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Middle years
MathematicsNewton's work has been said "to distinctly advance every branch of mathematics then studied".[20] His work on the subject usually referred to as fluxions or calculus, seen in a manuscript of October 1666, is now published among Newton's mathematical papers.[21] The author of the manuscript De analysi per aequationes numero terminorum infinitas, sent by Isaac Barrow to John Collins in June 1669, was identified by Barrow in a letter sent to Collins in August of that year as:[22] Newton later became involved in a dispute with Leibniz over priority in the development of infinitesimal calculus (the Leibniz–Newton calculus controversy). Most modern historians believe that Newton and Leibniz developed infinitesimal calculus independently, although with very different notations. Occasionally it has been suggested that Newton published almost nothing about it until 1693, and did not give a full account until 1704, while Leibniz began publishing a full account of his methods in 1684. (Leibniz's notation and "differential Method", nowadays recognised as much more convenient notations, were adopted by continental European mathematicians, and after 1820 or so, also by British mathematicians.) Such a suggestion, however, fails to notice the content of calculus which critics of Newton's time and modern times have pointed out in Book 1 of Newton's Principia itself (published 1687) and in its forerunner manuscripts, such as De motu corporum in gyrum ("On the motion of bodies in orbit"), of 1684. The Principia is not written in the language of calculus either as we know it or as Newton's (later) 'dot' notation would write it. But his work extensively uses an infinitesimal calculus in geometric form, based on limiting values of the ratios of vanishing small quantities: in the Principia itself Newton gave demonstration of this under the name of 'the method of first and last ratios'[23] and explained why he put his expositions in this form,[24] remarking also that 'hereby the same thing is performed as by the method of indivisibles'. Because of this, the Principia has been called "a book dense with the theory and application of the infinitesimal calculus" in modern times[25] and "lequel est presque tout de ce calcul" ('nearly all of it is of this calculus') in Newton's time.[26] His use of methods involving "one or more orders of the infinitesimally small" is present in his De motu corporum in gyrum of 1684[27] and in his papers on motion "during the two decades preceding 1684".[28] Newton had been reluctant to publish his calculus because he feared controversy and criticism.[29] He was close to the Swiss mathematician Nicolas Fatio de Duillier. In 1691, Duillier started to write a new version of Newton's Principia, and corresponded with Leibniz.[30] In 1693 the relationship between Duillier and Newton deteriorated, and the book was never completed. Starting in 1699, other members of the Royal Society (of which Newton was a member) accused Leibniz of plagiarism, and the dispute broke out in full force in 1711. The Royal Society proclaimed in a study that it was Newton who was the true discoverer and labelled Leibniz a fraud. This study was cast into doubt when it was later found that Newton himself wrote the study's concluding remarks on Leibniz. Thus began the bitter controversy which marred the lives of both Newton and Leibniz until the latter's death in 1716.[31] Newton is generally credited with the generalised binomial theorem, valid for any exponent. He discovered Newton's identities, Newton's method, classified cubic plane curves (polynomials of degree three in two variables), made substantial contributions to the theory of finite differences, and was the first to use fractional indices and to employ coordinate geometry to derive solutions toDiophantine equations. He approximated partial sums of the harmonic series by logarithms (a precursor to Euler's summation formula), and was the first to use power...

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...﻿Name: Nuzhat Khan Date: 21/04/2015
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a. Clarify the meaning of underlined target language appropriately for level
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...﻿An Investigation To See If There Is A Difference between Type A and personalities (as classified by Friedman and Roseman’s 1974 Questionnaire And Their Physiological Response To A Mildly Stressful Activity
CONTENTS
Introduction ……………………………………………………… page 1
Aim ……………………………………………………….page 1
Hypotheses ………………………………………………………page 1
Method ………………………………………………………page 1
Participants ………………………………………………………page 2
Materials …………………………………………………........page 2
Procedure ……………………………………………………….page 2
Results ………………………………………………………page 3
Discussion ……………………………………………………….page 4
Conclusion ………………………………………………………page 5
References ………………………………………………………page 6
Appendices
Raw data ………………..B
Questionnaire………….A
Dot-to-Dot……………C
Introduction
The experiment with Meyer Friedman and Ray Rosenman1974 covered a nine year period using 3000 men aged 39 – 59. Type A personalities tend to be more ambitious, competitive, time-conscious and tend to be perfectionists which therefore leads to a higher stressful lifestyle, often are high achieving at work and therefore they predicted that they would have a higher predisposition to suffering from cardiac disease than those of a Type B personality who are more relaxed and easy going.
Over the period it was determined that 70% of the men that died were Type A personalities.
Type A...