Átírás

1 ANNA SZINYEI MERSE Periods, Masters, Styles, Themes...: 19th-Century Painting in the National Gallery Slowly recovering, reviving from the catastrophic consequences of the Second World War, it was only in the 1970s and 1980s that European culture states reached a stage where they could one by one set up permanent exhibitions of their national art as indispensable means of self-representation in reconstructed or newly designed museum buildings. Displays on the 19 th century, which had had a fundamental role in the unfolding and flowering of national art, attracted particular attention. In the case of larger groups of buildings, such collections were usually housed in separate wings, or, when the selected material and the size and character of the building chosen enabled it, 19 lh -century art was exhibited in separate venues, such as the Blessed Agnes Convent (opened in 1980) in the case of the Prague National Gallery 1 or the famous Sukiennice (Drapers' Hall) - upholding an old tradition but modernizing the exhibition - in the case of the Krakow National Museum. 2 Playing a key role in Central European art, Munich, from as early as 1853, had the particular advantage of the Neue Pinakothek, the dream of an art-loving Bavarian king, the first European museum built exclusively for contemporary art. 3 It was destroyed in bombings in 1945, but rebuilt and furnished to meet state-of-the-art museological requirements in Eberhard Ruhmcr, the head of the team formulating the concept of the permanent exhibition covering the period between 1780 and 1910, sought to emphasize the diversity of the 19,h century, his aim being among others to be able to present not only the formal features of the various tendencies, but also their depths of content. Investigating iconographie, iconological and even sociological, political and other connections in paintings, the new generation of researchers would no longer be satisfied by selections focussing almost exclusively on impressionism according to the principles laid down primarily by Hugo von Tschudi. 4 In the extraordinarily complex and often contradictory 19 th century, certain aspirations cropped up quite early, then went dormant for some while and came to fruition much later. Some masters made surprising innovations early in their careers, but later compromised themselves or became uninteresting, while others took the opposite way. Unexpected breakthroughs and standstills and most of all simultaneous diversity were characteristic of the period, in which the more or less clear-cut linearity of former centuries no longer asserted itself. 5 To pick out as an example a period of Munich painting particularly interesting for us Hungarians, Dr. Ruhmer brought back - together with some of their minor compositions - monumental historical paintings by Kaulbach, Piloty and Ramberg on to the museum's walls. A thoroughly selected collection of genre paintings and portraits by the fashionable painters of the Gründerzeit (such as Lenbach, Keller, Diez) also found its way into the exhibition. The possibility of comparison with official art also put the anti-academic work of Leibi and his circle, which had always received emphasis, the highly idiosyncratic Hans von Marées or Böcklin and Feuerbach in a more refined light. It is perhaps enough to show how far revision in the appreciation and display of 19 th -century art was a world-wide phenomenon in the 1980s by referring to Professor Robert Rosenblum of New York who repeatedly emphasized after the 1986 opening of the Musée d'orsay in Paris the importance of reappraisal, which France had at last also joined. "There has never been so radical a change in the history of art as in our conception of the 19 th century. What has been going on in the past twenty years amounts to a revolution against a former revolution. The modernist perspective still dominating in the middle of the 20 th century has by now lost its positions in face of the post-modernist reconstruction of the 19 th century," he wrote. 6 In his opinion, the work of an unbelievable number of lesser or greater artists who have come to be known from the most different quarters of the world, the spread of photography or the flood of visual information in the popular press of the period - to mention only a few of the newly explored aspects - had had an immense influence on the work of the greatest artist idols (such as the impressionists) who had been treated almost in isolation formerly, but ought no longer to be judged without this wider context. There is no museum building in all the world as large as to be able to present all the works of art that it should according to the principles outlined above. As ever, selection is unavoidable, as it was in the case of the Musée d'orsay. However, the museum, by including all branches of art - i.e., apart from painting, sculpture, graphics, and applied art, also architecture and urbanism, book design, press, cinema, and, through its regular concerts, even music - in the scope of its collection and interest, it provides more comprehensive a picture of the roughly half a century between 1848 and 1906 than any museum before (as is well known, works of the first half of the 19 th century were left behind in the Louvre). Wherever it could, it sought to separate in space the various branches of art. Partly as a result of this, it could not increase the number of paintings in the desired measure, though it drew on a much wider range of works than ever before. According to the concept elaborated by Michel Laclotte and Françoise Cachin and their colleagues, all stylistic groups and all major painters, including some foreign ones, were to be represented at least by way

2 1. Historical paintings by Bertalan Székely and Viktor Madarász mixed in with other genres and styles in the building of the High Court, late 1950s 2. Historical paintings related to the Munich School (Benczúr, Liezen-Mayer, Székely) on view in the present exhibition of the HNG of indication, though they tried to avoid mixing the various stylistic tendencies. And they were particularly careful to clearly separate in spaces also marked by levels the avant-garde of the period, impressionism and post-impressionism from not so innovative tendencies (i.e. naturalism and symbolism). They kept the best skylight halls for the avant-garde they themselves appreciated most. 7 Still, their cautious attempt to exhibit after a long break a few works by academic and eclectic artists or others who had been supported by official circles (e.g. Couture, Chassériau, Cabanel, Bouguereau), which was important in view of presenting the context of the innovators, elicited charges of supporting kitsch from various groups of critics and intellectuals. The calls mentioned above by experts of 19 th -century art history for total displays of the period did not meet full approval from all quarters at that time, but the past two decades have resulted in a kind of acquiescence. Nevertheless, penetrating analyses of this amazingly creative and prolific century have continued to be pursued in temporary exhibitions, catalogues, essays and monographs in France and elsewhere, and they might very well yield surprising results for many of us. In this survey, I need not dwell on the problems that many have brought up, namely: periodization, the presence of foreign artists and that certain paintings might not have found their most appropriate places in the not always fortunate shaping of spaces in the railway-station-turned-exhibition-hall; these issues would each require separate studies. With these examples, I wished to allude to how far our own 19 th -century exhibition is imbedded in the European context. When the author of this paper was first offered the honourable opportunity of participating - with my colleague, Zsuzsanna Bakó - in the elaboration of the concept of the permanent exhibition of the 19 th century in the Hungarian National Gallery back in 1985, she had not had the chance of seeing the new building of the Neue Pinakothek in Munich, but did maintain connections established earlier with the curator Eberhard Ruhmer, who advised her on the principles of arranging their display. I had studied 19 th -century exhibitions first in Eastern Europe, then I had the opportunity to do so in Western Europe (in Munich and Paris, too). I also had recollections from before 1957 of the halls of the Museum of Fine Arts frequently visited in my childhood. In I myself conducted several gallery presentations as a university student on museological practice and later as an employee in the Hungarian National Gallery (then in the building of the former High Court, now housing the Museum of Ethnography in Kossuth tér). In the meantime, I developed an interest in director Elek Petrovics's prewar arrangement of the Museum of Fine Arts, which my parents would often recall with nostalgia. Having more thoroughly acquainted myself with the stored and deposited material in the 19 th - and 20 th - century collection of the National Gallery, from which I curated several exhibitions at external locations, I often ruminated on how it would be possible to improve and make more complete the 19 th -century exhibition set up temporarily when the Gallery was moved up into the Buda Royal Palace in The not quite fortunate facilities of the building and various other constraints gave us plenty to ponder over; however, the first plan we had made with Zsuzsanna Bakó already contained elements that could later be used in the final version. In the autumn of 1986, before the opening of the exhibition of the Hungarian National Gallery in Dijon, 8 I stopped over in Paris for a few days. Seizing the opportunity, I tried to get into the still closed exhibition of the Musée d'orsay and meet the curators working on the final stages of the arrangement, but even professional visitors were not permitted entry before the official opening. I had to content myself with the personal discussions with the French colleagues and with the printed information given, which, however, proved to be very reassuring for our Budapest plan had had several features akin to that of the d'orsay one without our prior knowledge of it. Following my return home, a professional debate took place again, the central issue of which was the placing of the historical paintings and Pál Szinyei Merse's Picnic in May, this masterpiece of Hungarian plein-air painting. In respect of the former we modified our plans, and refined some of the details in other aspects, too. We had to limit our initially copious selection as arrangements in the rooms also changed. And then began the last-minute rush. The series of rooms displaying the works of Mihály Munkácsy and László Paál had been the first to open already in the summer of Unfortunately, the air-conditioned cabinet system inherited from the High Court building could still not be disposed of - this had to wait for another decade. In the course of 1987, the small Szinyei Merse room, the halls on the two sides of the space under the cupola and the U-shaped series of rooms were completed, and, when we were ready with the Ball Room, we had the official opening ceremony. In his opening speech, the retired general di-

3 rector, Gábor Ö. Pogány, who had curated the first permanent 19 th - century exhibition of the National Gallery thirty years earlier, interestingly made remarks very much resembling the ideas of Rosenblum referred to above, though bearing certain ideological overtones: "the art historians of the Hungarian National Gallery undertook a difficult task in arranging the permanent exhibition of 19 th -century Hungarian art in the aggressive atmosphere of a sectarian interpretation of modernism. The choir of the stern art critics of the past years gradually incriminated the majority of the masters of the last century. They have made collectors and lovers of traditionally conceived artworks almost diffident. Connoisseurs have sometimes had to feel ashamed of the backwardness of our art. Under these intellectual conditions, what were the curators of the National Gallery to do with the 19 th century? Well, just what they did with the selection they had decided to display. To present as comprehensive a picture of the material created between 1800 and 1900 as possible [... ] They have sought to show the development of the arts, their tendencies, their manifestations suitable for reflecting the culture of their environment from several different aspects, in an unbiased way [...] They have made a muster of the century as it actually took place on the stage of history." 9 It was relieving to hear these words sympathizing with our conception, for it certainly was not respectful of the arrangements and selections of our former head that had been standing for decades. The most important changes with respect to antecedents was that the new display, as opposed to all former exhibitions of the 19 th century, sought to clearly separate the traditional and the innovative trends in Hungarian painting. The concept close to that of the Musée d'orsay had been forced on us by the characteristics of the building, particularly its segmentalization. From the very outset, we wanted the exhibition to relate more organically to the existing baroque and 20 th -century displays, so that the development of Hungarian art could be observed in its whole process. Due to the fact that the visitor was to mount the stairs up to the first floor space underneath the cupola surrounded by monumental late baroque paintings, in front of Peter Krafft's monumental Zrínyi 's Charge from the Fortress of Szigetvár ( 1825), placing representative 19 th -century historical pieces in the halls on the two sides of this space seemed to make a logical sequence (previously, the first side hall had belonged to the baroque exhibition). Thus the monumental pictures and sculptures of the landing and the cupola space received a more unified atmosphere; the changes in scale and period thus became less marked, and a more harmonic general impression is had as visitors mount up to the first floor. Wherever possible, we tried to base the exhibition on chronology, because this method facilitated rendering the lines of history, stylistic development and education perceptible. Thus, in the side hall that leads to Building D with its baroque and Enlightenment pictures, we placed the best work of the historical painters who had studied in Vienna and Paris, and removed their lesser works that had been on show earlier. (Colour Plate XVII) The side hall opposite came to room the paintings with a historical subject matter by the three Hungarian professors of the Munich academy (Sándor Wagner, Sándor Liezen-Mayer, Gyula Benczúr) and Bertalan Székely, and works by some of their pupils. (111. 2) This division also corresponds with chronology, moreover, by way of Munich, it creates a direct link with the introductory part of the exhibition in Building B. As a solemn spatial organizer, Benczúr's The Recapture of Buda Castle in 1686 closes the space under the cupola. Though many have disputed this hanging, we still cannot think of a more worthy place for this large-scale painting. It had been in the aula of the High Court building, then was put among other historical pictures in the Ball Room of the Buda Royal Palace (111. 3), and it now consummates the representative atmosphere of the halls beside the space underneath the cupola. The reason why we excluded hanging it in the Ball Room was because the historical work bearing the characteristics of romanticism and historicism would have been wedged in as an alien element among the innovative aspirations of the latter third of the century. (111. 4) Nor could it be put into the U-shaped sequence of rooms, because monumental-size pictures would have burst the internal proportions and intimacy of the spaces there. In the Museum of Fine Arts, it was only at the time of Gábor Térey's rearrangement in 1912 that historical painting was provided a separate hall. Much like our predecessors, we believe in the mixed hanging of genres, but, in this case, due to the overall aesthetic effect of the exhibition and the reasons mentioned, we preferred to make an exception. Having been a central genre in the period of increasing national independence in Hungary, this emphasized treatment of historical painting seems all the more justified. Thus the significant works by artists between 1800 and 1900, who aspired to more or less uphold older pictorial conventions 3. Gyula Benczúr's The Recapture of Buda Castle and other historical paintings in the Ball Room of the Buda Royal Palace around The present exhibition of late-19*-century innovative tendecies in the Ball Room

4 5. Hall of the Age of Reform in the building of the High Court, around In the first permanent exhibition in the Buda Palace, only screens were used to divide the U-shaped series of rooms. In the background to the left, a detail of István Ferenczy's Shepherdess can be seen. Photograph made around Neoclassical art at the present exhibition and traditions, presented in the U-shaped series of rooms, were given a worthy and an organically related introduction by the parts of the exhibition around the cupola space. Through typical examples of portraits and landscapes - genres which dominated the beginning of the century -, the genre paintings of the next decades, as well as one or two mythological and Biblical representations, we were also able to characterize the way larger stylistic groups yielded several variations according to subject matter. We also took into consideration the quantitative proportions of genres. The mixed hanging of genres facilitates a variegated general impression, and is highly effective in reflecting the overall view of art in a given period. Earlier on there had been only a few still lifes on show, we now selected some more of them, as we could allude to certain cultural historical moments through them (as for instance through Béla Schäffer's mid-century still life that depicts the porcelain statue of the famous dancer Fanny Elssler with a bouquet of roses around it). Space lacking, we could only hang works by lesser masters (such as János Hofbauer, Ferenc Pongrácz or Lipót Kerpel) when their presence was justified by the appearance or the increasing importance of a type of picture or genre, or when they gave expression to a subject matter important for a particular period. Often as not, classicism, classicizing romanticism, bourgeois romanticism or, to use its other name, Biedermeier and late romanticism were coupled with a certain degree of realism, and the majority of our historicist, academic artists made a virtue of their realistic approach. In this period of stylistic pluralism, an artistic tendency was seldom formulated in its purity. In the new exhibition, the smaller units arranged to facilitate a better understanding show many of the variants observable within particular groups of styles. Furthermore, in our arrangement, units beside each other, often perceivable from the same point of view, are capable of rendering the simultaneity of certain tendencies. However much reflection had to be expended on designing the arrangements in the sequence of rooms forming a U around the grand staircase and opening on to the space under the cupola on two sides, it offered opportunities for innovations compared to antecedents. Partition walls could be placed in the most appropriate spaces for the groups of artworks selected; it was only the series of thick-set pillars that tied our hands. This meant great freedom compared to the restrictions of the halls and cabinets of the Museum of Fine Arts and the High Court, which are of different sizes but in a fixed order. The corridor-like longitudinal space beside the pillars, from where the different rooms open to the left, can have an important role, though, at first we had believed it would be a hindrance. For example, this was how we could place Károly Kisfaludy's work belonging to early Hungarian romanticism on a sidewall beside the Neoclassicism Room - the two contemporaneous tendencies are thus shown together but without the perturbed artistic world of Kisfaludy's landscapes disturbing the calm overall impression of the space dominated by the neoclassicist sculptor István Ferenczy's Shepherdess. (Ills. 6 7) In the corridor, the pictures with an Italian subject matter refer to the Italian study tours of our painters, and also prepare the way for the masterpieces by Károly Marko Sr. in the adjoining room. On the opposite side, József Borsos's paintings call attention to the parallel Viennese relations (Colour Plate XVIII), as precursors of which we hung the works of Gábor Melegh on pillars. Still on this side, there are a few pictures with orientalizing themes to at least

5 8. The late paintings of Károly Lötz now dominate the last section of the U-shaped series of rooms. Previously Szinyei Merse's pictures were on display here (see ). 9. Paintings of different sizes, genres and styles by Benczúr, Székely, Lötz, Liezen-Mayer and Dósa in the building of the High Court, around 1960 hint at the presence of this kind of subject matter, too. And so and so forth, always maintaining the possibilities of referring forward and back - but never distracting attention from the principle message of the given space. In the central room, we for instance hung a realistic portrait and a peasant genre piece by Soma Orlai Petrich and Mihály Szemlér respectively from around 1860 as the direct predecessors of the realist paintings by Munkácsy in the other wing. Similarly, by having a landscape by Antal Ligeti and Károly Telepy each in the last room, witnessing a more relaxed, fresher painterly vision, we were able to refer to the aspirations of the following generation that constitute the other major part of the exhibition. 10 As the visitor progresses section by section in the series of rooms, the major mid-century and later aspirations unfold, and greater opportunities open up to give more emphatic presentations of the works of seminal artists. In cases of oeuvres smaller in size or more unified in style, we managed to create sort of one-man units. If the painter's life spanned several periods, we attempted to connect the stylistic periods to focal points characterizing each of them - as we did in the case of Károly Lötz and Bertalan Székely. (Ills. 8-9) Alongside them, a number of talented Hungarian painters had worked at home and abroad, of whose works the National Gallery owns a sizeable collection, and the arrangement of Petrovics displayed many of them (e.g. Ottó Baditz, Fülöp László or Gyula Stetka). We were sorry to have had to leave most of them out in the lack of space in this series of rooms, but the work of better known artists could not have been excluded. However, our selection has been able show a wide panorama without overcrowding exhibition spaces. One of the reasons for being able to balance the various periods, styles, genres and subjects matter in the exhibition was that in the last hundred years museologists have been able to eliminate the most painful wants in the 19 th -century Hungarian collection." At the time of the opening of the Museum of Fine Arts in 1906, there had been no serious collection of material from the so-called Hungarian Age of Reform ( ). Apart from exhibiting a disproportionately large number of paintings by the Markos (father and sons) and Károly Brocky, only a few pictures by Barabás and the lesser masters were displayed. A separate hall was provided for the work of Munkácsy and Paál together and a special cabinet for 43 (!) pictures by Géza Mészöly (many of them small-scale). Surprisingly, the group of painters emerging in the decades before the opening had a numerous and wide-ranging presence - including even the Nagybánya, Szolnok and Gödöllő masters. Of the formerly neglected modern masters, Pál Szinyei Merse, Károly Ferenczy and Adolf Fényes were given an emphatic place by the hanging. 12 As the collection increased, there was an ever growing need for re-arrangement. According to recollections, Gábor Térey's 1912 arrangement was the most crowded one. He had separate rooms for the Marko family, for Lötz, for Zichy, one for Munkácsy and Paál together, as well as one for historical painting. 13 The most up-to-date and aesthetic selection and display was curated by Elek Petrovics in the post-war arrangements were later to draw much on it. He had separate halls for paintings by Székely, Munkácsy, Paál and Szinyei Merse. His extraordinarily successful principles and methods of acquisition facilitated creating an overall picture that was more variegated and comprehensive than any before. 14 To return to our current exhibition, the visitor, when stepping out of the U-shaped sequence of rooms, finds himself among the historical paintings again, and this occasions him or her to sum up the material seen, to formulate a complex picture of the academic masters working in several genres. Continuing his visit in Building B, he can acquaint himself with the multi-faceted output of the new tendencies unfolding in the last third of the 19 th century. This part of the building contains spaces with an even more diverse character than those mentioned earlier, and we had to try to make a virtue of the givens. As we were still unable to do away with the air-conditioned glass-case system, the paintings by Munkácsy had to be hung in this series of rooms; thus it was "only" through selection that we could provide a more modern picture of the great master, who had started out from realism, reached plein-air and even historicism. I tried to put up as many landscapes, head studies and sketches as possible instead of the genre pictures that had dominated previous arrangements, and kept only the best of these. And then, when it turned out after new chemical tests and restorations that the asphalt ground of the majority of Munkácsy's paintings did not inflict deterioration to the extent it had previously been thought to, and room air-conditioning was enough, the works could be freed from their air-conditioned glass cases. Moreover, they could be directly lit, and thus we could discover long-hidden beauties. The new arrangement with its more modern overall picture has won the master many

6 10. The air-conditioned glass-case system in the building of the High Court with paintings by Munkácsy and Paál, 1960s 11. Detail of the rearranged Munkácsy rooms new enthusiasts - as I have had occasion to note from both foreign and domestic echoes. (Ills ) László Paál is usually presented in one space with Munkácsy. When the National Gallery was opened in the building of the High Court, their works were put together in all three halls and even in the exit corridor (no one knows what this fragmentation was for). It was only Elek Petrovics's arrangement that had afforded them a separate hall each in the Museum of Fine Arts in This we could not do for technical exigencies, but I at least kept one room in the series together with the majority of the walls opposite exclusively for Paál. ( ) In the adjacent room, I surrounded three emblematic Munkácsys with some of the masterworks of his friend - holding on to the well-proved method of our predecessors in arranging the exhibition, Gábor Ö. Pogány and Éva Bodnár. My colleague, Zsuzsanna Bakó, could also have recourse to certain elements of the selection that had been employed in the High Court in her series of rooms displaying in particular the works of the Age of Reform. Director Pogány had had a larg material to choose from, thanks especially to the well-researched acquisitions policies of the Municipal Gallery, which had been directed by Jenő Kopp from 1933 to 1944 and later incorporated into the National Gallery. In other respects, we could no longer use the principles of mixed arrangement Pogány had used in accordance with the ^-century exhibition in the High Court. 15 He had not set up any one-man room, had mixed styles, and had not even taken into account the academies putting the artists on their ways. His arrangement was no doubt beautiful, variegated, but it made the recognition of different aspirations, the orientation of more attentive visitors and guides more difficult. For example, it mixed the work of Lötz, a master with Viennese connections, with that of Benczúr, who represented a quite different character, and of the other Munich-trained masters (111. 9); it mingled Szinyei Merse's paintings with those of Géza Mészöly and Béla Pállik. For my part, I could only imagine Mészöly in the company of Deák-Ébner and the early Szolnok artists - these, however, had been left out of Pogány's arrangement. With his Picnic in May (1873), Szinyei Merse had been such a lonely pioneer who now certainly deserved special treatment. We found him a place in a smaller space leading to the Ball Room, which facilitated a one-man Pál Szinyei Merse show. (Ills ) Thus, apart from Munkácsy, the other master of ours who had had the greatest influence on 20 th -century Hungarian painting, was afforded a gallery of his own. Being a small room with few wall surfaces, we had to have its windows bricked up. Lighting is therefore artificial, the colour-distorting effects of which could not be countered even after modernization, with lamps whose colour frequency is close to the sun. This problem does not arise with all artists, but Szinyei is one of our most colourful painters, and bad lighting has a distortive effect on his broad and intensive range of colours. The highly segmented ground plan of Building B facilitated a presentation outlining the most immediate artistic environment of the two school-creating great masters in the spaces adjoining theirs. This was how works by artists following in the footsteps of Munkácsy were placed at the exit of the Munkácsy Rooms. In the corridor between the Munkácsy Rooms and the Szinyei Room, I put up a small assortment of paintings by artists who had circled around Szinyei in Munich around 1870 and demonstrated an interest in modern pictorial attitudes. His audacious colouring and relaxed treatment had influenced all these painters, though they all made their names as historical painters. The most surprising among them was Géza Dósa, especially after being able to strengthen his presence by a new acquisition in 2001 (Mother with Her Children, 1870). Szinyei Merse and his associates had tried their most daring innovations in ingenious little sketches, and we exhibited some of these in a glass case. On the wall nearest the Munkácsy Rooms, we hung the works of Sándor Wagner, the teacher of both great masters in Munich. Leaving the small Szinyei Room, we enter the space of the Buda Royal Palace whose post-war reconstruction is perhaps the most problematic. The former Ball Room with its great interior height is, in my view too, neither modern nor archaizing enough, and it is certainly difficult to accommodate it in its current form for exhibiting works of art (the idea of having it separated into two floors with a loft or otherwise has been brought up). It is no mere coincidence that we ourselves, as had our predecessors, first wanted to put up the monumental historical paintings in this space. After the changes in conception, we attempted the impossible, creating a system of screens that enabled the presentation of different artistic groups and aspirations separately but also as converging into a process. (Ills. 3^4) Lacking the possibility to at least partly brick up the many windows and doors of the room and to

7 12. We reserved a separate room for László Paál in the new exhibition improve the lighting, we could only assemble a somewhat fractured display of works demonstrating the spread in Hungary of the new approach to nature and its various tendencies. Moreover, the selection of the works of the artists experimenting with the new is mostly comprised of small-scale pictures, and we could create units with appropriate proportions often only by hanging them one above the other. However, after the intimate plein airs of Mészöly and the early Szolnok paintings, we could operate with larger canvases by Mednyánszky and later painters. Apart from the better known Munich, Paris or Szentendre period paintings of the artists, who belonged more or less closely to the circle around Simon Hollósy, the less known naturalistic paintings of other painters of a similar outlook make the presentation of the period more complete. As in the case of the tradition-upholding trends in the other building, we sought to make references ahead and back in selecting and arranging the material of the innovators coming into their own after It is not possible to go into the details here. In the space following the Munkácsy Rooms, we displayed the socially sensitive works of the pupils and followers of the master; and, in the corridor running parallel to the Ball Room, we hung genre paintings and portraits of Munich- and Paris-trained realists, which finely echo works in similar genres in the neighbouring rooms. For hanging in the smaller space beside the stairway, we selected fashionable but valuable works of the 1890s. As in the case of the Musée d'orsay, some disapproved of the fact that we brought back from oblivion the names of some artists who had been quite popular in their times and even several decades after the opening of the Museum of Fine Arts, their works having been kept on its walls; but, after World War II, they were not brought up from the depths of storerooms. We, however, thought it reasonable to fill the vacuum around the greatest but seemingly isolated masters by resurrecting their talented contemporaries who did produce outstanding works, and thereby present the wider context of the idolized celebrities. The only offence these wellexecuted realistic, naturalistic or plein-air pictures with a diversified subject matter ever committed was that they were deemed to belong to the frequently cursed so-called "Arts-Hall" (i.e. mainstream) painting in vogue at that time. To bring up only one example of how far it was necessary to make a more open, ideologically less motivated selection: everyone knew the name of Árpád Feszty, creator of a famous cyclorama, but the gallery of the nation would not honour him with the display of one single picture by him. This was why I chose his masterful Golgotha (1880), which still hangs opposite Munkácsy's work with the same subject matter, and stands the comparison. Several similar surprises could be listed from the last rooms of our exhibition. We have plenty of excellent, even large-scale pictures on store that are characteristic of the period, and it would be high time to display them at least at temporary exhibitions, as many other countries do in revealing the breadth and depth of their national cultures in exhibitions and in related books. The Warsaw National Museum may have been the most daring of all, for, in its permanent exhibition, it has provided a separate hall for the monumental canvases of Polish academic painting next to the room of historical paintings; and the head of the university department of art history has published a survey of Polish salon painting - a tendency which, with the exception of the one Munkácsy, has no respect in Hungary. 16 However, the end-of-the-century examples just mentioned can no longer be seen at our exhibition, as the masterpieces of the Hungarian-Plains artists, Adolf Fényes, János Tornyai, Gyula Rudnay and especially József Koszta were removed from the 20 th -century exhibition due to rearrangements at the beginning of the new millennium, and could only be hung in 13. In the first permanent exhibition of the Buda Palace the last 14. Detail of the Szinyei Merse room in the present exhibition section of the U-shaped series of rooms was closed with Picnic in May by Pál Szinyei Merse. Photograph made around 1980

8 the place of the former, as followers of Munkácsy. Several Szolnok paintings in the Ball Room were put away in stores to give room for the Mednyászkys left out from the floor above; due to similar reasons, we have had to add paintings produced in Nagybánya to the exhibits in the space occupied by the Hollósy circle, thereby also changing the original periodization of our 19 th -century exhibition. It is only to be hoped that by furnishing the newly acquired Building A of the Buda Royal Palace, the 20 th -century exhibition, exemplary as it is in its detailed and informative character, can present an even more extensive material. It is quite right that permanent exhibitions should be continually renewed to be able to reflect new scholarly results and changes in taste. It had been a formidable, yet loveable task to set up the new 19 th -century exhibition twenty years ago, and the colleagues who will change it according to their own concepts in the future will have to perform a task no less formidable. In contrast to most nations, Hungarian art-history writing and book publication still owe a wide-ranging series of studies providing in-depth treatment of this period or its particular issues and of monographs on individual artists. It therefore remains the responsibility of the Hungarian National Gallery to present as full a picture of the 19 th century - particularly important to the nation - as possible, especially as it owns the most comprehensive and richest collection artworks from this period. The words of Elek Petrovics are as valid as ever: "This is our duty to not only ourselves, but universal culture, as well; for, from among the many tasks set by the latter, our most natural lot is to collect and study the material our own art has produced. This is a task no one else is going to perform in our stead, and this is the field where we can produce a rounded whole."' 7 NOTES On the illustrations: The photographs of the former permanent exhibitions can be found in the Archive of the HNG. inv. nos.: 22001/1983 and 22134/1984. The present exhibition was photographed for the purpose of this publication in April Kotrbová, M. A. and J. Kotalik et al. Peinture tchèque du XIX 1 ' siècle. Guide de l'exposition au Couvent d'agnès-la-bienheureuse. Prague, Porçbski, Mieczyslaw. Das Nationalmuseum in Krakow. Galerie der Polnischen Malerei und Skulptur des 19. Jahrhunderts in den Tuchhallen. Ein Führer durch die Sammlungen. Krakow, Lenz, Christian. Die Neue Pinakothek München (Museen der Welt). Munich: C. H. Beck; The Neue Pinakothek Munich. London: Scala Books, p From 1896, Tschudi was the director of the Berlin Nationalgalerie founded twenty years earlier, but was dismissed due to his modernist attitudes in Always rivalling Berlin, Munich immediately invited him to head the Neue Pinakothek. It was owing to him that the gallery acquired several impressionist and post-impressionist masterpieces. 5 Ruhmer, Eberhard ed. Neue Pinakothek. Erläuterungen zu den ausgestellten Werken. Munich: Bayerische Staatsgemäldesammlungen, 1981, pp Roscnblum, Robert. "Reconstruire la peinture du XIX e siècle." In: Le déhat. March-May, 1987, no. 44, p. 85. The 192-page special issue of the periodical prompted by the opening the Musée d'orsay has an interesting section contrasting the often not at all favourable opinions of several well-known specialists asked to present their views with those of the museologists who created and arranged the museum. 7 For a more detailed discussion of the project, see Laclotte, Michel. "Le projet d'orsay". In: Le débat, March-May, 1987, no. 44, pp. 4-19; Pomian, Krzysztof. "Entretien avec Françoise Cachin - Orsay tel qu'on le voit." In: ibid., pp ; and the other studies of the issue. 8 Le rôle de 1 Ecole de Paris dans la peinture hongroise. Hôtel de Ville, Salle de Flore, Dijon, The Hungarian Institute in Paris also put up the exhibition, though in a smaller selection in the December of thai year. 9 The type-written transcript of the speech recorded on tape on November 3, HNG Archive, inv. no.: 22796/ I cannot dwell on the major theoretical and practical issues brought up by the exhibition which have not been discussed elsewhere. For a room-by-room guide published by the National Gallery see Bakó, Zsuzsanna, Anna Szinyei Merse, Antal Tóth and Viktória L. Kovásznai. Hungarian Painting and Sculpture in the Nineteenth Century. Guide to the Permanent Exhibition at the Hungarian National Gallery. Budapest: Hungarian National Gallery, Unfortunately, like the 19,h -century volume of the handbook series on Hungarian art history produced by the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, the great work of preparing the multi-authored catalogue of the National Gallery exhibition has also been left unfinished. A representative album by Zsuzsanna Bakó and Gabriella Szvoboda Dománszky (XIX. századi magyar művészet. Állandó kiállítás a Magyar Nemzeti Galeriéiban. Budapest: Kossuth Kiadó, 2004) sought to make up for this want with its short introductory essay but bounteous selection of reproductions. With regard to the first half of the century, this is a sort of "musée imaginaire", for it reproduces paintings that could not be displayed in the lack of space. It is a pity that this open-handed selection could not be proportionally continued due to the sheer size of the material the genuine flowering and artistic fulfilment produced after Cf. Szinyei Merse, Anna.,.The Collection of Nineteenth-Century Painting." In: Idem ed. The Hungarian National Gallery. Budapest: Corvina, 1994, pp See the register of the Modern Gallery of the Museum of Fine Arts published in 1906: A Modern Képtár lajstroma. Budapest: Szépművészeti Múzeum, In his introduction, Director Ernő Kammerer writes that Károly Ferenczy, Ferenc Paczka and Pál Szinyei Merse participated in the selection, and the curator was Bertalan Karlovszky. For a catalogue with descriptions see: Peregriny, János. Szépművészeti Múzeum. A Modern Képtár leíró lajstroma. Budapest: Szépművészeti Múzeum, (By 1910, it already had four reprints.) 13 A catalogue of the Modern Gallery: Térey, Gábor and Zoltán Takács. A Modern Képtár katalógusa. Budapest: Országos Magyar Szépművészeti Múzeum, See his publications on the new arrangement: [Petrovics, Elek]. "A gyűjtemények rendezése." In: Országos Magyar Szépművészeti Múzeum Evkönyvei III, , Budapest: Szépművészeti Múzeum, 1924, pp ; idem. Élet és művészet. N. p. [Budapest], 1937, pp Furthermore: "Az újjárendezett Modern Képtár." In: Vasárnapi Újság, 1920, no. 12, p. 137; no. 14, pp Magyar festészet a XIX. században. A Magyar Nemzeti Galéria első kiállítása. (Catalogue, introduced by Pogány, Ö. Gábor), Budapest: Magyar Nemzeti Galéria, 1957; Bényi, László. "L'exposition de la peinture hongroise du XIX e siècle à la Galerie Nationale Hongroise." In: Bulletin de la Galerie Nationale Hongroise, no. II, Budapest: Magyar Nemzeti Galéria, 1960, pp Charaziriska, Elzbieta et al. Galéria malarstwa Polskiego. Przewodnik. Warsaw: Múzeum Narodowe w Warszawie, 1995, pp ; and Poprzçcka, Maria. Polskié malarstwo salonowe. Warsaw: Wydawnictwa Artystyczne i Filmowe, Petrovics. Élet és művészet, op. cit. (see Note 14) p First published: "A Szépművészeti Múzeum jövője. Az új igazgató munkaterve." In: Az Újság, 12 April, p. 35.

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