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Addition Judith plays the guitar. Horacio plays the guitar Judith and Horacio play the guitar Both Judith and Horacio play the guitar Not only Judith but also Horacio play the guitar The restaurant is good, It’s cheap The restaurant is good, it’s cheap andmoreoverfurthermore what’s more in addition besides as well as By Dudu Vieira

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Choice - Exclusion You can talk to Chico or Horacio You can talk to either Chico or Horacio (Partial exclusion) You can’t talk to either Chico or Horacio You can talk to neither Chico nor Horacio (Total exclusion) By Dudu Vieira

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Conclusion - Result He won the game, he was happy sothusthereforeconsequentlyhence By Dudu Vieira

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Adversity – an unexpected result I am a short man, I play volleyball butyetstillhoweverneverthelessnonetheless even so on the other hand conversely Although Even though Even if ThoughAlbeit concession adversity In spite of Despite being short… my height… By Dudu Vieira

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Explanation/Cause Do it, It is important for you becauseforsinceas explanation becauseforsinceas Cause/reason I stopped smoking it is unhealthy. By Dudu Vieira

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He arrived soon soon after me He talked to her, then / afterwards afterwards he kissed her No, he talked to her beforehand He was shaking her hand, meanwhile meanwhile he was thinking of kissing her I will meet her before/after before/after you go He was seen as/while as/while he was climbing the wall Call me when/as soon as as you get home Time By Dudu Vieira

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He traveled where no one else had traveled before. He took his camera wherever he went Place By Dudu Vieira

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Condition you are healthy, you can take an adventure holiday you are healthy, you can take an adventure holidayIf As long as Provided that you are healthy, you can’t take an adventure holiday you are healthy, you can’t take an adventure holidayUnless you are healthy, you can’t take an adventure holiday you are healthy, you can’t take an adventure holidayIf not Unless = If...not By Dudu Vieira

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Cause - effect She is good everybody wants her on the team She is good everybody wants her on the team She is a good player everybody wants her on the team She is a good player everybody wants her on the team (adjective) (adjective + noun) so that such that Attention! She’s been studying a lot of subjects math and physics She’s been studying a lot of subjects such as math and physics exemplification By Dudu Vieira

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Manner X Comparison He is his father He plays his father does He works a clown He acts a clown He acts he were rich He is better his brother He is good his sister He knows to do that like as as/like as if/as though than as how By Dudu Vieira

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Integrant I want to know you want to do it or not She asked me I wanted to go out She knows I want to go out If/whether that Be careful! The student that asked the question is a good one Relative Pronoun By Dudu Vieira

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Purpose She studies hard pass in order to She studies hard she can pass in order that so that By Dudu Vieira

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Exercises

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01. (UNIFACS/08) ( ) “either” can be replaced by “neither” without changing the sentence structure. 02. (UNIFACS/08) ( ) “perhaps” expresses an alternative idea. 03. (UNIFACS/08) ( ) “however” introduces a conclusive sentence. 04. (UEFS/08) The conjunction “or” in "...to pour it down the drain or Flush it” and “so” in "so I put it between two pieces of bread” express, respectively. a) Addition and reason b) Choice and result c) Contrast and concession d) Manner and cause e) Doubt and place F F F By Dudu Vieira

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05. (UESC/08) The expression “so far” in “so far, nearly 800 people have taken the course” is the same as 01) so late04) so distant 02) no longer05) until now 03) not anymore 06. (UESC/08) ( ) “such” can be replaced by “so” 07. (UESC/08)( ) “Than” in “less than half…” introduces a time clause. 08. (BAHIANA/08) According to the text, the best translation into Portuguese for the conjunction Although is a) Por isso.d) Se. b) Assim sendo.e) Embora. c) Então. F F By Dudu Vieira

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09. (BAHIANA/08) According to the context, Furthermore, could be replaced by a) Like. d) Besides. b) But. e) Neither c) Either. 10. (BAHIANA/08) The effects of each joint were equivalent to between 2 ½ and 5 cigarettes, according to the New Zealand team who carried out the study, ______ defenders of cannabis have argued that it is less damaging than tobacco because many fewer joints than cigarettes are smoked. The paragraph has two opposite points of view, which could be correctly linked by using: a) Moreover.d) Furthermore. b) On the other hand.e) If so. c) Despite. By Dudu Vieira

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15. (UEFS/08.2) The conjunction “either…or” expresses a) resultd) addition b) choicee) concession c) contrast 16. (UESB/08) The word “Conversely” in “... a negative outlook over a long period of time can actually make you ill! Conversely, an optimistic attitude might keep you health …” can be replaced, without any change of meaning, by 01) Moreover04) On the other hand 02) Since05) Furthermore 03) Although By Dudu Vieira

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17. (UESB/08) The conjunctions “So” and “However” express, respectively 01) result and contrast 02) addition and result 03) contrast and doubt 04) time and addition 05) choice and concession By Dudu Vieira

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09. (UESB/09) “along with some westerners as well” The word that can replace the expression “as well” correctly is 01) also.04) either. 02) even 05) better. 03) too. 10. (UESB/09) The conjunctions “Though”and “Nonetheless” can be grammatically and semantically replaced, respectively, by 01) Although and Nevertheless. 02) However and Thus. 03) Therefore and Besides. 04) Even though and Whether. 05) Moreover and But. By Dudu Vieira

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14. (UNEB/10) ( ) The conjunction “but” expresses result 15. (UEFS/10.2) ( ) The word “Thus” can be grammatically and semantically replaced by “Therefore” 16. (UEFS/10.2) ( ) The word “Despite” can be grammatically and semantically replaced by “Although” 17. (UEFS/10.2) In the fragment “rather than simply crossing the Equator”, the expression in bold is synonymous with a) besides.d) instead of. b) so that.e) so as to. c) in order to. F V F By Dudu Vieira

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01. (UEFS/11) The boldfaced word or expression can be suitably replaced by the one in brackets in alternative A) “so it’s easy to see” [moreover]. B) “why Research in Motion […] wants a bite” [because]. C) “thanks to a well-publicized disagreement” [due to]. D) “than many rivals to mount an effective challenge [thus]. E) “But it’s seen as more likely to find” [Though]. 02. (UESC/11) The only alternative in which the boldfaced word or expression is not synonymous with one in brackets is A) “However, the traditional dictionary makers aren’t so sure.” [Nevertheless]. B) “how often their name is mentioned in new media” [how many times]. C) “Once a word has been used 25,000 times” [As soon as]. D) “if you restrict inclusion of specialist slang” [unless]. E) “that a fluent speaker would use” [which]. By Dudu Vieira

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13. (UESB/11.2) The only alternative in which the information in brackets on the right disagrees with what the conjunction in bold expresses is 01) “when student Sheridan Gregorio arrived at Fortaleza airport” [time]. 02) “but unfortunately he had spent all his money” [contrast]. 03) “even though Sheridan explained that he was completed broke. [addition]. 04) “so he missed his flight home” [result]. 05) “Since he had no money” [cause]. 14. (UEFS/11.2) The boldfaced conjunction expresses what is stated in brackets in alternative A)“when he heard somebody in his garden.” [place] B)“and suddenly I saw this guy running toward me.” [result] C)“as he knew he would end up second-best in a fight with the intruder.” [reason] D)“but the tires on the bike were flat.” [addition] E)“because he was so close to me” [contrast] By Dudu Vieira

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15. (UEFS/11.2) ( ) The word “daily” in “Mr Green had worked for more than 20 years in daily newspaper” is functioning as an adverb 16. (FBD/11) ( ) The conjunction “if” in “Does it really matter if we don’t know our ‘https’” is introducing a result clause. 17. (Unifacs/11) ( ) The word “also” in “they’re also made mostly of gas” can be semantically and grammatically replaced by “too” 18. (Bahiana/11.2) ( ) The conjunction “so that” in “Relatives should also participate in this meeting, so that they feel their work is supported and appreciated” expresses addition. F F F F By Dudu Vieira

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19. (FBD/11.2) Considering language use in the text, it’s correct to say. 01) The word “like” in “Slavery and labor exploitation still exist in remote areas in Brazil like the Amazon” is functioning as a verb. 02) The word “though” in “Debt slavery still exists in some rural areas, though it is illegal and the government as well as human rights activists actively fights against it” is the same as on the other hand. 03) The expression “as well as” in “it is illegal and the government as well as human rights activists actively fights against it” expresses addition 04) The conjunction “since” in “The debt slavery is particularly worrying in large sugar cane farms, since sugar cane is a raw material for Ethanol, a product that the Brazilian government is currently actively encouraging the production and research” expresses time. 05) The relative pronoun “that” in “sugar cane is a raw material for Ethanol, a product that the Brazilian government is currently actively encouraging the production and research” refers to “sugar cane farms”. By Dudu Vieira

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20. (UNEB/12) ( ) The adverb “too” in “The Zealand winter is too warm for an emperor penguin” can be replaced by also. 21. (UNEB/12) ( ) The conjunction “if” in “it will soon find its way back south if it’s to survive” expresses certainty. 22. (UNEB/12) The expression “as well as” in “the use of natural pesticides and hydroponics to crop rotation and reforestation, as well as various methods that add value” expresses 01) manner.04) result. 02) addition.05) choice. 03) contrast. F F By Dudu Vieira

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23. (UEFS/12) The word “while” in “Jobs also noted that while his father did not have a deep understanding of electronics, he’d encountered electronics a lot in automobiles and other things he would fix” can be suitably replaced by a) howd) because b) whene) although c) where 24. (UEFS/12) ( ) The conjunction “than” expresses time 25. (UEFS/12) “to unleash its full potential, Brazil has little choice but to disarm the pension bomb” The word “but”, in this sentence, can be grammatically and semantically replaced by a) onlyd) however b) thoughe) nevertheless c) except F By Dudu Vieira

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26. (UEFS/12) “make it more expensive, reduce consumption, improve health” This sentence can be exactly rephrased as: a) if you make it more expensive, you’ll reduce consumption and improve health b) whereas you make it more expensive, you won’t reduce consumption and improve health c) make it more expensive, as long as you don’t reduce consumption and improve health d) make it more expensive, otherwise you’ll reduce consumption and improve health e) even though you make it more expensive, you won’t reduce consumption or improve health By Dudu Vieira

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27. (FTC/12) “However, in the Middle East, North Africa and other parts of Asia, marriage at or shortly after puberty is common among some groups” Assinale a alternativa que apresenta a única palavra que poderia substituir a palavra “however” na oração entre aspas sem alterar seu significado: a)Ifd) But b)Nevere) From c)Always 28. (Unifacs/12.2) ( ) The conjunction “thus” expresses contrast 29. (UEFS/12.2) ( ) The conjunction “while” in “Karakoram’s glaciers had actually expanded by a small amount, while in the neighboring Himalayas they’d been shrinking” expresses reason F F By Dudu Vieira

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30. (UEFS/12.2) _______ mushrooms _______ a variety of marine animals, select species of bacteria, insects, and annelids are known to be bioluminescent. The only alternative that does not suitably complete the two blanks is a) Both – andd) Not only – but also b) Not only – bute) Besides – moreover c) Both – as well as By Dudu Vieira

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By Dudu Vieira 02. (Unifacs/13) ( ) The conjunction “therefore” can be suitably replaced by “however”. 03. (UNEB/13) ( ) The conjunction “whether” in “it could take them a lot longer to work out whether the protective chemical can be turned into table form” expresses time. 04. (UESB/13) The word in bold expresses what is stated on the right in 01) “But contrary to popular belief”– addition 02)“It Just seems like you’re getting up in the middle of the night”– similarity 03)“that’s why sleep scientists studied Morgan” – condition. 04)“When the clocks moved forward” – place. 05) “As Joanne Bower […] says”– reason. 05. (UESB/13) ( ) The adverb “too” in “It’s too early to get up in the morning” is the same as also. F F F

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06. (UESB/13) ( ) “rarely” and “often” is not a pair of opposites. 07. (UESB/13) The expression “both…and” can be grammatically and semantically replaced by 01)as… as.04) everywhere… but. 02)from… to05) not only… but also 03)neither… nor. 08. (UEFS/13) “It is not ‘slow’ as in ‘stupid.’ It is ‘slow’ as in the opposite of ‘frantic’ and ‘stressful.’” The function word “as” in these sentences has been used for A) giving reason for something. B) describing the condition for something to happen. C) saying that something is done in the same way. D) mentioning that something has already been talked about. E) saying that something happens at the same time as something else does. By Dudu Vieira F

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By Dudu Vieira 14. (UEFS/13.2) ( ) The word “too” in “At the same time, most acknowledge that such “reproductive cloning” will one day prove too tempting to resist” can be replaced by “also” without any change of meaning. 15. (UEFS/13.2) ( ) The word “exceptionally” in “The scientists… provided an exceptionally detailed account of their techniques” is functioning as an adjective. 16. (FBD/13.2) ( ) The expression “As well as” in “As well as new sporting venues, the concept foresees new subway lines and extensions to the existing two airports and harbor” is introducing a result clause. 17. (UNIT/13.2) ( ) The conjunction “so” expresses contrast. F F F F

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By Dudu Vieira 18. (Bahiana/13.2) ( ) The conjunction “Since” in “Since we are in the area of regenerative medicine, cells are being studied in clinical trials …” expresses time. 19. (Bahiana/13.2) ( ) The adverb “often” is the opposite of “usually”. 20. (Bahiana/13.2)( ) The expression “such … as” is introducing a comparison. 21. (Unifacs/13.2) ( ) The conjunction “whether” in “What they don’t know though is whether fish will be able to adapt and tolerate the changing waters” expresses doubt. 22. (Unifacs/14) ( ) The word “though” is the same of moreover. 23. (UNIME/14) ( ) The word “like” in “… some American states in taxing things like fizzy drinks and sugary sweets” is functioning as a verb. F F F V F F

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By Dudu Vieira 24. (UNIME/14) ( ) The conjunction “than” expresses time. 25. (UNIT/14) ( ) “due to” is the same as “in spite of” 26. (UNIT/14) The word or expression expresses what is stated on the right in alternative A) if – doubtD) although – choice B) either – additionE) than – comparison C) therefore – condition 27. (UEFS/14) The phrase “due to” in “This is due to their refusal to use the elementary English adopted by colleagues from other countries” should be understood as A) because ofD) considered by B) in spite ofE) concerned about C) denied by F F

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By Dudu Vieira 28. (UEFS/14) ( ) The conjunction “but” in “it is not aimed at culture eloquence […] but at linguistic efficiency, always, everywhere, with everyone” expresses addition 29. (UEFS/14) ( ) The conjunction “while” expresses place. 30. (UEFS/14) ( ) The word “like” in “while some devices like the convertible tablet have tried to offer…” is functioning as a verb. 31. (UNINORTE/14.2) ( ) The word “that” in “roughly 2 million people every year get infections that can’t be treated by antibiotics” is functioning as a conjunction. 32. (Unifacs/14.2) ( ) The conjunction “whether” expresses place. F F F F F

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By Dudu Vieira 33. (UEFS/14.2) The conjunction “Although” is synonymous with A) MoreoverD) In addition B) WhereverE) Even though C) As long as 34. (Bahiana/14.2) The sentence “whether happiness leads to better health is a chicken-and-egg problem” means that 1) happiness is the only reason for better health. 2) good health is the only origin for happiness. 3) it is difficult to decide if happiness causes better health or vice versa. 4) the reason for a good health is evident. 5) the cause for happiness is unexplained.

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By Dudu Vieira 38. (Bahiana/15) ( ) “The conjunction “yet” in “And yet, these components can be just as important to a patient’s recovery as taking the right pills at the right time” is introducing an alternative clause. 39. (UEFS/15) ( ) The adverb “Meanwhile in “Meanwhile, a comprehensive new review of research reveals that organic crops have higher levels of antioxidants and less pesticide residue than conventional produce” expresses result. 40. (UEFS/15) ( ) The conjunction “as long as” in “Organic crops can be grown anywhere, as long as the farm adheres to the USDA’s strict organic-certification standards” expresses condition. 41. (UEFS/15) ( ) “so” in “But they prefer to live in deep, cold water, so humans rarely see them” is introducing a result clause. 42. (UEFS/15) ( ) “easily” in “They are most easily seen around Greenland and Iceland” is functioning as an adjective. F F V V F

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By Dudu Vieira 43. (UEBS/15) ( ) The word “risky” in “But it can be risky business” is functioning as an adverb. 44. (UEBS/15) “Brookings advocates spreading knowledge as well as the wealth” In this sentence, as well as expresses 01) manner04) condition 02) addition05) concession. 03) Choice 45. (UESB/15) ( ) The conjunction “because of” in “Africa’s elephants face an immediate threat to their survival because of continued high levels of poaching for their ivory” is synonymous with due to. F V

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By Dudu Vieira 46. (UESB/15) ( ) The conjunction “while” in “And while elephant conservationists do believe that increased ivory confiscation is a sign that law enforcement is improving” expresses result. 47. (UNEB/15) ( ) The conjunction “thus” in “Receiving a good education helps empower you, thus making you strong enough to look after yourself in any given situation” expresses result. F V