"As the town's wealth grew and powerful neighbors established themselves, the need for protection resulted in the first known permanent stone fortifications. By approximately 7500 BCE, the town, estimated to have had a population of more than 2,000...

Two-page spread, featuring three maps. Published by the United States Department of War in 1895 as Plate 102 of Atlas to accompany the official records of the Union and Confederate Armies 1861-1865. Map 1 is "Defenses of Munfordville, Ky. Surveyed...

“A. The large mercantile harbour [harbor] of Kantharos; B. The main naval harbour [harbor] of Zea; C. The smaller naval harbour [harbor] of Munichia.” (caption, p.13); “Faced with certain Spartan retaliation, the Athenian assembly took the crucial...

“A reconstruction of the Dipylon (left) and Sacred gates as they might have appeared in the fifth century BC, before the forward defences [defenses] (proteichisma) and moat were added.” (caption, p.18)

"The heavy walls of Tiryns and other Mycenaean palaces contrast sharply with the open Cretan palaces and clearly reveal their defensive character. Those of Tiryns average about 20 feet in thickness, and in one section they house a long gallery...

“Illustration of a suovetaurilia, a ritual sacrifice made before the start of a military offensive. At the bottom, a pig and a sheep are being led to the sacrificial altar. The ox which was also destined for sacrifice cannot be seen in this view....

“The images on Trajan’s Column are not only notable for their bold artistry, but also constitute an important historical record. This section of the frieze vividly illustrates the painstaking accuracy of the depictions. The lower register shows the...