Observation consists of receiving knowledge of the outside world through our senses, or recording information using scientific tools and instruments. Any data recorded during an experiment can be called an observation.

The Scientific Process

A scientific process or scientific method requires observations of nature and formulating and testing the hypothesis. It consists of following four steps.

Forming a Hypothesis

Let's Take an Example:

You and your friend observed that white cats were found to be playing with white cats and black with black cats.

You form a hypothesis that "Cats like to play with cats same color as theirs"

The prediction is what you think will happened if the hypothesis is true

Predictions in this case could be…

H1 = White cats will play with white cats

H2 = Black cats will play with black cats

Now after the hypothesis is formed and predictions are made, this is the time to test them through experiment

An experiment is a way to test a hypothesis and see if what was predicted is correct or not

HYPOTHESIS: "Cats will play with cats of same color as theirs"

Let's Experiment

Get cats in a variety of colors say black, white, grey

Put them together in a room

Install close circuit cameras to record their activities

Results

After about a week, you learnt that cats will play without regarding any color. You found white cats playing with black and vice versa.

Our hypothesis proven incorrect and we may need to readjust it to try again

It is important to remember that even if hypothesis is proven false does not mean that our experiment has failed. Many discoveries were made through the process of trial and error.

One important thing to note is that human senses are subject to errors in perception e.g., optical illusions which can results in erroneous scientific observation. This is why scientific instruments were developed to improve and magnify human powers of observations like microscopes, cameras, telescopes, weight scales, computers, oscilloscopes, radio receivers etc.