STATISTICS:

As referring to Jews, statistics deal mainly with populations, their ages and distribution, Migration, Morbidity, Mortality, Occupations, Criminality, Births, and Marriages. Most of these topics have already been treated in articles in The Jewish Encyclopedia; it remains to deal here only with the Jewish population as a whole and its distribution.

The Pentateuch contains a number of statements as to the number of Jews that left Egypt, the descendants of the seventy sons and grandsons of Jacob who took up their residence in that country. Altogether, including Levites, there were 611,730 males over twenty years of age, and therefore capable of bearing arms; this would imply a population of about 3,154,000. The Census of David is said to have recorded 1,300,000 males over twenty years of age, which would imply a population of over 5,000,000. The number of exiles who returned from Babylon is given at 42,360. Tacitus declares that Jerusalem at its fall contained 600,000 persons; Josephus, that there were as many as 1,100,000, of whom 97,000 were sold as slaves. It is from the latter that most European Jews are descended. These appear to be all the figures accessible for ancient times, and their trustworthiness is a matter of dispute. The difficulties of commissariat in the Sinaitic desert for such a number as 3,000,000 have been pointed out by Colenso; and the impossibility of the area of Jerusalem containing much more than 80,000 persons with any comfort has been referred to as proving the exaggeration of the figures of Josephus and Tacitus.

In the Hadrianic war 580,000 Jews were slain, according to Dion Cassius (lxix. 14). According to Mommsen, in the first century C.E. there were no less than 1,000,000 Jews in Egypt, in a total of 8,000,000inhabitants; of these 200,000 lived in Alexandria, whose total population was 500,000. Harnack ("Ausbreitung des Christentums," Leipsic, 1902) reckons that there were 1,000,000 Jews in Syria at the time of Nero, and 700,000 in Palestine, and he allows for an additional 1,500,000 in other places, thus estimating that there were in the first century 4,200,000 Jews in the world. This estimate is probably excessive.

As regards the number of Jews in the Middle Ages, Benjamin of Tudela, about 1170, enumerates altogether 1,049,565; but of these 100,000 are attributed to Persia and India, 100,000 to Arabia, and 300,000 to Thanaim (?), obviously mere guesses with regard to the Eastern Jews, with whom he did not come in contact. There were at that time probably not many more than 500,000 in the countries he visited, and probably not more than 750,000 altogether. The only real data for the Middle Ages are with regard to special Jewish communities, of which the following is a list, mainly derived from I. Loeb ("R. E. J." vol. xiv.):

The Middle Ages were mainly a period of expulsions. In 1290, 16,000 Jews were expelled from England; in 1396, 100,000 from France; and in 1492, about 200,000 from Spain. Smaller but more frequent expulsions occurred in Germany, so that at the commencement of the sixteenth century only four great Jewish communities remained: Frankfort-on-the-Main, 2,000; Worms, 1,400; Prague, 10,000; and Vienna, 3,000 (Grätz, "Gesch." x. 29). It has been estimated that during the five centuries from 1000 to 1500, 380,000 Jews were killed during the persecutions, reducing the total number in the world to about 1,000,000. In the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries the main centers of Jewish population were in Poland and the Mediterranean countries, Spain excepted.

According to the estimate of Basnage, at the beginning of the eighteenth century the total number of European Jews was 1,360,000, and the Jews of the kingdom of Poland (including Lithuania), according to a census at the first division in 1772, numbered 308,500. As these formed the larger part of the European Jews, it is doubtful whether the total number was more than 400,000 at the middle of the eighteenth century; and, counting those in the lands of Islam, the entire number in the world at that time could not have been much more than 1,000,000.

But since then the increase has been remarkably rapid. It was checked in Germany by the laws limiting the number of Jews in special towns, and perhaps still more by overcrowding, regarding which a few details may be given:

Place.

Date.

Jews.

Houses.

Average.

Authority.

Prague

1786

7,951

266

29.3

Ficker, "Bevolk. Böhmen," p. 55.

Frankfort.

1811

2,214

159

13.9

"The Times" (London), Aug. 8, 1884.

Prague

1843

5,646

279

20.3

Ficker, l.c.

Tchubinsky reports that in 1840 the Jews of southern Russia were accustomed to dwell thirteen in a house, whereas among the general population the average was only four to five ("Globus," 1880, p. 340). The rapid increase has undoubtedly been due to the early age of marriage and the small number of deaths of infants in the stable communities (see Generation, Length of). The chief details known for any length of time are for Holland, Hungary, Poland, and Württemberg:

Holland.

Date.

Population.

1829

46,408

1839

52,245

1849

58,626

1859

63,790

1869

68,003

1879

81,693

Hungary.

1720

12,656

1785

75,089

1786

77,647

1804

124,128

1805

127,816

1829

202,328

1842

241,632

1850

352,400

1857

413,118

1869

516,658

1880

624,737

1890

725,222

Poland.

*

16th century

† 200,000

*

1659

100,000

*

1764

315,298

1816

212,000

1825

341,125

1826

368,773

1828

384,263

1856

563,000

1868

764,947

1875

860,327

1882

1,045,000

1893

1,229,000

1897

1,333,000

Württemberg.

1832

10,670

1846

12,356

1858

11,088

1864

11,610

1871

12,245

1880

13,331

1890

12,639

1900

11,916

* From Reclus, "Nouvelle Géographie," v. 397.

† Of these, 16,580 paid taxes.

There is also a certain amount of evidence as to the Jewish increase in proportion to that of adherents of other creeds. The following table is taken from Haushofer, "Lehrbuch," p. 510, and from Oettingen, "Moralstatistik."

Country.

Years.

Catholic.

Protestant.

Jews.

Austria

1851-57

8.20

5.40

19.60

"

......

0.76

0.76

3.35

"

Western

1861-70

2.86

2.86

3.08

Baden

1846-64

1.50

5.00

3.60

"

1857-63

0.85

1.06

1.04

Bavaria

1852-64

4.50

4.50

4.20

France

1861-66

0.36

1.10

2.27

Hanover

1852-64

3.30

5.00

8.60

Netherlands

1849-59

1.20

1.60

0.30

Prussia

1831-49

0.85

0.94

1.26

"

1852-64

11.40

11.10

12.90

Saxony

1854-64

27.10

15.30

68.10

Switzerland

1850-60

5.30

4.20

34.00

Württemberg

1846-64

0.20

0.40

3.40

But the figures of increase are often very deceptive, as they may indicate, not the natural increase by surplus of births over deaths, but accession by immigration. This applies especially to Germany during the early part of the nineteenth century, when Jews from Galicia and Poland seized every opportunity of moving westward. On the other hand, Ruppin has shown that within recent years, when forcible measures have been taken to prevent Russian Jews from settling in Germany, the growth of the Jewish population there has almost entirely ceased, owing to the falling off in the number of births, and, possibly, to emigration. The increase of the Jews of England and the United States during the last quarter of a century has, however, been exceptional, owing to extensive immigration.

There is only one further point to be considered in connection with the increase of Jewish population, and that is the losses by conversion which have occurred during the nineteenth century and which are still occurring in the lands where the Jews are persecuted. Leroy ("Judentaufen," im 19. Jahrhundert: Ein Statistischer Versuch," in "Nathanael," iii. and iv., Berlin, 1899) has made the following estimate for the nineteenth century:

Became Protestant.

Became Roman Catholic.

Became Greek Catholic.

Total Loss.

Bavaria

330

5,000

......

22,520

Prussia

13,128

Saxony

770

Württemberg

115

Others parts of Germany

3,177

Denmark

100

......

......

100

France

600

1,800

......

2,400

Great Britain

28,830

......

......

28,830

Holland

1,800

......

......

1,800

Norway and Sweden

500

......

......

500

Switzerland

100

......

......

100

Austria

6,300

28,200

200

44,756

Hungary

2,056

8,000

Italy

......

300

......

300

Rumania

......

......

1,500

1,500

Russia

3,136

1,000

69,400

84,536

Turkey

......

......

3,300

3,300

Other parts of the Balkan Peninsula.

......

......

100

100

Asia and Africa

100

500

......

600

Australia

200

......

......

200

North America

11,500

1,500

......

13,000

Totals

72,742

57,300

74,500

204,542

This would give an average of only 2,000 per annum throughout the century, but the number has largely increased of recent years. A rough estimate made ten years ago placed the number of conversions at about 3,000 per annum—1,000 in Austria-Hungary, 1,000 in Russia, 500 in Germany, and the remainder in the Anglo-Saxon world. A slight reduction, about 500 a year, must be made in the figures regarding the total losses, because of the converts to Judaism, such conversions resulting mainly through the marriage of Christian women to Jews.

The difficulty of ascertaining to which cause any increase is due—whether to immigration or to natural augmentation—consequent upon the fact that accurate statistics with regard to Jews are available for comparatively few countries, formerly caused the widest diversity to exist as to the total number of Jews in the world, as can be seen from the list of estimates given in the table on page 531.

The approximation of the latest estimates shows that the foundations for enumeration are becoming more sure and the variations possible less wide. The basis of modern estimates is that of I. Loeb, given in 1879, the chief errors of which were theomission of the 1,000,000 Jewish inhabitants of Poland and the estimate of the Falashas at 200,000. Andree gives details founded upon actual censuses, and he has been followed by Jacobs, Harris, and Ruppin. Of the earlier estimates, that of Jost, in the tenth volume of his history, is the most noteworthy, and was founded on a set of careful figures and enumerations derived mainly from censuses taken about 1840. He does not estimate the total, but an addition of his figures results in 3,143,000, a figure probably not far from the truth. Of recent years very much fuller and more accurate details have been obtained as to the number of Jews, especially in Europe, where the majority of countries consider the religious creeds of their inhabitants as part of the census returns.

In the English-speaking world, especially in England and America, where no religious census is taken, recourse must be had to estimates instead of enumerations. These are mainly derived from three sources: (a) the death-rate, (b) the marriage-rate, (c) school statistics. As regards the first source, the burials in Jewish cemeteries are almost always a sure indication of the number of Jewish inhabitants. If the population is a stable one, an estimate based on the ordinary death-rate of the country would give too small a figure (see Mortality); where much migration has occurred the error would be still greater, owing to the fact that migrants are chiefly of the most viable ages. The estimate deduced from the marriage-rate is generally much above the true figures, if the ordinary marriage-rate is taken, as, owing to the nubile ages of migrants, a larger proportion of Jews marry in the Western countries. It is usual to assume that the children of school age, whose numbers can be very frequently ascertained, are one-fifth of the population. Here, again, Jewish statistics vary somewhat from general statistics, owing to the eagerness of Jewish parents to send their children to school. In cases where no actual enumeration of the number of Jewish children is possible, an estimate can at times be made by finding the number of children absent from school on the Day of Atonement, which, as a rule, corresponds almost exactly to the number of Jewish children attending the schools. See London.

The following list, taken from various sources, gives the numbers of Jews in each country, together with the ratio to its entire population. The cities having a large Jewish population are given under the head of the country to which they belong, their proportion to the general population being given also. As far as possible, the date at which the census was made is given; and where the city estimate is of later or earlier date, this also is mentioned. When no date is given, the census of 1900-1 is meant. Estimates are indicated by asterisks.

Table of Ratios of Jewish to Total Population in the Principal Countries and Cities of the World.

Jewish Population.

Percentage of Jewish to Total Population.

Total Population.

Europe.

Austria

1,224,899

4.68

26,150,708

Brody

15,050

75.00

20,071

Cracow

25,430

29.13

87,274

Czernowitz

22,000

32.53

67,622

Lemberg

40,000

25.00

159,875

Prague

20,000

9.92

201,589

Triest

5,100

3.22

158,344

Vienna

150,000

8.95

1,687,954

Belgium*

12,000

.18

6,687,651

Antwerp

4,500

1.58

285,600

Brussels

6,500

1.16

561,782

Bosnia and Herzegovina

8,213

.58

1,404,000

British Isles*

250,000

.57

41,454,573

England

235,000

.85

27,483,490

Birmingham

4,000

.77

522,182

Leeds

15,000

3.50

428,953

Liverpool

7,000

1.04

684,947

London (1902)

150,000

2.27

6,581,327

Manchester

28,000

5.15

543,969

Ireland

3,769

.08

4,704,750

Scotland*

10,000

.24

4,025,647

Glasgow

6,500

.86

760,468

Wales

500

.03

1,519,035

Bulgaria

33,663

.90

3,733,189

Rustchuk

3,075

10.92

28,121

Sofia

7,000

14.89

47,000

Crete

728

.24

294,192

Cyprus and Malta

130

.03

376,175

Denmark

5,000

.20

2,464,770

Copenhagen

3,500

1.11

313,000

France

86,885

.22

38,595,500

Bordeaux

3,000

1.17

257,471

Lyons

2,636

.58

453,145

Marseilles

5,500

1.11

494,769

Paris

58,000

2.18

2,660,000

Germany (1901)

586,948

1.04

56,367,178

Berlin

86,152

4.56

1,844,151

Breslau

18,440

4.36

422,738

Cologne

8,400

2.40

372,229

Dresden

38,700

9.00

289,844

Frankfort-on-the-Main

22,000

7.63

289,489

Hamburg

17,308

2.76

625,552

Hanover

4,151

1.76

235,666

Königsberg

4,076

2.16

187,897

Leipsic

4,844

1.06

455,089

Mayence

4,300

5.10

84,500

Munich

9,500

1.90

498,503

Nuremberg

6,500

2.49

261,000

Posen

5,810

5.00

117,014

Greece

8,350

.34

2,433,806

Athens

300

.27

111,486

Larissa

1,500

10.00

15,000

Holland

103,988

2.00

5,179,100

Amsterdam

60,000

11.30

530,718

Rotterdam

12,000

4.00

222,233

Hungary

851,378

4.43

19,207,103

Budapest

168,985

23.08

732,322

Grosswardein

12,294

31.85

38,557

Miskolez

8,551

28.08

30,444

Szegedin

5,863

6.93

87,410

Temesvar

8,916

22.37

39,850

Italy

34,653

.10

34,000,000

Leghorn

4,050

4.12

98,321

Rome

7,800

1.17

663,000

Turin

4,300

1.27

335,639

Venice

3,800

2.50

151,840

Luxemburg*

1,200

.50

236,543

Norway and Sweden*

5,000

.07

7,376,321

Poland (1897)

1,316,776

16.25

8,000,000

Czenstochow

12,000

26.66

45,130

Lodz (1903)

74,999

24.38

307,570

Lomza

10,380

39.42

26,075

Lublin

22,495

44.90

50,152

Warsaw (1902)

262,824

41.18

638,209

Portugal*

1,200

.02

5,428,659

Lisbon

250

.08

308,000

Rumania (1900)

269,015

4.99

5,408,743

Bakau

7,850

60.38

13,000

Botoshani

16,660

47.60

35,000

Braila

10,811

23.14

46,715

Bucharest

43,274

15.34

282,071

Galatz

12,970

20.85

62,678

Jassy

30,441

38.99

78,067

Monastir

6,000

.90

664,379

Russia (1897)

3,872,625

3.29

117,668,000

Berdychev

47,000

87.52

53,000

Biela Zerkow

16,000

48.48

33,000

Bobrinsk

19,125

54.33

35,177

Brest-Litovsk

36,650

78.81

46,502

Byelostok

42,000

65.62

63,925

Dvinsk

32,369

44.83

72,231

Grodno

24,611

52.45

46,871

Homel

23,000

62.16

36,846

Jitomir

22,000

33.61

65,452

Kherson

18,967

27.14

62,219

Kiev

16,000

6.46

247,432

Kishinef

50,000

49.95

108,796

Kovno

28,403

38.60

73,543

Libau

9,700

15.04

64,505

Minsk

49,957

54.60

91,494

Moghilef

25,000

58.14

43,106

Nikolaief

16,000

17.39

92,060

Odessa

150,000

37.03

405,041

Pinsk

22,000

80.10

27,938

Riga

18,000

7.02

256,197

Rostof

15,000

12.50

119,889

St. Petersburg (1900)

20,385

1.41

1,439,616

Wilna

63,986

40.00

159,568

Yekaterinoslav

36,000

29.54

121,216

Yelisavetgrad

24,340

39.26

61,841

Servia

5,102

.20

2,493,770

Spain*

5,000

.02

18,089,500

Gibraltar

3,000

10.90

27,460

Madrid

300

.06

498,000

Switzerland

12,551

.38

3,315,443

Turkey and Eastern Rumelia*

282,277

4.91

5,746,986

Adrianople (1904)

17,000

20.98

81,000

Bagdad

35,000

24.14

145,000

Constantinople

44,361

3.94

1,125,000

Philippopolis

3,800

8.86

42,849

Salonica

60,000

57.14

105,000

Asia.

Arabia*

30,000

.42

7,000,000

Aden

3,059

7.42

41,222

Asia Minor and Syria*

65,000

.55

11,800,432

Aleppo

10,000

8.54

117,000

Brusa

3,500

4.58

76,303

Corfu

3,500

19.00

17,918

Damascus

10,000

4.44

225,000

Smyrna

25,000

12.44

201,000

Caucasus

58,471

.77

7,536,828

Baku

11,650

11.31

103,000

China and Japan*

2,000

.0004

427,663,231

Hongkong

143

.06

221,441

India

18,228

.06

231,899,507

Bombay

5,357

.67

776,000

Calcutta

1,889

.17

1,125,400

Palestine*

78,000

12.00

650,000

Haifa

1,800

13.84

13,000

Hebron

1,500

7.50

18,000

Jaffa

3,500

8.75

40,000

Jerusalem

41,000

68.33

60,000

Safed

6,870

27.48

25,000

Tiberias

2,600

65.00

4,000

Persia*

35,000

.39

9,000,000

Shiraz

5,000

16.66

30,000

Teheran

5,100

2.42

210,000

Russian Central Asia

12,729

.16

7,740,394

Samarcand

4,379

.51

859,123

Siberia

34,477

.60

5,666,659

Turkestan and Afghanistan

18,435

.22

8,241,913

Africa.

Abyssinia (Falashas)*

50,000

1.00

5,000,000

Algeria (1902)

51,044

1.07

4,729,331

Algiers

10,800

14.44

74,792

Constantine

7,200

15.47

46,581

Oran

10,636

14.27

74,510

Tlemcen

4,909

16.61

29,554

Egypt (1897)

30,678

.31

9,734,405

Alexandria

12,433

3.89

319,000

Cairo

14,362

2.51

570,062

Morocco*

109,712

2.11

5,000,000

Fez

10,000

6.88

145,000

Mogador

8,676

45.66

19,000

Morocco

15,700

31.40

50,000

Sfax

5,000

7.14

70,000

Tangier

12,000

40.00

30,000

Tetuan

6,500

29.54

22,000

Tripoli

18,680

2.33

800,000

Tunis

62,545

4.16

1,500,000

Tunis

12,000

8.96

135,000

South Africa*

50,000

4.54

1,100,000

Cape Colony

20,000

1.27

1,527,224

Natal

1,700

.31

543,983

Durban

1,250

2.08

60,046

Orange River Colony

1,500

.72

207,503

Bloemfontein

800

11.94

6,760

Portuguese Territory

200

Rhodesia

600

Transvaal

25,000

5.12

487,457

Johannesburg

10,000

9.80

102,078

America. (North America.)

Canada

22,500

.42

5,369,666

Montreal

10,000

3.75

266,826

Toronto

3,500

1.68

207,971

Winnipeg

2,500

59.52

42,000

Central America*

4,035

.12

3,143,968

Mexico*

1,000

.008

11,642,720

United States*

1,500,000

1.97

76,085,794

Baltimore

30,000

7.90

434,439

Boston

40,000

8.91

448,477

Chicago

60,000

3.53

1,698,575

Cincinnati

18,000

5.52

325,902

New York

672,776

19.56

3,437,202

Philadelphia

75,000

5.80

1,293,697

St. Louis

45,000

9.96

451,770

San Francisco

20,000

6.68

298,997

(South America.*)

Argentine Republic

20,000

.42

4,659,214

Buenos Ayres

10,000

1.25

800,000

Brazil

2,000

.01

14,002,335

Rio de Janeiro

300

.03

800,000

Dutch Guiana

1,121

1.97

57,388

Ecuador, Bolivia, Peru, Chile, and Uruguay

1,000

.01

9,318,033

Guiana, Venezuela and Colombia

2,000

.03

6,345,539

Australasia.

Australia

15,122

.49

3,036,570

New South Wales

6,447

.56

1,132,234

Sydney

6,000

1.33

451,000

Queensland

733

.18

406,658

South Australia

786

.24

320,431

Victoria

5,897

.51

1,140,405

Melbourne

5,500

1.11

493,956

Western Australia

1,259

2.54

49,782

Perth

500

1.38

36,274

New Zealand

1,611

.20

772,719

Tasmania

107

.07

146,667

From this it will be seen that the total number of Jews in the various continents is 11,273,076, distributed as follows:

Europe

8,977,581

Asia

352,340

Africa

372,659

North America

1,527,535

South America

26,121

Australasia

16,840

The accuracy of these figures is doubtful since, as stated above, England and the United States have no religious statistics. With respect to the lands of Islam, an attempt has recently been made by the Alliance Israélite Universelle to obtain some definite data; the result is given below:

Mohammedan Countries.

Algeria

63,000

Bulgaria

31,064

Egypt

30,578

Morocco

109,712

Persia

49,500

Tripoli

18,660

Tunis

62,540

Turkey in Europe

188,896

(Turkey in Asia.)

Archipelago (Turkish)

4,557

Asia Minor

77,458

Crete

646

Mesopotamia

59,235

Syria and Palestine

79,234

Yemen

35,000

_________

Total

810,080

With some of these results may be compared those of Cuinet ("La Turquie d'Asie," Paris, 1892-95): 121,381 for Turkey in Asia, and 70,382 for Syria and Palestine.

The difficulty in securing trustworthy results from Asiatic and Islamic countries may be illustrated by reproducing the various estimates made of the Jewish population of Jerusalem—a subject which is, of course, interesting in itself:

Estimate.

Authority.

Year.

7,100

Prussian consul

1867

7,120

Zochokke

1868

8,000

Lemisse

1873

9,000

English consul Moore

1887

14,000

Lortel

1881

16,000

Ritter

1895

21,000

Luncz ("Luaḥ")

1898

25,000-30,000

"New International Encyclopedia"

1903

28,000

Meyer's tours

1893

29,000

M. A. Meyer (Jew. Encyc. vii. 151)

1904

30,000

W. W. Wilson ("Encye. Brit.")

1902

30,774

Cuinet

1896

41,000

Baedeker and Brockhaus

1902

55,000

Wilson ("Encye. Brit.")

1902

Probably 95 per cent of the persons included in these estimates of Jewish populations are Ashkenazim. As far as can be ascertained, the numbers of Sephardim are as follows:

Turkey

in

Europe

90,000

"

"

Asia

45,000

Egypt, etc.

10,000

Algeria

40,000

Morocco

50,000

France

6,000

Italy

18,000

Holland, etc.

50,000

America

5,000

_______

Total

314,000

But there are others, besides these two groups, who may be included under the heading "Jews"; the following classes may be enumerated:

Nativity.

Number.

Per cent of Whole.

A. Jews both by religion and by birth

.....................

11,000,000

98.9

Ashkenazim

Teutonic and Slavonic

10,475,000

92.8

Sephardim

Romance, Levantine, African.

314,000

5.1

Samaritans (?)

Nablus

150

B. Jews by religion, but not by birth

.....................

75,000

1.1

Falashas

Abyssinian

50,000

Karaites

Crimean

6,000

Daggatouns, etc.

Saharic

10,000

Beni-Israel

Bombay

6,500

Cochin

Cochin

1,600

C. Jews by birth, but not by religion

.....................

12,000

0.2

Chuetas

Belearic Isles

6,000

Maiminim

Salonica

4,000

Gedid al Islam

Khorasan

2,000

The following list summarizes the proportion of Jews to general population in the several countries:

Turning from distribution to social characteristics, the most marked one is the preference for living in towns, though this tendency, of course, is now common. A few figures with regard to this point may be here inserted. Dr. S. Neumann ("Die Fabel von der Jüd. Masseneinwanderung," p. 65) gives the following percentage of Jews living in the open country in Prussia, to which has been added, after Jannasch, the proportion of the general population:

Year.

Older Parts.

New Possessions.

Together.

Proportion.

1849

20.85

.......

.......

73.48

1858

21.75

.......

.......

70.39

1867

19.73

39.38

22.88

68.70

1871

18.41

34.89

21.90

67.67

Here the decrease in the rural population is not so very marked, but the small proportion to the general population is noteworthy. In countries in which the Jewish population is smaller the contrast is more striking. Thus, in Saxony, in 1880, while 72 per cent of the general population dwelt in the country, only 3 per cent of Jews lived outside of towns ("Statist. Jahrb. für Sachsen," 1883, p. 5). At the last census of Victoria, in 1881, the percentages of the population were as follows ("Religions of the People," part iii.):

Towns, etc.

Shires.

Outside Local Jurisdiction.

General

50

49

1

Jews

93

7

0

The following table, taken from Ruppin, "Die Juden der Gegenwart," gives the number of Jews in large cities in the countries named for the year 1900:

Country.

Percentage of Jews in Large Cities.

Percentage of Christians in Large Cities.

Percentage of Inhabitants of Large Cities Who Are Jews.

Austria

23.33

10.60

9.76

Holland

42.72

15.90

2.75

Hungary

26.11

6.39

15.89

Prussia

49.21

16.55

3.30

The same writer gives an equally interesting table of the proportion of Jews in the following important cities:

Map of the Western Hemisphere, Showing Chief Centers of Jewish Population.

In this connection it is interesting to give a list of the chief cities having more than 10,000 Jews:

Adrianople

17,000

Aleppo

10,000

Alexandria

12,433

Amsterdam

60,000

Bagdad

35,000

Baku

11,650

Baltimore

30,000

Berdychev

47,000

Berlin

86,152

Biela Zerkow

16,000

Bobrinsk

19,125

Boston

40,000

Botoshani

16,660

Braila

10,811

Breslau

18,440

Brest-Litovsk

36,650

Brody

15,050

Bucharest

43,274

Budapest

168,985

Buenos Ayres

10,000

Byelostok

42,000

Cairo

14,362

Chicago

60,000

Cincinnati

18,000

Constantinople

44,361

Cracow

25,430

Czenstochow

12,000

Czernowitz

22,000

Damascus

10,000

Dresden

38,700

Dvinsk

32,369

Fez

10,000

Frankfort-on-the-Main.

22,000

Galatz

12,970

Grodno

24,611

Grosswardein

12,294

Hamburg

17,308

Homel

23,000

Jassy

30,441

Jerusalem

41,000

Jitomir

22,000

Johannesburg

10,000

Kherson

18,967

Kiev

16,000

Kishinef

50,000

Kovno

28,403

Lemberg

40,000

Lodz

74,999

Lomza

10,380

London

150,000

Lublin

22,495

Minsk

49,957

Moghilef

25,000

Montreal

10,000

Morocco

15,700

New York

672,776

Nikolaief

16,000

Odessa

150,000

Paris

58,000

Philadelphia

75,000

Pinsk

22,000

Prague

20,000

Riga

18,000

Rostof

15,000

Rotterdam

12,000

St. Louis

45,000

St. Petersburg

20,385

Salonica

60,000

San Francisco

20,000

Smyrna

25,000

Tangier

12,000

Tunis

12,000

Vienna

150,000

Warsaw

262,824

Wilna

63,986

Winnipeg

25,000

Yekaterinoslav

36,000

Yelisavetgrad

24,340

Owing to the large dispersion of the Jews of Russia, Galicia, and Rumania during the past twenty-five years, amounting probably to 1,000,000, a somewhat peculiar statistical condition occurs in the Jewish population of the English-speaking world, where for the most part the emigrants have been received (see Migration). The latter are largely of the most viable ages—between fifteen and forty-five—and therefore the death-rate is very low and the marriage-rate very high. The absence of the aged from the stream of immigration also tends to reduce the death-rate, though it increases the proportion of deaths under the age of five to an abnormal degree. This, for example, is the reason why in London such deaths are more than 50 per cent of the total number of deaths.

Another example of the result of the Russian emigration is the distribution of males and females in the Jewish as compared with the general population; this can be seen from the following table:

Number Of Women To 100 Men.

Jews.

General.

Bavaria

106

105

Denmark

110

103

France

99

101

Holland

105

102

Hungary

103

103

Ireland

89

105

Italy

101

99

Prussia

108

103

Russia

104

102

Sweden

103

109

Notwithstanding the fact that the number of male births among Jews is larger than among other races, the proportion of Jewesses to Jews is greater than that of females to males in the general population. This is due in large measure to the frequent emigration of young men to seek their fortunes in other lands; hence, in America and England there is a much larger proportion of young men to young women, which again leads to a higher marriage-rate.