It is more common in males than in females
Schistosoma haematobium infections are an established risk factor
For prognosis, the histological pattern and the histological grade of the tumour are as important
as the stage when first diagnosed.
Most grade-I transitional cell carcinomas are diploid
Most grade-II and III transitional cell carcinomas are aneuploid

Telomerase is an important enzyme in cell division. Which statement about telomerase is true:

a
b
c
d
e

It enables full replication of chromosomal telomeres during mitosis
It is present in all normal nucleated cells.
When absent from neoplastic cells, it results in their immortalisation
It is lost from cells during natural ageing, thus stopping their replication
It is a mitochondrial enzyme

20

Which statement about apoptosis is false:

a
b
c
d
e

It is the principal mode of cell death in ‘peacemeal necrosis’ of the liver
It is inhibited by the expression of bcl-2
It is triggered by an influx of calcium ions
It is responsible for Kamino bodies in Spitz naevi
It occurs in erythroblasts after their release from the bone marrow

21

Which statement about bullous disorders of the skin is not true:

a
b
c
d
e

A lack of inflammatory cell infiltration is typical of porphyria
Subepidermal bullae are characteristic of pemphigus vulgaris
IgA deposition at the dermo-epidermal junction occurs in dermatitis herpetiformis
Variants of epidermolysis bullosa can be distinguished by electron microscopy
Dermal eosinophils are most frequent in bullous pemphigoid

22

Which of the following genes is a tumour suppressor gene (anti-oncogene)

a
b
c
d
e

ras
neu
DCC
abl
ret

23

Which of the following segments of the digestive tract is most frequently involved in ulcerative colitis.

Positivity for S-100 protein and positivity for HMB45
Positivity for S-100 protein and negative for HMB45
Negative for S-100 protein and positivity for HMB45
Negative for S-100 protein and negative for HMB45
Positivity for keratins

28

Free radicals play a very important role in the pathogenesis of one of the following pathological
processes

Generally contain maternal and paternal chromosomes
Show circumferential trophoblastic hyperplasia
Are generally not associated with some fetal development.
May be complicated by gestational choriocarcinoma in 25% of cases
Are usually diploïd