...epoch is discussed by Grove ( 1996 ). Some recent tree ring analyses for Fennoscandia by Briffa et al. ( 1990 ), however, have failed to find any unambiguous evidence for this warm phase, or for very extended runs of warm years. They conclude (p. 438) that their reconstruction “dispels any notion that summers in Fennoscandia were consistently warm throughout that period. Although the second half of the twelfth century was very warm, the first half was very cold. For most of the eleventh and thirteenth centuries, summers were near normal (relative to the mean...

...closely with warm wet years ( Li et al., 2006 ). However, some recent tree-ring analyses for Fennoscandia by Briffa et al. ( 1990 ) have failed to find unambiguous evidence for this warm phase or for extended warm periods. They conclude (p. 438) that their reconstruction “dispels any notion that summers in Fennoscandia were consistently warm throughout that period. Although the second half of the twelfth century was very warm, the first half was very cold. For most of the eleventh and thirteenth centuries, summers were near normal (relative to the mean...

...move as a shift in priorities away from teaching as a communication tactic with the objective of increasing knowledge toward objectives that might be possible from meaningful dialogue between scientists and nonscientists.
Objective: Science Knowledge Increasing knowledge and dispelling myths have long been the aims of scientists who choose to communicate ( Burnham, 1987 ). However, while the science education literature (e.g., Lederman, Bartos, & Lederman, 2014 ) continues to focus on increasing knowledge of science-related facts and processes, a wide...

...and produced boomerang effects among polarized partisans. And, also in a similar line of research, Kahan et al. ( 2011 ) conducted a study to test the hypothesis that cultural cognition theory driven by directional motivated reasoning explains the failure of expert consensus to dispel public controversy over the issues of climate change, nuclear waste storage, and gun rights. They conducted a nationally representative survey experiment in the United States and varied attributions of a “low risk” or “high risk” frame on each issue to one of three featured...

...cognitive conceptions of practical reason that downplay the influence of emotions and thereby leave climate communicators without adequate conceptual resources to evaluate and motivate persuasive communication.
Committed Kantians, however, still have one resource that might dispel these worries and offer a more nuanced approach to climate communication: the distinction between categorical and hypothetical imperatives . While Kant argued that moral actions must be based on the “categorical imperative” and not violate this a priori principle, he...

...it. Separating climate change knowledge from social identity is no small task given the extreme ideological polarization evident in the climate change debate today ( Leiserowitz et al., 2014 ). In Kahan’s words, “It would be glib to say ‘that’s all communicators have to do’ to dispel polarization over climate science. It is what they have to do. But how to do this is far from obvious” ( 2015 , p. 30). He recommends that science communicators, educators, and public opinion scholars distinguish between (a) beliefs about climate change and (b) knowledge of what...

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