Waterloo
The fight for women’s rights began in New York State. In Waterloo, on July 13, 1848,
a tea party at the home of activist Jane Hunt became the catalyst for the women’s
rights movement. Jane Hunt’s guests were Lucretia Mott, Martha Wright, Mary Ann
McClintock and Elizabeth Cady Stanton. As the women drank their tea, they
discussed the misfortunes imposed upon females – not having voting rights, not being
able to own property, few social and intellectual outlets – and decided that they wanted
change. By the end of the gathering, the five women organized the first women’s rights
convention set for Seneca Falls, NY, and wrote a notice for the Seneca County
Courier that invited all women to attend the influential event.

Seneca Falls
Six days later, on July 19, 1848, people crowded into the Wesleyan Chapel in Seneca Falls,
NY. These participants partook in the two-day historic event that catapulted the women’s
rights movement into a national battle for equality.

Susan B. Anthony

Although the convention was supposed to only have women, men were not turned away.
As a result, 42 men were part of the 300-member assembly. James Mott, an advocate for
women’s rights and the husband of one of the day’s speakers, Lucretia Mott, even chaired
the event.

On that first day, in addition to Lucretia Mott’s speech, Elizabeth Cady Stanton read her
Declaration of Sentiments, symbolically modeled after the Declaration of Independence:

“We hold these truths to be self-evident: that all men and women are created equal; that they
are endowed by their Creator with certain inalienable rights...”

Declaration of Sentiments
Seneca Falls, NY Convention
1848

On the second day, July 20, abolitionist Frederick Douglass made a powerful speech that unified
the two causes of abolishing slavery and women’s rights. It was also the day that the convention
voted on the Declaration of Sentiments. After 68 women and 32 men signed the document making it
legitimate, the women’s rights movement officially began.

“Suffrage”

Elizabeth Cady Stanton

The word “suffrage” means “voting as a right rather than a privilege.” Suffrage has been in the English
language since the Middle Ages. Suffrages originally were prayers. Then the meaning was extended
to requests for assistance, then the assistance provided by a supporting vote, and finally the vote
itself. Therefore, in 1787 the Constitution used suffrage to mean “an inalienable right to vote.”

And the right to vote was what advocates of women’s equality sought. They used suffrage in the
phrase “female suffrage” or simply by itself, with the understanding that suffrage referred to voting
rights for half of the adult population that had been excluded.

Even beyond its legal meaning, suffrage has connotations that helped the cause. Its sound evokes
a sense of suffering and its spelling, with it ending in “rage,” evokes anger.

The goal of the suffrage movement was accomplished in 1920 with the 19th Amendment to the
Constitution: “The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged ...
on account of sex.” With that, the word suffrage was also retired. Since then, campaigns to extend
the vote have simply called for “voting rights.”

Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B. Anthony

Elizabeth Cady Stanton
Mother, wife, activist – 1815-1902

New Yorker Elizabeth Cady Stanton was instrumental in calling for the Women’s Rights
Convention in Seneca Falls in July of 1848, setting in motion a series of events that gave
all women the right to vote.

Among her initial efforts, in 1854 Stanton lobbied the New York State Legislature to amend
the existing Married Women’s Property Law, which would grant women the right to conduct
business, manage their own finances, sue and be sued, and be joint guardians of their
children. After six failed attempts she finally prevailed in 1860, bringing New York’s women
a giant leap closer in equal rights to men.

Elizabeth Cady Stanton was born in Johnstown, NY, on Nov. 12, 1815. She graduated from
the Troy Female Seminary (now the Emma Willard School) in 1833. As an adult, Stanton
was the epitome of a working mom. She balanced fighting for women’s suffrage and raising
her seven children with her husband, Henry Brewster Stanton, who was also a women’s
rights advocate. Stanton died in New York City on Oct. 26, 1902.

Susan Brownell Anthony
Teacher, abolitionist, suffragist – 1820-1906

Many women were part of Elizabeth Cady Stanton’s efforts, including transplanted New
Yorker Susan B. Anthony, who while not at the seminal Seneca Falls meeting, worked
her entire life for women’s suffrage.

Susan B. Anthony was born in Adams, Mass. in 1820. However, she lived most of her
life in New York; her family moved to Battenville, NY, in 1826 and later to Rochester,
NY, in 1848.

Anthony devoted her life to achieving equality for women. Before she died in Rochester,
NY, on March 13, 1906, Anthony made many significant strides for women, such as
leading the battle for women’s suffrage, promoting equal pay for equal work and passing
more liberal divorce laws. Together, Anthony and her friend Stanton established and
worked with many groups that aided in gaining voting rights for all American citizens.

Moments in History

19th Amendment Ratified
On Aug. 18, 1920, the 19th Amendment granting women the right to vote was ratified,
72 years after the struggle for women’s suffrage began. Of the 260 women that attended
the first Women’s Rights Convention in Seneca Falls, only one – Charlotte
Woodward – was still alive to cast her first official vote.

1837
First National Female Anti-Slavery Society Convention meets in New York City. Eighty-one
delegates from 12 states attend.

1844
Lowell Female Labor Reform in Massachusetts demands a 10-hour work day, a decrease
from the usual 12-hour day. In 1853, the Lowell Female Labor Reform won a small battle
when the Massachusetts corporations reduced the workday to 11 hours.

1848
First Women’s Rights Convention is held in Seneca Falls, NY.

1866
Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B. Anthony form the American Equal Rights Association,
where people of all races and both genders join to support universal suffrage.

1869
The Women’s Rights Movement splits into two factions over a fundamental disagreement:
the New York-based National Woman Suffrage Association created by Susan B. Anthony
and Elizabeth Cady Stanton opposed the 15th Amendment unless it also gave women the
right to vote, and the Boston-based American Woman Suffrage Association created by
Lucy Stone, Henry Blackwell and Julia Ward Howe believed that all men should get the right
to vote first and then women.

1870
Fifteenth Amendment is ratified, granting voting rights to all men without regard to race
and color, including former slaves.

1872
Susan B. Anthony is arrested and brought to trial in Rochester, NY, for attempting to vote
for Ulysses S. Grant in the presidential election. Anthony’s penalty was to pay a $100
fine – which she never paid and never served jail time.

1878
Women’s Suffrage Amendment is introduced in the United States Congress.

1890
The National Woman Suffrage Association and the American Woman Suffrage Association
are reunited as the National American Woman Suffrage Association under the leadership of
Elizabeth Cady Stanton.

Jane Addams and Ellen Gates Starr founded Hull House, the first of many settlement houses
that encouraged all college-educated women to have careers in social work.

1896
Mary Church Terrell, Ida B. Wells-Barnett and former slave Harriet Tubman form the National
Association of Colored Women.

1903
Mary Dreier, Rheta Childe Dorr, Leonora O’Reilly, and others form the Women’s Trade Union
League of New York, an organization of middle- and working-class women dedicated to
unionizing women and giving women the right to vote.

1912
Theodore Roosevelt’s Progressive (Bull Moose/Republican) Party becomes the first national
political party to adopt a women’s suffrage plank.

1913
Alice Paul and Lucy Burns organize the Congressional Union (later known as the National
Woman’s Party). These members use hunger strikes and picket the White House, among
other forms of civil disobedience, to publicize the suffrage cause.

1916
Jeanette Rankin of Montana becomes the first American woman elected to the U.S. House
of Representatives.

1917
New York State grants women the right to vote, one of the first to do so.

1920
The 19th Amendment is ratified. Its victory accomplished, the National American Woman Suffrage
Association ceases to exist, but its organization becomes the nucleus of the League of Women Voters.