Psych 240 - Final Exam

Before the twentieth century, there was
no concept of adolescence; children moved to adulthood either through
physical maturity or when they began apprenticeships. Adolescence is

a social construction

Primary sex characteristics are

body parts directly related to
reproduction.

Which of the following describes the
major changes that occur in the brain during adolescence?

growth and pruning of gray matter

A pattern of late bedtimes and
oversleeping in the morning can contribute to

insomnia

According to Piaget, adolescents are in
which stage of cognitive development?

formal operations

Todd, age 18, feels he can drink and
drive safely but becomes angry at friends who drink and drive. What
term would explain this behavior?

personal fable

Carol Gilligan criticized Kohlberg's
description of moral development because

he focuses on values more important to
males than females

Prosocial behavior increases in
adolescence. Which of the following is also true of adolescent
prosocial behavior?

Girls show more prosocial behavior than
boys typically do.

The
most important factor that determines whether or not a student will
finish high school is

the student's
active engagement in schooling.

The desirable
outcome of the crisis of adolescence, according to Erikson, is being
able to

see oneself as a
unique person with a meaningful role in life.

Sexual orientation
seems to be determined at least partly by

genetics

James Marcia
identifies four identity states or statuses, according to the
presence or absence of

crisis and
commitment

The desirable
outcome of the crisis of adolescence, according to Erikson, is being
able to

see oneself as a
unique person with a meaningful role in life

All
of the following factors have been cited as playing a part in an
adolescent's decision to engage in early sexual activity EXCEPT

late entrance into
puberty

The most prevalent
sexually transmitted disease is

human papilloma
virus.

Which of the
following statements is most accurate regarding romantic
relationships during adolescence?

Early adolescents
think primarily about how romantic relationships may affect their
status in the peer group.

Individuation
refers to

adolescents'
struggles for autonomy and differentiation.

Involvement in
cliques is most prominent in __________ adolescence.

early

Collective
efficacy refers to

strength of social
connections within the neighborhood.

A time when young
people are no longer adolescents but have not yet become fully adult
is called

emerging adulthood

The leading cause
of death among young adults is

accidents.

Comparing health
in various cultural groups in young adulthood, researchers have found
that African American adults are more likely to have ________ and
Latino adults are more likely to have __________ than Caucasian
adults.

high blood
pressure; diabetes

Which of the
following patterns of thinking is associated with postformal thought?

ability to think
both practically and abstractly

According to
Kohlberg, which of the following events is likely to promote the
development of postconventional moral reasoning in a young adult?

becoming a parent

Recentering refers
to the process

that underlies the
shift to an adult identity.

Bill, age 30, is
searching for the right woman to share his life and future. According
to Erikson's theory, Bill is at the stage of

intimacy versus
isolation.

During Levinson's
age-30 transition, men

take another look
at their lives

Which of the
following is NOT one of Costa and McCrae's Five Personality
Dimensions?

aggressiveness

In Sternberg's
triangular theory, the three elements of love are

intimacy, passion,
and commitment.

Which of the
following is TRUE about cohabitation?

U.S. rates have
increased dramatically since 1960.

According to
Sternberg, the type of love that involves two people who are highly
attracted to each other, who do not share emotions with each other,
and have no real commitment for the future is:

infatuation

Which of the
following are predictors of a successful marriage:

Communication and
conflict management skills

In comparison with
the previous generation, women today tend to

have children
later in life.

The "baby
boomers" are part of what life stage today?

middle adulthood

Tim has recently
realized that he has difficulty hearing high-pitched sounds when he
listens to his favorite music on the stereo. His condition is
referred to as

presbycusis

Loss of endurance during middle adulthood results from gradual
decrease in the rate of

basal metobolism

The climacteric is
a

period of 2 to 5
years during which a woman's body undergoes changes that bring on
menopause

The greatest
work-related stressor is

job loss

Cognitively
speaking, __________ are in their prime.

middle-aged adults

Advances in
___________ continue at least through middle adulthood and are
relatively independent of general intelligence

expertise or
specialized knowledge

According to the
research on creativity, at what ages do people show the highest
levels of divergent thinking?

late thirties

Positive mental
health involves a sense of psychological well-being, which depends
upon having a

healthy sense of
self

According to
Erikson, generativity can take the form of

fostering the
development of the young

A psychological
turning point that often yields new insights into the self and
corrects life's design and trajectory is called a

midlife review

As children move
away from home, Gutmann identified a reversal of life roles called

gender crossover

In a longterm
marriage, positive aspects of the relationship, such as discussion,
cooperation, and shared laughter, tend to

follow a U-shaped
curve

Some women find
the time when their adolescent children leave home difficult, but
they are outnumbered by other mothers who

find it liberating

Friendships are
most important for women in

early middle
adulthood

The empty nest
does not signal the end of parenthood; it is a ____________ to a new
stage: the relationship between parents and adult children.

transition

Sue is 49 and has
a 69-year-old mother. It is probable that Sue

sees or talks to
her mother frequently

Adults in the
United States usually become grandparents in their

forties and
fifties

An important
difference between primary and secondary aging is that primary aging
is

unavoidable.

The branch of
medicine concerned with the aged and the aging process is

geriatrics.

The traditional
age for entering late adulthood is

65

Damage associated
with free radicals, highly unstable oxygen atoms formed during
metabolism, has been mentioned as a factor in all of the following
EXCEPT

genetic disorders.

The ability of
body organs and systems to put forth extra effort in times of stress
is called

reserve capacity.

In addition to
antidepressants for the treatment of depression, many elderly
patients are also helped by

psychotherapy.

Alexander, who is
75 years old, has not played golf for 25 years. Nevertheless, when he
is asked to play golf in a fundraising event, he remembers how to
perform all of the skills necessary to play golf, such as the grip,
the backswing, and the follow-through. Alexander's knowledge of how
to play golf represents what kind of memory?

procedural

The general
medical term for physiologically caused intellectual decline in old
age is:

dementia

Which of the
following is an eye ailment that results from the center of the
retina gradually losing its ability to distinguish fine details?

age-related
macular degeneration

Although there is
a common belief that older adults tend to be depressed, research
suggests that

older adults grow
more content and satisfied

The ability to
adapt thinking and behavior to reduce or relieve stress that arises
from harmful, threatening, and challenging conditions is referred to
as

coping

The Age
Discrimination in Employment Act (1986) protects most workers age
_____ and older from being denied a job, fired, paid less, or forced
to retire because of age.

40

Clara has recently
lost her spouse. To help her maintain satisfaction in life after this
trauma, it is most important that Clara's family and friends provide

emotional support.

U.S. women ages 65
and over are _______________________of the same age to be widowed.

more likely than
men

Which living
arrangement is most desired by the majority of elderly Americans?

aging in place

Which of the
following statements about sisters and brothers in late adulthood is
TRUE?

Sisters tend to be
more nurturing than brothers.

Older adults tend
to use this type of cognitive-appraisal strategy most often

emotion-focused

"Granny
dumping', or leaving an older adult at a hospital without any
identifying information or family with her, is one form of
______________: maltreatment or neglect of dependent older persons or
violation of their personal rights.

elder abuse

Cultural aspects
of death include all of the following EXCEPT

whether or not
finances are in order.

About 50 percent
of all recorded deaths in late adulthood in the United States are
from which of the following causes?

cancer, stroke,
heart disease

When his
grandfather died, Jerrod became very interested in the processes
involved in the death of a loved one. He decided to go to college and
study all he could in the field of __________ so that he could help
others who had to face the death of their loved ones.

thanatology

A group that
provides attention to both physical symptoms and psychological
distress of dying people is known as a _________intervention group

dignity-conserving

An observable
decline in cognitive abilities shortly before death is called a

terminal drop.

Many of the
patients in Kübler-Ross's study went through the same five stages
of grief but

not necessarily in
the same sequence.

The initial
emotional loss that Anna felt when her son died kept her from eating,
going to work, or caring for her other children. This early emotional
response is to the death of a loved one is known as

grief.

All of the
following are stages of grief work EXCEPT

family must rid
themselves of all of the objects that bring painful memories.

Deaths resulting
from the World Trade Center attacks were examples of____________
loss, a situation where the loss was not clearly defined and
therefore confusing and difficult to resolve.

ambiguous

Approximately
_____ of women are widowed by age 65.

30%

For women
especially, the distress of a loss can often be a catalyst for
introspection. Widows often

discover submerged
aspects of themselves and learn to stand on their own as they
reevaluate their own lives.

The recent death
of his father has sharpened Matthew's sense of mortality. As a
result, he
has

developed a
greater appreciation of the value of his personal friendships and a
more mature outlook on life.

The two groups
that have the highest suicide rates in the United States are

whites and Native
Americans.

Caroline is a
first-year teacher in a school where there have been several reported
suicides among the student body in the past several years. Which of
the following student behaviors should she watch for as a warning
sign of potential suicide?

withdrawal from
family or friends

Deliberate action
taken to shorten the life of a terminally ill person, in order to end
suffering and allow death with dignity, is called

active euthanasia.

Advanced
directives, often called "living wills," which are written
while patients are still competent to make their own decisions,
specify provisions with regard to all of the following EXCEPT

time and method
that you wish for your death.

Sally is 86 and
would like to have an advanced directive that gives her son the
ability to make decisions about her medical care in the event she
becomes unable to do so. Which of the following documents does she
need?

durable power of
attorney

A life review is

a process that
enables a person to see the significance of his or her life.

Piaget's final
stage of cognitive development, characterized by the ability to think
abstractly

Formal operations

Ability, believed
by Piaget, to accompany the stage of formal operations, to develop,
consider, and test hypotheses

hypothetical-deductive
reasoning

Acquired factual
knowledge stored in long-term memory

declarative
knowledge

Acquired skills
stored in long-term memory

procedural
knowledge

Acquired
interpretive understanding stored in long-term memory

conceptual
knowledge

1st
level of Kohlberg's theory of moral reasoning in which control is
external and rules are obeyed in order to gain rewards or avoid
punishment or out of self-interest

preconventional
morality

2nd
level in Kohlberg's theory of moral reasoning in which standards of
authority figures are internalized

conventional
morality

3rd
level of Kohlberg's theory of moral reasoning in which people follow
internally held moral principles and can decide among conflicting
moral standards

postconventional
morality

According to
Erikson, a coherent conception of the self, made up of goals, values,
and beliefs to which a person is solidly committed

identity

Erickson's 5th
stage of psychosocial development, in which an adolescent seeks to
develop a coherent sense of self, including the role she or he is to
play in society.

identity versus
identity confusion

Marcia's term for
states of ego development that depend on the presence or absence of
crisis and commitment

identity statuses

Marcia's term for
period of conscious decision making related to identity formation

crisis

Marcia's term for
personal investment in an occupation or system of beliefs

commitment

identity status,
described by Marcia, that is characterized by commitment to choices
made following a crisis, a period spent in exploring alternatives

identity
achievement

identity status,
described by Marcia, in which a person who has not spent time
considering alternatives (that is, has not been in crisis) is
committed to other people's plans for his or her life

foreclosure

identity status,
described by Marcia, in which a person is currently considering
alternatives (in crisis) and seems headed for commitment

moratorium

identity status,
described by Marcia, that is characterized by absence of commitment
and lack of serious consideration of alternatives

identity diffusion

Parental practices
that teach children about their racial/ethnic heritage and promote
cultural practices and cultural pride

cultural
socialization

Pattern of
emotional turmoil, characteristic of a minority of adolescents, which
may involved conflict with family, alienation from adult society,
reckless behavior, and rejection of adult values

adolescent
rebellion

Adolescent's
struggle for autonomy and personal identity

individuation

proposed
transitional period between adolescence and adulthood

emerging adulthood

type of logical
thinking that may emerge in adulthood, involving continuous, active
evaluation of information and beliefs in light of evidence and
implications

reflective
thinking

mature type of
thinking that relies on subjective experience and intuition as well
as logic and is useful in dealing with ambiguity, uncertainty,
inconsistency, contradiction, imperfection, and compromise

postformal thought

Salovey and
Mayer's term for ability to understand and regulate emotions; an
important component of effective, intelligent behavior

emotional
intelligence

degree to which a
person's work requires thought and independent judgment

substantive
complexity

hypothesis that a
positive correlation exists between intellectuality of work and of
leisure activities because of a carryover of cognitive gains from
work to leisure

spillover
hypothesis

process that
underlies the shift to adult identity

recentering

theorectical
models that describe psychosocial development in terms of a definite
sequence of age-related changes

normative-stage
models

Erickson's sixth
stage of development in which young adults either make commitments to
others or face a possible sense of isolation and self-absorption

intimacy vs
isolation

in Levinson's
theory, the underlying pattern of a person's life at a given time,
built on whatever aspects of life the person finds most important

life structure

in normative-stage
theories, typical challenges that need to be mastered for successful
adaptation to each stage of life

developmental
tasks

theoretical model
of personality development that describes adult psychosocial
development as a response to the expected or unexpected occurrence
and timing of important life events

timing-of-events
model

in the
timing-of-events model, commonly expected life experiences that occur
at customary times

normative life
events

set of cultural
norms or expectations for the times of life when certain important
events should occur

social clock

theoretical models
of personality development that focus on mental, emotional,
temperamental, and behavioral traits or attitudes

trait models

theoretical model
of personality, developed by Costa & McCrae, based on the “big
five” factors underlying clusters of related personality traits:
neuroticism, extraversion, openness to experience, conscientiousness,
and agreeableness

Sternberg's theory
that patterns of love hinge on the balances among three elements:
intimacy, passion, and commitment

triangular theory
of love

age-related
progressive loss of eyes' ability to focus due to loss of elasticity
in lens

presbyopia

near-sightedness

myopia

use of energy to
maintain vital functions

basal metabolism

amount of air that
can be drawn in with a deep breath and expelled

vital capacity

type of
intelligence, proposed by Horn and Cattell, that is applied to novel
problems and is relatively independent of educational and cultural
influences

fluid intelligence

type of
intelligence, proposed by Horn & Cattell, involving the ability
to remember and se learned information; largely dependent on
education and culture

crystallized
intelligence

in Hoyer's
terminology, progressive dedication of information processing and
fluid thinking to specfici knowledge systems, making knowledge more
readily accessible

encapsulation

Jung's term for
emergence of the true self through balancing or integration of
conflicting parts of the personality

individuation

Erickson's 7th
stage of development in which the middle aged adutl develops a
concern with establishing, guiding, and influencing the next
generation or else experiences stagnation

generativity vs
stagnation

Erickson's term
for concern of mature adults for establishing, guiding, and
influencing the next generation

generativity

Neugarten's term
for a concern with inner life appearing at middle age

interiority

in some normative
crisis models, stressful life period precipitated by the review and
reevaluation of one's past, typically occuring in the early to mid
40s

midlife crisis

introspective
examination that often occurs in middle age, leading to reappraisal
and revision of values and priorities

midlife review

Whitborne's theory
of identity development based on processes of assimilation and
accomodation

identity process
theory

Whitborne's term
for effort to fit new experience into an existing self concept

identity
assimilation

Whitborne's term
for a tendency for adjusting the self concept to new experience

identity
accommodation

Whitborne's term
for a tendency to balance assimilation and accommodation

identity balance

theory that people
move through life surrounded by concentric circles of intimate
relationships on which they rely for assistance, well-being, and
social support

social convoy
theory

theory that people
select social contacts on the basis of the changing relative
importance of social interaction as a source of information, as an
aid in developing and maintain a self-concept and as a source of
emotional well being

socioemotional
selectivity theory

financial and
emotional benefits built up during a long standing marriage, which
tend to hold a couple together

marital capital

tendency for young
adults who have left home to return to their parents' household
during times of financial, marital, or other trouble

revolving door
syndrome

stage of life in
which middle aged children as the outcome of a filial crisis, learn
to accept and meet their parents' need to depend on them

filial maturity

normative
development of middle age, in which adults learn to balance love and
duty to their parents with autonomy within a 2-way relationship

filial crisis

middle aged adults
squeezed by competing needs to raise or launch children and to care
for elderly parents

sandwich
generation

study of the aged
and process of aging

gerontology

branch of medicine
concerned with the processes of aging and medical conditions
associated with old age

geriatrics

period of life
span marked by declines in physical functioning usually associated
with aging; begins at different ages

senescence

initial, brief,
temporary storage of sensory information

sensory memory

short term storage
of information being actively processed

working memory

long term memory
of specific experiences or events, linked to time and place

episodic memory

long term memory
of general factual knowledge, social customs, and language

semantic memory

long term memory
of motor skills, habits, and ways of doing things and can be recalled
without conscious effort

implicit/procedural
memory

adaptive behavior
or thinking aimed at reducing or relieving stress that arises from
harmful, threatening, or challenging conditions

coping

model of coping
which holds that, on the basis of continuous appraisal of their
relationship with the environment, people choose appropriate coping
strategies to deal with situations that tax their normal resources