468. From Veda and

From Veda and Brāhmaṇa together, considerably more than a hundred instances of this primary formation inīyasandiṣṭha(in many cases only one of the pair actually occurring) are to be quoted.

a. About half of these (in RV., the decided majority) belong, in meaning as in form, to the bare root in its adjective value, as used especially at the end of compounds, but sometimes also independently: thus, from √tapburncomestápiṣṭhaexcessively burning; from √yajoffercomeyájīyasandyájiṣṭhabetterandbest(orvery well)sacrificing; from √yudhfightcomesyódhīyasfighting better; — in a few instances, the simple root is also found used as corresponding positive: thus,jū́hasty, rapidwithjávīyasandjáviṣṭha.

b. In a little class of instances (eight), the root has a preposition prefixed, which then takes the accent: thus,ā́gamiṣṭhaespecially coming hither;vícayiṣṭhabest clearing away; — in a couple of cases (áçramiṣṭha,áparāvapiṣṭa,ástheyas), the negative particle is prefixed; — in a single word (çámbhaviṣṭha), an element of another kind.

c. The words of this formation sometimes take an accusative object (see 271 e).

d. But even in the oldest language appears not infrequently the same attachment in meaning to a derivative adjective which (as pointed out above) is usual in the later speech.

e. Besides the examples that occur also later, others are met with likeváriṣṭhachoicest(várachoice),bárhiṣṭhagreatest(bṛhántgreat),óṣiṣṭhaquickest(óṣamquickly), and so on. Probably by analogy with these, like formations are in a few cases made from the apparently radical syllables of words which have no otherwise traceable root in the language: thus,kradhīyasandkradhiṣṭha(K.) fromkṛdhú,sthávīyasandstháviṣṭhafromsthūrá,çáçīyas(RV.) fromçáçvant,áṇīyas(AV.) andáṇiṣṭha(TS.) fromaṇú; and so on. And yet again, in a few exceptional cases, the suffixesīyasandiṣṭhaare applied to stems which are themselves palpably derivative: thus,ā́çiṣṭhafromāçú(RV.: only case),tī́kṣṇīyas(AV.) fromtīkṣṇá,bráhmīyasandbráhmiṣṭha(TS. etc.) frombráhman,dhármiṣṭha(TA.) fromdhárman,dráḍhiṣṭha(TA.: instead ofdárhiṣṭha) fromdṛḍhá,rághīyas(TS.) fromraghu. These are beginnings, not followed up later, of the extension of the formation to unlimited use.

f. Innávīyasornávyasandnáviṣṭha, fromnávanew, and insányasfromsánaold(all RV.), we have also formations unconnected with verbal roots.