An overview of every significant method of launch and recovery for manned sub-orbital Reusable Launch Vehicles (RLV) is presented here. We have categorized launch methods as vertical takeoff, horizontal takeoff, and air launch. Recovery methods are categorized as wings, aerodynamic decelerators, rockets, and rotors. We conclude that both vertical takeoff and some air launch methods are viable means of attaining sub-orbital altitudes and wings and aerodynamic decelerators are viable methods for recovery. These conclusions are based on statistical methods using historical data coupled with time-stepped integration of the trajectory equations of motion. Based on the additional factors of safety, customer acceptance, and affordability, we also conclude that the preferred architecture for a manned sub-orbital RLV is Vertical Takeoff using hybrid rocket motor propulsion and winged un-powered Horizontal Landing onto a runway (VTHL).

References:

Space Propulsion Analysis and Design

Future Space Transportation Systems and Launch Vehicles

Rocket Fighter

Lockheed NF-104 Aerospace Trainer

Republic XF-91 Thunderceptor Rocket Fighter

The Saga of SR 53

Trident, the Saga of the Unbeatable French Rocket Fighter

A Study of Air Launch Methods for RLVs

Parachute Recovery Systems Design Manual

Flight Testing the Parachute System for the Space Station Crew Return Vehicle