Beyond the politics of no: Luther Propst and collaborative conservation

More than two decades ago, Luther Propst jumped away from a law career back East to found the Sonoran Institute in Tucson, Ariz. Since then, the nonprofit has helped dozens of Western communities -- from Driggs, Idaho, to Rifle, Colo., to Tucson itself -- grapple with growth while incorporating conservation goals into their plans for the future. In the process, its once-revolutionary model, based on encouraging locals to create and implement their own environmental and economic visions, has become almost commonplace. Now, after overseeing the organization's rise into a regional conservation powerhouse with 50 employees and a $6 million budget, Propst has announced his intent to step down as chief executive by year's end. High Country News Publisher Paul Larmer caught up with him over the phone in early June.

HCN: OK, let's get one thing cleared up right way. You don't sound like a native Westerner. (Propst has a distinctive Southern drawl.) Where did you come from and how did you get here?

PROPST: I was born and raised in the "wrong" part of the country -- I grew up in Concord, N.C., a mill town. I knew from an early age that I didn't want to spend my life in the South. I had a fascination with the West and pored over maps and read everything I could about it. When I graduated from high school, a couple of friends and I loaded up a pickup truck and spent a month riding around the West. I felt like I was reading the table of contents from a book that was the rest of my life. After a stint practicing law and a couple of years with the World Wildlife Fund in Washington, D.C., I finally made the jump West.

HCN: What led you to start the Sonoran Institute?

PROPST: I always wanted to work in conservation, but as a personal matter I was never comfortable with highly adversarial situations. You might wonder why someone conflict-averse went to law school.

HCN: I do wonder that.

PROPST: Well, I am a middle child with two older sisters and a younger brother, and I learned in a family of strong-willed people that I was more likely to get along and succeed by trying to understand where others are coming from and negotiate differences, rather than always having to "win" in arguments and relationships. … In law school, I learned that our legal system is way too conflict-driven and adversarial.

HCN: So your comfort with the middle ground led you to that philosophy in the world of conservation?

PROPST: I had this sense that the conservation movement should supplement its opposition to bad ideas with collaborative approaches to finding good ideas. I was fortunate to practice law with a large Connecticut law firm that let me work on conservation and land use policy. Later, I worked for the World Wildlife Fund on its "Successful Communities" program, which helped communities make land-use decisions that were friendly to wildlife.

Our thought (at the Sonoran Institute) was to bring to Western North America the basic approach to conservation used in the developing world -- focused on how to build beneficial relationships between people who manage wildlands and wildlife, and the people who live nearby. In some ways, this is much clearer in the developing world: If an elephant in Zambia destroys a garden in a village, two things happen -- one is that people go hungry, and two is that the elephant will soon be dispatched. In the U.S., it's not so much about poverty. The threats to the environment are about affluence; you just don't feel sympathetic for someone who wants to build a golf course next to a national park.

HCN: The Sonoran Institute has come out forcefully against the proposed Rosemont copper mine in southern Arizona. Isn't this an unusual stance for a group that professes to look for the middle ground?

PROPST: It’s unique. In 20 years, we've never spoken out in opposition to a resource development project. But we had to step out against the Rosemont mine because it is an egregious idea -- economically, ecologically and with regard to water. It's a marginal (copper) deposit. For 20 years, we've worked in that landscape -- we were instrumental in creating the Las Cienegas National Conservation Area; we worked with the community there to create a vision for the future. We couldn't sit back and watch an economically marginal proposal for a mine destroy the water resources in Cienega creek. But while on one hand we oppose this mine, on the other we've taken heat from some environmentalists because we've spoken favorably about the proposed Resolution copper mine in Superior, Ariz. We've analyzed the situation and think this mine, with the right kind of mitigation, is the kind of place where we should get copper to meet our society's needs.

HCN: Let's talk about the Sonoran Institute's bread and butter: smart land-use planning. Smart growth and planning are getting beat up pretty good these days by some conservatives and conspiracy theorists, who see a U.N. plot behind planning efforts, especially here in the West. Why are we seeing this resistance now?

PROPST: I don't think this opposition has ever disappeared in the 20 years we've been working on planning issues. We've always seen some version of the (anti-) Agenda 21 movement. The industries and economic sectors threatened by smart growth are always going to fan the flames; plus, there is a lot of fear in this country, and people tend to be afraid of any kind of decision that is going to generate change. It is interesting to see this heated opposition now, though, when the growth pressure has dissipated with the housing bust. As communities start thinking of the next wave of growth, they are responding to demographic changes. More and more people realize that the American Dream is not living on a five-acre wheat field and having to drive in to town 30 or 40 minutes away; the economics of land use are changing, and that threatens people and they respond with things like (pushback against) Agenda 21.

HCN: So we're due for a renaissance in smart growth?

PROPST: We're seeing some changes in that direction. The "drive 'til you qualify" model of development has been discredited; as gas prices go up, people want to drive less. Also, the younger generation was raised on Friends and Sex in the City more than the sitcoms you and I grew up with, based in the suburbs. They want to live in communities where you can walk, bicycle, take public transportation. Right now in the West, there's a huge glut of large-acre lots -- 10 acres, 20 acres, 40 acres Yet it's difficult to find high-quality compact housing where you can walk or bike to work. That's starting to change.

HCN: Where?

PROPST: We see it in Tucson, where we're based; there's very little development happening on the fringes of town now. That's a big change. For 40 years, Tucson has pushed outward toward the public mountain ranges. Now the city is investing in a downtown renaissance, building new infrastructure, including the modern streetcar. We're seeing it happen in places like Teton County, Idaho -- where the county is busy vacating some of the worst subdivisions; and we're seeing more demand for smaller homes on smaller lots in places like West Jackson, Wyo., Bozeman, Mont. and Rifle, Colo., where people can be closer to where they work.

More from Growth & Sustainability

In a July 18 High Country News article, Luther Propst explained the Sonoran Institute’s approach to collaborative conservation and referred to the proposed Resolution copper mine near Superior, Arizona as an example of that philosophy. After all, the location of that mine is in a well-established mining district. Luther qualified his support by calling for the “right kind of mitigation” to be employed by Resolution.

However, the Access Fund does not believe that Resolution's proposed copper mine currently embodies the spirit of collaborative conservation. An enormous amount of mitigation would be required by Resolution to reach any sort of reasonable balance with recreationalists, Native Americans, and environmentalists. Therefore the Access Fund’s only viable option is to oppose to the current Resolution mining plan.

The Access Fund is not an anti-mining organization. Representing the interests of some 2.3 million rock climbers around the United States, we work to find collaborative solutions that balance the interests of rock climbers with competing interests such as mining or other types of land development. Thus our approach to complicated land-use issues is often similar to that of the Sonoran Institute.

Resolution’s current plan is to employ a federal legislative land exchange bill (HR 1904) to obtain ownership of Tonto National Forest land at Oak Flat. This land has been specifically withdrawn and protected from mining activity for over fifty years. After gaining ownership of this land, Resolution intends to block-cave or panel-cave, which would lead to massive surface subsidence. This land that has been protected for camping and recreational use since the Eisenhower administration would be completely destroyed.

In the early 1950’s the Eisenhower administration sought to protect these lands, instructing the Tonto Forest Supervisor to select recreation areas for protection that were of high recreational value and were also likely to have “future conflict with mining”. The administration’s protections proved prophetic, as mining companies have asked the Forest Service numerous times over the years if the mining withdrawal at Oak Flat could be lifted. Each time the Forest Service has denied the request on the basis that the Oak Flat area was still heavily used for camping and recreation, and thus the original rationale for the withdrawal was still valid.

And lifting the long-standing protections for Oak Flat isn’t the only troubling aspect of the Resolution land exchange bill. HR 1904 proposes to completely bypass any National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) analysis before conveying the protected Forest Service land to Resolution. The language contained in the bill simply states that the land exchange is “in the public interest” and denies the Secretary of Agriculture his normal ability to make a public interest determination based on a proper NEPA analysis.

This bill does not represent good public policy. While we do not dispute the right of Congress to make public interest determinations, we do question whether such a determination should be made without first having access to the very NEPA data on which an informed determination would be based.

Yet another concern is that Oak Flat is an area of great cultural and traditional value to the San Carlos Apaches, and HR 1904 does nothing to address the legitimate concerns of Native Americans who consider this area sacred. The San Carlos tribe uses this area for annual acorn gathering, sunrise ceremonies, sweat lodge events, and other cultural and traditional purposes.

The Access Fund believes that Resolution needs to fundamentally rethink its mining plan to find a sustainable mining solution that can coexist with Oak Flat’s other high-value land uses. Economic modeling done by Dr. David Chambers and vetted by other mining engineers and PhD mineral economists strongly suggests that there are highly profitable alternatives to Resolution’s destructive block-cave or panel-cave design.

There are other alternatives for realizing the economic value of the Resolution copper deposit without destroying the unique recreational and Native American resources that exist at Oak Flat. That kind of compromise—in conjunction with a proper NEPA review—would truly embody the concept of collaborative conservation and could be something the Access Fund would support.