Similar presentations

Presentation on theme: "INTERSTELLAR TRAVEL The Good News… The Bad News..."— Presentation transcript:

2
Begin with the obvious: Distances between the stars is overwhelming Life bearing planets are NOT simply the nearest neighboring stars Interstellar travel as portrayed by Hollywood GROSSLY OVERSIMPLIFIES the basic physical limitations and requirements Funding interstellar missions would be difficult if not impossible Tremendous costs involved No immediate return from investment

3
Fallacy: Interstellar travel can be achieved simply by future advances in technology. Examples: The limits of sailing ships were exceeded with steam ships The speed limits of propeller aircraft were exceeded by jet aircraft The altitude of aircraft were exceeded by rockets

14
Nuclear Propulsion Binding energy released from nuclear reactions used as energy source for propulsion High rate of thrust Very efficient Pro: Relatively high yield of energy from reaction… high speeds achievable Con: Dangerous to crew

17
Bussard Interstellar Ramjet Large “scoop” collects interstellar hydrogen Hydrogen used in fusion propulsion Problems with the drag created by the “scoop”

18
Matter/Antimatter Annihilation Combination of matter and antimatter yields energy via E=mc 2 100% of matter is converted to energy 100 times more energy released compared to hydrogen fusion Problems with manufacturing of antimatter and containment of antimatter

19
Laser Sail High energy laser beam is concentrated onto a lightweight sail Sail is propelled forward carrying a small payload Problems: ENORMOUS laser energies needed to propel even the smallest payload. Acceleration to 50% light speed would require 1000 times the power of all human power consumption!

20
Conclusion: Every imaginable propulsion system has a monumental fuel problem Antimatter annihilation is most efficient If 99% light speed is desired ~200 x (mass of final payload) is necessary as fuel Roundtrip requires 40,000 x (mass of final payload) is necessary as fuel Skylab would have required 12 million tons of fuel for such a journey!

21
Revolutions in propulsion systems might make IST more efficient… BUT: Does not address limitations imposed by laws of physics Does not address limitations imposed by the hazards of IST Does not address limitations imposed by the human requirements of IST

22
Does this mean the we give up? NASA’s Breakthrough Propulsion Physics Project (BPP) Goals: Discover new propulsion methods that eliminate or dramatically reduce the need for propellant Discover how to attain the ultimate achievable transit speeds to dramatically reduce deep space travel times Discover fundamentally new on-board energy production methods to power propulsion devices VERRRY small budget… ~$100,000’s

23
Interstellar Travel at NEAR Light Speed Why not travel AT light speed? Violation of laws of physics Relativity governs physics as we approach light speed:

24
As velocity increases so does kinetic energy. If v=c then K goes to infinity. As velocity increases so does m moving. If v=c then m moving goes to infinity.

25
RESULTS: Nothing with mass can travel AT the speed of light However NEAR light speed is possible

26
Advantages of NEAR light speed travel: Relativistic Time Dilation The measurement of the passage of time is relative to the frame of reference The passage of time for someone moving at high speeds appears slower as seen by an observer at rest

27
50% light speed At 50% c 1.15 seconds on earth pass for every 1 second measured by a traveler A 10 lightyear journey would take 20 earth years Travelers would experience a 17.4 year journey

28
75% light speed 1.5 seconds on earth pass for every 1 second measured by a traveler A 10 lightyear journey would take 13 earth years Travelers would experience a 8.7 year journey

29
99% light speed At 99% c 7 seconds on earth pass for every 1 second measured by a traveler A 10 lightyear journey would take 10.1 earth years Travelers would experience a 1 year 5 month journey

30
99.99% light speed At 99.99% c 71 seconds on earth pass for every 1 second measured by a traveler A 10 lightyear journey would take 10 earth years Travelers would experience a 1 month 2 week journey

31
The Hazards of Interstellar Travel The Interstellar Medium is not empty! Onboard supplies are limited What to do in an emergency?

32
Hazards of the ISM Travel through the ISM requires more than simply avoiding stars The ISM contains atoms of gas and dust particles Travel at high velocities makes impacts devastating!

33
Limited Onboard Supplies Bringing necessary supplies adds mass to the payload Added mass requires more fuel for propulsion How are supplies kept fresh? Possible solution could be to “grow as you go” What about items that are cannot be replenished?

34
Hibernation as a possible solution? Still problems with food Not proven to be a physical reality

35
What about emergencies? Mechanical problems Medical emergencies Help is NOT on the way…

38
Worm Holes Rotating black holes create a distortion in spacetime Complete Schwartzchild geometry allows for a black hole, a white hole and a worm hole in-between Severe distortions of spacetime allow multidimensional travel “Predicted” by Einstein’s General Relativity… however seems unlikely to exist If they exist, Relativity suggests they would be highly unstable and unpredictable

39
Food For Thought: If a journey of hundreds of thousands of years or even thousands of years at best is undertaken… What is unknown and important to us today may not be important to the people of 10,000 or 100,000 years from now

40
Food For Thought: A later ship with the ability to travel faster than the original ship would intercept the original ship before it even reaches its destination

41
Food For Thought: The very same physics that allows us to travel a near light speeds, also makes near light speeds extraordinarily hazardous! If multigenerational journeys are undertaken: The visitors that arrive at an alien world will not be the ones who received the message… The ones being visited will not be the ones who sent the message…