The handheld umbrella (HU) is a commonly employed method of sun protection by women in many countries in Asia (45% in China1) and the Middle East. In Turkey, hats and umbrellas were found to be the most common photoprotection accessories.2

The HU was standard outdoor attire for women of the 18th and 19th centuries in the United States.3 In the next century, sunscreen, hats, and sun-protective clothing supplanted HUs, but growing public awareness of the harmful effects of UV radiation (UVR) exposure may cause people to increasingly seek the protection of shade.

Several companies market special sun HUs with a UV protection factor of 50 or higher. We wondered how effective average rain HUs are in blocking UVR and whether a commercially available sun HU would be more effective. The specific aim of our study was to determine the amount of UVR that penetrates HUs.

METHODS

Attendees of Emory Dermatology Grand Rounds were invited to bring their HUs on April 19, 2012. Exclusion criteria included umbrellas that did not fully open properly, were not handheld, or had an obvious defect such as a tear. We collected 23 umbrellas, and none were excluded.

On April 22, 2012, between 11:05 and 11:58 AM in an open area under a cloudless sky, a meter to measure both UV-A and UV-B radiation (Sper Scientific UVA/B Light Meter, Model 850009) was used to measure UVR in microwatts per square centimeter. We measured UVR without an umbrella at the beginning, middle, and end of the study. We recorded the brand, color, style, and diameter of each HU. We took the following measurements, twice each, with the meter aimed directly toward the sun while holding each umbrella in 2 standard positions: (1) meter held approximately 1 cm beneath the umbrella fabric and (2) the meter approximately 1 cm from the researcher's nose (Figure 1). We measured UVR inside a nearby building in a windowless room immediately after the study. The UV index was obtained online.4

RESULTS

Most of the HUs were compact umbrellas, but there were other types as well: 3 traditional umbrellas, 1 larger golf umbrella, 1 children's novelty umbrella, and 1 Coolibar travel sun umbrella. The umbrella canopy diameters ranged from 61 to 127 cm, the vast majority ranging between 81 and 99 cm. Of the 22 rain umbrellas, most (n = 14) were black, 2 purple, 2 blue, 1 green, 1 white, 1 red, and 1 pink. The UV index on the day of the study was 8 (low is <2; moderate, 3-5; high, 6-7; very high, 8-10; and extreme exposure, ≥11).4 One UV index unit is equivalent to 25 mW/m2.5

The 3 UVR measurements without an umbrella were 6563, 6783, and 6913 μW/cm2. The UVR reading was 3 in a windowless room. For the first set of measurements, UVR readings taken from 1 cm under the umbrella fabric ranged from 26 to 1714 μW/cm2. The UVR measurements taken 1 cm from the researcher's nose while holding the umbrella overhead in a standard position ranged from 67 to 1256 μW/cm2. The correlation between the repeated set of measurements was very high (r = 0.995, P < .001). The umbrellas blocked between 77% (white Totes) and 99% (silver Coolibar) of UVR. Thresholds of percentage UVR blocked were determined by examination of scatter plots (Figure 2) to be higher than 99% for the Coolibar umbrella alone, higher than 90% for black, and lower than 90% for the various nonblack colors.

COMMENT

The Coolibar HU clearly outperformed the other HUs. However, the poorest performing umbrella still blocked an average of 77% of UVR. All of the black umbrellas blocked at least 90%, and most blocked more than 95%. Other colors, especially white, did not perform as well. It remains to be determined if the HU can be a socially acceptable form of sun protection in the United States. For those who are willing, our data suggest that the average rain HU is a useful adjunct, and black may be a preferable color. To our knowledge, no prior study has assessed UVR sun protection by HU, only by beach umbrellas and other larger shading devices. A limitation was small sample size. Also it is unclear how much reflective UVR a person may receive that was not picked up by the UV meter. Larger studies with other types of HUs are needed.

Author Contributions: All authors had full access to all the data in the study and take responsibility for the integrity of the data and the accuracy of the data analyses. Study concept and design: McMichael and Chen. Acquisition of data: McMichael. Analysis and interpretation of data: McMichael, Veledar, and Chen. Drafting of the manuscript: McMichael. Critical revision of the manuscript for important intellectual content: McMichael, Veledar, and Chen. Statistical analysis: Veledar. Administrative, technical, and material support: McMichael and Chen. Study supervision: Chen.

Conflict of Interest Disclosures: Dr Chen has held consultancies with Primus and Astellas and collects royalty payments for the following evaluative products: ItchyQoL, RosaQoL, and Scalpdex.

Correspondence

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