Belgrade Astronomical Observatory Historical Review

Belgrade Astronomical Observatory is one of the oldest scientific
institutions in Serbia and the only autonomous astronomical institute
in Yugoslavia. Its past development forms an important part of the
history of science and culture in these regions. The decree of its
founding conjointly with the Meteorological Observatory was signed on
20 March (7 April) 1887 by the Minister of Education and Church
Affaires of Kingdom of Serbia Milan Kujundzic on the initiative of
Milan Nedeljkovic (Belgrade 27. Sept. 1857 - Belgarde 27 Dec. 1950), a
professor of the Grand School (Belgarde University). Nedeljkovic was
appointed first director of the newly founded Observatory.

On 1 May 1871 Nedeljkovic started his activity at the provisory
Observatory in the rented Geizler family's house. Here the Observatory
was operating until 1 May 1891, when it was moved into its own building
constructed meanwhile - the one in which at present is Meteorological
Observatory in the Karadjordje Park. In the minor museum section of this
building there is, since the celebration of the Observatory's centenary
in 1987, a room dedicated to the origins of astronomical science in
Yugoslavia.

Nedeljkovic was at the head of the Observatory from 26 March (7 April)
1887 until 30 Jan 1924. A break took place only between 5 July 1899 and
31 Oct 1900, when he was sent into retirement for political reasons, in
connection with the Ivandan attempt on King Milan, which was exploited
by King Alexander for settling accounts with his political oponents.
Nedeljkovic's place was filled during this period by Djordje Stanojevic
(Negotin, 7 April 1858 - Paris 24 Dec. 1921), the first Serbian
astrophysicist, later on the rector of Belgrade University. Dj.
Stanojevic was a great popularizer of astronomy and science in general;
he was the driving force in the introduction of electrical light in
Belgrade, Uzice, Cacak, Leskovac. He was the builder of the first
hydro-electric power station in Serbia, a pioneer of industry of
refrigerating appliances, the initiator of setting up a committee for
cooling problems and of forming an international organization for
cooling technique in Paris in 1903. He was also the pioneer of the
color photogaphy in Serbia.

Apart from its importance for astronomy and meteorology, the newly
built Observatory, headed by Nedeljkovic, was a cradle of the seismic
and geomagnetic researches in Serbia. Nedeljkovic borrowed the
instruments for geomagnetic measurements from Tege Miklosh Konkoly, the
founder of the Budapest Astronomical Observatory, and took care of
building an earth-magnetism pavilion. Thanks to Konkoly Nedeljkovic
acquired in 1903 also a seismograph, installed next year in a special
pavilion. The observations were carried out regularly and for these
purposes the construction of what at present is the Seismological
Institute was executed in 1906. This activity was taken over by
Nedeljkovic's assistant Jelenko Mihailovic (Vrbica, 11 Jan. 1869 -
Belgrade 10 Oct. 1958) who worked at the Observatory since 1896.

During the Austro-Hungarian occupation in World War I the Observatory
was administred by Victor Konrad from Vienna. During their flight from
Serbia the Austrians took away or destroyed all the instruments.
However, thanks to his extraordinary and professional skill Nedeljkovic
contrived to acquire in Germany after the war, on account of war
reparations, a number of instruments appertaining equipment for the new
Observatory.

The instruments procured by Nedeljkovic constitute still practically
the only observing basis of the Observatory, although some of them were
taken away by the Germans during the World War II, two were ceded to
each Ljubljana and Zagreb Universities (Djurkovic 1968), some of the
smaller ones being left unmounted.

Currently mounted in appropriate pavilions are the following
instruments procured by Nedeljkovic:

As Nedeljkovic was struggling for the new Observatory at which the
acquired instruments were to be mounted and regular astronomical
observations started, he suddenly was sent into retirement on 30 Jan.
1924. By ruling of the Faculty Council the Observatory was divided into
two separate institutions: Astronomical Observatory and Meteorological
Observatory of Belgrade University.

At the head of the Astronomical Observatory was appointed in 1925
Vojislav V. Miskovic (Fuzine 18 Jan. 1892 - Belgrade 25 Nov. 1976), at
the time already a well established astronomer engaged at Nice
Observatory, France. He began his astronomical studies in Budapest and
Gottingen before the World War I. On his demobilsation at the end of
1918 from the Serbian Army, in which he served as a voluntieer, he was
sent to France to complete his studies. He graduated in 1919 and was
appointed assistant at the Marseille Observatory. Since 1922 he was
engaged as an astronomer at the Nice Observatory, receiving his
doctor's degree in 1924 at the Montpellier University. In 1925 he won
French Academy Prize for his studies in stellar statistics. In the
period 1919-1925 he published a score of papers in the French
scientific journals, treating the observation of the minor planets and
comets and the determination of their orbits. He came to Belgarde in
1926 taking, in addition to the Astronomical Observatory, charge of the
newly established Chair of Theoretical and Practical Astronomy at the
Faculty of Philosophy, whereat he was elected associated professor. In
1929 he was elected corresponding member of the Serbian Royal Academy
and in 1939 its full member. He directed the Observatory's activity to
a considerable degree toward mathematical and numerical works, wich
yielded valuable results. Of importance are numerical works connected
with the Mathematical Climatology of M. Milankovic as well as with
Miskovic's own Precession Tables.

In 1929 Miskovic succeeded in getting funds for the constructions of a
new, modern, observatory, at 6km distance southeast from the city's
centre, occupying a 4.5 ha area at 253 m high hill on Veliki Vracar,
named since, along with the entire surrounding part of Belgrade,
Zvezdara (=concerned with stars).

Sl. 1. Main building today. Front side with view on Photovisual
Refractor dome, mountd on top of building.

Sl. 2. Main building, back view.

Exceptional and highly valued complex constituting the Astronomical
Observatory was drawn up by Jan Dubovi, a member of GAMP (Group of
Modern Outlook Architects) founded in 1928. It is thanks to this very
achievement that Dubovi was conferred a doctor of science degree in
Prague. The construction works were carried out in 1930 to 1932, the
instruments being mounted during the following two years.

Miskovic started also publishing the scientific periodical
M&eacutemoires de l'Obs. Astr. Belgrade (issued five volumes for: 1932,
1933, 1936, 1938 and 1949), Annuaire de l'Obs. Astr. Belgarde (six
volumes for 1929 through 1934) containing sidereal time, short-period
nutation terms, the mean and apparent places of 189 stars, newly
discovered minor planets and directions for use. Nauticki godisnjak
(Nautical Almanc) for years 1934 through 1941) for navigation purpouses
in the Navy and Godisnjak Naseg Neba (Almanac of our Sky) an
astronmical calendar in Serbian, issued in the years 1930 to 1941 and
1948 to 1952 (the 1948 issue was edited by F. Dominko and the issues
for 1949, 1950 and 1951 by B. Popovic.

In 1935 academician Miskovic assisted by P. Djurkovic (Srpska Trnova
1908 - Belgarde 5. Jan 1981) and F. Dominko (Vodnjan 26 July 1903 -
Ljubljana 22 Feb. 1987) organized the Time and Longitude Service. In
that same year Djurkovic determined Observatory's longitude. It was more
accurately determined in 1938 under the direction of Miskovic in
cooperation with the Military-Geographic Institute, at that time
located at Kalimegdan.

In 1936 Miskovic, assisted by Milorad Protic, organized the Minor
Planets and Sun Observation Service. In the same year P. Djurkovic
discovered at the Uccle Observatory, Belgium, a minor planet,
subsequently named 1605 Milankovic and M. Protic, at the Belgrade
Observatory, discovered the minor planet 1564 Serbia, which marked the
opening of a long series of 43 minor planets discovered by the Belgarde
astronomers. Protic alone, in the period 1936-1956, made 33
discoveries. Of the 43 minor planets owing their discovery to Belgarde
astronomers, 12 have obtained by the IAU permanent names, three of the
discoveries having later been ascribed to other authors.

Besides Serbia, using his author's right, Protic gave the following
names to the minor planets he discovered: 1507 Beograd, 1550 Tito, 1554
Yugoslavia, 1675 Simonida, 1724 Vladimir (after his grandson), 2244
Tesla and 2348 Miskovic. P. Djurkovic discovered in the period
1936-1941, 5 minor planets, one of them - Zvezdara- named by him using
his discover's prerogative. In 1980 Z. Knezevic discovered on the
photo-plates taken according to his instructions at Piszkesteto
Observatory, Hungary, four minor planets, one of which having obtained
the name 3276 Paolicchi, after one of his colleagues in Italy. In 1991,
as a mark of honour, a minor planet was given the name 3900 Knezevic -
after our fellow. Another minor planet connected with the Belgrade
Observatory is that named 1555 Dejan, after P. Djurkovic's son. This
activity, in time extended to include the comet observations, is
currently conducted by Vojislava Protic-Benisek.

The founding in 1936 of the Minor Planet and Sun Observation Service
denotes the completion of organization of the observing activity of the
new Observatory. In that year Miskovic started issuing Bulletin de
l'Observatoire astronomique de Belgrade, a scientific periodical which
from No. 145 for 1992 on appears under the name Bulletin astronomique
de Belgrade. This periodical's editors have been: V. V. Miskovic
(1936-1940, 1943 -- 1948 and 1952-1956), M. Protic (1941-1942,
1955-1960 and 1971-1975), B. Popovic (1950), V. Oskanjan (1964), P.
Djurkovic (1964-1970), M. Mijatov (Nos. 127-131 in 1976-1981), D.
Zulevic (Nos. 132-133, in 1982-1983), Dj. Teleki (Nos. 134-136 in
1984-1986) and M. S. Dimitrijevic ( No. 137 in 1987 successively up to
date).

Since July 1941 at the Observatory were quartered German military. The
Wehrmacht brought along profs. Grotrian and Kippenheur from Potsdam,
the two having inscribed the Observatory's instruments as German
property, dispatching to Germany the spectroheliograph and the comet
searcher. On the terraces of the Observaroty's edifice and on the water
storage building pill-boxes were erected for directing the flak, while
the library was turned into officers mess. In the course of the
liberation fightings in 1944 particulary heavy damages were inflicted
on the main edifice, the water storage building and on
"Large Refractor" pavilion. The Observatory's reconstruction
was undertaken immediately after the war. Miskovic remained its
director until March 1946 when he submitted his resignation, accepted
not before May 1948.

During 1947 P. Djurkovic, B.Sevarlic and Zaharije Brkic ( Poljna 8 Nov.
1910 - Belgarde 24 April 1979) organized the Latitude Service wich, led
by Sevarlic and Dj. Teleki (Senta 20 Aug. 1928 - Belgarde 23 Feb. 1987),
was included into International Latitude Service on 7 October 1956. The
Service was headed, after Sevarlic, who was active until 1963, by Dj.
Teleki till 1968, Vladeta Milovanovic till 1972 and from then on until
his retirement by Radomir Grujic.

Up to 1 July the Observatory was, as it was before the war, under the
Belgarde University. From that date on, up to 18 Dec. 1950. it is under
the iurisdiction of the Serbian Academy of Siences and thereafter,
under the Committee for Scientific Institutions, University and Scools
for Higher Education of SR Serbia. This status was kept until 27 March
1954, when the Observatory became institution with independent
financing at the Executive Council of SR Serbia. On 9 Aug. 1985 the
Observatory obtained the status of autonomous scientific research
institute with the Executive Council of the Assembly of SR Serbia as
its founder, its name changed into Astronomical Observatory - Institute
for Astronomical Researches. At the time it was financed by the
Republic Community of Sciences of SR Serbia. After Community's
dissolution it is being financed by the Republic Fund for Sience of
Serbia through the scientific project " Physics and Motion of
Celestical Bodies and Artificial Eatrh's Satellites" (1985-1990).
Leading the Project were: Dj. Teleki (1985-1987), A. Kubicela
(1987-1989) and M. Dimitrijevic (1990). In the period 1991-1995 the
Project is named "Physics and Motion of Celestical Bodies" and
was led by M. Dimitrijevic (1991-1993) and Z. Knezevic (1993-1995). The
Time and Latitude Services are financed directly from the budget of SR
Serbia. On 12 May 1992 the Observatory became a scientific institute
financed through the mentoined scientific project at the Republic
Ministry for Science and Technology, its founder being the Government
of Republic Serbia. On 20 Dec. 1994 the Obsevatory was re-registrated
as a scientific institute, resuming its old name. For the period
1996-2000 the project is named "Astronomical, Astrodynamical and
Astrophysical Researches", being led by Z. Knezevic.

When in May 1948 V. Miskovic's resignation was accepted, to the post of
Observatory's director was appointed academician Milutin Milankovic
(Dalj 28 May 1879 - Belgarde 12 Dec. 1958) who went down in history of
science by his having explained the ice ages phenomenon through the
slow changes in the Earth's insolation in consequence of the Earth's
axis inclination and its motion around Sun, undergoing changes produced
by various influences. Milankovic elucidated also the history of the
climate of Earth and other planets, being the originator of the
mathematical theory of the Earth's poles motion. The Observatory's
direction was entrusted to the Observatory's Council, at the head of
which was the director and Council's president M. Milankovic, with
members Anton Bilimovic, V. Miskovic and Pavle Savic (Popovic 1951).
Milankovic held this post till 26 June 1951.

During 1949 was completed the astro-geodetic pavilion, begun before the
war. Mounted in it were the small transit instrument 10/100 cm., the
zenith-telescope (11/110 cm., a small prism astrolabe and universal
instrument (7/70 cm.). The pavilion housing up to then the small
transit instrument was since named " Training Pavilion" as it was put
at the disposal of students.

In 1951 P. Djurkovic organized the Double Star Service. Within this
Service, subsequently named Group, were discovered over 200 new double
and multiple stars, the bulk of the which is due to Georgije Popovic,
working in this Group since 1960, being at its head since 1976. Acting
in this Group have been also Lj. Dacic and Vera Erceg (since 1967).
Engaged in the works on these problems were also Danilo Zulevic (since
1961), Dragomir Olevic (at the Observatory since 1964, first in Group
for Minor Planets, Comets and Satellites, then for a while in the
Double Star Group), Rade Pavlovic (since 1994) and Vesna Zivkov (since
1996).

In this same year the Variable Stars Service was organized by Vasilije
Oskanjan. In this he was joined by Aleksandar Kubicela and Jelisaveta
Arsenijevic (at the Obsevatory since 1956) whereby an impetuous
development of the astrophysical researches took place later directed
toward stellar and solar physics and astronomical spectroscopy.
Initially it was the photometry of eruptive stars which was pursued.
Since 1959, after Oskanjan's return from his specialization in the
Soviet Union, it was the work in the field of polarimetry of eruptive
stars that was taken up. Formally, the Astrophysical Group was founded
in 1960. In 1969 and 1970 working in the Group was Trajce Angelov. In
1972 the Group was joined by Istvan Vince, in 1980 by Gojko Djurasevic,
in 1983 by Slobodan Jankov, in 1984 by Milan Dimitrijevic, in 1985 -
1996 by Vladimir Krsljanin, in 1989-1996 by Olga Atanackovic-Vukmanovic
(at the Observatory since 1982 first in the Absolute Declinations
Group), in 1992 by Luka Popovic, in 1994 by Darko Jevremovic in 1995 by
Silvana Nikolic while Sanja Erkapic entered on standing employment in
1996, having up to then been on postgraduate studies, occasionally
working on a part-time basis. Worth mentioning is the Group's
successful expedition to Hvar to observe the total solar eclipse on 15
Feb. 1961. The Group was left in 1966 by V. Oskanjan. In 1972-73 A.
Kubicela, to whose inventiveness one is to thank for all the modern
astrophysical measuring instuments the Observatory is in possession of,
constucted a solar spectrograph using the "Small Refractor" ZEISS
equatorial as supporting instrument wherewith he started the researches
in the large scale photometric motions on the Sun, A. Kubicela, J.
Arsenijevic and I. Vince organized in 1980 an expedition to India for
monitoring the total solar eclipse whereby three research programmes
have been carried out. J. Arsenijevic started in 1969 studying the
radiation polarization in cool supergiants. In 1973 the researches in
long period variations of polarizations in stars with emission lines
(Be stars), aimed at studying the physical characteristics of
atmospheres and envelopes of such objects. In 1984 the work on the
astrophysical plasma spectroscopy was undertaken, with particular
emphasis of the effect of the collision processes on the line shapes in
the solar and stellar spectra. In 1987 the programme of tracking the
sellected solar spectral lines during one solar cycle was taken up. In
1985 G. Djurasevic began the work on modelling of active tight double
stars and S. Jankov on methods of reconstructing the surface brightness
of stellar disks based on the spectroscopic and photometric
observations.

From 26 June 1951 to March 1954 the Observatory's director is again V.
Miskovic. After he went into retirement the Observatory was headed by
M. Protic in the capacity of deputy director and from 21 Nov. 1956 to
21 Nov. 1960 as a director.

In 1953 the Time Service, heded by Zaharije Brkic, was included in the
International Time Service. The scientific researches, started in this
period, culminated in doctoral dissertations of Z. Brkic (26 Nov 1958)
and Lj. Mitic (20 June 1959), these being the first post-war doctorates
in astronomy. The Time Service collaborated since 1962 with the
International Polar Motion Service and since 1971 with the Soviet Time
Service. In 1963, in accordance with the agreement with the
Military-Geographic Institute, the Observatory obtained a battery of
quratz clocks with the accompanig equipment which made for the
performance of the Time Service attaining a higher level, which
resulted in the Observatory being ranked among the ten foremost in this
domain in Europe. By virtue of agreement with the Federal Institute for
Measures and Precious Metals from 1991, after preparatory construction
works had been completed, cesium atomic and quartz clocks, belonging to
the Institute were installed in an insulated compartment 10 m. below
the ground, in the third cellar of the main Observatory's edifice,
until 1997. Relying on them the Observatory maintained for a period the
Yugoslav time standard.

In 1956 the Minor Planets Identification Service was organized by
Ruzica Mitrinovic. In 1957-1959 the Observatory participated
successfully in the activities involved by the International
Geophysical Year, such as Sun observations and researches in the
Earth's rotation and geographic coordinates variation.

In the period 1957-1959 pavilions were builit in which, after 34 years,
were mounted three large fundamental instruments, whereby the
Observatory become one of the best equiped for research in the field of
fundamental astrometry. In addition, a number of auxilliary objects
were constructed, a residential building and a road, all of which
necessitated the Observatory's area to be enlarged to the present day
10 ha. The total investments involved by these works amount to a third
of those 1929/30. This enabled three new scientific Groups to be
established: Group for Relative Coordinates (Large Meridian
Circle-headed by Lj. Dacic), Group for Absolute Right Ascensions (Large
Transit Instrument - headed by Lj. Mitic) and the Group for Absolute
Declinations (Large Vertical Circle - headed by Dj. Teleki). The
scientific work in the field of astrometry, led by Lj. Mitic, Dj.
Teleki, B. Sevarlic and S. Sadzakov, attained since the world
standards. In the course of the last 30 years seven observational
catalogues of star positions were produced with the Large Meridian
Circle under guidance of Sofija Sadzakov, all of them as parts of the
international observing programmes. For this achievment S. Sadzakov and
M. Dacic were awarded Belgarde October Prize. S. Sadzakov, who joined
the Observatory in 1962, is the head of the Group for Relative
Coordinates since 1972. The Group was joined in 1962 by I. Pakvor, who
subsequently was transferred to the Group for Absolute Right
Ascensions. In 1970 came Miodrag Dacic and in 1984 Zorica Stancic,
married Cvetkovic. In 1989, mannaged by S. Sadzakov and Astronomical
Observatory, started coordinated multidisciplinary researches in the
Belgarde mean coordinates variation. These researches are being pursed
at the Observatory itself and at a number of institutes engaged in the
field of geomagnetism and seismology.

The Group for Absolute Declinations was headed by Dj. Teleki since its
foudation in 1960 until his death in 1987, save for 1984 when that post
was held by S. Sadzakov. Collaborating in this Group have been also M.
Mijatov, B. Kubicela. Djuro Bozickovic Vladeta Milovanovic, Veselka
Trajkovska and Olga Atanackovic-Vukmanovic.

In 1970, according to a project conceived by Ljubisa A. Mitic, with I.
Pakvor lending assistance in the execution, the Large Transit
Instrument was provided with a system of vacuum meridian marks, unique
in the world, enabling the accuracy of the measurements to reach their
theoretical limit. With this instrument, the first catalogue at this
Observatory of absolute right ascensions, was worked out, containing
308 stars. A catalogue of absolute declinations of these some 308 stars
was elaborated at the Large Vertical Circle.

After M. Protic at the head of the Observatory was Vasilije Oskanjan,
first as acting director since 1960, then in 1964-1965 as the director.
Following him, from July 1965 to 1970, the director was Pero Djurkovic.
After him in the period 1971-1975 at the head of Observatory is again
M. Protic. Since 1975, first as acting director and from 13 July 1977
to Sept 1981 as the director was M. Mijatov (Belgarde 3 July 1933 -
Belgarde 19 Nov 1996). The director's post from 1982 to 1989 was held
by Miodrag Mitrovic, in 1990-1993 by Istvan Vince and from 21 Nov 1994
on by Milan Dimitrijevic.

In 1986, on the part of the Assembly of SR Serbia and REC, the project
was adopted and funds allocated for the building of an astrophysical
observing station at Rgaj mountain near Prokuplje. Due to the
investments in the Republic having meanwhile been suspended, the
project has not been realized yet.

In 1987, in the presence of a number of statesmen and eminent guests
from the country and abroad, the centenary of the Observatory's
founding was solemny celebrated in the hall of the Assembly of Serbia.
On the occasion of this jubilee three international and one Yugoslav
scientific conferences were held: IAU Colloquium 100 "Fundamental
Astrometry" (8-11 Nov. - Chairman SOC H. Eichorn, Gainsville, USA),
International Symposium on Astronomical Refraction in memory of Dj.
Teleki, former President of IAU Working Group on Astronomical
Refraction (3-4 Nov., Chairman SOC V. Milovanovic), Second
International Symposium on Catastrophic Collisions of the Small Sollar
System Bodies (8-11 Nov., Chariman SOC Zappala, Italy) and Second
Workshop "Astrophysics in Yugoslavia" (8-10 Nov Chairman SOC M.
Dimitrijevic). During these festivities a minor museum was opened in
the old Observatory's building in Karadjordje Park, one of its rooms
being dedicated to the development of the Astronomical Observatory.

In 1994 there took place a reorganization of the Observatory's inner
structure, resulting in the establishment of : Department of
Astrophysics, Department of Dynamical Astronomy and Department of
Astrometry.

In 1995 the Observatory participated in the organization of the
International Russian-Yugoslav Conference "Newcomb and Fundamental
Astrometry" in St. Petersburg, of the First Hungarian-Yugoslav
Conference in Baja and the First Romanian-Yugoslav Round Table on
collaboration in astronomy in Temishoara; it organized the First
Yugoslav Conference on Spectral Line Shapes in Krivaja.

In 1996 the Observatory organized the Second Yugoslav-Romanian Round
Table on collaboration in astromony in Belgarde and the Astophysics
Section at the 18th Summer School and International Symposium on the
Physics and Ionized Gases in Kotor. The Observatory participated in the
organization of the First Belaruss-Yugoslav Conference on Physics and
Dynamics of Laboratory and Astrophysical Plasma in Minsk. The
Observatory's fellows presented their results at 13 international and 6
national conferences. They published 129 bibliogarphic items of which
16 in the international leading journals. It published 4 volumes of
Publ. Astron. Obs. Belgrade and 2 Nos. of its periodical Bull. Aston.
Belgarde.

In 1997 the Observatory organized in the framework of celebration of of
its 110th anniversary the scientific conference "Development of
Astronomy among Serbs". It took part also in the organizaton of the
Third Romanian-Yugoslav Round Table on Cooperation in Astronomy in
Kluj-Napoca, as well as in the Second Yugoslav Conference on Spectrl
Line Shapes in Bela Crkva. It fellows presented their results at 13
international and 4 national conferences. They published 152
bibliographic items, 11 of which in international journals of the
highest standing. It issued four publications of the series Publ.
Astron. Obs. Belgrade and two Nos. of its periodical Bull. Astron.
Belgarde.

From 1997 on Bulletin Astronomique de Belgrade is available on www
through the Astronomical Data System (ADS) thanks to courtesy of the
System's holders. The www adress is:
http://adswww.harvard.edu/BOBeo

Currently there are 41 employees at the Observatory 32 of them are
astronomers.

In the course of its history the Belgrade Astronomical Observatory grew
to an institution of great importance in the history of science and
culture of the Serbian people, not only in the field of astronomy but
also in meteorology, seismology and geomagnetics. Linked to this
institution are the names of the famous personalities in the history of
science who contributed to the Observatory, and the scientific
achievmetns of Serbian astronomers in general, having earned esteem in
the international scientific community as well as to the young having a
good perspective, in our country too, in engaging in this beautiful and
challenging science, in an ambience enabling them to achieve results of
the highest value.

Sl. 3. Astrphysical laboratory - three mounted radio telescopes.
Property of Faculty of Mathematics, Department for Astronomy,
University of Belgrade.