This
picture in on the front cover of The Scorpion and the Frog by
William A. Borst(pubblished in November 2004)

These comments were originally written as a complement of
a footnote in chapter 12 of The
Power of Stupidity, where (in the first Italian edition) I had
made a silly mistake. I thought everybody knew the story
of the scorpion and the frog. But some readers (who are not ignorant or
poorly informed) told me that they didnt. So I understood that,
just because we happen to know something, its wrong to assume
that everybody else is aware of it. And, in any case, this
little aesopian fable is worth some comment.

Its origins seem unknown. There are no traces, in any tradition,
that lead back to Aesop. No indications that it ever existed in Greek
or Latin. Its around in several languages. It seems to have started
in English, somewhat earlier than fifty years ago. But it may have an
older origin in African folklore  the tale of a generous
frog on the shore of the Niger river.

This is the story. A scorpion wants to cross a river, but
it cant swim. It asks a frog to help. The frog is
worried, but the scorpion promises «I wont sting you,
because if I did I would drown». In mid river the scorpion
stings the frog. The dying frog asks «why?» and the
drowning scorpion answers «thats my nature».

One of the earliest known quotations is in a movie by Orson Welles,
Confidential Report (1955  based on his novel
Mr. Arkadin.) This tale, later, appeared in a number of
articles, stories, movies and television shows (including an
episode in Star Trek - Voyager, the Gilmore Girls
sitcom and a series of Japanese cartoons.) There are some books
(and websites) dedicated to this subject  that is quoted
in several hundred thousand texts online.

Similar parables, with other animals, can be
found in some traditions in different parts of the world
(but they dont have the same meaning.)

There are, of course, elaborations. What
if the scorpion wants to kill the frog as soon as they get to the
other side of the river? Or will the frog drop the scorpion
in the water to eat it when its drowned? Or could both be
eaten by a fish or a bird? Etcetera. But the true meaning of
the story is in its simplest form.

The concept is applied in all sorts of ways to
analyses of history, or of recent events, on the
dark side of human behavior.

There are countless variations. In a Lebanese
version, the scorpions final words are «My dear, this
is the Middle East». And, of course, this could apply to
several other places.

There are infinite ways in which someone can be placed in
the role of the scorpion  or the frog. In this irritating
tale there is a disturbing truth: it really happens that
people behave in incomprehensible manners with no other
reason than, nobody knows why, that is their nature.

There is no aesopian moral of this fable. Its strongest
meaning is that it cant be explained. Its the essence
of stupidity (harming others at ones
own disadvantage) taken to its extreme consequences. A disease
that lies deep in human nature. There are many examples,
practically every day. We can laugh when they are just funny.
But some are dismally tragic.

Post Scriptum  May 2011

For readers who are interested in a historical exegesis, there is an extended and detailed study by Arata Takeda, University of Tübingen, Blumenreiche Handelswege. Ost-westliche Streifzüge auf den Spuren der Fabel Der Skorpion und der Frosch, published in Deutsche Vierteljahrsschrift für Literaturwissenschaft und Geistesgeschichte in March, 2011, who finds that a fable called The Scorpion and the Turtle may have its origin in the ancient Sanskrit tradition collected in the Panchatantra  though it isnt found in any documents prior to the 14th century. (Dr. Takeda intends to continue his search.)

The fact is that, in the Persian texts found so far, the tale is never the same as The Scorpion and the Frog. Only in some versions the scorpion dies  in none the turtle. There are no variants in which one or the other is suicidal or kills with no reason. Therefore the moral of the fable is totally different.

Its very likely that, in the complex scorpion mythology, origins can be found that  as it often happens with symbols, parables and fables  are shared by different cultures and deeply rooted in ancient tradition.

But, when we are considering the power of stupidity, we need to keep the case of the suicide murderer separate from other stories involving a scorpion (or, with the same symbolism, a snake) as well as those in which the frog is the killer and doesnt die.

For instance The Frog and the Mouse begins in the same way as The Scorpion and the Frog but the outcome and the meaning are completely different. The mischievous frog wants to drown the mouse, but both are killed by a kite (or, in other variants, manage to escape.) The tale and the moral are completely different also in The Tuna and the Dolphin. The dolphin chases the tuna. In the fury of the hunt and the escape, both are shored on a beach. The tuna, while sorry to be dying, is happy that so is its enemy.Though there can be apparent similarities, none of the snake stories, such as the several different versions of The Farmer and the Snake, leading to a variety of results, have the same meaning as The Scorpion and the Frog.

Of course there are many fables, in all sorts of traditions, in which the consequences of a mistake or a cheat are defeat or revenge, submission or treason, cruelty or compassion, undeserved suffering or an unexpected happy ending.

But, as far as we can tell, The Scorpion and the Frog is the only one of its kind.

From the remote origins of human culture to the daily events of our time, one of the most insidious forms of stupidity is that human beings (or, more broadly, living organisms) can do harm to others and to themselves for no understandable reason, just because its their nature.