between Q48 and flux values for F10 and F12 were statistically significant (P

and 35.8-fold difference in Q48 and flux values, respectively, was observed for Rh B compared to FITC. The Q48 and flux values for Rh B were 2.99 ± 0.26 μg/cm2 and 4.29 ± 0.42 μg/cm2/h, respectively. Significantly lower values (P nearly as evidenced by the red and green intense fluorescence in Fig. 9a and b, respectively, with deeper penetration of Rh B. Individual NPs could not be visualized as their size was below the resolution limit of the confocal microscope [32] and [33]. This is in addition to deterioration of the resolution in real-case scenarios when imaging biological specimens, skin in this case, in which the light suffers several effects such as scattering [34]. While Rh B diffused laterally as indicated by red fluorescence around microchannels and in deeper skin layers ( Fig. 9a), FITC fluorescence was mainly restricted to microchannels ( Fig. 9b). Penetration depth profiles (Z-stacks, Fig.