Two recent judgments of the European Union Court of Justice question the compatibility with Commu...Two recent judgments of the European Union Court of Justice question the compatibility with Community rules of the Italian legislation for the allocation of new digital frequencies. Beyond the specific cases, the two judgements raise some basic questions: is there effective competition in the mass-market? Is national law merely consolidating the status quo? Finally, does it make sense to talk about a marketplace of ideas, in which the widest diversity of opinions, flowing through the channels of discussion, leads to an adequate solution to the problems of social life?

The paper analyzes the " company rating " , a legal instrument which affects the dynamic of the p...The paper analyzes the " company rating " , a legal instrument which affects the dynamic of the public procurement market, emphasizing the prospective con-tractor's past performances. The rating is a tool introduced by the Italian public procurement code to allow a better evaluation of candidates and their proposals. If not correctly used, it may generate distortions of the access to the acquisition procedure and of the award decisions. The paper identifies an Italian model of " company rating " , only partially inspired by the American one. It is a reward system, relevant both as a selection criterion of the economic operators, and as a contract award criterion. The research examines the potentialities and the limits of this reputational mechanism, within the boundaries of a legal framework which is still in progress, mostly delegated to the Anac guidelines.

The paper examines the financial markets in order to demonstrate that the soft regulation if, on ...The paper examines the financial markets in order to demonstrate that the soft regulation if, on the one hand, satisfies general goals, on the other hand, it is a tool only apparently soft. The soft regulation could be defined as " crypto-hard ". It contains very tight restrictions against regulated parties, with the aggravating circumstance of the impossibility of applying the traditional means of judicial protection.

In regulated sectors alternative dispute resolution is entrusted to a number of disparate tools: ...In regulated sectors alternative dispute resolution is entrusted to a number of disparate tools: the remedies introduced in the regulated sectors are many and very different from each other, in terms of structure, form, purpose and degree of effectiveness. ADRs meet instance of differentiation, where the alternative nature is understood as proper for the offered protection. The logic of the ADR well harmonizes with the logic of regulation, contributing both to design a new type of law marked by flexibility and consensual intent, useful to regulate long-term relations. In the case of alternative remedies in the regulated sectors prevails a kind of dialectic facilitative, in analyzing the reasons of the conflict and the results aimed by the parties, in order to find an innovative solution, suitable to meet parties issues in a long-term perspective. In this way the alternative remedies perform such a function which is not fully coincident with that of judicial remedies, since it transcends the individual case. However there is a high risk of losing the advantages inherent in the variety of mechanisms of alternative dispute resolution, if the different forms of protection are not organized in an harmonic system. Both disputes – involving economic operators or between companies and consumers – should be conceived in a real alternative and integrated system of protection, valid for each regulated sector. Fundamentals issues in the discipline of alternative remedies claim uniform solutions, as for the degree of stability of the decision and for the instruments to ensure compliance, or even in point of information of the various remedies available, or for the mechanisms coordinating various forms of protection and the relationship between alternative remedy and traditional judicial remedy. SOMMARIO: 1. La tutela giurisdizionale come extrema ratio. – 2. Logica regolatoria e logica me-diatoria. – 3. La concentrazione tra regolazione ed enforcement. – 4. Mancata investitura di entrambe le parti in conflitto e soluzione consensuale della controversia. – 5. Rapporti tra tu-tele alternative e tutela giurisdizionale: a) nel settore delle comunicazioni elettroniche; b) nel settore energetico. – 6. La dialettica tra istanze di differenziazione ed esigenze di uniformità e la dialettica tra ruolo della regolazione e ruolo della legge.

Two recent judgments of the European Union Court of Justice question the compatibility with Commu...Two recent judgments of the European Union Court of Justice question the compatibility with Community rules of the Italian legislation for the allocation of new digital frequencies. Beyond the specific cases, the two judgements raise some basic questions: is there effective competition in the mass-market? Is national law merely consolidating the status quo? Finally, does it make sense to talk about a marketplace of ideas, in which the widest diversity of opinions, flowing through the channels of discussion, leads to an adequate solution to the problems of social life?

The paper analyzes the " company rating " , a legal instrument which affects the dynamic of the p...The paper analyzes the " company rating " , a legal instrument which affects the dynamic of the public procurement market, emphasizing the prospective con-tractor's past performances. The rating is a tool introduced by the Italian public procurement code to allow a better evaluation of candidates and their proposals. If not correctly used, it may generate distortions of the access to the acquisition procedure and of the award decisions. The paper identifies an Italian model of " company rating " , only partially inspired by the American one. It is a reward system, relevant both as a selection criterion of the economic operators, and as a contract award criterion. The research examines the potentialities and the limits of this reputational mechanism, within the boundaries of a legal framework which is still in progress, mostly delegated to the Anac guidelines.

The paper examines the financial markets in order to demonstrate that the soft regulation if, on ...The paper examines the financial markets in order to demonstrate that the soft regulation if, on the one hand, satisfies general goals, on the other hand, it is a tool only apparently soft. The soft regulation could be defined as " crypto-hard ". It contains very tight restrictions against regulated parties, with the aggravating circumstance of the impossibility of applying the traditional means of judicial protection.

In regulated sectors alternative dispute resolution is entrusted to a number of disparate tools: ...In regulated sectors alternative dispute resolution is entrusted to a number of disparate tools: the remedies introduced in the regulated sectors are many and very different from each other, in terms of structure, form, purpose and degree of effectiveness. ADRs meet instance of differentiation, where the alternative nature is understood as proper for the offered protection. The logic of the ADR well harmonizes with the logic of regulation, contributing both to design a new type of law marked by flexibility and consensual intent, useful to regulate long-term relations. In the case of alternative remedies in the regulated sectors prevails a kind of dialectic facilitative, in analyzing the reasons of the conflict and the results aimed by the parties, in order to find an innovative solution, suitable to meet parties issues in a long-term perspective. In this way the alternative remedies perform such a function which is not fully coincident with that of judicial remedies, since it transcends the individual case. However there is a high risk of losing the advantages inherent in the variety of mechanisms of alternative dispute resolution, if the different forms of protection are not organized in an harmonic system. Both disputes – involving economic operators or between companies and consumers – should be conceived in a real alternative and integrated system of protection, valid for each regulated sector. Fundamentals issues in the discipline of alternative remedies claim uniform solutions, as for the degree of stability of the decision and for the instruments to ensure compliance, or even in point of information of the various remedies available, or for the mechanisms coordinating various forms of protection and the relationship between alternative remedy and traditional judicial remedy. SOMMARIO: 1. La tutela giurisdizionale come extrema ratio. – 2. Logica regolatoria e logica me-diatoria. – 3. La concentrazione tra regolazione ed enforcement. – 4. Mancata investitura di entrambe le parti in conflitto e soluzione consensuale della controversia. – 5. Rapporti tra tu-tele alternative e tutela giurisdizionale: a) nel settore delle comunicazioni elettroniche; b) nel settore energetico. – 6. La dialettica tra istanze di differenziazione ed esigenze di uniformità e la dialettica tra ruolo della regolazione e ruolo della legge.