Biographies of Women Mathematicians - Agnes Scott College
Biographies in alphabetical and chronological order, and related resources on the Web. An ongoing project by students in math classes at Agnes Scott College in Atlanta, Georgia, to illustrate the numerous contributions by women to the field of mathematics. Included are the first Ph.D's in mathematics awarded to women (before 1930); and prizes, awards, and honors for women mathematicians.
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Earliest Uses of Various Mathematical Symbols - Jeff Miller, Gulf High School, New Port Richey, FL
An attempt to identify the individuals who introduced various common mathematical symbols, along with the dates and name of the document in which the symbol first appeared: symbols of operation; grouping symbols; symbols of relation; fractions and decimals; constants; variables; functions; symbols used in geometry, trigonometry, calculus; set notation and logic; number theory; written sources for the pages; and contributors.
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Euclid's Elements - David Joyce; Dept. of Mathematics & Computer Science, Clark University
A version of Euclid's Elements created by David Joyce to rekindle an interest in the Elements and to show how java applets can be used to illustrate geometry and to bring the Elements alive. The text of all 13 Books is complete. Joyce writes: "...deductive logic is learned almost exclusively in geometry... Modern mathematics and science use deductive logic as a primary tool of understanding. In mathematics, especially, nothing is considered to be known until it is proved."
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Famous Problems in the History of Mathematics - Isaac Reed
History of mathematics presented through some famous problems, with exercises and solutions. The problems include The Bridges of Königsburg; The Value of Pi; Puzzling Primes; Famous Paradoxes; The Problem of Points; A Proof of the Pythagorean Theorem; and A Proof that e is Irrational. Book reviews and references are also included.
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The Galileo Project - Rice University
On the life and work of Galileo Galilei (1564-1642) and the science of his time. The project has a searchable database and includes an online tour of Galileo's Villa; reference materials; the Catalog of the Scientific Community of the 16th and 17th Centuries; a glossary and bibliography; maps of Galileo's world; a timeline of Galileo's life and era; and activities for students.
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History and Biography - Dave Rusin; The Mathematical Atlas
A short article designed to provide an introduction to history and biography in mathematics. The study of the history of mathematics and its proponents includes several well-developed parts. The development of comparatively simple mathematics (through the calculus, for example) is now well documented, principally as part of the study of the development of scientific ideas in distinct human cultures through the 18th century. The development of mathematics in the last couple
of centuries is instead more frequently studied thematically - that is, the worldwide development of algebra, or statistics, say - or through the lives of individual mathematicians. Applications and related fields and subfields; textbooks, reference works, and tutorials; software and tables; other web sites with this focus.
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A History of Mathematical Notations - Florian Cajori
"In this history it has been an aim to give not only the first appearance of a symbol and its origin, but also to indicate the competition encountered and the spread of the symbol among writers in different countries...." The first volume of Cajori's authoritative 1928 text consists of four chapters: "Numerical Symbols and Combinations of Symbols"; "Symbols in Arithmetic and Algebra"; "Topological Survey of the Use of Notations"; and "Symbols in Geometry." Illustrations include Babylonian tablets; Hieroglyphic, Heratic, and Coptic numerals; a computing table of Salamis; degenerate forms of Roman Numerals; Quipu from ancient chancay in Peru; Dresden Codex of Maya; and many more from the Greek, Hindu, Arabic, Byzantine, and Chinese civilizations.
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History of Mathematics (MathPages) - Kevin Brown
About 40 "informal notes" by Kevin Brown on math history: Zeno and the paradox of motion, Archimedes and the square root of 3, Mayan numeration, Hipparchus on compound statements, Planck's analysis of Kaufmann's experiment, the ten means of Ancient Greece, Kepler, Napier, and the Third Law, and many more.
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MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive - University of St. Andrews, Scotland
The premier site on the Web for math history. Major features include biography, history topics, and famous curves indexes; mathematicians of the day, and a site search engine. Also, birthplace maps; anniversaries for the year; chronologies; search suggestions; societies, medals and honours; an index of female mathematicians; a general bibliography; Fields Medal and Nobel Prize winners; and other Web history sources. Biographies are cross-referenced to articles on the development of mathematical ideas and MacTutor also cross-references stacks in Calculus, Geometry, Algebra (in particular Group Theory), Graph Theory, Number Theory, History of Mathematics, Statistics, Matrices, and Complex Analysis. By John J. O'Connor and Edmund F. Robertson.
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Mathematical Constants - Steven Finch, Clay Mathematics Institute Book Fellow
"All numbers are not created equal; that certain constants appear at all and then echo throughout mathematics, in seemingly independent ways, is a source of fascination." Indulge your fascination, or discover a new one in Finch's book. This site provides errata and addenda to the book, as well sample essays from the book about integer compositions, optimal stopping and Reuleaux triangles. Here also are recent supplementary materials, organized by topic, some illustrated with Mathcad files (viewable with a free read-only version, linked from the site).
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Mathematical Quotations Server - Furman University
A searchable collection of mathematical quotations culled from many sources. Pages are listed alphabetically by author's last name. A random quotation is generated regularly or you may use the Random Quotation Generator to find your own.
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Mathematicians of the African Diaspora - Scott Williams
Web pages created to exhibit the accomplishments of the peoples of Africa and the African Diaspora within the Mathematical Sciences. Included are areas on the ancients in Africa, modern historical significance, the greatest Black mathematicians, Black research mathematicians, profiles of Black mathematicians, outside North America, special articles such as mathematicians of the last two centuries, sources/references, scholarships and fellowships, and related links.
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Mayan Math - Karen M. Strom
The Mayans devised a counting system that was able to represent very large numbers by using only 3 symbols, a dot, a bar, and a symbol for zero, or completion, usually a shell. Charts here show the number cycle, as well as principles of arithmetic.
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aeyoung.mathematician - Andrew E. Young
Papers from a Mathematics graduate from The University Of Sussex at Brighton: Number Theory: GCD and Prime Factorisation; Molien's Theorem, Invariant Theory and Gregor Kemper; A History of Equality.
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The Alan Turing Home Page - Andrew Hodges
A gateway and guide to a large site dedicated to Alan Turing (1912-1954); 25 pages of biographical information on this computer scientist, mathematician, and cryptographer, from the author of Alan Turing: the Enigma.
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Amazeing Art - Christopher Berg
Free printable mazes of buildings, ships, ancient monuments, and more. The site features historical essays describing some of the mazes of ancient times, together with maze terminology and tips on drawing mazes. There are also maze products for purchase,
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American Institute of Mathematics
The American Institute of Mathematics (AIM) "expands the frontiers of mathematical knowledge through focused research projects, sponsored conferences, and the development of an on-line mathematics library." See, in particular, the nonprofit organization's
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The Analyst - George Berkeley
A text based on the 1898 edition of the works of George Berkeley, edited by George Sampson, incorporating a small number of changes. Many mathematicians published replies to Berkeley's attack on contemporary mathematical practice in The Analyst. Included
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The Analytical Engine - John Walker
The mathematician Charles Babbage designed an Analytical Engine, a mechanical precursor to the computer, in the late 1800s. Read historical documents related to the Engine, including Blaise Pascal's account of his mechanical adding machine (in French),
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Appealing Numbers - Ivars Peterson (MathTrek)
A short history of amicable numbers - pairs in which each number is the sum of the proper divisors of the other. The smallest such pair is 220 and 284. The number 220 is evenly divisible by 1, 2, 4, 5, 10, 11, 20, 22, 44, 55, and 110, which add up to
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Archimedes - Chris Rorres, Drexel University
A collection of information on Archimedes' life and achievements, complete with historical quotes, illustrations, and animations. The site covers Archimedes' inventions and accomplishments: Archimedes' Claw, Burning Mirrors, the Golden Crown, the Archimedes
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Archimedes Palimpsest - The Walters Art Gallery
An introduction to the people, places, times, and historical significance of the Archimedes Palimpsest, a compendium of mathematical treatises by Archimedes of Syracuse. The manuscript itself includes the only copy of the treatise Method of Mechanical
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Arithmetic is Algebra Backwards - John Hays
A series of essays, including: Deriving integers as vectors of Naturals; rationals, vectors of integers; reals as infinite vectors of rationals by adjoining transfinite operation of LIMIT to arithmetic finite operations; complex numbers as vector of reals
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Arithmetic with Roman Numerals - Jim Loy
"It is fairly obvious that Roman numerals are more difficult to use than our arabic numerals. They are fine for recording a date or indicating a chapter number. But, they make arithmetic somewhat difficult....Egypian numerals are essentially Roman numerals,
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Australian Mathematics Trust
A national non-profit organisation that conducts mathematics competitions and mathematics enrichment activities. Two subtrusts, each with equal status under the Trust Deed and represention on the Board: Australian Mathematics Foundation (conducts one
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The Aztec Calendar - René Voorburg
Historical information and illustrations of the two more or less independent systems comprising the Aztec calendar, one having 365 days and based on the agricultural or solar year, the other with 260 days. A Calculator allows you to enter a date in the
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