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Wednesday, April 29, 2015

Amazon has put Finding the McCains on sale for the next few days, so this is a very good time to purchase. It has Irish history, Scottish history, Highlanders, Mary Queen of Scots, the brave Iníon Dubh, and Phil Robertson in it. Not too many books contain that combination. It is a memoir full of entertaining stories of forty years of travel in Ireland, Scotland, and the UK... and it is Mystery, solved through forensics. And it is a good old fashioned read.

'Finding the McCains,' is an account of one Mississippi McCain’s 40 year odyssey to find his family in Ireland. Senator John McCain and his cousin, novelist Elizabeth Spencer, both include a short history of the Mississippi McCain family in their respective memoirs 'Faith of our Fathers' and 'Landscapes of the Heart.' This history is a romantic tale of Highland Scots who supported Mary Queen of Scots and who fled to Ireland after her downfall in 1568. The search for the McCains became a mystery story with clues, false turns, many adventures, and then ultimate success through Y chromosome DNA testing. In 2008 the McCains were reunited with their family that remained in Ireland, after 289 years of separation.

The McCain history includes people and events familiar to readers of Irish and Scottish history; Redshanks, Iníon Dubh, Mary Queen of Scots, the Earls of Argyll, the Ulster Migration, and the Scots-Irish, are all part of this family’s story. Faint memories of this past were told for generations in Mississippi and as the research progressed the facts behind these memories were uncovered. Another theme in the book is the Scots-Irish. Contemporary histories about the Scots-Irish present stereotyped and romanticized accounts of this dynamic group. 'Finding the McCains' reveals a more complex history and shows the cultural conflation common in Scots-Irish popular history. 'Finding the McCains' is also a genetic genealogy how-to guide for people of Irish and Scottish ancestry.

Saturday, April 25, 2015

If your Y-DNA
match group has developed a strong geographic pattern this will allow you to
research the primary sources of that location.The records in many areas in the north of Ireland, Argyll, the southern
Hebrides, are remarkably intact, and if is very possible to find your ancestor
listed in them and extract a genealogy from the traditional Gaelic method of
recording surnames.

Keeping with the
Gaelic custom a surname often appears in a format that carried short genealogy
in them based on the derbhfine (said jerub-finn-ah).The derbhfine name contained four generations
of the man’s family back to his paternal great grandfather.The derbhfine gradually gave way to a three
generation format called a gelfine.

This naming
practice was important in the Gaelic world because their society was one of
caste and heredity.Gaelic society
needed to know not only your name, but the names of your father, grandfather,
and great grandfather.It provided the
information needed to explain who a man was and the lands and rights of his
family within his district and society.An
example of Gaelic surnames from this time: a man named Dónall Mac Ailein Mhic
Eáin had a son named Lachlan who took the name Lachlan Mac Dónaill Mhic Ailein
Mhic Eáin.His surname is Mac Dónaill
and the Mhic Ailein tells you who his grandfather was.

The use of clan
surnames was not universal and was a form often found only on legal documents written
by government officials.[1]Clan surnames were used more by the oldest sons
of landed families and these names functioned as a title as well as a name.However, by following the derfbhfine name you
can accurately track your ancestor’s family back for many generations.

This does take
some skill and at least some knowledge of Gaelic is required. The records are
written in Gaelic, phonetic Gaelic (usually done by a Lallans speaking clerk),
Latin, Lallans, and Lallan’s influenced English.For an example we will look at the
descendants of a historical Argyll man, Donnchadh Rua Mac Ailín Mhic Eáin
Riabhach of Dunamuck.

Here is an example
of a derbhfine surname of one of his descendants in a primary source:“On 14 January of that year (1612), Archibald
M’Eane reoch Vc Donchie roy Vc Lachlane was made principal to Walter Lamont son of John Lamont of Anaskeog.”The Cautioners listed were Giolla Easpuig Mac
Dónaill Mhic Dhonnchaidh Rua Mhic Lachlainn and Lachlan Mac Dónaill Mhic
Dhonnchaidh Rua Mhic Lachlainn.[2]If we take the name of the principal we have “Archibald M’Eane
reoch Vc Donchie roy Vc Lachlane” which allows us to identify this man back to
his grandfather and connect him to Donnchadh Rua Mac Ailín Mhic Eáin Riabhach
of Dunamuck.In Gaelic his name is “Giolla
Easpuig Mac Eáin Riabhach Mhic Dhonnchaid Rua Mhic Loclainn.”Translated into English: “Archibald son of
brindled John grandson of Red Duncan of the clan Lachlainn. Of interest, the
clerk wrote the last name in this derbhfine as a clan surname rather than by
his actual great-grandfather’s surname which was AileanThis
was done because his grandfather, Ailean Mac Eáin Riabhach, was the Taoiseach
of Clann Lachlainn in Glassary. The two
Cautioners listed are of the same family and both carry “Mhic Dhonnchaidh Rua”
in their names and the House of Dunamuch tag which positively identifies these
men. The derbhfine surnames and Dunamuch
House name allows us toconnect the principal and the Cautioners to the
historical figure Donnchadh Rua Mac Ailín Mhic Eáin Riabhach who was the Taoiseach
of House Dunamuck, a sept of Clann Lachlainn in Glassary who ruled there from
1460s into the early 1500s.

Here is an example
using the same family of the Gelfine format surname: Donnchadh Rua Mac Ailín’s
oldest son and heir was Lachlann Mac Donnchaidh Rua.He appears in the Poltalloch Writs on 20 October 1547 in connection with a precept of clare constat.[3]His name is written “Lachlan McDonche VcAllan
of Dunemuck.”The use of the House name
of Dunamuch and the gelfine name allows us to positively link this man with
Donnchadh Rua Mac Ailín.

So take
heart.If your DNA match group has
provided you with a geographic area to focus on, it is possible to use primary
sources to extract a real genealogy.You
can use the Derbhfine and Gelfine surnames along with land transactions of
merklands and pennylands to follow the trail of your ancestors.

Tuesday, April 21, 2015

In the 18th Century when many thousands of Ulster's sons and daughters came to New World to settle on the frontier, they brought with them their folkways, music, etc., and also their foods and methods of food preparation. Many of the cooking styles and foods became in time quintessentially 'American.' Foremost among these would be the humble and incredibly delicious cornbread.

The Ulster settlers brought with them a tradition of cooking flat oat breads on a griddle, something that had been done for several thousands years in Ulster. Now, in the New World these Ulster settlers quickly adapted to the new foods available to them. In the Ulster settlements oats and wheat quickly gave way to corn and the traditional griddle cooked oatcake was then made of corn. This trait of borrowing from other cultures they were exposed to was a factor in the success of Ulster folk on the frontier.

Griddle cooked cornbread quickly became the bread of the Scotch-Irish communities and the bread followed them as the pushed the frontier west. This wonderfully simple food is still commonly found in those areas where the Scotch-Irish settled and it is to this day a staple on the supper table of the descendants of these Ulster folk, especially in the American South.

The bread is simplicity itself, a little cornmeal, an egg, some leavening, a pinch of salt, and enough buttermilk to make a batter. This is poured onto a cast iron hot skillet with bacon grease or oil in it. In the past the bread was cooked in a skillet next to the fireplace or anyplace where coals were available. When Dutch ovens came into use, the cooking of cornbread was often done in them. Later still, when ovens became a common kitchen appliance, the cornbread recipes were adapted for the modern oven, where it came into its present day form.

The cooking of cornbread in the South is an art as well as a science. Many families have special cast iron skillets, often that have been in the family for generations, in which the cornbread is cooked. Many women have wooden bowls and spoons handed down in from past generations, in which the batter is made. It is served with butter with a meal and can also be served after a meal with honey or sorghum syrup, as sweet.

Cornbread is a wonderful food, simple, tasty, and also part of the cultural continuum from Ulster.

Saturday, April 11, 2015

"This is a unique piece of work. Not only has Barry McCain produced a fine book that is very interesting to McCains--and it is that in spades--but to historians of Irish identity and Irish migration as well. McCain uses the story of his search for his own Gaelic roots to demonstrate how the intelligent use of DNA helps to fill historical gaps that traditional historical techniques never could. The results are dramatic and strongly challenge the traditional, nationalist mythologies of Irish historiography."

---Rankin Sherling, author of The Invisible Irish: Finding Protestants in the Nineteenth-Century Migrations to America (McGill-Queen’s University Press, Fall 2015).

Thursday, April 9, 2015

What is the etymology of the term Cracker?We all know what a Cracker was (or is).A Southern Anglo-Celt, usually of Scots-Irish origin, who lives in the backcountry.The term appears intact and in use by the mid-1700s in Colonial America. One eighteenth-century definition of what a Cracker provides a good description; in 1776 a Colonial official wrote to the earl of Dartmouth:

I should explain to your Lordship what is meant by Crackers, a name they have got from being great boasters; they are a lawless set of rascals on the frontiers of Virginia, Maryland, the Carolinas, and Georgia, who often change their place of abode.

They were basically a semi nomadic group who were excellent hunters, kept free range cattle and pigs, and lived in the backcountry.They were normally of Ulster ancestry, but not exclusively so.

Cracker is still a much used term.Dubious sources, such as Wikipedia, tell us it is a “usually derogatory term for white people.” Wikipedia also offers a proposed etymology of the term coming from the sound of the “whips” used by Southern whites on their livestock.

The real story is more complex.It is term with links to Ulster and associated with the people we know as the Scots-Irish.The original Crackers are also associated with free range cattle and lived in the backcountry.That much is on firm ground, but the etymology is more difficult to deduce, but I believe is also linked to Ulster. There are several possible origins, which I will not list and state each one’s case.

Creachadóir:This is the word I believe is the actual origin of Cracker. It is Ulster Gaelic and Scots Gaelic (Creachadair) word meaning, “raider and freebooter,” but also associated with the free range cattle drovers in Ulster.In short, I think Cracker is the anglicised form of Creachadóir.

Creach: (Ulster Gaelic) means a “herd of cattle,” and also a “Cattle raid.”You will also find the word Greigh in Scot Gaelic meaning a “herd of cattle.”There is also the Scots-Gaelic word Gréighear meaning a “farm grieve.”(someone who took care of livestock)

Other possible etymologies:

Cracaire: This word means “talker” or a person that chats a lot and is related to the modern Irish word “Craic” meaning “a gathering where people talk, have refreshments, and have a good time.”As far as I can tell, the use of Cracaire and Craic are more recent in their use in the Gaelic language and I do not think this is the etymology of Cracker, but it is a debatable point.

I think the salient element is the linking of Crackers to cattle.Creach was anglicised as Creacht and was used from the mid-1500s into the early 1800s to describe both a herd of cattle and the drovers (cowboys) of the herd.These men were also used for raiding parties.So in actual use a Creacht was both a free range cowboy and raider and freebooter. In modern Gaelic usage the older meaning of free range cowboy has been dropped and now the definition is “raider and freebooter, ” but it was the same thing, or person, in a historical context. So, in Ulster, we have the word Creach and Creacht in use in both Hiberno-English and Gaelic and meaning exactly what the Southern Crackers were. Given the fact that the Crackers were from Ulster and were free range cowboys the Creach, Creacht, and Creachadóir, origin from Cracker is logical.

A Cracker Cowboy by Frederic Remington

The anglicised form may be from Creachadóir or it could be from Creach and anglicised from adding an English suffix of “er.”I think however, the former more likely.

So, the likely etymology of Cracker is from the Ulster and Scots Gaelic word Creachadóir.For the record, Cracker is not considered derogatory among the Crackers living in the South today.The opposite is true, it is an often used term of ethnic self-description and is a source of pride.It means you are indigenous to the South, ancestors from Ulster or northwest Britain, have roots in the Uplands or Backcountry, are independent, self-reliant, you act in an honorable way, are good with weapons, hunting, fishing, and are man that knows how to do things. As the Southern Crackers settled Texas and the Southwest they became the Cowboy, a cultural continuum of their unique lifestyle.

Friday, April 3, 2015

A frequent issue in genetic genealogy is the problem of Y
chromosome DNA testing when there is no male relative available.This means a participant does not have any
known family member that is a direct paternal descendant of the family line
they wish to research via Y-DNA.This
situation does present an obstacle, but one that can be overcome.Here is how many have done this; you can do
the autosomal DNA and use your results to locate a co-lateral line from the
paternal line you wish to research.

I have done this myself.I wanted to research the Y-DNA of the family of my father’s mother.Since the Y-chromosome is only passed from
father to son, I could not use my Y-DNA results; I needed a proxy male to test
for me from my father’s mother’s father’s family.I did the autosomal test and located a
brother and sister from my father’s mother’s father’s line.The male from that autosomal match group tested
his Y-chromosome; this gave me the Y-DNA data from the line I wanted to
research. I could now use his Y-DNA results to research my father’s mother’s
father’s family.This was done with
great success.

It takes a bit longer and you have to organize the project
and get proxy participant to cooperate, but usually they are happy to do
it.

Thursday, April 2, 2015

I will be speaking and doing book signings at the Memphis Scottish Society on 13 April. Dinner at 6:00 and the program at 7:00. I will be speaking on genetic genealogy for Irish, Scots, and Scots-Irish. I will also will present my books Finding the McCains, A Scots-Irish Odyssey and The Laggan Redshanks, The Highland Scots in West Ulster, 1569-1630; this is a opportunity to pick up signed copies of both.

Everyone interested in Irish, Scottish and Scots-Irish people, culture, and history are welcomed to attend. Details on the meeting, location, time, etc. including in the newsletter. Please share this widely.

Link below to the Memphis Scottish Society newsletter. Follow the link for a Pdf version of Grace Notes.

Gaelic Warrior

Gaelic Lord, Iona

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Barry R McCain is an independent scholar, writer and genetic genealogy consultant living in Oxford, Mississippi. He has a BA with honours from Ole Miss in history and is a Gaelic speaker. He is the Director of the Ulster Heritage DNA Project and several other DNA projects that focus on Argyll kinship groups. Mr. McCain is available as a genetic genealogy consultant for families of Irish and Scottish ancestry and he specializes in Ulster, West Highlands, Hebrides, and western Lowland Scotland research. He is available for speaking engagements on the topics relating to Ulster, Scottish, and Scots-Irish, history, and Irish and Scottish genetic genealogy.