The first spring-driven gramophone appeared in late 1896 and by the following year its popularity was beginning to overtake that of its predecessor, the phonograph which played small, tube-like cylinders.

dead," he claimed and took it upon himself to breathe new life into them by using them as a medium for works seeking the substance and patterns of commercial releasing of recordings, as well as by expressive playing on gramophones within the context of the New York underground No Wave scene, from which Swans, Sonic Youth, Lydia Lunch and Glenn Branca accured, as well as the contemporary reductionist improvisations

An Edison phonograph of 1905 was sold by retailer W Newton of Westgate Road, a Colombia gramophone of 1906 to Sherborne's of Westmorland Road and a 1940s Vidor wireless and gramophone to the Windows store.

It was perfectly usual and acceptable to have to wind up these gramophones between records, but to try to learn to dance to a machine that reduced a danceable tune like Cheek to Cheek or It's a Sin to Tell a Lie to a series of grunts and moans during the playing of one record was difficult if not hopeless.

Besides setting up to sell gramophones and records in North America, he gave the okay to William Barry Owen, an ex-lawyer with big ideas about the possibilities of the newfangled record business, to do business in Europe.

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