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A red giant is a luminous giant star in the later stages of its lifespan. The outer layer inflates creating a large radius with surface temperatures around 5,000 K. It appears as spectral types K and M. The most common red giants are stars on the red-giant branch which are fusing hydrogen into helium in a shell surrounding a dead helium core.

These substellar objects are something between a heavy gas giant and the smallest of stars. Their mass is roughly between 80 times that of our own Jupiter. Anything smaller is classified as a sub-brown dwarf and anything larger is a small red dwarf.

Despite their rather dull name, brown dwarfs are typically magenta in color to the naked human eye, or sometimes a shade redder. They do not give off much visible light.

A red dwarf is a small main sequence star of the M spectral type. They are fairly cool, with a temperature of less than 4,000 K. Sometimes main sequence K-type stars are also included in this category.

Red dwarfs are in fact the most common type of star in the Orion Spur. However, because of their relatively low luminosity they are difficult to see in the night sky. Proxima Centauri, the nearest star to our own, is in fact a red dwarf star.

Often referred to as a G-type main-sequence star, a yellow star, in particular a yellow dwarf is in fact what our own sun is. Like other main-sequence stars these convert hydrogen into helium at their core.
Besides our own sun, other well known yellow stars include Alpha Centauri A, Tau Ceti, and 51 Pegasi.

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