In re HIGHT'S GUARDIANSHIP

¶0 1. GUARDIAN AND WARD--Mother appearing and resisting appointment of guardian of children, though filing no formal pleadings, was not "in default" requiring her to file affidavit showing her interest and right of appeal.Where a mother appears to resist the appointment of a guardian of her minor children and takes part in the hearing and excepts to the appointment, she is not in default so that she must file the affidavit showing her interest and right of appeal required of those in default as provided in 58 0. S. 1941 § 723, despite the fact that she files no formal pleadings or protest in the county court.
2. SAME--Presumption that amendment curing defect in appeal bond was properly allowed by district court.Where the record in a probate appeal pending in the district court contains an instrument styled "amended appeal bond," which is in proper form, and the record is silent as to the allowance of the amendment, and the district court overrules a motion to dismiss the appeal, this court, in passing upon a motion to dismiss the appeal, will presume that the amendment was properly allowed.
3. GUARDIAN AND WARD--Guardian of person and/or estate of minor may be appointed on petition of "relative or other person" in behalf of minor.A guardian of the person and estate, or either, of a minor, who is an inhabitant or resident of the county, or who resides without the state but has estate within the county, may be appointed on the petition of "a relative or other person" in behalf of such minor.
4. PARENT AND CHILD--Parent as such has no control over property of minor child.A parent, as such, has no control over the property of his or her minor child.
5. GUARDIAN AND WARD--Administratrix not disqualified to act as guardian of minor heirs.
A person is not disqualified to act as guardian of minors by reason of the fact that such person is the administratrix of the estate of a deceased person in which the minors are interested as heirs.
6. SAME--APPEAL AND ORDER--Order appointing stepmother guardian of estates of minors not disturbed on appeal though opposed by natural mother who did not ask appointment for herself.Where a stepmother petitions for the appointment of herself as guardian of minor children, and the natural mother appears and objects to such appointment but does not ask the appointment for herself, and it appears that the minors have estates to be assembled and cared for, and it is not shown that the stepmother is an unfit or incompetent person to be appointed, an order appointing the stepmother as guardian of the estate of the minors will not be disturbed on appeal.
7. PARENT AND CHILD--Rights and obligations of parents.Parents are the natural guardians of the persons of their minor children, and they ordinarily have the right to their custody, control, care, services and earnings, and it is their duty to support and educate them.
8. SAME--Showing necessary to deprive parent of custody of child.In order to deprive a parent of the custody of a minor child, the evidence must clearly establish the unfitness of the parent to have such custody and that the welfare of the child requires that the parent be deprived of such custody.
9. SAME--DIVORCE--Upon death of parent to whom custody of minor child was committed in divorce proceeding, surviving parent ordinarily entitled to custody.Where the parent to whom the custody of a minor child has been committed in a divorce proceeding dies, the surviving parent is ordinarily entitled to its custody unless it is clearly shown that the surviving parent is unfit to have its custody and that the welfare of the child forbids it.
10. GUARDIAN AND WARD--Right of guardian of person of minor child to custody of child.The guardian of the person of a minor child has the right to the custody of such child in the absence of an order of the county court providing otherwise.
11.SAME--Stepmother improperly appointed guardian of person of minor child over protest of natural mother.It is error to appoint a stepmother as guardian of the person of a minor, child over the protest of the natural mother, where the trial court specifically declines to find that the natural mother is unfit to have the custody of the child, and the evidence does not clearly establish the unfitness of the mother to have such custody and that the welfare of the child requires that the mother be deprived of such custody.

Appeal from District Court, Oklahoma County; Albert C. Hunt, Judge.

In the matter of the guardianship of Charlene Hight and Claudel Hight, minors. Appeal by Elva Jane Green from judgment of district court, affirming order of county court appointing Elnora Hight guardian of persons and estates of minors.

Affirmed in part and reversed in part.

W. N. Mounger and Charles Scales, both of Oklahoma City, for plaintiffs in error.
Chas. H. Garnett, of Oklahoma City, for defendant in error.

HURST, J.

¶1 Elva Jane Green appeals from a judgment of the district court of Oklahoma county affirming an order of the county court appointing Elnora Hight guardian of the persons and estates of Charlene Hight and Claudel Hight, minors of the age of 11 and 10 years, respectively.

¶2 Appellant is the mother of said children, Claude L. Hight, now deceased, was their father, and Elnora Hight is their stepmother. Their father and mother were divorced in November, 1936, and their custody was, by the divorce decree, awarded to the father. In May, 1937, Claude L. Hight and Elnora Hight were married and they lived together until his death, in March, 1942, and during that, time the children were under his custody and control. Hight left some life insurance of which said children are beneficiaries, and he left other property a portion of which they will inherit.

¶3 About ten days after the death of Hight, Elnora Hight filed in the county court of Oklahoma county a petition asking that she or a brother of Hight be appointed guardian of the persons and estates of said Charlene Hight, Claudel Hight, and of Robert Hight, son of Elnora Hight and Claude L. Hight. In the petition she alleged the foregoing facts, and further alleged that she is a suitable person, and Elva Jane Green is an unfit person, to be appointed such guardian.

¶4 Notice of hearing said petition was duly served on Elva Jane Green, and she appeared and contested the appointment of a guardian, although she filed no written objections. The county court appointed Elnora Hight guardian of the persons and estates of said minors. The order does not contain an express finding that Elva Jane Green was an unfit person to be appointed such guardian. Elva Jane Green appealed to the district court. She filed no pleadings in the district court. At the trial in the district court, Elnora Hight introduced evidence tending to establish the allegations of her petition, including evidence as to her fitness and evidence as to the unfitness of Elva Jane Green to serve as such guardian. Elva Jane Green did not testify, nor did she introduce any evidence. She did ask the court to talk with the children as to their desires in the matter. This the court agreed to do, but the record is silent as to whether he did so. We assume he did. The district court made findings of facts and conclusions of law and entered a judgment affirming the order of the county court. It specifically found that the evidence was not sufficient to establish that Elva Jane Green "is an unsuitable person to be appointed" general guardian of said children, but that, by making default in pleading and by not asking that she be appointed, she waived her preference right to the appointment, and that Elnora Hight, as next in order of preference, is a suitable person to be appointed.

¶5 1. The appeal to this court was made by "Elva Jane Green and Claudel Hight and Charlene Hight, infants, by Elva Jane Green, their mother and next friend, plaintiffs in error." The appellee urges that this court is without jurisdiction and that the appeal should be dismissed.

¶6 While conceding that Elva Jane Green is a party aggrieved by the order appealed from, appellee contends that since she filed no pleading in the county court, she was "in default" under 58 0. S. 1941 § 722 and could not appeal without making the affidavit showing her interest and right to appeal as provided in 58 0. S. 1941 §723. But the order of the county court recites that she appeared by attorneys and contested the petition and excepted to the order of appointment. The word "default" is defined in Bouvier's Law Dictionary as "the nonappearance of a plaintiff or defendant at court within the time prescribed by law to prosecute his claim or make his defense." She was not, therefore, in default. Her failure to file any pleadings narrowed the issues, but we believe the effect of her contest was to place on Elnora Hight the burden of showing the necessity or advisability of appointing a guardian and that she or the brother of decedent was qualified to be appointed.

¶7 Appellee also urges that the appeal bond was made to Elnora Hight instead of the State of Oklahoma as required by 58 0. S. 1941 § 730. But the bond as it appears in the record has the name of Elnora Hight scratched out and the State of Oklahoma is inserted as obligee. The record is silent as to how or by what authority the bond, which is styled "amended appeal bond." was amended. We must assume that it was properly amended. See Harjo v. Aubrey, 184 Okla. 344, 87 P.2d 140. The motion to dismiss the appeal filed in the district court was overruled, and we assume the court found that the amended bond was filed with permission of the court.

¶8 Since the appeal by Elva Jane Green was properly lodged in the district court, and she has properly appealed to this court, we need not notice the contention that the minors could or could not appeal or that they did not appeal properly.

¶9 We conclude that there is no substantial merit in the affirmative contention of appellee that the appeal should be dismissed.

¶10 2. On the merits, we think there are three principal questions for decision, (a) whether the petition gave the county court jurisdiction to entertain the cause and appoint a guardian for said children, (b) whether the court properly appointed the stepmother guardian of their estates, and (c) whether the court properly appointed the stepmother guardian of their persons.

¶11 (a) Under 58 0. S. 1941 § 761, a guardian of the person and estate, or either, of a minor, who is an inhabitant or resident of the county, or who resides without the state and has estate within the county, may be appointed on the petition of "a relative or other person" in behalf of such minor. Petitioner is a relative by marriage of said children. She is a "relative or other person," who, under the broad terms of said statute, had the right to initiate the proceedings. Her petition stated facts making it "necessary or convenient" that a guardian be appointed for the estates of said children, and the allegation that their natural mother was unfit to serve as such guardian was sufficient to invoke the jurisdiction of the county court to appoint a guardian of their persons.

¶12 (b) Did the county court properly appoint a guardian of the estates of said children? We think so.

¶13 Said children had an interest in the life insurance money due on the death of their father, and they had an interest in his estate. Our statutes provide: "The parent, as such, has no control over the property of the child." 10 0. S. 1941 § A. "No person, whether a parent or otherwise, has any power as a guardian of property, except by appointment as hereinafter provided." 30 0. S. 1941 § 7. These sections are declaratory of the common law. Seal v. Banes, 168 Okla. 550, 35 P.2d 704; 46 C. J. 1314, § 138; 25 Am. Jur. 13, § 10; 6 A. L. R. 115, note. It was, therefore, "necessary or convenient" that a guardian of the estates of said minors be appointed in order to collect and manage their share of the insurance and their share of the estate. By not asserting her preference right, Elva Jane Green waived the right to now insist that she should have been appointed, and in her brief she admits that this is the-case. She does not argue that Elnora Hight was unfit to be appointed, but contends that she is disqualified from acting as such guardian by reason of the fact that she is the duly qualified and acting administratrix of the estate of Claude L. Hight. She calls our attention to no Oklahoma statute or decision that supports such contention, and we know of none. She relies upon 28 C. J. 1081 and 25 Am. Jur. 28, § 34, which state that it is ordinarily not the best policy to appoint an executor or administrator guardian of infant heirs because of the possible conflict of interest. At most this is merely a rule of expediency. No conflict of interest is shown to actually exist in this case so as to justify a finding by this court that it is not for the best interest of said minors to appoint the administratrix as such guardian. The parties call our attention to 30 0. S. 1941 § 11, which provides that in appointing a general guardian, the court is to give consideration to "what appears to be to the best interests of the child in respect to its temporal and its mental and moral welfare." They also call our attention to 30 0. S. 1941 § 12, that "of two persons equally entitled to the custody in other respects, preference is to be given as follows: 1. To parent. 2. To one who was indicated by the wishes of a deceased parent. 3. To one who already stands in the position of a trustee of a fund to be applied to the child's support. 4. To a relative." Section 12 has to do with the custory of children, not with guardianship of their estates only. Since no one else asked for the appointment, we think no error was committed in appointing Elnora Hight guardian of the estates. She was a relative by marriage, whether she was or was not, as administratrix, trustee of a fund belonging to said minors under the statute just quoted, and we cannot say that it was not for the best interests of said minors that she be appointed guardian of their estates.

¶14 (c) Did the court properly appoint Elnora Hight guardian of the persons of said minors? We think not.

¶15 The order appointing Elnora Hight as such guardian is silent on the question of custody of said minors, and the court did not add any conditions to the authority of the guardian in that respect as he could have done under 30 0. S. 1941 §§ 10, 14, and 58 0. S. 1941 § 770. The effect of the order is to terminate the right of the natural mother to the custody of said children and to vest such right in the stepmother. 10 0. S. 1941 § 10; 30 0. S. 1941 §§ 14, 15. The question, then, is whether the record justifies such a drastic step.

¶16 The parents are, under our statutes the natural guardians of the persons of their minor children (10 0. S. 1941 § 5), and this was true at common law. 28 C. J. 1079; 25 Am. Jur. 25; Campbell v. Wright, 130 Cal. 380, 62 P. 613. As such natural guardians, the parents ordinarily have the right to the custody, control, care, services and earnings of their children. 10 0. S. 1941 § 5. It is their duty to support and educate their children (10 0. S. 1941 §4) and they are liable to third persons for necessities furnished their children when they neglect to provide the children with necessities. 10 O. S. 1941 § 13. These rights and duties of the parents are reciprocal. 46 C. J. 1220; 39 Am. Jur. 594.

¶19 Ordinarily, when a parent who has the custody of minor children dies, the other parent becomes entitled to its custody. 46 C. J. 1224. And this rule applies where the parent to whom the custody of minor children has been committed in a divorce action dies, unless it is clearly shown that the surviving parent is unfit to have its custody and the welfare of the children forbids it. 19 C. J. 349; 17 Am. Jur. 524, § 689; 74 A. L. R. 1352, note.

¶20 Elnora Hight testified that a few months before the death of Hight he stated to her that if anything should happen to him he wanted her to dare for the children and he did not want Elva Jane Green to have their custody. We do not understand that she contends that this conversation did more than to give her a certain preference right to be appointed guardian as provided in 30 0. S. 1941 §12, above. The general rule is that neither parent has the right to give the custody of minor children to a third party so as to deprive the other parent of such custody, unless the statute so provides. 46 C. J. 1234; 17 Am. Jur. 524, § 689. We do not believe 10 0. S. 1941 § 5 gives such right in the instant case and thereby enables the father to control their custody after his death. In fact, the last sentence of that section gives the natural mother the right to the custody, services, and earnings of her minor children on the death of their father.

¶21 The general rule is that a third person cannot secure the appointment of a guardian of the persons of minor children who have a living parent unless the parent consents to the appointment, is unfit to be appointed, or has forfeited the right to be appointed. 28 C. J. 1065; 39 C. J. S. 17; Bancroft, Probate Practice, § 1299; In re Salter, 142 Cal. 412, 76 P. 51.

¶22 Bearing in mind these statutory provisions and rules of law, we are of the opinion that it was error for the county court to appoint the stepmother guardian of the persons of said children, over the protest of their natural mother, and thus deprive her of their custody. As above stated, neither the county court nor the district court found that the natural mother was unfit to have the custody of said children, and we cannot say that the evidence is sufficient to satisfy the foregoing rules as to the showing necessary to deprive the natural mother of their custody. In saying this, we are mindful of the fact that the failure of the natural mother to testify in her own behalf is a circumstance against her. It may. be that the lower courts were more concerned with the guardianship of the estates, and gave little thought to the fact that, under the order now under review, the natural mother was being deprived of the right to the custody of the children.

¶23 The judgment of the district court is affirmed in so far as it sustains the order appointing Elnora Hight guardian of the estates of said minors, but it is reversed in so far as it appoints her guardian of their persons. The cause is remanded for further proceedings not inconsistent with the views herein expressed. The costs are equally divided between the parties.

¶1 These proceedings were instituted in the county court of Oklahoma county by Elnora Hight, who sought appointment as guardian for the persons and estates of Charlene and Claudel Hight, minors, age 11 and 10, respectively. The natural mother, Elva Jane Green, appeared throughout the proceedings and resisted the necessity of a guardian. The minors' estates, limited in value, were sought to be conserved, and by statute (30 0. S. 1941 § 7), it is provided:

"No person, whether a parent or otherwise, has any power as a guardian of property, except by appointment as hereinafter provided."

¶2 The pleading and proof was sufficient to establish jurisdiction based upon necessity and convenience for the appointment of a guardian. (58 O.S. 1941 § 761.)

¶3 The petition alleged that the natutal mother was not a fit person to be appointed guardian. However, the court found:

"There was some evidence in respect of the unfitness of Elva Jane Green to be appointed guardian of the minors, but, such evidence was not sufficient for the court to find, and the court does not find, that she is an unsuitable person to be their general guardian."

¶4 The district court affirmed the decree of the county court and confirmed the appointment of Elnora Hight to be general guardian of the minors and each of them, to the exclusion of the natural mother, who in her own name and as next 'of friend of the minors appeals.

¶5 As disclosed by the special finding of fact:

"The minors are the children of Claude L. Hight, now deceased, and Elva Jane Hight, his former wife, now Elva Jane Green, and are 11 and 10 years old, respectively. In 1936, Claude L. Hight obtained a divorce from his then wife, Elva Jane Hight, in the district court of Pontotoc county, Oklahoma, and was by the court awarded the custody of these minors then 5 and 4 years of age. Some six months after that divorce decree, he married Elnora Hight, petitioner and appellee herein, and she has had the care of the minors in their home until his death on March 8, 1942. Since his death the children have been part of the time with her and part of the time with Elva Jane Green.

"About two months prior to his death, Claude L. Hight said that he did not want Elva Jane Green ever to have the custody of these children and named Elnora Hight as the person he wanted to have them in event of his death.

"Claude L. Hight left estate of substantial, but undetermined, value in which these minors inherit one-sixth each. He also carried an insurance policy payable to his children, from which each will receive $500.00, and by operation of law they will also share in certain social security payments accruing on his death. The insurance company which issued the insurance policy referred to, is ready to pay the same as soon as a guardian for the minors is appointed to receive it.

"The estate of Claude L. Hight is being probated in the county court of Oklahoma county and Elnora Hight is the duly appointed and qualified administratrix of his estate.

"Elnora Hight, as stepmother of these minors, has treated them properly and given them proper care during the years she has had them in charge and is a suitable person to be appointed their general guardian."

¶6 The issue determinative of this appeal is whether, in view of the trial court's failure to find that the natural mother was neither a disqualified nor an unsuitable person to be appointed general guardian, she waived her preferential right to the appointment as provided by statute (58 O. S. 1941 § 769). The statute in part reads:

"Either the father or mother, whether married or unmarried, of the minor, being himself or herself competent to transact his or her own business, and not otherwise unsuitable or disqualified under existing law, shall be entitled to the guardianship of the minor; ..."

¶7 The general rule is stated in 39 C. J. S. § 25:

"One who seeks to have a person other than a parent appointed guardian has the burden of proving that the parent is not suitable for appointment. . ."

¶8 A decree of divorce and the award of custody of children to the father does not preclude the mother's appointment as guardian upon the father's death. In re Bryan, 48 Nev. 352, 232 P. 776, 37 A.L.R. 527, 25 Am. Jur. 12, par. 7 note.

¶10 In the case of Breckenridge v. Breckenridge et al., 103 Okla. 261, 229 P. 774, it was said in paragraph 4 of the syllabus:

"The appointment of a guardian by a county court is not conclusive as against the parents' right as to the custody of their child, unless it appears that they had notice of the proceedings, and that the question of their incompetency and suitability was adjudicated."

"It being the policy of the law to awaken, encourage, and promote parental love and responsibility, rather than to interfere with, or discourage, love of offspring, fitness of parent for custody of minor child at time of guardianship proceeding by another is controlling factor."

"The right of a parent to the custody of a minor child is of great importance in awarding its custody, but it is not an-absolute right, and is qualified by considerations affecting the welfare of the child."

¶13 Under 30 0. S. 1941 § 12, it is provided that:

"Of two persons equally entitled to the custody in other respects, preference is to be given as follows:

"1. To a parent.

"2. To one who was indicated by the wishes of a deceased parent.

"3. To one who already stands in the position of a trustee of a fund to be applied to the child's support.

"4. To a relative."

¶14 It is contended that the natural mother's preference right may be, and was in the case at bar, waived. Without doubt, such a preference right may be waived in writing or by a written request for appointment of another. Parker et al. v. Lewis, 45 Okla. 807, 147 P. 310; Crosbie et al. v. Brewer et al., 68 Okla. 16, 158 P. 388. But there was no such writing or request in the case at bar.

¶15 It is contended, in addition thereto, that there may be an implied waiver on the part of one having preferential right to the appointment either in failure to appear in response to a notice for the appointment of another as such guardian or, after appearing, by failure to make claim by proper pleading to the appointment. It may be that where a parent, as here, is alleged by the petition to be an unfit person to be appointed guardian, the failure of such a parent to appear after proper service of notice would authorize the appointment of a stranger (28 C. J. 1082), but such is not the fact in the present case. Here the mother did appear, objected to the appointment of the guardian, and the particular ground expressing the view of the trial court that she waived her preferential right to appointment was "that Elva Jane Green, by making default in pleading and not asking for her appointment as their general guardian, has waived her preference right as their mother to such appointment."

¶16 There was no default on the part of the natural mother. The statute does not fix a time or require any pleading on the part of a parent so appearing. In practice, default is a failure to appear on trial or to plead within the time allowed for that purpose. 11 Words and Phrases, p. 532. There is no time fixed by our statute within which a parent must plead for appointment as guardian of his child. The statute protects the right.

¶17 While the statute (58 O.S. 1941 § 709) contemplates that in cases, particularly in adversary proceedings, filed in the county court, there may be issues of fact to be joined and that such issues of fact are to be "made up by the written pleadings on file," and the court may in the proper case "settle and frame the issues to be tried," and while in a probate proceeding, as provided by statute for the appointment of a guardian, to which the power has very largely been transferred from the jurisdiction of chancery (25 Am. Jur. 21, par. 23), an answer is an accepted form and recognized pleading to raise an issue as to the fitness of a parent to assume appointment as guardian (In re Hawkins, 183 Cal. 568, 192 P. 30), nevertheless it is always to be presumed that a parent is a suitable person to be appointed guardian of his child, in the absence of any affirmative showing to the contrary. 28 C. J. 1086; Harper v. Tipple, 21 Ariz. 41, 184 P. 1005; In re Akers' Guardianship, 184 Cal. 514, 194 P. 706; In re Forrester, 162 Cal. 493, 123 P. 283; In re Crocheron's Estate, 16 Idaho, 441, 101 P. 741, 33 L.R.A. (N.S.) 868; Watts v. Lively (Tex. Civ. App.) 60 S.W. 676; and one who seeks to have a person other than a parent appointed guardian has the burden of proving that the parent is not suitable for appointment. Harper v. Tipple, supra; In re Akers' Guardianship, supra.

¶18 Herein it was the view of the petitioner that since Elva Jane Green did not, by pleading, put in issue the question of her qualification and suitability there was no justification or excuse for the petitioner to do so, and it is suggested in the brief that petitioner would, if necessary, assume the burden.

¶19 The cause should be reversed and remanded, with directions to proceed not inconsistent with the views herein expressed.