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Summary

Written by renouned professionals in the fields of information and communication technologies, this volume explores the subject matter through the discussion of theory and field studies as well as insights from other research. Students and researchers alike will appreciate this rare look into the world of technology and society.

Table of Contents

Organizations Meet I/CT

1

(27)

Examples of Less Than Fully Successful Implementations

3

(5)

Successes or Failures?

7

(1)

Some Explanations of the Technology-Organization Link

8

(12)

The ``Situatedness'' of Work: Its Inevitable Circumstantiality

9

(2)

The Dead Weight of Tradition as an Impediment to Organizational Change

11

(2)

I/CT-Based Approaches That Ignore the Inevitability of Organizational Politics

13

(4)

Is the Technology Its Own Worst Enemy? The Self-Limiting Properties of Systems Design

17

(2)

The Pros and Cons of Dualistic Explanations

19

(1)

Toward a Structurational Explanation of the Technology-Organization Link

20

(8)

Reevaluating the Four Hypotheses

21

(2)

A Brief Overview of Where We Are Heading in the Book

23

(2)

Organization of the Chapters

25

(3)

Structuration Theory: Basic Concepts

28

(23)

Structuration Theory as an Emergent/Process Model

30

(1)

Historical Origins of the Theory

30

(1)

A Theory Still in Construction

31

(1)

Giddens's Concept of Structuration

31

(11)

A Recusively and Reflexively Organized World

32

(2)

Reflexivity and Knowledge

34

(1)

Action and Power

35

(1)

A Dialectic of Control

36

(1)

Structure Versus System: The Essence of ``Duality''

37

(1)

Rules and Resources

38

(2)

Dimensions of Structure

40

(2)

Structuration as an Explanation of Computerization

42

(9)

How Structuration Might Conceptualize an Instance of Computerization

43

(2)

What Structuration Theory Does Not Address

45

(6)

Expanding the Structurational Perspective

51

(28)

The Structuring of Situated Action

51

(13)

The Role of Time and Space in Embedding Structure

52

(4)

Collaborating Groups as Systems of Distributed Cognition

56

(4)

The ``When'' of Infrastructure

60

(2)

Structure (Singular)--Or Structures (Plural)?

62

(2)

The Issue of Agency

64

(10)

The Head-Complement Relation

67

(2)

The Origin of Head-Complement Relations in Communication

69

(1)

Organization as an Embedded System of Head-Complement Relations

70

(2)

An Actor-Network of Actor-Networks

72

(1)

The Dimension of Community

73

(1)

The Role of Text in Communication

74

(3)

Conclusion

77

(2)

Communication as the Modality of Structuration

79

(32)

Situated Communication: ``A Talking Out of Text in the Circumstances of a Conversation''

80

(18)

The Centrality of Agency in Communication Theory

86

(2)

Narrative Theory and the Structuring Role of Time

88

(1)

What Is Meant by Situation?

89

(2)

Imbrication as a Principle of Structuration

91

(1)

A Dialectic of Control

92

(3)

The Importance of Community

95

(1)

Ontological Assumptions of a Situated Theory of Communication

95

(1)

``Enactment'' and the ``Dance of Agency'': The Outward Reach of Collaborative Groups

96

(2)

Theorizing the Extended Communication Networks of an Organization

98

(6)

Organization as a Metaconversation, or ``Conversation of Conversations''

98

(1)

The Organization Considered as Itself a Unit of Action

99

(3)

Dialectics of Control

102

(1)

A Polemic of Perspectives

102

(1)

The Role of Text in Constructing the Identity of the Organization

103

(1)

Communication, Contradiction, and Computerization

104

(7)

Tensions That Arise From Contradictory Professional and Administrative Imperatives

105

(1)

Tensions That Arise From Contradictory Process and Function Imperatives

105

(1)

Tensions That Arise From Contradictory Local and Global Imperatives

105

(1)

The Suchman/Winograd Debate

106

(5)

Technology Development: Writing Organization

111

(22)

The CSCW Design Challenge

112

(4)

The Genesis of the Research Project Described in This Chapter

113

(1)

Dimensions of Culture

113

(1)

The Objectives of the Research

114

(2)

CSCW Systems Design in Denmark

116

(4)

Aarhus University

116

(4)

A Different Research Environment: Japan

120

(4)

Keio University

120

(1)

CSCW Systems in Japan

121

(3)

Institutional Settings

124

(4)

How Aarhus Fits Into the Institutional Setting of Danish Society and the CSCW Community

124

(2)

How Keio Fits Into the Institutional Setting of Japan and the CSCW Community

126

(2)

Technology: An Ideology of Organization?

128

(2)

Society as a ``Surface of Emergence''

130

(3)

A-B-X Again

130

(3)

Dialectics of Control in a Tiled Organization

133

(22)

The Purchasing Department

133

(4)

Theoretical Considerations

137

(5)

The Purchasing Department Reexamined

137

(1)

Different Orientations to the Object

138

(1)

Process Versus Function

139

(1)

Dialectics of Control

140

(1)

Computerization as an Agency of Change

141

(1)

The Structurational Point of View

142

(1)

Computerization and Politics in the Purchasing Department

142

(4)

The Genesis of the Computerization Process

142

(3)

The New System

145

(1)

Implementing the System

145

(1)

A Structurational Explanation of the Computerization of the Purchasing Department