Cellular Respiration

Transcription

1 Cellular Respiration

2 So, all living things need energy in order to stay alive. The transformation of energy and matter in the body is called metabolism. Metabolism involves anabolic (build-up) and catabolic (breakdown) reactions. When cells have extra resources such as food and energy, anabolism occurs and stores nutrients for later. If we need food or energy, catabolism occurs and breaks down stored nutrients for the body to use.

3 Cellular respiration is a series of metabolic processes that all living cells use to produce energy in the form of ATP. Cellular respiration can take two paths: aerobic and anaerobic. Aerobic respiration occurs when oxygen is available and anaerobic occurs when oxygen is not available.

4 Remember Autotrophs (producers) make glucose by photosynthesis, whereas heterotrophs (consumers) get energy by ingesting the bodies or remnants of autotrophs or fellow heterotrophs.

5 During cellular respiration, heterotrophs use oxygen to break apart glucose molecules (this is a combustion reaction). When glucose is combusted, energy is released. Electrons move from a higher energy state in the C-H bonds of glucose and O-O bonds of oxygen to a more stable state in the C-O bonds of carbon dioxide and O-H bonds in water.

6 ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate) Primary source of free energy in living cells (free energy is energy that can do useful work) Made during cellular respiration and photosynthesis When a cell requires free energy (to drive endothermic reaction), it breaks down ATP with a hydrolysis reaction to make ADP, Pi and 31 KJ/mol of energy (ADP and Pi are more chemically stable)

7 ATP

8 When the body makes ATP (during cellular respiration), ATP is less stable and requires the input of energy (endothermic). ATP stores energy in its bonds (especially between ADP and Pi) and when the bonds break later, the energy is released. In order to better understand ATP production, it is recommended that you read Chapter 2 Section 2.2 I will quickly go over it in class

9 Redox Reactions Redox reactions chemical reaction involving the transfer of one or more electrons from one atom to another (always involve oxidation and reduction) Cellular respiration requires the use of redox reactions to make ATP

10 Oxidation chemical reaction in which an atom loses one or more electrons. The substance that loses the electrons is oxidized and the substance that takes the electrons is called the oxidizing agent Reduction a chemical reaction in which an atom gains one or more electrons.

11 Three goals of cellular respiration: 1.Break bonds between 6 carbon atoms of glucose, resulting in 6 CO 2 2.Move hydrogen from glucose to oxygen, making 6H 2 O 3.Trap as much free energy as possible (that has been released in the process to make ATP)

14 We should also understand the two different energy-transferring mechanisms Substrate-Level Phosphorylation Oxidative Phosphorylation

15 Substrate-Level Phosphorylation ATP made directly by enzyme-catalyzed reaction A phosphate-containing compound transfers a phosphate group directly to ADP (makes 31 KJ/mol) For each glucose molecule processed, 4 ATP (2 net) molecules are generated this way in glycolysis and 2 in Krebs cycle

16

17 Oxidative Phosphorylation ATP formed indirectly Requires a number of sequential redox reactions, with oxygen being the final electron acceptor Begins when NAD + (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide) removes 2 hydrogen atoms (2 protons and 2 electrons) from part of original glucose molecule.

18 2 electrons and 1 proton attach to NAD + making it NADH (remaining proton dissolves) NAD + is oxidized form NADH is reduced form NAD + reduction occurs in one reaction in glycolysis, during the pyruvate oxidation step (stage 2) and in three reactions of the Krebs cycle.

19 Another coenzyme, FAD (flavin adenine dinucleotide) is reduced by two hydrogen atoms from part of the original glucose molecule FADH 2 is the reduced form (all protons and electrons bond to it) FAD is reduced to FADH 2 in one reaction of Krebs cycle

20 Reductions of these molecules are energyproducing and eventually will transfer their energy to ATP molecules Substrate-level phosphorylation does not require oxygen, while oxidative phosphorylation does. See handout yresources.htm

21 TO Know!!! Cellular respiration is the process where the body takes in glucose and oxygen to make ATP, CO 2, and H 2 O Starts with glycolysis in the cytoplasm of the cell (takes glucose and breaks it down to make pyruvic acid). In the process energy is released. This causes ADP and P to come together to make 2 ATP. Pyruvic acid changes into another molecule in the mitochondiral matrix (called pyruvate oxidation). This new molecule goes into the mitochondria to enter the Krebs cycle The Krebs cycle is a series of reactions that release energy (makes 2 ATP and makes CO 2 and H) Then hydrogen enters the electron transport chain (mitochondrial membrane) and a series of redox reactions happen. This yields 32 ATP and some water.

1. An autotroph is an organism that a. extracts energy from organic sources b. converts energy from sunlight into chemical energy c. relies on the energy produced by other organisms as an energy source

: Harvesting Chemical Energy Name Period Overview: Before getting involved with the details of cellular respiration and photosynthesis, take a second to look at the big picture. Photosynthesis and cellular

Ch. 6 Cellular Respiration Name Period California State Standards covered by this chapter: Cell Biology 1. The fundamental life processes of plants and animals depend on a variety of chemical reactions

Energy Production In A Cell (Chapter 25 Metabolism) Large food molecules contain a lot of potential energy in the form of chemical bonds but it requires a lot of work to liberate the energy. Cells need

Cellular respiration So why do we breathe? The big picture Heterotrophs cannot make their own food to supply their energy needs Instead they break down food to use the chemical energy stored in organic

ATP AND ENERGY: ATP and Cellular Respiration NOTES Living things need continuous input of ENERGY to sustain life ENERGY is defined as the capacity of a system to perform work or an action. Living organisms

Chapter 5: Microbial Metabolism Microbial Metabolism Metabolism refers to all chemical reactions that occur within a living a living organism. These chemical reactions are generally of two types: Catabolic:

Chapter 7 Harvesting Energy: Glycolysis and Cellular Respiration Including some materials from lectures by Gregory Ahearn University of North Florida Ammended by John Crocker Copyright 2009 Pearson Education,

Cellular Respiration Page 9 I. The Importance of Food A. Food provides living things with the chemical building blocks they need to grow and reproduce. B. Food serves as a source of for the cells of the

Photosynthesis takes place in three stages: Light-dependent reactions Light-independent reactions The Calvin cycle 1. Capturing energy from sunlight 2. Using energy to make ATP and NADPH 3. Using ATP and

Cellular Respiration The backwards and slightly more complicated version of photosynthesis Learning Outcomes I will. - Explain how glycolysis and the Kreb s cycle work and describe where these processes

1 of 5 11/9/2011 8:11 PM Name: Hour: Chapter 9 Review Worksheet Cellular Respiration Energy in General 1. Differentiate an autotroph from a hetertroph as it relates to obtaining energy and the processes

How is a Marathoner Different from a Sprinter? Long-distance runners have many slow fibers in their muscles Slow fibers break down glucose aerobically (using oxygen) for ATP production These muscle cells

How Cells Release Chemical Energy Cellular Respiration Overview of Carbohydrate Breakdown Pathways Photoautotrophs make ATP during photosynthesis and use it to synthesize glucose and other carbohydrates

AP Bio Photosynthesis & Respiration Multiple Choice Identify the letter of the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question. 1. What is the term used for the metabolic pathway in which

OpenStax-CNX module: m44433 1 Oxidation of Pyruvate and the Citric Acid Cycle OpenStax College This work is produced by OpenStax-CNX and licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution License 3.0 By the

Section: 3.4 Name: Opening Activity: What is the equation for photosynthesis? Latin Root Word: Review of Old Information: Review of Old Information: 1. All energy begins as what type of energy and from

Energetics... Page 18 Respiration Syllabus : The importance of respiration in converting chemical energy in food to chemical energy in ATP. The sites of respiration the sites of the various biochemical

SOME Important Points About Cellular Energetics by Dr. Ty C.M. Hoffman An Introduction to Metabolism Most biochemical processes occur as biochemical pathways, each individual reaction of which is catalyzed

Take notes while watching the following video tutorials to prepare for the Metabolism Part 2 Activity. Metabolism and Bioenergetics Part 1: Intro and Acetyl CoA Metabolism ALL biochemical reactions involving

Open the TI-Nspire document Cellular_Respiration.tns. All living things require energy to stay alive. Most of this energy comes from food, often in the form of glucose. Cells share common pathways to metabolize

Energy in a Cell Reinforcement and Study Guide Section.1 The Need for Energy In your textbook, read about cell energy. Use each of the terms below just once to complete the passage. energy phosphate adenine

Metabolism Functions of food source of energy essential nutrients Metabolism is all the chemical reactions of the body some reactions produce the energy stored in ATP that other reactions consume all molecules

accounting so far The final stage of cellular respiration: ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN & CHEMIOSMOSIS Glycolysis 2 Kreb s cycle 2 Life takes a lot of energy to run, need to extract more energy than 4! There

Week 5 Last week, we talked about energy and how chemical reactions in biology are often endergonic (energy storing) or exergonic (energy releasing). Let s look at the endergonic and exergonic reaction

Summary of Metabolic Pathways (Ch 21,23 and 25) 21.1 Energy and Life Energy can be converted from one form to another, but can t be created or destroyed. -A consequence of this is that we need a constant

MULTIPLE CHOICE: Circle ALL that are TRUE. There may be MORE THAN one correct answer. is the first step in cellular respiration that begins releasing energy stored in glucose. A. Alcoholic fermentation

The vital role of A This is the energy-rich compound that is the source of energy for all living things. It is a nucleotide, comprising a 5C sugar (ribose); an organic base (adenosine); and 3 phosphate

008 Chapter 8 Student: 1. Some bacteria are strict aerobes and others are strict anaerobes. Some bacteria, however, are facultative anaerobes and can live with or without oxygen. If given the choice of

Cellular Respiration: How Cells Use Stored Energy Chapter 8 Killer Bees Descendents of African honeybees that were imported to Brazil in the 1950s More aggressive, wider-ranging than other honeybees Africanized

Introduction to Biology Respiration Chapter 8 Introduction Being alive is work. Cells organize small organic molecules into polymers such as the proteins, carbohydrates, and so forth you studied last week.

Biology 20 Laboratory ENZYMES & CELLULAR RESPIRATION OBJECTIVE To be able to list the general characteristics of enzymes. To study the effects of enzymes on the rate of chemical reactions. To demonstrate

Cell Energy: Energy From Food Name: Date: INTRODUCTION Energy within a cell exists in the form of chemical energy. A source of this chemical energy is a compound called adenosine triphosphate (ATP). ATP,

Energy flows into an ecosystem as sunlight and leaves as heat Photosynthesis makes O 2 and organic molecules (like sugars and proteins), which are used in cellular respiration Cells use chemical energy

Enzymes and Metabolic Pathways Un-lecture.part II NOTE: number corresponds to slides posted on the website. 44. ETS and Oxidative phosphorylation: When we completed the Krebs cycle, all of the bonds between

1 Cellular Respiration Chapter 9 2 Introduction Living is work. To perform their many tasks, cells require transfusions of energy from outside sources. In most ecosystems, energy enters as sunlight. Light

Biology I Chapter 8/9 NOTEBOOK #1 Interest Grabber Suppose you earned extra money by having a part-time job. At first, you might be tempted to spend all of the money, but then you decide to open a bank

BCOR 011 Exam 2, 2004 Name: Section: MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question. 1. According to the first law of thermodynamics, A. the universe

Introduction Chapter 6 In eukaryotes, cellular respiration harvests energy from food, yields large amounts of, and Uses to drive cellular work. A similar process takes place in many prokaryotic organisms.

Chapter 8: Energy and Metabolism 1. Discuss energy conversions and the 1 st and 2 nd law of thermodynamics. Be sure to use the terms work, potential energy, kinetic energy, and entropy. 2. What are Joules

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vcpnk92uswy What s the point? Cellular Respiration The point Stage 4: is to make ATP! Electron Transport Chain ATP 2013-2014 Cellular respiration ATP accounting so far Even

Energy and Life Energy= the ability to do work Autotrophs= use sunlight, CO 2, and water to make their own food (sugars) PHOTOSYNTHESIS Heterotrophs= can t make their own food, they have to eat autotrophs

Energy and Photosynthesis Pre-AP Biology HHS Energy in Living Things Two Groups of Living Organisms in the Way they meet their Energy needs: Autotrophs: plants and other living things that build organic

Biology 20 Cellular Respiration Review NG Know the process of Cellular Respiration (use this picture if it helps): 1) How many ATP molecules are produced for each glucose molecule used in fermentation?

Chapter 5 Fundamentals of Human Energy Transfer Slide Show developed by: Richard C. Krejci, Ph.D. Professor of Public Health Columbia College 6.18.11 Objectives 1. Describe the first law of thermodynamics