Rudolf, Lakealso called Lake Turkanafourth largest of the eastern African lakes. It lies mainly in northern Kenya, with its northern end stretching into Ethiopia. The lake lies in the eastern arm of eastern Africa’s Rift Valley. It covers an area of 2,473 square miles (6,405 square km) and lies at 1,230 feet (375 m) above sea level. Together with Lake Baringo (south), Lake Rudolf once formed a larger body of water drained by the Sobat River into the Nile River. Earth movements during the Pleistocene Epoch (1about 2,600,000 to 1011,000 700 years ago), however, created a smaller lake of independent inland drainage. Volcanic outcrops give rise to rocky shores in the east and south, while the lake’s western and northern shores are lower and consist of sand dunes, sandspits, and mudflats. The three main islands in the lake—North, Central, and South—are volcanic.

Lake Rudolf is 154 miles (248 km) long, only 10–20 miles (16–32 km) wide, and relatively shallow, its greatest recorded depth being 240 feet (73 m). The lake’s level and area tend to fluctuate. Its only perennial tributary is the Omo River, which flows from Ethiopia. Having no outlet, the lake’s waters are brackish. Sudden storms are frequent, rendering navigation on the lake treacherous.

Lake Rudolf is a rich reservoir of fish. Nile perch, tigerfish, bichir, and various species of Tilapia abound. Crocodiles and hippopotamuses are common, and birds include flamingos, cormorants, and kingfishers. The peoples of the neighbouring desert scrub are largely nomadic pastoralists. Count Samuel Teleki and Lieutenant Ludwig von Höhnel visited the lake in 1888 and named it after the crown prince of Austria. In Kenya it is called Lake Turkana.