Recent CESA Reports

Below we offer a quick listing of CESA's recent reports and publications. A complete list of CESA's publications can be found in the Resource Library.

2017

Distributed Generation in State Renewable Portfolio Standards, by Samantha Donalds, CESA. In 2016-2017, CESA conducted a survey on how distributed generation is incorporated into state RPSs. CESA collected responses from all 30 states that currently have a mandatory RPS requirement. This report provides a summary of the results from that survey. July 2017.

Consumer Protection for Community Solar: A Guide for States, by Diana Chace & Nate Hausman, CESA. This guide discusses consumer protection issues that may arise in community solar projects for residential consumers, and the role states can play in ensuring appropriate consumer protections. June 2017.

Bringing the Benefits of Solar Energy to Low-Income Consumers, by Bentham Paulos (PaulosAnalysis) for CESA. This guide outlines the obstacles that low-income households face in accessing solar power and provides a detailed overview of strategies that policymakers and government agencies can use to encourage low-income solar adoption. May 2017.

Solar+Storage for Low- and Moderate-Income Communities: A Guide for States and Municipalities, by Todd Olinsky-Paul, CESA. This guide seeks to provide state and municipal officials with information to develop effective solar and battery storage (solar+storage) policies and programs that benefit low- and moderate-income (LMI) communities. It explores a range of policy approaches that have been successfully employed and provides program examples from states that have made LMI access to these technologies a priority. March 2017.

2016

Solar Information for Consumers: A Guide for States, by Warren Leon, CESA. This guide explains why states should provide consumer information on solar, describes the types of information that can be useful, and points out existing educational efforts by states and other entities that provide models and useful resource information. November 2016.

A Vermonter’s Guide to Residential Solar, by Diana Chace, CESA & Clay Mitchell, University of New Hampshire. A comprehensive guide has been developed to provide information to Vermonters interested in installing a residential solar PV system. This guide was produced by CESA for the Vermont Public Service Department. September 2016.

Energy Storage Procurement Guidance Documents for Municipalities, by Clean Energy Group/Clean Energy States Alliance. These guidance documents are intended to support Massachusetts Department of Energy’s Community Clean Energy Resilience Initiative awardees in energy storage procurement. Additionally, these materials offer useful information for other municipalities to consider as they develop solicitations for resilient, energy storage projects. August 2016.

Does Energy Storage Fit in an RPS? by Ed Holt, Ed Holt & Associates, and Todd Olinsky-Paul, CESA. This is an updated version of a report originally published in 2014. This paper explores the question of how states, which have taken the lead in promoting clean energy through Renewable Portfolio Standards (RPS), could facilitate increased deployment of energy storage. July 2016.

Potential RPS Markets for Renewable Energy Generators, by Ed Holt, Ed Holt & Associates, Inc., for CESA. This paper provides information regarding where a renewable energy generator in a particular state or Canadian province can potentially sell its renewable energy certificates in order to meet the demand created by a renewable portfolio standard (RPS). July 2016.

Directory of State Clean Energy Programs and Policies for Low-Income Residents, by CESA. This document surveys current and planned state activities that seek to bring the benefits of clean energy to low-income residents and communities. It focuses primarily on clean energy generation, but also covers some energy-efficiency initiatives. It does not include low-income weatherization programs. July 2016.

Renewable Energy Public Benefit Funds, by Ed Holt, Ed Holt & Associates, for CESA. This table features information about state public benefit funds that use system benefit charges and other mechanisms to support renewable energy. June 2016.

The EPA Clean Power Plan and State RPS Programs, by Edward A. Holt, Ed Holt & Associates, for CESA.. This paper is intended to help inform states as they think through how state Renewable Portfolio Standards (RPS) policies might interact with the EPA's Clean Power Plan (CPP), including consideration of state RPSs in state CPP plans. May 2016.

2015

Directory of State Clean Energy Programs and Policies for Low-Income Residents. This directory surveys current and planned state activities that seek to bring the benefits of clean energy to low-income residents and communities. It focuses primarily on clean energy generation, but also covers some energy-efficiency initiatives. It does not include low-income weatherization programs. We will update this document periodically to keep it current and useful as a directory of relevant state programs and policies. December 2015.

Clean Energy Champions: The Importance of State Policies and Programs, by Warren Leon, CESA. This report provides a comprehensive look at the ways in which states are advancing clean energy and suggests how to further encourage growth. It highlights 31 case studies from 22 states, covering a variety of state programs such as renewable portfolio standards, rebates for purchasing solar panels, and wind energy tax credits, as well as lesser known ones to build necessary infrastructure, grow small businesses, and protect consumers. June 2015.

REC Definitions and Tracking Mechanisms Used by State RPS Programs, by Jan Hamrin for CESA. To help facilitate the trade of Renewable Energy Credits (RECs) between regions, this report provides information on the use of RECs by states, on the definitions of a REC, and on the environmental attributes included in a REC. The report also discusses how different regional and state-based REC tracking systems handle these matters. June 2014.

Clean Energy for Resilient Communities, by Rob Sanders and Lew Milford, Clean Energy Group. This report discusses how solar and energy storage can protect cities from power outages and create resilient communities. February 2014.

2013

Reduce Risk, Increase Clean Energy: How States and Cities Are Using Old Finance Tools to Scale Up a New Industry, by Rob Sanders, Lew Milford, and Toby Rittner. This paper offers the first in-depth look at how communities are using well established public finance tools to reduce finance risk in clean energy, and creating a new path to reach capital markets to finance the ever increasing demand for clean energy. The Clean Energy and Bond Finance Initiative or CE+BFI (www.cebfi.org), a project of Clean Energy Goup (which manages CESA) and the Council of Development Finance Agenicies, released this report about the innovative and successful strategies employed by states and cities for financing clean energy projects, especially the creative uses of bonds to reduce the cost of capital. The paper points to particular financing strategies at the state and municipal level that can be adapted and implemented to accelerate the clean energy finance revolution in other states and cities, and at a federal level. August 2013.

The State of State Renewable Portfolio Standards, by Warren Leon, Executive Director, CESA, analyzes state renewable portfolio standard (RPS) laws as a policy mechanism, identifying their strengths and weaknesses, and assessing their impact on the growing national renewable energy market. The report, which was made possible by funding from the U.S. Department of Energy and the Energy Foundation and is a product of CESA’s State-Federal RPS Collaborative, highlights several key achievements of RPS policies and discusses five current challenges that could threaten the ability of RPSs to continue to be successful. It also recommends two steps states may take to increase the effectiveness of their RPS laws. June 2013.

Environmental Rules for Hydropower in State Renewable Portfolio Standards, by Val Stori, Project Director, CESA. This paper looks at various approaches states have taken in their RPS policies to safeguard the environment when hydropower is developed. It describes the rules for hydropower qualification, especially those having to do with environmental standards. April 2013.

A Learning Investment-based Analysis of the Economic Potential for Offshore Wind: The Case of the United States, by The Brattle Group: Weiss, Sarro, and Berkman. This report prepared by economists at The Brattle Group provides an independent economic analysis of the impact of developing an entire offshore wind industry in the United States. The report was prepared for the Center for American Progress, the US Offshore Wind Coalition, Clean Energy States Alliance, and the Sierra Club. The study finds that an investment between $18.5 and $52 billion from 2014 to 2030 may be sufficient to enable offshore wind in the United States to compete with conventional and alternative renewable energy sources. Additionally, the investment would produce only modest increases in the average consumer’s monthly bill – in the range of $0.25 to $2.08 if the cost is spread across all electricity consumers in the United States, and between $0.51 and $4.29 if the cost is confined to only those states where offshore wind would be deployed, primarily in the Atlantic coast and Great Lakes region. February 2013.

State Leadership in Clean Energy: Seven Exemplary Programs, by Clean Energy States Alliance. This CESA report provides short summaries of the seven 2012 winners of the State Leadership in Clean Energy (SLICE) Awards.This year’s winners are New York’s Clean Energy Business Incubator Program and On-Site Wind Market Development Program, both administered by the New York State Energy Research and Development Authority (NYSERDA); Connecticut’s Clean Energy Finance and Investment Authority’s (CEFIA) CT Solar Lease Program; the Massachusetts Clean Energy Center’s Commonwealth Solar Hot Water Pilot Program; the New Hampshire Public Utilities Commission’s Residential Wood-Pellet Boiler Rebate Program; and two projects by the California Energy Commission: the University of California, San Diego Microgrid, and the Synchrophasor Research and Development Program. CESA’s SLICE Awards recognize state programs that are most effectively accelerating adoption of clean energy technologies. SLICE Award winners have funded and supported innovative programs, established funds that provide critical capital investment for clean energy projects, and have collaborated effectively with industry partners, utility commissions, and local governments, all crucial ways to expand the clean energy market. October 2012.

Collaborative Procurement of Offshore Wind Energy - A Buyers Network: Assessment of Merits and Approaches, by Mark Sinclair, Melissa Haugh, Baird Brown, and Carolyn Elefant. The Offshore Wind Accelerator Project released a comprehensive analysis of the value of "collaborative aggregated procurement" of offshore wind power. This report describes the concept of a buyers network for offshore wind energy, essentially a consortium of creditworthy purchasers (including utilities, state and federal agencies, and large private commercial and/or institutional entities) that enter into long-term contracts with a developer(s) for a project’s generation. By creating economies of scale, a buyers network can spread fixed costs, such as transmission lines, over larger-scale wind farms; lower construction costs from efficiencies; reduce concentration of risk; and reduce capital costs, resulting in cost-competitive offshore wind power. The report, prepared for the Offshore Wind Accelerator Project, provides recommendations and an action plan for creating a successful buyers network. September 2012.

Clean Energy and Bond Finance Initiative: An Action Plan to Access Capital Markets, by Lewis Milford and Rob Sanders, CEG and Toby Ritter, CDFA. Clean Energy Group and the Council of Development Finance Agencies have prepared a briefing on a new Clean Energy and Bond Finance Initiative (CE+BFI) that will guide their work with institutional investors, public finance agencies, and public clean energy fund managers across the country, to find new ways to increase clean energy investment by an additional $5 billion to $20 billion in the next five years. September 2012.

Rising to the Challenge: Assessing the Massachusetts Response to Climate Change, produced and published by MassInc. This report was researched and written in partnership with Warren Leon and Val Stori of Clean Energy States Alliance. The report lauds the state’s aggressive climate change action plan and the great strides made in energy efficiency and renewable energy, but concludes that the state may fall short of reaching its 2020 goal unless immediate action is taken. Among the report's recommendations: 1) Massachusetts should accelerate the launch and implementation of new initiatives from the Massachusetts Clean Energy and Climate Plan, which was released in December 2010; 2) The state should appoint a cabinet-level climate administrator to manage all aspects of the cross-agency program; and 3) State leaders should create and implement an effective, transparent progress-tracking and monitoring system. April 2012.

Designing the Right RPS: A Guide to Selecting Goals and Program Options for a Renewable Portfolio Standard, by Warren Leon, Senior Advisor, CESA; prepared for the National Association of Regulatory Utility Commissioners and the State-Federal RPS Collaborative. This report will be especially useful to states considering establishing a new RPS, it should also be helpful to states that are considering RPS program modifications. The report draws heavily on a previous study produced for the Vermont Public Service Board and NARUC (see below) and includes more general information. March 2012.

2011

Analysis of Renewable Energy Policy Options for Vermont: The SPEED Program and Renewable Portfolio Standard, produced for the Vermont Public Service Board by Clean Energy States Alliance and Sustainable Energy Advantage.This report aims to provide the Vermont Public Service Board (PSB) with information that will help it fulfill a request by the Vermont Legislature to study whether Vermont should continue the Sustainably Priced Energy Development (SPEED) program or implement a renewable portfolio standard (RPS). It is based on stakeholder input, a review of the RPS programs in other states, and economic analysis of the potential costs and benefits of alternative SPEED and RPS designs for Vermont. October 2011.

Fuel Cells: Briefing Papers for State Policy Makers, by Clean Energy States Alliance.This CESA report addresses the merits, policies, and value applications of stationary fuel cells. The series of briefing papers contained in the report are designed to introduce state leaders to the increasing deployment of fuel cells for stationary power applications. Stationary fuel cells are a technology that today is commercially viable, reliable, suitable to a wide variety of applications, declining in costs, and becoming affordable. We hope this report will help you to realize the potential of fuel cell market development in your state through proactive state policies, use of the technology in critical public applications, and by increasing the technology’s public visibility. August 2011.

Fuel Cells and Supermarkets, by Warren Leon, Senior Advisor, Clean Energy States Alliance, and Alexei Ponomarov. This is the final paper in a series of CESA briefing papers on fuel cell and hydrogen technologies to inform state policymakers about the benefits of fuel cells. This paper describes fuel cell applications in supermarkets across the country and why states should target this niche market for support. August 2011.

CESA Annual Work Plan 2011-2012, by Mark Sinclair, Executive Director, Clean Energy States Alliance. This work plan identifies and describes the specific activities of the organization and describes CESA's mission, proposed project work, and objectives for the coming year. July 2011.

Evaluating Renewable Energy Programs: A Guide for Program Managers, by Warren Leon, CESA Senior Advisor. This CESA report considers program evaluation from the perspective of a program manager rather than an evaluator. It suggests how to ensure that evaluation activities are useful, cost-effective, and well-received by program staff, policymakers, and stakeholders. It discusses how to select an evaluator, and it recommends how to approach and choose among different types of evaluations: needs and market assessments, process evaluations, outcome evaluations, and cost-benefit evaluations. New program managers can use the report as an introduction to evaluation while more experienced managers may want to read relevant sections as the need arises. June 2011

Hydrogen Production and Energy Storage, by Charles Kubert and Warren Leon, CESA. This short, illustrated, five-page paper is designed to give policymakers and others an introduction to how hydrogen for fuel cells is currently produced and stored, and how renewable energy could be used more extensively for hydrogen production in the future. It discusses the adequacy of current supplies and the safety of hydrogen production and storage. If you would a high resolution version of this report, please contact cesa@cleanegroup.org. June 2011.

A Visual Impact Assessment Process for Wind Energy Projects, by Jean Vissering, Jean Vissering Landscape Architecture, and CESA. The purpose of this CESA guide is to facilitate the adoption and use of effective state and local policies, practices, and methodologies to evaluate the visual impacts associated with wind development projects. Visual impacts are often among the issues of greatest concern for surrounding property owners and the community. Public acceptance and confidence in wind development are likely to be enhanced when visual issues are clearly and fairly addressed. The guide provides an effective and objective aesthetic impact assessment review methodology that provides clear guidance for developers, planners, and regulatory decision makers and also ensures the protection of important scenic and cultural resources. This guide was made possible with funding from the Department of Energy's Wind Powering America Program. May 2011.

State Support for Clean Energy Deployment: Lessons Learned for Potential Future Policy, by Charles Kubert and Mark Sinclair, CESA. This report, prepared for NREL, reviews the results of state Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy (EE/RE) programs and the specific financial incentives and financing tools used to encourage clean energy investment. Lessons from such programs could be used to inform the future application of EE/RE incentives and financing tools. These lessons learned apply to use of distributed resources and the historical focus of these EE/RE programs. April 2011.

The Commerce Clause and Implications for State Renewable Portfolio Standard Programs, by Carolyn Elefant, Law Offices of Carolyn Elefant and Ed Holt, Ed Holt and Associates for Clean Energy States Alliance. This CESA State RPS Policy report explains the applicability and effect of the interstate commerce clause of the US Constitution on a state's approach to the design of an RPS. The report also identifies and discusses options available to states for structuring RPS programs in a constitutionally compliant manner. April 2011.

2010

CESA 2010 Report: State Efforts to Advance Clean Energy. CESA is pleased to release its newest report that highlights the state program offerings and the results achieved by CESA's members as they work to advance clean energy markets. The report also details key findings from the Renewable Energy Deployment Database and details CESA joint projects, reports, and activities. August 2010.

State Clean Energy Fund Support for Renewable Energy Projects: Key Findings from the 2008 CESA National Database, by Clean Energy States Alliance and Peregrine Energy Group. This new report from CESA demonstrates how state clean energy funds have emerged as a major driver of renewable energy projects across the U.S from 1998-2008. Within the past decade, states from Connecticut to California have funded 52,000 projects using the full range of renewable energy technologies, including wind, solar, biomass, and hydropower. The 10-year voluntary investment by states of $1.9 billion has leveraged $10.1 billion in additional project investment and added 2.5 new, clean gigawatts to the grid. June 2010.

State-Based Financing Tools to Support Distributed and Community Wind Projects, by Charles Kubert and Mark Sinclair, Clean Energy States Alliance. This state wind energy program guide was created to help state clean energy fund managers and policymakers examine financial support tools for distributed wind projects. The options range from rebates and loans to bridge financing and renewable portfolio standards, and should be evaluated in light of the availability of tax and other incentives available at the federal level. The report also looks at third-party financing. May 2010.

Supporting On-Site Distributed Wind Generation Projects, by Charles Kubert and Mark Sinclair, Clean Energy States Alliance. CESA has prepared this state wind energy program guide for state clean energy fund managers and policymakers that support the installation of on-site, behind-the-meter wind turbines at private businesses and municipal and other public facilities. The program guide lays out the many policy actions which states can take to encourage the development of these projects, among these are: project feasibility assessment support, grant and other incentive programs, interconnection and net metering policies and model zoning ordinances. The guide also provides case studies of the leading state clean energy funds providing support to this market. May 2010.

Fuel Cell and Hydrogen Briefing Papers. Clean Energy States Alliance (CESA) has developed this report series to provide state policymakers, clean energy fund managers, and other interested persons with basic information on 1) Fuel cell technologies, economics, and applications; 2) The value of fuel cells as a reliable power source for critical facilities; 3) State policies to advance the fuel cell industry and installations; 4) Production and storage of hydrogen for fuel cell use. May 2010

State Clean Energy Program Guide: A Review of Emerging State Finance Tools to Advance Solar Generation (pdf), by Charles Kubert and Mark Sinclair. This report provides an overview and specific examples of three creative finance tools that any state can use to support PV in the context of an existing RPS: solar set-asides, feed-in tariffs, and reverse auction mechanisms. These tools are primarily targeted at commercial- and utility-scale projects, and use of any of them can reduce the need for states to provide direct rebates and incentives to PV projects. These tools, if smartly designed, can allow states to build sustainable solar markets with programs that are economically efficient, reward PV system performance, allow for program continuity, advance market transformation and avoid rebate dependency. The authors contend that providing special treatment to PV projects in the context of an RPS is important if states are to build and maintain public support for their RPS programs, particularly in cases where solar is the most widely accessible in-state renewable energy resource. March 2010.

2009

Distributed Renewable Energy Finance and Policy Toolkit, by Charles Kubert and Mark Sinclair, Clean Energy States Alliance. This report describes the many financing options available to state energy offices, municipal governments, and other energy agencies for utilizing public funds for clean energy project support. December 2009.

Smart Solar Marketing Strategies: Clean Energy State Program Guide, by Lyn Rosoff, SmartPower and Mark Sinclair, Clean Energy Group. This report provides marketing best practices on how to address barriers to solar market growth. According to the report, by acting more like retailers selling a product, state solar programs have the potential to sharply increase PV purchases and installations. August 2009.

Briefing Paper No. 1: A Blueprint for Success. This paper summarizes innovative approaches and practices that have worked effectively for state clean energy programs across the country and focuses on programmatic activities and administrative issues.

2009 State Leadership in Clean Energy Awards - Case Studies. On January 13, 2009, CESA presented awards to the five winners of the 2009 SLICE Awards at a ceremony at the National Press Club in Washington, DC. This document includes more information about the 2009 SLICE awards, including case studies on each of the five winning programs. January 2009.

2008

Mainstreaming Solar Electricity: Strategies for States to Build Local Markets, prepared by Mark Sinclair, Clean Energy Group and Steve Weisman, Peregrine Energy Group. This report describes the key policies and program strategies that have emerged as effective tools for states to advance wide-spread solar deployment. The report’s recommendations are based on the input and lessons learned of the members of the Clean Energy States Alliance. April 2008.

2007

State Strategies to Foster Solar Hot Water System Deployment, by Mark Sinclair. A CESA State Program Guide. This report describes a number of straightforward strategies that states can implement to support adoption of solar hot water technologies, including provision of financial incentives, training for installers, and education to help customers make informed decisions. December 2007.

Using the Federal Production Tax Credit to Build a Durable Market for Wind Power in the United States, by Ryan Wiser, Mark Bolinger, and Galen Barbose. This article was recently published in The Electricity Journal, and was funded in part by the Clean Energy States Alliance. Among the most significant drivers of the recent growth in renewable generation in the U.S. is the federal production tax credit (PTC).The purpose of this article is to review the developments from the PTC over time, assessing its impact on the wind power market, highlighting the potentially positive implications of a longer-term extension of the PTC, and discussing some possible changes to the design of the PTC that might help overcome some of its limitations as presently structured. November 2007.

2005

Financing Affordable Housing: A Primer for the State Clean Energy Funds. Prepared for CESA by Roger Clark, TRF Sustainable Development Fund. The goal of this primer is to provide the staff and managers of the state clean energy funds with information about the various public and private programs and strategies being used to finance affordable housing projects. October 2005.

Comparative Information on State and Utility Rebate Programs. Berkeley Lab recently developed a simple database of state and utility cash incentives for solar PV. The principal purpose of this effort was to put incentive levels on a comparable basis among programs (taking into consideration the fact that programs base their incentive payments on different definitions of installed wattage, and that some programs provide payment based on production). February 2005.

2004

CESA and LBL release: A Survey of State Clean Energy Fund Support for R&D Projects, This paper surveys state clean energy fund support for earlier-stage technology R&D, principally focusing on renewable energy but also touching on fuel cells. The purpose of this case is simply to briefly describe - not to analyze or critique - the various efforts of state funds. October 2004.

Northern Exposure: An Overview of Canadian Clean Energy Fund Activities, by Garrett Fitzgerald, Ryan Wiser, Mark Bolinger, of LBL and Allison Schumacher, Clean Energy Group. LBL and CESA release a new report in their Case Studies of State Support for Renewable Energy series. This case study profiles the activities of the following clean energy funds: the Green Municipals Funds (GMEF and GMIF), the Climate Change Action Fund (CCAF), the Toronto Atmospheric Fund (TAF), and Sustainable Development Technology Canada (SDTC). It also explores other federal and provincial incentives that have a significant impact on Canada’s renewable energy market. While there are numerous energy efficiency programs and funding mechanisms in Canada, the scope of this case is limited to funding for clean energy production technologies in Canada. June 2004.

Low-Income Renewable Energy Programs: A Survey of State Clean Energy Funds, by Garrett Fitzgerald, Mark Bolinger and Ryan Wiser. LBL. This survey reviews efforts by CESA member clean energy funds to promote the use of renewable energy technologies in low-income residential buildings or communities. Only programs specifically targeting low-income applications are covered. Funds providing support to low-income households for other purposes (e.g., weatherization programs) fall outside the scope of this survey, as do programs offered by non CESA member funds. May 2004.

A Survey of State Support for Community Wind Power Development, by Mark Bolinger. LBL and CESA release a new report in their Case Studies of State Support for Renewable Energy series. Though historically confined Europe, "community wind" projects, i.e., locally owned, utility-scale wind projects interconnected on either side of the meter, are a topic of increasing interest in the US, not just among farmers and other potential local investors, but also among state policymakers interested in renewable energy. Several states are currently supporting community wind in a variety of ways, leading to the development of different types of projects. With policy support from an increasing number of states, community wind in the US may be approaching a "tipping point". March 2004.

2003

The Experience of State Clean Energy Funds with Tradeable Renewable Certificates. LBL and CESA release a new report in their Case Studies of State Support for Renewable Energy series. Tradeable renewable certificates (TRCs), also commonly referred to as green tags or renewable energy credits (RECs), represent the non-energy attributes for electricity produced from renewable sources. Several state clean energy funds are exploring their respective roles regarding TRCs. This case study summarizes these activities. The states that are covered include California, Connecticut, Illinois, Massachusetts, Minnesota, New Jersey, New York, Oregon, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, and Wisconsin. November 2003.

CESA Small Wind Project Overview Report, By David Cooperman, CESA Intern and edited by Roger Clark, CESA Project Director for Wind Projects. CESA surveyed existing small wind programs and related initiatives to evaluate how they address a dozen issues. In 2004, CESA will host a meeting of state fund managers to discuss the report finding, lessons learned from the various state fund programs, and will assemble the best practices of these program in a report to CESA member. October 2003.

Green Buildings: The Expanding Role of State Clean Energy Funds, a new report for the "Case Studies of State Support for Renewable Energy" series from Berkeley Lab and the Clean Energy Group. "Green" buildings are typically designed to minimize environmental impacts in multiple areas (e.g., energy, water, materials), and to maximize the health and quality of life of building occupants. For a variety of reasons, green buildings can provide a niche market for renewable energy technologies. This case study examines the efforts of several state renewable energy funds to specifically promote renewable energy use in green buildings. These efforts fall into two categories: targeted funding for renewable energy systems used specifically on green (or at least energy-efficient) buildings, and general green building promotion. The states that are covered include Connecticut, Illinois, Massachusetts, New Jersey, New York, Ohio, Oregon, Pennsylvania, and Wisconsin. September 2003.

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