When rats were treated with morphine or methadone, the concentration-response curve of [Met 5 ]enkephalin (ME) measured in LC neurons was shifted to the right and acute desensitization was increased. (jneurosci.org)

The recovery from desensitization was reduced in slices from morphine-treated rats and mice, whereas the recovery from desensitization was not different from control in slices from methadone-treated animals. (jneurosci.org)

Describes findings of a study revealing that images of heroin preparation and injection can incite craving and excite brain areas associated with reward-seeking even in methadone-maintained patients. (drugabuse.gov)

Methadone often gets a bad rap as a drug used to treat a drug addiction, but the truth is that it has been used for decades because it really does help people addicted to heroin. (drugrehab.us)

A 2009 Cochrane review found that methadone was effective in retaining people in treatment and in the reduction or cessation of heroin use as measured by self-report and urine/hair analysis but did not affect criminal activity or risk of death. (wikipedia.org)

The receptors were first identified as specific molecules through the use of binding studies, in which opiates that had been labeled with radioisotopes were found to bind to brain membrane homogenates. (wikipedia.org)

Opioid drugs include partial agonists, like the anti-diarrhea drug loperamide and antagonists like naloxegol for opioid-induced constipation, which do not cross the blood-brain barrier, but can displace other opioids from binding in those receptors. (wikipedia.org)

An optimal dose can be achieved in a very short period of time: Suboxone usually takes less than one week, whereas methadone dosage needs to be increased slowly and carefully over a longer period of time. (heretohelp.bc.ca)

The brain's chemical structure is impacted by drugs of abuse and these changes are present long after an individual stops using, This change in brain structure increases risk for relapse, making treatment an important part of the rehabilitation process. (wikipedia.org)

Describes research with rats to better understand cocaine's effect on the neural signaling in the learning circuits of the brain. (drugabuse.gov)

Both vaccines induced rats' immune system to produce high titers of antibodies that inhibit the target drug from reaching the brain. (drugabuse.gov)

The concentrations of 14C and unchanged methadone were higher in kidneys and lower in lungs of DMI-treated rats as compared to controls. (aspetjournals.org)

In 1953, James Olds and Peter Milner, of McGill University, observed that rats preferred to return to the region of the test apparatus where they received direct electrical stimulation to the septal area of the brain. (wikipedia.org)

From this demonstration, Olds and Milner inferred that the stimulation was rewarding, and through subsequent experiments, they confirmed that they could train rats to execute novel behaviors, such as lever pressing, in order to receive short pulse trains of brain stimulation. (wikipedia.org)

Thus, the long-term effects of IBMX on the opioid withdrawal response cannot be explained by changes in the number of opioid binding sites (labelled with [ 3 H]naloxone) within the brain. (springer.com)

Due to their sedative effects on the part of the brain which regulates breathing, opioids in high doses present the potential for respiratory depression, and may cause respiratory failure and death. (wikipedia.org)

We have uncovered a 'developmental clock' within the brain -- a biological signature of maturation that captures age differences quite well regardless of other kinds of differences that exist across individuals," study first author Timothy Brown, a developmental cognitive neuroscientist at the University of California, San Diego, School of Medicine, said in a university news release. (bio-medicine.org)

A psychoactive drug, psychopharmaceutical, or psychotropic is a chemical substance that changes brain function and results in alterations in perception, mood, consciousness or behavior. (wikipedia.org)

Medical researchers have repeatedly found that the jail's methadone treatment program has resulted in overall health care cost savings, reduced crime and recidivism, reduced HIV and hepatitis C transmission, and better than average rates of recovery from drug use. (pewtrusts.org)

Using advanced MRI technology, the researchers took multidimensional brain measurements among a diverse group of nearly 900 children and teenagers, ranging in age from 3 to 20 years old. (bio-medicine.org)

Researchers examined brain features known to change over time, such as the volume of deep structures, tissue properties, signal intensities and cortical thickness and area. (bio-medicine.org)

Here in New York, where methadone was first researched at The Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research in the 1960s and methadone clinics are more plentiful than Broadway theaters, use of the drug in the city's jails has never been controversial. (pewtrusts.org)

However, after consuming methadone daily for a certain period of time, the body creates gets used to the presence of the drug. (addictionblog.org)

citation needed] Methadone maintenance therapy (MMT) is prescribed to individuals who wish to abstain from illicit drug use but have failed to maintain abstinence from opioids for significant periods. (wikipedia.org)

In the US, outpatient treatment programs must be certified by the Federal Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA) and registered by the Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) in order to prescribe methadone for opioid addiction. (wikipedia.org)

Prolonged hypoxia from respiratory depression can also lead to detrimental damage to the brain and spinal cord and can leave the person unable to walk or function normally, even if treatment with naloxone is given. (wikipedia.org)

For this reason, electrical brain stimulation provides a tool for identifying the reward circuitry within the central nervous system with some degree of anatomical and neurochemical specificity. (wikipedia.org)

Several scientists and scientific groups have expressed the belief that amphibians can feel pain, however, this remains somewhat controversial due to differences in brain structure and the nervous system compared with other vertebrates. (wikipedia.org)

Opioids, because of their effect on the part of the brain that regulates breathing, can during overdoses lead to the person not breathing (respiratory depression) and therefore result in death. (wikipedia.org)

Anabolic steroid-induced hypogonadism (ASIH) Childhood mumps Children born to mothers who had ingested the endocrine disruptor diethylstilbestrol for potential miscarriage Traumatic brain injury, even in childhood In males, normal aging causes a decrease in androgens, which is sometimes called "male menopause" (also known by the coinage "manopause"), late-onset hypogonadism (LOH), and andropause or androgen decline in the aging male (ADAM), among other names. (wikipedia.org)

Often, animals that work to initiate brain stimulation will also work to terminate the stimulation. (wikipedia.org)

Because of this complexity, the presence of pain in non-human animals cannot be determined unambiguously using observational methods, but the conclusion that animals experience pain is often inferred on the basis of likely presence of phenomenal consciousness which is deduced from comparative brain physiology as well as physical and behavioural reactions. (wikipedia.org)

Peter Singer, a bioethicist and author of Animal Liberation published in 1975, suggested that consciousness is not necessarily the key issue: just because animals have smaller brains, or are 'less conscious', this does not mean that they are not capable of feeling pain. (wikipedia.org)

In primary hypogonadism the LH and/or FSH are usually elevated, meaning the problem is in the testicles, whereas in secondary hypogonadism, both are normal or low, suggesting the problem is in the brain. (wikipedia.org)

BSR has been found in all vertebrates tested, including humans, and it has provided a useful tool for understanding how natural rewards are processed by specific brain regions and circuits, as well the neurotransmission associated with the reward system. (wikipedia.org)