A Martu method for monitoring mankarr (greater bilby)

Tue, 20 Aug 2019

Kanyirninpa Jukurrpa (KJ) Rangers in the Martu Determination have collaborated with Threatened Species Recovery Hub scientists to design a monitoring program
for mankarr (the greater bilby). Martu people identified priorities for the bilby monitoring program, then worked with Dr Anja Skroblin from The University of Melbourne to co-develop a monitoring method which brings together Martu knowledge and practice with Western conservation science.
Anja Skroblin talks about the development of the new bilby monitoring program.

Bilbies stay strong on Indigenous land

The greater bilby, recognised by its silky grey fur, long snout, large upright ears and white-tipped tail, is Australia’s last surviving bilby species.
There are many Indigenous names for the bilby, and in the western deserts it is commonly called mankarr, ninu and muntarngarku. The bilby has disappeared
from around 80% of its former range due to pressures created since European colonisation, including habitat removal, predation by foxes and cats, and
changed fire conditions.

Indigenous land managers and Traditional Owners are playing a key role in securing the future of the greater bilby. Bilbies are now largely restricted
to lands that are managed by Indigenous people in the north-west of the arid interior, which includes the Martu Determination. Recovery of the bilby
is a priority for many of the Indigenous people who are its custodians and for state and federal governments.

A Parnngurr Ranger marks down animal signs while carrying out a Martu mankarr search. Photo:A. Skroblin and KJ

Incorporating Indigenous knowledge

Our team of Martu Traditional Owners, KJ Rangers, including the Jigalong, Parnngurr, Punmu and Kunawaritji Ranger teams, and scientists worked closely
together to co-develop a new monitoring program for bilbies which would be carried out long-term by the ranger teams.The method is underpinned by Martu
knowledge of bilbies, bilby distribution, behaviour and the threats bilbies face, so an important first step was to record Martu knowledge of the bilby
through interviews with Martu Elders and rangers.

Next, a fit-for-purpose survey method is key to any good monitoring program. The KJ Rangers identified the need for a new method and were instrumental
in creating the “Martu mankarr search” method. The method builds on existing track-based survey methods and incorporates Martu language, knowledge
of local bilby ecology, and Martu ways of searching the landscape.

The data collected by the survey method is based on Martu knowledge of desert ecology, and uses Martu classification of habitat types, fire patterns,
food resources, threats and management practices that influence the presence of desert animals. By using Martu practices and terminology within the
method, the method supports Martu in maintaining their knowledge and practices, and creates community ownership of the bilby monitoring program.

Once the survey method was developed and trialled, the team worked together to develop a monitoring plan which takes into account Martu perspectives
and knowledge to identify the number and location of monitoring sites. Finally, a database was developed to manage the survey data and report on findings.

The contribution of the scientists ensures that the data collected by the program will be scientifically robust and can be analysed to tell how mankarr
are doing over time and across different monitoring areas.

Outcomes

The bilby monitoring program was rolled out in 2018. Ranger teams reported that they prefer the new Martu way of searching for mankarr, and that the
method was helping them to assess the management needs of sites for burning or feral animal control.

In their own words:

“I’m really happy with the new idea. It helps us, and I like that we come together and talk at the end.”

“From a ranger coordinator’s perspective, the new methodology is much more doable.”

“The method encourages an organic process of planning and thinking about fire, the landscape and mankarr needs.”

“The new method values Martu knowledge of mankarr and makes use of it.”

Over time, the monitoring program will detect trends in the bilby populations, so that Martu will know if numbers are going up or down or staying
about the same over time. The program will also be able to look for differences between different monitoring areas. The findings will support rangers
in their management decisions, such as for burning, or controlling feral animals and weeds.

From a social viewpoint, the project and monitoring program provide ongoing employment and training opportunities and support rangers and community
members to share knowledge about animal tracking, desert ecology and caring for Country.

Our project highlights how a collaborative research approach can support Indigenous peoples in their natural resource management aims. Through co-design/co-research,
we can ensure that insights from different types of knowledges are synthesised to achieve results in the most powerful and culturally appropriate ways.
The methods developed here can be applied or modified to be used by other ranger teams across the deserts to help monitor bilbies and other desert
species.

Punmu Rangers looking for signs of the bilby and other desert animals while carrying out a mankarr search. Photo: A. Skroblin and KJ

Martu mankarr search in action

Deep in the Little Sandy Desert in the centre of Western Australia, Martu Indigenous rangers are walking their Country. With purposeful footsteps,
they weave their way between clumps of spiky green spinifex, fanning out across the sandplain. Their eyes are to the ground, reading the small indents,
scrapes and scratches in the sand that reveal the movement and behaviour of animals that visited over the preceding days. Here are the toenail scratches
and swirling tail drags showing the path of a parnajalpa, yellow spotted goanna, that meandered through while searching for its lunch. Over there are
countless paired pock-marks – the stamp of tiny rodent feet – leading to the pop-hole openings of hopping mice burrows. And then: the tracks the rangers
have been looking for, the distinctive pattern left by the bounding-overstep motion of the mankarr, the greater bilby. From the prints, this is a big
one, most likely an adult male. The tracks are fresh, maybe from last night or the night before. Tracking continues. There are diggings into the roots
of acacias here – the mankarr must have had a meal of witchetty grubs. Over there, nestled under a clump of old spinifex, the footprints lead to the
opening of a mankarr burrow. Maybe the mankarr is asleep in there now? But maybe not … The rangers are worried. Right there alongside the mankarr
tracks are fresh tracks of a large feral cat, a predator of the mankarr. It also visited that burrow last night.

This Threatened Species Recovery Hub project is a collaboration between The University of Melbourne and Kanyirninpa Jukurrpa, together with BHP, the Department of Prime Minister and Cabinet, Parks and Wildlife Services and Rangelands NRM Western Australia. It is supported by the Australian Government’s National Environmental Science Program.