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Gurugram or Gurgaon is a city in the Indian state of Haryana and is located near the National Capital Region of India. It is 32 kilometres (20 mi) southwest of New Delhi and 268 kilometres (167 mi) southwest of Chandigarh, the state capital. As of 2011[update], Gurugram had a population of 876,824.[1] Witnessing rapid urbanization, Gurugram has become a leading financial and industrial hub with the third highest per capita income in India.[2] The city's economic growth story started when the leading Indian automobile manufacturer Maruti Suzuki India Limited established a manufacturing plant in Gurgaon in the 1970s.[3] Today, Gurugram has local offices for more than 250 Fortune 500 companies.[4]

The origin of the city's name can be traced back to the Sanskrit epic Mahabharat; it is believed that the land was owned by the legendary rulers Pandavas and Kauravas, who presented it to Guru Dronacharaya, their royal guru for warfare, as an appreciation of his training.[citation needed] The land came to be known as Gurugram (Sanskrit: गुरुग्राम, lit. village of the Guru) which over time became changed to Gurgaon (गुड़गाँव). The village still exists within the modern day city.[5]

On 12 April 2016, Chief Minister of HaryanaManohar Lal Khattar announced a proposal to officially rename the city Gurugram, subject to the approval of the Haryana cabinet and the Union Government. He argued that the new name would help to preserve the "rich heritage" of the city by emphasizing its history and association with Dronacharaya.[6][7][8] On 27 September 2016, Manohar Lal Khattar officially announced that the Union Government had approved the name change, and thus the city and district would henceforth be known as Gurugram.[9]

Gurugram was historically inhabited by the Hindu people and in early times, it formed a part of an extensive kingdom ruled over by Rajputs of Yaduvansi or Yadav clan. The Yadav were defeated by Muhammad of Ghor in 1196, but for two centuries they sturdily resisted the Muhammadian domination and they were subjected to punitive expedition. Under the rule of Feroz Shah Tughlaq, several were converted to Islam. This was followed by the invasion of Timur and the land was ruled by Khanzadas. It was then annexed by Babur.[10] During Akbar's reign, Gurugram fell within the governing regions of Delhi and Agra. As the Mughal Empire started to decline, the place was torn between contending powers. By 1803 most of it came under the British rule through the treaty of Surji Arjungaon with Sindhia. The town was first occupied by the cavalry unit posted to watch the army of Begum Samru of Sirdhana. It became a part of the district, which was divided into units called parganas. These units were given to petty chiefs for the military service rendered by them. The units were governed by the rules that British kept on changing and eventually these units came under direct control of the British, with the last major change in 1836. Nothing much changed in Gurugram until the Revolt of 1857. In 1858, it was transferred from the North-Western Provinces to Punjab Province. In 1861, the district, of which Gurugram was a part of, was rearranged into five tehsils Gurugram, Ferozepur Jhirka, Nuh, Palwal and Rewari[11] and the modern day city came under the control of Gurugram teshil. In 1947, Gurugram became a part of independent India and fell under the Indian state of Punjab. In 1966, the city came under the administration of Haryana with the creation of the new state.

Gurugram is located in Gurugram district in the Indian state of Haryana and is situated in the south eastern part of the state, and northern part of the country. The city is located on the border with Delhi with New Delhi to its north east. The city has a total area of 738.8 square kilometres (285.3 sq mi)[12]

Under the Köppen climate classification, Gurugram experiences a monsoon-influenced humid subtropical climate (Cwa).[14] The city experiences four distinct seasons - spring (February - March), summer (April - August), fall/autumn (September - October) and winter (November - January), along with the monsoon season setting in towards the later half of the summer. Summers, from early April to mid October, are typically hot and humid, with an average daily June high temperature of 40 °C (104 °F). The season experiences heat indices easily breaking 43 °C (109 °F). Winters are cold and foggy with few sunny days, and with a December daytime average of 3 °C (37 °F). The Western Disturbance brings some rain in winters that further adds to the chill. Spring and autumn are mild and pleasant seasons with low humidity. The monsoon season usually starts in the first week of July and continues till August. Thunderstorms are not uncommon during the Monsoon. The average annual rainfall is approximately 714 millimetres (28.1 in).[14]

Gurugram has architecturally noteworthy buildings in a wide range of styles and from distinct time period. Gurugram's skyline with its many skyscrapers is nationally recognized, and the city has been home to several tall buildings with modern planning. Gurugram has an estimated 1,100 residential highrises.[15] The average cost of a 93-square-metre (1,000 sq ft) two-bedroom apartment at a decent condominium in Gurugram is at least $160,130 (₹10,000,000).[15]

Gurugram is divided into 36 wards, with each ward further divided into blocks. The housing type in the city consists largely of attached housing, though a large number of attached multi-dwelling units, including apartments, condominiums and high rise residential towers are getting popular. The top five condominiums in the city, as rated by The Times of India, are: Aralias, Hamilton Court, The World Spa, Gurugram One and Raheja Atlantis.[16]

Gurugram has a complex park system, with various lands operated by the Haryana Urban Development Authority. The key parks are Leisure Valley Park in Sector 29, which is spread over 15 hectares (36 acres); Tau Devi Lal Biodiversity Botanical Garden in Sector 52; Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose Park in Sector 14, popularly known as HUDA Garden; Tau Devi Lal park in Sector 23; and Aravali Biodiversity Park on MG Road. However, most of the parks in Gurugram are small and ill-maintained.[17]

The main language spoken in Gurugram is Hindi & Ahirwati, though a segment of the population understands English. The dialect used in Hindi is similar to that of Delhi, and is considered neutral, though the regional influences from the states of Haryana, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar and Punjab adds an accent to the language. English is spoken with an Indian accent, with a primarily North Indian influence. Since Gurugram has a large number of international call centres, the employees are usually given formal training in neutral pronunciation in order to be understandable to native English speakers. Haryanvi and Punjabi are other popular languages spoken in the city. The other regional languages include Mewati and Haryanvi.[18][19]

Sheetla Mata Mandir is a famous temple located in district Gurugram of Haryana state of India. It is a temple dedicated to the wife of Guru Dronacharya.[20] The temple hosts fairs regularly and huge number of people come to seek blessings of Sheetla Mata every year.

Once a small dusty agricultural village, Gurugram has now emerged to become the city with the third highest per capita income in India.[2] Popularly known as Millennium City,[22] Gurugram has the presence of about 250 or 50% of the Fortune 500 companies. Gurugram's proximity to Delhi means easy access to political decision makers. Maruti Suzuki Private Limited was the first company that set up a manufacturing unit in the city in 1970s making cars.[3] Eventually, DLF Limited, a real estate company acquired vast stretches of land in the city. The first major American brand to set up a unit in Gurugram was General Electric in 1997. GE's setup in Gurugram prompted other companies, both international as well as domestic, to follow suit. Today, Gurugram has emerged as one of the most important offshoring centers in the world,[23] providing outsourcing solutions in software, IT, service and sales through delivery facilities and call centers. However, due to the lack of proper public transport and the inability of most of the employees to afford a personal vehicle, most of the call centers provide pooled-in cars to and from their offices.[23] Apart from Business process outsourcing and IT sectors, the city is home to several other companies that specialize in domain expertise. Siemens Industry Software, in Gurugram Business Park, made a portfolio of design software that was used by NASA to digitally design, simulate and assemble the vehicle before any physical prototypes were built.[23] Various international companies, including Coca-Cola, Pepsi, BMW, Agilent Technologies, have chosen Gurugram to be their Indian corporate headquarters.[23] All the major companies in the city depend on their own backup, given the fact that Gurugram does not have reliable power and water supply, public transport and utilities. Retail is an important industry in Gurugram, with the presence of 26 shopping malls.[24] Real estate is a major force in the city's economy. Gurugram is home to some of the nation's most valuable real estate.

The crime graph is on a rise in Gurugram. The city reported 89 homicides in 2012. Another rising concern is the increase in number of rapes, robberies, assaults, burglaries, and thefts, including motor vehicle thefts. The total vehicle thefts registered by the police in Gurugram in 2014 was 3,638, and this trend continues.[27] Gurugram is experiencing high rates of homelessness, drug abuse, gang violence and prostitution. Several organized cartels and street gangs operate in the city.[citation needed]

The police department in Gurugram is headed by the Commissioner of Police - Gurugram Police, which forms a part of the Haryana Police.[28] and reports to the Haryana state government. Navdeep Singh Virk is the Commissioner of Police in Gurugram. Gurugram Police has a separate traffic police department headquartered in sector 51.[29] Fire protection within the city limits is provided by Municipal Corporation of Gurugram through four fire stations, located in sector 29, sector 37, Udyog Vihar and Bhim Nagar.[30]

The major highway that links Gurugram is National Highway 8, the road that runs from Delhi to Mumbai. While the 27.7-kilometre (17.2 mi) Delhi-Gurugram border-Kherki Dhaula stretch has been developed as an expressway, the rest is expanded to six lanes.[33] The second Highway Is Dwarka Expressway, Which Starts from Gurugram and linked to New Delhi's various major Inter cities.

Gurugram bus terminal, managed by Haryana Roadways (under the department of state transport,haryana) is a busy bus station in the city that provides bus connectivity, both private and government, to other cities in Haryana and neighboring states like Delhi, Uttar Pradesh and other cities like Chandigarh.

Gurugram is served by Indira Gandhi International Airport, though the airport is just outside the city limits and located within the jurisdiction of Delhi near National Highway 8. The airport is one of the busiest airports in India and provides domestic and international air connectivity.

In November, 2013, Gurugram launched an Ciclovia-inspired initiative known as Raahgiri Day—in which a corridor of streets are closed to motor vehicle traffic on Sunday mornings to encourage the use of non-motorized transport and participation in outdoor leisure activities. Gurugram was the first city in India to implement such a program, followed by New Delhi, and later Noida.[36][37][38]

Electricity in Gurugram is provided by government owned Dakshin Haryana Bijli Vitran Nigam. Gurugram has power consumer base of 360,000 with average power load of 700-800 MW.[39] There are frequent power outages in the city, especially during the peak consumption season of summer. Apart from the power deficit, the equipment used by the power department like transformers, panels and transmission lines is either old or overburdened.[40]