Ansley, Norman; Garwood, Marcia, and Barland, Gordon H. The accuracy and utility of polygraph testing. Washington, DC: Department of Defense; 1984.
Rec #: 237
Keywords: validity-field examinations/ validity-laboratory/ reliability-test data analysis-blind/ research-validity-field/ research-validity-laboratory/ research-reliability-field/ research-reliability-field/ cases-criminal/ cases-counterintelligence/ surveys-statistical-subjects/ applications-counterintelligence/ applications-criminal cases
Call Number: Library 363.254 Ac2
Notes: Reprinted in Polygraph, 13, 1-143. Reprinted as a separate publication by the American Polygraph Association, 1984.
Abstract: Information on polygraph use in the Federal Goverment, particularly the Department of Defense, focuses on the number of examiners and annual polygraph utilization by Federal agencies. The polygraph as an aid in criminal investigation and exculpatory examination is discussed; data and examples on criminal conduct revealed during screening examinations are presented. The history of the use of polygraph examinations in intelligence, counterintelligence and security is included; specific examples of polygraph examinations revealing espionage are cited. A survey of the history of traditional polygraph methods from 1953 to 1983 looks at testing techniques, such as zone comparison, modified general question, relevant/irrelevant association, and peak of tension method. Also reviewed are (1)Research on Polygraph criterion validity and reliability based on laboratory and field studies, (2)studies investigating the relationship between the examiner's decision and the criteria of truth and deception, and (3)studies investigating the relationship between the decision of a blind examiner and actual truth or deception using verified polygraph cases. A discussion of problems and issues involved in lie detection finds evidence suggesting that control question tests may be more accurate in detecting the deception of the guilty person than in verifying the truthfulness of the < innocent person. Research studies to determine the validity and reliability of the polygraph in a field setting are also summarized. Tabular data and 38 references are provided

Brooks, Jack. Polygraph testing: Thoughts of a skeptical legislator. American Psychologist. 1985; 40(3):348-354. ISSN: 0003-066x.
Rec #: 852
Keywords: legislation-federal/ screening-federal/ applications-national security/ criticism-general
Call Number: ODS, P 852
Abstract: The federal government, under the leadership of the Reagan administration, is expanding the use ofo polygraph tests for screening and investigative purposes. This artical reviews the history of debate within the government over the use of the polygraph, and it describes legislation that must be enacted to control the proliferation of unwarranted and inaccurate polygraph use.

Day, David A. and Rourke, Byron P. The role of attention in lie detection. Canadian Journal of Behavioural Science. 1974; 6(3, July):270-276.
Rec #: 1323
Keywords: attention/ relevant information
Call Number: ODS
Abstract: Randomly assigned 80 male college students to 1 of 4 groups. Tape-recorded instructions directed Ss in Groups 1 and 2 to evaluate a psychological case history or a newspaper story, respectively. Group 3 read about a kidnapping after being told they were participating in a lie- detection experiment and would be questioned on the material later. Group 4 was given the same information as Group 3, but was told that they should not reveal the information when questioned. Galvanic skin responses (GSRs) were measured as Ss listened to tape-recorded questions on the material read; no verbal responses were made. The E then attempted to determine "blindly" which target information S had received by examining the GSRs. The number of Ss whose given information was successfully detected was significant in Groups 2, 3, and 4. Results suggest that simply attending to or focusing upon relevant information is a sufficient condition for detectability in a lie-detection situation.

Dollins, Andrew B. A computational guide to power analysis of fixed effects in balanced analysis of variance designs. Fort McClellan, AL: Department of Defense Polygraph Institute; 1995 Sep; DoDPI95-R-0003. 40 p.
Rec #: 9188
Keywords: ANOVA/ analysis of variance/ lambda/ alpha/ beta/ effect size/ algorithm/ statistical power/ computation guide
Call Number: ODS, P 9188, Library 519.538 D69c
Notes: DTIC AD Number A300769
Abstract: This manuscript provides a step-by step guide to statistical power calculation for the fixed effects of analysis of variance (ANOVA) designs with an equal number of observations in each cell. A brief history of ANOVA hypothesis testing theory is included to explain why power calculation is important and how the results can be used. The relationoship between lambda, the noncentrality parameter used to calculate power in the ANOVA, and Cohen's (1988) measure of effect size is provided. Algorithms are provided for power calculation and for conversion between lambda, Cohen's measure of effect size, and phi--the parameter used in many tables of the noncentral F distribution. The appendices contain power of calculation examples for the main and interaction effects of 2 x 3 x 3 between- and within- subjects designs.

Farwell, Lawrence A. The brain-wave information detection (BID) system: A new paradigm for psychophysiological detection of information (lie detection) [Doctoral dissertation, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign ]. Dissertation Abstracts International . 1992; 53(7-B ):3828.
Rec #: 1670
Keywords: dissertations and theses
Call Number: Library 152.1 F25
Notes: University microfilm NO: AAD92-36456, 173 p.
Abstract: This report describes and evaluates a new paradigm for the psychophysiological detection of concealed information. The conventional "lie detection" paradigm has traditionally relied upon measurements of the physiological concomitants of emotional arousal. This new paradigm measures the brain-wave manifestations of information-processing brain activity. A new brain-wave information detection (BID) system was tested in 56 cases. In 100% of the cases where a determination was made, determinations were correct; 14% were indeterminate. This research is based on the P300 component of the event-related brain potential, which is elicited by events that are relatively rare and relevant or noteworthy. In each experiment, three types of short phrases were presented on a video screen for 300 msec at an inter-stimulus interval of 1550 msec. 17% of the stimuli were "target" stimuli, identified as such to subjects. Subjects were instructed to press one button in response to targets, and another button for all others. 66% were "irrelevant" stimuli, which had no particular significance for the subject. Interspersed with the irrelevant stimuli, and not identified in instructions to the subject, were "probe" stimuli which were relevant to a real or mock crime that had been in some cases committed by the subject. 17% were probes. For innocent subjects, probes were indistinguishable from irrelevants. P300s were predicted in response to only the rare, relevant stimuli: targets for "innocent" subjects; targets and probes for "guilty" (knowledgeable) subjects. One experiment tested subjects on mock crimes, one on minor crimes confessed to by subjects, and one on real-life activities of subjects that had not been discussed with them. Results were as predicted. "Guilty" or "innocent" determinations were made through a mathematical algorithm comparing brain-wave responses. The history and scientific foundations of psychophysiological detection of concealed information are reviewed and evaluated. The theory and practice of the new and conventional paradigms are compared. The implications of this research for theories of the functional significance of event-related brain potentials are discussed.

Fukumoto, Junichi. Psychophysiological detection of deception in Japan: The past and the present. Polygraph. 1982; 11(3, September):234-238.
Rec #: 1845
Keywords: Japan/ history/ instruments/ examiners/ techniques/ surveys
Call Number: ODS, P 1845, Library
Abstract: During the 1920's several Japanese psychologists researched electrodermal activity as an indicator of emotions, but World War II interrupted research in lie detection activities. After World War II, the polygraphic method was adopted, modeled after that used in the United States. The Keeler model 302 polygraph was first introduced to Japan in 1953 and served as a pattern for two domestically produced polygraphs introduced in 1955: the YKK polygraph and the TKK polygraph. The Japanese polygraphs were gradually adopted at all prefectural police headquarters. Since 1953, police officers and technical officers have been trained as polygraph examiners at the National Institute of Police Science. Examiners trainees are now selected from university graduates majoring in psychology or other related technical fields. Currently, the peak-of-tension test is preferred in examinations, with the control-question test serving as a supplement. About 4,600 to 4,800 polygraph test are administered annually in Japan. The polygraph is used by police,the Inspection Bureau of the Postal service, and the Self Defense Force. The polygraph test in Japan is considered a psychological test or psychological procedure; whereas, in the United States it is used an interrogative technique. Polygraph results have frequently been admitted as evidence in court. Nineteen references are listed.

---, A Diplomate of the American Board of Otolaryngology. An investigation into the history of the polygraph. 19735 p.
Rec #: 6325
Keywords: history
Call Number: ODS, P 6325
Notes: Unpublished manuscript

---. Lying and its detection. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press. Reprinted by Patterson Smith, 1969; 1932.
Rec #: 3216
Keywords: history/ techniques-general/ test data analysis-global/ historical interest-general/ biography
Call Number: 364.1279 L32l
Abstract: Literature relating to deception is critically analyzed and excerpts from works on the subject are presented. The various types of deceptions are defined and classified. Deceivers are divided into easily recognizable categories. A detailed description is given of the physical and mental manifestations of deception in normal and abnormal persons. Ancient and modern methods employed by law enforcement officials to determine guilt are examined and an outline of scientific efforts to develop a deception technique is given, including the author's own research. Although most of the material is dated, this document will be of interest to individuals seeking information on the historical development of the polygraph.

---. Present police and legal methods for the determination of the innocence or guilt of the suspect. Journal of the American Institute of Criminal Law and Criminology. 1925; 16:219-271.
Rec #: 3207
Keywords: historical interest-law enforcement
Call Number: ODS, P 3207

Linehan, John G. An aspect of World War II use of the polygraph. Polygraph. 1978; 7(3):233-239.
Rec #: 3473
Keywords: applications-counterintelligence-World War II/ screening-World War II/ history/ applications-prisoners of war-German
Call Number: Library

Nardini, William. The Polygraph technique: An overview. Journal of Police Science and Administration. 1987; 15(3):239-249.
Rec #: 4079
Keywords: polygraph-general/ screening-commercial-law / history/ research-validity/ research-reliability/ admissibility/ law-rights/ psychophysiology-polygraph theory
Call Number: ODS, P 4079
Abstract: The apparatus used for testing is described, and the psychophysiological foundations of polygraph testing are discussed. The extent of use of polygraphs by the public and private sectors is delineated, and State licensure and certification requirements are reviewed. A review of research into polygraph validity and reliabilty and factors affecting it covers laboratory, criminal case, and employee studies. Legal issue examined include the right to privacy, the right to avoid self-incrimination, civil rights, and admissibility of polygraph evidence. The legal status of polygraph screening by employers also is discussed. Finally pros and cons of polygraph testing are presented in the context of legal, moral, and reliablility/validity issues. It is concluded that the polygraph technique is valid and reliable when quality instrumentation is used by well-trained and educated examiners of impeccable character. It provides a source of data that is as accurate as such legally admissible evidence as expert and eyewitness testimony and psychiatric and psychological findings. It also provides an effective and relatively inexpensive method for employment screening and reduction of internal theft. 16 references.

O'Connell, Michael A. Using polygaph testing to assess deviant sexual history of sex offenders. Dissertation Abstracts International. 1997; 58(8-A):3023.
Rec #: 6376
Keywords: sex offenders/ behavior/ interviews
Call Number: Library 616.8583 Ocv5u
Abstract: Information was extracted form 127 archival clinical case files of adult males who acknowledged committing some sex offense or sexually deviant behavior. Subjects' self-reports about deviant sexual behavior were recorded at three different points in the evaluation process: (1) On referral, (2) After clinical interviews and (3) After sexual history polygraph testing. Using polygraph testing as an adjunct to clinical interviews added significantly to subjects' reports of the number of incidents of deviant sexual behavior and to the number of different types of sexual deviancy.

Palmiotto, Michael J. An historical review of lie-detection methods used in detecting criminal acts. Canadian Police College Journal. 1983; 7(3):206-216.
Rec #: 4259
Keywords: history/ Canada
Call Number: ODS, P 4259
Abstract: From the time of Christ through the Middle Ages, methods for detecting deception were various ordeals that assumed divine intervention to establish innocence or guilt. The first attempt to use a scienfific instrument to detect deception occurred aroung 1895, when Lombroso applied a blood pressure instrument(hydrosphgmograph) to criminal suspects. In 1921, John Larson developed a machine that was capable of recording physiological responses to questioning during an entire examination period. The polygraph instrument and techniques have improved substantially in the pasat 60 years; their effectiveness depends on training in interview techniques and a knowledge of psychology and psychophysiology. Another mechanical instrument currently used to detect deception is the Psychological Stress Evaluation (introduced in the 1970's), which measures human stress by analyzing the voice. Drugs, such as sodium pentothal and sodium amytal, have also been used in efforts to obtain truth and expose deception, but their reliability is hhighly questionable, except to obtain supplementary information on a person's psychological makeup. Hypnosis has been used to facilitate recall and also to determine the truth and falsity of statements, but because persons under hypnosis are highly susceptible to suggestion, its reliability in exposing deception is questionable. Word association has also been used to detect deception under the assumption that a quilty person will attempt to avoid replying with words that may be associated with the crime. Certain personality tests may expose proneness to crime; however, they do not specifically score or detect lying, although the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory does have a built-in instrument designed to detect deception on the test. Interviewers skilled in observing physical, emotional, and mental manifestations of the person being questioned can pick up many clues in these areas that a person is lying. None of the proponents of the various techniques for detecting deception claim 100 percent accuracy. All of the methods must still rely on human judgements, and integrity, thus remaining vulnerable to human fallibility. Seventeen footnotes and 17 bibliographic entries are provided.

Penrod, Steven D.; Fulero, Solomon M., and Cutler, Brian L. Expert psychological testimony on eyewitness reliability before and after Daubert : The state of the law and the science. Behavioral Sciences and the Law. 1995; 13(2, Spr):229-259. ISSN: 0735-3936.
Rec #: 6664
Keywords: witnesses/ credibility/ courtroom testimony/ juries/ daubert case
Call Number: ODS, P 6664
Abstract: Examines the legal and scientific issues inherent in the use of expert psychological testimony on the factors that affect eyewitness reliability. The history of the use of such expert testimony is traced, including the criteria that state and federal courts have used in determining whether to admit such testimony, as well as the grounds upon which the testimony has been excluded. The Daubert decision is examined and its implications for the use of expert eyewitness testimony is discussed. Eyewitness research and research on jury decision making that is likely to assume new importance in the post- Daubert era is reviewed.

Reid, John E. Behavior symptoms of polygraph subjects. Polygraph. 1982; 11(1):37-45.
Rec #: 4805
Keywords: behavioral cues/ nonverbal detection of deception/ test data analysis-Reid control question tests/ history-nonverbal detection of deception/ pretest interview/ cases-homicide/ cases-theft
Call Number: ODS, P 4805, Library
Abstract: What a person says or does before, during, and after the polygraph examination should indicate if the suspect is lying. If the behavior symptoms and polygraph charts are in accord, the examiner's task is easy. If the behavior symptoms suggest guilt but the polygraph charts indicate innocence, the examiner should report that the subject is innocent. However, if behavior symptoms contradict polygraph records, the examiner should reevaluate the subjects behavior symptoms and the control questions. Outstanding behavior symptoms frequently associated with guilt include close eyes when giving responses, shifting in the chair during examination, and dry mouth. The proper use of behavior symptoms is helpful as a precautionary measure to protect innocent subjects from false positive reports and as an aid in preventing false negative reports of guilty subjects. No references are cited.

Simonutti, P. and Speedy, J. O., inventors. Method and apparatus for guilt detection. A61B 5/024. 4,955,387. 1990 Sep 11.
Rec #: 8824
Keywords: inventions-guilt detection apparatus/ pulse rate/ patents
Abstract: An abnormally high pulse rate is an indicator of personal stress and can therefore be used to test persons for a guilty frame of mind which may, for instance be caused by an attempted theft by an employee from the premises where works. An instantaneously measured pulse rate is compared with an average pulse rate computed from a past history of pulse rate measurements conducted in respect of the particular person under test. A discernable signal is produced if the instantaneous pulse rate exceeds the average by more than a predetermined amount. In cases where there is no average pulse rate, for instance where the person under test is a first time visitor to the premises, the instantaneous pulse rate is compared with a predetermined pulse rate.

Wahrer, J. Martin. The relationship between characteristics of job applicants and admissions of employee theft. Masters Abstracts . 1987; 26(2 ):0210.
Rec #: 5861
Keywords: dissertations and theses/ screening-commercial
Call Number: Library 363.254 W12
Notes: Masters thesis, Michigan State University (University microfilm NO: AAD13-31246), 86 p.
Abstract: Recently a trend toward the use of methodologically sound empirical studies to gain knowledge on employee theft has developed. The purpose of this project was to determine if relationships existed between characteristics of job applicants and admissions of internal theft. The current study uses data from pre-employment polygraph based interviews on employee misconduct from 599 job applicants. Characteristics examined were past history of drug use, frequency of marijuana use, use of drugs on the job, external economic pressures and age of the applicant. All characteristics were tested in bivariate relationships with admissions of employee theft. Additionally, the results of controlling age, sex, and marital status were examined. Specifically the results of this study revealed a series of relationships among admissions of internal theft and tests reflecting age of the applicant and tests affirming drug use. Additionally, the control variables of age and marital status exhibited statistically significant influences on these relationships. (Abstract shortened with permission of author.)