Since the dawn of the 90’s and till nowadays the majority of representatives of medical specialties and insurance companies have repeatedly stated that healthcare enters a crisis as for medical malpractice lawsuits, as evidenced by the sharply increased amount of compensations awarded by the court, and the price of insurance policies at various levels. Thus, according to solicitors.guru, a prominent provider of legal services, running a huge database of medical negligence solicitors, the country’s budget expenditures associated with medical negligence account for £790ml. annually.

As a result, even some US states have enacted laws that restrict the amount of claims, compensations for lawyers and limitation periods within which the victims of negligence are entitled to sue the defendant. In addition, some states a mandatory insurance of doctors was introduced, as well as the established the procedure for the consideration of claims in arbitration before a claim can be submitted to the jury. Furthermore, the reduction of the compensation amount for ‘physical pain and suffering’ are actively discussed. It should be noted that certain proposals for reform in the area of medical malpractice lawsuits are usually discussed during the pre-election political campaigns in the aspects of the desire of gaining votes, and the current presidential election campaign.

Neither legislators nor the medical staff nor the patients have no doubt that the issues arising in connection with the resolution of medical malpractice disputes, are the most sophisticated in the law enforcement practice. This is because on the one hand the complicated nature of medicine and absolute uniqueness of each contentious case, and on the other hand the insufficiency of regulatory guidelines for medical practice. Taking into account the specificity of medical practice, it is virtually impossible to reflect all the standards in the acts of the legislative level. It is impossible to imagine a detailed description of medical procedures in the text of the law the area is so complicated and diverse that the mission seems to be impossible to implement.

Therefore, some other than the ‘technical’ level solution is required, some regulation on the sub-legal level. In other branches of human activity, for example in international trade or maritime transport, in the absence of legal regulation (i.e. rules, writing laid down by law) the terms have been developed for centuries in business practices that made up the unresolved legal niche. Despite the unwritten nature of these practices, they are the rules of law. In medicine, the role of such customs, ‘technology’ regulators, should be carried out by methodical recommendations, national standards, forms of diagnosis and treatment.

International experience suggests that standardisation of medical practice is not only giving real help to the courts in resolving medical malpractice disputes, but also provides an effective impact on the quality of medical care in the country, regardless of the legal status of standards and forms, different from country to country (they can be either mandatory or advisory).

Before the registration of the transaction for the purchase of bank property in London foreign investors should take into account the most basic factors that may influence the decision to purchase. According to the regulatory decree, the client undertakes to assume the risks associated with the given real estate. This means that in case of the existence of a certain debt, for example, for the contents of an object or an utility debt to the housing cooperative, the new owner is obliged to repay all the existing debts. If the previous owner of banking real estate has signed a lease and acted as the lessor, the new owner of the facility is obliged to wait for the expiry of the lease, and only then request the tenant to vacate the building. In view of this, it is advisable to hire legal entities that analyse the actual debt situation and take into account all the nuances that can affect the cost increases or unprofitable transaction. Legal backup is essential as banks may cooperate with 3rd party agencies that are interested in the sale without disclosing the entire picture – conveyancing solicitor and debt specialists could be the professional categories that will help you out.

Also, investors should take into account the time associated with the financing. As mentioned above, the bank services are ready and motivated to provide financial support. However, the potential buyer, referring to a particular UK bank, which offers the property for sale, agrees to accept funding exclusively from this particular bank. So, if there is a need for mortgage lending, the client will be able to use only the offers provided by the partner bank on the certain conditions defined by the bank. That is, the investor will be unable to select the best loan program at other banks, plus lower rates could be unavailable to the investor. Importantly, the conditions of long term loans offered by British banks as for real estate financing, which is sold at a discount of 70% or even more, could be far from optimal. However, in practice, this does not affect the financial profitability of the operation, although it implies certain ‘handcuffing’, limiting the choice of the investor.

The prospects confiscated or arrested real estate bears for foreign investors are largely associated with the affordable end price, so option can be considered to be optimal for many buyers running on a tight budget, even if the repair costs or debt repayment, net income from such investments may rise up to 100% of the purchase of the bank property. The investor may gain additional benefits by investing a certain amount of money in a property-focused project (usually the amounts start from £250,000) or moving capital to the partner bank (the amounts of £500,000+ should be considered). All in all, given the deficit on the property market, all of the above aspects trigger particular interest for such real estate segment in foreign investors.

The crime in providing medical assistance can be committed through carelessness or professional negligence. In the first case it is considered that a guilty person foresaw the potential outcomes of socially dangerous consequences of the actions made (or inaction), but lightly, without strong reasons considered their prevention (or absence) to be possible and/or true. In the second case (negligence), the offender, did not foresee such effects, but with the necessary approach and forethought should have and could have foreseen them.

An example of the negligence could be the next case (we are referring to the real cases provided by solicitors.guru partners – medical negligence solicitors, although we omit names, surnames and geographical location of the case). A patient with uncomplicated closed fractures of the hip was brought to the hospital. Young surgeon on duty decided to take advantage of osteosynthesis. During the surgery a severe bleeding occurred, and as a result, clinical shock. The patient died, and it turned out there were no indications for osteosynthesis. The surgeon, counting on the fact that there would be no intraoperative complications, decided to perform operation and took an increased risk.

Criminal negligence is defined as the occurrence of unforeseen adverse effects, though the guilty party could and should have foreseen their offensive. In practice, criminal negligence is often associated with medical ignorance. There is a misconception that the ignorance of their duties does not entail criminal liability. This is not true. Getting medical diploma, young professionals not only get the right to engage in medical practice, but also take on the responsibility to be able to do it.

Non-crime legal precedents

There’s a term ‘medical incident’ (also classified as ‘medical accident’) that doesn’t imply criminal activity. In this case the doctor is believed to act deemed to be committed innocently (accidentally) if the perpetrator (for example medical worker) was not aware of the social danger of his actions, did not foresee its socially dangerous consequences and the circumstances of the case should not have been there or could have been foreseen.

Here’s another example to consider: before appointing/introducing an antibiotic, the doctor asks the patient whether he has some drug tolerance problems, allergic reactions or, in particular, unusual reactions to antibiotics. After receiving a negative response, the physician nevertheless fulfills the necessary samples to determine the patient’s hypersensitivity to antibiotics, and the sample is negative. However, with the introduction of antibiotics, a severe anaphylactic shock is developed in the patient, recovery from which demanded significant efforts. There is no fault of the doctor, as in this case he did everything that is required, and he couldn’t foresee the consequences. From a legal point of view, the incident must be regarded to as causing of harm innocently, as there is no form of guilt there.

From time to time in the medical literature there are reports that significant efforts are made to organise medical negligence information with legal aspects in minds. The authors of these publications argue a lot, defending their own points of view and moving in decentralisation direction, rather than in a uniform way. Unfortunately, these attempts are groundless, because they are going beyond the limits of medical knowledge and the competence of law intrusion.

After the purchase transaction is complete, you will need to pay the state a fee as payment of expenses related to the acquisition. Now the legislation set the bar at a rate of 4 per cent of the transaction amount. You do not need to understand all of the transactions and other legal tricky cases, all of this is the prerogative of the agent or any other person who may be your confidant, plus the validity of the amount is verified by conveyance solicitors. If you are working with an agent you will have to pay up to 5 percent of the total cost of the purchased object, while conveyance solicitors, whose participation in the deal is obligatory, are typically paid up to 0.5% of the purchase. The cost of the premises is fixed in the contract, and the payment obligations of the seller and the buyer are listed there.

In order to take the construction of the house on their own land, it is necessary to communicate with the local authorities. Once administration gives go-ahead for the start of construction, you will need to draft a future housing, and then send it to the Ministry of Environment.

All in all, you can hardly call the pricing policy for the property in the UK to be democratic. In the center of London to purchase a one-room you will need around £1ml. The further you go from center, the lower the prices will be, but no less than £220,000 according to the offers as of March, 2016. In other localities, e.g. Liverpool or Manchester Greater area the prices are way more moderate – this is where 1 bedroom apartments start from as low as £70,000.

Before the acquisition of the object it is necessary to hire professionals that conduct an inspection of the premises and the adjoined buildings. At the end of this procedure you will receive a formal opinion, in which the state property will indicate that you need to repair and how much it will cost. For this paper, you will need to shell out up to several thousands pounds (although it doesn’t apply to the brand-new property of the higher price segment, that typically come fully furnished). This conclusion is then required for the registration of the mortgage, because the bank will need to make sure that the value of the object actually corresponds to its real condition.

The next step is a contract. It is notarised and sold under the close supervision of lawyers. After the transaction, your lawyer will ask you to provide all the necessary documentation; plus you may be asked to confirm the nature of the funds you are using to acquire the property. Then, in order to become full owner of the object, you will need to register all the documents at the Land Registry; and once this procedure is completed, you can consider yourself to be the landowner.

The article is inspired by the clinical negligence research published at solicitors.guru, the aspiring, well-established legal platform putting together hundreds of UK medical negligence solicitors, focused on the gigantic budget expenditures on the area that definitely deserves more attention from authorities.

The challenges of definition

In legal literature, there is no unified point of view on the qualification of medical errors. In some cases, the error is called a wrongful act of guilt in medical workers, resulting in harm to the patient’s health, in the others – accidentally caused harm to innocent, and sometimes – a circumstance, softening responsibility of a doctor. As is clear from these definitions, they differ significantly on such an important feature as the presence or absence of guilt. Meanwhile, a uniform legal definition of medical error has a theoretical and practical significance.

It appears that from a legal point of view, the errors must be distinguished from wrongful acts of guilt in medical workers (institutions) and cases of causing harm to the patient in the absence of guilt. The first of these acts is an offense (a crime, a misdemeanor), giving rise to criminal, disciplinary and civil liability; in the second embodiment, there is the case – the lack of guilt and responsibility.

Accordingly, it is necessary to distinguish the subjective and objective causes of errors in the process of healing. In terms of subjective reasons punishable medical errors occur as a result of negligence or lack of experience and knowledge of the physician, such as a careless inspection, inadequate assessment of clinical and laboratory data, negligent performance of operations and other treatment and preventive measures, negligent care and observation of the patient, poor organisation activities of medical institutions. Illegal abortion, failure to render aid to the patient happen due to deliberate actions of medical workers, but their relation to the adverse effects can also represent the form of negligence.

For medical errors, not entailing legal responsibility with regard to objective reasons, should be classified as acts of medical workers (institutions) that do not violate the rules established by law and regulations, but caused damage to health or provoked a lethal outcome, for example, due to lack of security specialists of medical institutions, hardware, therapeutic drugs, atypical form of the disease, the abnormal anatomical features of the patient or sudden allergic reaction that could not be foreseen by health professionals.

This classification and definition of medical errors, taking into account the criterion of guilt in medical workers, is confirmed by the jurisprudence. In some cases medical institutions can not be held responsible for diagnostic errors due to the complexity of the disease or its abnormality. However, if there is an evidence of errors caused as the result of careless attitude to the work of the medical staff, the hospital is obliged to compensate the damage caused to the health of the patient through the fault of its employees in the performance of their duties.