A key factor to keep in mind when examining the Sino-Soviet dispute and its impact on foreign relations in South East Asia is that the region is characterised by shifting and fluid interactions and security arrangements (Yahuda, 1996: 9). This means coalitions can change, former enemies can become future allies and conflict is not easily defined. The Sino-Soviet alliance, based on a mutual belief in the ideology of Marxism-Leninism, degenerated over a period of more than ten years. While there is some disagreement about the exact duration of the conflict many scholars say it began in 1956 (Yahuda, 1996: 57) culminating in military escalation and the threat of nuclear war in 1969 (Barnett, 1977: 260). The dispute had its origins in a combination of factors. Chinese perceptions about their rightful international position, ideological differences and concerns about national security all played a part in the division of two powers that were at one stage closely aligned. These same factors defined China's response to this growing divide, and the way that it conducted its relations with the states of the East and South East Asian region.

The Historical Chinese PositionThe Chinese description of China - Zhong guo - or Middle Kingdom, provides an excellent insight into the Chinese view of its position in the world. The traditional idea that Chinese civilisation is superior and complete, that neighboring states should offer tribute has shaped the way Chinese leaders have seen their country (Miller, 1967: 82-83). In more recent history, China's forced submission to dominant European powers, the imposition of unequal treaties and the Japanese occupation have contributed to a Chinese view of foreign powers that further defined its relations with the Soviet Union (Miller, 1967: 83). These factors combined to make the Chinese leadership during the Sino-Soviet alliance uneasy, as evidenced by the early indications that while China could benefit from Soviet assistance it must not overly rely on the Soviet Union. As early as 1956, Mao said of the Soviets "We must say to them: We learn from you, from whom did you learn? Why cannot we create something of our own??(Schram, cited in Yahuda, 1978: 106). This sense of individualism and national identity also affected the evolution of the ideology of the Chinese communists, further inflaming the growing division between the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) and the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (CPSU), as shown below. Mao Zedong Thought

This concept of Chinese supremacy and the methods by which the CCP achieved power affected the way the philosophy of communism in China developed. In the early years of the conflict, the basic disagreements between the two governments were expressed in vague ideological terms (Zagoria, 1962: 24-35, 197, Robinson, 1982: 176), however, by the early 1960s each government was accusing the other of being "communist traitors?(Yahuda, 1996: 58). When the CCP adopted "Mao Zedong thought?as its guiding principle, it was in effect saying that the Maoist interpretation of Marxism was superior to the Russian view. It was also suggesting that Mao was a leader of socialist thought rather than a follower of Stalin (Zagoria, 1962: 14-15). At one stage Zhou En Lai demanded that the Soviet Union officially recognise that "Mao Zedong thought?was a guiding principle of the international communist movement, a proposal not well received by the CPSU (Hart, 1987: 47). Further evidence of this dispute can be seen in the issue of the communes. In 1958 China claimed it had solved the problem of communism in underdeveloped countries by building communes, a view the Russians did not agree with. At the heart of the issue was the implication that if China was right, that Maoist thought was better suited to underdeveloped countries, then it should assume a leadership role in the drive to build socialism in Asia, Africa and Latin America (Zagoria, 1962: 146). Permanent Revolution...

...Sino-SovietSplit
Thesis: The reasons for the SinoSovietsplit can be placed upon the political, economic and social difference between the nations; especially the ideological differences.
Political
Long Term
* Stalin feared Mao as a rival for the leadership of the communist world
* Didn’t want the Cold War to spread to Asia
* Stalin underestimated the CCP
* Believed the GMD would...

...SinoSovietRelations, 1949-76: alliance to confrontation in Asia and its impact on US policy
A)
1. The significance of the communist revolution in china 1949
The Chinese Revolution was among the first hot conflicts of the Cold War, and its ramifications were certainly among the most far-reaching. The most important long-term effect was to create a Communist state with the size and power to stand as a rival to the Soviet Union within...

...Three-the Cold War in the Middle East
Questions 6-11
6. How did the U.S. respond to the Sovietinfluences/ threats in Greece and Turkey, and why? What is the Truman Doctrine? 62-64.
United Stated responded to the Sovietinfluences in Greece and Turkey by issuing a new policy called Truman Doctrine. This doctrine was issued by US president Harry Truman in 1947 to assist Greece and Turkey economically as well as...

...SinoSovietSplit ( 1960)
- long term causes- its roots historical seeds of difference sowed since 1927.
- Causes :
-historical/long term cause a)historical development of revolution – development of workers ( Concept of communism was accepted and considered as an ideal approach, looking for a better working conditions, believed in the centralization of power,communism was set a mean to make ends meet, China was backward, the farmers saw...

...(1942 – 1945)
To what extent was the Japanese Occupation of Southeast Asia, during World
War Two, the turning point in the development of nationalist movements?
Points to Consider



How would you define the “turning point” of Southeast Asian nationalism?
Was the impact of the Japanese Occupation uniformly positive or negative for the nationalist
movements across Southeast Asia?
Was the Japanese Occupation the decisive event that made possible the post-war...

...﻿To what extent was the Sino-sovietsplit caused by the personalities of the leaders?
Ideological differences appear to play an important role in the Sino-SovietSplit but the geopolitical view that national security interests were of paramount importance is more convincing. The language of ideology was used by Communist leaders to disguise national interests and the friendly relationship between the powers...

...East Is EastEast is East is a play by Ayub Khan-Din, first produced by Tamasha Theatre Company in co-production with the Royal Court and Birmingham Repertory Theatre. It is often cited as one of the key works to bring Asian culture to mainstream British audiences. The play is published by Nick Hern Books.
Ayub Khan-Din
(born 1961 in Salford, Lancashire) is a British Pakistani actor and playwright....

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