STUDY GUIDE World History and Geography to 1500 A.D.

Transcription

1 STUDY GUIDE World History and Geography to 1500 A.D. WH1.2 Early development of humankind from the Paleolithic Era to the agricultural revolution a. impact of geographic environment on huntergatherer societies b. characteristics of hunter-gatherer societies, including their use of tools and fire; c. technological and social advancements that gave rise to stable communities; d. how archaeological discoveries are changing present-day knowledge of early peoples WH1.2A - GEOGRAPHIC ENVIRONMENT ON HUNTER-GATHERER SOCIETIES How did physical geography influence the lives of early humans? The life of early hunter-gatherer societies was shaped by their physical environment. Homo sapiens emerged in east Africa between 100,000 and 400,000 years ago. Homo sapiens migrated from Africa to Eurasia, Australia, and the Americas. Early humans were hunters and gatherers whose survival depended on the availability of wild plants and animals. WHI.2B - HUNTER-GATHERER SOCIETIES ; USE OF TOOLS AND FIRE What were the characteristics of hunter-gatherer societies? Early human societies, through the development of culture, began the process of overcoming the limits set by the physical environment. Hunter-gatherer societies during the Paleolithic Era (Old Stone Age) Were nomadic (migrated in search of food, water, shelter) Invented the first tools, including simple weapons Learned how to make and use fire Lived in clans Developed oral language Created cave art WHI.2C - TECHNOLOGICAL AND SOCIAL ADVANCEMENTS THAT GAVE RISE TO STABLE COMMUNITIES How did the beginning of agriculture and the domestication of animals promote the rise of settled communities? The beginning of settled agriculture (including permanent settlements) was a major step in the advance of civilization. Societies during the Neolithic Era (New Stone Age) Developed agriculture (domesticated plants) Domesticated animals Used advanced tools Made pottery Developed weaving skills WHI.2D - ARCHAEOLOGICAL DISCOVERIES ARE CHANGING PRESENT- DAY KNOWLEDGE OF EARLY PEOPLES How does archaeology provide knowledge of early human life and its changes? Archaeologists continue to find and interpret evidence of early humans and their lives. Archaeologists study past cultures by locating and analyzing human remains, settlements, fossils, and artifacts. Archaeologists apply scientific tests such as carbon dating to analyze fossils and artifacts. Stonehenge is an example of an archaeological site in England that was begun during the Neolithic and completed during the Bronze Age. Aleppo and Jericho are examples of early cities in the Fertile Crescent studied by archaeologists. Çatalhöyük is an example of a Neolithic settlement currently under excavation in Anatolia. WH1.3 Mesopotamia, Egypt, the Indus River Valley, and China, and the civilizations of the Hebrews, Phoenicians, and Nubians a. development of social, political, and economic patterns, including slavery b. development of religious traditions c. origins, beliefs, traditions, customs, and spread of Judaism d. development of language and writing Why did ancient civilizations develop in river valleys? During the New Stone Age, permanent settlements appeared in river valleys and around the Fertile Crescent. 1

2 River valleys provided rich soil and irrigation for agriculture, and they tended to be in locations easily protected from invasion by nomadic peoples. Where were the earliest civilizations located? When did these civilizations exist? River valley civilizations (about 3500 to 500 B.C.) Egyptian civilization Nile River Valley and Delta (Africa) Mesopotamian civilization Tigris and Euphrates River Valleys (Southwest Asia) Indian civilization Indus River Valley (South Asia) Chinese civilization Huang He Valley (East Asia) Other early civilizations (about 2000 to 500 B.C.) Hebrews settled between the Mediterranean Sea and the Jordan River Valley (part of Fertile Crescent in Southwest Asia). Phoenicians settled along the Mediterranean coast (part of Fertile Crescent in Southwest Asia). Nubia was located on the upper (southern) Nile River (Africa). WHI.3B - DEVELOPMENT OF SOCIAL, POLITICAL, AND ECONOMIC PATTERNS, INCLUDING SLAVERY What were the social, political, and economic characteristics of early civilizations? River valleys were the Cradles of Civilization. Early civilizations made major contributions to social, political, and economic progress. Development of social patterns Hereditary rulers (dynasties of kings, pharaohs) Rigid class system, where slavery was accepted Development of political patterns World s first states (city-states, kingdoms, empires) Centralized government (often based on religious authority) Written law codes (Ten Commandments, Code of Hammurabi) Development of economic patterns Metal tools and weapons (bronze, iron) Increasing agricultural surplus (better tools, plows, irrigation) Increasing trade along rivers and by sea (Phoenicians) WHI.3C - DEVELOPMENT OF RELIGIOUS TRADITIONS What religious traditions developed in ancient civilizations? Religion was a major part of life in all early civilizations. Development of religious traditions Polytheism was practiced by most early civilizations. Monotheism was practiced by the Hebrews. WHI.3D - ORIGINS, BELIEFS, TRADITIONS, CUSTOMS, AND SPREAD OF JUDAISM What were essential beliefs of Judaism? Origins of Judaism Abraham Moses Jerusalem Beliefs, traditions, and customs of Judaism Belief in one God (monotheism) Torah, which contains written records and beliefs of Jews Ten Commandments, which state moral and religious conduct How did Judaism influence Western civilization? The monotheism of Abraham became the foundation of Judaism, Christianity, and Islam religions that changed the world. The Hebrews were the first to become monotheists. Spread of Judaism Exile Diaspora WHI.3E - DEVELOPMENT OF LANGUAGE AND WRITING What forms of language and writing existed in early civilizations? Language and writing were important cultural innovations. Language and writing Pictograms (earliest written symbols) Hieroglyphics (Egypt) Cuneiform (Sumer) Alphabet (Phoenicians) Development of the world s first cities Development of the practice of slavery in the ancient world among most cultures, taking various forms 2

3 WH1.4 Civilizations of Persia, India, and China a. Persia - development of an imperial bureaucracy b. India - Aryan migrations and the caste system c. origins, beliefs, traditions, customs, and spread of Hinduism d. origins, beliefs, traditions, customs, and spread of Buddhism e. China - development of an empire and the construction of the Great Wall f. impact of Confucianism, Taoism, and Buddhism WHI.4A - PERSIA - DEVELOPMENT OF AN IMPERIAL BUREAUCRACY Zoroastrianism was the main Persian religion, although other religions were tolerated How did Persia govern its empire? Built on earlier Central Asian and Mesopotamian civilizations, Persia developed the largest empire in the world. Persian Empire Tolerance of conquered peoples Development of imperial bureaucracy Road system Zoroastrianism - Religion of Persia - Belief in two opposing forces in the universe WHI.4B ARYAN MIGRATIONS AND THE CASTE SYSTEM; Why were physical geography and location important to the development of Indian civilization? Classical Indian civilization began in the Indus River Valley and spread to the Ganges River Valley, then through the Indian subcontinent. It continued with little interruption because of its geographic location. Physical barriers such as the Himalayas, the Hindu Kush, and the Indian Ocean made invasion more difficult. Mountain passes in the Hindu Kush provided migration routes into the Indian subcontinent. The Indus and Ganges were the most important rivers in the Indian subcontinent. Indus River Valley civilization (Harrapa and Mohenjo-Daro) Why was the caste system central to Indian culture? The Indo-Aryan people migrated into the area, creating a structured society (caste system) blended with those of the indigenous people. What impact did the Aryans have on India? Aryans (Indo-Aryans) Migration, assertion of dominance Caste system which influenced all social interactions and choices of occupations What were the accomplishments of the Mauryan and Gupta empires? During the Golden Age of classical Indian culture, Indian people made significant contributions to world civilization. Mauryan Empire - Asoka Continued political unification of much of India Contributions spread Buddhism, free hospitals, veterinary clinics, and good roads Gupta empire Golden age of classical Indian culture Contributions - mathematics (concept of zero), medical advances (set bones), astronomy (concept of earth as round), new textiles, literature WHI.4C INDIA - BELIEFS, TRADITIONS, CUSTOMS, AND SPREAD OF HINDUISM What are the characteristics of the Hindu religion? How did Hinduism influence Indian society and culture? Hinduism Belief in many forms of one God Reincarnation: Rebirth based upon karma Karma: Knowledge that all thoughts and actions result in future consequences Vedas and Upanishads: Sacred writings Spread along major trade routes WHI.4D ORIGINS, BELIEFS, TRADITIONS, CUSTOMS, AND SPREAD OF BUDDHISM What are the beliefs of Buddhism? Buddhism Founder: Siddhartha Gautama (Buddha) Four Noble Truths Eightfold Path to Enlightenment How did Buddhism spread? Buddhism was founded by Siddhartha Gautama in a part of India that is in present-day Nepal. Buddhism became a major faith when Asoka sent missionaries throughout Asia. Asoka s missionaries and their writings spread Buddhism from India to China and other parts of Asia. 3

4 WHI.4E CHINA S CONTRIBUTIONS TO WORLD CIVILIZATION. DEVELOPMENT OF AN EMPIRE AND THE CONSTRUCTION OF THE GREAT WALL What were contributions of classical China to world civilization? Chinese culture began around 1500 B.C.E. Of Chinese contributions to civilization, Confucianism and Taoism are among the most noted. China was governed by a succession of ruling families called dynasties. Chinese rulers were considered divine, but they served under a Mandate of Heaven only as long as their rule was just. The Silk Roads facilitated trade and contact between China and other cultures as far away as Rome. Contributions of classical China civil service system paper porcelain silk Why was the Great Wall of China built? Classical China was centered on the Huang He (Yellow River) and was geographically isolated. Invaders entered China from the North. The Great Wall was built for China s protection. Migratory invaders raided Chinese settlements from the North. The Great Wall was built by Qin Shi Huangdi as a line of defense against invasions. WHI.4F -- IMPACT OF CONFUCIANISM, TAOISM, AND BUDDHISM Why were Confucianism, Taoism, and Buddhism important in the formation of Chinese culture? Contributions of Confucianism in forming the social order in China Belief that humans are good, not bad Respect for elders Code of politeness, still used in Chinese society today Emphasis on education Ancestor worship Chinese forms of Buddhism spread throughout Asia. Contributions of Taoism in forming Chinese culture and values Humility Simple life and inner peace Harmony with nature Yin/Yang represented opposites for Confucianism and Taoism. WH1.5 Ancient Greece and its Impact on Western Civilization a. Influence of geography on Greek economic, social, and political development, including the impact of Greek commerce and colonies b. Greek mythology and religion; c. role of slavery; the significance of citizenship and the development of democracy; d. comparing the city-states of Athens and Sparta e. Persian and Peloponnesian Wars f. Athens during the Golden Age of Pericles g. drama, poetry, history, sculpture, architecture, science, mathematics, and philosophy, with emphasis on Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle h. conquest of Greece by Macedonia and the spread of Hellenistic culture by Alexander the Great WHI.5A INFLUENCE OF GEOGRAPHY ON GREEK ECONOMIC, SOCIAL, AND POLITICAL DEVELOPMENT, INCLUDING THE IMPACT OF GREEK COMMERCE AND COLONIES How did the mountains, seas, islands, harbors, peninsulas, and straits of the Aegean Basin shape Greek economic, social, and political development and patterns of trade and colonization? The physical geography of the Aegean Basin shaped the economic, social, and political development of Greek civilization. The expansion of Greek civilization, through trade and colonization, led to the spread of Hellenic culture across the Mediterranean and Black seas. Location and place Aegean Sea Balkan and Peloponnesus peninsulas, Europe, Asia Minor Mediterranean Sea Black Sea, Dardanelles Athens, Sparta, Troy Macedonia Economic and social development Agriculture (limited arable land) Commerce and the spread of Hellenic culture Shift from barter to money economy (coins) Political development 4

5 Mountainous terrain helped and hindered the development of city-states. Greek cities were designed to promote civic and commercial life. Colonization related to overpopulation and the search for arable land. WHI.5B GREEK MYTHOLOGY AND RELIGION How did mythology help the early Greek civilization explain the natural world and the human condition? What impact did Greek mythology have on later civilizations and the contemporary world? Greek mythology was based on a polytheistic religion that was integral to the culture, politics, and art in ancient Greece. Many of Western civilization s symbols, metaphors, words, and idealized images come from ancient Greek mythology. Greek mythology Based on polytheistic religion Explanations of natural phenomena, human qualities, and life events Greek gods and goddesses Zeus, Hera, Apollo, Artemis, Athena, and Aphrodite Symbols and images in Western literature, art, architecture. WHI.5C ROLE OF SLAVERY THE SIGNIFICANCE OF CITIZENSHIP AND THE DEVELOPMENT OF DEMOCRACY How did democracy develop in Athens? Classical Athens developed the most democratic system of government the world had ever seen, although not everyone could participate in decisionmaking. It became a foundation of modern democracies. Contrasting philosophies of government divided the Greek city-states of Athens (democracy) and Sparta (oligarchy). Social structure and citizenship in the Greek polis Athens Citizens (free adult males) had political rights and the responsibility of civic participation in government. Women and foreigners had no political rights. Slaves had no political rights. Stages in evolution of Athenian government: Monarchy, aristocracy, tyranny, democracy Tyrants who worked for reform: Draco, Solon Origin of democratic principles: Direct democracy, public debate, duties of the citizen COMPARISON OF THE CITY- STATES OF ATHENS AND SPARTA How did Sparta differ from Athens? Sparta Oligarchy (rule by a small group) Rigid social structure Militaristic and aggressive society Competition between Sparta and Athens for control of Greece helped cause the Peloponnesian War. WHI.5D PERSIAN AND PELOPONNESIAN WARS Why were wars with Persia important to the development of Greek culture? The Greeks defeated the Persian empire and preserved their political independence. Importance of Persian Wars ( B.C.E.) Persian wars united Athens and Sparta against the Persian Empire. Athenian victories over the Persians at Marathon and Salamis left Greeks in control of the Aegean Sea. Athens preserved its independence and continued innovations in government and culture. Why was the Peloponnesian War important to the spread of Greek culture? Importance of Peloponnesian War ( B.C.E.) Caused in part by competition for control of the Greek world Athens and the Delian League v. Sparta and the Peloponnesian League Resulted in the slowing of cultural advance and the weakening of political power WHI.5E ATHENS DURING THE GOLDEN AGE OF PERICLES Why was the leadership of Pericles important to the development of Athenian life and Greek culture? Athenian culture, during the Classic Era, became one of the foundation stones of Western civilization. Golden Age of Pericles (mostly occurring between the Persian and the Peloponnesian Wars) Pericles extended democracy; most adult males had equal voice. Pericles had Athens rebuilt after destruction in Persian Wars; the Parthenon is an example of this reconstruction. 5

6 WHI.5F -- DRAMA, POETRY, HISTORY, SCULPTURE, ARCHITECTURE, SCIENCE, MATHEMATICS, AND PHILOSOPHY, WITH EMPHASIS ON SOCRATES, PLATO, AND ARISTOTLE What were some important contributions of Greek culture to Western civilization? Contributions of Greek culture to Western civilization Drama: Aeschylus, Sophocles Poetry: Homer (Iliad and Odyssey) History: Herodotus, Thucydides Sculpture: Phidias Architecture: Types of columns included Doric (Parthenon), Ionian, and Corinthian Science: Archimedes, Hippocrates Mathematics: Euclid, Pythagoras Philosophy: Socrates, Plato, Aristotle WHI.5G CONQUEST OF GREECE BY MACEDONIA AND THE SPREAD OF HELLENISTIC CULTURE BY ALEXANDER THE GREAT How did the empire of Alexander the Great establish a basis for the spread of Hellenistic culture? The Macedonian conquest of Greece followed the weakening of Greek defenses during the Peloponnesian Wars. Alexander the Great adopted Greek culture and spread Hellenistic influences throughout his vast empire. Phillip II, King of Macedon Conquered most of Greece Alexander the Great Established an empire from Greece to Egypt and the margins of India Extended Greek cultural influences Hellenistic Age Blend of Greek and oriental elements Spread of Hellenistic culture through trade WH1.6 Ancient Rome from about 700 B.C.E. to 500 A.D a. Impact on Western civilization; impact of geography on Roman economic, social, and political development; b. Roman mythology and religion; c. social structure and role of slavery, significance of citizenship, and the development of democratic features in the government of the Roman Republic; d. events leading to Roman military domination of the Mediterranean basin and Western Europe and the spread of Roman culture in these areas; e. impact of military conquests on the army, economy, and social structure of Rome; f. roles of Julius and Augustus Caesar in the collapse of the Republic and the rise of imperial monarchs; g. the economic, social, and political impact of the Pax Romana; h. origin, beliefs, traditions, customs, and spread of Christianity; i. development and significance of the Church in the late Roman Empire; j. contributions in art and architecture, technology and science, literature and history, language, religious institutions, and law; k. the reasons for the decline and fall of the Western Roman Empire WHI.6A INFLUENCE OF GEOGRAPHY ON ROMAN ECONOMIC, SOCIAL, AND POLITICAL DEVELOPMENT; How was geographic location important to economic, social, and political development of ancient Rome? The city of Rome, with its central location on the Italian peninsula, was able to extend its influence over the entire Mediterranean Basin. The Italian peninsula was protected by the sea and an arc of mountains, the Alps. Location and place Rome Centrally located in the Mediterranean Basin and distant from eastern Mediterranean powers Italian Peninsula Alps Protection Mediterranean Sea Protection, sea-borne commerce WHI.6B ROMAN MYTHOLOGY AND RELIGION; What was the source of Roman mythology? Roman mythology, like Greek mythology, was based upon a polytheistic religion that was integral to culture, politics, and art. Roman mythology Based on the Greek polytheistic religion Explanations of natural phenomena, human qualities, and life events Roman gods and goddesses Jupiter, Juno, Apollo, Diana, Minerva, and Venus Symbols and images in literature, art, and architecture. 6

7 What impact did Roman mythology have on later civilizations? Many of Western civilization s symbols, metaphors, words, and idealized images come from ancient Roman mythology. WHI.6C THE SOCIAL STRUCTURE AND ROLE OF SLAVERY, SIGNIFICANCE OF CITIZENSHIP, AND THE DEVELOPMENT OF DEMOCRATIC FEATURES IN THE GOVERNMENT OF THE ROMAN REPUBLIC; How did the government of the Roman Republic become more democratic in its decision making? Although women, most aliens (non-romans living in the Republic), and slaves were excluded from the governing process, the Roman Republic made major strides in the development of representative democracy, which became a foundation of modern democracy. Social structure in the Roman Republic Patricians Powerful nobility (few in number) Plebeians Majority of population Slaves Not based on race Citizenship Patrician and plebeian men Selected foreigners Rights and responsibilities of citizenship (taxes, military service) Features of Democracy Representative democracy Assemblies The Senate Consuls WHI.6D EVENTS LEADING TO ROMAN MILITARY DOMINATION OF THE MEDITERRANEAN BASIN AND WESTERN EUROPE AND THE SPREAD OF ROMAN CULTURE IN THESE AREAS; Why was Rome able to conquer Carthage and then go on to extend its influence across the entire Mediterranean basin and much of Western Europe? After the victory over Carthage in the Punic Wars, Rome was able, over the next 100 years, to dominate the Mediterranean basin, leading to the diffusion of Roman culture. Punic Wars: Rome v. Carthage ( B.C.) Rome and Carthage were in competition for trade. Hannibal invaded the Italian Peninsula. Three wars resulted in Roman victory, the destruction of Carthage, and expanded trade and wealth for Rome. Evolution of the Roman Empire and spread of Roman culture Mediterranean basin (Africa, Asia, Europe, including the Hellenistic world of the Eastern Mediterranean) Western Europe (Gaul, British Isles) WHI.6E IMPACT OF MILITARY CONQUESTS ON THE ARMY, ECONOMY, AND SOCIAL STRUCTURE OF ROME; WHI.6F JULIUS AND AUGUSTUS CAESAR IN THE COLLAPSE OF THE REPUBLIC AND THE RISE OF IMPERIAL MONARCHS; Why did the Roman Republic fail to survive challenges by Julius Caesar? The Roman Republic, in the face of changing social and economic conditions, succumbed to civil war and was replaced by an imperial regime, the Roman Empire. How did military conquests alter economic and social life in Rome? Causes for the decline of the Roman Republic Spread of slavery in the agricultural system Migration of small farmers into cities and unemployment Civil war over the power of Julius Caesar Devaluation of Roman currency; inflation How did an imperial monarchy come to rule Rome? The origin and evolution of Imperial Rome First triumvirate Julius Caesar Seizure of power, assassination Augustus Caesar Civil war, defeat of Marc Anthony, Rome s first emperor Empire Unified and enlarged, using imperial authority and the military Failure to provide for peaceful succession of Emperors WHI.6G ECONOMIC, SOCIAL, AND POLITICAL IMPACT OF THE PAX ROMANA; What was the Pax Romana? Augustus Caesar established the Roman Empire by instituting civil service, rule by law, a common coinage, and secure travel and trade throughout the Empire. 7

8 Following Augustus Caesar, the Roman Empire enjoyed 200 years of peace and prosperity known as the Pax Romana. The Pax Romana Two centuries of peace and prosperity under imperial rule Expansion and solidification of Roman Empire, particularly in the Near East What was the impact of the Pax Romana on the Roman Empire? Economic impact of the Pax Romana Established uniform system of money, which helped to expand trade Guaranteed safe travel and trade on Roman roads Promoted prosperity and stability Social impact of the Pax Romana Returned stability to social classes Increased emphasis on the family Political impact of the Pax Romana Created a civil service Developed a uniform rule of law WHI.6H ORIGIN, BELIEFS, TRADITIONS, CUSTOMS, AND SPREAD OF CHRISTIANITY; How did Christianity become established within the Roman Empire? The followers of Jesus spread Christianity throughout the Roman Empire, bringing it into conflict with Roman polytheism and eventually changing Western civilization. Origins of Christianity Had its roots in Judaism Was led by Jesus of Nazareth, who was proclaimed the Messiah Conflicted with polytheistic beliefs of Roman Empire What were the essential beliefs of the early Christian faith? Beliefs, traditions, and customs of Christianity Monotheism Jesus as both Son and incarnation of God Life after death New Testament, containing accounts of the life and teachings of Jesus, as well as writings of early Christians Christian doctrine established by early church councils How and why did Christianity spread? Spread of Christianity Carried by the Apostles, including Paul, throughout the Roman Empire Slowed as a result of persecution by Roman authorities Adopted and legalized by Emperor Constantine WHI.6I THE CHURCH IN THE LATE ROMAN EMPIRE; What was the impact of the early Church in the late Roman Empire? As the Roman Empire declined in the West, the Church in Rome grew in importance, membership, and influence. The Emperor Constantine converted to Christianity and made it legal. Christianity later became the official state religion. The Church became a source of moral authority. Loyalty to the Church became more important than loyalty to the Emperor. The Church became the main unifying force of Western Europe. WHI.6J CONTRIBUTIONS IN ART AND ARCHITECTURE, TECHNOLOGY AND SCIENCE, LITERATURE AND HISTORY, LANGUAGE, RELIGIOUS INSTITUTIONS, AND LAW; How did Roman achievements influence Western civilization? Conquests and trade spread Roman cultural and technological achievements throughout the Empire. Western civilization was influenced by the cultural achievements of Rome. Contributions of ancient Rome Art/architecture: Pantheon, Colosseum, Forum Technology: Roads, aqueducts, Roman arches Science: Ptolemy Medicine: Emphasis on public health (public baths; public water system; medical schools) Language: Latin, Romance languages Literature: Virgil s Aeneid Religion: Roman mythology; adoption of Christianity as the imperial religion Law: The principle of innocent until proven guilty (from the Twelve Tables) WHI.6K THE DECLINE AND FALL OF THE WESTERN ROMAN EMPIRE. Why did the Western Roman Empire decline? 8

9 Over a 300-year period, the western part of the Roman Empire steadily declined because of internal and external problems. Causes for the decline of the Western Roman Empire Geographic size difficulty of defense and administration Economy The cost of defense and devaluation of Roman currency Military Army membership starting to include non- Romans, resulting in decline of discipline Moral decay People s loss of faith in Rome and the family Political problems Civil conflict and weak administration Invasion Attacks on borders Division of Roman Empire Move of capital by Constantine from Rome to Byzantium, renaming it Constantinople Survival of Western Roman Empire until 476 A.D., when it ceased to have a Roman Emperor Eastern Roman Empire (Byzantine Empire) WH1.7 Byzantine Empire and Russia from about 300 to 1000 A.D. a. Constantinople as the capital of the Eastern Roman Empire b. Justinian and his contributions, including the codification of Roman law, and describing the expansion of the Byzantine Empire and economy c. Byzantine art and architecture, and the preservation of Greek and Roman traditions d. disputes that led to the split between the Roman Catholic Church and the Greek Orthodox Church; e. impact of Byzantine influence and trade on Russia and Eastern Europe WHI.7A CONSTANTINOPLE AS THE CAPITAL OF THE EASTERN ROMAN EMPIRE Why was Constantinople established as the capital of the Eastern Roman Empire? The capital of the Eastern Roman Empire was changed to Constantinople to provide political, economic, and military advantages. Location of Constantinople Protection of the eastern frontier Distance from Germanic invasions in the western empire Crossroads of trade Easily fortified site on a peninsula bordering natural harbor Role of Constantinople Seat of the Byzantine Empire until Ottoman conquest Preserved classical Greco-Roman culture Center of trade WHI.7B JUSTINIAN AND HIS CONTRIBUTIONS, INCLUDING THE CODIFICATION OF ROMAN LAW, AND DESCRIBING THE EXPANSION OF THE BYZANTINE EMPIRE AND ECONOMY What was the influence of Justinian s codification of Roman law on the Byzantine Empire and later legal codes? As the first to codify Roman law, Justinian provided the basis for the law codes of Western Europe Byzantine Emperor Justinian Codification of Roman law (impact on European legal codes) Reconquest of former Roman territories Expansion of trade What was Justinian s influence on the expansion of the Byzantine Empire and its economy? Under Justinian, the Byzantine Empire reached its height in culture and prosperity. How did Greek and Roman culture survive within the Byzantine Empire? Greek Orthodox Christianity and imperial patronage enabled the Byzantine Empire to develop a unique style of art and architecture. Greek and Roman traditions were preserved in the Byzantine Empire. WHI.7C BYZANTINE ART AND ARCHITECTURE, AND THE PRESERVATION OF GREEK AND ROMAN TRADITIONS What were the contributions of Byzantine art and architecture? Byzantine achievements in art and architecture Inspiration provided by Christian religion and imperial power Icons (religious images) Mosaics in public and religious structures Hagia Sophia (a Byzantine domed church) Byzantine culture Continued flourishing of Greco-Roman traditions 9

10 Greek language (as contrasted with Latin in the West) Greek Orthodox Christianity Greek and Roman knowledge preserved in Byzantine libraries WHI.7D DISPUTES THAT LED TO THE SPLIT BETWEEN THE ROMAN CATHOLIC CHURCH AND THE GREEK ORTHODOX CHURCH What factors produced the division within the Christian Church? The cultural and political differences between the eastern and western Roman Empire weakened the unity of the Christian Church and led to its division. Eastern Church Centered in Constantinople Close to seat of power after Constantinople became capital Use of Greek language in the liturgy Western Church Centered in Rome Farther from seat of power after Constantinople became capital Use of Latin language in the liturgy Division between Western and Eastern Churches Authority of the Pope eventually accepted in the West Authority of the Patriarch accepted in the East Practices such as celibacy eventually accepted in the West WHI.7E IMPACT OF BYZANTINE INFLUENCE AND TRADE ON RUSSIA AND EASTERN EUROPE Why did the Byzantine Empire have so much influence on religion, culture, and trade in Russia and Eastern Europe? Byzantine civilization influenced Russian and Eastern European civilizations through its religion, culture, and trade. Influence of Byzantine culture on Eastern Europe and Russia Trade routes between Black Sea and Baltic Sea Adoption of Orthodox Christianity by Russia and much of Eastern Europe Adoption of Greek alphabet to the Slavic languages by St. Cyril (Cyrillic alphabet) Church architecture and religious art WH1.8 Islamic civilization from about 600 to 1000 A.D. a. origin, beliefs, traditions, customs, and spread of Islam b. the influence of geography on Islamic economic, social, and political development, including the impact of conquest and trade; c. turning points that affected the spread and influence of Islamic civilization, with emphasis on the Sunni-Shi a division, and the Battle of Tours; d. cultural and scientific contributions and achievements of Islamic civilization. WHI.8A ORIGIN, BELIEFS, TRADITIONS, CUSTOMS, AND SPREAD OF ISLAM Where did the Islamic religion originate? The revelations of Muhammad form the basis of the Islamic religion, a monotheistic faith. Muhammad and his followers spread Islam. Islamic traditions and customs developed over centuries and created a distinct Muslim culture. Origins of Islam Muhammad, the Prophet Mecca and Medina on the Arabian Peninsula: Early Muslim cities Where did it spread? Spread of Islam Across Asia and Africa, and into Spain Geographic extent of first Muslim empire What are the beliefs, traditions, and customs of Islam? Beliefs, traditions, and customs of Islam Monotheism (Allah, Arabic word for God ) Quran (Koran): The word of God Five pillars of Islam Acceptance of Judeo-Christian prophets, including Moses and Jesus THE INFLUENCE OF GEOGRAPHY ON ISLAMIC ECONOMIC, SOCIAL, AND POLITICAL DEVELOPMENT, INCLUDING THE IMPACT OF CONQUEST AND TRADE How did political and cultural geography facilitate trade and cultural activity in the early Islamic lands? In the first three centuries after Muhammad s death, Muslim rule expanded rapidly, overcoming geographic barriers, and facilitated by weakened political empires. Political unity and the Arabic language facilitated trade and stimulated intellectual activity. 10

11 How did geography influence the rapid expansion of territory under Muslim rule? Geographic influences on the origin and spread of Islam Diffusion along trade routes from Mecca and Medina Expansion despite great distances, desert environments, and mountain barriers Spread into the Fertile Crescent, Iran, and Central Asia, facilitated by weak Byzantine and Persian empires Geographic influences on economic, social, and political development Political unity of the first Muslim empire was shortlived. Arabic language spread with Islam and facilitated trade across Islamic lands. Slavery was not based on race. Historical turning points TURNING POINTS THAT AFFECTED THE SPREAD AND INFLUENCE OF ISLAMIC CIVILIZATION, WITH EMPHASIS ON THE SUNNI-SHI A DIVISION, AND THE BATTLE OF TOURS Death of Ali - Sunni-Shi a division Muslim conquest of Jerusalem and Damascus Islamic capital moved to Baghdad Muslim defeat at the Battle of Tours Fall of Baghdad o the Mongols CULTURAL AND SCIENTIFIC CONTRIBUTIONS AND ACHIEVEMENTS OF ISLAMIC CIVILIZATION. How did Islamic civilization preserve and extend ancient Greek, Persian, and Indian learning? What were some contributions of Islamic civilization? Early Islamic civilization was characterized by achievements in science and the arts that transformed the Islamic world and contributed to world civilization. Cultural contributions and achievements Architecture (Dome of the Rock) Mosaics Arabic alphabet Universities Translation of ancient texts into Arabic Scientific contributions and achievements Arabic numerals (adapted from India), including zero Algebra Medicine Expansion of geographic knowledge WH1.9 Western Europe during the Middle Ages from about 500 to 1000 A.D. a. the spread and influence of Christianity and the Catholic Church throughout Europe b. the structure of feudal society and its economic, social, and political effects c. the rise of Frankish kings, the Age of Charlemagne, and the revival of the idea of the Roman Empire d. the invasions, settlements, and influence of migratory groups, including Angles, Saxons, Magyars, and Vikings. THE SPREAD AND INFLUENCE OF CHRISTIANITY AND THE CATHOLIC CHURCH THROUGHOUT EUROPE How and why did the Church grow in importance during the Middle Ages? The Roman Catholic Church grew in importance after Roman authority declined. It became the unifying force in western Europe. During the Middle Ages, the Pope anointed the Emperors, missionaries carried Christianity to the Germanic tribes, and the Church served the social, political, and religious needs of the people. Foundations of early medieval society Classical heritage of Rome Christian beliefs Customs of Germanic tribes Influence of the Roman Catholic Church Secular authority declined, while church authority grew. Monasteries preserved Greco-Roman cultural achievements. Missionaries carried Christianity and Latin alphabet to Germanic tribes. Pope anointed Charlemagne Emperor in 800 A.D. Parish priests served religious and social needs of the people. WHI.9B THE STRUCTURE OF FEUDAL SOCIETY AND ITS ECONOMIC, SOCIAL, AND POLITICAL EFFECTS How did a feudal society develop in Europe during the Middle Ages? The decline of Roman influence in Western Europe left people with little protection against invasion, so they entered into feudal agreements with land-holding lords who promised them protection. 11

12 Invasions shattered Roman protection over the Empire. Feudal society during the Middle Ages Fief Vassals Serfs Feudal obligations How did the medieval manor function as a social and economic system? Manorial system during the Middle Ages Rigid class structure Self-sufficient manors WHI.9C THE RISE OF FRANKISH KINGS, THE AGE OF CHARLEMAGNE, AND THE REVIVAL OF THE IDEA OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE How did Charlemagne revive the idea of the Roman Empire? Frankish kings used military power to expand their territory. The alliance between Frankish kings and the church reestablished Roman culture (Christianity) in Western Europe. Age of Charlemagne Franks emerged as a force in Western Europe. Pope crowned the Emperor Power of the church was established in political life. Roman culture was reinterpreted. Most of western Europe was included in the new empire. Churches, roads, and schools were built to unite the empire. WHI.9D THE INVASIONS, SETTLEMENTS, AND INFLUENCE OF MIGRATORY GROUPS, INCLUDING ANGLES, SAXONS, MAGYARS, AND VIKINGS. How did invasions by the Angles, Saxons, Magyars, and Vikings influence the development of Europe? Invasions by Angles, Saxons, Magyars, and Vikings disrupted the social, economic, and political order of Europe. Areas of settlement Angles and Saxons from continental Europe to England Magyars from Central Asia to Hungary Vikings from Scandinavia to Russia Influence of the Angles, Saxons, Magyars, and Vikings Manors with castles provided protection from invaders, reinforcing the feudal system. Invasions disrupted trade, towns declined, and the feudal system was strengthened. WH1.10 Civilizations and Empires of the Eastern Hemisphere a. Major trade routes b. Technological advances and transfers, networks of economic interdependence, and cultural interactions c. Japan - the impact of Shinto and Buddhist traditions and the influence of Chinese culture. d. East African kingdoms of Axum and Zimbabwe and west African civilizations of Ghana, Mali, and Songhai in terms of geography, society, economy, and religion WHI.10A MAJOR TRADE ROUTES Where were the major trade routes in the Eastern Hemisphere from 1000 to 1500 A.D.? During the Medieval Period, several major trading routes developed in the Eastern Hemisphere. These trading routes developed among Europe, Africa, and Asia. Major trade patterns of the Eastern Hemisphere from 1000 to 1500 A.D. Silk roads across Asia to the Mediterranean basin Maritime routes across the Indian Ocean Trans-Saharan routes across North Africa Northern European links with the Black Sea Western European sea and river trade South China Sea and lands of Southeast Asia WHI.10B TECHNOLOGICAL ADVANCES AND TRANSFERS, NETWORKS OF ECONOMIC INTERDEPENDENCE, AND CULTURAL INTERACTIONS How did trade facilitate the diffusion of goods and ideas among different cultures? Regional trade networks and long-distance trade routes in the Eastern Hemisphere aided the diffusion and exchange of technology and culture between Europe, Africa, and Asia. Goods Gold from West Africa Spices from lands around the Indian Ocean Textiles from India, China, the Middle East, and later Europe Porcelain from China and Persia 12

13 Amber from the Baltic region Technology Ideas Paper from China through the Muslim world to Byzantium and Western Europe New crops from India (e.g., for making sugar) Waterwheels and windmills Navigation Compass from China, lateen sail from Indian Ocean Spread of religions across the hemisphere Buddhism from China to Korea and Japan Hinduism and Buddhism from India to Southeast Asia Islam into West Africa, Central and Southeast Asia Printing and paper money from China WHI.10C JAPAN - THE IMPACT OF SHINTO AND BUDDHIST TRADITIONS AND THE INFLUENCE OF CHINESE CULTURE How has Japan s geography influenced its development? Location and place Mountainous Japanese archipelago (four main islands) Sea of Japan or East Sea between Japan and Asian mainland Proximity to China and Korea How did Chinese culture influence Japan? Japanese cultural development was influenced by proximity to China. Influence of Chinese culture Writing Architecture Buddhism Why were Shinto and Buddhism important to the development of Japanese culture? Shinto and Buddhism coexisted as religious traditions in the Japanese culture. Shinto Ethnic religion unique to Japan Importance of natural features, forces of nature, and ancestors State religion; worshipping the emperor Coexistence with Buddhism WHI.10D EAST AFRICAN KINGDOMS OF AXUM AND ZIMBABWE AND WEST AFRICAN CIVILIZATIONS OF GHANA, MALI, AND SONGHAI IN TERMS OF GEOGRAPHY, SOCIETY, ECONOMY, AND RELIGION What were the characteristics of civilizations in sub- Saharan Africa during the medieval period? Axum African civilizations developed in sub-saharan west and east Africa. Trade brought important economic, cultural, and religious influences to African civilizations from other parts of the Eastern Hemisphere. States and empires flourished in Africa during the medieval period, including Ghana, Mali, and Songhai in west Africa, Axum in east Africa, and Zimbabwe in southern Africa. Location relative to the Ethiopian Highlands and the Nile River Christian kingdom Zimbabwe Location relative to the Zambezi and Limpopo rivers and the Indian Ocean coast City of Great Zimbabwe as capital of a prosperous empire West African kingdoms Location of Ghana, Mali, Songhai empires relative to Niger River and the Sahara Importance of gold and salt to trans-saharan trade City of Timbuktu as center of trade and learning Role of animism and Islam WH1.10 Major civilizations of the Western Hemisphere, including the Mayan, Aztec, and Incan a. Climate and physical features. b. Cultural patterns and political and economic structures. CLIMATE, PHYSICAL FEATURES, CULTURAL PATTERNS, POLITICAL AND ECONOMIC STRUCTURES What were the characteristics of Mayan, Aztec, and Incan civilizations? The Mayan, Aztec, and Incan civilizations emerged in South America, Central America, and Mexico. Mayan civilization Located in the Mexican and Central American rain forest 13

14 Represented by Chichén Itzá Group of city-states ruled by a king Economy based on agriculture and trade Polytheistic religion Pyramids Aztec civilization Located in arid valley in central Mexico Represented by Tenochtitlan Ruled by an emperor Economy based on agriculture and tribute from conquered peoples Polytheistic religion, Pyramids, rituals Incan civilization Located in the Andes Mountains of South America Represented by Machu Picchu Ruled by an emperor Economy based on high-altitude agriculture Polytheistic religion Road system Achievements of Mayan, Aztec, and Incan civilizations Calendars Mathematics Writing and other record keeping systems WH1.12 Late Medieval Period a. Emergence of nation-states (England, France, Spain, and Russia) and distinctive political developments in each. b. Conflicts among Eurasian powers, including the Crusades, the Mongol conquests, and the fall of Constantinople c. The Black Death d. Preservation and transfer to Western Europe of Greek, Roman, and Arabic philosophy, medicine, and science. EMERGENCE OF NATION-STATES (ENGLAND, FRANCE, SPAIN, AND RUSSIA) AND DISTINCTIVE POLITICAL DEVELOPMENTS IN EACH. How did European nation-states expand their territories and consolidate their power? European monarchies consolidated power and began forming nation-states in the late medieval period. England William the Conqueror, leader of the Norman Conquest, united most of England. France Spain Russia Common law had its beginnings during the reign of Henry II. King John signed the Magna Carta, limiting the King s power. The Hundred Years War between England and France helped define England as a nation. Evolution of Parliament Hugh Capet established the French throne in Paris, and his dynasty gradually expanded their control over most of France. The Hundred Years War between England and France helped define France as a nation. Joan of Arc was a unifying factor. Ferdinand and Isabella unified the country and expelled Jews and Moors. Spanish Empire in the Western Hemisphere expanded under Charles V Ivan the Great threw off the rule of the Mongols, centralized power in Moscow, and expanded the Russian nation. Power was centralized in the hands of the tsar. The Orthodox Church influenced unification. WHI.12B CONFLICTS AMONG EURASIAN POWERS, INCLUDING THE CRUSADES, THE MONGOL CONQUESTS, AND THE FALL OF CONSTANTINOPLE What were key events and effects of the Crusades? Crusades were carried out by Christian political and religious leaders to take control of the Holy Land from the Muslims. Key events of Crusades Pope Urban s speech The capture of Jerusalem Founding of Crusader states Loss of Jerusalem to Saladin Sack of Constantinople by western Crusaders Effects of Crusades Weakened the Pope and nobles; strengthened monarchs Stimulated trade throughout the Mediterranean area and the Middle East Left a legacy of bitterness among Christians, Jews, and Muslims Weakened the Byzantine Empire 14

15 What were the effects of the Mongol invasions? Mongol armies invaded Russia, Southwest Asia, and China, creating an empire. Mongol armies Invaded Russia, China and Muslim states in Southwest Asia, destroying cities and countryside Created an empire What were the effects of the Ottoman invasions of Europe? Ottoman Turks conquered the Byzantine Empire. Constantinople Fell to the Ottoman Turks in 1453, ending the Byzantine Empire Became capital of the Ottoman Empire WHI.12B THE BLACK DEATH (BUBONIC PLAGUE) How did the Black Death alter economic and social institutions in much of Asia and then in Europe? In the fourteenth century, the Black Death (Bubonic plague) decimated the population of much of Asia and then the population of much of Europe. Impact of the Black Death (Bubonic plague) Decline in population Scarcity of labor Towns freed from feudal obligations Decline of church influence Disruption of trade PRESERVATION AND TRANSFER TO WESTERN EUROPE OF GREEK, ROMAN, AND ARABIC PHILOSOPHY, MEDICINE, AND SCIENCE. How did European scholars begin to interpret and value ancient learning? Education was largely confined to the clergy during the Middle Ages. The masses were uneducated, while the nobility was concerned with feudal obligations. Church scholars preserved ancient literature in monasteries in the East and West. Church scholars Were among the very few who could read and write Worked in monasteries Translated Greek and Arabic works into Latin Made new knowledge in philosophy, medicine, and science available in Europe Laid the foundation for the rise of universities in Europe WH1.13 Renaissance in Europe a. economic foundations of the Renaissance. b. the rise of Italian city-states and their political development, including Machiavelli s theory of governing as described in The Prince. c. artistic, literary, and philosophical creativity, as contrasted with the medieval period, including Leonardo da Vinci, Michelangelo, and Petrarch. d. the arts, philosophy, and literature. Patrons, wealthy from newly expanded trade, sponsored works which glorified city-states in northern Italy. Education became increasingly secular. How did the Crusades stimulate trade between Europe and the Muslim Empire? The Crusades stimulated trade by introducing Europeans to many desirable products. Trade promoted frequent contacts with the Byzantine and Muslim Empires. New economic institutions developed. What were the economic foundations of the Italian Renaissance? Economic effects of the Crusades Increased demand for Middle Eastern products Stimulated production of goods to trade in Middle Eastern markets Encouraged the use of credit and banking Important economic concepts Church rule against usury and the banks practice of charging interest helped to secularize northern Italy. Letters of credit served to expand the supply of money and expedite trade. New accounting and bookkeeping practices (use of Arabic numerals) were introduced. THE RISE OF ITALIAN CITY-STATES AND THEIR POLITICAL DEVELOPMENT, INCLUDING MACHIAVELLI S THEORY OF GOVERNING AS DESCRIBED IN THE PRINCE. How did northern Italian cities benefit from their geographic location? Wealth accumulated from European trade with the Middle East led to the rise of Italian city-states. Wealthy merchants were active civic leaders. How did Italian city-states achieve importance and develop politically? Florence, Venice, and Genoa Had access to trade routes connecting Europe with Middle Eastern markets Served as trading centers for the distribution of goods to northern Europe 15

16 Were initially independent city-states governed as republics What were Machiavelli s ideas about power? Machiavelli observed city-state rulers of his day and produced guidelines for the acquisition and maintenance of power by absolute rule. Machiavelli s The Prince An early modern treatise on government Supported absolute power of the ruler Maintains that the end justifies the means Advises that one should do good if possible, but do evil when necessary ARTISTIC, LITERARY, AND PHILOSOPHICAL CREATIVITY, AS CONTRASTED WITH THE MEDIEVAL PERIOD, INCLUDING LEONARDO DA VINCI, MICHELANGELO, AND PETRARCH Northern Renaissance Growing wealth in Northern Europe supported Renaissance ideas. Northern Renaissance thinkers merged humanist ideas with Christianity. The movable type printing press and the production and sale of books (Gutenberg Bible) helped disseminate ideas. Who were important artists and writers of the Northern Renaissance? Northern Renaissance writers Erasmus The Praise of Folly (1511) Sir Thomas More Utopia (1516) Northern Renaissance artists portrayed religious and secular subjects. The Renaissance produced new ideas that were reflected in the arts, philosophy, and literature. Patrons, wealthy from newly expanded trade, sponsored works which glorified city-states in northern Italy. Education became increasingly secular. How did the arts and literature of the Renaissance differ from those of the Middle Ages? Medieval art and literature focused on the Church and salvation; Renaissance art and literature focused on individuals and worldly matters, along with Christianity. Who were prominent Italian Renaissance artists and writers? Artistic and literary creativity Leonardo da Vinci Mona Lisa and The Last Supper Michelangelo Ceiling of the Sistine Chapel and David Petrarch Sonnets, humanist scholarship How did classical knowledge of the ancient Greeks and Romans foster humanism in the Italian Renaissance? Humanism Celebrated the individual Stimulated the study of Greek and Roman literature and culture Was supported by wealthy patrons COMPARISON OF ITALIAN AND THE NORTHERN RENAISSANCE WRITERS How did ideas of the Italian Renaissance change as they became adopted in northern Europe? With the rise of trade, travel and literacy, the Italian Renaissance spread to northern Europe. The art and literature changed as people of different cultures adopted Renaissance ideas. 16

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