Kurdish fighters hold the northern end of the Tabqa dam and ISIS the southern one.

2017/04/02 Issue: 100
Page: 4

The Arab Weekly Ed Blanche

Beirut - As US-backed Kurdish ir­regulars advance on the strategic city of Raqqa in northern Syria held by the Islamic State (ISIS), a major fight is under way for con­trol of the nearby Tabqa dam, one of the biggest in the country. The outcome of that battle could has­ten the defeat of the jihadists and determine the future of the devas­tated Syrian state.

This is part of a sub-conflict in the Syrian war, now in its seventh year, that has become known as the war for water as competing powers in the region scramble for control of a rapidly diminishing resource.

The dam on the Euphrates river is 40km upstream from Raqqa, de facto capital of ISIS’s self-pro­claimed caliphate, which in 2014 spanned northern Syria and east­ern Iraq. Today it is steadily crum­bling in the face of major US-sup­ported military offensives in both countries.

If the Kurdish fighters can take the dam, which ISIS has held since 2015, they would open a new as­sault corridor against Raqqa, a key strategic target for ISIS’s many en­emies.

Kurdish fighters hold the north­ern end of the 4.5-km-long dam and ISIS the southern. ISIS has threatened to unleash the dam’s waters if the group is in danger of being defeated, threatening hun­dreds of thousands of people living downriver.

There have been conflicting re­ports about the dam’s stability be­cause heavy rains have filled the reservoir and increased pressure on the massive structure. Russia and ISIS claim US-led air strikes weakened the dam.

The United Nations warned this could lead to massive flooding across Raqqa and as far away as Deir ez-Zor, another ISIS strong­hold further down the Euphra­tes. This caused panic among the 90,000 civilians still in Raqqa and hundreds reportedly began fleeing the city on March 26th.

State engineers say two spill­ways, used to run off water behind the dam to ease the pressure, are out of action. The dam manager and his assistant were reported killed by ISIS shellfire on March 27th when they tried to reach the spillway mechanism to free some of the water.

The dam, built by the Soviets in the 1970s, supplies most of the electricity for northern Syria and its destruction or incapacitation would cripple the region and seri­ously impede the anticipated post-war reconstruction. Given the scale of destruction across Syria from six years of merciless war, rebuilding will be an immense undertaking.

There was a similar alarm in 2016 for a major dam 60km north of the embattled city of Mosul in north­ern Iraq, the first major urban cen­tre captured by ISIS in June 2014 and its main stronghold.

US-backed Iraqi state forces have recaptured the eastern half of the city divided by the Tigris river and are slowly advancing in the face of fierce opposition in the western sector.

The Americans warned that if the 3.4km-long Mosul dam, reportedly built on unsound foundations, col­lapsed or was sabotaged, 11.11 mil­lion cubic feet of floodwater would kill up to 1.47 million people living downstream along the Tigris.

However, the dam is still in oper­ation, although it remains a poten­tial danger if one side or the other reaches for a doomsday disaster before they go down.

In December, water was the cen­tre of another battle when Syrian regime forces bombed the Ayn al- Fijjeh springs, 18km north-west of Damascus.

The spring feeds the Barada river, which supplies 70% of the water for the Syrian capital and its sprawling environs with a war-swollen popu­lation of about 9 million.

It was initially reported by pro-regime websites on December 22nd that rebels who have held Wadi Barada since mid-2012 had delib­erately polluted the waters of Ayn al-Fijjeh, which forced authorities to cut off the water supply.

The regime used the alleged sab­otage as a pretext for an offensive against the rebel forces holding the springs to seize control of the capital’s water supply despite a na­tionwide ceasefire proclaimed on December 30th.

The water infrastructure in Wadi Barada was badly damaged by Syr­ian Air Force strikes.

The regime has used similar tactics in the continuing battle for resources, which has become a central aspect of the Syrian war — part and parcel of its widely criti­cised “surrender or starve” tactics against rebel-held cities and towns.

The water crisis caused by the attempts to blast the Wadi Barada facilities led to panic and anger and drove the price of water well beyond the means of most of the population around the capital.

Other forces in Syria’s multisided war also use water as a weapon, particularly ISIS, which under­stands how critical water is to the caliphate they tried to establish.

At one point, ISIS forces shut down a major water flow from the Taqba dam to the battered city of Aleppo, which finally fell to the re­gime in December 2016 after a fero­cious months-long bombardment.

After ISIS began expanding its territorial claims in western Syria in 2015, “it used water as a tool in its broader strategy of advancing and establishing control over new land”, the US-based global security consultancy Stratfor observed.

“True, the Islamic State has also (and perhaps more visibly) targeted strategic oil and natural gas fields in both Syria and Iraq but a close look at the group’s movements clearly indicates that the Tigris and Euphrates rivers hold a central role in its planning,” Stratfor said.

Ed Blanche has covered Middle
East affairs since 1967. He is the
Arab Weekly analyses section
editor.

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