Cranium

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This topic is discussed in the following articles:

cephalopod anatomy

All cephalopods have an internal cartilaginous covering of the consolidated ganglia of the nervous system. In all except ammonites and nautiloids, it constitutes a cranium. Various other skeletal supports are found at the base of the fins and in the “neck,” gills, and arms.

development of face

...from the prehuman Australopithecus to modern humans (Homo sapiens), the face became smaller in relation to the overall size of the head. While brain and braincase (cranium) tripled in volume, the jaws became shorter and the teeth simpler in form and smaller in size. In consequence, the face receded beneath the forehead. Thus, the modern human face exhibits an...

echoencephalography

method for detecting abnormalities within the cranial cavity, based on the reflection of high-frequency sound pulses delivered to the head through a probe held firmly to the scalp. The reflected pulses from the skin, brain ventricle, skull, and other head structures are recorded and amplified with a cathode-ray oscilloscope, giving a measure of the distance between the probe and the reflecting...

eye infection

...into the orbit, causing the orbital tissue to swell and the eye to protrude. This condition, called orbital cellulitis, is serious because of the possibility that the infection may spread into the cranial cavity via the pathways of the cranial nerves that reach the eye through the posterior orbit. Infections can also spread to the cranial cavity by way of the blood vessels that lie within the...

human skeletal system

...of the head of vertebrates, composed of bones or cartilage, which form a unit that protects the brain and some sense organs. The upper jaw, but not the lower, is part of the skull. The human cranium, the part that contains the brain, is globular and relatively large in comparison with the face. In most other animals the facial portion of the skull, including the upper teeth and the nose,...

The cranium—the part of the skull that encloses the brain—is sometimes called the braincase, but its intimate relation to the sense organs for sight, sound, smell, and taste and to other structures makes such a designation somewhat misleading.

modification

...Annular deformations are produced by a constricting band; each kind is subdivided according to the resulting head shape, which is often strikingly different from the unmodified skull. Cases of cranial modification are known from all continents except Australia and Oceania, although it was rather rare in Africa south of the Sahara and apparently absent from South India.

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