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Abstract

Background

In the past decades, several public health guidelines concerning physical activity
have been published. This study evaluated compliance with various physical activity
guidelines and examined the associations between meeting the guidelines and socio-demographic
characteristics.

Methods

Data were obtained from 357 Flemish men and women (41.9 ± 9.6 years). Physical activity
was assessed for seven consecutive days using the SenseWear Armband. The prevalence
of sufficient physical activity was calculated according to various public health
guidelines. Logistic regressions examined the associations between socio-demographic
characteristics and the odds of meeting the different guidelines.

Results

87.2% of men and 68.1% of women achieved ≥150 min/week of moderate-to-vigorous physical
activity (MVPA), but only 57.6% and 37.3% accumulated this amount as ≥30 min/day on
≥5 days/week. With regard to vigorous physical activity, 27.9% of men and 15.7% of
women achieved ≥75 min/week and 12.8% and 7.0% achieved ≥20 min/day on ≥3 days/week.
In addition, 34.9% of men and 21.6% of women attained an average physical activity
level (PAL) of 1.75 MET and thus met the criteria for weight maintenance. Only 16.3%
of men and 14.1% of women took 10000 steps/day on 7 days/week. Women had a lower probability
of achieving 30 min/day MVPA on 5 days/week (OR: 0.40), or a weekly total of 150 min
or 500 MET.min MVPA or 75 min of vigorous activity compared to men (OR: 0.27-0.46).
In addition, they were 50% less likely to meet the guidelines for weight maintenance.
The odds of engaging in 150 min/week MVPA or attaining a PAL of 1.75 was lower with
higher age. Educational level was positively related with accumulating 75 min/week
of vigorous activity, but negatively with taking 10000 steps/day. Smokers were 60%
less likely to participate weekly in 150 min of MVPA compared to non-smokers.

Conclusions

The prevalence of sufficient physical activity differed greatly depending on the definition
used. Women and subjects older than 35 were less likely to meet the guidelines than
men and younger subjects and thus are important groups to target in future interventions.

Keywords:

Background

Consistent evidence has confirmed that regular physical activity is associated with
numerous health benefits and a reduced risk of several chronic diseases [1,2]. Thus, increasing activity levels has become a public health priority and has led
to the publication of various physical activity guidelines over the past decades.
In 1995, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and the American College of
Sports Medicine (ACSM) recommended that “every adult should accumulate 30 min or more
of moderate-intensity physical activity on most, preferably all, days of the week”
[3]. These recommendations were updated by ACSM and the American Heart Association (AHA)
in 2007 and stated that “all healthy adults need moderate-intensity aerobic activity
for a minimum of 30 min on five days each week or vigorous-intensity aerobic activity
for a minimum of 20 min on three days each week” [4]. These guidelines are largely similar to the 1995 recommendations, but they also
incorporated vigorous-intensity activity and emphasized the additional benefits of
physical activity beyond the minimum amount. Furthermore, they explicitly added that
activity should be accumulated in bouts of at least 10 min. One year later, the US
Department of Health and Human Services issued the Physical Activity Guidelines for
Americans, in which it was recommended that adults should participate weekly in at
least 150 min of moderate-intensity or 75 min of vigorous-intensity aerobic activity
or an equivalent combination of both [5]. The shift in focus from a minimum frequency requirement to a total weekly amount
provided important flexibility to accumulate activity across the week [6]. However, the report still notes that activity should be performed in bouts of at
least 10 min and should preferably be spread throughout the week. At the same time,
they increased the guideline for vigorous activity from 60 to 75 min/week and underlined
that greater amounts of activity may confer additional health benefits. Although there
are no official recommendations for the European Union [6], both the World Health Organization and the British Association of Sport and Exercise
Sciences have confirmed the recent US guidelines [7,8].

It is important to note that the previous guidelines are focused towards improving
overall health and reducing the risk of several chronic diseases. However, these activity
levels might be insufficient to maintain a healthy body weight. Several organizations
have declared that adults should attain a physical activity level (PAL) of 1.75 or
more to prevent excessive weight gain and avoid the transition to overweight or obesity
[9-11]. In addition, it should be noted that the recommended amounts of physical activity
in the current guidelines are built upon self-reported data, which might not be directly
comparable to objective measures of physical activity. One recommendation that was
explicitly made for objectively measured physical activity is the guideline of 10000
steps/day, which is widely familiar to the media and general public [12,13].

Numerous studies have examined whether adults were meeting a specific guideline [14-18], but few have compared the compliance with several physical activity guidelines within
the same sample [19-21]. However, since some of the guidelines are more stringent than others, compliance
rates may differ according to the definition used. In addition, levels and patterns
of physical activity may vary as a function of gender, age, educational level, socio-economic
status, marital status, etc. [17,20,22].

Most of the previous studies have relied on self-reports and often focused on leisure
time physical activity (LTPA) [14,20,23,24]. However, these measures ignore everyday activities performed for the purpose of
work, transport or household chores. Recently, accelerometers have been used more
often to objectively assess physical activity across the day and thus provide a more
accurate picture of total physical activity. Nevertheless, most studies were limited
to a minimum wear-time of 10 hours/day for 1–4 days/week [15-17,25]. However, when evaluating compliance with recommended amounts of physical activity
per week, it becomes imperative to monitor activity during all waking hours for the
entire seven days. Moreover, accelerometers, typically worn on the hip, are unable
to detect cycling, static work, isolated arm movements, carrying loads, or locomotion
on a gradient [26,27]. By combining accelerometry with physiological sensors, the SenseWear can detect
small increases in energy expenditure associated with everyday activities [28,29]. In addition, the SenseWear device has the potential to measure physical activity
over a full 24-hour period for seven consecutive days.

The purpose of the present study was to evaluate compliance with different physical
activity guidelines in Flemish men and women, as measured with the SenseWear Armband.
Furthermore, associations between meeting the guidelines and socio-demographic characteristics
were examined. It was hypothesized that the prevalence of recommended amounts of physical
activity would differ greatly according to the guideline used.

Methods

Subjects

Subjects were recruited from various companies and different work sectors (private
companies, multinationals, education, research, social and welfare services, municipal
services and industry) in Flanders, Belgium. Individuals volunteered to participate
in the study and provided informed consent prior to participation. The study was approved
by the Medical Ethics Committee of the KU Leuven. A total of 442 subjects (212 men
and 230 women) between 22 and 64 years (41.4 ± 9.8 years) were enrolled. Subjects
did not receive any financial reimbursement for participating in the study. However,
they knew that they would be given a detailed activity and health report afterwards.

Physical activity

Subjects were asked to wear a SenseWear Pro 3 Armband (BodyMedia, Inc., Pittsburgh,
PA, USA) 24 hours a day except during water-based activities, for seven consecutive
days [30]. The SenseWear is a multisensor body monitor, worn over the triceps muscle of the
right arm. It enables continuous collection of various physiological and movement
parameters through multiple sensors, including a two-axis accelerometer and sensors
measuring heat flux, galvanic skin response, skin temperature and near body ambient
temperature. Data from these sensors are combined with gender, age, body weight and
height, to estimate energy expenditure, physical activity intensity and number of
steps, using algorithms developed by the manufacturer (SenseWear Professional software,
version 6.1). Body weight and height were measured by trained staff with subjects
barefoot and in underwear. Previous studies have shown that the SenseWear tends to
overestimate energy expenditure of moderate-intensity activities and underestimate
that of very vigorous activities, largely due to a ceiling effect at an intensity
of 10 MET [31,32].

In addition, subjects were asked to register their activities in an electronic diary,
each time a new activity was started, for the entire seven-day period. The diary software
program was developed at the Department of Kinesiology of the KU Leuven and stored
in a Palm Z22 Personal Digital Assistant (Palm, Inc., Sunnyvale, CA, USA). The diary
consisted of seven categories: sleeping/resting, personal care, eating/drinking, job,
leisure time, transport and household chores. The last three categories were divided
into a number of subcategories, to allow subjects to specify their activity in more
detail. For this study, information from the diary was used to substitute missing
SenseWear data, due to removal of the Armband. Missing values for sleep were imputed
with the mean metabolic equivalent (MET) value of observed sleep during all other
nights. Missing data of personal care and swimming were substituted with a constant
MET-value according to the Compendium of Ainsworth (2 and 6 MET, respectively) [33]. In 50% of the days, less than 13 min were imputed based on the information from
the diary.

This study included the results from participants with seven valid monitoring days.
A valid day was considered a day with at least 1368 min of data, after imputation
of known activities, which corresponds to 95% of a 24-hour period.

Several parameters were calculated from the SenseWear data. Time spent in moderate-to-vigorous
physical activity (MVPA) and vigorous physical activity was calculated from periods
of continued physical activity. Ten-min bouts were defined as 10 or more consecutive
minutes with a MET-value ≥3 and ≥6, respectively [4]. Furthermore, to allow comparison with previous studies, modified 10-min bouts were
defined as 10 or more consecutive minutes above the respective MET-value, with acceptance
of interruptions of 1 or 2 min below the threshold [16]. Total daily time (min/day) of MVPA and vigorous physical activity, accumulated in
(modified) 10-min bouts, were calculated for all seven days and summed over the entire
week (min/week). In addition, active energy expenditure (MET.min/week) was calculated
by summing minute-by-minute MET-values during bouts of MVPA. Physical activity level
(PAL, expressed in MET) is an indicator of total energy expenditure, calculated as
the average of SenseWear METs over the entire week. Finally, steps per minute were
summed to obtain the total number of steps per day.

Definition of the physical activity guidelines

The proportion of adults meeting the recommended amounts of physical activity was
calculated using the following guidelines. Guidelines 1–7 were based on time spent
in (modified) 10-min bouts.

Socio-demographic characteristics

Participants were categorized by gender, age (20–34, 35–49 and 50–65 years), educational
level (high school or less versus college or university degree), smoking status (current
smoker or quit less than six months ago versus not current smoker) and marital status
(single, married/co-habiting/having a partner and divorced/widowed).

Statistical analyses

Descriptive statistics (means and standard deviations) were presented for all physical
activity variables. The prevalence of recommended amounts of physical activity was
calculated for men and women separately. Logistic regressions examined the associations
between socio-demographic characteristics and the odds of meeting the different guidelines.
Multivariate models included age-group, educational level, smoking status and marital
status. Odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals were calculated against the
reference groups of males, subjects aged 20–34 years, those with less than a college
or university degree, non-smokers and those being single (OR: 1.00). All analyses
were performed using the SAS statistical program, version 9.2 (SAS Institute, Cary,
NC, USA). Statistical significance was set at P < 0.05.

Results

Characteristics of the study participants are presented in Table 1. Adherence to the study protocol was very high, with 80.8% of all subjects having
valid SenseWear data for seven consecutive days. The final sample consisted of 172
men (mean age: 42.0 ± 8.9 years) and 185 women (mean age: 41.9 ± 10.3 years).

Overall, the prevalence of recommended amounts of physical activity was higher among
men than women (Table 2). According to the ACSM/AHA guidelines and using the strict definition of a 10-min
bout (i.e. without interruptions), 57.6% of men and 37.3% of women met the guidelines
for moderate activity, whereas only 12.8% and 7.0% met the guidelines for vigorous
activity. When applying the modified 10-min bout definition, compliance rates increased
to 73.8% and 55.7% for moderate activity and 13.4% and 7.6% for vigorous activity.

Table 2.Prevalence (n (%)) of sufficient physical activity according to the different guidelines

Furthermore, 87.2% of men and 68.1% of women accumulated at least 150 min MVPA per
week in 10-min bouts and thus met the criteria for compliance with the US 2008 guidelines.
The proportion of adults meeting the minimum levels of vigorous activity was much
lower, with only 27.9% of men and 15.7% of women achieving at least 75 min of vigorous
physical activity per week. In addition, 89.5% of men and 77.3% of women expended
at least 500 MET.min/week in physical activity of at least moderate intensity. Using
the modified 10-min bout definition, 94.2% of men and 86.5% of women were classified
as moderately active and 28.5% and 17.8% as vigorously active. Additionally, 95.4%
of men and 90.3% of women met the energy expenditure criteria.

When considering the guidelines for weight maintenance (average PAL of 1.75) a weekly
average PAL of ≥1.75, 34.9% of men and 21.6% of women were sufficiently active to
avoid excessive weight gain.

Despite the high daily average, only 16.3% men and 14.1% of women took 10000 steps/day
on seven consecutive days. However, when the frequency requirement was decreased to
5 days/week, 45.4% of men and 55.1% of women were compliant (results not shown).

The results of the logistic regressions for the association between socio-demographic
characteristics and meeting the different guidelines are shown in Table 3. For these analyses, only the strict definition of a 10-min bout was used. However,
OR for modified 10-min bouts yielded very comparable results (results not shown).

Compared to men, women were significantly less likely to be classified as sufficiently
active according to the ACSM/AHA guideline for MVPA (OR: 0.40) and the US guidelines
for MVPA (OR: 0.27), vigorous physical activity (OR: 0.46) and energy expenditure
(OR: 0.33). In addition, women were 50% less likely to meet the criteria for weight
maintenance.

The odds of engaging in 150 min MVPA per week or achieving a PAL of 1.75 was significantly
lower with higher age, with those aged 35–49 years being 72% and 52% less likely and
those aged 50–65 years 75% and 72% less likely to meet the respective guideline compared
to those in the youngest age-group. Additionally, 35–49 year-olds had a 3.6-fold reduced
likelihood of accumulating 500 MET.min/week in MVPA than 20–34 year-olds.

Subjects with the lowest educational level had a significant lower probability of
engaging in 75 min of vigorous physical activity per week (OR: 0.35), and a significantly
higher probability of taking 10000 steps/day compared to subjects with a college or
university degree (OR: 3.70).

Finally, smokers were 2.5 times less likely to participate weekly in 150 min of MVPA
compared to non-smokers. Marital status was not related to meeting the different guidelines.

Discussion

Several public health guidelines concerning physical activity have been published
in the last decades. Although results may vary depending on the definition used, most
studies have only applied one criterion to assess the proportion of adults being sufficiently
active. This study is one of the first to simultaneously analyze compliance with different
physical activity guidelines, using an objective measure of physical activity. In
addition, we investigated the relationship between socio-demographic characteristics
and the odds of meeting the different guidelines in order to identify groups that
are currently inactive and would thus derive substantial benefits from increasing
their physical activity.

As expected, the prevalence of sufficient activity varied according to the physical
activity guideline and decreased as the recommendations became more stringent [19]. According to the ACSM/AHA guidelines, 73.8% of men and 55.7% of women were classified
as moderately active and only 13.4% and 7.6% as vigorously active, when modified 10-min
bouts were considered.

Previous studies have also shown that compliance rates were lower for vigorous physical
activity as compared to moderate physical activity [14,18,23]. However, these studies used self-reports of physical activity and primarily focused
on leisure time. Recently, accelerometers have been used more often to objectively
quantify physical activity in daily life and evaluate the compliance with public health
guidelines. However, most of these studies were restricted to recommendations for
MVPA. The proportion of adults attaining at least 30 min MVPA per day from modified
10-min bouts varied from 1% in Swedish men and women [17], to 3.8% and 3.2% in men and women from the US [16] and 4.2-9.3% in Portuguese men and women [15].

Recent reports, such as the 2008 Physical Activity Guidelines for Americans and the
Global Recommendations on Physical Activity for Health, focus on total volume of physical
activity rather than a minimum number of sessions per week [5,8]. Thus, individuals can achieve recommended amounts of activity in a number of different
ways. For example, weekend warriors may participate in one or two bouts of exercise
to meet these goals. Nonetheless, the US guidelines add that physical activity should
preferably be spread throughout the week [5].

In the current sample, 94.2% of men and 86.5% of women accumulated ≥150 min MVPA per
week, but only 73.8% and 55.7% did so in five or more sessions of ≥30 min/day. Thus,
removing the frequency and duration requirements resulted in a considerable increase
in the prevalence of sufficient MVPA. Furthermore, despite the upward shift from 60
to 75 min/week, the proportion of adults meeting the minimum levels of vigorous activity
was higher with the current than with the ACSM/AHA guidelines.

The less restrictive nature of the recent guidelines is demonstrated in several previous
studies. Carlson et al. [20] examined the prevalence of LTPA and reported that 34.8% and 30.5% of US men and women
were considered active according to the ACSM/AHA guidelines, compared with 47.4% and
39.9% using the US 2008 guidelines. Reasons for the higher percentages were the removal
of the frequency and duration requirements but also the possibility of combining moderate
and vigorous physical activity. In addition, Rafferty et al. [34] demonstrated that 40.2% of men and 36.1% of women who reported walking in their leisure
time, walked for a total of 150 min/week, but only 23.5% and 20.0% walked for at least
30 min/day five or more times per week.

The prevalence of objectively-measured physical activity is much lower, but also indicates
the difference between both guidelines [21]. In addition, Tucker et al. [25] noted that compliance with the US guidelines varied considerably according to the
criteria used. When considering time spent in MVPA, 9.5% of men and 7.0% of women
achieved the recommended minimum. In contrast, using the energy expenditure criteria
(≥500 MET.min/week), 57.7% of men and 32.5% of women were classified as sufficiently
active. However, energy expenditure was calculated by accumulating accelerometer MET-minutes
individually, whereas only periods of 8–10 consecutive minutes were considered for
time spent in MVPA.

It is important to note that most of the previous studies defined a 10-min bout as
10 or more consecutive minutes of at least moderate intensity, with allowance for
1–2 min below the threshold [15,16,21,25]. In 1995 it was indeed noted that bouts of physical activity as short as 8–10 min
provided beneficial health and fitness effects [3]. However, since 2007, the reports state that activity should be accumulated from
bouts lasting 10 or more minutes [4,5,8]. Therefore, it seems more appropriate to use a strict definition of a 10-min bout,
i.e. without any interruptions. When we applied this criterion the prevalence of sufficient
physical activity decreased, especially for moderate activity and to a smaller extent
for vigorous activity. Moderate-intensity activities may represent activities of daily
living, which are intermittent in nature, whereas vigorous activity is probably performed
for exercise intentions and thus more continuous.

Nevertheless, even when using the strict definition of a 10-min bout, the proportion
of adults meeting the different guidelines was relatively high compared to previous
studies. However, making comparisons between studies is difficult and several factors
might explain the observed differences. First, various instruments were used to measure
physical activity. Accelerometers accurately assess ambulatory activities, but may
underestimate overall physical activity, due to the inability of detecting cycling,
upper body movement, carrying loads or walking on an incline [26,27]. In contrast, by combining accelerometry with physiological sensors, the SenseWear
may capture the additional energy-cost of these lifestyle activities [28,29]. In addition, the use of the electronic diary allowed us to impute missing data for
swimming. Secondly, methodological differences in collecting and analyzing data make
results difficult to compare. For example, estimates of time spent in MVPA may differ
substantially according to the cut-points used. Hagströmer et al. [17] showed that, when using cut-points derived from both ambulatory and non-ambulatory
activities, 95% of the sample achieved 30 min/day of MVPA, compared to 52% when applying
cut-points based on ambulatory activities only. Moreover, estimates of adherence in
previous studies were frequently based on data from participants with 1–4 valid monitoring
days [15-17,25]. In contrast, the current study required seven valid days to be included in analyses.
In addition, physical activity was assessed over a 24-hour period, whereas the minimum
wear-time in previous studies was limited to ≥10 hours/day. Thus, during some of the
waking hours, activities were not registered. Another factor that limits the comparison
of results is the difference in the interpretation of compliance with the physical
activity guidelines. Finally, most studies used random sampling techniques, while
the present study consisted of a group of healthy volunteers. Accordingly, our sample
may present a more active group of adults, compared to the general population.

It should be noted that the recommended amounts of physical activity in the current
guidelines are based on associations between self-reported physical activity and health
outcomes [16]. Perhaps, these guidelines are not directly translatable to objective measures of
physical activity. Troiano et al. [16] suggested that less than 30 min of objectively-measured physical activity may be
needed to achieve substantial health benefits. However, other studies noticed that,
since these self-reports primarily captured LTPA, the current recommendations should
be viewed as the minimum level of physical activity over and above the routine activities
of daily living [22,35]. Thus, when evaluating physical activity across the day, a higher cut-point for sufficient
activity would be more suited. Several authors have proposed a cut-point for health-enhancing
physical activity (HEPA) of 3000 MET.min of MVPA accumulated over 7 days or 1500 MET.min
of vigorous activity accumulated over 3 days or more [22,35,36].

When we applied this cut-point, 43.0% of men and 17.8% of women were considered active
(results not shown). These numbers are comparable to previous studies that used the
IPAQ. Bergman et al. [22] reported that in a sample of Swedish adults, 33.5% of men and 19.1% of women reached
the high physical activity category. Other studies investigated the prevalence of
physical activity across countries and reported that, in Belgium, 29.6-37.2% of men
and 20.5-21.9% of women met the recommended amounts of HEPA [35,36].

Another issue that needs to be addressed is whether the requirement of continuous
bouts is similar for objectively measured physical activity. In a previous accelerometer
study it was shown that although 52% of adults accumulated at least 30 min/day of
MVPA, only 1% achieved those minutes from three or more continuous bouts of at least
10 minutes [17].

Clearly, previous recommendations should be reconsidered based on the associations
between objectively measured physical activity and health outcomes.

One recommendation that was specifically created for objective measures of physical
activity is the guideline of 10000 steps/day. This guideline represents 30 min of
MVPA in addition to a minimum level of baseline physical activity. It has been suggested
that 30 min of moderate activity translate to 3000–4000 steps, at a stepping rate
of 100 steps/min [12,13,37]. Adding this amount to an estimated minimum of 6000–7000 steps, taken during the
routine activities of daily living, approximates the proposed 10000 steps/day [12].

The current study showed that 16.3% men and 14.1% of women met the guidelines of ≥10000
steps/day on seven consecutive days. However, when the frequency requirement was decreased
to 5 days/week, 45.4% of men and 55.1% of women were compliant. Most studies did not
use the criterion of 10000 steps/day for a specific number of days, but simply looked
at the average daily value, calculated from all valid days. The prevalence of adherence
among adults ranged from 13.9-16% in samples from the US [38,39], to 34.5% in Canada [21] and 41.6% in Belgium [40]. In addition, Chastin et al. [19] reported that 53% of a group of UK-based postal workers achieved the recommended
minimum of 10000 steps/day on at least 5 days/week.

Furthermore, the present findings show that, despite the high compliance with the
ACSM/AHA and US guidelines, only 34.9% of men and 21.6% of women attained an average
PAL of 1.75. To increase PAL, a high level of physical activity throughout the day
would be required. This explains why individuals who accumulate ≥30 min/day of MVPA
but are otherwise sedentary may meet the guidelines for cardiovascular health, without
achieving the minimum levels to avoid excessive weight gain. Thus, in the light of
the current obesity epidemic continued interventions to increase physical activity
are needed.

This study also identified socio-demographic characteristics that are associated with
meeting the guidelines and should be considered for the planning of future interventions.
Similar to what is typically reported, the prevalence of sufficient physical activity
was higher among men than women, irrespective of the guideline used [20,21,23-25]. Furthermore, the findings that the likelihood of meeting the physical activity recommendations
was lower among women and decreased with age, are consistent with several previous
studies. However, the results are not directly comparable because of discrepancies
in the definition of sufficient physical activity.

Bryan et al. [23] investigated the prevalence of LTPA among Canadian adults and reported that the probability
of achieving ≥30 min MVPA or ≥20 min vigorous physical activity on 4 days/week was
higher for men than women in 1994–1995 and 1998–1999. But, this difference disappeared
around 2001. In addition, it was shown that women were less likely to meet the HEPA-criterion
of 3000 MET.min MVPA or 1500 MET.min vigorous activity per week [22,35].

Furthermore, several studies showed that the odds of engaging in sufficient physical
activity decreased with increasing age [18,23,35]. Bergman et al. [22] demonstrated that those being younger than 55 were 1.5-1.7 times more likely to be
classified as active according to the ACSM/AHA guidelines in crude analyses. However,
after adjustment for other socio-demographic characteristics, these associations were
no longer significant. Nevertheless, 18–34 year-olds had a 1.8-fold higher odds of
reaching the HEPA cut-points than 55–74 year-olds, after adjustment for all socio-demographic
correlates.

The present findings also demonstrated that physical activity patterns differed between
educational groups. Subjects with the lowest educational level had a significantly
lower probability of obtaining 75 min of vigorous activity per week compared to those
with a college or university degree. This may reflect the lower probability of participating
in LTPA, as indicated by several previous studies [41,42]. In contrast, lower-educated individuals may have more physically demanding jobs
that require a large amount of ambulatory activity. This might explain why the lower-educated
were almost 4 times as likely to take 10000 steps/day.

Our results confirm those of earlier studies. Macera et al. [18] showed that the odds of accumulating 30 min of moderate-intensity activity on 5 days
or 20 min of vigorous activity on 3 days/week during non-working hours increased with
educational level. Additionally, the proportion of adults meeting the ACSM/AHA or
US guidelines was higher with greater educational attainment [20,24]. In contrast, Bergman et al. [22] showed that education was not related to meeting the ACSM/AHA guidelines, but that
subjects with a college/university degree were less likely to meet the HEPA-criterion
than those with basic education.

With regard to steps, Chastin et al. [19] demonstrated that 77% of delivery postal workers met the minimum of 10000 steps/day
on 5 days/week, compared to only 28% of the office-based postal workers. Furthermore,
it was shown that the number of steps/day on weekdays differed between occupational
groups with professionals and managers recording the lowest (7883 steps) and blue
collar workers the highest number of steps (11784 steps). The difference of almost
4000 steps/day suggest that those with the highest occupational status would have
to walk for an additional 30 min during non-working hours to reach the steps of those
with a physically active job [43].

In addition, it has been suggested that factors of an unhealthy lifestyle such as
smoking and being physical inactive tend to cluster, which is consistent with the
present observations [41,44,45]. Smokers had a 60% reduced likelihood of participating weekly in 150 min MVPA compared
to non-smokers. Similarly, Bertrais et al. [14] demonstrated that current smokers were 24-27% less likely to achieve 150 min MVPA
or 60 min vigorous physical activity per week.

Finally, in accordance with the present results, Bergman et al. [22] showed that after adjustment for other socio-demographic correlates, marital status
was not related to meeting the ASCM/AHA or HEPA guidelines. However, in gender-specific
analyses, being single was positively associated with achieving the HEPA guideline
with single women being twice as likely to meet this goal compared to women who were
married or co-habited.

A major strength of this study was the use of a valid activity monitor to objectively
assess physical activity across the day. Furthermore, participants were asked to wear
the monitor 24 hours a day and only participants with at least 22 hours and 48 min
(95% of 24 hours) of data for seven consecutive days were included in the analyses.
Less than seven days may be enough to assess habitual physical activity [30], but when evaluating compliance with recommended amounts of physical activity per
week, it is stronger to use seven days rather than estimating the prevalence of compliance
based on data from participants with one or more valid monitoring days [19]. On the other hand, it has been suggested that compliance rates could be overestimated
by excluding those who did not wear the monitor for seven days, because the least
active tend to be less compliant with the study protocol [46]. However, 81% of the current sample wore the monitor for seven consecutive days and
physical activity levels did not differ between those with and without seven valid
monitoring days.

However, some limitations should be recognized. As previously stated, participants
volunteered to engage in the study. This may have led to a selection bias because
subjects who agreed to participate may have been more active than the general Flemish
population. Accordingly, the generalizability of these findings may be restricted.
In addition, subjects knew they participated in a physical activity study and were
monitored for their activity. Thus, because of a possible Hawthorne effect, participants
could have performed more physical activity than usual. However, it was not our aim
to describe habitual physical activity in the general population, but rather to compare
different activity guidelines within the same sample. Secondly, similar to other activity
monitors, the SenseWear is known to overestimate energy expenditure of moderate-intensity
activities and underestimate that of very vigorous activities, mainly due to a ceiling
effect at 10 MET [31,32]. However, this would not affect the estimate of time spent in vigorous activity,
since the threshold was set at 6 MET. Nevertheless, Berntsen et al. [32] showed that time spent in MVPA was overestimated by both the Actigraph and SenseWear
compared to indirect calorimetry (2.5% and 2.9%, respectively). In addition, Dwyer
et al. [47] reported that during treadmill walking, the average SenseWear step count was 5% less
than the manual count, which is similar to other motion sensors and pedometers, designed
specifically to measure steps [48].

Conclusions

The prevalence of sufficient physical activity differed greatly depending on the definition
used. 87.2% of men and 68.1% of women achieved 150 min of MVPA per week, but only
57.6% and 37.3% accumulated this amount as at least 30 min/day on five or more days
per week. The proportion of adults meeting the recommended amounts of vigorous physical
activity was considerably lower, with 27.9% of men and 15.7% of women achieving 75
min/week and 12.8% and 7.0% achieving 20 min/day on three or more days per week. In
addition, 34.9% of men and 21.6% of women were sufficiently active to avoid excessive
weight gain. The lowest compliance rates were observed for the goal of 10000 steps/day.
These results highlight the need to further examine the nature of the different guidelines
and determine the most appropriate way to communicate physical activity requirements
to the general public.

Women and subjects older than 35 were less likely to achieve the recommended amounts
of physical activity and should thus be targeted in public health interventions designed
to increase physical activity. The use of unobtrusive objective instruments, like
the SenseWear Armband, may help people to monitor their activity levels and find ways
to increase their activity to an amount that would provide substantial health benefits.

Competing interests

The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

Authors’ contributions

TS contributed to the design of the study, collected, analyzed and interpreted the
data and drafted the manuscript; RP participated in the coordination of the study
and revised the manuscript critically for intellectual content. JL conceived the study,
helped with statistical analyses and interpretation of the data, revised the manuscript
and had general supervision of the study. All authors critically read and approved
the final manuscript.

Acknowledgements

T. Scheers was funded by the Research Foundation - Flanders.

References

Bauman AE: Updating the evidence that physical activity is good for health: an epidemiological
review 2000–2003.