Three Hundred Years Hence

Mary Griffith

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Table of Contents

Chapter I.

IT is seldom that men begin to muse and sit alone in the twilight until they arrive at the age of
fifty, for until that period the cares of the world and the education of their young children engross all their
thoughts. Edgar Hastings, our hero, at thirty years of age was still unmarried, but he had gone through a vast deal of
excitement, and the age of musing had been anticipated by twenty years. He was left an orphan at fourteen, with a large
income, and the gentleman who had the management of his estates proved faithful, so that when a person of talents and
character was wanted to travel with the young man, a liberal recompense was at hand to secure his services. From the
age of fourteen to twenty-one he was therefore travelling over Europe; but his education, instead of receiving a check,
went on much more advantageously than if he had remained at home, and he became master of all the modern languages in
the very countries where they were spoken. The last twelve months of his seven years’ tour was spent in England, being
stationary in London only during the sitting of Parliament.

His talents thus cultivated, and his mind enlarged by liberal travel, he returned to America well worthy the
friendship and attention of those who admire and appreciate a character of his stamp. He had not therefore been back
more than a year, before his society was courted by some of the best men in the country; but previous to his settling
himself into a home, he thought it but proper to travel through his own country also. His old friend, still at
his elbow, accompanied him; but at the close of the excursion, which lasted nearly two years, he was taken ill of a
fever caught from an exposure near the Lakes, and died after a few days’ illness.

Edgar Hastings was now entirely alone in the world, and he would have fallen into a deep melancholy, had he not
engaged in politics. This occupied him incessantly; and, as his purse was ample and his heart liberally disposed, he
found the demands on his time gradually increasing. He had occupations heaped upon him – for rich, disengaged, and
willing, every body demanded his aid; and such were the enthusiasm and generosity of his nature, that no one applied in
vain.

His first intention, on returning from his tour through his own country, was to improve an estate he had purchased
in Pennsylvania, promising himself an amiable and beautiful wife to share his happiness; but politics interfered, and
left him no time even for the luxury of musing in the evening. But a man can get weary of politics as well as of any
other hard up-hill work; so, at the end of seven years, seeing that the young trees which he had planted were giving
shade, and that the house that they were to overshadow was not yet begun, he fell to musing. He wanted something,
likewise, to love and protect – so he fell to musing about that. He wished to convert a brisk stream, that fell down
the side of a hill opposite to the south end of his grounds, into a waterfall – so he fell to musing about that. He
wanted to make an opening through a noble piece of woods that bounded the north side, that he might catch a view of the
village steeple – so he fell to musing about that. A beautiful winding river lay in front of his estate, the bank of
which sloped down to the water’s edge; this tranquillizing scene likewise operated on his feelings, so that politics
faded away, and his mind became calm and serene. Thus it was, that at thirty years of age he had these fits of
abstraction, and he became a muser.

Men of his age – sensible men – are not so easily pleased as those who are younger. He admired graceful, easy
manners, and a polished mind, far before beauty or wealth; and thus fastidious, he doubted whether he should marry at
all. Every now and then, too, an old bachelor feeling came over him, and he feared that when his beloved twilight found
him sitting under the noble porticos which he intended to build, his wife would drag him away to some far distant route
in the city; or that she would, untimely, fill the house with visiters. So, with all the dispositions in the world, he
lived alone, though every fit of musing ended by finding a wife at his side, gazing on the dim and fading landscape
with him.

While his house was building, he occupied a small stone farm house, at the extremity of the estate. Here he brought
his valuable books and prints, well secured from damp and insects by aromatic oils; here did he draw his plans during
the day, and here, under a small piazza, did he meditate in the evening, transferring his musings to the little parlour
as soon as the damp evenings of autumn compelled him to sit within doors.

Adjoining his estate lived a quaker, by the name of Harley, a steady, upright man, loving his ease, as all quakers
do, but having no objection to see his neighbours finer or wiser than himself. He took a fancy to our hero, and the
beloved evening hour often found him sitting on the settee with Hastings, when, after enjoying together an animated
conversation, he also would fall into the deep feeling which fading scenery, and the energy of such a character as his
young friend’s, would naturally excite in a mind so tranquil as his own.

At length, the quiet quaker spoke of his daughter, but it was not with a view to draw Edgar’s attention; he
mentioned her incidentally, and the young man was delighted. In a moment, his imagination depicted her as a beautiful,
graceful, accomplished creature; and there could be no doubt that she was amiable and gentle; so he strolled over to
his friend’s house, and was regularly introduced to her. She was beautiful, and amiable, and gentle – all this he saw
at a glance; but, alas! she had no accomplishment farther than that she wrote an exquisitely clear, neat hand, and was
an excellent botanist and florist. But “propinquity” softened down all objections. Every time he strayed away to Pine
Grove the eligibilities of the match became more apparent, and his love of grace and polish of mind seemed to be of
comparatively little importance, when he listened to the breathings of the innocent quaker, who thought all of beauty
was in a flower, and who infinitely preferred the perfume of a rose or a lilac, to the smell of a dozen lamps in a
crowded room. Her name was Ophelia, too.

Mr. Harley, or friend Harley as he was called, was nowise rigid in his creed; for the recent lawsuits between the
Orthodox and Hicksite quakers had very much weakened his attachments to the forms of quakerism. He found that the
irritable portion of his society had great difficulty in keeping hands off, and in preserving the decorum of
their order. Peaceful feelings, equable temperaments, being the foundation – the cement, which, for so many years, had
bound the fraternity together, were now displaced for the anger and turbulence so often displayed by other sects of
Christians.

Litigations amongst themselves – the law – had done that which neither fine nor imprisonment, the derision nor
impositions of other sects, could accomplish. The strong cement had cracked along the edge of the bulwarks, where
strength was the most necessary, and the waters of discord and disunion were insinuating themselves into every opening.
The superstructure was fast crumbling away, and friend Harley looked to the no very distant period when his posterity
should cast off the quaker dress, and naturally follow the customs and obey the general laws which govern the whole
body of Americans.

This was sensible Valentine Harley’s opinion and feeling; in rules of faith he had never been inducted – are there
any quakers, apart from a few of their leaders, who can define what their religious faith is? So, although he loved the
forms in which he had been educated – although he wore the quaker dress, and made his son and daughter do the same –
yet when Edgar Hastings left off musing in the twilight, and was seen at that hour walking slowly down the glen, with
Ophelia hanging on his arm, he only heaved a sigh, and wished that the young man said thee and thou.
But this sigh was far from being a painful one; he felt that when the obscure grave, which shuts out all trace of the
quaker’s place of rest, should close over him, his memory would live fresh and green in the heart of his daughter. Far
more should he be reverenced, if he gave her gentle spirit to the strong arm, the highly gifted mind of such a man as
Edgar Hastings, than if he compelled her to marry a man of their own order – to the one who was now preferring his
suit, friend Hezekiah Connerthwaite, a rich, respectable, yet narrow minded and uneducated man.

That he consented to his daughter’s marriage willingly, and without an inward struggle, was a thing not to be
expected; but he was too manly, too virtuous, to use a mean subterfuge with his sect that he might escape the odium
which falls on the parent who allows his daughter to marry out of the pale. He would not suffer his child to wed
clandestinely, when in reality his heart and reason approved of her choice; when her lover’s merits and claims, and her
own happiness, strongly overbalanced his scruples. She might have married privately, and her father, thus rid of the
blame of consenting to her apostacy, could, as usual, take his seat in their place of worship, without the fear of
excommunication. But Valentine Harley scorned such duplicity and foolishness; Ophelia was therefore married under her
father’s roof, and received her father’s blessing; and here, in this well regulated house, Edgar Hastings spent the
first year of his wedded life. Here, too, his son was born; and now no longer a being without kindred or a home, he
found how much happier were the feelings of a husband and father than those of a selfish, isolated being.

As he was building a spacious, elegant, and durable mansion, one that should last for many years, he went slowly to
work. It was begun a year before his marriage, and it was not until his young son was three months old that he could
remove his family, of which Mr. Harley now made a part, to their permanent home. The younger Harley, who had married
and settled at a distance, being induced to come among them, again to take the property at Pine Grove, thus adding
another link to the bond of friendship which this happy marriage had created. In the month of May the younger Harley
was expected to take possession of his father’s house.

It was now February. The new house was completely furnished, and every thing ready for their removal as soon as Mr.
Hastings returned from New York, where he had some business of importance to transact. As it called for immediate
attention, he deferred unpacking his books, or indeed taking them from the farm house, until his return. It was with
great reluctance that he left his wife, who grieved as if the separation was to last for years instead of a fortnight;
but he was compelled to go, so after a thousand charges to take care of her health, and imploring her father to watch
over her and his little boy, he once more embraced them and tore himself away. His wife followed him with her eyes
until she saw him pass their new habitation, cross over the stile and turn the angle; here he stopped to take one more
look at the spot where all he loved dwelt, and seeing the group still looking towards him, he waved his handkerchief,
and a few steps farther hid him from their sight.

The farm house was at the extremity of the estate, and as it lay on the road leading to the ferry, he thought he
would look at the fire which had been burning in the grate all the morning. Mr. Harley said he would extinguish it in
the afternoon, and lock up the house, but still he felt a curiosity to see whether all was safe. His servant, with the
baggage, had preceded him, and was now waiting for him at the boat; so he hurried in, and passed from the hall to the
middle room, where the books were. Here he found an old man sitting, apparently warming himself by the still glowing
coals, who made an apology for the intrusion, by saying that he was very cold, and seeing a fire burning, for he had
looked in at the window, he made bold to enter.

Mr. Hastings bade him sit still, but the man said he was about to cross the ferry and must hurry on, observing that
he thought there would be a great thaw before morning, “and in that case,” said he, pointing up to the hill, at the
foot of which the house stood, “that great bank of snow will come down and crush the roof of this house.” Hastings
looked up and saw the dangerous position of the snow bank, and likewise apprehending a thaw, he begged the man to hurry
on and tell his servant to go over with his baggage, and get all things in readiness for him on the other side, and
that he would wait for the next boat, which crossed in fifteen minutes after the other. He gave the poor man a small
piece of money, and after he left the house Hastings wrote a note about the snow bank to Mr. Harley, which he knew that
gentleman would see, as he was to be there in the afternoon. Knowing that he should hear the steam boat bell, and
feeling cold, he drew an old fashioned chair, something in the form of an easy chair, and fell into one of his old fits
of musing. He thought it would not be prudent to return to his family merely to say farewell again, even if there were
time, but a melancholy would creep over him, as if a final separation were about to take place. In vain he
tried to rouse himself and shake it off; he closed his eyes, as if by doing so he could shut out thought, and it did,
for in less than five minutes he was fast asleep.

Chapter II.

HEARING a noise, he suddenly started up. It was dusk, and having lain long in one position, he felt
so stiff as to move with difficulty; on turning his head, he saw two strangers looking at him with wonder and pity. “Is
the steamboat ready?” exclaimed he, still confused with his long sleep. “Has the bell rung, gentlemen? Bless me, I have
overslept myself – what o’clock is it? Why, it is almost dark – I am ashamed of myself.”

Finding, after one or two attempts, that he could not get up easily, the two strangers hastened forward and assisted
him to rise. They led him to the door, but here the confusion of his mind seemed rather to increase than diminish, for
he found himself in a strange place. To be sure, there lay the river, and the hills on the opposite shore still rose in
grandeur; but that which was a wide river, now appeared to be a narrow stream; and where his beautiful estate lay,
stretching far to the south, was covered by a populous city, the steeples and towers of which were still illuminated by
the last rays of the sun.

“Gentlemen,” said the bewildered man, “I am in a strange perplexity. I fell asleep at noon in this house, which
belongs to me, and after remaining in this deep repose for six hours I awoke, and find myself utterly at a loss to
comprehend where I am. Surely I am in a dream, or my senses are leaving me.”

“You are not dreaming, neither is your mind wandering; a strange fate is yours,” said the elder of the two young
men. “When you are a little more composed we will tell you how all this has happened; meantime, you must come with me;
I shall take you where you will find a home and a welcome.”

“What is your name,” said the astonished Hastings, “and how have I been transported hither.”

“My name is Edgar Hastings,” said the young man; “and I feel assured that yours is the same. If I thought you had
sufficient fortitude to hear the strange events which have occurred, I would tell you at once; but you had better come
with me, and during the evening you shall know all.”

Hastings suffered himself to be led by the two strangers, as he felt cramped and chilly; but every step he took
revived some singular train of thought. As he proceeded, he saw what appeared to be his own house, for the shape,
dimensions and situation were like the one he built, and the distance and direction from his farm house was the same.
What astonished him most was the trees; when he saw them last they were silver pines, chestnuts, catalpas, locusts and
sycamores – now the few that remained were only oak and willow; they were of enormous size, and appeared aged.

“I must wait, I see,” said poor Hastings, “for an explanation of all this; my hope is, that I am dreaming. Here lie
trees newly felled, immense trees they are, and they grew on a spot where I formerly had a range of offices. I shall
awake to-morrow, no doubt,” said he, faintly smiling, “and find myself recompensed for this miserable dream. Pray what
is your name?” – turning to the younger of the two men.

“My name is Valentine Harley, and I am related to this gentleman; our family have, at intervals, intermarried, for
upwards of three hundred years.”

“Valentine Harley!” exclaimed Hastings, “that is the name of my wife’s father. There never was any of the name of
Valentine, to my knowledge, but his; and I did not know that there was another Edgar Hastings in existence, excepting
myself and my young son.”

They were now in front of the house – the massive north portico had been replaced by another of different shape; the
windows were altered; the vestibule, the main hall, the staircase, no longer the same – yet the general plan was
familiar, and when they opened the door of a small room in the north wing, he found it exactly to correspond with what
he had intended for his laboratory.

After persuading him to take some refreshments, they conducted him to his chamber, and the two young men related to
the astonished Hastings what follows. We shall not stop to speak of his surprise, his sufferings, his mortal agony –
nor of the interruptions which naturally took place; but the group sat up till midnight. It is needless to say that not
one of the three closed his eyes the remainder of the night.

“Early this morning,” began the younger Edgar Hastings – “and be not dismayed when I tell you, that instead of the
15th of February, 1835, it is now the 15th of April, 2135 – several of us stood looking at some labourers who were at
work cutting a street through the adjoining hill. Our engines had succeeded in removing the trees, rocks and stones,
which lay embedded in the large mounds of earth, and about ten o’clock the street, with the exception of the great mass
which covered your farm house, was entirely cut through to the river. This portion of it would have been also removed,
but both from papers in my possession and tradition, a stone building, containing many valuable articles, was supposed
to be buried there, by the fall of the hill near which it stood.

“To extend the city, which is called Hamilton, my property, or rather, I should say, your property, was from time to
time sold, till at length nothing remains in our possession but this house and a few acres of ground; the last we sold
was that strip on which your farm house stands. It was with great reluctance that I parted with this portion, as I
could not but consider it as your sepulchre, which in fact it has proved to be.

“When they commenced cutting through the hill the top was covered with large oaks, some of which, when sawed
through, showed that they were upwards of a century old; and one in particular, which stood on the boundary line, had
been designated as a landmark in all the old title deeds of two hundred years’ standing.

“About three hours before you were liberated the workmen came to a solid stratum of ice, a phenomenon so
extraordinary, that all the people in the vicinity gathered to the spot to talk and ponder over it. An aged man,
upwards of ninety, but with his faculties unimpaired, was among the number present. He said, that in his youth his
great grandfather had often spoken of a tradition respecting this hill. It was reported to have been much higher, and
that a ravine, or rather a precipitous slope, a little below the road, was quite filled up by the overthrow of the
hill. That the fall had been occasioned by an earthquake, and the peak of the hill, after dislodging a huge rock, had
entirely covered up a stone building which contained a large treasure. He very well remembered hearing his aged
relative say, that the hill was covered with immense pines and chestnuts.

“The truth of part of this story was corroborated by ancient documents in my possession, and I hastened to my
library to search for some old family papers, which had been transmitted to me with great care. I soon found what I
wanted, and with a map of the estate, in which, from father to son, all the alterations of time had been carefully
marked down, I was able to point out the exact spot on which the old stone farm house stood. In a letter from a
gentleman named Valentine Harley, which, with several from the same hand, accompanied the different maps, an account
was given of the avalanche which buried the house and filled up the ravine and gap below. As the originals were likely
to be destroyed by time, they had been copied in a large book, containing all the records of the family, which, from
period to period, receive the attestation of the proper recording officer, so that you may look upon these documents as
a faithful transcript of every thing of moment that has occurred within the last three hundred years. It was only last
November that I entered an account of the sale of this very strip of land in which the stone house lay.

“Here is the first thing on record – a letter, as I observed, from the father-in-law of Edgar Hastings, my great
ancestor – but I forget that it is of you he speaks. Believe me, dear sir, that most deeply do we sympathize with you;
but your case is so singular, and the period in which all this suffering occurred is so very remote, that your strong
sense will teach you to bear your extraordinary fate like a man. Allow me to read the letter; it is directed to James
Harley, son to the above mentioned Valentine Harley.

“‘Second month, 17th, 1834. My dear son – Stay where thou art, for thy presence will but aggravate our grief. I will
give thee all the particulars of the dreadful calamity which has befallen us. I have not yet recovered from the shock,
and thy sister is in the deepest wo; but it is proper that thou shouldst know the truth, and there is no one to tell
thee but myself. On Monday the 15th, my dear son Edgar Hastings took a tender farewell of thy sister and his babe,
shaking hands with me in so earnest and solemn a manner, that one prone to superstition would have said it was
prophetic of evil. We saw him walk briskly along the road until the angle, which thou knowest is made by the great
hill, shut him from our sight; but just before he turned the angle he cast a look towards the house wherein all his
treasure lay, and seeing that we were watching his steps, he waved his handkerchief and disappeared. His intention,
thou knowest, was to proceed to New York; Samuel, his faithful servant, was to accompany him, and had gone forward in
the carriage with the baggage, as Edgar preferred to walk to the boat. Thy poor sister and myself stood on the old
piazza waiting until the little steamboat – it was the Black Hawk – should turn the great bend and appear in sight, for
it was natural, thou knowest, to linger and look at the vessel which held one so dear to us both. It was the first time
that thy sister had been separated from Edgar, and she stood weeping silently, leaning on my arm, as the little
steamboat shot briskly round the bend and appeared full in sight. Thou must recollect that the channel brings the boat
nearly opposite the stone farm house, and even at that distance, although we could not distinguish features or person,
yet we fancied we saw the waving of a handkerchief. At that instant the Black Hawk blew up, every thing went asunder,
and to my affrighted soul the boat appeared to rise many feet out of the water. I cannot paint to thee our agony, or
speak of the profound grief, the unextinguishable grief, of thy dear sister; she lies still in silent wo, and who is
there, save her Maker, who dares to comfort her.

“‘I told thee in a previous letter, written I believe on the 12th, that I apprehended a sudden thaw. I mentioned my
fears to our dear Edgar, and with his usual prudence he gave orders to strengthen some of the embankments below the
ravine. Among other things I thought of his valuable books and instruments, which still remained in the stone farm
house, and that very afternoon I intended to have them removed to Elmwood. At the instant the dreadful explosion took
place, the great snow bank, which thou recollectest lay above the house in the hollow of the hill, slid down and
entirely covered the building; and, in another second, the high peak of the hill, heavily covered with large pines,
fell down and buried itself in the ravine and gap below. The building and all its valuable contents lie buried deep
below the immense mass of earth, but we stop not in our grief to care for it, as he who delighted in them is gone from
us for ever.

“‘Thy sister, thy poor sister, when the first horrible shock was over, would cling to the hope that Edgar might be
spared, and it was with the greatest difficulty that I could prevent her from flying to the spot where the crowd had
collected. Alas! no one lived to tell how death had overtaken them. Of the five persons engaged on board, three of
their bodies have since been found; this was in dragging the water. It seems there were but few passengers, perhaps
only our beloved Edgar, his poor servant Samuel, and one or two others. An old man was seen to enter the boat just as
she was moving off; his body was found on the bank, and on searching his pockets a small piece of silver, a quarter of
a dollar, was taken out, which I knew in a moment; it was mine only an hour before, and had three little crosses deeply
indented on the rim, with a hole in the centre of the coin; I made these marks on it the day before, for a particular
purpose; I could therefore identify the money at once. About an hour before Edgar left us, thinking he might want small
silver, I gave him a handful, and this piece was among the number. He must have given it to the man as soon as he got
on board, perhaps for charity, as the man was poor, and probably had begged of him. This at once convinced me that our
dear Edgar was in the fatal boat. We have made every exertion to recover the body, but are still unsuccessful; nor can
we find that of our poor faithful Samuel. The body of the horse was seen floating down the river yesterday; and the
large trunk, valueless thing now, was found but this morning near the stone fence on the opposite shore.

“‘There were some valuable parchments, title deeds, in a small leather valise, which our dear Edgar carried himself
– but what do we care for such things now, or for the gold pieces which he also had in the same case. Alas! we think of
nothing but of the loss of him, thy much valued brother. Edgar Hastings has been taken from us, and although thy poor
sister is the greatest sufferer, yet all mourn.

“‘Offer up thy prayers, my son, that God will please to spare thy sister’s reason; if that can be reserved, time
will soften this bitter grief, and some little comfort will remain, for she has Edgar’s boy to nourish and protect. As
to me, tranquil as I am compelled to be before her, I find that my chief pleasure, my happiness, is for ever gone.
Edgar was superior to most men, ay, to any man living, and so excellent was he in heart, and so virtuous and upright in
all his ways, that I trust his pure spirit has ascended to the Great Being who gave it.

“‘Do not come to us just now, unless it be necessary to thy peace of mind; but if thou shouldst come, ask not to see
thy sister, for the sight of any one, save me and her child, is most painful to her.

It need not be said that Edgar Hastings was plunged in profound grief at hearing this epistle read; his excellent
father, his beloved wife, his darling child, were brought before him, fresh as when he last saw them; and now the
withering thought came over him that he was to see them no more! After a few moments spent in bitter anguish, he raised
his head, and motioned the young man to proceed.

“Meantime the workmen proceeded in their labours, and so great was the anxiety of all, that upwards of fifty more
hands were employed to assist in removing the thick layer of ice which apparently covered the whole building. When the
ice was removed, we came immediately to the crushed roof of the house, into which several of the labourers would have
worked their way had we not withheld them. After placing the engines in front they soon cleared a road to the entrance,
and by sundown Valentine Harley and myself stood before the doorway of the low stone farm house.

“It was not without great emotion that we came thus suddenly in view of a building which had lain under such a mass
of earth for three centuries. We are both, I trust, men of strong and tender feelings, and we could not but sigh over
the disastrous fate of our great ancestor, distant as was the period of his existence. We had often thought of it, for
it was the story of our childhood, and every document had been religiously preserved. We stood for a few moments
looking at the entrance in silence, for among other letters there were two or three, written late in life by your
faithful and excellent wife – was not her name Ophelia?”

“It was, it was,” said the afflicted man; “go on, and ask me no questions, for my reason is unsteady.”

“In one of these letters she suggested the possibility that her beloved husband might have been buried under the
ruins; that the thought had sometimes struck her; but her father believed otherwise. That within a few years an old
sailor had returned to his native place, and as it was near Elmwood, he called on her to state that it was his firm
belief that Mr. Hastings did not perish in the Black Hawk. His reason for this belief was, that on the way to the ship
he encountered an old friend, just at that moment leaving the low stone building. ‘I wanted him,’ said the old sailor,
‘to jump in the wagon and go with me to the wharf, but he refused, as he had business on the other side of the river.
Besides, said my friend, the gentleman within, pointing to the door, has given me a quarter of a dollar to go forward
and tell the captain of the Black Hawk that he cannot cross this trip. This gentleman, he said, was Mr. Hastings.’

“Another letter stated – I think it was written by the wife of James Harley, your brother-in-law – that, in addition
to the above, the old sailor stated, that the ship in which he sailed had not raised anchor yet, when they heard the
explosion of the Black Hawk, of which fact they became acquainted by means of a little fishing boat that came along
side, and which saw her blow up. He observed to some one near, that if that was the case, an old shipmate of his had
lost his life. The sailor added likewise, that he had been beating about the world for many years, but at length
growing tired, and finding old age creeping on him, he determined to end his days in his native village. Among the
recitals of early days was the bursting of the Black Hawk and the death of Mr. Hastings, which latter fact he
contradicted, stating his reasons for believing that you were not in the boat. The idea of your being buried under the
ruins, and the dread that you might have perished with hunger, so afflicted the poor Lady Ophelia that she fell into a
nervous fever, of which she died.”

The young men renewed the fire, and were about to depart, when he called them back.

“Excuse this emotion – but my son – tell me of him; did he perish?”

“No – he lived to see his great grandchildren all married: I think he was upwards of ninety when he died.”

“And what relation are you to him?”

“I am the great grandson of your great grandson,” said Edgar Hastings the younger; “and this young man is the eighth
in descent from your brother, James Harley. We both feel respect and tenderness for you, and it shall be the business
of our lives to make you forget your griefs. Be comforted, therefore, for we are your children. In the morning you
shall see my wife and children. Meantime, as we have not much more to say, let us finish our account of meeting you,
and then we trust you will be able to get a few hours’ rest.”

“Rest!” said the man who had slept three hundred years, “I think I have had enough of sleep; but proceed.”

“When the thought struck us that your bones might lie under the ruins, we did not wish any common eye to see them;
we therefore dismissed the workmen, and entered the door by ourselves. We came immediately into a square hall, at the
end of which was the opening to what is called in all the papers the middle room; the door had crumbled away. The only
light in the room proceeded from a hole which had been recently made by the removal of the ice on the roof, but it was
sufficient to show the contents of the room. We saw the boxes, so often mentioned in all the letters, nine in number,
and four large cases, which we supposed to be instruments. The table and four chairs were in good preservation, and on
the table lay the very note which you must have written but a few minutes before the ice covered you. On walking to the
other side of the room, the light fell on the large chair in which you were reclining.

“‘This is the body of our great ancestor,’ said Valentine Harley, ‘and now that the air has been admitted it will
crumble to dust. Let us have the entrance nailed up, and make arrangements for giving the bones an honourable
grave.’

“‘Unfortunate man,’ said I; ‘he must have perished with hunger – and yet his flesh does not appear to have wasted.
It is no doubt the first owner of our estate, and he was buried in the fall of the ice and hill. The old sailor was
right. His cap of sealskin lies at the back of his head, his gloves are on his lap, and there is the cameo on his
little finger, the very one described in the paper which offered that large reward for the recovery of his body. The
little valise lies at his feet – how natural – how like a living being he looks; one could almost fancy he
breathes.’

“‘My fancy is playing the fool with me,’ said Valentine; ‘he not only appears to breathe, but he moves his hand. If
we stay much longer our senses will become affected, and we shall imagine that he can rise and walk.’

“We stepped back, therefore, a few paces; but you may imagine our surprise, when you opened your eyes and made an
attempt to get up. At length you spoke, and we hastened to you; our humanity and pity, for one so singularly
circumstanced, being stronger than our fears. You know the rest. I picked up the valise, and there it lies.”

We shall draw a veil over the next two months of our hero’s existence. His mind was in distress and confusion, and
he refused to be comforted; but the young men devoted themselves to him, and they had their reward in seeing him at
length assume a tranquil manner – yet the sad expression of his countenance never left him. His greatest pleasure – a
melancholy one it was, which often made him shed tears – was to caress the youngest child; it was about the age of his
own, and he fancied he saw a resemblance. In fact, he saw a strong likeness to his wife in the lady who now occupied
Elmwood, and her name being Ophelia rendered the likeness more pleasing. She had been told of the strange relationship
which existed between her guest and themselves; but, at our hero’s request, no other human being was to know who he
was, save Edgar Hastings the younger and his wife, and Valentine Harley. It was thought most prudent to keep it a
secret from the wife of the latter, as her health was exceedingly delicate, and her husband feared that the strangeness
of the affair might disturb her mind.

Behold our hero, then, in full health and vigour, at the ripe age of thirty-two, returning to the earth after an
absence of three hundred years! Had it not been for the loss of his wife and son, and his excellent father, he surely
was quite as happily circumstanced, as when, at twenty-one, he returned from Europe, unknowing and unknown. He soon
made friends then, and but for the canker at his heart he could make friends again. He thought of nothing less
than to appear before the public, or of engaging in any pursuit. His fortune, and that part of his father-in-law’s
which naturally would have fallen to him, was now in the possession of this remote descendent. He was willing to let it
so remain, retaining only sufficient for his wants; and his amiable relation took care that his means were ample.

To divert his mind, and keep him from brooding over his sorrows, his young relative proposed that they should travel
through the different states. “Surely,” said he, “you must feel a desire to see what changes three hundred years have
made. Are not the people altered? Do those around you talk, and dress, and live as you were accustomed to do?”

“I see a difference certainly,” said Hastings, “but less than I should have imagined. But my mind has been in such
confusion, and my grief has pressed so heavily on my heart, that I can observe nothing. I will travel with you, perhaps
it may be of service; let us set out on the first of May. Shall we go northward first, or where?”

“I think we had better go to New York,” said Edgar, “and then to Boston; we can spend the months of May, June and
July very pleasantly in travelling from one watering place to another. We now go in locomotive cars, without either gas
or steam.”

“Is that the way you travel now?” exclaimed Hastings.

“Yes, certainly; how should we travel? Oh, I recollect, you had balloons and air cars in your time.”

“We had balloons, but they were not used as carriages; now and then some adventurous man went up in one, but it was
merely to amuse the people. Have you discovered the mode of navigating balloons?”

“Oh yes; we guide them as easily through the air, as you used to do horses on land.”

“Do you never use horses to travel with now?”

“No, never. It is upwards of a hundred years since horses were used either for the saddle or carriage; and full two
hundred years since they were used for ploughing, or other farming or domestic purposes.”

“You astonish me; but in field sports, or horse racing, there you must have horses.”

The young man smiled. “My dear sir,” said he, “there is no such thing as field sports or horse racing now. Those
brutal pastimes, thank heaven, have been entirely abandoned. In fact, you will be surprised to learn, that the races of
horses, asses and mules are almost extinct. I can assure you, that they are so great a curiosity now to the rising
generation, that they are carried about with wild beasts as part of the show.”

“Then there is no travelling on horseback? I think that is a great loss, as the exercise was very healthy and
pleasant.”

“Oh, we have a much more agreeable mode of getting exercise now. Will you take a ride on the land or a sail on the
water?”

“I think I should feel a reluctance in getting into one of your new fashioned cars. Do the steamboats cross at what
was called the Little Ferry, where the Black Hawk went from when her boiler exploded?”

“Steamboats indeed! they have been out of use since the year 1950. But suspend your curiosity until we commence our
journey; you will find many things altered for the belter.”

“One thing surprises me,” said Hastings. “You wear the quaker dress; indeed, it is of that fashion which the gravest
of the sect of my time wore; but you do not use the mode of speech – is that abolished among you?”

The young man, whom we shall in future call Edgar, laughed out. “Quaker!” said he; “why, my dear sir, the quakers
have been extinct for upwards of two centuries. My dress is the fashion of the present moment; all the young men of my
age and standing dress in this style now. Does it appear odd to you?”

“No,” said Hastings, “because this precise dress was worn by the people called Friends or Quakers, in my day –
strange that I should have to use this curious mode of speech – my day! yes, like the wandering Jew, I seem to exist to
the end of time. I see one alteration or difference, however; you wear heavy gold buckles in your shoes, the quakers
wore strings; you have long ruffles on your hands, they had none; you wear a cocked hat, and they wore one with a large
round rim.”

“But the women – did they dress as my wife does?”

“No. – Your wife wears what the old ladies before my time called a frisk and petticoat; it is the fashion
of the year 1780. Her hair is cropped and curled closely to her head, with small clusters of curls in the hollow of
each temple. In 1835 the hair was dressed in the Grecian style – but you can see the fashion. You have preserved the
picture of my dear Ophelia; she sat to two of the best painters of the day, Sully and Ingham; the one you have
was painted by Ingham, and is in the gay dress of the time. The other, which her brother had in his possession, was in
a quaker dress, and was painted by Sully.”

“We have it still, and it is invaluable for the sweetness of expression and the grace of attitude. The one in your
room is admirable likewise; it abounds in beauties. No one since has ever been able to paint in that style; it bears
examination closely. Was he admired as an artist in your day?”

“Yes; he was a distinguished painter, but he deserved his reputation, for he bestowed immense labour on his
portraits, and sent nothing unfinished from his hands.”

“But portrait painting is quite out of date now; it began to decline about the year 1870. It was a strange taste,
that of covering the walls with paintings, which your grandchildren had to burn up as useless lumber. Where character,
beauty and grace were combined, and a good artist to embody them, it was well enough; a number of these beautiful fancy
pieces are still preserved. Landscape and historical painting is on the decline also. There are no good artists now,
but you had a delightful painter in your day – Leslie. His pictures are still considered as very great treasures, and
they bring the very highest prices.”

“How is it with sculpture? That art was beginning to improve in my day.”

“Yes; and has continued to improve. We now rival the proudest days of Greece. But you must see all these things. The
Academy of Fine Arts in Philadelphia will delight you; it is now the largest in the world. In reading an old work I
find that in your time it was contemptible enough, for in the month of April of 1833, the Academy of Fine Arts in that
city was so much in debt, as to be unable to sustain itself. It was with the greatest difficulty that the trustees
could beg a sum sufficient to pay the debts. The strong appeal that was made to the public enabled them to continue it
a little longer in its impoverished condition, but it seems that it crumbled to pieces, and was not resuscitated until
the year 1850, at which time a taste for the art of sculpture began to appear in this country.”

On the first of May the two gentlemen commenced their tour – not in locomotive engines, nor in steamboats, but in
curious vehicles that moved by some internal machinery. They were regulated every hour at the different stopping
places, and could be made to move faster or slower, to suit the pleasure of those within. The roads were beautifully
smooth and perfectly level; and Hastings observed that there were no dangerous passes, for a strong railing stretched
along the whole extent of every elevation. How different from the roads of 1834! Then men were reckless or prodigal of
life; stages were overturned, or pitched down some steep hill – rail cars bounded off the rails, or set the vehicles on
fire – steamboats exploded and destroyed many lives – horses ran away and broke their riders’ necks – carts, heavily
laden, passed over children and animals – boats upset in squalls of wind – in short, if human ingenuity had been
exerted to its fullest extent, there could not be contrivances better suited to shorten life, or render travelling more
unsafe and disagreeable.

Instead of going directly to New York, as they at first contemplated, they visited every part of Pennsylvania.
Railroads intersected one another in every direction; every thing was a source of amazement and amusement to Hastings.
The fields were no longer cultivated by the horse or the ox, nor by small steam engines, as was projected in the
nineteenth century, but by a self-moving plough, having the same machinery to propel it as that of the travelling cars.
Instead of rough, unequal grounds, gullied, and with old tree stumps in some of the most valuable parts of the field,
the whole was one beautiful level; and, where inclinations were unavoidable, there were suitable drains. The same power
mowed the grass, raked it up, spread it out, gathered it, and brought it to the barn – the same power scattered seeds,
ploughed, hoed, harrowed, cut, gathered, threshed, stored and ground the grain – and the same power distributed it to
the merchants and small consumers.

“Wonderful, most wonderful,” said the astonished Hastings. “I well remember this very farm; those fields, the soil
of which was washed away by the precipitous fall of rain from high parts, are now all levelled smooth. The hand of time
has done nothing better for the husbandman than in perfecting such operations as these. Now, every inch of ground is
valuable; and this very farm, once only capable of supporting a man, his wife and five children in the mere necessaries
of life, must now give to four times that number every luxury.”

“Yes, you are right; and instead of requiring the assistance of four labourers, two horses and two oxen, it is all
managed by four men alone! The machines have done every thing – they fill up gullies, dig out the roots of trees,
plough down hills, turn water courses – in short, they have entirely superseded the use of cattle of any kind.”

“But I see no fences,” said Hastings; “how is this? In my day, every man’s estate was enclosed by a fence or wall of
some kind; now, for boundary lines I see nothing but a low hedge, and a moveable wire fence for pasturage for
cows.”

“Why should there be the uncouth and expensive fences, which I find by the old books were in use in 1834, when we
have no horses; there is no fear of injury now from their trespassing. All our carriages move on rails, and cannot turn
aside to injure a neighbouring grain field. Cows, under no pretence whatever, are allowed to roam at large; and it
would be most disgraceful to the corporate bodies of city or county to allow hogs or sheep to run loose in the streets
or on the road. The rich, therefore, need no enclosure but for ornament, which, as it embellishes the prospect, is
always made of some pleasant looking evergreen or flowering shrub. In fact, it is now a state affair, and when a poor
man is unable to enclose the land himself, it is done by money lawfully appropriated to the purpose.”

“And dogs – I see no dogs,” said Hastings. “In my day every farmer had one or more dogs; in little villages there
were often three and four in each house; the cities were full of them, notwithstanding the dog laws – but I see none
now.”

“No – it is many years since dogs were domesticated; it is a rarity to see one now. Once in a while some odd,
eccentric old fellow will bring a dog with him from some foreign port, but he dare not let him run loose. I presume
that in your time hydrophobia was common; at least, on looking over a file of newspapers of the year 1930, called the
Recorder of Self-Inflicted Miseries, I saw several accounts of that dreadful disease. Men, women, children, animals,
were frequently bitten by mad dogs in those early days. It is strange, that so useless an animal was caressed, and
allowed to come near your persons, when the malady to which they were so frequently liable, and from which there was no
guarding, no cure, could be imparted to human beings.”

“Well, what caused the final expulsion of dogs?”

“You will find the whole account in that old paper called the Recorder of Self-Inflicted Miseries; there, from time
to time, all the accidents that happened to what were called steamboats, locomotive engines, stages, &c. were
registered. You will see that in the year 1860, during the months of August and September, more than ten thousand dogs
were seized with that horrible disease, and that upward of one hundred thousand people fell victims to it. It raged
with the greatest fury in New York, Philadelphia, and Baltimore; and but for the timely destruction of every dog in the
South, ten times the number of human beings would have perished. The death from hydrophobia is as disgraceful to a
corporate body, as if the inhabitants had died of thirst, when good water was near them.”

“This was horrible; the consternation of the people must have been very great – equal to what was felt during the
cholera. Did you ever read of that terrible disease?”

“No, I do not recollect it – Oh, yes, now I remember to have read something of it – but that came in a shape that
was not easy to foresee. But dogs were always known to be subject to this awful disease, and therefore encouraging
their increase was shameful. Posterity had cause enough to curse the memory of their ancestors, for having entailed
such a dreadful scourge upon them. The panic, it seems, was so great, that to this day children are more afraid of
looking at a dog, for they are kept among wild beasts as a curiosity, than at a Bengal tiger.”

“I confess I never could discover in what their usefulness consisted. They were capable of feeling a strong
attachment to their master, and had a show of reason and intelligence, but it amounted to very little in its effects.
It was very singular, but I used frequently to observe, that men were oftentimes more gentle and kind to their dogs
than to their wives and children; and much better citizens would these children have made, if their fathers had
bestowed half the pains in breaking them in, and in training them, that they did on their dogs. It was a very
rare circumstance if a theft was prevented by the presence of a dog; when such a thing did occur, every paper
spoke of it, and the anecdote was never forgotten. But had they been ever so useful, so necessary to man’s comfort,
nothing could compensate or overbalance the evil to which he was liable from this disease. Were the dogs all destroyed
at once?”

“Yes; the papers say, that by the first of October there was but one dog to be seen, and the owner of that had to
pay a fine of three thousand dollars, and be imprisoned for one year at hard labour. When you consider the horrible
sufferings of so many people, and all to gratify a pernicious as well as foolish fondness for an animal, we cannot
wonder at the severity of the punishment.”

“I very well remember how frequently I was annoyed by dogs when riding along the road. A yelping cur has followed at
my horse’s heels for five or six minutes, cunningly keeping beyond the reach of my whip – some dogs do this all their
lives. Have the shepherd’s dogs perished likewise – all, did you say?”

“Yes; every dog – pointers, setters, hounds – all were exterminated; and I sincerely hope that the breed will never
be encouraged again. In fact, the laws are so severe that there is no fear of it, for no man can bring them in the
country without incurring a heavy fine, and in particular cases imprisonment at hard labour. We should as soon expect
to see a wolf or a tiger running loose in the streets as a dog.”

Every step they took excited fresh remarks from Hastings, and his mind naturally turned to the friends he had lost.
How perfect would have been his happiness if it had been permitted that his wife and his father could be with him to
see the improved state of the country. When he looked forward to what his life might be – unknown, alone – he regretted
that he had been awakened: but his kind relative, who never left him for a moment, as soon as these melancholy reveries
came over him hurried him to some new scene.

They were now in Philadelphia, the Athens of America, as it was called three centuries back. Great changes had taken
place here. Very few of the public edifices had escaped the all-devouring hand of time. In fact, Hastings recognised
but five – that beautiful building called originally the United States Bank, the Mint, the Asylum for the Deaf and
Dumb, and the Girard College. The latter continued to flourish, notwithstanding its downfall was early predicted, in
consequence of the prohibition of clergymen in the direction of its affairs. The dispute, too, about the true
signification of the term “orphan” had been settled; it was at length, after a term of years, twenty, I think, decided,
that the true meaning and intent of Stephen Girard, the wise founder of the institution, was to make it a charity for
those children who had lost both parents.

“I should not think,” said Hastings, on hearing this from Edgar, “that any one could fancy, for a moment, that
Girard meant any thing else.”

“Why no, neither you nor I, nor ninety-nine out of a hundred, would decide otherwise; but it seems a question was
raised, and all the books of reference were appealed to, as well as the poets. In almost every case, an orphan
was said to be a child deprived of one or both parents; and, what is very singular, the term orphan occurs but
once throughout the Old and New Testaments. In Lamentations it says, ‘We are orphans, and fatherless, and our
mothers are as widows.’ Now, in the opinion of many, the orphan and fatherless, and those whose
mothers are as widows, here mentioned, are three distinct sets of children – that is, as the lament says, some
of us are orphans, meaning children without father and mother, some of us are fatherless; and the third set
says, ‘our mothers are as widows.’ This means, that in consequence of their fathers’ absence, their mothers were as
desolate and helpless as if in reality they were widows by the death of their husbands. This text, therefore,
settles nothing. Girard, like all the unlettered men of the age, by the term orphan, understood it to mean a
child without parents.”

“I very well remember,” said Hastings, “that on another occasion when the term came in question, I asked every man
and woman that worked on and lived near the great canal, what they meant by orphan, and they invariably,
without a single exception, said it meant a child without parents.”

“Well, the good sense of the trustees, at the end of the time I mentioned, decided after the manner of the multitude
– for it was from this mass that their objects of charity were taken. And there is no instance on the records, of a
widow begging admittance for her fatherless boys. They knew very well what being an orphan meant, but to their praise
be it said, if fatherless children had been included in the term, there were very few who would not have
struggled as long as it was in their power, before their boys should be taken to a charitable institution.”

“I recollect, too,” said Hastings, “that great umbrage was taken by many persons because the clergy were debarred
from any interference in the management of the college. No evil, you say, has arisen from this prohibition?”

“None at all,” replied Edgar. “The clergy were not offended by it; they found they had enough to do with church
affairs. It has been ever since in the hands of a succession of wise, humane, and honest men. The funds have gone on
increasing, and as they became more than sufficient for the purposes of the college, the overplus has been lawfully
spent in improving the city.”

“In the year 1835 – alas, it seems to me that but a few days ago I existed at that period – was there not an Orphan
Asylum here?”

“Yes, my dear sir, the old books speak of a small establishment of that kind, founded by several sensible and
benevolent women; but it was attended with very great personal sacrifices – for there was in that century a very
singular, and, we must say, disgusting practice among all classes, to obtain money for the establishment of any
charitable, benevolent, or literary institution. Both men and women – women for the most part, because men used then to
shove off from themselves all that was irksome or disagreeable – women, I say, used to go from door to door, and in the
most humble manner beg a few dollars from each individual. Sometimes, the Recorder of Self-Inflicted Miseries says,
that men and women of coarse minds and mean education were in the habit of insulting the committee who thus turned
beggars. They did not make their refusal in decent terms even, but added insult to it. In the course of time the
Recorder goes on to say, men felt ashamed of all this, and their first step was to relieve women from the drudgery and
disgrace of begging. After that, but it was by degrees, the different corporate bodies of each state took the matter
up, and finally every state had its own humane and charitable institutions, so that there are now no longer any private
ones, excepting such as men volunteer to maintain with their own money.”

“Did the old Orphan Asylum of Philadelphia, begun by private individuals, merge into the one now established?”

“No,” replied Edgar; “the original asylum only existed a certain number of years, for people got tired of keeping up
a charity by funds gathered in this loose way. At length, another man of immense wealth died, and bequeathed all his
property to the erection and support of a college for orphan girls – and this time the world was not in doubt as to the
testator’s meaning. From this moment a new era took place with regard to women, and we owe the improved condition of
our people entirely to the improvement in the education of the female poor; blessed be the name of that man.”

“Well, from time to time you must tell me the rise and progress of all these things; at present I must try and find
my way in this now truly beautiful city. This is Market street, but so altered that I should scarcely know it.”

“Yes, I presume that three hundred years would improve the markets likewise. But wherein is it altered?”

“In my day the market was of one story, or rather had a roof supported by brick pillars, with a neat stone pavement
running the whole length of the building. Market women not only sat under each arch and outside of the pillars, but
likewise in the open spaces where the streets intersected the market. Butchers and fish sellers had their appropriate
stalls; and clerks of the market, as they were called, took care that no imposition was practised. Besides this, the
women used to bawl through the streets, and carry their fish and vegetables on their heads.”

“All that sounds very well; but our old friend, the Recorder of Self-Inflicted Miseries, mentions this very market
as a detestable nuisance, and the manner of selling things through the streets shameful. Come with me, and let us see
wherein this is superior to the one you describe.”

The two friends entered the range above at the Schuylkill, for to that point had the famous Philadelphia market
reached. The building was of two stories, built of hewn stone, and entirely fire-proof, as there was not a particle of
wood-work or other ignitable matter in it. The upper story was appropriated to wooden, tin, basket, crockery, and other
domestic wares, such as stockings, gloves, seeds, and garden utensils, all neatly arranged and kept perpetually clean.
On the ground floor, in cool niches, under which ran a stream of cold, clear water, were all the variety of vegetables;
and there, at this early season, were strawberries and green peas, all of which were raised in the neighbourhood. The
finest of the strawberries were those that three centuries before went by the name, as it now did, of the dark
hautbois, rich in flavour and delicate in perfume. Women, dressed in close caps and snow white aprons, stood or
sat modestly by their baskets – not, as formerly, bawling out to the passers-by and entreating them to purchase of
them, but waiting for their turn with patience and good humour. Their hair was all hidden, save a few plain braids or
plaits in front, and their neck was entirely covered. Their dress was appropriate to their condition, and their bearing
had both dignity and grace.

“Well, this surpasses belief,” said Hastings. “Are these the descendants of that coarse, vulgar, noisy, ill dressed
tribe, one half of whom appeared before their dirty baskets and crazy fixtures with tawdry finery, and the other half
in sluttish, uncouth clothes, with their hair hanging about their face, or stuck up behind with a greasy horn comb?
What has done all this?”

“Why, the improvement which took place in the education of women. While women were degraded as they were in your
time” –

“In my time, my dear Edgar,” said Hastings, quickly – “in my time! I can tell you that women were not in a degraded
state then. Go back to the days of Elizabeth, if you please; but I assure you that in 1835 women enjoyed perfect
equality of rights.”

“Did they! then our old friend, the Recorder of Self-Inflicted Miseries, has been imposing on us – but we will
discuss this theme more at our leisure. Let us ask that neat pretty young woman for some strawberries and cream.”

They were ripe and delicious, and Hastings found, that however much all other things had changed, the fine perfume,
the grateful flavour, the rich consistency of the fruit and cream were the same – nature never changes.

There were no unpleasant sights – no rotten vegetables or leaves, no mud, no spitting, no – in short, the whole
looked like a painting, and the women all seemed as if they were dressed for the purpose of sitting for their
portraits, to let other times have a peep at what was going on in a former world.

“If I am in my senses,” said Hastings, “which I very much doubt, this is the most pleasing change which time has
wrought; I cannot but believe that I shall wake up in the morning and find this all a dream. This is no market – it is
a picture.”

“We shall see,” said Edgar. “Come, let us proceed to the butchers’ market.”

So they walked on, and still the rippling stream followed them; and here no sights of blood, or stained hands, or
greasy knives, or slaughter-house smells, were present. The meats were not hung up to view in the open air, as in times
of old; but you had only to ask for a particular joint, and lo! a small door, two feet square, opened in the wall, and
there hung the identical part.

“This gentleman is a stranger,” said Edgar, to a neatly dressed man, having on a snow white apron; “show him a hind
quarter of veal; we do not want to buy any, but merely to look at what you have to sell.”

The little door opened, and there hung one of the fattest and finest quarters Hastings had ever seen.

“And the price,” asked he.

“It is four cents a pound,” replied the man. A purchaser soon came; the meat was weighed within; the man received
the money, and gave a ticket with the weight written on it; the servant departed, and the two friends moved on.

“Our regulations are excellent,” said Edgar; “formerly, as the old Recorder of Self-Inflicted Miseries says, the
butchers weighed their meats in the most careless manner, and many a man went home with a suspicion that he was cheated
of half or three quarters of a pound. Now, nothing of this kind can take place, for the clerks of the market stand at
every corner. See! those men use the graduated balance; the meat is laid, basket and all, on that little table; the
pressure acts on a wheel – a clicking is heard – it strikes the number of pounds and quarters, and thus the weight is
ascertained. The basket you saw, all those you now see in the meat market, are of equal weight, and they are marked 1,
2, 3, 4 or more pounds, as the size may be. Do you not see how much of labour and confusion this saves. I suppose, in
your day, you would have scorned to legislate on such trifling objects; but I assure you we find our account in
it.”

“I must confess that this simplifies things wonderfully; but the cleanliness, order and cheerfulness that are seen
throughout this market – these are things worthy of legislation. I suppose all this took place gradually?”

“Yes, I presume so; but it had arrived to this point before my time; the water which flows under and through the
market was conveyed there upward of a century ago. But here is beef, mutton, all kinds of meat – and this is the
poultry market – all sold by weight, as it should be; and here is the fish market – see what large marble basins; each
fishmonger has one of his own, so that all kinds are separate; and see how dexterously they scoop up the very fish that
a customer wants.”

“What is this?” said Hastings, looking through one of the arches of the fish market; “can this be the Delaware?”

“Yes,” replied Edgar; “the market on which we are now, is over the Delaware. Look over this railing, we are on a
wide bridge – but let us proceed to the extremity; this bridge extends to the Jersey shore, and thus connects the two
large cities Philadelphia and Camden.”

“In my day, it was in contemplation to build a bridge over the Delaware; but there was great opposition to it, as in
that case there would be a very great delay, if not hinderance, to the free passage of ships.”

New wonders sprung up at every step – vessels, light as gossamer, of curious construction, were passing and
repassing under the arches of the bridge, some of three and four hundred tons burden, others for the convenience of
market people, and many for the pleasure of the idle. While yet they looked, a beautiful vessel hove in sight, and in a
moment she moved gracefully and swiftly under the arches, and by the time that Hastings had crossed to the other side
of the bridge she was fastened to the pier.

“Is this a steamboat from Baltimore?” said Hastings. “Yet it cannot be, for I see neither steam nor smoke.”

“Steamboat!” answered his companion – “don’t speak so loud, the people will think you crazy. Why, steamboats have
been out of date for more than two hundred years. I forget the name of the one who introduced them into our waters, but
they did not continue in use more than fifty years, perhaps not so long; but so many accidents occurred through the
extreme carelessness, ignorance and avarice of many who were engaged in them, that a very great prejudice existed
against their use. No laws were found sufficiently strong to prevent frequent occurrences of the bursting of the
boilers, notwithstanding that sometimes as many as nine or ten lives were destroyed by the explosion. That those
accidents were not the consequence of using steam power – I mean a necessary consequence – all sensible men
knew; for on this river, the Delaware, the bursting of the boiler of a steam engine was never known, nor did such
dreadful accidents ever occur in Europe. But, as I was saying, after one of the most awful catastrophes that ever took
place, the bursting of a boiler which scalded to death forty-one members of Congress, (on their way home,) besides
upwards of thirty women and children, and nine of the crew, the people of this country began to arouse themselves, and
very severe laws were enacted. Before, however, any farther loss of lives occurred, a stop was put to the use of
steamboats altogether. The dreadful accident of which I spoke occurred in the year 1850, and in that eventful year a
new power was brought into use, by which steamboats were laid aside for ever.”

“What is the new principle, and who first brought it to light?”

“Why, a lady. The world owes this blessed invention to a female! I will take you into one of our small boats
presently, where you can handle the machinery yourself. No steam, nor heat, nor animal power – but one of sufficient
energy to move the largest ship.”

“Condensed air, is it? – that was tried in my time.”

“No, nor condensed air; that was almost as dangerous a power as steam; for the bursting of an air vessel was always
destructive of life. The Recorder of Self-Inflicted Miseries mentions several instances of loss of life by the bursting
of one of the air machines used by the manufacturers of mineral waters. If that lady had lived in this
century, her memory would be honoured and cherished; but if no memorial was erected by the English to Lady Mary Wortley
Montagu, a reproach could not rest upon us for not having paid suitable honours to the American lady.”

“Why, what did lady Mary Wortley Montagu do?” said Hastings; “I recollect nothing but that she wrote several volumes
of very agreeable letters – Oh, yes, how could I forget – the small-pox! Yes, indeed, she did deserve to have a
monument; but surely the English erected one to her memory?”

“Did they? – yes – that old defamer of women, Horace Walpole, took good care to keep the public feeling from flowing
in the right channel. He made people laugh at her dirty hands and painted cheeks, but he never urged them to heap
honours on her head for introducing into England the practice of innoculation for the small-pox. If this American lady
deserved the thanks and gratitude of her country for thus, for ever, preventing the loss of lives from steam, and I may
say, too, from shipwreck – still farther was Lady Mary Wortley Montagu entitled to distinction, for the very great
benefit she bestowed on England. She saved thousands of lives, and prevented, what sometimes amounted to hideous
deformity, deeply scarred faces, from being universal Yes, the benefit was incalculable and beyond price – quite equal,
I think, to that which the world owes to Dr. Jenner, who introduced a new form of small-pox, or rather the small-pox
pure and unadulterated by any affinitive virus. This modified the disease to such a degree, that the small-pox, in its
mixed and complicated state, almost disappeared. The Recorder of Self-Inflicted Miseries states, that after a time a
new variety of the small-pox made its appearance, which was called varioloid; but it was quite under the control of medical skill.”

“Well, you live in an age so much in advance of mine, and so many facts and curious phenomena came to light during
the nineteenth century, that you can tell me what the settled opinion is now respecting small-pox, kine-pox, and
varioloid.”

“The settled opinion now is, that they are one and the same disease. Thus – the original disease, transferable from
an ulcer of the cow’s udder to the broken skin of a human being, produced what is called the kine or cow-pox. This
virus of the kine-pox, in its original state, was only capable of being communicated by contact, and only when the skin
was broken or cut; but, when combined with the other poison, infected the system by means of breathing in the
same atmosphere. The poison from the ulcer called cow-pox was never communicated to or by the lungs, neither was the
poison which had so strong an affinity for it communicated in that way; but when the two poisons united, and met in the
same system, a third poison was generated, and the small-pox was the result. But here we are discussing a deep
subject in this busy place – what gave rise to it? – oh, steamboats, the new power now used, Lady Mary Wortley, and Dr.
Jenner.”

“I presume,” said the attentive Hastings, “that Dr. Jenner fared no better than your American lady and Lady Mary
Wortley.”

“You are much mistaken,” said Edgar. “Dr. Jenner was a man, which in your day was a very different
circumstance. I verily believe if it had been a woman who brought that happy event about, although the whole world
would have availed itself of the discovery, her name would scarcely be known at this day.”

Hastings laughed at his friend’s angry defence of women’s rights, but he could not help acknowledging the truth of
what was said – there was always a great unwillingness in men to admit the claims of women. But it was not a time, nor
was this the place, to discuss so important a subject; he intended, however, to resume it the first leisure moment. He
turned his eye to the river, and saw vessels innumerable coming and going; and on the arrival of one a little larger
than that which he first saw, the crowd pressed forward to get on board as soon as she should land.

“Where is that vessel from?” said Hastings; “she looks more weather-beaten than the rest – she has been at sea.”

“Yes; that is one of our Indiamen. Let us go to her, I see a friend of mine on board – he went out as
supercargo.”

They went on board of the Indiaman, and although it had encountered several storms, and had met with several
accidents, yet the crew was all well and the cargo safe. The vessel was propelled by the same machinery – there was
neither masts nor sails!

“How many months have they been on their return?” said Hastings.

“Hush!” said his friend Edgar; “do not let any one hear you. Why, this passage has been a very tedious one, and yet
it has only occupied four weeks. In general twenty days are sufficient.”

“Well,” said Hastings, “after this I shall not be surprised at any thing. Why, in my time we considered it as a very
agreeable thing if we made a voyage to England in that time. Have you many India ships?”

“Yes; the trade has been opened to the very walls of China: the number of our vessels has greatly increased. But you
will be astonished to hear that the emperor of China gets his porcelain from France.”

“No, I am not, now that I hear foreigners have access to that mysterious city, for I never considered the Indian
china as at all equal to the French, either in texture or workmanship. But I presume I have wonders to learn about the
Chinese?”

“Yes, much more than you imagine. It is not more than a century since the change in their system has been effected;
before that, no foreigner was allowed to enter their gates. But dissensions among themselves effected what neither
external violence nor manoeuvring could do. The consequence of this intercourse with foreign nations is, that the feet
of their women are allowed to grow, and they dress now in the European style. They import their fashions from France;
and I see by the papers that the emperor’s second son intends to pay this country a visit. They have English and
French, as well as German and Spanish schools; and a great improvement in the condition of the lower classes of the
Chinese has taken place; but it was first by humanizing the women that these great changes were effected. Their form of
government is fast approaching that of ours, but they held out long and obstinately.”

“Their climate is very much against them,” observed Hastings; “mental culture must proceed slowly, where the heat is
so constant and excessive.”

“Yes; but, my dear sir, you must recollect that they have ice in abundance now. We carry on a great trade in that
article. In fact, some of our richest men owe their wealth to the exportation of this luxury alone. Boston set the
example – she first sent cargoes of ice to China; but it was not until our fast sailing vessels were invented that the
thing could be accomplished.”

“I should think it almost impossible to transport ice to such a distance, even were the time lessened to a month or
six weeks, as it now is.”

“You must recollect, that half of this difficulty of transporting ice was lessened by the knowledge that was
obtained, even in your day, of saving ice. According to the Recorder, who sneered at the times for remaining so long
ignorant of the fact, ice houses could be built above ground, with the certainty that they would preserve ice. It was
the expense of building those deep ice houses which prevented the poor from enjoying this luxury – nay, necessary
article. Now, every landlord builds a stack of ice in the yard, and thatches it well with oat straw; and the
corporation have an immense number of these stacks of ice distributed about the several wards.”

“I have awakened in delightful times, my friend. Oh, that my family could have been with me when I was buried under
the mountain.”

Young Hastings, seeing the melancholy which was creeping over the unfortunate man, hurried him away from the wharf,
and hastened to Chestnut street. Our hero looked anxiously to the right and to the left, but all was altered – all was
strange. Arcades now took precedence of the ancient, inconvenient shops, there being one between every square,
extending from Chestnut to Market on one side, and to Walnut on the other, intersecting the smaller streets and alleys
in their way. Here alone were goods sold – no where else was there a shop seen; and what made it delightful was, that a
fine stream of water ran through pipes under the centre of the pavement, bursting up every twenty feet in little jets,
cooling the air, and contributing to health and cleanliness. The arcades for the grocers were as well arranged as those
for different merchandize, and the fountains of water, which flowed perpetually in and under their shops, dispersed all
impure smells and all decayed substances.

“All this is beautiful,” said Hastings; “but where is the old Arcade – the original one?”

“Oh, I know what you mean,” said Edgar; “our old Recorder states that it fell into disuse, and was then removed,
solely from the circumstance that the first floor was raised from the level of the street; even in our time people
dislike to mount steps when they have to go from shop to shop to purchase goods.”

“And what building is that? – the antiquated one, I mean, that stands in the little court. The masons are repairing
it I perceive.”

“That small, brick building – oh, that is the house in which William Penn lived,” said Edgar. “It was very much
neglected, and was suffered to go to ruin almost, till the year 1840, when a lady of great wealth purchased a number of
the old houses adjoining and opened an area around it, putting the whole house in thorough repair. She collected all
the relics that remained of this great man, and placed them as fixtures there, and she left ample funds for repairs, so
that there is a hope that this venerable and venerated building will endure for many centuries to come.”

“And what is this heap of ruins?” said Hastings, “it appears to have tumbled down through age; it was a large pile,
if one may judge from the rubbish.”

“Yes, it was an immense building, and was called at first the National Bank. It was built in the year 1842, during
the presidency of Daniel Webster.”

“What,” said Hastings, “was he really president of the United States? This is truly an interesting piece of
news.”

“News, my dear sir,” said Edgar, smiling – “yes, it was news three hundred years ago, but Daniel Webster now sleeps
with his fathers. He was really the chief magistrate for eight years, and excepting for the project of a national bank,
which did not, however, exist long, he made an able president, and, what was very extraordinary, as the old Recorder of
Self-Inflicted Miseries states, he gained the good will even of those who were violently opposed to him. He was the
first president after Washington who had independence of mind enough to retain in office all those who had been
favoured by his predecessor. There was not a single removal.”

“But his friends – did not they complain?” said Hastings.

“It is not stated that they did; perhaps he did not promise an office to any one: at any rate the old ‘Recorder’
treats him respectfully. It was during his term that copyrights were placed on a more liberal footing here. An
Englishman now can get his works secured to him as well as if he were a citizen of the country.”

“How long is the copy right secured! it used to be, in my time,” sighed poor Hastings, “only fourteen years.”

“Fourteen years!” exclaimed Edgar – “you joke. Why, was not a man entitled to his own property for ever? I assure
you that an author now has as much control over his own labours after a lapse of fifty years as he had at the moment he
wrote it. Nay, it belongs to his family as long as they choose to keep it, just the same as if it were a house or a
tract of land. I wonder what right the legislature had to meddle with property in that way. We should think a man
deranged who proposed such a thing.”

“But how is it when a man invents a piece of machinery? surely the term is limited then.”

“Oh, yes, that is a different affair. If a man invent a new mode of printing, or of propelling boats, then a patent
is secured to him for that particular invention, but it does not prevent another man from making use of the same power
and improving on the machinery. But there is this benefit accruing to the original patentee, the one who makes the
improvement after him is compelled to purchase a right of him. Our laws now, allow of no monopolies; that is, no
monopolies of soil, or air, or water. On these three elements, one person has as good a right as another; he that makes
the greatest improvements is entitled to the greatest share of public favour, and, in consequence, the arts have been
brought to their present state of perfection.”

“But rail-roads – surely these it was necessary to guarantee to a company on exclusive privilege for a term
of years, even if a better one could be made.”

“And I say, surely not. Why should all the people of a great nation be compelled to pass over an unsafe road, in
miserably constructed cars, which made such a noise that for six hours a man had to be mute, and where there was
perpetual fear of explosion from the steam engine – why should this be, when another company could give them a better
road, more commodious cars, and a safer propelling power? On consulting the Recorder of Self-Inflicted Miseries, you
will find that in the year 1846, the monopolies of roads, that is public roads, were broken up, and these roads came
under the cognizance of the state governments, and in the year 1900 all merged under one head. There was then, and has
continued ever since, a national road – the grand route from one extreme of the country to the other. Cross roads,
leading from town to town and village to village, are under the control of the state governments. Here, let us get in
this car which is going to Princeton; it is only an hour’s ride. Well, here we are seated in nice rocking chairs, and
we can talk at our ease; for the fine springs and neat workmanship make the cars run without noise, as there is but
little friction, the rails of the road and the tires of the wheels being of wood. In your time this could not be the
case, for as steam and manual labour were expensive, you were forced to club all together – there were, therefore,
large cars that held from eight to fourteen persons; consequently, there had to be heavy iron work to keep these large
machines together. Now, you perceive, the cars are made of different sizes, to accommodate either two or four persons,
and they run of themselves. We have only to turn this little crank, and the machine stops. This is Bristol. It was a
very small town in your day, but by connecting it to Burlington, which lies slantingly opposite, the town soon rose to
its present eminence. Burlington, too, is a large city – look at the green bank yonder; it is a paradise: and look at
that large tree – it is a buttonwood or sycamore; we cannot see it very distinctly; take this pocket glass. Well, you
see it now at the foot of the beautiful green slope in front of the largest marble building on this bank. That tree is
upwards of four hundred years old, but the house was built within the last century.”

“What a change,” said Hastings, as they returned to their car, – “all is altered. New Jersey, the meanest and the
poorest state in the union, is now in appearance equal to the other inland states. It was in my time a mere
thoroughfare. What has thus changed the whole face of nature.”

“Why canals and rail roads in the first place, and rail roads now; for in a few years canals were entirely
abandoned. That is, as soon as the new propelling power came into use, it was found far more economical to travel on
rail roads. The track of canals through four of the principal states is no longer to be seen.”

At Princeton, the first thing to be seen was the college; not the same that existed in Hastings’s day, but a long,
deep range of stone buildings, six in number, with work shops attached to them, after the mode so happily begun by
Fellenberg. In these work shops the young men worked during leisure hours, every one learning some trade or some
handicraft, by which he could earn a living if necessity required it. Large gardens lay in the rear, cultivated
entirely by the labour of the students, particularly by those who were intended for clergymen, as many of this class
were destined to live in the country. The college was well endowed, and the salaries of the professors were ample. It
was able to maintain and educate three hundred boys – the children of the rich and the poor.

“How do they select professors?” said Hastings; “in my day a very scandalous practice prevailed. I hope there is a
change in this particular.”

“Oh, I know to what you refer,” said Edgar; “I read an account of it in the Recorder. It seems that when a college
wanted a professor, or a president, they either wrote a letter, or sent a committee of gentlemen to the professor of
another college, and told him that if he would quit the people who had with so much difficulty made up a salary for
him, they would give him a hundred dollars a year more. They made it appear very plausible and profitable, and the idea
of being thought of so much consequence quite unsettled his notions of right and wrong, so that, without scruple, he
gave notice to his patrons that they must get another man in his place. I believe this is the true state of the case.
Is it not?”

“Yes, that is the English of it, as we say. The funds for the support of a professor were gathered together
with great difficulty, for there were very few who gave liberally and for the pure love of the advancement of learning.
When by the mere force of entreaty, by appealing to the feelings, to reason, to – in short, each man’s pulse was felt,
and the ruling passion was consulted and made subservient to the plan of beguiling him of his money. Well, the money
thus wrung from the majority, – for you must suppose that a few gave from right motives, – was appropriated to the
salary of a professor, and then the question arose as to the man to be selected. They run their eye over the whole
country, and, finally, the fame of some one individual induced them to consider him as a suitable candidate. This man
was doing great service where he was; the college, almost gone to decay, was resuscitated by his exertions; students
came from all parts on the faith of his remaining there; in fact, he had given an impulse to the whole district. What a
pity to remove such a man from a place where the benefits of his labour and his energies were so great, and where his
removal would produce such regrets and such a deteriorating change! But our new professor, being established in the new
college, instead of going to work with the same alacrity, and with the same views, which views were to spend his life
in promoting the interests of the college which he had helped to raise, now began to look ’a-head,’ as the
term is, and he waited impatiently for the rise of another establishment, in the city perhaps, where every thing was
more congenial to his newly awakened tastes. Thus it went on – change, change, for ever; and in the end he found
himself much worse off than if he had remained in the place which first patronised him. It is certainly a man’s duty to
do the best he can for the advancement of his own interest, and if he can get five hundred dollars a year more in one
place than in another, he has a right to do it; but the advantage of change is always problematical. The complaint is
not so much against him, however, as against those who so indelicately inveigle him away.”

“Yes. I can easily imagine how hurtful in its effects such a policy would be, for instance, to a merchant, although
it is pernicious in every case. But here is a merchant – he has regularly inducted a clerk in all the perplexities and
mysteries of his business; the young man becomes acquainted with his private affairs, and by his acuteness and industry
he relieves his employer of one half of his anxieties and cares. The time is coming when he might think it proper to
raise the salary of the young man, but his neighbours envy the merchant’s prosperity, and they want to take advantage
of the talent which has grown up under his vigilance and superintending care. ‘If he does so well for a man who gives
him but five hundred dollars a year, he will do as well, or better, for ten.’ So they go underhandedly to work, and the
young man gives the merchant notice that his neighbour has offered him a larger salary. The old Recorder is quite
indignant at this mean and base mode of bettering the condition of one man or one institution at the expense of
another. But was it the case also with house servants? – did the women of your day send a committee or write a letter
to the servant of one of their friends, offering higher wages – for the cases are exactly similar; it is only talent of
another form, but equally useful.”

“Oh, no, indeed,” said Hastings – “then the sex showed their superior delicacy and refinement. It was thought most
disgraceful and unlady-like conduct to enveigle away the servant of a neighbour, or, in fact, of a stranger; I have
heard it frequently canvassed. A servant, a clerk, a professor, or a clergyman, nine times out of ten, would be
contented in his situation if offers of this kind were not forced upon him. A servant cannot feel an attachment to a
mistress when she contemplates leaving her at the first offer; no tender feeling can subsist between them, and in the
case of a clergyman, the consequence is very bad both to himself and his parish. In the good old times” –

“And in the good new times, if you please,” said Edgar; “for I know what you are going to say. In our times there is
no such thing as changing a clergyman. Why, we should as soon think of changing our father! A clergyman is selected
with great care for his piety and learning – but principally for his piety; and, in consequence of there being no old
clergymen out of place, he is a young man, who comes amongst us in early life, and sees our children grow up around
him, he becomes acquainted with their character, and he has a paternal eye over their eternal welfare. They love and
reverence him, and it is their delight to do him honour. His salary is a mere trifle perhaps, for in some country towns
a clergyman does not get more than five or six hundred dollars a year, but his wants are all supplied with the most
affectionate care. He receives their delightful gifts as a father receives the gifts of his children; he is sure of
being amply provided for, and he takes no thought of what he is to eat or what he is to wear. He pays neither house
rent, for there is always a parsonage; nor taxes; he pays neither physician nor teacher; his library is as good as the
means of his congregation can afford; and there he is with a mind free from worldly solicitude, doing good to the souls
of those who so abundantly supply him with worldly comforts. In your day, as the Recorder states” –

“Yes,” said Hastings, “in my day, things were bad enough, for a clergyman was more imposed upon than any other
professional man. He was expected to subscribe to every charity that was set on foot – to every mission that was sent
out – to every church that was to be built – to every paper that related to church offices; he had to give up all
his time to his people – literally all his time, for they expected him to visit at their houses, not when ill, or
when wanting spiritual consolation, for that he would delight to do, but in the ordinary chit-chat, gossiping way, that
he might hear them talk of their neighbours’ backslidings, of this one who gave expensive supper parties, and of
another who gave balls and went to theatres. Never was there a man from whom so much was exacted, and to whom so little
was given. There were clergymen, in New York and Philadelphia, belonging to wealthy congregations, who never so much as
received a plum cake for the new year’s table, or a minced pie at christmas, or a basket of fruit in summer; yet he was
expected to entertain company at all times. His congregation never seemed to recollect that, with his limited means, he
could not lay up a cent for his children. Other salaried men could increase their means by speculation, or by a variety
of methods, but a clergyman had to live on with the melancholy feelings that when he died his children must be
dependent on charity. Women did do their best to aid their pastors, but they could not do much, and even in
the way that some of them assisted their clergymen there was a want of judgment; for they took the bread out of the
mouths of poor women, who would otherwise have got the money for the very articles which the rich of their congregation
made and sold for the benefit of this very man. Feeling the shame and disgrace of his being obliged to subscribe to a
charity, they earned among themselves, by sewing, a sum sufficient to constitute him a ‘life member!’ What a
hoax upon charity! What a poor, pitiful compliment, – and at whose expense’? The twenty-five dollars thus necessary to
be raised, which was to constitute their beloved pastor a life member of a charitable society, would be applied to a
better purpose, if they had bought him some rare and valuable book, such as his small means could not allow him to
buy.”

“I am glad to hear that one so much respected by us had those sentiments,” said Edgar, “for the old Recorder, even
in the year 1850, speaks of the little reverence that the people felt for their clergy. Now, we vie with each other in
making him comfortable; he is not looked upon as a man from whom we are to get our pennyworth, as we do from those of
other professions – he is our pastor, a dear and endearing word, and we should never think of dismissing him because he
had not the gift of eloquence, or because he was wanting in grace of action, or because he did not come amongst us
every day to listen to our fiddle-faddle. When we want spiritual consolement, or require his services in marriage,
baptism, or burial, then he is at his post, and no severity of weather withholds him from coming amongst us. In turn we
call on him at some stated period, when he can be seen at his ease and enjoy the sight of our loving faces, and happy
is the child who has been patted on the head by him. When he grows old we indulge him in preaching his old sermons, or
in reading others that have stood the test of time, and when the infirmities of age disable him from attending to his
duties, we draw him gently away and give him a competence for the remainder of his life. What we should do for our
father, we do for our spiritual father.”

“I am truly rejoiced at this,” said Hastings, “for in my day a clergyman never felt secure of the affections of his
people. If he was deficient in that external polish, which certainly is a charm in an orator, or was wanting in
vehemence of action, or in enthusiasm, the way to displace him was simple and easy: dissatisfaction showed itself in
every action of theirs – to sum up all, they ‘held him uneasy,’ and many a respectable, godly man was forced to
relinquish his hold on his cure to give place to a younger and a more popular one.”

“Do you send a committee to a popular clergyman, and cajole him away from his congregation, by offering him a larger
salary or greater perquisites?”

“Oh no – never, never; the very question shocks me. Our professors and our clergymen are taken from the colleges and
seminaries where they are educated. They are young, generally, and are the better able to adapt themselves to the
feelings and capacities of their students and their congregation. Parents give up the idle desire which they had in
your time, of hearing fine preaching at the expense of honour and delicacy. When a congregation became very much
attached to their pastor, and he was doing good amongst them, it was cruel to break in upon their peace and happiness
merely because it was in a person’s power to do this. We are certainly much better pleased to have a clergyman with
fine talents and a graceful exterior, but we value him more for goodness of heart and honest principles. But, however
gifted he may be, we never break the tenth commandment, we never desire to take him away from our neighbour, nor even
in your time do I think a clergyman would ever seek to leave his charge, unless strongly importuned.”

“Pray can you tell me,” said Hastings, “what has become of that vast amount of property which belonged to the — in
New York?”

“Oh, it did a vast deal of good; after a time it was discovered that the trustees had the power of being more
liberal with it; other churches, or rather all the Episcopal churches in the state, were assisted, and, finally, each
church received a yearly sum, sufficient to maintain a clergyman. Every village, therefore, had a church and a
clergyman; and in due time, from this very circumstance, the Episcopalians came to be more numerous in New York than
any other sect. It is not now as it was in your time, in the year 1835; then a poor clergyman, that he might have the
means to live, was compelled to travel through two, three, and sometimes four parishes: all these clubbing together to
make up the sum of six hundred dollars in a year. Now this was scandalous, when that large trust had such ample means
in its power to give liberally to every church in the state.”

“Why, yes,” said Hastings, “the true intent of accumulating wealth in churches, is to advance religion; for what
other purposes are the funds created? I used to smile when I saw the amazing liberality of the trustees of this immense
fund; they would, in the most freezing and pompous manner, dole out a thousand dollars to this church, and a thousand
to that, making them all understand that nothing more could be done, as they were fearful, even in doing this, that
they had gone beyond their charter.”

“Just as if they did not know,” said Edgar, “that any set of men, in any legislature, would give them full powers to
expend the whole income in the cause of their own peculiar religion. Why I cannot tell how many years were suffered to
elapse before they raised what was called a Bishop’s Fund, and you know better than I do, how it was raised, or rather,
how it commenced. And the old Recorder of Self-Inflicted Miseries, states, that the fund for the support of decayed
clergymen and their families, was raised by the poor clergymen themselves. Never were people so hardly used as these
ministers of the Gospel. You were an irreverend, exacting race in your day; you expected more from a preacher than from
any other person to whom they gave salaries – they were screwed down to the last thread of the screw; people
would have their pennyworth out of them. It is no wonder that you had such poor preachers in your day; why few men of
liberal education, aware of all the exactions and disabilities under which the sacred cloth laboured, would ever
encounter them. But, now, every village has its own pastor; and some of them are highly gifted men, commanding the
attention of the most intelligent people. The little churches are filled, throughout the summer, with such of the
gentry of the cities who can afford to spend a few months in the country during the warm weather. No one, however, has
the indecency or the unfeelingness to covet this preacher for their own church in the city. They do not attempt to
bribe him away, but leave him there, satisfied that the poor people who take such delight in administering to his wants
and his comforts, should have the benefit of his piety, his learning and his example. Why, the clergymen, now, are our
best horticulturists too. It is to them that we owe the great advancement in this useful art. They even taught,
themselves, while at college, and now they encourage their parishioners to cultivate gardens and orchards. Every
village, as well as town and city, has a large garden attached to it, in which the children of the poor are taught to
work, so that to till the earth and to ‘make two blades of grass grow where only one grew before,’ is now the chief aim
of every individual; and we owe this, principally, to our pastors. I can tell you that it is something now to be a
country clergyman.”

“But how were funds raised for the purchase of these garden and orchard spots!”

“Why, through the means of the general tax, that which, in your day, would have been called direct
tax.”

“Direct tax! Why my dear Edgar, such a thing could never have been tolerated in my time; people would have burnt the
man in effigy for only proposing such a thing. It was once or twice attempted, indirectly, and in a very cautious way,
but it would not do.”

“Yes – direct tax – I knew you would be startled, for the old Recorder of Self-Inflicted Miseries states that at the
close of Daniel Webster’s administration something of the kind was suggested, but even then, so late as the year 1850,
it was violently opposed. But a new state of things gradually paved the way for it, and now we cannot but pity the
times when all the poor inhabitants of this free country were taxed so unequally. There is now, but one tax, and each
man is made to pay according to the value of his property, or his business, or his labour. A land-holder, a
stock-holder and the one who has houses and bonds and mortgages, pays so much per cent, on the advance of his property,
and for his annual receipts – the merchant, with a fluctuating capital, pays so much on his book account of sales – the
mechanic and labourer, so much on their yearly receipts, for we have no sales on credit now – that demoralizing
practice has been abolished for upwards of a century.”

“The merchants, then,” said Hastings, “pay more than any other class of men, for there are the customhouse
bonds.”

“Yes,” said Edgar, “I recollect reading in the Recorder of Self-Inflicted Miseries, – you must run your eye over
that celebrated newspaper – that all goods imported from foreign ports had to pay duties, as it was called. But every
thing now is free to come and go, and as the custom prevails all over the world, there is no hardship to any one. What
a demoralizing effect that duty or tariff system produced; why honesty was but a loose term then, and did not apply to
every act as it now does. The Recorder was full of the exposures that were yearly occurring, of defrauding the
revenue, as it was called. Some of these frauds were to a large amount; and then it was considered as a crime; but
when a man smuggled in hats, shoes, coats and other articles of the like nature, he was suffered to go free; such small
offences were winked at as if defrauding the revenue of a dollar were not a crime per se as well as defrauding
it of a thousand dollars – just as if murdering an infant were not as much murder as if the life had been taken from a
man – just as if killing a man in private, because his enemy had paid you to do it, was not as much murder in the first
degree as if the government had paid you for killing a dozen men in battle in open day – just as if” –

“Just as if what?” said the astonished Hastings, “has the time come when killing men by wholesale, in war, is
accounted a crime?”

“Yes, thank Heaven,” said Edgar, “that blessed time has at length arrived; it is upwards of one hundred and twenty
years since men were ordered to kill one another in that barbarous manner. Why the recital of such cruel and barbarous
deeds fills our young children with horror. The ancient policy of referring the disputes of nations to single combat,
was far more humanizing than the referring such disputes to ten thousand men on each side; for, after all, it was
‘might that made right.’ Because a strong party beats a weaker one, that is not a proof that the right was in
the strong one; yet, still, if men had no other way of settling their disputes but by spilling blood, then that plan
was the most humane which only sacrificed two or one man. As to national honour! why not let the few settle it? why
drag the poor sailors and soldiers to be butchered like cattle to gratify the fine feelings of a few morbidly
constructed minds?”

“Oh, that my good father, Valentine Harley, could have seen this day,” said Hastings. “But this bloodthirsty, savage
propensity – this murdering our fellow creatures in cold blood, as it were, was cured by degrees I presume. What gave
the first impulse to such a blessed change?”

“The old Recorder states that it was brought about by the influence of women; it was they who gave the
first impulse. As soon as they themselves were considered as of equal importance with their husbands – as soon as they
were on an equality in money matters, for after all, people are respected in proportion to their wealth, that
moment all the barbarisms of the age disappeared. Why, in your day, a strange perverted system had taken deep root;
then, it was the man that was struck by another who was disgraced in public opinion, and not the one
who struck him. It was that system which fermented and promoted bloodthirstiness, and it was encouraged and fostered by
men and by women both.

“But as soon as women had more power in their hands, their energies were directed another way; they became more
enlightened as they rose higher in the scale, and instead of encroaching on our privileges, of which we stood in such
fear, women shrunk farther and farther from all approach to men’s pursuits and occupations. Instead of congregating, as
they did in your time, to beg for alms to establish and sustain a charity, that they might have some independent power
of their own – for this craving after distinction was almost always blended with their desire to do good – they united
for the purpose of exterminating that war seed above mentioned – that system which fastened the
disgrace of a blow on the one who received it. This was their first effort; they then taught their children
likewise, that to kill a man in battle, or men in battle, when mere national honour was the war cry, or when we had
been robbed of our money on the high seas, was a crime of the blackest die, and contrary to the divine precepts of our
Saviour. They taught them to abstain from shedding human blood, excepting in self defence – excepting in case
of invasion.

“They next taught them to reverence religion; for until bloodthirstiness was cured, how could a child reverence our
Saviour’s precepts? How could we recommend a wholesome, simple diet to a man who had been accustomed to riot in rich
sauces and condiments? They had first to wean them from the savage propensities that they had received through the
maddening influence of unreflecting men, before a reverence for holy things could be excited. Then it was that
clergymen became the exalted beings in our eyes that they now are – then it was that children began to love and respect
them. As soon as their fathers did their mothers the poor justice of trusting them with all their property, the
children began to respect her as they ought, and then her words were the words of wisdom. It was then, and not till
then, that war and duelling ceased. We are amazed at what we read. What! take away a man’s life because he has robbed
us of money! Hang a man because he has forged our name for a few dollars! No: go to our prisons, there you will see the
murderer’s fate – solitary confinement, at hard labour, for life! that is his punishment; but murders are very rare now
in this country. A man stands in greater dread of solitary confinement at hard labour than he does of hanging. In fact,
according to our way of thinking, now, we have no right, by the Divine law, to take that away from a human being for
which we can give no equivalent. It is right to prevent a murderer from committing still farther crime; and this we do
by confining him for life at hard labour, and alone.”

“Women, you say, produced a reform in that miserable code called the law of honour.”

“Yes, thanks be to them for it. Why, as the old Recorder states, if a man did not challenge the fellow who struck
him, he was obliged to quit the army or the navy, and be for ever banished as a coward, and it was considered as
disgraceful in a private citizen to receive a blow without challenging the ruffian that struck him. But the moment that
women took the office in hand, that moment the thing was reversed. They entered into a compact not to receive a man
into their society who had struck another, unless he made such ample apology to the injured person as to be forgiven by
him; and not only that, but his restoration to favour was to be sued for by the injured party himself. A man soon
became cautious how he incurred the risk.”

“It often occurred to me,” said Hastings, “that women had much of the means of moral reform in their power; but they
always appeared to be pursuing objects tending rather to weaken than to strengthen morals. They acted with good
intentions, but really wanted judgment to select the proper method of pursuing their benevolent schemes. Only look at
their toiling as they did to collect funds towards educating poor young men for the ministry.”

“Oh, those young men,” replied Edgar, “were, no doubt, their sons or brothers, and even then they must have been
working at some trade to assist their parents or some poor relation, and thus had to neglect themselves.”

“No, indeed,” said Hastings, “I assure you these young men were entire strangers, persons that they never saw in
their lives, nor ever expected to see.”

“Then, all I can say is, that the women were to be pitied for their mistaken zeal, and the men ought to have scorned
such aid – but the times are altered; no man, no poor man stands in need of women’s help now, as they have trades or
employments that enable them to educate themselves. Only propose such a thing now, and see how it would be received;
why a young man would think you intended to insult him. We pursue the plan so admirably begun in your day by the
celebrated Fellenberg. When we return this way again, I will show you the work-shops attached to the college – the one
we saw in Princeton.”

“While we are thus far on the road, suppose that we go to New York,” said Hastings, “I was bound thither when that
calamity befell me. I wonder if I shall see a single house remaining that I saw three hundred years ago.”

Edgar laughed – “You will see but very few, I can tell you,” said he, “houses, in your day, were built too slightly
to stand the test of one century. At one time, the corporation of the city had to inspect the mortar, lest it
should not be strong enough to cement the bricks! And it frequently happened that houses tumbled down, not having been
built strong enough to bear their own weight. A few of the public buildings remain, but they have undergone such
changes that you will hardly recognize them. The City Hall, indeed, stands in the same place, but if you approach it,
in the rear, you will find that it is of marble, and not freestone as the old Recorder says it was in your time. But
since the two great fires at the close of the years 1835 and 1842 the city underwent great alterations.”

“Great fires; in what quarter of the city were they? They must have been disasters, indeed, to be remembered for
three hundred years.”

“Yes, the first destroyed nearly seven hundred houses, and about fifteen millions of property; and the second,
upwards of a thousand houses, and about three millions of property; but excepting that it reduced a number of very
respectable females to absolute want, the merchants, and the city itself, were greatly benefited by it. There were
salutary laws enacted in consequence of it, that is, after the second fire; for instance, the streets in the burnt
districts were made wider; the houses were better and stronger built; the fire engines were drawn by horses, and
afterwards by a new power: firemen were not only exempt from jury and militia duty, but they had a regular salary while
they served out their seven years’ labour; and if any fireman lost his life, or was disabled, his family received the
salary for a term of years. The old Recorder says that there was not a merchant of any enterprise who did not recover
from his losses in three years.”

“But what became of the poor women who lost all their property? did they lose insurance stock? for I presume the
insurance companies became insolvent.”

“The poor women? – oh, they remained poor – nothing in your day ever happened to better their condition
when a calamity like that overtook them. Men had enough to do to pity and help themselves. Yes, their loss was
in the insolvency of the insurance companies; but stock is safe enough now, for the last tremendous fire (they did not
let the first make the impression it ought to have done,) roused the energies and sense of the people, and
insurance is managed very different. Every house, now, whether of the rich or the poor man, is insured. It has to pay
so much additional tax, and the corporation are the insurers. But the tax is so trifling that no one feels it a burden;
our houses are almost all fire-proof since the discovery of a substance which renders wood almost proof against fire.
But I have a file of the Recorder of Self-Inflicted Miseries, and you will see the regular gradation from the
barbarisms of your day to the enlightened times it has been permitted you to see.”

“But the water, in my day,” – poor Hastings never repeated this without a sigh – “in my day the city was supplied by
water from a brackish stream, but there was a plan in contemplation to bring good water to the city from the distance
of forty miles.”

“Where, when was that? I do not remember to have read any thing about it. – Oh, yes, there was such a scheme, and it
appears to me they did attempt it, but whatever was the cause of failure I now forget; at present they have a plentiful
supply by means of boring. Some of these bored wells are upwards of a thousand feet deep.”

“Why the Manhattan Company made an attempt of this kind in my time, but they gave it up as hopeless after going down
to the depth of six or seven hundred feet.”

“Yes, I recollect; but only look at the difficulties they had to encounter. In the first place, the chisel that they
bored with was not more than three or four inches wide; of course, as the hole made by this instrument could be no
larger, there was no possibility of getting the chisel up if it were broken off below, neither could they break or cut
it into fragments. If such an accident were to occur at the depth of six hundred feet, this bored hole would have to be
abandoned. We go differently to work now; with our great engines we cut down through the earth and rock, as if it were
cheese, and the wells are of four feet diameter. As they are lined throughout with an impervious cement, the
overflowing water does not escape. Every house is now supplied from this never-failing source – the rich, and the poor
likewise, use this water, and it is excellent. All the expense comes within the one yearly general tax: when a man
builds he knows that pipes are to be conveyed through his house, and he knows also that his one tax comprehends the use
of water. He pays so much per centum for water, for all the municipal arrangement, for defence of harbour, for the
support of government, &c, and as there is such a wide door open, such a competition, his food and clothing do not
cost half as much as they did in your day.”

“You spoke of wells a thousand feet deep and four feet wide; what became of all the earth taken from them – stones I
should say.”

“Oh, they were used for the extension of the Battery. Do you remember, in your day, an ill constructed thing called
Fort William, or Castle Garden? Well, the Battery was filled up on each side from that point, so that at present there
are at least five acres of ground more attached to it than when you saw it, and as we are now levelling a part of
Brooklyn heights, we intend to fill it out much farther. The Battery is a noble promenade now.”

They reached New York by the slow line at two o’clock, having travelled at the rate of thirty miles an hour; and
after walking up Broadway to amuse themselves with looking at the improvements that had taken place since Hastings last
saw it – three hundred years previous – they stopped at the Astor Hotel. This venerable building, the City Hall, the
Public Mart, the St. Paul’s Church, and a stone house at the lower end of the street, built by governor Jay, were all
that had stood the test of ages. The St. Paul was a fine old church, but the steeple had been taken down and a dome
substituted, as was the fashion of all the churches in the city – the burial yards of all were gone – houses were built
on them: – vaults, tombs, graves, monuments – what had become of them?

The Astor Hotel, a noble building, of simple and chaste architecture, stood just as firm, and looked just as well,
as it did when Hastings saw it. Why should it not? stone is stone, and three hundred years more would pass over it
without impairing it. This shows the advantage of stone over brick. Mr. Astor built for posterity, and he has thus
perpetuated his name. He was very near living as long as this building; the planning and completing of it seemed to
renovate him, for his life was extended to his ninety-ninth year. This building proves him to have been a man of fine
taste and excellent judgment, for it still continues to be admired.

“But how is this?” said Hastings, “I see no houses but this one built by Mr. Astor that are higher than three
stories; it is the case throughout the city, stores and all.”

“Since the two great fires of 1835 and 1842, the corporation forbid the building of any house or store above a
certain height. Those tremendous fires, as I observed, brought people to their senses, and they now see the folly of
it.

“The ceilings are not so high as formerly; more regard is shown to comfort. Why the old Recorder of Self-Inflicted
Miseries states, that men were so indifferent about the conveniences and comforts of life, that they would sometimes
raise the ceilings to the great height of fourteen and fifteen feet! Nay, that they did so in despite of their wives’
health, never considering how hard it bore on the lungs of those who were affected with asthma or other visceral
complaints. Heavens and earth! how little the ease and pleasure of women were consulted in your day.”

“Yes, that appears all very true,” said Hastings, “but you must likewise recollect that these very women were quite
as eager as their husbands to live in houses having such high flights of stairs.”

“Poor things,” exclaimed Edgar, “to think of their being trained to like and desire a thing that bore so hard on
them. Only consider what a loss of time and breath it must be to go up and down forty or fifty times a day, for your
nurseries were, it seems, generally in the third story. We love our wives too well now to pitch our houses so high up
in the air. The Philadelphians had far more humanity, more consideration; they always built a range of rooms in the
rear of the main building, and this was a great saving of time and health.”

“Where, at length, did they build the custom house?” said Hastings; “I think there was a difficulty in choosing a
suitable spot for it.”

“Oh, I recollect,” said Edgar. “Why they did at length decide, and one was built in Pine street; but that has
crumbled away long since. You know that we have no necessity for a custom house now, as all foreign goods come free of
duty. This direct tax includes all the expenses of the general and state governments, and it operates so beautifully
that the rich man now bears his full proportion towards the support of the whole as the poor man does. This was not the
case in your day. Only think how unequally it bore on the labourer who had to buy foreign articles, such as tea, and
sugar, and coffee, for a wife and six or eight children, and to do all this with his wealth, which was the labour of
his hands. The rich man did not contribute the thousandth part of his proportion towards paying for foreign goods, nor
was he taxed according to his revenue for the support of government. The direct tax includes the poor man’s wealth,
which is his labour, and the rich man’s wealth, which is his property.”

“But have the merchants no mart – no exchange? According to the map you showed me of the two great fires, the first
exchange was burnt.”

“Yes, the merchants have a noble exchange. Did you not see that immense building on State street, surrounded by an
area? After the first great fire they purchased – that is, a company purchased – the whole block that included State
street in front, Pearl street in the rear, and Whitehall street at the lower end. All mercantile business is transacted
there, the principal post office and the exchange are there now; the whole go under the general name of Mart – the City
Mart.”

“Is it not inconvenient to have the post office so far from the centre of business? – it was a vexed question in my
day,” said Hastings.

“You must recollect that even then, central as the post office was, there were many sub-post offices. If men in your
day were regardless of the many unnecessary steps that their wives were obliged to take, they were very careful of
sparing themselves. We adopt the plan now of having two sets of post men or letter carriers; one set pass through the
streets at a certain hour to receive letters, their coming being announced by the chiming of a few bells at their cars,
and the other set delivering letters. They both ride in cars, for now that no letter, far or near, pays more than two
cents postage – which money is to pay the letter carriers themselves – the number of letters is so great that cars are
really necessary. All the expense of the post office department is defrayed from the income or revenue of the direct
tax – and hence the man of business pays his just proportion too. It was a wise thing, therefore, to establish all the
mercantile offices near the Battery; they knew that the time was coming when New York and Brooklyn would be as one
city.”

“One city!” exclaimed Hastings; “how can that be? If connected by bridges, how can the ships pass up the East
river?”

“You forget that our vessels have no masts; they pass under the bridges here as they do in the Delaware.”

“Oh, true, I had forgotten; but my head is so confused with all the wonders that I see and hear, that you must
excuse my mistakes. The old theatre stood there, but it has disappeared, I suppose. It was called the Park Theatre. How
are the play houses conducted now? is there only one or two good actors now among a whole company?”

“Well, that question really does amuse me. I dare say that the people of your day were as much astonished at reading
the accounts handed down to them of the fight of gladiators before an audience, as we are at your setting out evening
after evening to hear the great poets travestied. If we could be transported back to your time, how disgusted we should
be to spend four hours in listening to rant and ignorance. All our actors now, are men and women of education, such as
the Placides, the Wallacks, the Kembles, the Keans, of your day. I assure you, we would not put up with inferior talent
in our cities. It is a rich treat now to listen to one of Shakspeare’s plays, for every man and woman is perfect in the
part. The whole theatrical corps is held in as much esteem, and make a part of our society, as those of any other
profession do. The worthless and the dissolute are more scrupulously rejected by that body than they are from the body
of lawyers or doctors; in fact it is no more extraordinary now, than it was in your day to see a worthless lawyer, or
merchant, or physician, and to see him tolerated in society too, if he happen to be rich. But there is no set of people
more worthy of our friendship and esteem than the players. A great change, to be sure, took place in their character,
as soon as they had reaped the benefit of a college education. I presume you know that there is a college now for the
education of public actors?”

“Is it possible?” said Hastings; “then I can easily imagine the improvements you speak of; for with the exception of
the few – the stars, as they were called – there was but little education among them.”

“Here it is that elocution is taught, and here all public speakers take lessons,” said Edgar; “you may readily
imagine what an effect such an institution would have on those who intended to become actors. In your day, out of the
whole theatrical corps of one city, not more than six or seven, perhaps, could tell the meaning of the words
they used in speaking, to say nothing of the sense of the author. There is no more prejudice now against
play-acting than there is against farming. The old Recorder states, that, before our revolution, the farmers were of a
more inferior race, and went as little into polite society as the mechanics did. Even so far back as your time a farmer
was something of a gentleman, and why an actor should not be a gentleman is to us incomprehensible. One of the
principal causes of this change of personal feeling towards actors has arisen from our having expunged all the low and
indelicate passages from the early plays. Shakspeare wrote as the times then were, but his works did not depend on a
few coarse and vulgar passages for their popularity and immortality; they could bear to be taken out, as you will
perceive, for the space they occupied is not now known; the adjoining sentence closed over them, as it were, and they
are forgotten. There were but few erasures to be made in the writings of Sir Walter Scott; the times were beginning to
loathe coarse and indelicate allusions in your day, and, indeed, we may thank the other sex for this great improvement.
They never disgraced their pages with sentences and expressions which would excite a blush. Look at the purity of such
writers as Miss Burney, Mrs. Radcliffe, Miss Edgeworth, Miss Austin, Madame Cotton, and others of their day in Europe,
– it is to woman’s influence that we owe so much. See what is done by them now; why they have fairly routed and scouted
out that vile, disgraceful, barbarous practice which was even prevalent in your time – that of beating and bruising the
tender flesh of their children.”

“I am truly rejoiced at that,” said Hastings, “but I hope they extended their influence to the schools likewise – I
mean the common schools; for, in my day in the grammar school of a college, a man who should bruise a child’s flesh by
beating or whipping him would have been kicked out of society.”

“Why, I thought that boys were whipped in the grammar schools also. In the year 1836, it appears to me, that I
remember to have read of the dismissal of some professor for injuring one of the boys by flogging him severely.”

“I do not recollect it; but you say 1836 – alas! I was unconscious then. It was the remains of barbarism; how a
teacher could get roused to such height of passion as to make him desire to bruise a child’s flesh, I cannot conceive –
when the only crime of the poor little sufferer was either an unwillingness or an inability to recite his lessons. I
can imagine that a man, when drunk, might bruise a child’s flesh in such a shocking manner as that the blood would
settle under the skin, because liquor always brutalizes. Is drunkenness as prevalent now as formerly?”

“Oh no, none but the lowest of the people drink to excess now, and they have to get drunk on cider and wine, for
spirituous liquors have been prohibited by law for upwards of two hundred years. A law was passed in the year 1901,
granting a divorce to any woman whose husband was proved to be a drunkard. This had a good effect, for a drunkard knew
that if he was abandoned by his wife he must perish; so it actually reclaimed many drunkards at the time, and had a
salutary effect afterwards. Besides this punishment, if a single man, or a bachelor, as he is called, was found drunk
three times, he was put in the workhouse and obliged to have his head shaved, and to work at some trade. It is a very
rare thing to see a drunkard now. But what are you looking for?”

“I thought I might see a cigar box about – not that I ever smoke” –

“A what? – a cigar? Oh yes, I know – little things made of tobacco leaves; but you have to learn that there is not a
tobacco plantation in the world now. That is one of the most extraordinary parts of your history: that well educated
men could keep a pungent and bitter mass of leaves in their mouth for the pleasure of seeing a stream of yellow water
running out of it, is the most incomprehensible mystery to me; and then, to push the dust of these leaves up their
nostrils, which I find by the old Recorder that they did, for the mere pleasure of hearing the noise that was made by
their noses! The old Recorder called their pocket handkerchiefs flags of abomination.”

Hastings thought it was not worth while to convince the young man that the disgusting practice was not adopted for
such purposes as he mentioned. In fact his melancholy had greatly increased since their arrival in this city, and he
determined to beg his young friend to return the next day to their home, and to remain quiet for another year, to see
if time could reconcile him to his strange fate. He took pleasure in rambling through the city hall, and the park,
which remained still of the same shape, and he was pleased likewise to see that many of the streets at right angles
with Broadway were more than twice the width that they were in 1835. For instance, all the streets from Wall street up
to the Park were as wide as Broadway, and they were opened on the other side quite down to the Hudson.

“Yes,” said Edgar, “it was the great fire of 1842 which made this salutary change; but here is a neat building – you
had nothing of this kind in your time. This is a house where the daughters of the poor are taught to sew and cut out
wearing apparel. I suppose you know there are no men tailors now.”

“What, do women take measure?”

“Oh no, men are the measurers, but women cut out and sew. It is of great advantage to poor women that they can cut
out and make their husbands’ and children’s clothes. The old Recorder states that women – poor women – in the year
1836, were scarcely able to cut out their own clothes. But just about that date, a lady of this city suggested the plan
of establishing an institution of this kind, and it was adopted. Some benevolent men built the house and left ample
funds for the maintenance of a certain number of poor girls, with a good salary for those who superintend it. And here
is another house: this is for the education of those girls whose parents have seen better days. Here they are taught
accounts and book-keeping – which, however, in our day is not so complicated as it was, for there is no credit given
for any thing. In short these girls are instructed in all that relates to the disposal of money; our women now
comprehend what is meant by stocks, and dividends, and loans, and tracts, and bonds, and mortgages.”

“Do women still get the third of their husband’s estate after their husband’s death?”

“Their thirds? I don’t know what you mean – Oh, I recollect; yes, in your day it was the practice to curtail a
woman’s income after her husband’s death. A man never then considered a woman as equal to himself; but, while he lived,
he let her enjoy the whole of his income equally with himself, because he could not do otherwise and enjoy his money;
but when he died, or rather, when about making his will, he found out that she was but a poor creature after all, and
that a very little of what he had to leave would suffice for her. Nay, the old Recorder says that there have been rich
men who ordered the very house in which they lived, and which had been built for their wives’ comfort, during their
life time, to be sold, and who thus compelled their wives to live in mean, pitiful houses, or go to lodgings.”

“Yes,” said Hastings, – quite ashamed of his own times, – “but then you know the husband was fearful that his wife
would marry again, and all their property would go to strangers.”

“Well, why should not women have the same privileges as men? Do you not think that a woman had the same fears? A man
married again and gave his money to strangers – did he not? The fact is, we consider that a woman has the same feelings
as we have ourselves – a thing you never once thought of – and now the property that is made during marriage is as much
the woman’s as the man’s; they are partners in health and in sickness, in joy and in sorrow – they enjoy every thing in
common while they live together, and why a woman, merely on account of her being more helpless, should be cut off from
affluence because she survives her husband, is more than we of this century can tell. Why should not children wait for
the property till after her death, as they would for their father’s death? It was a relic of barbarism, but it has
passed away with wars and bloodshed. We educate our women now, and they are as capable of taking care of property as we
are ourselves. They are our trustees, far better than the trustees you had amongst you in your day – they seldom could
find it in their hearts to allow a widow even her poor income. I suppose they thought that a creature so pitifully used
by her husband was not worth bestowing their honesty upon.”

“But the women in my day,” said Hastings, “seemed to approve of this treatment; in fact, I have known many very
sensible women who thought it right that a man should not leave his wife the whole of his income after his death. But
they were beginning to have their eyes opened, for I recollect that the subject was being discussed in 1835.”

“Yes, you can train a mind to acquiesce in any absurd doctrine, and the truth is, that as women were then educated,
they were, for the most part, unfit to have the command of a large estate. But I cannot find that the children were
eventually benefited by it; for young men and women, coming into possession of their father’s estate at the early age
of twenty-one, possessed no more business talent than their mother; nor had they even as much prudence and judgment in
the management of money matters, as she had. Men seldom thought of this, but generally directed their executors to
divide the property among the children as soon as they became of age – utterly regardless of the injustice they were
doing their wives, and of the oath which they took when they married – that is, if they married according to the forms
of the Episcopal church. In that service, a man binds himself by a solemn oath ‘to endow his wife with all his
worldly goods.’ If he swears to endow her with all, how can he in safety to his soul, will these worldly goods
away from her. We consider the practice of depriving a woman of the right to the whole of her husband’s property after
his death, as a monstrous act of injustice, and the laws are now peremptory on this subject.”

“I am certain you are right,” said Hastings, “and you have improved more rapidly in this particular, during a period
of three hundred years, than was done by my ancestors in two thousand years before. I can understand now, how it
happens, that children have the same respect for their mother, that they only felt for their father in my time. The
custom, or laws, being altogether in favour of equality of rights between the parents, the children do not repine when
they find that they stand in the same relation of dependence to their mother, that they did to their father; and why
this should not be, is incomprehensible to me now, but I never reflected on it before.”

“Yes, there are fewer estates squandered away in consequence of this, and society is all the better for it. Then to
this is added the great improvement in the business education of women. All the retail and detail of mercantile
operations are conducted by them. You had some notion of this in your time; for, in Philadelphia, although women were
generally only employed to make sales behind the counter, yet some were now and then seen at the head of the
establishment. Before our separation from Great Britain, the business of farming was also at a low ebb, and a farmer
was but a mean person in public estimation. He ranks now amongst the highest of our business men; and in fact, he is
equal to any man whether in business or not, and this is the case with female merchants. Even in 1836, a woman who
undertook the business of a retail shop, managing the whole concern herself, although greatly respected, she never took
her rank amongst the first classes of society. This arose, first, from want of education, and, secondly, from her
having lived amongst an inferior set of people. But when women were trained to the comprehension of mercantile
operations, and were taught how to dispose of money, their whole character underwent a change, and with this accession
of business talent, came the respect from men for those who had a capacity for the conducting of business affairs. Only
think what an advantage this is to our children; why our mothers and wives are the first teachers, they give us sound
views from the very commencement, and our clerkship begins from the time we can comprehend the distinction of right and
wrong.”

“Did not our infant schools give a great impulse to this improvement in the condition of women, and to the
improvement in morals, and were not women mainly instrumental in fostering these schools?”

“Yes, that they were; it was chiefly through the influence of their pen and active benevolence, that the scheme
arrived at perfection. In these infant schools a child was early taught the mystery of its relation to society; all its
good dispositions and propensities were encouraged and developed, and its vicious ones were repressed. The world owes
much to the blessed influence of infant schools, and the lower orders were the first to be humanized by them. But I
need not dwell on this particular. I shall only point to the improvement in the morals of our people at this day, to
convince you that it is owing altogether to the benign influence of women. As soon as they took their rank as an equal
to man, equal as to property I mean, for they had no other right to desire; there was no longer any struggle,
it became their ambition to show how long the world had been benighted by thus keeping them in a degraded state. I say
degraded state, for surely it argued in them imbecility or incapacity of some kind, and to great extent, too, when a
man appointed executors and trustees to his estate whilst his wife was living. It showed one of three things – that he
never considered her as having equal rights with himself; or, that he thought her incompetent to take charge of his
property – or, that the customs and laws of the land had so warped his judgment, that he only did as he saw others do,
without considering whether these laws and customs were right or wrong. But if you only look back you will perceive,
that in every benevolent scheme, in every plan for meliorating the condition of the poor, and improving their morals,
it was women’s influence that promoted and fostered it. It is to that healthy influence, that we owe our present
prosperity and happiness – and it is an influence which I hope may forever continue.”

It was not to such a man as Hastings that Edgar need have spoken so earnestly; he only wanted to have a subject
fairly before him to comprehend it in all its bearings. He rejoiced that women were now equal to men in all that they
ever considered as their rights; and he rejoiced likewise that the proper distinction was rigidly observed between the
sexes – that as men no longer encroached on their rights, they, in return, kept within the limits assigned them by the
Creator. As a man and a christian, he was glad that this change had taken place; and it was a melancholy satisfaction
to feel that with these views, if it had been permitted him to continue with his wife, he should have put her on an
equality with himself.

The moment his wife and child appeared to his mental vision, he became indifferent to what was passing around him;
Edgar, perceiving that he was buried in his own thoughts, proposed that they should return home immediately, and they
accordingly passed down Broadway to the Battery, from which place they intended to take a boat. They reached the wharf
– a ship had just arrived from the Cape of Good Hope, with a fine cargo. The captain and crew of which were black.

– “That is true,” said Hastings, “I have seen very few negroes; what has become of them. The question of slavery was
a very painful one in my time, and much of evil was apprehended in consequence of a premature attempt to hasten their
emancipation. I dread to hear how it eventuated.”

“You have nothing to fear on that score,” said Edgar, “for the whole thing was arranged most satisfactorily to all
parties. The government was rich in resources, and rich in land; they sold the land, and with the money thus obtained,
and a certain portion of the surplus revenue in the course of ten years, they not only indemnified the slaveholders for
their loss of property, but actually transplanted the whole of the negro population to Liberia, and to other healthy
colonies. The southern planters soon found that their lands could be as easily cultivated by the labour of white men,
as by the negroes.”

“But a great number remained, I presume, for it would not have been humane to force those to go who preferred to
stay.”

“All that chose to settle in this country were at liberty to do so, and their rights and privileges were respected;
but in the course of twenty or thirty years, their descendants gradually went over to their own people, who by this
time, had firmly established themselves.”

“Did those that remained, ever intermarry with the white population, and were they ever admitted into society?”

“As soon as they became free, as soon as their bodies were unshackled, their minds became enlightened, and as their
education advanced, they learned to appreciate themselves properly. They saw no advantage in intermarrying with the
whites; on the contrary, they learned, by close investigation, that the negro race becomes extinct in the fourth
remove, when marriages took place between the two colours. It seemed to be their pride to keep themselves a distinct
people, and to show the world that their organization allowed of the highest grade of mental culture. They seemed
utterly indifferent likewise about mixing in the society of white men, for their object and sole aim was to become
independent. Many of their descendants left the United States with handsome fortunes. You could not insult a black man
more highly than to talk of their intermarrying with the whites – they scorn it much more than the whites did in your
time.”

“How do they treat the white people that trade with them in their own country?”

“How? why as Christians – to their praise be it said, they never retaliated. The few excesses they committed whilst
they were degraded by slavery, was entirely owing to a misdirection of their energies; but the moment the white man
gave up his right over them, that moment all malignant and hostile feelings disappeared. The name of negro is no longer
a term of reproach, he is proud of it; and he smiles when he reads in the history of their servitude, how indignant the
blacks were at being called by that title. They are a prosperous and happy people, respected by all nations, for their
trade extends over the whole world. They would never have arrived at their present happy condition if they had sought
to obtain their freedom by force; but by waiting a few years – for the best men of their colour saw that the spirit of
the times indicated that their day of freedom was near – they were released from bondage with the aid and good wishes
of the whole country. It showed their strong good sense in waiting for the turn of the tide in their favour; it proved
that they had forethought, and deserved our sympathies.”

“I am glad of all this,” said Hastings – “and the Indians – what has become of them, are they still a distinct
people?”

“I am sorry you ask that question, – for it is one on which I do not like to converse – but

‘The Indians have departed – gone is their hunting ground,

And the twanging of their bow-string is a forgotten sound.

Where dwelleth yesterday – and where is echo’s cell?

Where hath the rainbow vanished – there doth the Indian dwell!’

“When our own minds were sufficiently enlightened, when our hearts were sufficiently inspired by the humane
principles of the Christian religion, we emancipated the blacks. What demon closed up the springs of tender mercy when
Indian rights were in question I know not? – but I must not speak of it!”

They now proceeded homewards, and in three hours – for they travelled slowly, that they might the better converse, –
they came in sight of the low, stone farm-house, in which poor Hastings had taken his nap of three hundred years. They
alighted from the car, and as he wished to indulge himself in taking one more look at the interior – for the building
was soon to be removed – his young relative left him to apprize his family of their arrival. After casting a glance at
Edgar, he entered the house, and seating himself mechanically in the old arm chair, he leaned his head back in mournful
reverie. Thoughts innumerable, and of every variety chased each other through his troubled brain; his early youth, his
political career, his wife and child, all that they had ever been to him, his excellent father, Valentine Harley, and
all their tender relationship, mingled confusedly with the events that had occurred since his long sleep – copy-rights
– mad dogs – bursting of steam boilers – the two great fires in New-York – direct tax – no duties – post-offices – the
improved condition of clergymen – no more wars – no bruising of children’s flesh – women’s rights – Astor’s hotel –
New-York Mart in State-street – Negro emancipation – all passed in rapid review, whilst his perplexities to know what
became of the Indians were mixed with the rest, and ran through the whole scene. At the same time that all this was
galloping through his feverish brain, he caught a glance of his young relative, and in his troubled imagination, it
appeared that it was not the Edgar Hastings who had of late been his kind companion, but his own son. He was conscious
that this was only a trick of the fancy, and arose from his looking so earnestly at the young man as he left him at the
door of the house; but it was a pleasant fancy, and he indulged in it, till a sudden crash or noise of some kind jarred
the windows and aroused him. He was sensible that footsteps approached, and he concluded it was his young friend who
had returned to conduct him home.

“Edgar – Edgar Hastings – my son is it thou – didst thou not hear the cannon of the Black Hawk – hast thou been
sleeping?”

“Amazement! Was that the voice of his father – was this the good Valentine Harley that now assisted him to rise –
and who were those approaching him – was it his darling wife, and was that smiling boy his own son, his little
Edgar!”

“You have been asleep, I find, my dear husband,” said the gentle Ophelia, “and a happy sleep it has been for me, for
us all. See, here is a letter which makes it unnecessary for you to leave home.”

“And is this reality? – do I indeed hold thee to my heart once more, my Ophelia – oh, my father, what a dream!”

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