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 Difference in performance with regards to age  Declines continuously beginning at earliest age Bonnie Chan

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GenderCuesEfficiency MaleGeometricFast FemaleLandmark/MultipleSlow

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 Common critique/concern  Effects of the drugs used to block NMDA receptors not well researched  Side effects may cause a decrease in performance ◦ (i.e.) due to drowsiness, disorientation  Solution  Gene knockout? Bonnie Chan

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Sarah McNeil Evidence SupportingEvidence Against Same results found in gene knockout studies In nature, large scale EPSP’s do not occur during information processing Training in the brain uses same pathways as LTP and causes same synaptic efficiency Drug and gene knockout can have other side effects that skew data LTP can occur in other regions of the brain (i.e. amygdala) Unethical to test LTP in humans and cannot extrapolate data across species

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There is lots of evidence to suggest that LTP might be similar to the neural mechanism that the brain uses in learning and memory but the conclusion can not be made that the mechanisms are the same. Sarah McNeil

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Provided subsequent analyses of their hypothesis creating a concrete conclusion However: Left several possible causal pathways unexplored Failed to account for pharmacological side effects, age, and gender of subjects Possible misinterpretation of results Further studies have shown some validity in Bannerman et al results Carol Rego 