What Did Disability Look Like in the 19th Century?

Clubs for ugly people, ear trumpets designed for mourners, mesmerism as a cure — disability in the 19th century reflected all of the Victorian era’s oddities and societal changes. Nineteenth-Century Disability: Cultures & Contexts is a digital research archive of text and images on this more overlooked aspect of history.

Following the social model of disability, rather than emphasizing individual impairments such as blindness or lameness, the reader emphasizes the technologies, institutions, and representations in literature and popular culture that shaped ideas about disability. The reader showcases cultural objects such as an ear trumpet in mourning, a journalist’s account of a visit to a school for the Blind, and Eadward Muybridge’s photographs of people with disabilities in motion.

A double amputee climbing on to a chair, descending from a chair and moving, photogravure after Eadweard Muybridge (1887) (via Wellcome Library)

The roughly 40 items currently in the archive, all annotated and selected by scholars, focus on topics ranging from the Victorian fascination with mesmerism — which was used by quack doctors to supposedly cure disability — to the Ugly Clubs that spread from England to America, in which people united to satirize deformity instead of hiding it. Rather than single out disability as something divisive or singular, the resources here put it in the greater context of the time. A series of self-portrait miniatures by William Dunlap show “at least partial deference to prevailing conventions of portraiture” in the careful turning away of the figure, while still revealing his blinded eye. Eadweard Muybridge’s studies of “abnormal movement,” such as an amputee on crutches and a girl with multiple cerebral-spinal sclerosis, were juxtaposed with photographs of athletes, “reflecting late nineteenth-century conceptions of health and beauty.” There’s also the sad story of “Blind Tom,” who was the first African-American musician to officially perform at the White House and renowned for his music memory, but whose autism was widely seen as idiocy, an example of “how easily misinformation about autism allowed antebellum Americans to continue to conflate race with disability.”

Nineteenth-Century Disability: Cultures & Contexts is an eclectic and fascinating collection of materials, as well as important for demonstrating how seeming idiosyncrasies can reveal different aspects of larger historical ideas. Hopefully it will encourage more academic research into the experiences and representations of Victorian individuals with disabilities, and how those influenced their contemporary counterparts today.

Access all of the Nineteenth-Century Disability: Cultures and Contexts primary texts and images online.