​On Friday, I reviewed the latest episode of Ancient Aliens, and in that review, I noted that new talking head Ashley Cowie, the erstwhile host of Syfy’s Legend Quest, stated that there were “legends” that a golden Inca sun disc had been removed from the Coricancha temple in Cuzco and taken to a “mountaintop village” called Paititi. Many readers likely remember Paititi from when Josh Gates sought it out in Expedition Unknown a few years ago. In most versions of the story, it is a city possessed of fabulous treasure, or even made of gold, but the oldest surviving documents fail to indicate any such connection to lost Inca treasure, though they do speak of having plenty of precious metals, so much that they make pots and pans from “precious metals,” though this probably refers to copper. The legend of the sun-disc being there, so far as I have been able to tell, does not date back before the twentieth century, so I described Cowie as “telling a lie” by implying, in context, that such stories go back to the Conquest. As it happens, my conclusion, while not wrong, is incomplete.

The story of Paititi is one that probably needs more discussion than I gave it in my review, not least because Ashley Cowie stopped by my blog to complain about my description of his comments, though without being able to cite an actual source for the so-called legend. What makes that doubly infuriating is that Cowie devoted an episode of his 2011 series Legend Quest to hunting for this same sun disc in the jungle—undoubtedly the credential that earned him a place in the Ancient Aliens roster of “experts” on circular objects. He didn’t find it, but he said in 2011 that he planned to seek permission to excavate the mountaintop where he thought it hides. He did not. In 2011, a time Cowie now dismisses as the folly of his youth (“And my days of conspiracies and the like ended a long, long time ago”—he was 38), he imagined that he found a secret code to the disc’s location and alleged, without explanation, that the golden sun disc could create and direct earthquakes, and heal illness. I think it is fair to say it cannot, and most of this is not in the primary source literature.

Oddly enough, this same sun disc appeared on Ancient Aliens back in episode 4 of season 3, when the program declared it human-made evidence of the Inca trying to honor an alien:

Narrator: Ancient astronaut theorists believe a golden sun idol called the Punchao that once resided in Coricancha may provide evidence that extraterrestrials had contact with the Inca.

Giorgio Tsoukalos: Coricancha was famous for its gigantic golden disc that the ancient Inca worshiped that was a symbol of a giant golden disc that allegedly landed from the sky in front of the Inca ruler, Atahualpa. And he had direct contact according to legends with the sky gods.

Narrator: Could the giant golden disc that once resided inside Coricancha have been made to honor an alien visitor?

​In the new episode, the golden sun disc has been transformed from an image of an alien to a mirrored iPad that the Inca used to stream content from spaceships. The Punchao’s exact shape is in dispute; some colonial sources described it as an effigy of a ten-year-old boy, and others as a circle or oval the size of such a youth. The fate of the Punchao is unknown, but the Spanish recorded no legend of its whereabouts. Sierra de Leguizamo claimed to have taken the sun-disc and kept it at his home in Cajamarca until he lost it gambling, but this was almost certainly a lie. Cristóbal de Molina of Santiago wrote in 1553 that “the Indians hid this sun so well that it could never be found up to the present day” (trans. John Hemming). The short form is that the Spanish recorded no claim that it had gone to Paititi, and the extant evidence is that there was no clear legend of its whereabouts in the 1500s and 1600s.

But the question of the sun disc in Paititi is not quite as clear cut as we might like. The legend that Cowie offered seems to be a modern invention. I can find no trace of it prior to the twentieth century. It appears in the various works of David Childress going back to the 1980s. Childress, infuriatingly, attributes the claim only to uncited “legends” and “sources.” His actual source, however, is Harold T. Wilkins, from whom, as we shall see, he and others have copied wholesale. Another possible source for Cowie’s story is probably the late ancient astronaut theorist Philip Coppens, who in 2008 or 2009 wrote an article claiming that the sun disc had been secreted to Gran Paititi, based on the work of Javier Sierra, a Spanish novelist and journalist best known here in America as a colleague of Graham Hancock in the search for an idealized Ice Age civilization.

As Coppens wrote at the time:

​Javier Sierra, best known as the author of the novel “The Secret Supper”, noted that at the time of the Spanish Conquest, several items of tremendous importance were nevertheless hidden by the Inca themselves, including the Punchaco. The collective of this lost treasure was labelled the “treasure of Inca King Atahualpa” and rumours had it that it was secreted away in tunnels. This rumour was linked with stories about a tunnel leading from the Coricancha and exiting near Sacsayhuaman, the fortress that towers above the city.

​The warrant for this, according to Sierra and Coppens, is an unspecified account from 1600 in which a Jesuit friar wrote of the tunnels that allowed the Inca to travel from Sacsayhuaman to the Coricancha to worship the Punchao. In the colonial era, Spanish officials found some evidence that gold had been carried out of the temple using these underground tunnels, but the gold was never found.

Since this evidence—a golden ear of corn found in a tunnel under the former Coricancha—turned up in 1814, we have a problem. As even Helena Blavatsky (!), writing in Isis Unveiled, confirmed, the going story in Cuzco from the Conquest down to the 1870s was that the treasure was housed in an underground vault near Cuzco, the story of which eventually gave rise, by other means, to Erich von Däniken’s cave of gold in Ecuador and fringe claims of a continent-wide network of pre-Inca tunnels. Sierra, for example, asserted, without proof, that the tunnel under the Coricancha extended hundreds of miles to Ecuador, and that the whole tunnel system in Cuzco was illuminated by using the Punchao as a mirror to shine sunlight through the whole system! (According to colonial accounts, the Punchao was actually used in such a manner to light the interior of the Coricancha.)

In the middle of his article, Coppens offers an awkward transition that leads into an unsupported claim, which he offers to reconcile contradictory modern accounts: that the Inca treasure had been divided, with some buried in the underground tunnels and the rest taken to Paititi. However, here Coppens cops out and doesn’t share his sources. He quotes—well, we shall see that momentarily. Suffice it to say that Coppens’s article is an uncredited rewrite of a portion of Harold T. Wilkins’s Secret Cities of Old South America ​(1950), to which he added some of Sierra’s modern color. Wilkins (and Coppens in copying from him) shares a colonial era text that offers what we might consider evidence for an early version of the sun-disc story that Cowie summarized. It comes from Fray Juan Lorenzo Lucero, a Jesuit writing sometime after 1681, but quoted without citation or source:

This empire of Gran Paytite has bearded, white Indians. The nation called Curveros, these Indians told me, dwell in a place called Yurachuasi or the “white house”. For king, they have a descendant of the Inca Tupac Amaru, who with 40,000 Perúvians, fled far away into the forests, before the face of the conquistadors of Francisco Pizarro’s day in AD 1533. He took with him a rich treasure, and the Castilians who pursued him fought each other in the forests, leaving the savage Chuncho Indiós, who watched their internecine struggles, to kill off the wounded and shoot the survivors with arrows. I myself have been shown plates of gold and half-moons and ear-rings of gold that have come from this mysterious nation.

​David Childress includes this same quotation in his Lost Cities & Ancient Mysteries of South America (1986), and Robert Charroux cites it from the same source in The Mysterious Past (1974).

But there is a bit of a discrepancy in Wilkins’s work. The above uncited quotation appears on page 232, but on page 237 he claims to offer the first ever English translation of the same, and this time the lines are different. “I have seen and had in my hands some patenas (thin metal plates), shaped like a half-moon, ear hoops (orejeras) and various things of gold of that nation.” Now, it is certainly possible that Lucero repeated himself, but the second version doesn’t offer any clear connection to Paititi. No other writer, including Clements Markham, who read nearly everything, makes any mention of the first quotation. There is nothing in it that cannot be found in other Jesuit writers of the era (the Jesuit Andrea Lopez, for example, mentioned the white skin, though not the beards), so it is not impossible that it is genuine. It is just strange that no other source makes any mention of it, and Wilkins himself seemed to forget he attributed the two quotes to the same writer.

This bothered me, so I found an 1842 reprint of the 1792 printing of excerpts from Lucero’s work so I could read it myself. The book is the Historia del reino de Quito en la America Meridional(1792) by Juan de Velasco. Not coincidentally, this is also most likely Wilkins’s source. I suspect this because his description of Lucero’s book seems to be an uncredited word-for-word translation of the 1792 introduction to the passages in question, and it comes on the heels of material explicitly cited to that book. I won’t burden you with the long and dull details, but the second of the quotations that Wilkins provided is abbreviated but mostly correct as far as it goes, but the first one doesn’t appear in the book. It looks like an altered paraphrase of the real one, which I suppose I am now obliged to translate in full:

After thirty days of sailing from my town of Santiago de la Laguna, not by the Guallaga but by a much larger river that descends from Cuzco, I had communication with the villages of five small nations, wherein there are as many as 10,000 Indians, and they are called the Manamabobos, Campas, Remos, Unibuesas and Piros, of which only the first are somewhat numerous and of them I have already formed the town of San Nicolás. The Piros, who are no more than a portion of their very numerous nation, dwelling above, treat and trade with another nation, at a short distance, which has a king who is descended from the Incas, or who is at least considered as such.

The lands that they inhabit are very rich, and according to the computations I made from the reports of the Manamabobos, there are more than 10,000 souls in the villages and rancherías of that Inca. I have seen and had in my hands a few patens, half-moons, ear hoops, and various similar things of gold of that nation. Below those nations is that of the Curibeos or Cunivos, who number around 15,000, and who met me with friendship and peace. They are very close to receiving the Gospel, and they have offered to defeat and reduce the Piros for me, by which means it would not be difficult to defeat all the people they call the Inca.

​So that’s the real text.

I will confess to being baffled as to where Wilkins got the first quotation. In his book, he gives the two quotations separately, and tells the same story of about Lucero twice, as though he copied the quotations from two different sources without realizing he was repeating the same thing from two sources. It seems sort of like the first quotation is something of a paraphrase, but I cannot identify the source. Wilkins’s bibliographies list only the Archivos General de Indias, a manuscript collection in Seville, and because I do not have the inclination to search through literally millions of pages of documents, I can’t confirm where that first quotation came from. Some of the sentences have close parallels in Velasco’s text, such that it might be an example of that particularly Continental habit of placing quotation marks around a mixture of quotation, paraphrase, and editorial comment that frustrated me so much when translating Eugène Beauvois. Perhaps Wilkins mistook such a secondary citation for the original? Or else Wilkins is telling the truth about finding it in the archives and simply elected never to share a citation.

Anyway, at first glance this would sound like pretty good proof that there was an active legend of Inca gold in Paititi, even though in 1600 Andrea Lopez, another Jesuit, reported that the real Paititi had plenty of precious metals but no claim to an Inca connection or ancient treasure. But it turns out that there is more to the story of Juan Lorenzo Lucero than meets the eye.

According to the Historia of Velasco, Lucero was caught up in a bit of Paititi fever launched by Pedro Bohórquez, who went by the name Inca Hualpa. He was a Spanish rogue of Moorish descent who claimed to be the descendant of Inca royalty and deceived enough people to receive the crown from the Calchaquies in 1656. The long and short of it is that he fooled the Jesuits into thinking that he knew how to convert the natives to Catholicism and how to find vast mineral wealth. Starting in 1629, he began spreading rumors that he knew the true location of Paititi. He was killed after trying to spark an Indian uprising, but he tried to use his supposed secret knowledge to secure a pardon. He failed. But his fraud lived on, and his combination of Inca claims and Paititi claims helped secure the growing myth of the lost Inca kingdom.

That said, not a single source I found from the era mentioned the Coricancha sun-disc, and it does not seem to be part of the story until the twentieth century, when all of these sources merged together. In that manner, the old Conquest era century story (first told by Juan Alvarez Maldonado) that the Inca left Cuzco for Paititi (which he said was a lake) merged with the newer colonial-era legend that Inca treasure was concealed in underground tunnels to yield a composite modern story that they had taken the religious icons through said tunnels to Paititi.

So, in short, Ashley Cowie seems to be wrong that there was a “legend” that the sun-disc had been secreted to Paititi. There is a modern composite story to that effect, but it is built upon a Spanish-Inca legend and a colonial Spanish story, neither of which said what the modern story does. If there are primary sources that say otherwise, I would be happy to learn of them. But I would be more interested to learn why the major writers on the topic were unaware of them and knew nothing of the story until very, very recently.

Since Augustus Le Plongeon spent time in South America, the textual route you seek likely ran through the Le Plongeon's salon in New York City:

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augustus_Le_Plongeon

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TONY S.

9/12/2017 01:30:58 pm

I thoroughly enjoyed this post, Jason. When I was a kid I was enthralled by tales of lost stone cities and treasures in South America. I never grew tired of such stories, of undiscovered and forgotten things concerning areas like the Amazon River Basin and the Andes.

As I grew older, starting from my twenties, I started learning of the native cultures of Central and South America, and read and collected every book on South American exploration I could find: Works written by people like Clements Markham, Alexander von Humboldt, Gaspar de Carvajal, William Lewis Herndon, Hiram Bingham, Algot Lange, Richard Burton, A.H. Savage Landor, and the prolific John Hemming. As I digested all the information they had to offer it became clearer and clearer that the "mysteries", such as they were, were pretty groundless. As is often the case, the real history turned out to be much, much more interesting.

Harold Wilkins's book was certainly entertaining; it still is if you view it simply as historic fiction or fantasy, in the same vein as Robert E. Howard or Edgar Rice Burroughs. On top of the material itself, it's an interesting sociological document, a fossil preserved in time of typical Victorian attitudes and beliefs. He had certainly thoroughly read Percy Fawcett's writings; he spends a lengthy amount of time discussing what was written in Manuscript 512 in his pamphlet DEAD CITIES OF GOLD AND MYSTERY, written in 1948 for Haldeman-Julius Publications.

It doesn't surprise me that Coppens lifted his ideas straight from Wilkins for his own book. Coppens was just as much out to defraud the gullible as Tsoukalos still is, and in their arrogance both assume people are not familiar with their source material. I guess they're right from a certain point of view; the very people who buy into AA are the ones who are not well read on history.

I have to fess up and admit that I've read Childress's book on South America. In my defense, that was back in the early 90s when I was seeking out general books on South American exploration, and didn't yet know about him or his fringe leanings. As you already pointed out Jason, it's obvious Childress had also read Wilkins (who wrote two books and a pamphlet on the subject).

The most hilarious part for me personally has to be Von Daniken openly admitting the entire premise behind THE GOLD OF THE GODS, the caves in Ecuador, was something he made up entirely out of thin air. Yet somehow, AA enthusiasts still revere him and don't call into question anything else he has ever said or done, despite the evidence that he has been lying right from the beginning.

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Only Me

9/12/2017 05:28:59 pm

Since you're well-read on the subject, is it safe to assume most, if not all, the stories of lost cities and lost treasures are the result of what Jason revealed in this post? Modern writers creating a composite story from several legends and the sources that discuss them?

I find it hard to believe the majority of such stories, regardless of time or place, are based on the same formula by coincidence.

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TONY S.

9/12/2017 11:29:52 pm

OnlyMe,

My own personal view is that yes, from what I have read, these stories appear to have their origins in the same sources, and for the same reasons as Jason has made clear. The similarities are not coincidental.

They appear to be an amalgam of tales mixed together through either confusion or deliberate dishonesty. With little regard for their historical authenticity, or their proper context, and through no attempt to trace the stories back to their roots, they get perpetuated through decades, even centuries. Modern day writers do even less source checking, assuming that just because a story is old, it must be valid and safe to accept at face value.

E.P. Grondine

9/12/2017 08:46:32 pm

Hi Tony -

Have you read "Cut Stones and Crossroads"?
It is worth reading for its expose of Carlos Castenada alone,
little less its tales of real gold artifacts.

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TONY S.

9/12/2017 11:13:22 pm

Hi E.P....

I haven't read CUT STONES AND CROSSROADS, but I'll certainly give it a read. Thank you for the recommendation!

Kal

9/12/2017 06:36:21 pm

I had an odd thought, and it is probably sketchy, but it seems most of these treasure hunter guys are about 50 to 70, 'baby boomers' and likely heard of Vietnam and their tunnels, and the wear then, and read 'Heart of Darkness' and likely watched Young Indianan Jones with their children. It stands to reason they would see 'mystery tunnel makers' then with 'secret buried riches'. Incas are also good for natives with gold items. Upon reading a lot of books when they were young, long before the Internet (arrived about 1990), they would have been in their 20s after Nam, (1970s) ,looking to make a fast buck. Some read EVD and thought to find treasure. They couldn't find it since it had been found centuries earlier. For one of them to imply their speculation is better than JC's is kind of silly. Some of them might even have been out to swindle others.

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Huh?

9/12/2017 08:30:42 pm

"heard of Vietnam and their tunnels, and the wear then, and read 'Heart of Darkness' and likely watched Young Indianan Jones with their children."

Huh?

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Kal

9/12/2017 06:39:31 pm

...And some of them never having been anhywhere other than the Americas, assumed that the tyreasure was in the Americas. They probably did not think twice about making the alleged gold finds in South America.

The Golden Disk was one of the artifacts in a cartoon show called Beast Wars in 1996. These robots called Transformers go back into time chasing the future ones that stole the 'Golden Disk' from the other faction, which lies the key to finding a way home to their present.

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Henry

9/12/2017 08:33:02 pm

Ashley, note how Jason uses you "stopping by" to elevate his status. He should be described in what you write as a grocery clerk who puts out a skeptical blog and self publishes job "books " which are 2/3 comprised of what others say on tv.

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Only Me

9/12/2017 08:58:43 pm

It takes a special kind of stupid to repeat unoriginal and factless ad hominems. Par for the course, I guess.

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TONY S.

9/12/2017 11:30:40 pm

Ditto.

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E.P. Grondine

9/12/2017 08:58:36 pm

Hi Jason

I think this would read better -

"According to the Historia of Velasco, Lucero was caught up in a bit of Paititi fever launched by Pedro Bohórquez, who went by the name Inca Hualpa. Bohórquez was a Spanish rogue of Moorish descent who claimed to be the descendant of Inca royalty and he deceived enough people to receive the crown from the Calchaquies in 1656.

"The long and short of it is that Bohórquez fooled the Jesuits into thinking that he knew how to convert the natives to Catholicism and how to find vast mineral wealth. Starting in 1629, Bohórquez began spreading rumors that he knew the true location of Paititi.

"He was imprisoned after trying to spark an Indian uprising, but he tried to use his supposed secret knowledge to secure a pardon. He failed and was executed. But his fraud lived on, and his combination of Inca claims and Paititi claims helped secure the growing myth of the lost Inca kingdom."

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Americanegro

9/12/2017 09:54:36 pm

"Hi Jason

I think this would read better - "

Just.

Stop.

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David Bradbury

9/13/2017 03:52:49 am

Why stop? The approach could have been more concise and self-explanatory, but the basic points- that Jason's text has ambiguities between Lucero and Bohórquez, and also makes the latter seemingly ask for a pardon after being killed- are sound.

When it comes to this sort of stuff there really is nothing new under the ''Sun''. In reading this blog I got an uncanny feeling I had seen this some where before, and fringees being what they are, it took only alittle research to remember where. In 1954, Paramount studios released a film with, almost, this very same plotline.
"Secret of the Inca" follows this story of treasure hunting with a bit political intrigue, love interest and good old nefarious greed. It also introduces It also introduces many elements that would later be seen in the Indiana Jones series. The main protagonist, Harry Steele (played by Charlton Heston) has almost the same outfit as Indiana Jones. The story itself revolves around the discovery of an ancient Incan gold sunburst and its return to local natives. .

To continue the thought, even in comic books we have similar plot. In "Uncle Scrooge" #219, we have the plotline of Uncle Scrooge and company getting into a challenge with Glomgold Flintheart over who can find the richest treasure. Due to a serendipitess discovery by Donald and the use of the Junior Woodchuck Guide, they find themselves on quest for the "Eye" of Manco Paco, a large disk shaped sunburst festooned with large gemstones and a gold backing.

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David Bradbury

9/13/2017 03:44:00 am

Hey, no fair ! That Scrooge McDuck tale was from 1987, coming in the wake of two successful Indiana Jones films and two other successful "Romancing the Stone" films (and two vaguely successful Allan Quatermain films, perhaps best remembered for the major role played by young Golden Raspberry nominee Sharon Stone).

Kal

9/13/2017 06:14:18 pm

The old Scrooge comics, from which the 1980s cartoon was later 'loosely' based, was inspired by Allan Quatermain stories, in inspiration for Indiana Jones, as was Allan Quartermain, and other serial treasure hunter adventures.

Young Indana Jones was a TV show based on the films.

The story though appears lifted from the same old serials, and legends, and is primarily not ancient but a modern invention.

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I'm an author and editor who has published on a range of topics, including archaeology, science, and horror fiction. There's more about me in the About Jason tab.