The Few, the Proud, the Tortoises: Marines Protect Endangered Species

An Army of Biologists Are on Nature Patrol at Military Bases; 'Walking Ravioli'

In their desert warfare training, U.S. Marines sometimes encounter shells of a different nature--the desert tortoise. It's one of the species protected under the Department of Defense's conservation program. WSJ's Ben Kesling reports.

TWENTYNINE PALMS, Calif.—U.S. Marines are taught to overcome obstacles with a minimum of help. But when some Marines prepared to charge a hill in a training exercise here a few months ago, they were forced to halt and radio the one man who could help them advance: Brian Henen, turtle expert.

The troops were "running up the hill and firing at targets," Mr. Henen said. "Some of the tortoises like the hill also. The Marines don't want to hurt the tortoise, so they call us and we go in and move it."

Mr. Henen, who has a doctorate in biology, is part of a little-known army of biologists and other scientists who manage the Mojave desert tortoise and about 420 other threatened and endangered species on about 28 million acres of federally managed military land.

"There's a lot of people who don't recognize the amount of conservation the Marine Corps does," said Martin Husung, a natural-resource specialist on the base. "A lot of people think we're just running over things."

Instead, Mr. Henen often hustles out to remote parts of the Mojave Desert to make sure the threatened desert tortoise, which can weigh 10 pounds and live to be more than 50 years old, isn't frightened by charging troops.

"When they get scared, they pee themselves," Mr. Henen said, referring to the tortoises. Since tortoises can go two years between drinks of water, an unplanned micturition can cause dehydration and even death. So Mr. Henen sometimes demonstrates to troops how he soaks the reptiles in a pool until they drink enough water to plod on with their lives.

ENLARGE

Desert tortoise

The tortoise isn't the only animal benefiting from the limited hunting, high security and trained biologists on many bases. On the Navy's San Clemente Island, biologists protect vulnerable loggerhead shrikes from hungry rats by installing metal "rat flashings" at the base of trees the birds nest in. In Texas, the Army creates protective nesting environments for endangered golden-cheeked warblers to fend off incursions by brown-headed cowbirds. And at Arnold Air Force Base in Tennessee, the once-endangered Helianthus eggertii, or Eggert's sunflower, is doing so well it has been taken off the endangered list.

Congress ordered the Defense Department to protect the flora and fauna on its lands under the 1960 Sikes Act. Today, the military works with agencies like the Fish and Wildlife Service, a bureau of the Interior Department, to search for and protect animals, plants and archaeological sites on its bases.

At Fort Benning, an Army base near Columbus, Ga., gunfire and explosions regularly set off fires in the pine trees, said John Brent, the base environmental manager. Oddly enough, this is a boon for the red-cockaded woodpecker, a bird on the endangered species list that has made a comeback there.

All of this has the birds flocking to the base, Mr. Brent said. To help welcome the new tenants, Mr. Brent and others have been building bird "condominiums," Mr. Brent said. For this they cut a hole about the size of a loaf of bread in an existing tree and slide in a cedar box to accommodate a nest. They can only do this once per tree because these picky birds prefer "condos, not townhouses," Mr. Brent said.

"It's a well-kept secret" that biologists are drawn to work on military bases, Mr. Brent said. "There's a chance to do terrific work."

Last year, the Department of Defense spent nearly $70 million on threatened and endangered species management and conservation, including $16.5 million on the red-cockaded woodpecker and just under $6 million on the desert tortoise.

At Fort Irwin, an Army base near Barstow, Calif., Clarence Everly bumped along a dirt trail in a Dodge Ram pickup. The former Airborne Ranger is now the natural and cultural resources manager on base.

"Having been in the Army, it gives you some street cred" dealing with soldiers and the chain of command, he said. "You're not just the environmentalist guy trying to prevent them from doing training."

He drove out to meet a team of biologists from the U.S. Geological Survey on a 10-acre restricted area where lonely Joshua trees shook in 50 mile per hour winds.

This "is a great resource," said Christina Aiello, a USGS scientist and Ph.D. student from Penn State University, trying to yell over the gusts of wind. "Blocking off areas, restricting access, it's safe and secure and there's no public access."

She is part of a team doing research on how tortoises interact socially. She said their research is "like Facebook," as they track friend circles in the tortoise group.

Back at Twentynine Palms, Ken Nagy, a professor emeritus in biology from UCLA studying the reproductive habits of the reptiles, held a baby tortoise in one hand, its shell still soft.

They are like "walking ravioli" to predators, he said. A fenced-off section of the base covered by netting helps overcome the high mortality rate for young tortoises in the wild. Mr. Nagy's program helps protect juveniles from birds and allows for research in a natural habitat.

Other parts of the military's domain aren't exactly natural but still offer the animals military-style protection.

On Fort Irwin, Mr. Everly peered through the window of his pickup at some targets in the distance—home to a surprisingly large tortoise population. "In essence, the live-fire ranges are protection for the tortoises," he said, looking at a patch of ground where bullets often rain down but rarely hit the burrowing reptile. "Nobody goes out there."

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