The problem dealt with here is not
a new question. Vigorously debated in the years immediately following the
publication of the Encyclical Humanae vitae (25 July 1968), it is still
raised occasionally by some theologians, and in current pastoral practice it has
not been resolved in a way everyone accepts. There is significant confusion even
with regard to the Magisterium. It is precisely on this point that the present
study wishes to shed some light, limiting itself to a question which could be
formulated in this way: In the Church's universal Magisterium, is the
sinfulness of contraception considered grave or light matter? It might be
unnecessary but still helpful to recall that "universal Magisterium"
means only that of the Supreme Pontiff and of an Ecumenical Council. I will
refer only to this Magisterium.

According to many scholars, the judgement that contraception is gravely
sinful matter goes back to the Encyclical Casti connubii, where we find
its most solemn and clear-cut formulation. The essentials of this teaching are
expressed in these words: "No reason, however grave, can make what is
intrinsically contrary to nature to be in conformity with nature and morally
right. And since the conjugal act by its very nature is destined for the
begetting of children, those who in exercising it deliberately frustrate its
natural power and purpose are acting against nature, and are doing something
that is base and intrinsically immoral". Up to this point we are
dealing with the "intrinsic immorality" of contraception. A little
further on its seriousness is. discussed: "The Catholic Church ...
raises her voice as a sign of her divine mission, and through Our mouth
proclaims anew. any use of marriage exercised in such a way that through human
effort the act is deprived of its natural power to procreate human life violates
the law of God and of nature, and those who commit such an action are stained
with the guilt of grave sin".1

Many maintain that in its later documents the Magisterium clearly kept the
first part of that doctrine, i.e., the intrinsic immorality of contraception,
but did not retain the second, i.e., the gravity of the sin. In this
"silence" of the Magisterium, these same scholars see a sufficient
reason for asserting that the moral gravity of contraception is no longer part
of the Church's teaching on the matter. As a result, the use of contraception is
not to be considered gravely sinful matter and, therefore, using contraceptives
is not a mortal sin.

In my opinion, however, the problem should be dealt with more carefully. It
must be determined whether the Magisterium has really dropped the substance of
that teaching, or whether it has merely given it a different formulation. In
other words: it is a question of determining whether or not the gravity of the
immorality constituted by contraception is still asserted by the Magisterium in
different but substantially equivalent terms.

The first thing to be noted is that the Magisterium's alleged
"shelving" of the Encyclical Casti connubii onthis
point is anything but obvious. On the contrary, it was explicitly confirmed by
the Second Vatican Council. In n. 51 of Gaudium et spes the statement
that "In questions of birth regulation the sons of the Church ... are
forbidden to use methods disapproved by the Magisterium" refers, in its
famous note 14, to the documents containing this condemnation. The first one
mentioned is "Pius XI, Litt. Encycl. Casti connubii: AAS 22 (1930),
pp. 559-561; Denz. 2239-2241 (3716-3718)", i.e., the passage quoted above
in its essentials, where contraception is declared a grave sin. It is hard to
imagine a more authoritative and solemn confirmation. It is hardly
"silence" or the abandoning of this teaching of Casti connubii by
the later Magisterium! The point of departure for the theory proposed by these
scholars, however few or many, is anything but solid.

Pope Paul VI

Let us go further, however, in the examination we have proposed. In this
study, great weight must be put on the Encyclical Humanae vitae (25 July
1968) and its author, Paul VI. This document is constantly referred to, in fact,
by later documents, including the most authoritative one, the Post-Synodal
Apostolic Exhortation Familiaris consortio (22 November 1981 ).2
Obviously, no one knows better than Paul VI what he meant to teach with the
Encyclical he published.

For the problem we are concerned with there are several helpful statements
that he made a few years prior with regard to the problem that would be the
theme of the Encyclical, whose title is De propagatione humanae prolis recte
ordinanda, or "The correct regulation of human birth". On 23 June
1964, using the opportunity presented to him by the offering of name-day wishes
by the Cardinals and the Roman Curia, Paul VI announced that a pontifical study
commission had been set up by his predecessor John XXIII and he made a few
clarifications about the problem of birth regulation. Our interest here is how
the Pope described the problem, which clearly concerned the moral evaluation of
the ways or means for properly regulating births: "an extremely serious
problem: it concerns the sources of human life; ... It is an extremely
complex and delicate problem ".3

Scarcely had the Encyclical been published on 29-30 July 1968 in L'Osservatore
Romano, when the Pope devoted his General Audience of 31 July to it,
offering valuable interpretive keys to reading the document.4 For our
problem several passages are of particular interest; there we can clearly see
the importance that the Pope puts on the problem and on the solution given to
it: "It clarifies a fundamental chapter in the personal, married, family
and social life of man". He says this at the beginning of the address,
and towards the end he insists: "it is a question that deals with an
extremely delicate and important aspect of human existence". Thusthe
same idea expressed in the address of 23 June 1964 is stated again in other
words.

A preliminary conclusion is clear: one of the most important issues is this
problem and the solution given to it by the. Magisterium, an essential part of
which includes the moral condemnation of contraception.

A significant confirmation of this judgement, also contained in the address
of 31 July 1968, is the Pope's dramatic and painful seriousness in confiding
that he spent four years of reflection, study, consultation and prayer to reach
the certitude of giving the Church and the entire human race the confirmation of
a moral truth guaranteed by its conformity with "God's plan for human
life". Extended passages of the address should be quoted here. But I
have to restrict myself to a few sentences. "The first feeling was that
of a very grave responsibility... We confide to you that this feeling caused us
much spiritual suffering. Never before have We felt so heavily, as in this
situation, the burden of Our office". And further on: "How
often have We felt almost overwhelmed.... How -many times, humanly speaking,
have We felt the inadequacy of Our poor person to cope with the formidable
apostolic obligation of having to make a pronouncement on this matter! How many
times We trembled before the alternatives of an easy condescension to current
opinions, or of a decision that modern society would find difficult to accept,
or that might be arbitrarily too burdensome for married life!"

Nothing could be clearer than the fact that for Paul VI the problem and its
solution had such weight and importance that one cannot accept the hypothesis
that a slight moral disorder, on the lines of "venial sin", is at
stake. It is clear then, merely on the basis of these few points, that for the
Magisterium contraception is such a morally disordered form of behaviour that
it constitutes gravely sinful matter.

We must ask, however, what grounds does the Magisterium offer for this sort
of position. But before moving in this direction, I think it would be helpful to
clarify a few things about "grave matter". In every form of human
behaviour, one or more values are at stake, for example, life, love, fidelity,
solidarity, etc. When important values are at stake, and a given way of acting
seriously compromises them, this serious compromise of an important value is
what constitutes gravely sinful matter. Therefore, we will find an answer to the
question we raised, if we gather from the teaching of the Magisterium an
indication of the important values at stake in the conjugal act and the serious
way they are compromised by the use of contraceptives.

Pope John Paul II

It is inevitable in this research that more attention should be focused on
the Magisterium of John Paul II, without disregarding, of course, that of Paul
VI. It is actually the current Pope, who, thanks to the developments gradually
made by anthropology and the human sciences regarding the meanings and values of
human sexuality, has been able to give a broad, systematic development to the
anthropological and theological foundations of the Church's moral doctrine in
this area. He has done so in many addresses, and more extensively and
systematically in the last part of his well-known Wednesday catechesis on Human
Love in the Divine Plan.

A detailed analysis of all this material is simply unthinkable in this essay.
I will have to limit myself to a few essential elements, with some quotations
among the many that could be adduced, but which I hope will be sufficient for
our purpose.

I would first like to stress that Paul VI, the Council, but even more John
Paul II have clearly shown that they have accepted and utilized the recent
advances in the conception of human sexuality as language, i.e., as the sensible
expression of the person's interior realities in an interpersonal relationship.
In this perspective, the discovery and presentation of the ethical demands
inherent in the exercise of sexuality becomes clearer and more persuasive, when
its genital component is also involved in this exercise, as occurs in the
conjugal act. These demands, in fact, follow the pattern of those required for
interpersonal communication that corresponds to the dignity of each of the two
partners.

In Gaudium et spes, the conjugal act is seen as the privileged and
characteristic expression of conjugal love (n. 49), and in its turn, conjugal
love is said to be constitutionally ordered to the transmission of life, or
procreation (n. 50). "Love" and "Life" are
thus the two essential values at stake in the conjugal act - values obviously of
primary importance.

Paul VI says basically the same thing when he makes the "meanings"
of the conjugal act the focal point and bases its ethical demands on the
principle of the inseparability of the two meanings contained structurally in
the act, the unitive meaning and the procreative: "This particular
doctrine ... is based on the inseparable connection ... between the unitive
significance and the procreative significance.... The marriage act, because of
its fundamental structure, while it unites husband and wife in the closest
intimacy, also brings into operation laws written into the actual nature of man
and of woman for the generation of new life. And if each of these essential
qualities, the unitive and the procreative, is preserved, the use of marriage
fully retains its sense of true mutual love and its ordination to the supreme
responsibility of parenthood to which man iscalled" (Humanae vitae,
n. 12). The Pope had already stressed the profound link between love and
life by including "totality" and "fruitfulness" among the
essential, undeniable qualities that love must have if it is to be authentically
conjugal. Totality, in fact, does not allow exceptions or reservations of any
sort; fruitfulness is directed to transmitting life (cf. Humanae vitae,
n. 9).

Following this line in Familiaris consortio, John Paul II goes on to state: "'The
total physical self-giving would be a lie if it were not the sign and fruit of a
total personal self-giving, in which the whole person ... is present if the
person were to withhold something..., by this very fact he or she would not be
giving totally" (n. 11). Then with compelling logic, when he goes on in
the same document to discuss the subject of contraception, the Pope offers in a
complex paragraph an illuminating panorama of the values destroyed by
contraception. It bears repeating here in its entirety: "When couples,
by means of recourse to contraception, separate these two meanings that God the
Creator has inscribed in the being of man and woman and in the dynamism of their
sexual communion, they act as 'arbiters' of the divine plan and they
'manipulate' and degrade human sexuality - and with it themselves and their
married partner - by altering its value of 'total' self-giving. Thus the innate
language that expresses the total reciprocal self-giving of husband and wife is
overlaid, through contraception, by an objectively contradictory language,
namely, that of not giving oneself totally to the other. This leads not only to
a positive refusal to be open to life but also to a falsification of the inner
truth of conjugal love, which is called upon to give itself in personal
totality" (n. 32).

For greater clarity it would help to outline the series of values objectively
destroyed by contraception:

1) the refusal to be recognized as God's "ministers" and
"collaborators" in the transmission of life;

2) the claim to be the "arbiters" of the divine plan;5

3) the degradation of human sexuality and, thus, of one's own person and of
one's spouse;

4) falsification of sexual language to the point of making it objectively
contradictory;

5) elimination of any reference to the value of life;

6) a mortal wound ("falsification of the inner truth") of
conjugal love itself.

The "no" to life, which the use of contraceptives cries out
by its very name, can thus be seen first and foremost as a "no to God".
This had already been forcefully stressed by Paul VI in Humanae vitae.
This passage also bears repeating in its entirety: "... a reciprocal act
of love, which jeopardizes the capacity to transmit life which God the Creator,
according to particular laws, inserted therein, is in contradiction with the
design constitutive of marriage, and with the will of the Author of Life., To
use this divine gift while destroying, even if only partially, its meaning and
its purpose is to contradict the nature both of man and of woman and of their
most intimate relationship, and therefore it is to contradict also the plan of
God and his will" (n. 13).

To return to John Paul II, in the final part of the catechesis mentioned
above on Human Love in the Divine Plan, when the Pope "rereads"
the doctrine of Humanae vitae on contraception, he magisterially develops
itsindividual points. Thus, regarding the offence to the dignity of the
person, the Pope does not hesitate to say that this dignity is radically
compromised by contraceptive behaviour: the model proper to one's relationship
with things, i.e., a relationship of dominion, is transferred to the person, who
has self-mastery as his "basic constitution", thus depriving man "of
his proper subjectivity" and making him "an object of
manipulation".6

John Paul II then goes on to develop his reflections, focusing his attention
on the conjugal act: as "the authentic language of persons" in
which "man and woman reciprocally express themselves in the fullest and
deepest way" in their "masculinity and femininity",
the conjugal act "is subject to the demands of truth". This
occurs at two interconnected levels, the personalistic and the theological.

- At the personalistic level, the connection between the two structural
meanings of the conjugal act is such that "the one is achieved together
with the other and, in a certain sense, through the other". Therefore,
"lacking its inner truth, because artificially deprived of its procreative
capacity, it also ceases to be an act of love", and consequently, the "bodily
union ... does not correspond to the inner truth and dignity of personal
communion". Falsification thus becomes total, because there is no more
truth "of self-mastery, ... of reciprocal giving and of reciprocal
self-acceptance on the part of the person."

- At the theological level, the demands of truth are trampled upon inasmuch
as the conjugal union must give expression both to "the truth of the
sacrament" understood as the divine plan of which the spouses are
ministers and "which 'from the beginning' has been established in
the sign of the 'union of flesh' ", and to the truth of the
sacrament in the stricter sense. which "is perfected through the
conjugal union", in which therefore "man and woman are called
to express that mysterious 'language' of their bodies in all the truth proper to
it".

'Persona humana'

As the final element, I think it is wholly correct to apply to the moral
disorder in the sexual field represented by contraception a general principle
recalled in another document of the Magisterium, the Declaration Persona
humana: On Certain Questions Concerning Sexual Ethics, issuedby the
Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith on 29 December 1975. An entire
paragraph, n. 10, is devoted to how one should evaluate forms of behaviour which
represent a moral disorder in the field of sexuality. The principle is
formulated in this way: "the moral order of sexuality involves such high
values of human life that every direct violation of this order is objectively
serious".

That contraception is a direct violation of the moral order of sexuality is
unequivocally a constant teaching of the Magisterium, given the fact that it is
described as "intrinsically immoral". The teaching recalled in the
Declaration Persona humana fully applies to contraception.

Limits of space do not allow for additional references. But those quoted here
are more than sufficient to demonstrate that in the Church's doctrine the
conjugal act involves values of enormous moral importance, some of which are
even fundamental, and that contraception compromises them so seriously as to
destroy them. It is evident then that in the doctrine taught by the
Magisterium the use of contraceptives in performing the conjugal act constitutes
gravely sinful matter, in addition to being an "intrinsically
immoral" action, and thus is never permissible for any reason or purpose
whatever.

Some concluding reflections

Further confirmation of the objective moral gravity of contraception can be
seen by looking at some of the aspects that this behaviour has taken on in our
time - something the Magisterium itself has not failed to do.

Preventing the conjugal act from initiating the generative process has been,
until the most recent past, a problem for couples, individual couples, for
particular reasons and situations. In the society and culture produced by
industrialization, through a complex series of factors which cannot even be
noted here, a marked reduction in the birth rate has become the expectation and
practice of almost all couples. While still being a marital problem, it
has also become a social problem. Lastly, it is a political problem,
both of internal politics within individual States and of international
politics, especially in relations between developed and developing
countries. At this level the real dimensions of the problem then were cleverly
extended, by raising the spectre of a global catastrophe caused by
overpopulation (the so-called "P-bomb", i.e., population bomb)
and the death of all from hunger. A drastic reduction in the birth rate has
assumed the features of crucial Urgency, beginning with the developed countries
and then with the others, which are soon blamed for the "population
explosion", another emotionally charged term.

With the complicity of governments, international bodies, beginning with the
UN and the WHO, and well-financed private organizations, there grew that
"conspiracy against life" denounced by John Paul II.7 A
conspiracy, the Pope says, "involving even international institutions,
engaged in encouraging and carrying out actual campaigns to make contraception,
sterilization and abortion widely available. Nor can it be denied that the mass
media are often implicated in this conspiracy, by lending credit to that culture
which presents recourse to contraception, sterilization, abortion and even
euthanasia as a mark of progress and a victory of freedom, while depicting as
enemies of freedom and progress those positions which are unreservedly
pro-life".8

The mass availability of contraception was the first step on a path of death.
This quickly led to a broad "contraceptive mentality", i.e., a
widespread attitude of rejecting any unwanted child, thus paving the way to
broad social acceptance of sterilization and abortion. The latter, in turn, is
becoming the premise for the social acceptance of euthanasia and its
legalization.

This immensely tragic destruction of paramount human values in the relations
between rich and poor countries does not shrink from cynically abusive policies
imposed on poor countries as a condition for receiving financial aid, food and
medicine, or from requiring the adoption of measures for quickly achieving zero
population growth by every means from contraception to mandatory abortion after
the first or second child. A true and very grave crime, all of whose revolting
brutality can be seen when one discovers that in many poor countries people have
free contraceptives and abortifacients of every sort in abundance, but there are
no medicines to save the lives of millions of human beings mowed down, for
example, by malaria or other easily curable diseases. The Magisterium's
condemnation has been constant and severe. I merely quote the one stated in Familiaris
consortio: "Likewise to be denounced as gravely unjust are
cases where, in international relations, economic help given for the advancement
of peoples is made conditional on programmes of contraception, sterilization and
procured abortion."9

In our contemporary world, therefore, contraception has played and continues
to play a primary role in furthering that rampant "culture of death"
whose victims number in the tens of millions every year. This culture also
debases human sexuality and perverts love even in its most sublime form of
maternal love, when it grants a mother the absurd right to kill the child she is
carrying in her womb. A culture moreover which is devastating and seeking to
destroy those same values among economically poor and politically defenceless
people, who are nevertheless rich in so many human values that have been widely
disregarded for a long time in our wealthy countries.

Couples who choose contraception, whether consciously or not, are helping to
consolidate and strengthen the roots of this culture. And this choice can only
entail responsibilities whose seriousness and weight are difficult to assess but
certainly enormous.

5 On this point, and on several others emphasized here, see the particularly
enlightening developments in the Pope's address to priests attending a seminar
on "responsible procreation" (17 September 1983), in Insegnamenti
di Giovanni Paolo II, vol. VI/2, Libreria Editrice Vaticana, Vatican City
1984, pp. 561-564.

6 For this and the subsequent quotations, see John Paul II, Uomo e donna
lo creo, pp. 467-469.