1900.
There is Jill Shepherd’s 1974 article that I pointed out in Caribbean Studies.
There is Thomas Keagy’s 1972 article in Revista de Historia de América which John pointed out.
There is G. W. Roberts’ 1955 article in Social and Economic Studies. This deals extensively with emigration, but does not dis-aggregate White Barbadians from Black Barbadians.

Jill Shepherd also published a book “The “Redlegs” of Barbados: their Origins and History” which I read several years ago but do not own. My recollection is that it does not go into much more depth about emigration than her 1974 article.

Beyond these you will probably need to rely on primary sources like the records of the Barbados Superintendent of Emigration.

Below is a list of the last four African American Churches burnt and vandalised.

Two men are responsible, one was the son of a deputy, the other a black man, Andrew McClinton, who was a member of the congregation of the burnt church.

Mc or Mac are both derived from Irish or Scottish Gaelic. Both forms are popular in Scotland and Ireland. It comes from the Gaelic/Irish word mac which when placed before a name means “son of”. Mc is the same as Mac, these are just a spelling variations when rendering the names in English.

It is not known however if the black man in Bill’s outside child.

All jokes aside, notice the 2016 arson was committed 7 days before the election which Trump won.

Let’s say that McClinton’s motive was to make Trump’s campaign out to be anti black on the eve of the election.

Let’s say he was a Democrat.

That could suggest that McClinton was supporting the Democrats and wanted to see Trump lose at any cost.

2016 November 1 The 111-year-old Hopewell Missionary Baptist Church in Greenville, Mississippi, was burned and vandalized with the words “Vote Trump” spray-painted onto the building. The arsonist, a black man who was a member of the church, pled guilty in March 2019.[22][23]

2019 March 26 St. Mary Baptist Church in Port Barre, Louisiana. This was the first in a series of three historically black churches over 100 years old, burned within a span of 10 days. Holden Matthews, 21, the son of a St. Landry Parish sheriff’s deputy, has been charged with the arson attack.[24][25][26]

2019 April 2 Greater Union Baptist Church in Opelousas, Louisiana. Holden Matthews has been charged with the arson attack.[24][25][26]

2019 April 4 Mount Pleasant Baptist Church in Opelousas, Louisiana. Holden Matthews has been charged with the arson attack.[24][25][26]

Many thanks. I suggest you t am up with Elombe Mottley and write a cultural and social history of Barbados. It is much needed. You do brilliant work. If our newspapers were any good they would give you a weekly column instead of some of the crap they have..

I suggest you t am up with Elombe Mottley and write a cultural and social history of Barbados. It is much needed. You do brilliant work. If our newspapers were any good they would give you a weekly column instead of some of the crap they have.. (Quote)

I have read contributions by Austin in which he tells people they Google too much and should think. In fact, I have seen him criticise Googling.

The majority of John’s contributions are based on information taken from Google.

Now Austin is saying John, who is a Googler, does brilliant work and should be given a newspaper column.

Is it Googling that is the issue or validating the database to ensure quality. Was it Peter or John who posted a links to the JSTOR database which is reported to have stored 12 million academic articles and books. Universities and places of higher learning routinely store information in electronic databases. It is leveraging the technology to ensure easy access. It does not mean the information is suspect because of the format it is presented.

You should read the reports of the governors of Barbados during the mass migration to Panama. In those days governors had to submit regular reports to the Foreign and Colonial Office on their ‘subjects’.
Sometime ago I did some research in the F&CO’s library and was surprised by the language used, similar to YOURS.

@ John 7.21
You should read the reports of the governors of Barbados during the mass migration to Panama. In those days governors had to submit regular reports to the Foreign and Colonial Office on their ‘subjects’.
Sometime ago I did some research in the F&CO’s library and was surprised by the language used, similar to YOURS.

I’ve been through the lists of persons who went to Panama trying to locate a great grand father who I was told went to Panama – Source Documents !!

In no time at all I knew he hadn’t and I was being led up a garden path by an elder in the family.

The people who went to Panama were mostly younger than 25.

He would have been in his 40’s, perhaps 50’s!!

I knew I would not find his name but still diligently looked.

Up to now I can’t locate a record that would suggest where he went and when.

I know for sure he was in Barbados in 1914, when he would have been in his mid 50’s because he witnessed a deed – Source Document!!

My other local GG father had in 1903 taken his two eldest sons to New York, eldest was in his late teens!!

Got that info through Ellis Island Records – Source Documents

Through the US census of 1910 (Source Document available through Google) I know one was a conductor on a tram car in New York.

The elder was from what I can determine in the 1910 census was an actor, residing in prison!!

The elder next shows up as a Royal Marine aboard a British warship in WW1.

The younger one I discovered died in 1917 of consumption, an extremely common malady at the time.

He was married by then and had produced a daughter.

Met his Grand Daughter online purely by chance through one of the genealogy websites.

Turns out my great grand father who went to New York seeking employment for his sons, had a brother there already.

A descendant of his brother married someone from Brazil.

I was in contact with a “cousin” recently in Brazil, completely by chance through a genealogy website.

So I know from simply digging into my family’s past how difficult it was to find employment in Barbados and how emigration was used to overcome the problem.

I think I will look for that missing GG father in other islands in the Caribbean.

Those records (Source Documents) seem to be more available now … on Google.

If you simply try to create a genealogy of yourself, in so doing as you uncover source documents, you will realise how things really were in a bygone era.

You do not have to rely on any sweeping generalisations of Historians who did their research with little knowledge of the computer and at a time when source documents were not available through Google!!

Google works and it obsoletes many of our historians unless they learn how to use it!!

I knew of the Gardiner Austins of BS&T and of Austin, who headed the Guyanese special branch in the 1960s. But no relations. The Austins of BS&T were the plantation owners, and wrong ethnicity, and the Guyanese ones came from the wrong tribe. My ethnic links are in Cuba and Panama.

@ John,
I knew of the Gardiner Austins of BS&T and of Austin, who headed the Guyanese special branch in the 1960s. But no relations. The Austins of BS&T were the plantation owners, and wrong ethnicity, and the Guyanese ones came from the wrong tribe. My ethnic links are in Cuba and Panama.

++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++

Bajans who went to Panama and Cuba also have an ancestry!!

Do not write off the possibility of being family unless you do the digging!!

Gardiner Austin became a part of BS&T not because of the plantations it owned in Barbados, but rather because of the fact that it shipped the sugar Barbados produced to England.

Barbados
Shipping and
Trading

BS&T came into being because the large plantation owners had in 1917 formed Plantations Ltd. to avoid being forced to use the merchants.

The men behind Plantations Ltd. were Julian Mahon from St. Thomas, Dr. Hawkins from St. Philip, Stanley Robinson and Torrance Skeete from St. George, Howard Smith from St. Philip and Edmund Ward from Christ Church.

Edmund Ward was the father of Sir Deighton Ward, a previous GG of Barbados.

Dr. Hawkins I was told introduced the condom to Barbados as a means of family planning and population control.

It’s introduction was met with fear and revulsion an old cane cutter once told me because it was thought he was trying to kill out “black” people in Barbados.

The major sugar planters depended on Da Costa and Musson, Gardiner Austin & Co., Jones and Swan and H. Jason Jones to ship their sugar and sought through Plantations Ltd. to break the monopoly..

Austin was the son of John Gardiner Austin, a shipper connected with the sugar trade, and his wife Dorothy and was educated at Harrison College, Barbados. He married Lillian Marie Dennehy in St. Lucia in 1904 and had two daughters.

++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
His wife was from St. Lucia.

He served on the first board of directors of BS&T, first chairman was Dudley Leacock.