Kevin Hagan White (September 25, 1929 – January 27, 2012) was a United States politician best known as the Mayor of Boston, an office he was first elected at the age of 38, and that he held for four terms, amounting to 16 years, from 1968 to 1984. He presided as mayor during racially turbulent years in the late 1960s and the 1970s, and the start of desegregation of schools via court-ordered busing of school children in Boston. White won the mayoral office in the 1967 general election in a hard-fought campaign opposing the anti-busing and anti-desegregation Boston School Committee member Louise Day Hicks. White was earlier elected Massachusetts Secretary of the Commonwealth in 1960 at the age of 31; he resigned from that office after his election as Mayor.

White is credited with revitalizing the waterfront, downtown and financial districts of Boston, and transforming Quincy Market into a metropolitan and tourist destination. In his first term, he implemented local neighborhood "Little City Halls", though he withdrew from the concept after narrowly winning the 1975 election, during the Boston school desegregation busing crisis, and he subsequently constructed a classic and centralized city political machine. White was unsuccessful in his efforts to obtain higher office, Governor of Massachusetts, and Vice President of the United States.

His mayoral administration was subject to decade-long federal investigations into corruption, which led to the conviction of more than 20 city hall employees and nearly as many businessmen; the investigations were influential in leading White to decline to seek reelection in 1983, allowing him to avoid public debate and criticism by other mayoral candidates on the topic. White himself was never indicted of wrongdoing.

White’s father, Joseph C. White, and maternal grandfather, Henry E. Hagan, both served as Boston City Council presidents; Joseph White had also been a state legislator. Kevin White married Kathryn Galvin in 1956, the daughter of William J. Galvin, who also served as a Boston City Council president.[1][2]

White was first elected to the open state-wide office of Massachusetts Secretary of the Commonwealth in 1960 at the age of 31. The incumbent secretary, Joseph D. Ward, decided to run for governor that year (and lost to John A. Volpe in the general election). White won the Democratic Party nomination at the state convention with the crucial assistance of his father, and father in law, who called in political debts in order to obtain enough votes to win the nomination; White became the party nominee on the third ballot of the convention, thus appearing on the ballot as a Democrat in the general election in November.[3] In the general election, White surpassed a rising Republican, Edward W. Brooke (who in later years was elected U.S. Senator).[3]

In 1962, White was reelected to a second two-year term, and in 1966, reelected to a four-year term, and served in office through 1967, resigning from the office December 20, 1967, after he won the Boston mayoral election that year.[2][3][4]

White successfully ran for the open mayoral office in 1967, winning his first election with a coalition of Italian, liberal and black voters.[5] White campaigned for rent control; one of his slogans was "When landlords raise rents, Kevin White raises hell." Rent control was implemented in Boston in 1970, after a Massachusetts enabling law for municipalities was enacted in 1970.[6]

White succeeded mayor John F. Collins, who stepped down after eight years that included urban renewal projects, and the planning and building of Boston City Hall, and who had provided an example and template for the future rebuilding and rehabilitation of the waterfront, financial, and business districts of the city center that White later undertook.[3]

The Boston mayoral election of 1967 had a primary and a general election. In a ten-candidate non-party primary election for the open office on September 26, 1967, Kevin White was second, drawing 19.83% of the vote with 30,789 votes, and Louise Day Hicks was first, with 28.16% of the vote, and 43,722 votes. For the general election on November 7, 1967, only White and Hicks were on the ballot. White narrowly defeated Boston School Board member Louise Day Hicks, who had taken a strong anti-desegregation position as a member of the Boston School Committee. Hicks's slogan was the coded "You know where I stand."[7] Hicks's campaign against fellow Democrat Kevin White was so acrimonious that the Boston Globe, under the recent editorship of Thomas Winship, broke a 75-year tradition of political neutrality to endorse White.[3][8] White won the general election with 53.25 percent of the vote, receiving 102,706 votes and only 12,552 votes more than the 90,154 votes Hicks received.[2][3] Two years later, in 1969 Hicks was elected to Boston City Council by large majorities, then in 1970 she was elected to congress, winning the open district formerly held by the retiring Speaker of the U.S. House of Representatives John W. McCormack, and surpassing Joseph Moakley by 10% in the multi-candidate Democratic primary.[7]

In the 1971 mayoral election, White won a second term, again defeating Hicks, this time by a 40,000 vote margin. Hicks in 1972 would lose her congressional seat by two percentage points and 3,428 votes in a post-census revised district and four-candidate general election that included a rematch with Joseph Moakley running as an Independent. Hicks returned to Boston City Council in the 1973 election and remained on the council until she retired from public office in 1981.[7]

Mayor White’s early administrations were noteworthy for the racial and ethnic diversity of the senior aides and staff to the Mayor, with many staffers subsequently going on to influential positions and elected office.[1][9]

White decentralized municipal government by establishing in the early years of his tenure in office a number of “Little City Halls” in local neighborhoods, giving more influence to local leadership and ethnic and racial minorities to access city hall bureaucracy, but following the narrowly won election in 1975 against Joseph Timilty during the Boston school busing crisis, closed the "Little City Halls". White re-centralized power, in city hall and created a political machine intentionally modeled on Mayor Richard J. Daley's Chicago political machine, with ward lieutenants empowered to reward White supporters with city jobs and city contracts.[1][2]

The popular James Brown had a previously scheduled concert set for the next evening, April 5, at the Boston Garden.[2] White's chief of police was concerned about allowing 15,000 people to arrive downtown at the concert, saying he didn't think he could keep the city safe.[10] White originally intended to cancel the concert entirely, but members of his staff, and Tom Atkins, a black city councillor from Roxbury and local NAACP leader, elected in the same 1967 election that elected White, warned that White would still have a riot if people went to the venue without a show to attend, persuaded White to allow the show to go forward.[5][10][11]

On short notice, Atkins and White administration persuaded Brown and the local Boston public television station WGBH-TV to broadcast the concert.[2][10] The White administration also appealed to community leaders to help keep the peace, and also encouraged people to stay home and watch the concert on television. White appeared on stage with James Brown to appeal to the audience, and to the entire city via television, to remember and maintain King's peaceful vision.[4][12][13]

So all I ask you tonight is this: to let us look at each other, here in the Garden and back at home, and pledge that no matter what any other community might do, we in Boston will honor Dr. King in peace. - Kevin White from the stage of Boston Garden[13]

WGBH immediately rebroadcast the concert twice more that night, and people apparently stayed inside to continue watching it.[10] While many cities, including Washington DC, New York, Chicago, Detroit, and Oakland had civil disturbances, rioting and fires after King's death, the city of Boston was spared from widespread disturbances.[11]

White had secured $60,000 from Boston City Council to make up for the loss of ticket revenue to the performers, because of White's efforts to discourage attendance to the downtown performance at this volatile moment. Only 2,000 had attended the sold-out show, in a venue that had a capacity of 15,000.[3][10][11] Individuals with Brown's entourage state that only $10,000 made it to Brown's production company.[10][14]

Barney Frank, who worked as White's chief of staff in City Hall during White's first term in office, has described White's being dubbed "Mayor Black", because he was the first Boston mayor to admit there was a racial discrimination problem.[15] White administration staff member, and subsequent Boston City Council President Bruce Bolling describes a leadership vacuum on the issue of race, and that for many years "the established institutions — the City Council, the School Committee, the mayor, the business community, the philanthropic community, the religious community — no one weighed in in any responsible way to address this issue of school desegregation."[16]

I don’t know where he [Kevin White] was when we were having the people in South Boston and East Boston and other places who were railing out against the desegregation order. I think it's important for people to understand that the leadership in the white community was very scarce around this issue. - Mel King[5]

This elite leadership vacuum would leave Mayor White without the public community leadership and visible alliances and collaboration desirable to peacefully implement new policies necessary to comply with a later court order to desegregate the schools.[16] The Boston School Committee was independently elected, and not under the control of Mayor White, and had put into place de jure segregation and discrimination policies in the operation and funding of schools in Boston, and this was a source of great frustration to Mayor White.[17]

The city administration did not move on the issue of unfair treatment of minorities in the school system, and compliance with anti-segregation laws and decisions, until the a federal court required the city to do so, via a court order.[5]

The state of Massachusetts had enacted in 1965 the "Racial Imbalance Act", the first of its kind in the United States. The law required school districts to desegregate, otherwise state funding for education would be withheld from the school district. The law was opposed by many in Boston, including the Boston School Committee, as well as many especially in working class districts in the Irish-American South Boston.[2]

On June 21, 1974, Judge W. Arthur Garrity issued a decision in Morgan v. Hennigan that found that the Boston School Committee had followed an intentional policy of segregating the city's public schools by race, including building new schools and school annexes in overcrowded white-majority districts, instead of making use of empty seats and classrooms in districts with large minority populations. As a remedy, Garrity ordered the city's schools desegregated, leading to a system of desegregation busing.[18]

In Phase I of the plan, Judge Garrity followed a busing plan prviously drawn up by Charles Glenn, the director of the Bureau of Equal Educational Opportunity within the Massachusetts Board of Education, that required schools with a population greater than 50% non-white to be balanced by other races; the initial Phase I plan included only 80 schools, amounting to 40 percent of the Boston Public School system.[19] The Glenn plan had been originally constructed in response to an earlier Massachusetts state lawsuit between the Massachusetts Board of Education and the Boston School Committee. In that earlier lawsuit, the Boston School Committee had sued the Massachusetts Board of Education for the Board's withholding state funds for the Committee's refusal to conform to the requirements of the Massachusetts Racial Imbalance Act.[20] Ultimately, among the Boston districts most affected were West Roxbury, Roslindale, Hyde Park, the North End, Charlestown, South Boston, and Dorchester.[19]

The desegregation and busing did not go peacefully. The integration plan provoked fierce criticism and led to months of racially motivated violence, with attacks at City Hall and South Boston and other city high schools, with dozens injured. In some white neighborhoods, protesters threw stones at arriving school buses arriving with black children from other parts of the city. White directed that police escort buses, and also coordinated with state officials to bring in several hundred state police to keep order.[2] On October 15, 1974 the Massachusetts National Guard was deployed by governor Frank Sargent to Boston to keep order in schools.[19]

In 1972, White made news when the Rhode Island State Police arrested members of The Rolling Stones immediately prior to a concert appearance at the Boston Garden. That evening, a riot was underway in the South End and White needed to move police officers from the Garden to address the disturbance.[23] Fearing unrest among the 15,000 concert goers if the Stones were not able to perform, White persuaded the Rhode Island authorities to release the band members into his personal custody, so that the band could make their scheduled concert appearance in Boston. White appeared on stage before the waiting fans to urge them to keep the peace.[17][24] White's actions won him favor among young first time voters and parents of teens in his re-election.[17][24]

White worked for the revitalization of Boston's downtown districts, opening the waterfront to public access, and presiding over a downtown financial district building boom. His administration was instrumental in the renovation and renewal of Quincy Market which reopened in 1976, transforming an eyesore and run-down series of warehouses and open stalls into a "festival marketplace" that was subsequently copied by other cites.[3][25]

Prior to White's final term in office, Suffolk County and federal prosecutors were working on investigations into a few mid-level officials. It became known in March 1981 that city employees had been asked to donate to a birthday celebration in honor of the mayor’s wife; the requested donations were not political, but personal gifts, and had amounted to $122,000 by the time White cancelled the event after public outrage official inquiries were conducted.[3] In July 1981, President Ronald Reagan appointed William F. Weld, as US attorney. Weld expanded the previously ongoing investigative probes, further examining the White administration and the White's personal finances. The resulting indictments, guilty pleas, and convictions were subsequently one of Weld’s credentials when campaigning for governor in 1990. Weld was governor from 1991 to 1997. Weld's office issued charges of fraudulent disability pensions, bribery, extortion, and perjury that were the downfall of more than 20 city employees, including a number of key individuals in White’s political machine, and nearly as many businessmen.[1][2][3][26]

The United States Department of Housing and Urban Development in 1982 also released a report stating that the city had misappropriated $1.9 million worth of community grants. Federal auditors accused the White administration of improperly using the funds to pay the salaries of city employees that were not working on federally funded grant projects.[2][26]

In his 1970 campaign for governor of Massachusetts, White won a hard-fought multi-candidate Democratic primary election on September 15, 1970, with only 34.33 percent of the vote and by fewer than a two percentage points more than his nearest opponent, Massachusetts Senate President, Maurice A. Donahue. White lost the November 3, general election against RepublicanFrank Sargent. White's running mate was Michael Dukakis, who challenged and defeated Sargent for the governor's office four years later in 1974. White failed to win more votes than Sargent in the city of Boston in the 1970 general election. White's campaign for governor was interrupted for several days when he underwent emergency stomach surgery for an ulcer.[3]

In 1972, during the Democratic National Convention, White was on the verge of becoming the Democratic Party's vice-presidential nominee.[17] After a number of better-known politicians, including Senators Ted Kennedy and Gaylord Nelson, and Governor Reubin Askew, turned down the position, White briefly became the front-runner for the post. Ted Kennedy, economist John Kenneth Galbraith and others in the Massachusetts delegation opposed White's potential nomination, because White had supported Maine Senator Edmund Muskie during the presidential primaries.[27] Presidential nominee Senator George McGovern decided to turn elsewhere and selected Senator Thomas Eagleton, who was later embroiled in a controversy over his failure to disclose having received electric shock therapy for depression. Ultimately, the vice presidential nominee was former Peace Corps head, Chicago School Board President, and later Ambassador Sargent Shriver, who had married into the Kennedy family. McGovern commented ten years later, in 1982: "Choosing White would have been much better than what happened [with Eagleton]. We probably should have overruled" Kennedy and the others.[27]

After departing from the mayor's office in 1984, White served as director of the Institute for Political Communication at Boston University from 1984 to 2002, and as a professor of communications and public management.[1][2]

Questions about White’s political finances continued to plague him. In 1993, without admitting guilt, White agreed to return to the state nearly $25,000 in surplus campaign funds that he had used for personal expenses.[2]

On November 1, 2006, a statue of White was unveiled at Boston's Faneuil Hall.[1] The bronze statue, created by sculptor Pablo Eduardo, portrays White walking down the sidewalk. Behind the statue are several metal footprints along the sidewalk. With these are several quotes from White which were made during his mayoral inauguration speeches.

In 1970, during his campaign for governor, White underwent surgery that removed two-thirds of his stomach. In 2001, the since-retired White suffered a heart attack that left him with a pacemaker. In his advanced age, he lost hearing in his right ear and suffered from Alzheimer's disease.[28]

Throughout the 1970s, Cleveland was the long-standing butt of jokes and by the early 1980s, city residents were getting fed up. Former Cleveland Mayor and U.S. Senator from Ohio George Voinovich complained about White's controversial statement. He responded by saying that Boston had survived facetious remarks from a wide range of jokesters, from Mark Twain to Johnny Carson. "I am sure Cleveland will also," he said.[citation needed]

^ abcdMartin, Phillip (January 30, 2012). "Boston's School Desegregation Era". WGBH. Retrieved February 2, 2012.Mel King is quoted in the article: "Very frankly, the problem [the issue of government discrimination and segregation in schools] didn’t get solved until the courts made it happen."