Gertie F. Marx, German-born American physician, known as the mother of obstetric anesthesia for her leading role in developing obstetric anesthesiology as a specialty. She pioneered the use of epidural injections to ease women’s pain during childbirth, and she was the founding editor of Obstetric

Gertie F. Marx, German-born American physician, known as the mother of obstetric anesthesia for her leading role in developing obstetric anesthesiology as a specialty. She pioneered the use of epidural injections to ease women’s pain during childbirth, and she was the founding editor of Obstetric

Karl Marx, revolutionary, sociologist, historian, and economist. He published (with Friedrich Engels) Manifest der Kommunistischen Partei (1848), commonly known as The Communist Manifesto, the most celebrated pamphlet in the history of the socialist movement. He also was the author of the

Karl Marx, revolutionary, sociologist, historian, and economist. He published (with Friedrich Engels) Manifest der Kommunistischen Partei (1848), commonly known as The Communist Manifesto, the most celebrated pamphlet in the history of the socialist movement. He also was the author of the

Roberto Burle Marx, Brazilian landscape architect who created many outstanding gardens in association with important modern buildings. He replaced European-style formal gardens with his own country’s lush tropical flora. While studying in art (1928) in Germany, Burle Marx became interested in the

Wilhelm Marx, German statesman, leader of the Roman Catholic Centre Party, and twice chancellor during the Weimar Republic. Marx studied law and rose from a judgeship to the presidency of the senate of the Court of Appeal at Berlin (1922). He founded and was first president of the Catholic Schools

fencing: Emergence of swordsmanship and weapons: …notable of which was the Marxbrüder (the Association of St. Marcus of Löwenberg), which was granted letters patent by the Holy Roman emperor Frederick III in 1480. Early fencing methods as taught by the guilds were somewhat rough-and-tumble and included wrestling moves. The guilds jealously guarded their secret moves so…

Marxism, a body of doctrine developed by Karl Marx and, to a lesser extent, by Friedrich Engels in the mid-19th century. It originally consisted of three related ideas: a philosophical anthropology, a theory of history, and an economic and political program. There is also Marxism as it has been

Leninism, principles expounded by Vladimir I. Lenin, who was the preeminent figure in the Russian Revolution of 1917. Whether Leninist concepts represented a contribution to or a corruption of Marxist thought has been debated, but their influence on the subsequent development of communism in the

Alasdair MacIntyre: Encounter with Marxism: (He published Marxism: An Interpretation [1953] when he was 24 years old.) But he became unsettled by what he took to be the inability of Marxists to respond cogently in moral terms to outrages perpetrated in nominally Marxist regimes. Given the Marxist critique of morality as ideological,…

Mary, the mother of Jesus, venerated in the Christian church since the apostolic age and a favourite subject in Western art, music, and literature. Mary is known from biblical references, which are, however, too sparse to construct a coherent biography. The development of the doctrine of Mary can

Mary, duchess of Burgundy (1477–82), daughter and heiress of Charles the Bold, duke of Burgundy; her crucial marriage to the archduke Maximilian (later Maximilian I), son of the Habsburg emperor Ferdinand III, resulted in Habsburg control of the Netherlands. Betrothed to Maximilian in 1476, Mary f

Mary, queen of Scotland (1542–67) and queen consort of France (1559–60). Her unwise marital and political actions provoked rebellion among the Scottish nobles, forcing her to flee to England, where she was eventually beheaded as a Roman Catholic threat to the English throne. Mary Stuart was the

Martin: …in 1377, leaving a daughter, Mary, as his heiress, there ensued a long period of disorder. Peter IV of Aragon, on the grounds that females were excluded from succession to the Sicilian crown, claimed it for himself as the nearest male heir, and Mary underwent a series of abductions. Peter,…

Mary, oblast (province), southeastern Turkmenistan. Mary city, in the centre of the province, is its administrative centre. The province includes the basin of the Morghāb River, which diminishes in the Karakum Desert in the north. In the south, on the Afghanistan frontier, are spurs of the

Mary, city and administrative centre of Mary oblast (province), Turkmenistan. It is located on the Morghāb River at the intersection of the Karakum Canal and the rail line between Turkmenbashi (Türkmenbashy) and Tashkent, Uzbekistan. It was founded in 1884 on the site of a former Turkmen fort, 19

Sholem Asch: Paul; Mary (1949), the mother of Jesus seen as the Jewish “handmaid of the Lord”; and The Prophet (1955), on the Second (Deutero-) Isaiah, whose message of comfort and hope replaces the earlier prophecies of doom. In the presentation of this unknown prophet, conjectures based on…

Vladimir Nabokov: Novels: The Defense, Lolita, and The Gift: His first novel, Mashenka (Mary), appeared in 1926; it was avowedly autobiographical and contains descriptions of the young Nabokov’s first serious romance as well as of the Nabokov family estate, both of which are also described in Speak, Memory. Nabokov did not again draw so heavily upon his personal…

Mother Angelica, (Mother Mary Angelica of the Annunciation; Rita Antoinette Rizzo), American Roman Catholic nun (born April 20, 1923, Canton, Ohio—died March 27, 2016, Hanceville, Ala.), was the passionate founder (1981) of the Eternal Word Television Network (EWTN), which she established in a

Mary Barton, first novel by Elizabeth Cleghorn Gaskell, published in 1848. It is the story of a working-class family that descends into desperation during the depression of 1839. With its vivid description of squalid slums, Mary Barton helped awaken the national conscience. John Barton is a

Mary Barton, first novel by Elizabeth Cleghorn Gaskell, published in 1848. It is the story of a working-class family that descends into desperation during the depression of 1839. With its vivid description of squalid slums, Mary Barton helped awaken the national conscience. John Barton is a

Mary Celeste, American brigantine that was found abandoned on December 5, 1872, some 400 nautical miles (740 km) from the Azores, Portugal. The fate of the 10 people aboard remains a mystery. The ship was built in 1861 at Spencer’s Island, Nova Scotia, Canada, and named the Amazon. After being

C. Vann Woodward: …during World War II, and Mary Chesnut’s Civil War (1981), a collection of original Civil War-era letters he edited and which earned him the 1982 Pulitzer Prize for history. His autobiography, Thinking Back: The Perils of Writing History, was published in 1986.

Good Shepherd Sister: …trying to reestablish itself when Rose-Virginie Pelletier entered the community in 1814 and took the name Sister Mary Euphrasia. By 1829 she had become superior of the community and founded a convent at Angers, followed in the next five years by four more convents. In 1835 Pope Gregory XVI approved…

Sarah Gertrude Millin: With Mary Glenn (1925), a study of a mother’s reaction to her child’s disappearance, Millin became one of the most popular South African novelists in English, identified by a nervous, sharp, vivid, often almost staccato style. She also wrote biographies of Cecil Rhodes (1933; new ed.…

Mary Gregory glass, variety of glass produced in the United States toward the end of the 19th century in imitation of the then popular English cameo glass. It was named for Mary Gregory, an employee in the decorating department of the Boston and Sandwich Glass Company in Sandwich, Mass. Both

ballad: Crime: A version of “Mary Hamilton” takes this form, which was a broadside device widely adopted by the folk. “Tom Dooley” and “Charles Guiteau,” the scaffold confession of the assassin of Pres. James A. Garfield, are the best known American examples.

Mary I, the first queen to rule England (1553–58) in her own right. She was known as Bloody Mary for her persecution of Protestants in a vain attempt to restore Roman Catholicism in England. The daughter of King Henry VIII and the Spanish princess Catherine of Aragon, Mary as a child was a pawn in

Mary II, queen of England, Scotland, and Ireland (1689–94) and wife of King William III. As the daughter of King James II, she made it possible for her Dutch husband to become co-ruler of England after he had overthrown James’s government. Although her father and mother were converts to Roman

Oblates of Mary Immaculate, (O.M.I.), one of the largest missionary congregations of the Roman Catholic Church, inaugurated at Aix-en-Provence, Fr., on Jan. 25, 1816, as the Missionary Society of Provence by Charles-Joseph-Eugène de Mazenod. By preaching to the poor, especially in rural areas,

Mary Kathleen, district and former mining settlement, northwestern Queensland, Australia, in the Selwyn Range. In 1954 a major deposit of uranium ore was discovered there near the Corella River. The town, named for the wife of Norman McConachy, who, with Clem Walton, discovered the ores, was built

St. Mary Magdalene, one of Jesus’ most celebrated disciples, famous, according to Mark 16:9–10 and John 20:14–17, for being the first person to see the resurrected Christ. The unchallenged facts about her life establish that Jesus cleansed her of seven demons (Luke 8:2 and Mark 16:9), probably

Mary, duchess of Burgundy (1477–82), daughter and heiress of Charles the Bold, duke of Burgundy; her crucial marriage to the archduke Maximilian (later Maximilian I), son of the Habsburg emperor Ferdinand III, resulted in Habsburg control of the Netherlands. Betrothed to Maximilian in 1476, Mary f

Mary: Early life: …Scotland and his French wife, Mary of Guise. The death of her father six days after her birth left Mary as queen of Scotland in her own right. Although Mary’s great-uncle King Henry VIII of England made an unsuccessful effort to secure control of her (Mary inherited Tudor blood through…

Mary Of Lorraine, regent of Scotland for her daughter, Mary Stuart, during the early years of the Scottish Reformation. A Roman Catholic, she pursued pro-French policies that involved her in civil war with Scotland’s Protestant nobles. Mary was the eldest child of Claude de Lorraine, 1er duc de G

Mary Of Lorraine, regent of Scotland for her daughter, Mary Stuart, during the early years of the Scottish Reformation. A Roman Catholic, she pursued pro-French policies that involved her in civil war with Scotland’s Protestant nobles. Mary was the eldest child of Claude de Lorraine, 1er duc de G

St. Mary Magdalene, one of Jesus’ most celebrated disciples, famous, according to Mark 16:9–10 and John 20:14–17, for being the first person to see the resurrected Christ. The unchallenged facts about her life establish that Jesus cleansed her of seven demons (Luke 8:2 and Mark 16:9), probably

Mary of Modena, second wife of King James II of England; it was presumably on her inducement that James fled from England during the Glorious Revolution (1688–89). The daughter of Alfonso IV, duke of Modena, she grew up a devout Roman Catholic. The match with James was arranged through French

Mary Of Orange, eldest daughter of the English king Charles I and wife of the Dutch stadholder William II of Orange. The marriage to Prince William took place in London on May 2, 1641, and in 1642 she crossed over to Holland. In 1647 her husband succeeded his father as stadholder, but three years

Mother Angela Gillespie, American religious leader who guided her order in dramatically expanding higher education for women by founding numerous institutions throughout the United States. Eliza Maria Gillespie was educated at girls’ schools in her native town and, in 1836–38, in Somerset, Ohio. In

Mary of Teck, queen consort of King George V of Great Britain and the mother of kings Edward VIII (afterward duke of Windsor) and George VI. Mary was the only daughter of Prinz (Prince; or, after 1871, Herzog [Duke]) von Teck, who was a member of the royal house of Württemberg. She was also a

Mary Of The Incarnation, mystic whose activity and influence in religious affairs inspired most of the leading French ecclesiastics of her time. Although Mary wished to be a nun, her parents insisted that she marry (1582) Pierre Acarie, vicomte de Villemore. With the aid of King Henry IV of F

English literature: The literature of World War I and the interwar period: …in her most accomplished novels, Mary Olivier: A Life (1919) and Life and Death of Harriett Frean (1922), which explored the ways in which her female characters contributed to their own social and psychological repression. West, whose pen name was based on one of Norwegian playwright Henrik Ibsen’s female characters,…

Mary Poppins, American musical film, released in 1964, that features the now-iconic screen debut of Julie Andrews. A children’s classic, Mary Poppins is considered to be among the finest of Walt Disney’s productions. It was adapted from the P.L. Travers book of the same name. The film concerns a

Mary Poppins, the first novel in a series of children’s books written by P.L. Travers, published in 1934. The titular character is a sensible English nanny with magical powers, and the work uses mythological allusion and biting social critique to explore the fraught relationship between children

Mary Rose, an English warship commissioned during Henry VIII’s reign that often served as the flagship of the fleet. It was built in Portsmouth, England, between 1509 and 1511 and served in the Royal Navy until it was sunk in 1545. The wreck was raised in 1982 and later put on display. The

Mary I, the first queen to rule England (1553–58) in her own right. She was known as Bloody Mary for her persecution of Protestants in a vain attempt to restore Roman Catholicism in England. The daughter of King Henry VIII and the Spanish princess Catherine of Aragon, Mary as a child was a pawn in

Mary Tudor, English princess, the third wife of King Louis XII of France; she was the sister of England’s King Henry VIII (ruled 1509–47) and the grandmother of Lady Jane Grey, who was titular queen of England for nine days in 1553. Mary’s father, King Henry VII (ruled 1485–1509) betrothed her to

Mary Tyler Moore Show, American television situation comedy that aired on the Columbia Broadcasting System (now CBS Corporation) for seven seasons (1970–77). During its run the show consistently earned high viewership ratings and won 29 Emmy Awards. Mary Tyler Moore was already well known to

University of Virginia: Mary Washington College in Fredericksburg (chartered in 1908 as a women’s college) was consolidated with the university from 1944 to 1972. By the 1970s women were enrolled in all units of the university; previously, they could attend only selected programs and the graduate schools. Clinch…

Catholic Action: …Holy Name Society or the Legion of Mary, are open to all Roman Catholics, or at least all of a given age. Specialized Catholic Action groups are limited to members of a given profession or interest group, such as workers, students, doctors, lawyers, or married couples. The most famous of…

Mary, queen of Scotland (1542–67) and queen consort of France (1559–60). Her unwise marital and political actions provoked rebellion among the Scottish nobles, forcing her to flee to England, where she was eventually beheaded as a Roman Catholic threat to the English throne. Mary Stuart was the

Glenda Jackson: … (1971) and in the film Mary, Queen of Scots (1971). Her other film portrayals included the title role in Hedda (1975), a film adaptation of a play by Henrik Ibsen; The Incredible Sarah (1976); Stevie (1978); The Return of the Soldier (1982); and Turtle Diary (1985). In the early 1990s…

Marianist, a religious congregation of the Roman Catholic church founded by William Joseph Chaminade at Bordeaux, Fr., in 1817. The Marianists, including the Brothers of Mary, developed from the sodality (a devotional association of the laity) of the Blessed Mother organized in 1800 by Chaminade.

Mary, the mother of Jesus, venerated in the Christian church since the apostolic age and a favourite subject in Western art, music, and literature. Mary is known from biblical references, which are, however, too sparse to construct a coherent biography. The development of the doctrine of Mary can

American literature: New fictional modes: …returning in works such as Marya (1986) to the bleak blue-collar world of her youth in upstate New York. Among her later works was Blonde: A Novel (2000), a fictional biography of Marilyn Monroe. While Mailer and Oates refused to surrender the novel’s gift for capturing reality, both were compelled…

Antoni Malczewski: …he published a long poem, Maria (Marya: A Tale of the Ukraine), which constitutes his only contribution to Polish poetry but occupies a permanent place there as a widely imitated example of the so-called Polish-Ukrainian poetic school. In the poem, Wacław, a young husband, goes to fight the Tatars and,…

Maryborough, city, central Victoria, Australia. It lies along the Pyrenees Highway and is connected by rail to Melbourne (southeast). Located on the northern slopes of the Eastern Highlands and originating (1839) as a sheep run known as Simson’s or Charlotte Plains, the town was founded in 1854

Port Laoise, county town (seat) of County Laoighis, Ireland, on the River Triogue. Established as Fort Protector during the reign of Mary I (1533–58), it was granted a charter in 1570. The main industries of the town are flour milling and the manufacture of worsteds and sports equipment. The Rock

Maryborough, city, southeastern Queensland, Australia, 20 miles (32 km) above the mouth of Mary River. Founded in 1843 and named after the river, which was named after Mary, the wife of Gov. Sir Charles Fitz Roy, it was proclaimed a town in 1861, when it was primarily a wool-shipping point; it

Mariinsky Ballet, prominent Russian ballet company, part of the Mariinsky Theatre of Opera and Ballet in St. Petersburg. Its traditions, deriving from its predecessor, the Imperial Russian Ballet, are based on the work of such leading 19th-century choreographers as Jules Perrot, Arthur Saint-Léon,

Mariinsky Theatre, Russian imperial theatre in St. Petersburg. The theatre opened in 1860 and was named for Maria Aleksandrovna, wife of the reigning tsar. Ballet was not performed there until 1880 and was presented regularly only after 1889, when the Imperial Russian Ballet became its resident

Maryland, constituent state of the United States of America. One of the original 13 states, it lies at the centre of the Eastern Seaboard, amid the great commercial and population complex that stretches from Maine to Virginia. Its small size belies the great diversity of its landscapes and of the

tobacco: Cultivation: Burley and Maryland strains, used for the production of light air-cured tobaccos, may be planted 81 to 91 cm (32 to 36 inches) apart or closer. Broadleaf and seed-leaf strains, including the Havana seed, Cuban, and Sumatra varieties, are used for the production of cigars; they are…

College Park: …1916 and merged with the University of Maryland (1807) in 1920, when the university’s main campus was established at College Park. The administrative offices of the Maryland Agricultural Experimental Station (1887) are in College Park. Surrounding institutions include the National Agricultural Research Center and Fort George G. Meade (northeast) and…

University of Maryland: The University of Maryland, Baltimore, was founded in 1807 as the College of Medicine of Maryland, the fifth medical school in the United States. Its Health Sciences Library is outstanding. The University of Maryland, College Park, was created in 1856 by Charles Benedict Calvert as Maryland…

College Park: …1916 and merged with the University of Maryland (1807) in 1920, when the university’s main campus was established at College Park. The administrative offices of the Maryland Agricultural Experimental Station (1887) are in College Park. Surrounding institutions include the National Agricultural Research Center and Fort George G. Meade (northeast) and…

dittany: …dittany (gas plant; Dictamnus albus), American dittany (common dittany; Cunila origanoides), and dittany of Crete (Cretan dittany, or hop marjoram; Origanum dictamnus). European dittany is in the rue family (Rutaceae), while the other two species are in the mint family (Lamiaceae). All three species are bushy perennials cultivated for their…

figwort: Maryland figwort (S. marilandica), up to 3 metres (10 feet) tall, has greenish purple flowers; it is also called carpenter’s square because of its four-sided grooved stems. At least one species, S. auriculata, is cultivated as an ornamental.

Conoco: …that year it merged with Marland Oil Company (founded 1917), with wells and marketing operations from Oklahoma to Maryland. After World War II, Conoco acquired fields or refineries in Louisiana, Canada, Libya, Dubai, the North Sea, and Indonesia. In 1966 it acquired Consolidation Coal Company, the second largest coal company…

Maryland Zoo, zoo in Baltimore, Md., that is the third oldest zoo in the United States (after the zoos in Cincinnati, Ohio, and Philadelphia, Pa., respectively). The site contains more than 1,500 mammals, birds, reptiles, and amphibians, encompassing nearly 200 species on more than 160 acres (65

Maryland Zoo, zoo in Baltimore, Md., that is the third oldest zoo in the United States (after the zoos in Cincinnati, Ohio, and Philadelphia, Pa., respectively). The site contains more than 1,500 mammals, birds, reptiles, and amphibians, encompassing nearly 200 species on more than 160 acres (65

U.S. state flag consisting of a quartered design of alternating red-white and black-yellow panels.Alone of the 13 original states, Maryland has a state flag based on a flag flown under British rule. According to the laws of heraldry, the personal banner of the Lords Baltimore, who were the

University of Maryland, state university system consisting of 11 coeducational campuses in eight cities. In 1970 the University of Maryland comprised five campuses. The University of Maryland System was created in 1988 when a merger formed the current 11-campus system. Renamed the University System

Saint Marylebone, neighbourhood of the City of Westminster, London. Formerly (until 1965) part of the metropolitan borough of St. Marylebone, it is located to the south and west of Regent’s Park and north of Mayfair. From early times the area consisted of two manors, Lileston (Lisson) and Tyburn.

Marylebone Cricket Club (MCC), former governing body of cricket, founded in London in 1787. Marylebone soon became the leading cricket club in England and, eventually, the world authority on laws. The MCC headquarters are at Lord’s Cricket Ground in London. The Cricket Council is now the final

Mother Marie Joseph Butler: …end, in 1907, she opened Marymount School in Tarrytown, New York. By 1919 the school had developed into a college for Roman Catholic women, and under her guidance it became a leader in Catholic higher education for the modern world. Other Marymount schools were established to spread the work of…

Allerdale: …of the district, Workington and Maryport, on the coast to the north, have long been associated with the coalfield of Cumbria. Workington, the only deepwater port between Liverpool and Glasgow, has blast furnaces that reduce imported iron ore and metallurgical industries that utilize locally mined anhydrite. Maryport exports footwear, chemicals,…

Marysville, city, seat (1850) of Yuba county, north-central California, U.S. It is situated in the Central Valley, at the junction of the Feather and Yuba rivers, 50 miles (80 km) north of Sacramento. It was established as a trading post in 1842 by Theodore Cordua on land leased from Captain John

Corvallis, city, seat (1851) of Benton county, western Oregon, U.S. It lies at the head of navigation of the Willamette River at its confluence with the Mary’s River, 224 feet (68 metres) above sea level and 85 miles (137 km) south of Portland. Laid out in 1851 as Marysville, it was renamed

Mari, European people, numbering about 670,000 in the late 20th century, who speak a language of the Finno-Ugric family and live mainly in Mari El, Russia, in the middle Volga River valley. There are also some Mari in adjacent regions and nearly 100,000 in Bashkortostan (Bashkiriya). Mari is t

Al-ʿĀmiriyyah, industrial district of Al-Iskandariyyah (Alexandria) muḥāfaẓah (governorate), northern Egypt. The centre of the 913-square-mile (2,365-square-km) district, which adjoins Lake Maryūṭ (Mareotis) on the southwest, is Al-ʿĀmiriyyah town. This town was originally a small gypsum-mining

Alexandria: City site: …separates the salt lake of Maryūṭ, or Mareotis—now partly drained and cultivated—from the Egyptian mainland. An hourglass-shaped promontory formed by the silting up of a mole (the Heptastadion), which was built soon after Alexandria’s founding, links the island of Pharos with the city centre on the mainland. Its two steeply…

Maryville, city, seat (1795) of Blount county, eastern Tennessee, U.S., about 15 miles (25 km) south of Knoxville and a gateway to Great Smoky Mountains National Park. The settlement was founded in 1790 around Fort Craig (built in 1785). It was named for the wife of William Blount, governor of the