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KEY TERMS

INTRODUCTION

In the last few chapters, we focused on proper exercise and nutrition for health and fitness. The emphasis was on moderation in both to reduce the risk factors associated with a variety of diseases. We must now change that focus to discuss the factors limiting physical performance.

Performance goals require much more time, effort, and risk of injury than fitness goals. What are the requirements for optimal performance? To answer this question, we must ask another: What kind of performance? It is clear that the requirements for the best performance in the 400-meter run are different from those associated with the marathon. Figure 19.1 shows a diagram of factors influencing performance (8). Every performance requires a certain amount of strength, as well as the “skill” to apply that strength in the best way. Further, energy must be supplied in the manner needed or performance will suffer. Different activities require differing amounts of energy from aerobic and anaerobic processes. Both the environment (altitude and heat) and diet (carbohydrate and water intake) play a role in endurance performance. In addition, best performances require a psychological commitment to “go for the gold.” The purpose of this chapter is to expand on this diagram and discuss the factors limiting performance in a variety of activities, which will point the way to the remaining chapters. However, before we discuss these factors, we will summarize the potential sites of fatigue that would clearly affect performance.