3 Bermudan Swaption Definition An interest rate Bermudan swaption is an option on an interest rate swap with predefined exercise schedules. A Bermudan swaption gives the holder the right but not the obligation to enter an interest rate swap at predefined dates. Bermudan swaptions give the holders some flexibility to enter swaps. A comparison of European, American and Bermudan swaptions European swaption has only one exercise date at the maturity. American swaption has multiple exercise dates (daily) Bermudan swaption has multiple exercise dates (but not daily): such as quarterly, monthly, etc.

4 Bermudan Swaption Payoffs At the maturity T, the payoff of a Bermudan swaption is given by Payoff T = max(0, V swap T ) where V swap (T) is the value of the underlying swap at T. At any exercise date T i, the payoff of the Bermudan swaption is given by Payoff T i = max V swap T i, I(T i ) where V swap (T i ) is the exercise value of the Bermudan swap and I(T i ) is the intrinsic value.

6 Model Selection Criteria (Cont) The selection of numeric approaches After selecting a term structure model, we need to choose a numeric approach to approximate the underlying stochastic process of the model. Commonly used numeric approaches are tree, partial differential equation (PDE), lattice and Monte Carlo simulation. Tree and Monte Carlo are notorious for inaccuracy on sensitivity calculation. Therefore, we choose either PDE or lattice. Our decision is to use LGM plus lattice.

8 LGM Assumption The LGM model is mathematically equivalent to the Hull-White model but offers Significant improvement of stability and accuracy for calibration. Significant improvement of stability and accuracy for sensitivity calculation. The state variable is normally distributed under the appropriate measure. The LGM model has only one stochastic driver (one-factor), thus changes in rates are perfected correlated.

9 LGM calibration Match today s curve At time t=0, X(0)=0 and H(0)=0. Thus Z(0,0;T)=D(T). In other words, the LGM automatically fits today s discount curve. Select a group of market swaptions. Solve parameters by minimizing the relative error between the market swaption prices and the LGM model swaption prices.

10 Valuation Implementation Calibrate the LGM model. Create the lattice based on the LGM: the grid range should cover at least 3 standard deviations. Calculate the underlying swap value at each final note. Conduct backward induction process iteratively rolling back from final dates until reaching the valuation date. Compare exercise values with intrinsic values at each exercise date. The value at the valuation date is the price of the Bermudan swaption.

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