The Promise of Francis: The Man, the Pope, and the Challenge of Change

Summary

With more than four decades of firsthand experience reporting from Vatican City, David Willey explores the religious and personal background of Pope Francis and his ability to fulfill the promises of reform made during the first two years of his papacy.

Sex crimes and cover-ups, financial scandal, declining membership, and the unprecedented resignation of its chief executive, Pope Benedict XVI. These were the ingredients of a twenty-first century crisis in the Vatican—a crisis that might have anticipated the election of a steadily conservative pope, a career bureaucrat, and an insider. An operator. Instead they chose Francis.

Using his unparalleled access and knowledge of the inner workings of the Vatican, BBC correspondent David Willey chronicles Francis’s first two years as pope and analyzes what could happen in the years to come. He tells the inside story of how this most unlikely man came from “the end of the world” to lead the world’s largest corporation into the future, stirring millions to interest and faith again through his frank speeches and benevolent beliefs. In putting this all into context, Willey seeks to further unravel the mysteries and conspiracies that continue to surround the worldwide headquarters of the Roman Catholic Church.

The world has never seen the Church in a greater state of flux, as Francis’s words and deeds have enchanted, entertained, and sometimes enraged the public. In this comprehensive biography complete with full-color photography, David Willey explores the religious and personal background of the inspirational Pope Francis, his stunning impact on the Catholic Church, the hopes he has raised, and the legacy he will leave behind.

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The Promise of Francis - David Willey

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INTRODUCTION

The Challenge of Change

I once read that priests are like airplanes: they make news only when they crash, but there are many that fly.

—POPE FRANCIS, DECEMBER 22, 2014, TO THE ROMAN CURIA

Shortly after his election in March 2013, Pope Francis watched as an aide broke the seal on the front door of the papal penthouse apartment in the Apostolic Palace and handed him the key. For the past century, this ten-room apartment had been home to every successor of Saint Peter. As always when a pope dies (or as in this case, resigns), the doors of the official residence had been sealed with red ribbon and wax. The heavy window shutters had been closed, the electricity shut off.

The new pope was curious to see the home offered him. The Apostolic Palace inside the Vatican is the world’s fourth largest royal palace complex, outclassing even the former residence of the emperors of China, the Forbidden City in Beijing, and the Royal Palace of Madrid, currently Europe’s largest functioning palace.

But Francis was also apprehensive: the outward trappings of power had never interested the man known until only a few days previously as Cardinal, and often simply Father, Jorge Bergoglio. At home in Buenos Aires, he had always lived frugally, rarely attending official dinner parties or receptions. He had shunned the comfortable and spacious official archbishop’s residence in a posh suburb in favor of a couple of rooms in a church property adjoining the downtown cathedral. On weekends there he liked to cook his own meals. He dismissed his official chauffeur and preferred to travel around town by public transport, including the subway.

The papal apartment inside the Vatican is one of Rome’s most desirable pieces of residential real estate. It has stupendous 360-degree views of the Eternal City, and among its amenities are a hidden roof garden, a private chapel, a studio equipped for emergency medical treatment and dentistry, and a state-of-the-art kitchen. In addition, it offers separate quarters for a female domestic staff of four.

Romans always liked it: on evenings passersby in St. Peter’s Square would gaze upward and see a light burning in the second window from the left of the top floor of the papal apartment, well known to be the pope’s private study. The sight was somehow reassuring, for it confirmed that the pope was at home and busy at his desk. For me as a Londoner, it was akin to seeing Queen Elizabeth’s personal flag, the Royal Standard, aflutter above Buckingham Palace, confirmation that the queen is in residence.

Pope Francis peered inside the darkened rooms while aides fumbled for the light switches. When the lights were on he exclaimed in open dismay: But there’s room for two hundred people! I can’t settle here. As he explained in a later interview, When I saw the papal apartment, inside myself I distinctly heard a ‘no.’ Not that it is luxurious—it is old, large and tastefully decorated, but it is like a funnel. The entrance is so narrow that people could enter only in dribs and drabs. I cannot live without people. I need to live my life with others.1

As a result, so far during his papacy that apartment has remained shuttered and dark, save for when Francis appears at a window on Sunday morning to bless the pilgrims and Romans crowding into the square below. He also occasionally receives heads of state and other official visitors in its private library. (Larger delegations are received in spacious frescoed reception rooms on a lower floor.)

Instead Francis elected to live across the piazza in the more modest Casa Santa Marta. This Vatican guesthouse is run like a hotel with a public lobby and a restaurant with communal dining tables. During the weeks before electing a new pope and the actual balloting in the conclave, more than one hundred cardinals had occupied rooms there. Among its amenities is a modern chapel.

The new pope took up residence on the second floor in room number 201, the three-room suite previously reserved for VIP visitors. As this temporary arrangement became permanent, so did his routine. As he has for years, Francis rises every morning at 4:30 A.M. and prays in solitude before breakfast. Then he celebrates mass in the tiny, modern chapel of the Casa Santa Marta, where he delivers a short homily to forty or so specially invited worshippers.

During these early morning hours he sometimes wanders, often alone, around his new domain of one square mile, to chat with workmen, Vatican policemen, gardeners, firemen, and drivers. He learned that scores of homeless people were sleeping rough literally on his doorstep, sheltering in the embrace of Bernini’s colonnades facing St. Peter’s Basilica, or in doorways around the Vatican. So he asked his almoner, the Polish priest whose job it is to help the most needy in the Vatican neighborhood, to distribute hundreds of new sleeping bags, to install showers in the public toilets discreetly hidden behind the colonnades, and to arrange for a barber to give free haircuts once a week. He invited four of them (one insisted on bringing his dog with him) to share his birthday lunch at Santa Marta. He invited a group of 150 homeless for a free visit to view the artistic splendors of the Sistine Chapel, and offered front row seats at a Vatican charity concert to another.

In Argentina he had been known for taking public buses and the subway; now, snubbing the armor-plated Mercedes papal limousine used by his predecessors, he chose a small Ford Focus for his sorties into Rome.

The entire floor where he lives at the Casa Santa Marta is now reserved for his secretaries and main executive staff. And in the guesthouse are a number of meeting rooms conveniently close to the Vatican’s main audience hall, where he can hold private meetings with VIP visitors and discussions with heads of Vatican departments (that is, dicasteries, in ecclesiastical jargon).

His admitted longing for company can startle outsiders, even when they are ranking clergymen. The Casa Santa Marta has two elevators, one in theory reserved for the pontiff, the other for ordinary individuals including cardinals and bishops. Pope Francis tends to shun his personal elevator. A few old-timers sink to their knees when finding themselves in the communal elevator with the pope. When one obviously terrified visiting bishop suddenly found himself standing close to the pope, a smiling Francis told him, Don’t worry. I’m not going to eat you!

In its relatively severely decorated communal dining hall, where Pope Francis takes his meals in company, his table is separated from the others by a row of potted plants. A few of his fellow residents find that to run into a pope before breakfast, even behind potted plants, can be off-putting. As one Santa Marta guest confided to me, some make it a point to rise early enough to avoid that encounter, which they, if not he, view as extraordinarily formal, especially before morning coffee.

On the dark night of March 13 in St. Peter’s Square, rain was pelting down. For two days the cardinals had been sequestered inside the Sistine Chapel to ballot for a successor to Pope Benedict. In our own way the media was also sequestered by radio and television producers. Initially I had been on a hillside TV position overlooking the Vatican, but now I was in St. Peter’s Square high atop an open, windswept two-story scaffolding platform with plastic roofing that had been temporarily erected so that we could broadcast live around the clock, necessary to feed the differing time zones. Below us was a mass of flag-waving pilgrims (a third of the world’s countries have religious symbols on their national flags) plus thousands of curious Romans protecting themselves from the downpour with umbrellas.

Beside the small army of resident Vatican reporters on the scaffolding were commentators flown in for the occasion. No one expected a decision before day three, and this was only day two. So during the long hours as we waited, we had little to do but to speculate upon who would be the next pope. In this guessing game, the prime candidates included, besides the Italian Cardinal Angelo Scola, Archbishop of Milan; the Canadian Marc Ouellet, a Vatican heavyweight in charge of the appointment of bishops worldwide; Cardinal Cláudio Hummes of São Paolo, Brazil; and, as a long shot, the African Cardinal Peter Turkson of Accra, Ghana, who was already occupying the influential curial post of head of the Justice and Peace Commission.

None of us recalled that according to secret diaries that surfaced after Benedict had been elected pope eight years previously, Jorge Mario Bergoglio from Argentina had been the runner-up to Joseph Ratzinger.

Now the great bell of St. Peter tolled, and white smoke spewed from the narrow copper chimney tube atop the roof of the Sistine Chapel. At that point we knew that a pope had been elected, but not who he was. Still invisible, Bergoglio retired to the so-called Room of Tears next to the chapel to be vested in one of three all-white outfits prepared by papal tailor Gammarelli: one for a pope who was short and thin; one for a man of normal size; and one for a large, corpulent man. More than an hour passed. As we learned only later, the new pope was Bergoglio. The delay came about first because he had insisted on informing personally by telephone the retiring Pope Emeritus Benedict, who was watching the proceedings on TV with his closest staff members at the papal summer villa at Castel Gandolfo, outside of Rome. Long minutes had passed before anyone heard the telephone ringing and bothered to pick up the call.

The new pope, elected after only five ballots, as yet unknown to the excited crowds outside in the rain, secluded himself to pray alone inside the Pauline Chapel. This was and is the pope’s private chapel, only a few steps away from the Sistine Chapel. Aides had prepared a throne and kneeler there for the new pontiff. Instead Bergoglio seated himself in a back pew. Both Sistine and Pauline chapels had been decorated by Michelangelo, but in quite different moods. The Pauline Chapel, normally inaccessible to visitors, contains Michelangelo’s last two huge fresco paintings, in which the artist openly advocated church reform; Michelangelo knew that a conclave was to be held there. Upset by such insubordination, Paul IV, the reigning pontiff in 1555 (who invented the Roman Inquisition), cut off the aging Michelangelo’s pension for the rest of the artist’s life.

While the newly elected pontiff prayed, we of the media perched on our fragile tower continuing the guessing game.

At last the white curtains at the window behind the loggia on the façade of St. Peter’s Basilica were parted, and we could see a splash of red robe between two specks of white, the acolytes. When finally the man in red, French Cardinal Jean-Louis Tauran, spoke, he began in Latin: Annuntio vobis gaudium magnum (I announce to you a great joy), concluding with the famous words that everyone understood, Habemus Papam (We have a pope). As the crowd of over a hundred thousand roared, Tauran continued in Latin, Vatican workmen draped a huge dark red and white tapestry over the balcony, and finally we heard Bergoglium, followed, though not immediately, by Franciscum.

Now the great dark red velvet draperies were closed. Again we waited, in what was an extraordinarily prolonged theatrical moment, for the new pope to appear. From other balconies on the façade, cardinals in full regalia peered over. In this interval we were reminded of the fact that Bergoglio was the first-ever Jesuit to be elected pope, as well as the first pontiff from Latin America.

And then suddenly he was there in front of us, bespectacled and smiling broadly. His first words were stunningly simple: Fratelli e sorelle, buona sera! he said in Italian, not Latin. Brothers and sisters, good evening! It was a foretaste of his style of friendly familiarity. He continued: It seems that my brother cardinals have gone almost to the ends of the earth to give Rome a bishop, and here we are.

As the anthems of Italy and the Vatican were played by the band of Italy’s paramilitary Carabinieri, umbrellas were furled despite the rain, and the sea of flags waved. A galaxy of flashing mobile phones and tablets turned the piazza into a sparkling electronic firework display.

When the new pope had concluded his first blessing, he said, Let us begin our walk together, let us pray one for another. We are a great brotherhood. I hope that this journey we begin together will be fruitful for the evangelization of this beautiful city. Let me ask you a favor, he said. I would like you to pray for me as well, in silence.

At these words, total silence fell instantly over the crowded piazza, and he bent forward, in a gesture of unequivocal humility.

Elected pope, Francis immediately found himself facing conflictual differences that almost defy the imagination, and moreover are magnified upon a global scale. The Roman Catholic Church has been a global power for centuries; Jesuit missionary Matteo Ricci was in India in 1578 and in China by 1582, and other Jesuits were running missions in South America by the seventeenth century. But today’s is a vast global church, whose reach is radically extended by rapid air travel and instantaneous communications.

This means that everyone knows what the other is doing. The persistent yet reliable reports of child molestation, from California to Ireland to Australia, and of polygamy practiced among the pope’s rapidly expanding African flock—many of whose priests and bishops are themselves the sons of polygamous unions—cannot be swept under the carpet.

If we did not know, there was Pope Benedict XVI’s butler to tell us, in the Vatican scandal that came to be known as Vatileaks. Pope Benedict’s butler and personal valet, Paolo Gabriele, had systematically stolen from Benedict’s own desk top-secret documents, copies of which he handed over to Gianluigi Nuzzi, an Italian journalist. Gabriele actually believed that he was acting in the best interests of the church, but these copious leaks of documents had far-reaching consequences. Indeed, given the speed and globality of information about the church, the credibility of the entire institution was further harmed.

Popes don’t normally get a full briefing on the problems afflicting the universal church from their predecessors. The previous pontiff has usually been safely embalmed and entombed, and a week of official mourning been observed before the vital business of electing a successor begins.

But Pope Francis, surprisingly—and quite rapidly—elected by his peers to take over the scandal-tainted Catholic Church on March 13, 2013, did not have to rely on secondary sources or to scour the written record to inform himself about the disastrous situation confronting him.

A fifteen-minute ride in a brand-new helicopter, graciously provided by the Italian government, brought Pope Francis from the Vatican to the papal palace at Castelgandolfo. Pope Benedict had tactfully retired there after his resignation at the end of the previous month. The former pope, wearing a white padded jacket, looking rather wan and leaning on a cane, was waiting in the garden to embrace Francis. It was an amazing photo-op, this first meeting between the two popes, one reigning, one retired, who henceforth were to cohabit, albeit somewhat uneasily, inside the Vatican walls.

On the surface there was immediate gracious cordiality. They grasped hands and went off to pray together in the private chapel of the sprawling Renaissance castle, where a white upholstered armchair and kneeler had been strategically placed for the new pope. No, we are brothers, we pray together, insisted the new pope, kneeling side by side with Benedict.

They retired to a small drawing room where they sat facing each other. On a coffee table between them was a large white box with two white envelopes on top, which Pope Benedict had prepared for his successor. Here was the top-secret report that Pope Benedict had commissioned into the theft of some of his most private documents by his former butler. What is certain is that the former pope wanted to hand in person certain papers to his successor that were for his eyes only.

The Vatileaks scandal, which erupted in 2012, was not without precedent. When I was fresh out of Cambridge, I had gone to work for Reuters News Agency in Rome in 1956. There being no Internet nor smartphones, it fell to me to collect, even before Pope Pius XII spoke, a sealed envelope containing the text of his traditional Easter Sunday message to the world, Urbi et Orbi. The pickup point was in the coffee bar opposite the main entrance to Vatican City. By secret agreement, a friendly but corrupted Vatican official had planted it there on a certain shelf. Rome’s big four international news agencies paid him a retainer so that he would leak papal texts; but, most important, he guaranteed they would also have instant news of a papal illness or death; should the pope die on a Monday, the scoop went to Reuters; if a Tuesday, to the Associated Press, and so on.

Pope Pius XII did die the following year, but I did not have to return to the coffee bar, for by then I had moved on to other assignments in Brussels, then to North Africa, East Africa, and the Far East at the time of the Vietnam War.

I returned to Rome in 1972, this time permanently as a reporter for the BBC, and Paul VI was pope. Once more I was at St. Peter’s—this time, at the Apostle’s shrine, not the modest English church where as a cradle Catholic I used to attend mass with my mother as a child. From that point on I would cover the Vatican as well as Italian affairs. In so doing I would follow three successive popes on their foreign travels; with John Paul II alone I made fifty foreign trips covering every continent.

I looked back at my adolescent altar server days from a vastly more informed perspective. I may have lapsed, in Catholic jargon, but over the years I became fascinated by the geopolitics of the world’s longest enduring international organization. From Alice Springs to Zambia I saw the Catholic Church in action from the top, and became quite addicted to soaring above the Atlantic, Pacific, or Indian Oceans at thirty-six thousand feet in the company of the Vicar of Christ and his retinue as a member of the traveling Vatican Press Corps, or the VAMP as they are known today.

For Pope Benedict, his butler’s betrayal, and the ensuing scandal, were the last straw. On February 11, 2013, he stunned the entire Catholic world by announcing his resignation. This was the first time in centuries that any pope had stepped down voluntarily from his high office, and no one had expected or prepared for it. His official reason was a lack of strength of mind and body due to advancing age—he was already seventy-eight when elected and eighty-six when he decided to step down.

Within two weeks the cardinals who had been summoned to elect a successor converged on Rome during the last days of February 2013. They could not ignore the fact that their church was living through desperate times. Desperate measures were required. For almost two decades the church had been rudderless. During the final decade of his pontificate, John Paul II had been seriously weakened by Parkinson’s disease, and while he tried his best, his physical decline forced him to leave management of the church to others, some of whom took advantage of a de facto power vacuum. His successor was Cardinal Joseph Ratzinger, German theologian and long-serving aide to John Paul. During his eight-year reign as Benedict XVI, that aging pontiff found himself overwhelmed by an avalanche of intractable problems. Frustrated, he seemed to long to shrink back into the academic life to which he had been accustomed before becoming pope.

The Vatican bank stood accused of money laundering and was under investigation by the Italian judiciary. The clergy sex abuse scandal, and the extensive cover-up by bishops and by the Vatican itself, was making daily headlines worldwide. In Europe and North America, vocations were in decline, especially among women. American nuns were being accused of radical feminism, and stunned to learn that they were the subject of an official Vatican probe. The forty-year-old ban on contraception was simply ignored by the faithful in most countries, although not by the Vatican. The debate over same-sex marriages, abortion, and communion for the divorced simmered. Ever fewer faithful attended Sunday mass; in Latin America defections to evangelical Protestant churches soared. In the Middle East, assaults upon the already dwindling Christian presence, masterminded by radical Islam, were gathering speed.

Not least, there was a growing recognition that many of the reforms proposed and begun during the Second Vatican Council (1962–65) had never been fully implemented. Popes John Paul II and Benedict XVI had backpedaled (although neither would probably admit this). Cardinal Carlo Maria Martini, the Jesuit archbishop of Milan, once tipped as a possible future pope, wrote prophetically just before he died in 2012 (his words were published only posthumously), The church is two hundred years behind the times.

Our culture has aged, our churches are big and empty, our rites and customs are pompous, Martini said in his startlingly frank and prophetic deathbed interview: The church must admit its mistakes and take a radical path of change, starting with the pope and the bishops.

Before the conclave was formally opened inside the Sistine Chapel, groups of cardinals met every morning and afternoon, and then often met again privately in smaller groups in the evening. A sense of panic permeated many of these tense meetings, as was clear not only from confidential whispers from cardinals but unwittingly from the media briefings by the official Vatican spokesman, Father Federico Lombardi.

These preconclave meetings proved to be decisive. On March 9, at the daily official gathering of all the cardinals (the General Congregation) in the Synod Hall within the Vatican, the Archbishop of Buenos Aires, Cardinal Jorge Mario Bergoglio, made a short but forceful speech that gripped the imagination of many in the assembly. The speech was masterful and enlightening, said the cardinal from Cuba, Jaime Lucas Ortega y Alamino, to whom Bergoglio later gave his handwritten notes to keep.

From these notes it is clear that Bergoglio’s two main points were, first, that the Church must come out of herself and go to the peripheries [marginal areas of the world] in both a geographic and existential sense.2 Second, the church must beware of theological narcissism—that is, must stop looking inward; spiritual worldliness is the great evil, he said. Cardinal Bergoglio concluded by suggesting that the next pope be one to carry out possible changes and [the] reforms that must be made.

Reforms—this was the key word that many, but not all, wanted to hear.

But whether or not they wanted to hear it, behind the ritual pomp and circumstance key questions were being posed. What was the significance of the election of the first Jesuit pope in history? And what would it mean to have the first-ever pope from South America? Pope Francis was not only a bishop who had come from the end of the earth. He was an outsider come in from the cold.

More than two years have passed since then. The popularity of Pope Francis has soared beyond the imaginable; in 2013 he drew 6.6 million visitors to the Vatican in only nine months. During 2014 nearly six million people attended his general audiences, masses, and private meetings. In 2015 an estimated seven million attended his final mass in a park in Manila during his pilgrimage to the Philippines. It may have been the largest crowd to gather in human history.

Pope Francis is admired by atheists and Protestants as well as by Roman Catholics. He is perceived as a rare moral leader on the world stage and, for many, the only point of moral reference in an era of strife and brutality unprecedented since World War II. Pew Research polls show that he ranks among the world’s most popular political leaders, second only to President Barack Obama. Polls in Italy show that he is the sole leader who is admired without qualification.

Much of this worldwide admiration derives from his frugal lifestyle, in sharp contrast with that of some other princes of the church whom he has not hesitated to criticize for their worldly ways.

Not even former Pope Benedict is immune from criticism on this score. Once a nun’s convent, his retirement home lies on the far side of the Vatican Gardens. It had been entirely restructured to accommodate Joseph Ratzinger several months before the shock announcement of his abdication. Residing with him in it is the former pope’s longtime secretary, Archbishop Georg Gänswein, and the four consecrated women who perform domestic chores—those same four women who occupied their own top-floor quarters in the papal apartment within the Apostolic Palace.

Other large Vatican homes are traditional perks for those who have held or hold top Vatican jobs. Cardinal Tarcisio Bertone, who was Benedict’s secretary of state, occupies a huge, 4,306-square-foot penthouse apartment that, like Ratzinger’s, was also newly restructured specifically for him. (Bertone has since complained that his bedroom roof leaks.)

Cardinal Pietro Parolin, the successor to Ratzinger’s foreign affairs chief Bertone, resides in a magnificent Renaissance apartment, while retired Cardinal Giovanni Battista Re occupies another penthouse with an astonishing view over Rome. Another palatial apartment is occupied by the governor of Vatican City; its past occupants included deceased Vatican financial luminaries like the Marchese Giulio Sacchetti, a layman from the noble Florentine banking family that had tended papal finances for centuries. It was so large that when occupied by Cardinal Rosario Castillo Lara from Venezuela, he was ironically nicknamed Cardinal Settebagni (Cardinal Seven Bathrooms).

Other desirable Vatican lifetime grace and favor homes include a villa on the Janiculum hill overlooking St. Peter’s Basilica. Its occupant is the cardinal in charge of the foreign missions dicastery, Propaganda Fide. And other very comfortable residences belonging to the Vatican lie within an extraterritorial enclave in the heart of Trastevere.

During the first months after his election, Pope Francis made it known among his aides that he had no intention of imitating the unprecedented worldwide travel program of John Paul II, who made 105 foreign trips during a quarter century. But gradually as invitations came pouring in from countries in Africa, Asia, and Latin America, Francis changed his mind. During 2015, apart from his weeklong January visit to Asia and another, slightly shorter one, in September to the United States and Cuba, he made a day trip to Sarajevo in June, and plans a July visit to Ecuador, Bolivia, and Paraguay, not to mention a separate short stay in two African countries, the war-torn Central African Republic and Uganda in November. In 2016 he is already planning his first return trip to his native Argentina since his election, which will also include side trips to Chile and Uruguay.

Surprisingly, Francis had never visited the United States before his 2015 visit to Washington, New York, and Philadelphia. Nor had he ever traveled extensively in the Middle East. He had been unexpectedly marooned in Jerusalem by the outbreak of the 1973 Yom Kippur war during his first visit to the Holy Land, long before his official pilgrimage as pope to Jordan, the Palestinian territories, and Israel in May 2014. During his enforced stay at the American Colony Hotel in Jerusalem amid the 1973 hostilities while Syria and Egypt attacked Israel, he most likely met his reform-minded Jesuit colleague Father Carlo Maria Martini, the future cardinal archbishop of Milan, at the time rector of the Jesuits’ prestigious Pontifical Biblical Institute.3

The recalibration of the College of Cardinals quickly became one of his top priorities. Pope Francis wants the electors of his successors to be more representative of the worldwide church, and particularly of the southern hemisphere, where most of the world’s Catholics now live.

In his first batch of new cardinals’ appointments in 2013, Pope Francis had already started a trend toward giving poor countries in the southern hemisphere more and fairer representation in Rome. Bishops and archbishops from some of the poorest countries in the world—from Haiti in the Caribbean, Burkina Faso and Ivory Coast in West Africa, and Nicaragua in Central America—were promoted to the highest ranks in the church. In February 2015, a second group, including the first-ever cardinals from the remote Pacific island of Tonga, as well as prelates from New Zealand,