3 HUMAN EVOLUTION Ardipithecus ramidus 4.4 million years ago Fossils found in eastern Africa The foot bone had a large toe combined with a rigid foot it's still unclear what this means concerning bipedal behavior. The pelvis showed adaptations that combine tree-climbing and bipedal activity. Ardi means "ground/floor ; pithecus "monkey ; ramid "root Genus Australopithecus million years Eastern Africa Several Species of this genus including A. afarensis, A.africanus, & A. boeisi Was able to walk upright, but still climbed trees A.africanus Lucy 3.2 mya ape-like and human-like. Bi-pedal and Increased brain size.

4 AUSTRALOPITHECUS

5 HUMAN EVOLUTION Homo habilis 2.4 to 1.4 million years ago Fossils found in southern and eastern Africa Used simple bone and stone tools Nicknamed handy man Homo erectus 1.8 million years ago to 70,000 years ago First human ancestor to walk fully upright; loss of climbing adaptations Some made complex stone tools hand axes & FIRE! Moved out of Africa into Europe & Asia

6 HOMO ERECTUS

7 NEANDERTHALS Homo neanderthalensis Circa 400,000 to 30,000 years ago Lived in Europe and Asia Archaeogenetics analysis of ancient and modern DNA Comparison of human and Neanderthal DNA shows that humans are not descended from Neanderthals Genes reveal that Neanderthals had red hair and fair skin Fair skin developed to aid in the absorption of Vitamin D from the sun in areas far north of the equator Convergent evolution different species (such as humans and Neanderthals) developing same characteristic(s)

10 MITOCHONDRIAL EVE Mitochondrial DNA DNA that is passed from women Grandmother Mother Daughter Mitochondrial Eve Lived 60,000 to 250,000 years ago Most recent common female ancestor of all living humans Lived in or around modern-day Tanzania in Africa She was part of a group of early humans But only her mitochondrial DNA survives today

11 Y-CHROMOSOMAL ADAM Y-chromosome DNA that is passed from men Grandfather Father Son Y-chromosomal Adam Circa 60,000 years ago Most recent common male ancestor of all living humans Lived in Africa He lived as part of a group of early humans But only his Y-chromosome survives today

12 HUMANS HOMO SAPIENS SAPIENS US Fully modern humans (like us) in Africa by around 60,000 years ago Descendants of Mitochondrial Eve and Y-chromosomal Adam Culture, language, music, etc. Out of Africa theory Archaeogenetics (analysis of ancient and modern DNA) shows that humans began spreading throughout, and out of, Africa beginning around 60,000 years ago Early human migrations Humans left southeastern Africa and spread throughout the continent Humans traveled along the Indian Ocean to reach Australia By 10,000 years ago, modern human beings had spread all over the globe

13 EARLY HUMAN MIGRATIONS: ROUTE OF MDNA

14 EARLY HUMAN MIGRATIONS: ROUTE OF MDNA Africa North America Numbers are thousands of years before the present.

15 REVIEW QUESTIONS 1. Who was the first person to link biological diversity to evolution? 2. What family of paleontologists dedicated their lives to finding the fossils of human ancestors at Olduvai Gorge in Africa? 3. What has archaeogenetics told us about Neanderthals? 4. Who was Mitochondrial Eve? 5. Who was Y-chromosomal Adam? 6. Describe the Out of Africa theory. 7. What parts of the world were the first to be settled by modern humans? The last?

Human evolution. It d be nice to spend some time with some other groups (e.g. dinosaurs), but this just isn t possible in a survey course like this. BUT, we will spend a little time on human evolution!

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