Equations look good when items are properly separated. The main separation is the Medium Mathematical Space: .
Note: if you are viewing the non-Unicode version math.html of this page then you are in fact seeing midspaces, which are very similar but not exactly the same: for medium mathematical spaces versus , where . Try out the Unicode version math-unicode.html — and viceversa. You can check out what version this page is in the page title.

The command \raisebox is useful to, surprisingly, raise a little box,
Like \mbox, it puts its content in a text box. It can also be used just for spacing:.

By default, letters denote variables and are taken from the \mathnormal font, which is italic, , with the exception of upright capital Greek letters, .

Function names should be upright: .

Mathematical fonts used in equations include (\mathrm), (\mathsf), (\mathtt), (\mathbf), (\mathscr), (\mathcal), (\mathbb), and (\mathfrak). For the latter, some single characters are translated to their Unicode equivalents: , , .

Regular text in a formula can be achieved via text font commands like \textrm: , via boxes like \mbox (prevents line breaks): , or the AMSmath \text macro (scales like math symbols) . The content of an mbox is processed in LaTeX text mode. This allows text font commands, e.g. a switch to sans-serif-bold-italic, or the phonetic alphabet: .

Units should be written upright, either with \mathrm or with macros from the units package, e.g. as simple unit, , with magnitude, , with fractional unit, , or with a fraction before the units, , .

should appear as in italics, and «lim» in plain style. In display mode, a limit must appear below the main symbol:

Limits are also used in sums and integrals:
where the sum’s limits should appear below () and above () the . The placement of the integral limits depends on the document class: LaTeX standard classes place them right to the . Limits are shown to the right in inline formulae: and

The placing of limits can be configured with the \limits and \nolimits macros: