Dysprosium is a rare earth metal from the group of heavy rare earth elements, with various applications in modern technology.
For more information about Dysprosium or other specific Rare Earth Elements, visit our website: http://londoncommoditymarkets.com/rare-earth-elements.php

published:26 Feb 2013

views:759

May 17, 2013 -- Steve Mackowski, the Technical Director for HastingsRare Metals ('Hastings', ASX: HAS) in an interview with Dave Glover for ProEdgeWire talks about the Hastings Project in northwestern Australia.
Steve confirmed that the project is at pre-feasibility stage "with a view to be in pilot plant operations within the end of the calender year." Hastings's current market capitalization is AUD$ 10 million and three million dollars in the bank. Steve, discusses how the company is targeting investment in a tight capital space, minimizing overheads with an eye toward getting the pilot plant phase completed and completing the feasibility study and "we're currently in preliminary discussion with a number of players with a view to secure some sort of strategic relationship".
Steve then explains the change from Light dominated rare earths market with cerium, lanthanum and neodymium "at the commodity end of the circuit". However, Steve said that "we are at the other end of the REO spectrum; we're producing very high-tech materials, both dysprosium and yttrium and so the financing will be different and those are the sorts of things we are discussing with the supply chain that gets us into that magnet market, or that wind turbine market or that hybrid car market".
As for grade, Steve Mackowski said "the Hastings project is 0.21 TREO...which compared to light REO Projects is quite low, but -- he stresses -- we're 85% heavy rare earths". This is the highest heavy rare earth proportion of any known project. Steve Mackowski compares the Hastings project to other developing resources, citing the advantage of having a strong historical record; "we've been working on validating what was an old flow sheet for the past 18 months", which eases the process of securing a strategic partner and long term end user.
Disclaimer: Hastings Rare Metals Ltd. (www.hastingsraremetals.com) is an advertorial member of ProEdgeWire.

published:17 May 2013

views:269

I'm upgrading my AMD Athlon X4 630 four core desktop processor to an AMD Athlon FX-6300 six core processor. I'm able to do this without changing anything else because my ASRock 970 Extreme3 motherboard supports both AM3 and AM3+ sockets.

We show how to purify aluminum nitrate and strontium nitrate by recrystallization. This is important because those two substances must be extremely pure for our upcoming video on making glow in the dark powder.
First make aluminum nitrate from our previous video: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=u4Ha1SJrazY
Dissolve the dry aluminum nitrate in water and filter off any insoluble materials. We could not filter it off before it dried in the previous video because the particles at that stage are much too small. It needs crystallize once to aggregate into particles large that can be filtered.
After filtering, dry off the aluminum nitrate. The desiccator bag might be useful here: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XJFfS_YbbYI
After drying, carefully weigh out the crystals. Then take that mass and add in 20% mass of water. So if you have 50g like me, you add 10g of water (or 10mL since density is 1g/mL).
It won't all dissolve, so carefully heat the mixture until it dissolves. Then cover it and let it cool down. Eventually it'll crystallize out purer crystals.
After the mixture cools to room temperature, and left for a few hours. The liquid is poured off and discarded, it has the impurities and is not needed.
The crystals are again weighed and once again they are recrystallized with 20% water.
Once this is done. Dry the final product. I started with 50g and ended up with 17g. But now it's very pure. Better than 99%
Strontium nitrate also needs to be purified. But it's solubility doesn't change that much with temperature so we'll have to purify by slow evaporation recrystallization rather than thermal cycle recrystallization.
First, make strontium nitrate like our previous video: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_rd8b6wNnKA
Once again, dissolve it in water and filter it. Then let it crystallize. But before it dries completely, let the liquid reduce to about 20% of it's saturated volume. So I started with a saturated solution of 10mL of strontium nitrate, i then waited until it evaporated down to 2mL of fluid. The crystals are not included in this assessment. Then discard the liquid. Repeat the recrystallization process.
Once again, use the desiccator bag to obtain extremely dry chemicals.
We are now ready to produce glow-in-the-dark powder.

published:06 Dec 2009

views:1428071

We process the products of dissolving platinum in aqua regia to make chloroplatinic acid.
First we reacted 31.1g of platinum with aqua regia as seen here: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=APxL87X92t4
That solution contains unreacted nitric acid so we must destroy that. To do this we first reduce volume of the platinum containing solution by evaporating or boiling. Once it's down to less than 100mL and cooled to room temperature we add in 100mL of 15M hydrochloric acid. Then we boil the solution. The solution should be covered with an empty round bottom flask to prevent splashing out of the valuable platinum. As it boils the leftover nitric acid is reacted with the hydrochloric acid to produce nitrogen dioxide, nitrosyl chloride and chlorine gases. A yellow orange or brown gas coming from the solution indicates the reaction is occurring. We keep boiling until the solution is back down to 100mL and then allow to cool. If the gases were observed then another 100mL of hydrochloric acid should be added again and the boiling down repeated. This process should be performed as often as necessary until no gases are observed.
Once all the traces of nitric acid are destroyed the solution is reduced down to ~ 50mL and allowed to dry. Since chloroplatinic acid is extremely hygroscopic I recommend using a desiccator bag or a vacuum desiccator to dry it.
Eventually it will crystallize to an orange solid. Break it up and store it in air-tight containers away from light.
You now have purified chloroplatinic acid hexahydrate.

published:27 Oct 2012

views:225120

We show 3 ways to make nitric acid based on two different chemical approaches both of which can be done using easily accessible materials.
Warning: The procedures in this video produce large quantities of toxic gases and deal with highly corrosive acids. All work must be performed in a fume hood with proper safety equipment. And all apparatus must be glass to withstand the acids.
Chemically, nitric acid is made by bubbling nitrogen dioxide into water. So the objective in this approach is to generate nitrogen dioxide. This can be done by reacting hydrochloric acid, a nitrate salt and copper. Around 80grams of sodium nitrate, over 30 grams of copper and 100mL of hydrochloric acid (37% 12M) are the quantities needed. The exact amount isn't critical. For usable concentrations, the amount of water being converted should be small, around 20-50mL.
Any source of nitrate is usable including potassium nitrate, ammonium nitrate and even nitrate-based fertilizers. You can use our previous video on testing for nitrates if you want to determine if yours can be used. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=f5M3rUqaEYs
The tricky part now is leading the gas into water. Two approaches are shown in the video. In the first approach three containers, such as jars are place inside each other to force the gas to go into the water. This is very inefficient but is very simple to do.
The better approach is to lead the gas out of the generator through a tube and into a chilled container of water.
The water that's converted into nitric acid can be replaced with hydrogen peroxide for better yield.
The chemical waste that's generated contains the valuable copper used before and recovering it is worthwhile due to todays high copper prices. This is simply done by putting in enough aluminum metal that it reacts with all the acids and copper in solution to create a slurry of copper. This can be filtered to obtain a residue of copper. Its highly contaminated but can still be used to make more nitric acid.
For further information on the chemistry type "copper and nitric acid" into google. The hydrochloric acid and nitrate salt behave as nitric acid (with nitrate from the salt and protons from the hydrochloric acid) and dissolve the copper releasing nitrogen dioxide gas.
You can use other concentrations of hydrochloric acid but you need to decrease the amount of water added to keep the concentrations the same.
Finally, the last way of making pure nitric acid is to react concentrated sulfuric acid and a pure nitrate salt (NOT fertilizer) and heat it in a glass distillation apparatus to distill over the pure nitric acid. Stoichiometric quantities of both reagents are recommended for maximum yield.
We get our glassware from chemglass or VWR

published:04 Jun 2009

views:1221044

The production of rare earth metals is developing in Stepnogorsk. Today the development of technology contributes to the more successful exploration and the increasing demand for this metal’s group demanded the development for the more environmentally friendly production methods.

published:20 May 2015

views:346

How to Make Manganese Sulfate from Manganese Dioxide. We'll show two ways on how to do this. One using sulfuric acid and oxalic acid, and another using sulfur dioxide.
First the manganese dioxide must be thoroughly washed and filtered to remove all soluble contaminants like zinc chloride and ammonium chloride.
In the first method 30grams of oxalic acid, 300mL of water, and 13mL of sulfuric acid are mixed together. Then the manganese dioxide is continually added until the solution stops bubbling.
In the second method. The manganese dioxide is mixed with water and an excess of sulfur dioxide is bubbled through. The reaction produces manganese dioxide directly.
Finally, after both methods. The mixture is filtered to give pink manganese sulfate.
This will eventually be used to make manganese dioxide electrodes.

published:15 Mar 2010

views:128177

March 30, 2015 — Dr. David Dreisinger, Vice President and Director of Metallurgy for Search Minerals Inc. (TSXV: SMY) in an interview with Tracy Weslosky, Publisher for InvestorIntel speaks about developing critical rare earths assets in Labrador with Neodymium, Europium, Terbium, Dysprosium and Yttrium. Further to explaining the Search Minerals resource, Dr. Dreisinger discusses their patent pending for a direct extraction process technology.
Tracy Weslosky: I'm really excited about interviewing you, of course, have a doctorate in metallurgical engineering. Is that correct?
Dr. David Dreisinger: That's correct. From Queen's University in Kingston.
Tracy Weslosky: Okay so we have a metallurgy expert. That's one of the hottest topics on InvestorIntel right now because everybody claims they have a process to extract rare earths. Of course, you're with Search Minerals, right?
Dr. David Dreisinger: That's correct.
Tracy Weslosky: Can you start by telling us what Search Minerals has?
Dr. David Dreisinger: Search Minerals has done exploration in Labrador at three different sites, including the Port Hope SimpsonBelt, the Red WineComplex and also up in StrangeLake. The Port Hope Simpson area is a wholly owned area of investigation, of exploration. We've identified the Foxtrot deposit at that site, which we now have an indicated and inferred resource for, which we've been focusing our metallurgy development on.
Tracy Weslosky: Now your stock was up +14.50% in February and so we are very bullish on rare earths and you have a lot of heavy rare earths. Is that correct?
Dr. David Dreisinger: That's correct. About 20% of our rare earths in our deposit are heavies, including the all-important dysprosium, which is very much in vogue in terms of the magnetic materials.
Tracy Weslosky: Yes. Dysprosium is definitely in vogue, but so tell me more about this. You have a patent pending?
Dr. David Dreisinger: Yes we do. We went through initial metallurgical development back in 2012 and did the classical upgrading to make a concentrate chemical treatment to extract the rare earths and made a rare earth --- a mixed rare earth oxide as our final product and then realized that was probably too expensive to do all those different steps with our material. We went back and looked at it and tried to simplify the process and came up with a direct extraction method.
Tracy Weslosky: Can you tell us more?
Dr. David Dreisinger: I sure can. The direct extraction method, instead of crushing and grinding to very fine size our mineral, we basically just crush the material to a fairly coarse size, about 3 millimeters, and then we apply modest amounts of acid and heat that acid ore mixture to about 200 degrees Celsius, about the same temperature as cooking cookies in the oven at home. Then allow the acid to penetrate into the rock and make the rare earth minerals converted into water soluble form. It starts as a rare earth mineral that's insoluble becomes soluble with the acid application. Then after water leaching the rare earths are extracted from the coarse rock into the solution from which we then recover our mixed rare earth product after some chemical purification steps.
Tracy Weslosky: Of course, if you're an audience member of InvestorIntel you will appreciate that the extraction of rare earths is not like pulling gold from the ground. It's very complex. What is your real competitive advantage with your particular process? If you can just dumb it down for me please.
Dr. David Dreisinger: We think that we're both low-cost and also scalable…to access the rest of this interview, click here https://youtu.be/qVnxU1EPMIk
Disclaimer: Search Minerals Inc. is an advertorial member of InvestorIntel.

March 2, 2014 -- SimonBritt, CEO of GeoMegA Resources ('Geomega', TSXV: GMA), a rare earth exploration company speaks to Tracy Weslosky, Editor-in-Chief and Publisher for InvestorIntel about its 100% owned Montviel Rare Earths elements/niobium project in Quebec. Tracy mentions GeoMegA's 280% share price increase since the start of the year; she asks Simon what it is that the GeoMegA is about the rare earth processing as a potential catalyst for this uptick. Simone said that after two and a half years of R&D, in "...the last day eight months, we have developed a process, which enhances the physical capabilities of the rare earth ion lanthanide separation and we were very successful in mid-January when we disclosed it. We tagged along a partner out of Germany this September and the team has been on a mission to succeed."
Tracy asks about the separation and Simon explains that the focus is on europium, terbium and lanthanum, pointing out that "...lanthanum and ytterbium are very far apart, while europium is in the middle." Tracy comments that Geomega's trading volume has gone "through the roof" and Simon explains that, starting in January, GeoMegA has received very good press both at the local and international levels. Again, inspired by the new separation technology's potential. Adding that the more 'resource' based aspects of GeoMegA's operation as presented in the two news releases after the announcement of the successful separation process have also contributed to the positive response from the market.
GeoMegA has continued the short 2,000 meters drilling program and gotten significant results, "mainly two excellent holes, which are enriched with dysprosium and also carries a significant amount of neodymium. The key here was to see if, at the production stage, we could enhance the dysprosium volume per year to something close to 10:1 neodymium/dysprosium split for the magnetic market," which is a very important target market for GeoMegA.
As for the surge of analyst 'buy' recommendations, Simon says that these have been almost entirely related to the separation technology, the foundation of which is rather simple. "Rare earth ions move a different speed and we focus on that differentiation to create separation". That separation is known as "free-flow electrophoresis" (FFE), which has been around for about 60 years, and used in Germany in the 1960's to separate proteins, cells or organelles. It was not used to this extent before and its main benefit is that separation is achieved in a liquid, which delivers a higher recovery rate than more traditional solid based methods.
In conclusion, Simon comments that GeoMegA expects to deliver more good news this year, updated resource estimates, PEA focused on concentrate base case, and the separation technology will allow the company to start generating revenue, maybe as early as next year. Ultimately, "the competitive advantage is the separation", because that's what makes China competitive.
Disclaimer: GeoMegA Resources is an advertorial member of InvestorIntel.
To access the full Disclaimer for ProEdge Media Corp., please go to the following URL: disclaimer link: http://investorintel.com/?disclaimer=1

Rare Earth (book)

Rare Earth: Why Complex Life Is Uncommon in the Universe is a 2000 popular science book about xenobiology by Peter Ward, a geologist and paleontologist, and Donald E. Brownlee, an astronomer and astrobiologist, both faculty members at the University of Washington. The book is the origin of the term 'Rare Earth Hypothesis' which, like the book, asserts the concept that complex life is rare in the universe.

Synopsis

The book argues that the universe is fundamentally hostile to complex life and that while microbial life may be common in the universe, complex intelligent life (like the evolution of biological complexity from simple life on Earth) required an exceptionally unlikely set of circumstances, and therefore complex life is likely to be extremely rare. The book argues that among the essential criteria for life are a terrestrial planet with plate tectonics and oxygen, a large moon, magnetic field, a gas giant like Jupiter for protection and an orbit in the habitable zone of the right kind of star.

Rare Earth (band)

Rare Earth is an American blues rock band affiliated with Motown's Rare Earth record label (named after the band), which prospered from 1970–1972. Although not the first white band signed to Motown, Rare Earth was the first big hit-making act signed by Motown that consisted only of white members. (None of the previously signed all-white acts The Rustix, The Dalton Boys, or The Underdogs had any hits.)

History

1960s

The group formed in 1960 as The Sunliners and changed its name to Rare Earth in 1968. After recording an unsuccessful debut album, Dream/Answers, on the Verve label in 1968, the group was signed to Motown in 1969. The band was one of the first acts signed to a new Motown imprint that would be dedicated to white rock acts. The record company did not have a name for the new label yet and the band jokingly suggested Motown call the label "Rare Earth." To the band's surprise, Motown decided to do just that.

Rare earth element

A rare earth element (REE) or rare earth metal (REM), as defined by IUPAC, is one of a set of seventeen chemical elements in the periodic table, specifically the fifteen lanthanides, as well as scandium and yttrium. Scandium and yttrium are considered rare earth elements because they tend to occur in the same ore deposits as the lanthanides and exhibit similar chemical properties.

Despite their name, rare earth elements are – with the exception of the radioactive promethium – relatively plentiful in Earth's crust, with cerium being the 25th most abundant element at 68 parts per million, or as abundant as copper. They are not especially rare, but they tend to occur together in nature and are difficult to separate from one another. (The word "rare" is an archaic word for "difficult".) However, because of their geochemical properties, rare earth elements are typically dispersed and not often found concentrated as rare earth minerals in economically exploitable ore deposits. It was the very scarcity of these minerals (previously called "earths") that led to the term "rare earth". The first such mineral discovered was gadolinite, a mineral composed of cerium, yttrium, iron, silicon and other elements. This mineral was extracted from a mine in the village of Ytterby in Sweden; four of the rare earth elements bear names derived from this single location.

Rare Earth Elements and their uses - Dysprosium

Dysprosium is a rare earth metal from the group of heavy rare earth elements, with various applications in modern technology.
For more information about Dysprosium or other specific Rare Earth Elements, visit our website: http://londoncommoditymarkets.com/rare-earth-elements.php

7:03

Hastings Rare Metals aims to become a leading global supplier of dysprosium

Hastings Rare Metals aims to become a leading global supplier of dysprosium

Hastings Rare Metals aims to become a leading global supplier of dysprosium

May 17, 2013 -- Steve Mackowski, the Technical Director for HastingsRare Metals ('Hastings', ASX: HAS) in an interview with Dave Glover for ProEdgeWire talks about the Hastings Project in northwestern Australia.
Steve confirmed that the project is at pre-feasibility stage "with a view to be in pilot plant operations within the end of the calender year." Hastings's current market capitalization is AUD$ 10 million and three million dollars in the bank. Steve, discusses how the company is targeting investment in a tight capital space, minimizing overheads with an eye toward getting the pilot plant phase completed and completing the feasibility study and "we're currently in preliminary discussion with a number of players with a view to secure some sort of strategic relationship".
Steve then explains the change from Light dominated rare earths market with cerium, lanthanum and neodymium "at the commodity end of the circuit". However, Steve said that "we are at the other end of the REO spectrum; we're producing very high-tech materials, both dysprosium and yttrium and so the financing will be different and those are the sorts of things we are discussing with the supply chain that gets us into that magnet market, or that wind turbine market or that hybrid car market".
As for grade, Steve Mackowski said "the Hastings project is 0.21 TREO...which compared to light REO Projects is quite low, but -- he stresses -- we're 85% heavy rare earths". This is the highest heavy rare earth proportion of any known project. Steve Mackowski compares the Hastings project to other developing resources, citing the advantage of having a strong historical record; "we've been working on validating what was an old flow sheet for the past 18 months", which eases the process of securing a strategic partner and long term end user.
Disclaimer: Hastings Rare Metals Ltd. (www.hastingsraremetals.com) is an advertorial member of ProEdgeWire.

2:48

Installing AMD FX-6300 desktop processor

Installing AMD FX-6300 desktop processor

Installing AMD FX-6300 desktop processor

I'm upgrading my AMD Athlon X4 630 four core desktop processor to an AMD Athlon FX-6300 six core processor. I'm able to do this without changing anything else because my ASRock 970 Extreme3 motherboard supports both AM3 and AM3+ sockets.

5:22

Mineral Processing of Rare Earth Elements

Mineral Processing of Rare Earth Elements

Mineral Processing of Rare Earth Elements

How to Purify by Recrystallization

We show how to purify aluminum nitrate and strontium nitrate by recrystallization. This is important because those two substances must be extremely pure for our upcoming video on making glow in the dark powder.
First make aluminum nitrate from our previous video: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=u4Ha1SJrazY
Dissolve the dry aluminum nitrate in water and filter off any insoluble materials. We could not filter it off before it dried in the previous video because the particles at that stage are much too small. It needs crystallize once to aggregate into particles large that can be filtered.
After filtering, dry off the aluminum nitrate. The desiccator bag might be useful here: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XJFfS_YbbYI
After drying, carefully weigh out the crystals. Then take that mass and add in 20% mass of water. So if you have 50g like me, you add 10g of water (or 10mL since density is 1g/mL).
It won't all dissolve, so carefully heat the mixture until it dissolves. Then cover it and let it cool down. Eventually it'll crystallize out purer crystals.
After the mixture cools to room temperature, and left for a few hours. The liquid is poured off and discarded, it has the impurities and is not needed.
The crystals are again weighed and once again they are recrystallized with 20% water.
Once this is done. Dry the final product. I started with 50g and ended up with 17g. But now it's very pure. Better than 99%
Strontium nitrate also needs to be purified. But it's solubility doesn't change that much with temperature so we'll have to purify by slow evaporation recrystallization rather than thermal cycle recrystallization.
First, make strontium nitrate like our previous video: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_rd8b6wNnKA
Once again, dissolve it in water and filter it. Then let it crystallize. But before it dries completely, let the liquid reduce to about 20% of it's saturated volume. So I started with a saturated solution of 10mL of strontium nitrate, i then waited until it evaporated down to 2mL of fluid. The crystals are not included in this assessment. Then discard the liquid. Repeat the recrystallization process.
Once again, use the desiccator bag to obtain extremely dry chemicals.
We are now ready to produce glow-in-the-dark powder.

3:31

Make Purified Chloroplatinic Acid

Make Purified Chloroplatinic Acid

Make Purified Chloroplatinic Acid

We process the products of dissolving platinum in aqua regia to make chloroplatinic acid.
First we reacted 31.1g of platinum with aqua regia as seen here: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=APxL87X92t4
That solution contains unreacted nitric acid so we must destroy that. To do this we first reduce volume of the platinum containing solution by evaporating or boiling. Once it's down to less than 100mL and cooled to room temperature we add in 100mL of 15M hydrochloric acid. Then we boil the solution. The solution should be covered with an empty round bottom flask to prevent splashing out of the valuable platinum. As it boils the leftover nitric acid is reacted with the hydrochloric acid to produce nitrogen dioxide, nitrosyl chloride and chlorine gases. A yellow orange or brown gas coming from the solution indicates the reaction is occurring. We keep boiling until the solution is back down to 100mL and then allow to cool. If the gases were observed then another 100mL of hydrochloric acid should be added again and the boiling down repeated. This process should be performed as often as necessary until no gases are observed.
Once all the traces of nitric acid are destroyed the solution is reduced down to ~ 50mL and allowed to dry. Since chloroplatinic acid is extremely hygroscopic I recommend using a desiccator bag or a vacuum desiccator to dry it.
Eventually it will crystallize to an orange solid. Break it up and store it in air-tight containers away from light.
You now have purified chloroplatinic acid hexahydrate.

7:06

Make Nitric Acid - The Complete Guide

Make Nitric Acid - The Complete Guide

Make Nitric Acid - The Complete Guide

We show 3 ways to make nitric acid based on two different chemical approaches both of which can be done using easily accessible materials.
Warning: The procedures in this video produce large quantities of toxic gases and deal with highly corrosive acids. All work must be performed in a fume hood with proper safety equipment. And all apparatus must be glass to withstand the acids.
Chemically, nitric acid is made by bubbling nitrogen dioxide into water. So the objective in this approach is to generate nitrogen dioxide. This can be done by reacting hydrochloric acid, a nitrate salt and copper. Around 80grams of sodium nitrate, over 30 grams of copper and 100mL of hydrochloric acid (37% 12M) are the quantities needed. The exact amount isn't critical. For usable concentrations, the amount of water being converted should be small, around 20-50mL.
Any source of nitrate is usable including potassium nitrate, ammonium nitrate and even nitrate-based fertilizers. You can use our previous video on testing for nitrates if you want to determine if yours can be used. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=f5M3rUqaEYs
The tricky part now is leading the gas into water. Two approaches are shown in the video. In the first approach three containers, such as jars are place inside each other to force the gas to go into the water. This is very inefficient but is very simple to do.
The better approach is to lead the gas out of the generator through a tube and into a chilled container of water.
The water that's converted into nitric acid can be replaced with hydrogen peroxide for better yield.
The chemical waste that's generated contains the valuable copper used before and recovering it is worthwhile due to todays high copper prices. This is simply done by putting in enough aluminum metal that it reacts with all the acids and copper in solution to create a slurry of copper. This can be filtered to obtain a residue of copper. Its highly contaminated but can still be used to make more nitric acid.
For further information on the chemistry type "copper and nitric acid" into google. The hydrochloric acid and nitrate salt behave as nitric acid (with nitrate from the salt and protons from the hydrochloric acid) and dissolve the copper releasing nitrogen dioxide gas.
You can use other concentrations of hydrochloric acid but you need to decrease the amount of water added to keep the concentrations the same.
Finally, the last way of making pure nitric acid is to react concentrated sulfuric acid and a pure nitrate salt (NOT fertilizer) and heat it in a glass distillation apparatus to distill over the pure nitric acid. Stoichiometric quantities of both reagents are recommended for maximum yield.
We get our glassware from chemglass or VWR

14:58

Rare earth metals

Rare earth metals

Rare earth metals

The production of rare earth metals is developing in Stepnogorsk. Today the development of technology contributes to the more successful exploration and the increasing demand for this metal’s group demanded the development for the more environmentally friendly production methods.

6:34

Make MnSO4 from MnO2 [2 ways]

Make MnSO4 from MnO2 [2 ways]

Make MnSO4 from MnO2 [2 ways]

How to Make Manganese Sulfate from Manganese Dioxide. We'll show two ways on how to do this. One using sulfuric acid and oxalic acid, and another using sulfur dioxide.
First the manganese dioxide must be thoroughly washed and filtered to remove all soluble contaminants like zinc chloride and ammonium chloride.
In the first method 30grams of oxalic acid, 300mL of water, and 13mL of sulfuric acid are mixed together. Then the manganese dioxide is continually added until the solution stops bubbling.
In the second method. The manganese dioxide is mixed with water and an excess of sulfur dioxide is bubbled through. The reaction produces manganese dioxide directly.
Finally, after both methods. The mixture is filtered to give pink manganese sulfate.
This will eventually be used to make manganese dioxide electrodes.

March 30, 2015 — Dr. David Dreisinger, Vice President and Director of Metallurgy for Search Minerals Inc. (TSXV: SMY) in an interview with Tracy Weslosky, Publisher for InvestorIntel speaks about developing critical rare earths assets in Labrador with Neodymium, Europium, Terbium, Dysprosium and Yttrium. Further to explaining the Search Minerals resource, Dr. Dreisinger discusses their patent pending for a direct extraction process technology.
Tracy Weslosky: I'm really excited about interviewing you, of course, have a doctorate in metallurgical engineering. Is that correct?
Dr. David Dreisinger: That's correct. From Queen's University in Kingston.
Tracy Weslosky: Okay so we have a metallurgy expert. That's one of the hottest topics on InvestorIntel right now because everybody claims they have a process to extract rare earths. Of course, you're with Search Minerals, right?
Dr. David Dreisinger: That's correct.
Tracy Weslosky: Can you start by telling us what Search Minerals has?
Dr. David Dreisinger: Search Minerals has done exploration in Labrador at three different sites, including the Port Hope SimpsonBelt, the Red WineComplex and also up in StrangeLake. The Port Hope Simpson area is a wholly owned area of investigation, of exploration. We've identified the Foxtrot deposit at that site, which we now have an indicated and inferred resource for, which we've been focusing our metallurgy development on.
Tracy Weslosky: Now your stock was up +14.50% in February and so we are very bullish on rare earths and you have a lot of heavy rare earths. Is that correct?
Dr. David Dreisinger: That's correct. About 20% of our rare earths in our deposit are heavies, including the all-important dysprosium, which is very much in vogue in terms of the magnetic materials.
Tracy Weslosky: Yes. Dysprosium is definitely in vogue, but so tell me more about this. You have a patent pending?
Dr. David Dreisinger: Yes we do. We went through initial metallurgical development back in 2012 and did the classical upgrading to make a concentrate chemical treatment to extract the rare earths and made a rare earth --- a mixed rare earth oxide as our final product and then realized that was probably too expensive to do all those different steps with our material. We went back and looked at it and tried to simplify the process and came up with a direct extraction method.
Tracy Weslosky: Can you tell us more?
Dr. David Dreisinger: I sure can. The direct extraction method, instead of crushing and grinding to very fine size our mineral, we basically just crush the material to a fairly coarse size, about 3 millimeters, and then we apply modest amounts of acid and heat that acid ore mixture to about 200 degrees Celsius, about the same temperature as cooking cookies in the oven at home. Then allow the acid to penetrate into the rock and make the rare earth minerals converted into water soluble form. It starts as a rare earth mineral that's insoluble becomes soluble with the acid application. Then after water leaching the rare earths are extracted from the coarse rock into the solution from which we then recover our mixed rare earth product after some chemical purification steps.
Tracy Weslosky: Of course, if you're an audience member of InvestorIntel you will appreciate that the extraction of rare earths is not like pulling gold from the ground. It's very complex. What is your real competitive advantage with your particular process? If you can just dumb it down for me please.
Dr. David Dreisinger: We think that we're both low-cost and also scalable…to access the rest of this interview, click here https://youtu.be/qVnxU1EPMIk
Disclaimer: Search Minerals Inc. is an advertorial member of InvestorIntel.

March 2, 2014 -- SimonBritt, CEO of GeoMegA Resources ('Geomega', TSXV: GMA), a rare earth exploration company speaks to Tracy Weslosky, Editor-in-Chief and Publisher for InvestorIntel about its 100% owned Montviel Rare Earths elements/niobium project in Quebec. Tracy mentions GeoMegA's 280% share price increase since the start of the year; she asks Simon what it is that the GeoMegA is about the rare earth processing as a potential catalyst for this uptick. Simone said that after two and a half years of R&D, in "...the last day eight months, we have developed a process, which enhances the physical capabilities of the rare earth ion lanthanide separation and we were very successful in mid-January when we disclosed it. We tagged along a partner out of Germany this September and the team has been on a mission to succeed."
Tracy asks about the separation and Simon explains that the focus is on europium, terbium and lanthanum, pointing out that "...lanthanum and ytterbium are very far apart, while europium is in the middle." Tracy comments that Geomega's trading volume has gone "through the roof" and Simon explains that, starting in January, GeoMegA has received very good press both at the local and international levels. Again, inspired by the new separation technology's potential. Adding that the more 'resource' based aspects of GeoMegA's operation as presented in the two news releases after the announcement of the successful separation process have also contributed to the positive response from the market.
GeoMegA has continued the short 2,000 meters drilling program and gotten significant results, "mainly two excellent holes, which are enriched with dysprosium and also carries a significant amount of neodymium. The key here was to see if, at the production stage, we could enhance the dysprosium volume per year to something close to 10:1 neodymium/dysprosium split for the magnetic market," which is a very important target market for GeoMegA.
As for the surge of analyst 'buy' recommendations, Simon says that these have been almost entirely related to the separation technology, the foundation of which is rather simple. "Rare earth ions move a different speed and we focus on that differentiation to create separation". That separation is known as "free-flow electrophoresis" (FFE), which has been around for about 60 years, and used in Germany in the 1960's to separate proteins, cells or organelles. It was not used to this extent before and its main benefit is that separation is achieved in a liquid, which delivers a higher recovery rate than more traditional solid based methods.
In conclusion, Simon comments that GeoMegA expects to deliver more good news this year, updated resource estimates, PEA focused on concentrate base case, and the separation technology will allow the company to start generating revenue, maybe as early as next year. Ultimately, "the competitive advantage is the separation", because that's what makes China competitive.
Disclaimer: GeoMegA Resources is an advertorial member of InvestorIntel.
To access the full Disclaimer for ProEdge Media Corp., please go to the following URL: disclaimer link: http://investorintel.com/?disclaimer=1

7:26

Overclocking AMD FX Series Processors - Basic Tutorial

Overclocking AMD FX Series Processors - Basic Tutorial

Overclocking AMD FX Series Processors - Basic Tutorial

This is a tutorial on how to overclock the AMD FX series processors. I use an FX-6300 processor on an ASRock 970 Extreme3 motherboard, but the process is similar for other models. I show in detail how to use CPU-Z, HWMonitor and Prime95.

A fiber laser or fibre laser is a laser in which the active gain medium is an optical fiber doped with rare-earth elements such as erbium, ytterbium, neodymium, dysprosium, praseodymium, and thulium. They are related to doped fiber amplifiers, which provide light amplification without lasing. Fiber nonlinearities, such as stimulated Raman scattering or four-wave mixing can also provide gain and thus serve as gain media for a fiber laser.
The advantages of fiber lasers over other types include:
Light is already coupled into a flexible fiber: The fact that the light is already in a fiber allows it to be easily delivered to a movable focusing element. This is important for laser cutting, welding, and folding of metals and polymers.
High output power: Fiber lasers can have active regions several kilometers long, and so can provide very high optical gain. They can support kilowatt levels of continuous output power because of the fiber's high surface area to volume ratio, which allows efficient cooling.
High optical quality: The fiber's waveguiding properties reduce or eliminate thermal distortion of the optical path, typically producing a diffraction-limited, high-quality optical beam.
Compact size: Fiber lasers are compact compared to rod or gas lasers of comparable power, because the fiber can be bent and coiled to save space.
Reliability: Fiber lasers exhibit high vibrational stability, extended lifetime, and maintenance-free turnkey operation.
High peak power and nanosecond pulses enable effective marking and engraving.
The additional power and better beam quality provide cleaner cut edges and faster cutting speeds.
Lower cost of ownership.
Fiber lasers are now being used to make high-performance surface-acoustic wave (SAW) devices. These lasers raise throughput and lower cost of ownership in comparison to older solid-state laser technology.
Fiber laser can also refer to the machine tool that includes the fiber resonator.
Applications of fiber lasers include material processing (marking, engraving, cutting), telecommunications, spectroscopy, medicine, and directed energy weapons.

Rare Earth Elements and their uses - Dysprosium

Dysprosium is a rare earth metal from the group of heavy rare earth elements, with various applications in modern technology.
For more information about Dysprosium or other specific Rare Earth Elements, visit our website: http://londoncommoditymarkets.com/rare-earth-elements.php

published: 26 Feb 2013

Hastings Rare Metals aims to become a leading global supplier of dysprosium

May 17, 2013 -- Steve Mackowski, the Technical Director for HastingsRare Metals ('Hastings', ASX: HAS) in an interview with Dave Glover for ProEdgeWire talks about the Hastings Project in northwestern Australia.
Steve confirmed that the project is at pre-feasibility stage "with a view to be in pilot plant operations within the end of the calender year." Hastings's current market capitalization is AUD$ 10 million and three million dollars in the bank. Steve, discusses how the company is targeting investment in a tight capital space, minimizing overheads with an eye toward getting the pilot plant phase completed and completing the feasibility study and "we're currently in preliminary discussion with a number of players with a view to secure some sort of strategic relationship".
Steve then...

published: 17 May 2013

Installing AMD FX-6300 desktop processor

I'm upgrading my AMD Athlon X4 630 four core desktop processor to an AMD Athlon FX-6300 six core processor. I'm able to do this without changing anything else because my ASRock 970 Extreme3 motherboard supports both AM3 and AM3+ sockets.

published: 21 Nov 2013

Mineral Processing of Rare Earth Elements

How to Purify by Recrystallization

We show how to purify aluminum nitrate and strontium nitrate by recrystallization. This is important because those two substances must be extremely pure for our upcoming video on making glow in the dark powder.
First make aluminum nitrate from our previous video: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=u4Ha1SJrazY
Dissolve the dry aluminum nitrate in water and filter off any insoluble materials. We could not filter it off before it dried in the previous video because the particles at that stage are much too small. It needs crystallize once to aggregate into particles large that can be filtered.
After filtering, dry off the aluminum nitrate. The desiccator bag might be useful here: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XJFfS_YbbYI
After drying, carefully weigh out the crystals. Then take that m...

published: 06 Dec 2009

Make Purified Chloroplatinic Acid

We process the products of dissolving platinum in aqua regia to make chloroplatinic acid.
First we reacted 31.1g of platinum with aqua regia as seen here: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=APxL87X92t4
That solution contains unreacted nitric acid so we must destroy that. To do this we first reduce volume of the platinum containing solution by evaporating or boiling. Once it's down to less than 100mL and cooled to room temperature we add in 100mL of 15M hydrochloric acid. Then we boil the solution. The solution should be covered with an empty round bottom flask to prevent splashing out of the valuable platinum. As it boils the leftover nitric acid is reacted with the hydrochloric acid to produce nitrogen dioxide, nitrosyl chloride and chlorine gases. A yellow orange or brown gas coming from t...

published: 27 Oct 2012

Make Nitric Acid - The Complete Guide

We show 3 ways to make nitric acid based on two different chemical approaches both of which can be done using easily accessible materials.
Warning: The procedures in this video produce large quantities of toxic gases and deal with highly corrosive acids. All work must be performed in a fume hood with proper safety equipment. And all apparatus must be glass to withstand the acids.
Chemically, nitric acid is made by bubbling nitrogen dioxide into water. So the objective in this approach is to generate nitrogen dioxide. This can be done by reacting hydrochloric acid, a nitrate salt and copper. Around 80grams of sodium nitrate, over 30 grams of copper and 100mL of hydrochloric acid (37% 12M) are the quantities needed. The exact amount isn't critical. For usable concentrations, the amount of ...

published: 04 Jun 2009

Rare earth metals

The production of rare earth metals is developing in Stepnogorsk. Today the development of technology contributes to the more successful exploration and the increasing demand for this metal’s group demanded the development for the more environmentally friendly production methods.

published: 20 May 2015

Make MnSO4 from MnO2 [2 ways]

How to Make Manganese Sulfate from Manganese Dioxide. We'll show two ways on how to do this. One using sulfuric acid and oxalic acid, and another using sulfur dioxide.
First the manganese dioxide must be thoroughly washed and filtered to remove all soluble contaminants like zinc chloride and ammonium chloride.
In the first method 30grams of oxalic acid, 300mL of water, and 13mL of sulfuric acid are mixed together. Then the manganese dioxide is continually added until the solution stops bubbling.
In the second method. The manganese dioxide is mixed with water and an excess of sulfur dioxide is bubbled through. The reaction produces manganese dioxide directly.
Finally, after both methods. The mixture is filtered to give pink manganese sulfate.
This will eventually be used t...

March 30, 2015 — Dr. David Dreisinger, Vice President and Director of Metallurgy for Search Minerals Inc. (TSXV: SMY) in an interview with Tracy Weslosky, Publisher for InvestorIntel speaks about developing critical rare earths assets in Labrador with Neodymium, Europium, Terbium, Dysprosium and Yttrium. Further to explaining the Search Minerals resource, Dr. Dreisinger discusses their patent pending for a direct extraction process technology.
Tracy Weslosky: I'm really excited about interviewing you, of course, have a doctorate in metallurgical engineering. Is that correct?
Dr. David Dreisinger: That's correct. From Queen's University in Kingston.
Tracy Weslosky: Okay so we have a metallurgy expert. That's one of the hottest topics on InvestorIntel right now because everybody claims th...

March 2, 2014 -- SimonBritt, CEO of GeoMegA Resources ('Geomega', TSXV: GMA), a rare earth exploration company speaks to Tracy Weslosky, Editor-in-Chief and Publisher for InvestorIntel about its 100% owned Montviel Rare Earths elements/niobium project in Quebec. Tracy mentions GeoMegA's 280% share price increase since the start of the year; she asks Simon what it is that the GeoMegA is about the rare earth processing as a potential catalyst for this uptick. Simone said that after two and a half years of R&D, in "...the last day eight months, we have developed a process, which enhances the physical capabilities of the rare earth ion lanthanide separation and we were very successful in mid-January when we disclosed it. We tagged along a partner out of Germany this September and the team ha...

published: 02 Mar 2014

Overclocking AMD FX Series Processors - Basic Tutorial

This is a tutorial on how to overclock the AMD FX series processors. I use an FX-6300 processor on an ASRock 970 Extreme3 motherboard, but the process is similar for other models. I show in detail how to use CPU-Z, HWMonitor and Prime95.

A fiber laser or fibre laser is a laser in which the active gain medium is an optical fiber doped with rare-earth elements such as erbium, ytterbium, neodymium, dysprosium, praseodymium, and thulium. They are related to doped fiber amplifiers, which provide light amplification without lasing. Fiber nonlinearities, such as stimulated Raman scattering or four-wave mixing can also provide gain and thus serve as gain media for a fiber laser.
The advantages of fiber lasers over other types include:
Light is already coupled into a flexible fiber: The fact that the light is already in a fiber allows it to be easily delivered to a movable focusing element. This is important for laser cutting, welding, and folding of metals and polymers.
High output power: Fiber lasers can have active regions seve...

Rare Earth Elements and their uses - Dysprosium

Dysprosium is a rare earth metal from the group of heavy rare earth elements, with various applications in modern technology.
For more information about Dyspros...

Dysprosium is a rare earth metal from the group of heavy rare earth elements, with various applications in modern technology.
For more information about Dysprosium or other specific Rare Earth Elements, visit our website: http://londoncommoditymarkets.com/rare-earth-elements.php

Dysprosium is a rare earth metal from the group of heavy rare earth elements, with various applications in modern technology.
For more information about Dysprosium or other specific Rare Earth Elements, visit our website: http://londoncommoditymarkets.com/rare-earth-elements.php

May 17, 2013 -- Steve Mackowski, the Technical Director for HastingsRare Metals ('Hastings', ASX: HAS) in an interview with Dave Glover for ProEdgeWire talks about the Hastings Project in northwestern Australia.
Steve confirmed that the project is at pre-feasibility stage "with a view to be in pilot plant operations within the end of the calender year." Hastings's current market capitalization is AUD$ 10 million and three million dollars in the bank. Steve, discusses how the company is targeting investment in a tight capital space, minimizing overheads with an eye toward getting the pilot plant phase completed and completing the feasibility study and "we're currently in preliminary discussion with a number of players with a view to secure some sort of strategic relationship".
Steve then explains the change from Light dominated rare earths market with cerium, lanthanum and neodymium "at the commodity end of the circuit". However, Steve said that "we are at the other end of the REO spectrum; we're producing very high-tech materials, both dysprosium and yttrium and so the financing will be different and those are the sorts of things we are discussing with the supply chain that gets us into that magnet market, or that wind turbine market or that hybrid car market".
As for grade, Steve Mackowski said "the Hastings project is 0.21 TREO...which compared to light REO Projects is quite low, but -- he stresses -- we're 85% heavy rare earths". This is the highest heavy rare earth proportion of any known project. Steve Mackowski compares the Hastings project to other developing resources, citing the advantage of having a strong historical record; "we've been working on validating what was an old flow sheet for the past 18 months", which eases the process of securing a strategic partner and long term end user.
Disclaimer: Hastings Rare Metals Ltd. (www.hastingsraremetals.com) is an advertorial member of ProEdgeWire.

May 17, 2013 -- Steve Mackowski, the Technical Director for HastingsRare Metals ('Hastings', ASX: HAS) in an interview with Dave Glover for ProEdgeWire talks about the Hastings Project in northwestern Australia.
Steve confirmed that the project is at pre-feasibility stage "with a view to be in pilot plant operations within the end of the calender year." Hastings's current market capitalization is AUD$ 10 million and three million dollars in the bank. Steve, discusses how the company is targeting investment in a tight capital space, minimizing overheads with an eye toward getting the pilot plant phase completed and completing the feasibility study and "we're currently in preliminary discussion with a number of players with a view to secure some sort of strategic relationship".
Steve then explains the change from Light dominated rare earths market with cerium, lanthanum and neodymium "at the commodity end of the circuit". However, Steve said that "we are at the other end of the REO spectrum; we're producing very high-tech materials, both dysprosium and yttrium and so the financing will be different and those are the sorts of things we are discussing with the supply chain that gets us into that magnet market, or that wind turbine market or that hybrid car market".
As for grade, Steve Mackowski said "the Hastings project is 0.21 TREO...which compared to light REO Projects is quite low, but -- he stresses -- we're 85% heavy rare earths". This is the highest heavy rare earth proportion of any known project. Steve Mackowski compares the Hastings project to other developing resources, citing the advantage of having a strong historical record; "we've been working on validating what was an old flow sheet for the past 18 months", which eases the process of securing a strategic partner and long term end user.
Disclaimer: Hastings Rare Metals Ltd. (www.hastingsraremetals.com) is an advertorial member of ProEdgeWire.

How to Purify by Recrystallization

We show how to purify aluminum nitrate and strontium nitrate by recrystallization. This is important because those two substances must be extremely pure for our...

We show how to purify aluminum nitrate and strontium nitrate by recrystallization. This is important because those two substances must be extremely pure for our upcoming video on making glow in the dark powder.
First make aluminum nitrate from our previous video: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=u4Ha1SJrazY
Dissolve the dry aluminum nitrate in water and filter off any insoluble materials. We could not filter it off before it dried in the previous video because the particles at that stage are much too small. It needs crystallize once to aggregate into particles large that can be filtered.
After filtering, dry off the aluminum nitrate. The desiccator bag might be useful here: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XJFfS_YbbYI
After drying, carefully weigh out the crystals. Then take that mass and add in 20% mass of water. So if you have 50g like me, you add 10g of water (or 10mL since density is 1g/mL).
It won't all dissolve, so carefully heat the mixture until it dissolves. Then cover it and let it cool down. Eventually it'll crystallize out purer crystals.
After the mixture cools to room temperature, and left for a few hours. The liquid is poured off and discarded, it has the impurities and is not needed.
The crystals are again weighed and once again they are recrystallized with 20% water.
Once this is done. Dry the final product. I started with 50g and ended up with 17g. But now it's very pure. Better than 99%
Strontium nitrate also needs to be purified. But it's solubility doesn't change that much with temperature so we'll have to purify by slow evaporation recrystallization rather than thermal cycle recrystallization.
First, make strontium nitrate like our previous video: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_rd8b6wNnKA
Once again, dissolve it in water and filter it. Then let it crystallize. But before it dries completely, let the liquid reduce to about 20% of it's saturated volume. So I started with a saturated solution of 10mL of strontium nitrate, i then waited until it evaporated down to 2mL of fluid. The crystals are not included in this assessment. Then discard the liquid. Repeat the recrystallization process.
Once again, use the desiccator bag to obtain extremely dry chemicals.
We are now ready to produce glow-in-the-dark powder.

We show how to purify aluminum nitrate and strontium nitrate by recrystallization. This is important because those two substances must be extremely pure for our upcoming video on making glow in the dark powder.
First make aluminum nitrate from our previous video: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=u4Ha1SJrazY
Dissolve the dry aluminum nitrate in water and filter off any insoluble materials. We could not filter it off before it dried in the previous video because the particles at that stage are much too small. It needs crystallize once to aggregate into particles large that can be filtered.
After filtering, dry off the aluminum nitrate. The desiccator bag might be useful here: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XJFfS_YbbYI
After drying, carefully weigh out the crystals. Then take that mass and add in 20% mass of water. So if you have 50g like me, you add 10g of water (or 10mL since density is 1g/mL).
It won't all dissolve, so carefully heat the mixture until it dissolves. Then cover it and let it cool down. Eventually it'll crystallize out purer crystals.
After the mixture cools to room temperature, and left for a few hours. The liquid is poured off and discarded, it has the impurities and is not needed.
The crystals are again weighed and once again they are recrystallized with 20% water.
Once this is done. Dry the final product. I started with 50g and ended up with 17g. But now it's very pure. Better than 99%
Strontium nitrate also needs to be purified. But it's solubility doesn't change that much with temperature so we'll have to purify by slow evaporation recrystallization rather than thermal cycle recrystallization.
First, make strontium nitrate like our previous video: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_rd8b6wNnKA
Once again, dissolve it in water and filter it. Then let it crystallize. But before it dries completely, let the liquid reduce to about 20% of it's saturated volume. So I started with a saturated solution of 10mL of strontium nitrate, i then waited until it evaporated down to 2mL of fluid. The crystals are not included in this assessment. Then discard the liquid. Repeat the recrystallization process.
Once again, use the desiccator bag to obtain extremely dry chemicals.
We are now ready to produce glow-in-the-dark powder.

Make Purified Chloroplatinic Acid

We process the products of dissolving platinum in aqua regia to make chloroplatinic acid.
First we reacted 31.1g of platinum with aqua regia as seen here: http...

We process the products of dissolving platinum in aqua regia to make chloroplatinic acid.
First we reacted 31.1g of platinum with aqua regia as seen here: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=APxL87X92t4
That solution contains unreacted nitric acid so we must destroy that. To do this we first reduce volume of the platinum containing solution by evaporating or boiling. Once it's down to less than 100mL and cooled to room temperature we add in 100mL of 15M hydrochloric acid. Then we boil the solution. The solution should be covered with an empty round bottom flask to prevent splashing out of the valuable platinum. As it boils the leftover nitric acid is reacted with the hydrochloric acid to produce nitrogen dioxide, nitrosyl chloride and chlorine gases. A yellow orange or brown gas coming from the solution indicates the reaction is occurring. We keep boiling until the solution is back down to 100mL and then allow to cool. If the gases were observed then another 100mL of hydrochloric acid should be added again and the boiling down repeated. This process should be performed as often as necessary until no gases are observed.
Once all the traces of nitric acid are destroyed the solution is reduced down to ~ 50mL and allowed to dry. Since chloroplatinic acid is extremely hygroscopic I recommend using a desiccator bag or a vacuum desiccator to dry it.
Eventually it will crystallize to an orange solid. Break it up and store it in air-tight containers away from light.
You now have purified chloroplatinic acid hexahydrate.

We process the products of dissolving platinum in aqua regia to make chloroplatinic acid.
First we reacted 31.1g of platinum with aqua regia as seen here: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=APxL87X92t4
That solution contains unreacted nitric acid so we must destroy that. To do this we first reduce volume of the platinum containing solution by evaporating or boiling. Once it's down to less than 100mL and cooled to room temperature we add in 100mL of 15M hydrochloric acid. Then we boil the solution. The solution should be covered with an empty round bottom flask to prevent splashing out of the valuable platinum. As it boils the leftover nitric acid is reacted with the hydrochloric acid to produce nitrogen dioxide, nitrosyl chloride and chlorine gases. A yellow orange or brown gas coming from the solution indicates the reaction is occurring. We keep boiling until the solution is back down to 100mL and then allow to cool. If the gases were observed then another 100mL of hydrochloric acid should be added again and the boiling down repeated. This process should be performed as often as necessary until no gases are observed.
Once all the traces of nitric acid are destroyed the solution is reduced down to ~ 50mL and allowed to dry. Since chloroplatinic acid is extremely hygroscopic I recommend using a desiccator bag or a vacuum desiccator to dry it.
Eventually it will crystallize to an orange solid. Break it up and store it in air-tight containers away from light.
You now have purified chloroplatinic acid hexahydrate.

Make Nitric Acid - The Complete Guide

We show 3 ways to make nitric acid based on two different chemical approaches both of which can be done using easily accessible materials.
Warning: The procedu...

We show 3 ways to make nitric acid based on two different chemical approaches both of which can be done using easily accessible materials.
Warning: The procedures in this video produce large quantities of toxic gases and deal with highly corrosive acids. All work must be performed in a fume hood with proper safety equipment. And all apparatus must be glass to withstand the acids.
Chemically, nitric acid is made by bubbling nitrogen dioxide into water. So the objective in this approach is to generate nitrogen dioxide. This can be done by reacting hydrochloric acid, a nitrate salt and copper. Around 80grams of sodium nitrate, over 30 grams of copper and 100mL of hydrochloric acid (37% 12M) are the quantities needed. The exact amount isn't critical. For usable concentrations, the amount of water being converted should be small, around 20-50mL.
Any source of nitrate is usable including potassium nitrate, ammonium nitrate and even nitrate-based fertilizers. You can use our previous video on testing for nitrates if you want to determine if yours can be used. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=f5M3rUqaEYs
The tricky part now is leading the gas into water. Two approaches are shown in the video. In the first approach three containers, such as jars are place inside each other to force the gas to go into the water. This is very inefficient but is very simple to do.
The better approach is to lead the gas out of the generator through a tube and into a chilled container of water.
The water that's converted into nitric acid can be replaced with hydrogen peroxide for better yield.
The chemical waste that's generated contains the valuable copper used before and recovering it is worthwhile due to todays high copper prices. This is simply done by putting in enough aluminum metal that it reacts with all the acids and copper in solution to create a slurry of copper. This can be filtered to obtain a residue of copper. Its highly contaminated but can still be used to make more nitric acid.
For further information on the chemistry type "copper and nitric acid" into google. The hydrochloric acid and nitrate salt behave as nitric acid (with nitrate from the salt and protons from the hydrochloric acid) and dissolve the copper releasing nitrogen dioxide gas.
You can use other concentrations of hydrochloric acid but you need to decrease the amount of water added to keep the concentrations the same.
Finally, the last way of making pure nitric acid is to react concentrated sulfuric acid and a pure nitrate salt (NOT fertilizer) and heat it in a glass distillation apparatus to distill over the pure nitric acid. Stoichiometric quantities of both reagents are recommended for maximum yield.
We get our glassware from chemglass or VWR

We show 3 ways to make nitric acid based on two different chemical approaches both of which can be done using easily accessible materials.
Warning: The procedures in this video produce large quantities of toxic gases and deal with highly corrosive acids. All work must be performed in a fume hood with proper safety equipment. And all apparatus must be glass to withstand the acids.
Chemically, nitric acid is made by bubbling nitrogen dioxide into water. So the objective in this approach is to generate nitrogen dioxide. This can be done by reacting hydrochloric acid, a nitrate salt and copper. Around 80grams of sodium nitrate, over 30 grams of copper and 100mL of hydrochloric acid (37% 12M) are the quantities needed. The exact amount isn't critical. For usable concentrations, the amount of water being converted should be small, around 20-50mL.
Any source of nitrate is usable including potassium nitrate, ammonium nitrate and even nitrate-based fertilizers. You can use our previous video on testing for nitrates if you want to determine if yours can be used. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=f5M3rUqaEYs
The tricky part now is leading the gas into water. Two approaches are shown in the video. In the first approach three containers, such as jars are place inside each other to force the gas to go into the water. This is very inefficient but is very simple to do.
The better approach is to lead the gas out of the generator through a tube and into a chilled container of water.
The water that's converted into nitric acid can be replaced with hydrogen peroxide for better yield.
The chemical waste that's generated contains the valuable copper used before and recovering it is worthwhile due to todays high copper prices. This is simply done by putting in enough aluminum metal that it reacts with all the acids and copper in solution to create a slurry of copper. This can be filtered to obtain a residue of copper. Its highly contaminated but can still be used to make more nitric acid.
For further information on the chemistry type "copper and nitric acid" into google. The hydrochloric acid and nitrate salt behave as nitric acid (with nitrate from the salt and protons from the hydrochloric acid) and dissolve the copper releasing nitrogen dioxide gas.
You can use other concentrations of hydrochloric acid but you need to decrease the amount of water added to keep the concentrations the same.
Finally, the last way of making pure nitric acid is to react concentrated sulfuric acid and a pure nitrate salt (NOT fertilizer) and heat it in a glass distillation apparatus to distill over the pure nitric acid. Stoichiometric quantities of both reagents are recommended for maximum yield.
We get our glassware from chemglass or VWR

Rare earth metals

The production of rare earth metals is developing in Stepnogorsk. Today the development of technology contributes to the more successful exploration and the inc...

The production of rare earth metals is developing in Stepnogorsk. Today the development of technology contributes to the more successful exploration and the increasing demand for this metal’s group demanded the development for the more environmentally friendly production methods.

The production of rare earth metals is developing in Stepnogorsk. Today the development of technology contributes to the more successful exploration and the increasing demand for this metal’s group demanded the development for the more environmentally friendly production methods.

Make MnSO4 from MnO2 [2 ways]

How to Make Manganese Sulfate from Manganese Dioxide. We'll show two ways on how to do this. One using sulfuric acid and oxalic acid, and another using sulfur d...

How to Make Manganese Sulfate from Manganese Dioxide. We'll show two ways on how to do this. One using sulfuric acid and oxalic acid, and another using sulfur dioxide.
First the manganese dioxide must be thoroughly washed and filtered to remove all soluble contaminants like zinc chloride and ammonium chloride.
In the first method 30grams of oxalic acid, 300mL of water, and 13mL of sulfuric acid are mixed together. Then the manganese dioxide is continually added until the solution stops bubbling.
In the second method. The manganese dioxide is mixed with water and an excess of sulfur dioxide is bubbled through. The reaction produces manganese dioxide directly.
Finally, after both methods. The mixture is filtered to give pink manganese sulfate.
This will eventually be used to make manganese dioxide electrodes.

How to Make Manganese Sulfate from Manganese Dioxide. We'll show two ways on how to do this. One using sulfuric acid and oxalic acid, and another using sulfur dioxide.
First the manganese dioxide must be thoroughly washed and filtered to remove all soluble contaminants like zinc chloride and ammonium chloride.
In the first method 30grams of oxalic acid, 300mL of water, and 13mL of sulfuric acid are mixed together. Then the manganese dioxide is continually added until the solution stops bubbling.
In the second method. The manganese dioxide is mixed with water and an excess of sulfur dioxide is bubbled through. The reaction produces manganese dioxide directly.
Finally, after both methods. The mixture is filtered to give pink manganese sulfate.
This will eventually be used to make manganese dioxide electrodes.

March 30, 2015 — Dr. David Dreisinger, Vice President and Director of Metallurgy for Search Minerals Inc. (TSXV: SMY) in an interview with Tracy Weslosky, Publisher for InvestorIntel speaks about developing critical rare earths assets in Labrador with Neodymium, Europium, Terbium, Dysprosium and Yttrium. Further to explaining the Search Minerals resource, Dr. Dreisinger discusses their patent pending for a direct extraction process technology.
Tracy Weslosky: I'm really excited about interviewing you, of course, have a doctorate in metallurgical engineering. Is that correct?
Dr. David Dreisinger: That's correct. From Queen's University in Kingston.
Tracy Weslosky: Okay so we have a metallurgy expert. That's one of the hottest topics on InvestorIntel right now because everybody claims they have a process to extract rare earths. Of course, you're with Search Minerals, right?
Dr. David Dreisinger: That's correct.
Tracy Weslosky: Can you start by telling us what Search Minerals has?
Dr. David Dreisinger: Search Minerals has done exploration in Labrador at three different sites, including the Port Hope SimpsonBelt, the Red WineComplex and also up in StrangeLake. The Port Hope Simpson area is a wholly owned area of investigation, of exploration. We've identified the Foxtrot deposit at that site, which we now have an indicated and inferred resource for, which we've been focusing our metallurgy development on.
Tracy Weslosky: Now your stock was up +14.50% in February and so we are very bullish on rare earths and you have a lot of heavy rare earths. Is that correct?
Dr. David Dreisinger: That's correct. About 20% of our rare earths in our deposit are heavies, including the all-important dysprosium, which is very much in vogue in terms of the magnetic materials.
Tracy Weslosky: Yes. Dysprosium is definitely in vogue, but so tell me more about this. You have a patent pending?
Dr. David Dreisinger: Yes we do. We went through initial metallurgical development back in 2012 and did the classical upgrading to make a concentrate chemical treatment to extract the rare earths and made a rare earth --- a mixed rare earth oxide as our final product and then realized that was probably too expensive to do all those different steps with our material. We went back and looked at it and tried to simplify the process and came up with a direct extraction method.
Tracy Weslosky: Can you tell us more?
Dr. David Dreisinger: I sure can. The direct extraction method, instead of crushing and grinding to very fine size our mineral, we basically just crush the material to a fairly coarse size, about 3 millimeters, and then we apply modest amounts of acid and heat that acid ore mixture to about 200 degrees Celsius, about the same temperature as cooking cookies in the oven at home. Then allow the acid to penetrate into the rock and make the rare earth minerals converted into water soluble form. It starts as a rare earth mineral that's insoluble becomes soluble with the acid application. Then after water leaching the rare earths are extracted from the coarse rock into the solution from which we then recover our mixed rare earth product after some chemical purification steps.
Tracy Weslosky: Of course, if you're an audience member of InvestorIntel you will appreciate that the extraction of rare earths is not like pulling gold from the ground. It's very complex. What is your real competitive advantage with your particular process? If you can just dumb it down for me please.
Dr. David Dreisinger: We think that we're both low-cost and also scalable…to access the rest of this interview, click here https://youtu.be/qVnxU1EPMIk
Disclaimer: Search Minerals Inc. is an advertorial member of InvestorIntel.

March 30, 2015 — Dr. David Dreisinger, Vice President and Director of Metallurgy for Search Minerals Inc. (TSXV: SMY) in an interview with Tracy Weslosky, Publisher for InvestorIntel speaks about developing critical rare earths assets in Labrador with Neodymium, Europium, Terbium, Dysprosium and Yttrium. Further to explaining the Search Minerals resource, Dr. Dreisinger discusses their patent pending for a direct extraction process technology.
Tracy Weslosky: I'm really excited about interviewing you, of course, have a doctorate in metallurgical engineering. Is that correct?
Dr. David Dreisinger: That's correct. From Queen's University in Kingston.
Tracy Weslosky: Okay so we have a metallurgy expert. That's one of the hottest topics on InvestorIntel right now because everybody claims they have a process to extract rare earths. Of course, you're with Search Minerals, right?
Dr. David Dreisinger: That's correct.
Tracy Weslosky: Can you start by telling us what Search Minerals has?
Dr. David Dreisinger: Search Minerals has done exploration in Labrador at three different sites, including the Port Hope SimpsonBelt, the Red WineComplex and also up in StrangeLake. The Port Hope Simpson area is a wholly owned area of investigation, of exploration. We've identified the Foxtrot deposit at that site, which we now have an indicated and inferred resource for, which we've been focusing our metallurgy development on.
Tracy Weslosky: Now your stock was up +14.50% in February and so we are very bullish on rare earths and you have a lot of heavy rare earths. Is that correct?
Dr. David Dreisinger: That's correct. About 20% of our rare earths in our deposit are heavies, including the all-important dysprosium, which is very much in vogue in terms of the magnetic materials.
Tracy Weslosky: Yes. Dysprosium is definitely in vogue, but so tell me more about this. You have a patent pending?
Dr. David Dreisinger: Yes we do. We went through initial metallurgical development back in 2012 and did the classical upgrading to make a concentrate chemical treatment to extract the rare earths and made a rare earth --- a mixed rare earth oxide as our final product and then realized that was probably too expensive to do all those different steps with our material. We went back and looked at it and tried to simplify the process and came up with a direct extraction method.
Tracy Weslosky: Can you tell us more?
Dr. David Dreisinger: I sure can. The direct extraction method, instead of crushing and grinding to very fine size our mineral, we basically just crush the material to a fairly coarse size, about 3 millimeters, and then we apply modest amounts of acid and heat that acid ore mixture to about 200 degrees Celsius, about the same temperature as cooking cookies in the oven at home. Then allow the acid to penetrate into the rock and make the rare earth minerals converted into water soluble form. It starts as a rare earth mineral that's insoluble becomes soluble with the acid application. Then after water leaching the rare earths are extracted from the coarse rock into the solution from which we then recover our mixed rare earth product after some chemical purification steps.
Tracy Weslosky: Of course, if you're an audience member of InvestorIntel you will appreciate that the extraction of rare earths is not like pulling gold from the ground. It's very complex. What is your real competitive advantage with your particular process? If you can just dumb it down for me please.
Dr. David Dreisinger: We think that we're both low-cost and also scalable…to access the rest of this interview, click here https://youtu.be/qVnxU1EPMIk
Disclaimer: Search Minerals Inc. is an advertorial member of InvestorIntel.

March 2, 2014 -- SimonBritt, CEO of GeoMegA Resources ('Geomega', TSXV: GMA), a rare earth exploration company speaks to Tracy Weslosky, Editor-in-Chief and Publisher for InvestorIntel about its 100% owned Montviel Rare Earths elements/niobium project in Quebec. Tracy mentions GeoMegA's 280% share price increase since the start of the year; she asks Simon what it is that the GeoMegA is about the rare earth processing as a potential catalyst for this uptick. Simone said that after two and a half years of R&D, in "...the last day eight months, we have developed a process, which enhances the physical capabilities of the rare earth ion lanthanide separation and we were very successful in mid-January when we disclosed it. We tagged along a partner out of Germany this September and the team has been on a mission to succeed."
Tracy asks about the separation and Simon explains that the focus is on europium, terbium and lanthanum, pointing out that "...lanthanum and ytterbium are very far apart, while europium is in the middle." Tracy comments that Geomega's trading volume has gone "through the roof" and Simon explains that, starting in January, GeoMegA has received very good press both at the local and international levels. Again, inspired by the new separation technology's potential. Adding that the more 'resource' based aspects of GeoMegA's operation as presented in the two news releases after the announcement of the successful separation process have also contributed to the positive response from the market.
GeoMegA has continued the short 2,000 meters drilling program and gotten significant results, "mainly two excellent holes, which are enriched with dysprosium and also carries a significant amount of neodymium. The key here was to see if, at the production stage, we could enhance the dysprosium volume per year to something close to 10:1 neodymium/dysprosium split for the magnetic market," which is a very important target market for GeoMegA.
As for the surge of analyst 'buy' recommendations, Simon says that these have been almost entirely related to the separation technology, the foundation of which is rather simple. "Rare earth ions move a different speed and we focus on that differentiation to create separation". That separation is known as "free-flow electrophoresis" (FFE), which has been around for about 60 years, and used in Germany in the 1960's to separate proteins, cells or organelles. It was not used to this extent before and its main benefit is that separation is achieved in a liquid, which delivers a higher recovery rate than more traditional solid based methods.
In conclusion, Simon comments that GeoMegA expects to deliver more good news this year, updated resource estimates, PEA focused on concentrate base case, and the separation technology will allow the company to start generating revenue, maybe as early as next year. Ultimately, "the competitive advantage is the separation", because that's what makes China competitive.
Disclaimer: GeoMegA Resources is an advertorial member of InvestorIntel.
To access the full Disclaimer for ProEdge Media Corp., please go to the following URL: disclaimer link: http://investorintel.com/?disclaimer=1

March 2, 2014 -- SimonBritt, CEO of GeoMegA Resources ('Geomega', TSXV: GMA), a rare earth exploration company speaks to Tracy Weslosky, Editor-in-Chief and Publisher for InvestorIntel about its 100% owned Montviel Rare Earths elements/niobium project in Quebec. Tracy mentions GeoMegA's 280% share price increase since the start of the year; she asks Simon what it is that the GeoMegA is about the rare earth processing as a potential catalyst for this uptick. Simone said that after two and a half years of R&D, in "...the last day eight months, we have developed a process, which enhances the physical capabilities of the rare earth ion lanthanide separation and we were very successful in mid-January when we disclosed it. We tagged along a partner out of Germany this September and the team has been on a mission to succeed."
Tracy asks about the separation and Simon explains that the focus is on europium, terbium and lanthanum, pointing out that "...lanthanum and ytterbium are very far apart, while europium is in the middle." Tracy comments that Geomega's trading volume has gone "through the roof" and Simon explains that, starting in January, GeoMegA has received very good press both at the local and international levels. Again, inspired by the new separation technology's potential. Adding that the more 'resource' based aspects of GeoMegA's operation as presented in the two news releases after the announcement of the successful separation process have also contributed to the positive response from the market.
GeoMegA has continued the short 2,000 meters drilling program and gotten significant results, "mainly two excellent holes, which are enriched with dysprosium and also carries a significant amount of neodymium. The key here was to see if, at the production stage, we could enhance the dysprosium volume per year to something close to 10:1 neodymium/dysprosium split for the magnetic market," which is a very important target market for GeoMegA.
As for the surge of analyst 'buy' recommendations, Simon says that these have been almost entirely related to the separation technology, the foundation of which is rather simple. "Rare earth ions move a different speed and we focus on that differentiation to create separation". That separation is known as "free-flow electrophoresis" (FFE), which has been around for about 60 years, and used in Germany in the 1960's to separate proteins, cells or organelles. It was not used to this extent before and its main benefit is that separation is achieved in a liquid, which delivers a higher recovery rate than more traditional solid based methods.
In conclusion, Simon comments that GeoMegA expects to deliver more good news this year, updated resource estimates, PEA focused on concentrate base case, and the separation technology will allow the company to start generating revenue, maybe as early as next year. Ultimately, "the competitive advantage is the separation", because that's what makes China competitive.
Disclaimer: GeoMegA Resources is an advertorial member of InvestorIntel.
To access the full Disclaimer for ProEdge Media Corp., please go to the following URL: disclaimer link: http://investorintel.com/?disclaimer=1

Overclocking AMD FX Series Processors - Basic Tutorial

This is a tutorial on how to overclock the AMD FX series processors. I use an FX-6300 processor on an ASRock 970 Extreme3 motherboard, but the process is simila...

This is a tutorial on how to overclock the AMD FX series processors. I use an FX-6300 processor on an ASRock 970 Extreme3 motherboard, but the process is similar for other models. I show in detail how to use CPU-Z, HWMonitor and Prime95.

This is a tutorial on how to overclock the AMD FX series processors. I use an FX-6300 processor on an ASRock 970 Extreme3 motherboard, but the process is similar for other models. I show in detail how to use CPU-Z, HWMonitor and Prime95.

A fiber laser or fibre laser is a laser in which the active gain medium is an optical fiber doped with rare-earth elements such as erbium, ytterbium, neodymium,...

A fiber laser or fibre laser is a laser in which the active gain medium is an optical fiber doped with rare-earth elements such as erbium, ytterbium, neodymium, dysprosium, praseodymium, and thulium. They are related to doped fiber amplifiers, which provide light amplification without lasing. Fiber nonlinearities, such as stimulated Raman scattering or four-wave mixing can also provide gain and thus serve as gain media for a fiber laser.
The advantages of fiber lasers over other types include:
Light is already coupled into a flexible fiber: The fact that the light is already in a fiber allows it to be easily delivered to a movable focusing element. This is important for laser cutting, welding, and folding of metals and polymers.
High output power: Fiber lasers can have active regions several kilometers long, and so can provide very high optical gain. They can support kilowatt levels of continuous output power because of the fiber's high surface area to volume ratio, which allows efficient cooling.
High optical quality: The fiber's waveguiding properties reduce or eliminate thermal distortion of the optical path, typically producing a diffraction-limited, high-quality optical beam.
Compact size: Fiber lasers are compact compared to rod or gas lasers of comparable power, because the fiber can be bent and coiled to save space.
Reliability: Fiber lasers exhibit high vibrational stability, extended lifetime, and maintenance-free turnkey operation.
High peak power and nanosecond pulses enable effective marking and engraving.
The additional power and better beam quality provide cleaner cut edges and faster cutting speeds.
Lower cost of ownership.
Fiber lasers are now being used to make high-performance surface-acoustic wave (SAW) devices. These lasers raise throughput and lower cost of ownership in comparison to older solid-state laser technology.
Fiber laser can also refer to the machine tool that includes the fiber resonator.
Applications of fiber lasers include material processing (marking, engraving, cutting), telecommunications, spectroscopy, medicine, and directed energy weapons.

A fiber laser or fibre laser is a laser in which the active gain medium is an optical fiber doped with rare-earth elements such as erbium, ytterbium, neodymium, dysprosium, praseodymium, and thulium. They are related to doped fiber amplifiers, which provide light amplification without lasing. Fiber nonlinearities, such as stimulated Raman scattering or four-wave mixing can also provide gain and thus serve as gain media for a fiber laser.
The advantages of fiber lasers over other types include:
Light is already coupled into a flexible fiber: The fact that the light is already in a fiber allows it to be easily delivered to a movable focusing element. This is important for laser cutting, welding, and folding of metals and polymers.
High output power: Fiber lasers can have active regions several kilometers long, and so can provide very high optical gain. They can support kilowatt levels of continuous output power because of the fiber's high surface area to volume ratio, which allows efficient cooling.
High optical quality: The fiber's waveguiding properties reduce or eliminate thermal distortion of the optical path, typically producing a diffraction-limited, high-quality optical beam.
Compact size: Fiber lasers are compact compared to rod or gas lasers of comparable power, because the fiber can be bent and coiled to save space.
Reliability: Fiber lasers exhibit high vibrational stability, extended lifetime, and maintenance-free turnkey operation.
High peak power and nanosecond pulses enable effective marking and engraving.
The additional power and better beam quality provide cleaner cut edges and faster cutting speeds.
Lower cost of ownership.
Fiber lasers are now being used to make high-performance surface-acoustic wave (SAW) devices. These lasers raise throughput and lower cost of ownership in comparison to older solid-state laser technology.
Fiber laser can also refer to the machine tool that includes the fiber resonator.
Applications of fiber lasers include material processing (marking, engraving, cutting), telecommunications, spectroscopy, medicine, and directed energy weapons.

Rare Earth Elements and their uses - Dysprosium

Dysprosium is a rare earth metal from the group of heavy rare earth elements, with various applications in modern technology.
For more information about Dysprosium or other specific Rare Earth Elements, visit our website: http://londoncommoditymarkets.com/rare-earth-elements.php

Hastings Rare Metals aims to become a leading global supplier of dysprosium

May 17, 2013 -- Steve Mackowski, the Technical Director for HastingsRare Metals ('Hastings', ASX: HAS) in an interview with Dave Glover for ProEdgeWire talks about the Hastings Project in northwestern Australia.
Steve confirmed that the project is at pre-feasibility stage "with a view to be in pilot plant operations within the end of the calender year." Hastings's current market capitalization is AUD$ 10 million and three million dollars in the bank. Steve, discusses how the company is targeting investment in a tight capital space, minimizing overheads with an eye toward getting the pilot plant phase completed and completing the feasibility study and "we're currently in preliminary discussion with a number of players with a view to secure some sort of strategic relationship".
Steve then explains the change from Light dominated rare earths market with cerium, lanthanum and neodymium "at the commodity end of the circuit". However, Steve said that "we are at the other end of the REO spectrum; we're producing very high-tech materials, both dysprosium and yttrium and so the financing will be different and those are the sorts of things we are discussing with the supply chain that gets us into that magnet market, or that wind turbine market or that hybrid car market".
As for grade, Steve Mackowski said "the Hastings project is 0.21 TREO...which compared to light REO Projects is quite low, but -- he stresses -- we're 85% heavy rare earths". This is the highest heavy rare earth proportion of any known project. Steve Mackowski compares the Hastings project to other developing resources, citing the advantage of having a strong historical record; "we've been working on validating what was an old flow sheet for the past 18 months", which eases the process of securing a strategic partner and long term end user.
Disclaimer: Hastings Rare Metals Ltd. (www.hastingsraremetals.com) is an advertorial member of ProEdgeWire.

How to Purify by Recrystallization

We show how to purify aluminum nitrate and strontium nitrate by recrystallization. This is important because those two substances must be extremely pure for our upcoming video on making glow in the dark powder.
First make aluminum nitrate from our previous video: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=u4Ha1SJrazY
Dissolve the dry aluminum nitrate in water and filter off any insoluble materials. We could not filter it off before it dried in the previous video because the particles at that stage are much too small. It needs crystallize once to aggregate into particles large that can be filtered.
After filtering, dry off the aluminum nitrate. The desiccator bag might be useful here: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XJFfS_YbbYI
After drying, carefully weigh out the crystals. Then take that mass and add in 20% mass of water. So if you have 50g like me, you add 10g of water (or 10mL since density is 1g/mL).
It won't all dissolve, so carefully heat the mixture until it dissolves. Then cover it and let it cool down. Eventually it'll crystallize out purer crystals.
After the mixture cools to room temperature, and left for a few hours. The liquid is poured off and discarded, it has the impurities and is not needed.
The crystals are again weighed and once again they are recrystallized with 20% water.
Once this is done. Dry the final product. I started with 50g and ended up with 17g. But now it's very pure. Better than 99%
Strontium nitrate also needs to be purified. But it's solubility doesn't change that much with temperature so we'll have to purify by slow evaporation recrystallization rather than thermal cycle recrystallization.
First, make strontium nitrate like our previous video: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_rd8b6wNnKA
Once again, dissolve it in water and filter it. Then let it crystallize. But before it dries completely, let the liquid reduce to about 20% of it's saturated volume. So I started with a saturated solution of 10mL of strontium nitrate, i then waited until it evaporated down to 2mL of fluid. The crystals are not included in this assessment. Then discard the liquid. Repeat the recrystallization process.
Once again, use the desiccator bag to obtain extremely dry chemicals.
We are now ready to produce glow-in-the-dark powder.

Make Purified Chloroplatinic Acid

We process the products of dissolving platinum in aqua regia to make chloroplatinic acid.
First we reacted 31.1g of platinum with aqua regia as seen here: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=APxL87X92t4
That solution contains unreacted nitric acid so we must destroy that. To do this we first reduce volume of the platinum containing solution by evaporating or boiling. Once it's down to less than 100mL and cooled to room temperature we add in 100mL of 15M hydrochloric acid. Then we boil the solution. The solution should be covered with an empty round bottom flask to prevent splashing out of the valuable platinum. As it boils the leftover nitric acid is reacted with the hydrochloric acid to produce nitrogen dioxide, nitrosyl chloride and chlorine gases. A yellow orange or brown gas coming from the solution indicates the reaction is occurring. We keep boiling until the solution is back down to 100mL and then allow to cool. If the gases were observed then another 100mL of hydrochloric acid should be added again and the boiling down repeated. This process should be performed as often as necessary until no gases are observed.
Once all the traces of nitric acid are destroyed the solution is reduced down to ~ 50mL and allowed to dry. Since chloroplatinic acid is extremely hygroscopic I recommend using a desiccator bag or a vacuum desiccator to dry it.
Eventually it will crystallize to an orange solid. Break it up and store it in air-tight containers away from light.
You now have purified chloroplatinic acid hexahydrate.

Make Nitric Acid - The Complete Guide

We show 3 ways to make nitric acid based on two different chemical approaches both of which can be done using easily accessible materials.
Warning: The procedures in this video produce large quantities of toxic gases and deal with highly corrosive acids. All work must be performed in a fume hood with proper safety equipment. And all apparatus must be glass to withstand the acids.
Chemically, nitric acid is made by bubbling nitrogen dioxide into water. So the objective in this approach is to generate nitrogen dioxide. This can be done by reacting hydrochloric acid, a nitrate salt and copper. Around 80grams of sodium nitrate, over 30 grams of copper and 100mL of hydrochloric acid (37% 12M) are the quantities needed. The exact amount isn't critical. For usable concentrations, the amount of water being converted should be small, around 20-50mL.
Any source of nitrate is usable including potassium nitrate, ammonium nitrate and even nitrate-based fertilizers. You can use our previous video on testing for nitrates if you want to determine if yours can be used. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=f5M3rUqaEYs
The tricky part now is leading the gas into water. Two approaches are shown in the video. In the first approach three containers, such as jars are place inside each other to force the gas to go into the water. This is very inefficient but is very simple to do.
The better approach is to lead the gas out of the generator through a tube and into a chilled container of water.
The water that's converted into nitric acid can be replaced with hydrogen peroxide for better yield.
The chemical waste that's generated contains the valuable copper used before and recovering it is worthwhile due to todays high copper prices. This is simply done by putting in enough aluminum metal that it reacts with all the acids and copper in solution to create a slurry of copper. This can be filtered to obtain a residue of copper. Its highly contaminated but can still be used to make more nitric acid.
For further information on the chemistry type "copper and nitric acid" into google. The hydrochloric acid and nitrate salt behave as nitric acid (with nitrate from the salt and protons from the hydrochloric acid) and dissolve the copper releasing nitrogen dioxide gas.
You can use other concentrations of hydrochloric acid but you need to decrease the amount of water added to keep the concentrations the same.
Finally, the last way of making pure nitric acid is to react concentrated sulfuric acid and a pure nitrate salt (NOT fertilizer) and heat it in a glass distillation apparatus to distill over the pure nitric acid. Stoichiometric quantities of both reagents are recommended for maximum yield.
We get our glassware from chemglass or VWR

Rare earth metals

The production of rare earth metals is developing in Stepnogorsk. Today the development of technology contributes to the more successful exploration and the increasing demand for this metal’s group demanded the development for the more environmentally friendly production methods.

Make MnSO4 from MnO2 [2 ways]

How to Make Manganese Sulfate from Manganese Dioxide. We'll show two ways on how to do this. One using sulfuric acid and oxalic acid, and another using sulfur dioxide.
First the manganese dioxide must be thoroughly washed and filtered to remove all soluble contaminants like zinc chloride and ammonium chloride.
In the first method 30grams of oxalic acid, 300mL of water, and 13mL of sulfuric acid are mixed together. Then the manganese dioxide is continually added until the solution stops bubbling.
In the second method. The manganese dioxide is mixed with water and an excess of sulfur dioxide is bubbled through. The reaction produces manganese dioxide directly.
Finally, after both methods. The mixture is filtered to give pink manganese sulfate.
This will eventually be used to make manganese dioxide electrodes.

March 30, 2015 — Dr. David Dreisinger, Vice President and Director of Metallurgy for Search Minerals Inc. (TSXV: SMY) in an interview with Tracy Weslosky, Publisher for InvestorIntel speaks about developing critical rare earths assets in Labrador with Neodymium, Europium, Terbium, Dysprosium and Yttrium. Further to explaining the Search Minerals resource, Dr. Dreisinger discusses their patent pending for a direct extraction process technology.
Tracy Weslosky: I'm really excited about interviewing you, of course, have a doctorate in metallurgical engineering. Is that correct?
Dr. David Dreisinger: That's correct. From Queen's University in Kingston.
Tracy Weslosky: Okay so we have a metallurgy expert. That's one of the hottest topics on InvestorIntel right now because everybody claims they have a process to extract rare earths. Of course, you're with Search Minerals, right?
Dr. David Dreisinger: That's correct.
Tracy Weslosky: Can you start by telling us what Search Minerals has?
Dr. David Dreisinger: Search Minerals has done exploration in Labrador at three different sites, including the Port Hope SimpsonBelt, the Red WineComplex and also up in StrangeLake. The Port Hope Simpson area is a wholly owned area of investigation, of exploration. We've identified the Foxtrot deposit at that site, which we now have an indicated and inferred resource for, which we've been focusing our metallurgy development on.
Tracy Weslosky: Now your stock was up +14.50% in February and so we are very bullish on rare earths and you have a lot of heavy rare earths. Is that correct?
Dr. David Dreisinger: That's correct. About 20% of our rare earths in our deposit are heavies, including the all-important dysprosium, which is very much in vogue in terms of the magnetic materials.
Tracy Weslosky: Yes. Dysprosium is definitely in vogue, but so tell me more about this. You have a patent pending?
Dr. David Dreisinger: Yes we do. We went through initial metallurgical development back in 2012 and did the classical upgrading to make a concentrate chemical treatment to extract the rare earths and made a rare earth --- a mixed rare earth oxide as our final product and then realized that was probably too expensive to do all those different steps with our material. We went back and looked at it and tried to simplify the process and came up with a direct extraction method.
Tracy Weslosky: Can you tell us more?
Dr. David Dreisinger: I sure can. The direct extraction method, instead of crushing and grinding to very fine size our mineral, we basically just crush the material to a fairly coarse size, about 3 millimeters, and then we apply modest amounts of acid and heat that acid ore mixture to about 200 degrees Celsius, about the same temperature as cooking cookies in the oven at home. Then allow the acid to penetrate into the rock and make the rare earth minerals converted into water soluble form. It starts as a rare earth mineral that's insoluble becomes soluble with the acid application. Then after water leaching the rare earths are extracted from the coarse rock into the solution from which we then recover our mixed rare earth product after some chemical purification steps.
Tracy Weslosky: Of course, if you're an audience member of InvestorIntel you will appreciate that the extraction of rare earths is not like pulling gold from the ground. It's very complex. What is your real competitive advantage with your particular process? If you can just dumb it down for me please.
Dr. David Dreisinger: We think that we're both low-cost and also scalable…to access the rest of this interview, click here https://youtu.be/qVnxU1EPMIk
Disclaimer: Search Minerals Inc. is an advertorial member of InvestorIntel.

March 2, 2014 -- SimonBritt, CEO of GeoMegA Resources ('Geomega', TSXV: GMA), a rare earth exploration company speaks to Tracy Weslosky, Editor-in-Chief and Publisher for InvestorIntel about its 100% owned Montviel Rare Earths elements/niobium project in Quebec. Tracy mentions GeoMegA's 280% share price increase since the start of the year; she asks Simon what it is that the GeoMegA is about the rare earth processing as a potential catalyst for this uptick. Simone said that after two and a half years of R&D, in "...the last day eight months, we have developed a process, which enhances the physical capabilities of the rare earth ion lanthanide separation and we were very successful in mid-January when we disclosed it. We tagged along a partner out of Germany this September and the team has been on a mission to succeed."
Tracy asks about the separation and Simon explains that the focus is on europium, terbium and lanthanum, pointing out that "...lanthanum and ytterbium are very far apart, while europium is in the middle." Tracy comments that Geomega's trading volume has gone "through the roof" and Simon explains that, starting in January, GeoMegA has received very good press both at the local and international levels. Again, inspired by the new separation technology's potential. Adding that the more 'resource' based aspects of GeoMegA's operation as presented in the two news releases after the announcement of the successful separation process have also contributed to the positive response from the market.
GeoMegA has continued the short 2,000 meters drilling program and gotten significant results, "mainly two excellent holes, which are enriched with dysprosium and also carries a significant amount of neodymium. The key here was to see if, at the production stage, we could enhance the dysprosium volume per year to something close to 10:1 neodymium/dysprosium split for the magnetic market," which is a very important target market for GeoMegA.
As for the surge of analyst 'buy' recommendations, Simon says that these have been almost entirely related to the separation technology, the foundation of which is rather simple. "Rare earth ions move a different speed and we focus on that differentiation to create separation". That separation is known as "free-flow electrophoresis" (FFE), which has been around for about 60 years, and used in Germany in the 1960's to separate proteins, cells or organelles. It was not used to this extent before and its main benefit is that separation is achieved in a liquid, which delivers a higher recovery rate than more traditional solid based methods.
In conclusion, Simon comments that GeoMegA expects to deliver more good news this year, updated resource estimates, PEA focused on concentrate base case, and the separation technology will allow the company to start generating revenue, maybe as early as next year. Ultimately, "the competitive advantage is the separation", because that's what makes China competitive.
Disclaimer: GeoMegA Resources is an advertorial member of InvestorIntel.
To access the full Disclaimer for ProEdge Media Corp., please go to the following URL: disclaimer link: http://investorintel.com/?disclaimer=1

Overclocking AMD FX Series Processors - Basic Tutorial

This is a tutorial on how to overclock the AMD FX series processors. I use an FX-6300 processor on an ASRock 970 Extreme3 motherboard, but the process is similar for other models. I show in detail how to use CPU-Z, HWMonitor and Prime95.

A fiber laser or fibre laser is a laser in which the active gain medium is an optical fiber doped with rare-earth elements such as erbium, ytterbium, neodymium, dysprosium, praseodymium, and thulium. They are related to doped fiber amplifiers, which provide light amplification without lasing. Fiber nonlinearities, such as stimulated Raman scattering or four-wave mixing can also provide gain and thus serve as gain media for a fiber laser.
The advantages of fiber lasers over other types include:
Light is already coupled into a flexible fiber: The fact that the light is already in a fiber allows it to be easily delivered to a movable focusing element. This is important for laser cutting, welding, and folding of metals and polymers.
High output power: Fiber lasers can have active regions several kilometers long, and so can provide very high optical gain. They can support kilowatt levels of continuous output power because of the fiber's high surface area to volume ratio, which allows efficient cooling.
High optical quality: The fiber's waveguiding properties reduce or eliminate thermal distortion of the optical path, typically producing a diffraction-limited, high-quality optical beam.
Compact size: Fiber lasers are compact compared to rod or gas lasers of comparable power, because the fiber can be bent and coiled to save space.
Reliability: Fiber lasers exhibit high vibrational stability, extended lifetime, and maintenance-free turnkey operation.
High peak power and nanosecond pulses enable effective marking and engraving.
The additional power and better beam quality provide cleaner cut edges and faster cutting speeds.
Lower cost of ownership.
Fiber lasers are now being used to make high-performance surface-acoustic wave (SAW) devices. These lasers raise throughput and lower cost of ownership in comparison to older solid-state laser technology.
Fiber laser can also refer to the machine tool that includes the fiber resonator.
Applications of fiber lasers include material processing (marking, engraving, cutting), telecommunications, spectroscopy, medicine, and directed energy weapons.