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Sunday, March 25, 2012

GOLONGAN 1

One
of hydrogen's isotopes, tritium (3H) is radioactive. Tritium is
produced in nuclear reactors and is used in the production of the hydrogen
bomb. It is also used as a radioactive agent in making luminous paints and as a
tracer isotope.

commercial fixation of nitrogen
from the air in the Haber ammonia process

for filling balloons (hydrogen
gas much lighter than air; however it ignites easily)

liquid H2 is
important in cryogenics and in the study of superconductivity since its
melting point is only just above absolute zero

Lithium (Li)

Both lithium metal and its compounds have many uses.

lithium stearate is mixed with
oils to make all-purpose and high-temperature lubricants

lithium hydroxide is used to
absorb carbon dioxide in space vehicles

lithium is alloyed with
aluminium, copper, manganese, and cadmium to make high perfomance alloys
for aircraft

Bahnmetall consists of lead
containing 0.04% lithium, 0.7% calcium and 0.6% sodium is harder than pure
lead and was used for railroad car bearings in Germany.

compounds such as LiAlH4
and organolithium reagents (LiMe, LiPh, etc.) are very important as
reagents in organic chemistry

lithium metal has the highest
specific heat of any solid element and so heat transfer applications

various nuclear applications

lithium is sometimes used as
battery anode material (high electrochemical potential) and lithium
compounds are used in dry cells and storage batteries

lithium is used in the
manufacture of special high strength glasses and ceramics

sometimes, lithium-based
compounds such as lithium carbonate (Li2CO3) are
used as drugs to treat manic-depressive disorders.

Sodium (Na)

sodium metal is used in the
preparation of tetraethyl lead, PbEt4, an important anti-knock
reagent in leaded petrol (gasoline) - fortunately being phased out in many
countries because of lead pollution problems

sodium metal is used in the
preparation of titanium metal from TiCl4

the metal is used in the
manufacture of sodamide, sodium cyanide, sodium peroxide, and sodium
hydride

the metal is used in the
reduction of organic esters, and in the preparation of organic compounds

the alloy with potassium, NaK,
is an important heat transfer agent and a good chemical reducing agent (as
some proportions of Na and K are liquid at room temperature).

The superoxide KO2
is used in breathing apparatus where moisture in the breath and carbon
dioxide reacts with it to release oxygen [2KO2 + H2O
+ 2CO2 → 2KHCO3 + O2 ]

the alloy of potassium with
sodium (NaK) is used as a heat-transfer medium in nuclear reactors. The
alloy is liquid at ambient temperature and is a good reducing agent in the
chemistry laboratory

fertilizers - usually as the
chloride, sulphate, nitrate, or carbonate

possium nitrate, KNO3,
and potassium chlorate, KClO3, are used in fireworks

potassium bromide, KBr, was
used as an antaphrodisiac - oh dear!

potassium permanganate, KMnO4,
is an important oxidizing agent

low-sodium salt

potassium hydroxide is used in
the preparation of potassium phosphates for liquid detergents

Rubidium (Rb)

rubidium is easily ionized, and
so has possible use in "ion engines" for space vehicles (but
caesium is somewhat more efficient)

used as a "getter" in
vacuum tubes

photocell component

used for making special glasses

RbAg4I5
has the highest room temperature conductivity of any known ionic crystal.
At ambient temperature, its conductivity is about the same as dilute
sulphuric acid, suggesting uses in thin film batteries

Caesium (Cs)

the metal can be used in ion
propulsion systems. Although not usable in the earth's atmosphere, 1 kg of
caesium in outer space could propel a vehicle 140 times as far as the
burning of the same amount of any known liquid or solid. It is more
efficient than rubidium.

used in atomic clocks

because of its high oxygen
affinity, the metal is used as a "getter" in electron tubes