1804

"Revenge taken by the Black Army for the Cruelties practised on them by the French". Illustration by British soldier and self-admitted "admirer of Toussaint L'Ouverture" (chapt.5) Marcus Rainsford from his 1805 book "An historical account of the black empire of Hayti". 1805. Source: https://www.loc.gov/pictures/item/2006685880/. Author: Marcus Rainsford (19th century). Public Domain.

Title of engraving: Toussaint Louverture Chef des Noirs Insurgés de Saint Domingue. Portrait of Toussaint Louverture. This portrait was made as part of a series of portraits of generals of the French Revolution. Circa 1800. Source: John Carter Brown Library. https://jcb.lunaimaging.com/luna/servlet/s/573lxq. Artist: Unknown. Image publisher: Chez Jean rue Jean de Beauvais, No. 10, Paris. Public Domain.

“The Slave-Holding Republic”. By Jennifer Jopp (Against the Current, Issue 186, January-February 2017). Review of Gerald Horne, Confronting Black Jacobins: The United States, the Haitian Revolution, and the Origins of the Dominican Republic (Monthly Review Press, 2015, 424 p.). “Horne carries the narrative into the 19th century, excavating the transformative impact of the Haitian revolt on Europe and, most particularly, the United States.”

Haiti’s Jacobin. By David A. Bell (The Nation, November 2, 2016). Review of Philippe Girard, Toussaint Louverture: A Revolutionary Life (Basic Books, 2016, 352 p.). “A new biography explores the mysterious life and times of Toussaint Louverture.”

Toussaint L’Ouverture and the Haitian slave revolution. By Neil Faulkner (Counterfire, 21 October 2013). “On 1 January 1804 they proclaimed the Republic of Haiti – an independent black-ruled state created by slave revolution. It would stand as a beacon lighting the road to eventual emancipation across the Americas.”

Revolution on stage. By Scott McLemee (Red Verge, 25 February 2013). “… comments on the republication of C.L.R. James’ long-lost play on Toussaint L’Ouverture.”

A book in progress, Part 15: Politics, morality and the Haitian Revolution. By Kenan Malik (Pandaemonium, April 11, 2012). “This extract … tells the story of the Haitian Revolution and what that revolution reveals about the relationship between morality and politics in the modern world.”

The slave revolution: Saint-Domingue 1791-1803. By Greg Oxley (In Defence of Marxism, 15 December 2004). “The insurgent slaves finished by defeating, each in turn, the great European powers like Spain, England and France. But it is also a history of greed, cynicism and inhumane cruelty on the part of the ruling classes.”

Of human bondage. By Robin Blackburn (The Nation, October 4, 2004). “In the sequence of revolutions that remade the Atlantic world between 1776 and 1825, the Haitian Revolution is rarely given its due, yet without it the progressive credentials of the others would.”

Haiti: Slave revolution that defeated three empires. By David McNally (New Socialist, Issue 45, January–February 2004). “In 1796, Great Britain, the world’s premier colonial power, sent its largest-ever expeditionary force – 30,000 men on nearly 100 ships – to crush the insurgent armies of ex-slaves before their example spread. Instead, Saint Domingue, as it was then usually known (although the Spanish name San Domingo was also used), became “the burial ground of Great Britain.”

The Haitian revolution and Atlantic slavery. By Colin Waugh (Workers Liberty, 2/2, March 2002). “The Haitian revolution of 1791-1804 is arguably comparable in importance to the American Revolution of 1776 and the French Revolution of 1789.”

Toussaint L’Ouverture: The Haitian slave revolt of 1791 (Marxists Internet Archive). A lecture by Paul Foot delivered on 12 July 1991 in London: “Perhaps more important than anything else in the whole history of the world, it’s no great exaggeration to say that, the events that started in 1791 in San Domingo in the West Indies.”

George Sand (Marxists Internet Archive; Glossary of People) (scroll down to name).

George Sand: Socialist and sensualist. By Duncan Cameron (Rabble.ca, December 8, 2004).

Painting oil on canvas of Frédéric Chopin and George Sand based on the circa 1837 preliminary sketch of Eugene Delacroix’s joint portrait of Frédéric Chopin and George Sand by Eugène Delacroix (1798–1863). 2008. Current location: Louvre Museum. Public Domain.

Marx and Feuerbach. By Sydney Hook (New International, Vol.3, No.2, April 1936; online at Marxists Internet Archive). “The real significance of Marx’s criticism of Feuerbach has not been adequately grasped by the overwhelming majority of his zealous and “orthodox” disciples.”