The essays in part two, "Principles and Values," examine the historically specific meanings of key republican tenets, beginning with the republican triad of Liberty, Equality, and Fraternity, and including such terms as democracy, laicity, citizenship, universalism, the civilizing mission, parite, and the state.

Laicity also entails a transition from a system where authority is based on sacred power to one that is essentially based on popular sovereignty (as stated in Article 39 of the Constitution), and on the will of the majority, but also on the rights of minorities.

They hesitate in choosing a model such as, for example, civil religion (an American model); laicity (secularism); separation between public and private life (French model); church and state partnership (Church of Greece model); a kind of concordat (German model).

On the other hand, as long as one uses the term modernity as a way to impose upon these types of societies laicity as a ready-made panacea, as an absolute remedy, the trick will fail [it will never work]; because, for this kind of society [i.

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