NAME

SYNOPSIS

DESCRIPTION

The Dos2unix package includes utilities dos2unix and unix2dos to convert plain text files in DOS or Mac format to Unix format and vice versa.

In DOS/Windows text files a line break, also known as newline, is a combination of two characters: a Carriage Return (CR) followed by a Line Feed (LF). In Unix text files a line break is a single character: the Line Feed (LF). In Mac text files, prior to Mac OS X, a line break was single Carriage Return (CR) character. Nowadays Mac OS uses Unix style (LF) line breaks.

Besides line breaks Dos2unix can also convert the encoding of files. A few DOS code pages can be converted to Unix Latin-1. And Windows Unicode (UTF-16) files can be converted to Unix Unicode (UTF-8) files.

Binary files are automatically skipped, unless conversion is forced.

Non-regular files, such as directories and FIFOs, are automatically skipped.

Symbolic links and their targets are by default kept untouched. Symbolic links can optionally be replaced, or the output can be written to the symbolic link target. Writing to a symbolic link target is not supported on Windows.

Dos2unix was modelled after dos2unix under SunOS/Solaris. There is one important difference with the original SunOS/Solaris version. This version does by default in-place conversion (old file mode), while the original SunOS/Solaris version only supports paired conversion (new file mode). See also options -o and -n.

OPTIONS

--

Treat all following options as file names. Use this option if you want to convert files whose names start with a dash. For instance to convert a file named "-foo", you can use this command:

dos2unix -- -foo

Or in new file mode:

dos2unix -n -- -foo out.txt

-ascii

Convert only line breaks. This is the default conversion mode.

-iso

Conversion between DOS and ISO-8859-1 character set. See also section CONVERSION MODES.

-1252

Use Windows code page 1252 (Western European).

-437

Use DOS code page 437 (US). This is the default code page used for ISO conversion.

-850

Use DOS code page 850 (Western European).

-860

Use DOS code page 860 (Portuguese).

-863

Use DOS code page 863 (French Canadian).

-865

Use DOS code page 865 (Nordic).

-7

Convert 8 bit characters to 7 bit space.

-b, --keep-bom

Keep Byte Order Mark (BOM). When the input file has a BOM, write a BOM in the output file. This is the default behavior when converting to DOS line breaks. See also option -r.

-c, --convmode CONVMODE

Set conversion mode. Where CONVMODE is one of: ascii, 7bit, iso, mac with ascii being the default.

-f, --force

Force conversion of binary files.

-gb, --gb18030

On Windows UTF-16 files are by default converted to UTF-8, regardless of the locale setting. Use this option to convert UTF-16 files to GB18030. This option is only available on Windows. See also section GB18030.

-h, --help

Display help and exit.

-i[FLAGS], --info[=FLAGS] FILE ...

Display file information. No conversion is done.

The following information is printed, in this order: number of DOS line breaks, number of Unix line breaks, number of Mac line breaks, byte order mark, text or binary, file name.

Optionally extra flags can be set to change the output. One or more flags can be added.

d

Print number of DOS line breaks.

u

Print number of Unix line breaks.

m

Print number of Mac line breaks.

b

Print the byte order mark.

t

Print if file is text or binary.

c

Print only the files that would be converted.

With the c flag dos2unix will print only the files that contain DOS line breaks, unix2dos will print only file names that have Unix line breaks.

Examples:

Show information for all *.txt files:

dos2unix -i *.txt

Show only the number of DOS line breaks and Unix line breaks:

dos2unix -idu *.txt

Show only the byte order mark:

dos2unix --info=b *.txt

List the files that have DOS line breaks:

dos2unix -ic *.txt

List the files that have Unix line breaks:

unix2dos -ic *.txt

-k, --keepdate

Keep the date stamp of output file same as input file.

-L, --license

Display program's license.

-l, --newline

Add additional newline.

dos2unix: Only DOS line breaks are changed to two Unix line breaks. In Mac mode only Mac line breaks are changed to two Unix line breaks.

unix2dos: Only Unix line breaks are changed to two DOS line breaks. In Mac mode Unix line breaks are changed to two Mac line breaks.

-m, --add-bom

Write a Byte Order Mark (BOM) in the output file. By default an UTF-8 BOM is written.

When the input file is UTF-16, and the option -u is used, an UTF-16 BOM will be written.

Never use this option when the output encoding is other than UTF-8, UTF-16, or GB18030. See also section UNICODE.

-n, --newfile INFILE OUTFILE ...

New file mode. Convert file INFILE and write output to file OUTFILE. File names must be given in pairs and wildcard names should not be used or you will lose your files.

The person who starts the conversion in new file (paired) mode will be the owner of the converted file. The read/write permissions of the new file will be the permissions of the original file minus the umask(1) of the person who runs the conversion.

-o, --oldfile FILE ...

Old file mode. Convert file FILE and overwrite output to it. The program defaults to run in this mode. Wildcard names may be used.

In old file (in-place) mode the converted file gets the same owner, group, and read/write permissions as the original file. Also when the file is converted by another user who has write permissions on the file (e.g. user root). The conversion will be aborted when it is not possible to preserve the original values. Change of owner could mean that the original owner is not able to read the file any more. Change of group could be a security risk, the file could be made readable for persons for whom it is not intended. Preservation of owner, group, and read/write permissions is only supported on Unix.

-q, --quiet

Quiet mode. Suppress all warnings and messages. The return value is zero. Except when wrong command-line options are used.

-r, --remove-bom

Remove Byte Order Mark (BOM). Do not write a BOM in the output file. This is the default behavior when converting to Unix line breaks. See also option -b.

-s, --safe

Skip binary files (default).

-u, --keep-utf16

Keep the original UTF-16 encoding of the input file. The output file will be written in the same UTF-16 encoding, little or big endian, as the input file. This prevents transformation to UTF-8. An UTF-16 BOM will be written accordingly. This option can be disabled with the -ascii option.

-ul, --assume-utf16le

Assume that the input file format is UTF-16LE.

When there is a Byte Order Mark in the input file the BOM has priority over this option.

When you made a wrong assumption (the input file was not in UTF-16LE format) and the conversion succeeded, you will get an UTF-8 output file with wrong text. You can undo the wrong conversion with iconv(1) by converting the UTF-8 output file back to UTF-16LE. This will bring back the original file.

The assumption of UTF-16LE works as a conversion mode. By switching to the default ascii mode the UTF-16LE assumption is turned off.

-ub, --assume-utf16be

Assume that the input file format is UTF-16BE.

This option works the same as option -ul.

-v, --verbose

Display verbose messages. Extra information is displayed about Byte Order Marks and the amount of converted line breaks.

MAC MODE

In normal mode line breaks are converted from DOS to Unix and vice versa. Mac line breaks are not converted.

In Mac mode line breaks are converted from Mac to Unix and vice versa. DOS line breaks are not changed.

To run in Mac mode use the command-line option -c mac or use the commands mac2unix or unix2mac.

CONVERSION MODES

ascii

In mode ascii only line breaks are converted. This is the default conversion mode.

Although the name of this mode is ASCII, which is a 7 bit standard, the actual mode is 8 bit. Use always this mode when converting Unicode UTF-8 files.

7bit

In this mode all 8 bit non-ASCII characters (with values from 128 to 255) are converted to a 7 bit space.

iso

Characters are converted between a DOS character set (code page) and ISO character set ISO-8859-1 (Latin-1) on Unix. DOS characters without ISO-8859-1 equivalent, for which conversion is not possible, are converted to a dot. The same counts for ISO-8859-1 characters without DOS counterpart.

When only option -iso is used dos2unix will try to determine the active code page. When this is not possible dos2unix will use default code page CP437, which is mainly used in the USA. To force a specific code page use options -437 (US), -850 (Western European), -860 (Portuguese), -863 (French Canadian), or -865 (Nordic). Windows code page CP1252 (Western European) is also supported with option -1252. For other code pages use dos2unix in combination with iconv(1). Iconv can convert between a long list of character encodings.

Never use ISO conversion on Unicode text files. It will corrupt UTF-8 encoded files.

UNICODE

Encodings

There exist different Unicode encodings. On Unix and Linux Unicode files are typically encoded in UTF-8 encoding. On Windows Unicode text files can be encoded in UTF-8, UTF-16, or UTF-16 big endian, but are mostly encoded in UTF-16 format.

Conversion

Unicode text files can have DOS, Unix or Mac line breaks, like regular text files.

All versions of dos2unix and unix2dos can convert UTF-8 encoded files, because UTF-8 was designed for backward compatibility with ASCII.

Dos2unix and unix2dos with Unicode UTF-16 support, can read little and big endian UTF-16 encoded text files. To see if dos2unix was built with UTF-16 support type dos2unix -V.

On Unix/Linux UTF-16 encoded files are converted to the locale character encoding. Use the locale(1) command to find out what the locale character encoding is. When conversion is not possible a conversion error will occur and the file will be skipped.

On Windows UTF-16 files are by default converted to UTF-8. UTF-8 formatted text files are well supported on both Windows and Unix/Linux.

UTF-16 and UTF-8 encoding are fully compatible, there will no text be lost in the conversion. When an UTF-16 to UTF-8 conversion error occurs, for instance when the UTF-16 input file contains an error, the file will be skipped.

When option -u is used, the output file will be written in the same UTF-16 encoding as the input file. Option -u prevents conversion to UTF-8.

Dos2unix and unix2dos have no option to convert UTF-8 files to UTF-16.

Byte Order Mark

On Unix Unicode files typically don't have a BOM. It is assumed that text files are encoded in the locale character encoding.

Dos2unix can only detect if a file is in UTF-16 format if the file has a BOM. When an UTF-16 file doesn't have a BOM, dos2unix will see the file as a binary file.

Use option -ul or -ub to convert an UTF-16 file without BOM.

Dos2unix writes by default no BOM in the output file. With option -b Dos2unix writes a BOM when the input file has a BOM.

Unix2dos writes by default a BOM in the output file when the input file has a BOM. Use option -r to remove the BOM.

Dos2unix and unix2dos write always a BOM when option -m is used.

Unicode examples

Convert from Windows UTF-16 (with BOM) to Unix UTF-8:

dos2unix -n in.txt out.txt

Convert from Windows UTF-16LE (without BOM) to Unix UTF-8:

dos2unix -ul -n in.txt out.txt

Convert from Unix UTF-8 to Windows UTF-8 with BOM:

unix2dos -m -n in.txt out.txt

Convert from Unix UTF-8 to Windows UTF-16:

unix2dos < in.txt | iconv -f UTF-8 -t UTF-16 > out.txt

GB18030

GB18030 is a Chinese government standard. A mandatory subset of the GB18030 standard is officially required for all software products sold in China. See also http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GB_18030.

GB18030 is fully compatible with Unicode, and can be considered an unicode transformation format. Like UTF-8, GB18030 is compatible with ASCII. GB18030 is also compatible with Windows code page 936, also known as GBK.

On Unix/Linux UTF-16 files are converted to GB18030 when the locale encoding is set to GB18030. Note that this will only work if the locale is supported by the system. Use command locale -a to get the list of supported locales.

On Windows you need to use option -gb to convert UTF-16 files to GB18030.

Convert a.txt and write to e.txt, keep date stamp of e.txt same as a.txt:

dos2unix -k -n a.txt e.txt

Convert and replace a.txt, convert b.txt and write to e.txt:

dos2unix a.txt -n b.txt e.txt
dos2unix -o a.txt -n b.txt e.txt

Convert c.txt and write to e.txt, convert and replace a.txt, convert and replace b.txt, convert d.txt and write to f.txt:

dos2unix -n c.txt e.txt -o a.txt b.txt -n d.txt f.txt

RECURSIVE CONVERSION

Use dos2unix in combination with the find(1) and xargs(1) commands to recursively convert text files in a directory tree structure. For instance to convert all .txt files in the directory tree under the current directory type:

find . -name *.txt |xargs dos2unix

LOCALIZATION

LANG

The primary language is selected with the environment variable LANG. The LANG variable consists out of several parts. The first part is in small letters the language code. The second is optional and is the country code in capital letters, preceded with an underscore. There is also an optional third part: character encoding, preceded with a dot. A few examples for POSIX standard type shells:

On Unix systems you can use the command locale(1) to get locale specific information.

LANGUAGE

With the LANGUAGE environment variable you can specify a priority list of languages, separated by colons. Dos2unix gives preference to LANGUAGE over LANG. For instance, first Dutch and then German: LANGUAGE=nl:de. You have to first enable localization, by setting LANG (or LC_ALL) to a value other than "C", before you can use a language priority list through the LANGUAGE variable. See also the gettext manual: http://www.gnu.org/software/gettext/manual/html_node/The-LANGUAGE-variable.html

If you select a language which is not available you will get the standard English messages.

DOS2UNIX_LOCALEDIR

With the environment variable DOS2UNIX_LOCALEDIR the LOCALEDIR set during compilation can be overruled. LOCALEDIR is used to find the language files. The GNU default value is /usr/local/share/locale. Option --version will display the LOCALEDIR that is used.

Example (POSIX shell):

export DOS2UNIX_LOCALEDIR=$HOME/share/locale

RETURN VALUE

On success, zero is returned. When a system error occurs the last system error will be returned. For other errors 1 is returned.

The return value is always zero in quiet mode, except when wrong command-line options are used.