Phase portrait of the function. The left graphic shows the curves. The curves are parametrized by with varying (dark red curves) and φ varying (yellow curves). The right graphic shows the curves. The curves are parametrized by with varying (dark blue curves) and φ varying (violet curves).

Generalized phase portrait of the function. The left graphic shows the curves. The curves are parametrized by with varying (dark red curves) and φ varying (yellow curves). The right graphic shows the curves. The curves are parametrized by with varying (dark blue curves) and φ varying (violet curves).

Offset curves

Wavefront caustic of the function . The gray curve is the function . The red lines are normals on this curve. The blue curves are the caustics formed by the normals.

Pursuit curves

Pursuit curves with respect to the function . The gray curve is the function . The red curves are pursuit curves that start at different positions.