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Medicine with LabTutor

The Pre-Clinical Medical Collection uses real patient cases to provide students with a medically relevant learning experience, both in and out of the laboratory. Students are engaged through active learning and self-evaluation as they progress through a structured series of tutorials, pre-lab quizzes, laboratories, case studies and evaluations.

Features

In the classroom , LabTutor engages students with self-guiding data acquisition exercises and real patient files, including video consultations and clinical results.

Health care professionals regularly come across patients with a variety of autonomic nervous system (ANS) problems. Dysfunction of the ANS is described by the term 'Dysautonomia' and is seen in a wide variety of diseases with a range of different symptoms including postural hypotension, fatigue, abnormally rapid or slow heart rate, thirst, dizziness and fainting. Dysautonomia is commonly observed in people with diabetic peripheral neuropathy. It is important, therefore, that students understand how autonomic nervous function can be assessed.

People can develop a variety of central nervous system (CNS) problems. It is therefore important that students understand the basic structure and function of the different parts of the brain. Along with CNS problems, where neurological disease is suspected, assessment of reflexes is an important part of the physical examination of a patient.

People can develop a variety of peripheral nervous disorders that may slow nerve conduction or indeed disrupt function of different kinds of nerves. It is therefore important that students understand the basic physiology of the peripheral nervous system so that people can be cared for correctly.

Blood pressure is routinely measured as part of a physical assessment by health professionals but in many situations it is essential that we know a person's blood pressure in order to provide the most appropriate care. In acute situations, such as after an accident where someone is bleeding, we need to know the blood pressure and how it is changing in order to manage the situation correctly. Is the patient in shock with low blood pressure? Is the pressure rising or falling? Should we transfuse the patient? Should we give drugs that might constrict blood vessels? Is it possible that kidney failure may occur? Accurate and repeated measures of arterial blood pressure provide guidance and clues to answer these questions.

Accurately measuring and monitoring body temperature is a core skill in medicine. Another important medical skill is helping the patient maintain a balance between heat loss and heat production. Why is this so? In health, core body temperature is regulated within a relatively narrow range. This homeostasis maintains optimal conditions for the chemical reactions of metabolism. This Learning Module examines the principles behind temperature measurement and maintenance, and disturbances in temperature regulation.

Malnutrition is a common problem that is encountered frequently. Whereas once malnutrition and starvation were associated in our minds, increasingly we think of obesity and diabetes in association with malnutrition. To understand these problems and their management, it is essential to understand the fundamental physiology of digestion, absorption and metabolism of carbohydrates and how this is controlled.

The heart is responsible for pumping blood through the vessels so that the cells of the body are supplied with the oxygen (O2) and nutrients that they need and the waste products of cell metabolism are removed to be excreted through the lungs (in the form of carbon dioxide, CO2), kidneys or liver and biliary system. Heart and vascular diseases are very common and heart disease is the most prevalent cause of death. Problems in circulation may affect blood flowing from the heart in arteries or returning to the heart in veins. It is essential that Medical students understand the basic physiology of the circulatory system and apply this in their care of patients with these diseases.

Contraction of the heart is dependent on its electrical activity. We can see the overall activity as it changes over time by recording an electrocardiogram (ECG). ECGs can show changes in electrical activity in different regions of the heart and also detect areas which have too little blood flow or have been damaged by blockage to a major coronary artery. Virtually every patient with a heart problem will have had an ECG.

Heart disease is relatively prevalent in the community and ranks highly among causes of admission to hospitals. It is also a very common cause of death. The heart of a person who lives for 80 years will beat about 3000 million times! Every time the heart contracts and relaxes it goes through one complete cardiac cycle. During each cycle heart valves open and close. Closure generates sounds that can be heard using a stethoscope. A variety of cardiac abnormalities can give rise to additional sounds –heart murmurs.

The kidney is the organ that keeps us in fluid and electrolyte balance. It also excretes important waste products from metabolism such as urea, the end product of protein metabolism in mammals. A variety of diseases can affect the kidneys, such as diabetes and bladder infections. As the kidneys play a vital role in maintaining fluid and electrolyte balance, renal diseases result in disturbance of body salt and water balance, leading to edema, high blood pressure and an increased risk of cardiac problems.

Skeletal muscle cells make up about 70% of the cell mass of the body. Normally functioning skeletal muscle is essential for all movements. Although disease of muscle itself is rare and mostly inherited (the muscular dystrophies), trauma to muscle is very common. Patients with with loss of muscle function as a consequence of strokes damaging neurons in the brain, so-called upper motor neuron lesions, are commonly seen. Loss of muscle function can also occur in peripheral nerve disease and when neuromuscular transmission in compromised. Managing patients with muscular disease requires skill and knowledge.

Skeletal muscle cells make up about 70% of the cell mass of the body. Normally functioning skeletal muscle is essential for all movements. Although disease of muscle itself is rare and mostly inherited (the muscular dystrophies), trauma to muscle is very common. Patients with with loss of muscle function as a consequence of strokes damaging neurons in the brain, so-called upper motor neuron lesions, are commonly seen. Loss of muscle function can also occur in peripheral nerve disease and when neuromuscular transmission in compromised. Managing patients with muscular disease requires skill and knowledge.

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