Driving with the wandering mind: the effect that mind-wandering has on driving performance.

Abstract

OBJECTIVE:

The principal objective of the present work was to examine the effects of mind state (mind-wandering vs. on-task) on driving performance in a high-fidelity driving simulator.

BACKGROUND:

Mind-wandering is thought to interfere with goal-directed thought. It is likely, then, that when driving, mind-wandering might lead to impairments in critical aspects of driving performance. In two experiments, we assess the extent to which mind-wandering interferes with responsiveness to sudden events, mean velocity, and headway distance.

METHOD:

Using a car-following procedure in a high-fidelity driving simulator, participants were probed at random times to indicate whether they were on-task at that moment or mind-wandering. The dependent measures were analyzed based on the participant's response to the probe.

RESULTS:

Compared to when on-task, when mind-wandering participants showed longer response times to sudden events, drove at a higher velocity, and maintained a shorter headway distance.

CONCLUSION:

Collectively, these findings indicate that mind-wandering affects a broad range of driving responses and may therefore lead to higher crash risk.

APPLICATION:

The results suggest that situations that are likely associated with mind-wandering (e.g., route familiarity) can impair driving performance.