Pages

Campaign Timeline

Campaign Timeline with Adventures

YearDateEvent

150810 DECWar
of the League of Cambrai: Representatives of the Papacy, France, and the Holy
Roman Empire and Ferdinand I of Spain established the League of Cambrai, whose
purpose was to defeat Venice and partition its territory.

151418 MAYClaude
duchess of Brittany married Francis of Angoulême, the heir to the French
throne.

152420 JULClaude
died. Her eldest son Francis, Dauphin of France, became Duke of Brittany.

1532Francis
I issued an edict incorporating Brittany into the kingdom of France.

154731 MARFrancis
I died. He was succeeded by his son Henry II.

155910 JULHenry
II died. He was succeeded by his son Francis II.

15605 DECFrancis
II died. With no heir, he was succeeded by his brother Charles IX.

1572St.
Bartholomew’s Day Massacre of French Protestants.

15892 AUGHenry
III died with no heir, thus ending the reign of the Capetian dynasty. He was
succeeded by Henry IV, the first monarch of the Bourbon dynasty.

1593Gaston Thibeault born in Amiens France

1596APRThe
Siege of Calais (1596) was an action between APR 8 and APR 24 1596 as part of
the Franco-Spanish War (1595-1598) in which the Spanish conquered the city from
the French. One of the junior officers in the Spanish army was Guy Fawkes.

1597The Siege of Amiens between MAR 11 and SEP 25, 1597, was a
battle fought during the Franco-Spanish War (1595-1598) as part of the French
Wars of Religion. It was a French victory.

159813 APRHenry
IV issued the Edict of Nantes to end both the French civil war of religion and
the Franco-Spanish war..

1600Guy de Bourges born.

1600JULThe
Battle of Nieuwpoort, between a Dutch army under Maurice of Nassau and Francis
Vere and a Spanish army under Albert of Austria, took place on 2 JUL 1600 near
the present-day Belgian city Nieuwpoort.

160019 NovCharles,
the future king of England was born at Dunfermline Palace, Fife in Scotland

160031 DECEnglish
East India Company founded

160125 FEB Robert
Devereux, Earl of Essex, having been found guilty of treason for his part in
the revolt was executed as a traitor

160220 MARDutch East India Company (VOC) founded;
Amsterdam stock exchange formed to trade in VOC stock and bonds

160324 MARDeath of Queen Elizabeth I. Elizabeth's
health was failing and before her death she reportedly named James of Scotland
as her successor

161716-year
old Louis exiled his mother and took control of the government.

1617James I travels to Scotland, On his journey to Scotland King James
I visited Warkworth Castle. He found it in a state of disrepair and there were
sheep and goats living within the rooms.

1618Jan
Pieterszoon Coen promoted to head the Dutch East India Company’s eastern
operations

1619Re-establishment
of Catholic rights in Huguenot Béarn by Louis XIII

1619King
James I and the Netherlands States General conclude Treaty of Defence in London
outlines cooperation between the English and Dutch East India Companies in the
East Indies; establishes a 2-1 ratio for sharing spices in favor of the Dutch

161910 JUNThe
Battle of Sablat or Záblatí was fought between a Roman Catholic Imperial army
led by Charles Bonaventure de Longueval, Count of Bucquoy and the Protestant
army of Ernst von Mansfeld, who was defeated. Gaston stole a horse to escape
death or capture.

1619AUGThe
Battle of Wisternitz or Dolní Věstonice was fought on AUG 5, 1619 between a
Moravian force under Friedrich von Tiefenbach (Teuffenbach)[1] and an Austrian
army under Dampierre. The battle was a Moravian victory. Gaston was with the
cavalry at this battle.

162022
AUGOliver Cromwell marries Elizabeth Bourchier,
the daughter of Sir James Bourchier, a wealthy land owner and London merchant.
They were married in St. Gile's Church, Cripplegate.

1620OCTMilitary annexation of Béarn
to France in 1620 and occupation of Pau in OCT 1620 triggers a Huguenot rebellion.

1620First Huguenot rebellion
(1620-1622).

162008 NOVThe
Battle of White Mountain, 8 NOV 1620 was an early battle in the Thirty Years'
War in which an army of 30,000 Bohemians and mercenaries under Christian of
Anhalt were routed by 27,000 men of the combined armies of Ferdinand II, Holy
Roman Emperor under Charles Bonaventure de Longueval, Count of Bucquoy and the
German Catholic League under Johann Tserclaes, Count of Tilly at Bílá Hora,
near Prague (now part of the city). The battle marked the end of the Bohemian
period of the Thirty Years' War. Rene Descartes was with the Catholic League as
an observer. Gaston Thibeault fought on the Protestant side with the remnants
of the mercenaries sent by Savoy and originally commanded by Mansfeld.

16213 JUNDutch
West India Company founded to trade with North America and plunder Spanish
shipping in the Caribbean

1621Louis
XIII moved to eradicate what he considered an open rebellion against his power.
He led an army to the south, capturing the Huguenot city of Saumur.

1621JUNThe
Siege of Saint-Jean-d'Angély (French: Siège de Saint-Jean-d'Angély) was a
siege, (military blockade), accomplished by the young French king Louis XIII in
1621, against the Protestant stronghold of Saint-Jean-d'Angély led by Rohan's
brother Benjamin de Rohan, duc de Soubise. Saint-Jean-d'Angély was a strategic
city controlling the approach to the Huguenot stronghold of La Rochelle. The
city was captured after only 26 days on 24 JUN 1621.

1621JULThe Blockade of La Rochelle
(French: Blocus de La Rochelle) took place in 1621-1622 during the repression
of the Huguenot rebellion by the French king Louis XIII.

1621AUG-NOVThe Siege of Montauban (French:
Siège de Montauban) was a siege accomplished by the young French king Louis
XIII from AUG to NOV 1621, against the Protestant stronghold of Montauban. This
siege followed the Siege of Saint-Jean-d'Angély, in which Louis XIII had
succeeded against Rohan's brother Benjamin de Rohan, duc de Soubise. Despite a
strength of about 25,000 men, Louis XIII was unable to capture the city of
Montauban, and he had to raise the siege and abandon after 2 months. Royalist Forces: Three corps were formed
to attack at different points of the town; the first was the French Guards and
the Swiss Guards reinforced by Piedmont, Normandy, Chappes, and Estissac. The
second included Picardy, Champagne, Navarre, Villeroy, and Vaillac. The third
grouped together Languedoc, Ranbures, Saint-Etienne, and Lauzieres.

1621OCTThe
duc de Monmorency reinforces the royal army at Mountaban with 500 horse and 5
Languedoc regiments : Rieux, Reaux, Moussoulens, Fabregues, and La Roquette.

162127
OCTIn La Rochelle, the
fleet of the city under Jean Guiton started to harass royal vessels and bases.
The Royal fleet finally met head-to-head with the fleet of La Rochelle in the
Naval battle of Saint-Martin-de-Ré on 27 OCT 1622 in an inconclusive encounter.

1621
-1622The Siege of Jülich was a siege that took
place between SEP 5, 1621 and FEB 3, 1622, during the Palatinate campaign of
the Thirty Years' War. After five months of siege the Spanish army under
Ambrosio Spinola took the Dutch-occupied fortress of Jülich, compelling its
garrison to surrender.

1621OCTThe Battle of Khotyn
(Chocim; in Turkish, Hotin Muharebesi; 2 SEP-9 OCT 1621) was a battle fought
between a Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth army and an invading Ottoman Imperial
army. For a whole month (2 SEP-9 OCT), the Commonwealth forces halted the
Ottoman advance. The Commonwealth commanding officer, Grand Hetman of Lithuania
Jan Karol Chodkiewicz, held the forces of Sultan Osman II at bay until the
first autumn snows, and in the end died during the battle. On 9 OCT, due to the
lateness of the season and having sustained heavy losses in several assaults on
fortified Commonwealth lines, the Ottomans abandoned their siege and the battle
ended in stalemate

1622FEBRoyal
forces: Piedmont (several companies), Riberac, Grignaux, 5 companies of light
cavalry, Bordeilles, Curson, Loson, Ramburges, and the cavalry led by the duc
d’Elbeuf battle Protestant forces led by the Marquis de la Force. Gaston
Thibeault sent as a messenger from the main army, is involved in the battle,
saving the life of the Seigneur de Racan and badly wounding the son of the
Marquis de la Force.

1622MARThe
queen, running through the galleries of the Louvre with Mme de Luynes and Mlle
de Verneuil, trips and falls, resulting in a miscarriage. Louis banishes the
two ladies from the queen’s court, but later relents, permitting the two young
women to visit the queen. The widowed Mme de Luynes marries the duc de
Chevreuse later that spring.

1622The duc
de Lesdiguières converts to Catholicism and is named constable of France by the
king.

1622APRA
Huguenot army commanded by the duc de Soubise is trapped in the marshes of the
Ile de Riez, near Nantes on the Atlantic coast. Thousands are killed, another
thousand drown, and hundreds are taken prisoner, though the duke himself
escapes. A handful of the prisoners are hanged, the rest sent to Marseille as
galley slaves.

1622JUNThe royal army once again
turns south, forcing Huguenot towns to submit to the king or face destruction.

162210-11
JUNIn JUN, the royal army
lays siege to the Protestant stronghold of Nègrepelisse. The assault is led by
the Picardy on the left, French Guards in the center, and Navarre on the right.
As retribution for the execution of royal soldiers in 1621, Louis orders
Nègrepelisse sacked, and on 11 JUN the soldiers massacre the population,
including women and children without distinction of age or sex, practically all
women were raped, and the town was put to the torch. This siege followed the
failed Siege of Montauban. This severe treatment was due to the [possibly
false] claim that a Royal regiment left in garrison in the city by the Duke of MAYenne
had been exterminated by the citizens. So-called "The Great and Just
Punishment of the Rebels of Negrepelisse", the king had ordered: "I
command you to give no quarter to any man, because they have irritated me, and
shall be served as they have treated the others."—Louis XIII. The Picardy Regiment, including
Gaston and Lucien are there. Lucien is still haunted by the massacre.

162218 JULThe Siege of Bergen-op-Zoom (1622) was a battle during the
Eighty Years' War. On 18 JUL 1622, the Spanish general Ambrosio Spinola laid
siege to the Dutch city of Bergen op Zoom. The siege will last until OCT. [For
game purposes, this siege is played out 1 year late.]

16225 SeptUnder pressure from the queen mother, Louis asks the pope to
make the bishop of Luçon a cardinal; on the prelate receives the red hat, after
which he is styled Cardinal de Richelieu.

1622Aug-OctThe
Siege of Montpellier: In AUG the fortified city of Montpellier is invested by
the king’s forces. Rohan begins negotiations with the King.

162202 OCTThe
Spanish lift the siege on 2 OCT, as a result of recent defensive constructions
and intervention by the Dutch Stadtholder Maurice of Nassau, Prince of Orange.
Maurice of Nassau and his army relieved the city on the next day. The siege
cost Spinola 5000 troops.

162218
OCTThe Treaty of
Montpellier is signed, ending the hostilities. The Edict of Nantes is
reaffirmed, Rohan is pardoned, and the cities of La Rochelle and Montauban are
permitted to retain their fortifications; the walls of Montpellier are to be
torn down, however. The campaigns against the Huguenots are largely successful;
most of the fortified towns held by the Protestants have been forced to tear
down their walls and submit themselves to the king’s rule.

162227
OCTRoyal naval forces
under the duc de Guise battle sorties by the Huguenot fleet at La Rochelle,
commanded by Jean Guiton, culminating in a sharply contested but inconclusive
engagment off Saint-Martin-de-Ré on 27 OCT.

162201 NOVAdventure
#1: The
Inn of the Hanged Man

162214 NOVAdventure
#2: Parisian
Interlude

1622-1623In 1622, a
collection of licentious poems, "Le Parnasse satyrique", was
published under his name, although many of the poems were written by others;
Viau denounced by the Jesuits in 1623 and sentenced to appear barefoot before
Notre Dame in Paris and to be burned alive.

1623Spanish
forces occupy the Valtellines, a strategic Alpine valley. In response to this
Spanish aggression in northern Italy, France, Savoy, Venice and the Grisons
(Swiss Grey League) sign the Treaty of Paris in FEB, with the objective of
restoring the Valtellines to the Grisons and removing Spanish forces from this
strategic Alpine valley

162325 JANGerman
Jesuit Adam Schall (1591-1666), blocked in Macau, China since 1619, arrives in
Beijing, accompanied by Italian Niccolò Longobardi. He amazes the Court of the
Ming by predicting the solar eclipse of 8 OCT. He becomes an illustrious
mandarin, master of the secrets of the sky in 1653, known as Tang Io Wang.

162309 MARMassacre of Amboina; the Governor of
Amboina Herman van Speult, under the pretext of an anti-Hollandais plot, stop, torture,
and execute nineteen foreigners, including nine English. The English are
expelled from Malay by the Dutch. They must now obtain spices indirectly by the
relay of Makassar (Sulawesi).

162329 MARJames
I of England, by the Treaty of London, calls Frankenthal into receivership for 18
months at the Spain. APR 25, the palatine garrison out of the city to leave
room for that of the Infante Isabelle.

162329 APRAdmiral
l'Hermite and his fleet of 11 Dutch
ships set sail on a circumnavigational voyage westwards from Amsterdam to the
western coast of South America with the objective to hunt down Spanish silver
ships leaving Peru and to establish a Dutch colony in either Peru or Chile, at
that time known as the Viceroyalty of Peru.

162301-16 MAYAdventure
#15: The
Fencing Tournament

162317 MAYAdventure
#16: The
Vicomte's Garden Party | Chapter I: “A Day at the Race”

162326 MAYDecree
bringing the University of Vienna at the Jesuit college (published OCT 13) 18.
The studies are organized according to the plan of saint Ignatius and renowned
professors come teach there.

162314 AUGThe
prince of Transylvania Bethlen Gabor rises again against the Emperor Ferdinand
II and invaded the Royal Hungary. It then advances to Brno, in Moravia, at the
head of an army of sixty thousand men, but can operate its junction with the
troops of Duke Christian of Brunswick. Abandoned by the Turks, he retired on 20
NOV and must conclude peace in Vienna (MAY 8, 1624)

162310 SEPThe
Ottoman sultan Mustafa I was again deposed by the janissaries. The deposed Sultan
is paraded in the capital on a donkey in laughter before being executed. The
new Sultan, Murat IV reigned under the guardianship of his mother Kösem..

1623OCTIn
early 1623, Prince Charles, now 22, and Buckingham decided to seize the
initiative and travel to Spain incognito, to win the Infanta directly, but the
mission proved an ineffectual mistake. The Infanta detested Charles, and the
Spanish confronted them with terms that included the repeal of anti-Catholic
legislation by Parliament. Though a treaty was signed, the prince and duke
returned to England in OCT without the Infanta and immediately renounced the
treaty, much to the delight of the British people.

162311 DECEmperor
Ferdinand II declares the bankruptcy of the State (Munzcalada) following the
monetary crisis in Autriche24. The devaluation is due to the emission of ridges
and inflation. A new currency is established.

162322 DECAs
part of the Dutch–Portuguese War, a Dutch fleet
sails from Texel under command of Admiral Jacob Willekens and Vice Admiral
Pieter Heyn; fleet consists 35 ships, 13 Dutch national vessels the rest owned
by the WIC, and 6,500 men; they arrive at Cape Verde after being scattered by a
storm

162324 DECMansfeld
tries to escape from East Frisia; his avant-guard is removed to Friesoythe by
the baron of Anholt.

16248 MAYDutch
fleet led by Admiral Jacob Willekens and Vice Admiral Pieter Heyn appears off
Salvador da Bahia (also known as Jornada del Brasil in Spanish, or Jornada dos
Vassalos in Portuguese); one squadron lands troops under the command of Colonel
Johan van Dorth on the beach of Santo António; the troops surround the town
while a second squadrons shells it.
Portuguese governor Diogo de Mendonça Furtado surrenders the town and its
valuable sugar plantations.
Willekens and Heyn install a garrison led by Dorth before departing on new
missions. Dutch garrison soon harassed by the local guerrilla organized by
Bishop Dom Marcos Teixeira

1624Planning
and solicitation of funds is underway to send ships to the New World to found a
new settlement; the settlers will need approvals and permissions. This MAY
interest Cardinal Richelieu and attract his support.

1624French
traders from Rouen attempt a settlement near Cayenne in what is now French
Guiana. They are forced to leave in the face of hostility from the Portuguese,
who view it as a violation of the Treaty of Tordesillas.

1624Disillusioned
by their failed visit to Spain, Charles and Buckingham turn James's Spanish
policy upon its head and called for a French match and a war against the
Habsburg empire. To raise the necessary finance, they prevailed upon James to
call another Parliament to obtain funds for war.

162412 FEBEnglish
parliament comes together. For once, the outpouring of anti-Catholic sentiment
in the Commons was echoed in court, where control of policy was shifting from
James to Charles and Buckingham, who pressured the king to declare war and
engineered the impeachment of Lord Treasurer Lionel Cranfield, by now made Earl
of Middlesex, when he opposed the plan on grounds of cost. The outcome of the
Parliament of 1624 was ambiguous: James still refused to declare war, but
Charles believed the Commons had committed themselves to finance a war against
Spain.

1624APRIn
APR, at the continuing insistence of the queen mother, the king summons
Cardinal Richelieu, the queen regent’s minister of state and war, to join the
royal counsel as a minister without portfolio. The cardinal immediately begins
to undermine the head of the council, the aged La Vieuville.

162410 JUN Netherlands
& France sign the Treaty of Compiègne,
an anti-Spanish peace treaty. France offered an immediate loan of 480,000
thalers plus installment payments over 3 years in return for naval support from
the Dutch including a Dutch fleet for the Capture of Île de Ré (16 SEP 1625)

1624The
Dutch fleet, under the command of Vice-Admiral Gheen Huygen Schapenham and
Rear-Admiral Julius Wilhelm Van Verschoor, is unsuccessful in establishing a
colony in Peru and is forced to continue its voyage westwards towards the Dutch
East Indies.

162416 JUN Judge
directs colony of Virginia to English crown

162413 AUG After months of
Cardinal Richelieu’s whisperings, the king dismisses La Vieuville in AUG amid
charges of incompetence and installs Richelieu as the head of council and Chief
Minister of France

162413 AUGThe regiment d'Alincourt
(Lyonnais) was brought up to strength. In 1625 it campaigned in Piemont,
probably as a private regiment in the forces of François-Annibal d’Estrées,
marquis de Coeuvres (see below).

1624At
Richelieu’s urging, the king orders François-Annibal d’Estrées, marquis de
Coeuvres to take command of a force including 10 companies from the Normandy
regiment and Vaubecourt (regiment from Lorraine), and 6 companies of the d’Estrées
regiment, and three regiments (Diesbach, Schmidt, and Siders) of 1,000 Swiss
mercenaries each and MAR across the Alps to join the Grisons in retaking the
Valtelline from the Spanish. The queen mother is outraged at the alliance with
the Protestant Grisons against the Catholic Spanish.

1624Upcoming Military
Campaigns
Crusade led by the Duke de Nevers.
Marquis de Coeuvres commands a French, Swiss, & Venetian force to free the
Valtelline from the Spanish.
Constable de Lesdiguières commands the Army of Genoa sent to assist Savoy
against the Genoese.
Duke de Guise commands a French fleet in support of the Army of Genoa.

1624The Duke of
Nevers, recently purchased five Dutch galleons for his Order of Christian
Militia to transport the knights, men-at-arms, and instruments of war for a
Crusade to liberate Morea (the Peloponnese peninsula, formerly a Frankish
feudal state) from the Turks.

162428 AUGThe Siege of Breda: The Dutch fortress
city of Breda besieged by a Spanish army under Ambrogio Spinola.

162414 AUG Dutch fleet seizes
Callao the Lima in Peru

162412 SEP1st
submarine tested (London)

162401 OCTNicolas Brûlart
de Sillery ends his term as Chancellor and Keeper of the Seals on 1 OCT 1624.
He is replaced by Étienne Ier d'Aligre: on 3 OCT 1624.

1624OCTFrançois-Annibal
d’Estrées, marquis de Coeuvres leads his French troops south to rendezvous with
three regiments of Swiss mercenaries.They will depart from Chur Switzerland and cross the Alps to the
Valtelline before the winter snows close the passes.

1624NOVAnglo-French
marriage treaty of NOV 1624 between Prince Charles and Henrietta Maria
represents major shift in international allegiances.

162426 NOVThe Marquis de
Coeuvres and his army cross the Alps reach the borders of the Valtellina.

1624Battle
of Playa Honda-The Netherlands defeats Spain.

1625JANIn
JAN, the Huguenot Benjamin de Rohan, duc de Soubise, younger brother of the duc
de Rohan, occupies the Île de Ré,

162517 JANSoubise
strikes at the royal port of Blavet in Bretagne. With fleet of 12 small
tartanes crewed by 100 sailors and 300 marines, the duke seizes 6 galleons
leased by the admiral of France from the duc de Nevers’s Order of the Christian
Militia, including La Vierge, the most powerful warship in the royal fleet. This
begins the Second Huguenot Rebellion. The provincial governor, the duc de
Vendôme, attempts to block Soubise and the fleet in the harbor with a heavy
chain and shore batteries, but after two weeks Soubise escapes the harbor with
the 6 galleons and most of his boats, giving him a fleet of 15 ships.

1625JANIn
JAN the duc de Lesdiguières, constable of France, leads the ‘Army of Genoa,’ a
force of 23,000 men including the gendarmes du connétable and the
Chevaux-légers, across the Alps to assist his friend and rival the duke of
Savoy in war against Genoa; the constable is to be supported by a combined
Franco-Dutch naval squadron commanded by the duc de Guise.

1625FEBSoubise
occupies the Ile d'Oléron taking control of the Atlantic coast from Nantes to
Bordeaux. Through these deeds, he is recognized as the head of the reform, and
names himself "Admiral of the Protestant Church". The French Navy, by
contrast, is depleted, leaving the central government very vulnerable.

1625FEBIn
FEB Constable Lesdiguières’ Army of Genoa and the duca di Savoia’s forces
invade the Republic; in a coordinated offensive, thirty-five hundred French and
an equal number of Rhetian Swiss mercenaries under the marquis de Coeuvres
remove the Papal garrisons from the fortresses of the Valtelline in northern
Italy, cutting off the Spanish Road from Italy to Flanders. The Spanish
governor of Milan, the duque de Feria, sends six thousand soldiers under the
command of Tommasso Caracciolo from Milan to reinforce the Genoese; the Genoese
army of eleven thousand German mercenaries and local levies prepares for a
seige of the capital city.

1625FEBIn
FEB, Soubise’s fleet returns to La Rochelle and seizes the Île d’Oléron as
well. He now commands the French coast from Nantes to Bourdeaux. In his humility,
Soubise proclaims himself “Admiral of the Protestant Church.”

162501 FEBRecapture
of Bahia from the Dutch-Decisive Spanish-Portuguese victory in the
Dutch–Portuguese War.

1625MARIn
MAR the Admiral of the Levant’s galleys seize three Spanish ships en route to
Genoa; the Spanish ships are carrying over six hundred thousand pieces of
eight, silver to fund their wars in Italy and Flanders. The Spanish are
outraged.

162527 MAROn
27 MAR, after suffering lengthy bouts of arthritis, gout, and fainting fits,
King James I and VI succumbs to ague and apoplexy at his country palace in
Hertfordshire. The Prince of Wales, who along with his favorite, the Duke of
Buckingham, has been governing in James’ name for nearly a year, inherits the
crowns of England, Wales, Scotland, and Ireland as Charles I.

1625MARBy
the end of MAR Carlo Emmanuele’s Savoyard army and Lesdiguières’ Army of Genoa
have crossed the Apennines, driving back the Genoese. Moving on parallel lines,
Carlo Emmanuele’s army ascends the Stura valley, storming Rossiglione;
Lesdiguières follows the Lemmo, battling the bulk of the Genoese forces
gathered at the Bochetta.

1625APRd'Artagnan,
a poor young nobleman, leaves his family in Gascony and travels to Paris, with
the intention of becoming a Musketeer of the Guard.

1625APRIn
early APR, Carlo Emmanuele routs the Genoese at Voltaggio, turns the forces
blocking the French, and moves in view of the coast of the Ligurian Riviera;
Genoa is only a few hours MAR away, and the Genoese nobles are scrambling to
send their fortunes to Leghorn in Tuscany for safekeeping. But the fortress of
Gavi remains at Lesdiguières’ rear, and the constable refuses to advance
further, investing Gavi instead. To the frustration of the duke of Savoy, the
offensive stalls during the two weeks required to reduce the fortress.

At the battle of Monferrato on the border
between Liguria and Piedmont, the French and Savoyard forces defeat the army of
the Republic of Genoa.

1625APRWith
the Huguenots in control of the coast, the duc de Rohan assembles a small force
in the north of Languedoc, to threaten the supply lines of a royal army sent to
La Rochelle or Montauban, the two remaining Protestant strongholds.

16251 APRSpanish-Portuguese
fleet led by Captain General of the Army of Brazil Fadrique Álvarez de Toledo y
Mendoza arrives in Brazil after sailing from Lisbon

162522 APRGavi
falls on 22 APR and the Savoyard and French army is free to advance on Genoa,
but to Carlo Emmanuele’s frustration, Lesdiguières refuses. An Austrian force
is assembling in Tyrol to attack Couvres’ forces in the Valtelline, freeing
Feria to attack Piedmont from Lombardy, Lesdiguières reasons, cutting off his
supply lines. Without the Duke de Guise’s fleet to defeat the marqués de Santa
Cruz’s Neapolitan and Tuscan warships, there is no way to invest Genoa
successfully-the French and Savoyard armies would starve before the walls of
Genoa. The offensive ends, and the armies are forced to retire.

162523 APROn
23 APR, Maurice of Nassau, stadtholder of the United Provinces and a military
innovator, dies; his younger brother, Prince Frederick Henry, succeeds him and
is formally sworn in JUN 2.

162501 MAYSpanish-Portuguese
fleet, led by Captain General of the Army of Brazil Fadrique Álvarez de Toledo
y Mendoza, recaptures Salvador da Bahia (in present-day Brazil) from the Dutch
West India Company; Dutch defenders aided by French volunteers

162501 MAYPrince
Frederik Henry appointed viceroy of Holland

162511 MAYPrincess
Henriette Marie marries by proxy King Charles I in Paris at Notre Dame; the duc
de Chevreuse stands in for the king; the ceremony is performed by Cardinal de
La Rouchefoucauld. Dazzling finery is the order of the day among the
participants and the next week is consumed by balls in honor of the new queen.

162511 MAYBoers
besiege Frankenburg estate in Upper-Austria

162515 MAY16
rebellious farmers hanged in V’cklamarkt Upper-Austria

162502 JUNPrince
Frederik Henry sworn in as viceroy of Holland/Zealand

162527 MARCharles I becomes King of England;
Charles is the first person to simultaneously succeed to the crown of both
England and Scotland. James is buried at Westminster Abbey.

1625SummerBy summer, Montmorency, the Admiral of
France, assembles a fleet of twenty Dutch warships and six English warships-a
seventh English ship, an armed merchant, returns to England when guarantees of
its value are not provided to the captain’s satisfaction. Originally the fleet
was to attack Genoa, in support of the duke of Savoy and the constable of
France, but the Huguenot rebellion forces Montmorency to protect his own coast,
leaving the duc de Guise to harry the Spanish and Italian fleets in the
Mediterranean as best he can with his small fleet of galleys and a handful of
roundships. Neither the Dutch nor the English are eager to support the action
against their co-religionists at La Rochelle, forcing the French to find crews
for the English ships when the Anglican sailors debark at Dieppe.

1625With the hostilities between the Spanish and
French heating up, there is no grand caravan against the Turks in the
Mediterranean this year. Instead, five galleys of the Knights of Saint John
sack the town of Santa Maura in Leucadia. The knights, under the command of
their general, Tallamey, return to Sicily, where they receive word of six
corsair galleys nearby. Without taking on extra troops or supplies, Tallamey
order the knights’ squadron to attack, engaging the corsairs one-one-one; after
a hard fight with many casualties, the knights are forced to withdraw, losing
two of their galleys, the San Giovanni and the San Francesco, to the corsairs.

162522 MAYThe new queen’s procession leaves Paris for
Calais. The king, ill, is unable to make the journey and bids his sister adieu
at Compeigne, so Henriette Marie is escorted by the queen-mother, the
queen-consort, and the Dauphin, her brother, as well as Earl of Carlisle, the
newly-elevated Earl of Holland, and the Duke of Buckingham. The queen’s
procession passes through Amiens, and it is rumored that here Buckingham,
instigated perhaps by the duchesse de Chevreuse and her lover Holland, makes an
advance on Queen Anne.

1625The queen-mother, claiming illness, decides
to stay in Amiens for the next month and keeps Anne with her; Henriette Marie
is sent to Boulogne instead, escorted by Monsieur, and Buckingham is compelled
to leave France. With an escort of twenty ships, Queen Henrietta Maria, as her
English subjects will call her, departs France for England on 9 JUN.

162505 JUNThe Seige of Breda:The Dutch fortress
city of Breda falls to a Spanish army under Ambrogio Spinola following a year-long seige. The
defeat by Spinola is a hard blow to the Dutch effort.

162509 JUNWith an escort of twenty ships, Queen
Henrietta Maria, as her English subjects will call her, departs France for
England on 9 JUN.

1625JUN-AUGCharles
I called his first Parliament in JUN of 1625 to raise money for war against Spain although
he did not tell Parliament what the money was for. Parliament refused to give
the full amount and gave only limited funds. Parliament restricted Charles to
collect 'Tonnage and Poundage' for only one year. Before this 'Tonnage and
Poundage' was collected at any time. There were concerns over Charles' marriage
to his Roman Catholic wife and favoritism shown to her religion. Further
concerns related to the Duke of Buckingham and his influence over the King.
Charles dissolved the Parliament in AUG without achieving his aims

162513 JUNEnglish King Charles I marries Henrietta
Maria de Bourbon in St AUGine's Church at Canterbury

1625JULIn JUL, the duque de Feria attacks Savoy from
Milan, seizing the town of Acqui and advancing up the Valle Padana toward
Turin. Carlo Emmanuele and the marquis de Créqui, replacing his father-in-law
Lesdiguières as the constable, stricken with fever, returns to Dauphiné, turn
their armies to meet the Spanish, Milanese, and Austrian forces of the duque.

162516 JULThe royal fleet under Montmorency meets the
Huguenot fleet under Soubise at the Battle of Pertuis Breton. In an otherwise
inconclusive engagement, Soubise succeeds in blowing up the flagship of the
Dutch vice-admiral, Van Dorp, killing some three hundred sailors.

1625AUGBritain
is affected by another outbreak of the plague

162505 AUGFeria’s invasion of Savoy is stopped near
Verrua by the combined Savoyard and French forces; the two sides settle into a
siege of the city.

162506 AUGEarl
Earnest Casimir appointed as viceroy of Groningen

162516 AUGEarnest
Casimir of Nassau-Dietz appointed viceroy of Drenthe

162508 AUGThe
Huguenot city of La Rochelle votes to join Soubise in rebellion

1625SEPHuguenot
Rebellions: The Recovery of Ré Island (French: Reprise de l'Île de Ré) was
accomplished by the army of Louis XIII in SEP 1625, against the troops of the
Protestant admiral Soubise and the Huguenot forces of La Rochelle, who had been
occupying the Island of Ré since FEB 1625 as part of the Second Huguenot
rebellion.

162517 SEPMontmorency’s
royal fleet clashes with the Rochellais squadrons off Saint-Martin de Ré; the
Huguenot fleet is defeated.

162518 SEPMontmorency’s
lands two regiments of picked troops commanded by the seigneur de Toiras on the
Île de Ré, where they invest the Huguenot defenders’ fortifications.

162524 SEPDutch
attack San Juan, Puerto Rico

162506 OCTAt
the direction of the Lord High Admiral the Duke of Buckingham, a combined
English and Dutch fleet of 100 ships and 15,000 men departs for Spain; the
destination of the raid is a secret.

162508 OCTAdmiral
George Villiers' fleet sails from Plymouth to Cadiz

1625OCTFailure of Cadiz expedition. A fleet
of English warships was ordered by the Duke of Buckingham to sail to southern
Spain to intercept Spanish ships bringing back treasure from South America.
They failed to capture any ships and turned their attention to Cadiz. Although the
troops landed and took the harbor they were poorly provisioned. Finding large
amounts of wine the troops became drunk and the attack was reduced to a
complete failure. The expedition returned to England in shame. See also Villiers, George (1st Duke of
Buckingham).

162525 OCTBattle
of Elmina (1625)– Failed Dutch attempt to take a Portuguese fortress.

162501 NOVThe
English fleet, commanded by Sir Edward Cecil, descends on the Spanish port of
Cádiz, seizes a small fortress but fails to capture the ships in the harbor or
the town. Spanish resistance is formidable; the poorly supplied English are drink
captured wine instead of water, leaving the crews in no condition to fight.

162507 NOVUnable
to take the town, Cecil withdraws leaving 1,000 drunken Englishmen to be put to
the sword by the Spanish. The fleet sets out to find the Spanish treasure fleet
returning from the West Indies instead.

1625NOVUnable to defeat the dug-in Savoyard and
French troops at Verrua, Feria, his army ravaged by disease and desertion,
lifts the siege and begins the retreat toward the Milanese frontier in mid-NOV.

1625Rumors that
the English and Dutch fleet sacked Cádiz and is on its way to aid in a renewed
attack on Genoa circulate through the courts of Paris and Turin; the fleet’s
actual fate is unknown until late DEC, after it limps home to England, many of
the ships battered by storms, the crews wracked by disease, with nothing to
show for the expedition.

1625By
the end of fall, Toiras captures the island, as well as its neighbor, the Île
d’Oléron, which together command the roads of La Rochelle; it’s said that
hundreds of the Huguenot defenders are drowned in the marshes of the islands
during the fighting. Soubise flees to England with the remainder of his fleet.
Toiras is named governor of Ré for his success.

162509 DECTreaty of the Hague. A treaty signed
by England and the Netherlands agreeing to pay Christian IV of Denmark a large
sum of money to maintain his campaign in Germany as part of the Thirty Years
War.

162605 FEBThe Treaty of Paris was a peace agreement
between king Louis XIII and the city of La Rochelle (Huguenots) on 5 FEB 1626,
preserving religious freedom but imposing some guaranties against possible
future upheavals: La Rochelle was prohibited from keeping a war fleet and had
to destroy a fort in Tasdon. The contentious Fort Louis under Royal control
near the western gate of the city was supposed to be destroyed "in
reasonable time."

1626FEBCharles
called his second Parliament again to raise funds for his military exploits. To
improve his chances of success Charles gave appointments of County Sheriff to those who had
previously opposed him. It was not possible for Sheriffs to be members of the
Commons. Parliament was led by Sir John Eliot who criticised the King's and
Buckingham's failed military expeditions. Charles dissolved Parliament again
without getting his funds

1626FEBLondon’s
plague diminishes.

162605 MARThe Treaty of Monçon signed by
Cardinal Richelieu and Count-Duke of Olivares at Monçon (modern Monzón) in
Aragon. It was signed after the French capture of Valtelline from Papal troops,
and concluded the First Genoese-Savoyard War.
Includes secret peace treaty with Spain.

1626Rumors of secret peace treaty with
Spain and French naval build convince
England that France must be opposed "for reasons of state".

1626JUNFrench attendants dismissed; Charles
dismissed Henrietta's French entourage sending them back to France against the
wishes of his wife. 6 out of 440 remained to look after her.

1626JUNWalter Montagu sent to France to
contact dissident noblemen.

162613 JUNEngland’s
Charles I dissolved his 2nd Parliament after first arresting Sir John Eliot. Still
short of money, Charles resorted to 'forced loans' from well-off people in the
country. Those who did not pay were threatened with imprisonment without trial.
Charles also forced people to give shelter and food to his soldiers.

1627MARWalter Montagu, in France since the
previous summer, started to organize a French rebellion by Henri, Duke of Rohan,
and his brother Soubise to be triggered by England sending a fleet in support
of the Huguenot revolt.

162720 Jul-19 Aug Siege of Groenlo, after a 30-day siege, a Dutch army led
by Frederick Henry, Prince of Orange liberates the city from Spanish rule.

162707 AUGBattle of
Dirschau-Indecisive battle during the Polish–Swedish War (1626–29)

1627Battle
of Oliwa Battle in the Polish–Swedish War (1626–29). It was the biggest and the
last naval battle of the Polish royal navy.

1627Beginning of the Second Huguenot
Rebellionsagainst Louis XIII
(1627-1629)

1627JUNBuckingham organizes a fleet of 80-100
ships and 6,000 men in order to help the Huguenots.

162712 JULThe English. under the command of
the Duke of Buckingham invade the Île de Ré, landing at the beach of Sablanceau thus starting an
Anglo-French War (1627–29) with the objective of controlling the approaches to
La Rochelle..
A Royal French force of 1,200 infantry and 200 horsemen under the Marquis de
Toiras, the island's Governor, resisted the landing. This led to the Seige of
Saint-Martin-de-Ré which ended in OCT.

1627AUGStart
of the Siege of La Rochelle.

1627After the end of the
Twelve Years' Truce in 1621, the Spanish Habsburg rulers entrusted Rubens with
a number of diplomatic missions. In 1624 the French ambassador wrote from
Brussels: "Rubens is here to take the likeness of the prince of Poland, by
order of the infanta" (Prince Władysław IV Vasa arrived in Brussels as the
personal guest of the Infanta on 2 SEP 1624).
Between 1627 and 1630, Rubens's diplomatic career was particularly active, and
he moved between the courts of Spain and England in an attempt to bring peace
between the Spanish Netherlands and the United Provinces. He also made several
trips to the northern Netherlands as both an artist and a diplomat. At the
courts he sometimes encountered the attitude that courtiers should not use
their hands in any art or trade, but he was also received as a gentleman by
many. It was during this period that Rubens was twice knighted, first by Philip
IV of Spain in 1624, and then by Charles I of England in 1630. He was awarded
an honorary Master of Arts degree from Cambridge University in 1629.

1627Cordóva,
Spain’s governor in Milan, since 1627 warns Spain of the impending crisis (in Mantua,
Monferrato, and Casale). He receives no instructions because Olivares is busy
with the Dutch War. Left to his own devices, he decides to settle Spain’s
long-standing tension with Savoy at Mantua’s expense and signs a pact with Duke
Carlo Emmanuelle of Savoy on 25 DEC 1627 to partition Monferrato, with Casale
going to Spain. He writes to Spain two days later requesting permission to
occupy Monferrato in the emperor’s name.

1628FEBOpinion is
divided in Madrid, especially following Spinola’s arrival in FEB, but the
government infers from Cordova’s letter that he already holds Casale and
sanctions the seizure.

1628MARCharles
of England called his Third Parliament intent on getting money for more
military campaigns. He wanted to finance another attack on La Rochelle.
Parliament refused to give any money unless the king agreed to terms set out in
the 'Petition of Right'. Charles agreed to the Petition and Parliament gave him
the money he required.

162829
MARCordova finally
moves against Casale despite the Army of Lombardy being undermanned. Only
10,000 men are collected, while Savoy fields 5,500.

1628The combined
forces of Spain and Savoy overrun their respective halves of Monferrato, but
stall before Casale. The commandant of Charles, Duke of Nevers, calls Cordova’s
bluff that he claims to have a letter from the emperor summoning Casale to surrender.
Cordova is obliged to send to Genoa for engineers, artillery, and a large loan so
he can begin a formal siege of Casale.

1628The
delay allows Charles Duke of Nevers to gather 13,500 militia and mercenaries in
Casale and Mantua, while another 6,600 under General d’Huxelles are raised on
his French estates. Safe behind Mantua’s walls, the Duke of Nevers rejects
Spanish and imperial proposals to surrender Casale in return for recognition.

162826 JUNParliament dissolved. Although
Parliament had agreed to give the King his money, it also pressed for the
arrest of Buckingham. To protect Buckingham, Charles dissolved Parliament.

1628AUGKey
figures in France still opposed intervention in Mantua and Monferrato and the
governors of Burgundy, Roger de Bellegarde, and the Dauphine do their best to
frustrate d’Huxelles’ preparations to reinforce Casale for the Duke of Nevers.
With his men deserting, d’Huxelles makes a dash across the Alps towards Casale
in AUG, but is caught and his army dispersed by Savoyard troops.

162823
AUGBuckingham murdered; John Felton, a
sailor with either a personal or political grudge against Buckingham, stabbed
the Duke in Portsmouth during a breakfast meeting. Felton did not flee but gave
himself up. John Felton was found guilty of murder and hanged [Milady]

1628The
siege of La Rochelle ends in 1628, as does the book, The Three Musketeers. At the end of the book, Aramis retires to a
monastery, Porthos marries his wealthy mistress, and Athos serves in the
Musketeers under D'Artagnan until 1631, when Athos retires to his mansion in
the countryside. “Rochelle, at Suze, at Perpignan: Dumas’s d’Artagnan had taken
part in the siege of La Rochelle in 1628 and, we now learn, in those at Suze
(1629) and Perpignan (September 1642). Charles de Batz, the historical
d’Artagnan, was present at the latter but was too young to fight the Protestants
for Richelieu in the late 1620s.

1628Battle
in the Bay of Matanzas Dutch fleet led by Admiral Piet Hein was able to defeat
and capture the Spanish treasure fleet.

162912 FEBBattle of Górzno-Swedish
victory during the Polish–Swedish War (1626–29)

162906 MARPas
de Suze or the Siege of Suze was an assault on an Alpine mountain pass. The
King’s Musketeers, including Dumas’s d’Artagnan (though not the historical
Charles de Batz), along with the French Guards formed the forlorn hope who led
the assault.

162930 APRSiege
by the Dutch of 's-Hertogenbosch, a city loyal to the Spanish king (30 APR 1629-14
SEP 1629)

162913
MAYBirth of Charles's first child: Henrietta
gave birth to her first child, Charles James Stuart, but he died the same day.

162914 MAYLouis XIII lays siege to Privas; the Siege lasts from 14 MAY
1629 until the town’s capture on 28 MAY 1629.

162917 JUNSiege
of Alèswas undertaken by Louis XIII of
France, and the city captured in 17 JUN 1629.
At the end of the siege, Henri, Duke of Rohan, the leader of the Huguenot
rebellion, submitted to the King.

162925 JUNBattle of
Trzciana-Polish victory during the Polish–Swedish War (1626–29)

162921 AUGRedition of Montaubanoccurred on 21 AUG 1629, when the
Huguenot city of Montauban surrendered to the Catholic troops of the French
king Louis XIII under the direction of Cardinal Richelieu.

162914 SEPDutch capture 's-Hertogenbosch,
a city loyal to the Spanish king (30 APR 1629-14 SEP 1629)

162927 SEPThe Peace
of Alès,
also known as the Edict of Alès or the Edict of Grace, was a treaty negotiated
by Cardinal Richelieu with Huguenot leaders and signed by King Louis XIII of
France on 27 SEP 1629.

1630French TV series “The
Flashing Blade” historical fiction. The
series revolves around the efforts of a dashing French spy to engineer the
garrison's rescue. Francois, the Chevalier de Recci, and his servant Guillot
are trapped in a besieged castle on the border between France and Spain. When
the Spanish elite hear of a possible truce between France and Spain some of
them do not want a truce because the capture of the castle has greater
strategic importance. They begin a bombardment order to capture the French
castle before any form of ceasefire agreement is signed. The garrison
commander, General Thoiras, recruits Francois and Gullot to break through
Spanish lines to get word of the attack to the French Army. The pair, with
their superior swordplay and horsemanship, embark on a daring mission evading
capture, enemy spies and pursuing soldiers to deliver their message. The series
ends with the Chevalier bringing news of the peace conference's decision to the
Spanish Forces surrounding the castle
See http://www.thechestnut.com/flashing.htm
for episode summaries and pictures.

1630Siege
of Recife (1630) the Dutch captured Recife, in Portuguese Brazil. This began a
war over Brazil, which would see the Dutch establish a colony called New
Holland.

163406–07 FEBBattle of
Nördlingen –Imperial Army 33,000 troops, Protestant forces 25,000 troops. At
the end of the day, 12,000 Protestants are dead, another 4,000 captured,
including Swedish army leader Gustaf Horn.

1636Battle
of Wittstock-Sweden defeats an army of Saxony and the Holy Roman Empire

165719 OCTEnglish
East India Company receives new charter and capital to focus on trade in India

1658Battle of Dunes-A combined Anglo-French army
is victorious over the Spanish.

1659Franco-Spanish War: Victorious France signs
the Treaty of the Pyrenees with Spain and annexes northern Catalonia and French
Flanders. The war confirms France as the dominant continental power and Bourbon
strength over the Habsburgs.

1660-1667Dumas’ The Vicomte of Bragelonne: Ten
Years Later-"The Vicomte de Bragelonne", "Louise de la
Vallière", and "The Man in the Iron Mask."

1664Pieter Stuyvesant surrenders New Amsterdam
to the English

1664La Compagnie des INdes Orientales founded in
France to operate in India

166802 MAYTreaty of Aix-la-Chapelle: end of the War of
Devolution. France obtains Lille and other territories of Flanders from Spain.

1670The Company of Adventurers of England
Trading into Hudson’s Bay founded in London to exploit the fur trade in
northern North America

1678Treaties of Nijmegen: A series of treaties
ending the Franco-Dutch war. France obtains the Franche-Comté and some cities
in Flanders and Hainaut (from Spain).

168415 AUGTruce of Ratisbon: End of the War of the
Reunions. France obtains further territories in the north-west from Spain.

1690Battle of Fleurus-This naval battle sees the
French victorious over the Anglo-Dutch.

169720 SeptTreaty of
Ryswick: End of the Nine Years' War between France and the Grand Alliance.
Territorial changes were made in Europe and the colonial empires of the
countries involved.