Crowd surrounds carriage, as Empress Zita of Austria steps into it to depart during her visit to Krakau (Krakow) Poland, where a Regiment of the Austro-Hungarian army was headquartered during World War 1. Flags fly in the area. The Empress's carriage is drawn by a pair of matched white horses. (WWI; WW1)

Flashbacks of Nazi activities during World War II presented during Nuremberg Trials. Chief prosecutor from Great Britain, Hartley Shawcross, presents Count No 2, Crimes Against Peace, meaning wars of aggression in violation of international treaties and agreements. Lieutenant Colonel Schumt relates Adolf Hitler's plans to occupy Poland. View of a truck and uniformed Germans marching and agitating in Poland to advocate annexation by Germany (under Albert Forster). On August 23, 1939, Joseph Stalin and Joachim von Ribbentrop sign Russian-German non-aggression pact. Flashback view of convoy of German tanks moving near farm fields toward Poland. View of Pope Pius XII and then Franklin Delano Roosevelt appealling to Germany not to attack Poland or other sovereign nations. Raucous laughter in Reichstag as Hitler addresses German leaders and describes the appeal by Roosevelt. September 1, 1939, scenes of German troops invading Poland as Luftwaffe begins mass bombing raid. Artillery guns fire, troops in jeeps, personnel carriers, and motorcycles stream into Poland. Aerial view of Luftwaffe aircraft in formation approaching Poland and bombing Polish cities. Bombs away view as bombs fall from aircraft to ground and explosions and smoke seen on ground in Poland. City buildings in Poland seen in flames and crumbling to the ground. Line of German Wehrmacht Army forces marching on roadways into invaded territory. German Army seen invading Denmark on April 9, 1940. German sailors aboard fast moving German ship. German army soldiers aiming machine guns. Camera view of German tank as tank gun is lowered directly toward camera. German forces occupy a North Sea dock area of coastal Denmark, German tanks and vehicles drive on streets and sidewalks in Denmark as Danish citizens run and leap out of the way. Danish citizens stand quietly along sides of a road as German Army marches into a city of Denmark.

A Mercedes auto exhibition in Poznan Poland in June 1956 before unrest took hold during Polish uprising of 1956. Flags of various nations at the show and Mercedes cars on display. A rebellion leader arrives and addresses demonstrators gathered in Poznan to protest the Soviet-led Communist government in Poland. Aerial view of Poznan Poland in 1956. Tanks of Soviet military arrive and are seen among the demonstrators. A court room during trial of the demonstrators' leaders. Workers and demonstrators gathering and meeting. Soviet Premiere Nikita Khrushchev arrives in Poland. His plane is seen landing and he walks down the steps from the plane to the tarmac. Wladyslaw Gomulka is tapped to lead the Communist party in Poland. He is seen speaking to a group assembled. Image of Konstantin Rokossovsky who Gomulka had removed from power after he had led military actions against the reform demonstrators in Poznan. Citizens in Poland celebrate Gomulka's ascension as Communist party leader and his anti-Stalinist reforms. Soviet tanks depart from Poland. English Newspaper headline "Poles sweep Stalinists from Power, Gomulka heads Freedeom Setup." A priest accepts flowers and gifts from people celebrating the return of freedom of religion in Poland.

Crisis in Poland after the imposition of Martial Law by its Military Government. World wide demonstrations and protests against the military rule in Poland supported by Soviet government. A large crowd of demonstrators in Tokyo, Japan protests on roads carrying banners and their leader addresses on a microphone. A solidarity leader addresses an assembly of demonstrators in Lisbon, Portugal. Protesters assemble at the Sydney Opera House in Sydney, Australia. Girls with Polish flags sing freedom songs. Hans Dietrich Gentscher from Federal Republic of Germany addresses the people assembled. U.S. Senator Henry Jackson and Dr Jerzy Milesewski support the solidarity and Polish people. A huge demonstration in London with people holding banners and placards in support of solidarity in Poland. Civilians demonstrate on the snow covered roads of Ottawa in Canada. People shout for freedom of Poland. A leader reads his speech. A large crowd assembled to support solidarity in Washington DC, United States. U.S. Ambassador to United Nations condemns the Soviet supported military rule in Poland. German Confederation Labor leader supports Polish solidarity during a summit in Germany. A crowd demonstrates in Philadelphia and marches for Polish solidarity. People in a church pray for freedom and prosperity of Polish people.

The fourth presidential election debate held between Democratic nominee Senator John F. Kennedy and Republican nominee U.S. Vice President Richard Nixon in New York, United States on 21st October 1960. ABC News correspondent Quincy Howe speaks during the debate and allows correspondent Walter Cronkite to ask Senator Kennedy a question. Mr. Cronkite asks Senator Kennedy that in what areas the United States might take offensive against communism rather than being defensive to the Soviet Union. Senator Kennedy replies to the question and says that the eastern Europe is very vulnerable area according to him. He says there should be policies which make it possible to establish closer relation with a country like Poland and he also mentions the Hungarian Revolution. Senator Kennedy speaks about the relations between the Soviet Union and China. He says that India represents a great area for affirmative action by the free world. India started from about the same place that China did. India under a free society has been making some progress. But if India does not succeed, Communism can take over. He says that in Africa, Asia, Latin America, eastern Europe, the great force on their side is the desire of people to be free. Correspondent Howe asks Vice President Nixon to comment on the topic. Nixon speaks about Poland and says that Poland in not in a position to take any independent position under Soviet control. He talks about aids being sent to Poland from the U.S. and says that the U.S. can have more exchange with Poland or with any other Iron Curtain countries.

German propaganda film during World War 2, before invasion of Poland, entitled 'Feuertaufe' meaning baptism by fire. A polish soldier on horseback sounds a bugle. What appears to be a newspaper, shows image of Polish Marshal Edward Smigly-Rydz; artillery; and warplanes; and comments about Polish military resistance. Narrator refers to Poland, and Britain at war with Germany. A parade of Polish cavalry units, airplanes, armored units and tanks before Polish military leader Edward Smigly-Rydz. A map illustrates Poland's presumed expansionist policies, including the conquest of Slovak Republic; the German protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia; and threatening Germany, itself. Referring to Danzig Narrator says: "But Danzig is German." Large crowd in Danzig listen to Nazi Gaulieter Albert Forster. German- Danzig troops patrol and construct razor wire obstacles. German flag and symbols on buildings in Danzig. German troops seen in Poland. Views of the German battleship Schleswig-Holstein, underway and entering the harbor at Danzig as crowd on docks cheers. A row of German JU-87 Stuka dive bombers parked on a field. Other German warplanes, including float planes, and twin engine bombers.