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The RomanRepublic was a short-lived (four months) state established in February 1849 when the theocratic Papal States were temporarily overthrown by Carlo Armellini, Giuseppe Mazzini and Aurelio Saffi.

One of the major innovations the Republic hoped to achieve was enshrined in its constitution; all religions could be practiced freely and the pope was guaranteed the right to govern the Catholic Church.

Additionally, the Constitution of the RomanRepublic was the first in the world to abolish capital punishment in its constitutional law.

The RomanRepublic traditionally lasted as a representative government of Rome and its territories from 509 BC until the establishment of the Roman Empire, typically placed at 44 BC or 27 BC.

The Romans observed two principles for their officials: annuality or the observation of a one-year term and collegiality or the holding of the same office by at least two men at the same time.

In the end, the Roman world became too large and complicated for the structures of the republic to cope, and after a period of civil war ended by the Battle of Actium (31 BC), Augustus Caesar established the Roman Empire, with himself as the nation's first Emperor.

encyclopedia.learnthis.info /r/ro/roman_republic_1.html (1718 words)

Roman Republic(Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)

The great majority of the senators were former republican officials.The Romans observed two principles for their officials: '''annuality''', or the observation of a one-year term, and '''[[collegiality]]''', or the holding of the same office by at least two men at the same time.

Roman Governors of Asia were also notoriously corrupt and greedy, and injustice was common in the province for nearly a century after the transfer of power.

The final major confrontation of the RomanRepublic occurred on September 2, 31 BC, at the naval [[Battle of Actium]] where the fleet of Octavian under the command of Agrippa routed the larger fleet of Antony and Cleopatra; the two lovers fled to Egypt.

Throughout the 4th century BC the Romans fought a series of wars with their neighbors, most notably the Sabines and the Samnites, who were their main rivals on the Italian mainland.

Roman victories at Thermopylae (191 BC) and the Battle of Magnesia (190 BC), forced Antiochus to sign the Treaty of Apamia (188 BC), ceding Seleucid territory to Rome and Pergamon, and extracting a war indemnity of 15,000 talents of silver.

The RomanRepublic would be rocked by a slave revolt led by Spartacus who according to ancient sources was a Thracian auxilia who had deserted from the Roman legions.

The cornerstone of ancient Roman chronology was the capture of Rome by the Gauls, since this event was the earliest fact of Roman history mentioned and dated by contemporary Greek authors.

Since, for at least the last century, most trendy political opinion has despised the principles of limited government and naively imagined that the more democracy the better, most recent judgment about the RomanRepublic would be that it was insufficiently democratic.

Cato's defense of the Republic was remembered in the British Whig politics of the 18thcentury.

For much of the era of the Roman Empire, Greek was the lengua franca of the Empire as a result of the Hellenization of the eastern half of the Meditteranean brought about by Alexander the Great and the dynasties that succeeded him.

Image:HannibalFrescoCapitolinec1510.jpg Hannibal was a master strategist who knew that the Roman cavalry was, as a rule, weak and vulnerable and therefore enlisted superior Numidian light cavalry along with Gallic and Hispanic heavy cavalry into his armies, with devastating effect on the Roman legions.

Image:Asia minor roman power.jpg In 133 BC, a dying King Attalus III of Pergamon willed his entire kingdom to the RomanRepublic to avoid dynastic disputes amongst his heirs, and to avoid the possibility that Rome would take the opportunity to seize Pergamon by force.

At the end of the 18thcentury, the history of the terms whose literal meaning is rule by the peopledemocracy and republicleft the answer unclear.

The republic consisted of the seven northern Netherlands provinces that won independence from Spain from 1568 to 1609, and it grew out of the Union of Utrecht (1579), which was designed to improve the...

Of the two new countries, the Czech Republic was the larger, with a land area of 30,441 square miles (78,842 square kilometers), compared to Slovakia's 18,919...

By the 18thcentury, it was clear that the entire history of western thought from Plato and Aristotle down to Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz (1646-1716), Benedict de Spinoza (1632-1677) and René Descartes (see Lecture 8) was obsessed with metaphysical questions.

Throughout the 18thcentury and across the European Continent, from Russia to England and across the Atlantic to the American colonies, their political, religious and social ideas ranged across a large spectrum.

We have seen the influence Newton had on the 18thcentury and in general, it was the New Science which Newton seemed to embody that permeated intellectual endeavors in the 18thcentury.

Throughout most of the long history of the RomanRepublic, the law treated criminal offenses as "civil wrongs" that were handled in lawsuits between the victim and the accused offender.

Some changes occurred in Roman law when Christianity became the official religion of the Empire in A.D. For example, a marriage was not legal unless the couple had received the blessing of a Church priest.

Roman Law Resources Information on Roman law sources and literature, the teaching of Roman law, and the persons who engage in the study of Roman law.

The Roman monarchy was often seen as the time when Rome rose from its founding on the Tiber to becoming one of the foremost cities in all of Italy.

Throughout the 4th century B.C. the Romans fought a series of wars with their neighbors, most notably the Sabines, who became their principle enemies on the Italian mainland.

Large-scale agriculture in the Italian peninsula came to depend on slavery in the latifundia system, and was rocked by a severe slave revolt (the Third Servile War) led by Spartacus that lasted from 73 BC to 71 BC.

Rococo, Neoclassicism and Romanticism are three influential movements from the eighteenth century, a pluralistic century of "movements" rather than of period styles (in that respect, much like our own times).

He was one of the first architects to adapt Roman building types to the functional requirements of public and academic buildings.

The word "romantic" was applied to whatever might call forth "sublime" associations: ruins and other reminders of past grandeur and of the melancholy passage of time; manifestations of the forces of nature and man's impotence before them; and expressions of extreme emotion, reflecting the uncontrolled forces in man's nature, from passion to insanity.

www.pitt.edu /~tokerism/0040/syl/src1120.html (853 words)

History Bookshop.com: Roman Imperialism(Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)

This broad-ranging reader on Roman imperialism brings together ancient documents in translation and a selection of the best recent scholarly essays, in order to introduce students to the major problems and controversies in studying this central aspect of Roman history.

This book examines diverse aspects of Roman imperialism, from the Romans' motivations in acquiring an empire and their ideological justifications for imperial domination, to the complex political, economic, and cultural interactions between the Romans, their allies, and the subjected peoples.

An introduction surveys modern work on Roman imperialism within the framework of recent theoretical and methodological approaches to the study of empires in general.Champion And Arthur M. Eckstein.

I teach this as a course in 18th-century poetry and the "myth of Rome," drawing on the theory of 18thcentury poetry developed in my book The Epistolary Moment.

The great model for the English poets was Roman poetry in the age of Augustus.

The course will begin with a consideration of the end of the Romanrepublic and the response of such poets as Virgil and Horace.

www.rci.rutgers.edu /~wcd/18thcent.htm (363 words)

History Bookshop.com: Rubicon(Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)

The Triumph and Tragedy of the RomanRepublic

The RomanRepublic was the most remarkable state in history.

This was the century of Julius Caesar, the gambler whose addiction to glory led him to the banks of the Rubicon, and beyond; of Cicero, whose defence of freedom would make him a byword for eloquence; of Spartacus, the slave who dared to challenge a superpower; of Cleopatra, the queen who did the same.

The Federal style was the U.S. revival of Roman architecture that started in the late 18thCentury.

Thomas Jefferson was largly responsible for ushering in this style of architecture, appreciating the philosophical ties between the Romanrepublic and the establishment of the new American nation.

A prodigious architect, Jefferson designed some of the finest examples of Federal-styled buildings in the country, including his own home Monticello, Virginia's State Capital in Richmond, and the Rotunda for the University of Virginia.

Excavation, survey and three-dimensional reconstruction of a late Roman basilica in Cilicia (Southern Turkey) (Richard Bayliss, Department of Archaeology, University of Newcastle upon Tyne)

witcombe.sbc.edu /ARTHrome.html (1495 words)

Publisher description for Library of Congress control number 99018157(Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)

In the eighteenth century "virtue" was a word to conjure with.

When the longed-for political savior failed to materialize it was increasingly felt that if virtue existed at all then it would have been sought for among the lower orders of society or else in provincial areas, where simpler and nobler values might still prevail.

But with the coming of the French revolution and Romanticism, virtue began to lose its powerful resonances--it now seemed naive and simplistic, all too ready to deny both the complexities of human nature and the possibility of determination by external cultural forces.

Julius Caesar was one of the most ambitious and successful politicians of the late RomanRepublic and his short but bloody conquest of the Celtic tribes led to the establishment of the Roman province of Gaul (modern France).

Kate Gilliver makes use of this account and other surviving evidence to consider the importance of the Gallic Wars in the context of the collapse of the RomanRepublic and its slide toward civil war.