For fifteen years, Tauzin was one of the more Conservative Democrats in the United States House of Representatives. Even though he eventually rose to become an assistant majority whip, he felt shut out by some of his more liberal colleagues and sometimes had to ask the Republicans for floor time. When the Democrats lost control of the House after the 1994 elections, Tauzin was one of the cofounders of the House Blue Dog Coalition, a group of moderate-to-conservative Democrats.

However, on August 8, 1995, Tauzin himself became a Republican and claimed that conservatives were no longer welcome in the Democratic Party. He soon became a Deputy majority whip, becoming the first Congressman to have been part of the leadership of both parties in the House. Regardless of party, Tauzin remained popular at home. After 1980, he was reelected twelve more times without major-party opposition; the first nine of those completely unopposed.

Tauzin served as chairman of the Energy and Commerce Committee from 2001 until February 4, 2004 when he announced he wouldn't run for a 13th full term. Tauzin, who has five children by his first marriage, heavily backed his son, Billy Tauzin III, as his replacement, even going so far as to appear in ads that were criticized as blurring the lines on which man was actually running for Congress. In spite of his father's support, the younger Tauzin was defeated by 569 votes by Democrat Charlie Melancon.

Tauzin resigned from Congress in February 2004. In January 2005, the day after his term in Congress ended he began work as the head of the Pharmaceutical Research and Manufacturers of America, or PhRMA.[2] a powerful trade group for pharmaceutical companies. Tauzin was hired at a salary outsiders estimated at $2 million a year. Five years later, he announced his retirement from the association (as of the end of June 2010).[3]

Two months before resigning as chair of the U.S. House Committee on Energy and Commerce, which oversees the drug industry, Tauzin had played a key role in shepherding through Congress the Medicare Prescription Drug Bill. Democrats said that the bill was "a give-away to the drugmakers" because it prohibited the government from negotiating lower drug prices and bans the importation of identical, cheaper, drugs from Canada and elsewhere. The Veterans Affairs agency, which can negotiate drug prices, pays much less than Medicare. The bill was passed in an unusual congressional session at 3 a.m. under heavy pressure from the drug companies.[4][5]

As head of PhRMA, Tauzin was a key player in 2009 health care reform negotiations that produced pharmaceutical industry support for White House and Senate efforts.[6]

Tauzin received $11.6 million from PhRMA in 2010, making him the highest-paid health-law lobbyist.[7] Tauzin now is on the Board of Directors at Louisiana Healthcare Group.

Tauzin endorsed Jerome Schneider's book The Complete Guide to Offshore Money Havens, dubbing the book "A serious contender for the best book on offshore banking I've ever seen."[8] Tauzin also spoke at one of Schneider's tax conferences.[9] After Schneider pleaded guilty in 2004 to assisting hundreds of people to avoid taxes through sham offshore banks,[9][10] a spokesperson for Tauzin called his endorsement "a stupid mistake."[9]

In his capacity as chair of the House Committee on Energy and Commerce, Tauzin "was one of the chief architects of the Medicare bill."[11] Tauzin's appointment shortly afterward as chief lobbyist for the Pharmaceutical Research and Manufacturers of America (PhRMA), the trade association and lobby group for the drug industry, drew criticism from consumer advocacy group Public Citizen, which claimed Tauzin "may have been negotiating for the lobbying job while writing the Medicare legislation."[11][12]

It's a sad commentary on politics in Washington that a member of Congress who pushed through a major piece of legislation benefiting the drug industry, gets the job leading that industry.

1.
United States House of Representatives
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The United States House of Representatives is the lower chamber of the United States Congress which, along with the Senate, composes the legislature of the United States. The composition and powers of the House are established by Article One of the United States Constitution, since its inception in 1789, all representatives are elected popularly. The total number of voting representatives is fixed by law at 435, the House is charged with the passage of federal legislation, known as bills, which, after concurrence by the Senate, are sent to the President for consideration. The presiding officer is the Speaker of the House, who is elected by the members thereof and is traditionally the leader of the controlling party. He or she and other leaders are chosen by the Democratic Caucus or the Republican Conferences. The House meets in the wing of the United States Capitol. Under the Articles of Confederation, the Congress of the Confederation was a body in which each state was equally represented. All states except Rhode Island agreed to send delegates, the issue of how to structure Congress was one of the most divisive among the founders during the Convention. The House is referred to as the house, with the Senate being the upper house. Both houses approval is necessary for the passage of legislation, the Virginia Plan drew the support of delegates from large states such as Virginia, Massachusetts, and Pennsylvania, as it called for representation based on population. The smaller states, however, favored the New Jersey Plan, the Constitution was ratified by the requisite number of states in 1788, but its implementation was set for March 4,1789. The House began work on April 1,1789, when it achieved a quorum for the first time, during the first half of the 19th century, the House was frequently in conflict with the Senate over regionally divisive issues, including slavery. The North was much more populous than the South, and therefore dominated the House of Representatives, However, the North held no such advantage in the Senate, where the equal representation of states prevailed. Regional conflict was most pronounced over the issue of slavery, One example of a provision repeatedly supported by the House but blocked by the Senate was the Wilmot Proviso, which sought to ban slavery in the land gained during the Mexican–American War. Conflict over slavery and other issues persisted until the Civil War, the war culminated in the Souths defeat and in the abolition of slavery. Because all southern senators except Andrew Johnson resigned their seats at the beginning of the war, the years of Reconstruction that followed witnessed large majorities for the Republican Party, which many Americans associated with the Unions victory in the Civil War and the ending of slavery. The Reconstruction period ended in about 1877, the ensuing era, the Democratic and the Republican Party held majorities in the House at various times. The late 19th and early 20th centuries also saw an increase in the power of the Speaker of the House

2.
Louisiana
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Louisiana is a state located in the southern region of the United States. Louisiana is the 31st most extensive and the 25th most populous of the 50 United States and its capital is Baton Rouge and largest city is New Orleans. Louisiana is the state in the U. S. with political subdivisions termed parishes. The largest parish by population is East Baton Rouge Parish, Louisiana is bordered by Arkansas to the north, Mississippi to the east, Texas to the west, and the Gulf of Mexico to the south. Much of the lands were formed from sediment washed down the Mississippi River, leaving enormous deltas and vast areas of coastal marsh. These contain a rich southern biota, typical examples include birds such as ibis, there are also many species of tree frogs, and fish such as sturgeon and paddlefish. In more elevated areas, fire is a process in the landscape. These support a large number of plant species, including many species of orchids. Louisiana has more Native American tribes than any other state, including four that are federally recognized, ten that are state recognized. Before the American purchase of the territory in 1803, the current Louisiana State had been both a French colony and for a period, a Spanish one. In addition, colonists imported numerous African people as slaves in the 18th century, many came from peoples of the same region of West Africa, thus concentrating their culture. Louisiana was named after Louis XIV, King of France from 1643 to 1715, when René-Robert Cavelier, Sieur de La Salle claimed the territory drained by the Mississippi River for France, he named it La Louisiane. The suffix -ana is a Latin suffix that can refer to information relating to an individual, subject. Thus, roughly, Louis + ana carries the idea of related to Louis, the Gulf of Mexico did not exist 250 million years ago when there was but one supercontinent, Pangea. As Pangea split apart, the Atlantic Ocean and Gulf of Mexico opened, Louisiana slowly developed, over millions of years, from water into land, and from north to south. The oldest rocks are exposed in the north, in such as the Kisatchie National Forest. The oldest rocks date back to the early Tertiary Era, some 60 million years ago, the history of the formation of these rocks can be found in D. Spearings Roadside Geology of Louisiana. The sediments were carried north to south by the Mississippi River

3.
Louisiana's 3rd congressional district
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Louisianas 3rd congressional district is a congressional district in the U. S. state of Louisiana. The district covers the south central tier of the state west to the Texas border, Louisiana gained its 2nd and 3rd Congressional Districts in 1823 as part of the 18th United States Congress. Since at least the 1870s, the district has borne the heavy influence of southern Louisianas Acadian culture, martin represented the district as a Bull Moose Progressive from 1915 to 1919, when he switched to the Democrats. Martin remained in office as a Democrat until his death in 1929, the district became more competitive for the Republicans later in the 20th century. In 1966, Hall Lyons of Lafayette, polled 40 percent of the vote as a Republican candidate against veteran Democratic incumbent Edwin E. Willis, in 1972, the district elected David C. Treen as the first Republican U. S. representative from Louisiana since 1891, redistricting in the 1980s pushed the district out of the fast-growing suburbs of Metairie and the city of Kenner, to help keep the seat in the hands of Treens Democratic successor, Billy Tauzin. As a Republican, Tauzin continued to serve until retiring from Congress in 2005, Democrat Charlie Melançon won the seat in 2004, was reelected in 2006, and was unopposed in 2008. For most of the time from 1823 to 2013, the district contained large portions of southeastern and south central Louisiana, including River Parishes, in its final configuration, it contained the cities of Chalmette, Gonzales, Houma, Thibodaux, Morgan City, and New Iberia. However, when Louisiana lost a district after the 2010 census, the new 3rd included most of southwestern Louisiana, including Lafayette and Lake Charles. Most of this territory had been the 7th district before the 2010 census, the old 3rds last congressman, freshman Republican Jeff Landry, had his home in New Iberia drawn into the new 3rd and opted to run there against 7th District Congressman Charles Boustany. However, Landry could not overcome the fact that some 60 percent of the district was new to him, the new 3rd, like the old 3rd, has a rich Cajun culture. Louisianas congressional districts List of United States congressional districts Martis, Kenneth C, the Historical Atlas of Political Parties in the United States Congress. The Historical Atlas of United States Congressional Districts, Congressional Biographical Directory of the United States 1774–present, bioguide. congress. gov, accessed November 18,2016. Rep. Clay Higginss official House of Representatives website

4.
David Treen
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David Conner Dave Treen, Sr. was an American attorney and politician from Mandeville, St. Tammany Parish, Louisiana. In 1979 he was elected as the first Republican Governor of the U. S. state of Louisiana since Reconstruction and it was a sign of changing party affiliations among white conservatives in the state, who have comprised a majority of the population since at least 1900. In 1972 Treen was the first Republican elected in times from this state to the U. S. House of Representatives. But by 1900, two years after the new constitution, only 5,320 black voters were registered in the state, despite their advances in education and literacy. They had constituted the majority of Republican Party members in the 19th century after gaining the franchise as freedmen, Treen served as governor from 1980–84. He lost his bid in 1983 for reelection to his popular long-time rival, Democrat Edwin Edwards, Treen had earlier been elected to Congress in 1972, serving from 1973-80. Treen grew up as a Democrat, but joined the Republican Party in 1962, at the time, there were about 10,000 registered Republicans in the state, African Americans, who had previously made up most of the party members, were still mostly disenfranchised. By the time of Treens death in 2009, only a few other living Louisiana Republicans had exceeded his length of tenure in the Republican Party, Treen was born in the state capital of Baton Rouge, to Elizabeth Treen and Joseph Paul Treen, Sr. He had two brothers, Joseph Paul Treen, Jr. and John Speir Treen and he graduated in 1945 from Alcee Fortier High School in New Orleans. He earned a Bachelor of Arts degree in 1948 in history, while at Tulane, he was a brother of Kappa Sigma fraternity. In 1950, he graduated from Tulane Law School and was admitted to the bar, in 1951, Treen married Dolores Dodi Brisbi, a graduate of Newcomb College in New Orleans. Treen served in the U. S. Air Force from 1951 to 1952, after his discharge, Treen joined the law firm of Deutsch, Kerrigan & Stiles. He also served as a president of the Simplex Manufacturing Corporation of New Orleans from 1952–57. The Treens had three children, Jennifer, David C. Jr. and Cynthia, (Their children married, and the Treens had a total of nine grandchildren. Treens eldest grandson, Jason Stewart Neville, was one of the members of the Green Party of Louisiana. The civil rights movement gained increasing force through the 1960s, in 1954 the United States Supreme Court ruled in Brown v. Board of Education that segregation of public schools was unconstitutional. By 1960 African Americans made up a proportion of the states population. They constituted 32% of the population, in 1960, Treen opposed the election of both Republican Richard Nixon and Democrat John F. Kennedy as president

5.
Louisiana House of Representatives
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The Louisiana House of Representatives is the lower house in the Louisiana State Legislature, the state legislature of the US state of Louisiana. The House is composed of 105 Representatives, each of whom represents approximately 42,500 people, members serve four-year terms with a term limit of three terms. The House is one of the five state legislative lower houses that has a four-year term, the House convenes at the State Capitol in Baton Rouge. The Speaker of the House presides over the House of Representatives, the Speaker is customarily recommended by the Governor, then elected by the full House. In addition to presiding over the body, the Speaker is also the leadership position. The House of Representatives also elects a Speaker pro tempore to preside in the absence of the Speaker, the current Speaker is Republican Chuck Kleckley of the 36th District who was elected to that position in 2012 succeeding Jim Tucker. His deputy is the Speaker pro tempore, currently Democrat Walt Leger, the Speaker pro tempore presides when the Speaker is not present. The Chairman of the Republican Delegation is Lance Harris of the 25th District, the Louisiana House of Representatives comprises 105 representatives elected from across the state from single-member districts by registered voters in the district. Representatives must be electors, be at least eighteen years old, be domiciled in the district they represent at least one year, the House is the judge of its members qualifications and elections. Elections occur every four years and representatives are limited to three four-year terms, if a seat is vacant, it will be filled in a special election. The House is the legislative chamber of the Louisiana State Legislature. The Louisiana House has sole authority to state officials and introduce appropriation bills. The Louisiana House of Representatives was established, along with its functions and authority, in Article III, the Committees of the Louisiana House review proposed bills and either kill them or recommend their passage to the full House. Each committee has an area it oversees. Committees can call upon state officials to testify at committee meetings, committee membership including Chairmanships and Vice Chairmanships are assigned by the Speaker

6.
Chackbay, Louisiana
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Chackbay is a census-designated place in northern Lafourche Parish, Louisiana, United States. The population was 4,018 at the 2000 census and it is part of the Houma–Bayou Cane–Thibodaux Metropolitan Statistical Area. It is a part of the Ward 6 area of Lafourche Parish, chackbay is located at 29°53′21″N 90°45′7″W. According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has an area of 28.6 square miles. As of the census of 2000, there were 4,018 people,1,440 households, the population density was 140.7 people per square mile. There were 1,503 housing units at a density of 52.6 per square mile. The racial makeup of the CDP was 94. 47% White,3. 98% African American,0. 70% Native American,0. 27% Asian,0. 10% from other races, hispanic or Latino of any race were 0. 75% of the population. 17. 8% of all households were made up of individuals and 6. 0% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older, the average household size was 2.79 and the average family size was 3.16. In the CDP, the population was out with 27. 5% under the age of 18,9. 0% from 18 to 24,33. 8% from 25 to 44,20. 9% from 45 to 64. The median age was 34 years, for every 100 females there were 98.9 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 95.7 males, the median income for a household in the CDP was $37,357, and the median income for a family was $41,934. Males had an income of $31,139 versus $19,443 for females. The per capita income for the CDP was $15,389, about 10. 2% of families and 13. 3% of the population were below the poverty line, including 17. 7% of those under age 18 and 12. 3% of those age 65 or over. Lafourche Parish Public Schools operates public schools, chackbay Elementary School serves the community. Sixth Ward Middle School and Thibodaux High School serve residents of the Ward 6 area, residents are served by the Ward 6 Senior Citizens Center

7.
Democratic Party (United States)
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The Democratic Party is one of the two major contemporary political parties in the United States, along with the Republican Party. The Democrats dominant worldview was once socially conservative and fiscally classical liberalism, while, especially in the rural South, since Franklin D. Roosevelt and his New Deal coalition in the 1930s, the Democratic Party has also promoted a social-liberal platform, supporting social justice. Today, the House Democratic caucus is composed mostly of progressives and centrists, the partys philosophy of modern liberalism advocates social and economic equality, along with the welfare state. It seeks to provide government intervention and regulation in the economy, the party has united with smaller left-wing regional parties throughout the country, such as the Farmer–Labor Party in Minnesota and the Nonpartisan League in North Dakota. Well into the 20th century, the party had conservative pro-business, the New Deal Coalition of 1932–1964 attracted strong support from voters of recent European extraction—many of whom were Catholics based in the cities. After Franklin D. Roosevelts New Deal of the 1930s, the pro-business wing withered outside the South, after the racial turmoil of the 1960s, most southern whites and many northern Catholics moved into the Republican Party at the presidential level. The once-powerful labor union element became smaller and less supportive after the 1970s, white Evangelicals and Southerners became heavily Republican at the state and local level in the 1990s. However, African Americans became a major Democratic element after 1964, after 2000, Hispanic and Latino Americans, Asian Americans, the LGBT community, single women and professional women moved towards the party as well. The Northeast and the West Coast became Democratic strongholds by 1990 after the Republicans stopped appealing to socially liberal voters there, overall, the Democratic Party has retained a membership lead over its major rival the Republican Party. The most recent was the 44th president Barack Obama, who held the office from 2009 to 2017, in the 115th Congress, following the 2016 elections, Democrats are the opposition party, holding a minority of seats in both the House of Representatives and the Senate. The party also holds a minority of governorships, and state legislatures, though they do control the mayoralty of cities such as New York City, Los Angeles, Chicago, Houston, and Washington, D. C. The Democratic Party traces its origins to the inspiration of the Democratic-Republican Party, founded by Thomas Jefferson, James Madison and that party also inspired the Whigs and modern Republicans. Organizationally, the modern Democratic Party truly arose in the 1830s, since the nomination of William Jennings Bryan in 1896, the party has generally positioned itself to the left of the Republican Party on economic issues. They have been liberal on civil rights issues since 1948. On foreign policy both parties changed position several times and that party, the Democratic-Republican Party, came to power in the election of 1800. After the War of 1812 the Federalists virtually disappeared and the national political party left was the Democratic-Republicans. The Democratic-Republican party still had its own factions, however. As Norton explains the transformation in 1828, Jacksonians believed the peoples will had finally prevailed, through a lavishly financed coalition of state parties, political leaders, and newspaper editors, a popular movement had elected the president

8.
Republican Party (United States)
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The Republican Party, commonly referred to as the GOP, is one of the two major contemporary political parties in the United States, the other being its historic rival, the Democratic Party. The party is named after republicanism, the dominant value during the American Revolution, there have been 19 Republican presidents, the most from any one party. The Republican Partys current ideology is American conservatism, which contrasts with the Democrats more progressive platform, further, its platform involves support for free market capitalism, free enterprise, fiscal conservatism, a strong national defense, deregulation, and restrictions on labor unions. In addition to advocating for economic policies, the Republican Party is socially conservative. As of 2017, the GOP is documented as being at its strongest position politically since 1928, in addition to holding the Presidency, the Republicans control the 115th United States Congress, having majorities in both the House of Representatives and the Senate. The party also holds a majority of governorships and state legislatures, the main cause was opposition to the Kansas–Nebraska Act, which repealed the Missouri Compromise by which slavery was kept out of Kansas. The Northern Republicans saw the expansion of slavery as a great evil, the first public meeting of the general anti-Nebraska movement where the name Republican was suggested for a new anti-slavery party was held on March 20,1854, in a schoolhouse in Ripon, Wisconsin. The name was chosen to pay homage to Thomas Jeffersons Republican Party. The first official party convention was held on July 6,1854, in Jackson and it oversaw the preserving of the union, the end of slavery, and the provision of equal rights to all men in the American Civil War and Reconstruction, 1861–1877. The Republicans initial base was in the Northeast and the upper Midwest, with the realignment of parties and voters in the Third Party System, the strong run of John C. Fremont in the 1856 United States presidential election demonstrated it dominated most northern states, early Republican ideology was reflected in the 1856 slogan free labor, free land, free men, which had been coined by Salmon P. Chase, a Senator from Ohio. Free labor referred to the Republican opposition to labor and belief in independent artisans. Free land referred to Republican opposition to the system whereby slaveowners could buy up all the good farm land. The Party strove to contain the expansion of slavery, which would cause the collapse of the slave power, Lincoln, representing the fast-growing western states, won the Republican nomination in 1860 and subsequently won the presidency. The party took on the mission of preserving the Union, and destroying slavery during the American Civil War, in the election of 1864, it united with War Democrats to nominate Lincoln on the National Union Party ticket. The partys success created factionalism within the party in the 1870s and those who felt that Reconstruction had been accomplished and was continued mostly to promote the large-scale corruption tolerated by President Ulysses S. Grant ran Horace Greeley for the presidency. The Stalwarts defended Grant and the system, the Half-Breeds led by Chester A. Arthur pushed for reform of the civil service in 1883. The Republicans supported the pietistic Protestants who demanded Prohibition, nevertheless, by 1890 the Republicans had agreed to the Sherman Antitrust Act and the Interstate Commerce Commission in response to complaints from owners of small businesses and farmers

9.
Nicholls State University
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Nicholls State University, founded in 1948, is a public university located in Thibodaux, Louisiana, United States. Nicholls is part of the University of Louisiana System of universities, originally named Francis T. Nicholls Junior College, the university is named for Francis T. Nicholls, a former governor of Louisiana and member of the Louisiana Supreme Court. The 287-acre campus, once part of historic Acadia Plantation, fronts on Bayou Lafourche and its oldest structure, Elkins Hall, was completed in 1948 and is on the National Register of Historic Places. Nicholls is located in the Acadiana region and it is also within the geographical bounds of the Mississippi River Delta, and close to the Mississippi River, its distributaries, Louisianas wetlands, and the Gulf of Mexico. The University of Louisiana System has identified the areas as Unique Areas of Excellence at Nicholls State University. These are areas of study that, because of either their unique classes or their leadership in Louisiana education, have selected for this special honor. These include the John Folse Culinary Institute, Biological Sciences, Nursing, Allied Health Sciences, Teacher Education, Accounting and Information Systems, Nicholls is one of the first institutions in the United States to offer bachelors degrees in Culinary Arts. Students gain expertise in both Cajun and French cuisine, the Chef John Folse Culinary Institute is the only American member of the prestigious Institut Paul Bocuse. Students also have the opportunity to earn a degree in Culinary Arts. In the past three years, several faculty members have been awarded grants from the Louisiana Board of Regents, the university has the only certified public health geneticist in the South. Nicholls is also the home of the Louisiana Center for Women and Government, princeton Review statistics from 2010 list the student-to-faculty ratio at Nicholls as 20,1. The average GPA upon entry is 3.2 with an ACT score of 21, the average GPA of Honors students is 3.6 with an ACT score of 26. Almost 62 percent of the student body are women, and nearly 3 percent are international students, as with nearly all academic institutions in Louisiana, Hurricane Katrina affected Nicholls completion rate and overall ranking. During the aftermath of Katrina, Nicholls suspended its admissions selectivity in order to accommodate students from hurricane affected institutions, the university also had many matriculating students who were affected by the hurricane and did not return. In April 2014, Dr. Bruce Murphy was inaugurated as Nicholls State Universitys fifth president, Nicholls has been offering online classes since 2000 and has had distance education courses of other types prior to that, including Course by Cassette, Satellite courses, and Video Conferencing. Nicholls State offers over 100 online courses through its Division of Distance Education, Nicholls Online In January 2013, Nicholls State began to offer complete degrees online through a new initiative known as Nicholls Online. Located in the Division of Distance Education, Nicholls Online provides complete degrees online in a variety of disciplines, Nicholls Online is different from regular online courses at Nicholls in that the courses are offered through 8-week sessions and have a unique fee structure. Several Nicholls Online degree Programs have been recognized for their performance

10.
Louisiana State University
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Louisiana State University is a public coeducational university located in Baton Rouge, Louisiana. The university was founded in 1853 in what is now known as Pineville, Louisiana, LSU is the flagship institution of the Louisiana State University System. In 2015, the university enrolled over 26,000 undergraduate and over 5,000 graduate students in 14 schools, several of LSUs graduate schools, such as the E. J. Ourso College of Business and the Paul M. Hebert Law Center, have received recognition in their respective fields of study. LSUs athletics department fields teams in 21 varsity sports, and is a member of the NCAA, the university is represented by its mascot, Mike the Tiger. Louisiana State University Agricultural & Mechanical College had its origin in land grants made by the United States government in 1806,1811. It was founded as an academy and is still today steeped in military tradition. In 1853, the Louisiana General Assembly established the Seminary of Learning of the State of Louisiana near Pineville in Rapides Parish in Central Louisiana. Modeled initially after Virginia Military Institute, the institution opened with five professors and nineteen cadets on January 2,1860, the original location of the Old LSU Site is listed on the National Register of Historic Places. On January 26,1861, after only a year at the helm, the school closed on June 30,1861, with the start of the American Civil War. During the course of the war, the university reopened briefly in April 1863, the losses sustained by the institution during the Union occupation were heavy, and after 1863 the seminary remained closed for the remainder of the Civil War. Following the surrender of the Confederates at Appomattox Court House on April 9,1865 and these cannons had been captured from Confederate forces after the close of the war and had been used during the initial firing upon Fort Sumter in April 1861. The cannons are still displayed in front of LSUs Military Science/Aerospace Studies Building, the seminary officially reopened its doors on October 2,1865, only to be burned October 15,1869. On November 1,1869, the institution resumed its exercises in Baton Rouge, in 1870, the name of the institution was officially changed to Louisiana State University. It temporarily opened in New Orleans, June 1,1874 and this prompted the final name change for the university to the Louisiana State University and Agricultural & Mechanical College. On June 7,1925, Oscar B, turner, a professor of agronomy, was murdered by an axe-wielding assailant on campus. On April 30,1926, the present LSU campus was formally dedicated, prior to this, LSU utilized the quarters of the Institute for the Deaf, Mute, and Blind. Land for the present campus was purchased in 1918, construction started in 1922, the campus was originally designed for 3000 students, but was cut back due to budget problems

11.
Pharmaceceutical company
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The pharmaceutical industry discovers, develops, produces, and markets drugs or pharmaceutical drugs for use as medications. Pharmaceutical companies may deal in generic or brand medications and medical devices and they are subject to a variety of laws and regulations that govern the patenting, testing, safety, efficacy and marketing of drugs. The modern pharmaceutical industry traces its roots to two sources, the first of these were local apothecaries that expanded from their traditional role distributing botanical drugs such as morphine and quinine to wholesale manufacture in the mid 1800s. Multinational corporations including Merck, Hoffman-La Roche, Burroughs-Wellcome, Abbott Laboratories, Eli Lilly, in 1897, John Abel of Johns Hopkins University identified the active principle as epinephrine, which he isolated in an impure state as the sulfate salt. Industrial chemist Jokichi Takamine later developed a method for obtaining epinephrine in a pure state, Parke Davis marketed epinephrine under the trade name Adrenalin. Injected epinephrine proved to be efficacious for the acute treatment of asthma attacks. By 1929 epinephrine had been formulated into an inhaler for use in the treatment of nasal congestion, while highly effective, the requirement for injection limited the use of norepinephrine and orally active derivatives were sought. A structurally similar compound, ephedrine, was identified by Japanese chemists in the Ma Huang plant, following the work of Henry Dale and George Barger at Burroughs-Wellcome, academic chemist Gordon Alles synthesized amphetamine and tested it in asthma patients in 1929. The drug proved to have only modest anti-asthma effects, but produced sensations of exhilaration, amphetamine was developed by Smith, Kline and French as a nasal decongestant under the trade name Benzedrine Inhaler. Amphetamine was eventually developed for the treatment of narcolepsy, post-encepheletic parkinsonism, the discovery was patented and licensed to Bayer pharmaceuticals, which marketed the compound under the trade name Veronal as a sleep aid beginning in 1904. Phenobarbital was among the most widely used drugs for the treatment of epilepsy through the 1970s, today, amphetamine is largely restricted to use in the treatment of attention deficit disorder and phenobarbital in the treatment of epilepsy. A series of experiments performed from the late 1800s to the early 1900s revealed that diabetes is caused by the absence of a substance produced by the pancreas. In 1869, Oskar Minkowski and Joseph von Mering found that diabetes could be induced in dogs by surgical removal of the pancreas. In 1921, Canadian professor Frederick Banting and his student Charles Best repeated this study, the researchers sought assistance from industrial collaborators at Eli Lilly and Co. based on the companys experience with large scale purification of biological materials. Chemist George Walden of Eli Lilly and Company found that careful adjustment of the pH of the extract allowed a relatively pure grade of insulin to be produced, prior to the discovery and widespread availability of insulin therapy the life expectancy of diabetics was only a few months. In 1911 arsphenamine, the first synthetic drug, was developed by Paul Ehrlich. The drug was given the commercial name Salvarsan, arsphenamine was prepared as part of a campaign to synthesize a series of such compounds, and found to exhibit partially selective toxicity. Arsphenamine proved to be the first effective treatment for syphilis, a disease which prior to time was incurable and led inexorably to severe skin ulceration, neurological damage

12.
Cajun
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Cajuns are an ethnic group mainly living in the U. S. state of Louisiana, consisting of the descendants of Acadian exiles. Today, the Cajuns make up a significant portion of south Louisianas population and have exerted an impact on the states culture. The Acadia region to which modern Cajuns trace their origin consisted largely of what are now Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, Prince Edward Island plus parts of eastern Quebec and northern Maine. Since their establishment in Louisiana, the Cajuns have developed their own dialect, Cajun French, and developed a vibrant culture including folkways, music, the Acadiana region is heavily associated with them. Arcadia derives from the Arcadia district in Greece which since classical antiquity had the extended meanings of refuge or idyllic place, samuel de Champlain fixed the orthography with the r omitted in the 17th century. The term eventually came to only to the northern part of the coast in what is now Canada. The Cajuns retain a unique dialect of the French language and numerous other cultural traits that distinguish them as an ethnic group, Cajuns were officially recognized by the U. S. government as a national ethnic group in 1980 per a discrimination lawsuit filed in federal district court. The Louisiana Acadian is alive and well and he is up front and mainstream. He is not asking for any special treatment, by affording coverage under the national origin clause of Title VII he is afforded no special privilege. He is given only the protection as those with English, Spanish, French, Iranian, Portuguese, Mexican, Italian, Irish. The British Conquest of French Acadia happened in 1710, over the next 45 years, the Acadians refused to sign an unconditional oath of allegiance to Britain. During this period, Acadians participated in militia operations against the British and maintained vital supply lines to the French fortress of Louisbourg. During the French and Indian War, the British sought to neutralize the Acadian military threat, during 1755-1763 Acadia consisted of parts of present-day Canada, Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, Prince Edward Island, and the Gaspe Peninsula in the province of Quebec. The deportation of the Acadians from these areas has become known as the Great Upheaval or Le Grand Dérangement, the Acadians migration from Canada was spurred by the Treaty of Paris which ended the war. The treaty terms provided 18 months for unrestrained emigration, many Acadians moved to the region of the Atakapa in present-day Louisiana, often travelling via the French colony of Saint-Domingue. Joseph Broussard led the first group of 200 Acadians to arrive in Louisiana on February 27,1765, on April 8,1765, he was appointed militia captain and commander of the Acadians of the Atakapas region in St. Martinville. Some of the settlers wrote to their family scattered around the Atlantic to encourage them to them at New Orleans. For example, Jean-Baptiste Semer, wrote to his father in France, My dear father you can come here boldly with my dear mother and they will always be better off than in France

13.
Thibodaux, Louisiana
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Thibodaux is a city in and the parish seat of Lafourche Parish, Louisiana, United States, along the banks of Bayou Lafourche in the northwestern part of the parish. The population was 14,567 at the 2010 census, Thibodaux is a principal city of the Houma–Bayou Cane–Thibodaux Metropolitan Statistical Area. ZIP codes for Thibodaux are 70301,70302, and 70310, Thibodaux is nicknamed Queen City of Lafourche. The first European colonists were French, who settled here in the 18th century when the area was claimed as part of La Louisiane and they imported African slaves as workers and developed sugar cane plantations. This was incorporated as a town in 1830 under the name Thibodauxville and he provided land for the village center and served as acting governor of Louisiana in 1824. The area was developed in the period for sugar cane plantations. The name was changed to Thibodeaux in 1838, the current spelling Thibodaux was officially adopted in 1918. In 1896, the first rural free delivery of mail in Louisiana began in Thibodaux and it was the second such RFD in the United States. In October 1862, following the Battle of Georgia Landing, Thibodaux was occupied by the Union Army under Godfrey Weitzel. Before they left the city, the Confederates under General Alfred Mouton, burned the depot, the bridges, sugar, in 1863, the Union under James P. Major temporarily abandoned Thibodaux but soon returned, winters reports that terrified Negroes and whites raced into the town announcing that 3,000 Confederate cavalrymen were en route to attack Thibodaux and Lafourche Crossing. Union Colonel Thomas W. Cahill ordered an immediate retreat, the bayou bridges were burned, three field guns were destroyed, and as many of the men and the horses as possible were loaded. Ammunition was destroyed, horses abandoned, and four pieces were left behind. Once the area was under Union control, they ordered the slaves freed, planters in Thibodaux complained about having to negotiate labor contracts for the black workers. Alexander F. Pugh, a sugar planter near Thibodaux, complained that Negroes. Pugh wrote in his diary, I have agreed with the Negroes today to pay them monthly wages and it was very distasteful to me, but I could do no better. Everybody else in the neighborhood has agreed to pay the same, in the late 1880s they were challenged temporarily by a biracial coalition of Populists and Republicans. There was repeated labor unrest as cane workers struck intermittently against conditions, the Knights of Labor organized a chapter in 1886 in Shreveport, and attracted many cane workers seeking better conditions

14.
United States Democratic Party
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The Democratic Party is one of the two major contemporary political parties in the United States, along with the Republican Party. The Democrats dominant worldview was once socially conservative and fiscally classical liberalism, while, especially in the rural South, since Franklin D. Roosevelt and his New Deal coalition in the 1930s, the Democratic Party has also promoted a social-liberal platform, supporting social justice. Today, the House Democratic caucus is composed mostly of progressives and centrists, the partys philosophy of modern liberalism advocates social and economic equality, along with the welfare state. It seeks to provide government intervention and regulation in the economy, the party has united with smaller left-wing regional parties throughout the country, such as the Farmer–Labor Party in Minnesota and the Nonpartisan League in North Dakota. Well into the 20th century, the party had conservative pro-business, the New Deal Coalition of 1932–1964 attracted strong support from voters of recent European extraction—many of whom were Catholics based in the cities. After Franklin D. Roosevelts New Deal of the 1930s, the pro-business wing withered outside the South, after the racial turmoil of the 1960s, most southern whites and many northern Catholics moved into the Republican Party at the presidential level. The once-powerful labor union element became smaller and less supportive after the 1970s, white Evangelicals and Southerners became heavily Republican at the state and local level in the 1990s. However, African Americans became a major Democratic element after 1964, after 2000, Hispanic and Latino Americans, Asian Americans, the LGBT community, single women and professional women moved towards the party as well. The Northeast and the West Coast became Democratic strongholds by 1990 after the Republicans stopped appealing to socially liberal voters there, overall, the Democratic Party has retained a membership lead over its major rival the Republican Party. The most recent was the 44th president Barack Obama, who held the office from 2009 to 2017, in the 115th Congress, following the 2016 elections, Democrats are the opposition party, holding a minority of seats in both the House of Representatives and the Senate. The party also holds a minority of governorships, and state legislatures, though they do control the mayoralty of cities such as New York City, Los Angeles, Chicago, Houston, and Washington, D. C. The Democratic Party traces its origins to the inspiration of the Democratic-Republican Party, founded by Thomas Jefferson, James Madison and that party also inspired the Whigs and modern Republicans. Organizationally, the modern Democratic Party truly arose in the 1830s, since the nomination of William Jennings Bryan in 1896, the party has generally positioned itself to the left of the Republican Party on economic issues. They have been liberal on civil rights issues since 1948. On foreign policy both parties changed position several times and that party, the Democratic-Republican Party, came to power in the election of 1800. After the War of 1812 the Federalists virtually disappeared and the national political party left was the Democratic-Republicans. The Democratic-Republican party still had its own factions, however. As Norton explains the transformation in 1828, Jacksonians believed the peoples will had finally prevailed, through a lavishly financed coalition of state parties, political leaders, and newspaper editors, a popular movement had elected the president

15.
David C. Treen
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David Conner Dave Treen, Sr. was an American attorney and politician from Mandeville, St. Tammany Parish, Louisiana. In 1979 he was elected as the first Republican Governor of the U. S. state of Louisiana since Reconstruction and it was a sign of changing party affiliations among white conservatives in the state, who have comprised a majority of the population since at least 1900. In 1972 Treen was the first Republican elected in times from this state to the U. S. House of Representatives. But by 1900, two years after the new constitution, only 5,320 black voters were registered in the state, despite their advances in education and literacy. They had constituted the majority of Republican Party members in the 19th century after gaining the franchise as freedmen, Treen served as governor from 1980–84. He lost his bid in 1983 for reelection to his popular long-time rival, Democrat Edwin Edwards, Treen had earlier been elected to Congress in 1972, serving from 1973-80. Treen grew up as a Democrat, but joined the Republican Party in 1962, at the time, there were about 10,000 registered Republicans in the state, African Americans, who had previously made up most of the party members, were still mostly disenfranchised. By the time of Treens death in 2009, only a few other living Louisiana Republicans had exceeded his length of tenure in the Republican Party, Treen was born in the state capital of Baton Rouge, to Elizabeth Treen and Joseph Paul Treen, Sr. He had two brothers, Joseph Paul Treen, Jr. and John Speir Treen and he graduated in 1945 from Alcee Fortier High School in New Orleans. He earned a Bachelor of Arts degree in 1948 in history, while at Tulane, he was a brother of Kappa Sigma fraternity. In 1950, he graduated from Tulane Law School and was admitted to the bar, in 1951, Treen married Dolores Dodi Brisbi, a graduate of Newcomb College in New Orleans. Treen served in the U. S. Air Force from 1951 to 1952, after his discharge, Treen joined the law firm of Deutsch, Kerrigan & Stiles. He also served as a president of the Simplex Manufacturing Corporation of New Orleans from 1952–57. The Treens had three children, Jennifer, David C. Jr. and Cynthia, (Their children married, and the Treens had a total of nine grandchildren. Treens eldest grandson, Jason Stewart Neville, was one of the members of the Green Party of Louisiana. The civil rights movement gained increasing force through the 1960s, in 1954 the United States Supreme Court ruled in Brown v. Board of Education that segregation of public schools was unconstitutional. By 1960 African Americans made up a proportion of the states population. They constituted 32% of the population, in 1960, Treen opposed the election of both Republican Richard Nixon and Democrat John F. Kennedy as president

16.
U.S. Representative
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The United States House of Representatives is the lower chamber of the United States Congress which, along with the Senate, composes the legislature of the United States. The composition and powers of the House are established by Article One of the United States Constitution, since its inception in 1789, all representatives are elected popularly. The total number of voting representatives is fixed by law at 435, the House is charged with the passage of federal legislation, known as bills, which, after concurrence by the Senate, are sent to the President for consideration. The presiding officer is the Speaker of the House, who is elected by the members thereof and is traditionally the leader of the controlling party. He or she and other leaders are chosen by the Democratic Caucus or the Republican Conferences. The House meets in the wing of the United States Capitol. Under the Articles of Confederation, the Congress of the Confederation was a body in which each state was equally represented. All states except Rhode Island agreed to send delegates, the issue of how to structure Congress was one of the most divisive among the founders during the Convention. The House is referred to as the house, with the Senate being the upper house. Both houses approval is necessary for the passage of legislation, the Virginia Plan drew the support of delegates from large states such as Virginia, Massachusetts, and Pennsylvania, as it called for representation based on population. The smaller states, however, favored the New Jersey Plan, the Constitution was ratified by the requisite number of states in 1788, but its implementation was set for March 4,1789. The House began work on April 1,1789, when it achieved a quorum for the first time, during the first half of the 19th century, the House was frequently in conflict with the Senate over regionally divisive issues, including slavery. The North was much more populous than the South, and therefore dominated the House of Representatives, However, the North held no such advantage in the Senate, where the equal representation of states prevailed. Regional conflict was most pronounced over the issue of slavery, One example of a provision repeatedly supported by the House but blocked by the Senate was the Wilmot Proviso, which sought to ban slavery in the land gained during the Mexican–American War. Conflict over slavery and other issues persisted until the Civil War, the war culminated in the Souths defeat and in the abolition of slavery. Because all southern senators except Andrew Johnson resigned their seats at the beginning of the war, the years of Reconstruction that followed witnessed large majorities for the Republican Party, which many Americans associated with the Unions victory in the Civil War and the ending of slavery. The Reconstruction period ended in about 1877, the ensuing era, the Democratic and the Republican Party held majorities in the House at various times. The late 19th and early 20th centuries also saw an increase in the power of the Speaker of the House

17.
United States Republican Party
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The Republican Party, commonly referred to as the GOP, is one of the two major contemporary political parties in the United States, the other being its historic rival, the Democratic Party. The party is named after republicanism, the dominant value during the American Revolution, there have been 19 Republican presidents, the most from any one party. The Republican Partys current ideology is American conservatism, which contrasts with the Democrats more progressive platform, further, its platform involves support for free market capitalism, free enterprise, fiscal conservatism, a strong national defense, deregulation, and restrictions on labor unions. In addition to advocating for economic policies, the Republican Party is socially conservative. As of 2017, the GOP is documented as being at its strongest position politically since 1928, in addition to holding the Presidency, the Republicans control the 115th United States Congress, having majorities in both the House of Representatives and the Senate. The party also holds a majority of governorships and state legislatures, the main cause was opposition to the Kansas–Nebraska Act, which repealed the Missouri Compromise by which slavery was kept out of Kansas. The Northern Republicans saw the expansion of slavery as a great evil, the first public meeting of the general anti-Nebraska movement where the name Republican was suggested for a new anti-slavery party was held on March 20,1854, in a schoolhouse in Ripon, Wisconsin. The name was chosen to pay homage to Thomas Jeffersons Republican Party. The first official party convention was held on July 6,1854, in Jackson and it oversaw the preserving of the union, the end of slavery, and the provision of equal rights to all men in the American Civil War and Reconstruction, 1861–1877. The Republicans initial base was in the Northeast and the upper Midwest, with the realignment of parties and voters in the Third Party System, the strong run of John C. Fremont in the 1856 United States presidential election demonstrated it dominated most northern states, early Republican ideology was reflected in the 1856 slogan free labor, free land, free men, which had been coined by Salmon P. Chase, a Senator from Ohio. Free labor referred to the Republican opposition to labor and belief in independent artisans. Free land referred to Republican opposition to the system whereby slaveowners could buy up all the good farm land. The Party strove to contain the expansion of slavery, which would cause the collapse of the slave power, Lincoln, representing the fast-growing western states, won the Republican nomination in 1860 and subsequently won the presidency. The party took on the mission of preserving the Union, and destroying slavery during the American Civil War, in the election of 1864, it united with War Democrats to nominate Lincoln on the National Union Party ticket. The partys success created factionalism within the party in the 1870s and those who felt that Reconstruction had been accomplished and was continued mostly to promote the large-scale corruption tolerated by President Ulysses S. Grant ran Horace Greeley for the presidency. The Stalwarts defended Grant and the system, the Half-Breeds led by Chester A. Arthur pushed for reform of the civil service in 1883. The Republicans supported the pietistic Protestants who demanded Prohibition, nevertheless, by 1890 the Republicans had agreed to the Sherman Antitrust Act and the Interstate Commerce Commission in response to complaints from owners of small businesses and farmers

18.
Reconstruction era of the United States
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Johnson followed a lenient policy toward ex-Confederates. Lincolns last speeches show that he was leaning toward supporting the enfranchisement of all freedmen, whereas Johnson was opposed to this. A Republican coalition came to power in all the southern states and set out to transform the society by setting up a free labor economy, using the U. S. Army. The Bureau protected the rights of freedmen, negotiated labor contracts. Thousands of Northerners came South as missionaries, teachers, businessmen, rebuilding the rundown railroad system was a major strategy, but it collapsed when a nationwide depression struck the economy. The Radicals in the House of Representatives, frustrated by Johnsons opposition to Congressional Reconstruction, filed impeachment charges, in early 1866, Congress passed the Freedmens Bureau and Civil Rights Bills and sent them to Johnson for his signature. Meanwhile, self-styled Conservatives strongly opposed reconstruction and they alleged widespread corruption by the Carpetbaggers, excessive state spending and ruinous taxes. Southern democrats and conservatives violently counterattacked and had regained power in each redeemed Southern state by 1877, meanwhile, public support for Reconstruction policies, requiring continued supervision of the South, faded in the North, as voters decided that the Civil War and years of conflict should stop. Reconstruction was a significant chapter in the history of civil rights in the United States, in the different states Reconstruction began and ended at different times, federal Reconstruction ended with the Compromise of 1877. In recent decades most historians follow Foner in dating the Reconstruction of the south as starting in 1863 rather than 1865, Reconstruction policies were debated in the North when the war began, and commenced in earnest after Lincolns Emancipation Proclamation, issued on January 1,1863. As Confederate states came back under control of the US Army, President Abraham Lincoln set up reconstructed governments in Tennessee, Arkansas and he experimented by giving land to blacks in South Carolina. By fall 1865, the new President Andrew Johnson declared the war goals of national unity, Republicans in Congress, refusing to accept Johnsons lenient terms, rejected new members of Congress, some of whom had been high-ranking Confederate officials a few months before. Johnson broke with the Republicans after vetoing two key bills that supported the Freedmens Bureau and provided federal civil rights to the freedmen and that same year, Congress removed civilian governments in the South, and placed the former Confederacy under the rule of the U. S. Army. In ten states, coalitions of freedmen, recent black and white arrivals from the North, Conservative opponents called the Republican regimes corrupt and instigated violence toward freedmen and whites who supported Reconstruction. Most of the violence was carried out by members of the Ku Klux Klan, Klan members attacked and intimidated blacks seeking to exercise their new civil rights, as well as Republican politicians in the south favoring those civil rights. One such politician murdered by the Klan on the eve of the 1868 presidential election was Republican Congressman James M. Hinds of Arkansas, widespread violence in the south led to federal intervention by President Ulysses S. Grant in 1871, which suppressed the Klan. Nevertheless, white Democrats, calling themselves Redeemers, regained control of the state by state, sometimes using fraud. The end of Reconstruction was a process, and the period of Republican control ended at different times in different states

19.
Governor of Louisiana
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This is a list of the Governors of Louisiana, from acquisition by the United States in 1803 to the present day, for earlier governors of Louisiana see List of colonial governors of Louisiana. In 1803, Europe was about to become involved in a continental war, the French Empire, led by Napoleon, had begun an aggressive expansionist policy which challenged the interests of United Kingdom. When the Haitian Revolution, with British support, overthrew the French colonial rule on that island, to finance this, Napoleon sold the colony of Louisiana to the United States in the Louisiana Purchase of 1803. From 1804 to 1812, the area which would eventually become the modern state was known as the Territory of Orleans. The vast area to the north was called the Louisiana Territory, notes † Murdered/Died in office This is a table of congressional, other governorships, and other federal offices held by governors. All representatives and senators mentioned represented Louisiana except where noted, * denotes those offices which the governor resigned to take. As of January 2017, there are five former U. S. governors of Louisiana who are living at this time. The most recent governor, and also the most recently serving governor, Louisiana Secretary of State website Cemetery Memorials by La-Cemeteries

20.
Louisiana State Senate
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The Louisiana State Senate is the upper house of the state legislature of Louisiana. All senators serve four-year terms and are assigned multiple committees to work on, the Republicans gained control of the chamber in 2011 after a special election in District 26 brought victory to their nominee, Jonathan W. Perry. Previously the Democratic Party held a majority in the Senate, the Senate President is a Democrat-turned-Republican, John Alario from Westwego. The Louisiana State Senate is composed of 39 senators elected from single-member districts from across the state of Louisiana by the electors thereof. Senators must be an elector, be at least eighteen years of age, be domiciled in their district for at least one year. The senate is the judge of its members qualifications and elections, all candidates for a senate seat in a district run in nonpartisan blanket primary and in a runoff if necessary. Elections to the Senate occur every four years and senators are limited three four-year terms, if a seat is vacated early during a term then it will be filled in a special election. Senate sessions occur every year, along with the Louisiana House of Representatives, the Senate convenes for sixty legislative days in general session in even-numbered years, and for forty-five days in appropriations session in odd-numbered years. The Senate is the legislative chamber of the Louisiana State Legislature and. In addition it tries officials impeached by the House of Representatives, †First elected in a special election The Louisiana State Senate currently has over fifteen different committees in which the senators sit. These committees address a range of issues such as environmental quality, education, labor relations. A full list of the committees can be found at the senate committees page, likewise, a full list of committee assignments can be found at the committee assignments page. The President of the Louisiana State Senate is the officer of the Louisiana State Senate. The President is elected by the members of the state senate, although not mandated by law or the Louisiana Constitution the Governor usually chooses the president, who in turn is usually elected by a near-unanimous, if not unanimous, vote. The president is chosen from the majority party, even if it is not the Governors party. One example of this is when Republican Governor Mike Foster chose Republican State Senator John Hainkel to serve as senate president even though the Democrats had a large majority. The President is fifth in the line of succession to the Governorship after the Lieutenant Governor, Secretary of State, Attorney General, and State Treasurer. The first senate president to succeed to the governorship was Henry S. Thibodaux, Thibodaux served for one month before the Governor-elect, Henry Johnson, took office

21.
Morgan City, Louisiana
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Morgan City is a city in St. Mary Parish in the State of Louisiana. The population was 12,404 at the 2010 census, Morgan City sits on the banks of the Atchafalaya River. The town was originally named Tiger Island by surveyors appointed by U. S. Secretary of War John Calhoun, because of a particular type of wild cat seen in the area. It was later changed for a time to Brashear City, named after Walter Brashear, during the American Civil War, Star Fort or Fort Brashear was the larger of two works erected by the Union Army occupying the city to defend a Federal military depot and the town. During the Bayou Teche Campaign, on the night of June 22,1863,325 Confederates of Gen. A. A. Moutons command led by Major Sherod Hunter landed their skiffs and flats in the rear of the town. On October 28,1985, Hurricane Juan made landfall near Morgan City, the storm then looped off shore and came onshore again in Alabama. On August 26,1992, Hurricane Andrew came ashore 20 miles to the southwest of town, Andrew was the second most destructive hurricane in U. S. history, crossing Florida and then regaining strength in the Gulf of Mexico before striking Louisiana. Agricultural A type of blackberry deemed the Youngberry was developed by B. M, young in 1905 in Morgan City, Louisiana, as a hybrid between a variety of blackberries. The Youngberry is a cross between Luther Burbank’s, Phenomenal Berry, and the Austin-Mayes Dewberry, a trailing blackberry, the Youngberry was introduced commercially in 1926 and quickly came to rival Loganberries. The Youngberry had excellent qualities, such as taste and high yields, Morgan City is located at 29°42′3″N 91°11′50″W and has an elevation of 7 feet. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has an area of 6.2 square miles, of which 6.0 square miles is land and 0.27 square miles. As of the census of 2000, there were 12,703 people,5,037 households, the population density was 2,166.5 people per square mile. There were 5,627 housing units at a density of 959.7 per square mile. The racial makeup of the city was 71. 28% White,23. 90% African American,0. 91% American Indian,1. 02% Asian,0. 01% Pacific Islander,1. 18% from other races, and 1. 69% from two or more races. Hispanic of any race were 3. 37% of the population,28. 0% of all households were made up of individuals and 10. 8% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.48 and the family size was 3.04. In the city, the population was out with 26. 4% under the age of 18,8. 7% from 18 to 24,27. 7% from 25 to 44,23. 3% from 45 to 64. The median age was 36 years, for every 100 females there were 93.0 males

22.
Jefferson Parish, Louisiana
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Jefferson Parish is a parish in the U. S. state of Louisiana. As of the 2010 census, the population was 432,552, Jefferson Parish is included in the New Orleans-Metairie, LA Metropolitan Statistical Area. Jefferson Parish was less affected by Hurricane Katrina in 2005 and has rebounded at a rapid pace than neighboring Orleans Parish. Jefferson Parish was named in honor of US President Thomas Jefferson of Virginia when the parish was established by the Louisiana Legislature on February 11,1825, a bronze statue of Jefferson stands at the entrance of the General Government Complex on Derbigny Street at the parish seat in Gretna. The parish seat was in the City of Lafayette, until that city was annexed by New Orleans in 1854, originally, this parish was larger than it is today, running from Felicity Street in New Orleans to the St. Charles Parish line. However, as New Orleans grew, it absorbed the cities of Lafayette, Jefferson City, Carrollton and these became part of Orleans Parish. The present borders between Jefferson Parish and Orleans Parish were set in 1874, the Jefferson Parish seat was moved to Gretna at the same time. NOTE, The City of Lafayette in Jefferson Parish, as it was recorded in U. S. Census records until 1870, should not be confused with the present city of Lafayette, Louisiana, in Lafayette Parish. From the 1940s to the 1970s, Jeffersons population swelled with an influx of white families from Orleans Parish. The completion of Veterans Highway in the late 1950s, following a parallel to Airline but further north. Terrytown, within the city limits of Gretna, was the first large subdivision to be developed, subsequent development has been extensive, taking place within Harvey, Marrero, Westwego and Avondale. In East Jefferson, the Causeway Boulevard corridor grew into a commercial office node, while the Elmwood neighborhood developed as a center for light manufacturing, by the mid-1990s, Jefferson Parish was exhibiting some of the symptoms presented by inner-ring suburbs throughout the United States. St. Tammany Parish and, to an extent, St. Charles Parish began to attract migrants from New Orleans. These trends were catalyzed by Hurricane Katrina, which destroyed much of New Orleans low-income housing, despite these challenges, Jefferson Parish still contains the largest number of middle class residents in metropolitan New Orleans and acts as the retail hub for the entire metro area. Even though Jefferson Parish was affected by Hurricane Katrina, it has rebounded more quickly than Orleans Parish, the parish has a current population of 432,000, which is 15,000 fewer people than was recorded by the 2000 U. S. Census. New Orleans Katrina-provoked population loss has resulted in Jefferson Parish becoming the second most populous parish behind East Baton Rouge Parish, with the landfall of Hurricane Katrina on August 29,2005, Jefferson Parish took a hard hit. On the East Bank, widespread flooding occurred, especially in the part of the parish. Schools also were reported to have severely damaged

23.
Conservative Democrat
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In American politics, a conservative Democrat is a member of the Democratic Party with conservative political views, or with views relatively conservative with respect to those of the national party. During this period, conservative Democrats formed the Democratic half of the conservative coalition, after 1964, the conservative wing assumed a greater presence in the Republican Party, although it did not become the mainstay of the party until the nomination of Ronald Reagan in 1980. The Democratic Party retained its conservative wing through the 1970s with the help of machine politics. This political realignment was complete by 1980. In 2008, the Democrats nominated Barack Obama for President, he was the first nominee since 1988 that was not a member of the moderate Democratic Leadership Council, in 2005, Georgia Senator Zell Miller, arguably the last traditional conservative Southern Democrat, retired. Since 1994, conservative and moderate Democrats have been organized in the House of Representatives as the Blue Dog Democrats and New Democrats, respectively. The modern view of a conservative Democrat is a Democrat who is conservative, with a moderate or conservative foreign policy. Some members of the wing of the Democratic Party apply the term Democrat in name only to conservative Democrats. According to a 2015 poll from the Pew Research Center, it found that in 54% of conservative and moderate Democrats support same-sex marriage in 2015, a 2015 Gallup poll found that 19% of Democrats identity themselves as conservative, a decline of 6% from 2000. The 1828 presidential election marked the beginning of the Democratic Party as a modern, jacksons supporters dropped the Republican part of the name and became known as the Democratic Party. Andrew Jackson is notable as the first U. S. President to be elected from the rather than from the East Coast. The Democratic Party split along regional lines for the first time in 1860 over slavery and this split between southern and northern factions led to a brand new party in 1854, the Republican Party and its candidate Abraham Lincoln being elected in 1860. The Civil War followed shortly thereafter, in 1865, the 13th Amendment—abolishing slavery—became part of the Constitution when it was ratified by three-quarters of the states. Despite protests from the Democrats, the Republican Party made banning slavery part of its platform in 1864. Senator Lyman Trumbull wrote the version of the text, combining the proposed wordings of several other Republican congressmen. The Solid South describes the reliable support of the U. S. Southern states for Democratic Party candidates for almost a century after the Reconstruction era, except for 1928, when Catholic candidate Al Smith ran on the Democratic ticket, Democrats won heavily in the South in every Presidential election from 1876 until 1964. The Democratic dominance originated in many Southerners animosity towards the Republican Partys role in the Civil War, the United States Populist Party, United States Greenback Party, and the Agrarianism movement are often cited as the first truly left-wing political movements within the United States

24.
Liberal (politics)
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Liberalism is a political philosophy or worldview founded on ideas of liberty and equality. Liberalism first became a political movement during the Age of Enlightenment. Liberalism rejected the social and political norms of hereditary privilege, state religion, absolute monarchy. The 17th-century philosopher John Locke is often credited with founding liberalism as a philosophical tradition. Locke argued that man has a natural right to life, liberty and property. Liberals opposed traditional conservatism and sought to replace absolutism in government with representative democracy, prominent revolutionaries in the Glorious Revolution, the American Revolution, and the French Revolution used liberal philosophy to justify the armed overthrow of what they saw as tyrannical rule. Liberalism started to spread rapidly especially after the French Revolution, the 19th century saw liberal governments established in nations across Europe, South America, and North America. During the 20th century, liberal ideas spread even further as liberal democracies found themselves on the side in both world wars. In Europe and North America, the establishment of social liberalism became a key component in the expansion of the welfare state, today, liberal parties continue to wield power and influence throughout the world. Words such as liberal, liberty, libertarian, and libertine all trace their history to the Latin liber, which means free. One of the first recorded instances of the word occurs in 1375. The words early connection with the education of a medieval university soon gave way to a proliferation of different denotations and connotations. In 16th century England, liberal could have positive or negative attributes in referring to someones generosity or indiscretion, in Much Ado About Nothing, Shakespeare wrote of a liberal villaine who hath. confest his vile encounters. With the rise of the Enlightenment, the word acquired decisively more positive undertones, being defined as free from narrow prejudice in 1781, in 1815, the first use of the word liberalism appeared in English. In Spain, the Liberales, the first group to use the label in a political context. From 1820 to 1823, during the Trienio Liberal, King Ferdinand VII was compelled by the liberales to swear to uphold the Constitution, by the middle of the 19th century, liberal was used as a politicised term for parties and movements worldwide. Over time, the meaning of the word began to diverge in different parts of the world. According to the Encyclopædia Britannica, In the United States, liberalism is associated with the policies of the New Deal programme of the Democratic administration of Pres

25.
Blue Dog Democrats
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It was formed in 1995 during the 104th Congress to give more conservative members from the Democratic party a unified voice after the Democrats loss of Congress in the U. S. Blue Dog Coalition membership experienced a decline in the 2010s. The 115th Congress has seen the Coalition grow to 18 members. Brewster of Oklahoma, John S. Tanner of Tennessee, Ralph Hall, Charles Stenholm, Pete Geren and Greg Laughlin of Texas, Bill Orton of Utah, browder headed the groups budget task force. The term Blue Dog Democrat is credited to Texas Democratic Rep. Pete Geren, Geren opined that the members had been choked blue by Democrats on the Left. It is related to the political term Yellow Dog Democrat, a reference to southern Democrats said to be so loyal they would vote for a yellow dog if it were labeled Democrat. The Boll Weevils, in turn, may be considered the descendants of the Dixiecrats and the states rights Democrats of the 1940s through the 1960s, the coalition was notably successful in a special election of February 2004 in Kentucky to fill a vacant seat in the House of Representatives. They were also successful in the November 2004 elections, when three of the five races in which a Democrat won a formerly Republican House seat were won by Blue Dogs. In 2005, the members of the Blue Dog Coalition voted 32 to 4 in favor of the bill to limit access to bankruptcy protection, recent such Senators include Ben Nelson and Joe Manchin. In 2006, Blue Dog candidates such as Jason Altmire, Heath Shuler and Brad Ellsworth were elected in conservative-leaning districts, in 2007,15 Blue Dog Coalition Members in safe seats refused to contribute party dues to the Democratic Congressional Campaign Committee. An additional 16 Blue Dogs have not paid any money to the DCCC but were exempt from party-mandated contributions because they were top GOP targets for defeat in 2008, woolsey later stated that she was misunderstood, but the Blue Dogs have continued with the boycott. Donations to party Congressional Committees are an important source of funding for the party committees, in the summer of 2009, The Economist newspaper said he debate over health care. The Blue Dog Coalition suffered serious losses in the 2010 midterm elections and its members, who were roughly one quarter of the Democratic Partys caucus in the 111th Congress, accounted for half of the partys midterm election losses. Including retirements, Blue Dog numbers in the House were reduced from 54 members in 2008 to 26 members in 2010, following the 2012 House of Representatives elections, the Blue Dog Coalition went from 27 members to 14 members. Speculation ensued that the centrist New Democrat Coalition would fill the vacuum created by the Blue Dog Coalitions decline. Four members of the Blue Dog coalition were defeated by Republicans in the 2014 House elections, the Blue Dog Coalition experienced a net loss of 5 members and its membership totaled 14 when the 114th Congress took office on January 3,2015. The 2016 election brought 7 Freshman Members of Congress into the Coalition, four of these members come from red-to-blue districts. The Coalition experienced a net gain of 4 members and its membership currently totals 18, the Blue Dog Coalition is often involved in searching for a compromise between liberal and conservative positions

26.
Buddy Roemer
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Roemer was a candidate for the presidential nominations of the Republican Party and the Reform Party in 2012. Buddy Roemer endorsed Gary Johnson, a governor of New Mexico, in March 1991, while serving as governor, Roemer switched affiliation from the Democratic Party to the Republican Party. Roemer serves on the Advisory Council of Represent. Us, a nonpartisan anti-corruption organization, Buddy Roemer was born on October 4,1943, in Shreveport, the son of Charles Elson Budgie Roemer, II and the former Adeline McDade. Roemers maternal grandfather, Ross McDade, married a sister of the grandmother of James C. Gardner, a mayor of Shreveport. Gardner knew Roemers grandfather as Uncle Ross, mcDades wife died, and he remarried, from which union came Adeline Roemer. Roemer and Gardner were not close politically, Roemer was reared on the familys Scopena plantation near Bossier City. He attended public schools and graduated in 1960 as valedictorian of Bossier High School, in 1964, he graduated from Harvard College with a Bachelor of Arts degree in economics. In 1967, he received an MBA in finance from Harvard Business School, after college, Roemer returned to Louisiana to work in his father’s computer business and later founded two banks. He was elected in 1972 as a delegate to the Louisiana Constitutional Convention held in 1973, Roemers father had been in 1971 the campaign manager for Edwin Washington Edwards and became commissioner of administration during Edwards first term as governor. Buddy Roemer worked on the Edwards campaign as a leader and later started a political consulting firm. As a member of Congress, Roemer represented Louisianas 4th congressional district in the section of the state. In 1978, Roemer lost in the blanket primary for the 4th district congressional seat. Waggonner announced his opposition to Roemer after Roemer criticized the costs of the Red River navigation program. Leach went on to defeat Wilson by 266 votes in a vote count. In 1980, Roemer and Wilson again challenged Leach in the primary and that time, Wilson finished in third place, Roemer ranked second, again with 27 percent, and Leach led the field with 29 percent. In the general election, with the support of Wilson, Roemer handily defeated Leach,64 to 36 percent, after his 1980 election victory, Roemer won congressional re-election without opposition in 1982,1984, and 1986. In Congress, Roemer frequently supported Ronald Reagans policy initiatives and fought with the Democratic congressional leadership and he also criticized then Democratic House leader Tip ONeill of Massachusetts for being too liberal, and was in turn characterized by Speaker ONeill as being often wrong but never in doubt

27.
Edwin Edwards
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Edwin Washington Edwards is an American politician and member of the Democratic Party who served as the U. S. Representative for Louisianas 7th congressional district from 1965 to 1972 and as the 50th Governor of Louisiana for four terms and he served a total of sixteen years in office, the sixth-longest serving gubernatorial tenure in post-Constitutional U. S. history at 5,784 days. A colorful, powerful and legendary figure in Louisiana politics, Edwards, in 2001, he was found guilty of racketeering charges and sentenced to ten years in Federal prison. Edwards began serving his sentence in October 2002 in Fort Worth, Texas, Edwards was released from federal prison in January 2011, after serving eight years. He entered into home confinement at his daughters Denham Springs, Louisiana home through the supervision of a halfway house, following that, Edwards was placed on parole. In February 2013, Edwards was granted release from parole. His wife Trina made the announcement on her Facebook page, without a pardon, Edwards remains ineligible to seek the governorship until 15 years have passed from the end of his sentence. In 2013, Edwards co-starred, alongside his third wife Trina, in an A&E reality show, in 2014, Edwards ran in the 2014 election to represent Louisianas 6th congressional district in the United States House of Representatives. He placed first in the primary, but was defeated by nearly 25 points in the runoff election. Edwin Washington Edwards was born in rural Avoyelles Parish, near Marksville and his father, Clarence Edwards, was a half-French Creole Presbyterian sharecropper, while his mother, the former Agnès Brouillette, was a French-speaking Catholic. Edwards ancestors were among early Louisiana colonists from France who eventually settled in Avoyelles Parish, Edwards, like many 20th century politicians from Avoyelles, assumed that he had Cajun ancestry, when in fact he may have had none. His father was descended from a family in Kentucky, who came to Louisiana during the American Civil War and his great-great-grandfather, William Edwards, was killed in Marksville at the beginning of the American Civil War because of his pro-Union sentiment. The young Edwards had planned on a career as a preacher, as a young man, he did some preaching for the Marksville Church of the Nazarene. He served briefly in the U. S. Navy Air Corps near the end of World War II. After his return from the military, he graduated at the age of twenty-one from Louisiana State University Law Center and began practicing law in Crowley, the seat of Acadia Parish. He relocated there in 1949 after his sister, Audrey E. Isbell, Edwards career was thus helped by his being bilingual and articulate in both English and Cajun French. He learned to cultivate the goodwill of the media, working reporters, one of his favorites was Adras LaBorde, longtime managing editor of the Alexandria Daily Town Talk in Alexandria. LaBorde even influenced Edwards in regard to environmental policy, in 1949, Edwards married Elaine Schwartzenburg, whom he had met at Marksville High School

28.
Runoff election
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The two-round system is a voting method used to elect a single winner, where the voter casts a single vote for their chosen candidate. The two-round system is used around the world for the election of legislative bodies, for example, it is used in French presidential, legislative, and departmental elections. In Italy, it is used to elect mayors, but also to decide which party or coalition receives a majority bonus in city councils. Historically it was used in the German Empire of 1871–1918, in New Zealand in the 1908 and 1911 elections, the two-round system is known as run-off voting in the United States, where the second round is known as a run-off election. Run-off voting is sometimes used as a generic term to describe any method involving a number of rounds of voting. By this broader definition the system is not the only form of run-off voting. However the subject of article is the two-round system. In Canada, for example, candidates for party leadership. It is like a method, except the one candidate must win a simple majority. Candidates with the fewest votes or candidates who want to move their support to other candidates may move to remove themselves from the next vote. In both rounds of an election conducted using runoff voting, the voter marks a X beside his/her favorite candidate. If no candidate has a majority of votes in the first round. In the second round, because there are two candidates, one candidate will achieve an absolute majority. In the second round, each voter is free to change the candidate he votes for, even if his preferred candidate has not yet been eliminated. Some variants of the system use a different rule for choosing candidates for the second round. Under such methods, it is sufficient for a candidate to receive a plurality of votes to be elected in the second round. Under some variants of runoff voting, there is no rule for eliminating candidates. In both elections, the communist candidate, Ernst Thälmann, did not withdraw and ran in the second round, in 1925, that probably ensured the election of Paul von Hindenburg, rather than Wilhelm Marx, the centrist candidate

29.
Bob Livingston
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Robert Linlithgow Bob Livingston Jr. is a Washington, D. C. -based lobbyist and a former Republican U. S. Livingston was born in Colorado Springs, Colorado, Livingston was married in 1965 to the former Bonnie Robichaux, a native of Raceland in Lafourche Parish. Bonnies grandfather, Alcide Robichaux, served in the Louisiana State Senate, Livingstons father, a Roman Catholic, and his mother, an Episcopalian, were divorced when Livingston and his sister were quite young. Raised first as Roman Catholic and later as an Episcopalian, he returned to his wifes religion Roman Catholicism in later years, the Livingstons have three biological sons, Robert, Richard and David, and an adopted daughter, SuShan a/k/a Susie. In July 2006, their son Richard was electrocuted by a wire while trimming a tree damaged by Hurricane Katrina in New Orleans. Graduating from Tulane University Law School in 1968, Livingston joined the law practice of David C, treen, who would become Louisianas first Republican congressman and governor since Reconstruction. Treen had been an active Republican in the days when the party existed in Louisiana. He was a delegate to all Republican conventions between 1976 and 2000, Livingston narrowly lost to one-term state legislator Richard Tonry. Livingston was denied victory when a third-party candidate, former Sixth District Congressman John Rarick, Rarick, who had been one of the most conservative Democrats in Congress during his tenure, siphoned off roughly 9% of the votes cast, enabling Tonry to win with a plurality. Allegations, however, surfaced of tombstone votes for Tonry in both the primary and general election, Tonry was forced to resign in May 1977 and run again in the special election for his seat. However, he lost the Democratic nomination in August to State Representative Ron Faucheux, Livingston was aided by a cadre of dedicated Republican volunteers, including the newly installed National Committeewoman Virginia Martinez of Kenner. In 1978, Livingston won a term with 86 percent of the vote. He was reelected eleven times, dropping below 80 percent of the only once. He was completely unopposed in 1986,1996 and 1998 and his district became even more Republican after the 1980 census, when most of the districts share of New Orleans was shifted to the 2nd District. It was replaced with some heavily Republican territory in Jefferson Parish, although well known in Louisiana, Livingston was a relatively low-key congressman for his first eighteen years in Washington. However, early in his career, he landed a spot on the powerful Appropriations Committee and this, together with his conservative stances on most issues, made him popular with his constituents, most of whom had never been previously represented by a Republican. Livingston first came to attention in 1995, when he was named chairman of the Appropriations Committee after the Republican takeover of the House. This instantly made him one of the most powerful members of Congress, during one committee session, he brandished an alligator skinning knife, a Bouie knife, and a machete to demonstrate his seriousness as a budget-cutter

30.
New Orleans
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New Orleans is a major United States port and the largest city and metropolitan area in the state of Louisiana. The population of the city was 343,829 as of the 2010 U. S. Census, the New Orleans metropolitan area had a population of 1,167,764 in 2010 and was the 46th largest in the United States. The New Orleans–Metairie–Bogalusa Combined Statistical Area, a trading area, had a 2010 population of 1,452,502. The city is named after the Duke of Orleans, who reigned as Regent for Louis XV from 1715 to 1723, as it was established by French colonists and it is well known for its distinct French and Spanish Creole architecture, as well as its cross-cultural and multilingual heritage. New Orleans is also famous for its cuisine, music, and its celebrations and festivals, most notably Mardi Gras. The city is referred to as the most unique in the United States. New Orleans is located in southeastern Louisiana, straddling the Mississippi River, the city and Orleans Parish are coterminous. The city and parish are bounded by the parishes of St. Tammany to the north, St. Bernard to the east, Plaquemines to the south, and Jefferson to the south and west. Lake Pontchartrain, part of which is included in the city limits, lies to the north, before Hurricane Katrina, Orleans Parish was the most populous parish in Louisiana. As of 2015, it ranks third in population, trailing neighboring Jefferson Parish, La Nouvelle-Orléans was founded May 7,1718, by the French Mississippi Company, under the direction of Jean-Baptiste Le Moyne de Bienville, on land inhabited by the Chitimacha. It was named for Philippe II, Duke of Orléans, who was Regent of the Kingdom of France at the time and his title came from the French city of Orléans. The French colony was ceded to the Spanish Empire in the Treaty of Paris, during the American Revolutionary War, New Orleans was an important port for smuggling aid to the rebels, transporting military equipment and supplies up the Mississippi River. Bernardo de Gálvez y Madrid, Count of Gálvez successfully launched a campaign against the British from the city in 1779. New Orleans remained under Spanish control until 1803, when it reverted briefly to French oversight, nearly all of the surviving 18th-century architecture of the Vieux Carré dates from the Spanish period, the most notable exception being the Old Ursuline Convent. Napoleon sold Louisiana to the United States in the Louisiana Purchase in 1803, thereafter, the city grew rapidly with influxes of Americans, French, Creoles, and Africans. Later immigrants were Irish, Germans, and Italians, Major commodity crops of sugar and cotton were cultivated with slave labor on large plantations outside the city. The Haitian Revolution ended in 1804 and established the republic in the Western Hemisphere. It had occurred several years in what was then the French colony of Saint-Domingue

31.
Speedy Long
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Speedy Oteria Long was a Jena lawyer who was a Democratic U. S. Representative from Central Louisiana from 1965 to 1973, prior to his tenure in the since disbanded Eighth Congressional District, Speedy Long had been a member of the Louisiana state Senate. After he left Congress, he became the attorney for the Jena-based 28th Judicial District. He was a member of the popular Long political dynasty, being a member of its conservative wing, Long was born to Felix Franklin Long and the former Verda Pendarvis in tiny Tullos, Louisiana, on the La Salle and Winn Parish boundary. His paternal grandfather was Charles Felix Long, Long was named Speedy because he was born two months prematurely. His father was the Tullos barber and also a council member, marshal. Speedy Long recalled that his family ate and breathed politics and he joked that he had been reared to regard Huey Pierce Long, Jr. as God Almighty, Earl Kemp Long as Jesus the Son, and Eighth District Congressman George Shannon Long as St. Peter. He attended the schools of La Salle and Winn parishes and graduated from Winnfield High School in 1945. Thereafter, he served in the United States Navy from April 1946 to February 1948 and he graduated from the University of Louisiana at Monroe in 1950 and from Northwestern State University in Natchitoches in 1951 with a Bachelor of Arts in History. Long was recalled to active Navy duty during the Korean War between 1951 and 1952 and he graduated in 1959 from Paul M. Hebert Law Center of Louisiana State University in Baton Rouge, was admitted to the Louisiana bar, and thereafter opened his practice in Jena. On September 1,1955, Long married the former Florence Theriot of Golden Meadow in Lafourche Parish and she was the daughter of Leopold Theriot and the former Emeline Martin. The couple had two sons, Felix Field Long and David Theriot Long, both of whom resided in New Roads, the seat of government of Pointe Coupee Parish, Speedy Long was elected in 1956 at the age of twenty-seven to the Louisiana Senate. In 1960, Long was reelected to the Senate, now the District 32 seat, Rambo had been Governor Earl Longs legislative floor leader and was married to a member of the Long family, the former Mary Alice Long. In 1963, Speedy Long did not seek a third term in the state Senate and he first planned to run for governor but instead contested the state insurance commissioner position, then held by Rufus D. Also on the McKeithen ticket was former Lafayette Mayor Ashton J. Mouton, Mouton had been elected mayor at the age of thirty-one in 1948, he served until 1956. Long and Mouton lost their races, but McKeithen was elected governor, Long was defeated by Dudley A. Guglielmo. Another candidate in the insurance commissioner race was State Representative Jack M. Dyer of Baton Rouge, Mouton lost out to conservative incumbent Taddy Aycock of Franklin in St. Mary Parish. In the summer of 1960, Earl Long had won a Democratic primary by a 6, McSween of Alexandria and also held prior to 1958 by Longs late brother, George S. Long

32.
U.S. House Committee on Energy and Commerce
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The Committee on Energy and Commerce is one of the oldest standing committees of the United States House of Representatives. Established in 1795, it has operated continuously—with various name changes, the two other House standing committees with such continuous operation are the House Ways and Means Committee and the House Rules Committee. The House Committee on Energy and Commerce has developed what is arguably the broadest jurisdiction of any congressional committee, to manage the wide variety of issues it encounters, the Committee relies on the front-line work of six subcommittees, one more than during the 111th Congress. During the 111th Congress, Chairman Henry Waxman combined the separate energy. New Chairman Fred Upton restored them as separate subcommittees at the start of the 112th Congress, the Committee was originally formed as the Committee on Commerce and Manufactures on December 14,1795. Prior to this, legislation was drafted in the Committee of the Whole or in special ad hoc committees, thomas J. Bliley, who chaired the Committee from 1995 to 2000, chose to use this traditional name, which underscores the Committees role for Congress on this front. Dingell regained chairmanship of the committee in 2007 after having served as ranking member since 1995, in late 2008, Henry Waxman initiated a successful challenge to unseat Dingell as chairman. His challenge was unusual as the party caucus traditionally elects chairmen based on committee seniority, Waxman formally became chairman at the start of the 111th Congress. List of current United States House of Representatives committees Official website

33.
Clean Air Act (United States)
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The Clean Air Act is a United States federal law designed to control air pollution on a national level. It is one of the United States first and most influential environmental laws. As with many other major U. S. federal environmental statutes, it is administered by the U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, in coordination with state, local and its implementing regulations are codified at 40 C. F. R. The 1955 Air Pollution Control Act was the first U. S federal legislation that pertained to air pollution, the first federal legislation to actually pertain to controlling air pollution was the Clean Air Act of 1963. The 1963 act accomplished this by establishing a program within the U. S. Public Health Service and authorizing research into techniques for monitoring and controlling air pollution, the 1967 act also authorized expanded studies of air pollutant emission inventories, ambient monitoring techniques, and control techniques. Major amendments to the law, requiring regulatory controls for air pollution, the 1970 amendments greatly expanded the federal mandate, requiring comprehensive federal and state regulations for both stationary pollution sources and mobile sources. It also significantly expanded federal enforcement, the 1990 amendments addressed acid rain, ozone depletion, and toxic air pollution, established a national permits program for stationary sources, and increased enforcement authority. Reviewing his tenure as EPA Administrator under President George H. Bush, the Clean Air Act was the first major environmental law in the United States to include a provision for citizen suits. Numerous state and local governments have enacted legislation, either implementing federal programs or filling in locally important gaps in federal programs. This section of the act declares that protecting and enhancing the nations air quality promotes public health, the law encourages prevention of regional air pollution and control programs. It also provides technical and financial assistance for air pollution prevention at both state and local governments, additional subchapters cover of cooperation, research, investigation, training and other activities. Grants for air pollution planning and control programs, and interstate air quality agencies, the act mandates air quality control regions, designated as attainment vs non-attainment. Non-attainment areas do not meet standards for primary or secondary ambient air quality. Attainment areas meet these standards, while unclassifiable areas cannot be classified on the basis of the information that is available, Air quality criteria, national primary and secondary ambient air quality standards, state implementation plans and performance standards for new stationary sources are also covered in Part A. The list of air pollutants established by the act includes acetaldehyde, benzene, chloroform, phenols. The list also includes mineral fiber emissions from manufacturing or processing glass, the list periodically can be modified. The remaining subchapters cover smokestack heights, state plan adequacy, and estimating emissions of carbon monoxide, volatile organic compounds, measures to prevent unemployment or other economic disruption include using local coal or coal derivatives to comply with implementation requirements

34.
Superfund
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Superfund is a United States federal government program designed to fund the cleanup of sites contaminated with hazardous substances and pollutants. It was established as the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, CERCLA created the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry. S. Approximately 70 percent of Superfund cleanup activities historically have been paid for by parties responsible for the cleanup of contamination, the exceptions occur when the responsible party either cannot be found or is unable to pay for the cleanup. Despite the name, the program has suffered from under-funding, as a result, the EPA typically negotiates consent orders with PRPs to study sites and develop cleanup alternatives, subject to EPA oversight and approval of all such activities. The EPA and state agencies use the Hazard Ranking System to calculate a score based on the actual or potential release of hazardous substances from a site. A score of 28.5 places the site on the National Priorities List, as of 9 August 2016, there are 1,328 sites listed, an additional 391 have been delisted, and 55 new sites have been proposed. CERCLA was enacted by Congress in 1980 in response to the threat of hazardous waste sites, typified by the Love Canal disaster in New York, and the Valley of the Drums in Kentucky. The initial trust fund to clean up a site where a polluter could not be identified, the EPA published the first Hazard Ranking System in 1981, and the first National Priorities List in 1982. Reagans policies were described as laissez-faire, until the mid-1990s, most of the funding came from a tax on the petroleum and chemical industries, reflecting the polluter pays principle. In 1994, the Clinton administration proposed a new Superfund reform bill, which some environmentalists and industry lobbyists saw as an improvement, the newly elected Republican Congress made numerous unsuccessful efforts to significantly weaken the law. The Clinton Administration then adopted some industry favored reforms as policy, even though by 1995 nearly $4 billion in fees were in the superfund, Congress did not reauthorize to collect these and by 2003 the superfund was empty. By 2013 funding had decreased from $2 billion in 1999 to less than $1.1 billion, from 2000-2015, Congress allocated about $1.26 billion of general revenue to the Superfund program each year. Consequently, less than half the number of sites were cleaned up from 2001 to 2008, the decrease continued during the Obama Administration, and since under the direction of EPA Administrator Gina McCarthy Superfund cleanups decreased even more from 20 in 2009 to a mere 8 in 2014. CERCLA authorizes two kinds of actions, Removal actions. These are typically short-term response actions, where actions may be taken to address releases or threatened releases requiring prompt response, Removal actions are classified as, emergency, time-critical, and non-time critical. These are usually long-term response actions, Remedial actions seek to permanently and significantly reduce the risks associated with releases or threats of releases of hazardous substances, and are generally larger more expensive actions. They can include such as using containment to prevent pollutants from migrating. These actions can be conducted with federal funding only at sites listed on the EPA National Priorities List in the United States, a potentially responsible party is a possible polluter who may eventually be held liable under CERCLA for the contamination or misuse of a particular property or resource

35.
Telecommunications Act of 1996
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The Telecommunications Act of 1996 was the first significant overhaul of telecommunications law in more than sixty years, amending the Communications Act of 1934. One of the most controversial titles was Title 3, which allowed for media cross-ownership, the legislations primary goal was deregulation of the converging broadcasting and telecommunications markets. S. Communications policy, covering telecommunications and broadcasting, the Act left most regulation of intrastate telephone services to the states. In the 1970s and 1980s, a combination of change, court decisions. These changes amounted to a rollback of New Deal market regulation. Congress attempted to create a framework for the transition from primarily monopoly provision to competitive provision of telecommunications services. The Act was approved by the 104th Congress on January 3,1996 and it was the first bill signed in cyberspace and the first bill signed at the Library of Congress. A purpose of the 1996 Act was to foster competition among companies that use similar underlying network technologies to provide a type of service. For example, it creates separate regulatory regimes for carriers providing voice telephone service and providers of cable television, one key provision allowed the FCC to preempt state or local legal requirements that acted as a barrier to entry in the provision of interstate or intrastate telecommunications service. Under these conditions, many calls will arise between parties on different networks, the 1996 Act requires that intercarrier compensation rates among competing local exchange carriers be based on the “additional costs of terminating such calls”. However, the created by the 1996 Act set different intercarrier compensation rates for services that were not competing at that time. This requirement has only partially implemented, however, and therefore significant implicit universal services subsidies still remain in above-cost rates for certain services. Providers from separate regulatory regimes have been brought into competition with one another as a result of subsequent deployment of broadband technologies in telephone. Moreover, these technologies do not recognize national borders, much less state boundaries. Economic regulations intended to protect against monopoly power may not be fully taking into account intermodal competition, the framework may not effectively address interconnection, access, and social policy issues for an IP architecture in which multiple applications ride on top of the physical network layer. Generally speaking, the number of networks is limited by cost constraint up-front. In this new environment, there will be three categories of competition,1. Intermodal competition among a number of broadband network providers that offer a suite of voice, data, video

36.
Louisiana Political Museum and Hall of Fame
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The Louisiana Political Museum and Hall of Fame in located in Winnfield, Winn Parish, in the U. S. state of Louisiana. It was created in 1987 by an act of the Louisiana State Legislature to highlight the careers of the leading politicians. Long Jr. Oscar K. Allen, and Earl Kemp Long, were born there Winnfield calls itself the birthplace of Louisiana politics. The museum, which opened in August 1993 on the centennial of Huey Longs birth, is located at 499 East Main Street in a restored Louisiana and Arkansas Railroad depot. Until his death in 2011, each inductee was sketched by the former Shreveport Times cartoonist Preston Allen Pap Dean Jr. himself one of the original thirteen honorees, large displays are accorded for the two Governors Long, with sculptures of each man shown speaking to voters. Recording of Long political speeches are sometimes played as visitors examine the political past, other Long family members inducted into the Hall of Fame include the late U. S. Representatives Speedy O. Long and Gillis W. Long, former State Representative Jimmy D, Long of Natchitoches, and on February 1,2014, Rose McConnell Long. Zachary Taylor, the only U. S. President from Louisiana, was inducted in 1995, there are a handful of others without party affiliation. The few Republican honorees include former Governors David C, treen, Mike Foster, and Buddy Roemer, former U. S. All recent U. S. senators have been inducted except for current Republicans senators Bill Cassidy and David Vitter, however, Vitters 2004 opponents for the Senate, former U. S. Representative Chris John and state Treasurer John Neely Kennedy, have been inducted, Kennedy was elected in 2016 to succeed Vitter. The Democrat who defeated Vitter for governor, John Bel Edwards, is also an inductee by virtue of his family in Tangipahoa Parish politics, the nominees are chosen by a statewide panel of political historians and writers. Each inductee is given his own display, which included a caricature by Pap Dean to those prior to Deans death. Another missing inductee is David Duke, the former Ku Klux Klan figure who became a player in state politics briefly between 1989 and 1992 and acquired national attention as well. Louisiana Center for Women and Government Hall of Fame Louisiana Political Museum - official site

37.
Winnfield, Louisiana
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Winnfield is a small city in the parish seat of Winn Parish, Louisiana, United States. The population was 5,749 at the 2000 census, and 4,840 at the 2010 census, three governors of the State Of Louisiana were from Winnfield. When Winn Parish was officially formed by the legislature in 1852. During the Civil War, the area around Winnfield was the site of minor skirmishes. Confederate forces defeated a Union detachment sent to destroy the Cary Salt Works in the area, many Civil War bandits made the region their home. Among these were the West and Kimbrill clans, which at one time included the Frank & Jesse James, three Louisiana governors were Winnfield natives and grew up here, Huey Long, Oscar K. Allen and Earl Long. Huey Long became governor, U. S. Senator, Oscar K. Allen was elected governor in 1932. Earl Long, the Louisiana Longshot, served in a variety of positions, said to be more than other Louisianan. He was elected governor in 1939,1948 and 1956 and he was elected to Congress in 1960 but died before he could assume office. Winnfield was a producer of salt in the Civil War days. One still exists today in front of the Louisiana Political Museum and Hall of Fame, the salt works was located on Saline Bayou. Later the Cary Salt Works started a 840 ft deep mine south of Winnfield, the mine was used by the federal government in Project Coyboy Plowshare Program, Cowboy Event. Between Dec 1959 and March 1960 a series of explosives were set off inside the Carry Salt Works in an unused portion of the mine. The mine later was flooded by an underground river, the mine and all equipment inside was abandoned. The rock quarry operated near or on top of the mine and produced limestone. Winnfield has an elevation of 128 feet, according to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 3.3 square miles, all land. North and west of Winnfield, Saline Bayou, a National Wild and Scenic Rivers System waterway, Winnfield is about a three-hour driving distance from Baton Rouge. As of the census of 2000, there were 5,749 people,2,172 households, the population density was 1,733.4 people per square mile

United States House of Representatives
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The United States House of Representatives is the lower chamber of the United States Congress which, along with the Senate, composes the legislature of the United States. The composition and powers of the House are established by Article One of the United States Constitution, since its inception in 1789, all representatives are elected popularly. T

1.
United States House of Representatives

2.
Seal of the House

3.
Republican Thomas Brackett Reed, occasionally ridiculed as "Czar Reed", was a U.S. Representative from Maine, and Speaker of the House from 1889 to 1891 and from 1895 to 1899.

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House Speaker Nancy Pelosi, Majority Leader Steny Hoyer, and Education and Labor Committee Chairman George Miller confer with President Barack Obama at the Oval Office in 2009.

Louisiana
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Louisiana is a state located in the southern region of the United States. Louisiana is the 31st most extensive and the 25th most populous of the 50 United States and its capital is Baton Rouge and largest city is New Orleans. Louisiana is the state in the U. S. with political subdivisions termed parishes. The largest parish by population is East Ba

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Louisiana entrance sign off Interstate 20 in Madison Parish east of Tallulah.

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Flag

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Aerial view of Louisiana wetland habitats.

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A field of yellow wildflowers in Saint Bernard Parish, Louisiana

Louisiana's 3rd congressional district
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Louisianas 3rd congressional district is a congressional district in the U. S. state of Louisiana. The district covers the south central tier of the state west to the Texas border, Louisiana gained its 2nd and 3rd Congressional Districts in 1823 as part of the 18th United States Congress. Since at least the 1870s, the district has borne the heavy i

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Henry Adams Bullard

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John Moore

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John Bennett Dawson

David Treen
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David Conner Dave Treen, Sr. was an American attorney and politician from Mandeville, St. Tammany Parish, Louisiana. In 1979 he was elected as the first Republican Governor of the U. S. state of Louisiana since Reconstruction and it was a sign of changing party affiliations among white conservatives in the state, who have comprised a majority of th

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David Treen-Congressional Photo Directory, 1977

Louisiana House of Representatives
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The Louisiana House of Representatives is the lower house in the Louisiana State Legislature, the state legislature of the US state of Louisiana. The House is composed of 105 Representatives, each of whom represents approximately 42,500 people, members serve four-year terms with a term limit of three terms. The House is one of the five state legisl

2.
Louisiana House of Representatives Chambre des Représentants de Louisiane

Chackbay, Louisiana
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Chackbay is a census-designated place in northern Lafourche Parish, Louisiana, United States. The population was 4,018 at the 2000 census and it is part of the Houma–Bayou Cane–Thibodaux Metropolitan Statistical Area. It is a part of the Ward 6 area of Lafourche Parish, chackbay is located at 29°53′21″N 90°45′7″W. According to the United States Cen

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Location of Chackbay in Louisiana

Democratic Party (United States)
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The Democratic Party is one of the two major contemporary political parties in the United States, along with the Republican Party. The Democrats dominant worldview was once socially conservative and fiscally classical liberalism, while, especially in the rural South, since Franklin D. Roosevelt and his New Deal coalition in the 1930s, the Democrati

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Andrew Jackson was the first Democratic President of the United States

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The three leaders of the Democratic party during the first half of the 20th century: President Woodrow Wilson (nominated in 1912 and '16) Sec. of State William J. Bryan (nominated in 1896, 1900 and 1908), Josephus Daniels, Breckinridge Long, William Phillips, and Franklin D. Roosevelt (nominated for VP in 1920 and for president in 1932, 36,'40 and 44)

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John F. Kennedy, 35th President of the United States (1961–1963)

Republican Party (United States)
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The Republican Party, commonly referred to as the GOP, is one of the two major contemporary political parties in the United States, the other being its historic rival, the Democratic Party. The party is named after republicanism, the dominant value during the American Revolution, there have been 19 Republican presidents, the most from any one party

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Abraham Lincoln, the first Republican U.S. President (1861–1865).

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Theodore Roosevelt, 26th President of the United States (1901–1909)

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Dwight Eisenhower, 34th President of the United States (1953–1961)

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Richard Nixon, 37th President of the United States (1969–1974)

Nicholls State University
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Nicholls State University, founded in 1948, is a public university located in Thibodaux, Louisiana, United States. Nicholls is part of the University of Louisiana System of universities, originally named Francis T. Nicholls Junior College, the university is named for Francis T. Nicholls, a former governor of Louisiana and member of the Louisiana Su

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Nicholls State University

Louisiana State University
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Louisiana State University is a public coeducational university located in Baton Rouge, Louisiana. The university was founded in 1853 in what is now known as Pineville, Louisiana, LSU is the flagship institution of the Louisiana State University System. In 2015, the university enrolled over 26,000 undergraduate and over 5,000 graduate students in 1

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Louisiana State University Memorial Tower

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Seal of Louisiana State University

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Downtown Baton Rouge Campus (1886-1925) Historical Marker

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A panorama of the LSU campus in 1909

Pharmaceceutical company
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The pharmaceutical industry discovers, develops, produces, and markets drugs or pharmaceutical drugs for use as medications. Pharmaceutical companies may deal in generic or brand medications and medical devices and they are subject to a variety of laws and regulations that govern the patenting, testing, safety, efficacy and marketing of drugs. The

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Gleevec, a drug used in the treatment of several cancers, is marketed by Novartis, one of the world's major pharmaceutical companies.

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Diethylbarbituric acid was the first marketed barbiturate. It was sold by Bayer under the trade name Veronal

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In 1937 over 100 people died after ingesting a solution of the antibacterial sulfanilamide formulated in the toxic solvent diethylene glycol

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Percent surviving by age in 1900, 1950, and 1997.

Cajun
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Cajuns are an ethnic group mainly living in the U. S. state of Louisiana, consisting of the descendants of Acadian exiles. Today, the Cajuns make up a significant portion of south Louisianas population and have exerted an impact on the states culture. The Acadia region to which modern Cajuns trace their origin consisted largely of what are now Nova

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Lee Benoit

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This article is about an ethnic culture. For other uses, see Cajun (disambiguation).

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Cajun boudin rolled into a ball and deep fried

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Musicians playing at a traditional Courir de Mardi Gras

Thibodaux, Louisiana
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Thibodaux is a city in and the parish seat of Lafourche Parish, Louisiana, United States, along the banks of Bayou Lafourche in the northwestern part of the parish. The population was 14,567 at the 2010 census, Thibodaux is a principal city of the Houma–Bayou Cane–Thibodaux Metropolitan Statistical Area. ZIP codes for Thibodaux are 70301,70302, and

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Downtown

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Charles C. Elkins Hall is one of twenty-eight sites in Thibodaux listed on the National Register of Historic Places.

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St. Valérie's relics in St. Joseph Co-Cathedral

United States Democratic Party
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The Democratic Party is one of the two major contemporary political parties in the United States, along with the Republican Party. The Democrats dominant worldview was once socially conservative and fiscally classical liberalism, while, especially in the rural South, since Franklin D. Roosevelt and his New Deal coalition in the 1930s, the Democrati

1.
Andrew Jackson was the first Democratic President of the United States

2.
Democratic Party

3.
The three leaders of the Democratic party during the first half of the 20th century: President Woodrow Wilson (nominated in 1912 and '16) Sec. of State William J. Bryan (nominated in 1896, 1900 and 1908), Josephus Daniels, Breckinridge Long, William Phillips, and Franklin D. Roosevelt (nominated for VP in 1920 and for president in 1932, 36,'40 and 44)

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John F. Kennedy, 35th President of the United States (1961–1963)

David C. Treen
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David Conner Dave Treen, Sr. was an American attorney and politician from Mandeville, St. Tammany Parish, Louisiana. In 1979 he was elected as the first Republican Governor of the U. S. state of Louisiana since Reconstruction and it was a sign of changing party affiliations among white conservatives in the state, who have comprised a majority of th

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David Treen-Congressional Photo Directory, 1977

U.S. Representative
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The United States House of Representatives is the lower chamber of the United States Congress which, along with the Senate, composes the legislature of the United States. The composition and powers of the House are established by Article One of the United States Constitution, since its inception in 1789, all representatives are elected popularly. T

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United States House of Representatives

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Seal of the House

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Republican Thomas Brackett Reed, occasionally ridiculed as "Czar Reed", was a U.S. Representative from Maine, and Speaker of the House from 1889 to 1891 and from 1895 to 1899.

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House Speaker Nancy Pelosi, Majority Leader Steny Hoyer, and Education and Labor Committee Chairman George Miller confer with President Barack Obama at the Oval Office in 2009.

United States Republican Party
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The Republican Party, commonly referred to as the GOP, is one of the two major contemporary political parties in the United States, the other being its historic rival, the Democratic Party. The party is named after republicanism, the dominant value during the American Revolution, there have been 19 Republican presidents, the most from any one party

1.
Abraham Lincoln, the first Republican U.S. President (1861–1865).

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Republican Party

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Theodore Roosevelt, 26th President of the United States (1901–1909)

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Dwight Eisenhower, 34th President of the United States (1953–1961)

Reconstruction era of the United States
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Johnson followed a lenient policy toward ex-Confederates. Lincolns last speeches show that he was leaning toward supporting the enfranchisement of all freedmen, whereas Johnson was opposed to this. A Republican coalition came to power in all the southern states and set out to transform the society by setting up a free labor economy, using the U. S.

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The southern economy had been ruined by the war. Charleston, South Carolina: Broad Street, 1865

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The ruins of Richmond, Virginia after the American Civil War, newly freed African Americans voting for the first time in 1867, Office of the Freedmen's Bureau in Memphis, Tennessee, Memphis Riots of 1866

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A political cartoon of Andrew Johnson and Abraham Lincoln, 1865, entitled "The Rail Splitter At Work Repairing the Union." The caption reads (Johnson): Take it quietly Uncle Abe and I will draw it closer than ever. (Lincoln): A few more stitches Andy and the good old Union will be mended.

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Monument in honor of the Grand Army of the Republic, organized after the war

Governor of Louisiana
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This is a list of the Governors of Louisiana, from acquisition by the United States in 1803 to the present day, for earlier governors of Louisiana see List of colonial governors of Louisiana. In 1803, Europe was about to become involved in a continental war, the French Empire, led by Napoleon, had begun an aggressive expansionist policy which chall

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Incumbent Bobby Jindal since January 14, 2008

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Seal of Louisiana

Louisiana State Senate
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The Louisiana State Senate is the upper house of the state legislature of Louisiana. All senators serve four-year terms and are assigned multiple committees to work on, the Republicans gained control of the chamber in 2011 after a special election in District 26 brought victory to their nominee, Jonathan W. Perry. Previously the Democratic Party he

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Louisiana State Senate Sénat de Louisiane

Morgan City, Louisiana
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Morgan City is a city in St. Mary Parish in the State of Louisiana. The population was 12,404 at the 2010 census, Morgan City sits on the banks of the Atchafalaya River. The town was originally named Tiger Island by surveyors appointed by U. S. Secretary of War John Calhoun, because of a particular type of wild cat seen in the area. It was later ch

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Morgan City, Louisiana

Jefferson Parish, Louisiana
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Jefferson Parish is a parish in the U. S. state of Louisiana. As of the 2010 census, the population was 432,552, Jefferson Parish is included in the New Orleans-Metairie, LA Metropolitan Statistical Area. Jefferson Parish was less affected by Hurricane Katrina in 2005 and has rebounded at a rapid pace than neighboring Orleans Parish. Jefferson Pari

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The northern suburbs of Jefferson Parish including portions of Kenner and Metairie as well as two of the major E-W thoroughfares, Veterans Boulevard and Interstate 10

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Location in the state of Louisiana

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Jefferson Parish is noted as a center of Louisiana Creole speakers

Conservative Democrat
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In American politics, a conservative Democrat is a member of the Democratic Party with conservative political views, or with views relatively conservative with respect to those of the national party. During this period, conservative Democrats formed the Democratic half of the conservative coalition, after 1964, the conservative wing assumed a great

Liberal (politics)
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Liberalism is a political philosophy or worldview founded on ideas of liberty and equality. Liberalism first became a political movement during the Age of Enlightenment. Liberalism rejected the social and political norms of hereditary privilege, state religion, absolute monarchy. The 17th-century philosopher John Locke is often credited with foundi

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The Agreement of the People (1647) was a manifesto for political change, proposed by the Levellers during the English Civil War. It called for freedom of religion, frequent convening of Parliament and equality under the law.

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John Locke was the first to develop a liberal philosophy, including the right to private property and the consent of the governed.

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The Bill of Rights was a landmark piece of liberal legislation.

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The Philadelphia Convention in 1787 adopted the United States Constitution, which is still in effect.

Blue Dog Democrats
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It was formed in 1995 during the 104th Congress to give more conservative members from the Democratic party a unified voice after the Democrats loss of Congress in the U. S. Blue Dog Coalition membership experienced a decline in the 2010s. The 115th Congress has seen the Coalition grow to 18 members. Brewster of Oklahoma, John S. Tanner of Tennesse

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Blue Dog Coalition

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Barack Obama meets with Blue Dog Democrats on February 10, 2009

Buddy Roemer
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Roemer was a candidate for the presidential nominations of the Republican Party and the Reform Party in 2012. Buddy Roemer endorsed Gary Johnson, a governor of New Mexico, in March 1991, while serving as governor, Roemer switched affiliation from the Democratic Party to the Republican Party. Roemer serves on the Advisory Council of Represent. Us, a

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Buddy Roemer

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Roemer speaking at a John McCain presidential rally in Louisiana, June 2008

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Roemer speaking at a Reform Party campaign in New Jersey, December 2011

Edwin Edwards
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Edwin Washington Edwards is an American politician and member of the Democratic Party who served as the U. S. Representative for Louisianas 7th congressional district from 1965 to 1972 and as the 50th Governor of Louisiana for four terms and he served a total of sixteen years in office, the sixth-longest serving gubernatorial tenure in post-Constit

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Edwin Edwards

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Edwards shakes hands with President Gerald Ford, April 1976

Runoff election
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The two-round system is a voting method used to elect a single winner, where the voter casts a single vote for their chosen candidate. The two-round system is used around the world for the election of legislative bodies, for example, it is used in French presidential, legislative, and departmental elections. In Italy, it is used to elect mayors, bu

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An example of runoff voting. Runoff voting involves two rounds of voting. Only two candidates survive to the second round.

Bob Livingston
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Robert Linlithgow Bob Livingston Jr. is a Washington, D. C. -based lobbyist and a former Republican U. S. Livingston was born in Colorado Springs, Colorado, Livingston was married in 1965 to the former Bonnie Robichaux, a native of Raceland in Lafourche Parish. Bonnies grandfather, Alcide Robichaux, served in the Louisiana State Senate, Livingstons

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Bob Livingston

New Orleans
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New Orleans is a major United States port and the largest city and metropolitan area in the state of Louisiana. The population of the city was 343,829 as of the 2010 U. S. Census, the New Orleans metropolitan area had a population of 1,167,764 in 2010 and was the 46th largest in the United States. The New Orleans–Metairie–Bogalusa Combined Statisti

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From top left: A typical New Orleans mansion off St. Charles Avenue, a streetcar passing by Loyola University and Tulane University, the skyline of the Central Business District, Jackson Square, and a view of Royal Street in the French Quarter

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The Battle of New Orleans (1815)

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Mississippi River steamboats at New Orleans, 1853.

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The starving people of New Orleans under Union occupation during the Civil War, 1862

Speedy Long
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Speedy Oteria Long was a Jena lawyer who was a Democratic U. S. Representative from Central Louisiana from 1965 to 1973, prior to his tenure in the since disbanded Eighth Congressional District, Speedy Long had been a member of the Louisiana state Senate. After he left Congress, he became the attorney for the Jena-based 28th Judicial District. He w

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Speedy Long

U.S. House Committee on Energy and Commerce
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The Committee on Energy and Commerce is one of the oldest standing committees of the United States House of Representatives. Established in 1795, it has operated continuously—with various name changes, the two other House standing committees with such continuous operation are the House Ways and Means Committee and the House Rules Committee. The Hou

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This article is outdated. Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (January 2015)

Clean Air Act (United States)
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The Clean Air Act is a United States federal law designed to control air pollution on a national level. It is one of the United States first and most influential environmental laws. As with many other major U. S. federal environmental statutes, it is administered by the U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, in coordination with state, local and it

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Counties in the United States where one or more National Ambient Air Quality Standards are not met, as of October 2015.

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Clean Air Act

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President Lyndon B. Johnson signing the 1967 Clean Air Act in the East Room of the White House, November 21, 1967.

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Air

Superfund
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Superfund is a United States federal government program designed to fund the cleanup of sites contaminated with hazardous substances and pollutants. It was established as the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, CERCLA created the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry. S. Approximately 70 percent of Superfund cleanup activ

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Polluted Martin's Creek on the Kin-Buc Landfill Superfund site in Edison, New Jersey

Telecommunications Act of 1996
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The Telecommunications Act of 1996 was the first significant overhaul of telecommunications law in more than sixty years, amending the Communications Act of 1934. One of the most controversial titles was Title 3, which allowed for media cross-ownership, the legislations primary goal was deregulation of the converging broadcasting and telecommunicat

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Telecommunications Act of 1996

Louisiana Political Museum and Hall of Fame
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The Louisiana Political Museum and Hall of Fame in located in Winnfield, Winn Parish, in the U. S. state of Louisiana. It was created in 1987 by an act of the Louisiana State Legislature to highlight the careers of the leading politicians. Long Jr. Oscar K. Allen, and Earl Kemp Long, were born there Winnfield calls itself the birthplace of Louisian

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Louisiana Political Museum and Hall of Fame

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The Hall of Fame is within the Winn Parish Chamber of Commerce building.

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Inside the museum

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Earl Kemp Long exhibit at Louisiana Political Museum and Hall of Fame

Winnfield, Louisiana
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Winnfield is a small city in the parish seat of Winn Parish, Louisiana, United States. The population was 5,749 at the 2000 census, and 4,840 at the 2010 census, three governors of the State Of Louisiana were from Winnfield. When Winn Parish was officially formed by the legislature in 1852. During the Civil War, the area around Winnfield was the si

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A whistle stop train tour in Keyser, West Virginia, in 1948. From left to right: President Harry S. Truman at the microphone, Congressional candidate Harley Orrin Staggers, and U.S. Senator Harley M. Kilgore.