Tài liệu How to translate commercial shipbuilding contracts from english into vietnamese

Bé GI¸O DôC Vµ §µO T¹O
TR¦êNG §¹I HäC D¢N LËP H¶I PHßNG
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ISO 9001 : 2008
KHãA LUËN TèT NGHIÖP
NGµNH: ngo¹i ng÷
H¶I PHßNG - 2010
HAI PHONG PRIVATE UNIVERSITY
FOREIGN LANGUAGE DEPARTMENT
GRADUATION PAPER
HOW TO TRANSLATE COMMERCIAL
SHIPBUILDING CONTRACTS FROM ENGLISH
INTO VIETNAMESE
By:
Vò HOµNG S¥N
Class:
NA1003
Supervisor:
TRÇN THÞ NGäC LI£N, M.A
HAI PHONG - 2010
Bé GI¸O DôC Vµ §µO T¹O
TR¦êNG §¹I HäC D¢N LËP H¶I PHßNG
nhiÖm vô ®Ò tµi tèt nghiÖp
Sinh viên: ..................................................................Mã số: ..................................
Lớp:.......................... Ngành: ..................................................................................
Tên đề tài: ................................................................................................................
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NHIỆM VỤ ĐỀ TÀI
1. Nội dung và các yêu cầu cần giải quyết trong nhiệm vụ đề tài tốt nghiệp
(Về lý luận, thực tiễn, các số liệu cần tính toán và các bản vẽ)
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2. Các số liệu cần thiết để thiết kế, tính toán.
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3. Địa điểm thực tập
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CÁN BỘ HƯỚNG DẪN ĐỀ TÀI TỐT NGHIỆP
Người hướng dẫn thứ nhất:
Họ và tên: ................................................................................................................
Học hàm, học vị: .....................................................................................................
Cơ quan công tác: ....................................................................................................
Nội dung hướng dẫn: ...............................................................................................
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Người hướng dẫn thứ hai:
Họ và tên: ................................................................................................................
Học hàm, học vị: .....................................................................................................
Cơ quan công tác: ....................................................................................................
Nội dung hướng dẫn: ...............................................................................................
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Đề tài tốt nghiệp được giao ngày 12 tháng 04 năm 2010
Yêu cầu hoàn thành trước ngày 10 tháng 07 năm 2010
Đã nhận nhiệm vụ ĐTTN
Sinh viên
Đã giao nhiệm vụ ĐTTN
Người hướng dẫn
Hải Phòng, ngày tháng năm 2010
HIỆU TRƯỞNG
GS.TS.NGƯT Trần Hữu Nghị
PHIẾU NHẬN XÉT TÓM TẮT CỦA CÁN BỘ HƯỚNG DẪN
1. Tinh thần thái độ của sinh viên trong quá trình làm đề tài tốt nghiệp
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2. Đánh giá chất lượng Đ.T.T.N ( so với nội dung yêu cầu đã đề ra trong
nhiệm vụ Đ.T.T.N trên các mặt lý luận, thực tiễn, tính toán giá trị sử dụng,
chất lượng các bản vẽ)
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3. Cho điểm của cán bộ hướng dẫn (Ghi bằng cả số và chữ)
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Hải Phòng, ngày........tháng........năm 2010
Cán bộ hướng dẫn
(Họ tên và chữ ký)
NHẬN XÉT VÀ ĐÁNH GIÁ CỦA CÁN BỘ CHẤM PHẢN
BIỆN ĐỀ TÀI TỐT NGHIỆP
1. Đánh giá chất lượng đề tài tốt nghiệp về các mặt thu nhập và phân tích số
ban đầu, cơ sở lý luận chọn phương án tối ưu, cách tính toán chất lượng thuyết
minh và bản vẽ, giá trị lý luận và thực tiễn đề tài.
2.
Cho điểm của cán bộ phản biện
(Điểm ghi bằng số và chữ)
Ngày..............tháng................năm 2010
Người chấm phản biện
ACKNOWLEGDEMENT
During the time of completing the final paper, I have received great deal of
helps, guidance and encouragements from teachers and friends
First of all, I would like to send my sincere thanks to Mrs Tran Thi Ngoc
Lien, M.A who helped me with valuable suggestions on how to shape the study
and always been most willing to give me valuable advice, helpful comments,
corrected my graduation paper as well as inspired me with his helpful advice
and ideas to help me finish my final paper.
I also would like to express my sincere thanks to all the teachers of Foreign
Language Department, who have thoughtfully trained me in the last four years.
My deep thanks are also sent to my family and friends for their support
during the training time and finalizing process of this paper.
Because of the limitation of knowledge and time, shortcomings in finishing
the paper are unavoidable so I expect to receive straight and precious advices of
all teachers and readers to help make the paper more perfect.
Hai phong, June 2010
Vu Hoang Son
TABLE OF CONTENTS
PART I: INTRODUCTION ........................................................................... 1
1. Rationale of the study.................................................................................... 1
2. Aim of the study ............................................................................................ 2
3. Scope of the study ......................................................................................... 2
4. Method of the study....................................................................................... 2
5. Design of the study ........................................................................................ 2
PART II: DEVELPOPMENT ........................................................................ 4
CHAPTER I: Theory background ................................................................ 4
1. An overview of translation ............................................................................ 4
1.1. Definition .............................................................................................. 4
1.2. What make a good translation ............................................................... 5
1.3. Basic types of translation ...................................................................... 7
1.3.1. Word by word ............................................................................... 7
1.2.2. Literal translation .......................................................................... 7
1.3.3. Faithfull translation ....................................................................... 7
1.3.4. Idiomatic translation ..................................................................... 8
1.3.5. Semantic translation ...................................................................... 8
1.3.6. Communicative translation ........................................................... 8
1.3.7. Free translation.............................................................................. 9
1.3.8. Adaption ........................................................................................ 9
1.4. Some well-known translation procedures ............................................. 10
2. An overview of contract .............................................................................. 12
2.1. Definition ............................................................................................ 12
2.2. Types of contract ................................................................................. 12
3. Commercial contract ................................................................................... 15
CHAPTER II: An insight into shipbuilding contract ................................ 17
1. What is shipbuilding contract? .................................................................... 17
2. Forms of shipbuilding contract ................................................................... 17
3. Language used in shipbuilding contract ...................................................... 21
3.1. Formal words............................................................................................ 22
3.2. Archaic words........................................................................................... 23
3.3. Common words with uncommon meanings............................................. 23
4. Specifications and Plans in shipbuilding contract....................................... 24
5. Technical terms ........................................................................................... 25
5.1. Common terms of contract ................................................................. 25
5.2. Shipbuilding technical terms .............................................................. 26
CHAPTER III: Translation procedures of shipbuilding contract ........... 30
1. Communicative translation ......................................................................... 30
1.1. Transferring lexical meaning .............................................................. 30
1.2. Transferring grammatical feature........................................................ 32
2. How to deal with technical terms ................................................................ 36
2.1. Paraphrasing (Ideal for group number 1) ............................................ 36
2.2. Using loan word (Ideal for group number 2 & 4) ............................... 39
2.3. Naturalization (Ideal for group number 3) .......................................... 43
3. Some other procedures may be possibly applied but in particular
situations .......................................................................................................... 43
3.1. Transforming specific word to a more general word ......................... 43
3.2. Omission ............................................................................................. 44
PART III: CONCLUSION ........................................................................... 45
REFFERENCE .............................................................................................. 47
PART I: INTRODUCTION
1.
Rationale of the study:
Since a very long time in the history, English has become the international
communicative tool all over the world. It is the most popular language that is
used in every field of human life. In modern society, fluent English has
become one of the most essential and required skill if a person wants to get
job. English is used in business, politics, international relations, culture, and
entertainment. Although English is not an official language in many countries,
it is the language most often taught as a foreign or second language.
One of the industries that is often between international partners is
shipbuilding industry. The shipbuilding industry is one of the main priority
sectors of the government of Vietnam. Vietnamese shipbuilding industry has
attracted a lot of attention over the last few years for taking advantage of the
tight capacity in major shipbuilding nations and breaking into the
international export market.
The main factor that forms the cooperation between partners is the contract.
No matter what business you are in, how old you are, how long you have been
doing business or who you are doing it with, a very important part of doing
business is making a contract. In shipbuilding industry, the contract is not
only the legal base that binding the parties but also the formal document that
clearly state the construction progress of the vessel. Besides, all of the
contracts are often in English language and because they are an industrial
contract so the shipbuilding technical terms are commonly seen. Therefore the
shipbuilding contract translation is a hard work and requires great translation
skills
The research carried out by the writer is for the purpose of pointing out some
suitable translation procedures to translate effectively shipbuilding contract.
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2.
Aim of the study
The aim of this research is provide some suggestions to help effectively
translate commercial shipbuilding contract from English into Vietnamese.
Therefore, after completing the research, the following points are expected to
be achieved:
- Generally introduce about translation and procedures of translation
- Indicate the overview of shipbuilding contract
- State some procedures to translate shipbuilding contract from English
into Vietnamese
3.
Scope of the study
The study will concentrate on the translators who are working for
shipbuilding companies and their experiences in dealing with the shipbuilding
contract.
4.
Method of the study
The research is carried out basing on the qualitative analysis. The data and
information for the study were collected by:
 Collecting the documents, reference books and information over
internet
 Interviewing the translators about their own experience
 Suggestions experience from my supervisor Mrs.Tran Thi Ngoc Lien,
MA, other teachers and my understanding at Hai Phong Private University
and gained experience in training course.
5.
Design of the study
The research contains three parts.
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PART ONE is the Introduction, which includes Rationale, Scope of the
study, Aims of the study, Method of study and Design of study.
PART TWO is development, which consists of three chapters as following:
 Chapter I is theoretical background of translation and contract in
general
 Chapter II gives out general knowledge on shipbuilding contract
 The last Chapter is some suggestions in translation of shipbuilding
contract.
PART THREE is conclusion and references
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PART II: DEVELOPMENT
CHAPTER I: THEORY BACKGROUND
1.
An overview of translation
1.1. Definition
What is translation? If you give this question to different people, you will
receive different answers. But the interesting is most of the answers are true.
There have been many studies on translation and each of them has its own
way to understand the concept of translation. Of course, the studies are always
set in a particular situation but all of them share many common features in
working out the definition of translation. Webster's New World dictionary
defines “to translate” as “to put into the words of a different language”, “to
put into different words; rephrase or paraphrase in explanation” or “The act or
process of translating, especially from one language into another”. Besides,
Lewis (1958:265) writes that “translate” is formed from the Latin
“trans+latus”, which means "carried across". Foster (1958:1) considers
translation as the act of transferring through which the content of a text is
transferred from the SL into the TL. Not taking culture into consideration,
Catford (1965: 20) points out that, “translation is the replacement of textual
material in one language by equivalent textual material in another language.
In this definition, the most important thing is equivalent textual material;
nonetheless, it is unclear in terms of the type of equivalence”. For Levy
(1967:148), “translation is a process of communication whose objective is to
import the knowledge of the original to the foreign reader”. Echoing the
similar viewpoint, Savory (1968:37) believes that translation is made possible
by an equivalent of the idea that lies behind its different verbal expressions.
Another scholar, Nida, (1984:83) points out that “Translation consists of
reproducing in the receptor language the closest natural equivalent of the
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source language message, first in terms of meaning and secondly in terms of
style” and in 1984, he defined “translation” as “the interpretation of the
meaning of a text in one language (the source text) and the production, in
another language of a equivalent text (the target text) that communicates the
same message” ((E.A. Nida, 1959): 13). Considering the translator as a
learner, Robinson (1997:49) puts forward that “translation is an intelligent
activity involving complex processes of conscious and unconscious learning”.
He maintains that, “translation is an intelligent activity, requiring creative
problem-solving in novel, textual, social, and cultural conditions” (p.51). In a
similar position, Pinhhuck (1977: 38) defines translation as “a process of
finding a TL equivalent for an SL utterance”. Moreover, Wilss (1982: 3)
points out: “Translation is a transfer process, which aims at the transformation
of a written SL text into an optimally equivalent TL text, and which requires
the syntactic, the semantic and the pragmatic understanding and analytical
processing of the SL”.
These definitions are different in expressions but all of them serve the purpose
of implying in the clearest way the act of translating a language into another is
basically to transfer the message or thought wrapped in SL text into TL by
using semantic structure
1.2. What makes a good translation
The duty of the translator is to successfully transfer the source language into
target language in a way that can make the translated text sounds like as it
was written originally in target language instead of translated as much as
possible. But it is hard to conclude a translation is good or not. “There's of
course no absolute answer as to what makes a “good” or “bad” translation. In
some sense, a good translation is one that can be done to the available budget
whilst fulfilling its purpose” (Neil Coffey). Therefore, the question is, is there
any criteria to consider a translation is good or not, or, in other way, is there
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any requirement for a good translator? The website mac.com – a website
about languages points out some that translators might be interested in
- Native ability in the target language.
- Good familiarity with the subject matter in both the language of origin
and the target language.
- Enough understanding of the language of origin, so as to be able to
recognize bad language from good.
- Knowledge of the target audience and the author's intentions.
- Close cooperation with all concerned.
The website also suggests what a good translator should or should not do:
DOs
DONT’s
Use your own style of writing, but Do not try to mimic the author's style
write in the language and terminology unless it can improve the content of
of the target audience.
his message.
Translate ideas, and remain true to the Do not translate words or even
author's intentions.
sentences, unless it contributes to the
intended meaning of the author
Eliminate
redundancy
where Author's often repeat themselves,
emphasis is not clearly intended by when
the author.
intending
no
additional
emphasis. Do not pass an author's
poor writing habits onto your target
audience.
Eliminate
unnecessary
and Do not make your target audience
ambiguous language, if it does not suffer,
because
of
the
author's
contribute to the author's intention or inability to express himself clearly.
ideas.
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If you can improve on the author's Do not be afraid to consult the author,
logic
without
contradicting
intended meaning, then do so.
his when you are uncertain about his
intended meaning.
Know your author's intentions and Do not filter the author's ideas with
basic assumptions.
your own value judgments, and do
not purposely incite your target
audience, unless it was the author's
intention to do so.
In conclusion, a good translator must think carefully before he makes his
translation. He should consider himself as if he came from the target language
country and be well aware of which kind of text he is translating.
1.3. Basic types of translation
Different ways of rending a text or a message have been introduced by some
authors. Below are a number of translation methods generalized by Peter
Newmark (1988):
1.3.1. Word by word
The Source Language (SL) word order is preserved and the words translated
by their and the words translated by their most common meanings. Cultural
words are translated literally. The main use of this method is either to main
use of this method is either to understand the mechanics of the source
language or to construe a difficult text as pre-translation process.
Eg: “Khi xa nhà người ta cảm thấy nhớ nhà” = “When far home one
feel homesick”
1.3.2. Literal translation
The SL grammatical constructions are converted to their nearest Target
Language (TL) equivalents but the lexical items are again translated out of
context. As pre-translation process, it indicates problems to be solved.
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Eg: “Học, học nữa, học mãi” can be rendered literally as “Study, study
more, study forever”. Whereas, the appropriate translation would be “Study,
study and study”
1.3.3. Faithful translation
It attempts to reproduce the precise contextual meaning of the original within
the constraints of the TL grammatical structures. It transfers cultural words
and preserves the degree of grammatical and lexical deviation from SL norms.
It attempts to be completely faithful to the intentions and the text-realisation
of the SL writer.
Eg: “Tôi cho rằng anh ta sẽ không đến”
Faithful translation: “I think that he won't come” (But it should be “I
don't think he will come”)
1.3.4. Idiomatic translation
Idiomatic translation is a meaning-based translation which makes every effort
to communicate the meaning of the SL text in the natural forms of the TL.
Such translation reproduces the 'message' of the original but tends to distort
nuances of meaning by preferring colloquialism and idioms where there do
not exist in the original.
Eg: “The peasant's hard life”
 “Chân lấm tay bùn”
1.3.5. Semantic translation
It differs from faithful translation only in as far as it must take more account
of the aesthetic value of the SL text, compromising on meaning where
appropriate so that no assonance, word play or repetition jars in the finished
version. It does not rely on cultural equivalence and makes very small
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concessions to the readership. While “faithful” translation is dogmatic,
semantic translation is more flexible
Eg: “I never hear or read the name of Yarmouth but I am reminded
of a certain Saturday on the beach...” (David Copperfield by Charles
Dickens)
“Tôi không bao giờ nghe hoặc đọc đến tên Yarmouth mà tôi lại không
nhớ đến một sáng thứ bảy nào đó trên bãi biển...” (...không bao giờ...mà lại
không...)
1.3.6. Communicative translation
It attempts to render the exact contextual meaning of the original in such a
way that both language and content are readily acceptable and
comprehensible to the readership.
Eg: “I never hear or read the name of Yarmouth but I am reminded
of a certain Saturday on the beach...” (David Copperfield by Charles
Dickens)
“Cứ mỗi lần nghe hoặc đọc đến tên Yarmouth thì tôi lại nhớ đến một
sáng thứ bảy nào đó trên bãi biển…” (Cứ mỗi lần...thì...lại...)
1.3.7. Free translation
It reproduces the matter without the manner, or the content without the form
of original. Usually it is a paraphrase much longer than the original.
Eg: “Business is business” = “Công việc là công việc, tình cảm là tình
cảm, không lẫn lộn được”
1.3.8. Adaptation
This is the freest form of translation mainly used for plays and poetry:
themes/characters/plots preserved, SL culture converted to TL culture & text
is rewritten
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