We are not excluded from his counsels, but we are asked to attribute a certain authority to him, master of the craft as he is, master of that art of seeing pictorially which is the beginning and not far from the end -- not far short of the whole -- of the art of painting.

Then, too, what made Manet's Le Déjeuner sur l'herbe 1863 so shocking wasn't merely its portrayal of the overt male homosocial pleasure of sharing nude women sexually--that after all was established pictorially in Europe by artists like Poussin, in Rape of the Sabine Women, and Rubens, in Rape of the Daughters of Leucippus.