History Final

business consolidation wasn’t bad, just regulate it so they would not abuse it

Reveled in the clash of conflicting views—found it stimulating, than developed pragmatic answers

20th Amendment

President takes power in January, rather than in March, but Roosevelt had to wait until March to take his first oath

"The 100 Days"

First of Roosevelt's term--most legislation passed in that period of time, ever

Bank Holiday

March 9-13 Roosevelt declared a 4 day bank holiday to allow the financial panic to subside--led to the passing of the Emergency Banking Relief Act which permitted sound banks to reopen and provided managers to those banks that were in trouble

Emergency Banking Act

appointed people to examine banks, if they were strong they would receive paper money on loans from feds to strengthen them, license to resume operations, when the banks reopen, they were safe, only 5% of banks did not, received over 1$ billion

Glass-Steagall Act (1933)

basic banking reform bill, separated commercial banking from investment banking—prevent recklessness in investing of funds, provided for the insurance of the FDIC, guaranteed individual bank deposits, originally to $5,000

Securities Act

any business that wanted to sell stock had to provide full and accurate info about what it produced—guarantees on purchases and sales of business, it would no longer be a gamble

Federal Emergency Relief Act

Part of the New Deal--1/2 billion for jobs, money distributed to states for public works projects

Civilian Conservation Corps

hire young unemployed men to work on reforestation and flood control in the west—provided ½ million jobs to numerous, but had to live in work camps earning 30$ a month—a lot better than standing in the bread lines (Roosevelt's Favorite)

Agricultural Adjustment Act

May 33, raise farm prices to those which farmers received during WWI— their highest—create an artificial scarcity, lowering supply, increasing demand prices, would reduce amount of acreage under cultivation, cash payments from the government

Frazier-Lemke Farm Bankruptcy

allowed farmers threatened with foreclosure to receive 5 additional years to reduce their mortgage, and interest rate

National Industrial Recovery Act

June 1933—regulate competition through setting prices, could not go above or below certain prices—businesses were encouraged to come together, monopolies with government agreement—objective was for minimum prices creating an artificial scarcity

Codes of Fair Competition

Public Works Administration

Money granted for building of government buildings, highway programs, flood control and other improvements--indirectly served the purpose of relief for the unemployed

National Recovery Administration

Developed to stabilize business by reducing chaotic competition through implementing industry wide codes that set wages and prices and to generate more purchasing power for consumers by providing jobs, defining workplace standards, and raising wages

Tennessee Valley Authority

power plant on Tennessee river, under federal control, had a history of floods washing away topsoil—widespread poverty—wanted to bring rural rehabilitation—encourage flood control, key building of dams to create reservoirs-provide electricity

American Liberty League

Formed by Alfred E Smith and John W Davis in 1934, two former democratic presidential candidates to oppose New Deal measures as violations of personal and property rights

"sick chicken case"

poultry company—wholesale poultry owners who refused to abide by the poultry code of NRA—unanimous decision declared NRA unconstitution because it interfered in local business not in interstate

The Butler Case

declared the Agricultural Adjustment Act unconstitutional—eliminating the two central programs for recovery

Dr. Francis Townsend

Proposed to give $200 a month to the elderly, everyone over 60, as long as they promised to spend the money each month--he was not concerned with the cost of the program--drew support from desperate middle class Americans

Senator Huey P. Long

Proposed a program that would take from the rich and give to the poor, families $5000 and every worker an annual income of $2500, reduce working hours, provide pensions, pay veteran bonuses, and ensure college education for every qualified student

Father Charles E. Coughlin

Radio priest founded the National union for Social Justice 1935, he promoted schemes for coinage of more silver to increase money supply

all were offering easy answers to the great depression because the new deal was not overcoming the distress of the depression

21st Amendment

Repealed prohibition; allowed for production in the US of wine, beer, and liquor and for it to be sold

Eleanor Roosevelt

Wife to FDR; active and eloquent defender of racial injustices

John Collier

chair of the Indian Defense Association--he emphasized preserving traditions--as commissioner of Indian Affairs he doubled Indians in federal jobs, bettered education and health care and back the passage of the Indian Reorganization Act

Indian Reorganization Act

most important pieces of minority legislation—reversed the policy of assimilation, ended requirements to divide farm land, protected freedom to practice religious views on reservations, improve schools and medical care, loans for new businesses

"Soak the Rich" Tax Bill

huge taxes on wealthy Americans, and big businesses, it was passed in 1935, which raised taxes in the US to the highest levels they had ever been in peace time, 75% on income, graduated corporate taxes to 15%, forced redistribution of wealth

Public Utility Holding Company Act

Aug 1935, addressed pattern of monopolistic control over electric and phone, 13 firms control 75%, ordered them to break up, and gave power to S&E to order the disillusion of any co. they determined to be against the interest of public good

Emergency Relief Appropriations Act

did not give money to state and local government for jobs—this was federal controlled program, 5 billion dollars, reflected huge challenge on relief

provided work for the jobless

Works Progress Administration

Harry Hopkins led it, to provide jobs for unemployed, immediately criticized—paratized for loafers, 2.1 million were employed as a result. WPA financed work provided 110,000 buildings 100,000 bridges, 600 airports

Social Security Act

August 1935

Farm Security Administration

assist farmers in creating cooperative communities, encouraging them to form cooperatives

Second Agricultural Adjustment Act

Reestablished the earlier programs of the First except for the processing taxes

Benefit payments would now come from general federal funds--this time when taken to the Supreme Court, it was upheld

National Labor Relations Act (Wagner Act)

June 1935 guarantee for the workers to create unions, outlawed companies creating their own unions, prohibited discrimination against those trying to form unions, supervised elections and able to investigate if unions were prevented from forming

Fair Labor Standards Act

June 1938, established set minimum wages and maximum working hours, if they worked more, they would receive more money at time and a half, outlawed child labor

John L. Lewis

head of miners, wanted one big union for workers whether they had a skill or not, formed the Committee on Industrial Organization

Committee on Industrial Organization

organized 3.7 million workers who didn’t have skills, steel automobiles, glass, rubber—concern in rising split, between skilled organizations and those of the unskilled

Memorial Day Massacre

1937 in Chicago, ignited labor violence

Alfred M. Landon

competent republican governor of Kansas, ran against Roosevelt in 1936

Court Reform Bill

defeated, but by then it wasn’t important, because by spring, they had approved a whole series of acts from the second new deal

Recession of 1937

Early 37 was prosperous because of gov't spending, but it was sharply cut when FDR worried about federal deficits and rising inflation--this triggered a stall in the economy and a depression worse than that of 29--Dow Jones fell 40% btw Aug and Oct

Rooseveltian Coalition

labor, urban dwellers, immigrants, jews, blacks

Neville Chamberlain

Prime Minister of England, agreed to transfer of land to Germany, and in return he received two promises, he would not engage in repression against minorities in the Czech nation, the last territorial item he was interested in acquiring

Munich Agreement

shameful embrace of appeasement against Hitler—with Chamberlain

Nazi-Soviet Pact

agreed to neutrality with each other and divide eastern Europe among the two of them

"The Phony War"

nothing was happening after Poland was conquered, and that Britain and France had called their bluff—these expectations were shattered in April 1940, when he went into Denmark, Norway, Belgium and the Netherlands

Winston Churchill

Prime Minister in British, galvanized behind a war effort, without the assistance of the US, they would have a difficult time surviving

Destroyer-for-Bases Deal

1940, executive agreement, transfer of 50 aged destroyers to Britain in order to fight the Uboats, 99 year leases on 8 bases scattered across the Atlantic and the Caribbean in return, showed how complete Roosevelt’s commitment was to Ally Victory

William Allen White

Kansas Newspaper Editor

America First Committee

dedicated to avoiding getting involved in the war, instead make fortress in America, tarnished from support it received from fringe nazi groups and the KKK

Lend Lease Act

give to president necessary articles of defense up to 7 billion dollars, to assist nations, passed March 1941, most extensive support for British up to that point, open ended US commitment to British to win WWII, wiped away neutrality

"Shoot on Sight"

Panay Incident

Tripartite Pact

Fascist agreement between Japan, Germany and Italy

Premier Konoye

wanted to work for compromise with US

Tojo Hideki

replaced Konoye, which adopted one final offer for peace, but authorized movement forward for war

Nomura and Kurusu

met with US leaders to try to keep peace

"Plan B"

offered foundation for negotiation, partial withdraw from China, if they encouraged peace with China and economic peace—China and Britian wanted US to enter war, not to make peace with Japan, was never turned in

San Francisco Conference

April 1945 to establish UN

W .AverellHarriman

watched from Moscow, believed Stalin would not honor wartime agreements, told Truman to take a strong stance to force them to abide—believed US had economic power to coerce them, they would need aid because WWII had devastated Russia

Potsdam Conference

July-Aug 1945, the disagreements between US and USSR apparent, Stalin demanded 20 billion in reparations, US feared weakened Germany would leave all of Europe open to Communism—already establish them in Eastern Europe, US wanted free elections

London Conference

Sep 45, first of meetings into 1947, pattern of disagreement took hold —fate of Germany, the fate of the countries in E Europe USSR wanted friendly countries, US wanted self-determination, USSR clamped down on the countries they controlled

James F. Byrnes

Secretary representing American in the Foreign Administrators meeting

Baruch Plan

establishment of int'l atomic development authority—majority vote would decide things, and would require intense inspections around the globe to ensure agreement was not violated, US would not give up nukes until the plan was in place, it failed

Iron Curtain Speech

Westminster College, Truman was there with him—condemned police states in Eastern Europe, called for Anglo-American alliance to resist the Soviet Union, was not well received in Spring 1946, they hoped Roosevelt’s plan for peace would work

The Wallace Incident

July 1946, delivered response to Iron Curtain, outlined opposition to the public criticism being sent to USSR, maintaining friendship was more important then rhetorical defense of principles, Truman fired him as a result

George F. Kennan

Truman Doctrine

requested military aid to Greece and Turkey, nations were being forced to choose between capitalism and force of the majority, US must support free peoples, approved in May

Marshall Plan

Harvard June 1947, money made available as long as they developed joint plan—European Recovery Program, March 1948 approved, over three year period, 12. 5 billion dollars in assistance

Conservative Coalition

Minority republican party with southern democrats to create a majority blocking further reform, democrats were willing to support in exchange for republicans voting against African American equal rights

Robert A. Taft

support for the extremes in his party “Mr Republican” led the republicans to achieve tax reductions, skewed to the wealthy, and reigning in the power of labor

Taft-Hartley Act

June 47, weaken national labor act, didn't have to belong to union, propaganda against organizing union legal, union-60 days notice before going on strike, no supporting candidates, no communists, allowed for the AG to allow for 80 more days

Clark Clifford

advised Truman to revive and reform the old Roosevelt Coalition, bringing organized labor, minorities and urban dwellers, designed to demonstrate support for these groups

Turnip Day

Republicans had already met, and their platform had new deal reforms—they had no intention of implementing them—call congress back into session to have them pass their platform, they wouldn’t so it was revealed to Americans they were bluffing

Thomas E Dewey

Republican candidate for president against Truman who was expected to win in a landslide, but lost

Dixiecrat party

Dissident Southern democrats who met in Birmingham--nominated Strom Thurman and hoped to spilt the vote enough for it to go to the house of representatives, where they could strike a sectional bargain

Whistle Stop Campaign

Truman's train tour across the United States during the 1948 election campaign. He rocked the boat, but gained much support

John Foster Dulles

Sec of State for Eisenhower, made the appearance he was in charge of international relations, his background as a lawyer put legalism and righteous moralism as an emphasis—responsible for the confrontational approach taken by US

Liberation

Policy of freeing Eastern Europe after Stalin died in the 1950s

A Policy of Boldness

article Dulles rejected containment, designed to not elimate the USSR threat to live with it—republicans initiate public policy of moral principles US wanted and expected liberation to occur in E Europe—If they rose up, than the USSR would end rule

The New Look

oEisenhower wanted to reduce spending, and balance the budget—contradictory to his new policy with USSR

oUnderneath the NEW LOOK, the US would rely on Air Force and Nuclear Weapons to protect from USSR threats

Massive Retaliation

1954 strategy which would ensure security and stop USSR expansion- threaten them with nuclear retaliation- would reply with nukes instantly wherever they wanted Soviets and Chinese knew this would not support uprising anywhere new and inexpensive—in America Europe not happy

brinkmanship

using nukes was necessary, go to the brink of war with your threats, but don’t actually go into nuclear holocaust—in order to restore faith in the allies in Europe

Korean Armistice Agreement

July 27, 1953—ending the brutal and bloody war that had lasted three years, US agreed to provide economic assistance

Unleashing f Chiang

Quemoy and Matsu

Chinese bombed Taiwan Straits Crisis—defend the islands if Eisenhower concluded they were a prelude to an attack on Taiwan --islands off the coast of China

Ho Chi Minh

Bao Dai

Dien Bien Phu

Geneva Accords

signed july 1954, it divided indo china into three countries, establishing the end of the French empire—however Vietnam would be temporarily divided and to be reunified later after the elections

Ngo Dinh Diem

Pro-western who was reported to be excellent choice for separate government in southern Vietnam

Mohammed Mossadegh

Guatemala Incident

Gamal Abdul Nasser

pan-arab nationalism, destroying Israel and uniting those in the Mideast to destroy it

METO

central treaty organization, Britain, Pakistan, and Iran and Turkey protection and stability throughout this area of the world—refusal to understand what was happening in this area of the world

Suez Crisis

fees from the use of the canal would be used to sponser aswan dam, Britain france and Israel took it back by force, when the Israelis occupied Egypt and took canal—US and USSR denounced the occupation together

Eisenhower Doctrine

empowered the president to use whatever means necessary to block Commuism going into the MIDEAST

Geneva Conference 1955

leading members of int'l community and top execs met in hopes to sign agreements to end cold war—eisenhower wanted world peace, outlined open skies proposal, was not approved but there was a lot of smiling and hand shaking—spirit was alcoholic

wrote 1955 On the Road, depicting ruthless and eccentric lifestyle, encouragement of people to avoid the middle class world

Revolution At Berkeley

SDS

Students for a Democratic Society Port Huron declaration which denounced elitism, put forward a program for change, which aimed at participatory democracy—regular people controlling government, direct confrontation

Flower children

dropped out of society, mostly middle class young whites, uninterested in jobs or responsibility, clustered in streets and parks in temperate climates to stage love-ins and be-ins, freedom of sex and drugs (LSD)—communal living

Brown v Board of Education

May 1954, the court outlawed racial segregation in education

Voting Rights Act of 1960

allowed for federal courts, where there was evidence of discrimination in registering to vote, to appoint referees to go in and monitor and help blacks to register

Rosa Parks

Martin Luther King Jr

Sit in Strategy

sat in at all white lunch counter, refusing to leave, staged at restaurants and other businesses

Freedom Riders

at each stop, challenging Jim Crow laws by using all the white facilities—lots of violence—led to desegregation of bus terminals and airports

James H Meredith

Black American who tried to register for classes at Ole Miss, JFK sent in troops to protect him while he signed up for classes—the first black to sign up for classes there

March on Washington

August 26, 1963 led 250,000 people to demonstrate the problem of segregation pressing for Civil Rights Act

definition for black power 1. racial consciousness and pride, reject white black is beautiful 2. Economic power, businesses in black ghettos push out white business taking all profits 3. blacks to vote, those who would support them and blacks

Black Panthers

organized along military lines in 1965 in Oakland, wanted to be tool of revenge against white society

Watts Riot

Aug 1965 crowd gathered when black man was arrested, as crowd closed in the cops starting beating, 140 million in damage 34 killed, more than 4000 were arrested

La Raza

racial and ethnic pride in where you came from

Corky Gonzales

Colorado, prize fighter who worked in war on poverty and led crusade for justice there

1962 raising wages and improving their conventions, 1700 families belonged—staged strikes against farm factories organizing national boycotts against their goods

American Indian Movement

Minneapolis began to talk about Red Power to improve their conditions, NA occupying Alcatraz claiming by right of discovery and refused to leave for 19 months

Betty Friedan

Leader of Women's Lib Movement--wrote the feminine mystique

Male Chauvinism

masculinity which they resented—anti-female males

Tonkin Gulf Incident

August 1964, the first attack of N. torpedo boats on US ships—not unprovoked, it had been involved in implementing a plan were US was landing Southern Guerillas in north, violated northern sovereignty—two days later, another ship joined, and a second attack came, allegedly—this second attack never happened it was to provide justification to bomb the north

Pleiku Incident

resulted in the death of 9 american advisors—ordered round the clock bombing of north Vietnam, in an act refered to as ouch war—they would give in in six to ten weeks

Operation Rolling Thunder

air attacks on north Vietnam to disrupt supply lines and psychological goals and encourage resistance in the south—this failed

Viet Cong

credibility gap

what the administration said and what the facts said

Tet offensive

Jan 30, 1968—North Vietnamese attacked capitols, destroyed villages, attacked US embassy in Siagon on the holiday, shattered the illusion that we were succeeding in Vietnam—resulted in confidence in Johnson being shattered

Eugene McCarthy

senator for Minnesota declared for the presidency—if he was elected he would end the war, young people supported him

Robert Kennedy

Democratic National Convention

Chicago, Humphrey had support from the party—revealed divisions of the nations, swarmed with police, FBI, CIA governor mobilized 500 national guardsman, armed camp with barbed wire and check points—Civil War on the streets, police riot

American Independent Party

upport among lower middle class, who were tired of welfare—entirely negative platform, Wallace said he would win the war if he won

The Southern Strategy

Republicans trying to win democrats away from their party

Paris Peace Talks

Vietnamization

designed to train and equip more of the south so they could take over fighting the war and he could begin withdrawing troops

Nixon Doctrine

US would provide nuclear umbrella for east asia, but no longer ground troops to support them

War Moratorium

October 1969 more than a million Americans protested in a variety of ways, wanted peace

the silent majority

gave them a choice, you can go along with the anti-war movement and leave immediately, or support his policy which will bring peace with honor—neutralizing the anti-war movement, 77% of people supported vietnamization

Cambodian Incursion

north Vietnamese had sanctuaries April north and south were putting an end to these sanctuaries, necessary in order to end the conflict—inconceivable to allow it to continue—firestorm of violent opposition in US

Kent State Incident

May 4, 1970 National Guard was spooked and fired weapons into a crowd, with live ammunition and 4 students were killed

Le Duc Tho

Christmas Bombing

January 1973 the paris peace accords were signed as a result

ping pong diplomacy

trip of the US ping pong team to Japan, than they were invited to Beijing, it was a gesture to improve relations—symbolic for relaxation of relations

Shanghai Communique

1972-trade, scientific exchanges and the US recognized that Taiwan was a part of China, Beijing said they would seek reunification by peaceful means with Taiwan

SALT talks

Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty—postponed in 1968, but Nixon was determined to achieve peace—USSR was interested in nuclear arms race, wanted access to computer technology, and access to grain prices

Detente

oacceptance of new international policies—new players in the global world

Haynesworth and Carswell

two nominees by Nixon, not appointed by the senate because of their pasts

The Burger Court

Family Assistance Program

giving a family cash and food stamps—2400 dollars a year, proposed by Johnson, and then Nixon abandoned it

stagflation

stagnant economy with rising inflation

The New Economic Policy

NEP, included 4 phases—1st announced Aug 1971—90 day freeze in wages and prices to halt inflation, suspended the ratio of the dollar to gold causing value to go down—90 days later Nov 15 price commission put in place limits on prices—1972 Nixon started spending more money, rising evidence of growth—phase 3 1973 which eliminated controls on the economy

Spiro T Agnew

argued the news media was behind distortion of American affairs, dominated by a liberal bias that was against the Nixon administration, opened up war of words with the liberals hoping it would discredit the democrats

George McGovern

developed rules to include minorities in the process, took advantage of the rules to win the nomination on the first ballot, war hero who had been a history professor

The Eagleton Affair

had shock treatment to deal with depression

Watergate Incident

War Powers Act

October 1973—prevent any new Vietnams, had to report sending troops abroad within 48 hours, if Congress did not give approval they had to bring them back within 60 days

Yom Kippur War

Shuttle Diplomacy

Panama Canal Treaties

1977, terms for the restoration of the Panama Canal zone back to that country by the end of the century—many Americans thought this was our land and it was a major political issue—passed by the 2/3 majority in 1978

Cyrus Vance

Camp David Accords

Carter got Israel and Egypt to sign peace treaty, Sinai peninsula to be returned to Egypt, establishment of Palestinian state, this moved the middle east to a permanent peace settlement—hoping future leaders would be able to achieve this

SALT II Treaty

1979 Carter and Brezhnev met and agreed to reduction of weapons on both sides—because of the nature of the treaty and whether it was fair to US, conservatives denounced it

Afghanistan Invasion

Carter Doctrine

Afghanistan invasion was a threat to oil supplies—by any means including military force

malaise speech

summer 1979, he appeared on tv and identified the source of our problems—afflicted by national malaise, lost their confidence in the future, pious calls in renewed faith and future (suck it up)—symbolic of the weakness of Carter administration

Ayatollah Khomeini

established Islamic regime in Iran after the overthrow of the Shah

Hostage Crisis

began Nov 4 1979, students taken hostage in Iran

supply side economics

lower taxes on the rich to spur investment in the economy and create jobs

1969, gay bar a fire was lit and police began to rough up those that were inside, Greenwich Village Club—critical event in causing these individuals to come out of the closet and gain political and social equality

Gay Liberation

Roe v Wade

Gray Power

elderly Americans using their voting rights to increase their rights

Sunbelt and Rustbelt

televangelism

new evangelist theology, flashy showman raising about a billion dollars a year

passed in 1981 Promised to reduce taxes by 25% over three years; oBy 1983 the economy was beginning to recover

Reagan Doctrine

William Casey

provide military assisantce for covert warfare around the world—most prominently in Afghanistan

Star Wars (SDI)

System that would provide the ability to shoot down missiles coming from another country from laser devices in outer space

START Talks

Strategic arms reduction talks—the negotiations went nowhere in his first term

Beirut Bombing

Killing 241 marines

Grenada Operation

October 1983 justified because the leaders were threatening 500 medical students getting their degrees on the island

Sandinistas

Marxists who received support from the Soviet Union and Cuba

Contras

Contras were first trained in Argentina—counter terrorizing the Sandinistas

Boland Amendments

established a cap of 24 million a year to be sent to the Contras in Nicaragua, second cut off all assistance to the Contras

Walter Mondale

Gary Hart

Geraldine Ferraro

Jesse Jackson

sleaze factor

Sec of labor being indignted for racketeering, purchase of undocumented equipment

Robert Bork fiasco

Iran-Iraq War

at first the US supported the Iranians, fighting against Hussein—but than they began to support Hussein despite him commiting crimes against humanity

Mikhail Gorbachev

new leader in Moscow, reached out for better relations in the West

Ronny and Gorby Show

five summit meetings that took place during the second term

INF Treaty

Savings and Loan Scandal

huge amounts of money loaned out to support risky ventures—buying artwork and investing in junk bonds—these people could not repay after the crash, but because of the FDIC they were insured, costing the government 2.6 billion dollars

Iran-Contra Affair

Oliver North

Michael Dukakis

J. Danforth Quayle

Read My Lips

Manuel Noriega

took power in 1981 in Panama—became increasingly involved in an illicit drug trade, 1989 a federal court in Miami issued an indictment against him, when he was defeated in 1989 election he nullified the election and beat anyone who contradicted him

Panama Intervention

Dec 20, 1989—arrested Noriega and restored the elected president—he was taken to Miami were he is still serving a conviction of drug trafficking

Tiananmen Square Incident

Chinese young people protesting, military was sent in, thousands of unarmed people were killed

Boris Yeltsin

Persian Gulf War

1990 budget deal

Ross Perot

texas Billionaire, appeal to Reagan republicans he was a third party candidate—proposals were conflicting mix of various approaches

Don't Ask, Don't Tell

Dayton Accords

Nov 1995 agreed to partitioning of Yugoslavia, monitored by united nationas and a nato implementation would be sent in to make sure it went well

Haiti Intervention

elected leader of Haiti was overthrown in 1990 by the military, to restore him to power failed under UN—1994 and with minimal causalities the Haitian held new elections and he was reelected

NAFTA

North American Free Trade Agreement—strongly opposed by Democrats—critical in promoting growth, with assistance of republicans NAFTA was approved

Budget Reduction Act

1993 provided for reduction of deficit by 500 billion—put annual fiscal affairs in the black, significant decrease in spending and taxes on rich people—passed in the House and tied in the Senate—Al Gore put it in place—resulted in 250 billion dollars in tax increases on the wealthy, surplus in budget first since WWII

Brady Bill

provided for 7 day waiting period to buy firearms to provide for background check

Family Leave Act

ensured unpaid leave for workers to care for small children, sick spouses, sick parents—provide job when the crisis was over

national health care debacle

getting every American health care—attacked as socialized medicine—Clinton totally failed and action on this was postponed

Contract with America

Newt Gingrich, speaker of the House, tried to push through provisions, but Clinton refused to approve, major cuts in food stamps, lower taxes

Welfare Reform Act

changed the foundation of welfare—made it contingent on those receiving it getting jobs, brought about significant shifts about how it was funded

Oklahoma City bombing

Robert Doyle

had no answers to Clinton and as a result was easily defeated by him in the 1996 election