Preoperational

Preoperational

Concrete operational

7 to 11 yrs.
More accurate understanding of cause/effect.Concept of conservation - matter doesn't change when its form is altered.A child can reason well in this stage if concrete objects are used in teaching.

Pneumonia Treatment

croup is a syndrome that results in

Laryngotraceobronchitis(Croup)

Inflammation of the larynx, trachea and bronchi
Usually viral (often follows a cold)
Narrowing of air passages causing varying degrees of airway obstruction
Common age 3months- 3yrs
More common in winter

Epiglottitis

Inflammation of the glottis
Escalation of croup
Edema of tissues above the vocal cords
Narrowing of airway that can lead to complete obstruction
* Throat examined with extreme care as throat stimulation can lead to laryngoaspasm and obstruction
DO NOT TRIGGER THE GAG REFLEX DO NOT EXAMINE THR CHILD'S THROAT WITH TONGUE DEPRESSOR

Bronchiolitis

Common in infants
Inflammation of bronchioles with mucous plugs blocking small tubules
Air trapped and can not pass out on expiration
Increased CO2 levels and respiratory acidosis
Viral origin, does not respond to antibiotics
Respiratory synctial Virus (RSV) 50% of cases
Respiratory distress common symptom

Myringotom

Incision of eardrum
Drainage of fluid
Insertion of tubes to continue draining fluids
Tubes can remain in place for weeks- months
Avoid immersing head in water
Avoid blowing nose forcefully
Not always effective, may need to be repeated

Bronchial Asthma

Lower airway disorder characterized by bronchospasm, increased thickened secretions and mucosal edema
Common disorder
Most common chronic condition of childhood
Can be precipitated by allergies, URI, emotional stress

Protest

Despair

Denial

IV assessment

monitor frequently for infiltration and infection
Dressing changed daily
Tubing is changed per facility policy (about 72 hrs)
All tubing securely tightened
Assess the opening and closing controls
Keep tubing behind the child and out of their reach
All pediatric infusions are on a pump for precise delivery