Hammond organ

Hammond organ (B3) and Leslie speaker.

The Hammond organ is a specific type of electronic organ. The earliest successful electronic
organs were developed by Laurens Hammond (1895–1973) in 1935. The
Hammond organ has slide bars for stops which renders a great deal of control
over the level of the specific sounds the performer may wish to enhance.

Laurens Hammond

Although Hammond claimed to have no musical ability at all, he was a gifted
inventor who graduated with an honors degree in mechanical engineering from
Cornell University in 1916. Following a period or armed service in France
during World War I, he took up the position of chief engineer with the Gray
Motor Company in Detroit. The invention of a silent, spring-driven clock
gave Hammond enough capital to strike out on his own, and in 1928 he founded
the Hammond Clock Company, which made a range of electric clocks, driven
by another of his inventions – the synchronous electric motor.

However, as other clock companies went out of business during the Great
Depression, Hammond's determination to remain solvent led him to develop
other products, and he soon turned his attention to music. Though no musician
himself, he recognized the importance of music and was keen to produce a
system that could bring high-quality music-making to the domestic market.

Development of the electric organ

In developing the electric organ, Hammond turned for inspiration to the
underlying principles of Thaddeus Cahill's ill-fated Telharmonium. Aided
by his company treasurer (and church organist) William Lahey, Hammond used
his engineering skill and experience to develop an electromechanical system
of tone-wheel generators coupled with a keyboard. The Hammond tone-wheel
organ was patented in 1934 and the Model A went into production in 1935,
with Henry Ford and George Gershwin among the first customers.

The now-legendary B3 was produced in October 1955 and quickly became a lasting
favorite with musicians of all genres for its distinctive sound and versatility.
The B3 is housed in a large wooden cabinet on four spindle legs, with separate
power amplification and speaker system. The instrument is equipped with
a pair of 61-note keyboards and a 25-note radial removable pedal board.
The sound generated by the instrument is controlled by a series of rocker
switches and drawbars. These drawbars lie at the heart of the Hammond sound,
allowing the player to build up rich timbres by combining pure tones in
differing combinations – in the same way that a church organist would
use stops to combine pipes of different lengths.

The
Leslie speaker

Another defining feature of the Hammond sound was not invented by Laurens
Hammond but by Don Leslie (1911–2004). The Leslie speaker was developed
to overcome the shortcomings that Leslie felt to be inherent in the sound
of the Hammond organ. Noting that the instrument sounded much more impressive
in large halls, Leslie began experimenting with ways of introducing reverberation
and motion into the sound. The result was the rotating speaker system that
bears his name.

The Leslie speaker cabinet looks like a large chest of drawers and contains
a 40-watt tube amplifier, a rotating treble horn, and a rotating bass speaker.
It was designed to produce two particular effects – the 'chorale'
(when the speakers rotate slowly) and the 'tremolo' (when they spin quickly).
However,a third effect exploited by many players was made possible by disconnecting
the slow motors in order to make the change from 'chorale' to 'tremolo'
much more exaggerated.

The modern Hammond organ

Hammond continued to produce different models of electric organs, all of
them based on the original tone-wheel technology, until 1975. The company
continued to make organs using electronics and digital technology, but it
went out of business in 1986, only to be bought by the Suzuki group the
following year. New instruments such as the new Body B3 and the XK3 use
modern digital technology to emulate the vintage sound so beloved by many
keyboard players.

The characteristic Hammond and Leslie combination can be heard on countless
jazz, rock, gospel, and blues recordings, including such classic tracks
as Procul Harum's 'A Whiter Shade of Pale'.