by Scottie Westfall

Was the Hare Indian dog a domesticated coyote?

Scottish naval surgeon and naturalist Sir John Richardson was the first document a peculiar hunting dog among the Slavey or Hare people of Northern Canada. This particular dog was much smaller than the typical qimmiq or “Eskimo dog” that was found throughout the region and was also often used to hunt. It was also quite different from the qimmiq and the Newfoundland-derived dogs that Europeans often kept for hauling loads. From Richardson’s description, “the Hare Indian dog” was quite an unusual animal.

The Hare Indian Dog has a mild countenance, with, at times, an expression of demureness. It has a small head, slender muzzle; erect, thickish ears; somewhat oblique eyes; rather slender legs, and a broad hairy foot, with a bushy tail, which it usually carries curled over its right hip. It is covered with long hair, particularly about the shoulders, and at the roots of the hair, both on the body and tail, there is a thick wool. The hair on the top of the head is long, and on the posterior part of the cheek it is not only long, but being also directed backwards, it gives the animal, when the fur is in prime order, the appearance of having a ruff round the neck. Its face, muzzle, belly, and legs, are of a pure white colour, and there is a white central line passing over the crown of the head and the occiput. The anterior surface of the ear is white, the posterior yellowish-gray or fawn-colour. The end of the nose, the eyelashes, the roof of the mouth, and part of the gums, are black. There is a dark patch over the eye. On the back and sides there are larger patches of dark blackish-gray or lead-colour mixed with fawn-colour and white, not definite in form, but running into each other. The tail is bushy, white beneath and at the tip. The feet are covered with hair which almost conceals the claws. Some long hairs between the toes project over the soles, but there are naked callous protuberances at the root of the toes and on the soles, even in the winter time, as in all the wolves described in the preceding pages. The American foxes, on the contrary, have the whole of their soles densely covered with hair in the winter. Its ears are proportion ably nearer each other than those of the Esquimaux dog.

The size of the Hare Indian Dog is inferior to that of the prairie wolf [coyote], but rather exceeds that of the red American fox. Its resemblance, however, to the former is so great, that, on comparing live specimens, I could detect no marked difference in form, (except the smallness of its cranium,) nor in the fineness of the fur, and arrangement of its spots of colour. The length of the fur on the neck, back part of the cheeks, and top of the head, was the same in both species. It, in fact, bears the same relation to the prairie wolf that the Esquimaux Dog does to the great gray wolf. It is not, however, a breed that is cultivated in the districts frequented by the prairie wolf, being now confined to the northern tribes, who have been taught the use of fire-arms within a very few years. Before that weapon was introduced by the fur-traders, a dog, so well calculated by the lightness of its body and the breadth of its paws, for passing over the snow, must have been invaluable for running down game, and it is reasonable to conclude that it was then generally spread amongst the Indian tribes north of the Great Lakes.

The Hare Indian Dog is very playful, has an affectionate disposition, and is soon gained by kindness. It is not, however, very docile, and dislikes confinement of every kind. It is very fond of being caressed, rubs its back against the hand like a cat, and soon makes an acquaintance with a stranger. Like a wild animal, it is very mindful of an injury, nor does it, like a spaniel, crouch under the lash; but if it is conscious of having deserved punishment, it will hover round the tent of its master the whole day, without coming within his reach, even when he calls it. Its howl, when hurt or afraid, is that of the wolf; but when it sees any unusual object, it makes a singular attempt at barking, commencing by a kind of growl, which is not, however, unpleasant, and ending in a prolonged howl. Its voice is very much like that of the prairie wolf . The larger dogs, which we had for draught at Fort Franklin, and which were of the mongrel breed in common use at the furposts, used to pursue the Hare Indian Dogs for the purpose of devouring them ; but the latter far outstripped them in speed, and easily made their escape. A young puppy, which I purchased from the Hare Indians, became greatly attached to me, and when about seven months old ran on the snow by the side of my sledge for nine hundred miles, without suffering from fatigue. During this march it frequently, of its own accord, carried a small twig or one of my mittens for a mile or two ; but, although very gentle in its manners, it shewed little aptitude in learning any of the arts which the Newfoundland dogs so speedily acquire, of fetching and carrying when ordered. This Dog was killed and eaten by an Indian, on the Saskatchewan, who pretended that he mistook it for a fox (pg. 79-80).

The Hare Indian dog sounds very different from most domestic dogs, but the fact that dog’s bark and howl behavior sounds very much like a coyote. I have never known a dog that sounded like a coyote when it howled. Coyotes make a very distinct how that no dog can quite mimic.

The fact that other dogs don’t seem to treat it as a conspecific also points to the possibility of it being a domesticated coyote. Large dogs will run down coyotes and kill them, especially if they are running in a pack. Foxhounds are regularly used for this purpose in this part of the country. Around here, the hounds just chased red foxes. The object never was to catch them, but when the hounds were used against coyotes, the coyotes developed a nasty habit of standing to fight the dogs. A couple of foxhounds can make short work of a coyote that decides to make a stand in this fashion.

Further, I have noted that every golden retriever I’ve known has generally loved being around other dogs, even if these dogs were strangers. However, I’ve never known a golden retriever that didn’t have a passionate hatred for coyotes. In fact, I’ve never met a dog that didn’t detest everything about a coyote, whether it liked other dogs or not.

Now, these dogs that were kept at fur trading posts were kept in sled teams. Occasionally, sled dogs were fed dead sled dogs, but I don’t think there is much evidence of sled dogs seeking out conspecifics for predation. Wolves definitely do this, but if sled dogs were like this, they would be next to impossible to keep in teams.

Wolves, of course, do often kill coyotes whenever they get a chance, so maybe Richardson’s analogy also makes sense in this regard.

The only problem with the Hare Indian dog being a coyote is that it existed far to the north of where coyotes ranged in historical times.

However, they may have lived to the north in prehistoric times, or the Slavey might have procured them from trading with peoples to the south.

If the Hare Indian dog had been a domesticated form of coyote, it would not have been the only “dog” in the Americas to derive from an ancestor other than the wolf. The natives of Tierra del Fuego kept a dog that was found to be a domesticated form of the culpeo. Culpeos (Lycalopex culpaeus) are South American “wolf foxes” that superficially resemble small coyotes. According to Charles Darwin, the Yaghan people of Tierra del Fuego kept these foxes to hunt otters. However, he could have been confusing the Spanish word “nutria,” which actually does mean otter, to refer to the coypu, which also referred to as a nutria. Charles Hamilton Smith thought these domesticated culpeos were quite useless, only coming to villages to scavenge.

It would not surprise me if the Hare Indian dog did turn out to be a domesticated coyote.

However, this breed went extinct. Some people claim that there are lines of Native American dog that have this ancestry, but it seems awfully dubious.

The real reason why the little hunting “dog” of the Slavey went extinct are very simple. Richardson’s text alludes to the factors that led to its eventual extinction, and these same factors almost perfectly parallel the extinction of the Tahltan bear dog, which was like a larger northern variant of the chihuahua. It may have been related to the techichi, which is the purported ancestor of the chihuahua.

Mary Elizabeth Thurston in herThe Lost History of the Canine Race writes about Leslie Kopas, a Canadian author who tracked down the last Tahltan bear dogs and wrote about the factors leading to their extinction.

Like the Hare Indian dog, the Tahltans were used to hunt game. However, when rifles arrived with European traders, the dogs became less useful. The Tahltans were better able to shoot large game without the assistance of a dogs, and they were also able to feed large packs of sled dogs. Sled dogs would kill Tahltan bear dogs if they caught them. Sled dogs were of greater importance than the bear dogs, and the bear dogs soon became extinct as the packs of sled dogs killed them. Thurston quotes Kopas, “If the snowmobile had been invented before the rifle, the sled dogs would have disappeared first, and the Tahl Tan Bear Dog might have survived’ (pg. 167).

From Richardson’s account, something similar may have happened to the Hare Indian dog, even though other sources claim that they were absorbed into the mongrel sled dog population. I am more than somewhat skeptical.

I have also read that there are dogs from Native American villages today strongly resemble Hare Indian dogs, but many dogs from reservations and settlements have this coyote-esque appearance.

I’ve not heard of any of these dogs bark-howling like a coyote, unless they were hybrids with coyotes. Most Native American dogs aren’t.

I know of no remains of Hare Indian dogs anywhere, so we may never get an answer to the question of its identity.

It sounds very much like a domesticated coyote, but we need DNA analysis in order to fine out its exact origin.

19 Responses

It sounds like a small landrace raza and could have been a coyote/wolf/dog mix of some sort. We still have a couple of these mixes among us in the USA but they are now feral/wild. If the Hare dogs were once tame coyotes, perhaps the Hare dogs went wild when confined to a rez. Maybe the coyote in a dog keeps it from joining civilization as the dogwolves did.

Surely there must be some skeletal remains from this breed among the Hare’s middens? They haven’t been extinct so long that there wouldn’t still be some traces of DNA on same. Also, if some current populations retain vestiges of this breed, I would expect some markers unique to coyotes to appear in their DNA.

All of these primitive dogs are probably, to one extent or another, related or have very similar ancestors. The only difference is that Native Americans also developed their dogs from crossing in coyotes thousands of years ago. Where as the dogs from Africa, India and Asia used jackals and small Asian wolves that are more Jackal-like than wolf-like. With modern DNA and logical research, it’s now known that the wolf was not the ancestor of the modern dog, but coyote and jackals were the modern dog’s ancestors. Outdated research said all people and dogs migrated into the American continents across the Baring Straits. New, more recent research shows they also came up from the south.

NO! NO! NO!

Dogs are wolves, not jackals or coyotes. All genetic research says this. The Hare Indian dog as it once was may have been derived from the coyote. The Tahltans and Hare Indian dogs on that site don’t look anything like them. We have photos of Tahltans. They were little dogs, not mid-sized dogs. Those are just some of the bogus statements on that site.

From what I’ve read, coy-dogs (also read coy-wolves) are not genetically sustainable w/o back-crossing to one of the parent species. Purportedly, crossing F1/F2 coy-dogs to each other results in an increasing loss in fertility. If so, this would seem to speak to the genetic distance between these two canids. Also, the fact that wolves and dogs are so often willing to kill coyotes on sight tells me that they are significantly different genetic entities. Finally, the fact that no one has presented specific genetic evidence of coyote ancestry in the Hare dogs (or in their purported cross-bred descendants), suggests that this tale is just one more case of morphologically-based wishful thinking.

Of course, all of this brings to mind the current Eastern Coyote, the so-called Red Wolf and the Great Lakes Wolf. Presumably, these mixed strains were stabilized by back-crossing to members of the parent species.

Yep. That’s what happened with the red and Eastern wolves. They backcrossed with one of the parent species.

There are fertility issues after breeding hybrid to hybrid for while with dog and coyote and dog and golden jackal crosses, but whether this is the result of something about them being hybrids or the result of inbreeding is not clear.

There have been many studies on beagle/coyote crosses that have used hybrid to hybrid breedings.

My first reaction was: Why would someone want to cross coyotes w/ beagles–what was the objective? But I now see that it was part of a controlled experiment.

BTW: In the process of back researching this , I ran across a site called “The Museum of Hoaxes” where there is a pretty interesting thread about coydogs (http://www.museumofhoaxes.com/hoax/weblog/comments/1647). If you haven’t already seen it you might want to check it out.

Neoteny does seem very likely. The Hare dogs strongly resemble the Russian foxes – and it didn’t take too many generations for the foxes to show characteristics like floppy ears, spotted coats, curly tails, etc along with their docile temperament.

I have some real problems with using the Belyaev foxes as analogy to what happens under domestication. I also have reservations about using neoteny the way it normally is used in domestication literature.

There are some big problems with Belyaev’s experiments. One of them is the genetically tame foxes are larger and more robust than those that have not been selected for tameness. The other is that spotted foxes have popped up in entirely unrelated farmed populations, and these foxes are not tame.

Further, studies of dog skull morphology and those of wolves have shown that dogs do not have the head shape of juvenile wolves.

Now, it is possible that melanin has some connection to neurotransmitters, and selection for differing levels of dopamine and serotonin may result in spotted animal. But this would be the result of the selection pressures inherit in captive breeding– which may be why we get spotted animals in all domesticated species.

It’s not been proven, of course, and there are truly wild animals with spots, like piebald white-tailed deer, that are totally lost in the assumptions.

Further, there are some weird wolves that have been imprinted upon humans that have behaved exactly like dogs. There is Wags, Adolph Murie’s tame wolf. She looked like a normal Alaskan timber wolf, but she behaved like a golden retriever. There is nothing in these models that Raymond Coppinger derives from the Belyaev’s experiment that can be account for wolves like these.

I don’t believe dogs are neotenous wolves. I think of them more like wolves that have specialized into living with humans.

I think that neoteny is way too reductionist to fully grasp how dogs became dogs and what separates dogs from wolves.

Not all wolves weigh 120 pounds and hunt moose. It’s just that most of the ones in North America do. There are plenty of wolves in the Middle East and South Asia that have smaller heads and brains that are about the same size as those of the domestic dogs. These wolves are rare in captivity, though the best genetic analyses clearly show that they are the main source for domestic dogs. But we have so few of them in captivity that there are few comparative studies about them.

These wolves are smaller and more gracile than the moose-hunters we all know. They are actually very similar to dingoes, and some in the Arabian subspecies are in the 25 pound range as adults. I think these wolves make a dog’s mess of the neoteny hypothesis. They aren’t much more robust or larger or possess bigger brains and more powerful jaws than domestic dogs in the same way the moose-hunting subspecies are.

But all of our comparative studies look at these wolves, which aren’t a major ancestor of any extant population of domestic dog, except for possibly some North American sled dogs.

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