Milky Way's Age Narrowed Down

The globular cluster NGC 6397 is about 7,200 light-years in the southern constellation Ara. It contains about 400,000 stars.

Credit: ESO

A new estimate of the age of our Milky Way Galaxy suggests it was an original member of the universe, having been born just about as early on as was possible.

The overall universe is about 13.7 billion years old. That figure, after decades of wildly varying estimates, was pinned down last year to within 200 million years of accuracy. Scientists used space-based observations of a microwave background radiation that had been unleashed as a dense fog cleared, shortly after the universe's formation.

The background radiation also suggested that the first stars formed about 200 million years after the Big Bang, theorists say, just as the fog lifted on the initial dark ages.

Astronomers have known that the Milky Way is among the oldest of galaxies.
The new observations suggest it was indeed one of the first to get under construction.
The study puts its age at 13.6 billion years, give or take 800 million years.
Further studies will be needed to reduce that margin of error.

A key to generating the new number was knowledge that the earliest stars formed
almost entirely from hydrogen. They lived short lives and exploded violently,
spewing new and heavier elements into their surroundings.

The new age estimate is based on measurements of the element beryllium in two
stars within a globular cluster of stars called NGC 6397. The amount of Beryllium,
one of the lightest elements, increased with time and serves as a sort of "cosmic
clock," according to the team, led by Luca Pasquini of the European Southern
Observatory.

The stars were found to be roughly 13.4 billion years old. The researchers
added to that an interval of about 200 million years they say it took for previous
generations of stars in the Milky Way to form, explode, and seed the fledgling
galaxy with the goods necessary to forge the types of stars found in NGC 6397.

The observations were made with the European Southern Observatory's Very Large
Telescope in Chile. The results will be detailed in the journal Astronomy
& Astrophysics.

Previously, three methods had been used to arrive at similar age estimates
with varying degrees of precision. According to NASA:

Radioactive dating of the elements Thorium 232 and Uranium 238 in one star
put the galaxy at 14 billion years old, plus or minus 2.4 billion years. Examinations
of the cooling rate of stellar corpses called white dwarfs yielded an age of
12.7 billion years, give or take 700 million years. And a look at when stars
within clusters stopped shining in their primary "main sequence" phase set the
age at 12.6 billion years, but with a possible range from 10.4 billion to 16
billion years.

Rob has been producing internet content since the mid-1990s. He was a writer, editor and Director of Site Operations at SPACE.com starting in 1999. He served as Managing Editor of LiveScience since its launch in 2004. He now oversees news operations for the TechMediaNetwork's growing suite of technology, science and business news sites. Prior to joining the company, Rob was an editor at The Star-Ledger in New Jersey. He has a journalism degree from Humboldt State University in California.