Ronja, a solution to the Fresnel Zone problem

Solving the Fresnel Zone problem with Ronja

What is the Fresnel Zone?

Line of sight is not enough for radio wireless networks. The wave needs
certain amount of space around the line of sight to travel. If there are
obstacles within this space, there will be a signal loss to the link, or even
then signal may disappear completely. According to Wikipedia,
there is a critical zone in which no obstruction is to be tolerated during
planning. Keeping more clearance is actually being recommended.

The obstruction-intolerable space has ellipsoid shape and is thickest in the
middle between receiver and transmitter. The radius of the ellipsoid in the
middle can be calculated according to the formula r = 5.196 × sqrt(d / f) where d is
distance between receiver and transmitter in kilometers, f frequency in
gigahertz and sqrt is square root. The resulting radius is in meters.

Distance

Fresnel zone radius for 2.45 GHz

100 m

1 m

300 m

1.8 m

700 m

2.8 m

1.4 km

3.9 m

3 km

5.7 m

Fresnel Zone Disruption

Fresnel zone can be disrupted by various stationary objects - ground,
terrain features, houses and trees. Such disruption manifests as permanently
weak or even absent reception. Moving objects can disrupt Fresnel zone as well
- buses, trams, trains, lorries, cars or even pedestrians. These cause
temporary losses of function.

Fresnel Zone and Ronja

Ronja has a Fresnel Zone as well, but it is very small. If we use the above
formula for Ronja's range 1.4km and frequency 476 THz (630 nm), we get 9mm. The
beam width is 130mm. After adding the 9mm on each side, we get 148mm thick
sausage that we need to keep clear. That's practically equivalent with a line
of sight.

With such small Fresnel zone, Ronja is a solution for cases where Fresnel
zone for microwave would be obstructed - when the line of sight goes over roofs
of houses, tips of tree or above a road where the traffic can cause dropouts in
the signal.

Ronja installations taking advantage of the tiny Fresnel zone

In this particular installation (left), the beam is closely passing by
electric power line cables. But because the Fresnel zone of Ronja is only 9mm
wide, it doesn't matter. If the link were realized by a microwave, the power
cable in the way would pose an exemplary violation of the Fresnel zone
rule.

Below you can see 4 other installations where the beam is close to an
obstacle. Click pictures to zoom if you cannot see the red light on
the other side.