The most important parameters are the '''[[Field of View|Horizontal field of view]]''' and the '''Lens type'''. Hugin supports the following projections in input images:

The most important parameters are the '''[[Field of View|Horizontal field of view]]''' and the '''Lens type'''. Hugin supports the following projections in input images:

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* '''[[Rectilinear Projection|Normal (rectilinear)]]''' - The projection used by most cameras. It keeps straight lines straight. The maximum horizontal field of view is 180 degrees (for an image of infinite size, that is).

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* '''[[Rectilinear Projection|Normal (rectilinear)]]''' - The projection used by most ''standard'' cameras. It keeps straight lines straight. The maximum horizontal field of view is 180 degrees (for an image of infinite size, that is). Also [[Cubic Projection|cubes]] (e.g. rendered in a special application) use this type.

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* '''[[Cylindrical Projection|Panoramic (cylindrical)]]''' - Often used by panoramic cameras, such as the Horizon, Roundshot and Spheron cameras. This projection is also called simply ''cylindrical'' projection.

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* '''[[Cylindrical Projection|Panoramic (cylindrical)]]''' - This type is often simply called ''cylindrical'' projection. Usually used by panoramic cameras, such as the Horizon, Roundshot and Spheron cameras; sometimes output generated with early stitching software such as QTVRAS that only copes with single row panoramas.

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* '''[[Fisheye Projection|Circular fisheye]]''' - Used by fisheye lenses. If the image is circular or the corners of the image are black, use this type of fisheye lens. A circular crop in the [[Hugin Crop tab]] can be used for cutting away the edge borders.

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* '''[[Fisheye Projection|Circular fisheye]]''' - Used by many fisheye lenses. If the image is circular or the corners of the image are black, use this type of fisheye lens. A circular crop in the [[Hugin Crop tab]] can be used for cutting away the edge borders.

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* '''Full frame fisheye''' - Exactly the same projection as '''circular fisheye''', but the crop option will crop to a rectangle instead of a circle. This should be used for full frame fisheye images.

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* '''Full frame fisheye''' - Exactly the same projection as the above '''circular fisheye''', but the crop option will crop to a rectangle instead of a circle. This should be used for full frame fisheye images. A typical example for this type is a 15 mm fisheye on a full frame DSLR.

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* '''[[Equirectangular Projection|Equirectangular]]''' - A full spherical projection. These are generally created as the result of the stitching process, but it can be useful to reload a finished panorama to extract further images.

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* '''[[Equirectangular Projection|Equirectangular]]''' - A full spherical projection. These are not from real world lenses but generally created as the result of the [[Hugin Stitcher tab|stitching]] process; useful to reload a finished panorama to extract further images.

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* '''Orthographic''' - A projection that is e.g. used in cartography. A rare example for a fisheye lens that uses this projection is Nikon's early ''10mm f5.6 OP''.

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* '''[[Projections#Orthographic_projection|Orthographic]]''' - A projection that is e.g. used in cartography. A rare example for a fisheye lens that uses this projection is Nikon's early ''10mm f5.6 OP''.

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* '''Stereographic''' - Special fisheye lenses such as the Samyang 8 mm use this projection.

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* '''[[Stereographic Projection|Stereographic]]''' - Special fisheye lenses such as the Samyang 8 mm use this projection.

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* '''Equisolid'''

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* '''[[Projections#Equisolid_projection|Equisolid]]''' - Try this projection if your image is e.g. the reflection of a mirrorball or from the visor of an astronaut's helmet.

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* '''Fisheye Thoby''' is modeling the Nikkor 10.5 mm fisheye lens

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* '''Fisheye Thoby''' is modeling the Nikkor 10.5 mm fisheye lens.

After the lens type has been specified, an estimate for the horizontal [[field of view]] (HFOV) is required. The HFOV specifies the horizontal opening angle of the image in degrees. Since most photographers are more familiar with [[Focal Length]] as a measure for the HFOV, it can be entered into hugin, and hugin will compute the HFOV from it. For this calculation the actual focal length and the [[crop factor]] of the camera are required. If the 35mm film equivalent focal length is known, a crop factor of 1 should be used.

After the lens type has been specified, an estimate for the horizontal [[field of view]] (HFOV) is required. The HFOV specifies the horizontal opening angle of the image in degrees. Since most photographers are more familiar with [[Focal Length]] as a measure for the HFOV, it can be entered into hugin, and hugin will compute the HFOV from it. For this calculation the actual focal length and the [[crop factor]] of the camera are required. If the 35mm film equivalent focal length is known, a crop factor of 1 should be used.

Revision as of 05:46, 19 April 2012

Contents

The Camera and Lens tab looks a lot like the hugin Images tab, except that the lens settings can be edited here.
As in the Images Tab, multi-selection can be used to change the parameters for multiple images.

Panorama Tools and hugin allow the usage of images shot with different lenses and settings inside the same project.
Each image is associated with a lens number.
All images that share the same lens number use the same lens type, and may be forced to share the same lens parameters.

The Load lens... and Save lens... buttons allow you to keep calibrated lens profiles. Once a set of lens parameters has been obtained through lens calibration it shouldn't vary much for future projects. The advantage of this is that if only positions are being optimised in the hugin Optimizer tab, then as few as two or three control points are needed per image pair.

Load EXIF examines the selected image file and tries to determine the Field of View
of the photo by reading embedded EXIF data. The same function is performed when initially adding photos so you only need
this button to reset the Field of View if it has since changed.

By default, every photo in a project is assigned to lens number0. If you are including
pictures taken with a different camera, a different lens or at different zoom settings; then
you need to assign a new lens for these pictures by clicking the New Lens button.
Assign additional photos to this lens number with the Change Lens... button.

Geometric

The Panorama Tools lens correction model has enough parameters to model most photographic images, these parameters can be set manually here in the hugin Camera and Lens tab or calculated automatically in the hugin Optimizer tab.

Note that any or all of these parameters can be changed back to good defaults in the Hugin Reset Values window reached by clicking the Reset... button.

Lens

The most important parameters are the Horizontal field of view and the Lens type. Hugin supports the following projections in input images:

Normal (rectilinear) - The projection used by most standard cameras. It keeps straight lines straight. The maximum horizontal field of view is 180 degrees (for an image of infinite size, that is). Also cubes (e.g. rendered in a special application) use this type.

Panoramic (cylindrical) - This type is often simply called cylindrical projection. Usually used by panoramic cameras, such as the Horizon, Roundshot and Spheron cameras; sometimes output generated with early stitching software such as QTVRAS that only copes with single row panoramas.

Circular fisheye - Used by many fisheye lenses. If the image is circular or the corners of the image are black, use this type of fisheye lens. A circular crop in the Hugin Crop tab can be used for cutting away the edge borders.

Full frame fisheye - Exactly the same projection as the above circular fisheye, but the crop option will crop to a rectangle instead of a circle. This should be used for full frame fisheye images. A typical example for this type is a 15 mm fisheye on a full frame DSLR.

Equirectangular - A full spherical projection. These are not from real world lenses but generally created as the result of the stitching process; useful to reload a finished panorama to extract further images.

Orthographic - A projection that is e.g. used in cartography. A rare example for a fisheye lens that uses this projection is Nikon's early 10mm f5.6 OP.

Stereographic - Special fisheye lenses such as the Samyang 8 mm use this projection.

Equisolid - Try this projection if your image is e.g. the reflection of a mirrorball or from the visor of an astronaut's helmet.

Fisheye Thoby is modeling the Nikkor 10.5 mm fisheye lens.

After the lens type has been specified, an estimate for the horizontal field of view (HFOV) is required. The HFOV specifies the horizontal opening angle of the image in degrees. Since most photographers are more familiar with Focal Length as a measure for the HFOV, it can be entered into hugin, and hugin will compute the HFOV from it. For this calculation the actual focal length and the crop factor of the camera are required. If the 35mm film equivalent focal length is known, a crop factor of 1 should be used.

With JPEG images, hugin can usually automatically calculate the HFOV based on the EXIF information.

Radial Distortion, Image Center Shift and Image Shearing

Usually lenses do not project images exactly according to the selected projection type, but suffer from distortions.
In many cases the distortions are acceptable for single image shots, but they need to be corrected when stitching a panorama.
The a, b and c parameters are used to remove that distortion.
They are applied radially from the image center, which can be moved by changing the d and e parameters.
These a, b, c, d and e parameters are the basis of the panotools lens correction model.

Scanned images might also suffer from image shearing. This can be corrected using the g and t parameters.

The distortion parameters usually vary with the focal length, and to a lesser degree with the focus.
The link checkbox indicates whether the parameter is linked or not.
A linked parameter is forced to the same value for all images with the same lens number.
This is the default for the HFOV and distortion parameters.
If a parameter is not linked each images is allowed to have individual values for the respective parameter.
This is useful if a different zoom or focus setting has been used for some images.
If scanned images are used, they are usually not perfectly centered, and each image should have individual d and e parameters.

Photometric

hugin models the photometric parameters of a lens/camera combination in a similar way to the lens correction model for Geometric parameters. These parameters can be set manually here in the hugin Camera and Lens tab or calculated automatically in the hugin Exposure tab.

Note that any or all of these parameters can be changed back to good defaults in the Hugin Reset Values window reached by clicking the Reset... button.

Exposure and Color

Exposure (EV), EV stands for Exposure Value, setting it to 0 (zero) will
result in hugin applying no exposure change to the photo.

EV is a standard photographic scale, each increase or decrease by one unit will change the
exposure by the equivalent of one f-stop (ie. halving or doubling the exposure).

Very often, different photos in the same project, even those with the same lens number,
will require a different Exposure. This could be because the photos were taken
with a different shutter-speed or simply because the light changed between shots, if so
uncheck Link here before optimising exposure in the hugin Exposure tab.

The Red multiplier and Blue multiplier settings are used to account for changes
in white balance (also known as colour balance or colour temperature) between
photos. Setting them both to 1 will result in no white balance change (the numbers
are relative to the green channel which stays unaltered).

As with exposure, different photos in the same project are quite likely to require different
white balance. Typically this will be caused by variations in lighting conditions between
shots - For example a cloudy scene will contain considerably less red light than the same scene
under direct sunlight, so uncheck Link here before optimising White balance
in the hugin Exposure tab.

Vignetting

Vignetting is dependent mainly on your lens and the aperture. Usually the
centre of the image is brighter with a falloff towards the edges. The three
numbers here represent a polynomial curve used by hugin to correct vignetting.

You are not expected to guess these values, they are generally loaded with a lens
profile or calculated from two or more overlapping photos in the hugin Exposure tab.

Set the values to 0,0,0 for no vignetting correction.

Usually all photos taken with the same lens will have the same vignetting, keep
Link checked to ensure hugin applies the same vignetting correction to all
photos with the selected lens number.

Vignetting Center Shift

The centre of vignetting is rarely the exact centre of the photo. The two numbers
here indicate the position of the vignetting centre. The scale is in pixels, with
0,0 indicating the centre of the photo. The values are independent of the d
& e parameters which specify the origin for projection and geometric distortion.

As with other lens parameters, this Vignetting Center Shift can be optimised in
the hugin Exposure tab. Keep Link checked to ensure hugin applies the same
vignetting centre to all photos with the selected lens number.

Camera Response

The camera response curve is used both for mapping the images to a linear
colourspace when creating HDR output, and for normalising the colourspace
for internal vignetting, brightness and colour corrections when creating
'normal' LDR output.

hugin uses the EMoR response model
from the Computer Vision Lab at Columbia University which simplifies the full
response curve to these five empirical coefficient numbers. You are
not expected to guess these values, they are generally loaded with a lens
profile or calculated from two or more overlapping photos in the hugin Exposure tab.

Set the five numbers to 0,0,0,0,0 to use a generic response curve or change the Type
to Linear to indicate that your input photos have a scene-referred or HDR
response.

Keep Link checked to ensure hugin applies the same
response curve to all photos with the selected lens number.