Imperfect Self-Defense

Sometimes self-defense isn't available, but a partial defense related to it is.

The law of
self-defense allows people to use force, and sometimes deadly force, to defend
themselves from an imminent threat of harm. In most states and circumstances, if the defendant’s
fear and the amount of force used are reasonable, he’ll “walk.” But what if a
defendant uses deadly force, and either the fear or the amount of force is
unreasonable? The doctrine of imperfect self-defense
may apply, by negating the element
of malice
and reducing a murder charge to manslaughter. (See Homicide:
Murder and Manslaughter.) In that way, imperfect self-defense is a
“partial” defense.

Many states don’t
recognize the doctrine of imperfect self-defense. In those that do, court
decisions have developed and refined it.

Limited to Murder Charges

Unlike “perfect” self-defense,
which is available for most violent crimes, imperfect self-defense applies only
to murder and attempted-murder charges. It negates only the type of malice
required to prove murder; it doesn’t apply to other crimes, even those that
have malice as an element. For instance, even though the crime of mayhem
often includes a malice element, imperfect self-defense doesn’t apply to it.

When Imperfect Self-Defense Applies

In the states that
recognize it, imperfect self-defense typically applies where a defendant kills
someone pursuant to an actual, but unreasonable belief that:

there was an imminent threat of death or great
bodily injury, or

deadly force was necessary to stop a threat.

If there is
evidence that the defendant actually believed in the need for self-defense,
both imperfect and perfect self-defense could apply. Which defense is
successful depends on whether the defendant’s belief was reasonable. It’s for
the jury to ultimately determine the reasonableness of the belief.

Example: Oscar, who lives alone,
awakens in the middle of the night in his bedroom and hears someone moving
around in the next room. He
hears footsteps coming toward his bedroom door and gets his gun from the
nightstand. As he sees the doorknob begin to turn, he starts firing, killing
the person on the other side of the door. Oscar doesn’t qualify for “perfect”
self-defense if he didn’t reasonably believe that he faced an imminent threat
of death or great bodily injury when he started shooting. Firing through the
door without knowing who was on the other side may have been unreasonable. As a
backup to self-defense, Oscar could argue imperfect self-defense in order to
reduce the murder charge he faces to manslaughter.

Other Circumstances

In some states,
imperfect self-defense applies only if the defendant would have had a perfect
self-defense claim had she not acted on an unreasonable belief about the need
for force or the amount of force necessary. In other states, imperfect
self-defense may apply in additional circumstances—for example, where the
defendant provoked the conflict, didn’t fulfill a duty to retreat, or used
excessive force.

Provocation. If the defendant creates a
situation where the victim is legally justified in using force—say, by first
attacking the victim—then imperfect self-defense usually doesn’t apply. But
consider the following example.

Example:A wheelchair-bound defendant invited his cousin to meet him and several
others in an alley. When the cousin arrived, the defendant confronted him about
a past sexual attack on the defendant’s brother. After the cousin lunged at and
started choking him, the defendant pulled out a gun and shot the cousin several
times, killing him. Because the cousin’s use of force was unreasonable, the
defendant could claim imperfect self-defense, even though he set in motion the
chain of events leading to the cousin’s initial attack. (People v. Vasquez, 136 Cal. App.4th 1176 (2006).)

No retreat. Imperfect self-defense may
be available if the law requires someone to retreat before using force. In a
duty-to-retreat state, a defendant who didn’t retreat, but otherwise reasonably
acted in self-defense might have to settle for imperfect—rather than
perfect—self-defense.

Victims of Abuse. Imperfect self-defense often becomes an issue in cases where the victim has
abused the defendant over time. Depending on the state and the facts, perfect
self-defense may even apply. For instance, a history of trauma may be relevant
to the reasonableness of the defendant’s belief in the need to defend herself.

Talk to a Lawyer

Even in those
states where imperfect self-defense can be a viable claim, its requirements
vary. And there may be limitations to the doctrine not covered in this article.
It’s important to seek the advice of an experienced attorney in any criminal
case. An attorney in your state will be best able to explain the law and advise
you as to how it applies to your case.