Vaccinations

The Human Papillomavirus also known as HPV infects 75-80% of sexually-active adults before they turn 50. HPV can have terrible side effects like genital wards, but it also leads to cancer. You may think the chance of your child getting this is very slim, but in Australia every year 21,300 females are diagnosed with cancer caused by HPV. HPV is most common in woman aged 20-24. The Australian government if offering all school girls aged 12-13 the opportunity to receive a series of vaccinations. This Vaccination is called Gardasil and will help prevent the girls from getting HPV and cervical cancer. The girls are preferably vaccinated younger as Gardasil is most affective before any sexual contact. Over the last four years the government has spent $436 million dollars, and is expected to spend another 50million in a catch up program to vaccinate all girls aged 13-26. Although some people disagree with this vaccination, because they believe there are unknown risks. So should this Vaccination be compulsory or not? To make this assessment the disease and its vaccination needs to be further explored. The Human papillomavirus is the most common sexually transmitted infection. There are 40 types of HPV that can infect both males and females, causing infections in genitals, mouth and throat (STD, 2012). In most cases the person can be infected and not know. Which is why the government thinks it’s so important to be vaccinated as; people can infect another person without even knowing. The virus can be spread through any sort of sexual contact. Intercourse isn’t the only way to contract HPV, according to the U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Vaginal sexual intercourse, anal intercourse, oral sex or any contact with the genitals of someone infected with HPV is enough to contract the disease (Rodriguez, D 2011). The virus can also be contracted through open cuts or sores in the skin if contacted with someone sore who has the...

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...vaccine. The CDC reports that the most common symptoms that are reported from the HPV vaccine are fever, urticarial, headache, nausea, dizziness, and the common local symptoms would be pain at the injection site redness of the skin. There have also been 32 reported deaths that were suggested to be caused by the HPV vaccine but there were other medical issues involved with each patient not related to the HPV vaccination. There have been cases where children have also died from Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) after getting the vaccine but no proof has been found that the vaccination was the cause of death.
III. Government Involvement
The Federal Government does back administering the HPV vaccine in some form through Medicaid reimbursement for the HPV vaccine used under CPT code 90649 and 90650. Vaccination requirements are normally left up to state legislature. Some states can make the HPV vaccine a requirement but they must also provide the funding for it and that includes Medicaid and the SCHIP Program. There are some government officials who support the idea of vaccination but are concerned about the cost of it, the safety, and the parent’s right to refuse the vaccine. There is still much debate on whether or not the vaccine should be required.
Each state has presented their own form of legislation and how they would like to deal with the vaccine. According to the National Conference of State Legislature...

...Will a decrease in vaccinations in the US affect society’s health? And if so, how? Many parents believe that vaccinations can cause various problems in children such as autism, asthma, SIDS, etc. Many would argue that the LACK of vaccination actually leads to the spread of other diseases. I would like to explore parents’ belief on vaccines and see if their perceptions are accurate. I would also like to discuss whether the supposed adverse affects of vaccines are worse than the affects of not vaccinating a child. I will be focusing on the last few years, as the possibility that vaccines cause autism and other problems in children is a fairly recent development. My hypothesis is that under vaccinating children does put other people at risk for contracting diseases and parents who are avoiding these vaccinations may not be properly educated on the true adverse effects of NOT vaccinating your child.
Vaccines protect children by preparing the body to fight off potentially fatal diseases. Immunizing children helps protect not only the individual, but also the health of the surrounding community, including those who may not have access to receiving vaccinations. Many parents are misinformed and believe that vaccines can bring harm to their children leading to the lack of immunizations. This, in turn, can cause outbreaks of vaccine-preventable disease and in some cases lead to death. There has been an...

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Introduction
A vaccine is a non-disease causing mimic of an infectious agent. Vaccination is defined as the administration of antigenic material with the aim of stimulating an individual’s immune system to develop adaptive immunity to a pathogen. Vaccination was first described by Jenner over 200years ago and today it is widely used to prevent or reduce infection by many pathogens. There are three generations of vaccinations .First generation vaccines are either weakened or killed forms of whole organisms. Second generation vaccines are specific protein antigens, which are safer than first generation vaccines but cannot generate killer T cells responses. Third generation of vaccines consist of DNA vaccines. A DNA vaccine is a circular double stranded DNA molecule (plasmid) containing genes encoding one or more proteins of a pathogen. DNA vaccination is a technique used to protect an organism against disease by injecting it with genetically engineered plasmid DNA encoding a polypeptide protein antigen where it enters host cells and serves as an epigenetic template for the high efficiency translation to form antigenic protein. This antigenic protein is foreign to host cells thus; an immune response is raised against this protein by the humoral and cellular arms of the immune system providing immunity against that pathogen (Williams et al, 1991)
DNA vaccination was a chance Discovery made by a group of...

...﻿Nicole Stacy
ENG 111
Essay #4
Today, nearly 40% of American parents refuse to vaccinate their children due to a variety of unfounded fears. Vaccinations against diseases should be mandatory, without exception, for all children of the U.S. who wish to attend school. These vaccinations are critical to the control and eradication of deadly infectious diseases. In 1962, the year before measles vaccine was introduced, almost 500,000 cases of measles were reported in the U.S. Ten years after we started vaccinating there were about 32,000 cases, and ten years after that there were fewer than 2,000. In 1998 and 1999, only about 100 measles cases were reported each year.
Immunizations can save your child’s life. Because of advances in medical science, your child can be protected against more diseases than ever before. Some diseases that once injured or killed thousands of children, have been eliminated completely and others are close to extinction– primarily due to safe and effective vaccines. One example of the great impact that vaccines can have is the elimination of polio in the United States. Polio was once America’s most-feared disease, causing death and paralysis across the country, but today, thanks to vaccination, there are no reports of polio in the United States.
Vaccination is very safe and effective. Vaccines are only given to children after a long and careful review by scientists, doctors, and healthcare...

...portion of the public is more concerned about potential side effects of the vaccine than with the consequences of falling ill with influenza. A survey of 1,500 adults, recently conducted by The consumer Reports National Research Center, indicated that 30 percent of those surveyed will skip the flu shot this year, citing concerns about side effects, exaggerated epidemic messages, and a desire to build up their own immune systems.
Another recent Time article indicates that this sentiment is echoed among many parents. The National Foundation for Infectious Diseases (NFID) questioned more than 600 mothers of kids ages 6 to 18, and revealed that 80 percent of mothers said their attitude toward vaccination was not swayed by last year's H1N1 scare and one-third were opting to forgo flu vaccination for their children, citing fear of side effects as their main concern. What the public may fail to understand is that seasonal flu vaccines are extremely safe. Consider the fact that flu vaccines are administered year after year to a large percentage of the population. Because of this, they are some of the most widely used and well tested immunizations being administered today and their safety record is proven. So what is all the worry about? Some minimal discomfort and minor side effects?
Unfortunately, many of the common worries are actually based on unfounded myths. From your local news to nationally regarded CNN, reputable news organizations are...

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MOT 150
September 5, 2013
VACCINATIONSVaccinations are very vital in life. They improve the immune system and prevent us from serious life-threatening infections and disease. A vaccine is a product that produces immunity from diseases. Vaccination is an injection of a weakened or killed organism that produces immunity in the body against that organism. Vaccination protect against meningitis, ear infections, measles, rubella, whooping cough, Hepatitis B, polio, diphtheria, tetanus and mumps to name a few. Vaccinations may be oral, injections or by aerosol. Vaccines help build immunity against diseases in the body. When germs (bacteria and viruses) invade our bodies, they produce infection which in turn causes illness. Vaccines help reduce the risk of infection. Our immune system is designed to fight infection; therefore, vaccines boost the immune system by providing a surplus of cells that help fight disease in future.
Before vaccination, individuals acquire immune by getting the disease and actually surviving it. Vaccines help us to become immune to these diseases. Human of all ages require vaccinations such as new born babies, infants, children, teenagers, young people or adults as well as older people. In the United States, children must get vaccinated before attending school from diseases like, measles, polio and tetanus. Although vaccinations are...

...natural immunization against the same thing happening again (The doctors from medicine net .com).
Preventing tetanus is very simple. Tetanus shots play a huge role in the prevention of the bacteria. Being careful to protect the skin from being penetrated be the tetanus bacteria are also important. For example, things should be done to help avoid stepping on nails or any other material that may cause cuts or punctures. To help stop these things you should wear shoes. If something does happen to create a cut, it should be completely cleaned with soap and water and medical care should be received (National Coalition for Adult Immunization).
All children should be immunized against tetanus. They should receive a total of five DPT vaccinations starting when the child is two months of age and completed at about five years of age (The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention). DTP stands for Diphtheria, Tetanus, and Pertussis. The DTP vaccine is a combination of all three into one (The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention). The first shot is given when the child is two months of age, and second and third shots given within the child's first year. The fourth shot is given at two years of age and a fifth shot, or booster, is given when the child is about to enter school. Tetanus booster shots are recommended every ten years (The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention).
There are some cases in which you should not get the vaccine, such...

...who receive them, but the general population as well. Vaccines are a safe and effective method used to prevent a variety of diseases, and not getting such vaccinations can put not only the individual, but the general population as a whole at risk.
Vaccines are very important to an individual’s overall heath, but are no longer being taken seriously. Many people today have opted not to receive vaccines for a number of reason, such as not being able to find the time, yet others refuse due to their concerns about possible side effects. The most common concern is the development of autism after receiving vaccinations, but there is no proven evidence linking vaccines to this development. Studies have shown that the development of autism is actually due to a preexisting condition. One condition in example, Mitochondrial Dysfunction, mainly found in children, may actually be to blame in some cases. This condition is triggered by immune stimulation that exceeds metabolic reserves, thus causing parents to blame vaccinations, claiming that if not for them acting as a trigger, the condition would have not been aggravated. In example is the Hannah Poling case. Hannah was a typical twenty-month-old toddler hitting the normal developmental milestones before she received five vaccinations on a single day in July of 2000. After the vaccinations, she became ill and her developmental progress not only stopped, she lost...