Kaesŏngcity, southwestern North Korea. It lies just south of latitude 38° N (the 38th parallel), approximately 45 miles (70 km) northwest of Seoul, South Korea. One of the oldest cities of Korea, Kaesŏng was the capital of the Koryŏ dynasty (935–1392). It was formerly called Songdo (“City of Pine”), so named because it is surrounded by pine-covered mountains, including Mounts Songak (2,506 feet [764 metres]) and Osŏng (3,483 feet [1,062 metres]). Kaesŏng is a castle city enclosed by a stone wall with four gates. It was overrun by communist forces during the Korean War (1950–53), and in 1951 it was chosen as the site of the first truce talks. After the war, Kaesŏng was included in North Korea.

The area is home to the Kaesŏng Industrial Complex, an industrial park and duty-free trade facility established as a joint venture between the North and South Korean governments to allow South Korean companies to manufacture goods in the North. Financed and managed for the most part by South Korea, it was planned during a period of warming North-South relations in the late 1990s, and construction began in 2003. Within a few years, several dozen South Korean companies had facilities there, among them textile, chemical, machinery, and electronics factories. The businesses eventually employed both North and South Koreans. Tourist groups were permitted to visit the complex from South Korea by means of a road built from the latterthousands of North Koreans as well as a smaller number of South Koreans. However, the operation of the industrial park was vulnerable to changes in the frequently tense political situation between the two countries. Deteriorating inter-Korean relations in 2013 led to both countries’ withdrawal of their workers from the industrial zone.

Although some of the city’s Koryŏ-era monuments were destroyed during the war, many temples, tombs, and palaces remain, including some that have been restored. The medicinal herb ginseng is a famous product of the area that has been exported to China and Southeast Asian countries since ancient times. Kaesŏng is also a notable cultural and educational centre. Pop. (1993 est.2008) 334192,433578.