STATISTICAL APPENDIX

For the user's convenience, as well as to lighten the text, the Economic Survey of Europe includes a set of appendix tables showing time series for the main economic indicators over a longer period. The data are presented in two sections, following the structure of the text: Appendix A provides macroeconomic indicators for the market economies of western Europe and North America for 1984-1998, Appendix B does the same for the east European countries, the Baltic states and the Commonwealth of Independent States for 1980-1998.

Data for some of the ECE transition economies are preliminary because re-estimated historical series are not yet available for all countries, and longer time series could in some instances be obtained only by splicing older data with the new statistics (as explained in the notes to the tables).

Data were compiled from international and national statistical sources. Regional aggregations are ECE secretariat estimates based on 1996 weights as noted in the footnotes to the tables. The figures for 1998 are based on data available to the secretariat at mid-October 1999.

In June 1996 the European Council decided to replace the previous European System of Integrated Economic Accounts (ESA) dating from 1979 (ESA79) by a new, more comprehensive system, ESA95. The ESA95 is fully compatible with the internationally agreed System of National Accounts 1993 (SNA93), which was already adopted by some ECE member countries.

Following these decisions, an increasing number of countries have started reporting national accounts data according to SNA93 or ESA95 definitions. In the appendix tables A.1 to A.11, mention is made of the countries and the periods for which the series comply with SNA93 or ESA95 definitions. The SNA93 and ESA95 introduce major methodological improvements and extend the coverage of the series compared with the previous national accounts systems - SNA68, ESA70 and ESA79. A note on the main differences will be included in a forthcoming issue of the Survey.

Note: All aggregates exclude Israel. Growth rates of regional aggregates have been calculated as weighted averages of growth rates in individual countries. Weights were derived from 1996 GDP data converted from national currency units into dollars using 1996 purchasing power parities.

a Data correspond to new SNA93 or ESA95 definitions: full period for Canada, France, Norway and United Kingdom; 1986 onwards for Belgium; 1989 onwards for Denmark; 1990 onwards for Finland and Italy; 1991 onwards for Ireland; 1992 onwards for Germany; 1994 onwards for Sweden; 1996 onwards for Netherlands and Spain.

a Data correspond to new SNA93 or ESA95 definitions: full period for Canada, France, Norway and United Kingdom; 1986 onwards for Belgium; 1989 onwards for Denmark; 1990 onwards for Finland and Italy; 1991 onwards for Ireland; 1992 onwards for Germany; 1994 onwards for Sweden; 1996 onwards for Netherlands and Spain.

b West Germany 1984-1991.

c Fifteen countries.

APPENDIX TABLE A.3

Real general government consumption expenditure in the ECE market economies, 1984-1998(Percentage change over preceding year)

1984

1985

1986

1987

1988

1989

1990

1991

1992

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

Western Europe

1.8

3.0

2.9

2.7

2.2

1.3

2.9

2.4

2.5

1.3

0.7

0.9

2.1

0.3

1.4

4 major countries

2.0

2.0

2.3

1.7

2.2

0.2

2.3

1.8

2.7

0.8

1.1

0.3

1.9

-0.4

0.9

France a

2.2

2.6

2.6

2.0

4.1

1.5

1.9

2.7

3.8

4.6

0.7

-0.1

2.3

1.7

1.1

Germany a b

2.5

2.1

2.5

1.5

2.1

-1.6

2.2

0.4

5.0

0.1

2.4

1.5

2.1

-1.1

0.5

Italy a

2.1

3.1

2.5

3.2

2.7

0.9

2.5

1.7

0.6

-0.2

-0.9

-2.2

1.4

-0.5

1.2

United Kingdom a

1.0

-0.1

1.6

-

-

0.8

2.5

2.9

0.5

-0.8

1.4

1.6

1.7

-1.4

1.0

17 smaller countries

1.4

5.1

4.0

4.5

2.0

3.5

4.1

3.6

2.1

2.3

-

2.1

2.5

1.6

2.4

Austria

0.8

1.3

1.8

0.2

1.1

1.4

1.3

2.2

2.0

2.7

2.5

-

0.6

-3.9

1.3

Belgium a

0.6

2.5

1.4

2.8

-0.7

0.8

-0.4

3.9

1.4

-0.2

1.5

1.0

2.3

-0.5

2.4

Cyprus

3.8

3.7

3.6

5.3

10.5

1.9

17.4

3.9

13.8

-14.3

4.1

2.9

11.9

3.4

7.7

Denmark a

-0.4

2.5

0.5

2.5

0.9

-0.8

-0.3

0.7

0.9

4.1

2.9

2.2

3.2

1.0

3.0

Finland a

2.7

4.5

3.1

4.3

2.3

2.3

3.9

2.0

-2.3

-4.3

0.3

2.0

2.5

2.9

1.4

Greece

3.0

3.2

-0.8

0.9

5.7

5.5

0.6

-1.5

-3.1

2.6

-1.1

5.7

1.0

-0.4

-0.6

Iceland

0.6

6.5

7.3

6.5

4.7

3.0

4.4

3.2

-0.8

2.3

3.7

1.3

1.0

2.6

3.0

Ireland a

-0.7

1.8

2.6

-4.8

-5.0

-1.3

5.4

2.8

3.0

-0.4

4.1

2.9

2.8

4.8

5.9

Israel

5.8

2.9

-9.7

18.3

-2.5

-8.6

7.7

4.1

1.4

4.2

-0.2

1.8

5.1

1.9

2.0

Luxembourg

2.2

2.0

2.7

4.7

4.9

3.9

3.1

3.9

1.5

3.7

2.0

2.2

3.3

3.9

4.0

Malta

-2.5

5.6

4.4

9.1

6.0

12.7

5.7

10.9

8.9

6.0

6.4

8.5

8.4

-1.1

2.3

Netherlands a

-

2.4

3.6

2.6

1.4

1.5

1.6

1.5

1.7

1.5

0.6

0.8

-0.4

3.3

3.3

Norway a

0.7

2.3

1.9

4.6

-0.1

1.9

4.9

4.3

5.3

2.2

1.4

0.3

2.8

2.8

3.7

Portugal

0.2

6.4

7.2

3.8

8.6

6.6

5.4

10.3

1.1

0.9

2.1

2.2

2.0

2.5

3.5

Spain a

2.5

6.0

5.4

8.9

4.0

8.3

6.6

5.6

4.0

2.4

-0.3

1.8

1.3

1.9

1.4

Sweden a

2.2

2.2

1.3

1.0

0.6

2.1

2.6

2.8

-

0.2

-0.8

-0.7

0.8

-1.0

1.0

Switzerland

1.7

3.4

3.4

1.7

4.5

5.4

5.4

3.5

0.7

-0.1

2.0

-0.1

2.0

0.6

-0.2

Turkey

1.9

14.1

9.2

9.4

-1.1

0.8

8.0

3.7

3.6

8.6

-5.5

6.8

8.6

4.1

5.0

North America

1.6

4.8

4.3

2.1

2.2

2.7

2.4

1.1

-

-0.3

0.3

-0.3

0.5

1.2

1.1

Canada a

1.1

4.3

1.9

1.4

4.6

2.8

3.7

2.8

1.0

0.1

-1.2

-0.5

-1.1

-0.5

1.7

United States

1.6

4.8

4.6

2.2

2.0

2.7

2.3

1.0

-0.1

-0.3

0.4

-0.3

0.7

1.3

1.1

Total above

1.7

3.9

3.6

2.4

2.2

2.0

2.7

1.8

1.2

0.5

0.5

0.3

1.3

0.7

1.3

Japan

2.3

0.3

5.1

1.6

2.3

2.0

1.5

2.0

2.0

2.4

2.4

3.3

1.9

1.5

0.7

Total above,including Japan

1.8

3.3

3.9

2.3

2.2

2.0

2.5

1.8

1.3

0.8

0.8

0.8

1.4

0.8

1.2

Memorandum items:

European Union c

1.8

2.5

2.6

2.3

2.3

1.2

2.5

2.3

2.4

1.0

1.0

0.7

1.7

-

1.2

Euro area

2.0

3.0

2.9

2.8

2.7

1.2

2.6

2.2

3.1

1.3

0.9

0.4

1.8

0.3

1.3

Source: National statistics.

Note: See appendix table A.1.

a Data correspond to new SNA93 or ESA95 definitions: full period for Canada, France, Norway and United Kingdom; 1986 onwards for Belgium; 1989 onwards for Denmark; 1990 onwards for Finland and Italy; 1991 onwards for Ireland; 1992 onwards for Germany; 1994 onwards for Sweden; 1996 onwards for Netherlands and Spain.

a Data correspond to new SNA93 or ESA95 definitions: full period for Canada, France, Norway and United Kingdom; 1986 onwards for Belgium; 1989 onwards for Denmark; 1990 onwards for Finland and Italy; 1991 onwards for Ireland; 1992 onwards for Germany; 1994 onwards for Sweden; 1996 onwards for Netherlands and Spain.

a Data correspond to new SNA93 or ESA95 definitions: full period for Canada, France, Norway and United Kingdom; 1986 onwards for Belgium; 1989 onwards for Denmark; 1990 onwards for Finland and Italy; 1991 onwards for Ireland; 1992 onwards for Germany; 1994 onwards for Sweden; 1996 onwards for Netherlands and Spain.

b West Germany 1984-1991.

c Fifteen countries.

APPENDIX TABLE A.6

Real exports of goods and services in the ECE market economies, 1984-1998(Percentage change over preceding year)

1984

1985

1986

1987

1988

1989

1990

1991

1992

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

Western Europe

9.0

4.6

1.1

5.1

6.3

7.4

6.4

4.7

4.3

2.1

9.3

8.1

5.8

9.9

5.4

4 major countries

7.8

5.3

0.9

3.2

5.0

8.5

7.6

5.2

3.5

1.1

8.5

8.5

4.3

9.1

4.4

France a

8.2

3.0

-

3.7

8.6

10.2

5.4

5.9

5.4

-

7.7

7.7

3.5

10.7

6.2

Germany a b

8.2

7.6

-0.6

0.4

5.5

10.2

11.0

12.6

-0.8

-5.5

7.6

5.7

5.1

10.9

7.0

Italy a

7.9

3.5

0.8

4.4

5.0

7.7

7.5

-1.4

7.3

9.0

9.8

12.6

0.9

5.2

1.1

United Kingdom a

6.6

6.0

4.5

5.9

0.6

4.8

4.9

-0.2

4.1

3.9

9.2

9.5

7.5

8.6

2.0

17 smaller countries

11.3

3.2

1.5

8.6

8.6

5.4

4.0

3.9

5.9

4.1

10.8

7.4

8.5

11.4

7.2

Austria

6.3

7.1

-2.3

3.1

10.2

11.3

7.9

5.9

1.7

-1.3

5.6

6.5

6.9

10.1

7.9

Belgium a

6.5

0.3

2.8

5.0

9.6

8.3

4.6

3.1

3.7

-0.4

8.4

5.7

1.2

7.1

3.4

Cyprus

15.1

-1.1

-1.7

13.7

13.5

16.8

7.9

-8.4

18.7

-1.3

7.9

4.6

3.9

2.5

-1.8

Denmark a

3.5

5.0

-

5.1

7.8

4.3

6.2

7.0

-0.5

0.1

8.2

3.5

5.0

4.4

1.4

Finland a

5.0

1.1

1.2

2.7

3.7

1.3

-0.1

-7.3

10.4

16.7

13.1

8.7

6.1

14.2

9.6

Greece

16.9

1.3

14.0

16.0

9.0

4.6

-4.0

3.7

10.5

-3.5

6.3

0.9

3.1

5.2

7.9

Iceland

2.4

11.1

5.9

3.3

-3.6

2.9

-

-5.9

-1.9

7.1

10.0

-2.2

10.0

5.6

2.6

Ireland a

16.6

6.6

2.9

13.7

9.0

10.3

8.7

5.3

13.5

9.1

14.7

19.6

11.8

17.0

20.5

Israel

13.6

10.2

5.6

10.2

-1.5

4.0

2.0

-2.6

14.1

9.9

12.8

8.4

6.6

7.7

6.3

Luxembourg

18.0

9.5

3.3

4.4

11.7

8.1

3.4

6.7

4.8

2.8

4.4

4.4

2.3

4.6

8.3

Malta

4.0

7.4

7.0

12.6

6.1

10.7

13.3

7.5

9.7

5.3

7.1

5.4

-5.9

4.0

7.8

Netherlands a

7.5

5.1

1.8

4.0

9.0

6.7

5.3

4.7

2.9

1.5

6.7

6.7

4.6

9.0

6.4

Norway a

7.9

7.2

2.2

1.1

6.4

11.0

8.6

6.1

5.2

3.2

8.7

4.3

9.3

5.7

0.5

Portugal

11.6

6.7

6.8

11.2

8.2

13.0

10.0

2.6

4.9

-3.6

8.7

9.1

10.2

8.4

7.9

Spain a

11.7

2.7

1.9

6.3

5.1

3.0

3.2

7.9

7.4

8.5

16.7

10.0

10.3

14.5

8.0

Sweden a

6.8

1.4

3.7

4.3

2.5

3.1

1.6

-2.3

2.3

7.6

13.6

11.5

3.9

12.7

6.9

Switzerland

7.5

8.0

-0.4

2.3

6.5

6.6

2.1

-2.1

3.0

1.5

1.8

1.6

2.5

9.0

4.6

Turkey

25.4

-1.9

-5.1

26.4

18.4

-0.3

2.5

3.7

11.0

7.7

15.2

8.0

22.0

19.1

10.5

North America

9.1

2.9

7.2

10.3

15.3

10.8

8.2

6.0

6.7

3.6

8.6

11.1

8.3

12.4

2.1

Canada a

18.6

5.5

5.2

3.3

9.5

1.3

4.7

2.3

7.9

10.9

13.1

9.0

5.8

8.5

8.2

United States

8.3

2.7

7.4

11.0

15.9

11.7

8.5

6.3

6.6

2.9

8.2

11.3

8.5

12.8

1.5

Total above

9.1

3.7

4.2

7.7

10.8

9.1

7.3

5.3

5.5

2.9

9.0

9.6

7.0

11.2

3.7

Japan

14.8

5.4

-5.7

-0.5

5.9

9.1

6.9

5.2

4.9

1.3

4.6

5.4

6.3

11.6

-2.3

Total above,including Japan

10.0

4.0

2.6

6.4

10.0

9.1

7.2

5.3

5.4

2.6

8.3

8.9

6.9

11.2

2.8

Memorandum items:

European Union c

8.2

4.8

1.5

4.1

5.6

7.7

6.6

4.9

4.0

1.8

9.2

8.4

5.0

9.5

5.2

Euro area

8.5

4.7

0.5

3.4

6.6

8.6

7.4

6.2

4.0

1.4

9.1

8.3

4.5

9.8

5.8

Source: National statistics.

Note: See appendix table A.1.

a Data correspond to new SNA93 or ESA95 definitions: full period for Canada, France, Norway and United Kingdom; 1986 onwards for Belgium; 1989 onwards for Denmark; 1990 onwards for Finland and Italy; 1991 onwards for Ireland; 1992 onwards for Germany; 1994 onwards for Sweden; 1996 onwards for Netherlands and Spain.

b West Germany 1984-1991.

c Fifteen countries.

APPENDIX TABLE A.7

Real imports of goods and services in the ECE market economies, 1984-1998(Percentage change over preceding year)

1984

1985

1986

1987

1988

1989

1990

1991

1992

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

Western Europe

6.8

4.2

5.2

9.0

7.7

8.6

8.0

3.7

4.1

-1.7

6.4

8.4

4.7

9.5

8.1

4 major countries

7.4

4.1

4.8

7.5

7.8

8.2

7.4

4.4

4.1

-4.4

7.3

7.0

3.2

8.4

8.0

France a

3.3

4.1

6.2

7.5

8.7

8.0

5.7

3.1

1.8

-3.7

8.2

8.0

1.6

6.2

8.7

Germany a b

5.2

4.5

2.7

4.2

5.1

8.3

10.3

13.1

1.5

-5.4

7.3

5.6

3.2

8.3

8.5

Italy a

12.2

5.0

4.3

12.0

6.1

9.0

11.5

2.3

7.4

-10.9

8.1

9.7

-0.8

10.1

6.0

United Kingdom a

9.9

2.5

6.9

7.9

12.8

7.4

0.5

-5.0

6.8

3.2

5.4

5.5

9.1

9.2

8.4

17 smaller countries

5.6

4.5

6.1

11.9

7.4

9.5

9.2

2.4

4.2

3.4

4.8

11.1

7.6

11.6

8.4

Austria

10.0

6.2

-2.9

5.4

10.4

8.4

7.3

6.5

1.8

-0.7

8.3

7.0

6.3

8.7

6.6

Belgium a

6.3

0.2

4.5

6.7

10.4

9.6

4.8

2.8

4.1

-0.4

7.2

5.0

1.0

6.0

5.3

Cyprus

16.4

-4.5

-11.0

5.5

13.4

20.4

5.8

2.2

18.2

-18.1

8.2

11.5

6.8

1.3

4.7

Denmark a

5.5

8.1

6.8

-2.0

1.5

4.2

1.5

3.9

0.2

-1.2

13.2

8.8

4.3

8.5

6.4

Finland a

1.6

6.4

2.6

9.2

11.1

8.9

-1.7

-13.5

0.6

1.3

12.8

7.9

6.3

11.4

9.4

Greece

0.2

12.8

3.8

16.6

8.0

10.6

8.7

6.0

-2.8

0.2

1.2

9.3

5.1

5.3

4.6

Iceland

9.1

9.4

0.9

23.3

-4.6

-10.3

1.0

5.7

-8.0

-8.6

4.2

3.8

16.6

8.5

22.1

Ireland a

9.9

3.2

5.6

6.2

4.9

13.5

5.1

2.2

7.9

7.0

15.1

16.1

12.0

16.1

23.2

Israel

-1.1

-3.7

11.2

19.6

-2.8

-5.0

9.5

16.0

8.8

14.1

10.9

4.5

8.2

1.9

1.7

Luxembourg

13.9

7.0

3.8

7.5

8.2

6.6

4.5

9.0

-0.8

2.8

-0.1

3.8

1.0

5.2

8.5

Malta

3.9

9.2

0.1

12.3

11.1

11.1

15.7

5.4

3.0

5.9

7.5

10.0

-5.9

-1.7

1.4

Netherlands a

5.0

6.3

3.5

4.2

7.6

6.7

4.2

4.1

2.1

-2.1

6.7

7.5

4.4

8.9

7.7

Norway a

5.8

8.9

11.8

-6.5

-2.4

2.2

2.5

0.2

0.7

4.4

4.9

5.6

8.0

12.0

9.1

Portugal

-4.4

1.4

16.9

23.1

18.0

6.1

14.0

7.3

10.7

-3.3

9.0

7.8

7.5

10.4

13.7

Spain a

-1.8

8.0

14.4

20.1

14.4

17.3

7.8

9.0

6.9

-5.2

11.3

11.0

8.1

12.5

11.8

Sweden a

5.3

6.9

4.5

7.7

5.3

7.4

0.7

-4.9

1.1

-2.5

12.3

7.3

2.9

11.7

9.7

Switzerland

8.3

3.7

8.1

6.2

5.2

5.9

2.6

-1.6

-4.2

0.1

7.9

5.1

2.7

8.1

9.4

Turkey

19.7

-6.6

-3.5

23.0

-4.5

6.9

33.0

-5.2

10.9

35.8

-21.9

29.6

20.5

22.4

2.2

North America

23.8

6.7

8.4

6.1

4.8

4.1

3.7

-0.3

7.4

9.0

11.6

8.6

9.0

13.9

10.2

Canada a

18.1

8.8

8.5

5.6

13.7

6.3

2.3

3.2

6.2

7.4

8.3

6.2

5.8

14.6

5.8

United States

24.3

6.5

8.4

6.1

3.9

3.9

3.9

-0.7

7.5

9.1

11.9

8.8

9.2

13.9

10.6

Total above

15.3

5.4

6.8

7.5

6.2

6.4

5.9

1.7

5.8

3.7

9.0

8.5

6.8

11.7

9.1

Japan

10.5

-1.4

1.9

9.5

20.9

18.6

7.9

-3.1

-0.7

-0.3

8.9

14.2

11.9

0.5

-7.7

Total above,including Japan

14.5

4.4

6.1

7.9

8.5

8.3

6.2

0.9

4.7

3.0

9.0

9.4

7.6

10.0

6.5

Memorandum items:

European Union c

6.1

4.7

5.5

8.6

8.5

8.9

6.9

4.4

4.0

-3.7

7.9

7.5

3.9

8.9

8.4

Euro area

5.5

4.8

5.3

8.8

8.0

9.3

8.5

6.5

3.8

-5.3

8.3

7.8

2.9

8.8

8.5

Source: National statistics.

Note: See appendix table A.1.

a Data correspond to new SNA93 or ESA95 definitions: full period for Canada, France, Norway and United Kingdom; 1986 onwards for Belgium; 1989 onwards for Denmark; 1990 onwards for Finland and Italy; 1991 onwards for Ireland; 1992 onwards for Germany; 1994 onwards for Sweden; 1996 onwards for Netherlands and Spain.

Source: National statistics; OECD, Main Economic Indicators (Paris), various issues.

Note: Growth rates of regional aggregates have been calculated as weighted averages of growth rates in individual countries. Weights were derived from GDP originating in industry in 1995. Data were converted from national currency units into dollars using GDP purchasing power parities.

a West Germany 1984-1991.

APPENDIX TABLE A.9

Total employment in the ECE market economies, 1984-1998(Percentage change over preceding year)

Note: All aggregates exclude Israel. National accounts statistics, where available; otherwise annual labour force surveys. Unless otherwise indicated, the data refer to the annual average number of persons employed, i.e. no adjustment is made for part-time workers. Comparisons with previous years are limited due to changes in methodology: Belgium from 1986 onwards, Denmark and Italy from 1989 onwards, Finland and Netherlands from 1991 onwards, Germany from 1992 onwards and Spain from 1996 onwards because of the shift to SNA93 or ESA95 definitions; Israel (1986 and 1996) and Malta (1995).

Note: All aggregates exclude Israel. Comparisons with previous years are limited by changes in methodology in Austria (1994), Israel (1985 and 1995), Italy (1993), Malta (1994), Portugal (1992) and the United States (1990 and 1994).

Note: All aggregates exclude Israel and Turkey. Growth rates of regional aggregates have been calculated as weighted averages of growth rates in individual countries. Weights were derived from 1996 private final consumption expenditure converted from national currency units into dollars using 1996 purchasing power parities.

Source: UN/ECE Common Database, derived from national and CIS statistics.

Note: Data for the east European countries are based on a GDP measure, except where otherwise mentioned. For the countries of the former Soviet Union, NMP data for 1980-1990 were chain-linked to GDP data from 1990. Country indices were aggregated with previous year PPP-based weights obtained from the European Comparison Programme for 1996.

a Gross material product (1980-1989 for Croatia).

b Sum of individual country data for former members.

c Net material product for 1980-1990 (until 1992 in the case of Turkmenistan).

d Excluding Transdniestria since 1993.

APPENDIX TABLE B.2

Real total consumption expenditure in the ECE transition economies, 1980, 1985-1998(Indices, 1989=100 or earliest year available thereafter)

1980

1985

1986

1987

1988

1989

1990

1991

1992

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

Bulgaria

..

..

..

..

..

100.0

100.6

92.3

89.4

86.2

82.3

80.7

75.3

64.0

68.8

Croatia

..

..

..

..

..

..

..

100.0

87.2

85.3

92.0

106.6

106.5

117.1

118.4

Czech Republic

..

..

..

91.3

93.1

100.0

104.9

85.5

88.4

90.2

94.5

97.2

101.7

104.2

102.2

Hungary

92.2

99.2

101.5

104.9

102.0

100.0

97.3

92.2

92.8

97.9

95.6

89.3

86.6

88.6

92.4

Poland

108.0

105.1

109.3

111.8

114.7

100.0

88.3

94.9

98.2

103.0

106.9

110.4

118.4

125.6

130.8

Romania

83.9

85.4

85.8

88.7

90.6

100.0

108.9

96.0

90.7

91.8

95.3

105.5

112.9

108.0

104.1

Slovakia

..

81.8

85.4

89.2

92.1

100.0

103.3

76.9

75.6

74.3

71.6

73.9

82.0

85.5

88.5

Slovenia

..

..

..

..

..

..

100.0

91.6

88.8

99.1

102.6

110.2

113.1

117.2

120.9

Estonia

..

..

..

..

..

..

..

..

..

100.0

101.2

110.4

116.5

124.4

131.9

Latvia

..

..

..

..

..

..

100.0

76.7

49.2

46.5

47.4

47.0

50.8

52.7

55.7

Lithuania

..

..

..

..

..

..

..

..

..

..

..

100.0

102.6

112.3

..

Armenia

..

..

..

..

..

..

100.0

97.4

84.9

66.4

68.9

74.5

76.8

81.7

85.3

Azerbaijan

..

..

..

..

..

..

..

..

..

100.0

80.3

78.0

84.3

93.2

..

Belarus

..

..

..

..

..

..

100.0

93.4

84.0

82.1

72.1

65.3

67.4

73.8

..

Georgia

..

..

..

..

..

..

100.0

79.2

77.1

45.4

42.4

46.1

..

..

..

Kazakhstan

..

..

..

..

..

..

100.0

96.8

96.1

84.9

67.7

55.1

51.2

51.8

..

Kyrgyzstan

..

..

..

..

..

..

..

100.0

87.2

77.1

62.0

52.0

55.3

50.8

50.4

Republic of Moldova

..

..

..

..

..

..

..

..

..

100.0

82.6

90.3

99.8

111.6

105.3

Russian Federation

..

..

..

..

..

..

100.0

93.9

89.0

88.1

85.4

83.1

81.3

82.6

80.3

Ukraine

..

..

..

..

..

..

100.0

94.3

88.6

72.0

65.0

62.6

57.4

59.3

..

Source: UN/ECE Common Database, derived from national and CIS statistics.

Source: UN/ECE Common Database, derived from national and CIS statistics.

Note: Data for former Czechoslovakia and the SFR of Yugoslavia for 1980 to the breakup obtained as sum of individual country data for former members. For the countries of the former Soviet Union, data for 1980-1990 were chain-linked to national or CIS data from 1990. Country indices were aggregated with previous year PPP-based weights on the basis of data obtained from the European Comparison Programme for 1996.

a Generated from components.

b Significant revisions of industrial output statistics back to 1991 were carried out by Armenia and Azerbaijan in 1998.

c Excluding Transdniestria since 1993.

APPENDIX TABLE B.5

Total employment in the ECE transition economies, 1980, 1985-1998(Indices, 1989=100)

1980

1985

1986

1987

1988

1989

1990

1991

1992

1993

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

Eastern Europe

94.7

96.6

97.4

98.0

97.9

100.0

97.0

90.7

85.0

82.3

82.3

81.9

82.5

82.7

..

Albania

77.9

90.1

93.1

95.9

97.6

100.0

99.2

97.5

76.0

72.7

80.7

79.0

77.5

76.9

75.3

Bosnia and Herzegovina

..

..

..

..

..

100.0

94.6

58.1

22.1

9.9

9.1

10.1

22.5

34.4

36.4

Bulgaria

100.0

102.2

102.5

102.8

102.4

100.0

93.9

81.6

75.0

73.8

74.3

75.2

75.3

72.3

71.2

Croatia

87.4

95.9

98.6

100.6

100.4

100.0

96.9

88.5

77.9

76.5

74.8

73.9

73.9

73.4

..

Czech Republic

95.3

97.5

98.5

98.9

99.4

100.0

99.1

93.6

91.2

89.7

90.4

92.8

93.4

92.4

90.2

Hungary a

104.2

102.6

102.6

101.7

100.7

100.0

96.7

86.8

77.0

72.1

70.6

69.3

69.0

69.1

70.3

Poland

102.0

100.8

101.1

100.8

100.1

100.0

95.8

90.1

86.3

84.3

85.1

86.7

88.3

90.8

91.1

Romania b

94.6

96.7

97.5

97.9

98.7

100.0

99.0

98.5

95.5

91.9

91.5

86.7

85.7

82.4

80.5

Slovakia a

91.3

96.8

98.4

99.4

100.2

100.0

98.2

85.9

80.4

80.4

78.9

80.7

81.3

81.5

81.2

Slovenia c

84.0

88.9

90.4

101.9

101.3

100.0

96.1

88.7

83.8

81.3

79.3

79.1

78.7

78.6

78.7

The former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia

79.1

92.7

96.0

100.5

100.1

100.0

98.5

95.6

91.2

86.2

81.7

73.9

70.6

66.8

65.0

Yugoslavia

83.4

93.7

96.5

99.0

99.8

100.0

97.0

94.1

90.9

88.3

86.5

85.3

84.8

89.9

89.7

Baltic states d

94.9

98.0

98.8

99.4

99.6

100.0

98.5

98.9

94.4

89.0

83.2

80.6

80.1

80.9

80.5

Estonia

..

96.7

97.9

97.6

97.6

100.0

98.6

96.4

91.4

84.5

82.7

78.3

77.0

77.4

76.4

Latvia

97.0

99.1

99.8

100.4

100.5

100.0

100.1

99.3

92.0

85.6

77.0

74.3

72.3

73.7

74.1

Lithuania

93.4

97.7

98.5

99.5

99.8

100.0

97.3

99.7

97.5

93.4

88.0

86.4

87.2

87.7

87.0

CIS

94.3

97.8

98.3

98.9

99.3

100.0

100.2

98.9

96.5

94.2

91.3

90.4

89.7

88.4

..

Armenia

86.6

97.2

98.6

99.5

101.4

100.0

102.4

105.0

99.2

97.0

93.5

92.8

90.2

86.2

84.9

Azerbaijan

79.8

90.9

92.7

95.2

95.8

100.0

100.9

101.7

101.4

101.2

98.9

98.4

100.5

100.7

100.9

Belarus

95.4

98.4

98.8

99.0

99.5

100.0

99.1

96.6

94.1

92.9

90.4

84.8

84.0

84.1

85.0

Georgia

92.7

98.8

100.1

101.0

101.1

100.0

102.3

93.3

73.5

66.4

64.8

79.0

79.1

82.7

83.3

Kazakhstan

86.2

92.6

93.5

94.7

96.0

100.0

101.3

100.1

98.3

89.9

85.4

85.0

84.6

84.0

79.5

Kyrgyzstan

81.9

92.8

95.0

97.9

98.7

100.0

100.5

99.6

105.6

96.6

94.6

94.4

95.0

97.1

98.0

Republic of Moldova e

97.3

99.5

99.6

99.7

98.9

100.0

99.1

99.0

98.0

80.7

80.4

80.0

79.4

78.7

78.5

Russian Federation

96.9

99.1

99.5

99.7

99.9

100.0

99.6

97.7

95.3

93.7

90.6

87.9

87.2

85.5

84.2

Tajikistan

76.7

89.5

91.2

94.5

96.9

100.0

103.2

104.9

101.6

98.8

98.8

98.7

92.2

95.3

95.6

Turkmenistan

76.4

89.7

91.7

94.3

96.8

100.0

103.4

105.3

105.4

110.0

111.6

112.1

111.7

112.3

..

Ukraine

99.6

100.6

100.5

100.3

99.9

100.0

99.9

98.3

96.3

94.1

90.5

93.3

91.3

88.8

87.9

Uzbekistan

75.4

86.8

88.9

93.2

95.9

100.0

104.2

109.2

108.7

108.5

109.9

110.8

112.3

113.8

115.4

Total above

94.0

97.5

98.1

98.7

98.9

100.0

99.3

96.6

93.3

90.8

88.7

87.9

87.5

86.7

..

Memorandum items:

CETE-5

99.8

99.9

100.4

100.6

100.1

100.0

96.7

89.8

85.1

82.8

82.9

84.1

85.1

86.3

86.3

SETE-7

87.8

92.2

93.4

94.4

94.9

100.0

97.4

92.0

85.0

81.7

81.5

79.0

78.9

77.8

..

Former Soviet Union

93.7

97.8

98.3

98.9

99.3

100.0

100.2

98.9

96.5

94.0

91.1

90.1

89.4

88.2

..

Source: UN/ECE Common Database, derived from national and CIS statistics.

a End of year, up to 1992, since 1992 onwards annual average.

b End of year.

c Self-employed excluded until 1987.

d Excluding Estonia until 1985.

e Excluding Transdniestria since 1993.

APPENDIX TABLE B.6

Registered unemployment in the ECE transition economies, 1990, 1994-1998(Thousands and per cent of labour force, end of period)

Thousands

Per cent of labour force

1990

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

1990

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

Eastern Europe

2 773

7 190

6 583

6 300

6 196

..

..

13.6

12.5

11.7

11.9

12.6

Albania

150

262

171

158

194

235

9.5

18.0

12.9

12.3

14.9

17.6

Bosnia and Herzegovina

..

..

..

185

222

257

..

..

..

..

39*

38*

Bulgaria

72

488

424

478

524

465

1.8

12.8

11.1

12.5

13.7

12.2

Croatia

196

248

249

269

287

303

..

17.3

17.6

15.9

17.6

18.6

Czech Republic

39

167

153

186

269

387

0.7

3.2

2.9

3.5

5.2

7.5

Hungary

101

520

496

479

464

404

1.7

10.9

10.4

10.5

10.4

9.1

Poland

1 126

2 838

2 629

2 360

1 826

1 831

6.5

16.0

14.9

13.2

10.3

10.4

Romania

150

1 224

998

658

881

1025

1.3

10.9

9.5

6.6

8.8

10.3

Slovakia

40

372

330

330

348

427

1.6

14.8

13.1

12.8

12.5

15.6

Slovenia

55

124

127

125

129

127

..

14.2

14.5

14.4

14.8

14.6

The former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia a

156

196

229

245

258

..

..

33.2

37.2

39.8

42*

..

Yugoslavia a

688

751

777

827

794

849

..

23.9

24.7

26.1

25.6

27.2

Baltic states

..

197

245

237

236

269

..

5.3

6.6

6.4

6.3

7.3

Estonia b

..

35

34

37

31

35

..

5.1

5.0

5.6

4.6

5.1

Latvia

..

84

83

91

85

111

..

6.5

6.6

7.2

6.7

9.2

Lithuania

..

78

128

109

120

123

..

4.5

7.3

6.2

6.7

6.9

CIS

..

6 011

7 185

8 519

9 673

11 579

..

4.4

5.8

6.6

7.6

9.0

Armenia

..

92

132

159

174

134

..

6.0

8.1

9.7

11.0

8.9

Azerbaijan

..

24

28

32

38

42

..

0.9

1.1

1.1

1.3

1.4

Belarus

..

101

131

183

126

106

..

2.1

2.7

4

2.8

2.3

Georgia

..

76

61

58

143

99

..

3.8

3.4

3.2

8.0

4.2

Kazakhstan

..

70

140

282

259

252

..

1.0

2.1

4.1

3.9

3.7

Kyrgyzstan

..

13

50

77

55

56

..

0.8

3.0

4.5

3.1

3.1

Republic of Moldova

..

21

25

23

28

32

..

1.0

1.4

1.5

1.7

1.9

Russian Federation c

..

5 478

6 431

7280

8 133

9 728

..

7.5

8.9

10.0

11.2

13.3

Tajikistan

..

32

35

46

51

54

..

1.8

1.8

2.4

2.8

2.9

Turkmenistan

..

..

..

..

..

..

..

..

..

..

..

..

Ukraine

..

82

127

351

637

1 003

..

0.3

0.6

1.5

2.8

4.3

Uzbekistan

..

22

25

28

29

33

..

0.3

0.3

0.3

0.3

0.4

Total above

..

13 398

14 013

15 056

16 105

..

..

..

..

..

..

..

Memorandum items:

CETE-5

1 361

4 021

3 735

3 480

3 036

3 176

..

12.9

12.0

11.2

9.8

10.2

SETE-7

1 412

3 169

2 848

2 635

2 936

..

..

14.6

13.7

12.5

14.3

15.4

Russian Federation d

..

1 637

2 327

2 506

1 999

1 929

..

2.1

3.2

3.4

2.8

2.7

Source: National statistics and direct communications from national statistical offices to UN/ECE secretariat.

a The data reported on employment cover only the social sector in agriculture, hence unemployment rates are biased upwards. In Yugoslavia, according to the labour force survey, the unemployment rate was 13.7 per cent in October 1998, instead of the officially reported rate of some 27 per cent. Also, in The former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, according to the labour force survey, the unemployment rate was 34.5 per cent in April 1998 instead of reported estimates of some 40 per cent.

b Job seekers.

c Based on Russian Federation Goskomstat's monthly estimates according to the ILO definition, i.e. including all persons not having employment but actively seeking work.

Source: UN/ECE secretariat, based on national statistical publications and direct communications from national statistical offices.

Note: Data exclude intra-CIS trade, but now include the "new trade" among members of other recently dissolved federal states: former Czechoslovakia (from 1993), the former SFR of Yugoslavia (from 1992), and the trade of the Baltic states with the former USSR (from 1992). Data excluding the "new trade" were shown in earlier issues of this publication. Changes in the method of recording trade are reflected from 1993 in data for the Czech Republic (inclusion of OPT transactions, etc), from 1995 in Latvia (imports registered c.i.f.) and Lithuania (change from special to general system), from 1996 in Hungary (inclusion of trade flows of free trade zones) and from 1997 in Slovakia (inclusion of OPT transactions, etc.).

All trade values for the years 1991-1998 are expressed in dollars at prevailing market exchange rates. For earlier years, values reported in national currencies were adjusted by the UN/ECE secretariat to remove distortions stemming from mutually inconsistent national rouble/dollar cross-rates in the valuation of the then important intra-CMEA trade flows. For details on the revaluation, see the note to table 2.1.3 and the discussion in box 2.1.1 in UN/ECE, Economic Bulletin for Europe, Vol. 43 (1991).

a Data not adjusted for non-registered flows. Through 1997, GosTamkom data revised by the Russian Goskomstat and include off board sales of fish and other sea products as well as natural gas deliveries under debt repayment agreements with former CMEA countries.

Source: UN/ECE secretariat, based on national statistical publications and direct communications from national statistical offices.

Note: See appendix table B.10.

a Data not adjusted for non-registered flows. Through 1997, GosTamkom data revised by the Russian Goskomstat and include off board sales of fish and other sea products as well as natural gas deliveries under debt repayment agreements with former CMEA countries.