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Protestant Understanding of the Lord's Supper in View of the Dialogue Between Lutherans and Bohemians

성찬, 경배의 대상인가?: 루터파와 후스파의 대화를 통해 본 종교개혁적 성찬 이해

김 동 주 (호서대학교 부교수) djkbos@hoseo.edu

The study explores meaning of the Lord's Supper in terms of Protestantism by investigating Martin Luther's idea on the Lord's Supper. This theme is described in the context of Luther's encountering with and responding to Bohemian groups. In the 16th century, Bohemian church and Lutheran church searched for theological solidarity, but the main issue between them was the understanding of the sacrament. Unlike Catholicism who did not offer the cup, these two sects practiced the Lord's Supper with two elements, that is bread and cup, by distributing to the whole congregation. Nevertheless, some of the theological implications contained therein were not agreed upon among them. Followers of Huss was under the influence sacramental symbolism due to the impact from the Swiss Reformers. This is reflected in the Bohemian church's teaching materials for the youths. Luther, who was interested in the ideas of Bohemian group and after reading this little book, wrote a new lesson on the sacrament with the aim of providing sound protestant theology on the Sacraments. Bohemian's attitude in participating in the Lord's Supper was cohesive and obligatory, asking people to adore the elements. However, Luther emphasized that the issue of adoration of the sacrament belongs to a believer's free choice. The most important proposition in Luther's thought about the sacrament is acceptance of God's faithful covenant of salvation and trust in the unchanging Word which is present in the Table. First, Lord's Supper is not a Mass which is offered to God. Rather, it is a gift from God to us. The reformer encourages Christians to always focus on promises that enable the sacrament. And that showing faith in the promise with respect for the heart is a worthy worship of the sacrament. Second, the sacrament is not an ordinance raised by our outward actions. This is the act of the Lord giving us a covenant, pouring out love, and supplying the eternal life. We participate in the sacrament and always eat the amazing body of Christ and drink blood. The living Christ has placed us in his own covenant, fulfilling all the covenants of the Old Testament, and enjoys the gift of this covenant through the sacrament. The time for the sacrament is when Christ actually fulfills and pours out the covenant promise to us. After Luther revealed his thoughts on the sacrament to Bohemia, he asked for their answers. Huss' followers, however, could not keep up with Lutheran. Since 1532, two groups accepted other party's confessional stance and the Bohemian church agreed with Luther on the issue at stake.

The Emergence of the Intergenerational Worship in the Recent Years and the Type Study by Worship Time

근래의 세대통합예배의 등장과 예배시간에 따른 유형 연구

박 신 웅 (고신총회교육원 원장) rew21c@hanmail.net

Recently, the discussion about the intergenerational worship is actively taking place in the church. However, this attempt as a place of Christian education, involving all generations in connection with the family, has not been so long in the Korean church and has not yet been completed. Rather, it is still under discussion, and several steps are now taken by various churches in various forms. In this regard, it is believed that critically reviewing the intergenerational worship and understanding its origins and situations will be helpful for future Christian education and academic research. This study examines the flow of several meta-discourses where the intergenerational worship has emerged. It has classified churches that offer so-called the intergenerational worship services that are often appeared in various newspaper articles and magazines in recent years. And it will analyze their pros and cons and status. This paper, finally, would like to make some suggestions about the implications for church education so that it can actively contribute to the discussion on the intergenerational worship that takes just a few steps.

Religious Education from the Perspective of Ohn Theology: Based on Kim myung-yong`s Ohn Theology

온신학이 제시하는 신앙교육의 방향: 김명용의 온신학을 중심으로

박 화 경 (한일장신대 부교수) ezra21@hanil.ac.kr

Today we are facing a lot of serious problems from religious educational fields. It is because we have only its one-track idea without its wholistic and wide understanding in practicing religious education, Such one-track concept on religious education comes from accepting its simple and narrow-minded view of theology rather than the variety of its importance and views. Thus when an alternative theology appropriate to solve its problems is to be sought, it would go towards the right and full direction for it in the fields. This paper is to insist our desirable religious education based on the perspective of Ohn theology and to emphasize its necessities and direction. First of all, this paper is to explain what is Ohn theology. Then it is to argue that Ohn theology would be the right theology to solve its problems in the fields and provide the proper ways for it in future. Thirdly, each of the representative models of religious education in the 20th century and its strong and weak points will be analyzed from the perspective of Ohn theology. On the basis of this analysis each of its strong points will be continually used to solve its problems from the perspective of Ohn theology. Additionally the aim and directions of religious education as well as its areas, teachers and methods will be provided from its perspective.

Analysis on Research of Korea' Unification Education in Christian Education

기독교교육 분야에서 통일교육연구의 동향분석

성 백 (웨일즈국제학교 교장) bs102@nate.com

박 형 서 (숭실대학교 대학원 박사과정) nowlisten@hanmail.net

공 기 인 (숭실대학교 대학원 박사과정) paulghong@hanmail.net

안 창 진 (숭실대학교 대학원 박사과정) acj@daum.net

서 유 림 (고려대학교 대학원 석사과정) kwics159@nate.com

The purpose of this study is to analyze the tendency of unification education in the field of Christian perspective, and to explore the direction of future research. This study is based on papers about unification education in Christian perspective which were published after 2000. To do so, this paper suggests the direction of education for unification from Christian perspectives, based on analysis of various unification education inquiries, methods of research, researchers, and learned journals. The first result of this study is that research has accomplished actively during the Lee Myung-bak and Park Geun-hye government. It shows an active mood of society on discussion of unification. Secondly, studies especially tend to focus on a field of the unification education theology because Christian education is a part of the theology. However, those studies should be done in a broad spectrum of fields. Third, in research methodology, papers were concentrated too much in documentary research. Further study in this field should be considered not only the quality of research but also the amount of research. Forth, Journal of Christian Education which is an academic journal of the Korean Society of Christian Religious Education published mostly among journals; however, Journal of Christian Education and Information Technology published only 5 journals. More research on unification education field should be published by the Korean Society of Christian Education and Information Technology. In order to relieve the burden of unification, many researches in different area should be achieved.

This is written in the commemoration of 500th anniversary of the Religious Reformation. It is the study of John Wesley, who was a reformer, an evangelist, a founder of Methodist church, and a practical minister in England in the eighteenth century. Also, John Wesley synthesized the thoughts of Martin Luther, Zwingli, and Calvin. John Wesley s the spiritual father of more than thirty five denominations. Not to mention Methodist Church, his theology and spirituality influenced Salvation Army, Nazareth Church, Holiness Church, Pentecostal Church, and other spiritual movements. All of these denominations mentioned above are deeply related to John Wesley's "Methodist Faith Renewal Movement." Methodists refer to people who do something on the regular basis. Judging from this terminology, faith formation in Methodist Church has been conducted based on a thorough spiritual training. The life of Wesley was in the pursuit of perfect sanctification through the means of grace. Spiritual training is indispensable for modern people who are obsessed with busy schedule and various distractions. John Wesley's means of grace will be effective suggestions for modern people who pursue for spiritual life in the midst of busy life.Therefore, this study investigates into means of grace for spiritual training along with its dangers and misuses. Plus, by looking into the people who were renewed by the means of grace in Methodist movement, it provides the model of a faith formation for modern Christians who live in the fourth Industrial Revolution. Furthermore, it suggests a means of grace for economic life for those who are living in the era of the New Capitalism. And It suggests that the means of grace should be reconstructed as a modern model and implemented as a ‘채비나(채움: filling, 비움: empting, 나눔: sharing)’ movement.

A Study of Factors of Job Satisfaction of Church Volunteers' Ministry Participation

교회 자원봉사자들의 사역참여 만족도 연구

조 철 현 (고신대학교 조교수) choch@kosin.ac.kr

This study conducted to find out factors of job satisfaction of volunteers who participate in church ministry. Church volunteers' devotion is essential to maintain and develop church ministry. Bringing out church volunteers' ministry participation is one of the major works for church leaders. What can make church volunteers stay at and be satisfied with their ministry participation? Furthermore, how can they actively participate in and contribute to build the body of Christ? With these questions, a quantitative study was performed to discover factors of job satisfaction of church volunteers. A questionnaire, Volunteer Satisfaction Index, was used to this study consisting of five major factors of volunteer satisfaction, and these were Communication Quality, Work Assignment, Participation Efficacy, Organizational Support, and Group Integration. Based on the study results, this study suggested tactical alternatives for drawing out active participation of church volunteers.

The Effects of Utilizing the Textbook for Children’s faith development at Preschool Institution on Preschool Children's Personality Development : Focusing on ‘Ye ggum’, the Textbook of Church School

유아교육기관에서의 신앙교육교재 활용이 유아의 인성에 미치는 영향: 교회 공과교재 ‘예꿈’을 중심으로

정 희 영 (총신대학교 교수) hyeoung56@hanmail.net

진 명 선 (총신대학교 박사과정) siesie1@hanmail.net

The aim of this study is to suggest the necessity of Christian education for preschooler’s personality by verifying the effects that 'Ye ggum', which some preschools are utilizing as a method of Christian education for preschoolers, has on children’s personality. The subject of this study is homogeneous groups composed of 20 preschool children of experiment group and 20 preschool children of comparative group at the age of 4, who are at preschools operating ‘Nuri’ curriculum as a basic course. The study tool is made up of 5 personality factors – Sharing, Consideration, Respect, Order, Cooperation,- drawn from ‘Nuri’ curriculum through the precedent study and its reliability is .92. After carrying out pre-experiment, experiment, post-experiment, data was processed by t-test using SPSS Win 24.0. The findings of this study are as follows:

1. 'Ye ggum', a tool for Christian preschool education, have a positive effect on preschooler’s personality even at general preschools(not Christian preschools). Therefore, it can be said that Christian preschool education is effective for preschooler’s personality development.

2. It is implied that the critical period of Christian education for preschooler’s personality development is early childhood.

3. The results of pre- and post-test of Sharing and Respect of comparative group, receiving ‘Nuri’ curriculum, are shown in a little low level, which means the limits of education of public educational institutions.

4. It is implied that the fact that 'Ye ggum' constitutes of the variety of activities(‘discussing after listening to Bible stories and parables’, ‘building and writing’, ‘playing a role’ and so on), has a positive effect on preschooler’s personality development, will offer the possibility that Christian education programs like 'Ye ggum' for preschooler’s personality development can be utilized at general preschools.

A Study of Aesthetics and Christian Education: A Focus on the Methodological Analogy of Theological Aesthetics

미학(美學)과 기독교교육에 관한 연구: 신학적 미학의‘방법론적 유비(methodological analogy)’를 중심으로

채 혁 수 (영남신학대학교 조교수) hyeoksu.chae@gmail.com

This thesis is a study of aesthetics and Christian education. Studying the relationship between the aesthetics as a thoughtful conception and Christian education as a practical theology, I will offer suggestions for fields of local churches as a methodological analogy based upon Maria Harris's aesthetic approaches. If Karl Barth's "Analogy of Faith" to recognize God's goodness comes from "the Analogy of Being" of the Middle Ages, I think that the fields of theological aesthetics are extended even to the practical theology by methodological approach of Richard Viladesau through "the Analogy of Being," which is renewed by Hans Urs von Balthasar. Therefore, this thesis will try "methodological analogy" through the approach of Christian education as a practical theology. This study has the following components. In chapter I, as the introduction, I will explain the outline of the study. In the next chapter, I will explore the relationship between aesthetics and Christianity. This chapter will consist of two sections. First, I will find the introductional understanding of aesthetics. Second, I will examine the relationship between aesthetics and Christianity in more detail. Chapter III will explore the understanding of beauty in theology. There I will examine the relationship between aesthetics and theology; biblical theology, church history, systematic theology in more detail. In chapter IV, based on the research above, I will find the point of application of the theological aesthetics for practical theology and Christian education. Chapter V will explore the possibility of application of aesthetic approach with Maria Harris's theory. And in chapter VI, as the last chapter, offering several suggestions for the future Christian education, I will close this study. The Father God heard His people's groaning and cried out, often sent his servants, and finally, He became a human being, Son of God. And he also sent the helper, The Holy Spirit. If the Triune God's incarnation is the methodological analogy of His expression of love, Christian education would be the incarnation of theology as subject matters which are messages and doctrines of Gospel that can apply and express to the context through this methodological analogy. Aesthetics of Christian education should give spiritual challenges to Christian teachers, extend the scope of curriculum, broaden the fields of education through mystery, connect between knowing and living methodologically, and let us admit the praxis deeply. In this way, with aesthetics approach, Christian education can enjoy the richness with incarnation of faith and theology to the praxis.

Education of Christian Diakonia In Preparation for Unification of South and North Korea

남북통일 준비를 위한 기독교의 섬김(Diakonia)의 교육

최 진 경 (웨스트민스터 신학대학원대학교 부교수) cjk@wgst.ac.kr

This study suggests the direction of peace oriented unification education based on the biblical-theological concept of ‘Diakonia’. The purpose of this study is to find out the way of unification education that can solve the ‘South-South conflict’ and the ‘South-North conflict’ and restore the community of the nation in preparation for the task of unification. Because the main task of unification education before and after the reunification of Korea for the South-North Korean’s social integration is above all to form consciousness of community between all Koreans as well as South and North Koreans. For this purpose, this study first examined the biblical and educational-theological implications of the concept of ‘Diakonia’. This shows that the spirit of diakonia can be the basis for formation of community consciousness and social integration. Furthermore, it was showed that the direction of unification education can realize the spirit of diakonia in practical education. The unification education suggested in this thesis is in a word ‘Education of Diakonia.’ Education of Diakonia means the one that helps everyone to live harmoniously by serving each other. Therefore, it can be said that education of Diakonia is the preparation for unification aiming at restoration of community and reconciliation and peace through diakonia.