Wagons and the Westward Movement

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1 Wagons and the Westward MovementBy Christina McDaniel Mission Intermodal Excellence Instructor Bagley College of Engineering Mississippi State University

2 Wagons of the Westward MovementObjective: Through this webquest and other activities, you will learn about all aspects of the wagons that carried 2 million immigrants westward, especially the construction of the wagons, the routes the travelers took; after you complete these activities, you should be able to differentiate between types of wagons (prairie schooner, Conestoga, emigrant farm wagon), and explain how the wagons went West.

3 TaskYour job, in “families” of three, is to describe, in a report, a journey to the West, as if you were a pioneer in the 1800s, focusing on the wagons pioneers used. This report must be thorough enough that your peers and teacher, who, presumably, do not know anything about the transportation to the West, will understand how pioneers went West, focusing on the wagons they used. Decide what route you are going to take to West depending on where you will be settling, which wagon you will be traveling in, how much food and supplies you will be bringing in a certain amount of money. One family member, the treasurer, will be responsible for the amount of money spent on the trip, and track the expenses. Another member of the family, the leader of the wagon train, is responsible for deciding where to settle, the route the family will take, and the supplies taken. Family member three is the journalist, who will document all decisions and write the final report on the route, expenses and supplies of the journey, and the wagon that your group has decided to take (including the construction of the wagon, the cost, the maintenance needed, and places where the wagon is sold) that will be handed in to your teacher.To do this, you must research information; some sites have been suggested in later pages to help you start. After you have decided how you will travel, you will face obstacles along the way. Make sure you know how a wagon is built so if it breaks down, you can fix it.

4 Directions1. Get in groups of three, and decide the jobs each will do (Resources are on the following pages): a) Group leader –is responsible for researching the popular destinations, types of wagons available, the different routes on the Oregon –California Trail, and the supplies wagoneers brought with them. b) Treasurer –is responsible for researching the amount of money that most pioneers had to begin with, the cost of supplies and repairs in “jumping-off” towns, and the cost of the different wagons. c) Journalist –is responsible for researching best times to begin the journey, the daily lives on the wagons, and an ordinary day’s journey for the pioneers. 2. Each group member shares their findings with the group. The group leader decides what type of wagon you will use, and what your family will need on the trip including food and water, clothes, and supplies. Remember, your wagon determines how much money you have left to purchase supplies, and the amount of supplies your wagon can hold. 3. Group leader decides what exactly, your family will be able to take; the treasurer calculates the amount of money spent; the journalist records exactly what you are taking, at what time your group is leaving, the amount spent on supplies, and why you decided to take what you did. 4. The Journalist writes a report on the transportation of the pioneers, focusing mainly on the wagon your group chose (the construction, how much the wagon was designed to carry, and the cost of the wagon). Include some parts about the provisions loaded in the wagon, when the pioneers left, the routes they took, and where they settled. Your report will be graded by the teacher, based on its clarity and how much your peers were able to learn about the transportation on the prairies.

5 ResourcesThe Conestoga Wagon. Pennsylavania Historical and Museum Commission. (n.d.)This website was very detailed in describing the Conestoga wagon. It presented the factsclearly and precisely, making it easy to obtain information from it.Hughey, Richard. (18 Nov. 1998). Prairie schooner designed to ford streams, negotiate mountain trails.http://www.mtdemocrat.com/columist/hughey13.shtmlThis article was detailed on the workings of the 49ers’ prairie schooners. It includes theconstruction of the wagon and some history.Jumping Off. (n.d.)This site includes comprehensive details on the beginning of the journey. It includes detailsabout “jumping off” and wagon making.Prairie Schooners. (n.d.)This site has details regarding the Prairie Schooner, and its construction. Additionally, itincludes a great diagram of the wagon, and all of its parts are explained.Provisions for the Trail. (n.d.)This site is the place to visit if you need info on the provisions that the pioneers broughtwith them. It includes the cost, and the amount of supplies.

6 Resources cont’dTypes of Covered Wagons. (n.d.)This site has three informative drawings of the types of wagons. It also includes a supply list,and quotes and tips from the movement.Volume 6, Chapter 11--Conestoga Wagons.(n.d.)This website used simple language to illustrate a vivid picture of the Conestoga. It tells muchabout the parts of the Conestoga.Wagons. (n.d.)This site was not very thorough on the wagons, but it did state some very interesting facts.Though not comprehensive, it did include the basics of the farm wagons.Wagons.(n.d.)This site includes drawings of the Conestoga and Emigrant wagons. Additionally, it tells theweight of these wagons.The Wagon. (n.d.)This site is useful for the group leader, and includes everything that the pioneers packed intheir wagons. It additionally describes the actual wagon.

7 Characteristics of a Prairie SchoonerPrairie Schooner Measurements:4 feet wide and feet long23 feet long with the tongue and neck yoke attached10 feet tall with the bonnet attachedWheel base 5 feet wideBox or bed was 2-3 feet (tar was added for sturdiness and was made from hardwood)Rear wheels were 50 inches in diameterFront wheels were 44 inches in diameterWeighed 1300 pounds emptyThe wagon was usually pulled by 4-6 oxen or 6-10 mules. The front wheels where smaller and allowed for sharper turns. Each wheel had iron tires to protect the wooden rims. The bonnets were made of cotton that was doubled over to keep water out.Many repairs had to be made along the long journey. The wagon was equipped with a jockey box that held extra bolts, pins, nails and other tools to help make repairs. The wagons were also filled with clothing, food, toys, and family heirlooms. Spare parts, tongues, axles and spokes were stored in the wagon box since these parts were most commonly broken. Spare grease, ropes, water were also stored for later use.Most pioneers used prairie schooners because of their light weights. Being a smaller size compared to the Conestoga wagon, it did not kill the oxen before the end of the trail.

8 Characteristics of a Conestoga WagonConestoga Wagon Measurements:Bed, sloping upward from the middle = 16 feet in length x four feet in width x four feet in depthFlooring and side boards = 1/2 inch to 5/8 of an inch thickA dip toward the center took the weight of the load off the end gates.The end gates were held in position by a chain that allowed it to be dropped for easy loading and unloading.The number of hoops = could vary from six to thirteenThese hoops were stapled to the side boards which supported the cloth bonnet.This fabric was often soaked in linseed oil for water-proofing.Front wheels = 3 ½ feet highRear wheels = 4 –4 ½ feet highAxles and crossbeams were made from tough hickory woodIron tire rims = 2 –6 inchesEntire wagon = 26 feet long x 11 feet wideWeight = between 3000 –3500 poundsHorses value = $The rear axle was where the jack, feed, water, and tar buckets were located.It took 4 labor worker’s money earned to well equip the wagon. Horses could cover twelve to fourteen miles a day.

9 Characteristics of a Farm WagonFarm Wagon Measurements:Used to carry travelers’ belongings to Oregon or CaliforniaEnds were straight up and downFloor was not curved, but load was so tight, it could not shiftcapable of hauling from 1600 to 2500 pounds.Protected with bows reaching about 5 feet above the wagon bedCovered with some type of heavy, rain proof canvas-like material.The covered length at the top was feet longSpare parts, tongues, spokes, and axles were carried, often slung under the wagon bed. Grease buckets, water barrels, heavy rope (at least 100 feet was recommended), and chains completed the running gear accessories. When store-bought grease, necessary for wheel bearings was exhausted, boiled buffalo or wolf grease served the purpose.The wagons were lighter in weight, able to turn in a small area, and easy to break down for river and mountain crossing. The disadvantage was that it had limited space to carry supplies needed.

10 Prices On the trail: Indian moccasins: $0.50Tanned buffalo hide: $4.00Crossing bridges: between $0.15 -$0.50 per wagonFerrying rivers: $2.00 -$5.00 per wagonResupplying: at least twice the price of items back East.For more prices visit*ReminderRecommended for each adult: 150 lbs. of flour, 20 lbs. of corn meal, 50 lbs. of bacon, 40 lbs. of sugar, 10 lbs. of coffee, 15 lbs. of dried fruit, 5 lbs. of salt, half a pound of saleratus (baking soda), 2 lbs. of tea, 5 lbs. of rice, and 15 lbs. of beansPrices were generally more expensive in the West. Prices for farm produce were low during the summer and fall and rose during the winter and spring. Prices for imported goods dropped when several ships carrying such cargo arrived within a few weeks of one another. If struck with gold, you would be able to sell and live well.

13 Farm Wagon Conestoga WagonVenn Diagram: Compare and Contrast the Farm wagon and the Conestoga wagon. Include at least 5 facts of each and 5 facts for both.Farm WagonConestoga Wagon

14 Wagons of the Westward Movement Final ExamThis test is made up of 3 sections: multiple choice, fill-in, and vocabulary. This exam will test your knowledge of the Wagons used in the Westward Movement.1. What was the Conestoga Wagon based on?a. British Trade Vesselsb. The “Prairie Schooner”c. Palatinate cartsd. French Royal Carriages2. How many horses were used to pull the Conestoga Wagon?a. nineb. sixteenc. fourd. six3.What was the main role of the Conestoga Wagon?a. To transport freightb. To transport peoplec. To transport weaponsd. To control riots4. Every Wagon man would never leave without his:a. Mapb. Axle and Wheelc. Whipd. Wagon Jack

15 Final Test Cont’d5. What were the members of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints known as?a. Mormonsb. Normansc. Indiansd. Christians6. What were the long lines of wagons called?a. Prairie Schoonersb. Wagon Linesc. Wagon Trainsd. None of the aboveWord BankWestward Movement, Prairie Schooner,Conestoga Wagon, Farm Wagon, WindwagonVocabularyFill in the blanks with one of the words in the Word Bank.7. The ________________was a time when people moved west.8. ___________________was a covered wagon used for transporting freight in the colonies.9. Many poor people used ____________________________to get to the Wild West.10. A ________________________used wind to power itself.

16 Test cont’dFill-in Fill in the blanks with the answer that best completes statement. 11. The _____________was a small version of the Conestoga Wagon. 12. The emigrant farm wagon could hold up to __________of cargo. 13. The windwagon owned by ______________was fairly successful and traveled quickly before it crashed and was abandoned. 14. ____________(number of companies) companies of Mormon pullcarts traveled in The body of the Conestoga wagon was made with a ___________toward the back to balance the wagon.

17 Rubric and Lesson Plan 1st Day Pass out information on wagons.Instruct students to get into their “groups” and decide which group member does which jobs.Use the internet to view resource links.2nd DayContinue to view resource links.Take notes on the internet sites according to the student’s jobs.After the students have shared their info with their group, pass out Wagon Parts Quiz.Allow students 5-10 minutes to finish, working in their groups, without using the internet.Grading: 15 questions.14-15 correct –10 pts A12-13 correct –8 pts B10-11 correct –6 pts C8-9 correct –4 pts D7 or below –2 pts FStudents who got a D or F must define all of the terms they missed.3rd DayWrite the group report on the transportation (Journalist’s job) due tomorrow.Students must prepare for tomorrow’s individual test.

18 Rubric and Lesson Plan cont’d4th DayGroupleaders hand in their reports to the teacher. Teacher passes them back randomly to groups, with no group receiving their own. Groups must read the other group’s report and add constructive comments if necessary. Turn reports back in to the teacher after 15 minutes. Teacher grades the reports (100 points):Clarity:30 points:No grammar and spelling mistakes, and easily understandable; the information flows together in a logical sequence.20 points:1 page of good information, 3-4 grammar and spelling mistakes, understandable; info scattered in no order.10 points:½ page of information. Hurriedly done. Many mistakes, hard to understand.Content:70 points:An outstanding report. 1½ -2 pages of good information, explains thoroughly the routes, construction, parts, cost of wagon and supplies; documents all decisions that the group made, and why they did that. Includes great research, and much effort. Has unusual and hard-to-find facts, including the time that is best for the wagoneers to start their journey, etc.50 points:A well-rounded report. 1-1½ pages of useful info, explains the overall aspects of the wagons, and includes how the group made their decisions, backed up by some data; lacking details. Good research, effort, and few unusual facts.30 points:A mediocre report. ½ -1 page of information, that somewhat explains the wagon. Does not explain how the group made their decisions, and has almost no factual data. Some research, little effort, no unusual facts.10 points:Poor quality report. Less than ½ page of information, not factual, and does not explain the wagon, or group decisions. Little research, almost no effort.

19 Rubric and Lesson Plan Cont’dPass out final test. Allow 20 minutes to finish the 15 questions. Test is worth 150 points.Each question is worth 10 points. Total possible points for this whole unit: 260 points pts –A (Good job! You are an official WagonScholar) pts –B (You can be the cargo of a wagon) pts –C (You can be the wagon) pts –D (You got run over by a wagon…Good Luck!) 157 pts or less –F (You can be food for the Donner party…Tough Luck!)

21 Answers to Venn DiagramFarm Wagons:Used to carry travelers’ belongings to Oregon or CaliforniaEnds were straight up and downFloor was not curved, but load was so tight, it could not shiftCould carry 4000 pounds –largeCould carry pounds -smallConestoga Wagons:Top: 28 feet longEnds slanted outward from bottomCovering provided protection from rainFloor was curved so load wouldn’t shiftCould carry 5000 poundsMost used on Santa Fe trail –trail for tradingBoth:Came in 3 parts: cover, running gear and undercarriage, and wagon boxWheels were part of running gearBack wheels were bigger than front wheelsPulled by mules, oxen, or horsesMade of woodDifferent kinds of wood were used for different partsHickory were used for tongue and bowsSpokes were oakIron was used for axle and tireEarly wagons didn’t have brakes, but later ones didConestoga Wagons:Top: 28 feet longEnds slanted outward from bottomCovering provided protection from rainFloor was curved so load wouldn’t shiftCould carry 5000 poundsMost used on Santa Fe trail –trail for trading

23 Resources:1.) Chen, Chiu, Couzens, Huang, Kim, Leu, Lo, Mai, Pei, Wang 2.) The Conestoga Wagon.Pennsylavania Historical and Museum Commission. (n.d.) 3.) This website was very detailed in describing the Conestoga wagon. It presented the facts clearly and precisely, making it easy to obtain information from it. 4.) Hughey, Richard. (18 Nov. 1998). Prairie schooner designed to ford streams, negotiate mountain trails.http://www.mtdemocrat.com/columist/hughey13.shtml 5.) This article was detailed on the workings of the 49ers’ prairie schooners. It includes the construction of the wagon and some history. 6.) Jumping Off. (n.d.) 7.) This site includes comprehensive details on the beginning of the journey. It includes details about “jumping off” and wagon making. 8.) Prairie Schooners. (n.d.) 9.) This site has details regarding the Prairie Schooner, and its construction. Additionally, it includes a great diagram of the wagon, and all of its parts are explained. 10.) Provisions for the Trail. (n.d.) 11.) This site is the place to visit if you need info on the provisions that the pioneers brought with them. It includes the cost, and the amount of supplies.

24 Resources cont’d12.) Types of Covered Wagons. (n.d.)13.) This site has three informative drawings of the types of wagons. It also includes a supply list, and quotes and tips from the movement.14.) Volume 6, Chapter 11--Conestoga Wagons.(n.d.)15.) This website used simple language to illustrate a vivid picture of the Conestoga. It tells much about the parts of the Conestoga.16.) Wagons. (n.d.)17.) This site was not very thorough on the wagons, but it did state some very interesting facts. Though not comprehensive, it did include the basics of the farm wagons.18.) Wagons.(n.d.)19.) This site includes drawings of the Conestoga and Emigrant wagons. Additionally, it tells the weight of these wagons.20.) The Wagon. (n.d.)21.) This site is useful for the group leader, and includes everything that the pioneers packed in their wagons. It additionally describes the actual wagon.