Friday, April 29, 2011

The Arduino Uno is a microcontroller board based on the ATmega328 . It has 14 digital input/output pins (of which 6 can be used as PWM outputs), 6 analog inputs, a 16 MHz crystal oscillator, a USB connection, a power jack, an ICSP header, and a reset button. It contains everything needed to support the microcontroller; simply connect it to a computer with a USB cable or power it with a AC-to-DC adapter or battery to get started.

The Uno differs from all preceding boards in that it does not use the FTDI USB-to-serial driver chip. Instead, it features the Atmega8U2 programmed as a USB-to-serial converter.

"Uno" means one in Italian and is named to mark the upcoming release of Arduino 1.0. The Uno and version 1.0 will be the reference versions of Arduino, moving forward. The Uno is the latest in a series of USB Arduino boards, and the reference model for the Arduino platform; for a comparison with previous versions, see the index of Arduino boards.

Summary

Microcontroller ATmega328

Operating Voltage 5V

Input Voltage (recommended) 7-12V

Input Voltage (limits) 6-20V

Digital I/O Pins 14 (of which 6 provide PWM output)

Analog Input Pins 6

DC Current per I/O Pin 40 mA

DC Current for 3.3V Pin 50 mA

Flash Memory 32 KB (ATmega328) of which 0.5 KB used by bootloader

SRAM 2 KB (ATmega328)

EEPROM 1 KB (ATmega328)

Clock Speed 16 MHz

Arduino Uno Board front and back

Power

The Arduino Uno can be powered via the USB connection or with an external power supply. The power source is selected automatically.

External (non-USB) power can come either from an AC-to-DC adapter (wall-wart) or battery. The adapter can be connected by plugging a 2.1mm center-positive plug into the board's power jack. Leads from a battery can be inserted in the Gnd and Vin pin headers of the POWER connector.

The board can operate on an external supply of 6 to 20 volts. If supplied with less than 7V, however, the 5V pin may supply less than five volts and the board may be unstable. If using more than 12V, the voltage regulator may overheat and damage the board. The recommended range is 7 to 12 volts.

The power pins are as follows:

VIN. The input voltage to the Arduino board when it's using an external power source (as opposed to 5 volts from the USB connection or other regulated power source). You can supply voltage through this pin, or, if supplying voltage via the power jack, access it through this pin.

5V. The regulated power supply used to power the microcontroller and other components on the board. This can come either from VIN via an on-board regulator, or be supplied by USB or another regulated 5V supply.

3V3. A 3.3 volt supply generated by the on-board regulator. Maximum current draw is 50 mA.

GND. Ground pins.

Memory

The ATmega328 has 32 KB (with 0.5 KB used for the bootloader). It also has 2 KB of SRAM and 1 KB of EEPROM (which can be read and written with the EEPROM library).

Input and Output

Each of the 14 digital pins on the Uno can be used as an input or output, using pinMode(), digitalWrite(), and digitalRead() functions. They operate at 5 volts. Each pin can provide or receive a maximum of 40 mA and has an internal pull-up resistor (disconnected by default) of 20-50 kOhms. In addition, some pins have specialized functions:

Serial: 0 (RX) and 1 (TX). Used to receive (RX) and transmit (TX) TTL serial data. These pins are connected to the corresponding pins of the ATmega8U2 USB-to-TTL Serial chip.

External Interrupts: 2 and 3. These pins can be configured to trigger an interrupt on a low value, a rising or falling edge, or a change in value. See the attachInterrupt() function for details.

LED: 13. There is a built-in LED connected to digital pin 13. When the pin is HIGH value, the LED is on, when the pin is LOW, it's off.

The Uno has 6 analog inputs, labeled A0 through A5, each of which provide 10 bits of resolution (i.e. 1024 different values). By default they measure from ground to 5 volts, though is it possible to change the upper end of their range using the AREF pin and the analogReference() function. Additionally, some pins have specialized functionality:

e on the computer. The '8U2 firmware uses the standard USB COM drivers, and no external driver is needed. However, on Windows, a .inf file is required. The Arduino software includes a serial monitor which allows simple textual data to be sent to and from the Arduino board. The RX and TX LEDs on the board will flash when data is being transmitted via the USB-to-serial chip and USB connection to the computer (but not for serial communication on pins 0 and 1).

A SoftwareSerial library allows for serial communication on any of the Uno's digital pins.

The ATmega328 also supports I2C (TWI) and SPI communication. The Arduino software includes a Wire library to simplify use of the I2C bus; see the documentation for details. For SPI communication, use the SPI library.

Programming

The Arduino Uno can be programmed with the Arduino software (download). Select "Arduino Uno from the Tools > Board menu (according to the microcontroller on your board). For details, see the reference and tutorials.

The ATmega328 on the Arduino Uno comes preburned with a bootloader that allows you to upload new code to it without the use of an external hardware programmer. It communicates using the original STK500 protocol (reference, C header files).

You can also bypass the bootloader and program the microcontroller through the ICSP (In-Circuit Serial Programming) header; see these instructions for details.

The ATmega8U2 firmware source code is available . The ATmega8U2 is loaded with a DFU bootloader, which can be activated by connecting the solder jumper on the back of the board (near the map of Italy) and then resetting the 8U2. You can then use Atmel's FLIP software (Windows) or the DFU programmer (Mac OS X and Linux) to load a new firmware. Or you can use the ISP header with an external programmer (overwriting the DFU bootloader). See this user-contributed tutorial for more information.

Automatic (Software) Reset

Rather than requiring a physical press of the reset button before an upload, the Arduino Uno is designed in a way that allows it to be reset by software running on a connected computer. One of the hardware flow control lines (DTR) of the ATmega8U2 is connected to the reset line of the ATmega328 via a 100 nanofarad capacitor. When this line is asserted (taken low), the reset line drops long enough to reset the chip. The Arduino software uses this capability to allow you to upload code by simply pressing the upload button in the Arduino environment. This means that the bootloader can have a shorter timeout, as the lowering of DTR can be well-coordinated with the start of the upload.

This setup has other implications. When the Uno is connected to either a computer running Mac OS X or Linux, it resets each time a connection is made to it from software (via USB). For the following half-second or so, the bootloader is running on the Uno. While it is programmed to ignore malformed data (i.e. anything besides an upload of new code), it will intercept the first few bytes of data sent to the board after a connection is opened. If a sketch running on the board receives one-time configuration or other data when it first starts, make sure that the software with which it communicates waits a second after opening the connection and before sending this data.

The Uno contains a trace that can be cut to disable the auto-reset. The pads on either side of the trace can be soldered together to re-enable it. It's labeled "RESET-EN". You may also be able to disable the auto-reset by connecting a 110 ohm resistor from 5V to the reset line; see this forum thread for details.

USB Overcurrent Protection

The Arduino Uno has a resettable polyfuse that protects your computer's USB ports from shorts and overcurrent. Although most computers provide their own internal protection, the fuse provides an extra layer of protection. If more than 500 mA is applied to the USB port, the fuse will automatically break the connection until the short or overload is removed.

Physical Characteristics

The maximum length and width of the Uno PCB are 2.7 and 2.1 inches respectively, with the USB connector and power jack extending beyond the former dimension. Four screw holes allow the board to be attached to a surface or case. Note that the distance between digital pins 7 and 8 is 160 mil (0.16"), not an even multiple of the 100 mil spacing of the other pins. The Newer version of UNO click here.More about Arduino & Shields click here.

Thursday, April 28, 2011

The Cisco 1721 is a modular router optimized for data-access applications, providing businesses with the most complete functionality and flexibility to deliver secure Internet and Intranet access. The router offers a wide array of WAN access options, high-performance routing, Quality of Service, inter-virtual LAN routing, and VPN access with firewall options. Powered by Cisco IOS, the Cisco 1721 offers high reliability and flexibility of interchangeable WAN interface cards, comprehensive security that includes hardware-assisted VPN encryption and a stateful inspection firewall, and business-class DSL with enhanced quality of service to ensure high-performance levels are guaranteed.

Wednesday, April 20, 2011

The TMS320C6678 Multicore Fixed and Floating Point Digital Signal Processor is based on TI's KeyStone multicore architecture. Integrated with eight C66x CorePac DSPs, each core runs at 1.0 to 1.25 GHz enabling up to 10 GHz. The device supports high-performance signal processing applications such as mission critical, medical imaging, test, and automation. The C6678 platform is power efficient and easy to use. The C66x CorePac DSP is fully backward compatible with all existing C6000 family of fixed and floating point DSPs.

The TMS320C5416 DSP starter kit (DSK) is a low-cost development platform designed to speed the development of power-efficient applications based on TI's TMS320C54x DSPs. The kit, which provides new performance-enhancing features such as USB communications and true plug-and-play functionality, gives both experienced and novice designers an easy way to get started immediately with innovative product designs.

The C5416 DSK offers the ability to detect, diagnose and correct DSK communications issues, download and step through code faster and get a higher throughput with Real Time Data Exchange (RTDX™).

The kit includes:

C5416 DSP Development Board -

C5416 DSK Code Composer Studio™ v2.1 IDE

Quick Start Guide

Technical Reference

Customer Support Guide

USB Cable

Universal Power Supply

AC Power Cord(s)

Features

The TMS320C5416 features the TMS320C5416 DSP - the designer's choice for applications that require an optimized combination of power performance and area. With 160 MIPS performance, designers can use the 160 MHz device as the foundation for a range of signal processing applications, including speech compression/decompression, speech recognition, text-to-speech conversion, fax/data conversion and echo cancellation. Other hardware features of the TMS320C5416 DSK board include:

With hi-performance actuator AX-18A and ultra light high strength of aluminum frames, it will complete various mission given at competitions. Bioloid GP armed with versatile performance and powerfull mobility.

Friday, April 15, 2011

The 68HC11 EVBpluss V3 code name Husky11-USB board is very similar to the original Motorola EVB board in terms of the PCB component layout, thus allowing a smooth transition for upgrading the old EVB board. All users’ EVB/EVBU/EVBU2 add-on boards can also be used without any modifications. A small solderless breadboard allows quick prototyping of user’s additional circuits.

68HC11 EVB V3 codename ''HUSKY11''

Husky11 features:

USB interface based on the flawless FT232RL for all Windows O/S

On-board RGB piranha color LED

On-board 4 X 4 keypad

Speaker driven by timer, or DAC for alarm, voice and music applications

All on-chip RAM $00-$1FF, and 512 bytes of EEPROM available for user program

All I/O pins of the 68HC11 available to user program, including PE0 and PA3

Installed with BUFFALO 4.0 monitor. This allows professors to avoid changing teaching material if using the board in BUFFALO monitor mode, since all programs for EVB/EVBU/EVBU2 boards can run with identical memory maps

Debugging features

of Wytec phantom monitor

Built-in LCD driver software in firmware

Works as a WICE emulator without hardware breakpoint features

Read internal ROM code of the 68HC711E9 and disassemble it for reverse engineering

38.4K baud for fast file download, 4 time faster than a BUFFALO monitor based board

The Datacard® SP55 Plus card printer combines the speed and power of professional-grade card printing with the overall versatility you need to deliver high-quality cards for corporate, education, loyalty, entertainment and other markets.

• High productivity. The SP55 Plus card printer produces up to 190 one-sided, full-color cards or 1,000 one-sided, single-color cards per hour. Optional extra- large card input and output hoppers help ensure continuous productivity. High speed meets high quality with true edge-to-edge printing and sharp, crisp images driven by our exclusive Advanced Image Technology™. The printer also features front card loading and unloading, so you can place it anywhere.

• Versatile performance. The SP55 Plus card printer offers smart card, proximity card, ISO magnetic stripe and bar code options that make it easy to create a widerange of cards on demand. It is ideal for issuing multi-technology photo IDs thatprovide secure access to facilities, networks and other privileges. This printer also can issue secure IDs in schools as well as loyalty cards and VIP cards for casinos.

Smart cards are used in a variety of applications ranging from telecommunications to personal finance. The IS24C16A smart card is 2048 x 8 bits of EEPROM memory, organized into eight 16-byte pages. The pins of the IS24C16A are accessible through the gold plated contact pads embedded in the card, and when paired with the Smart Card Reader (#32320) can be connected to the IO pins of a microcontroller. The IS24C16A Smart Card provides 2 KB of serial EEPROM accessible by the Smart Card Reader . Memory is organized into eight 16-byte pages, providing a vast amount of storage for your smart card application.

The FT232R adds two new functions compared with its predecessors, effectively making it a "3-in-1" chip for some application areas. The internally generated clock (6MHz, 12MHz, 24MHz, and 48MHz) can be brought out of the device and used to drive a microcontroller or external logic. A unique number (the FTDIChip-ID™) is burnt into the device during manufacture and is readable over USB, thus forming the basis of a security dongle which can be used to protect customer application software from being copied.

The FT232R is available in Pb-free (RoHS compliant) compact 28-Lead SSOP and QFN-32 packages.

Thursday, April 07, 2011

The thermal design and circuit design of the 300-W models were improved to achieve a fan-free structure. This eliminates the need to replace fans every few years and greatly reduces the risk of lowering the insulation resistance due to dust drawn in by the fan. In addition to front mounting and top mounting, you can mount models up to 300-W to DIN Rail for simple installation that reduces installation work