Subtitles and Transcript

Henry Markram

0:11
Our mission is to builda detailed, realisticcomputer model of the human brain.And we've done, in the past four years,a proof of concepton a small part of the rodent brain,and with this proof of concept we are now scaling the project upto reach the human brain.

0:32
Why are we doing this?There are three important reasons.The first is, it's essential for us to understand the human brainif we do want to get along in society,and I think that it is a key step in evolution.The second reason is,we cannot keep doing animal experimentation forever,and we have to embody all our data and all our knowledgeinto a working model.It's like a Noah's Ark. It's like an archive.And the third reason is that there are two billion people on the planetthat are affected by mental disorder,and the drugs that are used todayare largely empirical.I think that we can come up with very concrete solutions onhow to treat disorders.

1:22
Now, even at this stage,we can use the brain modelto explore some fundamental questionsabout how the brain works.And here, at TED, for the first time,I'd like to share with you how we're addressingone theory -- there are many theories --one theory of how the brain works.So, this theory is that the braincreates, builds, a version of the universe,and projects this version of the universe,like a bubble, all around us.

2:00
Now, this is of course a topic of philosophical debate for centuries.But, for the first time, we can actually address this,with brain simulation,and ask very systematic and rigorous questions,whether this theory could possibly be true.The reason why the moon is huge on the horizonis simply because our perceptual bubbledoes not stretch out 380,000 kilometers.It runs out of space.And so what we do is we compare the buildingswithin our perceptual bubble,and we make a decision.We make a decision it's that big,even though it's not that big.

2:41
And what that illustratesis that decisions are the key thingsthat support our perceptual bubble. It keeps it alive.Without decisions you cannot see, you cannot think,you cannot feel.And you may think that anesthetics workby sending you into some deep sleep,or by blocking your receptors so that you don't feel pain,but in fact most anesthetics don't work that way.What they do is they introduce a noiseinto the brain so that the neurons cannot understand each other.They are confused,and you cannot make a decision.So, while you're trying to make up your mindwhat the doctor, the surgeon, is doingwhile he's hacking away at your body, he's long gone.He's at home having tea.(Laughter)

3:27
So, when you walk up to a door and you open it,what you compulsively have to do to perceiveis to make decisions,thousands of decisions about the size of the room,the walls, the height, the objects in this room.99 percent of what you seeis not what comes in through the eyes.It is what you infer about that room.So I can say, with some certainty,"I think, therefore I am."But I cannot say, "You think, therefore you are,"because "you" are within my perceptual bubble.

4:08
Now, we can speculate and philosophize this,but we don't actually have to for the next hundred years.We can ask a very concrete question."Can the brain build such a perception?"Is it capable of doing it?Does it have the substance to do it?And that's what I'm going to describe to you today.

4:27
So, it took the universe 11 billion years to build the brain.It had to improve it a little bit.It had to add to the frontal part, so that you would have instincts,because they had to cope on land.But the real big step was the neocortex.It's a new brain. You needed it.The mammals needed itbecause they had to cope with parenthood,social interactions,complex cognitive functions.

4:56
So, you can think of the neocortexactually as the ultimate solution today,of the universe as we know it.It's the pinnacle, it's the final productthat the universe has produced.It was so successful in evolutionthat from mouse to man it expandedabout a thousandfold in terms of the numbers of neurons,to produce this almost frighteningorgan, structure.And it has not stopped its evolutionary path.In fact, the neocortex in the human brainis evolving at an enormous speed.

5:33
If you zoom into the surface of the neocortex,you discover that it's made up of little modules,G5 processors, like in a computer.But there are about a million of them.They were so successful in evolutionthat what we did was to duplicate themover and over and add more and more of them to the brainuntil we ran out of space in the skull.And the brain started to fold in on itself,and that's why the neocortex is so highly convoluted.We're just packing in columns,so that we'd have more neocortical columnsto perform more complex functions.

6:05
So you can think of the neocortex actually asa massive grand piano,a million-key grand piano.Each of these neocortical columnswould produce a note.You stimulate it; it produces a symphony.But it's not just a symphony of perception.It's a symphony of your universe, your reality.Now, of course it takes years to learn howto master a grand piano with a million keys.That's why you have to send your kids to good schools,hopefully eventually to Oxford.But it's not only education.It's also genetics.You may be born lucky,where you know how to master your neocortical column,and you can play a fantastic symphony.

6:48
In fact, there is a new theory of autismcalled the "intense world" theory,which suggests that the neocortical columns are super-columns.They are highly reactive, and they are super-plastic,and so the autists are probably capable ofbuilding and learning a symphonywhich is unthinkable for us.But you can also understandthat if you have a diseasewithin one of these columns,the note is going to be off.The perception, the symphony that you createis going to be corrupted,and you will have symptoms of disease.

7:23
So, the Holy Grail for neuroscienceis really to understand the design of the neocoritical column --and it's not just for neuroscience;it's perhaps to understand perception, to understand reality,and perhaps to even also understand physical reality.So, what we did was, for the past 15 years,was to dissect out the neocortex, systematically.It's a bit like going and cataloging a piece of the rainforest.How many trees does it have?What shapes are the trees?How many of each type of tree do you have? Where are they positioned?

7:58
But it's a bit more than cataloging because you actually have todescribe and discover all the rules of communication,the rules of connectivity,because the neurons don't just like to connect with any neuron.They choose very carefully who they connect with.It's also more than catalogingbecause you actually have to build three-dimensionaldigital models of them.And we did that for tens of thousands of neurons,built digital models of all the different typesof neurons we came across.And once you have that, you can actuallybegin to build the neocortical column.

8:32
And here we're coiling them up.But as you do this, what you seeis that the branches intersectactually in millions of locations,and at each of these intersectionsthey can form a synapse.And a synapse is a chemical locationwhere they communicate with each other.And these synapses togetherform the networkor the circuit of the brain.Now, the circuit, you could also think of asthe fabric of the brain.And when you think of the fabric of the brain,the structure, how is it built? What is the pattern of the carpet?You realize that this posesa fundamental challenge to any theory of the brain,and especially to a theory that saysthat there is some reality that emergesout of this carpet, out of this particular carpetwith a particular pattern.

9:28
The reason is because the most important design secret of the brainis diversity.Every neuron is different.It's the same in the forest. Every pine tree is different.You may have many different types of trees,but every pine tree is different. And in the brain it's the same.So there is no neuron in my brain that is the same as another,and there is no neuron in my brain that is the same as in yours.And your neurons are not going to be oriented and positionedin exactly the same way.And you may have more or less neurons.So it's very unlikelythat you got the same fabric, the same circuitry.

10:01
So, how could we possibly create a realitythat we can even understand each other?Well, we don't have to speculate.We can look at all 10 million synapses now.We can look at the fabric. And we can change neurons.We can use different neurons with different variations.We can position them in different places,orient them in different places.We can use less or more of them.And when we do thatwhat we discovered is that the circuitry does change.But the pattern of how the circuitry is designed does not.So, the fabric of the brain,even though your brain may be smaller, bigger,it may have different types of neurons,different morphologies of neurons,we actually do sharethe same fabric.And we think this is species-specific,which means that that could explainwhy we can't communicate across species.

10:54
So, let's switch it on. But to do it, what you have to dois you have to make this come alive.We make it come alivewith equations, a lot of mathematics.And, in fact, the equations that make neurons into electrical generatorswere discovered by two Cambridge Nobel Laureates.So, we have the mathematics to make neurons come alive.We also have the mathematics to describehow neurons collect information,and how they create a little lightning boltto communicate with each other.And when they get to the synapse,what they do is they effectively,literally, shock the synapse.It's like electrical shockthat releases the chemicals from these synapses.

11:35
And we've got the mathematics to describe this process.So we can describe the communication between the neurons.There literally are only a handfulof equations that you need to simulatethe activity of the neocortex.But what you do need is a very big computer.And in fact you need one laptopto do all the calculations just for one neuron.So you need 10,000 laptops.So where do you go? You go to IBM,and you get a supercomputer, because they know how to take10,000 laptops and put it into the size of a refrigerator.So now we have this Blue Gene supercomputer.We can load up all the neurons,each one on to its processor,and fire it up, and see what happens.Take the magic carpet for a ride.

12:21
Here we activate it. And this gives the first glimpseof what is happening in your brainwhen there is a stimulation.It's the first view.Now, when you look at that the first time, you think,"My god. How is reality coming out of that?"But, in fact, you can start,even though we haven't trained this neocortical columnto create a specific reality.But we can ask, "Where is the rose?"We can ask, "Where is it inside,if we stimulate it with a picture?"Where is it inside the neocortex?Ultimately it's got to be there if we stimulated it with it.

13:01
So, the way that we can look at thatis to ignore the neurons, ignore the synapses,and look just at the raw electrical activity.Because that is what it's creating.It's creating electrical patterns.So when we did this,we indeed, for the first time,saw these ghost-like structures:electrical objects appearingwithin the neocortical column.And it's these electrical objectsthat are holding all the information aboutwhatever stimulated it.And then when we zoomed into this,it's like a veritable universe.

13:40
So the next stepis just to take these brain coordinatesand to project them into perceptual space.And if you do that,you will be able to step insidethe reality that is createdby this machine,by this piece of the brain.So, in summary,I think that the universe may have --it's possible --evolved a brain to see itself,which may be a first step in becoming aware of itself.There is a lot more to do to test these theories,and to test any other theories.But I hope that you are at least partly convincedthat it is not impossible to build a brain.We can do it within 10 years,and if we do succeed,we will send to TED, in 10 years,a hologram to talk to you. Thank you.(Applause)