HISTORY-is the search for knowledge and the truth, a searching to find out. -is any integrated narrative or description of past events or facts written in a spirit of critical inquiry for the whole truth.

HISTORICAL RESEARCH/HISTORICAL METHOD OF RESEARCH -is a process of selecting the area or topic to write a history about, collecting data about events that occurred on it, collating the data, sifting the authentic from non-authentic, and then making an interpretative narrative about or critical inquiry into the whole truth of the events.

3. CRITICALLY ANALYZING THE DATA-is to determine the authenticity or genuineness of the data in historical research, and to determine truth of statements therein.

A. EXTERNAL CRITISM-is used to determine the authenticity or genuineness of a historical document.

a.1 Use of auxiliary sciences * Epigraphy- is study of inscriptions and the art of deciphering them. * Diplomatics- is the science of charters and diplomas includes a knowledge of the practices of chanceries and of the forms used in them. * Paleography- is study of writing.

* Philology- determining the date and authenticity.
* Archeology, Anthropology, and Prehistory- is science of remains. * Chemistry- branch of science that deals with chemicals.

a.2 Purposes of External Criticisma.2.1 Forgeries and Hoaxes * A forger removes the name of the originator of an important document. * The forger deletes the name of the person who accomplished the feat and places his name or some other’s name. * A forger copies an important document.

* A person with a certain motive writes a document which he attributes to the important person by signing the name of the latter in the document.

a.2.2 Authorship, time, and filiation of documents- the problem of determining authorship and time of a document usually occurs with persons who employ...

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...GS 243 – METHODS OF RESEARCH (MBA /MAEd)
1. Define research in the light of the growing need for its conduct, exposition, and application. (5 points)
Research is an process to collect and analyze information to increase our topic understanding for problem,it has three steps: pose a question,collect data and present an answer to the question.
Research is an process to collect and analyze information to increase our topic understanding for problem,it has three steps: pose a question,collect data and present an answer to the question.
2. Explain the need for the discussion of the sampling technique. (5 points)
Sampling technique is necessary in order to avoid bias in impact research assessment.many evluations and even research projects commonly suffer from a number of biases which reduce investigation to improve data.
Sampling technique is necessary in order to avoid bias in impact research assessment.many evluations and even research projects commonly suffer from a number of biases which reduce investigation to improve data.
3. Differentiate the following with not more than 50 words per item (6 points each):
a. Theoretical framework and conceptual framework;
A conceptual framework occurs when a researcher links concepts from literature to establish evidence to support the need for the research question. If somebody else...

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Question 2: Describe the relationship between research design and sample design
Before examining both sample design and research design it is important to be clear about the role and purposes of each design. Research design is a plan for collecting and utilizing data so that desired information can be obtained with sufficient precision or so that a hypothesis can be tested properly. Every type of empirical research has a form of implicit research design. A design is a logical sequence that connects to empirical data to a study’s initial research question and ultimately it, to its conclusion. According to Adam G Bluman in his book Elementary Statistic define research design as a logical plan from getting from here to there, where here may be defined as initial questions to be answered , and there is some conclusion (answers) to these questions . Another text book has described research design as a plan that guides the investigator in the process of collecting analyzing and interpreting observations. It is a logical method of proof that allows the researcher to draw inreferences concerning causal relations among the variables under investigations (Nachmias andNachmaias 1992 pp. 77-78).
Research design can be seen as the “blue print” for your research, dealing with at least four problems what question to study, what data...

...﻿Experimental research
Experimental research is commonly used in sciences such as sociology and psychology, physics, chemistry, biology and medicine etc.
Experimental research tests a hypothesis and establishes causation by using independent and dependent variables in a controlled environment.
KEY POINTS
Experiments are generally the most precise studies and have the most conclusive power. They are particularly effective in supporting hypotheses about cause and effect relationships. However, since the conditions are artificial, they may not apply to everyday situations.
A well designed experiment has features that control random variables to make sure that the effect measured is caused by the independent variable being manipulated. These features include random assignment, use of a control group, and use of a single or double-blind design.
An experimenter decides how to manipulate the independent variable, but only measures the dependent variable. In a good experiment, only the independent variable will affect the dependent variable.
TERMS
random assignment
Random assignment of subjects to experimental and control conditions is a process used to evenly distribute the individual qualities of the participants across the conditions.
dependent variable
The aspect or subject of an experiment that is influenced by the manipulated aspect; an outcome measured to see the effectiveness of the treatment
independent variable
The...

...Introduction to Research
What is research?
Research is to gather and explore more into a topic or a problem which helps to understand others opinions relating to the topic and back your conclusions with the findings.
Definition
Research is defined as “creative work undertaken on a systematic basis in order to develop knowledge, and make use of the knowledge to devise new applications related to- knowledge of man, culture and society.”
Research is a process systematically organized, data based, critical and objective, scientific inquiry or investigation undertaken with a purpose of finding answers or solutions for specific problems.
The primary purposes of research are:
Documentation.
Discovery.
Interpretation.
Research and development of methods and systems.
For advancement of human knowledge.
Primary objective of research
To gain familiarity with a phenomenon or achieve new insights into it.
To portray accurately the characteristics of a particular individual, situation, or a group.
To determine the frequency with which something occurs or with which is associated with something else.
To test a hypothesis of a causal relationship between variables. This study is known as hypothesis testing research studies.
Secondary objective of research
The desire to get a research degree.
To solve...

...following outcomes:
Knowledge
A critical appreciation of the clarity, scientific approach and structure of academic writing.
Skills
Ability to critically assess the ethical, legal and professional issues in research relevant to your programme of study when planning research.
Important Information
You are required to submit your work within the bounds of the University Infringement of Assessment Regulations (see your Programme Guide). Plagiarism, paraphrasing and downloading large amounts of information from external sources, will not be tolerated and will be dealt with severely. You should make full use of any source material, which would normally be an occasional sentence and/or paragraph (referenced) followed by your own critical analysis/evaluation. You will receive no marks for work that is not your own. Your work may be subject to checks for originality which can include use of an electronic plagiarism detection service.
Where you are asked to submit an individual piece of work, the work must be entirely your own. The safety of your assessments is your responsibility. You must not permit another student access to your work.
Where referencing is required, unless otherwise stated, the Harvard referencing system must be used (see your Programme Guide).
All research paper based assessments are now required to be submitted through the Turnitin system to check for plagiarism. Please submit the report supplied by the...

...The Uniqueness of Experimental Research
* Experimental research is unique in that it is the only type of research that directly attempts to influence a particular variable, and it is the only type that, when used properly, can really test hypotheses about cause-and-effect relationships. Experimental designs are some of the strongest available for educational researchers to use in determining cause and effect.
Essential Characteristics of Experimental Research
* Experiments differ from other types of research in two basic ways ― comparison of treatments and the direct manipulation of one or more independent variables by the researcher.
Randomization
* Random assignment is an important ingredient in the best kinds of experiments. It means that every individual who is participating in the experiment has an equal chance of being assigned to any of the experimental or control conditions that are being compared.
Control of Extraneous Variables
* The researcher in an experimental study has an opportunity to exercise far more control than in most other forms of research.
* Some of the most common ways to control for the possibility of differential subject characteristics (in the various groups being compared) are randomization, holding certain variables constant, building the variable into the design, matching, using subjects as their own controls, and using analysis of the...

...NOTES BASED ON RESEARCH METHODOLOGY BY WELMAN, KRUGER AND MITCHELL, 3RD EDITION. THE AIMS OF RESEARCH   Research is a process that involves obtaining scientific knowledge by means of various objective methods and procedures. The term objective indicates that these methods and procedures do not rely on personal feelings or opinions and that the specific methods are used at each stage of the research process. These methods include procedures for drawing samples (e.g. simple random sampling), measuring variables, collecting information and analysing the information. Research methodology considers and explains the logic behind research methods and techniques.
 
Sources of non – scientific knowledge   The sources include authority, opinion of peers, traditions, debating and accidental observation. Under authority, non – scientific knowledge is often merely accepted on the basis of the authority of some or other source. In contrast, with scientific approach, one should check the way in which findings are acquired and not accept them merely because they originate from a so – called expert. Non –scientific knowledge can also be acquired by asking the opinion of peers. Traditions refer to knowledge which is carried over from one generation to the next. Under debating, people attempt to obtain knowledge and insight by arguing in a seemingly logical manner. Accidental observation – this is...