The Arab Republic of Egypt is a democratic, socialist state based on the alliance of the working forces of the people. The Egyptian people are part of the Arab Nation and work for the realization of its comprehensive unity.

The Arab Republic of Egypt is a democratic state based on citizenship. The Egyptian people are part of the Arab Nation and work for the realization of its comprehensive unity.

Article 4

The economic foundation of the Arab Republic of Egypt is a socialist democratic system based on sufficiency and justice in a manner preventing exploitation, conducive to liquidation of income differences, protecting legitimate earnings, and guaranteeing the equity of the distribution of public duties and responsibilities.

The national economy is based on the development of the economic activity, social justice, the guarantee of the different forms of property and the preservation of laborers' rights.

Article 5 (Third paragraph added)

The political system of the Arab Republic of Egypt is a multiparty one, within the framework of the basic elements and principles of the Egyptian society as stipulated in the Constitution (Political parties are regulated by law).

The citizens have the right to establish political parties according to the law and no political activity shall be exercised or political parties shall be established on the basis of religion or on discrimination due to gender or race.

Article 12 (First Paragraph)

The society shall be committed to safeguarding and protecting morals, promoting the genuine Egyptian traditions and abiding by the high standards of religious education, moral and national values, historical heritage of the people, scientific facts, socialist conduct and public morality within the limits of the law. The State is committed to abiding by these principles and promoting them.

The society shall be committed to safeguarding and protecting morals, promoting the genuine Egyptian traditions and abiding by the high standards of religious education, moral and national values, historical heritage of the people, scientific facts and public morality within the limits of the law.

Article 24

The people shall control all the means of production and direct their surplus in accordance with the development plan laid down by the State.

The State shall sponsor the national production and work for realizing the social and economic development.

Article 30

Public ownership is the ownership of the people and it is confirmed by the continuous consolidation of the public sector. The Public sector shall be the vanguard of progress in all spheres and shall assume the main responsibility in the development plan.

Public ownership is the ownership of the people as represented in the ownership of the State and the public legal persons.

Article 33

Public ownership shall have its sanctity, and its protection and consolidation is the duty of every citizen in accordance with the law, as it is considered the mainstay of the strength of the homeland, a basis for the socialist system and a source of prosperity of the people.

Public ownership shall have its sanctity, and its protection and consolidation is the duty of every citizen in accordance with the law.

Article 37

The law shall fix the maximum limit of land ownership with a view to protecting the farmer and the agricultural laborer from exploitation and asserting the authority of the alliance of the people's working forces at the level of the village.

The law shall fix the maximum limit of land ownership with a view to protecting the farmer and the agricultural laborer from exploitation.

Article 56 (Second Paragraph)

The establishment of syndicates and unions on a democratic basis is a right guaranteed by law, and should have a moral entity. The law regulates the participation of syndicates and unions in carrying out the social programs and plans, raising the standard of efficiency, consolidating the socialist conduct among their members, and safeguarding their funds. They are responsible for questioning their members about their behavior in exercising their activities according to certain codes of morals, and for defending the rights and liberties of their members as defined in the law.

The law shall regulate the participation of syndicates and unions in carrying out the social programs and plans, raising the standard of efficiency among their members, and safeguarding their funds.

Article 59

Safeguarding, consolidating and preserving the socialist gains are a national duty.

Safeguarding the environment is a national duty and the law shall regulate the right to the good environment and the measures necessary to safeguard it.

Article 62

Citizens shall have the right to vote, nominate and express their opinions in referendums according to the provisions of the law.
Their participation in public life is a national duty.

Citizens shall have the right to vote and express their opinions in referendums according to the provisions of the law.
Their participation in public life is a national duty. The law shall regulate the right of candidacy to the People's Assembly and the Shura Council and the local councils according to the electoral system it specifies. The law may adopt a system, combining between the individual system and the party lists by means of any ratio between them to be specified by the law. It may also include a minimum limit for the women's participation in the afore-mentioned councils.

Article 73

The Head of State is the President of the Republic. He shall assert the sovereignty of the people, respect the Constitution and the supremacy of the law, safeguard the national unity and the socialist gains, and maintain the boundaries between authorities in a manner to ensure that each shall perform its role in the national action.

The Head of State is the President of the Republic. He shall assert the sovereignty of the people, respect the Constitution and the supremacy of the law, safeguard the national unity and the social justice and maintain the boundaries between authorities in a manner to ensure that each shall perform its role in the national action.

Article 74

If any danger threatens the national unity or the safety of the motherland or obstructs the constitutional role of the State institutions, the President of the Republic shall take urgent measures to face this danger, direct a statement to the people and conduct a referendum on these measures within sixty days of its adoption.

If any danger threatens the national unity or the safety of the motherland or obstructs the constitutional role of the State institutions, the President of the Republic shall take urgent measures to face this danger after taking the opinion of the Prime Minister and the Speakers of the People's Assembly and the Shura Council, direct a statement to the people and conduct a referendum on these measures within sixty days of its adoption. The dissolution of the People's Assembly and the Shura Council may not take place while exercising these authorities.

Article 76 (Third and Fourth paragraphs)

The President shall be elected by direct, public, secret ballot. For an applicant to be accepted as a candidate to presidency, he shall be supported by at least 250 elected members of the People's Assembly, the Shura Council and local popular councils on governorate level, provided that those shall include at least 65 members of the People's Assembly, 25 of the Shura Council and ten of every local council in at least 14 governorates.
The number of members of the People's Assembly, the Shura Council and local popular councils on governorate level supporting candidature shall be raised in pro rata to any increase
in the number of any of these councils. In all cases, support may not be given to more than one candidate.
Procedures related to this process shall be regulated by the law. Political parties, which have been founded at least five years before the starting date of candidature and have been operating uninterruptedly for this period, and whose members have obtained at least 5% of the elected members of both the People's Assembly and the Shura Council, may nominate for presidency a member of their respective upper board, according to their own bylaws, provided he has been a member of such board for at least one consecutive year.
As an exception to the provisions of the fore-mentioned paragraph, any political party may nominate for the first presidential elections, to be conducted
following the enactment of this Article, a member of its higher board, established before May 10, 2005 according to its bylaw. Candidature applications shall be submitted to an independent committee, named the Presidential Elections Committee. The committee shall be composed of the head of the Supreme Constitutional Court as a chairman and the head of the Cairo Court of Appeal, the most senior deputy of the head of the Supreme Constitutional Court, the most senior deputy of the head of the Court of Cassation, the most senior deputy of the State Council and five public figures, recognized for impartiality. Three of the forementioned public figures shall be selected by the People's Assembly and the other two by the Shura Council upon a recommendation of the bureaus of both houses for a period of five years.
The law shall determine who will act on behalf of the chairman or any member of the committee, should there be some reason for their absence.
This committee shall exclusively have the following competences:
1- To declare the initiation of candidature and supervise procedures for declaring the final list of candidates;
2- To generally supervise balloting and vote-counting procedures;
3- To announce elections results;
4- To decide on all appeals, challenges and all matters related to its competences, including conflict of jurisdiction;
5- To draw up by-laws regulating its modus operandi and method of practicing its competences.
The committee's resolutions shall be passed with a majority of at least seven members. Its resolutions shall be final, selfenforcing and incontestable by any means or before any authority whatsoever.
Its resolutions may not be challenged through construing or stay of execution. The law regulating presidential elections shall determine other competences for the committee.
The law shall also determine regulating rules governing the nomination of a candidate to replace another one who has vacated his seat for some reasons other than assignment within the
period between the starting date of candidature and before the termination of voting.
Voting shall be conducted in one single day. The presidential elections committee shall establish committees to administer stages of the voting and ballot-counting process. The committee shall establish main committees to be composed of members of the judiciary to supervise the process in accordance with such rules and regulations as may be decided by the committee.
Election of the president shall be declared when candidates have obtained an absolute majority of the number of valid votes. In the event that none of the candidates has obtained such majority, election shall be repeated, at least after seven days, between the two candidates who have obtained the largest number of votes. Should another candidate obtain a number of valid votes equal to those of the second, he shall take part in the re-election. In this case, the candidate who has obtained the largest number of votes will be declared winner.
Voting for electing the president shall be effected, even though one single candidate has applied or even if he was the only
candidate remaining due to assignment of the rest of candidates or due to failure to field another candidate in lieu of the one vacating his seat.
In this case, the candidate who has obtained the absolute majority of the number of valid votes shall be declared winner.
The law shall regulate procedures to be followed in the event the candidate has failed to obtain this majority.
The President shall submit the draft law regulating the presidential elections to the Supreme Constitutional Court following endorsement by the People's Assembly and before promulgation, to determine compliance with the Constitution.
The Court shall return its ruling in this connection within fifteen days from date of submission thereto. Should the court decide that one or more provisions of the draft law are unconstitutional; the President shall return it to the People's Assembly to put this ruling into effect. In all cases, the court's ruling shall be binding to all parties and all state authorities. The law shall be published in the official gazette within three days from date of issuance.

Political parties, which have been founded at least five consecutive years before the starting date of candidature and have been operating uninterruptedly for this period, and whose members have obtained at least 3% of the elected members of both the People's Assembly and the Shura Council or what equals this total in one of the two assemblies, may nominate for presidency a member of their respective higher board, according to their own bylaws, provided he has been a member of such board for at least one consecutive year.
As an exception to the provisions of the afore-mentioned paragraph, the afore-mentioned political parties whose members obtained at least one seat in any of the People's Assembly or the Shura Council in the last elections
may nominate in any presidential elections to be held within ten years as of May 1, 2007, any member of its higher board, according to their own bylaws, provided he has been a member of such board for at least one consecutive year.

Article 78 (Second paragraph added)

Procedures for the choice of a new President of the Republic shall begin sixty days before the expiration of the term of the President in office.
The new President shall be selected at least one week before the expiration of the term. Should this term expire without the choice of the new President being made for any reason whatsoever, the former President shall continue to exercise his functions until his successor is elected.

Should the election of the new president be announced before the end of the term of his predecessor, his presidential term shall start from the second day following the end of such a term.

Article 82

If on account of any temporary obstacle the President of the Republic is unable to carry out his functions, he shall delegate his powers to a vice-president.

If on account of any temporary obstacle the President of the Republic is unable to carry out his functions, he shall delegate his powers to a vicepresident or the Prime Minister should there be no vice-president or in case of being unable to do so. The one who shall act as the President of the Republic may not request the amendment of the Constitution or dissolve the People's Assembly or the Shura Council or to relieve the cabinet.

Article 84 (First Paragraph)

In case of the vacancy of the Presidential Office or the permanent disability of the President of the Republic, the President of the People's Assembly shall temporarily assume the Presidency; and, if at that time, the People's Assembly is dissolved, the President of the Supreme Constitutional Court shall take over the Presidency, however, on condition that neither one shall nominate himself for the Presidency.
The People's Assembly shall then proclaim the vacancy of the office of President. The President of the Republic shall be chosen within a maximum period of sixty days from the day of the vacancy of the Presidential Office.

In case of the vacancy of the Presidential Office or the permanent disability of the President of the Republic, the President of the People's Assembly shall temporarily assume the Presidency; and, if at that time, the People's Assembly is dissolved, the President of the Supreme Constitutional Court shall take over the Presidency, however, on condition that neither one shall nominate himself for the Presidency while abiding by the provisions of the second paragraph of Article 82.

Article 85

Any charge against the President of high treason or of committing a criminal act shall be made upon a proposal by at least one-third of the members of the People's Assembly.
No impeachment shall be issued except upon the approval of a majority of two-thirds of the Assembly members.
The President shall be suspended from the exercise of his duty as from the issuance of the impeachment. The Vice-President shall take
over the Presidency temporarily until the decision concerning the impeachment is taken.
The President of the Republic shall be tried by a special tribunal set up by law.
The law shall also organise the trial procedures and define the penalty.
If he is found guilty, he shall be relieved of his post, without prejudice to other penalties.

The President shall be suspended from the exercise of his duty as from the issuance of the impeachment. The Vice-president shall temporarily assume the Presidency or the Prime Minister should there be no vicepresident while abiding by the provisions of the second paragraph of Article 82 till issuing a ruling regarding the impeachment.

Article 88

The necessary conditions stipulated in the members of the People's Assembly shall be defined by law.
The rules of election and referendum shall be determined by law, while the ballot shall be conducted under the supervision of members of a judiciary organ.

The necessary conditions stipulated in the members of the People's Assembly shall be defined by law which shall set out the provisions of the election and referendum and casting ballot shall take place in one day. A higher committee which enjoys independence and impartiality shall supervise the elections in the manner regulated by the law. The law shall set out the competencies of the committee and the way of its formation and current and former members of judicial bodies shall be among its members. The committee shall form the general committees supervising the elections at the level of the constituencies and the committees exercising the measures of casting ballot and votes' counting. The general committees shall be formed of members of judicial bodies and votes counting shall be made under the supervision of the general committees in accordance with the rules and the measures defined by the law.

Article 94

If the seat of a member becomes vacant before the end of his term, a successor shall be elected or appointed to it, within sixty days from the date of the communication to the Assembly of the occurrence of the vacancy. The term of the new member shall extend until the end of the term of his predecessor.

If the seat of a member becomes vacant before the end of his term, the vacant position must be occupied in accordance with the law within sixty days from the date as of informing the Assembly of the occurrence of the vacancy. The term of the new member shall be complementary to that of his predecessor.

Article 115

The draft general budget shall be submitted to the People's Assembly at least two months before the beginning of the fiscal year.
It shall be considered in effect after approval. The draft budget shall be voted upon title by title and shall be promulgated by a law.
The People's Assembly may not effect any modification in the draft budget except with the approval of the government.
In case the ratification of the new budget does not take place before the beginning of the fiscal year, the old budget shall be in effect till ratification.
The manner of the preparation of the budget as well as the determination of the fiscal year shall be determined by law.

The draft public budget shall be submitted to the People's Assembly at least three months before the beginning of the fiscal year. It shall be considered in effect after approval. The draft budget shall be voted upon title by title. The People's Assembly may modify the expenditures mentioned in the budget draft except those regarded as an implementation to a specified commitment by the State. Should the modification result in increasing the expenditures, the People's Assembly has to agree with the government on means to provide resources of the revenues to realize rebalance between them and expenditures. The budget shall be issued by a law which may include modification in any already issued law as necessary to realize this balance. Should not the new budget be ratified before the beginning of the new fiscal year, the old budget shall be in effect till ratification. The law shall define the way of the budget preparation as well as the fiscal year.

Article 118 (First Paragraph)

The final account of the State budget shall be submitted to the people's Assembly within a period not exceeding one year from the date of the expiration of the fiscal year.
It shall be voted-upon title by title and issued by a law. The annual report of the Central Auditing Organization and its observations must be submitted to the People's Assembly. The Assembly has the right to demand from the Central Auditing Organization any data or other pertinent reports.

The final account of the State budget shall be submitted to the People's Assembly within a period not exceeding six months from the date of the expiration of the fiscal year. It shall be voted upon title by title and issued by a law.

Article 127

The People's Assembly shall determine the responsibility of the Prime Minister, on a proposal by one- tenth of its members. Such a decision should be taken by the majority of the members of the Assembly.
It may not be taken except after an interpellation addressed to the government, and after at least three days from the date of its presentation.
In the event that such responsibility is determined, the Assembly shall submit a report to the President of the Republic including the elements of the subject, the conclusions reached on the matter and the reasons behind it.
The President of the Republic
may return such a report to the Assembly within ten days. If the Assembly ratifies it once again, the President of the Republic may put the subject of discord to a referendum. Such a referendum shall take place within thirty days from the date of the last ratification of the Assembly, in which case the Assembly sessions shall be terminated.
If the result of the referendum is in support of the government, the Assembly shall be considered dissolved, otherwise the President of the Republic shall accept the resignation of the Council of Ministers.

The People's Assembly shall determine the responsibility of the Prime Minister, on a proposal by one- tenth of its members. Such a decision should be taken by the majority of the members of the Assembly. It may not be taken except after an interpellation addressed to the government, and after at least three days from the date of its presentation. In the event that such responsibility is determined, the Assembly shall submit a report to the President of the Republic including the elements of the subject, the conclusions reached on the matter and the reasons behind it. The President of the Republic may accept the resignation of the government or return such a report to the Assembly within ten days. Should the Assembly ratify it once again by a majority of two thirds
of its members, the President of the Republic shall accept the resignation of the government. Should the proposal of the responsibility of the Prime Minister be rejected, the one requesting the withdrawal of confidence may not re-request it in the same session.

Article 133

After the formation of the Cabinet and at the inaugural meeting of the ordinary session of the People's Assembly, the Prime Minister shall submit the programme of the government. The People's Assembly is entitled to discuss such programme.

The Prime Minister shall submit the program of the government within sixty days of the date of its formation to the People's Assembly or in its first meeting should not be assembled. Should not the Assembly ratify this program by the majority of its members, the President of the Republic may accept the resignation of the Cabinet. Should not the Assembly ratify the program of the new cabinet, the President of the Republic may dissolve the Assembly or accept the resignation of the Cabinet. The Prime Minister and the ministers and other members of the government may deliver a statement before the People's Assembly or any of its committees as regards a subject matter within its
competency. The Assembly or the committee shall discuss this statement and express opinion over any remarks regarding it.

Article 136 (first and second paragraphs)

The President of the Republic shall not dissolve the People's Assembly unless it is necessary and after a referendum of the people.
The President of the Republic shall issue a decision terminating the sessions of the Assembly and conducting a referendum within thirty days.
If the total majority of the voters approve the dissolution of the Assembly, the President of the Republic shall issue the decision of dissolution.
The decision dissolving the Assembly shall comprise an invitation to the electors to conduct new elections for the People's Assembly within a period not exceeding sixty days from the date of the declaration of the referendum results. The new Assembly shall convene during a period of ten days following the completion of elections.

The President of the Republic shall not dissolve the People's Assembly unless it is necessary. Should the Assembly be dissolved over a matter, the new Assembly may not be dissolved for the same matter. The decision must include a call on voters for holding new elections of the People's Assembly in a date not exceeding sixty days from the date of issuing the decision of dissolution.

Article 138 (second paragraph added)

The President of the Republic in conjunction with the government, shall lay down the general policy of the State and supervise its implementation in the manner prescribed in the Constitution.

The President of the Republic shall exercise the competencies stipulated in articles 144, 145, 146, 147 after the approval of the Cabinet and the competencies stipulated in articles 108, 148, 151 (second paragraph) after taking its opinion.

Article 141

The President of the Republic shall appoint the Prime Minister, his deputies, the Ministers and their deputies and relieve them of their posts.

The President of the Republic shall appoint the Prime Minister and relieve him of his post and the appointment of his deputies, the ministers and their deputies and relieving them of their posts shall take place by a decision of the President of the Republic after taking the opinion of the Prime Minister.

Article 161 (second paragraph added)

The Arab Republic of Egypt shall be divided into administrative units, enjoying moral entities, among which shall be governorates, cities and villages.
Other administrative units may be established, having moral entities, if this may be required by the common interest.

The law guarantees decentralization and regulates the means of empowering the administrative units as regards providing local services and utilities, promoting them and managing them well.

Article 173

A Supreme Council, presided over by the President of the Republic, shall supervise the affairs of the judiciary organizations.
The law shall prescribe its formation, its competencies, and its rules of action. It shall be consulted with regard to draft laws organizing the affairs of the judiciary organizations.

Every judicial body shall assume its own affairs. A council shall be formed to join the chiefs of the judicial bodies chaired by the President of the Republic to care for its common affairs.
The law shall prescribe its formation, its competencies, and its rules of action.

Article 179

The Socialist Public Prosecutor shall be responsible for taking the procedures which secure the people's rights, the safety of the society and its political system, the preservation of the socialist achievements, and commitment to the socialist behaviour. The law shall define his other competencies.
He shall be subject to the control of the People's Assembly in accordance to what is prescribed by law.

The State shall work to safeguard the general discipline and security in the face of the dangers of terror. The law shall regulate the provisions related to the measures of conclusion and investigation necessary for combating those dangers under the supervision of the Judiciary in a way that the measure stipulated in the first paragraph of Article 41 and Article 44 and the second paragraph of Article 45 of the Constitution is not to hinder putting those provisions into effect.
The President of the Republic may submit any crime of terror crimes to any judicial body stipulated in the Constitution or the law.

Article 180

The State alone shall establish the Armed Forces which shall belong to the people.
Their duty shall be to protect the country, safeguard its territory and security, and protect the socialist achievements of the popular strife.
No organization or group may establish military or semimilitary formations.
The law shall prescribe the conditions of service and promotion in the Armed Forces.

The State alone shall establish the Armed Forces which shall belong to the people. Their duty shall be to protect the country, safeguard its territory and security. No organization or group may establish military or semi-military formations.

Article 194

The Shura Council is concerned with the study and proposal of what it deems necessary to preserve the principles of the July 23, 1952 Revolution and the May 15, 1971 Revolution, to consolidate national unity and social peace, to protect the alliance of the working forces of the people and the socialist gains as well as the basic components of society, its supreme values, its rights and liberties and its public duties, and to entrench the democratic socialist system and widen its scope.

The Shura Council is concerned with the study and proposal of what it deems necessary to preserve the support of the national unity and the social peace and to protect the basic components of society, its supreme values, its rights and liberties and its public duties.
The Council should approve the following:
1- Proposals of amending one or more articles of the Constitution provided that provisions in Article 189 must be applied to discussions of the amendment and the approval therein.
2- Draft laws complementary to the Constitution stipulated by Articles 5, 6, 48, 62, 76, 85, 87, 88, 89, 91, 160, 163, 167, 168, 170, 171, 172, 173, 175, 176, 177, 178, 179, 183, 196, 197, 198, 206, 207, 208, 209, 210 and 211 of the Constitution.
3- Treaties of peace and coalition and all agreements which indicate amendment in the State lands and related to the State sovereignty.
If a dispute happens between the People's Assembly and the Shura Council concerning those subjects, Speaker of the People's Assembly shall submit the matter to a joint committee to be formed by speakers of the two assemblies and membership of seven members in each assembly to be selected by its general committee in order to propose a text for provisions subject of dispute.
The final text concluded by the committee shall be reviewed by the
two assemblies and if any of them does not approve the text, the matter shall be submitted to the two assemblies in a joint meeting under the chairmanship of the People's Assembly speaker in the place specified by him and with attendance of at least the majority of members in the two assemblies and if the committee does not reach a unified text, the two assemblies are allowed to approve in their joint meeting any text approved by any of them. Voting in the two councils or in their joint committee is made by majority of attendants without discussion.

Article 195

The Shura Council shall be consulted in the following:
1- Proposals for the amendment for one or more articles of the Constitution.
2- Draft laws complementary to the Constitution.
3- Draft of the general plan for social and economic development.
4- Peace treaties, alliances and all treaties affecting the territorial integrity of the State or those concerning sovereignty rights.
5- Draft laws referred to the Assembly by the President of the Republic.
6- Whatever matters referred to the Assembly by the President of the Republic relative to the general policy of the State or its policy regarding Arab or foreign
affairs.
The Assembly shall submit to the President of the Republic and the People's Assembly its opinion in such matters.

The Shura Council shall be consulted in the following:
1- Draft of the public plan for social and economic development.
2- Draft laws referred to the Assembly by the President of the Republic.
3- Whatever matters referred to the Council by the President of the Republic relative to the general policy of the State or its policy regarding Arab or foreign affairs.
The Assembly shall submit to the President of the Republic and the People's Assembly its opinion in such matters.

Article 205

The following articles of the Constitution shall apply to the Shura Council:
(89, 90, 91, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, 100, 101, 102, 104, 105, 106, 107, 129, 130, 134), insofar as they are not incompatible with the stipulations cited in this part. The Shura Council and its Speaker shall exercise the competencies specified in the aforementioned articles.

The provisions of the following articles of the Constitution shall apply to the Shura Council:
62, 88/second paragraph, 89, 90, 91, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, 100, 101, 102, 104, 105, 106, 107, 129, 130, 134), insofar as they are not incompatible with the stipulations cited in this part. The Shura Council and its Speaker shall exercise the competencies specified in the aforementioned articles.