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The physical 1-D model of a radial turbine consists in a set of gas ducts featuring total pressure and/or temperature changes and losses. This model has been developed using the basic modules of generalized 1-D manifold solver. The tools for it were presented at SAE 2008 and 2009 World Congresses. The model published before is amended by a semi-empiric mechanical loss and windage loss modules. The instantaneous power of a turbine is integrated along the rotating impeller channel using Euler turbine theorem, which respects the local unsteadiness of mass flow rate along the channel. The main aim of the current contribution is to demonstrate the use of measured turbine maps for calibration of unsteady turbine model for different lay-outs of turbine blade cascades. It is important for VG turbines for the optimal matching to different engine speeds and loads requirements.

The mass and overall dimensions of massively downsized engines for very high bmep (up to 35 bar) cannot be estimated by scaling of designs already available. Simulation methods coupling different levels of method profoundness, as 1-D methods, e.g., GT Suite/GT Power with in-house codes for engine mechanical efficiency assessment and preliminary design of boosting devices (a virtual compressor and a turbine), were used together with optimization codes based on genetic algorithms. Simultaneously, the impact of optimum cycle on cranktrain components dimensions (especially cylinder bore spacing), mass and inertia force loads were estimated since the results were systematically stored and analyzed in Design Assistance System DASY, developed by the authors for purposes of early-stage conceptual design. General thermodynamic cycles were defined by limiting parameters (bmep, burning duration, engine speed and turbocharger efficiency only).

The paper describes a way to a 1-D central streamline model of a radial turbine flow, suitable for twin-scroll description and based on approximation of real physics of flow mixing and energy transformation. The original 1-D model of a single scroll turbine, described earlier in numerous SAE papers, has been amended by twin-scroll nozzles (both vaneless or with blade cascades) and mixing of individual partitions of flows upstream of additional vaneless nozzle and an impeller. This model is transferable to 1-D unsteady simulations as it is (i.e., using quasi-steady approach) or using 1-D unsteady solvers. It has suitable features even for more detailed description of turbine flows and energy transformation. The first results of pulse influence on turbine maps delivered expected results consisting of complicated interaction between individual losses.

The boost pressure demands call for high efficiency turbochargers. Perfect matching to an engine and controlling in operation is a prerequisite, especially if highly diluted mixture is used. The main impact on four-stroke engine efficiency is performed via gas exchange work, Correct turbocharger representation, usually performed by maps, should be delivered by turbocharger manufacturers and applied in simulation optimizations. The robust calibration methods are required for fast-running real time simulations used for model-based control. The paper clarifies the relations between apparent and real turbocharger isentropic efficiencies at steady-flow testbed and their impact on engine cycle optimization by simulation. Simple procedures excluding the impact of heat transfer inside a turbocharger are described. The described methods are based on the use of overall turbocharger efficiency.

In spark-ignition engines, fluctuations of the in-cylinder pressure trace and the apparent rate of heat release are usually observed from one cycle to another. These Cycle-to-Cycle Variations (CCV) are affected by the early flame development and the subsequent flame front propagation. The CCV are responsible for engine performance (e.g. fuel consumption) and the knock behavior. The occurrence of the phenomena is unpredictable and the stochastic nature offers challenges in the optimization of engine control strategies. In the present work, CCV are analyzed in terms of their impact on the engine knock behavior and the related efficiency. Target is to estimate the possible fuel consumption savings in steady-state operation and in the drivecycle, when CCV are reduced. Since CCV are immanent on real engines, such a study can only be done by means of simulation.

The aim of the current contribution is to develop a tool for the improvement of accuracy of turbocharger turbine simulation during matching of a turbocharger to an engine. The paper demonstrates the possibility of unsteady turbine simulation in pulsating flow caused by an internal combustion engine using the basic modules of generalized 1-D manifold solver with entities (pipes, channels) under centrifugal acceleration in general direction and under non-uniform angular speed, which has not yet been explored. The developed model extrapolates steady operation turbine maps by this way. It uses 1-D model parameters identified from steady flow experiments. Unlike the lumped-parameter standard models of turbocharger turbines, the model takes into account complete 1-D features of a turbine flow path including arbitrary shape of turbine impeller vanes.

The paper describes techniques used for optimization of timing, shaping and control of pressure wave exchangers including the prediction of pressure-flow rate characteristics of these devices. BBC Baden and ETH Zürich originally proposed them in 60's using the direct pressure exchange between exhaust gas and fresh air in a narrow channel (the COMPREX® device). A technique allowing COMPREX® pressure exchanger to be simulated in detail in a commercially available 1-D cycle simulation tool has been developed. Before the design of a specific exchanger is started the layout must be carefully optimized concerning distribution gear for both fresh air and exhaust gas. Simulation facilities provided by advanced 1-D codes like GT-Power from Gamma Technologies create a valuable tool to do this task and to find alternative design solutions.

The 1-D model of a radial centripetal turbine was developed for engine simulation to generalize and extrapolate the results of experiments to high pressure ratio or off-design velocity ratio using calibrated tuning coefficients. The model concerns a compressible dissipative flow in a rotating channel. It considers both bladed or vaneless turbine stators and a twin-entry stator for exhaust pulse manifolds. The experiments were used to find values of all model parameters (outlet flow angles, all loss coefficients including an impeller incidence loss) by an original method using repeated regression analysis. The model is suitable for the prediction of a turbocharger turbine operation and its optimization in 1-D simulation codes.

The presented paper deals with a methodology to model cycle-to-cycle variations (CCV) in 0-D/1-D simulation tools. This is achieved by introducing perturbations of combustion model parameters. To enable that, crank angle resolved data of individual cycles (pressure traces) have to be available for a reasonable number of engine cycles. Either experimental data or 3-D CFD results can be applied. In the presented work, experimental data of a single-cylinder research engine were considered while predicted LES 3-D CFD results will be tested in the future. Different engine operating points were selected - both stable ones (low CCV) and unstable ones (high CCV). The proposed methodology consists of two major steps. First, individual cycle data have to be matched with the 0-D/1-D model, i.e., combustion model parameters are varied to achieve the best possible match of pressure traces - an automated optimization approach is applied to achieve that.

The objective of this paper is to complete a thorough investigation of the pressure wave supercharger (PWS) to explore the potential of this technology in engine applications. The PWS is a non-steady flow device that uses shock waves to pressurize fluids by transferring energy from a high-pressure flow to a low-pressure flow without separation by physical walls. The paper introduces a 1-D model of PWS in GT-SUITE calibrated by experiments on steady flow test rig. The 1-D model respects both exhaust and fresh air in each of the cells, friction and heat transfer in the cells as well as the continual opening and closing of the cells. Moreover, the cell wall temperature is computed and the leakage flow between the cells and housings modeled. The limits of PWS operation regarding pressures, temperatures and mass flows are first mapped on the virtual test rig utilizing the calibrated 1-D code based on the Mazda Comprex device.

The physical 1-D model of a radial turbine consists of a set of gas ducts featuring total pressure and/or temperature changes and losses. Therefore, the wave propagation and filling/emptying plays a significant role if a turbine is subjected to unsteady gas flow. The results of unsteady turbine simulation using the basic modules of generalized 1-D manifold solver in GT Power are demonstrated. The turbine model calibration parameters can be identified by means of 1-D steady model used in optimization code loop. The examples of model results are compared to steady flow map predictions of turbine efficiency and engine pumping loop work. The model may be used for prediction of turbine data in out-of-design points as presented in the paper. The other important role of a model, however, is an accurate evaluation of turbine parameters from pressure and speed measurements at an engine in operation.