..Findings remained significant after adjusting for sociodemographic and substance use disorder variables, which suggests that independently of substance use disorders, self-medication can be viewed as a marker of severity...

A longitudinal study of risk factors for incident drug use in adults: findings from a representative sample of the US population

..Individuals with SPD were also more likely to attempt suicide. As a whole, these results suggest that individuals with SPD experience significant morbidity and may be at increased risk of mortality...

Role of self-medication in the development of comorbid anxiety and substance use disorders: a longitudinal investigation