Protecting Junk Bond Principal With a Volatility Hedge

At the moment investment grade bonds with their low yields and risky exposure to interest rates are unattractive places to put your money. Broad equity indexes like the S&P 500 have higher potential gains and dividend yields in the 2% range, but the dramatic drawdowns of 2008/2009 are still fresh in our minds. Commodities like gold and oil look expensive—so where is a good place to put your money?

Below investment grade bond funds like SPDR’s JNK or iShares HYG are yielding in the 7% range. The interest rate risk of these “junk” bond ETFs is less than investment grade instruments because their yield is dominated by default risk rather than prevailing interest rates. If interest rates on highly rated bonds climb due to improved macro economics the non-investment grade yields stay relatively stable because corporate defaults decline during good economic times.

The prices of high yield ETFs tend to follow the general equity market because stocks prices are well correlated with the risks of corporations defaulting on their debt. The chart below shows the performance of $1000 invested in SPY (S&P 500) and JNK over the last few years.

SPY vs JNK including dividends

During the 2008/2009 crash JNK bottomed out with a 38% decline. SPY declined 51%.

Volatility based tail risk funds like Barclays’ XVZ provide a way protect the principal of high yield bonds against severe market declines without giving up their interest rate advantages. For more information on XVZ see under the hood and backtest to 2004. The chart below shows the performance of $1000 invested in SPY, XVZ, JNK, and a hedged investment where 28% is put in XVZ and the rest in JNK.

High Yield Backtest

The respective compound annual growth numbers including dividends for this 4 year period were 2.6% (SPY), 28.5% (XVZ), 6.5% (JNK) , and 15.7% for the hedged approach.

You might ask, why not just put it all in XVZ? It had the best overall return, but the drawdowns (peak to trough) of 16% and 25% during the backtest time period would be hard for me to live with. The hedged portfolio on the other hand never dropped substantively below the starting level and its worst case drawdown was 9.2%. In the simulation I rebalanced the XVZ / JNK position quarterly and invested any accumulated dividends.

Risk factors include the fact that XVZ has only been trading since August of 2011, so its demonstrated track record is short. The high yield bond funds themselves are highly diversified, with JNK currently holding 227 different investments and HYG holding 504, but there are concerns that their current surge in popularity ($12 billion in inflows in the last 6 months), will result in increased risk and potential liquidity problems. That’s something I will be monitoring, but currently the overall sub-investment grade bond market is around $1 trillion, so the all the high yield ETFs together comprise less than 2% of that.

Did you look at risk-adjusted returns in terms of volatility or Sharpes?

Very interesting, nonetheless. I’m always leery about making broad conclusions about volatility ETPs based on a relatively small time frame that includes a huge volatility event.

vance3h

Hi Andrew, The thought had crossed my mind to look a the risk adjusted returns, but I didn’t pursue. The standard deviations for the three were: 170 for JNK, 293 for the hedged position, and 626 for XVZ only.

The lack of history is a risk on XVZ. The VIX/VXV ratios are critical to XVZ working as intended and there is nothing to say those won’t shift.