Facilitating market development for sections in industrial halls and low-rise buildings (Sechalo)

The design guides consist of different parts with different depth of technical information. Some parts
give more general overview of how the steel can be used, what are the benefits and limitation. These
parts are addressed mainly to architects and designers not familiar with steel at all. Other parts give
more handy information coming from practice and experience, such as Concept design. These parts are
intended for wider group of engineers; architects, non-experience designers, as well as developers, steel
fabricators and investors. The last group of information is much more technical, offering detail designs
with examples.

Facilitating market development for

sections in industrial halls and low-rise

buildings (Sechalo)

Interested in European research?

RTD info is our quarterly magazine keeping you in touch with main developments (results,programmes, events, etc.). It is available in English, French and German. A free sample copyor free subscription can be obtained from:Directorate-General for Research and InnovationInformation and Communication UnitEuropean Commission1049 Bruxelles/BrusselBELGIQUE/BELGIFax +32 229-58220E-mail: research@ec.europa.euInternet: http://ec.europa.eu/research/rtdinfo.html

Europe Direct is a service to help you find answers

A great deal of additional information on the European Union is available on the Internet.It can be accessed through the Europa server (http://europa.eu).Cataloguing data can be found at the end of this publication.Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union, 2012ISBN 978-92-79-22198-9doi:10.2777/12345ISSN 1831-9424 European Union, 2012Reproduction is authorised provided the source is acknowledged.Printed in LuxembourgPrinted on white chlorine-free paper

Final SummarySingle storey and low-rise multi-storey industrial buildings are the most common structures made ofsteel and they have the greatest scope for market growth. Some European countries achievedconsiderably larger market share than others considering the above mentioned area of construction. Itclearly indicates that there is a gap or from the other perspective potential to change the situation.Even in the UK, country considered to be a leader in terms of the steel market share in construction, itwas not long time ago that the traditional construction dominated the market. A remarkable increase ofsteel use in multi-storey buildings took place in the UK in the last 20-25 years. Therefore, it is feasibleto increase the steel market share in construction in other countries following the UK example.Consequently, the steel industry get together to face the challenge.This goal is to be achieved by providing design guidance and harmonized standards and by promotingthese tools widely to designers and architects. It is the best time to perform these tasks as the Eurocodesare close to become mandatory.In the first instance the already mentioned architects and designers have to have a deep understandingof the steel design and be able to use this material with all the benefits and strength that the steelconstruction offers.Through many RFCS projects steel producers, research institutes and universities were able to build upknowledge, understanding of steel as structural material and gain experience in steel designing.However, the projects were dedicated to specific areas of research such as design to EuroCode, fireresistance, sustainability, earthquake, etc. Also solutions for single-storey and low-rise multi-storeybuildings have been already developed within many previous RFCS projects. Based on all theseachievements a comprehensive guide KNOW-HOW based on the current state-of-the-art was createdin this project for architects and designers which will add value to what has been already done.Thanks to the deep knowledge and experience of the authors concerning the steel design, products,construction planning, regulations, and practicability the guides have much more to offer to thearchitects and designers, especially newest in steel design than just design guide to Eurocode. Thisproject aims to promote best practice and state of the art steel design. Provided guidelines compriseinformation about how steel and composite structures can be easily designed and erected in aneconomic and sustainable way, all by providing aesthetic, safe, flexible and modern structures with ahigh added value for its owner. In addition to Eurobuild project, which mostly provided informationabout regulations and best practise, this project focused on fully detailed guidance. It is also acomplementary project to Access Steel, which provides information through keywords. Thesedeliverables are more complete and detailed providing all the information to fully design these twotypes of buildings.In order to provide design guides, which are widely geographically applicable is it important that theycomply with local, national regulation and common practice. Therefore, the projects partners were inclose contact with engineers and designers through the national IPOs (Independent PromotionOrganisation) representing different countries; Spain Association for Technical Promotion of Steel(APTA), Italy - Fondazione Promozione Acciaio, France Centre Technique Industriel de laConstruction Mtallique (CTICM) and Office Technique pour l'Utilisation de l'Acier (Otua), Germany Bauen Mit Stahl (BMS), Belux Centre Information Acier (CIA), Bouwen met staal (TheNetherlands).In addition four workshops were organised, during which a common practice in different countries wasdiscussed directly with the practicing engineer (designers, steel fabricators, structural engineers etc.).The workshops were organised as follows:19th January 2009 Infosteel, 12 Chausse de Zellik, Brussels B-1082, BELGIUM23rd March 2009 Stahlzentrum Dsseldorf, Sohnstr. 65, 40237 Dsseldorf, GERMANY19th May 2009 Fondazione Promozione Acciaio, Piazza Velasca, 10 - 20122 Milano, ITALY

18th June 2009 ArcelorMittal AMDS Innovation & Construction Development, /Albaceten3, 5a Planta 28027 MADRIDIn addition the authors of the design guides have deep knowledge of the design practice in the UK andFrance.This cooperation was beneficial for all the parties involved. The steel producers have a betterunderstanding of common practice and local organisations have a better knowledge about availablesteel products. This team effort influenced selection of the working examples presented in the designguides.The analysis of local practice and requirements influenced the decision about changing the form ofdeliverables in WP3. It appeared that the capacity tables for sections and simple connections have to bedifferent for different countries. One of the differences are the factors specified by National Annexes,but also common practice that prefers different steel grades, different bolt grades and sizes, differentgeometries. Therefore, as agreed with European Commission, the calculation tools have been developedinstead. Additional benefit coming from the electronic tool is possibility to adapt the factors in case offurther changes in regulations, to introduce more countries and to easily translate the tool in variouslanguages.The design guides consist of different parts with different depth of technical information. Some partsgive more general overview of how the steel can be used, what are the benefits and limitation. Theseparts are addressed mainly to architects and designers not familiar with steel at all. Other parts givemore handy information coming from practice and experience, such as Concept design. These parts areintended for wider group of engineers; architects, non-experience designers, as well as developers, steelfabricators and investors. The last group of information is much more technical, offering detail designswith examples.The final deliverables are the result of consolidated work of engineers across Europe, who wereinvolved in previous RFCS projects, as well as in workshops and contacts with partners of this project.Additional alignment of the common practice guide with the newly obligatory Eurocode and NationalAnnexes is a unique and useful help for engineers and architects.

1 Scientific And Technical Description Of The Results

Deliverables of this project form two design guides: Multi-Storey Buildings and Single-StoreyBuildings. The books are accompanied by calculation tools for capacity of sections and simpleconnections. All the documents and software are part of Steel Buildings in Europe guide as it has beennamed by the partners.Hereafter, each part of the design guide is shortly summarised.

1.1 Availability Of Deliverables

All the deliverables are prepared in the electronic format and they are available from the partnerswebsites.http://www.arcelormittal.com/sections/index.php?id=149http://www.peiner-traeger.de/en/Service/

MSB 01: Architects Guide

This publication has been drafted by architects for architects. It provides information on the materialand on the industrial components. It gives the bases of good practice in order to achieve maximumbenefit in using steel, in terms of structural behaviour of steel frames, the building envelope, acousticand thermal performances and sustainable construction. For centuries, steel has demonstrated all itsadvantages as a construction material for use in famous buildings in the world, but steel is not only amaterial that delivers technical prowess. It has so many qualities that simply make it the preferredmaterial of architects, especially for multi-storey buildings.1 INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................................. 12 FUNCTIONAL QUALITIES ................................................................................................................ 32.1 Architectural creativity and flexibility .................................................................................. 32.2 Prefabrication Industrialised building systems ................................................................... 52.3 An evolving art ...................................................................................................................... 62.4 Extending and refurbishment ................................................................................................ 63 STEEL MATERIAL AND PRODUCTS ........................................................................................... 93.1 Steel the material ................................................................................................................... 93.2 Steel products ........................................................................................................................ 94 BASIS OF GOOD DESIGN: THE STRUCTURE ............................................................................. 134.1 The load-bearing system ..................................................................................................... 134.2 Bracings ............................................................................................................................... 194.3 Floors ................................................................................................................................... 224.4 Connections ......................................................................................................................... 264.5 Summary ............................................................................................................................. 295 BASIS OF GOOD DESIGN: THE ENVELOPE ................................................................................ 30

MSB 02: Conceptual Design Of Multi-Storey Buildings

This part presents information necessary to assist in the choice and use of steel structures at the conceptdesign stage in modern multi-storey buildings. The primary sector of interest is commercial buildings,but the same information may also be used in other sectors. The information is presented in terms of thedesign strategy, anatomy of building design and structural systems that are relevant to the multi-storeybuildings.The concept design information links to the detailed design guides in the series.The use of long span composite construction is the key to the greater use of steel in multi-storeybuildings, and various forms of cellular beams and perforated steel sections provide for serviceintegration without increasing the overall floor depth. General design information is given on the sizesof openings that may be used. Integrated beams are also beneficial where the beam depth is minimised,such as in renovation applications.Design tables are given for various structural systems. Additional design issues are also addressed.1 INTRODUCTION: STRUCTURAL DESIGN IN OVERALL BUILDING DESIGN ........................ 11.1 Hierarchy of design decisions ............................................................................................... 21.2 Client requirements ............................................................................................................... 31.3 Economics ............................................................................................................................. 51.4 Construction programme ....................................................................................................... 61.5 Sustainability ......................................................................................................................... 72 BENEFITS OF STEEL CONSTRUCTION ....................................................................................... 112.1 Speed of construction .......................................................................................................... 112.2 Construction process ........................................................................................................... 122.3 Long spans and service integration ..................................................................................... 132.4 Lightweight structures and resource efficiency ................................................................... 142.5 Benefits of adaptability ....................................................................................................... 153 CASE STUDIES ON MULTI-STOREY STEEL BUILDINGS ......................................................... 163.1 Office Building, Bishops Square, London .......................................................................... 163.2 Le Seguana, Paris ................................................................................................................ 183.3 Luxembourg Chamber of Commerce .................................................................................. 193.4 Kings Place, Kings Cross, London ...................................................................................... 203.5 Kone Headquarters, Helsinki .............................................................................................. 213.6 AM Steel Centre, Liege ....................................................................................................... 224 ANATOMY OF BUILDING DESIGN ............................................................................................... 244.1 Floor grids ........................................................................................................................... 244.2 Dimensional coordination ................................................................................................... 254.3 Structural options for stability ............................................................................................. 274.4 Columns .............................................................................................................................. 304.5 Structural options for floor systems .................................................................................... 31

MSB 03: Actions

This part provides guidelines for the determination of the loads on a common multi-storey building,according to EN 1990 and EN 1991. After a short description of the general format for limit statedesign, this guide provides information on the load combinations, the permanent loads and the variableactions. This guide also includes a worked example about the wind action on a multi-storey building.1 INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................................. 12 SAFETY PHILOSOPHY ACCORDING TO EN 1990 ........................................................................ 22.1 General format of the verifications ........................................................................................ 22.2 Ultimate limit states and serviceability limit states ............................................................... 22.3 Characteristic values and design values of actions ................................................................ 33 COMBINATIONS OF ACTIONS ........................................................................................................ 43.1 General .................................................................................................................................. 43.2 ULS combinations ................................................................................................................. 43.3 SLS combinations .................................................................................................................. 64 PERMANENT ACTIONS .................................................................................................................... 85 CONSTRUCTION LOADS .................................................................................................................. 96 IMPOSED LOADS ............................................................................................................................. 106.1 General ................................................................................................................................ 106.2 Reduction due to the loaded area ......................................................................................... 106.3 Reduction due to the number of storeys .............................................................................. 116.4 Horizontal loads on parapets ............................................................................................... 117 SNOW LOADS ................................................................................................................................... 128 WIND ACTION .................................................................................................................................. 138.1 General ................................................................................................................................ 138.2 Structural factor cscd ............................................................................................................ 139 EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE .......................................................................................................... 18REFERENCES ....................................................................................................................................... 19APPENDIX A Worked Example Wind action on a multi-storey building ......................................... 21

MSB 07: Model Construction Specification

This guide is a Model Construction Specification to be used in contract documents for a typicalconstruction project of Multi-Storey Building. Its objective is to meet two main goals: Achieving greater uniformity in steelwork contract specifications in Europe; Providing a guide in view to specify appropriate standards for the design, fabrication anderection of steelwork structures for buildings.It is essential that the Designer and the Steelwork Contractor receive, on time, all information necessaryfor them to carry out the contract. With this in mind, this Model

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Construction Specification, which gives guidance on the items and information that should be includedin the Project Specification, has been written to meet this purpose.The Member States of the EU and EFTA recognise that Eurocodes serve as reference documents for thefollowing purposes: As a means to prove compliance of building and civil engineering works with the essentialrequirements of Council Directive 89/106/EEC, particularly Essential Requirement N1 Mechanical resistance and stability and Essential Requirement N2 Safety in case of fire ; As a basis for specifying contracts for construction works and related engineering services; As a framework for drawing up harmonised technical specifications for constructionproducts (ENs and ETAs).The Eurocodes, as far as they concern the construction works themselves, have a direct relationshipwith the Interpretative Documents referred to in Article 12 of the Construction Products Directive,although they are of a different nature from harmonised product standards. There is a need forconsistency between the harmonized technical specifications for construction products and the technicalrules for works.Furthermore, all the information accompanying the CE Marking of the construction products whichrefer to Eurocodes shall clearly mention which Nationally DeterminedParameters have been taken into account.In the very near future, the steel construction industry in Europe shall be operating to one of the twofollowing types of technical specifications (in the sense of the Construction Products Directive(89/106/EEC)): The requirements of specific Guideline for European Technical Approval (ETAG); The requirements of uniformed European Standards (Eurocodes).Much of the information noted in this Model Construction Specification is based upon that given inthese standards, but it must not be inferred that the full details of the standards are not relevant.References to Eurocodes have been made throughout this Model Construction Specification.1 INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................................. 11.1Scope ...................................................................................................................................... 22 NORMATIVE REFERENCES ............................................................................................................. 43 BASIS OF STRUCTURAL DESIGN ................................................................................................... 93.1 General assumptions according to EN 1990 ......................................................................... 94 ACTIONS ON STRUCTURES .......................................................................................................... 104.1 Self-weight and imposed loads for buildings ...................................................................... 104.2 Snow loads .......................................................................................................................... 104.3 Wind loads ........................................................................................................................... 114.4 Thermal actions ................................................................................................................... 114.5 Actions during execution ..................................................................................................... 114.6 Accidental actions ............................................................................................................... 134.7 Seismic actions .................................................................................................................... 145 DESIGN OF STEEL STRUCTURES ................................................................................................. 165.1 Rules for multi-storey buildings EN 1993-1-1 ................................................................. 165.2 Design of joints EN 1993-1-8 .......................................................................................... 175.3 Material toughness and through-thickness properties EN 1993-1-10 .............................. 175.4 Composite steel and concrete structures EN 1994-1-1 ..................................................... 186 EXECUTION SPECIFICATION ........................................................................................................ 196.1 General ................................................................................................................................ 196.2 Execution classes ................................................................................................................. 196.3 Preparation grades ............................................................................................................... 196.4 Geometrical tolerances ........................................................................................................ 197 CONSTITUENT PRODUCTS ............................................................................................................ 217.1 Identification, inspection documents and traceability ......................................................... 217.2 Structural steel products ...................................................................................................... 217.3 Welding consumables .......................................................................................................... 217.4 Mechanical fasteners ........................................................................................................... 217.5 Grouting materials ............................................................................................................... 228 PREPARATION AND ASSEMBLY .................................................................................................. 23

SSB 01: Architects guide

This publication presents an introduction for architects to the use of steel in single storey steel-framedbuildings. The primary application of such buildings is for industrial use but single storey solutions areappropriate for many other applications. The advantages of the use of steel, in terms of low weight,minimum construction dimensions, speed of construction, flexibility, adaptability and sustainability areexplained. The primary forms of steel structure and the methods of cladding them are introduced. It isnoted that the requirements for fire resistance are usually modest, since occupants can usually escapequickly in the event of fire. The influence of providing a crane inside a single storey building, in termsof the structural design, is briefly addressed.1 INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................................. 11.1 Steel as a construction material ............................................................................................. 11.2 Steel in single storey buildings .............................................................................................. 72 ADVANTAGES OF CHOOSING A STEEL STRUCTURE ............................................................... 82.1 Low weight ............................................................................................................................ 82.2 Minimum construction dimensions ....................................................................................... 92.3 Speed of construction ............................................................................................................ 92.4 Flexibility and adaptability .................................................................................................. 102.5 A sustainable solution ......................................................................................................... 113 FORM OF PRIMARY STEEL STRUCTURE ................................................................................... 123.1 Structure types ..................................................................................................................... 123.2 Connections between columns and beams .......................................................................... 264 BUILDING ENVELOPE .................................................................................................................... 284.1 Cladding systems ................................................................................................................. 294.2 Secondary steelwork ............................................................................................................ 304.3 Roofs ................................................................................................................................... 305 FIRE SAFETY .................................................................................................................................... 336 OVERHEAD CRANES ...................................................................................................................... 347 CONCLUSIONS ................................................................................................................................. 368 FURTHER READING ........................................................................................................................ 37

SSB 02: Conceptual Engineering Design Of Single-Storey Buildings

This publication presents information necessary to assist in the choice and use of steel structures at theconcept design stage in modern single-storey buildings. The primary sector of interest is industrialbuildings or enclosures of various types, but the same information may also be used in other sectors.The information is presented in terms of the design strategy, anatomy of building design and structuralsystems that are relevant to the single-storey buildings. The concept design information links to thedetailed design guides in the series.The use of portal frame construction is the key to the greater use of steel in single -storey buildings, andvarious forms of beams, columns and perforated steel sections may be used. General design informationis given on the sizes of steel members that may be used. Lattice members or trusses may also bebeneficial for more heavily loaded or long spanning applications. Support to cranes may require use offabricated columns.

SSB 03: Actions

This document provides guidelines for the determination of the loads on a common single storeybuilding, according to EN 1990 and EN 1991. After a short description of the general format for limitstate design, this guide provides information on the load combinations, the permanent loads and theimposed loads. The determination of the snow loads and the calculation of the wind action are describedand summarized in comprehensive flowcharts. This guide also includes simple worked examples aboutthe snow loads and the wind action.1 INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................................. 12 SAFETY PHILOSOPHY ACCORDING TO EN 1990 ........................................................................ 22.1 General format of the verifications ........................................................................................ 22.2 Ultimate limit states and serviceability limit states ............................................................... 2

SSB 04: Detailed Design Of Portal Frames And Their Connections

This publication guides the designer through all the steps involved in the detailed design of portalframes to EN 1993-1-1, taking due account of the role of computer analysis with commerciallyavailable software. It is recognised that the most economic design will be achieved using bespokesoftware.Nevertheless this document provides guidance on the manual methods used for initial design and theapproaches used in software. The importance of appropriate design details is emphasised, with goodpractice illustrated. This publication does not address portal frames with ties between eaves. Theseforms of portal frame are relatively rare. The ties modify the distribution of bending momentssubstantially and increase the axial force in the rafter dramatically. Second order software must be usedfor the design of portal frames with ties at eaves level.An introduction to single-storey structures, including portal frames, is given in complementarypublication Single-storey steel buildings. Part 2: Concept design.1 INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................................. 11.1 Scope ..................................................................................................................................... 11.2 Computer-aided design .......................................................................................................... 12 SECOND ORDER EFFECTS IN PORTAL FRAMES ........................................................................ 32.1 Frame behaviour .................................................................................................................... 32.2 Second order effects .............................................................................................................. 42.3 Design summary .................................................................................................................... 53 ULTIMATE LIMIT STATE ................................................................................................................. 63.1 General .................................................................................................................................. 63.2 Imperfections ......................................................................................................................... 83.3 First order and second order analysis .................................................................................. 133.4 Base stiffness ....................................................................................................................... 163.5 Design summary .................................................................................................................. 184 SERVICEABILITY LIMIT STATE ................................................................................................... 204.1 General ................................................................................................................................. 204.2 Selection of deflection criteria ............................................................................................. 204.3 Analysis ............................................................................................................................... 204.4 Design summary .................................................................................................................. 205 CROSS-SECTION RESISTANCE ..................................................................................................... 21

C.3 Ncr for uniform members with discrete restraints to the tension flange .............................. 79Appendix D Worked Example: Design of portal frame using elastic analysis ...................................... 81

SSB 05: Detailed Design Of Roof Trusses And Columns, And TheirConnectionsThe principles of the design of trusses or pin-jointed systems allow buildings of all sizes and shapes tobe constructed. This principle can be applied to 2D structures, planar trusses loaded in their plane, or to3D structures.Planar structures are essentially beams or trusses supporting a building roof, or bridge girders. Rooftrusses can span from several meters for houses to 120 meters or more for large industrial buildings(e.g. aviation hangars).There are numerous 3D applications, in particular: Box structures with trusses on several sides (3 or 4 sides) which allow selfsupporting pylons(up to a height of approximately 300 m) or guyed pylons (up to a height of 600 m); Three dimensional roof structures, which can cover large areas without intermediarysupports, often used for large exhibition halls, motorway tollgates... Curved surfaces with one or two trussesThe aim of this guide is the design of 2D truss structures composed of rolled profiles in routinebuildings. The principles described can be adapted to other types of truss structure.This document describes the design methods for trusses according to EN 1993-1-1 including commentsto the rules and flowcharts. It also includes worked examples.1 INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................................. 11.1 Definition .............................................................................................................................. 11.2 Use of trusses in single-storey buildings ............................................................................... 11.3 Different shapes of trusses .................................................................................................... 41.4 Aspects of truss design for roof structure .............................................................................. 71.5 Design of wind girders .......................................................................................................... 92 INTRODUCTION TO DETAILED DESIGN .................................................................................... 112.1 General requirements .......................................................................................................... 112.2 Description of the worked example ..................................................................................... 123 GLOBAL ANALYSIS ........................................................................................................................ 153.1 General ................................................................................................................................ 153.2 Modelling ............................................................................................................................ 153.3 Modelling the worked example ........................................................................................... 163.4 Simplified global analysis of the worked example .............................................................. 183.5 Secondary forces ................................................................................................................. 193.6 Effect of clearance of deflection ......................................................................................... 213.7 Modification of a truss for the passage of equipment ......................................................... 234 VERIFICATION OF MEMBERS ...................................................................................................... 284.1 Verification of members under compression ...................................................................... 284.2 Verification of members in tension ..................................................................................... 415 VERIFICATION OF CONNECTIONS .............................................................................................. 455.1 Characteristics of the truss post connection ........................................................................ 455.2 Chord continuity .................................................................................................................. 475.3 Connection of diagonals to chords ...................................................................................... 48REFERENCES ....................................................................................................................................... 51APPENDIX A Worked Example Design of a continuous chord connection ..........................................using splice plate connections ....................................................................................... 53APPENDIX B Worked example Design of a truss node with gusset .................................................. 79

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SSB 06: Detailed Design Of Built Up Columns

This document describes the main types of built up columns. It provides guidance for the detaileddesign according to EN 1993-1-1 including comments to the rules and flowchart. It also includes aworked example.1 INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................................. 12 TYPES OF BUILT-UP MEMBERS AND THEIR APPLICATION ................................................... 22.1 General .................................................................................................................................. 22.2 Laced built-up columns ......................................................................................................... 52.3 Battened built-up columns ..................................................................................................... 73 DETAILED CALCULATIONS ............................................................................................................ 93.1 General .................................................................................................................................. 93.2 Design methodology for laced built-up columns .................................................................. 93.3 Design methodology for battened built-up columns ........................................................... 143.4 Buckling length ................................................................................................................... 17REFERENCES ....................................................................................................................................... 19APPENDIX A Worked Example: Design of a laced built-up column ................................................... 21

SSB 10: Model Construction Specification

This guide is a Model Construction Specification to be used in contract documents for a typicalconstruction project of a single-storey building. Its main objectives are to achieve greater uniformity insteelwork contract specifications in Europe and to provide a guide to specification of appropriatestandards for the design, fabrication and erection of steelwork structures for buildings.It deals with structural steelwork designed in accordance with applicable parts of the EurocodeStandards, to be executed in accordance with applicable parts of EN 1090. All the relevant Sections ofthe model specification are included in an appendix that can be directly copied and used in contracts,with any additional project-specific information that may be required.

2 Calculation Tool Sections Capacity

The spreadsheet calculates resistances of steel members subject to the following types of forces andmoments: Axial compression Bending Combined axial compression and bending Tension Shear Point load (Web bearing and buckling)Each worksheet provides a cross-sectional view of the selected section as well as the main geometricdata. In the case of tension and web bearing and buckling resistance, it also provides a graphicillustration drawn to scale showing what the detail looks like.Member resistances and drawn details are immediately updated as input data is modified by the user.

Bending WorksheetThe following data may be selected:Section typeSection data is included for the following section types (profiles): IPE HD HE HL UPESectionAll the standard sections within each section type are available for selection from the drop-down menu.Beam gradeThe steel grade for the beams may be selected from the following: S235 S275 S355 S460C1 factorThe C1 factor related to the bending moment diagram may be selected from the following: 1,13 1,21 1,23 1,35 1,49 1,68 LinearA diagram shows which bending moment diagram corresponds to a given C1 factor. If the optionlinear is selected then two additional input boxes appear where the user must input: The maximum bending moment The minimum bending momentBuckling lengthThe calculated resistance that is displayed is the design value of the lateral torsional buckling (LTB)resistance in kNm.The figure shows a cross-section of the selected section, to scale, and the main geometric properties.

25

N-M (combined axial force and bending moment) Worksheet

The following data may be selected:Section typeSection data is included for the following section types (profiles): IPE HD HE HLSectionAll the standard sections within each section type are available for selection from the drop-down menu.Beam gradeThe steel grade for the beams may be selected from the following: S235 S275 S355 S460The internal moments and forces Maximum bending moment about the major axis, My,Ed,max Minimum bending moment about the major axis, My,Ed,min Maximum bending moment about the minor axis, Mz,Ed,max Minimum bending moment about the minor axis, Mz,Ed,min Axial force, NEdBuckling lengths Major axis buckling length, Ly Minor axis buckling length, Lz Torsional buckling length, LT Lateral torsional buckling length, LLTBChoice of Annex A or Annex BThe result that is displayed is the unity factor from the interaction equations 6.61 and 6.62 from EN1993-1-1 and according to the chosen National Annex.

Tension WorksheetThe following data may be selected:Section typeSection data is included for the following section types (profiles): IPE HE UPE Equal Angles Unequal Angles (long leg attached) Unequal Angles (short leg attached)SectionAll the standard sections within each section type are available for selection from the drop-down menu.Beam gradeThe steel grade for the beams may be selected from the following: S235 S275

26

S355S460

Number of boltsWhen designing an angle, the number of bolts may be selected from the following: No bolt (weld) 1 bolt 2 bolts 3 boltsBolt sizeThe bolt size may be selected from the following: M12 M14 M16 M18 M20 M22 M24 M27The output is the tension resistance, calculated as the resistance of the gross section at yield for Isections or the minimum resistance of the gross section at yield and the net section at ultimate forangles, all given in kN.The top figure shows a cross-section of the selected section, to scale and the main geometric properties.The bottom figure shows the bolted detail, only when angle sections are selected.

Compression WorksheetThe following data may be selected:Section typeSection data is included for the following section types (profiles): IPE HD HE HL UPE Equal Angles Unequal AnglesSectionAll the standard sections within each section type are available for selection from the drop-down menu.Beam gradeThe steel grade for the beams may be selected from the following: S235 S275 S355 S460Buckling lengths Major axis buckling length, Ly Minor axis buckling length, Lz Torsional buckling length, LTThe calculated resistances are the design values of compression resistance, for flexural bucklingresistance about the major axis and the minor axis (Nb,y,Rd and Nb,z,Rd) as well as the torsional buckling

27

resistance (Nb,T,Rd), all given in kN for the relevant buckling lengths. In addition, the worksheet displaysthe minimum of these values.The figure shows a cross-section of the selected section, to scale and the main geometric properties.

Web Resistance (bearing and buckling) Worksheet

The following data may be selected:Section typeSection data is included for the following section types (profiles): IPE HD HE HL UPESectionAll the standard sections within each section type are available for selection from the drop-down menu.Beam gradeThe steel grade for the beams may be selected from the following: S235 S275 S355 S460Position of the transverse load d: distance from the end of the load to the member end. ss: stiff bearing length.The output is the web bearing and buckling resistance, calculated as per EN 1993-1-5, given in kN.The top figure shows a cross-section of the selected section, to scale and the main geometric properties.The bottom figure shows the detail of the transverse load with respect to the end of the member.

2.1 National Annex

The workbook includes National Annex values for M0, M1 and M2 for the following countries: Belgium France Germany Italy Netherlands Poland Spain United KingdomThe user has the option to overwrite the in-built National Annex values, allowing flexibility should thevalues be modified by the national standards body. If this option is selected, then the calculationprocedure reverts to the recommended options for all engineering methods, such as design strength ofsteel, buckling curves or imperfection factors, rather than those in the National Annex.

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3 Calculation Tool Simple Connections

The workbook covers nominally pinned joints that are commonly used in multi-storey steel structures.The types of connections covered in separate worksheets within the workbook are: Partial depth flexible end plates (also known as header plates) Fin plates Double angle cleats Column splices (bearing type) Column bases.For the beam connections, the resistance to both vertical shear and a horizontal tying force is calculated.The splice connections are all bearing type, meaning that there is no calculation of their resistance toaxial compression. For splices, only the tensile resistance is calculated, for tying calculations. Only theresistance to axial compression is calculated for baseplates. Each joint type is covered on a differentworksheet. The default connection detail will be the recommended standardised detail. Connectiondetails are also drawn on each worksheet. Connection resistances and drawn connection details areimmediately updated as input data is modified by the user. The standardised details can be restored atany stage.If warnings are displayed on the diagrams because of some geometrical check not being satisfied, thedrawing will not update. An updated drawing will only appear once the geometric warning has beenresolved. Resolving one warning may then reveal a second problem, which must again be resolvedbefore the drawing will update.A more detailed table of the resistance of each connection component can be viewed and printed.Beam and baseplate connections are assumed to be nominally pinned connections. Although theconnections possess some rotational stiffness and some rotational strength, these are assumed to besufficiently small that their influence can be ignored, and the assumption of pinned behaviour is valid.EN 1993-1-8 requires connections to be classified. Connection classification may be made on the basisof calculations, or based on previous satisfactory experience. For each connection covered by thespreadsheet, standardized connections are proposed, which have sufficient use in practice to justifyclassification as nominally pinned on the basis of previous satisfactory experience. Within eachconnection type, the user may modify a large range of variables, and thus produce a non-standardisedconnection. Designers should note that if connections other than the standardised solutions are adopted,the connection should be classified in accordance with EN 1993-1-8.

Material StrengthThe steel design strength is taken from Table 3.1 of EN 1993-1-1, or the product Standard, according tothe choice in the National Annex. Table 3.1 of EN 1993-1-1 covers material up to 80 mm thick. Forthicknesses above 80 mm, the design strength is taken from the product Standard.

Input InformationBasic selection of section type, section, grade of main member, plates and bolts is made on the "Input"sheet. The options are described in the following Sections.Section typeSection data is included for the following section types (profiles): IPE HE HL HDSectionAll the standard sections within each section type are available for selection from a drop-down menu.

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Beam gradeThe steel grade for the beams may be selected from the following: S235 S275 S355 S460Plate gradeThe steel grade for end plates, fin plates, angle cleats and baseplates may be selected from thefollowing: S235 S275 S355 S460Bolt classThe bolt class may be selected from the following: 4.6 5.6 8.8 10.9Notes:1. 8.8 bolts and S275 plates are considered standard. Connections may need to be classified inaccordance with EN 1993-1-8 if other grades are selected.2. The National Annex may restrict the choice of bolt class. Therefore the user has to choose abolt class in accordance with national standards body.

OperationSelecting a different section, changing grade of beam or plate, or changing the bolt class triggers a recalculation of the connection resistances. In every case, a standardised connection is presented as thedefault. If a very small section is selected, where the section is simply too shallow for a standardisedend plate, fin plate, double angle cleat and splice connection, a warning appears, and only the baseplatetab remains visible.

Splice WorksheetA standardised connection is presented, displaying values of tying resistance (axial tension). The criticaldesign criterion is noted. The splices are bearing type transferring compression by direct bearing.If the serial sizes are identical, a second splice option is displayed, with internal splice plates, and asecond resistance is displayed.Sections may be chosen for both top and bottom columns they must however be the same sectiontype.The top section cannot be deeper (h) than the lower section. If an attempt is made to choose thisconfiguration, the spreadsheet warns the user, and then adopts the latest section chosen for both top andbottom columns.The top section cannot be significantly smaller than the bottom section. When the user attempts tochoose a top section that is significantly smaller than the bottom section, a warning is displayed. Thedifference in section depths (h) must be less than 100 mm. The section may be drawn, but no resistanceis displayed if the difference in section depth exceeds 100 mm. If the section depths are significantlydifferent, several warnings may be displayed.The following details of the standardised connection may be changed: Section type Section (top and bottom)

In some cases, the member flange is so thick that the standard offset distance is insufficient, and astandardised connection is not possible. A warning will appear with this information.End, edge and geometrical distances are checked, and warnings appear as required.

Fin Plate Worksheet

A standardised connection is presented, displaying values of vertical shear resistance and tyingresistance. The critical design criterion is noted for both shear and tying.The following details of the standardised connection may be changed: Plate thickness Bolt diameter Bolt rows Lines of bolts (a single or double line) Gauge (horizontal bolt spacing only relevant if two columns of bolts are chosen) Pitch (vertical bolt spacing) End distance (end distance on plate, from top and bottom pair of bolts) Edge distance (on the fin plate) Beam end distance Plate offset (distance from top of beam to top of plate)In some cases, the member flange is so thick that the standard offset distance is insufficient, and astandardised connection is not possible. A warning will appear with this information.End, edge and geometrical distances are checked, and warnings appear as required.The weld is sized to be full strength no adjustment by the user is possible.

End Plate Worksheet

A standardised connection is presented, displaying design values of vertical shear resistance and tyingresistance. The critical design criterion is noted for both shear and tying.The following details of the standardised connection may be changed: Plate thickness Bolt diameter Bolt rows Gauge (horizontal bolt spacing) Pitch (vertical bolt spacing) Plate width End distance (end distance on plate, from top and bottom pair of bolts) Offset (distance from top of beam to top of plate)In some cases, the member flange is so thick that the standard offset distance is insufficient, and astandardised connection is not possible. A warning will appear with this information.End, edge and geometrical distances are checked, and warnings appear as required.The weld is sized to be full strength no adjustment by the user is possible.

Cleats WorksheetA standardised connection is presented, displaying values of vertical shear resistance and tyingresistance. The critical design criterion is noted for both shear and tying.

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The following details of the standardised connection may be changed:

Angle thickness Bolt diameter Bolt rows Leg length Back mark (bolt distance from heel of the angle) Lines of bolts (a single or double line) Gauge (horizontal bolt spacing only if two columns of bolts are chosen) Pitch (vertical bolt spacing) End distance (end distance on plate, from top and bottom pair of bolts) Beam end distance Plate offset (distance from top of beam to top of plate)In some cases, the member flange is so thick that the standard offset distance is insufficient, and astandardised connection is not possible. A warning will appear with this information.End, edge and geometrical distances are checked, and warnings appear as required.

3.1 National Annex

The workbook includes National Annex values for M0, M1, M2 and c for the following countries:The National Annexes covered are: Belgium France Germany Italy Netherlands Poland Spain United KingdomFor tying resistance, the spreadsheet adopts a value of Mu = 1.1.The user has the option to overwrite the in-built National Annex values, allowing flexibility should thevalues be modified by the national standards body.

3.2 Comparison With The German Design Tables

It has been already highlighted that the Calculation Tool is aimed to play the same function for thedesigners as popular in various countries Design Tables. Therefore, the TGS8 experts requested tomake some comparison with the German Design Tables Typisierte Anschlusse im Stahlhochbau.The analysis shows that there is significant difference between the resistances calculated for the sameconnection. By considering the most resent recommendation and safety approach, the calculation toolprovided within this project is more conservative in comparison to this German Tables.

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In order to have additional check the same connections have been designed using recently developedsoftware CoP2. It is important to notice that the same authors are involved in the software and in theGerman Tables.The differences are following:Typisierte Anschlusse imStahlhochbauAccording to ENV versionof Eurocode 3Assumes that the unthreadedpart of the bolts is in shear plane

Sechalo

CoP2

According to EN versionof Eurocode 3Assumes that the threaded partof the bolts is in shear plane

Do not apply the most recent

recommendations from ECCS126 publication (ref[5])

Applies 0.8 factor for shear

resistance of bolts in certainconfigurations of theconnections that arerecommended in ECCS 126publication (ref[5])

According to EN versionof Eurocode 3Allows to choose between thethreaded and unthreaded part ofthe bolts to be in shear planeApplies 0.8 factor for shearresistance of bolts in certainconfigurations of theconnections that arerecommended in ECCS 126publication (ref[5])

Detailed information regarding application of the factor 0.8 is explained in the calculation examplespresented in the part MSB05 Joint Design and ref[15].

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4 ConclusionsThe outcome of the project provides guidelines for engineers, architects, designers under the commonname Steel Buildings in Europe. The guidelines are composed of two main books; Multi-StoreyBuildings and Single-Storey Buildings and accompanying Excel based calculators enabling calculationof capacity of sections and simple connections. The books have very distinctive features; there arebased on common practice across Europe, they are consulted with engineers and architects forehead,they are based on various projects, in which the know-how was pushed to the limits and they arealigned with the most up to date design codes and recommendations.The accompanying software will make the designers work easier. It is not only enabling calculation, butrecommends the most standard solution and verifies feasibility of the proposed solution.

HOW TO OBTAIN EU PUBLICATIONS

Free publications: via EU Bookshop (http://bookshop.europa.eu); at the European Unions representations or delegations. You can obtain theircontact details on the Internet (http://ec.europa.eu) or by sending a faxto +352 2929-42758.Priced publications: via EU Bookshop (http://bookshop.europa.eu).Priced subscriptions (e.g. annual series of the Official Journal of theEuropean Union and reports of cases before the Court of Justiceof the European Union): via one of the sales agents of the Publications Office of the European Union(http://publications.europa.eu/others/agents/index_en.htm).

Solutions for single-storey and low-rise multi-storey buildings have already been developed within many previous RFCS projects. Based on these achievements, a fully comprehensive guide has now been created for architects and designers which deliversadded value in the form of simple, comprehensive and harmonised design guidance. Itcontains state-of-the-art best practice and, in cooperation with national IPOs (independent steel promotion centres), facilitates compliance with national regulations.Much of the project work has concentrated on preparation of material for the designguides and identifying and capturing best practice from across Europe. Activities included detailed discussions with designers and fabricators from various European countries.Noticeable differences in common practice, especially in regard to multi-storey buildings,have been established and an appropriate strategy for agreeing preferred solutions hasbeen reached. The same diversity applies to the range of sections and steel grades usedin different countries.In conclusion, the project partners have reached a common understanding wherebyendorsement has been given to those standardised solutions which are recognised asthe most simple and economic. At the same time, however, they allow designers flexibility of choice in respect of alternative, less favourable solutions.

KI-NA-25056-EN-N

This project has been developed by steel makers in response to the market need forharmonised design guidance to support architects and engineers with practical application of the Eurocodes for steel and composite construction. The latter provide greatercoverage of types of steel construction than many of the national standards which theyreplace, in particular in the areas of single-storey and low-rise multi-storey industrialbuildings, which currently have the greatest scope for market growth.