2
Changes most visible in cities Population of cities grew rapidly in both North and South Chicago Population grew by 5x New Orleans population doubled Massive immigration million immigrants Cities “opportunity” Conflict with natives

9
Chain Migration Chinatown, Little Italy Adjustment Skilled w/ Anglo-American customs British Isles immigrants adaptation easier Irish Large population Dominate Democratic party politics Control Catholic church’s hierarchy in major NE cities New sense of Ethnic distinctiveness Irish-American To assimilate, or not? Chinese, some Irish Made enough money to return home to be successful Nearly 50% went back to Italy

10
Generally clustered within walking distance of manufacturing districts Began with landlords subdividing old buildings Over packed with residents Poor the renters, the worse the slum Ghettos When pressure, law, and prejudice prevent from renting elsewhere Difficulties Children Whooping cough, scarlet fever, high IMR Near Industrial districts Noise, pollution, foul odors

14
Big difference between upper/middle class and working class Highlighted in growing urban centers Political Bosses and Machine Politics Early 19 th century, swelling urban poor gave rise to new types of politicians Listened and lobbied to improve the poor’s lot Presided over city’s “machine” Unofficial political organization designed to keep a party or faction in office Assisted local ward and precinct captains Enormous influence Tammany Hall Started as fraternal order after revolutionary war Democratic, 1830s-1930s Other machines in Baltimore, Philly, Atlanta, and San Francisco Controlled fire and police departments Rewarded friends Tax breaks for contractors Welfare agent Needed to be viewed as generous Tangled urban services with corrupt politics Boss Tweed Put city $70 million in debt Satirized by Thomas Nast Convicted of fraud and corruption in 1873

22
New Approach Relief workers live in slums and ghettos See struggle “first hand” Jane Addams Advocate Hull House –Chicag By Settlement houses in nation Usually led by women Sisterhood of reform New hope

26
Social Sciences and Professions Application of scientific method and theory of evolution New social sciences Behavioral psychology, sociology, anthropology, and political science Professions Law Oliver Wendell Holmes Jr. argues law should evolve with times Clarence Darrow Criminal behavior could be caused by background The African-American Debate W.E.B. Du Bois Advocated full rights for Blacks and equal access to education Booker T. Washington Hard work, racism would disappear

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Concern that Americans lacked sufficient knowledge Reformers William Torrey Harris # of years in school increased Order and punctuality in classroom Compulsory attendance Tenure system Catholics Opened parochial schools Felt public school was anti-catholic

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colleges Morrill Land Grant Act 1862 Only 4% of enrolled in college Wealthy capitalists endowed schools Requirements More electives Modern languages and sciences 1 st generation of scholars who could compete with Europe Medical Schools Revolutionized by Cornell and Harvard Changed lax standards Copied European curriculum Other degrees followed suit: Law programs Wide variety of subjects