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Slash commands are hooks left by the developers that players can use to create macros or perform certain actions. Text-based chat in World of Warcraft uses slash commands. (Those familiar with IRC will feel right at home.)

The List of Slash Commands lists most of the commands available from the official interface. Here is a raw list of all slash commands in existence for the enUS client.

A slash command generally takes the form:

<some command> [optional text]

For instance, one might wish to send an emote to the entire chat channel. One would then type something along the lines of:

/em nods head and gazes around

The above slash command, in some games, would send the string of text to the chat channel prefaced by the character name sending the command like so:
<character> nods head and gazes around

Generates a random number between X and Y, if Y isn't specified, then it will generate a number between 1 and X as a system message. This is very useful to determine who's going to have the right to loot a chest or harvest a resource.