The purpose of this study is to evaluate the safety and effectiveness of a moderate hypofractionation regimen of proton beam therapy with same time treatment of the prostate, seminal vesicles, and the regional pelvic nodes for patients who have clinically localized, high risk or unfavorable intermediate risk prostate cancer.

This is a pilot study to test a hypothesis that a greater increase in serum chromogranin A (CgA) after a definitive radiotherapy (RT) with or without androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) is associated with a higher risk of prostate cancer recurrence after RT. Serum CgA level is measured before the start of RT and/or the start of neoadjuvant ADT for patients undergoing a definitive RT with or without ADT. CgA is also measured at various pre-defined post-RT time points. The study will analyze the followings: 1. Change in CgA level at various pre-defined post-RT time points from the baseline, 2. Correlation between the extent of post-therapy CgA change and Gleason score of malignancy, 3. Correlation between the extent of post-therapy CgA change and treatment outcome.

This randomized phase II trial studies how well a controlled low calorie diet works in reducing side effects and increasing response to chemotherapy in patients with breast or prostate cancer. Drugs used in chemotherapy work in different ways to stop the growth of cancer cells, either by killing the cells or by stopping them from dividing. Eating a special diet with low calories may reduce the side effects of chemotherapy and improve the response to treatment

This study consists of two phases: Dose Escalation (Phase 1b) and Dose Expansion (Phase 2) The Dose Escalation phase will evaluate the safety and tolerability of GS-5829 as a single agent and in combination with enzalutamide, as well as determine the maximum tolerated dose (MTD) of GS-5829 as a single agent and in combination with enzalutamide in participants with metastatic castrate-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC). The Dose Expansion phase will evaluate the following: - In group 1, the efficacy of GS-5829 as a single agent in participants with mCRPC who have progressed while receiving enzalutamide (may have also received abiraterone) - In group 2, the efficacy of GS-5829 combined with enzalutamide in participants with mCRPC who have progressed while receiving treatment with abiraterone (may not have previously received enzalutamide) - In group 3, the efficacy of GS-5829 combined with enzalutamide in participants with mCRPC who have had Prostate Specific Antigen (PSA) progression, but not radiographic progression, while receiving treatment with enzalutamide (participants may have also previously received abiraterone)

The purpose of this study is to assess advanced imaging methods for the prostate and pelvis. Specifically, we are studying methods that allow us to acquire higher resolution images of the prostate and pelvis more quickly than our current imaging methods. These types of fast high resolution MRI acquisitions have been shown in the literature to improve cancer detection.

RATIONALE: Radioactive drugs, such as radioactive iodine, may carry radiation directly to tumor cells and not harm normal cells. Placing a gene called Ad5CMV-NIS in prostate cancer cells may help the prostate cells take in more radioactive iodine and thus kill the cancer cells. Drugs, such as liothyronine sodium, may protect the thyroid from the side effects of radioactive iodine.

PURPOSE: This phase I trial is studying the side effects and best dose of gene therapy given together with radioactive iodine in treating patients with locally recurrent prostate cancer that did not respond to external-beam radiation therapy.

The study will be performed in two phases: Phase I will be performed for biologic validation of marker candidates from a discovery cohort and phase II will be performed to evaluate the discrimination (sensitivity/specificity) of best candidate markers when assayed from blood of cases with CAP and controls without history of cancer.

Smith RA, et al. Cancer screening in the United States, 2015: A review of current American Cancer Society guidelines and current issues in cancer screening. CA: A Cancer Journal for Clinicians. 2015;65:30.

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