Landslides travel a long way when rocks flow like fluid

"Our work suggests that all you need is enough volume to get these long runouts. This leads to the somewhat unsatisfying conclusion that these slides can happen nearly anywhere," says Brandon Johnson. (Credit: iStockphoto)

A computer model could explain why some landslides can travel much longer distances than others and cause damage far away from where they started.

The work suggests that vibrations generated by large slides can cause tons of rock to flow like a fluid, enabling the rocks to rumble across vast distances.

The “runout” distance of most landslides—the distance debris travels once it reaches flat land—tends to be about twice the vertical distance that the slide falls. So if a slide breaks loose a half-mile vertically up a slope, it can be expected to run out about a mile.

But “long-runout” landslides, also known as sturzstroms, can travel horizontal distances 10 to 20 times further than they fall, according to Brandon Johnson, an assistant professor of earth, environmental and planetary sciences at Brown University and lead author of the study published in the Journal of Geophysical Research: Earth Surface.

“There are a few examples where these slides have devastated towns, even when they were located at seemingly safe distances from a mountainside,” says Johnson, who started studying these slides as a student of Jay Melosh, a professor of earth, atmospheric, and planetary sciences and physics at Purdue University.

One such example was a slide in 1806 that slammed into the village of Goldau, Switzerland, and claimed nearly 500 lives.

“It has been known for more than a century that very large, dry landslides travel in a fluid-like manner, attaining speeds of more than 100 miles per hour, traveling tens to hundreds of kilometers from their sources and even climbing uphill as they overwhelm surprisingly large areas,” says Melosh, who was a part of the research team. “However, the mechanism by which these very dry piles of rock obtained their fluidity was a mystery.”

Not air or water, but vibrations

Scientists developed several initial hypotheses. Perhaps the slides were floating on a cushion of air, or perhaps they ran atop a layer of water or ice, which would lower the friction they encountered. But the fact that these types of landslides also occur on dry, airless bodies like the Moon cast doubt on those hypotheses.

In 1979, Melosh proposed a mechanism called “acoustic fluidization” to explain these long runouts. Slides of sufficient size, Melosh proposed, would generate vibrational waves that propagate through the rock debris.

Those vibrations reduce the effect of friction acting on the slide, enabling it to travel further than smaller slides, which don’t generate as much vibration. The mechanism is similar to the way a car is more likely to slide if it’s bouncing down a bumpy road as opposed to rolling along a smooth one.

In 1995, Charles Campbell from the University of Southern California created a computer model that was able to replicate the behavior of long-runout slides using only the dynamic interactions between rocks. No special circumstances like water or air cushions were required. However, due to the limitations of computers at the time, he was unable to determine what mechanism was responsible for the behavior.

“The model showed that there was something about rocks, when you get a lot of them together, that causes them to slide out further than you expect,” Johnson says. “But it didn’t tell us what was actually happening to give us this lower friction.”

‘We’ve now put to rest the debate’

For this new study, Johnson was able to resurrect that model, tweak it a bit, and run it on a modern workstation to capture the dynamics in finer detail. The new model showed that, indeed, vibrations do reduce the effective friction acting on the slide.

The amount of friction acting on a slide depends in part on gravity pulling it downward. The same gravitational force that accelerates the slide as it moves downslope tends to slow it down when it reaches flat land. But the model showed that vibrational waves counteract the gravitational force for brief moments.

The rocks tend to slide more when the vibration reduces the friction effect of the gravitational force. Because the vibrational waves affect different rocks in the slide at different times, the entire slide tends to move more like a fluid.

Those results of the new model are consistent with the acoustic fluidization idea that Melosh had proposed nearly 40 years ago, before computer power was adequate to confirm it.

“Campbell and I had a long-standing friendly rivalry and he did not believe my proposed acoustic fluidization mechanism could possibly explain his findings in the simulations,” Melosh says. “As a result of Brandon’s careful analysis of the interactions of the rock fragments in the simulations, we’ve now put to rest the debate, and it was a lot of fun for the three of us to work together.”

Ultimately, the researchers hope this work might be a step toward better predicting these types of potentially devastating landslides.

“I would suggest that understanding why these landslides run out so far is really is a first step to understanding when and where they might occur in the future,” Johnson says. “Our work suggests that all you need is enough volume to get these long runouts. This leads to the somewhat unsatisfying conclusion that these slides can happen nearly anywhere.”

The results may also help scientists understand other types of events. For example, acoustic fluidization might play a role in slippage along fault lines, which contributes to large earthquakes.

“This emergent phenomenon, arising from the simple interactions of individual particles, is likely at play whenever large movements of rock occur,” Johnson says.