Sunday, August 05, 2012

Lawrence Stone
territory this posting, with A brief
relation of the strange and unnatural practices of Wessel Goodwin, Mehetabell
Jones the wife of Edward Jones, and Elizabeth Pigeon the wife of John Pigeon (1654).

This indignant
pamphlet was written by Wessel Goodwin’s son-in-law Samuel Vernon, who followed
up with another account of the disaster which struck the family in the form of
two sisters, Mehetabel and Elizabeth. This second account comes in The
trepan being a true relation, full of stupendious variety, of the strange
practices of Mehetabel, the wife of Edward Jones, and Elizabeth, wife of
Lieutenant John Pigeon, sister to the said Mehetabel, being both Quakers : wherein
is discovered the subtle method whereby they cheated Mr. Wessel Goodwin, a dyer
in Southwark, and all his children of a fair estate: with sundry copies of
letters, perfumed locks of hair, and verses they sent him, and many other
notable devices belonging to the art of trepanning (1656).

It’s a salutary
work to read if one is minded to deplore the subordination of women in 17th
century England. Obviously, we do not get to hear what Mehetabel and Elizabeth
could say for themselves, but, having read Samuel Vernon’s pamphlets about
them, I am inclined to believe the one witness we have. The son-in-law looks on
in horror as his wife’s father ruins the family under the manipulative
influence of the two sisters. In the follow up pamphlet, he has incriminating
letters by both women in his possession, and invites anyone interested to come
and verify that they are as he says. Elizabeth Pigeon was appalling, a cunning
and dangerous woman, of high ability, but entirely self-seeking and shameless.

The stories told,
and personalities involved, are all interesting. In the end remarkable in
social history terms is that both sisters managed to use the law to break off their
marriages. Master Jones, a lutenist, and Mr Pigeon, were brow-beaten by
factitious arrests for debt, sexual manipulation, by provocations to which
their occasionally ill-considered responses are all made to play into the hands
of two determined women. Both men limp wounded and penniless out of their
marriages. They sign ‘divorce’ documents put to them by their wives, or
associates of their wives, and leave the scene of their defeat for years.

But to the main
story: Wessel Goodwin was a London dyer. He had an estate of about £2,000, and
his trade as dyer clears him between three and five hundred pounds a year. He
had a wife, and four children.

But he had an
extraordinary combination of “a weak head, yet an obstinate will” (as the 1656
pamphlet puts it). His marriage had been plagued by his bizarre extravagance –
he spent insane amounts of money on music.

“He was ever
strangely given to music, to which he had a ravenous appetite; five pounds for
pricking out two or three lessons, which when he had, he understood like Arabic;
thirty pounds for a Lute, of which he had with other sorts of fiddles, a whole
room full; and which is the wonder, can ply of none, only admires them, ten
pounds at a time to a music Master for a months teaching (or rather playing to
him.)”

Goodwin forced his children to learn music, and only if they
did this (to the detriment of anything else, any other way of life) did he
regard them as obedient. The biographer of his folly, his son-in-law, quarreled
with him about this.

His obsession with music seems to have been genuinely
unbalanced. When he was 58, his wife, who had struggled gamely with this
impossible husband, asked from her deathbed that the music in the house might
stop, and was refused:

“About the 58
year of his age, his virtuous wife fell sick of a painful disease contracted by
melancholy, of which in a few months she died.

When she drew
near her death, some few days before her departure, overhearing the music which
was daily in the next room, she desired one of her sons to call in their
father, to whom with a broken sad voice she said, Husband, you well know what a
burthen this Excess of music hath been to me all my life; must that which hath
been so much affliction to me in my life, be brought to my death bed? may I not
dye out of the noise of it? pray forbear, I have not many hours to live, and
then you may have your fill of music. To which he replied not one word, but
went out in discontent and so fell to his music again.”

Music was going
to bring its own nemesis upon Wessel Goodwin. He was employing a lutenist
called Edward Jones, and no doubt Jones’ incredulous accounts of his employer’s
infatuation with music alerted Mehetabel Jones to an easy mark. She starts,
acting with her sister, to secure sums of money from Goodwin, and denigrating
his wife (while she lived) and his children. Her sister Elizabeth pushes the
whole thing on. Samuel Vernon, fascinated and repulsed, gives this account:

“because Mrs.Pigeonis the chief agent and contriver in
these sinful projects, I shall give this brief description of her: She is one
that can transform her self into an Angel of light, and having her tongue
tipped with Scripture, can with tears, sighs, gesture at command, set off what
she would have believed, as Gospel, though very false, thereby to ensure such
as hearken to her Charms; no sport to her like catching credulous persons with
her faire Saint-like expressions, making sure prey of all that she can thus
draw into her toils; and so implacable, that when she hath once got an advantage,
nothing shall satisfy her but the utmost rigour, which she will rise at
midnight to prosecute.”

Mrs Pigeon was
what Roman satirists would have called a captator, a legacy-hunter. She had
done well out of her first marriage, and has a second husband who is a
Lieutenant of Oliver Cromwell’s regiment, one John Pigeon. You’d think an old Ironside
like that might have been able to hold his own, but Pigeon has willed
everything to her. In the course of procuring this, she has almost killed him
(according to Vernon) with a mixture of aphrodisiac drugs and refusal to
consent to sex (“if you touch me, I will cry murder”, she reportedly says to
her husband – this in the 1656 pamphlet), until he left her everything. After
this success, Mrs Pigeon went on to plot the judicial murder of her husband “it
being immediately after the late Kings death, she makes show of much discontent
against the actings of the present Governors; she projects to her husband to
draw up a declaration against them, and their proceedings, which he must
subscribe and avow, and then he should be her dear husband, and she vows to
stand by him to the last in it. Let others think their pleasure, for my part, I
believe this was a plot laid to have destroyed Mr.Pigeon;but he wisely refused to act in it.”

After being drawn
into an affray, which his wife (who, according to Vernon, improved mightily on
her facial injuries with make-up) exploits to get him cashiered from the army,
Pigeon is brow-beaten by one of his wife’s legal agents into signing a bill of
divorce, “alleging he might lawfully in the sight of God do it”. After this,
the couple separate. (What sort of confusion of mind had Milton created, with those
divorce pamphlets of the 1640’s?)

Sister Mehetabel
that makes the running with old Goodwin, and soon has the old man infatuated: “She
must be freed from her husband, that so she may be free for old Mr.Goodwin,who is now so taken with her, that he
can enjoy himself no where but in her company: scarce one day in the week but
he is at her house, spending his time in dalliance with her.” Vernon has had
report of her demeanor to Goodwin: “And Mr.Pigeonaffirms, that about the year 1646.
sojourning then in the house of his BrotherJones,he set himself to observe their
carriage, and at one time he saw MistressJonestake Mr. Goodwinabout the neck and kiss him: at
another time, being (as they thought) in private, he saw her take Mr.Goodwin’shand, and putting it under her apron,
holding it against the bottom of her belly, with many repeated mutual kisses,
she saying, oh my dear Love! At which Mr.Pigeonbeing much scandalized to see his
SisterJonesso behave her self to Mr.Goodwin,she being a married woman, and her
husband in the house, went presently and told his wife what he had seen, and
that he would tarry there no longer, for that he believed the house was a Bawdy
house, and that her SisterJoneswas Mr.Goodwinswhore.”

Vernon himself
cannot resist a bawdy comment on the complete change the women effect in
Goodwin’s preoccupation: “Now the Lute and the Lute Master is quite laid aside,
Mr.Goodwinspeaks not one word more of musick; he
hath found another manner of Lute that is easier to play on, which he had been
long before a tuning…” I suppose you could say that Goodwin finds himself (as
he sees it) transformed from being a passive admirer, into a participant, the
admirer thinks himself admired.

Outsiders try to
intervene: everyone in the neighbourhood knows what is going on, even small
children report details of Goodwin’s infatuation. But “he is so bewitched with
her, that as it is reported of leprous persons, into whose flesh you may thrust
needles to the head, and they feel nothing; so though reproof, admonitions,
prayers, from children, neighbours, Justices, Ministers, assault him daily, yet
he is insensible of all.” His minister uses the final deterrent, and “suspends
him from the Sacrament, which he values so little, that to this day he so continues,
without so much as once desiring to be restored, professing his conscience is
clear, and that he values the reproofs of Ministers no more then the dirt under
his feet.”

Jones, the
lutenist, no longer has Goodwin under the fairly innocent spell of his art. He
has his own troubles, and undergoes a series of legal assaults, provocations,
and is led into further problems when he unwisely fights back. The two women
offer him money to emigrate. He ends up imprisoned in ‘The Counter’, and when
this has happened, his wife “flies to [Goodwin], throwing her self into his arms,
saying, Mr.Goodwin,Mr.Jonesand I am now parted for ever, and you
must keep me. The poor deluded old man being overjoyed, takes her in his arms,
tells her, it was the best news to him that ever came to town, and that he
would provide for her, with more to that purpose. Mr.Pigeonstands in admiration at these doings;
at the last breaks out into these words; Now quoth he, I see the cause my
brotherJoneswas put into the Counter”.

Jones gets
himself out of prison, and agrees with his wife that she will leave him, the
house and the children to stay with him. This deal she instantly breaks,
entering the house while he is out giving lessons, and removing everything of
value. He finally leaves the city entirely, penniless, and heads off to Norwich.

Finally, the
sisters move into Goodwin’s house. This is accomplished by marrying off
Mehetabel Jones’ daughter Lydia to one of Goodwin’s less promising sons, James,
“a silly schoolboy” (says the 1656 pamphlet): “In brief, they presently clap up
a Match between this boy, that a little before was intended for a prentice, and
MistressJonesher daughter, a girl 19 of about
fifteen years old, but so small, that she looked more like one of eight or nine
at the most. After short wooing, they are married together. This was a strong
subtle device, worth MistressPigeonsInvention. By this match Mr. Goodwinand his concubine are become brothers
and sisters, and who can find fault at decent familiarity between such? By this
the women have got an interest in the estate and family, that they dare own to
the world, which they durst not before: This brings them boldly into the house
to reside; Mrs.Jonespretending that because her daughter
is such a childe, she hath the more need of a guide. In a word, this device
draws a faire skin over a great many scabby places at once; and so they without
any more Ceremony all enter the house, bringing all their children and retinue
with them.”

Goodwin enters
into “an adulterous contract of marriage with Mistress Jones”, convinced by
their assurances that he can justly and religiously do so. The sisters continue
spending all the money they can lay hands on. There remain two members of the original
Goodwin family to be defeated. The first is a devout and moral minded senior
apprentice, who is finished off when he goes down with a fever. During his
illness, the sisters ply him with their own prescriptions, and he dies. Then
there is the capable son Andrew, who has been acting in partnership with his
father, doing his best to run the money side of the business. They unleash an able
accountant on him, a Mr Lewis, whom they attempt to bribe, and though this
attempt fails, Vernon does not disguise the fact that Andrew, in his anguish at
his father’s behaviour, has let control of the money side escape him. They
discredit him enough in his father’s eyes for the old man to allow them to
break into Andrew’s room, lever open his strong boxes, and finally get him out
of the house by having two sergeants and two bailiffs arrive nocturnally.
Andrew barricades himself in his room, but his father consents that the
bailiffs might break through the wall to arrest his son. Andrew surrenders, and
is hauled away into the night.

Installed, and without any
opposition left, the sisters take over the house and the business, using a male
associate, a scrivener called Colborne. Old Goodwin loses control of his
business, and is taken on as a journeyman “and which is to amazement, so far
from being sensible of what he hath done, that he proclaims to all
comers that he had rather be Mrs. Pigeons Journeyman, then to be Master of all without his two
women.”

This was the situation that had been reached when Vernon
wrote his first account of this hostile domestic and commercial takeover. His
1654 pamphlet ends with appeals to Goodwin to reflect on some pungent verses
from the seventh chapter of Proverbs, with some additional commentary of his
own, and calls to Mehetable Jones to repent.

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

The 1656 pamphlet continues the story. Mistress Pigeon
settled down to making money from the business, the scrivener Colborne standing
security for customers anxious about their goods.

But during 1654 and 1655 business gradually drops away –
“nor could they with all their art keep on the paint which daily peeled off
from their bold deluding faces”. The unity between the sisters falls away too:
Mehetabel has got the old man, and most of the neighbourly reproaches; she
observes that her sister has control of all the money that’s in the business. The
two leave Goodwin’s house, and resume their former lodgings. When Goodwin comes
to visit Mehetable: “the Fish once caught, off goes the bait. Now that all is
in their hands, and now that he comes to them stripped, with his empty pockets
hanging out, now nothing but quarrelling and caviling questions about the
Trade.”

The sisters next get the scrivener Colborne into their power
at their “rat-trap in Pauls Alley” (as Vernon calls the base from which they
operate), pretending to nurse him during his last illness, in effect, keeping
him hostage in hope of taking advantage.

Mistress Pigeon’s husband returns, and tries to get her to
accept reconciliation. This does not work. Goodwin’s children appeal to
Cromwell, who appoints a number of substantial Southwark citizens to hold a
commission of inquiry into the whole affair. During this process, old Goodwin
dies (in December 1655), once again he was completely in their power in his
dying days. Vernon attributes the death to the sisters, that they withdrew his
normal food, and made him subsist solely on their prescription of “Sage-Ale,
Marmalade [and] strong extracts”. Goodwin died during a fit of retching.

There follows a horrible stand-off about who is to bury the
body. Mistress Pigeon does not want an autopsy, and will not surrender the body
to the dead man’s relatives. The body remains in the house for three days.
Mistress Pigeon lets it be known that she will hold the funeral, and invites
the chief members of the parish, letting it be known that gold rings and gloves
will be given out as tokens of mourning. Only one invitee is venal enough to
accept the invitation. Mistress Pigeon attends the funeral with an attorney at
law, to deter angry interventions, but even with this intimidating presence at
her side, she is bombarded with “kennel dirt”. Mistress Jones remains
barricaded in the house. Had she gone to the funeral, the best of her bargain,
Vernon concludes, would have been “to gauge the depth of mud in the mill-pond”.

The tide seems to turn against the sisters. The report of
the local commissioners, p[rinted by Vernon, resoundingly endorses all that Vernon’s
account alleges against them. The commission try to make a fair composition, to
get Mistress Pigeon to leave with some recompense, but she refuses to budge.
Cromwell himself reads the report, and is indignant, but unluckily action is
passed on to his privy council, who do nothing for two months, and then
recommend the children to go to law. They and their advisers reflect that there
will be nothing left worth getting repossession of.

So Vernon’s second pamphlet is in a way the only retaliation
left to the relatives. In his possession, he has letters written by both women
(one of which does indicate that they read the first pamphlet, and regarded it
as libel, so it did affect them), and letters framed by Mistress Pigeon for
Goodwin to transcribe and sign as his own. Instructions for him too, in how to
handle the commissioners. (He was flattered into assuming a resentful silence
as the true sign of his wisdom, and Vernon testifies that he heard Goodwin
refusing to answer all questions.) At its end, admitting that she has escaped
justice, Vernon gives a pen-portrait of Mistress Pigeon, and compares this effort
to the way that “in foreign parts when notorious malefactors have by some stratagem
escaped the hand of justice, then they draw their picture as near as may be to
the life, which being fixed upon public places of execution, gives notice to
all men what manner of person he was, that so he may be discovered”. The chief
contriver of all these ills emerges, in another of Vernon’s half-tributes to an
utterly unscrupulous and artful woman, as a compound of Shakespeare’s Gertrude
and Goneril: “would she win compassion from her Judge, she appears all in
mourning, melting like Niobe in tears … if she be before such as she thinks
another bait may take better, she will appear in gorgeous Apparel, her neck and
breasts bare, her complexion beyond a natural fairness”.

Mehetabel Jones was an early modern woman poet (of sorts).
Vernon has various verses in his possession. This one is a down-market ‘Relique’
or ‘Legacy’:

“beg leave for one more sample of her enchanting Madrigals;
which with a parcel of her Hair richly perfumed (though all will not keep it
from stinking) was found with the rest; and thus it chimes, forth:

Accept this
Bracelet from your friend,

the owner
knows it is your due,

because she
belongeth unto you.

This paper
read, let it see the flame;

if you
grant not this, you are to blame:

For she
that writ it, would for you

burn paper,
and her fingers too

to light
your snuff; which she has done,

and burnt
both fingers and her thumb.

Burn it,
then your friend will I rest;

if not, say
not you love her best:

The hours I
count, the minutes too

make haste,
farewell, adieu, adieu.

Vernon astutely observes the anxiety to have the poem
burned. Poor besotted Wessel Goodwin couldn’t bring himself to do that, it
seems. The two women hold out, and escape. A postscript to Vernon’s second
pamphlet says that they have left Goodwin’s house, and that the building has
been stripped, even the lead pipes have been dug up and sold.