Two metastable polymorphs of paracetamol (forms II and III) were prepared by appropriate thermal methods from binarymixtures containing 10% (w/w) of hydroxypropylmethylcellulose. By controlling the reheating step, it was possible to address the recrystallization of the drug either into form II or III. Moreover, it was observed that form III transforms either into form II or I depending on the preparation method. The physical characterization of the polymorphs was performed by means of micro-Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (MFTIR) and powder X-ray diffractometry (PXRD), both temperature controlled.

We present a comparative study of the glass forming ability of binary systems with varying composition, where the systems have similar global crystalline structure (CsCl+fcc). Biased Monte Carlo simulations using umbrella sampling technique show that the free energy cost to create a CsCl nucleus increases as the composition of the smaller particles is decreased. We find that systems with comparatively lower free energy cost to form CsCl nucleus exhibit more pronounced pre-crystalline demixing near the liquid/crystal interface. The structural frustration between the CsCl and fcc crystal demands this demixing. We show that closer to the equimolar mixture, the entropic penalty for demixing is lower and a glass forming system may crystallize when seeded with a nucleus. This entropic penalty as a function of composition shows a non-monotonic behaviour with a maximum at a composition similar to the well known Kob-Anderson (KA) model. Although the KA model shows the maximum entropic penalty and thus maximum frustration against CsCl formation, it also shows a strong tendency towards crystallization into fcc lattice of the larger "A" particles which can be explained from the study of the energetics. Thus for systems closer to the equimolar mixture although it is the requirement of demixing which provides their stability against crystallization, for KA model it is not demixing but slow dynamics and the presence of the "B" particles make it a good glass former. The locally favoured structure around "B" particles is quite similar to the CsCl structure and the incompatibility of CsCl and fcc hinders the fcc structure growth in the KA model. Although the glass formingbinary systems studied here are quite similar, differing only in composition, we find that their glass forming ability cannot be attributed to a single phenomenon.

We present a comparative study of the glass forming ability of binary systems with varying composition, where the systems have similar global crystalline structure (CsCl+fcc). Biased Monte Carlo simulations using umbrella sampling technique show that the free energy cost to create a CsCl nucleus increases as the composition of the smaller particles is decreased. We find that systems with comparatively lower free energy cost to form CsCl nucleus exhibit more pronounced pre-crystalline demixing near the liquid/crystal interface. The structural frustration between the CsCl and fcc crystal demands this demixing. We show that closer to the equimolar mixture, the entropic penalty for demixing is lower and a glass forming system may crystallize when seeded with a nucleus. This entropic penalty as a function of composition shows a non-monotonic behaviour with a maximum at a composition similar to the well known Kob-Anderson (KA) model. Although the KA model shows the maximum entropic penalty and thus maximum frustration against CsCl formation, it also shows a strong tendency towards crystallization into fcc lattice of the larger "A" particles which can be explained from the study of the energetics. Thus for systems closer to the equimolar mixture although it is the requirement of demixing which provides their stability against crystallization, for KA model it is not demixing but slow dynamics and the presence of the "B" particles make it a good glass former. The locally favoured structure around "B" particles is quite similar to the CsCl structure and the incompatibility of CsCl and fcc hinders the fcc structure growth in the KA model. Although the glass formingbinary systems studied here are quite similar, differing only in composition, we find that their glass forming ability cannot be attributed to a single phenomenon.

The influence of the structure of the hydrophobic group on the ideality of mixing in binarymixtures of surface active molecules has been investigated using combinations of amphiphilic penicillins. Critical concentrations (cc) of the binarymixtures of these anionic surfactants were determined by conductivity measurements as a function of the composition. The nonideality of mixing was evaluated using a regular solution approximation and expressed in terms of the interaction parameter, beta. Mixing in micelles formed in binarymixtures of the structurally similar penicillins cloxacillin, dicloxacillin, and flucloxacillin was ideal (beta = 0). In contrast, the combination of either cloxacillin or dicloxacillin with the penicillin nafcillin produced mixed micelles in which the mixing deviated from ideality (beta = +0.1 to +0.2). The positive values of beta for these systems indicated negative synergism between components of the mixtures that may be a consequence of the marked structural differences between the hydrophobic groups of these drugs. The composition of the mixed micelles was derived from the cc data by application of a theoretical treatment based on excess thermodynamic quantities. Copyright 1999 Academic Press.

Toxicity in natural ecosystems is usually not due to exposure to a single substance, but is rather the result of exposure to mixtures of toxic substances. Knowing the effects of contaminants as a mixture compared to their effects in isolated form is therefore important. This study aimed to evaluate the oxidative stress induced by binarymixtures of diclofenac with paracetamol, ibuprofen, naproxen, and acetylsalicylic acid and by these nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) in isolated form, using Hyalella azteca as a bioindicator. The median lethal concentration (LC50) and the lowest observed adverse effect level (LOAEL) of each NSAID were obtained. Amphipods were exposed for 72 h to the latter value in isolated form and as binarymixtures. The following biomarkers were evaluated: lipid peroxidation (LPX), protein carbonyl content (PCC), and activity of the antioxidant enzymes: superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and glutathione peroxidase (GPx). Significant increases in LPX and PCC with respect to the control group (p ≤ 0.05) were induced by NSAIDs both in isolated form and as binarymixtures. Changes in SOD, CAT, and GPx activity likewise occurred with NSAIDs in isolated form and as binarymixtures. In conclusion, NSAIDs used in this study induce oxidative stress on H. azteca both in isolated form and as binarymixtures, and the interactions occurring between these pharmaceuticals are probably antagonistic in type.

In this paper the crystal growth of nifedipine from pure system and from binarymixtures composed of active substance (API) and two acetylated disaccharides, maltose and sucrose (NIF-acMAL, NIF-acSUC, 5:1 weight ratio), was investigated. Optical snapshots supported by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) measurements showed that mainly β and α forms of nifedipine grow up in all investigated samples. They also revealed that the morphology of growing crystals strongly depends on the presence of modified carbohydrates and temperature conditions. Interestingly, it was found that the activation barrier for the crystal growth of the β polymorph is not affected by acetylated saccharides while the one estimated for the α form changes significantly from 48.5 kJ/mol (pure API) up to 122 kJ/mol (NIF-acMAL system). Moreover, the relationship between the crystal growth rate and structural relaxation times for pure NIF and solid dispersions were analyzed. It turned out that there is a clear decoupling between the crystal growth rate and structural dynamics in both NIF-acMAL and NIF-acSUC binarymixtures. This is in line with recent reports indicating the decoupling phenomenon to be a universal feature of soft matter in the close vicinity of the glass transition temperature.

Marangoni instabilities in binarymixtures are different from those in pure liquids. In contrast to a large amount of experimental work on Marangoni convection in pure liquids, such experiments in binarymixtures are not available in the literature, to our knowledge. Using binarymixtures of sodium chloride/water, we have systematically investigated the pattern formation for a set of substrate temperatures and solute concentrations in an open system. The flow patterns evolve with time, driven by surface-tension fluctuations due to evaporation and the Soret effect, while the air-liquid interface does not deform. A shadowgraph method is used to follow the pattern formation in time. The patterns are mainly composed of polygons and rolls. The mean pattern size first decreases slightly, and then gradually increases during the evolution. Evaporation affects the pattern formation mainly at the early stage and the local evaporation rate tends to become spatially uniform at the film surface. The Soret effect becomes i...

Oligonucleotides are structurally similar to short RNA strands. Therefore, their formation via non-enzymatic reactions is highly relevant to Gilbert's RNA world scenario (1986) and the origin of life. In laboratory synthesis of oligonucleotides from monomers, it is necessary to remove the water molecules from the reaction medium to shift the equilibrium in favor of oligonucleotide formation, which would have been impossible for reactions that took place in dilute solutions on the early Earth. Model studies designed to address this problem demonstrate that montmorillonite, a phyllosilicate common on Earth and identified on Mars, efficiently catalyzes phosphodiester-bond formation between activated mononucleotides in dilute solutions and produces RNA-like oligomers. The purpose of this study was to examine the sequences and regiospecificity of trimer isomers formed in the reaction of 5'-phosphorimidazolides of adenosine and uridine. Results demonstrated that regiospecificity and sequence specificity observed in the dimer fractions are conserved in their elongation products. With regard to regiospecificity, 61% of the linkages were found to be RNA-like 3',5'-phosphodiester bonds. With regard to sequence specificity, we found that 88% of the linear trimers were hetero-isomers with 61% A-monomer and 39% U-monomer incorporation. These results lend support to Bernal's hypothesis that minerals may have played a significant role in the chemical processes that led to the origin of life by catalyzing the formation of phosphodiester bonds in RNA-like oligomers.

Some molecular glass-formers can crystallize in the glassy state, some of which are van der Waals molecules and some are pharmaceuticals. The molecular mechanism responsible for this glass-to-crystal mode of crystallization is of interest to the glass transition research community as well as to the pharmaceutical industry because the effect is detrimental to stability of amorphous form of the drugs stored below the glass transition temperature. Two prominent models have been proposed for the molecular mechanism. In the homogeneous nucleation-based crystallization model, the molecular mechanism is the secondary relaxation, and the other model assumes that the molecular process responsible for crystal growth in the glassy state is from the local molecular motions. Crystal growth requires motion of the entire molecule, and in the glassy state the only such local molecular motion is engendered by the secondary relaxation of the Johari-Goldstein (JG) kind. While the JG secondary relaxation is the crux in the two models of glass-to-crystal growth, it has not been found in the glassy state of the pharmaceuticals studied so far. The examples include 5-methyl-2-[(2-nitrophenyl)amino]-3-thiophenecarbonitrile (ROY), indomethacin (IMC) and nifedipine (NIF). In the absence of any evidence of the JG secondary relaxation, the conundrum is that the two models of glass-to-crystal growth cannot be validated. It turns out these pharmaceuticals all have structural α-relaxations with narrow frequency dispersion. Empirically, glass-formers with narrow α-dispersion have JG secondary relaxation with weak relaxation strength, not well separated from the α-relaxation, and hence cannot be resolved. Theoretically, the narrow width of the α-dispersion is due to weak intermolecular coupling. In this article we enhance the intermolecular coupling of NIF by mixing with octaacetylmaltose to enhance the intermolecular coupling of NIF. In this way we have successfully resolved the JG secondary

A possible solution of the well known paradox of chiral molecules is based on the idea of spontaneous symmetry breaking. At low pressure the molecules are delocalized between the two minima of a given molecular potential while at higher pressure they become localized in one minimum due to the intermolecular dipole-dipole interactions. Evidence for such a phase transition is provided by measurements of the inversion spectrum of ammonia and deuterated ammonia at different pressures. In particular, at pressure greater than a critical value no inversion line is observed. These data are well accounted for by a model previously developed and recently extended to mixtures. In the present paper, we discuss the variation of the critical pressure in binarymixtures as a function of the fractions of the constituents.

A multivariate calibration model for the simultaneous estimation of propranolol (PRO) and amiloride (AMI) using synchronous fluorescence spectroscopic data has been presented in this paper. Two multivariate techniques, PCR (Principal Component Regression) and PLSR (Partial Least Square Regression), have been successfully applied for the simultaneous determination of AMI and PRO in synthetic binarymixtures and pharmaceutical dosage forms. The SF spectra of AMI and PRO (calibration mixtures) were recorded at several concentrations within their linear range between wavelengths of 310 and 500 nm at an interval of 1 nm. Calibration models were constructed using 32 samples and validated by varying the concentrations of AMI and PRO in the calibration range. The results indicated that the model developed was very robust and able to efficiently analyze the mixtures with low RMSEP values.

Brillouin scattering experiments have been carried out on some mixtures of molecular liquids. From the measurement of the hypersonic velocities we have evaluated the adiabatic compressibility as a function of the volume fraction. We show how the quadratic form of the excess compressibility dependence on the solute volume fraction can be derived by simple statistical effects and does not imply any interaction among the components of the system other than excluded volume effects. This idea is supported by the comparison of the experimental results with a well-established prototype model, consisting of a binarymixture of hard spheres with a nonadditive interaction potential. This naive model turns out to be able to produce a very wide spectrum of structural and thermodynamic features depending on values of its parameters. An attempt has made to understand what kind of structural information can be gained through the analysis of the volume fraction dependence of the compressibility.

The electrochemical response of the fluorogenic label naphthalene-2,3-dicarboxyaldehyde (NDA) in a binarymixture of water/methanol was characterized with cyclic voltammetry (CV) and differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) electrochemical techniques. Naphthalene-2,3-dicarboxyaldehyde does exist in three isomeric forms in aqueous solution: the unhydrated dialdehyde (DA), the acyclic monohydrated (MA) and the cyclic hemiacetal (HAC). The study underlines that the proportion of each of them varies according to the working pH. At low and high pH, the dialdehyde form is in larger proportion than the acyclic monohydrated form. Conversely at intermediate pH, the concentration of the acyclic form is in greater proportion than the dialdehyde form. These results allowed us to determine the optimal pH of 9 for which the labeling of biomolecules could be more efficient due to the base catalyzed regeneration of the unhydrated form. At this pH, the data processing from the analysis of measured currents and estimation of diffusion coefficients of each form according to the semi-empirical models of Wilke-Chang, Scheibel, Reddy-Doraiswamy and Lusis-Ratcliff allowed us to obtain the concentration of dialdehyde (0.28 mM), acyclic monohydrated (0.57 mM) and cyclic hemiacetal monohydrated (0.15 mM) forms starting from 1mM naphthalene-2,3-dicarboxyaldehyde.

In this talk we depict the physics of evaporative convection for binary systems in the presence of surface tension gradient effects. Two results are of importance. The first is that a binary system, in the absence of gravity, can generate an instability only when heated from the vapor side. This is to be contrasted with the case of a single component where instability can occur only when heated from the liquid side. The second result is that a binary system, in the presence of gravity, will generate an instability when heated from either the vapor or the liquid side provided the heating is strong enough. In addition to these results we show the conditions at which interfacial patterns can occur. Support from NSF OISE 0968313, Partner Univ. Fund and a Chateaubriand Fellowship is acknowledged.

FTIR spectral measurements have been carried out on the binarymixtures of acetonitrile with ethanol at 1:0 (acetonitrile:ethanol), 1:1, 1:2, 1:3 and 0:1 at room temperature. DFT and isosurface calculations have been performed. The acetonitrile + ethanol binarymixtures consist of 1:1, 1:2, 1:3 and 1:4 complexes formed through both the red and blue shifting H-bonds. Inter as well as intra molecular forces are found to exist in 1:3 and 1:4 complexes.

We simulate the influence of a reversible isomerization reaction on the phase segregation process occurring after spinodal decomposition of a deeply quenched regular binarymixture, restricting attention to systems wherein material transport occurs solely by diffusion. Our theoretical approach follows a diffuse-interface model of partially miscible binarymixtures wherein the coupling between reaction and diffusion is addressed within the frame of nonequilibrium thermodynamics, leading to a linear dependence of the reaction rate on the chemical affinity. Ultimately, the rate for an elementary reaction depends on the local part of the chemical potential difference since reaction is an inherently local phenomenon. Based on two-dimensional simulation results, we express the competition between segregation and reaction as a function of the Damköhler number. For a phase-separating mixture with components having different physical properties, a skewed phase diagram leads, at large times, to a system converging to a single-phase equilibrium state, corresponding to the absolute minimum of the Gibbs free energy. This conclusion continues to hold for the critical phase separation of an ideally perfectly symmetric binarymixture, where the choice of final equilibrium state at large times depends on the initial mean concentration being slightly larger or less than the critical concentration.

Full Text Available Binary fluid system has an efficient system of heat recovery compared to a single fluid system due to a better temperature match between hot and cold fluids. There are many applications with binary fluid system i.e. Kalina power generation, vapor absorption refrigeration, combined power and cooling etc. Due to involvement of three properties (pressure, temperature and concentration in the processes evaluation, the solution is complicated compared to a pure substance. The current work simplifies this complex nature of solution and analyzes the basic processes to understand the processes behavior in power generation as well as cooling plants. Kalina power plant consists of regenerator, heat recovery vapor generator, condenser, mixture, separator, turbine, pump and throttling device. In addition to some of these components, the cooling plant consists of absorber which is similar in operation of condenser. The amount of vapor at the separator decreases with an increase in its pressure and temperature.

We derive analytic microscopic expressions for the shear viscosity, the speed of sound, and the decay rates of the hydrodynamic modes in a hard sphere binary gas mixture directly from the spectral properties of coupled Boltzmann equations. We show that the analytic expressions give good agreement with experimental viscosity data and to the results of light scattering experiments on noble gas binarymixtures.

The assembly of mixtures of nanoparticles with different properties into a binary nanoparticle superlattice (BNSL) provides a route to fabricate novel classes of materials with properties emerging from the choice of the building blocks. The common theoretical approach based on the hard-spheres model predicts crystallization of only a few metastable binary superstructures (NaCl, AlB₂ or the AB₁₃). Recently [Shevchenko, E. V.; Talapin, D. V.; O'Brien, S.; Murray, C. B. Nature 2006; 439, 55.)], it has been demonstrated that with the use of a combination of semiconducting, metallic, and magnetic nanoparticles, a variety of novel BNSL structures were formed, where at least 10 were low density structures that have not been previously reported. While some of the structures can be explained by the addition of electrostatic interactions, it is clear that at the nanometer scale one needs to consider other influences, such as van der Waals forces, steric effects, etc. Motivated by those experiments, we study, using Monte Carlo simulations, the phase behavior of binarymixtures of nanoparticles interacting via a combination of hard-core electrostatics and van der Waals forces. We include a tuning parameter that can be used to balance between electrostatic and dispersion interactions and study the phase behavior as a function of the different charges and size ratios of the nanoparticles. The results indicate that at the nanoscale, both electrostatic and dispersion interactions are necessary to explain the experimental observed BNSL structures.

Thermodiffusion in complex mixtures, such as associating, molten metal, and polymer mixtures is difficult to model usually owing to the occurrence of a sign change in the thermodiffusion coefficient when the mixture concentration and temperature change. A mixture comprised of a nonpolar hydrocarbon and an alcohol is a complex and highly non-ideal mixture. In this paper an existing binary non-equilibrium thermodynamics model (Eslamian and Saghir, Physical Review E 80, 061201, 2009) developed for aqueous mixtures of alcohols is examined against the experimental data of binary nonpolar hydrocarbon and alcohol mixtures. For ternary mixtures, non-equilibrium thermodynamic expressions developed by the authors for aqueous mixtures of alcohols (Eslamian and Saghir, Canadian Journal of Chemical Engineering, DOI 10.1002/cjce.20581) is used to predict thermodiffusion coefficients of ternary nonpolar hydrocarbon and alcohol mixtures. The rationale behind the sign change is elucidated and attributed to an anomalous change in the molecular structure and therefore viscosity of such mixtures. Model predictions of thermodiffusion coefficients of binarymixtures predict a sign change consistent with the experimental data although the model is still too primitive to capture all structural complexities. For instance, in the methanol-benzene mixture where the model predictions are poorest, the viscosity data show that when concentration varies, the mixture's molecular structure experiences a severe change twice, the first major change leading to a maximum in the thermodiffusion coefficient, whereas the second change causes a sign change.

Using thermal lens spectroscopy, we study the role of molecular structural isomers of butanol on the thermophoresis (or Soret effect) of binarymixtures of methanol in butanol. In this study, we show that the thermal lens signal due to the Soret effect changes its sign for all the different concentrations of binarymixtures of butanol with methanol except for the one containing tertiary-butanol. The magnitude and sign of the Soret coefficients strongly depend on the molecular structure of the isomers of butanol in the binarymixture with methanol. This isomerization dependence is in stark contrast to the expected mass dependence of the Soret effect.

The explosive dispersal of a layer of solid particles surrounding a spherical high explosive charge generates a turbulent, multiphase flow. The shock-compacted particle layer typically fractures into discrete fragments which move radially outwards on ballistic trajectories. The fragments shed particles in their wakes forming jet-like structures. The tendency to form jets depends on the mass-ratio of the particles to explosive and the type of particles. Brittle or soft, ductile particles are more susceptible to forming jets during compaction and dispersal, whereas particles that are comprised of material with moderate hardness, high compressive strength and high toughness are much less prone to forming jets. Experiments have been carried out to determine the degree of particle segregation that occurs during the explosive dispersal of a uniform, binarymixture containing both "jetting" (silicon carbide) and "non-jetting" (steel) particles with various mass fractions of each particle type. During the dispersal of mixtures that contain predominantly non-jetting (steel) particles, the steel particles form a stable layer whereas the jetting (silicon carbide) particles rapidly segregate and form jets which are confined within the shell of steel particles. As the fraction of silicon carbide particles increases, the jet structures dominate the particle motion and the steel particles are entrained into the jet structures.

Densities and excess volumes were determined at 298.15 K for propyl methanoate + ethanol, + propan-1-ol, and + butan-1-ol. The results of those quantities were then correlated to get the concentrations of vapor-liquid equilibrium obtained isobarically at 160 kPa for the same mixtures. Two mixtures show azeotropes: for propyl methanoate (1) + ethanol (2), x{sub 1} = 0.443 at T = 358.7 K; and for propyl methanoate (1) + propan-1-ol (2), x{sub 1} = 0.762 at T = 368.2 K. The mixtures are thermodynamically consistent, and the predictions made using several group-contribution models are satisfactory.

We review recent work on the phase behaviour of binary charged sphere mixtures as a function of particle concentration and composition. Both size ratios Γ and charge ratios Λ are varied over a wide range. Unlike the case for hard spheres, the long-ranged Coulomb interaction stabilizes the crystal phase at low particle concentrations and shifts the occurrence of amorphous solids to particle concentrations considerably larger than the freezing concentration. Depending on Γ and Λ, we observe upper azeotrope, spindle, lower azeotrope and eutectic types of phase diagrams, all known well from metal systems. Most solids are of body centred cubic structure. Occasionally stoichiometric compounds are formed at large particle concentrations. For very low Γ, entropic effects dominate and induce a fluid-fluid phase separation. Since for charged spheres the charge ratio Λ is also decisive for the type of phase diagram, future experiments with charge variable silica spheres are suggested.

(Solid + liquid) equilibrium (SLE) temperatures have been determined using a dynamic method for the systems (1H-imidazole, + benzene, + toluene, + hexane, or + cyclohexane; 1-methylimidazole + benzene, or + toluene, 2-methyl-1H-imidazole + benzene, + toluene, or + cyclohexane, and benzimidazole + benzene). In addition (liquid + liquid) equilibrium (LLE) temperatures have been obtained using a cloud point method for (1H-imidazole, + hexane, or + cyclohexane; 1-methylimidazole + toluene, and 2-methyl-1H-imidazole + cyclohexane). The measured systems show positive deviations from the Raoult's law, due to strong dipolar interactions between amine molecules related to the high dipole moment of imidazoles. On the other hand, DISQUAC interaction parameters for the contacts present in these solutions and for the amine/hydroxyl contacts in (1H-imidazole + 1-alkanol) mixtures have been determined. The model correctly represents the available data for the examined systems. Deviations between experimental and calculated SLE temperatures are similar to those obtained using the Wilson or NRTL equations, or the UNIQUAC association solution model. The quasichemical interaction parameters are the same for mixtures containing 1H-imidazole, 1-methylimidazole, or 2-methyl-1H-imidazole and hydrocarbons. This may be interpreted assuming that they are members of a homologous series. Benzimidazole behaves differently.

Gravels and coarse sands make up significant portions of some environmentally important sediments, while the hydraulic properties of the sediments are typically obtained in the laboratory using only the fine fraction (e.g., <2 mm or 4.75 mm). Researchers have found that the content of gravel has significant impacts on the hydraulic properties of the bulk soils. Laboratory experiments were conducted to measure the porosity and the saturated hydraulic conductivity of binarymixtures with different fractions of coarse and fine components. We proposed a mixing-coefficient model to estimate the porosity and a power-averaging method to determine the effective particle diameter and further to predict the saturated hydraulic conductivity of binarymixtures. The proposed methods could well estimate the porosity and saturated hydraulic conductivity of the binarymixtures for the full range of gravel contents and was successfully applied to two data sets in the literature.

Phase diagrams of binarymixtures of oppositely charged colloids are calculated theoretically. The proposed mean-field-like formalism interpolates between the limits of a hard-sphere system at high temperatures and the colloidal crystals which minimize Madelung-like energy sums at low temperatures. Comparison with computer simulations of an equimolar mixture of oppositely charged, equally sized spheres indicate semiquantitative accuracy of the proposed formalism. We calculate global phase diagrams of binarymixtures of equally sized spheres with opposite charges and equal charge magnitude in terms of temperature, pressure, and composition. The influence of the screening of the Coulomb interaction upon the topology of the phase diagram is discussed. Insight into the topology of the global phase diagram as a function of the system parameters leads to predictions on the preparation conditions for specific binary colloidal crystals.

Dielectric constant (') and dielectric loss (") of -propyl alcohol (PA), ethylenediamine (EDA) and their binarymixtures, for different mole fractions of ethylenediamine have been experimentally measured at 11.15 GHz microwave frequency. Values of density (), viscosity () and square refractive index ($n^{2}_{D}$) of binarymixtures as well as those of pure liquids are reported. Excess square refractive index, viscosity and activation energy of viscous flow have also been estimated. These parameters have been used to explain the formation of complexes in the system.

The fugacity coefficients of hydrogen in binarymixtures with methane and propane were measured using a physical equilibrium technique. This technique involves the use of an experimental chamber which is divided into two regions by a semipermeable membrane. Hydrogen can penetrate and pass through the membrane, while the other component (in this case, methane or propane) cannot. At equilibrium, pure hydrogen will permeate into one ''compartment'' of the chamber, while the binarymixture occupies the other compartment. Thus, the pressure of pure hydrogen on one side approaches the partial pressure of hydrogen in the mixture on the other side of the membrane. This allows a direct measurement of the hydrogen component fugacity at a given mixture mole fraction. In this study, results are reported for measurements made on the hydrogen+propane binary at 80 degrees C (353 K) and 130 degrees C (403 K) and the hydrogen+methane binary at 80 degrees C (353 K). All measurements were performed with a total mixture pressure of 3.45 MPa. The experimental results are compared with predictions from the Redlich-Kwong, Peng-Robinson, and extended corresponding-states models.

The thermodynamic behavior of the simple binarymixtures in the vicinity of critical line has a universal character and can be mapped from pure components using the isomorphism hypothesis. Consequently, based upon the principle of isomorphism, critical phenomena and similarity between P-ρ-T and T-η-(viscosity)-P relationships, the viscosity model has been developed adopting two cubic, Soave-Redlich-Kwong (SRK) and Peng-Robinson (PR), equations of state (EsoS) for predicting the viscosity of the binarymixtures. This procedure has been applied to the methane-butane mixture and predicted its viscosity data. Reasonable agreement with the experimental data has been observed. In conclusion, we have shown that the isomorphism principle in conjunction with the mapped viscosity EoS suggests a reliable model for calculating the viscosity of mixture of hydrocarbons over a wide pressure range up to 35 MPa within the stated experimental errors.

Analytical solutions are developed for non-isothermal adsorption kinetics of a binary gas mixture in a differential adsorption test (DAT). Linear driving force models are used to describe the adsorption kinetics of individual components. It is demonstrated that a very small change in the adsorbent temperature can introduce a substantial difference between isothermal and non-isothermal kinetic behaviors of the components of the mixture. The fractional uptake of a component of the mixture can exceed unity and go through a maximum value during the DAT due to the non-isothermal effects. An isothermal kinetic model for binarymixture adsorption using both straight and cross transport coefficients can also describe such uptake behavior, but the model parameters will be artificial due to the ignorance of adsorbent non-isothermality.

We present an expository account of the development of the theory of binary quadratic forms. Beginning with the formulation and proof of the Two-Square Theorem, we show how the study of forms of the type x[squared] + ny[squared] led to the discovery of the Quadratic Reciprocity Law, and how this theorem, along with the concept of reduction relates…

We study the ordered structures of a binarymixture through the introduction of mobile particles under periodically oscillating driving fields, and find that the particle motion can break up the isotropy of the system, so that the continuous structure along the oscillation forcing direction is observed for properly chosen oscillating field.Furthermore, the dependences of the morphology and domain size on the mixture-particle coupling interaction,the diffusion coefficient, and the quench depth are examined in details.

Population annealing is a sequential Monte Carlo scheme well suited to simulating equilibrium states of systems with rough free energy landscapes. Here we use population annealing to study a binarymixture of hard spheres. Population annealing is a parallel version of simulated annealing with an extra resampling step that ensures that a population of replicas of the system represents the equilibrium ensemble at every packing fraction in an annealing schedule. The algorithm and its equilibration properties are described, and results are presented for a glass-forming fluid composed of a 50/50 mixture of hard spheres with diameter ratio of 1.4:1. For this system, we obtain precise results for the equation of state in the glassy regime up to packing fractions φ ≈0.60 and study deviations from the Boublik-Mansoori-Carnahan-Starling-Leland equation of state. For higher packing fractions, the algorithm falls out of equilibrium and a free volume fit predicts jamming at packing fraction φ ≈0.667 . We conclude that population annealing is an effective tool for studying equilibrium glassy fluids and the jamming transition.

This paper presents a critical appraisal of current estimation methods for the Onsager coefficients L-11, L-22, and L-12 for binarymixture diffusion inside nanopores using pure component diffusivity data inputs. The appraisal is based on extensive sets of molecular dynamics (MD) simulation data on

The structural reorganization of a phase-separated binarymixture in the presence of an annealed dilution of active impurities is studied by computer-simulation techniques via a simple two-dimensional lattice-gas model. The impurities, each of which has two internal states with different affinity...

We report a 5-fold acceleration of the backward intermolecular electron transfer between a rhodamine 800 dye molecule and N,N-dimethylaniline (DMA). This effect results from the controlled variation of the solvent dynamical properties in binarymixtures of DMA and acetonitrile. The observed

By integrating out the degrees of freedom of the small spheres in a binarymixture of large and small hard spheres, we derive an explicit effective Hamiltonian for the large spheres. Using the two-body (depletion potential) contribution to this effective Hamiltonian in simulations, we find stable

We study the phase behavior and structure of highly asymmetric binary hard-sphere mixtures. By first integrating out the degrees of freedom of the small spheres in the partition function we derive a formal expression for the effective Hamiltonian of the large spheres. Then using an explicit pairwise

This paper presents a critical appraisal of current estimation methods for the Onsager coefficients L-11, L-22, and L-12 for binarymixture diffusion inside nanopores using pure component diffusivity data inputs. The appraisal is based on extensive sets of molecular dynamics (MD) simulation data on

It is shown that the formal procedure of integrating out the degrees of freedom of the small spheres in a binary hard-sphere mixture works equally well for nonadditive as it does for additive mixtures. For highly asymmetric mixtures (small size ratios) the resulting effective Hamiltonian of the one-component fluid of big spheres, which consists of an infinite number of many-body interactions, should be accurately approximated by truncating after the term describing the effective pair interaction. Using a density functional treatment developed originally for additive hard-sphere mixtures the zero, one, and two-body contribution to the effective Hamiltonian are determined. It is demonstrated that even small degrees of positive or negative nonadditivity have significant effect on the shape of the depletion potential. The second virial coefficient B2, corresponding to the effective pair interaction between two big spheres, is found to be a sensitive measure of the effects of nonadditivity. The variation of B2 with the density of the small spheres shows significantly different behavior for additive, slightly positive and slightly negative nonadditive mixtures. Possible repercussions of these results for the phase behavior of binary hard-sphere mixtures are discussed and it is suggested that measurements of B2 might provide a means of determining the degree of nonadditivity in real colloidal mixtures.

So far, refractive index measurements by rainbow refractometry have been used to determine the temperature of single droplets and ensembles of droplets. Rainbow refractometry is, for the first time, to the best of our knowledge, applied to measure composition histories of evaporating, binarymixture droplets. An evaluation method is presented that makes use of Airy theory and the simultaneous size measurement by Mie scattering imaging. The method further includes an empirical correction function for a certain diameter and refractive index range. The measurement uncertainty was investigated by numerical simulations with Lorenz-Mie theory. For the experiments, an optical levitation setup was used allowing for long measurement periods. Temperature measurements of single-component droplets at different temperature levels are shown to demonstrate the accuracy of rainbow refractometry. Measurements of size and composition histories of binarymixture droplets are presented for two different mixtures. Experimental results show good agreement with numerical results using a rapid-mixing model.

Full Text Available Odors are rarely composed of a single compound, but rather contain a large and complex variety of chemical components. Often, these mixtures are perceived as having unique qualities that can be quite different than the combination of their components. In many cases, a majority of the components of a mixture cannot be individually identified. This synthetic processing of odor information suggests that individual component representations of the mixture must interact somewhere along the olfactory pathway. The anatomical nature of sensory neuron input into segregated glomeruli with the bulb suggests that initial input of odor information into the bulb is analytic. However, a large network of interneurons within the olfactory bulb could allow for mixture interactions via mechanisms such as lateral inhibition. Currently in mammals, it is unclear if postsynaptic mitral/tufted cell glomerular mixture responses reflect the analytical mixture input, or provide the initial basis for synthetic processing with the olfactory system. To address this, olfactory bulb glomerular binarymixture representations were compared to representations of each component using transgenic mice expressing the calcium indicator G-CaMP2 in olfactory bulb mitral/tufted cells. Overall, dorsal surface mixture representations showed little mixture interaction and often appeared as a simple combination of the component representations. Based on this, it is concluded that dorsal surface glomerular mixture representations remain largely analytical with nearly all component information preserved.

Highlights: Black-Right-Pointing-Pointer Most useful potential model to study the real systems is the Gay-Berne (GB) potential. Black-Right-Pointing-Pointer We use GB model to examine thermodynamical properties of some anisotropic binarymixtures in two different phases. Black-Right-Pointing-Pointer The integral equation methods are applied to solve numerically the Percus-Yevick (PY) equation. Black-Right-Pointing-Pointer We obtain expansion coefficients of correlation functions needed to calculate the properties of studied mixtures. Black-Right-Pointing-Pointer The results are compared with the available experimental data [e.g., HFC-125 + propane, R-125/143a, methanol + toluene, etc.] - Abstract: The Gay-Berne (GB) potential model is an interesting and useful model to study the real systems. Using the potential model, we intend to examine the thermodynamical properties of some anisotropic binarymixtures in two different phases, liquid and gas. For this purpose, we apply the integral equation method and solve numerically the Percus-Yevick (PY) integral equation. Then, we obtain the expansion coefficients of correlation functions to calculate the thermodynamical properties. Finally, we compare our results with the available experimental data [e.g., HFC-125 + propane, R-125/143a, methanol + toluene, benzene + methanol, cyclohexane + ethanol, benzene + ethanol, carbon tetrachloride + ethyl acetate, and methanol + ethanol]. The results show that the GB potential model is capable for predicting the thermodynamical properties of binarymixtures with acceptable accuracy.

Thermodiffusion in liquid mixtures may explain some counter-intuitive but naturally occurring phenomena such as hydrocarbon reservoirs with heavier component(s) stratified on top of lighter ones. However, beyond benchmark systems, systematic measurements of thermodiffusion in binary organic mixtures are lacking. We use an optical beam deflection apparatus to simultaneously probe Fickian and thermal diffusion in binary solution mixtures of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons dissolved in alkanes, and measure both Fickian diffusion D and the Soret coefficient ST, and then obtain the thermodiffusion coefficient DT. In a series of nine binarymixtures, we vary both the size of the aromatic compound from two to four rings, as well as the length of the alkane chain from 6 to 16 carbons. To probe the effect of increasing ring size, we include a 6-ringed aromatic compound, coronene, and toluene as a solvent, due to the insolubility of coronene in alkanes. Our results suggest that Fickian diffusion increases with the inverse of solvent viscosity and also with decreasing molecular weight of the solute. While both of these trends match our intuition, the behavior of ST and DT is more complicated. We find that ST and DT increase with the solute molecular weight when the solvent is held fixed and that the impact of solute ring size is higher in shorter chain alkane solvents.

Rayleigh-Brillouin scattering spectra (RBS) in dilute gas mixtures have been simulated by the Direct Simulation Monte Carlo method (DSMC). Different noble gas binarymixtures have been considered and the spectra have been simulated adopting the hard sphere collision model. It is suggested that DSMC simulations can be used in the interpretation of light scattering experiments in place of approximate kinetic models. Actually, the former have a firmer physical ground and can be readily extended to treat gas mixtures of arbitrary complexity. The results obtained confirm the capability of DSMC to predict experimental spectra and clears the way towards the simulation of polyatomic gas mixtures of interest for actual application (notably, air) where tractable kinetic model equations are still lacking.

The Karhunen-Loeve stochastic spectral expansion of a random binarymixture of immiscible fluids in planar geometry is used to explore asymptotic limits of radiation transport in such mixtures. Under appropriate scalings of mixing parameters - correlation length, volume fraction, and material cross sections - and employing multiple- scale expansion of the angular flux, previously established atomic mix and diffusion limits are reproduced. When applied to highly contrasting material properties in the small cor- relation length limit, the methodology yields a nonstandard reflective medium transport equation that merits further investigation. Finally, a hybrid closure is proposed that produces both small and large correlation length limits of the closure condition for the material averaged equations.

We extend our theory of amorphous packings of hard spheres to binarymixtures and more generally to multicomponent systems. The theory is based on the assumption that amorphous packings produced by typical experimental or numerical protocols can be identified with the infinite pressure limit of long-lived metastable glassy states. We test this assumption against numerical and experimental data and show that the theory correctly reproduces the variation with mixture composition of structural observables, such as the total packing fraction and the partial coordination numbers.

The goal of this work is to analyze the adsorption of binary and ternary mixtures on the basis of the multicomponent potential theory of adsorption (MPTA). In the MPTA, the adsorbate is considered as a segregated mixture in the external potential field emitted by the solid adsorbent. This makes...... it possible using the same equation of state to describe the thermodynamic properties of the segregated and the bulk phases. For comparison, we also used the ideal adsorbed solution theory (IAST) to describe adsorption equilibria. The main advantage of these two models is their capabilities to predict...

We introduce a lattice Boltzmann for simulating an immiscible binary fluid mixture. Our collision rules are derived from a macroscopic thermodynamic description of the fluid in a way motivated by the Cahn-Hilliard approach to non-equilibrium dynamics. This ensures that a thermodynamically consistent state is reached in equilibrium. The non-equilibrium dynamics is investigated numerically and found to agree with simple analytic predictions in both the one-phase and the two-phase region of the phase diagram.

We present molecular dynamics simulation results for the viscosity and mutual diffusion constant of a strongly asymmetric binary ionic mixture (BIM). We compare the results with available theoretical models previously tested for much smaller asymmetries. For the case of viscosity we propose a new predictive framework based on the linear mixing rule, while for mutual diffusion we discuss some consistency problems of widely used Boltzmann equation based models.

The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of conventional lubricants including a new candidate lubricant on binary direct compression mixtures. Magnesium stearate (MGST), stearic acid (STAC), glyceryl behenate (COMP) and hexagonal boron nitride (HBN) were tested. The binarymixtures were 1:1 combinations of spray dried lactose (FlowLac 100), dicalcium phosphate dihydrate (Emcompress), and modified starch (Starch 1500) with microcrystalline cellulose (Avicel PH 102). Tablets were manufactured on a single-station instrumented tablet press with and without lubricants. In the case of unlubricated granules, the modified starch-microcrystalline cellulose mixture provided the highest percent compressibility value at 8.25%, spray dried lactose-microcrystalline cellulose mixture was 7.33%, and the dialcium phosphate dihydrate-microcrystalline cellulose mixture was 5.79%. Their corresponding tablet crushing strength values were: 104 N, 117 N, and 61 N, respectively. The lubricant concentrations studied were 0.5, 1, 2, and 4%. Effects of lubricant type and lubricant concentration on crushing strength were analyzed using a factorial ANOVA model. It was found that the Avicel PH 102-Starch 1500 mixture showed the highest lubricant sensitivity (110 N vs. 9 N), the least affected formulation was FlowLac-Avicel PH 102 mixture (118 N vs. 62 N). The crushing strength vs. concentration curve for MGST showed a typical biphasic profile, a fast drop up to 1% and a slower decline between 1 and 4%. The STAC, COMP, and HBN for all formulations showed a shallow linear decline of tablet crushing strength with increasing lubricant concentration. The HBN was as effective as MGST as a lubricant, and did not show a significant negative effect on the crushing strength of the tablets. The COMP and STAC also did not interfere with the crushing strength, however, they were not as effective lubricants as MGST or HBN.

The thermodynamic instabilities of a binarymixture of sticky hard spheres (SHS) in the modified mean spherical approximation (mMSA) and the Percus-Yevick (PY) approximation are investigated using an approach devised by Chen and Forstmann [corrected] [J. Chem. Phys. [corrected] 97, 3696 (1992)]. This scheme hinges on a diagonalization of the matrix of second functional derivatives of the grand canonical potential with respect to the particle density fluctuations. The zeroes of the smallest eigenvalue and the direction of the relative eigenvector characterize the instability uniquely. We explicitly compute three different classes of examples. For a symmetrical binarymixture, analytical calculations, both for mMSA and for PY, predict that when the strength of adhesiveness between like particles is smaller than the one between unlike particles, only a pure condensation spinodal exists; in the opposite regime, a pure demixing spinodal appears at high densities. We then compare the mMSA and PY results for a mixture where like particles interact as hard spheres (HS) and unlike particles as SHS, and for a mixture of HS in a SHS fluid. In these cases, even though the mMSA and PY spinodals are quantitatively and qualitatively very different from each other, we prove that they have the same kind of instabilities. Finally, we study the mMSA solution for five different mixtures obtained by setting the stickiness parameters equal to five different functions of the hard sphere diameters. We find that four of the five mixtures exhibit very different type of instabilities. Our results are expected to provide a further step toward a more thoughtful application of SHS models to colloidal fluids.

We study the rheology of granular mixtures in a steady, fully developed, gravity-driven flow on an inclined plane, by means of discrete element method (DEM) simulations. Results are presented for a single component system and binarymixtures with particles of different size and density. Inclination angles, composition, size ratios and density ratios are varied to obtain different segregated configurations at equilibrium. Steady state profiles of the mean velocity, volume fractions, shear stress, shear rate, inertial number and apparent viscosity across the depth of the flowing layer are reported for the different cases. The viscosity varies with height and is found to depend on the local bulk density and composition, which, in turn, depend on the size ratio, the mass ratio and the degree of segregation. For a single component system, a viscoplastic rheological model [P. Jop et al., Nature 441, 727 (2006)] describes the data quite well. We propose a modification of the model for the case of mixtures. The mixture model predicts the viscosity for both well-mixed and segregated granular mixtures differing in size, density or both, using the same model parameters as obtained for the single component system. The predictions of a model for the volume fraction of the mixtures also agree well with simulation results.

In this work the crystallization kinetics of colloidal binarymixtures with attractive interaction potential (Asakura-Oosawa) has been addressed. Parameters such as fraction of crystals, linear crystal dimension and crystal packing have been quantified in order to understand how the crystal formation is driven in terms of the depth of the attractive potential and the composition of the binarymixture (described by the number ratio). It was found that inside the eutectic triangle, crystallization is mainly governed by nucleation and the crystal packing is close to the close-packing of hard spheres. Moving out from the eutectic triangle towards small component results in the crystallization of small spheres. Enrichment of the eutectic mixture with large component results in the crystallization of both large and small spheres, however, the kinetics are completely different from those of the eutectic composition. Crosslinked polystyrene microgels with nearly hard sphere interactions were used as model systems. Attraction was introduced by addition of linear polystyrene. The time evolution of crystallization has been followed by static light scattering.

Let () be the number of positive numbers up to a large limit that are expressible in essentially more than one way by a binaryform that is a product of > 2 distinct linear factors with integral coefficients. We prove that $$(n) = O\\left(n^{2/l-_l+\\epsilon}\\right),$$ where \\begin{equation*}_l=\\begin{cases}1/l^2, \\quad\\text{if}\\quad l=3,\\\\ (l-2)/l^2(l-1), \\quad\\text{if}\\quad l>3,\\end{cases}\\end{equation*} thus demonstrating in particular that it is exceptional for a number represented by to have essentially more than one representation.

Self-diffusion and interdiffusion coefficients of binary ionic mixtures are evaluated using the Effective Potential Theory (EPT), and the predictions are compared with the results of molecular dynamics simulations. We find that EPT agrees with molecular dynamics from weak coupling well into the strong coupling regime, which is a similar range of coupling strengths as previously observed in comparisons with the one-component plasma. Within this range, typical relative errors of approximately 20% and worst-case relative errors of approximately 40% are observed. We also examine the Darken model, which approximates the interdiffusion coefficients based on the self-diffusion coefficients.

We study the Soret coefficient of binary molecular mixtures with dispersion forces. Relying on standard transport theory for liquids, we derive explicit expressions for the thermophoretic mobility and the Soret coefficient. Their sign depends on composition, the size ratio of the two species, and the ratio of Hamaker constants. Our results account for several features observed in experiment, such as a linear variation with the composition; they confirm the general rule that small molecules migrate to the warm, and large ones to the cold.

Precise measurements are performed on spectral lineshapes of spontaneous Rayleigh-Brillouin scattering in mixtures of the noble gases Ar and Kr, with He. Admixture of a light He atomic fraction results in marked changes of the spectra, although in all experiments He is merely a spectator atom: it affects the relaxation of density fluctuations of the heavy constituent, but its contribution to the scattered light intensity is negligibly small. The results are compared to a theory for the spectral lineshape without adjustable parameters, yielding excellent agreement for the case of binary mono-atomic gases, signifying a step towards modeling and understanding of light scattering in more complex molecular media.

It is shown that Raman spectroscopy allows determination of the molar fractions in mixtures subjected to molecular diffusion. Spectra of three binary systems, benzene/n-hexane, benzene/cyclohexane, and benzene/ acetone, were obtained during vertical (exchange) diffusion at several different heights...... in the literature were found, even in a thermostatically controlled diffusion cell, recording spectra through circulating water. For the system benzene/acetone, the determined diffusion coefficients were in good agreement with the literature data. The limitations of the Raman method are discussed...

For binarymixtures of fluids without chemical reactions, but with components having different temperatures, the Hamilton principle of least action is able to produce the equation of motion for each component and a balance equation of the total heat exchange between components. In this nonconservative case, a Gibbs dynamical identity connecting the equations of momenta, masses, energy and heat exchange allows to deduce the balance equation of energy of the mixture. Due to the unknown exchange of heat between components, the number of obtained equations is less than the number of field variables. The second law of thermodynamics constrains the possible expression of a supplementary constitutive equation closing the system of equations. The exchange of energy between components produces an increasing rate of entropy and creates a dynamical pressure term associated with the difference of temperature between components. This new dynamical pressure term fits with the results obtained by classical thermodynamical a...

We report a molecular dynamics study of crystallization in highly asymmetric binary hard-sphere mixtures, in which the large spheres can form a crystal phase while the small ones remain disordered during the crystallization process of the large spheres. By taking advantage of assisting crystal nucleation with a patterned substrate, direct evidence is presented that there is a close link between the diffusive redistribution of the small spheres and the crystal formation of the large spheres. A...

Highlights: • Rotator phase in even alkanes C{sub n}H{sub 2n+2} with n ⩽ 20 appears in mixed samples only. • Interlamellar gap width is the same for shorter chain alkane concentration x and 1 − x. • Excess electron trapping diminishes with broadening of alkane chain distribution Δn. - Abstract: Binarymixtures of even-numbered normal alkanes C{sub n}H{sub 2n+2} and C{sub n+2}H{sub 2n+6} with n ⩽ 18 were investigated by positron annihilation spectroscopy. Formation of the rotator phase was observed in mixed structures, while no such a phase in neat alkanes in this range of n was found. Phase diagrams for n = 18 and n = 16 are very similar to the diagrams for binarymixtures of odd-numbered alkanes. The effect of positronium formation with trapped excess electrons weakens with decreasing n, at low n values the time constant of Ps rise contains the component much shorter than 1 h.

We explore the potential energy landscape of structure breaking binarymixtures (SBBM) where two constituents dislike each other, yet remain macroscopically homogeneous at intermediate to high temperatures. Interestingly, we find that the origin of strong composition dependent non-ideal behaviour lies in its phase separated inherent structure. The inherent structure (IS) of SBBM exhibits bi-continuous phase as is usually formed during spinodal decomposition.We draw analogy of this correlation between non-ideality and phase separation in IS to explain observation of non-ideality in real aqueous mixtures of small amphiphilic solutes, containing both hydrophilic and hydrophobic groups. Although we have not been able to obtain IS of these liquids, we find that even at room temperature these liquids sustain formation of fluctuating, transient bicontinuous phase, with limited lifetime ( ≲ 20 ps). While in the model (A, B) binarymixture, the non-ideal composition dependence can be considered as a fluctuation from a phase separated state, a similar scenario is expected to be responsible for the unusually strong non-ideality in these aqueous binarymixtures.

We study the phase behavior and structure of highly asymmetric binary hard-sphere mixtures. By first integrating out the degrees of freedom of the small spheres in the partition function we derive a formal expression for the effective Hamiltonian of the large spheres. Then using an explicit pairwise (depletion) potential approximation to this effective Hamiltonian in computer simulations, we determine fluid-solid coexistence for size ratios q=0.033, 0.05, 0.1, 0.2, and 1.0. The resulting two-phase region becomes very broad in packing fractions of the large spheres as q becomes very small. We find a stable, isostructural solid-solid transition for q0 the phase diagram mimics that of the sticky-sphere system. As expected, the radial distribution function g(r) and the structure factor S(k) of the effective one-component system show no sharp signature of the onset of the freezing transition and we find that at most points on the fluid-solid boundary the value of S(k) at its first peak is much lower than the value given by the Hansen-Verlet freezing criterion. Direct simulations of the true binarymixture of hard spheres were performed for q > or =0.05 in order to test the predictions from the effective Hamiltonian. For those packing fractions of the small spheres where direct simulations are possible, we find remarkably good agreement between the phase boundaries calculated from the two approaches-even up to the symmetric limit q=1 and for very high packings of the large spheres, where the solid-solid transition occurs. In both limits one might expect that an approximation which neglects higher-body terms should fail, but our results support the notion that the main features of the phase equilibria of asymmetric binary hard-sphere mixtures are accounted for by the effective pairwise depletion potential description. We also compare our results with those of other theoretical treatments and experiments on colloidal hard-sphere mixtures.

The dynamical behaviours of glass-forming liquids have been analysed extensively via computer simulations of model liquids, among which the Kob-Andersen binary Lennard-Jones mixture has been a widely studied system. Typically, studies of this model have been restricted to temperatures above the mode coupling temperature. Preliminary results concerning the dynamics of the Kob-Andersen binarymixture are presented at temperatures that extend below the mode coupling temperature, along with properties of the local energy minima sampled. These results show that a crossover in the dynamics occurs alongside changes in the properties of the inherent structures sampled. Furthermore, a crossover is observed from non-Arrhenius behaviour of the diffusivity above the mode coupling temperature to Arrhenius behaviour at lower temperatures.

The analyses of the composition of a binarymixture composed of two kinds of industrial complicated materials have great importance for formulation in practice.The present paper provides a quantitative size exclusion chromatography (SEC) method based on the principle of absolute quantification of SEC to solve the problem. The conventional data treatment procedure for the differential refractive index (DRI) signal of SEC H(V) is improved first by dividing it with the injected sample weight and leads to a novel defined weight normalized distribution Hw(V) and its integral Iw(V). These two distributions reflect the response constant of the sample in addition to the conventional normalized distribution F(V). The difference of the average response constants of the composing components provides a sensitive method to compute the composition of their mixture from its Hw(V) or Iw(V). The method was applied to mixtures of a kind of industrial asphalt and paraffin diluents as an example, and successful results are obtained.

In this paper we present measurements of the crystallization kinetics of binarymixtures of two different sized hard sphere particles. The growth of the Bragg reflections over time were analyzed to yield the crystallite scattering vector, the total amount of crystal, and the average linear crystal size. It was observed that a particle size distribution skewed to higher sized particles has a less detrimental effect on the crystal structure than a skew to smaller sized particles. In the latter case we observe that initial crystallite growth occurs at only a small number of sites, with further crystallization sites developing at later times. Based on these measurements we elaborate further on the previously proposed growth mechanism whereby crystallization occurs in conjunction with a local fractionation process in the fluid, which significantly affects the kinetic growth of crystallites in polydisperse systems.

We calculate interdiffusion coefficients in a two-component, weakly or strongly coupled ion plasma (gas or liquid, composed of two ion species immersed into a neutralizing electron background). We use an effective potential method proposed recently by Baalrud and Daligaut [PRL, 110, 235001, (2013)]. It allows us to extend the standard Chapman-Enskog procedure of calculating the interdiffusion coefficients to the case of strong Coulomb coupling. We compute binary diffusion coefficients for several ionic mixtures and fit them by convenient expressions in terms of the generalized Coulomb logarithm. These fits cover a wide range of plasma parameters spanning from weak to strong Coulomb couplings. They can be used to simulate diffusion of ions in ordinary stars as well as in white dwarfs and neutron stars.

A series of monodispersed colloidal silica dispersions, of varying radii, has been prepared. These particles are hydrophilic in nature due to the presence of surface silanol groups. Some of the particles have been rendered hydrophobic by terminally grafting n-alkyl (C sub 1 sub 8) chains to the surface. The stability of dispersions of these various particles has been studied in binarymixtures of liquids, namely (i) ethanol and cyclohexane, and (ii) benzene and n-heptane. The ethanol - cyclohexane systems have been studied using a variety of techniques. Adsorption excess isotherms have been established and electrophoretic mobility measurements have been made. The predicted stability of the dispersions from D.V.L.O. calculations is compared to the observed stability. The hydrophilic silica particles behave as predicted by the calculations, with the zeta potential decreasing and the van der Waals attraction increasing with increasing cyclohexane concentration. The hydrophobic particles behave differently than e...

Liquid marble is a liquid droplet coated with particles. Recently, the evaporation process of a sessile liquid marble using geometric measurements has attracted great attention from the research community. However, the lack of gravimetric measurement limits further insights into the physical changes of a liquid marble during the evaporation process. Moreover, the evaporation process of a marble containing a liquid binarymixture has not been reported before. The present paper investigates the effective density and the effective surface tension of an evaporating liquid marble that contains aqueous ethanol at relatively low concentrations. The effective density of an evaporating liquid marble is determined from the concurrent measurement of instantaneous mass and volume. Density measurements combined with surface profile fitting provide the effective surface tension of the marble. We found that the density and surface tension of an evaporating marble are significantly affected by the particle coating.

The solvatochromic behavior of sulfamethoxazole (SMX) was investigated using UV-vis spectroscopy and DFT methods in neat and binary solvent mixtures. The spectral shifts of this solute were correlated with the Kamlet and Taft parameters (α, β and π(*)). Multiple lineal regression analysis indicates that both specific hydrogen-bond interaction and non specific dipolar interaction play an important role in the position of the absorption maxima in neat solvents. The simulated absorption spectra using TD-DFT methods were in good agreement with the experimental ones. Binarymixtures consist of cyclohexane (Cy)-ethanol (EtOH), acetonitrile (ACN)-dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO), ACN-dimethylformamide (DMF), and aqueous mixtures containing as co-solvents DMSO, ACN, EtOH and MeOH. Index of preferential solvation was calculated as a function of solvent composition and non-ideal characteristics are observed in all binarymixtures. In ACN-DMSO and ACN-DMF mixtures, the results show that the solvents with higher polarity and hydrogen bond donor ability interact preferentially with the solute. In binarymixtures containing water, the SMX molecules are solvated by the organic co-solvent (DMSO or EtOH) over the whole composition range. Synergistic effect is observed in the case of ACN-H2O and MeOH-H2O, indicating that at certain concentrations solvents interact to form association complexes, which should be more polar than the individual solvents of the mixture.

In order to model the dynamics of thin films of mixtures, solutions, and suspensions, a thermodynamically consistent formulation is needed such that various coexisting dissipative processes with cross couplings can be correctly described in the presence of capillarity, wettability, and mixing effects. In the present work, we apply Onsager\\'s variational principle to the formulation of thin film hydrodynamics for binary fluid mixtures. We first derive the dynamic equations in two spatial dimensions, one along the substrate and the other normal to the substrate. Then, using long-wave asymptotics, we derive the thin film equations in one spatial dimension along the substrate. This enables us to establish the connection between the present variational approach and the gradient dynamics formulation for thin films. It is shown that for the mobility matrix in the gradient dynamics description, Onsager\\'s reciprocal symmetry is automatically preserved by the variational derivation. Furthermore, using local hydrodynamic variables, our variational approach is capable of introducing diffusive dissipation beyond the limit of dilute solute. Supplemented with a Flory-Huggins-type mixing free energy, our variational approach leads to a thin film model that treats solvent and solute in a symmetric manner. Our approach can be further generalized to include more complicated free energy and additional dissipative processes.

Morphological transformations in polymer brushes in a binarymixture of good and bad solvents are studied using dissipative particle dynamics simulations drawing on a characteristic example of polyisoprene natural rubber in an acetone-benzene mixture. A coarse-grained DPD model of this system is built based on the experimental data in the literature. We focus on the transformation of dense, collapsed brush in bad solvent (acetone) to expanded brush solvated in good solvent (benzene) as the concentration of benzene increases. Compared to a sharp globule-to-coil transition observed in individual tethered chains, the collapsed-to-expanded transformation in brushes is found to be gradual without a prominent transition point. The transformation becomes more leveled as the brush density increases. At low densities, the collapsed brush is highly inhomogeneous and patterned into bunches composed of neighboring chains due to favorable polymer-polymer interaction. At high densities, the brush is expanded even in bad solvent due to steric restrictions. In addition, we considered a model system similar to the PINR-acetone-benzene system, but with the interactions between the solvent components worsened to the limit of miscibility. Enhanced contrast between good and bad solvents facilitates absorption of the good solvent by the brush, shifting the collapsed-to-expanded transformation to lower concentrations of good solvent. This effect is especially pronounced for higher brush densities.

Full Text Available We propose the evaporation model of picoliter sessile drop of binary solvent mixture (with infinitely soluble in each other components based on Hu and Larson solution for single solvent sessile drop and Raoult law for saturated vapor density of components of binarymixture in wide range of undimensional molar binary concentration of the components. Concentration Marangoni number estimation for such a system is also considered for prediction of liquid flows structure for further applications in dissipative particle dynamics in binarymixture evaporating drop.

The aim of this study was to investigate the feasibility of FTIR-ATR spectroscopy coupled with the multivariate numerical methodology for qualitative and quantitative analysis of binary and ternary edible oil mixtures. Four pure oils (extra virgin olive oil, high oleic sunflower oil, rapeseed oil, and sunflower oil), as well as their 54 binary and 108 ternary mixtures, were analyzed using FTIR-ATR spectroscopy in combination with principal component and discriminant analysis, partial least-squares, and principal component regression. It was found that the composition of all 166 samples can be excellently represented using only the first three principal components describing 98.29% of total variance in the selected spectral range (3035-2989, 1170-1140, 1120-1100, 1093-1047, and 930-890 cm(-1)). Factor scores in 3D space spanned by these three principal components form a tetrahedral-like arrangement: pure oils being at the vertices, binarymixtures at the edges, and ternary mixtures on the faces of a tetrahedron. To confirm the validity of results, we applied several cross-validation methods. Quantitative analysis was performed by minimization of root-mean-square error of cross-validation values regarding the spectral range, derivative order, and choice of method (partial least-squares or principal component regression), which resulted in excellent predictions for test sets (R(2) > 0.99 in all cases). Additionally, experimentally more demanding gas chromatography analysis of fatty acid content was carried out for all specimens, confirming the results obtained by FTIR-ATR coupled with principal component analysis. However, FTIR-ATR provided a considerably better model for prediction of mixture composition than gas chromatography, especially for high oleic sunflower oil.

Chemical permeation enhancers (CPEs) are known to increase skin permeability to therapeutic drugs. Single chemicals, however, offer limited enhancements of skin permeability. Mixtures of chemicals can overcome this limitation owing to their synergistic interactions. However, identification of potent mixtures of chemicals requires screening of a large number of formulations. Discovery of CPE mixtures can be significantly accelerated by identifying patterns that occur in the existing data on CPEs. In this study, we systematically mine through a huge database on skin permeabilizing effect of over 4000 binary formulations generated by high throughput screening and extract general principles that govern the effect of binary combinations of chemicals on skin's barrier properties. Potencies and synergies of these formulations are analyzed to identify the role played by the formulation composition and chemistry. The analysis reveals several intuitive but some largely non-intuitive trends. For example, formulations made from enhancer mixtures are most potent when participating moieties are present in nearly equal fractions. Methyl pyrrolidone, a small molecule, is particularly effective in forming potent and synergistic enhancer formulations, and zwitterionic surfactants are more likely to feature in potent enhancers. Simple but invaluable rules like these will provide guiding principles for designing libraries to further speed up the formulation discovery process.

The surface tension of three binary liquid mixtures of NO with Kr, CH{sub 4}, and C{sub 2}H{sub 4} has been determined as a function of composition in the temperature range 102.0 to 119.0 K. These measurements are a contribution to the study of binary liquid mixtures in which one component is unassociated while the molecules of the other can associate between themselves. Nitric oxide is the simplest molecule capable of forming dimers, but not larger aggregates. This results in the surface tension of liquid nitric oxide having a strong temperature dependence: when the temperature increases the degree of dimerization decreases, contributing to a larger decrease of the surface tension. The surface tension of NO mixtures shows strong deviations from ideality. The mixtures containing Kr and CH{sub 4} exhibit negative deviations, while for the NO + C{sub 2}H{sub 4} system the surface tension shows a complex dependence on the composition. This strong departure from ideality had already been found for the bulk properties of these three systems. The surface tension of the CH{sub 4} + Kr system, already well characterized in the literature, was also measured to test the equipment.

Heat transfer coefficients in nucleate pool boiling were measured on a horizontal copper surface for refrigerants, HFC-134a, HFC-32, and HFC-125, their binary and ternary mixtures under saturated conditions at 0.9MPa. Compared to pure components, both binary and ternary mixtures showed lower heat transfer coefficients.This deterioration was more pronounced as heat flux was increased. Experimental data were compared with some empirical and semi-empirical correlations available in literature. For binarymixture, the accuracy of the correlations varied considerably with mixtures and the heat flux. Experimental data for HFC-32/134a/125 were also compared with available correlated equation obtained by Thome. For ternary mixture, the boiling range of binarymixture composed by the pure fluids with the lowest and the medium boiling points, and their concentration difference had important effects on boiling heat transfer coefficients.

We investigate properties of black hole (BH) binariesformed in globular clusters via dynamical processes, using directN-body simulations. We pay attention to effects of BH mass function on the total mass and mass ratio distributions of BH binaries ejected from clusters. First, we consider BH populations with two different masses in order to learn basic differences from models with single-mass BHs only. Secondly, we consider continuous BH mass functions adapted from recent studies on massive star evolution in a low metallicity environment, where globular clusters are formed. In this work, we consider only binaries that are formed by three-body processes and ignore stellar evolution and primordial binaries for simplicity. Our results imply that most BH binary mergers take place after they get ejected from the cluster. Also, mass ratios of dynamically formedbinaries should be close to 1 or likely to be less than 2:1. Since the binary formation efficiency is larger for higher-mass BHs, it is likely that a BH mass function sampled by gravitational-wave observations would be weighed towards higher masses than the mass function of single BHs for a dynamically formed population. Applying conservative assumptions regarding globular cluster populations such as small BH mass fraction and no primordial binaries, the merger rate of BH binaries originated from globular clusters is estimated to be at least 6.5 yr-1 Gpc-3. Actual rate can be up to more than several times of our conservative estimate.

The non-equilibrium self-consistent generalized Langevin equation theory of irreversible processes in glass-forming liquids [P. Ramírez-González and M. Medina-Noyola, Phys. Rev. E 82, 061503 (2010)] is extended here to multi-component systems. The resulting theory describes the statistical properties of the instantaneous local particle concentration profiles nα(r, t) of species α in terms of the coupled time-evolution equations for the mean value n̄α(r, t) and for the covariance σ(αβ)(r, r'; t) ≡ δn(α)(r, t)δn(β)(r', t) of the fluctuations δn(α)(r, t) = n(α)(r, t) - n̄α(r, t). As in the monocomponent case, these two coarse-grained equations involve a local mobility function bα(r, t) for each species, written in terms of the memory function of the two-time correlation function C(αβ)(r, r'; t, t') ≡ δn(α)(r, t)δn(β)(r', t'). If the system is constrained to remain spatially uniform and subjected to a non-equilibrium preparation protocol described by a given temperature and composition change program T(t) and n̄α(r, t), these equations predict the irreversible structural relaxation of the partial static structure factors Sαβ(k; t) and of the (collective and self) intermediate scattering functions Fαβ(k, τ; t) and F(αβ)(S)(k, τ; t). We illustrate the applicability of the resulting theory with two examples involving simple model mixtures subjected to an instantaneous temperature quench: an electroneutral binarymixture of equally sized and oppositely charged hard-spheres, and a binarymixture of soft-spheres of moderate size-asymmetry.

In this paper, the results of the heat transfer, forced convection, boiling characteristics of non-azeotropic refrigerant mixtures and oil are presented. This includes heat transfer coefficients for pure and binarymixtures under boiling conditions outside enhanced surface tubing. Local convective heat transfer coefficients have been determined using a modified Wilson-plot technique. Heat transfer correlations were established as a function of the binarymixture mass flow rate, and oil concentration, as well as key flow parameters. (author)

We study the diffusion of a large spherical particle immersed in a binary compressive liquid mixture using a perturbation theory. We focus on the breakdown of the Stokes-Einstein (SE) relation caused by the microscopic solvation structure of binary solvent particles around a solute particle. In order to consider the solvation structure, we solve multicomponent generalized Langevin equations by singular perturbation expansion. Then, we assume that solvent particles are much smaller than the solute particle. Solving the equations, we express the diffusion coefficient analytically using the radial distribution functions of a binarymixture. The expression shows the breakdown of the SE relation if the density distribution of a binary solvent is inhomogeneous around a solute particle. Actually, we show that the SE relation breaks down when a large hard sphere diffuses in a binary hard-sphere mixture. We observe the large deviation from the SE relation, which is a result specific to the binary solvent.

Polyethylene glycol (PEG) brushes are very effective at controlling non-specific deposition of biological material onto surfaces, which is of paramount importance to obtaining successful outcomes in biomaterials, tissue engineered scaffolds, biosensors, filtration membranes and drug delivery devices. We report on a simple 'grafting to' approach involving binary solvent mixtures that are chosen based on Hansen's solubility parameters to optimize the solubility of PEG thereby enabling control over the graft density. The PEG thiol-gold model system enabled a thorough characterization of PEG films formed, while studies on a PEG silane-silicon system examined the versatility to be applied to any substrate-head group system by choosing an appropriate solvent pair. The ability of PEG films to resist non-specific adsorption of proteins was quantitatively assessed by full serum exposure studies and the binary solvent strategy was found to produce PEG films with optimal graft density to efficiently resist protein adsorption.

Model-H describes the coupled transport of concentration and momentum in binarymixtures such as polymer blends. Films of polymer blends are used in technological applications that involve coatings or the creation of structural functional layers. We use an extended version of the model-H for free evolving surfaces to analyze the stability of vertically stratified base states of polymer blends on a solid substrate. We determine the bifurcation diagram of the films by studying their free energy, and L2-norms of surface deflection and concentration field. We provide results for selected mean film thickness with and without energetic bias at the free surface and discuss the role of composition in extended and laterally bounded systems. In addition, we show that the inclusion of convective transport leads to new mechanisms of instability as compared to the purely diffusive case,. S.M. acknowledges support via FP7 Marie Curie Reintegration Grant (PERG04-GA-2008-234384), and U.T. by EU via FP7 (PITN-GA-2008-214919).

In this paper, we discuss dissipation process of the binarymixture gas in the thermally relativistic flow \\textcolor{red}{by focusing on the characteristics of the diffusion flux}. As an analytical object, we consider the relativistic rarefied-shock layer problem around the triangle prism. Numerical results of the diffusion flux are compared with the Navier-Stokes-Fourier (NSF) order approximation of the diffusion flux, which is calculated using the diffusion and thermal-diffusion coefficients by Kox \\textit{et al}. [Physica A, 84, 1, pp.165-174 (1976)]. In the case of the uniform flow with the small Lorentz contraction, the diffusion flux, which is obtained by calculating the relativistic Boltzmann equation, is roughly approximated by the NSF order approximation inside the shock wave, whereas the diffusion flux in the vicinity of the wall is markedly different from the NSF order approximation. The magnitude of the diffusion flux, which is obtained by calculating the relativistic Boltzmann equation, is simil...

This work presents the application of different spectrophotometric techniques based on two wavelengths for the determination of severely overlapped spectral components in a binarymixture without prior separation. Four novel spectrophotometric methods were developed namely: induced dual wavelength method (IDW), dual wavelength resolution technique (DWRT), advanced amplitude modulation method (AAM) and induced amplitude modulation method (IAM). The results of the novel methods were compared to that of three well-established methods which were: dual wavelength method (DW), Vierordt's method (VD) and bivariate method (BV). The developed methods were applied for the analysis of the binarymixture of hydrocortisone acetate (HCA) and fusidic acid (FSA) formulated as topical cream accompanied by the determination of methyl paraben and propyl paraben present as preservatives. The specificity of the novel methods was investigated by analyzing laboratory prepared mixtures and the combined dosage form. The methods were validated as per ICH guidelines where accuracy, repeatability, inter-day precision and robustness were found to be within the acceptable limits. The results obtained from the proposed methods were statistically compared with official ones where no significant difference was observed. No difference was observed between the obtained results when compared to the reported HPLC method, which proved that the developed methods could be alternative to HPLC techniques in quality control laboratories.

For obtaining microscopic structural information in binarymixtures, often partial pair correlation functions are used. In the present study, a general approach is presented for obtaining the neighbourhood structural information for binarymixtures in terms of nth nearest neighbour distribution (NND) functions (for = 1, 2, 3, ...$\\ldots$). These functions are derived from the partial pair correlation functions in a hierarchical manner, based on the approach adopted earlier by us for single component fluids. Comparison of the results with MD simulation for Lennard-Jones binarymixtures is also presented. NND functions show reasonable matching for smaller n values particularly at higher density. The average th nearest neighbour distance shows interesting feature.

.... The individual components in the binary sweetener combinations were intensity-anchored with 5% sucrose, while the individual sweeteners in the ternary mixtures were intensity-anchored with 3% sucrose...

We present a quasi-continuum multiscale hydrodynamic transport model for one dimensional isothermal, non-reacting binarymixture confined in slit shaped nanochannels. We focus on species transport equation that includes the viscous dissipation and interspecies diffusion term of the Maxwell-Stefan form. Partial viscosity variation is modeled by van der Waals one fluid approximation and the Local Average Density Method. We use friction boundary conditions where the wall-species friction parameter is computed using a novel species specific Generalized Langevin Equation model. The transport model accuracy is tested by predicting the velocity profiles of Lennard-Jones (LJ) methane-hydrogen and LJ methane-argon mixtures in graphene slit channels of different width. The resultant slip length from the continuum model is found to be invariant of channel width for a fixed mixture molar concentration. The mixtures considered are observed to behave as single species pseudo fluid, with the friction parameter displaying a linear dependence on the molar composition. The proposed model yields atomistic level accuracy with continuum scale efficiency.

We report a combined experimental, theoretical, and simulation study of the phase behavior and microstructural dynamics of concentrated binarymixtures of spherical nanocolloids with a size ratio near two and with a tunable, intrinsic short-range attraction. In the absence of the attraction, the suspensions behave as well mixed, hard-sphere liquids. For sufficiently strong attraction, the suspensions undergo a gel transition. Rheometry measurements show that the fluid-gel boundary of the mixtures does not follow an ideal mixing law, but rather the gel state is stable at weaker interparticle attraction in the mixtures than in the corresponding monodisperse suspensions. X-ray photon correlation spectroscopy measurements reveal that, in contrast with depletion-driven gelation at larger size ratio, gel formation in the mixtures coincides with dynamic arrest of the smaller colloids while the larger colloids remain mobile. Molecular dynamics simulations indicate the arrest results from microphase separation that is caused by a subtle interplay of entropic and enthalpic effects and that drives the smaller particles to form dense regions.

We investigate the segregation effect of binary granular mixtures with the same size but different densities under vibration at different air pressures. Our experiments show that the segregation state is seriously dependent on the air pressure and there is a new type of partially segregated state at high air pressure, which has the characteristic that the lighter grains tend to stay at the bottom and form a pure layer, while heavier grains and remained lighter ones tend to rise and to form a mixed layer on the top of the system. We redefine the order parameter to study the variation of the segregation effect with the air pressure and vibration parameter in detail. Finally, the mechanism of the air-driven segregation is illustrated by the faster acceleration due to the airflow through the granular bed for lighter particles.

Based on Jacobson's molecular free length theory in liquids and the relationship between the ultrasonic velocity and the molecular free length in organic liquids,the equation of the acoustic nonlinearity parameter in organic liquid binarymixtures is derived.The calculated values from the equation are in good agreement both with those from Apfel's and from Sehgal's mixture laws.

We report a numerical study of homogeneous gas–liquid nucleation in a binarymixture. We study the size and the composition of the critical nucleus as a function of the composition and supersaturation of the vapor. As we make the (Lennard-Jones) mixture increasingly nonideal, we find that there is a

Two equations of state (simplified PC-SAFT and CPA) are used to predict the monomer fraction of 1-alkanols in binarymixtures with n-alkanes. It is found that the choice of parameters and association schemes significantly affects the ability of a model to predict hydrogen bonding in mixtures, even...... studies, which is clarified in the present work. New hydrogen bonding data based on infrared spectroscopy are reported for seven binarymixtures of alcohols and alkanes. (C) 2007 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved....

The solubility and hydrolysis of carbonyl sulfide in binarymixture of diethylene glycol diethyl ether and water are studied as a function of composition. The use of an aqueous solution of diethylene glycol diethyl ether enhances the solubility and hydrolysis rate of carbonyl sulfide compared with that in pure water. The composition of the mixture with maximum hydrolysis rate varies with temperature. The thermophysical properties including density, viscosity, and surface tension as a function of composition at 20℃ under atmospheric pressure as well as liquid-liquid equilibrium (LLE) data over the temperature range from 28℃ to 90℃ are also measured for the binarymixture.

In Part I of this series of articles, the study of H2S mixtures has been presented with CPA. In this study the phase behavior of CO2 containing mixtures is modeled. Binarymixtures with water, alcohols, glycols and hydrocarbons are investigated. Both phase equilibria (vapor–liquid and liquid......, alcohols and glycols) are considered, the importance of cross-association is investigated. The cross-association is accounted for either via combining rules or using a cross-solvation energy obtained from experimental spectroscopic or calorimetric data or from ab initio calculations. In both cases two...

Clostridial binary toxins (Clostridium perfringens Iota toxin, Clostridium difficile transferase, Clostridium spiroforme toxin, Clostridium botulinum C2 toxin) as Bacillus binary toxins, including Bacillus anthracis toxins consist of two independent proteins, one being the binding component which mediates the internalization into cell of the intracellularly active component. Clostridial binary toxins induce actin cytoskeleton disorganization through mono-ADP-ribosylation of globular actin and are responsible for enteric diseases. Clostridial and Bacillus binary toxins share structurally and functionally related binding components which recognize specific cell receptors, oligomerize, form pores in endocytic vesicle membrane, and mediate the transport of the enzymatic component into the cytosol. Binding components retain the global structure of pore-forming toxins (PFTs) from the cholesterol-dependent cytotoxin family such as perfringolysin. However, their pore-forming activity notably that of clostridial binding components is more related to that of heptameric PFT family including aerolysin and C. perfringens epsilon toxin. This review focuses upon pore-forming activity of clostridial binary toxins compared to other related PFTs. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Pore-Forming Toxins edited by Mauro Dalla Serra and Franco Gambale.

We show that the formal procedure of integrating out the degrees of freedom of the small spheres in a binary hard-sphere mixture works equally well for non-additive as it does for additive mixtures. For highly asymmetric mixtures (small size ratios) the resulting effective Hamiltonian of the one-component fluid of big spheres, which consists of an infinite number of many-body interactions, should be accurately approximated by truncating after the term describing the effective pair interaction...

The binding of solvent molecules to a protein surface was modeled by molecular dynamics simulations of of Candida antarctica (C. antarctica) lipase B in binarymixtures of water, methanol, and toluene. Two models were analyzed: a competitive Langmuir model which assumes identical solvent binding sites with a different affinity toward water (KWat), methanol (KMet), and toluene (KTol) and a competitive Langmuir model with an additional interaction between free water and already bound water (KWatWat). The numbers of protein-bound molecules of both components of a binarymixture were determined for different compositions as a function of their thermodynamic activities in the bulk phase, and the binding constants were simultaneously fitted to the six binding curves (two components of three different mixtures). For both Langmuir models, the values of KWat, KMet, and KTol were highly correlated. The highest binding affinity was found for methanol, which was almost 4-fold higher than the binding affinities of water and toluene (KMet ≫ KWat ≈ KTol). Binding of water was dominated by the water-water interaction (KWatWat). Even for the three protein surface patches of highest water affinity, the binding affinity of methanol was 2-fold higher than water and 8-fold higher than toluene (KMet > KWat > KTol). The Langmuir model provides insights into the protein destabilizing mechanism of methanol which has a high binding affinity toward the protein surface. Thus, destabilizing solvents compete with intraprotein interactions and disrupt the tertiary structure. In contrast, benign solvents such as water or toluene have a low affinity toward the protein surface. Water is a special solvent: only few water molecules bind directly to the protein; most water molecules bind to already bound water molecules thus forming water patches. A quantitative mechanistic model of protein-solvent interactions that includes competition and miscibility of the components contributes a robust basis

Concentration addition (CA) was proposed as a reasonable default approach for the ecological risk assessment of chemical mixtures. However, CA cannot predict the toxicity of mixture at some effect zones if not all components have definite effective concentrations at the given effect, such as some compounds induce hormesis. In this paper, we developed a new method for the toxicity prediction of various types of binarymixtures, an interpolation method based on the Delaunay triangulation (DT) and Voronoi tessellation (VT) as well as the training set of direct equipartition ray design (EquRay) mixtures, simply IDVequ. At first, the EquRay was employed to design the basic concentration compositions of five binarymixture rays. The toxic effects of single components and mixture rays at different times and various concentrations were determined by the time-dependent microplate toxicity analysis. Secondly, the concentration-toxicity data of the pure components and various mixture rays were acted as a training set. The DT triangles and VT polygons were constructed by various vertices of concentrations in the training set. The toxicities of unknown mixtures were predicted by the linear interpolation and natural neighbor interpolation of vertices. The IDVequ successfully predicted the toxicities of various types of binarymixtures.

Based on Schaaff's collision factor theory (CFT) in liquids, the equations for nonlinear ultrasonic parameters in both organic liquid and binary organic liquid mixtures are deduced. The nonlinear ultrasonic parameters, including pressure coefficient, temperature coefficients of ultrasonic velocity, and nonlinear acoustic parameter B/A in both organic liquid and binary organic liquid mixtures, are evaluated for comparison with the measured results and data from other sources. The equations show that the coefficient of ultrasonic velocity and nonlinear acoustic parameter B/A are closely related to molecular interactions. These nonlinear ultrasonic parameters reflect some information of internal structure and outside status of the medium or mixtures. From the exponent of repulsive forces of the molecules,several thermodynamic parameters, pressure and temperature of the medium, the nonlinear ultrasonic parameters and ultrasonic nature of the medium can be evaluated. When evaluating and studying nonlinear acoustic parameter B/A of binary organic liquid mixtures, there is no need to know the nonlinear acoustic parameter B/A of the components.Obviously, the equation reveals the connection between the nonlinear ultrasonic nature and internal structure and outside status of the mixtures more directly and distinctly than traditional mixture law for B/A, e.g. Apfel's and Sehgal's laws for liquid binarymixtures.

Chemical mixture interactions of chlorpyrifos, dieldrin, and methyl mercury were evaluated in Hyalella azteca. Survival of adult and juvenile organisms was evaluated following exposure to individual chemicals and in binary combinations. Binary interactions of the model chemicals...

For the first time, the solid-liquid phase diagrams of five binarymixtures of saturated fatty acids are here presented. These mixtures are formed of caprylic acid (C(8:0))+capric acid (C(10:0)), capric acid (C(10:0))+lauric acid (C(12:0)), lauric acid (C(12:0))+myristic acid (C(14:0)), myristic acid (C(14:0))+palmitic acid (C(16:0)) and palmitic acid (C(16:0))+stearic acid (C(18:0)). The information used in these phase diagrams was obtained by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), X-ray diffraction (XRD), FT-Raman spectrometry and polarized light microscopy, aiming at a complete understanding of the phase diagrams of the fatty acid mixtures. All of the phase diagrams reported here presented the same global behavior and it was shown that this was far more complex than previously imagined. They presented not only peritectic and eutectic reactions, but also metatectic reactions, due to solid-solid phase transitions common in fatty acids and regions of solid solution not previously reported. This work contributes to the elucidation of the phase behavior of these important biochemical molecules, with implications in various industrial applications.

The behaviour of monolayers of copolymers of oxyethylene and oxypropylene (UH29 and UH68),polypropylene glycol (UHPPG) and their binarymixtures on air-water interface has been investigated carefully on compression -expansion cycles. The first compression isotherm is approximately an equilibrium one. In the UHPPG-UH29 and UHPPG -UH68 systems, the calculated average π-a curves based on simple additivity ofthe two individual components coincide with the experimental results reasonably well. It is suggested that the two components are miscible and form near- ideal solution at the air- water interface.The compression- expansion cycle experiments shows some degree of hysteresis. The order of degree of hysteresis for individual components is UH68 ＞ UH29 ＞ UHPPG. The explanation for the hysteresis is proposed.

We show that a real homogeneous polynomial f(x,y) with distinct roots and degree d greater or equal than 3 has d real roots if and only if for any (a,b) not equal to (0,0) the polynomial af_x+bf_y has d-1 real roots. This answers to a question posed by P. Comon and G. Ottaviani, and shows that the interior part of the locus of degree d binary real binaryforms of rank equal to d is given exactly by the forms with d real roots.

In a binary liquid mixture, the component possessing the lowest surface tension preferentially adsorbs at the liquid-vapor surface. In the past this adsorption behavior has been extensively investigated for critical binary liquid mixtures near the mixture's critical temperature Tc. In this fluctuation-dominated regime the adsorption is described by a universal function of the dimensionless depth z /ξ where ξ is the bulk correlation length. Fewer studies have quantitatively examined adsorption for off-critical mixtures because, in this case, one must carefully account for both the bulk and surface crossover from the fluctuation-dominated regime (close to Tc) to the mean-field dominated regime (far from Tc). In this paper we compare extensive liquid-vapor ellipsometric adsorption measurements for the mixture aniline+cyclohexane at a variety of critical and noncritical compositions with the crossover theory of Kiselev and co-workers [J. Chem. Phys. 112, 3370 (2000)].

We study the evolution of binarymixtures far from equilibrium, and show that the interplay between phase separation and hydrodynamic instability can arrest the Ostwald ripening process characteristic of nonflowing mixtures. We describe a model binary system in a Hele-Shaw cell using a phase-field approach with explicit dependence of both phase fraction and mass concentration. When the viscosity contrast between phases is large (as is the case for gas and liquid phases), an imposed background flow leads to viscous fingering, phase branching, and pinch off. This dynamic flow disorder limits phase growth and arrests thermodynamic coarsening. As a result, the system reaches a regime of statistical steady state in which the binarymixture is permanently driven away from equilibrium.

We prepared a series of binarymixtures composed of selected Na salts and glymes (tetraglyme, G4, and pentaglyme, G5) with different salt concentrations and anionic species ([X](-): [N(SO2CF3)2](-) = [TFSA](-), [N(SO2F)2](-) = [FSA](-), ClO4(-), PF6(-)) and studied the effects of concentration, anionic structure, and glyme chain length on their phase diagrams and solvate structures. The phase diagrams clearly illustrate that all the mixturesform 1:1 complexes, [Na(G4 or G5)1][X]. The thermal stability of the equimolar mixtures was drastically improved in comparison with those of diluted systems, indicating that all the glyme molecules coordinate to Na(+) cations to form equimolar complexes. Single-crystal X-ray crystallography revealed that [Na(G5)1][X] forms characteristic solvate structures in the crystalline state irrespective of the paired anion species. A comparison of the solvate structures of the glyme-Na complexes with those of the glyme-Li complexes suggests that the ionic radii of the coordinated alkali-metal cations have substantial effects on the resulting solvate structures. The Raman bands of the complex cations were assigned by quantum chemical calculations. Concentration dependencies of cationic and anionic Raman spectra show good agreement with the corresponding phase diagrams. In addition, the Raman spectra of the 1:1 complexes strongly suggest that the glymes coordinate to Na(+) cation in the same way in both liquid and crystalline states. However, the aggregated structure in the crystalline state is broken by melting, which is accompanied by a change in the anion coordination.

The propagation of high-frequency sound waves in binary gas mixtures flowing through microchannels is investigated by using the linearized Boltzmann equation based on a Bhatnagar-Gross-Krook (BGK)-type approach and diffuse reflection boundary conditions. The results presented refer to mixtures whose constituents have comparable molecular mass (like Ne-Ar) as well as to disparate-mass gas mixtures (composed of very heavy plus very light molecules, like He-Xe). The sound wave propagation model considered in the present paper allows to analyze the precise nature of the forced-sound modes excited in different gas mixtures.

A binary equimolar dense fluid mixture is subjected to a shear. The orientational distribution of particles of type i around particles of type j (i, j = 1, 2) and the distortion of the radial distribution function is discussed for planar Couette flow. Results are presented in terms of a mixture of soft spheres, for which one species differs substantially in size and mass from the other, simulated on the computer using the technique of shear nonequilbrium molecular dynamics. Transport coefficients, including those associated with normal pressure differences, are given for the mixture and for the species in the mixture. Non-Newtonian phenomena are observed.

Thermodynamic and diffusion properties of water + methane mixtures in a single liquid phase are studied using NVT molecular dynamics. An extensive comparison is reported for the thermal pressure coefficient, compressibilities, expansion coefficients, heat capacities, Joule-Thomson coefficient, zero frequency speed of sound, and diffusion coefficient at methane concentrations up to 15% in the temperature range of 298–650 K. The simulations reveal a complex concentration dependence of the thermodynamic properties of water + methane mixtures. The compressibilities, heat capacities, and diffusion coefficients decrease with increasing methane concentration, whereas values of the thermal expansion coefficients and speed of sound increase. Increasing methane concentration considerably retards the self-diffusion of both water and methane in the mixture. These effects are caused by changes in hydrogen bond network, solvation shell structure, and dynamics of water molecules induced by the solvation of methane at constant volume conditions.

The free-energy model, which is based on the fundamental geometric measures of the particles, has been employed to investigate the structural properties of nonuniform hard-sphere mixtures within spherical pores. Monte Carlo simulation has been performed to calculate the density profiles of hard-sphere mixtures confined in spherical pores, and the simulation has been compared with the calculated results. Comparisons between the theoretical results and the simulation data have shown that the free-energy model demonstrates reliable accuracy and reproduces the simulation data accurately even for larger size ratios of hard spheres.

The lidocaine-salol binary system has been investigated by differential scanning calorimetry, direct visual observations, and X-ray powder diffraction, resulting in a temperature-composition phase diagram with a eutectic equilibrium. The eutectic mixture, found at 0.423 {+-} 0.007 lidocaine mole-fraction, melts at 18.2 {+-} 0.5 {sup o}C with an enthalpy of 17.3 {+-} 0.5 kJ mol{sup -1}. This indicates that the liquid phase around the eutectic composition is stable at room temperature. Moreover, the undercooled liquid mixture does not easily crystallize. The present binarymixture exhibits eutectic behavior similar to the prilocaine-lidocaine mixture in the widely used EMLA topical anesthetic preparation.

-C24H50 and the ternary n-C10H22 + n-C20H42 + n-C24H50 were measured from 293.15 K (or above the solution melting temperature) up to 343.15 K. An average absolute deviation of 1.3% was obtained in comparison with pure component literature data. No mixture information for the reported systems was found......A tensiometer operating on the Wilhelmy plate method was employed to measure liquid-vapor interfacial tensions of three binarymixtures and one ternary mixture of decane with eicosane, docosane, and tetracosane. Tensions of binarymixtures n-C10H22 + n-C20H42, n-C10H22 + n-C22H46, and n-C10H22 + n...

The shock structure problem for Grad 10-moment equations for an inert binarymixture is investigated: necessary conditions for the formation of sub-shocks in fields of only one gas or of both components are rigorously obtained, and a detailed comparison with the shock-wave structure of its principal sub-system (deduced assuming vanishing viscous stress tensors) and of the equilibrium Euler sub-system is performed. Some numerical simulations for a mixture of argon and helium are presented.

The theory of transport coefficients in liquids, developed previously, is tested on a description of the diffusion coefficients in binary polar/non-polar mixtures, by applying advanced thermodynamic models. Comparison to a large set of experimental data shows good performance of the model. Only...... components and to only one parameter for mixtures consisting of non-polar components. A possibility of complete prediction of the parameters is discussed....

When sound waves of high amplitude propagate, several non-linear effects occur. Ultrasonic studies in liquid mixtures provide valuable information about structure and interaction in such systems. The present investigation comprises of theoretical evaluation of the acoustic non-linearity parameter / of four binary liquid mixtures using Tong and Dong equation at high pressures and = 303.15 K. Thermodynamic method has also been used to calculate the non-linearity parameter after making certain approximations.

The extraction of tyrosine and phenylalanine with binary and ternary mixtures of hydrophilic solvents from aqueous salt solutions was studied, and several tendencies were observed. Simplex-lattice planning of experiment was used for the optimization of the composition of solvent mixtures. It was shown that the extraction systems developed could be employed for the almost complete extraction of tyrosine and phenylalanine from aqueous solutions.

When a multi-component fluid mixture becomes themophysically unstable state by quenching from well-melting condition, phase separation due to spinodal decomposition occurs, and a self-organized structure is formed. During phase separation, free energy is consumed for the structure formation. In our previous report, the phase separation in homogenous turbulence was numerically simulated and the coarsening process of phase separation was discussed. In this study, we extended our numerical model to a high Schmidt number fluid corresponding to actual polymer solution. The governing equations were continuity, Navier-Stokes, and Chan-Hiliard equations as same as our previous report. The flow filed was an isotropic homogenous turbulence, and the dimensionless parameters in the Chan-Hilliard equation were estimated based on the thermophysical condition of binarymixture. From the numerical results, it was found that turbulent energy cascade was drastically suppressed in the inertial subrange by phase separation for the high Schmidt number flow. By using the identification of turbulent and phase separation structure, we discussed the relation between total energy balance and the structures formation processes. This study is financially supported by the Grand-in-Aid for Young Scientists (B) (No. T26820045) from the Ministry of Education, Cul-ture, Sports, Science and Technology of Japan.

We study the demixing transition of mixtures of equal size hard spheres and dipolar hard spheres using computer simulation and integral equation theories. Calculations are carried out at constant pressure, and it is found that there is a strong correlation between the total density and the composition. The critical temperature and the critical total density are found to increase with pressure. The critical mole fraction of the dipolar component on the contrary decreases as pressure is augmented. These qualitative trends are reproduced by the theoretical approaches that on the other hand overestimate by far the value of the critical temperature. Interestingly, the critical parameters for the liquid-vapor equilibrium extrapolated from the mixture results in the limit of vanishing neutral hard sphere concentration agree rather well with recent estimates based on the extrapolation of charged hard dumbbell phase equilibria when dumbbell elongation shrinks to zero [G. Ganzenmuller and P. J. Camp, J. Chem. Phys. 126, 191104 (2007)].

We explore a newly proposed channel to create binary black holes of stellar origin. This scenario applies to massive, tight binaries where mixing induced by rotation and tides transports the products of hydrogen burning throughout the stellar envelopes. This slowly enriches the entire star with helium, preventing the build-up of an internal chemical gradient. The stars remain compact as they evolve nearly chemically homogeneously, eventually forming two black holes, which, we estimate, typically merge 4 to 11 Gyr after formation. Like other proposed channels, this evolutionary pathway suffers from significant theoretical uncertainties, but could be constrained in the near future by data from advanced ground-based gravitational-wave detectors. We perform Monte Carlo simulations of the expected merger rate over cosmic time to explore the implications and uncertainties. Our default model for this channel yields a local binary black hole merger rate of about $10$ Gpc$^{-3}$ yr$^{-1}$ at redshift $z=0$, peaking at...

The aim of the study was to develop, compare and validate predictive model for mechanical property of binary systems. The mechanical properties of binarymixtures of ibuprofen (IBN) a poorly compressible high dose drug, were studied in presence of different excipients. The tensile strength of tablets of individual components viz. IBN, microcrystalline cellulose (MCC), and dicalcium phosphate dihydrate (DCP) and binarymixtures of IBN with excipients was measured at various relative densities. Prediction of the mechanical property of binarymixtures, from that of single components, was attempted using Ryshkewitch-Duckworth (R-D) and Percolation theory, by assuming a linear mixing rule or a power law mixing rule. The models were compared, and the best model was proposed based on the distribution of residuals and the Akaike's information criterion. Good predictions were obtained with the power law combined with linear mixing rule, using R-D and Percolation models. The results indicated that the proposed model can well predict the mechanical properties of binary system containing predominantly poorly compressible drug candidate. The predictions of these models and conclusions can be systematically generalized to other pharmaceutical powders.

Micelle formation in binarymixtures of surfactants is studied using a coarse-grained molecular simulation. When a vesicle composed of lipid and detergent types of molecules is ruptured, a disk-shaped micelle, the bicelle, is typically formed. It is found that cup-shaped vesicles and bicelles connected with worm-like micelles are also formed depending on the surfactant ratio and critical micelle concentration. The obtained octopus shape of micelles agree with those observed in the cryo-TEM images reported in [S. Jain and F. S. Bates, Macromol. 37, 1511 (2004).]. Two types of connection structures between the worm-like micelles and the bicelles are revealed.

Surface tension measurements were performed by the Wilhelmy plate method. Measured systems included pure heptane, decane, hexadecane, eicosane, and some of their binarymixtures at temperatures from 293.15 K to 343.15 K with an average absolute deviation of 1.6%. The results were compared with a ...

In this paper we calculate the interfacial resistances to heat and mass transfer through a liquid–vapor interface in a binarymixture. We use two methods, the direct calculation from the actual nonequilibrium solution and integral relations, derived earlier. We verify, that integral relations, being

The purpose of this work was to report excess molar volumes and dynamic viscosities of the binarymixture of diethyl carbonate (DEC)+ethanol. Densities and viscosities of the binarymixture of DEC+ethanol at temperatures 293.15 K-343.15 K and atmospheric pressure were determined over the entire composition range. Densities of the binarymixture of DEC+ethanol were measured by using a vibrating U-shaped sample tube densimeter. Viscosities were determined by using Ubbelohde suspended-level viscometer. Densities are accurate to 1.0×10-5 g·cm-3, and viscosities are reproducible within ±0.003 mPa·s. From these data, excess molar volumes and deviations in viscosity were calculated. Positive excess molar volumes and negative deviations in viscosity for DEC+ethanol system are due to the strong specific interactions.All excess molar vo-lumes and deviations in viscosity fit to the Redlich-Kister polynomial equation.The fitting parameters were presented,and the average deviations and standard deviations were also calculated.The errors of correlation are very small.It proves that it is valuable for estimating densities and viscosities of the binarymixture by the correlated equation.

In this paper we calculate the interfacial resistances to heat and mass transfer through a liquid–vapor interface in a binarymixture. We use two methods, the direct calculation from the actual nonequilibrium solution and integral relations, derived earlier. We verify, that integral relations, being

We explore the possibility of controlling the pattern formation in a purely diffusive binarymixture described by a van der Waals equation of state in non-isothermal situations. Simulations are conducted with a previously formulated thermodynamically consistent smoothed particle hydrodynamics model

Full Text Available Abstract: In this work we investigate the critical line of binary azeotropic mixtures of acetone-n-pentane. We pinpoint the abnormal behavior of the critical density line as a function of the mole fraction of one of the component and show its influence on other thermodynamic properties such as the volume, the enthalpy and the entropy.

We describe the sedimentation-diffusion equilibrium of binarymixtures of charged colloids in the presence of small ions and for non-dilute conditions, by extending the work of Biben and Hansen (1994 J. Phys.: Condens. Matter 6 A345). For a monocomponent system, they included a Carnahan-Starling har

We explore the possibility of controlling the pattern formation in a purely diffusive binarymixture described by a van der Waals equation of state in non-isothermal situations. Simulations are conducted with a previously formulated thermodynamically consistent smoothed particle hydrodynamics model

A method based on boundary integral approach to the propagation of curved phase interface in a binary non-isothermal mixture is developed. Previously known equations and solutions for thermally controlled growth and needle-like dendrites follow from the obtained boundary integral equations as limiting cases.

We have studied four binary systems comprising four ester components, viz. 4-nitrophenyl-4'--alkoxybenzoates (where -alkoxy is nbutoxy, C4, -hexyloxy, C6, -octyloxy, C8 and -decyloxy, C10) and one azo component, 4--decyloxy phenylazo-4'-isoamyloxy benzene. A variety of mesomorphic properties are observed in these mixtures. The properties of these systems are discussed on the basis of phase diagrams.

Gold-capped Janus particles immersed in a near-critical binarymixture can be propelled using illumination. We employ a nonisothermal diffuse interface approach to investigate the self-propulsion mechanism of a single colloid. We attribute the motion to body forces at the edges of a micronsized drop

In this work we study the properties of a relativistic mixture of two nonreacting dilute species in thermal local equilibrium. Following the conventional ideas in kinetic theory, we use the concept of chaotic velocity. In particular, we address the nature of the density, or pressure gradient term that arises in the solution of the linearized Boltzmann equation in this context. Such an effect, also present for the single component problem, has, so far, not been analyzed from the point of view of the Onsager resciprocity relations. To address this matter, we propose two alternatives for the onsagerian matrix which comply with the corresponding reciprocity relations. The implications of both representations are briefly analyzed.

Organic ultraviolet (UV) filters are used in a wide variety of products, including cosmetics, to prevent damage from UV light in tissues and industrial materials. Their extensive use has raised concerns about potential adverse effects in human health and aquatic ecosystems that accumulate these pollutants. To increase sun radiation protection, UV filters are commonly used in mixtures. Here, we studied the toxicity of binarymixtures of 4-methylbenzylidene camphor (4MBC), octyl-methoxycinnamate (OMC), and benzophenone-3 (BP-3), by evaluating the larval mortality of Chironomus riparius. Also molecular endpoints have been analyzed, including alterations in the expression levels of a gene related with the endocrine system (EcR, ecdysone receptor) and a gene related with the stress response (hsp70, heat shock protein 70). The results showed that the mortality caused by binarymixtures was similar to that observed for each compound alone; however, some differences in LC50 were observed between groups. Gene expression analysis showed that EcR mRNA levels increased in the presence of 0.1 mg/L 4MBC but returned to normal levels after exposure to mixtures of 4MBC with 0.1, 1, and 10 mg/L of BP-3 or OMC. In contrast, the hsp70 mRNA levels increased after exposure to the combinations tested of 4MBC and BP-3 or OMC mixtures. These data suggest that 4MBC, BP-3, and OMC may have antagonist effects on EcR gene transcription and a synergistic effect on hsp70 gene activation. This is the first experimental study to show the complex patterned effects of UV filter mixtures on invertebrates. The data suggest that the interactions within these chemicals mixtures are complex and show diverse effects on various endpoints. - Highlights: • Chironomus riparius is sensitive to UV filter binarymixtures. • UV filters binarymixtures show antagonism on survival of 4th instar larvae. • BP-3 and OMC antagonize the stimulatory effect of 4MBC on EcR gene. • 4MBC, OMC, and BP-3 induce hsp70

Densities ρ and ultrasonic speeds of the binarymixtures of tetrahydrofuran (THF) with 1-butanol and tert-butanol, at 30°C, over the entire composition range were measured. From these data isentropic compressibility, s, intermolecular free length f, relative association A, acoustic impedance , molar sound speed m, deviations in isentropic compressibility s, and excess volume E were calculated. The variation of these parameters with composition of the mixture helps us in understanding the nature and extent of interaction between unlike molecules in the mixtures. Further, theoretical values of ultrasonic speed were evaluated using theories and empirical relations. The relative merits of these theories and relations were discussed.

Full Text Available The viscosity of 31 binary liquid mixtures containing diverse groups of organic compounds, determined at atmospheric pressure: alcohols, alkanes (cyclo and aliphatic, esters, aromatics, ketones etc., were calculated using two different approaches, correlative (with Teja-Rice and McAllister models and predictive by group contribution models (UNIFAC-VISCO, ASOG-VISCO and Grunberg-Nissan. The obtained results were analysed in terms of the applied approach and model, the structure of the investigated mixtures, the nature of components of the mixtures and the influence of alkyl chain length of the alcohol molecule.

The dynamic behaviour characteristics of some non-azeotropic refrigerant binarymixtures have been experimentally studied at various concentrations. The study was performed on a water/air heat pump during the heating mode under start-up conditions. The results presented in this study showed that the state of the non-azeotropic refrigerant mixture and its composition and concentration have a significant effect on the heat pump performance during start-up. In addition, the study demonstrated that non-azeotropic refrigerant mixtures could be potential CFC substitutes in heat pump applications. (author).

Full Text Available Ultrasonic velocity, density and viscosity have been measured in the binarymixtures of benzyl benzoate with acetonitrile, benzonitrile at three temperatures 30, 40 and 50 °C. From the experimental data, thermodynamic parameters like adiabatic compressibility, internal pressure, enthalpy, activation energy etc., were computed and the molecular interactions were predicted based on the variation of excess parameters in the mixture. Also theoretical evaluation of velocities was made employing the standard theories. CFT and NOMOTO were found to have an edge. All the three mixtures have shown out strong intermolecular interactions between the unlike molecules and endothermic type of chemical reaction.

The liquid-solid phase behaviour and thermal characteristics of n-C{sub 25}H{sub 52} + n-C{sub 28}H{sub 58} and n-C{sub 44}H{sub 90} + n-C{sub 50}H{sub 102} binary systems have been studied using differential scanning calorimetry (d.s.c.). Both the melting and crystallization thermograms for n-C{sub 25}H{sub 52} + n-C{sub 28}H{sub 58} mixtures exhibited two major peaks ({alpha} and {beta}) corresponding to the liquid-solid and solid-solid transitions. Hence, isomorphous solid solutions were formed in these mixtures. The n-C{sub 44}H{sub 90} + n-C{sub 50}H{sub 102} mixtures displayed eutectic or isomorphous behaviour depending on the thermal treatment of prepared samples. A recently proposed model for the non-isothermal crystallization kinetics of pure n-paraffins has been extended to binarymixtures by deriving appropriate mixing rules for the three parameters in the model. Accurate predictions of the onset-of-crystallization temperature for the n-C{sub 25}H{sub 52} + n-C{sub 28}H{sub 58} and the n-C{sub 44}H{sub 90} + n-C{sub 50}H{sub 102} binary systems were obtained at different cooling rates. Predictions of the relative crystallinity in the isomorphous mixtures have been presented and compared with the data. 33 refs., 6 figs., 5 tabs.

Full Text Available The adsorption of two metal ions, Cr(III and Cu(II, in single-component and binary systems by Sargassum sp., a brown alga, was studied. Equilibrium batch sorption studies were carried out at 30ºC and pH 3.5. Kinetic tests were done for a binarymixture (chromium + copper for a contact time of 72 hours to guarantee that equilibrium was reached. The monocomponent equilibrium data obtained were analyzed using the Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms. The binary equilibrium data obtained were described using four Langmuir-type and Freundlich isotherms. The F-test showed a statistically significant fit for all binary isotherm models. The parameters for isotherms of the Langmuir-type were used to determine the affinity of one metal for the biosorbent in the presence of another metal. The chromium ion showed a greater affinity for Sargassum sp. than the copper ion.

Within ionic liquids, fluorinated ionic liquids (FILs) present unique physico-chemical properties and potential applications in several fields. However, the melting point of these neoteric compounds is usually higher due to the presence of fluorine atoms. This drawback may be resolved by, for instance, mixing different FILs to create eutectic mixtures. In this work, binarymixtures of fluoro-containing and fluorinated ionic liquids were considered with the aim of decreasing their melting temperatures as well as understanding and characterizing these mixtures and their phase transitions. Five FILs were selected, allowing the investigation of four binarymixtures, each of them with a common ion. Their solid–liquid and solid–solid equilibria were studied by differential scanning calorimetry and the non-ideality of the mixtures was investigated. Overall, a variety of solid–liquid equilibria with systems exhibiting eutectic behavior, polymorphs with solid–solid phase transitions, and the formation of intermediate compounds and solid solutions were surprisingly found. In addition to these intriguing behaviours, novel FILs with lower melting temperatures were obtained by the formation of binary systems, thus enlarging the application range of FILs at lower temperatures. PMID:27603428

Within ionic liquids, fluorinated ionic liquids (FILs) present unique physico-chemical properties and potential applications in several fields. However, the melting point of these neoteric compounds is usually higher due to the presence of fluorine atoms. This drawback may be resolved by, for instance, mixing different FILs to create eutectic mixtures. In this work, binarymixtures of fluoro-containing and fluorinated ionic liquids were considered with the aim of decreasing their melting temperatures as well as understanding and characterizing these mixtures and their phase transitions. Five FILs were selected, allowing the investigation of four binarymixtures, each of them with a common ion. Their solid-liquid and solid-solid equilibria were studied by differential scanning calorimetry and the non-ideality of the mixtures was investigated. Overall, a variety of solid-liquid equilibria with systems exhibiting eutectic behavior, polymorphs with solid-solid phase transitions, and the formation of intermediate compounds and solid solutions were surprisingly found. In addition to these intriguing behaviours, novel FILs with lower melting temperatures were obtained by the formation of binary systems, thus enlarging the application range of FILs at lower temperatures.

Ordering phenomena on surfaces or in monolayers can be successfully studied by model systems as binary hard-disk mixtures, the influence of a substrate being modeled by an external potential. For the field-free case the thermodynamic stability of space-filling lattice structures for binary hard-disk mixtures is studied by Monte Carlo computer simulations. As these structures prove to be thermodynamically stable only in high pressure environments, the phase behavior of an equimolar binarymixture with a diameter ratio of sigma_{B}/sigma_{A}=0.414 exposed to an external, one-dimensional, periodic potential is analyzed in detail. The underlying ordering mechanisms and the resulting order differ considerably, depending on which components of the mixture interact with the external potential. The simulations show that slight deviations in the concentration of large particles x_{A} or the diameter ratio sigma_{B}/sigma_{A} have no impact on the occurrence of the various field-induced phenomena as long as the mixture stays in the relevant regime of the packing fraction eta . Furthermore the importance of the commensurability of the external potential to the S1(AB) square lattice for the occurrence of the induced ordering is discussed.

The macroalga Gracilaria domingensis is an important resource for the food, pharmaceutical, cosmetic, and biotechnology industries. G. domingensis is at a part of the food web foundation, providing nutrients and microelements to upper levels. As seaweed storage metals in the vacuoles, they are considered the main vectors to magnify these toxic elements. This work describes the evaluation of the toxicity of binarymixtures of available metal cations based on the growth rates of G. domingensis over a 48-h exposure. The interactive effects of each binarymixture were determined using a toxic unit (TU) concept that was the sum of the relative contribution of each toxicant and calculated using the ratio between the toxicant concentration and its endpoint. Mixtures of Cd(II)/Cu(II) and Zn(II)/Ca(II) demonstrated to be additive; Cu(II)/Zn(II), Cu(II)/Mg(II), Cu(II)/Ca(II), Zn(II)/Mg(II), and Ca(II)/Mg(II) mixtures were synergistic, and all interactions studied with Cd(II) were antagonistic. Hypotheses that explain the toxicity of binarymixtures at the molecular level are also suggested. These results represent the first effort to characterize the combined effect of available metal cations, based on the TU concept on seaweed in a total controlled medium. The results presented here are invaluable to the understanding of seaweed metal cation toxicity in the marine environment, the mechanism of toxicity action and how the tolerance of the organism.

We propose a model describing the phase behavior of two-component membranes consisting of binarymixtures of electrically charged and neutral lipids. We take into account the structural phase transition (main-transition) of the hydrocarbon chains, and investigate the interplay between this phase transition and the lateral phase separation. The presence of charged lipids significantly affects the phase behavior of the multicomponent membrane. Due to the conservation of lipid molecular volume, the main-transition temperature of charged lipids is lower than that of neutral ones. Furthermore, as compared with binarymixtures of neutral lipids, the membrane phase separation in binarymixtures of charged lipids is suppressed, in accord with recent experiments. We distinguish between two types of charged membranes: mixtures of charged saturated lipid/neutral unsaturated lipid and a second case of mixtures of neutral saturated lipid/charged unsaturated lipid. The corresponding phase behavior is calculated and shown to be very different. Finally, we discuss the effect of added salt on the phase separation and the temperature dependence of the lipid molecular area.

We applied the D2Q9 BGK lattice Boltzmann method to study the rheology and structure of the phaseseparating binary fluids under oscillatory shear in the diffusive regime. The method is suitable for simulating systemswhose dynamicsis described by the Navier-Stokes equation and convection-diffusion equation. The shear oscillationinduces different rheological patterns from those under steady shear. With the increasing of the frequency of the shearthe system shows more isotropic behavior, while with the decreasing of the frequency we find more configurations similarto those under steady shear. By decreasing the frequency of the shear, the period of the applied flow becomes thesame order of the relaxation time of the shear velocity profile, which is inversely proportional to the viscosity, and moreanisotropic effects become observable. The structure factor and the velocity profile contribute to the understanding ofthe configurations and the kinetic process. Oscillatory shear induces nonlinear pattern of the horizontal velocity profile.Therefore, configurations are found where lamellar order close to the wall coexists with isotropic domains in the middleof the system. For very slow frequencies, the morphology of the domains is characterized by lamellar order everywherethat resembles what happens in the case of steady shear.

The objective of this study is to investigate the volumetric properties of the binarymixtures comprised benzene and two ionic liquids, 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium thiocyanate ([BMIM][SCN]) and 1-butyl-3-methyl- imidazolium dicyanamide ([ BMIM ][ N ( CN )2]( . Densities (ρ) and viscosities (μ) of the binarymixtures were measured over a temperature range of 293.15 to 323.15 K and at atmospheric pressure. Excess molar volumes and viscosity deviations were calculated from the experimental densities and viscosities values. The volumetric properties of the mixtures were changed significantly with the change of compositions and temperatures. It was also found that the value of excess molar volume and viscosity deviations were negative (-ve) over the entire range of compositions. The results have been interpreted in terms of molecular interactions of ILs and benzene.

Continuing on our previous work [ArXiv:1212.2644], we develop semi-implicit numerical methods for solving low Mach number fluctuating hydrodynamic equations appropriate for modeling diffusive mixing in isothermal mixtures of fluids with different densities and transport coefficients. We treat viscous dissipation implicitly using a recently-developed variable-coefficient Stokes solver [ArXiv:1308.4605]. This allows us to increase the time step size significantly compared to the earlier explicit temporal integrator. For viscous-dominated flows, such as flows at small scales, we develop a scheme for integrating the overdamped limit of the low Mach equations, in which inertia vanishes and the fluid motion can be described by a steady Stokes equation. We also describe how to incorporate advanced higher-order Godunov advection schemes in the numerical method, allowing for the treatment of fluids with high Schmidt number including the vanishing mass diffusion coefficient limit. We incorporate thermal fluctuations in...

Nonlinear, spatially localized structures of traveling convection rolls are investigated in quantitative detail as a function of Rayleigh number for two different Soret coupling strengths (separation ratios) with Lewis and Prandtl numbers characterizing ethanol-water mixtures. A finite-difference method was used to solve the full hydrodynamic field equations numerically. Structure and dynamics of these localized traveling waves (LTW) are dominated by the concentration field. Like in the spatially extended convective states ( cf. accompanying paper), the Soret-induced concentration variations strongly influence, via density changes, the buoyancy forces that drive convection. The spatio-temporal properties of this feed-back mechanism, involving boundary layers and concentration plumes, show that LTW's are strongly nonlinear states. Light intensity distributions are determined that can be observed in side-view shadowgraphs. Detailed analyses of all fields are made using colour-coded isoplots, among others. In th...

The validity of the linear mixing rule is examined for the following two cases (1) when the response of the electron gas is taken into account in the effective ionic interaction and (2) when finite-temperature effects are included in the dielectric response of the electrons, i.e., when the ions interact with both temperature- and density-dependent screened Coulomb potentials. It is found that the linear mixing rule remains valid when the electron response is taken into account in the interionic potential at any density, even though the departure from linearity can reach a few percent for the asymmetric mixtures in the region of weak degeneracy for the electron gas. A physical explanation of this behavior is proposed which is based on a simple additional length scale.

Excess molar volumes (E) and deviation in isentropic compressibilities (s) have been investigated from the density and speed of sound measurements of six binary liquid mixtures containing -alkanes over the entire range of composition at 298.15 K. Excess molar volume exhibits inversion in sign in one binarymixture, i.e., n-heptane + n-hexane. Remaining ﬁve binarymixtures, n-heptane + toluene, cyclohexane + n-heptane, cyclohexane + n-hexane, toluene + nhexane and n-decane + n-hexane show negative excess molar volumes over the whole composition range. However, the large negative values of excess molar volume becomes dominant in toluene + n-hexane mixture. Deviation in isentropic compressibility is negative over the whole range of composition in the case of all the six binarymixtures. Existence of speciﬁc intermolecular interactions in the mixtures has been analyzed in terms of excess molar volume and deviation in isentropic compressibility.

This paper presents a new approach for describing the shape of 11-year sunspot cycles by considering the monthly averaged values. This paper also brings out a prediction model based on the analysis of 22 sunspot cycles from the year 1749 onward. It is found that the shape of the sunspot cycles with monthly averaged values can be described by a functional form of modified binarymixture of Laplace density functions, modified suitably by introducing two additional parameters in the standard functional form. The six parameters, namely two locations, two scales, and two area parameters, characterize this model. The nature of the estimated parameters for the sunspot cycles from 1749 onward has been analyzed and finally we arrived at a sufficient set of the parameters for the proposed model. It is seen that this model picks up the sunspot peaks more closely than any other model without losing the match at other places at the same time. The goodness of fit for the proposed model is also computed with the Hathaway Wilson Reichmann overline{χ} measure, which shows, on average, that the fitted model passes within 0.47 standard deviations of the actual averaged monthly sunspot numbers.

The employment of different mathematical models to address specifically for the bubble nucleation rates of water vapour and dissolved air molecules is essential as the physics for them to form bubble nuclei is different. The available methods to calculate bubble nucleation rate in binarymixture such as density functional theory are complicated to be coupled along with computational fluid dynamics (CFD) approach. In addition, effect of dissolved gas concentration was neglected in most study for the prediction of bubble nucleation rates. The most probable bubble nucleation rate for the water vapour and dissolved air mixture in a 2D quasi-stable flow across a cavitating nozzle in current work was estimated via the statistical mean of all possible bubble nucleation rates of the mixture (different mole fractions of water vapour and dissolved air) and the corresponding number of molecules in critical cluster. Theoretically, the bubble nucleation rate is greatly dependent on components' mole fraction in a critical cluster. Hence, the dissolved gas concentration effect was included in current work. Besides, the possible bubble nucleation rates were predicted based on the calculated number of molecules required to form a critical cluster. The estimation of components' mole fraction in critical cluster for water vapour and dissolved air mixture was obtained by coupling the enhanced classical nucleation theory and CFD approach. In addition, the distribution of bubble nuclei of water vapour and dissolved air mixture could be predicted via the utilisation of population balance model.

Full Text Available The flash point is an important physical property used to estimate the fire hazard of a flammable liquid. To avoid the occurrence of fire or explosion, many models are used to predict the flash point; however, these models are complex, and the calculation process is cumbersome. For pure flammable substances, the research for predicting the flash point is systematic and comprehensive. For multicomponent mixtures, especially a hydrocarbon mixture, the current research is insufficient to predict the flash point. In this study, a model was developed to predict the flash point of straight-chain alkane mixtures using a simple calculation process. The pressure, activity coefficient, and other associated physicochemical parameters are not required for the calculation in the proposed model. A series of flash points of binary and ternary mixtures of straight-chain alkanes were determined. The results of the model present consistent experimental results with an average absolute deviation for the binarymixtures of 0.7% or lower and an average absolute deviation for the ternary mixtures of 1.03% or lower.

Full Text Available Densities and viscosities of the binarymixtures consisting of tetrahydrofuran (THF, 1,3-dioxolane (1,3-DO and 1,4-dioxane (1,4-DO with N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF over the entire range of composition were measured at temperatures 298.15, 308.15 and 318.15 K and at atmospheric pressure. Ultrasonic speeds of sound of these binarymixtures were measured at ambient temperature and atmospheric pressure (T = 298.15 K and P = 1.01×105 Pa. The various experimental data were utilized to derive excess molar volumes (VmE, excess viscosities (ηE, and excess isentropic compressibilities (κsE. Using the excess molar volumes (VmE, excess partial molar volumes (and and excess partial molar volumes at infinite dilution (and of each liquid component in the mixtures were derived and discussed. Excess molar volumes (VmE as a function of composition at ambient temperature and atmospheric pressure were used further to test the applicability of the Prigogine-Flory-Patterson (PFP theory to the experimental binaries. The excess properties were found to be either negative or positive depending on the nature of molecular interactions and structural effects of liquid mixtures. Em,1V Em,2VE0,m,1VE0,m,2V.

Thermotropic hydrogen-bonded ferroelectric binary liquid crystal mixtures comprising of N-carbamyl-l-glutamic acid (CGA) and p-n-alkyloxy benzoic acids (BAO) are investigated. Variation in the molar proportion of X and Y (where X=CGA+5BAO and Y=CGA+9BAO, CGA+10BAO, CGA+11BAO, and CGA+12BAO) comprising of four series yielded 36 binarymixtures. Optical and thermal properties of these mixtures are meticulously studied in the present article. In addition to the traditional phases, a novel smectic ordering namely smectic X* is observed in all the four series. The aim of the investigation is to obtain abundance occurrence of smectic X* with a large thermal span, and hence, the proportions of the binarymixtures are so chosen that the prelude task is accomplished. Optical tilt angle in smectic X* and smectic C* phases is experimentally determined, and a theoretical fit is performed. Phase diagrams of the four series are constructed from the data obtained from the differential scanning calorimetry and correlated with the phases recorded by the polarising optical microscope studies. Thermal stability factor and thermal equilibrium are also premeditated.

To elucidate induced smectic A and smectic B phases in binary nematic liquid crystal mixtures, a generalized thermodynamic model has been developed in the framework of a combined Flory-Huggins free energy for isotropic mixing, Maier-Saupe free energy for orientational ordering, McMillan free energy for smectic ordering, Chandrasekhar-Clark free energy for hexagonal ordering, and phase field free energy for crystal solidification. Although nematic constituents have no smectic phase, the complexation between these constituent liquid crystal molecules in their mixture resulted in a more stable ordered phase such as smectic A or B phases. Various phase transitions of crystal-smectic, smectic-nematic, and nematic-isotropic phases have been determined by minimizing the above combined free energies with respect to each order parameter of these mesophases. By changing the strengths of anisotropic interaction and hexagonal interaction parameters, the present model captures the induced smectic A or smectic B phases of the binary nematic mixtures. Of particular importance is the fact that the calculated phase diagrams show remarkable agreement with the experimental phase diagrams of binary nematic liquid crystal mixtures involving induced smectic A or induced smectic B phase.

We explore a newly proposed channel to create binary black holes of stellar origin. This scenario applies to massive, tight binaries where mixing induced by rotation and tides transports the products of hydrogen burning throughout the stellar envelopes. This slowly enriches the entire star with helium, preventing the build-up of an internal chemical gradient. The stars remain compact as they evolve nearly chemically homogeneously, eventually forming two black holes, which we estimate typically merge 4-11 Gyr after formation. Like other proposed channels, this evolutionary pathway suffers from significant theoretical uncertainties, but could be constrained in the near future by data from advanced ground-based gravitational-wave detectors. We perform Monte Carlo simulations of the expected merger rate over cosmic time to explore the implications and uncertainties. Our default model for this channel yields a local binary black hole merger rate of about 10 Gpc-3 yr-1 at redshift z = 0, peaking at twice this rate at z = 0.5. This means that this channel is competitive, in terms of expected rates, with the conventional formation scenarios that involve a common-envelope phase during isolated binary evolution or dynamical interaction in a dense cluster. The events from this channel may be distinguished by the preference for nearly equal-mass components and high masses, with typical total masses between 50 and 110 M⊙. Unlike the conventional isolated binary evolution scenario that involves shrinkage of the orbit during a common-envelope phase, short time delays are unlikely for this channel, implying that we do not expect mergers at high redshift.

Highlights: > Experimental interfacial tensions in binarymixtures with aneotropic behavior. > Experimental interfacial tensions for ethanol + hydrocarbon mixtures. > Aneotropic displacement in ethanol mixtures. - Abstract: This contribution is devoted to the experimental characterization of interfacial tensions of a representative group of binarymixtures pertaining to the (ethanol + linear hydrocarbon) series (i.e. octane, decane, dodecane, and tetradecane). Experimental measurements were isothermically performed using a maximum differential bubble pressure technique, which was applied over the whole mole fraction range and over the temperature range 298.15 K < T/K < 318.15 K. Experimental results show that the interfacial tensions of (ethanol + octane or decane) negatively deviate from the linear behavior and that sharp minimum points on concentration, or aneotropes, are observed for each isotherm. The interfacial tensions of (ethanol + dodecane or tetradecane), in turn, are characterized by combined deviations from the linear behavior, and inflecting behavior observed on concentration for each isotherm. The experimental evidence also shows that these latter mixtures are close to exhibit aneotropy. For the case of (ethanol + octane or decane) mixtures, aneotropy was clearly induced by the similarity of the interfacial tension values of the constituents. The inflecting behavior of the interfacial tensions of (ethanol + dodecane or tetradecane), in turn, was observed in the vicinity of the coordinates of the critical point of these mixtures, thus pointing to the fact that the quasi-aneotropic singularity that affects these mixtures was provoked by the proximity of an immiscibility gap of the liquid phase. Finally, the experimental data of interfacial tensions were smoothed with the Scott-Myers expansion, from which it is possible to conclude that the observed aneotropic concentrations weakly depend on temperature for all the analyzed mixtures.

Both uranium (U) and cadmium (Cd) are natural ubiquitous substances whose occurrence may be magnified in the vicinity of some Nuclear Fuel Cycle Facility (NFCF) (e.g. uranium mining area) or intensive farming areas. Natural U is a mainly chemo-toxic radioelement, with a slight radio-toxic activity, while Cd is a fully chemo-toxic trace metal. Due to their possible co-occurrence, the study of their combined effects on ecosystems may be of interest in a risk assessment perspective. MixTox tool is a simple descriptive model commonly used to study the effects of chemical mixtures. It relies on dose response, concentration addition and response addition concepts to describe combined toxicant effects and identify possible Synergistic/Antagonistic - Constant/Dose-level/Dose ratio dependent - interactions. In the present study, toxicity of binarymixture of U and Cd was assessed on physiological parameters, maximal length and brood size, in the soil nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. A 49 condition fractional factorial design was used with U and Cd concentrations ranging from 0.95 to 1.3 mM and 0.006 to 0.04 mM, respectively. Dose response curves obtained for U and Cd on maximal length and brood size were consistent with published data. Using MixTox tool, the best description of these endpoints was met with the response addition concept and the dose-ratio dependent interaction model. A significant antagonism was identified when Cd toxicity is preponderant in the mixture and was confirmed with experimental observations. On the other hand, no significant interaction could be identified when U toxicity was preponderant in the mixture. Interaction between the two chemicals may occur during the exposure, the toxicokinetics and/or during the toxico-dynamic phases. Based on the results of this study, a probable hypothesis would be that U, whose toxicity is in the mM range, reduces bioaccumulation of Cd, whose toxicity is in the range of 10 μM. A bioaccumulation assay of U and Cd

This feature article describes a new and facile process to fabricate a variety of thin films of non-volatile binary solute mixtures suitable for high performance organic electronic devices via electro-hydrodynamic flow of conventional corona discharge. Both Corona Discharge Coating (CDC) and a modified version of CDC, Scanning Corona Discharge Coating (SCDC), are based on utilizing directional electric flow, known as corona wind, of the charged uni-polar particles generated by corona discharge between a metallic needle and a bottom plate under a high electric field (5-10 kV cm(-1)). The electric flow rapidly spreads out the binarymixture solution on the bottom plate and subsequently forms a smooth and flat thin film in a large area within a few seconds. In the case of SCDC, the static movement of the bottom electrode on which a binarymixture solution is placed provides further control of thin film formation, giving rise to a film highly uniform over a large area. Interesting phase separation behaviors were observed including nanometer scale phase separation of a polymer-polymer binarymixture and vertical phase separation of a polymer-organic semiconductor mixture. Core-shell type phase separation of either polymer-polymer or polymer-colloidal nanoparticle binarymixtures was also developed with a periodically patterned microstructure when the relative location of the corona wind was controlled to a binary solution droplet on a substrate. We also demonstrate potential applications of thin functional films with controlled microstructures by corona coating to various organic electronic devices such as electroluminescent diodes, field effect transistors and non-volatile polymer memories.

To date, toxicological studies of endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) have typically focused on single chemical exposures and associated effects. However, exposure to EDCs mixtures in the environment is common. Antiandrogens represent a group of EDCs, which draw increasing attention due to their resultant demasculinization and sexual disruption of aquatic organisms. Although there are a number of in vivo and in vitro studies investigating the combined effects of antiandrogen mixtures, these studies are mainly on selected model compounds such as flutamide, procymidone, and vinclozolin. The aim of the present study is to investigate the combined antiandrogenic effects of parabens, which are widely used antiandrogens in industrial and domestic commodities. A yeast-based human androgen receptor (hAR) assay (YAS) was applied to assess the antiandrogenic activities of n-propylparaben (nPrP), iso-propylparaben (iPrP), methylparaben (MeP), and 4-n-pentylphenol (PeP), as well as the binarymixtures of nPrP with each of the other three antiandrogens. All of the four compounds could exhibit antiandrogenic activity via the hAR. A linear interaction model was applied to quantitatively analyze the interaction between nPrP and each of the other three antiandrogens. The isoboles method was modified to show the variation of combined effects as the concentrations of mixed antiandrogens were changed. Graphs were constructed to show isoeffective curves of three binarymixtures based on the fitted linear interaction model and to evaluate the interaction of the mixed antiandrogens (synergism or antagonism). The combined effect of equimolar combinations of the three mixtures was also considered with the nonlinear isoboles method. The main effect parameters and interaction effect parameters in the linear interaction models of the three mixtures were different from zero. The results showed that any two antiandrogens in their binarymixtures tended to exert equal antiandrogenic activity

Normalized spectra have a great power in resolving spectral overlap of challenging Orphenadrine (ORP) and Paracetamol (PAR) binarymixture, four smart techniques utilizing the normalized spectra were used in this work, namely, amplitude modulation (AM), simultaneous area ratio subtraction (SARS), simultaneous derivative spectrophotometry (S1DD) and ratio H-point standard addition method (RHPSAM). In AM, peak amplitude at 221.6 nm of the division spectra was measured for both ORP and PAR determination, while in SARS, concentration of ORP was determined using the area under the curve from 215 nm to 222 nm of the regenerated ORP zero order absorption spectra, in S1DD, concentration of ORP was determined using the peak amplitude at 224 nm of the first derivative ratio spectra. PAR concentration was determined directly at 288 nm in the division spectra obtained during the manipulation steps in the previous three methods. The last RHPSAM is a dual wavelength method in which two calibrations were plotted at 216 nm and 226 nm. RH point is the intersection of the two calibration lines, where ORP and PAR concentrations were directly determined from coordinates of RH point. The proposed methods were applied successfully for the determination of ORP and PAR in their dosage form.

New, simple, specific, accurate, precise and reproducible spectrophotometric methods have been developed and subsequently validated for determination of vildagliptin (VLG) and metformin (MET) in binarymixture. Zero order spectrophotometric method was the first method used for determination of MET in the range of 2-12 μg mL-1 by measuring the absorbance at 237.6 nm. The second method was derivative spectrophotometric technique; utilized for determination of MET at 247.4 nm, in the range of 1-12 μg mL-1. Derivative ratio spectrophotometric method was the third technique; used for determination of VLG in the range of 4-24 μg mL-1 at 265.8 nm. Fourth and fifth methods adopted for determination of VLG in the range of 4-24 μg mL-1; were ratio subtraction and mean centering spectrophotometric methods, respectively. All the results were statistically compared with the reported methods, using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA). The developed methods were satisfactorily applied to analysis of the investigated drugs and proved to be specific and accurate for quality control of them in pharmaceutical dosage forms.

Present article reports on guar gum (GG) functionalization through graftcopolymerization of vinylacetate (VAC) and ethylacrylate (EA) from their binarymixtures. The potassium persulfate/ascorbic acid (KPS/AA) redox initiator system has been used for the binary grafting under the previously optimized conditions for VAC grafting at guar gum. The concentration of ascorbic acid (AA), persulfate (KPS), and grafting temperature were varied to optimize the binary grafting. A preliminary investigation revealed that the copolymer has excellent ability to capture Hg(II) from aqueous solution. It was observed that the optimum % grafting sample (CP3) was best at Hg(II) adsorption. CP3 and mercury loaded CP3 (CP3-Hg) have been extensively characterized using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and Thermo gravimetric analysis (TGA) and a plausible mechanism for the grafting has been proposed.

Multivessel batch distillation (MVBD) is mainly used to separate mixtures with more than two compo-nents. In this article, a new operation mode with MVBD is proposed for separation of binarymixtures under total reflux. A mathematic model is setup for the simulation. The proposed operation policy and the regular operation with constant reflux are compared theoretically and experimentally. The results show that the new operation mode has great advantages in time saving and operation flexibility. MVBD presents great potential for separation with high efficiency.

Full Text Available The viscosities of binary liquid mixtures of toluene with butan-1-ol and 2-methylpropan-2-ol have been determined at 298.15, 303.15, 308.15, 313.15 and 318.15 K over the whole concentration range. The Hind, Grunberg–Nissan, Wijk, Auslander and McAllister models were used to calculate the viscosity coefficients and these were compared with the experimental data for the mixtures. Excess viscosities were also calculated and fitted to the Redlich–Kister equation. Various thermodynamic properties of viscous flow activation were determined and their variations with composition are discussed.

Full Text Available Thermodynamic properties of liquids and liquid mixtures play very important role in understanding the nature of molecular interactions occurring in the system. In the present work different thermodynamic properties of 15 pure liquids and 34 equimolar binary liquid mixtures of benzene, toluene, p-xylene, chlorobenzene and 1-chloronaphthalene with linear and branched alkanes have been computed with the help of Flory’s statistical theory (FST, Hard sphere equation of state (HSE and Hole theory (HT simultaneously. The calculated values are compared with the experimental findings collected from literature and quite satisfactory results are obtained.

We investigate the capillary condensation of two model fluid mixtures in slit-like pores, which exhibit different demixing properties in the bulk phase. The interactions between adsorbate particles are modeled by using Lennard-Jones (12,6) potentials and the adsorbing potentials are of the Lennard-Jones (9,3) type. The calculations are performed for different pore widths and at different concentrations of the bulk gas, by means of density functional theory. We evaluate the capillary phase diagrams and discuss their dependence on the parameters of the model. Our calculations indicate that a binarymixture confined to a slit-like pore may exhibit rich phase behavior.

Full Text Available Speed of sound and isentropic compressibility of six polar-nonpolar cyclic liquid binarymixtures has been computed over the whole composition range at 298.15 K with the help of Prigogine-Flory-Patterson theory. Experimental surface tension and experimental density data were utilized in the prediction of sound velocity with the use of Auerbach relation. A comparison has then been carried out as regards the merit and demerits of the employed relations. An attempt has also been made to study the nature and magnitude of molecular interactions involved in the liquid mixture.

A new method for detecting and discriminating pure gases and binarymixtures has been investigated. This approach combines two distinct physical mechanisms within a single piezoresistive microcantilever: heat dissipation and resonant damping in the viscous regime. An experimental study of the heat dissipation mechanism indicates that the sensor response is directly correlated to the thermal conductivity of the gaseous analyte. A theoretical data set of resonant damping was generated corresponding to the gas mixtures examined in the thermal response experiments. The combination of the thermal and resonant response data yields more distinct analyte signatures that cannot otherwise be obtained from the detection modes individually.

Using confocal microscopy, we investigate the structure of binarymixtures of colloidal hard spheres with size ratio q=0.61. As a function of the packing fraction of the two particle species, we observe a marked change of the dominant wavelength in the pair-correlation function. This behavior is in excellent agreement with a recently predicted structural crossover in such mixtures. In addition, the repercussions of structural crossover on the real-space structure of a binary fluid are analyzed. We suggest a relation between crossover and the lateral extension of networks containing only equally-sized particles that are connected by nearest-neighbor bonds. This is supported by Monte Carlo simulations which are performed at different packing fractions and size ratios.

The problem of demixing in a binary fluid mixture of highly asymmetric additive hard spheres is revisited. A comparison is presented between the results derived previously using truncated virial expansions for three finite size ratios with those that one obtains with the same approach in the extreme case in which one of the components consists of point particles. Since this latter system is known not to exhibit fluid-fluid segregation, the similarity observed for the behavior of the critical constants arising in the truncated series in all instances, while not being conclusive, may cast serious doubts as to the actual existence of a demixing fluid-fluid transition in disparate-sized binary additive hard-sphere mixtures.

The acidity constants of eight macrolides (erythromycin, roxithromycin, oleandomycin, azithromycin, josamycin, tylosin tartrate, tilmicosin and spiramycin) have been determined in acetonitrile-water binarymixtures (30%, 40% and 50% (v/v)) by spectrophotometric method. The pKa's available in literature determined by various methods are compiled in comparison with the value of this work. These results are expected to essentially facilitate the research on occurrence, fate and effects, analysis method development, and control of antibiotics in various treatment occurrences.

In this work, viscosities of binarymixtures of isomeric chlorobutanes with diisopropylether have been determined as a function of composition under atmospheric pressure and in the temperature range from 283.15 K to 313.15 K with steps of 5 K. Kinematics viscosities were measured using an Ubbelohde viscosimeter; absolute viscosities were obtained from kinematic viscosities and densities. Finally, we have used the Asfour method for predicting the dependence of viscosity with composition and comparing it with our experimental data.

A binary fluid mixture of nonadditive hard spheres characterized by a size ratio gamma = sigma(2)/sigma(1) infinity) a demixing transition with a critical consolute point at a packing fraction scaling as eta approximately d2(-d) is found, even for slightly negative nonadditivity, if Delta >-1/8 (ln gamma)(2). Arguments concerning the stability of the demixing with respect to freezing are provided.

Excess molar volume(VE) data on binary liquid mixtures of methylheptenone (MHO) with methanol, ethanol, n-propanol or n-butanol have been determined from the density measurements at 298.15 K and atmospheric pressure. The values of VE in all the systems over the entire composition range are quantified by the Redlich-Kister equation. The effects of the chain length of alkanols on VE are discussed.

Full Text Available Separation of aromatic C8 compounds by distillation is a difficult task due to the low relative volatilities of the compounds and to the high degree of purity required of the final commercial products. For rigorous simulation and optimization of this separation, the use of a model capable of describing vapor-liquid equilibria accurately is necessary. Nevertheless, experimental data are not available for all binaries at atmospheric pressure. Vapor-liquid equilibria data for binarymixtures were isobarically obtained with a modified Fischer cell at 100.65 kPa. The vapor and liquid phase compositions were analyzed with a gas chromatograph. The methodology was initially tested for cyclo-hexane+n-heptane data; results obtained are similar to other data in the literature. Data for xylene binarymixtures were then obtained, and after testing, were considered to be thermodynamically consistent. Experimental data were regressed with Aspen Plus® 10.1 and binary interaction parameters were reported for the most frequently used activity coefficient models and for the classic mixing rules of two cubic equations of state.

Sunspot cycles usually present a double-peak structure. This work is devoted to using a function to describe the shape of sunspot cycles, including bimodal cycles, and we find that the shape of sunspot cycles can be described by a binarymixture of Gaussian functions with six parameters, two amplitudes, two gradients of curve, and two rising times, and the parameters could be reduced to three. The fitting result of this binarymixture of Gaussian functions is compared with some other functions used previously in the literature, and this function works pretty well, especially at cycle peaks. It is worth mentioning that the function can describe well the shape of those sunspot cycles that show double peaks, and it is superior to the binarymixture of the Laplace functions that was once utilized. The Solar Influences Data Analysis Center, on behalf of the World Data Center, recently issued a new version (version 2) of sunspot number. The characteristics of sunspot cycles are investigated, based on the function description of the new version.

Ethanol-water binarymixtures with 7 different mole fractions of ethanol ranging from 0 to 1 were adopted as testing liquids in the experiment.The vertical heating tube was inserted in porous matrix composed of five well sorted glass beads whise diameters range from 0.5 to 4.3mm.Due to the effect of composition,the trend of combination of vapor bubbles was reduced.resulting in the increase of peak heat flux of binarymixture,With the increase of ethanol mole fraction,0.5mm diameter bead of peak heat flux of binarymixture.with the increase of ethanol mole fraction.0.5mm diameter bead had lower value of peak heat flux,while for pure liquid the critical state is difficult to appear,with given diameter of glass bead,there existed an optimum value of mole fraction of ethanol,which was decreased with the increase of bead diameter,A dimensionless heat transfer coefficient was predicted through the introduction of a dimensionless parameter of porous matrix which agreed with the experimental results satisfactorily.

Seed fat of Madhuca longifolia known as mee fat (MF) has been considered as a potential plant fat for producing fat mixture to simulate the properties of lard. A study was carried out to evaluate the effect of addition of palm stearin (PS) on the solidification behavior of MF to formulate a mixture to become similar in solidification characteristics of lard. Three fat mixtures were prepared by blending MF with palm stearin PS in different ratios: MF:PS (99.5:0.5), MF:PS (99:1), MF:PS (98:2) (w/w), and identified by the mass ratio of MF to PS. The fat mixtures were compared with lard in terms of their fatty acid and triacylglycerol compositions, differential scanning calorimetric (DSC) thermal profiles and solid fat content (SFC) characteristics. Results showed that there were considerable differences between lard and MF:PS fat mixtures with regard to fatty acid and triacylglycerol compositions. The increasing proportion of PS in MF:PS fat mixtures caused a general increase in SFC at different temperatures with respect to the SFC profile of native MF. Of the three binarymixtures, MF:PS (99:1) was found to show the least difference to lard in terms of SFC values throughout the temperature range.

The joint toxic effects of binary metal mixtures of copper (Cu), manganese (Mn) and nickel (Ni) on reproduction of Paronhchiurus kimi (Lee) was evaluated using a toxic unit (TU) approach by judging additivity across a range of effect levels (10-90%). For all metal mixtures, the joint toxic effects of metal mixtures on reproduction of P. kimi decreased in a TU-dependent manner. The joint toxic effects of metal mixtures also changed from less than additive to more than additive at an effect level lower than or equal to 50%, while a more than additive toxic effects were apparent at higher effect levels. These results indicate that the joint toxicity of metal mixtures is substantially different from that of individual metals based on additivity. Moreover, the close relationship of toxicity to effect level suggests that it is necessary to encompass a whole range of effect levels rather than a specific effect level when judging mixture toxicity. In conclusion, the less than additive toxicity at low effect levels suggests that the additivity assumption is sufficiently conservative to warrant predicting joint toxicity of metal mixtures, which may give an additional margin of safety when setting soil quality standards for ecological risk assessment.

Organic ultraviolet (UV) filters are used in a wide variety of products, including cosmetics, to prevent damage from UV light in tissues and industrial materials. Their extensive use has raised concerns about potential adverse effects in human health and aquatic ecosystems that accumulate these pollutants. To increase sun radiation protection, UV filters are commonly used in mixtures. Here, we studied the toxicity of binarymixtures of 4-methylbenzylidene camphor (4MBC), octyl-methoxycinnamate (OMC), and benzophenone-3 (BP-3), by evaluating the larval mortality of Chironomus riparius. Also molecular endpoints have been analyzed, including alterations in the expression levels of a gene related with the endocrine system (EcR, ecdysone receptor) and a gene related with the stress response (hsp70, heat shock protein 70). The results showed that the mortality caused by binarymixtures was similar to that observed for each compound alone; however, some differences in LC50 were observed between groups. Gene expression analysis showed that EcR mRNA levels increased in the presence of 0.1mg/L 4MBC but returned to normal levels after exposure to mixtures of 4MBC with 0.1, 1, and 10mg/L of BP-3 or OMC. In contrast, the hsp70 mRNA levels increased after exposure to the combinations tested of 4MBC and BP-3 or OMC mixtures. These data suggest that 4MBC, BP-3, and OMC may have antagonist effects on EcR gene transcription and a synergistic effect on hsp70 gene activation. This is the first experimental study to show the complex patterned effects of UV filter mixtures on invertebrates. The data suggest that the interactions within these chemicals mixtures are complex and show diverse effects on various endpoints.

Evidence is presented for the first time of true molecular dissolution of cellulose in binarymixtures of common polar organic solvents with ionic liquid. Cryogenic transmission electron microscopy, small-angle neutron-, X-ray- and static light scattering were used to investigate the structure of cellulose solutions in mixture of dimethyl formamide and 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium acetate. Structural information on the dissolved chains (average molecular weight ∼ 5 × 10(4)g/mol; gyration radius ∼ 36 nm, persistence length ∼ 4.5 nm), indicate the absence of significant aggregation of the dissolved chains and the calculated value of the second virial coefficient ∼ 2.45 × 10(-2)mol ml/g(2) indicates that this solvent system is a good solvent for cellulose. More facile dissolution of cellulose could be achieved in solvent mixtures that exhibit the highest electrical conductivity. Highly concentrated cellulose solution in pure ionic liquid (27 wt.%) prepared according to novel method, utilizing the rapid evaporation of a volatile co-solvent in binary solvent mixtures at superheated conditions, shows insignificant cellulose molecular aggregation.

The physicochemical properties of solvent-casted block copolymer films are highly dependent on the microscopic morphology of the solutions from which they are cast. In order to achieve macroscopically homogenous polymer solutions, binary or higher-degree solvent mixtures are often required, which introduces additional complexity in understanding the molecular level interactions that control block copolymer self-assembly in solution. Using small angle x-ray scattering, we have explored the solution morphology in ternary blends of a sulfonated pentablock copolymer in select binary solvent mixtures over a range of solvent compositions and polymer concentrations. We have found that the solution morphologies in these ternary blends depend strongly on the composition of the solvent mixture. Furthermore, we demonstrate that the solvent-composition-dependent morphologies can be accurately predicted by quantifying the polymer/solvent interactions using Hansen solubility parameters. These studies are an important step toward developing a complete and predictive understanding of the solution morphology of complex polymer/solvent mixtures.

Full Text Available Ultrasonic speed, u, and density, ρ, have been measured in binary liquid mixtures of cyclohexanone with the isomers of butanol (n-butanol, sec-butanol, and tert-butanol at 308.15 K over the entire range of composition. Molar volume (Vm, adiabatic compressibility (ks, intermolecular free length (Lf, acoustic impedance (z, and their excess/deviation along with Δu have been calculated from the experimental data. These values have been fitted to Redlich-Kister type polynomial equation. Positive values of VmE, Δks, LfE and negative values of zE, Δu have been observed for all the liquid mixtures indicating the existence of weak interactions between components. Rupture of H-bond or reduction in H-bond strength of isomers of butanol or breaking of the structure of one or both of the components in a solution causes the existence of dispersions in the present investigated binarymixtures. The data obtained from V-m,1, V-m,2, and excess partial molar volumes V-m, 1E, V-m, 2E, reflects the inferences drawn from VmE. Furthermore, FTIR spectra support the conclusions drawn from excess/deviation properties. The measured values of ultrasonic speed for all the investigated mixtures have been compared with the theoretically estimated values using empirical relations such as, Nomoto, Van Dael and Vangeels, Impedance and Rao specific sound speed.

Highlights: • ρ and u have been measured for binarymixtures of benzylalcohol with 1-alkanols. • Experimental speed of sound data analyzed in terms of CFT and FLT. • V{sup E} for benzylalcohol with studied 1-alcohols are positive while κ{sub S}{sup E} are negative. - Abstract: Densities (ρ) of pure liquids and their mixtures have been measured over the entire composition range for the binarymixtures of benzylalcohol with 1-heptanol, 1-octanol, 1-nonanol and 1-decanol at 298.15 K to 313.15 K and at atmospheric pressure by using Rudolph Research Analytical Digital Density Meter (DDM-2911 model). Further, the speed of sound (u) for the above said mixtures were also measured at 303.15 K and 313.15 K. The experimental density data were used to compute excess molar volumes (V{sup E}) and compared with predictive expression proposed by Redlich–Kister equation. Excess speed of sound (u{sup E}), isentropic compressibility (κ{sub S}) and excess isentropic compressibilities (κ{sub S}{sup E}) were evaluated from experimental sound velocity and density data. Moreover, the experimental speed of sound data was compared in terms of theoretical models proposed by Schaaff's collision factor theory (CFT) and Jacobson's free length theory (FLT). The experimental results were discussed in terms of intermolecular interactions between component molecules.

A technique using the broadband emission of a laser plume as probe radiation is applied to record UV-visible (190-510 nm) absorption spectra of Ne, Ar, and Kr, pure and in binarymixtures under moderate e-beam excitation up to 1 MW/cm(3). In all the rare gases and mixtures, the absorption spectra show continuum related to Rg(2) (+) homonuclear ions [peaking at λ∼285, 295, and 320 nm in Ne, Ar, and Kr(Ar/Kr), respectively] and a number of atomic lines related mainly to Rg(∗)(ms) levels, where m is the lowest principal quantum number of the valence electron. In argon, a continuum related to Ar(2) (∗) (λ∼325 nm) is also recorded. There are also trains of narrow bands corresponding to Rg(2) (∗)(npπ (3)Π(g))←Rg(2) (∗)(msσ (3)Σ(u) (+)) transitions. All the spectral features mentioned above were reported in literature but have never been observed simultaneously. Although charge transfer to a homonuclear ion of the heavier additive is commonly believed to dominate in binary rare-gas mixtures, it is found in this study that in Ne/Kr mixture, the charge is finally transferred from the buffer gas Ne(2) (+) ion not to Kr(2) (+) but to heteronuclear NeKr(+) ion.

A functioning olfactory response is essential for fish to be able to undertake essential behaviors. The majority of work investigating the effects of metals on the olfactory response of fish has focused on single-metal exposures. In this study we exposed rainbow trout to cadmium, copper, nickel, zinc, or a mixture of these four metals at or below the current Canadian Council of Ministers of the Environment guidelines for the protection of aquatic life. Measurement of olfactory acuity using an electro-olfactogram demonstrated that cadmium causes significant impairment of the entire olfactory system, while the other three metals or the mixture of all four metals did not. Binarymixtures with cadmium and each of the other metals demonstrated that nickel and zinc, but not copper, protect against cadmium-induced olfactory dysfunction. Testing was done to determine if the protection from cadmium-induced olfactory dysfunction could be explained by binding competition between cadmium and the other metals at the cell surface, or if the protection could be explained by an up-regulation of an intracellular detoxification pathway, namely metallothionein. This study is the first to measure the effects of binary and quaternary metal mixtures on the olfactory response of fish, something that will aid in future assessments of the effects of metals on the environment.

Dielectric permittivity ɛ*(ω) = ɛ' - jɛ″ of the binarymixtures of the methyl iso butyl ketone and amino silicone oil in the frequency range 100 Hz to 2 MHz were measured using precision LCR meter at 305.15 K. Relative complex permittivity spectra in the frequency range 100 Hz to 2 MHz, of the mixture solutions of varying concentrations is reported. Determined values of the permittivity at optical frequency of all the samples are also reported. The dielectric parameters are used to gain information about the effect of concentration variation of components of the mixtures on the dielectric properties. It also provides the information about electrode polarization phenomena taking place under the low frequency A.C. electric field.

Full Text Available The properties of gasoline change as a result of blending with a bioalcohol, affecting the behavior of the pseudo-binary system. The aim of this paper is to present experimental data of the refractive index for pseudobinary mixtures of a reformate gasoline with ethanol, isopropanol and n-butanol over the entire composition range and for temperature ranging from 293.15 K to 313.15 K. The accuracy of different equations to predict the refractive index of the mixtures was tested. The best prediction accuracy (the lower AAD corresponded to Eykman and Lorentz-Lorenz mixing rules. A logarithmic equation proposed to correlate the refractive index with composition and temperature of gasoline+alcohol mixtures showed a good accuracy (the absolute average deviation AAD < 0.052%. The deviations in refractive index for investigated systems are negative over the entire composition range and at all investigated temperatures.

Full Text Available The ultrasonic velocity and density of binary liquid mixtures of quinoline with o-xylene, m-xylene, and p-xylene have been measured over the entire range of composition at = 303.15, 308.15, 313.15, and 318.15 K. Using these data, various parameters like adiabatic compressibility (β, intermolecular free length (, and acoustic impedance ( and some excess parameters like excess adiabatic compressibility (, excess intermolecular free length (, excess acoustic impedance (, and excess ultrasonic velocity ( have been calculated for all the three mixtures. The calculated deviations and excess functions have been fitted to Redlich-Kister polynomial equation. The observed deviations have been explained on the basis of the intermolecular interactions present in these mixtures.

We give a full account of a recently proposed theory that explicitly relates the bulk phase diagram of a binary colloidal mixture to its phase stacking phenomenology under gravity (de las Heras and Schmidt 2013 Soft Matter 9 8636). As we demonstrate, the full set of possible phase stacking sequences in sedimentation-diffusion equilibrium originates from straight lines (sedimentation paths) in the chemical potential representation of the bulk phase diagram. From the analysis of various standard topologies of bulk phase diagrams, we conclude that the corresponding sedimentation stacking diagrams can be very rich, even more so when finite sample height is taken into account. We apply the theory to obtain the stacking diagram of a mixture of nonadsorbing polymers and colloids. We also present a catalog of generic phase diagrams in the plane of chemical potentials in order to facilitate the practical application of our concept, which also generalizes to multi-component mixtures.

Standard static-exposure acute lethality tests were conducted with Daphnia magna neonates exposed to binary or ternary mixtures of Cd, Cu, and Zn in moderately hard reconstituted water that contained 3 mg dissolved organic carbon/L added as Suwannee River fulvic acid. These experiments were conducted to test for additive toxicity (i.e., the response to the mixture can be predicted by combining the responses obtained in single-metal toxicity tests) or nonadditive toxicity (i.e., the response is less than or greater than additive). Based on total metal concentrations (>90% dissolved) the toxicity of the tested metal mixtures could be categorized into all 3 possible additivity categories: less-than-additive toxicity (e.g., Cd-Zn and Cd-Cu-Zn mixtures and Cd-Cu mixtures when Cu was titrated into Cd-containing waters), additive toxicity (e.g., some Cu-Zn mixtures), or more-than-additive toxicity (some Cu-Zn mixtures and Cd-Cu mixtures when Cd was titrated into Cu-containing waters). Exposing the organisms to a range of sublethal to supralethal concentrations of the titrated metal was especially helpful in identifying nonadditive interactions. Geochemical processes (e.g., metal-metal competition for binding to dissolved organic matter and/or the biotic ligand, and possibly supersaturation of exposure waters with the metals in some high-concentration exposures) can explain much of the observed metal-metal interactions. Therefore, bioavailability models that incorporate those geochemical (and possibly some physiological) processes might be able to predict metal mixture toxicity accurately.

Speed of sound and densities of the ternary mixture 2-propanol + diethyl ether + n-hexane and also the binarymixtures 2-propanol + diethyl ether and 2-propanol + n-hexane have been measured at the entire composition range at 298.15 K. The excess isentropic compressibilities and the excess speed of the sound have been calculated from experimental densities and speed of sound. These excess properties of the binarymixtures were fitted to Redlich-Kister equation, while the Cibulka's equation was used to fit the values related to the values to the ternary system. These excess properties have been used to discuss the presence of significant interactions between the component molecules in the binarymixtures and also the ternary mixtures. Speed of sound of the binarymixtures and the ternary mixture have been compared with calculated values from free length theory (FLT), collision factor theory (CFT), Nomoto's relation (NR), Van Deal's ideal mixing relation (IMR) and Junjie's relation (JR). The results are used to compare the relative merits of these theories and relations in terms of the root mean square deviation relative (RMSDr).

The strengthening of the hydrogen bonding (H-bond) network as well as transition from the tetrahedral-like water network to the zigzag chain structure of alcohol upon increasing the alcohol concentration in ethanol-water and tertiary butanol (TBA) - water mixtures have been studied by using both steady state and time resolved spectroscopy. Absorption and emission characteristics of coumarin 153 (C153), a widely used non-reactive solvation probe, have been monitored to investigate the structural transition in these binarymixtures. The effects of the hydrogen bond (H-bond) network with alcohol concentration are revealed by a minimum in the peak frequency of the absorption spectrum of C153 which occur at alcohol mole fraction ∼ 0.10 for water-ethanol and at ∼ 0.04 for water-TBA mixtures. These are the mole fractions around which several thermodynamic properties of these mixtures show anomalous change due to the enhancement of H-bonding network. While the strengthening of H-bond network is revealed by the absorption spectra, the emission characteristics show the typical non-ideal alcohol mole fraction dependence at all concentrations. The time resolved anisotropy decay of C153 has been found to be bi-exponential at all alcohol mole fractions. The sharp change in slopes of average rotational correlation time with alcohol mole fraction indicates the structural transition in the environment around the rotating solute. The changes in slopes occur at mole fraction ∼ 0.10 for TBA-water and at ∼ 0.2 for ethanol-water mixtures, which are believed to reflect alcohol mole fraction induced structural changes in these alcohol-water binarymixtures.

This study focuses on the solubility behaviors of CO2, CH4, and N2 gases in binarymixtures of imidazolium-based room-temperature ionic liquids (RTILs) using 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide ([C2mim][Tf2N]) and 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate ([C2mim][BF4]) at 40 degrees C and low pressures (approximately 1 atm). The mixtures tested were 0, 25, 50, 75, 90, 95, and 100 mol % [C2mim][BF4] in [C2mim][Tf2N]. Results show that regular solution theory (RST) can be used to describe the gas solubility and selectivity behaviors in RTIL mixtures using an average mixture solubility parameter or an average measured mixture molar volume. Interestingly, the solubility selectivity, defined as the ratio of gas mole fractions in the RTIL mixture, of CO2 with N2 or CH4 in pure [C2mim][BF4] can be enhanced by adding 5 mol % [C2mim][Tf2N].

In the last decades Cr(VI) sorption equilibrium and kinetic studies have been carried out using several types of biomasses. However there are few researchers that consider all the simultaneous processes that take place during Cr(VI) sorption (i.e., sorption/reduction of Cr(VI) and simultaneous formation and binding of reduced Cr(III)) when formulating a model that describes the overall sorption process. On the other hand Cr(VI) scarcely exists alone in wastewaters, it is usually found in mixtures with divalent metals. Therefore, the simultaneous removal of Cr(VI) and divalent metals in binarymixtures and the interactive mechanism governing Cr(VI) elimination have gained more and more attention. In the present work, kinetics of Cr(VI) sorption onto exhausted coffee from Cr(VI)–Cu(II) binarymixtures has been studied in a stirred batch reactor. A model including Cr(VI) sorption and reduction, Cr(III) sorption and the effect of the presence of Cu(II) in these processes has been developed and validated. This study constitutes an important advance in modeling Cr(VI) sorption kinetics especially when chromium sorption is in part based on the sorbent capacity of reducing hexavalent chromium and a metal cation is present in the binarymixture. - Highlights: • A kinetic model including Cr(VI) reduction, Cr(VI) and Cr(III) sorption/desorption • Synergistic effect of Cu(II) on Cr(VI) elimination included in the model • Model validation by checking it against independent sets of data.

Cloud evolution for various metallicities is investigated by three-dimensional nested grid simulations, in which the initial ratio of rotational to gravitational energy of the host cloud \\beta_0 (=10^-1 - 10^-6) and cloud metallicity Z (=0 - Z_\\odot) are parameters. Starting from a central number density of n = 10^4 cm^-3, cloud evolution for 48 models is calculated until the protostar is formed (n \\simeq 10^23 cm^-3) or fragmentation occurs. The fragmentation condition depends both on the initial rotational energy and cloud metallicity. Cloud rotation promotes fragmentation, while fragmentation tends to be suppressed in clouds with higher metallicity. Fragmentation occurs when \\beta_0 > 10^-3 in clouds with solar metallicity, while fragmentation occurs when \\beta_0 > 10^-5 in the primordial gas cloud. Clouds with lower metallicity have larger probability of fragmentation, which indicates that the binary frequency is a decreasing function of cloud metallicity. Thus, the binary frequency at the early universe ...

Depletion forces are a particular class of effective interactions that have been mainly investigated in binarymixtures of hard-spheres in bulk. Although there are a few contributions that point toward the effects of confinement on the depletion potential, little is known about such entropic potentials in two-dimensional colloidal systems. From theoretical point of view, the problem resides in the fact that there is no general formulation of depletion forces in arbitrary dimensions and, typically, any approach that works well in three dimensions has to be reformulated for lower dimensionality. However, we have proposed a theoretical framework, based on the formalism of contraction of the description within the integral equations theory of simple liquids, to account for effective interactions in colloidal liquids, whose main feature is that it does not need to be readapted to the problem under consideration. We have also shown that such an approach allows one to determine the depletion pair potential in three-dimensional colloidal mixtures even near to the demixing transition, provided the bridge functions are sufficiently accurate to correctly describe the spatial correlation between colloids [E. López-Sánchez et al., J. Chem. Phys. 139, 104908 (2013)]. We here report an extensive analysis of the structure and the entropic potentials in binarymixtures of additive hard-disks. In particular, we show that the same functional form of the modified-Verlet closure relation used in three dimensions can be straightforwardly employed to obtain an accurate solution for two-dimensional colloidal mixtures in a wide range of packing fractions, molar fractions, and size asymmetries. Our theoretical results are explicitly compared with the ones obtained by means of event-driven molecular dynamics simulations and recent experimental results. Furthermore, to assess the accuracy of our predictions, the depletion potentials are used in an effective one-component model to reproduce

Benzoic acid is a model compound for drug substances in pharmaceutical research. Process design requires information about thermodynamic phase behavior of benzoic acid and its mixtures with water and organic solvents. This work addresses phase equilibria that determine stability and solubility. In this work, Perturbed-Chain Statistical Associating Fluid Theory (PC-SAFT) was used to model the phase behavior of aqueous and organic solutions containing benzoic acid and chlorobenzoic acids. Absolute vapor pressures of benzoic acid and 2-, 3-, and 4-chlorobenzoic acid from literature and from our own measurements were used to determine pure-component PC-SAFT parameters. Two binary interaction parameters between water and/or benzoic acid were used to model vapor-liquid and liquid-liquid equilibria of water and/or benzoic acid between 280 and 413 K. The PC-SAFT parameters and 1 binary interaction parameter were used to model aqueous solubility of the chlorobenzoic acids. Additionally, solubility of benzoic acid in organic solvents was predicted without using binary parameters. All results showed that pure-component parameters for benzoic acid and for the chlorobenzoic acids allowed for satisfying modeling phase equilibria. The modeling approach established in this work is a further step to screen solubility and to predict the whole phase region of mixtures containing pharmaceuticals.

Highlights: {yields} Thermodynamic study of diethylenetriamine + 2-methyl-1-propanol, +2-propanol or +1-butanol have been made. {yields} Excess molar volumes and isentropic compressibility were determined. {yields} Types of interactions were discussed based on derived properties. - Abstract: Densities, {rho}, viscosities, {eta}, and speeds of sound, u, were measured for the binary liquid mixtures containing diethylenetriamine with 2-methyl-1-propanol, 2-propanol and 1-butanol at 293.15, 298.15, 303.15, 308.15 and 313.15 K. From density and speed of sound data, excess molar volumes, V{sub m}{sup E} and deviations in isentropic compressibility, {Delta}{kappa}{sub s}, and speed of sound, {Delta}u have been evaluated. Viscosity data were used to compute deviations in viscosity and excess Gibbs energy of activation of viscous flow {Delta}G*{sup E} at 298.15, 303.15 and 308.15 K. A Redlich-Kister type equation was applied to fit the excess molar volumes and deviations in isentropic compressibility, speed of sound and viscosity data. The viscosity data have been correlated with the equations of Grunberg-Nissan, Tamura-Kurata, Heric-Brewer and of Hind et al. All the binary systems of the present study have negative values of excess molar volumes and deviations in isentropic compressibility over whole composition range and at all temperatures which indicates strong interactions between the components of binarymixtures.

A combined physical model of bubbel growth is propsed along with a corresponding bubble growth model for binarymixtures on smooth tubes.Using the general model of Wang et al.[1].and the bubble growth model for binarymixtures,an analytical model for nucleate pool boiling heat transfer of binarymixtures on smooth tubes is developed.In addition,nucleate pool boiling heat transfer of pure liquids and binary mixtrues on a horizontal smooth tube was studied experimentally.The pure liquids and binarymixtures included water methanol,ehanol,and their binarymixtures.The analytical models for both pure liquids and binarymixtures are in good agreement with the experimental data.

Full Text Available Densities of binarymixtures of 2-methoxyethanol (2-MeO-EtOH and 2-ethoxyethanol (2-EtO-EtOH with hexylamine (HLA, diethylamine (DEA, triethylamine (TEA, tert-butylamine (TBA, aniline (ANL, and benzylamine (BLA have been determined at varying compositions of the alkoxyalkanols at 298.15 K. The excess molar volumes, VE, of the binarymixtures were calculated from the experimental density data of the mixtures and the component single solvents. The calculated excess molar volumes were fitted into the Redlich-Kister polynomial to obtain the fitting coefficients and standard deviations. The excess molar volumes of the binarymixtures of all the solvent systems investigated were negative over the entire range of the solvents composition. The negative values were attributed to stronger hydrogen bond formations between the unlike molecules of mixtures than those between the like molecules of the pure components. The magnitude of the excess molar volumes of the binarymixtures of 2-methoxyethanol and the aliphatic amines were in the order TBA > TEA > DEA > HEA. For the two aromatic amines, the magnitudes were in the order BLA > ANL. For binarymixtures of the amines and 2-ethoxyethanol, the magnitudes were in the order DEA > TEA > TBA > HEA at compositions where the mole fraction of 2-EtO-EtOH was ≤0.5 and TBA > TEA > DEA > HEA above 0.5 mole fraction of 2-EtO-EtOH.

The present study proposed a QSAR model to predict joint effects at non-equitoxic ratios for binarymixtures containing reactive toxicants, cyanogenic compounds and aldehydes. Toxicity of single and binarymixtures was measured by quantifying the decrease in light emission from the Photobacterium phosphoreum for 15 min. The joint effects of binarymixtures (TU sum) can thus be obtained. The results showed that the relationships between toxic ratios of the individual chemicals and their joint effects can be described by normal distribution function. Based on normal distribution equations, the joint effects of binarymixtures at non-equitoxic ratios ( [Formula: see text]) can be predicted quantitatively using the joint effects at equitoxic ratios ( [Formula: see text]). Combined with a QSAR model of [Formula: see text]in our previous work, a novel QSAR model can be proposed to predict the joint effects of mixtures at non-equitoxic ratios ( [Formula: see text]). The proposed model has been validated using additional mixtures other than the one used for the development of the model. Predicted and observed results were similar (p>0.05). This study provides an approach to the prediction of joint effects for binarymixtures at non-equitoxic ratios.

Leaf-cutting ants are pests of great economic importance due to the damage they cause to agricultural and forest crops. The use of organosynthetic insecticides is the main form of control of these insects. In order to develop safer technology, the objective of this work was to evaluate the formicidal activity of the essential oils of two Hyptis pectinata genotypes (chemotypes) and their major compounds on the leaf-cutting ants Acromyrmex balzani Emery and Atta sexdens rubropilosa Forel. Bioassays of exposure pathways (contact and fumigation) and binarymixtures of the major compounds were performed. The major compounds identified in the essential oils of H. pectinata were β-caryophyllene, caryophyllene oxide and calamusenone. The essential oils of H. pectinata were toxic to the ants in both exposure pathways. Essential oils were more toxic than their major compounds alone. The chemotype calamusenone was more toxic to A. balzani in both exposure pathways. A. sexdens rubropilosa was more susceptible to the essential oil of the chemotype β-caryophyllene in both exposure pathways. In general, the binarymixtures of the major compounds resulted in additive effect of toxicity. The essential oils of H. pectinata is a raw material of great potential for the development of new insecticides.

The turbulent, steady, fully-developed flow of a moderately dense (solid volume faction >>0.001) binarymixture of spherical particles in a gaseous carrier is investigated for the case of flow in a vertical riser. The suspended particles are considered to be in turbulent motion, driven by random aerodynamic forces acting between the particle and the gaseous carrier as well as particle-particle interactive forces. A model is constructed based on the combination of the time-averaged after volume-averaged conservation equations of mass, momentum and mechanical energy of the gas phase in the continuum theory and the corresponding equations for the solid particles obtained using the recently developed Enskog theory for dense multi-component mixtures of slightly inelastic spherical particles. The model properly takes into account the contributions of particle-particle collisions, as well as the fluid-dynamic fluctuating forces on individual particles. To demonstrate the validity of this approach, the fully-developed steady-state mean velocity and concentration distributions of a moderately dense binarymixture of solid particles in a turbulent vertical flow calculated by the present model are compared with available experimental measurements. The results provide a qualitative description of the experimentally observed motion of coarse particles in a fast bed of fine solids. (author)

A symmetric expression for the excess Gibbs free energy of liquid binarymixtures is obtained using an appropriate definition for the effective contact fraction. We have identified a mechanism of local segregation as the main cause of the contact fraction variation with the concentration. Starting from this mechanism we develop a simple model for describing binary liquid mixtures. In this model two parameters appear: one adjustable, and the other parameter depending on the first one. Following this procedure we reproduce the experimental data of (liquid + vapor) equilibrium with a degree of accuracy comparable to well-known more elaborated models. The way in which we take into account the effective contacts between molecules allows identifying the compound which may be considered to induce one of the following processes: segregation, anti-segregation and dispersion of the components in the liquid mixture. Finally, the simplicity of the model allows one to obtain only one resulting interaction energy parameter, which makes easier the physical interpretation of the results.

Full Text Available We describe an ultrasonic instrument for continuous real-time analysis of the fractional mixture of a binary gas system. The instrument is particularly well suited to measurement of leaks of a high molecular weight gas into a system that is nominally composed of a single gas. Sensitivity < 5 × 10−5 is demonstrated to leaks of octaflouropropane (C3F8 coolant into nitrogen during a long duration (18 month continuous study. The sensitivity of the described measurement system is shown to depend on the difference in molecular masses of the two gases in the mixture. The impact of temperature and pressure variances on the accuracy of the measurement is analysed. Practical considerations for the implementation and deployment of long term, in situ ultrasonic leak detection systems are also described. Although development of the described systems was motivated by the requirements of an evaporative fluorocarbon cooling system, the instrument is applicable to the detection of leaks of many other gases and to processes requiring continuous knowledge of particular binary gas mixture fractions.

We consider binarymixtures of soft repulsive spherical particles and calculate the depletion interaction between two big spheres mediated by the fluid of small spheres, using different theoretical and simulation methods. The validity of the theoretical approach, a virial expansion in terms of the density of the small spheres, is checked against simulation results. Attention is given to the approach toward the hard-sphere limit and to the effect of density and temperature on the strength of the depletion potential. Our results indicate, surprisingly, that even a modest degree of softness in the pair potential governing the direct interactions between the particles may lead to a significantly more attractive total effective potential for the big spheres than in the hard-sphere case. This might lead to significant differences in phase behavior, structure, and dynamics of a binarymixture of soft repulsive spheres. In particular, a perturbative scheme is applied to predict the phase diagram of an effective system of big spheres interacting via depletion forces for a size ratio of small and big spheres of 0.2; this diagram includes the usual fluid-solid transition but, in the soft-sphere case, the metastable fluid-fluid transition, which is probably absent in hard-sphere mixtures, is close to being stable with respect to direct fluid-solid coexistence. From these results, the interesting possibility arises that, for sufficiently soft repulsive particles, this phase transition could become stable. Possible implications for the phase behavior of real colloidal dispersions are discussed.

This paper is the second in a two-part series dealing with the configuration-specific analyses for molecular collision events of hard, spherical molecules at thermal equilibrium. The first paper analyzed a single-component system, and the reader is referred to it for the fundamental concepts. In this paper, the expressions for the configuration-specific collision frequencies and the average line-of-centers collision angles and speeds are derived for an ideal binary gas mixture. The analyses show that the average line-of-centers quantities are all dependent upon the ratio of the masses of the two components, but not upon molecular size. Of course, the configuration-specific collision frequencies do depend on molecular size. The expression for the overall binary collision frequency is a simple sum of the configuration-specific collision frequencies and is identical to the conventional expression.

Under certain conditions, during binarymixture adsorption in nanoporous hosts, the concentration of one component may temporarily exceed its equilibrium value. This implies that, in contrast to Fick's Law, molecules must diffuse in the direction of increasing rather than decreasing concentration. Although this phenomenon of `overshooting' has been observed previously, it is only recently, using microimaging techniques, that diffusive fluxes in the interior of nanoporous materials have become accessible to direct observation. Here we report the application of interference microscopy to monitor `uphill' fluxes, covering the entire period of overshooting from initiation until final equilibration. It is shown that the evolution of the profiles can be adequately predicted from the single-component diffusivities together with the binary adsorption equilibrium data. The guest molecules studied (carbon dioxide, ethane and propene) and the host material (ZSM-58 or DDR) are of practical interest in relation to the development of kinetically selective adsorption separation processes.

In the present work, we have measured the thermodiffusion coefficient of 51 binary liquid mixtures at 25 oC. These mixtures correspond to the series of the aromatics toluene and 1-methylnaphthalene with n-alkanes nCi (i = 6, 8, 10, 12, and 14) at different mass fractions in the whole range. For that, we have used the thermogravitational technique. It is shown that the thermodiffusion coefficient is a linear function of the mass fraction in all the mixtures. Extrapolating the lines, we obtain the thermodiffusion coefficient in dilute solutions of n-alkanes for both toluene and 1-methylnaphthalene. These limiting values show a linear dependence with the inverse of the product of the molecular weights. In addition, we have measured the molecular diffusion coefficient of all the mixtures at 0.5 of mass fraction and at 25 oC, by the sliding symmetric tubes technique. It is observed that the product of this coefficient with the viscosity at the same concentrations takes a constant value for each of the series considered. Finally, we have also determined the Soret coefficient of the equimass mixtures by the combination of the measurements of thermodiffusion and molecular diffusion coefficients.

We study the structure and fluid-phase behaviour of binarymixtures of hard spheres (HSs) and hard spherocylinders (HSCs) in isotropic and nematic states using the NPnAT ensemble Monte Carlo (MC) approach in which the normal component of the pressure tensor is fixed in a system confined between two hard walls. The method allows one to estimate the location of the isotropic-nematic phase transition and to observe the asymmetry in the composition between the coexisting phases, with the expected enhancement of the HSC concentration in the nematic phase. This is in stark contrast with the previously reported MC simulations where a conventional isotropic NPT ensemble was used. We further compare the simulation results with the theoretical predictions of two analytic theories that extend the original Parsons-Lee theory using the one-fluid and the many-fluid approximations [Malijevský et al., J. Chem. Phys. 129, 144504 (2008)]. In the one-fluid version of the theory, the properties of the mixture are related to an effective one-component HS system, while in the many-fluid theory, the components of the mixtures are represented as separate effective HS particles. The comparison reveals that both the one- and the many-fluid approaches provide a reasonably accurate quantitative description of the mixture including the predictions of the isotropic-nematic phase boundary and degree of orientational order of the HSC-HS mixture.

Full Text Available Direct equipartition ray design was used to construct Cd-Ni and Cd-Cr binarymixtures. Microplate toxicity analysis was used to evaluate the toxicity of individual substance and the Cd-Ni and Cd-Cr mixtures on Chlorella pyrenoidosa and Selenastrum capricornutum. The interacting toxicity of the mixture was analyzed with concentration addition (CA model. In addition, combination index method (CI was proposed and used to quantitatively characterize the toxicity of the binarymixtures of Cd-Ni and Cd-Cr observed in experiment and find the degree of deviation from the predicted outcome of the CA model, that is, the intensity of interacting toxicity. Results indicate that most of the 20 binarymixtures exhibit enhancing and synergistic effect, and only Cd-Cr-R4 and Cd-Cr-R5 mixtures have relatively high antagonistic effects against C. pyrenoidosa. Based on confidence interval, CI can compare the intensities of interaction of the mixtures under varying levels of effect. The characterization methods are applicable for analyzing binarymixture with complex interaction.

An improvement to the gas mixture used in diffuse glow discharge closing switches is disclosed which includes binary and ternary gas mixtures which are formulated to exhibit decreasing electron attachment with increasing temperature. This increases the efficiency of the conductance of the glow discharge and further inhibits the formation of an arc.

Imidacloprid is the most widely used insecticide in the world. In this study, we used spraying methods to simulate field exposures of bees to formulated imidacloprid (Advise® 2FL) alone and binarymixtures with seven pesticides from different classes. Synergistic toxicity was detected from mixtures ...

In this work, we have investigated the composition dependent anomalous behavior of dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO)-water binarymixture by collecting the ultrafast solvent relaxation response around a well known solvation probe Coumarin 480 (C480) by using a femtosecond fluorescence up-conversion spectrometer. Recent molecular dynamics simulations have predicted two anomalous regions of DMSO-water binarymixture. Particularly, these studies encourage us to investigate the anomalies from experimental background. DMSO-water binarymixture has repeatedly given evidences of its dual anomalous nature in front of our systematic investigation through steady-state and time-resolved measurements. We have calculated average solvation times of C480 by two individual well-known methods, among them first one is spectral-reconstruction method and another one is single-wavelength measurement method. The results of both the methods roughly indicate that solvation time of C480 reaches maxima in the mole fraction of DMSO X{sub D} = 0.12–0.17 and X{sub D} = 0.27–0.35, respectively. Among them, the second region (X{sub D} = 0.27–0.35) is very common as most of the thermodynamic properties exhibit deviation in this range. Most probably, the anomalous solvation trend in this region is fully guided by the shear viscosity of the medium. However, the first region is the most interesting one. In this region due to formation of strongly hydrogen bonded 1DMSO:2H{sub 2}O complexes, hydration around the probe C480 decreases, as a result of which solvation time increases.

Full Text Available Molecular simulation data were used to study the performance of equations of state (EoS and combining rules usually employed in thermodynamic property calculations. The Monte Carlo method and the Gibbs ensemble technique were used for determining composition and densities of vapor and liquid phases in equilibrium for binarymixtures of Lennard-Jones fluids. Simulation results are compared to data in the literature and to those calculated by the t-PR-LJ EoS. The use of adequate combining rules has been shown to be very important for the satisfactory representation of molecular simulation data.

Full Text Available Density, refractive index, speed of sound, and viscosity have been measured of binarymixture dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO + isopropylbenzene (CUMENE over the whole composition range at 298.15, 303.15, 308.15, and 313.15 K and atmospheric pressure. From these experimental measurements the excess molar volume, deviations in viscosity, molar refractivity, speed of sound, and isentropic compressibility have been calculated. These deviations have been correlated by a polynomial Redlich-Kister equation to derive the coefficients and standard error. The viscosities have furthermore been correlated with two or three parameter models, that is, herric correlation and McAllister model, respectively.

Full Text Available Ultrasonic velocity and density measurements were made in two binary liquid mixtures Isopropyl acetate (IPA and Isobutyl acetate (IBA with cyclohexanone (CY as a common component at 303K, at fixed frequency of 2MHz using single crystal variable path interferometer and specific gravity bottle respectively. The experimental data have been used to calculate the acoustic impedance, adiabatic compressibility, inter molecular free length and molar volume. The excess thermodynamic parameters have been evaluated and discussed in the light of molecular interactions.

This study presents the viscosities, both kinematic and dynamic, of binarymixtures of 1-chlorobutane, 2-chlorobutane, or 1-chloro-2-methylpropane with butyl ethyl ether or methyl tert-butyl ether from T = 283.15 K to T = 313.15 K at atmospheric pressure as a function of composition. Kinematics viscosities were measured using an Ubbelohde viscometer. The dynamic viscosities were obtained from experimental kinematic viscosities and previously reported density data. The viscosity results have been employed to check the reliability of the Wu-UNIFAC method.

We report turbidity measurements of a nonaqueous ionic solution of triethyl n-hexylammonium triethyl n-hexylboride in diphenyl ether. A classical susceptibility critical exponent gamma = 1.01 +/- 0.01 is obtained over the reduced temperature range t between values of 0.1 and 0.0001. The best fits of the sample transmission had a standard deviation of 0.39 percent over this range. Ising and spherical model critical exponents are firmly excluded. The correlation length amplitude xi sub 0 from fitting is 1.0 +/- 0.2 nm which is much larger than values found in neutral fluids and some aqueous binarymixtures.

Three different spectrophotometric methods were applied for the quantitative analysis of flucloxacillin and amoxicillin in their binarymixture, namely, ratio subtraction, absorbance subtraction and amplitude modulation. A comparative study was done listing the advantages and the disadvantages of each method. All the methods were validated according to the ICH guidelines and the obtained accuracy, precision and repeatability were found to be within the acceptable limits. The selectivity of the proposed methods was tested using laboratory prepared mixtures and assessed by applying the standard addition technique. So, they can be used for the routine analysis of flucloxacillin and amoxicillin in their binarymixtures.

Full Text Available The ultrasonic velocity, density and viscosity in binary liquid mixture cyclohexane with o-xylene have been determined at different temperatures from 303.15 to 318.15 K over the whole composition range. The data have been utilized to estimate the excess adiabatic compressibility (βE, excess volumes (VE, excess intermolecular free length (LfE, excess internal pressure (πE and excess enthalpy (HE at the above temperatures. The excess values have been found to be useful in estimating the strength of the interactions in the liquid mixtures. Analysis of these parameters indicates that there are weak interactions among the components of the binarymixtures.

Full Text Available A rapid, simple, accurate and precise UV Spectrophotometric method using simultaneous equation was developed for the simultaneous determination of amlodipine besylate and atorvastatin calcium in a binarymixture. In the proposed method, the signals were measured at 238.2 and 246.6 nm corresponding to the absorbance maxima of amlodipine besylate and atorvastatin calcium in methanol, respectively. Linearity was observed in the concentration range of 5-30 µg/ml for both the drugs. Concentration of each drug was obtained by using the absorptivity values calculated for both the drugs at two wavelengths, 238.2 and 246.6 nm and solving the simultaneous equations. The method was validated statistically and recovery study was performed to confirm the accuracy of the method. Laboratory prepared synthetic mixture was successfully analyzed using the developed method.

A new simple spectrophotometric method was developed for the simultaneous determination of drugs with interfering spectra in binarymixtures without previous separation. The new method is based on a simple modification for the ratio subtraction method. This modification enabled wider range of application. The proposed ratio difference method was applied for the determination of brimonidine and timolol in laboratory prepared mixtures with mean percentage recoveries 100.40±2.29 and 101.23± 1.30 respectively, and in their pharmaceutical formulation with mean percentage recoveries 101.08±0.44 and 100.66±0.52 respectively. The suggested ratio difference method was validated according to USP guidelines and can be applied for routine aualitv control testing.

Full Text Available AbstractThe Boundary Driven Non-Equilibrium Molecular Dynamics (BD-NEMD method is employed to evaluate Soret coefficients of binarymixtures. Using a n-decane/n-pentane mixture at 298 K, we study several parameters and conditions of the simulation procedure such as system size, time step size, frequency of perturbation, and the undesired warming up of the system during the simulation. The Soret coefficients obtained here deviated around 20% when comparing with experimental data and with simulated results from the literature. We showed that fluctuations in composition gradients and the consequent deviations of the Soret coefficient may be due to characteristic fluctuations of the composition gradient. Best results were obtained with the smallest time steps and without using a thermostat, which shows that there is room for improvement and/or development of new BD-NEMD algorithms.

Densities and speeds of sound have been determined for the binarymixture (1-butylpyridinium tetrafluoroborate + methanol, or ethanol) over the temperature range 293.15 K to 323.15 K. From experimental values, excess volume and excess isentropic compressibility have been calculated. The mixtures give negative values for the excess properties. Besides, (vapour + liquid) equilibrium in isothermal conditions has been obtained for these systems at T = 303.15 K and T = 323.15 K, which has allowed us to derive activity coefficients and excess Gibbs functions. Positive deviations from Raoult's law have been found. A detailed analysis and interpretation of results have been carried out in structural and energetic terms using thermodynamic information of the pure compounds.

Full Text Available In the present study the physicochemical stability of sertraline with lactose was evaluated in drug-excipient binarymixtures. Different physicochemical methods such as differential scanning calorimetry (DSC, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, and mass spectrometry were applied to confirm the incompatibility. The final aim of this study was to evaluate the kinetic parameters using a fast and sensitive DSC method. Solid-state kinetic parameters were derived from nonisothermally stressed physical mixtures using different thermal models such as Friedman, Flynn–Wall–Ozawa, and Kissinger–Akahira–Sunose. Overall, the instability of sertraline with lactose was successfully evaluated. Further confirmation was made by tracking the Maillard reaction product of sertraline and lactose by mass spectrometry. DSC scans provided important information about the stability of sertraline in solid-state condition and also revealed the related thermokinetic parameters in order to understand the nature of the chemical instability.

Nonlinear wave convection regimes are studied in a horizontal layer of an incompressible binarymixture with anomalous thermal diffusion in the gravitational field modulated with an arbitrary amplitude and finite frequency. Oscillation regimes are numerically simulated by the finite difference method for the case of a layer with impenetrable rigid boundaries, which better corresponds to experimental laboratory conditions. A qualitative difference is found in the dynamics of nonlinear quasi-periodic and subharmonic oscillations appearing in the initially stratified mixture and behaving as modulated and regular standing waves. The dependences of the intensity of convective flows on the modulation amplitude are obtained. The results of nonlinear calculations are compared with data on the boundaries of the equilibrium stability found from the linear theory. It is shown that a region of parameters exists where alternating action suppresses the convective motion.

Full Text Available Dried Caulerpa lentillifera was shown to have adsorption potential for Cu, Cd, Pb and Zn. The adsorption equilibrium was found to follow the Freundlich isotherm type. The adsorption of binarymixture of heavy metals solution onto the surface of the algae was found to be of competitive type where the adsorption capacity for any single metal decreased by 10-40% in the presence of the others. The total adsorption capacity of the algae was, in most cases, found to decrease by 30-50% when there was more than one heavy metal in the solution. However, the adsorption of mixtures of Cd and Cu, and of Pb and Cu did not show a reductionin the total adsorption capacity.

We determine the interfacial properties of a symmetrical binarymixture of equal-sized spherical Lennard-Jones molecules, σ{sub 11} = σ{sub 22}, with the same dispersive energy between like species, ϵ{sub 11} = ϵ{sub 22}, but different dispersive energies between unlike species low enough to induce phase separation. We use the extensions of the improved version of the inhomogeneous long-range corrections of Janecek [J. Phys. Chem. B 110, 6264 (2006)], presented recently by MacDowell and Blas [J. Chem. Phys. 131, 074705 (2009)] and Martínez-Ruiz et al. [J. Chem. Phys. 141, 184701 (2014)], to deal with the interaction energy and microscopic components of the pressure tensor. We perform Monte Carlo simulations in the canonical ensemble to obtain the interfacial properties of the symmetrical mixture with different cut-off distances r{sub c} and in combination with the inhomogeneous long-range corrections. The pressure tensor is obtained using the mechanical (virial) and thermodynamic route. The liquid-liquid interfacial tension is also evaluated using three different procedures, the Irving-Kirkwood method, the difference between the macroscopic components of the pressure tensor, and the test-area methodology. This allows to check the validity of the recent extensions presented to deal with the contributions due to long-range corrections for intermolecular energy and pressure tensor in the case of binarymixtures that exhibit liquid-liquid immiscibility. In addition to the pressure tensor and the surface tension, we also obtain density profiles and coexistence densities and compositions as functions of pressure, at a given temperature. According to our results, the main effect of increasing the cut-off distance r{sub c} is to sharpen the liquid-liquid interface and to increase the width of the biphasic coexistence region. Particularly interesting is the presence of a relative minimum in the total density profiles of the symmetrical mixture. This minimum is related

A Monte Carlo algorithm is developed to estimate the ensemble-averaged behavior of neutral particles within a binary stochastic mixture. A special case stochastic mixture is examined, in which non-overlapping spheres of constant radius are uniformly mixed in a matrix material. Spheres are chosen to represent the stochastic volumes due to their geometric simplicity and because spheres are a common approximation to a large number of applications. The boundaries of the mixture are impenetrable, meaning that spheres in the stochastic mixture cannot be assumed to overlap the mixture boundaries. The algorithm employs a method called Limited Chord Length Sampling (LCLS). While in the matrix material, LCLS uses chord-length sampling to sample the distance to the next stochastic interface. After a surface crossing into a stochastic sphere, transport is treated explicitly until the particle exits or is killed. This capability eliminates the need to explicitly model a representation of the random geometry of the mixture. The algorithm is first proposed and tested against benchmark results for a two dimensional, fixed source model using stand-alone Monte Carlo codes. The algorithm is then implemented and tested in a test version of the Los Alamos M&barbelow;onte C&barbelow;arlo ṉ-p&barbelow;article Code MCNP. This prototype MCNP version has the capability to calculate LCLS results for both fixed source and multiplied source (i.e., eigenvalue) problems. Problems analyzed with MCNP range from simple binarymixtures, designed to test LCLS over a range of optical thicknesses, to a detailed High Temperature Gas Reactor fuel element, which tests the value of LCLS in a current problem of practical significance. Comparisons of LCLS and benchmark results include both accuracy and efficiency comparisons. To ensure conservative efficiency comparisons, the statistical basis for the benchmark technique is derived and a formal method for optimizing the benchmark calculations is developed

Highlights: • Cadmium impairs the olfactory response of rainbow trout. • Nickel and zinc, but not copper, protect against Cd-induced olfactory dysfunction. • Calcium, sodium, and magnesium also protect against the effect of cadmium. • Protection from cadmium is most likely not due to metallothionein expression. - Abstract: A functioning olfactory response is essential for fish to be able to undertake essential behaviors. The majority of work investigating the effects of metals on the olfactory response of fish has focused on single-metal exposures. In this study we exposed rainbow trout to cadmium, copper, nickel, zinc, or a mixture of these four metals at or below the current Canadian Council of Ministers of the Environment guidelines for the protection of aquatic life. Measurement of olfactory acuity using an electro-olfactogram demonstrated that cadmium causes significant impairment of the entire olfactory system, while the other three metals or the mixture of all four metals did not. Binarymixtures with cadmium and each of the other metals demonstrated that nickel and zinc, but not copper, protect against cadmium-induced olfactory dysfunction. Testing was done to determine if the protection from cadmium-induced olfactory dysfunction could be explained by binding competition between cadmium and the other metals at the cell surface, or if the protection could be explained by an up-regulation of an intracellular detoxification pathway, namely metallothionein. This study is the first to measure the effects of binary and quaternary metal mixtures on the olfactory response of fish, something that will aid in future assessments of the effects of metals on the environment.

The stationary and transient Soret separation in a binarymixture with a consolute critical point is studied theoretically. The mixture is placed between two parallel plates kept at different temperatures. A polymer blend is used as a model system. Analytical solutions are constructed to describe the stationary separation in a binarymixture with variable Soret coefficient. The latter strongly depends on temperature and concentration and enhances near a consolute critical point due to reduced diffusion. As a result, a large concentration gradient is observed locally, while much smaller concentration variations are found in the rest of the layer. It is shown that complete separation can be obtained by applying a small temperature difference first, waiting for the establishment of stationary state, and then increasing this difference again. In this case, the critical temperature lies between hot and cold wall temperatures, while the mixture still remains in the one-phase region. When the initial (mean) temperature or concentration are shifted away from the near-critical values, the separation decreases. The analysis of transient behavior shows that the Soret separation occurs much faster than diffusion to the homogeneous state when the initial concentration is close to the critical one. It happens due to the decrease (increase) of the local relaxation time during the Soret (Diffusion) steps. The transient times of these steps become comparable for small temperature differences or off-critical initial concentrations. An unusual (non-exponential) separation dynamics is observed when the separation starts in the off-critical domain, and then enhances greatly when the system enters into the near-critical region. It is also found that the transient time decreases with increasing the applied temperature difference.

Asymmetric binarymixtures of hard-spheres exhibit several interesting thermodynamic phenomena, such as multiple kinds of glassy states. When the degrees of freedom of the small spheres are integrated out from the description, their effects are incorporated into an effective pair interaction between large spheres known as the depletion potential. The latter has been widely used to study both the phase behavior and dynamic arrest of the big particles. Depletion forces can be accounted for by a contraction of the description in the multicomponent Ornstein-Zernike equation [R. Castañeda-Priego, A. Rodríguez-López, and J. M. Méndez-Alcaraz, Phys. Rev. E 73, 051404 (2006)]. Within this theoretical scheme, an approximation for the difference between the effective and bare bridge functions is needed. In the limit of infinite dilution, this difference is irrelevant and the typical Asakura-Osawa depletion potential is recovered. At higher particle concentrations, however, this difference becomes important, especially where the shell of first neighbors is formed, and, as shown here, cannot be simply neglected. In this work, we use a variant of the Verlet expression for the bridge functions to highlight their importance in the calculation of the depletion potential at high densities and close to the spinodal decomposition. We demonstrate that the modified Verlet closure predicts demixing in binarymixtures of hard spheres for different size ratios and compare its predictions with both liquid state and density functional theories, computer simulations, and experiments. We also show that it provides accurate correlation functions even near the thermodynamic instability; this is explicitly corroborated with results of molecular dynamics simulations of the whole mixture. Particularly, our findings point toward a possible universal behavior of the depletion potential around the spinodal line.

A semi-molecular theory for studying composition dependent Stokes shift dynamics of a dipolar solute in binarymixtures of (non-dipolar ionic liquid + common dipolar solvent) is developed here. The theory provides microscopic expressions for solvation response functions in terms of static and dynamic structure factors of the mixture components and solute-solvent static correlations. In addition, the theory provides a framework for examining the interrelationship between the time dependent solvation response in and frequency dependent dielectric relaxation of a binarymixture containing electrolyte. Subsequently, the theory has been applied to predict ionic liquid (IL) mole fraction dependent dynamic Stokes shift magnitude and solvation energy relaxation for a dipolar solute, C153, in binarymixtures of an ionic liquid, trihexyltetradecylphosphonium chloride ([P14,666][Cl]) with a common dipolar solvent, methanol (MeOH). In the absence of suitable experimental data, necessary input parameters have been obtained from approximate methods. Dynamic shifts calculated for these mixtures exhibit a linear increase with IL mole fraction for the most part of the mixture composition, stressing the importance of solute-IL dipole-ion interaction. Average solvation rates, on the other hand, show a nonlinear IL mole fraction dependence which is qualitatively similar to what has been observed for such binarymixtures with imidazolium (dipolar) ILs. These predictions should be re-examined in suitable experiments.

The isothermal transmission through activated carbon adsorber beds at 25 C of acetaldehyde-propane and acetylene-ethane mixtures in a helium carrier gas was measured. The inlet concentration of each component was in the range between 10 ppm and 500 ppm. The constant inlet volumetric flow rate was controlled at 200 cc (STP)/min in the acetaldehyde-propane experiments and at 50 cc (STP)/min in the acetaldehyde-ethane experiments. Comparison of experimental results with the corresponding single-component experiments under similar conditions reveals interference phenomena between the components of the mixtures as evidenced by changes in both the adsorption capacity and the dispersion number. Propane was found to displace acetaldehyde from the adsorbed state. The outlet concentration profiles of propane in the binarymixtures tend to become more diffuse than the corresponding concentration profiles of the one-component experiments. Similar features were observed with mixtures of acetylene and ethane; however, the displacement of acetylene by ethane is less pronounced.

Theoretical and experimental investigations are presented for the precision measurement of evaporation kinetics of binarymixtures using a quartz crystal resonator. A thin layer of light alcohol mixture including a volatile (methanol) and a much less volatile (1-butanol) components is deployed on top of the resonator. The normal or acoustic mode is to detect the moving liquid-vapor interface due to evaporation with a great spatial precision on the order of microns, and simultaneously the shear mode is used for in-situ detection of point viscosity or concentration of the mixture near the resonator. A one-dimensional theoretical model is developed to describe the underlying mass transfer and interfacial transport phenomena. Along with the modeling results, the transient evaporation kinetics, moving interface, and the stratification of viscosity of the liquid mixture during evaporation are simultaneously measured by the impedance response of the shear and longitudinal waves emitted from the resonator. The system can be used to characterize complicated evaporation kinetics involving multi-component fuels. American Chemical Society Petroleum Research Fund, NSF CMMI-0952646.

The paper aims at a molecular understanding of thermodiffusion (the Ludwig-Soret effect) in a liquid binarymixture. To this end, we first review the capabilities of the Maxwell-Stefan description of interdiffusion, which in a liquid rests upon the use of a thermodynamic force. The latter is defined here as a force per particle which generalizes the mechanical force and obeys Newton's third law. Moreover, the force is required to be invariant under changes of the energy and entropy gauges. The gauge-invariant force thus defined is found to account for ordinary diffusion and barodiffusion, but not for thermodiffusion. The force driving thermodiffusion arises from Onsager's reciprocity theorem in non-equilibrium thermodynamics: it is shown to be proportional to the covariance of enthalpy and velocity. In case that intermolecular collisions are elastic, an explicit kinetic expression is given of the force driving thermodiffusion; it involves the interaction cross-section of the two components and the mean-free-path function of the liquid mixture. That expression is equivalent to, but much simpler than, the Chapman-Enskog result in gaseous mixtures, and it qualitatively accounts for observations performed in liquid mixtures. The role of the internal degrees of freedom of the molecules is brought out. Finally, two pragmatic rules for devising models of thermodiffusion are enunciated.

A statistical associating fluid theory for potential of variable range has been recently developed to model dipolar fluids (SAFT-VR+D) [Zhao and McCabe, J. Chem. Phys. 2006, 125, 104504]. The SAFT-VR+D equation explicitly accounts for dipolar interactions and their effect on the thermodynamics and structure of a fluid by using the generalized mean spherical approximation (GMSA) to describe a reference fluid of dipolar square-well segments. In this work, we apply the SAFT-VR+D approach to real mixtures of dipolar fluids. In particular, we examine the high-pressure phase diagram of hydrogen sulfide+n-alkane binarymixtures. Hydrogen sulfide is modeled as an associating spherical molecule with four off-center sites to mimic hydrogen bonding and an embedded dipole moment (micro) to describe the polarity of H2S. The n-alkane molecules are modeled as spherical segments tangentially bonded together to form chains of length m, as in the original SAFT-VR approach. By using simple Lorentz-Berthelot combining rules, the theoretical predictions from the SAFT-VR+D equation are found to be in excellent overall agreement with experimental data. In particular, the theory is able to accurately describe the different types of phase behavior observed for these mixtures as the molecular weight of the alkane is varied: type III phase behavior, according to the scheme of classification by Scott and Konynenburg, for the H2S+methane system, type IIA (with the presence of azeotropy) for the H2S+ethane and+propane mixtures; and type I phase behavior for mixtures of H2S and longer n-alkanes up to n-decane. The theory is also able to predict in a qualitative manner the solubility of hydrogen sulfide in heavy n-alkanes.

Illicit drug preparations often include more than one pharmacologically active compound. For example, cocaine and synthetic cathinones [e.g., 3,4-methylenedioxypyrovalerone (MDPV)] are often mixed with caffeine before sale. Caffeine is likely added to these preparations because it is inexpensive and legal; however, caffeine might also mimic or enhance some of the effects of cocaine or MDPV. In these studies, male Sprague-Dawley rats were trained to discriminate 10 mg/kg cocaine from saline, and the discriminative stimulus effects of cocaine, caffeine, and MDPV were evaluated alone and as binarymixtures (cocaine and caffeine, MDPV and caffeine, and cocaine and MDPV) at fixed-dose ratios of 3:1, 1:1, and 1:3 relative to the dose of each drug that produced 50% cocaine-appropriate responding. Dose-addition analyses were used to determine the nature of the drug-drug interactions for each mixture (e.g., additive, supra-additive, or subadditive). Although additive interactions were observed for most mixtures, supra-additive interactions were observed at the 50% effect level for the 1:1 mixture of cocaine and caffeine and at the 80% effect level for all three mixtures of cocaine and caffeine, as well as for the 3:1 and 1:3 mixtures of cocaine and MDPV. These results demonstrate that with respect to cocaine-like discriminative stimulus effects, caffeine can function as a substitute in drug preparations containing either cocaine or MDPV, with enhancements of cocaine-like effects possible under certain conditions. Further research is needed to determine whether similar interactions exist for other abuse-related or toxic effects of drug preparations, including cocaine, synthetic cathinones, and caffeine. U.S. Government work not protected by U.S. copyright.

Illicit drug preparations often include more than one pharmacologically active compound. For example, cocaine and synthetic cathinones [e.g., 3,4-methylenedioxypyrovalerone (MDPV)] are often mixed with caffeine before sale. Caffeine is likely added to these preparations because it is inexpensive and legal; however, caffeine might also mimic or enhance some of the effects of cocaine or MDPV. In these studies, male Sprague-Dawley rats were trained to discriminate 10 mg/kg cocaine from saline, and the discriminative stimulus effects of cocaine, caffeine, and MDPV were evaluated alone and as binarymixtures (cocaine and caffeine, MDPV and caffeine, and cocaine and MDPV) at fixed-dose ratios of 3:1, 1:1, and 1:3 relative to the dose of each drug that produced 50% cocaine-appropriate responding. Dose-addition analyses were used to determine the nature of the drug-drug interactions for each mixture (e.g., additive, supra-additive, or subadditive). Although additive interactions were observed for most mixtures, supra-additive interactions were observed at the 50% effect level for the 1:1 mixture of cocaine and caffeine and at the 80% effect level for all three mixtures of cocaine and caffeine, as well as for the 3:1 and 1:3 mixtures of cocaine and MDPV. These results demonstrate that with respect to cocaine-like discriminative stimulus effects, caffeine can function as a substitute in drug preparations containing either cocaine or MDPV, with enhancements of cocaine-like effects possible under certain conditions. Further research is needed to determine whether similar interactions exist for other abuse-related or toxic effects of drug preparations, including cocaine, synthetic cathinones, and caffeine. PMID:27493274

A connected-grain model was developed earlier to explain mechanical and thermal properties of porous ceramics and sedimentary rocks. We have now generalized this model for binary particulate composites, based on simulation of a connected-grain structure of individual components of the composites by randomly selecting individual grains and shrinking them. Repetition of this procedure results in a structure of a binary particulate composite that contains channels of individual components, through which transport occurs. We developed a generalized law of mixtures in which transport properties are expressed as scaling relationships that depend on the shrinking parameter expressed as an exponent. This parameter provides the skewness of the distribution of the grains. The model is compared with various transport properties of binary composites reported in the literature. In addition, the model is tested on YBa2Cu3Ox superconductors and Ag composites that were fabricated in our laboratory and tested for electrical conductivity and elastic modulus. This test demonstrates how the model predicts two entirely different transport properties through their common microstructure and grain-size distribution.

Full Text Available MIL-53 (Al aluminum terephthalate, a commercial metal-organic framework, has been studied as a potential candidate for pressure swing adsorption separation of CO2/CH4 binarymixtures. Pure gas isotherms of CH4 and CO2 measured over 0–6 MPa and at room temperature are fitted with the Dubinin-Astakhov (D-A model. The D-A model parameters are used in the Doong-Yang Multicomponent adsorption model to predict the binarymixture isotherms. A one-dimensional multicomponent adsorption breakthrough model is then used to perform a parametric study of the effect of adsorbent particle diameter, inlet pressures, feed flow rates, and feed compositions on the breakthrough performance. Commercial MIL-53 with a particle diameter of 20 μm renders high tortuous flow; therefore it is less effective for separation. More effective separation can be achieved if MIL-53 monoliths of diameters above 200 μm are used. Faster separation is possible by increasing the feed pressure or if the starting compositions are richer in CO2. More CH4 is produced per cycle at higher feed pressures, but the shortened time at higher pressures can result in the reduction of the CH4 purity.

The established quantum cluster equilibrium (QCE) approach is refined and applied to N-methylformamide (NMF) and its aqueous solution. The QCE method is split into two iterative cycles: one which converges to the liquid phase solution of the QCE equations and another which yields the gas phase. By comparing Gibbs energies, the thermodynamically stable phase at a given temperature and pressure is then chosen. The new methodology avoids metastable solutions and allows a different treatment of the mean-field interactions within the gas and liquid phases. These changes are of crucial importance for the treatment of binarymixtures. For the first time in a QCE study, the cis-trans-isomerism of a species (NMF) is explicitly considered. Cluster geometries and frequencies are calculated using density functional theory (DFT) and complementary coupled cluster single point energies are used to benchmark the DFT results. Independent of the selected quantum-chemical method, a large set of clusters is required for an accurate thermodynamic description of the binarymixture. The liquid phase of neat NMF is found to be dominated by the cyclic trans-NMF pentamer, which can be interpreted as a linear trimer that is stabilized by explicit solvation of two further NMF molecules. This cluster reflects the known hydrogen bond network preferences of neat NMF.

The critical anomaly of the isobaric molar heat capacity for the liquid-liquid phase transition in binary nonionic mixtures is explained through a theory based on the general assumption that their partition function can be exactly mapped into that of the Ising three-dimensional model. Under this approximation, it is found that the heat capacity singularity is directly linked to molar excess enthalpy. In order to check this prediction and complete the available data for such systems, isobaric molar heat capacity and molar excess enthalpy near the liquid-liquid critical point were experimentally determined for a large set of binary liquid mixtures. Agreement between theory and experimental results-both from literature and from present work-is good for most cases. This fact opens a way for explaining and predicting the heat capacity divergence at the liquid-liquid critical point through basically the same microscopic arguments as for molar excess enthalpy, widely used in the frame of solution thermodynamics.

We report on the measurements of diffusion (D), thermodiffusion (DT), and Soret (ST) coefficients in binary pairs of the ternary system toluene-methanol-cyclohexane using different instrumental techniques: microgravity measurements (SODI/DCMIX2) on the International Space Station, thermogravitational column in combination with sliding symmetric tubes, optical beam deflection, optical digital interferometry, and counter flow cell. The binary systems have large regions where the mixtures are either not miscible or the Soret coefficient is negative. All the coefficients have been measured over a wide composition range with the exception of a miscibility gap. Results from different instruments and literature data are in favorable agreement over a broad composition range. Additionally, we have carefully measured the physical properties and the optical contrast factors (∂n/∂c ) p ,T and (∂n/∂T ) p ,c. The latter ones were also calculated using the Looyenga equation. The measurements in methanol-cyclohexane mixture revealed a decay of the diffusion coefficient when approaching the miscibility gap. We have interpreted this in the spirit of the pseudospinodal concept.

Chlorpyrifos (CPF) and diazinon (DZN) are two commonly used organophosphorus (OP) insecticides and potential exists for concurrent exposures. The primary neurotoxic effects from OP pesticide exposures result from the inhibition of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) by their oxon metabolites. The pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic impact of acute binary exposures to CPF and DZN in rats were evaluated in this study. Rats were orally administered CPF, DZN or a CPF/DZN mixture (0, 15, 30 or 60 mg/kg) and blood (plasma and RBC), and brain were collected at 0, 3, 6, 12 and 24 h post-dosing, urine was also collected at 24 h. Chlorpyrifos, DZN and their respective metabolites 3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinol (TCP) and 2-isopropyl-4-methyl-6-hydroxypyrimidine (IMHP) were quantified in blood and/or urine and cholinesterase (ChE) inhibition was measured in brain, RBCs and plasma. Co-exposure to CPF/DZN at 15/15 mg/kg, did not appreciably alter the pharmacokinetics of CPF, DZN or their metabolites in blood; whereas, a 60/60 mg/kg dose resulted in a transient increase in Cmax, AUC, and decreased clearance of both compounds, likely due to competition between CPF and DZN for CYP450 metabolism. At lower doses, most likely to be encountered in occupational or environmental exposures, the pharmacokinetics were linear. A dose-dependent inhibition of ChE was noted in tissues for both the single and co-exposures. The overall potency for ChE inhibition was greater for CPF than DZN and the binarymixture response appeared to be strongly influenced by CPF. A comparison of the ChE binary response at the low dose (15 mg/kg), where there were no apparent pharmacokinetic interactions, suggested that the overall ChE response was additive. These are the first reported experiments we are aware of that characterize both the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic interactions between CPF and DZN in the rat, and will be used to further develop a binary physiologically based pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic

We analyzed the properties and structures of the hydrogen-bonded complexes of tetrahydrofuran(THF)and water by means of experimental Raman spectra and ab initio calculations.The optimized geometries and vibrational frequencies of the neat THF molecule and its hydrogen-bonded complexes with water(THF/H2O) were calculated at the MP2/6-31 l+G(d,p) level of theory.We found that the intermolecular hydrogen bonds which are formed from the binarymixtures of the neat THF and water with different molar ratios could explain the changes in wavenumber position and linewidth very well.The combination of ab initio calculations and experimental Raman spectral data provides an insight into the hydrogen bonds leading to the concentration dependent changes in the spectral features.

Full Text Available The problem of unsteady convective with thermophoresis, chemical reaction and radiative heat transfer in a micropolar fluid flow past a vertical porous surface moving through binarymixture considering temperature dependent dynamic viscosity and constant vortex viscosity has been investigated theoretically. For proper and correct analysis of fluid flow along vertical surface with a temperature lesser than that of the free stream, Boussinesq approximation and temperature dependent viscosity model were modified and incorporated into the governing equations. The governing equations are converted to systems of ordinary differential equations by applying suitable similarity transformations and solved numerically using fourth-order Runge–Kutta method along with shooting technique. The results of the numerical solution are presented graphically and in tabular forms for different values of parameters. Velocity profile increases with temperature dependent variable fluid viscosity parameter. Increase of suction parameter corresponds to an increase in both temperature and concentration within the thin boundary layer.

Full Text Available The structural information of the pharmaceuticals and insights on the modes of molecular interactions are very important aspects in drug development. In this work, two cephalosporins and antimicrobial combinations, cefepime-metronidazole and cefoperazone-sulbactam, were studied in the solid state using FTIR spectroscopy for the first time. Quantitation of the studied drugs and their binarymixtures was performed by integrating the peak areas of the characteristic well-resolved bands: υ (C=O band at 1773 cm−1 for cefepime and ring torsion band at 826 cm−1 for metronidazole and υ (C=O band at 1715 cm−1 for cefoperazone and ring torsion band at 1124 cm−1 for sulbactam. The results of this work were compared with the relevant spectrophotometric reported methods. This study provides data that can be used for the preparative process monitoring of the studied drugs in various dosage forms.

of critical lines. Each calculated point is analysed for stability by means of the tangent plane distance, and the occurrence of an unstable point is used to determine a critical endpoint (CEP). The critical endpoint, in turn, is used as the starting point for constructing the three-phase line. The equations...... for the critical endpoint, as well as for points on the three-phase line, are also solved using Newton's method with temperature, molar volume and composition as the independent variables. The different calculations are integrated into a general procedure that allows us to automatically trace critical lines......, critical endpoints and three-phase lines for binarymixtures with phase diagrams of types from I to V without advance knowledge of the type of phase diagram. The procedure requires a thermodynamic model in the form of a pressure-explicit EOS but is not specific to a particular equation of state. (C) 2006...

Binarymixturesformed by a pyridine base and an alkane, or an aromatic hydrocarbon, or a 1-alkanol have been studied in the framework of the concentration-concentration structure factor, S{sub CC}(0), formalism. Deviations between experimental data and those provided by the DISQUAC model are discussed. Systems containing alkanes are characterized by homocoordination. In pyridine + alkane mixtures, S{sub CC}(0) decreases with the chain length of the longer alkanes, due to size effects. For a given alkane, S{sub CC}(0) also decreases with the number of CH{sub 3}- groups in the pyridine base. This has been interpreted assuming that the number of amine-amine interactions available to be broken upon mixing also decreases similarly, probably as steric hindrances exerted by the methyl groups of the aromatic amine increase with the number of these groups. Homocoordination is higher in mixtures with 3,5-dimethylpyridine than in those with 2,6-dimethylpyridine. That is, steric effects exerted by methyl groups in positions 3 and 5 are stronger than when they are in positions 2 and 6. Similarly, from the application of the DISQUAC (dispersive-quasichemical) model, it is possible to conclude that homocoordination is higher in systems with 3- or 4-methylpyridine than in those involving 2-methylpyridine. Systems including aromatic hydrocarbons are nearly ideal, which seems to indicate that there is no specific interaction in such solutions. Mixtures with 1-alkanols show heterocoordination. This reveals the existence of interactions between unlike molecules, characteristic of alkanol + amine mixtures. Methanol systems show the lowest S{sub CC}(0) values due, partially, to size effects. This explains the observed decrease of homocoordination in such solutions in the order: pyridine > 2-methylpyridine > 2,6-dimethylpyridine. Moreover, as the energies of the OH-N hydrogen bonds are practically independent of the pyridine base considered when mixed with methanol, it suggests that

A comparative study was established between two signal processing techniques showing the theoretical algorithm for each method and making a comparison between them to indicate the advantages and limitations. The methods under study are Numerical Differentiation (ND) and Continuous Wavelet Transform (CWT). These methods were studied as spectrophotometric resolution tools for simultaneous analysis of binary and ternary mixtures. To present the comparison, the two methods were applied for the resolution of Bisoprolol (BIS) and Hydrochlorothiazide (HCT) in their binarymixture and for the analysis of Amlodipine (AML), Aliskiren (ALI) and Hydrochlorothiazide (HCT) as an example for ternary mixtures. By comparing the results in laboratory prepared mixtures, it was proven that CWT technique is more efficient and advantageous in analysis of mixtures with severe overlapped spectra than ND. The CWT was applied for quantitative determination of the drugs in their pharmaceutical formulations and validated according to the ICH guidelines where accuracy, precision, repeatability and robustness were found to be within the acceptable limit.

Mixtures of long- and short-chain phospholipids, specifically 14:0 and 6:0 phosphatidylcholines (DMPC and DHPC), have been used successfully in NMR studies as magnetically alignable substrates for membrane-associated proteins. However, recent publications have shown that the phase behavior of these mixtures is much more complex than originally thought. Using polarized light microscopy and small-angle neutron scattering, phase diagrams of DMPC/DHPC mixtures at molar ratios of 2, 3.2, and 5 have been determined. Generally, at temperatures below the main-chain melting transition of DMPC (T(M) = 23 degrees C), an isotropic phase of disk-like micelles is found. At high temperatures (T > 50 degrees C), a lamellar phase consisting of either multilamellar vesicles (MLV) or extended lamellae is formed, which at low lipid concentrations (e.g., MLV) coexists with an excess of water. At intermediate temperatures and lipid concentrations, a chiral nematic phase made up of worm-like micelles was observed.

The research reported here has included studies of the solubilization of pentanol in hexadecylpyridinium chloride (CPC), trimethyletetradecylammonium chloride (C{sub 14}Cl), benzyldimethyltetradecylammonium chloride (C{sub 14}BzCl), benzyldimethylhexadecylpyridinium chloride (C{sub 16}BzCl), hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB), and binarymixtures of CPC + C{sub 16}BzCl and C{sub 14}Cl + C{sub 14}BzCl. Rather than using calorimetric methods, this project will employ headspace chromatography to measure solubilization of pentanol over a wide range of solute concentrations. While not yielding as much thermodynamic data as calorimetry, headspace chromatography is a more direct measure of the extent of solubilization. Using headspace chromatography, is a more direct measure of the extent of solubilization. Using headspace chromatography, this study will seek to determine whether strongly synergistic mixture ratios exist in the case of binary cationic surfactant systems. There are two equilibria in the pentanol-water-surfactant system: (1) The pentanol solubilized in micelles is in equilibrium with the monomeric pentanol in solution, and (2) the monomeric pentanol is in equilibrium with the pentanol in the vapor above the solution. To establish the link between the two equilibria, a sample of the vapor above pure liquid pentanol must be collected, in order to find the activity of pentanol in solution. Also, a calibration curve for various concentrations of pentanol in solution. From this type of data it is possible to infer both the concentration of pentanol solubilized in micelles and the concentrations of pentanol in the ``bulk`` solution outside the micelles. The method is equally applicable to systems containing a single surfactant as well as mixtures of surfactants.

Binary powder mixtures of four different types of crystalline lactose: alpha-lactose monohydrate, anhydrous alpha-lactose, roller-dried beta-lactose and crystalline beta-lactose, were compressed into tablets. The results showed a proportional intercorrelation of the crushing strength and internal sp

Rate constants are reported for the solvolysis of p-nitrophenylsulfonylmethyl perchlorate in binary ethanolic and methanolic mixtures at 298.2 K. Co-solvents include hydrocarbons, chlorinated hydrocarbons and 1,4-dioxane. The kinetic data are examined in terms of the effect of decreasing mole fracti

An accurate estimation of dissociation constants of tetracycline antibiotics in acetonitrile-water binarymixtures is very important for several separation techniques such as liquid chromatography and...

Full Text Available Partial molar volumes of copper sulphate and zinc sulphate have been determined in water and binary aqueous mixtures of propylene glycol (2,4,6 and 8% by weight of propylene glycol at 303.15 K with the help of density measurements. Effect of temperature on the partial molar volumes was also analysed for these salts in water and binary aqueous mixtures of propylene glycol. Results obtained have been analysed by Masson’s equation and the experimental values of slopes and partial molar volumes of these transition metals sulphates have been interpreted in terms of ion-ion or ion –solvent interactions. Limiting molar expansibilities ( have also been determined which is interpreted in terms of structure making or breaking capacities of transition metal sulphates. The transition metal sulphates have been found as structure promoter in water and binary aqueous mixture of propylene glycol.

We study and predict the interfacial tension, solubility parameters, and Flory-Huggins parameters of binarymixtures as functions of pressure and temperature, using multiscale numerical simulation. A mesoscopic approach is proposed for simulating the pressure dependence of the interfacial tension for binarymixtures, at different temperatures, using classical dissipative particle dynamics (DPD). The thermodynamic properties of real systems are reproduced via the parametrization of the repulsive interaction parameters as functions of pressure and temperature via molecular dynamics simulations. Using this methodology, we calculate and analyze the cohesive energy density and the solubility parameters of different species obtaining excellent agreement with reported experimental behavior. The pressure- and temperature-dependent Flory-Huggins and repulsive DPD interaction parameters for binarymixtures are also obtained and validated against experimental data. This multiscale methodology offers the benefit of being applicable for any species and under difficult or nonfeasible experimental conditions, at a relatively low computational cost.

We study and predict the interfacial tension, solubility parameters and Flory-Huggins parameters of binarymixtures as functions of pressure and temperature, using multiscale numerical simulation. A mesoscopic approach is proposed for simulating the pressure dependence of the interfacial tension for binarymixtures, at different temperatures, using classical Dissipative Particle Dynamics (DPD). The thermodynamic properties of real systems are reproduced via the parametrization of the repulsive interaction parameters as functions of pressure and temperature via Molecular Dynamics simulations. Using this methodology, we calculate and analyze the cohesive density energy and the solubility parameters of different species obtaining excellent agreement with reported experimental behavior. The pressure- and temperature-dependent Flory-Huggins and repulsive DPD interaction parameters for binarymixtures are also obtained and validated against experimental data. This multiscale methodology offers the benefit of being ...

Adsorption of a binary liquid mixture near criticality onto a solid glass substrate can be studied using light reflected off the glass/liquid boundary. In Part 1, reflectivity data analyzed with a modified Landau-Ginzburg theory using a contact wall interaction are shown to be consistent with an exponential decay of the order parameter into the bulk. This analysis provides a measure of h_{1 }, the effective glass/liquid interaction strength. The reflectivity can also be expressed as an expansion in the moments of the order parameter profile. For the data presented and an exponential profile the expansion can be truncated at the first order moment, M_{1} . We assume an exponential form of the profile to express the zeroth moment as a function of M _{1}. The first moment is fitted as a power law in t, the reduced temperature. Analysis of these data yields an exponent p = 0.88 +/- 0.10 that is consistent with the prediction p = 2nu - beta from the scaling law of Fisher and de Gennes. To further explore the profile an AC ellipsometer which used a photoelastic modulator was constructed. An unusual thermostat without traditional windows allowed the angle of incidence at the glass/liquid boundary to be varied over a large range. This allowed a large region in k -space to be explored, where k is twice the transmitted momentum wave vector perpendicular to the glass/liquid boundary. Excellent temperature control (0.1 mK/several hours) allowed the quantity kxi to be as large as kxi cong 15, where xi is the bulk correlation length. This should have allowed us to explore the power law region of the profile. During the investigation of the adsorption, certain anomalous data far above T _{c} (the critical temperature) were discovered. Temperature dependent hysteresis and very long equilibration times characterize the data. Until resolved, these features restrict progress in understanding the data closer to T_{c}. The data remain unexplained and are discussed, along with the

Modifications of starches are carried out to improve their industrial usefulness. However, the consumers prefer natural products. For this reason, various methods of starch properties modification are applied to replace those requiring the use of chemical reagents. The aim of this study was to determine whether it is possible to use binary pastes, containing normal potato starch and xanthan gum, as substitutes of chemically modified starches (with oxidised starch E 1404 pastes as an example). Flow curves with hysteresis loops, apparent viscosity at constant shear rate of 50 s-1 and in-shear structural recovery test with pre-shearing were applied to study the rheological properties of the pastes. It was found that two anionic hydrocolloids, potato starch and xanthan gum, can formbinary systems with thickening properties, provided that their proportions are adequately adjusted. Some of the binary pastes under investigation exhibited rheological properties resembling pastes of starch oxidised with hypochlorite (E 1404). The way of tailoring the binary pastes properties is presented.

The combined genotoxic effects of four anticancer drugs (5-fluorouracil [5-FU], cisplatin [CDDP], etoposide [ET], and imatinib mesylate [IM]) were studied testing their binarymixtures in two crustaceans that are part of the freshwater food chain, namely Daphnia magna and Ceriodaphnia dubia. Genotoxicity was assessed using the in vivo comet assay. Assessment was based on two distinct effect sizes determined from dose-response experiments. Doses for single and combined exposures expected to result in these effect sizes were computed based on Bliss independence as reference model. Statistical comparison by analysis of variance of single and combined toxicities allowed accepting or rejecting the independency hypothesis. The results obtained for D. magna showed independent action for all mixtures except for IM+5-FU that showed an antagonistic interaction. In C. dubia, most mixtures had antagonist interactions except IM+5-FU and IM+CDDP that showed Bliss independence. Despite the antagonistic interactions, our results demonstrated that combinations of anticancer drugs could be of environmental concern because effects occur at very low concentrations that are in the range of concentrations encountered in aquatic systems.

The adsorption and diffusion of the CO2-CH4 mixture in coal and the underlying mechanisms significantly affect the design and operation of any CO2-enhanced coal-bed methane recovery (CO2-ECBM) project. In this study, bituminous coal was fabricated based on the Wiser molecular model and its ultramicroporous parameters were evaluated; molecular simulations were established through Grand Canonical Monte Carlo (GCMC) and Molecular Dynamic (MD) methods to study the effects of temperature, pressure, and species bulk mole fraction on the adsorption isotherms, adsorption selectivity, three distinct diffusion coefficients, and diffusivity selectivity of the binarymixture in the coal ultramicropores. It turns out that the absolute adsorption amount of each species in the mixture decreases as temperature increases, but increases as its own bulk mole fraction increases. The self-, corrected, and transport diffusion coefficients of pure CO2 and pure CH4 all increase as temperature or/and their own bulk mole fractions increase. Compared to CH4, the adsorption and diffusion of CO2 are preferential in the coal ultramicropores. Adsorption selectivity and diffusivity selectivity were simultaneously employed to reveal that the optimal injection depth for CO2-ECBM is 800-1000 m at 308-323 K temperature and 8.0-10.0 MPa.

In this work, we have evaluated the applicability of the so-called thermodynamic scaling and the isomorph frame to describe the shear viscosity of Mie n-6 fluids of varying repulsive exponents (n = 8, 12, 18, 24, and 36). Furthermore, the effectiveness of the thermodynamic scaling to deal with binarymixtures of Mie n-6 fluids has been explored as well. To generate the viscosity database of these fluids, extensive non-equilibrium molecular dynamics simulations have been performed for various thermodynamic conditions. Then, a systematic approach has been used to determine the gamma exponent value (γ) characteristic of the thermodynamic scaling approach for each system. In addition, the applicability of the isomorph theory with a density dependent gamma has been confirmed in pure fluids. In both pure fluids and mixtures, it has been found that the thermodynamic scaling with a constant gamma is sufficient to correlate the viscosity data on a large range of thermodynamic conditions covering liquid and supercritical states as long as the density is not too high. Interestingly, it has been obtained that, in pure fluids, the value of γ is directly proportional to the repulsive exponent of the Mie potential. Finally, it has been found that the value of γ in mixtures can be deduced from those of the pure component using a simple logarithmic mixing rule.

The stability of demixing phase transition in binarymixtures of hard plates (with thickness L and diameter D) and hard spheres (with diameter σ) is studied by means of Parsons-Lee theory. The isotropic-isotropic demixing, which is found in mixtures of large spheres and small plates, is very likely to be pre-empted by crystallization. In contrast, the nematic-nematic demixing, which is obtained in mixtures of large plates and small spheres, can be stabilized at low diameter ratios (σ/D) and aspect ratios (L/D). At intermediate values of σ/D, where the sizes of the components are similar, neither the isotropic-isotropic nor the nematic-nematic demixing can be stabilized, but a very strong fractionation takes place between a plate rich nematic and a sphere rich isotropic phases. Our results show that the excluded volume interactions are capable alone to explain the experimental observation of the nematic-nematic demixing, but they fail in the description of isotropic-isotropic one [M. Chen et al., Soft Matter 11, 5775 (2015)].

The HCFC refrigerants such as R22 have been used widely as working fluids in refrigeration and air-conditioning systems until now. These refrigerants, however, should be phased out early in the next century to prevent the depletion of the ozone layer. In this situation, binary and/or ternary mixtures composed of HFC and/or natural refrigerants have attracted a great deal of attention due to the following possibilities: (1) to improve the coefficient of performance, COP, by utilizing the temperature glide during phase change processes; (2) to keep the system in more suitable condition for given temperature levels of heat source and heat sink by selecting the combination and composition of refrigerants, etc. From this point of view, in the present study, the performance prediction of a vapor compression heat pump cycle using binary zeotropic refrigerant mixtures is carried out to clarify the effects of the combination of refrigerants, the composition of refrigerants and the size of heat exchangers on COP. In the prediction calculation, a vapor compression heat pump cycle, which consists of a compressor, a vertical plate-fin condenser, an expansion valve, a liquid-vapor separator and a vertical plate-fin evaporator is treated, and the following assumptions are employed: (1) the compression process is isentropic, (2) the expansion process is isenthalpic, (3) the refrigerant is a saturated liquid at the condenser outlet and a superheated vapor at the evaporator outlet, (4) the pressure drop in the condenser is negligible, while that in the evaporator is considered, (5) the local heat transfer characteristics in heat exchangers are considered. The prediction calculation is done for the binary zeotropic refrigerant mixtures of HFC134a/HCFC123 on condition that the heat source water temperature at the condenser outlet, the heat sink water temperature at the evaporator inlet, the water temperature change through condenser and evaporator, the heat load of condenser, the

Cyclic voltammetry (CV) and differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) were performed with a glassy carbon electrode (GCE) modified with polyglutamic acid (PGA) on the three dihydroxybenzene isomers, catechol (CT), hydroquinone (HQ), and resorcinol (RS). At bare GCE, these isomers exhibited voltammograms with highly overlapped redox peaks that impeded their simultaneous detection in binary and ternary mixtures. On the contrary, at PGA modified GCE binary and ternary mixtures of the dihydroxybenzene isomers showed well-resolved redox peaks in both CV and DPV experiments. This resolving ability of PGA modified GCE proves its potential to be exploited as an electrochemical sensor for the simultaneous detection of these isomers.

Full Text Available Cyclic voltammetry (CV and differential pulse voltammetry (DPV were performed with a glassy carbon electrode (GCE modified with polyglutamic acid (PGA on the three dihydroxybenzene isomers, catechol (CT, hydroquinone (HQ, and resorcinol (RS. At bare GCE, these isomers exhibited voltammograms with highly overlapped redox peaks that impeded their simultaneous detection in binary and ternary mixtures. On the contrary, at PGA modified GCE binary and ternary mixtures of the dihydroxybenzene isomers showed well-resolved redox peaks in both CV and DPV experiments. This resolving ability of PGA modified GCE proves its potential to be exploited as an electrochemical sensor for the simultaneous detection of these isomers.

Binarymixtures of long-flame, gas-bituminous, coking, lean-caking, and lean coals are used to study the processes for the interaction of intermediate products of the thermodestruction of coals. The value and sign of the paramagnetic effect which occurs during simultaneous heating of coals in a binarymixture are determined by the relative position of each coal on the metamorphic scale. The possible role of plastification and reaction of the two coals in the formation of an ordered paramagnetic structure are demonstrated. 4 references.

This paper investigated the effects of binarymixtures of bioluminescence inducers (toluene, xylene isomers, m-toluate) and of metals (Cu, Cd, As(III), As(V), and Cr) on bioluminescence activity of recombinant (Pm-lux) strain KG1206. Different responses and sensitivities were observed depending on the types and concentrations of mixtures of inducers or metals. In the case of inducer mixtures, antagonistic and synergistic modes of action were observed, whereas metal mixtures showed all three modes of action. Antagonistic mode of action was most common for mixtures of indirect inducers, which showed bioluminescence ranging from 29% to 62% of theoretically expected effects (P(E)). On the other hand, synergistic mode of action was observed for mixtures of direct and indirect inducers, which showed bioluminescence between 141% and 243% of P(E). In the case of binary metal mixtures, bioluminescence activities were ranged from 62% to 75% and 113% to 164% of P(E) for antagonistic and synergistic modes of action, respectively (p-values 0.0001-0.038). Therefore, mixture effects could not be generalized since they were dependent on both the types and concentrations of chemicals, suggesting that biomonitoring may constitute a better strategy by investigating types and concentrations of mixture pollutants at contaminated sites.

Motivated by recent experimental results on model binary colloidal mixtures, especially for the glass transition, we investigate the phase diagram of two models of asymmetric binarymixtures: the hard sphere and the Asakura-Oosawa mixtures. This includes the binodals and the glass transition line, computed in the effective one-component representation using the corresponding potentials of mean force at infinite dilution. The reference hypernetted chain approximation is used for computing the static properties and the glass transition line is computed in the mode coupling approximation. The similarities and the differences between the two models are discussed for different size ratios. It is shown that while both models follow a universal behavior at large asymmetry, the hard sphere mixture model leads to more original results at moderate size ratio. These results show that a modeling beyond generic effective potentials might be necessary for an appropriate description of the complete phase diagram.

This investigation was to assess the joint effects of metal binarymixtures on seed germination,root and shoot growth,bacterial bioluminescence,and gene mutation based on the one toxic unit (1 TU) approach.Different sensitivities and orders of toxicity of metal mixtures were observed among the bioassays.In general,mostly additive or antagonistic effects were observed,while almost no synergistic effects by the binary metal mixtures in all bioassays.Therefore,the combined effects of heavy metals in the different bioassays were difficult to generalize since they were dependent on both chemical type and the organism used in each bioassay.However,these results indicate that a battery of bioassays with mixture chemicals as opposed to just a single assay with single metal is a better strategy for the bioassessment of environmental pollutants.

Waxy wheat contains very low concentration (generally industries seek to have a rapid technique to ensure the purity of identity preserved waxy wheat lots. Near infrared (NIR) reflectance spectroscopy, a technique widely used in the cereals industry for proximate analysis, is a logical candidate for measuring contamination level and thus is the subject of this study. Two sets of wheat samples, harvested, prepared and scanned one year apart, were used to evaluate the NIR concept. One year consisted of nine pairs of conventional:waxy preparations, with each preparation consisting of 29 binarymixtures ranging in conventional wheat fraction (by weight) of 0-100% (261 spectral samples). The second year was prepared in the same fashion, with 12 preparations, thus producing 348 spectral samples. One year's samples were controlled for protein content and moisture level between pair components in order to avoid the basis for the conventional wheat fraction models being caused by something other than spectral differences attributed to waxy and nonwaxy endosperm. Likewise the second year was controlled by selection of conventional wheat for mixture preparation based on either protein content or cluster analysis of principal components of candidate spectra. Partial least squares regression, one and two-term linear regression, and support vector machine regression models were examined. Validation statistics arising from sets within the same year or across years were remarkably similar, as were those among the three regression types. A single wavelength on second derivative transformed spectra, namely 2290 nm, was effective at estimating the mixture level by weight, with standard errors of performance in the 6-9% range. Thus, NIR spectroscopy may be used for measuring conventional hard wheat 'contamination' in waxy wheat at mixture levels above 10% w/w.

Binary blends of statistical polybutadiene copolymers of different vinyl content and molar volume were explored by small-angle neutron scattering. These samples represent the most simple class of statistical copolymer mixtures. In spite of this simplicity, changes in vinyl content, molar volume, and deuterium and hydrogen content of the chains give rise to strong effects; phase separation occurs from minus 230 C to more than plus 200 C and can even reverse from an enthalpically driven one at low temperatures to an entropically driven one at high temperatures. The entropic and enthalpic terms of the Flory-Huggins parameter as determined from the experiment are in excellent agreement with lattice cluster theory calculations. (orig.)

A dynamical model is proposed to describe the coupled decomposition and profile evolution of a free surface film of a binarymixture. An example is a thin film of a polymer blend on a solid substrate undergoing simultaneous phase separation and dewetting. The model is based on model-H describing the coupled transport of the mass of one component (convective Cahn-Hilliard equation) and momentum (Navier-Stokes-Korteweg equations) supplemented by appropriate boundary conditions at the solid substrate and the free surface. General transport equations are derived using phenomenological non-equilibrium thermodynamics for a general non-isothermal setting taking into account Soret and Dufour effects and interfacial viscosity for the internal diffuse interface between the two components. Focusing on an isothermal setting the resulting model is compared to literature results and its base states corresponding to homogeneous or vertically stratified flat layers are analysed.

Linear particle transport in stochastic media is key to such relevant applications as neutron diffusion in randomly mixed immiscible materials, light propagation through engineered optical materials, and inertial confinement fusion, only to name a few. We extend the pioneering work by Adams, Larsen and Pomraning \\cite{benchmark_adams} (recently revisited by Brantley \\cite{brantley_benchmark}) by considering a series of benchmark configurations for mono-energetic and isotropic transport through Markov binarymixtures in dimension $d$. The stochastic media are generated by resorting to Poisson random tessellations in $1d$ slab, $2d$ extruded, and full $3d$ geometry. For each realization, particle transport is performed by resorting to the Monte Carlo simulation. The distributions of the transmission and reflection coefficients on the free surfaces of the geometry are subsequently estimated, and the average values over the ensemble of realizations are computed. Reference solutions for the benchmark have never be...

We study phase separation of binarymixtures in the presence of mobile particles by the lattice Monte Carlo simulation. The presence of mobile particles changes tile morphology of the domain growth, in agreement with earlier experimental result. By varying the wetting interaction strength, we can control the speed of phase separation, and find a critical wetting strength beyond which the growth of the domains slows down. We propose a novel scaling function which describes the growth of the domain size L(t) as a function of time. It suggests an applicable way to tune the speed of phase separation by the coupling between the phase decomposition and the mobile particle-wetting process.

This work reports on a study of the biosorption of copper and cobalt, both singly and in combination (in equimolar concentrations), by the resting cells of Penicillium brevicompactum. Equilibrium batch sorption studies were carried out at 30 degrees C and pH 5.0 for a contact time of 1 hour to guarantee that equilibrium was reached. The equilibrium data were analyzed using the Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms. The adsorption of binarymixtures of heavy metal solutions on the fungal biomass was found to be of competitive type where the adsorption capacity for any single metal decreased in the presence of the other. The cobalt ions showed a higher affinity for Penicillium brevicompactum than the copper ions.

In aquatic ecosystems, mixtures of chemical and natural stressors can occur which may significantly complicate risk assessment approaches. Here, we show that effects of binary combinations of four different insecticides and Microcystis aeruginosa, a toxic cyanobacteria, on Daphnia pulex exhibited distinct interaction patterns. Combinations with chlorpyrifos and tetradifon caused non-interactive effects, tebufenpyrad caused an antagonistic interaction and fenoyxcarb yielded patterns that depended on the reference model used (i.e. synergistic with independent action, additive with concentration addition). Our results demonstrate that interactive effects cannot be generalised across different insecticides, not even for those targeting the same biological pathway (i.e. tebufenpyrad and tetradifon both target oxidative phosphorylation). Also, the concentration addition reference model provided conservative predictions of effects in all investigated combinations for risk assessment. These predictions could, in absence of a full mechanistic understanding, provide a meaningful solution for managing water quality in systems impacted by both insecticides and cyanobacterial blooms.

For binary fluid mixtures of spherical particles in which the two species are sufficiently different in size, the dominant wavelength of oscillations of the pair correlation functions is predicted to change from roughly the diameter of the large species to that of the small species along a sharp crossover line in the phase diagram [C. Grodon et al., J. Chem. Phys. 121, 7869 (2004)]. Using particle-resolved colloid experiments in 3d we demonstrate that crossover exists and that its location in the phase diagram is in quantitative agreement with the results of both theory and our Monte-Carlo simulations. In contrast with previous work [J. Baumgartl et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 98, 198303 (2007)], where a correspondence was drawn between crossover and percolation of both species, in our 3d study we find that structural crossover is unrelated to percolation.

We investigate how a horizontal plane Poiseuille shear flow changes linear convection properties in binary fluid layers heated from below. The full linear field equations are solved with a shooting method for realistic top and bottom boundary conditions. Through-flow induced changes of the bifurcation thresholds (stability boundaries) for different types of convective solutions are deter- mined in the control parameter space spanned by Rayleigh number, Soret coupling (positive as well as negative), and through-flow Reynolds number. We elucidate the through-flow induced lifting of the Hopf symmetry degeneracy of left and right traveling waves in mixtures with negative Soret coupling. Finally we determine with a saddle point analysis of the complex dispersion relation of the field equations over the complex wave number plane the borders between absolute and convective instabilities for different types of perturbations in comparison with the appropriate Ginzburg-Landau amplitude equation approximation. PACS:47.2...

This work reports on a study of the biosorption of copper and cobalt, both singly and in combination (in equimolar concentrations), by the resting cells of Penicillium brevicompactum. Equilibrium batch sorption studies were carried out at 30 C and pH 5.0 for a contact time of 1 hour to guarantee that equilibrium was reached. The equilibrium data were analyzed using the Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms. The adsorption of binarymixtures of heavy metal solutions on the fungal biomass was found to be of competitive type where the adsorption capacity for any single metal decreased in the presence of the other. The cobalt ions showed a higher affinity for Penicillium brevicompactum than the copper ions. (orig.)

Refractive index measurements as a function of temperature have been performed for an induced nematic binary system by means of thin prism technique. The temperature dependence of the birefringence (Δn) has been assessed from the measured refractive index data. A direct extrapolation method has been employed to determine the orientational order parameter for the investigated mixtures and the order parameter so obtained has also been compared with the mean field values. The Haller type fitting expression results in a relatively lower value of the order parameter critical exponent (β) compared to the theoretically predicted values. Therefore, a four-parameter power law expression, consistent with the mean field theory as well as the first-order character of the nematic-isotropic (N-I) phase transition have been used to explore the critical behavior of the order parameter near the N-I transition.

We have investigated the phase behaviour of a symmetric binarymixture with particles interacting via hard-core Yukawa potentials. To calculate the thermodynamic properties we have used the mean spherical approximation (MSA), a conventional liquid state theory, and the closely related self-consistent Ornstein-Zernike approximation which is defined via an MSA-type closure relation, requiring, in addition, thermodynamic self-consistency between the compressibility and the energy-route. We investigate on a quantitative level the effect of the self-consistency requirement on the phase diagram and on the critical behaviour and confirm the existence of three archetypes of phase diagram, which originate from the competition between the first order liquid/vapour transition and the second order demixing transition.

The dynamic and static critical behavior of a family of binary Lennard-Jones liquid mixtures, close to their continuous demixing points (belonging to the so-called model H' dynamic universality class), are studied computationally by combining semi-grand canonical Monte Carlo simulations and large-scale molecular dynamics (MD) simulations, accelerated by graphic processing units (GPU). The symmetric binary liquid mixtures considered cover a variety of densities, a wide range of compressibilities, and various interactions between the unlike particles. The static quantities studied here encompass the bulk phase diagram (including both the binodal and the λ-line), the correlation length, and the concentration susceptibility, of the finite-sized systems above the bulk critical temperature Tc, the compressibility and the pressure at Tc. Concerning the collective transport properties, we focus on the Onsager coefficient and the shear viscosity. The critical power-law singularities of these quantities are analyzed in the mixed phase (above Tc) and non-universal critical amplitudes are extracted. Two universal amplitude ratios are calculated. The first one involves static amplitudes only and agrees well with the expectations for the three-dimensional Ising universality class. The second ratio includes also dynamic critical amplitudes and is related to the Einstein-Kawasaki relation for the interdiffusion constant. Precise estimates of this amplitude ratio are difficult to obtain from MD simulations, but within the error bars our results are compatible with theoretical predictions and experimental values for model H'. Evidence is reported for an inverse proportionality of the pressure and the isothermal compressibility at the demixing transition, upon varying either the number density or the repulsion strength between unlike particles.

Endocrine disrupting compounds (EDCs) of natural or synthetic origin can interfere with the balance of the hormonal system, either by altering hormone production, secretion, transport, or their binding and consequently lead to an adverse outcome in intact animals. An important aspect is the prediction of effects of combined exposure to two or more EDCs at the same time. The yeast estrogen assay (YES) is a broadly used method to assess estrogenic potential of chemicals. Besides exhibiting good predictivity to identify compounds which interfere with the estrogen receptor, it is easy to handle, rapid and therefore allows screening of a large number of single compounds and varying mixtures. Herein, we applied the YES assay to determine the potential combination effects of binarymixtures of two estrogenic compounds, bisphenol A and genistein, as well as one classical androgen that in vitro also exhibits estrogenic activity, trenbolone. In addition to generating data from combined exposure, we fitted these to a four-parametric logistic dose-response model. As all compounds tested share the same mode of action dose additivity was expected. To assess this, the Loewe model was utilized. Deviations between the Loewe additivity model and the observed responses were always small and global tests based on the whole dose-response data set indicated in general a good fit of the Loewe additivity model. At low concentrations concentration additivity was observed, while at high concentrations, the observed effect was lower than additivity, most likely reflecting receptor saturation. In conclusion, our results suggest that binary combinations of genistein, bisphenol A and trenbolone in the YES assay do not deviate from expected additivity.

While the use of isothermal calorimetry to quantify the rate of relaxation of one-phase amorphous pharmaceuticals, through application of models, is well documented, the resolution of the models to detect and quantify relaxation in systems containing two independent amorphous phases is not known. Addressing this knowledge gap is the focus of this work. Two fitting models were tested; the Kohlrausch-Williams-Watts model (KWW) and the modified-stretch exponential (MSE). The ability of each model to resolve relaxation processes in binary systems was determined with simulated calorimetric data. It was found that as long as the relaxation time constants of the relaxation processes were with 10(3) of each other, the models could determine that two events were occurring and could quantify the correct reaction parameters of each. With greater differences in the time constants, the faster process always dominates the data and the resolving power of the models is lost. Real calorimetric data were then obtained for two binary amorphous systems (sucrose-lactose and sucrose-indomethacin mixtures). The relaxation behaviour of all the single components was characterised as they relaxed individually to provide reference data. The ability of the KWW model to recover the expected relaxation parameters for two component data was impaired because of their inherently noisy nature. The MSE model reasonably recovered the expected parameters for each component for the sucrose-indomethacin system but not for the sucrose-lactose system, which may indicate a possible interaction in that case.

Highlights: • The solubility increased with increasing temperature. • The solubility decreased with the rise of the ratio of the water. • The solubility data were fitted using Apelblat equation, CNIBS/R–K and JA model. • The Gibbs energy, enthalpy and entropy were calculated by the van’t Hoff analysis. - Abstract: In this paper, we focused on solubility and solution thermodynamics of 2,5-thiophenedicarboxylic acid. By gravimetric method, the solubility of 2,5-thiophenedicarboxylic acid was measured in (water + ethanol) binary solvent mixtures from 278.15 K to 333.15 K under atmosphere pressure. The solubility data were fitted using modified Apelblat equation, a variant of the combined nearly ideal binary solvent/Redlich–Kister (CNIBS/R–K) model and Jouyban–Acree model. Computational results showed that the modified Apelblat equation has the lowest MD (mean deviation). In addition, the thermodynamic properties of the solution process, including the Gibbs energy, enthalpy, and entropy were calculated by the van’t Hoff analysis.

Full Text Available The asymptotical behavior of order parameter in confined binarymixture is considered in one-dimensional geometry. The interaction between bulk and surface forces in the mixture is investigated. Its established conditions are when the bulk spinodal decomposition may be ignored and when the main role in the process of formation of the oscillating asymptotic periodic spatiotemporal structures plays the surface-directed spinodal decomposition which is modelled by nonlinear dynamical boundary conditions.

The complete solid-liquid phase diagrams for four binarymixtures of saturated fatty acids are presented, for the first time, in this work. These mixtures are formed by caprylic acid (C(8:0))+lauric acid (C(12:0)), capric acid (C(10:0))+myristic acid (C(14:0)), lauric acid (C(12:0))+palmitic acid (C(16:0)) and myristic acid (C(14:0))+stearic acid (C(18:0)). The phase diagrams were obtained by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). FT-Raman spectrometry and polarized light microscopy were used to complement the characterization for a complete understanding of the phase diagram. All of the phase diagrams here reported show the same global behavior that is far more complex than previously accepted. They present not only peritectic and eutectic reactions, but also metatectic reactions, due to solid-solid phase transitions common in fatty acids, and regions of solid solution not previously reported. This work contributes to the elucidation of the phase behavior of these important biochemical molecules with implications in various industrial applications.

In this paper, direct non-equilibrium molecular dynamics simulation is developed to investigate thermal conductivity and thermal diffusion factors of confined binarymixtures of methane and some n-alkanes in a nanochannel. We used two thermal walls in different temperatures to impose temperature gradient in the system. The mixtures are confined between two parallel atomic walls, normal to temperature gradient. Simulation results show high inhomogeneity and layering in the mixtures. Thermal conductivity of mixtures increases with decreasing the channel width and increases in mixtures with high concentration of methane. Except for very small channels, confinement has minimal effect on thermal diffusion. In very narrow channels, thermal diffusion is small and it reaches a steady state value with increasing the channel width. Local velocity fields for two different channels also show different behaviors. In relatively large channels some convection patterns are observed in mixtures.

In this paper, direct non-equilibrium molecular dynamics simulation is developed to investigate thermal conductivity and thermal diffusion factors of confined binarymixtures of methane and some n-alkanes in a nanochannel. We used two thermal walls in different temperatures to impose temperature gradient in the system. The mixtures are confined between two parallel atomic walls, normal to temperature gradient. Simulation results show high inhomogeneity and layering in the mixtures. Thermal conductivity of mixtures increases with decreasing the channel width and increases in mixtures with high concentration of methane. Except for very small channels, confinement has minimal effect on thermal diffusion. In very narrow channels, thermal diffusion is small and it reaches a steady state value with increasing the channel width. Local velocity fields for two different channels also show different behaviors. In relatively large channels some convection patterns are observed in mixtures.

A generalized enthalpy-based equation of state, which includes thermal electron excitations and non-equilibrium thermal energies, is formulated for binary solid and porous mixtures. Our approach gives rise to an extra contribution to mixture volume, in addition to those corresponding to average mixture parameters. This excess term involves the difference of thermal enthalpies of the two components, which depend on their individual temperatures. We propose to use the Hugoniot of the components to compute non-equilibrium temperatures in the mixture. These are then compared with the average temperature obtained from the mixture Hugoniot, thereby giving an estimate of non-equilibrium effects. The Birch-Murnaghan model for the zero-temperature isotherm and a linear thermal model are then used for applying the method to several mixtures, including one porous case. Comparison with experimental data on the pressure-volume Hugoniot and shock speed versus particle speed shows good agreement.

Context. Molecular clouds typically consist of 3/4 H2, 1/4 He and traces of heavier elements. In an earlier work we showed that at very low temperatures and high densities, H2 can be in a phase transition leading to the formation of ice clumps as large as comets or even planets. However, He has very different chemical properties and no phase transition is expected before H2 in dense interstellar medium conditions. The gravitational stability of fluid mixtures has been studied before, but these studies did not include a phase transition. Aims: We study the gravitational stability of binary fluid mixtures with special emphasis on when one component is in a phase transition. The numerical results are aimed at applications in molecular cloud conditions, but the theoretical results are more general. Methods: First, we study the gravitational stability of van der Waals fluid mixtures using linearized analysis and examine virial equilibrium conditions using the Lennard-Jones intermolecular potential. Then, combining the Lennard-Jones and gravitational potentials, the non-linear dynamics of fluid mixtures are studied via computer simulations using the molecular dynamics code LAMMPS. Results: Along with the classical, ideal-gas Jeans instability criterion, a fluid mixture is always gravitationally unstable if it is in a phase transition because compression does not increase pressure. However, the condensed phase fraction increases. In unstable situations the species can separate: in some conditions He precipitates faster than H2, while in other conditions the converse occurs. Also, for an initial gas phase collapse the geometry is essential. Contrary to spherical or filamentary collapses, sheet-like collapses starting below 15 K easily reach H2 condensation conditions because then they are fastest and both the increase of heating and opacity are limited. Conclusions: Depending on density, temperature and mass, either rocky H2 planetoids, or gaseous He planetoids form. H2

Non-congruent gas-liquid phase transition (NCPT) have been studied previously in modified Coulomb model of a binary ionic mixture C(+6) + O(+8) on a uniformly compressible ideal electronic background /BIM(∼)/. The features of NCPT in improved version of the BIM(∼) model for the same mixture on background of non-ideal electronic Fermi-gas and comparison it with the previous calculations are the subject of present study. Analytical fits for Coulomb corrections to equation of state of electronic and ionic subsystems were used in present calculations within the Gibbs-Guggenheim conditions of non-congruent phase equilibrium. Parameters of critical point-line were calculated on the entire range of proportions of mixed ions 0 BIM(∼) model. Just similar distillation was obtained in the variant of NCPT in dense nuslear matter. The absence of azeotropic compositions was revealed in studied variants of BIM(∼) in contrast to an explicit existence of the azeotropic compositions for the NCPT in chemically reacting plasmas and in astrophysical applications.

Non-congruent gas-liquid phase transition (NCPT) have been studied in modified Coulomb model of a binary ionic mixture C(+6) + O(+8) on a \\textit{uniformly compressible} ideal electronic background /BIM($\\sim$)/. The features of NCPT in improved version of the BIM($\\sim$) model for the same mixture on background of \\textit{non-ideal} electronic Fermi-gas and comparison it with the previous calculations are the subject of present study. Analytical fits for Coulomb corrections to EoS of electronic and ionic subsystems were used in present calculations within the Gibbs--Guggenheim conditions of non-congruent phase equilibrium.Parameters of critical point-line (CPL) were calculated on the entire range of proportions of mixed ions $0

Underground coal bed reservoirs naturally contain methane which can be produced. In parallel of the production of this methane, carbon dioxide can be injected, either to enhance the production of methane, or to have this carbon dioxide stored over geological periods of time. As a prerequisite to any simulation of an Enhanced Coal Bed Methane recovery process (ECBM), we need state equations to model the behavior of the seam when cleats are saturated with a miscible mixture of CH4 and CO2. This paper presents a poromechanical model of coal seams exposed to such binarymixtures filling both the cleats in the seam and the porosity of the coal matrix. This model is an extension of a previous work which dealt with pure fluid. Special care is dedicated to keep the model consistent thermodynamically. The model is fully calibrated with a mix of experimental data and numerical data from molecular simulations. Predicting variations of porosity or permeability requires only calibration based on swelling data. With the calibrated state equations, we predict numerically how porosity, permeability, and adsorbed amounts of fluid vary in a representative volume element of coal seam in isochoric or oedometric conditions, as a function of the pressure and of the composition of the fluid in the cleats.

We describe an ultrasonic instrument for continuous real-time analysis of the fractional mixture of a binary gas system. The instrument is particularly well suited to measurement of leaks of a high molecular weight gas into a system that is nominally composed of a single gas. Sensitivity < 5 ×10−5 is demonstrated to leaks of octaflouropropane (C3F8) coolant into nitrogen during a long duration (18 month) continuous study. The sensitivity of the described measurement system is shown to depend on the difference in molecular masses of the two gases in the mixture. The impact of temperature and pressure variances on the accuracy of the measurement is analysed. Practical considerations for the implementation and deployment of long term, in situ ultrasonic leak detection systems are also described. Although development of the described systems was motivated by the requirements of an evaporative fluorocarbon cooling system, the instrument is applicable to the detection of leaks of many other gases and to proce...

Full Text Available In order to investigate the solubility of Stevioside and Rebaudioside A in different solvents (ethanol, water, ethanol:water 30:70 and ethanol:water 70:30, supersaturated solutions of pre-crystalized steviol glycosides were maintained at different temperatures (from 5 °C to 50 °C to reach equilibrium. Under these conditions significant differences were found in the extent of solubility. Rebaudioside A was poorly soluble in ethanol and water, and Stevioside was poorly soluble in water. Solvent mixtures more effectively promoted solubilisation, and a significant effect of temperature on solubility was observed. The two steviol glycosides showed higher solubilities and this behavior was promoted by the presence of the other sweetener. The polarity indices of the solvents were determined, and helped to explain the observed behavior. Several solute-solvent and solute-solute interactions can occur, along with the incidence of a strong affinity between solvents. The obtained results are in accordance with technological applications of ethanol, water and their binarymixtures for Stevioside and Rebaudioside A separations.

The thermodynamics and structure of the surface adsorbed phase in binary C15-C16 and C15-C17 n-alkane mixtures confined in graphite pores have been studied by differential scanning calorimetry and small-angle X-ray scattering. The previously observed selective adsorption of the longer alkane for chain length differences greater than five carbon atoms is verified but reduced for chain length differences less than or equal to two. With a difference in chain length of one carbon atom, Vegard's law is followed for the melting points of the adsorbed mixture and the (0 2) d-spacing is a continuous function of the mole fraction x. With a two-carbon atom difference, samples aged for 1 week have a lamellar structure for which the entities A{sub 1-x}B {sub x} try to be commensurate with the substrate. The same samples aged for 1 month show a continuous parabolic x-dependence for both the melting points and the d-spacings. An explanation in terms of selective probability of adsorption is proposed based on crystallographic considerations.

Dynamic light-scattering experiments are performed on binarymixtures of hard-sphere-like colloidal suspensions with a size ratio of 0.6. The optical properties of the particles are such that the relative contrast of the two species is very sensitive to temperature, a feature that is exploited to obtain the three partial coherent intermediate scattering functions. The glass transition is identified by the onset of structural arrest, or arrest of the alpha process, on the time scale of the experiment. This is observed in a one-component suspension at a packing fraction of 0.575. The intermediate scattering functions measured on the mixtures quantify how, on introduction of the smaller spheres, the alpha process is released, i.e., how the glass melts. Increasing the fraction of smaller particles causes the alpha process to speed up but, at a given wave vector, also incurs a change to its amplitude in proportion to the change in the (partial) structure factor.

We study by computer simulations the stability of various crystal structures in a binarymixture of large and small spheres interacting either with a hard sphere or a screened-Coulomb potential. In the case of hard-core systems, we consider structures that have atomic prototypes CrB, gammaCuTi, alphaIrV, HgBr2, AuTe2, Ag2Se and the Laves phases (MgCu2, MgNi2, and MgZn2) as well as a structure with space group symmetry 74. By utilizing Monte Carlo simulations to calculate Gibbs free energies, we determine composition versus pressure and constant volume phase diagrams for diameter ratios of q=0.74, 0.76, 0.8, 0.82, 0.84, and 0.85 for the small and large spheres. For diameter ratios 0.76 mixture. By extrapolating to the thermodynamic limit, we show that the MgZn2 structure is the most stable one of the Laves structures. We also calculate phase diagrams for equally and oppositely charged spheres for size ratio of 0.73 taking into consideration the Laves phases and CsCl. In the case of equally charged spheres, we find a pocket of stable Laves phases, while in the case of oppositely charged spheres, Laves phases are found to be metastable with respect to the CsCl and fluid phases.

The demixing transition of a binary fluid mixture of additive hard spheres is analyzed for different size asymmetries by starting from the exact low-density expansion of the pressure. Already within the second virial approximation the fluid separates into two phases of different composition with a lower consolute critical point. By successively incorporating the third, fourth, and fifth virial coefficients, the critical consolute point moves to higher values of the pressure and to lower values of the partial number fraction of the large spheres. When the exact low-density expansion of the pressure is rescaled to higher densities as in the Percus-Yevick theory, by adding more exact virial coefficients a different qualitative movement of the critical consolute point in the phase diagram is found. It is argued that the Percus-Yevick factor appearing in many empirical equations of state for the mixture has a deep influence on the location of the critical consolute point, so that the resulting phase diagram for a prescribed equation has to be taken with caution.

The atomic capture and transfer of stopped negative pions have been studied in binary gas mixtures of H/sub 2/+M, where M is CCl/sub 2/F/sub 2/, CClF/sub 3/, CBrF/sub 3/ or SF/sub 6/. The ..pi../sup 0/ yield, versus relative atomic concentration Csub(A) of M, goes through a maximum at Csub(A)proportional0.1 and levels off at zero at high concentrations. This phenomenon together with other observed characteristics of the atomic capture and transfer of pions in these systems is interpreted in the frame of a phenomenological model. The average transfer coefficients anti ..lambda..sub(Z) exhibit a weak concentration dependence. The estimated average atomic capture ratios anti A(Z/H) are lower than those found for noble gases, probably because of the mutual screening of the constituent atoms in the molecules. The probability of pion capture in an atomic orbit is not proportional to the stopping power of the components of the mixture. (orig.).

The toxicity of pellitorine alone or in combination with (-)-asarinin, alpha-asarone, methyleugenol, or pentadecane (1:1, 1:2, 1:3, 2:1, and 3:1 ratios) to third instars from an insecticide-susceptible KS-CP strain and -resistant DJ-CP colony of Culex pipiens pallens Coquillett was evaluated using a direct-contact mortality bioassay. The binarymixture of pellitorine and (-)-asarinin (3:1 ratio) was significantly more toxic against KS-CP larvae (0.95 mg/liter) and DJ-CP larvae (1.07 mg/liter) than either pellitorine (2.08 mg/liter for KS-CP and 2.33 mg/liter for DJ-CP) or (-)-asarinin (11.45 and 12.61 mg/liter) alone. The toxicity of the other binarymixtures (1:1, 1:2, 1:3, and 2:1 ratios) and pellitorine did not differ significantly from each other. Based on the co-toxicity coefficient (CC) and synergistic factor (SF), the three binarymixtures (1:3, 2:1, and 3:1) operated synergistically (CC, 250-390 and SF, 1.4-2.2 for KS-CP; CC, 257-279 and SF, 1.1-2.1 for DJ-CP). The binarymixtures of pellitorine and (-)-asarinin merit further study as potential larvicides for the control of insecticide-resistant mosquito populations.

Adsorption isotherms were measured for ethanol, acetic acid, and water adsorbed on high-silica ZSM-5 zeolite powder from binary and ternary liquid mixtures at room temperature. Ethanol and water adsorption on two high-silica ZSM-5 zeolites with different aluminum contents and a h...

We study crystal nucleation in a binarymixture of hard spheres and investigate the composition and size of the (non)critical clusters using Monte Carlo simulations. In order to study nucleation of a crystal phase in computer simulations, a one-dimensional order parameter is usually defined to ident

Unlike most spectroscopic calibrations that are based on the study of well-separated features ascribable to the different components, this laboratory experience is especially designed to exploit spectral features that are nearly overlapping. The investigated system consists of a binarymixture of two commonly occurring minerals, calcite and…

The isotropic-nematic phase equilibria of linear hard-sphere chains and binarymixtures of them are obtained from Monte Carlo simulations. In addition, the infinite dilution solubility of hard spheres in the coexisting isotropic and nematic phases is determined. Phase equilibria calculations are

A semi-molecular theory is developed here for studying dielectric relaxation (DR) in binarymixtures of ionic liquids (ILs) with common dipolar solvents. Effects of ion translation on DR time scale, and those of ion rotation on conductivity relaxation time scale are explored. Two different models for the theoretical calculations have been considered: (i) separate medium approach, where molecularities of both the IL and dipolar solvent molecules are retained, and (ii) effective medium approach, where the added dipolar solvent molecules are assumed to combine with the dipolar ions of the IL, producing a fictitious effective medium characterized via effective dipole moment, density, and diameter. Semi-molecular expressions for the diffusive DR times have been derived which incorporates the effects of wavenumber dependent orientational static correlations, ion dynamic structure factors, and ion translation. Subsequently, the theory has been applied to the binarymixtures of 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate ([Bmim][BF4]) with water (H2O), and acetonitrile (CH3CN) for which experimental DR data are available. On comparison, predicted DR time scales show close agreement with the measured DR times at low IL mole fractions (xIL). At higher IL concentrations (xIL > 0.05), the theory over-estimates the relaxation times and increasingly deviates from the measurements with xIL, deviation being the maximum for the neat IL by almost two orders of magnitude. The theory predicts negligible contributions to this deviation from the xIL dependent collective orientational static correlations. The drastic difference between DR time scales for IL/solvent mixtures from theory and experiments arises primarily due to the use of the actual molecular volume ( Vmol dip ) for the rotating dipolar moiety in the present theory and suggests that only a fraction of Vmol dip is involved at high xIL. Expectedly, nice agreement between theory and experiments appears when experimental

A semi-molecular theory is developed here for studying dielectric relaxation (DR) in binarymixtures of ionic liquids (ILs) with common dipolar solvents. Effects of ion translation on DR time scale, and those of ion rotation on conductivity relaxation time scale are explored. Two different models for the theoretical calculations have been considered: (i) separate medium approach, where molecularities of both the IL and dipolar solvent molecules are retained, and (ii) effective medium approach, where the added dipolar solvent molecules are assumed to combine with the dipolar ions of the IL, producing a fictitious effective medium characterized via effective dipole moment, density, and diameter. Semi-molecular expressions for the diffusive DR times have been derived which incorporates the effects of wavenumber dependent orientational static correlations, ion dynamic structure factors, and ion translation. Subsequently, the theory has been applied to the binarymixtures of 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate ([Bmim][BF4]) with water (H2O), and acetonitrile (CH3CN) for which experimental DR data are available. On comparison, predicted DR time scales show close agreement with the measured DR times at low IL mole fractions (x(IL)). At higher IL concentrations (x(IL) > 0.05), the theory over-estimates the relaxation times and increasingly deviates from the measurements with x(IL), deviation being the maximum for the neat IL by almost two orders of magnitude. The theory predicts negligible contributions to this deviation from the x(IL) dependent collective orientational static correlations. The drastic difference between DR time scales for IL/solvent mixtures from theory and experiments arises primarily due to the use of the actual molecular volume (V(mol)(dip)) for the rotating dipolar moiety in the present theory and suggests that only a fraction of V(mol)(dip) is involved at high x(IL). Expectedly, nice agreement between theory and experiments appears when

Two types of colloidal particles, which are nearly the same in chemical composition but carry opposite surface charges, are mixed in water. Depending on the relative proportion of the oppositely charged particles, the process of aggregation leads to the formation of discrete clusters of various sizes in dilute dispersions, and to the development of particle gel networks in more concentrated systems. Due to the significant difference in the absolute values of surface charges (negative particle: -48 mV, positive particle: +24 mV), the phase separation and the gelation behaviors are asymmetric with respect to the mixing ratio. Mixtures with excess negative particles are more stable, while mixtures with excess positive particles are easily affected by phase separation. The hetero-aggregation triggered by the addition of microscopically large macro-ions is similar to what is often observed in a mono-component charged colloidal system, i.e., phase separation occurs through addition of small electrolyte ions. Within the concentration region investigated here, it is clear that the gel line is buried inside the phase separation region. Gelation occurs only when the number and size of the clusters are large and big enough to connect up into a space-spanning network. Our results indicate that, in this binarymixture of oppositely charged colloids, although the interaction between unlike species is attractive and that between like species is repulsive, the onset of gelation is in fact governed by the equilibrium phase separation, as in the case of purely attractive systems with short-range isotropic interaction.

When a macroscopic concentration gradient is present across a binarymixture, long-ranged non-equilibrium concentration fluctuations (NCF) appear as a consequence of the coupling between the gradient and spontaneous equilibrium velocity fluctuations. Long-ranged equilibrium concentration fluctuations (ECF) may be also observed when the mixture is close to a critical point. Here we study the interplay between NCF and critical ECF in a near-critical mixture aniline/cyclohexane in the presence of a vertical concentration gradient. To this aim, we exploit a commercial optical microscope and a simple, custom-made, temperature-controlled cell to obtain simultaneous static and dynamic scattering information on the fluctuations. We first characterise the critical ECF at fixed temperature T above the upper critical solution temperature Tc, in the wide temperature range [Formula: see text] (°)C. In this range, we observe the expected critical scaling behaviour for both the scattering intensity and the mass diffusion coefficient and we determine the critical exponents [Formula: see text], [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text], which are found in agreement with the 3D Ising values. We then study the system in the two-phase region (T T i. During the transient, a vertical diffusive mass flux is present that causes the onset of NCF, whose amplitude vanishes with time, as the flux goes to zero. We also study the time dependence of the equilibrium scattering intensity I eq, of the crossover wave vector q co and of the diffusion coefficient D during diffusion and find that all these quantities exhibit an exponential relaxation enslaved to the diffusive kinetics.

An enhanced KR-fundarnentai measure functional (FMF) is elaborated and employed to investigate binary and ternary hard sphere fluids near a planar hard wall or confined within two planar hard wails separated by certain interval.The present enhanced KR-FMF incorporates respectively, for aim of comparison, a recent 3rd-order expansion equation of state (EOS) and a Boublik's extension of Kolafa's EOS for HS mixtures.It is indicated that the two versions of the EOS lead to, in the framework of the enhanced KR-FMF, similar density profiles, but the 3rd-order EOS is more consistent with an exact scaled particle theory (SPT) relation than the BK EOS.Extensive comparison between the enhanced KR-FMF-3rd-order EOS predictions and corresponding density profiles produced in different periods indicates the excellent performance of the present enhanced KR-FMF-3rd-order EOS in comparison with other available density functional approximations (DFAs).There are two anomalous situations from whose density profiles all DFAs studied deviate significantly; however, subsequent new computer simulation results for state conditions similar to the two anomalous situations are in very excellent agreement with the present enhanced KR-FMF-3rd-order EOS.The present paper indicates that (i) the validity of the “naive” substitution elaborated in the present paper and peculiar to the original KR-FMF is still in operation even if inhomogeneous mixtures are being dealt with; (ii) the high accuracy and seff-consistency of the third order EOS seem to allow for application of the KR-FMF-third order EOS to more severe state conditions; and (iii) the “naive” substitution enables very easy the combination of the original KR-FMF with future's more accurate but potentially more complicated EOS of hard sphere mixtures.

The properties of binarymixtures of dimethylsulfoxide and glycerol, measured by several techniques, are reported. Special attention is given to those properties contributing or affecting chemical reactions. In this respect the investigated mixture behaves as a relatively simple solvent and it is especially well suited for studies on the influence of viscosity in chemical reactivity. This is due to the relative invariance of the dielectric properties of the mixture. However, special caution must be taken with specific solvation, as the hydrogen-bonding properties of the solvent changes with the molar fraction of glycerol.

The properties of binarymixtures of dimethylsulfoxide and glycerol, measured using several techniques, are reported. Special attention is given to those properties contributing or affecting chemical reactions. In this respect the investigated mixture behaves as a relatively simple solvent and it is especially well suited for studies on the influence of viscosity on chemical reactivity. This is due to the relative invariance of the dielectric properties of the mixture. However, special caution must be taken with specific solvation, as the hydrogen-bonding properties of the solvent change with the molar fraction of glycerol.

As a continuation of the authors and Wakatsuki's previous paper [5], we study relations among Dirichlet series whose coefficients are class numbers of binary cubic forms. We show that for any integral models of the space of binary cubic forms, the associated Dirichlet series satisfies a simple explicit relation to that of the dual other than the usual functional equation. As an application, we write the functional equations of these Dirichlet series in self dual forms.

The gelation behavior of 1,3:2,4-bis(3,4-dimethylbenzylidene)sorbitol (DMDBS) in binary solvents has been systematically investigated. DMDBS is soluble in DMSO and insoluble in toluene (apolar) or 1-propanol (polar). When DMSO is added to a poor solvent at a certain volume fraction, DMDBS forms an organogel in the mixed solvent. With increasing DMSO content, the minimum gelation concentration increases and the gel-to-sol transition temperature decreases in both systems. However, compared with those in toluene-DMSO mixtures, the gelation ability and thermal stability are better in 1-propanol-DMSO mixtures. Scanning electron microscopy images reveal that the gelators aggregate to form three-dimensional networks. X-ray diffraction shows that the gel has a lamellar structure, which is different from the structure of the precipitate. Fourier transform infrared results reveal H-bonding is the main driving force for self-aggregation and indicate that stronger H-bonding interactions exist between gelators in 1-propanol-DMSO mixtures in contrast with toluene-DMSO mixtures. Attempts have been taken to correlate solvent parameters to gelation behavior in binary solvents. A Teas plot exhibits distinctly different solvent zones in the studied mixed solvents. The polar parameter (δp) indicates a narrow favorable domain for gel formation in the range of 1.64-7.99 MPa(1/2) for some apolar solvent-DMSO mixtures. The hydrogen-bonding parameter (δh) predicts that gelation occurs for values of 14.00-16.50 MPa(1/2) for some polar solvent-DMSO mixtures. The result may have potential applications in predicting the gelation behavior of 1,3:2,4-di-O-benzylidene-d-sorbitol derivatives in mixed solvents.

Classical density functional theory (DFT) was used to predict the adsorption of nine different binary gas mixtures in a heterogeneous BPL activated carbon with a known pore size distribution (PSD) and in single, homogeneous, slit-shaped carbon pores of different sizes. By comparing the heterogeneous results with those obtained from the ideal adsorbed solution theory and with those obtained in the homogeneous carbon, it was determined that adsorption nonideality and adsorption azeotropes are caused by the coupled effects of differences in the molecular size of the components in a gas mixture and only slight differences in the pore sizes of a heterogeneous adsorbent. For many binary gas mixtures, selectivity was found to be a strong function of pore size. As the width of a homogeneous pore increases slightly, the selectivity for two different sized adsorbates may change from being greater than unity to less than unity. This change in selectivity can be accompanied by the formation of an adsorption azeotrope when this same binarymixture is adsorbed in a heterogeneous adsorbent with a PSD, like in BPL activated carbon. These results also showed that the selectivity exhibited by a heterogeneous adsorbent can be dominated by a small number of pores that are very selective toward one of the components in the gas mixture, leading to adsorption azeotrope formation in extreme cases.

Mean spherical approximation (MSA) for electrolyte solution has been extended to investigate the role of partial solvent polarization densities around an ion in a completely asymmetric binary dipolar mixture. The differences in solvent diameters, dipole moments, and ionic size are incorporated systematically within the MSA framework in the present theory for the first time. In addition to the contributions due to difference in dipole moments, the solvent-solvent and ion-solvent size ratios are found to significantly affect the nonideality in binary dipolar mixtures. Subsequently, the theory is used to investigate the role of ion-solvent and solvent-solvent size ratios in determining the nonideality in Born free energy of solvation of a unipositive rigid ion in alcohol-water and dimethyl sulfoxide-acetonitrile mixtures, where the solvent components are represented only by their molecular diameters and dipole moments. Nonideality in Born free energy of solvation in such simplified mixtures is found to be stronger for smaller ions. The slope of the nonideality for smaller alkali metal ions in methanol-water mixture is found to be opposite to that for larger ion, such as quaternary tertiary butyl ammonium ion. For ethanol-water mixtures, the slopes are in the same direction for all the ions studied here. These results are in qualitative agreement with experiments, which is surprising as the present MSA approach does not include the hydrogen bonding and hydrophobic interactions present in the real mixtures. The calculated partial polarization densities around a unipositive ion also show the characteristic deviation from ideality and reveal the microscopic origin of the ion and solvent size dependent preferential solvation. Also, the excess free energy of mixing (in the absence of any ion) for these binarymixtures has been calculated and a good agreement between theory and experiment has been found.

Heat transfer coefficients in nucleate pool boiling were measured on a horizontal copper surface for refrigerants,HFC-134a,HFC-32,and HFC-125,their binary and ternary mixtures under saturated conditions at 0.9MPa.Compared to pure components,both binary and ternary mixtures showed lower heat transfer coefficients.This deterioration was more pronounced as heat flux was increased.Experimental data were compared with some empirical and semi-empirical correlations available in literature.For binarymixture,the accuracy of the correlations varied considerably with mixtures and the heat flux.Experimental data for HFC-32/134a/125 were also compared with available correlated equation obtained by Thome.For ternary mixture,the boiling range of binarymixture composed by the pure fluids with the lowest and the medium boiling points,and their concentration difference had important effects on boiling heat transfer coefficients.

Keeping the formation of lattice structures by nanoparticles covered with DNA in mind, we carry out Brownian dynamics simulations and study three-dimensional lattice structures formed by two species of particles. In our previous study [H. Katsuno, Y. Maegawa, and M. Sato, https://doi.org/10.7566/JPSJ.85.074605" xlink:type="simple">J. Phys. Soc. Jpn. 85, 074605 (2016)], we used the Lennard-Jones potential and studied two-dimensional structures formed in a binary system. When the interaction length between the different species, σ', is shorter than that between the same species, σ, the lattice structure changes with the ratio σ'/σ. In this paper, we use the same potential and study the formation of three-dimensional structures. With decreasing ratio σ'/σ, the mixture of the face-centered-cubic (fcc) structure and hexagonal-close-packed (hcp) structure is changed to the body-centered-cubic (bcc) structure and the NaCl structure.

A soot model was developed based on the recently proposed PAH growth mechanism for C1-C4 gaseous fuels (KAUST PAH Mechanism 2, KM2) that included molecular growth up to coronene (A7) to simulate soot formation in counterflow diffusion flames of ethylene and its binarymixtures with methane, ethane and propane based on the method of moments. The soot model has 36 soot nucleation reactions from 8 PAH molecules including pyrene and larger PAHs. Soot surface growth reactions were based on a modified hydrogen-abstraction-acetylene-addition (HACA) mechanism in which CH3, C3H3 and C2H radicals were included in the hydrogen abstraction reactions in addition to H atoms. PAH condensation on soot particles was also considered. The experimentally measured profiles of soot volume fraction, number density, and particle size were well captured by the model for the baseline case of ethylene along with the cases involving mixtures of fuels. The simulation results, which were in qualitative agreement with the experimental data in the effects of binary fuel mixing on the sooting structures of the measured flames, showed in particular that 5% addition of propane (ethane) led to an increase in the soot volume fraction of the ethylene flame by 32% (6%), despite the fact that propane and ethane are less sooting fuels than is ethylene, which is in reasonable agreement with experiments of 37% (14%). The model revealed that with 5% addition of methane, there was an increase of 6% in the soot volume fraction. The average soot particle sizes were only minimally influenced while the soot number densities were increased by the fuel mixing. Further analysis of the numerical data indicated that the chemical cross-linking effect between ethylene and the dopant fuels resulted in an increase in PAH formation, which led to higher soot nucleation rates and therefore higher soot number densities. On the other hand, the rates of soot surface growth per unit surface area through the HACA mechanism were

In this paper,we discuss the positive definite problem of a binary quartic form and obtain a necessary and sufficient condition .In addition we give two examples to show that there are some errors in the paper[1].

Found in our recent dielectric study of a planar and rigid glass-former, 1-methylindole (1MID), is an unusual secondary relaxation unrelated in its dynamic properties to the structural α-relaxation. We speculated that it originates from the in-plane motion of the molecules, and the supposedly universal Johari-Goldstein (JG) β-relaxation with strong connection to the structural α-relaxation in rigid glass-formers is not resolved [X. Q. Li et al. J. Chem. Phys. 143, 104505 (2015)]. In this work, dielectric measurements are performed in binarymixtures of 1MID with two aromatics of weak polarity, ethylbenzene (EB) and triphenylethylene (TPE), in the highly viscous regimes near glass transition. EB and TPE have smaller and larger molecular sizes and glass transition temperatures Tg than 1MID, respectively. Strikingly, the results show that the resolved secondary relaxations of 1MID in the two mixtures share the same relaxation time and their temperature dependence as pure 1MID, independent of the mode and degree of dilution. The results indicate that the unusual secondary relaxation is not directly coupled with the α-relaxation, and support the in-plane-rotation interpretation of its origin. On the other hand, the supposedly universal and intermolecular JG β-relaxation coming from the out-of-plane motion of the planar molecule has weaker dielectric strength, and it cannot be resolved from the more intense in-plane-rotation secondary relaxation because the dipole moment of 1MID lies on the plane.

We present an experimental study of convection in binarymixtures with separation ratios Ψ close to zero. Measurements of the Hopf frequency for Ψmass concentration x with high precision. These results are consistent with but more precise than earlier measurements by conventional techniques. For Ψ>0, we found that the pattern close to onset consisted of squares. Our data give the threshold of convection rc≡Rc/Rc0 (Rc is the critical Rayleigh number of the mixture and Rc0 that of the pure fluid) from measurements of the refractive-index power of the pattern as revealed by a very sensitive quantitative shadowgraph method. Over the range Ψ~0.2, these results are in good agreement with linear stability analysis. The measured refractive-index power varies by six orders of magnitude as a function of r and for r>~0.55 is in reasonable agreement with predictions based on the ten-mode Lorenz-like Galerkin truncation of Müller and Lücke [H. W. Müller and M. Lücke, Phys. Rev. A 38, 2965 (1988)]. For smaller r, the model predicts a cancellation between contributions to the refractive index from concentration and temperature variations, which does not seem to occur in the physical system. Determinations of the wave numbers of the patterns near onset are consistent with the theoretically predicted small critical wave numbers at positive Ψ. As r approaches one, we find that q approaches the critical wave number qc0~=3 of the pure fluid. (c) 1995 The American Physical Society

The dielectric relaxation times 's and dipole moments 's of the binary () polar liquid mixture of N,N-dimethyl acetamide (DMA) and acetone (Ac) dissolved in benzene (i) are estimated from the measured real ′ and imaginary ″ parts of complex high frequency conductivity * of the solution for different weight fractions 's of 0.0, 0.3, 0.5, 0.7 and 1.0 mole fractions of Ac and temperatures (25, 30, 35 and 40°C) respectively under 9.88 GHz electric field. 's are obtained from the ratio of slopes of ″ - and ′ - curves at → 0 as well as linear slope of ″ - ′ curves of the existing method (Murthy et al, 1989) in order to eliminate polar-polar interaction in the latter case. The calculated 's are in excellent agreement with the reported 's due to Gopalakrishna's method. 's are also estimated from slopes 's of total conductivity - curves at → 0 and the values agree well with the reported 's from G.K. method. The variation of 's and 's with of Ac reveals that solute-solute molecular association occurs within 0.0-0.3 of Ac beyond which solute-solvent molecular association is predicted. The theoretical dipole moments theo's are calculated from bond angles and bond moments to have exact 's only to show the presence of inductive, mesomeric and electromeric effects in the substituent polar groups. The thermodynamic energy parameters are estimated from ln () against 1/ linear curve from Eyring's rate theory to know the molecular dynamics of the system and to establish the fact that the mixture obeys the Debye-Smyth relaxation mechanism.

Five simple, specific, accurate and precise UV-spectrophotometric methods are adopted for the simultaneous determination of Amprolium hydrochloride (AMP) and Ethopabate (ETH), a binarymixture with overlapping spectra, without preliminary separation. The first method is first derivative of the ratio spectra (1DD) for determination of AMP and ETH at 234.7 nm and 306.8 nm respectively with mean percentage recoveries 99.76 ± 0.907 and 100.29 ± 0.842 respectively. The second method is the mean centering of the ratio spectra for determination of AMP and ETH at 238.8 nm and 313 nm respectively with mean percentage recoveries 100.26 ± 1.018 and 99.94 ± 1.286 respectively. The third method is based on dual wavelength selection for determination of AMP and ETH at 235.3 nm & 308 nm and 244 nm & 268.4 nm respectively with mean percentage recoveries 99.30 ± 1.097 and 100.03 ± 1.065 respectively. The fourth method is ratio difference method for determination of AMP and ETH at 239 nm & 310 nm and 239 nm & 313 nm respectively with mean percentage recoveries 99.27 ± 0.892 and 100.40 ± 1.814 respectively. The fifth one is area under the curve (AUC) method where the areas between 235.6-243 nm and 268.3-275 nm are selected for determination of AMP and ETH with mean percentage recoveries 100.35 ± 1.031 and 100.39 ± 0.956 respectively. These methods are tested by analyzing synthetic mixtures of the two drugs and they are applied to their pharmaceutical veterinary preparation. Methods are validated according to the ICH guidelines and accuracy, precision and repeatability are found to be within the acceptable limit.

Disk-like liquid crystals (DLCs) can self-assemble to ordered columnar mesophases and are intriguing one-dimensional organic semiconductors with high charge carrier mobility. To improve their applicable property of mesomorphic temperature ranges, we exploit the binarymixtures of electronic donor-acceptor DLC materials. The electron-rich 2,3,6,7,10,11-hexakis(alkoxy)triphenylenes (C4, C6, C8, C10, C12) and an electron-deficient tetrapentyl triphenylene-2,3,6,10-tetracarboxylate have been prepared and their binarymixtures have been investigated. The mesomorphism of the 1:1 (molar ratio) mixtures has been characterized by polarizing optical microscopy (POM), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and small angel x-ray scattering (SAXS). The self-assembled monolayer structure of a discogen on a solid-liquid interface has been imaged by the high resolution scanning tunneling microscopy (STM). The match of peripheral chain length has important influence on the mesomorphism of the binarymixtures. Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 51273133 and 51443004).

The Peng-Robinson equation of state with the van der Waals mixing rules was used to correlate vapor-liquid equilibrium (VLE) data for HFC/HC, HFC/HFC, and HC/HC binarymixtures. The interaction parameter k ij was obtained for every binarymixture. It was assumed that k ij has contributions from the two components, and each component has its own constant contribution factor k i for the mixture, and the values of k ij indicate the degree in difference of properties between the two components. Therefore, the interaction parameters k ij is proposed as: k ij = k i - k j . The values of the mixing factor k i for Hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) and Hydrocarbons (HCs), including propane, isobutane, n-butane, R23, R32, R125, R143a, R134a, R152a, R227ea R236fa, R236ea, and R245fa, were obtained by least-square fitting. In total, 39 refrigerant binarymixtures were analyzed on the basis of this method, and the results showed good agreement with experimental data. The overall average absolute deviations of pressure and vapor mole fraction are 1.3 % and 0.0089, respectively.

Research highlights: > This paper reports the density and speed of sound data of binarymixtures {l_brace}2-hydroxy ethylammonium acetate + (water, or methanol, or ethanol){r_brace} measured between the temperatures (298.15 and 313.15) K at atmospheric pressure. > The aggregation, dynamic behavior, and hydrogen-bond network were studied using thermo-acoustic, X-ray, and NMR techniques. > The Peng-Robinson equation of state, coupled with the Wong-Sandler mixing rule using the COSMO-SAC model predicted the density of the solutions with relative mean deviations below than 3.0%. - Abstract: In this work, density and speed of sound data of binarymixtures of an ionic liquid consisting of {l_brace}2-hydroxy ethylammonium acetate (2-HEAA) + (water, methanol, or ethanol){r_brace} have been measured throughout the entire concentration range, from the temperature of (288.15 to 323.15) K at atmospheric pressure. The excess molar volumes, variations of the isentropic compressibility, the apparent molar volume, isentropic apparent molar compressibility, and thermal expansion coefficient were calculated from the experimental data. The excess molar volumes were negative throughout the whole composition range. Compressibility data in combination with low angle X-ray scattering and NMR measurements proved that the presence of micelles formed due to ion pair interaction above a critical concentration of the ionic liquid in the mixtures. The Peng-Robinson equation of state coupled with the Wong-Sandler mixing rule and COSMO-SAC model was used to predict densities and the calculated deviations were lower than 3%, for binarymixtures in all composition range.

Full Text Available The problem of unsteady magnetohydrodynamic convective flow with radiation and chemical reaction past a flat porous plate moving through a binarymixture in an optically thin environment is considered. The governing boundary layer equations are converted to nonlinear ordinary differential equations by similarity transformation and then solved numerically by MATLAB “bvp4c” routine. The velocity, temperature, and concentration profiles are presented graphically for various values of the material parameters. Also a numerical data for the local skin friction coefficient, the local Nusselt number, and local Sherwood number is presented in tabular forms.

The isotropic-nematic phase equilibria of linear hard-sphere chains and binarymixtures of them are obtained from Monte Carlo simulations. In addition, the infinite dilution solubility of hard spheres in the coexisting isotropic and nematic phases is determined. Phase equilibria calculations are performed in an expanded formulation of the Gibbs ensemble. This method allows us to carry out an extensive simulation study on the phase equilibria of pure linear chains with a length of 7 to 20 beads (7-mer to 20-mer), and binarymixtures of an 8-mer with a 14-, a 16-, and a 19-mer. The effect of molecular flexibility on the isotropic-nematic phase equilibria is assessed on the 8-mer+19-mer mixture by allowing one and two fully flexible beads at the end of the longest molecule. Results for binarymixtures are compared with the theoretical predictions of van Westen et al. [J. Chem. Phys. 140, 034504 (2014)]. Excellent agreement between theory and simulations is observed. The infinite dilution solubility of hard spheres in the hard-sphere fluids is obtained by the Widom test-particle insertion method. As in our previous work, on pure linear hard-sphere chains [B. Oyarzún, T. van Westen, and T. J. H. Vlugt, J. Chem. Phys. 138, 204905 (2013)], a linear relationship between relative infinite dilution solubility (relative to that of hard spheres in a hard-sphere fluid) and packing fraction is found. It is observed that binarymixtures greatly increase the solubility difference between coexisting isotropic and nematic phases compared to pure components.

Highlights: > The VLE behavior of systems containing dimethyl carbonate (DMC) was investigated. > VLE data for ternary and binarymixtures containing alcohol and DMC were measured. > Several activity coefficient models were used for data reduction or prediction. > Valley line, i.e., distillation boundary, was observed for the ternary mixture. > Residue curves were calculated to investigate composition profile for distillation. - Abstract: (Vapor + liquid) equilibrium (VLE) data for a ternary mixture, namely {l_brace}methanol + propan-1-ol + dimethyl carbonate (DMC){r_brace}, and four binarymixtures, namely an {l_brace}alcohol (C{sub 3} or C{sub 4}) + DMC{r_brace}, containing the binary constituent mixtures of the ternary mixture, were measured at p = (40.00 to 93.32) kPa using a modified Swietoslawski-type ebulliometer. The experimental data for the binary systems were correlated using the Wilson model. The Wilson model was also applied to the ternary system to predict the VLE behavior using parameters from the binarymixtures. The modified UNIFAC (Dortmund) model was also tested for the predictions of the VLE behavior of the binary and ternary mixtures. In addition, the experimental VLE data for the ternary and constituent binarymixtures were correlated using the extended Redlich-Kister (ERK) model, which can completely represent the azeotropic points. For the ternary system, a comparison of the experimental and the predicted or correlated boiling points obtained using the Wilson and ERK models showed that the ERK model is more accurate. The valley line, i.e., the curve which divides the patterns of vapor-liquid tie lines, was found in the (methanol + propan-1-ol + DMC) system. This valley line could be represented by the ERK model. Finally, the composition profile for simple distillation of this ternary mixture was obtained by analysis of the residue curves from the estimated Wilson parameters of the constituent binarymixtures.

ThermoData Engine (TDE) is the first full-scale software implementation of the dynamic data evaluation concept, as reported recently in this journal. The present paper describes the first application of this concept to the evaluation of thermophysical properties for binary chemical systems. Five activity-coefficient models have been implemented for representation of phase-equilibrium data (vapor-liquid, liquid-liquid, and solid-liquid equilibrium): NRTL, UNIQUAC, Van Laar, Margules/Redlich-Kister, and Wilson. Implementation of these models in TDE is fully described. Properties modeled individually are densities, surface tensions, critical temperatures, critical pressures, excess enthalpies, and the transport properties-viscosity and thermal conductivity. Extensions to the class structure of the program are described with emphasis on special features allowing close linkage between mixture and pure-component properties required for implementation of the models. Details of gas-phase models used in conjunction with the activity-coefficient models are shown. Initial implementation of the dynamic data evaluation concept for reactions is demonstrated with evaluation of enthalpies of formation for compounds containing carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen. Directions for future enhancements are outlined.

In the present work, we deal with a binarymixture of diluted relativistic gases within the framework of the kinetic theory. The analysis is made within the framework of the Boltzmann equation. We assume that the gas is under the influence of an isotropic Schwarzschild metric and is composed of particles with speeds comparable with the light speed. Taking into account the constitutive equations for the laws of Fourier and Navier-Stokes, we obtain expressions for the thermal conductivity, the shear, and bulk viscosities. To evaluate the integrals we assume a hard-sphere interaction along with non-disparate masses for the particles of each component. We show the analytical expressions and the behavior of the transport coefficients with respect to a relativistic parameter which gives the ratio of the rest energy of the particles to the thermal energy of the gas. We also determine the dependence of the transport coefficients with respect to the gravitational potential and demonstrate that the corresponding one component limit is recovered by considering particles with equal masses, in accordance with the kinetic theory of a single fluid.

The dynamics of pure axisymmetric volatile sessile droplets have been meticulously examined over the last four decades but remain poorly understood. Studies focusing on more realistic non-spherical configurations are virtually non-existent. The dynamics of the latter are examined in this investigation by means of experiments and numerical simulations. We show that the lifetime and bulk flow characteristics of these drops depend on their size and shape. The irregular geometries lead to the emergence preferential convection currents in the liquid as well as differential local evaporation rates noticeable along the contact line. Similarly, we inspect the thermocapillary stability of the flow, which results as the liquid volatility increases, and find that this is also affected by the non-uniform wettability along the triple line. The Marangoni-driven instabilities grow in an intricate spatio-temporal fashion leading to the emergence of different flow regimes. Finally, we also provide new insights into the evaporation process of binary-mixture drops. Memphis Multiphase (EPSRC EP/K003976/1) & ThermaPOWER (EU IRSES-PIRSES GA-2011-294905).

Linear particle transport in stochastic media is key to such relevant applications as neutron diffusion in randomly mixed immiscible materials, light propagation through engineered optical materials, and inertial confinement fusion, only to name a few. We extend the pioneering work by Adams, Larsen and Pomraning [1] (recently revisited by Brantley [2]) by considering a series of benchmark configurations for mono-energetic and isotropic transport through Markov binarymixtures in dimension d. The stochastic media are generated by resorting to Poisson random tessellations in 1 d slab, 2 d extruded, and full 3 d geometry. For each realization, particle transport is performed by resorting to the Monte Carlo simulation. The distributions of the transmission and reflection coefficients on the free surfaces of the geometry are subsequently estimated, and the average values over the ensemble of realizations are computed. Reference solutions for the benchmark have never been provided before for two- and three-dimensional Poisson tessellations, and the results presented in this paper might thus be useful in order to validate fast but approximated models for particle transport in Markov stochastic media, such as the celebrated Chord Length Sampling algorithm.

We investigate the phase separation behavior of binarymixtures in two dimensional periodic and lid driven cavity domains using dissipative particle dynamics (DPD). The effect of DPD parameters like repulsion coefficient, dissipative coefficient, cut-off radius, and weight function exponent on domain size growth has been studied. The phase separation is delayed for low values of repulsion coefficient. Under these conditions, a few clusters of the dispersed phase are distributed in a continuous phase. This is because of weak inter-particle repulsion. As we increase the repulsion coefficient value, this behavior disappears. The domain growth rate is also observed to increase with an increase in the value of the dissipation coefficient as well as cut-off radius. Finally, the dynamics of phase separation in the lid driven cavity problem are significantly different when compared to that in the periodic domain, due to the formation of a stable vortex in the cavity. The vortex results in a dynamic equilibrium between clustering and separation. The distribution of cluster sizes is studied as a function of the driven cavity parameters.

Extensive Martini simulation data, totaling 5 ms, is presented for binarymixtures of dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (DPPC) and cholesterol. Using simulation initiated from both gel (so) and liquid-disordered (Ld) phases, significant and strongly cholesterol-dependent hysteresis in the enthalpy as a function of temperature is observed for cholesterol mole fractions from 0 to 20 mol %. Although the precise phase transition temperature cannot be determined due to the hysteresis, the data are consistent with a first order gel to fluid transition, which increases in temperature with cholesterol. At 30 mol % cholesterol, no hysteresis is observed, and there is no evidence for a continuous transition, in either structural parameters like the area per lipid or in the heat capacity as a function of temperature. The results are consistent with a single uniform phase above a critical cholesterol composition between 20 and 30 mol % in Martini, while highlighting the importance and difficulty of obtaining the equilibrium averages to locate phase boundaries precisely in computational models of lipid bilayers.

New accurate, sensitive and selective spectrophotometric and spectrofluorimetric methods were developed and subsequently validated for determination of Cromolyn sodium (CS) and Oxymetazoline HCl (OXY) in binarymixture. These methods include ‘H-point standard addition method (HPSAM) and area under the curve (AUC)' spectrophotometric method and first derivative synchronous fluorescence spectroscopic (FDSFS) method. For spectrophotometric methods, absorbances were recorded at 241.5 nm and 274.9 nm for HPSAM and the wavelength was selected in ranges 232.0-254.0 nm and 216.0-229.0 nm for AUC method, where the concentration was obtained by applying Cramer's rule. For FDSFS method, the first-derivative synchronous fluorescence signal was measured at 290.0 nm, using Δλ = 145.0 nm. The suggested methods were validated according to International Conference of Harmonization (ICH) guidelines and the results revealed that they were precise and reproducible. All the obtained results were statistically compared with those of the reported method and there was no significant difference.

We examine statics and dynamics of phase-separated states of dilute binarymixtures using density functional theory. In our systems, the difference of the solvation chemical potential between liquid and gas [Formula: see text] (the Gibbs energy of transfer) is considerably larger than the thermal energy [Formula: see text] for each solute particle and the attractive interaction among the solute particles is weaker than that among the solvent particles. In these conditions, the saturated vapor pressure increases by [Formula: see text], where [Formula: see text] is the solute density added in liquid. For [Formula: see text], phase separation is induced at low solute densities in liquid and the new phase remains in gaseous states, even when the liquid pressure is outside the coexistence curve of the solvent. This explains the widely observed formation of stable nanobubbles in ambient water with a dissolved gas. We calculate the density and stress profiles across planar and spherical interfaces, where the surface tension decreases with increasing interfacial solute adsorption. We realize stable solute-rich bubbles with radius about 30 nm, which minimize the free energy functional. We then study dynamics around such a bubble after a decompression of the surrounding liquid, where the bubble undergoes a damped oscillation. In addition, we present some exact and approximate expressions for the surface tension and the interfacial stress tensor.

The large critical anomaly in the isobaric heat capacity C_{p,x}(T) of the binarymixture nitromethane + 3-pentanol is measured using high-resolution adiabatic scanning calorimetry. The unique features of this technique provided an alternative approach to the study of the critical behavior of C_{p,x}(T), providing further C_{p,x}(T) related quantities from which valuable information could be extracted. Our data are in full agreement with the predictions of the Modern Theory of Critical Phenomena; specifically, 3D-Ising model values for the critical exponent α and the universal amplitude ratio values of the leading critical amplitudes, as well as for the first correction-to-scaling ones, provide the optimum fits to represent the experimental data. Evidence for the need of higher-order terms, i.e., first correction-to-scaling term, is given. The large value of the coefficient E for the linear temperature dependence of the background obtained is ascribed to a possible contribution of the regular linear background term, of a higher-order asymmetry term, and of the second correction-to-scaling term. Internal consistency of C_{p,x}(T) and its related quantities is successfully checked.

The nonisothermal single-component theory of droplet nucleation (Alekseechkin, 2014) is extended to binary case; the droplet volume V, composition x, and temperature T are the variables of the theory. An approach based on macroscopic kinetics (in contrast to the standard microscopic model of nucleation operating with the probabilities of monomer attachment and detachment) is developed for the droplet evolution and results in the derived droplet motion equations in the space (V,x,T) - equations for V_dot, x_dot, and T_dot. The work W(V,x,T) of the droplet formation is calculated; it is obtained in the vicinity of the saddle point as a quadratic form with diagonal matrix. Also the problem of generalizing the single-component Kelvin equation for the equilibrium vapor pressure to binary case is solved; it is presented here as a problem of integrability of a Pfaffian equation. The equation for is shown to be the first law of thermodynamics for the droplet, which is a consequence of Onsagers reciprocal relations an...

algorithm, polynomial baseline offset, Standard Normal Variate algorithm - SNV) to the raw spectra allows improving these results to maximum values of 15%. Finally, the capabilities of PCA and MidIR-FORS to discriminate between binarymixtures were tested. The results demonstrate that it is possible to differentiate mixtures depending on the range of concentration of their components, within specific limits of detection.

An analytical method is proposed for finding numerical values of binary interaction coefficients for non-polar hydrocarbon mixtures when the Lee-Kesler (LK) equation of state is applied. The method is based on solving simultaneous equations, which are Ploecker`s mixing rules for pseudocritical parameters of a mixture, and the Lee-Kesler equation for the saturation line. For a hydrocarbon mixture, the method allows prediction of {kappa}{sub ij} interaction coefficients (ICs) which are close to values obtained by processing experimental p-v-t data on the saturation line and subsequent averaging. For mixtures of hydrocarbon molecules containing from 2 to 9 carbon atoms, the divergence between calculated and experimentally based ICs is no more than {plus_minus}0.4%. The possibility of extending application of this method to other non-polar substances is discussed.

The Cauchy problem for first-order PDE with the initial data which have a piecewise discontinuities localized in different spatial points is completely solved. The interactions between discontinuities arising after breakup of initial discontinuities are studied with the help of the hodograph method. The solution is constructed in analytical implicit form. To recovery the explicit form of solution we propose the transformation of the PDEs into some ODEs on the level lines (isochrones) of implicit solution. In particular, this method allows us to solve the Goursat problem with initial data on characteristics. The paper describes a specific problem for zone electrophoresis (method of the mixture separation). However, the method proposed allows to solve any system of two first-order quasilinear PDEs for which the second order linear PDE, arising after the hodograph transformation, has the Riemann-Green function in explicit form.

Linear and nonlinear properties of convection in binary fluid layers heated from below are investigated, in particular for gas parameters. A Galerkin approximation for realistic boundary conditions that describes stationary and oscillatory convection in the form of straight parallel rolls is used to determine the influence of the Dufour effect on the bifurcation behaviour of convective flow intensity, vertical heat current, and concentration mixing. The Dufour--induced changes in the bifurcation topology and the existence regimes of stationary and traveling wave convection are elucidated. To check the validity of the Galerkin results we compare with finite--difference numerical simulations of the full hydrodynamical field equations. Furthermore, we report on the scaling behaviour of linear properties of the stationary instability.

Excess volumes (VE), ultrasonic velocities (u), isentropic compressibility (△Ks) and viscosities (η) for the binarymixtures of dimethyl formamide (DMF) with 1,2-dichlorobenzene, 1,3-dichlorobenzene, 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene,o-chlorotoluene, m-chlorotoluene, p-chlorotoluene, o-nitrotoluene and m-nitrotoluene at 303.15 K were studied.Excess volume data exhibit an inversion in sign for the mixtures of dimethyl formamide with 1,2- and 1,3-dichlorobenzenes and the property is completely positive over the entire composition range for the mixtures of dimethyl formamide with 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene, o-nitrotoluene and m-nitrotoluene. On the other hand, the quantity is negative for the mixtures of dimethyl formamide with chlorotoluenes. Isentropic compressibility (Ks) has been computed for the same systems from precise sound velocity and density data. Further, deviation of isentropic compressibility (△Ks) from ideal behavior was also calculated. △Ks values are negative over the entire volume fraction range in all the binarymixtures. The experimental sound velocity data were analysed in terms of Free Length Theory (FLT) and Collision Factor Theory (CFT). The viscosity data were analysed on the basis of corresponding state approach. The measured data were discussed on the basis of intermolecular interactions between unlike molecules.

The method of moments for the ellipsoidal distribution function was used for solving the Boltzmann equation describing binary gas mixtures with large mass disparity and highly diluted heavy component. Analysis of the system of moment equations results in a simple analytic expression for the terminal slip velocities of components that depends on the conditions in the source of jet, composition of mixture, and C6 constant of the attractive branch of the interaction potential. The results are in good agreement with experimental data including low pressure conditions when the Miller-Andres correlation is unsatisfactory.

The method presented in this paper was developed to predict liquid-liquid equilibria in ternary liquid mixtures by using a combination of a thermodynamic model and molecular dynamics simulations. In general, common classical thermodynamic models have many parameters which are determined by fitting a model with experimental data. This proposed method, however, provides a simple procedure for calculating liquid-liquid equilibria utilizing binary interaction parameters and molecular size parameters determined from molecular dynamics simulations. This method was applied to mixtures containing water, hydrocarbons, alcohols, chlorides, ketones, acids, and other organic liquids over various temperature ranges. The predicted results agree well with the experimental data without the use of adjustable parameters.

Five different spectrophotometric methods were applied for simultaneous determination of fenbendazole and rafoxanide in their binarymixture; namely first derivative, derivative ratio, ratio difference, dual wavelength and H-point standard addition spectrophotometric methods. Different factors affecting each of the applied spectrophotometric methods were studied and the selectivity of the applied methods was compared. The applied methods were validated as per the ICH guidelines and good accuracy; specificity and precision were proven within the concentration range of 5-50 μg/mL for both drugs. Statistical analysis using one-way ANOVA proved no significant differences among the proposed methods for the determination of the two drugs. The proposed methods successfully determined both drugs in laboratory prepared and commercially available binarymixtures, and were found applicable for the routine analysis in quality control laboratories.

Relative viscosities for the solutions of oxalic acid and its salts, viz. ammonium oxalate, sodium oxalate and potassium oxalate, at different concentrations have been determined in water and in binary aqueous mixtures of tetrahydrofuran (THF) [5, 10, 15 and 20% by weight of THF] at 298.15 K, and in water and in 5% (w/w) THF + water at five different temperatures. The data have been evaluated using the Jones-Dole equation and the obtained parameters have been interpreted in terms of solute-solute and solute-solvent interactions. The activation parameters of viscous flow have been obtained which depicts the mechanism of viscous flow. The oxalic acid and its salts behave as structure breakers in water and in binary aqueous mixtures of THF.

This paper is concerned with the dynamics of a binarymixture of rod-like, repulsive colloidal particles driven out of equilibrium by means of a steady shear flow (Couette geometry). To this end we first derive, starting from a microscopic density functional in Parsons-Lee approximation, a mesoscopic free energy functional whose main variables are the orientational order parameter tensors. Based on this mesoscopic functional we then explore the stability of isotropic and nematic equilibrium phases in terms of composition and rod lengths. Second, by combining the equilibrium theory with the Doi-Hess approach for the order parameter dynamics under shear, we investigate the orientational dynamics of binarymixtures for a range of shear rates and coupling parameters. We find a variety of dynamical states, including synchronized oscillatory states of the two components, but also symmetry breaking behavior where the components display different in-plane oscillatory states.

To evaluate shear viscosity of ehylene glycol oligomers (EGO)/water binarymixture by means of coarse-grained molecular dynamics (CG-MD) simulations, we proposed the self-diffusion-coefficient-based parameterization of non-bonded interactions among CG particles. Our parameterization procedure consists of three steps: 1)determination of bonded potentials, 2)scaling for time and solvent diffusivity, and 3)optimization of Lennard-Jones parameters to reproduce experimental self-diffusion coefficient data. With the determined parameters and the scaling relations, we evaluated shear viscosities of EGO/water binarymixtures, which are in close agreement with the experimental data, without any further fitting procedure. The largest simulation in this article corresponds to a 1.2 microseconds atomistic simulation for 100,000 atoms. Our CG model with the parameterization scheme for CG particles may be useful to study the dynamic properties of a liquid which contains relatively low molecular weight polymers or oligomers...

Full Text Available Partial molar volumes of aluminium chloride, aluminium sulphate and aluminium nitrate have been determined in water rich binary aqueous mixtures of tetrahydrofuran (5, 10, 15, 20% by weight of tetrahydrofuran with the help of density measurements. The density measurements were made by using Ward and Millero method and results have been analysed by Masson’s equation and interpreted in terms of ion-ion or ion –solvent interactions. The partial molar volumes vary with temperature as a power series of temperature. Structure making or breaking capacities of aluminium salts have been inferred from the sign à2/ Φvo p i.e second derivative of partial molar volume with respect to temperature at constant pressure. The aluminium salts have been found as structure breakers in binary aqueous mixture of tetrahydrofuran.

Adsorption equilibrium measurements of pure methane, pure argon, and binarymixtures over exfoliated graphite were carried for different initial compositions, temperatures, and total pressures in the range of 0.1-1.5 Torr using the volumetric static method. Diagrams for gas and adsorbed phase compositions were constructed for the conditions explored, and isosteric heats of adsorption were calculated. Experimental results were compared with predictions obtained with Monte Carlo simulations and using the Ideal Adsorbed Solution Theory (IAST).

Optical and electron microscopy were employed to characterize microstructures formed by thermal mechanical treatment of glycol suspensions of various pure and binarymixtures of the brain-derived galactosphingolipids hydroxy fatty acid cerebroside (HFA-Cer), non-hydroxy fatty acid cerebroside (NFA-Cer) and sulfatide (S-Cer). Negative staining indicated some new features of the neutral cerebroside suspensions in glycol. HFA-Cer formed a small fraction of both unilamellar cylinders (ULCs) (lumina ca. 27 nm) and giant multilamellar cochleates in addition to the typical nonhelical multilamellar cylinders (MLCs) (lumina ca. 10-30 nm). NFA-Cer formed a gel composed of a significant fraction of very long ULCs (lumina ca. 17 nm) without helical substructure, in addition to multilamellar helical structures such as ribbons and cylinders (lumina ca. 70 nm). Anisotropic lamellar micelle-shards of NFA-Cer were also detected by negative staining. S-Cer formed short ULCs (lumina ca. 44 nm) with no obvious helical substructure. Complex mixture data are thought to result from thermodynamic and kinetic factors. HFA-Cer is highly insoluble and promotes a network of rigid intralamellar hydrogen bonding that tends to exclude other lipids. NFA-Cer stabilizes helical defects in the lamellae, and S-Cer enhances disorder or micellization. The processes of microstructure nucleation and lipid phase separation were affected by mixtures such that metastable microstructures were trapped or the length of lamellar cylinders was altered.

Three chemometric methods namely, concentration residual augmented classical least squares (CRACLS), spectral residual augmented classical least squares (SRACLS) and partial least squares (PLS) were applied for the simultaneous quantitative determination of Cinnarizine and Dimenhydrinate in their binarymixtures. All techniques were applied with and without variable selection using genetic algorithm (GA) resulting in six models (CRACLS, GA-CRACLS, SRACLS, GA-SRACLS, PLS, GA-PLS). These models were applied for the simultaneous determination of the drugs in their laboratory prepared mixtures and pharmaceutical dosage form via handling their UV spectral data. It was found that GA based models are simpler and more robust than those built with the full spectral data. The proposed models were found to be simple, fast and require no preliminary separation steps; so they can be used for the routine analysis of this binarymixture in quality control laboratories.

We examine statics and dynamics of phase-separated states of dilute binarymixtures using density functional theory. In our systems, the difference of the solvation chemical potential between liquid and gas Δ {μ\\text{s}} (the Gibbs energy of transfer) is considerably larger than the thermal energy {{k}\\text{B}}T for each solute particle and the attractive interaction among the solute particles is weaker than that among the solvent particles. In these conditions, the saturated vapor pressure increases by {{k}\\text{B}}Tn2\\ell\\exp ≤ft(Δ {μ\\text{s}}/{{k}\\text{B}}T\\right) , where n2\\ell is the solute density added in liquid. For \\exp ≤ft(Δ {μ\\text{s}}/{{k}\\text{B}}T\\right)\\gg 1 , phase separation is induced at low solute densities in liquid and the new phase remains in gaseous states, even when the liquid pressure is outside the coexistence curve of the solvent. This explains the widely observed formation of stable nanobubbles in ambient water with a dissolved gas. We calculate the density and stress profiles across planar and spherical interfaces, where the surface tension decreases with increasing interfacial solute adsorption. We realize stable solute-rich bubbles with radius about 30 nm, which minimize the free energy functional. We then study dynamics around such a bubble after a decompression of the surrounding liquid, where the bubble undergoes a damped oscillation. In addition, we present some exact and approximate expressions for the surface tension and the interfacial stress tensor.

A comprehensive study on a liquid crystal formed by mixing two non-mesogens, viz., cholesterol and cetyl alcohol has been carried out. Polarized microscopic observations confirmed that the mixture exhibits smectic A phase below 48.2 deg. C. The mechanism possible for the formation of ordered liquid crystal phase when two non-mesogens are mixed is discussed. Density measured using a precision density meter was found to drop drastically in the vicinity of isotropic to smectic A transition temperature. The density fluctuations at the transition are discussed on the basis of: (i) the long wavelength limit of the structure factor and (ii) the critical exponent evaluated using modified Landau-de Gennes theory. The ultrasound velocity, determined using the interferometer method, drops drastically near the smectic A-isotropic transition temperature. The temperature-dependent data of density and ultrasound velocity enabled the evaluation of the adiabatic compressibility and acoustic impedance. The specific heat at constant pressure measured using differential scanning calorimetry shows a large increase in the vicinity of the phase transition. A correlation of thermodynamic functions to thermo-elastic properties was established through thermodynamic route. This relationship, along with experimentally measured quantities forms the basis for the thermo-physical characterization of the mixture. This facilitated the evaluation of specific heat at constant volume, the ratio of specific heats, the isothermal compressibility and the Grueneisen parameter across the smectic A-isotropic phase transition.

Full Text Available paper introduces a novel method for complex number representation. The proposed Redundant Complex Binary Number System (RCBNS is developed by combining a Redundant Binary Number and a complex number in base (-1+j. Donald [1] and Walter Penny [2,3] represented complex numbers using base –j and (-1+j in the classified algorithmic models. A Redundant Complex Binary Number System consists of both real and imaginary-radix number systems that form a redundant integer digit set. This system is formed by using complex radix of (-1+j and a digit set of á= 3, where á assumes a value of -3, -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3. The arithmetic operations of complex numbers with this system treat the real and imaginary parts as one unit. The carry-free addition has the advantage of Redundancy in number representation in the arithmetic operations. Results of the arithmetic operations are in the RCBNS form. The two methods for conversion from the RCBNS form to the standard binary number form have been presented. In this paper the RCBNS reduces the number of steps required to perform complex number arithmetic operations, thus enhancing the speed.

Densities and viscosities for binarymixtures of dimethyl carbonate with 2-propanol up to 2-heptanol were measured at various temperatures and ambient pressure. From experimental data, excess molar volumes, V{sub m}{sup E}. were calculated and correlated by the Redlich–Kister equation to obtain the binary coefficients and the standard deviations. Excess molar volumes, V{sub m}{sup E}, are positive for all studied mixtures over the entire range of the mole fraction. The ERAS-model has been applied for describing the binary excess molar volumes and also Peng–Robinson–Stryjek–Vera (PRSV) equation of state (EOS) has been used to predict the binary excess molar volumes and viscosities. Also several semi-empirical models were used to correlate the viscosity of binarymixtures.

The nonisothermal single-component theory of droplet nucleation [N. V. Alekseechkin, Physica A 412, 186 (2014)] is extended to binary case; the droplet volume V, composition x, and temperature T are the variables of the theory. An approach based on macroscopic kinetics (in contrast to the standard microscopic model of nucleation operating with the probabilities of monomer attachment and detachment) is developed for the droplet evolution and results in the derived droplet motion equations in the space (V, x, T)—equations for V̇≡dV/dt, ẋ, and Ṫ. The work W(V, x, T) of the droplet formation is obtained in the vicinity of the saddle point as a quadratic form with diagonal matrix. Also, the problem of generalizing the single-component Kelvin equation for the equilibrium vapor pressure to binary case is solved; it is presented here as a problem of integrability of a Pfaffian equation. The equation for Ṫ is shown to be the first law of thermodynamics for the droplet, which is a consequence of Onsager's reciprocal relations and the linked-fluxes concept. As an example of ideal solution for demonstrative numerical calculations, the o-xylene-m-xylene system is employed. Both nonisothermal and enrichment effects are shown to exist; the mean steady-state overheat of droplets and their mean steady-state enrichment are calculated with the help of the 3D distribution function. Some qualitative peculiarities of the nucleation thermodynamics and kinetics in the water-sulfuric acid system are considered in the model of regular solution. It is shown that there is a small kinetic parameter in the theory due to the small amount of the acid in the vapor and, as a consequence, the nucleation process is isothermal.

The aqueous behavior of an ester-modified cationic amphiphile with the molecular structure CH3CH2O(C=O)(CH2)6(C=O)O(CH2)8N+(CH3)3Br-, in the following referred to as A, has been investigated. Systems with A as the only solute, as well as different aqueous mixtures with conventional cationic surfactants, primarily dodecyltrimethylammonium bromide (DTAB), were included in the study. Isotropic solution samples were characterized using 1H NMR, 13C NMR, NMR diffusometry, and conductivity measurements, whereas liquid crystalline samples were investigated by optical polarization microscopy and small-angle X-ray diffraction. The results are compared to the behavior of the binary system of DTAB and water. A does not exhibit a typical surfactant behavior. When it is present as the only solute in a binary aqueous system, it forms neither conventional micelles nor liquid crystalline phases. However, there is clear evidence that it assembles with lower cooperativity into loose clusters at concentrations above 25-30 mM. When A is mixed with DTAB in solution, the two amphiphiles form mixed assemblies, the structure of which varies with the total amphiphile concentration. In concentrated mixtures with alkyltrimethylammonium surfactants, A can participate in hexagonal liquid crystalline phases even when it constitutes a significant fraction of the total amphiphile content.

This article reports the occurrence of binary quadratic forms in primitive Pythagorean triangles and their geometric interpretation. In addition to the well-known fact that the hypotenuse, z, of a right triangle, with sides of integral (relatively prime) length, can be expressed as the sum of two squares, z=a^2+b^2, where a and b are positive integers of opposite parity such that a>b>0 and gcd(a,b)=1, it is shown that the sum of the two sides, x and y, can also be expressed as a binary quadratic form, x+y=(a+b)^2-2b^2. Similarly, when the radius of the inscribed circle is taken into account, r=b(a-b), a third binary quadratic form is found, namely (x+y)=4r=z-2r=(a-b)^2+2b^2. The three quadratic representations accommodate positive integers whose factorizations can only include primes p represented by the same type of binary quadratic forms, i.e. p=1,5(mod8), p=1,7(mod8), and p=1,3(mod8), respectively. For all three types of binary quadratic forms, when the positive integers represented are prime, such represe...

Essential oils possess strong antimicrobial activity, even against multiresistant Helicobacter pylori. Available therapies against H. pylori infection have multiple disadvantages, indicating a great need for a development of new therapeutics. The purpose of this study was to develop a potent natural product based anti-H. pylori formulation. First, anti-H. pylori activity of nine essential oils was determined, after which the most active oils were mixed in various ratios for further testing. Satureja hortensis, Origanum vulgare subsp. vulgare and O. vulgare subsp. hirtum essential oils expressed the highest activity (MIC = 2 μL mL(-1)). Their binary and ternary mixtures exhibited notably higher antimicrobial activity (MIC ≤ 2 μL mL(-1)). The most active was the mixture of S. hortensis and O. vulgare subsp. hirtum oils in volume ratio 2:1, which expressed 4 times higher activity than individual oils (MIC = 0.5 μL mL(-1)). According to GC-MS, both oils in the mixture were characterized by high content of phenols (48-73%), with carvacrol as the main carrier of antimicrobial activity. Presented in vitro study pointed out binarymixture of S. hortensis and O. vulgare subsp. hirtum essential oils in volume ratio 2:1 as promising candidate for further in vivo studies targeting H. pylori infection.

Full Text Available Mixtures of small quantities of carbonyl compounds are presents in foods, concerning sensorial qualities. The inferior carbonyl compounds (C2-C4, boiling point <100°C – mono and dicarbonyl – can be identified and measured their concentrations, after a separation by distillation on the water bath. They are transferred in a strongly acid solution of 2.4-dinitrophenylhidrazine (2.4-DNPH, generating a mixture of insoluble 2.4-dinitrophenylhidrazones (2.4-DNPH-ones. The 2.4-DNPH-ones are organic compounds with weak polarity, solids, crystallized, yellows and water insoluble, soluble in organic solvents. The mixture of 2.4dinitrophenylhidrazones may be separated by liquid chromatography, using the reverse phase mechanism [1-3]. This paper contains experimental and theoretical considerations to the means of separation through liquid chromatography of two synthetically and a natural mixtures that contain 2.4-DNPH-ones provided by inferior carbonyl compounds; to obtain conclude results, in the synthetically mixtures was introduce and 2.4-DNPH-ones provided by carbonyl compounds having three (acetone and propanal and four (isobutyl aldehyde atoms of carbon.

Chemically bound mixtures have had the evolution effect upon the economical and quality aspects of the foundry operations since they presentation at the market. The higher output and significantly increased production efficiency of moulds and cores has lead to the material increase in the quality and profit of the foundries. It can be seen that in last several years the knowledge of bounds based on the organic resins has made enormous advances. The higher strength, improved properties under e...

Chemically bound mixtures have had the evolution effect upon the economical and quality aspects of the foundry operations since they presentation at the market. The higher output and significantly increased production efficiency of moulds and cores has lead to the material increase in the quality and profit of the foundries. It can be seen that in last several years the knowledge of bounds based on the organic resins has made enormous advances. The higher strength, improved properties under e...

Density (ρ), viscosity (η) and ultrasonic velocity (u) of binarymixtures of methyl orange and water were measured at different concentrations and at different temperatures; several useful parameters such as excess volume, excess velocity, and excess adiabatic compressibility have been calculated. These parameters are used to explain the nature of intermolecular interactions taking place in the binarymixture. The above study is helpful in understanding the dye/solvent interaction at different concentration and temperatures.

Excess molar volumes ($V^{E}_{m}$) and viscosities () of the binarymixtures of 1,2-diethoxyethane with di-, tri- and tetrachloromethane have been measured at 298.15 K and atmospheric pressure over the entire mole fraction range. The deviations in viscosities (ln) and excess energies of activation ( *) for viscous flow have been calculated from the experimental data. The Prigogine-Flory-Patterson (PFP) model has been used to calculate $V^{E}_{m}$, and the results have been compared with experimental data. The Bloomfield and Dewan model has been used to calculate viscosity coefficients and these have also been compared with experimental data for the three mixtures. The results have been discussed in terms of dipole-dipole interactions between 1,2-diethoxyethane and chloroalkanes and their magnitudes decreasing with the dipole character of the molecules. A short comparative study with results for mixtures with polyethers and chloroalkanes is also described.

We demonstrate a ''universal solvent sensor'' constructed from a small array of carbon/polymer composite chemiresistors that respond to solvents spanning a wide range of Hildebrand volubility parameters. Conductive carbon particles provide electrical continuity in these composite films. When the polymer matrix absorbs solvent vapors, the composite film swells, the average separation between carbon particles increases, and an increase in film resistance results, as some of the conduction pathways are broken. The adverse effects of contact resistance at high solvent concentrations are reported. Solvent vapors including isooctane, ethanol, dlisopropyhnethylphosphonate (DIMP), and water are correctly identified (''classified'') using three chemiresistors, their composite coatings chosen to span the full range of volubility parameters. With the same three sensors, binarymixtures of solvent vapor and water vapor are correctly classified, following classification, two sensors suffice to determine the concentrations of both vapor components. Polyethylene vinylacetate and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) are two such polymers that are used to classify binarymixtures of DIMP with water vapor; the PVA/carbon-particle-composite films are sensitive to less than 0.25{degree}A relative humidity. The Sandia-developed VERI (Visual-Empirical Region of Influence) technique is used as a method of pattern recognition to classify the solvents and mixtures and to distinguish them from water vapor. In many cases, the response of a given composite sensing film to a binarymixture deviates significantly from the sum of the responses to the isolated vapor components at the same concentrations. While these nonlinearities pose significant difficulty for (primarily) linear methods such as principal components analysis, VERI handles both linear and nonlinear data with equal ease. In the present study the maximum speciation accuracy is achieved by an array

Natural working fluid mixtures, including combinations of CO2, hydrocarbons, water, and ammonia, are expected to have applications in energy conversion processes such as heat pumps and organic Rankine cycles. However, the available literature data, much of which were published between 1975 and 1992, do not incorporate the recommendations of the Guide to the Expression of Uncertainty in Measurement. Therefore, new and more reliable thermodynamic property measurements obtained with state-of-the-art technology are required. The goal of the present study was to obtain accurate vapor-liquid equilibrium (VLE) properties for complex mixtures based on two different gases with significant variations in their boiling points. Precise VLE data were measured with a recirculation-type apparatus with a 380 cm3 equilibration cell and two windows allowing observation of the phase behavior. This cell was equipped with recirculating and expansion loops that were immersed in temperature-controlled liquid and air baths, respectively. Following equilibration, the composition of the sample in each loop was ascertained by gas chromatography. VLE data were acquired for CO2/ethanol and CO2/isopentane binarymixtures within the temperature range from 300 K to 330 K and at pressures up to 7 MPa. These data were used to fit interaction parameters in a Helmholtz energy mixture model. Comparisons were made with the available literature data and values calculated by thermodynamic property models.

Three simple, specific, accurate and precise spectrophotometric methods depending on the proper selection of two wavelengths are developed for the simultaneous determination of Amlodipine besylate (AML) and Atorvastatin calcium (ATV) in tablet dosage forms. The first method is the new Ratio Difference method, the second method is the Bivariate method and the third one is the Absorbance Ratio method. The calibration curve is linear over the concentration range of 4-40 and 8-32 μg/mL for AML and ATV, respectively. These methods are tested by analyzing synthetic mixtures of the above drugs and they are applied to commercial pharmaceutical preparation of the subjected drugs. Methods are validated according to the ICH guidelines and accuracy, precision, repeatability and robustness are found to be within the acceptable limit. The mathematical explanation of the procedures is illustrated.

Three simple, specific, accurate and precise spectrophotometric methods manipulating ratio spectra are developed for the simultaneous determination of Amlodipine besylate (AM) and Atorvastatin calcium (AT) in tablet dosage forms. The first method is first derivative of the ratio spectra ( 1DD), the second is ratio subtraction and the third is the method of mean centering of ratio spectra. The calibration curve is linear over the concentration range of 3-40 and 8-32 μg/ml for AM and AT, respectively. These methods are tested by analyzing synthetic mixtures of the above drugs and they are applied to commercial pharmaceutical preparation of the subjected drugs. Standard deviation is <1.5 in the assay of raw materials and tablets. Methods are validated as per ICH guidelines and accuracy, precision, repeatability and robustness are found to be within the acceptable limit.

Three simple, specific, accurate and precise spectrophotometric methods depending on the proper selection of two wavelengths are developed for the simultaneous determination of Amlodipine besylate (AML) and Atorvastatin calcium (ATV) in tablet dosage forms. The first method is the new Ratio Difference method, the second method is the Bivariate method and the third one is the Absorbance Ratio method. The calibration curve is linear over the concentration range of 4-40 and 8-32 μg/mL for AML and ATV, respectively. These methods are tested by analyzing synthetic mixtures of the above drugs and they are applied to commercial pharmaceutical preparation of the subjected drugs. Methods are validated according to the ICH guidelines and accuracy, precision, repeatability and robustness are found to be within the acceptable limit. The mathematical explanation of the procedures is illustrated.

In a handwritten manuscript published with his lost notebook, Ramanujan stated without proofs forty identities for the Rogers-Ramanujan functions. We observe that the function that appears in Ramanujan's identities can be obtained from a Hecke action on a certain family of eta products. We establish further Hecke-type relations for these functions involving binary quadratic forms. Our observations enable us to find new identities for the Rogers-Ramanujan functions and also to use such identities in return to find identities involving binary quadratic forms.

The Darcy Model with the Boussinesq approximation is used to study natural convection in a shallow porous layer, with variable permeability, filled with a binary fluid. The permeability of the medium is assumed to vary exponentially with the depth of the layer. The two horizontal walls of the cavity are subject to constant fluxes of heat and solute while the two vertical ones are impermeable and adiabatic. The governing parameters for the problem are the thermal Rayleigh number, R{sub T}, the Lewis number, Le, the buoyancy ratio, {phi}, the aspect ratio of the cavity, A, the normalized porosity, {epsilon}, the variable permeability constant, c, and parameter a defining double-diffusive convection (a=0) or Soret induced convection (a=1). For convection in an infinite layer, an analytical solution of the steady form of the governing equations is obtained on the basis of the parallel flow approximation. The onset of supercritical convection, R{sub T}C{sup sub}, or subcritical, R{sub T}C{sup sub}, convection are predicted by the present theory. A linear stability analysis of the parallel flow model is conducted and the critical Rayleigh number for the onset of Hopf's bifurcation is predicted numerically. Numerical solutions of the full governing equations are found to be in excellent agreement with the analytical predictions. (orig.)

A simple, rapid, sensitive and selective high performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) method with ultraviolet detection has been developed for simultaneous determination of ascorbic acid and rutin in pure forms and pharmaceutical dosage form. HPLC separation was performed on Phenomenex C18 analytical column with 0.1% v/v acetic acid in water and acetonitrile (75:25, v/v), as mobile phase. The separation was done at ambient temperature with flow rate of 1 mL·min- 1 in isocratic mode. HPLC measurements were carried out using ultraviolet detection wavelength at 257 nm. The average retention times were 2.72 and 7.00 min for ascorbic acid and rutin, respectively. The calibration plots were constructed over the concentration range of 5.0-30.0 for ascorbic acid and 10.0-60.0 μg·mL- 1 for rutin. The limits of detection were 1.06 and 1.89 μg·mL- 1 and limits of quantification were 3.54 and 6.31 μg·mL- 1 for ascorbic acid and rutin, respectively. The proposed HPLC-UV method was successfully applied for determination of ascorbic acid in its tablets and for simultaneous determination of the studied drugs in their laboratory prepared mixtures and in pharmaceutical formulation. Statistical comparisons of the results with the reference method show an excellent agreement and indicate no significant difference in respect to accuracy and precision.

Bacteria and phyllosilicate commonly coexist in the natural environment, producing various bacteria–clay complexes that are capable of immobilizing heavy metals, such as cadmium, via adsorption. However, the molecular binding mechanisms of heavy metals on these complex aggregates still remain poorly understood. This study investigated Cd adsorption on Gram-positive B. subtilis, Gram-negative P. putida and their binarymixtures with montmorillonite (Mont) using the Cd K-edge x-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) and isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC). We observed a lower adsorptive capacity for P. putida than B. subtilis, whereas P. putida–Mont and B. subtilis–Mont mixtures showed nearly identical Cd adsorption behaviors. EXAFS fits and ITC measurements demonstrated more phosphoryl binding of Cd in P. putida. The decreased coordination of C atoms around Cd and the reduced adsorption enthalpies and entropies for the binarymixtures compared to that for individual bacteria suggested that the bidentate Cd-carboxyl complexes in pure bacteria systems were probably transformed into monodentate complexes that acted as ionic bridging structure between bacteria and motmorillonite. This study clarified the binding mechanism of Cd at the bacteria–phyllosilicate interfaces from a molecular and thermodynamic view, which has an environmental significance for predicting the chemical behavior of trace elements in complex mineral–organic systems.

Co-crystal formation from fluid-mixtures is quite common in a large number of systems. The simplest systems that show co-crystal (also called substitutionally ordered solids) formation are binary hard sphere mixtures. In this work, we study the nucleation of AB2 type solid compounds using Monte Carlo molecular simulations in binary hard sphere mixtures with the size ratio of 0.55. The conditions chosen for the study lie in the region where nucleation of an AB2 type solid competes with that of a pure A solid with a face-centered-cubic structure. The fluid phase composition is kept equal to that of the AB2 type solid. The nucleation free-energy barriers are computed using the seeding technique of Sanz et al. [J. Am. Chem. Soc. 135, 15008 (2013)]. Our simulation results show that the nucleation of the AB2 type solid is favored even under conditions where the pure A solid is more stable. This is primarily due to the similarity in the composition of the fluid phase and the AB2 type solid which in turn leads to much lower interfacial tension between the crystal nucleus and the fluid phase. This system is an example of how the fluid phase composition affects the structure of the nucleating solid phase during crystallization and has relevance to crystal polymorphism during crystallization processes.

Full Text Available The paper presents possible application fields of the binary noble gas mixtures with low Prandtl numbers. It shows that it is expedient to select these mixtures as the working fluids for closed Brayton cycle gas-turbine installations, thermo-acoustic engines and for the gas dynamic energy separation device (Leontiev tube. As follows from the analysis, He-Ar, He-Kr, and HeXe mixtures have proven to be the most attractive choice. The paper has analyzed the calculation results for coefficient of dynamic viscosity, coefficient of thermal conductivity, and for heat capacity at constant pressure for the given mixtures in terms of mixture molecular weights at pressures of 2MPa and 7MPa and temperatures of 400 and 1200°K. According to data of experiments and calculations available in public sources published by another authors, the results are verified. It was found that at constant pressure within the examined range of parameters (i.e. pressure, temperature, mixture molecular weight the obtained heat capacity values are in good agreement with the values of the verification data. In calculating dynamic viscosity coefficient for any pressure and temperature the utilized technique provides results for He-Ar and He-Kr mixtures within the entire range of the molecular weights, which are, essentially, as good as shown by international verification techniques. However, at high pressures and low temperatures for He-Xe mixture with molecular weights close to the pure Xe the divergence was found to be as high as 25 % while for other parameter intervals under consideration and with the same mixture the difference does not exceed 10 %. A good agreement with the verification data is observed for the values of a thermal conductivity coefficient of He-Ar and He-Kr mixtures for any value of parameters, while for He-Xe mixture with molecular weights close to 60 g/mole independently of pressure the divergence can reach 30 % for 1200°K and 20 % for 400°K. It is shown

Full Text Available Chemically bound mixtures have had the evolution effect upon the economical and quality aspects of the foundry operations since they presentation at the market. The higher output and significantly increased production efficiency of moulds and cores has lead to the material increase in the quality and profit of the foundries. It can be seen that in last several years the knowledge of bounds based on the organic resins has made enormous advances. The higher strength, improved properties under elevated temperatures, the reduction of the environmental impacts of the organic bounds and at the same their highly improved regenerationability ensure that these systems will be still more significant binding system. The organic binding systems are predominantly being developed recemtly. The technology AlpHaset is ranked among the alkali binding systems. This technology has certain disadvantages – lower strength, speed of hardening- which have been gradually eliminated.

Full Text Available Abstract In this work the aerobic degradation of phenol (PH, catechol (CA, resorcinol (RE, hydroquinone (HY and of the binarymixtures PH+CA, PH+RE, PH+HY by phenol-acclimated activated sludge was studied. Single substrate experiments show a Haldane-type dependence of the respiration rate on PH, RE and HY, while CA corresponded to the Monod model. Binary substrate experiments demonstrated that the presence of a second substrate only affected the kinetics, but not the stoichiometry of the oxidation of the compounds tested. While CA inhibited the oxidation of PH, PH inhibited the oxidation of RE and HY. A mathematical model was developed to represent the aerobic biodegradation of the phenolic compounds tested. The agreement between the proposed model and the experimental data indicates that the proposed model can be useful for predicting substrate and dissolved oxygen concentrations in bioreactors treating phenolic wastewaters.

An enhanced KR-fundamental measure functional （FMF） is elaborated and employed to investigate binary and ternary hard sphere fluids near a planar hard wall or confined within two planar hard walls separated by certain interval...

The high-pressure phase diagrams of the tetrahydrofuran(1) + carbon dioxide(2), + methane(2), and + water(2) mixtures are examined using the SAFT-VR approach. Carbon dioxide molecule is modeled as two spherical segments tangentially bonded, water is modeled as a spherical segment with four associating sites to represent the hydrogen bonding, methane is represented as an isolated sphere, and tetrahydrofuran is represented as a chain of m tangentially bonded spherical segments. Dispersive interactions are modeled using the square-well intermolecular potential. In addition, two different molecular model mixtures are developed to take into account the subtle balance between water-tetrahydrofuran hydrogen-bonding interactions. The polar and quadrupolar interactions present in water, tetrahydrofuran, and carbon dioxide are treated in an effective way via square-well potentials of variable range. The optimized intermolecular parameters are taken from the works of Giner et al. (Fluid Phase Equil. 2007, 255, 200), Galindo and Blas (J. Phys. Chem. B 2002, 106, 4503), Patel et al. (Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 2003, 42, 3809), and Clark et al. (Mol. Phys. 2006, 104, 3561) for tetrahydrofuran, carbon dioxide, methane, and water, respectively. The phase diagrams of the binarymixtures exhibit different types of phase behavior according to the classification of van Konynenburg and Scott, ranging from types I, III, and VI phase behavior for the tetrahydrofuran(1) + carbon dioxide(2), + methane(2), and + water(2) binarymixtures, respectively. This last type is characterized by the presence of a Bancroft point, positive azeotropy, and the so-called closed-loop curves that represent regions of liquid-liquid immiscibility in the phase diagram. The system exhibits lower critical solution temperatures (LCSTs), which denote the lower limit of immiscibility together with upper critical solution temperatures (UCSTs). This behavior is explained in terms of competition between the incompatibility

Diatom Skeletonema costatum Cleve is one of the main predominant phytoplankton species in the Changjiang Estuary in China. In order to provide some basic information for future assessment of the potential risk on phytoplankton communities in this estuary caused by polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons(PAHs), this alga was selected as a representative to investigate the photoinduced toxicity of PAHs, in single and mixture. Four PAHs including three-ring phenanthrene and anthracene, four-ring fluoranthene and pyrene were tested in the laboratory. The single toxicity of each PAH on this microalga was compared with and without the simulated solar UV radiation. The results showed that this microalga was sensitive to PAH's photoinduced toxicity. Ratios of the 72 h median effect concentration obtained for fluorescent and UV light tests were about 8.4 for phenanthrene, 13.0 for anthracene, 6.5 for fluoranthene, and 5.7 for pyrene, indicating that UV light enhanced the PAH toxicity to this alga significantly. Under the fluorescent radiation (lacking UV), the dose-response curves based on chemical concentrations revealed that the order of toxic strength was fluoranthene greater than pyrene greater than anthracene greater than phenanthrene; while under the UV radiation (476 μW/cm2 for UVA, 6.5 μW/cm2 for UVB) it became fluoranthene approximately equaling anthracene greater than pyrene greater than phenanthrene, indicating that the UV light also changed its relative toxicity to this alga. The photoinduced toxicity of PAHs to the marine diatom S. costatum might be a synergistic effect of photosensitization reactions (e.g., generation of single-state oxygen) and photomodification (photooxidation and/or photolysis).The combined effects of six binarymixtures on the marine diatom S. costatum were investigated using the additive-index method. Four binary-mixtures (phenanthrene plus anthracene; phenanthrene plus pyrene; anthracene plus fluoranthene; anthracene plus pyrene) were found

Although non-azeotropic mixtures are considered to be promising working fluids in advanced energy conversion systems, the primary technical problems in the heat transfer degradation in phase change processes cause economical handicap to wide-spread applications. The boiling behavior of mixtures still remains a number of basic questions being not answered yet, and the present authors believe that the most essential information for the boiling process in non-azeotropic mixtures is how temperature and concentration profiles are developed around the bubbles. The present study attempts at understanding fundamental heat and mass transfer mechanisms in nucleate pool boiling of non-azeotropic binarymixtures, and with the knowledge to develop a passive boiling heat transfer enhancement eventually. To this end, the authors have employed microgravity environment for rather detailed observation around vapor bubbles in the course of boiling inception and bubble growth. A two-wavelength Mach-Zehnder interferometer has been developed, which withstands mechanical shock caused by gravity change from very low gravity of the order of 10{sup {minus}5} g to relatively high gravity of approximately 8 g exposed during deceleration period. A series of experiments on single vapor bubbles for CFC113 single component and CFC12/CFC112 non-azeotropic binarymixture have been conducted under a high quality microgravity conditions available in 10-second free-fall facility of Japan Microgravity Center (JAMIC). The results for single component liquid showed a strong influence due to Marangoni effect caused by the temperature profile around the bubble. The results for non-azeotropic binarymixture showed, however, considerably different behavior from single component liquid. Both temperature and concentration profiles around a single vapor bubble were evaluated from the interferograms. The temperature and concentration layers established around the bubbles were nearly one order of magnitude larger

Excess Volumes, V E, and excess viscosities, η E, at 293.15 and 313.15 K are reported for binarymixtures of some cyclic ethers (tetrahydrofuran, tetrahydropyran, 2-methyltetrahydrofuran and 2,5-dimethyltetrahydrofuran) + bromocyclohexane. These properties were obtained from density and viscosity measurements. γ E and η E show negatives values for all the mixtures.

The glass transition and glass-forming ability in a binary eutectic system of methyl o-toluate (MOT) versus methyl p-toluate (MPT) are studied across the whole composition range. The phase diagram is constructed to explore the best glass-forming composition as the characteristic temperatures of the glass transition, crystallization, eutectic, and liquidus are determined. The best vitrification region is found to locate between the eutectic and the midpoint compositions of the eutectic line, indicating a remarkable deviation from the eutectic composition. The compilation of various simple binary eutectic systems covering inorganic, metallic, ionic, and molecular glass-forming liquids reproduces the rule. Kinetics and thermodynamics in binary systems are investigated to associate with the rule. The composition dependence of the structural relaxation time and the kinetic fragility are presented with dielectric measurements. It is found that whereas mixing of binary miscible liquids kinetically favors glass formation, thermodynamic contribution to the deviation of the best glass-forming composition from eutectics is implied.

Multiphase flows in porous media with a transition between sub- and supercritical thermodynamic conditions occur in many natural and technological processes (e.g. in deep regions of geothermal reservoirs where temperature reaches critical point of water or in gas-condensate fields where subject to critical conditions retrograde condensation occurs and even in underground carbon dioxide sequestration processes at high formation pressure). Simulation of these processes is complicated due to degeneration of conservation laws under critical conditions and requires non-classical mathematical models and methods. A new mathematical model is proposed for efficient simulation of binarymixture flows in a wide range of pressures and temperatures that includes critical conditions. The distinctive feature of the model lies in the methodology for mixture properties determination. Transport equations and Darcy law are solved together with calculation of the entropy maximum that is reached in thermodynamic equilibrium and determines mixture composition. To define and solve the problem only one function - mixture thermodynamic potential - is required. Such approach allows determination not only single-phase states and two-phase states of liquid-gas type as in classical models but also two-phase states of liquid-liquid type and three-phase states. The proposed mixture model was implemented in MUFITS (Multiphase Filtration Transport Simulator) code for hydrodynamic simulations. As opposed to classical approaches pressure, enthalpy and composition variables together with fully implicit method and cascade procedure are used. The code is capable of unstructured grids, heterogeneous porous media, relative permeability and capillary pressure dependence on temperature and pressure, multiphase diffusion, optional number of sink and sources, etc. There is an additional module for mixture properties specification. The starting point for the simulation is a cubic equation of state that is

Solid-liquid equilibria for three binarymixtures, n-Eicosane (1) + Lauric acid (2), n-Tetracosane (1) + Stearic acid (2), and n-Octacosane (1) + Palmitic acid (2), were measured using a differential scanning calorimeter. Simple eutectic behaviour was observed for these systems. The experimental results were correlated by means of the modified UNIFAC (Larsen and Gmehling versions), UNIQUAC and ideal models. The root-mean-square deviations of the solubility temperatures for all measured data vary from 0.26 to 3.15 K and depend on the particular model used. The best solubility correlation was obtained with the UNIQUAC model.

Densities, p, ultrasonic speeds, u, viscosities, η, and refractive indices, n, of pure benzene, benzyl alcohol (BA),benzonitrile (BN), benzoyl chloride (BC), chlorobenzene (CB) and their thirty six binarymixtures, with benzene as common component, were measured at 303.15 K over the entire mole fraction range. From these experimental data the values of deviations in ultrasonic speed, Au, isentropic compressibility, Δks, excess acoustic impedance, ZE, deviation in viscosity, Δη, and excess Gibbs free energy of activation of viscous flow, G*E, and partial molar isentropic compressibility, Kφ，2 of BA, BN, BC and CB in benzene were computed. The variation of these derived functions with composition of the mixtures suggested the increased cohesion (molecular order) in the solution and that interaction (A-B)>(A-A) or (B-B). Moreover, theoretical prediction of ultrasonic speed, viscosity and refractive index of all the four binarymixtures was made on the basis of empirical and semi-empirical relations by using the experimental values of the pure components. Comparison of theoretical results with the experimental values was made in order to assess the suitability of these relations in reproducing the experimental values of u, η and n. Also, molecular radii of pure liquids and the average molecular radii of binarymixtures were evaluated using the corresponding refractive indices of pure liquids and binarymixtures. The average molecular radii of binarymixtures were found to be additive with respect to mole fraction of the pure component.

The description using an analytic equation of state of thermodynamic properties near the critical points of fluids and their mixtures remains a challenging problem in the area of chemical engineering. Based on the statistical associating fluid theory across the critical point (SAFT-CP), an analytic equation of state is established in this work for non-polar mixtures. With two binary parameters, this equation of state can be used to calculate not only vapor-liquid equilibria but also critical properties of binary non-polar alkane mixtures with acceptable deviations.

Full Text Available Density ρ, viscosity η, and refractive index nD were measured for the binarymixtures of diethyl malonate with ketones (acetophenone, cyclopentanone, cyclohexanone and 3-pentanone at temperatures (303.15, 308.15 and 313.15 K over the entire composition range. Excess volume VE, deviation in viscosity Δη, excess Gibb’s free energy of activation for viscous flow ΔGE and deviation in molar refraction ÄR were determined from the experimental data and computed results were fitted to the Redlich-Kister polynomial equation. The values of VE, Δη, ΔGE, and ΔR were plotted against the mole fraction of diethyl malonate. The observed positive and negative values of excess parameters for all the studied binarymixtures were explained on the basis of intermolecular interactions present in these mixtures. Further different empirical relations were used to correlate the binarymixture viscosities and refractive indices.

Full Text Available This paper aims to portray the nature of interaction present in the mixture of ethyl butyrate with methanol and vinyl acetate by computing various thermodynamic parameters at 298.15 K. Excess thermodynamic properties correlated with Redlich–Kister polynomial equation reveals the extent of interaction present in the mixture. Acoustical relations giving the molecular radii of liquid mixtures suggest the change in structure with composition quite well. A comparative study of various empirical and semi-empirical relations such as Flory’s Statistical Theory, Goldsack and Sarvas, Sanchez theory etc. for predicting ultrasonic velocity of the mixtures with the experimental values have been done.

Five signal processing techniques were applied to ratio spectra for quantitative determination of bisoprolol (BIS) and hydrochlorothiazide (HCT) in their binarymixture. The proposed techniques are Numerical Differentiation of Ratio Spectra (ND-RS), Savitsky-Golay of Ratio Spectra (SG-RS), Continuous Wavelet Transform of Ratio Spectra (CWT-RS), Mean Centering of Ratio Spectra (MC-RS) and Discrete Fourier Transform of Ratio Spectra (DFT-RS). The linearity of the proposed methods was investigated in the range of 2-40 and 1-22 μg/mL for BIS and HCT, respectively. The proposed methods were applied successfully for the determination of the drugs in laboratory prepared mixtures and in commercial pharmaceutical preparations and standard deviation was less than 1.5. The five signal processing techniques were compared to each other and validated according to the ICH guidelines and accuracy, precision, repeatability and robustness were found to be within the acceptable limit.

The paper deals with the investigation of the onset and non-linear regimes of convection of liquid binarymixtures with negative Soret effect heated from above. The linear stability of a convectionless state in a horizontal layer is studied by the numerical solution of the linearized problem on the temporal evolution of small perturbations of the unsteady base state. Non-linear regimes of convection are investigated by the numerical solution of the non-linear unsteady equations for a horizontally elongated rectangular cavity. The calculations are performed for water-ethanol and water-isopropanol liquid mixtures and for colloidal suspensions. The dependences of the instability onset time and wave number of the most dangerous perturbations on the solutal Rayleigh number (gravity level) obtained by a linear stability analysis and non-linear calculations are found to be in a very good agreement. A favorable comparison with the existing experimental and numerical data is presented.

The fragility and glass transition for binarymixtures of 1,2-propanediol and LiBF4 were investigated by measuring the heating rate dependence of glass transition temperature (Tg) using differential scanning calorimetry. With increasing LiBF4 mole fraction, x, up to 0.25, fragility, m, increased rapidly from 53 to 85, and then remained approximately unchanged for x > 0.25. The concentration dependences of Tg and heat capacity jump at Tg also showed anomalies around x = 0.25. We suggest this mixture transformed from a moderate to quite fragile liquid at x = 0.25 because of a structural change from a hydrogen-bonding- to ionic-interaction-dominant system.

One of the potential driving forces behind a chemical reaction is favourable a new quantity known as the Gibbs free energy (G) of the system, which reflects the balance between these forces. Ultrasonic velocity and absorption measurements in liquids and liquid mixtures find extensive application to study the nature of intermolecular forces. Ultrasonic velocity measurements have been successfully employed to detect weak and strong molecular interactions present in binary and ternary liquid mixtures. After measuring the density and ultrasonic velocity of aqueous solution of 'Borassus Flabellifier' BF and Adansonia digitata And, we calculated Gibb's energy and intermolecular free length. The velocity of ultrasonic waves was measured, using a multi-frequency ultrasonic interferometer with a high degree of accuracy operating Model M-84 by M/s Mittal Enterprises, New Delhi, at a fixed frequency of 2MHz. Natural sample 'Borassus Flabellifier' BF fruit pulp and Adansonia digitata AnD powder was collected from Dhar, District of MP, India for this study.

Two sets of flume experiments were conducted to examine grain size selective transport and vertical sorting in conditions with migrating bed forms and bed load transport. In the two sets of experiments we used a sediment mixture from the river Rhine and a trimodal mixture, respectively. The vertical

The Gaussian chain model is the classical description of a polymeric chain, which provides analytical results regarding end-to-end distance, the distribution of segments around the mass center of a chain, coarse-grained interactions between two chains and effective interactions in binarymixtures. This hierarchy of results can be calculated thanks to the α stability of the Gaussian distribution. In this paper we show that it is possible to generalize the model of Gaussian chain to the entire class of α -stable distributions, obtaining the analogous hierarchy of results expressed by the analytical closed-form formulas in the Fourier space. This allows us to establish the α -stable chain model. We begin with reviewing the applications of Levy flights in the context of polymer sciences, which include: chains described by the heavy-tailed distributions of persistence length; polymers adsorbed to the surface; and the chains driven by a noise with power-law spatial correlations. Further, we derive the distribution of segments around the mass center of the α -stable chain and construct the coarse-grained interaction potential between two chains. These results are employed to discuss the model of binarymixture consisting of the α -stable chains. In what follows, we establish the spinodal decomposition condition generalized to the mixtures of the α -stable polymers. This condition is further applied to compare the on-surface phase separation of adsorbed polymers (which are known to be described with heavy-tailed statistics) with the phase separation condition in the bulk. Finally, we predict the four different scenarios of simultaneous mixing and demixing in the two- and three-dimensional systems.

Next-generation 'smart' nanoparticle systems should be precisely engineered in size, shape and composition to introduce multiple functionalities, unattainable from a single material. Bottom-up chemical methods are prized for the synthesis of crystalline nanoparticles, that is, nanocrystals, with size- and shape-dependent physical properties, but they are less successful in achieving multifunctionality. Top-down lithographic methods can produce multifunctional nanoparticles with precise size and shape control, yet this becomes increasingly difficult at sizes of ∼10 nm. Here, we report the fabrication of multifunctional, smart nanoparticle systems by combining top-down fabrication and bottom-up self-assembly methods. Particularly, we template nanorods from a mixture of superparamagnetic Zn0.2Fe2.8O4 and plasmonic Au nanocrystals. The superparamagnetism of Zn0.2Fe2.8O4 prevents these nanorods from spontaneous magnetic-dipole-induced aggregation, while their magnetic anisotropy makes them responsive to an external field. Ligand exchange drives Au nanocrystal fusion and forms a porous network, imparting the nanorods with high mechanical strength and polarization-dependent infrared surface plasmon resonances. The combined superparamagnetic and plasmonic functions enable switching of the infrared transmission of a hybrid nanorod suspension using an external magnetic field.

Systematic experimental study has been carried out on the atomic capture of negative pions by /sup 3/He in binary gas mixtures of /sup 3/He + Z, where Z is Ne, Ar, Kr, Xe, N/sub 2/, O/sub 2/, CO/sub 2/ and SF/sub 6/. The results are analysed in the framework of a phenomenological model. It is shown that there is no pion transfer from the /sup 3/He..pi../sup -/ mesic atoms to the heavier Z-atoms. The probabilities of pion capture in the various atoms of the mixtures are found to be proportional to the atomic concentraions, thereby excluding the possibility of a concentration dependence in the atomic capture ratio A(Z//sup 3/He). In contradiction to previous assumptions the probability of pion capture into an atomic orbit is not proportional to the stopping power of the components of the mixture. The atomic capture ratio of pions in a /sup 3/He + /sup 4/He mixture is A(/sup 4/He//sup 3/He) = 0.75 +- 0.13, which might be the indication of an isotopic effect. The branching ratio for the charge-exchange reaction at rest ..pi../sup -/ + /sup 3/He -> ..pi../sup 0/ + /sup 3/H) is found to be 0.128 +- 0.012.

Systematic experimental study has been carried out on the atomic capture of negative pions by 3He in binary gas mixtures of 3He + Z, where Z is Ne, Ar, Kr, Xe, N 2, O 2, CO 2 and sf 6. The results are analysed in the framework of a phenomenological model. It is shown that there is no pion transfer from the 3Heπ - mesic atoms to the heavier Z-atoms. The probabilities of pion capture in the various atoms of the mixtures are found to be proportional to the atomic concentrations, thereby excluding the possibility of a concentration dependence in the atomic capture ratio A( Z/ 3He). In contradiction to previous assumptions the probability of pion capture into an atomic orbit is not proportional to the stopping power of the components of the mixture. The atomic capture ratio of pions in a 3He + 4He mixture is A( 4He/ 3He) = 0.75 ± 0.13 , which might be the indication of an isotopic effect. The branching ratio for the charge-exchange reaction at rest (π - + 3He → π 0 + 3H) is found to be 0.128 ± 0.012.

Systematic experimental study has been carried out on the atomic capture of negative pions by /sup 3/He in binary gas mixtures of /sup 3/He + Z, where Z is Ne, Ar, Kr, Xe, N/sub 2/, O/sub 2/, CO/sub 2/ and SF/sub 6/. The results are analyzed in the framework of a phenomenological model. It is shown that there is no pion transfer from the /sup 3/He..pi../sup -/ mesic atoms to the heavier Z-atoms. The probabilities of pion capture in the various atoms of the mixtures are found to be proportional to the atomic concentraions, thereby excluding the possibility of a concentration dependence in the atomic capture ratio A(Z//sup 3/He). In contradiction to previous assumptions the probability of pion capture into an atomic orbit is not proportional to the stopping power of the components of the mixture. The atomic capture ratio of pions in a /sup 3/He + /sup 4/He mixture is A(/sup 4/He//sup 3/He) = 0.75 +- 0.13, which might be the indication of an isotopic effect. The branching ratio for the charge-exchange reaction at rest ..pi../sup -/ + /sup 3/He -> ..pi../sup 0/ + /sup 3/H is found to be 0.128 +- 0.012.

Molecular clouds consist typically of 3/4 H2, 1/4 He and traces of heavier elements. In an earlier work we showed that at very low temperatures and high densities, H2 can be in a phase transition leading to the formation of ice clumps as large as comets, or even planets. However, He has very different chemical properties and no phase transition is expected before H2 in dense ISM conditions. The gravitational stability of fluid mixtures has been studied before, but not including a phase transition. We study the gravitational stability of binary fluid mixtures with special emphasis if one component is in a phase transition. The results are aimed at applications in molecular cloud conditions. We study the gravitational stability of van der Waals fluid mixtures using linearised analysis and examine virial equilibrium conditions using the Lennard-Jones inter-molecular potential. Then, combining the Lennard-Jones and gravitational potentials, the non-linear dynamics of fluid mixtures are studied using the molecular...

General methods for combining interactions between particles characterised by non-identical intermolecular potentials are investigated. The combination methods are tested by performing molecular dynamics simulations to determine the pressure, energy, isochoric and isobaric heat capacities, thermal expansion coefficient, isothermal compressibility, Joule-Thomson coefficient, and speed of sound of 10-5 + 12-6 Mie potential binarymixtures. In addition to the two non-identical Mie potentials, mixtures are also studied with non-identical intermolecular parameters. The combination methods are compared with results obtained by simply averaging the Mie exponents. When either the energy or size parameters are non-identical, very significant differences emerge in the thermodynamic properties predicted by the alternative combination methods. The isobaric heat capacity is the thermodynamic property that is most affected by the relative magnitude of the intermolecular potential parameters and the method for combining non-identical potentials. Either the arithmetic or geometric combination of potentials provides a simple and effective way of performing simulations involving mixtures of components characterised by non-identical intermolecular potentials, which is independent of their functional form.

General methods for combining interactions between particles characterised by non-identical intermolecular potentials are investigated. The combination methods are tested by performing molecular dynamics simulations to determine the pressure, energy, isochoric and isobaric heat capacities, thermal expansion coefficient, isothermal compressibility, Joule-Thomson coefficient, and speed of sound of 10-5 + 12-6 Mie potential binarymixtures. In addition to the two non-identical Mie potentials, mixtures are also studied with non-identical intermolecular parameters. The combination methods are compared with results obtained by simply averaging the Mie exponents. When either the energy or size parameters are non-identical, very significant differences emerge in the thermodynamic properties predicted by the alternative combination methods. The isobaric heat capacity is the thermodynamic property that is most affected by the relative magnitude of the intermolecular potential parameters and the method for combining non-identical potentials. Either the arithmetic or geometric combination of potentials provides a simple and effective way of performing simulations involving mixtures of components characterised by non-identical intermolecular potentials, which is independent of their functional form.

Highlights: • SLE of binarymixtures of saturated fatty alcohols was studied. • Experimental data were obtained using DSC and stepscan DSC. • Microscopy and X-ray diffraction used as complementary techniques. • Systems presented eutectic, peritectic and metatectic points. - Abstract: The solid–liquid phase diagrams of the following binarymixtures of even saturated fatty alcohols are reported in the literature for the first time: 1-octanol (C8OH) + 1-decanol (C10OH), 1-decanol + 1-dodecanol (C12OH), 1-dodecanol + 1-hexadecanol (C16OH) and 1-tetradecanol (C14OH) + 1-octadecanol (C18OH). The phase diagrams were obtained by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) using a linear heating rate of 1 K min{sup −1} and further investigated by using a stepscan DSC method. X-ray diffraction (XRD) and polarized light microscopy were also used to complement the characterization of the phase diagrams which have shown a complex global behavior, presenting not only peritectic and eutectic reactions, but also the metatectic reaction and partial immiscibility on solid state.

Full Text Available Normal 0 false false false CS JA X-NONE The aim of this work was to observe the effects of emulsifying salts composed of trisodium citrate and sodium phosphates with different chain length (disodium phosphate (DSP, tetrasodium diphosphate (TSPP, pentasodium triphosphate (PSTP and sodium salts of polyphosphates with 5 different mean length (n ≈ 5, 9, 13, 20, 28 on hardness of processed cheese spreads. Hardness of processed cheese spreads with selected binarymixtures of the above mentioned salts were also studied. Measurements were performed after 2, 9 and 30 days of storage at 6 °C. Hardness of processed cheese increased with increase in chain length of individually used phosphates. Majority of applied binarymixtures of emulsifying salts had not significant influence on hardness charges in processed cheese spreads. On the other hand, a combination of phosphates salts (DSP with TSPP was found, which had specific effect on hardness of processed cheese spreads. Textural properties of samples with trisodium citrate were similar compared to samples with DSP.

The atomic structures of liquid Ag-based binary alloys have been investigated in the solidification process by means of X-ray diffraction. The results of liquid structure show that there is a break point in the mean nearest neighbor distance r1 and the coordination number Nmin for glass-forming liquid, while the correlation radius rc and the coordination number Nmin display a monotone variational trend above the break point. It means glass-forming liquids have a steady changing in structure above liquidus and more inhomogeneous state at liquidus. We conclude that there is a strong correlation between liquid structure and glass forming ability in Ag-based binary alloys.

Despite potential exposure of aquatic organisms to mixtures of steroid hormones, very little is known on their joint activity in fish. Drospirenone (DRS) is a new synthetic progestin used in contraceptive pills in combination with 17α-ethinylestradiol (EE2). Here we systematically analyzed effects of DRS in binarymixtures with progesterone (P4) and EE2. First, we determined the in vitro activity of single compounds in recombinant yeast assays that express the human progesterone, androgen, or estrogen receptor, followed by determination of mixture activities of DRS and P4, DRS and EE2, as well as medroxyprogesterone acetate (MPA) and dydrogesterone (DDG). Mixtures of DRS and P4, as well as of DRS and EE2 showed additive progestogenic and androgenic activities. However, DDG and MPA showed non-additive progestogenic and androgenic activities. We then analyzed the in vivo activity of single compounds and mixtures of DRS and P4, as well as DRS and EE2, by assessing transcriptional changes of up to 14 selected target genes in zebrafish embryos at 48h post fertilization (hpf), and in eleuthero-embryos at 96hpf and 144hpf. DRS, P4, and EE2 led to significant transcriptional alteration of genes, including those encoding hormone receptors (pgr, esr1), a steroidogenic enzyme (hsd17b3), and estrogenic markers (vtg1, cyp19b), in particular at 144 hpf. In general, DRS showed stronger transcriptional changes than P4. In mixtures of DRS and P4, they were mainly non-additive (antagonistic interaction). In mixtures of DRS and EE2, transcriptional responses of esr1, vtg1 and cyp19b were dominated by EE2, suggesting an antagonistic interaction or independent action. Equi-effective mixtures of DRS and EE2, based on progesterone receptor transcripts, showed antagonistic interactions. Our data suggest that interactions in mixtures assessed in vitro in recombinant yeast cannot be translated to the in vivo situation. The receptor-based responses did not correspond well to the

The binary-ratio method is a special case in the X-ray fluorescence analysis and is suitable for themixed sample in which contains two compositions. A calibration curve of the analysis line intensity ratioversus concentration ratio is established, and is insensitive to reasonable variations in surface texture. The

The densities of the binarymixturesformed by 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate [bmim][BF{sub 4}] with aromatic compound (benzaldehyde) have been determined over the full range of compositions at the temperature range from (298.15 to 313.15) K and at atmospheric pressure using a vibrating-tube densimeter (DMA4500). Excess molar volumes (V{sub m}{sup E}) have been obtained from these experimental results, and been fitted by the fourth-order Redlich-Kister equation. In addition, partial molar volumes, apparent molar volumes, and partial molar volumes at infinite dilution have been calculated for each component. Our results show V{sub m}{sup E} decreases slightly when temperature increases in the systems studied. The results have been interpreted in terms of ion-dipole interactions and structural factors of the ionic liquid and these organic molecular liquids.

A density functional theory for a mixture of hard rods and polymers modeled as chains built of hard tangent spheres is proposed by combining the functional due to Yu and Wu for the polymer mixtures [J. Chem. Phys. 117, 2368 (2002)] with Schmidt's functional [Phys. Rev. E 63, 50 201 (2001)] for rod-sphere mixtures. As a simple application of the functional, the demixing transition into polymer-rich and rod-rich phases is examined. When the chain length increases, the phase boundary broadens and the critical packing fraction decreases. The shift of the critical point of a demixing transition is most noticeable for short chains.

Full Text Available Simple and selective HPTLC methods were developed for the simultaneous determination of the antihypertensive drugs; carvedilol and hydrochlorothiazide in their binarymixture (Mixture I and amlodipine besylate, valsartan, and hydrochlorothiazide in their combined ternary formulation (Mixture II. Effective chromatographic separation was achieved on Fluka TLC plates 20 × 20 cm aluminum cards, 0.2 mm thickness through linear ascending development. For Mixture I, the mobile phase composed of chloroform–methanol in the ratio 8:2 v/v. Detection was performed at 254 nm for both carvedilol and hydrochlorothiazide. For Mixture II, the mobile phase was chloroform–methanol–ammonia in the volume ratio 8:2:0.1. Detection was performed at 254 nm for valsartan and hydrochlorothiazide, and at 365 nm for amlodipine. Quantification was based on spectrodensitometric analysis. Analytical performance of the proposed HPTLC procedures was statistically validated with respect to linearity, ranges, precision, accuracy, specificity, robustness, detection and quantification limits. The linearity ranges were 0.05–1.0 and 0.1–2.0 μg/spot for carvedilol and hydrochlorothiazide, respectively in Mixture I, 0.1–2.0, 0.1–2.0 and 0.2–4.0 μg/spot for amlodipine, hydrochlorothiazide and valsartan, respectively in Mixture II, with correlation coefficients >0.9992. The validated HPTLC methods were applied to the analysis of the cited antihypertensive drugs in their combined pharmaceutical tablets. The proposed methods confirmed peak identity and purity.

We have performed molecular dynamics simulations to determine the densities, excess energies of mixing, and structural properties of binarymixtures of the 1-alkyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride ionic liquids (ILs) [amim][Cl] and ethanol and 1-propanol in the temperature range from 298.15to363.15K. As in our previous work [J. Chem. Phys. 128, 154509 (2008)], our simulation studies are based on a united atom model from Liu et al. [Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 8, 1096 (2006)] for the 1-ethyl- and 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium cations [emim+] and [bmim+], which we have extended to the 1-hexyl-3-methylimidazolium [hmim+] cation and combined with parameters of Canongia Lopes et al. [J. Phys. Chem. B 108, 2038 (2004)] for the chloride anion [Cl-] and the force field by Khare et al. for the alcohols [J. Phys. Chem. B 108, 10071 (2004)]. With this, we provide both prediction for the densities of the mixtures that have mostly not been investigated experimentally yet and a molecular picture of the interactions between the alcohol molecules and the ions. The negative excess energies of all mixtures indicate an energetically favorable mixing of [amim][Cl] ILs and alcohols. To gain insight into the nonideality of the mixtures on the molecular level, we analyzed their local structures by radial and spatial distribution functions. These analyses show that the local ordering in these mixtures is determined by strong hydrogen-bond interactions between the chloride anion and the hydroxyls of the alcohols, enhanced interactions between the anion and the charged domain of the cation, and an increasing aggregation of the nonpolar alkyl tails of the alcohols and the cations with increasing cation size, which results in a segregation of polar and nonpolar domains.

The Kirkwood-Buff (K-B) integrals play an important role in characterizing the intermolecular interactions in liquid mixtures. These are represented by the K-B parameters, AA, BB, and AB, which reflect correlation between like-like and like-unlike species in the mixture. The K-B integrals of binarymixtures of acetonitrile (ACN) with formamide (FA), N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF), N-methylacetamide (NMA) and N,N-dimethylacetamide (DMA) at 298.15 K and at atmospheric pressure have been computed from the experimental data of ultrasonic speed and density. We have used the similar inverse procedure (as proposed by Ben-Naim) to compute the K-B Parameters of the mixtures, in which thermodynamic information on mixtures such as partial molar volumes, isothermal compressibility, and experimental data of partial vapour pressures are used. A new route has been incorporated by using regular solution theory in the computation of excess free energy for obtaining the partial vapour pressures of binary liquid mixtures. The low values of excess entropy ( ≈ 0) obtained for these mixtures indicate the applicability of regular solution theory to these mixtures. The results obtained regarding intermolecular interaction in all the four mixtures under study from this new procedure are in good agreement with those obtained from the trends exhibited by the excess functions of these mixtures.

Full Text Available Molecular interaction studies using ultrasonic technique in the binary liquid mixtures of 4 –Methyl-2-pentanone With Butan-2-One,Furfuraldehyde and Cyclohexanonehas been carried out at different temperature. Using the measured values of ultrasonic velocity, density and viscosity, acoustical parameters and their excess values are evaluated. From these excess parametersare used to discussing about the nature and strength of the interactions in these binary systems.

Adsorption equilibrium isotherms of benzene in the concentration range of 500-4000mg·m-3 on two commercial activated carbons were obtained using long-column method under 30℃ and different humidity conditions. Results show that the benzene and water vapors have depression effects upon the adsorption of each other and that the unfavorable effect of water vapor resembles its single-component isotherm on activated carbon.A competitive adsorption model was proposed to explore the depression mechanisms of the non-ideal,non-similar binary adsorption systems.A modified polanyi-Dubinin equation was set up to correlate the binary adsorption equilibrium and to calculte the isotherms of benzene on activated carbon in presence of water vapor with considerable precision.

Full Text Available The separation of propylene and propane is a challenging task in petroleum refineries due to the similar molecular sizes and physical properties of two gases. Composite Poly(ether-block-amide (Pebax-1657 membranes incorporated with silver tetra fluoroborate (AgBF4 in concentrations of 0-50% of the polymer weight were prepared by solution casting and solvent evaporation technique. The membranes were characterized by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM, Fourier Transform InfraRed (FTIR and wide-angle X-ray Diffraction (XRD to study surface and cross-sectional morphologies, effect of incorporation on intermolecular interactions and degree of crystallinity, respectively. Experimental data was measured with an indigenously built high-pressure gas separation manifold having an effective membrane area of 42 cm2. Permeability and selectivity of membranes were determined for three different binarymixtures of propylene-propane at pressures varying in the range 2-6 bar. Selectivity of C3H6/C3H8 enhanced from 2.92 to 17.22 and 2.11 to 20.38 for 50/50 and 66/34 C3H6+C3H8 feed mixtures, respectively, with increasing loading of AgBF4. Pebax membranes incorporated with AgBF4 exhibit strong potential for the separation of C3H6/C3H8 mixtures in petroleum refineries.

Full Text Available Although there are many liquid crystalline materials, difficulty is often experienced in obtaining LCs that are stable and has a wide mesophase range. In this study, mixtures of two different LCs were used to formulate a technologically viable LC operating at room temperature. Nematic E7(BDH and cholesteric TM74A were mixed at different weight ratios at 10% increments. Transition temperatures were determined via Differential Scanning Calorimetry and phase identification was done using Optical Polarizing Microscopy. The phase diagram showed the existence of three different phases for the temperature range of 10-80°C. Mixtures with 0-20% E7 exhibit only the cholesteric-nematic mesophase, which could be due to the mixture's being largely TM74A and its behavior in the temperature range considered is similar to the behavior of pure TM74A. With an increase in the concentration of E7, the smectic phase of the pure cholesteric was enhanced, as seen from the increased transition to the cholesteric-nematic phase and a broader smectic range. The cholesteric-nematic to isotropic transition increased as the nematic concentration increases, following the behavior expected from LC mixtures. For mixtures that are largely nematic (more than 50% E7, the smectic phase has vanished and the cholesteric-nematic phase dominated from 30-60°C.

Short-hard gamma-ray bursts (SHBs) may arise from gravitational wave (GW) driven mergers of double neutron star (DNS) systems. DNSs may be "primordial" or can form dynamically by binary exchange interactions in globular clusters during core-collapse. For primordial binaries, the time delay between formation and merger is expected to be short, tau~0.1 Gyr, implying that the redshift distribution of merger events should follow that of star-formation. We point out here that for dynamically formed DNSs, the time delay between star-formation and merger is dominated by the cluster core-collapse time, rather than by the GW inspiral time, yielding delays comparable to the Hubble time. We derive the redshift distribution of merger events of dynamically formed DNSs, and find it to differ significantly from that typically expected for primordial binaries. The observed redshift distribution of SHBs favors dynamical formation, although a primordial origin cannot be ruled out due to possible detection biases. Future red-sh...

Graft copolymerization of acrylonitrile (AN)/acrylic acid (AA), acrylonitrile (AN)/methacrylic acid (MA), and acrylonitrile (AN)/glycidyl methacrylate (GMA) onto pre-irradiated polyethylene (PE) films were studied. The effect of reaction conditions such as solvents, additives, and monomer composition on the grafting yields was investigated. The extent of grafting was found to increase with increasing sulfuric acid concentration when sulfuric acid as an additive was added to the grafting solution. In AN/AA mixture, the proportion of acrylonitrile in the copolymer increased with an increasing AN component in feed monomers. On the other hand, in AN/MA mixture, acrylonitrile component in copolymer was very slight in spite of the increase AN component in feed monomers. In the AN/GMA mixture, the proportion of acrylonitrile in the copolymer increased with increasing acrylonitrile component in AN/GMA feed monomer.

Ocean thermal energy conversion (OTEC) and discharged thermal energy conversion (DTEC) are expected to be the next generation energy production systems. Both systems use a plate type evaporator, and ammonia or ammonia/water mixture as a working fluid. It is important to clarify heat transfer characteristic for designing efficient power generation systems. Measurements of local boiling heat transfer coefficients and visualization were performed for ammonia /water mixture (z = 0.9) on a vertical flat plate heat exchanger in a range of mass flux (7.5 - 15 kg/m2s), heat flux (15 - 23 kW/m2), and pressure (0.7 - 0.9 MPa). The result shows that in the case of ammonia /water mixture, the local heat transfer coefficients increase with an increase of vapor quality and mass flux, and decrease with an increase of heat flux, and the influence of the flow pattern on the local heat transfer coefficient is observed.

Full Text Available Metals are ubiquitous pollutants present as mixtures. In particular, mixture of arsenic-cadmium-lead is among the leading toxic agents detected in the environment. These metals have carcinogenic and cell-transforming potential. In this study, we used a two step cell transformation model, to determine the role of oxidative stress in transformation induced by a mixture of arsenic-cadmium-lead. Oxidative damage and antioxidant response were determined. Metal mixture treatment induces the increase of damage markers and the antioxidant response. Loss of cell viability and increased transforming potential were observed during the promotion phase. This finding correlated significantly with generation of reactive oxygen species. Cotreatment with N-acetyl-cysteine induces effect on the transforming capacity; while a diminution was found in initiation, in promotion phase a total block of the transforming capacity was observed. Our results suggest that oxidative stress generated by metal mixture plays an important role only in promotion phase promoting transforming capacity.

The statistical associating fluid theory (SAFT)-Boublík-Alder-Chen- Kreglewshi(BACK) equation of state is employed to correlate vapor-liquid equilibria of 16 binarymixtures composed of supercritical fluids with other fluids at elevated pressures. The van der Waals mixing rules are used and the binary parameters are adjusted to experimental data. The SAFT-BACK equation of state provides a better correlation of vapor-liquid equilibrium than the original BACK equation. Consequently, the binary parameters computed from the data sets can be used to accurately predict the saturated densities of the vapor and liquid phases.

Liquid-liquid extraction of paracetamol from aqueous NaCl solutions was performed with diethyl ether, 1-propanol, 1-butanol, isobutanol, 1-pentanol, and binarymixtures diethyl ether/1-propanol, diethyl ether/1-butanol, and diethyl ether/isobutanol. Among the pure solvents investigated in this study best extraction efficacy was obtained with 1-butanol. Synergic effects in the extraction with binarymixtures was investigated and compared with some other systems used for the extraction of poorly extractable compounds. Results obtained in this study may be of both fundamental and practical importance.

Full Text Available In this paper, a uniform classical fluid mixture comprising ellipsoidal molecules is studied. This mixture is composed of two types of ellipsoidal molecules interacting through the Gay-Berne potential with different sizes at temperature T. For this system, the Ornstein-Zernike equation using the Percus-Yevick closure relation is solved. Then the direct correlation function, pair correlation function and the pressure of the fluid at temperature T are calculated. The obtained results are in agreement with the previous theories and the results of molecular dynamic computer simulation.

2,6-lutidine molecules mix with water at high and low temperatures but in a wide intermediate temperature range a 2,6-lutidine/water mixture exhibits a miscibility gap. We constructed and validated an atomistic model for 2,6-lutidine and performed molecular dynamics simulations of 2,6-lutidine/water mixture at different temperatures. We determined the part of demixing curve with the lower critical point. The lower critical point extracted from our data is located close to the experimental one. The estimates for critical exponents obtained from our simulations are in a good agreement with the values corresponding to the 3D Ising universality class.

The structures of three different equimolar binary ionic liquid mixtures and their liquid-vapor interface have been studied using atomistic molecular dynamics simulations. Two of these binarymixtures were composed of a common cation 1-n-butyl-3-methylimidazolium and varying anions (chloride and hexafluorophosphate in one of the mixtures and chloride and trifluoromethanesulfonate in the other) and the third binarymixture was composed of a common anion, trifluoromethanesulfonate and two imidazolium cations with ethyl and octyl side chains. Binarymixtures with common cations are found to be homogeneous. The anions are preferentially located near the ring hydrogen atoms due to H-bonding interactions. Segregation of ions is observed at the interface with an enrichment of the liquid-vapor interface layer by longer alkyl chains and bigger anions with a distributed charge. The surface composition is drastically different from that of the bulk composition, with the longer alkyl tail groups and bigger anions populating the outermost layer of the interface. The longer alkyl chains of the cations and trifluoromethanesulfonate anions with a smaller charge density show orientational ordering at the liquid-vapor interface.

Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) combined with multivariate calibration of partial least square (PLS) was developed and optimized for the analysis of Nigella seed oil (NSO) in binary and ternary mixtures with corn oil (CO) and soybean oil (SO). Based on PLS modeling performed, quantitative analysis of NSO in binarymixtures with CO carried out using the second derivative FTIR spectra at combined frequencies of 2977-3028, 1666-1739, and 740-1446 cm(-1) revealed the highest value of coefficient of determination (R (2), 0.9984) and the lowest value of root mean square error of calibration (RMSEC, 1.34% v/v). NSO in binarymixtures with SO is successfully determined at the combined frequencies of 2985-3024 and 752-1755 cm(-1) using the first derivative FTIR spectra with R (2) and RMSEC values of 0.9970 and 0.47% v/v, respectively. Meanwhile, the second derivative FTIR spectra at the combined frequencies of 2977-3028 cm(-1), 1666-1739 cm(-1), and 740-1446 cm(-1) were selected for quantitative analysis of NSO in ternary mixture with CO and SO with R (2) and RMSEC values of 0.9993 and 0.86% v/v, respectively. The results showed that FTIR spectrophotometry is an accurate technique for the quantitative analysis of NSO in binary and ternary mixtures with CO and SO.

Full Text Available Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR combined with multivariate calibration of partial least square (PLS was developed and optimized for the analysis of Nigella seed oil (NSO in binary and ternary mixtures with corn oil (CO and soybean oil (SO. Based on PLS modeling performed, quantitative analysis of NSO in binarymixtures with CO carried out using the second derivative FTIR spectra at combined frequencies of 2977–3028, 1666–1739, and 740–1446 cm−1 revealed the highest value of coefficient of determination (, 0.9984 and the lowest value of root mean square error of calibration (RMSEC, 1.34% v/v. NSO in binarymixtures with SO is successfully determined at the combined frequencies of 2985–3024 and 752–1755 cm−1 using the first derivative FTIR spectra with and RMSEC values of 0.9970 and 0.47% v/v, respectively. Meanwhile, the second derivative FTIR spectra at the combined frequencies of 2977–3028 cm−1, 1666–1739 cm−1, and 740–1446 cm−1 were selected for quantitative analysis of NSO in ternary mixture with CO and SO with and RMSEC values of 0.9993 and 0.86% v/v, respectively. The results showed that FTIR spectrophotometry is an accurate technique for the quantitative analysis of NSO in binary and ternary mixtures with CO and SO.

Ratio subtraction and isosbestic point methods are 2 innovating spectrophotometric methods used to determine vincamine in the presence of its acid degradation product and a mixture of cinnarizine (CN) and nicergoline (NIC). Linear correlations were obtained in the concentration range from 8-40 microg/mL for vincamine (I), 6-22 microg/mL for CN (II), and 6-36 microg/mL for NIC (III), with mean accuracies 99.72 +/- 0.917% for I, 99.91 +/- 0.703% for II, and 99.58 +/- 0.847 and 99.83 +/- 1.039% for III. The ratio subtraction method was utilized for the analysis of laboratory-prepared mixtures containing different ratios of vincamine and its degradation product, and it was valid in the presence of up to 80% degradation product. CN and NIC in synthetic mixtures were analyzed by the 2 proposed methods with the total content of the mixture determined at their respective isosbestic points of 270.2 and 235.8 nm, and the content of CN was determined by the ratio subtraction method. The proposed method was validated and found to be suitable as a stability-indicating assay method for vincamine in pharmaceutical formulations. The standard addition technique was applied to validate the results and to ensure the specificity of the proposed methods.

The back photopyroelectric (PPE) configuration, with opaque sample and thermally thick sample and sensor, was applied in order to obtain room temperature values of the thermal diffusivity of some liquid mixtures. The methodology is based on a sample's thickness scan, and not on a frequency scan as i

Full Text Available Analysis of experimental values of heat transfer coefficients obtained through investigation of nucleate boiling of the two-component non-azeotropic mixtures inside the horizontal smooth tubes by various authors is presented. In the zone of nucleate boiling, the experimental data are in good agreement with the calculation dependence.

The previously proposed gas concentration measurement system (Yamazaki et al 2007 Meas. Sci. Technol. 18 2762-8) shows a considerable error for some combinations of gases. The error increases when the system of equations determining mole fractions becomes a mathematically ill-conditioned system. Because the parameters of the equations reflect the material properties of the gases, the current paper considers flowmeters whose flow rate indication does not involve any gas property. This paper firstly illustrates the ill condition for the combination of venturi meter and laminar flowmeters. The paper then discusses the simultaneous measurement of flow rate and mole fractions by flowmeter combinations: an ultrasonic flowmeter and a venturi meter, an ultrasonic flowmeter and a laminar flowmeter. Experiments are conducted for a mixture of argon and air. When a venturi meter and a laminar flowmeter are used, the equations to evaluate the gas mixture ratio become an ill-conditioned system, and hence the evaluated mixture ratio shows a considerable error. On the other hand, the combination of an ultrasonic flowmeter and a laminar flowmeter detects the gas mixture ratio with proper accuracy.

An experimental test rig for study on the pooling-boiling heat transfer performance of pure and mixed refrigerants were designed and established. With this test system, the heat transfer coefficients (HTCs) of the nucleate boiling on a smooth flat surface were measured for pure fluids of HFC134a, HC290, HC600a and their binary and ternary mixtures. Extensive experimental measures were made for those pure and mixed refrigerants at different heat fluxes from 10kWm{sup -2} to 300kWm{sup -2} and different pressures from 0.2 to 0.6MPa. Comprehensive measured data are presented in this paper. From experimental results, these binarymixtures and ternary mixtures show different heat transfer features according to their vapor-liquid phase equilibria behaviors. New heat transfer correlations were regressed from the measured data with average deviations within +/-15% for pure refrigerants and within +/-20% for mixtures. (author)

Full Text Available Abstract Background Aquatic organisms are continuously exposed to complex mixtures of chemicals, many of which can interfere with their endocrine system, resulting in impaired reproduction, development or survival, among others. In order to analyze the effects and mechanisms of action of estrogen/anti-estrogen mixtures, we exposed male fathead minnows (Pimephales promelas for 48 hours via the water to 2, 5, 10, and 50 ng 17α-ethinylestradiol (EE2/L, 100 ng ZM 189,154/L (a potent antiestrogen known to block activity of estrogen receptors or mixtures of 5 or 50 ng EE2/L with 100 ng ZM 189,154/L. We analyzed gene expression changes in the gonad, as well as hormone and vitellogenin plasma levels. Results Steroidogenesis was down-regulated by EE2 as reflected by the reduced plasma levels of testosterone in the exposed fish and down-regulation of genes in the steroidogenic pathway. Microarray analysis of testis of fathead minnows treated with 5 ng EE2/L or with the mixture of 5 ng EE2/L and 100 ng ZM 189,154/L indicated that some of the genes whose expression was changed by EE2 were blocked by ZM 189,154, while others were either not blocked or enhanced by the mixture, generating two distinct expression patterns. Gene ontology and pathway analysis programs were used to determine categories of genes for each expression pattern. Conclusion Our results suggest that response to estrogens occurs via multiple mechanisms, including canonical binding to soluble estrogen receptors, membrane estrogen receptors, and other mechanisms that are not blocked by pure antiestrogens.

Full Text Available Viscosities of four binariesmixtures [soybean biodiesel + diesel oil (or n-hexadecane and coconut biodiesel + diesel oil (or n-hexadecane] have been determined at T = (293.15, 313.15, 333.15, 353.15, 373.15 K and atmospheric pressure over the entire composition range. Experimental data were fitted to the Andrade equation and the adjustable parameters and the standard deviations between experimental and calculated values were estimated. From the experimental data, the viscosity deviations, , were calculated by using the Redlich - Kister polynomial equation. The comparison between experimental data determined in this work and four predictive methods used for the estimation of viscosities of biodiesel fuels (based on their fatty acid composition is discussed.

Full Text Available This research article reports the experimental results of the density, viscosity, refractive index, and speed of sound analysis of binarymixtures of dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO + 1-phenylethanone (acetophenone and + 1,4-dimethylbenzene (para-xylene over the whole composition range at 313.15, 318.15, 323.15, and 328.15 K and at atmospheric pressure. The excess molar volumes (VE, viscosity deviations (Δη, excess Gibbs energy of activation (GE, deviations in isentropic compressibility (KSE, deviations in speed of sound (uE, and deviations in the molar refraction (ΔR were calculated from the experimental data. The computed quantities were fitted to the Redlich-Kister equation to derive the coefficients and estimate the standard error values. The viscosities have also been correlated with two, and three-parameter models, that is, Heric correlation, McAllister model, and Grunberg-Nissan correlation, respectively.

were generally found to decrease with increasing PFOS-exposure in both F1 and F2 generations. In F1 generation, BPA-exposure was found to increase Vtg levels in a concentration-dependent manner. Histological analyses of F1 and F2 fish revealed hepatocellular vacuolization, predominantly in males...... aimed at evaluating the long-term effects and toxicity-increasing behavior of PFOS in vivo using the zebrafish (Danio rerio). Fish were maintained in flow-through conditions and exposed to single and binarymixtures of PFOS and the endocrine disruptor bisphenol A (BPA) at nominal concentrations of 0.......6, 100 and 300mug/L and 10, 200 and 400mug/L, respectively. F1 and F2 generations were evaluated from 0 to 180 days post-fertilization (dpf) and F3 generation was evaluated from 0 to 14 dpf. Survival was documented in all generations, whereas growth, fecundity, fertilization rate, histological...

Full Text Available The present study deals with the evaluation of the corrosion inhibition effectiveness of the two binarymixtures of nonyl phenol (NPH with 2, 4 dimethyl aniline (DMA and 2 ethyl aniline (EA at different concentration ratios (from 1:7 to 7:1 for mild steel in H2SO4 (pH=1 solution by weight loss and potentiodynamic polarization method. Corrosion inhibition ability of the compounds has been tested at different exposure periods (6 h to 24 h and at different temperatures (303 K to 333 K. The binarymixture of NPH and EA (at 7:1 concentration ratio has afforded maximum inhibition (IE% 93.5% at 6 h exposure period and at room temperature. The adsorption of both the inhibitors is found to accord with Temkin adsorption isotherm. Potentiodynamic polarization study reveals that the tested inhibitors are mixed type inhibitor and preferentially act on cathodic areas. Electrochemical impedance study suggests formation of an inhibition layer by the adsorption of the inhibitors on the metal surface. An adsorption model of the inhibitor molecules on the metal surface has been proposed after immersion test in the inhibited acid showed characteristic shift of N-H and O-H bond frequencies towards lower side compared to that of the respective pure samples which indicated the donation of electron pair through N and O atom of the inhibitor molecule in the surface adsorption phenomena. SEM study has revealed formation of semi globular inhibitor products on the metal surface. The comparisons of the protection efficiencies of these compounds according to their relative electron density on the adsorption centre and projected molecular area of the inhibitor molecules have been made.

Full Text Available Although many cubic equations of state coupled with van der Waals-one fluid mixing rules including temperature dependent interaction parameters are sufficient for representing phase equilibria and excess properties (excess molar enthalpy HE, excess molar volume VE, etc., difficulties appear in the correlation and prediction of thermodynamic properties of complex mixtures at various temperature and pressure ranges. Great progress has been made by a new approach based on CEOS/GE models. This paper reviews the last six-year of progress achieved in modelling of the volumetric properties for complex binary and ternary systems of non-electrolytes by the CEOS and CEOS/GE approaches. In addition, the vdW1 and TCBT models were used to estimate the excess molar volume VE of ternary systems methanol + chloroform + benzene and 1-propanol + chloroform + benzene, as well as the corresponding binaries methanol + chloroform, chloroform + benzene, 1-propanol + chloroform and 1-propanol + benzene at 288.15–313.15 K and atmospheric pressure. Also, prediction of VE for both ternaries by empirical models (Radojković, Kohler, Jackob–Fitzner, Colinet, Tsao–Smith, Toop, Scatchard, Rastogi was performed.

A novel ferruginous active absorbent, prepared by fly ash, industrial lime and the additive Fe(VI), was introduced for synchronous abatement of binarymixtures of SO2-NOx from simulated coal-fired flue gas. The synergistic action of various factors on the absorption of SO2 and NOx was investigated. The results show that a strong synergistic effect exists between Fe(VI) dose and reaction temperature for the desulfurization. It was observed that in the denitration process, the synergy of Fe(VI) dose and Ca/(S+N) had the most significant impact on the removal of NO, followed by the synergy of Fe(VI) and reaction temperature, and then the synergy of reaction temperature and flue gas humidity. A scanning electron microscope (SEM) and an accessory X-ray energy spectrometer (EDS) were used to observe the surface characteristics of the raw and spent absorbent as well as fly ash. A reaction mechanism was proposed based on chemical analysis of sulfur and nitrogen species concentrations in the spent absorbent. The Gibbs free energy, equilibrium constants and partial pressures of the SO2-NOx binary system were determined by thermodynamics.

abstract This study deals with the enhanced solubilization of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) such as phenan-threne (PHE) and fluorene (FLR) in a pure cationic gemini (G6) and three conventional surfactants [polyethylene glycol dodecyl ether (Brij35), cetyltrimethyl ammonium bromide (CTAB) and sodium lauryl sulfate (SDS)] as well as in their equimolar binary combinations (G6-Brij35, G6-CTAB and G6-SDS). Their solubilization efficiency toward PHE and FLR has been quantified in terms of the molar solubilization ratio (MSR) and the micelle-water partition coefficient (Km). The ideality/nonideality of the mixed micelles is discussed with the help of Clint, Rubingh and Rosen's approaches. These theories determine the deviation of experimental critical micelle concen-tration (CMC) values from ideal critical micelle concentration, which was measured by evaluating the interaction parameters (βm andβσ). Negative values ofβm were observed in all the equimolar binary systems, which show synergism in the mixed micelles. Whereas at air/liquid interface synergism was observed in the systems G6-CTAB and G6-Brij35; G6-SDS exhibited an antagonistic effect. The order of MSR and Km was G6-CTAB N G6-Brij35 N G6-SDS for phenanthrene as well as for fluorene.

Toxicity of zinc, copper, cobalt, and chromium ions and their binary interactions were studied at varying test levels by using a battery of two tests, Microtox and duckweed with Vibrio fisheri and Lemna minor as test organisms, respectively. The type of toxic interaction at each test combination was assessed by a statistical approach based on testing the null hypothesis of "additive toxicity" at 95% confidence level. The interactions were called "antagonistic," "additive," or "synergistic" in accordance with the statistical significance and the sign of the difference between the tested hypothesis and the value of the observed toxicity at the binary test level concerned. In the majority of the combinations studied by the two bioassays, the interactions were of antagonistic nature. Additive toxicity was the next frequently predicted interaction in both test results, the frequency being much higher in Microtox responses than in those of duckweed. Finally, synergism was found to be a rare interaction in Microtox results, but totally unlikely in duckweed within the selected test combinations.

We report here the first example of a new and novel method of determining the binary temperature-composition phase diagram of a chromonic material in water using its intrinsic fluorescence. Disodium cromoglycate, or cromolyn, is an anti-allergy medicine representative of a class of compounds known as the chromonics. We have discovered that cromolyn's fluorescence is very sensitive to the polarity, hence structure, of the phase it exhibits. The fluorescence signal shifts its wavelength maximum and its shape depending on whether the cromolyn is a single phase or in coexisting phases. Since the signal due to individual phases can be identified, the fluorescence signal can reveal the temperature-induced transitions between single phase and phase coexistence regions. By studying such fluorescence data for different compositions, an isobaric temperature-composition phase diagram may be constructed. We present here a phase diagram derived from fluorescence studies that is in agreement with previous determinations using other techniques. Our results suggest that the binary phase diagrams of other intrinsically fluorescent chromonic materials, such as perylene monoimide and bisimide derivatives used in organic optoelectronic devices, solar cells, and light-emitting diodes, can be studied in water using an analogous fluorescence approach.

We have studied the aggregation behavior of P3HT [Mn ~ 28.2 kDa, regioregularity >96 %, PDI ~ 1.3] in 96 solvent mixtures is studied using UV-Vis absorption spectroscopy. We used Hansen solubility parameters (HSPs) and Spano excitonic coupling analyses to identify correlations between the properties of the solvent mixtures and the extent of structural order of the aggregates. It is clear that the identity of the poor solvent used to drive aggregation has a significant impact on the excitonic coupling behavior and, hence, the structural order of the P3HT aggregates. However, solubility parameter theory does not account nor provide a predictive theory for the observed trends. Instead, qualitative arguments based on the nature of the interactions between the solvents and the polythiophene and hexyl side chain motifs are used to rationalize the kinetics of formation and the observed excitonic coupling characteristics of the P3HT aggregates.

The physics of diffusion phenomena in nano- and microchannels has attracted a lot of attention in recent years, due to its close connection with many technological, medical, and industrial applications. In the present paper, we employ a kinetic approach to investigate how the confinement in nanostructured geometries affects the diffusive properties of fluid mixtures and leads to the appearance of properties different from those of bulk systems. In particular, we derive an expression for the friction tensor in the case of a bulk fluid mixture confined to a narrow slit having undulated walls. The boundary roughness leads to a new mechanism for transverse diffusion and can even lead to an effective diffusion along the channel larger than the one corresponding to a planar channel of equivalent section. Finally, we discuss a reduction of the previous equation to a one dimensional effective diffusion equation in which an entropic term encapsulates the geometrical information on the channel shape.

An upgrade to the ATLAS silicon tracker cooling control system may require a change from C3F8 (octafluoro-propane) evaporative coolant to a blend containing 10-25% of C2F6 (hexafluoro-ethane). Such a change will reduce the evaporation temperature to assure thermal stability following radiation damage accumulated at full LHC luminosity. Central to this upgrade is a new ultrasonic instrument in which sound transit times are continuously measured in opposite directions in flowing gas at known temperature and pressure to deduce the C3F8/C2F6 flow rate and mixture composition. The instrument and its Supervisory, Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) software are described in this paper. Several geometries for the instrument are in use or under evaluation. An instrument with a pinched axial geometry intended for analysis and measurement of moderate flow rates has demonstrated a mixture resolution of 3.10-3 for C3F8/C2F6 molar mixtures with 20%C2F6, and a flow resolution of 2% of full scale for mass flows up to 30gs-...

Separation of mixtures using microporous crystalline materials is normally achieved by exploiting differences in the adsorption strengths of the constituent species. The focus of the current investigation is on diffusion-selective separations that exploit differences in intra-crystalline diffusivities of guest molecules. A number of experimental investigations report overshoots in intra-crystalline loadings of the more mobile species during transient mixture uptake. Analogous overshoots in fluxes occur for mixture permeation across thin microporous membrane layers. The attainment of supra-equilibrium loadings is a common characteristic of diffusion-selective separations; this allows the over-riding of adsorption selectivities. The primary objective of the current investigation is to demonstrate that the Maxwell-Stefan diffusion formulation, using chemical potential gradients as driving forces, is capable of providing a quantitative description of the temporal and spatial overshoots found in diverse experimental studies. The origins of the overshoots can be traced to thermodynamic coupling effects that emanate from sizable off-diagonal contributions of the matrix of thermodynamic correction factors. If thermodynamic coupling effects are neglected, the overshoots are not realized. It is also demonstrated that while the transport of the more mobile partner is uphill of its loading gradient, its transport is downhill the gradient of its chemical potential. The deliberate exploitation of uphill diffusion to achieve difficult separations is highlighted.

The phase-separation kinetics of binary fluids in shear flow is studied numerically in the framework of the continuum convection-diffusion equation based on a Ginzburg-Landau free energy. Simulations are carried out for different temperatures both in d=2 and 3. Our results confirm the qualitative picture put forward by the large-N limit equations studied by Corberi et al. [Phys. Rev. Lett. 81, 3852 (1998)]. In particular, the structure factor is characterized by the presence of four peaks whose relative oscillations give rise to a periodic modulation of the behavior of the rheological indicators and of the average domains sizes. This peculiar pattern of the structure factor corresponds to the presence of domains with two characteristic thicknesses, whose relative abundance changes with time.

Biopolymers have been the focus of intense research because of their wide applicability. The thermophysical properties of solutions containing biopolymers have fundamental importance for engineering calculations, as well as for thermal load calculations, energy expenditure, and development of new products. In this work, the thermophysical properties of binary and ternary solutions of carboxymethylcellulose and/or high methoxylation pectin and water at different temperatures have been investigated taking into consideration different biopolymer concentrations. The experimental data related to the thermophysical properties were correlated to obtain empirical models that can describe the temperature-concentration combined effect on the density, refractive index, and dynamic viscosity. From data obtained from the experiments, the density, refractive index, and dynamic viscosity increase with increasing biopolymer concentration and decrease with increasing temperature. The polynomial models showed a good fit to the experimental data and high correlation coefficients (R2ge 0.98) for each studied system.

This study was aimed at using the solid-liquid phase diagrams for three binarymixtures of saturated fatty acids, especially the phase transitions below the liquidus line. These mixtures are compounded by caprylic acid (C{sub 8:0}) + myristic acid (C{sub 14:0}), capric acid (C{sub 10:0}) + palmitic acid (C{sub 16:0}), lauric acid (C{sub 12:0}) + stearic acid (C{sub 18:0}), differing by six carbon atoms between carbon chains. The phase diagrams were obtained by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The polarized light microscopy was used to complement the characterization for a full grasp of the phase diagram. Not only do these phase diagrams present peritectic and eutectic reactions, but also metatectic reactions, due to solid-solid phase transitions common, in fatty acids. These findings have contributed to the elucidation of the phase behavior of these important biochemical molecules with implications in various industrial production.

Custom ultrasonic instruments have been developed for simultaneous monitoring of binary gas mixture and flow in the ATLAS Inner Detector. Sound transit times are measured in opposite directions in flowing gas. Flow rate and sound velocity are respectively calculated from their difference and average. Gas composition is evaluated in real-time by comparison with a sound velocity/composition database, based on the direct dependence of sound velocity on component concentrations in a mixture at known temperature and pressure. Five devices are integrated into the ATLAS Detector Control System. Three instruments monitor coolant leaks into N2 envelopes of the silicon microstrip and Pixel detectors. Resolutions better than ±2×10−5±2×10−5 and ±2×10−4±2×10−4 are seen for C3F8 and CO2 leak concentrations in N2 respectively. A fourth instrument detects sub-percent levels of air ingress into the C3F8 condenser of the new thermosiphon coolant recirculator. Following extensive studies a fifth instrument was b...

In this contribution, we develop a coarse-graining methodology for mapping specific block copolymer systems to bead-spring particle-based models. We map the constituent Kuhn segments to Lennard-Jones particles, and establish a semi-empirical correlation between the experimentally determined Flory-Huggins parameter χ and the interaction of the model potential. For these purposes, we have performed an extensive set of isobaric-isothermal Monte Carlo simulations of binarymixtures of Lennard-Jones particles with the same size but with asymmetric energetic parameters. The phase behavior of these monomeric mixtures is then extended to chains with finite sizes through theoretical considerations. Such a top-down coarse-graining approach is important from a computational point of view, since many characteristic features of block copolymer systems are on time and length scales which are still inaccessible through fully atomistic simulations. We demonstrate the applicability of our method for generating parameters by reproducing the morphology diagram of a specific diblock copolymer, namely, poly(styrene-b-methyl methacrylate), which has been extensively studied in experiments.

Full Text Available Effects of a transverse magnetic field on separation of a binarymixture of incompressible viscous thermally and electrically conducting fluids confined between two stationary parallel plates are examined. Both the plates are maintained at constant temperatures. It is assumed that one of the components, which is rarer and lighter, is present in the mixture in a very small quantity. The equations governing the motion, temperature and concentration in Cartesian coordinate are solved analytically. The solution obtained for concentration distribution is plotted against the width of the channel for various values of non-dimensional parameters. It is found that the effect of transverse magnetic field is to separate the species of rarer and lighter component by contributing its effect directly to the temperature gradient and the pressure gradient. The effects of increase in the values of Hartmann number, magnetic Reynolds number, barodiffusion number, thermal diffusion number, electric field parameter and the product of Prandtl number and Eckert number are to collect the rarer and lighter component near the upper plate and throw away the heavier component towards the lower plate. The problem discussed here derives its application in the basic fluid dynamics separation processes to separate the rare component of the different isotopes of heavier molecules where electromagnetic method of separation does not work.

T-X phase diagrams of binarymixtures of cholestanyl myristate (CnM)-cholesteryl myristate (CrM) and cholestanyl myristate (CnM)-cholesteryl oleate (CO) are calculated using the mean field theory. We expand the free energies for the phases of cholesteric, smectic, and solid solutions in terms of the order parameters for these binarymixtures (X is the concentration of CrM for CnM-CrM and the concentration of CnM for CnM-CO). From this expansion, we obtain the phase line equations for the transitions among the isotropic liquid, cholesteric, smectic, and solid solutions for both binarymixtures. Taking into account the temperature and concentration dependences of the coefficients in the free energy expansion, we fit our phase line equations to the experimentally measured T-X phase diagrams for these two binarymixtures. Our calculated phase lines coincide with the measured T-X phase diagrams, and the critical behavior of the thermodynamic quantities, including the order parameter, the specific heat, and the susceptibility, can be predicted from the mean field expansions.

The objective of the current study was to develop a simple, accurate, precise and rapid reversed-phase HPLC method and subsequent validation using ICH suggested approach for the determination of antihistaminic-decongestant pharmaceutical dosage forms containing binarymixtures of pseudoephedrine hydrochloride (PSE) with fexofenadine hydrochloride (FEX) or cetirizine dihydrochloride (CET). The chromatographic separation of PSE, FEX and CET was achieved on a Zorbax C8 (150 mm x 4.6mm; 5 microm particle size) column using UV detection at 218 and 222 nm. The optimized mobile phase was consisted of TEA solution (0.5%, pH 4.5)-methanol-acetonitrile (50:20:30, v/v/v). The retention times were 1.099, 2.714 and 3.808 min for PSE, FEX and CET, respectively. The proposed method provided linear responses within the concentration ranges 30-240 and 1.25-10 microg ml(-1) with LOD values of 1.75 and 0.10 microg ml(-1) for PSE and CET, respectively. Linearity range for PSE-FEX binarymixtures were 10-80 and 5-40 microg ml(-1) with LOD values of 0.75 and 0.27 microg ml(-1) for PSE and FEX, respectively. Correlation coefficients (r) of the regression equations were greater than 0.999 in all cases. The precision of the method was demonstrated using intra- and inter-day assay R.S.D. values which were less than 1% in all instances. No interference from any components of pharmaceutical dosage forms or degradation products was observed. According to the validation results, the proposed method was found to be specific, accurate, precise and could be applied to the quantitative analysis of these drugs in capsules containing PSE-CET or extended-release tablets containing PSE-FEX binarymixtures.

The coupled Potts-Ising models of Walker and Vause, which successfully describe closed-loop phase diagrams in hydrogen-bonding mixtures, are generalized to encompass the vapor phase, and are studied using position-space renormalization-group techniques. Global phase diagrams are generated, exhibiting such features as miscibility-immiscibility criticality, liquid-vapor critical points, critical end points, and bicritical and tricritical points. In addition, new types of phase diagrams are found, involving upper and lower azeotropes, for example, which are expected to be physically realizable in experimental systems.

Antihypertensive pharmaceuticals, including the beta-blockers, are one of the most detected therapeutic classes in the environment. The ecotoxicity of propranolol hydrochloride and losartan potassium was evaluated, both individually and combined in a binarymixture, by using the Lemna minor growth inhibition test. The endpoints evaluated in the single-pharmaceutical tests were frond number, total frond area and fresh weight. For the evaluation of the mixture toxicity, the selected endpoint was frond number. Water quality criteria values (WQC) were derived for the protection of freshwater and saltwater pelagic communities regarding the effects induced by propranolol and losartan using ecotoxicological data from the literature, including our data. The risks associated with both pharmaceutical effects on non-target organisms were quantified through the measured environmental concentration (MEC)/predicted-no-effect concentration (PNEC) ratios. For propranolol, the total frond area was the most sensitive endpoint (EC50 = 77.3 mg L(-1)), while for losartan there was no statistically significant difference between the endpoints. Losartan is only slightly more toxic than propranolol. Both concentration addition and independent action models overestimated the mixture toxicity of the pharmaceuticals at all the effect concentration levels evaluated. The joint action of both pharmaceuticals showed an antagonistic interaction to L. minor. Derived WQC assumed lower values for propranolol than for losartan. The MEC/PNEC ratios showed that propranolol may pose a risk for the most sensitive aquatic species, while acceptable risks posed by losartan were estimated for most of aquatic matrices. To the authors knowledge these are the first data about losartan toxicity for L. minor.

Ultrasonic speeds have been measured at 298.15 K and 308.15 K for mixtures of formamide+1-propanol or 2-propanol. For an equimolar mixture, excess molar compressibility follows the sequence of 1-propanol N 2-propanol. The ultrasonic speed data are correlated by various correlations such as Nomoto's relation, van Dael's mixing relation and impedance dependence relation, and analyzed in terms of Jacobson's free length theory and Schaaff's collision factor theory. Excess isentropic compressibility is calculated from ex-perimental ultrasonic speed data and previously reported excess volume data. The excess molar ultrasonic speed and isentropic compressibility values are fitted to Redlich–Kister polynomial equation. Other proper-ties such as molecular association, avallable volume, free volume, and intermolecular free length are also calculated. The excess isentropic compressibility data are also interpreted in terms of graph theoretical ap-proach. The calculated isentropic compressibility values are well consistent with the experimental data. It is found that the interaction between formamide and propanol increases when hydroxyl group attached to a carbon atom has more–CH3 groups.

A new approach to obtain glow discharge in working mixtures of non-chain HF laser has been brought forward. The most advantage of the approach is without pre-ionization, so the contamination of pre-ionization will not happen and the laser equipment is compact and simple. It is found, if the cathode surface is equally rough, we can obtain uniform volume-discharge in SF6 mixtures without any pre-ionization, and dispense with uniform electric field electrode profile. The form of Self-Sustained Volume Discharge (SSVD) is a Self-Initiated Volume Discharge (SIVD). We show here the possibility of obtaining SIVD with a uniform energy deposition in a system of electrodes with non-uniform electric field. Experiments show that, with rough cathode and even anode, a volume discharge is forming in non-uniform electric-field without pre-ionization in SF6 and C2H6 mixtures. At the beginning of the discharge, many diffuse channels attached to bright circular cathode spots, then, diverge towards the anode, with the channels overlapping, form a spatially uniform glow discharge. SIVD has been performed at a total mixture pressure up to 8kPa and energy deposition up to 200J/l. We also report measurements of the V-I characteristics of SIVD with SF6 and C2H6 mixtures at pressure up to about 8kPa. The experimental results indicate that SSVD in SF6 and C2H6 mixtures develops in the form of SIVD is promising for creation of high energy and pulse-periodic HF laser.

Molecular dynamics simulation with an all-atom force field has been carried out on the two binary sys-tems of [bmim][PF6]-CO2 and [bmim][NO3]-CO2 to study the transport properties, volume expansion and micro-structures. It was found that addition of CO2 in the liquid phase can greatly decrease the viscosity of ionic liquids (ILs) and increase their diffusion coefficient obviously. Furthermore, the volume expansion of ionic liquids was found to increase with the increase of the mole fraction of CO2 in the liquid phase but less than 35%for the two simulated systems, which had a significant difference with CO2 expanded organic solvents. The main reason was that there were some void spaces inter and intra the molecules of ionic liquids. Finally, site to site radial distribution functions and corresponding number integrals were investigated and it was found that the change of microstructures of ILs by addition CO2 had a great influence on the properties of ILs.

We study two-dimensional (2D) binary-fluid turbulence by carrying out an extensive direct numerical simulation (DNS) of the forced, statistically steady turbulence in the coupled Cahn-Hilliard and Navier-Stokes equations. In the absence of any coupling, we choose parameters that lead (a) to spinodal decomposition and domain growth, which is characterized by the spatiotemporal evolution of the Cahn-Hilliard order parameter $\\phi$, and (b) the formation of an inverse-energy-cascade regime in the energy spectrum $E(k)$, in which energy cascades towards wave numbers $k$ that are smaller than the energy-injection scale $k_{inj}$ in the turbulent fluid. We show that the Cahn-Hilliard-Navier-Stokes coupling leads to an arrest of phase separation at a length scale $L_c$, which we evaluate from $S(k)$, the spectrum of the fluctuations of $\\phi$. We demonstrate that (a) $L_c \\sim L_H$, the Hinze scale that follows from balancing inertial and interfacial-tension forces, and (b) $L_c$ is independent, within error bars, o...