Wednesday, September 25, 2013

Minneapolis will likely see increased voter turnout in November

Predicting voter turnout is always difficult, including for political scientists. The same will be true this November in the Minneapolis elections. But for those who contend that confusion due ranked choice voting (RCV) or that 35 candidates are running for mayor will depress voter turnout, they had better think again. Instead, examination of the factors affecting voter turnout and evidence from races and jurisdictions where there are competitive multi-candidate races suggests Minneapolis could have a larger than expected turnout this fall. As I point out in my forthcoming book Election Law and Democratic Theory, many variables influence voter turnout. Party affiliation and intensity of partisan attachment are two factors. Being a member of a political party and the intensity of that party loyalty affect turnout. But other demographic factors such as class, race, and religion too are important. Religious affiliation–especially regular religious attendance–correlate positively with voter turnout. Age too is a factor, with middle age voters more likely to vote than those under the age of 30. Turnout in the United States is also greater in presidential than non-presidential election years. There is also good data suggesting that better educated and informed voters are more likely to vote and that campaigns that are better covered by the media have higher rates of turnout. But there are two other factors that are significant drivers of voter turnout–the appearance of a close or competitive election and candidate choice. There is powerful evidence that voters are more likely to vote when there is a reality or perception that their vote matters. All things being equal, voters like competitive horse races and will show up when they think their vote will make a difference. Related to that, when there are competitive elections candidates and parties generally do a better job identifying and mobilizing voters to turnout, acting on the same belief that every vote matters. Second, in situations where individuals feel like there is a real choice they are more likely to vote. Voters who do not find candidates whom they wish to vote for or in races where they are not excited about their choices, are less likely to vote than in races where they perceive a choice. Anecdotal and hard evidence support the notion that competitive elections and candidate choice are powerful forces affecting turnout. There is evidence that the Electoral College depresses turnout in non-competitive presidential states. Generally competitive close elections have higher turnout than lopsided victories. Around the world multi-candidate (more than two viable choices) races yield higher voter turnouts than non-competitive or two person races. In 2010, those of us who predicted that the shift to an August primary would decrease turnout as was the case in the other states that did the same, the close DFL gubernatorial race demonstrated how candidate choice and competition increased turnout. Finally, for those who have worked on real campaigns (including me), they know that candidates and parties hustle more for voters when it is perceived to be a close election. Now apply all this to the coming Minneapolis elections. All indications are that the mayor’s race is very competitive and that there is no clear favorite. There are perhaps four or more individuals who have a real chance to win, each appealing to different constituencies. This means already candidates are working hard to mobilize their voters and that Minneapolis residents have several choices for mayor. These factors alone should positively affect turnout. But now throw RCV in and the calculations change. Some might argue that RCV and the appearance of too many choices will confuse voters and depress turnout. Only elitists lacking faith in the people should make such an argument. Instead, RCV, as it was designed to do, enhances voter choice and creates real possibilities that candidates who were the second or third choice of voters might win. This creates, as is happening in Minneapolis, candidates who are working harder to convince voters to consider them a second choice and it is encouraging voters to think, in a race that seems even more competitive than usual, that their vote will matter. Bottom line–there is a reason to vote. Four years ago Minneapolis used RCV for the first time and turnout was abysmal. Critics labeled RCV as the reason. I was asked by the City of Minneapolis back then to evaluate the implementation of RCV. My report indicated that the main reason for low voter turnout was a perception that the mayor’s race was not competitive. The 2009 was not a good test of RCV. Moreover, there was no or little evidence that RCV depressed turnout among the poor or people of color. Yes, some areas of the city did have signs of voter confusion but again no evidence that RCV depressed turnout. Evidence of use of RCV in the United States and around the world substantiates that conclusion. Overall, given the low voter turnout and perceived lack of competitive elections in 2009, it is almost too easy to predict that in 2013 turnout will increase across the board. Many factors will drive this including the hard competition of many fine candidates in a close election where RCV could determine the outcome of the mayor’s race.

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About Me

Professor in the political science department at Hamline University where he teaches classes in American politics, public policy and administration, and ethics.
Schultz holds an appointment at the University of Minnesota law school and teaches election law, state constitutional law, and professional responsibility.
He has authored/edited 30 books, 12 legal treatises, and more than 100 articles on topics including civil service reform, election law, eminent domain, constitutional law, public policy, legal and political theory, and the media and politics.
In addition to 25+ years teaching, he has worked in government as a director of code enforcement and for a community action agency as an economic and housing planner.