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The purpose of a colonoscopy is to examine the inside of the rectum and colon. This test checks for abnormalities and signs of colon cancer, such as polyps. Though the recommended time frame for routine colonoscopies is between the ages of 50 and 75, some individuals require screening earlier if they are at a higher risk of developing colon cancer, states WebMD. Prior to a colonoscopy the patient takes a sedative to ease any discomfort associated with the procedure.