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The hypothesis that inertial instability plays a role in the upscale development of mesoscale convective systems (MCSs) is explored by sampling environments that supported the growth of MCSs in the Preliminary Regional Experiment for STORM (...

The amount of wind power capacity being installed globally is surging, with the United States the world leader in terms of annual market share for three years running (2005-2007). The rapidly growing market for wind has been a double-edged sword, however, as the resulting supply-demand imbalance in wind turbines, along with the rising cost of materials and weakness in the U.S. dollar, has put upward pressure on wind turbine costs, and ultimately, wind power prices. Two mitigating factors--reductions in the cost of equity provided to wind projects and improvements in project-level capacity factors--have helped to relieve some of the upward pressure on wind power prices over the last few years. Because neither of these two factors can be relied upon to further cushion the blow going forward, policymakers should recognize that continued financial support may be necessary to sustain the wind sector at its current pace of development, at least in the near term. Though this article emphasizes developments in the U.S. market for wind power, those trends are similar to, and hold implications for, the worldwide wind power market.

His Majesty's Sloop Boscawen was built on Lake Champlain by British forces in 1759 as part of their successful campaign to drive the French Army from the Champlain Valley. This thesis describes and analyzes the armament remains found in and around the hull during its excavation in 1984 and 1985. Weaponry recovered from Boscawen includes small arms parts and ammunition, pole arms, and artillery munitions. The distribution of armaments indicates that muskets, other personal weapons, and artillery munitions were loaded into the center of the hold, while ammunition for small arms was loaded in the bow and stern. Attributes of individual arms remains show that non-regulation British, French, and Dutch muskets were most commonly represented on board. The variety of arms remains and ammunition types supports Boscawen's historically documented use as an active combat ship in 1759 and as an armed transport for the Royal Artillery in 1760. A review of research reports on contemporary archaeological sites reveals serious deficiencies in the description and identification of weaponry from some sites. Additionally, the site reports generally do not consider the distribution of artifacts. A re-analysis of armament remains from Seven Years War sites would improve our understanding of how small arms and artillery were distributed on and among those sites.

5 5 Notes: When EIA's demand forecast is combined with its outlook for production and net imports, distillate stocks are projected to remain low for the rest of the year. - Stocks are beginning at very low levels. The September 1 distillate fuel stock level (112 million barrels) is nearly 20% less than last year, and about 15% below the 10 year average for end of August levels. - But stocks on the East Coast, at 39.8 million barrels, are 39% behind year-ago levels, and about a similar percentage below end-of-August 10-year average levels. Over the last 10 years, the average stock build from the end of August through the end of November has been about 10 million barrels. We are forecasting about a 12 million barrel build, which does not reach the normal band. Forecast stocks peak at the end of November at 127 million

The nature of the dark matter remains a mystery. The possibility of an unstable dark matter particle decaying to invisible daughter particles has been explored many times in the past few decades. Meanwhile, weak gravitational lensing shear has gained a lot of attention as a probe of dark energy, though it was previously considered a dark matter probe. Weak lensing is a useful tool for constraining the stability of the dark matter. In the coming decade a number of large galaxy imaging surveys will be undertaken and will measure the statistics of cosmological weak lensing with unprecedented precision. Weak lensing statistics are sensitive to unstable dark matter in at least two ways. Dark matter decays alter the matter power spectrum and change the angular diameter distance-redshift relation. We show how measurements of weak lensing shear correlations may provide the most restrictive, model-independent constraints on the lifetime of unstable dark matter. Our results rely on assumptions regarding nonlinear evolution of density fluctuations in scenarios of unstable dark matter and one of our aims is to stimulate interest in theoretical work on nonlinear structure growth in unstable dark matter models.

We present a calculation that allows for an estimation of the NNLO contributions to the Higgs production in the weak boson fusion channel. A possible deterioration of this important channel for the Higgs discoveries at the LHC can be ruled out by this calculation due to the small remaining cross section after the weak boson cuts.

6 6 Notes: As we enter the year 2000, we can expect crude oil demand to follow the usual pattern and remain relatively flat in OECD countries between first and second quarters. Note that for OECD, product demand is greater than crude use. These areas import products from outside the region. While product demand falls during the second and third quarters, crude inputs to refineries remain high enough to allow for some product stock building Additionally, purchases of crude oil exceed inputs to refineries for a time, allowing crude oil stocks to build as well in order to cover the shortfall between crude oil production and demand during the fourth and first quarters. Price can strengthen during the "weak product demand" summer months when the market feels stock building is inadequate to meet the

The equation of motion for a time-independent weak value of a quantum mechanical observable contains a complex valued energy factor - the weak energy of evolution. This quantity is defined by the dynamics of the pre-selected and post-selected states which specify the observable's weak value. It is shown that this energy: (i) is manifested as dynamical and geometric phases that govern the evolution of the weak value during the measurement process; (ii) satisfies the Euler-Lagrange equations when expressed in terms of Pancharatnam (P) phase and Fubini-Study (FS) metric distance; (iii) provides for a PFS stationary action principle for quantum state evolution; (iv) time translates correlation amplitudes; (v) generalizes the temporal persistence of state normalization; and (vi) obeys a time-energy uncertainty relation. A similar complex valued quantity - the pointed weak energy of an evolving state - is also defined and several of its properties in PFS-coordinates are discussed. It is shown that the imaginary part of the pointed weak energy governs the state's survival probability and its real part is - to within a sign - the Mukunda-Simon geometric phase for arbitrary evolutions or the Aharonov-Anandan (AA) phase for cyclic evolutions. Pointed weak energy gauge transformations and the PFS 1-form are discussed and the relationship between the PFS 1-form and the AA connection 1-form is established.

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A weakly nonlinear baroclinic life cycle is examined with a spherical, multilevel, primitive equation model. The structure of the initial zonal jet is chosen so that the disturbance grows very slowly, that is, linear growth rate less than 0.1 day?...

States, International Partners Remove Last Remaining States, International Partners Remove Last Remaining Weapons-Usable Highly Enriched Uranium from Hungary, Set Nuclear Security Milestone United States, International Partners Remove Last Remaining Weapons-Usable Highly Enriched Uranium from Hungary, Set Nuclear Security Milestone November 4, 2013 - 2:09pm Addthis NEWS MEDIA CONTACT (202) 586-4940 WASHINGTON - The U.S. Department of Energy today announced under a multi-year international effort coordinated between Hungary, the United States, the Russian Federation, and the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), the successful removal of all remaining highly enriched uranium (HEU) from Hungary. This makes Hungary the twelfth country to completely eliminate HEU from its borders since President Obama's 2009 announcement

We show that if a link L with non-zero Alexander polynomial admits a locally flat cobordism to a `weakly m-split link', then the cobordism must have genus at least (m-1)/2. This generalises a recent result of J. Pardon.

Collider (RHIC) - the nation's only remaining Collider (RHIC) - the nation's only remaining particle collider, located at Brookhaven National Laboratory - has made a series of landmark discoveries and continuing breakthroughs in science and technology. One major accomplishment has been RHIC's ability to recreate and study in detail a type of matter that last existed at the beginning of the universe to better understand the strongest force in nature - the force that holds together the fundamental particles that make up 99 percent of visible matter in the universe today, everything from stars to planets to people. In addition to giving us a new way to explore and understand the nature of the early universe and the force that holds together ordinary matter, research at RHIC has revealed stunning

The remaining gross market potential for the central district was studied for 28 power distributors. A special cross tabulation from the Bureau of the Census was used to develop a housing base from which work completions from the Revised Home Insulation Program (RHIP) data base could be subtracted. Key observations were: The largest percentage of remaining gross market potential for RHIP surveys lies in the service area of Nashville Electric Service (28.0%). Approximately 20% of the electrically heated and/or cooled living quarters have installed one or more measures under the Home Weatherization Option. In comparison to the number of RHIP surveys completed, 47.1% of the consumers went on to install one or more of the recommended weatherization measures. Only 1.6% of the occupied living quarters have installed a heat pump under the Heat Pump Option of RHIP. The district penetration rate for heat pump water heater installations in living quarters with existing electric water heaters is less than 0.005%. The largest percentage of remaining solar water heater installations is found in the Nashville Electric Service (NES) area (60.4%). Of the distributors that offered all 4 options in addition to the survey, NES had the highest overall average in performance and closures.

A renormalized Vlasov turbulence theory, derived by neglecting a mode coupling term in the Direct Interaction Approximation, is discussed. The theory reduces correctly to weak turbulence theory; it predicts both diffusion and polarization effects of the turbulent medium on test particles, as well as the inverse effects of the test particles on the medium. A heuristic, physical algorithm is presented for constructing the equations. The theory of the renormalized dielectric function is reviewed.

A survey provided a rank ordering of the 22 power distributors and each option's installations under the Revised Home Insulation Program (RHIP). A special cross tabulation from the Bureau of the Census was used to develop a housing base from which work completions from the RHIP data base could be subtracted. Key observations were: the largest percentage of remaining gross market potential for RHIP surveys lies in the service area of the Knoxville utilities Board (22.6%). Approximately 23% of the electrically heated and/or cooled living quarters have installed 1 or more measures under the Home Weatherization Option. In comparison to the number of RHIP surveys completed, 48.3% of the RHIP participants went on to install 1 or more of the recommended weatherization measures. Only 1.8% of the occupied living quarters have installed a heat pump under the Heat Pump Option of RHIP. The district penetration rate for heat pump water heater installation in living quarters with existing electric water heaters is 0.1%. The largest percentage of remaining solar water heater installations is found in the Knoxville Utilities Board's service area (43.3%). Of the distributors that offered all 4 options in addition to the survey, the municipality of Oak Ridge had the highest overall average in performance and closure.

A survey provided a rank ordering of the 25 power distributors and each option's installations under the Revised Home Insulation Program (RHIP). A special cross tabulation from the Bureau of the Census was used to develop a housing base from which work completions from the RHIP data base could be subtracted. Key observations were: The largest percentage of remaining gross market potential for RHIP surveys lies in the service area of the City of Huntsville Utilities (22.0%). Approximately 34% of the electrically heated and/or cooled living quarters have installed one or more measures under the Home Weatherization Option. In comparison to the number of RHIP surveys completed, 77.3% of the consumers went on to install one or more of the recommended weatherization measures. Only 2.5% of the occupied living quarters have installed a heat pump under the Heat Pump Option of RHIP. The district penetration rate for heat pump water heater installations in living quarters with existing electric water heaters is less than 0.01%. The largest percentage of remaining solar water heater installations is found in the City of Huntsville Utilities service area (52.5%). Of the distributors that offered all 4 options in addition to the survey, the municipality of Sheffield had the highest overall average in performance and closure.

We analyze the amplification by the Aharonov-Albert-Vaidman weak quantum measurement on a Sagnac interferometer [P. B. Dixon et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 102, 173601 (2009)] up to all orders of the coupling strength between the measured system and the measuring device. The amplifier transforms a small tilt of a mirror into a large transverse displacement of the laser beam. The conventional analysis has shown that the measured value is proportional to the weak value, so that the amplification can be made arbitrarily large in the cost of decreasing output laser intensity. It is shown that the measured displacement and the amplification factor are in fact not proportional to the weak value and rather vanish in the limit of infinitesimal output intensity. We derive the optimal overlap of the pre- and post-selected states with which the amplification become maximum. We also show that the nonlinear effects begin to arise in the performed experiments so that any improvements in the experiment, typically with an amplification greater than 100, should require the nonlinear theory in translating the observed value to the original displacement.

To anyone who has read a scientific journal or even a newspaper in the last six months, it might appear that cosmic gamma-ray bursts hold no more mysteries: they are cosmological, and possibly the most powerful explosions in the Universe. In fact, however, bursts remain mysterious in many ways. There is no general agreement upon the nature of the event which releases the initial energy. One burst at least appears to strain the energy budget of the merging neutron star model. There is evidence that another recent event may have come from a nearby supernova. Finally, while the number count statistics clearly show a strong deviation from the -3/2 power law expected for a Euclidean, homogeneous distribution, the distributions of some classes of bursts appear to follow a -3/2 power law rather closely. The recent data on bursts is reviewed, some of the mysteries discussed, and future experiments are outlined.

Based on the Journal's exclusive biennial enhanced oil recovery EOR survey including heavy oil projects, and other estimates, worldwide production from enhanced oil recovery projects at the start of 1994 remained about 1.9 million b/d or about the same as at the beginning of 1992. The 1.9 million b/d represents about 3.2% of the world's oil production. Although worldwide EOR production has hit a plateau, projects in the next few years in China, Alaska, Indonesia, Canada, Venezuela, and the US Permian basin might boos the production trend upward. The Journal's current survey found US EOR production decreased by 7%, to 709,000 bo/d. This production rate is still 10% of the overall US daily oil production. The percentage remained the same because between January 1992 and January 1994, total US oil production dropped almost 400,000 bo/d to 6.9 million b/d. Total US oil production is currently about 6.6 million bo/d. The number of US EOR projects has steadily decreased since 1986 but this is the first survey showing less production from EOR projects. Twelve tables compile data on the following: US EOR production; active US EOR projects; planned EOR projects, US and non-US; producing Canadian EOR projects; completed/terminated Canadian projects; producing EOR projects outside US and Canada, completed/terminated/postponed projects outside US and Canada; producing thermal EOR US projects; producing CO[sub 2] gas EOR US projects; producing chemical and microbial EOR US projects; completed/terminated/postponed/delayed US projects; and producing worldwide heavy oil EOR projects.

The statistical mechanical reformulation of weak turbulence theory for unmagnetized plasmas including fully electromagnetic effects was carried out by Yoon [Phys. Plasmas 13, 022302 (2006)]. However, the wave kinetic equation for the transverse wave ignores the nonlinear three-wave interaction that involves two transverse waves and a Langmuir wave, the incoherent analogue of the so-called Raman scattering process, which may account for the third and higher-harmonic plasma emissions. The present paper extends the previous formalism by including such a term.

In a biased weak $(a,b)$ polyform achievement game, the maker and the breaker alternately mark $a,b$ previously unmarked cells on an infinite board, respectively. The maker's goal is to mark a set of cells congruent to a polyform. The breaker tries to prevent the maker from achieving this goal. A winning maker strategy for the $(a,b)$ game can be built from winning strategies for games involving fewer marks for the maker and the breaker. A new type of breaker strategy called the priority strategy is introduced. The winners are determined for all $(a,b)$ pairs for polyiamonds and polyominoes up to size four.

It is shown that the oceanic internal wave field is too energetic by roughly two orders of magnitude to be treated theoretically as an assemblage of weakly interacting waves. This may be seen both from recent weak wave theoretical calculations ...

The indeterminism of quantum mechanics generally permits the independent specification of both an initial and a final condition on the state. Quantum pre-and-post-selection of states opens up a new, experimentally testable, sector of quantum mechanics, when combined with statistical averages of identical weak measurements. In this paper I apply the theory of weak quantum measurements combined with pre-and-post-selection to cosmology. Here, pre-selection means specifying the wave function of the universe or, in a popular semi-classical approximation, the initial quantum state of a subset of quantum fields propagating in a classical back-ground spacetime. The novel feature is post-selection: the additional specification of a condition on the quantum state in the far future. I discuss "natural" final conditions, and show how they may lead to potentially large and observable effects at the present cosmological epoch. I also discuss how pre-and-post-selected quantum contrast to the expectation value of the stress-energy-momentum tensor, resolving a vigorous debate from the 1970's. The paper thus provides a framework for computing large-scale cosmological effects arising from this new sector of quantum mechanics. A simple experimental test is proposed.

We analyze the influence of $\\sigma$ meson exchange on the main nonmesonic hypernuclear weak decay observables: the total rate, $\\Gamma_{NM}$, the neutron-to-proton branching ratio, $\\Gamma_{n/p}$, and the proton asymmetry parameter, $a_\\Lambda$. The $\\sigma$ meson exchange is added to the standard strangeness-changing weak $\\Lambda N\\to NN$ transition potential, which includes the exchange of the complete pseudoscalar and vector mesons octet ($\\pi$, $\\eta$, $K$, $\\rho$, $\\omega$, $K^*$). Using a shell model formalism, the $\\sigma$ meson weak coupling constants are adjusted to reproduce the recent $\\Gamma_{NM}$ and $\\Gamma_{n/p}$ experimental data for $^5_{\\Lambda}He$. Numerical results for the remaining observables of $^5_{\\Lambda}He$ and all the observables of $^{12}_{\\Lambda}C$ decays are presented. They clearly show that the addition of the $\\sigma$ meson, in spite of improving some observables values, is not enough to reproduce simultaneously all the measurements, and the puzzle posed by the experimental data remains unexplained.

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Modern experiments investigating the beta decay of the neutron and light nuclei are still providing important constraints on the theory of the weak interaction. Beta decay experiments are yielding more precise values for allowed and induced weak coupling constants and putting constraints on possible extensions to the standard electroweak model. Here we emphasize the implications of recent experiments to pin down the strengths of the weak vector and axial vector couplings of the nucleon.

We derive schemes to measure the so-called weak values of quantum system observables by coupling of the system to a qubit meter system. We highlight, in particular, the meaning of the imaginary part of the weak values, and show how it can be measured directly on equal footing with the real part of the weak value. We present compact expressions for the weak value of single qubit observables and of product observables on qubit pairs. Experimental studies of the results are suggested with cold trapped ions.

Within the past few months two excellent summaries of the state of our knowledge of the weak interactions have been presented. Correspondingly, we will not attempt a comprehensive review but instead concentrate this discussion on the status of CP violation, the question of the neutral currents, and the weak equivalence principle.

The class of weakly acyclic games, which includes potential games and dominance-solvable games, captures many practical application domains. In a weakly acyclic game, from any starting state, there is a sequence of better-response moves that leads to a pure Nash equilibrium; informally, these are games in which natural distributed dynamics, such as better-response dynamics, cannot enter inescapable oscillations. We establish a novel link between such games and the existence of pure Nash equilibria in subgames. Specifically, we show that the existence of a unique pure Nash equilibrium in every subgame implies the weak acyclicity of a game. In contrast, the possible existence of multiple pure Nash equilibria in every subgame is insufficient for weak acyclicity in general; here, we also systematically identify the special cases (in terms of the number of players and strategies) for which this is sufficient to guarantee weak acyclicity.

In recent years, several operating US light-water nuclear power reactors (LWRs) have moved to extended-life operations (from 40 years to 60 years), and there is interest in the feasibility of extending plant life to 80 years. Operating experience suggests that material degradation of structural components in LWRs (such as the reactor pressure vessel) is expected to be the limiting factor for safe operation during extended life. Therefore, a need exists for assessing the condition of LWR structural components and determining its remaining useful life (RUL). The ability to estimate RUL of degraded structural components provides a basis for determining safety margins (i.e., whether safe operation over some pre-determined time horizon is possible), and scheduling degradation management activities (such as potentially modifying operating conditions to limit further degradation growth). A key issue in RUL estimation is calculation of uncertainty bounds, which are dependent on current material state, as well as past and future stressor levels (such as time-at-temperature, pressure, and irradiation). This paper presents a preliminary empirical investigation into the uncertainty of RUL estimates for nuclear structural materials.

cost of manufacturing wind turbines has increased due to higher commodity (materials and energy)on the cost (and price) of energy delivered from a windrising cost of materials and energy used to manufacture wind

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Using Remaining Battery lifetime information and Relaying to decrease Outage Probability is to demonstrate that by employing relaying and using the remaining battery lifetime information of Mobile is determined based on the remaining battery lifetime of the MT. We assume a linear relationship between

We describe recent results obtained by G. Barles, P. Cardaliaguet, R. Monneau and the author recently. They are concerned with nonlocal Eikonal equations arising in the study of the dynamics of dislocation lines in crystals. These equations are nonlocal but also non monotone. We use a notion of weak solution to provide solutions for all time. Then, we discuss the link between these weak solutions and the classical viscosity solutions, and state some uniqueness results in particular cases. A counter-example to uniqueness is given.

We experimentally probe nonlinear wave propagation in weakly compressed granular media, and observe a crossover from quasi-linear sound waves at low impact, to shock waves at high impact. We show that this crossover grows with the confining pressure $P_0$, whereas the shock wave speed is independent of $P_0$ --- two hallmarks of granular shocks predicted recently. The shocks exhibit powerlaw attenuation, which we model with a logarithmic law implying that local dissipation is weak. We show that elastic and potential energy balance in the leading part of the shocks.

We show that the Hall scale in a weakly ionized plasma depends on the fractional ionization of the medium and, Hall MHD description becomes important whenever the ion-neutral collision frequency is comparable to the ion-gyration frequency, or, the ion-neutral collisional mean free path is smaller than the ion gyro-radius. Wave properties of a weakly-ionized plasma also depends on the fractional ionization and plasma Hall parameters, and whistler mode is the most dominant mode in such a medium. Thus Hall MHD description will be important in astrophysical disks, dark molecular clouds, neutron star crusts, and, solar and planetary atmosphere.

The influence of the QCD structure of the weak bosons on the Higgs boson production in $e$-$p$ scattering is studied. The energy and Higgs boson mass dependence of the cross-section, following from the new contributions, is calculated.

A constitutive theory for weak viscoelastic nematodynamics of Maxwell type is developed using the standard local approach of non-equilibrium thermodynamics. Along with particular viscoelastic and nematic kinematics, the theory uses the weakly elastic potential proposed by de Gennes for nematic solids and the LEP constitutive equations for viscous nematic liquids, while ignoring the Frank (orientation) elasticity and inertia effects. In spite of many basic parameters, algebraic properties of nematic operations investigated in Appendix, allowed us to reveal a general group structure of the theory and present it in a simple form. It is shown that the evolution equation for director is also viscoelastic. An example of magnetization clarifies the situation with non-symmetric stresses. When the sources of stress asymmetry are absent, the theory is simplified and its relaxation properties are described by a symmetric subgroup of nematic algebraic operations. A purely linear constitutive behavior exemplifies the symmetric situation.

, for the overall fleet of transformers. 1. Introduction. 1.1. Background. Electrical transmission is an important. The prediction of the remaining life can be based on historical lifetime information about the transformer the remaining life of the healthy individual transformers in their fleet and the rate at which

The present work analyzes the meaning of the Weak Equivalence Principle in the context of quantum mechanics. A quantal definition for this principle is introduced. This definition does not require the concept of trajectory and relies upon the phase shift induced by a gravitational field in the context of a quantum interference experiment of two coherent beams of particles. In other words, it resorts to wave properties of the system and not to classical concepts as the idea of trajectory.

We summarize and discuss present and future experiments on decays of light mesons and muons that were presented in the Hadronic Weak Interaction working group session of the ``Workshop on Future Directions in Particle and Nuclear Physics at Multi-GeV Hadron Facilities.`` Precise measurements and rare-decay searches, which sense mass scales in the 1--1000 TeV region, are discussed in the context of the standard model and beyond.

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Previously unavailable numerical data related to the heat capacity in two- and three-dimensional liquid Yukawa systems are obtained by means of fluctuation theory. The relations between thermal conductivity and diffusion constants are numerically studied and discussed. New approximation for heat capacity dependence on non-ideality parameter for weakly correlated systems of particles is proposed. Comparison of the obtained results to the existing theoretical and numerical data is discussed.

Recently, the ATLAS and CMS experiments have reported the discovery of a Higgs like resonance at the LHC. The next analysis step will include the determination of its spin and CP quantum numbers or the form of its interaction Lagrangian channel-by-channel. We show how weak-boson-fusion Higgs production and associated ZH production can be used to separate different spin and CP states.

An expression for the additional contribution to the stopping power of a weakly unstable plasma due to the modification of the beam--plasma collision operator by the presence of the unstable modes is derived and evaluated for a plasma with a flowing hot-electron tail, i.e., a bump-on-tail instability. It is found that the unstable plasma oscillations do not substantially alter the screening of the beam--plasma interaction.

A consortium consisting of ENEL and EDF in partnership with others including Edison, a major generator, and possibly a number of heavy industrial electricity users could invest in nuclear plants. But many technical, political, regulatory, and financial hurdles remain.

We compute the complete supersymmetric next-to-leading order corrections to the production of a light Higgs boson in weak boson fusion. The size of the electroweak corrections is of similar order as the next-to-leading order corrections in the Standard Model. The supersymmetric QCD corrections turn out to be significantly smaller than their electroweak counterparts. These higher--order corrections are an important ingredient to a precision analysis of the (supersymmetric) Higgs sector at the LHC, either as a known correction factor or as a contribution to the theory error.

The next generation of weak gravitational lensing surveys is capable of generating good measurements of cosmological parameters, provided that, amongst other requirements, adequate redshift information is available for the background galaxies that are measured. It is frequently assumed that photometric redshift techniques provide the means to achieve this. Here we compare Bayesian and frequentist approaches to photometric redshift estimation, particularly at faint magnitudes. We identify and discuss the biases that are inherent in the various methods, and describe an optimum Bayesian method for extracting redshift distributions from photometric data.

A weak pressure gradient (WPG) approximation is introduced for parameterizing supradomain-scale (SDS) dynamics, and this method is compared to the relaxed form of the weak temperature gradient (WTG) approximation in the context of 3D, linearized, ...

Cloud-resolving simulations of convection over a surface temperature hot spot are used to evaluate the weak pressure gradient (WPG) and weak temperature gradient (WTG) approximations. The premise of the relaxed form of WTG—that vertical velocity ...

We discuss the prospects for observing multiple weak gauge boson production at the SSC and LHC. We summarize conventional perturbative cross sections for processes involving 1-6 final state weak gauge bosons and compare them with more speculative scenarios including 1) a toy model of a strongly interacting Higgs sector patterned after hadronic multipion production and 2) the nonperturbative production of O(30) weak gauge bosons in a weakly coupled gauge sector.

Steven Weinberg and Steven Weinberg and Weak and Electromagnetic Interactions Resources with Additional Information Steven Weinberg Courtesy Dr. Steven Weinberg Steven "Weinberg is a professor of physics and astronomy at UT [The University of Texas] Austin and is founding director of the Theory Group in the College of Natural Sciences. [He is] well known for his development of a field theory that unifies the electromagnetic and weak nuclear forces, and for other major contributions to physics and cosmology ... Weinberg's work has been honored with numerous prizes, including the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1979 and the National Medal of Science in 1991. Weinberg is the author of the prize-winning book The First Three Minutes: A Modern View of the Origin of the Universe (which has been translated into 22 foreign languages) as well as Gravitation and Cosmology, The Discovery of Subatomic Particles, Dreams of a Final Theory and The Quantum Theory of Fields. ... Weinberg was the recipient of the Scientist as Poet prize from Rockefeller University for "extraordinary achievements in conveying - with passionate clarity - the ideas, history, explanatory power and aesthetic dimensions of fundamental physics." The citation mentioned two of Weinberg's books.

In a composite model of the weak bosons the excited bosons, in particular the p-wave bosons, are studied. The state with the lowest mass is identified with the boson, which has been discovered recently at the "Large Hadron Collider" at CERN. Specific properties of the excited weak bosons are studied, in particular their decays into weak bosons and into photons.

A National Forum on Demand Response: Results on What Remains to Be A National Forum on Demand Response: Results on What Remains to Be Done to Achieve Its Potential - Program Design and Implementation Working Group A National Forum on Demand Response: Results on What Remains to Be Done to Achieve Its Potential - Program Design and Implementation Working Group In July 2011, the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission's (FERC) staff and the Department of Energy (DOE) jointly submitted to Congress a required "Implementation Proposal for the National Action Plan on Demand Response." The Implementation Proposal was for FERC's June 2010 National Action Plan for Demand Response. Part of the July 2011 Implementation Proposal called for a "National Forum" on demand response to be conducted by DOE and FERC. Given the

White House: D'Agostino To Remain as NNSA Administrator White House: D'Agostino To Remain as NNSA Administrator White House: D'Agostino To Remain as NNSA Administrator September 3, 2009 - 12:00am Addthis WASHINGTON, DC - Today, President Barack Obama announced that Thomas Paul D'Agostino, Under Secretary for Nuclear Security of the Department of Energy and Administrator for Nuclear Security of the National Nuclear Security Administration, will continue serving in his current role. The following is a quote from the President included in today's White House press release (the full release is included below): "The dedication and talent of these individuals will be tremendously valuable to my administration as we work to tackle our challenges at home and abroad, and I look forward to working with them in the coming months and years."

Demand for Food for People in Need Remains High Throughout the Year Demand for Food for People in Need Remains High Throughout the Year Demand for Food for People in Need Remains High Throughout the Year December 24, 2013 - 12:00pm Addthis Pictured are donations the Office of Human Capital at EM headquarters provided to the campaign. Pictured are donations the Office of Human Capital at EM headquarters provided to the campaign. WASHINGTON, D.C. - EM and its field sites donated 53,630 pounds - or 27 tons - of non-perishable items to a food drive by federal workers to help feed families across the country in 2013. EM surpassed its goal to donate 50,000 pounds to the 2013 Feds Feed Families Campaign. In Ohio, EM's Portsmouth site donated to the Community Action Committee of Pike County Food Pantry, which typically feeds about 250 needy families

A National Forum on Demand Response: Results on What Remains to Be A National Forum on Demand Response: Results on What Remains to Be Done to Achieve Its Potential - Tools and Methods Working Group A National Forum on Demand Response: Results on What Remains to Be Done to Achieve Its Potential - Tools and Methods Working Group In July 2011, the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission's (FERC) staff and the Department of Energy (DOE) jointly submitted to Congress a required "Implementation Proposal for the National Action Plan on Demand Response." The Implementation Proposal was for FERC's June 2010 National Action Plan for Demand Response. Part of the July 2011 Implementation Proposal called for a "National Forum" on demand response to be conducted by DOE and FERC. Given the rapid development of the demand response industry, DOE and FERC decided

A device is described for a battery in open circuit condition measuring in increments of time, the remaining useful life of a storage battery to the point of full discharge where the battery is used as a prime source of power, having in combination a series circuit connected in parallel to a storage battery in an open circuit condition, means included in the series circuit indicating the entire useful range of the open circuit voltage excursion of the battery on a full scale in increments of time, and the means including means indicating in increments of time the remaining useful life of the battery for any particular use.

In this paper, we provide a mathematical model for the electrolocation in weakly electric fishes. We first investigate the forward complex conductivity problem and derive the approx- imate boundary conditions on the skin of the fish. Then we provide a dipole approximation for small targets away from the fish. Based on this approximation, we obtain a non-iterative location search algorithm using multi-frequency measurements. We present numerical experi- ments to illustrate the performance and the stability of the proposed multi-frequency location search algorithm. Finally, in the case of disk- and ellipse-shaped targets, we provide a method to reconstruct separately the conductivity, the permittivity, and the size of the targets from multi-frequency measurements.

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Because the long-distance oil and gas pipelines have buried underground in a long term, there is corrosion on the inside and outside surfaces of pipeline, which can cause serious hole leaking accident, and bring the huge economic losses. In order to ... Keywords: API579 criterion, remaining strength, pipeline corrosion, pitting corrosion, evaluation system

Estimating the Remaining Useful Life of Residential Appliances Cory Welch and Brad Rogers, Navigant. This paper describes a methodology for estimating the RUL of residential technologies using mortality data is that Weibull shape factors for many residential appliances were found to fall within a tight range

Even if Canadian farmers harvest a record canola crop of 14.5–15.0 million metric tons (MMT) in late summer 2012, there is a high probability that world production of rapeseed and canola will remain behind requirements in the 2012/13 season—mainly due to p

Predicting the residual energy of the battery source that powers a portable electronic device is imperative in designing and applying an effective dynamic power management policy for the device. This paper starts up by showing that a 30% error in predicting ... Keywords: accelerated rate capacity, cycle aging and dynamic voltage scaling, remaining battery capacity, temperature

In this paper, the interface width effects (i.e., the density gradient effects or the density transition layer effects) on the Rayleigh-Taylor instability (RTI) in the weakly nonlinear (WN) regime are investigated by numerical simulation (NS). It is found that the interface width effects dramatically influence the linear growth rate in the linear growth regime and the mode coupling process in the WN growth regime. First, the interface width effects decrease the linear growth rate of the RTI, particularly for the short perturbation wavelengths. Second, the interface width effects suppress (reduce) the third-order feedback to the fundamental mode, which induces the nonlinear saturation amplitude (NSA) to exceed the classical prediction, 0.1lambda. The wider the density transition layer is, the larger the NSA is. The NSA in our NS can reach a half of its perturbation wavelength. Finally, the interface width effects suppress the generation and the growth of the second and the third harmonics. The ability to suppress the harmonics' growth increases with the interface width but decreases with the perturbation wavelength. On the whole, in the WN regime, the interface width effects stabilize the RTI, except for an enhancement of the NSA, which is expected to improve the understanding of the formation mechanism for the astrophysical jets, and for the jetlike long spikes in the high energy density physics.

The objective is to produce a proof of concept prototype Enhanced Contaminated Human Remains Pouch (ECHRP) with self-decontamination capability to provide increased protection to emergency response personnel. The key objective was to decrease the concentration of toxic chemicals through the use of an absorbent and reactive nanocellulose liner. Additionally, nanomaterials with biocidal properties were developed and tested as a 'stand-alone' treatment. The setting was a private company research laboratory. The main outcome measures were production of a functional prototype. A functional prototype capable of mitigating the threats due to sulfur mustard, Soman, and a large variety of liquid and vapor toxic industrial chemicals was produced. Stand-alone biocidal treatment efficacy was validated. The ECHRP provides superior protection from both chemical and biological hazards to various emergency response personnel and human remains handlers.

Abstract—Predicting the residual energy of the battery source that powers a portable electronic device is imperative in designing and applying an effective dynamic power management policy for the device. This paper starts up by showing that a 30 % error in predicting the battery capacity of a lithium-ion battery can result in up to 20 % performance degradation for a dynamic voltage and frequency scaling algorithm. Next, this paper presents a closed form analytical expression for predicting the remaining capacity of a lithium-ion battery. The proposed high-level model, which relies on online current and voltage measurements, correctly accounts for the temperature and cycle aging effects. The accuracy of the highlevel model is validated by comparing it with DUALFOIL simulation results, demonstrating a maximum of 5 % error between simulated and predicted data. Index Terms—Accelerated rate capacity, cycle aging and dynamic voltage scaling, remaining battery capacity, temperature. I.

State and Regional Policy Assistance Â» Technical Assistance Â» Demand State and Regional Policy Assistance Â» Technical Assistance Â» Demand Response - Policy Â» A National Forum on Demand Response: What Remains to Be Done to Achieve Its Potential A National Forum on Demand Response: What Remains to Be Done to Achieve Its Potential In July 2011, the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission's (FERC) staff and the Department of Energy (DOE) jointly submitted to Congress a required "Implementation Proposal for the National Action Plan on Demand Response." The Implementation Proposal was for FERC's June 2010 National Action Plan for Demand Response. Part of the July 2011 Implementation Proposal called for a "National Forum" on demand response to be conducted by DOE and FERC. Given the rapid development of the demand response industry, DOE and FERC decided

We present a novel approach to reconstructing the projected mass distribution from the sparse and noisy weak gravitational lensing shear data. The reconstructions are regularized via the knowledge gained from numerical simulations of clusters, with trial mass distributions constructed from n NFW profile ellipsoidal components. The parameters of these ''atoms'' are distributed a priori as in the simulated clusters. Sampling the mass distributions from the atom parameter probability density function allows estimates of the properties of the mass distribution to be generated, with error bars. The appropriate number of atoms is inferred from the data itself via the Bayesian evidence, and is typically found to be small, reecting the quality of the data. Ensemble average mass maps are found to be robust to the details of the noise realization, and succeed in recovering the demonstration input mass distribution (from a realistic simulated cluster) over a wide range of scales. As an application of such a reliable mapping algorithm, we comment on the residuals of the reconstruction and the implications for predicting convergence and shear at specific points on the sky.

A method and computer-based apparatus for monitoring the degradation of, predicting the remaining service life of, and/or planning maintenance for, an operating system are disclosed. Diagnostic information on degradation of the operating system is obtained through measurement of one or more performance characteristics by one or more sensors onboard and/or proximate the operating system. Though not required, it is preferred that the sensor data are validated to improve the accuracy and reliability of the service life predictions. The condition or degree of degradation of the operating system is presented to a user by way of one or more calculated, numeric degradation figures of merit that are trended against one or more independent variables using one or more mathematical techniques. Furthermore, more than one trendline and uncertainty interval may be generated for a given degradation figure of merit/independent variable data set. The trendline(s) and uncertainty interval(s) are subsequently compared to one or more degradation figure of merit thresholds to predict the remaining service life of the operating system. The present invention enables multiple mathematical approaches in determining which trendline(s) to use to provide the best estimate of the remaining service life.

We determine the strength of the weak nuclear force which holds the lattices of the elementary particles together. We also determine the strength of the strong nuclear force which emanates from the sides of the nuclear lattices. The strong force is the sum of the unsaturated weak forces at the surface of the nuclear lattices. The strong force is then about ten to the power of 6 times stronger than the weak force between two lattice points.

We report results of a high precision phase estimation based on a weak measurements scheme using commercial light-emitting diode. The method is based on a measurement of the imaginary part of the weak value of a polarization operator. The imaginary part of the weak value appeared due to the measurement interaction itself. The sensitivity of our method is equivalent to resolving light pulses of order of attosecond and it is robust against chromatic dispersion.

In the interaction of intense lasers with matter/plasma, energetic electrons having relativistic energies get created. These energetic electrons can often have sheared flow profiles as they propagate through the plasma medium. In an earlier study [Phys. Plasmas 17, 022101 (2010)], it was shown that a relativistic sheared electron flow modifies the growth rate and threshold condition of the conventional Kelvin-Helmholtz instability. A perturbative analytic treatment for the case of weakly relativistic regime has been provided here. It provides good agreement with the numerical results obtained earlier.

We use perturbation theory to estimate the energy scale beyond which multiparticle final states become a dominant feature of high energy weak interactions. Using estimates from a weak parton model and comparing two, three and four body final states we deduce that multiparticle states become important at energy scales in the range 10**7 - 10**9 GeV.

We study the constraints on the dark energy model with constant equation of state parameter $w=p/\\rho$ and the holographic dark energy model by using the weak gravity conjecture. The combination of weak gravity conjecture and the observational data gives $wenergy model realized by a scalar field is in swampland.

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We study the constraints on the dark energy model with constant equation of state parameter $w=p/\\rho$ and the holographic dark energy model by using the weak gravity conjecture. The combination of weak gravity conjecture and the observational data gives $wenergy model realized by a scalar field is in swampland.

Molar Growth Molar Growth Name: Daniel Location: N/A Country: N/A Date: N/A Question: What animals have molars that grow continuously ? Replies: No mammals that I or my colleagues are aware of, only some few whose incisors grow continuously. J. Elliott Most vertebrates are "polyphyodonts" meaning that they replace teeth continuously through out their lives. All the teeth aren't replaced at once, but in waves so that the animals always have functional teeth around those that are lost. Most mammals are "diphyodonts", which means that they have only 2 sets of teeth: baby teeth and adult teeth. The teeth of herbivore mammals, those which eat grasses, seem to grow throughout their lives. But really, the teeth are very long and extend far down into the jaws. They gradually move up in the jaw toward the surface over time, with the area beneath them filling in with bone.

We analyze the influence of {sigma} meson exchange on the main non-mesonic hypernuclear weak decay observables: Total rate {gamma}{sub NM}, neutron-to-proton branching ratio {gamma}{sub n/p}, and proton asymmetry parameter a{sub {lambda}}. The {sigma} meson exchange is added to the standard strangeness-changing weak {lambda}N{yields}NN transition potential, which includes the exchange of the complete pseudoscalar and vector mesons octet ({pi},{eta},K,{rho},{omega},K{sup *}). Using a shell model formalism, the {sigma} meson weak coupling constants are adjusted to reproduce the recent {gamma}{sub NM} and {gamma}{sub n/p} experimental data for {sub {lambda}}{sup 5}He. Numerical results for the remaining observables of {sub {lambda}}{sup 5}He and all the observables of {sub {lambda}}{sup 12}C decays are presented. They clearly show that the addition of the {sigma} meson improves the agreement with the data. However, its effect it is not enough to reproduce well the a{sub {lambda}} values, which means that other improvements of the model must be explored to explain the puzzle posed by the experiments.

Despite many years of effort, observational studies have not found a strong correlation between the presence of any proposed fueling mechanism and low-luminosity AGN. After a discussion of the mass requirements for fueling, I summarize this observational work and provide a number of hypotheses for why the nature of AGN fueling has remained unresolved. In particular, I stress the potential importance of the increasing number of candidate fueling mechanisms with decreasing mass accretion rate, the relevant spatial scales for different fueling mechanisms, and the lifetime of an individual episode of nuclear accretion. The episodic AGN lifetime is a particularly relevant complication if it is comparable to or shorter than the time that the responsible fueling mechanisms are observationally detectable. I conclude with a number of relatively accessible areas for future investigation.

Cost-Effectiveness Working Group Cost-Effectiveness Working Group A National Forum on Demand Response: Results on What Remains to Be Done to Achieve Its Potential - Cost-Effectiveness Working Group In July 2011, the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission's (FERC) staff and the Department of Energy (DOE) jointly submitted to Congress a required "Implementation Proposal for the National Action Plan on Demand Response." The Implementation Proposal was for FERC's June 2010 National Action Plan for Demand Response. Part of the July 2011 Implementation Proposal called for a "National Forum" on demand response to be conducted by DOE and FERC. Given the rapid development of the demand response industry, DOE and FERC decided that a "virtual" project, in which state officials, industry

Measurement and Verification Working Group Measurement and Verification Working Group A National Forum on Demand Response: Results on What Remains to Be Done to Achieve Its Potential - Measurement and Verification Working Group In July 2011, the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission's (FERC) staff and the Department of Energy (DOE) jointly submitted to Congress a required "Implementation Proposal for the National Action Plan on Demand Response." The Implementation Proposal was for FERC's June 2010 National Action Plan for Demand Response. Part of the July 2011 Implementation Proposal called for a "National Forum" on demand response to be conducted by DOE and FERC. Given the rapid development of the demand response industry, DOE and FERC decided that a "virtual" project, in which state officials, industry

Eyeball Growth Eyeball Growth Name: Jade Hawk Status: N/A Age: N/A Location: N/A Country: N/A Date: N/A Question: Okay, I know I'm supposed to be able to answer questions here, but a friend who teaches grades 7 & 8 general science wants to know if the human eyeball is fully grown at birth. I checked my references, which are rather limited when it comes to human physiology, and found nothing. Can anyone help? Replies: The eye will still develop in size, pigmentation, and neurologically but I don't have the details here at hand. A kitten is born with eyes even more immature than human babies. Besides having sealed eyes that take about a week to open, they have retinas that a avascularized and need to undergo neovascularization to properly nourish and oxygenate the tissue. We have used the kitten to study retinopathy of prematurity, a condition caused in part by increased inspired oxygen. The kitten is also used in the study of diabetic retinopathy which a I think is the leading cause of blindness in the US. Look up publications by Dale Phelps, MD.

In assessing the economic viability of a waterflood project, a key parameter is the remaining oil saturation (ROS) within each pattern unit. This information helps in identifying the areas with the highest ROS and thus potential for further development. While special core analysis, log-inject-log, and thermal-decay time-log-evaluation techniques are available, they provide only single-point values and a snapshot in time near a wellbore. Also, they can quickly add up to an expensive program. The analytical areal distribution method estimates ROS in a waterflood pattern unit from material balance calculations using well injection and production data with no pressure information required. Well production and injection volumes are routinely measured in oilfield operations, making the method very attractive. The areal distribution technique estimates two major uncertainties: vertical loss of injected water into nontarget areas or areal loss into surrounding patterns, and injected water for gas fill-up. However, developers tested it only in low-pressure conditions, which are increasingly rare in oilfield operations. The main purpose of my research, then, was to verify whether or not the areal distribution method is valid in higher pressure conditions. Simulation of various waterflood patterns confirmed that the areal distribution method with its estimated ROS is capable of precise estimation of actual ROS, but at high pressures it requires consideration of pressure data in addition to injection and production data.

Weakly nonlinear (WN) Rayleigh-Taylor instability (RTI) initiated by single-mode cosinusoidal interface and velocity perturbations is investigated analytically up to the third order. Expressions of the temporal evolutions of the amplitudes of the first three harmonics are derived. It is shown that there are coupling between interface and velocity perturbations, which plays a prominent role in the WN growth. When the 'equivalent amplitude' of the initial velocity perturbation, which is normalized by its linear growth rate, is compared to the amplitude of the initial interface perturbation, the coupling between them dominates the WN growth of the RTI. Furthermore, the RTI would be mitigated by initiating a velocity perturbation with a relative phase shift against the interface perturbation. More specifically, when the phase shift between the interface perturbation and the velocity perturbation is {pi} and their equivalent amplitudes are equal, the RTI could be completely quenched. If the equivalent amplitude of the initial velocity perturbation is equal to the initial interface perturbation, the difference between the WN growth of the RTI initiated by only an interface perturbation and by only a velocity perturbation is found to be asymptotically negligible. The dependence of the WN growth on the Atwood numbers and the initial perturbation amplitudes is discussed. In particular, we investigate the dependence of the saturation amplitude (time) of the fundamental mode on the Atwood numbers and the initial perturbation amplitudes. It is found that the Atwood numbers and the initial perturbation amplitudes play a crucial role in the WN growth of the RTI. Thus, it should be included in applications where the seeds of the RTI have velocity perturbations, such as inertial confinement fusion implosions and supernova explosions.

I consider a Corbino-geometry superconducting-normal-superconducting Josephson weak link in a thin superconducting film, in which current enters at the origin, flows outward, passes through an annular Josephson weak link, and leaves radially. In contrast to sandwich-type annular Josephson junctions, in which the gauge-invariant phase difference obeys the sine-Gordon equation, here the gauge-invariant phase difference obeys an integral equation. I present exact solutions for the gauge-invariant phase difference across the weak link when it contains an integral number N of Josephson vortices and the current is zero. I then study the dynamics when a current is applied, and I derive the effective resistance and the viscous drag coefficient; I compare these results with those in sandwich-type junctions. I also calculate the critical current when there is no Josephson vortex in the weak link but there is a Pearl vortex nearby.

Measurements of turbulence are made in a weakly but variably stratified region of tidal straining in the eastern Irish Sea using turbulence sensors profiling vertically through the water column on the Fast Light Yo-yo (FLY) profiler and ...

Bekenstein has shown that violation of Weak Equivalence Principle is strongly supressed in his model of charge variation. In this paper, it is shown that nuclear magnetic energy is large enough to produce observable effects in Eotvos experiments.

The paper presents an interactive approach to learning apprentice systems for weak theory domains. The approach consists of a combination of teaming by analogy and learning by generalizing instances. One main point of this approach is that it uses the ...

We first discuss observations of two classes of two-dimensional large eddy states in weakly stratified atmospheric boundary layers. One class is characterized by large eddies with a single horizontal scale. The other contains multiscale large ...

It is shown that in the framework of the weak turbulence theory, the autocorrelation and cascade time scales are always of the same order of magnitude. This means that, contrary to the general belief, any model of turbulence that implies a large number of collisions among wave packets for an efficient energy cascade (such as the Iroshnikov-Kraichnan model) is not compatible with the weak turbulence theory.

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We study the Brownian momentum process, a model of heat conduction, weakly coupled to heat baths. In two different settings of weak coupling to the heat baths, we study the non-equilibrium steady state and its proximity to the local equilibrium measure in terms of the strength of coupling. For three and four site systems, we obtain the two-point correlation function and show it is generically not multilinear.

To avoid the restrictions that the Born rigidity supposes for the motions in relativity, the definition of a weakly rigid almost-thermodynamic material scheme is proposed. From it the relativistic incompressibility condition given by Ferrando and Olivert is obtained. Moreover, it is proved that, for the weakly rigid irrotational and geodesic almost-thermodynamic material schemes, the scalar curvature of the Landau manifolds is constant along the streamlines.

The most important criterion for cable performance is its ability to withstand a design-basis accident. With nearly 1000 km of power, control, instrumentation, and other cables typically found in an NPP, it would be a significant undertaking to inspect all of the cables. Degradation of the cable jacket, electrical insulation, and other cable components is a key issue that is likely to affect the ability of the currently installed cables to operate safely and reliably for another 20 to 40 years beyond the initial operating life. The development of one or more nondestructive evaluation (NDE) techniques and supporting models that could assist in determining the remaining life expectancy of cables or their current degradation state would be of significant interest. The ability to nondestructively determine material and electrical properties of cable jackets and insulation without disturbing the cables or connections has been deemed essential. Currently, the only technique accepted by industry to measure cable elasticity (the gold standard for determining cable insulation degradation) is the indentation measurement. All other NDE techniques are used to find flaws in the cable and do not provide information to determine the current health or life expectancy. There is no single NDE technique that can satisfy all of the requirements needed for making a life-expectancy determination, but a wide range of methods have been evaluated for use in NPPs as part of a continuous evaluation program. The commonly used methods are indentation and visual inspection, but these are only suitable for easily accessible cables. Several NDE methodologies using electrical techniques are in use today for flaw detection but there are none that can predict the life of a cable. There are, however, several physical and chemical ptoperty changes in cable insulation as a result of thermal and radiation damage. In principle, these properties may be targets for advanced NDE methods to provide early warning of aging and degradation. Examples of such key indicators include changes in chemical structure, mechanical modulus, and dielectric permittivity. While some of these indicators are the basis of currently used technologies, there is a need to increase the volume of cable that may be inspected with a single measurement, and if possible, to develop techniques for in-situ inspection (i.e., while the cable is in operation). This is the focus of the present report.

Crystals are the central materials element of most gamma radiation detection systems, yet there remains surprisingly little fundamental understanding about how these crystals grow, how growth conditions affect crystal properties, and, ultimately, how detector performance is affected. Without this understanding, the prospect for significant materials improvement, i.e., growing larger crystals with superior quality and at a lower cost, remains a difficult and expensive exercise involving exhaustive trial-and-error experimentation in the laboratory. Thus, the overall goal of this research is to develop and apply computational modeling to better understand the processes used to grow bulk crystals employed in radiation detectors. Specifically, the work discussed here aims at understanding the growth of cadmium zinc telluride (CZT), a material of long interest to the detector community. We consider the growth of CZT via gradient freeze processes in electrodynamic multi-zone furnaces and show how crucible mounting and design are predicted to affect conditions for crystal growth. (authors)

The technical merits of weak value amplification techniques are analyzed. We consider models of several different types of technical noise in an optical context and show that weak value amplification techniques (which only use a small fraction of the photons) compare favorably with standard techniques (which uses all of them). Using the Fisher information metric, we demonstrate that weak value techniques can put all of the Fisher information about the detected parameter into a small portion of the events and show how this fact alone gives technical advantages. We go on to consider a time correlated noise model, and find that a Fisher information analysis indicates that while the standard method can have much larger information about the detected parameter than the postselected technique. However, the estimator needed to gather the information is technically difficult to implement, showing that the inefficient (but practical) signal-to-noise estimation of the parameter is usually superior. We also describe other technical advantages unique to imaginary weak value amplification techniques, focusing on beam deflection measurements. In this case, we discuss combined noise types (such as detector transverse jitter, angular beam jitter before the interferometer and turbulence) for which the interferometric weak value technique gives higher Fisher information over conventional methods. We go on to calculate the Fisher information of the recently proposed photon recycling scheme for beam deflection measurements, and show it further boosts the Fisher information by the inverse postselection probability relative to the standard measurement case.

Plenty of algorithms for link prediction have been proposed and were applied to various real networks. Among these works, the weights of links are rarely taken into account. In this paper, we use local similarity indices to estimate the likelihood of the existence of links in weighted networks, including Common Neighbor, Adamic-Adar Index, Resource Allocation Index, and their weighted versions. In both the unweighted and weighted cases, the resource allocation index performs the best. To our surprise, the weighted indices perform worse, which reminds us of the well-known Weak Tie Theory. Further extensive experimental study shows that the weak ties play a significant role in the link prediction problem, and to emphasize the contribution of weak ties can remarkably enhance the predicting accuracy.

This paper presents the results of laboratory measurements on the mechanical and acoustic properties of weakly cemented granular rock. Artificial rock samples were fabricated by cementing sand and glass beads with sodium silicate binder. During uniaxial compression tests, the rock samples showed stress-strain behavior which was more similar to that of soils than competent rocks, exhibiting large permanent deformations with frictional slip. The mechanical behavior of the samples approached that of competent rocks as the amount of binder was increased. For very weak samples, acoustic waves propagating in these rocks showed very low velocities of less than 1000 m/sec for compressional waves. A borehole made within this weakly cemented rock exhibited a unique mode of failure that is called ''anti-KI mode fracture'' in this paper. The effect of cementation, grain type, and boundary conditions on this mode of failure was also examined experimentally.

With the LHC discovery of a 125 GeV Higgs-like boson, we study gravitational interaction of the Higgs boson via the unique dimension-4 operator involving Higgs doublet and scalar curvature, $\\,\\xi H^\\dag H R\\,$, with nonminimal coupling $\\,\\xi\\,$. This Higgs portal term can be transformed away in Einstein frame and induces gauge-invariant effective interactions in the Higgs sector. We study the weak boson scattering in Einstein frame, and explicitly demonstrate the longitudinal-Goldstone boson equivalence theorem in the presence of $\\,\\xi\\,$ coupling. With these, we derive unitarity bound on the Higgs gravitational coupling $\\,\\xi\\,$ in Einstein frame, which is stronger than that inferred from the current LHC Higgs measurements. We further study $\\xi$-dependent weak boson scattering cross sections at TeV scale, and propose a new LHC probe of the Higgs-gravity coupling $\\,\\xi\\,$ via weak boson scattering experiments.

Malaria Researchers Find Weakness in Global Killer Malaria Researchers Find Weakness in Global Killer Malaria Researchers Find Weakness in Global Killer February 1, 2012 - 9:16am Addthis The protozoan Plasmodium falciparum gliding through a cell in the gut of a mosquito, its primary host. Although five different species of Plasmodium can cause malaria, Plasmodium falciparum causes the most severe disease. | Photo courtesy of Wikipedia Commons. The protozoan Plasmodium falciparum gliding through a cell in the gut of a mosquito, its primary host. Although five different species of Plasmodium can cause malaria, Plasmodium falciparum causes the most severe disease. | Photo courtesy of Wikipedia Commons. Charles Rousseaux Charles Rousseaux Senior Writer, Office of Science

The two-dimensional Rayleigh-Taylor instability (RTI) with and without thermal conduction is investigated by numerical simulation in the weakly nonlinear regime. A preheat model {kappa}(T)={kappa}{sub SH}[1+f(T)] is introduced for the thermal conduction [W. H. Ye, W. Y. Zhang, and X. T. He, Phys. Rev. E 65, 057401 (2002)], where {kappa}{sub SH} is the Spitzer-Haerm electron thermal conductivity coefficient and f(T) models the preheating tongue effect in the cold plasma ahead of the ablation front. The preheating ablation effects on the RTI are studied by comparing the RTI with and without thermal conduction with identical density profile relevant to inertial confinement fusion experiments. It is found that the ablation effects strongly influence the mode coupling process, especially with short perturbation wavelength. Overall, the ablation effects stabilize the RTI. First, the linear growth rate is reduced, especially for short perturbation wavelengths and a cutoff wavelength is observed in simulations. Second, the second harmonic generation is reduced for short perturbation wavelengths. Third, the third-order negative feedback to the fundamental mode is strengthened, which plays a stabilization role. Finally, on the contrary, the ablation effects increase the generation of the third harmonic when the perturbation wavelengths are long. Our simulation results indicate that, in the weakly nonlinear regime, the ablation effects are weakened as the perturbation wavelength is increased. Numerical results obtained are in general agreement with the recent weakly nonlinear theories as proposed in [J. Sanz, J. Ramirez, R. Ramis et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 89, 195002 (2002); J. Garnier, P.-A. Raviart, C. Cherfils-Clerouin et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 90, 185003 (2003)].

Research and development of superfluid weak links has been hindered by the absence of a source of dc chemical potential, similar to a simple battery or voltage source for analogous superconducting devices. We describe here a method for generating a dc chemical potential difference, {delta}{mu} across a weak link array in superfluid 4He. The presence of a {delta}{mu} forces quantum oscillations at a Josephson frequency, selectable by the adjustment of input power to a heater. We discuss a case in which the frequency locks onto a resonance feature where it exhibits remarkable stability, and amplitude magnification by a factor of 40.

The Heisenberg chain with a weak link is studied, as a simple example of a quantum ring with a constriction or defect. The Heisenberg chain is equivalent to a spinless electron gas under a Jordan-Wigner transformation. Using density matrix renormalization group and quantum Monte Carlo methods we calculate the spin/charge stiffness of the model, which determines the strength of the ‘persistent currents’. The stiffness is found to scale to zero in the weak link case, in agreement with renormalization group arguments of Eggert and Affleck, and Kane and Fisher.

Higgs boson production via weak boson fusion is sensitive to the tensor structure of the HVV (V=W,Z) couplings, which distinguishes loop induced vertices from SM expectations. At the CERN Large Hadron Collider this information shows up most clearly in the azimuthal angle correlations of the two forward and backward quark jets which are typical for weak boson fusion. We calculate the next-to-leading order QCD corrections to this process, in the presence of anomalous HVV couplings. Gluon emission does not significantly change the azimuthal jet correlations.

In this paper we define a sequence of monads $\\mathbb{T}^(\\infty;n)$ $(n\\in\\mathbb{N})$ on $\\infty$-$\\mathbb{G}\\text{r}$, the category of the $\\infty$-graphs. We conjecture that algebras for $\\mathbb{T}^(0;n)$ which are defined in a purely algebraic setting, are models of weak $\\infty$-groupoids. And for all $n>1$ we conjecture that algebras for $\\mathbb{T}^(\\infty;n)$ which are defined in a purely algebraic setting, are models of weak $(\\infty; n)$-categories.

We derive the effective cavity pumping and decay rates for the master equation of a quantum dot-microcavity system in presence of $N$ weakly coupled dots. We show that the in-flow of photons is not linked to the out-flow by thermal equilibrium relationships.

Low-energy nuclear weak-interaction processes play important roles in many astrophysical contexts, and effective field theory is believed to be a highly useful framework for describing these processes in a model-independent manner. I present a brief account of the basic features of the nuclear effective theory approach, and some examples of actual calculations carried out in this method.

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We develop a diagrammatic scattering theory for interacting bosons in a three-dimensional, weakly disordered potential. Based on a microscopic N-body scattering theory, we identify the relevant diagrams including elastic and inelastic collision processes that are sufficient to describe diffusive quantum transport. By taking advantage of the statistical properties of the weak disorder potential, we demonstrate how the N-body dynamics can be reduced to a nonlinear integral equation of Boltzmann type for the single-particle diffusive flux. Our theory reduces to the Gross-Pitaevskii mean field description in the limit where only elastic collisions are taken into account. However, even at weak interaction strength, inelastic collisions lead to energy redistribution between the bosons - initially prepared all at the same single-particle energy - and thereby induce thermalization of the single-particle current. In addition, we include also weak localization effects and determine the coherent corrections to the incoherent transport in terms of the coherent backscattering signal. We find that inelastic collisions lead to an enhancement of the backscattered cone in a narrow spectral window for increasing interaction strength.

The gluon-gluon induced terms for Higgs production through weak-boson fusion are calculated. They form a finite and gauge-invariant subset of the NNLO corrections in the strong coupling constant. This is also the lowest order with sizeable t-channel colour exchange contributions, leading to additional hadronic activity between the outgoing jets.

A natural condition on the structure of the underlying chemical reaction network, namely weak reversibility, is shown to guarantee the existence of an equilibrium (steady state) in each positive stoichiometric compatibility class for the associated mass-action system. Furthermore, an index formula is given for the set of equilibria in a given stoichiometric compatibility class.

Congressional Requesters Congressional Requesters CRITICAL INFRASTRUCTURE PROTECTION Multiple Efforts to Secure Control Systems Are Under Way, but Challenges Remain September 2007 GAO-07-1036 What GAO Found United States Government Accountability Office Why GAO Did This Study Highlights Accountability Integrity Reliability September 2007 CRITICAL INFRASTRUCTURE PROTECTION Multiple Efforts to Secure Control Systems Are Under Way, but Challenges Remain Highlights of GAO-07-1036, a report to congressional requesters Control systems-computer-based systems that monitor and control sensitive processes and physical functions-perform vital functions in many of our nation's critical infrastructures, including electric power, oil and gas, water treatment, and chemical production. The disruption of

An apparatus for determining past-service conditions and/or remaining useful life of a component of a combustion engine and/or a thermal barrier coating ("TBC") of the component comprises a radiation source that provides the exciting radiation to the TBC to excite a photoluminescent ("PL") material contained therein, a radiation detector for detecting radiation emitted by the PL material, and means for relating a characteristic of an emission spectrum of the PL material to the amount of a crystalline phase in the TBC, thereby inferring the past-service conditions or the remaining useful life of the component or the TBC.

The 100-F-38 Stained Soil site was an area of yellow stained soil that was discoverd while excavating a trench for the placement of electrical conduit. The 100-F-38 Stained Soil site meets the remedial action objectives specified in the Remaining Sites ROD. The results of verification sampling show demonstrate that residual contaminant concentrations support future unrestricted land uses that can be represented by a rural-residential scenario. The results also show that residual contaminant concentrations do not preclude any future uses and allow for unrestricted use of shallow zone soils and the contaminant concentrations remaining in the soil are protective of groundwater and the Columbia River.

The structure of a weak shock in a quantum plasma is studied, taking into account both dissipation terms due to thermal conduction and dispersive quantum terms due to the Bohm potential. Unlike quantum systems without dissipations, even a small thermal conduction may lead to a stationary shock structure. In the limit of zero quantum effects, the monotonic Burgers solution for the weak shock is recovered. Still, even small quantum terms make the structure non-monotonic with the shock driving a train of oscillations into the initial plasma. The oscillations propagate together with the shock. The oscillations become stronger as the role of Bohm potential increases in comparison with thermal conduction. The results could be of importance for laser-plasma interactions, such as inertial confinement fusion plasmas, and in astrophysical environments, as well as in condensed matter systems.

The dynamics in weakly chaotic Hamiltonian systems strongly depends on initial conditions and little can be affirmed about generic behaviors. Using two distinct Hamiltonian systems, namely one particle in an open rectangular billiard and four particles globally coupled on a discrete lattice, we show that in these models the transition from integrable motion to weak chaos emerges via chaotic stripes as the nonlinear parameter is increased. The stripes represent intervals of initial conditions which generate chaotic trajectories and increase with the nonlinear parameter of the system. In the billiard case the initial conditions are the injection angles. For higher-dimensional systems and small nonlinearities the chaotic stripes are the initial condition inside which Arnold diffusion occurs.

The behavior of the hypoelastic-Synge, hypoelastic-Maugin, and hypoelastic-Carter and Quintana almost-thermodynamic material schemes, under weak rigidity hypotheses, is studied. In every case, the absence of principal transverse shock waves (or the vanishing of the corresponding speeds) is obtained. The same result follows for the longitudinal shock waves when the Lame coefficient ..mu.. does not vanish. A definition of an elastic almost-thermodynamic material scheme based on the Fermi--Walker transport is proposed and compared with the above elastic schemes. The speeds of the principal shock waves associated are attained and its compatibility with the Ferrando--Olivert incompressibility condition is proved. In the presence of weak rigidity the elastic schemes here defined lead (assuming ..mu..not =0) to the Born-rigidity condition.

L\\'evy flights constitute a broad class of random walks that occur in many fields of research, from animal foraging in biology, to economy to geophysics. The recent advent of L\\'evy glasses allows to study L\\'evy flights in controlled way using light waves. This raises several questions about the influence of superdiffusion on optical interference effects like weak and strong localization. Super diffusive structures have the extraordinary property that all points are connected via direct jumps, meaning that finite-size effects become an essential part of the physical problem. Here we report on the experimental observation of weak localization in L\\'evy glasses and compare results with recently developed optical transport theory in the superdiffusive regime. Experimental results are in good agreement with theory and allow to unveil how light propagates inside a finite-size superdiffusive system.

Abstract. The coherent mixing of the current states in the superconducting weak link subject to a Josephson phase difference ? and subject to an external transport current in the banks is one of the aims of this work. At ? = ? the nonlocal mixing of current states produces two vortices close to the point-contact between superconducting bulks. The effect of point-contact reflection in an impenetrable interface and effect of temperature on the vortices have been studied. It is obtained that increasing the reflection of the point-contact destroys the vortices while increasing the temperature restore these vortices. The vortex state is a new version of the interference between the macroscopic states and quantum tunnelling. Also, the weak link between unitary triplet superconductors which have f?wave and p + h?wave pairing symmetry has been studied from the spin and charge current-phase relation point of view. The main result in the second part of this thesis, is the polarization of the spin transport when a junction between triplet superconductors is used. It is observed that the spin current is the result of the misorientation between the gap vectors of two supercondcutors. In addition, the weak link between two bipolar nonunitary triplet superconductors is studied mathematically. The current-phase relations obtained in third part of this thesis are totally different from the junctions between the unitary spin-triplet superconductors and between the spin-singlet superconductors. The current phase diagrams which have been obtained in this work can be used to distinguish the symmetry of the order parameter in the crystals. PACS numbers: 74.50.+r, 74.20.Rp, 72.25.-b, 74.70.Pq, 74.70.TxCharge and Spin Transport in Superconducting Weak Links 2 1.

We provide upper and lower bounds on the semileptonic weak decay form factors for $B \\to D^(*)$ and $\\Lambda_b \\to \\Lambda_c$ decays by utilizing inclusive heavy quark effective theory sum rules. These bounds are calculated to second order in $\\Lambda_{QCD}/m_Q$ and first order in $\\alpha_s$. The $O(\\alpha_s^2 \\beta_0)$ corrections to the bounds at zero recoil are also presented.

We provide upper and lower bounds on the semileptonic weak decay form factors for $B \\to D^(*)$ and $\\Lambda_b \\to \\Lambda_c$ decays by utilizing inclusive heavy quark effective theory sum rules. These bounds are calculated to second order in $\\Lambda_{QCD}/m_Q$ and first order in $\\alpha_s$. The $O(\\alpha_s^2 \\beta_0)$ corrections to the bounds at zero recoil are also presented.

The Qweak experiment has measured the parity-violating asymmetry in polarized e-p elastic scattering at Q^2 = 0.025(GeV/c)^2, employing 145 microamps of 89% longitudinally polarized electrons on a 34.4cm long liquid hydrogen target at Jefferson Lab. The results of the experiment's commissioning run are reported here, constituting approximately 4% of the data collected in the experiment. From these initial results the measured asymmetry is Aep = -279 +- 35 (statistics) +- 31 (systematics) ppb, which is the smallest and most precise asymmetry ever measured in polarized e-p scattering. The small Q^2 of this experiment has made possible the first determination of the weak charge of the proton, QpW, by incorporating earlier parity-violating electron scattering (PVES) data at higher Q^2 to constrain hadronic corrections. The value of QpW obtained in this way is QpW(PVES) = 0.064 +- 0.012, in good agreement with the Standard Model prediction of QpW(SM) = 0.0710 +- 0.0007. When this result is further combined with the Cs atomic parity violation (APV) measurement, significant constraints on the weak charges of the up and down quarks can also be extracted. That PVES+APV analysis reveals the neutron's weak charge to be QnW(PVES+APV) = -0.975 +- 0.010.

We study the behaviour of the maximal spectral multiplicity m(R{sup n}) for the powers of a weakly mixing automorphism R. For some particular infinite sets A we show that there exists a weakly mixing rank-one automorphism R such that m(R{sup n})=n and m(R{sup n+1})=1 for all positive integers n element of A. Moreover, the cardinality cardm(R{sup n}) of the set of spectral multiplicities for the power R{sup n} is shown to satisfy the conditions cardm(R{sup n+1})=1 and cardm(R{sup n})=2{sup m(n)}, m(n){yields}{infinity}, n element of A. We also construct another weakly mixing automorphism R with the following properties: all powers R{sup n} have homogeneous spectra and the set of limit points of the sequence {l_brace}m(R{sup n})/n:n element of N{r_brace} is infinite. Bibliography: 17 titles.

The Qweak experiment has measured the parity-violating asymmetry in polarized e-p elastic scattering at Q^2 = 0.025(GeV/c)^2, employing 145 microamps of 89% longitudinally polarized electrons on a 34.4cm long liquid hydrogen target at Jefferson Lab. The results of the experiment's commissioning run are reported here, constituting approximately 4% of the data collected in the experiment. From these initial results the measured asymmetry is A_e_p = -279 +- 35 (statistics) +- 31 (systematics) ppb, which is the smallest and most precise asymmetry ever measured in polarized e-p scattering. The small Q^2 of this experiment has made possible the first determination of the weak charge of the proton, Q^p_W, by incorporating earlier parity-violating electron scattering (PVES) data at higher Q^2 to constrain hadronic corrections. The value of Q^p_W obtained in this way is Q^p_W(PVES) = 0.064 +- 0.012, in good agreement with the Standard Model prediction of Q^p_W(SM) = 0.0710 +- 0.0007. When this result is further combined with the Cs atomic parity violation (APV) measurement, significant constraints on the weak charges of the up and down quarks can also be extracted. That PVES+APV analysis reveals the neutron's weak charge to be Q^n_W(PVES+APV) = -0.975 +- 0.010.

Some type III bursts are observed to undergo sudden flux modifications, e.g., reductions and intensifications, when type III beams cross shocks in the upper corona or solar wind. First simulations are presented for type III bursts perturbed by weak coronal shocks, which type III beams traverse. The simulations incorporate spatially localized jumps in plasma density and electron and ion temperatures downstream of a shock. A shock is predicted to produce significant modulations to a type III burst: (1) a broadband flux reduction or frequency gap caused by the shock's density jump, (2) a narrowband flux intensification originating from where the downstream plasma density locally has a small gradient, (3) a possible intensification from the shock front or just upstream, and (4) changes in the frequency drift rate profile and the temporal evolution of radiation flux at frequencies corresponding to the shocked plasma. The modulations are caused primarily by fundamental modifications to the radiation processes in response to the shocked density and temperatures. The predicted intensifications and reductions appear qualitatively consistent with the available small number of reported observations, although it is unclear how representative these observations are. It is demonstrated that a weak shock can cause an otherwise radio-quiet type III beam to produce observable levels of narrowband radio emission. The simulations suggest that type III bursts with frequency-time fine structures may provide a tool to probe shocks in the corona and solar wind, especially for weak shocks that do not radiate by themselves.

Li, B.; Cairns, Iver H. [School of Physics, University of Sydney, New South Wales 2006 (Australia)

of hydrogen-powered cars," he says. But a major hurdle remains: the cost of platinum metal needed to produce nothing but pure water as exhaust and clean electricity for power. At the heart of every fuel cell is an advanced plastic membrane coated with a platinum catalyst. That's where the production of electricity takes

The severity of modern combustion turbine operation is a reflection of industry competition to achieve higher thermal efficiency. This competitive stance has resulted in new turbine designs and material systems that have at times outpaced condition and remaining life assessment (CARLA) technology. These proceedings summarize a two-day workshop on CARLA technology for hot section components of large combustion turbines.

The transition between wet and dry growth for graupel and hail is examined, and new figures are presented illustrating the critical water contents necessary for transitions into or out of the wet-growth regime. These figures are extended to ...

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Based on two years experience operating four advanced gas turbines (AGT) General Electric MS 7221 FA at Martin CC of Florida Power & Light (FP&L), this guideline describes the operating and maintenance philosophy used for baseload AGT units and the integrity of the hot path components and their remaining life. The guideline will assist utilities operating the GE MS 7221FA class AGT plan inspections and comparisons with other units in this class.

Radiological characterization, decommissioning and demolition of the 132-DR-1 site, 1608-DR Effluent Pumping Station was performed in 1987. The current site conditions achieve the remedial action objectives and the corresponding remedial action goals established in the Remaining Sites ROD. Residual concentrations support future land uses that can be represented by a rural-residential scenario and pose no threat to groundwater or the Columbia River based on RESRAD modeling.

Employing the weak interaction reaction wherein a heavy electron is captured by a proton to produce a neutron and a neutrino, the neutron production rate for neutral hydrogen gases and for fully ionized plasmas is computed. Using the Coulomb atomic bound state wave functions of a neutral hydrogen gas, our production rate results are in agreement with recent estimates by Maiani {\\it et al}. Using Coulomb scattering state wave functions for the fully ionized plasma, we find a substantially enhanced neutron production rate. The scattering wave function should replace the bound state wave function for estimates of the enhanced neutron production rate on water plasma drenched cathodes of chemical cells.

The weak KAM theory predicts the survivals of invariant measures of Hamiltonian systems under large perturbations. It is the subject of an extensive research in the last few decades. The optimal mass transportation was introduced by Monge some 200 years ago and is, today, the source of large number of results in analysis, geometry and convexity. Recently, some interesting links where discovered between these two fields. Here we investigate a new, surprising link involving the metric Monge distance. In particular we get for any pair of probability measures $\\lambda^+,\\lambda^-$ a generalization of the identity

The goal of the paper is to achieve - in the special case of the linear group SL_2 - some understanding of the relation between group homology and its A^1-invariant replacement. We discuss some of the general properties of A^1-invariant group homology, such as stabilization sequences and Grothendieck-Witt module structures. Together with very precise knowledge about refined Bloch groups, these methods allow to deduce that in general there is a rather large difference between group homology and its A^1-invariant version. In other words, weak homotopy invariance fails for SL_2 over many families of non-algebraically closed fields.

Heavy-ion collisions often produce fusion barrier distributions with structures displaying a fingerprint of couplings to highly collective excitations. Similar distributions can be obtained from large-angle quasielastic scattering, although in this case, the role of the many weak direct-reaction channels is unclear. For {sup 20}Ne+{sup 90}Zr, we have observed the barrier structures expected for the highly deformed neon projectile; however, for {sup 20}Ne+{sup 92}Zr, we find significant extra absorption into a large number of noncollective inelastic channels. This leads to smearing of the barrier distribution and a consequent reduction in the ''resolving power'' of the quasielastic method.

We examine the weakly interacting atoms in an ultracold Fermi gas leading to a state of macroscopic coherence, from a theoretical perspective. It has been shown that this state can be described as a fermionic coherent state. These coherent states are the eigenstates of fermionic annihilation operators, the eigenvalues being anti-commuting numbers or Grassmann numbers. By exploiting the simple rules of Grassmann algebra and a close kinship between relations evaluated for more familiar bosonic fields and those for fermionic fields, we derive the thermodynamic limit, the spontaneous symmetry breaking and the quasi-particle spectrum of the fermionic system.

We revisit IPO underpricing and long-run performance conditioned on premarket interest. Using 4,260 non-financial IPOs during 1990-2004, we find that even IPOs faced with weak premarket interest (and consequently priced lower) are underpriced on average by 4.3 percent, which is mostly unpredicted by previous studies. In the long run, we find that low-interest IPOs have much less underperformance than high-interest IPOs over the four years after IPO. Furthermore, after controlling for size, we find little evidence for longrun underperformance in low-interest IPOs.

The weak gravity conjecture has been proposed as a criterion to distinguish the landscape from the swampland in string theory. As an application in cosmology of this conjecture, we use it to impose theoretical constraint on parameters of two types of dark energy models. Our analysis indicates that the Chaplygin-gas-type models realized in quintessence field are in the swampland, whereas the $a$ power-low decay model of the variable cosmological constant can be viable but the parameters are tightly constrained by the conjecture.

Tsung-Dao Lee, Weak Interactions, and Nonconservation of Parity Tsung-Dao Lee, Weak Interactions, and Nonconservation of Parity Resources with Additional Information Tsung-Dao Lee Courtesy of Brookhaven National Laboratory T. D. Lee "has devoted his long career to the study of the theoretical aspects of particle and nuclear physics. In 1957, Lee and Chen Ning Yang won the Nobel Prize in physics for disproving a tenet of physics known as the conservation of parity. Their finding was based on research carried out at Brookhaven's particle accelerator, the Cosmotron, while they were visiting scientists at the Laboratory in 1956. In 1997, forty years after receiving the Nobel Prize, Lee returned to Brookhaven Lab as Director of the RIKEN BNL Research Center. Japan's Institute of Physical and Chemical Research (RIKEN) and Brookhaven formed the collaboration to work on basic questions in physics. In addition to developing physics theory, the collaboration studies data produced by Brookhaven's newest accelerator, the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider, to understand the properties of quark-gluon plasma, a state of matter that scientists theorize existed near the beginning of the Universe.

The distance-redshift relation plays an important role in cosmology. In the standard approach to cosmology it is assumed that this relation is the same as in the homogeneous universe. As the real universe is not homogeneous there are several methods to calculate the correction. The weak lensing approximation and the Dyer-Roeder relation are one of them. This paper establishes a link between these two approximations. It is shown that if the universe is homogeneous with only small, vanishing after averaging, density fluctuations along the line of sight, then the distance correction is negligible. It is also shown that a vanishing 3D average of density fluctuations does not imply that the mean of density fluctuations along the line of sight is zero. In this case, even within the linear approximation, the distance correction is not negligible. The modified version of the Dyer-Roeder relation is presented and it is shown that this modified relation is consistent with the correction obtained within the weak lensing approximation. The correction to the distance for a source at z ~ 2 is of order of a few percent. Thus, with an increasing precision of cosmological observations an accurate estimation of the distance is essential. Otherwise errors due to miscalculation the distance can become a major source of systematics.

We present a quantum theory for the interaction of a two level emitter with surface plasmon polaritons confined in single-mode waveguide resonators. Based on the Green's function approach, we develop the conditions for the weak and strong coupling regimes by taking into account the sources of dissipation and decoherence: radiative and non-radiative decays, internal loss processes in the emitter, as well as propagation and leakage losses of the plasmons in the resonator. The theory is supported by numerical calculations for several quantum emitters, GaAs and CdSe quantum dots and NV centers together with different types of resonators constructed of hybrid, cylindrical or wedge waveguides. We further study the role of temperature and resonator length. Assuming realistic leakage rates, we find the existence of an optimal length at which strong coupling is possible. Our calculations show that the strong coupling regime in plasmonic resonators is accessible within current technology when working at very low temperatures (<4K). In the weak coupling regime our theory accounts for recent experimental results. By further optimization we find highly enhanced spontaneous emission with Purcell factors over 1000 at room temperature for NV-centers. We finally discuss more applications for quantum nonlinear optics and plasmon-plasmon interactions.

The 128-B-3 waste site is a former burn and disposal site for the 100-B/C Area, located adjacent to the Columbia River. The 128-B-3 waste site has been remediated to meet the remedial action objectives specified in the Remaining Sites ROD. The results of verification sampling demonstrated that residual contaminant concentrations do not preclude any future uses and allow for unrestricted use of shallow zone soils. The results of sampling at upland areas of the site also showed that residual contaminant concentrations are protective of groundwater and the Columbia River.

Hydrogenated amorphous silicon germanium films (a-SiGe:H) and devices have been extensively studied because of the tunable band gap for matching the solar spectrum and mature the fabrication techniques. a-SiGe:H thin film solar cells have great potential for commercial manufacture because of very low cost and adaptability to large-scale manufacturing. Although it has been demonstrated that a-SiGe:H thin films and devices with good quality can be produced successfully, some issues regarding growth chemistry have remained yet unexplored, such as the hydrogen and inert-gas dilution, bombardment effect, and chemical annealing, to name a few. The alloying of the SiGe introduces above an order-of-magnitude higher defect density, which degrades the performance of the a-SiGe:H thin film solar cells. This degradation becomes worse when high growth-rate deposition is required. Preferential attachment of hydrogen to silicon, clustering of Ge and Si, and columnar structure and buried dihydride radicals make the film intolerably bad. The work presented here uses the Electron-Cyclotron-Resonance Plasma-Enhanced Chemical Vapor Deposition (ECR-PECVD) technique to fabricate a-SiGe:H films and devices with high growth rates. Helium gas, together with a small amount of H{sub 2}, was used as the plasma species. Thickness, optical band gap, conductivity, Urbach energy, mobility-lifetime product, I-V curve, and quantum efficiency were characterized during the process of pursuing good materials. The microstructure of the a-(Si,Ge):H material was probed by Fourier-Transform Infrared spectroscopy. They found that the advantages of using helium as the main plasma species are: (1) high growth rate--the energetic helium ions break the reactive gas more efficiently than hydrogen ions; (2) homogeneous growth--heavy helium ions impinging on the surface promote the surface mobility of the reactive radicals, so that heteroepitaxy growth as clustering of Ge and Si, columnar structure are reduced; (3) surface hydrogen removal--heavier and more energetic helium ions break the Si-H much easier than hydrogen ions. The preferential attachment of Si-H to Ge-H is reduced. They also found that with the small amount of hydrogen put into the plasma, the superior properties of a-(Si,Ge):H made from pure hydrogen dilution plasma were still maintained. These hydrogen ions help to remove the subsurface weakly bonded hydrogen and buried hydrogen. They also help to passivate the Ge-dangling bond.

We explore new physics scenarios which are optimally probed through precision Higgs measurements rather than direct collider searches. Such theories consist of additional electroweak charged or singlet states which couple directly to or mix with the Higgs boson; particles of this kind may be weakly constrained by direct limits due to their meager production rates and soft decay products. We present a simplified framework which characterizes the effects of these states on Higgs physics by way of tree level mixing (with neutral scalars) and loop level modifications (from electrically charged states), all expressed in terms of three mixing angles and three loop parameters, respectively. The theory parameters are constrained and in some cases even fixed by ratios of Higgs production and decay rates. Our setup is simpler than a general effective operator analysis, in that we discard parameters irrelevant to Higgs observables while retaining complex correlations among measurements that arise due to the underlying m...

Due to the breaking of gauge symmetry in rotating superfluid Helium, the inertial mass of a vortex diverges with the vortex size. The vortex inertial mass is thus much higher than the classical inertial mass of the vortex core. An equal increase of the vortex gravitational mass is questioned. The possibility that the vortices in a rotating superfluid could break the weak equivalence principle in relation with a variable speed of light in the superfluid vacuum is debated. Experiments to test this possibility are investigated on the bases that superfluid Helium vortices would not fall, under the single influence of a uniform gravitational field, at the same rate as the rest of the superfluid Helium mass.

The existence of new transport phenomena associated to the presence of quantum anomalies has atracted very recently the attention of theorist. These transport coefficient have very interesting properties, for example, they do not renormalize. The most famous case of anomaly induced transport phenomena is the Chiral Magnetic Effect, in which an electric current is produced by a magnetic field if the system has a different number of right handed fermions respect the left handed one. In this thesis we have studied those transport coefficients from Kubo formulas at weak and strong coupling. To finish a fluid/gravity approach is used to compute all the second order anomalous coefficients in an anomalous conformal fluid.

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The superstable Weakly Imperfect Bose Gas {(WIBG)} was originally derived to solve the inconsistency of the Bogoliubov theory of superfluidity. Its grand-canonical thermodynamics was recently solved but not at {point of} the {(first order)} phase transition. This paper proposes to close this gap by using the large deviations formalism and in particular the analysis of the Kac distribution function. It turns out that, as a function of the chemical potential, the discontinuity of the Bose condensate density at the phase transition {point} disappears as a function of the particle density. Indeed, the Bose condensate continuously starts at the first critical particle density and progressively grows but the free-energy per particle stays constant until the second critical density is reached. At higher particle densities, the Bose condensate density as well as the free-energy per particle both increase {monotonously}.

Weak lensing applied to deep optical images of clusters of galaxies provides a powerful tool to reconstruct the distribution of the gravitating mass associated to these structures. We use the shear signal extracted by an analysis of deep exposures of a region centered around the galaxy cluster Abell 209, at redshift z=0.2, to derive both a map of the projected mass distribution and an estimate of the total mass within a characteristic radius. We use a series of deep archival R-band images from CFHT-12k, covering an area of 0.3 deg^2. We determine the shear of background galaxy images using a new implementation of the modified Kaiser-Squires-Broadhurst pipeline for shear determination, which we has been tested against the ``Shear TEsting Program 1 and 2'' simulations. We use mass aperture statistics to produce maps of the 2 dimensional density distribution, and parametric fits using both Navarro-Frenk-White (NFW) and singular-isothermal-sphere profiles to constrain the total mass. The projected mass distribution shows a pronounced asymmetry, with an elongated structure extending from the SE to the NW. This is in general agreement with the optical distribution previously found by other authors. A similar elongation was previously detected in the X-ray emission map, and in the distribution of galaxy colours. The circular NFW mass profile fit gives a total mass of M_{200} = 7.7^{+4.3}_{-2.7} 10^{14} solar masses inside the virial radius r_{200} = 1.8\\pm 0.3 Mpc. The weak lensing profile reinforces the evidence for an elongated structure of Abell 209, as previously suggested by studies of the galaxy distribution and velocities.

We present a microscopic calculation of the 6He beta-decay into the ground state of 6Li. To this end we use the impulse approximation to describe the nuclear weak current. The ground state wave functions are obtained from the solution of the nuclear 6-body problem. The nucleonnucleon interaction is described via the J-matrix inverse scattering potential (JISP), and the nuclear problem is solved using the hyperspherical-harmonics approach. This approach results in numerical accuracy of about 2 per mil in the transition matrix element. Bearing in mind that the contribution of meson-exchange currents to the transition matrix element is about 5%, these results pave the way for accurate estimation of their effect.

It is conventionally assumed that the growth of monodisperse colloidal nanocrystals requires a temporally discrete nucleation followed by monomer attachment onto the existing nuclei. However, recent studies have reported violations of this classical growth model, and have suggested that inter-particle interactions are also involved during the growth. Mechanisms of nanocrystal growth still remain controversial. Using in situ transmission electron microscopy, we show that platinum nanocrystals can grow either by monomer attachment from solution onto the existing particles or by coalescence between the particles. Surprisingly, an initially broad size distribution of the nanocrystals can spontaneously narrow. We suggest that nanocrystals take different pathways of growth based on their size- and morphology-dependent internal energies. These observations are expected to be highly relevant for other nanocrystal systems.

The investigation of damage propagation mechanisms on a selected safety-critical component or structure requires the quantification of its remaining useful life (RUL) to verify until when it can continue performing the required function. In this work, ... Keywords: Bayesian techniques, Fatigue crack growth, Prognostics, Relevance vector machine, Residual useful life, Support vector machine

With the yearly increase of export proportion in China's economy, China's economic growth is relying more and more on export. In the current case of weak external demand, Exports plays an important role in the stability of China's future economic development. ... Keywords: export dependence, marginal propensity to export, export rebate

OF A FRACKING FIRESTORMBY TIM LUCAS 4 dukenvironment #12;dukenvironment 2 COVER STORY 4 IN THE MIDST OF A FRACKING FIRESTORM Nicholas Researchers Lay Groundwork to Better Understand the Environmental Effects Abundance of Krill in Ice-Free Waters May be `Bad News' in Long Run 14 PERSONALLY SPEAKING: Fracking

The weak mixing parameter, sin{sup 2} {theta}{sub w}, is one of the fundamental parameters of the Standard Model. Its tree-level value has been measured with high precision at energies near the Z{sup 0} pole; however, due to radiative corrections at the one-loop level, the value of sin{sup 2} {theta}{sub w} is expected to change with the interaction energy. As a result, a measurement of sin{sup 2} {theta}{sub w} at low energy (Q{sup 2} << m{sub Z}, where Q{sup 2} is the momentum transfer and m{sub Z} is the Z boson mass), provides a test of the Standard Model at the one-loop level, and a probe for new physics beyond the Standard Model. One way of obtaining sin{sup 2} {theta}{sub w} at low energy is from measuring the left-right, parity-violating asymmetry in electron-electron (Moeller) scattering: A{sub PV} = {sigma}{sub R}-{sigma}{sub L}/{sigma}{sub R}+{sigma}{sub L}, where {sigma}{sub R} and {sigma}{sub L} are the cross sections for right- and left-handed incident electrons, respectively. The parity violating asymmetry is proportional to the pseudo-scalar weak neutral current coupling in Moeller scattering, g{sub ee}. At tree level g{sub ee} = (1/4 -sin{sup 2} {theta}{sub w}). A precision measurement of the parity-violating asymmetry in Moeller scattering was performed by Experiment E158 at the Stanford Linear Accelerator Center (SLAC). During the experiment, {approx}50 GeV longitudinally polarized electrons scattered off unpolarized atomic electrons in a liquid hydrogen target, corresponding to an average momentum transfer Q{sup 2} {approx} 0.03 (GeV/c){sup 2}. The tree-level prediction for A{sub PV} at such energy is {approx}300 ppb. However one-loop radiative corrections reduce its value by {approx}40%. This document reports the E158 results from the 2002 data collection period. The parity-violating asymmetry was found to be A{sub PV} = -160 {+-} 21 (stat.) {+-} 17 (syst.) ppb, which represents the first observation of a parity-violating asymmetry in Moeller scattering. This value corresponds to a weak mixing angle at Q{sup 2} = 0.026 (GeV/c){sup 2} of sin{sup 2} {theta}{sub w{ovr MS}} = 0.2379 {+-} 0.0016 (stat.) {+-} 0.0013 (syst.), which is -0.3 standard deviations away from the Standard Model prediction: sin{sup 2} {theta}{sub w{ovr MS}}{sup predicted} = 0.2385 {+-} 0.0006 (theory). The E158 measurement of sin{sup 2} {theta}{sub w} at a precision of {delta}(sin{sup 2} {theta}{sub w}) = 0.0020 provides new physics sensitivity at the TeV scale.

We report a method for accurate growth of vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers (VCSELs). The method uses a single reflectivity spectrum measurement to determine the structure of the partially completed VCSEL at a critical point of growth. This information, along with the extracted growth rates, allows imprecisions in growth parameters to be compensated for during growth of the remaining structure, which can then be completed with very accurate critical dimensions. Using this method, we can now routinely grow lasing VCSELs with Fabry-Perot cavity resonance wavelengths controlled to within 0.5%.

The 100-F-50 waste site, part of the 100-FR-2 Operable Unit, is a steel stormwater runoff culvert that runs between two railroad grades in the south-central portion of the 100-F Area. The culvert exiting the west side of the railroad grade is mostly encased in concrete and surrounded by a concrete stormwater collection depression partially filled with soil and vegetation. The drain pipe exiting the east side of the railroad grade embankment is partially filled with soil and rocks. The 100-F-50 stormwater diversion culvert confirmatory sampling results support a reclassification of this site to no action. The current site conditions achieve the remedial action objectives and corresponding remedial action goals established in the Remaining Sites ROD. The results of confirmatory sampling show that residual contaminant concentrations do not preclude any future uses and allow for unrestricted use of shallow zone soils. The results also demonstrate that residual contaminant concentrations are protective of groundwater and the Columbia River.

We detect the weak gravitational lensing distortion of 450,000 background galaxies (20projected radius of 200 \\hkpc, the shear profile is consistent with an isothermal profile with circular velocity 164+-20 km/s for an L* galaxy, consistent with typical disk rotation at this luminosity. This halo mass normalization, combined with the halo profile derived by Fischer et al (2000) from lensing analysis SDSS data, places a lower limit of (2.7+-0.6) x 10^{12}h^{-1} solar masses on the mass of an L* galaxy halo, in good agreement with satellite galaxy studies. Given the known luminosity function of LCRS galaxies, and the assumption that $M\\propto L^\\beta$ for galaxies, we determine that the mass within 260\\hkpc of normal galaxies contributes $\\Omega=0.16\\pm0.03$ to the density of the Universe (for $\\beta=1$) or $\\Omega=0.24\\pm0.06$ for $\\beta=0.5$. These lensing data suggest that $0.6agreement with the usual $\\beta\\approx0.5$ Faber-Jackson or Tully-Fisher scaling. This is the most complete direct inventory of the matter content of the Universe to date.

The Bose-Einstein (BE) condensates of weakly interacting bosons in a strong gravity field, such as AGN (Active Galactic Nuclei), BHs (black holes) and neutron stars, are discussed. Being bound systems in gravity fields, these are stable reservoirs for the Higgs bosons, and vector bosons of Z and W as well as supersymmetric bosons. Upon gravitational disturbances, such as a gravitational collapse, these objects are relieved from the BE condensate bound states and decay or interact with each other freely. Using the repulsive nature of gravity at short distances which was obtained by the present author as quantum corrections to gravity, the particles produced by the decays or interactions of the bosons liberated from BE condensates can be emitted outside the horizon for our observation. It is suggested that the recently observed gamma ray peak at 129.8 +- 2.4 GeV from FERMI Large Area Telescope may be evidence for the existence of the Higgs boson condensates. The BE condensates of supersymmetric bosons are the most likely sources for the gamma rays from DMP (dark matter particle) and anti-DMP collisions. It is shown that the said process from DMPs spread in the galaxy is too small for the incident DMP with the intensity of the cosmic ray energy spectrum.

The understanding of interactions between double stranded (ds) DNA and charged nanoparticles will have a broad bearing on many important applications from drug delivery [ 1 4 ] to DNAtemplated metallization. [ 5 , 6 ] Cationic nanoparticles (NPs) can bind to DNA, a negatively charged molecule, through a combination of electrostatic attraction, groove binding, and intercalation. Such binding events induce changes in the conformation of a DNA strand. In nature, DNA wraps around a cylindrical protein assembly (diameter and height of 6 nm) [ 7 ] with an 220 positive charge, [ 8 ] creating the complex known as chromatin. Wrapping and bending of DNA has also been achieved in the laboratory through the binding of highly charged species such as molecular assemblies, [ 9 , 10 ] cationic dendrimers, [ 11 , 12 ] and nanoparticles. [ 13 15 ] The charge of a nanoparticle plays a crucial role in its ability to induce DNA structural changes. If a nanoparticle has a highly positive surface charge density, the DNA is likely to wrap and bend upon binding to the nanoparticle [ 13 ] (as in the case of chromatin). On the other hand, if a nanoparticle is weakly charged it will not induce dsDNA compaction. [ 9 , 10 , 15 ] Consequently, there is a transition zone from extended to compact DNA conformations which depends on the chemical nature of the nanoparticle and occurs for polycations with charges between 5 and 10. [ 9 ] While the interactions between highly charged NPs and DNA have been extensively studied, the processes that occur within the transition zone are less explored.

The E158 experiment at SLAC has made the first measurement of parity violation in electron-electron (Moeller) scattering. The authors report a preliminary result using 50% of the accumulated data sample for the right-left parity-violating cross-section asymmetry (A{sub PV}) in the elastic scattering of 45 and 48 GeV polarized electron beams with unpolarized electrons in a liquid hydrogen target. They find A{sub PV} = (-160 {+-} 21(stat.) {+-} 17(syst.)) {center_dot} 10{sup -9}, with a significance of 6.3{sigma} for observing parity violation. In the context of the Standard Model, this yields a measurement of the weak mixing angle, sin{sup 2} {theta}{sub W}{sup {ovr MS}} (Q{sup 2} = 0.026GeV{sup 2}) = 0.2379 {+-} 0.0016(stat.) {+-} 0.0013(syst.). They also present preliminary results for the first observation of a single-spin transverse asymmetry in Moeller scattering.

Using the Vlasov-Maxwell system of equations, the dispersion relations for the perpendicular propagating modes (i.e., X-mode, O-mode, and upper hybrid mode) are derived for a weakly magnetized relativistic degenerate electron plasma. By using the density (n{sub 0}=p{sub F}{sup 3}/3{pi}{sup 2} Planck-Constant-Over-Two-Pi {sup 3}) and the magnetic field values for different relativistic degenerate environments, the propagation characteristics (i.e., cutoff points, resonances, dispersions, and band widths in k-space) of these modes are examined. It is observed that the relativistic effects suppress the effect of ambient magnetic field and therefore the cutoff and resonance points shift towards the lower frequency regime resulting in enhancement of the propagation domain. The dispersion relations of these modes for the non-relativistic limit (p{sub F}{sup 2} Much-Less-Than m{sub 0}{sup 2}c{sup 2}) and the ultra-relativistic limit (p{sub F}{sup 2} Much-Greater-Than m{sub 0}{sup 2}c{sup 2}) are also presented.

The dependence of waterflood oil recovery on relative permeability, capillary pressure, and reservoir parameters was investigated by numerical simulation. The relative permeability and capillary pressure curves were based on laboratory measurements on unconsolidated sands. The water-wet case is based on the assumption that the system is water-wet and measurements were made with refined oil. The mixed-wet case assumed that the system is mixed-wet and restored-state measurements were made with crude oil. The reservoir model was a prototype turbidite sand with a range of thickness and permeability values. The economic oil recovery was based on an economic limit water cut of 50%. The remaining oil saturation (ROS) in the swept region for the water-wet cases was close to the residual oil saturation. The ROS of the mixed-wet cases ranged from low values near the residual oil saturation to far above the residual oil saturation. It is dependent on the reservoir parameters that govern (1) the vertical film surface drainage of oil by gravity, (2) accumulation of a high oil saturation and thus a high relative permeability under the caprock, and (3) up-dip migration of the oil that accumulated under the caprock. The dependence on the reservoir parameters can be summarized by dimensionless groups. There is a dimensionless time for the vertical displacement of oil by gravity. The accumulation of a high oil saturation under the caprock is dependent on the ratio of the capillary transition zone and the sand thickness. The updip migration is dependent on a combination of the gravity number and the endpoint mobility ratio.

The skeletal remains of 51 individuals from the Old Socorro Mission (OSM) were analyzed to provide both a demographic profile and an assessment of their health. According to Spanish documents, the mission, which was in use from 1684 to 1829, served the Spanish families and Piro Indians who were living at the settlement. Of the 51 burials recovered, 23 of the adults were identifiable as to sex: 15 males and 8 females. All age categories were represented: one fetal, 15 infants, five in early childhood, three in late childhood, one adolescent/adult, 19 adults, and seven old adults. Physical characteristics, such as stature and robusticity were also determined. Stature estimates of the OSM sample did not differ significantly from other Indian groups from the region. Visual observation of the OSM sample indicated that the population appeared to be sexually robust. The males and females displayed a pronounced degree of skeletal dimorphism both in stature and other discrete traits. Examination of the dentition revealed numerous pathological conditions. The OSM population displayed a high frequency of cariogenic activity, enamel hypoplasia, abscessing, antemortem tooth loss, alveolar resorption, and periodontal infection. Dental anomalies, shoveling and enamel wrinkling, were also present. The OSM sample revealed numerous skeletal pathological conditions. Degenerative joint disease, infectious disease, neoplasias, traumatic injuries, and skeletal dysplasias were evident in both sexes. Anomalous features were also identified, such as developmental and cultural modifications. The high frequency of developmental variations is suggestive of a small breeding population with restricted gene flow. The lack of skeletal lesions with dietary imbalances suggests that the OSM people were well nourished. However, the high incidence of degenerative joint disease suggests that the Piro Indians. suffered a great amount of physical stress.

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We explore new physics scenarios which are optimally probed through precision Higgs measurements rather than direct collider searches. Such theories consist of additional electroweak charged or singlet states which couple directly to or mix with the Higgs boson; particles of this kind may be weakly constrained by direct limits due to their meager production rates and soft decay products. We present a simplified framework which characterizes the effects of these states on Higgs physics by way of tree level mixing (with neutral scalars) and loop level modifications (from electrically charged states), all expressed in terms of three mixing angles and three loop parameters, respectively. The theory parameters are constrained and in some cases even fixed by ratios of Higgs production and decay rates. Our setup is simpler than a general effective operator analysis, in that we discard parameters irrelevant to Higgs observables while retaining complex correlations among measurements that arise due to the underlying mixing and radiative effects. We show that certain correlated observations are forbidden, e.g. a depleted ratio of Higgs production from gluon fusion versus vector boson fusion together with a depleted ratio of Higgs decays to bb versus WW. Moreover, we study the strong correlation between the Higgs decay rate to gamma gamma and WW and how it can be violated in the presence of additional electrically charged particles. Our formalism maps straightforwardly onto a variety of new physics models, such as the NMSSM. We show, for example, that with a Higgsino of mass > 100 GeV and a singlet-Higgs coupling of lambda=0.7, the photon signal strength can deviate from the vector signal strength by up to ~ 40-60% while depleting the vector signal strength by only 5-15% relative to the Standard Model.

The intracluster medium (ICM) of galaxy clusters is a weakly collisional plasma in which the transport of heat and momentum occurs primarily along magnetic-field lines. Anisotropic heat conduction allows convective instabilities to be driven by temperature gradients of either sign: the magnetothermal instability (MTI) in the outskirts of clusters and the heat-flux buoyancy-driven instability (HBI) in their cooling cores. We employ the Athena magnetohydrodynamic code to investigate the nonlinear evolution of these instabilities, self-consistently including the effects of anisotropic viscosity (i.e., Braginskii pressure anisotropy), anisotropic conduction, and radiative cooling. We find that, in all but the innermost regions of cool-core clusters, anisotropic viscosity significantly impairs the ability of the HBI to reorient magnetic-field lines orthogonal to the temperature gradient. Thus, while radio-mode feedback appears necessary in the central few Multiplication-Sign 10 kpc, heat conduction may be capable of offsetting radiative losses throughout most of a cool core over a significant fraction of the Hubble time. Magnetically aligned cold filaments are then able to form by local thermal instability. Viscous dissipation during cold filament formation produces accompanying hot filaments, which can be searched for in deep Chandra observations of cool-core clusters. In the case of MTI, anisotropic viscosity leads to a nonlinear state with a folded magnetic field structure in which field-line curvature and field strength are anti-correlated. These results demonstrate that, if the HBI and MTI are relevant for shaping the properties of the ICM, one must self-consistently include anisotropic viscosity in order to obtain even qualitatively correct results.

Sensor nodes are very weak computers that get distributed at random on a surface. Once deployed, they must wake up and form a radio network. Sensor network bootstrapping research thus has three parts: One must model the restrictions on sensor nodes; ... Keywords: Ad hoc network, contention resolution, maximal independent set, radio network, random geometric graphs, sensor network, weak sensor model

A general, uniform, rigorous and constructive thermodynamic approach to weakly nonlocal non-equilibrium thermodynamics is reviewed. A method is given to construct and restrict the evolution equations of physical theories according to the Second Law of thermodynamics and considering weakly nonlocal constitutive state spaces. The evolution equations of internal variables, the classical irreversible thermodynamics and Korteweg fluids are treated.

Focusing of weak shock waves and the von Neumann paradox of oblique shock reflection Esteban G of weak shock waves at small angles are considered: the focusing of curved fronts at a&es, the transition between regular and irregular reflection of oblique shock waves on rigid walls and the diffraction

A seed-based framework for textual information extraction allows for weakly supervised extraction of named entities from anonymized Web search queries. The extraction is guided by a small set of seed named entities, without any need for handcrafted extraction ... Keywords: knowledge acquisition, named entities, query logs, unstructured text, weakly supervised information extraction

We examine the effectiveness of the weak gravity conjecture in constraining the dark energy by comparing with observations. For general dark energy models with plausible phenomenological interactions between dark sectors, we find that although the weak gravity conjecture can constrain the dark energy, the constraint is looser than that from the observations.

Faced with closure schedules as a driving force, significant progress has been made during the last 2 years on the disposition of DOE mixed waste streams thought previously to be problematic. Generators, the Department of Energy and commercial vendors have combined to develop unique disposition paths for former orphan streams. Recent successes and remaining issues will be discussed. The session will also provide an opportunity for Federal agencies to share lessons learned on low- level and mixed low-level waste challenges and identify opportunities for future collaboration. This panel discussion was organized by PAC member Dick Blauvelt, Navarro Research and Engineering Inc who served as co-chair along with Dave Eaton from INL. In addition, George Antonucci, Duratek Barnwell and Rich Conley, AFSC were invited members of the audience, prepared to contribute the Barnwell and DOD perspective to the issues as needed. Mr. Small provide information regarding the five year 20K M3 window of opportunity at the Nevada Test Site for DOE contractors to dispose of mixed waste that cannot be received at the Energy Solutions (Envirocare) site in Utah because of activity levels. He provided a summary of the waste acceptance criteria and the process sites must follow to be certified to ship. When the volume limit or time limit is met, the site will undergo a RCRA closure. Ms. Gelles summarized the status of the orphan issues, commercial options and the impact of the EM reorganization on her program. She also announced that there would be a follow-on meeting in 2006 to the very successful St. Louis meeting of last year. It will probably take place in Chicago in July. Details to be announced. Mr. McKenney discussed progress made at the Hanford Reservation regarding disposal of their mixed waste inventory. The news is good for the Hanford site but not good for the rest of the DOE complex since shipment for out of state of both low level and low level mixed waste will continue to be prohibited until the completion of a new NEPA study. This is anticipated to take several years. Bill Franz from Portsmouth and Dave Eaton representing the INL provided the audience with information regarding some of the problematic mixed waste streams at their respective sites. Portsmouth has some unique radiological issues with isotopes such as Tc-99 while the INL is trying to deal with mixed waste in the 10-100 nCi/g range. Kaylin Loveland spoke of the new,Energy Solutions organization and provided information on mixed waste treatment capabilities at the Clive site. Mike Lauer described the licensing activities at the WCS site in Texas where they are trying to eventually have disposal capabilities for Class A, B and C mixed waste from both DOE and the commercial sector. The audience included about 75 WM'06 attendees who asked some excellent questions and provided an active and informative exchange of information on the topic. (authors)

ionizing radiation induces tumor growth promoting factors in ionizing radiation induces tumor growth promoting factors in stress-induced premature senescent fibroblasts David Boothman University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas Abstract Recent evidence suggest that the causes of cancer development are not limited to mutations within cancer cells, but also involve in alterations of cancer microenvironment. Senescent cells are irreversibly growth arrested, but remain metabolically active. Senescent cells, especially senescent fibroblasts in the stroma may provide a beneficial environment for tumor growth through secretion of certain factors. Accumulation of senescent cells in the stroma of patients repeatedly exposed to low doses of IR or low dose rates of IR, could be an important factor, causing alteration of the microenvironment that ultimately benefits tumor

Global climate models require accurate and rapid computation of the radiative transfer through the atmosphere. Correlated-k methods are often used. One of the approximations used in correlated-k models is the weakline approximation. We introduce an approximation T/sub g/ which reduces to the weak-line limit when optical depths are small, and captures the deviation from the weak-line limit as the extinction deviates from the weak-line limit. This approximation is constructed to match the first two moments of the gamma distribution to the k-distribution of the transmission. We compare the errors of the weak-line approximation with T/sub g/ in the context of a water vapor spectrum. The extension T/sub g/ is more accurate and converges more rapidly than the weak-line approximation.

Plant Tumor Growth Rates Plant Tumor Growth Rates Name: Gina and Maria Location: N/A Country: N/A Date: N/A Question: We are doing a science fair project on if B. Carotene, Green tea, and Grape Seed Extract helps plants against the crown gall disease. We injected sunflowers with agrobacterium tum. one week ago (Sun. Feb. 27, 2000). Our questions is how long will it take for the tumors to grow? We scratched the surface of the stems and injected the agrobacterium in the wound. Also which do you think, in your opinion, will do the best, if any? Our science fair is April 13, do you think we'll have growth before then, atleast enough time to do our conclusion and results? Thank you, any information you forward will be very helpful. Replies: Sunflowers form galls relatively quickly. I usually get them in two weeks at least. Good luck.

govMeasurementsHygroscopic growth govMeasurementsHygroscopic growth ARM Data Discovery Browse Data Comments? We would love to hear from you! Send us a note below or call us at 1-888-ARM-DATA. Send Measurement : Hygroscopic growth The rate that aerosol particles grow at relative humidity values less than 100 percent. Categories Aerosols Instruments The above measurement is considered scientifically relevant for the following instruments. Refer to the datastream (netcdf) file headers of each instrument for a list of all available measurements, including those recorded for diagnostic or quality assurance purposes. ARM Instruments AOS : Aerosol Observing System SMPS : Scanning mobility particle sizer TDMA : Tandem Differential Mobility Analyzer Field Campaign Instruments AOS : Aerosol Observing System

Pollution adn Plant Growth Pollution adn Plant Growth Name: Virdina Location: N/A Country: N/A Date: N/A Question: What are the effcts off water polltuion on plant growth? Are there any good websites where I can find current or on going research being done by other scientist? Replies: Dear Virdina, Possibly helpful: http://www.ec.gc.ca/water/en/manage/poll/e_poll.htm http://www.epa.vic.gov.au/wq/info/wq987.htm Sincerely, Anthony R. Brach This is a very complicated question, there are so many different types of water pollution and different species of plants react very differently. Good places to start are the U.S. environmental protection agency, the office of water is at: http://www.epa.gov/ow/ and there is a link to a kid's page from there: http://www.epa.gov/OST/KidsStuff/ You might also try state EPA's, Illinois is at:

Monthly economic diversity column for the Tri-City Herald (May 2012) - excerpt follows: It’s been a while since I’ve updated you on the Tri-Cities Research District, most certainly not for lack of new activity over the past several months. In fact, much has happened, and there’s more to come. I think many of us see new land development and construction as indicative of current or impending economic growth. So those of you who have ventured into North Richland either via Stevens Drive or George Washington Way lately have probably begun sensing and anticipating that such growth is afoot.

Sample records for growth remain weak from the National Library of Energy Beta (NLEBeta)

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they are not comprehensive nor are they the most current set.
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Abstract. We study the impact of growth and growth accelerations on poverty and inequality in Indonesia using a new panel dataset covering 26 provinces over the period 1977-2010. This new dataset allows us to distinguish between mining and non-mining sectors of the economy. We find that growth in non-mining significantly reduces poverty and inequality. In contrast, overall growth and growth in mining appears to have no effect on poverty and inequality. We also identify growth acceleration episodes defined by at least four consecutive years of positive growth in GDP per capita. Growth acceleration in non-mining reduces poverty and inequality whereas growth acceleration in mining increases poverty. We expect that the degree of forward and backward linkages of mining and non-mining sectors explain the asymmetric result. Our results are robust to state and year fixed effects, state specific trends, and instrumental variable estimation with rainfall and humidity as instruments.

Texture, the preference for a particular crystallographic orientation in polycrystalline materials, plays an important role in controlling such diverse materials properties as corrosion resistance, recording density in magnetic media and electrical transport in superconductors [1]. Without texture, polycrystalline oxide superconductors contain many high-angle, weak-linked grain boundaries which reduce critical current densities by several orders of magnitude [2]. One approach for inducing texture in oxide superconductors has been the epitaxial growth of films on rolling-assisted biaxially-textured substrates (RABiTS) [3]. In this approach, rolled Ni foils are recrystallized under conditions that lead to a high degree of biaxial {l_brace}001{r_brace}<100> cube texture. Subsequent deposition of epitaxial oxide buffer layers (typically CeO{sub 2} and YSZ as chemical barriers) and superconducting YBCO preserves the lattice alignment, eliminating high-angle boundaries and enabling high critical current densities, J{sub c} > 10{sup 6}/cm{sup 2}. Conventional x-ray diffraction using {omega}- and {phi}-scans typically shows macroscopic biaxial texture to within {approx}5{sup o}-10{sup o} FWHM for all layers, but does not describe the local microstructural features that control the materials properties. Understanding and controlling the local texture and microstructural evolution of processes associated with heteroepitaxial growth, differential thermal contraction and cracking remain significant challenges in this complex system [4], as well as in many other technologically important thin-film applications.

Texture, the preference for a particular crystallographic orientation in polycrystalline materials, plays an important role in controlling such diverse materials properties as corrosion resistance, recording density in magnetic media and electrical transport in superconductors [1]. Without texture, polycrystalline oxide superconductors contain many high-angle, weak-linked grain boundaries which reduce critical current densities by several orders of magnitude [2]. One approach for inducing texture in oxide superconductors has been the epitaxial growth of films on rolling-assisted biaxially-textured substrates (RABiTS) [3]. In this approach, rolled Ni foils are recrystallized under conditions that lead to a high degree of biaxial {l_brace}001{r_brace} cube texture. Subsequent deposition of epitaxial oxide buffer layers (typically CeO{sub 2} and YSZ as chemical barriers) and superconducting YBCO preserves the lattice alignment, eliminating high-angle boundaries and enabling high critical current densities, J{sub c} > 10{sup 6}/cm{sup 2}. Conventional x-ray diffraction using {omega}- and {phi}-scans typically shows macroscopic biaxial texture to within {approx}5{sup o}-10{sup o} FWHM for all layers, but does not describe the local microstructural features that control the materials properties. Understanding and controlling the local texture and microstructural evolution of processes associated with heteroepitaxial growth, differential thermal contraction and cracking remain significant challenges in this complex system [4], as well as in many other technologically important thin-film applications.

Studies of superfluid 4He weak-links require calibration constants which permit the determination of the pressure and temperature differences which drive Josephson oscillations. We describe a technique for calibrating 4He weak-link cells in which a heater is used to induce fountain pressures detected by the deflection of a diaphragm. The technique determines the diaphragm spring constant, the inner cell volume, and the thermal conductance of the inner cells walls. This information is used to convert the measured deflection of the diaphragm into the total chemical potential difference across the weak link.

A method and apparatus for evaluating structural weaknesses in polymer matrix composites is described. An object to be studied is illuminated with laser radiation and fluorescence emanating therefrom is collected and filtered. The fluorescence is then imaged and the image is studied to determine fluorescence intensity over the surface of the object being studied and the wavelength of maximum fluorescent intensity. Such images provide a map of the structural integrity of the part being studied and weaknesses, particularly weaknesses created by exposure of the object to heat, are readily visible in the image.

Growth in Solar Means Growth in Ohio Growth in Solar Means Growth in Ohio Growth in Solar Means Growth in Ohio October 6, 2010 - 2:26pm Addthis Lorelei Laird Writer, Energy Empowers Editor's Note: Yesterday Secretary Chu announced that solar panels and a solar hot water heater will be added to the White House by the end of next spring. This entry is cross-posted from the Energy Empowers blog and deals with how the continued growth of solar power is not only a boon for industry, but for local economies as well. The solar industry saw growth in 2010. Market research company Solarbuzz reports that global demand soared by 54 percent in the second quarter of 2010. The research firm reports that in the United States, the annual number of total watts installed moved from 485 MW in all of 2009 to 2.3 GW

Growth in Solar Means Growth in Ohio Growth in Solar Means Growth in Ohio Growth in Solar Means Growth in Ohio October 6, 2010 - 2:26pm Addthis Lorelei Laird Writer, Energy Empowers Editor's Note: Yesterday Secretary Chu announced that solar panels and a solar hot water heater will be added to the White House by the end of next spring. This entry is cross-posted from the Energy Empowers blog and deals with how the continued growth of solar power is not only a boon for industry, but for local economies as well. The solar industry saw growth in 2010. Market research company Solarbuzz reports that global demand soared by 54 percent in the second quarter of 2010. The research firm reports that in the United States, the annual number of total watts installed moved from 485 MW in all of 2009 to 2.3 GW

We investigate the exact analytic solutions for the growths of the dark matter and the baryon in sub-horizon scale. The growth of the dark matter $\\delta_{\\DM}$ is related to that of the halos. Thus, the exact solution for the growth of the dark matter is important to obtain the proper properties of dark matter halos. However, the dark energy model dependence of $\\delta_{\\DM}$ is confused with the $\\delta_{\\DM}$ dependence on $\\Omega_{m}^{0}$. Thus, the careful investigation is necessary for the $\\delta_{\\DM}$ dependence on dark energy models. We also obtain the exact solution of the growth of the baryon $\\delta_{\\B}$ which can be used to obtain the baryon bias factor $b(a)$. This might be able to be observed in intracluster gas or in Lyman-$\\alpha$ clouds. However, $b(a)$ is quite model independent. Recently, we obtained the exact analytic solution for the growing mode solution of the matter linear density perturbation $\\delta$ on sub-horizon scale for general dark energy model \\cite{SK}. This solution is not same as the well known approximate analytic solution \\cite{Waga}. The exact analytic solution shows the same evolution behavior of the growth factor obtained numerically. However, the exact solution is simple and useful for the extension to other models including modified gravity theories. Furthermore, it guides to the fact that the growth index parameter depends on both models $\\omega_{\\de}$ and $\\Omega_{m}^{0}$ and thus we need to be careful for applying the fitting formulae to the general models \\cite{WS}. The exact analytic solutions for the growth factor will provide the more accurate tools for the weak lensing, the number density of clusters, their mass and etc.

This paper describes a case of unexpected weak cyclogenesis over the northwestern Gulf of Mexico from 16 to 19 September 1984 based upon manually prepared and European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) gridded analyses. Noteworthy ...

The applicability of a weak temperature gradient (WTG) formulation for the reorganization of tropical climate during El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) events is investigated. This idealized dynamical framework solves for the divergent portion ...

Three-dimensional empirical orthogonal functions (EOFs), representing atmospheric turbulence structures, are determined from a large-eddy simulation of a weakly convective, planetary boundary layer. The method of analysis is based on Lumley's ...

A kinematic, dynamic, and thermodynamic analysis of a weakly sheared, airmass thunderstorm observed over northern Alabama is presented. Most notable is the fact that the dominant cell in this storm closely resembles the Byers and Braham model for ...

Microphysical measurements in and near the weak echo region of a supercell thunderstorm are discussed. The observations were made in southeastern Montana with an armored T-28 aircraft, which has the capability to measure hydrometeors over almost ...

Great Powers often adopt coercive strategies, threatening or using limited force to convince weak states to comply with their demands. While coercive strategies have succeeded in just over half of asymmetric crises since ...

The major objective of this study was to analyze the mean structure and evolution of the nocturnal boundary layer (NBL) under strong and weak wind conditions. Meteorological data collected during the plume-validation experiment conducted by the ...

A critical assessment is made of several different approaches that can be used for modeling near-source diffusion in weak winds, including the calm condition. For the convective boundary layer, the statistical theory approach is used in ...

Residual currents induced by asymmetric tidal mixing were examined for weakly stratified, narrow estuaries using analytical and numerical models. The analytical model is an extension of the work of R. K. McCarthy, with the addition of tidal ...

The performance of coherent Doppler lidar in the weak-signal regime is investigated by computer simulations of velocity estimators that accumulate the signal from N pulses of zero-mean complex Gaussian stationary lidar data described by a ...

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In this idealized numerical modeling study, the composition of residual sediment fluxes in energetic (e.g., weakly or periodically stratified) tidal estuaries is investigated by means of one-dimensional water column models, with some focus on the ...

This thesis examines the dynamics of equable climates. The underlying physics of two mechanisms by which weak meridional temperature gradients might be maintained are studied. First, I examine the evolution of stratospheric ...

The role of radiation and turbulence was studied in a weak wind nocturnal inversion layer using a one-dimensional model. In contrast to a strong wind stable boundary layer where cooling within the surface inversion layer is dominated by ...

We have run two completely independent weak lensing analysis pipelines on a set of realistic simulated images of a massive galaxy cluster with a singular isothermal sphere profile (galaxy velocity dispersion sigma_v=1250 km/ sec). The suite of images was constructed using the simulation tools developed by the Dark Energy Survey. We find that both weak lensing pipelines can accurately recover the velocity dispersion of our simulated clusters, suggesting that current weak lensing tools are accurate enough for measuring the shear profile of massive clusters in upcoming large photometric surveys. We also demonstrate how choices of some cuts influence the final shear profile and sigma_v measurement. Analogously to the STEP program, we make all of these cluster simulation images publically available for other groups to analyze through their own weak lensing pipelines.

An idealized model of a Walker circulation based on the weak temperature gradient (WTG) approximation and a single baroclinic vertical mode for all fields is analyzed. The circulation is forced by a sinusoidal variation of sea surface temperature ...

In this idealized numerical modeling study, the composition of residual sediment fluxes in energetic (e.g., weakly stratified or periodically stratified) tidal estuaries is investigated by means of one-dimensional water column models, with some ...

Pine Tree Growth Locations Pine Tree Growth Locations Name: Amielee Location: N/A Country: N/A Date: N/A Question: Why do pine trees not grow south of the equator? Replies: Dear Amielee, The natural distribution of the pines is the northern hemisphere: http://phylogeny.arizona.edu/tree/eukaryotes/green_plants/embryophytes/conif ers/pinaceae/pinus/pinus.html However, pines have become introduced into the southern hemisphere through cultivation: http://www.woodweb.com/~treetalk/Radiata_Pine/wowhome.html Sincerely, Anthony R. Brach, Ph.D. Hi Amielee Some pine trees do live south of the equator but we (I live in Australia) do not have the huge forests of native conifers that you have in the northern hemisphere. Even in the northern hemisphere conifers are only found in two forest types: 1. Tiaga

We present Nuclear Spectroscopic Telescope Array (NuSTAR) hard X-ray observations of two X-ray weak broad absorption line (BAL) quasars, PG 1004+130 (radio loud) and PG 1700+518 (radio quiet). Many BAL quasars appear X-ray weak, probably due to absorption by the shielding gas between the nucleus and the accretion-disk wind. The two targets are among the optically brightest BAL quasars, yet they are known to be significantly X-ray weak at rest-frame 2-10 keV (16-120 times fainter than typical quasars). We would expect to obtain Almost-Equal-To 400-600 hard X-ray ({approx}> 10 keV) photons with NuSTAR, provided that these photons are not significantly absorbed (N{sub H} {approx}< 10{sup 24} cm{sup -2}). However, both BAL quasars are only detected in the softer NuSTAR bands (e.g., 4-20 keV) but not in its harder bands (e.g., 20-30 keV), suggesting that either the shielding gas is highly Compton-thick or the two targets are intrinsically X-ray weak. We constrain the column densities for both to be N{sub H} Almost-Equal-To 7 Multiplication-Sign 10{sup 24} cm{sup -2} if the weak hard X-ray emission is caused by obscuration from the shielding gas. We discuss a few possibilities for how PG 1004+130 could have Compton-thick shielding gas without strong Fe K{alpha} line emission; dilution from jet-linked X-ray emission is one likely explanation. We also discuss the intrinsic X-ray weakness scenario based on a coronal-quenching model relevant to the shielding gas and disk wind of BAL quasars. Motivated by our NuSTAR results, we perform a Chandra stacking analysis with the Large Bright Quasar Survey BAL quasar sample and place statistical constraints upon the fraction of intrinsically X-ray weak BAL quasars; this fraction is likely 17%-40%.

In the paper, we apply the weak gravity conjecture to the holographic quintessence model of dark energy. Three different holographic dark energy models are considered: without the interaction in the non-flat universe; with interaction in the flat universe; with interaction in the non-flat universe. We find that only in the models with the spatial curvature and interaction term proportional to the energy density of matter, it is possible for the weak gravity conjecture to be satisfied.

Growth of Fishes Growth of Fishes Nature Bulletin No. 272-A June 3, 1967 Forest Preserve District of Cook County Richard B. Ogilvie, President Roland F, Eisenbeis, Supt. of Conservation THE GROWTH OF FISHES Baby fish, by the millions, are hatching now every day in our lakes, streams and ponds. Some kinds come from eggs sown broadcast among water plants; others from eggs laid in clusters or nests; some from masses of eggs hidden in underwater holes; while the eggs of many little fish, such as minnows and darters, are attached in neat patches to the underside of rocks or sunken logs. For some time before hatching, the young fish can be seen wriggling inside the eggs. Newly hatched baby fish -- or fry, as they should be called -- look much alike, regardless of the size or appearance of their parents. Each is almost transparent except for the large dark eyes and a bulging stomach which encloses yolk from the egg. Under a magnifying glass, the pumping red heart can be seen and the mouth gulping water. The tiny fins are beginning to form, a few dots of dark pigment may show in the skin, but there is little or no sign of scales. They vary from an eighth to a half inch or more in length, depending upon the species and the size of the egg.

We study the evolution of linear perturbations in metric f(R) models of gravity and identify a potentially observable characteristic scale-dependent pattern in the behavior of cosmological structures. While at the background level viable f(R) models must closely mimic LCDM, the differences in their prediction for the growth of large scale structures can be sufficiently large to be seen with future weak lensing surveys. While working in the Jordan frame, we perform an analytical study of the growth of structures in the Einstein frame, demonstrating the equivalence of the dynamics in the two frames. We also provide a physical interpretation of the results in terms of the dynamics of an effective dark energy fluid with a non-zero shear. We find that the growth of structure in f(R) is enhanced, but that there are no small scale instabilities associated with the additional attractive "fifth force". We then briefly consider some recently proposed observational tests of modified gravity and their utility for detecting the f(R) pattern of structure growth.

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Several breakthroughs have been recently made in our understanding of plant growth and biomass accumulation. It was found that plant growth is rhythmically controlled throughout the day by the circadian clock through a complex interplay of light and phytohormone signaling pathways. While plants such as the C4 energy crop sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench) and possibly the C3 grass (Brachypodium distachyon) also exhibit daily rhythms in growth rate, the molecular details of its regulation remain to be explored. A better understanding of diurnally regulated growth behavior in grasses may lead to species-specific mechanisms highly relevant to future strategies to optimize energy crop biomass yield. Here we propose to devise a systems approach to identify, in parallel, regulatory hubs associated with rhythmic growth in C3 and C4 plants. We propose to use rhythmicity in daily growth patterns to drive the discovery of regulatory network modules controlling biomass accumulation.

The evidence reviewed here indicates that macrophages, either acting alone or in concert with other cells, influence the proliferation of multiple types of cells. Most of the data indicate that these effects are mediated by soluble macrophage-elaborated products (probably proteins) although the role of direct cell-to-cell contacts cannot be ruled out in all cases. A degree of success has been achieved on the biochemical characterization of these factors, due mainly to their low specific activity in conditioned medium and the lack of rapid, specific assays. Understanding the growth-regulating potential of macrophages is an important and needed area of research.

Plant Growth and Photosynthesis Plant Growth and Photosynthesis Name: Jack Location: N/A Country: N/A Date: N/A Question: Do plants have any other way of growing besides photosythesis? Plants do not use photosynthesis to grow!!! They use cellular respiration just like every other organism to process energy into work. Plants use oxygen just like we do. Photosynthesis is principally only a process to change sunlight into a chemical form for storage. Replies: Check out our archives for more information. www.newton.dep.anl.gov/archive.htm Steve Sample Jack, Several kinds of flowering plants survive without the use of chlorophyll which is what makes plants green and able to produce sugar through photosynthesis. Dodder is a parasitic nongreen (without chlorophyll) plant that is commonly found growing on jewelweed and other plants in damp areas. Dodder twines around its host, (A host is an organism that has fallen victim to a parasite.), like a morning glory and attaches itself at certain points along the stem where it absorbs sugar and nutrients from the hosts sap.

We present an invariant of connected and oriented closed 3-manifolds based on a coribbon Weak Hopf Algebra H with a suitable left-integral. Our invariant can be understood as the generalization to Weak Hopf Algebras of the Hennings-Kauffman-Radford evaluation of an unoriented framed link using a dual quantum-trace. This quantum trace satisfies conditions that render the link evaluation invariant under Kirby moves. If H is a suitable finite-dimensional Hopf algebra (not weak), our invariant reduces to the Kauffman-Radford invariant for the dual of H. If H is the Weak Hopf Algebra Tannaka-Krein reconstructed from a modular category C, our invariant agrees with the Reshetikhin-Turaev invariant. In particular, the proof of invariance of the Reshetikhin-Turaev invariant becomes as simple as that of the Kauffman-Radford invariant. Modularity of C is only used once in order to show that the invariant is non-zero; apart from this, a fusion category with ribbon structure would be sufficient. Our generalization of the Kauffman-Radford invariant for a Weak Hopf Algebra H and the Reshetikhin-Turaev invariant for its category of finite-dimensional comodules C=M^H always agree by construction. There is no need to consider a quotient of the representation category modulo 'negligible morphisms' at any stage, and our construction contains the Reshetikhin-Turaev invariant for an arbitrary modular category C, whether its relationship with some quantum group is known or not.

We perform a mean-field study of the binary Bose-Einstein Condensate mixtures as the function of the mutual repulsive interaction strength. In the phase segregated regime, we find that there are two distinct phases: the weakly segregated phase characterized by a ‘penetration depth ’ and the strongly segregated phase by a healing length. In the weakly segregated phase the symmetry of the shape of each condensate will not take that of the trap because of the finite surface tension, but their total density profile still does. In the strongly segregated phase even the total density profile takes a different symmetry from that of the trap because of the mutual exclusion of the condensates. The lower critical condensate atom number to observe the complete phase segregation is discussed. A comparison to recent experimental data suggests that the weakly segregated phase has been observed. PACS#: 03.75.Fi 1

Fully relativistic analysis of anomalous skin effects for parallel propagating waves in a weakly magnetized electron plasma is presented and general expressions for longitudinal and transverse permittivites are derived. It is found that the penetration depth for R- and L-waves increases as we move from non-relativistic to highly relativistic regime. The ambient magnetic field reduces/enhances the skin effects for R-wave/L-wave as the strength of the field is increased. In general, the weak magnetic field effects are pronounced for the weakly relativistic regime as compared with other relativistic cases. The results are also graphically illustrated. On switching off the magnetic field, previous results for field free case are retrieved [A. F. Alexandrov, A. S. Bogdankevich, and A. A. Rukhadze, Priniples of Plasma Electrodynamics (Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Heidelberg, 1984), Vol. 9, p. 106].

In this communication, we report a joint experimental and theoretical study of the interactions between gold anion, Au-, and an NG atom (NG ) Ne, Ar, Kr, Xe) or a molecule of O2, CH4, or H2O. Except for the Au- · · ·H2O interaction, which is comparable to strong hydrogen bonding, all of these are weak charge-induced intermolecular interactions. The observation of a weakly bound Au(O2)- complex shows the inertness of Au- toward O2, in line with the previous observation of the odd-even effect in the reactions of Aun - clusters and O2. By comparing with results of high-level ab initio calculations, we demonstrate that anion PES is a good technique for probing weak charge-induced intermolecular interactions.

The decline of innovation has hampered the growth of many large corporations as they seek to remain competitive in increasingly challenging conditions. To complement, and at times, replace their internal Research and ...

Weak interaction rates are studied in neutron deficient Kr and Sr waiting-point isotopes in ranges of densities and temperatures relevant for the rp-process. The nuclear structure is described within a microscopic model (deformed QRPA) that reproduces not only the half-lives but also the Gamow-Teller strength distributions recently measured. The various sensitivities of the decay rates to both density and temperature are discussed. Continuum electron capture is shown to contribute significantly to the weak rates at rp-process conditions.

Computationally-efficient semilocal approximations of density functional theory at the level of the local spin density approximation (LSDA) or generalized gradient approximation (GGA) poorly describe weak interactions. We show improved descriptions for weak bonds (without loss of accuracy for strong ones) from a newly-developed semilocal meta-GGA (MGGA), by applying it to: 1) the binding energy curve of graphene adsorbed on a Ni (111) surface, where both chemi- and physisorption minima are present; 2) stacking of DNA/RNA nucleobases. We argue that this improvement comes from using the right MGGA dimensionless ingredient to recognize all degrees of orbital overlap.

The 118-C-3:3 french drains received condensate from the steam heating system in the 105-C Reactor Building. The 118-C-3:3 french drain meets the remedial action objectives specified in the Remaining Sites ROD. The results demonstrate that residual contaminant concentrations do not preclude any future uses and allow for unrestricted use of shallow zone soils. The results also demonstrate that residual contaminant concentrations are protective of groundwater and the Columbia River.

Power quality analysis based on measurements performed on wind generator during low wind speed is presented in the paper. Wind generator is connected via 10 kV cable to the distribution network, where grid is weak with low value of short-circuit power. ... Keywords: distribution network, harmonics, power quality, wind speed, wind turbine

On 5 November 1977 a weak downburst associated with a multicell storm passed over an instrumented tower at Bald Hills, a suburb of Brisbane, Australia. Associated with the thunderstorm was a dome of cold air estimated to be 1200 to 1800 m deep. ...

We present an invariant of connected and oriented closed 3-manifolds based on a coribbon Weak Hopf Algebra H with a suitable left-integral. Our invariant can be understood as the generalization to Weak Hopf Algebras of the Hennings-Kauffman-Radford evaluation of an unoriented framed link using a dual quantum-trace. This quantum trace satisfies conditions that render the link evaluation invariant under Kirby moves. If H is a suitable finite-dimensional Hopf algebra (not weak), our invariant reduces to the Kauffman-Radford invariant for the dual of H. If H is the Weak Hopf Algebra Tannaka-Krein reconstructed from a modular category C, our invariant agrees with the Reshetikhin-Turaev invariant. In particular, the proof of invariance of the Reshetikhin-Turaev invariant becomes as simple as that of the Kauffman-Radford invariant. Modularity of C is only used once in order to show that the invariant is non-zero; apart from this, a fusion category with ribbon structure would be sufficient. Our generalization of the ...

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NLO-QCD corrections to vector boson pair production via weak boson fusion have recently been calculated and implemented into flexible parton-level Monte-Carlo programs. These allow for the computation of cross sections and kinematical distributions within realistic experimental cuts. We summarize the basic elements of the calculation and review phenomenological results for the LHC.

In this paper a simple weakly constrained four-dimensional variational data assimilation (4DVAR) technique (W4DVAR) is used in the assimilation of retrieved satellite data for a heavy rainfall simulation. The W4DVAR and the strongly constrained ...

Five local K-closure formulations and a TKE closure were incorporated in a one-dimensional version of the Pielke’s model, and a comparative evaluation of the closure schemes was made for strong and weak wind stable boundary layer (SBL). The ...

The longitudinal response of a dusty plasma medium in both weak and strong coupling limits has been investigated in detail using analytic as well as numerical techniques. In particular, studies on singular response of the medium have been specifically investigated here. A proper Galilean invariant form of the generalized hydrodynamic fluid model has been adopted for the description of the dusty plasma medium. For weak non-linear response, analytic reductive perturbative approach has been adopted. It is well known that in the weak coupling regime for the dusty plasma medium, such an analysis leads to the Korteweg-de Vries equation (KdV) equation and predicts the existence of localized smooth soliton solutions. We show that the strongly coupled dust fluid with the correct Galilean invariant form does not follow the KdV paradigm. Instead, it reduces to the form of Hunter-Saxton equation, which does not permit soliton solutions. The system in this case displays singular response with both conservative as well as dissipative attributes. At arbitrary high amplitudes, the existence and spontaneous formation of sharply peaked cusp structures in both weak and strong coupling regimes has been demonstrated numerically.

A study of the sensitivity of a weak winter extratropical cyclone to latent heat release (LHR) is presented using 48-h simulations of the cyclone's evolution derived from three versions of the LFM model: a MOIST simulation in which full model ...

In this paper, we study the amplification of weak frequency dependent signals in the CMB sky due to their cross correlation to intrinsic anisotropies. In particular, we center our attention on mechanisms generating some weak signal, of peculiar spectral behaviour, such as resonant scattering in ionic, atomic or molecular lines, thermal SZ effect or extragalactic foreground emissions, whose typical amplitude (denoted by $\\epsilon$) is sufficiently smaller than the intrinsic CMB fluctuations. We find that all these effects involve either the autocorrelation of anisotropies generated during recombination ($z_{rec}$) or the cross-correlation of those anisotropies with fluctuations arising at some later redshift $z_i$. The degree of this correlation can be computed under the assumption that density fluctuations were generated as standard inflationary models dictate and that they evolved in time according to linear theory. In case that the weak signal is frequency dependent, we show that, by substracting power spectra at different frequencies, it is possible to avoid the limit associated to Cosmic Variance and unveil weaker terms linear in $\\epsilon$. We find that the correlation term shows a different spectral dependence than the squared ($\\propto \\epsilon^2$) term considered usually, making its extraction particularly straightforward for the thermal SZ effect. Furthermore, we find that in most cases the correlation terms are particularly relevant at low multipoles and must be taken into account when characterising the power spectrum associated to weak signals in the large angular scales.

We formulate the multiperiod, distribution-free perishable inventory problem as a problem of prediction with expert advice and apply an online learning method (the Weak Aggregating Algorithm) to solve it. We show that the asymptotic average performance ... Keywords: Aggregating algorithm, Newsvendor problem, Online learning

In this contribution, a stability analysis for a dynamic voltage restorer (DVR) connected to a weak ac system containing a dynamic load is presented using continuation techniques and bifurcation theory. The system dynamics are explored through the continuation ... Keywords: DVR, Floquet multiplier, active filter, continuation techniques, iterative map, point common coupling, power converter, stability regions, switching process

A method for the detection of a bounded weak-echo region (BWER) within a storm structure that can help in the prediction of severe weather phenomena is presented. A fuzzy rule–based approach that takes care of the various uncertainties associated ...

ESTIMATED GROWTH OF SURFACE-SCHOOLING SKIPJACK TUNA, KATSUWONUS PELAMIS, AND YELLOWFIN TUNA and December 1979. Both skipjack and yellowfin tunas are recruited to all areas ofthe fishery at between 30 and 46 em fork length. Skipjack tuna remain in the exploited phase up to an average 69 cm fork length

by providing energy for maintenance, activity, growth, and fat storage until the hatchling can attain in the egg by the ovary are used to form the offspring, whereas 75% remain in the body as fat bodies and yolk reserves, rendering A. mutica with one of the largest PIC values reported for turtles (Nagle et al., 2003

A significant-but underutilized-water resource is reclaimed water, i.e., treated wastewater that is reintroduced for various purposes. Especially in water scarce regions, reclaimed water is often the only remaining source of water to meet increasing ... Keywords: Demand and network growth uncertainty, Reclaimed water distribution system, Stochastic optimization, Water resources management

A process for growing single crystals from an amorphous substance that can undergo phase transformation to the crystalline state in an appropriate solvent. The process is carried out in an autoclave having a lower dissolution zone and an upper crystallization zone between which a temperature differential (.DELTA.T) is maintained at all times. The apparatus loaded with the substance, solvent, and seed crystals is heated slowly maintaining a very low .DELTA.T between the warmer lower zone and cooler upper zone until the amorphous substance is transformed to the crystalline state in the lower zone. The heating rate is then increased to maintain a large .DELTA.T sufficient to increase material transport between the zones and rapid crystallization. .alpha.-Quartz single crystal can thus be made from fused quartz in caustic solvent by heating to 350.degree. C. stepwise with a .DELTA.T of 0.25.degree.-3.degree. C., increasing the .DELTA.T to about 50.degree. C. after the fused quartz has crystallized, and maintaining these conditions until crystal growth in the upper zone is completed.

6 6 Notes: Following relatively small increases of 1.3 million barrels per day in 1999 and 0.9 million barrels per day in 2000, EIA is estimating world demand may grow by 1.6 million barrels per day in 2001. Of this increase, about 3/5 comes from non-OECD countries, while U.S. oil demand growth represents more than half of the growth projected in OECD countries. Demand in Asia grew steadily during most of the 1990s, with 1991-1997 average growth per year at just above 0.8 million barrels per day. However, in 1998, demand dropped by 0.3 million barrels per day as a result of the Asian economic crisis that year. Since 1998, annual growth in oil demand has rebounded, but has not yet reached the average growth seen during 1991-1997. In the Former Soviet Union, oil demand plummeted during most of the

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The turbulent energy flow of the onedimensional Majda-McLaughlin-Tabak equation is studied numerically. The system exhibits weak turbulence for weak driving forces, while weak turbulence coexists with strongly nonlinear intermittent collapses when the system is strongly driven. These two types of dynamics can be distinguished by their energy and particle fluxes. The weakly turbulent process can be characterized by fluxes in wavenumber space, while additional fluxes in amplitude space emerge in the intermittent process. The particle flux is directed from low amplitudes towards high amplitudes, and the energy flows in the opposite direction.

The 100-F-33, 146-F Aquatice Biology Fish Ponds waste site was an area with six small rectangular ponds and one large circular pond used to conduct tests on fish using various mixtures of river and reactor effluent water. The current site conditions achieve the remedial action objectives specified in the Remaining Sites ROD. The results of verification and applicable confirmatory sampling show that residual contaminant concentrations do not preclude any future uses and allow for unrestricted use of shallow zone soils. The results also demonstrate that residual contaminant concentrations are protective of groundwater and the Columbia River.

The 100-F-31 waste site is a former septic system that supported the inhalation laboratories, also referred to as the 144-F Particle Exposure Laboratory (132-F-2 waste site), which housed animals exposed to particulate material. The 100-F-31 waste site has been remediated to achieve the remedial action objectives specified in the Remaining Sites ROD. The results of verification sampling show that residual contaminant concentrations do not preclude any future uses and allow for unrestricted use of shallow zone soils. The results also demonstrate that residual contaminant concentrations are protective of groundwater and the Columbia River.

The 600-233 waste site consisted of three small-diameter pipelines within the 600-232 waste site, including previously unknown diesel fuel supply lines discovered during site remediation. The 600-233 waste site has been remediated to achieve the remedial action objectives specified in the Remaining Sites ROD. The results of verification sampling show that residual contaminant concentrations do not preclude any future uses and allow for unrestricted use of shallow zone soils. The results also demonstrate that residual contaminant concentrations are protective of groundwater and the Columbia River.

The 1607-F7, 141-M Building Septic Tank waste site was a septic tank and drain field that received sanitary sewage from the former 141-M Building. Remedial action was performed in August and November 2005. The results of verification sampling demonstrate that residual contaminant concentrations support future unrestricted land uses that can be represented by a rural-residential scenario. These results also show that residual concentrations support unrestricted future use of shallow zone soil and that contaminant levels remaining in the soil are protective of groundwater and the Columbia River.

The status of silicon sheet development for photovoltaic applications is critically reviewed. Silicon sheet growth processes are classified according to their linear growth rates. The fast growth processes, which include edge-defined film-fed growth, silicon on ceramic, dendritic-web growth, and ribbon-to-ribbon growth, are comparatively ranked subject to criteria involving growth stability, sheet productivity, impurity effects, crystallinity, and solar cell results. The status of more rapid silicon ribbon growth techniques, such as horizontal ribbon growth and melt quenching, is also reviewed. The emphasis of the discussions is on examining the viability of these sheet materials as solar cell substrates for low-cost silicon photovoltaic systems.

By analysing the evolution of the street network of Greater London from the late 1700s to the present, we are able to shed light on the inner mechanisms that lie behind the growth of a city. First we define an object called a city as a spatial discontinuous phenomena, from clustering the density of street intersections. Second, we find that the city growth mechanisms can be described by two logistic laws, hence can be determined by a simple model of urban network growth in the presence of competition for limited space.

Broadly conceived, the demand for electricity depends upon three sets of variables: (i) the growths of the many individual demands for energy services; (ii) the competitiveness of electrically driven technologies in meeting these demands; and (iii) the energy-conversion efficiencies of installed electrical technologies. The first set of variables establishes the size of the potential market; the second, the market penetration of electrical equipment; and the third, the quantity of electricity required to operate the equipment. All forecasts of electricity consumption ultimately depend upon inferred or assumed relationships to describe the future behavior of these variables. In this paper, the authors review recent forecasts of electricity demand growth. They also examine, in a qualitative way, some of the causes for the systematic, downward revisions of these forecasts over recent years. Graphical presentations of data are extensively used in the discussions. In an important sense, forecasting, whatever the number of variables, remains a matter of ''curve fitting.''

Based on weak-coupling anisotropic BCS theory, the temperature dependence of energy gap and the specific heat are evaluated for the MgB2 superconductor, and the results are compared with experimental data. We show that the weak-coupling anisotropic BCS theory describes thermodynamic experimental data with high precision, 3-6%.

We discuss the results of laboratory measurements and theoretical models concerning the aggregation of dust in protoplanetary disks, as the initial step toward planet formation. Small particles easily stick when they collide and form aggregates with an open, often fractal structure, depending on the growth process. Larger particles are still expected to grow at collision velocities of about 1m/s. Experiments also show that, after an intermezzo of destructive velocities, high collision velocities above 10m/s on porous materials again lead to net growth of the target. Considerations of dust-gas interactions show that collision velocities for particles not too different in surface-to-mass ratio remain limited up to sizes about 1m, and growth seems to be guaranteed to reach these sizes quickly and easily. For meter sizes, coupling to nebula turbulence makes destructive processes more likely. Global aggregation models show that in a turbulent nebula, small particles are swept up too fast to be consistent with observations of disks. An extended phase may therefore exist in the nebula during which the small particle component is kept alive through collisions driven by turbulence which frustrates growth to planetesimals until conditions are more favorable for one or more reasons.

Hypernuclei are convenient laboratory to study the baryon-baryon weak interaction and associated effective Hamiltonian. The strangeness changing process, in which a Lambda hyperon converts to a neutron with a release up to 176 MeV, provides a clear signal for a conversion of an s-quark to a d-quark. We propose to perform a non-mesonic weak decay study of 10Be(Lambda)hypernuclei using the (e,eK) reaction. These investigations will fully utilize the unique parameters of the CEBAF CW electron beam and RF system and are enabled by (1) the use of new detector for alpha particles based on the recently developed RF timing technique with picosecond resolution and (2) the small angle and large acceptance kaon spectrometer-HKS in Hall C.

In a series of papers, cited in the main body of the paper below, detailed calculations have been presented which show that electromagnetic and weak interactions can induce low energy nuclear reactions to occur with observable rates for a variety of processes. A common element in all these applications is that the electromagnetic energy stored in many relatively slow moving electrons can -under appropriate circumstances- be collectively transferred into fewer, much faster electrons with energies sufficient for the latter to combine with protons (or deuterons, if present) to produce neutrons via weak interactions. The produced neutrons can then initiate low energy nuclear reactions through further nuclear transmutations. The aim of this paper is to extend and enlarge upon various examples analyzed previously, present simplified order of magnitude estimates for each and to illuminate a common unifying theme amongst all of them.

In a series of papers, cited in the main body of the paper below, detailed calculations have been presented which show that electromagnetic and weak interactions can induce low energy nuclear reactions to occur with observable rates for a variety of processes. A common element in all these applications is that the electromagnetic energy stored in many relatively slow moving electrons can -under appropriate circumstances- be collectively transferred into fewer, much faster electrons with energies sufficient for the latter to combine with protons (or deuterons, if present) to produce neutrons via weak interactions. The produced neutrons can then initiate low energy nuclear reactions through further nuclear transmutations. The aim of this paper is to extend and enlarge upon various examples analyzed previously, present simplified order of magnitude estimates for each and to illuminate a common unifying theme amongst all of them.

In this paper we are concerned with the construction of a general principle that will allow us to produce regular spectral triples with finite and simple dimension spectrum. We introduce the notion of weak heat kernel asymptotic expansion (WHKAE) property of a spectral triple and show that the weak heat kernel asymptotic expansion allows one to conclude that the spectral triple is regular with finite simple dimension spectrum. The usual heat kernel expansion implies this property. Finally we show that WHKAE is stable under quantum double suspension, a notion introduced by Hong and Szymanski. Therefore quantum double suspending compact Riemannian spin manifolds iteratively we get many examples of regular spectral triples with finite simple dimension spectrum. This covers all the odd dimensional quantum spheres. Our methods also apply to the case of noncommutative torus.

The notion of weak truth-table reducibility plays an important role in recursion theory. In this paper, we introduce an elaboration of this notion, where a computable bound on the use function is explicitly specified. This elaboration enables us to deal with the notion of asymptotic behavior in a manner like in computational complexity theory, while staying in computability theory. We apply the elaboration to sets which appear in the statistical mechanical interpretation of algorithmic information theory. We demonstrate the power of the elaboration by revealing a critical phenomenon, i.e., a phase transition, in the statistical mechanical interpretation, which cannot be captured by the original notion of weak truth-table reducibility.

We explore the complementarity of weak lensing and galaxy peculiar velocity measurements to better constrain modifications to General Relativity. We find no evidence for deviations from General Relativity on cosmological scales from a combination of peculiar velocity measurements (for Luminous Red Galaxies in the Sloan Digital Sky Survey) with weak lensing measurements (from the Canadian France Hawaii Telescope Legacy Survey). We provide a Fisher error forecast for a Euclid-like space-based survey including both lensing and peculiar velocity measurements and show that the expected constraints on modified gravity will be at least an order of magnitude better than with present data, i.e. we will obtain {approx_equal}5% errors on the modified gravity parametrization described here. We also present a model-independent method for constraining modified gravity parameters using tomographic peculiar velocity information, and apply this methodology to the present data set.

Total and partial charge-changing cross sections have been measured for argon projectiles at 400 MeV/nucleon in carbon, aluminum, copper, tin and lead targets; cross sections for hydrogen were also obtained, using a polyethylene target. The validity of weak and strong factorization properties has been investigated for partial charge-changing cross sections; preliminary cross section values obtained for carbon, neon and silicon at 290 and 400 MeV/nucleon and iron at 400 MeV/nucleon, in carbon, aluminum, copper, tin and lead targets have been also used for testing these properties. Two different analysis methods were applied and both indicated that these properties are valid, without any significant difference between weak and strong factorization. The factorization parameters have then been calculated and analyzed in order to find some systematic behavior useful for modeling purposes.

We analyze the Sudbury Neutrino Observatory (SNO) and Super-Kamiokande (SK) data on charged current (CC), neutral current (NC) and neutrino electron elastic scattering (ES) reactions to constrain the leading weak axial two-body current parameterized by L_1A. This two-body current is the dominant uncertainty of every low energy weak interaction deuteron breakup process, including SNO's CC and NC reactions. Our method shows that the theoretical inputs to SNO's determination of the CC and NC fluxes can be self-calibrated, be calibrated by SK, or be calibrated by reactor data. The only assumption made is that the total flux of active neutrinos has the standard ^8B spectral shape (but distortions in the electron neutrino spectrum are allowed). We show that SNO's conclusion about the inconsistency of the no-flavor-conversion hypothesis does not contain significant theoretical uncertainty, and we determine the magnitude of the active solar neutrino flux.

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The measurement of shape parameters of sources in astronomical images is usually performed by assuming that the underlying noise is uncorrelated. Spatial noise correlation is however present in practice due to various observational effects and can affect source shape parameters. This effect is particularly important for measurements of weak gravitational lensing, for which the sought image distortions are typically of the order of only 1%. We compute the effect of correlated noise on two-dimensional gaussian fits in full generality. The noise properties are naturally quantified by the noise autocorrelation function (ACF), which is easily measured in practice. We compute the resulting bias on the mean, variance and covariance of the source parameters, and the induced correlation between the shapes of neighboring sources. We show that these biases are of second order in the inverse signal-to-noise ratio of the source, and could thus be overlooked if bright stars are used to monitor systematic distortions. Radio interferometric surveys are particularly prone to this effect because of the long-range pixel correlations produced by the Fourier inversion involved in their image construction. As a concrete application, we consider the search for weak lensing by large-scale structure with the FIRST radio survey. We measure the noise ACF for a FIRST coadded field, and compute the resulting ellipticity correlation function induced by the noise. In comparison with the weak-lensing signal expected in CDM models, the noise correlation effect is important on small angular scales, but is negligible for source separations greater than about 1 arcmin. We also discuss how noise correlation can affect weak-lensing studies with optical surveys.

We present a calculation of next-to-leading order QCD corrections to gamma jj production via weak-boson fusion at a hadron collider in the form of a flexible parton-level Monte Carlo program which allows us to study cross sections and distributions within experimentally relevant selection cuts. The radiative corrections are found to be moderate with residual scale uncertainties being considerably improved beyond tree level. The sensitivity of the reaction to anomalous W+ W- gamma couplings is investigated.

The purpose of this report is to determine whether and under what conditions a light-emitting diode may be used to simulate a weak YAG-laser beam that has been scattered by a distant reflecting object. By examining the differences between laser radiation and LED radiation, the author concludes that there is no theoretical reason that a LED may not be used in place of the laser beam.

The average acceleration of an ensemble of ''test particles'' in a plasma is called the ''dynamical friction''; the average rate at which their velocity vectors spread out in velocity space is expressed in a velocity-space diffusion-rate tensor. These quantities are derived for impurity ions interacting with a weakly non-Maxwellian simple hydrogenic plasma. The distribution functions for the plasma ions and electrons are written explicitly. 5 refs., 3 figs.

We report on the experimental generation of an entangled state with a spectrally pure heralded single-photon state and a weak coherent state. By choosing group-velocity matching in the nonlinear crystal, our system for producing entangled photons was 60 times brighter than that in the earlier experiment [Phys. Rev. Lett. 90, 240401 (2003)], with no need of bandpass filters. This entanglement system is useful for quantum information protocols that require indistinguishable photons from independent sources.

We present the results of a survey of the analogs of weak MgII absorbers (rest frame equivalent width W(2796) 0.02 A, with 30% completeness for the weakest lines. We find the number of weak MgII absorber analogs with 0.02 < W(2796) < 0.3 to be dN/dz = 1.00 +/- 0.20 for 0 < z < 0.3. This value is consistent with cosmological evolution of the population. We consider the expected effect on observability of weak MgII absorbers of the decreasing intensity of the extragalactic background radiation eld from z~1 to z~0. Assuming that all the objects that produce absorption at z~1 are stable on a cosmological timescale, and that no new objects are created, we would expect dN/dz of 2-3 at z~0. About 30-50% of this z~0 population would be decendants of the parsec-scale structures that produce single-cloud, weak MgII absorbers at z~1. The other 50-70% would be lower density, kiloparsec-scale structures that produce CIV absorption, but not detectable low ionization absorption, at z~1. We conclude that at least one, and perhaps some fraction of both, of these populations has evolved away since z~1, in order to match the z~0 dN/dz measured in our survey. This would follow naturally for a population of transient structures whose generation is related to star-forming processes, whose rate has decreased since z~1.

The purpose of the non-destructive evaluation (NDE) R&D Roadmap for Cables is to support the Materials Aging and Degradation (MAaD) R&D pathway. The focus of the workshop was to identify the technical gaps in detecting aging cables and predicting their remaining life expectancy. The workshop was held in Knoxville, Tennessee, on July 30, 2012, at Analysis and Measurement Services Corporation (AMS) headquarters. The workshop was attended by 30 experts in materials, electrical engineering, U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC), U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) National Laboratories (Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Argonne National Laboratory, and Idaho National Engineering Laboratory), NDE instrumentation development, universities, commercial NDE services and cable manufacturers, and Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI). The motivation for the R&D roadmap comes from the need to address the aging management of in-containment cables at nuclear power plants (NPPs).

The Interstate Oil and Gas Compact Commission (IOGCC) has conducted a series of studies to evaluate the known, remaining oil resource in twenty-three (23) states. The primary objective of the IOGCC`s effort is to examine the potential impact of an aggressive and focused program of research, development, and demonstration (RD&D) and technology transfer on future oil recovery in the United States. As part of a larger effort by the IOGCC, this report focuses on the potential economic benefits of improved oil recovery in the states of Louisiana and Texas. Individual reports for six other oil producing states and a national report have been separately published. The analysis presented in this report is based on the databases and models available in the Tertiary Oil Recovery Information System (TORIS).

The Interstate Oil and Gas Compact Commission (IOGCC) has conducted a series of studies to evaluate the known, remaining oil resource in twenty-three (23) states. The primary objective of the IOGCC`s effort is to examine the potential impact of an aggressive and focused program of research, development, and demonstration (RD&D) and technology transfer on future oil recovery in the United States. As a part of this larger effort by the IOGCC, this report focuses on the potential economic benefits of improved oil recovery in the state of California. Individual reports for seven other oil producing states and a national report have been separately published by the IOGCC. The analysis presented in this report is based on the databases and models available in the Tertiary Oil Recovery Information System (TORIS). Overall, well abandonments and more stringent environmental regulations could limit economic access to California`s known, remaining oil resource. The high risk of near-term abandonment and the significant benefits of future application of improved oil recovery technology, clearly point to a need for more aggressive transfer of currently available technologies to oil producers. Development and application of advanced oil recovery technologies could have even greater benefits to the state and the nation. A collaborative, focused RD&D effort, integrating the resources and expertise of industry, state and local governments, and the Federal government, is clearly warranted. With effective RD&D and a program of aggressive technology transfer to widely disseminate its results, California oil production could be maximized. The resulting increase in production rates, employment, operator profits, state and Federal tax revenues, and energy security will benefit both the state of California and the nation as a whole.

The Interstate Oil and Gas Compact Commission (IOGCC) has conducted a series of studies to evaluate the known, remaining oil resource in twenty-three (23) states. The primary objective of the IOGCC`s effort is to examine the potential impact of an aggressive and focused program of research, development, and demonstration (RD&D) and technology transfer on future oil recovery in the United States. As part of a larger effort by the IOGCC, this report focuses on the potential economic benefits of improved oil recovery in the states of Kansas, Illinois and Oklahoma for five other oil producing states and a national report have been separately published by the IOGCC. The analysis presented in this report is based on the databases and models available in the Tertiary Oil Recovery Information System (TORIS). Overall, well abandonments and more stringent environmental regulations could limit economic access to Kansas` known, remaining oil resource. The high risk of near-term abandonment and the significant benefits of future application of improved oil recovery technology, clearly point to a need for more aggressive transfer of currently available technologies to domestic oil producers. Development and application of advanced oil recovery technologies could have even greater benefits to the state and the nation. A collaborative, focused RD&D effort, integrating the resources and expertise of industry, state and local governments, and the Federal government, is clearly warranted. With effective RD&D and a program of aggressive technology transfer to widely disseminate its results, oil production could be maximized. The resulting increase in production rates, employment, operator profits, state and Federal tax revenues, and energy security will benefit both the state of Kansas, Illinois and Oklahoma and the nation as a whole.

The Interstate Oil and Gas Compact Commission (IOGCC) has conducted a series of studies to evaluate the known, remaining oil resource in twenty-three (23) states. The primary objective of the IOGCC`s effort is to examine the potential impact of an aggressive and focused program of research, development, and demonstration (RD&D) and technology transfer on future oil recovery in the United States. As part of a larger effort by the IOGCC, this report focuses on the potential economic benefits of improved oil recovery in the states of New Mexico and Wyoming. Individual reports for six other oil producing states and a national report have been separately published by the IOGCC. The analysis presented in this report is based on the databases and models available in the Tertiary Oil Recovery Information System (TORIS). Overall, well abandonments and more stringent environmental regulations could limit economic access to New Mexico`s known, remaining oil resource. The high risk of near-term abandonment and the significant benefits of future application of improved oil recovery technology, clearly point to a need for more aggressive transfer of currently available technologies to domestic oil producers. Development and application of advanced oil recovery technologies could have even greater benefits to the state and the nation. A collaborative, focused RD&D effort, integrating the resources and expertise of industry, state and local governments, and the Federal government, is clearly warranted. With effective RD&D and a program of aggressive technology transfer to widely disseminate its results, oil production could be maximized. The resulting increase in production rates, employment, operator profits, state and Federal tax revenues, and energy security will benefit both the states of New Mexico and Wyoming and the nation as a whole.

We present a weak-lensing analysis of the merging cluster A2163 using Subaru/Suprime-Cam and CHFT/Mega-Cam data and discuss the dynamics of this cluster merger, based on complementary weak-lensing, X-ray, and optical spectroscopic datasets. From two dimensional multi-component weak-lensing analysis, we reveal that the cluster mass distribution is well described by three main components: a two component main cluster A2163-A with mass ratio 1:8, and its cluster satellite A2163-B. The bimodal mass distribution in A2163-A is similar to the galaxy density distribution, but appears as spatially segregated from the brightest X-ray emitting gas region. We discuss the possible origins of this gas-dark matter offset, and suggest the gas core of the A2163-A subcluster to have been stripped away by ram pressure from its dark matter component. The survival of this gas core to the tidal forces exerted by the main cluster let us infer a subcluster accretion with non-zero impact parameter. Dominated by the most massive compo...

Abstract: This paper examines some continuities and ruptures in the use of Web 2.0 such as blogs, social media, user-generated content services etc. vis-à-vis earlier web services. We hypothesize that one of the sociological characteristics of Web 2.0 services is that making personal production public creates a new articulation between individualism and solidarity, which reveals the strength of weak cooperation. Web 2.0 services allow individual contributors to experience cooperation ex post. The strength of the weak cooperation arises from the fact that it is not necessary for individuals to have an ex ante cooperative action plan or altruistic intention. They discover cooperative opportunities only by making public their individual production. The paper illustrates this phenomenon by analysing the uses of different services and by looking at the new process of innovation that appears through Barcamp and Coworking spaces. Key words: Web 2.0, weak cooperation, BarCamp. E choing the euphoric 2000 internet bubble, the Web 2.0 label is now so widespread that it is increasingly difficult to define the boundaries and

We study the cosmological information contained in the Minkowski functionals (MFs) of weak gravitational lensing convergence maps. We show that the MFs provide strong constraints on the local-type primordial non-Gaussianity parameter f {sub NL}. We run a set of cosmological N-body simulations and perform ray-tracing simulations of weak lensing to generate 100 independent convergence maps of a 25 deg{sup 2} field of view for f {sub NL} = -100, 0 and 100. We perform a Fisher analysis to study the degeneracy among other cosmological parameters such as the dark energy equation of state parameter w and the fluctuation amplitude {sigma}{sub 8}. We use fully nonlinear covariance matrices evaluated from 1000 ray-tracing simulations. For upcoming wide-field observations such as those from the Subaru Hyper Suprime-Cam survey with a proposed survey area of 1500 deg{sup 2}, the primordial non-Gaussianity can be constrained with a level of f {sub NL} {approx} 80 and w {approx} 0.036 by weak-lensing MFs. If simply scaled by the effective survey area, a 20,000 deg{sup 2} lensing survey using the Large Synoptic Survey Telescope will yield constraints of f {sub NL} {approx} 25 and w {approx} 0.013. We show that these constraints can be further improved by a tomographic method using source galaxies in multiple redshift bins.

We propose an effective harmonic oscillator model in order to treat the fluctuations of the gravitational, strong and weak nuclear fields. With respect to the gravitational field, first we use the model to estimate its fluctuating strength, necessary to decohere the wavefunction of a cubic centimeter of air at the standard temperature and pressure conditions. Second, the fluctuation of a point mass through a distance equal to the Planck length leads to the self-gravitational interaction of a particle, which can be related to its de Broglie frequency. Third, by making the equality of the fluctuating field strength with the gravitational field of a mass M at half of its Schwarzschild radius, we obtain an estimate of the mass of the Universe. We also consider the fluctuations of the strong nuclear field, as a means to estimate the separation in energy between the ground state and the centroid of the excitated states of the nucleon. Finally, taking into account the neutron-proton mass difference, we use the fluctuations of the weak nuclear field in order to evaluate the weak coupling constant.

(I) We observed eight Seyfert~2s and two X--ray--weak Seyfert~1/QSOs with the ROSAT PSPC, and one Seyfert~2 with the ROSAT HRI. These targets were selected from the Extended 12\\um\\ Galaxy Sample. (II) Both Seyfert~1/QSOs vary by factors of 1.5---2. The photon indices steepen in the more luminous state, consistent with the variability being mainly due to the softest X--rays, which are confined to a size of less than a parsec. (III) Both the Seyfert~2s and Seyfert~1/QSOs are best fit with a photon index of $\\Gamma\\sim3$, which is steeper than the canonical value of $\\Gamma\\sim1.7$ measured for X--ray--strong Seyferts by ROSAT and at higher energies. Several physical explanations are suggested for the steeper slopes of X--ray--weak objects. (IV) We observed one Seyfert~2, NGC~5005, with the ROSAT HRI, finding about 13\\% of the soft X--rays to come from an extended component. This and other observations suggest that different components to the soft X--ray spectrum of some, if not all, X--ray--weak Seyferts may come from spatially distinct regions.

Employing an endogenous growth model, this paper investigates China’s rural public pension system. We examine the effects of the policy variables on the labor income growth, population growth, etc. The positive effect of the basic benefit rate ... Keywords: rural area, public pension, endogenous growth

Sample records for growth remain weak from the National Library of Energy Beta (NLEBeta)

Note: This page contains sample records for the topic "growth remain weak" from the National Library of EnergyBeta (NLEBeta).
While these samples are representative of the content of NLEBeta,
they are not comprehensive nor are they the most current set.
We encourage you to perform a real-time search of NLEBeta
to obtain the most current and comprehensive results.

The Interstate Oil and Gas Compact Commission (IOGCC) has conducted a series of studies to evaluate the known, remaining oil resource in twenty-three (23) states. The primary objective of the IOGCC`s effort is to examine the potential impact of an aggressive and focused program of research, development, and demonstration (RD&D) and technology transfer on future oil recovery in the United States. As part of a larger effort by the IOGCC, this report focuses on the potential economic, social, and political benefits of improved oil recovery to the nation as a whole. Individual reports for major oil producing states have been separately published. The individual state reports include California, Illinois, Kansas, Louisiana, New Mexico, Oklahoma, Texas, and Wyoming. The analysis presented in this report is based on the databases and models available in the Tertiary Oil Recovery Information System (TORIS). TORIS is a tested and verified system maintained and operated by the Department of Energy`s Bartlesville Project Office. The TORTS system was used to evaluate over 2,300 major reservoirs in a consistent manner and on an individual basis, the results of which have been aggregated to arrive at the national total.

It is well known that cellulose materials used to insulate transformer windings gradually degrade during service due to a combination of thermal, mechanical, and electrical stresses. As a result the mechanical characteristics of the paper change during use and may affect the useful life of the transformer. It has generally been assumed that the electrical characteristics remain relatively constant throughout the aging process. If, however, thermal aging changes the electrical characteristics, it may be possible to gauge the thermal age of a transformer by externally monitoring these electrical characteristics over time. In this work, samples of oil impregnated thermally upgraded Kraft insulating paper are subjected to accelerated thermal aging. The relative dielectric constant and loss tangent are investigated by monitoring changes in capacitance and conductance as a function of frequency and thermal aging. This paper presents data showing that the thermal aging process produces changes in the electrical characteristics of the insulating system paper. An example is presented comparing the admittance versus frequency for a model of a 765 kV 500 MVA auto transformer. This demonstrates that the effect of aging can theoretically be observed from the terminals of the transformer.

A method and apparatus are provided for the detection, through nonlinear manipulation of data, of an indicator of imminent failure due to crack growth in structural elements. The method is a process of determining energy consumption due to crack growth and correlating the energy consumption with physical phenomena indicative of a failure event. The apparatus includes sensors for sensing physical data factors, processors or the like for computing a relationship between the physical data factors and phenomena indicative of the failure event, and apparatus for providing notification of the characteristics and extent of such phenomena.

A device is described for stimulating bone tissue by applying a low level alternating current signal directly to the patient`s skin. A crystal oscillator, a binary divider chain and digital logic gates are used to generate the desired waveforms that reproduce the natural electrical characteristics found in bone tissue needed for stimulating bone growth and treating osteoporosis. The device, powered by a battery, contains a switch allowing selection of the correct waveform for bone growth stimulation or osteoporosis treatment so that, when attached to the skin of the patient using standard skin contact electrodes, the correct signal is communicated to the underlying bone structures. 5 figs.

A device for stimulating bone tissue by applying a low level alternating current signal directly to the patient's skin. A crystal oscillator, a binary divider chain and digital logic gates are used to generate the desired waveforms that reproduce the natural electrical characteristics found in bone tissue needed for stimulating bone growth and treating osteoporosis. The device, powered by a battery, contains a switch allowing selection of the correct waveform for bone growth stimulation or osteoporosis treatment so that, when attached to the skin of the patient using standard skin contact electrodes, the correct signal is communicated to the underlying bone structures.

The electroweak theory has been probed to a high level of precision at the mass scale of the Z{sup 0} through the joint contributions of LEP at CERN and the SLC at SLAC. The E158 experiment at SLAC complements these results by measuring the weak mixing angle at a Q{sup 2} of 0.026 (GeV/c){sup 2}, far below the weak scale. The experiment utilizes a 48 GeV longitudinally polarized electron beam on unpolarized atomic electrons in a target of liquid hydrogen to measure the parity-violating asymmetry A{sup PV} in Moeller scattering. The tree-level prediction for A{sup PV} is proportional to 1-4 sin{sup 2} {theta}{sub W}. Since sin{sup 2} {theta}{sub W} {approx} 0.25, the effect of radiative corrections is enhanced, allowing the E158 experiment to probe for physics effects beyond the Standard Model at the TeV scale. This work presents the results from the first two physics runs of the experiment, covering data collected in the year 2002. The parity-violating asymmetry A{sup PV} was measured to be A{sup PV} = -158 ppb {+-} 21 ppb (stat) {+-} 17 ppb (sys). The result represents the first demonstration of parity violation in Moeller scattering. The observed value of A{sup PV} corresponds to a measurement of the weak mixing angle of sin{sup 2} {theta}{sub W}{sup eff} = 0.2380 {+-} 0.0016(stat) {+-} 0.0013(sys), which is in good agreement with the theoretical prediction of sin{sup 2} {theta}{sub W}{sup eff} = 0.2385 {+-} 0.0006 (theory).

The liquid-gas phase transition in strange hadronic matter is reexamined by using the new parameters about the $\\Lambda - \\Lambda$ interaction deduced from recent observation of $^{6}_{\\Lambda\\Lambda}He$ double hypernucleus. The extended Furnstahl-Serot-Tang model with nucleons and hyperons is utilized. The binodal surface, the limit pressure, the entropy, the specific heat capacity and the Caloric curves are addressed. We find that the liquid-gas phase transition can occur more easily in strange hadronic matter with weak Y-Y interaction than that of the strong Y-Y interaction.

This paper discusses possible approaches to the escape rate in infinite lattices of weakly coupled maps with uniformly expanding repeller. It is proved that computed-via-volume rates of spatially periodic approximations grow linearly with the period size, suggesting normalized escape rate as the appropriate notion for the infinite system. The proof relies on symbolic dynamics and is based on the control of cumulative effects of perturbations within cylinder sets. A piecewise affine diffusive example is presented that exhibits monotonic decay of the escape rate with coupling intensity.

This paper discusses possible approaches to the escape rate in infinite lattices of weakly coupled maps with uniformly expanding repeller. It is proved that computed-via-volume rates of spatially periodic approximations grow linearly with the period size, suggesting normalized escape rate as the appropriate notion for the infinite system. The proof relies on symbolic dynamics and is based on the control of cumulative effects of perturbations within cylinder sets. A piecewise affine diffusive example is presented that exhibits monotonic decay of the escape rate with coupling intensity.

We calculate the conductivity matrix of a weakly coupled quark-gluon plasma at the leading-log order. By setting all quark chemical potentials to be identical, the diagonal conductivities become degenerate and positive, while the off-diagonal ones become degenerate but negative (or zero when the chemical potential vanishes). This means a potential gradient of a certain fermion flavor can drive backward currents of other flavors. A simple explanation is provided for this seemingly counter intuitive phenomenon. It is speculated that this phenomenon is generic and most easily measured in cold atom experiments.

We calculate the conductivity matrix of a weakly coupled quark-gluon plasma at the leading-log order. By setting all quark chemical potentials to be identical, the diagonal conductivities become degenerate and positive, while the off-diagonal ones become degenerate but negative (or zero when the chemical potential vanishes). This means a potential gradient of a certain fermion flavor can drive backward currents of other flavors. A simple explanation is provided for this seemingly counter intuitive phenomenon. It is speculated that this phenomenon is generic and most easily measured in cold atom experiments.

We propose a model describing Einstein gravity coupled to a scalar field with an exponential potential. We show that the weak-field limit of the model has static solutions given by a gravitational potential behaving for large distances as \\ln r . The Newtonian term GM/r appears only as subleading. Our model can be used to give a phenomenological explanation of the rotation curves of the galaxies without postulating the presence of dark matter. This can be achieved only by giving up at galactic scales Einstein equivalence principle.

In a global analysis of the latest parity-violating electron scattering measurements on nuclear targets, we demonstrate a significant improvement in the experimental knowledge of the weak neutral-current lepton-quark interactions at low-energy. The precision of this new result, combined with earlier atomic parity-violation measurements, limits the magnitude of possible contributions from physics beyond the Standard Model - setting a model-independent, lower-bound on the scale of new physics at ~1 TeV.

We have created a long-lived ({approx_equal}40 s) persistent current in a toroidal Bose-Einstein condensate held in an all-optical trap. A repulsive optical barrier across one side of the torus creates a tunable weak link in the condensate circuit, which can affect the current around the loop. Superflow stops abruptly at a barrier strength such that the local flow velocity at the barrier exceeds a critical velocity. The measured critical velocity is consistent with dissipation due to the creation of vortex-antivortex pairs. This system is the first realization of an elementary closed-loop atom circuit.

Weakly collisional Ar-O{sub 2} electronegative plasmas are investigated in a dc multidipole chamber. An electronegative core and an electropositive halo are observed. The density ratio of negative ions to electrons ({alpha}) in the nondrifting bulk is found to be 0.43. The profile of {alpha} is found using both the phase velocity of ion acoustic waves and the drift velocity of positive ions determined by laser-induced fluorescence. The experiment shows that negative ions are in Boltzmann equilibrium with a temperature of 0.06{+-}0.02 eV. Double layers are not found separating the electronegative core and the electropositive halo.

We experimentally isolate, characterize, and coherently control up to six individual nuclear spins that are weakly coupled to an electron spin in diamond. Our method employs multipulse sequences on the electron spin that resonantly amplify the interaction with a selected nuclear spin and at the same time dynamically suppress decoherence caused by the rest of the spin bath. We are able to address nuclear spins with interaction strengths that are an order of magnitude smaller than the electron spin dephasing rate. Our results provide a route towards tomography with single-nuclear-spin sensitivity and greatly extend the number of available quantum bits for quantum information processing in diamond.

Ground state cooling of a nanomechanical resonator coupled to a superconducting flux qubit is discussed. We show that by inducing quantum interference to cancel detrimental carrier excitations, ground state cooling becomes possible in the weak-confinement or non-resolved regime. The qubit is modelled as a three-level system in lambda configuration, and the driving fluxes are applied such that the qubit absorption spectrum exhibits electromagnetically induced transparency, thereby cancelling the unwanted carrier excitation. As our interference-based scheme allows to apply strong cooling fields, fast and efficient cooling can be achieved.

Ground state cooling of a nanomechanical resonator coupled to a superconducting flux qubit is discussed. We show that by inducing quantum interference to cancel detrimental carrier excitations, ground state cooling becomes possible in the weak-confinement or non-resolved regime. The qubit is modelled as a three-level system in lambda configuration, and the driving fluxes are applied such that the qubit absorption spectrum exhibits electromagnetically induced transparency, thereby cancelling the unwanted carrier excitation. As our interference-based scheme allows to apply strong cooling fields, fast and efficient cooling can be achieved.

A precise measurement of the neutron decay $\\beta$-asymmetry $A_0$ has been carried out using polarized ultracold neutrons (UCN) from the pulsed spallation UCN source at the Los Alamos Neutron Science Center (LANSCE). Combining data obtained in 2008 and 2009, we report $A_0 = -0.11966 \\pm 0.00089 _{-0.00140}^{+0.00123}$, from which we determine the ratio of the axial-vector to vector weak coupling of the nucleon $g_A/g_V = -1.27590 _{-0.00445}^{+0.00409}$.

A precise measurement of the neutron decay $\\beta$-asymmetry $A_0$ has been carried out using polarized ultracold neutrons (UCN) from the pulsed spallation UCN source at the Los Alamos Neutron Science Center (LANSCE). Combining data obtained in 2008 and 2009, we report $A_0 = -0.11966 \\pm 0.00089_{-0.00140}^{+0.00123}$, from which we determine the ratio of the axial-vector to vector weak coupling of the nucleon $g_A/g_V = -1.27590_{-0.00445}^{+0.00409}$.

Sample records for growth remain weak from the National Library of Energy Beta (NLEBeta)

Note: This page contains sample records for the topic "growth remain weak" from the National Library of EnergyBeta (NLEBeta).
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they are not comprehensive nor are they the most current set.
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A precise measurement of the neutron decay {beta} asymmetry A{sub 0} has been carried out using polarized ultracold neutrons from the pulsed spallation ultracold neutron source at the Los Alamos Neutron Science Center. Combining data obtained in 2008 and 2009, we report A{sub 0}=-0.119 66{+-}0.000 89{sub -0.00140}{sup +0.00123}, from which we determine the ratio of the axial-vector to vector weak coupling of the nucleon g{sub A}/g{sub V}=-1.275 90{sub -0.00445}{sup +0.00409}.

We propose a scheme for distillation of free bipartite entanglement from bipartite bound-entangled states. The crucial element of our scheme is an ancillary system that is coupled to the initial bound-entangled state via appropriate weak measurements. We show that in this protocol free entanglement can be always generated with nonzero probability by using a single copy of the bound-entangled state. We also derive a lower bound on the entanglement cost of the protocol, and conclude that, on average, applying weaker measurements results in relatively higher values of free entanglement as well as lower costs.

We discuss various weak interaction issues for a general class of models within the SU(2) x U(1) gauge theory framework, with special emphasis on the effects of right-handed, charged currents and of quarks bearing new quantum numbers. In particular we consider the restrictions on model building which are imposed by the small KL - KS mass difference and by the .I = = rule; and we classify various possibilities for neutral current interactions and, in the case of heavy mesons with new quantum numbers, various possibilities for mixing effects analogous to KL - KS mixing.

We study the dynamics of an electron weakly coupled to a phonon gas. The initial state of the electron is the superposition of two spatially localized distant bumps moving towards each other, and the phonons are in a thermal state. We investigate the dynamics of the system in the kinetic regime and show that the time evolution makes the non-diagonal terms of the density matrix of the electron decay, destroying the interference between the two bumps. We show that such a damping effect is exponential in time, and the related decay rate is proportional to the total scattering cross section of the electron-phonon interaction.

The rotational dynamics of single dust grains in a weak magnetic field is investigated on a kinetic level. Experiments reveal spin-up of spherical dust grains and alignment of their magnetic moments parallel to the magnetic induction vector. The angular velocity of spinning prolate grains varies as magnetic induction increases to 250 G. Spinning dust grains are found to flip over only when the magnetic field magnitude is changing. The results demonstrate that dusty plasma has paramagnetic properties. Qualitative interpretations are proposed to explain newly discovered phenomena.

This paper investigates the dynamic performance of the advanced static var compensator or STATCON at a high voltage direct current (HVDC) converter terminal where the ac system has a very low short circuit ratio (SCR). The STATCON is based on a nine-level GTO thyristor inverter. The studies include operating characteristics of the STATCON under various ac and dc disturbances. The simulation results are compared with other types of reactive power compensation options available for such applications. It is shown that the STATCON has clear advantages over the other compensators, in areas such as; fault response time, voltage support ability, and dc recovery, while operating with very weak ac systems.

A diagnostic pressure equation is incorporated into a storm-scale three-dimensional variational data assimilation (3DVAR) system in the form of a weak constraint in addition to a mass continuity equation constraint (MCEC). The goal of this ...

This paper examines the plausibility of mesoscale eddy generation through local baroclinic instability of weak midocean gyre flows. The main tool is a statistically steady, two-layer quasigeostrophic turbulence model driven by an imposed, ...

Two cases of east coast cyclogenesis are compared. They occur under weak and strong synoptic scale forcing, respectively. A set of objective analyses with one degree latitude-longitude horizontal resolution and 100 mb vertical resolution is used ...

Quantitative prediction of mineral reaction rates in the subsurface remains a daunting task partly because a key parameter for macroscopic models, the reactive site density, is poorly constrained. Here we report atomic force microscopy (AFM) measurements on the calcite surface of monomolecular step densities, treated as equivalent to the reactive site density, as a function of aqueous calcium-to-carbonate ratio and saturation index. Data for the obtuse step orientation are combined with existing step velocity measurements to generate a model that predicts overall macroscopic calcite growth rates. The model is quantitatively consistent with several published macroscopic rates under a range of alkaline solution conditions, particularly for two of the most comprehensive data sets without the need for additional fit parameters. The model reproduces peak growth rates and its functional form is simple enough to be incorporated into reactive transport or other macroscopic models designed for predictions in porous media. However, it currently cannot model equilibrium, pH effects, and may overestimate rates at high aqueous calcium-to-carbonate ratios. The discrepancies in rates at high calcium-to-carbonate ratios may be due to differences in pre-treatment, such as exposing the seed material to SI 1.0 to generate/develop growth hillocks, or other factors.

An automated computer interpretation of ellisometer measurements of anodic film growth was developed. Continuous mass and charge balances were used to utilize more fully the time dependence of the ellipsometer data and the current and potential measurements. A multiple-film model was used to characterize the growth of films which proceeds via a dissolution--precipitation mechanism; the model also applies to film growth by adsorption and nucleation mechanisms. The characteristic parameters for film growth describe homogeneous and heterogeneous crystallization rates, film porosities and degree of hydration, and the supersaturation of ionic species in the electrolyte. Additional descriptions which may be chosen are patchwise film formation, nonstoichiometry of the anodic film, and statistical variations in the size and orientation of secondary crystals. Theories were developed to describe the optical effects of these processes. An automatic, self-compensating ellipsometer was used to study the growth in alkaline solution of anodic films on silver, cadmium, and zinc. Mass-transport conditions included stagnant electrolyte and forced convection in a flow channel. Multiple films were needed to characterize the optical properties of these films. Anodic films grew from an electrolyte supersatuated in the solution-phase dissolution product. The degree of supersaturation depended on transport conditions and had a major effect on the structure of the film. Anodic reaction rates were limited by the transport of charge carriers through a primary surface layer. The primary layers on silver, zinc, and cadmium all appeared to be nonstoichiometric, containing excess metal. Diffusion coefficients, transference numbers, and the free energy of adsorption of zinc oxide were derived from ellipsometer measurements. 97 figures, 13 tables, 198 references.

To use x-ray optics with nanometer resolution limit, scanning x-ray nanoprobes with corresponding mechanical positioning capability need to be designed. In particular, positioning stages with both sub-nanometer resolution and a positioning/scanning range of several millimeters are required. Based on our design of precision weak-link stages with interferometric encoders for the Center for Nanoscale Materials (CNM) hard x-ray nanoprobe at the Advanced Photon Source (APS) Sector 26, we have developed a new two-dimensional (2-D) weak-link stage system for nanopositioning of a specimen holder. This system provides sub-nanometer resolution, coupled with sub-nanometer metrology at a travel range of several millimeters. The 2-D weak-link stage system is designed with high structure stiffness using laminar overconstrained weak-link mechanisms [4-6]. In this paper we present the study of a linear precision weak-link stage system with sub-centimeter travel range and sub-nanometer positioning resolution. Design of a rotary weak-link stage system with 10-nrad resolution and 10-degree-level travel range is also discussed in this paper.

We present atomistic molecular dynamics simulations of two Polyethylene systems where all entanglements are trapped: a perfect network, and a melt with grafted chain ends. We examine microscopically at what level topological constraints can be considered as a collective entanglement effect, as in tube model theories, or as certain pairwise uncrossability interactions, as in slip-link models. A pairwise parameter, which varies between these limiting cases, shows that, for the systems studied, the character of the entanglement environment is more pairwise than collective. We employ a novel methodology, which analyzes entanglement constraints into a complete set of pairwise interactions, similar to slip links. Entanglement confinement is assembled by a plethora of links, with a spectrum of confinement strengths, from strong to weak. The strength of interactions is quantified through a link `persistence', which is the fraction of time for which the links are active. By weighting links according to their strength, we show that confinement is imposed mainly by the strong ones, and that the weak, trapped, uncrossability interactions cannot contribute to the low frequency modulus of an elastomer, or the plateau modulus of a melt. A self-consistent scheme for mapping topological constraints to specific, strong binary links, according to a given entanglement density, is proposed and validated. Our results demonstrate that slip links can be viewed as the strongest pairwise interactions of a collective entanglement environment. The methodology developed provides a basis for bridging the gap between atomistic simulations and mesoscopic slip link models.

Abstract. Tau protein plays a role in the extension and maintenance of neuronal processes through a direct association with microtubules. To characterize the nature of this association, we have synthesized a collection of tau protein fragments and studied their binding properties. The relatively weak affinity of tau protein for microtubules (ti10- ' M) is concentrated in a large region containing three or four 18 amino acid repeated binding elements. These are separated by apparently flexible but less conserved linker sequences of 13-14 amino acids that do not bind. Within the repeats, the binding energy for microtubules is delocalized and derives from a series of weak interactions contributed by small groups of amino acids. These unusual char acteristics suggest tau protein can assume multiple conformations and can pivot and perhaps migrate on the surface of the microtubule. The flexible structure of the tau protein binding interaction may allow it to be easily displaced from the microtubule lattice and may have important consequences for its function. TAU protein is a microtubule-associated protein present In brain and other neuronal tissues (Binder et al., 1985; Drubin et al., 1986; Weingarten et al., 1975). It is found in the axonal microtubules of mature neurons (Binder et al., 1985) and in the axonlike elongated neurite processes synthesized by differentiating neurons in culture

We investigate a model in which spinors are considered as being embedded within the Clifford algebra that operates on them. In Minkowski space $M_{1,3}$, we have four independent 4-component spinors, each living in a different minimal left ideal of $Cl(1,3)$. We show that under space inversion, a spinor of one left ideal transforms into a spinor of another left ideal. This brings novel insight to the role of chirality in weak interactions. We demonstrate the latter role by considering an action for a generalized spinor field $\\psi^{\\alpha i}$ that has not only a spinor index $\\alpha$ but also an extra index $i$ running over four ideals. The covariant derivative of $\\psi^{\\alpha i}$ contains the generalized spin connection, the extra components of which are interpreted as the SU(2) gauge fields of weak interactions and their generalization. We thus arrive at a system that is left-right symmetric due to the presence of a "parallel sector", postulated a long time ago, that contains mirror particles coupled to mirror SU(2) gauge fields.

The coordinate space formulation of the Hartree-Fock-Bogoliubov (HFB) method enables self-consistent treatment of mean field and pairing in weakly bound systems whose properties are affected by the particle continuum space. Of particular interest are neutron-rich, deformed drip-line nuclei which can exhibit novel properties associated with neutron skin. To describe such systems theoretically, we developed an accurate 2D lattice Skyrme-HFB solver HFB-AX based on B-splines. Compared to previous implementations, we made a number of improvements aimed at boosting the solver's performance. These include: explicit imposition of axiality and space inversion, use of the modified Broyden's method to solve self-consistent equations, and a partial parallelization of the code. HFB-AX has been benchmarked against other HFB solvers, both spherical and deformed, and the accuracy of the B-spline expansion was tested by employing the multi-resolution wavelet method. Illustrative calculations are carried out for stable and weakly bound nuclei at spherical and very deformed shapes, including constrained fission pathways. In addition to providing new physics insights, HFB-AX can serve as a useful tool to assess the reliability and applicability of coordinate-space and configuration-space HFB solvers, both existing and in development.

The coordinate space formulation of the Hartree-Fock-Bogoliubov (HFB) method enables self-consistent treatment of mean-field and pairing in weakly bound systems whose properties are affected by the particle continuum space. Of particular interest are neutron-rich, deformed drip-line nuclei which can exhibit novel properties associated with neutron skin. To describe such systems theoretically, we developed an accurate 2D lattice Skyrme-HFB solver {\\hfbax} based on B-splines. Compared to previous implementations, we made a number of improvements aimed at boosting the solver's performance. These include: explicit imposition of axiality and space inversion, use of the modified Broyden's method to solve self-consistent equations, and a partial parallelization of the code. {\\hfbax} has been benchmarked against other HFB solvers, both spherical and deformed, and the accuracy of the B-spline expansion was tested by employing the multiresolution wavelet method. Illustrative calculations are carried out for stable and weakly bound nuclei at spherical and very deformed shapes, including constrained fission pathways. In addition to providing new physics insights, {\\hfbax} can serve as a useful tool to assess the reliability and applicability of coordinate-space and configuration-space HFB solvers, both existing and in development.

Single and double coincidence nucleon spectra in the $\\Lambda$-hypernuclei weak decay are evaluated and discussed using a microscopic formalism. Nuclear matter is employed together with the local density approximation which allows us to analyze the $^{12}_{\\Lambda}C$ hypernucleus non-mesonic weak decay. Final state interactions (FSI) are included via the first order (in the nuclear residual interaction) terms to the RPA, where the strong residual interaction is modelled by a Bonn potential. At this level of approximation, these FSI are pure quantum interference terms between the primary decay $(\\Lambda N \\to NN)$ and $(\\Lambda N \\to NN \\to NN)$, where the strong interaction is responsible for the last piece in the second reaction. Also the Pauli exchange contributions are explicitly evaluated. We show that the inclusion of Pauli exchange terms is important. A comparison with data is made. We conclude that the limitations in phase space in the RPA makes this approximation inadequate to reproduce the nucleon spectra. This fact, does not allow us to draw a definite conclusion about the importance of the interference terms.

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We present a weak-lensing analysis of the merging cluster A2163 using Subaru/Suprime-Cam and CFHT/Mega-Cam data and discuss the dynamics of this cluster merger, based on complementary weak-lensing, X-ray, and optical spectroscopic data sets. From two-dimensional multi-component weak-lensing analysis, we reveal that the cluster mass distribution is well described by three main components including the two-component main cluster A2163-A with mass ratio 1:8, and its cluster satellite A2163-B. The bimodal mass distribution in A2163-A is similar to the galaxy density distribution, but appears as spatially segregated from the brightest X-ray emitting gas region. We discuss the possible origins of this gas-dark-matter offset and suggest the gas core of the A2163-A subcluster has been stripped away by ram pressure from its dark matter component. The survival of this gas core from the tidal forces exerted by the main cluster lets us infer a subcluster accretion with a non-zero impact parameter. Dominated by the most massive component of A2163-A, the mass distribution of A2163 is well described by a universal Navarro-Frenk-White profile as shown by a one-dimensional tangential shear analysis, while the singular-isothermal sphere profile is strongly ruled out. Comparing this cluster mass profile with profiles derived assuming intracluster medium hydrostatic equilibrium (H.E.) in two opposite regions of the cluster atmosphere has allowed us to confirm the prediction of a departure from H.E. in the eastern cluster side, presumably due to shock heating. Yielding a cluster mass estimate of M{sub 500} = 11.18{sup +1.64}{sub -1.46} Multiplication-Sign 10{sup 14} h {sup -1} M{sub Sun }, our mass profile confirms the exceptionally high mass of A2163, consistent with previous analyses relying on the cluster dynamical analysis and Y{sub X} mass proxy.

This study presents a method to predict the growth fluctuation of firms interdependent in a network economy. The risk of downward growth fluctuation of firms is calculated from the statistics on Japanese industry.

This editorial introduces the special issue on design, discovery, and growth of novel materials. The papers of this special issue review and reveal technical details of of how specific growths are developed and implemented.

A two-dimensional particle-in-cell simulation is performed to investigate weakly magnetized perpendicular shocks with a magnetization parameter of {sigma} = 6 x 10{sup -5}, which is equivalent to a high Alfven Mach number M{sub A} of {approx}130. It is shown that current filaments form in the foot region of the shock due to the ion-beam-Weibel instability (or the ion filamentation instability) and that they generate a strong magnetic field there. In the downstream region, these current filaments also generate a tangled magnetic field that is typically 15 times stronger than the upstream magnetic field. The thermal energies of electrons and ions in the downstream region are not in equipartition and their temperature ratio is T{sub e}/T{sub i} {approx} 0.3-0.4. Efficient electron acceleration was not observed in our simulation, although a fraction of the ions are accelerated slightly on reflection at the shock. The simulation results agree very well with the Rankine-Hugoniot relations. It is also shown that electrons and ions are heated in the foot region by the Buneman instability (for electrons) and the ion-acoustic instability (for both electrons and ions). However, the growth rate of the Buneman instability is significantly reduced due to the relatively high temperature of the reflected ions. For the same reason, ion-ion streaming instability does not grow in the foot region.

Passive scalar turbulence forced steadily is characterized by the velocity correlation scale, $L$, injection scale, $l$, and diffusive scale, $r_d$. The scales are well separated if the diffusivity is small, $r_d\\ll l,L$, and one normally says that effects of diffusion are confined to smaller scales, $r\\ll r_d$. However, if the velocity is single scale one finds that a weak dependence of the scalar correlations on the molecular diffusivity persists to even larger scales, e.g. $l\\gg r\\gg r_d$ \\cite{95BCKL}. We consider the case of $L\\gg l$ and report a counter-intuitive result -- the emergence of a new range of large scales, $L\\gg r\\gg l^2/r_d$, where the diffusivity shows a strong effect on scalar correlations.

The production of a stochastic background of relic gravitational waves is well known in various works in the literature, where, using the so called adiabatically-amplified zero-point fluctuations process it has been shown how the standard inflationary scenario for the early universe can in principle provide a distinctive spectrum of relic gravitational waves. In this paper, it is shown that a weak modification of General Relativity produces a third massive polarization of gravitational waves and the primordial production of this polarization is analysed adapting the adiabatically-amplified zero-point fluctuations process at this case. The presence of the mass could also have important applications in cosmology as the fact that gravitational waves can have mass could give a contribution to the dark matter of the Universe. At the end of the paper an upper bound for these relic gravitational waves, which arises from the WMAP constrains, is also released.

A generalized lens equation for weak gravitational fields in Schwarzschild metric and valid for finite distances of source and observer from the light deflecting body is suggested. The magnitude of neglected terms in the generalized lens equation is estimated to be smaller than or equal to 15 Pi/4 (m/d')^2, where m is the Schwarzschild radius of massive body and d' is Chandrasekhar's impact parameter. The main applications of this generalized lens equation are extreme astrometrical configurations, where 'Standard post-Newtonian approach' as well as 'Classical lens equation' cannot be applied. It is shown that in the appropriate limits the proposed lens equation yields the known post-Newtonian terms, 'enhanced' post-post-Newtonian terms and the Classical lens equation, thus provides a link between these both essential approaches for determining the light deflection.

Thesis. Recent theoretical developments have led to evermore refined theories for the Josephson effects in a variety of superconducting weak link'' structures. One of the major refinements has been the inclusion of the effects of intrinsic thermal fluctuations upon Josephson-like behavior. Some other developments include the investigation of mechanisms for the origin of the Josephson effects in non-tunneling structures, and equivalent circuit representations. Experimental investigations were made which encompass both of these areas; with special emphaais placed upon fluctuation effects; in pariicular, the effect of fluctuations upon the driven dc Josephson effect has been studied in considerable detail. The weak links studied included niobium point contacts, tin whisker'' crystals, and tin thin film bridges, the latter fabricated via an optical photoresist technique. The experiments were conducted in a temperature regime which extended to within a few mK of T/sub c/, the regime in which fluctuation effects are enhanced (and thus tnore experimentally accessible). The data consisted of relatively high resolution (ln V) low noise 1- -V characteristics obtained with an apparatus which incorporated ( plus or minus 10 mu K) temperature control with wide-band rf transmission, in a highly shielded environment. Experiniental rf-induced step pi-ofiles (the driven ac Josephsorin effect) and zero voltage step profiles (the dc Josephson effect) were compared in detail with the relevant intrinsic fluctuation theories (due to Ambegaokar, Halperin, and Stephen) via a one parameter fit, using the respective no-fluctuation step amplitude as she (natural) fitting parameter. We were able to distinguish between external noise effects and intrinsic effects and effectively excluded external noise; thus we maintain a high degree of confidence that the effects reported are indeed intrinsic to the weak links themselves. The agreement between thcory arind experinient was found to be very good in both the driven and the dc effects over a wide range of experimertal parameters and the single-parameter fits yielded step heights which corresponded reasonably well to the dc critical currents. These results indicate that the conceptually simple theory in which thermal fluctuations are introduced as a rapidly fluctuating (Langevin) force and a tilted periodic potential is introduced by the coupling energy (dc effect) or by phase locking to incident radiation (driven ac effect) provides a rather good description of the intrinsic fluctuation phenomena in superconducting weak links of negligible capacitance. The broad applicability of the theoretical concepts is indicated by the consisterincy between the dc and driven effect results, and by-the wide range of parameters over which convincing agreement between theory and experiment was obtained. By making some observations in regimes where fluctuation effects were diminished. evidence was found that slight deviations that were observed in the fluctuation experments could be attributed to deviations from the no-fluctuation model used as the starting point in the fluctuation theories. Supplemental considerations related to junction modeling were also pursued to a certain degree and irin some cases, led to new results or confirmations of recently discovered results of other researchers. These observations included 1--V comparisons, rf step amplitude vs voltage dependences, rf step threshold frequencies, and the Dayem --Wyatt effect. (122 references, 84 figures) (auth)

The weak-field approximation is one of the simplest models that allows us to relate the observed polarization induced by the Zeeman effect with the magnetic field vector present on the plasma of interest. It is usually applied for diagnosing magnetic fields in the solar and stellar atmospheres. A fully Bayesian approach to the inference of magnetic properties in unresolved structures is presented. The analytical expression for the marginal posterior distribution is obtained, from which we can obtain statistically relevant information about the model parameters. The role of a-priori information is discussed and a hierarchical procedure is presented that gives robust results that are almost insensitive to the precise election of the prior. The strength of the formalism is demonstrated through an application to IMaX data. Bayesian methods can optimally exploit data from filter-polarimeters given the scarcity of spectral information as compared with spectro-polarimeters. The effect of noise and how it degrades ou...

We propose an estimator defined in real space for the reconstruction of the weak lensing potential due to the intervening large scale structure from high resolution maps of the cosmic microwave background. This estimator was motivated as an alternative to the quadratic estimator in harmonic space to surpass the difficulties of the analysis of maps containing galactic cuts and point source excisions. Using maps synthesised by pixel remapping, we implement the estimator for two experiments, namely one in the absence and one in the presence of detector noise, and compare the reconstruction of the convergence field with that obtained with the quadratic estimator defined in harmonic space. We find good agreement between the input and the reconstructed power spectra using the proposed real space estimator. We discuss interesting features of the real space estimator and future extensions of this work.

A comprehensive level scheme of {sup 93}Nb below 2 MeV has been constructed from information obtained with the {sup 93}Nb(n,n{prime}{gamma}) and the {sup 94}Zr(p,2n{gamma}{gamma}){sup 93}Nb reactions. Branching ratios, lifetimes, transition multipolarities, and spin assignments have been determined. From M1 and E2 strengths, fermionic-bosonic excitations of isoscalar and isovector characters have been identified from the weak couplings of the {pi}1g{sub 9/2} {circle_times} {sub 40}{sup 92}Zr and {pi}2p{sub 1/2}{sup -1} {circle_times} {sub 42}{sup 94}Mo configurations. A microscopic interpretation of such excitations is obtained from shell-model calculations, which use low-momentum effective interactions.

The coordinate space formulation of the Hartree-Fock-Bogoliubov (HFB) method enables self-consistent treatment of mean-field and pairing in weakly bound systems whose properties are affected by the particle continuum space. Of particular interest are neutron-rich, deformed drip-line nuclei which can exhibit novel properties associated with neutron skin. To describe such systems theoretically, we developed an accurate 2D lattice Skyrme-HFB solver {\\hfbax} based on B-splines. Compared to previous implementations, we made a number of improvements aimed at boosting the solver's performance. These include: explicit imposition of axiality and space inversion, use of the modified Broyden's method to solve self-consistent equations, and a partial parallelization of the code. {\\hfbax} has been benchmarked against other HFB solvers, both spherical and deformed, and the accuracy of the B-spline expansion was tested by employing the multiresolution wavelet method. Illustrative calculations are carried out for stable and ...

We demonstrate experimentally a quantum memory scheme for the storage of weak coherent light pulses in an inhomogeneously broadened optical transition in a Pr^{3+}: YSO crystal at 2.1 K. Precise optical pumping using a frequency stable (about 1kHz linewidth) laser is employed to create a highly controllable Atomic Frequency Comb (AFC) structure. We report single photon storage and retrieval efficiencies of 25%, based on coherent photon echo type re-emission in the forward direction. The coherence property of the quantum memory is proved through interference between a super Gaussian pulse and the emitted echo. Backward retrieval of the photon echo emission has potential for increasing storage and recall efficiency.

We demonstrate experimentally a quantum memory scheme for the storage of weak coherent light pulses in an inhomogeneously broadened optical transition in a Pr^{3+}: YSO crystal at 2.1 K. Precise optical pumping using a frequency stable (about 1kHz linewidth) laser is employed to create a highly controllable Atomic Frequency Comb (AFC) structure. We report single photon storage and retrieval efficiencies of 25%, based on coherent photon echo type re-emission in the forward direction. The coherence property of the quantum memory is proved through interference between a super Gaussian pulse and the emitted echo. Backward retrieval of the photon echo emission has potential for increasing storage and recall efficiency.

Let $\\mathrm{X}=(X_{1},...,X_{q})$ be a family of real smooth vector fields satisfying H\\"{o}mander's condition. The purpose of this paper is to establish gradient estimates in generalized Morrey spaces for weak solutions of the divergence degenerate parabolic system related to $X$ :%\\[u_{t}^{i}+X_{\\alpha}^{\\ast}(a_{ij}^{\\alpha\\beta}(z)X_{\\beta}u^{j}%)=g_{i}+X_{\\alpha}^{\\ast}f_{i}^{\\alpha}(z), \\] where $\\alpha,\\beta=1,2,...,q,$ $i,j=1,2,...,N$, $X_{\\alpha}^{\\ast}$ is the transposed vector field of $X_{\\alpha}$, $z=(t,x)\\in{\\mathbb{R}}^{n+1}$, and coefficients $a_{ij}^{\\alpha\\beta}(z)$ belong to the space $VMO$ induced by the vector fields $X_{1}, ...,X_{q}$.

In this work we concentrate on an experimental validation of the Lifshitz theory for van der Waals and Casimir forces in gold-alcohol-glass systems. From this theory weak dispersive forces are predicted when the dielectric properties of the intervening medium become comparable to one of the interacting surfaces. Using inverse colloid probe atomic force microscopy dispersive forces were measured occasionally and under controlled conditions by addition of salt to screen the electrostatic double layer force if present. The dispersive force was found to be attractive, and an order of magnitude weaker than that in air. Although the theoretical description of the forces becomes less precise for these systems even with full knowledge of the dielectric properties, we find still our results in reasonable agreement with Lifshitz theory.

We present results from a detailed simulation of a quasi-2D dissipative granular gas, kept in a non-condensed steady state via vertical shaking over a rough substrate. This gas shows a weak power-law decay in the tails of its Pair Distribution Functions (PDF's), indicating fractality and therefore a tendency to form clusters over several size scales. This clustering depends monotonically on the dissipation coefficient, and disappears when the sphere-sphere collisions are conservative. Clustering is also sensitive to the packing fraction. This gas also displays the standard nonequilibrium characteristics of similar systems, including non-Maxwellian velocity distributions. The diffusion coefficients are calculated over all the conditions of the simulations, and it is found that diluted gases are more diffusive for smaller restitution coefficients.

A theory is presented which allows us to accurately calculate the density profile of monovalent and multivalent counterions in suspensions of polarizable colloids or nano-particles. In the case of monovalent ions, we derive a weak-coupling theory that explicitly accounts for the ion-image interaction, leading to a modified Poisson-Boltzmann equation. For suspensions with multivalent counterions, a strong-coupling theory is used to calculate the density profile near the colloidal surface and a Poisson-Boltzmann equation with a renormalized boundary condition to account for the counterion distribution in the far-field. All the results are compared with the Monte Carlo simulations, showing an excellent agreement between the theory and the simulations.

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Integrable non-linear Hamiltonian systems perturbed by additive noise develop a Lyapunov instability, and are hence chaotic, for any amplitude of the perturbation. This phenomenon is related, but distinct, from Taylor's diffusion in hydrodynamics. We develop expressions for the Lyapunov exponents for the cases of white and colored noise. The situation described here being `multi-resonance' -- by nature well beyond the Kolmogorov-Arnold-Moser regime, it offers an analytic glimpse on the regime in which many near-integrable systems, such as some planetary systems, find themselves in practice. We show with the aid of a simple example, how one may model in some cases weakly chaotic deterministic systems by a stochastically perturbed one, with good qualitative results.

We extend to odd-odd core hypernuclei our independent particle shell model (IPSM) formalism developed previously for the evaluation of the {gamma}{sub NM},{gamma}{sub n/p}, and a{sub {lambda}} hypernuclear weak decay observables. The present procedure reproduces the even-odd and even-even core results as particular cases. Adopting the standard strangeness-changing weak {lambda}N{yields}NN transition potential with exchange of the complete pseudoscalar and vector meson octets ({pi},{eta},K,{rho},{omega},K*) we get simple analytical expressions for all observables. Numerical values for {sub {lambda}}{sup 4}He,{sub {lambda}}{sup 5}He, {sub {lambda}}{sup 11}B,{sub {lambda}}{sup 12}C,{sub {lambda}}{sup 16}O, {sub {lambda}}{sup 17}O, and {sub {lambda}}{sup 28}Si hypernuclei are obtained and compared with available experimental data, putting special attention on the asymmetry parameter. We remark that, in the present form, the IPSM gives roughly the same value of a{sub {lambda}} for all hypernuclei in contradiction with experiments. We stress the necessity of introducing configuration mixing to go beyond the IPSM taking into account, in a more realistic way, nuclear structure effects. Moreover, one could to include more relevant degrees of freedom, even within the IPSM framework, like: (i) modifications of the exchange potential (two-pion, a{sub 1} meson, {delta}T=3/2 terms of vector mesons, etc.), (ii) final state interactions accounting for the distortion of the plane waves of emitted nucleons, and (iii) two-nucleon induced decay, as possible ways to solve the puzzle.

This thesis describes an experiment to measure parity nonconservation in atomic thallium. A frequency doubled, flashlamp pumped tunable dye laser is used to excite the 6P/sub 1/2/(F = 0) ..-->.. 7P/sub 1/2/(F = 1) transition at 292.7 nm, with circularly polarized light. An electrostatic field E of 100 to 300 V/cm causes this transition to occur via Stark induced electric dipole. Two field free transitions may also occur: a highly forbidden magnetic dipole M, and a parity nonconserving electric dipole epsilon/sub P/. The latter is presumed to be due to the presence of a weak neutral current interaction between the 6p valence electron and the nucleus, as predicted by gauge theories which unite the electromagnetic and weak interactions. Both M and epsilon/sub P/ interfere with the Stark amplitude ..beta..E to produce a polarization of the 7P/sub 1/2/ state. This is measured with a circularly polarized infrared laser beam probe, tuned to the 7P/sub 1/2/ ..-->.. 8S/sub 1/2/ transition. This selectively excites m/sub F/ = +1 or -1 components of the 7P/sub 1/2/ state, and the polarization is seen as an asymmetry in 8S ..-->.. 6P/sub 3/2/ fluorescence when the probe helicity is reversed. The polarization due to M is ..delta../sub M/ = -2M/(BETAE). It is used to calibrate the analyzing efficiency. The polarization due to epsilon/sub P/ is ..delta../sub P/ = 2i epsilon/sub P//(..beta..E), and can be distinguished from ..delta../sub M/ by its properties under reversal of the 292.7 nm photon helicity and reversal of the laser direction. A preliminary measurement yielded a parity violation in agreement with the gauge theory of Weinberg and Salam.

Gold nanoparticles are useful in biomedical applications due to their distinct optical properties and high chemical stability. Reports of the biogenic formation of gold colloids from gold complexes has also led to an increased level of interest in the biomineralization of gold. However, the mechanism responsible for biomolecule-directed gold nanoparticle formation remains unclear due to the lack of structural information about biological systems and the fast kinetics of biomimetic chemical systems in solution. Here we show that intact single crystals of lysozyme can be used to study the time-dependent, protein-directed growth of gold nanoparticles. The protein crystals slow down the growth of the gold nanoparticles, allowing detailed kinetic studies to be carried out, and permit a three-dimensional structural characterization that would be difficult to achieve in solution. Furthermore, we show that additional chemical species can be used to fine-tune the growth rate of the gold nanoparticles.

Gold nanoparticles are useful in biomedical applications due to their distinct optical properties and high chemical stability. Reports of the biogenic formation of gold colloids from gold complexes has also led to an increased level of interest in the biomineralization of gold. However, the mechanism responsible for biomolecule-directed gold nanoparticle formation remains unclear due to the lack of structural information about biological systems and the fast kinetics of biomimetic chemical systems in solution. Here we show that intact single crystals of lysozyme can be used to study the time-dependent, protein-directed growth of gold nanoparticles. The protein crystals slow down the growth of the gold nanoparticles, allowing detailed kinetic studies to be carried out, and permit a three-dimensional structural characterization that would be difficult to achieve in solution. Furthermore, we show that additional chemical species can be used to fine-tune the growth rate of the gold nanoparticles.

Low Carbon Growth in Ukraine Low Carbon Growth in Ukraine Jump to: navigation, search Name UNDP-Capacity Building for Low Carbon Growth in Ukraine Agency/Company /Organization United Nations Development Programme Sector Energy, Land, Climate Focus Area Economic Development Topics Low emission development planning, Pathways analysis, Background analysis Website http://www.undp.org Country Ukraine UN Region Eastern Europe References UNDP[1] "Due to economic decline following the break-up of the Soviet Union, Ukraine's greenhouse gas emissions are currently 54% lower than in 1990. At the same time, the Ukrainian economy remains among the most carbon intensive globally. Therefore the project aims to assist Ukraine in developing a long-term low carbon development strategy, focusing on

(Abridged) We present a HST/ACS weak-lensing study of RX J0849+4452 and RX J0848+4453, the two most distant (at z=1.26 and z=1.27, respectively) clusters yet measured with weak-lensing. The two clusters are separated by ~4' from each other and appear to form a supercluster in the Lynx field. Using our deep ACS F775W and F850LP imaging, we detected weak-lensing signals around both clusters at ~4 sigma levels. The mass distribution indicated by the reconstruction map is in good spatial agreement with the cluster galaxies. From the SIS fitting, we determined that RX J0849+4452 and RX J0848+4453 have similar projected masses of ~2.0x10^14 solar mass and ~2.1x10^14 solar mass, respectively, within a 0.5 Mpc (~60") aperture radius.

(Abridged) We present a HST/ACS weak-lensing study of RX J0849+4452 and RX J0848+4453, the two most distant (at z=1.26 and z=1.27, respectively) clusters yet measured with weak-lensing. The two clusters are separated by ~4' from each other and appear to form a supercluster in the Lynx field. Using our deep ACS F775W and F850LP imaging, we detected weak-lensing signals around both clusters at ~4 sigma levels. The mass distribution indicated by the reconstruction map is in good spatial agreement with the cluster galaxies. From the SIS fitting, we determined that RX J0849+4452 and RX J0848+4453 have similar projected masses of ~2.0x10^14 solar mass and ~2.1x10^14 solar mass, respectively, within a 0.5 Mpc (~60") aperture radius.

Crystals are grown in a tank which is divided by a baffle into a crystal growth region above the baffle and a plenum region below the baffle. A turbine blade or stirring wheel is positioned in a turbine tube which extends through the baffle to generate a flow of solution from the crystal growing region to the plenum region. The solution is pressurized as it flows into the plenum region. The pressurized solution flows back to the crystal growing region through return flow tubes extending through the baffle. Growing crystals are positioned near the ends of the return flow tubes to receive a direct flow of solution.

the Gulf of Mexico. Red grouper are highly territorial and often remain at the same site for long periods in shallow waters of the Florida Keys and in adults offshore in marine reserves in the Gulf of Mexico. Dr

A system and method are disclosed for monitoring the growth of a crystalline body from a liquid meniscus in a furnace. The system provides an improved human/machine interface so as to reduce operator stress, strain and fatigue while improving the conditions for observation and control of the growing process. The system comprises suitable optics for forming an image of the meniscus and body wherein the image is anamorphic so that the entire meniscus can be viewed with good resolution in both the width and height dimensions. The system also comprises a video display for displaying the anamorphic image. The video display includes means for enhancing the contrast between any two contrasting points in the image. The video display also comprises a signal averager for averaging the intensity of at least one preselected portions of the image. The value of the average intensity, can in turn be utilized to control the growth of the body. The system and method are also capable of observing and monitoring multiple processes.

A system and method are disclosed for monitoring the growth of a crystalline body from a liquid meniscus in a furnace. The system provides an improved human/machine interface so as to reduce operator stress, strain and fatigue while improving the conditions for observation and control of the growing process. The system comprises suitable optics for forming an image of the meniscus and body wherein the image is anamorphic so that the entire meniscus can be viewed with good resolution in both the width and height dimensions. The system also comprises a video display for displaying the anamorphic image. The video display includes means for enhancing the contrast between any two contrasting points in the image. The video display also comprises a signal averager for averaging the intensity of at least one preselected portions of the image. The value of the average intensity, can in turn be utilized to control the growth of the body. The system and method are also capable of observing and monitoring multiple processes.

World demand for gas is expected to rocket, yet future natural gas and liquefied natural gas projects remain threatened by the link of gas prices to crude oil prices. This is the main message that emerged from the 19th World Gas Conference in Milan last week. A number of reports predicted regional demand for gas. All foresaw a rise. International Gas Union (IGU), organizer of the conference, and said world natural gas production has continued to rise despite a significant downturn in industrial production. The paper discusses gas demand in Europe, the correlation between oil and gas prices, the natural gas industry in Indonesia, Russia, and southern Europe.

Film growths on aluminum and two aluminum-1 wt.% nickel alloys in water at 250 and 350 deg C were studied. It was found that oxide growth does not advance on a uniform front but, to the contrary, the advancing surface contains many outcrops in the form of thin platelets, chunky outcrops, and whiskers. With both the pure metal and the alloys considerable intergranular attack was observed. The general corrosion product was usually more uniform in crystal size when formed on the pure metal, but variations in crystal size were observed on both aluminum and alloys with varying features of the metal surface. The roughness of the general oxide surface (includlng outcrops) was found to increase rapidly to about 0.2 micron and then remain relatively constant with increasing film thickness. The composition of films formed under all investigated conditions, except one, was found to be boehmite ( alpha -Al/sub 2/O/sub 3/- H/sub 2/O). This exception was films carried by the alloy specimens after testing for 32 days at 350 deg C. In this case the main corrosion film was still boehmite, but in addition the outer surface supported long needles of diaspore ( beta -Al/sub 2/ O/sub 3/- H/sub 2/O). (auth)

New hypothetical field equations (Eqs. (1) and (2)) are further discussed, unifying Maxwell's equations of the Standard Model (after the electroweak symmetry is spontaneously broken) with the dynamics of hidden sector (expected to be responsible for the cold dark matter). The hidden sector is represented by sterile spin-1/2 Dirac fermions ("sterinos") and sterile spin-0 bosons ("sterons") whose masses are spontaneously generated by a nonzero vacuum expectation value of the steron field, while sterino and steron interactions are mediated by sterile spin-1 quanta of an antisymmetric-tensor field with a large mass scale ("A bosons"). These interactions are presumed to be weak, but stronger than the universal gravity. Beside sterinos and sterons, the Standard-Model photons are included into the source of sterile A bosons and so, they become a link between the hidden and Standard-Model sectors ("photonic portal" to the hidden sector). The relativistic structure of antisymmetric-tensor field of sterile A bosons can be split into a vector and an axial three-dimensional fields (of spin 1 and parities - and +) in such a way that the Standard-Model electric and magnetic fields become involved separately in the sources of these two kinds of sterile A-boson radiation, respectively.

We study the current-phase relation of a Bose-Einstein condensate flowing through a repulsive square barrier by solving analytically the one-dimensional Gross-Pitaevskii equation. The barrier height and width fix the current-phase relation j({delta}{phi}), which tends to j{approx}cos({delta}{phi}/2) for weak barriers and to the Josephson sinusoidal relation j{approx}sin({delta}{phi}) for strong barriers. Between these two limits, the current-phase relation depends on the barrier width. In particular, for wide-enough barriers, we observe two families of multivalued current-phase relations. Diagrams belonging to the first family, already known in the literature, can have two different positive values of the current at the same phase difference. The second family, new to our knowledge, can instead allow for three different positive currents still corresponding to the same phase difference. Finally, we show that the multivalued behavior arises from the competition between hydrodynamic and nonlinear-dispersive components of the flow, the latter due to the presence of a soliton inside the barrier region.

We study the current-phase relation of a Bose-Einstein condensate flowing through a repulsive square barrier by solving analytically the one dimensional Gross-Pitaevskii equation. The barrier height and width fix the current-phase relation $j(\\delta\\phi)$, which tends to $j\\sim\\cos(\\delta\\phi/2)$ for weak barriers and to the Josephson sinusoidal relation $j\\sim\\sin(\\delta\\phi)$ for strong barriers. Between these two limits, the current-phase relation depends on the barrier width. In particular, for wide enough barriers, we observe two families of multivalued current-phase relations. Diagrams belonging to the first family, already known in the literature, can have two different positive values of the current at the same phase difference. The second family, new to our knowledge, can instead allow for three different positive currents still corresponding to the same phase difference. Finally, we show that the multivalued behavior arises from the competition between hydrodynamic and nonlinear-dispersive components of the flow, the latter due to the presence of a soliton inside the barrier region.

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The contribution by massive stars (M > 15M{sub {circle_dot}}) to the weak s-process component of the solar system abundances is primarily due to the {sup 22}Ne neutron source, which is activated near the end of helium-core burning. The residual {sup 22}Ne left over from helium-core burning is then reignited during carbon burning, initiating further s-processing that modifies the isotopic distribution. This modification is sensitive to the stellar structure and the carbon burning reaction rate. Recent work on the {sup 12}C + {sup 12}C reaction suggests that resonances located within the Gamow peak may exist, causing a strong increase in the astrophysical S-factor and consequently the reaction rate. To investigate the effect of such a rate, 25M{sub {circle_dot}} stellar models with different carbon burning rates, at solar metallicity, were generated using the Geneva Stellar Evolution Code (GENEC) with nucleosynthesis post-processing calculated using the NuGrid Multi-zone Post-Processing Network code (MPPNP). A strongly enhanced rate can cause carbon burning to occur in a convective core rather than a radiative one and the convective core mixes the matter synthesized there up into the carbon shell, significantly altering the initial composition of the carbon-shell. In addition, an enhanced rate causes carbon-shell burning episodes to ignite earlier in the evolution of the star, igniting the {sup 22}Ne source at lower temperatures and reducing the neutron density.

The weak-field approximation is one of the simplest models that allows us to relate the observed polarization induced by the Zeeman effect with the magnetic field vector present on the plasma of interest. It is usually applied for diagnosing magnetic fields in the solar and stellar atmospheres. A fully Bayesian approach to the inference of magnetic properties in unresolved structures is presented. The analytical expression for the marginal posterior distribution is obtained, from which we can obtain statistically relevant information about the model parameters. The role of a priori information is discussed and a hierarchical procedure is presented that gives robust results that are almost insensitive to the precise election of the prior. The strength of the formalism is demonstrated through an application to IMaX data. Bayesian methods can optimally exploit data from filter polarimeters given the scarcity of spectral information as compared with spectro-polarimeters. The effect of noise and how it degrades our ability to extract information from the Stokes profiles is analyzed in detail.

Genomic comparisons between human and distant, non-primatemammals are commonly used to identify cis-regulatory elements based onconstrained sequence evolution. However, these methods fail to detectcryptic functional elements, which are too weakly conserved among mammalsto distinguish from nonfunctional DNA. To address this problem, weexplored the potential of deep intra-primate sequence comparisons. Wesequenced the orthologs of 558 kb of human genomic sequence, coveringmultiple loci involved in cholesterol homeostasis, in 6 nonhumanprimates. Our analysis identified 6 noncoding DNA elements displayingsignificant conservation among primates, but undetectable in more distantcomparisons. In vitro and in vivo tests revealed that at least three ofthese 6 elements have regulatory function. Notably, the mouse orthologsof these three functional human sequences had regulatory activity despitetheir lack of significant sequence conservation, indicating that they arecryptic ancestral cis-regulatory elements. These regulatory elementscould still be detected in a smaller set of three primate speciesincluding human, rhesus and marmoset. Since the human and rhesus genomesequences are already available, and the marmoset genome is activelybeing sequenced, the primate-specific conservation analysis describedhere can be applied in the near future on a whole-genome scale, tocomplement the annotation provided by more distant speciescomparisons.

A precision measurement of the parity nonconserving left-right asymmetry, A{sub LR}, in Moeller scattering (e{sup -}e{sup -} {yields} e{sup -}e{sup -}) is currently in progress at the Stanford Linear Accelerator Center (SLAC). This experiment, labeled SLAC-E158, scatters longitudinally polarized electrons off atomic electrons in an unpolarized hydrogen target at a Q{sup 2} of 0.03 (GeV/c){sup 2}. The asymmetry, which is the fractional difference in the scattering cross-sections, measures the effective pseudo-scalar weak neutral current coupling, g{sub ee}, governing Moeller scattering. This quantity is in turn proportional to (1/4 - sin{sup 2} {theta}{sub w}), where {theta}{sub w} is the electroweak mixing angle. The goal is to measure the asymmetry to a precision of 1 x 10{sup -8} which corresponds to {delta}(sin{sup 2} {theta}{sub w}) {approx} 0.0007. Since A{sub LR} is a function of the cross-sections, and the cross-sections depend on the beam parameters, the desired precision of A{sub LR} places stringent requirements on the beam parameters. This paper investigates the requirements on the beam parameters and discusses the means by which they are monitored and accounted for.

The E-158 experiment at the Stanford Linear Accelerator Center (SLAC) measures the parity-violating cross-section asymmetry in electron-electron (Moeller) scattering at low Q{sup 2}. This asymmetry, whose Standard Model prediction is roughly -150 parts per billion (ppb), is directly proportional to (1-4 sin{sup 2} {theta}{sub W}), where {theta}{sub W} is the weak mixing angle. Measuring this asymmetry to within 10% provides an important test of the Standard Model at the quantum loop level and probes for new physics at the TeV scale. The experiment employs the SLAC 50 GeV electron beam, scattering it off a liquid hydrogen target. A system of magnets and collimators is used to isolate and focus the Moeller scattering events into an integrating calorimeter. The electron beam is generated at the source using a strained, gradient-doped GaAs photocathode, which produces roughly 5 x 10{sup 11} electrons/pulse (at a beam rate of 120 Hz) with {approx} 80% longitudinal polarization. The helicity of the beam can be rapidly switched, eliminating problems associated with slow drifts. Helicity-correlations in the beam parameters (charge, position, angle and energy) are minimized at the source and corrected for using precision beam monitoring devices.

We present the weak lensing mass map of the 173 tiles Canada-France-Hawaii Telescope Stripe82 Survey (CS82) with the effective area ~124 square degrees and study the peak statistics, including peak abundance, correlation functions and tangential-shear profile of peaks with the mass map. We find that (1) peak abundance detected in CS82 are consistent with predictions from a Lambda-CDM cosmological model, once noise effects are properly included; (2) correlation function of peaks with different signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) can be well fitted with power laws. Combining with the SDSS-III/Constant Mass (CMASS) galaxies, the cross-correlation between CMASS galaxies and high SNR peaks can be well-fitted with a power law; (3) the tangential shear profiles of the peaks increase with SNR. We concentrate on fitting spherical models to the tangential profiles with both singular isothermal sphere (SIS) and Navarro Frenk & White (NFW) models. For the high SNR peaks, the SIS model is rejected at ~3-sigma. Comparing the D...

We explore the utility of Karhunen-Loeve (KL) analysis in solving practical problems in the analysis of gravitational shear surveys. Shear catalogs from large-field weak-lensing surveys will be subject to many systematic limitations, notably incomplete coverage and pixel-level masking due to foreground sources. We develop a method to use two-dimensional KL eigenmodes of shear to interpolate noisy shear measurements across masked regions. We explore the results of this method with simulated shear catalogs, using statistics of high-convergence regions in the resulting map. We find that the KL procedure not only minimizes the bias due to masked regions in the field, it also reduces spurious peak counts from shape noise by a factor of {approx}3 in the cosmologically sensitive regime. This indicates that KL reconstructions of masked shear are not only useful for creating robust convergence maps from masked shear catalogs, but also offer promise of improved parameter constraints within studies of shear peak statistics.

The reference laboratory bounds on superluminality of the electron are obtained from the absence of in-vacuo Cherenkov processes and the determinations of synchrotron radiated power for LEP electrons. It is usually assumed that these analyses establish the validity of a standard special-relativistic description of the electron with accuracy of at least a few parts in $10^{14}$, and in particular this is used to exclude electron superluminality with such an accuracy. We observe that these bounds rely crucially on the availability of a preferred frame. In-vacuo-Cherenkov processes are automatically forbidden in any theory with "deformed Lorentz symmetry", relativistic theories that, while different from Special Relativity, preserve the relativity of inertial frames. Determinations of the synchrotron radiated power can be used to constrain the possibility of Lorentz-symmetry deformation, but provide rather weak bounds, which in particular for electron superluminality we establish to afford us no more constraining power than for an accuracy of a few parts in $10^4$. We argue that this observation can have only a limited role in the ongoing effort of analysis of the anomaly tentatively reported by the OPERA collaboration, but we stress that it could provide a valuable case study for assessing the limitations of "indirect" tests of fundamental laws of physics.

This paper is a continuation of a study of the response of a two-layer baroclinic fluid to weak, near resonant planetary wave forcing. Unlike Part I (Plumb, 1979), the fluid is baroclinically stable and viscous damping is incorporated into the ...

During a 24-h period, beginning 1200 UTC 11 May 1982, a series of mesoscale convective systems developed within a weakly forced large-scale environment. Two of these systems had a large component of motion against the midtropospheric flow and ...

A series of five mesoscale convective systems (MCSs) developed within a weakly forced large-scale environment on 11 and 12 May 1982. Two of these systems had a large component of motion against the midtroposphoric flow and propagated in a ...

The cosmic expansion history tests the dynamics of the global evolution of the universe and its energy density contents, while the cosmic growth history tests the evolution of the inhomogeneous part of the energy density. Precision comparison of the two histories can distinguish the nature of the physics responsible for the accelerating cosmic expansion: an additional smooth component - dark energy - or a modification of the gravitational field equations. With the aid of a new fitting formula for linear perturbation growth accurate to 0.05-0.2%, we separate out the growth dependence on the expansion history and introduce a new growth index parameter \\gamma that quantifies the gravitational modification.

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We study the transmission through different small systems as a function of the coupling strength $v$ to the two attached leads. The leads are identical with only one propagating mode $\\xi^E_C$ in each of them. Besides the conductance $G$, we calculate the phase rigidity $\\rho$ of the scattering wave function $\\Psi^E_C$ in the interior of the system. Most interesting results are obtained in the regime of strongly overlapping resonance states where the crossover from staying to traveling modes takes place. The crossover is characterized by collective effects. Here, the conductance is plateau-like enhanced in some energy regions of finite length while corridors with zero transmission (total reflection) appear in other energy regions. This transmission picture depends only weakly on the spectrum of the closed system. It is caused by the alignment of some resonance states of the system with the propagating modes $\\xi^E_C$ in the leads. The alignment of resonance states takes place stepwise by resonance trapping, i.e. it is accompanied by the decoupling of other resonance states from the continuum of propagating modes. This process is quantitatively described by the phase rigidity $\\rho$ of the scattering wave function. Averaged over energy in the considered energy window, $$ is correlated with $1-$. In the regime of strong coupling, only two short-lived resonance states survive each aligned with one of the channel wave functions $\\xi^E_C$. They may be identified with traveling modes through the system. The remaining $M-2$ trapped narrow resonance states are well separated from one another.

We have started a high resolution optical observation program dedicated to the study of chromospheric activity in weak-lined T Tauri stars (WTTS) recently discovered by the ROSAT All-Sky Survey (RASS). It is our purpose to quantify the phenomenology of the chromospheric activity of each star determining stellar surface fluxes in the more important chromospheric activity indicators (Ca II H & K, H_beta, H_alpha, Ca II IRT) as well as obtain the Li I abundance, a better determination of the stellar parameters, spectral type, and possible binarity. A large number of WTTS have been discovered by the RASS in and around differen star formation clouds.Whether these stars are really WTTS, or post-TTS, or even young main sequence stars is a matter of ongoing debate. However, we have centered our study only on objects for which very recent studies, of Li I abundance (greater than Pleiads of the same spectral type) or radio properties, clearly confirmed their pre-main sequence (PMS) nature. In this contribution we present preliminary results of our January 1998 high resolution echelle spectroscopic observations at the 2.1m telescope of the McDonald Observatory. We have analysed, using the spectral subtraction technique, the H_alpha and Ca II IRT lines of six WTTS (RXJ0312.8-0414NW, SE; RXJ0333.1+1036; RXJ0348.5+0832; RXJ0512.0+1020; RXJ0444.9+2717) located in and around the Taurus-Auriga molecular clouds. A broad and variable double-picked H_alpha emission is observed in RXJ0444.9+2717. Emission above the continuum in H_alpha and Ca II IRT lines is detected in RXJ0333.1+1036 and a filling-in of these lines is present in the rest of the stars. Our spectral type and Li I EW deterninations confirm the PMS nature of these objects.

We study the role of ambipolar diffusion (AD) on the nonlinear evolution of the magnetorotational instability (MRI) in protoplanetary disks using the strong coupling limit, which applies in very weakly ionized gas with electron recombination time much shorter than the orbital time so that a single-fluid treatment is sufficient. The effect of AD in this limit is characterized by the dimensionless number Am, the frequency at which neutral particles collides with ions normalized to the orbital frequency. We perform three-dimensional unstratified shearing-box simulations of the MRI over a wide range of Am as well as different magnetic field strengths and geometries. The saturation level of the MRI turbulence depends on the magnetic geometry and increases with the net magnetic flux. There is an upper limit to the net flux for sustained turbulence, corresponding to the requirement that the most unstable vertical wavelength be less than the disk scale height. Correspondingly, at a given Am, there exists a maximum value of the turbulent stress {alpha}{sub max}. For Am {approx}tight correlation between the turbulent stress {alpha} and the plasma ({beta}) {identical_to} P{sub gas}/P{sub mag} {approx} 1/2{alpha} at the saturated state of the MRI turbulence regardless of field geometry, and {alpha}{sub max} rapidly decreases with decreasing Am. In particular, we find {alpha}{sub max} {approx} 7 x 10{sup -3} for Am = 1 and {alpha}{sub max} {approx} 6 x 10{sup -4} for Am = 0.1.

The influence on the fusion process of coupling to collective degrees of freedom has been explored. The significant enhancement of he fusion cross setion at sub-barrier energies was understood in terms of the dynamical processes arising from strong couplings to collective inelastic excitations of the target and projectile. However, in the case of reactions where breakup becomes an important process, conflicing model predictions and experimental results have been reported in the literature. Excitation functions for sub- and near-barrier total (complete + incomplete) fusion cross sections have been measured for the $^{6,7}$Li + $^{59}$Co at the Vivitron facility and at the 8UD Pelletron tandem facility using standard $\\gamma$-ray techniques. The data extend to medium-mass systems previous works exploring the coupling effects in fusion reactions of both lighter and heavier systems. Results of continuum-discretized coupled channel (CDCC) calculations indicate a small enhancement of total fusion for the more weakly bound $^{6}$Li at sub-barrier energies, with similar cross sections for both reactions at and above the barrier. A systematic study of $^{4,6}$He induced fusion reactions with the CDCC method is in progress. The understanding of the reaction dynamics involving couplings to the breakup channels requires th explicit measurement of precise elastic scattering data as well as yields leading to the breakup itself. Recent coincidence experiments for $^{6,7}$Li + $^{59}$Co are addressing this issue. The particle identification of the breakup products have been achieved by measuring the three-body final-state correlations.

Alaska North Slope exploratory drilling has been sparse this winter. Attention focused on a pair of ARCO alaska Inc. wildcats in the West Colville high sector west of Kuparuk River oil field and two BP Exploration (Alaska) Inc. wildcats in the Badami area at Mikkelson Bay. In both prospects, the drilling effort was to prove up more production that could support commercial development of the respective areas. Though there has been relatively little exploratory drilling this winter, both of the slope`s major producers have indicated they are far from finished with exploration in Alaska. The paper discusses the debate over the use of the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge, leasing and licensing, the federal leasing outlook, and Russian-US leasing.

When a plant's maintenance personnel develop component assessment procedures, a common step is to establish a methodology that considers the type of component, the materials of construction, the operating regimes, the degradation and failure mechanisms, failure history, lead times for repair, and the costs of refurbishment. A unifying view of condition assessment identifies active and potentially active damage mechanisms and is based on three kinds of information: the degree of damage currently in the co...

4 4 Notes: With a background of some weakening demand from weakening economies (being pushed lower by high crude oil prices), OPEC has shown not only a a reluctance to increase production any time soon, but has actually decreased production. OPEC has attempted to reduce production by 3.5 million barrels per day so far this year. The last of these cuts is not to occur until September, which will affect consuming countries the most over the upcoming winter. Tightness in both European (Brent price) and Asian (Dubai price) markets are reflected in the recent strength seen in the marker crude oil for these regions. But with the effect of the 2nd OPEC production cuts just taking effect and the effect of the 3rd production cut yet to come, U.S. crude oil stocks are

Growth in solar means growth in Ohio Growth in solar means growth in Ohio VP 100: Growth in solar means growth in Ohio October 6, 2010 - 10:57am Addthis DuPont is betting on major growth in the market for solar energy -- and therefore for its Tedlar film, a durable backing for silicon solar panels. | Photo Courtesy of DuPont DuPont is betting on major growth in the market for solar energy -- and therefore for its Tedlar film, a durable backing for silicon solar panels. | Photo Courtesy of DuPont Lorelei Laird Writer, Energy Empowers Market research company Solarbuzz reports that global demand for solar power soared by 54 percent in the second quarter of 2010. The research firm reports that in the United States, the annual number of total watts installed moved from 485 MW in all of 2009 to 2.3 GW as of June -- and

The paper outlines the strengths and weaknesses of the U.S. economic growth model, assesses its’ ability to respond to the key economic, environmental and social challenges currently facing the U.S. and proposes policies that if adopted would move the U.S. onto a more sustainable growth path. The paper provides scenarios of projected future growth trajectories, as well as recommendations for specific policies in key areas: employment, infrastructure, energy and fiscal rebalancing. To reach this goal this paper focuses on four areas for action: Increasing employment, which is the most urgent priority to accelerate recovery from the Great Recession, while addressing underlying structural issues that have led to a decade of poor economic outcomes for most citizens; Investing in the future, as the key marker of whether the United States is prepared to make farsighted decisions to improve education, build new infrastructure and increase innovation; Maximizing an increased energy endowment in a way that grows the economy, while reinforcing the trend towards reducing resource demand and reducing greenhouse gas emissions; and, Fiscal rebalancing, where the United States must insulate economic recovery from the process of fiscal reform while reducing and stabilizing debt over the long term. Finally, we argue that President Obama can re-energize America’s global leadership if he builds on a platform of domestic actions that enhance the sustainability of America’s society and economy.

Meltzer, Joshua [The Johns Hopkins University’s School of Advanced International Studies (United States); Steven, David (The Brookings Institution Center and the Center on International Cooperation at New York University (United States)); Langley, Claire (The Brookings Institution, Washington, DC (United States)

Hail growth in an Oklahoma multicellular storm is studied using a numerical model of hailstone growth and decay and dual-Doppler derived wind fields. Hail was collected at the time of the Doppler radar data collection which provided input for ...

One significant source of annual temperature and precipitation data arises from the regular annual secondary growth rings of trees. Several tropical tree species are observed to form regular growth bands that may or may not form annually. Such growth was observed in one stem disk of the tropical legume Hymenaea courbaril near the area of David, Panama. In comparison to annual reference {Delta}{sup 14}C values from wood and air, the {Delta}{sup 14}C values from the secondary growth rings formed by H. courbaril were determined to be annual in nature in this one stem disk specimen. During this study, H. courbaril was also observed to translocate recently produced photosynthate into older growth rings as sapwood is converted to heartwood. This process alters the overall {Delta}{sup 14}C values of these transitional growth rings as cellulose with a higher {Delta}{sup 14}C content is translocated into growth rings with a relatively lower {Delta}{sup 14}C content. Once the annual nature of these growth rings is established, further stable isotope analyses on H. courbaril material in other studies may help to complete gaps in the understanding of short and of long term global climate patterns.

The present invention relates to the electrical treatment of biological tissue. In particular, the present invention discloses a device that produces discrete electrical pulse trains for treating osteoporosis and accelerating bone growth. According to its major aspects and broadly stated, the present invention consists of an electrical circuit configuration capable of generating Bassett-type waveforms shown with alternative signals provide for the treatment of either fractured bones or osteoporosis. The signal generator comprises a quartz clock, an oscillator circuit, a binary divider chain, and a plurality of simple, digital logic gates. Signals are delivered efficiently, with little or no distortion, and uniformly distributed throughout the area of injury. Perferably, power is furnished by widely available and inexpensive radio batteries, needing replacement only once in several days. The present invention can be affixed to a medical cast without a great increase in either weight or bulk. Also, the disclosed stimulator can be used to treat osteoporosis or to strengthen a healing bone after the cast has been removed by attaching the device to the patient`s skin or clothing.

Precipitation of mineral aggregates near the Earth's surface or in subsurface fractures and cavities often produces complex microstructures and surface morphologies. Here we demonstrate how a simple surface normal growth (SNG) process may produce microstructures and surface morphologies very similar to those observed in some natural carbonate systems. A simple SNG model was used to fit observed surfaces, thus providing information about the growth history and also about the frequency and spatial distribution of nucleation events during growth. The SNG model can be extended to systems in which the symmetry of precipitation is broken, for example by fluid flow. We show how a simple modification of the SNG model in which the local growth rate depends on the distance from a fluid source and the local slope or fluid flow rate, produces growth structures with many similarities to natural travertine deposits.

Emissivity Correcting Pyrometry of Semiconductor Growth Emissivity Correcting Pyrometry of Semiconductor Growth by W. G. Breiland, L. A. Bruskas, A. A. Allerman, and T. W. Hargett Motivation-Temperature is a critical factor in the growth of thin films by either chemical vapor deposition (CVD) or molecular beam epitaxy (MBE). It is particularly important in compound semiconductor growth because one is often challenged to grow materials with specific chemical compositions in order to maintain stringent lattice-matching conditions or to achieve specified bandgap values. Optical pyrometry can be used to measure surface temperatures, but the thin film growth causes significant changes in the emissivity of the surface, leading to severe errors in the pyrometer measurement. To avoid these errors, emissivity changes must be measured and

The incorporation of Bi is investigated in the molecular beam epitaxy growth of GaAs{sub 1-x}Bi{sub x}. Bi content increases rapidly as the As{sub 2}:Ga flux ratio is lowered to 0.5 and then saturates for lower flux ratios. Growth under Ga and Bi rich conditions shows that Bi content increases strongly with decreasing temperature. A model is proposed where Bi from a wetting layer incorporates through attachment to Ga-terminated surface sites. The weak Ga-Bi bond can be broken thermally, ejecting Bi back into the wetting layer. Highly crystalline films with up to 22% Bi were grown at temperatures as low as 200 Degree-Sign C.

Lewis, R. B. [Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of British Columbia, V6T 1Z1 Vancouver (Canada); Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Victoria, V8W 3P6 Victoria (Canada); Masnadi-Shirazi, M. [Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Victoria, V8W 3P6 Victoria (Canada); Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of British Columbia, V6T 1Z4 Vancouver (Canada); Tiedje, T. [Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Victoria, V8W 3P6 Victoria (Canada)

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The $N \\to \\Delta$ weak vertex provides an important contribution to the one pion production in neutrino-nucleon and neutrino-nucleus scattering for $\\pi N$ invariant masses below 1.4 GeV. Beyond its interest as a tool in neutrino detection and their background analyses, one pion production in neutrino-nucleon scattering is useful to test predictions based on the quark model and other internal symmetries of strong interactions. Here we try to establish a connection between two commonly used parametrizations of the weak $N \\to \\Delta$ vertex and form factors (FF) and we study their effects on the determination of the axial coupling $C_5^A(0)$, the common normalization of the axial FF, which is predicted to hold 1.2 by using the PCAC hypothesis. Predictions for the $\

Angular distributions for the elastic scattering of the weakly bound {sup 6,7}Li+{sup 144}Sm systems were measured with high accuracy at bombarding energies from 85% up to 170% of the Coulomb barrier. An optical model analysis was performed, and the relevant parameters of the real and imaginary parts of the optical potential were extracted. The results are compared with those previously published for the tightly bound {sup 12}C+{sup 144}Sm and {sup 16}O+{sup 144}Sm systems. The usual threshold anomaly observed in the behavior of the potential of tightly bound systems was not observed for either weakly bound system. This absence is attributed to the repulsion due to breakup coupling which cancels the attraction arising from couplings with bound channels.

Unconditional security proofs of the Bennett-Brassard protocol of quantum key distribution have been obtained recently. These proofs cover also practical implementations that utilize weak coherent pulses in the four signal polarizations. Proven secure rates leave open the possibility that new proofs or new public discussion protocols obtain larger rates over increased distance. In this paper we investigate limits to error rate and signal losses that can be tolerated by future protocols and proofs.

An analytical proof of the conservation of surface brightness during the strong and weak lensing of light by a singular isothermal sphere is provided. It is shown that the movement of asymptotic rays provide room for precisely the extra solid angle claimed by the magnification of the centrally passing rays. Previous claim of a violation of this conservation law, leading to a problem over the COBE all sky CMB flux, is hereby withdrawn.

We study the connection between the appearance of a `metastable' behavior of weakly chaotic orbits, characterized by a constant rate of increase of the Tsallis q-entropy (Tsallis 1988), and the solutions of the variational equations of motion for the same orbits. We demonstrate that the variational equations yield transient solutions, lasting for long time intervals, during which the length of deviation vectors of nearby orbits grows in time almost as a power-law. The associated power exponent can be simply related to the entropic exponent for which the q-entropy exhibits a constant rate of increase. This analysis leads to the definition of a new sensitive indicator distinguishing regular from weakly chaotic orbits, that we call `Average Power Law Exponent' (APLE). We compare the APLE with other established indicators of the literature. In particular, we give examples of application of the APLE in a) a thin separatrix layer of the standard map, b) the stickiness region around an island of stability in the same map, and c) the web of resonances of a 4D symplectic map. In all these cases we identify weakly chaotic orbits exhibiting the `metastable' behavior associated with the Tsallis q-entropy.

A large class of wave structures in quasigeostrophic flow have instantaneous growth rates significantly larger than normal-mode growth rates. Since energy and potential enstrophy growth rates can be defined as functions of the perturbation ...

Defects and Flaws control the structural and functional property of ceramics. In determining the reliability and lifetime of ceramics structures it is very important to quantify the crack growth behavior of the ceramics. In addition, because of the high variability of the strength and the relatively low toughness of ceramics, a statistical design approach is necessary. The statistical nature of the strength of ceramics is currently well recognized, and is usually accounted for by utilizing Weibull or similar statistical distributions. Design tools such as CARES using a combination of strength measurements, stress analysis, and statistics are available and reasonably well developed. These design codes also incorporate material data such as elastic constants as well as flaw distributions and time-dependent properties. The fast fracture reliability for ceramics is often different from their time-dependent reliability. Further confounding the design complexity, the time-dependent reliability varies with the environment/temperature/stress combination. Therefore, it becomes important to be able to accurately determine the behavior of ceramics under simulated application conditions to provide a better prediction of the lifetime and reliability for a given component. In the present study, Yttria stabilized Zirconia (YSZ) of 9.6 mol% Yttria composition was procured in the form of tubes of length 100 mm. The composition is of interest as tubular electrolytes for Solid Oxide Fuel Cells. Rings cut from the tubes were characterized for microstructure, phase stability, mechanical strength (Weibull modulus) and fracture mechanisms. The strength at operating condition of SOFCs (1000 C) decreased to 95 MPa as compared to room temperature strength of 230 MPa. However, the Weibull modulus remains relatively unchanged. Slow crack growth (SCG) parameter, n = 17 evaluated at room temperature in air was representative of well studied brittle materials. Based on the results, further work was planned to evaluate the strength degradation, modulus and failure in more representative environment of the SOFCs.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of inclusion of Bio-Mos in the growing ration for weaned lambs on growth rate, feed efficiency, and clinical measures of health of the lambs. Mannan oligosaccharides (MOS), when included as a supplement to the diet, have been shown to have a positive effect on immune response in several species and in turn, positively affect the growth of the animal. MOS are commercially available as BioMos®, which is a nutritional supplement manufactured by Alltech, Inc. out of Nicholasville, KY. Forty-seven weaned Suffolk × Hampshire (n=47) lambs were used in this trial. Of the group, twenty (n=20) were ewe lambs and twentyseven (n=27) were wether lambs. The lambs were placed on their assigned diets and remained on the trial for a four week period (d+28). All responses evaluated in this study were influenced by time (p Bio-Mos fed lambs. There were no statistically significant differences (p Bio-Mos fed lambs for any of the growth parameters that were measured. There was a tendency (p = 0.10) for GENDER × WEEK to influence intake. Gender also tended to interacted with diet (GENDER × DIET, p = 0.09) to influence intake over the trial period. A GENDER × WEEK interaction was observed (p Bio-Mos had minimal influence on growth and health.

The effect of temperature and subcritical crack growth on the R-curve of a 99.5% purity coarse grained alumina was studied using chevron-notched, short-bar specimens. Constant loading rate tests were used to measure toughness as a function of crack length and static load tests were used to measure subcritical crack growth as a function of time. It was found that the intrinsic toughness decreased monotonically from 20 to 1200 C while the bridging contribution to the R-curve remained relatively constant over this temperature range. The constant load tests at 700, 1000 and 1200 C showed that substantial subcritical crack growth occurs under static loading. Using the subcritical crack growth parameters derived from these static load tests, the effect of loading rate on R-curve measurement was predicted and compared to experiment. The predicted decrease in the magnitude of the R-curve with a decrease in over five orders of magnitude in loading rate was relatively small compared to experimental scatter.

Generalized stability theory is applied to a simple dynamical model of interannual ocean–atmosphere variability in the southern midlatitudes to determine the perturbations that create the most rapid growth of energy in the system. The model is ...

Mar 6, 2013 ... Advanced Materials for Power Electronics, Power Conditioning, and Power .... due to a historical lack of native substrates and challenges in selectively ... have been optimized to provide equal growth rates of both polarities.

The growth trajectories of precipitation particles that attain diameters from 0.5 to 2.0 cm are modeled within the wind field of a small, relatively steady-state, southeastern Montana thunderstorm. The trajectories are calculated backwards, from ...

Economy-wide increasing returns to scale embodied in a general purpose technology (GPT) and its applications are often a key source of long-run growth. Yet the successful exploitation of increasing returns calls for ...

This thesis is a collection of three theoretical essays on institutions and economic growth. Chapter 1 considers a particular institution: ethnicity. Ethnic, religious and tribal divisions are empirically associated with ...