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.... Yet the US and UK succeeded in internationalising this policy, notwithstanding its patchy success, into the so-called Washington consensus. Countries wanting the seal of approval from the IMF, World Bank and OECD had better privatise, deregulate and, above all, free their financial systems from controls. ...
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.... Yet the US and UK succeeded in internationalising this policy, notwithstanding its patchy success, into the so-called Washington consensus. Countries wanting the seal of approval from the IMF, World Bank and OECD had better privatise, deregulate and, above all, free their financial systems from controls. ...

....• Nouriel Roubini is a professor at NYU’s Stern School of Business. He was a senior economist for international affairs in Bill Clinton’s White House and has worked for the International Monetary Fund, the Federal Reserve and the World Bank. ...

....Outside Britain, the free market had more doubters. In 1997, the World Bank, previously an uncritical advocate of its state-shrinking orthodoxies, published a report conceding that “an effective state is the cornerstone of successful economies”. ...

.... This is a lesson for all countries contemplating corporate tax breaks – even those without the misfortune of being led by a callow, craven plutocrat. • Joseph E Stiglitz is a Nobel prize winner in economics, professor at Columbia University, a former senior vice-president and chief economist of the World Bank, and one-time chair of the US president’s council of economic advisers under Bill Clinton. ...

.... Activists were intent on showing a much darker picture, revealing how the record of globalisation consisted mostly of farmers pushed off their land and the rampant proliferation of sweatshops. They also implicated the highest world bodies in their critique: the G7, World Bank and IMF. ...

....• Nouriel Roubini is a professor at NYU’s Stern School of Business. He was a senior economist for international affairs in the Clinton White House and has worked for the International Monetary Fund, the Federal Reserve and the World Bank. ...

....Historically, the US has added disproportionately to the rising concentration of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, and among large countries it remains the biggest per capita emitter of carbon dioxide by far – more than twice China’s rate and nearly 2. 5 times more than Europe in 2013 (the latest year for which the World Bank has reported complete data). ...

.... That means providing them with hope, which in turn means giving them a decent start in life through a decently funded education. Likewise, the president of the World Bank, Jim Yong Kim, expressed concern back in April that there were now two billion people living in parts of the world affected by fragility, conflict and violence. ...

....The trouble is, almost all research on inequality focuses on actual levels, which means our understanding of how people respond to inequality has been based on the assumption that people’s perceptions align with reality. And this, according to a unique survey of Indonesian people by the World Bank, is just not true. ...

....• Nouriel Roubini is a professor at NYU’s Stern School of Business. He was a senior economist for international affairs in the Clinton White House and has worked for the International Monetary Fund, the Federal Reserve and the World Bank. ...

.... It is time for action. • Joseph E Stiglitz is a Nobel prizewinner in economics, professor at Columbia University, a former senior vice-president and chief economist of the World Bank, and one-time chair of the US president’s council of economic advisers under Bill Clinton. ...

....A group of leading economists warned on Monday that the world risks catastrophic global warming in just 13 years unless countries ramp up taxes on carbon emissions to as much as $100 (£77) per metric tonne. Experts including Nobel laureate Joseph Stiglitz and former World Bank chief economist Nicholas Stern said governments needed to move quickly to tackle polluting industries with a tax on carbon dioxide at $40-$80 per tonne by 2020. ...

. The chief economist at the World Bank has stepped down from its research arm after staff were vexed by demands to write succinctly, including cutting superfluous uses of the word “and” in reports or emails. ...

....The donors' programme will also look at how agribusiness and tourism sectors could contribute to economic growth. The three-year arrangement, led by the International Monetary Fund (IMF), also involves the World Bank plus Asian neighbours Japan, Korea and China. ...

.... Fewer births perpetuated the stagnation, Hansen surmised, because people did not need to spend as much on children, and felt less need to invest in the future. Indeed, according to World Bank statistics, the global average birth rate has also fallen since the 2008 financial crisis. ...

....• Nouriel Roubini is a professor at NYU’s Stern School of Business. He was a senior economist for international affairs in the Clinton White House and has worked for the International Monetary Fund, the Federal Reserve and the World Bank. ...

....“Brexit is at best a distraction, at worst a disruption of the need to continue to drive energy productivity across the UK and Europe – of having a much less energy-intensive economy and getting more productivity from each unit of energy, of having a cleaner energy system, of having much less use of carbon-intensive fuels,” said Kyte. The former World Bank executive highlighted the increasing amount of renewable energy generation in the UK, which had led to what she branded “breakthroughs”, such as the country’s grid recently going a whole day without coal power. ...

....A similar pivot is needed if the IMF is to deliver better on the supranational issues that are now migrating up its policy agenda. Specifically, the fund would need to complement its traditional core constituency of governments and other multilateral institutions (particularly the World Bank) with systemically influential sub-national and private counterparts. ...

....The best defense of multilateralism and the rules-based order is a good offense. Addressing inequality and updating the rules of the global economy to reflect the needs of the 21st century must guide the agenda for this week’s International Monetary Fund (IMF) and World Bank spring meetings. ...

. The president of the World Bank has told Theresa May that cutting the UK’s aid budget could lead to an increase in conflict, terrorism and migration and would damage Britain’s international reputation. ...

....They argue that higher interest rates will restore a lost balance in the economy – taking it back to the way it was before the financial crisis, when things were so much better. And why wouldn’t they? Plenty of mainstream economists express the same concerns, including policymakers at the Bank of England, the International Monetary Fund, the OECD and the World Bank. ...

. Geopolitical tensions, uncertainty about the future of the EU and an increasingly unpredictable US president form the fraught backdrop to this year’s spring meetings of the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and World Bank this week. ...

.... So it’s not just immigration that is fuelling ever-broadening support for Marine Le Pen, it is also the fact that she too is an overt protectionist. These trends have obviously not been lost on the unholy trinity of free trade pushers the IMF, WTO, and the World Bank (Report, 11 April). ...

....For decades, hundreds of billions of dollars have vanished from the world’s poorest countries, finding their way – via the tax and secrecy havens of Europe, south-east Asia and the Caribbean – into the banking system, real estate and luxury goods markets of the west. According to the World Bank, between $20bn and $40bn is stolen each year by public officials from developing countries. ...

. Failure to meet the internet-inspired aspirations of people in poor countries runs the risk of creating the conditions for war, terrorism and increased migration, the president of the World Bank has warned. ...

....• Nouriel Roubini is a professor at NYU’s Stern School of Business. He was senior economist for international affairs in the Clinton White House and has worked for the IMF, the Federal Reserve and the World Bank. ...

. Fears that Donald Trump’s arrival in the White House is threatening a new era of protectionism have prompted a joint defence of trade from the International Monetary Fund, the World Bank and the World Trade Organisation. ...

....But will the populist tide surging across the advanced economies drown the accelerating recovery? Or will the recovery stifle leaders who confidently espouse seductively simple solutions to genuinely complex problems?. With the International Monetary Fund/World Bank meetings coming up later this month in Washington, DC, leading central bankers and finance ministers will have ringside seats at Ground Zero. ...

.... But other countries’ violations of international law, such as Russia’s actions in Ukraine, cannot be normalised either. • Joseph Stiglitz is a Nobel prizewinner in economics, professor at Columbia University, a former senior vice-president and chief economist of the World Bank, and one-time chair of the US president’s council of economic advisers under Bill Clinton. ...

.... One of the main vehicles for this would be through a series of five new SEZs, in which refugees would be employed alongside Jordanian nationals, partly building upon existing development areas. Over the next few months, the governments of Jordan and the UK, together with the World Bank, led the negotiation of a partnership to flesh out the details of the Jordan Compact and to carry the pilot forward. ...

.... That is the highest level since 2007. It used IMF and World Bank databases to calculate how a fall in commodity prices since mid-2014 had depleted government revenues and how the strengthening dollar had raised payments on external debts, which tend to be owed in dollars. ...

....In navigating the country’s economic collapse, every one of Athens’ post-crisis governments has at some point attempted to change the narrative by diverting attention to development and growth. But the latest shift comes amid evidence that prime minister Alexis Tsipras’s two-party administration has gone a step further, approaching the World Bank for a €3bn (£2. ...

....Oxfam said that despite rapid growth in gross domestic product (GDP) – which averaged at 5% between 2000-2016 and caused the country to be included in economics Civets list of fast growing emerging nations – “poverty reduction slowed to a near standstill”. Based on the World Bank’s “moderate” poverty line of $3. ...

.... One of the main challenges in this new era will be to remain vigilant and, whenever and wherever necessary, to resist. • Joseph Stiglitz is a Nobel prizewinner in economics, professor at Columbia University, a former senior vice-president and chief economist of the World Bank, and one-time chair of the US president’s council of economic advisers under Bill Clinton. ...

.... Even a president committed to putting “America first” now seems to recognise that a framework through which countries can pursue shared goals is not a bad thing. The question now is whether what is true for Nato is also true for the International Monetary Fund, the World Bank, the World Trade Organisation, and the Basel committee on banking supervision. ...

....The advanced economies’ final key advantage is voting power and representation. They command either veto power or a blocking minority in the Bretton Woods institutions (the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank), which gives them a disproportionate influence on the rules and practices that govern the international economic and monetary system. ...

.... Theresa May’s trip to the US was therefore not just about appearances; it was trying to cap the risks to globalisation, multilateralism and pivotal supranational institutions posed by Trump. If Britain locks herself out of Europe only to confront a world of stagnating trade, dog-eat-dog bilateral deals and the collapse of the great UN institutions, of which the IMF, WTO and World Bank are all part, then the British economy faces years of stagnation and decline. ...

....Christine Lagarde, managing director of the International Monetary Fund, said that if Trump went ahead with his trade agenda, it would undo all the growth benefits from his tax cuts and infrastructure spending – and then some. The hope at the big international organisations – the IMF, the World Bank and the OECD – is that the new president will quickly work out that there are downsides to putting a 45% tariff on Chinese goods: higher consumer prices and retaliation, to name but two. ...

....At the same time, policymakers need to pursue measures to increase wages for the lowest earners, which could actually help boost productivity as capital becomes less expensive relative to labour. And, as the World Bank president, Jim Yong Kim, recently pointed out to me, we need to strengthen enforcement of laws governing trade deals, and do more to help challenged domestic sectors that lose out as a result of those deals. ...

....Davos will also examine whether it’s time to give all citizens a basic income, to cushion them from the impact of technological change. “Machines, the argument goes, can take the jobs, but should not take the incomes: the job uncertainty that engulfs large swaths of society should be matched by a welfare policy that protects the masses, not only ‘the poor’,” said World Bank senior economist Ugo Gentilini. ...

....The weaker than expected performance added to concerns that global demand is slowing in a climate of heightened political uncertainty and social tensions. The World Bank warned this week that a tentative pickup in the global economy is at risk from the uncertainty unleashed by Brexit and the arrival of Trump in the White House. ...

.... Still, as the world’s largest economy leads the way into uncharted political waters in 2017 and beyond, it would be foolhardy for a mere mortal to attempt a forecast, other than to state the obvious: the waters will almost certainly be choppy, and many – if not most – pundit ships will sink along the way. • Joseph Stiglitz is a nobel prizewinner in economics, university professor at Columbia University, a former senior vice-president and chief economist of the World Bank and chair of the US president’s council of economic advisers under Bill Clinton. ...

....• Nouriel Roubini is a professor at NYU’s Stern School of Business. He was senior economist for international affairs in the Clinton White House and has worked for the IMF, the Federal Reserve, and the World Bank. ...

.... As bad as his administration will be for America’s economy and workers, its policies on climate change, human rights, the media, and ensuring peace and security are likely to be no less damaging for everyone else. •Joseph Stiglitz is a Nobel prizewinner, university professor at Columbia University, chief economist of the Roosevelt Institute, a former senior vice-president of the World Bank and chair of the US president’s Council of Economic Advisers under Bill Clinton. ...

.... The robot wars are also going to disrupt the progress of developing nations as they move from a dependency on agriculture for employment to manufacturing and the services industries. In October, the World Bank said automation threatens nearly seven out of 10 jobs in India and 77% in China. ...

....But public money is also being readied for the project from beyond Europe. The World Bank is reportedly putting the finishing touches to a $1bn loan this month, while the Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank has approved $600m of revenues. ...

. The World Bank has pledged to step up the fight against extreme poverty after announcing that tough negotiations with rich countries have left it with a record $75bn (£60bn) for grants and soft loans to its poorest members over the next three years. ...

....If the world’s governments fulfil their pledges to tackle climate change by cutting carbon emissions, many fossil fuel reserves would have to be kept in the ground, potentially wasting trillions of investors’ money. This risk is now being taken seriously at the highest level, including the Bank of England, World Bank and the G20’s financial stability board. ...

....”. Louis Kuijs, head of Asia economics at Oxford Economics and a former senior China economist at the World Bank, said it was “more legitimate now than at anytime in the last 10 years to talk about the risk of something pretty close to a trade war”, he said. ...

.... Instead, it said the new era would be dominated by those countries that score heavily for human and creative capital. Using data from sources such as the World Bank, Unesco and Harvard University, the study ranked 152 countries according to how well they scored in five categories: creativity and innovation, economic diversity, digital economy, freedom, and stability and legal frameworks. ...

....• Nouriel Roubini is a professor at NYU’s Stern School of Business, and was senior economist for international affairs in the White House’s council of economic advisers during the Clinton era. He has also worked for the IMF, the Federal Reserve, and the World Bank. ...

.... Rather, the new rules will make the situation worse, excluding even more people from the American dream. • Joseph Stiglitz is a nobel prizewinner in economics, university professor at Columbia University, a former senior vice-president and chief economist of the World Bank and chair of the US president’s council of economic advisers under Bill Clinton. ...

. Floods, earthquakes, tsunamis and other extreme natural disasters push 26 million people into poverty each year and cost the global economy more than half a trillion dollars in lost consumption, the World Bank has said. ...

....•Nouriel Roubini is a professor at NYU’s Stern School of Business, was senior economist for international affairs in the White House’s Council of Economic Advisers during the Clinton Administration. He has worked for the IMF, the Federal Reserve, and the World Bank. ...

.... The slump, intensified by western sanctions and low oil prices, has pushed Russia’s poverty rate to a nine-year high. The World Bank expects it to rise further, with more than 20 million people, out of a population of some 140 million, living below the poverty line. ...

....The claim: The falling pound has made the UK the world's sixth biggest economy, down from fifth. Reality Check verdict: The World Bank produces the rankings which are based on average exchange rates over the period. ...

....Mr Holmstrom, aged 67, is a professor of economics and management at Massachusetts Institute of Technology, while Mr Hart, born in 1948, is an economics professor at Harvard University in the US. The pair saw off competition from the World Bank's new chief economist Paul Romer, who was widely tipped to win. ...

....Ms Shafik will step down at the end of February. She joined the Bank as deputy governor for markets and banking in August 2014 after stints at the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank. ...

.... The American equivalent of our Monetary Policy Committee is charged with maximising employment as well as keeping inflation within certain bounds. One approach would be to declare three overlapping policy goals: low inflation, maximum employment consistent with low inflation, and to prevent the exchange rate from being over-valued according to independent benchmarks such as the Real Effective Exchange Rate (REER) published by the World Bank. ...

....”. The Trust noted scientific research had showed that temperature rise is more likely to occur over a longer period of time, “by the end of the century” according to the World Bank, but was “not challenged in any way by the presenter or programme”. ...

.... In particular, he needs $1. 1 billion (£800 million) to clear Zimbabwe’s arrears with the World Bank, a move that would open the way for a bailout from the International Monetary Fund (IMF) when its board meets in September. ...