While I was writing about sexual harassment of women workers at Ford, restaurant workers reminded me that 37 percent of Equal Employment Opportunity Commission claims of sexual harassment come from their industry. These dismal stats are connected to how many restaurant workers get paid: tips.

U.S. unions opposed tipping when it first became a thing in the early 1900s, imported by hoity-toity Americans imitating the European rich. Most Americans denounced the dispensing of a few coins to workers as anti-democratic and a reminder of the kind of master-servant folderol we had rejected with King George.

But now the tables are turned, and tipping is much more prevalent in the U.S. than it is in Europe. In some countries, like Australia, it’s regarded as really bad manners. “Who do you think you are, the Queen?” they ask.

FREE MONEY

What happened? While unions and others tried to outlaw tipping in the early days, restaurant employers saw it as free money. “Workers get paid extra by the customers, so we can pay them less—what’s not to like?” they reasoned.

The mess was codified in 1966 when restaurant and other tipped workers finally got included in the Fair Labor Standards Act. But instead of one fair wage, the law created a second tier: tipped workers who could be paid a subminimum wage.

The restaurant lobby then leaned on politicians to hold the federal tipped minimum wage at $2.13 an hour (the 1991 rate) while the minimum wage rose. Tipped wages had been 50 percent of the federal minimum; now they’re just 29 percent. (The boss is supposed to top it up if $2.13 plus tips doesn’t reach the hourly minimum, but restaurant workers say that doesn’t happen much.)

As a result, writes the Restaurant Opportunities Centers United in a recent report, workers rely on tips for most of their pay. This means “a majority-female workforce must please and curry favor with customers to earn a living,” ROC notes. Men take advantage with harassing questions, gestures, groping, even stalking.

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“Unfortunately, it’s just become the societal norm, and we have all accepted it and we all hate it,” a woman bartender told ROC.

While co-worker harassment is also prevalent in restaurants, tipping raises the stakes. With co-workers, “I have more freedom to be like, ‘okay, stop it,’” said one ROC interviewee. “But when a guest does it, then I feel a lot more powerless. That’s when I’m like, man, that’s where my money’s coming from...”

Managers tend to side with the customers when workers complain. “I said to myself, I can’t be putting up with this, let me talk to my boss about it,” said another server harassed on the job. “I was kind of surprised by what my boss said... ‘Well, those people pay a lot of money for our services and, I mean, would it hurt to smile a little bit, be a little bit more friendly to them?’ And I was blown away.”

MAKES A DIFFERENCE

Due to organizing by tipped workers, several states have raised their tipped minimums above the federal $2.13. Tipped workers get the full minimum wage in California, Oregon, Washington, Nevada, Minnesota, and Alaska.

That changes things. ROC found that in those states, sexual harassment by customers, co-workers, and managers was less prevalent.

It’s obvious that if you’re less dependent on tips, you’ll put up with less crap from customers. But it’s interesting that bosses treated them better, too—probably because higher wages made them less vulnerable.

Maybe one day we can make tipping history. Meanwhile, we can get rid of its more pernicious effects by making sure any time the minimum wage is discussed, tipped workers get included—no two-tier wage system, and no exceptions.