The chronic placental insufficiency is the most common cause of intrauterine hypoxia, retardation of fetal growth, and other threatening conditions. Immune disturbances may occur in the system mother-placenta-fetus.Biochemical blood indicators were studied on an automated biochemical analyzer. Pattern of lymphocyte subpopulations was detected by direct membrane immunofluorescence.Study revealed imbalance of immune parameters, caused by placental insufficiency (increase natural killers (CD16(+) , CD56(+) ), B lymphocytes (CD19(+) CD3(-) ), T and B lymphocytes with HLA-DR(+) antigen, and early activation of immune cells (by CD25(+) ), as well as disorders in apoptotic mechanisms (by CD95(+) )).Placental insufficiency leads to abnormalities of the immune system in pregnant, parturient women and maternity patients which were evaluated by localization of activation markers CD25(+) CD95(+) on the CD3(+) , CD4(+) , CD8(+) , CD16(+) , CD56(+) lymphocytes. This is reflected in the change of lymphocyte functions in newborns.

The objective of the study was analysis of hair trace elements content in children with goiter living in Aktubinsk region. Children with goiter and age- and sex-adjusted controls were involved in the current study. Hair trace elements content was assessed using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Thyroid volume was measured using an ultrasound scanner and compared to the previously calculated normal values. The obtained data indicate that children with goiter were characterized by 20 and 15% lower values of hair Cr and Zn, and 66, 42, 16, and 42% higher hair levels of I, Mn, Si, and V as compared to the control values, respectively. Moreover, children with goiter were characterized by a twofold higher hair B levels than the control ones. Correlation analysis demonstrated a significant direct association only between thyroid volume and hair B (r=0.482; p=0.004), I (r=0.393; p=0.021), Mn (r=0.364; p=0.034), and Si (r=0.446; p=0.008) levels. It is also notable that hair I content was interrelated only with Si (r=0.346; p=0.045). No significant correlation was detected between I and B (r=0.250; p=0.155) and Mn (r=0.076; p=0.669) in hair of children. It is hypothesized that an increase in thyroid volume in children is associated with a complex interplay of iodine with other trace elements rather than with altered iodine status itself.

The article provides an assessment of the dynamics of cancer incidence and mortality in the territory of Aktobe city for the period 2000-2010. The most common cancers were found in the lungs, stomach, esophagus and breast throughout the period, with slight increase in colon cancer and decrease in esophageal cancer being apparent. In an attempt to cast light on effects of environmental pollution, the authors also compared data on total emissions of chemicals into the air. While preliminary, the findings provide a basic picture of cancer burden in this industrialised city in Kazakhstan which should be followed up by more comprehensive monitoring.

The aim of the study was to analyse the correlation of subjective complaints and urethral pressure profilometry (UPP) data in women with different types of urinary incontinence (UI): stress UI (SUI), urgency UI (UUI), and mixed UI (MixUI).A study group of 405 women with complaints about UI were surveyed (UDI-6; ICIQ-UI) to determine the subjectively dominant type of UI, and UPP was performed for all these women. The variables analysed by UPP were the maximum urethral closure pressure at rest (MUCPrest), maximum urethral closure pressure at cough stress (MUCPstress), functional urethral length at rest (FULrest), functional urethral length during cough stress (FULstress) test and pressure transmission ratio (PTR). The statistical variation between different groups of UI patients was calculated for all the analysed variables.The value of PTR was statistically and significantly higher in the group of patients with isolated UUI, compared to the SUI and MixUI groups. The MUCPrest and MUCPstress values were consistently lower in women with isolated SUI, compared to isolated UUI. The FULrest and FULstress values showed no statistically significant difference between the groups with different types of UI.The PTR value is a result of UPP test that helps in distinguishing objectively between UUI, SUI, and MixUI. The PTR value can be used to characterise the hypermobility of urethra. The MUCPrest and MUCPstress values are consistently lower in women with isolated SUI, compared to those with isolated UUI. MUCP can be used as an objective criterion for differentiation of these 2 groups of patients.

Virtually all cases of cervical cancer are caused by persistent infections with a restricted set of human papillomaviruses (HPV). Cancer of the cervix is the third or even the second most common cancer in women worldwide, more than 85% of the cases occurring in developing countries, such as China and India, including the Republic of Kazakhstan. The purpose was to determine the HPV type distribution to evaluate efficacy of vaccination and adjust cancer prevention strategy in Western Kazakhstan in the future.A retrospective analysis was conducted of data obtained from PCR laboratories in 4 regional centers for the time period covering 12 months, 2013-2014, using AmpliSens Real-Time PCR kits for HPV testing of 12 genotypes (16, 18, 31, 33, 35, 39, 45, 51, 52, 56, 58, and 59).A total of 1,661 persons were HPV tested within 2013-14, but a proprotion examined for 16 and 18 genotypes only (563) was not been included for statistic analysis of distribution and ratio of the most common genotypes. Males accounted for only a small number (N=90 in total).Total number of the HPV-positive appeared to be 26.0%, or 286 of N=1098. Types distribution was as follows: type 16 (10.7%), 39 (5.83%), 51 (5.27%), 31 (4.85%), 56 (4.58%), 18 (3.61%), 59 (2.64%), 58 (2.22%), 35 (1.94%), 33 (1.25%). Overall the HPV infection was highest in 16-29 years old (62.4%) and decreased with age. Total prevalence of the HR-HPVs amongst male population was 21.4% with top five types 16, 18, 39, 51, 31. Trends forcorrelations between Aktau site and type 33 (Cramers V 0.2029), between Caucasian ethnicity and type 33 (Cramers V .1716), and between European ethnicities in Uralsk and type 45 (Cramers V .1752) were found. Of N 563 tested separately for 16 or 18 types, 13.6% were positive. As a whole, the distribution of 16/18 types had a ratio of 3.53:1. Given the vaccine-targeted type 16 is widely spread amongst this regional population, HPV immunization program of adolescent girls 10-13 years should be implemented appropriately.

The aim of our study was to investigate the actual nutritional status of industrial workers; chemical composition, nutritional and energetic value of the daily food intake of 299 workers in western Kazakhstan. We used a food frequency questionnaire with 24-hour recall to get comprehensive information on the daily diet. Computer calculation was conducted for assessing dietary intake. We carried out calculation of daily food intake, nutrient chemical composition and calorific value by means of a computer program Diet (Astana, 2011). It was found that the consumptions of healthier foods is insufficient, food intake is not balanced, with a significant prevalence of protein and fat component. The specific recommendations were made in order to improve the dietary habits of workers.

An oncopathological state assessment was conducted among adults, children and teenagers in Aktobe region for 2004-2013. Overall the burden of mortality was in the range of 94.8-100.2 per 100,000 population, without any obvious trend over time. Ranking by pathology, the highest incidences among women were registered for breast cancer (5.8-8.4), cervix uteri (2.9-4.6), ovary (2.4-3.6) and corpus uteri, stomach, esophagus, without any marked change over time except for a slight rise in cervical cancer rates. In males, the first place in rank was trachea, bronchus and lung, followed by stomach and esophagus, which are followed by bladder, lymphoid and hematopoietic tissues pathology. Agian no clear trends were apparent over time. In children, main localizations in cancer incidence blood (acute lymphocytic leukemia, lymphosarcoma, acute myeloid leukemia, Hodgkins disease), brain and central nervous system, bones and articular cartilages, kidneys, and eye and its appendages, in both sexes. Similarly, in young adults, the major percentage was in blood and lymphatic tissues (acute myeloid leukemia, acute lymphocytic leukemia, Hodgkins disease) a significant percentage accruing to lymphosarcoma, lymphoma, other myeloid leukemia and hematological malignancies as well as tumors of brain and central nervous system, bones and articular cartilages. This initial survey provides the basis for more detailed investigation of cancer epidemiology in Aktobe, Kazakhstan.

Objective: The dynamics of morbidity, disability and death rates due to malignant neoplasms in the population in
Uralsk city of the Republic of Kazakhstan were studied for 2011-2015, with a focus on age and sex, as well as tumor
location. Methods: Statistics for total morbidity, primary disability and mortality from cancer in the adult population
of the city of Uralsk for 2011-2015 were calculated per 100 thousand. Estimation of morbidity was based on data from
form - 12 Report on the number of diseases registered in patients living in the area of health care organizations
and patient population under medical observation. Evaluation of primary disability was based on form 7 The
distribution of newly recognized disabled by disease class, age, sex and disability groups for 2011-2015 in Ural city
and analysis of cancer was carried out using annual form 7 Report on the sick, and diseases of malignant neoplasms.
Result: The most common localizations of cancer were the trachea, bronchi, lungs, stomach and mammary glands. High
death rates were noted for patients with cancer of the trachea, bronchi, lung, as compared to stomach and esophagus.
Conclusion: The results of our investigation and data in the literature indicate that regional characteristics influence
the impact of risk factors associated with cancer. An unfavorable environmental background contributes to ill health of
urban populations, contributing to development of cancer. Moreover behavioral risk factors are very important, such as
smoking, alcohol drinking, and an unhealthy diet. All these factors require urgent adoption of a package of measures
for prevention, early detection and timely treatment. Detailed study of cancer is necessary to develop national programs
and activities for prevention and control.