Skilful means

Skilful means (upàya kusala) is a teacher’s willingness to adapt him or her self to the interests, needs and level of understanding of others in order to be able to successfully communicate the Dhamma to them (D.III,220; Th.158).

At its best skilful means is a type of flexibility and sympathy. The Buddha said he would adapt his speech and even his appearance to be better able to teach the Dhamma to different types of people. ‘I remember well many assemblies of patricians, priests, householders, ascetics and gods…that I have attended. Before I sat with them, spoke to them or joined their conversation, I adopted their appearance and their speech whatever it might be and then I instructed them in Dhamma’ (D II,109). The Buddha told his monks and nuns that when teaching Dhamma in foreign parts they should adopt the language of the people they were living with (M.III,235).

A good example of the Buddha’s skilful means was his encounter with Sigàla. One day he saw this young man worshiping the six directions, a common religious practice at that time. He asked Sigàla why he was doing this and the young man replied that his father, on his death bed, had made him promise to do it and thus continue a family tradition. Although the Buddha had little regard for such practices, he could see that Sigàla’s intentions were good, that he was worshiping the directions out of respect for his father and keeping the promise he had made to him. So rather than criticize or condemn the practice, he asked Sigàla to modify it slightly, to see the people he had relationships with – his parents, children, friends, employees, teachers etc, as equivalent to the directions and to worship them by treating them with kindness, respect and love (D.III,181).