The city was founded by Grand Duke George II of Russia in 1221 at the confluence of two most important rivers of his principality, the Volga and the Oka. Its name literally means ''Newtown the Lower'', to distinguish it from the older [[Novgorod]]. A major stronghold for border protection, Nizhny Novgorod fortress took advantage of a natural moat formed by the two rivers.

The city was founded by Grand Duke George II of Russia in 1221 at the confluence of two most important rivers of his principality, the Volga and the Oka. Its name literally means ''Newtown the Lower'', to distinguish it from the older [[Novgorod]]. A major stronghold for border protection, Nizhny Novgorod fortress took advantage of a natural moat formed by the two rivers.

−

Along with Moscow and [[Tver]], Nizhny Novgorod was among several newly-founded towns that escaped Mongol devastation on account of its insignificance and grew up into important centers of Russian political life during the period of Tatar yoke. For a short period of time it was the capital of the Suzdal Principality and competed with Moscow for the power in the region. However the competition with Moscow was lost and in 1392 the city was incorporated into Muscovy. Nizhny Novgorod Kremlin was built in 1508-1511 (under supervision of the Italian fortress engineers) and became one of the strongest Russian citadels. There is a legend saying that the project was initially developed with participation of Leonardo da Vinci. However there is no documented proof of Leonardo's work for that project, the only thing the legend is based on — the striking resemblance of Leonardo's sketches and the actual kremlin schemes. The fortress was strong enough to withstand Tatar sieges in 1520 and 1536.

+

Along with Moscow and Tver, Nizhny Novgorod was among several newly-founded towns that escaped Mongol devastation on account of its insignificance and grew up into important centers of Russian political life during the period of Tatar yoke. For a short period of time it was the capital of the Suzdal Principality and competed with Moscow for the power in the region. However the competition with Moscow was lost and in 1392 the city was incorporated into Muscovy. Nizhny Novgorod Kremlin was built in 1508-1511 (under supervision of the Italian fortress engineers) and became one of the strongest Russian citadels. There is a legend saying that the project was initially developed with participation of Leonardo da Vinci. However there is no documented proof of Leonardo's work for that project, the only thing the legend is based on is the striking resemblance of Leonardo's sketches and the actual kremlin schemes. The fortress was strong enough to withstand Tatar sieges in 1520 and 1536.

In 1612, the so-called ''national militia'', gathered by a local merchant Kuzma Minin and commanded by Knyaz Dmitry Pozharsky expelled the Polish troops from Moscow, thus putting an end to the Time of Troubles and establishing the rule of the Romanov dynasty.

In 1612, the so-called ''national militia'', gathered by a local merchant Kuzma Minin and commanded by Knyaz Dmitry Pozharsky expelled the Polish troops from Moscow, thus putting an end to the Time of Troubles and establishing the rule of the Romanov dynasty.

−

In 1817, the [[Makaryev Monastery|Makariev]] Fair, one of the liveliest in the world the 16th-18th centuries, was transferred to Nizhny Novgorod, which thereupon started to attract numerous visitors and by the mid-19th century it turned Nizhny Novgorod into trade capital of the Russian Empire.

+

In 1817, the Makaryev Monastery Fair, one of the liveliest in the world the 16th-18th centuries, was transferred to Nizhny Novgorod, which thereupon started to attract numerous visitors and by the mid-19th century it turned Nizhny Novgorod into trade capital of the Russian Empire.

Under the Soviet rules the trade connections of the city were abandoned and Nizhny Novgorod turned to become an important industrial centre instead. During the communist time the city was closed to foreigners to safeguard the security of Soviet military research. The physicist and the Nobel laureate Andrei Sakharov was exiled there during 1980-1986 to limit his contacts with foreigners.

Under the Soviet rules the trade connections of the city were abandoned and Nizhny Novgorod turned to become an important industrial centre instead. During the communist time the city was closed to foreigners to safeguard the security of Soviet military research. The physicist and the Nobel laureate Andrei Sakharov was exiled there during 1980-1986 to limit his contacts with foreigners.

===Climate===

===Climate===

−

The climate in the region is humid continental and it is similar to the climate in [[Moscow]], although colder in winter, which lasts from late November until late March with a permanent snow cover.

+

{{Climate

{{Climate

| units = Metric

| units = Metric

Line 45:

Line 45:

| novlow = -5.8

| novlow = -5.8

| declow = -10.3

| declow = -10.3

−

| janprecip = 4.2

+

| janprecip = 42

−

| febprecip = 3.3

+

| febprecip = 33

−

| marprecip = 2.8

+

| marprecip = 28

−

| aprprecip = 3.6

+

| aprprecip = 36

−

| mayprecip = 5.2

+

| mayprecip = 52

−

| junprecip = 6.4

+

| junprecip = 64

−

| julprecip = 7.6

+

| julprecip = 76

−

| augprecip = 6.7

+

| augprecip = 67

−

| sepprecip = 5.7

+

| sepprecip = 57

−

| octprecip = 5.9

+

| octprecip = 59

−

| novprecip = 5.6

+

| novprecip = 56

−

| decprecip = 5.0

+

| decprecip = 50

| description = Averages of Nizhny Novgorod

| description = Averages of Nizhny Novgorod

}}

}}

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+

The climate in the region is humid continental and it is similar to the climate in [[Moscow]], although colder in winter, which lasts from late November until late March with a permanent snow cover.

+

=== Districts ===

=== Districts ===

Line 79:

Line 82:

[[Image:Nizhny_Novgorod_Fair_2010.jpg|thumb|250px| the Fair]]

[[Image:Nizhny_Novgorod_Fair_2010.jpg|thumb|250px| the Fair]]

=== By train ===

=== By train ===

−

Trains are probably the best and the most convenient way to get to Nizhny Novgorod. Most of the [[Trans-Siberian Railway|Trans-Siberian]] trains (including the legendary train No.1 between Moscow and [[Vladivostok]] and the train from Moscow to [[Beijing]]) pass via Nizhny Novgorod.

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''Wikitravel has a guide to [[Trans-Siberian Railway]].''

−

Note: In train timetables the old name of the city, "Gorky(Горький)", is still used as the destination name instead of Nizhny Novgorod.

+

Trains are probably the best and the most convenient way to get to Nizhny Novgorod. Most of the Trans-Siberian trains (including the legendary train No.1 between Moscow and [[Vladivostok]] and the train from Moscow to [[Beijing]]) pass via Nizhny Novgorod.

By train '''from Moscow''':

By train '''from Moscow''':

−

The fastest option is to take Sapsan [http://sapsan.su/] that will carry you for 3h 55m. The other option is Burevestnik express which commutes between Moscow and Nizhny Novgorod twice per day (departure from Moscow's ''Kursky station'' at 1400 and at 1655). It will take around 4 and a half hours to get Moskovsky station in Nizhny.

+

The fastest option is to take Sapsan [http://sapsan.su/] that will carry you for 3h 55m (departure from Moscow's ''Kursky station'' twice per day, one early at the morning, the other at evening). The other option is Burevestnik express which commutes between Moscow and Nizhny Novgorod twice per day (departure from Moscow's ''Kursky station''). It will take around 4 and a half hours to get Moskovsky station in Nizhny.

−

There are also comfortable overnight trains departing from Moscow's ''Kazansky station'' at 2225 and from ''Kursky station'' at 2355.

+

There are also comfortable overnight trains departing from Moscow's ''Kazansky station'' and from ''Yaroslavsky station''.

Of course it is possible to use other trains going eastward departing from various Moscow's stations.

Of course it is possible to use other trains going eastward departing from various Moscow's stations.

−

By train '''from Saint Petersburg''': the night train "Volga" departs everyday at 1732 and arrives to NN at 0850 next morning.

+

By train '''from Saint Petersburg''': the night train "Volga" departs each evening and arrives to NN next morning.

There are also direct train connections with [[Kazan]], [[Samara]], [[Kirov]], [[Yaroslavl]] and other cities of the region (there are mainly night trains). As well as with Vladivostok, Beijing, [[Ulaanbaatar]], [[Irkutsk]], [[Astrakhan]], [[Simferopol]], [[Novorossiysk]] and many others.

There are also direct train connections with [[Kazan]], [[Samara]], [[Kirov]], [[Yaroslavl]] and other cities of the region (there are mainly night trains). As well as with Vladivostok, Beijing, [[Ulaanbaatar]], [[Irkutsk]], [[Astrakhan]], [[Simferopol]], [[Novorossiysk]] and many others.

=== By plane ===

=== By plane ===

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The international airport of Nizhny Novgorod (GOJ) is situated in Strigino district what is about 30-40 minutes by taxi from city centre (if there are no traffic jams). The airport is very small. There are several daily flights to Moscow, also there are connections with [[Baku|Baku (Azerbaijan)]], [[Frankfurt|Frankfurt (Germany)]], [[Kaliningrad]], [[Novosibirsk]], [[Surgut]], [[Vienna|Vienna (Austria)]], [[Yekaterinburg]] and [[Yerevan|Yerevan (Armenia)]]. Most of the flights are operated by the Russian airlines, but there are also regular flights by Lufthansa and Austrian Airlines.

−

You can get to the airport by buses number 11, 20, T-29 or by taxi (normal price from city centre will be around 700 roubles — appr. 30 USD).

+

The international airport of Nizhny Novgorod (GOJ) is situated in Strigino district what is about 30-40 minutes by taxi from city centre (if there are no traffic jams). The airport is rather small. There are several daily flights to Moscow, also there are domestic connections with [[Chelyabinsk]], [[Mineralnye Vody]], [[Rostov-on-Don]], [[Samara]], [[St. Petersburg]], [[Sochi]], [[Surgut]] and [[Yekaterinburg]]. International connections include [[Baku|Baku (Azerbaijan)]], [[Dubai]], [[Dushanbe]], [[Frankfurt|Frankfurt (Germany)]], [[Prague|Prague (Czech Republic)]], [[Tashkent]] and [[Yerevan|Yerevan (Armenia)]] as well as various seasonal charter flights to resort destinations, mainly in the Mediterranean. Most of the flights are operated by the Russian airlines, but flights to Frankfurt are by Lufthansa and to Prague by Czech Airlines.

+

+

You can get to the airport by buses number 11, 20, T-29, T-46 (20 rubles in July 2012) or by taxi (normal price from city centre will be around 700-1000 rubles or $25-$30 US).

=== By car ===

=== By car ===

Line 111:

Line 115:

==Get around==

==Get around==

−

The map of transport routes could be downloaded here:[http://www.transp.nnov.ru/map/]

+

The (quite out-of-date) map of transport routes could be downloaded here: [http://www.transp.nnov.ru/map/]

+

+

2GIS site has an up-to-date (and often updated) information on all transport routes, together with route planner: [http://maps.2gis.ru/#/?history=project/n_novgorod/center/43.775942%2C56.30124/zoom/11/state/index/routeSearchShow/true] (in Russian, but just click on the map and on the pop-up use "Маршрут отсюда" for source and "Маршрут сюда" for destination).

There are two lines in Metro, both connected in Moskovskaya station. The first line goes from Burevestnik. The second one goes to Park Kultury. Several stations are going to be built. Working hours: 05:15am - 12:00pm. Price: 12RUB.

+

There are two lines in Metro, both connected in Moskovskaya station. The first line goes from Burevestnik. The second one goes to Park Kultury. Several stations are going to be built. Working hours: 05:15am - 12:00pm. Price: 16RUB.

Railway station is above the Moskovskaya station.

Railway station is above the Moskovskaya station.

+

+

A new segment from Moskovskaya across the river to the Gorkovskaya at the city center was opened in November 2012.

Tram communications were opened in 1896 and now there are about 30 lines operating in the city.

+

Tram communications were opened in 1896 and now there are about 30 lines operating in the city.

+

===Trolleybus===

===Trolleybus===

−

Extensive network of 25 lines.

+

Extensive network of 25 lines.

+

+

===Buses===

+

About 80 lines of government-owned buses.

+

+

Also about 80 lines of privately-owned buses calles ''marshrutnoe taksi'' (literally ''routed taxi'') or ''marshrutka''. These are generally smaller than government-owned buses and usually (but not always) feature a letter "T" before the number of route. Note that they have different routes from that of government buses, so a bus and a ''marshrutka'' with the same number have usually completely different route. Note also that in contrast to other public transport, these do not stop at every stop; to indicate your intention to exit a ''marshrutka'', you should press a button above the door, and to indicate your intention to enter an oncoming ''marshrutka'', you need to wave your hand.

+

+

===Payment===

+

On surface public transport (trams, trolleybuses, buses and ''marshrutkas'') you are expected to pay within one stop after you enter, the fare is fixed for one ride. Some vehicles (almost all trams and trolleybuses and about a half of buses and ''marshrutkas'') have a special man called ''konductor'' who will come to you, take money and issue a ticket; if there is no ''konductor'', you should pay directly to the driver. Both the driver and ''konductor'' will give change if needed, although large notes (1000 and 5000 RUB) can sometimes be denied.

+

+

If it is crowded, it is customarily to ask other passengers to pass your money to a driver or ''konductor'' (however, if a vehicle has a ''konductor'', he/she will usually find a way to you unless the vehicle is indeed completely packed). This is safe and money losses are very rare (and in most cases unintended), although it is better to pass the exact amount so that no change is needed, or at least not pass large notes. In any case, it is better to prepare you money before entering a vehicle.

Take a ride on the new cable-car from Nizhny to Bor on the other side of the river. The station is a bit hard to find, but if you walk along the Volga eastwards you can see the cables spanning the river. Just walk along the bank and you will find the station hidden behind some newly constructed building.

+

+

Cross the river and ejoy the great view. There is not much to do in Bor, except for if you like Russian suburban tristesse. One ride is 70 Rubles.

* ''Mega'' — the leading shopping mall in Nizhny Novgorod (located in Fedyakovo, a southern suburb on the road to Kazan). Auchan, IKEA, OBI and 160 other shops in this huge shopping centre. [http://www.megamall.ru/mega5/]

* ''Mega'' — the leading shopping mall in Nizhny Novgorod (located in Fedyakovo, a southern suburb on the road to Kazan). Auchan, IKEA, OBI and 160 other shops in this huge shopping centre. [http://www.megamall.ru/mega5/]

*<eat name="Gariachy Obed" alt="" address="" directions="at the Medical Street Station at Gagarin Prospect" phone="" url="" hours="8AM-4PM" price="" lat="" long="">Here you can get a typical Russian meal at a very cheap price.</eat>

*<eat name="Gariachy Obed" alt="" address="" directions="at the Medical Street Station at Gagarin Prospect" phone="" url="" hours="8AM-4PM" price="" lat="" long="">Here you can get a typical Russian meal at a very cheap price.</eat>

Understand

History

The city was founded by Grand Duke George II of Russia in 1221 at the confluence of two most important rivers of his principality, the Volga and the Oka. Its name literally means Newtown the Lower, to distinguish it from the older Novgorod. A major stronghold for border protection, Nizhny Novgorod fortress took advantage of a natural moat formed by the two rivers.

Along with Moscow and Tver, Nizhny Novgorod was among several newly-founded towns that escaped Mongol devastation on account of its insignificance and grew up into important centers of Russian political life during the period of Tatar yoke. For a short period of time it was the capital of the Suzdal Principality and competed with Moscow for the power in the region. However the competition with Moscow was lost and in 1392 the city was incorporated into Muscovy. Nizhny Novgorod Kremlin was built in 1508-1511 (under supervision of the Italian fortress engineers) and became one of the strongest Russian citadels. There is a legend saying that the project was initially developed with participation of Leonardo da Vinci. However there is no documented proof of Leonardo's work for that project, the only thing the legend is based on is the striking resemblance of Leonardo's sketches and the actual kremlin schemes. The fortress was strong enough to withstand Tatar sieges in 1520 and 1536.

In 1612, the so-called national militia, gathered by a local merchant Kuzma Minin and commanded by Knyaz Dmitry Pozharsky expelled the Polish troops from Moscow, thus putting an end to the Time of Troubles and establishing the rule of the Romanov dynasty.

In 1817, the Makaryev Monastery Fair, one of the liveliest in the world the 16th-18th centuries, was transferred to Nizhny Novgorod, which thereupon started to attract numerous visitors and by the mid-19th century it turned Nizhny Novgorod into trade capital of the Russian Empire.

Under the Soviet rules the trade connections of the city were abandoned and Nizhny Novgorod turned to become an important industrial centre instead. During the communist time the city was closed to foreigners to safeguard the security of Soviet military research. The physicist and the Nobel laureate Andrei Sakharov was exiled there during 1980-1986 to limit his contacts with foreigners.

The climate in the region is humid continental and it is similar to the climate in Moscow, although colder in winter, which lasts from late November until late March with a permanent snow cover.

Districts

The city is divided by the river Oka into two major parts: the Upper city (Nagornaya chast) on the hilly right side and the Lower city (Nizhnyaya or Zarechnaya chast — what literally means "the part over the river") on the left bank of the river. The Upper city is the old historical part of Nizhny Novgorod, whereas the Lower city is larger, newer and consists of more industrial districts.

The Upper city is administratively divided into three districts (rayons):

Nizhegorodsky (the central historical part, plus the part along the river Volga)

Prioksky (is situated along the river Oka)

Sovetsky

The districts of the Lower city:

Kanavinsky (Kananvino)

Sormovsky (Sormovo)

Avtozavodsky (Avtozavod)

Moskovsky

Leninsky

Get in

the Fair

By train

Trains are probably the best and the most convenient way to get to Nizhny Novgorod. Most of the Trans-Siberian trains (including the legendary train No.1 between Moscow and Vladivostok and the train from Moscow to Beijing) pass via Nizhny Novgorod.

By train from Moscow:

The fastest option is to take Sapsan [6] that will carry you for 3h 55m (departure from Moscow's Kursky station twice per day, one early at the morning, the other at evening). The other option is Burevestnik express which commutes between Moscow and Nizhny Novgorod twice per day (departure from Moscow's Kursky station). It will take around 4 and a half hours to get Moskovsky station in Nizhny.
There are also comfortable overnight trains departing from Moscow's Kazansky station and from Yaroslavsky station.
Of course it is possible to use other trains going eastward departing from various Moscow's stations.

By train from Saint Petersburg: the night train "Volga" departs each evening and arrives to NN next morning.

You can get to the airport by buses number 11, 20, T-29, T-46 (20 rubles in July 2012) or by taxi (normal price from city centre will be around 700-1000 rubles or $25-$30 US).

By car

Nizhny Novgorod is situated on M7/E30 road. The road is quite ok and it usually takes about 4 hours to get to Nizhny from Moscow. However the traffic jams in the suburbs of Moscow can make the way longer.
The story about speed regimes and the road police will follow soon ...

By bus

There are regular state-owned daily bus connections with Moscow (from Kanavinskaya bus station in Nizhny to metro Schelkovskaya in Moscow) but the buses are very slow (it can take up to 10 hours with several stops in all the towns along the road) and rather uncomfortable. There are also faster private daily and overnight buses between Kursky railway terminal in Moscow and Moskovsky railway terminal in Nizhny Novgorod.

By boat

River cruises [7][8]] down the Volga operate during the summer months (early May to end of September). Dozens of boats operated by different companies run from Moscow to Astrakhan and back. One way or return cruises may be reserved to/from practically any city along the Volga.

Get around

The (quite out-of-date) map of transport routes could be downloaded here: [9]

2GIS site has an up-to-date (and often updated) information on all transport routes, together with route planner: [10] (in Russian, but just click on the map and on the pop-up use "Маршрут отсюда" for source and "Маршрут сюда" for destination).

Underground

Metro in Nizhny Novgorod

There are two lines in Metro, both connected in Moskovskaya station. The first line goes from Burevestnik. The second one goes to Park Kultury. Several stations are going to be built. Working hours: 05:15am - 12:00pm. Price: 16RUB.
Railway station is above the Moskovskaya station.

A new segment from Moskovskaya across the river to the Gorkovskaya at the city center was opened in November 2012.

Car rent

Tram

Tram communications were opened in 1896 and now there are about 30 lines operating in the city.

Trolleybus

Extensive network of 25 lines.

Buses

About 80 lines of government-owned buses.

Also about 80 lines of privately-owned buses calles marshrutnoe taksi (literally routed taxi) or marshrutka. These are generally smaller than government-owned buses and usually (but not always) feature a letter "T" before the number of route. Note that they have different routes from that of government buses, so a bus and a marshrutka with the same number have usually completely different route. Note also that in contrast to other public transport, these do not stop at every stop; to indicate your intention to exit a marshrutka, you should press a button above the door, and to indicate your intention to enter an oncoming marshrutka, you need to wave your hand.

Payment

On surface public transport (trams, trolleybuses, buses and marshrutkas) you are expected to pay within one stop after you enter, the fare is fixed for one ride. Some vehicles (almost all trams and trolleybuses and about a half of buses and marshrutkas) have a special man called konductor who will come to you, take money and issue a ticket; if there is no konductor, you should pay directly to the driver. Both the driver and konductor will give change if needed, although large notes (1000 and 5000 RUB) can sometimes be denied.

If it is crowded, it is customarily to ask other passengers to pass your money to a driver or konductor (however, if a vehicle has a konductor, he/she will usually find a way to you unless the vehicle is indeed completely packed). This is safe and money losses are very rare (and in most cases unintended), although it is better to pass the exact amount so that no change is needed, or at least not pass large notes. In any case, it is better to prepare you money before entering a vehicle.

See

the Kremlin

Map of the Kremlin, 12 towers

M12 in GAZ Museum

Historical center

The Kremlin is worth a wander around and contains a church, war monument with eternal flame, a reasonable art museum and impressive views along the Volga River.

Note that the walks on the Kremlin's wall are cariied out from 1, May to 1, October.

Monuments

Monument to Valery Chkalov, a test pilot, known for his ultra long flight from Moscow to Vancouver via the North Pole.

Maxim Gorky

Alexander Pushkin (at the entrance to the Theatre of Opera and Ballet)

Prince George and Saint Simon of Suzdal (inside the Kremlin).

Other

A big variety of churches and convents.

Bolshaya Pokrovskaya st. and the museum of Russian traditional art on it.

Varvarskaya st.

Rozhdestvenskaya st.

Ilyinskaya st. - buildings of merchant development.

Chkalov Footway.

Do

Take a ride on the new cable-car from Nizhny to Bor on the other side of the river. The station is a bit hard to find, but if you walk along the Volga eastwards you can see the cables spanning the river. Just walk along the bank and you will find the station hidden behind some newly constructed building.

Cross the river and ejoy the great view. There is not much to do in Bor, except for if you like Russian suburban tristesse. One ride is 70 Rubles.

Buy

Picnic in biggest park in the city.

Shopping malls

Mega — the leading shopping mall in Nizhny Novgorod (located in Fedyakovo, a southern suburb on the road to Kazan). Auchan, IKEA, OBI and 160 other shops in this huge shopping centre. [18]

Eat

Tinkoff, Belinskii Street, Etazhi Shopping Complex (Bus stop : Opera Theatre (Operny teatr) or Poltavskaya Street). variety of food including Japanese cuisine. Its cheaper to go on weekdays from 12 — 4 pm to order their "business lunch" which is like a bento meal.moderate to high.

McDonalds, - one in Gorky Square, one in front of Moskovsky railway station, one near Park Kultury of Avtozavod, one in MEGA shopping mall.

Planeta Sushi, Belinskava Road. Really good japanese food serves at a reasonable price.Fused together with Italian restaurant Il Patio.

Yaponamama. Another sushi chain store,cheapest set lunch found in town. With 7USD you can get a bento,a soup and a drink.Can be found at Minin Square (opposite the Kremlin), Fantastika (2nd floor) and Gorky Square (just below new york pizza)

Biblioteka. Excellent Italian restaurant situated at Pokrovskaya Street. Good atmosphere, great food and reasonable price. Weekdays lunch time from 12 to 3pm you can get 20% discount on all menu,but the place will be packed.

Gariachy Obed, (at the Medical Street Station at Gagarin Prospect). 8AM-4PM. Here you can get a typical Russian meal at a very cheap price.

Yakitoria. Located at Gordkovo Street near to Svabodi Square,here serves japanese and chinese cuisine.Reasonable priced set lunch serves at noon.

Bocconcino, 10/16, Alexeevskaya Str. (800 meters from the Kremlin), ☎+7 831 296 55 73, [1]. 12:00-00:00. Located at LP Fashion Gallery near with Bolshaya Pokrovskaya Str. Here you can get a typical Italian food. Reasonable priced (350 rub) set lunch served at noon.

Drink

Sleep

Hotel Oka, Gagarina avenue, 27 (Bus stop : Hotel Oka (Gostinitsa Oka)), ☎(831) 275-94-49, [2]. offers a variety of room options and very close to the city centre. located next door to a newly opened supermarket3300 rubles.

Contact

By phone

If you are planning to spend in Russia more than several days and you are going to communicate with your Russian colleagues by mobile (and send SMS to your home country) it would be reasonable not to spend on roaming and to buy a local SIM-card.
There are five GSM networks in the city: three major Russian mobile networks ("big three": MTS, Beeline and Megafon), Tele 2 and NSS (HCC). Also there is a network working in AMPS/DAMPS standard and there was one in NMT-450 (not sure if it's still there). The prepaid tariffs are more or less the same in all GSM networks. A SIM-card can be purchased in numerous shops, kiosks, and special salons. Usually it costs you just to pay some 3 or 4$ for your future calls.

However if you come to Nizhny Novgorod with a SIM-card bought in Moscow or Saint Petersburg be aware that you will be charged higher prices for your calls since providers consider this as inner-Russian roaming (basically the country is divided in several huge roaming zones). Mobile numbers registered in Nizhny Novgorod are of the Volga region zone.

There are payphones in the streets however you can buy phonecards only in the post-offices and in few newspaper kiosks.

By internet and wi-fi

There are several wi-fi spots for free internet access in the city. For example, there is wi-fi coverage in the cafe at KARO cinema on the top floor of "Shokolad" (Chocolade) shopping-mall in Belinsky Str. Free Wi-Fi (with the purchase of a meal/drinks) is also available at a cafe called "Artbus" ("Артбус", wordplay on the Russian word for "watermelon" - "arbuz"). Be aware, though, that this cafe has a monthly bandwidth limit, so if you try to use the Wi-Fi there toward the end of the month, you may not succeed.