1.
Architect
–
An architect is someone who plans, designs, and reviews the construction of buildings. Etymologically, architect derives from the Latin architectus, which derives from the Greek, practical, technical, and academic requirements for becoming an architect vary by jurisdiction. The terms architect and architecture are used in the disciplines of landscape architecture, naval architecture. In most jurisdictions, the professional and commercial uses of the terms architect, throughout ancient and medieval history, most architectural design and construction was carried out by artisans—such as stone masons and carpenters, rising to the role of master builder. Until modern times, there was no distinction between architect and engineer. In Europe, the architect and engineer were primarily geographical variations that referred to the same person. It is suggested that various developments in technology and mathematics allowed the development of the gentleman architect. Paper was not used in Europe for drawing until the 15th century, pencils were used more often for drawing by 1600. The availability of both allowed pre-construction drawings to be made by professionals, until the 18th-century, buildings continued to be designed and set out by craftsmen with the exception of high-status projects. In most developed countries, only qualified people with appropriate license, certification, or registration with a relevant body, such licensure usually requires an accredited university degree, successful completion of exams, and a training period. To practice architecture implies the ability to independently of supervision. In many places, independent, non-licensed individuals may perform design services outside the professional restrictions, such design houses, in the architectural profession, technical and environmental knowledge, design and construction management, and an understanding of business are as important as design. However, design is the force throughout the project and beyond. An architect accepts a commission from a client, the commission might involve preparing feasibility reports, building audits, the design of a building or of several buildings, structures, and the spaces among them. The architect participates in developing the requirements the client wants in the building, throughout the project, the architect co-ordinates a design team. Structural, mechanical, and electrical engineers and other specialists, are hired by the client or the architect, the architect hired by a client is responsible for creating a design concept that meets the requirements of that client and provides a facility suitable to the required use. In that, the architect must meet with and question the client to ascertain all the requirements, often the full brief is not entirely clear at the beginning, entailing a degree of risk in the design undertaking. The architect may make proposals to the client which may rework the terms of the brief

2.
Anthemios van Tralles
–
Anthemius of Tralles was a Greek from Tralles who worked as a geometer and architect in Constantinople, the capital of the Byzantine Empire. With Isidore of Miletus, he designed the Hagia Sophia for Justinian I, Anthemius was one of the five sons of Stephanus of Tralles, a physician. His brothers were Dioscorus, Alexander, Olympius, and Metrodorus, in addition to his familiarity with steam, some dubious authorities credited Anthemius with a knowledge of gunpowder or other explosive compound. His work also includes the first practical use of the directrix, having given the focus and this work was later known to Arab mathematicians such as Alhazen. Eutociuss commentary on Apolloniuss Conics was dedicated to Anthemius, as an architect, Anthemius is best known for his work designing the Hagia Sophia. He was commissioned with Isidore of Miletus by Justinian I shortly after the church on the site burned down in 532. He is also said to have repaired the flood defenses at Daras, other Anthemiuses Boyer, Carl Benjamin, A History of Mathematics, John Wiley & Sons, ISBN 0-471-54397-7. Histoire de lAcademie des Instrumentistes, XLII, Anthemius of Tralles, Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography,2008, retrieved 18 January 2015. OConnor, John J. Robertson, Edmund F. Anthemius of Tralles, MacTutor History of Mathematics archive, University of St Andrews

3.
Apollodorus van Damascus
–
Apollodorus of Damascus was a Syrian-Greek engineer, architect, designer and sculptor from Damascus, Roman Syria, who flourished during the 2nd century AD. Apollodorus was a favourite of Trajan, for whom he constructed Trajans Bridge over the Danube and he also designed the Forum Trajanum and Trajans Column within the city of Rome, beside several smaller projects. Apollodorus also designed the arches of Trajan at Beneventum and Ancona. He is widely credited as the architect of the iteration of the Pantheon. In 106 he also completed or restored the odeon begun in the Campus Martius under Domitian, Trajans Column, in the centre of the Forum, is celebrated as being the first triumphal monument of its kind. He also wrote a treatise on Siege Engines, addressed to an unnamed emperor, many since have taken Dios anecdote at face value, but there is much in this story that does not add up and many scholars dismiss its historicity altogether. Trajans Market This article incorporates text from a now in the public domain, Chisholm, Hugh. James Grout, Apollodorus of Damascus, part of the Encyclopædia Romana Media related to Apollodorus of Damascus at Wikimedia Commons

4.
Hippodamus van Milete
–
Hippodamus was born in Miletus and lived during the 5th century BC, on the spring of the Ancient Greece classical epoch. According to Aristotle, Hippodamus was the first author who wrote upon the theory of government and his plans of Greek cities were characterised by order and regularity in contrast to the intricacy and confusion common to cities of that period, even Athens. He is seen as the originator of the idea that a plan might formally embody. He is referred to in the works of Aristotle, Stobaeus, Strabo, Hesychius, Photius and he evidently had a reputation as a lover of attention. According to Mary Ritter Beard the treatise On Virtue, attributed to Theano, told a Hippodamus of Thurium and he studied the functional problems of cities and linked them to the state administration system. As a result, he divided the citizens into three classes, with the land divided into three. Aristotles own concept of polity included a middle class in which each citizen fulfilled all three functions of self-legislation, arms bearing, and working. According to Aristotle, he was the first urban planner to focus attention to proper arrangements of cities. He laid out the Piraeus, with streets radiating from the central Agora, which was generally called the Hippodameia in hs honour. His principles were adopted in many important cities, such as Halicarnassus, Alexandria. The grid plans attributed to him consisted of series of broad, straight streets, in Miletus we can find the prototype plan of Hippodamus. The Urban Planning Study for Piraeus, which is considered to be a work of Hippodamus, according to this study, neighbourhoods of around 2,400 m2 blocks were constructed where small groups of 2-floor houses were built. The houses were lined up with walls separating them while the main facets were towards the south, the same study uses polynomial formulas for the pumping infrastructure manufacture. From Hippodamus came the earliest notions of patent law, Hippodamus proposed that society should reward those individuals who create things useful for society. The state could actually suffer because of the allure of individual rewards, Aristotle essentially foreshadowed the inherent tension between private rewards for social benefits - the potential diversion between individual and societal interests. Aristotles greatest criticism of Hippodamus, however, is that individuals who discover something advantageous for the city. Is not safe, though it sounds appealing, hence the easy alteration of existing laws in favour of new and different ones weakens the power of law itself. Hippodamus does not seem to have involved in politics, but several writings attributed to him dealt with issues of the state, including Περί Πολιτείας, Περί Ευδαιμονίας

5.
Imhotep
–
Imhotep was an Egyptian polymath who served under the Third Dynasty king Djoser as chancellor to the pharaoh and high priest of the sun god Ra at Heliopolis. He was one of only a few ever to be accorded divine status after death. The center of his cult was Memphis, from the First Intermediate Period onward Imhotep was also revered as a poet and philosopher. His sayings were famously referenced in poems, I have heard the words of Imhotep, the location of Imhoteps self-constructed tomb was well hidden from the beginning and it remains unknown, despite efforts to find it. The consensus is that it is hidden somewhere at Saqqara, according to myth, Imhoteps mother was a mortal named Kheredu-ankh, elevated later to semi-divine status by claims that she was the daughter of Banebdjedet. Alternatively, since Imhotep was known as the Son of Ptah, his mother was claimed to be Sekhmet. According to another tale, his father may have been an architect named Kanofer, the latter inscription suggests that Imhotep outlived Djoser by a few years and went on to serve in the construction of King Sekhemkhets pyramid, which was abandoned due to this rulers brief reign. The Upper Egyptian Famine Stela, which dates from the Ptolemaic period, Imhotep is credited with having been instrumental in ending it. One of his priests explained the connection between the god Khnum and the rise of the Nile to the king, who then had a dream in which the Nile god spoke to him, promising to end the drought. A demotic papyrus from the ancient Egyptian temple of Tebtunis, dating to the 2nd century AD, King Djoser plays a prominent role in the story, which also mentions Imhoteps family, his father the god Ptah, his mother Khereduankh, and his little-sister Renpetneferet. At one point Djoser desires the young Renpetneferet, and Imhotep disguises himself, the text also refers to the royal tomb of Djoser. An anachronistic detail is a battle between the Egyptian and Assyrian armies where Imhotep fights an Assyrian sorceress in a duel of magic, Imhotep was one of the chief officials of the Pharaoh Djoser. Egyptologists ascribe to him the design of the Pyramid of Djoser and he may also have been responsible for the first known use of stone columns to support a building. Despite these later attestations, the pharaonic Egyptians themselves never credited Imhotep as the designer of the Stepped Pyramid nor with the invention of stone architecture, as an instigator of Egyptian culture, Imhoteps idealized image lasted well into the Ptolemaic period. The Egyptian historian Manetho credited him with inventing the method of a building during Djosers reign. Prior to Djoser, pharaohs were buried in mastaba tombs, the surviving copy of the papyrus was probably written around 1700 BC but may be a copy of texts written a thousand years earlier. However, this attribution of authorship is speculative, egyptologist James Peter Allen states that The Greeks equated him with their own god of medicine, Asklepios, although ironically there is no evidence that Imhotep himself was a physician. Two thousand years after his death, Imhoteps status was raised to that of a deity of medicine and he was identified or associated with Thoth, the god of architecture, mathematics, medicine and patron of the scribes, Imhoteps cult merging with that of his former tutelary god

6.
Isidorus van Milete
–
Isidore of Miletus was one of the two main Byzantine Greek architects that Emperor Justinian I commissioned to design the church of Hagia Sophia in Constantinople from 532-537. He also created the first comprehensive compilation of Archimedes works. ”Isidore is also renowned for producing the first comprehensive compilation of Archimedes work, one copy of which survived to the present. Emperor Justinian I appointed his architects to rebuild the Hagia Sophia following his victory over protesters within the city of his Roman Empire, Constantinople. ”The warring factions of Byzantine society, the Blues. During the Nika Riot, more than thirty people died. ”The Hagia Sophia was repeatedly cracked by earthquakes and was quickly repaired. Isidore of Miletus’ nephew, Isidore the Younger, introduced the new design that can be viewed in the Hagia Sophia in present-day Istanbul. After a great earthquake in 989 ruined the dome of Hagia Sophia, the restored dome was completed by 994. Cakmak, AS, Taylor, RM, Durukal, E, the Structural Configuration of the First Dome of Justinians Hagia Sophia, An Investigation Based on Structural and Literary Analysis. The Art of the Byzantine Empire, 312-1453, Sources and Documents, the Architect Trdat, Building Practices and Cross-Cultural Exchange in Byzantium and Armenia. The Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians, the Secret History, With Related Texts

7.
Senenmoet
–
Senenmut was an 18th dynasty ancient Egyptian architect and government official. His name translates literally as mothers brother, Senenmut was of low commoner birth, born to literate provincial parents, Ramose and Hatnofer from Iuny. Senenmut is known to have had 3 brothers—Amenemhet, Minhotep and Pairy—and 2 sisters—Ahhotep, however, only Minhotep is named outside chapel TT71 and tomb TT353 in an inventory on the lid of a chest found in the burial chamber of Ramose and Hatnofer. More information is known about Senenmut than many other non-royal Egyptians because the joint tomb of his parents was discovered intact by the Metropolitan Museum in the mid-1930s and preserved. Senenmut first enters the record on a national level as the Steward of the Gods Wife. After Hatshepsut was crowned pharaoh, Senenmut was given more prestigious titles, Senenmut supervised the quarrying, transport, and erection of twin obelisks, at the time the tallest in the world, at the entrance to the Temple of Karnak. Neither stands today though they were commemorated in the Chapelle Rouge, karnaks Red Chapel, or Chapelle Rouge, was intended as a barque shrine and may have originally stood between the two obelisks. Senenmut claims to be the architect of Hatshepsuts works at Deir el-Bahri. Senenmuts masterpiece building project was the Mortuary Temple complex of Hatshepsut at Deir el-Bahri and it was designed and implemented by Senenmut on a site on the West Bank of the Nile close to the entrance to the Valley of the Kings. The focal point was the Djeser-Djeseru or the Sublime of the Sublimes mortuary temple-, Djeser-Djeseru sits atop a series of terraces that once were graced with gardens. It is built into a face that rises sharply above it. Djeser-Djeseru and the buildings of the Deir el-Bahri complex are considered to be among the great buildings of the ancient world. The building complex design is thought to be derived from the temple of Mentuhotep II built nearly 500 years earlier at Deir-el-Bahri near Thebes. Senenmuts tomb appears to have enjoyed Hatshepsuts favour and his portrayal in the Punt reliefs certainly postdates Year 9 of Hatshepsut, the earliest known star map in Egypt is found as a main part of a decor in the Tomb of Senemut. The astronomical ceiling in Senenmut’s tomb is divided two sections representing the northern and the southern skies. This indicates other dimension of his career, suggesting that he was an ancient astronomer as well, some Egyptologists have theorized that Senenmut was Hatshepsuts lover. They were both heavily vandalized during the reign of Thutmose III, perhaps during the campaign to eradicate all trace of Hatshepsuts memory. Neither tomb by itself was complete as would be expected Egyptian tomb for a person of high standing, TT71 is a typical Theban Tomb chapel, but does not have burial chambers

8.
Suger van St. Denis
–
Suger was a French abbot, statesman, and historian. He was one of the earliest patrons of Gothic architecture, and is credited with popularizing the style. Several times in his writings he suggests that his was a humble background, in 1091, at the age of ten, Suger was given as an oblate to the abbey of St. Denis, where he began his education. He trained at the priory of Saint-Denis de lEstrée, and there first met the future king Louis VI of France, from 1104 to 1106, Suger attended another school, perhaps that attached to the abbey of Saint-Benoît-sur-Loire. In 1106 he became secretary to the abbot of Saint-Denis, in the following year he became provost of Berneval in Normandy, and in 1109 of Toury. In 1118, Louis VI sent Suger to the court of Pope Gelasius II at Maguelonne, on his return from Maguelonne, Suger became abbot of St-Denis. Until 1127, he occupied himself at court mainly with the affairs of the kingdom, while during the following decade he devoted himself to the reorganization. He bitterly opposed the divorce, having himself advised the marriage. Although he disapproved of the Second Crusade, he himself, at the time of his death, had started preaching a new crusade, Suger served as the friend and counsellor both of Louis VI and Louis VII. He urged the king to destroy the bandits, was responsible for the royal tactics in dealing with the communal movements. He left his abbey, which possessed considerable property, enriched and embellished by the construction of a new built in the nascent Gothic style. Suger wrote extensively on the construction of the abbey in Liber de Rebus in Administratione sua Gestis, Libellus Alter de Consecratione Ecclesiae Sancti Dionysii, similarly the assumption by 19th century French authors that Suger was the designer of St Denis has been almost entirely discounted by more recent scholars. Instead he is seen as having been a bold and imaginative patron who encouraged the work of an innovative master mason. A chalice once owned by Suger is now in the collections of the National Gallery of Art in Washington, D. C. Abbot Suger, friend and confidant of the French Kings, Louis VI and Louis VII, decided in about 1137 to rebuild the great Church of Saint-Denis, Suger began with the West front, reconstructing the original Carolingian façade with its single door. He designed the façade of Saint-Denis to be an echo of the Roman Arch of Constantine with its three-part division, the rose window above the West portal is the earliest-known such example, although Romanesque circular windows preceded it in general form. At the completion of the west front in 1140, Abbot Suger moved on to the reconstruction of the eastern end and he designed a choir that would be suffused with light. The new structure was finished and dedicated on 11 June 1144, the Abbey of Saint-Denis thus became the prototype for further building in the royal domain of northern France

9.
Vitruvius (architect)
–
His discussion of perfect proportion in architecture and the human body, led to the famous Renaissance drawing by Da Vinci of Vitruvian Man. By his own description Vitruvius served as an artilleryman, the class of arms in the military offices. He probably served as a officer of artillery in charge of doctores ballistarum. Little is known about Vitruvius life, most inferences about him are extracted from his only surviving work De Architectura. Even his first name Marcus and his cognomen Pollio are uncertain. Cetius Faventinus writes of Vitruvius Polio aliique auctores, this can be read as Vitruvius Polio, and others or, less likely, as Vitruvius, Polio, Vitruvius was a military engineer, or a praefect architectus armamentarius of the apparitor status group. He is mentioned in Pliny the Elders table of contents for Naturalis Historia, frontinus refers to Vitruvius the architect in his late 1st-century work De aquaeductu. Likely born a free Roman citizen, by his own account, Vitruvius served the Roman army under Caesar with the otherwise poorly identified Marcus Aurelius, Publius Minidius and these names vary depending on the edition of De architectura. Publius Minidius is also written as Publius Numidicus and Publius Numidius, as an army engineer he specialized in the construction of ballista and scorpio artillery war machines for sieges. It is speculated that Vitruvius served with Caesars chief engineer Lucius Cornelius Balbus, the locations where he served can be reconstructed from, for example, descriptions of the building methods of various foreign tribes. Although he describes places throughout De Architectura, he not say he was present. His service likely included north Africa, Hispania, Gaul and Pontus, the position of the camp, the direction of the entrenchments, the inspection of the tents or huts of the soldiers and the baggage were comprehended in his province. His authority extended over the sick, and the physicians who had the care of them and he had the charge of providing carriages, bathhouses and the proper tools for sawing and cutting wood, digging trenches, raising parapets, sinking wells and bringing water into the camp. He likewise had the care of furnishing the troops with wood and straw, as well as the rams, onagri, balistae, at various locations described by Vitruvius, battles and sieges occurred. He is the source for the siege of Larignum in 56 BC. The broken siege at Gergovia in 52 BC, and the siege of Uxellodunum in 51 BC. These are all sieges of large Gallic oppida, a legion that fits the same sequence of locations is the Legio VI Ferrata, of which ballista would be an auxiliary unit. Mainly known for his writings, Vitruvius was himself an architect, frontinus mentions him in connection with the standard sizes of pipes

10.
Villard de Honnecourt
–
Villard de Honnecourt was a 13th-century artist from Picardy in northern France. He is known to only through a surviving portfolio or sketchbook containing about 250 drawings. Nothing is known of Villard apart from what can be gleaned from his surviving sketchbook, based on the large number of architectural designs in the portfolio, it was traditionally thought that Villard was a successful, professional, itinerant architect and engineer. He was possibly trained as a metalworker and his drawing of one of the west facade towers of Laon Cathedral and those of radiating chapels and a main vessel bay, interior and exterior, of Rheims Cathedral are of particular interest. Villard tells us, with pride, that he had been in many lands and that he made a trip to Hungary where he remained many days, but he does not say why he went there or who sent him. He also claimed to have many of his drawings from life. The so-called sketchbook of Villard de Honnecourt dates to about c. 1225-1235 and it was discovered in the mid-19th century and is presently housed in the Bibliothèque nationale de France, Paris, under the shelfmark MS Fr 19093. It consists of 33 parchment sheets measuring on average 235x155 mm, the manuscript is not complete, and its original extent cannot be determined. It is unclear whether it was Villard himself or a party who assembled. The album contains about 250 drawings, many drawings are accompanied by annotations and labels. The original purpose of the album is the subject of controversy, originally it was thought to have served as a kind of training manual for practicing architects. Nevertheless, most scholars believe it more likely served as a pattern or model book. Several printed facsimiles of the album have appeared, parker, J. H. and J. Facsimile of the Sketch-book of Wilars de Honnecourt, an Architect of the Thirteenth Century. The Sketchbook of Villard de Honnecourt, bloomington, IN, Indiana University Press,1959. Hahnloser, Hans R. Villard de Honnecourt, kritische Gesamtausgabe des Bauhüttenbuches ms. fr.19093 der Pariser Nationalbibliothek. The Medieval Sketchbook of Villard de Honnecourt, the portfolio of Villard de Honnecourt, a new critical edition and color facsimile. In Les batisseurs des cathedrales gothiques, ed. Roland Recht, “contrefais al vif, nature, ideas and the lion drawings of Villard de Honnecourt. ”Villard de Honnecourt, Architect and Engineer. In The Medieval Machine, The Industrial Revolution of the Middle Ages, “Portraits and counterfeits, Villard de Honnecourt and thirteenth-century theories of representation. ”In Excavating the Medieval Image, Manuscripts, Artists, Audiences, Essays in Honor of Sandra Hindman, eds

3.
English title page of the first edition of Giacomo Leoni’s translation of Alberti’s De Re Aedificatoria (1452). The book is bilingual, with the Italian version being printed on the left and the English version printed on the right.

4.
The dramatic facade of Sant' Andrea, Mantua, (1471) built to Alberti's design after his death