-always male
-he is chosen by his personality and his hunting skills
-has NO authority
-once he begins to mess up, people follow someone else
-not hereditary
-will mediate a despute if he is asked

Band

Decision Making

-group effort
-takes a long time cause everyone gets to have a vote
-headman is the spokes man, not the decision maker

Tribe

-usually a temporary combination of bands
-usually together for a specific reason (winter festival, etc.)

Tribe

Leadership

-have leadership positions that have authority and more power than a headman.
-may be hereditary

Chiefdoms

Come in 2 forms

1. Egalitarian
2. Controlling

-depends on leadership postion to physical resources of the group

Chiefdoms are usually found where?

-in settled fishing and gardening groups (pasturelism)

Chiefdoms

Leadership

-must allow some authorities to make rules and decisions for whole group.
-specialization becomes important
-leadership can become a full time job

Egalitarian form of Chiefdom

-contolling chief chosen on personal skills and charisma
-authority is limited
-leads by example; try to display the model personality
-required to have superior skills, generous (does not have many possessions because he gives most away)
-organizes group activities
-he has no authority so people so not have to abide by him

COntrolling Chiefdom

-happens when the egal. form wears thin
-chief now has authority
-dicates who gets which garden space
-still responsible for the well-being of the group
-begins to become hereditary

State

Stratified Political Level

-state level can handle unlimited amounts of people because state makes levels (layers) of population

1. Village-headman
headman of village is head of a kinship group (men that are related through mothers)
-village combines kinship with politics

2. 1 ruler for all villages
Paramount Chief-represents all villages when dealing with outside world.
-organizes events
-provides disaster relief (yams) (people give him yams)
-yams are the medium of exchange
-para is a polygamist. marries up to 60 women (every sister of each village's headman)-so he gets lots of crops because of his wives

Kingdom

-power is centralized in a single individual
-hereditary
-increased level of specialization of labor
-Buracracy begins to develop
-elaborate set of social stratification

In a kingdom, you will have what?

king
royalty
nobility
land gentry
upper class
laborers
slaves

Kingdom example

African Kingdom - Bunyoro

-pop=100,000
-king is called a Mukama
-lineage "goes back to the beginning of time"
-Mukama controls all the resources and lets his people use them. They repay him by paying taxes whatever way they can (cattle, labor, crafts, etc)

Coercive

-very highly stratified with with a single ruler or ruling elite
-strong sanctions opposed on anyone who disagrees with the ruler(s)

Coercive example

-Ancient China: Han Dynasty

-Emperor who decided whether you lived or died.
-patrilineal, great economy
-Social Strat. was a caste

A historian was an advisor of the emperor and they disagreed about a strategy . The emperor got angry and decided to to punish him by castrating him.

He had Absolute Control

Participatory Democracy

-rare
-developed over a long period of time
-they are incomplete
-we have this form
-if we really had a participatory demo. every person would have to make decisions that effected the group as a whole.