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Have you taken the #spotlight quiz yet? Find out where you stand on social freedoms and equality. http://bit.ly/1kXVaST

Daughter: Ma (Hindi term for mother), can I go out and play? All my friends are going.

Mother: Did your father not tell you that you are not to go out in the afternoon? Your brother is also not home now. It is best you stay at home now.

Daughter: But that is not fair, Bhaiya (Hindi term for brother) always gets to go out whenever he wants. Papa never says anything to him. Why is it only like this for me? (Saying this, she starts crying)

Mother: Beti (Hindi term for daughter), don’t cry! That’s how it is. Don’t question things you don’t understand. Don’t you know, all this discussion will only anger your father again?

This conversation could well be from any household in the country today. Women and girls in India are the most vulnerable to violence and this fundamentally affects their right to life with dignity.

As in the illustration earlier, the most-common solution has been to keep women and girls confined within their homes and limit their mobility and basic freedoms. However, research has shown that among the many forms of violence against women and girls (VAWG), domestic violence is the most common form of violence experienced by women globally.

A 2014 study by United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA) and International Centre for Research on Women (ICRW) reveals that six out of ten Indian men rationalised VAW. A bigger surprise is that nearly 70 per cent of married women justify gender-based violence (based on data from round 3 of National Family Health Survey in 2005-06.

Not surprisingly, India has one of the lowest sex ratios worldwide, pegged at 940 girls per 1000 boys in 2011. This only points to the systemic violence characterising gender relations in the country. Dominant social norms dictate son preference and sanction violence as a means to control women and girls. Additionally, inequalities derived from gender norms and lack of agency affects perceptions of power and freedom. This is compounded by fierce resistance from traditional forces to status quo in gender roles and relations.

In 2005, the government of India enacted the Protection of Women from Domestic Violence Act (PWDVA) that came into force in 2006. The PWDVA is a civil law that complements existing criminal laws. The law provides immediate relief ranging from medical aid, shelter, monetary support and legal assistance. All this is done through creation of facilitating structures to access justice along with earmarked staff and infrastructure.

Nine years hence, progress in its implementation is insignificant as it remains plagued by challenges such as inadequate funds and human resources, poor coordination across implementing agencies and ineffective monitoring mechanisms. Addressing these would go a long way in strengthening the Act and making it effective.

To begin with, lack of reliable and timely datasets constrains scrutiny in implementation of such legislations. Periodic surveys by the Union Government to monitor VAWG as well as making available timely, reliable data, disaggregated by social categories and up to the district level is needed.

Challenges in implementation of the Act also include lack of adequate, earmarked financial allocations and release of funds in a timely manner. Following the brutal gang rape of a student in a bus in Delhi, the government set up the Nirbhaya Fund in 2013-14 with Rs. 1,000 crore. As on 2015-16, the Fund has a total of Rs. 3,000 crore but information reveals that as much as Rs. 1,273 crore of this remains unspent.

A related point is that the State governments should put in place requisite dedicated staff backed by adequate infrastructure to guarantee effective implementation. Further, governments both at the Union and State levels should have in place effective convergence mechanisms among various stakeholders, such as the police, judiciary, hospital, shelter home and so on.

In this regard, a critical must-have is ensuring regular monitoring and documentation of cases of domestic violence by state level Women and Child Development Departments to track progress.

This is also reiterated by the Lancet in its last year's series where it recommended the need to allocate resources to prioritize protecting victims, change structures and policies that discriminate against women, promote support for survivors, strengthen health and education sectors to prevent and respond to violence, and invest in more research into ways to address the problem.

In this regard, Oxfam India will soon be launching a public influencing campaign to address the social norms that perpetuate VAWG. Take this Quiz to know how close you are to rejecting some of these deeply-ingrained norms.

Written by: Pooja Parvati, Senior Research Manager at Oxfam India

Photo Credit: Oxfam India

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