Nursing Articleshttp://studynursing.blogspot.com/Comprises of Nursing careplans, patient care, other medical articles and description of various disease conditions in nurse's point of view.ennoreply@blogger.com (Arun R)Tue, 06 Mar 2018 02:52:16 PSTBlogger http://www.blogger.com170125noreply@blogger.comnoComprises of Nursing careplans, patient care, other medical articles and description of various disease conditions in nurse's point of view.Radio Frequency Ablation in Cardiologyhttp://studynursing.blogspot.com/2016/05/radio-frequency-ablation-in-cardiology.htmlCardiologynoreply@blogger.com (Arun R)Tue, 24 May 2016 13:55:36 PDTtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7400237462320524323.post-196261103329485487
CATHETER ABLATION/RADIOFREQUENCY ABLATION
Catheter ablation is a medical procedure used to treat some types of arrhythmia
During catheter ablation, a long, thin, flexible tube is put into a blood vessel in your arm, groin (upper thigh), or neck. This tube is called an ablation catheter. It's guided into your heart through the blood vessel.
A special machine, called a generator, sends 0Diabetes insipidushttp://studynursing.blogspot.com/2011/03/diabetes-insipidus.htmlEndocrine Systemnoreply@blogger.com (Arun R)Wed, 12 Sep 2012 04:35:29 PDTtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7400237462320524323.post-7145723054250707351
Introduction
Diabetes insipidus (DI) is a condition which causes frequent urination. The reduction in production or release of ADH results in fluid and electrolyte imbalance caused by increased urinary output. Depending on the cause, Diabetes insipidus may be transient or life long condition. In its clinically significant forms, diabetes insipidus is a rare disease.
Definition
Diabetes0ALZEIMERS DISEASEhttp://studynursing.blogspot.com/2011/03/alzeimers-disease.htmlCentral Nervous Systemnoreply@blogger.com (Arun R)Mon, 23 May 2016 14:13:19 PDTtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7400237462320524323.post-5944406077027795797
DEFINITION
Alzheimer s disease is a chronic progressive degenerative disease of the brain.It is characterized by the permanent destruction of the brain cells
INCIDENCE
The incidence rate is same for all the ethnic group although the incidence will be more in African Americans and Hispanic Americans. Women are more likely to develop Alzeimers than that of men.Individuals with Down s 0BELL’S PALSYhttp://studynursing.blogspot.com/2011/03/bells-palsy.htmlCentral Nervous Systemnoreply@blogger.com (Arun R)Mon, 23 May 2016 14:14:22 PDTtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7400237462320524323.post-3480330543241767596
Bell’s palsy (facial paralysis)is caused by unilateral inflammation of the seventh cranial nerve, which results in weakness or paralysis of the facial muscles on the affected side. Bell s palsy is a type of pressure paralysis. The inflamed edematous nerve becomes compressed to the point of damage or the blood supply is occluded, producing ischemic necrosis of the nerve. It affects the facial 0ARTHROPOD BORNE VIRUS ENCEPHALITIShttp://studynursing.blogspot.com/2011/03/arthropod-borne-virus-encephalitis.htmlCentral Nervous Systemnoreply@blogger.com (Arun R)Sun, 06 Mar 2011 01:45:00 PSTtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7400237462320524323.post-3492373919543211760Arthropod vectors transmits many vectors that causes encephalitis.Theprimary vector is mosquito.In case of West Nile virus,humans are the secondary host,birds are the primary host.Arbovirus infection occurs in specific geographic areas during summer.West Nile and St Louis are the most common type of arbovirus.
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
1. Viral infection occurs at the site of mosquito bite
2. The host 0BRAIN TUMORShttp://studynursing.blogspot.com/2011/03/brain-tumors.htmlCentral Nervous Systemnoreply@blogger.com (Arun R)Mon, 23 May 2016 14:15:26 PDTtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7400237462320524323.post-2128392141486355565
Cancer begins in cells, the building blocks that make up tissues. Tissues make up the organs of the body.Normally, cells grow and divide to form new cells as the body needs them. When cells grow old, they die, and new cells take their place. Sometimes this orderly process goes wrong. New cells form when the body does not need them, and old cells do not die when they should. These extra cells 0BRAIN ABSCESShttp://studynursing.blogspot.com/2011/03/brain-abscess.htmlCentral Nervous Systemnoreply@blogger.com (Arun R)Mon, 23 May 2016 14:15:42 PDTtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7400237462320524323.post-5796702586901425477
DEFINITION
A brain abscess is a collection of infectious material within the tissue of the brain.Bacteria is the most common causative organisms.The most common predisposing factors for abscess among immunocompetant people are ottitis media and sinusitis.
ETIOLOGY
Ottitis media and sinusitis.
Intracranial surgery ,penetrating injury or tongue piercing.
Wound or intra abdominal infection.
0DEGENERATIVE DISC DISEASEhttp://studynursing.blogspot.com/2011/03/degenerative-disc-disease.htmlCentral Nervous Systemnoreply@blogger.com (Arun R)Mon, 23 May 2016 14:16:09 PDTtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7400237462320524323.post-7645006966901240692
Low back pain is a significant public health disorder. Acute low back pain lasts for less than 3 months or longer. Most back pains are due to disc disease.
CLINICAL MANIFESTATION
Pain occurs in the involved part of the spinal cord.ie..Cervical, thoracic or lumbar. The clinical manifestations depends on the location, rate of development (acute or chronic)and the effect on the surrounding 0CEREBRO VASCULAR DISORDERS (STROKE)http://studynursing.blogspot.com/2011/03/cerebro-vascular-disorders.htmlCentral Nervous Systemnoreply@blogger.com (Arun R)Mon, 23 May 2016 14:17:02 PDTtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7400237462320524323.post-2600307854618232025
Cerebro vascular disorders is an umbrella term that refers to the functional abnormality of the central nervous system that occurs when the normal blood supply to tha brain is distrupted.It is a leading disease which causes death and even life time disability in people.
DEFINITION
Stroke occurs when there is ischemia(distrupted blood supply)To a aprt of the brain or hemorrhage into the 0DEMENTIAhttp://studynursing.blogspot.com/2011/03/dementia.htmlCentral Nervous Systemnoreply@blogger.com (Arun R)Mon, 23 May 2016 14:17:26 PDTtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7400237462320524323.post-234713611470470049
DEFINITION
The term dementia refers to the loss of memory reasoning,judgement,and language to such an extent that it interferes with everyday life.The changes may occur gradually or quickly and how they come about is the key to determine whether the condition causing dementia is temporary
Dementia is a syndrom e characterized by dysfunction or loss of memory,orientation,attention,language0DELIRIUMhttp://studynursing.blogspot.com/2011/03/delirium.htmlCentral Nervous Systemnoreply@blogger.com (Arun R)Thu, 03 Mar 2011 05:20:00 PSTtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7400237462320524323.post-444818736971691055
DEFINITIONDelirium is a state of temporary but acute mental confusion.It is a common disorder in older adults who have short term illness such as lung or heart disease,infection ,poor nutrition,drug interactions ,metabolic or hormonal disorders
ETIOLOGYBoth cortical and sub cortical structures(thalamus, basal ganglia and pontine reticular formation)are involved.
The neurotransmitter 0FUNGAL ENCEPHALITIShttp://studynursing.blogspot.com/2011/03/fungal-encephalitis.htmlCentral Nervous Systemnoreply@blogger.com (Arun R)Wed, 02 Mar 2011 06:19:00 PSTtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7400237462320524323.post-8444620030907165823Fungal infection occurs rarely in healthy people.It occurs when the immune system of the person is depressed due to any medication or due to any immunosupression medications.CAUSATIVE ORGANISMS
Cryptococcus neoformans or Blastomyses dermitidis
Histiplasma capsulatum
Aspergillus fumigates
Candida and coccidiodes immitis
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
1. The fungal spores enters the body via inhalation
2. 0ENCEPHALITIShttp://studynursing.blogspot.com/2011/03/encephalitis.htmlCentral Nervous Systemnoreply@blogger.com (Arun R)Wed, 02 Mar 2011 06:12:00 PSTtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7400237462320524323.post-6014976679165195406DEFINITION
Encephalitis, an inflammation of the brain parenchyma,.This is characterized by abscess formation. This is a serious condition sometimes even fatal
Cerebritis describes the stage preceding abscess formation and implies a highly destructive bacterial infection of brain tissue, whereas acute encephalitis is most commonly a viral infection with parenchymal damage varying from mild to 0GUILLIAN BARRE SYNDROMEhttp://studynursing.blogspot.com/2011/03/guillian-barre-syndrome.htmlCentral Nervous Systemnoreply@blogger.com (Arun R)Fri, 10 Aug 2012 07:54:49 PDTtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7400237462320524323.post-4653957970433376734
DEFINITION
Guillian Barre syndrome is an autoimmune attack on the peripheral nerve myelin.The result is acute rapid segmental demylineationof the peripheral nerves and some of the cranial nerves.,producing ascending weakness with dyskinesia(inability to execute voluntary movements)hyporeflexia and parasthesias.
ETIOLOGY
Idiopathic cause.The causative organisms are campylobacter jejuni,0MENINGITIShttp://studynursing.blogspot.com/2011/02/meningitis.htmlCentral Nervous Systemnoreply@blogger.com (Arun R)Wed, 12 Sep 2012 05:00:27 PDTtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7400237462320524323.post-2164007570236283953
DEFINITION
Meningitis is the inflammation of the piamater,the arachnoid and the cerebrospinal fluid filled subarachnoid space. Meningitis is classified as septic or aseptic. Septic meningitis is caused by bacteria. Aseptic meningitis is caused by virus or secondary to lymphoma,leukemia or human immune deficiency virus(HIV)
CAUSATIVE ORGANISMS
The most common cause of septic meningitis 1HEAD INJURYhttp://studynursing.blogspot.com/2011/02/head-injury.htmlCentral Nervous Systemnoreply@blogger.com (Arun R)Mon, 23 May 2016 13:48:36 PDTtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7400237462320524323.post-4587381652891291399
INTRODUCTION
Head injury refers to trauma to the head. This may or may not include injury to the brain. However, the terms traumatic brain injury and head injury are often used interchangeably in the medical literature.Head trauma has a poor potential for good outcome.Deaths from head trauma occurs at three time points after the injury.,immediately after the injury,2 hours after the injury,and 0MYASTHENIA GRAVIShttp://studynursing.blogspot.com/2011/02/myasthenia-gravis.htmlCentral Nervous Systemnoreply@blogger.com (Arun R)Wed, 12 Sep 2012 05:03:54 PDTtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7400237462320524323.post-3148091432493479053
DEFINITION
Myastenia gravis is a disorder affecting the neuromuscular transmission of the voluntary muscles of the body.It is characterized by excessive weakness and fatiguability,particularly of the voluntary muscles and those innervated by the cranial nerves.
Myasthenia gravis is an autoimmune disorder affecting the myoneural junction,is characterized by varying degree of weakness of the0MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS:http://studynursing.blogspot.com/2011/02/multiple-sclerosis.htmlCentral Nervous Systemnoreply@blogger.com (Arun R)Fri, 10 Aug 2012 08:00:46 PDTtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7400237462320524323.post-871322647752968657
DEFINITION
Multiple sclerosis or disseminating sclerosis is a chronic, progressive, degenerative disease of central nervous system that affects myelin sheath and conduction pathways. it is characterized by inflammation, demyelination and scarring of myelin sheath.
INCIDENCE:
It typically manifests in young adults between the age group of 20-40 years.
Women are more frequently affected than 0POST STROKE REHABILITATIONhttp://studynursing.blogspot.com/2011/02/post-stroke-rehabilitation.htmlCentral Nervous Systemnoreply@blogger.com (Arun R)Sat, 26 Feb 2011 07:49:00 PSTtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7400237462320524323.post-3904937407071773383The goals of rehabilitation
The goals of rehabilitation are to help survivors become as independent as possible and to attain the best possible quality of life. Even though rehabilitation does not "cure" stroke ie it does not reverse brain damage, it can substantially help people achieve the best possible long-term outcome.
POST STROKE REHABILITATION
Rehabilitation helps stroke survivors 0PARKINSON’S DISEASEhttp://studynursing.blogspot.com/2011/02/parkinsons-disease.htmlCentral Nervous Systemnoreply@blogger.com (Arun R)Fri, 10 Aug 2012 08:03:33 PDTtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7400237462320524323.post-9034162711018086331
DEFINITION
Parkinson s disease is a disease of the basal ganglia characterized by slowing down in the the initiation and execution of movement(bradykinesia),increased muscle tone(rigidity),tremor at rest,and impaired postural reflexes
ETIOLOGY
The cause of most of the cases is unknown,
Genetics,atherosclerosis,excessive accumulation of oxygen free radicals,viral infection,head trauma,0SPINAL CORD INJURYhttp://studynursing.blogspot.com/2011/02/spinal-cord-injury.htmlCentral Nervous Systemnoreply@blogger.com (Arun R)Wed, 12 Sep 2012 05:06:49 PDTtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7400237462320524323.post-784118911978436297
INTRODUCTION
Spinal cord injury is major health problem. The most common causes of spinal cord injury are road traffic accidents,,falls,violence related injuries, sports related injuries etc...The vertebrae most frequently involved are 5th,6th,7th cervical vertebrae(neck)(C5-C7) and 12th thoracic vertebrae(T12)and the first lumbar vertebrae(L1)These vertebrae are most commonly affected because0TRIGEMINAL NEURALGIA(TIC DOULOUREUX)http://studynursing.blogspot.com/2011/02/trigeminal-neuralgiatic-douloureux.htmlCentral Nervous Systemnoreply@blogger.com (Arun R)Thu, 13 Sep 2012 00:18:16 PDTtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7400237462320524323.post-3648961750217575272
Trigeminal neuralgia is a condition of the fifth cranial nerve that is characterized by paroxysms of pain in the area innervated by any of the three branches ,but most commonly the third and the second branches of the trigeminal artery.the pain ends as abruptly as it starts and is described as a unilateral shooting or stabbing sensation.Associated involuntary contraction of the facial muscles 0MEDICAL MANAGEMENT OF PATIENTS WITH COMPLICATIONS OF SPINALCORD INJURYhttp://studynursing.blogspot.com/2011/02/medical-management-of-patients-with.htmlCentral Nervous Systemnoreply@blogger.com (Arun R)Thu, 13 Sep 2012 00:20:17 PDTtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7400237462320524323.post-332723278873796727
Tetraplegia refers to the loss of movement and sensation in all the four extremities and the trunk, associated with injury to the cervical spinal cord.
Paraplegia refers to the loss of motion and sensation in the lower extremities and all or part of the trunk as a result of damage to the thoracic or lumbar spinal cord or to the sacral root.
ETIOLOGY
These conditions are as a result of 0SPINAL CORD TUMORShttp://studynursing.blogspot.com/2011/02/spinal-cord-tumors.htmlCentral Nervous Systemnoreply@blogger.com (Arun R)Thu, 13 Sep 2012 00:24:25 PDTtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7400237462320524323.post-2458124683714435959
Tumors are classified according to their anatomic relationship to the spinal cord.
CLASSIFICATIONS OF SPINAL CORD TUMORS
They includes intramedullary lesions(within the spinal cord),extramedullary intradural lesions(within or under the spinal dura),and
Extra medullary extradural lesions(outside the dural membrane)
CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS
Tumors that occur within the spinal cord 0SEIZURE DISORDERShttp://studynursing.blogspot.com/2011/02/seizure-disorders.htmlCentral Nervous Systemnoreply@blogger.com (Arun R)Thu, 13 Sep 2012 00:24:41 PDTtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7400237462320524323.post-4619431273608385844
Seizures are episodes of abnormal motor,sensory,autonomic and psychic activity(or a combination of these )that results from sudden excessive discharge from cerebral neurones. A part or all of the brain is involved. The international classification of seizures differentiates between two main types., partial seizures that begin in one part of the brain and generalized seizures that involve 0nonadult