Multi-carrier modulation (MCM) is today’s method of choice for communication systems. This is also true for SI-POF. The basics of MCM and special characteristics for the optical transmission using SI-POF are explained within this paper. Current approaches for MCM over SI-POF are described: Teleconnect’s G.hn based solution for home networking and Innodul’s DMT-based Gigabit solution.

4.

Andersson, Daniel

et al.

Radarbolaget, Gävle.

Wallin, Kjell

Radarbolaget, Gävle.

Javashvili, Otar

University of Gävle, Faculty of Engineering and Sustainable Development, Department of Electronics, Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Electronics.

Beckman, Claes

University of Gävle, Faculty of Engineering and Sustainable Development, Department of Electronics, Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Electronics.

Ultra Wideband Radar has the potential of dramatically improving the control and surveillance of industrial processes in confined areas. An example is the application of UWB radar for surveillance of furnaces for heath treatment of steel billets developed by Radarbolaget in Gävle.

In our installation at AB Sandvik Materials Technology, we have shown that by using a non-destructive UWB Radar technique it is possible to visualize in real-time the ongoing process inside the furnace behind a 0.5 m thick ceramic wall. Since the operating temperature inside the furnace is 1200 °C, there is today no other known method capable of visualizing the process for the operator of the furnace. The system is therefore designed to sustain high temperatures and powerful electromagnetic disturbances while performing measurement with wide dynamics and high stability.

The design of this radar is based on the idea of transmitting a continuous m-sequence and then detecting the correlated impulse response (see figure below). The wide bandwidth is a requirement for obtaining high spatial accuracy and resolution but puts further requirements on the design of the antennas and the electronics. Our results show that with this technique it is possible to determine the deformation of the steel billets inside the furnace with an accuracy of less than 5 mm. The radar system is also able to detect deformations in the furnace wall

The m-sequence radar has many advantages over other UWB radar technologies since it e.g. does not require many analogue components. Its performance is a result of the choice of code length, sampling rate and averaging. However, the resolution is still limited by the impulse response of the analogue antenna (ringing).

In this paper system parameters that affect the overall performance of an m-sequence radar are reviewed and means of enhancing its performance are discussed.

This thesis deals with the nationalistic imaginary in the novels of Sven Lidman, published 1910–1913. The novels hold forth a conservative point-of-view that embraces the bourgeois ideal of masculinity and the idea of the healthy, Swedish rural way of life as opposed to the destructive metropolis. This dualism is part of a dichotomy that structures the novels. It also entails continuity/fragmentation, the Swedish/the foreign, men/women, activity/ passivity as well as masculinity/femininity and unmanliness.

In the Silfverstååhl-cycle the protagonists are young men of a noble, Swedish family. They progress from lost and introspective youths to grown men who are deeply concerned with and engaged in society. They are different representatives of the Swedish man – the farmer, the business man, the explorer and the clergy man. What unites them is how their “coming of age” develops, how through trial and struggle they become stronger and prove worthy of the manly role they finally take on. This is a major principle of the bourgeois masculinity that is also closely connected to the national identity of the men.

There is also an ambiguity concerning modernity. Throughout the novels a critique of modern society is formulated, that acknowledges the modern age but simultaneously takes on a prudent attitude towards modern society. There is no going back for the Swedish nation; the modern times have to be confronted. The present is very important since it is the time for scrutiny. The handling of the modern era takes place in the developing processes of the young men, who have to be careful not to get trapped in the modern whirlpool that threatens to shatter the human being. The past, the familiar and the rural anchorage that the family relation entitles, is a defense against the destructive forces of modernity. But the past is not completely beneficial. Even though the past is of major importance to the national identity of the protagonists, they have to be very careful not to delve too much into the past because of the risk of paralysis and effeminization. In the nationalistic narrative the present encapsulates the past and the future. The Swedish man has to navigate in the borderland of modernity.

6.

Bagherbandi, Mohammad

et al.

University of Gävle, Faculty of Engineering and Sustainable Development, Department of Industrial Development, IT and Land Management, Urban and regional planning/GIS-institute. Division of Geodesy and Geoinformatics, Royal Institute of Technology (KTH), Stockholm, Sweden.

Sjöberg, Lars E.

University of Gävle, Faculty of Engineering and Sustainable Development, Department of Industrial Development, IT and Land Management.

The Earth's gravity field is related to the topographic potential in medium and higher degrees, which is isostatically compensated. Hence, the topographic-isostatic (TI) data are indispensable for extending an available Earth Gravitational Model (EGM) to higher degrees. Here we use TI harmonic coefficients to construct a Synthetic Earth Gravitational Model (SEGM) to extend the EGMs to higher degrees. To achieve a high-quality SEGM, a global geopotential model (EGM96) is used to describe the low degrees, whereas the medium and high degrees are obtained from the TI or topographic potential. This study differes from others in that it uses a new gravimetric-isostatic model for determining the TI potential. We test different alternatives based on TI or only topographic data to determine the SEGM. Although the topography is isostatically compensated only to about degree 40-60, our study shows that using a compensation model improves the SEGM in comparison with using only topographic data for higher degree harmonics. This is because the TI data better adjust the applied Butterworth filter, which bridges the known EGM and the new high-degree potential field than the topographic data alone.

The AMBEGUJAS phenomenon is a reversible flat figure that is spontaneously shifting between two apparent 3-0 shapes-'tile' and 'roor. 2-0 perceptions have very rarely been reported. Tied to the shifts between the tile and roof shapes are remarkable changes of perceived colour. In our example, the tile appears to have orange (top half) and blue-green (bottom half) surface colours in white light. The roof appears grey but in an orange illumination and with a blue -green shadow. This phenomenon appears whether a grey display is presented in two coloured illuminations, or a chromatic display with two surface colours (orange and blue -green) is presented in white light. In the coloured illuminations the tile is an example of non-constancy, since its colours are non-veridical colour perceptions. The centre stripe of the display appears to have the same orange and blue -green colours as the lateral stripes but in a shadow. This seems like a colour constancy in a non-constancy situation. An alternative to the classical definition of colour constancy is discussed.

The aim of the present study was to describe dental hygienists' experiences of their physical and psychosocial work environment. The study was descriptive in design and used a qualitative approach. Eleven dental hygienists participated in the study and data were collected during spring 2008 using semi-structured interviews. The material was analysed using qualitative content analysis. The results showed that the dental hygienists experienced their work environment as motivating and facilitating, but at the same time as trying. The three categories revealed a theme: Being controlled in a modern environment characterized by good relationships. Motivating factors were the good relationship with co-workers, managers and patients, seeing the results of your work, having your own responsibility and making your own decisions. The new, pleasant and modern clinics, good cooperation between co-workers and varying duties were described as facilitating factors. The trying factors, as described by the dental hygienists, were above all being controlled by time limits or by some elements of the work, such as teamwork. The dental hygienists also felt stress because appointments were too-short. To conclude, the participants described their work environment as trying in several ways, despite the modern clinics and good relationships.

The aim of this study was to develop a circuit for an inexpensive portable biosensing system based on surface plasmon resonance spectroscopy. This portable biosensing system designed for field use is characterized by a special structure which consists of a microfluidic cell incorporating a right angle prism functionalized with a biomolecular identification membrane, a laser line generator and a data acquisition circuit board. The data structure, data memory capacity and a line charge-coupled device (CCD) array with a driving circuit for collecting the photoelectric signals are intensively focused on and the high performance analog-to-digital (A/D) converter is comprehensively evaluated. The interface circuit and the photoelectric signal amplifier circuit are first studied to obtain the weak signals from the line CCD array in this experiment. Quantitative measurements for validating the sensitivity of the biosensing system were implemented using ethanol solutions of various concentrations indicated by volume fractions of 5%, 8%, 15%, 20%, 25%, and 30%, respectively, without a biomembrane immobilized on the surface of the SPR sensor. The experiments demonstrated that it is possible to detect a change in the refractive index of an ethanol solution with a sensitivity of 4.99838 × 10(5) ΔRU/RI in terms of the changes in delta response unit with refractive index using this SPR biosensing system, whereby the theoretical limit of detection of 3.3537 × 10(-5) refractive index unit (RIU) and a high linearity at the correlation coefficient of 0.98065. The results obtained from a series of tests confirmed the practicality of this cost-effective portable SPR biosensing system.

Due to the instrument designed by using a common surface plasmon resonance biosensor is extremely expensive, we established a portable and cost-effective surface plasmon resonance biosensing system. It is mainly composed of laser line generator, P-polarizer, customized prism, microfluidic cell, and line Charge Coupled Device (CCD) array. Microprocessor PIC24FJ128GA006 with embedded A/D converter, communication interface circuit and photoelectric signal amplifier circuit are used to obtain the weak signals from the biosensing system. Moreover, the line CCD module is checked and optimized on the number of pixels, pixels dimension, output amplifier and the timing diagram. The micro-flow cell is made of stainless steel with a high thermal conductivity, and the microprocessor based Proportional-Integral-Derivative (PID) temperature-controlled algorithm was designed to keep the constant temperature (25 °C) of the sample solutions. Correspondingly, the data algorithms designed especially to this biosensing system including amplitude-limiting filtering algorithm, data normalization and curve plotting were programmed efficiently. To validate the performance of the biosensor, ethanol solution samples at the concentrations of 5%, 7.5%, 10%, 12.5% and 15% in volumetric fractions were used, respectively. The fitting equation ΔRU=-752987.265+570237.348×RI with the R-Square of 0.97344 was established by delta response units (ΔRUs) to refractive indexes (RI). The maximum relative standard deviation (RSD) of 4.8% was obtained.

Department of Public and Occupational Health and the EMGO Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Body@Work Research Center Physical Activity, Work & Health TNO-VU/VUmc, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.

Mathiassen, Svend Erik

University of Gävle, Faculty of Health and Occupational Studies, Department of Occupational and Public Health Sciences, Occupational health science. University of Gävle, Centre for Musculoskeletal Research.

Srinivasan, Divya

University of Gävle, Faculty of Health and Occupational Studies, Department of Occupational and Public Health Sciences, Occupational health science. University of Gävle, Centre for Musculoskeletal Research.

Objectives: Many current jobs are characterized by sedentary behaviour (SB) and lack of physical activity (PA). Interventions addressing SB and PA at the workplace may benefit workers’ health. The present review is the first to focus on the effectiveness of interventions implemented during productive work with the intention to change workers’ SB and/or PA while working.

Methods: Scopus was searched for articles published from 1992 until March 12, 2015. Relevant studies were evaluated using the Quality Assessment Tool for Quantitative Studies and summarized in a best-evidence synthesis.

Results: 40 studies describing 41 interventions were included and organized into three categories: alternative workstations (20), interventions promoting stair use (11) and personalized behavioural interventions (10). Strong evidence was found for alternative workstations leading to positive effects on overall SB, while evidence was conflicting for effects on SB and PA at work, overall PA, and work performance. Evidence was moderate for alternative workstations to have no effect on hemodynamics and cardiorespiratory fitness. Stair use promotion interventions were found to increase PA at work, while personalized behavioural interventions increased overall PA; both with moderate evidence. Personalized behavioural interventions were found to have no effect on anthropometric measures (moderate evidence). Regarding work performance and lipid and metabolic profiles, evidence was either conflicting or insufficient.

Conclusions: Current evidence supports that introduction of alternative workstations may have positive effects on overall PA and SB, likely without reducing work performance, while the long-term health effects of all three reviewed categories of interventions remain to be established.

The new generation of textile materials have the capability to conduct electricity and at the same time be wearable. There are much more applications involved if an antenna is made from parts that are totally wearable. This new property of conductivity in textile materials is used to implement the wireless functions to clothing. In general, the antennas are made of highly conductive metal with is a solid structure, which results in stable output. The challenge with textile antenna is output stability which is given by pure textile material of the radiating element, dielectric material and also ground, which can be can be folded and twisted. The paper presents the design and fabricated output results of the textile antenna which is used for the 50 ohm system (as GPS or WLAN) at 2,45 GHz.

15.

Dong, X.

et al.

Zhongyuan Univ Technol China, Zhengzhou , Peoples R China.

Liu, Z.

Zhongyuan Univ Technol China, Zhengzhou , Peoples R China.

Yang, Y.

Zhongyuan Univ Technol China, Zhengzhou , Peoples R China.

Zhou, You

University of Gävle, Faculty of Engineering and Sustainable Development, Department of Electronics, Mathematics and Natural Sciences.

Purpose. To describe limitations in 12 activities at baseline, after multidisciplinary rehabilitation and at a 6-month follow-up for patients with spinal pain and, further, to investigate whether low limitation in any of the activities or in the mean score at baseline might predict increased working time at follow-up. Method. A prospective cohort study of 302 patients, 22- to 63-years old, who participated in multidisciplinary rehabilitation because of chronic neck, thoracic and/or lumbar pain. Data from the Disability Rating Index questionnaire were obtained at baseline, after the 4-week rehabilitation programme, and at the 6-month follow-up. Two subgroups are described: patients who at baseline (1) worked full-time or (2) were on part- or full-time sick leave. Results. The degree of limitation in the 12 activities (items) showed large variations in median scores (7-91). Both subgroups showed significant improvements in most activities after rehabilitation, which remained at the follow-up. Nevertheless, in the sick-leave group, patients who had increased their working time at follow-up (62%) were still very limited in running, heavy work, and lifting heavy objects. In logistic regressions, low limitation in standing bent over a sink at baseline was the only single activity that predicted increased working time at the follow-up: odds ratio (OR) 1.93 (95% CI 1.1-3.5). OR for the mean score was 1.8 (1.0-3.3). Conclusion. A profile of the separate activities demonstrates the large variation in the degree of limitation, which is concealed in a mean score. The single items can be useful when evaluabing interventions. However, to predict increased working time after rehabilitation, the mean score, as well as the activity standing bent over a sink, proved useful.

Background There is much research about district nurses’ preventive work, effects of it and their perceptions of the preventive work. Less is known about how district nurses perceive their preventive work in relation to structural conditions for this work.

Aim The aim was to describe district nurses’ perceptions of their preventive work in daily practice; and structural conditions for this using Kanter’s theory of structural empowerment.

Findings The analysis resulted in one theme; ‘To experience stimulation versus frustration; a consistency versus a discrepancy between will and structural conditions’. District nurses who worked with specialized tasks felt that they mostly had the structural conditions required to work in a preventive manner and that they could prioritize which unhealthy living habits to discuss with their patients. District nurses without specialized tasks described that their structural conditions for preventive work was limited in the present streamlined organization. This in turn led to a feeling of frustration.

Conclusion Preventive work is described as stimulating when district nurses have the conditions required, yet the conditions required are sometimes lacking and especially for district nurses without specialized tasks. There is a will to work in a preventive manner but structural conditions need to be improved.

University of Gävle, Faculty of Engineering and Sustainable Development, Department of Electronics, Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Electronics. School of Information and Communication Technology, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Kista, Sweden.

Choquehuanca, Juan José

University of Gävle, Faculty of Engineering and Sustainable Development, Department of Electronics, Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Electronics.

Chilo, José

University of Gävle, Faculty of Engineering and Sustainable Development, Department of Electronics, Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Electronics.

Thanks to advances in digital technology many hospitals are becoming populated with wireless medical applications to control life critical functions. Electromagnetic interference can cause severe performance degradations on these wireless applications. Several accidents have been reported which calls for a more thorough characterization of these interferences in areas where critical wireless applications are used. In this paper the results of electromagnetic interference measurements performed in a hospital are presented. The amplitude probability distribution (APD) and the inter arrival pulse probability distribution (PSD) are used to characterize these environments. In addition, Middleton parameters can be calculated from the measured data. This study is considered to be a first effort to characterize the 20 MHz -2500 MHz band in hospitals.

Results of three years' field measurements on radio propagation in industrial environments have been analyzed using four propagation models: the Saleh-Valenzuela model, the twocluster model, the indoor power delay profile model, and our more recent adjusted model. In this study, we used the results of measurements performed at a steel mill, a paper mill, and in a laboratory environment for three frequency bands (183-683 MHz, 1640-2140 MHz, and 2200-2700 MHz) and for line-of-sight and non-line-of-sight cases.

21.

Ferrer-Coll, Javier

et al.

University of Gävle, Faculty of Engineering and Sustainable Development, Department of Electronics, Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Electronics.

Ängskog, Per

University of Gävle, Faculty of Engineering and Sustainable Development, Department of Electronics, Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Electronics.

Shabai, He

University of Gävle, Faculty of Engineering and Sustainable Development, Department of Electronics, Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Electronics.

Chilo, José

University of Gävle, Faculty of Engineering and Sustainable Development, Department of Electronics, Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Electronics.

Stenumgaard, Peter

University of Gävle, Faculty of Engineering and Sustainable Development, Department of Electronics, Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Electronics. FOI, Totalförsvarets forskningsinstitut and Linköping University.

Wireless communication is expected to improve the safety and the productivity in underground tunnels for industrial use. However the multiple shapes and structures of tunnels affect wireless communication characteristics in terms of signal propagation which is significantly different from terrestrial environments. This paper presents comprehensive broadband measurements and simulations of multipath propagation and path loss in two underground environments. The results can be used in the development of new communication systems in tunnels that provide industrial services.

In recent years, the use of RFID technology has gained popularity in the timber industry for wood-log monitoring. Harvested wood-logs are stored for different time periods before being processed. As a result, the moisture content in the stored wood-logs varies compared to the freshly-cut wood and it must also be noted that the moisture content of freshly cut wood differs from one log to another. Apart from storage time period of wood-logs, the environmental factors such as temperature, rain, snow and sun also contributes to the variation in the moisture content of the wood-logs. This variation of the moisture content changes the dielectric constant of the wood and hence, influences the characteristics of the RFID antenna. In this paper the impact of variations in moisture content in wood and its effect on the performance of the RFID antenna are studied.

Photovoltaic thermal (PVT) solar panels produce both thermal and electric power from the some area. This paper concerns a PVT design where the series connected strings of cells are laminated using silicone to an aluminium receiver where the heat transfer fluid flows. An evaluation of the impact of reaching high temperatures in the cell structural integrity and performance is presented. Eight small test receivers were made in which the following properties were varied: Size of the PV cells, type of silicone used to encapsulate the PV cells, existence of a strain relief between the cells, size of the gap between cells and type of cell soldering (line or point soldering). These test receivers were placed in an oven for one hour, under eight different monitored temperatures. The temperature of the last round was set at 220°C which well exceeds the highest temperature the panel design can reach. Before and after each round in the oven, the following tests were conducted to the receivers: Electroluminescence (EL) test, IV-curve, diode function, and visual inspection. The test results showed that the receivers made with the transparent silicone and strain relief between cells experienced less micro-cracks and lower degradation in maximum power. No prototype test receiver lost more than 30% of its initial power, despite the large cell breakage shown in some receivers. Prototype receivers with transparent (softer) silicone showed much far less cracks and power decrease when compared to red (harder) silicone receivers. As expected, larger cells are more prone to develop micro-cracks after exposure to thermal stress. Additionally, existing micro-cracks tend to grow in size into larger micro-cracks relatively fast with thermal stress. The EL imaging taken during our experiment leads us to observe that it seems far easier for existing cracks to expand than for new cracks to appear.

Spectrum sensing is an essential pre-processing step for cognitive radio technology. This paper presents a novel method to detect the significant spectral components in measured nonflat spectra, and to estimate the magnitude of the spectral components. Furthermore, the probability that the spectral component was incorrectly classified is available. The algorithm is able to detect the presence or absence of signals in any kind of spectrum since no prior knowledge about the measured signal is needed. Hence, this method becomes a strong basis for a high-quality operation mode of cognitive radios. Simulation results prove the advantages of the presented technique.

This paper presents the results of the design and characterization of a loop antenna for mobile cellularh andsets. Based on a typical smart phone antenna geometry, a bottom mounted off-ground meanderline loop antennah as been designed, which has the potential to cover the required bands of Long Term Evolution (LTE) US 700MHz, Global System for Mobile communications (GSM) 824-960MHz, Digital Communication System (DCS) 1710-1880 MHz, Personal Communication Services PCS 1850-1990 MHz, Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS) 1920-2170MHz and LTE EU 2500. The carrier volume of 50*10*5mm3 and ground plane of length 100mm is used. The carrier permittivity εr is 2.66 and loss tangent tanδ is 0.00629 @2.44GHz. Copper is used as a metal part of the antenna having conductivity of 5.8e7 S/m and thickness of 0.1mm. The antenna supports balanced and unbalanced modes for certain frequencies. It is highly efficient in terms of small volumetric size for a given bandwidth of operations. The antenna generates weak near field electric and magnetic fields complying with the standards for the Specific Absorption Rate (SAR) and Hearing Aid Compability (HAC). The impact of body effects on the radiation efficiency has been quantified. The measured results of the prototype are in good agreement with the simulated results.

The aim of this paper is to investigate the parameters of one of the UWB Sensors, called Vivaldi Antenna, and to propose the new ways how they can be improved. As a practical implementation of the sensor, the UWB radar for wall penetrating applications with impulse excitation was utilized. For wall penetration low frequency (0.3 – 8 GHz) supporting UWB signals are required. Within the scope of this project, the Vivaldi antenna parameters are improved in order to optimize the radiation bandwidth with an usable gain response along the whole operating band, including lower frequencies. It also automatically leads to the optimization of the size of the antenna. In addition, an investigation of the phase linearity and UWB behavior of the antenna was carried out.

29.

Jiang, Bin

et al.

University of Gävle, Faculty of Engineering and Sustainable Development, Department of Industrial Development, IT and Land Management, Land management, GIS.

Miao, Yufan

University of Gävle, Faculty of Engineering and Sustainable Development, Department of Industrial Development, IT and Land Management.

This article examines the former location-based social medium Brightkite, over its three-year life span, based on the concept of natural cities. The term natural cities refers to spatially clustered geographic events, such as the agglomerated patches aggregated from individual social media users' locations. We applied the head/tail division rule to derive natural cities, based on the fact that there are far more low-density areas than high-density areas on the Earth's surface. More specifically, we generated a triangulated irregular network, made up of individual unique user locations, and then categorized small triangles (smaller than an average) as natural cities for the United States (mainland) on a monthly basis. The concept of natural cities provides a powerful means to develop new insights into the evolution of real cities, because there are virtually no data available to track the history of cities across their entire life spans and at very fine spatial and temporal scales. Therefore, natural cities can act as a good proxy of real cities, in the sense of understanding underlying interactions, at a global level, rather than of predicting cities, at an individual level. Apart from the data produced and the contributed methods, we established new insights into the structure and dynamics of natural cities; for example, the idea that natural cities evolve in nonlinear manners at both spatial and temporal dimensions.

Two fundamental issues surrounding research on Zipf’s law regarding city sizes are whether and why this law holds. This paper does not deal with the latter issue with respect to why, and instead investigates whether Zipf’s law holds in a global setting, thus involving all cities around the world. Unlike previous studies, which have mainly relied on conventional census data such as populations and census-bureau-imposed definitions of cities, we adopt naturally (in terms of data speak for itself) delineated cities, or natural cities, to be more precise, in order to examine Zipf’s law. We find that Zipf’s law holds remarkably well for all natural cities at the global level, and it remains almost valid at the continental level except for Africa at certain time instants. We further examine the law at the country level, and note that Zipf’s law is violated from country to country or from time to time. This violation is mainly due to our limitations; we are limited to individual countries, or to a static view on city-size distributions. The central argument of this paper is that Zipf’s law is universal, and we therefore must use the correct scope in order to observe it. We further find Zipf’s law applied to city numbers; the number of cities in the largest country is twice as many as that in the second largest country, three times as many as that in the third largest country, and so on. These findings have profound implications for big data and the science of cities.

Kautz-Volterra (KV) models of some nonlinear systems were analyzed. The relationsbetween the true pole of the analyzed systems and the optimal pole of the KV modelswere analyzed. The properties of nonlinear systems depend on the order of thesubsystems, since nonlinear operators do not commute. Wiener (H-N) andHammerstein (N-H) systems were analyzed.

Checkout cashier work consists of handling a large number of items during a work shift, which implies repetitive movements of the shoulders, arms and hands/wrists, and a high work rate. The work is associated with a high prevalence of disorders in the neck and upper extremity. The concept of workstyle explains how ergonomic and psychosocial factors interact in the development of work-related upper extremity disorders. The aim of the project was to develop an instrument for the occupational health services to be used in the efforts to prevent upper extremity disorders in checkout cashier work. The instrument is based on the workstyle concept and is intended to be used as a tool to identify high-risk workstyle and needs for interventions, such as training and education. The instrument, BAsIK, consists of four parts; a questionnaire about workstyle, an observation protocol for work technique, a checklist about the design of the checkout and a questionnaire about work organization. The instrument was developed by selecting workstyle items developed for office work and adapting them to checkout cashier work, discussions with researchers and ergonomists, focus-group interviews with cashiers, observations of video recordings of cashiers, and studies of existing guidelines and checklists.

Given that autobiographical memory provides a cognitive foundation for the self, we investigated the relative importance of visual, auditory and olfactory autobiographical memories for the self. Thirty subjects, with a mean age of 35.4 years, participated in a study involving a three × three within-subject design containing nine different types of autobiographical memory cues: pictures, sounds and odors presented with neutral, positive and negative valences. It was shown that visual compared to auditory and olfactory autobiographical memories involved higher cognitive and emotional constituents for the self. Furthermore, there was a trend showing positive autobiographical memories to increase their proportion to both cognitive and emotional components of the self, from olfactory to auditory to visually cued autobiographical memories; but, yielding a reverse trend for negative autobiographical memories. Finally, and independently of modality, positive affective states were shown to be more involved in autobiographical memory than negative ones.

The present paper examined the effects of different background sounds on counting performance. Two experiments were carried out to test how counting performance was affected by four background noise conditions: spoken numbers, numbers played backwards, names of occupations and a silent control condition. The hypothesis was that the condition with spoken number noise should have strongest negative effect on counting performance. The results from Experiment 1 gave no support for the hypothesis, since no significant difference between conditions was found. Experiment 2 used a more complex counting task and a faster presentation rate of the background sounds. The condition with spoken number noise showed largest effect on counting performance, and performance in the control condition was better than all background sound conditions. The results are in line with the theory of interference by process.

University of Gävle, Faculty of Health and Occupational Studies, Department of Occupational and Public Health Sciences, Biology. Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Department of Wildlife, Fish and Environmental Studies, Umeå, Sweden; Harmångers Maskin and Marin AB .

Calamnius, Linda

University of Gävle, Faculty of Health and Occupational Studies, Department of Occupational and Public Health Sciences, Biology. Harmångers Maskin and Marin AB.

Many fishing methods result in significant catches of non-target species or individuals that are too small to be retained for economic values or within quota regulations. In the Baltic Sea trap fishery, the major problem is the bycatch of juvenile and non-marketable whitefish (Coregonus maraena) which constitutes a threat to the sustainability of the fishery and a time-consuming problem for the fishers. This study evaluates the effectiveness of a modified fish trap in reducing such bycatch. An encircling selection panel consisting of 50 × 50 mm square mesh netting was installed in a pontoon fish chamber of a salmon/whitefish trap. Comparative fishing was conducted against a control trap without selection panel in the inshore waters of the Bothnian Sea. Comparisons of catch compositions between the traps showed that there was a 72% reduction in juvenile whitefish catch in the experimental trap. The length at 50% retention (30.1 cm) corresponded well to the minimum market size (>30 cm) of whitefish that are desired for the local market. Fishers are advised to use a netting panel of 50 × 50 mm square mesh for their traps to reduce undersized whitefish. The results are important for the sustainability of whitefish stocks in the Baltic Sea.

A sustainable fishery in the Baltic and Bothnian Seas requires the development and introduction of fishing gear which fishes selectively and at the same time excludes raiding seals. The purpose of this study was twofold: firstly to test and evaluate rigid grids as a method for retaining only larger herring in a pontoon trap, and secondly to analyze which factors were influencing the selection process. The results demonstrate that it is indeed possible to sort herring by size in a pontoon fish chamber. The efficiency of excluding undersized herring was at best 27%, using a selection grid covering just over 0.1% of the fish chamber wall. The factors which have most effect on the selection were the quantity of fish in the trap, the season of the year, the time of day and the presence of seals. (C) 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

University of Gävle, Faculty of Health and Occupational Studies, Department of Occupational and Public Health Sciences, Biology. Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Department of Wildlife, Fish and Environmental Studies, Umeå, Sweden and Harmångers Maskin and Marin AB.

Calamnius, Linda

University of Gävle, Faculty of Health and Occupational Studies, Department of Occupational and Public Health Sciences, Biology. Harmångers Maskin and Marin AB.

Lunneryd, Sven-Gunnar

Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Department of Aquatic Resources, Lysekil.

In commercial fishing, minimizing the bycatch of undersized fish or non-target species is highly beneficial, to avoid unnecessary fish mortality and to save time for the fishers. Two pontoon traps developed for perch fishing were equipped with size selection grids, and the efficiency with which under-sized fish could escape was tested. Average size of perch, roach, and whitefish was larger in traps with selection grids compared to in control traps without grids. Selection efficiencies using these comparisons were 82–86% for perch, 33% for whitefish and 100% for roach. The selection grids were filmed with an underwater video camera over the daily cycle, to estimate timing, and total number of exits from the traps. Selection efficiencies, calculated by extrapolating number of escapes observed to the total time of trap submergence, were 94–100% for perch and 100% for roach. The discrepancy in the selection efficiency estimates for perch probably depends on an uncertainty in the extrapolation, because of the variation in escape rate across time periods. Perch and roach differed in time of day for escapes. For perch most escapees was seen in the evening, and for roach most fish escaped at night, probably reflecting the general activity cycles of the two species. Over a fishing season, several thousands of fish would be able to escape from each trap, and an increase in the use of size selection grids could potentially be an efficient tool for fish population management.

Checkout cashier work can be repetitive and hand-intensive. Differences in workstyle might explain why some cashiers develop symptoms and other do not. Work technique is one part of the workstyle concept. The aim of this study was to analyze if there were differences in work technique among cashiers in to what extent they use large or small wrist movements when scanning groceries. Wrist movements of 17 cashiers were video recorded. The results revealed large variation among the cashiers in if they use large or small wrist movements when handling the groceries. This indicated there is a potential for some cashiers to improve their work technique.

Forest industries, which have shares, bonds etc. on the public market place, use the International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS), and for the accounting of the growing stock of their forests International Accounting Standard (IAS) 41 Agriculture (EU 2009, Herbohn & Herbohn 2006). The market based fair value (FV) is the starting point of the IFRS and IAS 41. The FV uses ‘the expected net cash flows discounted at a current market-determined pre-tax rate’ if market-determined prices are not available (EU 2009, Herbohn 2009). The FV recognises the changes both in stumpage prices and the growing stock, the last of which are based on the forest management plans (FMP). The FMP relies on and benefits from the long traditions of forest inventories, growth modelling, determining optimal rotation, silvicultural recommendations etc. as well as FMP software using simulation and optimisation etc., all of which have been developed long before fair value accounting (FVA). The final felling happens in the North, say, after 80 years, which implies a certain ambiguity of the stumpage prices and discount rates.

The paper summarizes work on this issue, preliminary ending with questionnaire-based interviews addressing IFRS-practices of Scandinavian forest companies. First, different forestry accounting traditions have been reviewed (Hogg & Jöbstl 2008, Sekot 2007). Second, theoretical bases and consequences of the FVA have been discussed (Argiles et al. 2011). Third, the pros and cons of IAS 41 as documented in the scientific literature have beenanalysed (Ayanto 2011, Elad & Herbohn 2011). Fourth, the development of stumpage prices has been studied and summarised in the first interview question. Fifth, forest regeneration and other costs have been discussed as well as addressed by questions no. two and three. Sixth, the use of this input information and the FMP are analysed and formulated as the fourth question (Penttinen & Rantala 2008, Penttinen et al. 2004). Seventh, the discount rate dilemma has been analysed and is reflected in terms of a question (Eckel et al. 2003). Even market risk and bare land accounting were inquired as well. Eight, the disclosure of the growing stock has been studied and addressed. Ninth, all closing of the books of the Scandinavian forest industries using IAS 41 have been analysed, covering the periods from 2009 to 2015 (Tornator 2016).

The results document the use of discount rates from 5.5% to 7.5%. It is common practice to report the FV sensitivity with respect to the discount rate, stumpage price and silvicultural cost changes. The prices used are primarily medium term averages of several years, which have even been reviewed by the management and in some cases also by external experts. The typical forecasting period is ten years, and a simple price change percentageis applied thereafter, if any. Some companies estimate discount rates using weighted average cost of capital (WACC) in which the cost of equity capital is based on the capital asset pricing model (CAPM). Also in this context, external experts have been involved in some cases. Risk free interest rate is typically derived from a Euro rate. The interest requirement of the equity capital is updated semi-annually and that of the debts quarterly. Young stands are valued at cost. According to the interviews, the application of IFRS is a quite big but not an impossible burden. However, a comparison between different entities is difficult, because the standard does not provide any exact guidelines. The findings of the closing of the books and interviews are finally summarised and discussed

44.

Pettersson, Daniel

et al.

University of Gävle, Faculty of Education and Business Studies, Department of Educational sciences, Education.

Aasen, Petter

Högskolan i Buskerud och Vestfold.

Forsberg, Eva

University of Gävle, Faculty of Education and Business Studies, Department of Educational sciences, Education. Uppsala universitet.

The aim of this thesis is to determine the horse's gait types using the acceleration values measured from the horse. Measurements were taken at a race track in Gävle, Sweden. A total of five Nanotrak sensors were used, four on the different parts of the horse, and one on the hand of the horse's driver; a car was driven parallel to the horse and the motions of the horse was recorded by a camera in order to synchronize with the data measured by the sensors. In total four sets of measurements were recorded. The software to process the data was Matlab, and the main mathematical tool to analyze it was Short Time Fourier Transform (STFT), different windows were evaluated as well as the data length. The method for classification of horse's gaits was categorized as amplitude of the fundamental frequency component. The method shows promising results with a misclassification below one percent. However, higher sampling rate, more measurements and more analysis are needed to be done in the future to find a proper way to automatic determine the horse's gaits.

The split ring resonator (SRR) is the key element to obtain left handedness at microwave frequencies. The orientation of the SRR relative to the electromagnetic field is decisive for achieving lefthandedness. We investigate by simulations how the lefthandedness is affected by rotational disorder of the SRRs in an array of 2 x 11 SRRs. Rotational disorder of the inner ring has a minor effect on the lefthandedness. Combined rotational disorder of inner and outer ring has a similar effect as rotational disorder of the outer ring only. Rotational disorder causes a shift in the frequency range of lefthandedness.

47.

Salzmann-Erikson, Martin

et al.

University of Gävle, Faculty of Health and Occupational Studies, Department of Health and Caring Sciences, Caring science.

Lagerqvist, Linda

University of Gävle, Faculty of Health and Occupational Studies, Department of Health and Caring Sciences.

Pousette, Sandra

University of Gävle, Faculty of Health and Occupational Studies, Department of Health and Caring Sciences.

Patients in the hospital environment are suffering from disrupted sleep, which adversely affects their recovery process, health and well-being. The aim of this study was to explore nurses' experiences and their strategies to promote inpatients' sleep. An empirical qualitative design was applied. Eight nurses at a hospital in Sweden were purposefully selected to be included in semi-structured interviews. Burnard's method for inductively analysing interview transcripts was applied. The findings are presented in four categories: (i) prevention and planning as a sleep-promoting nursing strategy; (ii) adaptation of the environment as a sleep-promoting nursing strategy; (iii) use of drugs as a sleep-promoting nursing strategy; and (iv) caring conversation as a sleep-promoting nursing strategy. Using strategies to promote sleep is important as it affects the recovery of the patients. We argue for the use of simple strategies of sensory reduction as cost-effective sleep-promoting measures that also reduce the use of sedative drugs.

Aims and objectives: To describe the nurses' experiences of performing cardiopulmonary resuscitation in intensive care units.

Background: Research in the area of resuscitation is primarily concentrated on medical and biophysical aspects. The subjective experiences of those who perform cardiopulmonary resuscitation and their emotions are more seldom addressed. Design: Qualitative descriptive design.

Results: Three categories describe the experiences of nurses: training and precardiopulmonary resuscitation; chaos and order during cardiopulmonary resuscitation; and debriefing postcardiopulmonary resuscitation. The study results indicate that the health care staff find it necessary to practice cardiopulmonary resuscitation, as it provides them with a basic feeling of security when applying it in actual situations.

Conclusion: We argue that postcardiopulmonary resuscitation debriefing must be viewed in the light of its eigenvalue with a specific focus on the staff's experiences and emotions, and not only on the intention of identifying errors.

Relevance to clinical practice: Debriefing is of the utmost importance for the nurses. Clinical leaders may make use of the findings of this study to introduce debriefing forums as a possible standard clinical procedure.

Objective: We examined how students’ self-perceived poor health is associated with social background, family, and school situation.

Methods: Questionnaires distributed to 13,006 students in Sweden were examined using logistic regression analyses. The investigation focused on students reporting both poor self-rated health and subjective health complaints, referred to asself-perceived poor health.

Results: Besides age and sex, we found associations between self-perceived poor health and family structure, relationship with parents, and school-related factors such as truancy, grades, and perceived school climate.

Conclusions: Self-perceived poor health is related to both family and school related factors. Therefore, preventive health interventions need to include both school and family. Special attention should be given to truant students.