NeuroII- phathophysiology-Cohen

Phineas Gage had an iron rod affect the left side of his frontal lobe in 1848, what changed?

major changes in behavior, personality, and speech.

What does localization of function and lateralization refer to with the brain?

left hemisphere has different functions then the right, and different areas preform different functions, such as Broca's area and Wernicke area.

Where is Broca's area?

Left Frontal lobe

Where is Wernike's area?

Left temporal lobe

What is Brodmann's area 8 for?

Helps control eye movement. Damage to this part of brain will cause eye to deviate toward the side of injury. the roll of brodmann's 8 in healthy individual is to move eyes toward opposite side. (8 looks like a pair of glasses)

What is the role of Brodmann's area 4?

It is the primary motor cortex. Anterior to the Central Sulcus.

What is the role of Brodmann's area 3?

It is located posterior to the Central sulcus as the somatosensory portion of the brain. Lesions affecting the primary somatosensory cortex produce characteristic symptoms including: agraphesthesia, astereognosia, hemihypesthesia, and loss of vibration, proprioception and fine touch (because the third-order neuron of the medial-lemniscal pathway cannot synapse in the cortex). It can also produce hemineglect,

if it affects the non-dominant hemisphere. Destruction of brodmann area

3, 1, and 2 results in contralateral hemihypesthesia and astereognosis.

It could also reduce nociception, thermoception, and crude touch, but, since information from the spinothalamic tract is interpreted mainly by other areas of the brain (see insular cortex and cingulate gyrus), it is not as relevant as the other symptoms

What is the role of Brodmann's area 41?

The auditory cortex, the primary auditory area of the brain. Located in the temporal lobe on the superior portion, loss of both sides results in complete cortical defness. Only slight deffness results from loss of one side.

What is the role of Brodmann's area 44?

Pars opercularis, part of the frontal cortex, anterior to the premotor cortex, phonological and syntactic processing, also known as Broca's area. Broca's aphasia is also known as expressive aphasia, "they know what they want to say, they just can't say it."

What is Wernicke's aphasia? Also known as receptive aphasia.

Affects Brodmann's area 22, and the patients cannot interpret/understand written or spoken language.

What is the Role of Brodmann's area 17?

Located in the occipital lobe, used for visual cortex.

What are the functions of the frontal lobe?

Movement

Reasoning

Behavior

Memory

Personality

Planning

Decision Making

Judgement

Initiatie

Inhibition

Mood

What is the function of the parietal lobe?

tell right from left

calculations

sensations

reading

writing

What is the role of the occipital lobe?

vision

What is the role of the temporal lobe?

language comprehension

behavior

memory

hearing

emotions

What is the role of the cerebellum?

balance

coordination

fine muscle control

What is the role of the pituitary gland?

hormones

growth

fertility

What is the role of the brain stem?

Breathing

blood pressure

hearbeat

swallowing

What is the function of the Corpus Callosum?

Also known as the colossal commissure, a wide flat bundle of neural fibers under the cortex. connects the right and left hemispheres.

What is the funcition of the basal ganglia?

Works in conjuction with the primary motor cortex and the corticospinal tracts to control motor function. Also called the extrapyramidal system. Dz of the basal ganglia include PD, movement disorders, and often damaged in stroke or tumor.

Where are the Red nucleus, Subthalamic nucleus, and Substantia nigra found?

Midbrain of brainstem.

What is the role of the limbic system?

important in emotions like fear, happiness, and rage. Connects to basal ganglia and nucleus ccumbens. DZ include schizophrenia, depression, bipolar dz, epilepsy, drug addiction. Also may have role in memory and maternal behavior.

Vital centers for cardiovascular function, respiration, and sleep/wake cycle are found where?

Brainstem

What part of the brainstem do you find CNs 3 and 4? What are they? What do they do?

collection of poorly described nuclei in medulla and pons. Maintains consciousness and relays info about state of body to sensory and motor cortices. Involved in the sleep and wake cycle.

Where to the radiations of the reticular formation go to?

from midbrain to cerebral cortex.

Where is the VERMIS found and what does it connect?

Vermis is found in midline of cerebellum and connects the two hemispheres.

With the Cerebellum, there is a nucleus that is very important, what is it and what does it do?

Dentate, responsible for planning, initiation and control of voluntar movements. Crucial for posture, equilibrium, conscious and subconscious movement. great density of neurons, often site of dz and metastatic cancer.

What is the "Double Cross" of the Cerebellum?

Each hemisphere of the cerebellum coordinates movement on its own side. info leaves cerebellum via superior cerebellar peduncle, crosses brainstem on way to thalamus on other side. Thalamus sends info to the motor cortex on its side. via the corticospinal tracts, which cross at the bottom of brainstem, control muscles on same side as the original cerebellar hemisphere.

What blood vessels provide the brain with the anterior circulation?

carotid arteries

What blood vessels provide circulation for the posterior of the brain?

Vertebral Arteries

Strokes are most commonly found in which branches of brain circulation?

Middle Cerebral Arteries

What is the main artery that supplies blood to the brainstem?

Basilar artery. the vertebral arteries join together to form the basilar artery that then splits into the posterior cerebral (after the circle of willis)

What are the veins of the brain called?

Sinuses

Hillary Clinton had a serious brain infarct. What kind was it?

Venous infarct. Can be caused by infections, meningitis, bony sinuses, mastoid sinuses or from pregnancy or childbirth

what is the connection from the 3rd to the 4th ventricle?

What is the exit from the 4th ventricle called?

cerebral aqueduct

Cisterna magna

A patient with increased volume of the ventricles has this condition:

Hydrocephalus. Can be benign, serious, or fatal with complete blockage.

Superfical to deep, what are the layering of the meninges?

Dura mater

Arachnoid

Subarachnoid space

pia mater

what is the meninge tightly attached to the surface of the brain and spinal cord?

pia mater

The arteries of the CNS are found in between what two layers of meningies? What is the space called?

Between pia mater and arachnoid in the subarachnoid space.

With meningitis, infection is truly of what layers/

pia mater and arachnoid

What nerve is found at C3-5?

phrenic nerve- innervates the diaphragm

What do C5-T1 innervate?

upper extremity, especially c6 and c7

What is the dermatome of T10?

umbilicus

where does the spinal cord end?

lower border of L1 vertebral body

L2-S1 innervate what?

lower extremity, L5 and S1 are clinically important

What is the main descending tract of the spinal cord?

Cortical spinal

What ascending tract is responsible for information on pain, temperature, and crude touch?

Lateral and anterior spinothalamic

What ascending tract provides information on proprioception, vibration, discriminative touch, and two point discrimination?

Gracile and cuneate fasciculi (posterior Columns)

At what level to the spinothalamic tracts cross and what information do they carry?

Cross at the level that they enter the spinal cord via substantia gelatinosa and ascend spinal cord on opposite side. Carry pain and temperature. synapse in the ventralposterior thalamus.

Where do the posterior columns/medial lemniscus tract cross and what information do they carry?

Carry proprioception and vibration via the gracile and cuneate fasciculi. Ascend the spinal cord on the same side that they enter until they reach the brainstem and cross as the medial lemniscus tract to the thalamus.

Where do the optic nerves first synapse on their way to the primary visual cortex?