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The Museum’s Collections document the fate of Holocaust victims, survivors, rescuers, liberators, and others through artifacts, documents, photos, films, books, personal stories, and more. Search below to view digital records and find material that you can access at our library and at the Shapell Center.

Halina Olszewski (later Olomucki/Olomucka) was born on November 24, 1919, in Warsaw, Poland, to Andrzej and Margarit-Hadassa Olszewski. She had an older brother, Moniek, born in 1909, and two sisters. Her parents ran a newspaper distribution service. Her father died in 1924. The family was Jewish but not observant. Halina attended a Yiddish speaking elementary school, then a public gymnasium.

Poland was invaded by Nazi Germany on September 1, 1939. German troops entered Warsaw on September 29. Halina and her family were relocated to the ghetto. Jews had to wear armbands with Judenstern, valuables were confiscated, and forced labor was required. Halina had drawn constantly from an early age and she continued to do this in the ghetto. She felt an urgent need to record daily life, even though, as she recalled: "I was in the same condition as every other person all around me. I saw them close to death but I never thought of myself close to death.... My job was simply to write down, to draw what was happening." Halina depicted the misery and suffering of life in the ghetto, where nearly 100,000 people died within the first fifteen months from disease and starvation. She also recorded events such as selections, deportations from the Umschlagplatz, or holding place, near the railroad station, and the destruction of Dr. Janos Korczak’s orphanage. While doing forced labor outside the ghetto, Halina smuggled drawings out to a Polish friend in the Aryan section, dropping small packages of drawings as her brigade walked by. On some occasion, Halina also smuggled in food for her family

In May 1943, after three days of waiting in the Umschlagplatz without food or water, Halina and her mother were put into a crowded train car and taken to Majdanek concentration camp. Her mother was sent to be killed upon arrival. Halina survived four selections done to separate those to be gassed from those to be used as laborers. One day, a guard came into the barracks and asked if there was anyone who knew how to paint and Halina volunteered. The work was drawing slogans on the walls, for which she received coffee and several slices of bread. The camp administrators liked her work and found other art projects for her. In July 1943, Halina was transferred to Auschwitz-Birkenau where she was tattooed with the number 48652. She was assigned to Block 10 whose residents were used for experimental medical atrocities. Halina was a slave laborer in an ammunition factory, and then was assigned to paint signs and slogans for the barracks. The slogans were about things like keeping clean and washing your hands, even though there was not even water to drink, much less wash, and living conditions were primitive and filthy. She also did sketches for the SS guards. She received increased rations of bread and cheese which she believed kept her alive. Halina hid pencil stubs and supplies from work, and secretly drew on any paper she could find, tissue and cigarette rolling paper, or scraps of discarded graph paper and reports. She had watercolors, but brushes had to be fashioned from cardboard strips. She made works based on her observations of the people and activities around her. Many prisoners implored her to draw their portraits believing that Halina was likely to survive. She hid her drawings in different spots around the camp, and in floors and walls near her bunk. She destroyed many works because of the constant fear of discovery. Halina was beaten often, and after the October 1944 revolt, spent days standing for exhaustive rolls calls and watched friends being murdered by guards. As Soviet forces neared, the camp was evacuated by death march on January 18, 1945, to Ravensbrück, and then to Neustadt-Glewe, where Halina was liberated by the Allies on May 2, 1945.

Halina returned to Warsaw after the war ended in May. She found no surviving family members. She recovered drawings she had smuggled out of Warsaw Ghetto and later some works from Birkenau. From 1945-1947, she created artworks as her eyewitness testimony of all she had seen and experienced during the Shoah. In 1945, she married Boleslaw Olomucki, who became an architect, with training from the Art Academy in Lodz and Warsaw Polytechnic. Boleslaw, born in Lodz on November 10, 1921, had been interned in the ghetto in 1940. On August 27, 1944, he was sent to Auschwitz-Birkenau concentration camp, then in October, transferred to Braunschweig/Neuengamme as slave labor. In March 1945, he was sent on a death march to Ravensbruck, then to Wobbelin where he was liberated. The couple moved to Lodz, where Halina studied at the Art Academy until 1950. The first exhibition of her artwork was in 1949 in Warsaw. She and Boleslaw had a daughter Miriam in 1951. In 1957, the family moved to Paris, France. Halina exhibited widely in Paris and London during the 1960s. In 1972, the family immigrated to Israel. Halina, 87, passed away on April 9, 2007, in Ashkelon, Israel.

Record last modified: 2018-10-24 14:05:29
This page: https://collections.ushmm.org/search/catalog/irn509070

Also in Halina Olomucki collection

The collection consists of 147 drawings, 47 oil paintings, and 135 mixed material pieces of artwork created by Halina Olomucki based upon her experiences in the Warsaw ghetto in Poland and as a prisoner and death march survivor of Majdanek, Auschwitz-Birkenau, Ravensbruck, and Neustadt concentration camps during the Holocaust.

Pencil sketch created by 23 year old Halina Olszewski (later Olomucki) in the Warsaw ghetto in 1942. Following Germany's invasion of Poland on September1, 1939, Halina and her family were relocated to the ghetto. In May 1943, Halina and her mother, Margalit-Hadassa, were deported to Majdanek concentration camp, where her mother was killed upon arrival. In July, Halina was sent to Auschwitz-Birkenau. During all this time, she continued to create drawings. The camp was evacuated by death march on January 18, 1945, to Ravensbrück. Halina was then sent to Neustadt-Glewe, where she was liberated by the Allies in May 1945. Halina returned to Poland where, from 1945-1947, she created works that present remarkable eyewitness testimony of what she had seen and experienced during the Shoah.

Pencil sketch created by 23 year old Halina Olszewski (later Olomucki) in the Warsaw ghetto in 1942. Following Germany's invasion of Poland on September1, 1939, Halina and her family were relocated to the ghetto. In May 1943, Halina and her mother, Margalit-Hadassa, were deported to Majdanek concentration camp, where her mother was killed upon arrival. In July, Halina was sent to Auschwitz-Birkenau. During all this time, she continued to create drawings. The camp was evacuated by death march on January 18, 1945, to Ravensbrück. Halina was then sent to Neustadt-Glewe, where she was liberated by the Allies in May 1945. Halina returned to Poland where, from 1945-1947, she created works that present remarkable eyewitness testimony of what she had seen and experienced during the Shoah.

Crude pencil sketch created by 23 year old Halina Olszewski (later Olomucki) in the Warsaw ghetto in 1942. Following Germany's invasion of Poland on September1, 1939, Halina and her family were relocated to the ghetto. In May 1943, Halina and her mother, Margalit-Hadassa, were deported to Majdanek concentration camp, where her mother was killed upon arrival. In July, Halina was sent to Auschwitz-Birkenau. During all this time, she continued to create drawings. The camp was evacuated by death march on January 18, 1945, to Ravensbrück. Halina was then sent to Neustadt-Glewe, where she was liberated by the Allies in May 1945. Halina returned to Poland where, from 1945-1947, she created works that provide eyewitness testimony of what she had seen and experienced during the Shoah.

Abstract onk drawing of a seted female figure created by Halina Olszewski (later Olomucki) after the war. Halina was a native of Warsaw, Poland. In September 1939, Nazi Germany occupied Poland, and established the ghetto in October 1940. Halina, her mother Margarit-Hadassa, and brother Moniek were relocated there. Hannah did forced labor outside the ghetto, but she felt her real job was to draw what was happening in the ghetto. By the end of 1941, starvation, disease, and death were widespread. Halina smuggled many drawings to friends outside the ghetto. In May 1943, she and her mother were deported to Majdanek in May 1943. Her mother was killed on arrival, but Halina was sent to Auschwitz-Birkenau, where she continued to create art. On January 18, 1945, she was sent by death march to Neustadt-Glewe, where she was liberated by the Allies on May 2, 1945. She returned to Warsaw and found that no family members had survived.

Pencil sketch created by 28 year old Halina Olomucki in 1947 in Lodz, Poland. Following Germany's invasion of Poland on September1, 1939, Halina and her family were relocated to the Warsaw ghetto. In May 1943, Halina and her mother, Margalit-Hadassa, were deported to Majdanek concentration camp, where her mother was killed upon arrival. In July, Halina was sent to Auschwitz-Birkenau. During all this time, she continued to create drawings. The camp was evacuated by death march on January 18, 1945, to Ravensbrück. Halina was then sent to Neustadt-Glewe, where she was liberated by the Allies in May 1945. Halina returned to Poland where, from 1945-1947, she created works that present powerful eyewitness testimony of what she had seen and experienced during the Shoah.

Pencil and ink sketch created by 24 year old Halina Olszewski (later Olomucki) in the Warsaw ghetto in 1943. Following Germany's invasion of Poland on September1, 1939, Halina and her family were relocated to the ghetto. In May 1943, Halina and her mother, Margalit-Hadassa, were deported to Majdanek concentration camp, where her mother was killed upon arrival. In July, Halina was sent to Auschwitz-Birkenau. During all this time, she created drawings. The camp was evacuated by death march on January 18, 1945, to Ravensbrück. Halina was then sent to Neustadt-Glewe, where she was liberated by the Allies in May 1945. Halina returned to Poland where, from 1945-1947, she created works to provide detailed eyewitness testimony of what she had seen and experienced during the Shoah.

Rectangular form; vertical format; black and white exterior scene; in foreground, image of soldier standing with back to viewer while unclothed man stands in front of him; in background, image of group of unclothed figures and smoke stack

Pencil drawing of an emaciated couple sitting on the street created by Halina Olszewski, (later Olomucki) postwar based upon her experiences as an internee in Warsaw Ghetto in 1943. Nazi Germany occupied Poland in September 1939, and established the ghetto in October 1940. Halina, her mother Margarit-Hadassa, and brother Moniek were relocated there. Hannah did forced labor outside the ghetto, but she felt her real job was to draw what was happening in the ghetto. By the end of 1941, starvation, disease, and death were widespread. Halina smuggled many drawings to friends outside the ghetto. In May 1943, she and her mother were deported to Majdanek in May 1943. Her mother was killed on arrival, but Halina was sent to Auschwitz-Birkenau, where she continued to create art. On January 18, 1945, she was sent by death march to Neustadt-Glewe, where she was liberated by the Allies on May 2, 1945. She returned to Warsaw and found that no family members had survived.

Learn about over 1,000 camps and ghettos in Volume I and II of this encyclopedia, which are available as a free PDF download. This reference provides text, photographs, charts, maps, and extensive indexes.