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The rise has been relentless and shows a remarkably constant relationship with fossil-fuel burning, and can be well accounted for based on the simple premise that 57% of fossil-fuel emissions remain airborne. Here the number 57% was selected to fit the curve at the ends of the record, but what is significant is how well this link with fossil-fuel burning also fits the curvature in the record, sloping upwards less rapidly at the beginning, and more rapidly at the end. http://scrippsco2.ucsd.edu/program_history/keeling_curve_lessons_3.html ● Sept 2011 Global average 389 ppm

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Line plot of global mean land-ocean temperature index, 1880 to present, with the base period 1951-1980. The dotted black line is the annual mean and the solid red line is the five-year mean. The green bars show uncertainty estimates. Hansen et al., 2010-02-18, http://data.giss.nasa.gov/gistemp/graphs/, NASA GISS. Earth is warming… ●

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Weather Climate Commonly Accepted Definitions Or, in the words of a middle school student…. "climate tells you what clothes to buy, but weather tells you what clothes to wear." refers to the current atmospheric conditions (including temperature, precipitation, wind, humidity, barometric pressure) at a particular time and place. refers to the general weather patterns expected in a given area (sometimes based on the 30 year average weather). Climate may also be applied more generally to large-scale weather patterns in time or space (e.g., an Ice Age climate or a tropical climate).

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Carbon Dioxide – Sources and Sinks Activity Part 1: Detecting Carbon Dioxide Gas (i.e., figuring out how this chemical indicator works) 1. Make a small "boat" out of foil and fill 1/2 full of baking soda. 2. Carefully slide the foil boat inside the vinegar test tube without spilling baking soda from the boat. Plug the test tube with the stopper and tubing. 3. Place the free end of the tubing into BTB. Place a cotton ball at the neck of the BTB tube. Mix the vinegar and soda gently. What happened?

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Carbon Dioxide – Sources and Sinks Part 2: Are animals a source of CO2? 1.Place a straw in a test tube of BTB. 2.Place a cotton ball in the test tube opening. 3.Gently blow in the straw. 4.What happened? Part 3: Are plants a source of CO2? 1.Place a sprig of Elodea (or other water plant) into a test tube of BTB. 2.Wrap the tube in foil so that no light can get in. 3.Leave it for at least 24 hours. 4.Unwrap – what happened? Part 4: Do plants take up CO2? Place unwrapped test tube with Elodea from Part 3 in light for a day.

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Carbon Dioxide – Sources and Sinks Activity Part 5: Are fossil fuels a source of CO2? 1.Carefully untwist the tie of the exhaust filled balloon while pinching the balloon neck. 2.Insert a straw into the neck of the balloon while still preventing the gas from escaping. 3.Insert the other end of the straw into blue BTB. 4.Insert a cotton ball at the top of the tube. 5.Gently release air from the balloon.

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Albedo The albedo is the reflectivity of a surface. –Substances with a high albedo reflect light and stay cool –Substances with a low albedo absorb light and warm up Snow, ice, and clouds have high albedo Dark soils, asphalt, water, and forests have lower albedo What is the impact of global warming on albedo?

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Looking into Surface Albedo Pick an photo Read the temperature on two small thermometers Tape the small thermometers below different colored parts of the photo What happens to the temperature below the lighter and darker parts of the image after 3 minutes?

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Looking into Surface Albedo Activity shows that lighter surfaces, like the ice shown in the images, stay cooler than the darker parts of the image, where light is absorbed. Which regions do you think have a higher albedo? Forests? Glaciers? Ocean? Farm Land? What do you think will happen to temperature if ice is lost around the world? Feedback loops –Positive – reinforcing, move systems away from equilibrium –Negative – damping, tends to maintain equilibrium

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Glacier mass balance During the 20th century, glaciers and ice caps have experienced widespread mass losses and have contributed to sea level rise Further decline of mountain glaciers projected to reduce water availability in many regions Cumulative balance of glacier mass in some regions

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Glaciers Then and Now These glacier pictures were taken from the same place, but years apart. Can you match up the pictures?

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CO2: How Much Do You Spew? Students analyze the energy consumption of a hypothetical household to determine the amount of carbon dioxide they are adding to the atmosphere each year. Directions: Each group has the a different family/individual described on their card. All these people live in different situations and use energy in different ways. Read the information about the family’s energy use. Use the worksheet to calculate their CO2 emissions. Then, let’s discuss!

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The heat lamp heats the water in the flask, causing the water to expand slightly. As the water expands, the level of the water goes up in the small tube, visually showing the expansion of the water. As the Earth warms, its waters will also expand slightly. As Earth’s atmospheric temperature rises from global warming, the oceans will warm and sea levels will rise from the expansion of the water, as well as from the addition of water from melted land-based glaciers. Sea Level Rise