So where does that leave the security professional who manages these systems? According to Riley, exactly where they were before the rise of virtual machines. "You have to ask: is there malware on my system? You can be 100 percent certain there is no malware that you can detect, but less than 100 percent certain that there is no malware at all. Now, ladies and gentlemen, isn't this true of every computer we already have? There is no difference just because it's virtualisation. Riley warned the audience: "Don't let the hype machines cloud your understanding of what you need to do. Apply your knowledge to the next evolutionary step, but don't expect that everything you have learned is something you have to throw away."