Jupiterís Radio Noises

One of the major deductions from the study of ancient civilizations was
the recognition that the planetary and cometary bodies are charged objects
and the solar system itself is regulated not solely by the law of gravitation;
that electromagnetic interactions must exist and where following the inverse
square law must be unrecognizable in their effects on the calculations
of celestial mechanics - charge can, so to say, be hidden in or masked
by the mass. Thus the problem of Pluto influencing Uranus and Neptune
more than its mass can account for is a case of a substantial charge on
a small planet. But where the less pronounced electromagnetic inverse
cube relations take place, like in Mercurys precession of its perihelion,
divergences from the celestial computations are registered as anomalies.
Mercury moves through a general magnetic field of the Sun that influences
it more strongly than it influences the remoter planets besides the influence
on it and on them of the magnetic solar spots and solar wind.

In catastrophic conditions, with two celestial bodies approaching one
another closely, the electromagnetic interactions may become most pronounced
- the cometary protoplanet Venus produced a display of discharges between
its head and its trailing part when the orbital movement of the protoplanet
was disrupted by the close approach to the Earth; in the latter, eddy
currents were generated with the effects due to such phenomenon (see Worlds
in Collision, Epilogue ). Interplanetary discharges took
place when Mars and Earth came into close contact (Worlds in Collision,
Synodus ). The projected volumes dealing with catastrophes
preceding those that took place at the end of the Middle Kingdom in Egypt
carry the titles Saturn and the Flood and Jupiter of
the Thunderbolt.

The planet-god Jupiter (Zeus, Ormuzd, Shiva, Marduk) was pictured with
a thunderbolt because of the spectacles witnessed by the inhabitants of
the Earth like a discharge that was directed toward Venus when it
approached its parental body (Worlds in Collision, Blazing
Star), or when the Earth itself might have been the target, as the
content of the volume Jupiter of the Thunderbolt will reveal.

The understanding that the solar system is not neutral in its components
but possibly neutral as a whole led me to the conclusion that the charge
of the Sun may be equal to the combined charge of the planetary bodies
and that quite possibly in Jupiter is assembled the major portion of it;
thus, being ca. 1000 times smaller than the Sun it is charged to a very
substantial potential.

Its potential could have been greater in the past; certainly planetary
bodies exchanging discharges neutralized themselves to some degree; Mars,
for instance, must have been much more charged in the past before the
events of the first half of the first millennium before the present era.
The charge of the planet, I thought, may even be decisive in the position
the planet occupies in the planetary system. I even considered theoretically
a system in which gravitation is completely supplanted by electromagnetic
effects with the charged planets traveling in the magnetic field of the
Sun, itself being a charged body that by its rotation creates the magnetic
field permeating the solar system; I also contemplated the existence of
magnetic shells that would be the determinative of the planetary distances
(Bodes Law).

Since 1941, I insisted that electromagnetic interrelations in the solar
system cannot be ignored - this was the theme of my long debate, in writing
and oral, with Einstein - from August 1952 to his death in April of 1955.
At some point in our debate (in a letter written in June 1954) I offered
to stake our debate on whether Jupiter sends out radio noises (of non-thermal
nature, as I already claimed in my Forum Lecture of 14 October, 1954),
to which he reacted skeptically, yet was greatly surprised when nine days
before his death I brought to him the news (New York Times of April 6,1955)
that such radio noises were accidentally detected.

It has been long known that Jupiter possesses an angular momentum that
is superior to the angular momentum of the Sun, even of the Sun with the
rest of the planets combined. This appeared to me not without a definite
role of charges accumulated in Jupiter.

Jupiter was believed to be a cold planet - since the l9th century it
was thought to be covered by a frozen mantle of ices over ten thousand
miles thick. To me, however, from the knowledge of its activities in ancient
times, it did not appear as an inert gravitational body; I thought also
of Jupiter as a dark star (Worlds in Collision, p. 373); but the
radio noises that I expected it to be sending out I considered as of non-thermal
origin and so I also expressed myself in the mentioned Forum Lecture.
But whereas I expressed myself in October 1952: The planet is cold,
yet its gases are in motion. It appears probable to me that it sends out
radio noises as do the sun and the stars. I suggest that this be investigated,
in June 1954 in a letter to Einstein, I took a most definite stand:
Of course, I am a heretic, for I question the neutral state
of celestial bodies. There are various tests that could be made. For
instance, does Jupiter send out radio-noises or not? This can easily
be found if you should wish. This claim was also vindicated
in the announcement made by Burke and Franklin on April 6 of 1955.

The relevance of the orbital periods of Jupiter and Saturn to the
sunspot cycle appeared to me, if real, based on electromagnetic , interdependence.
The highly charged Jupiter must create a powerful magnetosphere; it may
even create magnetic shells, for distribution of its satellites, a thing
not yet proven; but certainly the large satellites of Jupiter, and
especially the innermost of the Jovian satellites, must be much affected
by its magnetic field. Jupiter itself appeared to me to be of contrasting
charges on various levels which would account for the potential difference
observed in celestial battles by the ancients between the head and the
trailing part of the Jovian progeny - protoplanet Venus (Worlds
in Collision, The Battle in the Sky), the head having
been expelled from Jupiters deeper parts, the trailing part
of debris and gases from a more superficial layer.

Thus discharges on Jupiter could be dictated by potential difference.
The closest of the Galilean satellites must be acting as a target independent
of whether a spark discharge actually takes place or a stream of charged
particles is directed toward it and to a lesser extent toward other
satellites (the fifth, however is only 112,000 miles mean distance
from the planet). A purely gravitational relationship between
Jupiter and its satellites appeared to me unthinkable; and on this
phenomenon, in my estimate, the purely gravitational system of the
World must stumble, as also on the case of the behavior of the comets
when approaching, then circling the Sun in their perihelia a subject
much discussed by me with Einstein in my effort to convince him of the
fallibility of a purely gravitational system of the solar system (and
of the universe in general).

The discovery of the Jovian noises (1955), and of the terrestrial magnetosphere
(1958), claimed by me also in the Forum Lecture of 1953, and of the interplanetary
magnetic field centered on the Sun and rotating with it (1960), and of
the solar wind or uninterrupted streams of plasma (1960), made the purely
gravitational system of the World untenable. Yet among astronomers, as
late as 1971, the full significance of the fact for the understanding
of the structure of the universe only very slowly finds its way, as can
be exemplified by a paper by Prof. Ivan King, The Dynamics of Star
Clusters, where no mention is found of any electromagnetic participation
in the mechanics of the galaxies.

The realization that Jupiter, which participated in a vigorous way in
the theomachy (celestial battles), is not inert and cold led me to the
conclusion that Jupiter must be also hot under its cloud cover, at some
depth. This afterthought made me also claim that Jupiter is hot in a discussion
with Prof. I. I. Shapiro of M.I.T., well-known authority in astrophysics,
who denied such a possibility. This claim was confirmed recently by probes
of the temperature underlying the surface clouds.

This leads me to the necessity to discuss some other aspects of the recent
history of Jupiter, which all ancient peoples of the World elevated to
the role of the supreme deity, the role it took over from Kronos-Saturn.
But such a discussion I will undertake separately and at some length.