New England Distribution

Non-native: introduced
(intentionally or
unintentionally); has become naturalized.

Present: documented to exist in
the county by
evidence (herbarium specimen, photograph). Also covers
those considered historical (not seen in 20 years).

Undocumented: never been
documented from the
county, but known from the state. May be present. Or,
may be restricted to a small area or a habitat (alpine,
marsh, etc.), so unlikely found in some
counties.

Note: when native and non-native
populations both exist in a county, only native status
is shown on the map.

North America Distribution

Facts About

Bushy frostweed is endemic to New York's Long Island and southeastern New England. With its attractive, large yellow flowers, it is a rare component of coastal sandy woodlands, grasslands and sand plains.

Flowers

the anthers have narrow slits or furrows that run lengthwise along the anthers

Anther spurs

the anthers do not have spurs on them

Calyx growth after flowering

the calyx does not grow to cover or partially cover the fruit

Calyx symmetry

there are two or more ways to evenly divide the calyx (the calyx is radially symmetrical)

there is only one way to evenly divide the calyx (the calyx is bilaterally symmetrical)

Carpels fused

the carpels are fused to one another

Cleistogamous flowers

the plant has some cleistogamous flower

Corolla morphology

NA

Corolla palate

no

Corona lobe length

0 mm

Epicalyx

the flower does not have an epicalyx

Epicalyx number of parts

0

Flower appearance

the flowers appear after the leaves have appeared

Flower description

the flower has a superior ovary, and lacks a hypanthium

Flower number

At least 1

Flower orientation

the flower points upwards or is angled outwards

Flower petal color

NA

yellow

Flower reproductive parts

the flower has both pollen- and seed-producing parts

Flower symmetry

there are two or more ways to evenly divide the flower (the flower is radially symmetrical)

Flowers sunken into stem

no

Form of style

the style is knob-like at the tip, and unbranched

Fringed petal edges

the petals are not fringed

Fused stamen clusters

NA

Fusion of sepals and petals

NA

both the petals and sepals are separate and not fused

Hairs on flower stalk

the flower stalk has hairs on it

Hairs on inflorescence

the axis of the inflorescence has hairs entirely without glands

Horns in hoods (Asclepias)

NA

Hypanthium

the flower does not have a hypanthium

Inflorescence one-sided

the flowers are arrayed in a spiral around the inflorescence axis or branches, or occur singly, or in several ranks

Inflorescence type

the inflorescence has only one flower on it

the inflorescence is a corymb (with long lower branches and shorter upper branches, giving it a more or less flat-topped look)

Inner tepals (Rumex)

NA

Marks on petals

there are no noticeable marks on the petals

Nectar spur

the flower has no nectar spurs

Number of carpels

3

Number of pistils

1

Number of sepals, petals or tepals

there are five petals, sepals, or tepals in the flower

Number of styles

1

Ovary position

the ovary is above the point of petal and/or sepal attachment

Petal and sepal arrangement

the flower includes two cycles of petal- or sepal-like structures

Petal and sepal colors

green to brown

yellow

Petal appearance

the petals are thin and delicate, and pigmented (colored other than green or brown)

Petal base

the petal narrows gradually or does not narrow at the base

Petal folds or pleats

the petals of the flower do not have folds or plaits

Petal hairs (Viola)

NA

Petal length

8–15 mm

Petal nectaries

the petals do not have nectaries

Petal number

0–5

Petal tips (Cuscuta)

NA

Raceme attachment (Veronica)

NA

Reproductive system

all the flowers have both carpels and stamens (synoecious)

Scales inside corolla

no

Sepal and petal color

the sepals are different from the petals

Sepal appearance

the sepals are green or brown, and leaf-like in texture

Sepal appendages

the sepals do not have appendages on them

Sepal appendages (Oenothera)

NA

Sepal auricles

the sepals have no auricles

Sepal color

green to brown

Sepal number

5

Sepal orientation

the sepals are slightly curved outwards from the corolla

Sepal relative length

NA

Sepal texture

the sepals are either very thin but flexible, like a membrane, or they are leaf-like in texture

Sepal uniformity

one or more of the sepals is much narrower or shorter than the others

Sepals fused only to sepals

the sepals are separate from one another

Spur number

NA

Stamen attachment

the stamens are not attached to the petals or tepals

the stamens are not attached to the petals or tepals

Stamen morphology

the stamens within each cycle are the same

Stamen number

10

11

12

13 or more

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

Stamens fused

the stamens are not attached to one another

Staminodes

there are no staminodes on the flower

Surface of ovary

the ovary surface has no points, bumps or wrinkles

Umbel flower reproductive parts

NA

Upper lip of bilabiate corolla

NA

Fruits or seeds

Achene relative orientation

NA

Achene shape

NA

Achene surface (Polygonum)

NA

Achene type

NA

Berry color

NA

Capsule color (Viola)

NA

Capsule ribs

the capsule has no prominent ribs or wings

Capsule splitting

the capsule splits by three main valves, teeth or pores

Fruit (pyxis) dehiscence

NA

Fruit cross-section

the fruit is round in cross-section

Fruit features (Brassicaceae)

NA

Fruit length

3–7 mm

Fruit length relative to sepals

the fruit is about the same length as its associated sepals

Fruit locules

three

Fruit stalk orientation

the fruits point upward or spread or curve outward

Fruit type (general)

the fruit is dry and splits open when ripe

Fruit type (specific)

the fruit is a capsule (splits along two or more seams, apical teeth or pores when dry, to release two or more seeds)

Legumes (Fabaceae)

NA

Mericarp length

0 mm

Mericarp segment shape (Desmodium)

NA

Other markings on berry

NA

Ovary stipe

NA

Placenta arrangement

the plant has parietal placentation, where ovules develop on the wall or slight outgrowths of the wall forming broken partitions within a compound ovary

Rows of seeds in fruit (Brassicaceae)

NA

Schizocarpic fruit compression

NA

Schizocarpic fruit segments

0

Seeds comose

no hairs

Septum in fruit (Brassicaceae)

NA

Winged seeds

no wings on seeds

Wings on fruit

the fruit does not have wings on it

prickles on fruits

the fruits do not have thorn-like defensive structures

Glands or sap

Glands on leaf blade

the leaf blades do not have glandular dots or scales

Sap

the sap is clear and watery

Sap color

the sap is clear

Growth form

Growth form

the plant is an herb (it has self-supporting stems)

Horizontal rooting stem

the plant does not have stolons

Lifespan

the plant lives more than two years

Parasitism

the plant is not parasitic

Plant color

the leaves or young stems of the plant are green

Spines on plant

the plant has no spines

Leaves

Bracteole edges

NA

Bracteole length

0 mm

Bracteole number (Apiaceae)

0

Bracteole shape

NA

Bracteoles

there are no bracteoles on the plant

Bracts in plantain (Plantago)

NA

Final leaf segment length (compound lvs only)

0 mm

Final leaf segment length to width ratio (compound lvs only)

0

Final leaf segment width (compound lvs only)

0 mm

Hairs on leaf stalk

the petiole has hairs on it

Hairs on underside of leaf

the underside of the leaf is fuzzy or hairy

Hairs on upper side of leaf

the upper side of the leaf is fuzzy or hairy

Hooked hairs on underside of leaf

no

Inflated hairs on leaf

the leaf blade does not have inflated hairs on it

Leaf arrangement

alternate: there is one leaf per node along the stem

Leaf blade base

the leaf has a distinct leaf stalk (petiole)

the leaf has no stalk

Leaf blade base shape

the base of the leaf blade is cuneate (wedge-shaped, tapers to the base with relatively straight, converging edges), or narrow

the base of the leaf blade is rounded

Leaf blade base symmetry

the leaf blade base is symmetrical

Leaf blade edges

the edge of the leaf blade is entire (has no teeth or lobes)

Leaf blade hairs

the leaf blade has branched hairs

Leaf blade length

20–40 mm

Leaf blade primary vein pattern

the secondary veins branch off at intervals from the primary vein

Leaf blade shape

the leaf blade is elliptic (widest near the middle and tapering at both ends)

the leaf blade is oblanceolate (lance-shaped, but with the widest point above the middle of the leaf blade)

the leaf blade is obovate (egg-shaped, but with the widest point above the middle of the leaf blade)

Leaf blade surface colors

the upper side of the leaf blade is relatively uniform in color

Leaf duration

the leaves drop off in winter (or they whither but persist on the plant)

Leaf form

the leaves are green, with an expanded blade and a leaf-like texture

Leaf sheath length

0 mm

Leaf shiny

the upper side of the leaf is dull or slightly shiny

Leaf spines

there are no spines on the leaf edges

Leaf stalk

the leaves have leaf stalks

the leaves have no leaf stalks, but attach directly to the stem

Leaf stalk attachment to leaf

the petiole attaches at the basal margin of the leaf blade

Leaf stalk base

the petiole base is narrow where it attaches to the stem

Leaf teeth and lobes

the edge of the leaf blade is entire (has no teeth or lobes)

Leaf tip

the tip of the leaf blade is acute (sharply pointed)

the tip of the leaf blade is obtuse (bluntly pointed)

Leaf type

the leaves are simple (lobed or unlobed but not separated into leaflets)

Leaf types

NA

There is a gradual change in appearance of the leaves from the base (or near the base) of the plant to those from further up on the stem, with leaves progressively changing as one moves higher on the stem (often becoming shorter, or less toothed/lobed, and/or with shorter petioles).

Leaf variation

the leaves are nearly similar in size, prominence of teeth, and length of stalks throughout the stem

Leaflet number

0

Leaflet petiolules

NA

Leaves per node

there is one leaf per node along the stem

Pinnately compound leaf type

NA

Specific leaf type

the leaves are simple (lobed or unlobed but not separated into leaflets)

Stipels

NA

Stipule features

NA

Stipule shape

NA

Place

Habitat

terrestrial

New England state

Connecticut

Massachusetts

Rhode Island

Specific habitat

grasslands

man-made or disturbed habitats

meadows or fields

sandplains or barrens

woodlands

Scent

Plant odor

the plant does not have much of a smell

Stem, shoot, branch

Branched tendrils

NA

Flowering stem cross-section

the flowering stem is circular, or with lots of small angles so that it is roughly circular

Hair between stem nodes

the stem has hairs between the nodes

Hairs between stem nodes

at least some of the hairs on the stem have glands

the hairs on the stem are plain, without glands or branches, and not tangled

Hooked hairs on stem between nodes

no

Leaves on stem

there is at least one full leaf above the base of the flowering stem

Plant height

10–40 cm

Stem hair distribution

the hairs on the stem are distributed more of less uniformly

Stem nodes swollen

the stem is not swollen at the nodes

Stem orientation

the stems are upright or angled outwards

Stem roughness between nodes

the stem does not feel rough

Stem spacing

the plant is solitary, or a few plants are growing together

Stem succulence

the stems are not succulent

Tendril origin

NA

Tendrils

the plant does not have tendrils

Wings on stem

the stem does not have wings on it

Wetland Status

Not classified

New England Distribution and Conservation Status

Distribution

Connecticut

present

Maine

absent

Massachusetts

present

New Hampshire

absent

Rhode Island

present

Vermont

absent

Conservation Status

Exact status definitions can vary from state to
state. For details, please check with your state.