Intellectual Foundations of Pre-1900 Korea

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5006007008001000110012001300150018001900170016002000Middle-and-Late Silla(654-935)Koryŏ(918-1392)Chosŏn(1392-1910)400300200100Buddhism and Divine KingshipEarly ConfucianismNe0-ConfucianismCatholicismDivine Origins of Kings and Nobles372: Koguryŏ installs a National Academy to train record-keeping, Six Arts513: King Muryŏng of Paekche sends specialists in Confucian classical learning to Yamato682: Silla installs a National Academy for the first time958: King Kwangjong implements civil examinations based on Confucian classical training958: King Kwangjong implements Buddhist examinations to certify clergymen (sangha)Ch'oe Sŭngno (927-989)a relative of Ch'oe Ch'iwŏn982: "On Current Affairs" (a set of 28 memorials)Ŭich'ŏn (1055-1101)National Preceptor Taegakson of King Munjongbrother of King Sukchong1085: sails off to Northern Songclose ties with Confucian reformersessay: "On Minting Coins"Heavenly Terrace School (Ch'ŏnt'ae)1046: state activism beginsKing MunjongKing SukchongKing YejongKyŏngwŏn Yi regencymonetary economyprofessional militaryexpeditions against the Jurchensexamination culture matures"miniature of China" (so Chunghwa) identity"Song of Academicians" and kyŏnggi chegaa new dynasty beginsexpeditions against Jurchens and Tsushimainvention of a native, phonetic script -- The Correct Sounds to Instruct the People; later known as hangŭlP'yŏnnyŏn t'ongnokcirca 1146-1170Kim Kwanŭi writes a legendary account of the origins of the Koryŏ dynastic houseancestors of Wang Kŏn

claims:holy-bone descentties to Mt. Paektublood relation to a Tang emperor possibly a response to Jurchen foundation mythIryŏn (1206-1289)National Preceptor Poguka Kyŏngju Kim (descent from Silla's bone-rank noble family)1281: Samguk yusa (Memorabilia of the Three Kingdoms), a collection of myths, legends, and native folk tales left out by Confucian historiansTan'gun myth: a demigod offspring of IndraYi Sŭnghyu (1224-1300)a minor scholar-official1287: Chewang un'gi (A Rhymed Account of Emperors and Kings), a lyrical chronicle of the history of China's and Korea's rulers and great menbased on a genealogy of dynastiesConfucianism372: Koguryŏ officially receives Monk Shundao from Former Qin

384: Indian monk Marananda arrives in Paekche527: Ich'adon's martyr in SillaKing Pŏphŭng (r. 514-540), adopts Buddhist royal title: "dharma-flourishing"Silla's kings as BuddhasWŏnhyo (617-686)sixth head-rankeccentric, original interpreterdid not go to Chinapursuit of true Mahayana teachingsdoctrinal study and devotional Pure Land Ŭisang (625-702) true-bone nobleWŏnhyo's travel companionone is many; many are onetotal organic interconnectednessBuddhism under Limited State Patronage1400900influence of Sŏn Buddhism growsearly state patronagewithin the pluralistic ideology of "Samhan unification" kingship and monastery networksMedieval BuddhismP'algwanhoeA "Buddhist" ritual based on the notion of Eight Prohibitionsheld in Kaesŏng and P'yŏngyangincorporates native gods, mountains, streamsthink in the context of Samhan pluralismIndra's NetSamhan PluralismConfucian NativismT'oegye (Yi Hwang, 1501-1570)gentry from the southeast"li spontaneously issues and ki mounts on it""li is alive"Ten Diagrams of Sagely Learningpopularized didactic sijo

The ancients do not know us, and we, too, have not met the ancients;Though we do not know the ancients, their paths remain before us.Their paths remain before us—how can we not follow their example?"Neo-Confucians" during Mongol ruleAn Hyang (1243-1306)Paek Ijŏng (1247-1323)Kwŏn Pu (1262-1346)Chŏng Mongju (1337-1392)

Yi Chehyŏn (1287-1367): "not fond of Learning of Human Nature and Principle"1200s: Koreans aware of China's Neo-Confucian mastersYulgok (Yi I, 1536-1584)statesman based in the capital; grew up in Kangwŏn province"mutual issuance of li and ki""li is ianctive""ritual propriety is li"The Collected Essentials for Sagely Learning