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Colonel Stone Johnson

During the Civil Rights Movement, black civil rights activists often risked their lives to promote racial equality. Colonel Stone Johnson, shown in this interview, was among those who offered protection and tried to prevent violence against African Americans, which ranged from beatings to bombings.

Colonel Stone Johnson was born in Lowndes County, Alabama, a rural community within Alabama's agriculture-rich Black Belt. Born in 1918, Johnson's life spanned both the Jim Crow and Civil Rights eras. As a young child in the 1920s, Johnson witnessed the rise and power of the KuKlux Klan, a paramilitary white supremacist organization known for its terrorist tactics against African Americans. Klan violence, which included random beatings and lynchings of African Americans, dubbed Lowndes County "Bloody Lowndes." Local police offered no protection.

When Johnson was four years old, his family moved to Birmingham, then one of the most segregated cities in the South. His father was a college-educated cement finisher and labor organizer, and his mother wasa homemaker. The schools Johnson attended were small and overcrowded. Black children often walked miles to attend segregated schools, even if it meant passing several white schools. Once there, black students had fewer resources, poorly paid teachers, and used textbooks and equipment. Heat was provided by firewood that students or their parents provided.

Lack of access to equal education and employment opportunities limited the economic outlook for most African Americans. Throughout the 1940s and 1950s, Johnson worked as a truck driver and later for the railroad. He belonged to a segregated union and worked to equalize working conditions for black employees, who were often discriminated against, kicked, or beaten by white bosses.

The Supreme Court ruling in Brown v. Board of Education marked a turning point for African Americans of Johnson's generation. For the first time, the black population had reason to believe that the Courtwas on their side, and the civil rights activism that followed reflected the hope among many African Americans that segregation and discrimination could be eliminated.

In 1956, Alabama state officials outlawed the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) for its supportive role in theMontgomery bus boycott. Civil rights leaders formed the Alabama Christian Movement for Human Rights (ACMHR) to fill the void. The Klanand other angry whites targeted Birmingham's black population anyway. The city was nicknamed "Bombingham" for numerous bomb attackson African Americans.

Johnson was part of a security detail for the ACMHR that worked to protect black leaders, their homes, and churches from Klan attacks.Churches were targeted because they were the central meeting place forblack civil rights activists. On one occasion, Johnson and an associate were instrumental in removing ignited dynamite from the Bethel BaptistChurch, preventing further destruction and possible loss of life.

Despite the risk to his own life, Johnson represented the courage and determination of African Americans to eliminate racial inequality in America.