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This work was soon supplemented by the generation of human iPSCs by two groups, one of whom [186] showed that adult human dermal fibroblasts can also be reprogrammed by overexpression of OCT4, SOX2, KLF4, and c-MYC, while another [188] made use of a slightly different set of factors (OCT4, SOX2, LIN28, and NANOG) to reprogram both fetal and adult human fibroblasts.

This process, which is held as one of the most seminal discoveries in the stem cell field, was first reported by Yamanaka's group [187] and involves overexpression of four key genes (Oct4, Sox2, Klf4, and c-Myc) in murine fibroblasts, resulting in their conversion into cells that resemble ESCs in terms of morphology, gene expression, growth, and differentiation capabilities and are now named induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs).

Since these initial papers there has been remarkable progress in the field, aimed largely at increasing the efficiency of the iPSC generation protocol and replacing the initial retroviral vectors that were used to transfectfibroblasts with OCT4, SOX2, KLF4, and c-MYC.