4 Africa Submarine Cables By December 2013, Africa s total international Internet bandwidth reached Tb/s split between Sub-Saharan Africa; Tbps and North Africa ; 896 Gbps Of the total bandwidth supplied to Sub-Saharan Africa, 94% (1.070 Tbps) was supplied directly by submarine cable, less than 5% of the total design capacity of at least Tbps of submarine cables serving the region in December 2013 Balancingact-Africa.com

5 Africa Terrestrial Coverage Africa s total inventory of terrestrial transmission networks has more than doubled in the last five years, total inventory reaching 958,901 route kilometers, by June Still, only 44% of the population of Sub- Saharan Africa (410 million) was within a 25-km range of an operational fibre optic network node. Over the same period, Africa s international Internet bandwidth increased twenty-fold, and has passed the 2 Tb/s mark Balancingact-Africa.com

6 The Last Mile Problem Fibre expansion in Africa is mainly driven by the bandwidth needs of the mobile operators and large corporates who can afford the cost of the backbone infrastructure, and the capital costs associated with accessing the backbone. Most enterprises in Africa however, still do not have access to reliable bandwidth, or fibre infrastructure, as the cost to access these backbone networks have proven to be prohibitive. Service providers struggle to recoup the capital cost associated with access builds via their service contracts, and it is often very difficult to justify the costly backhaul for the smaller to medium clients.

7 The Last Mile Problem Only large networks, who can afford to make the investment in capital infrastructure and have ability to cross subsidize profit margins through bundled pricing solutions will be able to provide fibre to the premises of the smaller and medium organizations as well as consumers. This will not only make it difficult for other service providers to compete, but will also limit the customers choice. Without independent access to affordable fibre in the last mile that connects the premise to the backbone, it will be extremely difficult to build a viable service provider sector and to create a truly dynamic and competitive market.

8 Other barriers A study by Analysis Mason in 2012 found that countries with higher prices and lower Internet use tend to be characterised by clear barriers within the sector, generally related to regulation and policy, such as a monopoly on the international gateway, a state-owned incumbent, or regulatory roadblocks in deploying long-distance and/or cross-border infrastructure.

9 Bridging The Last Mile Gap Open access fibre infrastructure connecting the premise to the backbone infrastructure is a viable solution to make fibre available across the important last mile. Open access means the infrastructure is independent from the services provided via it. The infrastructure is available to all operators on equal terms. The market place will enjoy the benefits of the logical separation of ownership of infrastructure and the services provided via it. It is more cost effective, fosters competition and is less disruptive to the public and private space.

10 Bridging The Last Mile Gap Cost - A common open access solution would prevent the unnecessarily duplication of investment and effectively share the cost among the service providers.. Less Disturbance - Open access infrastructure would meet the access needs of all services providers without having to cater for different installation methods, timeframes, and multiple builds of virtually identical access routes. Better Broadband Services Customers would have the choice among a variety of service providers. Service providers meanwhile would gain access to new markets, and can design optimal solutions to serve the widest possible customer base in an area.

11 Other Recommendations Removing roadblocks. Policy makers should remove roadblocks that deter investment in and use of terrestrial fibre, including; lack of liberalisation; high cost of licences; challenges accessing rights of way for deployment within countries and across borders; and high taxes on equipment and services. Promoting investment. Governments should promote private-sector investment in infrastructure to the greatest extent possible by: offering regulatory certainty to give confidence to investors allowing or promoting infrastructure-sharing in order to reduce costs using their own resources financial and infrastructural to ensure services are delivered, potentially using public-private partnerships (PPPs). ISOC, 2013

12 Other Recommendations Leading at the highest levels of government. Development and usage of communications infrastructure should be made a high-level priority, with an agency vested with oversight of all aspects of the value chain including:, research and innovation taxation, state investments in infrastructure and/or operators, and regulation. Such an agency should have the authority to address any conflicts within the government that result in roadblocks or reduced investment. ISOC, 2013

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