This article aims to present a case of a tooth with pulp necrosis, periradicular lesion and severe inflammatory apical root resorption, where endodontic treatment was performed in a single session.

Expected outcomes

Endodontic Practice US subscribers can answer the CE questions to earn 2 hours of CE from reading this article. Take the quiz by clicking here. Correctly answering the questions will demonstrate the reader can:

Realize differences in endodontic treatment with and without the use of an intracanal medication.

Discuss the use of calcium hydroxide as an intracanal medication.

Recognize the involvement of cementum and dentin in healing of external root resorption.

Identify the steps that lead to the success of pulp necrosis and severe inflammatory apical root resorption in a single session after a 6-month follow-up.

Root resorption is characterized by an unregulated function between blastic and clastic cells, normally responsible for the maintenance and remodeling of the periodontal support tissues. This condition may lead to tooth loss from uncontrolled cell activity if adequate treatment is not given (Andreasen, 1985).

The number of sessions required to properly reduce the microbial population of a contaminated root canal system is still a controversial issue among researchers (Kvist, et al., 2004; Molander, et al., 2007; Paredes-Vieyra, Enriquez, 2012). In recent years, several clinical and meta-analysis studies have been performed to compare endodontic treatment with and without the use of an intracanal medication and have reported similar results between these two treatment modalities (Kvist, et al., 2004; Molander, et al., 2007; Soltanoff, 1978). However, to date, no conclusive scientific evidence has been found on required use of an intracanal medication in cases of pulp necrosis, periradicular lesion, and severe associated inflammatory apical root resorption.

Thus, the purpose of this article is to report the clinical case of a tooth with pulp necrosis, periradicular lesion, and severe inflammatory apical root resorption, where endodontic treatment was performed in a single session. The 6-month follow-up shows clear signs of repair.

Case report

A 24-year-old male patient was referred to the endodontic specialization course at Ingá University, UNINGÁ, Rio Branco, AC, Brazil, for analysis of tooth No. 36. The patient related episodes of pain and swelling in this region a few months prior. Clinical examination revealed an extensive carious lesion and provisional sealing with temporary restorative material. Radiographic analysis showed communication of the temporary restorative material with the pulp chamber, periradicular lesions in both roots, and severe inflammatory apical root resorption in the distal root (Figure 1A).

After conducting clinical and radiographic analysis, it was decided that endodontic treatment should be performed. Initially, the tooth was anesthetized with 4% articaine and adrenaline 1:100.000 (DFL Indústria e Comércio), followed by the placement of a rubber dam. Then the temporary restorative material and the carious lesion were removed with spherical 1016 and Endo™ Z burs (KG Sorensen) coupled with a high-speed device (Extra Torque 605C, KaVo). Four canal orifices were identified with endodontic probes (MB, ML, DB, and DL) and prepared with number two Gates-Glidden burs (Dentsply Sirona). Then each canal was irrigated with 2.5 ml of 2.5% sodium hypochlorite (Fórmula & Ação).

Afterwards, the working lengths were established at -0.5 (mesial canals) and -1.0 mm (distal canals) from the point indicated by the electronic apex locator (Mini Apex Locator, SybronEndo) as “0.0.”

A manual glide path was created in the mesial root canals, with size 15 and 20 K-type files (Dentsply/Maillefer), followed by preparation using the two-system (VDW) full-sequence technique. The size of the distal canals required manual preparation to be performed up to size 60 K-type file (Dentsply/Maillefer), following the principles of the crown-down technique. The patency of the root canals was maintained by using a size 20 K-type file (Dentsply/Maillefer) up to the main foramen. The canals were irrigated at each change of file, with 2.5 ml of 2.5% sodium hypochlorite, and a final irrigation was performed with 2.5 ml of 17% EDTA (Fórmula & Ação) for 3 minutes to remove the smear layer.

Six months after the treatment, the patient returned for a follow-up and related no pain or any relevant symptomatology. Radiographic examination showed clear evidence of tissue repair and containment of the resorptive process (Figure 1C).

Discussion

Since no evidence of dental trauma, occlusal disharmony, or relevant associated systemic disease was observed in this case report, it was concluded that the severe inflammatory resorptive process evolved from carious lesion to pulp necrosis and periradicular disease. Complete necrosis of pulp tissue leads to colonization and proliferation of microorganisms within the root canal system, inducing periradicular inflammation, which promotes clastic cell activity, and, in turn, triggers an osseous and radicular resorptive process (Patel, et al., 2009).

Some studies have advocated the use of calcium hydroxide as an intracanal medication in cases of open apices caused by incomplete apexogenesis, over-instrumentation, and/or apical resorptions (Mente, et al., 2009; Mente, et al., 2013). In addition to its antimicrobial activity, this substance acts as a physical-chemical barrier, preventing the proliferation of residual microorganisms, reinfection of the root canal by microorganisms originating from the oral cavity, and invagination of the granulation tissue of the area reabsorbed by the walls of the root canal. Furthermore, calcium hydroxide is capable of promoting necrosis of the resorptive cells present in Howship’s lacunae, thus neutralizing clastic cell acids, preventing the mineral dissolution of the root, and rendering the region unsuitable for acid hydrolases (Mohammadi, Dummer, 2011; Saad, 1989).

Resorbed root dentin is repaired by cementum and not by dentin (Lindskog, Blomlof, Hammarstrom, 1987). The mechanisms of repair by cementum formation, including the origin of cementoblasts and the molecules related to their recruitment and differentiation, remain unclear (Grzesik, Narayanan, 2002). Cementoblast progenitors have their origin in the periodontal ligament (usually in a paravascular location) or the endosteum (Liu, et al., 1997; McCulloch, 1993). In periradicular tissue healing, periodontal ligament cells adjacent to the affected root area may start to proliferate and populate the region in which the periodontal ligament and cementum were changed or lost by inflammation. It has been suggested that the cementum matrix and associated molecules can recruit cementum-forming stem/progenitor cells in the periodontal ligament (Grzesik, Narayana, 2002), and that the dentin matrix may also be able to signal progenitor cells in the periodontal ligament (Diekwisch, 2001) to differentiate into cementoblasts. Initially, cementoblast progenitors have to be selected, possibly by specific integrins and signaling events (Grzesik, Narayanan, 2002; Wu, et al., 1996). Then the selected cells adhere to the root surface and are activated by growth factors previously sequestered in the cementum and dentin matrix and released as a consequence of root resorption. These factors include bone morphogenetic proteins, transforming growth factor beta, insulin-like growth factor one, and epidermal growth factor (Grzesik, Narayanan, 2002; MacNeil, Somerman, 1999). Newly formed cementum usually covers areas of the root where cementum and dentin were lost (Ricucci, et al., 2014).

It seems much more “plausible biologically” that the entire immunological complex is activated after performing an adequate cleaning and shaping process of the root canal system and not only or necessarily after using calcium hydroxide. This argument is based on the absence of statistically significant differences in the success rates of necrotic teeth with radiographically visualized periradicular lesions treated with or without the use of this substance as an intracanal medication (Molander, et al., 2007; Paredes- Vieyra, Enriquez, 2012; Penesis, et al., 2008).

With this in mind, it was decided that appropriate endodontic treatment could be concluded in a single session, based on the certainty that correct cleaning and shaping could be performed, and that all the canals could be completely dried after this phase.

The success of this treatment was observed after the 6-month follow-up, at which time no pain, sinus tract, swelling, or discomfort was observed or related by the patient. Although it is thought that randomized clinical studies must be conducted to compare the results of endodontic treatment performed in a single or more sessions for teeth with pulp necrosis, periradicular lesion, and severe inflammatory apical root resorptions, the clinical case related in this article demonstrates the feasibility of performing endodontic treatments for these cases in a single visit.