230

BOOK FIRST.--A FEW PAGES OF HISTORY
CHAPTER V
¡¡¡¡FACTS WHENCE HISTORY SPRINGS AND WHICH HISTORY IGNORES
¡¡¡¡ Towards the end of April, everything had become aggravated. The
fermentation entered the boiling state.
¡¡¡¡Ever since 1830, petty partial revolts had been going on here and
there, which were quickly suppressed, but ever bursting forth afresh, the
sign of a vast underlying conflagration.
¡¡¡¡Something terrible was in preparation.
¡¡¡¡Glimpses could be caught of the features still indistinct and
imperfectly lighted, of a possible revolution. France kept an eye on
Paris; Paris kept an eye on the Faubourg Saint-Antoine.
¡¡¡¡The Faubourg Saint-Antoine, which was in a dull glow, was beginning
its ebullition.
¡¡¡¡The wine-shops of the Rue de Charonne were, although the union of the
two epithets seems singular when applied to wine-shops, grave and stormy.
¡¡¡¡The government was there purely and simply called in question. There
people publicly discussed the question of fighting or of keeping quiet.
¡¡¡¡There were back shops where workingmen were made to swear that they
would hasten into the street at the first cry of alarm, and "that they
would fight without counting the number of the enemy." This engagement
once entered into, a man seated in the corner of the wine-shop "assumed a
sonorous tone," and said, "You understand! You have sworn!"
¡¡¡¡Sometimes they went up stairs, to a private room on the first floor,
and there scenes that were almost masonic were enacted.
¡¡¡¡They made the initiated take oaths to render service to himself as
well as to the fathers of families.
¡¡¡¡That was the formula.
¡¡¡¡In the tap-rooms, "subversive" pamphlets were read.
¡¡¡¡They treated the government with contempt, says a secret report of
that time.
¡¡¡¡Words like the following could be heard there:--
¡¡¡¡"I don't know the names of the leaders.
¡¡¡¡We folks shall not know the day until two hours beforehand."
¡¡¡¡One workman said: "There are three hundred of us, let each contribute
ten sous, that will make one hundred and fifty francs with which to
procure powder and shot."
¡¡¡¡Another said:
¡¡¡¡"I don't ask for six months, I don't ask for even two. In less than a
fortnight we shall be parallel with the government. With twenty-five
thousand men we can face them."
¡¡¡¡Another said: "I don't sleep at night, because I make cartridges all
night." From time to time, men "of bourgeois appearance, and in good
coats" came and "caused embarrassment," and with the air of "command,"
shook hands with the most important, and then went away.
¡¡¡¡They never stayed more than ten minutes.
¡¡¡¡Significant remarks were exchanged in a low tone:
¡¡¡¡"The plot is ripe, the matter is arranged."
¡¡¡¡"It was murmured by all who were there," to borrow the very
expression of one of those who were present.
¡¡¡¡The exaltation was such that one day, a workingman exclaimed, efore
the whole wine-shop: "We have no arms!" One of his comrades replied:
¡¡¡¡"The soldiers have!" thus parodying without being aware of the fact,
Bonaparte's proclamation to the army in Italy:
¡¡¡¡"When they had anything of a more secret nature on hand," adds one
report, "they did not communicate it to each other." It is not easy to
understand what they could conceal after what they said.
¡¡¡¡These reunions were sometimes periodical.
¡¡¡¡At certain ones of them, there were never more than eight or ten
persons present, and they were always the same.
¡¡¡¡In others, any one entered who wished, and the room was so full that
they were forced to stand. Some went thither through enthusiasm and
passion; others because it was on their way to their work.
¡¡¡¡As during the Revolution, there were patriotic women in some of these
wine-shops who embraced new-comers.
¡¡¡¡Other expressive facts came to light.
¡¡¡¡A man would enter a shop, drink, and go his way with the remark:
"Wine-merchant, the revolution will pay what is due to you."
¡¡¡¡Revolutionary agents were appointed in a wine-shop facing the Rue de
Charonne.
¡¡¡¡The balloting was carried on in their caps.
¡¡¡¡Workingmen met at the house of a fencing-master who gave lessons in
the Rue de Cotte.
¡¡¡¡There there was a trophy of arms formed of wooden broadswords, canes,
clubs, and foils.
¡¡¡¡One day, the buttons were removed from the foils.
¡¡¡¡A workman said:
¡¡¡¡"There are twenty-five of us, but they don't count on me, because I
am looked upon as a machine."
¡¡¡¡Later on, that machine became Quenisset.
¡¡¡¡The indefinite things which were brewing gradually acquired a strange
and indescribable notoriety.
¡¡¡¡A woman sweeping off her doorsteps said to another woman:
¡¡¡¡"For a long time, there has been a strong force busy making
cartridges."
¡¡¡¡In the open street, proclamation could be seen addressed to the
National Guard in the departments. One of these proclamations was signed:
¡¡¡¡Burtot, wine-merchant.
¡¡¡¡One day a man with his beard worn like a collar and with an Italian
accent mounted a stone post at the door of a liquor-seller in the Marche
Lenoir, and read aloud a singular document, which seemed to emanate from
an occult power.
¡¡¡¡Groups formed around him, and applauded.
¡¡¡¡The passages which touched the crowd most deeply were collected and
noted down.
¡¡¡¡"--Our doctrines are trammelled, our proclamations torn, our bill-
stickers are spied upon and thrown into prison."--"The breakdown which
has recently taken place in cottons has converted to us many mediums."--
"The future of nations is being worked out in our obscure ranks."--" Here
are the fixed terms:
¡¡¡¡action or reaction, revolution or counter-revolution. For, at our
epoch, we no longer believe either in inertia or in immobility.
¡¡¡¡For the people against the people, that is the question.
¡¡¡¡There is no other."--"On the day when we cease to suit you, break us,
but up to that day, help us to march on."
¡¡¡¡All this in broad daylight.
¡¡¡¡Other deeds, more audacious still, were suspicious in the eyes of the
people by reason of their very audacity.
¡¡¡¡On the 4th of April, 1832, a passer-by mounted the post on the corner
which forms the angle of the Rue Sainte-Marguerite and shouted:
¡¡¡¡"I am a Babouvist!" But beneath Babeuf, the people scented Gisquet.
¡¡¡¡Among other things, this man said:--
¡¡¡¡"Down with property!
¡¡¡¡The opposition of the left is cowardly and treacherous.
¡¡¡¡When it wants to be on the right side, it preaches revolution, it is
democratic in order to escape being beaten, and royalist so that it may
not have to fight. The republicans are beasts with feathers.
¡¡¡¡Distrust the republicans, citizens of the laboring classes."
¡¡¡¡"Silence, citizen spy!" cried an artisan.
¡¡¡¡This shout put an end to the discourse.
¡¡¡¡Mysterious incidents occurred.
¡¡¡¡At nightfall, a workingman encountered near the canal a "very well
dressed man," who said to him:
¡¡¡¡"Whither are you bound, citizen?"
¡¡¡¡"Sir," replied the workingman, "I have not the honor of your
acquaintance."
¡¡¡¡"I know you very well, however."
¡¡¡¡And the man added:
¡¡¡¡"Don't be alarmed, I am an agent of the committee. You are suspected
of not being quite faithful.
¡¡¡¡You know that if you reveal anything, there is an eye fixed on you."
¡¡¡¡Then he shook hands with the workingman and went away, saying:
¡¡¡¡"We shall meet again soon."
¡¡¡¡The police, who were on the alert, collected singular dialogues, not
only in the wine-shops, but in the street.
¡¡¡¡"Get yourself received very soon," said a weaver to a cabinet-maker.
¡¡¡¡"Why?"
¡¡¡¡"There is going to be a shot to fire."
¡¡¡¡Two ragged pedestrians exchanged these remarkable replies, fraught
with evident Jacquerie:--
¡¡¡¡"Who governs us?"
¡¡¡¡"M. Philippe."
¡¡¡¡"No, it is the bourgeoisie."
¡¡¡¡The reader is mistaken if he thinks that we take the word Jacquerie
in a bad sense.
¡¡¡¡The Jacques were the poor.
¡¡¡¡On another occasion two men were heard to say to each other as they
passed by:
¡¡¡¡"We have a good plan of attack."
¡¡¡¡Only the following was caught of a private conversation between four
men who were crouching in a ditch of the circle of the Barriere du
Trone:--
¡¡¡¡"Everything possible will be done to prevent his walking about Paris
any more."
¡¡¡¡Who was the he?
¡¡¡¡Menacing obscurity.
¡¡¡¡"The principal leaders," as they said in the faubourg, held
themselves apart.
¡¡¡¡It was supposed that they met for consultation in a wine-shop near
the point Saint-Eustache. A certain Aug--, chief of the Society aid for
tailors, Rue Mondetour, had the reputation of serving as intermediary
central between the leaders and the Faubourg Saint-Antoine.
¡¡¡¡Nevertheless, there was always a great deal of mystery about these
leaders, and no certain fact can invalidate the singular arrogance of
this reply made later on by a man accused before the Court of Peers:--
¡¡¡¡"Who was your leader?"
¡¡¡¡"I knew of none and I recognized none."
¡¡¡¡There was nothing but words, transparent but vague; sometimes idle
reports, rumors, hearsay.
¡¡¡¡Other indications cropped up.
¡¡¡¡A carpenter, occupied in nailing boards to a fence around the ground
on which a house was in process of construction, in the Rue de Reuilly
found on that plot the torn fragment of a letter on which were still
legible the following lines:--
¡¡¡¡ The committee must take measures to prevent recruiting in the
sections for the different societies.
¡¡¡¡ And, as a postscript:--
¡¡¡¡ We have learned that there are guns in the Rue du Faubourg-
Poissonniere, No. 5 [bis], to the number of five or six thousand, in the
house of a gunsmith in that court.
¡¡¡¡The section owns no arms.
¡¡¡¡ What excited the carpenter and caused him to show this thing to his
neighbors was the fact, that a few paces further on he picked up another
paper, torn like the first, and still more significant, of which we
reproduce a facsimile, because of the historical interest attaching to
these strange documents:--
¡¡¡¡| Q| C | D | E | Learn this list by heart. After so doing | | | | ||
you will tear it up. The men admitted | | | | | | will do thesame when
you have transmitted | | | | | | their orders to them. | | | | | | Health
and Fraternity, | | | | | | u og a fe L. |
¡¡¡¡ It was only later on that the persons who were in the secret of this
find at the time, learned the significance of those four capital letters:
¡¡¡¡quinturions, centurions, decurions, eclaireurs [scouts], and the
sense of the letters:
¡¡¡¡u og a fe, which was a date, and meant April 15th, 1832.
¡¡¡¡Under each capital letter were inscribed names followed by very
characteristic notes.
¡¡¡¡Thus:
¡¡¡¡Q. Bannerel. 8 guns, 83 cartridges.
¡¡¡¡A safe man.--C. Boubiere.
¡¡¡¡1 pistol, 40 cartridges.--D. Rollet.
¡¡¡¡1 foil, 1 pistol, 1 pound of powder.-- E. Tessier.
¡¡¡¡1 sword, 1 cartridge-box. Exact.--Terreur.
¡¡¡¡8 guns. Brave, etc.
¡¡¡¡Finally, this carpenter found, still in the same enclosure, a third
paper on which was written in pencil, but very legibly, this sort of
enigmatical list:--Unite:
¡¡¡¡Blanchard: Arbre-Sec. 6.
¡¡¡¡Barra.
¡¡¡¡Soize.
¡¡¡¡Salle-au-Comte.
¡¡¡¡Kosciusko. Aubry the Butcher?
¡¡¡¡J. J. R.
¡¡¡¡Caius Gracchus.
¡¡¡¡Right of revision.
¡¡¡¡Dufond.
¡¡¡¡Four.
¡¡¡¡Fall of the Girondists.
¡¡¡¡Derbac.
¡¡¡¡Maubuee.
¡¡¡¡Washington.
¡¡¡¡Pinson.
¡¡¡¡1 pistol, 86 cartridges.
¡¡¡¡Marseillaise.
¡¡¡¡Sovereignty of the people. Michel. Quincampoix. Sword.
¡¡¡¡Hoche.
¡¡¡¡Marceau.
¡¡¡¡Plato.
¡¡¡¡Arbre-Sec.
¡¡¡¡Warsaw.
¡¡¡¡Tilly, crier of the Populaire.
¡¡¡¡ The honest bourgeois into whose hands this list fell knew its
significance.
¡¡¡¡It appears that this list was the complete nomenclature of the
sections of the fourth arondissement of the Society of the Rights of Man,
with the names and dwellings of the chiefs of sections. To-day, when all
these facts which were obscure are nothing more than history, we may
publish them.
¡¡¡¡It should be added, that the foundation of the Society of the Rights
of Man seems to have been posterior to the date when this paper was
found.
¡¡¡¡Perhaps this was only a rough draft.
¡¡¡¡Still, according to all the remarks and the words, according to
written notes, material facts begin to make their appearance.
¡¡¡¡In the Rue Popincourt, in the house of a dealer in bric-abrac, there
were seized seven sheets of gray paper, all folded alike lengthwise and
in four; these sheets enclosed twenty-six squares of this same gray paper
folded in the form of a cartridge, and a card, on which was written the
following:--
¡¡¡¡ Saltpetre . . . . . . . . . . . 12 ounces.
¡¡?Sulphur . . . . . . . . . . . 2 ounces.
¡¡?Charcoal . . . . . . . . . . . 2
¡¡?ounces and a half.
¡¡?Water . . . . . . . . . . . 2 ounces.
¡¡¡¡ The report of the seizure stated that the drawer exhaled a strong
smell of powder.
¡¡¡¡A mason returning from his day's work, left behind him a little
package on a bench near the bridge of Austerlitz.
¡¡¡¡This package was taken to the police station.
¡¡¡¡It was opened, and in it were found two printed dialogues, signed
Lahautiere, a song entitled: "Workmen, band together," and a tin box full
of cartridges.
¡¡¡¡One artisan drinking with a comrade made the latter feel him to see
how warm he was; the other man felt a pistol under his waistcoat.
¡¡¡¡In a ditch on the boulevard, between Pere-Lachaise and the Barriere
du Trone, at the most deserted spot, some children, while playing,
discovered beneath a mass of shavings and refuse bits of wood, a bag
containing a bullet-mould, a wooden punch for the preparation of
cartridges, a wooden bowl, in which there were grains of hunting-powder,
and a little cast-iron pot whose interior presented evident traces of
melted lead.
¡¡¡¡Police agents, making their way suddenly and unexpectedly at five
o'clock in the morning, into the dwelling of a certain Pardon, who was
afterwards a member of the Barricade-Merry section and got himself killed
in the insurrection of April, 1834, found him standing near his bed, and
holding in his hand some cartridges which he was in the act of preparing.
¡¡¡¡Towards the hour when workingmen repose, two men were seen to meet
between the Barriere Picpus and the Barriere Charenton in a little lane
between two walls, near a wine-shop, in front of which there was a "Jeu
de Siam."[33] One drew a pistol from beneath his blouse and handed it to
the other.
¡¡¡¡As he was handing it to him, he noticed that the perspiration of his
chest had made the powder damp. He primed the pistol and added more
powder to what was already in the pan.
¡¡¡¡Then the two men parted.
¡¡¡¡ [33] A game of ninepins, in which one side of the ball is smaller
than the other, so that it does not roll straight, but describes a curve
on the ground.
¡¡¡¡ A certain Gallais, afterwards killed in the Rue Beaubourg in the
affair of April, boasted of having in his house seven hundred cartridges
and twenty-four flints.
¡¡¡¡The government one day received a warning that arms and two hundred
thousand cartridges had just been distributed in the faubourg. On the
following week thirty thousand cartridges were distributed. The
remarkable point about it was, that the police were not able to seize a
single one.
¡¡¡¡An intercepted letter read:
¡¡¡¡"The day is not far distant when, within four hours by the clock,
eighty thousand patriots will be under arms."
¡¡¡¡All this fermentation was public, one might almost say tranquil. The
approaching insurrection was preparing its storm calmly in the face of
the government.
¡¡¡¡No singularity was lacking to this still subterranean crisis, which
was already perceptible.
¡¡¡¡The bourgeois talked peaceably to the working-classes of what was in
preparation. They said:
¡¡¡¡"How is the rising coming along?" in the same tone in which they
would have said:
¡¡¡¡"How is your wife?"
¡¡¡¡A furniture-dealer, of the Rue Moreau, inquired:
¡¡¡¡"Well, when are you going to make the attack?"
¡¡¡¡Another shop-keeper said:--
¡¡¡¡"The attack will be made soon."
¡¡¡¡"I know it.
¡¡¡¡A month ago, there were fifteen thousand of you, now there are
twenty-five thousand."
¡¡¡¡He offered his gun, and a neighbor offered a small pistol which he
was willing to sell for seven francs.
¡¡¡¡Moreover, the revolutionary fever was growing.
¡¡¡¡Not a point in Paris nor in France was exempt from it.
¡¡¡¡The artery was beating everywhere. Like those membranes which arise
from certain inflammations and form in the human body, the network of
secret societies began to spread all over the country.
¡¡¡¡From the associations of the Friends of the People, which was at the
same time public and secret, sprang the Society of the Rights of Man,
which also dated from one of the orders of the day:
¡¡¡¡Pluviose, Year 40 of the republican era, which was destined to
survive even the mandate of the Court of Assizes which pronounced its
dissolution, and which did not hesitate to bestow on its sections
significant names like the following:--
¡¡¡¡ Pikes. Tocsin. Signal cannon. Phrygian cap. January 21. The beggars.
The vagabonds. Forward march. Robespierre. Level. Ca Ira.
¡¡¡¡The Society of the Rights of Man engendered the Society of Action.
These were impatient individuals who broke away and hastened ahead. Other
associations sought to recruit themselves from the great mother
societies.
¡¡¡¡The members of sections complained that they were torn asunder.
¡¡¡¡Thus, the Gallic Society, and the committee of organization of the
Municipalities.
¡¡¡¡Thus the associations for the liberty of the press, for individual
liberty, for the instruction of the people against indirect taxes.
¡¡¡¡Then the Society of Equal Workingmen which was divided into three
fractions, the levellers, the communists, the reformers.
¡¡¡¡Then the Army of the Bastilles, a sort of cohort organized on a
military footing, four men commanded by a corporal, ten by a sergeant,
twenty by a sub-lieutenant, forty by a lieutenant; there were never more
than five men who knew each other. Creation where precaution is combined
with audacity and which seemed stamped with the genius of Venice.
¡¡¡¡The central committee, which was at the head, had two arms, the
Society of Action, and the Army of the Bastilles.
¡¡¡¡A legitimist association, the Chevaliers of Fidelity, stirred about
among these the republican affiliations.
¡¡¡¡It was denounced and repudiated there.
¡¡¡¡The Parisian societies had ramifications in the principal cities,
Lyons, Nantes, Lille, Marseilles, and each had its Society of the Rights
of Man, the Charbonniere, and The Free Men. All had a revolutionary
society which was called the Cougourde. We have already mentioned this
word.
¡¡¡¡In Paris, the Faubourg Saint-Marceau kept up an equal buzzing with
the Faubourg Saint-Antoine, and the schools were no less moved than the
faubourgs.
¡¡¡¡A cafe in the Rue Saint-Hyacinthe and the wine-shop of the Seven
Billiards, Rue des Mathurins-Saint-Jacques, served as rallying points for
the students.
¡¡¡¡The Society of the Friends of the A B C affiliated to the Mutualists
of Angers, and to the Cougourde of Aix, met, as we have seen, in the Cafe
Musain. These same young men assembled also, as we have stated already,
in a restaurant wine-shop of the Rue Mondetour which was called Corinthe.
These meetings were secret.
¡¡¡¡Others were as public as possible, and the reader can judge of their
boldness from these fragments of an interrogatory undergone in one of the
ulterior prosecutions: "Where was this meeting held?"
¡¡¡¡"In the Rue de la Paix." "At whose house?"
¡¡¡¡"In the street."
¡¡¡¡"What sections were there?" "Only one."
¡¡¡¡"Which?"
¡¡¡¡"The Manuel section."
¡¡¡¡"Who was its leader?" "I." "You are too young to have decided alone
upon the bold course of attacking the government.
¡¡¡¡Where did your instructions come from?" "From the central committee."
¡¡¡¡The army was mined at the same time as the population, as was proved
subsequently by the operations of Beford, Luneville, and Epinard. They
counted on the fifty-second regiment, on the fifth, on the eighth, on the
thirty-seventh, and on the twentieth light cavalry. In Burgundy and in
the southern towns they planted the liberty tree; that is to say, a pole
surmounted by a red cap.
¡¡¡¡Such was the situation.
¡¡¡¡The Faubourg Saint-Antoine, more than any other group of the
population, as we stated in the beginning, accentuated this situation and
made it felt.
¡¡¡¡That was the sore point.
¡¡¡¡This old faubourg, peopled like an ant-hill, laborious, courageous,
and angry as a hive of bees, was quivering with expectation and with the
desire for a tumult. Everything was in a state of agitation there,
without any interruption, however, of the regular work.
¡¡¡¡It is impossible to convey an idea of this lively yet sombre
physiognomy.
¡¡¡¡In this faubourg exists poignant distress hidden under attic roofs;
there also exist rare and ardent minds.
¡¡¡¡It is particularly in the matter of distress and intelligence that it
is dangerous to have extremes meet.
¡¡¡¡The Faubourg Saint-Antoine had also other causes to tremble; for it
received the counter-shock of commercial crises, of failures, strikes,
slack seasons, all inherent to great political disturbances. In times of
revolution misery is both cause and effect.
¡¡¡¡The blow which it deals rebounds upon it.
¡¡¡¡This population full of proud virtue, capable to the highest degree
of latent heat, always ready to fly to arms, prompt to explode,
irritated, deep, undermined, seemed to be only awaiting the fall of a
spark.
¡¡¡¡Whenever certain sparks float on the horizon chased by the wind of
events, it is impossible not to think of the Faubourg Saint-Antoine and
of the formidable chance which has placed at the very gates of Paris that
powder-house of suffering and ideas.
¡¡¡¡The wine-shops of the Faubourg Antoine, which have been more than
once drawn in the sketches which the reader has just perused, possess
historical notoriety.
¡¡¡¡In troublous times people grow intoxicated there more on words than
on wine.
¡¡¡¡A sort of prophetic spirit and an afflatus of the future circulates
there, swelling hearts and enlarging souls.
¡¡¡¡The cabarets of the Faubourg Saint-Antoine resemble those taverns of
Mont Aventine erected on the cave of the Sibyl and communicating with the
profound and sacred breath; taverns where the tables were almost tripods,
and where was drunk what Ennius calls the sibylline wine.
¡¡¡¡The Faubourg Saint-Antoine is a reservoir of people. Revolutionary
agitations create fissures there, through which trickles the popular
sovereignty.
¡¡¡¡This sovereignty may do evil; it can be mistaken like any other; but,
even when led astray, it remains great.
¡¡¡¡We may say of it as of the blind cyclops, Ingens.
¡¡¡¡In '93, according as the idea which was floating about was good or
evil, according as it was the day of fanaticism or of enthusiasm, there
leaped forth from the Faubourg Saint-Antoine now savage legions, now
heroic bands.
¡¡¡¡Savage.
¡¡¡¡Let us explain this word.
¡¡¡¡When these bristling men, who in the early days of the revolutionary
chaos, tattered, howling, wild, with uplifted bludgeon, pike on high,
hurled themselves upon ancient Paris in an uproar, what did they want?
¡¡¡¡They wanted an end to oppression, an end to tyranny, an end to the
sword, work for men, instruction for the child, social sweetness for the
woman, liberty, equality, fraternity, bread for all, the idea for all,
the Edenizing of the world.
¡¡¡¡Progress; and that holy, sweet, and good thing, progress, they
claimed in terrible wise, driven to extremities as they were, half naked,
club in fist, a roar in their mouths.
¡¡¡¡They were savages, yes; but the savages of civilization.
¡¡¡¡They proclaimed right furiously; they were desirous, if only with
fear and trembling, to force the human race to paradise. They seemed
barbarians, and they were saviours.
¡¡¡¡They demanded light with the mask of night.
¡¡¡¡Facing these men, who were ferocious, we admit, and terrifying, but
ferocious and terrifying for good ends, there are other men, smiling,
embroidered, gilded, beribboned, starred, in silk stockings, in white
plumes, in yellow gloves, in varnished shoes, who, with their elbows on a
velvet table, beside a marble chimney-piece, insist gently on demeanor
and the preservation of the past, of the Middle Ages, of divine right, of
fanaticism, of innocence, of slavery, of the death penalty, of war,
glorifying in low tones and with politeness, the sword, the stake, and
the scaffold.
¡¡¡¡For our part, if we were forced to make a choice between the
barbarians of civilization and the civilized men of barbarism, we should
choose the barbarians.
¡¡¡¡But, thank Heaven, still another choice is possible.
¡¡¡¡No perpendicular fall is necessary, in front any more than in the
rear.
¡¡¡¡Neither despotism nor terrorism.
¡¡¡¡We desire progress with a gentle slope.
¡¡¡¡God takes care of that.
¡¡¡¡God's whole policy consists in rendering slopes less steep.
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? Victor Hugo