Several Canadian met­ro­pol­i­tan areas scored highly in this eco rank­ing, includ­ing Ottawa, which tied for #3 with Helsinki, and Montreal and Vancouver (both tied for #13).

Among the fac­tors that the Mercer team con­sid­ered in the eco-​​city sur­vey were water avail­abil­ity, water pota­bil­ity, waste removal, sewage, air pol­lu­tion, and traf­fic congestion.

And in the broader Quality of Living sur­vey, rank­ing urban areas on a vari­ety of fac­tors that con­tribute to their over­all live­abil­ity, Vancouver was the top-​​scoring Canadian city, tying for #4 with Auckland, New Zealand.

In fact, the sur­vey found that the most live­able cities in the Americas are all in Canada. Following Vancouver (#4) were Ottawa (#14), Toronto (#16), Montreal (#21), and Calgary (#28).