An exorcism involving cutting a hole in the skull, the idea is that this would allow evil spirits to escape

Trepanantion

The father of modern medicine

Hippocrates

Extended Hippocrates' theory four basic temperaments

Galen

________ is associated with sanguine (cheerful, lightheartedness)
An imbalance of this would result in ___________.

Blood, Mania

________ is associated with choleric temperament (fiery, passionate)An imbalance of this would result in ___________.

Yellow Bile, Anger and Suspicion, Meaness (type A?)

________ is associated with melancholy (creative introspective)An imbalance of this would result in ___________.

Black Bile, depression

________ is associated with phlegmatic personality (unemotional, shy)An imbalance of this would result in ___________.

Green Bile (Phlegm), Apathy and Lazy, sluggish

This theory states that an imbalance in bodily fluids would cause abnormal behavior. Opening a vein would cause the fluid that was most abundant to be released and leads to balance. This was practiced until the 19th century.

Humoural Theory

The belief here is that nothing is innate, everything including mental illnesses is learned.

(B.F. Skinner)Behavioral Therapy

A behaviorist who believes that undesired responses (abnormal behavior) can be extinguished and desired responses (normal behavior) can be reinforced.

B.F. Skinner

Replacing the undesired response with a different one (such as fear with calmness). This is sort of like reverse conditioning.

He did away with the prisoner model of patient treatment. He engaged in conversations with patients, unchained them, and gave them fresh air and exercise

Philippe Pinel, Moral Therapy

He had an idea that those who were allowed to work while in therapy tended to show greater improvement.

Benjamin Rush, Occupational Therapy

He was the 1st US psychiatrist

Benjamin Rush

He believed that mental health was affected by the body's magnetic fields--an imbalance in this magnetism was believed to cause mental illnesses

Franz Anton Mesmer, Animal Magnetism

He had a therapeutic approach and had the 1st psychological clinic

Lightner Witmer

Accounts for many cases where simply believing that the treatment causes the cure is enough to make a patient feel better

Power of Suggestion (Placebo Effect)

Believed that those who suffered from hysteria were more persuaded by the power of suggestion than those who were not.

He treated hysterical disorders

Jean-Martin Charcot, Power of Suggestion & Hypnosis

One of Charcot's students, and used hypnosis to help reveal the hidden motivations in the mind

Sigmund Freud

This view revolves around the concept of human free will. Individual freedom and liberty is important because it provides the means by which to exercise free will.

Jean-Jacques Rousseau, Romanticism

This view believes that humans are more than passive perceivers, reasoners and rationalizers. Need to include emotion, intuition, and the "whole" person

Romanticism

Romantics believe that every one is ______________.

Inherently Good

Rousseau believed that a man who lived on his own untouched by society would be found living in accordance to his own needs, and would not be selfish; rather he would be fulfilled

Noble Savage

Was a romantic who equated stress and suffering with daily living. He published Faust, 19th century, about a man who sold his soul to the devil in order to end his suffering. In the end, however, he realizes that freedom is the only path from suffering.

Johann Wolfgang von Goethe.

His work illustrates that romanticism is more than a philosophy, it is an artistic movement.

Goethe, Faust

He believed that there was one main instinctual urge that drove everybody, Will to Survive

Schopenhauer

We live our lives trying to avoid pain and death

Schopenhauer, Will to Survive

The ability to rise above our innate desires and needs; this is a uniquely human ability. Someone who engages in this transcends the Will to Survive.

Schopenhauer, Sublimination

He criticized how people practiced religion, and believed that since truth was subjective, there was little to be gained from practicing a mechanical and ritualized ceremony.

Soren Kierkegaard (Existentialism)

Agreed that truth is subjective, and there is no universal truth. Rather than rely on religious determinism, you determine the outcomes of your life.

Friedrich Nietzsche, (existentialism)

He felt that everybody possessed the Will to Power.

Nietzche

The need to become something greater than one's self

(Nietzche) Will to Power

If we achieve our full potential, we become Superman, living on our own accord and by our own standards of morality. Rather than subliminating (transcending) we should embrace our Will to Power. One has to live with ________ _________ to achieve superman.

Complete Freedom

Similar to romanticism (free will and personal liberty) but it asks the important questions like "what is the meaning of life"

Existentialism

Felt that the unconscious mind is the source of our instinctual needs and urges

Sigmund Freud

Outlines the interplay of instinctual energies between various parts of personality. (Basic, and libido)

Psychodynamics

An aspect of personality that we are born with. It is a reservoir that contains our instincts.

Id

One way the id is ruled by the ____________ ____________, which is the idea that tension and frustration (created by psychical energy built up by an infant need)

Pleasure Principle

Babies are born all "id" The develop cognitively through a process called __________ __________, which is a series of associations experienced during need fulfillment. (learned associations)

Primary Process

The id also operates under the ______ ________. It does not decrease tension (frustration) and thus does not satisfy the pleasure principle. The buildup of excess psychical energy that comes from this frustration is used to create the ego.

Fantasy Principle

This forms the conscious (aware) mind and operates according to the __________ _________.

Ego, reality principle

Freud suggests that the ________ is required for the ego to operate. A child must be able to perceive the world before she can get what the id wants

perception

The ____ triggers the development of visions, motor, and other abilities.

Ego

The development of the perceptual and motor systems, as a result of frustration

Secondary Process

The _______ is subconscious and created to deal with social problems and issues of right and wrong with respect to satisfying needs of the id.

Superego

The content of the superego comes from _________ and represses morally objectionable instincts.

The environment

The superego(subconscious) is ruled by the ________ ___________.

Fantasy Principle

A list of morally correct behaviors

Ego-Ideal

A list of morally wrong behaviors

Conscious

What are the four tenets of Humanistic Psychology?

1. All people are naturally good

2. Subjective reality: Everybody is different

3. Psychology is not a physical science

4. Phenomenology

Study of experience, thoughts, and feelings to better understand

Phenomenology

He believed that throughout our lives, we are thrown into situations without the chance to reflect on them and w must rely on instinct

Martin Heidegger, Thrown-ness

This is an example of subjective reality, the 2nd tenet of humanistic psychology

Thrown-ness

Finding the meaning in life, by subliminating--rising above---fears of death. Acceptance

Authentic Life

When one denies their own mortality and the resultant fear of death prevents one from making decisions necessary for personal growth.

Faces guilt and and anxiety from lack of control

Inauthentic Life

Believed that life is full of suffering caused by the fear of death.

Ludwig Binswanger

Rising up above suffering; facing and embracing death so that we can find meaning in our lives. The goal of life is to find meaning in it

Binswanger, Beyond the World

We are simultaneously aware of what two opposing facts according to Rollo May?

1. our subjective view of the world, center of the universe

2. the fact that we are a speck in a vast, infinite universe

(objectivity, and subjectivity)

Feeling like nothing you do matter leads to this. We let people dictate what we do and rely on our instincts to guide us. (self alienation)

Neurotic Anxiety

What we experience when we exercise free will to make decisions over our own life. It requires courage to take over your own life, and this is accompanied by normal anxiety

Normal Anxiety

Maslow: The goal of humanistic psychology is to assist in ________ _________, or achieving one's full potential or maximizing one's personal growth

Self-actualization

This is similar to Nietzsche's Superman and Heidegger's Authentic Life

Maslow's Self-Actualization

Maslow Hierarchy of Needs: Barriers that must be overcome before one can achieve self-actualization. What are they in order?