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The portal of histories, biographies, works, characters, events and the largest data on the webSat, 09 Mar 2019 03:17:13 +0000en-UShourly1https://wordpress.org/?v=4.8.5William Mortonhttps://history-biography.com/william-morton/
https://history-biography.com/william-morton/#respondSat, 09 Mar 2019 03:17:13 +0000https://history-biography.com/?p=1203William Morton biography William Thomas Green Morton (August 9, 1819 – July 15, 1868). He was born in the city of Charlton, Massachusetts, United States. More known as William Morton. He grew up in a marriage of farmers, consisting of James Morton and Rebecca Morton. During his youth, William worked as a typesetter and salesman […]

William Thomas Green Morton (August 9, 1819 – July 15, 1868). He was born in the city of Charlton, Massachusetts, United States. More known as William Morton. He grew up in a marriage of farmers, consisting of James Morton and Rebecca Morton. During his youth, William worked as a typesetter and salesman in Boston. Since his family did not have great resources, he had to work with the objective of studying at the College of Dental Surgery in Baltimore, he managed to graduate in 1840 at the age of 21 years.

Since childhood, Morton felt more interest in medicine than in dentistry. So in 1844, he decided to enter Harvard University, unfortunately, had to quit soon, motivated by the difficult economic situation of his family and his marriage with Elizabeth Whitman and the care of their two children.

William Morton continued practicing dentistry, dedicating himself to the realization and adaptation of dental prostheses in a small office of his own, to perform this process had to perform extractions of teeth, a moment that represented great difficulties due to the high pain felt by his patients, so he began to think about what chemical element might reduce pain in your patients. Returning to what he had learned in his career, Morton knew that certain gases existed that eliminated the sensitivity to pain in the organism, for this reason, he found new substances, among them, the hilarious gas composed of nitrous oxide and ether, Morton was inclined to the second. After performing several tests in his office he risked to try it.

“Doctor, your patient is ready!” William Morton – Phrase symbol of the release of pain chains

The first person in whom Morton could prove the anesthetic effects of the ether was in Eben Frost, a musician who attended his office with an energetic toothache. William gave him the ether in an inhaled form, getting the patient to be lethargic during the extraction, without feeling any pain during the procedure. Within a few hours Morton’s fame began to grow, the news was published by the Boston Daily Journal. Motivated by the finding, Morton formally requested the director of Massachusetts General Hospital, John Collins Warren, to leave a public demonstration of his discovery. On October 16, 1846, the public demonstration was carried out, the surgery was a success.

In the following years, William dictated several conferences in universities and academic spaces where he explained the use of ether in the body and its powerful anesthetic effect. In addition to that, he performed a few demonstrations among the audience. Despite this, many doubted the sedative effect of these substances, until, in November of 1846, Dr. Wendell Holmes, made a research paper and baptized these substances under the name of anesthesia.

Eager to improve the management of anesthesia more and more, he consulted with one of his former professors, Charles T. Jackson, he suggested that he use sulfuric ether, Morton studied the possibility and disguised the smell of the sulfuric ether by mixing the chemical compound aromatics, obtained as a result a compound that Morton called, Letheon, this compound worked successfully.

After these triumphs Morton made a serious mistake, he let himself be carried away by pride, preventing other doctors from using his ether anesthesia, this exposed him to strong criticism in the medical world and generated a legal battle with Charles Jackson, who he claimed to be really the discoverer of the anesthetic properties of Ether and who had advised Morton.

After twenty years of legal litigation against Jackson trying to defend the merit of the discovery of anesthesia, waste all their savings, in lawsuits, lawyers, and officials, during these years had to face several rivals in addition to Jackson, as Dr. Crawford W. Long, they both disputed Morton’s discovery of the ether as anesthesia. He continued, with the arrogance intact, determined to obtain a monetary benefit for the discovery of anesthesia.

The French Academy of Medicine decided to reward William Morton and Professor Jackson for their discovery. However, the prize of five thousand francs was rejected with great indignation by Morton. In 1849, he even asked the Congress of the United States to cancel a reward of one hundred thousand dollars for his discovery, which had no development, due to the problem over the intellectual property of the find.

Finally, defeated, Morton remained in total poverty and fell into a depressed state. He died in New York City July 15, 1869, at 49 years of age, due to a stroke. Without having obtained the patent of the anesthesia, we can not forget that both his studies and demonstrated actions opened a new chapter in the treatment of pain during surgical interventions, so he is considered one of the most influential people in medicine.

]]>https://history-biography.com/william-morton/feed/0William Harveyhttps://history-biography.com/william-harvey/
https://history-biography.com/william-harvey/#respondSat, 09 Mar 2019 03:03:32 +0000https://history-biography.com/?p=1200William Harvey biography William Harvey (April 1, 1578 – June 3, 1657) English physician, embryologist, and physiologist. William was born in the city of Folkestone, England. He started his basic studies at the Grammar School in Canterbury at the age of 10. Later, he moved to Caius College, where he began to experience a passion […]

William Harvey (April 1, 1578 – June 3, 1657) English physician, embryologist, and physiologist. William was born in the city of Folkestone, England. He started his basic studies at the Grammar School in Canterbury at the age of 10. Later, he moved to Caius College, where he began to experience a passion for science, from there he decided to direct his life towards science. By 1590, Harvey began his studies at Cambridge, where in spite of the difficulties he managed to finish his medical career. He traveled to Italy to study at the medical school of Padua, considered one of the best in Europe. In Padua he met Professor Fabrizio, who encouraged him, even more, to develop the field of embryology and physiology, spending long hours observing the anatomical findings that were decisive in his orientation.

Upon returning to his country of origin, he obtained the necessary documentation to practice the medical profession in 1604 and entered the Royal College of London. Years later, love knocks on his door, when meeting the beautiful and intelligent daughter of the personal physician of King James I, Elizabeth Browne, in a matter of months they decided to marry. This union not only brought him happiness but many benefits in his medical life, he entered as a resident in the hospital of San Bartolomé, where he could deploy all the research they had in mind since his university.

Later, William Harvey exercised his role as a professor of anatomy and surgery, causing amazement and admiration among his pupils. On April 17, 1618, Harvey delivered his first and famous speech on the circulation of blood, that conference caused the effect of a bomb in the scientific world. The students were interested in the revolutionary theory of this scientist and teacher of 40 years. The majority of the doctors of that time embraced, in effect, the theories of Galen which, in relation to circulation, were no longer valid. Harvey demonstrated this affirmation with exact proofs.

At the same time in 1618 Dr. Harvey was assigned to James I’s personal physician and, decades later, Carlos I appointed him a chamber doctor, and in the civil war he entrusted him with the care of his children. Because of the great loyalty that the king had, he decided to accompany him on his retreat to Oxford. In times of instability, the monarchy suffered government persecution during the Cromwell Protectorate.

“Those who are at war with others are not at peace with themselves.” William Harvey

The publication of his work Anatomica de Motu Cordis in 1628, generated a turning point in the history of medicine. As it collapsed the conceptions and postulates of Greek philosophy and gave the entrance to a way of conceiving science, no longer from mere supposition but from experience. As for the scientific work of Harvey, it is necessary to emphasize the primordial aspects: the description of the blood circulation and his embryological doctrines. The work quickly became famous throughout the European continent, although it engendered a strong controversy, of which William Harvey remained on the sidelines.

In 1642, William Harvey moved to the United Kingdom to practice as a professor at Merton College. Until the time of conception of embryology, degrees that describe the process of fertilization of these living beings, and publication finally in 1652.

The advances of Harvey contain great importance because they reject the then unquestionable orthodox theory on the blood circulation of Claudius Galen, inherited from Aristotle. For example, his work Anatomical Exercise concerning the movement of the heart and blood in animals was a classic of science and even today, it is studied to understand the advance of medicine. It exhibits a correct model of blood circulation, explaining the role of valves, the heart, the processes of sucking and pumping blood, the mechanism of exchange between blood and oxygenated blood. This contrasted with the orthodox concept that blood was constantly produced in the liver and consumed in the body. Galen focused on thinking about what was happening. Harvey, on the contrary, focused on checking, carrying out dissections, what happened.

Another one of the contributions of Harvey was to affirm that the valves of the vein prevent that the blood advances in another sense that is not towards the heart, and it is demonstrated mathematically, following Galileo, the reality of the closed economy. He measured the capacity of the heart and found that the sum of blood pushed into the body by each element of two ounces. He concluded that the blood always travels along the same route and returns to its starting point, this process being infinite. His investigations, born of authentic experiments, not imagined at the time. We can say with justice that the discovery of the circulation was the first adjusted explanation of an organic process and the starting point towards experimental physiology.

In his advanced age, he was named the president of the College of Physicians, but William did not accept the position due to his delicate state of health. Harvey died at age 80 in Roehampton, London on June 3, 1657.

]]>https://history-biography.com/william-harvey/feed/0Wilhelm Conrad Röntgenhttps://history-biography.com/wilhelm-conrad-rontgen/
https://history-biography.com/wilhelm-conrad-rontgen/#respondSat, 09 Mar 2019 02:51:06 +0000https://history-biography.com/?p=1197Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen biography Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen (1845-1923). Physicist and German engineer. He was born in Lennep, Prussia. Current Germany. His father was a textile merchant. When he was three years old his family moved to Apeldoorn, Holland. In his puberty, he left home to join the Technical School of Utrecht and lived at the […]

Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen (1845-1923). Physicist and German engineer. He was born in Lennep, Prussia. Current Germany. His father was a textile merchant. When he was three years old his family moved to Apeldoorn, Holland. In his puberty, he left home to join the Technical School of Utrecht and lived at the home of chemist Jan Willem Gunning. His season at the School was not long because he was accused of drawing a defamatory caricature of a teacher. After that, he followed some courses at the University of Utrecht as a listener and not as a regular student for not having met the necessary requirements.

At the age of 20, he arrived in Zurich and began his studies in mechanical engineering. But he was more interested in the basic sciences and, essentially, in physics, due to the influence of his professors Julius Clausius and August Kundt. He graduated in 1869. When Kundt replaced Clausius in the chair of physics, he took Wilhelm as an assistant. Together they reorganized the laboratory of experimental physics. Later Kundt moved to the University of Würzburg taking Röntgen with him Röntgen. However, the University still did not give him an academic position because he did not pass the Latin and Greek exams that were then required.

Later he taught at different venues of the University of Strasbourg. His research focused on various fields of physics, such as elasticity, capillary phenomena, absorption of heat and specific heats of gases, and heat conduction in crystals and piezoelectricity.

In 1872 Kundt, and also Röntgen, moved to the University of Strasbourg. There he was granted the position of professor in 1874. The works he developed were concerned with the specific heat of the gases, the thermal conductivity by the crystals and the rotation of the plane of polarization of the light by the crystals. A year later he taught professors in the faculty of mathematics and chemistry at the Hoffenheim Agricultural Academy. But this institution did not meet their expectations, therefore, decided to return to Strasbourg, where he spent more time to research and theoretical physics. This was a culminating moment for him because he formulated multiple investigations.

In 1879 he was director of the Institute of Physics of the Hessian-Ludwigs University, in Giessen. There he continued his investigative work accompanied by good facilities and great economic support. This position allowed him to work exclusively on the axis of the relationship between light and electricity. Later during a visit to the University Würzwug, he met the histologist Rudolf Kölliquer, with him he analyzed the effects of pressure on the properties of liquids and solids.

In 1895, while he was experimenting, he observed that a sample of barium platinocyanide placed near the glass tube emitted light when it was in operation. For such a phenomenon, he argued that, at the moment when the cathode rays hit the glass of the tube, an unknown radiation is formed capable of moving to the chemical and causing a luminescence reaction. Subsequent investigations revealed that paper, wood, and aluminum, cause this same phenomenon. The German physicist determined that the rays propagated in a straight line, with high levels of energy, since they ionized the air and did not get lost by the electric and magnetic fields. Because of its strange nature, he called this type of radiation, x-rays.

The discovery began to be applied to the field of Medicine, Wilhelm along with some doctors carried out tests to be able to take x-rays of the bones. On December 28, 1895, Röntgen wrote and sent his discovery, attaching an X-ray of his own hand as a sample, to a scientific journal. Some members of the magazine such as Poincaré shared it at a weekly meeting of the Académie des Sciences in Paris and suggested to his colleague and friend Antoine-Henri Becquerel, who was working on the properties of uranium salts and other substances that showed fluorescence, approaching Rontgen to learn more about that novel experiment. Thanks to the famous discovery of X-rays in 1901, he obtained the first Nobel Prize in Physics.

The discovery of X-rays was a revolution for physics and medicine, and also represented an advance for the scientific world and the scientists who were developing this type of axis. His discovery generated the impetus of radiology as a branch of science and signaled the beginning of the era of electronics, in addition to providing facilities to medicine in terms of diagnostic methods. Some detractors tried to veto them by claiming that it violated privacy and that it was possible to see naked women, such was the case that there were scammers who sold anti-X-ray clothing.

The American inventor and industrialist Thomas Edison offered to buy the X-ray patent, to which Röntgen flatly refused. Although the business could not be carried out, Edison installed an attraction at the New York Electric Exhibition in 1896 where, for a few coins, he could put his hand in front of an X-ray machine that projected the bones on a fluorescent screen, this was a boom. With the outbreak of the First World War, Röntgen took refuge in a country house in Wilheim, in the Bavarian Alps. During that time his wife Bertha died. From then on he lived modestly, resigned his teaching position and his health began to decline. Finally, he died on February 10, 1923, in the city of Munich as a result of intestinal cancer.

]]>https://history-biography.com/wilhelm-conrad-rontgen/feed/0Werner Karl Heisenberghttps://history-biography.com/werner-karl-heisenberg/
https://history-biography.com/werner-karl-heisenberg/#respondSat, 09 Mar 2019 02:39:28 +0000https://history-biography.com/?p=1194Werner Karl Heisenberg biography Werner Karl Heisenberg (December 5, 1901 – February 1, 1976) German physicist. He was born in Würzburg, Germany. Shortly before the age of five, Werner began his primary education at a school in his city. He spent three years in that school, until his father, a humanities professor specializing in the […]

Werner Karl Heisenberg (December 5, 1901 – February 1, 1976) German physicist. He was born in Würzburg, Germany. Shortly before the age of five, Werner began his primary education at a school in his city. He spent three years in that school, until his father, a humanities professor specializing in the history of the Byzantine Empire, was appointed, in 1909, professor of medium and modern Greek languages ​​at the University of München and had to move. A few months later, Werner Heisenberg attended classes at the Elisabethenschule school. In 1911, he entered to study at Maximilian Gymnasium in München, where his grandfather, father of his mother Annie Wecklein, was the director.

Since he was in school he was very clear about his passions for physics, he liked to perform complex operations and read constantly. After completing his basic studies, he entered the University of Munich, where he attended the Arnold Sommerfeld classes and where he received his doctorate in 1923. Simultaneously, he was assistant to the German physicist Max Born at the University of Göttingen, a service that he provided great knowledge and a permanent psychic impulse on the part of Max Born. In 1924 until 1297 he enjoyed a well-deserved scholarship from the Rockefeller Foundation to work with the physicist Niels Bohr at the University of Copenhagen.

Thanks to the scholarship, he initiated the advancement of a quantum mechanical system, named matrix mechanics, in this system the mathematical formulation was based on the frequencies and amplitudes of the absorbed and emitted radiation by the atom and on the analysis of the energy levels of the atom. The atomic system.

“Ideas are not responsible for what men do with them.” Werner Heisenberg

Based on this system, Werner Heisenberg created in 1927 some basic formulations of quantum mechanics, baptized by him, the uncertainty or indeterminacy principle. However, the uncertainty principle caused a genuine controversy among the physicists of the time, because it took for granted the definitive disappearance of the postulate of classical certainty in physics, introducing an indeterminism that affects the foundations of matter and the material universe. In addition, this principle expresses the impossibility of carrying out perfect measurements.

For this period with the collaboration of Wolfgang Pauli, he formulated the quantum theory of wave fields. These contributions were decisive for the development of quantum mechanics since it became one of the main scientific revolutions of the 20th century. In short, he directed the scientific research of the German atomic bomb project during World War II. A short time in England was imprisoned after the end of the war.

The recognition that was acquiring little by little allowed him to play, successively, the positions of professor of theoretical physics at the University of Leipzig in 1927, director of the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute in Berlin in 1942, the Max Planck of Göttingen in 1946 and the Institute of Munich in 1958. During this stage, thanks to his admirable work, he was wanted to give lectures in different universities of the United States, Japan, India, and Scotland, for example. In the winter of 1955, Werner Heisenberg gave lectures in Gifford at the University of St Andrews, Scotland, these lectures were subsequently published as a book.

Another of his contributions to academia and humanity was the creation of a mathematical relationship to explain the spectral lines. For this, based on the algebra of matrices, he developed the so-called matrix mechanics, which showed the wavelengths of the spectral lines, and later, Von Neumann would demonstrate that it was similar to the wave mechanics formulated by the important Austrian physicist Erwin Schrödinger. On the other hand, at the time he assumed the presidency of the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation in 1953, he made a great effort to promote the policy of this Foundation, inviting scientists from other countries to Germany to provide opportunities for work and academic exchange.

He was also the author of significant contributions to fields of physics such as the study of allotropic forms of molecular hydrogen, the introduction of exchange forces, the theory of diffusion and finally the theory of ferromagnetism. Werner also left his important theories in the paper, of his written numbers, stand out: The physical principles of the quantum theory, Cosmic radiation, Physics and philosophy and Introduction to the unified theory of the elementary particles.

All the work he developed throughout his life sometimes meant being away from his family, Elisabeth Schumacher and his seven sons who resided in Munich, and also from his passion for playing the piano. All the sacrifices had a result because he positively influenced the development of physics. For that reason, he received the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1932 and decades later received an honorary doctorate from the University of Brussels. Werner Karl Heisenberg died in Munich, at his home, on February 1, 1976.

]]>https://history-biography.com/werner-karl-heisenberg/feed/0Urban IIhttps://history-biography.com/urban-ii/
https://history-biography.com/urban-ii/#respondSat, 09 Mar 2019 02:12:53 +0000https://history-biography.com/?p=1191Urban II biography Urban II (1042 – July 29, 1099) Promoter Pope of the Crusades. Odón de Chantillón, christening name, was born in Chantillón Sur Mane, France. From the French nobility. He embraced early the ecclesiastical vocation, studying in Reims, later he joined the Benedictines and joined the Order of Cluny. He served as prior […]

Urban II (1042 – July 29, 1099) Promoter Pope of the Crusades. Odón de Chantillón, christening name, was born in Chantillón Sur Mane, France. From the French nobility. He embraced early the ecclesiastical vocation, studying in Reims, later he joined the Benedictines and joined the Order of Cluny.

He served as prior of the Benedictine monastery of Cluny since 1073. His ecclesiastical life began to be more solid, holding important positions, as Archdeacon of Reims. When finishing the position of prior was requested along with other monks, by Gregory VII, to move to Rome to fulfill his ecclesiastical duties. Over time, his good work led Gregory VII to appoint him Cardinal Bishop of Ostia and in 1084 he was a delegate, adviser and principal assistant to the Pontiff in Germany. Urban II felt an extreme admiration for Gregory VII, read all his speeches and listened attentively to each intervention, and was his support in the hard task of reforming the Church. From 1083, and during two years, he exerted diplomatic functions in France and Germany, where he was captured as a prisoner by Henry IV.

On February 25, 1080, Clement III was appointed Pope by Emperor Henry IV, of the Germanic Roman Empire. This appointment violated the rules of the church, making the designated antipope. This act unleashed the well-known complaint of investiture, a conflict in which the Church basically protested against the appointment of bishops and popes by the emperor, demanding autonomy in order to elect its members from their own institution.

In the Dictatus papae of 1075 we can find the sustenance of the actions of Gregory VII, defending the idea that only the pope could designate and depose the bishops as head of the Church; and took his authoritarianism to defend that it also concerned the pope the appointment of kings, because they have a delegated power of God. But this was not respected, during the reign of Henry V, where the conflict between the parties intensified.

Gregory VII remained under siege in the castle of Sant’Angelo until the Normans of Sicily rescued him, after the rescue Gregory VII, died. Thus, the attempt to impose the Papacy on the secular domains deviated, although the same policy would be sustained by his successor and admirer, Urban II. On March 12, 1088, he was elected by unanimous vote, assuming by name, that of Urban II, and promising a continuation of the policy of Gregory VII, his exemplary predecessor.

He became the first Cluniac Pope. During the first six years of his pontificate, he could not enter Rome because of the presence of the antipope Clement III, imposed by Henry IV, the emperor of the Holy Roman Empire. The stability of the country was in chaos, and Rome was militarily besieged. So he had to exercise his papal work outside of Rome. In addition, he excommunicated Philip I, for repudiating his wife and supported St. Anselm of Canterbury against King William II of England. He recalled the decrees against simony, forbade the obligation of ecclesiastics to take an oath of fidelity to the laity, the concubinage of clerics and the ecclesiastical investiture in charge of laymen.

While trying to penetrate Rome, Urban II was taken prisoner by Emperor Henry IV but was released very soon. He moved to Saxony where he deposed those whom the Pope had condemned while alive. He held a large synod in Quedlinburg, in which the antipope, Guibert de Ravenna, and his supporters were condemned by name.

Urban II has been recognized for promoting the crusades, in this sense, for 1095 he met a council in Clermont, in which he issued a speech encouraging all Christians to reconquer the sacred places of Palestine in the hands of the Turks, agreeing as a stimulus granting of indulgences and economic advantages for gaining a productive and poorly populated territory for the Catholic religion. From this moment, the holy war against Islam was his banner.

Urban II, a refugee on the Island of San Bartolomé, decided to take his place in Rome, usurped by Clement III, accompanied by the Norman army, who managed to claim the post of Urban II, after bloody fights. Both the emperor and the antipope were excommunicated, although the war against them did not cease.

After several years of battles, assaults, treaties, betrayals, deaths, diseases, and conquests, the Crusaders managed to conquer Jerusalem on July 15, 1099. But Urban did not live to know the news of this event. He died in the house of Pierleone, on July 29, 1099. His remains could not be buried in the Lateranense because the followers of Guiberto still remained in the city, so they were taken to the crypt of San Pedro where they were buried close to the tomb of Hadrian I.

Urban II is relevant in the history of the Catholic Church and also in world history, although his party has never been extended worldwide. His work as Pope was important, in the apse of the oratory of the Palace of Lateran is the figure of Urban II, accompanied by the legend, Sanctus Urbanus Secundus, the head is crowned by a square cloud and is at the feet of Our Lady. The formal act of his beatification took place in the pontificate of Leo XIII.

]]>https://history-biography.com/urban-ii/feed/0Tom Hollandhttps://history-biography.com/tom-holland/
https://history-biography.com/tom-holland/#respondSat, 09 Mar 2019 01:37:42 +0000https://history-biography.com/?p=1188Tom Holland biography Thomas Stanley Holland (June 1, 1996) better known as Tom Holland, is an actor and dancer. He was born in Upon Thames, Kingston, England. He is the oldest of four brothers. His family is composed of artists: his mother Nicola is a photographer, and Dominic is a comedian and author. Holland attended […]

Thomas Stanley Holland (June 1, 1996) better known as Tom Holland, is an actor and dancer. He was born in Upon Thames, Kingston, England. He is the oldest of four brothers. His family is composed of artists: his mother Nicola is a photographer, and Dominic is a comedian and author. Holland attended the high schools of Donhead, Wimbledon College and the BRIT School for Performing Arts and Technology in England. Certainly, his academic development was not the best for the disease that affects him since he was 7, called dyslexia. This reduces the abilities of the cognitive system. Thomas felt a great attraction for the dance, so, Holland began to attend hip-hop classes at the Nifty Feet Dance Studio, whose owner is Lynne Page.

His performance was so good that he helped choreograph the hit movie Billy Elliot (2000). He was introduced to the Richmond Dance Festival in 2006. Page motivated sent his student to the audition for Billy Elliot, the musical. In the commemorative event for the fifth anniversary of Musical Billy Elliot, Holland was invited Downing Street to meet Prime Minister Gordon Brown. There he made a painting as a soloist. Indeed, it left the viewers perplexed, until Elton John, the author of the musical soundtrack, estimated Holland’s performance as an impressive show.

Without much experience and experience in ballet and theater, Tom Holland did not impress most of the talent evaluators in the audition. However, he impressed the director of the musical, Stephen Daldry, who was struck by his natural ability and his stage presence. Fighting after his dreams, he practiced ballet classes for two years. Thomas debuted with the West End production in June 2008 as Billy’s best friend, Michael. Soon he acquired the lead role and captivated the audience with his ability for acrobatics from the first to the last performance, in May 2010.

Later, Tom Holland was chosen to give life with his voice to Sho in the British interpretation of animation The Secret World of Arrietty (2010), his work was applauded. However, it was his performance in the film The Impossible, launched in 2012, which firmly established him as one of the young promises of the acting industry. He acted in a movie called The Impossible, tells a true story, the natural disaster of the Indian Ocean tsunami in 2004. Holland shone for his moving performance, a teenager who cares for his injured mother, while looking for his missing father, This movie gave him a series of nominations for different awards. By this time Thomas had already left the dance aside to make way for the performance.

He ventured into the drama in How I Live Now. However, in 2015 Thomas got a supporting role in the historical miniseries Wolf Hall produced by the BBC. Shortly after, his career experienced a very important and significant moment, with the news that he would assume the role of Peter Parker for the last remake of Spider-Man. The fact was important because unlike his predecessors Tobey Maguire and Andrew Garfield, who were around the age of 20, Holland had just turned 19 years old, maybe his jovial spirit was much closer to the age of the ambiguous students from Peter Parker High School when he became a superhero. In that same year, he interpreted a paper in the epic in the bottom of the sea. It really represented an income failure.

In the spring of 2016, he finally made his debut as Spider-Man in Captain America: Civil War. He continued his career in the dark drama Edge of the Winter, tells the story of Elliot, a father concerned about relating to their two children as they did in the past, divorce with the mother of the children generated adverse situations, dramatic and dark. Later in the spring, Tom Holland played a leading role in the adventure film The Lost City of Z. However, his most anticipated performance of 2017 came with the release of Spider-Man: Homecoming, the young actor’s first participation in a film so expected worldwide. The movie of the treasures has managed to exceed the 300 million dollars of a collection at the North American income and 700 million worldwide.

This young man is a lover of social networks, from there he sends many messages to his fans and shares his tastes, to the canines, he also shares photos of his pit bull, Tessa. In addition, he shares videos of his impressive acrobatics and boxing skills. Tom Holland, also shares his visits to football club matches, Arsenal and still practices gymnastics. He is defined as a quiet and noble young man, with his three brothers, Holland finances The Brothers Trust, a charity that aims to raise money for various charitable causes, help for homeless children, single mothers as, elders in difficult situations, among other situations.

]]>https://history-biography.com/tom-holland/feed/0Thomas Jeffersonhttps://history-biography.com/thomas-jefferson/
https://history-biography.com/thomas-jefferson/#respondSat, 09 Mar 2019 00:34:55 +0000https://history-biography.com/?p=1185Thomas Jefferson biography Thomas Jefferson (April 13, 1743 – July 4, 1826). Politician, president, and historian. He was born in Shadwell, Virginia, United States. His father Peter Jefferson, planter and surveyor. His mother, Jane Randolph, belonged to one of the most distinguished families in Virginia. Peter and Jane were married in 1739. The Jefferson family […]

Thomas Jefferson (April 13, 1743 – July 4, 1826). Politician, president, and historian. He was born in Shadwell, Virginia, United States. His father Peter Jefferson, planter and surveyor. His mother, Jane Randolph, belonged to one of the most distinguished families in Virginia. Peter and Jane were married in 1739. The Jefferson family settled in Tuckahoe for seven years. Thomas studied under the guidance of tutors in Tuckahoe but had to stop his apprenticeship because of economic reasons and his family decided to return to Shadwell. In 1752, he began attending a local school run by a Scottish Presbyterian minister. At the age of nine, he undertook studies with the Rev. James Maury of the Latin, Greek and French languages.

Peter Jefferson died when his son was 14 years old. At that time Thomas inherited from his father between 20 and 40 slaves and a property of formidable extension, took control of the property after the age of 21, building little by little, his future residence, Monticello. With the profits generated from the plantation, he paid for his studies of law, history, philosophy, and sciences at the College of William and Mary in the early 1760s. Three years later he married the widow Martha Wayles Skelton, with whom he lived prosperously, resulting in this union six children, but only two of them reached adulthood. It is known that Jefferson had at least one son with a slave of his possession, Sally Hemings.

His professional life at the beginning was shaped to the right, served in the local government as a magistrate, lieutenant of the county and was accepted as a member of the Chamber of Burgesses. In 1769 he was elected for the first time to the Assembly of Virginia, was selected in the Assembly to make the drafting of the Declaration of Independence, required by the Second Continental Congress, the Declaration is considered as the constitutive act of American and universal liberties. This document proclaims that all men have equal rights, regardless of their birth, wealth or status, and that the government fulfills the role of servant, not the owner of the people.

“I believe, honestly, like you, that banking systems are more dangerous than armies” Thomas Jefferson

While he served as legislator of Virginia between the years 1776-1779, great ambitions were raised, one of them reforming society guided by republican and enlightened ideas. With time and the maturation of his proposals generated the separation of powers between the State and the Anglican Church. After that, he was responsible for erecting the legislation that abolished the right of attachment and primogeniture, thus eliminating the two major limitations coming from the government to the right to private property.

Years later, Thomas Jefferson is employed as ambassador in France (1784-1789) where he witnessed the first phases of the French Revolution. When analyzing these events, he launched a proposal to establish reciprocal trade agreements with European nations, denying such benefits to the British. The proposal was not carried out. On the contrary, Washington declared American neutrality in the war between France and Great Britain.

He appeared as a presidential candidate of the Democratic-Republicans, when losing against John Adams by three electoral votes, was elected vice-president. Four years later, he retaliated, defeated John Adams and was named the president of the United States. During his government, he advocated the extension of suffrage, the suppression of any royal or aristocratic privilege, the purchase of the territory of Louisiana in 1803 and the support of the expedition of Lewis and Clark. His presidential term meant the emergence of a new state policy. This affirmation was observed in the ideas that he expressed through his presidential speeches, of an egalitarian and anti-elitist nature. His second presidential term, a period with more difficulties in internal and external spheres, is remembered for his efforts to maintain the neutrality of the nation amid the conflict between Britain and France; although it could not contain the war of 1812 with Great Britain. After finishing his presidential life he retired to Monticello, where he lived the rest of his life.

“A wrong opinion can be tolerated where reason is free to fight it.” Thomas Jefferson

His health began to deteriorate due to the appearance of several diseases, probably toxemia, uremia, and pneumonia. Over time his health was so fragile that he practically did not get out of bed. In addition, he spent long hours thinking about his ill-fated finances and debts. On June 24, he wrote his last letter to Roger Weightman, a journalist with the National Intelligence, ratifying his faith in the principles expressed in the Declaration of Independence.

During his last hours of life, he was accompanied by his grandson Thomas Jefferson Randolph, his doctor, Robley Dunglison, and some friends. Thomas Jefferson died in Charlottesville, Virginia, on July 4, 1826. After his death, his property, and slaves were sold in public auctions. Some decades later, and still today, several criticisms were made against Jefferson for the contradiction reported in the Statement in which he affirms that all people are equal before the law and their position as slavery, having hundreds of slaves on their property. However, Thomas Jefferson was at the time a spokesman for the aspirations of a new America and a policy based on liberal and enlightened ideas. He served his country for more than six decades as a public officer, historian, and philosopher.

]]>https://history-biography.com/thomas-jefferson/feed/0Siahttps://history-biography.com/sia/
https://history-biography.com/sia/#respondFri, 08 Mar 2019 23:59:49 +0000https://history-biography.com/?p=1182Sia biography Sia (December 18, 1975) singer and composer. Her original name is Kate Isobelle Furler. She was born in Adelaide, Australia. She studied at North Adelaide Elementary School. Her father, Phil B. Colson, a musician in bands like Foreday Riders, Rum Jungle and Mount Lofty Rangers. Her mother, Loene Furler, is a singer-songwriter, musician […]

Sia (December 18, 1975) singer and composer. Her original name is Kate Isobelle Furler. She was born in Adelaide, Australia. She studied at North Adelaide Elementary School. Her father, Phil B. Colson, a musician in bands like Foreday Riders, Rum Jungle and Mount Lofty Rangers. Her mother, Loene Furler, is a singer-songwriter, musician and art teacher. Her parents were also part of The Soda Jerx, a Rockabilly band from Adelaide. Her career as a singer began in the Acid jazz band Crisp. Sia lent her voice on two albums: Word and the Deal (1996) and Delerium (1997).

With the dissolution of the band, Sia released her debut studio album titled OnlySee by Flavored. The album sold 1,200 copies. It was a total success. Meanwhile, she made some shows for important restaurants and bars. Her career took off in the year 2000, with the help of her single Taken For Granted, it was a hit in the United Kingdom, it occupied the first places of the Top Ten of the stations of his country. Her 2008 album, released under the name of Some People Have Real Problems reached its maximum position in the top 30 of the Billboard 200.

In 2000 Sia moved to London, where she signed a contract with the Sony Music label. She was a chorister of Jamiroquai, a British funk-jazz band. As an ambitious and dreamy girl, she decided to release her second solo album, Healing is Difficult, a mix of R & B and jazz, all the songs on the album were written or co-written by Sia and produced by her in association with Blair Mackichan. Despite having been a good production, the promotion of the album was not the best, so Sia abandoned the discography and signed with Go! Beat Records, a branch of Universal Music Group. At the 2002 APRA Awards, Furler won in the category of Revelation Composer.

At the beginning of 2005, he left the Go! Beat Records, for the same reasons that Sony Music left. She moved to New York. At that time, Breathe Me appeared at the end of the television series Six Feet Under. Her fame in the United States was remarkable. As a result, her manager David Enthoven organized a tour around the country, and her participation in the 2006 Victoria’s Secret Fashion Show broadcast. Sia also recorded three studio albums for the downtempo British group Zero 7 and participated in a tour with them.

On April 3, 2007, she released Lady Croissant, a live album, with eight live songs from her presentation at the Bowery Ballroom in New York. Sia and Samuel Dixon collaborated with Christina Aguilera on the sixth studio album of the singer. She was nominated for the Golden Globe of 2010 for Best Original Song with Bound to You. In 2010, she released We Are Born, her fifth studio album. She received a nomination for Single of the Year, with the single: Clap Your Hands. The album was a gold disc delivered by the Recording Industry Association of Australia in 2011, with sales of 35,000 copies.

In June 2010, Sia canceled her tour commitments due to an illness that affected her strongly, she was in treatment. In sum, the break with her partner JD Samson, a member of Le Tigre, was a negative factor. The tour resumed in January 2011. The singer produced the song, along with Flo Rida, Wild Ones. Later, she appeared in the following weeks for the content of several WWE events and was announced as one of the WWE’s best songs of the year. Sia also sang for David Guetta’s song, Titanium, on her album Nothing But The Beat. On March 30, 2012, Sia released her greatest hits album entitled Best Of, reaching 27th on the list of albums in Australia.

In 2013, she released the famous single Elastic Heart, a song that was part of the soundtrack of the movie The Hunger Games: Catching Fire. Again, with the album 1000 Forms of Fear, she reached the top of the Billboard 200 list and achieved a top ten with the first single Chandelier. That year Britney Spears wrote songs with Sia for her new album. The song Perfume was released as the second single from the album Britney Jean. Also, she worked with Robbie Williams on his ninth studio album Swing Both Ways.

In 2014, Sia presented a composition for sale to Beyoncé, she without hesitation accepted it, entitled Pretty Hurts, previously Sia, had offered it to Rihanna and Katy Perry but they rejected it. Then, she published 1000 Forms of Fear. The album managed to enter the main lists of some countries. As of November 2015, the album has sold an exuberant amount of 1,410,000 copies worldwide.

The song Chandelier was released in iTunes stores on March 17, 2014. The official video was posted on YouTube on May 6. The song Chandelier is the Australian’s first song to appear on the Billboard Hot 100, debuting at number 75, while in France, she entered the first place on the SNEP Singles Chart. In this year, she said yes to the American documentary maker Eric Anders Lang, the wedding was held in the month of August.

Sia was nominated for the Grammy 2015 in 4 categories: Best performance of solo pop, Recording of the Year, Song of the Year and Best Music Video. The video received two nominations to the MTV Video Music Awards, in the categories Video of the Year and Best Choreography, won the second. In addition, at the MTV Europe Music Awards, she received two nominations in the categories of Best Video and Best Australian Artist. Sia was also nominated for the People’s Choice Awards as Favorite Female Artist and Favorite Pop Artist. Her sixth album, This Is Acting, was released at the beginning of 2016.

]]>https://history-biography.com/sia/feed/0Saint Augustine of Hippohttps://history-biography.com/saint-augustine-hippo/
https://history-biography.com/saint-augustine-hippo/#respondFri, 08 Mar 2019 23:52:23 +0000https://history-biography.com/?p=1179Saint Augustine of Hippo biography Aurelio Agustín de Hipona (November 13, 354 – August 28, 430) theologian. He was born in Tagaste, currently Algeria. His father named Patricio was a pagan, violent, drinker and infamous official at the service of the Empire. His mother Monica, on the other hand, was sweet and self-sacrificing, living her […]

Aurelio Agustín de Hipona (November 13, 354 – August 28, 430) theologian. He was born in Tagaste, currently Algeria. His father named Patricio was a pagan, violent, drinker and infamous official at the service of the Empire. His mother Monica, on the other hand, was sweet and self-sacrificing, living her life under the Christian religion. She educated her son in her religion, although, she did not baptize him. Agustín had an irascible personality, a superb and unruly attitude, although exceptionally intelligent. For this reason, he took charge of his studies, although he was slow to apply them; After completing the grammar classes in his native land, he studied the liberal arts in Metauro and then rhetoric in Carthage. In his youth, he certainly did not follow the moral precepts instilled by his mother and until he was 32 years old, he led a licentious life, clinging to the Manichean heresy.

At eighteen, Agustín met his first concubine, with whom he had a son whom they named Adeodato. He was not really an exemplary father, he lived among the excesses, he had an inordinate fondness for theater and other public spectacles, he was also blamed for some robberies. This lifestyle made him renounce his mother’s religion. He claimed that Christianity was an imposed faith and was not founded on reason. He began to take an interest in philosophy, and in these postulates found accommodation for some time, he leaned towards moderate skepticism. However, in Carthage joins a group that preached Manichaean dogma, from that moment he was able to resolve his many concerns about various moral problems, which would accompany him throughout his life, was determining his adherence to Manichaeism, the religion of fashion at that time. Basically, he argued that there are two principles of all things, dualism, a principle of good and another of evil. The first has created spiritual things and the second the materials.

In 384 Agustín de Hipona travels to Milan to practice as a professor of oratory. There he delves into the ancient thinkers and devours some texts of Neoplatonic philosophy. The reading of the Neoplatonic authors probably weakened the Manichean convictions of Augustine and modified his conception of the divine essence and of the nature of evil; equally influential would be the sermons of St. Ambrose, bishop of Milan, who argued on the basis of Plotinus to demonstrate the dogmas and whom St. Augustine listened to with complacency, and this bishop had the ability to give brilliant interpretations of the bible.

“Pray as if everything depended on God. Work as if everything depended on you.” Saint Augustine of Hippo

In his search for the truth he studied the epistles of St. Paul, through them he discovered the affirmation that only the grace of Christ can save man, a doctrine that was another pillar of his thinking in the future. Over time he gave himself up to burning hymns, fasting, and various abstinences. Fully converted, in 387, when he was 33 years old, he was baptized by St. Ambrose and consecrated himself definitively to the service of God. He began to share more time with his mother, to share the word of God, unfortunately, the time was short because death interrupted it.

For the year 388, he returned to Africa. Some years later he was ordained a priest in Hippo by Bishop Valerio, who entrusted him with the mission of preaching among the faithful the word of God, a task that St. Augustine fulfilled with enthusiasm. To do this, Bishop Valerio donated a garden where he instituted a monastery, where he held preachings, even to enunciate a sermon before the bishops of Africa, gathered in Hippo, in 393. His recognition aroused admiration and hatred among people, for example, he received strong criticism from heretical currents and schisms that threatened Catholic orthodoxies, such as the Manichaeans, Pelagians, and pagans.

The situation in the Roman Empire for the year 410 was complex, the pagans reorganized their attacks against Christianity. In response, St. Augustine wrote his great work The City of God. It is a compendium of postulates divided into 22 books, expressing a new form of civil society, which aims to promote the values ​​of humanity by virtue of living according to Christian doctrine. In conclusion, for Hippo, a fully Christian Rome could move from an earthly empire to a spiritual one.

“The measure of love is to love without measure.” Saint Augustine of Hippo

His philosophical works such as the Soliloquies, the Confessions and The City of God, are the sample of his extraordinary testimonies of faith and his theological wisdom. His dissertations usually had as a central theme the relationship of the soul, lost by sin and saved by divine grace. In short, man contains an immortal rational soul that serves, as an instrument, a material, and mortal body. Hence his character essentially spiritualist, against the cosmological tendency of Greek philosophy. Augustine of Hippo lived 40 years of his life consecrated to the service of God, he died at the age of 72, in the year 430.

The thought of Saint Augustine of Hippo extended a bridge between the classical world and the medieval world, also laid the foundations of philosophy and Christian doctrine.

]]>https://history-biography.com/saint-augustine-hippo/feed/0Rush Limbaughhttps://history-biography.com/rush-limbaugh/
https://history-biography.com/rush-limbaugh/#respondFri, 08 Mar 2019 23:41:44 +0000https://history-biography.com/?p=1176Rush Limbaugh biography Rush Limbaugh (January 12, 1951), radio broadcaster and conservative political commentator. He was born in Cape Girardeau, Missouri, United States. His birth name is Rush Hudson Limbaugh III. Son of Rush Hudson Limbaugh Jr., a lawyer and war pilot who served in China-Burma-India operations during World War II. And his mother Mildred […]

Rush Limbaugh (January 12, 1951), radio broadcaster and conservative political commentator. He was born in Cape Girardeau, Missouri, United States. His birth name is Rush Hudson Limbaugh III. Son of Rush Hudson Limbaugh Jr., a lawyer and war pilot who served in China-Burma-India operations during World War II. And his mother Mildred Carolyn. His family is composed of professionals of the law. Since a very young age he was involved in the world of law, but he was not interested in that life. In 1969, he graduated from Cape Central High School. He presented evidence to enlist in military service but was rejected due to a pilonidal cyst that was detected. Faced with the refusal, Limbaugh ventured into his radio career when he was a teenager in his hometown, using the name of Rusty Sharpe 2.

In the decade of the 70, Rush Limbaugh moved to the city of McKeesport, in Pennsylvania, where he became disc-jockey. During this time he worked in different radio stations. For example, he aired at the KQV station in Pittsburgh under the name Jeff Christie. Being one of the DJ’s most listened to on radio stations.

In 1977 he married Roxy Maxine McNeely, a sales secretary at the WHB radio station in Kansas City. They were married on September 24, 1977, at the United Methodist Centennial Church in Cape Girardeau, Missouri. But their marriage lasted only two years. Roxy asked for the divorce because there was no affinity between the two. Later, Rush Limbaugh returned to remake his sentimental life and in 1983 he married Michelle Sixta, a beautiful young college student and cheerleader at the Kansas City Royals stadium when she and Rush met. But their marriage was not successful either, she asked for the divorce in 1990. Rush’s love life was not very stable, in 1994 he married for the third time with Marta Fitzgerald and they divorced ten years later.

Rush began working on the radio station KFBK, located in Sacramento, California. His performance was optimal, which generated the attention of Edward F. McLaughlin, a former leader of ABC Radio, which offered him a good contract to work there. In a short time, the program broadcasted by Rush headed the list of the most famous and placed the station in the number 1 position.

Rush would offer in his program a great support to the Republican Party, was seen as an important piece in the union between the Republican Party and the voters in the 1994 Congress. He was also exposed by the National Review as the Leader of the Opposition during the Clinton administration. As a reward for this support, the Republican Party awarded him the title of Honorary Member of Congress.

The program gained so much popularity that it displaced radio stations with greater audience and broadcasts to the air, his program eventually reached more than 650 radio stations nationwide. With this, his radio program The Rush Limbaugh Show represented within the group of American radio networks the most important. For this reason, it has been considered as one of those that re-impelled AM radios in the United States and earned recognition for the most outstanding radio program in 2002.

Rush Limbaugh spoke on his radio show about his addiction to painkillers, although he spoke just at the time he had been caught trying to illegally obtain prescription narcotics. Limbaugh spent five weeks in a drug rehabilitation center. After an investigation carried out by the Florida authorities, Limbaugh signed an agreement in 2006 that resulted in a $ 30,000 fine and 18 months of treatment.

Rush has shown himself to be a recalcitrant conservative, on several occasions he has received strong criticism for his racist and offensive comments towards the African-American population. In addition, he has expressed uncomfortable comments about the feminist movement. On one occasion he spoke with strong words to Sandra Fluke, a lawyer, and defender of Human Rights, for showing herself in favor of the use of contraceptives. The act that generated a strong controversy. On the other hand, he always showed his support for the implementation of the death penalty.

Several critics, columnists, and journalists affirm that his impact in the world of radio of the XX century is imminent, in addition, he managed to have more listeners than any other program of radial debate, accompanied by a controversial, critical and sprinkled by irreverence. In 2010 he married for the fourth time with Kathryn Rogers, a girl of 33 years. His wedding ceremony was reserved and accompanied by his closest friends.

Despite the criticism received, Rush Limbaugh has won several awards in the course of his radio work, in 2007 he received the Award of Excellence, which is granted by the media. He was also named ‘Man of the Year’ by the conservative magazine Human Events. And finally, in 2014 he received the Radio Marconi Award.