The age of intensive plantation
forestry in the Southeastern US rapidly approaches. Based on data through age 9 from loblolly pine plantations subjected to complete weed control and multiple fertilizations, growth rates to be expected equal or exceed those for
southern pines grown in other countries under intensive cultural practices. Predictions of continuing growth through age 15 and economical analyses indicate that these cultural practices will be excellent financial investments for
the owners of forest land.

What is the potential growth rate of loblolly pine in the southeastern United States? Many theories have been proposed as to why pines native to the southeastern U.S. exhibit radically greater growth
rates when moved to other parts of the world. It may be that the climate of these areas is responsible for dramatic growth differences and stand density carrying capacity (DeBell and others 1989). Furthermore, when southern yellow
pines are grown in exotic locations they are in environments that contain no natural enemies and thus do not suffer attack from native fungi and insects. Clearly, factors such as these can explain part of the differences that have
been observed over the years. However, the differences in growth rates of southern yellow pines grown in their native habitat and in exotic locations also have a great deal to do with how stands are managed starting from the time
of planting. In fact, cultural practices are routinely very intensive for the management of plantation grown loblolly (Pinus taeda L.) and slash pine (Pinus elliottii) in Brazil, South Africa and other areas where
very fast growth rates have been reported for these species. It is routine management practice in many areas of the world to carry out very intensive site preparation (similar to agricultural fields), followed by treatments such as
fertilization, mechanical and chemical weed control as well as cultivation treatments during the rotation (Evans 1992).

During the past 20 years study after study has reported large gains in growth due to control of competing
vegetation in pine plantations in the southeastern U.S. (Miller and others, 1991; Pienaar and Shiver, 1993; Shiver and Pienaar, 1991; Swindel and others, 1988). Many studies have also shown dramatic increases in growth due to
fertilization at time of planting or mid-rotation (Allen and others, 1990; Bengston, 1979; Gent and others, 1986; Stearns-Smith and others, 1992). Other studies have shown increases in growth due to genetic improvement (Cornelius
1994; Hodge and others, 1989; Talbert and others, 1985). Yet other studies have shown increases in growth related to seedling quality and planting method (Wakeley 1969, South 1993). Regardless of all of this evidence the general
perception is that southern yellow pines will never realize growth rates in their native habitat that approaches their growth rates in other parts of the world. Below we present empirical evidence that growth rates of loblolly pine
under intensive management in the southeastern U.S. may not be all that different from growth rates under intensive management in other parts of the world.

Data

We initiated a long-term growth study of intensively
managed loblolly pine plantations in 19871. The main objective of this study is to provide real growth series data for loblolly pine plantations managed under various scenarios that can be studied and possibly correlated
to changing atmospheric conditions such as rainfall, temperature and possibly pollution levels. Study installations were established at six locations throughout Georgia. The original study plan called for two complete blocks, each
containing four of the 3/8 acre treatment plots, to be established on site prepared land on two distinct sites in close proximity to a weather monitoring station. One of the following treatments was applied to each plot using a
randomized complete block design:

H - Herbicide (non-soil active) used to control all herbaceous and woody competing vegetation throughout the life of the study.

F - Fertilize as follows: First two growing seasons - 250 lbs/ac DAP plus 100 lbs/ac KCL in
the spring and 50 lbs/ac of DAP in mid-summer. During each subsequent growing season - 150 lbs/ac ammonium nitrate early to mid-summer.

HF - Both H and F treatments.

C - Control treatment - no treatment following standard site preparation.

A fifth treatment is replication of all treatment plots at each location every two years for the first ten years of the study. Due to space limitations it was impossible to apply all treatments described above at all locations.
Furthermore, the interval between time replications has been increased to four years. The oldest trees in this study were established in Waycross, Georgia in 1987. For this location we have 9-year measurements. Two installations
located in Eatonton, Georgia and one in Tifton, GA are currently 8 years old, and the installation in Athens, Georgia is currently 7 years old. Two other installations, Thompson and Dawsonville, Georgia, are not discussed in this
report since there was no fertilizer treatment possible at Thompson (due to space limitations) and the plots in Dawsonville experienced various catastrophes ranging from floods to extensive beaver damage.

Borders et al. (1996)
reported on the initial modeling results with data from this study and presented models that relate tree growth rates to environmental conditions and cultural treatments. In our current work we wish to report on the actual rates of
growth per unit area for the various treatment combinations and relate these to the economics of timber production with southern pine plantations.

(
Tables 1-6)
shows that more intensive treatment plots grew at faster rates than less intensive treatments. In the following discussion, when specific treatment differences are discussed significance indicates that the differences were statistically significant at the .05 level unless otherwise indicated.

At all locations except the Waycross sites the effect of removing competing vegetation (H treatment) was significantly greater than the effect of the fertilization regime (F treatment). Note, however that at the Tifton site
average diameter for the fertilization treatment was greater than for the herbicide treatment. This difference is a result of excessive mortality on the fertilization plots resulting in an average density of 336 spa compared to 624
spa for the herbicide only treatment plots. Magnitude of response at the Waycross sites was greater for the fertilization treatment than for the herbicide treatment, in fact the herbicide only treatment was not significantly larger
than the control treatment. It seems that response due to fertilization is site specific, however, response due to vegetation control is more consistent from location to location (i.e. all sites exhibit a positive response due to
control of competing vegetation). At the Tifton location fertilization alone resulted in tremendously increased levels of competing vegetation which ultimately resulted in increased pine mortality. However, at the Waycross
locations fertilization not only increased the amount of competing vegetation but increased pine growth over and above that observed on vegetation control plots. Another important observation is that the combination of
fertilization and vegetation control resulted in the largest individual trees as well as the largest per acre basal area and volume at all locations.

The objective of this study was to create a series of plots
established at the same point in time which grow at different rates. The treatments were not chosen with operational usefulness in mind. Yearly fertilization may or may not be necessary to achieve growth rates similar to those
shown above. Regardless, the very intensive HF treatment used in this study may have resulted in achieving the maximum biological growth potential of loblolly pine grown in the southeastern U.S. Mean annual increment of cubic foot
volume (MAI) for the most intensive treatment (HF) at the six locations described above ranges from 2.9 cords/acre at the Athens site to 4.7 cords/acre at the Waycross wet site

(Table 7). A comparison of these growth rates with growth rates of pines in other states and parts of the world supports a view that our plots are exhibiting loblolly pine growth that approaches the biological maximum for
this species. For example, growth through age 9 for the wet-site HF treatment at our Waycross location exceeds any other yet reported for loblolly pine in the US and is just 22 cu ft/ac/yr less than reported growth for the species
in Brazil (Table 8).

Growth rates observed in this study are two to three times the levels of standard loblolly pine plantations grown on average
sites in the southeastern U.S. which produce on the order of one to one and one half cords/acre/year. In fact, the data presented above show that loblolly pine grown in the southeastern U.S. can approach the highest yields produced
anywhere in the world. This production is the result of intensive management including control of all competing vegetation and a yearly fertilization regime. Growth of tree species can be considered to be limited by the necessary
factor in shortest supply. If tree nutrition is adequate then water availability may be the limiting growth factor. If water availability is adequate then nutrition may the limiting factor. Of course there are many possible
limiting factors. Allen and others (1987) have defined a 1.1% level of Nitrogen content in the needles of southern pines as a critical level needed to insure good growth rates. However, in a study reported by Harms and others
(1994) they reported on very fast growing loblolly pine in Hawaii that exhibited leaf nitrogen levels of 1.73% which is much higher than any nitrogen levels observed in loblolly pine grown in the southeastern U.S. Although we can
not be sure why loblolly pine grown in Hawaii; grows dramatically faster than most loblolly grown in the southeast, our study would suggest that increased nutritional levels (i.e. yearly fertilization) may be a factor.

Our trees
are relatively young, so a reasonable question to ask is how will they grow for the next 5 to 10 years. It is difficult to make growth projections for these tree since there have been no models developed in the southeastern U.S.
for loblolly plantations grown under such an intensive regime. However, some development patterns of pine plantations are quite predictable. For example, in general we know that for southern pines the average annual basal area
growth culminates three to eight years prior to the age of maximum MAI. With such general patterns in mind, we attempted to identify recorded growth data and yield models for loblolly and other pine species grown in other areas
where early growth patterns are similar to those observed on our study plots. By matching such a model or growth-series data to ours, we can then make reasonable projections of growth and preliminary financial analysis of intensive
management alternatives.

Several growth and yield models were evaluated on their ability to predict per acre basal area and volume for the Waycross, Georgia wet site at ages

4, 6 and 9 years. Two models were found that gave acceptable predictions. One was developed for loblolly pine grown in South African2
and the other for Pinus caribaea grown in Sri Lanka3. Based on predictions from these models, as well as known patterns of growth for BA and VOL, we extrapolated growth to ages 12 and 15 for the HF treatment at our
Waycross wet site (Table 9).

Current production rates are not even close to their potential. Is it possible to realize this type

of production operationally and economically? Our study was not intended to simulate operational procedures. However, complete competition control is now being approached by several organizations on an operational scale. Maybe in the near future not only will complete vegetation control be routine but also multiple fertilization regimes will become operational. With the growth rates observed on these intensively managed areas it may be that in some parts of the Southeast such as south Georgia and other areas where pulpwood is very valuable and in high demand this type of management will not only be possible but will be economically desirable. Based on the data shown above and the extrapolation through age 15, it is clear that intensively managed stands should produce significant amounts of fiber as early as 12 to 14 years of age. It is not unreasonable to believe that current fiber rotation lengths of 20 to 25 years can realistically be reduced to 12 to 15 years while doubling or tripling production on a given acre of ground. Such an approach could have both economic and environmental benefits. From an economic perspective, fewer acres could reduce both harvesting costs and regeneration costs. Of course, from an environmental perspective, production of equal or greater amounts of fiber on fewer acres reduces pressure to convert more and more natural acres to plantations thus possibly facilitating protection of sensitive natural areas.

To look at the economics of intensive management treatments as discussed above we evaluated management scenarios that result in one of three possible yields (pessimistic, average, optimistic). The pessimistic yield
assumption will be 4000 ft3/ac at age 14 (approximately 44 cords/ac or MAI of 3.1 cords/ac/year). The average yield assumption is 4500 ft3/ac at age 14 (approximately 50 cords/ac or MAI of 3.5 cords/ac/year). The optimistic yield
assumption is 5000 ft3/ac at age 14 (approximately 55 cords/ac/year or MAI of 3.9 cords/ac/year). These yields may seem high when compared to stands that have been managed without intensive treatments. However, as shown above,
these types of yields are

quite realistic when stands are managed very intensively. We assumed a management scenario begins with a very intensive site preparation treatment
which may be mechanical, chemical or a combination mechanical and chemical along with pre-planting fertilization (Table 10). Following a one year delay, the site will be planted at a cost of $80/ac with approximately 680
trees per acre, the planting density used in the our study. During the first and second growing seasons chemical control of herbaceous weed will be performed at a cost of $50/ac (Table 10). In years 2, 6 and 10 additional
fertilizer will be applied at a cost of $75/ac (Table 10). We are not proposing any specific fertilization treatments since they will undoubtedly differ by site and soils. In our scenario, the stand will be harvested in year
14 assuming one of the three yield scenarios described above. Note that we are not suggesting that this management scenario is the optimal one or even that it is a reasonable one. We simply put it forward as one alternative that
could be used to obtain growth rates of 3 cords/ac/yr, which appears realistic based on results of our study and rates of growth as reported by others (Table 8).

Bare land values (BLV) calculated for each yield
scenario with a constant dollar analysis at a 5% discount rate assuming that all volume will be pulpwood at harvest clearly demonstrate the financial feasibility of such intensive management (Table 11). Three stumpage rates
were applied ($40, $45 and $50 per cord) and annual taxes and administration costs were assumed to be $7/acre. The results clearly indicate that loblolly pine managed very intensively in the southeastern U.S. to achieve a MAI of 3
or more cords per acre can be a financial success (Table 11). Even with our most pessimistic assumptions about stumpage rates and growth, the BLV is over $400/acre. The internal rates of return represented by the 9
combinations in Table 11 ranged from 7.8% to 11.6%.

Discussion

Current growth rates of loblolly pine in the Southeast are not even close to their potential. Our data indicate that loblolly pine grown in the Southeast
can produce at rates comparable to those reported from its growth throughout other parts of the world. Furthermore, the investment required to obtain these growth rates will be economically feasible. As the forest production land
base continues to erode from pressures such as environmental concerns and urban expansion it is sometime prudent to consider this type of intensive management in order to maintain productive capacity.

1 Funding for this study was provided by Georgia Power Company and the Georgia Forestry Commision.2 Harrison, W.M. , Unpublished manuscript.3
Brister, G.H. The growth and yield of Caribbean pine plantations. Unpublished manuscript.

Harms, W.R., D.S. DeBell, and C.D. Whitesell. 1994. Stand and
tree characteristics and stockability in Pinus taeda plantations in Hawaii and South Carolina. Canadian Journal of Forest Research 24:511-521.

Table 2: Mean treatment values for the
B.F. Grant powerline site at age 8.

Treatment

HD(ft)

D(in)

BA(ft2)

VOL(ft3/ac)

SPA

C

28.7

3.9

54.7

0

636

F

33.9

4.9

74.5

1226

564

H

39.3

5.4

101.9

1908

628

HF

42.3

6.3

125.3

2454

588

Table 3: Mean treatment values for the
B.F. Grant monitor site at age 8.

Treatment

HD(ft)

D(in)

BA(ft2)

VOL(ft3/ac)

SPA

C

27.0

3.8

54.1

708

640

F

31.4

4.7

73.6

1133

592

H

38.5

5.7

108.6

1951

612

HF

39.4

6.0

119.9

2225

584

Table 4: Mean treatment values for the
Tifton site at age 8.

Treatment

HD(ft)

D(in)

BA(ft2)

VOL(ft3/ac)

SPA

C

30.8

4.8

72.2

1110

568

F

34.1

6.6

82.6

1389

336

H

37.6

5.6

109.7

2037

624

HF

41.2

6.4

128.0

2533

564

Table 5. Mean treatment values for the
Waycross dry site at age 9.

Treatment

HD(ft)

D(in)

BA(ft2)

VOL(ft3/ac)

SPA

C

35.4

4.5

72.3

1217

592

F

46.9

6.4

137.2

2810

640

H

41.2

5.5

107.0

1928

624

HF

47.2

6.4

150.0

3133

648

Table 6. Mean treatment values for the
Waycross wet site at age 9.

Treatment

HD(ft)

D(in)

BA(ft2)

VOL(ft3/ac)

SPA

C

33.8

4.1

65.0

956

672

F

48.3

6.3

153.3

9876

684

H

40.3

5.2

101.0

1826

672

HF

53.5

6.6

158.9

3780

648

Table 7. Mean
annual increment (ft3/ac/yr and cords1/ac/yr) for the HF treatment at six
locations.

Installation

Age

MAI(ft3/ac)

MAI(cords/ac)

Athens

7

263.3

2.9

BF Grant - powerline

8

306.6

3.4

BF Grant - monitor

8

278.1

3.1

Tifton

8

316.6

3.5

Waycross - dry site

9

348.1

3.9

Waycross - wet site

9

420.0

4.7

1 Assume 90 ft3 of wood and bark per cord

Table 8. Mean
annual increment (MAI) of total volume (ft3/ac) for plantations of various pine
species at different locations around the world (bold type indicates sites from the
University of Georgia study discussed above).

Location

Species

MAI

Rotation

Costa Rica1

P. caribaea

572

8

Brazil1

P. caribaea

386

16

Fiji1

P. caribaea

300

12-15

Swaziland1

P. patula

272

15

Malawi2

P. patula

257

16

South Africa2

P. taeda

523

22

Brazil2

P. taeda

442

8

Waycross, GA

P. taeda

420

9

Australia2

P. taeda

382

16

Haiwii2

P. taeda

371

11

S. Carolina2

P. taeda

352

11

Waycross, GA

P. taeda

348

9

Tfiton, GA

P. taeda

317

8

Eatonton, GA

P. taeda

307

8

Eatonton, GA

P. taeda

278

8

Athens, GA

P. taeda

263

7

Louisiana2

P. taeda

252

19

1 From Evans (1992) 2 From Burns and Hu (1982)

Table 9. Actual growth for ages 4, 6
and 9 along with predicted growth for ages 12 and 15 for loblolly pine in the Southeast US
under intensive cultural practices. Values shown for trees/acre, average height of
dominant trees (HD), basal area (BA) and cubic volume per acre (VOL).

Age

Trees/ac

HD(ft)

BA(ft2/ac)

VOL(ft3/ac)

4

652

18.4

46.9

--

6

652

36.8

104.8

--

9

648

53.5

158.9

3780

12

632

65

197

4800

15

608

76

222

5500

Table 10. Costs of various management
activities for an intensively managed stand which is harvested at age 14.

Year

Activity

Cost($)

0

Intensive site preparation

200

1

Planting

80

1

Herbaceous weed control

50

2

Fertilization

75

2

Herbaceous weed control

50

6

Fertilization

75

10

Fertilization

75

14

Harvest

Table 11. Bare land value ($/acre) for
three yield scenarios and 3 stumpage values for an intensively managed stand harvested for
pulpwood at age 14.