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Deborah Haarsma serves as the President of BioLogos, a position she has held since January 2013. Previously, she served as professor and chair in the Department of Physics and Astronomy at Calvin College in Grand Rapids, Michigan.

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On Reverse Engineering the Human Embryo

There has been a second stunning achievement this year in editing human embryos. In August, CRISPR/Cas, a molecular machine that acts like a highly precise pair of scissors, was used to repair a defective paternal gene—one which caused a heart defect. Now, in September, an equally remarkable breakthrough has been published in Nature. Instead of finding and repairing a specified gene, these investigators used CRISPR/Cas to knock out (i.e. mutate) a specific gene to determine its role in embryonic development. Click here to follow the result in a time lapse video (embedded below). The embryo on the right has been injected with a CRISPR/Cas complex specifically engineered to mutate the gene that produces a protein, OCT4. The one on the left is a control (i.e. an unaffected embryo used for comparison). Notice that to begin with the two embryos are indistinguishable. By Day 5, however, the embryo with the disabled gene has faltered badly.

The next video (embedded below) shows how the “gene knockout” was produced. At 20 seconds, a very fine needle is seen coming in from the right piercing the fertilized human egg. Notice the two circles (i.e. nuclei) in the middle of the egg. One contains the genetic information from the sperm, the other has the genes from the egg (At this point, the sperm and egg nuclei have not yet fused.) The tip of the needle pierces each of the two nuclei delivering a tiny bit of CRISPR/Cas. Invisible to the eye, but immediately following the injection, CRISPR/Cas hones in on the OCT4-coding gene and cuts it, thereby knocking out its function. This is precision biology: the diameter of the injecting needle is about one-thousandth the thickness of a dime.

CRISPR/Cas now makes it possible to determine what specific genes (and their products) are doing in the building of an embryo. By deactivating its gene, the investigators “reverse engineered” the function of the OCT4 protein and determined that it acts as a switch. It turns on the activity of certain other genes which, in their activated state, are important in beginning to make parts of the developing embryo.

The details of how this gene works (as well as others like it) help us understand the molecular interactions taking place as it sets up for organ formation, at the very beginning of an embryo’s life. The building of this knowledge base will contribute to relief from human suffering caused by certain diseases. We don’t necessarily know how (or even which) diseases will become treatable, but if the expanding knowledge base of human biology is any indication, it almost certainly will.

Human embryo research is, rightly, a topic which elicits strong reactions from many Christians, ranging from discomfort to dismay. Human embryos are very precious cells. The embryos used in these experiments were all “extras” obtained—with parental permission—from in vitro fertilization clinics. The procedures were carried out in England and were tightly supervised by established government-authorized regulatory bodies.

If implanted into a uterus without these manipulations, many would have developed into full-fledged human beings. They weren’t implanted after the procedures and doing so would have been highly illegal. All died, including the controls. However, if they hadn’t been used for this purpose, they would likely have become non-viable in their storage freezers anyway. In the United States, over 1,000,000 “extra” embryos sit in freezers. Although this work was done in England, it is currently legal in many U.S. states as long as federal government funds are not used.[1][2]

As Christians, respecting the dignity of human life is our sacred calling. It is why we must do all we can to relieve suffering. Our calling extends especially to the disenfranchised, the disabled, the elderly and the not-yet-born. But Christians disagree on how to apply this calling to the complex question of embryonic research.[3] Many Christians examine the human embryo experiments and conclude that manipulation of embryos in such a helpless condition is wrong under all circumstances, no matter what good might seem to come from it. Other Christians, out of a desire to obey the same call for dignity, will look at the same experiments and conclude that it is appropriate and right that human embryos—if they will die in a freezer anyway—be used to gain knowledge that can help relieve suffering.

Regardless of what each of us believes about how best to apply Christian principles to this complicated situation, we must remember that the same principles should guide how we treat each other, even when we profoundly disagree.

References & Credits

[2] For a discussion of ethical concerns through a scientific mindset see this editorial in Nature and Chapters 2 and 3 of the recent National Academy of Sciences and Medicine report on Gene Editing.

[3] Based on the results of a 2013 Pew Survey, we can be quite sure that the reaction among Christians will be mixed: Only 14 percent of Protestants believe in vitro fertilization is morally wrong; but about 28 percent think the same about embryonic stem cell research (the percentages are similar for Catholics). Note that the first involves storing extra embryos indefinitely in freezers, the second involves experimental manipulation of the extra embryos.

About the Author

Darrel Falk is former president of BioLogos and currently serves as BioLogos' Senior Advisor for Dialogue. He is Professor of Biology, Emeritus at Point Loma Nazarene University and serves as Senior Fellow at The Colossian Forum. Falk is the author of Coming to Peace with Science.