Downfall of a President, 1886-91

The controversial downfall of President José Manuel Balmaceda Fernández
(1886-91) represented the only occasion when power was transferred by
force between 1830 and 1924. This event resulted in the most important
alteration in the constitutional system between 1833 and 1925. In many
respects, the Balmaceda episode was the culmination of two trends: the
growing strength of Congress in relation to the president, and the
expanding influence of foreign capital in the mining zone. In essence,
the rebels opposed Balmaceda's plans to expand the role of the executive
branch in the political and economic systems.

Although scholars have debated whether the uprising against Balmaceda
was mainly a fight over political or economic privileges, the bulk of
research has supported the primacy of political over economic issues.
From the 1830s to the 1880s, Congress had gradually asserted more and
more authority over the budget and over cabinet ministers. Balmaceda
tried to circumvent that budgetary power and break the hold of
congressmen and local bosses on congressional elections.

Complaining about the heavy-handed rule of the president, and in
particular his interference in congressional elections, Congress led a
revolt against Balmaceda in 1891. Conservatives generally supported the
rebels; Liberals and Democrats backed the president. Along with some
renegade Liberals, the newly emergent Radical Party aligned with the
so-called congressionalists, not wishing to see legislative prerogatives
curtailed just as the party was gaining clients and strength. Those
provincials resentful of the growing centralization of political and
economic power in and around Santiago also backed the rebellion,
especially in the north. Initially, the navy, the armed service that
included the highest percentage of aristocrats, sided with the rebels;
the army sided with the president.

The rebellion also attracted British entrepreneurs worried by
Balmaceda's threat to encroach on the independence and revenues of the
foreign-owned nitrate mines. Although not opposed to foreign investment,
Balmaceda had proposed a greater role for the state and higher taxes in
the mining sector. Tension mounted because nitrate sales were in a
slump, a recurring problem because of the volatility of that commodity's
price on international markets. The most famous British mine owner was
John North, the "nitrate king," who was angry that his nitrate
railroad monopoly had been terminated by Balmaceda. Although not
directly involved, the United States supported Balmaceda as the legal
president.

The insurgents won the bloody but brief Civil War of 1891, when the
army decided not to fight the navy. As a result of the rebel victory,
Congress became dominant over the chief executive and the nitrate mines
increasingly fell into British and North American hands. Having gained
asylum in the Argentine embassy, Balmaceda waited until the end of his
legal presidential term and then committed suicide. As Portales became a
legendary hero to the right, so Balmaceda was later anointed by the left
as an economic nationalist who sacrificed his life in the struggle for
Chilean liberation.

Already tense as a result of the civil war over Balmaceda, United
States-Chilean relations deteriorated further as a result of the Baltimore
incident. In late 1891, sailors from the U.S.S. Baltimore
brawled with Chileans during shore leave in Valparaíso. To avert a war
with an angry United States, the Chilean government apologized and paid
reparations.