Campanulaceae
See textThe family
CampanulaceaeCampanulaceae (also bellflower family), of the order
Asterales, contains nearly 2400 species in 84 genera of herbaceous
plants, shrubs, and rarely small trees, often with milky non-toxic
sap.[2] Among them are the familiar garden plants Campanula
(bellflower), Lobelia, and
PlatycodonPlatycodon (balloonflower).
This family is almost cosmopolitan but concentrated in the Northern
Hemisphere. However in the Southern Hemisphere,
South AfricaSouth Africa is
remarkably rich in members of this family
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Taxonomy (biology)
Taxonomy (from Ancient Greek τάξις (taxis), meaning
'arrangement', and -νομία (-nomia), meaning 'method') is the
science of defining and naming groups of biological organisms on the
basis of shared characteristics. Organisms are grouped together into
taxa (singular: taxon) and these groups are given a taxonomic rank;
groups of a given rank can be aggregated to form a super-group of
higher rank, thus creating a taxonomic hierarchy. The principal ranks
in modern use are domain, kingdom, phylum (division is sometimes used
in botany in place of phylum), class, order, family, genus and
species
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Cosmopolitan Distribution
In biogeography, a taxon is said to have a cosmopolitan distribution
if its range extends across all or most of the world in appropriate
habitats. Such a taxon is said to exhibit cosmopolitanism or
cosmopolitism. The opposite extreme is endemism.Contents1 Related terms and concepts
2 Aspects and degrees
3 Oceanic and terrestrial
4 Ecological delimitation
5 Regional and temporal variation in populations
6 Ancient and modern
7 See also
8 ReferencesRelated terms and concepts[edit]
The term pandemism also is in use, but not all authors are consistent
in the sense in which they use the term; some speak of pandemism
mainly in referring to diseases and pandemics, and some as a term
intermediate between endemism and cosmopolitanism, in effect regarding
pandemism as subcosmopolitanism
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Capsule (fruit)
In botany a capsule is a type of simple, dry rarely fleshy, dehiscent
fruit produced by many species of Angiosperms (flowering
plants).[1][2]Contents1 Origins and structure
2 Dehiscence
3 Specialised capsules
4 Nuts
5 See also
6 References
7 BibliographyOrigins and structure[edit]
The capsule (Latin: capsula, small box) is derived from a compound
(multicarpeled) ovary.[2] A capsule is a structure composed of two or
more carpels. In (flowering plants), the term locule (or cell) is used
to refer to a chamber within the fruit. Depending on the number of
locules in the ovary, fruit can be classified as uni-locular
(unilocular), bi-locular, tri-locular or multi-locular. The number of
locules present in a gynoecium may be equal to or less than the number
of carpels. The locules contain the ovules or seeds and are separated
by septa.
Dehiscence[edit]
Main article: Dehiscence (botany)
In most cases the capsule is dehiscent, i.e
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Berry (botany)
In botany, a berry is a fleshy fruit without a stone produced from a
single flower containing one ovary. Berries so defined include grapes,
currants, and tomatoes, as well as cucumbers, eggplants (aubergines)
and bananas, but exclude certain fruits commonly called berries, such
as strawberries and raspberries. The berry is the most common type of
fleshy fruit in which the entire outer layer of the ovary wall ripens
into a potentially edible "pericarp". Berries may be formed from one
or more carpels from the same flower (i.e. from a simple or a compound
ovary). The seeds are usually embedded in the fleshy interior of the
ovary, but there are some non-fleshy exceptions, such as peppers, with
air rather than pulp around their seeds.
Many berries are edible, but others, such as the fruits of the potato
and the deadly nightshade, are poisonous to humans
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Lobe (anatomy)
In anatomy, a lobe is a clear anatomical division or extension[1] of
an organ (as seen for example in the brain, the lung, liver or the
kidney) that can be determined without the use of a microscope at the
gross anatomy level
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Corolla (flower)
Petals are modified leaves that surround the reproductive parts of
flowers. They are often brightly colored or unusually shaped to
attract pollinators. Together, all of the petals of a flower are
called a corolla. Petals are usually accompanied by another set of
special leaves called sepals, that collectively form the calyx and lie
just beneath the corolla. The calyx and the corolla together make up
the perianth. When the petals and sepals of a flower are difficult to
distinguish, they are collectively called tepals. Examples of plants
in which the term tepal is appropriate include genera such as
AloeAloe and
Tulipa. Conversely, genera such as Rosa and
PhaseolusPhaseolus have
well-distinguished sepals and petals. When the undifferentiated tepals
resemble petals, they are referred to as "petaloid", as in petaloid
monocots, orders of monocots with brightly coloured tepals
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Flower
A flower, sometimes known as a bloom or blossom, is the reproductive
structure found in flowering plants (plants of the division
Magnoliophyta, also called angiosperms). The biological function of a
flower is to effect reproduction, usually by providing a mechanism for
the union of sperm with eggs. Flowers may facilitate outcrossing
(fusion of sperm and eggs from different individuals in a population)
or allow selfing (fusion of sperm and egg from the same flower). Some
flowers produce diaspores without fertilization (parthenocarpy).
Flowers contain sporangia and are the site where gametophytes develop.
Many flowers have evolved to be attractive to animals, so as to cause
them to be vectors for the transfer of pollen
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Stipule
In botany, stipule (
LatinLatin stipula: straw, stalk) is a term coined by
Linnaeus[1] which refers to outgrowths borne on either side (sometimes
just one side) of the base of a leafstalk (the petiole). A pair of
stipules is considered part of the anatomy of the leaf of a typical
flowering plant, although in many species the stipules are
inconspicuous or entirely absent (and the leaf is then termed
exstipulate)
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Leaf
A leaf is an organ of a vascular plant and is the principal lateral
appendage of the stem.[1] The leaves and stem together form the
shoot.[2] Leaves are collectively referred to as foliage, as in
"autumn foliage".[3][4]Diagram of a simple leaf.Apex
Midvein (Primary vein)
Secondary vein.
Lamina.
LeafLeaf margin
Petiole
Bud
StemAlthough leaves can be seen in many different shapes, sizes and
textures, typically a leaf is a thin, dorsiventrally flattened organ,
borne above ground and specialized for photosynthesis. In most leaves,
the primary photosynthetic tissue, the palisade mesophyll, is located
on the upper side of the blade or lamina of the leaf[1] but in some
species, including the mature foliage of Eucalyptus,[5] palisade
mesophyll is present on both sides and the leaves are said to be
isobilateral
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Plant
Plants are mainly multicellular, predominantly photosynthetic
eukaryotes of the kingdom Plantae. They form the clade Viridiplantae
(Latin for "green plants") that includes the flowering plants,
conifers and other gymnosperms, ferns, clubmosses, hornworts,
liverworts, mosses and the green algae, and excludes the red and brown
algae. Historically, plants were treated as one of two kingdoms
including all living things that were not animals, and all algae and
fungi were treated as plants. However, all current definitions of
Plantae exclude the fungi and some algae, as well as the prokaryotes
(the archaea and bacteria).
Green plants have cell walls containing cellulose and obtain most of
their energy from sunlight via photosynthesis by primary chloroplasts
that are derived from endosymbiosis with cyanobacteria. Their
chloroplasts contain chlorophylls a and b, which gives them their
green color
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AntarcticaAntarcticaAntarctica (UK English /ænˈtɑːktɪkə/ or /ænˈtɑːtɪkə/, US
English /æntˈɑːrktɪkə/ ( listen))[note 1] is Earth's
southernmost continent. It contains the geographic
South PoleSouth Pole and is
situated in the
AntarcticAntarctic region of the Southern Hemisphere, almost
entirely south of the
AntarcticAntarctic Circle, and is surrounded by the
Southern Ocean. At 14,000,000 square kilometres (5,400,000 square
miles), it is the fifth-largest continent. For comparison, Antarctica
is nearly twice the size of Australia
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