The diocese covers an area of 11,311&nbsp;km² of the Patna state, comprising the districts Buxar, Bhojpur, Bhabua, and Rohtas. The territory was previously administrated by the Archdiocese of Patna. The Sone River marks the boundary between the dioceses Patna and Buxar to the southeast. Other dioceses bordering are Varanasi to the west, Muzaffarpur to the north, and Daltonganj to the south.

The total population in the diocese is 5,781,132, of which 15,745 are Catholic. The diocese is subdivided into 13 parishes.