DRUG EXPOSURE DURING PREGNANCY and Penicillin

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DRUG EXPOSURE DURING PREGNANCY Symptoms and Causes

When you are pregnant, you are not just "eating for two." You also breathe and drink for two, so it is important to carefully consider what you give to your baby. If you smoke, use alcohol or take illegal drugs, so does your unborn baby.

First, don't smoke. Smoking during pregnancy passes nicotine and cancer-causing drugs to your baby. Smoke also keeps your baby from getting nourishment and raises the risk of stillbirth or premature birth. Don't drink alcohol. There is no known safe amount of alcohol a woman can drink while pregnant. Alcohol can cause life-long physical and behavioral problems in children, including fetal alcohol syndrome. Don't use illegal drugs. Using illegal drugs may cause underweight babies, birth defects or withdrawal symptoms after birth.

If you are pregnant and you smoke, drink alcohol or do drugs, get help. Your health care provider can recommend programs to help you quit. You and your baby will be better off.

DRUG EXPOSURE DURING PREGNANCY Clinical Trials and Studies

Treatments might be new drugs or new combinations of drugs, new surgical procedures or devices, or new ways to use existing treatments. The goal of clinical trials is to determine if a new test or treatment works and is safe. Clinical trials can also look at other aspects of care, such as improving the quality of life for people with chronic illnesses. People participate in clinical trials for a variety of reasons. Healthy volunteers say they participate to help others and to contribute to moving science forward. Participants with an illness or disease also participate to help others, but also to possibly receive the newest treatment and to have the additional care and attention from the clinical trial staff.

The level of antibiotics in the umbilical vein cord blood of newborn infants after the administration of Penicillin orally while in labor.; Compare levels of Penicillin in the umbilical cord blood of women who received oral Penicillin to the levels of women who received intravenous Penicillin in labor. Comparisons will be done through literature only.

The improvement of OC/tic symptoms will be superior in patients treated with SSRI+AB and in case with IVIG, compared with those treated with SSRI+placebo, as assessed by the YBOCS/YGTSS; The degree of treatment response is expected to correlate with the percentage reduction in antibodies titers following IVIG administration; The degree of treatment response is also expected to correlate with decreased inflammation in specific regions of the brain, as demonstrated by macroscopic changes and microstructural alterations on MRI and serum and CSF cytokines and chemokines

Safety of daptomycin measured by the incidence of treatment-emergent adverse events, vital signs, echocardiogram (if performed) and clinical laboratory tests, use of concomitant medications,physical and neurological exam results.; Efficacy of daptomycin will be based on Investigator's assessment of clinical response (cure, improved, failure or non-evaluable) at the Test of Cure (TOC) visit.

Presence of malaria parasites on thick blood smear in children 1-60 months; Fraction of isolates of pneumococcus exhibiting macrolide resistance by nasopharyngeal swabs in children 1-60 months; Fraction of isolates of Staphylococcus aureus exhibiting macrolide resistance by nasal swabs in children 1-60 months; Fraction of isolates of Streptococcus pyogenes exhibiting macrolide resistance by oropharyngeal swabs in children 1-60 months; Evidence of E. coli macrolide resistance in stool specimens in children 1-60 months; Fraction of conjunctival swabs yielding ocular chlamydia in children 1-60 months; Height over time in children aged 1-60 months; Presence of malaria gametocytes, and density of malaria parasites and gametocytes, in children 1-60 months; Rates of malaria parasitemia among children 1-59.9 months.; Hemoglobin concentration and presence of anemia (hemoglobin <11 g/dL) in children 1-60 months; Nasopharyngeal pneumococcal macrolide resistance in individuals 7-12 years; Nasopharyngeal pneumococcal macrolide resistance in children aged 1-60 months seen in local health clinics for a respiratory complaint; Rates of acute respiratory illness among children 1-59.9 months.; Carriage rates and proportions of S. pneumoniae isolates resistant to macrolides and to antibiotics commonly used to treat pediatric infections among children 1-59.9 months.; Carriage rates and proportions of S. pneumoniae isolates resistant to macrolides and to antibiotics commonly used to treat pediatric infections among children 1-59.9 months hospitalized for pneumonia and diarrhea.; Presence of the trachoma grades "follicular trachoma" (TF) and "intense inflammatory trachoma" (TI), as defined by the WHO simplified grading system, in children 1-60 months; Trachoma infection and antibody status in children (1-60 months); Rates of diarrhea among children 1-59.9 months.; Carriage rates and proportions E. coli isolates resistant to macrolides and to antibiotics commonly used to treat pediatric infections among children 1-59.9 months; Carriage rates and proportions of E. coli isolates resistant to macrolides and to antibiotics commonly used to treat pediatric infections among children 1-59.9 months hospitalized for pneumonia and diarrhea.; Studies of intestinal permeability and inflammation, microbial translocation, and immune activation assessed through venous sampling of children 6 months; Studies of intestinal permeability and inflammation, microbial translocation, and immune activation assessed through urine samples for L:M ratios of children 6 months; Studies of intestinal permeability and inflammation, microbial translocation, and immune activation assessed through stool (fecal neopterin) of children 6 months; Nasopharyngeal methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in children 1-60 months; Carriage rates and proportions of S. aureus isolates resistant to macrolides and to antibiotics commonly used to treat pediatric infections among children 1-59.9 months.; Carriage rates and proportions of S. aureus isolates resistant to macrolides and to antibiotics commonly used to treat pediatric infections among children 1-59.9 months hospitalized for pneumonia and diarrhea.; Nasopharyngeal pneumococcal resistance to Penicillin and clindamycin in children 1-60 months; Nasopharyngeal pneumococcal macrolide resistance determinants (ermB and mefA), serotype, and multilocus sequence type in children 1-60 months; Oropharyngeal Streptococcus pyogenes macrolide resistance to Penicillin and clindamycin in children 1-60 months; Oropharyngeal Streptococcus pyogenes macrolide resistance determinants (mefA, ermB, ermTR) in children 1-60 months; Microbial diversity in the conjunctival, nasopharyngeal, nasal, oropharyngeal, and intestinal microbiomes of children aged 1-60 months; Serology for exposure to exotic pathogens cross sectional sample of children aged 1-60 months; Knee-heel length and head circumference over time in children aged 1-60 months; Commensal and diarrheagenic E. coli carriage in stool of children aged 1-60 months

Proof of the clinical non inferiority by the cure rate at the treatment of a Pneumonia at the therapy end (round 3: Day 7 to 10) with a standard Penicillin in a high dosage; clinical cure rate; bacteriological effectiveness on patients and seed level; bacteriological sensitivity into-vitro; time up to the drug-switch; time until the dismissal of the patients necessity of the gift of additional antibacterial drug; cost reduction of the antibiotic-therapy and the complete treatment; assessment of the effectiveness by the investigator

Occurrence of at least 1 episode of true bacteremia among AL and HSCT subjects, respectively; Susceptibility of E. coli, K. pneumoniae, and P. aeruginosa to cefepime, imipenem, and levofloxacin; Susceptibility of S. mitis to cefepime, levofloxacin, and Penicillin; Presence of carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae; Duration of parenteral antibiotic administration; Incidence of febrile neutropenia, severe infection, and death from bacterial infection; Incidence of severe infection; Incidence of death from bacterial infection; Incidence of CDAD, defined as a positive C. difficile toxin assay result and diarrhea, CTCAE version 4, grade 2 and higher

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