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Presentation on theme: "The Problem Oriented Medical Record (POMR or POVMR)"— Presentation transcript:

2 The purpose of a POMR Teaching & LearningEmphasize a systematic, analytic approachHelp you learn “patterns”Review (learn)Integrate – problems & causesMaintain focus on the patient & his/her problemsStudent evaluation – e.g. in your clinical blocksCommunication among members of the medical team (optimize the quality of care and minimize the potential for mistakes)Legal Record (sign your entries!)

3 Please rememberAn “academic” SOAP is different from how you will SOAP cases in private practice! (some different goals)There is NO ONE RIGHT WAY to write a SOAP or SOAP a case.There will be different expectations from different clinicians and different clinical services. (SA Referral is our model)It takes PRACTICE! (and time). Part of our goal is to give you early exposure and some opportunity to practice.

5 Inadequate hypothesis generation POMR = part of an attempt to address the most common problems in diagnosis & case management:Inadequate hypothesis generationInattention or misinterpretation of findingshistory, PE, laboratory data, etc.Premature closure = the clinician stops generating new hypotheses before the correct diagnosis has been added to the list of DfDx’sThe most common interpretive error = overinterpretation or misinterpretation of findings in light of suspected disease

6 Duh ! Pattern recognition. Common diseases occur commonly.Why are diagnosis USUALLY correct?Common diseases occur commonly.Duh !Pattern recognition.A function of experience and knowledge base.The Challenges:The uncommon presentation of the common diseaseThe common presentation of the uncommon diseaseThe disease (common or not) that you personally have not seen before or at least not recognized before.

8 Master Problem ListA PROBLEM is anything that potentially threatens the health of the animal (or herd) and may require medical attention (at least eventually).MPL is always kept at the front of the record – “front and center”The MPL is updated DAILY (or at each submission during a DC).

9 Updating & Revising MPLDisposition of problemsNEW problems are added (e.g. new discoveries & new developments)Some problems are resolvedProblems are re-definedCombined with other problemsUpgraded to another problem (defined at higher level of understanding)Problems can be inactivated

14 In the VTH, S.O. are often combined:Problem 1. Pale mucous membranesSO: oral mucous membranes are pale on physical examinationProblem 2. IcterusSO: Yellow tint to oral mucous membranes and sclera are indicative of icterus (accumulation of bilirubin in tissues).Problem 3. TachypneaSO: A respiratory rate of 44 is higher than expected of a normal, inactive dog.

15 Problem 4. Diarrhea Problem 5. HepatomegalySO: Diarrhea in this animal is chronic and appears to be progressing (getting worse). The high volume & low frequency suggests that the diarrhea is small intestinal in origin, as does the absence of fresh blood, mucus, and tenesmus, which are the cardinal signs of large bowel diarrhea in small animals. The chronic small bowel diarrhea accompanied by weight loss is most suggestive of a small intestinal malassimilation syndrome, possibly with protein loss into the feces.Problem 5. HepatomegalySO: Physical examination revealed hepatomegaly characterized by extension of the liver beyond the ribs and by rounded edges. The hepatomegaly appears to be diffuse, but further assessment (imaging) would be required to confirm.

16 S.O.A.P. – continued Assessment: = Analysis of the problem3 components for each Assessment:[A] General pathophysiologic mechanisms for the problem. (a bit of review)[B] Pathophysiologic mechanisms likely for THIS CASE.[C] Differential Diagnoses (DfDx's) for THIS problem.“Rule-Outs”

17 Considerations:First: think & write about the problem by itselfBefore you think about other problemsBefore you try to think about specific DfDx’sThen, think and write about the problem in relation to other problems on the MPL and other information.e.g. HypoproteinemiaThe most common interpretive error = overinterpretation or misinterpretation of findings in light of suspected disease

18 CRITICAL THINKING & INTEGRATIONCan you localize the disease? (e.g. to an organ system?)Is the signalment important or useful? species, breed, age, sexDuration & Course?Are other animals affected?Was there previous treatment / response?Has your understanding of the problems changed ? - notably changed in light of new dataHow can you pull the case or problems together ?REMEMBER: The record should capture your THOUGHT PROCESSES

19 DfDx’s for the Problem:LocalizationProcess (e.g. DAMNIT)Specific DiseasesOne goal is to avoid:Premature closure = the clinician stops generating new hypotheses before the correct diagnosis has been added to the list of DfDx’s. As a result, inappropriate Rx is initiated

20 S.O.A.P. – continued Initial PLAN – to address THIS problem.The plan should help rule in / rule out your primary DfDx's, or treat the patient.The initial plan can include:specific diagnostic testsspecific treatmentsdoing nothing (wait & see)client communication plans (including questions)The proposed plan is often stated as a sequence of plans or possible courses of actions.

22 This case: DfDx’s: No evidence of GI diseaseNo evidence of heart disease or vasculitisNo obvious evidence of lymphatic diseaseGood appetiteAccompanied by weight lossPossible polyuria & polydipsia according to ownersDfDx’s:Protein-losing nephropathy (e.g. glomeronephritis or renal amyloidosis)Loss in GI, but without producing other enteric signs such as diarrhea (e.g. lymphangiectasia, chronic parasitism, intestinal neoplasia)Chronic Liver disease – would have to be severe (>80% loss) to produce hypoalbuminemia & edema

23 Remember – SOAPs are written dailyIMPORTANTEACH DAY (or at each submission during a DC)You will SOAP all NEW problemsANDRe-SOAP all ACTIVE problems on your MPLIn particular, your SOAP’s of pre-existing problems should address your updated analysis/interpretation of the problem in light of new information and any changes in the case.

24 Also …..Make sure everyone in your DC group is sharing his/her SOAP’s and “teaching” the others what you’ve learned.Otherwise, it’s like everyone has a PIECE of the puzzle, but maybe no one has enough of the puzzle to pull it together in a cohesive way.

25 Do NOTJust copy and paste your SOAP from one day to the next or from one problem to another“unchanged from yesterday, page 12”“See Problem #9”

27 = what you really want to do NOW.At the end of the day’s record, enter a:Master PlanPanelUrinalysisFecal FloatationCBCThis is a “To Do List”= what you really want to do NOW.

28 Look at the examples you were providedQuestions ?Look at the examples you were provided

29 Please rememberAn “academic” SOAP is different from how you will SOAP cases in private practice! (some different goals)There is NO ONE RIGHT WAY to write a SOAP or SOAP a case.There will be different expectations from different clinicians and different clinical services. (SA Referral is our model)It takes PRACTICE! (and time). Part of our goal is to give you early exposure and some opportunity to practice.

33 Splenic hemangiosarcoma Splenic hematoma Lymphoma A 7-year-old MC Irish Setter presents for its annual exam and vaccinations. The owners report no problems. During the PE, however, you palpate a large abdominal mass – which you suspect is spleen. Radiographs reveal a diffusely enlarged spleen, but no other abnormalities. Considering your findings and what you know about prevalence, etc, which of the following is the best DfDx?Splenic hemangiosarcomaSplenic hematomaLymphomaNodular splenic hyperplasiaDiffuse splenic hyperplasia

34 Enzootic leukosis (lymphoma) Splenic hematoma Splenic hyperplasia You’ve been called to deal with a suspected outbreak of Anaplasmosis in a herd of Hereford cattle near St. Maries, Idaho. Anaplasma marginale is a tick transmitted bacteria that produces a cell-associated bacteremia. It replicates within and destroys erythrocytes – thereby causing life threatening anemia. You necropsy 2 dead animals where you find icterus and also massively enlarged spleens. What is your explanation for the splenic lesions ?Enzootic leukosis (lymphoma)Splenic hematomaSplenic hyperplasiaVisceral mastocytosis

35 Thymoma Lymphoma Thymic Branchial Cyst HemangiosarcomaA 1.5 year old DSH cat presents with a sudden onset of severe dyspnea. PE reveals decreased compressibility of the thorax and muffled heart sounds. Chest films reveals pleural fluid. Ultrasound confirms that the fluid is also obscurring a large mass in the anterior thorax. Given the findings, signalment, etc, What is the most likely diagnosis?ThymomaLymphomaThymic Branchial CystHemangiosarcoma