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The problem of cosmic ray (CR) geomagnetic effects came to the fore at the beg- ning of the 1930s after the famous expeditions by J. Clay onboard ship (Slamat) between the Netherlands and Java using an ionization chamber. Many CR la- tude expeditions were organized by the famous scientists and Nobel Laureates R. Millikan and A. Compton. From the obtained latitude curves it follows that CRs cannot be gamma rays (as many scientists thought at that time), but must be charged particles. From measurements of azimuthally geomagnetic effect at that time it also followed that these charged particles must be mostly positive (see Chapter 1, and for more details on the history of the problem see monographs of Irina Dorman, M1981, M1989). The ?rst explanations of obtained results were based on the simple dipole - proximation of the geomagnetic ?eld and the theory of energetic charged particles moving in dipole magnetic ?elds, developed in 1907 by C. Stormer ¨ to explain the aurora phenomenon. Let us note that it was made about 5 years before V. Hess discovered CRs, and received the Nobel Prize in 1936 together with K. Anderson (for the discovery of CR and positrons in CR). less

First Measurements of Cosmic Ray Geomagnetic Effects and the Problem of CR Nature.- Cosmic Rays in the Dipole Geomagnetic Field.- Cosmic Rays in the Real Geomagnetic Field.- Cosmic Ray Planetary Surveys on Ships, Trains, Tracks, Planes, Balloons, and Satellites.- Main Results of Cosmic Ray Survey to Antarctica on the Ship Italica in 1996/97.- Geomagnetic Variations of Cosmic Rays.- Magnetospheric Models and their Checking by Cosmic Rays.- Galactic Cosmic Rays in Atmospheres and Magnetospheres of Other Planets.