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(born 1935). During his baseball career, left-hander Sandy Koufax struck out 2,396 batters in 2,324 innings, making him one of the few pitchers in history to have an average of more than one strikeout per inning. In each of the three seasons in which he received the Cy Young award (1963, 1965–66), he struck out more than 300 hitters, and his 382 strikeouts in 1965 set a major-league record that remained unbroken until 1973.

He was born Sanford Braun on Dec. 30, 1935, in Brooklyn, N.Y. His parents soon divorced, and the youth was given his stepfather’s last name, Koufax. Although he enjoyed sports, Sandy did not pitch a game until age 15. He attended the University of Cincinnati on a basketball scholarship and casually decided also to try out for the baseball team. Striking out 51 batters over 32 innings, he attracted attention. The Brooklyn Dodgers signed the 19-year-old and brought him straight to the major leagues.

Koufax struggled to control his pitches during his early years in the majors. Despite posting a record of 36 wins and 40 losses during his first six seasons (1955–60), the Dodgers saw promise and kept working with him. In 1961 Koufax was determined to be more than a mediocre pitcher. He learned to ease up on his fastball instead of always throwing it very hard, and he worked on his curve and change-up. The results were an 18–13 record, a league-leading 269 strikeouts, and his first of six trips to the All-Star Game. For the next five years (1962–66), he posted the lowest earned run average (ERA) in the National League, and in 1963 he was selected as his league’s most valuable player (MVP).

On Sept. 9, 1965, Koufax pitched his fourth no-hit game, establishing a major-league record unbroken until 1981. This fourth no-hitter was also a perfect game (no player reached first base). The Dodgers went on to the World Series, where Koufax was praised by many in the Jewish community for his refusal to pitch in the first game of the contest because it fell on the high holy day of Yom Kippur. Instead, he pitched three of the next six games against the Minnesota Twins, and the Dodgers won the best-of-seven series. Koufax also played in the postseason with the Dodgers in 1959, 1963, and 1966.

Koufax began making headlines early in 1966, his last season of play, when he and fellow Dodger Don Drysdale hired an agent to negotiate their salary disputes with the team—a move that led other players later to use agents. Koufax won 27 games and posted a 1.73 ERA that year, both figures being the best of his career.

Injuries to his pitching arm caused Koufax to have circulatory problems and arthritis, and he decided to retire rather than risk further damage. He finished with a 165–87 record and a 2.76 lifetime ERA. The youngest player ever elected to the Baseball Hall of Fame, 36-year-old Koufax was inducted in 1972, the first year that he was eligible. In the late 1960s and early 1970s he worked as a baseball broadcaster, and from 1979 to 1990 he served as a minor-league pitching instructor for the Dodgers.

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