Elements in the Human BodyYour body is made up of chemical compounds, which are combinations of elements. While you probably know your body is mostly water, which is hydrogen and oxygen, can you name the other elements that make you... you? Question: What Are the Elements in the Human Body?

Answer: Most of the human body is made up of water, H2O, with cells consisting of 65-90% water by weight. Therefore, it isn't surprising that most of a human body's mass is oxygen. Carbon, the basic unit for organic molecules, comes in second. 99% of the mass of the human body is made up of just six elements: oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, calcium, and phosphorus. 1. Oxygen (65%)

Most of the human body consists of water, which is made from hydrogen and oxygen. The most abundant element in the body is oxygen. Steve Allen, Getty ImagesThis is the elemental chemical composition of the average adult human body. Water is the most abundant chemical compound in living human cells, accounting for 65-90% of each cell. Each water molecule consists of two hydrogen atoms bonded to one oxygen atom, but the mass of each oxygen atom is much higher than the combined mass of the hydrogen. All organic compounds contain carbon, which is why carbon is the second most abundant element in the body. Six elements account for 99% of the mass of the human body: oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, calcium, and phosphorus. Although aluminum and silicon are abundant in the earth's crust, they are found in trace amounts in the human body. Reference: Chang, Raymond (2007). Chemistry, Ninth Edition. McGraw-Hill. pp. 52. Elements in the Human Body

The emotions that you feel are a result of chemical messengers, primarily neurotransmitters. Love, jealousy, envy, infatuation and infidelity all share a basis in chemistry.

Question: Is There Really a Chemistry of Love?Answer: I don't think there are any magic love potions that you can use to make someone fall in love, but chemistry does play an important role in how a relationship progresses. First, there's attraction. Nonverbal communication plays a big part in initial attraction and some of this communication may involve pheromones, a form of chemical communication. Did you know that raw lust is characterized by high levels of testosterone? The sweaty palms and pounding heart of infatuation are caused by higher than normal levels of norepinepherine. Meanwhile, the 'high' of being in love is due to a rush of phenylethylamine and dopamine.

Why Onions Make You Cry
They sit there, so harmless-looking on the kitchen counter. Yet as soon as you cut an onion, the tears begin to fall. What is it in onions that makes them burn your eyes? Pest controlIt's easy to make your own natural mosquito repellent. You can control exactly what goes into the product so you won't need to worry about any unwanted chemicals. Natural Mosquito Repellent Safety

There are a couple of different formulations you can make for your natural mosquito repellent. In general, what you are doing is diluting an essential oil that the mosquitoes find distasteful or which confuses them so they can't find you to bite you. The oils don't mix with water, so you'll need to add them to other...

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...Chemistry Grade 11
576
Energy Trapped in Hydrocarbons
he whole world runs on energy—and so do you! Fossil fuels provide energy to power cars and heat buildings. Food provides energy to keep your body alive and warm. Both sources of energy come from organic compounds, such as hydrocarbons, sugars, and proteins. Green plants, algae, and plankton trap the Sun’s energy through the process of photosynthesis. After these organisms die, they are broken down by natural processes. Their remains accumulate on Earth’s surface. In some areas, these remains build up in thick layers, which are eventually covered by rock and soil. Under certain conditions, over billions of years, pressure changes these layers into something new: fossil fuels. Fossil fuels (such as coal, natural gas, and petroleum) are fuels that are made from fossilized organic materials. The trapped energy from the Sun is still present in fossil fuels. To use this energy, we need to extract it. Combustion, or burning, is the most common way to extract energy from fossil fuels. In this chapter, you will explore the ways in
which our society obtains energy from fossil fuels. You will get a chance to measure exactly how much energy is obtained from an organic substance by doing your own combustion reaction. As well, you will learn how dangerous incomplete combustion reactions can be.
Do Falling Birthrates Pose A Threat To Human Welfare?
Do Falling Birthrates Pose a Threat to...

...CHEMISTRY FOR HUMAN WELFARE: IT’S PROMISES AND CONCERNS
2011 had been officially declared “The International Year of Chemistry” t o commemorate the achievements of chemistry and its contributions to mankind. It is so fitting that 2011 is the centenary year for the award of Nobel Prize to Marie Curie for her discovery of Radium and Polonium. Also this is the 150th birth anniversary of Dr. P .C Roy.
All living things in this beautiful world are nothing but chemical industries. Variety of chemical reactions and out and out chemicals involve in them. So life is nothing but chemistry. Chemistry is used in every field – physics, biology, earth science, material science, medicine, engineering etc.
Linus Pauling, the great Nobel Laureate said “It is impossible to deny that Chemistry has played a major part in determining the nature of the modern world".
How does it play a major role in every day life? Well, this involvement usually begins first thing each morning. Most people wake up with an alarm in which cells are made of electrodes and chemical reactions produce electricity. Toothpaste and tooth powder contains fluoride peroxide, baking soda etc. Water we use for washing, bathing and drinking is H2O, an essential for life. Soap,...

...﻿Name: _____________________________
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Stereochemistry Workshop
1. Assign the marked asymmetric centers with R or S designations.
2. Rank each of the following sets of substituents (highest priority substituent = 1; lowest priority substituent = 4). Place the number in the blank below the substituent.
(a)
(b)
3. Determine the relationship between each of the following pairs of structures (enantiomers, diastereomers, constitutional isomers, or identical).
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
3. Which of the following structures is different from the other three? Explain.
4. (a) Place asterisks at all of the asymmetric carbon atoms in the molecule shown below (prostacyclin).
(b) Based on the number of asymmetric carbons, how many stereoisomers of prostacyclin are possible?
5. Hydrogenation of an alkene will yield an alkane. The alkane formed by hydrogenation of (S)-4-methyl-1-hexene (I) is optically active, while the one formed by hydrogenation of (S)-3-methyl-1-pentene (II) is not. Explain.
I II
6. Draw and label a stereoisomer of this compound that is chiral, and draw two that are achiral.
7. Draw the formula for an unsaturated alkyl chloride (C5H9Cl) that shows:
(a) neither geometric isomerism nor optical activity.
(b) both geometric isomerism and optical activity.
(c) geometric isomerism but not optical...

...Abstract
By adding HCl to 2-methyl-2-butanol, through the Sn1 mechanism, 2-chloro-2-methylbutane is formed. Water, sodium bicarbonate and NaCl(aq) were then added to the 2-chloro-2-methylbutane to remove any of the excess water from the reaction. To confirm, a successful reaction, AgNO3 was added to the 2-chloro-2-methylbutane. A white precipitate formation confirmed a successful Sn1 reaction.
Introduction
Nucleophilic substitution reactions such as Sn1 and Sn2 allow us to convert one functional group to another. For Sn1 reactions, a tertiary alcohol, such as 2-methyl-2-butanol is most favorable for the reaction because when the leaving group leaves, it will leave a + charge on the carbon it was attached to, and a tertiary carbocation is the most stable. Another important requirement for a Sn1 reaction is a weak nucleophile attack group. Hydrochloric acid is a weak group because it has no negative charge, and works well for the reaction.
Reaction for formation of 2-chloro-2-methylbutane
The goal of this experiment was to form 2-chloro-2-methylbutane by addition of HCl, causing a Sn1 reaction to occur.
Chemical Reactions
Safety
1. Full sleeved shirt, pants, shoes, gloves and goggles worn at all times
2. Neutralize acid spills with saturated sodium bicarbonate
3. Chlorinated carbon is toxic, targets liver and kidneys
4. Do not breathe any chemical, or get on skin
5. 12M HCl highly corrosive
6. All parts of experiment done under hood...

...Teaching AS Chemistry Practical Skills
w w w e tr .X
Appendix 2
m eP
3. How much iron is there in an iron tablet? – Student Sheet
In this practical you will have the opportunity to perform a quantitative analysis using the technique of titration. You are going to analyse an iron tablet to find out how much iron is actually present in it. Titrations involving potassium manganate(VII) may form part of your Practical Assessment. Intended lesson outcomes By the end of this practical you should be able to: • perform a titration involving potassium manganate(VII); • read a burette and use a pipette; • use a volumetric flask; • record your titration results appropriately in tables you have drawn yourself; • use and understand an ionic equation; • use the mole concept to perform calculations. Background information Iron performs a vital role in our bodies. It is present in red blood cells and forms part of the haemoglobin molecule, which combines with oxygen from the lungs. The oxygen is then transported all round the body. When young people are growing rapidly, the body may not have enough iron and this causes anaemia. This can be remedied by a course of ‘ferrous sulphate’ tablets, often known as iron tablets.
e ap .c rs om
The iron in iron tablets is in the form of hydrated iron(II) sulphate (sometimes called ferrous sulphate). As the name iron(II) suggests, the Fe2+ ion is present. To determine just how much Fe2+ is in each tablet, we can react...

...cannot reproduce. When exploring living organisms such as humans, the elements carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen and oxygen are the base essentials to sustain life. Carbon and hydrogen are found in almost every molecule of the body, nitrogen is part of the bodies’ range of proteins, and oxygen is required for respiration and energy production. While there are 22 other elements found in the body such as potassium, calcium, iron and sodium, in ion form, they are in much lesser amounts in comparison to carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen and oxygen. Organic compounds, better known as food, once consumed, are broken down and reused in the body to make energy, build cells, and regulate body activities.
So what is matter? Matter is the stuff that absolutely everything is made up of from the living to the non-living. Matter can be broken down into atoms, which are the smallest subunit of elements. Atoms consist of a nucleus with protons which are positively charged, and neutrons which have no charge. They also have an electron ‘cloud’, and this is what allows atoms to bond together to form molecules. These elements are strategically placed into the periodic table, showing the 92 natural elements and 26 artificial elements. All living matter is made up four primary elements: carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen and oxygen. These elements assist in the physical and chemical activities to sustain life, e.g. produce and use energy, reproduce and continue...

...Isotopes and average atomic mass
Isotope: element variations with different atomic mass but same atomic number
Isotopic Abundance: the relative amount in which each isotope of an element
Calculating: given 2 isotopes of an element [B: 10.01u] [B: 11.01u]
1) Given average atomic mass: 10.81u
If given percentages, you can find average atomic mass by adding each portion
2) Set variables for unknown values
Let x represent % abundance for 10/5 B
Let 1-x represent % abundance for 11/5 B
Calculate:
10.01x+(1-x)11.01=10.81
10.01x+11.01-11.01x=10.81
-1.00x=0.2
X=0.2
The Mole and Avogadro’s constant
Mole: the SI unit that is used to measure how much of a substance. (balanced eqn coefficient are moles)
Converting Moles -> number of particles
Number of Moles = number of particles / Avogadro’s constant
Avogadro’s constant: 6.02214179 x 10^23
Converting Moles to Mass/molar mass
Molar Mass: how much grams per mol of an element = atomic mass
Number of Moles = mass / Molar Mass
Percentage Composition
Laws of definite proportions: a law stating that a chemical compound always contains the same proportion of elements by mass
Mass percentages (H in H2O) = molar mass of H (1.01) / molar mass of H2O (18.02) = 11.2%
Empirical Formula
A formula that shows the smallest whole number ratio of elements within a compound
Lactic Acid: a chemical name
Empirical Formula: CH2O
Molecular Formula: C3H6O3
Calculations: when given percentage composition of different elements
1)...

...religious teaching about what it means to be a human. (30 marks)
- Human has a embodied spirit who thinks, act, speaks and desires. Religious teachings say that humans are created in the image of god. They are different from animals because humans have the ability to love, be moral and have free will. Humanslife is a gift from god. We must value life. God created us as intelligent beings with the ability to control our actions, urges and emotions.
Christian teaches that free will is given by God. By free will, we shape our own lives. Bible says Humans are creation of God. God desired humans to exist. God gave us the ability to reason, speak and to live a moral life. Humans are mixture of earth and divine breath. Bible teaches that we are the incarnation of the divine and part of us is drawn from the earth. Everything created by god is perfect and it was intended. Of all the creatures in God's creation, Humans are the only ones who enter into a dialouge with God which is by prayer. Most christians believe that humans are distinct from the animal word, and that the most important differences between animals and humans have is soul – a divine spark that sets them apart from other living things. This asserts that Christians do not treat animals as their equals, as only...