Humanity's use of mushrooms extends back to Paleolithic times. Few people -
even anthropologists - comprehend how influential mushrooms have been in
affecting the course of human evolution. Mushrooms have played pivotal
roles in ancient Greece, India and Mesoamerica. True to their beguiling
nature, fungi have always elicited deep emotional responses: from adulation
by those who understand them to outright fear by those who do not.

The historical record reveals that mushrooms have been used for less than
beneign purposes. Claudius II and Pope Clement VII were both killed by
enemies who poisoned them with deadly Amanitas. Buddha died, according to
legend, from a mushroom that grew underground. Buddha was given the mushroom
by a peasant who believed it to be a delicacy. In ancient verse, that mushroom was linked to the phrase "pig's foot" but has never been
identified. (Although truffles grow underground and pigs are used
to find them, no deadly poisonous species are known.)

The oldest archeological evidence of mushroom use discovered so far is
probably a Tassili image from a cave which dates back 3,500 years before
the birth of Christ. The artist's intent is clear. Mushrooms with
electrified auras are depicted outlining a dancing shaman. The spiritual
interpretation of the image transcends time and is obvious. No wonder that
word "bemushroomed" has evolved to reflect
the devout mushroom lover's state of mind.

In the winter of 1991, hikers in the Italian Alps came across the well
preserved remains of a man who died over 5,300 years ago, approximately 200
years later than the Tassili cave artist. Dubbed the "Iceman" by the news
media, he was well equipped with a knapsack, flint axe, a string of dried
Birch Polypores (Piptoporus betulinus) and another yet unidentified mushroom.
The polypores can be used as tinder for starting fires and as medicine for
treating wounds. Further, a rich tea with immuno-enhancing properties can be
prepared by boiling these mushrooms. Equipped for traversing the wilderness,
this intrepid adventurer had discovered the value of the noble polypores.
Even today, this knowledge can be life-saving for anyone astray in the
wilderness.

Fear of mushroom poisoning pervades every culture, sometimes reaching phobic
extremes. The term mycophobic describes those individuals and cultures where
fungi are looked upon with fear and loathing. Mycophobic cultures are
epitomized by the English and Irish. In contrast, mycophilic societies can
be found throughout Asia and eastern Europe, especially amongst Polish,
Russian and Italian peoples. These societies have enjoyed a long history of
mushroom use, with as many as a hundred common names to decribe the mushroom
varieties they loved.

The use of mushrooms by diverse cultures was intensively studied by an
investment banker named R. Gordon Wasson. His studies concentrated on the use
of mushrooms by Mesoamerican, Russian, English, and Indian cultures. With the
French mycologist, Dr. Roger Heim, Wasson published research on Psilocybe
mushrooms in Mesoamerica, and on Amanita mushrooms in Euro-Asia/Siberia.
Wasson's studies spanned a lifetime marked by a passionate love for fungi.
His publications include: Mushrooms, Russia, & History; The Wondrous
Mushroom; Mycolatry in Mesoamerica; Maria Sabina and her Mazatec Mushroom
Velada; and Persephone's Quest: Entheogens and the Origins of Religion. More
than any other individual of the 20th century, Wasson kindled interest in
ethnomycology to its present state of intense study. Wasson died on
Christmas Day in 1986.

One of Wasson's most provocative findings can be found in Soma: Divine
Mushroom of Immortality (1976) where he postulated that the mysterious SOMA in the Vedic literature, a red fruit leading to spontaneous enlightenment for those who ingested it, was actually a mushroom. The Vedic symbolism
carefully disguised its true identity: Amanita muscaria, the hallucinogenic
Fly Agaric. Many cultures portray Amanita muscaria as the archetypal
mushroom. Although some Vedic scholars disagree with his interpretation,
Wasson's exhaustive research still stands. (See Brough (1971) and
Wasson (1972)).

Aristotle, Plato, and Sophocles all participated in religious ceremonies at
Eleusis where an unusal temple honored Demeter, the Goddess of Earth. For
over two milennia, thousands of pilgrims journeyed fourteen miles from Athens
to Eleusis, paying the equivalent of a month's wage for the privilege of
attendind the annual ceremony. The pilgrims were ritually harassed on their
journey to the temple, apparently in good humor.

Upon arriving at the temple, they gathered in the initiation hall, a great
telestrion. Inside the temple, pilgrims sat in rows that descended step-wise
to a hidden, central chamber from which a fungal concoction was served. An odd
feature was an array of columns, beyond any apparent structural need, whose
designed purpose escaped archaeologists. The pilgrims spend the night together
and reportedly came away forever changed. In this pavilion crowded with
pillars, ceremonies occurred, known by historians as the Eleusian Mysteries. No revelation of the ceremony's secrets could be mentioned under the
punishment of imprisonment or death. These ceremonies continued until
repressed in the early centuries of the Christian era.

In 1977, at a mushroom conference on the Olympic Peninsula, R. Gordon Wasson,
Albert Hoffman, and Carl Ruck first postulated, that the Eleusinian mysteries
centered on the use of psychoactive fungi. Their papers were later published
in a book entitled The Road the Eleusis: Unveiling the Secret of the
Mysteries (1978). That Aristotle and other founders of western philosophy
undertook such intellectual adventures, and that this secret ceremony
persisted for nearly 2,000 years, underscores the profound impact that
fungal rites have had on the evolution of western conciousness.

From GROWING GOURMET & MEDICINAL MUSHROOMS, Paul Stamets:
[A work not centered on Psychoactives, but in order to have the most
complete compendium of mycological knowledge included a little chapter] - not dimitri