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School

University of Toronto Scarborough

Department

History

Course

HISA07H3

Professor

Chris Wallace

Semester

Winter

Description

Ancient Med Lecture Notes
Lecture 1:
Ancient med world 1
-Common era
-BCE
-centuries: 5th Century BCE= 490-400 BCE
-Third Century CE=200-299 CE
Approaches to the Ancient World:
-Comparative literature : Zeitgesit
-French/evolutionary school
Reception:
-our reading of a text is a meditated, not direct.
-That meditation is worth studying
Intertextuality
-Meaning is relative, not absolute
roman eagle-symbol of power
symbol of authority- misolinis budge of sticks with axe next to it "likter's" (goon squad)
carried them! unties bundle of sticks and will beat people if they step out of line axe for
really bad people
Interextuality In Action
Vergil, Gerogia 4.1-7 "Next i'll speak about the celestial gift of honey from the air,
Maecenas,give this section too your regard.
I'll tell you improper sequence about the greatest spectacle
of the slightest things,and of brave generals,
and a whole nation's customs and efforts,tribes and battles.
Labour, over little: but no little glory, if favourable powers
allow, and Apollo listens to my prayer.
What is History? "This is the record of what herodotus of Halicarnassus has learned by
inquiry, displayed here so that human achievements shall not be lost in the passing of
time and that the great and marvellous deeds--those done by Greeks and those done by
barbarians -- should have their due renown, and especially to show why the two fought
against each other."
2 core components of history:
1.Evidence (Kinds and relationships)
2.Emplotment (theories and models) Lecture 2:
ancient Mesopotamia and Egypt:
3.agricultural revoluton : 5500 BECE
4.urban revolution: 3100 BCE
-cuneiform
• War between Umma and lavash 2500
• Sargon of Akkad unites Mesopotomia: 2240 BCE
-Enheduanna Ziggurat
• Reign of Hammurabi: 1792-1750
• Hittite Sack of Babylon: 1600
• Narmer Unifies Egypt: 3000 BCE
• Old Kingdom: 2575-2134
-Mastaba, Djoser I: ca.2670
• First Intermediary Period: 2134-2040
• Middle Kingdom: 2040-1640
• Second Intermediary Period: 1640-1532
-Hyksos
• New Kingdom: 1532-1069
-Hatshepsut: 1473-58
Akhenaten: 1363-1347
"Fertile Cresecent" Irrigated by Tigris and Euphrates
• Cities benefited from trade
• Tokens represented certain goods-trade
• later was changed to cuneiform tablet with practice wedge-marks
• centralized,effective authority allows for population expansion and growth' but this
means you need more land! and all communities around are doing the
same=contact=conflict
• First historical event: war between lavash and Umma, 2400 BCE
• war was totally at the hands of their gods (their patron deity_ divine authority decides
everything in society and fate in general
• stele of the vultures (artistic tablet) 2450
The Standard of Ur: War
• two sided picture; one side represents Ur at War, one represents Ur at Peace=depicts life at Ur
• war side: semi-divine figure in centre of picture; (beyond other humans around him)
• peace side: central agricultural and economic authority; good planning;
First historical person is Sargon of Akkad: 23rd C.BCE (suspiciously mythical)
• his name means "just king"
• he was the child of royal parents they decided to put him on a wooden basket cause
they didn't want him , someone found him and raised him on his own (raised by
a shepherd)
• unites the entire region of mesopotamia
• King of the new empire- finds the new city "akkad"
• Sargon found dynasty and preserved it ;
• Sargon major patron of the Gods, restored Zigguarats; enforced his daughter to be a
priestess/princess
• rain ruined the ziggurat's ,Sargon fixed up Zigguarats after he conquered
• bad things happen to you=cause God's are upset , need to find out why they are upset
Naram-Sin (2254-2218) Sargon grandson
• his victory after Lubbi people
• proclaiming himself to be the moon god-flesh on earth
• wave in invasion of a new breed of people
500 years later from the chaos a new kind : King Hammaurabi
• Babylonia becomes seat of empire
-conquest of neighbours by 1763
• Similar codes exist before Hammurabi
• Inscribed on a stele
• he unified mesopotamia under babylon
• code of Hammurabi is not the first law code, hammurabis is the first one to survive its length
• collection of individuals decisions; meant to act as a guideline
• sets himself as the abrader of order
• punishment = social status (severity) normalizing social stratification with this cod
The Epic of Gilgamesh
• First written down c.1750; final form, c.1300
• based on real king?
0Euthemerism
• very influential
• Themes:
-nature/civilization
-quest
-God=unfair
-immortality (live forever, writing)
• be content with your lot
Egypt:
• Nile travels up,
• prevailing winds easy shipping travel and quick communication
• Narmer Paletter- ( 3000 BCE)
• suggestes unification of battle between upper egypt and lower egypt
• image celebrating one guy taking both of those crowns
• for egyptian history culieform
• Rosetta stone, 196 BCE (translates hirelogiphic writing)
• early years the only solid records
• tombs underneth
• old kingdom, the pyramid evolved Djoser the first ( first king of Egypt to be buried under a pyramid)
• Over time the great pyramids of Giza 30,000 men working for at least 3 years non-
stop
• enormous investment ^ of man power and resources
• King at centre, not yet pharaoh; administration conducted;no-mark smaller versions
of kings/maybe chiefs of villages?
• middle authority > centre authority
Annual Nile flood,
• fertilizing of crops
• good for harvesting crops
• Nile was easy to irrigate, much easier in Egypt then mesopotamia
• nile is major embodiment between order and chao
• one of the king's duties is the nile floods annually ( just like to make the ruse and set
ect. )
• Constant circular
Wisdom literature ( "instructions")
• Older advisor- often father to son
• Rich vs Poor
• Importance of rehotic/fluency of speech - Theme occurs in greek literature and bible
• Human order parallels divine order - King is to men as sun is to gods/nature - cosmi
significance of kings actions
• Not real record of advice: literary fiction
• We read the instruction of Merikare: c. 2100 BCE
Hatshepsut:
• daughter of tutmosis
• 1473-1458 BCE • Emphasizes stability, prosperity
• First major queen
• she is the first real queen
• successful and stable of Egypts sore leader
• feminist symbol
• continued to rule even son was of age
• "masculine elements"
Temple of Queen Hatshepsut 1475 BCE
Akhenaten and the Amarna period (1391-1292 BCE)
• Major change in Egyptian society
• new copital at Amarna
• monotheism?
• substitute of aren for amunre
• artistic realism
• unpopular? reversed by tut
• he began to run into trouble when he made the shift, enforced the change on egypt,
instituting first monotheism religion the ancient world has seen
• only that sun disk would be worshipped
• Major change in Egypt
• akhentan= realistic art
Lecture 3:
Aegean Bronza Age and Homer
5.Cycladic Figurines: ca 3000 BCE
6."House of the Tiles" at Lerna: 2700-2300
7.Minoan palaces: -begin ca 2000
-peak 1750
-Mycenaean Conquest ; ça 1450
Knossos; Phaistos
• Mycenaean Palaces
-Begin ca. 1800
-Treasury of Atreus ca 1350
Lineear B
• Ventris and Chadwick
• "sea peoples" ca. 1200-1150
• Ramses III
Troy
• Schliemann
• treaty of Alaxandu:1280
• Tawagalawas Letter ca 1250
• Traditional fall: 1180
Homer/Hesiod. ca 750
dactylic Hexameter
The Cyclades(circle islands)
• Cycladic Figurines only
• painted and incised Cycaldic figurine
Early Bronze age Greece: Lerna (2700-2300)
• Clay seals from the house of the tiles, mark out clay food jugs
around 2000 bce: Minoan Writing
• all Minoan palaces are identical (Mallia,Phaistos,Zakros)
• Long skinny rectangular rooms= storage rooms packed with clay pots stored with food
• Females show up in most art-possessions of power
• "Snake goddesses" -female MYCENEANS:
• Palaces re-built by the Myceneans
• palaces were identical like the minoans
• they are surrounded by thick walls
• The Mycenaean Megaron (richly decorated,focal point)
• They Myceneans like to bury their money-all of their surplus was devoted to burials
(elebarote burials)(EX,Niello dagger)
• building Tholos Tombs
• they had a writing system (linearB)
• Shlieman looked for troy- in modern turkey
HITTITE:
• Built kingdom in the middle east
• 13th century BC
• Treaty of Alaksandu
-King go Wilusa
-Treaty with Hittite king Muwatalli II
ca. 1280 BC
The Tawagalawas Letter
Letter from king of the hittites (probably Hattusili III 1267-1237 BC) to King of Ahhiyawa
Concerns a trouble maker named Piyama-radus
"The king of hatti and I [of Ahhiyawa]- in that matter of Wilusa over which we were at
enmity, he has converted me and we have made friends;…a war would not be right for
us."
Ramessses III vs "Sea Peoples" -1176
• all micneans palace and minoan palaces were burned (best guess it was the sea
peoples) • the Hittite kingdom was also destroyed - unclear what happened
• Ramesses III fought sea people who raided all these medittereane cities and Egypt
was the only one to fight them off
Homer and History
• Oral poetry
• Dactylic hexameter
•
Lecture 4:
Archaic Greece (800-490 BCE)
8.The dark age (1200-800 BCE)
9.The "Eighth century Renaissance"
10. The Rise of the polis
-Basileus;Demos/Ekklesia; boule/Gerousia
-Sparta;Lycurgus (ft.750)
• imagined Communities
• Alpahbetic writing
-lyric poetry
-"The Seal of Theognis
-Lyric poetry; symposium
• Figural Art -Orientnalizing Phase (ca 650-550)
Kourus/Kore
Phrasiklea
Neo assyrian Empire (ca 900-609 BCE)
assumpaspiral 883-839
Tiglath-Pileser III: 745-727
The Greek Dark Age:
• Palaces destroyed and not rebuilt; population declines
• Loss of Literacy
• Loss of "Figural art"
• Political Fragmentation
-Wanax; Basileus
-Loss of trade routes
-End of bronze age,beginning of iron age
The Polis:
• Wide variety of meanings:
-we say "city-state"
-In Greek it can mean
• a city (houses,walls,temples)
• City and outlying territory (chora)
• constitution/government/institutions
• Citiziens esp. citizen-soldier
Important features of a polis:
• nomos (law/custom)
• Citizen Participation -male only; free only; land owing, military service
• three branches of Government
• Magistrates (executive)
-Powers and term limited by law (Dreros)
• Coucil (boule,gerousia)
-deliberaive bodies; usually older men
• Assembly (demos,ekklesia)
-Direct democracy; is sovereign
Archaic sparta
Helots
-spartan woman have more freedom then any other woman in greece
The greek alphabet
• Adapted from the Phoenician alphabet in 8th century
• Turly "Alphabetic" one symbol per sound (12-26 letters)
• made literacy or at least "semi-literacy" more widely possible
• nestors cup> earliest thing of writing
Symposia: men trading values
fancy drinking parties>men only
forum of the performance of nero poetry
Sappho-late 7th/early 6th century
Trends in Archaic art:
• Dark age art, geometric pottery (900-750)
• "Orientalizing period • Kouros/kore
-phrasikleia (540 BCE)
• meant for use, intstead of art beauty
Phrasilkeia
• development of literacy and egyptian influence
Assyria
• flourished 900-609 BCE
• Assurnaspiral II: 883-859
-Phrygia
• Tiglath-Pileser III: 745-727
-Re-Organization
• Assurbanpial: 668-627
-library
• Falls to Medes and neo-Babylonians 612-609
Lecture 5:
Classical Greece
Assiryan Empire: Destroyed by Medes and Babylonians ca. 610
Cyrus the Great: 559-530 BC
Cyrus is nursed by a female dog, and is saved (metaphorical, slave woman named dog)
Athens/Attica
athens faced a serious situation with formal policy
thebes and sparta and aegina were invading them all at the same time
athens large army were terrible because they couldn't work together
athens sent ambassador to persian government for help, only if they give them earth and water as tokens
meanwhile while those embassodrs are conducted that shameful business,
submission to person rule never happened, athens tries to ignore it
The Ionian revolt (499-493)
11. Aristagoras; Destruction of Sardis )498); Sack of Miletus (493)
12. Athenians agreed , and now Athens is another rebellion state in persian eyes
13. turned on Persia
14. Whole Sardis city burns down, old and sacred temples
15. darius 1st is not happy at all, he asked who did that and was told it was the
Athenians,
16. wanted revenge on the Athenians
17. Athenians realized they shouldn't have done that, abandoned the Ionians and
went home ends in 493 BC
The Behitsun Inscription:
• worst king the athenians choose to annoy
• putting down revolts is his favourite thing
Militades convinced the Athenians to attack
good finish for the Athenians
Marathon: Tomb of the heroized Athenian war dead
Miltiades dedicated the helmet to zeus
Athenians won battle against persia
After Marathon:
• Themistockles continues to warn them , that the persians are going to come back and
its going to be worse,
• Laurion (483 BCE) Athenians struck the riches silver line, the greek world has seen to date, southern tip of africa
• demisticulus decide to build better warship with the money from silver
• Triremes: Boat build for speed and manouver ability, dominate weapon in warfare for
years
• bY 480 , persian king wants to destroy athens,
Persian War: 480-479
482 BC Xerxos starts gathering his army from all corners of his empire
greeks have time to see invasion coming and start preparing for it
they form the helenic lead,
the athenians evacuate their city to island of salamis
Xerxos's burns the whole athenian city and temples, revenge for burning the persian
temples
xerxos fleet is smashed (half of them ionians) without his fleet , discretion
he leaves mardonias in the city of thebes to stay their in the winter with 300,000
Eurymedon river : 466? when the athenians told the persians that they didn't want
them around their body of water
Classical Athens:
• Stasis (civil war, factionalism):
• Cleisthenes
-Isonomia
• Ephiatles ( and his lieutenant, Pericles)
-Demorcracy
• Delian League (477)
-Treasury moved to Athens in 454
• The Persian Wars as a "national myth" Pylos: 425 BCE
Lecture 6:
Classical greece Cont'd
The Siciliam Expedition
18. 415-413
19. athens helps sagest selinus, quickly becomes a war against Syracuse (helped by
Sparta)
20. Nicias vs Alcibiades
21. Is an unmitigated disaster for Athens
The deceleian war: 413-404
• Alcibiades in Sparta
-recommends occupying Deceleia
• Alcibiades flees Sparta for Sardis , then Athens recovers
• Battle of Arginusae
-graphe paranomon
• Aegospotami:404
-Lysander "the thirty" Critias
Philosophy:
• Plato: 427-347
-forms,education,dion
• Aristotle: 384-322
-'Teleology'
• Socrates: 469-399
-Sophistry,socratic method
Athenian Drama:
• city Dionysia • tragic flaw ,recognition,catharsis
• The big three:
Aeschylus (fl 484-456)
Sophocoles (470-406)
Euripides (455-408)
• comedy: city dionysia 487
• Aristophanes (437-386)
• meynander (320?-290)
Earliest literary thearist=aristotle
he has a theory of poetry (different genres of poetry)
for a tragedy is not a representation of men but a piece of action in life, of happiness
and unhappiness, which come under the head of action, and the end aimed at is the
representation not of qualities of character but of some action; and while character
makes me what they are its their actions and experiences that make them happy or the
opposite
Lecture 7:
Early Rome
22. The Julio-claudians 60 (44/31/27) BCE-68 CE
23. Aeneas: ca 1175
24. Romulus and Remus:
-753
-Sabine Women
• Palatine huts' , Casa Romulu Evander Ccus
• Roman Republic -509
-Brutus, Collatinus
• The conflict of the orders
-Patrician and Plebeian
'Secession of the plebs' (494,449)
-Cincinnatus,Camillus
Aeneas: The founder of the roman people, son of afrodite
As a troy is burning around his his mom reminds him to leave, so he packs up his stuff
and grabs his dad and grabs his son and the house hold gods and sets out, he forgot his
wife crausa
comes back as a ghost and says its okay
First members of roman emperors are ethically trojan.
Romulus and Remus:
twin sons , from a princess who was secretly impregnated by the god mars,
so she gave up her babies, nurse by she wolf, raised by sheppred
More Legens of Early rome: romulus and Remus, and the Sabine women )From Basilica
Aemilia frieze in rome) built 180 BC ,earliest evidence of the story of remus and
romulus
at one point roams kills his brother Remus (some say it was accidental some say it was
on purpose)
they decided to build an amnesty for any traveller,robber,passerby ect
The seven hills of Rome: small communities of small huts
Palatine huts , The roman republic
• Tranquinius Superbus
• Sextus Tranquinius
• Lucretia
• Collantinus, Brutus
-Patris Potestas
• Tria Nomina
-Praenomen,nomen,cognomen
-G (auis) lulius ceaser
consul
praetor
senate
comitia centuriata
collegiality
dictator
__________________________________
Classical Greece cont'd/ Early Rome
Peloponnesian War
-Deceleianq War: 413-404
-Arginusae: 406
-Graphe Paranomon
-Aegospotami:404
Greek Literature -Tragedy: Aeschylus, Sophocles, Euripides
-Comedy: Aristophanes
-Philosophy: Plato, Aristotle, 'Sophist', Socrates, Critias
Aeneas: 1175
Foundation of the city of Rome: 753
-Romulus, Remus, Sabine women
Beginning of Roman Republic: 510
Brutus, Collatinus
Consul, praetor, senate, comitia, Dictator
Conflict of the Orders
Heroes of the Early Republic:
Cincinnatus (fl 460-438)
Camillus (fl 396-360)
Plato responsible for why we have gym class today, why we have geometry class, why
we have music class
there is only power and justice and the ability to destroy your enemies
suffered huge military losses, thousands of ships, 10,000's of soldiers
The Sicilian Expededition
415-413
Athens helps Segesta Selinus, quickly becomes a war against Syracuse (helped by Sparta)
Nicias vs. Alcibiades
Is an unmitigated disaster for Athens
The Deceleian War: 413 -404 Alcibiades in Sparta
He recommends occupying Deceleia
Alcibiades flees Sparta for Sardis, then Athens, Athens recovers
Battle of Arginusae
graphe paranomon:
it is illegal to propose a bill if it is contradictory to another law that has already been
established and voted on by the Assembly
Lysander, "The Thirty", Critias
rumours emerged Alcibiades impregnated the kings daughter (Sparta)
the Assembly is sovereign, all-powerful
Aegospotami: 404
battle
followed Lysander, trying to engage him in battle, followed him to a place where it was
perfect to battle for him (surrounding walls, food, weapons, etc.)
Athenians beach their ships, but have no food anywhere around so has to go buy food
from shops near by
Lysander attacks while they're buying food
huge defeat, only one general makes it out alive
thats the end for Athens really
can't import food by sea, starved into submission
when they do submit to Sparta, Sparta insists on unrealistic demands/terms (like the
treaty of Versailles), have to take down their walls and reduce their fleet to 20 ships,
and they have to ally with Sparta
next century of Greece summed up by the author Xenophone
continues Thicididies down to the 4th century prelude to another disastrous war century
constant ever-changing battle between Greek cities
Philosophy
Plato: 427-347
Forms, education, Dion
pupil of Socrates
didn't publish his own works until long after Socrates was dead
published everything Socrates said/did, but way long after it happened
Aristotle: 384-322
from Macedonia at birth, moved to Athens
was a pupil of Plato, then opened his own school
'Teleology' - everything is directed towards some sort of end/producing some kind of
result
you can see this in his "ethical philosophy"
everything you do in life should be directed towards HAPPINESS
make yourself happy! that is the end! prime goal in teleological theory
Socrates: 469-399
Sophistry, socratic method
Socrates teaching his ways to teenage boys, they would go home and inflict his ideas on
their parents
sophists - teach you how to lie in court/politics; train you to make your argument stick,
no matter moralities
sophists had a fee, Socrates did not
friends of Socrates (and Socrates himself) said he wasn't a sophist brought to trial, everyone finally had enough of him (399)
prosecuted for 1. atheism and 2. corrupting the youth (teaching them how to be smart-
alecs)
he loses the case
both sides propose a penalty, jury decides which is more fair
common for prosecutor to choose death
drinks hemlock (poison) and dies
Theatre of Dionysus at Athens
where the play would be preformed
Athenian Drama
drama was really religious observance
mandated part of state religion
perform tragedy and comedy every year, annual thing
City Dionysia
"Tragic Flaw"
The big three:
Aeschylus (fl. 484-456)
Sophocles (470-406)
Euripides (455-408)
Comedy: City Dionysia 487
tragedy is about plot, events, events aimed at stirring certain emotions in the audience
(pity, fear)
makes us confront those scary emotions in a safe way, the ones hiding in the back of our
head (catharsis)
"recognition" - person thinks they're on top of the world, and then something happens
and then they're at rock bottom! (my life isn't as good as I thought it was 10 minutes
ago) tragedies have much violence and action, BUT… religious occasions must be "pure"
use the "messenger speech" to show violence, but not on stage so it's still pure
fundamental element of tragedy: no one wants to see unnecessary pain inflicted
about bad things happening to pretty good people (not the best people)
comedy: sideshow, show about people who are dumb or ugly, just meant to make you
laugh
two Greek authors of comedy: 1. Aristophanes (427-386): old comedy
2. Menander (320-290) - made new comedy, only one complete play from him, gets ride
of sex jokes, fart jokes, political attacks, a lot blander, a lot like a modern romantic
comedy; most people don't like it as much as old comedy
Early Rome
The Julio-Claudians 60 (44/31/27) BCE - 68 CE
Aeneas: ca 1175
Trojan
The founder of the Roman People
mom is Venus goddess of love and sex, father a mortal/human
mom warns him to leave
grabs his dad, household Gods (lucky charms), kid
forgot his wife, she dies, but immediately comes back as ghost and tells him its okay and
that he has to go start a new colony, pass on the Trojan line
Romulus and Remus:
twin sons of a princess secretly impregnated by Mars
they're nursed by she wolf and raised by shepherd Romulus kills his brother Remus
both built a city from scratch
declared an amnesty for any traveller, robber, passerby, desperate man walking by
all these men needed women
had a "horse race" and invited women, then men picked out which one they wanted
and kidnapped them
Sabine Women
753 - year the city of Rome was supposed to be founded
but other evidence shows in was inhabited 5th century BC
The Seven Hills of Rome
small communities of small huts
important because one of these huts is preserved in the city to the 2nd century CE -
"House of Romulus"
"Palatine Huts", Casa Romuli, Evander, Cacus
Roman Republic
509
Brutus, Collatinus
Cincinnatus, Camillus
The Roman Republic
Tarquinius Superbus
Sextus Tarquinius rapes Lucretia, Lucretia gets her people to get revenge on him/his city
Lucretia
Collatinus
Brutus - kills his sons for the good of the republic, remembered as one of the "great
sacrifices" -Patria Potestas
Romans usually have three names: the Tria Nomina
Praenomen, Nomen, Cognomen
G. (aius) lulius Caesar
Government
Consul - 2 of them; like the president; 2 so one doesn't go crazy with power - elected by
comitia centuriata, explicitly and specifically the assembly of soldiers within the Roman
state; organized in a weird way; not direct election (don't count up an add all them up,
each state has one vote)
Praetor - military office morphs into legal position, like solicitor general - elected
Senate