Hoekman B 2001 Wto Trade Country

Although there are many famous riots and controversies connected to the World Trade Organization (WTO), most American citizens don’t know what the WTO actually is or what it does. Because there’s so much the average person doesn’t understand, we need to look at the background of the WTO before we can discuss any further details; then we will look at possible explanations of why people protest, and finally we ” ll focus on whether or not any protests were justified. The World Trade Organization is designed to create the rules involved with trade. These trading rules include all countries, not just the US, and can therefore be a little tricky at times.

‘The WTO establishes a framework for trade policies, it does not define or specify outcomes’ (Bagwell, K. and Staiger, R. W. 2002).

As we can see, the rules of trading are simply set as guidelines and cannot guarantee a certain outcome for each individual agreement between countries. There are five main rules that the WTO depends on to operate smoothly on a daily basis and they are as follows: nondiscrimination, reciprocity, enforceable commitments, transparency, and safety valves.

First, we will look at nondiscrimination. There are two main concepts to understand when looking at the nondiscrimination rule: Most Favored Nation (MFN) and National Treatment Principle (NTP) (Hoekman, B. 2001).

MFN involves one country, usually a larger, more developed country, deciding that it wants to trade with another country, usually a smaller country, and give them certain benefits that other countries might not get because the bigger country doesn’t like them as well. For example, if England decided that it wanted to trade with Australia, but didn’t want to have as much of a dependency on the US, it could make exporting and importing more beneficial to Australia by overlooking tariffs and taxes it might impose on the US. National Treatment Principle can be best explained in terms of goods being treated equally, regardless of the origin of the product.

... result of specialization. But exactly how much should both countries trade to gain the highest possible benefits? By trading ... world market, countries trade products they wouldn’t be able to produce on their own. Countries like Cuba specializes ... maximum benefits of specialization among countries, countries should trade their products with products from other countries. In the example above, ...

For instance, if Florida wanted to sell its bananas to Oregon and so did Australia; Oregon wouldn’t be able to impose a tax on the bananas from Florida unless it imposed the same tax on the ones from Australia. This rule it supposed to keep trading fair between nations. Second, reciprocity is an important part of negotiation where, ideally, each side makes mutual changes in trade policy that bring other changes into play, which affects the amount of imports and exports each country is allowed to handle (Bagwell, K. and Staiger, R. W. 2002).

An example might be when France meets with Spain to negotiate terms for their blossoming lily industry; each country might have a few trade concessions in mind and work to create a balance between them. Third, we will consider how “enforceable commitments are crucial in ensuring market access commitments are implemented and maintained” (Hoekman, B. 2001).

They restrict tariffs from going up and down too much. If tariff changes happen that don’t coincide with the WTO guidelines, the government usually makes it their duty to change the policies. Because the WTO is an intergovernmental agreement they can handle their own cases, unlike private organizations, which do not have the same legal footing.

Fourth, transparency is important for the WTO because it “requires members to publish their trade regulations, to establish and maintain institutions allowing for the review of administrative decisions affecting trade, to respond to requests for information by other members, and to notify changes in trade policies to the WTO” (Hoekman, B. 2001).

... over individual governments, forcing countries to nullify laws passed which they declare to 'limit trade.' It is clearly obvious that the WTO is ... relationships between trade and the environment. There exist many provisions in the WTO to give the CTE the right to change policies when ... 's when making public policy. Another part of trying to change policy is the education of the public, at which many ...

This includes trade regulations and establishing institutions that allow for change. Transparency has many benefits, including reduced pressure on the dispute settlement system. If one country complains about another, meetings can be arranged to discuss the issues that violate WTO policies, which helps both sides to avoid confrontation or violent conflicts.

Fifth, safety valves are extremely important to the WTO for one main reason: so the government can restrict trade if they need to (Hoekman B. 2001).

There are three rules that dictate when the government can restrict trade: articles allowing the use of trade measures to attain non-economic objectives, articles aimed at ensuring fair competition, and provisions permitting intervention in trade for economic reasons. When competition gets too fierce and trading is to a breaking point, the government may need to step in and enforce these rules. Now that we understand what the WTO is, we can discuss why there’s always so much turmoil connected with the name and it’s dealings.

One of the reasons the WTO is so controversial is because of what it deals with on a daily basis. The WTO is just a symbol of a bureaucratic metaphor for the power of the world market, which benefits the big corporations and the super-rich, at the expense of workers and poor farmers (Bello W. 2001).

People protest the meetings and agendas the WTO handles, not the actual organization itself. If the WTO is trying to be so fair, then why must the protests continue? One possible answer could be that the protestors think the government has no right to bully some of the poorest people in the world.

Trade should be fair, everyone agrees, but at what expense? Globalization is another possible answer to protestors’ motives, considering that many people really see it as Americanization (Bello, W. 2001).

Protestors might be fighting to keep the national essence alive, while it can still be salvaged. They might also be trying to raise awareness of poor-country capitalists who are using their power to exploit their countrymen and women, including child and salve labor, without any Western-imposed minimum labor conditions.

... important source of foreign capital for many third world countries. Most studies on trade effects of EU policy yield a positive result ... programmes. Emphasis on civil society and even an attempt to include a clause for "good governance" (resisted angrily by the ... relationship with the EU, and the increasing pressure of the WTO suggests that liberalisation is going to become increasingly important in ...

The real fight is against the system itself, not against the symptoms of globalization. When protestors gather to make a stand against one of the cruel realities, sometimes things get out of hand. In Seattle, 50, 000 people learned a hard lesson when dealing with the police, all because they were trying to prove a point. They were trying to show that they opposed “the expansion of a system that promoted corporate-led globalization at the expense of social goals like: justice, community, national sovereignty, cultural diversity, and ecological sustainability” (Hoekman, B. 2001).

In other, smaller cases things can go just fine and everyone involved ends up feeling as though they had a small part in starting awareness towards their particular issue / topic.

Many protests are justified and can help others to better understand what’s going on in the world today. For larger protests, such as Seattle, there’s an organization that helps facilitate peaceful protesting and it is called Direct Action Network (DAN) (Foster, S. L.

2003).

DAN created and distributed orientation / information booklets that offered advice about how to avoid injuries, how to answer impossible questions that protestors might encounter, and how to maintain solidarity during arrest. They also formed a free clinic that provided maps of the downtown area that identified WTO sites, including hotels of participants. The conference centers was also identified so that affinity groups could collectively blockade the conference and keep it from functioning (Foster, S. L. 2003).

For the Seattle protest, DAN identified four basic principles of action: “no violence, physical or verbal toward another person, no weapons, no alcohol, or illegal drugs, and no destruction of property” (Foster, S. L. 2003).

Most of the protestors cooperated with DAN’s suggestions and managed to feel as though their time had made a difference.

... prolonged only brought more issues than what it first started out to be. Now the world deals with a fight ... like this because this again is a world wide issue and could be theirs.. ... has changed all of us. Today, we face issues where children are born with AIDS because of their ... causes, effects, and prevention. This time, the whole world needs to be informed. Remembering the eighties, being HIV ...

One protester even commented, “This time we did not ask for permission to be free” (Foster, S. L. 2003).

They also sent members to the Seattle Police Dept. to announce in advance the plans for the protest, hoping to avoid any major conflicts.

Because we now understand the WTO better and have seen some of its policies, we might be able to comprehend world issues better and with a different perspective. The WTO isn’t a perfect organization by all means, but it does try to regulate tariffs and taxes and occasionally does end up helping a few poor countries out. Without the WTO, would the world be a different place? America needs it, this much we know, but do all the other countries? Many protestors would argue that no, the world does not need the WTO and it should stick to domestic issues. However, others might say yes, the WTO can be of some use when dealing with particularly remote countries that might not have a chance to trade with anyone else otherwise.

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