Sample records for xylene btx asphalt from the National Library of Energy Beta (NLEBeta)

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An in-plane flexible sensor platform for \\{BTXs\\} detection was developed using low-cost patterning techniques and foil-based optical components. The platform was produced by a combination of laser patterning, inkjet printing and capillary filling. Key optical components such as lightguides, optical cladding layers and metallic interconnections were realized on low cost substrates such as paper and PET. The sensing mechanism is based on the change in fluorescence spectra of a reporter dye, supported over a porous matrix. Detection limits down to 1 ppm for benzene, toluene and xylene have been measured. Response times down to a few seconds were observed for different gas concentrations.

Most paved roads in the United States are surfaced with asphalt. These asphalt pavements suffer from fatigue cracking and thermal cracking, aggravated by the oxidation and hardening of asphalt. This negative impact of asphalt oxidation on pavement...

It seems that the char removal system, which was composed of a cyclone and a hot filter, almost perfectly removed the char particles. ... To absorb the hydrogen chloride that was formed from the degradation of the polyvinyl chloride (PVC) in the mixed plastic wastes, additives (calcium oxide, calcium hydroxide, crushed oyster shells, and rice straw) were added to a fraction of the mixed plastic wastes. ... For different additives, different Ca/Cl ratios should be chosen based on the cost, HCl removal efficiency and utilization efficiency of additive. ...

on beaches, since the residue is usually weathered, and most properties of the original crude oil or residual fuel oil have been altered. Along the Texas coast beaches, from Galveston to the Rio Grande, one can find oil residues which range in size from... distillation of organic material, usually coal (Abraham 1960). Crude oil, when weathered, so as to lose its volatile constituents, becomes viscous or semi-solid, and is known as asphalt. Further weathering can lead to formation of hard asphalt...

. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS. . 22 23 8. REFERENCES. 24 9. APPENDIX. 26 LIST OF TABLES Table Page I II IV Properties of the Crude Oils Studied Average Core Properties for Different Tests Average Perrneabilities of Different Sections of Core Before and After... Displacement with Liquefied Petroleum Gas Percent Reduction in Permeability in Different Sections of Core Due to Asphalt Deposition Average Recoveries of Four Crude Oils and Increase in Swept Area due to Plugging by Asphalt Deposition 27 29 ABSTRACT...

results. Modeling asphalt concrete compaction, and also the ability to thereby predict response of mixes, is of great importance to the pavement industry. Asphalt concrete exhibits nonlinear response even at small strains and the response of asphalt...

An improved paving asphalt has been obtained from commercial BN-60/90 asphalt by adding certain components that are waste materials in petroleum refining: a still residue from the distillation of naphthenic acids to improve adhesion properties, asphalt obtained in deasphalting vacuum resid to improve ductility and impart freeze resistance, and a dialkylnaphthalene as a pour point depressant. Three different blend formulations were prepared by melting and mixing and analyzed for their physicochemical properties. The possibility was also investigated of expanding the raw material base for paving asphalts by including certain waste materials obtained in refining Baku crudes.

Several experiments were performed to determine how recycling agent composition affects the high, intermediate, and low temperature properties as well as long term oxidative aging characteristics of recycled asphalt blends. Specifically, several...

Abstract p-Xylene is an important intermediate for the production of polyethylene terephthalate, it has growing chemical industrial demand based on the statistics in the last few decades. In the process of producing p-Xylene, gaseous hydrocarbon fuels (e.g., H2, C1C3) are usually involved, which renders p-Xylene highly possible mix with those gaseous hydrocarbon fuels as leaking occurs, this presents fire or explosion/detonation hazard at some specific conditions. To date, very limited data regarding its detonation and deflagration characteristics are available in previous literatures. In this study, experiments of measuring the overpressure and velocity of p-Xylene/gaseous hydrocarbon fuels (i.e., H2, C2H4, C3H8, CO)/air mixtures are carried out in a vertical detonation tube with an inner diameter of 200 mm and a length of 6.5 m to explore the detonation and deflagration characteristics of p-Xylene. The experimental results indicate that under the same initiation energy of 0.189 MJ m?2, pure p-Xylene/air and p-Xylene/CO/air cannot achieve detonation, only deflagrations are observed. However, under this same initiation energy, detonations occur in p-Xylene/H2/air, p-Xylene/C2H4/air and p-Xylene/C3H8/air mixtures. By comparing the combinatorial compositions of p-Xylene along with gaseous hydrocarbon fuels that within which detonation observed, the detonation sensitive of the mixtures in increasing order are obtained as following: p-Xylene/H2/air, p-Xylene/C3H8/air and p-Xylene/C2H4/air. The results also indicate the relative ease that p-Xylene/gaseous hydrocarbon fuel/air can be detonated mainly depends on the detonation sensitive of the gaseous fuel, which is supported by the critical energy of direct detonation initiation and chemical kinetic analysis.

cost in highway maintenance and vehicle operations. One key mechanism of how moisture reaches the asphalt-aggregate interface is by its permeation or diffusion through the asphalt binder or mastic. Different techniques are available for diffusion...

Traditional asphalt-rubber binders have faced problems ics. in pavement compaction, due to phase separation or sedimentation of undissolved rubber. A homogeneous asphalt-rubber binder is desirable for alleviating this problem. In addition, a blend...

Fatigue cracking is one of the most common distresses of asphalt pavements, whereas healing is a counter process to cracking which alleviates cracking damage and extends fatigue life of asphalt pavements. Most of existing methods to characterize...

Electrically conductive asphalt composites have immense potential for various multifunctional applications such as self-healing, self-sensing, snow and ice removal, and energy harvesting, and controlling asphalt conductivity is the first step...

Asphalt pavements experience damage due to traffic loading under various environmental conditions. Damage can be caused by viscopl microcracks, fracture due to fatigue cracking, or fracture due to thermal cracking. Asphalt pavements have...

Sample records for xylene btx asphalt from the National Library of Energy Beta (NLEBeta)

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Committee: Dr. Dallas N. Little The objective of this research was to provide a comprehensive characterization of asphalt binders and paving mixtures modified with four polymers produced by the Rexene Products Company (Odessa, Texas). The four polymers... on control asphalt cements and polymer modified asphalt cements to quantify the effects of the Rexene polymers. Most importantly, the binder study was designed to determine the temperature susceptibility of the binders. Asphalt cements from three...

The objective of this research was to develop a potentially useful asphalt-rubber binder using the curing process. For the curing process, six parameters, which altered the physical and chemical properties of the asphalt-rubber binder, were tested...

and predicting its response is of great importance to the pavement industry. More than 90 percent of the US Highways uses asphalt concrete as a pavement material. Asphalt concrete exhibits nonlinear response even at small strains and the response of asphalt...

Production Capacity of Operable Petroleum Refineries Production Capacity of Operable Petroleum Refineries Definitions Key Terms Definition Alkylate The product of an alkylation reaction. It usually refers to the high octane product from alkylation units. This alkylate is used in blending high octane gasoline. Aromatics Hydrocarbons characterized by unsaturated ring structures of carbon atoms. Commercial petroleum aromatics are benzene, toluene, and xylene (BTX). Asphalt A dark-brown-to-black cement-like material containing bitumens as the predominant constituent obtained by petroleum processing; used primarily for road construction. It includes crude asphalt as well as the following finished products: cements, fluxes, the asphalt content of emulsions (exclusive of water), and petroleum distillates blended with asphalt to make cutback asphalts. Note: The conversion factor for asphalt is 5.5 barrels per short ton.

Rutting is one of the major distresses in asphalt pavements and it increases road roughness and traps water, which leads to wet-weather accidents due to the loss of tire-pavement friction and hydroplaning. The fundamental mechanisms of rutting have...

Field compaction of asphalt mixtures is an important process that influences performance of asphalt pavements; however there is very little effort devoted to evaluate the influence of compaction on the uniformity and properties of asphalt mixtures...

pavements is illustrated using finite element simulations. The constitutive model developed in this study can describe the behavior of asphalt materials (asphalt binder, asphalt mastic and mixtures) under various testing conditions. This study also achieved...

, non ? polar compound. The most important properties of xylene which will influence its mobility are its density and water solubility. Xylene is essentially immiscible with water, with a water ? 1 0 solubility of 230. 0 ~ L L st 20 C (Chemical Rubber...

Asphalt composites are used to construct 90% of roads in the United States. These composites consist of asphalt binder, which is a product of the refinery process of oil, aggregates, and air voids. Fatigue cracking is one of the most important...

is the surface free energy of the asphalt binder and the aggregate. Surface free energy, which is a thermodynamic material property, is directly related to the adhesive bond energy between the asphalt binder and the aggregate as well as the cohesive bond energy...

for the remediation of gasoline contaminated soils. Excavation and removal of soils containing hydrocarbons is the most widely used remediation technique because of immediate and total site cleanup. Benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylene (BTEX) combined are from...

In the production of aromatic acids, such as terephthalic acid and isophthalic acid, tiny amounts of reactant p-xylene or m-xylene may also enter into the acetic acid dehydration column through the feed stream. ... The column total stages and the feed tray location obtained from this optimum search will be used in the second study with tiny amounts of PX or MX entering the column through the feed stream. ... The TAC formula for this case, case 2, is modified as the following equation by including an additional term to reflect the loss of HAc and IBA through the side stream. ...

Although evidence is mounting that asphalt binder oxidizes in pavements, and that oxidation and subsequent hardening of asphalt binder has a profound effect on pavement durability, important implementation issues remain to be better understood...

Uses a combination of chromatographic, chemical, and spectroscopic methods to determine the composition of the paraffinic and naphthenic hydrocarbons recovered from asphalts. Monitors the completeness of separation of the hydrocarbons from the aromatics on the basis of UV spectra. Finds that in the mixture of adduct-forming hydrocarbons, along with the n-paraffins there were admixtures of isoparaffins and longchain alkylnaphthenes. Concludes that a comparison of the structural-group composition of the asphalt fractions from the different crudes shows that there are only slight differences in the structure of the paraffinic/naphthenic hydrocarbons present in these asphalts, particularly with regard to those hydrocarbons that do not react with urea.

128 LIST OF FIGURES FIGURE PAGF Layout of SNPA sulfur bitumen binder pavem nt test ? U. S. Highway 69, Lufkin, Texas 15 Col 1oi d mi 1 1 furnished by SNPA for preparation of sul fur-asphalt emulsions View of mixing station showing sulfur... designed to investigate the advantage of using a colloid mill to prepare sulfur-asphalt binders as compared to comingling the asphalt and molten sulfur in a pipeline leading directly to the pug mill. After only six months of testing, the results...

This research was aimed at determining the effects of recycling agent composition on the performance of recycled asphalt with aging. To accomplish this, five experiments were performed, in which blends were produced with controlled compositions...

Sample records for xylene btx asphalt from the National Library of Energy Beta (NLEBeta)

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The dissolution of vulcanized rubber in bitumen in the presence of a devulcanizing additive and the formation of bitumen-rubber composites, which are promising binders for the production of asphalt concretes, wer...

, the results from this study suggest that the inclusion of recycled asphalt pavement (RAP) or an anti-stripping agent may alleviate possible moisture susceptibility issues in the early life during wet, winter weather conditions. While some laboratory test...

either asphalt pavement or jointed concrete pavement in all four major climatic zones are discussed in this dissertation. The results of this calculated mechanistic approach showed its ability to efficiently reproduce field observations of the growth...

Asphalt binder oxidation in pavements has been proven to be an ongoing process throughout a pavement's service life. Understanding the nature of the oxidation process is a critical step toward better pavement design to achieve greater pavement...

TOXIC SPECIES EMISSIONS FROM CONTROLLED COMBUSTION OF SELECTED PAVING ASPHALTS A Theis CARLOS LUIS MENDEZ Submitted to the Office of Graduate Studies of Texas Adt, M University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree... of MASTER OF SCIENCE August 1993 Major Subject: Safety Engineering TOXIC SPECIES EMISSIONS FROM CONTROLLED COMBUSTION OF SELECTED PAVING ASPHALTS A Thesis by CARLOS LUIS MENDEZ Submitted to Texas AdtM University in partial fulfillment...

RECYCLING ASPHALTIC CONCRETE WITH SULPHUR AS A SUPPLEMENTAL BINDER A Thesis by ROBERT WILLIAM BARNETT Submitted to the Graduate College of Texas A&M University in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE... August 1976 Major Subject: Civil Engineering RECYCLING ASPHALTIC CONCRETE WITH SULPHUR AS A SUPPLEMENTAL BINDER A Thesis by ROBERT WILLIAM BARNETT Approved as to style and content by: :) (Chairm o I ommit tee) (M ber) Mem er) August 1976...

OXYGEN CONSUMPTION BY ASPHALT FILNS AND RESULTING VISCOSITY CHANGES A Thesis by FRANK LEE CARTER, JR. Submitted to the Graduate College of Texas A&M University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE... Nay 1965 Major Subject: Chemistry OXYGEN CONSUMPTION BY ASPHALT FILMS AND RESULTING VISCOSITY CHANGES A Thesis by FRANK LEE CARTER, JR. Approved as to style and content by: (Chairm of Committee) (H o Depa ( mb ) (Membe May 1965...

Abstract With increasing environmental awareness and high oil prices, use of warm mix asphalt (WMA) is gaining popularity in the asphalt industry. Different WMA technologies including use of additives to reduce the mixing and compaction temperatures are being applied. The present study uses the surface free energy (SFE) method as a mechanistic framework to evaluate the moisture susceptibility of warm mix asphalt (WMA) with Evotherm® WMA-additive. The SFE components of a modified PG64-22 asphalt binder with different percentages of Evotherm® and selected aggregates were measured in the laboratory. The work of adhesion, the work of debonding, and energy ratios were estimated to assess the moisture-induced damage potential of combinations of neat and Evotherm®-modified asphalt binders and different aggregates. The results indicated that use of Evotherm® resulted in increase in total SFE and work of adhesion and a reduction in the work of debonding, indicating a better possible aggregate-asphalt binder bond and lower moisture susceptibility potential. It is expected that the present study would be helpful in understanding the moisture-damage potential of flexible pavements constructed with WMA technologies.

Based on a widely cited September, 1999 report by the Vermont Agency of Natural Resources, nearly 11 million tons of asphalt roofing shingle wastes are produced in the United States each year. Recent data suggests that the total is made up of about 9.4 million tons from roofing tear-offs and about 1.6 million tons from manufacturing scrap. Developing beneficial uses for these materials would conserve natural resources, promote protection of the environment and strengthen the economy. This project explored the feasibility of using chipped asphalt shingle materials in cement manufacturing kilns and circulating fluidized bed (CFB) boilers. A method of enhancing the value of chipped shingle materials for use as fuel by removing certain fractions for use as substitute raw materials for the manufacture of new shingles was also explored. Procedures were developed to prevent asbestos containing materials from being processed at the chipping facilities, and the frequency of the occurrence of asbestos in residential roofing tear-off materials was evaluated. The economic feasibility of each potential use was evaluated based on experience gained during the project and on a review of the well established use of shingle materials in hot mix asphalt. This project demonstrated that chipped asphalt shingle materials can be suitable for use as fuel in circulating fluidized boilers and cement kilns. More experience would be necessary to determine the full benefits that could be derived and to discover long term effects, but no technical barriers to full scale commercial use of chipped asphalt shingle materials in these applications were discovered. While the technical feasibility of various options was demonstrated, only the use of asphalt shingle materials in hot mix asphalt applications is currently viable economically.

The addition of hydrated lime to asphalt has shown to be beneficial with an improvement in the Theological properties of the binder, as well as resistance to permanent deformation (rutting) and fatigue cracking of asphalt concrete mixtures...

-healing material. It is also well known that healing has a substantial affect on the performance of asphalt mixtures and consequently on the serviceable life of asphalt pavements. For example, shift factors from laboratory experimental data to field observed data...

The deleterious effect of moisture on the structural integrity of asphalt mixtures has been recognized as one of the main causes of early deterioration of asphalt pavements. This phenomenon, usually referred to as moisture damage, is defined...

Abstract Waste rubber and plastic are accumulating heavily in China and causing significant environmental issues. In this study, the rubber and one kind of plastic, polypropylene (PP), were powdered and mixed with base asphalt to form plasticrubber asphalt (PRA). This study evaluated PRA and the mixture in two-folds, engineering properties and environmental concerns. SBS asphalt, one commonly used asphalt binder in China, was adopted as a control. To evaluate the environmental burdens of PRA mixture and SBS asphalt mixture, a cradle-to-gate life cycle assessment (LCA) modeling was performed. Throughout the study, it is revealed that: (1) as a binder, PRA is weaker in terms of softening point, elastic recovery and fatigue performance versus SBS asphalt, but the differences are limited; (2) PRA mixture are close to SBS asphalt mixture for the high temperature, low temperature performances and water durability; (3) PRA mixture is more environmental-friendly compared to SBS asphalt mixture.

Asphalt rubber mixtures are often described as environmentally friendly mixtures due to the incorporation of recycled rubber from used tires and due to their improved service life. In fact, their fatigue cracking and rut resistance properties are better than those of conventional asphalt concrete mixtures. However, asphalt rubber mixtures demand higher production temperatures than conventional mixtures due to the higher viscosity of the asphalt rubber binder. The objective of this paper is to assess the efficiency of using a surfactant based additive in the production of warm mix asphalts, by lowering the mixing temperatures of asphalt rubber and asphalt concrete mixtures without changing their performance. Several laboratory tests were carried out on asphalt rubber and asphalt concrete mixtures, with and without the additive, in order to evaluate and compare the performance of the mixtures. It was concluded that the incorporation of small amounts of a surfactant based additive allowed reducing the production temperatures of both types of mixture by 30 °C without compromising their performance, and this can be seen as a great step forward towards the production of cleaner asphalt rubber mixtures.

bioassay may be suitable for field monitoring of BTEX to identify and track contaminated water and follow in contaminated water because of their accuracy and sensitivity. Although very sensitive, the cost associatedDetection of Benzene, Toluene, Ethyl Benzene, and Xylenes (BTEX) Using Toluene Dioxygenase

Studies of asphalt emulsion sealants conducted by the Pacific Northwest Laboratory have demonstrated that the sealants are effective in containing radon and other potentially hazardous material within uranium tailings. The laboratory and field studies have further demonstrated that radon exhalation from uranium tailings piles can be reduced by greater than 99% to near background levels. Field tests at the tailings pile in Grand Junction, Colorado, confirmed that an 8-cm admix seal containing 22 wt% asphalt could be effectively applied with a cold-mix paver. Other techniques were successfully tested, including a soil stabilizer and a hot, rubberized asphalt seal that was applied with a distributor truck. After the seals were applied and compacted, overburden was applied over the seal to protect the seal from ultraviolet degradation.

) FIGURE Page 29. Healing index as a function of RP/? and SA for asphalt AAA-I with granite fines . 61 30. Healing index as a function of RP/? and SA for asphalt AAB-I with granite fines . 62 31. Healing index as a function of RP/? and SA for asphalt... AAD-1 with granite fines . 63 32. Healing index as a function of RP/? and SA for asphalt AAG-1 with granite fines . 64 33. Healing index as a function of RP/? for asphalt AAK-1 with granite fines . 65 34. Healing index as a function of RP...

A system for determining parameters and compatibility of a substance such as an asphalt or other petroleum substance uses titration to highly accurately determine one or more flocculation occurrences and is especially applicable to the determination or use of Heithaus parameters and optimal mixing of various asphalt stocks. In a preferred embodiment, automated titration in an oxygen gas exclusive system and further using spectrophotometric analysis (2-8) of solution turbidity is presented. A reversible titration technique enabling in-situ titration measurement of various solution concentrations is also presented.

Sample records for xylene btx asphalt from the National Library of Energy Beta (NLEBeta)

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will simply be the da dN "y-intercept" and n is the slope of the curve. From the procedure listed above Saraf found the parameter A to be affected by the viscosity of the asphalt binder used in the mix, a decrease in viscosity gave an increase in A...PREDICTING THE FATIGUE LIFE OF ASPHALT CONCRETE OVERLAY SYSTEMS A Thesis by FREDERICK PHILIP GERMANN Submitted to the Graduate College of Texas A&M University in Partial fulfillment of the requirement for the degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE May...

Site-directed mutagenesis studies of a strictly conserved T201 residue in the active site of toluene/o-xylene monooxygenase hydroxylase (ToMOH) revealed that a single mutation can facilitate kinetic isolation of two ...

This paper investigates the snow melting process on asphalt pavements as solar collector by experiments and numerical simulation. A numerical simulation method was used to predict the general design requirements for snow melting system of asphalt pavements, and a type of experimental asphalt snow melting system has been built using the design parameters obtained from the preceding simulation. Graphite powders were used to improve the thermal conductivity of asphalt concrete and thus resulting in an improved efficiency of asphalt collector. A laboratory snow melting test was performed after real snowstorm events. The effects of thermal conductive asphalt concrete (CAC) on snow melting performance and asphalt pavement temperature distribution were evaluated. The heat transfer in the asphalt slabs and the heat requirement for the snow melting were analyzed. The results that are obtained show that asphalt solar collector (ASC) provides us a better alternative method for snow melting. The higher fluid temperature is a positive way to improve the performance of snow melting system. However, it is unnecessary to keep a too high fluid temperature so as to reduce the waste of energy. The non-uniform temperatures in the asphalt slabs are noticeable. Furthermore, the heat-transmission and the snow melting performance can be enhanced using CAC.

The objective of this investigation was to perform a preliminary evaluation of the utility of residual materials prepared from Green River Formation (western) and New Albany Shale (eastern) shale oils as recycling agents for aged asphalt pavement. Four petroleum asphalts were first aged by a thin-film accelerated-aging test, which simulates long service life of asphalt in pavement. The aged asphalts were mixed (recycled) with Green River Formation shale oil distillation residua to restore the original viscosities. Separately, for comparison, a commercial recycling agent was used to recycle the aged asphalts under the same circumstances. The recycled asphalts were reaged and the properties of both binder and asphalt-aggregate mixtures studied. Originally, the same study was intended for an eastern shale residua. However, the eastern shale oil distillation residua with the required flash point specification also had the properties of a viscosity builder; therefore, it was studied as such with asphalts that do not achieve sufficient viscosity during processing to serve as usable binders. Results show that Green River Formation shale oil residuum can be used to restore the original asphalt properties with favorable rheological properties, the shale oil residuum has a beneficial effect on resistance to moisture damage, the low-temperature properties of the shale oil residuum recycled asphalts are not adversely affected, and the low-temperature properties of the shale oil residuum recycled asphalts are dependent upon the chemistry of the mixture. The eastern shale oil residua was blended with soft petroleum asphalts. Results show the products have higher viscosities than the starting materials, the rheological properties of the soft asphalt-eastern shale oil residue blends are acceptable, and the eastern shale oil residue has dispersant properties despite its high viscosity. 11 refs., 3 figs., 9 tabs.

University Chairman of Adv1sory Committee: Dr. William B. Ledbetter This study exam1nes the possibility of the ex1stence of a better defined relationship between rheological asphalt binder properties and pavement performance of thin asphaltic concrete... pavements 1n Texas. Several descriptive, as well as predicti ve models were formulated. These models show that the relat1onsh1p between asphalt binder prop- erties and pavement performance is significant. Indeed, the relation- ship is far more signif1...

A process and apparatus for the production of coke, asphalt and jet fuel m a feed of fossil fuels containing volatile carbon compounds therein is disclosed. The process includes the steps of pyrolyzing the feed in an entrained bed pyrolyzing means, separating the volatile pyrolysis products from the solid pyrolysis products removing at least one coke from the solid pyrolysis products, fractionating the volatile pyrolysis products to produce an overhead stream and a bottom stream which is useful as asphalt for road pavement, condensing the overhead stream to produce a condensed liquid fraction and a noncondensable, gaseous fraction, and removing water from the condensed liquid fraction to produce a jet fuel-containing product. The disclosed apparatus is useful for practicing the foregoing process. the process provides a useful method of mass producing and jet fuels from materials such as coal, oil shale and tar sands.

implements the framework of chemo-mechanics by investigating two types of chemical modification processes, natural (oxidative aging) and synthetic (chemical doping) as they relate not only to macro-scale properties of asphalt binder but also to the asphalt...

Abstract The surface free energy (SFE) measurement of asphalt binder and aggregate is considered a reliable mechanistic framework for evaluating the moisture-induced damage potential of asphalt mixes. In the present study, the SFE method was used to evaluate the effects of asphalt binder type, Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement (RAP) and its amount, and aggregate type on the moisture-induced damage potential of asphalt mixes. The SFE components (non-polar, acid and base) of a PG 64-22 and a PG 76-28 (polymer-modified) asphalt binders, blended with different amounts of RAP binder (0%, 10%, 25% and 40%) were measured in the laboratory using a Dynamic Contact Angle (DCA) analyzer. Also, the SFE components of six types of aggregates, namely limestone, rhyolite, sandstone, granite, gravel, and basalt were used in this study. The SFE components of limestone and rhyolite aggregates were measured using a Universal Sorption Device (USD), while those of the sandstone, granite, gravel, and basalt aggregates were obtained from the literature. The energy ratio parameters estimated based on the spreading coefficient, the work of adhesion, and the work of debonding were used to assess the moisture-induced damage potential of different combinations of asphalt binders and different RAP binder contents and aggregates. The SFE test results indicated that the acid SFE component of PG 64-22 and PG 76-28 asphalt binders increase with the addition of RAP binder, while the base SFE component remains almost unchanged. Also, the wettability and the work of adhesion of both PG 64-22 and PG 76-28 asphalt binders over different types of aggregates increased with an increase in RAP content (by 25% and more). Based on the energy ratio parameters, it was found that the resistance to moisture-induced damage increased with an increase in RAP content for both PG 64-22 and PG 76-28 asphalt binders and all types of aggregates, specifically when higher RAP contents were used. Moreover, it was found that the higher the total SFE of the aggregates, the lower the energy ratio parameter values. Therefore, a high total SFE component of aggregate may result in a high moisture-induced damage potential of the mix. The results presented herein are expected to be helpful in mechanistically assessing the moisture-induced damage potential of asphalt mixes, produced with polymer-modified and non-polymer-modified asphalt binders, containing RAP.

In this work asphalt air blowing has been studied from two perspectives. First, the process itself was investigated in terms of the effect of air-blowing conditions on the properties of the asphalt materials obtained. It was found that according...

An evaluation of eastern shale oil (ESO) residue as an asphalt additive to reduce oxidative age hardening and moisture susceptibility was conducted by Western Research Institute (WRI). The ESO residue, have a viscosity of 23.9 Pa{lg_bullet}s at 60{degree}C (140{degree}F), was blended with three different petroleum-derived asphalts, ASD-1, AAK-1, and AAM-1, which are known to be very susceptible to oxidative aging. Rheological and infrared analyses of the unaged and aged asphalts and the blends were then conducted to evaluate oxidative age hardening. In addition, the petroleum-derived asphalts and the blends were coated onto three different aggregates, Lithonia granite (RA), a low-absorption limestone (RD), and a siliceous Gulf Coast gravel (RL), and compacted into briquettes. Successive freeze-thaw cycling was then conducted to evaluate the moisture susceptibility of the prepared briquettes. The rheological analyses of the unaged petroleum-derived asphalts and their respective blends indicate that the samples satisfy the rutting requirement. However, the aging indexes for the rolling thin film oven (RTFO)-aged and RTFO/pressure aging vessel (PAV)-aged samples indicate that the blends are stiffer than the petroleum-derived asphalts. This means that when in service the blends will be more prone to pavement embrittlement and fatigue cracking than the petroleum-derived asphalts. Infrared analyses were also conducted on the three petroleum-derived asphalts and the blends before and after RTFO/PAV aging. In general, upon RTFO/PAV aging, the amounts of carbonyls and sulfoxides in the samples increase, indicating that the addition of the ESO residue does not mitigate the chemical aging (oxidation) of the petroleum-derived asphalts. This information correlates with the rheological data and the aging indexes that were calculated for the petroleum-derived asphalts and the blends.

In response to complaints from nearby residents, a biofilter was designed, installed, and tested for treating odors in one of three odorous emission streams from an asphalt plant producing polymer-modified asphalt. Hydrogen sulfide (H{sub 2}S) was determined to be the most prevalent gaseous reduced sulfur compound and was detected in the emission stream only when polymer material was being added to raw asphalt. Emission stream H{sub 2}S concentrations were quite variable, ranging from 16 to approximately 30,000 ppm (v/v) and considered the likely compound contributing most to the plant's odor complaints. The biofilter was effective in controlling odor from the production process and removed an overall average of 65% of the H{sub 2}S during polymer addition, and for H{sub 2}S concentrations less than 400 ppmv, removal averaged 98%. These removal efficiencies reflect data from the biofilter operating at 2.5-minute empty bed residence time in 1996 and a 6.1-minute empty bed residence time in 1997. The biofilter's bed became increasingly acidified during the plant's 1997 operating season producing a pH gradient through the bed ranging from a high of 6.6 to a low of 3.1. The bed medium moisture content remained constant at about 60% (wet weight basis), but changes were observed in the water potential: no correlation to performance was determined. Changes in the microbial community reflected the bed acidification trend, with acidophiles becoming generally more numerous in the bed's deeper portions and in the mid to late season when the bed was most acidified. Bed acidification did not impact the biofilter's H{sub 2}S removal efficiency.

THE EFFECT OF ASPHALT DEPOSITION ON RECOVERY OF OIL BY A PENTANE SLUG NANIK S. BHAGIA THE EFFECT OF ASPHALT DEPOSITION ON RECOVERY OF OIL BY A PENTANE SLUG A Thesis By NANIK S. BHAGIA Submitted to the Graduate College of the Texas Ak...M University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE May, I 965 Major Subject: Petroleum Engineering THE EFFECT OF ASPHALT DEPOSITION ON RECOVERY OF OIL BY A PENTANE SLUG A Thesis By NANIK S. BHAGIA Approved...

Heavy oils and native asphalt commercial field development is concerned with research on different issues, refer to production, transportation and processing. Investigation on the possibility of heavy oils and...

Sample records for xylene btx asphalt from the National Library of Energy Beta (NLEBeta)

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Stone matrix asphalt (SMA) mixtures rely on stone-on-stone contacts among particles to resist applied forces and permanent deformation. Aggregates in SMA should resist degradation (fracture and abrasion) under high stresses at the contact points...

This paper describes an ongoing research project that is aiming at developing a comprehensive multi-scale approach to optimize the ageing resistance of asphaltic mixtures. In this, ageing has been focused on o...

Recent developments by Lytton et al. (1998) indicate phics. that the growth of micrographs in asphalt layers under repeated loading is also a cause for the accumulation of permanent deformation or rutting in pavements besides the plastic strain...

The skid resistance of asphalt pavement is a major characteristic that determines the driving safety on a road, especially under wet surface conditions. Skid resistance is primarily a function of the microtexture and macrotexture of a pavement...

Chip seals are a pavement surface treatment used for maintaining asphalt concrete pavements. National Cooperative Highway Research Program (NCHRP) Project 14-17 was performed to produce a national Chip Seal Manual which would consolidate the best...

In recent years an increased use of polymers has occurred to modify asphalt binders, mainly to decrease pavement rutting but also to improve binder failure strain in direct tension. Whereas all of these effects positively impact the durability...

Gasification technology is suggested to utilize asphalt particles, which are produced in the heavy oil deep separation process of using coupled low temperature separation of solvent and post extraction residue. I...

Rutting is one of the main distress modes of asphalt pavements, especially after prolonged warm periods, and thus a great deal of research has been focused on the development of a rheological parameter that wo...

LABORATORY EVALUATION OF HOT-MIX ASPHALT CONCRETE FATIGUE CRACKING RESISTANCE A Thesis by BRANDON PARKER JAMISON Submitted to the Office of Graduate Studies of Texas A&M University in partial fulfillment of the requirements... for the degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE December 2010 Major Subject: Civil Engineering LABORATORY EVALUATION OF HOT-MIX ASPHALT CONCRETE FATIGUE CRACKING RESISTANCE A Thesis by BRANDON PARKER JAMISON Submitted to the Office of Graduate...

in the separation of an asphalt into four fractions: asphaltenes, polar aromatics, naphthene aromatics and saturates. Saturates are typically paraffins and other branched alkanes. Naphthene aromatics are toluene soluble non-polar aromatic hydrocarbons, whereas... polar aromatics are their polar counterparts that are soluble in an ethanol-toluene solution. Saturates, naphthene aromatics and polar aromatics, all soluble in normal heptane, make up the maltene phase of the asphalt. Asphaltcnes are the heaviest...

asphalt is a naturally occuring calcareous material with its interstices filled with natural bitumen. Deposits of this material exist in various locations throughout the United States. The 1 imestone rock asphalt materials used for thi s study... streets, parking lots, etc . Since the aggregate contains natural bitumen, the amount of additional asp baltic binder required to produce a quality paving mixture is reduced. Consequently, the cost of building a road with this material is reduced...

OXIDATIVE REACTIONS AND THEIR IMPACT ON THE PROPERTIES OF ASPHALT AS A PAVE~ BINDER A Thesis by CHEE KEUNG LAU Submitted to the Office of Graduate Studies of Texas A & M University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree... of MASTER OF SCIENCE December 1991 Major Subject: Chemical Engineering OXIDATIVE REACTIONS AND THEIR IMPACT ON THE PROPERTIES OF ASPHALT AS A PAVEMENT BINDER A Thesis by CHEE KEUNG LAU Approved as to style and content by: Charles J. over (Chair...

THICKNESS ESTIMATION OF SUBSURFACE LAYERS IN ASPHALT PAVEMENT USING MONSTATIC GROUND PENETRATING RADAR A Thesis CHUN LOK LAU Submitted to the Office of Graduate Studies of Texas A&M University in partial fulfillment of the requirements... for the degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE December 1991 Major Subject: Electrical Engineering THICKNESS ESTIMATION OF SUBSURFACE LAYERS IN ASPHALT PAVEMENT USING MONSTATIC GROUND PENETRATING RADAR A Thesis CHUN LOK LAU Approved as to style and content by...

In response to complaints from nearby residents, a biofilter was designed, installed, and tested for treating odors in one of three odorous emission streams from an asphalt plant producing polymer-modified asphalt. Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) was determined to be the most prevalent gaseous reduced sulfur compound and was detected in the emission stream only when polymer material was being added to raw asphalt. Emission stream H2S concentrations we requite variable, ranging from 16 to approximately 30,000 ppm (v/v) and considered the likely compound contributing most to the plant's odor complaints. The biofilter was effective in controlling odor from the production process and removed an overall average of 65% of the H2S during polymer addition, and for H2S concentrations less than 400 ppmv, re m oval averaged 98%. These removal efficiencies reflect data from the biofilter operating at 2.5-minute empty bed residence time in 1996 and a 6.1-minute empty bed residence time in 1997. The biofilter's bed became increasingly acidified during the plant's 1997 operating season producing a pH gradient through the bed ranging from a high of 6.6 to a low of 3.1. The bed medium moisture content remained constant at about 60% (wet weight basis), but changes were observed in the water potential: no correlation to performance was determined. Changes in the microbial community reflected the bed acidification trend, with acidophiles becoming gene rally more numerous in the bed's deeper portions and in the mid to late season when the bed was most acidified. Bed acidification did not impact the biofilter's H2S removal efficiency. Nearby residents we resurveyed and roughly half of the respondents indicated that the odor conditions had improved, one-third felt odor conditions were unchanged and the remaining 15% felt odor conditions were worse despite the fact that only one of three of the plant's odorous emission streams were treated by the biofilter. Plans are to implement biofiltration for odor control at all of the facility's emission points.

This work aims to improve the rutting and fatigue cracking resistance of asphalt binders using selected nano- or micro-sized materials and to shed light on the microstructure changes induced by such modification to asphalt binders. The four modifiers (Nanomer I.44P, carbon microfiber, non-modified nanoclay and polymer modified nanoclay) were added into the control asphalt binder (PG 58-34). The Superpave tests and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) measurements were conducted for obtaining the complex shear modulus G* and microstructure distribution of modified asphalt binders. Meanwhile, the short-term and long-term aging processes of asphalt binders are simulated by rolling thin film oven (RTFO) and pressure aging vessel (PAV) tests. From the dynamic shear rheometer (DSR) and FTIR tests results, the complex shear modulus G* values of nano- or micro-materials (Nanomer I.44P, non-modified nanoclay and carbon microfiber) modified asphalt binders increase, and the performance of resistance to rutting is improved compared to the control asphalt binder. The addition of polymer modified nanoclay (PMN) into the control asphalt binder decreases the complex shear modulus, and enhances the resistance to fatigue cracking. Moreover, the addition of four modifiers into the control asphalt binder can delay and weaken the aging and oxidation effect.

The document is a comprehensive overview of the terminology, processes, products, and applications of crumb rubber modifier (CRM) technology. The technology includes any use of scrap tire rubber in asphalt paving materials. In general, CRM technology can be divided into two categories--the wet process and the dry process. When CRM is incorporated into an asphalt paving material, it will modify the properties of the binder (asphalt rubber) and/or act as a rubber aggregate (rubber modified hot mix asphalt). The five concepts for using CRM discussed in the report are McDonald, PlusRide, generic dry, chunk rubber asphalt concrete, and continuous blending asphalt rubber. There are two principal unresolved engineering issues related to the use of CRM in asphalt paving materials. On the national level, the ability to recycle asphalt paving mixes containing CRM has not been demonstrated. At the State and local levels, these modified asphalt mixes must be field evaluated to establish expected levels of performance. The appendices provide guidelines for material specifications, mix design, and construction specifications. An experimental work plan for monitoring performance and a stack emission testing program are also included.

Sample records for xylene btx asphalt from the National Library of Energy Beta (NLEBeta)

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An evaluation of eastern shale oil (ESO) residue as an asphalt additive to reduce oxidative age-hardening and moisture susceptibility was conducted. The ESO residue, having a viscosity of 23.9 Pa{sm_bullet}s at 60{degrees}C (140{degrees}F), was blended with three different petroleum-derived asphalts, AAD-1, AAK-1, and AAM-1, that are known to be very susceptible to oxidative aging. Rheological and infrared analyses of the unaged and aged asphalts and the blends were then conducted to evaluate oxidative age-hardening. In addition, the petroleum-derived asphalts and the blends were coated onto three different aggregates, Lithonia granite (RA), a low-absorption limestone (RD), and a silicious Gulf Coast gravel (RL), and compacted into briquets. Successive freeze-thaw cycling was then conducted to evaluate the moisture susceptibility of the prepared briquets. The abbreviations used above for the asphalts and the aggregates are part of the Strategic Highway Research Program nomenclature.

A large number of studies on the biological effects of oil pollution in the aquatic environment deal with the effects of whole crude or refined oils or their water-soluble fractions. However, low boiling, aromatic hydrocarbons, which are probably the most toxic constituents of oil, have until now not been examined in sufficient detail. Toluene, benzene and xylene, constitute a major component of various oils. They may be readily lost by weathering but are toxic in waters that are relatively stagnant and are chronically polluted. Korn et al. have stated that toluene is more toxic than many other hydrocarbons such as benzene, though the latter are more water-soluble. Report of the effects of exposure to organic solvents like hexane or toluene are still limited although organic solvents are a well-known group of neurointoxicants. Various benzene derivates continue to be used as chemical intermediates, solvents, pesticides, so on, in spite of incomplete knowledge of their chronic toxicity. The majority of toxicity studies about the effects of pollution on aquatic organisms under controlled conditions have used either fish or the cladoceran Daphnia magna and there are few studies reported using rotifers. The effects of herbicides on population variables of laboratory rotifer cultures have been investigated. Rotifers are one of the main sources of zooplankton production and they have an important ecological significance in the aquatic environment. The present work was designed to investigate the effect of short-term exposure to some petroleum derivates which might be expected to occur immediately under an oil-slick, on freshwater and brackish environment rotifers. 18 refs., 1 tab.

School of the Agricultural and Mechanical College of Texas in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE August 1958 Major Subject: Civil Engineering A STUDY OF THE EFFECTS OF LIMESTONE ROCK ASPHALT SCREENINGS... to Bob M. Gallaway, Associate Pro- fessor of Civil Engineering, without whose guidance and inspiration this work would not have been possible; to Charles J. Keese, Asso- ciate Professor of Civil Engineering, for valued advice and criticism; to Dr. E...

production and use. Air blowing, accompanied by high shear mixing at elevated temperatures, was used to produce many asphalt-rubber blends in an attempt to discover a binder which resists phase separation. These air-blown, rubber-modified binders were...

(s) and Amounts Provided (by each agency or organization) Caltrans $90,315 Total Project Cost $90,315 Agency IDProject Information Form Project Title Evaluation of the Combined Effect of Recycled Asphalt of Research Project As virgin material sources become increasingly scarce, and the volume of pavement material

(s) and Amounts Provided (by each agency or organization) Caltrans $90,538 Total Project Cost $90,538 Agency IDProject Information Form Project Title Evaluation of the Combined Effect of Recycled Asphalt of Research Project As virgin material sources become increasingly scarce, and the volume of pavement material

........................................................ 4? Figure 2.Change in stiffness profile with pavement age .................................................. 20? Figure 3.The OT setup ..................................................................................................... 24? Figure..., the characterization of viscoelastic properties of field-aged asphalt mixtures is more challenging for pavement engineers because there are numerous issues that make it very difficult to tackle. Among these issues are the various loading scenarios, the different...

Asphalt bound mixtures have been put to diverse uses. The complicated nature of the material and the demanding conditions under which it is used preclude complete solutions to questions on load bearing capability under field conditions...

The mechanical behavior of asphalt binders is nonlinear. The binders exhibit shear thinning/thickening behavior in steady shear tests and non-proportational behavior in other standard viscoelastic tests such as creep-recovery or stress relaxation...

The demand for more safe and durable roads, combined with the need to preserve the environment, led to the production and application of asphaltrubber (AR) on roads. Nevertheless, this ... among the phenomena th...

While the oxidation of binders in hot mix asphalt (HMA) pavements and its subsequent detrimental effects on pavement life have been well recognized in the last few years, many important issues have not yet been investigated. Understanding how best...

Fatigue cracking is one of the fundamental distresses that occur in the life of a Hot Mix Asphalt Concrete (HMAC) pavement. This load induced distress leads to structural collapse of the entire pavement ultimately and can only be remedied...

asphalt (HMA) using the notion of multiple natural configurations. A thermodynamic framework is employed to study the non-linear dissipative response associated with HMA by specifying the forms for the stored energy and the rate of dissipation function...

separation scheme in the order of their increasing molecular polarity are saturates, naphthene aromatics, polar aromatics, and asphaltenes. The saturates fraction is generally a light straw-colored oil, primarily hydrocarbon in 10 nature, with little... by the saturates and naphthene aromatics fractions, which plasticize the polar aromatics and asphaltenes fractions; the polar aromatics fraction imparts ductility to the asphalts; and the saturates and naphthene aromatics in combination with the asphaltenes...

. llment of the requirements for the degree of NASTER OF SCIENCE August, 1962 Najor Subject: Petroleum Engineering THE EFFECT OF ASPHALT DEPOSITION ON PERMEABILITY IN MISCIBLE FLOODING WITH LIQUIFIED PETROLEUM GAS (LPG) A Thesis ARTHUR E. PINSON, JR.... ween one-third and two-thirds of that -'nitially present. Because of the relatively low recovery efficiencies of these natural oil expulsion mechanisms, , the petroleum production industry has continually sought methods which would provide improved...

-RCA in an HMA pavement were identified. Results obtained using accelerated laboratory conditions were extrapolated based on anticipated field conditions. Guidelines for the mitigation of potential distresses in HMA made with ASR-RCA are presented. v... through the Airfield Asphalt Pavement Technology Program. Finally, thanks to my mother and father for their encouragement and to my fianc?e for her patience and love. vii NOMENCLATURE AFB - Air Force Base AASHTO - American Association of State...

AUTOMATED PROTOCOL FOR ANALYSIS OF DYNAMIC MECHANICAL ANALYZER DATA FROM FINE AGGREGATE ASPHALT MIXES A Thesis by PEDRO CAVALCANTI DE SOUSA Submitted to the Office of Graduate Studies of Texas A&M University in partial... by PEDRO CAVALCANTI DE SOUSA Submitted to the Office of Graduate Studies of Texas A&M University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE Approved by: Co-Chairs of Committee, Dallas N. Little Eyad Masad...

About 285 million tires are discarded every year; less than 100 million are currently being recycled, with the rest being placed in landfills and other waste sites. A solution to reduce the littering of the environment is to use ground tire rubber in road construction. Currently, about 27 million tons of asphalt are used each year in road construction and maintenance of the country`s 2 million miles of roads. If all of the waste tire rubber could be combined with asphalt in road construction, it would displace less than 6% of the total asphalt used each year, yet could save about 60 trillion Btus annually. Purpose of this project is to provide data needed to optimize the performance of rubber-asphalt concretes. The first phase is to develop asphalts and recycling agents tailored for compatibility with ground tire rubber. Chapter 2 presents results on Laboratory Testing and Evaluation: fractionate asphalt material, reblending for aromatic asphalts, verifying optimal curing parameters, aging of blends, and measuring ductilities of asphalt-rubber binders. Chapter 3 focuses on Evaluating Mixture Characteristics (modified binders). Chapter 4 covers Adhesion Test Development (water susceptibility is also covered). The final chapter focuses on the Performance/Economic Update and Commercialization Plan.

Sample records for xylene btx asphalt from the National Library of Energy Beta (NLEBeta)

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Abstract Two and four point bending tests are among the most common methodologies adopted for the fatigue characterization of asphalt mixes. Constraints and volumes of material are the main differences between these two testing procedures. This work presents the fatigue results from a warm asphalt mixture obtained with an innovative two point bending (2PB) apparatus and a traditional four point bending (4PB) one. The Dissipated Energy approach, based on the energy balance theory, as well as the traditional approach were chosen for the analysis. Finally, the influence of specimen volume on fatigue was assessed performing tests on specimens of different thicknesses.

Asphalt rubber (AR) mixtures are currently a material with an increasing use in road pavements due to their improved performance and environmental benefit of recycling rubber from used tires. AR binders have been widely applied, but the bitumen and rubber interactions remain poorly understood. The aim of this work is to quantify and correlate the changes in bitumen and rubber during AR binders production, in order to characterize the interactions between the AR constituent materials, e.g. residual bitumen and recovered rubber. A good correlation between the rheological and physical changes in the properties of rubber, bitumen and AR binder was observed.

' this fact, the f1ne yecxk was chosen as the aggregate to be used in all sand. -asphalt miztures tested 1n this pro/oct. It must be emphasise4. , that no sand sample, Lxas tested, mox ~ than ) " x i x . . y . * once during ths analpsis of the sands... shearing strength increases as the amount of mineral filler increases, thu ~ confirming the theory that the increase 1n surface area of the aggregate caused by the addition of dust must be taken ~ care of by an increase 1n the amount of bitumen used...

Abstract: Polymeric nanocomposites are among the most exciting and promising classes of materials discovered recently. A number of physical properties are successfully enhanced when a polymer is modified with small amount of nanoclay on condition that the clay is dispersed at nanoscopic level. In this research, comparative rheological tests on binders and mechanical tests on asphalt mixtures containing unmodified and nanoclay modified bitumen were carried out. Two types of nanoclay were used: Nanofill-15 and Cloisite-15A. Rheological tests on binder were penetration, softening point, ductility and aging effect. Mechanical tests on asphalt mixture were Marshall stability, indirect tensile strength, resilient modulus, diametric fatigue and dynamic creep tests. Test results show that nanoclay can improve properties such as stability, resilient modulus and indirect tensile strength and result in superior performance compared to that of unmodified bitumen under dynamic creep. Nanoclays do not seem to have beneficial effects on fatigue behaviour at low temperatures. Optimum binder content and void in total mixture (VTM) increase by adding nanoclay to bitumen.

......emissions generated during the production and application of asphalt binders...pre-concentration, and gas chro- matography (GC). Mechanical...hydrogen was used as the carrier gas at a flow rate of 1.0 mL...alumina. However, owing to the cost, silica gel was selected as......

Abstract On the one hand, huge amount of Flue Gas Desulfurization (FGD) residues, produced during scrubbing flue gas, is discarded as solid waste. Such solid waste would cause serious environmental problems. One the other hand, high quality aggregates, such as limestone and basalt, are running out due to the rapid development of highway construction. Ungraded aggregates such as gneiss are therefore considered in China to replace the high quality aggregates. The application of FGD residues as a filler in gneiss based asphalt mixture has benefits both in environmental and economic sides. The main objective of this research was to visualize the raw materials characterization and evaluate the effect of FGD residues on the performance of gneiss based asphalt mixture. X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray fluorescence (XRF), Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), Differential Scanning Calorimetric & Thermal gravimetric (DSCTG) were used to investigate the features of raw materials. The performance of gneiss based asphalt mixture including high-temperature deformation resistance, low-temperature crack resistance and moisture-induced damage resistance were evaluated. Dynamic creep test, three-point bending test, Retained Marshall Stability (RMS), Tensile Strength Ratio (TSR), Indirect Tensile (IDT) strength and Resilient Modulus (MR) test were conducted and analyzed. Dissipated Creep Strain Energy to fracture (DCSEf) ratio, fracture energy and model analysis were also used to evaluate moisture resistance, crack resistance and deformation resistance of asphalt mixture respectively. Research results indicate that FGD residues can partly improve the moisture resistance and crack resistance of gneiss asphalt mixture, while it might worse the high-temperature deformation resistance.

The main objective of this study is to develop and validate a framework for microstructural modeling of asphalt composite materials using a coupled thermo-viscoelastic, thermo-viscoplastic, and thermo-viscodamage constitutive model. In addition...

Abstract In order to assess sustainability of products and processes, different methodologies have been developed and used in the last years. In the road pavement construction area, most methodologies used for Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) are essentially focused in the construction phase. The present paper analyses the importance of the use phase of a road in the LCA of different paving alternatives, namely by evaluating energy consumption and gaseous emissions throughout the road pavements life. Therefore, a new LCA methodology for road pavements was developed, and the results of its application to a case study involving the construction of alternative pavement structures are discussed. The study intends to assess the influence of using more sustainable paving construction alternatives (asphalt recycling vs. conventional asphalt mixtures), and/or different surface course materials (which have a higher influence on the rolling resistance and, therefore, affect the performance during the use phase). The LCA results obtained for this case study showed that the reductions in energy consumption and gaseous emissions obtained during the use phase, for pavement alternatives with a lower rolling resistance surface course, are higher than the total amount of energy consumption and gas emissions produced during construction. It is therefore clear that some improvements in the characteristics of the surface course may have an effect over the road use phase that will rapidly balance the initial costs and gas emissions of those interventions. The LCA results obtained also showed that the sustainability of pavement construction may also be improved using recycled asphalt mixtures.

Isothermal vaporliquid equilibrium (VLE) for tetrahydrothiophene + toluene and tetrahydrothiophene + o-xylene at 368.15 K and 383.15 K was measured with a recirculation still. Liquid- and vapor-phase compositions were determined with gas chromatography. All systems exhibit a small positive deviation from Raoult's law and show nearly ideal behavior. All VLE measurements passed the point test used. The experimental results were correlated with the Wilson model and compared with COSMO-SAC predictive models. COSMO-SAC predictions show a slight negative deviation from Raoult's law for all systems measured. Raoult's law can be used to describe all systems studied. The activity coefficients at infinite dilution are presented.

which varied from dense asphaltic concrete to porous surface courses. The con- clusions included the following: l. The durabil1ty of porous fr1ction courses was very dependent on the type of binder used. 2. The sections with 200 pen bitumen gave...ESTABLISHMENT OF A LABORATORY MIX-DESIGN METHOD FOR OPEN-GRADED FRICTION COURSES USING SULFUR-EXTENDED ASPHALT (SEA) BINDERS A Thesis by KEE-KWONG HO Submitted to the Graduate College of Texas A&M University in partial fulfillment...

A Hf transport study through supported liquid membranes has been carried out to determine flux and permeability data for this metal ion. Tri-n-butyl phosphate (TBP)-xylene-based liquid membranes supported in polypropylene hydrophobic microporous film have been used. These data for hafnium and the previous data for zirconium have furnished the Zr to Hf flux ratio (S) as a function of nitric acid and TBP concentrations of the order of 12 in a single stage at room temperature. Optimum conditions for the separation of these two metal ions appear to 5-6 TBP mol/dm{sup 3} HNO{sub 3}, concentrations {le} 2.93 mol/dm{sup 3}, and 10C. The value of S from an aqueous solution containing 2.4% Hf with respect to Zr has been found to be >125 at 10C and 1.78 mol/dm{sup 3} TBP concentration in the membrane. The technique appears to be feasible for purification of Zr respect to Hf or vice versa.

The sale of crude oil requires that the crude meet product specifications for BS&W, temperature, pour point and API gravity. The physical characteristics of the crude such as pour point and viscosity effect the efficient loading, transport, and unloading of the crude oil. In many cases, the crude oil has either a very high paraffin content or asphalt content which will require either hot oiling or the addition of diluents to the crude oil to reduce the viscosity and the pour point of the oil allowing the crude oil to be readily loaded on to the transport. Marginal wells are significantly impacted by the cost of preheating the oil to an appropriate temperature to allow for ease of transport. Highly paraffinic and asphaltic oils exist throughout the D-J basin and generally require pretreatment during cold months prior to sales. The current study addresses the use of solar energy to heat tank bottoms and improves the overall efficiency and operational reliability of stripper wells.

Area of Entry Area of Entry Definitions Key Terms Definition Asphalt A dark-brown-to-black cement-like material containing bitumens as the predominant constituent obtained by petroleum processing; used primarily for road construction. It includes crude asphalt as well as the following finished products: cements, fluxes, the asphalt content of emulsions (exclusive of water), and petroleum distillates blended with asphalt to make cutback asphalts. Note: The conversion factor for asphalt is 5.5 barrels per short ton. Aviation Gasoline Blending Components Naphthas which will be used for blending or compounding into finished aviation gasoline (e.g., straight-run gasoline, alkylate, reformate, benzene, toluene, and xylene). Excludes oxygenates (alcohols, ethers), butane, and pentanes plus. Oxygenates are reported as other hydrocarbons, hydrogen, and oxygenates.

Stocks by Type Stocks by Type Definitions Key Terms Definition Alaskan in Transit Alaskan crude oil stocks in transit by water between Alaska and the other States, the District of Columbia, Puerto Rico, and the Virgin Islands. Asphalt A dark-brown-to-black cement-like material containing bitumens as the predominant constituent obtained by petroleum processing; used primarily for road construction. It includes crude asphalt as well as the following finished products: cements, fluxes, the asphalt content of emulsions (exclusive of water), and petroleum distillates blended with asphalt to make cutback asphalts. Note: The conversion factor for asphalt is 5.5 barrels per short ton. Aviation Gasoline Blending Components Naphthas which will be used for blending or compounding into finished aviation gasoline (e.g., straight-run gasoline, alkylate, reformate, benzene, toluene, and xylene). Excludes oxygenates (alcohols, ethers), butane, and pentanes plus. Oxygenates are reported as other hydrocarbons, hydrogen, and oxygenates.

U.S. Imports by Country of Origin U.S. Imports by Country of Origin Definitions Key Terms Definition Asphalt A dark-brown-to-black cement-like material containing bitumens as the predominant constituent obtained by petroleum processing; used primarily for road construction. It includes crude asphalt as well as the following finished products: cements, fluxes, the asphalt content of emulsions (exclusive of water), and petroleum distillates blended with asphalt to make cutback asphalts. Note: The conversion factor for asphalt is 5.5 barrels per short ton. Aviation Gasoline Blending Components Naphthas which will be used for blending or compounding into finished aviation gasoline (e.g., straight-run gasoline, alkylate, reformate, benzene, toluene, and xylene). Excludes oxygenates (alcohols, ethers), butane, and pentanes plus. Oxygenates are reported as other hydrocarbons, hydrogen, and oxygenates.

Refinery Stocks Refinery Stocks Definitions Key Terms Definition Asphalt A dark-brown-to-black cement-like material containing bitumens as the predominant constituent obtained by petroleum processing; used primarily for road construction. It includes crude asphalt as well as the following finished products: cements, fluxes, the asphalt content of emulsions (exclusive of water), and petroleum distillates blended with asphalt to make cutback asphalts. Note: The conversion factor for asphalt is 5.5 barrels per short ton. Aviation Gasoline Blending Components Naphthas which will be used for blending or compounding into finished aviation gasoline (e.g., straight-run gasoline, alkylate, reformate, benzene, toluene, and xylene). Excludes oxygenates (alcohols, ethers), butane, and pentanes plus. Oxygenates are reported as other hydrocarbons, hydrogen, and oxygenates.

Supply and Disposition Balance Supply and Disposition Balance Definitions Key Terms Definition Asphalt A dark-brown-to-black cement-like material containing bitumens as the predominant constituent obtained by petroleum processing; used primarily for road construction. It includes crude asphalt as well as the following finished products: cements, fluxes, the asphalt content of emulsions (exclusive of water), and petroleum distillates blended with asphalt to make cutback asphalts. Note: The conversion factor for asphalt is 5.5 barrels per short ton. Aviation Gasoline Blending Components Naphthas which will be used for blending or compounding into finished aviation gasoline (e.g., straight-run gasoline, alkylate, reformate, benzene, toluene, and xylene). Excludes oxygenates (alcohols, ethers), butane, and pentanes plus. Oxygenates are reported as other hydrocarbons, hydrogen, and oxygenates.

Products Supplied Products Supplied Definitions Key Terms Definition Asphalt A dark-brown-to-black cement-like material containing bitumens as the predominant constituent obtained by petroleum processing; used primarily for road construction. It includes crude asphalt as well as the following finished products: cements, fluxes, the asphalt content of emulsions (exclusive of water), and petroleum distillates blended with asphalt to make cutback asphalts. Note: The conversion factor for asphalt is 5.5 barrels per short ton. Aviation Gasoline Blending Components Naphthas which will be used for blending or compounding into finished aviation gasoline (e.g., straight-run gasoline, alkylate, reformate, benzene, toluene, and xylene). Excludes oxygenates (alcohols, ethers), butane, and pentanes plus. Oxygenates are reported as other hydrocarbons, hydrogen, and oxygenates.

Sample records for xylene btx asphalt from the National Library of Energy Beta (NLEBeta)

Note: This page contains sample records for the topic "xylene btx asphalt" from the National Library of EnergyBeta (NLEBeta).
While these samples are representative of the content of NLEBeta,
they are not comprehensive nor are they the most current set.
We encourage you to perform a real-time search of NLEBeta
to obtain the most current and comprehensive results.

PAD District Imports by Country of Origin PAD District Imports by Country of Origin Definitions Key Terms Definition Asphalt A dark-brown-to-black cement-like material containing bitumens as the predominant constituent obtained by petroleum processing; used primarily for road construction. It includes crude asphalt as well as the following finished products: cements, fluxes, the asphalt content of emulsions (exclusive of water), and petroleum distillates blended with asphalt to make cutback asphalts. Note: The conversion factor for asphalt is 5.5 barrels per short ton. Aviation Gasoline Blending Components Naphthas which will be used for blending or compounding into finished aviation gasoline (e.g., straight-run gasoline, alkylate, reformate, benzene, toluene, and xylene). Excludes oxygenates (alcohols, ethers), butane, and pentanes plus. Oxygenates are reported as other hydrocarbons, hydrogen, and oxygenates.

Imports by Destination Imports by Destination Definitions Key Terms Definition Asphalt A dark-brown-to-black cement-like material containing bitumens as the predominant constituent obtained by petroleum processing; used primarily for road construction. It includes crude asphalt as well as the following finished products: cements, fluxes, the asphalt content of emulsions (exclusive of water), and petroleum distillates blended with asphalt to make cutback asphalts. Note: The conversion factor for asphalt is 5.5 barrels per short ton. Aviation Gasoline Blending Components Naphthas which will be used for blending or compounding into finished aviation gasoline (e.g., straight-run gasoline, alkylate, reformate, benzene, toluene, and xylene). Excludes oxygenates (alcohols, ethers), butane, and pentanes plus. Oxygenates are reported as other hydrocarbons, hydrogen, and oxygenates.

Exports by Destination Exports by Destination Definitions Key Terms Definition Asphalt A dark-brown-to-black cement-like material containing bitumens as the predominant constituent obtained by petroleum processing; used primarily for road construction. It includes crude asphalt as well as the following finished products: cements, fluxes, the asphalt content of emulsions (exclusive of water), and petroleum distillates blended with asphalt to make cutback asphalts. Note: The conversion factor for asphalt is 5.5 barrels per short ton. Aviation Gasoline Blending Components Naphthas which will be used for blending or compounding into finished aviation gasoline (e.g., straight-run gasoline, alkylate, reformate, benzene, toluene, and xylene). Excludes oxygenates (alcohols, ethers), butane, and pentanes plus. Oxygenates are reported as other hydrocarbons, hydrogen, and oxygenates.

and is implemented in FE analysis using a user-defined material subroutine (UMAT). A fully implicit algorithm in time-step control is used to enhance the efficiency of the FE analysis. The FE model used in this study simulates experimental data and pavement section....

. The decline in mixture fatigue life (determined using the calibrated mechanistic fatigue analysis approach with surface energy measurement) due to oxidation is significant. Pavement service life is dependent on the mixture, but can be estimated by a cumulative...

remediation technique for petroleum hydrocarbons because of its ease of use and high efficiency used to investigate the adsorption of two nonpolar petroleum contam- inants, naphthalene and o- tial of HCFA to stabilize petroleum-contaminated soils for use in highway environments. The results

the molecular environment at their respective airÂ­liquid interface. Introduction Aromatic hydrocarbons in the atmosphere of urban regions,1,2 and in surface and ground water.3Â­5 These compounds are emitted into the environment from many sources,6 including fuel combustion.7,8 In the environment, aromatic hydrocarbons may

Pavements are a major part of the infrastructure in the United States. Moisture damage of these pavements is a significant problem. To predict and prevent this kind of moisture damage a great deal of research has been performed on this issue in past...

used to select a conditioning protocol to simulate pavement stiffness in its early life. The number of Superpave Gyratory Compactor (SGC) gyrations to get 7±0.5% air voids (AV) was the alternative parameter. Extracted binder stiffness and aggregate...

Complex modulus is one of the key parameters in the Mechanistic-Empirical Pavement Design Guide (MEPDG). The purpose of this study is to implement an accurate and high-efficiency mechanical method to measure and calculate the complex modulus...

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This dissertation has two key objectives: the first objective is to develop a method of predicting and quantifying the amount of water that can enter into a pavement system by vapor transport; the second objective is to identify to which extent...

to ASTM Designation: D 1075 -54 (Reapproved 1974) and another for Hveem and Marshall tests heating the specimens in water, the properties of which were the control properties for water suscepti- bility tests. Tes ting of Specimens Each compacted test... specimen prepared in accordance with the Marshall Method of Mixture Design was subjected to the fol owing 12 1 tests and analysis. (1) Bulk Specific Gravity according to ASTM Designation: D 2726- 14 73. In this test the specimen was weighed in air...

is to relate suction measurements to physical and chemical properties of the mixtures. The objectives were achieved in two phases. In the first phase, the total suction was measured in HMA specimens with different types of aggregates (limestone and granite...

multiple natural configurations (multiple stress free states) to derive the constitutive equations. Recently an Orthogonal Rheometer was built to characterize the granular solids by Gupta and Rajagopal which was later used by Baek in the torsional mode...

Asphalt cements, cutback asphalts, and emulsified asphalts are used as bituminous stabilizing agents in the pavement systems. The emulsified asphalts are increasingly used in lieu of cutback asphalts because of environmental regulations and safety...

and identify chemical and biological analytes based on photonic crystal platform has been investigated more can do multiplexed detection of two different chemicals on one chip by using infrared absorption. Consequently, the absorption of these two chemicals can be enhanced by the slow light effect. The MMI structure

was funded by National Science Foundation and U.S. Department of Agriculture. Finally, I own so much to my parents, Yuefang Hao and Zhicai Li, for their unconditional love and support, and for respecting my decision to go to another country for my continued....5.1 Introduction to LCA .................................................................................................108 5.5.2 Methodology ............................................................................................................110 5...

Experiments were conducted on a four-cylinder direct-injection diesel engine using ultralow-sulfur diesel as the main fuel, ethanol as the oxygenate additive and dodecanol as the solvent, to investigate the regulated and unregulated emissions of the engine under five engine loads at an engine speed of 1800 rev min?1. Blended fuels containing 6.1%, 12.2%, 18.2% and 24.2% by volume of ethanol, corresponding to 2%, 4%, 6% and 8% by mass of oxygen in the blended fuel, were used. The results indicate that with an increase in ethanol in the fuel, the brake specific fuel consumption becomes higher while there is little change in the brake thermal efficiency. Regarding the regulated emissions, HC and CO increase significantly at low engine load but might decrease at high engine load, \\{NOx\\} emission slightly decreases at low engine load but slightly increases at high engine load, while particulate mass decreases significantly at high engine load. For the unregulated gaseous emissions, unburned ethanol and acetaldehyde increase but formaldehyde, ethene, ethyne, 1,3-butadiene and BTX (benzene, toluene and xylene) in general decrease, especially at high engine load. A diesel oxidation catalyst (DOC) is found to reduce significantly most of the pollutants, including the air toxics.

Note: Note: The conversion factor for asphalt is 5.5 barrels per short ton. ASTM: American Society for Testing and Materials Aviation Gasoline (Finished): A complex mixture of relatively volatile hydrocarbons with or without small quantities of additives, blended to form a fuel suitable for use in aviation reciprocating engines. Fuel specifi- cations are provided in ASTM Specification D 910 and Military Specifica- tion MIL-G-5572. Note: Data on blending components are not counted in data on finished aviation gasoline. Aviation Gasoline Blending Components: Naphthas that will be used for blending or compounding into finished aviation gasoline (e.g., straight run gasoline, alkylate, reformate, benzene, toluene, and xylene). Excludes ox- ygenates (alcohols, ethers), butane, and pentanes plus. Oxygenates are re- ported as other hydrocarbons, hydrogen, and oxygenates. Barrel

specimens to cyclic tensile loads. This testing was performed on the TTI Overlay Tester, a hydraul1cal ly powered apparatus des1gned to dupl1cate the thermally 1nduced contraction and expansion of roadway pavements. The testing scheme included plac1ng... the laboratory sample construction phase of th1s research. Thanks are also due to Mr. C. E. Fredericksen for his ass1stance 1n the electronic instrumen- tation and operation of the TTI Overlay Tester. Messrs. J. T. Labelle and P. B1lke are extended sincere...

model developed at the Texas Transportation Institute (TTI) is improved and used to model the irrecoverable strain component. The influence of the anisotropic aggregate distribution is accounted for in both the viscoelastic and viscoplastic responses. A...

Petroleum hydrocarbon is an important energy resource, but it is difficult to exploit due to the presence of dominated heavy constituents such as asphaltenes. In this study, viscosity reduction of Jodhpur heav...

to specimen diameter. The actual coring of specimens was accomplished by the Tex"s 11igh;-ay Department utilizing a six-inch diameter, truck- mounted, water- cooled, coring machine, Saz!plcs were taI'en during January when the air tcz?perature ranged from... into each of the two baskets of. the cxLraction device and the device placed in operaLion. Extraction was stopped when both basioets produced a clear discharge, The average t ime for each extraction was 2 l/2 hours . After drying and cool ing...

Oil shale rocks represent one of the most available ... Jordan land contains about 50 billion tons of oil shale, which makes Jordan the third in the ... world of the reserve of this material. Oil shale ash is a b...

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The disposal of waste car and truck tires in the U.S. is becoming increasingly problematic, as is true for all forms of non-biodegradable solid waste. Over 200 million tires are discarded annually, of which only 34 percent are recycled in various...

are single-family detached houses (State of California 2000). In California, residential air-conditioning loads represent almost 14% of the summer peak demand, the equivalent of over 7,000 MW of peak capacity during a hot California summer day... surface temperatures reduce the cooling- energy demand of the building and could increase the life of the roof product. However, determining the effects of climate and solar exposure on reflectance and color variability over time is of paramount...

amounts of quick lime (CaO) and hydrated lime (Ca(OH),) on SHRP AAA-I and SHRP AAF-1. The second experiment was to determine the effects of three different amines and various amounts of CaO on aged SHRP AAA-I and SHRP AAF-I rejuvenated with ABM-F2, YBF-F2...

Treatment and disposal costs of sewage sludge can represent up to 50% of a municipality`s annual wastewater treatment budget. Sewage sludge (30% solids) accounts 5% of Canadian landfill by weight, and the ever increasing volume of sludge coupled with the decreasing options available for disposal creates a growing problem for major municipalities. Current disposal options are agricultural application, incineration and landfill. Concern about heavy metal migration and public pressure to find a local solution has severely curtailed the spreading of sludge on agricultural land. Incineration is the major option for larger centers but the relatively high cost for incineration, ranging from $350 to $1000/t dry sludge, has caused a great deal of interest in methods of improving the cost effectiveness of incineration or in new equivalent technologies. The high cost and more stringent environmental regulations for incinerating municipal sludges have led to developing more efficient sludge management technologies that are not agricultural based. This paper describes applications of oils from sludge processing.

texture index and variability in texture within an aggregate source is proposed instead of the British Polish Value (BPV) for classifying aggregates used in pavement surfaces. The second part of the thesis investigates the relationship between shape...

is assessed using surface energy measurements and dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA). Surface energy is defined as the energy needed to create a new unit surface area of material in vacuum condition. Surface energy measurements are used to compute the adhesive...

to the properties of the materials and the microstructure distribution, while the external factors include the environmental conditions, production and construction practices, pavement design, and traffic level. The majority of the research on moisture damage...

and the appropriate values of the decision criteria are evaluated in terms of low, most-probable and high values. The analyses result in the general recommendation of the use of falling weight deflectometers. The utility analysis framework developed can be applied... METHODOLOGY Decision Criteria. Weighting Factors. Utility Curves Consideration Of Uncertainty Evaluations Of Nondestructive Testing Devices . CHAPTER IV. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS REFERENCES APPENDIX VITA Page V1 , viii 9 16 25 33 39 50...

characteristics as related to field performance. New York State Study A study ( 9 ) was initiated four years ago 'oy the New York State Department of Public Works to investigate the bituminous mixes being supplied to state highway projects. The current... characteristics as related to field performance. New York State Study A study ( 9 ) was initiated four years ago 'oy the New York State Department of Public Works to investigate the bituminous mixes being supplied to state highway projects. The current...

Minus 10 and ?40 mesh rubber were acquired from Granular Products, also known as Tire Gator (TG), a Mexia, TX, company no longer in business. ... The Base Cure for each featured binder is represented in Table 5 by Blends #301, #307, and #313:? 10% rubber content, ?10 mesh Tire Gator rubber, 4000 rpm, and 260 °C (500 °F). ... Then for supplemental blends, one element of the Base Cure was alternated in turn to one of the following:? 20% rubber content, ?40 mesh Tire Gator rubber, 8000 rpm, and 232 °C (450 °F). ...

......expensive air-sampling pumps. However, potentially faulty batteries tend to present constant hurdles to the air-sampling professional...method was carried out in indoor air passive sam- pling at two fuel analysis laboratories (A and B) and in an office with wet......

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in the geotechnical testing box and tested under cyclic loading. The subgrade was composed of a mixture of 75% Kansas river sand and 25% Kaolin at 10.4% optimum moisture content, which corresponds to 5% CBR. The RAP base was constructed without or with geocell at 6.6...

for this research. I am proud of and thankful for the GSI Fellowship awarded by the Geosynthetic Institute. I am indebted to the members of KUGS (Kansas University Geotechnical Society) for their great cooperation, advices, and help during the entire process...-empirical design approach ... 40 2.6 Damage model for permanent deformation . 41 2.6.1 Empirical versus mechanistic empirical design method 42 2.6.2 KENLAYER Computer Program 46 2.5.3 Mechanistic Empirical Pavement...

) and without (CM) surface energy measurements, and the proposed NCHRP 1-37A 2002 Pavement Design Guide (MEPDG) were comparatively evaluated and utilized to characterize the fatigue resistance of two Texas HMAC mixtures in the laboratory, including...

systems, affects the corrosion rate of the reinforcing strips. This work addresses this knowledge gap by providing recommendations for MSE wall systems backfilled with CC or RAP, and provides a guide to predict the service-life based on corrosion rate test...

This report presents the results of the research and development conducted on an Advanced Hydrogasification Process (AHP) conceived and developed by Arizona Public Service Company (APS) under U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) contract: DE-FC26-06NT42759 for Substitute Natural Gas (SNG) production from western coal. A double-wall (i.e., a hydrogasification contained within a pressure shell) down-flow hydrogasification reactor was designed, engineered, constructed, commissioned and operated by APS, Phoenix, AZ. The reactor is ASME-certified under Section VIII with a rating of 1150 pounds per square inch gage (psig) maximum allowable working pressure at 1950 degrees Fahrenheit ({degrees}F). The reaction zone had a 1.75 inch inner diameter and 13 feet length. The initial testing of a sub-bituminous coal demonstrated ~ 50% carbon conversion and ~10% methane yield in the product gas under 1625{degrees}F, 1000 psig pressure, with a 11 seconds (s) residence time, and 0.4 hydrogen-to-coal mass ratio. Liquid by-products mainly contained Benzene, Toluene, Xylene (BTX) and tar. Char collected from the bottom of the reactor had 9000-British thermal units per pound (Btu/lb) heating value. A three-dimensional (3D) computational fluid dynamic model simulation of the hydrodynamics around the reactor head was utilized to design the nozzles for injecting the hydrogen into the gasifier to optimize gas-solid mixing to achieve improved carbon conversion. The report also presents the evaluation of using algae for carbon dioxide (CO{sub 2}) management and biofuel production. Nannochloropsis, Selenastrum and Scenedesmus were determined to be the best algae strains for the project purpose and were studied in an outdoor system which included a 6-meter (6M) radius cultivator with a total surface area of 113 square meters (m{sup 2}) and a total culture volume between 10,000 to 15,000 liters (L); a CO{sub 2} on-demand feeding system; an on-line data collection system for temperature, pH, Photosynthetically Activate Radiation (PAR) and dissolved oxygen (DO); and a ~2 gallons per minute (gpm) algae culture dewatering system. Among the three algae strains, Scenedesmus showed the most tolerance to temperature and irradiance conditions in Phoenix and the best self-settling characteristics. Experimental findings and operational strategies determined through these tests guided the operation of the algae cultivation system for the scale-up study. Effect of power plant flue gas, especially heavy metals, on algae growth and biomass adsorption were evaluated as well.

currently being used for pre-qualification of aggregates is being questioned due to poor field correlation. Thus, there is a need for upgrading current testing criteria and aggregate classification system in view of new techniques that can be used either...

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Preliminary studies on tar sand bitumen given in this report have shown that the reassociation of tar sand bitumen to its original molecular configuration after thermal stressing is a first-order process requiring nearly a week to establish equilibrium. Studies were also conducted on the dissolution of tar sand bitumen in solvents of varying polarity. At a high-weight fraction of solute to solvent the apparent molecular weight of the bitumen molecules was greater than that of the original bitumen when dissolved in chloroform-d/sub 1/ and benzene-d/sub 6/. This increase in the apparent molecular weight may be due to micellar formation or a weak solute-solvent molecular complex. Upon further dilution with any of the solvents studied, the apparent molecular weight of the tar sand bitumen decreased because of reduced van der Waals forces of interaction and/or hydrogen bonding. To define the exact nature of the interactions, it will be necessary to have viscosity measurements of the solutions. 30 refs., 3 figs., 3 tabs.

One possible alternative means is presented for analysis of the power of a continuous-action dual-worm mixer by ascertaining the useful power of the components of a sectional impeller through determination of ...

exposed to room temperature and pressure, therefore heavy insulation was used to retain it in liquid form for as long as possible while allowing only a gradual return to ambient temperatures following cooling of the apparatus. The chamber consisted... on the aluminum cylinder as this would produce damage to the heating tape and localized areas of ununiform temperature. The canister, with a sealed aluminum lid was inserted into a large aluminum bath which was thoroughly insulated with layered polystyrene...

Moisture induced damage of hot mix asphalt pavements has a significant economic impact in terms of excessive maintenance and rehabilitation costs. The moisture sensitivity of an asphalt mix depends on the combined effects of material properties...

resistance of the combined components of asphalt mixes and how they interact with vehicle tyres. hal-00851551Daniel and Coree, 2003) are devices developed to simulate polishing of aggregate or asphalt mixtures. The National Centre for Asphalt Technology (NCAT) developed a test apparatus which uses three pneumatic tyres

Montrose Operations Center Asphalt Overlay Project Montrose Operations Center Asphalt Overlay Project Montrose County, Colorado A. Brief Description of Proposal: Western Area Power Administration (Western) proposes to conduct routine maintenance activities by installing an asphalt slurry overlay on the parking lots and roadways at Western's Montrose Operations Center in Montrose, Colorado. The slurry seal involves the creation of a mixture of asphalt emulsion and fine crushed aggregate that is spread on the surface of a road. Existing asphalt surfaces would be cleaned to make it free of loose material, dirt, dust, and debris. A tack coat would be applied followed with a v.. inch asphalt slurry seal coat. The final step would be painting pavement markings. Areas to receive the asphalt overlay:

Montrose Operations Center Asphalt Overlay Project Montrose Operations Center Asphalt Overlay Project Montrose County, Colorado A. Brief Description of Proposal: Western Area Power Administration (Western) proposes to conduct routine maintenance activities by installing an asphalt slurry overlay on the parking lots and roadways at Western's Montrose Operations Center in Montrose, Colorado. The slurry seal involves the creation of a mixture of asphalt emulsion and fine crushed aggregate that is spread on the surface of a road. Existing asphalt surfaces would be cleaned to make it free of loose material, dirt, dust, and debris. A tack coat would be applied followed with a \4 inch asphalt slurry seal coat. The final step would be painting pavement markings. Areas to receive the asphalt overlay:

Solvated Electron Technology (SET{sup TM}) is a patented non-thermal alternative to incineration for treating Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA) and other mixed waste by destroying organic hazardous components. SET{sup TM} is a treatment process that destroys the hazardous components in mixed waste by chemical reduction. The residual material meets land disposal restriction (LDR) and TSCA requirements for disposal. In application, contaminated materials are placed into a treatment cell and mixed with the solvated electron solution. In the case of PCBs or other halogenated contaminants, chemical reactions strip the halogen ions from the chain or aromatic ring producing sodium chloride and high molecular weight hydrocarbons. At the end of the reaction, ammonia within the treatment cell is removed and recycled. The reaction products (such as sodium salts) produced in the process remain with the matrix. The SET{sup TM} process is 99.999% effective in destroying: polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs); trichloroethane (TCA) and trichloroethene (TCE); dioxins; polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs); benzene, toluene, xylene (BTX); pesticides; fungicides; herbicides; chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs); hydro-chlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs), explosives and chemical-warfare agents; and has successfully destroyed many of the wastes listed in 40 Code of Federal Regulations (CFR) 261. In September 2007, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) issued a Research and Development permit for SET for chemical destruction of 'pure' Pyranol, which is 60% PCBs. These tests were completed in November 2007. SET{sup TM} is recognized by EPA as a non-thermal process equivalent to incineration and three SET{sup TM} systems have been permitted by EPA as commercial mobile PCB destruction units. This paper describes in detail the results of select bench-, pilot-, and commercial-scale treatment of hazardous and mixed wastes for EPA, Department of Energy (DOE), and the Department of Defense(DoD), and the applicability of SET{sup TM} to currently problematic waste streams that have very limited treatment alternatives. In summary: SET{sup TM} operates as a non-thermal destruction process under low pressure. The process occurs in a closed system producing no hazardous off-gases and no regulated by-products such as dioxins or furans or their precursors. Advantages of SET{sup TM} include: - Organic contaminants are destroyed, not just removed, diluted or concentrated. - Operates as a closed system - produces no regulated secondary wastes. - Holds an EPA permit for PCB destruction. - Operates at ambient temperatures (70 deg. F). - Portable and sets up quickly in less than 4000 square feet of space. - Scalable to accommodate any size waste stream. - Requires minimal amounts of power, water and infrastructure. - Applicable to heterogeneous waste streams in all phases. The SET{sup TM} process is 99.9999% effective in destroying organic constituents of RCRA and TSCA waste, explosives and chemical-warfare agents; and has successfully destroyed many of the wastes listed in 40 Code of Federal Regulations (CFR) 261. The residual material meets land disposal restriction (LDR) and TSCA requirements for disposal. In November 2007, Commodore completed a treatability study on Pyranol to determine the effectiveness of SET{sup TM} treatment on oil containing 600,000 PPM PCBs. Laboratory results proved destruction of PCBs to less than 1 PPM at low temperatures and pressures. SET{sup TM} is a proven, safe and cost-effective alternative to incineration for some of the most difficult waste treatment problems that exist today. (authors)

Sample records for xylene btx asphalt from the National Library of Energy Beta (NLEBeta)

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& Blender Net Production & Blender Net Production Definitions Key Terms Definition Asphalt A dark-brown-to-black cement-like material containing bitumens as the predominant constituent obtained by petroleum processing; used primarily for road construction. It includes crude asphalt as well as the following finished products: cements, fluxes, the asphalt content of emulsions (exclusive of water), and petroleum distillates blended with asphalt to make cutback asphalts. Note: The conversion factor for asphalt is 5.5 barrels per short ton. Barrel A unit of volume equal to 42 U.S. gallons. Blending Plant A facility which has no refining capability but is either capable of producing finished motor gasoline through mechanical blending or blends oxygenates with motor gasoline.

Working Storage Capacity at Operable Refineries Working Storage Capacity at Operable Refineries Definitions Key Terms Definition Asphalt A dark-brown-to-black cement-like material containing bitumens as the predominant constituent obtained by petroleum processing; used primarily for road construction. It includes crude asphalt as well as the following finished products: cements, fluxes, the asphalt content of emulsions (exclusive of water), and petroleum distillates blended with asphalt to make cutback asphalts. Note: The conversion factor for asphalt is 5.5 barrels per short ton. Barrel A unit of volume equal to 42 U.S. gallons. Biomass-Based Diesel Fuel Biodiesel and other renewable diesel fuel or diesel fuel blending components derived from biomass, but excluding renewable diesel fuel coprocessed with petroleum feedstocks.

Pipeline, Tanker, and Barge Between PADDs Pipeline, Tanker, and Barge Between PADDs Definitions Key Terms Definition Asphalt A dark-brown-to-black cement-like material containing bitumens as the predominant constituent obtained by petroleum processing; used primarily for road construction. It includes crude asphalt as well as the following finished products: cements, fluxes, the asphalt content of emulsions (exclusive of water), and petroleum distillates blended with asphalt to make cutback asphalts. Note: The conversion factor for asphalt is 5.5 barrels per short ton. Barrel A unit of volume equal to 42 U.S. gallons. Conventional Blendstock for Oxygenate Blending (CBOB) Motor gasoline blending components intended for blending with oxygenates to produce finished conventional motor gasoline.

Shell Storage Capacity at Operable Refineries Shell Storage Capacity at Operable Refineries Definitions Key Terms Definition Asphalt A dark-brown-to-black cement-like material containing bitumens as the predominant constituent obtained by petroleum processing; used primarily for road construction. It includes crude asphalt as well as the following finished products: cements, fluxes, the asphalt content of emulsions (exclusive of water), and petroleum distillates blended with asphalt to make cutback asphalts. Note: The conversion factor for asphalt is 5.5 barrels per short ton. Barrel A unit of volume equal to 42 U.S. gallons. Biomass-Based Diesel Fuel Biodiesel and other renewable diesel fuel or diesel fuel blending components derived from biomass, but excluding renewable diesel fuel coprocessed with petroleum feedstocks.

Tanker and Barge Between PADDs Tanker and Barge Between PADDs Definitions Key Terms Definition Asphalt A dark-brown-to-black cement-like material containing bitumens as the predominant constituent obtained by petroleum processing; used primarily for road construction. It includes crude asphalt as well as the following finished products: cements, fluxes, the asphalt content of emulsions (exclusive of water), and petroleum distillates blended with asphalt to make cutback asphalts. Note: The conversion factor for asphalt is 5.5 barrels per short ton. Barrel A unit of volume equal to 42 U.S. gallons. Conventional Blendstock for Oxygenate Blending (CBOB) Motor gasoline blending components intended for blending with oxygenates to produce finished conventional motor gasoline. Conventional Gasoline Finished motor gasoline not included in the oxygenated or reformulated gasoline categories. Excludes reformulated gasoline blendstock for oxygenate blending (RBOB) as well as other blendstock.

Production Production Definitions Key Terms Definition Asphalt A dark-brown-to-black cement-like material containing bitumens as the predominant constituent obtained by petroleum processing; used primarily for road construction. It includes crude asphalt as well as the following finished products: cements, fluxes, the asphalt content of emulsions (exclusive of water), and petroleum distillates blended with asphalt to make cutback asphalts. Note: The conversion factor for asphalt is 5.5 barrels per short ton. Barrel A unit of volume equal to 42 U.S. gallons. Butane (C4H10) A normally gaseous straight-chain or branch-chain hydrocarbon extracted from natural gas or refinery gas streams. It includes isobutane and normal butane and is designated in ASTM Specification D1835 and Gas Processors Association Specifications for commercial butane.

Receipts by Pipeline, Tanker, and Barge Between PAD Districts Receipts by Pipeline, Tanker, and Barge Between PAD Districts Definitions Key Terms Definition Asphalt A dark-brown-to-black cement-like material containing bitumens as the predominant constituent obtained by petroleum processing; used primarily for road construction. It includes crude asphalt as well as the following finished products: cements, fluxes, the asphalt content of emulsions (exclusive of water), and petroleum distillates blended with asphalt to make cutback asphalts. Note: The conversion factor for asphalt is 5.5 barrels per short ton. Barrel A unit of volume equal to 42 U.S. gallons. Butane (C4H10) A normally gaseous straight-chain or branch-chain hydrocarbon extracted from natural gas or refinery gas streams. It includes isobutane and normal butane and is designated in ASTM Specification D1835 and Gas Processors Association Specifications for commercial butane.

-, and p-xylene (BTEX) compounds, was isolated by plating gasoline-contaminated sediment from a gasoline that strain BD-a59 has the potential to assist in BTEX biodegradation at contaminated sites. A considerable-, and p-xylene (BTEX) compound is one of the most common groundwater and soil contaminants (7). Because

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The effect of pressure on the solidification of several saturated cyclic hydrocarbons and three xylene isomers are experimentally determined with a variable-volume view cell at pressures to 300 MPa and temperatures starting at 293.15 K. Solidliquid transitions are observed for cyclooctane, cis-1,2-dimethylcyclohexane, trans-1,4-dimethylcyclohexane, p-xylene, o-xylene, and 2-methylnaphthalene. However, methylcyclohexane, ethylcyclohexane, cis-1,4-dimethylcyclohexane, and m-xylene remained liquid over the same operating pressure and temperature ranges. The experimental solidliquid transition data are well represented with two empirical equations, the Simon equation and a 2nd-order polynomial equation. Data obtained in this study agree with literature data within ±0.4% for 2-methylnaphthalene and ±0.2% for p-xylene.

. Unlike PCC and other infrastructure materials, asphalt concrete is generally able to undergo thermal are able to relax stress over time. In addition, asphalt is generally a fracture- resistant material, owing fracture resistance. Poor mixture fracture resistance can lead to the development of thermal cracks, which

bundle). A simplest example of a nonholonomic dynamical system is given by a solid body rolling without gliding over another body. Among various images that spring to mind, the simplest is a ball on a rough plane ([Poi]) or a bike on asphalt. At the tangency point of the wheel with asphalt, the velocity

1 Wet-Weather Pollution Prevention through Materials Substitution Shirley E. Clark, Ph.D., P the potential pollutant release from common building materials both when the materials are new and after aging often used to increase the operating range of asphalts and to prevent stripping of asphalt from binders

shows the variation in internode length and diameter observed within a survey of 200 photoperiod sensitive, late flowering bioenergy-type sorghum accessions. In general, sorghum genotypes can appear either bushy or tree-like, depending mainly...-SAP panel and the BTx642*Tx7000 mapping populations was analyzed for enzymatic conversion efficiency by Dr. Nicholas Santoro at the Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center (GLBRC) using the iWALL system (Santoro et al., 2010). In this system, solid samples...

An economical method is provided for making uniform thickness polypropylene film as thin as 100 Angstroms. A solution of polypropylene dissolved in xylene is formed by mixing granular polypropylene and xylene together in a flask at an elevated temperature. A substrate, such as a glass plate or microscope slide is immersed in the solution. When the glass plate is withdrawn from the solution at a uniform rate, a thin polypropylene film forms on a flat surface area of the glass plate as the result of xylene evaporation. The actual thickness of the polypropylene film is functional of the polypropylene in xylene solution concentration, and the particular withdrawal rate of the glass plate from the solution. After formation, the thin polypropylene film is floated from the glass plate onto the surface of water, from which it is picked up with a wire hoop.

The association constants of 1 : 1 complexes formed in water between six aromatic hydrocarbons (o-,m-, andp-xylene, naphthalene, anthracene, and pyrene) and?- and?-cyclodextrin were determined by the transport me...

added directly to the asphalt cement wi 11, of course, significantly increase the effective viscosity of the resulting binder. When lime is added at a rate of 1. 5 percent by weight of total aggregate, it is equivalent to about 30 percent by weight... of asphalt cement. Figure 5 shows the effect of this increase in binder viscosity which caused a corresponding increase in air void content of Mixture LA (dry lime in asphalt cement). That is, when holding constant the compactive effort, compaction...

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The high contribution of CO? emissions associated with pavements has driven research to assess the life cycle of concrete versus asphalt structures and to develop a strategy to reduce the carbon footprint. The life cycle ...

Permeable friction course (PFC), or new generation open-graded friction course (OGFC) mixtures, are hot mix asphalt (HMA) characterized by high total air voids (AV) content (minimum 18 %) as compared to the most commonly used dense-graded HMA...

), the corresponding results of stress and displacement fields in elastic media are converted into viscoelastic media. Since asphalt has time-dependent material properties, the viscoelastic result is more accurate than the elastic. It is shown that an increase...

Surface treatments have been used by many government agencies as part of their maintenance and rehabilitation programs to improve surface quality and extend the service life of pavements. Traditional specifications for asphalt binders failed...

About 200,000 bpd (barrel/day) vacuum residue oil is produced from oil refineries in Korea. These are supplied to use asphalt, high sulfur fuel oil, and upgrading residue hydro-desulfurization units. High sulfur ...

tructio ~ of pavements is to form a bond between adjacent aggregate particles by coating them with an adhesive ductile film of bitumen and cementing the coated particles to the adjacent surfaces. Asphalt is a natural constituent of most petroleums... which consisted of 1 in. (2. 54 cm. ) to silt sized material from the Holmes Road incinerator plant in Houston, Texas, was collected and subjected to sieve analysis, approximate composition, loss on ignition and the optimum asphalt content determined...

attracts more water and leads to physical separation of the asphalt from the aggregate (Tarrer and Wagh 1991). 7 2.1.3 Spontaneous emulsification Spontaneous emulsification is an inverted emulsion of water droplets in asphalt cement. Fromm (1974... techniques as important factors external to the environment. Cohesion in the mastic is influenced by the rheology of the filled binder. Kim et al. (2002) described how the resistance of mastic to microcracks development is strongly influenced...

Yield Yield Definitions Key Terms Definition Asphalt A dark-brown-to-black cement-like material containing bitumens as the predominant constituent obtained by petroleum processing; used primarily for road construction. It includes crude asphalt as well as the following finished products: cements, fluxes, the asphalt content of emulsions (exclusive of water), and petroleum distillates blended with asphalt to make cutback asphalts. Note: The conversion factor for asphalt is 5.5 barrels per short ton. Distillate Fuel Oil A general classification for one of the petroleum fractions produced in conventional distillation operations. It includes diesel fuels and fuel oils. Products known as No. 1, No. 2, and No. 4 diesel fuel are used in on-highway diesel engines, such as those in trucks and automobiles, as well as off-highway engines, such as those in railroad locomotives and agricultural machinery. Products known as No. 1, No. 2, and No. 4 fuel oils are used primarily for space heating and electric power generation.

The Novo-Ufa Petroleum Refinery is the largest domestic producer of the unique high-octane unleaded automotive gasolines AI-93 and AI-95 and the aviation gasolines B-91/115 and B-92. The base component for these gasolines is obtained by catalytic reforming of wide-cut naphtha; this basic component is usually blended with certain other components that are expensive and in short supply: toluene, xylenes, and alkylate. For example, the unleaded gasoline AI-93 has been prepared by blending reformate, alkylate, and toluene in a 65:20:15 weight ratio; AI-95 gasoline by blending alkylate and xylenes in an 80:20 weight ratio; and B-91/115 gasoline by compounding a reformate obtained with light straight-run feed, plus alkylate and toluene, in a 55:35:10 weight ratio. Toluene and xylenes have been obtained by process schemes that include the following consecutive processes: redistillation of straight-run naphtha cuts to segregate the required narrow fraction; catalytic reforming (Platforming) of the narrow toluene-xylene straight-run fraction; azeotropic distillation of the reformate to recover toluene and xylenes. A new technology based on the use of reformate fractions is proposed.

The purpose of this program is to study the conversion of biomass to liquid and gaseous hydrocarbon fuels and chemical feedstocks by a flash or rapid pyrolysis technique. During this period of study pine wood was flash pyrolyzed in atmospheres of methane and helium at a pressure of 50 psi and at temperatures up to 1050 C. The 1-inch I.D. entrained downflow tubular reactor was used in these experiments. Product yields of methane, ethane, ethylene, BTX, carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide were determined as a function of temperature and gas to wood ratio. Of particular interest were the ethylene and BTX yields. These represented as much as 29.6% and 24.6% of the carbon contained in the feed wood respectively when flash pyrolyzing in methane (flash methanolysls) and 14.7% and 9.7% when pyrolyzing in helium. In the case of flash methanolysis of wood the yields of ethylene and benzene increased with increasing methane to wood feed ratios. In the case of flash pyrolysis in helium the yields of ethylene and BTX decreased with increasing helium gas to wood feed ratios. These results indicate a mechanism by which a free radical reactive species originating from the wood interacts with the methane pyrolyzing gas to produce an enhanced yield of ethylene and benzene. The flash methanolysis of lignin extract from wood produced lower yields of ethylene, indicating the yields mainly originate from the cellulosic fractions of the wood. Some work was also performed on substituting wood ash for sillca flour (Cab-O-Sil) to allow free flow of wood particles through the entrained flow reactor. Preliminary process design and analysis indicates an economically competitive process for the flash methanolysis of wood for the production of methanol, benzene and ethylene. Future plans include completing the studies on obtaining the process chemistry of the flash methanolysis of woods, to obtain a better understanding of the enhanced ethylene and benzene yield and to investigate other biomass forms.

was produced by BTx 378 grown at Rennet, Texas. Environmental factors like place of. growth, and storage conditions had significant influence (P & . 05) on the popping quality of sorghum. Decreased moisture content and an increase in available starch.... 8 to 18. 8 g for ETx 378 grown at Renner and Lubbock, respectively. There was substant'al starch granule damage in the fully popped area. . of the l. ernels. Starch damage (gelatinization) ranged. from 573 mg glucose/g sample for iVSA 954 to 640...

after emergence (days). Fige 6 ~ Each tracing is a composite of all roots formed by two SM100 plants up to and including the indicated number of days after emergence (days). Fig. 7. Each tracing is a composite of all roots formed by two FC 8962(TM... for the kafir varieties FC 8962(TM) and BTx616. 63 Fig. 13 Plant height, leaf area, root length, and ratio of leaf area to root length (LA/RL) for SA1170 and SM100 plants grown in hydro- ponic culture during the summer. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66 Fig. 14...

We study the Korteweg-de Vries-type equation dt u=-dx(dx^2 u+f(u)-B(t,x)u), where B is a small and bounded, slowly varying function and f is a nonlinearity. Many variable coefficient KdV-type equations can be rescaled into this equation. We study the long time behaviour of solutions with initial conditions close to a stable, B=0 solitary wave. We prove that for long time intervals, such solutions have the form of the solitary wave, whose centre and scale evolve according to a certain dynamical law involving the function B(t,x), plus an H^1-small fluctuation.

A straight-run naphtha is fractionated at about 66/sup 0/C, which is just below the boiling point of methylcyclopentane. The 66/sup 0/C+ fraction is reformed, and at least a portion of the reformate combined with the 66/sup 0/C- fraction and reacted under aromatization conditions over a zsm-5-type catalyst to form a C5+ product rich in aromatics. The C5+ aromaticized product and the remaining reformate can be either sent for BTx recovery or used as a high-octane component of a gasoline blending pool.

F F Data and Methodology Changes in the State Energy Data System Tables and data files in the State Energy Data System (SEDS) supply a new year of data each production cycle. The latest data may be prelimi- nary and, therefore, revised the following cycle. Changes made to consumption and price source data for historical years are also regularly incorporated into SEDS. Listed below are changes in SEDS contents beyond the standard updates. Coal Beginning in 2008, the residential sector is no longer covered in any EIA surveys on coal consumption and distribution. Consequently, residential coal consumption is assumed to be zero for 2008 forward. Petroleum Asphalt and Road Oil For 2009 forward, state-level asphalt and road oil sales are no longer avail- able from the Asphalt Usage Survey for the United States and Canada. The nor- malized median state shares based on 1996-2008 sales data are

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From: Snyder, Richard A. (Roofing) [mailto:Richard.A.Snyder@saint-gobain.com] From: Snyder, Richard A. (Roofing) [mailto:Richard.A.Snyder@saint-gobain.com] Sent: Monday, May 09, 2011 1:02 PM To: ESTAR_Verification_Testing Cc: Chad.Fisher@us.ul.com; Matt.Overbee@ulenvironment.com; Brandt, Jim C. Subject: Verification Testing Concerns - Asphalt Roofing Products Importance: High Kathleen, I have many concerns and questions about Energy Star Verification program as it relates to Asphalt Roofing Shingles. I am VERY concerned because the attachment seems to imply that a decision on this matter could be made TODAY!!! Is that a possibility? I am not aware of much discussion going on, but if there is please make it public and let me know where to view it. 1) My first question is...is the attached document meant to cover asphalt roofing shingles? Many

This paper reports on the example of oils in the Apsheron oil- and gas-bearing region and Apsheron archipelago located in the western part of the Southern Caspian depression, of which the authors have developed mathematical models of a group hydrocarbon composition; interconnection between oil density and content of asphalt-resin materials, benzine, and ligroin; interconnections between oil density and viscosity and temperature; and interconnections between content of asphalt-resin properties and low-temperature fractions. The models obtained enable us to extrapolate factual data on composition and properties of oils beyond the limits of fixed depths of burial of oil-saturated reservoirs both to a zone of great depths and increased temperatures where hydrocarbons were in a gaseous or oil and gaseous state, and to a zone of near-surface conditions where oils acquire the consistency of asphalts.

. Data are based on the von Heyden process which is used under license by Davy McKee AG in all plants engineered by them. P.A. is produced by oxidising a-xylene with air ina vapour phase react i on over a heterogenous catalyst. The reaction...

of Green Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330022, China b,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinazolines, have been prepared in solvent-free [29] and a number of solvents, including benzene or xylene reaction. Among the VC 2010 HeteroCorporation 1240 Vol 47 #12;solvents we screened, we found CHCl3 or H2O

Time-Resolved Small-Angle Neutron Scattering Study of Polyethylene Crystallization from Solution-resolved small-angle neutron scattering (TR-SANS), the crystal- lization kinetics of polyethylene from deuterated of polyethylene crystallization from xylene solutions. One unique feature of this experimentation is that both

We designed a two-step green technique to remove and recycle selected gaseous air pollutants. The first step includes the assessment of adsorption efficiencies of BTEX (benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylenes) on magnetite, hematite, and their ...Naturally occurring iron oxides nanoparticles are efficient adsorption interfaces for the removal of gaseous BTEX pollutants and can be effectively regenerated by electrochemistry.

, ethylbenzene and xylenes (i.e., BTEX) are common ground water pollutants that threaten water suppliesWater Research 38 (2004) 2529Â­2536 The use of isotopic and lipid analysis techniques linking, C16:0 fatty acid might be a useful biomarker for tracking contaminant degradation and 13 C flow

and Water Resources Engineering, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The University and xylenes (BTEX) in laboratory scale flow-through aquifer columns was tested separately with hydrogen in order to mimic contaminated groundwater conditions distal from a nutrient injection well

, and xylenes (BTEX) are common envi- ronmental contaminants that represent a serious threat to ground water to clean up BTEX-contaminated aqui- fers (National Research Council 1993). Nevertheless, process shifts due to the presence of BTEX com- pounds. Understanding the diversity of such adaptation mechanisms

Transient Performance of a Two-Phase Partitioning Bioscrubber Treating a Benzene-Contaminated Gas and deactivation due to inhibition by toxic substrates such as BTEX (benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylene-phasepartitioningbioreactor to improve the bioavailability of poorly water soluble substrates (5), a TPPB can increase the absorption

paxemnt, is the asyhalt "bail~ or Isurfa~ssedcc stripe, This stripe is produced ly laying a binder layer of asphalt oec?nt and ooxering it vith a lager of cncifnrnXp graded aggregatei The strips, when eanstrueted vitb linestone aggregate, bas a rather... oonduoted researoh on ~te Pine CoId Asphalt" for sarhing pedestrian orossings. The binder used in their oonpound was a resinous residue obtained fron a prooess for the parifioatioa of lubrioating oD. It is nore transluoent than tbe albino bitussns...

...Bituminous concrete was abandoned in 1878 for sheet asphalt on hydraulic cement base, until 1888, when the in-ability to obtain...driver. It would be impossible to use standard wagons as trailers for carrying material, and a sprinkling wagon or bituminous...

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Highway and Transportation Officials AASHTO stan- dards, or Superpave guidelines. In most cases must pass a stringent series of me- chanical, chemical and physical tests in order to demonstrate Superpave Superior Per- forming Asphalt Pavements guidelines developed as a product of the Strategic Highway

...be anticipated in rocks of the same age...in place in the reservoir. If one-third...breached petroleumn reservoirs or froin the subaerial...asphalts, and source rocks containing imiintitely...fracttures and isolated porosity is probably, in...sccpagc driive from reservoirs is the "reset-voir...

When an overhead conductor in a multigrounded neutral distribution system breaks and falls to the ground without simultaneously contacting the multigrounded neutral conductor, there is a significant probability of it coming to rest on a high-impedance surface, such as concrete or asphalt. The motivation to prevent burndown of overhead distribution conductors is discussed. 5 refs.

in USA, and forecasts indicate that by 2020 natural gas and oil consumption will increase by 40% and 29 and inactive tank batteries. Results to date show that the produced water source is a Na-Ca-Cl brine (~150 `A' site, 35 water samples were obtained from an asphaltic pit and an adjacent weathered-oil pit

...engineered deep sea tailings placement (DSTP) system. The tailings pipeline terminus is at a water depth of 125 meters from which solid...Dead Sea asphalt) pieces of most probably human tissue and a wax-like substance (possibly a kind of adipocere) were found...

Center for By-Products Utilization PROPERTIES OF CONCRETE CONTAINING SCRAP TIRE RUBBER in a variety of rubber and plastic products, thermal incineration of waste tires for production of electricity rubber in asphalt mixes, (ii) thermal incineration of worn-out tires for the production of electricity

Project Information Form Project Title White Paper on The application of permeable pavement (by each agency or organization) Cal Trans Total Project Cost $29,007 Agency ID or Contract Number Project Depending on the type of surface pavement, permeable pavement can be termed as porous asphalt

...present in gasoline or diesel engine exhaust, dust of asphalted...rate and the per capita consumption of cigarettes for different...consump-tion rates of motor fuel, coal tar, and several...for research on atomic engines, for aircraft, ships...

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project at ExxonMobil's Baytown Chemical Plant, the Baytown Energy Project (BEP) utilized this planning strategy to redeploy assets by changing the fractionation configuration of the plant. In the aromatics recovery plant, aromatics (benzene... fractionation scheme involves using a prefractionator followed by a set of integrated towers to separate the ternary product mixture of benzene toluene and xylenes from a toluene disproportionation unit. The towers also fractionated a concentrated benzene...

(Vapour + liquid) and (liquid + liquid) equilibria for (water + p-xylene) and (water + decalin) mixtures at T = (573 to 623) K were measured by a flow type apparatus with microfluidic system. The liquidliquid slug flows in the microfluidic system were used for mixing of water and hydrocarbon due to high mass transfer between two liquid phases. The formations of the liquidliquid slugs for (water + p-xylene) system were studied by changing the flow rate. The results of the liquidliquid slug formations at hydrocarbon and water rich compositions were used for the measurements for (vapour + liquid) and (liquid + liquid) equilibria, respectively. It was found that the phase equilibria using the apparatus with the microfluidic system can be measured in a short residential time (1.6 to 3.2) min. The experimental results of the phase equilibria for (water + p-xylene) and (water + decalin) systems give that the regions of the (vapour + liquid) and (liquid + liquid) equilibria for both mixtures reduce with the increasing temperature. The mixture of (water + decalin) at T = (583 to 623) K forms the two phase regions of the (vapour + liquid) and (liquid + liquid) equilibria larger than those for (water + p-xylene) mixture. The experimental data of the phase equilibria obtained in this work were correlated with PengRobinsonStryjekVera equation of state. The correlated results of the (liquid + liquid) equilibria for both systems represent the experimental data. For (vapour + liquid) equilibria, the results give the qualitative representations in the shape of the two phase region for both mixtures.

of products of anaerobic respiration. He supported his view by experimental data showing a high r espiratory quotient during the summer. In an attempt to clarify the relation between dormancy and auxin 10 Gouwentak (1941) studied the interaction of auxin... in phloroglucinol and hydrochloric acid. In early studies they were mounted in glycerin, but in later studies they were dehydrated on the slide with some absolute alcohol, saturated with xylene, and mounted in technic on. Even in technioon the stain would fade...

Optical second harmonic generation (SHG) and sum frequency generation (SFG) were used to study C{sup 60} thin solid films (low energy ED forbidden electronic excitations), and electron spectroscopy was used to study organic overlayers (xylenes) on Pt(111). Theory of SHG from a thin film is described in terms of surface and bulk contributions as well as local and nonlocal contributions to the optical nonlinearities. (1)In situ SHG data on C{sub 60} films during UHV film growth can be described in terms of only nonlocal contributions to both surface and bulk nonlinear susceptibilities. Microscopic origin of SHG response is discussed in terms of electric quadrupole and ED transitions of C{sub 60}. (2)Adsorption and thermal decomposition of ortho- and para-xylene on Pt(111) is studied using HREELS, LEED, AES, and thermal desorption spectroscopy. We have observed preferential decomposition of the methyl groups which leads to distinct decomposition pathways for ortho- and para-xylene on Pt(111).

1: Categorical Exclusion Determination 1: Categorical Exclusion Determination CX-007631: Categorical Exclusion Determination Construction of Parking and Laydown Areas in the Vicinity of Pads 717-14F, 263-95F, and 249-F. CX(s) Applied: B1.15 Date: 01/20/2012 Location(s): South Carolina Offices(s): Savannah River Operations Office Mixed Oxide Services proposes the construction of approximately 144 parking spaces around Pad 249-F, on and around Pads 263-95F and 717-14F, and the establishment of a laydown area on the western half of Pad 249-F. No excavation will be required. The areas are currently comprised of concrete pads and existing areas covered with asphalt and crushed stone. Additional crushed stone will be added as needed. Parking blocks will be installed at the end of each parking stall using 12-inch anchor pins in asphalt and

Applicable Applicable Determination for the East Campus Parking Structure at the Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL), Oak Ridge, Tennessee (3548X) The Department of Energy (DOE) Oak Ridge Office (ORO) proposes to construct a parking structure in the East Campus region of ORNL. This will provide staff parking in the most heavily populated area of ORNL. Construction activities will include clearing the area of trees and vegetation, grading the site, and constructing an approximately 200 feet long by 120 feet wide and 3-story high concrete and steel-supported structure. In addition, the surface areas on the west and south sides of the proposed structure would be graded and asphalt-paved. Asphalt- paved roads would be constructed to allow access to the parking structure and surface parking.

Fuel that had been irradiated in the Argonne National Laboratory Experimental Breeder Reactor II (EBR-II) at Idaho Falls, Idaho, and examined at the Hanford Engineering Development Laboratory at Richland, Washington, was placed in long term retrievable storage utilizing a system designed at Hanford. The Spent Fuel Storage Cask system was designed for transport and storage of a large quantity of spent fuel at the Hanford 200 Area transuranic (TRU) asphalt storage pad. The entire system is designed for long term retrievable storage to allow future reprocessing of the fuel. The system was designed to meet the criticality, shielding, and thermal requirements for a maximum fuel load of four kilograms fissile. The Spent Fuel Storage Cask was built to transport and store the fuel from EBR-II on the TRU asphalt storage pad.

The municipality of Groningen in the northern part of the Netherlands has a wide experience with the application of silent roads. This experience covers a period of about 20 tracks with 2?layered porous asphalt and various types of thin layers. These tracks have been and are monitored regularly. The obtained data from 10 years monitoring offer a vast amount of valuable information on noise reduction durability maintenance costs contracts and policy. The municipality of Groningen in the northern part of the Netherlands has a wide experience with the application of silent roads. This experience covers a period of about 20 tracks with 2?layered porous asphalt and various types of thin layers. These tracks have been and are monitored regularly. The obtained data from 10 years monitoring offer a vast amount of valuable information on noise reduction durability maintenance costs contracts and policy.

A novel technique for the production of cool colored concrete tile and A novel technique for the production of cool colored concrete tile and asphalt shingle roofing products Title A novel technique for the production of cool colored concrete tile and asphalt shingle roofing products Publication Type Journal Article Year of Publication 2010 Authors Levinson, Ronnen M., Hashem Akbari, Paul Berdahl, Kurt Wood, Wayne Skilton, and Jerry Petersheim Journal Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells Volume 94 Start Page 946 Issue 6 Pagination 946-954 Date Published 06/2010 Keywords asphalt shingle, concrete tile, Cool colored roof, Cool Colored Roofs, cool roofs, Heat Island, Polyvinylidene fluoride, Solar reflectance, surface roughness Abstract The widespread use of solar-reflective roofing materials can save energy, mitigate urban heat islands and slow global warming by cooling the roughly 20% of the urban surface that is roofed. In this study we created prototype solar-reflective nonwhite concrete tile and asphalt shingle roofing materials using a two-layer spray coating process intended to maximize both solar reflectance and factory-line throughput. Each layer is a thin, quick-drying, pigmented latex paint based on either acrylic or a poly(vinylidene fluoride)/acrylic blend. The first layer is a titanium dioxide rutile white basecoat that increases the solar reflectance of a gray-cement concrete tile from 0.18 to 0.79, and that of a shingle surfaced with bare granules from 0.06 to 0.62. The second layer is a "cool" color topcoat with weak near-infrared (NIR) absorption and/or strong NIR backscattering. Each layer dries within seconds, potentially allowing a factory line to pass first under the white spray, then under the color spray.

off-site disposal facilities. Excavations were off-site disposal facilities. Excavations were backfilled with clean soil. The Eastern Dog Pens area is located over Landfill Disposal Unit 2, which is within the scope of UC Davis' responsibility; DOE's cleanup of this area consisted only of removing the dog pens, asphalt, concrete, and chain link fences. Gravel and subsurface soils have not been disturbed because of the presence of the underlying landfill.

offsite disposal facilities. Excavations were offsite disposal facilities. Excavations were backfilled with clean soil. The Eastern Dog Pens area is located over Landfill Disposal Unit 2, which is within the scope of UC Davis' responsibility; DOE's cleanup of this area consisted only of removing the dog pens, asphalt, concrete, and chain link fences. Gravel and subsurface soils have not been disturbed because of the presence of the underlying landfill.

May 1985 Major Subject: Civil Engineering LOW TEMPERATURE FRACTURE EVALUATION OF PLASTICIZED SULFUR PAVING MIXTURES A Thesis by KAMYAR MAHBOUB Approved as to style and content by: Dallas N. Li tie (Chai rman of Committee) Ro e . Lytto Member... modifications to the standard ASTM procedure. These modifications were required due to the nature of plasticized sulfur mixtures and asphalt cement mixtures. The J-integral version of Paris ' law was successfully used to characterize the fatigue...

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Crude corrosivity is becoming a critical issue because of frequent variation of feedstock based on spot market opportunities and high sulfur and naphthenic acid content of low cost crudes. The choice of remediation methods (blending, inhibition, upgrading, and/or process changes) depends on accurate prediction of the corrosivity of these crudes. This paper presents the results of autoclave and flow loop runs conducted to assess the corrosivity of Middle East, Shengli, and Bachequero-13 crudes fractions on several materials used in refinery construction. Autoclave tests were conducted in vacuum heater feed line (VHFL) and Asphalt`s fractions from each crude and in atmospheric gas oil (AGO) and heavy vacuum gas oil (HVGO) from the Bachequero-13. Flow loop tests were conducted only on the VHFL`s of each crude. As expected, the test results showed a major increase in corrosion rate with increasing temperature. Corrosion rates were generally less than 10 mpy for all materials at up to 300 C. At 400 C, corrosion rates on the low Cr steels (0 to 5 Cr) were generally around 100 mpy. For the Middle East and Shengli oils, the asphalt`s were more corrosive than the VHFL cuts. Only slight differences were found in the corrosivity of these two oils. By comparison, the Bachequero-13 fractions were generally more corrosive than those from the Shengli or the Middle Eastern crudes. At 200 ft/s (67 m/s), the corrosion rates of the carbon steel specimens were high in the Middle Eastern fraction compared to the Bachequero-13 and Shengli fractions.

Abstract Rising energy costs and increased awareness of emission problems in the production of Hot Mix Asphalt (HMA) have brought attention to the potential benefits of Warm Mix Asphalt (WMA) in India. Warm-mix asphalt is the generic term for a variety of technologies that allow the producers of hot-mix asphalt pavement material to lower the temperatures at which the material is mixed and placed on the road. Crumb Rubber Modified Bitumen (CRMB) is a popular binder in India. CRMB is composed of bitumen binder and tyre rubber. Tyre rubber, at various percentages, is added to the binder, addition of tyre rubber into binder results in a new product, which requires higher mixing temperatures compared to the conventional one, as well as increased mixing time, so as to get the uniformity of the product. A laboratory study was conducted at CSIR-Central Road Research Institute (CRRI) to investigate, how a commercially available chemical additive can be used to bring down the mixing and compaction temperature of CRMB mix as compared to the hot mix CRMB. Four different temperature ranges were considered in this study viz 1000C to 1050C, 1100C to 1150C, 1200C to 1250C and 1300C to 1350C to determine the various performance characteristics. The CRMB bituminous mix was prepared in these four temperature ranges and various mix tests were carried out to indicate to how the lower production and compaction temperatures affect the properties and performance characteristics of the mixes. After the laboratory evaluation it was found that CRMB Warm mix can be successfully produced at temperature as low as 110 °C and can be compacted at 80- 900C as compared to CRMB hot mix (155 °C). Full scale performance study indicate that process is highly energy efficient and environment friendly, warm mixes performed equivalent to Hot Bituminous Mixes and indicated encouraging results. After laboratory evaluation, a test track was successfully laid using low energy Crumb Rubber Modified Bitumen.

Data Data 2011: Prices and Expenditures 35 P E T R O L E U M O V E R V I E W cement (AC-20), asphalt emulsion (rapid set and slow set), and asphalt cutback. For 1986 forward, the tank car price is used. However, for 1986 and 1987, the drum price is used if a tank car price is not available. For 1970 through 1985, when both tank car and drum prices are available, a simple average of the two prices is used. When only one price is available, that price is used. Asphalt prices are developed by calculating a simple average annual price from the monthly prices for each city for the three products. City prices are assigned to states. California, Ohio (1970 through 1985, and 1992 for- ward), and Pennsylvania have prices from two cities; in these cases, sim- ple averages of the two city prices are used. No states have prices from more than two cities. Kansas City prices are assigned to Kansas and not used in the Missouri price

Data: Data: Prices and Expenditures 35 P E T R O L E U M O V E R V I E W cement (AC-20), asphalt emulsion (rapid set and slow set), and asphalt cutback. For 1986 forward, the tank car price is used. However, for 1986 and 1987, the drum price is used if a tank car price is not available. For 1970 through 1985, when both tank car and drum prices are available, a simple average of the two prices is used. When only one price is available, that price is used. Asphalt prices are developed by calculating a simple average annual price from the monthly prices for each city for the three products. City prices are assigned to states. California, Ohio (1970 through 1985, and 1992 for- ward), and Pennsylvania have prices from two cities; in these cases, sim- ple averages of the two city prices are used. No states have prices from more than two cities. Kansas City prices are assigned to Kansas and not used in the Missouri price estimates.

Bottom ash is the principal waste stream fro m the combustion of municipal solid waste (MSW). It is comprised of grate ash (97%), the slag material discharged at the end of the grate system and grate sffting (3%), the material that melts or falls through the grate structure. This project was conducted to demonstrate the feasibility of using municipal solid waste grate ash as an aggregate substitute in the construction of a pavement binder course for a portion of Rt. 3 in Laconia, New Hampshire. The research was conducted over a two year period during 1993 and 1994. This study is the culmination of an earlier two year characterization study between 1990 and 1992 that documented the physical and environmental characteristics of the bottom ash as it was produced at the Concord, N.H. waste-to-energy (WTE) facility and used in an asphaltic binder course. Together, these two studies provide a complete evaluation of the potential for using grate ash or bottom ash in asphalt binder course or as recycled asphalt pavement (RAP) in base courses in pavements.

Bottom ash is the principal waste stream from the combustion of municipal solid waste (MSW). It is comprised of grate ash (97%), the slag material discharged at the end of the grate system, and grate sifting (3%), the material that melts or falls through the grate structure. This project was conducted to demonstrate the feasibility of using municipal solid waste grate ash as an aggregate substitute in the construction of a pavement binder course for a portion of Rt. 3 in Laconia, New Hampshire. The research was conducted over a two year period during 1993 and 1994. This study is the culmination of an earlier two year characterization study between 1990 and 1992 that documented the physical and environmental characteristics of the bottom ash as it was produced at the Concord, N.H. waste-to-energy (@) facility and used in an asphaltic binder course. Together, these two studies provide a complete evaluation of the potential for using grate ash or bottom ash in asphalt binder course or as recycled asphalt pavement (RAP) in base courses in pavements.

Utilization of waste heat is not economically incentive to the industry once the temperature of the waste heat drops to a certain level. This is primarily due to a low efficiency when converting the energy of the waste heat to some forms of useful power. A Rankine cycle using organic fluids as working fluids, called organic Rankine cycle (ORC), is potentially feasible in recovering low-enthalpy containing heat sources. Nevertheless, an efficient operation of the ORC depends heavily on two factors: working conditions of the cycle and the thermodynamic properties of the working fluids. The main objective of this study is to investigate the effects of these two factors on the performance of the ORC. The working fluids under investigation are: benzene (C{sub 6}H), toluene (C{sub 7}H{sub 8}), p-xylene (C{sub 8}H{sub 10}), R113 and R123. Irreversibility of a system using various working fluids was studied since it represents the energy balance in recovering the waste heat. The study shows that the system efficiency increases as the inlet pressure of the turbine increases regardless of the working fluid used. Among the working fluids under investigation, p-xylene shows the highest efficiency while benzene the lowest. The study also shows that irreversibility depends on the type of heat source. Generally speaking, p-xylene has the lowest irreversibility in recovering a high temperature waste heat while R113 and R123 have a better performance in recovering a low temperature waste heat. In addition, an economic feasibility of ORC using various working fluids is given for ORC`s with commercial capacities.

In this work the vapours from two columns simulating gasoline-contaminated soils (with and without ethanol) were monitored. Standards mixtures of BTEX, containing different ethanol contents were also analysed. The instrumental analysis was performed by Gas Chromatography with a Flame Ionisation Detector. Among BTEX, except benzene, in both columns the evaporation rate increases with time. In the gasoline/ethanol column this effect is higher particularly for the xylenes. Although the benzene concentrations were reduced in both columns, this reduction was less marked in the gasoline/ethanol column. The toluene concentrations were higher in the pure gasoline column.

A system and process for recycling shredder residue, in which separating any polyurethane foam materials are first separated. Then separate a fines fraction of less than about 1/4 inch leaving a plastics-rich fraction. Thereafter, the plastics rich fraction is sequentially contacted with a series of solvents beginning with one or more of hexane or an alcohol to remove automotive fluids; acetone to remove ABS; one or more of EDC, THF or a ketone having a boiling point of not greater than about 125.degree. C. to remove PVC; and one or more of xylene or toluene to remove polypropylene and polyethylene. The solvents are recovered and recycled.

Several megaton catalytic processes (such as homogeneous hydroformylation of higher olefins, epoxidation of light olefins, and p-xylene oxidation to produce terephthalic acid) exist that produce the essential chemical intermediates for everyday products but present sustainability challenges with respect to reducing environmental footprints and enhancing energy efficiency. ... Effective integration of these elements into a sustainable technology requires a multiscale approach. ... The key challenge for reactor engineering is to establish the scientifically based sustainable technologies necessary for meeting the future energy, environmental, and materials needs of the world. ...

Degradation rates of benzene, p-xylene, naphthalene, and o-dichlorobenzene have been determined in the Columbus, MS aquifer. The objective of this research was to measure the degradation of organic compounds in an aquifer, using pulse injection. Degradation rates of these compounds were calculated, and the rates were related to aquifer structure and hydrologic properties. the injection was made into the saturated zone of the unconfined aquifer. This technique is suggested for future field experiments because it distinguishes solute degradation from solute losses by sorption and evaporation and allows mass balance to be demonstrated throughout the course of the reaction in the aquifer. 18 refs., 6 figs., 3 tabs.

A new neutron time-of-flight (nTOF) detector with a bibenzyl crystal as a scintillator has been designed and manufactured for the National Ignition Facility (NIF). This detector will replace a nTOF20-Spec detector with an oxygenated xylene scintillator currently operational on the NIF to improve the areal-density measurements. In addition to areal density, the bibenzyl detector will measure the D-D and D-T neutron yield and the ion temperature of indirect- and direct-drive-implosion experiments. The design of the bibenzyl detector and results of tests on the OMEGA Laser System are presented.

Gallium is assumed to be an indispensable rare metal mainly because of its fast growing demand as gallium arsenide (GaAs) in integrated circuits. ... Traditional extraction methods for gallium usually are organic?water two-phase systems, which involve volatile, flammable, and explosive organic solvents, such as n-hexane, toluene, xylene, benzene, nitrobenzene and kerosene. ... (17) A temperature increase reduces the mutual solubility of the two phases and results in an increase of PEG concentration in the upper phase and of volume in the lower phase, which all make ?w1 increase. ...

The influence of di-n-butyl phosphoric acid (HDBP) upon extraction of uranium(VI) by tri-n-butyl phosphate (TBP) from 0.5--3.0 M nitric acid solutions has been studied. It has been shown that the uranium(VI) distribution coefficient D{sub U} for extraction by 1.1 M TBP in tri-decane or xylene is increased when HDBP is present in the organic phase. For iso-molar solutions of (TBP + HDBP) with a total concentration of 0.36 M, and Uranium(VI) aqueous concentration up to 10--20 g/l, a maximum value of D{sub U} is observed when TBP/HDBP = 1; for higher U(VI) concentration the maximum gradually disappears, with D{sub U} growing monotonically with the HDBP content in the organic phase. Uranium(VI) absorption spectra for 1.1 M TBP in tri-decane or xylene, containing HDBP, provide evidence for the formation of compounds, of which composition is intermediate between uranyl nitrate--TBP disolvate and the U(VI)--HDBP complex. It is proposed that these intermediate compounds are UO{sub 2}(NO{sub 3}){sub 2}HDBP.TBP and UO{sub 2}(NO{sub 3}){sub 2}(HDBP){sub 2}.

A method for determining the macroscopic amount of iron and its radioactivity (/sup 55/Fe) in radioactive corrosion products was established with a single chemical procedure. The iron was first extracted into a liquid scintillator (2,5-diphenyloxazole-xylene) as an ion associate of iron bathophenanthroline (BPT) complex and perchlorate at pH 3-8, followed by measurement of its radioactivity by a liquid scintillation counter and its absorbance by a spectrophotometer. The absorption maximum and molar absorptivity (epsilon) of the complex were 535 nm and 22,000, respectively. The system conforms to Beer's law at concentrations of up to 30 ..mu..g of iron in 10 mL of organic phase. The counting efficiency of the extracted /sup 55/Fe was found to be 60%. Although /sup 60/Co is extracted into the PPO-xylene together with /sup 5/)2%Fe, it is separated from /sup 55/Fe by back extraction with 0.005 M ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (pH 6.0) into the aqueous phase. The effects of other foreign elements and radionuclides were also examined. The proposed method was successfully applied to analysis of radioactive corrosion products. 21 references, 6 figures, 3 tables.

Sample records for xylene btx asphalt from the National Library of Energy Beta (NLEBeta)

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We study the average separation between an elastic solid and a hard solid with a nominal flat but randomly rough surface, as a function of the squeezing pressure. We present experimental results for a silicon rubber (PDMS) block with a flat surface squeezed against an asphalt road surface. The theory shows that an effective repulse pressure act between the surfaces of the form p proportional to exp(-u/u0), where u is the average separation between the surfaces and u0 a constant of order the root-mean-square roughness, in good agreement with the experimental results.

Abstract The small angle neutron scattering experiment has confirmed the theoretical prediction that a strong electric field induces the suspended nano-particles inside crude oil to aggregate into short chains along the field direction. This aggregation breaks the symmetry, making the viscosity anisotropic: along the field direction, the viscosity is significantly reduced. The experiment enables us to determine the induced chain size and shape, verifies that the electric field works for all kinds of crude oils, paraffin-based, asphalt-based, and mix-based. The basic physics of such field induced viscosity reduction is applicable to all kinds of suspensions.

The bibliography contains citations concerning the technology and economic advantages of scrap tire recycling. The application of crumb rubber in the production of asphalt paving, floor-coverings, high performance composites, and other products is described. The production of fuels from scrap tires is also discussed. Legislation which promotes recycling, and the roles of government and the private sector in developing new markets and expanding existing markets are included. (Contains a minimum of 76 citations and includes a subject term index and title list.)

PNL is developing a method to use thiophillic microorganisms to devulcanize (biodesulfurize) the surface of ground rubber particles, which will improve the bonding and adhesion of the ground tire rubber into the virgin tire rubber matrix. The Chemi-microbial processing approach, introduced in this paper, is targeted at alleviating the waste tire problem in an environmentally conscious manner; it may also be applied to improve asphaltic materials and rubber and polymeric wastes to facilite their recycling. This paper outlines the logic and technical methods that will be used.

The bibliography contains citations concerning the technology and economic advantages of scrap tire recycling. The application of crumb rubber in the production of asphalt paving, floor-coverings, high performance composites, and other products is described. The production of fuels from scrap tires is also discussed. Legislation which promotes recycling, and the roles of government and the private sector in developing new markets and expanding existing markets are included.(Contains 50-250 citations and includes a subject term index and title list.) (Copyright NERAC, Inc. 1995)

The bibliography contains citations concerning the technology and economic advantages of scrap tire recycling. The application of crumb rubber in the production of asphalt paving, floor-coverings, high performance composites, and other products is described. The production of fuels from scrap tires is also discussed. Legislation which promotes recycling, and the roles of government and the private sector in developing new markets and expanding existing markets are included.(Contains 50-250 citations and includes a subject term index and title list.) (Copyright NERAC, Inc. 1995)

The bibliography contains citations concerning the technology and economic advantages of scrap tire recycling. The application of crumb rubber in the production of asphalt paving, floor-coverings, high performance composites, and other products is described. The production of fuels from scrap tires is also discussed. Legislation which promotes recycling, and the roles of government and the private sector in developing new markets and expanding existing markets are included. (Contains a minimum of 83 citations and includes a subject term index and title list.)

) to aocelerate seedling development. The fert111sed areas of each looation were split into five equal parts. Each portion reoeived one of the following treatmentsi (1) peat 12 moss under the seeded row[ (2) scarification) (3) vegatativa mulch1 (&) a mulsh... of RC 2 asphalt ~ and (5) no further treatment vt ioh was used as a shook. Tha peat moss was plaoed beneath the seeded rov in a furrow opened using a bull-tongue at tacbsd to a manually-operated hams~arden plow, The peat moss vas soaked in water...

(incineration) or as a filler for asphalt. Incineration has been employed in an attempt to harness the high calorific value of scrap tires. However, disposal via incineration may not maximize the potential economic recovery of energy and chemical materials... into liquid fuels and forms of solid carbon such as carbon black and activated carbon. Previous work in this area utilizes pyrolysis. ' There are several commercial, pilot, and bench-scale tire 2-4, 6-8 pyrolysis systems in use today. Many of these employ...

Using primarily X-ray absorption near edge spectroscopy (XANES) with standards run in tandem with samples, probable plutonium speciation was determined for 13 samples from contaminated soil, acid-splash or fire-deposition building interior surfaces, or asphalt pads from the Rocky Flats Environmental Technology Site (RFETS). Save for extreme oxidizing situations, all other samples were found to be of Pu(IV) speciation, supporting the supposition that such contamination is less likely to show mobility off site. EXAFS analysis conducted on two of the 13 samples supported the validity of the XANES features employed as determinants of the plutonium valence.

Construction of Parking and Laydown Areas in the Vicinity of Pads 717-14F, 263-95F, and 249-F. Construction of Parking and Laydown Areas in the Vicinity of Pads 717-14F, 263-95F, and 249-F. Savannah River Site Aiken/Aiken/South Carolina MOX Services proposes the construction of approximately 144 parking spaces around Pad 249-F, on and around Pads 263-95F and 717-14F, and the establishment of a laydown area on the western half of Pad 249-F. No excavation will be required. The areas are currently comprised of concrete pads and existing areas covered with asphalt and crushed stone. Additional crushed stone will be added as needed. Parking blocks will be installed at the end of each parking stall using 12-inch anchor pins in asphalt and crushed stone areas, and secured by other means on the concrete pads. Painted lines will be used to demarcate the sides of each parking stall. Ground-penetrating radar will be used to survey the area

A novel process for simultaneously removing deteriorated coatings (such as coal tar and asphalt enamel or tape) and providing surface preparation suitable for recoating has been developed for pipelines up to 36 in. (914 mm) in diameter. This patented device provides a near-white metal surface finish. Line travel or bell-hole operations are possible at rates up to 10 times conventional blasting techniques. This article describes development of a tool and machine that will remove pipeline coatings, including coal tar enamel and adhesive-backed plaster tape systems. After coating removal, the pipe surface is suitable for recoating and can be cleaned to a near-white metal finsh (Sa 2 1/2 or NACE No. 2) if desired. This cleaning system is especially useful where the new coating is incompatible with the coating to be removed, the new coating requires a near-white or better surface preparation, or no existing method has been found to remove the failed coating. This cleaning system can remove all generic coating systems including coal tar enamel, asphalt, adhesive-backed tape, fusion-bonded epoxy, polyester, and extruded polyethylene.

In recent years environmental noise has become a serious issue for civil infrastructure and environmental administration due to public concern over the subject of noise pollution. The most significant deterioration of environmental acoustics conditions comes from road traffic transportation. The predominant noise source is the combination of the tire/pavement interaction and the propulsion systems of the vehicles. Generally tire/pavement interaction is the principal source of noise for speeds above 40 km/h in the case of most modern cars. In this research geo?referenced close proximity rolling noise is used for acoustical characterization of asphalt concrete surfaces in an urban environment. A close proximity noise map of streets with low speed limits is presented for a reference speed of 50 km/h. Different pavements and pavement conditions common in urban streets are analyzed: dense and semidense asphalt concrete with Spanish denomination D?8 and S?12 respectively and on the other hand dense pavement at the end of its service life (D?8*). Noise levels from dense surfaces (D?8) increase significantly over time principally due to the appearance of surface defects such as cracks and ruts.

An innovative interim surface barrier was constructed as a demonstration project at the Hanford Site's TY Tank Farm. The purpose of the demonstration barrier is to stop rainwater and snowmelt from entering the soils within the tank farm and driving contamination from past leaks and spills toward the ground water. The interim barrier was constructed using a modified asphalt material with very low permeability developed by MatCon{reg_sign}. Approximately 2,400 cubic yards of fill material were added to the tank farm to create a sloped surface that will gravity drain precipitation to collection points where it will be routed through buried drain lines to an evapotranspiration basin adjacent to the farm. The evapotranspiration basin is a lined basin with a network of perforated drain lines covered with soil and planted with native grasses. The evapotranspiration concept was selected because it prevents the runoff from percolating into the soil column and also avoids potential monitoring and maintenance issues associated with standing water in a traditional evaporation pond. Because of issues associated with using standard excavation and earth moving equipment in the farm a number of alternate construction approaches were utilized to perform excavations and prepare the site for the modified asphalt.

Highlights of progress achieved in the program of thermochemical conversion of biomass into clean fuels during 1983 are summarized. Gasification research projects include: production of a medium-Btu gas without using purified oxygen at Battelle-Columbus Laboratories; high pressure (up to 500 psia) steam-oxygen gasification of biomass in a fluidized bed reactor at IGT; producing synthesis gas via catalytic gasification at PNL; indirect reactor heating methods at the Univ. of Missouri-Rolla and Texas Tech Univ.; improving the reliability, performance, and acceptability of small air-blown gasifiers at Univ. of Florida-Gainesville, Rocky Creek Farm Gasogens, and Cal Recovery Systems. Liquefaction projects include: determination of individual sequential pyrolysis mechanisms at SERI; research at SERI on a unique entrained, ablative fast pyrolysis reactor for supplying the heat fluxes required for fast pyrolysis; work at BNL on rapid pyrolysis of biomass in an atmosphere of methane to increase the yields of olefin and BTX products; research at the Georgia Inst. of Tech. on an entrained rapid pyrolysis reactor to produce higher yields of pyrolysis oil; research on an advanced concept to liquefy very concentrated biomass slurries in an integrated extruder/static mixer reactor at the Univ. of Arizona; and research at PNL on the characterization and upgrading of direct liquefaction oils including research to lower oxygen content and viscosity of the product. Combustion projects include: research on a directly fired wood combustor/gas turbine system at Aerospace Research Corp.; adaptation of Stirling engine external combustion systems to biomass fuels at United Stirling, Inc.; and theoretical modeling and experimental verification of biomass combustion behavior at JPL to increase biomass combustion efficiency and examine the effects of additives on combustion rates. 26 figures, 1 table.

Sample records for xylene btx asphalt from the National Library of Energy Beta (NLEBeta)

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ASTM: The American Society for Testing and Materials. Aviation Gasoline (Finished): A complex mixture of relatively volatile hydrocarbons with or without small quantities of additives, blended to form a fuel suitable for use in aviation reciprocating engines. Fuel specifi- cations are provided in ASTM Specification D 910 and Military Specifica- tion MIL-G-5572. Note: Data on blending components are not counted in data on finished aviation gasoline. Aviation Gasoline Blending Components: Naphthas that will be used for blending or compounding into finished aviation gasoline (e.g., straight run gasoline, alkylate, reformate, benzene, toluene, and xylene). Excludes oxygenates (alcohols, ethers), butane, and pentanes plus. Oxygenates are reported as other hydrocarbons, hydrogen, and oxygenates. Barrel (petroleum): A unit of volume equal to 42 U.S. gallons. Biomass Waste:

Microenvironmental Exposures to VOCs Microenvironmental Exposures to VOCs Speaker(s): Miranda Loh Date: February 1, 2006 - 12:00pm Location: 90-3122 The Boston Exposure Assessment in Microenvironments (BEAM) study was designed to examine the concentration distributions of VOCs in various microenvironments in and around Boston with the main objective of reducing the uncertainties in predicting exposure levels. A suite of VOC's with potential health effects including benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, xylenes, several chlorinated compounds and aldehydes were collected in all microenvironments. Phase I. BEAM examined common non-residential microenvironments that have not been extensively studied, in particular, dining, shopping, and transportation microenvironments. Sampling using scripted activities in these microenvironments. For some compounds,

The first phase of selecting a model binary system to study was completed. The system selected is Cu(II), Fe(III) acid sulfate solutions extracted by ..beta..-alkenyl 8-hydroxy quinoline (Kelex 100) in xylene. Maximum copper extraction occurs in less than 5 minutes at 30 to 50/sup 0/C. Thermodynamic chemical equilibrium studies with the Fe(III) ion indicate that the ionic charge of the extracted ion is +3 over a limited pH and concentration range. A simplified equilibrium model did not fit the experimental data. A chemical equilibrium model for the aqueous phase was developed. Kinetic studies on the liquid jet recycle reactor are underway. The model proposed to analyze simultaneous extraction of Cu(II) and Fe(III) in a stirred tank extractor was reduced to a set of two nonlinear algebraic equations for idealized kinetic expressions.

An in situ thermally enhanced microbial remediation strategy and a method for the biodegradation of toxic petroleum fuel hydrocarbon and halogenated organic solvent contaminants are described. The method utilizes nonpathogenic, thermophilic bacteria for the thermal biodegradation of toxic and carcinogenic contaminants, such as benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene and xylenes, from fuel leaks and the chlorinated ethenes, such as trichloroethylene, chlorinated ethanes, such as 1,1,1-trichloroethane, and chlorinated methanes, such as chloroform, from past solvent cleaning practices. The method relies on and takes advantage of the pre-existing heated conditions and the array of delivery/recovery wells that are created and in place following primary subsurface contaminant volatilization efforts via thermal approaches, such as dynamic underground steam-electrical heating. 21 figs.

An in situ thermally enhanced microbial remediation strategy and a method for the biodegradation of toxic petroleum fuel hydrocarbon and halogenated organic solvent contaminants. The method utilizes nonpathogenic, thermophilic bacteria for the thermal biodegradation of toxic and carcinogenic contaminants, such as benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene and xylenes, from fuel leaks and the chlorinated ethenes, such as trichloroethylene, chlorinated ethanes, such as 1,1,1-trichloroethane, and chlorinated methanes, such as chloroform, from past solvent cleaning practices. The method relies on and takes advantage of the pre-existing heated conditions and the array of delivery/recovery wells that are created and in place following primary subsurface contaminant volatilization efforts via thermal approaches, such as dynamic underground steam-electrical heating.

The 9.67-acre Industrial Latex site is a chemical adhesives and natural and synthetic rubber compounds manufacturer in Wallington, Bergen County, New Jersey. From 1951 to 1980, the Industrial Latex Corporation manufactured both chemical adhesives and natural and synthetic rubber compounds. Adhesives were initially formulated using vegetable protein in a solvent base. The ROD addresses the final remedy for the contamination present in the soil, sediment, buildings and equipment, drums, sludge, septic system, and hardened latex, as the first of two operable units. The primary contaminants of concern affecting the soil, sediment, sludge, and debris are VOCs including PCE, TCE, toluene, and xylenes; other organics, including PAHs, PCBs, pesticides, and phenols; and metals, including arsenic and lead.

The 9.67-acre Industrial Latex site is a chemical adhesives and natural and synthetic rubber compounds manufacturer in Wallington, Bergen County, New Jersey. From 1951 to 1980, the Industrial Latex Corporation manufactured both chemical adhesives and natural and synthetic rubber compounds. Adhesives were initially formmulated using vegetable protein in a solvent base. The ROD addresses the final remedy for the contamination present in the soil, sediment, buildings and equipment, drums, sludge, septic system, and hardened latex, as the first of two operable units. The primary contaminants of concern affecting the soil, sediment, sludge, and debris are VOCs including PCE, TCE, toluene, and xylenes; other organics, including PAHs, PCBs, pesticides, and phenols; and metals, including arsenic and lead.

Integrated Catalytic Process for Biomass Conversion and Upgrading to C12 Furoin and Alkane Fuel ... Accordingly, this work was directed at accomplishing the following three goals: (a) to investigate possible glucose isomerization to fructose by organocatalysis; (b) to establish an efficient, economical, integrated catalytic process for converting inexpensive biomass feedstocks such as fructose (currently at ?$32 per 100 g) to DHMF through generation of the high-purity HMF intermediate; and (c) to identify a bifunctional HDO catalyst system that can convert C12 DHMF to n-C12H26 alkane more selectively for achieving higher atom efficiency. ... Specifically, 2,5-dimethylfuran (derived from lignocellulosic biomass through 5-(hydroxymethyl)furfural) and acrolein (produced from glycerol, a side product of biodiesel production) were converted into the key intermediate p-xylene (a precursor of terephthalic acid). ...

Detailed dynamic simulations of three industrial distillation columns (a propylene/propane splitter, a xylene/toluene column, and a depropanizer) have been used to study the issue of configuration selection for diagonal PI dual composition controls, feedforward from a feed composition analyzer, and decouplers. Auto Tune Variation (ATV) identification with on-line detuning for setpoint changes was used for tuning the diagonal proportional integral (PI) composition controls. In addition, robustness tests were conducted by inducting reboiler duty upsets. For single composition control, the (L, V) configuration was found to be best. For dual composition control, the optimum configuration changes from one column to another. Moreover, the use of analysis tools, such as RGA, appears to be of little value in identifying the optimum configuration for dual composition control. Using feedforward from a feed composition analyzer and using decouplers are shown to offer significant advantages for certain specific cases.

The 10-acre Pester Refinery site is a former petroleum refining facility located in El Dorado, Butler County, Kansas. Petroleum refining operations in the area began in 1917, and from 1958 to 1977, Fina Oil Company operated a petroleum refinery at this site. Process wastes, such as slop-oil emulsion solids, API separator sludge, and heat exchanger bundle cleaning sludge were sent through a pipe to a burn pond. Gaseous waste products were ignited at the end of the pipe, and whatever did not burn was discharged to the pond. The ROD provides a final remedy for the principal source of contamination at the site, the burn pit sludge. The primary contaminants of concern affecting the soil and sludge are VOCs, including ethylbenzene, toluene, and xylenes; other organics, including PAHs and phenols; and metals, including arsenic, chromium, and lead.

Due to human activities, increasing numbers of harmful substances are emitted into the atmosphere; they are recognised as potentially dangerous to living organisms, mainly because of their toxicity. Among others, compounds from the BTEX group, e.g. benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene and xylenes, are considered as such toxic substances. They are present in the air above urbanised as well as rural areas due to their transport in the atmosphere. In order to estimate the human population exposure to the analytes from the BTEX group in the air, it is necessary to monitor the concentration levels of these compounds. The environmental data obtained can be processed further to allow modelling of pollution transport in the atmosphere, and pollution mapping. In this study, literature data on the monitoring of the BTEX concentrations by means of passive dosimetry, and mapping of air pollution from BTEX are presented.

The Petro-Chemical Systems, Inc. site, located near Liberty, Texas, is a site where unauthorized disposal of petroleum-based oils has taken place. Although there is evidence of past exposure to site contaminants, the best available evidence does not indicate that humans are currently being exposed to site contaminants at levels that could cause adverse health effects. Contaminated ground water, surface water, soils, and surface water sediments have been found on the site. Although sampling was done for 144 priority pollutants, the primary contaminants of concern are benzene, ethylbenzene, xylene, naphthalene, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, and lead. Because the greatest threat to public health would be contamination of drinking water, the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR) has recommended that necessary actions are taken to insure that private wells do not become contaminated with site contaminants.

The 500-acre Petro-Chemical (Turtle Bayou) site is in Liberty County, Texas. Current land use in the area is divided among cropland, pasture, range, forest, and small rural communities. Since 1971, numerous undocumented disposal activities occurred onsite involving primarily petrochemical wastes. The ROD for OU2 focuses on three areas of contamination at the site affecting soil and ground water contamination, known as the main waste area, the east disposal area, and the Bayou disposal area. The primary contaminants of concern affecting the soil and ground water are VOCs including benzene and xylenes; other organics including PAHs; and metals including lead. The selected remedial action for the site includes treating 302,800 cubic yards of contaminated soil onsite using in-situ vapor extraction to remove VOCs, controlling vertical air infiltration using an engineered soil and synthetic liner cap; consolidating lead-contaminated soil in the Main Waste Area, followed by capping.

Extractants consisting of an ion-pair of Aliquat 336 with phenylboronate or 3-nitrophenylboronate were prepared in various diluents (2-ethylhexanol, toluene, o-xylene or diisobutylketone). In batch experiments propyleneglycol (1,2-PD) was effectively extracted even at low concentrations. Heterogeneous complexation constants {beta}{sub 11} calculated at 25 C were 45-120 (mol/1){sup {minus}1} in 2-ethylhexanol, 34.8 (mol/l){sup {minus}1} in toluene, 37.6 (mol/l){sup {minus}1} in o-xylene and 14.4 (mol/l){sup {minus}1} in diisobutylketone. In 2-ethythexanol, there was no significant effect of extractant concentration on the complexation constant. Equilibrium water concentration in the extractants was 8-12 wt %, decreasing with 1,2-PD uptake. Nearly all extractant/diluent systems exhibited overloading (more than stoichiometric uptake of 1,2-PD). Evidence for aggregation of the ion-pair extractant in organic phase was found from water solubilization studies (molar solubilization ratios up to 10) and {sup 1}H NMR spectroscopy studies. Solubilization of 1,2-PD within hydrophilic aggregate interiors may explain the observed overloading. The complexation constant decreased with increasing temperature, but not enough to make back extraction after a temperature change attractive. Back extraction may be achieved after acidification with carbon dioxide to convert the organoboronate anion to the corresponding organoboronic acid. Up to 80% of the extracted 1,2-PD was backextracted in a batch extraction using C0{sub 2}. The extractant could then be regenerated by stripping carbon dioxide from solution at temperatures exceeding 110 C. However, at these temperatures the extractant appears to undergo a transformation in which color changes and extraction capacity is reduced to about 60% of original value.

Sample records for xylene btx asphalt from the National Library of Energy Beta (NLEBeta)

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EC Document No.: DOE-ID-INL-09-002 EC Document No.: DOE-ID-INL-09-002 SECTION A. Project Title: Smoking Shelters SECTION B. Project Description. Install up to three prefabricated outdoor shelters for smokers. Design and install a shelter base so that shelters can be movable. The base shall be designed to prevent shelters from moving or tipping over due to high winds. Specific location for shelters is to be determined, but the shelter bases will be placed atop existing concrete or asphalt such that no subsurface soil disturbance is expected. SECTION C. Environmental Aspects / Potential Sources of Impact none SECTION D. Determine the Level of Environmental Review (or Documentation) and Reference(s): Identify the applicable categorical exclusion from 10 CFR 1021, Appendix B, give the appropriate justification, and the approval date..

41 - 20950 of 28,560 results. 41 - 20950 of 28,560 results. Download Techniques and Technologies for Field Detection of Asbestos Containing Materials Asbestos has been used in numerous applications at DOE sites including sprayed-on fireproofing, asphalt and vinyl floor tile, and asbestos-cement(transite) siding. http://energy.gov/em/downloads/techniques-and-technologies-field-detection-asbestos-containing Article Former Assistant Secretary Reflects on Career High Point Leading EM: 'Well Worth the Effort' WASHINGTON, D.C. - In an occasional EM Update series, we feature interviews with former EM Assistant Secretaries to reflect on their achievements and challenges in the world's largest nuclear cleanup and to discuss endeavors in life after EM. http://energy.gov/em/articles/former-assistant-secretary-reflects-career-high-point-leading-em-well-worth-effort

1 1 Audit Report: IG-0611 July 7, 2003 Waste Reduction Plans for the Advanced Mixed Waste Treatment Project at the Idaho National Engineering and Environmental Laboratory Since the early 1970s, the Department of Energy has stored about 65,000 cubic meters of transuranic (TRU) waste and mixed low-level waste at the Idaho National Engineering and Environmental Laboratory (INEEL), near Idaho Falls, Idaho. Most of the waste was generated at the Rocky Flats Plant near Denver, Colorado, and was shipped to the INEEL in drums and boxes. The preponderance of waste is stored on asphalt pads and covered with soil to form earthen-covered berms. Audit Report: IG-0611 More Documents & Publications Audit Report: IG-0527 EIS-0290: Notice of Intent to Prepare an Environmental Impact Statement

Bioadhesive Alliance Bioadhesive Alliance North Carolina A&T State University 1322 likes Bioadhesive Alliance Inc. is a developer and manufacturer of "PiGrid", bio-based adhesive that is green, low cost, and durable and can be utilized as a substitute to petroleum-based asphalt binder. Learn More Bearing Analytics Purdue University 355 likes Bearing Analytics is a leading-edge equipment monitoring company aimed at pioneering a new era in industrial bearing condition monitoring. Our objective is to consolidate the needs of customers, environment, and manufacturers to improve asset management and energy efficiency capabilities one bearing at a time. Learn More Inviroment Brigham Young University 300 likes PlasTek(tm) is patent-pending technology created by Inviroment(tm) that

3 3 SECTION A. Project Title: Relocation of National and Homeland Security New Generation Wireless Test Bed Equipment and Personnel SECTION B. Project Description: This activity is to relocate and consolidate Battelle Energy Alliance, LLC (BEA) National and Homeland Security (NHS) New Generation Wireless Test Bed (NGWTB) program personnel and equipment from Critical Infrastructure Test Range Complex (CITRC) to Central Facilitis Area (CFA). This activity also includes relocating the antenna field from vicinity Power Burst Facility (PBF)-641 to the vicinity of PBF-620 Cell Site 9 area. The Remote Testing Monitoring Facility will be relocated from the vicinity of Gate 3 to the Cell Site 9 area. The Cell Site 9 area near PBF-620 is previously disturbed soil and asphalt.

Building 09-056 Demolition Building 09-056 Demolition Pantex Site Office Amarillo, TX Carson County This project would demolish and dispose of Building 09-056. This is a 10-ft. x 16-ft. portable building which is in such poor condition that moving it would not be feasible. Demolition of Building 09-056 would include the following work: * Remove the window air conditioning unit. * Remove all windows and doors. * Remove the tie-down straps and anchors. * Remove the metal siding. * Remove the metal roof panels. * Remove the roof bracing and frame. * Remove the building frame. * Remove the floor base. All removed materials would be evaluated by the Waste Operations Department for recyclable content. The building is currently on an asphalt parking lot, and no soil disturbance would occur during demolition.

EC Document No.: DOE-ID-INL-09-002 EC Document No.: DOE-ID-INL-09-002 SECTION A. Project Title: Smoking Shelters SECTION B. Project Description. Install up to three prefabricated outdoor shelters for smokers. Design and install a shelter base so that shelters can be movable. The base shall be designed to prevent shelters from moving or tipping over due to high winds. Specific location for shelters is to be determined, but the shelter bases will be placed atop existing concrete or asphalt such that no subsurface soil disturbance is expected. SECTION C. Environmental Aspects / Potential Sources of Impact none SECTION D. Determine the Level of Environmental Review (or Documentation) and Reference(s): Identify the applicable categorical exclusion from 10 CFR 1021, Appendix B, give the appropriate justification, and the approval date..

8 8 SECTION A. Project Title: Test Reactor Area (TRA)-1710 Radioactive Materials Storage Area SECTION B. Project Description: Provide a brief but thorough description of the project or action, including the type of action (for example, new activity or facility, construction, process or facility modification, maintenance, research and development, work for others), description of activities, work phases, location of work activity (include a map or diagram, if appropriate), purpose and need (what is the activity and why is it being performed), projected start and end dates and the approximate project costs. Environmental Checklist (EC) INL-09-084 disclosed the environmental aspects and work activities associated with the construction of a 100 ft. x 150 ft. asphalt pad in the northwest corner of the Advanced Test Reactor (ATR) Complex identified as the TRA-1710

Cathodic Protection Potential Stations at 292-S Diesel Fuel Oil Storage Tanks Cathodic Protection Potential Stations at 292-S Diesel Fuel Oil Storage Tanks Savannah River Site Aiken/Aiken/South Carolina The proposed activity (E-DCF-S-02446) will involve the installation of three new potential station soil sample points near the Diesel Fuel Oil (DFO) Underground Storage Tanks (UST) at 292-S. These potential stations provide access through the asphalt to the soil below, near the DFO UST pad. This is needed to obtain more accurate readings to determine the effectiveness of the Cathodic Protection system at the DFO USTs during the three-year Cathodic Protection system survey. Design Authority Technical Review # USQ-WD-2012-00935 is being written for this modification and its implementation. This design is being reviewed because of soil disturbance near the DFO USTs, and as a possible

Thermal Conversion Factor Thermal Conversion Factor Source Documentation Approximate Heat Content of Petro- leum and Natural Gas Plant Liquids Asphalt. The U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA) adopted the thermal conversion factor of 6.636 million British thermal units (Btu) per barrel as estimated by the Bureau of Mines and first published in the Petro- leum Statement, Annual, 1956. Aviation Gasoline. EIA adopted the thermal conversion factor of 5.048 million Btu per barrel as adopted by the Bureau of Mines from the Texas Eastern Transmission Corporation publication Competition and Growth in Ameri- can Energy Markets 1947-1985, a 1968 release of histori- cal and projected statistics. Butane. EIA adopted the Bureau of Mines thermal conver- sion factor of 4.326 million Btu per barrel as published in

11 11 Audit Report: IG-0611 July 7, 2003 Waste Reduction Plans for the Advanced Mixed Waste Treatment Project at the Idaho National Engineering and Environmental Laboratory Since the early 1970s, the Department of Energy has stored about 65,000 cubic meters of transuranic (TRU) waste and mixed low-level waste at the Idaho National Engineering and Environmental Laboratory (INEEL), near Idaho Falls, Idaho. Most of the waste was generated at the Rocky Flats Plant near Denver, Colorado, and was shipped to the INEEL in drums and boxes. The preponderance of waste is stored on asphalt pads and covered with soil to form earthen-covered berms. Audit Report: IG-0611 More Documents & Publications EIS-0290: Draft Environmental Impact Statement EIS-0290: Final Environmental Impact Statement

Bioadhesive Alliance Bioadhesive Alliance North Carolina A&T State University 1322 likes Bioadhesive Alliance Inc. is a developer and manufacturer of "PiGrid", bio-based adhesive that is green, low cost, and durable and can be utilized as a substitute to petroleum-based asphalt binder. Learn More Bearing Analytics Purdue University 355 likes Bearing Analytics is a leading-edge equipment monitoring company aimed at pioneering a new era in industrial bearing condition monitoring. Our objective is to consolidate the needs of customers, environment, and manufacturers to improve asset management and energy efficiency capabilities one bearing at a time. Learn More Pyro-E University of California-Berkeley 190 likes Pyro-E, LLC is developing a solid-state device for waste heat harvesting at

Estimates of state energy-related carbon dioxide emissions Estimates of state energy-related carbon dioxide emissions Because energy-related carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) constitutes over 80 percent of total emissions, the state energy-related CO 2 emission levels provide a good indicator of the relative contribution of individual states to total greenhouse gas emissions. The U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA) emissions estimates at the state level for energy-related CO 2 are based on data contained in the State Energy Data System (SEDS). 1 The state-level emissions estimates are based on energy consumption data for the following fuel categories: three categories of coal (residential/commercial, industrial, and electric power sector); natural gas; and ten petroleum products including-- asphalt and road oil, aviation gasoline, distillate fuel, jet fuel, kerosene, liquefied petroleum gases

Bearing Analytics Bearing Analytics Purdue University 355 likes Bearing Analytics is a leading-edge equipment monitoring company aimed at pioneering a new era in industrial bearing condition monitoring. Our objective is to consolidate the needs of customers, environment, and manufacturers to improve asset management and energy efficiency capabilities one bearing at a time. Learn More Bioadhesive Alliance North Carolina A&T State University 1322 likes Bioadhesive Alliance Inc. is a developer and manufacturer of "PiGrid", bio-based adhesive that is green, low cost, and durable and can be utilized as a substitute to petroleum-based asphalt binder. Learn More Inviroment Brigham Young University 300 likes PlasTek(tm) is patent-pending technology created by Inviroment(tm) that

Sample records for xylene btx asphalt from the National Library of Energy Beta (NLEBeta)

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278: Categorical Exclusion Determination 278: Categorical Exclusion Determination CX-005278: Categorical Exclusion Determination Parking Lot South of Building 16-35 CX(s) Applied: B1.15 Date: 02/02/2011 Location(s): Amarillo, Texas Office(s): NNSA-Headquarters, Pantex Site Office The U.S. Department of Energy, National Nuclear Security Administration, proposes to construct a permanent parking lot south of Building 16-35 on the Pantex Plant. The parking lot would be approximately 220 feet in length and 170 feet wide. Four metal culverts, 24 inches in diameter by 22 feet long, would be installed in the ditch at the entrance to the parking lot for maintaining proper drainage. The ground would be leveled, and 6 to 8 inches of half-inch diameter rock, or flyash, would be used as the base. Approximately 1,000 tons of crushed asphalt would be installed over the

Bearing Analytics Bearing Analytics Purdue University 355 likes Bearing Analytics is a leading-edge equipment monitoring company aimed at pioneering a new era in industrial bearing condition monitoring. Our objective is to consolidate the needs of customers, environment, and manufacturers to improve asset management and energy efficiency capabilities one bearing at a time. Learn More Bioadhesive Alliance North Carolina A&T State University 1322 likes Bioadhesive Alliance Inc. is a developer and manufacturer of "PiGrid", bio-based adhesive that is green, low cost, and durable and can be utilized as a substitute to petroleum-based asphalt binder. Learn More Inviroment Brigham Young University 300 likes PlasTek(tm) is patent-pending technology created by Inviroment(tm) that

Manhattan Project Â» Signature Manhattan Project Â» Signature Facilities Â» Trinity Site - World's First Nuclear Explosion Trinity Site - World's First Nuclear Explosion Trinity Site - World's First Nuclear Explosion The world's first nuclear explosion occurred on July 16, 1945, when a plutonium implosion device was tested at a site located 210 miles south of Los Alamos on the barren plains of the Alamogordo Bombing Range, known as the Jornada del Muerto. Inspired by the poetry of John Donne, J. Robert Oppenheimer code-named the test Trinity. Hoisted atop a 150-foot tower, the plutonium device, or Gadget, detonated at precisely 5:30 a.m. over the New Mexico desert, releasing 18.6 kilotons of power, instantly vaporizing the tower and turning the surrounding asphalt and sand into green glass.

Bioadhesive Alliance Bioadhesive Alliance National Clean Energy Business Plan Competition 2013 1322 likes Bioadhesive Alliance North Carolina A&T State University Bioadhesive Alliance Inc. is a developer and manufacturer of "PiGrid", bio-based adhesive that is green, low cost, and durable and can be utilized as a substitute to petroleum-based asphalt binder. PiGrid is a sustainable alternative resource developed from the thermochemical liquefaction process converting swine manure to a biobinder while sequestering carbon and greenhouse gases otherwise released into the atmosphere. The conversion process reforms the organic matter in swine manure into oil with heat and pressure in an anoxic, aqueous environment. PiGrid primarily consists of asphaltenes and resins which rheological and chemical properties are

Bioadhesive Alliance Bioadhesive Alliance North Carolina A&T State University 1322 likes Bioadhesive Alliance Inc. is a developer and manufacturer of "PiGrid", bio-based adhesive that is green, low cost, and durable and can be utilized as a substitute to petroleum-based asphalt binder. Learn More Bearing Analytics Purdue University 355 likes Bearing Analytics is a leading-edge equipment monitoring company aimed at pioneering a new era in industrial bearing condition monitoring. Our objective is to consolidate the needs of customers, environment, and manufacturers to improve asset management and energy efficiency capabilities one bearing at a time. Learn More Inviroment Brigham Young University 300 likes PlasTek(tm) is patent-pending technology created by Inviroment(tm) that

8 8 404 line, diesel and jet fuels; lubricants; asphalt; ethane, propane, and butane; and many other products used for their energy or chemical content. Crude oil is considered as either domestic or im- ported according to the following: 1. Domestic Crude Oil: Crude oil produced in the United States or from its "outer continen- tal shelf" as defined in 43 U.S.C. 1331. 2. Imported Crude Oil: Crude oil produced out- side the United States and brought into the United States. 3. First purchase volume and cost data for crude oil are classified in accordance with what the product was sold as, regardless of the actual specifications. Hence, its volumes may in- clude some of the excluded liquids discussed above. Crude Oil Acquisitions (unfinished oil acquisi- tions): The volume of crude oil either (1) acquired by the respondent for processing for its own account in accordance with accounting

Sample records for xylene btx asphalt from the National Library of Energy Beta (NLEBeta)

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Bearing Analytics Bearing Analytics Purdue University 355 likes Bearing Analytics is a leading-edge equipment monitoring company aimed at pioneering a new era in industrial bearing condition monitoring. Our objective is to consolidate the needs of customers, environment, and manufacturers to improve asset management and energy efficiency capabilities one bearing at a time. Learn More Bioadhesive Alliance North Carolina A&T State University 1322 likes Bioadhesive Alliance Inc. is a developer and manufacturer of "PiGrid", bio-based adhesive that is green, low cost, and durable and can be utilized as a substitute to petroleum-based asphalt binder. Learn More Picasolar University of Arkansas 16 likes Picasolar wholly owns the hydrogen selective emitter (HSE) technology. HSE

80: Categorical Exclusion Determination 80: Categorical Exclusion Determination CX-005280: Categorical Exclusion Determination Demolition of Buildings 11-10 and 11-30 CX(s) Applied: B1.23 Date: 02/14/2011 Location(s): Amarillo, Texas Office(s): NNSA-Headquarters, Pantex Site Office The U.S. Department of Energy (DOE), National Nuclear Security Administration (NNSA), proposed to demolish Buildings 11-10 and 11-30 at the Pantex Plant. While removing the asphalt from the concrete slab at Building 11-30 during demolition, unknown concrete sumps, manholes, and drainage troughs were discovered. Removal of the sumps, manholes, and drainage troughs has been added to the scope of project no. D&D-10-003-C and would require deeper excavation. The added scope would not require excavating outside of the boundary that was identified in the original

Strategic benefits Strategic benefits Description Researchers at the University of Wyoming's Western Research Institute (WRI) in Laramie are developing a field upgrading process to help make the conversion and upgrading of bitumen from Canadian oil sands more economical. Bitumen is a highly condensed, semi-solid form of crude oil. It is a natural asphalt that can be hard to recover and refine from tar (oil) sands without the use of expensive enhanced recovery methods. The bitumen must be heated or diluted with lighter hydrocarbons before it can flow readily enough to be piped or trucked from the field to central upgrading facilities or refineries, where it is further distilled to produce lighter products such as diesel fuel and gasoline. Alberta's oil sands contain the

1609: Categorical Exclusion Determination 1609: Categorical Exclusion Determination CX-001609: Categorical Exclusion Determination Homestead Road Bicycle/Pedestrian Facility CX(s) Applied: B5.1 Date: 04/07/2010 Location(s): Lee County, Florida Office(s): Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, Golden Field Office The County of Lee proposes to use Energy Efficiency and Conservation Block Grant funding for construction of an approximate 2.0 mile bike path in an existing road right of way (ROW). The project activity includes construction of a 5' to 8' wide asphalt bike path along the east side of Homestead Rd. within the existing roadway ROW. The existing grass shoulder and roadside swale will be re-graded and a culvert pipe will be installed where necessary to construct the bike path and maintain existing drainage

25 25 CATEGORICAL EXCLUSION FOR THE TANK FARM INTERIM SURFACE BARRIERS, 200 AREAS, HANFORD SITE, RICHLAND, WASHINGTON Proposed Action . The U.S. Department of Energy, (DOE) Office of River Protection (ORP) and the Richland Operations Office (RL) propose to construct interim surface barriers over several tank fanns. Location of Action The work will take place within the 200 Areas, Hanford Site, Richland, Washington. Description of Proposed Action Interim surface barrier(s), typically constructed of modified asphalt or other impermeable material, may be constructed over and/or adjacent to the 241-SX Tank Farm, the 241-U Tank Farm, the 241-BY Tank Farm, and/or other tank farms as needed. Each interim barrier may also include a stormwater conveyance system and an associated storm water collection system.

Bearing Analytics Bearing Analytics Purdue University 355 likes Bearing Analytics is a leading-edge equipment monitoring company aimed at pioneering a new era in industrial bearing condition monitoring. Our objective is to consolidate the needs of customers, environment, and manufacturers to improve asset management and energy efficiency capabilities one bearing at a time. Learn More Bioadhesive Alliance North Carolina A&T State University 1322 likes Bioadhesive Alliance Inc. is a developer and manufacturer of "PiGrid", bio-based adhesive that is green, low cost, and durable and can be utilized as a substitute to petroleum-based asphalt binder. Learn More Inviroment Brigham Young University 300 likes PlasTek(tm) is patent-pending technology created by Inviroment(tm) that

5 5 Disposal and Recovery of Construction and Demolition (C&D) Materials in 2003 Reporting State (2) (1) (3) Florida 27% Maryland 54% Massachusetts 82% New Jersey 79% North Carolina 1% Utah 4% Virginia 3% Washington 60% Total 48% Note(s): Source(s): 1) Only eight states reported recovery and disposal amounts 2003, representing approximately 21% of the US population. 2) State definitions vary regarding what constitutes C&D materials. Some states may include concrete, asphalt pavement, and metals from non-building sources. 3) Recovered materials may include those used for purposes that do not meet state definitions for recycling, such as landfill cover and energy generation. EPA, Estimating 2003 Building-Related Construction and Demolition Materials Amounts, Table 3-1

2 2 Characteristics of U.S. Construction Waste - Two to seven tons of waste (a rough average of 4 pounds of waste per square foot) are generated during the construction of a new single-family detached house. - 15 to 70 pounds of hazardous waste are generated during the construction of a detached, single-family house. Hazardous wastes include paint, caulk, roofing cement, aerosols, solvents, adhesives, oils, and greases. - Each year, U.S. builders produce between 30 and 35 million tons of construction, renovation, and demolition (C&D) waste. - Annual C&D debris accounts for roughly 24% of the municipal solid waste stream. - Wastes include wood (27% of total) and other (73% of total, including cardboard and paper; drywall/plaster; insulation; siding; roofing; metal; concrete, asphalt, masonry, bricks, and dirt rubble; waterproofing materials; and

DOE-Environmental Management DOE-Complex Wide Techniques and Technologies for Field Detection of Asbestos Containing Materials Challenge Asbestos has been used in numerous applications at DOE sites including sprayed-on fireproofing, asphalt and vinyl floor tile, and asbestos-cement (transite) siding. Inhalation of asbestos can result in non-malignant asbestosis, lung cancer and mesothelioma in workers. Currently, 40 CFR 763, Subpart E requires a certain number of bulk samples of suspected asbestos-containing material (ACM) to be collected within each designated homogeneous area (HA). If real time (or near-real), in-situ detection techniques/technologies of ï£ 5, and preferably ï£ 3 weight percent asbestos, were available, sample numbers

Bioadhesive Alliance Bioadhesive Alliance National Clean Energy Business Plan Competition 2013 1322 likes Bioadhesive Alliance North Carolina A&T State University Bioadhesive Alliance Inc. is a developer and manufacturer of "PiGrid", bio-based adhesive that is green, low cost, and durable and can be utilized as a substitute to petroleum-based asphalt binder. PiGrid is a sustainable alternative resource developed from the thermochemical liquefaction process converting swine manure to a biobinder while sequestering carbon and greenhouse gases otherwise released into the atmosphere. The conversion process reforms the organic matter in swine manure into oil with heat and pressure in an anoxic, aqueous environment. PiGrid primarily consists of asphaltenes and resins which rheological and chemical properties are

11 - 23820 of 29,416 results. 11 - 23820 of 29,416 results. Download Contractor Fee Payments- Portsmouth Paducah Project Office See the amount of fees earned on EM's major contracts for each evaluated fee period and the total contract to date at the Portsmouth Paducah Project Office on these charts. http://energy.gov/em/downloads/contractor-fee-payments-portsmouth-paducah-project-office Download Techniques and Technologies for Field Detection of Asbestos Containing Materials Asbestos has been used in numerous applications at DOE sites including sprayed-on fireproofing, asphalt and vinyl floor tile, and asbestos-cement(transite) siding. http://energy.gov/em/downloads/techniques-and-technologies-field-detection-asbestos-containing Article Former Assistant Secretary Reflects on Career High Point Leading

Sample records for xylene btx asphalt from the National Library of Energy Beta (NLEBeta)

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The Permian Basin of West Texas is a prolific oil and gas province that has been extensively explored, but the Marathon-Ouachita overthrust area of Pecos County, Tex., is not fully explored. Rocks of the Ouachita fold belt have been generally regarded by most petroleum geologists as metamorphosed and unsuitable for oil and gas accumulation. Indications of the presence of hydrocarbons in Ouachita rocks have been reported from the earliest days of Permian Basin exploration. Goldstein and Flawn indicated that in the subsurface Ouachita fold belt in Texas asphaltic materials are fairly common in sandstones and cherts. The Ouachita overthrust area in Texas has all the required elements for hydro-carbon accumulation and should be fully explored. This article gives a brief assessment of these elements (traps, source rocks, and reservoirs) in this area.

Four Chinese 350{degrees}C+ reduced crude feedstocks were heated thermally in the presence of a contact material at 480-540{degrees}C in a fixed bed reactor. The feed and products were fractionated into eight fractions using normal pentane precipitation and alumina adsorption chromatography and average molecular parameters calculated with a modified Brown-Ladner method. The results obtained show that the conversion of various fractions of the reduced crudes was quite different. The conversion of asphaltic substances was much higher than those of saturates and aromatics. It is shown that the CH{sub 2}/CH{sub 3} ratio, aromaticity and the numbers of aromatic, naphthenic and total ring of heavy products were obviously lower than those of reduced crudes. The effect of temperature on metal, sulfur, nitrogen removal has been also investigated. The data indicate that the removal of weak polar non-porphyrin nickel was larger than that of middle and strong polar nickel complex.

Traffic noise and noise control are major concerns of transportation as noise and vibration will cause both psychological and physiological consequences. Great efforts have been made to use more sound absorbent road surfaces in order to reduce traffic noise. The raw materials under study are recycled byproducts from circulating fluidized bed boiler (CFB). The recycled CFB materials have been approved for use by the Environmental and Transportation Departments in various regions throughout the United States for road stabilization and base/surface installations. These (CFB) materials have shown good ecological civil and mechanical properties and are more environmentally friendly than asphalt and concrete. However the acoustical properties of the pavements are not known. Two types of measurements have been conducted. First the traffic noise was measured using the statistical pass-by method on various road surfaces and a comprehensive comparison was conducted. Second the sound absorption coefficients of the CFB materials were measured using impedance tubes.

(1, 6, 7, 13, 28, 42-45) Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (FT-ICR MS) is currently the only analytical technique capable of direct speciation (at the level of molecular formula assignment) of individual components in complex petroleum samples, especially polar and heavy oil fractions, such as asphaltenes. ... The macrostructures of the asphaltene fractions from 7 different native crude petroleums, a gilsonite asphaltene, and asphaltene from a heavy asphaltic oil, and the resin fractions from 4 crude petroleums were studied by mol.-wt. ... observations and simulation results at reservoir conditions using the PC-SAFT equation of state on the effect of compositional changes in live oils caused by two common processes in the oil industry: oil-based-mud (OBM) contamination and reinjection of assocd. ...

SPEAR3 is a third-generation synchrotron light source storage ring. The beam stability requirements are {approx}10% of the beam size, which is about 1 micron in the vertical plane. Hydrostatic level system (HLS) measurements show that the height of the SPEAR3 tunnel floor varies by tens of microns daily. We present analysis of the HLS data, including accounting for common-mode tidal motion. We discuss the results of experiments done to determine the primary driving source of ground motion. We painted the accelerator tunnel walls white; we temporarily installed Mylar over the asphalt in the center of the accelerator; and we put Mylar over a section of the tunnel walls.

Gasification can be an attractive option for converting a variety of petroleum feedstocks to chemicals. Natural gas is commonly sued to produce acetic acid, isocyanates, plastics, and fibers. But low-cost, bottom-of-the-barrel feeds, such as vacuum resid, petroleum coke, and asphaltenes, also can be used. In any case, gasification products include synthesis gas, carbon monoxide, hydrogen, steam, carbon dioxide, and power. The more a gasification facility is integrated with utilities and other non-core operations of a production complex, the more economical the products are for all consumers. The paper discusses gasification of natural gas, light hydrocarbons (ethane, propanes, and butanes), and heavy hydrocarbons (distillates, heavy residues, asphalts, coals, petroleum coke). The paper then describes a Texas City Gasification Project, which gasifies methane to produce carbon monoxide, hydrogen, and alcohol. The plant is integrated with a cogeneration plant. Economics are discussed.

Wax deposition in pipelines can be very costly for plant operation in oil industry. New techniques are needed for allocation and thickness determination of wax deposits. The timely removal of wax can make large saving in operational cost. Neutron back diffusion and neutron capture gamma rays were used in this study to measure paraffin, asphalt and polyethylene deposition thicknesses inside pipes and to enable simultaneous determination of scale and pipe corrosion. It was possible to determine a thickness change of less than one mm in 2 min. It was also possible to detect localized scale from a small region of the pipe of approximately 2 cm in diameter. Although experiments were performed in lab, the system can be made portable for field applications.

When additional capacity is needed in a given crude oil or products pipeline, the choices are (1) add pumping horsepower at select stations, (2) add pump stations at select locations, (3) add pipeline loops, and (4) use a drag reducer/flow improver. When the need for more capacity is short term, using the slick polymer drag reducing/flow improving chemicals as a fix is likely to prove cheaper and easier. For those operators hampered by waxy or very viscous crudes, other specialty chemicals provide solutions. Availability of specialized chemicals to improve flow conditions in liquids pipelines is increasing. Wax crystal modifier additives are available from several sources. For use with really gunky, almost hard asphalt crudes, an organically-produced emulsion stabilizer has been developed. An in-depth investigation of the products is presented.

OAK A271 Rockwell International Hot Laboratory decontamination and dismantlement interim progress report 1987-1996. The Rockwell International Hot Laboratory (RIHL) is one of a number of former nuclear facilities undergoing decontamination and decommissioning (D&D) at the Santa Susana Field Laboratory (SSFL). The RIHL facility is in the later stages of dismantlement, with the final objective of returning the site location to its original natural state. This report documents the decontamination and dismantlement activities performed at the facility over the time period 1988 through 1996. At this time, the support buildings, all equipment associated with the facility, and the entire above-ground structure of the primary facility building (Building 020) have been removed. The basement portion of this building and the outside yard areas (primarily asphalt and soil) are scheduled for D&D activities beginning in 1997.

About 25,800 longitudinal profiles of in-service roads in the USA (Long-Term Pavement Performance (LTPP) Program) were evaluated to obtain indicators of the longitudinal unevenness (roughness) of the road surface defined by standards ISO 8608 : 1995 and EN 13036-5 : 2006. Besides the commonly used International Roughness Index (IRI), also parameters of the Power Spectral Density (PSD) were evaluated taking into account not only the whole interval of effectively acting wavelengths, but also its two and three partial sub-bands. Differences between left and right tracks and between Asphalt Concrete (AC) and Portland Cement Concrete (CC) wearing courses were considered. For all the mentioned indicators (21), their Probability Density Functions (PDF) and numerical statistics were estimated.

This paper describes the statistical properties of the pure random component of longitudinal road profile. The individual obstacles were removed from the road profile by median filtering approach. A total of 25,830 test sections records from the long-term pavement performance (LTPP) programme were analysed. The differences between asphalt concrete (AC) and cement concrete (CC) wearing courses were outlined. The comparison was shown on statistics (mean, median, standard deviation values) and probability density functions (PDFs) of contemporary used road indices (international roughness index (IRI), road elevation variance, power spectrum density (PSD) parameters in one-, two- and three-wavelength bands, etc.). The simulation study revealed the marked influence of obstacles on the road indices. The spectral properties of the pure random part were quantified.

Due to the development of Title III and Title V of the Clean Air Act Amendments and public awareness of environmentally safe processes, particulate emissions monitoring has become a subject of great importance to the manufacturing sector. An increasing number of monitoring devices are available, and when used in the correct applications, can accurately monitor particulate emissions. This allows identification of a system problem before emissions can reach the stack and trigger non-compliance. This paper focuses on the most widely used technologies for continuous particulate monitoring, specifically the CPM product line, which has been developed to overcome common problems associated with emissions monitoring equipment. Technical data is presented in regard to the CPM operation as well as a case study of a CPM monitor in the asphalt industry.

Although wastewater treatment helps alleviate water pollution, it creates residual by-products that can pose a disposal dilemma. Four main practices are presently employed to dispose of wastewater treatment plant sludge: land application, composting, incineration, and landfilling. A fifth disposal method that may help to alleviate the sludge disposal problem in future years is the incorporation of sludge into useful end products such as fertilizer or construction materials. This research was designed to evaluate the properties of bituminous concrete mixes that had anaerobically digested sewage sludge incorporated into their design. In doing so, it was desired to verify the work of Wells concerning sludge incorporation into bituminous concrete mixes using today`s asphalts. Hot mix and cold mix designs were studied.

Abstract Oil has been the number one source of energy in the world since the middle of the twentieth century. The world is very dependent on petroleum for transportation fuels, petrochemicals and asphalt. But ever increasing demand has caused the price of oil to spike in recent years, and only the world economic crisis has been able to temper demand and bring the price down to more reasonable levels. However, the demand and price are likely to shoot up again when the economy recovers. At the same time, the peak oil theory of M. King Hubbert predicts that world oil production is likely to peak soon. This prediction raises questions about what source of energy will come to the fore when oil is not able to keep up.

Nearly 200 samples were collected at the Oklo mine in Gabon this quarter for shipment to the United States to continue studies of lead, ruthenium, and technetium migration around natural fission reactors. The first analyses of samples collected near a rich uranium ore body in Canada show the presence of radiogenic lead in pyrite and sandstone materials. Analyses of additional samples are underway to permit the interpretation of the data in terms of transport paths. A technique was developed this quarter to eliminate the interference of organic materials during the mass spectrometric analyses of ruthenium in Oklo samples with high asphaltic contents. A proposal was drafted for a study of naturally occurring radionuclide migration at rich uranium ore bodies in Australia to be performed jointly by the US Department of Energy and the Australian Atomic Energy Commission.

The 100-B-18 Powerhouse Debris Pile contained miscellaneous demolition waste from the decommissioning activities of the 184-B Powerhouse. The debris covered an area roughly 15 m by 30 m and included materials such as concrete blocks, mixed aggregate/concrete slabs, stone rubble, asphalt rubble, traces of tar/coal, broken fluorescent lights, brick chimney remnants, and rubber hoses. In accordance with this evaluation, the verification sampling results support a reclassification of this site to Interim Closed Out. The results of verification sampling show that residual contaminant concentrations do not preclude any future uses and allow for unrestricted use of shallow zone soils. The results also demonstrate that residual contaminant concentrations are protective of groundwater and the Columbia River.