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Next, I will explain the fukurotoji or "pouch" binding method.
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Just as with the detchōsō and tetsuyōsō methods,
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the leaves are folded in half before binding them,
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but the positioning of the fold is different.
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In fukurotoji books the fold comes on the outer side of the book and
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it is the loose side of the pages that gets bound,
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so the paper, as you can see, looks a bit like a pipe or tube,
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which means that only one side of the leaf, the front side, is used.
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Because there is no need for thick paper that can be used on both sides,
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most books were made using the thinner kōzo (choshi) paper.
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First, the leaves are folded, then they are stacked up and
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fastened with simple paper strings called koyori.
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If the book was intended for study or home use,
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the title would often be written directly here
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and the book would be left without a cover.
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Such books still belong to the fukurotoji category,
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but as they are only partially bound,
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they are known as

karitojibon (half or partially-bound books).
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There are two ways to make a

karitoji.
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The most common is to punch two holes through the stacked leaves,
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pass the strips through each of them,
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and then fasten them as in this example here.
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In this example here, I think you can these three small circles here,
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you pass the strips through each hole,
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leave a bit more than the thickness of the book,
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then you work the part that sticks out with your fingers,
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and finally you flatten it in with a wooden mallet
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until it resembles the head of a metal nail.
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You repeat the process on both sides.
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This is called shiteisō ("paper-nail" binding).
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It was particularly common in fukurotoji books dating
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from pre-Muromachi, pre-16th century times.
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Sometimes the binding was removed when the book was disbound for repairs,
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but generally speaking the shiteisō tends
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to be used in older books so it merits special attention.
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The problem is that when the book has a cover, as in this case,
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it is not so easy to tell whether it was bound
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using the

karitoji or shiteisō method.
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So what you do is run two fingers here along the thread and feel the part
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that bulges out to see if it is round or long and narrow,
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and from that you can sometimes tell how it was bound.
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Edo-period printed books―the item you see is a printed book― were
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usually bound using the fukurotoji method. Because of it popularity,
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a huge number of them was produced,
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so much so that when people today think of traditional Japanese books
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the image they tend to picture is that of a fukurotoji book.
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That’s just how popular the method was.
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It is not easy to say when the method first started to be used,
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but if we look at very early examples,
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they tend to have writing on both sides of the paper.
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We noted earlier that fukurotoji books only have text on one side.
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Because paper was so valuable in early times,
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it was not discarded after one use but was kept to be reused.
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For instance, people might keep the letters they received, turn them over,
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and use the available side to make a fukurotoji
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to make a personal copy of a book.
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In this book, the thread has now come off,
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but originally it was bound as a fukurotoji.
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This book is in fact a rather interesting case.
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It has writing on the reverse, and that writing is a Buddhist sutra.
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Originally a scroll, it was cut into segments,
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which were then turned over and used to make a fukurotoji book.
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It is an extremely rare example.
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Sometimes fukurotoji books can have such rare histories,
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so it is important to be aware of it.
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Next, perhaps it is not entirely accurate
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to discuss these alongside fukurotoji books,
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but their appearance, the fact that they are bound with thread,
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they look like fukurotoji books.
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But as you turn the pages you realize that
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there is a fold at the bottom of every page,
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as in the origamitetsuyōsō.
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They have the crease here at the bottom,
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were cut along this side,
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bound using the

karitoji method, and then the cover was added.
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Such books are called nagachōtoji ("wide" binding).
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You occasionally come across handwritten books bound using this type of binding,
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but printed books in this format, including the one I am looking at now,
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tend to be by the Kyoto bookseller Hachimonjiya.
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That’s it for pouch binding.