10 Facts to Help You Discover Chinese Architecture in 10 Minutes

Chinese architecture covers buildings and structures from ancient to modern China — from city walls, temples, pagodas, and tombs, through colonial buildings, to skyscrapers. These distinctive trends and types of buildings introduced should help you understand Chinese architecture more.

1. From 2,000 years ago, stronger structures were perfected.

Xi'an City Wall

Ancient (imperial) Chinese architecture started developing very rapidly from the Han Dynasty (206 BC – 220 AD) onwards. At this point, builders had mastered earth ramming skills for city walls and the Great Wall, and knew how to fire tiles and built with cut stones.

It wasn't until the Three Kingdoms to the Southern and Northern Dynasties era (220–589) that much characteristically Chinese architecture developed, including Buddhist architecture.

During the Sui (581–618) and Tang (618–907) dynasties, advances were made in kilns, and bricks had become more popular. These two eras are known for their great conquests and achievements, including those in architecture.

The Forbidden City

2. Imperial palaces demonstrated political control through architecture.

This is why no expense was spared during the building of imperial palaces.

4. Grand mausoleums were built to honor departed emperors.

In Chinese culture and architecture, mausoleums are really important because in ancient China people believed that people's spirits lived on in tombs after the body passed away.

Ming Tombs

As mausoleums were built according to fengshui, most Chinese mausoleums are found on or nearby mountains. Other distinguishing features include a path leading up to the structure, as well as statues of humans or beasts on either side of this path.

5. Ancient Chinese cities were frequently surrounded by a set of walls.

Pingyao City Walls

Back in ancient and imperial days, Chinese cities often had inner walls and outer walls.

Large gates opened up to allow people in and out. Beijing, for example, contained nine magnificent gates during the Ming and Qing dynasties (1368–1912).

The four corners of the walls had watch towers, which were used as look-out points to keep an eye out. You can still these structures at the Xi'an Ancient City Wall, the Pingyao Ancient City Wall, and in Nanjing, the latter of which is probably one of the most elaborate of all city walls.

6. Pagodas were introduced into China alongside Buddhism.

Big Goose Pagoda in Xi'an

Pagodas' octagonal towers were introduced to China along with Buddhism from India. As a result of Chinese influences, pagodas in India and China are different. For example, Indian pagodas generally have relics inside, but in China this isn't usually the case.

Pretty much every Chinese landscape garden contains architecture, like a pagoda, colonnade, or a pavilion, decorative rocks, and a rock garden, plants, trees, flowers, and water elements. Most Chinese gardens are also enclosed by a wall and with winding paths.

8. After the 1840s, Chinese architecture started to blend traditional Chinese and Western characteristics.

Shanghai's Bund

Buildings built after the 1840s, particularly those for entertainment such as restaurants, hotels, theaters, and so forth, started to incorporate Western elements into their design.

Modern Chinese architecture became more of a mix of elements, something that is especially visible in the cities of Beijing, Shanghai, Tianjin, Qingdao, and Harbin, which had more foreign exposure.

Tianjin especially is famous for its foreign legation quarter, five remaining streets downtown with over 100 imposing residences, but Shanghai's Bund has an equally impressive display of foreign-style architecture, which you can see walking past or on a Huangpu River Cruise.

9. China's opening to the world in the 1980s led to more new architectural styles developing.

The Bird's Nest

Today, you'll see some really impressive architecture throughout the entire country as a result of the opening up of China in the 1980s, but also as a result of China's rapid economic modernization.

10. China's now has the world's most impressive collection of skyscrapers.

Around 15 years ago, China had mostly 10-to-30-story buildings filling up the big cities. Then, by early 2016, nine of the world's 20 supertall buildings (above 400m) were to be found in China.

Hong Kong's ICC Tower

Visiting Beijing, Shanghai, Shenzhen, or Hong Kong, you'll be amazed by the incredible tall buildings that are either completed or still mid-construction. The Shanghai Tower is currently the tallest tower in China, and the second tallest in the world, standing at 632 meters and 128 floors.

Hong Kong's tallest building is the ICC Tower, at 484 meters, 10th in the world [2017]. It has a great viewing platform (Sky 100) on the 100th floor where you can marvel at Hong Kong's incredible infrastructure and mountainous nature.