The Rich, Very Rich, and, Now, the 'Volatile' Rich

The rich tend to be lumped together as one economic group, as if people earning $250,000 a year (or even $1 million a year) are pretty much the same as those making $50 million.

But a new analysis of top incomes tells us that there is a big difference between the super-rich and the merely rich in how they earn money.

The paper, from Roberton Williams of the Tax Policy Center, compares two sets of 2009 IRS data. One group is American tax filers reporting income of $1 million or more. The other is for the 400 top earners in America, who made an average of $271 million each.

Americans with an adjusted gross income of $1 million or more make about a third of that from salaries and wages. Capital gains used to account for more than a third of their income, but since 2000 that share has fallen to 17 percent. Today, the largest share of their take comes from “other income” - mainly earnings from partnerships or S-corps, as well as other capital gains.

The “fortunate 400” – or top 400 earners – make much more of their income from capital gains and other income than from salaries and wages, which account for only 9 percent of their income. Capital gains as a share of their income has also fallen, from 72 percent in 2000 to 46 percent in 2009.

What does this tell us? That those making $1 million or more are the “salaried rich,” since they make more of their money from ordinary income. The super-rich make more of their money from one-time capital gains from the sale of stock or a business.

Since the super-rich are so dependent on capital gains, their incomes have become much more volatile, falling 40 percent between 2007 and 2009. As a group, they also change members rapidly, with 73 percent of them showing up on the list only once between 1992 and 2009.

Income for this super-rich group “has become much more volatile during the Great Recession, “Williams writes. In contrast, income for the merely rich dropped 18 percent.