Despite relatively limited engagement between the startup ecosystem and Government compared with other European cities, Milan has a pipeline of companies capable of transforming the country’s public services.

Dublin’s strong local accelerator and investor ecosystem has helped to establish the city as one of Europe’s central GovTech hubs: a position that could be strengthened further by the UK’s withdrawal from the European Union.

With Europe’s fastest broadband speeds, startup visas for overseas entrepreneurs, and a strong funding ecosystem for new companies, Amsterdam has firmly established itself as one of Europe’s leading GovTech cities.

In a new series, PUBLIC is profiling Europe's leading GovTech cities, and showcasing the top startups that are transforming public services. Barcelona is a model for how effective digital strategies can power local innovation. With one of Europe’s strongest startup ecosystems, the city is taking steps to empower smaller tech companies to deliver key digital public services in markets traditionally dominated by large-scale corporate suppliers.