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“Sweet spot” could help bring organic solar cells to market

Photonics SpectraJun 2012
A better fundamental understanding of how to optimize performance in organic solar cells could bring this type of cell closer to market.

Prototype solar cells made of organic materials currently lag far behind conventional silicon-based photovoltaic cells in terms of electricity output. However, if efficient organic cells could be developed, they would have distinct advantages: They would cost far less to produce than conventional cells, could cover larger areas and, conceivably, could be recycled far more easily.

Now, scientists at the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) and the US Naval Research Laboratory (NRL) are studying cells made up of hundreds of stacked thin layers that alternate between two organic materials – zinc phthalocyanine and C60, the soccer-ball-shaped carbon molecules known as buckyballs. When light strikes the multilayered film, all of the layers are excited, causing them to give up electrons that flow between the buckyball and phthalocyanine layers and creating an electric current.

Light that strikes this organic solar cell causes electrons to flow between its layers, creating an electric current. Measurements made by the NIST/NRL research team determined the best thickness for the layers, a finding that could help optimize the cell’s performance. Courtesy of NIST.
When the researchers varied the thickness of each layer – each only a few nanometers thick – they discovered that the amount of electrical current the overall cell puts out changes dramatically. In this sense, determining the ideal thickness of the layers is crucial to making the best-performing cells, said NIST chemist Ted Heilweil.

“In essence, if the layers are too thin, they don’t generate enough electrons for a substantial current to flow, but if too thick, many of the electrons get trapped in the individual layers,” he said. “We wanted to find the sweet spot.”

To find that “sweet spot,” they explored the relationship between layer thickness and two aspects of the material. Although the layers generated an initial spike in current when struck with light, the current decayed fairly quickly. The ideal cell would generate electrons as steadily as possible. The researchers discovered that changing the layer thickness affects not only the initial decay rate, but also the overall capacity of the material to carry electrons.

They set out to find the optimum combination of these two factors by measuring a number of films – grown by Paul Lane of NRL – that had layers of varying thickness. They found that layers approximately 2 nm thick give the best performance.

Heilweil said the results have encouraged him to think that prototype cells based on this geometry can be optimized, although one engineering hurdle remains: finding the best way to get the electricity out.

“It’s still unclear how to best incorporate such thin nanolayers in devices,” he said. “We hope to challenge engineers who can help us with that part.”

The technology of generating and harnessing light and other forms of radiant energy whose quantum unit is the photon. The science includes light emission, transmission, deflection, amplification and detection by optical components and instruments, lasers and other light sources, fiber optics, electro-optical instrumentation, related hardware and electronics, and sophisticated systems. The range of applications of photonics extends from energy generation to detection to communications and...