RICHARD WALKER / RWALKER@STARBULLETIN.COMRichard Ogoshi, systems agronomist at the University of Hawaii's Poamoho Experimental Farm, looked over a test plot of jatropha trees on Friday. CLICK FOR LARGE

A patch of green trees rising from the red dirt at the University of Hawaii's Poamoho Experimental Farm may be the first seedlings in what could become a new agricultural industry in Hawaii -- growing crops for fuel.

Jatropha trees are already grown to make biodiesel in India. The plants have three pointed leaves like the kukui nut tree and when the fruit ripens, it contains three seeds which are high in oil content.

UH researchers planted a test crop of jatropha trees in January and they are already starting to bear fruit. A similar plot at the Hawaii Agriculture Research Center in Kunia has also flowered and borne fruit.

Mike Poteet, a crop scientist with the Hawaii Agriculture Research Center, believes biofuels have the potential to create a new agriculture industry in Hawaii.

Poteet wrote a report last year that suggested Hawaii could grow enough biodiesel crops to reduce imported diesel by 20 percent -- perhaps 150 million gallons a year.

But he said the effort is still in its infancy.

RICHARD WALKER / RWALKER@STARBULLETIN.COMRichard Ogoshi shows the tree's fruit. The oil in these seeds could be used to produce biodiesel.

"Right now we're just crossing our fingers," Poteet said. But he said the crops could have the potential to "revitalize agriculture across the state."

Plans are already underway to build two large biodiesel plants in Hawaii. A Seattle-based company, Imperium Renewables Inc., wants to build a $90 million processing plant at Barbers Point to produce 100 million gallons of biodiesel a year.

Maui Electric Co. and BlueEarth Maui Biodiesel has also proposed a $61 million refinery on the Valley Isle to produce up to 120 million gallons a year of biodiesel to produce electricity.

Both companies would start operations using imported vegetable oil. But both also have said they would eventually like to use local crops.

"The market is there. We've got to do something to meet the demand," said Richard Ogoshi, a crop researcher at the College of Tropical Agriculture at UH-Manoa.

But farmers won't risk growing a crop without knowing how best to raise it and if they can make money.

It's hoped the research going on now will determine what crops might work best in different growing conditions in Hawaii and what plants will give farmers the best return.

"Until somebody shows it's feasible, it's going to be difficult for a landowner to put his money into it, because it's such a gamble," said Bill Steiner, dean of UH-Hilo's College of Agriculture, Forestry and Natural Resources.

JATROPHA TREE

» Native to Caribbean
» Seeds used in India to produce biodiesel
» Oil content: 43-59 percent
» Potential gallons of oil per acre: 300
» Grows in a variety of conditions and can withstand high temperatures and drought.

Source: Biodiesel Crop Implementation in Hawaii report

Steiner is leading a UH-Hilo effort to begin research in growing different types of oil palm on 120 acres of land in Pauuilo on the Hamakua coast.

So far, Steiner has about $45,000 and is seeking more funding.

UH-Manoa and HARC are sharing a $150,000 state Department of Agriculture grant. UH-Manoa also received another $250,000 from the Legislature this year, said Goro Uehara, a soil scientist with the College of Tropical Agriculture.

UH-Manoa is starting with jatropha because it has already been grown successfully elsewhere. It also can be grown on marginal agricultural land, Uehara said.

"We have to find crops that will grow in underutilized areas. We don't want to compete with prime agriculture," Uehara said.

UH has identified plots of land on different islands with varying conditions to plant jatropha and other potential fuel test crops including kukui, castor bean, soy bean, sugar, sugar beet and sweet potato. Scientists are also looking at haole koa and some varieties of grass that could be used with cellulose-technology to make fuel.

Another part of the research is looking at byproducts from fuel plants into other salable products, such as animal feed or pharmaceutical products, Poteet said. The sap of the jatropha is similar to latex and that may also have some value, he added.

"It could mean new jobs and new businesses," Steiner said. "It could be very interesting for Hawaii besides leading us down a path towards more energy independence."

The researchers emphasized that they are three to six years away from being able to determine the economic viability of fuel crops in Hawaii and the best ways to grow them.

"We are in the infant stages," Poteet said. "There's a very great potential for this industry but we've got to have the support to get things off the ground."