1.
Chile
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Chile, officially the Republic of Chile, is a South American country occupying a long, narrow strip of land between the Andes to the east and the Pacific Ocean to the west. It borders Peru to the north, Bolivia to the northeast, Argentina to the east, Chilean territory includes the Pacific islands of Juan Fernández, Salas y Gómez, Desventuradas, and Easter Island in Oceania. Chile also claims about 1,250,000 square kilometres of Antarctica, the arid Atacama Desert in northern Chile contains great mineral wealth, principally copper. Southern Chile is rich in forests and grazing lands, and features a string of volcanoes and lakes, the southern coast is a labyrinth of fjords, inlets, canals, twisting peninsulas, and islands. Spain conquered and colonized Chile in the century, replacing Inca rule in northern and central Chile. After declaring its independence from Spain in 1818, Chile emerged in the 1830s as a relatively stable authoritarian republic, in the 1960s and 1970s the country experienced severe left-right political polarization and turmoil. The regime, headed by Augusto Pinochet, ended in 1990 after it lost a referendum in 1988 and was succeeded by a coalition which ruled through four presidencies until 2010. Chile is today one of South Americas most stable and prosperous nations and it leads Latin American nations in rankings of human development, competitiveness, income per capita, globalization, state of peace, economic freedom, and low perception of corruption. It also ranks high regionally in sustainability of the state, Chile is a founding member of the United Nations, the Union of South American Nations and the Community of Latin American and Caribbean States. There are various theories about the origin of the word Chile, another theory points to the similarity of the valley of the Aconcagua with that of the Casma Valley in Peru, where there was a town and valley named Chili. Another origin attributed to chilli is the onomatopoeic cheele-cheele—the Mapuche imitation of the warble of a locally known as trile. The Spanish conquistadors heard about this name from the Incas, ultimately, Almagro is credited with the universalization of the name Chile, after naming the Mapocho valley as such. The older spelling Chili was in use in English until at least 1900 before switching over to Chile, stone tool evidence indicates humans sporadically frequented the Monte Verde valley area as long as 18,500 years ago. About 10,000 years ago, migrating Native Americans settled in fertile valleys, settlement sites from very early human habitation include Monte Verde, Cueva del Milodon and the Pali Aike Craters lava tube. They fought against the Sapa Inca Tupac Yupanqui and his army, the result of the bloody three-day confrontation known as the Battle of the Maule was that the Inca conquest of the territories of Chile ended at the Maule river. The next Europeans to reach Chile were Diego de Almagro and his band of Spanish conquistadors, the Spanish encountered various cultures that supported themselves principally through slash-and-burn agriculture and hunting. The conquest of Chile began in earnest in 1540 and was carried out by Pedro de Valdivia, one of Francisco Pizarros lieutenants, who founded the city of Santiago on 12 February 1541. Although the Spanish did not find the gold and silver they sought, they recognized the agricultural potential of Chiles central valley

2.
President of Chile
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The President of the Republic of Chile is the head of state and the head of government of the Republic of Chile. The President is responsible for government and state administration. It is also considered as one of the institutions that make up the Historic Constitution of Chile, under the current Constitution, the President is elected to serve for a period of four years, with immediate re-election being prohibited. The shorter period allows for parliamentary and presidential elections to be synchronized, the official seat of the President of Chile is the La Moneda Palace in the capital Santiago. The Constitution of 1980 and its amendments, establishes the requirements for becoming President. Originally the President must be a citizen of the country. The President must also be at least 35 years old, in addition, all the requirements for becoming a Senator apply. The president must meet all the requirements to qualify as a fully Chilean citizen with the right to vote and those are who have reached the age of eighteen years and who have never been sentenced to afflicting punishment. The loss of the right to vote is the main disqualification for the applicant, in the 2005 constitutional reform, some of these requirements were changed, The President now must have the Chilean nationality. The President must also be at least 35 years old, article 26 detail the electoral requirements. The President shall be elected by ballot, with an absolute majority of the votes validly cast. In order to win the election in the first round, the candidates party must receive more than 50 percent of the valid votes leaving out of the count blank. The election shall be held the third Sunday of November of the year immediately before the end of the administration of the President then holding office. Should there be more than two candidates in the election, none of them obtaining more than half of the votes validly cast. The second election, in the manner determined by law, shall be held the fourth Sunday after the first election, then, the candidate with the majority of valid votes in that round is elected president. Under the 1828 constitution, the President served for four years, in 1833, the presidential period was changed to five years, with a possibility of immediate reelection for one more term, limited to two consecutive terms. Then by a reform in 1878, possibility for reelection became disallowed. Under the 1925 constitution, the President served for a six-year term, in the original text of the 1980 constitution, the President served for an eight-year term without the possibility of immediate reelection

3.
Arturo Alessandri
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He was son of Pedro Alessandri Vargas, son of an Italian immigrant, and Susana Palma Guzmán. His father was dedicated to the labor of the estate in which he lived. At the age of 12 he entered the Sacred Hearts High School, run by French priests and he started his law career by beginning studies at the University of Chile at the age of 20, graduating in 1893. In 1891, while studying, he participated in the newspaper La Justicia, after graduating as a lawyer, he married Rosa Ester Rodríguez Velasco, with whom he had 9 children. He began his life in 1897, entering the Liberal Party, and assuming the position of representative of Curicó. In 1915, already showing his first presidential aspirations, he challenged the senator of the province of Tarapacá, Arturo del Río. Alessandri won a disputed and violent election, from where he earned the nickname of León de Tarapacá, due to his charisma, his popularity with the people and his public-speaking abilities. In 1920 he ran for President of the Republic for the Liberal Alliance, with his speeches favoring the working class, he caused great fear in the more conservative sectors of Chilean society, which saw its interests in jeopardy. Since the opposition controlled the National Congress, Alessandri favored strengthening the executive power, during most of 1924, Chile had been politically paralyzed by a conflict between the President and the conservatively controlled Congress, who refused to enact the laws that he submitted. On September 3,1924 a group of 56 military officers protested for their low salaries, the next day the same group of young military officers led by Colonel Marmaduque Grove and Major Carlos Ibáñez del Campo, created the military committee to defend themselves from the government. Alessandri had no option but to appoint General Luis Altamirano, the Army Inspector General, on September 8, General Altamirano appeared in front of Congress to demand the passage of eight laws, including Alessandris labor code. Congress didnt dare to protest, and the laws were passed in a matter of hours, at that point, Alessandri felt that he had become just a pawn of the military and on September 9, he resigned, and requested asylum at the US Embassy. Congress refused to accept his resignation, and instead granted him a six-month constitutional leave of absence and he left the country immediately for Italy. On September 11, a military Junta — the September Junta — was established to rule the country in his absence. This led to a coup in January 1925, directed by Colonel Grove who handed out the power to General Pedro Dartnell as interim president while waiting for Alessandris return, Dartnell formed the January Junta, before retroceding the power to Alessandri on March 20,1925. Alessandri had a new Constitution drafted, and approved by plebiscite by 134,421 voters on August 30, the Constitution, which was promulgated on September 18,1925, reinforced presidential powers over the legislative. Furthermore, Alessandri created a Central Bank, initiating the first rupture with laissez faire policies His second government began with the support of left-wing, however, this second group began to distance itself from the President. In March 1925, Alessandris government repressed a demonstration, leading to the Marusia massacre and this break with the working classes caused him to try to maintain a right-wing-radical alliance until 1937, when it took a turn towards the left

4.
History of Chile
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The territory of Chile has been populated since at least 3,000 B. C. The countrys economic development was marked by the export of first agricultural produce. The wealth of raw materials led to an upturn, but also led to dependency. Chile was governed during most of its first 150 years of independence by different forms of restricted government, in 1990, Chile made a peaceful transition to democracy. About 10,000 years ago, migrating Native Americans settled in the fertile valleys, pre-Hispanic Chile was home to over a dozen different Amerindian societies. These theories are backed by findings in the Monte Verde archaeological site, specific early human settlement sites from the very early human habitation in Chile include the Cueva del Milodon and the Pali Aike Craters lava tube. No elaborate, centralized, sedentary civilization reigned supreme, the Araucanians, a fragmented society of hunters, gatherers, and farmers, constituted the largest Native American group in Chile. A mobile people who engaged in trade and warfare with indigenous groups, they lived in scattered family clusters. Although the Araucanians had no language, they did use a common tongue. Those in what became central Chile were more settled and more likely to use irrigation and those in the south combined slash-and-burn agriculture with hunting. Of the three Araucanian groups, the one that mounted the fiercest resistance to the attempts at seizure of their territory were the Mapuche, as the Spaniards would after them, the Incas encountered fierce resistance and so were unable to exert control in the south. During their attempts at conquest in 1460 and again in 1491, the Incas established forts in the Central Valley of Chile, the Mapuche fought against the Sapa Tupac Inca Yupanqui and his army. During the conquest, the Araucanians quickly added horses and European weaponry to their arsenal of clubs and they became adept at raiding Spanish settlements and, albeit in declining numbers, managed to hold off the Spaniards and their descendants until the late 19th century. The Araucanians valor inspired the Chileans to mythologize them as the nations first national heroes, the Chilean Patagonia located south of the river calle calle in Valdivia was composed of many tribes, mainly Tehuelches that were considered giants by Spaniards during Magellans voyage of 1520. The name Patagonia comes from the word used by Magellan to describe the native people whom his expedition thought to be giants. It is now believed the Patagons were actually Tehuelches with an height of 1.80 m compared to the 1.55 m average for Spaniards of the time. The Argentine portion of Patagonia includes the provinces of Neuquén, Río Negro, Chubut and Santa Cruz, the Argentine politico-economic Patagonic Region includes the Province of La Pampa. The first European to sight Chilean territory was Ferdinand Magellan, who crossed the Strait of Magellan on November 1,1520, however, the title of discoverer of Chile is usually assigned to Diego de Almagro

5.
Fernando Riera
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Fernando Riera Bauzá was a Chilean professional football player and manager, patriarch of Chilean football. Riera was born in Santiago, Chile and he played for the Chile in the 1942,1947 and 1949 Copa Américas. He played at the 1950 FIFA World Cup, and managed them on home soil when they finished third in the 1962 FIFA World Cup and he returned to the club in 1966 and led them to the 1966–67 Championship. In 1963 he coached a FIFA XI team and that was the first squad FIFA XI team in history. In 70s and 80s Fernando Riera continued to lead teams in the world. In Chile left a legacy, with the disciple coaches like Arturo Salah and Manuel Pellegrini, leaving a tradition. Riera died in his city of Santiago. Game log at Historia de Boca

6.
Teresa of the Andes
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Saint Teresa of Jesus - born as Juana Fernández Solar - was a Chilean professed religious from the Discalced Carmelites. Her canonization process opened on 23 April 1976 under Pope Paul VI, the confirmation of her life of heroic virtue on 22 March 1986 allowed for her to be titled as Venerable. Her brothers were Luis and Miguel and Ignacio and her sisters were Lucía and her sister Rebeca became a Discalced Carmelite nun at the same convent as Juana as Teresa of the Divine Heart. Her mother was Lucía Solar de Fernández, her father was Miguel Fernández Jara and her baptism was celebrated in the parish church of Santa Ana. Fernández Solar received her education in a college that French nuns from the Sacred Heart order managed, from 1914 she decided to consecrate herself to the Lord and to become a Discalced Carmelite for she knew which path she wanted to take. On 8 December 1915 she made a vow to remain chaste, Fernández Solar was pious in character but could also be stubborn and vain, she also lost her temper on some occasions. On one particular occasion her sister Rebeca grew so fed up with Juana that she hit her while the red-faced Juana grabbed her with anger, but Rebeca was confused and unsure but chased her off and said, Get out of here. You have given me the kiss of Judas, Juana was hospitalized in 1913 for acute appendicitis. In her childhood she also liked singing and dancing but also liked croquet and tennis, she was also a swimmer and could use the piano. In 1916 she made a retreat for the Spiritual Exercises, Fernández Solar had to work to overcome her initial self-centered character towards that of one directed to the caring of others above all. Her further inspiration for this self-transformation was her upcoming First Communion which led her to this commitment in an effort to achieve worthiness of what she was soon to receive, Fernández Solar received her Confirmation on 22 October 1909 and made her First Communion later on 11 September 1910. In September 1917 she sent a letter to the prioress of the Discalced Carmelite convent close to her home expressing her desire to enter the order. On October 181917 a nun distributed candies to the children but she grew frustrated when she was given a piece so hurled it out of her hand. Toward the end of her life the new nun began an apostolate of letter-writing in which she shared her thoughts on the spiritual life with others. But she soon contracted typhus that was diagnosed as fatal and it grew worse on 2 April 1920 - Good Friday, Solar was still three months short of turning 20 and had six months to complete her canonical novitiate so as to to make her religious vows. But she nevertheless was allowed to profess her vows in periculo mortis on 7 April 1920, Fernández Solar received the final sacraments on 5 April 1920 and later died at 7, 15pm on 12 April 1920 after Easter. Her remains were relocated in 1940 to a new chapel. Teresa of Jesus remains popular with the estimated 100000 pilgrims who visit on a basis the shrine where her remains are venerated in the Shrine of Saint Teresa of Los Andes in Los Andes

7.
Gustavo Leigh
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Air General Gustavo Leigh Guzmán was a Chilean general, who represented the Air Force in the 1973 Chilean coup détat and, for a time, in the ruling junta that followed. Leigh was forced out of the government in 1978. Leigh was born in Santiago, son of Army Colonel Hernán Leigh Bañados, after a brilliant career as a combat pilot, President Salvador Allende named him commander-in-chief of the Air Force on August 17,1973, disregarding the established basis of seniority. However, Leigh was the first to sign the document, drafted by Vice Admiral José Toribio Merino. Leigh quickly emerged as the toughest member in the military junta. Just hours after the coup, Leigh vowed that the military would eradicate the Marxist cancer from our fatherland, until the last consequences. It was on his orders, he disclosed later, that the Air Force bombarded and heavily damaged the presidential palace to put down the resistance by Allende. A fierce persecution of leftists followed, and Leighs Air Force gained a reputation as especially implacable with dissidents, Leigh defended the coup, arguing that a civil war between Chileans was inevitable. When American President Jimmy Carter criticized the rule in Chile in 1977, Leigh said. He condemns Chile, but at the time he wants closer relations with a dictatorship like Castros in Cuba. He purged the Air Force of left-wing officers such as General Alberto Bachelet, nonetheless he clashed with Augusto Pinochet, the leader of the junta over the latters refusal to name a date for a return to democracy. Leigh opposed Pinochets growing power within the junta, Pinochet believed Leigh wanted to challenge him to lead the country. Pinochet always felt that I was interested in taking over from him, something that never entered my mind. General Leigh was a supporter of state intervention in the economy. He had continuous disagreements with the free market economic policy of the so-called Chicago Boys. That led to his dismissal on July 24,1978, in a signed by other junta members. The junta selected General Fernando Matthei to replace him, despite his strong differences with General Pinochet, he strongly opposed Pinochets 1998 arrest as a violation of Chilean sovereignty. Leigh was detained by a judge investigating his role in the disappearance of twelve communist leaders, on March 21,1990 members of the leftist guerrilla group, the Manuel Rodríguez Patriotic Front, broke into Leighs office and opened fire at him

8.
1814 in Chile
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Events from the year 1814 in Chile January 1, Brigadier Gabino Gaínza and his military expedition sail from Callao. January 31, The Royal Expedition arrives to Chile, february 1, José Miguel Carrera recognizes Bernardo OHiggins as the Commander-in-chief of the Chilean Army. February 17, Proclamation of the Constitutional Rules, february 23, Battle of Cucha-Cucha March 3, First Battle of Talca. Patriot Colonel Carlos Spano dies in the defense of Talca from the Royalist forces under the command of Ildefonso Elorreaga, March 6, José Miguel Carrera and his brother Luis Carrera are captured by a Royalist squadron under Clemente de Lantaño. March 7, Francisco de la Lastra is elected as the first Supreme Director of Chile, March 19, Battle of El Quilo. March 20, Battle of El Membrillar, March 28, In the Battle of Valparaiso, the British frigate HMS Phoebe and sloop HMS Cherub capture the American frigate USS Essex and sloop USS Essex Junior. March 29, First Battle of Cancha Rayada, the patriot troops under Manuel Blanco Encalada are completely routed. May 3, Both sides in conflict agree to a truce, may 12, José Miguel Carrera and his brother Luis Carrera escape from prison. July 19, Viceroy of Peru José Fernando de Abascal rejects the Treaty of Lircay, august 12, Brigadier Mariano Osorio and his expedition arrive to Talcahuano. August 18, Brigadier Mariano Osorio arrives to Chillan and takes command of the Royal Army, Brigadier Gabino Gaínza is sent back to Lima to be court martialled. OHiggins is defeated and agrees to himself to Carrera. September 9, José Miguel Carrera is named Commander-in-chief of the Chilean Army October 2, Royalist forces defeat the patriot troops under Colonel Bernardo OHiggins. October 5, The Royalist forces enter Santiago, begins the mass exodus of patriots towards Mendoza. November 1, The first group of prisoners are sent to the Juan Fernández Islands. March 3, Colonel Carlos Spano, during the First Battle of Talca, november 21, Juan MacKenna, after a duel with Luis Carrera

9.
Juan Luis Sanfuentes
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Juan Luis Sanfuentes Andonaegui was President of Chile between 1915 and 1920. Sanfuentes was the son of writer and politician Salvador Sanfuentes Torres, orphaned at an early age and raised by his older brother, Enrique Salvador Sanfuentes, he trained as a lawyer at the University of Chile. He graduated with a Doctor of Law in 1879 and he married Ana Echazarreta in 1885, and the couple would have five children. Rising to the position of Minister of Finance under Federico Errázuriz Echaurren in 1901, Sanfuentes beat Figueroa by a single vote, among allegations of fraud and electoral intervention. The National Congress was called to confirm the result, through World War I Chile remained neutral. While the conflict lasted, domestic industry had one of its biggest booms, but the end of the war led to a crisis of the nitrate industry, which resulted in a wave of social unrest. Sanfuentes hard line against striking miners and trade unionists in the final year of his presidency was a key factor in the rise of his liberal reformer successor. After office Sanfuentes retired from life, devoting himself to family life with his wife in his estate