Part 4: additional tests

Once you have performed all of the tests
outlined above, consider the following tests:

•Transfer the thermocouple from ice water to
room temperature air.

How does the time constant compare with the
one obtained from the air-to-ice-water transition? Is it different?Why or why not?

•When calculating the time constant for the
thermocouple in transition from air to ice water, you measured thetime to go 63.2 percent of the way from the initial temperature
(around 21 C) to the final temperature (around 0 C). Using the samegraph, recalculate the time constant using14 C as the starting
temperature (i.e., what is the time required to go 63.2 percent ofthe way from 14 C to 0 C?). Is this time constant value
significantly different from the initial value you computed? Why orwhy not?

Part 5: thought questions

Document your response to these questions in
your lab book.

1. How do the time constants of the
thermometer, thermocouple, and thermistor compare? Why is thethermometer“slow”compared to the other devices?

2. How do the time constants obtained for air
and water compare? Are they significantly different? If so, explainwhy.

3. Does the instrument need to be at steady
state before transferring it to the final medium?

4. How accurate (qualitatively) is the
first-order model approximation for the different sensors andmedia?

Part 6: frequency response

From the measured time responses of the
thermometer, the thermocouple, and the thermistor, it can be seenthat the response time of these sensors is not instantaneous. From
this we can infer that these measurement systems may have somedifficulty following inputs that change quickly. Frequency response
is a means of characterizing the dynamic response capabilities of asystem.

The frequency response of a system can be
determined by calculating the response of a system to sinusoidalinputs at different frequencies. Two important characteristics
are:

the magnitude ratio between the output and input
waveforms

the phase difference between the output and input
waveforms

For a first-order system, we can create the
frequency response plot using only our knowledge of the system timeconstant. The magnitude ratio can be calculated from the following
expression.

equation (4)

The phase difference is determined from
expression 5.

equation (5)

In Excel, create a frequency response plot for
the thermometer, thermocouple, and thermistor using the timeconstant from the ice water tests. Plot the magnitude ratio on a
log-log scale and the phase difference on a semilog scale (logscale of frequency axis). Consider frequencies from 0.1 rad/s to
1000 rad/s. Your plots will look nice if you use ten points perdecade of frequency (i.e., 0.1, 0.2, 0.3,…,1, 2, 3,…, 10, 20,
30,…). Overlay the three magnitude responses on one plot and the
three phase responses on another. How do the frequency responsecharacteristics of the thermometer, thermocouple, and thermistor
compare?

Part 7: dynamic temperature measurement problem

Include the analysis for this problem in your
lab book.

Assume that the thermocouple you used is
placed in a water stream at a point where the temperature variessinusoidally between 60 C and 80 C at a frequency of 40 rad/s.
Assuming that the thermocouple time constant is the same as thevalue you determined in the ice water case, what will be the range
of sinusoidal variation in the temperature readings? Repeat thecalculations for a temperature frequency of 2 rad/s. Now assume the
thermocouple is in air instead of water. Determine the range of thevariation using input frequencies of 10 rad/s and 1 rad/s.

Clean up:

Please straighten up your lab work area. Turn
off the data acquisition hardware and leave your work area clean.Your help in keeping the lab neat is appreciated.

Report:

For this lab, you are to write up the Method
section of a full formal report. Guidelines are given in theexample report in the Undergraduate Guide. Avoid presenting results
in the Methods section. Your writing assignment is relativelyshort. Take the time to do a good job. Since you will not be
submitting Results or Discussion of Results in the report, you willneed to document your results in your lab book. Also, be sure to
answer the questions from the lab handout in your lab book.

price of the related goods 2 price of the given commodity 3 income of the consumer 4 taste and preference 5 expectation in the future price

John

pls the taste and preference

Nas

explain briefly

Nas

a consumer taste and preference commodity changes for a time the man becomes

John

sorry sorry

John

is when the price of a commodity becomes high and can't afford example Samsung instead of iPhone

John

consumers who have high intense for goods will purchase the goods even if the price of that commodity increases because he or she preferred that commodity.people will be prefer iphone as its price increase

Yussif

as usual bad taste of preference is when a consumer regrets from one commodity to another in terms of the price

John

thanks alot

Nas

you're welcome

John

#Preference;
#Income
#Test

Dereje

#price Of Commodity
#Income
#Taste
#Preference

Dereje

#Market is The Place Where Buyers And Sellers Are Exchanging Their Goods And service.
#

economics is a science which studies human behaviour as a relationship between ends and scarce means which have alternative use

John

is a science which study human behavior as a relationship between ends and scarce means which have alternative uses

Divine

yes this is because economic provide a body of knowledge on human economic principles under theories and these theories can be verified with real world data using science method in other words it was scientific method in arriving at solution identification of problem or basic data collection among

Some of the Disadvantages are:-
1. Production not according to individual Tastes
2. Monopoly
3. Not Flexible
4. Over-Production
5. Heavy loss and Dislocation
6. Decline of Cottage and Small Scale Industries
7. Adverse Effect on Labourers
8. Unequal Distribution of Wealth

Asrar

And what can be the advantages too

Enow

1.adequate satisfaction
2.reduce importation

Yussif

Reduce importation how pls

Enow

the country will have enough products.this will reduce the level of government expenditure on imported goods especially

Yussif

Some of Advantage
1. Division of Labour
2. More Production
3. Use of machines
4. Low Cost of Production
5. Standard Goods
6. Advertisements and Salesmanship

Asrar

Some of its disadvantages are :
(i) Less Supervision
(ii) Individual tastes ignored
(iii) Absence of Personal Element
(iv) Possibility of depression
(v) Dependence on Foreign Markets
(vi) International complications and war
(vii) Cut-throat Competition
(viii) Less Adaptability

unemployment is a situation where an individual is easily and ready to render services but resources are not available.

Phelix

Unemployment refers to individual who are employable and seeking a job but are unable to find a job or doesn't have a job. To find the unemployment rate in a given economy, you must divide the unemployed people by the total number of employed people in the work force. Indicator of economy's status.

elkanah

unemployment is The level of joblessness in an economy, often measured as a percentage of the workforce.
Unemployment was reported at 5.2% in May, up from 4.9% in April

unemployment is a situation where country labour Force who are active capable and are really searching for or willing to work at assistant wage rates but cannot find job

John

working age ppl who have no job for a period of time. there are different types of unemployment like structural, fictional, seasonal n etc. there is a formula to calculate it. n have factors causes this.

Vealmurugan

factors that influence on employment 1 high population growth growth as against low Industries growth rates 2 lack of skills or mass irritracy 3 government policies such as minimum wage trade liberalization and high taxation 4 initial capital requirements

John

I'm an economics student, what I do now will make my life a success,

mostafiz

Thank you

Tantoh

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Leta

what is difference between economic growth and economic development?( I want unique &brief answer)?

Leta

unemployment is when legitimate labour Force are not engaged in the economy.

Lawrence

economic growth is the already settled growth of the economy and National income can be used in verification of that
while economic development is the process of improvement in an economy