9 Deiodinase 2 in Pituitary D1 is not a significant determinant of pituitary T4 to T3 conversion, which is controlled by D2 Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) is produced in the pituitary and is regulated by intra-pituitary T3 levels, which often does not correlate or provide an accurate indicator of T3 levels in the rest of the body. Using the TSH as a indicator for the body s overall thyroid status assumes that the T3 levels in the pituitary directly correlate with that of other tissues in the body and that changes directly correlate with that of T3 in other tissue of the body under a wide range of physiologic conditions. This, however, is shown not to be the case; the pituitary is different than every other tissue in the body.

10 T3 levels and TSH

11 Deiodinase 2 Due to a unique make-up of deiodinases in the pituitary, it will respond differently and often opposite to that of every other tissue in the body. Numerous conditions result in an increase in pituitary T3 levels while simultaneously suppressing cellular T3 levels in the rest of the body, making the pituitary, and thus the TSH, a poor indicator for tissue thyroid levels in the rest of the body under numerous physiologic conditions.

12 Deiodinase 2 In addition to having a unique make-up of deiodinases, the pituitary also contains unique membrane thyroid transporters and thyroid receptors. As opposed to the rest of the body that is regulated by both D1 and D3

13 Deiodinase 2 The pituitary contains little D1 and no D3; so pituitary T3 levels are determined by D2 activity, which is 1000 times more efficient at converting T4 to T3 than the D1 enzyme present in the rest of the body and is much less sensitive to suppression by toxins and medications.

14 Deiodinase 2 In the pituitary, 80-90% of T4 is converted to T3 while only about 30-50% of T4 in the peripheral tissue is converted to active T3. This is due to the inefficiency of D1 and the presence of D3 in all tissues of the body except the pituitary that competes with D1 and converts T4 to reverse T3.

15 Deiodinase 2 Additionally, D2 also has an opposite response from that of D1 to physiologic and emotional stress, depression, both dieting and weight gain, PMS, diabetes, leptin resistance, chronic fatigue syndrome, fibromyalgia, inflammation, autoimmune disease, and systemic illness. D2 is stimulated and up-regulated (increased activity) in response to such conditions, increasing intrapituitary T4 to T3 conversion while the rest of body suffers from diminished levels of active T3. This causes the TSH to remain normal despite the fact that there is significant cellular hypothyroidism present in the rest of the body.

16 Deiodinase 2 Thus, the pituitary levels are under completely different physiologic control and T3 levels will always be significantly higher than anywhere else in the body. Consequently, if the TSH is elevated, even mildly, it is clear that many tissue of the body will be deficient in T3; but due to the different physiology, a normal TSH cannot be used as a reliable indicator for normal T3 levels in the rest of the body.

17 Deiodinase 2 Different thyroid levels and conditions will have different effects on the T3 levels in the pituitary than in the rest of the body, resulting in different T3 levels in the pituitary and the rest of the body, making the TSH unreliable under numerous circumstances. For instance, as the levels of T4 declines, as in hypothyroidism, the activity of the D2 increases and is able to partially compensate for the reduction in serum T4. On the other hand, with reduced T4 levels, the activity and efficiency of D1 decreases resulting in a reduction in cellular T3 levels while the TSH remains unchanged due to the ability of the pituitary D2 to compensate for the diminished T4.

18 Deiodinase 2 As stated above, this lack of correlation of TSH and peripheral tissue levels of T3 is dramatically worsened in numerous conditions. These include chronic emotional or physical stress, chronic illness, diabetes, insulin resistance, obesity, leptin resistance, depression, chronic fatigue syndrome, fibromyalgia, PMS, and both dieting and weight gain. In such conditions, tissue levels of T3 are shown to drop dramatically out of proportion with serum T3 levels. While serum T3 levels may drop by 30%, which is significant but still may be in the so-called normal range, tissue T3 may drop by 70-80%, resulting in profound cellular hypothyroidism with normal serum TSH, T4, and T3 levels.

19 Deiodinase 2 Doctors in the thyroid division of the department of Medicine at Brigham and Women s Hospital and Harvard Medical School investigated how the pituitary s unique deiodinase makeup responds differently than the tissues of the rest of body and how the pituitary is a poor indicator for thyroid levels in the rest of the body. In their review published in Endocrine Reviews, the authors state, The approximately 1000-fold lower Km of D2 than D1 [D2 is 1000 times more efficient] may give this enzyme a major advantage in terms of extrathyroidal T3 production The free T3 concentration in different tissues varies according to the amounts of hormone transported and the activity of the tissue deiodenases. As a result, the impact of the plasma thyroid hormones on target tissues is not the same in every tissue.

20 Deiodinase 2 In the journal Endocrinology, Lim et al. measured peripheral (liver) and pituitary levels of T3 in response to induced chronic illness. They found that pituitary T3 and TSH levels remained unchanged while the peripheral tissues were significantly reduced.

21 Deiodinase 2 In the New England Journal of Medicine, Larsen et al. summarize the fact that the pituitary has a unique composition of deiodinases that is not present in any other tissue in the body, making the pituitary T3 levels, and thus the TSH, a poor indicator for tissue T3 in the rest of the body stating that the TSH cannot be reliably used as a marker of thyroid status in the rest of the body.

22 Deiodinase 2 Changes in pituitary conversion of T4 to T3 are often opposite of those that occur in the liver and kidney under similar circumstances. The presence of this pathway of T3 production indicates that the pituitary can respond independently to changes in plasma levels of T4 and T3 Given these results, it is not surprising that a complete definition of thyroid status requires more than the measurement of the serum concentrations of thyroid hormones.

23 Deiodinase 2 For some tissues, the intracellular T3 concentration may only partially reflect those in the serum. Recognition that the intracellular T3 concentration in each tissue may be subject to local regulation and an understanding of the importance of this process to the regulation of TSH production should permit a better appreciation of the limitations of the measurements of serum thyroid hormone and TSH levels

24 Deiodinase 2 The pituitary is the only tissue that does not contain D3, which converts T4 to reverse T3 and competes with D1 that converts T4 to T3.

26 Local Tissue Thyroid T3 does all the Work in the DNA (Nucleus/ Mitochondria)

27 Deiodinase 3 Suppresses D1 and T4 to T3 conversion, and blocks T4 and T3 uptake into the cell, all reducing intracellular T3 levels and thyroid activity. Because many tissues may have abundant D3 levels while the pituitary is uniquely void of D3, the inhibitory effects on the peripheral tissues causing hypothyroidism are not reflected by TSH testing

28 Deiodinase 3 Reverse T3 is present in varying concentrations in different tissues and with different individuals. It is up-regulated with chronic physiologic stress and illness and is an indicator for reduced T4 to T3 conversion and low intracellular T3 levels even if the TSH is normal.

29 Deiodinase 3 Because increased serum and tissue level of reverse T3 will result in a blocking of the thyroid receptors, even small increases in reverse T3 can result in a significant decrease in thyroid action and result in severe hypothyroidism not detected by standard blood tests. Because any T4 given will contribute to more reverse T3, T4-only preparations should not be considered optimal thyroid replacement in the presence of high or high-normal reverse T3 levels while T3 can be significantly beneficial.

30 Deiodinase 3 To much Deiodinase 3 in peripheral tissues can can give a person normal TSH and T4 or even Free T3 and the person still have symptoms of hypothyroidism. Deiodinase 3 stimulates the making of reverse T3.

31 Hypo or Hyper Thyroidism

32 Ratio of Free T3 to reverse T3 The ratio of Free T3/ reverse T3 (make sure the units are the same) Should be 2 or greater. If less than 2 the person has intracellular hypothyroidism. The treatment of choice is sustain release Thyroid T3 5 mcg to 25mcg twice per day to overcome the effects of reverse T3 on the T3 receptors The free T3/reverse T3 ratio can be valuable in evaluating potential deiodinase dysregulation and measuring the speed of the relaxation phase of the muscle reflex, and the basal metabolic rate can also be helpful additions in the evaluation of tissue thyroid levels.

33 When to suspect intracellular Hypothyroidism Suspect when physiologic and emotional stress present, depression, dieting, obesity, leptin insulin resistance, diabetes, chronic fatigue syndrome and fibromyalgia, inflammation, autoimmune disease, or systemic illness. Consequently, it is inappropriate to rely on a normal or low TSH as an adequate or sensitive indicator of normal or low tissue levels of T3 in the presence of any such conditions, making the TSH a poor marker for the body s overall thyroid level.

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