Abigail Adams to Mary Smith Cranch

Captain Lyde is arrived and I have 3 Letters by him, one from Doctor Tufts one from
Dr. Welch and one from Mrs. Storer.2 I will not accuse my dear sister because I know she must have written to me tho I
have not yet received it. I know so well how many accidents may prevent for a long
time the reception of Letters, that whilst I ask candour for myself, I am willing
to extend it to others.

I have been here a month without writing a single line to my American Friends. About
the 28th. of May we reachd London and expected to have gone into our old quiet Lodgings
at the Adelphia, but we found every hotel full, the Sitting of parliament, the Birth
day of the King, and the famous Celebration of the Musick of Handle at Westminster
Abbey, had drawn together such a concourse of people, that we were glad to get into
Lodgings at the moderate price of a Guiney per day, for two Rooms and two Chambers,
at the Bath hotel Westminster Picadily, where we yet are. This being the Court end
of the city, it is the resort of a vast concourse of carriages, it is too publick
and noisy for pleasure, but necessity is without Law. The Ceremony of presentation,
upon one week, to the King and the Next to the Queen was to take place, after which
I was to prepare for mine. It is customary upon presentation to receive visits from
all the Foreign ministers, so that we could not exchange our Lodgings for more private
ones, as we might and should; had we been only in a private { 187 } character. The Foreign ministers and several english Lords and Earls have paid their
compliments here and all heitherto is civil and polite. I was a fortnight all the
time I could get looking of different Houses, but could not find any one fit to inhabit
under 200. besides the taxes which mount up to 50 & 60 pounds. At last my good Genious
carried me to one in Grovenor Square, which was not let because the person who had
the care of it, could let it only for the remaining lease which was one Year and 3
quarters. The price which is not quite 200, the Situation and all together induced
us to close the Bargain and I have prevaild upon the person who lets it; to paint
two rooms which will put it into decent order so that as soon as our furniture comes
I shall again commence house keeping. Living at a hotel is I think more expensive
than house keeping in proportion to what one has for their money. We have never had
more than two dishes at a time upon our table, and have not pretended to ask any company
and yet we live at a greater expence than 25 Guineys per week. The Wages of servants
horse hire house meat and provision are much dearer here than in France. Servants
of various sorts and for different departments are to be procured, their Characters
to be inquird into, and this I take upon me even to the Coachman; you can hardly form
an Idea how much I miss my son on this as well as many other accounts. But I cannot
bear to trouble Mr. Adams with any thing of a domestick kind, who from morning untill
Evening has sufficient to occupy all his time. You can have no Idea of the petitions
Letters and private applications for a pittance which crowd our doors. Every person
represents his case as dismal, some may really be objects of compassion, and some
we assist, but one must have an inexhaustable purse to supply them all. Besides there
are so many gross impositions practised as we have found in more instances than one,
that it would take the whole of a persons time to trace all their stories. Many pretend
to have been American soldiers, some to have served as officers. A most glaring instance
of falshood however Col. Smith detected in a man of these pretentions, who sent to
Mr. Adams from the Kings bench prison and modestly desired 5 Guineys, a qualified
cheet but evidently a man of Letters and abilities.3 But if it is to continue in this way a Galley Slave would have an easier task.

The Tory venom has begun to spit itself forth in the publick papers as I expected,
bursting with envy that an American Minister should be received here with the same
marks of attention politeness and civility which is shewn to the Ministers of any
other power. When a minister delivers his credentials to the king, it is always in
his private { 188 } closet attended only by the minister for Foreign affairs, which is called a private
audience, and the Minister presented makes some little address to his Majesty, and
the same ceremony to the Queen, whose replie was in these Words, “Sir I thank you
for your civility to me and my family, and I am glad to see you in this Country,”
then very politely inquired whether he had got a house yet? The answer of his Majesty
was much longer, but I am not at liberty to say more respecting it; than that it was
civil and polite, and that his Majesty said he was glad the Choice of his Country
had fallen upon him. The News Liars know nothing of the Matter, they represent it
just to answer their purpose.4 Last thursday Col. Smith was presented at Court, and tomorrow at the Queens circle
my Ladyship and your Neice make our compliments. There is no other presentation in
Europe in which I should feel so much as in this. Your own reflections will easily
[suggest?] the reasons. I have received a very friendly and polite visit from the Countess of
Effingham. She calld and not finding me at Home left a Card. I returnd her visit,
but was obliged to do it by leaving my Card too: as she was gone out of Town. But
when her Ladyship returnd she sent her compliments, and word that if agreeable she
would take a Dish of tea with me; and named her Day. She accordingly came, and appeard
a very polite sensible woman. She is about 40, a good person, tho a little masculine,
elegant in her appearence, very easy and social. The Earl of Effingham is too well
rememberd by America to need any particular recital of his Character.5 His Mother is first Lady to the Queen. When Her Ladyship took leave, she desired
I would let her know the day that I would favour her with a visit, as she should be
loth to be absent. She resides in summer a little distance from town. The Earl is
a Member of Parliament which obliges him now to be in town and she usually comes with
him and resides at a hotel a little distance from this. I find a good many Ladies
belonging to the Southern states here, many of whom have visited me. I have exchanged
visits with several, yet neither of us have met.6 The Custom is however here, much more agreeable than in France, for it is as with
us, the Stranger is first visited. The ceremony of presentation here is considerd
as indispensable. Their are four minister plenipotentiarys Ladies here, but one Ambassador
and he has no Lady. In France the Ladys of Ambassadors only are presented there. One
is obliged here to attend the circles of the Queen which are held in Summer one a
fortnight, but once a week the rest of the year, and what renders it exceedingly expensive
is, that you cannot go twice the same Season in the same dress, and { 189 } a Court dress you cannot make use any where else. I directed my Mantua Maker to let
my dress be elegant but plain as I could possibly appear with Decency, accordingly
it is white Lutestring coverd and full trimd with white Crape festoond with lilick
ribbon and mock point lace, over a hoop of enormus extent. There is only a narrow
train of about 3 yard length to the gown waist, which is put into a ribbon upon the
left side, the Queen only having her train borne, ruffel cuffs for married Ladies
thrible lace ruffels a very dress cap with long lace lappets two white plumes and
a blond lace handkerchief, this is my rigging. I should have mentiond two pearl pins
in my hair earings and necklace of the same kind.

[dateline] thursday morning

My Head is drest for St. James and in my opinion looks very tasty. Whilst Emelias
is undergoing the same operation, I set myself down composedly to write you a few
lines. Well methinks I hear Betsy and Lucy say, what is cousins dress, white my Dear
Girls like your Aunts, only differently trimd, and ornamented, her train being wholy
of white crape and trimd with white ribbon, the peticoat which is the most showy part
of the dress coverd and drawn up in what is calld festoons, with light wreaths of
Beautifull flowers. The Sleaves white crape drawn over the silk with a row of lace
round the Sleave near the shoulder an other half way down the arm and a 3d. upon the
top of the ruffel little flower[s] stuck between. A kind of hat Cap with 3 large feathers and a bunch of flowers a wreath
of flowers upon the hair. Thus equipd we go in our own Carriage and Mr. A and Col.
Smith in his. But I must quit my pen to put myself in order for the ceremony which
begins at 2 oclock. When I return I will relate to you my reception, but do not let
it circulate as there may be persons eager to Catch at every thing, and as much given
to misrepresentation as here. I would gladly be excused the Ceremony.

[dateline] fryday morning

Congratulate me my dear sister it is over. I was too much fatigued to write a line
last evening. At two a clock we went to the circle which is in the drawing room of
the Queen. We past through several appartments lined as usual with Spectatirs upon
these occasions. Upon entering the anti Chamber, the Baron de Linden the Dutch Minister
who has been often here came and spoke with me. A Count Sarsfield a French nobleman
with whom I was acquainted paid his compliments. As I passt into the drawing room
Lord Carmathan and { 190 } Sir Clement Cotterel Dormer were presented to me.7 Tho they had been several times here I had never seen them before. The sweedish the
polish ministers8 made their compliments and several other Gentleman, but not a single Lady did I know,
untill the Countess of Effingham came who was very civil. There were 3 young Ladies
daughters of the Marquiss of Lothan9 who were to be presented at the same time and two Brides. We were placed in a circle
round the drawing room which was very full, I believe 200 person present. Only think
of the task the Royal family have, to go round to every person, and find small talk
enough to speak to all of them. Tho they very prudently speak in a whisper, so that
only the person who stands next you can hear what is said. The King enters the room
and goes round to the right, the Queen and princesses to the left. The Lord in waiting
presents you to the King and the Lady in waiting does the same to her Majesty. The
King is a personable Man, but my dear sister he has a certain Countenance which you
and I have often remarked, a red face and white eye brows, the Queen has a similar
countanance and the numerous Royal family confirm the observation. Persons are not
placed according to their rank in the drawing room, but tranciently, and when the
King comes in he takes persons as they stand. When he came to me, Lord Onslow10 said, Mrs. Adams, upon which I drew of my right hand Glove, and his Majesty saluted
my left cheek, then asked me if I had taken a walk to day. I could have told his Majesty
that I had been all the morning prepareing to wait upon him, but I replied, no Sire.
Why dont you love walking says he? I answerd that I was rather indolent in that respect.
He then Bow'd and past on. It was more than two hours after this before it came to
my turn to be presented to the Queen. The circle was so large that the company were
four hours standing. The Queen was evidently embarrased when I was presented to her.
I had dissagreeable feelings too. She however said Mrs. Adams have you got into your
house, pray how do you like the Situation of it? Whilst the princess Royal11 looked compasionate, and asked me if I was not much fatigued, and observed that it
was a very full drawing room. Her sister who came next princess Augusta, after having
asked your neice if she was ever in England before, and her answering yes, inquird
of me how long ago, and supposed it was when she was very young. And all this is said
with much affability, and the ease and freedom of old acquaintance. The manner in
which they make their tour round the room, is first the Queen, the Lady in waiting
behind her holding up her train, next to her the princess royal after her princess
Augusta and their Lady in waiting behind them.

They are pretty rather than Beautifull, well shaped with fair complexions and a tincture
of the kings countanance. The two sisters look much alike. They were both drest in
lilack and silver silk with a silver netting upon the coat, and their heads full of
diamond pins. The Queen was in purple and silver. She is not well shaped or handsome.
As [to] the Ladies of the Court, Rank and title may compensate for want of personal Charms,
but they are in general very plain ill shaped and ugly, but dont you tell any body
that I say so. If one wants to see Beauty they must go to Ranaleigh,12 there it is collected in one bright constelation. There were two Ladies very elegant
at court Lady Salsbury and Lady Talbot,13 but the observation did not in general hold good that fine feathers make fine Birds.
I saw many who were vastly richer drest than your Friends, but I will venture to say
that I saw none neater or more elegant, which praise I ascribe to the taste of Mrs.
Temple and my Mantua Maker, for after having declared that I would not have any foil
or tincel about me, they fixd upon the dress I have described. Mrs. Temple is my near
Neighbour and has been very friendly to me. Mr. Temple you know is deaf so that I
cannot hold much conversation with him.

The Tories are very free with their compliments. Scarcly a paper excapes without some
scurrility. We bear it with silent Contempt, having met a polite reception from the
Court. It bites them Like a serpent and stings them like an adder.14 As to the success the negotiations may meet with time alone can disclose the result,
but if this nation does not suffer itself to be again duped by the artifice of some
and the malice of others, it will unite itself with America upon the most liberal
principals and sentiments.

Captain Dashood came why I have not half done. I have not told your Aunt yet that
whilst I was writing I received her thrice welcome Letters, and from my dear cousins
too, Aunt Shaw and all,15 nor how some times I laught and sometimes I cry'd, yet there was nothing sorrowfull
in the Letters, only they were too tender for me. What not time to say I will write
to all of them as soon as possible. Why I know they will all think I ought to write,
but how is it possible? Let them think what I have to do, and what I have yet to accomplish
as my furniture is come and will be landed tomorrow.16 Eat the sweet meats17 divide them amongst you, and the choisest sweet meat of all I shall have in thinking
that you enjoy them.18

I hope you have got all my Letters by my son from whom I shall be anxious to hear.

Esther is well, John poorly. Do not any of you think hard of me for not writing more,
my pen is good for nothing. I went last Evening to Raneleigh, but I must reserve that
story for the young folks. You see I am in haste, believe me most tenderly yours

1. AA completed most of the body of this letter on the 24th, but the last paragraphs date
from the 28th (see notes 12 and 18), and she wrote the first sections on Wednesday
and Thursday, 22 and 23 June.

2. Cotton Tufts to AA, [11], and 19 April; and Hannah Storer to AA, 3 May, are all above. The letter from Dr. Thomas Welsh has not been found; AA replied to him on [25 Aug.], below. This opening paragraph is omitted from AA, Letters, ed. CFA.

3. This may have been the prisoner who wrote to JA on 2 June (Adams Papers), introducing himself as W. R. Coleman, a Revolutionary War veteran from Virginia.

4. The Daily Universal Register of 10 June includes a squib describing the “cool reception of the American Ambassador.”
One paragraph speculates: “The closet-scene on a late introduction at St. James's, must have been curious. It is thought on one
side the blush was as deep as die, as the flesh on Eve's cheek when she first saw Adam.” The Morning Post and Daily Advertiser of 13 June asserted that JA was so embarrassed at his first audience with George III that he could not “pronounce
the compliment prescribed by etiquette.” For JA's account of his reception by George III, see AA to Thomas Jefferson, 6 June, note 8, above.

5. Thomas Howard, ninth baron Howard of Effingham and third earl of Effingham, married
Catherine, daughter of Metcalfe Procter, in 1765. Effingham was a prominent opponent
of Lord North's government and an outspoken supporter of American rights in the House
of Lords from 1770 to 1782. He supported Pitt in 1783, became master of the mint in
1784, and was named a lord of trade and plantations in 1785 (James E. Doyle, Official Baronage of England, London, 1886, vol. 1; Vicary Gibbs and H. A. Doubleday, The Complete Peerage, London, 1921; Alan Valentine, The British Establishment, 1760–1784, Norman, Okla., 1970).

6. AA evidently means that she was out when her Southern visitors called, and they were
out when she called on them.

7. Francis Godolphin Osborne, son of the fourth duke of Leeds, sat briefly in the House
of Commons as the Marquis of Carmarthen (1774–1775). He entered the House of Lords as Lord Osborne in 1776, but was commonly known as
Carmarthen until he became the fifth duke of Leeds in 1789. A privy councilor from
1777, he served as secretary of state for foreign affairs from 1783 to 1791. He was
a strong supporter of the North ministry until 1780, when he lost his post as lord
lieutenant of the East Riding of Yorkshire for refusing to oppose the county association
movement. Although he then joined the opposition, he always defended the justice of
Britain's effort to keep her colonies. See Namier and Brooke, House of Commons, 3:236–237; JA, Papers, 8:370, and note 6.

Sir Clement Cottrell Dormer was knighted in 1779, and appointed Master of the Ceremonies
at St. James's Palace, a position held by members of his family from 1641 to 1808
(William A. Shaw, The Knights of England, London, 1906, 2:296; DNB, under Cotterell). Dormer wrote to JA on 22 June (Adams Papers) to describe the proper manner of AA's presentation to the Queen.

9. William John Kerr became the fifth marquis of Lothian in 1775. JA and JQA had met his son, William Kerr, earl of Ancram, in Paris in 1783. John Bernard Burke,
Peerage and Baronetage, London, 1853; JQA, Diary, 1:185, and note 1.

10. George Onslow, son of Arthur Onslow, speaker of the House of Commons under { 194 } George II, also sat in Commons, 1754–1776. In the latter year he became the fourth
baron Onslow, and in 1780 he was appointed a lord of the royal bedchamber. DNB.

11. Charlotte Augusta Matilda, George III and Queen Charlotte's eldest daughter, born
in 1766; she married the prince of Würtemberg in 1797 (DNB). Her sister Augusta Sophia, mentioned below, was born in 1768 (DNB).

12. The public entertainment rooms erected at Ranelagh Gardens in Chelsea in 1742 were
the site of regular promenades of the British upper classes. Ranelagh closed in 1803,
and was torn down soon thereafter (Wheatley, London Past and Present). AA's reference to Ranelagh here may indicate that the text from this point was written
on 28 June, for she evidently attended Ranelagh on the 27th; see note 19.

13. Mary Amelia, who married James Cecil, seventh earl of Salisbury, in 1773, and Charlotte,
who married Earl Talbot in 1776, were sisters, the daughters of Wills Hill, the earl
of Hillsborough, who so angered Massachusetts' patriot leaders when he served as secretary
of state for the colonies, 1768–1772. Cecil became the first marquis of Salisbury,
and Hill the first marquis of Downshire, in 1789. Burke, Peerage and Baronetage.

15. “Your Aunt” has not been positively identified. Mary Cranch's (and AA's) aunt Elizabeth Storer Smith seems the most likely candidate; Lucy Quincy Tufts
is another possibility. By “dear cousins” AA probably means her nieces Elizabeth and Lucy Cranch. Of the several letters that
AA evidently refers to here, only Elizabeth Cranch to AA, and Elizabeth Shaw to AA, both 25 April, both above, have been found.