A critical review will be undertaken of the Virginia Department of Transportation’s density acceptance criteria for plant mix asphalt concrete. Current procedures for estimating in-place density will be contrasted with traditional “ground truth” measurements. An assessment will be made of the level of statistical confidence achieved with present practice and, if warranted, explore changes to reduce statistical risk. Destructive sampling (cores) will also be used to evaluate in-place permeability of newly placed plant mix. The core density results will also be used to make comparisons of alternative non-destructive density testing devices to include low-nuclear and non-nuclear devices. The findings will either confirm the sufficiency of current procedures or propose changes to the requirements for in-place density and design/production permeability.