Abstract:

A lens array device and an image display device using the lens array
device, which allow a lens effect characteristic different from that of a
single variable lens array to be easily obtained, are provided. The lens
array device includes a variable lens array and a fixed lens array. The
variable lens array includes a plurality of variable lenses each having
electrically-adjustable refracting power. The fixed lens array includes a
plurality of fixed lenses each provided in correspondence to each of the
plurality of variable lenses. Each of the fixed lenses has a refracting
power which, once a corresponding variable lens has come to have a first
refracting power, allows the first refracting power to be cancelled out.

Claims:

1. A lens array device, comprising:a variable lens array including a
plurality of variable lenses each having electrically-adjustable
refracting power; anda fixed lens array including a plurality of fixed
lenses each provided in correspondence to each of the plurality of
variable lenses, each of the fixed lenses having a refracting power
which, once a corresponding variable lens has come to have a first
refracting power, allows the first refracting power to be cancelled out.

2. The lens array device according to claim 1, whereineach of the variable
lenses is adjustable at least between a state with no refracting power
and a state with the first refracting power by an electrical on/off
control of lens effect,each of the fixed lenses has a second refracting
power which, once the corresponding variable lens has come to on-state in
lens effect to have the first refracting power, allows the lens effect to
be cancelled out, andtotal lens effect in a combination of the variable
lens array and the fixed variable lens is off when lens effect in the
variable lens array is on, while the total lens effect is on when the
lens effect in the variable lens array is off.

3. The lens array device according to claim 2, whereinthe first refracting
power in each of the variable lenses is a negative refracting power,
andthe second refracting power in each of the fixed lenses is a positive
refracting power which allows the lens effect by the negative refracting
power in each of the variable lens to be cancelled.

4. The lens array device according to claim 3, used for an image display
device which is configured to electrically switch between two-dimensional
display mode and three-dimensional display mode, whereinthe total lens
effect in the combination of the variable lens array and the fixed lens
array is off in the two-dimensional display mode, and is on in the
three-dimensional display mode.

5. The lens array device according to claim 2, whereinthe lens effect of
the variable lens array is on when the variable lens array is
electrically off, and is off when the variable lens array is electrically
on.

6. The lens array device according to claim 5, whereinthe variable lens
array is an electrowetting liquid lens array having a lens effect
controlled to be on or off according to an applied voltage, andthe lens
effect in each of the variable lenses is on when the applied voltage is
adjusted to zero to allow the variable lens array to be electrically off,
and is off when the applied voltage is adjusted to a predetermined
voltage to allow the variable lens array to be electrically on.

7. The lens array device according to claim 5, whereinthe variable lens
array is a liquid crystal lens array having a lens effect controlled to
be on or off according to an applied voltage, each of the variable lenses
in the variable lens array having a liquid crystal layer with a structure
where a lens-shaped mold corresponding to each of the variable lenses is
filled with liquid crystal molecules having refractive index anisotropy,
andthe lens effect in the variable lens array is on when the applied
voltage is adjusted to zero to allow the variable lens array to be
electrically off, and is off when the applied voltage is adjusted to a
predetermined voltage to allow the variable lens array to be electrically
on.

8. The lens array device according to claim 2, whereinthe lens effect of
the variable lens array is on when the variable lens array is
electrically on, and is off when the variable lens array is electrically
off.

9. The lens array device according to claim 8, whereinthe variable lens
array is a field-drive type of liquid-crystal lens array having a liquid
crystal layer including liquid crystal molecules having refractive index
anisotropy, the lens effect in the variable lens array being controlled
to be on or off by changing field strength distribution within the liquid
crystal layer according to an applied voltage to change alignment of the
liquid crystal molecules, andthe lens effect in the variable lens array
is off when the applied voltage is adjusted to zero to allow the variable
lens array to be electrically off, and is on when the applied voltage is
adjusted to a predetermined voltage to allow the variable lens array to
be electrically on.

10. An image display device, comprising:a display panel performing
two-dimensional image display; and,a lens array device disposed to face a
display surface of the display panel, and selectively changing a state of
traveling of a light beam from the display panel,wherein the lens array
device includes:a variable lens array including a plurality of variable
lenses each having electrically-adjustable refracting power; anda fixed
lens array including a plurality of fixed lenses each provided in
correspondence to each of the plurality of variable lenses, each of the
fixed lenses having a refracting power which, once a corresponding
variable lens has come to have a first refracting power, allows the first
refracting power to be cancelled out.

11. The image display device according to claim 10, whereineach of the
variable lenses is adjustable at least between a state with no refracting
power and a state with the first refracting power by an electrical on/off
control of lens effect,each of the fixed lenses has a second refracting
power which, once the corresponding variable lens has come to on-state in
lens effect to have the first refracting power, allows the lens effect to
be cancelled out, andtotal lens effect in a combination of the variable
lens array and the fixed variable lens is off when lens effect in the
variable lens array is on, while the total lens effect is on when the
lens effect in the variable lens array is off.

12. The image display device according to claim 10, whereintotal lens
effect in a combination of the variable lens array and the fixed lens
array is adjusted to be off, allowing display image light from the
display panel to pass through the lens array device without deflection,
thereby allowing the image display device to perform two-dimensional
display, andthe total lens effect in the combination of the variable lens
array and the fixed lens array is adjusted to be on, allowing the display
image light from the display panel to be deflected at least in a
horizontal direction, thereby allowing the image display device to
display different images at least in the horizontal direction.

13. The image display device according to claim 12, wherein a pair of
parallax images are used as the different images, allowing the image
display device to perform three-dimensional display when the total lens
effect in the combination of the variable lens array and the fixed lens
array is adjusted to be on.

[0002]The present application relates to a lens array device that may
electrically adjust lens refracting power, and to an image display device
that may be electrically changed in display mode, for example, between
two-dimensional display and three-dimensional display by using the lens
array device.

[0003]In the past, a twin-lens or multi-lens three-dimensional display
device has been known, which displays parallax images on observer's eyes
to achieve stereoscopic vision. A spatial-image-type three-dimensional
display device is given as a method of achieving more natural
stereoscopic vision. In the spatial image type, a plurality of light
beams having different radiation directions are radiated into a space,
thereby spatial images correlating to a plurality of view angles are
formed.

[0004]As a method of achieving the three-dimensional display device, for
example, a combination of a two-dimensional display device such as liquid
crystal display device and an optical device for three-dimensional
display is known, the optical device deflecting display image light from
the two-dimensional display device in a plurality of view angle
directions. For example, as shown in FIG. 7 A, cylindrical lens array 302
including a plurality of cylindrical lenses 303 arranged in parallel is
used for the optical device for three-dimensional display.

[0005]FIG. 7 shows a configuration example of the twin-lens
three-dimensional display device. The three-dimensional display device is
configured such that the cylindrical lens array 302 is opposed to a
display surface of a two-dimensional display device 301. In the
cylindrical lens array 302, each cylindrical lens 303 extends in a
longitudinal direction with respect to the display surface of the
two-dimensional display device 301 so as to have refracting power in a
horizontal direction. A plurality of display pixels are regularly
two-dimensionally arranged on the display surface of the two-dimensional
display device 301. Each cylindrical lens 303 is allocated with adjacent
two pixel arrays 301R and 301L on the display surface of the
two-dimensional display device 301. One pixel array 301R is to display a
right parallax image, and the other pixel array 301L is to display a left
parallax image. The displayed parallax images are separated into
horizontally different light paths 402 and 403 by each cylindrical lens
303. Thus, the right and left, parallax images appropriately arrive at
eyes 401R and 401L of an observer 400.

[0006]The right parallax image and the left parallax image are configured,
for example, in the following way. For example, two images, which are
taken by lenses placed at positions corresponding to right and left
visual points, and in directions corresponding to directions from the
visual points, are cut into strips having width half the horizontal lens
pitch of the cylindrical lenses 303, and alternately displayed in rows.
That is, strip images cut from the right and left parallax images are
displayed by one each in a region corresponding to one cylindrical lens
303. At that time, when the observer 400 views the three-dimensional
display device from a certain position and a certain direction, the right
parallax image and the left parallax image formed by the cylindrical lens
array 302 are selectively injected at a right eye position and a left eye
position respectively, and thus a stereoscopic image is perceived.

[0007]Similarly, in the case of the multi-lens type device, a plurality of
parallax images, which are taken at positions corresponding to at least
three visual points, and in directions corresponding to directions from
the visual points, are displayed while being equally divided within a
horizontal lens pitch of the cylindrical lenses 303 and correspondingly
allocated. Thus, at least three parallax images are ejected in
continuous, different angle ranges by the cylindrical lens array 302, and
then focused. In this case, a plurality of different parallax images are
perceived depending on variation in position or direction of a line of
sight of the observer 400. As number of different parallax images in
accordance with different visual points is increased, a more realistic
stereognostic-sense may be obtained.

[0008]For example, a resin-molded lens array having a fixed shape and a
fixed lens effect may be used as the cylindrical lens array 302. In this
case, since the lens effect is fixed, a display device specially designed
for three-dimensional display is formed. On the other hand, since a
capability of displaying a two-dimensional image such as a letter or
planar figure, which need not be stereoscopically displayed, is still
demanded, a display device is desired to be able to be changed between
two display modes of a two-dimensional display mode and a
three-dimensional display mode. Such changing capability may be achieved
by using a variable lens array, of which the lens effect may be
electrically controlled to be on or off, as the cylindrical lens array
302. Such a variable lens array may be achieved by a liquid crystal lens
or a liquid lens. By using the variable lens array, in the
two-dimensional display mode, the lens array is changed into a state with
no lens effect (state with no refracting power), and directly transmits
display image light from a two-dimensional display device. In the
three-dimensional display mode, the lens array is changed into a state
with a lens effect being produced (for example, a state with positive
refracting power), and deflects display image light from a
two-dimensional display device in a plurality of view angle directions,
so that stereoscopic vision is achieved.

[0009]FIGS. 8 and 9 show a configuration example of a variable lens array
using a liquid crystal lens. The variable lens array includes
transparent, first and second substrates 221 and 222 including a glass
material or the like, and a liquid crystal layer 223 sandwiched between
the first and second substrates 221 and 222. A first transparent
electrode 224 including a transparent conductive film such as an ITO
(Indium Tin Oxide) film is uniformly formed on approximately the whole
surface on a liquid crystal layer 223 side of the first substrate 221.
Similarly, a second transparent electrode 225 is uniformly formed on
approximately the whole surface on a liquid crystal layer 223 side of the
second substrate 222.

[0010]The liquid crystal layer 223 is configured in such a manner that
liquid crystal molecules 231 are filled in a mold formed into a concave
lens shape by, for example, a manufacturing method called
photoreplication process. An alignment film 232 is planarly provided on a
surface on a first substrate 221 side of the liquid crystal layer 223. An
alignment film 233, which is formed into a convex shape by a mold of a
replica 234, is provided on a second substrate 222 side of the liquid
crystal layer 223. That is, in the liquid crystal layer 223, the liquid
crystal molecules 231 are filled between the lower, planer alignment film
232 and the upper, convex alignment film 233, and other upper regions are
formed to be the replica 234. Thus, in the liquid crystal layer 223, each
portion filled with the liquid crystal molecules 231 is formed into a
convex shape. The convex portion selectively acts as a microlens
depending on an applied voltage.

[0011]Each liquid crystal molecule 231 has refractive index anisotropy,
and, for example, has an index ellipsoid structure having different
refractive indexes to a passing light beam between longitudinal and
lateral directions. In addition, the liquid crystal molecule 231 is
changed in molecular arrangement depending on a voltage applied by the
first and second transparent electrodes 224 and 225. Here, a refractive
index to a passing light beam is assumed to be n0, the refractive index
being given by molecular arrangement in a state where the liquid crystal
molecule 231 is applied with a certain voltage as a differential voltage.
A refractive index to a passing light beam is assumed to be ne, the
refractive index being given by molecular arrangement in a state where a
differential voltage is zero. The refractive indexes are in a magnitude
relationship of ne>n0. A refractive index of the replica 234 is
adjusted to be the same as the lower refractive index n0 in the state
where the liquid crystal molecule 231 is applied with the certain voltage
as the differential voltage.

[0012]Thus, when the differential voltage applied by the first and second
transparent electrodes 224 and 225 is zero, a difference in refractive
index to a passing light beam L occurs between the refractive index ne of
the liquid crystal molecule 231 and the refractive index n0 of the
replica 234. In addition, a convex portion acts as a convex lens as shown
in FIG. 9. In contrast, when the differential voltage corresponds to the
predetermined voltage, a refractive index n0 of the liquid crystal
molecule 231 to the passing light beam L becomes equal to a refractive
index n0 of the replica 234 to the beam L, and therefore the convex
portion does not act as a convex lens. Thus, a light beam is directly
transmitted by the liquid crystal layer 223 without deflection as shown
in FIG. 8.

[0013]Dick K. G. de Boer, Martin G. H. Hiddink, Maarten Sluijter, Oscar H.
Willemsen and Siebe T. de Zwart, "Switchable lenticular based 2D/3D
displays", SPIE Vol. 6490, 64900R(2007) discloses a display device that
may be changed between two display modes of a two-dimensional display
mode and a three-dimensional display mode by using such a liquid crystal
lens. "Liquid Lens Technology: Principle of Electrowetting Based Lenses
and Applications to Imaging" B. Berge, Proc. of IEEE Int' 1 Conf. of MEMS
2005, pp. 227-237, describes an electrowetting liquid lens of which the
lens effect is controlled to be on or off depending on an applied
voltage.

SUMMARY

[0014]In the case of a previous variable lens array, a relationship
between an electrical on/off state of a device and an on/off state of a
lens effect is inherent to a liquid crystal lens to be used or to a
method of changing a liquid crystal lens. Therefore, a preferable
relationship between the electrical on/off state of a device desired for
a product, such as power consumption, and the on/off state of a lens
effect is sometimes reversed. For example, in the liquid crystal lens
described in the SPIE Vol. 6490, 64900R(2007), or the liquid lens
described in the Proc. of IEEE Int' 1 Conf. of MEMS 2005, when a lens is
electrically off, a lens effect is on, and when the lens is electrically
on, the lens effect is off. Therefore, when the liquid crystal lens or
the liquid lens is used for changing a display mode between the
two-dimensional display mode and the three-dimensional display mode, the
lens is used in an electrically on-state in the two-dimensional display
mode, and used in an electrically off-state in the three-dimensional
display mode. In this case, the lens is electrically on in the
two-dimensional display mode, and needs to be continuously applied with a
voltage to keep the on-state, therefore when the lens is used for a
product frequently used for two-dimensional display, power consumption is
increased. Such a difficulty of power consumption is a particularly large
obstacle to device mounting in mobile products limited in power
consumption.

[0015]When the relationship between the electrical on/off state and the
on/off state of a lens effect is reversed to the above, the same
difficulty may occur. For example, consideration is made on a variable
lens array operating in such a manner, which is opposite to the above,
that when a lens is electrically on, a lens effect is on, and when the
lens is electrically off, the lens effect is off. In this case, the
variable lens array is used in an electrically off state in the
two-dimensional display mode, and used in an electrically on state in the
three-dimensional display mode, and therefore when the variable lens
array is used for a product frequently used for three-dimensional display
oppositely to the above example, the variable lens array is
disadvantageous in power consumption.

[0016]A currently developed variable lens produces either positive or
negative refracting power as a lens effect. However, the variable lens
array may not be necessarily used for any optical system without any
change of a lens characteristic of the single variable lens. For example,
an electrowetting liquid lens typically produces a lens effect of
negative refracting power. In contrast, a variable lens producing
positive refracting power is necessary for a cylindrical lens array for
three-dimensional display. Therefore, the liquid lens producing negative
refracting power may not be used for an optical system for
three-dimensional display without any change of a lens characteristic of
the liquid lens. Moreover, a refracting-power variable range of a single
variable lens may be likely to be different from a refracting-power
variable range desired in an optical system to be used.

[0017]It is desirable to provide a lens array device, in which a lens
effect characteristic different from a lens effect characteristic of a
single variable lens array may be easily obtained, and provide an image
display device using the lens array device.

[0018]A lens array device according to an embodiment includes a variable
lens array including a plurality of variable lenses each having
electrically-adjustable refracting power, and a fixed lens array
including a plurality of fixed lenses each provided in correspondence to
each of the plurality of variable lenses, each of the fixed lenses having
a refracting power which, once a corresponding variable lens has come to
have a first refracting power, allows the first refracting power to be
cancelled out.

[0019]According to the lens array device of the embodiment, the plurality
of fixed lenses are provided in correspondence to the plurality of
variable lenses, and when a corresponding variable lens has a first
refracting power, the first refracting power is cancelled. The variable
lens array is combined with the fixed lens array, thereby a lens effect
characteristic different from a lens effect characteristic of a single
variable lens array is obtained.

[0020]In the lens array device according to the embodiment, each of the
variable lenses is adjustable at least between a state with no refracting
power and a state with the first refracting power by an electrical on/off
control of lens effect. Moreover, each of the fixed lenses has a second
refracting power which, once the corresponding variable lens has come to
on-state in lens effect to have the first refracting power, allows the
lens effect to be cancelled out. In this case, when lens effect in the
variable lens array is on (a state with certain refracting power being
produced), total lens effect in a combination of the variable lens array
and the fixed variable lens is off (a state with no refracting power). In
addition, when the lens effect in the variable lens array is off, the
total lens effect is on. That is, an electrical on/off characteristic of
the lens effect of the overall lens array device is reversed from an
on/off characteristic of a single variable lens array.

[0021]An image display device according to an embodiment includes a
display panel performing two-dimensional image display, and a lens array
device disposed to face a display surface of the display panel, and
selectively changing a passing state of traveling of a light beam from
the display panel. The lens array device includes the above lens array
device according to the embodiment of the invention.

[0022]According to the image display device of the embodiment, an
electrical characteristic is obtained, the electrical characteristic
being different from that in the case that the variable lens array is
singly used for a lens array device. According to the image display
device of the embodiment of the invention, for example, an on/off state
of a lens effect is appropriately changed using the lens array device
according to the embodiment of the invention, thereby two-dimensional
display and three-dimensional display may be electrically changed from
each other. According to the lens array device of the embodiment of the
invention, for example, the electrical on/off characteristic of the lens
effect of the overall lens array device may be reversed from the on/off
characteristic of the single variable lens array. Thus, for example, a
state of power consumption is reversed from that in a case where the
variable lens array is singly used for electrically changing a display
state between two-dimensional display and three-dimensional display.

[0023]According to the lens array device of the embodiment, since a fixed
lens array having refracting power cancelling a lens effect of a variable
lens is provided, a lens effect characteristic different from a lens
effect characteristic of a single variable lens array may be easily
obtained. For example, a variable lens array singly having a
negative-refracting-power variable range may be converted into a variable
lens system having a positive-refracting-power variable range as the
overall device. Moreover, for example, an electrical on/off
characteristic of a lens effect of the variable lens array may be
reversed.

[0024]According to the image display device of the embodiment, since the
lens array device according to the embodiment is used to selectively
change a passing state of a light beam from a display panel, an
electrical characteristic may be easily obtained, the electrical
characteristic being different from that in a case where a variable lens
array is singly used for the lens array device. Thus, power consumption
may be suppressed compared with a case where the variable lens array is
singly used for changing a display state. For example, in a previous
display device, when a case is considered as an example, where the
variable lens array is singly used for a configuration where the variable
lens array is electrically on in a two-dimensional display mode, and
electrically off in a three-dimensional display mode, power consumption
is increased in the two-dimensional display mode. On the other hand, in
the image display device according to the embodiment of the invention,
while the same type of variable lens array is used, the variable lens
array may be electrically off in the two-dimensional display mode, and
electrically on in the three-dimensional display mode, and consequently
power consumption may be suppressed in the two-dimensional display mode.

[0025]Additional features and advantages are described herein, and will be
apparent from the following Detailed Description and the figures.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES

[0026]FIGS. 1A and 1B are section views showing a configuration of an
image display device using a lens array device according to a first
embodiment of the invention, where FIG. 1A shows a configuration in a
two-dimensional display state, and FIG. 1B shows a configuration in a
three-dimensional display state.

[0027]FIGS. 2A and 2B are section views showing an operation principle of
an electrowetting liquid lens, where FIG. 2A shows a state with a lens
effect being produced, and FIG. 2B shows a state with no lens effect.

[0028]FIGS. 3A and 3B are section views showing a configuration of an
image display device using a lens array device according to a second
embodiment of the invention, where FIG. 3A shows a configuration in a
three-dimensional display state, and FIG. 3B shows a configuration in a
two-dimensional display state.

[0029]FIGS. 4A and 4B are section views showing an operation principle of
a field-drive liquid crystal lens, where FIG. 4A shows a state with no
lens effect, and FIG. 4B shows a state with a lens effect being produced.

[0030]FIG. 5 is a section view showing a configuration example of an
electrode portion of the liquid crystal lens shown in FIG. 4.

[0031]FIG. 6 is a perspective view showing a configuration example of an
electrode portion of a variable lens array according to the second
embodiment.

[0032]FIG. 7 is a section view showing a configuration example of a
three-dimensional display device in the past.

[0033]FIG. 8 is a section view showing a configuration example of a
switching lens array using a liquid crystal lens in a state with no lens
effect.

[0034]FIG. 9 is a section view showing a configuration example of the
switching lens array using the liquid crystal lens in a state with a lens
effect being produced.

[0035]FIG. 10 is an explanatory diagram showing a lens effect of a
combination of a variable lens array and a fixed lens array according to
the first embodiment.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0036]The present application will be described in detail below with
reference to drawings according to an embodiment.

[0038]FIGS. 1A and 1B show a configuration example of an image display
device using a lens array device 1 according to the embodiment. In the
embodiment, an image display device is described, which may be changed
between two display modes of a 2D (two-dimensional) display mode and a 3D
(three-dimensional) display mode. FIG. 1A shows a display state in the
two-dimensional display mode, and FIG. 1B shows a display state in the
three-dimensional display mode. The image display device includes a lens
array device 1 and a display panel 2 performing two-dimensional image
display. The lens array device 1 is opposed to a display surface 5 side
of the display panel 2.\

[0039]The display panel 2 may include, for example, a liquid crystal
display. A plurality of display pixels 7 are regularly two-dimensionally
arranged on a display surface 5 of the display panel 2. The display panel
2 performs picture display based on two-dimensional image data in the
case of two-dimensional display, and performs picture display based on
three-dimensional image data in the case of three-dimensional display.
The three-dimensional image data, for example, refers to data including a
plurality of parallax images corresponding to a plurality of view angle
directions in three-dimensional display. In the embodiment, description
is made on a case where twin-lens three-dimensional display is performed
in the three-dimensional display mode. In the case of the twin-lens
three-dimensional display, the three-dimensional image data are data of
parallax images for right eye display and left eye display. The display
panel 2 alternately displays each left parallax image 8L and each right
parallax image 8R in a horizontal direction as shown in FIG. 1B.

[0040]The lens array device 1 electrically controls a lens effect to be on
or off depending on a display mode so that a passing state of a light
beam from the display panel 2 is selectively changed. The lens array
device 1 has a variable lens array 3 and a fixed lens array 4 in order
from the display surface 5 side of the display panel 2. The variable lens
array 3 has a plurality of variable lenses, each lens having a lens
effect that may be electrically controlled to be on or off.

[0041]The fixed lens array 4 has a plurality of fixed lenses provided in
correspondence to a plurality of variable lenses, and each of the fixed
lenses has refracting power cancelling a lens effect of a corresponding
variable lens when the variable lens is on. More specifically, the fixed
lens array 4 has a cylindrical lens array configuration where a plurality
of cylindrical lenses 4A are arranged in parallel as fixed lenses. In the
fixed lens array 4, each cylindrical lens 4A extends in a longitudinal
direction with respect to the display surface 5 of the display panel 2,
and is disposed so as to have positive refracting power in a horizontal
direction. A lateral lens pitch of the cylindrical lenses 4A is, for
example, corresponding to lateral size of two pixels on the display
surface 5.

[0042]Configuration of Variable Lens Array

[0043]The variable lens array 3 has first and second substrates 10 and 20
opposed to each other with a space in between, and a liquid layer
disposed between the first and second substrates 10 and 20. The liquid
layer includes silicone oil 15 and an electrolyte 16. The first and
second substrates 10 and 20 are transparent substrates including, for
example, a glass material or a resin material. Partitions 12 and 13 are
formed in a peripheral portion between the first and second substrates 10
and 20. Partitions 12 are formed at positions in correspondence to the
lens pitch of the cylindrical lenses 4A between the first and second
substrates 10 and 20. Each of the partitions 12 at positions in
correspondence to the lens pitch is formed with a vertical length being
short compared with an interval between the first and second substrates
10 and 20, and with a certain space from the first substrate 10. A liquid
layer between adjacent, two partitions 12 forms a single variable lens.
The single variable lens is corresponding to a single cylindrical lens 4A
of the fixed lens array 4. A hydrophilic conductive film 11 is formed
over approximately the whole surface of the first substrate 10 on a
contact side to the liquid layer. A lipophilic conductive film 14 is
formed over a surface of each partition 12.

[0044]The variable lens array 3 is an electrowetting liquid lens array in
which a lens effect is controlled to be on or off depending on applied
voltage. A basic structure and an operation principle of the variable
lens array 3 are described with reference to FIGS. 2A and 2B. Here, FIGS.
2A and 2B show a configuration of a single variable lens (liquid lens) to
explain a basic principle. Portions corresponding to those of the
structure shown in FIGS. 1A and 1B are marked with the same reference
numerals or signs. FIG. 2A shows an on state of a lens effect (state with
certain negative refracting power) being produced, and FIG. 2B shows an
off state of the lens effect (state with no refracting power).

[0045]An electrowetting variable lens uses a phenomenon that wettability
between a liquid and a solid surface is changed depending on an applied
voltage, and thus controls a lens effect by changing an interfacial
configuration between two kinds of liquid having different refracting
indexes. In a structure of the variable lens shown in FIGS. 2A and 2B,
the hydrophilic conductive film 11 is formed on the surface of the first
substrate 10, and the lipophilic conductive film 14 is formed on the
surface of each partition 12. In addition, silicone oil 15 is injected
into a space between the first and second substrates 10 and 20 on a
second substrate 20 side and a lipophilic conductive film 14 side, and an
electrolyte 16 is injected into the space on a hydrophilic conductive
film 11 side, and then the space is sealed. The hydrophilic conductive
film 11 and the lipophilic conductive film 14 are electrically connected
to a power supply 6 to be applied with a voltage respectively. FIG. 2B
shows a state where a voltage is applied by the power supply 6
(electrically on state), and FIG. 2A shows a state where a voltage is not
applied (electrically off state).

[0046]The electrolyte 16 has a property that wettability to the surface
(lipophilic conductive film 14) of the partition 12 increases in
proportion to square of applied voltage. Therefore, when a contact angle
to the surface of the partition 12 is assumed to be θ0 in the
case that applied voltage is zero, and assumed to be θV in the
case that applied voltage is not zero, a relationship
θ0>θV is established. Furthermore, a certain
applied voltage V90 may be found, at which a lens effect is zero
(θV=90°, at which an interfacial configuration between
the silicone oil 15 and the electrolyte 16 becomes a plane). Thus, an
applied voltage is changed between zero and the certain voltage V90,
thereby on/off changing control of the lens effect may be performed. When
the silicone oil 15 is assumed to have a high refracting index compared
with the electrolyte 16, a lens effect of negative refracting power is
produced when a applied voltage is zero as shown in FIG. 2A.

[0047]That is, the variable lens operates such that when applied voltage
is adjusted to zero so that the lens is electrically off, a lens effect
is on (FIG. 2A). When applied voltage is adjusted to the certain voltage
V90 so that the lens is electrically on, a lens effect is off (FIG.
2B). Such a relationship between an electrical on/off state and an on/off
state of the lens effect is inherent to the electrowetting liquid lens.
Since a gravity effect on the silicone oil 15 may be adjusted to be equal
to a gravity effect on the electrolyte 16 by a method that the two kinds
of liquid are equalized in specific gravity, an interfacial configuration
is assumed to be determined only by wettability depending on applied
voltage, and assumed to be not affected by gravity herein.

[0048]Lens Operation of Overall Lens Array Device

[0049]FIG. 10 conceptually shows a refracting-power-variable range of a
single variable lens array 3, and a refracting-power-variable range of
the overall lens array device 1 as a combination of the variable lens
array 3 and the fixed lens array 4. Since the overall lens array device 1
produces refracting power in a horizontal direction, refracting power in
the horizontal direction is described here. As described before, the
variable lens array 3 is an electrowetting liquid lens, and singly
produces a lens effect of negative refracting power as shown in FIG. 2A.
Therefore, the single variable lens array 3 has such a negative
refracting-power-variable range that the lens effect is zero at the
certain voltage V90 as shown by a broken line in FIG. 10. In
contrast, the fixed lens array 4 singly has positive refracting power.
Therefore, the refracting-power-variable range of the overall lens array
device 1 as a combination of the variable lens array 3 and the fixed lens
array 4 is changed into a state where refracting power is shifted to a
positive refracting-power-variable range as shown by a solid line in FIG.
10. That is, in the lens array device 1, the variable lens array 3 singly
having the negative refracting-power-variable range is converted into a
variable lens system where the overall device has a positive
refracting-power-variable range. Particularly, in the embodiment, the
fixed lens array 4 has a refracting power cancelling a lens effect of the
variable lens array 3 when the lens effect is on. Therefore, the overall
lens array device 1 is of a variable lens system where when applied
voltage is zero, refracting power is zero, and when the certain voltage
V90 is applied, certain positive refracting power is produced.

[0050]Control Operation of Lens Array Device and Image Display Device

[0051]Next, control operation of the lens array device 1 (control
operation of the lens effect) and control operation of a display mode of
an image display device using the lens array device 1 are described.

[0052]In the lens array device 1, when the power supply 6 does not apply
voltage to the variable lens array 3 as shown in FIG. 1A (electrically
off state), the lens effect of each of the plurality of variable lenses
of the variable lens array 3 is on. The lens effect of each variable lens
of the variable lens array 3 is cancelled by a corresponding fixed lens
(cylindrical lens 4A) of the fixed lens array 4. That is, the total lens
effect of a combination of the variable lens array 3 and the fixed lens
array 4 is off. In this way, the overall lens array device 1 is adjusted
into a state with no lens effect, so that display image light from the
display panel 2 is transmitted without deflection, thereby the image
display device performs two-dimensional display.

[0053]In contrast, when the power supply 6 applies voltage to the variable
lens array 3 as shown in FIG. 1B (electrically on state), the lens effect
of each of the variable lenses of the variable lens array 3 is off. In
this state, a value of the voltage is adjusted such that the interfacial
configuration between the silicone oil 15 and the electrolyte 16
configuring the liquid layer of the variable lens array 3 becomes a plane
in individual variable lens portions. In such a state, the lens effect of
the variable lens array 3 is singly disabled, and only a lens effect of
the fixed lens array 4 is enabled. That is, the total lens effect of a
combination of the variable lens array 3 and the fixed lens array 4 is
on. In this way, the overall lens array device 1 is enabled in lens
effect, so that the display panel 2 displays a left parallax image 8L and
a right parallax image 8R. The displayed parallax images are separated
into horizontally different light paths 31 and 32 by each cylindrical
lens 4A of the fixed lens array 4. Thus, the left parallax image 8L and
the right parallax image 8R are appropriately selectively injected into a
left eye 9L and a right eye 9R of an observer 9 respectively, so that a
stereoscopic image is perceived.

[0054]As described hereinbefore, according to the lens array device 1,
since the fixed lens array 4 is provided, the fixed lens array having the
refracting power canceling the lens effect of the variable lens array 3,
an electrical on/off characteristic of the lens effect of the variable
lens array 3 may be reversed. In the lens array device 1, when the lens
effect of the variable lens array 3 is on (a state with certain negative
refracting power being produced), the total lens effect of a combination
of the variable lens array 3 and the fixed lens array 4 is off (a state
with no refracting power). In addition, when the lens effect of the
variable lens array 3 is off, the total lens effect is on. That is, an
electrical on/off characteristic of the lens effect of the overall lens
array device 1 is reversed from the on/off characteristic of the single
variable lens array 3.

[0055]According to the image display device of the embodiment, the lens
array device 1 is used to selectively change a passing state of a light
beam from the display panel 2. Thus, power consumption may be suppressed
compared with a case where the variable lens array 3 is singly used to
change a display state. For example, in a previous image display device,
when a case is considered as an example, where the variable lens array 3
is singly used for a configuration where a lens array device is
electrically on in the two-dimensional display mode, and electrically off
in the three-dimensional display mode, power consumption is increased in
the two-dimensional display mode. On the other hand, in the embodiment,
while the same type of variable lens array 3 is used, the electrical
on/off characteristic of the lens effect may be reversed so that the lens
array device is electrically off in the two-dimensional display mode, and
electrically on in the three-dimensional display mode. Consequently,
power consumption may be suppressed in the two-dimensional display mode.
Particularly, when the image display device is used for a product more
frequently used in the two-dimensional display, a large effect of
suppressing power consumption is given. For example, when the image
display device is used in such a way that a plane figure or text is
normally displayed in the two-dimensional display mode, and the display
mode is changed to a mode for displaying a three-dimensional image as
necessary, the effect of suppressing power consumption may be obtained.

Modification of First Embodiment

[0056]While an example where the electrowetting liquid lens array is used
as the variable lens array 3 has been shown in the above description, a
variable lens having another structure may be used as long as the lens
has the same mode of a relationship between an electrical on/off state of
a device and an on/off state of a lens effect. That is, a variable lens
having another structure may be used as the variable lens array 3 as long
as the lens is of a type where when a device is electrically off, a lens
effect is on, and when the device is electrically on, the lens effect is
off.

[0057]For example, a variable lens array using a liquid crystal lens as
shown in FIGS. 8 and 9 may be used. The variable lens array shown in
FIGS. 8 and 9 is a liquid crystal lens array, of which the lens effect is
controlled to be on or off depending on applied voltage, having a liquid
crystal layer 223 structured such that liquid crystal molecules 231
having refracting index anisotropy are filled in a lens-shaped mold
corresponding to a plurality of variable lenses. The liquid crystal lens
array is configured such that when applied voltage is adjusted to zero,
and thus the lens array is electrically off, a lens effect is on, and
when applied voltage is adjusted to a certain voltage, and thus the lens
array is electrically on, the lens effect is off. That is, a relationship
between an electrical on/off state and an on/off state of the lens effect
is the same as that of the electrowetting liquid lens array.

[0058]However, a structure shown in FIGS. 8 and 9 produces positive
refracting power as the lens effect by filling the liquid crystal
molecules 231 between a lower, planar alignment film 232 and an upper,
convex alignment film 233 in the liquid crystal layer 223. In the case of
using the structure for the variable lens array 3 in the embodiment,
negative refracting power needs to be produced as the lens effect. To
this end, for example, the alignment film 233 can be formed into a convex
shape.

Second Embodiment

[0059]Next, an image display device using a lens array device according to
a second embodiment is described. Substantially the same components as
those of the image display device according to the first embodiment are
marked with the same reference numerals or signs, and description of them
is appropriately omitted.

[0060]FIGS. 3A and 3B show a configuration example of an image display
device using a lens array device 1A according to the embodiment. Even in
the embodiment, an image display device is described, which may be
changed between the two display modes of the two-dimensional display mode
and the three-dimensional display mode. FIG. 3A shows a display state in
the three-dimensional display mode, and FIG. 3B shows a display state in
the two-dimensional display mode. The image display device includes a
lens array device 1A and a display panel 2 performing two-dimensional
image display. The lens array device 1A has a variable lens array 3A and
a fixed lens array 4 in order from a display surface 5 of the display
panel 2.

[0061]Configuration of Variable Lens Array

[0062]The image display device according to the embodiment is different in
configuration of the variable lens array 3A from the image display device
according to the first embodiment. The embodiment uses a relationship
between an electrical on/off state of a single variable lens array 3A and
an on/off state of a lens effect, the relationship being of a mode
reversed from that in the first embodiment. That is, the embodiment uses
the variable lens array 3A of a type where when the lens array is
electrically off, a lens effect is off, and when the lens array is
electrically on, the lens effect is on.

[0063]For example, a type of lens array may be used as the variable lens
array 3A, where a liquid crystal layer 21 including liquid crystal
molecules having refracting index anisotropy is provided, and arrangement
of the liquid crystal molecules is changed by changing field strength
distribution within the liquid crystal layer 21 depending on applied
voltage, thereby a lens effect is controlled to be on or off. This type
corresponds to a field-drive liquid crystal lens array.

[0064]A basic structure and an operation principle of the field-drive
liquid crystal lens array are described with reference to FIGS. 4A, 4B
and FIG. 5. Here, FIGS. 4A, 4B and FIG. 5 show a configuration of a
single variable lens (liquid crystal lens) to explain a basic principle.
FIG. 4A shows a configuration where the variable lens is adjusted to be
electrically off, so that a lens effect is off (a state with no
refracting power). FIG. 4B shows a configuration where the variable lens
is adjusted to be electrically on and thus the lens effect is on (a state
with certain refracting power being produced).

[0065]As shown in FIGS. 4A and 4B, the liquid crystal lens array includes
transparent, first and second substrates 101 and 102 including a glass
material or the like, and a liquid crystal layer 103 sandwiched between
the first and second substrates 101 and 102. The first and second
substrates 101 and 102 are opposed to each other with an interval d in
between.

[0066]A transparent electrode 111 including a transparent conductive film
such as an ITO film, which is omitted to be shown in FIGS. 4A and 4B, is
uniformly formed on approximately the whole surface of the first
substrate 101 on a side facing the second substrate 102. Partial
electrodes 112 including a transparent conductive film such as an ITO
film are partially formed on the second substrate 102 on a side facing
the first substrate 101 (refer to FIG. 5). The partial electrodes 112 are
arranged in parallel at a periodical interval corresponding to a lens
pitch when a lens effect is produced. A space between adjacent, two
partial electrodes 112 is formed to be an opening having an interval A.
The adjacent, two partial electrodes 112 are arranged at symmetric
positions with respect to a light axis when a lens effect is produced.

[0067]An alignment film, which is omitted to be shown, is formed between
the transparent electrode 111 and the liquid crystal layer 103.
Similarly, an alignment film is formed between each partial electrode 112
and the liquid crystal layer 103. In the liquid crystal layer 103, liquid
crystal molecules 104 having refracting index anisotropy are uniformly
distributed in a normal condition as shown in FIG. 4A.

[0068]In the liquid crystal lens array, the liquid crystal molecules 104
are uniformly arranged in a certain direction defined by the alignment
film in the normal condition where applied voltage is 0 V (electrically
off state) as shown in FIG. 4A. Therefore, a wave front 201 of a passing
light beam becomes a plane wave, leading to a state with no lens effect.

[0069]On the other hand, in the liquid crystal lens array, since the
partial electrodes 112 are separated from one another with the opening
having the interval A, when the lens array is applied with a certain
drive voltage in a condition as shown in FIG. 5, deviation occurs in
electric field distribution within the liquid crystal layer 103. That is,
an electric field is generated such that electric field strength is
increased in accordance with the drive voltage in a portion corresponding
to a region where each partial electrode 112 is formed, and the electric
field strength is decreased at a position closer to the center of the
opening having the interval A. Therefore, arrangement of the liquid
crystal molecules 104 is changed in accordance with electric field
distribution as shown in FIG. 4B. Since each liquid crystal molecule 104
is different in refracting index between a major axis direction and a
minor axis direction of the molecule, apparent refracting index of the
molecule varies depending on a tilt angle of the molecule. In the liquid
crystal lens array, phase difference (retardation) is made to occur,
which occurs in a thickness direction of the liquid crystal layer 103
depending on tilt distribution of the liquid crystal molecules 104, so
that a lens effect is produced and controlled. Thus, when the lens array
is applied with the certain voltage to be electrically on, a wave front
202 of a passing light beam is changed as shown in FIG. 4B, leading to a
state with the lens effect being produced.

[0070]A structure of the variable lens array 3A according to the
embodiment is described with reference to FIGS. 3A, 3B and FIG. 6. The
variable lens array 3A is structured by using the field-drive liquid
crystal lens array. However, the variable lens array 3A is structured
such that a light axis direction thereof is vertically reversed from that
shown in FIGS. 4A, 4B and FIG. 5. That is, an electrode structure is
vertically reversed. More specifically, a transparent electrode 14A
including a transparent conductive film such as ITO film is uniformly
formed on approximately the whole surface of an upper, second substrate
20. Partial electrodes 11A including a transparent conductive film such
as an ITO film are partially formed on a lower first substrate 10. Each
partial electrode 11A extends in a longitudinal direction with an
electrode width of L as shown in FIG. 6. The partial electrodes 11A are
arranged in parallel at a periodical interval corresponding to a lens
pitch p when a lens effect is produced. A space between adjacent, two
partial electrodes 11A is formed to be an opening having an interval A. A
region between the adjacent, two partial electrodes 11A forms a single
variable lens. The single variable lens corresponds to a single
cylindrical lens 4A of the fixed lens array 4. An extending direction of
each partial electrode 11A is the same as an extending direction of each
cylindrical lens 4A.

[0071]An alignment film, which is omitted to be shown, is formed between
the transparent electrode 14A and the liquid crystal layer 21. Similarly,
an alignment film is formed between each partial electrode 11A and the
liquid crystal layer 21. In the liquid crystal layer 21, liquid crystal
molecules 104 having refracting index anisotropy, which are omitted to be
shown in FIG. 3A, are uniformly distributed in a normal condition as in
the basic structure shown in FIG. 4A. Arrangement of the liquid crystal
molecules 104, which is omitted to be shown in FIG. 3B, is changed
depending on field strength distribution within the liquid crystal layer
21 in a condition that a certain voltage is applied, as in the basic
structure shown in FIG. 4B.

[0072]Control Operation of Lens Array Device and Image Display Device

[0073]Next, control operation of the lens array device 1A (control
operation of the lens effect) and control operation of a display mode of
an image display device using the lens array device 1A are described.

[0074]In the lens array device 1A, when the power supply 6 does not apply
voltage to the variable lens array 3A as shown in FIG. 3A (electrically
off state), the lens effect of each of the plurality of variable lenses
of the variable lens array 3A is off. In such a state, the lens effect of
the variable lens array 3A is singly disabled, and only a lens effect of
the fixed lens array 4 is enabled. That is, the total lens effect of a
combination of the variable lens array 3A and the fixed lens array 4 is
on. In this way, the overall lens array device 1A is enabled in lens
effect, so that the display panel 2 displays a left parallax image 8L and
a right parallax image 8R. The displayed parallax images are separated
into horizontally different light paths 31 and 32 by each cylindrical
lens 4A of the fixed lens array 4. Thus, the left parallax image 8L and
the right parallax image 8R are appropriately selectively injected into a
left eye 9L and a right eye 9R of an observer 9 respectively, so that a
stereoscopic image is perceived.

[0075]In contrast, when the power supply 6 applies voltage to the variable
lens array 3A as shown in FIG. 3B (electrically on state), the lens
effect of each of the variable lenses of the variable lens array 3A is
on. The lens effect of each variable lens of the variable lens array 3A
is cancelled by a corresponding fixed lens (cylindrical lens 4A) of the
fixed lens array 4. That is, the total lens effect of a combination of
the variable lens array 3A and the fixed lens array 4 becomes off. In
this way, the overall lens array device 1A is adjusted into a state with
no lens effect, so that display image light from the display panel 2 is
transmitted without deflection, thereby the image display device performs
two-dimensional display.

[0076]As described hereinbefore, according to the lens array device 1A,
since the fixed lens array 4 is provided, the fixed lens array having the
refracting power canceling the lens effect of the variable lens array 3A,
an electrical on/off characteristic of the lens effect of the variable
lens array 3A may be reversed. In the lens array device 1A, when the lens
effect of the variable lens array 3A is on (a state with certain
refracting power being produced), the total lens effect of a combination
of the variable lens array 3 and the fixed lens array 4 is off (a state
with no refracting power). In addition, when the lens effect of the
variable lens array 3A is off, the total lens effect is on. That is, an
electrical on/off characteristic of the lens effect of the overall lens
array device 1A is reversed from the on/off characteristic of the single
variable lens array 3A.

[0077]However, in the embodiment, a mode of a relationship between an
electrical on/off state of the single variable lens array 3A and an
on/off state of the lens effect is reversed from that in the first
embodiment. Therefore, a state of power consumption is reversed from that
in the first embodiment. Therefore, when the image display device is used
for a product more frequently used in three-dimensional display than in
two-dimensional display, power consumption is particularly effectively
suppressed. For example, in a previous lens array device, when a case
where a lens array device includes a single field-drive liquid-crystal
lens array is considered as an example, the device is electrically off in
the two-dimensional display mode, and electrically on in the
three-dimensional display mode, so that power consumption is increased in
the three-dimensional display mode. On the other hand, in the embodiment,
while variable lens array 3A of the same type as that of the field-drive
liquid-crystal lens array is used, the electrical on/off characteristic
of the lens effect may be reversed so that the lens array device is
electrically off in the three-dimensional display mode, and electrically
on in the two-dimensional display mode. Thus, power consumption may be
suppressed in the three-dimensional display mode. Consequently, for
example, when the image display device is used in such a way that a
three-dimensional image is normally displayed, and the display mode is
changed to a mode for displaying a plane figure or text in the
two-dimensional display mode as necessary, the effect of suppressing
power consumption may be obtained.

Other Embodiments

[0078]The present application is not limited to the above embodiments, and
various modifications or alterations may occur.

[0079]For example, in the above embodiments, an effect of the cylindrical
lens is produced as a lens effect of the lens array device 1 or 1A, so
that two parallax images are displayed in a horizontal direction to
perform three-dimensional display. However, a method of three-dimensional
display is not limited to this. For example, multi-lens three-dimensional
display, where at least three parallax images are displayed in a
horizontal direction, may be used. In this case, at least three pixels 7
on the display panel 2 are included for each cylindrical lens.
Furthermore, for example, a lens effect of a fly eye lens, where
microlenses having a circular shape in a plane each are arranged in a
matrix pattern, may be produced. In this case, display light may be
deflected not only in a horizontal direction but also in another
direction so as to perform three-dimensional display having a view angle
in a direction other than the horizontal direction. In this case, for
example, microlenses (spherical lenses) arranged in a matrix pattern,
each microlens having a circular shape in a plane, are used for the fixed
lens array 4. For the variable lens array 3 or 3A, a variable lens having
a lens effect in correspondence to the circular microlens is used, the
lens effect being able to be electrically controlled to be on or off
While a case, where when a lens effect is produced in the lens array
device 1 or 1A, three-dimensional display is performed, has been
described in the above embodiments, the invention may be used in a case
of another kind of display. For example, the invention may be used in the
case of morphing display instead of the three-dimensional display. The
morphing display mentioned herein refers to display where display content
of an image is varied depending on a view position. For example, the
morphing display refers to display where a shape or position of an object
being two-dimensionally displayed is continuously changed when a visual
point is moved in a horizontal direction.

[0080]In the above description, a case has been described, where
refracting power of the plurality of variable lenses of the variable lens
array 3 or 3A is simply electrically controlled into two states of a
state with no refracting power and a state with certain refracting power.
However, the invention of the application is not limited to such control.

[0081]The invention may be used not only in the case that refracting power
is simply controlled into two states, but also in the case that
refracting power is controlled into more various states. For example,
when a lens effect of a variable lens is on, refracting power may be
controlled in multi stages into states with refracting power different
from the certain refracting power. Even in this case, a lens effect
characteristic different from a lens effect characteristic of a single
variable lens array is obtained by combining the variable lens array with
the fixed lens array.

[0082]It should be understood that various changes and modifications to
the presently preferred embodiments described herein will be apparent to
those skilled in the art. Such changes and modifications can be made
without departing from the spirit and scope and without diminishing its
intended advantages. It is therefore intended that such changes and
modifications be covered by the appended claims.