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1 This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike License. Your use of this material constitutes acceptance of that license and the conditions of use of materials on this site. Copyright 2006, The Johns Hopkins University, Patrick Breysse, and Peter S. J. Lees. All rights reserved. Use of these materials permitted only in accordance with license rights granted. Materials provided AS IS ; no representations or warranties provided. User assumes all responsibility for use, and all liability related thereto, and must independently review all materials for accuracy and efficacy. May contain materials owned by others. User is responsible for obtaining permissions for use from third parties as needed.

4 Noise and Sound Noise Excessive or unwanted sound which potentially results in annoyance and/or hearing loss (can be from occupational and/or non-occupational sources) Sound A pressure variation (wave) that travels through air and is detected by the human ear Continued 4

5 Noise and Sound Physical manifestation of noise is a pressure wave Caused by vibrating surfaces We can t measure acoustic energy very well, but we can measure sound pressure well Sound pressure is a surrogate for acoustic energy 5

6 Noise Focus is on preventing hearing loss associated with noise exposure There are other physiologic effects of noise Noise-induced hearing loss has been observed for centuries Prior to the Industrial Revolution, few people were exposed to high noise levels 6

8 Noise-Induced Hearing Loss (NIHL) NIOSH estimates that > 4 million production workers are exposed to hazardous noise This represents approximately 17% of all production workers 8

9 Section B Physics of Sound

10 Physics of Sound Theory The vibration of a source causes pressure changes in air which result in pressure waves Perceived sound is comprised of numerous pressure waves of varying characteristics Continued 10

11 Physics of Sound Pressure wave characteristics Amplitude The amount of sound pressure measured in decibels (db) Frequency The rate of vibration per unit time measured in cycles per second, more commonly known as hertz (Hz); range of normal perception for young person is 20 20,000 Hz 11

12 Octave Bands Quantifies effective frequencies without looking at each frequency one at a time Standardized notation used to characterize the frequency dependence of noise Continued 12

35 Noise Standards and Guidelines Three parts to any standard or guideline: 1. Criteria level Eight-hour average SPL above which risk for hearing loss exists (usually either 85 or 90 dba) Continued 35

36 Noise Standards and Guidelines Three parts to any standard or guideline: 2. Threshold level SPL below which no damage occurs 3. Exchange rate Based on a damage model assumption Trade-off between exposure level and exposure time 36

42 % Noise Dose Exercise 1A Given four hours of 90 dba exposure, two hours of 95 dba exposure, and two hours of 85 dba exposure, what is the % dose using the PEL? (Is this person overexposed compared to PEL?) = 100% of PEL Answer: Borderline, since dose = 100% 42

43 % Noise Dose Exercise 1B Given four hours of 90 dba exposure, two hours of 95 dba exposure, and two hours of 85 dba exposure, what is the % dose using the HCA? (Does this person need to be in a hearing conservation program?) % Answer: Yes, since dose is >50% = 43

44 % Noise Dose Exercise 2A Given four hrs of 80 dba exposure, two hours of 90 dba exposure, and two hours of 85 dba exposure, what is the % dose using the PEL? (Is this person overexposed compared to PEL?) = 25% of PEL Answer: No, since dose <100% 44

45 % Noise Dose Exercise 2B Given four hours of 80 dba exposure, two hours of 90 dba exposure, and two hours of 85 dba exposure, what is the % dose using the HCA? (Does this person need to be in a hearing conservation program?) = 50% of PEL Answer: Borderline, since dose = 50% 45

46 Noise Exposure In evaluating worker exposure to noise, the industrial hygienist should answer two main questions: 1. Is the OSHA PEL met or exceeded? 2. Does the worker need to be in the hearing conservation program? Modern dosimeters calculate dose both ways 46

49 Challenges Reducing noise exposure in industry is difficult since guarding and soundproofing materials make machines harder to clean or are hard to clean themselves, noise reduction is expensive, etc. Hearing protection is not very effective because it is often not used properly and is uncomfortable 49

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