In this article, the first usage is generally intended unless otherwise specified.

.Buildings come in a wide amount of shapes and functions, and have been adapted throughout history for a wide number of factors, from building materials available, to weather conditions, to land prices, ground conditions, specific uses and aesthetic reasons.^Specifications or Specs - A narrative list of materials, methods, model numbers, colors, allowances, and other details which supplement the information contained in the blue prints.

^Available for free Building Benchmark Models Developed by DOE with three of its' national labs, these benchmark models are complete descriptions of buildings for whole building energy analysis using EnergyPlus.

.Buildings serve several needs of society – primarily as shelter from weather and as general living space, to provide privacy, to store belongings and to comfortably live and work.^Providing meaningful work for inmates and, in some cases, additional space to alleviate overcrowding in nearby corrections facilities.

^U.S. Green Building Council (USGBC) The U.S. Green Building Council is the nation’s foremost coalition of leaders from across the building industry working to promote buildings that are environmentally responsible, profitable and healthy places to live and work.

.A building as a shelter represents a physical division of the human habitat (a place of comfort and safety) and the outside (a place that at times may be harsh and harmful).^This was the place where I grew to love the arc of a baseball in flight -- that perfect shape which sums up the laws of physics and represents so many truths of nature.

Ever since the first cave paintings, buildings have also become objects or canvasess of artistic expression. .In recent years, interest in sustainable planning and building practices has also become part of the design process of many new buildings.^Sustainable Building Sourcebook This site offers useful information and resources on sustainable building services, practices, products, and techniques.

Definitions

The art of constructing edifices, or the practice of civil architecture.

That which is built; a fabric or edifice constructed, as a house, a church, castle, arena/ stadium, etc

The act of constructing or building something; "during the construction we had to take a detour"; "his hobby was the building of boats"

The commercial activity involved in constructing buildings; "their main business is home construction"; "workers in the building trades"

A structure that has a roof and walls and stands more or less permanently in one place; "there was a three-story building on the corner"; "it was an imposing edifice"

The occupants of a building; "the entire building complained about the noise"

.To differentiate buildings in the usage of this article from other buildings and other structures that are not intended for continuous human occupancy, the latter are called nonbuilding structures or simply structures.^Ken Sinclair of Automated Buildings magazine called to get my report from the conference, and he published this article: .

.Structural height in technical usage is the height to the highest architectural detail on building from street-level.^American Institute of Architects High Performance Building Position Statement Issued in 2005, this statement details the steps and goals for sustainable architectural practice.

.Depending on how they are classified, spires and masts may or may not be included in this height.^And most importantly, their status depends on how well they do against opponents, not on whether they can push the other down.

The definition of a low-rise vs. a high-rise building is a matter of debate, but generally three stories or less is considered low-rise.[citation needed]

History

.The first shelter on Earth constructed by a relatively close ancestor to humans is believed to be built 500,000 years ago by an early ancestor of humans, Homo erectus.^Artificial satellites are human-built objects orbiting the Earth and other planets in the Solar System .

Types

Residential

.Residential buildings are called houses/homes, though buildings containing large numbers of separate dwelling units are often called apartment buildings / blocks to differentiate them from the more 'individual' house.^The famines and pestilence, which scourged these countries during the Middle Ages called into existence a considerable number of institutions, in particular the leper-houses.

^GreenSpec(r) High Performance Buildings Case Studies This is a database that provides case studies of projects ranging from homes and commercial interiors to large buildings and even whole campuses and neighborhoods.

.Building types may range from one-room wood-framed, masonry, or adobe dwellings to multi-million dollar high-rise buildings able to house thousands of people.^It would be great if we could all have this kind of expertise surrounding us, but most of us don't have the multi-million dollar salaries to afford this type of attention.

.Increasing settlement density in buildings (and closer distances between buildings) is usually a response to high ground prices resulting from many people wanting to live close to work or similar attractors.^Girls were asked to design and build s'mores out of the usual materials - graham crackers, chocolate, marshmallows - and the resulting objects were tested and judged.

Multi-storey

A multi-storey building is a building that has multiple floors above ground in the building.

.Multi-storey buildings aim to increase the area of the building without increasing the area of the land the building is built on, hence saving land and, in most cases, money (depending on material used and land prices in the area).^Interior finish - Material used to cover the interior framed areas of walls and ceilings Irrigation - Lawn sprinkler system.

Creation

.The practice of designing, constructing, and operating buildings is most usually a collective effort of different groups of professionals and trades.^Girls were asked to design and build s'mores out of the usual materials - graham crackers, chocolate, marshmallows - and the resulting objects were tested and judged.

.Regardless of their size or intended use, all buildings in the US must comply with zoning ordinances, building codes and other regulations such as fire codes, life safety codes and related standards.^The framer builds the home according to the blueprints and must comply with local building codes and regulations.

Building services

Physical plant

.Any building requires a certain amount of internal infrastructure to function, which includes such elements like heating / cooling, power and telecommunications, water and wastewater etc.^The analysis must include all the costs of providing all utility needs, such as water supply, wastewater treatment, stormwater, solid waste management, electricity, and central steam or hot water.

.Especially in commercial buildings (such as offices or factories), these can be extremely intricate systems taking up large amounts of space (sometimes located in separate areas or double floors / false ceilings) and constitute a big part of the regular maintenance required.^At the least, spending more money on MIRVs and such would presumably be diverted from other things, such as building up a navy to capture Taiwan.

^See Window Bucks Builder's Risk Insurance - Insurance coverage on a construction project during construction, including extended coverage that may be added for the contract for the customer's protections.

From LoveToKnow 1911

.BUILDING. 3 The art of building comprises the
practice of civil architecture, or the mechanical operations
necessary to carry the designs of the architect into effect.^Despite the grand design and expensive materials, the architect wrote at the time of the building's opening that he wanted the building "to be regarded as a cathedral dedicated to the furtherance of thrift and prosperity."

.It is
not of building infrequently called "practical
architecture," but the to archi- adoption of this form
would lead only to confusion, by
tectural; a man may be a competent builder without being an
architect, but no one can be an accomplished architect unless he be
competent to specify and direct all the operations of building.^May also be called "architectural shingles".

.An
architect should have a scientific knowledge of the various soils
he may meet with, such as clay,
earth, silt, rock, gravel, chalk, &c., so that when the
trial holes are dug out on the site, he can see the nature of the
soil, and at once know what kind of a foundation to put to the
building, and the depth to which he must go to get a good bottom.^You should also check out the NASA Visible Earth site.

.He should also have a good knowledge of chemistry, so that he may understand the
effects of the various acids, gases, &c., that are contained in
the materials he uses, and the objections to their presence.^Rate/APR and terms may vary based on the creditworthiness of the individual and the extent to which the loan differs from the one used for Bankrate.com quotes.

.He
must be acquainted with the principles of timbering in trenches,
and excavations, shoring, brickwork, fireproof
construction, stonework, carpentry and joinery, smiths' work, plumbing, heating, ventilation, bells, electric and gaslighting, water-supply, drainage, plastering, tiling
to internal walls or pavings and roofs, slating of roofs, glazing, painting and decoration.^In 1970, renovation of the stadium included re-sodding of the playing field and overhaul of the drainage, roofing and steam heating systems.

^Backout - Work the framing contractor does after the mechanical subcontractors (Heating-Plumbing-Electrical) finish their phase of work at the Rough (before insulation) stage to get the home ready for a municipal frame inspection.

.He should be able to
calculate the various strengths and strains to be placed on any
portion of the structure, and have a general knowledge of the
building trade, enabling him to deal with any difficulty or defects
that may arise.^Today it is generally recognized as a unique blending of art and architecture, a structure that celebrated the universality of knowledge and symbolizes American turn-of-the- century optimism.

Jefferson's Legacy: A Brief History of the Library of Congress -- THEBUILDINGS9 February 2010 13:013 UTCwww.loc.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^The School’s philosophy of education teaches children to build on core knowledge, increasing the depth and strength of that knowledge as they mature.

.An important feature in the qualification of the architect is
that he should be thoroughly conversant with the by-laws of the
different towns or districts, as to the requirements for the
various classes of buildings, and the special features of portions
of the different buildings.^Marna's class also is reading "The Adventures of Tom Sawyer" and thoroughly enjoying this story from a very different time and place in America.

.The following are examples of the
various buildings which he may have to design, and the erection of
which he may have to superintend: - dwelling-houses, domestic
buildings, shops, dwellings for the working class, public buildings
such as churches, schools, hospitals, libraries and hotels, factories of all kinds
for all general trades, studios, electric power stations, cold
storage buildings, stables and slaughterhouses.^For example, a power subsystem generates, stores, and distributes a satellite's electric power.

.With regard to
factories, places for the storage or making of different patent
foods, and for slaughter of beasts intended for human consumption, stringent
by-laws are in most countries laid down and enforced by the public
health authorities.^Alcohol policies: It is the policy of both the New York Mets and Aramark to conduct its operation in compliance with all applicable laws regarding the sale and service of alcoholic beverages and in a manner intended to promote responsible consumption.

.In England, the Public Health Acts and By-laws are
carried out by the various borough or district authorities, who
appoint inspectors especially to study the health of the public
with regard to sanitary arrangements.^Our 60,000 subscribers are high-ranking civilian and military officials who are responsible for defending the nation and carrying out the many laws that define the government's role in our economy and society.

.The inspectors have special
powers to deal with all improper or defective food, or with any
defects in buildings that may affect its cleanly preparation.^U.S. Buildings meets all windloads throughout the country, no matter how stringent the code requirements may be in your area.

.In addition to meeting the requirements of the clients, the
various buildings have to be constructed and planned on clearly
defined lines, according to the rules of the various authorities
that control their erection; thus the construction and planning of
public schools are type of governed in England by the
board of education, and churches are governed by the various
societies that assist in financing the erection of these edifices;
of these the Incorporated Church Building Society exercises the
strongest control.^August 11 governing board meeting » .

.Factories both in England and France must be planned and erected to meet the
separate acts that deal with these buildings.^As of the effective date permit applicants must submit a CD-Rom containing the plans and documentation (in PDF format), required for a building permit for projects defined as ATeam.

.The fire insurance companies lay
down certain requirements according to the size of the building,
and the special trade for which it is erected, and fix their rate
of premium accordingly.^Usually required to erect the building.

.Dwelling-houses in London must
be erected in accordance with the many building acts which govern
the materials to be used, and the methods by which they shall be
employed, the thickness of walls, rates of inclination of roofs,
means of escape from fire, drainage, space at rear, &c.^This example is often repeated in residential and commercial dwellings as well as institutions such as schools, hospitals and government buildings.

&c.; these laws especially
forbid the use of timber
framed buildings. .In sundry districts in England where the model
by-laws are not in force, notably at Letchworth, Herts, it is
possible to erect buildings with sound materials untrammelled by by-laws.^Now I know you're probably thinking that building an athletic body sounds great, but it may not seem possible.

.With
regard to premises used in a combined way, as shop and dwelling-house, if in London, and the
building exceeds io squares, or 1000 sq.^The phrase was first used by Herzog & de Meuron, though the pair still believes "there should be many ways of perceiving a building."

ft. super in area, the
stairs and a large portion of the building must be built of
fire-resisting materials. .In the erection of London flats under
certain conditions the stairs and corridors rendering it difficult
to make the distinction generally understood between architecture
(q.v.^Camaraderie - comradeship; friendship Canopy - a covering Capitulate - to surrender under certain conditions; to give in Carnivore - a flesh-eating animal Carrion - dead, rotting flesh .

) as a fine or liberal art, and architecture as a mechanical
art. The execution of works of architecture necessarily includes
building, but building is frequently employed when the result is
not archi 1 Teutonic Mythology (1883-1884), (trans.
Stalleybrass).

3 The verb "to build" (O.E.byldan) is apparently
connected with O.E. bold, a dwelling, of Scandinavian
origin; cf. Danish bol, a farm, Icelandic bol, farm, abode. Skeat traces it eventually
to Sanskritbhu,
to be, build meaning "to construct a place in which to be or
dwell." must be of fire-resisting materials, while in parts of New York timber buildings are
allowed; for illustrations of these see the article Carpentry. .In public
buildings and theatres in London, Paris and New York not only the
construction, but also the exits and seating accommodation and
stage, including the scenery dock
and flies, must conform to certain regulations.^The framer builds the home according to the blueprints and must comply with local building codes and regulations.

.The conditions necessary for planning a successful building may
be summarized as follows: - (i) Ease of access; (2) Good light; (3)
Good service; (4) Pleasing environment and approaches; (5) Minimum
cost with true economy; in the case of office buildings, also ease
of rearrange ment to suit tenants.^The quality of service may be affected by things such as the atmosphere, environment and surrounds, including where there is a narrow view of the sky due to things such as thick canopy cover, being in a narrow gorge or between dense tall buildings.

^A variety of service plans are offered suitable for Home User to Commercial Business, with corresponding maximum download and upload bits rates, shared using a fair access policy based on a threshold number of Mbytes which may be downloaded at high speed, followed by a recovery period at a lower download bit rate.

Satellite Internet for US and Americas: Regional service providers of two-way broadband.14 January 2010 13:58 UTCwww.satsig.net [Source type: News]

^It offers students a unique combination of high academic standards, employment success and a prime location in beautiful surroundings, yet with ease of access to London.

University of Surrey9 January 2010 10:30 UTCwww.surrey.ac.uk [Source type: Academic]

.An architect should also be
building. practically acquainted with all the modes of
operation in all the trades or arts employed in building, and be
able minutely to estimate beforehand the absolute cost involved in
the execution of a proposed structure.^What it does is provide an improved structure that should make executing those responsibilities easier.

.The power to do this
necessarily involves that of measuring work (usually done by the
quantity surveyor at an advanced stage of the work), and of
ascertaining the quantities to be done.^Mortgage Origination Fee - A charge for work involved in preparing and servicing a mortgage application (usually one percent of the loan amount).

.In ordinary practice the
architect usually cubes a building at a price per foot cube, as will be described hereafter,
but an architect should know how to measure and prepare quantities,
or he cannot be said to be master of his profession.^American Institute of Architects High Performance Building Position Statement Issued in 2005, this statement details the steps and goals for sustainable architectural practice.

.Building includes what is called construction, which is the
branch of the science of architecture relating to the practical
execution of the works required to produce any struc ture; it will
therefore be necessary to explain the Y P subject in a general
manner before entering upon building in detail.^These may sometimes relate to repairs or other building work carried out on specific buildings, or to goods supplied for fitting them out.

Guide to the records of buildings - The National Archives of Scotland9 February 2010 13:013 UTCwww.nas.gov.uk [Source type: Reference]

^Sustainable Buildings Implementation Plan Guidance All agencies subject to Executive Order 13423 are required to annually submit on August 15 a plan that outlines how the agency will ensure that (1) all new facilities and renovation projects implement design, construction, and maintenance and operation practices in support of the sustainable design/high-performance buildings goals of the E.O. and statutory requirements and (2) existing facilities' maintenance and operation practices in support of the goals of the E.O. This document provides guidance on the development of the Sustainable Building Implementation Plan.

.Although the styles of architecture have varied at different
periods, buildings, wherever similar materials are employed, must
be constructed on much the same principles.^Time and materials contract - A construction contract which specifies a price for different elements of the work such as cost per hour of labor, overhead, profit, etc.

.Scientific knowledge of
the natures and properties of materials has, however, given to the
modern workman immense advantages over his medieval
brother-craftsman, and caused many changes in the details of the
trade, or art of building, although stones, bricks, mortar, &c., then as now,
formed the element of the more solid parts of all edifices.^The massive scale, questionable urban design, huge public subsidy, use of eminent domain, and displacement of existing residents and business -- all these are more cause for concern than the architectural style(s) of the buildings themselves.

^All those stupid rules they threw at us five weeks ago are now a part of me.

The Barracks by Richard Seltzer11 September 2009 22:36 UTCwww.samizdat.com [Source type: Original source]

^Today, the building's decorative style, which contains element of "Art Deco" inspired by the Exposition des Arts Dècoratifs held in Paris in 1925, is widely admired.

Jefferson's Legacy: A Brief History of the Library of Congress -- THEBUILDINGS9 February 2010 13:013 UTCwww.loc.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

.The object of constructions is to adapt, combine and fit
materials in such a manner that they shall retain in use the forms
and dispositions assigned to them.^I would love to see every building LEED certified, if only so they measure their carbon footprint and think about what damage they are doing to the environment when they needlessly use such opulent and excessive materials.

.If an upright wall be properly
constructed upon a sufficient foundation, the combined mass will
retain its position and bear
pressure acting in the direction of gravity to any extent that the
ground on which it stands, and the compound materials of the wall,
can sustain.^Dampproofing - The black, tar like waterproofing material applied to the exterior of a foundation wall.

.But pressure acting laterally has a necessary tendency
to overthrow a wall, and therefore it will be the aim of the
constructor to compel, as far as possible, all forces that can act
upon an upright wall, to act in the direction of gravity, or else
to give it permanent means of resistance in the direction opposite
to that in which a disturbing force may act.^In 1875, he reported to Congress that the Library had exhausted all shelf space and that "books are now, from sheer force of necessity, being piled on the floor in all directions."

Jefferson's Legacy: A Brief History of the Library of Congress -- THEBUILDINGS9 February 2010 13:013 UTCwww.loc.gov [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^We were all confronted with direct and simple rules and orders: you obey or disobey; you cross the line or you don't; you are forced to act -- to submit or rebel -- in full knowledge of the immediate consequences.

The Barracks by Richard Seltzer11 September 2009 22:36 UTCwww.samizdat.com [Source type: Original source]

^The warhead follows an arch-like flight path and is acted upon mainly by gravity.

.Thus when an arch is
built to bear against an upright wall, a buttress or other counterfort is applied in a direction
opposed to the pressure of the arch.^Xie and other vicious policemen kicked her head and face, pulled her hair, slammed her head against the wall, and shocked her.

.In like manner the inclined
roof of a building spanning from wall to wall tends to thrust out
the walls, and hence a tie is applied to hold the opposite sides of
the roof together at its base, where alone a tie can be fully
efficient, and thus the roof is made to act upon the walls wholly
in the direction of gravity; or where an efficient tie is
inapplicable, as in the case of a hammerbeam
roof, buttresses or counterforts are added to the walls, to enable
them to resist the pressure outwards.^Hip roof - A roof that rises by inclined planes from all four sides of a building.

.A beam laid horizontally from
wall to wall, as a girder to carry a floor and its load, may sag or
bend downwards, and tend thereby to force out the walls, or the
beam itself may break.^Load bearing wall - Includes all exterior walls and any interior wall that is aligned above a support beam or girder.

.Both these contingencies are obviated by
trussing, which renders the beam stiff enough to place its load on
the walls in the direction of gravity, and strong enough to carry
it safely.^Ceiling joist - One of a series of parallel framing members used to support ceiling loads and supported in turn by larger beams, girders or bearing walls.

Or if the beam be rigid in its nature, or uncertain in
its structure, or both (as cast-iron is), and will break without bending, the
constructor by the smiths' art will supply a check and ensure it
against the possible contingency.

.Perfect stability, however, is not to be obtained with materials
which are subject to influences beyond the control of man, and all
matter is subject to certain influences of that nature.^And it happens because these schools have no real purpose beyond keeping the kids all in one place for a certain number of hours each day.

.The
influences mostly to be contended against are heat and humidity,
the former of which produces movement of some kind or to some
extent in all bodies, the latter, in many kinds of matter; whilst
the two acting together contribute to the disintegration or decay
of materials available for the purposes of construction.^A great deal of emphasis has been placed on the term VOC (volatile organic compound) to the extent that many have begun to believe that all VOC's are "bad" and should be eliminated.

These
pervading influences the constructor seeks to counteract, by proper
selection and disposition of his materials.

.Stone and brick, the principal materials in general
construction, keep their places in combination by means of gravity.^Construction drywall - A type of construction in which the interior wall finish is applied in a dry condition, generally in the form of sheet materials or wood paneling as contrasted to plaster.

.They may be merely packed together, but in general they are
compacted by means of mortar or cement, so that although the main constituent
materials are wholly incompressible, masses of either, or of both,
combined in structures are compressible, until the setting medium
has indurated to a like condition of hardness.^Generators may be used so long as they do not damage University property; if a generator is placed on a grassy area it must rest on a board or other hard material to protect the grass and soil beneath.

SoonerSports.com - Official Site of the Oklahoma Sooners2 February 2010 17:21 UTCwww.soonersports.com [Source type: General]

^In a large enough pool, even the smallest minorities can achieve a critical mass if they clump together.

.That kind of stone
is best fitted for the purposes of general construction which is
least absorbent of moisture, and at the same time free to work.^At best it was practice for real work we might do far in the future, so far that we didn't even know at the time what we were practicing for.

.Absorbent stone exposed to the weather rapidly disintegrates, and
for the most part non-absorbent stone is so hard that it cannot
always be used with a due regard to economy.^Are they doing it to tackle the causes of rising weather-related losses, or are they using climate change as a way to raise their rates and dump their most risky customers?

When, therefore,
suitable stone of both qualities can be obtained, the harder stone
can be exposed to the weather, or to the action which the sof ter
stone cannot resist, and made to form the main body of the
structure of the latter so protected. .The hard and the soft should
be made to bear alike, and should therefore be coursed and bonded
together by the mason's art, whether the work be of stone wrought
into blocks and gauged to thickness, or of rough dressed or
otherwise unshaped rubble
compacted with mortar.^Charlemagne , therefore, along with his other reforms, made wise provision for the care of the sick by decreeing that those hospitals which had been well conducted and had fallen into decay should be restored in accordance with the needs of the time (Capit.

.Good bricks are less absorbent of moisture than any stone of the
same degree of hardness, and are better non-conductors of heat than
stone.^Anyone who’s ever built their own house using local materials and manual labor, and heated it with any non-fossil fuel*, has built a greener building than this.

.As the basis of a stable structure, brickwork is more to be relied
upon than stone in the form of rubble, when the constituents bear
the relation to one another last above referred to, the setting
material being the same in both; because the brick by its shaped
form seats itself truly, and produces by bonding a more perfectly
combined mass, whilst the imperfectly shaped and variously sized
stone as dressed rubble can neither bed nor bond truly, the inequalities of the form
having to be compensated for with mortar, and the irregularity of
size of the main constituent accounted for by the introduction of
larger and smaller stones.^There is more truly interesting and incredible work being produced than ever before.

^Meaning no disrespect to local clubs that have a long and proud history, the reality is that grounds are nothing more than a field with a shed of seats on the side and with no major re-structuring having taken place for many years, our playing fields are hardly of the ‘level’ variety.

.The most perfect stability is to be
obtained, nevertheless, from truly wrought and accurately seated
and bonded blocks of stone, mortar being used to no greater extent
than may be necessary to exclude wind and water and prevent the
disintegrating action of these agents upon even the most durable
stone.^Normally 11 gauge or Schedule 40 metal, and determined by the structural engineer Mortar - A mixture of cement (or lime) with sand and water used in masonry work.

.When water alone is to be dealt with, and especially when it
is liable to act with force, mortar is necessary for securing to
every block in the structure its own full weight, and the aid of
every other collateral
and superimposed stone, in order to resist the loosening effect
which water in powerful action is bound to produce.^With the aid of Dr. John Watson, his trusted ally, the renowned "consulting detective" is unequaled in his pursuit of criminals of every stripe, whether relying on his singular powers of observation, his remarkable deductive skills, or the blunt force of his fists.

.In the application of construction to any particular object, the
nature of the object will naturally affect the character of the
constructions and the materials of which they are to be formed.^Construction drywall - A type of construction in which the interior wall finish is applied in a dry condition, generally in the form of sheet materials or wood paneling as contrasted to plaster.

.Every piece of construction should of be complete
in itself, and independent as such of everything beyond it.^Every stage of construction is covered in full detail, beginning with the building of the hull and concluding with propulsion, ballasting, and sailing the completed model.

.A door or a gate serves its purpose by an application wholly
foreign to itself, but it is a good and effective, or a bad and
ineffective, piece of construction, independently of the posts to
which it may be hung, whilst the wheel of a wheelbarrow, comprising felloes,
spokes and axletree, is a piece of construction complete in itself,
and independent as such of everything beyond it.^Such bonds are rarely used in residential construction, they are an insurance policy which guarantees proper completion of a project.

.An arch of masonry, however large it may
be, is not necessarily a piece of construction complete in itself,
for it would fall to pieces without abutments.^However, because of the costs involved and the proximity of the gas chambers in Auschwitz, the construction was probably deemed uneconomic and was never completed.

.Thus a bridge
consisting of a series of arches, however extensive, may be but one
piece of construction, no arch being complete in itself without the
collateral arches in the series to serve as its abutments, and the
whole series being dependent thereby upon the ultimate abutments of
the bridge, without which the structure would not stand.^No one knows yet what the final system would look like; how well it would perform in combat; or how much it would cost over the long run.

.This
illustration is not intended to apply to the older bridges with widely distended
masses, which render each pier
sufficient to abut the arches springing from it, but tend, in
providing for a way over the river, to choke up the way by the
river itself, or to compel the river either to throw down the
structure or else to destroy its own banks.^So much that I wouldn’t consider a site complete until it worked exactly the way that was intended in IE6 and up.

From PSD to HTML, Building a Set of Website Designs Step by Step - Nettuts+12 October 2009 10:28 UTCnet.tutsplus.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^To the left, the carriage road winds past another great bridge---Hemlock---then down a steep section of the road and back past the trailhead you took on the way up.

.Some soils are liable to change in form, expanding and
contracting under meteorological influences; such are clays which
swell when wetted and shrink when dried.^Special attention is paid to such factors as the influence of prewar political unrest and financial problems in Japan, the Naval Limitation Treaties, and changing design concepts.

.Concrete footing is, that the wall obtains
thereby a bearing to walls. g Y g upon a breadth of ground
so much greater than its own width or thickness above the footing
as to compensate for the difference between the power of resisting
pressure of the wall, and of the ground or ultimate foundation upon
which the wall is to rest.^There is a big difference between this CONCRETE BUILDING and a steel frame tower.

You Did It Wrong: Building Demolition Fail - Geekologie9 February 2010 13:013 UTCwww.geekologie.com [Source type: General]

^Mudsill - Bottom horizontal member of an exterior wall frame which rests on top a foundation, sometimes called sill plate.

.It will be clear from this that if a
building is to be erected upon rock as hard as the main constituent
of the walls theoretically no expanded footings will be necessary;
if upon chalk, upon strong or upon weak gravel, upon sand or upon clay, the footing must
be expanded with reference to the power of resistance of the
structure to be used as a foundation; whilst in or upon made ground
or other loose and badly combined or imperfectly resisting soil, a
solid platform bearing
evenly over the ground, and wide enough not to sink into it,
becomes necessary under the constructed footing.^Normally 11 gauge or Schedule 40 metal, and determined by the structural engineer Mortar - A mixture of cement (or lime) with sand and water used in masonry work.

For this purpose
the easiest, the most familiar, and for most purposes the most
effectual and durable is a layer of concrete.

.The English government, when it has legislated upon building
matters, has generally confined itself to making provision that the
enclosing walls of buildings should be formed of incombustible
materials.^Building paper - A general term for papers, felts, and similar sheet materials used in buildings without reference to their properties or uses.

^"The form of the hospital was generally similar to that of the church; the nave formed the common room, the beds were placed in the transepts , and the whole was screened off from the eastern end of the building, where was the chapel .

.In provisions regarding the least thicknesses of such
walls, these were generally determined with reference to the height
and length of the building.^Normally these flue pipes are double walled, galvanized sheet metal pipe and sometimes referred to as a "B Vent".

.In the general and usual practice of developing land at the
present day, the owner or freeholder of the land first consults an
architect and states his intentions of building, the size of what
he requires, what it is to be used for, if for trade how many hands
he intends to employ, and the sub-buildings and departments,
&c., that will be wanted.^The daughter of Robin Bell, Lake landed her first role opposite Jeff Goldblum on War Stories, as well as ER, The Practice and Miss Match.

^Teachers give homework for many good reasons: to practice and review class lessons, to get students ready for the next lessons, to teach them how to work on their own and to teach them to use dictionaries, encyclopedias, libraries and the Internet.

.The architect gathers as much
information as he can as to his client's requirements, and from
this information prepares his sketches.^They may gather information to fulfill AR 190­40 reporting requirements.

.This first step is usually
done with rough sketches or outlines only, and when approved by the
client as regards the planning and situation of rooms, &c., the
architect prepares the plans, elevations, and sections on the lines
of the approved rough sketches; at the same time he strictly
observes the building acts, and makes every portion of the building
comply with these acts as regards the thickness of walls, open
spaces, light and air, distances
from surrounding property, frontage lines, and a host of other
points too numerous to mention, as far as he can interpret the
meaning of the enactments.^Partition - A wall that subdivides spaces within any story of a building or room.

.(The London and New York Building Acts
are very extensive, with numerous amendments made as occasion
requires.^The oldest hospital in the City of New York is the New York Hospital, founded in 1770 by private subscriptions and by contributions from London .

) .An architect, whilst preparing the working drawings from
the rough approved sketches, and endeavouring to conform with the
Building Act requirements, often finds after consultation with the
district surveyor, or the London County Council, or other local
authorities, that the plans have to be altered; and when so altered
the client may disapprove of them, and thus delay often occurs in
settling them.^The presenting resident will then discussed the sequenced treatment plan prepared with input from the Director, Assistant Director, and other appropriate mentors.

.Another important point is that after the architect has obtained
the consent of the building authorities, and also the approval of
the client, then he may have to fight the adjoining owners with
regard to ancient
lights, or air space, or party walls.^Q: May the association, landlord, building management or property owner restrict the installation of an individual antenna because a central antenna will be available in the future?

.In the city of London
these last difficulties often mean the suspension of the work for a
long time, and a great loss to the client.^It seems that Gehry has not lived, loved nor worked in actual city setting for some time.

If the site is a large one, or the nature of the soil uncertain,
trial holes should be sunk directly the sketch plans are
approved.

(See Foundations.) .Where the property is leasehold there are
always at this stage negotiations as to obtaining the approval of
the senior lessors and the freeholders; these having been obtained,
the architect is then free to serve the various notices that may be
required re party walls, &c.^Sky may also be viewed without a contract, for free (all the Freeview channels), but still requires a satellite dish and sky receiver (which can be purchased second hand).

^So since there may be occasions when the sidebar will be longer than the content box we're going to use this method of clearing floating 's instead.

From PSD to HTML, Building a Set of Website Designs Step by Step - Nettuts+12 October 2009 10:28 UTCnet.tutsplus.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

.The contract plans should be very carefully prepared, and
sections, plans and elevations of all parts of the buildings and
the levels from a datum line be given.^The US government which is the largest builder in the US (40% of all building) is also very instrumental in promoting Green Building through design, products and strategies.

.In addition to the general
set of drawings, larger scale details of the principal portions of
the building should be given.^There are not enough people using Green building materials now to make much of a dent on the larger scale, however this will change.

.If there are any existing buildings on the site these should be
carefully surveyed and accurate detail plans be made for reference;
this is especially necessary with regard to easements and rights of
adjoining owners.^I’m not going to go into too much detail about my situation regarding Zendik right now.

.Also in the preparation of the site plan the
various levels of the ground should be shown.^It pulls together the various theater missile defense players into one combined and joint organization capable of planning, integrating and executing theater missile defense operations at the theater level.

.The plans having been approved by all parties concerned, the
next operation is the preparation of the specification.
This is a document which describes the materials to be used in the
building, states how they are to be mixed, and how the various
works are to be executed, and specifies every trade, and every
portion of work in the building.^The materials for this building were all supplied locally.

^The massive scale, questionable urban design, huge public subsidy, use of eminent domain, and displacement of existing residents and business -- all these are more cause for concern than the architectural style(s) of the buildings themselves.

.The specification is necessary to
enable the builder to erect the structure according to the
architect's requirements, and is written by the architect; usually
two copies of this document are made, one for the builder, the
other for the architect, and the latter is signed as the contract
copy in the same manner as the drawings.^As such it is "required by law to collect and house at least one copy of every document published in Botswana including Government publications."

.From the specification and drawings usually an approximate
estimate of the cost of the proposed building is prepared by the
architect, and the most general method adopted is to cube the
building by a multiplication of the length, breadth and height of
the building, and to multiply the product or cubic contents by a
price ranging from fivepence to three shillings per cubic foot.^(Building Material) production by 2% per level.

.In
the case of churches, chapels and schools, the cost may be roughly
computed by taking the number of seats at a price per seat.^Time and materials contract - A construction contract which specifies a price for different elements of the work such as cost per hour of labor, overhead, profit, etc.

In the
case of churches and chapels, taking a minimum area of 8 ft. each,
the cost varies from £io upwards, the difference being due to the
amount of architectural embellishment or the addition of a tower. .Schools may be estimated as
averaging £q per scholar; we find that, taking schools of various
sizes erected by the late London School Board, their cost varied
from £7:1 2: 4 to Rio: is 10 per scholar.^Alaska schools vary greatly in size.

.Hospitals vary from £ioo
per bed upwards, the lowest cost being taken from a cottage hospital type; while in the
case of St Thomas's hospital, London, the cost per bed, including
the proportion of the administrative block, was £650, and without
this portion the wards alone cost £250. The Herbert
hospital at Woolwich cost
only £3 20 per bed.^In giving them practical effect St. Charles Borromeo set the example by founding and endowing a hospital at Milan and by obliging hospital directors to submit reports of their administration.

.The bills of quantities are prepared by the quantity surveyor,
and are generally made to form part of the contract, and so
mentioned in "the contract."^General Rogers had mentioned that repairs were made on the spot, I think a lot of folks are going to want to know who made those repairs.

.The work of the quantity surveyor is
to measure from the drawings the whole of the materials required
for the structure, and state the amounts.^For example, selection of tile as a flooring may require an allowance for an underlayment material, or an electrical allowance which sets aside an amount of money to be spent on electrical fixtures.

or quantities of the
respective materials in the form of a bill usually made out on .foolscap paper specially
ruled, so that foundations are commonly interposed upon such soils
Y P P to protect the building from derangement
from this cause; or walls of the cheaper material, concrete,
instead of the more expensive brick or stone structure, are brought
up from a level sufficiently below the ordinary surface of the
ground.^Parallel layers of building materials such as bricks, or siding laid up horizontally.

.When concrete is used to obviate the tendency of the soil
to yield to pressure, expanse or extent of base is required, and
the concrete being widely spread should therefore be deep or thick
as a layer, only with reference to its own power of transmitting to
the ground the weight of the wall to be built upon it, without
breaking across or being crushed.^It can be worked depending upon the climatic situations (as the satellite TV) Based on the high-speed satellite Internet connection source you may still require to know how to use the dial-up connection over the Internet The setting up of dial-up connection is quite difficult than wired Internet or else DSL. Thus, should you access high-speed satellite Internet connection?

^For the midcourse NMD capability, the Pentagons own estimate is much higher, $16-$19 billion, in part because it would abandon the Navy Theater Wides current kill vehicle and instead use the much larger and more capable exoatmospheric kill vehicle that is being developed for the ground-based NMD system.

.But when concrete is used as a
substitute for a wall, in carrying a wall down to a low level, it
is in fact a wall in itself, wide only in proportion to its
comparative weakness in the absence of manipulated bond in its
construction, and encased by the soil within which it is placed.^Plate - Normally a 2 X 4 or 2 X 6 that lays horizontally within a framed structure, such as: Sill plate- A horizontal member anchored to a concrete or masonry wall.

.When a concrete wall is used in place of brick the London Building
Act requires an extra thickness of one-third; on the question of
reinforced concrete no regulations as to thickness have at present
been made.^Ceiling joist - One of a series of parallel framing members used to support ceiling loads and supported in turn by larger beams, girders or bearing walls.

.The foundation of a building of ordinary weight is for
the most part sufficiently provided for by applying what are
technically termed "footings" to the walls.^Bearing point - A point where a bearing or structural weight is concentrated and transferred to the foundation Bearing wall - A wall that supports any vertical load in addition to its own weight.

The idea is to be able to arrive at a lump sum for
which the builders will undertake to erect the building. .It is of
frequent occurrence, in fact it occurs in four-fifths of building
contracts, that when a building is commenced, the client, or other
interested person, will alter some portion, thereby causing
deviations from the bills of quantities.^Extras - Additional work requested of a contractor, not included in the original plan, which will be billed separately and will not alter the original contract amount, but increase the cost of building the home.

.By having the prices of
the different materials before him, it is easy for the quantity
surveyor to remeasure the portion altered, adding or deducting as
the case may be, and thus to ascertain what difference the
alteration makes.^Ticket prices are set by sellers and may differ from face value.

.This method of bills of quantities and prices is
absolutely necessary to any one about to build, and means a
considerable saving to the client in the end.^The Energy Minute this month is about open versus proprietary networking methods for building controls.

.For example: -
Suppose that bills of quantities are not prepared for a certain job by a quantity surveyor, and, as is
often done, the drawings and specification are sent to several
builders asking them for a quotation to build the house or factory or
whatever it may be, according to the drawings and specification.^Example 3) Suppose you design daylighting into the roof of a structure in order for more light to enter into an old building with poor lighting.

The prices are duly sent in to the architect, and probably the
lowest price is accepted and the successful builder starts the job.
.During the progress of the works certain alterations take place by
the owner's instructions, and when the day of settlement comes, the
builder puts in his claim for "extras," then owing to the
alterations and to the architect having no prices to work upon,
litigation often ensues.^I hate IE6 as much as the next designer out there, but it comes with the territory – you HAVE to take care of those IE6 discrepancies before it can be considered a working website.

From PSD to HTML, Building a Set of Website Designs Step by Step - Nettuts+12 October 2009 10:28 UTCnet.tutsplus.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^I feel great, no matter what happens, knowing that we are taking care of families, providing a great environment to work in.

.Before the work of erecting a structure is entrusted to a
builder he has to sign a contract in the same manner as the
drawings and specification.^That includes pretty much every structure erected before 1800 or so, and a large proportion built during the 19th and early 20th centuries.

.This contract is an important document
wherein the builder agrees to carry out the work for a stated sum
of money, in accordance with the drawings and specification, and
bills of quantities, and instructions of the architect, and to his
entire satisfaction; and it also states the
description of the materials and workmanship, and the manner of
carrying out the work, responsibilities of the builder,
particularly clauses indemnifying the employer against accidents to
employees, and against numerous other risks, the time of completion
of works under-a penalty for
non-completion (the usual allowance being made for bad weather, fire or
strikes), and also how payments will be made to the builder as he
proceeds with the building.^Which clauses are important in a house building contract.

.This form of contract is generally
prepared by the architect, and varies in part as may be necessary
to meet the requirements of the case.^So, the rank matters only if the student is looking for "General" criteria for the universities and may not be useful or helpful to meet all for the student's individual objective.

.When the drawings have been approved by the owner or client,
also by the district surveyor or local authorities, and by
adjoining owners, one copy of them, made on linen, is usually deposited (in London) either
witli the district surveyor, or with the London County Council,
another is prepared for the freeholder if a lease of the land is granted, and a third is
given to the builder.^Philadelphia is gripped with fear as Shelton's high-profile targets are slain one after another and the authorities are powerless to halt his reign of terror.

.In addition, in complicated cases such as
occur in the city of London, when a building is erected on land
which has four or five distinct owners, an architect may have to
prepare a large number of complete copies to be deposited with the
various parties interested.^In addition to the few cases discussed above, there are a much larger number of reported cases of pupils/students injured during athletic activities that may raise analogous issues.

.The duties of the builder are very similar to those of the
architect, except that he.^July 16, 2009 For architects and builders, tracking LEED credits requires software functionality similar to that required for more traditional construction project management.

is not expected to be able to plan and
design, but to carry out the plans and designs of the architect in
the actual work of building. .The builder should also know the
various acts, and in particular the acts specially relating to the
erection of scaffoldings, hoardings, gantries, shoring and pulling
down of old buildings.^Based on conversations with people who should know who builds what in the USA, and not a scientific survey here is what I can gather are the top 5 data center construction companies in order.

.He should have a thorough knowledge of all
materials, their qualifying marks or brands, and the special
features of good and bad in each class, their uses and method of
use.^All brand names and product names used on this Web site are trade names, service marks, registered trademarks of their respective holders.

^By the time Powell gets done with it, it'll all be good as new, almost -- all but that jagged mark down the middle.

The Barracks by Richard Seltzer11 September 2009 22:36 UTCwww.samizdat.com [Source type: Original source]

.He should be able to control and manage both the men and materials; and briefly,
in a builder, as opposed to an architect, the constructive
knowledge should predominate.^Managing Your Environmental Responsibilities (MYER): A Planning Guide for Construction and Development This guide is for the construction company owner, contractor, architect, and other personnel involved in construction and development.

.On large or important works it is usual to have a clerk of works
or delegate from the architect; his duties are to be on the works
while they are in progress and endeavour by constant attention to
secure the use of the best materials and construction, and to
report to the architect for his instruction any difficulties that
may arise.^Generators may be used so long as they do not damage University property; if a generator is placed on a grassy area it must rest on a board or other hard material to protect the grass and soil beneath.

SoonerSports.com - Official Site of the Oklahoma Sooners2 February 2010 17:21 UTCwww.soonersports.com [Source type: General]

^F Install benches by fastening bench tops to pedestals and securely anchoring to the floor using appropriate anchors for the floor material.

.But whereas New York allows the erection of
frame or wood structures, while defining a certain portion of the
city inside which no new frame or wood structures shall be erected,
in London and the large cities of Great Britain the erection of wood frame buildings as
dwellings is prohibited.^Dodger Stadium was built in 1962 after Walter O'Malley moved the Dodgers from their home in Brooklyn to the city of Los Angeles after a suitable stadium location in New York could not be found.

.In New York City provision is made for a
space at the rear of domestic buildings at least io ft.^Dodger Stadium was built in 1962 after Walter O'Malley moved the Dodgers from their home in Brooklyn to the city of Los Angeles after a suitable stadium location in New York could not be found.

deep, but
such depth is increased when the building is over 60 ft. high, and
is varied under special circumstances. .In London this depth is the
same, but the height of the building in relation to the space
required in the rear thereof shall be constructed to keep within an
angle of 631 degrees, Inclining from the rear boundary towards the
building from the level of pavement in front of building; the position
from which the angle is taken is varied under special
circumstances.^Heating load - The amount of heating required to keep a building at a specified temperature during the winter, usually 65° F, regardless of outside temperature.

.In the smaller English towns the building
regulations are framed on the model by-laws, and these increase the
depth of the yard or garden
according to the height of the building.^The School’s philosophy of education teaches children to build on core knowledge, increasing the depth and strength of that knowledge as they mature.

^Available for free Building Benchmark Models Developed by DOE with three of its' national labs, these benchmark models are complete descriptions of buildings for whole building energy analysis using EnergyPlus.

.With regard to the strength and proportion of materials, these
are not dealt with in the London Building Act to the same extent as
in the New York; for example, in the New York acts (parts 4 and 5)
1 it is prescribed that the bricks used shall be good, hard,
well-burned bricks.^Available for free Building Benchmark Models Developed by DOE with three of its' national labs, these benchmark models are complete descriptions of buildings for whole building energy analysis using EnergyPlus.

.The sand used for mortar shall be clean, sharp,
grit sand, free from loam or dirt,
and shall not be finer than the standard samples kept in the office
of the department of buildings; also the quality of lime and mortar is fully described, and the
strengths of steel and cast-iron, and tests of new
materials.^We’re building a new Emergency Department!

.Also it is required that all excavations for buildings
shall be properly guarded and protected so as to prevent them from
becoming dangerous to life or limb, and shall be sheath-piled where necessary by
the person or persons causing the excavations to be made, to
prevent the adjoining earth from caving in.^Millwork - Generally all building materials made of finished wood and manufactured in millwork plants.

^Seitz cites a 1943 opinion in California that says: Knowledge that danger exists is not knowledge of the amount of danger necessary to charge a person with negligence in assuming the risk caused by such danger.

.Plans filed in the
department of buildings shall be accompanied by a statement of the
character of the soil at the level of the footings.^By using IQS you will be able to generate the plans and specs you need for your building department to approve.

There are also
requirements as to protecting adjoining property. .The bearing
capacity of soils, pressure under footings of foundations, and in
part 6 the materials of walls and the methods to be observed in
building them are defined.^Cantilevered void - Foundation void material used in unusually expansive soils conditions.

.Part 23 deals with floor loads, and the
strength of floors constructed of various materials, and requires
that the temporary support shall be strong enough to carry the load
placed upon them during the progress of any works to buildings.^Gypcrete, otherwise known as lightweight concrete, is not strong enough to hold together when a wood floor that is glued to it expands and contracts.

Part 24 deals with the calculations and strength of materials, and wind
pressure. .Parts 4 and 5 of the New York Building Code are not dealt
with by the London Building Act, but the local by-laws of the
various districts deal with these.^Ford Foundation Building , by Roche-Dinkeloo, at New York, New York, 1963 to 1968.

.Part 6 of the New York code is
dealt with partly by the London Building Act, and partly by the
local by-laws.^The framer builds the home according to the blueprints and must comply with local building codes and regulations.

^All along we've been acting like this was something new, like nobody'd ever been through basic before.

The Barracks by Richard Seltzer11 September 2009 22:36 UTCwww.samizdat.com [Source type: Original source]

.In America the standard quality for all materials
is set out, but in no English acts do we find the definition of the
quality of timber, new materials, steel, &c.^"There's no way for me to find out who got me with the shaving cream.

The Barracks by Richard Seltzer11 September 2009 22:36 UTCwww.samizdat.com [Source type: Original source]

^With the goal of bringing access to quality entertainment for all American made, live television and then set his sights on improving the quality and ease-of-use of its services.

.Iron and steel
construction is in its infancy in England as compared with America,
and probably this accounts for no special regulations being in
force; but part 22 of the New York Building Code, section zio to
129 inclusive, deals very fully with iron and steel construction,
and this is further supplemented by sections 137 to 140
inclusive.^The new Garden would seat 22,000 for hockey and 23,000 for basketball, making it one of the larger arenas in America.

.Sanitary work is dealt with in London by section 39 of the
Public Health (London) Act, and the drainage by-laws of the London
County Council, in which every detail is very fully gone into with
regard to the laying of drains, and fitting up of soil pipes,
w.c.'s, &c., all of which is to be carried out and tested to
the satisfaction of the local borough's sanitary inspector.^I’m not going to go into too much detail about my situation regarding Zendik right now.

.The
general requirements of New York with regard to sanitary work are
very similar with a few more restrictions, and are carried out
under "the rules and regulations for plumbing, drainage, 1
Building and Health Laws and Regulations affecting the City of
New York, including the Building Code of New York City as amended
to 1st May 1903. water-supply, and ventilation of buildings."^Girls were asked to design and build s'mores out of the usual materials - graham crackers, chocolate, marshmallows - and the resulting objects were tested and judged.

^The rule applies to state or local laws or regulations, including zoning, land-use or building regulations, private covenants, homeowners’ association rules, condominium or cooperative association restrictions, lease restrictions, or similar restrictions on property within the exclusive use or control of the antenna user where the user has an ownership or leasehold interest in the property.

^A: All transmitters regulated by the Commission, including the customer-end fixed wireless antennas (either satellite or terrestrial) covered under the amended rule, are required to meet the applicable Commission guidelines regarding RF exposure limits.

.The noticeable feature of the New York regulations is that all
master plumbers have to be registered, which is not so in England.^But when I looked closely, I noticed that all of the artwork featured on the website looked the same.

.The New York regulations have 183 sections relating to sanitary
work, and the English regulations have 96 sections.^Number of years the New York Police Department's new Deputy Commissioner of Intelligence worked for the CIA : 35 .

.Also by part 16
of the Amendments to Plumbing Rules 1903, the New York laws require
that, before any construction of, or alterations to, any gas piping
or fittings are commenced, permits must be obtained from the superintendent of
buildings; these are only issued to a registered plumber.^Trap - A plumbing fitting that holds water to prevent air, gas, and vermin from backing up into a fixture.

.The
application must be accompanied by plans of the different floors
showing each outlet, and the number of burners to each outlet; a
statement must also be made of the quality of the pipes and
fittings, all of which are to be tested by the inspector.^All items must fit into a 12” x 12” x 12” template at the gate through which you enter the stadium.

.In London
there are no such laws; the gas companies control a small portion
of the work as regards the connexion to meters, while the insurance
companies require gas jets to be covered with a wire guard where
liable to come in contact with inflammable goods.^As such it is "required by law to collect and house at least one copy of every document published in Botswana including Government publications."

^This is one reason that there is no need for canon law: the moral components of canon law evolved to guide priests as they supervised their members' lives.

What is the Church?11 September 2009 23:39 UTCgeneva.rutgers.edu [Source type: Original source]

.As to water, the
various water companies in England have each their own set of
regulations as to the kind of fittings and thickness and quality of
pipe to be used, whether for
service, wastes or main.^PVC or CPVC - Poly Vinyl Chloride-A type of white or light gray plastic pipe sometimes used for water supply lines and waste pipe.

.The importance of fire-resisting construction is being more
fully recognized now by all countries.^So it is seemingly true that when one abandons god, religion, country, society, morality, family and all systems (including the super-ego) then one is more internally free.

.In France the regulations
Fire- for factories, shops and workshops relating to
"exits" require that all doors should open outwardly when they open
on to courts, vestibules, staircases or interior passages.^Should they not fit under your seat, they may be checked at a Guest Relations or Concierge Center.

.When
they give access to the open air, outward opening is not obligatory
unless it has been judged necessary in the interests of safety.^A: Yes, unless the restriction being challenged or for which a waiver is sought is necessary for reasons of safety or historic preservation.

.If
the doors open on to a passage or staircase they must be fixed in such a manner
as not to project into the passage or staircase when open.^Before the doors opened at 11 a.m., they were already waiting outside the Texas Union Ballroom — a line of fresh-faced, professionally dressed students.

.The
exits must be numerous, and signs indicating the quickest way out
are to be placed in conspicuous positions.^I get so distressed as i am in a position where the only single way out, is for me to master this .

From PSD to HTML, Building a Set of Website Designs Step by Step - Nettuts+12 October 2009 10:28 UTCnet.tutsplus.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^Walk off mats should be placed inside and out at all exterior exits, and the floor should be swept or vacuumed frequently.

^"There's no place on the official form to indicate whether the latrine is used or not or to indicate the level of the stench out there under the trees.

The Barracks by Richard Seltzer11 September 2009 22:36 UTCwww.samizdat.com [Source type: Original source]

The windows are to open
outwardly. .Staircases in offices or other buildings serving as
places for work shall be constructed in incombustible materials, or
shall be walled in fully in plaster.^I applaud green design, but as others have mentioned an analysis of the carbon emissions embedded in the construction process and in the materials would also put these claims of greenness in perspective.

^Online self paced and self study Study from your home, office or any other place .

Online High School Diploma | GED | Accredited Diploma Program - MUST High School 12 January 2010 9:58 UTCwww.musthighschool.com [Source type: General]

The number of staircases shall be in
proportion to the number of employees, &c. .It is prohibited to
use any liquid emitting vapours inflammable under 35° C. for the
purpose of lighting or heating, unless the apparatus containing the
liquid is solidly closed during work, that part of the apparatus
containing the liquid being so closed as to avoid any oozing out of
the liquid, &c.^Since that first night game in 1931, LSU has played the majority of its games at night and the Tigers have fared much better under the lights than during the day.

&c. Instructions are added as to
precautions to be taken in case of fire.

.In London fire-resisting construction is dealt with in the
London Building Act, and its second schedule, and in London County Council Theatre and Factory Acts, &c.^Meeting At 7 p.m., the Chesterfield County Council of PTAs-PTSAs will meet at the School Administration Building, 9900 Krause Road.

.In New York the building code (parts 19, 20 and 21) deals with fire
appliances, escapes, and fire-proof shutters and doors, fire-proof
buildings and fire-proof floors, and requires that all tenement houses shall have an
iron ladder for escape.^Examples of valid safety restrictions include fire codes preventing people from installing antennas on fire escapes; restrictions requiring that a person not place an antenna within a certain distance from a power line; and installation requirements that describe the proper method to secure an antenna.

.A
section somewhat similar to the last came into force in London in
1907 under the London Building Act, being framed with a view to
require all existing projecting one-storey shops to have a fire-resisting roof, and
all existing buildings over 50 ft.^Hip roof - A roof that rises by inclined planes from all four sides of a building.

in height to have means of
escape to and from the roof in case of fire.

.There are several patents
now in use with which it would be possible to erect a fire-proof
dwelling at small cost with walls 3 to 5 in.^"At some point you will have a defining moment that builds true confidence in a friendship, and there are days you will realize that someone used you up for as long as possible then abandoned you.

in thickness. .One of
these has been used where the building act does not apply, as in
the case of the Newgate prison
cells, London, where the outside walls were from 3 to 4 in.^I think one piece of information you’re missing, Jyre, is that participating in a cult situation does not equal acting like a zombie.

^Available for free Building Benchmark Models Developed by DOE with three of its' national labs, these benchmark models are complete descriptions of buildings for whole building energy analysis using EnergyPlus.

thick
only, and were absolutely fire and burglar proof. .This method
consists in using steel dovetailed sheets fixed between small steel
stanchions and plastered in cement on both sides.^After making the whiskers on one side, the two whiskers on the other cheek are completed using the same method.

.This form of
construction was also used at the British pavilion, Paris Exhibition 1900, and has been
employed in numerous other buildings in England, and also in South Africa, Venezuela, and India (Delhi durbar).^England Cricket performance squad at hpc - 17/12/2009 The English performance squad based themselves at the hpc as part of the England cricket series against South Africa.

University of Pretoria9 January 2010 10:30 UTCweb.up.ac.za [Source type: Academic]

^This Construction Glossary is free to everyone, courtesy of Home Building Manual ** ** (If you use this Glossary (or anything else at this site), please give www.HomeBuildingManual.com credit.

.The use of many of these convenient and
sound forms of building construction for ordinary buildings in
London, and in districts of England where the model by-laws are in
force, is prohibited because they do not comply with some one or
other of the various clauses relating to materials, or to the
thickness of a wall.^At least they used put forward some anger, some identifiable rebellion in their public face.

.The principal publications for reference in connexion with this
subject are: The Building and Health Laws of the City of New
York,BrooklynEagle Library, No.^New York Public Library , by Carrere and Hastings, at New York, New York, 1897 to 1911.

.85; Rules
and Regulations affecting Building Operations in the administrative
County of London, compiled by Ellis Marsland; Annotated
By-Laws as to House Drainage, &c., by Jensen; Metropolitan
Sanitation, by Herbert Daw.^Meeting At 7 p.m., the Chesterfield County Council of PTAs-PTSAs will meet at the School Administration Building, 9900 Krause Road.

^A: The rule applies to restrictions imposed by local governments, including zoning, land-use or building regulations; by homeowner, townhome , condominium or cooperative association rules, including deed restrictions, covenants, by-laws and similar restrictions; and by manufactured housing (mobile home) park owners and landlords, including lease restrictions.

From BibleWiki

among the Jews was suited to the climate and conditions of the
country. .They probably adopted the kind of architecture for their
dwellings which they found already existing when they entered Canaan (Deut6:10; Num13:19).^Also, I’ve recently ditched the IE6 png fix behavior scripts – I’ve found they kind of bog the page down.

From PSD to HTML, Building a Set of Website Designs Step by Step - Nettuts+12 October 2009 10:28 UTCnet.tutsplus.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

^China and Russia are already confident they can foil U.S. missile defenses {8}; {9}; {10}.

In Gen11:3, 9, we have the first
recorded instance of the erection of buildings. .The cities of the
plain of Shinar were founded
by the descendants of Shem (10:11,
12, 22).^Tower City 1.12 100 PM 9/11 IFLOWS Cressona 1.04 100 PM 9/11 IFLOWS Pine Grove 1.00 100 PM 9/11 IFLOWS ...

.The Israelites were
by occupation shepherds and dwellers in tents (Gen47:3); but from the time of
their entering Canaan they
became dwellers in towns, and in houses built of the native
limestone of Palestine.^Inmates will not enter or work in or near family housing areas at any time.

Much building was carried on in Solomon's time. Besides the buildings he
completed at Jerusalem,
he also built Baalath and Tadmor (1 Kg9:15, 24). Many of the kings
of Israel and Judah were engaged in erecting various
buildings.

Herod and his sons and
successors restored the temple, and built fortifications and other
structures of great magnificence in Jerusalem (Lk21:5).

.The instruments used in building are mentioned as the plumb-line
(Amos7:7), the measuring-reed (Ezek40:3), and the saw (1 Kg7:9).^Plumbing boots - Metal saddles used to strengthen a bearing wall/vertical stud(s) where a plumbing drain line has been cut through and installed.

^What we're building is actually the HTML that I'm using in the book to build the main example themes.

From PSD to HTML, Building a Set of Website Designs Step by Step - Nettuts+12 October 2009 10:28 UTCnet.tutsplus.com [Source type: FILTERED WITH BAYES]

Believers are "God's building"
(1Cor3:9); and heaven is called "a building of
God" (2Cor5:1). .Christ is the only foundation of his church (1Cor3:10-12), of which he
also is the builder (Mt16:18).^Bill Fredericks, Lakeville, MN, 10/12/02 16:32:49 .

Building may be a noun or a verb. Building is one of the most ancient human skills. It is part of how we have survived and it is the clearest symbol of every civilization. Although some other animals build simple structures, e.g. birds, ants and bees, humans have learned to build in a great many different ways, to suit different needs and local conditions. We build mostly for shelter. Buildings can shelter people, or animals, or machinery, or anything. The simplest building is just a roof, to keep the space beneath dry, or shady. Adding walls gives more shelter, from the wind or rain. It also gives security.

By putting a window in a wall, with or without glass, we let light inside the building. We leave a hole somewhere big enough to go in and out, with a door which can be opened and closed. Often the door will have a lock, so the building can be left secure.

If a building is to last for a long time, it must have a foundation. This is like the root of a tree, which is sunk in the ground and supports the walls. If the ground is soft, the foundation must be very deep and strong.

If a building is high enough, it can have more than one floor. People can climb from one floor to the next by a staircase, or perhaps by a lift or elevator. This is known as going upstairs, or downstairs. Buildings can also have a floor under the ground. This is usually called a cellar or basement.

So we build shelters: places to live and to raise our young. We also build places to work and to make things, places to store things, places to sell things, places where sick people can go to be treated, places to put people who break our laws. We build to make life easier, or to make money.

But we also design some buildings for a very different reason. We build churches where a large number of people can gather to worship god or listen to what other people have to say. Until we began to build skyscrapers, churches were always the very largest, tallest buildings of all, except for castles. The biggest churches of all, cathedrals, are even bigger than most castles.

Big buildings have always symbolised power. They are built to impress and to give a focus to our cities. They are designed to make us feel small and to make those who own them appear big. Banks and governments like to build tall, impressive buildings for the same reason.

Buildings can be beautiful or ugly, exciting or boring. Architects are people trained to design buildings. There have been many good architects and also many bad ones, just as there have been good builders and bad. Architecture can be an art form. Look at the building where you are reading this. Look at the shapes and shadows. Is there enough light? Do some rooms make you feel like staying in them, while others make you want to hurry away? Do they have interesting features? Think about how you could have made the building better. Almost anybody can become an architect if they want to badly enough, but only a good architect or a good builder can make a beautiful building.