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The American comic-strip character Robin debuted in April 1940 in the DC Comics series Detective Comics, no. 38. He was introduced as a junior crime-fighting partner for Batman and served as the template for later teenage sidekicks.

Robin the Boy Wonder was actually Dick Grayson, the youngest of a family of circus aerialists, who witnessed his mother and father plunging to their deaths from a sabotaged trapeze. This murder was also observed by wealthy socialite Bruce Wayne. Wayne took the youngster under his wing and, as his alter ego Batman, trained him as his partner. Thus, one of the most famous superhero teams—Batman and Robin, the Dynamic Duo—was born.

Robin accompanied Batman on a host of 1940s and ’50s escapades in Detective Comics, Batman, and World’s Finest Comics, protecting Gotham City from the Joker, Catwoman, the Penguin, and other villains. Robin appeared alongside Batman on the Superman radio program, and two movie serials—Batman (1943) and Batman and Robin (1949)—were produced. Beginning in 1947 and continuing for several years thereafter, Robin was awarded his own series in Star Spangled Comics.

The Batman franchise declined in popularity in the 1950s, but DC Comics editor Julius Schwartz revitalized it when he took charge of Batman and Detective Comics in 1964. Robin began to come into his own, joining other powerful adolescents as the Teen Titans in The Brave and the Bold, no. 60 (July 1965). In 1966 ABC’s wildly successful live-action Batman television series made the Dynamic Duo pop icons and catapulted actor Burt Ward into instant stardom in his role of Robin. Declining ratings, however, led to the show’s cancellation after just three seasons.

After a decade of sporadic appearances, Robin returned as the team leader in Marv Wolfman and George Pérez’s The New Teen Titans (November 1980). In Tales of the Teen Titans, no. 44 (July 1984), Dick Grayson gave up the mantle of Robin, adopting a new superhero guise as Nightwing. Succeeding Grayson as Robin, in 1983, was Jason Todd, a troubled teen who was largely unpopular with fans during his stint as Batman’s sidekick; Todd later suffered a ghastly demise at the hands of the Joker in 1988. A new, female Robin—Carrie Kelly—appeared in Frank Miller’s Batman: The Dark Knight Returns (1986), although this four-issue series occurred outside the regular DC Comics continuity. In 1989 a tech-savvy teen named Tim Drake became the new Boy Wonder.

Stephanie Brown, formerly a costumed heroine called the Spoiler, became the first female Robin in mainstream DC continuity in Robin, no. 126 (July 2004); she later assumed the role of Batgirl. Todd was resurrected, adopted the Joker’s original costumed guise of the Red Hood, and became a ruthless antihero who clashed with Batman. Perhaps the most surprising individual to don the mantle of Robin was 10-year-old Damian Wayne, the son of Batman and Talia, the daughter of his adversary Ra’s al Ghul. The story of Batman and Talia’s union was first depicted in Batman: Son of the Demon (1987), but only in 2006 did writer Grant Morrison bring the episode into mainstream DC continuity. Damian possessed great intelligence and physical prowess, but his arrogance and disregard for human life initially made him a poor fit for the Batman Family. In time, however, Damian grew closer to his father. Following Bruce Wayne’s disappearance in the massive “Final Crisis” event, Dick Grayson took over the role of Batman, and Damian became his new Robin in Batman and Robin, no. 1 (August 2009).

When DC Comics relaunched its entire line in September 2011, four former and current Robins appeared in a new series. Grayson returned to his previous costumed identity in the new Nightwing. Todd became the leader of a band of outlaw vigilantes in The Red Hood and the Outlaws. Drake, now known as Red Robin, appeared in Teen Titans. Damian Wayne acted as Robin in the new DC Comics universe until his apparent death in 2013, at the conclusion of Morrison’s critically acclaimed seven-year run on various Batman titles.

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