Middle East

1:13 pm

Tue February 14, 2012

Iran Can Disrupt Key Waterway — But For How Long?

The USS Abraham Lincoln sailed from the Persian Gulf through the Strait of Hormuz on Tuesday. This photo was taken from the bridge of the aircraft carrier and shows U.S. aircraft parked on its flight deck. In the background, a U.S. destroyer patrols.

A helicopter from the aircraft carrier USS Abraham Lincoln hovers over an Iranian patrol ship during a transit through the Strait of Hormuz on Tuesday.

Jumana El HelouehReuters/Landov

The dispute over Iran's nuclear program has again rocked oil markets. And Iran is threatening to close the Strait of Hormuz, which is just 34 miles wide yet serves as the passageway for 20 percent of the world's oil.

This is not a new drama. In fact, it was a recurring issue in the 1980s. Still, there's been relatively little activity among Gulf oil producers to find alternative routes to get their oil to market.

The United Arab Emirates is one of the few that has made a serious effort. It has completed construction of a new 230-mile pipeline that bypasses the strait, traveling from Abu Dhabi on the Persian Gulf in the west to Fujairah on the Gulf of Oman in the east.

But local energy reporters say there's less there than meets the eye. Technical problems have delayed use of the line by several months. And even when fully operational, the pipeline won't even cover Abu Dhabi's daily production, let alone anyone else's.

In fact, it will transport only about half the emirate's daily production, says Adal Mirza, who covers energy for MEED, the Middle East Economic Digest. The pipeline's capacity is 1.5 million barrels a day, while Abu Dhabi produces about 2.5 million barrels a day.

Mirza says of the major Gulf oil producers, only the UAE and Saudi Arabia have pipeline alternatives to shipping oil through the Strait of Hormuz. Mirza says by converting a petroleum products pipeline to carry crude across the desert, the Saudis could make up a fraction of their current production should traffic in the strait be disrupted.

"Saudi Arabia ... has a production capacity of 12.5 million barrels a day. They can only transport a maximum of 5 million barrels a day from the east coast to the Gulf of Suez," Mirza explains. "Other countries, such as Qatar and Kuwait, would be entirely blocked out, as would Iraq. If you take into account the whole of the Gulf, it would knock out possibly two-thirds of export capacity."

Temporary Closure Possible

So why have world oil markets, despite some jittery moments, remained relatively calm about the worst-case scenario for the Strait of Hormuz?

Analysts say it's simple: Few people believe Iran can actually deliver on its threat.

Mustafa Alani of the Geneva-based Gulf Research Center says there are several factors weighing against Iran's ability to close the strait. Hormuz is classified as an international waterway by the United Nations, meaning international military action to keep it open would not only be permitted but is expected.

The shipping channels are actually on the Omani side of the strait, not the Iranian side, and as a practical matter, Alani says Iran has already demonstrated during the Iran-Iraq War in the 1980s that it couldn't keep the strait closed.

For eight years, he says, the Iranians tried to close Hormuz. They used all the means at their disposal, utilizing their air force and navy, and including strategies such as mining and speed boats.

"[They] tried to close Hormuz and to prevent the transport of oil. They failed," Alani says.

U.S. and European military officials have also said they don't believe Iran can close the strait for any length of time. Some analysts, however, say a temporary closure may be possible.

Theodore Karasik with the Institute for Near East and Gulf Military Analysis in Dubai estimates that the strait could be closed for 10 to 15 days, maximum.

Despite what he calls a "robust" international military presence near the strait, Iran could cause problems with asymmetrical attacks.

"It's something to worry about, because of the mines issue ... and the fact that suicide boats are very difficult to stop," Karasik says. "So if they really want to make a statement for a week, then they will make a statement for a week."

But he agrees with other analysts that Iran could not keep the strait closed. Meanwhile, Iran's Revolutionary Guard is scheduling more naval exercises in the strait later this month.

Copyright 2012 National Public Radio. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.

Transcript

MELISSA BLOCK, HOST:

This is ALL THINGS CONSIDERED from NPR News. I'm Melissa Block.

ROBERT SIEGEL, HOST:

I'm Robert Siegel.

And we end this hour with Iran. Tensions were already high before Israeli officials in India and the Republic of Georgia narrowly escaped assassination attempts this week. Israel blames Iran for the attacks. We'll hear more about that in just a minute.

BLOCK: But first, to Iran's repeated threats to close the Strait of Hormuz. Twenty percent of the world's oil tankers pass through the strait and Tehran has threatened to shut it down in response to pressure from the West over its nuclear program.

NPR's Peter Kenyon visited several Gulf Arab states that depend on the strait to ship their oil and he reports they're surprisingly calm.

PETER KENYON, BYLINE: The Strait of Hormuz, just 34 miles wide at its narrowest point between Iran and Oman, has been called the world's most strategic waterway. Iran has made numerous threats to close the strait in recent decades, causing crude oil markets to gyrate, but generating surprisingly little activity among Gulf oil producers to find alternative routes to get their oil to market.

One of the few efforts has been made by the United Arab Emirates. Abu Dhabi has completed construction of a new pipeline, which bypasses the strait. But local energy reporters say there's less there than meets the eye. Technical problems have delayed use of the line by several months, for one thing. And even when fully operational, the pipeline won't even cover Abu Dhabi's daily production, let alone anyone else's.

ADAL MIRZA: It's roughly half. The capacity is approximately one and a half million barrels a day and they're producing at about 2.5 million barrels a day.

KENYON: Adal Mirza covers energy for MEED, the Middle East Economic Digest. He says, of the major Gulf oil producers, only the UAE and Saudi Arabia have pipeline alternatives to shipping oil through the Strait of Hormuz. Mirza says, by converting a petroleum product's pipeline to carry crude across the desert, the Saudis could make up a fraction of their current production should traffic in the strait be disrupted.

MIRZA: I mean, you have Saudi Arabia, which is producing - has a production capacity of about twelve and a half million barrels a day. They can only transport a maximum of five million barrels a day from the east coast to the Gulf of Suez. Other countries, such as Qatar and Kuwait, would be entirely blocked out, as would Iraq.

KENYON: So why have world oil markets, despite some jittery moments, remained relatively calm about the worst-case scenario for the Strait of Hormuz? Analysts say it's simple. Few people believe Iran can actually deliver on its threat.

Mustafa Alani with the Geneva-based Gulf Research Center says there are several factors weighing against Iran's ability to close the strait. Hormuz is classified as an international waterway by the U.N., meaning international military action to keep it open would not only be permitted, but expected. And as a practical matter, Alani says Iran has already demonstrated during the Iran-Iraq War that it can't keep the strait closed.

MUSTAFA ALANI: The Iranian tried to close Hormuz eight years and they done everything possible, from mining to the air force to navy to the speed boat, tried to close Hormuz and to prevent the export of oil. They failed.

KENYON: U.S. and European military officials have also said they don't believe Iran can close the strait for any length of time. Some analysts, however, say a temporary closure may be possible.

THEODORE KARASIK: We estimate that the strait could only be closed for maybe 10 days, maximum 15, depending on what transpires.

KENYON: Theodore Karasik with the Institute for Near East and Gulf Military Analysis in Dubai says despite what he calls a robust international military presence near the strait, Iran could cause problems with asymmetrical attacks.

KARASIK: It's something to worry about because of the mines issue, I think, and the fact that suicide boats are very difficult to stop. So, if they really want to make a statement for a week, then they will make a statement for a week.

KENYON: But Karasik agrees with other analysts that Iran could not keep the strait closed.