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With this episode we salute:
Jeff Thieleke
David Guinness
Peter Scott
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*It’s Asteroid day
June 30 is asteroid day – marking the anniversary of Earth’s largest asteroid impact in recorded history, the 1908 Tunguska event when an asteroid airburst about ten kilometres above the Tunguska river region of Siberia in eastern Russia. The blast devastated 2150 square kilometers of forest leaving some 80 million trees flattened and reduced to matchwood and lit up the night skies in London -- a third of the way around the globe.

*The effects of a major asteroid impact on Earth
A new study has concluded that when a big asteroid hits the Earth violent winds and shock waves are likely to cause the greatest number of fatalities. The study explored seven effects associated with asteroid impacts--heat, pressure shock waves, flying debris, tsunamis, wind blasts, seismic shaking and cratering.

*NASA’s mission to the metallic world of Psyche
NASA’s Discovery mission to a unique metallic asteroid, has been moved up by a year with the launch now slated for the middle of 2022. The earlier launch date means a more efficient trajectory – bringing the planned arrival time forward to 2026 -- four years earlier than the original timeline.

*Einstein right again
A little more than 100 years after Professor Albert Einstein developed his theory of general relativity, researchers have finally been able to use its laws to directly determine the mass of a white dwarf star by the gravitational bending of light. In a 1936 paper in Science, Einstein lamented that there was no hope of directly determining a white dwarf’s mass by this method – even though theoretically it should be possible.

*Japanese H-IIA satellite launch
A Japanese H2A rocket has blasted into orbit carrying the nation’s second Quasi-Zenith Satellite navigation system spacecraft. Lift off for the Michibiki-2 satellite occurred under cloudy skies at the Tanegashima Space Centre south of Tokyo.

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*The discovery that’s rewritten galactic evolution
Astronomers have discovered the first example of a compact yet massive, fast-spinning, spiral galaxy which stopped making stars only a few billion years after the big bang. The study challenges sciences current understanding of how massive galaxies form and evolve early in the history of the universe.

*New dark matter hypothesis
Astronomers trying to understand dark matter may have a lot more work to do if a new hypothesis -- claiming there is more than one type of dark matter particle – is correct. Dark matter is a mysterious invisible substance thought to make up some 80 percent of all the matter in the universe.

*How the Milky Way Galaxy makes antimatter
Faint supernova explosions -- caused by the merging of dead stars known as white dwarfs -- could explain how most of the antimatter in the Milky Way galaxy is created. The findings also mean the excess of gamma ray emissions detected in the galactic centre can be explained without the need to postulate dark matter annihilation scenarios to explain the observations.

*New mission to study the space between the stars
NASA is today slated to launch its newest mission to study the interstellar medium -- the space between the stars. NASA’s new mission called the Colorado High-resolution Echelle Stellar Spectrograph -- or CHESS – is slated to blast off from the White Sands Missile Range in New Mexico aboard a Black Brant IX suborbital sounding rocket.

*China launches its first space based x-ray telescope
China has launched its first space based X-ray telescope designed to survey the Milky Way and study celestial x-ray sources such as neutron stars, black holes and supernovae. The Hard X-ray Modulation Telescope was flown into orbit aboard a Long March 4B rocket from the Jiuquan Satellite Launch Centre in the Gobi Desert of inner Mongolia.

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*Earth in the supernova Kill Zone
A new study claims the kill zone around a supernova could be as great as 50 light years – meaning any star that blew up within 50 light years of Earth could cause a mass extinction event. The study also found some tantalizing hints that even far more distant supernovae may have changed human evolution forever.

*Hundreds of new planets discovered
Scientists using NASA's planet hunting Kepler space telescope have announced the discovery of hundreds of new exoplanets – planets orbiting stars other than the Sun. The 219 new exoplanetary candidates, brings the total number discovered by Kepler to a staggering 4 thousand and 34.

*Quark-gluon plasma detected during proton-proton collisions.
Scientists studying collisions in the world’s largest atom smasher have detected hints of an extreme state of matter called a Quark Gluon plasma – some of the first material to form in the big bang 13.8 billion years ago. The observation is the first time Quark-Gluon plasma has been created through proton-proton collisions.

*Stratolaunch shows off its new mega aircraft
Stratolaunch has shown off its new mega plane – a giant twin fuselage six engined aircraft designed to launch rockets into space. The 227 tonne aircraft has a wingspan of 117 metres and an all up take-off weight of 545 tonnes.

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*Rare meteorites challenge our understanding of the solar system
Astronomers may need to revise sciences current understanding of the early solar system following the discovery of rare minerals in ancient meteorites. The new findings mean the history and evolution of the solar system may have been somewhat different from what scientists previously thought.

*The volcano that almost wiped out the human species still alive and active
A new study has concluded that the Toba super volcano which almost wiped out the human species 74 thousand years ago – is still alive and active today. The report has warned that the rare but spectacular eruptions of super volcanoes experience ongoing, smaller eruptions for tens of thousands of years after the initial event.

*New evidence of frost on Moon's surface
Scientists using data from NASA's Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter have identified bright areas in craters near the Moon's south pole cold enough to have lunar surface frost. The new findings are based on an analysis that combined surface temperatures with information about how much light is reflected off the moon's surface.

*No Universe without the big bang
Professor Albert Einstein’s relativity theory tells us that the curvature of spacetime was infinite at the time of the big bang 13.8 billion years ago. The problem is sciences mathematical understanding breaks down at that point of singularity. Now scientists have tried to take that a step further.

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*No planets in brown dwarf system
Astronomers have failed to find any planets orbiting the brown dwarfs in the third nearest stellar system to the Earth. Earlier observations using the European Southern Observatory's Very Large Telescope in Chile indicated the presence of an exoplanet in the Luhman 16AB system.

*Another challenge to the Standard Model of particle physics
Scientists are puzzled by the results of three particle physics experiments which are providing new hints of new physics beyond the Standard Model – the foundation of sciences understanding of the universe. The new studies are finding signs contradicting a key part of the Standard Model known as lepton universality.

*India launches its new heavy lift rocket.
India has launched its most powerful ever rocket the GSLV Mark 3 which will one day carry India’s first Manned spacecraft. The mission also marked the heaviest payload ever launched by India — the three point two tonne GSAT-19 telecommunications satellite.

*Flat Earth fruitcakes
When people talk about the Earth being flat – most educated people know their joking -- after all, the concept of a spherical Earth dates back well over two thousand years. Yet despite all the science, the photographic evidence and even the sight of ships moving from view over the horizon, there are some who really believe the Earth is flat and that we are all victims of a giant conspiracy. Here’s the URL to the Indian rocket launch video:https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FgcRbrgMd0k

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*New clues as to why matter dominates over antimatter
Scientists have found evidence for a weak preference for matter over antimatter. While the discovery is far too small to provide any real proof of an imbalance between the way matter and antimatter act, it might provide the first tantalizing clues of some new physics beyond the Standard Model -- to explain why the universe appears to be made up mostly of matter -- rather than antimatter.

*Detecting new types of gravitational waves
A team of astrophysicists have proposed that permanent scars left in the fabric of SpaceTime by gravitational waves could be used to study exotic hypothetical cosmic events such as primordial black holes and one-dimensional defects in space known as cosmic strings. The study identifies a new concept which the authors are calling orphan memory.

*Cassini finds Saturn’s moon might have been tipped over
Saturn’s ice moon Enceladus may have been knocked onto its side in an ancient collision early in its history. The new findings are based on observations by NASA’s Cassini spacecraft which found evidence that the moon’s spin axis -- the line through the north and south poles -- has reoriented, possibly due to a collision with a smaller body, such as an asteroid.

*New discovered planet hotter than most stars
Astronomers have found a Jupiter sized exoplanet hotter than the surface of most stars. A report in the journal Nature indicates that the planet KELT-9b has a day side surface temperature of 4,600 Kelvin – only 1200 degrees cooler than the surface of the Sun.

*Expedition 51 return to Earth
The two man Expedition 51 crew from the International Space Station have returned safely to Earth aboard their Soyuz MS-03 capsule. Their spacecraft undocked 3 hours and 20 minutes before touchdown as the orbiting outpost flew at 28 thousand kilometres per hour 400 kilometres above the Mongolian-Chinese border.

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*New address for the Milky Way
The large-scale structure of the universe looks a bit like a giant cosmic web with long filaments and connecting nodes made up of galaxies and galaxy clusters surrounding vast empty voids. Until now astronomers were fairly sure our galaxy -- the Milky Way -- was located on one of the filaments. But now a new study claims we’re actually in a void.

*Heavy rains on Mars
A new study claims heavy rain on Mars reshaped the red planet’s surface carving out valley’s and river channels billions of years ago. The findings show changes in the Martian atmosphere made it rain harder and harder and form bigger drops.

*X-37B space shuttle returns from record setting flight
A United States Air Force X-37B space shuttle has returned to Earth following a record breaking two year long mission in orbit. The black and white winged spaceplane was launched way back on May 20th 2015.

*The Square Kilometre Array’s new window on the Universe
Johnathan Nally looks at how the world’s largest radio telescope—the Square Kilometre Array—will change astronomy and the way we see the universe forever.

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*Third gravitational wave detection
Astronomers have confirmed that gravitational waves from colliding black holes have been detected for a third time. Gravitational waves are ripples in the fabric of space-time caused by events such as the collision or merger of very massive objects such as black holes and neutron stars.

*Juno mission reveals a whole new Jupiter
The first science results from NASA’s Juno mission are portraying Jupiter as a complex and turbulent world, with Earth-sized polar cyclones, and plunging storm systems travelling deep into the planet’s heart.
Scientists also found that the solar system’s largest planet has a mammoth, lumpy magnetic field that may indicate it was generated closer to the planet’s surface than previously thought.

*Halos discovered on Mars widen time frame for potential life
NASA’s Curiosity rover has detected high concentrations of silica halos in bedrock – indicating that the red planet had liquid water much longer than previously thought. The new findings dramatically widen the time frame for potential Martian life to have evolved.

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* Black Holes prove Einstein right -- again
A new black hole study as once again shown Professor Albert Einstein’s general theory of relativity to be correct. The new research confirms that stars being consumed by a black hole really do fall through an event horizon into a singularity -- rather than crashing into some sort of hard object.

*NASA’s new mission to touch the Sun
The United States is to send a spacecraft into the Sun’s upper atmosphere – the corona. The Parker solar probe spacecraft will – quite literally touch the Sun – travelling to within 5.9 million kilometres of the Sun’s photosphere – its visible surface.

*A possible Quark Nova
Astronomers are looking at the possibility of a new and very different trigger for a strange type of supernova event called a quark nova. Core collapse or type II Supernova are usually generated by the explosive cataclysmic death of a star.

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