Methods Persuasive Speaking

Methods of Persuasive Speaking Getting the Most out of a Persuasive Speech Credibility Appeals Evidential Appeals Logical Appeals Emotional Appeals Boundless.com/communications Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

Methods of Persuasive Speaking (continued) Motivational Appeals Boundless.com/communications Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

Methods of Persuasive Speaking > Getting the Most out of a Persuasive Speech Getting the Most out of a Persuasive Speech • Expect Selective Exposure • Don't Expect Too Much • Employ Empathy and Sensitivity • Use Different Kinds of Appeals Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com www.boundless.com/communications

Methods of Persuasive Speaking > Getting the Most out of a Persuasive Speech Expect Selective Exposure • The selective exposure theory is a concept that refers to individuals’ tendency to favor information that reinforces pre-existing views while avoiding contradictory information. • Selective exposure operates by reinforcing beliefs rather than exposing individuals to a diverse array of viewpoints. • Perceived usefulness of information, perceived norm of fairness, and curiosity regarding valuable information are three factors that can counteract selective exposure. Pianist View on Boundless.com Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com www.boundless.com/communications/methods-of-persuasive-speaking/getting-the-most-out-of-a-persuasive-speech-7d42f6ed-ec35-402b-98a0e32fe865ad52/expect-selective-exposure

Methods of Persuasive Speaking > Getting the Most out of a Persuasive Speech Don't Expect Too Much • The expected effectiveness of each speech depends on a number of factors, such as the audience, venue, time allotted, and the speaker's experience. • The expected quality of the delivery depends on the speaker's experience and comfort. Even the most gifted speakers make mistakes, so expecting perfection from a novice is unreasonable. • Anxiety of public speaking sometimes is derived from the idea that the audience expects perfection. In reality, most audiences are sympathetic and want the speaker to succeed. Martin Luther King, Jr. View on Boundless.com Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com www.boundless.com/communications/methods-of-persuasive-speaking/getting-the-most-out-of-a-persuasive-speech-7d42f6ed-ec35-402b-98a0e32fe865ad52/don-t-expect-too-much

Methods of Persuasive Speaking > Getting the Most out of a Persuasive Speech Employ Empathy and Sensitivity • Appeals to empathy and sensitivity are called emotional appeals. Emotional appeals seek to impart certain feelings in the audience so that they will act a certain way. They can be much more powerful than logical arguments in some situations. • To deploy an emotional appeal you need to share carefully selected information that naturally makes your audience feel a certain way. • Audiences can sense inauthentic emotional appeals and react negatively because they feel that they are being negatively. Poorly used emotional appeals can have the exact opposite effect than intended. Audience Emotion View on Boundless.com Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com www.boundless.com/communications/methods-of-persuasive-speaking/getting-the-most-out-of-a-persuasive-speech-7d42f6ed-ec35-402b-98a0e32fe865ad52/employ-empathy-and-sensitivity

Methods of Persuasive Speaking > Getting the Most out of a Persuasive Speech Use Different Kinds of Appeals • Aristotle defined 3 types of appeals: logos (evidential), pathos (emotional), and ethos (based on moral standing). Logos and pathos are the two most common contemporary categories. • Evidential appeals (logical appeals, logos) are based entirely on evidence that is then shown to cause a certain outcome based on rationality alone. This is the type of appeal allowed in scientific research and in courts of law. • Emotional appeals (pathos) attempt to cause the audience to feel certain emotions in order to persuade them. Stories and metaphors are examples of emotional appeals. Courtroom View on Boundless.com Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com www.boundless.com/communications/methods-of-persuasive-speaking/getting-the-most-out-of-a-persuasive-speech-7d42f6ed-ec35-402b-98a0e32fe865ad52/use-different-kinds-of-appeals

Methods of Persuasive Speaking > Credibility Appeals Defining Credibility • Credibility is a composite of subjective and objective factors, so it relates to feelings and opinions, as well as facts and evidence. • The subjective component of a public speaker's credibility centers on the speaker's self-presentation. • The objective aspect of a public speaker's credibility is based on the speaker's expertise. Unmasking Credibility View on Boundless.com Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com www.boundless.com/communications/methods-of-persuasive-speaking/credibility-appeals/defining-credibility

Methods of Persuasive Speaking > Credibility Appeals Types and Elements of Credibility • Personal experience in the workplace, at home, in a hobby, or volunteering situations can bolster your credibility. You can support the validity of your experience with testimonials and personal recommendations. • Formal or informal training that relates to your topic can also support your credibility. • If you connect yourself and your message to credible people, your own credibility will benefit from the association. Mountaineering View on Boundless.com Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com www.boundless.com/communications/methods-of-persuasive-speaking/credibility-appeals/types-and-elements-of-credibility

Methods of Persuasive Speaking > Credibility Appeals Building Credibility • Establishing your good character is a crucial part of winning the audience's trust. • For a public speaker, character is not only about being a good person or a law- abiding citizen; speakers should also be looking out for the needs of their listeners. • To show your listeners that you care about their needs and interests, find common ground with the audience, appeal to shared beliefs and goals, and entertain potential objections. Building Blocks View on Boundless.com Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com www.boundless.com/communications/methods-of-persuasive-speaking/credibility-appeals/building-credibility

Methods of Persuasive Speaking > Credibility Appeals Ethical Usage • There are three types of appeal techniques in persuasive speaking: logos, pathos and ethos. Ethos is focused on the credibility appeal, that is, a rhetorical appeal to an audience based on the speaker's credibility. • It is unethical to lie to your audience about who you are and what you bring to the table in terms of experience, credibility and authority. • When it comes to ethical usage of credibility appeals, stick to authenticity and speaking honestly about who you are. Rhetorical View on Boundless.com Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com www.boundless.com/communications/methods-of-persuasive-speaking/credibility-appeals/ethical-usage

Methods of Persuasive Speaking > Evidential Appeals Defining Evidence • Accurate, contextual, easily understandable evidence builds credibility to your persuasive argument. • The success or failure of an evidential appeal depends on how well the evidence has been defined and laid out for the audience. • Any information used as evidence must be complete enough that it strengthens the appeal. Otherwise, weak evidence will only erode the argument. • Name and define the evidence only as comprehensively as the scope of the speech allows; dense supporting materials can actually confuse your audience by overwhelming them with too much or too deeply defined evidence. Sherlock Holmes View on Boundless.com Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com www.boundless.com/communications/methods-of-persuasive-speaking/evidential-appeals/defining-evidence

Methods of Persuasive Speaking > Evidential Appeals Deploying Evidence • When crafting your speech, consider the following three areas: accuracy, relevance, and thoroughness. • Make sure that your evidence, be it facts, statistics, personal testimony, or other pieces of information, comes from credible sources. • Make sure your evidence is directly related to the points you are trying to make while also anticipating competing evidence that may contradict your line of reasoning. • By thorough by fully explaining and defining your evidence to your audience, but don't overwhelm them in the process. Sherlock Holmes View on Boundless.com Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com www.boundless.com/communications/methods-of-persuasive-speaking/evidential-appeals/deploying-evidence

Methods of Persuasive Speaking > Evidential Appeals Ethical Usage: Considering Other Viewpoints • The same evidence can be interpreted differently by different people. • Falsified evidence (intentionally or unintentionally) is unethical to use. Finding false evidence that is due to statistical fallacy can only be found after deep critique. • If an argument can withstand the honest critique of an opponent and is based on true and complete evidence, then the appeal is on sound ethical ground. Chilean Presidential Debate View on Boundless.com Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com www.boundless.com/communications/methods-of-persuasive-speaking/evidential-appeals/ethical-usage-considering-other-viewpoints

Methods of Persuasive Speaking > Logical Appeals Different Lines of Reasoning • Inductive reasoning, also known as induction, is a kind of reasoning that constructs general propositions that are derived from specific examples. • Inductive reasoning is probabilistic; it only states that, given the premises, the conclusion is probable. • One important aspect of inductive reasoning is associative reasoning: seeing or noticing similarity among the different events or objects that you observe. • Deductive reasoning is the process of reasoning from one or more general statements, laws, or principles regarding what is known, in order to reach a logically certain conclusion. Inductive and Deductive Reasoning View on Boundless.com Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com www.boundless.com/communications/methods-of-persuasive-speaking/logical-appeals/different-lines-of-reasoning

Methods of Persuasive Speaking > Logical Appeals Deploying a Rational Appeal • Deploying rational appeals focuses on reasoning and how you use evidence to reason with your audience and invention, how arguments are formed based on the classical proof of logos--rational appeal and logic. • The burden of proof is on you the speaker to develop the right appeals for the particular audience. • When deploying deductive reasoning consider whether or not the audience is likely to accept the general premise as valid and true before you attempt to deduce other ideas or courses of action based on the general premise. • When deploying inductive reasoning consider if you have observed or collected enough evidence to draw a highly probable conclusion. The mind View on Boundless.com • When deploying associative reasoning, you will want to make sure that the ideas are indeed similar and that there are not obvious or outstanding differences which would negate the association you propose. • As you deploy a rational appeal consider if your reasoning is sound, whether the audience will accept your evidence and reasoning, and what objections the audience might raise so you can address the most significant points of disagreement in your message. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com www.boundless.com/communications/methods-of-persuasive-speaking/logical-appeals/deploying-a-rational-appeal

Methods of Persuasive Speaking > Logical Appeals Logical Fallacies • "Formal" refers to the form of the argument. An argument that contains a formal fallacy will always be invalid. However, even if a premise is not accurate, the formal conclusion could still be valid if the rules of logic are followed. • An informal fallacy is an error in reasoning that occurs due to a problem with the content, rather than mere structure, of the argument and is often due to a misconception or a presumption. • Common Fallacy--hasty generalization: argues from limited examples or a special case to a create general rule that applies to many cases. • Common Fallacy--Popular sentiment or bandwagon appeal (argumentum ad populum):—appeal to the majority; appeal to loyalty, "Everyone is doing it". Euler circles to illustrate categorical deduction View on Boundless.com • Common Fallacy--If it comes before, it is the cause, post hoc ergo propter hoc: believing that temporal succession implies a causal relation. • Common Fallacy--Two events co-occurring is not causation, cum hoc ergo propter hoc: believing that correlation implies a causal relation. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com www.boundless.com/communications/methods-of-persuasive-speaking/logical-appeals/logical-fallacies

Methods of Persuasive Speaking > Emotional Appeals Defining Emotional Appeal • Pathos represents an appeal to the emotions of an audience. • An emotional appeal uses the manipulation of the emotions rather than valid logic to win an argument. • Emotional appeal is a<b> </b>logical fallacy, whereby a debater attempts to win an argument by trying to get an emotional reaction from the opponent and audience. • In debating terms, emotional appeals are often effective as a rhetorical device, but are generally considered naive or dishonest as a logical argument, since they often appeal to the prejudices of listeners rather than offer a sober assessment of A father with his children a situation. View on Boundless.com Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com www.boundless.com/communications/methods-of-persuasive-speaking/emotional-appeals/defining-emotional-appeal

Methods of Persuasive Speaking > Emotional Appeals Producing an Emotional Appeal • Producing an emotional appeal requires an understanding of your audience and what may strike their emotions the most. • An effective way to create emotional appeal is to use words that have a lot of pathos associated with them. Pathos is an emotional appeal used in rhetoric that depicts certain emotional states. • An example of a speech that is particularly effective at producing an emotional response with its listeners is Martin Luther King, Jr.'s "I Have a Dream" speech. The speech uses rhetoric to convey the point of equal opportunity for all people. Martin Luther King, Jr. View on Boundless.com Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com www.boundless.com/communications/methods-of-persuasive-speaking/emotional-appeals/producing-an-emotional-appeal

Methods of Persuasive Speaking > Emotional Appeals Ethical Usage • Ethos (plural: ethe) is an appeal to the authority or honesty of the presenter. • Emotional appeals will encourage the audience to identify with your message on a visceral level, bypassing intellectual filters, such as skepticism and logic. • It may be appealing to take a shortcut to making the audience sympathize with your point of view. However, emotional appeals don't always hold up well after the fact--so fortify your emotional appeal by engaging the intellect, too. Audience Emotion View on Boundless.com Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com www.boundless.com/communications/methods-of-persuasive-speaking/emotional-appeals/ethical-usage--2

Methods of Persuasive Speaking > Motivational Appeals Motivating Listeners • We can divide our motives into two basic types: internal, intrinsic and external or extrinsic motives. Some are more intrinsic than others, but basically a motive or motivator is external if someone controls the means for you to satisfy the need or desire. • It is important to understand the current state of unfulfilled desires or need states that exist in your audience in order to select the appropriate motives for your appeal. • You can use Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs to select an unsatisfied need for your motivational appeals. The lower level needs such as Physiological and Safety needs will have to be satisfied before higher level needs, such as achievement or Hierarchy of Needs View on Boundless.com self-actualization can be addressed. • Monroe's Motivated Sequence is one method to organize your appeal to the listeners. The five steps in order are: Get Attention, Explain Need, Satisfaction (how your solution will met the need), Visualization (picture audience living with solution in place), and Action (what audience can do now). Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com www.boundless.com/communications/methods-of-persuasive-speaking/motivational-appeals/motivating-listeners

Appendix Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

Methods of Persuasive Speaking Key terms • accuracy Exact conformity to truth, or to a rule or model; degree of conformity of a measure to a true or standard value. (CC BY-SA 3.0) • audience A group of people within hearing; specifically a group of people listening to a performance, speech etc.; the crowd seeing a stage performance. (CC BY-SA 3.0) • character Moral strength; consistency of values and principles. (CC BY-SA 3.0) • credibility The objective and subjective components of the believability of a source or message. (CC BY-SA 3.0) • credibility The objective and subjective components of the believability of a source or message. (CC BY-SA 3.0) • Deductive reasoning The process of reasoning that uses given true premises to reach a conclusion that is also true. Deductive reasoning contrasts with inductive reasoning. (CC BY-SA 3.0) • Disposition A habit, a preparation, a state of readiness, or a tendency to act in a specified way. (CC BY-SA 3.0) • emotional appeal An an attempt to make the audience feel certain emotions so that they will be more likely to be engaged by the speech. Also known as pathos. (CC BY-SA 3.0) • emotional appeal An an attempt to make the audience feel certain emotions so that they will be more likely to be engaged by the speech. Also known as pathos. (CC BY-SA 3.0) • ethics The study of principles relating to right and wrong conduct. (CC BY-SA 3.0) • ethos A rhetorical appeal to an audience based on the speaker/writer's credibility. (CC BY-SA 3.0) • ethos A rhetorical appeal to an audience based on the speaker/writer's credibility. (CC BY-SA 3.0) Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

Methods of Persuasive Speaking • evidence The available body of facts or information indicating whether a belief or proposition is true or valid. (CC BY-SA 3.0) • evidence The available body of facts or information indicating whether a belief or proposition is true or valid. (CC BY-SA 3.0) • evidential appeal An attempt to show the logical connection between a set of evidence and a consequence. Also known as logical appeal or logos. (CC BY-SA 3.0) • fallacy An error in reasoning often due to a misconception or a presumption; used in informal discourse to mean an argument which is problematic for any reason (CC BY-SA 3.0) • fallacy An error in reasoning often due to a misconception or a presumption; used in informal discourse to mean an argument which is problematic for any reason (CC BY-SA 3.0) • Inductive reasoning A kind of reasoning that constructs or evaluates general propositions that are derived from specific examples. Inductive reasoning contrasts with deductive reasoning, in which specific examples are derived from general propositions. (CC BY-SA 3.0) • Invention the formulation of arguments based on logos--rational appeal or logic. (CC BY-SA 3.0) • logical fallacy A fallacy; a clearly defined error in reasoning used to support or refute an argument, excluding simple unintended mistakes. (CC BY-SA 3.0) • manipulation The usage of psychological influence over a person or situation to gain a positive outcome. (CC BY-SA 3.0) • Motivated sequence a technique for organizing persuasive speeches that inspires people to take action, developed by Alan Monroe. Includes five steps—attention, need, satisfaction, visualization, and action. (CC BY-SA 3.0) • motivation Willingness of action especially in behavior (CC BY-SA 3.0) • motive An incentive to act; a reason for doing something; anything that prompted a choice of action. (CC BY-SA 3.0) Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

Methods of Persuasive Speaking • objective not influenced by irrational emotions or prejudices; based on facts or evidence. (CC BY-SA 3.0) • Pathos An appeal to the audience's emotions. (CC BY-SA 3.0) • persuasion the process aimed at changing a person's (or a group's) attitude or behavior (CC BY-SA 3.0) • red herring A clue or information that is or is intended to be misleading, that diverts attention from a question;often thought to relate to using smelly fish to train dogs to recognize the real scent of something they were suppose to be tracking. (CC BY-SA 3.0) • rhetoric The art of using language, especially public speaking, as a means to persuade. (CC BY-SA 3.0) • selective exposure The selective exposure theory is a concept in media and communication research that refers to individuals’ tendency to favor information that reinforces pre-existing views while avoiding contradictory information. (CC BY-SA 3.0) • straw man An insubstantial concept, idea, endeavor or argument, particularly one deliberately set up to be weakly supported, so that it can be easily knocked down; especially to impugn the strength of any related thing or idea. (CC BY-SA 3.0) • subjective formed, as in opinions, based upon a person's feelings or intuition, not upon observation or reasoning; coming more from within the observer than from observations of the external environment. (CC BY-SA 3.0) • syllogism An inference in which one proposition (the conclusion) follows necessarily from two other propositions, known as the premises. (CC BY-SA 3.0) • thorough painstaking and careful not to miss or omit any detail (CC BY-SA 3.0) Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

Methods of Persuasive Speaking Pianist Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Schipul. "Benjamin Zander at The Up Experience October 27th 2011 - Photo Schipul - The Web Marketing Company." CC BY http://www.schipul.com/photos/3670/in/122/ View on Boundless.com

Methods of Persuasive Speaking Euler circles to illustrate categorical deduction Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikimedia. "Eulercircles." Public domain http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File%253AEulercircles.jpg View on Boundless.com

Methods of Persuasive Speaking A father with his children Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikimedia. "US Navy 040331-M-2270C-013 U.S. Marine Corps Gunnery Sgt. Kory Marino, assigned to the ^ldquo,Red Dogs^rdquo, of Marine Light Attack Helicopter Squadron Seven Seven Three (HMLA-773), Detachment A, holds and kisses his son and d." Public domain

Methods of Persuasive Speaking Carrot and Stick Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikimedia. "Carrot and stick." CC BY-SA http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File%253ACarrot_and_stick.svg View on Boundless.com

Methods of Persuasive Speaking Hierarchy of Needs Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikimedia. CC BY http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e5/Mazlow%2527s_Hierarchy_of_Needs.svg View on Boundless.com

Methods of Persuasive Speaking A group of people within hearing; specifically a group of people listening to a performance, speech etc.; the crowd seeing a stage performance. A) persuasion B) emotional appeal C) evidential appeal D) audience Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

Methods of Persuasive Speaking A group of people within hearing; specifically a group of people listening to a performance, speech etc.; the crowd seeing a stage performance. A) persuasion B) emotional appeal C) evidential appeal D) audience Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wiktionary. "audience." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/audience

Methods of Persuasive Speaking Which of the following best describes the selective exposure theory? A) The theory that suggests consumers strive for information that results in cognitive equilibrium. B) The theory that listeners are easily swayed by new information based on their trust of the speaker. C) The theory that people will pay closer attention when the information contradicts previous opinions. D) The theory that people tend to favor information that reinforces their preexisting opinions. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

Methods of Persuasive Speaking Which of the following best describes the selective exposure theory? A) The theory that suggests consumers strive for information that results in cognitive equilibrium. B) The theory that listeners are easily swayed by new information based on their trust of the speaker. C) The theory that people will pay closer attention when the information contradicts previous opinions. D) The theory that people tend to favor information that reinforces their preexisting opinions. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Boundless - LO. "Boundless." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://www.boundless.com/

Methods of Persuasive Speaking The _______ theory is a concept in media and communication research that refers to individuals’ tendency to favor information that reinforces pre-existing views while avoiding contradictory information. A) emotional appeal B) persuasion C) evidential appeal D) selective exposure Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

Methods of Persuasive Speaking A group of people within hearing; specifically a group of people listening to a performance, speech etc.; the crowd seeing a stage performance. A) non-verbal communication B) noise C) audience D) situational awareness Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

Methods of Persuasive Speaking A group of people within hearing; specifically a group of people listening to a performance, speech etc.; the crowd seeing a stage performance. A) non-verbal communication B) noise C) audience D) situational awareness Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wiktionary. "audience." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/audience

Methods of Persuasive Speaking A group of people within hearing; specifically a group of people listening to a performance, speech etc.; the crowd seeing a stage performance. A) informative B) speech C) audience D) toast Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

Methods of Persuasive Speaking A group of people within hearing; specifically a group of people listening to a performance, speech etc.; the crowd seeing a stage performance. A) informative B) speech C) audience D) toast Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wiktionary. "audience." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/audience

Methods of Persuasive Speaking A group of people within hearing; specifically a group of people listening to a performance, speech etc.; the crowd seeing a stage performance. A) Group B) Gathering C) Meeting D) Audience Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

Methods of Persuasive Speaking A group of people within hearing; specifically a group of people listening to a performance, speech etc.; the crowd seeing a stage performance. A) Group B) Gathering C) Meeting D) Audience Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wiktionary. "audience." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/audience

Methods of Persuasive Speaking A group of people within hearing; specifically a group of people listening to a performance, speech etc.; the crowd seeing a stage performance. A) audience B) Encode C) Message D) Demographics Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

Methods of Persuasive Speaking A group of people within hearing; specifically a group of people listening to a performance, speech etc.; the crowd seeing a stage performance. A) audience B) Encode C) Message D) Demographics Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wiktionary. "audience." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/audience

Methods of Persuasive Speaking Many speakers get nervous before giving a speech because they think the audience expects perfection. This is A) false. Most audiences are like a sympathetic friend. B) true. Most audiences expect you to speak perfectly. C) false. Most audiences expect you to fail. D) true. Audiences assume you are a professional speaker and won't make any mistakes. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

Methods of Persuasive Speaking Many speakers get nervous before giving a speech because they think the audience expects perfection. This is A) false. Most audiences are like a sympathetic friend. B) true. Most audiences expect you to speak perfectly. C) false. Most audiences expect you to fail. D) true. Audiences assume you are a professional speaker and won't make any mistakes. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Boundless - LO. "Boundless." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://www.boundless.com/

Methods of Persuasive Speaking An an attempt to make the audience feel certain emotions so that they will be more likely to be engaged by the speech. Also known as pathos. A) emotional appeal B) audience C) persuasion D) evidential appeal Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

Methods of Persuasive Speaking An an attempt to make the audience feel certain emotions so that they will be more likely to be engaged by the speech. Also known as pathos. A) emotional appeal B) audience C) persuasion D) evidential appeal Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Boundless Learning. "Boundless." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://www.boundless.com//communications/definition/emotional-appeal

Methods of Persuasive Speaking Which of the following is an example of a drawback of appealing to the emotions of your audience? A) All of these answers. B) If taken too far, an appeal to emotion can seem forced. C) Audiences may feel manipulated by a disingenuous emotional appeal. D) If an emotional appeal appears inauthentic, an audience may reject the appeal and the speaker. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

Methods of Persuasive Speaking Which of the following is an example of a drawback of appealing to the emotions of your audience? A) All of these answers. B) If taken too far, an appeal to emotion can seem forced. C) Audiences may feel manipulated by a disingenuous emotional appeal. D) If an emotional appeal appears inauthentic, an audience may reject the appeal and the speaker. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Boundless - LO. "Boundless." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://www.boundless.com/

Methods of Persuasive Speaking An an attempt to make the audience feel certain emotions so that they will be more likely to be engaged by the speech. Also known as pathos. A) audience B) emotional appeal C) logic D) persuasion Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

Methods of Persuasive Speaking An an attempt to make the audience feel certain emotions so that they will be more likely to be engaged by the speech. Also known as pathos. A) audience B) emotional appeal C) logic D) persuasion Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Boundless Learning. "Boundless." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://www.boundless.com//communications/definition/emotional-appeal

Methods of Persuasive Speaking An attempt to show the logical connection between a set of evidence and a consequence. Also known as logical appeal or logos. A) evidential appeal B) audience C) persuasion D) emotional appeal Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

Methods of Persuasive Speaking An attempt to show the logical connection between a set of evidence and a consequence. Also known as logical appeal or logos. A) evidential appeal B) audience C) persuasion D) emotional appeal Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Boundless Learning. "Boundless." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://www.boundless.com//communications/definition/evidential-appeal

Methods of Persuasive Speaking An an attempt to make the audience feel certain emotions so that they will be more likely to be engaged by the speech. Also known as pathos. A) audience B) persuasion C) evidential appeal D) emotional appeal Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

Methods of Persuasive Speaking An an attempt to make the audience feel certain emotions so that they will be more likely to be engaged by the speech. Also known as pathos. A) audience B) persuasion C) evidential appeal D) emotional appeal Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Boundless Learning. "Boundless." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://www.boundless.com//communications/definition/emotional-appeal

Methods of Persuasive Speaking A woman gives a press conference because her daughter has been kidnapped. The woman cries and begs for her daughter to be returned. This exemplifies which type of appeal? A) Logos B) Pathos C) Evidential D) Logical Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

Methods of Persuasive Speaking A woman gives a press conference because her daughter has been kidnapped. The woman cries and begs for her daughter to be returned. This exemplifies which type of appeal? A) Logos B) Pathos C) Evidential D) Logical Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Boundless - LO. "Boundless." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://www.boundless.com/

Methods of Persuasive Speaking An an attempt to make the audience feel certain emotions so that they will be more likely to be engaged by the speech. Also known as pathos. A) emotional appeal B) audience C) logic D) persuasion Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

Methods of Persuasive Speaking An an attempt to make the audience feel certain emotions so that they will be more likely to be engaged by the speech. Also known as pathos. A) emotional appeal B) audience C) logic D) persuasion Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Boundless Learning. "Boundless." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://www.boundless.com//communications/definition/emotional-appeal

Methods of Persuasive Speaking formed, as in opinions, based upon a person's feelings or intuition, not upon observation or reasoning; coming more from within the observer than from observations of the external environment. A) subjective B) abstract C) direct D) orality Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

Methods of Persuasive Speaking formed, as in opinions, based upon a person's feelings or intuition, not upon observation or reasoning; coming more from within the observer than from observations of the external environment. A) subjective B) abstract C) direct D) orality Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wiktionary. "subjective." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/subjective

Methods of Persuasive Speaking Eye-Oh-Key-Are. That’s spelled I-O-K-I-Y-A-R. Eye-Oh-Key-Are. It means ‘It’s OK if you are a Republican’ and it’s one of many ways opposing parties vilify each other in today’s political climate. The problem is that each party spends so much time disparaging the other party that voters rarely hear politicians presenting their problem-solving ideas. Which of the following statements would be the best one to insert after this passage to establish the speaker’s credibility? A) A poll sponsored by the Washington Times found that 1 in 3 registered voters did not know how their current representative in Congress would vote on infrastructure spending. B) To prepare for this speech, I examined several transcripts from recent political speeches and found not a single one which went into detail about any policy issues. C) I’ve been voting since the day I turned 18 and have never seen politics as dominated by misinformation as it is now. D) Elected officials may be politicians, but in my opinion, they have an obligation to inform their constituents Free towheremake copiesstand onyours at www.boundless.com of share, print, they and changes. Get issues.

Methods of Persuasive Speaking Eye-Oh-Key-Are. That’s spelled I-O-K-I-Y-A-R. Eye-Oh-Key-Are. It means ‘It’s OK if you are a Republican’ and it’s one of many ways opposing parties vilify each other in today’s political climate. The problem is that each party spends so much time disparaging the other party that voters rarely hear politicians presenting their problem-solving ideas. Which of the following statements would be the best one to insert after this passage to establish the speaker’s credibility? A) A poll sponsored by the Washington Times found that 1 in 3 registered voters did not know how their current representative in Congress would vote on infrastructure spending. B) To prepare for this speech, I examined several transcripts from recent political speeches and found not a single one which went into detail about any policy issues. C) I’ve been voting since the day I turned 18 and have never seen politics as dominated by misinformation as it is now. D) Elected officials may be politicians, but in my opinion, they have an Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Saylor their constituents of where they stand on issues. obligation to inform OER. "Communication « Saylor.org – Free Online Courses Built by Professors." CC BY 3.0 http://www.saylor.org/majors/Communication/

Methods of Persuasive Speaking The objective and subjective components of the believability of a source or message. A) anecdote B) credibility C) topic D) introduction Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

Methods of Persuasive Speaking The objective and subjective components of the believability of a source or message. A) anecdote B) credibility C) topic D) introduction Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia. "credibility." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/credibility

Methods of Persuasive Speaking A good way to earn subjective credibility is to A) speak loudly, clearly, and confidently. B) state your credentials. C) reveal a personal connection to your topic. D) establish common ground with your audience. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

Methods of Persuasive Speaking A good way to earn subjective credibility is to A) speak loudly, clearly, and confidently. B) state your credentials. C) reveal a personal connection to your topic. D) establish common ground with your audience. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Boundless - LO. "Boundless." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://www.boundless.com/

Methods of Persuasive Speaking The objective and subjective components of the believability of a source or message. A) understanding B) memory C) mnemonic D) credibility Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

Methods of Persuasive Speaking The objective and subjective components of the believability of a source or message. A) understanding B) memory C) mnemonic D) credibility Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia. "credibility." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/credibility

Methods of Persuasive Speaking The objective and subjective components of the believability of a source or message. A) search engine B) credibility C) keyword D) database Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

Methods of Persuasive Speaking not influenced by irrational emotions or prejudices; based on facts or evidence. A) inflection B) objective C) language D) meaning Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

Methods of Persuasive Speaking You are giving a speech on Italian performance art. You spent a month studying Commedia dell'Arte in Italy. You refer to your time in Italy in your speech, boosting your credibility. This is an example of A) credibility from training. B) credibility from experience. C) credibility by association. D) credibility from intelligence. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

Methods of Persuasive Speaking You are giving a speech on Italian performance art. You spent a month studying Commedia dell'Arte in Italy. You refer to your time in Italy in your speech, boosting your credibility. This is an example of A) credibility from training. B) credibility from experience. C) credibility by association. D) credibility from intelligence. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Boundless - LO. "Boundless." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://www.boundless.com/

Methods of Persuasive Speaking The objective and subjective components of the believability of a source or message. A) search engine B) keyword C) credibility D) database Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

Methods of Persuasive Speaking The objective and subjective components of the believability of a source or message. A) understanding B) memory C) mnemonic D) credibility Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

Methods of Persuasive Speaking The objective and subjective components of the believability of a source or message. A) understanding B) memory C) mnemonic D) credibility Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia. "credibility." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/credibility

Methods of Persuasive Speaking The objective and subjective components of the believability of a source or message. A) anecdote B) credibility C) topic D) introduction Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

Methods of Persuasive Speaking The objective and subjective components of the believability of a source or message. A) anecdote B) credibility C) topic D) introduction Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wikipedia. "credibility." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/credibility

Methods of Persuasive Speaking You are government official speaking to an audience of senior citizens about changes in their government-sponsored health care benefits. Which of the following would be a good way to establish your credibility with that audience? A) Begin your speech with a story about your grandmother B) Summarize what you know about the audience’s health care concerns and provide information that addresses those concerns. C) Describe what your job is and how you were trained to do it D) Emphasize how the changes will not increase their out-of-pocket expenses. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

Methods of Persuasive Speaking You are government official speaking to an audience of senior citizens about changes in their government-sponsored health care benefits. Which of the following would be a good way to establish your credibility with that audience? A) Begin your speech with a story about your grandmother B) Summarize what you know about the audience’s health care concerns and provide information that addresses those concerns. C) Describe what your job is and how you were trained to do it D) Emphasize how the changes will not increase their out-of-pocket expenses. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Saylor OER. "Communication « Saylor.org – Free Online Courses Built by Professors." CC BY 3.0 http://www.saylor.org/majors/Communication/

Methods of Persuasive Speaking In order to build credibility, you should A) entertain potential objections. B) walk the audience through opposing viewpoints. C) All of these answers. D) listen to the needs of the audience. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

Methods of Persuasive Speaking In order to build credibility, you should A) entertain potential objections. B) walk the audience through opposing viewpoints. C) All of these answers. D) listen to the needs of the audience. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Boundless - LO. "Boundless." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://www.boundless.com/

Methods of Persuasive Speaking A rhetorical appeal to an audience based on the speaker/writer's credibility. A) perception B) classification C) comparison D) ethos Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

Methods of Persuasive Speaking A politician gives a speech during a campaign in which she misrepresents her past in order to appear more credible. This is A) ethical. The politician has a right to freedom of speech. B) unethical. The audience should not be lied to about the politican's experience. C) unethical. The politician is likely to be found out, so it is too risky. D) ethical. The audience is responsible for confirming the claims made by the politician. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

Methods of Persuasive Speaking A politician gives a speech during a campaign in which she misrepresents her past in order to appear more credible. This is A) ethical. The politician has a right to freedom of speech. B) unethical. The audience should not be lied to about the politican's experience. C) unethical. The politician is likely to be found out, so it is too risky. D) ethical. The audience is responsible for confirming the claims made by the politician. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Boundless - LO. "Boundless." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://www.boundless.com/

Methods of Persuasive Speaking Ethos is a type of appeal to an audience based on A) the audience's emotional involvement in the argument. B) the speaker's personal credibility. C) logic and reason. D) the audience's understanding of a universal morality. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

Methods of Persuasive Speaking Ethos is a type of appeal to an audience based on A) the audience's emotional involvement in the argument. B) the speaker's personal credibility. C) logic and reason. D) the audience's understanding of a universal morality. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Boundless - LO. "Boundless." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://www.boundless.com/

Methods of Persuasive Speaking How can context be used to strengthen evidence in a persuasive speech? A) The evidence must be constructed and defined based on truth. B) The evidence must be presented in a way the audience understands. C) The evidence must be defined only as comprehensively as necessary. D) The evidence must be defined within the subject matter of the speaker's appeal. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

Methods of Persuasive Speaking How can context be used to strengthen evidence in a persuasive speech? A) The evidence must be constructed and defined based on truth. B) The evidence must be presented in a way the audience understands. C) The evidence must be defined only as comprehensively as necessary. D) The evidence must be defined within the subject matter of the speaker's appeal. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Boundless - LO. "Boundless." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://www.boundless.com/

Methods of Persuasive Speaking What is the primary role of evidence in persuasive speaking? A) Evidence builds credibility. B) Evidence builds audience support. C) Evidence provides context. D) Evidence appeals to emotion and logic. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

Methods of Persuasive Speaking The available body of facts or information indicating whether a belief or proposition is true or valid. A) search engine B) evidence C) database D) peer review Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

Methods of Persuasive Speaking The available body of facts or information indicating whether a belief or proposition is true or valid. A) evidence B) Deductive reasoning C) logic D) fallacy Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

Methods of Persuasive Speaking Exact conformity to truth, or to a rule or model; degree of conformity of a measure to a true or standard value. A) statistics B) Mean C) accuracy D) Median Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

Methods of Persuasive Speaking Exact conformity to truth, or to a rule or model; degree of conformity of a measure to a true or standard value. A) statistics B) Mean C) accuracy D) Median Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wiktionary. "accuracy." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/accuracy

Methods of Persuasive Speaking The available body of facts or information indicating whether a belief or proposition is true or valid. A) search engine B) database C) evidence D) peer review Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

Methods of Persuasive Speaking The available body of facts or information indicating whether a belief or proposition is true or valid. A) Deductive reasoning B) logic C) evidence D) fallacy Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

Methods of Persuasive Speaking When crafting a speech, speakers must consider which of the following to ensure their evidence is accurate? A) Ensure that facts, statistics, and personal testimony come from credible sources. B) Ensure a comprehensive understanding about the knowledge base of the audience. C) Ensure the evidence is relevant to the argument. D) Ensure web sources are partial and biased. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

Methods of Persuasive Speaking When crafting a speech, speakers must consider which of the following to ensure their evidence is accurate? A) Ensure that facts, statistics, and personal testimony come from credible sources. B) Ensure a comprehensive understanding about the knowledge base of the audience. C) Ensure the evidence is relevant to the argument. D) Ensure web sources are partial and biased. Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Boundless - LO. "Boundless." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://www.boundless.com/

Methods of Persuasive Speaking painstaking and careful not to miss or omit any detail A) thorough B) fallacy C) evidence D) Motivated sequence Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

Methods of Persuasive Speaking Exact conformity to truth, or to a rule or model; degree of conformity of a measure to a true or standard value. A) accuracy B) abstract C) direct D) objectivity Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com

Methods of Persuasive Speaking Exact conformity to truth, or to a rule or model; degree of conformity of a measure to a true or standard value. A) accuracy B) abstract C) direct D) objectivity Free to share, print, make copies and changes. Get yours at www.boundless.com Wiktionary. "accuracy." CC BY-SA 3.0 http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/accuracy

Methods of Persuasive Speaking An error in reasoningoften due to a misconception or a presu

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