In 1950 the State Department issued a volume
entitled Postwar Foreign Policy Preparation, 1939-45. It described in
detail the policies and documents leading up to the creation of the United
Nations and named the men who shaped these policies. This and similar official
records reveal that the following men were key government figures in UN planning
within the U.S. State Department and Treasury Department: Alger Hiss, Harry
Dexter White, Virginius Frank Coe, Dean Acheson, Noel Field, Laurence Duggan,
Henry Julian Wadleigh, John Carter Vincent, David Weintraub, Nathan Gregory
Silvermaster, Harold Glasser, Victor Perlo, Irving Kaplan, Solomon Adler,
Abraham George Silverman, William L. Ullman and William H. Taylor. With the
single exception of Dean Acheson, all of
these men have since been identified in sworn testimony as secret Communist
agents!

It is truly fantastic, but here is the record:

Alger Hiss: In 1950 Hiss was convicted and sent to prison for perjury involving
statements relating to his Communist activities. Since the second Hiss trial
evidence has continued to be amassed through other congressional investigations
that is even more incriminating than that used for his conviction. As it was,
the FBI had solid evidence of Hiss's Communist activities as far back as 1939
and had even issued numerous security reports to the justice Department and
executive branch dealing with this fact.1 In addition,
a parade of former Communists testified that they personally had known and
worked with Alger Hiss as a fellow member of the party.

It is worth noting that Alger Hiss was very
influential with the leaders of the Institute of Pacific Relations, which a
Senate committee found to be infiltrated at the top by Communists. Hiss was one
of the trustees of the IPR and was very active in its affairs.2

Mr. J. Anthony Panuch, who had been assigned the
task of supervising the security aspects of the transfer of large numbers of
personnel from various war agencies to the State Department in the fall of 1945,
testified that as a security officer he had access to conclusive information on
Hiss's Communist activity; but when he tried to do something about it, it was
he, not Hiss, who was dismissed.3

In 1944 Hiss became acting director of the Office
of Special Political Affairs which had charge of all postwar planning, most of
which directly involved the creation of the United Nations; and in March 1945,
in spite of all the FBI reports and other adverse security information
circulating among the top echelons of government, he was promoted to director of
that office.

It is more than a little ironic that Alger Hiss
was the man who traveled with FDR to Yalta as his State Department advisor. It
was at the Yalta meeting that the decision was made to give the Soviets three
votes in the General Assembly to one for the United States. Giving votes to the
Russians for the Ukrainian SSR and Byelorussia SSR made as much sense as giving
extra votes to the United States for Texas and California. At any rate, even if
Roosevelt had been inclined to protest this absurd agreement, he was up against
the demands of Joe Stalin and the advice of Alger Hiss.

The Dumbarton Oaks Conference was held in 1944 to
determine the future form that the United Nations would take. It was an
extremely important meeting since most of the really critical decisions were
made there. This meeting was so hush-hush that the public and even the press
were excluded from the proceedings. Alger Hiss was the executive secretary of
this conference.

Hiss's role at the San Francisco conference,
where the United Nations was finally taken off the drawing board and put on the
assembly line, is better known to most Americans. He was the chief planner and
executive of the entire affair. He organized the American delegation and was the
acting secretary-general. Visitor passes bore his signature. According to the
April 16, 1945, issue of Time magazine:

The Secretary-General for the San
Francisco Conference was named at Yalta but announced only last week--
lanky, Harvard trained Alger Hiss, one of the State Department's
brighter young men. Alger Hiss was one of the Harvard Law School
students whose records earned them the favor of Professor (now justice)
Felix Frankfurter and a year as secretary to the late justice Oliver
Wendell Holmes. He was drafted from a New York law firm by the New Deal
in 1933, joined the State Department in 1936, accompanied President
Roosevelt to Yalta. -At San Francisco, heand his Secretariat of
300 (mostly Americans) will have the drudging, thankless clerk's job of
copying, translating and publishing, running the thousands of paper-clip
and pencil chores of an international meeting. But Alger Hiss will be an
important figure there. As secretary-general, managing the agenda, he
will have a lot to say behind the scenes about who gets the breaks.4

Hiss was not only the acting secretary-general at
the San Francisco conference, but also served on the steering and executive
committees which were charged with the responsibility of actually writing the
new Charter.5
In such a position, he undoubted wielded a tremendous amount of influence on the
drafting of the Charter itself. He did not do it single-handedly, however, as
some critics of the United Nations have claimed. For instance, Andrei Gromyko
was asked during a press conference in 1958 whether he considered it a violation
of the Charter for a country to send its forces into the territory of another.
He replied: "Believe me, I sit here as one who helped to draft the UN
Charter, and I had a distinct part in drafting this part of the Charter with my
own hands."6

At the conclusion of the conference Alger Hiss
personally carried the freshly written document back to Washington by plane for
Senate ratification. The Charter traveled in a black water-tight box with a
parachute. The master planners were taking no chances.

Knowing that Alger Hiss was a Soviet agent, the
FBI had prepared an extensive surveillance of his activities during the San
Francisco conference. Shortly after Hiss learned of this through his contacts in
the Justice Department, however, the FBI received orders from the top to cancel
its plans.7

An entire book could be written on the single
subject of Alger Hiss and his influence over the United Nations during its
formative phase. But, as important as he was, he was only one man. Had Hiss
never been born, or had he spent his entire life in a monastery, the UN would
still be what it is today, for Hiss was not alone.

Harry Dexter White: White was the assistant secretary of the United States Treasury
Department under Henry Morgenthau. As such, he had complete control over our
foreign policy dealing with treasury matters. The following Treasury Department
directive indicates the influence that White bad:

On and after this date [December 15,
1941], Mr. Harry D. White, assistant to the secretary, will assume full
responsibility for all matters with which the Treasury Department has to
deal having a bearing on foreign relations. Mr. White will act as
liaison between the Treasury Department and the State Department, will
serve in the capacity of advisor to the secretary on all treasury
foreign affairs matters, and will assume responsibility for the
management and operation of the stabilization fund without change in
existing procedures. Mr. White will report directly to the secretary.8

Elizabeth Bentley testified that while she was a
Communist supervising the liaison between various espionage rings in Washington,
Harry Dexter White was a member of one of these groups. It was known as the
Silvermaster cell. She also revealed that White, acting on instructions from
Moscow, pushed hard for what was later known as the Morgenthau plan and which
was designed to destroy Germany's industry after the war so Germany could never
again pose a serious obstacle to the Soviet plans for future expansion in
Europe.9

J. Edgar Hoover testified before a Senate
investigating committee that "from November 8, 1945, until June 24, 1946,
seven communications went to the White House bearing on espionage activities
wherein Harry D. White's name was specifically mentioned."10 In spite
of all this, White stayed on in his government post, as did Alger Hiss. White
was even sent to the San Francisco conference to represent the Treasury
Department. He served as chairman of the important committee that established
the United Nations multi-billion-dollar International Monetary Fund. Only a few
months after being thoroughly exposed as a secret agent, White was appointed to
the post of executive secretary of this International Monetary Fund which he
helped create with large injections of United States tax money. When he turned
in his resignation to the Treasury Department to accept this new position,
President Truman sent him the following letter:11

Dear Mr. White:

I accept with regret your resignation as
assistant secretary of the Treasury. My regret is lessened, however, in
the knowledge that you leave the treasury only to assume new duties for
the government in the field on international economics as the U.S.
executive director of the International Monetary Fund. In that position,
you will be able to carry forward the work you so ably began at Bretton
Woods and you will have increased opportunity for the exercise of your
wide knowledge and expertness in a field that is of utmost importance to
world peace and security. I am confident that in your new position you
will add distinction to your already distinguished career with the
Treasury.

Very sincerely yours,
(signed) Harry S. Truman

Virginius Frank Coe: Coe was another American who moved from a high position
with the United States Government to accept a key post within the United
Nations. He had been an assistant to Harry Dexter White in the Treasury
Department and, as such, was the technical secretary at the Bretton Woods
Conference. He, too, had been identified under oath by Elizabeth Bentley as a
member of one of her Communist cells. When questioned about these activities,
Coe found it necessary to invoke the Fifth Amendment to avoid incriminating
himself. Consequently, Coe was appointed as the $20,000 a year secretary of the
United Nations International Monetary Fund, a post which he held for many years.
He is now working as an economic expert for the Red Chinese government.12

Dean Acheson: As mentioned earlier, Secretary of State Dean Acheson is the only one
in this list of State Department and Treasury Department personnel active in UN
planning who has not been identified as active with the Communist party. In this
connection, however, it is interesting to note the following facts. Early in his
political career, Acheson was praised by the Communist Daily Worker "as
one of the most forward looking men in the State Department."13 In
November of 1945 he was one of the principal speakers at a Madison Square Garden
rally sponsored by the National Conference of Soviet-American Friendship. The
other speakers were Corliss Lamont and Paul Robeson.14 While
undersecretary of state, Acheson promoted a loan of ninety million dollars to
the Communist-controlled government of Poland. The loan was negotiated by Donald
Hiss, Alger Hiss's brother. Donald Hiss was a member of Acheson's law firm.15

When former Assistant Secretary of State Adolph
Berle, Jr., testified before the House Committee on Un-American Activities, he
described Dean Acheson as heading up a pro-Russian group in the State Department
"with Mr. (Alger) Hiss as his principal assistant."16

In June of 1947, a Senate appropriations
subcommittee addressed a confidential memorandum to George Marshall, the new
secretary of state. This memorandum read, in part, as follows:

It becomes necessary, due to the gravity
of the situation, to call your attention to a condition that developed
and still flourishes in the State Department under the administration of
Dean Acheson. It is evident that there is a deliberate, calculated
program being carried out, not only to protect Communist personnel in
high places, but to reduce security and intelligence protection to a
nullity. On file in the department is a copy of a preliminary report of
the FBI on Soviet espionage activities in the U.S. which involves a
large number of State Department employees, some in high official
positions. . . . Voluminous files are on hand in the Department proving
the connection of the State Department employees and officials with the
Soviet espionage ring.17

Marshall reacted to this information by doing
exactly what Acheson had done--nothing.

Laurence Duggan: Duggan was head of the Latin American division of the State
Department. Hede Massing, a former Soviet agent, identified Duggan as a member
of a spy ring under her direction. While his case was being investigated, he
mysteriously fell from a window of his New York office and was killed.

Noel Field: Field was a high official in the West European division of the State
Department and was a close friend of Duggan. When Field was also identified by
Hede Massing as a secret Communist, he disappeared behind the iron curtain.

Henry Julian Wadleigh: Wadleigh was in the trade agreements division of the
State Department. During the Hiss trial he admitted that he had been working for
a Soviet spy ring.

John Carter Vincent: As chief of the Chinese affairs division of the State Department,
Vincent was a member of the American delegation at the San Francisco conference.
He was also identified insworn testimony as a member of the Communist
party.

David Weintraub: Weintraub, who was in the Office of Foreign Relief and Rehabilitation
Operations, became the key figure in 1952 of a Senate investigation of Communist
infiltration into the American quota of United Nations employees. As the Senate
committee stated in its report Interlocking Subversion in GovernmentDepartments:
"David Weintraub occupied a unique position in setting up the structure
of Communist penetration of Government agencies by individuals who have been
identified by witnesses as underground agents of the Communist party."18

Nathan Gregory Silvermaster: As a high-ranking officer of the Treasury Department,
Silvermaster was also head of one of the secret Communist cells under Elizabeth
Bentley's direction.

Harold Glasser: Glasser also came from the Treasury Department where he succeeded
Virginius Frank Coe as director of the division of monetary research. Glasser
was the Treasury spokesman on the affairs of United Nations Relief and
Rehabilitation Administration (UNRRA, the UN's first giveaway program of
American money) and had a predominant voice in determining which countries
should receive aid and which should not. Elizabeth Bentley and Whittaker
Chambers both revealed that Glasser was known to them as a Communist agent.

Victor Perlo: Perlo was closely associated with Hiss in the Ware cell in the early
days of the New Deal. He later became the head of his own Communist cell under
the direction of Elizabeth Bentley.

Irving Kaplan: Kaplan was appointed to the Treasury Department by Virginius Frank
Coe. Later, he became a high level official in the UN office of the assistant
secretary-general for economic affairs. When called to the witness stand to
testify during the Senate investigation of the Institute of Pacific Relations,
Kaplan sought refuge behind the Fifth Amendment 244 times. David Weintraub
helped him get his UN job.

William L. Ullman: A captain in the Air Force at the time, Ullman testified that he had
been borrowed by Harry Dexter White and taken as White's assistant to both the
Bretton Woods and San Francisco conferences. When asked whether or not he had
ever been a Communist or a spy, Ullman claimed the Fifth Amendment to avoid
self-incrimination.

Lauchlin Currie: Currie was not included among the list of names at the beginning of
this chapter because he was in neither the State nor the Treasury departments.
Nevertheless, as a personal assistant and advisor to President Roosevelt he
played a major role in helping to formulate United States policy leading to the
creation of the United Nations. He was thoroughly exposed as a fellow traveler
by both Elizabeth Bentley and Whittaker Chambers.

The whole ugly story of these men and their
actions can be found in the Senate report on the investigations of the IPR, the
transcript of the Senate hearings on Activities of United States Citizens
Employed by the United Nations, and the report entitled Interlocking
Subversion inGovernmentDepartments.19It
adds up to a clear pattern of deliberate Communist penetration into key
positions within our own government and the use of these positions to generate a
Communist-inspired United States foreign policy. The major feature of this
policy has centered around getting the United States to gradually give up its
independence to the authority and control of the United Nations, which was
created by the Communists for just this purpose. As security officer J. Anthony
Panuch summarized it:

It was World War II which gave the Soviet
plan its impetus. During this period, a massive infiltration of
sensitive agencies of the government took place. Pro-Communist and
personnel of subversive and revolutionary tendencies were able to
establish themselves in strategic slots . . . to shift the center of
gravity in the process of U.S. foreign policy from a national to an
international orientation via the supra-national UN organization.
Furthermore, if working control of the U.S. foreign policy were
focalized in the UN organization, the role of Congress in our foreign
affairs could be bypassed.20

Postwar foreign policy planning and the San
Francisco conference of 1945 seem so far in the past that it is difficult for
many to find a correlation between then and now. Yet events in Katanga were
shaped as much by these now forgotten hands as they were by the O'Brien's and
the Hammarskjold's of more recent memory. Needless to say, however, 1945 was
just the beginning. When it came time to begin theactual hiring of the
UN administrative staff, secret American Communists were among the first in
line.

Trygve Lie, the United Nations' first
secretary-general, said that in the first year members of the Secretariat had to
be recruited very rapidly; about three thousand were hired between March and
December of 1946 and hundreds more were hired in 1947. Lie was well aware of the
possibility of their being secret Communists among the American job applicants,
but this caused him little concern. As he put it: "Nothing in the Charter
or in the staff regulations bars a Communist from being a member of the UN
Secretariat; nor could there be in an organization that embraces both Communist
and non-Communist members."21

This is, of course, one of the reasons why the
United Nations can never work to promote freedom, justice or anything else the
Communists wish to suppress. But that is another subject and one with which we
shall deal at some length further along. For now, the important point is that
the immediate demand for thousands of people to fill out the United Nations'
original staff provided a golden opportunity for the agents of Communism to get
in on the ground floor and to swarm into the key positions. The record shows
that this is precisely what they did.

Since the new world-government organization
needed men and women with skills and experience similar to those acquired in the
service of national government agencies, it was only natural that most of the
original applicants were people who had been working for the United States
Government in one capacity or another. It was natural, too, that these people
should have the approval or recommendation of their former employer. There are
two kinds of recommendations, however: official and unofficial. An official
recommendation would naturally be entered into the record and might contain,
among other things, a security check. An unofficial recommendation would have no
such drawbacks; a simple telephone call from an influential person in the State
Department is all that would be required.

It is not surprising that the State Department
elected to follow what it called the "no recommendation rule." The
reason offered for this policy was that it would avoid making the U.S. look as
if it overly influenced the selection of UN personnel.22 According
to the testimony of Carlisle Humelsine, deputy undersecretary of state, the
"no recommendation rule" was formulated in the department that was
under the direction of Alger Hiss, and Hiss bad much to do with it.23

Apologists for the United Nations have often
attempted to deny or minimize Hiss's part in influencing the selection of
employees for the initial United Nations staff. State Department officials have
insisted that most of these people were merely on loan from various branches of
the U.S. Government. But the record is unmistakably clear and speaks for itself.
As the 1954 report of the SISS revealed, Alger Hiss was "unofficially"
influential in the employment of 494 persons by the United Nations on its
initial staff.24

During the Korean War, a New York grand jury
accidentally stumbled across evidence of Communist penetration into the American
staff of the United Nations. One piece of evidence led to another and so alarmed
the grand jury that it proceeded to conduct a full-scale inquiry into the
matter. The publicity attracted a great deal of attention and prompted the
Senate Committee on the Judiciary to initiate a parallel investigation of its
own. Shortly after these investigations began, some two hundred Americans
employed by the UN resigned, apparently to avoid testifying.25 Those that
did testify, however, provided more than ample evidence for the grand jury to
issue the following presentment:

This jury must, as a duty to the people of
the United States, advise the court that startling evidence has
disclosed infiltration into the UN of an overwhelmingly large group of
disloyal U.S. citizens, many of whom are closely associated with the
international Communist movement. This group numbers scores of
individuals, most of whom have long records of federal employment,, and
at the same time have been connected with persons and organizations
subversive to this country. Their positions at the time we subpoenaed
them were ones of trust and responsibility in the UN Secretariat and in
its specialized agencies.26

The Senate investigations produced exactly the
same conclusions. Senator Eastland, chairman of the committee, made the
following statement at the conclusion of the hearings:

I am appalled at the extensive evidence
indicating that there is today in the UN among the American employees
there, thegreatest concentration of Communists that this
Committee has ever encountered. Those American officials who have
been called represent a substantial percentage of the people who are
representing us in the UN. . . . These people occupy high positions.
They have very high salaries and almost all of these people have, in the
past, been employees in the U.S. government in high and sensitive
positions. I believe that the evidence shows that the security officers
of our government knew, or at least had reason to know, that these
people have been Communists for many years. In fact, some of these
people have been the subject of charges before Congress before and
during their employment with the UN. It is more than strange that such a
condition existed in the government of the U.S., and it is certainly
more than strange that these people should be transferred to the UN and
charged to the American quota.27
[Italics added.]

It takes the better part of a day to read through
the transcript of the hearings that led up to that conclusion, but for those who
have the time, it is well worth the effort. There is no better way to get an
accurate perspective on how the Communists have secretly captured complete
working control of the American staff positions within the United Nations. The
following are just a few examples taken at random to give an idea of the scope
of this control.

Frank Carter Bancroft: Bancroft was editor of the documents control division. A
minister of the Episcopal church on the inactive list, he has a long, record of
joining Communist fronts andsought refuge behind the Fifth Amendment
when asked if he was a Communist.

Ruth Crawford: A publications officer of the United Nations International Children's
Economic Fund, Ruth Crawford admitted that she had been at one time a member of
the Communist party and was still in sympathy with it.

AbrahamH.
Feller: Feller was general counsel for the United Nations. When called
before the New York grand jury whichwas investigating United States
Communists in the United Nations, he avoided testifying by jumping to his death
from a window of his apartment. He had been closely associated with Alger Hiss
and other Soviet agents. Trygve Lie said that "Feller was a victim of the
witch bunt, of the awful pressure of the hysterical assault upon the United
Nations that reactionaries were promoting and using for their own ends."28 Eleven
months later, Lie dedicated the Abraham Feller memorial room in the UN library
"in memory of a loyal American."

Joel Gordon: As chief of the trade analysis division, Cordon's salary was $13,000.
He had been with UNRAA. He invoked the Fifth Amendment to avoid
self-incrimination when asked if hewas a member of the Communist party.

IrvingP.
Schiller: Schiller was scheduled to be the next registrar of the United
Nations' European office in Geneva. When asked by an investigating committee if
be was presently (at the time of questioning) a member of the Communist party,
heloudly proclaimed, "No!" But when the investigator asked him
if he bad been a member of the Communist party on the preceding day, Schiller
invoked the Fifth Amendment.

Alexander H. Svenchanski: A naturalized American citizen born in Russia,
Svenchanski's job at the United Nations was information officer. He broadcast
news and other items to the Soviet Union. When asked if he was a Communist, he
invoked the Fifth Amendment to avoid incriminating himself.

Alfred J. Van Tassel: As chief of the economics section, special projects
division of the technical assistance administration, Van Tassel's salary was
$12,840. He organized and coordinated UN training seminars and demonstration
centers around the world. He invoked the Fifth Amendment to avoid
self-incrimination when asked about membership in the Communist party.

Eugene Wallach: Wallach was simultaneously a steno-type reporter at the UN and part of
the New York security organization of the Communist party.

David Zablodowsky: Zablodowsky was in charge of the publishing division of the United
Nations with a salary of $14,000. He admitted that he had transmitted secret
messages between Whittaker Chambers and J. Peters knowing that they were both
Communists. At one time he was president of a union which was later revealed to
be Communist dominated. He also had been editor of the publication put out by
the League Against War and Fascism, a Communist united front organization.

Herman Zap:
Zap was a training officer in the technical assistance administration and he
coordinated government training programs all around the world. His specialty was
economic development and social welfare. He also coordinated the exchange of
persons between the United States and other countries. He invoked the Fifth
Amendment.

Shortly after the results of these hearings were
made known, Trygve Lie attempted to calm the waters of rising public concern by
dismissing eleven of the Fifth Amendment pleaders. The "Red eleven,"
as they were called in the newspapers, appealed the dismissal to the UN
administrative tribunal which promptly declared that they must be either
reinstated or be awarded substantial cash indemnities. As a result, seven of
them were put back into their jobs with full back pay, and the others each
received cash awards up to $40,000. (American taxpayers paid the lion's share,
needless to say.) The UN administrative tribunal which reinstated and
indemnified these security risks to America was composed completely of
non-Americans. Seven nations were represented but at the time the U.S. was not
even entitled to avoice in the decision.

Shortly afterward, Senator Pat McCarran
introduced legislation requiring that all American citizens seeking employment
at the United Nations receive a security clearance from the attorney general's
office. This was certainly a reasonable policy and one which most Americans
assumed had been in operation all along. Nevertheless, Trygve Lie was alarmed at
the suggestion and declared: "To my dismay, the only precedent I could
discover for such a law was the edict promulgated by fascist Italy in 1927. . .
."29
Washington was equally alarmed. Just two days after the McCarran bill was
introduced, President Truman signed an executive order stipulating that the
United States would not undertake to instruct the Secretary-General as to
American citizens he may not employ, nor would it penalize any citizens that he
might employ contrary to the attorney general's judgment.30 In other
words, Hiss's "no recommendation rule" was to remain unchanged.

When the Eisenhower administration took over,
there was a great deal of loud talk and breast-beating about cleaning out the
Communists, not only from Washington, but from the United States staff at the
United Nations as well. It was a fine campaign promise but turned out to be just
as sincere as the proverbial two chickens in every pot. Professing to be
anti-Communist is always good for votes. Since many Americans are perfectly
willing to accept a sincere face, a warm smile, and a little political oratory
as a substitute for action, the politicians know that they will seldom be called
upon by their constituents to produce what they have promised. When he was
seeking our votes Eisenhower promised to clear out the subversives. But he never
did. The worst of the security risks stayed right where they were, or were
promoted. Senator Joseph McCarthy, who was actually trying to do what candidate
Eisenhower promised he was going to do, received the full wrath of the
new administration. Eisenhower even went so far as to issue an executive order
which became the basis for what was later called the gag rule. This injected so
much red tape into the proceedings of congressional committees investigating
Communist penetration into our government that it soon became quite impossible
to obtain meaningful testimony. Consequently, since 1954 there have been few
attempts to investigate Communist penetration of the U.S. Government. Apparently
we are to assume that after Alger Hiss, Lauchlin Currie, Harry Dexter White,
etc., were exposed, the Communists suddenly lost interest in trying to
infiltrate the United States Government!

At any rate, part of this great pretense centered
around cleaning up the mess at the United Nations. Eisenhower set up a widely
publicized international organizations employees loyalty board to hold hearings
and review FBI reports on all United States employees at the United Nations. As
the first step, all Americans at the United Nations were instructed to fill out
loyalty questionnaires. The public once again relaxed with satisfaction that at
last something was being done. The whole thing, of course, was a fraud. The net
catch of the entire operation was one woman clerk by the name of Eda Glaser. She
was employed in the Security Council reference library where she clipped
articles out of newspapers.31

Eisenhower's loyalty board gave clearance to
people with blatant backgrounds of Communist activities and sympathies. For
example, the board cleared Henry S. Block, director of the UN statistical
division. Block's record was so bad that even the United States State Department
had described him as a person "believed to be Communist or under Communist
discipline."32

The most revealing clearance of all, however, was
that of Ralph Bunche.

Ralph J. Bunche: As undersecretary-general of the United Nations and one of the three
most influential men in that organization, Ralph Bunche may well be the
best-known Negro in the entire world. Consequently, many people shy away from
discussing his pro-Communist record for fear they will be branded as anti-Negro
or racist. But the record speaks for itself.

Bunche was on the editorial board of the openly
Communist magazine Scienceand Society for over four years. Even
after the Communists themselves officially stated that Science and Society
had as its function "to help Marx-ward moving students and intellectuals to
come closer to Marxism-Leninism; to bring Communist thought to academic
circles," Bunche continued to -write for the magazine.33

In 1936 Bunche authored a pamphlet entitled AWorld View of Race which presented the Communist propaganda line so well
that the October 1937 issue of the Communist declared: "A fresh breeze is
blowing through the classrooms of American colleges, carrying with it elements
of Marxist and progressive thought. One of the -welcome fruits of the
renaissance is a world-embracing study of race attitudes by Dr. Bunche,
professor of political science at Howard University."

In his pamphlet, Bunche wrote: "And so class
will some day supplant race in world affairs. Race war will then be merely a
side-show to the gigantic class war which will be waged in the big tent we call
the world."34

In 1943 Bunche went to the State Department where
he became associate chief of the division of dependent area affairs under Alger
Hiss. He became, with Hiss, one of the leaders of the IPR which, according to a
congressional investigating committee, was "considered by the American
Communist party and by Soviet officials as an instrument of Communist policy,
propaganda and military intelligence."35

On August 19, 1948, after Hiss had been exposed
as a Communist agent, Bunche sent him a letter in which he stated: "I want
you to know that I am in your corner."36

Bunche tried to line up employment in the State
Department for a Jack S. Harris. But Harris' pro-Communist background was so
blatant that even the State Department had to turn him down. Bunche finally got
Harris a job at the United Nations. Harris was one of those to whom the UN
administrative tribunal awarded forty thousand dollars indemnity after
dismissal. One of the factors cited by the tribunal as justification for this
award was "the fact that he joined the UN at the special request of Mr.
Ralph Bunche."37

In spite of all this Dwight D. Eisenhower, while
president of Columbia University, praised Ralph Bunche as "the greatest
statesman this country has produced."38 The
Eisenhower appointed loyalty review board, likewise, found no reason to question
the loyalty of Ralph Bunche. He was routinely cleared along with a host of
others with similar backgrounds.

On May 31, 1954, just three days after Bunche
received his security clearance, the Communist Daily Worker ran an
article which boasted:

The UN was getting ready to appoint Dr.
Ralph J. Bunche to a new high post when certain racist
"anti-Communist" forces moved to stop this. . . . And so Dr.
Bunche again had to solemnly prove his "loyalty"-- meaning
that be had to prove be is innocent of the "crime" of Marxism
and is a reliable supporter of the "anti-Communist" policy.
The plans of the "anti-Communists" who could not stomach the
idea of a Negro in a top UN post couldn't be carried through. The same
enormous anti-racist pressure which, in the U.S.A. and throughout the
world, compelled the Supreme Court to declare segregated schools and
housing un-Constitutional, also blocked this scheme. But what was
revealed again was the un-American machinery of the
"anti-Communist" frame-up mill. Bunche, thanks to the new
anti-racist upsurge, escaped.39

Philip Jessup: Philip Jessup is the man who represents the United States as one of the
eleven justices on the United Nations World Court. His past is studded with
affiliations with groups officially designated as Communist fronts. One of
these, the Institute of Pacific Relations, has already been discussed. However,
since Jessup was probably the most prominent and influential of all the leaders
of this organization, it warrants recalling that the Senate Internal Security
Subcommittee found that:

The IPR has been considered by the
American Communists and by Soviet officials as an instrument of
Communist policy, propaganda and military intelligence. . . . A small
core of officials and staff members carried the main burden of IPR
activities and directed its administration and policies. Members of the
small core of officials and staff members who controlled the IPR were
either Communists or pro-Communists.

Jessup was chairman of the IPR American council
from 1939 to 1940 and chairman of its Pacific council from 1939 to 1942. Both
councils were high-level policy-making bodies.40

Jessup, both in and out of the IPR, was closely
associated with Alger Hiss, Harry Dexter White, Frederick Vanderbilt Field and
Lauchlin Currie. And, like Ralph Bunche, he came to the defense of Hiss as a
character witness at Hiss's trial.

When Frank Coe, secretary of the United Nations
International Monetary Fund, testified before the Senate Internal Security
Subcommittee in 1952, be inadvertently put Jessup inrather strange
company. After readily answering questions about his associations with sundry
individuals who had never been implicated in the Communist conspiracy, he
suddenly found it necessary to invoke the Fifth Amendment when asked if he knew
Philip Jessup.

Jessup served as assistant secretary-general of
the UNRRA conference in 1943 and the Bretton Woods Conference in 1944. He was a
member of the American delegation to the San Francisco conference in 1945. He
was also the United States representative on the fifteen-man United Nations
committee of jurists that had drafted the World Court statute. Continuing as a
technical expert and advisor to various important UN commissions, Jessup
prepared the State Department's infamous "White Paper" on China.
Written at the very time when the Communists were overrunning the mainland of
China, this report lavishly praised the Reds and condemned the anti-Communist
Nationalist forces. Jessup later became one of the early advocates for the
admission of Red China to the United Nations.

President Truman was so impressed by this record
that he appointed Jessup as United States delegate to the United Nations in
1951. When the appointment came before the Senate, however, it was not approved
because of Jessup's pro-Communist record. At the United Nations, Soviet delegate
Vyshinsky reacted by praising Jessup during a meeting of the General Assembly’s
political committee. Vyshinsky said he bad "learned with dismay" the
Senate's decision."41 Equally
dismayed, of course, was President Truman who proceeded to circumvent the Senate
action by assigning Jessup to the United Nations on an "interim
appointment."42

Shortly after the Eisenhower administration came
in on the promise of cleaning the United States security risks out of the United
Nations, the State Department approved the appointment of Philip Jessup as our
candidate for the UN World Court--an infinitely more important position than the
one denied him by the Senate. This time, however, neither Congress nor the
Senate had any voice in the selection.

Even though each country is allowed to nominate
two of its own nationals and two from other countries, the United States elected
to nominate three foreigners with Philip Jessup as the only American--making it
very clear to all that he was the man!

In the final voting, Jessup was elected by an
overwhelming majority. With both the United States and the USSR voting for him,
how could he miss?

22. Chesly Manly, The UN
Record (Chicago, Henry Regnery Company, 1955), p. 110. After serving for two
years on the staff of the Milwaukee Journal, Chesly Manly went to work
for the Chicago Tribune in 1929. In the intervening years he has become
one of the country's top news reporters. During his varied career he has covered
the Al Capone trials in the prohibition era as well as major political events in
Washington. Since 1946 he has reported the proceedings at the UN and other
international conferences for the Chicago Tribune.