ConclusionRuminotorics are important for GI motilityEach works differently on the bodyHowever, many of them are defectiveNeed for veterinarians to improve themMay be you all in the futureOverviewIntroductionImportance and definitionCompoundsMechanismsLimitsEffectiveness and legality Conclusion

Consists of forestomachsRumen, reticulum and omasumUtilize microbial predigestion for foodSystem is compromised in many conditionsInclude infectious diseases and reduced flow of alkaline saliva

Introduction into ruminant digestive systemImportance in Veterinary MedicineRuminants (e.g. cattle) are important livestockAlso used for scientific studiesGenome of Hereford cow sequencedCan be used for optimum livestock breeding and disease-researchNecessitates medicine to restore rumen motilityRuminoreticular antacidsSubstances used to neutralize the forcestomach in ruminantsExamples include: Magnesium Hydroxide (cattle: 100-300g; sheep 10-30g)Magnesium Carbonate (cattle: 10-80g; sheep: 1-8)Mixed in 10L of warm water to ensure adequate dispersion through the ruminoreticular contents. Activated charcoal (2g/kg) to protect the ruminoreticular mucosa from further injury by inactivating toxinsModulators of ruminoreticular motilityUsed to restore normal ruminoreticular environmentInclude:Parasympathomimetic agents (e.g. neostigmine and physostigmine)

Rumenoreticular antacids are principally used to treat Ruminal Lactic Acidosis. Switching from high fiber to high concentrate diets that is rich in fermentable carbogydratesUsesErythromycin Lactobionateis a macrolide antimicrobial that increases gut myoelectric activity by binding to motilin receptors in intestinal smooth muscle cells. In cows, erythromycin was found to increase myoelectrical activity in the abomasum and duodenum for >2 hr. Erythromycin is only approved by the FDA for treatment of shipping fever, pneumonia, foot rot, and metritis. Deep IM injection in muscles of the neck is recommended due to the risk of pain, swelling, and tissue blemishes at the injection site.

AtropineAtropine is also used to determine disruption of forestomach motility in cattle suspected to have vagal indigestion. An increase of >16% in the heart rate 15 min after atropine administration is considered indicative of severe disruption of forestomach motility.

Xylazine Hydrochloride Xylazine-induced atony of the reticulorumen may be reversed by pretreatment with tolazoline, atipamezole hydrochloride, or yohimbine. Prevent magnet loss into the cranial sac. Adverse effects of xylazine in cattle include bradycardia, hypothermia, salivation, diuresis, ruminal bloat, and aspiration pneumonia. Neither xylazine nor its antidotes have been approved by the FDA for use in cattle.

Prokinetic Serotoninergic and Cisapride Drugis widely used in equine medicine yet significant prokinetic effects have not been conclusively demonstrated in ruminants. Furthermore, definitive clinical and experimental data to support the use of opioids or lidocaine in ruminants have not been published.

Ruminal Fluid Transfer Ruminal Fluid Transfer 8-16 L of fresh ruminal juice is ideal for cattleUse a extractor pump or siphoning to aspirate the ruminal flood from a donor animalCollect it from a slaughterhouse (only as a last resort)Give ruminal fluid PO or with a tube to recipient animal