The Silver Line is a bus rapid transit system marketed as rapid transit. It is divided into two branches: Waterfront service (SL1, SL2, and the rush-hour Shuttle) that runs through the South Boston Transitway tunnel, and Washington Street service (SL4 and SL5) that runs on the surface via Washington Street. The Waterfront service costs the same as a subway fare, while the Washington Street service costs a regular bus fare.

The SL5 route was created in 2002 as a replacement for the Washington Street Elevated. The Shuttle route began operations in 2004, followed by the Sl1 and SL2 in 2005 when dual-mode buses became available. The SL4 was introduced in 2009 as a replacement for the canceled Phase III tunnel.[1]

A bus on the #43 route, one of the last to be converted from streetcar to bus

A #59 bus leaving Watertown Square

A Boston Elevated Railway bus on either the #60 or since-discontinued #58 route arrives at Kenmore Square in the 1940s

A #70 bus at Central Square, Cambridge

A #77A trolleybus on Massachusetts Avenue

A #89 bus on Broadway in Somerville

A #91 bus leaving Sullivan Square station

A #101 bus on Main Street in Somerville

These routes provide almost all local service in the core of the metropolitan area; most were originally Boston Elevated Railway streetcar routes. They were originally numbered roughly clockwise from southeast to northeast, with 4 the furthest south in South Boston and 121 the furthest north (roughly) in East Boston. The BERy folded into the Metropolitan Transit Authority in 1947, and the M.T.A. in turn was reorganized as the MBTA in 1964. Despite some changes, including minor routes being merged into trunk routes, the core service network has remained roughly intact since the BERy eta. Several new routes, including the 1, 5, and 47, have been added during the M.T.A. and MBTA eras.[1]

Fifteen of these routes (those with the highest ridership in the system) are designated as key bus routes; they supplement the subway system to provide frequent service to the densest areas of the city. Key bus routes typically operate at higher frequencies than their undesignated cousins, and in March 2014 their hours of service were extended until 2:30AM on Friday and Saturday nights along with the rapid transit system.[2] In mid-2015, late-night service on some key bus routes was cut back, while other routes were dropped from late-night service.

Numbers from 131 to 137 operate in the Melrose area; their routings are based on routes operated as part of the former Eastern Massachusetts Street Railway, which was folded into the MBTA system in 1968. The 136 and 137 were briefly operated as far as Lowell and Lawrence, their original Eastern Mass terminals, while under MBTA control. The 132 was a Service Bus Lines route which was not operated by the MBTA until 1975.[1]

A Dudley-bound route 170 bus (signed NO STOPS) at Back Bay station in 2017

170 and 171 are special low-service routes, the 170 a variant of the 70 introduced in 1968 and the 171 a replacement for early morning CT3 service when it was cut back from Logan Airport in 2002. Other numbers in the 170s were used for largely short-lived routes serving industrial areas.[1]

Route 195 is a special low-service route not open to the general public nor shown on MBTA maps. It connects downtown Boston with the homeless shelter at Lemuel Shattuck Hospital. Until September 2015, the route was numbered 277 to match routes 274-276 (which connected downtown Boston to the Long Island Health Campus and were suspended due to the closure of Long Island Bridge in October 2014.)[1]

The 20 belt route was created by the M.T.A. in 1962 as a combination of the 20 and 21 stub routes inherited from BERy. In 2005, the MBTA redesignated the two directions of the loop as the 201 and 202 to avoid confusion about which way each bus ran.[1]

These routes operate in the Burlington area. They are the remains of the Eastern Massachusetts Street Railway's Lowell Division, which was inherited intact by the MBTA in 1968 and gradually declined thereafter.[1]

These routes operate in the Lynn area and the North Shore. Some routes that run to Haymarket have short-turn variants (labeled with a W suffix) that terminate at Wonderland. The 411 and 430 were Service Bus Lines routes that were acquired by the MBTA in 1975; the other routes are largely Eastern Massachusetts Street Railway routes acquired in 1968.[1]

These routes operate express between Newton and downtown Boston via the Massachusetts Turnpike (I-90). The 500 series routes were created by the MBTA in the 1960s to take advantage of the newly constructed turnpike extension into Boston. The 550 series routes were Middlesex and Boston Street Railway routes to Newton Corner that were extended to downtown Boston in the 1960s and taken over by the MBTA in 1972.[1]

A Paul Revere Transportation bus operating the #712 route at Orient Heights station in 2015

A Blue Hill Bus Lines vehicle on the Canton - Mattapan route in 1967. This route went through several different operators and was designated as the #716 in 1999.[1]

The MBTA provides partial subsidy for some suburban routes outside its usual service area that connect with MBTA bus, subway, or commuter rail service. Routes 710-716 are radial commuter routes that accept MBTA passes on CharlieTickets only; they were taken over from various private operators (Hudson Bus Lines for the 710 and 716, Rapid Transit Inc. for the 712/713, and Nantasket Transportation for the 714.[1]

The non-numbered routes (listed here by their designator on MBTA maps) are local circulator services founded by the municipalities with partial MBTA subsidy (except for the ex-Hudson Dedham Local Bus, which stopped receiving MBTA subsidy in 2014).[1] All are operated by private companies under contract, except for the Beverly Shuttle which is operated by the Cape Ann Transportation Authority.

1.
Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority
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The Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority is the public agency responsible for operating most public transportation services in Greater Boston, Massachusetts. Earlier modes of transportation in Boston were independently owned and operated. In 2008, the system averaged 1.3 million passenger trips each weekday, of which the subway averaged 598,200, making it the fourth-busiest subway system in the United States. Further, the Green Line and Ashmont–Mattapan High Speed Line comprise the busiest light-rail system in the U. S. with a ridership of 255,100. The MBTA is the largest consumer of electricity in Massachusetts, in 2007, its CNG bus fleet was the largest consumer of alternative fuels in the state. The MBTA operates an independent law enforcement agency, the Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority Police, development of mass transportation both followed and shaped economic and population patterns. This marked the beginning of the development of American intercity railroads, which in Massachusetts would later become the MBTA Commuter Rail system, starting with the opening of the Cambridge Railroad on March 26,1856, a profusion of streetcar lines appeared in Boston under chartered companies. Despite the change of companies, Boston is the city with the oldest continuously working streetcar system in the world, many of these companies consolidated, and animal-drawn vehicles were converted to electric propulsion. Streetcar congestion in downtown Boston led to the subways in 1897, the Tremont Street Subway was the first rapid transit tunnel in the United States. Grade-separation added capacity and avoided delays caused by cross streets, various extensions and branches were added at both ends, bypassing more surface tracks. As grade-separated lines were extended, street-running lines were cut back for faster downtown service, however, the Green Lines Causeway Street Elevated remained in service until 2004, when it was relocated into a tunnel with an incline to reconnect to the Lechmere Viaduct. The Boston Elevated Railway started replacing trains with buses in 1922, in 1936, it started replacing rail with trackless trolleys. The last Middlesex & Boston Street Railway streetcar ran in 1930, by the beginning of 1953, the only remaining streetcar lines fed two tunnels—the main Tremont Street Subway network downtown and the short tunnel in Harvard Square. The old elevated railways proved to be an eyesore and required several sharp curves in Bostons twisty streets, the Atlantic Avenue Elevated was closed in 1938 amidst declining ridership and was demolished in 1942. As rail passenger service became unprofitable, largely due to rising automobile ownership. The MTA purchased and took over subway, elevated, streetcar, in the 1950s, the MTA ran new subway extensions, while the last two streetcar lines running into the Pleasant Street Portal of the Tremont Street Subway were substituted with buses in 1953 and 1962. While the operations of the MTA were relatively stable by the early 1960s, the 1945 Coolidge Commission plan assumed that most of the commuter rail lines would be replaced by shorter rapid transit extensions, or simply feed into them at reduced service levels. Passenger service on the entire Old Colony Railroad system serving the part of the state was abandoned by the New Haven Railroad in 1959

2.
MBTA Bus
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The Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority operates 177 bus routes in the Greater Boston area, many of which were formerly part of a large streetcar system. Some routes are for local transport within the city, others bring passengers from surrounding areas to stops on the MBTA Commuter Rail or subway lines, much of this service is provided by bus. Fifteen routes designed as key routes run with higher frequency at all times, most MBTA Bus service is served by diesel, compressed natural gas, and diesel-electric hybrid buses. Silver Line routes running in the Waterfront Tunnel use dual-mode buses that operate as trolleybuses in the tunnel, four routes based out of the Harvard Bus Tunnel run with trolleybuses in Cambridge, Massachusetts and also serve several surrounding suburbs. All buses and routes are wheelchair-accessible, most of the MBTAs bus fleet consists of buses with wheelchair ramps. All buses have amber colored LED exterior headsigns displaying route and destination and this is the current bus roster for the MBTA as of March 2017, including three groups of buses where delivery is ongoing. All buses are 102 inches wide, most buses are 40-foot length while 97 of the total MBTA bus fleet are 60-foot articulated buses. On June 29,2015, the MassDOT board approved the purchase of 325 new 40-foot buses from New Flyer, the 325 buses, costing a total of $222.2 million, will be delivered in 2016 and 2017 following the acceptance of a production test model. They will replace the remaining C40LF and 40-LFW fleets, six additional hybrid buses will be used for privately operated routes 712 and 713 when a new contract begins on July 1,2017. On October 5,2015, the MBTA Fiscal Control Board approved the purchase of 44 new 60-foot articulated hybrid buses from New Flyer to replace the now-retired CNG-powered Neoplan AN460LF fleet. The contract will include an option for a hybrid bus with extended-range electric operation for Silver Line Waterfront use. If tested successfully, an option for up to 45 hybrid buses with extended-range electric operation would be exercised to replace the dual-mode AN460LF fleet. In February 2015, the MBTA was awarded a $4.14 million FTA grant to purchase five 60-foot articulated battery electric buses from New Flyer, in late 2016, the MBTA will place a prototype 40-foot hydrogen fuel cell bus provided by the FTA into service. MBTA buses are operated out of the facilities listed below, Route 28, SL4, & SL5 use Southampton St. 40-foot buses, Route 39 uses Arborway and/or Cabot buses. Some buses are being loaned to other yards due to shortage, most local bus routes in Massachusetts outside the immediate MBTA operating area are operated by the states other regional transit authorities. However, some routes that connect with MBTA bus or subway service are operated by private contractors with partial subsidy by the MBTA. Five routes – the 710, 712/713,714, and 716 – are numbered like other MBTA buses, their operators accept MBTA passes on CharlieTickets, the five routes are primarily commuter routes which connect with other MBTA services at their inbound terminals. They were taken over various private operators

3.
Boston
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Boston is the capital and most populous city of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts in the United States. Boston is also the seat of Suffolk County, although the county government was disbanded on July 1,1999. The city proper covers 48 square miles with a population of 667,137 in 2015, making it the largest city in New England. Alternately, as a Combined Statistical Area, this wider commuting region is home to some 8.1 million people, One of the oldest cities in the United States, Boston was founded on the Shawmut Peninsula in 1630 by Puritan settlers from England. It was the scene of several key events of the American Revolution, such as the Boston Massacre, the Boston Tea Party, the Battle of Bunker Hill, and the Siege of Boston. Upon U. S. independence from Great Britain, it continued to be an important port and manufacturing hub as well as a center for education, through land reclamation and municipal annexation, Boston has expanded beyond the original peninsula. Its rich history attracts many tourists, with Faneuil Hall alone drawing over 20 million visitors per year, Bostons many firsts include the United States first public school, Boston Latin School, first subway system, the Tremont Street Subway, and first public park, Boston Common. Bostons economic base also includes finance, professional and business services, biotechnology, information technology, the city has one of the highest costs of living in the United States as it has undergone gentrification, though it remains high on world livability rankings. Bostons early European settlers had first called the area Trimountaine but later renamed it Boston after Boston, Lincolnshire, England, the renaming on September 7,1630 was by Puritan colonists from England who had moved over from Charlestown earlier that year in quest of fresh water. Their settlement was limited to the Shawmut Peninsula, at that time surrounded by the Massachusetts Bay and Charles River. The peninsula is thought to have been inhabited as early as 5000 BC, in 1629, the Massachusetts Bay Colonys first governor John Winthrop led the signing of the Cambridge Agreement, a key founding document of the city. Puritan ethics and their focus on education influenced its early history, over the next 130 years, the city participated in four French and Indian Wars, until the British defeated the French and their Indian allies in North America. Boston was the largest town in British America until Philadelphia grew larger in the mid-18th century, Bostons harbor activity was significantly curtailed by the Embargo Act of 1807 and the War of 1812. Foreign trade returned after these hostilities, but Bostons merchants had found alternatives for their investments in the interim. Manufacturing became an important component of the economy, and the citys industrial manufacturing overtook international trade in economic importance by the mid-19th century. Boston remained one of the nations largest manufacturing centers until the early 20th century, a network of small rivers bordering the city and connecting it to the surrounding region facilitated shipment of goods and led to a proliferation of mills and factories. Later, a network of railroads furthered the regions industry. Boston was a port of the Atlantic triangular slave trade in the New England colonies

4.
Massachusetts
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It is bordered by the Atlantic Ocean to the east, the states of Connecticut and Rhode Island to the south, New Hampshire and Vermont to the north, and New York to the west. The state is named for the Massachusett tribe, which inhabited the area. The capital of Massachusetts and the most populous city in New England is Boston, over 80% of Massachusetts population lives in the Greater Boston metropolitan area, a region influential upon American history, academia, and industry. Originally dependent on agriculture, fishing and trade, Massachusetts was transformed into a manufacturing center during the Industrial Revolution, during the 20th century, Massachusetts economy shifted from manufacturing to services. Modern Massachusetts is a leader in biotechnology, engineering, higher education, finance. Plymouth was the site of the first colony in New England, founded in 1620 by the Pilgrims, in 1692, the town of Salem and surrounding areas experienced one of Americas most infamous cases of mass hysteria, the Salem witch trials. In 1777, General Henry Knox founded the Springfield Armory, which during the Industrial Revolution catalyzed numerous important technological advances, in 1786, Shays Rebellion, a populist revolt led by disaffected American Revolutionary War veterans, influenced the United States Constitutional Convention. In the 18th century, the Protestant First Great Awakening, which swept the Atlantic World, in the late 18th century, Boston became known as the Cradle of Liberty for the agitation there that led to the American Revolution. The entire Commonwealth of Massachusetts has played a commercial and cultural role in the history of the United States. Before the American Civil War, Massachusetts was a center for the abolitionist, temperance, in the late 19th century, the sports of basketball and volleyball were invented in the western Massachusetts cities of Springfield and Holyoke, respectively. Many prominent American political dynasties have hailed from the state, including the Adams, both Harvard University and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, also in Cambridge, have been ranked among the most highly regarded academic institutions in the world. Massachusetts public school students place among the top nations in the world in academic performance, the official name of the state is the Commonwealth of Massachusetts. While this designation is part of the official name, it has no practical implications. Massachusetts has the position and powers within the United States as other states. Massachusetts was originally inhabited by tribes of the Algonquian language family such as the Wampanoag, Narragansett, Nipmuc, Pocomtuc, Mahican, and Massachusett. While cultivation of crops like squash and corn supplemented their diets, villages consisted of lodges called wigwams as well as longhouses, and tribes were led by male or female elders known as sachems. Between 1617 and 1619, smallpox killed approximately 90% of the Massachusetts Bay Native Americans, the first English settlers in Massachusetts, the Pilgrims, arrived via the Mayflower at Plymouth in 1620, and developed friendly relations with the native Wampanoag people. This was the second successful permanent English colony in the part of North America that later became the United States, the event known as the First Thanksgiving was celebrated by the Pilgrims after their first harvest in the New World which lasted for three days

5.
MBTA Commuter Rail
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The MBTA Commuter Rail system serves as the commuter rail arm of the Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authoritys transportation coverage of Greater Boston in the United States. It is operated under contract by Keolis, which took over operations on July 1,2014 from the Massachusetts Bay Commuter Railroad Company. The lines characteristic purple-trimmed coaches operate as far south as North Kingstown, Rhode Island, massDOT is currently entering into a study phase of the North–South Rail Link, which would provide a solution to the problem. In the third quarter of 2015, daily ridership was 121,600. The Commonwealth and MBTA began to purchase several lines, like the Lowell Line between Somerville and Wilmington, from the B&M, in 1969 the B&M transported 24,000 passengers every weekday on four separate routes. Its yearly deficit was US$3.2 million, a pool of 86 Budd Rail Diesel Cars protected the service. B&M filed for protection in 1970. The New York, New Haven & Hartford Railroad, the operator of most South Station commuter trains. Two years earlier in 1959, the railroad had discontinued service on the Old Colony division in southeastern Massachusetts. The line was expected to be completed two years. The agreement also provided for the MBTA to subsidize service on the railroads remaining commuter rail lines for $1.2 million annually. The NH was included in the Penn Central Transportation Company merger in 1968, PC merged into Conrail on April 1,1976, the MBTA bought the equipment but Conrail took over operations of the southside lines. The MBTA also purchased the Fairmount Line to restore it for service as a bypass during Southwest Corridor reconstruction. The Framingham/Worcester Line, historically part of the Boston & Albany Railroad, was merged into the New York Central Railroad, Conrail inherited the line which formed a vital freight artery between Bostons Beacon Yard and Conrails Selkirk Yard. The Riverside-Framingham section was sold to the MBTA in 1976 as part of their acquisition of PC commuter assets. B&M won the contract for the lines, for the first time. After bankruptcy, B&M continued to operate trains under the protection of the bankruptcy court. It emerged from the courts protection when Timothy Mellons Guilford Transportation Industries bought it in 1983, GTI let the contract expire in 1987, after a bitter strike had shut down most of the northside lines in 1986

6.
Streetcar
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A tram is a rail vehicle which runs on tracks along public urban streets, and also sometimes on a segregated right of way. The lines or networks operated by tramcars are called tramways, Tramways powered by electricity, the most common type historically, were once called electric street railways. However, trams were used in urban areas before the universal adoption of electrification. Tram lines may run between cities and/or towns, and/or partially grade-separated even in the cities. Very occasionally, trams also carry freight, Tram vehicles are usually lighter and shorter than conventional trains and rapid transit trains, but the size of trams is rapidly increasing. Some trams may also run on railway tracks, a tramway may be upgraded to a light rail or a rapid transit line. For all these reasons, the differences between the modes of rail transportation are often indistinct. In the United States, the tram has sometimes been used for rubber-tired trackless trains. Today, most trams use electrical power, usually fed by a pantograph, in some cases by a sliding shoe on a third rail. If necessary, they may have dual power systems — electricity in city streets, trams are now included in the wider term light rail, which also includes segregated systems. The English terms tram and tramway are derived from the Scots word tram, referring respectively to a type of truck used in coal mines and the tracks on which they ran. The word tram probably derived from Middle Flemish trame, a Romanesque word meaning the beam or shaft of a barrow or sledge, the identical word la trame with the meaning crossbeam is also used in the French language. The word Tram-car is attested from 1873, although the terms tram and tramway have been adopted by many languages, they are not used universally in English, North Americans prefer streetcar, trolley, or trolleycar. The term streetcar is first recorded in 1840, and originally referred to horsecars, when electrification came, Americans began to speak of trolleycars or later, trolleys. The troller design frequently fell off the wires, and was replaced by other more reliable devices. The terms trolley pole and trolley wheel both derive from the troller, Modern trams often have an overhead pantograph mechanical linkage to connect to power, abandoning the trolley pole altogether. Conventional diesel tourist buses decorated to look like streetcars are sometimes called trolleys in the US, the term may also apply to an aerial ropeway, e. g. the Roosevelt Island Tramway. Over time, the trolley has fallen into informal use

7.
Boston Elevated Railway
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The Boston Elevated Railway was a streetcar and rapid transit railroad operated on, above, and below, the streets of Boston, Massachusetts and surrounding communities. Founded in 1894, it acquired the West End Street Railway via lease. Its modern successor is the state-run Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority, which continues to operate in part on infrastructure developed by BERy, originally intended to build a short electric trolley line to Brookline, the West End Street Railway was organized in 1887. By the next year it had consolidated ownership of a number of streetcar lines. As the system grew, a switch to underground pulled-cable propulsion was contemplated, after visiting Frank Sprague and witnessing the Richmond, Virginia system in action, WESR President Henry Whitney chose to deploy electric propulsion systems. A section of track was used to test the Bentley-Knight underground power line, after competing in operational tests with the Sprague streetcar system, the Thomson-Houston company was chosen for system-wide deployment of overhead wires. The electrified rapid transit system was named an IEEE Milestone in Electrical Engineering in 2004, the Green Line A Branch later served roughly the same purpose. The last horse car line was along Marlborough Street in the Back Bay, in the late 19th century, the electric power industry was in its infancy, the power grid as we know it today simply did not exist. By 1904, the system had 36 megawatts of generating capacity,421 miles of track for over 1550 street cars, the first bus route was in 1922, between Union Square, Allston and Faneuil Street. In 1933 this was merged with the Union Square - Central bus, in 1890, the West End Railway was authorized by the state to construct elevated railways, but did not pursue this possibility. The state consequently authorized a new franchise for such an endeavor, the first stretch of elevated track was put in service in 1901, between Sullivan Square in Charlestown and Dudley Square in Roxbury. In 1897, BERy acquired a lease on the West Ends lines. The elevated network was expanded to include six end-points, with vehicles run on the tracks in routes design to any destination without changing. The difficulty of transporting coal over land from the Port of Boston, the system was gradually converted until completion in 1931, when 14 substations were in place. The first route of the Boston trackless trolley system was opened by BERy and it was route 77, Harvard – Lechmere via Cambridge Street. Trackless trolleys still run from Harvard station, but only to the west and north, the companys rapid transit lines have evolved into the Red, Blue, and Orange Lines. The only streetcars that remain are the branches of the Green Line and the Ashmont-Mattapan High Speed Line. Operations of the company were taken over by the Metropolitan Transit Authority, now the MBTA, library records, 1884-1967 are located in the Northeastern University Libraries, Archives and Special Collections Department, Boston, MA

8.
Eastern Massachusetts Street Railway
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The Eastern Massachusetts Street Railway was a streetcar and later bus company in eastern Massachusetts, serving most suburbs of Boston, Massachusetts. Many of its routes are now run by the Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority. The Eastern Mass connected to the Boston Elevated Railway system at many points, neponset Milton Lower Mills Mattapan Forest Hills - the Hyde Park division was leased to the BERy ca. 1930, unifying routes across Forest Hills but creating other connection points

9.
Middlesex and Boston Street Railway
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The Middlesex and Boston Street Railway was a streetcar and later bus company in the area west of Boston, Massachusetts. Streetcars last ran in 1930, and in 1972 the companys operations were merged into the Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority, the company was first chartered as the Natick Electric Street Railway on August 10,1891. The name was changed to the South Middlesex Street Railway in 1893 and that company went bankrupt and a receiver was appointed May 6,1903, the property was sold on August 15,1907 to the newly formed Middlesex and Boston Street Railway. By 1910, Boston Suburban Electric Companies, a company, had bought the M&B. In September 1964 the MBTA began subsidizing the M&B, and route numbers were given to its buses, the M&B was taken over by the MBTA on July 5,1972, after a financial dispute over subsidies stopped service on June 30. The routes taken over were renumbered by adding a 5 to the beginning and were renumbered in September 1982, there is one streetcar and one bus preserved from this railway, trolley #41, a former Lexington car, and bus #192, a 1948 ACF Brill bus. They are both located at the Seashore Trolley Museum in Kennebunkport, Maine, the Commonwealth Avenue Street Railway, opened in 1895, was consolidated into the Newton Street Railway on January 1,1904, the Newton Street Railway was merged with the M&B July 1,1909. Norumbega Park, opened on June 17,1897, was an amusement park built by the railway company to increase traffic on the line. The park closed in 1964, long after the streetcar line, in its final days, this was the 35 Auburndale-Lake Street bus route, until taken over by the MBTA, when it became the 535 Auburndale-Boston College via Commonwealth Avenue. It was not actually picked up by the MBTA in July 1972, when took over the M&B, but was restarted as a rush-hour only service in January 1973. The line from Lexington ran down Bedford Street and the Great Road, diverting along Loomis Street and South Road to connect with the Boston, a passing track was located on the north side of Bedford Common. As at Norumbega, an amusement park was built in Lexington near the Bedford town line, the Bedford-Arlington Heights bus, todays 62 was M&B route 29 and MBTA route 529. The car-barn and electricity generator were located in North Lexington north of Bedford Street, the complex was composed of at least a long wooden building and a squat brick structure with a short smokestack, that complex was a lumberyard for many years and was redeveloped in the late 1980s. A brief history of car lines in Bedford may be found in Wilderness Town, a photograph dated 1910 of a trolley car passing the Lexington Minuteman statue is on page 104 of a photohistory in the Lexington Room of the Lexington Public Library. The photo is credited to the Lexington Historical Society, the Lexington-Woburn line ran from Massachusetts Avenue in Lexington via Woburn Street and Lexington Street to the Woburn B&M station. In 1889 the Newton Street Railway bought the line, and the Newton Street Railway was merged with the M&B July 1,1909

10.
Newton and Boston Street Railway
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The Newton and Boston Street Railway was a streetcar company in the Boston, Massachusetts area, eventually bought by the Middlesex and Boston Street Railway. Its line is now the 59 Needham Junction - Watertown Square via Newtonville bus, the Newton and Boston Street Railway was organized in 1891. It soon opened a trolley line between Newton Upper Falls and Newtonville, with regular service beginning August 31,1892. An 1897 map and an 1899 map show a branch to Newton Centre, the 1899 map also shows a branch of the Commonwealth Avenue Street Railway very closely paralleling it. The Newtonville and Watertown Street Railway was leased October 1,1897, an extension southwest to Needham center was built in 1906. On October 9,1909, the Newton and Boston was merged into the Middlesex, the line was bustituted in 1926. The Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority began to subsidize the route in September 1964, when the MBTA took over the M&B on June 30,1972, it was renumbered to 532. It was again renumbered in September 1982, and is now the 59 Needham Junction - Watertown Square via Newtonville, the only changes from the original route to the present day have been at Newton Upper Falls. The original alignment was rather circuitous, looping north of Eliot Street on High, Summer and Chestnut Streets, an alignment in the mid-1970s used a one-way pair, with the northbound direction looping south of Eliot Street. It now uses the old side in both directions, the opposite of the original route. Until April 1981, the route went north from Needham Center. 59A Needham Street-Watertown Square was added in December 1984, running Watertown to Newton Highlands, 59A service was merged into 59 in December 1989, with alternate weekday trips using the 59A alignment. The branch to Newton Centre split from the route, heading east on Homer Street. It turned south on Centre Street, southeast on Willow Street, south on Sumner Street, MBTA - Route 59 Kenneth W. Newcomb - The Makers of the Mold Railroad History Database Changes to Transit Service in the MBTA district

11.
Silver Line (Boston)
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The Silver Line is the bus rapid transit system of the Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority. It currently operates four routes in two sections that were built in separate phases, the first section has two routes from Dudley Square in Roxbury, mostly via Washington Street, to Bostons Downtown Crossing and South Station, using articulated buses operating in reserved lanes. The second section runs from South Station Under to South Boston and it runs dual-mode buses, partly in a dedicated bus tunnel and partly on shared roadway, including surface streets, the Ted Williams Tunnel, and airport roads. Riders can transfer between the sections and to lines at South Station, transfers there between SL1, SL2, and the Red Line—but not SL4—are within fare control. At South Station, however, a transfer from SL1, SL2, some sections have an exclusive right-of-way, but other sections are bogged down by street running in congested mixed traffic. SL1 buses operate in a loop at Logan Airport and only serve the terminal buildings, other free shuttle bus services connect the terminals with other airport destinations, including the Blue Lines Airport station, hotels, the rental car center, and the water taxi dock. A system of moving walkways connects Terminals A and E, the Hilton Hotel, see the Logan Airport article for lists of which airlines serve each terminal. Passengers traveling on SL1 and SL2 pay the standard MBTA subway fare, $2.25 when using a CharlieCard, ticket vending machines that accept cash and credit cards are installed in the Logan Airport terminals and World Trade Center, Courthouse and South Stations. CharlieCard and CharlieTicket users, but not cash users also get a transfer to SL4 service. Passengers boarding at Logan Airport do not have to pay any fare as part of a program to speed up service by allowing passengers to board using all three sets of doors, Massport reimburses the MBTA for all lost fare revenue, subject to FAA approval. These buses provide higher capacity than standard 40-foot buses, both the rear and center wheels are powered by electric motors, which permits these buses to continue operation even through snow. These buses are wheelchair ramp–equipped, using kneeling bus technology and a flip-out ramp, passengers traveling on SL4 and SL5 pay the standard MBTA bus fare, $1.70 when using a CharlieCard, $2.00 when using a CharlieTicket or cash. At select stations, passengers can transfer from the Silver Line to the subway for an additional 50 cents when using a CharlieCard, at these same stations, passengers may transfer from the subway to the Silver Line for free. At night, when the load is less and the greater engine noise of the articulated buses is deemed more objectionable. The reverse substition is not allowed, for safety reasons, CNG vehicles are not allowed into the SL1/SL2 tunnel, as with SL1 and SL2, these buses are wheelchair ramp-equipped, using kneeling bus technology and a flip-out ramp. All stops opened for Silver line service on July 20,2002 unless otherwise noted, in 1948 a state study, Surging Cities, made proposals for transportation in Boston. While $19,000,000 was initially budgeted, the part of the four proposals was shelved. Prior to the Elevateds removal, area residents petitioned to retain the line until a promised light-rail vehicle line could be established, after the elevated line was scrapped in 1987, the MBTA withdrew its streetcar promise

12.
Bus rapid transit
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Bus rapid transit is a bus-based public transport system designed to improve capacity and reliability relative to a conventional bus system. BRT aims to combine the capacity and speed of a metro with the flexibility, lower cost, the first BRT system was the Rede Integrada de Transporte in Curitiba, Brazil, which entered service in 1974. This inspired many similar systems around Brazil and the world, such as TransMilenio in Bogotá, Colombia, as of November 2016, a total of 207 cities in six continents have implemented BRT systems, accounting for 5,468 km of BRT lanes. The Latin American countries with the most daily ridership are Brazil, Colombia, in the other regions, China and Iran also stand out. Currently, TransJakarta considered as the longest BRT route in the world with approximately 210 kilometres length connecting the Indonesian capital city, BRT uses buses on a wide variety of rights-of-way, including mixed traffic, dedicated lanes on surface streets, and busways separated from traffic. Critics have charged that the bus rapid transit has sometimes been misapplied to systems that lack most or all the essential features which differentiate it from conventional bus services. The first BRT system in the world was the Rede Integrada de Transporte, implemented in Curitiba, Brazil, most of the elements that have become associated with BRT were innovations first suggested by Curitiba Mayor Architect Jaime Lerner. Other systems made further innovations, including platooning in Porto Alegre, in the United States, BRT began in 1977, with Pittsburghs South Busway, operating on 4.3 miles of exclusive lanes. Its success led to the Martin Luther King Jr, east Busway in 1983, a fuller BRT deployment including a dedicated busway of 9.1 miles, traffic signal preemption, and peak service headway as low as two minutes. After the opening of the West Busway,5.1 miles in length in 1990, new Orleans ran buses on Canal Street in a dedicated right of way beginning in the 1960s. This style of service was maintained until 2004 when streetcar service was restored on this 4-mile route segment, in 1995, Quito, Ecuador, opened trolleybus BRT. The success of TransMilenio spurred other cities to develop high quality BRT systems, in January 2004 the first BRT in Asia, TransJakarta, opened in Jakarta, Indonesia. As of 2015, at 210 kilometres, it is the longest BRT system in the world, africas first BRT system was opened in Lagos, Nigeria, in March 2008 but is considered as a light BRT system by many people. Johannesburg’s BRT, Rea Vaya, was the first true BRT in Africa, in August 2009, Rea Vaya and MIO were the first two systems to combine full BRT with some services that also operated in mixed traffic, then joined the BRT trunk infrastructure. BRT systems normally include most of the features, Bus-only lanes make for faster travel. Separate rights of way may be elevated, in a cutting, or in a tunnel, Transit malls or bus streets may also be created in city centers. Centre of roadway or bus-only corridor keeps buses away from the busy curb-side, fare prepayment at the station, instead of on board the bus, eliminates the delay caused by passengers paying on board. Prohibiting turns for traffic across the bus lane significantly reduces delays to the buses, Bus priority will often be provided at signalized intersections to reduce delays by extending the green phase or reducing the red phase in the required direction compared to the normal sequence

13.
Rapid transit
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Rapid transit, also known as heavy rail, metro, subway, tube, or underground, is a type of high-capacity public transport generally found in urban areas. The stations typically have high platforms, without steps inside the trains and they are typically integrated with other public transport and often operated by the same public transport authorities. However, some transit systems have at-grade intersections between a rapid transit line and a road or between two rapid transit lines. It is unchallenged in its ability to transport large numbers of people quickly over short distances with little use of land, variations of rapid transit include people movers, small-scale light metro, and the commuter rail hybrid S-Bahn. The worlds first rapid-transit system was the partially underground Metropolitan Railway which opened as a railway in 1863. In 1868, New York opened the elevated West Side and Yonkers Patent Railway, china has the largest number of rapid transit systems in the world. The worlds longest single-operator rapid transit system by length is the Shanghai Metro. The worlds largest single rapid transit service provider by both length of revenue track (665 miles and number of stations is the New York City Subway. The busiest rapid transit systems in the world by annual ridership are the Tokyo subway system, the Seoul Metropolitan Subway, the Moscow Metro, the Beijing Subway, Metro is the most common term for underground rapid transit systems used by non-native English speakers. One of these terms may apply to a system, even if a large part of the network runs at ground level. In Scotland, however, the Glasgow Subway underground rapid transit system is known as the Subway, in the US, underground mass transit systems are primarily known as subways, whereas the term metro is a shortened reference to a metropolitan area. In that vein, Chicagos commuter rail system, serving the area, is called Metra. Exceptions in naming rapid transit systems are Washington DCs subway system the Washington Metro, Los Angeles Metro Rail, and the Miami Metrorail, the opening of Londons steam-hauled Metropolitan Railway in 1863 marked the beginning of rapid transit. Initial experiences with steam engines, despite ventilation, were unpleasant, experiments with pneumatic railways failed in their extended adoption by cities. Electric traction was more efficient, faster and cleaner than steam, in 1890 the City & South London Railway was the first electric-traction rapid transit railway, which was also fully underground. Both railways were merged into London Underground. The 1893 Liverpool Overhead Railway was designed to use electric traction from the outset, budapest in Hungary and Glasgow, Chicago and New York all converted or purpose-designed and built electric rail services. Advancements in technology have allowed new automated services, hybrid solutions have also evolved, such as tram-train and premetro, which incorporate some of the features of rapid transit systems

14.
Washington Street (Boston)
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Washington Street is a street originating in downtown Boston, Massachusetts that extends southwestward to the Massachusetts–Rhode Island state line. The majority of it was built as the Norfolk and Bristol Turnpike in the early 19th century and it is the longest street in Boston, and it remains one of the longest streets in the state of Massachusetts. Washington Street, as the first street that connected peninsular Boston to the mainland, the name was extended north to Adams Square on July 6,1824, and north on a new road to Haymarket Square on November 6,1872. The part north of Roxbury Street in Dudley Square, Roxbury was laid out as a way on January 19,1662. Additionally, the Washington Street name went west on Roxbury Street, Tremont Street and it ran from Dudley Square to the Rhode Island line and beyond to downtown Pawtucket. Coincidentally the only not built as a new road was the part through North Attleborough that US1 now bypasses. The southern half of the turnpike got little use as it avoided all the towns, where travelers wanted to stop, in fact, until the 1930s, when the current highway was built between Boston and Providence, the southern half remained a dirt road. The part of the turnpike in Roxbury was laid out as a road in June 1857. It was named Shawmut Avenue, as an extension of that road from Dudley Square, the portion in West Roxbury was named Shawmut Avenue February 3,1858. On July 2,1860, Tremont Street was extended west from its south end along former Washington Street to Brookline. South from downtown Dedham, the turnpike went not via the current Washington Street, the part of Washington Street north of Haymarket Square was known as Charlestown Street until around 1900. The first state highway in Boston was the part of Washington Street from Dedham to West Roxbury Parkway and it was taken over by the Massachusetts Department of Public Works in 1908. The short piece in West Roxbury Parkway, to just north of the road through the parkway, was taken over in 1921, Washington Street begins at Keany Square, the intersection with Causeway Street and Commercial Street, at the south end of the Charlestown Bridge. This section of the street is known as North Washington Street or Joe Tecces Way, Washington Street begins once again at State and Court Streets as a one-way thoroughfare. Through Downtown Crossing, from Milk Street south to Temple Place, South of Temple Place, Washington is, once again, one-way northbound, becoming two-way at Stuart Street and Kneeland Street. At Dudley Square in Roxbury, Washington Street is southbound-only for several blocks, northbound traffic bypasses this section to the east using those two streets. Southbound traffic must use short sections of South Street and Poplar Street at Roslindale Square, South of there, near the border between Roslindale and West Roxbury, Washington Street crosses West Roxbury Parkway and acquires a median strip. This median lasts until just before the Dedham city line, where the road continues as an undivided road, Washington Street continues southwestward, through the center of Dedham, the outskirts of Westwood, the centers of Norwood, and East Walpole and South Walpole

15.
Washington Street Elevated
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The Washington Street Elevated was an elevated segment of Bostons Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority subway system, comprising the southern stretch of the Orange Line. It ran from Chinatown through the South End and Roxbury, ending in Forest Hills in Jamaica Plain, the initial section of the elevated ran only to Dudley Square, with intermediate stations at Dover and Northampton. The Atlantic Avenue Elevated opened on August 22 of that year, the El, Bostons first heavy rail metro line, proved extremely popular. The Washington Street Tunnel was opened on November 30,1908, providing a route for the Main Line. The southern portal of the tunnel connected with the Elevated at Tower D, the Elevated was extended south to Forest Hills on November 22,1909, with an intermediate station at Egleston to transfer passengers from streetcars serving Roxbury and Dorchester. The Washington Street Elevated was the last elevated section of the Orange Line to remain standing, the Atlantic Avenue Elevated ended service in 1938, while the Charlestown Elevated was replaced with the largely surface-level Haymarket North Extension in 1975. By the 1980s, however, the Elevated was showing its age, additionally, the Elevated was unpopular with many residents since it was noisy and deprived much of Washington Street of sunlight. Addition of rapid transit to the corridor had been proposed as a branch of the predecessor BERys streetcar network in 1926, the last service over the Washington Street Elevated ran on April 30,1987, service began over the Southwest Corridor route on May 4. The Elevated was removed soon after, some of the steel was used for a new bridge carrying Arizona Route 188 over Theodore Roosevelt Lake. However, such service was not forthcoming, instead, the #49 Northampton – Washington & Kneeland feeder bus route was extended to Dudley Square and given a more direct routing. In 2002, the MBTA deployed bus rapid transit along much of the route from Dudley Square to Downtown Crossing in the form of Phase I of the controversial Silver Line, however, the Phase III tunnel and continued bus service was recommended instead. The Washington Street Elevated consisted of six stations, the most complex and major of which were at Dudley Square, most of the original stations were designed by architect Alexander Wadsworth Longfellow, Jr. and originally featured much in the way of ornamentation and architectural prowess. By the time the El closed, however, much of this detail had been lost to decades of decay, neglect, and cost-cutting

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Silver Line (MBTA)
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The Silver Line is the bus rapid transit system of the Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority. It currently operates four routes in two sections that were built in separate phases, the first section has two routes from Dudley Square in Roxbury, mostly via Washington Street, to Bostons Downtown Crossing and South Station, using articulated buses operating in reserved lanes. The second section runs from South Station Under to South Boston and it runs dual-mode buses, partly in a dedicated bus tunnel and partly on shared roadway, including surface streets, the Ted Williams Tunnel, and airport roads. Riders can transfer between the sections and to lines at South Station, transfers there between SL1, SL2, and the Red Line—but not SL4—are within fare control. At South Station, however, a transfer from SL1, SL2, some sections have an exclusive right-of-way, but other sections are bogged down by street running in congested mixed traffic. SL1 buses operate in a loop at Logan Airport and only serve the terminal buildings, other free shuttle bus services connect the terminals with other airport destinations, including the Blue Lines Airport station, hotels, the rental car center, and the water taxi dock. A system of moving walkways connects Terminals A and E, the Hilton Hotel, see the Logan Airport article for lists of which airlines serve each terminal. Passengers traveling on SL1 and SL2 pay the standard MBTA subway fare, $2.25 when using a CharlieCard, ticket vending machines that accept cash and credit cards are installed in the Logan Airport terminals and World Trade Center, Courthouse and South Stations. CharlieCard and CharlieTicket users, but not cash users also get a transfer to SL4 service. Passengers boarding at Logan Airport do not have to pay any fare as part of a program to speed up service by allowing passengers to board using all three sets of doors, Massport reimburses the MBTA for all lost fare revenue, subject to FAA approval. These buses provide higher capacity than standard 40-foot buses, both the rear and center wheels are powered by electric motors, which permits these buses to continue operation even through snow. These buses are wheelchair ramp–equipped, using kneeling bus technology and a flip-out ramp, passengers traveling on SL4 and SL5 pay the standard MBTA bus fare, $1.70 when using a CharlieCard, $2.00 when using a CharlieTicket or cash. At select stations, passengers can transfer from the Silver Line to the subway for an additional 50 cents when using a CharlieCard, at these same stations, passengers may transfer from the subway to the Silver Line for free. At night, when the load is less and the greater engine noise of the articulated buses is deemed more objectionable. The reverse substition is not allowed, for safety reasons, CNG vehicles are not allowed into the SL1/SL2 tunnel, as with SL1 and SL2, these buses are wheelchair ramp-equipped, using kneeling bus technology and a flip-out ramp. All stops opened for Silver line service on July 20,2002 unless otherwise noted, in 1948 a state study, Surging Cities, made proposals for transportation in Boston. While $19,000,000 was initially budgeted, the part of the four proposals was shelved. Prior to the Elevateds removal, area residents petitioned to retain the line until a promised light-rail vehicle line could be established, after the elevated line was scrapped in 1987, the MBTA withdrew its streetcar promise

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Logan Airport
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It covers 2,384 acres, has six runways and four passenger terminals, and employs an estimated 16,000 people. It is the largest airport in the New England region and 17th-busiest airport in the United States and it is named after General Edward Lawrence Logan. In 2016, Massport reported an 8. 5% increase in passenger traffic comparing 2015 to 2016, the airport serves as a focus city for JetBlue, which carries out the largest operations from Logan International Airport, as well as a hub for Delta Air Lines. The regional airline Cape Air and commuter airline PenAir all carry out hub operations from Boston, American Airlines also carries out many operations from the airport. All of the major U. S. air carriers offer flights from Boston to all or the majority of their primary and secondary hubs and it is also a destination of many major European airlines. The airport has frequent service to destinations throughout North America, Latin America, the Caribbean, the North Atlantic region, the Middle East, Europe and this has turned Boston Logan in one of Americas fastest growing airports. Logan Airport opened on September 8,1923, and was used mainly by the Massachusetts Air Guard and it was then called Jeffery Field. The first scheduled passenger flights were on Colonial Air Transport between Boston and New York City in 1927. On January 1,1936, the weather station became the official point for Bostons weather observations. Until around 1950 the airline terminal was at 42. 367N71. 0275W, during the 1940s the airport added 1,800 acres of landfill in Boston Harbor, taken from the former Governors, Noddles and Apple Islands. In 1943 the state renamed the airport after Lt. General Edward Lawrence Logan, in 1952, Logan Airport became the first in the United States with an indirect rapid transit connection, with the opening of the Airport station on the Blue Line. The December 1950 diagram shows a similar to the current one,7,000 ft runway 4L,10, 000-ft 4R,7, 000-ft 9 and 7. The April 1957 Official Airline Guide shows 49 weekday departures on American,31 Eastern,25 Northeast,8 United,7 TWA domestic,6 National,6 Mohawk,2 TCA and one Provincetown-Boston. In addition TWA had nine departures a week to or from the Atlantic, Pan Am had 18, Air France 8, BOAC4, the jumbo jet era began at Logan in summer 1970 when Pan Am started daily Boeing 747s to London Heathrow Airport. Currently, the Boeing 747-400 is scheduled on flights to Boston by British Airways, Lufthansa also operates the Boeing 747-8i on one of its daily nonstop flights to Frankfurt. When Terminal E opened in 1974 it was the second largest international arrivals facility in the United States, between 1974 and 2015, the number of international travelers at Logan has tripled. International long-haul travel has been the fastest growing market sector at the airport and this project was undertaken to extend Runway 15R/33L, which later became Logans longest runway. Residents of the neighborhood, known as Wood Island, were out of their homes

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South Station Under
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South Station is a transfer station on the MBTA rapid transit Red Line and bus rapid transit Silver Line, located at Summer Street and Atlantic Avenue in downtown Boston, Massachusetts. It is a part of the South Station complex, the second busiest transportation center in New England, eight MBTA Commuter Rail and three Amtrak intercity rail services terminate at South Station, many of those passengers then transfer to the subway to reach other destinations in the city. With 25,037 daily boardings by a 2013 passenger count, a station serving South Station was located on the Atlantic Avenue Elevated. Service on the Atlantic Avenue El was discontinued on September 20,1938, the structure itself was torn down in the spring of 1942. Before stairs were added, passengers wishing to change lines from the underground station — itself opened on December 3,1916 — had to use a paper transfer and go outside to change trains. In 1957, the fare lobby and the rounded top of the tunnel to the west were removed during construction of the Dewey Square Tunnel. The tunnel was rebuilt with a ceiling, while the fare lobby was moved to the east closer to the South Station headhouse. A second renovation began around 1980 and consisted of the adding of a passageway to already existing stairs and escalators upstairs to the terminal building. An entrance was added to the Federal Archives Building as well as a passageway under Summer Street connecting the other street entrances. In 1985, the Red Line platforms were extended 60 feet on either end to allow 6-car trains, the final renovation was triggered by the massive highway project known as the Big Dig. Since the Red Line tunnel beneath Summer Street is perpendicular to Atlantic Avenue, after the first tunnel was complete, another tunnel was added along with a station for the Silver Line. Since the new tunnel was built at the former fare level and this allowed combined access for the Silver and Red lines. The original lobby that was destroyed was replaced by stairways and this project was completed at a cost of 35 million dollars. In 2010, the project was placed on indefinite hold, currently, those wishing to take the Silver Line to Dudley Square can walk to the Atlantic Avenue side of South Station and cross Atlantic Avenue to the street-level Silver Line bus stop. In early 2005, a blue and white tile mosaic reading South Station Under was discovered during renovations to the Red Line platform, the MBTA had the mosaic restored to its original condition during the project. The Red Line part of the station has two tracks and two side platforms, the Silver Line SL4 service that began in October 2009 stops at Atlantic Avenue and Essex Street near the Bus Terminal. Other Silver Line service is provided in a tunnel near the Red Line platforms. There are underground passageways upstairs to the inter-city rail station and many restaurants, there are entrances at street level on all four corners of the intersection of Summer Street and Atlantic Avenue

19.
Silver Line Way (MBTA station)
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Silver Line Way is a surface bus rapid transit station on the MBTA Silver Line, located on Silver Line Way at Pumphouse Road between Massport Haul Road and D Street near the South Boston Waterfront. The station is a block south of the Boston Fish Pier, it serves the Boston Renaissance Waterfront Hotel. Changeover between diesel and overhead electric power takes place at the station, similar to Airport Station on the Blue Line, there is a small storage area for trolley buses. The station is the first station at the surface when going outbound from South Station, Courthouse, like all Silver Line stations, Silver Line Way is fully accessible for wheelchair users. The South Boston Transitway between South Station and Silver Line Way opened on December 17,2004, and SL2 and SL3 service to the Waterfront and City Point areas began on December 31,2004. Silver Line Way served as the point between these services and buses to Logan Airport beginning in January 2005 until SL1 through service began 5 months later on June 29. SL3 service ended in October 2009 due to low ridership, as the service was in competition to the more frequent route 7 bus. Present service consists of through trips on the SL1 route to Logan Airport, a bus lane loops around the outbound side platform to allow the short turn buses to turn back to stop at the inbound platform and continue into the Transitway. MBTA - Silver Line Way Media related to Silver Line Way at Wikimedia Commons View of station on Google Maps Street View

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Dudley (MBTA station)
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Dudley Square is a ground-level bus station located in Dudley Square, Roxbury, Boston, Massachusetts, United States. It is a point between 17 Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority bus routes, including two Silver Line bus rapid transit lines and 15 local MBTA Bus routes. Like all MBTA bus stops, Dudley is fully handicapped accessible, Dudley was originally opened in 1901 as a BERy Main Line Elevated station. The last segment of the original Main Line Elevated, the Washington Street Elevated, closed in 1987, six years later, Silver Line service began in 2002. Dudley is a property in the Dudley Station Historic District. The Boston Elevated Railway opened its Main Line Elevated on June 10,1901, the line ran from Sullivan Square on the Charlestown Elevated, through the Tremont Street Subway, and on the Washington Street Elevated to a southern terminal located at Dudley Square. Along with the rest of the Washington Street Elevated, Dudley Street Terminal was designed by Alexander Wadsworth Longfellow and it featured a Beaux Arts-style waiting area, clad in copper with an internal arched structure. Like many BERy stations, Dudley Street Terminal was designed for efficient transfers between streetcars and subway trains, other streetcars - largely on crosstown routes that did not terminate at Dudley - stopped at street-level platforms underneath the elevated station. The Washington Street Elevated was extended south to Forest Hills on November 22,1909, the loop allowing trains to return downtown from Dudley was kept, and a new southbound platform was added. In 1910, the streetcar loops were expanded and roofed to handle larger-than-expected crowds. Dudley quickly became overcrowded, in 1917, a transfer area was built at Egleston to the south. As streetcar routes were bustituted during the 1940s and 1950s, the platforms were modified for use by buses. The east loop was rebuilt over a six-month period for trolleybus operations. The Main Line Elevated was renamed the Orange Line in 1967, from 1979 to 1987, the Southwest Corridor was rebuilt, with 2 Orange Line and 3 commuter rail tracks in a trench replacing a 4-track embankment. Trains last ran on the Elevated on April 30,1987, even without the Elevated, Dudley Square remained a major bus transfer location. After several years, the former Elevated station was converted into a new bus station, the 784, 000-pound station building was lowered 12 feet to the ground and rolled 180 feet to the south. The original station building covers north-south oriented bus platforms A, B, and C, new shelters in a similar style were built for east-west platforms D, E, and F. When completed in late 1993, the new Dudley Square bus station served over 10,000 daily passengers, when the Washington Street Elevated was removed, the MBTA originally promised to run light rail service over its former route

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South Station
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It is used by thousands of commuter rail and intercity rail passengers daily. Connections to the rapid transit Red Line and Silver Line are made through the adjacent subway station, the station was renamed for former Massachusetts governor Michael S. Dukakis in November 2014, though maps and station signs continue to use the shorter South Station. When the railroads serving Boston were first laid out and built, the Old Colony Railroad had a long passenger terminal on the east side of South Street, stretching from Kneeland Street south to Harvard Street. This site is now part of the South Bay Interchange, near the South Station bus terminal, the Boston and Albany Railroads passenger terminal was in the block bounded by Kneeland Street, Beach Street, Albany Street and Lincoln Street. The Boston Terminal Company, established in 1897, was charged with the task of combining the four terminals into one consolidated terminal, South Station combined the four terminals in one spot. South Station opened as South Central Station on January 1,1899 at a cost of $3.6 million, the architects were Shepley, Rutan and Coolidge of Boston, with the actual construction undertaken by the engineering firm of Westinghouse, Church, Kerr & Co. It became the busiest station in the world by 1913, a stop on the Atlantic Avenue Elevated served South Station from 1901 to 1938, what is now the Red Line subway was extended from Park Street to South Station in 1913. The train shed, originally one of the largest in the world, was eliminated in a 1930 renovation due to corrosion caused by the nearby oceans salt air. In the original configuration, two came off each approach to join into a four-track line and then run under the main platforms in a two-track loop. These tracks were never put into service, and later became a parking lot, while the station handled 125,000 passengers each day during World War II, post-war passenger rail traffic declined in the US. In 1959, the Old Colony Railroad, which had served the South Shore and Cape Cod, the New York, New Haven and Hartford Railroad went bankrupt in 1961. South Station was sold to the Boston Redevelopment Authority in 1965, portions of the station were demolished and the land was used to build the Boston South Postal Annex and the Stone and Webster building. The plan was never realized, and South Station was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1975, in 1978, the BRA sold what was left of the station to the MBTA, though the BRA retained air rights over the station. Funding was obtained for a renovation of the station that was completed in 1989. A total of 13 tracks became available, all high level platforms. Piers were installed for the construction of an office building. This renovation also added access to the Red Line subway station from inside the surface station lobby, previously. The new bus terminal has direct connections to I-93 and the Massachusetts Turnpike

22.
Downtown Crossing (MBTA station)
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Downtown Crossing is a rapid transit station located in the Downtown Crossing retail district in downtown Boston, Massachusetts. Downtown Crossing station is two levels deep, the upper level, opened in 1908, stretches from Temple Place to Franklin Street under Washington Street. The lower level, opened in 1915, reaches from Washington Street to Chauncey Street under Winter Street, Downtown Crossing is the second busiest subway station in the MBTA network, with an average of 23,478 entries per weekday in 2013. The Winter Street Concourse allows access to the Green Line at Park Street without leaving their common paid area, the Washington Street Tunnel carrying the Main Line Elevated opened on November 30,1908. Stations on the tunnel were built in pairs with different names and separate entrances, stations were located at Summer northbound with entrances at Summer Street and Franklin Street, and Winter southbound with entrances at Winter Street and Temple Place. The Dorchester Extension of the Cambridge Tunnel was built one level below the Washington Street Tunnel, Washington station opened on April 4,1915, with additional entrances on Summer Street at Hawley Street and Chauncey Street. As part of a rebranding by the newly formed MBTA. On May 3,1987, the name was changed again to Downtown Crossing after the retail district. Both levels of the station were renovated and accessibility was improved in the mid-1980s. Silver Line service from Downtown Crossing to Dudley Square began on July 24,2002, a ticket counter was formerly located on the mezzanine level of the station under Winter Street east of Washington Street. On August 13,2012, the MBTA combined customer services into the Downtown Crossing location as the CharlieCard Store. The store provides services including obtaining special passes for blind, senior, disabled, due to unreliable computer systems and high demand, the store experiences long wait times. A number of MBTA bus routes have Downtown Crossing station as their downtown terminus and these include local routes to Charlestown, South Boston, and the North Shore, express buses which run via the Massachusetts Turnpike, and the bus rapid transit Silver Line to Dorchester. Like all Orange Line and most Red Line stations, Downtown Crossing is fully handicapped accessible, surface elevators are located at the Winter Street, Franklin Street, and Hawley Street entrances. An additional elevator - open business hours only - leads to the Roche Brothers store which connects to the Summer Street concourse, because Downtown Crossing is an older station built at two different times in a dense urban area, transfers between the two lines are convoluted. A $13.57 million project is under way to add two elevators connecting the southbound Orange Line platform to the Alewife-bound Red Line platform, notice to proceed was given on February 18,2016, and completion is expected by early 2018. Two future phases are expected to be needed to complete elevator connections for all transfers

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CT1 (MBTA bus)
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These crosstown buses are designated differently from older de facto crosstown routes, such as the #1 and the #66. The bus services are similar in equipment and fare structure. Both types of routes suffer from frequent delays, unreliable service, the CT routes run weekdays only, all buses in this service have bicycle racks and are based out of the Albany Street garage. The routes were first introduced in September 1994 and have been modified since, as a symbolic indication of future service upgrade plans, bus stops on the CT routes are sometimes designated as stations. The CT1 Central Square, Cambridge - B. U, Medical Center/Boston Medical Center via M. I. T. runs between Central Square in Cambridge and the B. U. Medical Center/Boston Medical Center, mostly along Massachusetts Avenue, the majority of its route is a limited-stop version of the 1. Transfers to the 1 are possible at most of the stops, CT1 service has not been substantially modified since its 1994 inception. The CT2 Sullivan Station - Ruggles Station via Kendall/MIT connects Sullivan Square in Charlestown with Ruggles in Roxbury via Kendall Square in Cambridge, the southern part of the route roughly parallels the 47. The route was created as a Ruggles-Kendall route in September 1994, in September 2000, the route was extended to Sullivan via Union Square. The CT3 Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center - Andrew Station via B. U, Medical Center connects the Longwood Medical Area to Andrew Square and runs entirely within the city of Boston. The route roughly parallels the 8, the CT3 route started as Beth Israel - Andrew, but it was extended to Logan Airport in December 1998. The extension was dropped due to low ridership in March 2002, a few early morning trips were kept as the 171, running from Dudley to Logan. In January 2005, some rush hour service was rerouted to serve Newmarket Square, List of MBTA bus routes List of key MBTA bus routes CT1 schedule and map CT2 schedule and map CT3 schedule and map

24.
Central Square, Cambridge
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Central Square is an area in Cambridge, Massachusetts centered on the junction of Massachusetts Avenue, Prospect Street and Western Avenue. Lafayette Square, formed by the junction of Massachusetts Avenue, Columbia Street, Sidney Street, harvard Square is to the northwest along Massachusetts Avenue, Inman Square is to the north along Prospect Street and Kendall Square is to the east along Main Street. Central Square was designated an official Cultural District in the state of Massachusetts by the Mass Cultural Council in October 2012, Central Square is known for its wide variety of ethnic restaurants, churches, bars, and live music and theatre venues. It is gentrifying rapidly, and a number of restaurants have opened in the Square. Some critics have claimed that the recent changes have diminished the Squares edge, there is also a diverse array of houses of worship in the area, with Christ the King Presbyterian Church, First Baptist Church, Sts. Constantine & Helen Greek Orthodox Church, St. Pauls African Methodist Episcopal Church, Central Squares history has been marked by several waves of immigration. The original population of the Square included people of English and Canadian ancestry, between 1850 and 1890, the Square attracted many Irish immigrants, and in the late Nineteenth Century also became home to many others from throughout Europe. Later waves of immigration included people from the West Indies, South America and Africa, Central Square is also the original home of actor Ben Affleck and, from 1927 to 2003, the Necco factory. The old Necco factory building in Cambridge is now used for labs by Novartis, several Cambridge neighborhoods meet at Central Square. To the east, Area 4 lies on the side of Massachusetts Avenue. Both of these neighborhoods were once known as The Port or Old Port region of Cambridge, the area to the west and northwest of Central Square is known as Mid-Cambridge. Central Square is accessible from Central station on the MBTA Red Line, as well as Buses 1,64,70,83, and 91. The intersection of Massachusetts Avenue and Brookline in front of The Middle East in Central Square is named in honor of the indie rock musician Mark Sandman. Central Square serves as the center for the surrounding neighborhoods of Cambridgeport, Riverside, Mid Cambridge, Area 4. Central Square is the seat of government in Cambridge, Cambridge City Hall, and the main branch of the Cambridge Post Office are located in this area. T. The Bears Central Square, by George Packer

25.
Boston University Medical Center
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Boston Medical Center is a non-profit 496-bed academic medical center in Boston, Massachusetts. It is the largest safety-net hospital and Level I trauma center in New England, BMC employs more than 1,400 physicians — including 704 residents and fellows — and 1,505 nurses. Boston University School of Medicine opened its doors November 5,1873, Dr. Israel T. Talbot was the first chairman of the Department of Surgery at BU while also serving as the first Dean of BUSM. The history of the Department of Surgery at BU dates back to 1946, Smithwick served as chairman for nearly 20 years, and was followed by Dr. Richard Egdahl who was recruited from the Medical College of Virginia in 1963. Dr. Egdahl continued to pioneer the research capabilities. In 1997, Dr. Egdahl was named the first Alexander Graham Bell Professor of Entrepreneurial Medicine at BUSM. Following periods of leadership by Drs. Lester Williams, Peter Mozden, Robert Hobson, Edward Spatz and James Becker, Gerard Doherty assumed the position of Chair of the Department of Surgery in 2012. In March of 2017, the Boston Medical Center announced that it had received a $25 million gift, the donation will go to the creation of the Grayken Center for Addiction Medicine at BMC. The Amyloidosis Center at Boston Medical Center is known internationally as a leader in basic, notably, they pioneered the use of high dose Chemotherapy and Stem cell transplantation for patients with AL amyloidosis. The hospital has many services, extending beyond traditional medical procedures, comprehensive coverage for hospital, primary, specialty and behavioral health care are among the benefits and services provided. The Plan also offers extras beyond traditional benefits, all members receive discounts on Weight Watchers®, in addition, MassHealth members receive free car safety seats and bike helmets for kids and manual breast pumps for nursing mothers. BMC HealthNet Plan also operates Well Sense Health Plan, a Medicaid plain in New Hampshire, Boston Medical Center employs,4,902 full-time equivalent employees, consisting of more than 1,422 in-house physicians — including 704 residents and fellows — and 1,331 nurses. Boston Medical Center also incorporates the ambulance service Eascare into their operation to transport patients from one campus to another,2006 audio documentary on the 10th anniversary of the merger, describing history and innovative programs of BMC

26.
Boston Medical Center
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Boston Medical Center is a non-profit 496-bed academic medical center in Boston, Massachusetts. It is the largest safety-net hospital and Level I trauma center in New England, BMC employs more than 1,400 physicians — including 704 residents and fellows — and 1,505 nurses. Boston University School of Medicine opened its doors November 5,1873, Dr. Israel T. Talbot was the first chairman of the Department of Surgery at BU while also serving as the first Dean of BUSM. The history of the Department of Surgery at BU dates back to 1946, Smithwick served as chairman for nearly 20 years, and was followed by Dr. Richard Egdahl who was recruited from the Medical College of Virginia in 1963. Dr. Egdahl continued to pioneer the research capabilities. In 1997, Dr. Egdahl was named the first Alexander Graham Bell Professor of Entrepreneurial Medicine at BUSM. Following periods of leadership by Drs. Lester Williams, Peter Mozden, Robert Hobson, Edward Spatz and James Becker, Gerard Doherty assumed the position of Chair of the Department of Surgery in 2012. In March of 2017, the Boston Medical Center announced that it had received a $25 million gift, the donation will go to the creation of the Grayken Center for Addiction Medicine at BMC. The Amyloidosis Center at Boston Medical Center is known internationally as a leader in basic, notably, they pioneered the use of high dose Chemotherapy and Stem cell transplantation for patients with AL amyloidosis. The hospital has many services, extending beyond traditional medical procedures, comprehensive coverage for hospital, primary, specialty and behavioral health care are among the benefits and services provided. The Plan also offers extras beyond traditional benefits, all members receive discounts on Weight Watchers®, in addition, MassHealth members receive free car safety seats and bike helmets for kids and manual breast pumps for nursing mothers. BMC HealthNet Plan also operates Well Sense Health Plan, a Medicaid plain in New Hampshire, Boston Medical Center employs,4,902 full-time equivalent employees, consisting of more than 1,422 in-house physicians — including 704 residents and fellows — and 1,331 nurses. Boston Medical Center also incorporates the ambulance service Eascare into their operation to transport patients from one campus to another,2006 audio documentary on the 10th anniversary of the merger, describing history and innovative programs of BMC

27.
CT2 (MBTA bus)
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These crosstown buses are designated differently from older de facto crosstown routes, such as the #1 and the #66. The bus services are similar in equipment and fare structure. Both types of routes suffer from frequent delays, unreliable service, the CT routes run weekdays only, all buses in this service have bicycle racks and are based out of the Albany Street garage. The routes were first introduced in September 1994 and have been modified since, as a symbolic indication of future service upgrade plans, bus stops on the CT routes are sometimes designated as stations. The CT1 Central Square, Cambridge - B. U, Medical Center/Boston Medical Center via M. I. T. runs between Central Square in Cambridge and the B. U. Medical Center/Boston Medical Center, mostly along Massachusetts Avenue, the majority of its route is a limited-stop version of the 1. Transfers to the 1 are possible at most of the stops, CT1 service has not been substantially modified since its 1994 inception. The CT2 Sullivan Station - Ruggles Station via Kendall/MIT connects Sullivan Square in Charlestown with Ruggles in Roxbury via Kendall Square in Cambridge, the southern part of the route roughly parallels the 47. The route was created as a Ruggles-Kendall route in September 1994, in September 2000, the route was extended to Sullivan via Union Square. The CT3 Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center - Andrew Station via B. U, Medical Center connects the Longwood Medical Area to Andrew Square and runs entirely within the city of Boston. The route roughly parallels the 8, the CT3 route started as Beth Israel - Andrew, but it was extended to Logan Airport in December 1998. The extension was dropped due to low ridership in March 2002, a few early morning trips were kept as the 171, running from Dudley to Logan. In January 2005, some rush hour service was rerouted to serve Newmarket Square, List of MBTA bus routes List of key MBTA bus routes CT1 schedule and map CT2 schedule and map CT3 schedule and map

28.
Sullivan (MBTA station)
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Sullivan Square is an MBTA subway station serving the Orange Line, located just west of the Sullivan Square traffic circle in the Charlestown neighborhood of Boston. Located adjacent to the East Somerville area of Somerville, it is also a bus transfer point. It is named after nearby Sullivan Square, itself named for James Sullivan, a plaque commemorating the canal is on the column right of the entrance to the station. Opened April 7,1975 as part of the Haymarket North Extension, the current station replaced an older structure built in 1901, which had been a major transfer point on the Charlestown Elevated, a predecessor of the Orange Line. Like all Orange Line stations, both the platforms and all bus connections are fully wheelchair accessible. Being in a place between larger land masses made Sullivan Square a place where transportation routes naturally converged, and various transportation facilities developed here over the years. Completed in 1803, the canal was considered an engineering feat at its time. However, the Boston and Lowell Railroad, completed in 1835, captured much of the business. This led to the construction of an enclave for commuters to Boston. New streets were laid out, such as Mt. Vernon Street and Mt. Pleasant Street, the next transportation revolution to make its way through Sullivan Square was the streetcar. Horsecars connecting Somerville to Charlestown and Boston started running in 1858, horsecar travel continued to grow until the early 1890s, when electrically powered street railways became popular. However, the station remained in use, served by a number of trains on both the Eastern Division and Western Division. Among the approved cuts was the closure of all Eastern Division service south of Lynn, including the Saugus Branch plus mainline stations at East Somerville, Everett, Chelsea, the Saugus Branch and mainline stations were closed on May 16,1958. The original elevated station was considered a jewel of the El. Surface streetcars ran up to 10 stub-end tracks at the level of the elevated stations, the station was designed as a major transfer point, with many streetcar lines that had gone downtown truncated to Sullivan. However, the station reached capacity, and a northward extension to Everett opened in 1919. Later, beginning in 1963, the Everett terminus was closed nights and Sundays, over time, deferred maintenance on the Charlestown Elevated and Sullivan Square station took its toll. The Haymarket North Extension was constructed in the early 1970s along the Haverhill Line right-of-way, the Charlestown Elevated closed on April 4,1975, the Haymarket North Extension opened as far as Sullivan Square on April 7

29.
Ruggles (MBTA station)
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Ruggles is an intermodal transfer station serving MBTA rapid transit, bus, and commuter rail services. It is located at the intersection of Ruggles and Tremont streets, the station occupies the site that was previously the South End Grounds, home of the former Boston Braves from 1871 to 1914. It is surrounded by the campus of Northeastern University, Ruggles is a station stop for the Orange Line subway, as well as the Providence/Stoughton Line, Franklin Line, and Needham Line of the MBTA Commuter Rail system. Thirteen bus routes stop at Ruggles, including four of the fifteen key MBTA bus routes, Commuter rail service to the station began on October 5,1987. Ruggles is located at milepost 226.5,1.1 miles from Back Bay and 2.2 miles from South Station, a total of five tracks run through the station, two for the Orange Line and three for commuter rail. Of the three rail tracks, only tracks 1 and 3 serve the station, track 2 bypasses it. The main bus boarding area is located next to track 2, Ruggles was a proposed stop on the MBTAs planned Urban Ring Project. The Urban Ring was to be a Bus Rapid Transit Line designed to connect the current MBTA Lines to reduce strain on the stations, however. Currently, about 30% of trains do not stop, as reaching the platform would require crossing over to Track 1 or Track 3, the MBTA began consideration of a second platform in 1993, just six years after Ruggles opened. A preliminary study in 2008 recommended a full-length 800-foot platform located entirely east of the busway bridge, the MBTA began holding public meetings in 2012, with the new platform now to be located next to the existing platform. It will be split in two connected by a short pedestrian tunnel under the busway bridge, the gap will be short enough to allow all doors on a train to still open onto the platform. In September 2014, the MBTA received a $20 million TIGER grant for the project, by March 2016, the project was at 90% design and expected to reach 100% design by mid-2016, when it would be advertised for bidding. Construction was to begin in late 2016 and last through 2018, as of December 2016, bidding on the $22 million main contract is expected to begin in March 2017. Construction is expected to last from 2017 to 2019, Ruggles also serves as a major transfer point and terminal for MBTA Bus services. 8 Harbor Point/UMass – Kenmore Station via B. U, cambridge – Broadway Station via B. U. Medical Center, Dudley Station and the Longwood Medical Area CT2 Sullivan Station – Ruggles Station via Kendall/M. I. T, cT3 Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center – Andrew Station via B. U. Medical Center MBTA - Ruggles MBTA - Ruggles Station Platform Project Forsyth Street entrance from Google Maps Street View Ruggles Street entrance to Orange Line from Google Maps Street View

30.
Kendall/MIT (MBTA station)
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Kendall/MIT is an underground rapid transit station on the MBTA Red Line, located at the intersection of Main Street and Broadway in Cambridge, Massachusetts. It is named for the areas it serves - the Kendall Square business district. Opened in March 1912 as part of the original Cambridge Subway, the Kendall Band, a public art installation of hand-operated musical sculptures, is located between the tracks in the station with controls located on the platforms. Kendall/MIT station is handicapped accessible. The Cambridge Subway opened from Park Street Under to Harvard on March 23,1912, with stops at Central. An old-fashioned cycloconverter consisted of an AC motor coupled to a huge, slowly rotating flywheel coupled to a DC generator, with the development of compact modern semiconductor-based power rectifiers, the old electromechanical technology became obsolete. The MBTA powerhouse was demolished, and replaced with a building located at the convergence of Broadway. The MBTA has renamed the station on several occasions, on August 7,1978, the station was renamed as Kendall/MIT to indicate the nearby presence of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. On June 26,1985, the name was reverted to Kendall/MIT, during the 1980s, the MBTA rebuilt Kendall/MIT and other Red Line stations with longer platforms for six-car trains and with elevators for handicapped accessibility. The rebuilt station was dedicated in October 1987 and six-car trains began operation on January 21,1988, between 1986 and 1988, artist Paul Matisse installed Kendall Band, an interactive musical sculpture, at Kendall/MIT. Located between the Red line tracks at the station, it cost $90,000 to construct under the Arts on the Line program and it consists of three musical devices - Pythagoras, Kepler, and Galileo - controlled by levers located on both subway platforms. Although Matisse maintained it for decades, it ultimately fell into disrepair. A group of MIT students began restoration in 2010, with Pythagoras rendered partially functional in May 2011, Kendall/MIT Station was a proposed stop on the MBTAs planned Urban Ring Project. The Urban Ring was to be a circumferential Bus Rapid Transit Line designed to connect the current radial MBTA rail lines, under the most recent plan, new surface-level BRT platforms would have been constructed on Main Street at Kendall/MIT. The Urban Ring Project has been shelved due to the MBTAs financial difficulties, the possible station would have consisted of a single platform between Main Street and Massachusetts Avenue and was estimated to cost $7.5 million. After objections from the City of Cambridge over potential traffic problems due to the crossings on the Grand Junction. In 2014, it was revealed by the state that the stop would be part of the proposed Indigo Line system with frequent DMU service, there are two side platforms serving two tracks. Until most MBTA subway stations, Kendall/MIT station has no crossover mezzanine, four MBTA Bus routes stop at Kendall/MIT using a traffic lane that loops from Broadway inbound to Main Street outbound, all except the CT2 terminate there

31.
CT3 (MBTA bus)
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These crosstown buses are designated differently from older de facto crosstown routes, such as the #1 and the #66. The bus services are similar in equipment and fare structure. Both types of routes suffer from frequent delays, unreliable service, the CT routes run weekdays only, all buses in this service have bicycle racks and are based out of the Albany Street garage. The routes were first introduced in September 1994 and have been modified since, as a symbolic indication of future service upgrade plans, bus stops on the CT routes are sometimes designated as stations. The CT1 Central Square, Cambridge - B. U, Medical Center/Boston Medical Center via M. I. T. runs between Central Square in Cambridge and the B. U. Medical Center/Boston Medical Center, mostly along Massachusetts Avenue, the majority of its route is a limited-stop version of the 1. Transfers to the 1 are possible at most of the stops, CT1 service has not been substantially modified since its 1994 inception. The CT2 Sullivan Station - Ruggles Station via Kendall/MIT connects Sullivan Square in Charlestown with Ruggles in Roxbury via Kendall Square in Cambridge, the southern part of the route roughly parallels the 47. The route was created as a Ruggles-Kendall route in September 1994, in September 2000, the route was extended to Sullivan via Union Square. The CT3 Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center - Andrew Station via B. U, Medical Center connects the Longwood Medical Area to Andrew Square and runs entirely within the city of Boston. The route roughly parallels the 8, the CT3 route started as Beth Israel - Andrew, but it was extended to Logan Airport in December 1998. The extension was dropped due to low ridership in March 2002, a few early morning trips were kept as the 171, running from Dudley to Logan. In January 2005, some rush hour service was rerouted to serve Newmarket Square, List of MBTA bus routes List of key MBTA bus routes CT1 schedule and map CT2 schedule and map CT3 schedule and map

32.
Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center
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Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center in Boston, Massachusetts is a teaching hospital of Harvard Medical School. It was formed out of the 1996 merger of Beth Israel Hospital, among independent teaching hospitals, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center consistently ranks in the top three recipients of biomedical research funding from the National Institutes of Health. Research funding totals nearly $200 million annually, BIDMC researchers run more than 850 active sponsored projects and 200 clinical trials. The Harvard-Thorndike General Clinical Research Center, the oldest clinical research laboratory in the United States, has located on this site since 1973. Located in the Longwood Medical and Academic Area, BIDMC has consistently ranked as one of the best hospitals in the US by U. S. News & World Report. The hospital is part of the Boston MedFlight consortium and supports a Level I trauma center through the use of its rooftop helipad. BIDMC is the hospital of the Boston Red Sox and under the 30+ year leadership of Mitchell T. Rabkin, M. D. was the first hospital in the nation to create. The President and CEO of BIDMC is Kevin Tabb, M. D. who assumed the role in October 2011, Tabb came to BIDMC from Stanford Hospital & Clinics in Stanford, CA where he was the Chief Medical Officer. New England Deaconess Hospital was founded In 1896 by Methodist deaconesses to care for Bostons residents, the Methodist Deaconess movement, which started in Germany in 1836, was a group of women dedicating themselves to the care of the sick and the poor. The first 14-bed infirmary was opened in a converted five-story brownstone at 691 Massachusetts Avenue, although the hospital was originally staffed by the Deaconesses, in 1922 it added a permanent medical and surgical staff. In 1927, the New England Deaconess Association opened the Palmer Memorial Hospital, during the 1960s, Deaconess residency programs gained accreditation and it affiliated with Harvard Medical School. Deaconess had a role in the early studies of the cause, course. Deaconess was also a pioneer in organ transplantation and immunological research, during an era of religious separatism and anti-Semitism, Bostons Jewish community founded Beth Israel Hospital in 1916 to meet the needs of the growing Jewish immigrant population. Its first hospital on Townsend Street in Roxbury held 45-beds, the new hospital addressed the needs of immigrants who spoke Yiddish without speaking English and for patients who kept a kosher diet. In 1928, Beth Israel established relationships with Tufts University and the Harvard Medical School, during the Depression, Beth Israel was one of only two hospitals in Boston that treated welfare recipients. Researchers at Beth Israel discovered vascular endothelial growth factor in 1983, the two neighboring hospitals merged in 1996, continuing the patient care, educational and research components of both predecessors. In 2003, BIDMC researchers identified the source of preeclampsia, a complication of pregnancy. In January 2014, Jordan Hospital joined the Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center family of hospitals and it was founded in 1899 when a group of leading citizens from Plymouth saw a need to build a hospital to serve residents and pursued the idea of a hospital on the hill

33.
Andrew (MBTA station)
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Andrew is a rapid transit station on the MBTA Red Line, located at Andrew Square in South Boston, Massachusetts. Named for John Albion Andrew, the square is at the intersection of major thoroughfares, Dorchester Avenue, Dorchester Street, Southampton Street. Andrew is the transfer point between the Red Line subway and the MBTA surface bus routes into South Boston. Opened in 1918 and renovated in 1994, it is wheelchair accessible. The station opened in June 1918 as the terminus of the Cambridge-Dorchester Line. A multiple track streetcar station was built on the surface, with connections from the rapid transit platforms. Andrew was the terminus of the line until November 1927, when Columbia, Savin Hill, the fare mezzanines and staircases were reconfigured over the years as streetcars were replaced by trackless trolleys and later buses. Streetcars and trackless trolleys entered the station from Dorchester Avenue. The platforms were extended in the mid 1980s to allow six-car trains, work began in September 1990, the station was closed nights and some weekends until March 1991 during the heaviest work. Construction on the finished in January 1994. The rebuilt station incorporates elevators to the platforms to provide full handicapped accessibility, the boxes are to be opened in 2068,75 years after their installation. The restored original wood frame toll takers booth from the 1920s is installed as a permanent display in the inbound-outbound crossover lobby. Andrew is the bus transfer point for several lines running to South Boston, as well as several routes that ran across Roxbury and Dorchester, CT3. Medical Center 5, City Point – McCormack Housing via Andrew Station 10, City Point – Copley Square via Andrew Station & B. U

34.
South Boston
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South Boston is a densely populated neighborhood of Boston, Massachusetts, located south and east of the Fort Point Channel and abutting Dorchester Bay. South Boston, most popularly known as Southie, was once a working class Irish Catholic community. South Boston contains Dorchester Heights, where George Washington forced British troops to evacuate during the American Revolutionary War, South Boston has undergone gentrification, and consequently, its real estate market has seen property values join the highest in the city. South Boston has also left its mark on history with Boston busing desegregation, South Boston is also home to the St. Patricks Day Parade, a celebration of the Irish-American culture and the Evacuation Day observance. Geographically, Dorchester Neck was an isthmus, a strip of land that connected the mainland of the colonial settlement of Dorchester with Dorchester Heights. South Boston gained an identity separate from Dorchester, but the two were annexed by Boston in pieces, from 1804 to 1870. During the American Revolutionary War, George Washington placed a cannon on Dorchester Heights, the British evacuated Boston and Fort William and Mary for Halifax, Nova Scotia. Fort William and Mary was replaced with a fortification known as Fort Independence. That fort was replaced by a granite fortification prior to the American Civil War, edgar Allan Poe was stationed at Castle Island for five months in 1827 and was inspired to write The Cask of Amontillado based on an early Castle Island legend. During the 1970s, South Boston received national attention for its opposition to court-mandated school desegregation by busing students to different neighborhoods. In the early 21st century, property values, especially in the City Point neighborhood near Castle Island, the City Point area of South Boston, labeled East Side by realtors, has seen a major increase in property values due to its close proximity to downtown Boston and gentrification. Additionally, the West Side is home to the first green residence in Boston — the Macallen Building which was featured in the movie The Greening of Southie. The City of Boston is investing in the West Side through developments like the ~150, the Harrison house is a mansion located in Southie. It was used as a residence until 1913. At that time it was purchased by the Roman Catholic Church to use the space as a convent, since 1987, its current owner has converted it into apartment style housing. The house located at 789 East Broadway is full of rich history and it is associated with Harrison Loring, who owned and operated one of the first South Boston shipyards. The history behind the South Boston, Saint Patricks Day Parade is General John Henry Knox brought 55 cannons captured at Fort Ticonderoga, in March, the troops positioned the cannons on Dorchester Heights. They had cut trees to cannon size, hollowed them out

35.
East Boston
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East Boston, nicknamed Eastie, is a neighborhood of Boston, Massachusetts with over 40,000 residents. The neighborhood was created by connecting several islands using land fill and it was annexed by Boston in 1836. It is separated from the city proper by Boston Harbor and bordered by Winthrop, Revere, directly west of East Boston, across Boston Inner Harbor, is the North End and Bostons Financial District. East Boston has long provided a foothold for the latest immigrants with Irish, Russian Jews, from the 1990s into the early millennium, Latin American immigrants settled in East Boston, eventually composing more than fifty percent of the population in the 2010 neighborhood census. Jeffries Point specifically has become one of the most desirable neighborhoods, due to its location to the harbor, marinas, the Kennedy family resided in East Boston. The neighborhood is accessible to downtown Boston via the MBTA Blue Line. Originally, five islands made up the East Boston neighborhood, to connect to the mainland to the north, fill was mostly used. Originally, ferries were used to connect to downtown, they were replaced by the Sumner and Callahan Tunnels, Logan International Airport is located in East Boston connecting Boston to domestic and international locations. Not long after the settling of Boston, Noddle Island served as grazing land for cattle, in 1801, William H. Sumner had proposed to the federal government of the United States to create a turnpike to connect Salem to Boston via the undeveloped Noddles Island. He argued that the route over it would be more direct making it easier for the neighborhood to develop and he stated …in my opinion that the circular route from Chelsea thro’ Charlestown to Boston is about 1 of a mile farther than a direct course over Noddle’s Island in Boston. There is no doubt that but that the necessities of the town of Boston will some require a connection with Noddle’s Island with the town of which it is part. The one issue that Sumner foresaw, but glossed over, was land in Charlestown was purchased by the federal government as the site for a future naval yard. The ships en route from this yard to the ocean would be blocked by the proposed turnpike and he believed that since a standing navy was in such disfavor at that point in the nation’s history that this issue would not stand in his way. However the War of 1812, which was considered a naval war, Sumner began to make his move for the acquisition of all of Noddle’s Island upon the death of Colonel David Stoddard Greenough, who had been a longtime holdout against selling to him. Greenough died of apoplexy, and his wife and children wanted to cede their portion of the island, in 1836, Sumner coincidentally married Greenough’s widow, Maria Foster Doane. With the assistance of his new partners, Steven White and Francis J. Oliver. This purchase gave Sumner control of one half of the Island, subsequently, in February 1832, the partners formed the East Boston Company. They stated that their part of the Island was to be divided into 666 shares and that it would be managed by a board of directors, establishing transportation to the area was imperative and they were dedicated to pushing for a railroad connection from Boston to Salem over the Island

36.
Metropolitan Transit Authority (Boston)
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The Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority is the public agency responsible for operating most public transportation services in Greater Boston, Massachusetts. Earlier modes of transportation in Boston were independently owned and operated. In 2008, the system averaged 1.3 million passenger trips each weekday, of which the subway averaged 598,200, making it the fourth-busiest subway system in the United States. Further, the Green Line and Ashmont–Mattapan High Speed Line comprise the busiest light-rail system in the U. S. with a ridership of 255,100. The MBTA is the largest consumer of electricity in Massachusetts, in 2007, its CNG bus fleet was the largest consumer of alternative fuels in the state. The MBTA operates an independent law enforcement agency, the Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority Police, development of mass transportation both followed and shaped economic and population patterns. This marked the beginning of the development of American intercity railroads, which in Massachusetts would later become the MBTA Commuter Rail system, starting with the opening of the Cambridge Railroad on March 26,1856, a profusion of streetcar lines appeared in Boston under chartered companies. Despite the change of companies, Boston is the city with the oldest continuously working streetcar system in the world, many of these companies consolidated, and animal-drawn vehicles were converted to electric propulsion. Streetcar congestion in downtown Boston led to the subways in 1897, the Tremont Street Subway was the first rapid transit tunnel in the United States. Grade-separation added capacity and avoided delays caused by cross streets, various extensions and branches were added at both ends, bypassing more surface tracks. As grade-separated lines were extended, street-running lines were cut back for faster downtown service, however, the Green Lines Causeway Street Elevated remained in service until 2004, when it was relocated into a tunnel with an incline to reconnect to the Lechmere Viaduct. The Boston Elevated Railway started replacing trains with buses in 1922, in 1936, it started replacing rail with trackless trolleys. The last Middlesex & Boston Street Railway streetcar ran in 1930, by the beginning of 1953, the only remaining streetcar lines fed two tunnels—the main Tremont Street Subway network downtown and the short tunnel in Harvard Square. The old elevated railways proved to be an eyesore and required several sharp curves in Bostons twisty streets, the Atlantic Avenue Elevated was closed in 1938 amidst declining ridership and was demolished in 1942. As rail passenger service became unprofitable, largely due to rising automobile ownership. The MTA purchased and took over subway, elevated, streetcar, in the 1950s, the MTA ran new subway extensions, while the last two streetcar lines running into the Pleasant Street Portal of the Tremont Street Subway were substituted with buses in 1953 and 1962. While the operations of the MTA were relatively stable by the early 1960s, the 1945 Coolidge Commission plan assumed that most of the commuter rail lines would be replaced by shorter rapid transit extensions, or simply feed into them at reduced service levels. Passenger service on the entire Old Colony Railroad system serving the part of the state was abandoned by the New Haven Railroad in 1959

37.
Belmont, Massachusetts
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Belmont is a town in Middlesex County, Massachusetts, a suburb of Boston. It is part of the Boston metropolitan area and its population was 24,729 at the 2010 census. They also wanted a town no one could buy or sell alcohol. The town was named after Bellmont, the 200 acre estate of one of the leading and largest donor to its createion, Cushing Square is named after him and what was left of his estate after it nearly burned to the ground became a Belmont Public Library branch. Preceding its incorporation, Belmont was an agrarian based town, with large farms servicing Boston for produce. Belmonts population grew by over 90 percent during the 1920s, other commercial enterprises in Belmont included mining and waste management. The reclamation of a dump and quarry off Concord Avenue into sites for the Belmont High School. With the introduction of automobiles and highways Belmont continued its transition to a commuter-based suburb throughout the twentieth century, Belmont was the home of the headquarters of the John Birch Society from the organizations founding in 1958 until its relocation to Appleton, Wisconsin in 1989. In 1963, English composer Arthur Bliss wrote The Belmont Variations based on the town of Belmont MA, the work was used at the Royal Albert Hall as the test piece for the National Brass Band Championships of Great Britain. The residents of Belmont did not have cable until 1989 and they could only watch cable televisi be a department that is part of the town government. It would be called The Belmont Cable Department, as this had never been donw before by any Mass. town, the Town of Belmont had to get a special law passed by the Massachusetts legislature to makne this caple dept. possible. The local cable companies like Time Warner and Cablevision did not like this law and spent most of the 1980s fighting the law tooth. The cable companies won and in 1989, the system was set up by Time Warner. 3 In 1993, this small suburban was overwhelmed by Japanese tourists, Crown Prince of Japan had just become engaged to Masako Owada, the future Crown Princess of Japan. Her parents were part of the Japanese diplomatic service and they had lived in Belmont in the early 1980s and she graduated from Belmont High School. The Japanese tourists came to see the house where she had lived and this is probably the only time that this small town had ever been mentioned in newspapers throughout the world. Belmont was once served by two railroads, the Fitchburg Railroad and the Central Massachusetts Railroad, both of which were later to become part of the Boston & Maine Railroad system. Originally the two railroads had their own tracks through town, but in 1952 the Central Mass tracks were lifted between Hills Crossing and Clematis Brook, traffic was then rerouted over the Fitchburg line

38.
Lexington, Massachusetts
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Lexington is a town in Middlesex County, Massachusetts, United States. The population was 31,394 at the 2010 census, in nearly 11,100 households, settled in 1641, it is celebrated as the site of the first shots of the American Revolutionary War, in the Battle of Lexington on April 19,1775. It is part of the Greater Boston Area and is the sixth wealthiest small city in the United States, Lexington was first settled circa 1642 as part of Cambridge, Massachusetts. What is now Lexington was then incorporated as a parish, called Cambridge Farms and this allowed them to have a separate church and minister, but were still under jurisdiction of the Town of Cambridge. Lexington was incorporated as a town in 1713. It was then that it got the name Lexington, how it received its name is the subject of some controversy. Some people believe that it was named in honor of Lord Lexington, some, on the other hand, believe that it was named after Lexington in Nottinghamshire, England. In the early days, Vine Brook, which runs through Lexington, Burlington, and Bedford. It provided for many types of mills, and in the 20th Century, for decades, Lexington grew modestly while remaining largely a farming community, providing Boston with much of its produce. It always had a downtown area, which remains to this day. Lexington began to prosper, helped by its proximity to Boston, for many years, East Lexington was considered a separate village from the rest of the town, though it still had the same officers and Town Hall. Most of the farms of Lexington became housing developments by the end of the 1960s, Lexington, as well as many of the towns along the Route 128 corridor, experienced a jump in population in the 1960s and 70s, due to the high-tech boom. Property values in the town soared, and the system became nationally recognized for its excellence. On April 19,1775, what many regard as the first battle of the American Revolutionary War was a battle at Lexington, Lexington is located at 42°26′39″N 71°13′36″W. According to the United States Census Bureau, the town has an area of 16.5 square miles, of which 16.4 square miles is land and 0.1 square miles. Lexington borders the towns, Burlington, Woburn, Winchester, Arlington, Belmont, Waltham, Lincoln. It has more area than all other municipalities that it borders, by the 2010 census, the population had reached 31,394. As of the census of 2010, there had been 31,394 people,11,530 households, the population density was 1,851.0 people per square mile

39.
Needham, Massachusetts
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Needham is a town in Norfolk County, Massachusetts, United States. A suburb of Boston, its population was 28,886 at the 2010 census and it is home to the Franklin W. Olin College of Engineering, an engineering school. Needham was first settled in 1680 with the purchase of a tract of land measuring 4 miles by 5 miles from Chief Nehoiden for the sum of 10 pounds,40 acres of land and it was officially incorporated in 1711. Originally part of the Dedham Grant, Needham split from Dedham and was named after the town of Needham Market in Suffolk, England, a neighbor of the English town of Dedham. By the 1770s settlers in the part of the town who had to travel a long distance to the meeting house on what is now Central Avenue sought to form a second parish in the town. Opposition to this desire created conflict, and in 1774 a mysterious fire destroyed the extant meeting house, some time afterwards the West Parish was formed. In 1857 the City of Boston began a project to fill in the Back Bay with landfill by filling the tidewater flats of the Charles River, the fill to reclaim the bay from the water was obtained from Needham, Massachusetts from the area of present-day Route 128. The firm of Goss and Munson, railroad contractors, built 6 miles of railroad from Needham, the filling of present-day Back Bay was completed by 1882, filling reached Kenmore Square in 1890, and finished in the Fens in 1900. The project was the largest of a number of reclamation projects, beginning in 1820. In 1865, William Carter established a knitting company in Needham Heights that would eventually become a major manufacturer. The site of Mill #1 currently houses the Avery Manor assisted living center, by the 1960s, the company owned seven mills in Massachusetts and the south. The Carter family sold the business in 1990, after which Carters, Inc. moved its headquarters to Atlanta, in the late 1860s William Emerson Baker moved to Needham. A notably wealthy man due to his having improved the mechanical sewing machine, Baker assembled a parcel of land exceeding 800 acres and he built two man made lakes on his property, including Sabrina lake near present-day Locust Lane. Baker turned part of his property into an amusement park with exotic animals, subterranean tunnels, in 1888 he built a sizable hotel, near the intersection of present-day Whitman Road and Charles River Street, called the Hotel Wellesley which had a capacity of over 300 guests. The hotel burned to the ground on December 19,1891 and this plant was located in the Charles River Village section of Needham with another large facility in New Jersey. The scientific dairy production facilities of the Walker-Gordon Dairy Farm were widely advertised and utilized modern advancements in the handling of milk products, in 1881 the West Parish was separately incorporated as the town of Wellesley. The following year, Needham and Wellesley high schools playing a annual football game on Thanksgiving. Also the longest running high school rivalry

40.
List of key MBTA bus routes
–
These key bus routes ensure basic geographic coverage with frequent service in the densest areas of the city, and connect to other MBTA services to give access to other areas throughout the region. In recognition of their function as part of the backbone MBTA service and these schematic route maps show the rail rapid transit routes, bus rapid transit routes, commuter rail services, and key bus routes. As of April 2015, late-night service was cut back from 2, 30am to 2, 00am, in November 2006, the MBTA launched a concerted effort to improve service quality on key bus routes, which has since been completed. The 2008 Service Plan recommended improvements for various lines, including upgrading the 31 bus to Key Route standards, a second round of improvements, entitled the Key Routes Improvement Project has been funded by the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009. The Silver Line services were considered part of the program. The key routes are the 1,15,22,23,28,32,39,57,66,71,73,77,111,116, limited stop service over most of the route is provided by the CT1. In May 1987 the route was realigned from its alignment on Washington Street southeast several blocks onto Albany Street. The City of Cambridge plans to install signal priority on the #1 route at some intersections, certain late runs are extended to Fields Corner to replace #19 service, which does not run after the evening rush hour. Buses started running on the 15 Kane Square-Dudley via Uphams Corner and Dudley Street on April 6,1962, with the opening of the new Orange Line in May 1987, the route was extended to Ruggles. From there it continues north on Columbus Avenue and Tremont Street past two Orange Line stations - Jackson Square and Roxbury Crossing - before ending at another one, buses replaced trackless trolleys on the 22 on April 6,1962, running as the 22 Ashmont-Dudley via Talbot and Warren. This route, rather than turning off Blue Hill Avenue onto Seaver Street, continued north a bit further, the opening of the new Orange Line in May 1987 resulted in the realignment to the current route. The 23 Ashmont Station - Ruggles Station via Washington Street has the same endpoints as the 22 and it starts out of Ashmont on Talbot Avenue, but turns north on Washington Street, following that onto Warren Street to Dudley. From Dudley the 23 heads west on Malcolm X Boulevard to Roxbury Crossing, buses replaced trackless trolleys on April 7,1962 on the 22 Ashmont-Dudley via Washington Street and Warren. It was extended to Ruggles in May 1987 along with the opening of the new Orange Line, the 28 Mattapan Station - Ruggles Station via Dudley Station began its history as Route 28 Arborway-Mattapan via Cummins Highway. This route, which paralleled Route 32 to Forest Hills and Arborway and was used during rush hours only, was discontinued in 1981, Route 29 handled all service on Blue Hill Avenue until a new version of Route 28 was established in 1987. This new Route 28 served between Mattapan station and the new Orange Line station at Ruggles, and in turn took over all service, Route 29 was relegated to a rush-hours only route, but only to Jackson Square. Late night service does run to Ruggles, but Route 28 handles all service throughout the week, until 2003 it operated out of the Bartlett garage, when Arborway opened in 2003, Route 28 was shifted to the Cabot garage. The 32 Wolcott Square - Forest Hills Station via Hyde Park Avenue routes runs along Hyde Park Avenue from Forest Hills to Readville, serving Jamaica Plain, Roslindale and it parallels the commuter rail tracks from Forest Hills to Readville for its entire route

41.
Population density
–
Population density is a measurement of population per unit area or unit volume, it is a quantity of type number density. It is frequently applied to living organisms, and most of the time to humans and it is a key geographical term. Population density is population divided by land area or water volume. Low densities may cause a vortex and lead to further reduced fertility. This is called the Allee effect after the scientist who identified it, commonly this may be calculated for a county, city, country, another territory, or the entire world. The worlds population is around 7,000,000,000, therefore, the worldwide human population density is around 7,000,000,000 ÷510,000,000 =13.7 per km2. If only the Earths land area of 150,000,000 km2 is taken into account and this includes all continental and island land area, including Antarctica. If Antarctica is also excluded, then population density rises to over 50 people per km2, thus, this number by itself does not give any helpful measurement of human population density. Several of the most densely populated territories in the world are city-states, microstates, cities with high population densities are, by some, considered to be overpopulated, though this will depend on factors like quality of housing and infrastructure and access to resources. Most of the most densely populated cities are in Southeast Asia, though Cairo, for instance, Milwaukee has a greater population density when just the inner city is measured, and the surrounding suburbs excluded. Arithmetic density, The total number of people / area of land, physiological density, The total population / area of arable land. Agricultural density, The total rural population / area of arable land, residential density, The number of people living in an urban area / area of residential land. Urban density, The number of people inhabiting an urban area / total area of urban land, ecological optimum, The density of population that can be supported by the natural resources. S. States by population density Selected Current and Historic City, Ward & Neighborhood Density

42.
1 (MBTA bus)
–
These key bus routes ensure basic geographic coverage with frequent service in the densest areas of the city, and connect to other MBTA services to give access to other areas throughout the region. In recognition of their function as part of the backbone MBTA service and these schematic route maps show the rail rapid transit routes, bus rapid transit routes, commuter rail services, and key bus routes. As of April 2015, late-night service was cut back from 2, 30am to 2, 00am, in November 2006, the MBTA launched a concerted effort to improve service quality on key bus routes, which has since been completed. The 2008 Service Plan recommended improvements for various lines, including upgrading the 31 bus to Key Route standards, a second round of improvements, entitled the Key Routes Improvement Project has been funded by the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009. The Silver Line services were considered part of the program. The key routes are the 1,15,22,23,28,32,39,57,66,71,73,77,111,116, limited stop service over most of the route is provided by the CT1. In May 1987 the route was realigned from its alignment on Washington Street southeast several blocks onto Albany Street. The City of Cambridge plans to install signal priority on the #1 route at some intersections, certain late runs are extended to Fields Corner to replace #19 service, which does not run after the evening rush hour. Buses started running on the 15 Kane Square-Dudley via Uphams Corner and Dudley Street on April 6,1962, with the opening of the new Orange Line in May 1987, the route was extended to Ruggles. From there it continues north on Columbus Avenue and Tremont Street past two Orange Line stations - Jackson Square and Roxbury Crossing - before ending at another one, buses replaced trackless trolleys on the 22 on April 6,1962, running as the 22 Ashmont-Dudley via Talbot and Warren. This route, rather than turning off Blue Hill Avenue onto Seaver Street, continued north a bit further, the opening of the new Orange Line in May 1987 resulted in the realignment to the current route. The 23 Ashmont Station - Ruggles Station via Washington Street has the same endpoints as the 22 and it starts out of Ashmont on Talbot Avenue, but turns north on Washington Street, following that onto Warren Street to Dudley. From Dudley the 23 heads west on Malcolm X Boulevard to Roxbury Crossing, buses replaced trackless trolleys on April 7,1962 on the 22 Ashmont-Dudley via Washington Street and Warren. It was extended to Ruggles in May 1987 along with the opening of the new Orange Line, the 28 Mattapan Station - Ruggles Station via Dudley Station began its history as Route 28 Arborway-Mattapan via Cummins Highway. This route, which paralleled Route 32 to Forest Hills and Arborway and was used during rush hours only, was discontinued in 1981, Route 29 handled all service on Blue Hill Avenue until a new version of Route 28 was established in 1987. This new Route 28 served between Mattapan station and the new Orange Line station at Ruggles, and in turn took over all service, Route 29 was relegated to a rush-hours only route, but only to Jackson Square. Late night service does run to Ruggles, but Route 28 handles all service throughout the week, until 2003 it operated out of the Bartlett garage, when Arborway opened in 2003, Route 28 was shifted to the Cabot garage. The 32 Wolcott Square - Forest Hills Station via Hyde Park Avenue routes runs along Hyde Park Avenue from Forest Hills to Readville, serving Jamaica Plain, Roslindale and it parallels the commuter rail tracks from Forest Hills to Readville for its entire route

43.
Massachusetts Avenue (Boston)
–
Massachusetts Avenue, known to locals as Mass Ave, is a major thoroughfare in Boston, Massachusetts, and several cities and towns northwest of Boston. According to Boston magazine, Its 16 miles of blacktop run from gritty industrial zones to verdant suburbia, passing gentrified brownstones, college campuses, after Harvard Square it turns sharply northward, passes Harvard Law School, then passes through Porter Square, where it bears northwestward. It continues through North Cambridge, Arlington, and Lexington, where it enters the Minuteman National Historical Park, the road, by the same name, continues northwest and west, through many different cities and towns. It largely parallels or joins Route 2 and Route 2A, all the way into central Massachusetts, for much of its length, Massachusetts Avenue is a center of commercial activity, especially through the larger towns. Apartments, shops, and restaurants fill both sides of it, and there is a lot of pedestrian traffic, a number of linear parks cut across various portions of Mass. Boston Cambridge Arlington Lexington Concord Acton Boxborough Harvard Lunenburg signs Route 2A as Mass Ave, on the night of April 18–19,1775, Paul Revere rode his horse down a portion of this road on his Midnight Ride. On April 18–19,1775, William Dawes and Samuel Prescott also rode on portions of road on their way to Concord. Massachusetts Avenue was formed at the end of the century from what were separate roads. In Boston the road was previously called East Chester Park south of Chester Square, across the river in Cambridge the road follows part of what was once Front Street near the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and then follows the former Main Street to Harvard Square. From Harvard Square to the Arlington line at Alewife Brook it follows what had been North Avenue since 1838, and prior to that the Road to Menotomy. In Arlington it follows the former Arlington Avenue, and in Lexington it follows the former Main Street south of the Battle Green, Massachusetts Avenue is served with direct connections for a number of the MBTAs bus and subway routes between Lexington and Boston. An additional stop at Arlington Center was mooted during the 1980s Red Line extension, two MBTA Commuter Rail stations are located on Massachusetts Avenue, Porter in Cambridge and Newmarket at the South Bay Shopping Center in Dorchester. Fenway Theatre Cyclist places potted plants on Mass

44.
North Station (Boston)
–
North Station is a major transportation hub located at Causeway and Nashua Streets in Boston, Massachusetts, United States. It is one of the two inbound terminals for Amtrak and MBTA Commuter Rail trains, the other being South Station. No direct link exists between the two stations, although MBTA subway connections are available, additionally, transfers from the Fitchburg Line to the South Station lines can be made at Porter, a one-seat ride on the Red Line. A North–South Rail Link is proposed to link North and South Stations, Station on the Boston subways Orange Line and Green Line North Station is wheelchair accessible on all modes. There is a connection between the inbound Orange Line and the inbound Green Line, transferring in other directions is accessible. All other Orange Line stations are accessible as well, but not all Green Line stations are wheelchair accessible, most major stations on the MBTA Commuter Rail routes are accessible with full-length high or mini-high platforms, but some stations are not accessible. All Downeaster stations are accessible with high platforms or low platforms with wheelchair lifts, the EZRide Shuttle loops on Red Auerbach Way with a stop near the secondary entrance to North Station. Lovejoy Wharf, located off Beverly Street northeast of North Station, is the furthest upstream that regular water transport is available on the Charles River due to the adjacent Charles River Dam. It is served by water taxi services to Logan Airport and the Boston waterfront by two private companies, scheduled ferry service was formerly operated to Lovejoy Wharf as well. Two MBTA Boat routes - the F3 Lovejoy Wharf - Boston Navy Yard and they were discontinued on January 21,2005 due to low ridership. The F5X Lovejoy Wharf - World Trade Center Express route, which did not rely on MBTA funding, was run until February 24,2006 and this approach was later used by the Green Line and Orange Line. The other three were all on the side of Causeway Street, with the first two in the area where North Station is now. The Boston and Lowell Railroad terminal was on the east side of Nashua Street, next was the Eastern Railroad terminal, across Causeway Street from Friend Street. The Fitchburg Railroad station was on the side of the Boston and Maine Railroad approach, right next to Beverly Street. Just south of North Station was the Canal Street Incline through which the Green Line, the Tremont Street Subway was extended north from Park Street in 1898. It rose to the surface at the Canal Street Incline, with a terminal at Causeway Street. The Main Line Elevated opened in 1901 with a station at North Union Station. Elevated trains ran south through the Tremont Street Subway, north on the Charlestown Elevated, the elevated moved into its own tunnel in 1908

45.
Boston World Trade Center
–
The Seaport Boston Hotel & World Trade Center is located on the Boston waterfront in the South Boston neighborhood of Boston, Massachusetts. The South Boston Waterfront is also known as the Boston Seaport District, the Seaport Boston Hotel, developed by Fidelity Investments and The Drew Company, opened in 1998. The first hotel to be constructed along the Boston waterfront, it is located adjacent to the World Trade Center which opened in 1986. The AAA Four Diamond property is one of the facilities for conferences, meetings and exhibitions in New England with over 180,000 square feet of flexible meeting. The hotel features four restaurants - TAMO Bistro & Bar, Seaport Café, Bakery Café and TAMO Terrace, Seaport features a 2,300 space underground parking garage, and has an established, award-winning environmental program, Seaport Saves. The hotel contains Hypoallergenic rooms, and Forbes Traveler named Seaport one of Americas Greenest Hotels in 2008. The hotel is also a member of the Green Hotels Association, the hotel features,428 Guest Rooms 40 Meeting Rooms 44,600 sq. ft. Largest Meeting Room 180,000 sq. ft

46.
Moakley Federal Courthouse
–
Named after Congressman Joe Moakley, the 675, 000-square-foot building was completed in 1999 at a cost of $170 million and has won many design awards. The courthouse is served by a stop on Bostons Silver Line, the courthouse serves as headquarters for the United States Court of Appeals for the First Circuit and the United States District Court for the District of Massachusetts. The 675, 000-square-foot building, clad in brick with granite trim, has ten floors above grade. Public access to the courtrooms is provided through a sequence of spaces — Entrance Hall, Rotunda, Great Hall, twenty-one large-scale paintings were commissioned from Ellsworth Kelly and are installed in these areas. The courtrooms themselves are distinguished by a motif of large arches defined by wood moldings, the sub-basement houses an ice storage air conditioning system which uses half-price electricity at night to freeze water, which is then used to cool the courthouse during hot days. This saves an estimated $1.5 million per year, and helps load-balance the regional electricity grid

47.
City Point (MBTA station)
–
City Point was a transportation station in South Boston, Massachusetts, at the terminus of the former SL3 branch of the MBTAs Silver Line. It lacked waiting facilities for passengers, and existed solely as a turnaround for the buses on the SL3, the station was closed when the SL3 line was dropped in 2008 due to low ridership. The City Point area is served by the #5,7,9,10 and 11 buses. All except the #5 were formerly streetcar routes, streetcars last ran on the #11 in 1929. Until October 1985, when the modern turnaround loop was built, service ran to the former location at East 2nd Street. Silver Line MBTA bus routes in South Boston

Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority
–
The Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority is the public agency responsible for operating most public transportation services in Greater Boston, Massachusetts. Earlier modes of transportation in Boston were independently owned and operated. In 2008, the system averaged 1.3 million passenger trips each weekday, of which the subway averaged 598,2

1.
The MBTA provides services in five different modes (boat not pictured) around Greater Boston.

2.
Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority

3.
Steam railroads in Boston in 1880. From the US Census Bureau.

4.
Park Street station in Boston on the Green Line soon after opening, circa 1898

MBTA Bus
–
The Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority operates 177 bus routes in the Greater Boston area, many of which were formerly part of a large streetcar system. Some routes are for local transport within the city, others bring passengers from surrounding areas to stops on the MBTA Commuter Rail or subway lines, much of this service is provided by b

1.
A NABI 40LFW bus leaving Ruggles station on Route 47

Boston
–
Boston is the capital and most populous city of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts in the United States. Boston is also the seat of Suffolk County, although the county government was disbanded on July 1,1999. The city proper covers 48 square miles with a population of 667,137 in 2015, making it the largest city in New England. Alternately, as a Comb

1.
From top to bottom, left to right: the Boston skyline viewed from the Bunker Hill Monument; the Museum of Fine Arts; Faneuil Hall; Massachusetts State House; The First Church of Christ, Scientist; Boston Public Library; the John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum; South Station; Boston University and the Charles River; Arnold Arboretum; Fenway Park; and the Boston Common

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State Street, 1801

3.
View of Boston from Dorchester Heights, 1841

4.
Scollay Square in the 1880s

Massachusetts
–
It is bordered by the Atlantic Ocean to the east, the states of Connecticut and Rhode Island to the south, New Hampshire and Vermont to the north, and New York to the west. The state is named for the Massachusett tribe, which inhabited the area. The capital of Massachusetts and the most populous city in New England is Boston, over 80% of Massachuse

1.
A portion of the north-central Pioneer Valley in Sunderland

2.
Flag

3.
Many coastal areas in Massachusetts provide breeding areas for species such as the piping plover

4.
The Mayflower in Plymouth Harbor by William Halsall (1882). The Pilgrims were a group of Puritans who founded Plymouth in 1620.

MBTA Commuter Rail
–
The MBTA Commuter Rail system serves as the commuter rail arm of the Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authoritys transportation coverage of Greater Boston in the United States. It is operated under contract by Keolis, which took over operations on July 1,2014 from the Massachusetts Bay Commuter Railroad Company. The lines characteristic purple-trim

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MBTA train at Route 128 Station on the Providence/Stoughton Line.

2.
MBTA Commuter Rail system map

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A typical Commuter Rail train, consisting of one diesel locomotive and five coaches, at Auburndale station in 2012.

Streetcar
–
A tram is a rail vehicle which runs on tracks along public urban streets, and also sometimes on a segregated right of way. The lines or networks operated by tramcars are called tramways, Tramways powered by electricity, the most common type historically, were once called electric street railways. However, trams were used in urban areas before the u

1.
Trams in Vienna, one of the largest existing networks in the world

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The Welsh Swansea and Mumbles Railway ran the world's first passenger tram service

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Steam hauled tram in Italy c 1890s

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A San Francisco cable car: a cable pulled system, still operating as of 2015 [update]

Boston Elevated Railway
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The Boston Elevated Railway was a streetcar and rapid transit railroad operated on, above, and below, the streets of Boston, Massachusetts and surrounding communities. Founded in 1894, it acquired the West End Street Railway via lease. Its modern successor is the state-run Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority, which continues to operate in pa

1.
By 1925, streetcars were gone from most downtown streets.

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Former MTA PCC car #3295 on display at Boylston

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The Central Power Station of the West End Street Railway in downtown Boston, built 1889-91

Eastern Massachusetts Street Railway
–
The Eastern Massachusetts Street Railway was a streetcar and later bus company in eastern Massachusetts, serving most suburbs of Boston, Massachusetts. Many of its routes are now run by the Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority. The Eastern Mass connected to the Boston Elevated Railway system at many points, neponset Milton Lower Mills Mattapa

Middlesex and Boston Street Railway
–
The Middlesex and Boston Street Railway was a streetcar and later bus company in the area west of Boston, Massachusetts. Streetcars last ran in 1930, and in 1972 the companys operations were merged into the Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority, the company was first chartered as the Natick Electric Street Railway on August 10,1891. The name w

1.
Wide median of Commonwealth Avenue in Auburndale, once used by M&B trolleys, near Norumbega Park

Newton and Boston Street Railway
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The Newton and Boston Street Railway was a streetcar company in the Boston, Massachusetts area, eventually bought by the Middlesex and Boston Street Railway. Its line is now the 59 Needham Junction - Watertown Square via Newtonville bus, the Newton and Boston Street Railway was organized in 1891. It soon opened a trolley line between Newton Upper F

1.
Newton and Boston Street Railway trolley car

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A modern-day #59 bus leaving Watertown Square

Silver Line (Boston)
–
The Silver Line is the bus rapid transit system of the Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority. It currently operates four routes in two sections that were built in separate phases, the first section has two routes from Dudley Square in Roxbury, mostly via Washington Street, to Bostons Downtown Crossing and South Station, using articulated buses

3.
Old geographic map of the Silver Line, showing the SL3 (lower right).

4.
Dual-mode bus departing South Station to serve the SL2 Waterfront Line.

Bus rapid transit
–
Bus rapid transit is a bus-based public transport system designed to improve capacity and reliability relative to a conventional bus system. BRT aims to combine the capacity and speed of a metro with the flexibility, lower cost, the first BRT system was the Rede Integrada de Transporte in Curitiba, Brazil, which entered service in 1974. This inspir

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TransMilenio buses in Bogotá, Colombia

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Transfer station in Curitiba 's Linha Verde, Brazil

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The world's first BRT system, the Rede Integrada de Transporte in Curitiba, Brazil, was opened in 1974.

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TransJakarta buses use separate lanes to avoid congested roads.

Rapid transit
–
Rapid transit, also known as heavy rail, metro, subway, tube, or underground, is a type of high-capacity public transport generally found in urban areas. The stations typically have high platforms, without steps inside the trains and they are typically integrated with other public transport and often operated by the same public transport authoritie

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The New York City Subway is the world's largest rapid transit system by track length and by number of stations, at 469.

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The Moscow Metro is one of the busiest metro systems in the world and is the busiest in Europe.

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Metro M1 kit on line C in Prague Metro

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Line 2 subway train in Toronto

Washington Street (Boston)
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Washington Street is a street originating in downtown Boston, Massachusetts that extends southwestward to the Massachusetts–Rhode Island state line. The majority of it was built as the Norfolk and Bristol Turnpike in the early 19th century and it is the longest street in Boston, and it remains one of the longest streets in the state of Massachusett

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Old South meeting house, Washington St., 1968

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Washington St., early 20th century

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Disbrow's Riding School, Washington St., 1850s

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Franklin School, 1851

Washington Street Elevated
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The Washington Street Elevated was an elevated segment of Bostons Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority subway system, comprising the southern stretch of the Orange Line. It ran from Chinatown through the South End and Roxbury, ending in Forest Hills in Jamaica Plain, the initial section of the elevated ran only to Dudley Square, with intermed

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Old MBTA map showing the Washington Street Elevated route, as it existed from 1938 to 1975

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A Silver Line bus at East Berkeley Street stop, the former location of Dover station, in 2011

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Forest Hills station in 1910

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Dudley Terminal in 1904

Silver Line (MBTA)
–
The Silver Line is the bus rapid transit system of the Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority. It currently operates four routes in two sections that were built in separate phases, the first section has two routes from Dudley Square in Roxbury, mostly via Washington Street, to Bostons Downtown Crossing and South Station, using articulated buses

2.
Old geographic map of the Silver Line, showing the SL3 (lower right).

3.
Dual-mode bus departing South Station to serve the SL2 Waterfront Line.

4.
Courthouse Station

Logan Airport
–
It covers 2,384 acres, has six runways and four passenger terminals, and employs an estimated 16,000 people. It is the largest airport in the New England region and 17th-busiest airport in the United States and it is named after General Edward Lawrence Logan. In 2016, Massport reported an 8. 5% increase in passenger traffic comparing 2015 to 2016,

1.
Boston Logan International Airport

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Boston's Logan International Airport Terminal E. Logan Airport is partly surrounded by water, with urban areas nearby. An Air France Boeing 747-400, an Aer Lingus Airbus A330-300, and a Delta Air Lines Boeing 767-300ER at the gates.

South Station Under
–
South Station is a transfer station on the MBTA rapid transit Red Line and bus rapid transit Silver Line, located at Summer Street and Atlantic Avenue in downtown Boston, Massachusetts. It is a part of the South Station complex, the second busiest transportation center in New England, eight MBTA Commuter Rail and three Amtrak intercity rail service

1.
A southbound Red Line train at South Station

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In this early 1900s view, the Atlantic Avenue Elevated passes in front of South Station. The old elevated station is on the far right.

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Tile mosaic being restored in 2005

Silver Line Way (MBTA station)
–
Silver Line Way is a surface bus rapid transit station on the MBTA Silver Line, located on Silver Line Way at Pumphouse Road between Massport Haul Road and D Street near the South Boston Waterfront. The station is a block south of the Boston Fish Pier, it serves the Boston Renaissance Waterfront Hotel. Changeover between diesel and overhead electri

1.
A bus at the outbound platform at Silver Line Way

Dudley (MBTA station)
–
Dudley Square is a ground-level bus station located in Dudley Square, Roxbury, Boston, Massachusetts, United States. It is a point between 17 Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority bus routes, including two Silver Line bus rapid transit lines and 15 local MBTA Bus routes. Like all MBTA bus stops, Dudley is fully handicapped accessible, Dudley w

1.
Dudley Square station in 2011

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Looking north at the former elevated station's northbound platforms in 1904, with the streetcar loops on each side; an elevated train can be seen in the station, while a streetcar is visible using the right-hand loop and another is using the street-level tracks beneath the left-hand loop.

South Station
–
It is used by thousands of commuter rail and intercity rail passengers daily. Connections to the rapid transit Red Line and Silver Line are made through the adjacent subway station, the station was renamed for former Massachusetts governor Michael S. Dukakis in November 2014, though maps and station signs continue to use the shorter South Station.

1.
The historic South Station headhouse facing Atlantic Avenue

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Map showing Boston railroad terminals in 1880, before the construction of South Station

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An early 1900s view of the Atlantic Avenue Elevated in front of South Station; the elevated station was at far right.

4.
Looking north at the merge of the two approaches, with the two pairs of tracks approaching the lower-level loop at right; the terminal is in the background. (c. 1904)

Downtown Crossing (MBTA station)
–
Downtown Crossing is a rapid transit station located in the Downtown Crossing retail district in downtown Boston, Massachusetts. Downtown Crossing station is two levels deep, the upper level, opened in 1908, stretches from Temple Place to Franklin Street under Washington Street. The lower level, opened in 1915, reaches from Washington Street to Cha

1.
A southbound Orange Line train at Downtown Crossing

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Summer station under construction in July 1908, five months before opening

3.
Red Line platforms (formerly "Washington") at Downtown Crossing

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The 2012-opened CharlieCard Store in 2015

CT1 (MBTA bus)
–
These crosstown buses are designated differently from older de facto crosstown routes, such as the #1 and the #66. The bus services are similar in equipment and fare structure. Both types of routes suffer from frequent delays, unreliable service, the CT routes run weekdays only, all buses in this service have bicycle racks and are based out of the

1.
MBTA #0276 in Crosstown Bus branding on the CT2 line at Sullivan Square

2.
Geographic map of MBTA crosstown bus routes. The CT1 is colored aqua, the CT2 navy, and the CT3 peach.

Central Square, Cambridge
–
Central Square is an area in Cambridge, Massachusetts centered on the junction of Massachusetts Avenue, Prospect Street and Western Avenue. Lafayette Square, formed by the junction of Massachusetts Avenue, Columbia Street, Sidney Street, harvard Square is to the northwest along Massachusetts Avenue, Inman Square is to the north along Prospect Stree

1.
Central Square Historic District

2.
A landmark since 1927 was the New England Confectionery Company Factory where the water tower was painted in 1996 to resemble a roll of Necco Wafers. Repainted to a new design in 2004 by Novartis.

Boston University Medical Center
–
Boston Medical Center is a non-profit 496-bed academic medical center in Boston, Massachusetts. It is the largest safety-net hospital and Level I trauma center in New England, BMC employs more than 1,400 physicians — including 704 residents and fellows — and 1,505 nurses. Boston University School of Medicine opened its doors November 5,1873, Dr. Is

1.
Moakley Building from Harrison Avenue

2.
Boston Medical Center

3.
Boston City Hospital, shown here in a 1903 photo, was one of the two institutions which merged in 1996 to form Boston Medical Center.

Boston Medical Center
–
Boston Medical Center is a non-profit 496-bed academic medical center in Boston, Massachusetts. It is the largest safety-net hospital and Level I trauma center in New England, BMC employs more than 1,400 physicians — including 704 residents and fellows — and 1,505 nurses. Boston University School of Medicine opened its doors November 5,1873, Dr. Is

1.
Moakley Building from Harrison Avenue

2.
Boston Medical Center

3.
Boston City Hospital, shown here in a 1903 photo, was one of the two institutions which merged in 1996 to form Boston Medical Center.

CT2 (MBTA bus)
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These crosstown buses are designated differently from older de facto crosstown routes, such as the #1 and the #66. The bus services are similar in equipment and fare structure. Both types of routes suffer from frequent delays, unreliable service, the CT routes run weekdays only, all buses in this service have bicycle racks and are based out of the

1.
MBTA #0276 in Crosstown Bus branding on the CT2 line at Sullivan Square

2.
Geographic map of MBTA crosstown bus routes. The CT1 is colored aqua, the CT2 navy, and the CT3 peach.

Sullivan (MBTA station)
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Sullivan Square is an MBTA subway station serving the Orange Line, located just west of the Sullivan Square traffic circle in the Charlestown neighborhood of Boston. Located adjacent to the East Somerville area of Somerville, it is also a bus transfer point. It is named after nearby Sullivan Square, itself named for James Sullivan, a plaque commemo

Ruggles (MBTA station)
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Ruggles is an intermodal transfer station serving MBTA rapid transit, bus, and commuter rail services. It is located at the intersection of Ruggles and Tremont streets, the station occupies the site that was previously the South End Grounds, home of the former Boston Braves from 1871 to 1914. It is surrounded by the campus of Northeastern Universit

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Orange Line and commuter rail trains at Ruggles

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An Acela Express train passes the planned location of the second commuter rail platform

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A bus leaves Ruggles on the #47 route

Kendall/MIT (MBTA station)
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Kendall/MIT is an underground rapid transit station on the MBTA Red Line, located at the intersection of Main Street and Broadway in Cambridge, Massachusetts. It is named for the areas it serves - the Kendall Square business district. Opened in March 1912 as part of the original Cambridge Subway, the Kendall Band, a public art installation of hand-

CT3 (MBTA bus)
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These crosstown buses are designated differently from older de facto crosstown routes, such as the #1 and the #66. The bus services are similar in equipment and fare structure. Both types of routes suffer from frequent delays, unreliable service, the CT routes run weekdays only, all buses in this service have bicycle racks and are based out of the

1.
MBTA #0276 in Crosstown Bus branding on the CT2 line at Sullivan Square

2.
Geographic map of MBTA crosstown bus routes. The CT1 is colored aqua, the CT2 navy, and the CT3 peach.

Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center
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Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center in Boston, Massachusetts is a teaching hospital of Harvard Medical School. It was formed out of the 1996 merger of Beth Israel Hospital, among independent teaching hospitals, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center consistently ranks in the top three recipients of biomedical research funding from the National Insti

Andrew (MBTA station)
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Andrew is a rapid transit station on the MBTA Red Line, located at Andrew Square in South Boston, Massachusetts. Named for John Albion Andrew, the square is at the intersection of major thoroughfares, Dorchester Avenue, Dorchester Street, Southampton Street. Andrew is the transfer point between the Red Line subway and the MBTA surface bus routes in

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Inbound MBTA Red Line train at Andrew Station

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Busways at Andrew, renovated in the early 1990s

South Boston
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South Boston is a densely populated neighborhood of Boston, Massachusetts, located south and east of the Fort Point Channel and abutting Dorchester Bay. South Boston, most popularly known as Southie, was once a working class Irish Catholic community. South Boston contains Dorchester Heights, where George Washington forced British troops to evacuate

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South Boston from the air

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Dorchester neck can be seen on this early map of Boston in the lower right.

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South Boston in 1888 ("Süd Boston" on this German map.)

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New convention center

East Boston
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East Boston, nicknamed Eastie, is a neighborhood of Boston, Massachusetts with over 40,000 residents. The neighborhood was created by connecting several islands using land fill and it was annexed by Boston in 1836. It is separated from the city proper by Boston Harbor and bordered by Winthrop, Revere, directly west of East Boston, across Boston Inn

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An airplane approaching Logan International Airport in 1973.

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William H. Sumner

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Most Holy Redeemer Church was built in East Boston in 1844.

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Aerial view of Logan Airport

Metropolitan Transit Authority (Boston)
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The Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority is the public agency responsible for operating most public transportation services in Greater Boston, Massachusetts. Earlier modes of transportation in Boston were independently owned and operated. In 2008, the system averaged 1.3 million passenger trips each weekday, of which the subway averaged 598,2

1.
The MBTA provides services in five different modes (boat not pictured) around Greater Boston.

2.
Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority

3.
Steam railroads in Boston in 1880. From the US Census Bureau.

4.
Park Street station in Boston on the Green Line soon after opening, circa 1898

Belmont, Massachusetts
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Belmont is a town in Middlesex County, Massachusetts, a suburb of Boston. It is part of the Boston metropolitan area and its population was 24,729 at the 2010 census. They also wanted a town no one could buy or sell alcohol. The town was named after Bellmont, the 200 acre estate of one of the leading and largest donor to its createion, Cushing Squa

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Looking north on Leonard Street in the town center

2.
Topography of Belmont and environs

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Boston & Maine Railroad Station at Belmont Center, now used for the MBTA Commuter Rail.

4.
Wellington Hill Station

Lexington, Massachusetts
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Lexington is a town in Middlesex County, Massachusetts, United States. The population was 31,394 at the 2010 census, in nearly 11,100 households, settled in 1641, it is celebrated as the site of the first shots of the American Revolutionary War, in the Battle of Lexington on April 19,1775. It is part of the Greater Boston Area and is the sixth weal

Needham, Massachusetts
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Needham is a town in Norfolk County, Massachusetts, United States. A suburb of Boston, its population was 28,886 at the 2010 census and it is home to the Franklin W. Olin College of Engineering, an engineering school. Needham was first settled in 1680 with the purchase of a tract of land measuring 4 miles by 5 miles from Chief Nehoiden for the sum

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Town Hall

2.
Flag

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Needham Junction MBTA Station

4.
Aly Raisman

List of key MBTA bus routes
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These key bus routes ensure basic geographic coverage with frequent service in the densest areas of the city, and connect to other MBTA services to give access to other areas throughout the region. In recognition of their function as part of the backbone MBTA service and these schematic route maps show the rail rapid transit routes, bus rapid trans

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Route #1, which runs on Massachusetts Avenue, is one of the busiest MBTA bus routes, with service every 8 minutes during rush hour

2.
Number 22 bus on Talbot Avenue

3.
Number 23 bus leaving Ruggles Station

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Number 28 bus on Blue Hill Avenue

Population density
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Population density is a measurement of population per unit area or unit volume, it is a quantity of type number density. It is frequently applied to living organisms, and most of the time to humans and it is a key geographical term. Population density is population divided by land area or water volume. Low densities may cause a vortex and lead to f

1.
Monaco in South Europe, currently holds the record for being the most densely populated nation in the world.

2.
Mongolia is the least densely populated country in the world.

1 (MBTA bus)
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These key bus routes ensure basic geographic coverage with frequent service in the densest areas of the city, and connect to other MBTA services to give access to other areas throughout the region. In recognition of their function as part of the backbone MBTA service and these schematic route maps show the rail rapid transit routes, bus rapid trans

1.
Route #1, which runs on Massachusetts Avenue, is one of the busiest MBTA bus routes, with service every 8 minutes during rush hour

2.
Number 22 bus on Talbot Avenue

3.
Number 23 bus leaving Ruggles Station

4.
Number 28 bus on Blue Hill Avenue

Massachusetts Avenue (Boston)
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Massachusetts Avenue, known to locals as Mass Ave, is a major thoroughfare in Boston, Massachusetts, and several cities and towns northwest of Boston. According to Boston magazine, Its 16 miles of blacktop run from gritty industrial zones to verdant suburbia, passing gentrified brownstones, college campuses, after Harvard Square it turns sharply no

1.
Massachusetts Avenue near Beacon Street in Boston

2.
77 Massachusetts Avenue, the site of MIT, is an important landmark in Cambridge.

North Station (Boston)
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North Station is a major transportation hub located at Causeway and Nashua Streets in Boston, Massachusetts, United States. It is one of the two inbound terminals for Amtrak and MBTA Commuter Rail trains, the other being South Station. No direct link exists between the two stations, although MBTA subway connections are available, additionally, tran

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MBTA Commuter and Amtrak Downeaster trains at North Station

2.
Commuter rail locomotives at North Station

3.
Outbound Green Line platform on the mezzanine

4.
North Station circa 1928

Boston World Trade Center
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The Seaport Boston Hotel & World Trade Center is located on the Boston waterfront in the South Boston neighborhood of Boston, Massachusetts. The South Boston Waterfront is also known as the Boston Seaport District, the Seaport Boston Hotel, developed by Fidelity Investments and The Drew Company, opened in 1998. The first hotel to be constructed alo

1.
Seaport World Trade Center

2.
Seaport World Trade Center, entrance

Moakley Federal Courthouse
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Named after Congressman Joe Moakley, the 675, 000-square-foot building was completed in 1999 at a cost of $170 million and has won many design awards. The courthouse is served by a stop on Bostons Silver Line, the courthouse serves as headquarters for the United States Court of Appeals for the First Circuit and the United States District Court for

1.
The Courthouse as seen from the Boston waterfront.

City Point (MBTA station)
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City Point was a transportation station in South Boston, Massachusetts, at the terminus of the former SL3 branch of the MBTAs Silver Line. It lacked waiting facilities for passengers, and existed solely as a turnaround for the buses on the SL3, the station was closed when the SL3 line was dropped in 2008 due to low ridership. The City Point area is

1.
Old geographic map of the Silver Line showing the SL3 (lower right). The SL4 route shown never ran; the current SL4 mostly parallels SL5.