AD 70 – Siege of Jerusalem: Titus, son of Roman Emperor Vespasian, storms the Fortress of Antonia north of the Temple Mount; his army is drawn into street fights with the Zealots

1304 – Wars of Scottish Independence: King Edward I of England takes Stirling Castle, the last Scottish stronghold of resistance to English rule, using the Warwolf, the largest trebuchet ever built. It took five master carpenters, and 49 laborers three months to complete, and 30 wagons to move the Warwolf when it was disassembled

Full-Size Riding Lawnmower with 1/20th scale model of the Warwolf

1591 – Anne Hutchinson baptized (birthdate not noted) in England; American colonial preacher, midwife, and notable figure in American colonial religious freedom. Her father, an Anglican cleric and teacher, gave her a far better education than most girls and even many boys received. She and her husband William became followers of the Puritan John Cotton, who preached simplicity, and doing away with ceremony and vestments of the Church of England; Cotton and his wife fled England for the Massachusetts Bay Colony in 1633. Anne and William Hutchinson with their 11 children followed the Cottons to Boston in 1634. She was greatly in demand as a midwife, and soon began having weekly women’s meetings in her home, commenting on recent sermons. Men started coming to the meetings as well. Then she accused local ministers, other than Cotton and her brother-in-law Reverend John Wheelwright, of preaching a “covenant of works” rather than a “covenant of grace,” and made other accusations against them, leading to increasing tensions between the minority Free Grace adherents and the majority of the colony’s ministers and magistrates. Hutchinson and others, including John Wheelwright, were put on trial. Hutchinson was banished from the colony when she claimed she possessed direct personal revelation from God. She and her remaining supporters founded the settlement of Portsmouth on Narragansett Bay in Providence Plantations (now Rhode Island), founded by Roger Williams, a staunch advocate for religious freedom

The 1782 Great Seal of the United States

1837 – Euston railway station opens in London as the terminus of the London and Birmingham Railway (L&BR), the city’s first intercity railway station

Euston Station in 1937 showing wrought iron roof

1840 – Samuel Morse gets the patent for the telegraph

1847 – Max Liebermann born, German painter and etcher

Self-Portrait by Max Liebermann (Tate Gallery)

1848 – The second and concluding day of the Woman’s Rights Convention in Seneca Falls NY. The only resolution that day which required a great deal of discussion before passing was: “Resolved, That it is the duty of the women of this country to secure to themselves their sacred right to the elective franchise.” It took 72 years for American women to finally get the right to vote passed as the 19th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution, although some voting rights had been won before that, beginning with the Wyoming territory in 1869

1871 – British Columbia becomes a Canadian province

1872 – Deodat de Severac born, French composer, noted for vocal and choral music

1877 – First commercial telephone service is installed in Hamilton, Ontario, Canada

1881 – Sitting Bull surrenders to federal troops in Montana

1887 – Victoria Terminus, the busiest railway station in India, opens in Bombay

1890 – Julie Vinter Hansen born, Danish astronomer; in 1915, she was the first woman to hold an appointment at the University of Copenhagen, as a ‘computer’ at the University’s observatory, then became an observatory assistant, and in 1922, she was promoted to observer. Editor of the Nordisk Astronomisk Tidsskrift (Nordic Astronomy Review), then Director of the International Astronomical Union’s telegram bureau. By 1939, she was the First Astronomer of the University of Copenhagen observatory, well-known for her accurate computation of orbits of minor planets and comets. She was awarded the 1939 Tagea Brandt Rejselegat Award, which enabled her to travel, and the 1940 Annie Jump Cannon Award in Astronomy. In 1956, she was appointed a knight in the Order of the Danneborg

1914 – The South African Native Congress petitions King George V of the UK, protesting the Native Lands Act of 1913, which allocated less than 10% of arable land to Africans, turning over most of the fertile land to white settlers, and legalizing territorial segregation for the first time. This leads to widespread overcrowding, poverty and overfarming of the limited land available to Africans, who were almost 68% of the population, while whites were only 22%, the rest of the population being mixed race or of Indian subcontinent heritage. The were vested in African chiefs as communal land that could not be bought, sold or used as surety. This deprived black South Africans of the right to own land. The act also banned black tenant farming on white-owned land

1919 – Jacquemine Charrott Lodwidge born to a British father and a French mother; English writer on crime and magic, TV and film art director, and bookseller. Her father died when she was nine, so she was raised primarily speaking French. During WWII, she served for two years with the Free French forces among the Bedouins in the Syrian desert. After the war, she studied architectural history and spent several years in Greece, then worked as a researcher for BBC television, and worked her way up to art director; in between film assignments, she started selling books to supplement her income, beginning in a gazebo, and calling the enterprise Pelekas Books. It was described by R. H. Lewis: “There are herons at the bottom of the terraced garden, and a river from which excellent rough fishing can be had; accompanying husbands or wives not interested in books are invited to bring fishing rods. The building has been redesigned with film-set type features such as a spiral staircase and a gazebo, where the books are now housed . . . Normal hours, when Jacquemine is not on location, so strictly by appointment.”

1921 – Congresswoman Alice Mary Robertson (R-OK) becomes the first woman to preside over the U.S. House of Representatives – surprisingly, not a fan of feminists, considering she couldn’t have been a member of Congress without their untiring efforts

1924 – The international chess federation, Federation Internationale des Echecs (FIDE), is founded in Paris

1927 – Simin Behbahani born as Simin Khalili, Iranian icon of contemporary Persian poetry, lyricist and activist, dubbed “the lioness of Iran.” She became a major force in bringing the ghazal, a traditional Persian verse form somewhat like an ode, into modern usage; President of the Iranian Writers Association; honored with awards for both her poetry and her humanitarian and civil rights advocacy

1927 – Barbara Bergmann born, notable feminist economist whose work covered arrange of issues from childcare to poverty and Social Security, using microsimulations and macrovariables; she argued that discrimination is a pervasive characteristic of labor markets, and against traditional economic methodology as fraught with unrealistic assumptions leading to faulty conclusions. Co-founder and president of the International Association for Feminist Economics, and a trustee of Economists for Peace and Security; honored with the 2004 Carolyn Shaw Bell Award for increasing the status of women in economics and showing how women can advance in the academic field

1933 – Under German Chancellor Adolf Hitler, 200 Jewish merchants from Nuremberg are arrested and paraded through the streets

1933 – Cormac McCarthy born, American novelist, playwright and screenwriter; his 1992 novel All the Pretty Horses won the National Book Award and the National Book Critics Circle Award

1936 – Barbara Mikulski born, American politician, U.S. Senator (D-Maryland 1987-2017); U.S.House of Representatives (D-Maryland 1977-1987); the longest-serving woman in the history of the U.S. Congress, and longest-serving Senator from Maryland

1938 – Dame Diana Rigg born, British stage, television and screen actor; former member of the Royal Shakespeare Company; memorable as Mrs. Emma Peele in the British television series The Avengers, and as Olenna Tyrrell in Game of Thrones. When she discovered after making 12 episodes of The Avengers that the cameraman was earning more money than she was, “I made a bit of a stink. At the time, it was considered very bad form.” She claimed not to be a feminist because she enjoys a man being courteous

1939 – Judy Chicago born, American artist, feminist and author, known for large collaborative art installations; her masterpiece, The Dinner Party, now at the Brooklyn Museum, consists of three ‘wings’ with place settings for remarkable female figures in legend and history

1944 – FDR nominated for an unprecedented fourth term at Democratic Convention

1947 – Carlos Santana born in Mexico, Mexican and American Grammy-winning guitarist, his band Santana is notable for Rock-Latin Jazz fusion

1953 – The United Nations Economic and Social Council votes to make UNICEF a permanent agency

1961 – “Stop the World, I Want to Get Off” opens in London

1962 – Julie Bindel born, English writer, extreme radical feminist; co-founder of the law-reform group Justice for Women, which has helped women prosecuted for killing violent male partners; in addition to non-fiction books, she is a regular contributor to The Guardian, New Statesman, and The Sunday Telegraph

1964 – Terri Irwin born in the U.S., American-Australian naturalist, conservationist and author; owner of the Australia Zoo in Beerwah, Queensland. Co-starred with her husband, Steve Irwin, in The Crocodile Hunter, from 1997 until his death in 2006

1965 – Bob Dylan releases “Like a Rolling Stone”

1968 ­– Hugh Masekela’s “Grazing in the Grass” is #1 on the singles chart

1968 – Iron Butterfly’s “In-a-gadda-da-vida” is heavy metal’s first song to hit the charts

1969 – National Moon Day * – Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin become the first humans to walk on moon

1981 – Viktoria Ladõnskaja born, Estonian Pro Patria party politician; elected to the Riigikogu (parliament) in 2015; previously worked as a journalist and freelance writer

1985 – A team of divers led by American treasure hunters Mel Fisher and Finley Richard find the wreck of Spanish treasure Galleon Nuestra Señora de Atocha, one of the richest shipwrecks ever recovered, setting off a legal battle between Mel Fisher and the state of Florida, which is finally settled by the U.S Supreme Court in Fisher’s favor July 1, 1992

1989 – Aung San Suu Kyi, National League for Democracy (NLD) General Secretary, is arrested after NLD wins 81% of the seats in Parliament, because the ruling military junta nullifies the election results and refuses to hand over power. She will remain under house arrest for almost 15 years, until November 13, 2010

1990 – A federal appeals court sets aside Oliver North’s Iran-Contra convictions, after a special hearing to determine if any of the witnesses at his trial had been influenced by his nationally televised testimony before Congress, which he had been assured would not be used against him at his trial

1991 – The German Bundestag votes to move the capital from Bonn back to Berlin

2012 – A masked man, claiming to be Batman’s nemesis The Joker and armed with an assault rifle and other firearms, killed 12 people and injured 70 other audience members watching the Batman movie The Dark Knight Rises at a theater in Aurora Colorado

2017 – O.J. Simpson is granted parole, after serving nine years of a 33-year sentence for armed robbery in Las Vegas, and released from prison on October 1, 2017

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About wordcloud9

Nona Blyth Cloud has lived and worked in the Los Angeles area for the past 45 years, spending much of that time commuting on the 405 Freeway. After Hollywood failed to appreciate her genius for acting and directing, she began a second career managing non-profits, from which she has retired.
Nona has now resumed writing whatever comes into her head, instead of reports and pleas for funding. She lives in a small house overrun by books with her wonderful husband and a bewildered Border Collie.