If You dedicate Yourselves to the joyous and wonderful task called Candy Day, we will come to the conclusion, How sweet it is!

Mission Statement The Lions of Illinois Foundation exists to assist in the general improvement of the quality of life of those in Illinois having unmet needs. It is the specific mission of the Foundation to provide quality programs and services to the people of Illinois for the detection, treatment, and rehabilitation of visual and hearing impairments. The Foundation, solely, or in conjunction with the Lions / Lioness Clubs, Foundations, and other organizations, shall provide its assistance through grant processes or delivered through direct or indirect programs and services. Foundation Objectives To provide quality programs and services for the conservation of sight and hearing for the citizens of Illinois To provide assistance for the unmet medical needs associated with sight and hearing. To provide assistance for activities and services for those suffering disabilities.

Candy Day History Candy Day is the premiere fundraiser for the services & programs provided to the hearing & visually impaired in Illinois. This event alone raises over 50% of the total operating funds for the LIF. Through these donations our LIF & your local club are able to serve in excess of 18,000 men, women, & children each year. Candy Day began in 1952 as the result of Past District Governor Marvin Tench who wanted to change the attitude toward blind people. In that time the blind were often objects of ridicule, portrayed as “pencil sellers” and with low regard. Lion Tench and friends wanted the public to recognize them with all the rights to dignity, education, and meaningful employment enjoyed by their fellow Americans. As a result of Lion Tench’s work the Lions of Illinois adopted a resolution to hold a statewide drive to raise funds for services and awareness of the plight of the blind. Prior to 1952 the Lions were dedicated to helping the visually impaired, but funding for projects and services were only raised on either local or District levels. This move to act as a united front statewide, would change the face of Lionism forever. The first campaign actually did not use the famous candy roll which is so familiar today, but a lapel pin of a white cane. The first year $11,000 were raised and 60% of the donations were granted to the Hadley School for the Blind in Chicago, Illinois and Leader Dogs for the Blind, with local clubs retaining the balance for community efforts. Despite the generosity of the action, the City of Chicago was displeased because city regulations only allowed for charities to hold five “tag days” within city limits in one year. The Lions effort to use a white cane lapel pin was rejected as it was deemed to be a tag.

The second campaign switched to providing Cracker jacks, the popular snack as the fund raising material. While the public enjoyed this change, the media did not. They were hesitant to give publicity to a commercial product, even in this worthy cause. In 1956 Lions replaced Cracker Jacks with the now famous candy roll with clear Lions markings on the wrapper. It was a success! The media began to increasingly advertise the event and public donations rose dramatically. Candy Day from the 1960’s to Today. In 1960 Candy Day raised $100, 000; $597, 000 in 1970; to over $1,000,000 in the 1990s. Today over 50% of the funds required to operate the 14 programs and services to the hearing & visually impaired directed by our LIF are funded through this single campaign. If imitation is the sincerest form of flattery, then Illinois Lions must certainly be blushing. Currently more than 15 states and Australia also conduct Candy Day fund raisers.

Through the hard labor and dedication of Lions in Illinois the LIF now serve not only the visually impaired, but the hearing impaired, and provides Camp Lions, a summer residential camp, especially designed for children with sight and hearing loss, and Camp Helen Keller for Adults with vision and hearing loss. As needs and expenses increase the future of Candy Day becomes even more important to the quality of services & programs we can conduct as we take on the challenge presented to Lions by Helen Keller to be “Knights of the Blind in the Crusade Against Blindness”.

How Sweet It Is! These immortal words of Jackie Gleason were never meant to be a metaphor for our Foundation's Candy Day. However, if one considers the tremendous good that a successful Candy Day can provide the visually and hearing impaired children and adults in Illinois , the metaphor fits. Each year, the Lions of Illinois take to the streets in a magnificent humanitarian gesture to publicise our cause and to raise critically needed funds to make a difference in the lives of those who cannot see or hear properly. It never ceases to amaze me that every Lion and Lioness does not absolutely relish the opportunity to recruit others to participate in an event that changes lives. First, Candy Day is fun if one enjoys "working" on behalf of others who are need. Secondly, it fills the heart with the joy to know that a life has been positively affected because a Lion has chosen to give the precious commodities of time and energy to the task.

"TOMORROW'S ALLIANCE" has supported The Lions Clubs since 2007. Lions and volunteers will be visible throughout the community on October 12th and 13th, 2018 for Candy Day! People can show their support by giving generously, helping underwrite the price of a case of candy, or volunteering for a few hours on Candy Day. Persons wishing to join the Lions in their fight against the effects of vision and hearing loss should contact the local Lions Club or the Lions of Illinois Foundation. Vision Statement The Vision of the Lions of Illinois Foundation is to create a permanent vehicle for the delivery of programs and services to the visually and hearing impaired

This year, the challenge has been issued to every club in Illinois to engage in an honest discussion on how to improve the results of the campaign. Repeating marginal or failing strategies only result in the people of our communities and those who are served statewide being denied assistance. Can we ignore the needs of the people we serve because we prefer the comfort of our own personal agendas?

you can music.com

We hope that the fire to build a mighty fortress in the battle to improve the quality of life for those suffering visual or hearing loss burns as brightly now as in the past. My supplication is that every club in Illinois set new records for themselves this year. If every club makes thousands of dollars more for themselves, our Foundation and its thirteen programs mandated by the Lions will prosper even greater. During the Jamborees, the Lions of every District have been challenged to view Candy Day creatively. Every Lion has been asked to recruit others for an hour or more of a labor of love. Every Lion should consider how he/she "connects the dots" between the raising of funds and the programs and services provided those we serve. We take our commitment to sight and sound seriously. Each Candy Day, we raise hundreds, and sometimes even thousands of dollars in funds earmarked for that purpose.

Lions will be giving away rolls of candy and accepting monetary contributions to be used in helping the visually and hearing impaired. It is almost impossible for those who can see and hear normally to fully understand what it is like to be visually or hearing impaired, but they can help through their support of Candy Day.

60% of the money we raise goes into the coffers of the Lions of Illinois Foundation for sight and sound causes. The rest is used either for things that benefit all sight and hearing impaired people in the area (reading machines at the library, eyeglass collection points, etc.) or for services that benefit afflicted individuals, including eye operations, leader dog training, eye examinations and eyeglass fittings for those in need.

In addition, we provide eyeglass collection boxes at a number of establishments in the community. The recovered eyeglasses are tested and categorized by the international organization, the forwarded to places throughout the world where eyeglasses otherwise might not be available at all. If we dedicate ourselves to the joyous and wonderful task called Candy Day, we will come to the conclusion, How sweet it is!

"TA FUN TIME !" Happy Halloween!

HALLOWEEN SAFETY TIPS: 1. Walk on Sidewalks, Not the Street. 2. Look Both Ways Before Crossing the Street. 3. Cross the Street only at Corners. 4. Wear light-colored or reflective type clothing so you are visible. 5. Plan your route and share it with your family & go with an adult. 6. Carry a flashlight to light your way. 7. Keep away from open fires or candles. Costumes may be flammable. 8. Visit homes that have the porch light on. 9. Use face paint rather than a mask or things that will cover your eyes. 10. Be cautious of animals and strangers. 11. Have an adult inspect your treats before eating. Arthur Liceaga, editor

Please ORDER or Down Load YOUR COPY of our family friendly song "HALLOWEEN" at YOU CAN MUSIC.COM

"TA Economic Overview (FIRMT)" "TA WORLD NEWS!"

UNITED STATES MEXICO CANADA AGREEMENT

Brexit is the impending withdrawal of the United Kingdom from the European Union. In a referendum on 23 June 2016, a majority of British voters supported leaving the EU. On 29 March 2017, the UK government invoked Article 50 of the Treaty on European Union. Mar 29, 2017 – Mar 29, 2019

Replaces/ Modify NORTH AMERICAN TRADE AGREEMENT enforced in 1994.

The Deadline was September 30th, 2018 and The Leaders agreed to Modify NAFTA including giving NAFTA a New Name. New Name Is UNITED STATES MEXICO CANADA Agreement!

USMCA Deals Mostly with the Devaluation of Currencies, Milk/Dairy, Labor but the rest of Trade is the same. Took 13 months of Negotiations. Mexico settled in August 2018 and Canada settled in September 2018

The current, and 23rd, Prime Minister of Canada is the Liberal Party's Justin Pierre James Trudeau, who was appointed on November 4, 2015, by Governor General David Johnston, following the general election that took place that year. He has been and is currently the Leader of the Liberal Party since 2013. There is no President of Canada. Canada is a parliamentary democracy, a system which it has adapted from Britain, and means the Head of State is separate.

On November 9, 2016, Donald Trump was elected to be the 45th President of the United. President Trump was formally inaugurated on January 20, 2017.

Under the Constitution, the president is also the Supreme Commander of the Mexican armed forces. The current President is Enrique Peña Nieto, who took office on December 1, 2012. Mexican Presidents only serve one Term of six years. The newly elected President is Andrés Manuel López Obrador who won the presidential election on July 1, 2018 to become President-elect. More on November "TA Magazine".

USMCA is a great deal for all three countries, solves the many deficiencies and mistakes in NAFTA, greatly opens markets to our farmers and manufacturers, reduces trade barriers to the U.S. and will bring all three Great Nations together in competition with the rest of the world.

President Donald J. Trump

DELIVERING AS PROMISED: President Donald J. Trump is keeping his promise to deliver a modern and rebalanced trade deal with Mexico and Canada.

President Trump has negotiated a new United States–Mexico–Canada Agreement (USMCA), which will benefit American workers and businesses where North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) has failed.

For years, politicians have called for the renegotiation of NAFTA, but President Trump is following through where others have failed.

This new agreement will update and rebalance the 24-year-old NAFTA with modern provisions to serve the interests of American workers and businesses.

BENEFITTING BUSINESSES, FARMERS, AND WORKERS: President Trump has secured a number of wins for American businesses and workers in USMCA.

The Administration worked closely with partners to create a better deal that advances the interests of American workers, farmers, ranchers, and businesses.

American auto manufacturers and workers will benefit from new rules of origin requiring 75 percent of auto content to be produced in North America.

The new agreement will incentivize billions of dollars in additional United States vehicle and auto parts production.

Workers will also benefit from rules that will incentivize the use of high-wage manufacturing labor in the auto sector, supporting better jobs for American workers.

For years, NAFTA rules have helped incentivize offshoring, leading many manufacturing jobs to leave the United States.

The new agreement includes a modernized, high-standard chapter that provides strong protection and enforcement of intellectual property rights.

This includes 10 years of data protection for biologic drugs and a large scope of products eligible for protection.

USMCA contains the strongest measures on digital trade of any agreement.

This includes rules to ensure data can be transferred cross-border and to minimize limits on where data can be stored.

"TA BUSINESS"

"Tomorrow's Alliance Chasing The Dream of Home Ownership Series"

What does the Equal Housing Opportunity symbol mean? Property owners and managers are subject to the federal Fair Housing Act, which prohibits "any preference, limitation, or discrimination because of race, color, religion, sex, handicap, familial status, or national origin, or intention to make such preference, limitation or discrimination."

Is equal housing logo required?

The Fair Housing Act itself does not require the use of Equal Opportunity logo or slogan, “Equal Housing Opportunity,” in any ad. However, using the logo regularly is good evidence of the company's commitment to fair housing compliance.

What is the Fair Housing Equal Opportunity for All Act?

Fair Housing Act: The Fair Housing Act declares a national policy of fair housing throughout the United States. The law makes illegal any discrimination in the sale, lease or rental of housing, or making housing otherwise unavailable, because of race, color, religion, sex, handicap, familial status, or national origin.

Which Act created the Office of Fair Housing and Equal Opportunity?

The Office of Fair Housing and Equal Opportunity was created by the Fair Housing Act of 1968 which sought to end discrimination in the sale, rental, and financing of housing based on race, color, religion, and national origin. The passage of the Act was contentious.

Who is not protected under the Fair Housing Act?

The FHA, to date, includes seven protected classes: race, color, religion, national origin, sex, disability, and familial status. This last term refers to the presence of at least one child under 18 years old, and also protects prospects and tenants who arepregnant or in the process of adopting a child.

What is Equal Housing Opportunity apartments?

Equal Housing Opportunity Communities. We go to great lengths to comply with the Fair Housing Act, which prohibits "any preference, limitation, or discrimination because of race, color, religion, sex, handicap, familial status, or national origin, or intention to make such preference, limitation or discrimination." Arthur Liceaga, editor

The Federal Housing Administration (FHA)

What is the Federal Housing Administration?

The Federal Housing Administration, generally known as "FHA", provides mortgage insurance on loans made by FHA-approved lenders throughout the United States and its territories. FHA insures mortgages on single family and multifamily homes including manufactured homes and hospitals. It is the largest insurer of mortgages in the world, insuring over 47.5 million properties since its inception in 1934.

What is FHA Mortgage Insurance?

FHA mortgage insurance provides lenders with protection against losses as the result of homeowners defaulting on their mortgage loans. The lenders bear less risk because FHA will pay a claim to the lender in the event of a homeowner's default. Loans must meet certain requirements established by FHA to qualify for insurance.

Currently in The United States of America the Average Price of A New Home is $320,000.00

Why does FHA Mortgage Insurance exist?

All Loan Terms (Greater than 15 years and less than or equal to 15 years):

LTV greater than 90%Annual MIP will be collected until the end of the loan term, or 30 years, whichever occurs first.

LTV less than or equal to 90%Annual MIP will be collected until the end of the loan term, or 11 years, whichever occurs first.

You also have to pay the 1.75% for any amount of loan at all LTVs.

How is FHA funded?

FHA is the only government agency that operates entirely from its self-generated income and costs the taxpayers nothing. The proceeds from the mortgage insurance paid by the homeowners are captured in an account that is used to operate the program entirely. FHA provides a huge economic stimulation to the country in the form of home and community development, which trickles down to local communities in the form of jobs, building suppliers, tax bases, schools, and other forms of revenue.

"TOMORROW'S ALLIANCEClinical Corner"

Abusing prescription opioid pain relievers is a major problem among young people, and a new study shows users are combining those drugs with other substances. In data from the annual Monitoring the Future survey for the years 2002-2006, 1 out of 8 high school seniors reported having used prescription opioids nonmedically; 7 out of 10 nonmedical users reported combining prescription opioids with at least one other substance in the past year. Marijuana and alcohol were the most common (58.5% and 52.1%, respectively), followed by cocaine, tranquilizers, and amphetamines (10.6%, 10.3%, and 9.5%). Teens who mix prescription opioids with other drugs are four times as likely as non-users to report frequently getting drunk and are eight times as likely to be marijuana users. Twenty-four percent of teens who take prescription opioids nonmedically say they usually or always combine it with marijuana. Opioids are dangerous when taken other than as prescribed, and combining with other drugs compounds the risks. The new research findings highlight the importance of addressing combined drug use in interventions to prevent substance abuse in young people.

Top Graph: Seven out of ten teen nonmedical users combine opioids with other substances. Past year frequency of co-ingestion of prescription opioids and other drugs among nonmedical users of prescription opioids. Co-ingestion with marijuana was reported by 58.5%, with alcohol by 52.1%, with cocaine by 10.6%, with tranquilizers by 10.3%, and with amphetamines by 9.5% of teens.

What is a hurricane and where does it form? Only tropical cyclones that form over the Atlantic Ocean or eastern Pacific Ocean are called "hurricanes." Whatever they are called, tropical cyclones all form the same way. Tropical cyclones are like giant engines that use warm, moist air as fuel. That is why they form only over warm ocean waters near the equator.

How do hurricanes affect humans? Hurricanes effect people's lives because they can do so much damage. Winds can damage houses, trees, and any outdoor property. If the hurricane doesn't destroy where people live then the major flooding after hurricanes might. When homes are destroyed, people may have to rebuild homes and towns.

What makes a hurricane? Warm ocean waters provide the energy a storm needs to become a hurricane. Usually, the surface water temperature must be 26 degrees Celsius (79 degrees Fahrenheit) or higher for a hurricane to form. The other ingredient is winds that don't change much in speed or direction as they go up in the sky.

A tropical cyclone is a rapidly rotating storm system characterized by a low-pressure center, a closed low-level atmospheric circulation, strong winds, and a spiral arrangement of thunderstorms that produce heavy rain. How long do hurricanes last? The time it takes for such a storm to pass depends on how quickly it is moving. In the Caribbean Basin itself, most hurricanes move steadily from east to west, and the bad weather usually lasts between 12 and 18 hours. A slow-moving storm may last around 24 hours, but its intensity will diminish. Why do hurricanes start? Hurricanes begin as tropical storms over the warm moist waters of the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans near the equator. (Near the Phillippines and the China Sea,hurricanes are called typhoons.) As the moisture evaporates it rises until enormous amounts of heated moist air are twisted high in the atmosphere.

What is the cause of a hurricane? Water vapor is the "fuel" for the hurricanes because it releases the "latent heat of condensation" when it condenses to form clouds and rain, warming the surrounding air. (This heat energy was absorbed by the water vapor when it was evaporated from the warm ocean surface, cooling the ocean in the process.)May 29, 2013 How do hurricanes happen? Hurricanes are the most violent storms on Earth. They form near the equator over warm ocean waters. Actually, the term hurricane is used only for the large storms that form over the Atlantic Ocean or eastern Pacific Ocean. The generic, scientific term for these storms, wherever they occur, is tropical cyclone.

What damage can a hurricane cause? Over the sea, a hurricane, cyclone or typhoon can cause the level to rise by several metres. This rise in water causes massive waves to hit the shores near the storm. Overland, the hurricanes do a lot of damage, with powerful winds blasting the landscape. Heavy rains from the hurricane's clouds also cause flooding. Why do hurricanes start?

What is a hurricane called after it hits land? (They can also occur long after the Hurricane is downgraded to a tropical storm and is mostly on land, days after “landfall.”) ... Flooding may start long before thehurricane force winds reach the coast. After the hurricane is way inland and is no longer called a hurricane, it can still cause major flooding.

Why do hurricanes start?

Hurricanes begin as tropical storms over the warm moist waters of the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans near the equator. (Near the Phillippines and the China Sea,hurricanes are called typhoons.) As the moisture evaporates it rises until enormous amounts of heated moist air are twisted high in the atmosphere.

Where do hurricanes mostly hit?

The Atlantic Coast, the Gulf of Mexico, and the Hawaiian islands are the most vulnerable to hurricanes. The top 10 most hurricane-prone cities in the U.S. are the following: Cape Hattaras, North Carolina. Delray Beach, Florida.

The Atlantic Coast, the Gulf of Mexico, and the Hawaiian islands are the most vulnerable to hurricanes. The top 10 most hurricane-prone cities in the U.S. are the following: Cape Hattaras, North Carolina. Delray Beach, Florida.

Where do hurricanes mostly occur and why?

Hurricanes are the most violent storms on Earth. People call these storms by other names, such as typhoons or cyclones, depending on where they occur. The scientific term for all these storms is tropical cyclone. Only tropical cyclones that form over the Atlantic Ocean or eastern Pacific Ocean are called "hurricanes."

What season do hurricanes occur?

Hurricanes happen when the oceans have been warmed during summer months. In the North Atlantic, hurricane season is from June 1 to November 30, but mosthurricanes happen during the fall. As a hurricane's winds spiral around and around the storm, they push water into a mound at the storm's center.

What are some warning signs of a hurricane?

The warning signs of a hurricane are strong winds, dark clouds, blowing debris and sea levels start to rise, barometers starts to drop, cirrus clouds start to appear roaring noises and waves start to form white caps. You can turn to your local weather channel or radio. This is as picture of the eye of a hurricane.

How does a hurricane move?

Because the westerlies move in the opposite direction from trade winds, thehurricane can reverse direction and move east as it travels north. High pressure systems can also affect the path of storms. In the Atlantic Ocean, the Bermuda High affects the path of hurricanes.Mar 31, 2009

Why do hurricanes not occur on the equator?

Observations show that no hurricanes form within 5 degrees latitude of the equator. People argue that the Coriolis force is too weak there to get air to rotate around a low pressure rather than flow from high to low pressure, which it does initially. If youcan't get the air to rotate you can't get a storm.

How do hurricanes die?

One of the driving forces of a hurricane is heat energy in oceanic surface waters. Warm water evaporates more quickly, and warm air rises. ... If it moves onto land it loses that warm water source, and so dies down. The single most important factor in a hurricane losing energy is friction.Jan 15, 2016

Are hurricanes high or low pressure?

Embedded within the global winds are large-scale high and low-pressure systems. The clockwise rotation (in the Northern Hemisphere) of air associated with high-pressure systems often cause hurricanes to stray from their initially east-to-west movement and curve northward.

What is the most violent part of a hurricane?

In general, the strongest winds in a hurricane are found on the right side of the storm because the motion of the hurricane also contributes to its swirling winds.

How fast do hurricanes travel?

Hurricanes are large, swirling storms. They produce winds of 119 kilometers per hour (74 mph) or higher. That's faster than a cheetah, the fastest animal on land. Winds from a hurricane can damage buildings and trees.Sep 3, 2014

Is the eye the worst part of a hurricane?

The eye is a region of mostly calm weather at the center of strong tropical cyclones. The eye of a storm is a roughly circular area, typically 30–65 km (20–40 miles) in diameter. It is surrounded by the eyewall, a ring of towering thunderstorms where the most severe weather and highest winds occur.

Stay safe! Hurricane Florence is expected to hit the southeastern U.S. later this week. The Old Farmer’s Almanac predicted a tropical storm threat for mid-September in North Carolina. Here are official safety guidelines for hurricanes, plus tips on how to survive a hurricane. All U.S. Atlantic seaboard and Gulf coastal areas are subject to hurricanes or tropical storms. If you live in a susceptible area, be prepared! Here are tips on what you can do to get ready for a potential big storm.

WHAT IS A HURRICANE?

A hurricane is a type of tropical cyclone that can cause torrential rains, high winds, storm surges, and flooding for 2 weeks or more over open water and can follow a path across the entire length of the eastern seaboard, its coastal areas, and barrier islands. According to the National Hurricane Center, a hurricane is primarily defined by its wind speeds, which must be 74 mph or greater (anything less, and the cyclone is classified as a tropical storm).

FEMA SAFETY GUIDELINES FOR HURRICANES

Before a Hurricane

Make plans to secure your property. Permanent storm shutters offer the best protection for windows. A second option is to board up windows with ⅝” marine plywood—cut to fit and ready to install. Tape does not prevent windows from breaking.

Install straps or additional clips to securely fasten your roof to the frame structure. This will reduce roof damage.

Trim trees and shrubs around your home to minimize the risk of broken branches and debris.

Keep articles in your basement elevated to avoid damage from even minor flooding.

Keep a well-stocked Emergency Survival Kit in case you lose power. Think about what you might need if you are isolated for a number of days and must endure a power outage.

Fully fuel your vehicles.

During a Hurricane

If a hurricane is likely in your area, you should:

Stay informed by monitoring the storm via radio, TV, and internet.

Secure your home, close storm shutters, and secure outdoor objects or bring them indoors. Objects such as lawn furniture, trash barrels, hanging plants, toys, and even awnings can be broken and picked up by strong winds and potentially become a projectile.

Turn off utilities if instructed by authorities to do so. Otherwise, turn the refrigerator thermostat to its coldest setting and keep its doors closed.

Turn off propane tanks.

Avoid using the phone, except for serious emergencies.

Have a certain amount of cash available. If power is lost, ATMs may not be working.

Moor your boat if time permits.

Ensure a supply of water for sanitary purposes such as cleaning and flushing toilets. Fill the bathtub and other large containers with water.

You should evacuate under the following conditions:

If you are directed by local authorities to do so. Be sure to follow their instructions.

If you live in a mobile home or temporary structure—such shelters are particularly hazardous during hurricanes—no matter how well fastened to the ground.

If you live in a high-rise building—hurricane winds are stronger at higher elevations.

If you live on the coast, on a floodplain, near a river, or on an inland waterway.

If you feel that you are in danger.

If you are unable to evacuate, go to your safe room. If you do not have one, follow these guidelines:

Stay indoors and away from windows and glass doors.

Close all interior doors—secure and brace external doors.

Keep curtains and blinds closed. Do not be fooled if there is a lull; it could be the eye of the storm—winds will pick up again.

Take refuge in a small interior room, closet, or hallway on the lowest level.

Lie on the floor under a table or another sturdy object.

Recovering from Disaster

Recovering from a disaster is usually a gradual process. Safety is a primary issue, as are mental and physical well-being. For specific health, safety, and rebuilding guidelines regarding recovery, please see the FEMA Web site.

SOURCE:

Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA)

CREATE continued

With the Big shipping season approaching this fall and winter 2018, concerns about Chicago Gridlock is on the minds of the companies and transportation lines with Intermodal traffic. Capital investments that are funded by CREATE program have been a huge advancement forward in lessening traffic Gridlock within the Chicago Railways and Highways Network. All this is the support our transportation industry needs to operate effectively. About 25% of All U.S. rail traffic passes through Chicago. The ASSOCIATION of AMERICAN RAILROADS has indicated that almost half of all U.S. INTERMODAL TRAFFIC ORIGINATES or TERMINATES or is INTERCHANGED in CHICAGO! The continents busiest rail hub handles nearly 500 Freight Trains and more than 37,000 Freight Cars per day. Then you add 750 passenger trains and you can understand have a better appreciation why CTREATE has had huge acceptance by the Transportation Industry, Municipalities and The State of Illinois. More to Come Next Month. Arthur Liceaga, editor

This Chicago, IL based duo is a culmination of a combined, 20+ years of classical training and 30+ years of national touring. Singer-songwriter and acoustic guitarist, MER, teams up with violinist, Jason Vinluan, to deliver intricate musicality coupled with pop sensibility within an engaging, high energy, live performance!

The duo defined their musical brand and built a fanbase organically by way of MER's Music Showcase, a weekly 'songwriters in the round' residency at the historic Cubby Bear during the spring and summer months of 2016. The first single, "Who I Was" was recorded with producer Sigurdur Birkis (John Mayer, Will Hoge) and was released in Oct 2016. Recording continues with plans of releasing an EP in the summer of 2017.

Two Filipinos made their public debut in November 2016 with tour dates in Los Angeles, Seattle, Nashville, and Chicago. The duo quickly gained publicity and support through the non-profit, Kollaboration.org and gained media exposure with interviews & live performances via Seattle Music Insider and WFLD Fox 32's Good Day Chicago.

The duo continues to focus on recording the upcoming EP and strengthening their live performances with touring efforts focused on the college market, Asian-American organizations, and live music festivals all over the mid-west. Be sure to catch Two Filipinos live in a city near you before they embark on their Asia tour in 2018!

#twofilipinos Chicago, IL

What is the story behind Halloween? Halloween is an annual holiday celebrated each year on October 31. It originated with the ancient Celtic festival of Samhain, when people would light bonfires and wear costumes to ward off ghosts. ... The evening before was known as All Hallows Eve, and later Halloween.

Ancient Origins of Halloween date back to the ancient Celtic festival of Samhain (pronounced sow-in). The Celts, who lived 2,000 years ago in the area that is now Ireland, the United Kingdom and northern France, celebrated their new year on November 1.The practices of Halloween mostly come from Celtic paganism in the British Isles, and their feast of Samhain, the new year. They believed it was the time when ghosts and spirits came out to haunt, and the Celts would appease the spirits by giving them treats. Who is the god of Halloween? No Druid god was more powerful ,nor more feared, than Lord Samhain. The roots of Halloween are traced back to the Druid religion and Lord Samhain. Certainly, Halloween took aspects of darkness , black color, evil spirits, and people rising from the dead and roaming the earth on this night.

What is Samhain? Samhain is a pagan religious festival originating from an ancient Celtic spiritual tradition. In modern times, Samhain (a Gaelic word pronounced “sow-win”) is usually celebrated from October 31 to November 1 to welcome in the harvest and usher in “the dark half of the year.” Who is Samhain? Samhain (is a Gaelic festival marking the end of the harvest season and the beginning of winter or the "darker half" of the year. Traditionally, it is celebrated from 31 October to 1 November, as the Celtic day began and ended at sunset. How old is Samhain? The Mound of the Hostages is 4,500 to 5000 years old, suggesting that Samhain was celebrated long before the first Celts arrived in Ireland about 2,500 years ago.

In Britain and Ireland the tradition of going house-to-house collecting food at Halloween goes back at least as far as the 16th century, as had the tradition of people wearing costumes at Halloween.

What is Halloween and why it is celebrated? Halloween or Hallowe'en (a contraction of All Hallows' Evening), also known as Allhalloween, All Hallows' Eve, or All Saints' Eve, is a celebration observed in a number of countries on 31 October, the eve of the Western Christian feast of All Hallows' Day. Halloween has its roots in the ancient, pre-Christian Celtic festival of Samhain, which was celebrated on the night of October 31.

Halloween traditions originated from ancient Celtic harvest festivals, particularly the Gaelic festival Samhain & Brythonic festival Calan Gaeaf: that such festivals had pagan roots; and that Samhain itself was Christianized as Halloween by the early Church. The Celts, who lived 2,000 years ago in the area that is now Ireland, the United Kingdom and northern France, believed that the dead returned to earth on Samhain.

The Celts had a big party. What is the Samhain ritual? Rituals surrounding Samhain include bonfires, healing, dancing, thanksgiving, and honoring of the dead. ... Food is set aside for ancestors and protective spirits, andrituals honoring the dead take place. Who is the demon of Halloween? Samhain is a special type of demon. When he reigned on Earth on Halloween night, people kept their children in that night, wore masks to hide from him, carved pumpkins to worship him, and left sweets at their doors to appease him. In this way, Samhain was the origin of modern-day Halloween.

ROMANS CONQUER The CELTS by 43AD and majority of Celtic territory was controlled by The Roman Empire. Over the Course of 400 years the Roman Festivals were combined with Samhain ritual by the Celtic. Feralia and a day to honor the Goddess Pomona. Feralia. ... Feralia was an ancient Roman public festival celebrating the Manes (Roman spirits of the dead, particularly the souls of deceased individuals) which fell on 21 February as recorded by Ovid in Book II of his Fasti. Samhain Festivals by The CELTS was replaced by ALL HALLOWS EVE, then ALL HALLOWS DAY than was changed to All SAINTS DAY by The Catholic Church. In the Middle Ages the Poor would Beg for Food on ALL HALLOWS DAY. In Ireland, young boys would travel around asking for Food, Wine etc. for Halloween Parties.

What is All Saints Day in the Catholic Church? 1. All Saints' Day, also known as the Feast of All Saints, is celebrated every year onNovember 1 by the Roman Catholic Church and some Protestant denominations, and on the first Sunday after Pentecost in Eastern Orthodox churches. 2. The earliest observance of the holiday was recorded in the early fourth-century. What date is Allhallowtide? Allhallowtide, Hallowtide, Allsaintstide, or the Hallowmas season, is the triduum encompassing the Western Christian observances of All Saints' Eve (Halloween), All Saints' Day (All Hallows') and All Souls' Day, which last from 31 October to 2 November annually.

Why do we trick or treat? As for the trick or treating, or “guising” (from “disguising”), traditions, beginning in the Middle-Ages.

children and sometimes poor adults would dress up in the aforementioned costumes and go around door to door during Hallowmas begging for food or money in exchange for songs and prayers, often said on behalf of the

How is Halloween celebrated? Many Americans celebrate the traditions of Halloween by dressing in costumes and telling tales of witches and ghosts.

When did America start celebrating Halloween? In Christian times, it became a celebration of the evening before All Saints' Day.

How did trick or treating start? In North America, trick-or-treating has been a Halloween tradition since the late1920s. In Britain and Ireland the tradition of going house-to-house collecting food at Halloween goes back at least as far as the 16th century, as had the tradition of people wearing costumes at Halloween.

Pumpkins are carved into glowering jack-o'-lanterns. Children parade from house to house, knocking on doors and calling out "Trick or treat!" hoping to have their bags filled with candy.

Immigrants from Scotland and Ireland brought the holiday to the United States. The commercialization of Halloween started in the 1900s, when postcards and die-cut paper decorations were produced.

What is a Samhain Witch? Halloween, Samhain, & The Thinning Veil. ... It is the time of Halloween and the thinning of the "Veil Between the Worlds" and contact with the Other Side also known as "The Season Of The Witch". This is the time of harvest and the beginning of longer darker nights where we only have ourselves as company.

Why do we say trick or treat? Children of all ages dress up in costumes and travel from house to house to receive treats in response to their call of “trick or treat!"

The phrase is a subtle suggestion that if a treat (like candy) is given, then the child will not perform a “trick" (mischief) on the owner of the house.

Do European countries celebrate Halloween? Best Halloween Destinations in Europe. Although Europe doesn't celebrate Halloween with the same fanfare like the United States, that doesn't mean the fascinating Old Continent, with its long and tempestuous history, frightening legends, and century-old castles, is not a great place to be on October 31st.

What day is Halloween trick or treating this year? The calendar is not as nice this year as Halloween falls on Wednesday, Oct. 31. Many communities hold their trick or treat events on the weekend prior, however, so check your town's local web page. Next year – 2019 – the date for Halloween is a Thursday.

Chicago Top Model, Producer, Song Writer and Entertainer Alain Quinn. Visit www.alainquinn.com For Great Music check out Alan Quinn's web site.

In 1937, Columbus Day become a holiday across the United States. Since 1971, it has been celebrated on the second Monday in October. The date on which Columbus arrived in the Americas is also celebrated as the DÃa de la Raza (Day of the Race) in Latin America and some Latino communities in the USA.

"TA RELIGION Series"

Buddhism 101

How did Buddhism develop? Buddhism, a major world religion, founded in northeastern India and based on the teachings of Siddhartha Gautama, who is known as the Buddha, or Enlightened One. ... Originating as a monastic movement within the dominant Brahman tradition of the day, Buddhism quickly developed in a distinctive direction.What are the basic beliefs of Buddhism? The principles of Buddhist philosophy (The Core Beliefs in Buddhism) in practice are: The Four Noble Truths, the Noble Eightfold Path and The Five Precepts.... Unsatisfactoriness and suffering exist and are universally experienced. Desire and attachment are the causes of unsatisfactoriness and suffering.

What are the three universal truths?

These teachings are summed up by the Three Universal Truths, the Four Noble Truths and the Eightfold Path, which together are known as the Dharma. The Three Universal Truths: 1. Everything is impermanent and changing 2. Impermanence leads to suffering, making life imperfect 3.

What are a Buddhist beliefs? the belief that there is an afterlife and not everything ends with death, that Buddhataught and followed a successful path to nirvana; according to Peter Harvey, the right view is held in Buddhism as a belief in the Buddhist principles of karma and rebirth, and the importance of the Four Noble Truths and the True ...

Buddist Symbols What is the symbol of Buddhism? Among the earliest and most common symbols of Buddhism are the stupa (and the relics therein), the Dharmachakra or Dharma wheel, the Bodhi Tree (and the distinctively shaped leaves of this tree) and the lotus flower. The dharma wheel, traditionally represented with eight spokes, can have a variety of meanings.

The Basic Teachings of Buddha which are core to Buddhism are: The ThreeUniversal Truths; The Four Noble Truths Main Ideas of Buddhism Four Noble Truths. Developed by the Buddha, the Four Noble Truths are a main tenet of Buddhism. ... Eightfold Path. The Buddha taught that following the Eightfold Path is the way to reach the state of nirvana. ... Karma. Another main idea of Buddhism, karma is the belief that every action we take has an effect. ... Reincarnation.

What gods do Buddhist believe in? Buddhists seek to reach a state of nirvana, following the path of the Buddha, Siddhartha Gautama, who went on a quest for Enlightenment around the sixth century BC. There is no belief in a personal god. Buddhists believe that nothing is fixed or permanent and that change is always possible. Is Nirvana Buddhist heaven? Nirvana is a place of perfect peace and happiness, like heaven. In Hinduism andBuddhism, nirvana is the highest state that someone can attain, a state of enlightenment, meaning a person's individual desires and suffering go away.

What countries are mainly Buddhist? List of countries with largest Buddhist majority Country Estimated Buddhist population % of total Buddhist in country Thailand 64,419,840 93.20% Myanmar 48,415,960 87.90% Bhutan 563,000 74.70% Sri Lanka 14,222,844 70.2% What is Buddhism facts? The Buddha founded an order of monks and nuns known as the Sangha who have preserved his teachings down to the present day. Buddhism is an extensive and internally diverse tradition with two main branches. With 360 million followers,Buddhism is the fourth largest religion in the world.

What do Buddhists call their religion? Buddhist worship at home or at a temple. Worshippers may sit on the floor barefoot facing an image of Buddha and chanting. It is very important that their feet face away from the image of Buddha. They listen to monks chanting from religious texts and take part in prayers.

Do Buddhist worship idols? So, it is clear that Buddhists are NOT idol worshippers. If they are, they have misconception about Buddhism and they should be informed about the right teaching of Buddha. Clearly, Buddhists that are kneeling in front of Buddha statue are not worshipping. What do Buddhist worship? Worship in Mahayana tradition takes the form of devotion to Buddha and to Bodhisattvas. Worshippers may sit on the floor barefoot facing an image of Buddhaand chanting. They will listen to monks chanting from religious texts, perhaps accompanied by instruments, and take part in prayers.

Do Buddhists have holy books? Buddhist Sacred Texts: The Sutras. ... The Tripitaka (Pali Canon), Mahayana Sutras and the Tibetan Book of the Dead are three major noncanonical Buddhist texts. The Pali Canon, which means “the word of Buddha,” includes some of the Buddha'sdiscourse, but it also incorporates the teachings of his pupils. s there a Buddhist bible? Many keen Christians will read the entire bible. But there's no way an ordinaryBuddhist who is not a scholar is going to read the entire Pali Canon. ... You may read some of the most famous sutras, the wheel turning sutra, or for MahayanaBuddhists, the heart sutra, for instance.

What does a Buddhist represent? The teaching founded by the Buddha is known, in English, as Buddhism. ... A Buddhais one who has attained Bodhi; and by Bodhi is meant wisdom, an ideal state of intellectual and ethical perfection which can be achieved by man through purely human means. The term Buddha literally means enlightened one, a knower.Dec 31, 1969

Does Buddhism believe in afterlife? Many religions, whether they believe in the soul's existence in another world like Christianity, Islam and many pagan belief systems, or in reincarnation like many forms of Hinduism and Buddhism, believe that one's status in the afterlife is a reward or punishment for their conduct during life.

How does a Buddhist eliminate suffering? The basis of Buddhism is a doctrine known as the Four Noble Truths. The First Truth is that all life is suffering, pain, and misery. The Second Truth is that this suffering is caused by selfish craving and personal desire. ... The Fourth Truth is that the way toovercome this misery is through the Eightfold Path.

What is the Buddhist way to end suffering? The Four Noble Truths state that life is filled with suffering, that suffering is caused by a craving for worldly things, that suffering will stop when one learns to suppress desire, and finally that the way to suppress desire... The correct answer to your question is "B," the Eightfold Path.

What are the 5 rules of Buddhism? All Buddhists live by the Five Moral Precepts which are refraining from: harming living things. taking what is not given. sexual misconduct. What is the end of suffering? When one has achieved Nirvana, which is a transcendent state free from suffering and our worldly cycle of birth and rebirth, spiritual enlightenment has been reached. The Fourth Noble truth charts the method for attaining the end of suffering, known to Buddhists as the Noble Eightfold Path.

Do Buddhists have holy books? Buddhist Sacred Texts: The Sutras. ... The Tripitaka (Pali Canon), Mahayana Sutras and the Tibetan Book of the Dead are three major noncanonical Buddhist texts. The Pali Canon, which means “the word of Buddha,” includes some of the Buddha'sdiscourse, but it also incorporates the teachings of his pupils.

Buddhist marriage vows allows each couple to decide for themselves regarding their issues pertaining to marriage.

What are the Four Noble Truths of Buddhism? The Four Noble Truths The truth of suffering (Dukkha) The truth of the origin of suffering (Samudaya) The truth of the cessation of suffering (Nirodha) The truth of the path to the cessation of suffering (Magga)

Do Buddhists believe in heaven? However, their stay in Heaven is not eternal—eventually they will use up their good karma and will undergo rebirth into another realm, as a human, animal or other being. Because Heaven is temporary and part of samsara, Buddhists focus more on escaping the cycle of rebirth and reaching enlightenment (nirvana).

What is the goal of Buddhism? Nirvana (Sanskrit: Pali: nibbana, nibbana) is the earliest and most common term used to describe the goal of the Buddhist path. The literal meaning is "blowing out" or "quenching." It is the ultimate spiritual goal in Buddhism and marks the soterio logical release from rebirths in samsara.

What are the six realms of existence? Buddhist cosmology typically identifies six realms of rebirth and existence: gods, demi-gods, humans, animals, hungry ghosts and hells. Earlier Buddhist texts refer to five realms rather than six realms; when described as five realms, the god realm and demi-god realm constitute a single realm.

What do Buddhist worship? Buddhists do not worship Buddha, rather they follow his teachings. Buddhist beliefs regarding a god or gods vary between traditions of Buddhism, and even between individual practitioners. However, Buddha is not considered a god, and Buddhists donot worship any god in the traditional sense.

While there are some similar meditative practices – such as breath meditation and various recollections (anussati) – that are used across Buddhist schools, there is also significant diversity. In the Theravada tradition alone, there are over fifty methods for developing mindfulness and forty for developing concentration, while in Tibetan Buddhism, there are thousands of visualization meditations.[d] Most classical and contemporary Buddhist meditation guides are school specific.[e] Only a few teachers attempt to synthesize, crystallize and categorize practices from multiple Buddhist traditions.

What foods are forbidden in Buddhism? Onions, Garlic, Scallions, Chives and Leeks, "the five pungent spices" are forbidden for some sects (China, Vietnam) for pretty much the same reason as in Hinduism, they're said to lead to anger (raw) and passion (cooked), but the Buddhists add that their odors repel gods and attract hungry ghosts and demons. Do Buddhists eat meat? In Buddhism, however, the views on vegetarianism vary between different schools of thought. According to Theravada, the Buddha allowed his monks to eat pork, chicken and fish if the monk was aware that the animal was not killed on their behalf.

What does a Buddhist believe? Buddha is a Pali word which means "The awakened one". Someone who has woken up to the truth of the mind and suffering and teaches the truth to others is called a Buddha. ... Buddhists do not believe that a Buddha is a god, but that he is a human being who has woken up and can see the true way the mind works. Do you pray to Buddha? Buddha is not a creator god, though some practices do see him as divine. That said,prayer is not meant as an offering to Buddha. Rather, it is a way to deepen your own spirituality. ... There are a vast array of prayers, and no right way to pray as a Buddhist.

How old is the Buddha? For a 2,500-year-old religion, Buddhism seems remarkably compatible with our scientifically oriented culture, which may explain its surging popularity here in America. Over the last 15 years, the number of Buddhist centers in the United States has more than doubled, to well over 1,000.

Do Buddhist fast? Buddhist monks and nuns following the Vinaya rules commonly do not eat each day after the noon meal. This is not considered a fast but rather a disciplined regimen aiding in meditation and good health. ... Fasting is practiced by lay Buddhists during times of intensive meditation, such as during a retreat. What do Buddhists eat? Most of the dishes considered to be uniquely Buddhist are vegetarian, but opinions and restrictions on the eating of meat, and whether it should be prohibited, vary among sects. Do Buddhist drink alcohol? What would Buddha drink? It's a question with an easy answer, at least according to Fifth Precept of a practicing Buddhist: Do not take intoxicants. The precept does not cast alcohol as a sin. It stems more from the problems caused by a clouded mind.

What is the basic philosophy of Buddhism? The Buddha taught many things, but the basic concepts in Buddhism can be summed up by the Four Noble Truths and the Noble Eightfold Path. The first truth is that life is suffering i.e., life includes pain, getting old, disease, and ultimately death. Why do Buddhists shave their heads? Male members of the society shaved their heads in bereavement, again as a sacrifice of vanity. Similarly a Buddhist monk would shave his head to signify that he has sacrificed his vanity and seeks nirvana. Contrast this with Hindu monks who would have matted locks to signify their departure from society and it's rules.

Is Mongolia a Buddhist country? Since that time mostly Mongolians believe Buddhism. But Mongolian Buddhism is different from Tibetan Buddhism. Mongolian Buddhism connected with Mongoliantraditional lifestyle. Before in 1930 40% of male population was lamas (monks).

Buddist Can Belong to The LBGTQ Community. In their Chants, Mindfulness there is No Judgements. Only Acceptance and Living in The Day or NOW! What does dukkha mean in Buddhism? Dukkha, (Pali: “sorrow” “suffering”), Sanskrit Duhkha, in Buddhist thought, the true nature of all existence. Much Buddhist doctrine is based on the fact of suffering; its reality, cause, and means of suppression formed the subject of the Buddha's first sermon (see Four Noble Truths).

What is the difference between Catholicism and Buddhism? The Roman Catholic Pope is the head of Catholicism, while the Buddha is the symbol of Buddhist faith. ... The first major difference between the two religions is the belief in God; Catholicism believes in an omnipresent, omnipotent God, the Almighty Father, while Buddhism does not.Oct 12, 2017

Why is Buddhism different from other religions? A key difference between, on one hand, the original Buddhism taught by the Buddha and also Zen, and, on the other hand, all of the other World Religions (Hinduism and the Abrahamic Faiths of Judaism, Christianity, and Islam) is that the central dynamic of the religion is the elimination of suffering through the human ...

Can you be a Buddhist and a Catholic? In Buddhism, as long as you follow the five precepts (which are perfectly compatible with Catholicism), and don't knowingly teach false dharma (as long as you don't try to say Catholic teachings are buddhadharma), you should be fine. ... You can adoptBuddhist meditative practices with no conflict with Catholicism.

Why do Buddhists meditate? It already existed in the Hindu tradition, and the Buddha himself used meditation as a means to enlightenment. Over the centuries Buddhism has evolved many different techniques: for example, mindfulness; loving-kindness and visualisation. ... But whatBuddhists get from meditation is more than just calm. What is the 8 fold path of Buddhism? The Eightfold Path consists of eight practices: right view, right resolve, right speech, right conduct, right livelihood, right effort, right mindfulness, and right samadhi ('meditative absorption or union'). ... The Noble Eightfold Path is one of the principal teachings of Theravada Buddhism, taught to lead to Arhatship.

Mindfulness is the from the practices of Buddist Monks. The Father of the most recent trend in America is from PHD John Kabot Zenn

How is Buddhism spread? Ashoka promoted Buddhist expansion by sending monks to surrounding territories to share the teachings of the Buddha. A wave of conversion began, and Buddhism spread not only through India, but also internationally. ... Some scholars believe that many Buddhist practices were simply absorbed into the tolerant Hindu faith and the last few decades into the Catholic Church and their Higher Educational Universities in their Psych departments. Is Buddhism a Philosophy or a Religion? A common debate among people in modern times, especially among westerners, is that Buddhism is not a religion — but a philosophy or way of life. This of course, is something people are divided on and really depends on various technicalities in how one defines religion.

Today in some our American Public and some of our Catholic Schools MINDFULNESS is being taught to the Youth of America. What are some practices of Buddhism? Practicing Meditation. Select a quiet spot. Meditation is one of the most important practices in Buddhism, because it provides insight, stillness, quietness of mind, temporary reprieve from suffering, inner peace, and helps you on the path to enlightenment.

While there are some similar meditative practices – such as breath meditation and various recollections (anussati) – that are used across Buddhist schools, there is also significant diversity. In the Theravada tradition alone, there are over fifty methods for developing mindfulness and forty for developing concentration, while in Tibetan Buddhism, there are thousands of visualization meditations.[d] Most classical and contemporary Buddhist meditation guides are school specific.[e] Only a few teachers attempt to synthesize, crystallize and categorize practices from multiple Buddhist traditions.

What does karma mean in Buddhism? Karma (Sanskrit, also karman, Pali: kamma) is a Sanskrit term that literally means "action" or "doing". In the Buddhist tradition, karma refers to action driven by intention (cetana which leads to future consequences. It is equivalent to Newton'slaw of 'every action must have a reaction'. When we think, speak or act we initiate a force that will react accordingly. This returning force maybe modified, changed or suspended, but most people will not be able eradicate it.

What is the holy book of Buddhism? The Tripitaka (Pali Canon), Mahayana Sutras and the Tibetan Book of the Dead are three major noncanonical Buddhist texts. The Pali Canon, which means “the word of Buddha,” includes some of the Buddha's discourse, but it also incorporates the teachings of his pupils.

Why is Buddhism important? Prince Siddhartha later met a group of five ascetics who practiced self-mortification. ... But this is just superficial, meditation isn't important in Buddhism just because theBuddha attained enlightenment through meditation, meditation is importantbecause it is the key for anybody to attain enlightenment. Buddhism is a religion practiced by an estimated 488 million in the world, 495 million, or 535 million people as of the 2010s, representing 9% to 10% of the world's total population. China is the country with the largest population of Buddhists, approximately 244 million or 18.2% of its total population.

What is the theory of karma? Rebirth. The third common theme of karma theories is the concept of reincarnation or the cycle of rebirths (samsara). Rebirth is a fundamental concept of Hinduism, Buddhism, Jainism and Sikhism.

Is Buddhism a Philosophy or a Religion? A common debate among people in modern times, especially among westerners, is that Buddhism is not a religion — but a philosophy or way of life. This of course, is something people are divided on and really depends on various technicalities in how one defines religion.

Is Karma Good or Bad? Another causality characteristic, shared by Karmic theories, is that like deeds lead to like effects. Thus good karma produces good effect on the actor, while bad karma produces bad effect. This effect may be material, moral or emotional — that is, one's karma affects one's happiness and unhappiness.

Where is Buddhism most influential today? They are mostly followers of Chinese schools of Mahayana, making this the largest body of Buddhist traditions. Mahayana, also practiced in broader East Asia, is followed by over half of the world's Buddhists. The second largest body of Buddhist schools is Theravada, mostly followed in Southeast Asia.

The Countries With The Largest Number Of Buddhists India. Though India was the origin of Buddhism, the population of the country today has 9,250,000 Buddhists, which amounts to a modest 1.8% of the country's population. ... China. ... Thailand. ... Japan. ... Other Countries With Large Buddhist Populations.

What are some practices of Buddhism? Practicing Meditation. Select a quiet spot. Meditation is one of the most important practices in Buddhism, because it provides insight, stillness, quietness of mind, temporary reprieve from suffering, inner peace, and helps you on the path to enlightenment.

What is Buddhism trying to accomplish? While nirvana is possible for any person, in most Buddhist sects only monks attempt to achieve it. Lay Buddhists -- Buddhists outside the monastic community -- strive instead for a higher existence in their next life. They follow the Noble Eightfold Path and help others, trying to accumulate good Karma.

Buddhism is found mainly in Srilanka , Nepal, Sikkim, Bhutan, Tibet, Thailand, Japan,Korea, Burma, Malaysia ,-Singapore, Vietnam, Taiwan, Cambodia, India. Now a days small numbers of Buddhist are in most of the countries as there is a renewed interest in Buddhism world over.

What is nirvana like? Nirvana is a place of perfect peace and happiness, like heaven. In Hinduism and Buddhism, nirvana is the highest state that someone can attain, a state of enlightenment, meaning a person's individual desires and suffering go away.

What are the 12 universal laws? The 12 universal laws The 12 universal laws. The Law of Divine Oneness. ... The Law of Vibration. ... The Law of Action. ... The Law of Correspondence. ... The Law of Cause and Effect. ... The Law of Compensation. ... The Law of Attraction. ... The Law of Perpetual Transmutation of Energy.

When Did Buddha die? In Burmese Buddhist tradition, the date of the Buddha's death is 13 May 544 BCE. whereas in Thai tradition it is 11 March 545 BCE. At his death, the Buddha is famously believed to have told his disciples to follow no leader.

Where is Buddha buried? Ramabhar Stupa in Kushinagar was built over a portion of the Buddha's ashes on the spot where he was cremated by the ancient Malla people. The Temple of the Tooth or Dalada Maligawa in Sri Lanka is the place where the right tooth relic of Buddha is kept at present.

Buddism v Hindism

Which is the first religion in the world?

This principle of order is also paramount in the world's oldest religion still being practiced today: Hinduism (known to adherents as Sanatan Dharma, 'Eternal Order'). Although often viewed as a polytheistic faith, Hinduism is actually henotheistic.

"TA LEGAL EAGLE"

Chapter 9 - Bankruptcy Basics

This chapter of the Bankruptcy Code provides for reorganization of municipalities, which includes cities and towns, as well as villages, counties, taxing districts, municipal utilities, and school districts.

The first municipal bankruptcy legislation was enacted in 1934 during the Great Depression. Pub. L. No. 251, 48 Stat. 798 (1934). Although Congress took care to draft the legislation so as not to interfere with the sovereign powers of the states guaranteed by the Tenth Amendment to the Constitution, the Supreme Court held the 1934 Act unconstitutional as an improper interference with the sovereignty of the states. Ashton v. Cameron County Water Improvement Dist. No. 1, 298 U.S. 513, 532 (1936). Congress enacted a revised Municipal Bankruptcy Act in 1937, Pub. L. No. 302, 50 Stat. 653 (1937), which was upheld by the Supreme Court. United States v. Bekins, 304 U.S. 27, 54 (1938). The law has been amended several times since 1937. In the more than 60 years since Congress established a federal mechanism for the resolution of municipal debts, there have been fewer than 500 municipal bankruptcy petitions filed. Although chapter 9 cases are rare, a filing by a large municipality can— like the 1994 filing by Orange County, California—involve many millions of dollars in municipal debt.

Purpose of Municipal Bankruptcy

The purpose of chapter 9 is to provide a financially-distressed municipality protection from its creditors while it develops and negotiates a plan for adjusting its debts. Reorganization of the debts of a municipality is typically accomplished either by extending debt maturities, reducing the amount of principal or interest, or refinancing the debt by obtaining a new loan.

Although similar to other chapters in some respects, chapter 9 is significantly different in that there is no provision in the law for liquidation of the assets of the municipality and distribution of the proceeds to creditors. Such a liquidation or dissolution would undoubtedly violate the Tenth Amendment to the Constitution and the reservation to the states of sovereignty over their internal affairs. Indeed, due to the severe limitations placed upon the power of the bankruptcy court in chapter 9 cases (required by the Tenth Amendment and the Supreme Court's decisions in cases upholding municipal bankruptcy legislation), the bankruptcy court generally is not as active in managing a municipal bankruptcy case as it is in corporate reorganizations under chapter 11. The functions of the bankruptcy court in chapter 9 cases are generally limited to approving the petition (if the debtor is eligible), confirming a plan of debt adjustment, and ensuring implementation of the plan. As a practical matter, however, the municipality may consent to have the court exercise jurisdiction in many of the traditional areas of court oversight in bankruptcy, in order to obtain the protection of court orders and eliminate the need for multiple forums to decide issues.

Eligibility

Only a "municipality" may file for relief under chapter 9. 11 U.S.C. § 109(c). The term "municipality" is defined in the Bankruptcy Code as a "political subdivision or public agency or instrumentality of a State." 11 U.S.C. § 101(40). The definition is broad enough to include cities, counties, townships, school districts, and public improvement districts. It also includes revenue-producing bodies that provide services which are paid for by users rather than by general taxes, such as bridge authorities, highway authorities, and gas authorities.

the municipality must be specifically authorized to be a debtor by state law or by a governmental officer or organization empowered by State law to authorize the municipality to be a debtor;

the municipality must be insolvent, as defined in 11 U.S.C. § 101(32)(C);

the municipality must desire to effect a plan to adjust its debts; and

the municipality must either:

obtain the agreement of creditors holding at least a majority in amount of the claims of each class that the debtor intends to impair under a plan in a case under chapter 9;

negotiate in good faith with creditors and fail to obtain the agreement of creditors holding at least a majority in amount of the claims of each class that the debtor intends to impair under a plan;

be unable to negotiate with creditors because such negotiation is impracticable; or

reasonably believe that a creditor may attempt to obtain a preference.

Commencement of the Case

Municipalities must voluntarily seek protection under the Bankruptcy Code. 11 U.S.C. §§ 303, 901(a). They may file a petition only under chapter 9. A case under chapter 9 concerning an unincorporated tax or special assessment district that does not have its own officials is commenced by the filing of a voluntary "petition under this chapter by such district's governing authority or the board or body having authority to levy taxes or assessments to meet the obligations of such district." 11 U.S.C. § 921(a).

A municipal debtor must file a list of creditors. 11 U.S.C. § 924. Normally, the debtor files the list of creditors with the petition. However, the bankruptcy court has discretion to fix a different time if the debtor is unable to prepare the list of creditors in the form and with the detail required by the Bankruptcy Rules at the time of filing. Fed. R. Bankr. P. 1007.

Assignment of Case to a Bankruptcy Judge

One significant difference between chapter 9 cases and cases filed under other chapters is that the clerk of court does not automatically assign the case to a particular judge. "The chief judge of the court of appeals for the circuit embracing the district in which the case is commenced [designates] the bankruptcy judge to conduct the case." 11 U.S.C. § 921(b). This provision was designed to remove politics from the issue of which judge will preside over the chapter 9 case of a major municipality and to ensure that a municipal case will be handled by a judge who has the time and capability of doing so.

Notice of Case/ Objections/ Order for Relief

The Bankruptcy Code requires that notice be given of the commencement of the case and the order for relief. 11 U.S.C. § 923. The Bankruptcy Rules provide that the clerk, or such other person as the court may direct, is to give notice. Fed. R. Bankr. P. 2002(f). The notice must also be published "at least once a week for three successive weeks in at least one newspaper of general circulation published within the district in which the case is commenced, and in such other newspaper having a general circulation among bond dealers and bondholders as the court designates." 11 U.S.C. § 923. The court typically enters an order designating who is to give and receive notice by mail and identifying the newspapers in which the additional notice is to be published. Fed. R. Bankr. P. 9007, 9008.

The Bankruptcy Code permits objections to the petition. 11 U.S.C. § 921(c). Typically, objections concern issues like whether negotiations have been conducted in good faith, whether the state has authorized the municipality to file, and whether the petition was filed in good faith. If an objection to the petition is filed, the court must hold a hearing on the objection. Id. The court may dismiss a petition if it determines that the debtor did not file the petition in good faith or that the petition does not meet the requirements of title 11. Id.

If the petition is not dismissed upon an objection, the Bankruptcy Code requires the court to order relief, allowing the case to proceed under chapter 9. 11 U.S.C. § 921(d).

Automatic Stay

The automatic stay of section 362 of the Bankruptcy Code is applicable in chapter 9 cases. 11 U.S.C. §§ 362(a), 901(a). The stay operates to stop all collection actions against the debtor and its property upon the filing of the petition. Additional automatic stay provisions are applicable in chapter 9 that prohibit actions against officers and inhabitants of the debtor if the action seeks to enforce a claim against the debtor. 11 U.S.C. § 922(a). Thus, the stay prohibits a creditor from bringing a mandamus action against an officer of a municipality on account of a prepetition debt. It also prohibits a creditor from bringing an action against an inhabitant of the debtor to enforce a lien on or arising out of taxes or assessments owed to the debtor.

Section 922(d) of title 11 limits the applicability of the stay. Under that section, a chapter 9 petition does not operate to stay application of pledged special revenues to payment of indebtedness secured by such revenues. Thus, an indenture trustee or other paying agent may apply pledged funds to payments coming due or distribute the pledged funds to bondholders without violating the automatic stay.

Proofs of Claim

In a chapter 9 case, the court fixes the time within which proofs of claim or interest may be filed. Fed. R. Bankr. P. 3003(c)(3). Many creditors may not be required to file a proof of claim in a chapter 9 case. For example, a proof of claim is deemed filed if it appears on the list of creditors filed by the debtor, unless the debt is listed as disputed, contingent, or unliquidated. 11 U.S.C. § 925. Thus, a creditor must file a proof of claim if the creditor's claim appears on the list of creditors as disputed, contingent, or unliquidated.

Court's Limited Power

Sections 903 and 904 of the Bankruptcy Code are designed to recognize the court's limited power over operations of the debtor.

Section 904 limits the power of the bankruptcy court to "interfere with – (1) any of the political or governmental powers of the debtor; (2) any of the property or revenues of the debtor; or (3) the debtor's use or enjoyment of any income-producing property" unless the debtor consents or the plan so provides. The provision makes it clear that the debtor's day-to-day activities are not subject to court approval and that the debtor may borrow money without court authority. In addition, the court cannot appoint a trustee (except for limited purposes specified in 11 U.S.C. § 926(a)) and cannot convert the case to a liquidation proceeding.

The court also cannot interfere with the operations of the debtor or with the debtor's use of its property and revenues. This is due, at least in part, to the fact that in a chapter 9 case, there is no property of the estate and thus no estate to administer. 11 U.S.C. § 902(1). Moreover, a chapter 9 debtor may employ professionals without court approval, and the only court review of fees is in the context of plan confirmation, when the court determines the reasonableness of the fees.

The restrictions imposed by 11 U.S.C. § 904 are necessary to ensure the constitutionality of chapter 9 and to avoid the possibility that the court might substitute its control over the political or governmental affairs or property of the debtor for that of the state and the elected officials of the municipality.

Similarly, 11 U.S.C. § 903 states that "chapter [9] does not limit or impair the power of a State to control, by legislation or otherwise, a municipality of or in such State in the exercise of the political or governmental powers of the municipality, including expenditures for such exercise," with two exceptions – a state law prescribing a method of composition of municipal debt does not bind any non-consenting creditor, nor does any judgment entered under such state law bind a nonconsenting creditor.

Role of the U.S. trustee/bankruptcy administrator

In a chapter 9 case, the role of the U.S. trustee (or the bankruptcy administrator in North Carolina or Alabama) (1) is typically more limited than in chapter 11 cases. Although the U.S. trustee appoints a creditors' committee, the U.S. trustee does not examine the debtor at a meeting of creditors (there is no meeting of creditors), does not have the authority to move for appointment of a trustee or examiner or for conversion of the case, and does not supervise the administration of the case. Further, the U.S. trustee does not monitor the financial operations of the debtor or review the fees of professionals retained in the case.

Role of Creditors

The role of creditors is more limited in chapter 9 than in other cases. There is no first meeting of creditors, and creditors may not propose competing plans. If certain requirements are met, the debtor's plan is binding on dissenting creditors. The chapter 9 debtor has more freedom to operate without court-imposed restrictions.

In each chapter 9 case, however, there is a creditors' committee that has powers and duties that are very similar to those of a committee in a chapter 11 case. These powers and duties include selecting and authorizing the employment of one or more attorneys, accountants, or other agents to represent the committee; consulting with the debtor concerning administration of the case; investigating the acts, conduct, assets, liabilities, and financial condition of the debtor; participating in the formulation of a plan; and performing such other services as are in the interest of those represented. 11 U.S.C. §§ 901(a), 1103.

Intervention/Right of Others to be Heard

When cities or counties file for relief under chapter 9, there may be a great deal of interest in the case from entities wanting to appear and be heard. The Bankruptcy Rules provide that "[t]he Secretary of the Treasury of the United States may, or if requested by the court shall, intervene in a chapter 9 case." Fed. R. Bankr. P. 2018(c). Further, "[r]epresentatives of the state in which the debtor is located may intervene in a chapter 9 case." Id. In addition, the Bankruptcy Code permits the Securities and Exchange Commission to appear and be heard on any issue and gives parties in interest the right to appear and be heard on any issue in a case. 11 U.S.C. §§ 901(a), 1109. Parties in interest include municipal employees, local residents, non-resident owners of real property, special tax payers, securities firms, and local banks.

Powers of the Debtor

Due to statutory limitations placed upon the power of the court in a municipal debt adjustment proceeding, the court is far less involved in the conduct of a municipal bankruptcy case (and in the operation of the municipal entity) while the debtor's financial affairs are undergoing reorganization. The municipal debtor has broad powers to use its property, raise taxes, and make expenditures as it sees fit. It is also permitted to adjust burdensome non-debt contractual relationships under the power to reject executory contracts and unexpired leases, subject to court approval, and it has the same avoiding powers as other debtors. Municipalities may also reject collective bargaining agreements and retiree benefit plans without going through the usual procedures required in chapter 11 cases.

A municipality has authority to borrow money during a chapter 9 case as an administrative expense. 11 U.S.C. §§ 364, 901(a). This ability is important to the survival of a municipality that has exhausted all other resources. A chapter 9 municipality has the same power to obtain credit as it does outside of bankruptcy. The court does not have supervisory authority over the amount of debt the municipality incurs in its operation. The municipality may employ professionals without court approval, and the professional fees incurred are reviewed only within the context of plan confirmation.

Dismissal

As previously noted, the court may dismiss a chapter 9 petition, after notice and a hearing, if it concludes the debtor did not file the petition in good faith or if the petition does not meet the requirements of chapter 9. 11 U.S.C. § 921(c). The court may also dismiss the petition for cause, such as for lack of prosecution, unreasonable delay by the debtor that is prejudicial to creditors, failure to propose or confirm a plan within the time fixed by the court, material default by the debtor under a confirmed plan, or termination of a confirmed plan by reason of the occurrence of a condition specified in the plan. 11 U.S.C. § 930.

Treatment of Bondholders and Other Lenders

Different types of bonds receive different treatment in municipal bankruptcy cases. General obligation bonds are treated as general debt in the chapter 9 case. The municipality is not required to make payments of either principal or interest on account of such bonds during the case. The obligations created by general obligation bonds are subject to negotiation and possible restructuring under the plan of adjustment.

Special revenue bonds, by contrast, will continue to be secured and serviced during the pendency of the chapter 9 case through continuing application and payment of ongoing special revenues. 11 U.S.C. § 928. Holders of special revenue bonds can expect to receive payment on such bonds during the chapter 9 case if special revenues are available. The application of pledged special revenues to indebtedness secured by such revenues is not stayed as long as the pledge is consistent with 11 U.S.C. § 928 [§ 922(d) erroneously refers to § 927 rather than § 928], which ensures that a lien of special revenues is subordinate to the operating expenses of the project or system from which the revenues are derived. 11 U.S.C. § 922(d).

Bondholders generally do not have to worry about the threat of preference liability with respect to any prepetition payments on account of bonds or notes, whether special revenue or general obligations. Any transfer of the municipal debtor's property to a noteholder or bondholder on account of a note or bond cannot be avoided as a preference, i.e., as an unauthorized payment to a creditor made while the debtor was insolvent. 11 U.S.C. § 926(b).

Plan for Adjustment of Debts

The Bankruptcy Code provides that the debtor must file a plan. 11 U.S.C. § 941. The plan must be filed with the petition or at such later time as the court fixes. There is no provision in chapter 9 allowing creditors or other parties in interest to file a plan. This limitation is required by the Supreme Court's pronouncements in Ashton, 298 U.S. at 528, and Bekins, 304 U.S. at 51, which interpreted the Tenth Amendment as requiring that a municipality be left in control of its governmental affairs during a chapter 9 case. Neither creditors nor the court may control the affairs of a municipality indirectly through the mechanism of proposing a plan of adjustment of the municipality's debts that would in effect determine the municipality's future tax and spending decisions.

Confirmation Standards

The standards for plan confirmation in chapter 9 cases are a combination of the statutory requirements of 11 U.S.C. § 943(b) and those portions of 11 U.S.C. § 1129 (the chapter 11 confirmation standards) made applicable by 11 U.S.C. § 901(a). Section 943(b) lists seven general conditions required for confirmation of a plan. The court must confirm a plan if the following conditions are met:

the plan complies with the provisions of title 11 made applicable by sections 103(e) and 901;

the plan complies with the provisions of chapter 9;

all amounts to be paid by the debtor or by any person for services or expenses in the case or incident to the plan have been fully disclosed and are reasonable;

the debtor is not prohibited by law from taking any action necessary to carry out the plan;

except to the extent that the holder of a particular claim has agreed to a different treatment of such claim, the plan provides that on the effective date of the plan, each holder of a claim of a kind specified in section 507(a)(1) will receive on account of such claim cash equal to the allowed amount of such claim;

any regulatory or electoral approval necessary under applicable nonbankruptcy law in order to carry out any provision of the plan has been obtained, or such provision is expressly conditioned on such approval; and

the plan is in the best interests of creditors and is feasible.

11 U.S.C. § 943(b).

Section 943(b)(1) requires as a condition for confirmation that the plan comply with the provisions of the Bankruptcy Code made applicable by sections 103(e) and 901(a) of the Bankruptcy Code. The most important of these for purposes of confirming a plan are those provisions of 11 U.S.C. § 1129 (i.e., § 1129(a)(2), (a)(3), (a)(6), (a)(8), (a)(10)) that are made applicable by 11 U.S.C. § 901(a). Section 1129(a)(8) requires, as a condition to confirmation, that the plan has been accepted by each class of claims or interests impaired under the plan. Therefore, if the plan proposes treatment for a class of creditors such that the class is impaired (i.e., the creditor's legal, equitable, or contractual rights are altered), then that class's acceptance is required. If the class is not impaired, then acceptance by that class is not required as a condition to confirmation. Under 11 U.S.C. § 1129(a)(10), the court may confirm the plan only if, should any class of claims be impaired under the plan, at least one impaired class has accepted the plan. If only one impaired class of creditors consents to the plan, plan confirmation is still possible under the "cram down" provisions of 11 U.S.C. § 1129(b). Under "cram down," if all other requirements are met except the § 1129(a)(8) requirement that all classes either be unimpaired or have accepted the plan, then the plan is confirmable if it does not discriminate unfairly and is fair and equitable.

The requirement that the plan be in the "best interests of creditors" means something different under chapter 9 than under chapter 11. Under chapter 11, a plan is said to be in the "best interest of creditors" if creditors would receive as much under the plan as they would if the debtor were liquidated. 11 U.S.C. § 1129(a)(7)(A)(ii). Obviously, a different interpretation is needed in chapter 9 cases because a municipality's assets cannot be liquidated to pay creditors. In the chapter 9 context, the "best interests of creditors" test has generally been interpreted to mean that the plan must be better than other alternatives available to the creditors. See 6 COLLIER ON BANKRUPTCY § 943.03[7] (15th ed. rev. 2005). Generally speaking, the alternative to chapter 9 is dismissal of the case, permitting every creditor to fend for itself. An interpretation of the " best interests of creditors" test to require that the municipality devote all resources available to the repayment of creditors would appear to exceed the standard. The courts generally apply the test to require a reasonable effort by the municipal debtor that is a better alternative for its creditors than dismissal of the case. Id.

Parties in interest may object to confirmation, including creditors whose claims are affected by the plan, an organization of employees of the debtor, and other tax payers, as well as the Securities and Exchange Commission. 11 U.S.C. §§ 901(a), 943, 1109, 1128(b).

Discharge

A municipal debtor receives a discharge in a chapter 9 case after: (1) confirmation of the plan; (2) deposit by the debtor of any consideration to be distributed under the plan with the disbursing agent appointed by the court; and (3) a determination by the court that securities deposited with the disbursing agent will constitute valid legal obligations of the debtor and that any provision made to pay or secure payment of such obligations is valid. 11 U.S.C. § 944(b). Thus, the discharge is conditioned not only upon confirmation, but also upon deposit of the consideration to be distributed under the plan and a court determination of the validity of securities to be issued.

There are two exceptions to the discharge in chapter 9 cases. The first is for any debt excepted from discharge by the plan or order confirming the plan. The second is for a debt owed to an entity that, before confirmation of the plan, had neither notice nor actual knowledge of the case. 11 U.S.C. § 944(c).

At any time within 180 days after entry of the confirmation order, the court may, after notice and a hearing, revoke the order of confirmation if the order was procured by fraud. 11 U.S.C. §§ 901(a), 1144.

Notes

In North Carolina and Alabama, bankruptcy administrators perform similar functions that United States trustees perform in the remaining forty-eight states. The bankruptcy administrator program is administered by the Administrative Office of the United States Courts, while the United States trustee program is administered by the Department of Justice. For purposes of this publication, references to United States trustees are also applicable to bankruptcy administrators.

National Hispanic Heritage Month is the period from September 15 to October 15 in the United States, when people recognize the contributions of Hispanic and Latino Americans to the group's heritage and culture. Is Hispanic Heritage Month a holiday? There are about 54 million Hispanics and Latinos in the United States. That's a lot of people to celebrate! Across the country, Hispanic Heritage Month is celebrated with festivals and community events recognizing the contributions of Hispanics and Latinos in the United States.

Supreme Court Justice full name is Sonia Maria Sotomayor (born June 25, 1954, in Bronx, New York, U.S.), who is an associate justice of the Supreme Court of the United States voted by U.S. Senate in 2009. The Supreme Court has started their current Supreme Court Session on October 1st, 2018

"TOMORROW'S ALLIANCEClinical Corner"

"TA ARCHIVE PIC":

"TA ARCHIVE PIC":

"TA Archive Pic." Mom has Always Supported Us in our Music and In our Education. Jimmy and I Love Mom! Thank You Mom. Always!

PUERTO RICO

NATIVE POPULATION

Puerto Rico’s native Taíno population—whose hunter-gatherer ancestors settled the island more than 1,000 years before the Spanish arrived—called it Borinquén, and referred to themselves as boricua (a term that is still used today).

During his second expedition to the Indies in 1493, Christopher Columbusreturned several Taíno captives to Borinquén and claimed the island for Spain, calling it San Juan Bautista. In 1508, Juan Ponce de León founded the first European settlement, Caparra, near a bay on the island’s northern coast; Caparra was renamed Puerto Rico (or “rich port”) in 1521.

Over time, people began referring to the entire island by that name, while the port city itself became San Juan. Smallpox soon wiped out the vast majority of the Taíno, with many others enslaved by the Spanish to mine silver and gold and to construct settlements.

SPANISH RULE

In order to produce cash crops such as sugar cane, ginger, tobacco and coffee, the Spanish began importing more slaves from Africa in the 16th century. They also spent considerable resources turning San Juan into an impregnable military outpost, building a fortified palace for the governor (La Fortaleza) as well as two massive forts—San Felipe del Morro and San Cristobál—that would withstand repeated attacks by rival powers such as England, the Netherlands and France.

Under Spanish colonial rule, Puerto Rico experienced varying levels of economic and political autonomy over the centuries. By the mid-19th century, however, a wave of independence movements in Spain’s South American colonies had reached Puerto Rico.

In 1868, some 600 people attempted an uprising based in the mountain town of Lares. Though the Spanish military efficiently quashed the rebellion, Puerto Ricans still celebrate “El Grito de Lares” (The Cry of Lares) as a moment of great national pride.

ECONOMIC CRISIS In the first decade of the 21st century, Puerto Rico’s economic growth slowed, even as its national debt rapidly expanded. In 2015, the worsening economic crisis led its governor to announce that the commonwealth could no longer meet its debt obligations. Two years later, under legislation passed by Congress to help Puerto Rico deal with its economic crisis, the commonwealth declared a form of bankruptcy, claiming debt of more than $70 billion, mostly to U.S. investors. In September 2017, Puerto Rico’s economic woes were compounded when Hurricane Maria, a Category 4 hurricane with some 150 mph winds, made direct landfall on the island. In Maria’s aftermath, Puerto Rico’s inhabitants—some 3.4 million American citizens—found themselves in a humanitarian crisis, facing debilitating shortages of water, food and fuel and a deeply uncertain future. SOURCES Doug Mack, The Not-Quite States of America: Dispatches from the Territories and Other Far-Flung Outposts of the USA. W.W. Norton, 2017. Puerto Rico, History, Art & Archives: U.S. House of Representatives. Smithsonian. Library of Congress.

FOR EXCELLENT LOCAL, NATIONAL and INTERNATIONAL NEWS Read The DAILY HERALD!

For Entertainment News, Refer to BRIAN SHAMIE Reporter with The Daily Herald.

As a multiplatform editor at the Daily Herald, Brian designs centerspread layouts, covers and pages for the Time out! and Time out! Sunday entertainment sections, publishes entertainment content on dailyherald.com and posts features stories to the Daily Herald's social media outlets, including Facebook and Twitter.

Brian also writes a weekly column, Sound Check (formerly Music Notes), for Time out!, where he promotes the suburban and Chicago local music scene. Brian won a Lisagor Award for news design in 2015 for his work on Time out!

1. Where and when you discovered your passion as a writer and music.

That bug first bit when I was a kid. I’d make up tales about aliens and animals and create elaborate backstories for favorite toys. My parents were big into reading books with us, so I started reading on my own pretty early. When I’d ask my mom a question about a word I didn’t know, she’d say, “Look it up in the dictionary.” So words and I were pretty tight. That followed me into high school, when teachers often told me I was a very expressive writer and I should pursue a career in it. So I turned that into a journalism major in college. But life had other plans, as page design crept into my brain and I veered away from writing in favor of publication design and copy editing.

As for music, I wasn’t classically trained in anything but swing choir and Christmas carols. But after college I’d go into the city to see a friend play on the regular, and I feel like his bringing me around to all kinds of local shows first lit that spark. I knew back then even though I wasn’t a musician I’d find a way to be involved in that scene. For a while I did some design work for a few different Chicago and suburban bands, but when I stepped into the entertainment section at the Daily Herald, I had to set a lot of that aside because of conflict of interest.

2. If you can mention when and/or how you joined the Daily Herald.

I’ll be hitting 21 years with the Daily Herald this September. In that time, I’ve bounced from the night news desk to the Neighbor section, assistant editor of Neighbor, then to the Time out! Entertainment section, where I’ve been a copy editor and page designer since 2003. I started music writing only about four years ago when a colleague left; since I was always bringing up shows we should cover, my editor suggested I try my hand at it. I had been out of the writing loop since college and was pretty rusty, but I gave it a try with a regular feature covering suburban bands playing at big area festivals, and it grew from there.

3. How you help bands/artists and contribute to Chicagoland/Midwest music scene.

Last summer, we started my Sound Check column in the Daily Herald’s Time out! Entertainment section. Every week I try to find a good balance between the larger touring acts our readers are expecting and the many Chicago-area artists I think the world needs to know about. This year, we also started running monthly band profiles in TO, featuring those artists on local music playlists on Spotify. It’s kind of a throwback to my mix-tape and Road Trip CD days. I’ve also given big coverage to the recent Homegrown Arts & Music Festival, the Side Street Studio Arts’ summer-long Battle of the Bands and other big music events featuring upcoming acts.

I also have a few other projects up my sleeve, so stay tuned!

4. If you've met or interviewed any celebrities, what was it like.

I’ve had a few opportunities, but the ones I’ve enjoyed the most have been the musicians out of Chicago. Earlier this year I got to have a phone interview with Pete Wentz of Fall Out Boy, and he was the nicest guy. I’ve also chatted with Tom Higgenson of the Plain White T’s at a show (and I think I’m doing an interview with him in a couple weeks). Both were really friendly and personable. Honestly I prefer talking to musicians from the area because I’ve had the chance to actually see a lot of them coming up when they were playing small local shows on their way to going national. And most of them seem more than happy to talk to somebody from back home.

5. Then..what are some hobbies you enjoy, whether related to writing or not.

I grew up in Chicago, so I’m a fan of going back into the city for shows, but there are also some great venues out here in the burbs I like to hit regularly. My girlfriend and I are big fans of movies and going to the theater when we can. In my downtime I still dabble in painting and graphic design. It’s my Zen time when I can generally not worry about what else is going on. I can almost always find some reason to get passionate about most artistic or creative pursuits. I also have a group of friends who like to get together regularly for board game nights, too.

november Issue Issue 11 Vol. 14 - 18

November 11th, 1918 WWI Ends!

TA Archive Pic: Jimmy and Arthur Packing Up after a "TOMORROW'S ALLIANCE" performance at A Brookfield, Illinois Battle of The Teenage Bands in 2010.

"Tomorrow's Alliance Magazine" November Issue

featured Band is "WHISKEY HILL BAND ".

When Completed Please feel free to print out Any of the "TA MAGAZINE" Issues.

COPYRIGHT 2018 by Y Yes You Can Publishing Company

"Tomorrow's Alliance" Copyright 2005 - 2018 by Tomorrow's Alliance inc. All Rights Reserved. "Tomorrow's Alliance" is a Registered Name. Trade Mark status has been applied. Web Site copyright 2007 - 2018 by YYesYouCanPublishing Company. No Content within this Website to be reproduced or duplicated without the written permission from James Liceaga. Contact "TA's" Business Manager, James Liceaga at (312) 218 6650.