Rates of women who are opting for preventive mastectomies, such as Angeline Jolie, have increased by an estimated 50 percent in recent years, experts say. But many doctors are puzzled because the operation doesn't carry a 100 percent guarantee, it's major surgery -- and women have other options, from a once-a-day pill to careful monitoring.

The flu vaccine will not necessarily prevent you from experiencing the flu’s miserable symptoms, like fever, hacking cough, runny nose and “hit-by-a-truck” body aches. Studies have shown that the shot generally works about 52 percent of the time.

If you are elderly or chronically ill, the vaccine can help jump-start your body’s weakened defenses and perhaps prevent the worst from happening if you do catch the virus.

But the millions of people who are younger and healthier do not really need it — especially during a vaccine shortage, public health officials say.

'You’re probably going to get through it'
“Right now the entire country runs on fear and we don’t need to live like that,” said Catharine A. Kopac, a Georgetown University gerontology nurse. “We somehow think we should be disease-free all the time. If you’re leading a healthy life and you get sick with the flu, you’re probably going to get through it.”

For years, most people ignored the government’s vaccination campaign, in part because of persistent myths that the shot hurts (not much; the needle is small) and it makes you sick (no, the conventional vaccine is made from dead virus).

As recently as last year, 4 million doses of vaccine went unused, even though an alarming early strain of influenza emerged and gained attention because several children died from it, particularly in Colorado.

Two-thirds of Americans age 65 and older were vaccinated in 2002. But only 28 percent of people with chronic illness and 30 percent of children 6 months to 23 months old got their shots. Health care workers were not much better at 38 percent.

'Scarcity mentality'Nevertheless, the sudden vaccine shortage this fall is igniting a “scarcity mentality” similar to runs on banks during stock market crashes and convenience stores when hurricanes brew offshore.

Video: Flu cruise
Millions who never bothered to get vaccinated before suddenly are hounding their doctors, workplace nurses and supermarket clinics. Americans are crossing borders and proffering their exposed arms; in Seattle, people are paying $105 to ride a high-speed ferry for a shot at the dock in Victoria, British Columbia.

What is behind this feverish behavior? Researchers say it is not so much the flu itself as a more generalized sense of feeling unprotected.

“Not being able to get the shot takes away your control over your health,” said David Ropeik, director of risk communication at the Harvard School of Public. “That sense of being out of control is scary.”

Many providers are rationing precious vials for their neediest patients. For the rest of us, their advice is more motherly: wash your hands frequently, and if you do get sick, stay home and drink hot soup.

Most flu victims die from complicationsIn the United States, the flu’s average annual death toll is as high as 51,000. Rarely do the victims die from the virus itself. Rather, it weakens their immune systems so that a bacterial infection — often pneumonia — delivers the fatal blow. Others have pre-existing conditions like heart disease. Hospitalizations have almost quadrupled over the past two decades, to 200,000 annually.

Only two pharmaceutical companies make flu vaccine for the U.S. market. The vaccine shortage erupted Oct. 5 when regulators shut Chiron Corp.’s labs in Liverpool, England, cutting the expected U.S. supply by 48 million doses, or nearly half.

“This is our biggest nightmare come true,” said Noreen Nicol, chief clinical officer at the National Jewish Medical and Research Center in Denver, which received only about half of the 2,000 doses of flu vaccine it ordered.

Still, infectious-disease experts say flu should no longer be a catastrophic illness among otherwise healthy people, at least not in the way it was in 1918 when it killed 40 million people worldwide.

For one thing, there are still about 61 million vials of vaccine in the U.S. pipeline. That is roughly equal to the nation’s entire supply in 2000. With proper distribution, that is enough to protect the 42.8 million Americans who really need anti-viral protection, said University of Rochester infectious disease specialist John Treanor.

Also, this year’s dominant strain appears to be similar to last year’s. More than one-third of Americans were either vaccinated or exposed to it naturally, and some doctors believe there ought to be at least some carry-over immunity.

And unlike 1918, now there are at least four antiviral medications that can relieve the flu’s worst effects if taken within 48 hours of the onset of symptoms.