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Module 6 : Distance Protection
Lecture 22
: Setting of Distance Relays
Objectives
In this lecture we will explainSetting of distance relaysZone 1 setting and the reason for keeping zone 1 setting at 80% of primary line length.Zone 2 and zone 3 setting.Outfeed and Infeed effect.Load encroachment.
Zone 1 of Protection
Distance relays can be classified into phase relay and ground relays. Phase relays are used to protect thetransmission line against phase faults (three phase, L-L) and ground relays are used to protect againstground faults (S-L-G, L-L-G). In this lecture, we will learn the ways to set distance relay. Just like anovercurrent relay, a distance relay also has to perform the dual task of primary and back up protection.For example, in fig 22.1, the distance relay R
1
has to provide primary protection to line AB and back upprotection to lines BC, BD and BE.
The primary protectionshould be fast and hencepreferably it should bedone without anyintentional time delay,while back up protectionshould operate if and onlyif corresponding primaryrelay fails. In fig 22.1, R
1
backs operation of relaysR
3
, R
5
and R
7
. Typically,distance relays areprovided with multiplezones of protection to meetthe stringent selectivityand sensitivityrequirements. At leastthree zones of protectionare provided for distancerelays.
Zone 1 is designated by Z
1
and zones 2 and 3 by Z
2
and Z
3
respectively. Zone 1 is meant for protectionof the primary line. Typically, it is set to cover 80% of the line length. Zone 1 provides fastest protectionbecause there is no intentional time delay associated with it. Operating time of Z
1
can be of the order of 1cycle. Zone 1 does not cover the entire length of the primary line because it is difficult to distinguishbetween faults at all of which are close to bus B. In other words, if a fault is close tobus, one cannot ascertain if it is on the primary line, bus or on back up line. This is because of thefollowing reasons:1.CTs and PTs have limited accuracy. During fault, a CT may undergo partial or complete saturation. Theresulting errors
in measurement of apparent impedance seen by relay, makes it difficult to determine fault location at theboundary of lines very accurately.2.Derivations for equations of distance relays made some assumptions like neglecting capacitance of line,unloaded system transposed lines and bolted faults. In practice none of these assumptions are valid. Fault on a linewill also destroy effect of transposing. Such factors affect accuracy of distance relaying. Further,algorithms for numerical relays may use a specific transmission line model. For example, a transmissionline may be modeledas a series R – L circuit and the contribution of distributed shunt capacitance may beneglected. Due to model limitation and because of transients accompanied with the fault, working of numerical algorithm is prone to errors.
Zone 1 of Protection (contd..)
3.With only local measurements, and a small time window, it is difficult to determine fault impedanceaccurately. For example, if the fault has an impedance (),then the derivations of previous lectures are nomore exact. The impedance seen by the relay R
1
(fig 22.2) for fault F also depends upon the currentcontribution from the remote end, thus .4.There are
infeed and outfeed effects
associated with working of distance relays. Recall that a distancerelaying scheme uses only local voltage and current measurements for a bus and transmission line. Hence, itcannot model infeed or outfeed properly. Zone 2 and Zone 3 for Protection Usually zone 2 is set to 120% of primary line impedance Z
1
. This provides sufficient margin to accountfor non-zero fault impedance and other errors in relaying. Also one should note that Z
2
also providesback up protection to a part of the adjacent line. Therefore, one would desire that Z
2
should be extendedto cover as large a portion of adjacent line as possible. Typically, Z
2
is set to reach 50% of the shortest back up line provided that whereZ
P
and Z
B
are the positive sequence impedance of primary and the shortest back up line respectively. If the shortest back up line is too short then, it is likely that Z
P
+ 1.5Z
B
will be less than 1.2Z
P
. In such acase, Z
2
is set to 1.2Z
P
. Since, back up protection has to be provided for entire length of remote line, athird zone of protection, Z
3
is used. Zone 2 and Zone 3 for Protection (contd..) It is set to cover the farthest (longest) remote lines (BD in fig 22.3(a) for relay R
1
acting as a back uprelay). Since its operation should not interfere with Z
2
operation of relays , it is set up tooperate with a time delay of 2 CTI where CTI is the coordination time interval. The settings of relay R
1
onan R-X plane is visualized in fig 22.3(b). The timing diagrams are shown in fig 22.3(c).
Overlap Problem for Z
2
There is a specific reason as to why Z
2
is not set to reach beyond 50% of the shortest remote line. Asshown in fig 22.4 (a), if the reach of Z
2
of a relay R
1
is extended too much, then it can overlap with theZ
2
of the relay R
3
.Under such a situation, there exists following conflict. If the fault is on line BC (and in Z
2
of R
3
), relay R
3
should get the first opportunity to clear the fault. Unfortunately, now both R
1
and R
3
compete to clearthe fault. This means that Z
2
of the relay R
1
has to be further slowed down by CTI. This leads to timingdiagram (fig 22.4 (b)).
Overlap Problem for Z
2
(contd..)
Thus, it is clear that fault clearing time in 20% region of line AB is delayed a bit too much, therebydegrading performance of Z
2
of relay R
1
. Hence, a conscious effort is made to avoid overlaps of Z
2
of relay R
1
and R
3
. Setting back zone Z
2
of R
1
to maximum of 120% of primary line impedance or primaryline impedance plus 50% of smallest back up impedance usually works out as a good compromise toreach as much of back up lines by Z
2
without getting into Z
2
overlap problem. However, under certain conditions, when the shortest line to be backed up is too short, it may not bepossible to avoid Z
2
overlap. Similarly, one may even encounter Z
3
overlap problem. On such small linesegments, alternative way to improve speed characteristic of relay is to use pilot relaying. This aspect willbe discussed in later lectures.

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