Opponents of Female Genital Mutilation (FGM) fear that the campaign against Male Genital Mutilation (MGM) will distract attention from their campaign, and that drawing parallels will weaken and trivialise the case against FGM. This article, using many familiar arguments to defend FGM, shows that our two human-rights struggles are basically the same.

HB 22 Bill And Genital Mutilation

Vanguard Daily (Lagos)

OPINION
February 20, 2001

Nowa Omoigui
Lagos

For the National Assembly to legislate on female circumcision is to
criminalise our custom, writes Nowa Omoigui.

I want to state unequivocally that I do not support the proposed HB22 Bill
sponsored by Janet Adeyemi and aimed at outlawing "Female Genital
Mutilation Practice in the Federal Republic of Nigeria."

There is a huge difference between Circumcision and Mutilation. To group
all forms of age old religious circumcision into one large category under the
guise of medical enlightenment and "civilization" is very unfortunate.

The term "female genital mutilation" is mischievous and hypocritical. Why
are we not campaigning to ban"Male Genital Mutilation"? [Excellent question! Some of us are.] After all, there is a movement of sophisticated gentile physicians [not all gentile - Dr Paul Fleiss is a prominent Jewish member] led by Dr. George C. Denniston in the US who want male circumcision banned too [Doctors Opposing Circumcision (D.O.C.)]. Let us see who will sponsor that bill in Nigeria - to ban male circumcision - the main indication for which is cultural preference. [In other words, "We don't know why we do it."]

The classification system of Types I, II, III, and IV being used for "female genital mutilation" is the same as was used in the US congress when Pat Schroeder was sponsoring that country's bill. It is not true that every type of genital ritual has the same implication or is practiced consistently across Nigeria or Africa. I am not aware of any Edo woman - for example - who has been properly circumcised whose clitoris or labia was amputated. What is removed is the prepuce - a small piece of the sheath that extends from the clitoris. That sheath has no sexual function. [There is no evidence for this claim.] It is the same sheath that is removed in males. In fact in many cases the "removal" is symbolic - and is part of a traditional marriage ceremony.

Our Constitution recognizes religious secularity as a principle of state
policy - but accepts Common law, Islamic law and Customary law as a
reality. It must be tolerant and also respect cultural secularity in a
multicultural nation. There are ethnic clans in Nigeria - like Ijebus and
Itsekiris - that do not routinely circumcize their women. [Women may notice this wording that defines them out of their clans and into the category of property.] I respect their right
to exercise that prerogative and expect them to respect mine too.

Furthermore, there is absolutely no evidence that maternal and child
mortality in Nigeria is increased because of properly performed
circumcision. [Confining mortality to "properly performed" FGM defines it out of existence.] I challenge anyone to come out with randomized data that even remotely proves such a cause and effect relationship. [If this hasn't been studied, it certainly should be.] This is only the latest of a series of frivolous rationalizations that have been offered.

First the Women's liberation movement in the West said it was a male
custom done to "control" women.

Then they discovered that female circumcision was done for women by
women to women. [This is a common phenomenon - "slaves come to love their chains."] Next they said it limited sexual enjoyment - a fundamental right. But it is evident that most women who do not enjoy sex are not even circumcized. [Statistically true but trivial, because most women are not "circumcised". To support his claim, Dr Omoigui would have to show that the proportion of cut women who do not enjoy sex is no greater than the proportion of intact women who do not.] There are numerous reasons why a woman may not enjoy sex - including the competence of her male partner. Many post menopausal women suffer such problems. Pessaries widely used for reasons other than circumcision cause plenty of genital damage to women in Nigeria and Africa (including gynaetresia) - but I haven't seen any legislation to ban use of pessaries. [Irrelevant. Demonstrating that there are other causes of sexual dysfunction says nothing about this one.] Now maternal and child mortality is being blamed on circumcision. It is just another case of intellectual fraud.

Is this not the same Nigeria where the government sanctions cutting of
hands (ie mutilation of the limbs) based on religious codes of law in certain
states? As "civilized" as the US is, one of their closest foreign allies is
Saudi Arabia - a country where cutting of limbs and heads is standard
operating procedure. Why are US organizations not leading the charge
against the inimical health effects of amputation? Is oil greater than human
rights? [Good questions, but irrelevant to FGM.]

Who advised the World Health Organization to coin the phrase
"mutilation"? Whoever did was cynically manipulating language. We
"mutilate" the umbilical cord by cutting it off at birth and arbitrarily deciding
how long the navel should be. We "mutilate" our bodies with ear rings,
tongue rings, tatoos, nose jobs etc... We "keep" biologically excretory
products like nails and hair - and use them for beautification - and do so
differently, I might add, depending on the cultural environment. Some
western women (in the US) begin to shave their leg hair at age 10. Has
anyone else in the world attacked them for mutilating what God put there
for a reason? We use traditional marks for medicinal and symbolic
purposes.... Why is that not 'mutilation' of the skin? Why not ban it?

[Dr Omoigui casts a wide net. In brief, where those things are done to consenting adults, or are not permanent, they are not parallel to FGM or MGM. Where they are parallel, there should be campaigns against them.]

Jehovah's witnesses all over the world do not accept blood transfusions
and organ transplants inspite of "health data" which suggest that those
medical interventions could be life saving.

Should we ban Jehovah's witnesses in Nigeria? [No, but as elsewhere, they should not be allowed to let their children die for want of these interventions.]

In response to malnutrition in India is the World Health Organization going
to propose that Hinduism - observed by almost a quarter of the world's
population - be banned since its adherents do not eat cow meat which they
consider sacred? Try getting that bill passed in the Indian parliament - and
give me a call if you succeed.

[Using land to grow meat is a very inefficient way of using it. Again irrelevant.]

Acupuncture was once derided in the West - because the "biologic basis"
was not explainable using western models of physiology. But once they
realized that China was not going to change its ways anytime soon - and a
few westerners actually went there and came to appreciate its efficacy,
acupuncture centres sprang up in every corner of the West.

Talking more about the politics of nomenclature, I want us to imagine for
one second what it would be like to change the way we describe and use
the phrase "abortion" - which is performed left, right and centre in Nigeria
(inspite of laws against it). Rather than "abortion" or "termination of
pregnancy" - as my colleagues like to say - let us call it "fetal mutilation"
(FM). Many of the so called advocates against circumcision who cry out
against the loss of a small piece of tissue - and call it mutilation - have no
qualms with the "right" to have abortions involving the barbaric crushing and
scooping of body parts of an unborn fetus. Neither do I hear a world wide
campaign against episiotomy - the slashing (or shall I say mutilation) of a woman's perineum to widen the passage for child birth - sometimes
necessary, but more often not. The scar is permanent and the functional
characteristics of the vault as a sexual organ may be altered forever.

Since we were children, how many doctors and women have we seen (or
heard) charged to court for abortion in Nigeria - as unhealthy as it can turn
out to be and as dangerous as it could be whether in the hands of quacks
or specialists? And many women have become infertile or even died from
sepsis. But it rides on in broad daylight while we are worrying about
circumcision. How many Nigerian Gynecologists - including those who
propound safe motherhood in public - can look you straight in the eye and
say they have not been making money from D & Cs including partial birth
abortions (i.e. fetal mutilation)?

[Another argument by "Let's talk about something else." The issues in abortion and GM are different, and there are Intactivists on both sides of the abortion debate.]

The cultural war against female circumcision is led by the same western
human rights crowd that classifies same-sex marriages as okay (in some
parts of the US) and puts pictures (of same sex couples) in books for little
children to read and learn from. I have the right to invoke my ancient
customs and look askance at such a policy - and protect my kids from it -
at the risk of being called conservative. Even the Pope in his wisdom, saw
fit to apologize to traditional African religions recently for the value
judgements that led to the destruction of their systems.

If inimical health outcomes of female circumcision are the concern of those
who oppose it, let them tell us how to make it safer - just as male
circumcision these days is often accomplished using a special device.

The number of neonates with neonatal tetanus from unhygienic cutting of
cords in Nigeria has generally been addressed by measures to prevent
tetanus - not to ban cord cutting. This point highlights one of the biases in
female circumcision discussions - the fact that female circumcision was
never taught to 'modern' Nigerian doctors and not offered in hospital when a
child is born. Therefore, the alleged relative safety and low risk of
complications that attends male circumcision performed by trained
physicians (not to mention the new technology for doing it) creates an
unfair yardstick for comparison. And many of the best original experts in
the villages are dying. Only recently, I accidentally discovered the
analgesic effects of snail juice - used during circumcisions - from an old
villager.

What the Health Ministries in Nigeria should be doing in respectful
consultation with traditional leaders - is restricting themselves to improving
the safe performance of circumcision, or conducting randomized controlled
studies to evaluate various traditional approaches to the matter, not
dabbling into making juandiced value judgements (through an arbitrary
western prism) about an ancient blood ritual. That decision is for villages
and clans to make, not the country as a whole.

Our children do not speak our language, do not wear our clothes, do not
practice our religion, and our ancient customs are under assault. In 50 -
100 years we will be unrecognizable as a distinct cultural entity - all under
the guise of globalization. Is this beneficial? To who? This rush to western
judgement will have to be slowed down at some point.

[This is a serious consideration, and ending unhealthy, dangerous and human-rights abusive customs like FGM and MGM should be done sensitively, "in consultation with traditional leaders", substituting customs that serve the same cultural function, without those harmful effects.]

In conclusion, criminalizing our customs is a dangerous and unwise
undertaking. The National Assembly should stay out of legislating.