Resumen en inglés Current strategies to treat type 2 diabetes (DMT2) include reducing insulin resistance using glitazones, supplementing with exogenous insulin, increasing endogenous insulin production with sulfonylureas and meglitinides, reducing hepatic glucose production through biguanides, and limiting postprandial glucose absorption with alpha-glucosidase inhibitors. In all of these areas, new generations of molecules with improved efficacy and safety profiles, are being investigated. (mas) Promising biological targets are rapidly emerging such as the role of lipotoxicity as a cause of glucometabolic insulin resistance, leading to a host of new molecular drug targets such as AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) activators, recombinant adiponectin derivatives, and fatty acid synthase (FAS) inhibitors. Insulin action can be enhanced in muscle, liver and fat, with small-molecule activators of the insulin receptor or inhibitors of protein tyrosine phosphatase (FTP)-IB. Defective glucose-stimulated insulin secretion by pancreatic B-cells could be alleviated with recombinant glucagon-like peptide (GLP-1) or agonists to the GLP-1 receptor. This review presents a new approach for obesity and DMT2 drug discovery through pharmacogenomics. Several compounds have already been validated through genetic engineering in animal models or the preliminary use of therapeutic compounds in humans (Rev Méd Chile 2008; 136:107-17)

Resumen en inglés In September 2000 representatives of 189 countries met for the Millennium Summit, which the United Nations convened in New York City, and adopted the declaration that provided the basis for formulating the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). The eight goals are part of a long series of initiatives that governments, the United Nations system, and international financial institutions have undertaken to reduce world poverty. Three of the eight goals deal with health, so the (mas) health sector will be responsible for implementing, monitoring, and evaluating measures proposed to meet targets that have been formulated: to reduce by two-thirds the mortality rate in children under 5 years of age between 1990 and 2015; to reduce by three-quarters the maternal mortality rate between 1990 and 2015; and to halt and begin to reverse the spread of HIV/AIDS by the year 2015, as well as to halt and begin to reverse the incidence of malaria, tuberculosis, and other major diseases. The health sector must also work with other parties to achieve targets connected with two other of the goals: to improve access to affordable essential drugs, and to reduce the proportion of persons who do not have safe drinking water. Adopting a strategy focused on the most vulnerable groups-ones concentrated in locations and populations with the greatest social exclusion-would make possible the largest total reduction in deaths among children, thus reaching the proposed target as well as producing greater equity. In the Region of the Americas the principal challenges in meeting the MDGs are: improving and harmonizing health information systems; designing health programs related to the MDGs that bring together the set of services and interventions that have the greatest impact, according to the special characteristics of the populations who are intended to be the beneficiaries; strengthening the political will to support the MDGs; and guaranteeing funding for the measures undertaken to attain the MDGs.

Resumen en español La colaboración entre varias instituciones públicas como el ayuntamiento de Vélez-Rubio, la Junta de Andalucía, Aprovélez y la Residencia Comarcal de Personas Mayores ha dado lugar al desarrollo de un proyecto en el municipio de Vélez-Rubio (Almería) denominado "Parque para personas mayores" o "Parque geriátrico". Éste consta de un conjunto de aparatos que desarrollan una rama tan importante de la fisioterapia como es la mecanoterapia. A través de paneles explic (mas) ativos, la persona mayor comprende el funcionamiento y los objetivos del mismo. Así, se hace llegar a los ancianos la fisioterapia como medio para mantener o mejorar su estado físico, así como para concienciar a la población de que lleve a cabo una rutina de ejercicio. Resumen en inglés The collaboration between several public institutions as the town hall of Vélez-Rubio, the Junta de Andalucía, Aprovélez and the Residencia Comarcal de Personas Mayores has developed a project in the municipality of Vélez- Rubio (Almería) so called "Park for major persons " or "Geriatric park ". This one consists of a set of devices that develop such an important branch of the Physical therapy as it is the mecanotherapy. Across explanatory panels, the elders understa (mas) nd the functioning and the targets of the same one. This way, the physical therapy as way makes come to the elders to support or to improve his physical state, as well as to make aware the population that carries out a routine of exercise.

Resumen en español En este trabajo se presenta una propuesta para mejorar el desarrollo del Proyecto Final de la carrera de Ingeniería Química de la Facultad de Ingeniería de la Universidad Nacional de Salta en Argentina. La realización de este trabajo estaba atrasando en forma excesiva la graduación de los estudiantes, por lo que se propone el empleo de distintas metodologías de enseñanza, competencias, aprendizaje basado en problemas y aprendizaje basado en proyectos con el objeto (mas) de retinar la enseñanza tradicional. La modificación pedagógica introducida permite alcanzar uno de los objetivos fundamentales del plan de estudio, una duración real de cinco años pero, por sobre todo, también consigue una mejora sustancial en el aprendizaje realizado por los alumnos Resumen en inglés In this work a proposal to improve the development of the Final Project requirement for Chemical Engineering students of the National University of Salta in Argentina, is presented. Because this final project course was excessively delaying graduation of students, different teaching methodologies are proposed, including the concept of competence, the problem-based learning and the project-based learning. The change in teaching methods introduced allows reaching one of the (mas) main targets of the studying plan, such as finishing in the career in five years, but more important is that a substantial improvement in students learning is achieved

Final full-text version of the paper available at: http://www.nature.com/onc/journal/v26/n29/index.html | We have used microarray technology to identify the transcriptional targets of Rho subfamily guanosine 5′-triphosphate (GTP)ases in NIH3T3 cells. This analysis indicated that murine fibroblasts t...

The choice of either the rate of monetary growth or the nominal interest rate as the instrument controlled by monetary authorities has both positive and normative implications for economic performance. We reexamine some of the issues related to the choice of the monetary policy instrument in a dynam...

Resumen en inglés The immunosuppressive agents used in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) have signifcantly improved prognosis. However, it is necessary to develop more specifc immunosuppressive treatments with less toxicity. Better understanding of the mechanisms involved in the loss of tolerance in autoimmune diseases has contributed to the development of potential new treatments called biologic therapies. The targets of these biological therapies are directed toward the B (mas) cell depletion, interference in the co-stimulation signals and the blockade of cytokines. Therapies using anti-CD20 monoclonal antibodies have shown satisfactory results especially in patients with SLE refractory to conventional treatment. The biological therapies provide encouraging results that represent a possible option in the treatment of refractory patients as well as a potential therapy in the future management of SLE

Resumen en español En este texto se señalan ciertas tesis de Platón que se reflejaron en la filosofía política moderna, concretamente en las obras de Hobbes, Mill, Bentham y Rousseau; y se formulan cuatro preguntas a André Laks sobre su libro La filosofía política de Platón a la luz de las Leyes:1 la primera se refiere a la relación entre las leyes y los preámbulos; la segunda cuestiona la posibilidad de que el hombre, representado como una marioneta movida por el hilo de la razó (mas) n y el de los impulsos irracionales, pueda convertirse en una marioneta divina; la tercera apunta a la idea de la constitución mixta y del papel que desempeña la mediación en la que la sabiduría y la libertad se combinan para formar un buen gobierno; la cuarta pregunta se refiere a la generalidad de las leyes y a la particularidad del filósofo-rey, pues parece que Platón extraña la figura que describió en la República. Resumen en inglés The text has two goals: 1) to signal some of Plato's thesis that were reflected in modern political philosophy, specifically in the works of Hobbes, Mill, Bentham and Rousseau; 2) to ask certain questions to André Laks on some of the topics that appear in his book La filosofía política de Platón a la luz de las Leyes. The first one refers to the relationship between the laws and the preambles. The second one questions the possibility that man, represented as a marione (mas) tte moved by the golden string of reason and the iron one that moves the irrational impulses, may be converted into a divine marionette. The third question targets the idea of mixed constitution and the role played by the mediation in which wisdom and freedom are combined to form a good government. One fourth question refers to the generality of the laws and the singularity of the philosopher king for it would seem that Plato misses the figure that he described in the Republic.

This paper measures the share price returns to Spanish takeover targets over the period 1990 to 1994. Using several estimation and testing methods, we show that target shareholders gain significant abnormal returns in the announcement period. In the first part of the year before the announcement per...

9 pages, 5 figures.-- PMID: 17998213 [PubMed].-- Online version available on Nov 11, 2007. | [Background and Aims] The great potential of using nanodevices as delivery systems to specific targets in living organisms was first explored for medical uses. In plants, the same principles can be applied f...

Resumen en español El paradigma de desarrollo humano ha tenido amplia aceptación. Sin embargo ha sido el enfoque blando -restringido a la puesta en marcha de políticas sociales que contribuyen a la expansión de ciertas capacidades básicas-que el enfoque duro -que implica reformas redistributivas- el que más se ha tenido en cuenta. Aunque la equidad en la distribución de los medios (ingreso y riqueza) no es la medida más apropiada de la justicia económica ya que ésta no garantiza la (mas) equidad en el logro de los fines de los individuos, eso no quiere decir que no sea una condición necesaria. Una concepción dura del desarrollo humano es necesaria para la expansión de capacidades como la de aparecer en público sin sentimiento de vergüenza (Smith). El carácter extremo de las desigualdades en América Latina hace aún más necesario recuperar la impronta roussoniana del "principio de la diferencia" de Rawls Resumen en inglés The human development paradigm has been widely accepted. However, it has been more the soft approach -restricted to the implementation of social policies that contribute to the expansion of certain basic skills- than the hard approach -that involves redistributive reforms- the one that has been mostly taken into account. While equity in distribution of means (income and wealth) is not the most appropriate measure of economic justice, as it does not ensure fairness in achi (mas) eving the goals of individuals, this does not mean it is not a necessary condition. A hard conception of human development is necessary in order to expand capacities such us to appear in public without feeling shame (Smith). The extreme nature of inequality in Latin America makes it even more necessary to recover the roussonian matrix of the "difference principle" of Rawls

This study examined whether individuals with a wide range of first-language vowel systems (Spanish, French, German, and Norwegian) differ fundamentally in the cues that they use when they learn the English vowel system (e.g., formant movement and duration). All subjects: (1) identified natural Engli...

5 pages, 4 figures.-- PACS nrs.: 61.80.Ba, 78.30.Fs, 61.72.jd, 61.82.Rx, 81.15.Fg, 61.50.Nw. | The development of structural changes in ZnO targets, upon laser irradiation at the wavelengths of 266 and 308 nm, is studied by Raman spectroscopy. At the wavelength of 308 nm, oxygen vacancies are found ...

Resumen en español Desde la Psicología del Desarrollo Humano planteamos acercarnos al conocimiento del significado social de la relación entre la escuela católica y la familia popular, a fin de aportar elementos para la discusión alrededor de esta interrelación, su impacto sobre el funcionamiento familiar y en el desarrollo de los seres humanos involucrados. Nos guían las interrogantes siguientes: ¿qué significados tiene para los miembros de familias populares pertenecer a un colegi (mas) o católico?, ¿cuáles son las consecuencias que ha tenido sobre el desarrollo psicosocial de familias populares el ingreso y permanencia de sus hijas en un colegio católico? Trabajamos con metodología cualitativa: en la producción de información utilizamos la entrevista en profundidad con catorce miembros de diez familias pertenecientes al plantel CFCD y habitantes del barrio La Vega en Caracas. En el análisis de la información empleamos el método comparativo constante. Los resultados indican que el significado que las/os madres/padres le otorgan al colegio se asocia al beneficio inmediato que supone pertenecer a él: seguridad y buenas costumbres, disciplina y una ayuda para las/os madres/padres, además de la pertinencia y utilidad social que tiene la institución para la comunidad. Durante su educación, las estudiantes adquieren un conjunto de valores que les permiten proyectarse a sí mismas y a su familia sobre un futuro distinto. Una consecuencia importante de la experiencia educativa dentro del plantel es que padres e hijas hacen de la formación y profesionalización un proyecto común en el cual se invierten esfuerzos y se generan metas de logro Resumen en inglés From the perspective of Human Development Psychology, we aim to contribute to the discussion as to the social significance of the relationship between the Catholic School and low-income families, its impact on the way such families function and on the development of the human beings involved. We have been guided by the following questions: - What does it mean for the members of low-income families to belong to a Catholic School? What are the consequences of the entry and (mas) permanence of their children in a Catholic School for the psycho-social development of such families? Using a qualitative methodology, we carried out in depth-interviews with fourteen members of ten families belonging to the CFCD school and to inhabitants of the La Vega district in Caracas. The information was analyzed using the constant comparative method. Results indicate that the significance that parents place on the school is closely connected to the immediate benefits associated with belonging to such institutions, namely: safety and good habits, discipline and a help for the parents, as well as the pertinence and social utility that such institutions have for the community. During their education, students acquire a set of values that allow them to visualize for themselves and their families a distinct future. One important consequence of the educational experience in the school is that parents and children make formation and professionalism a joint project in which they invest a great deal of effort and generate targets

3 pages, 3 figures, 2 tables. | One-proton removal reactions of 936 MeV/u B-8 have been studied with carbon and lead as breakup targets. Using the FRS at GSI, the longitudinal momentum distributions of the Be-7 fragments and the one-proton removal cross section of B-8 were measured. The relative con...

Resumen en español Con el discurso de investidura, los presidentes construyen la imagen de la nación y su propia imagen, en un ritual que tiene carácter performativo. El discurso en sí, además de la juramentación, es importante tanto por su fuerza elocutiva como por ser el primer pronunciamiento de un presidente o jefe de Estado. Dicho discurso se caracteriza por estar dirigido a un amplísimo y complejo auditorio que incluye a la comunidad internacional. En el presente trabajo se defi (mas) nen las características del discurso de investidura a partir del análisis de los textos de toma de posesión, para un nuevo mandato consecutivo, de dos presidentes latinoamericanos: Álvaro Uribe Vélez, posesionado el 7 de agosto del 2006, y Hugo Chávez, quien reasumió la presidencia de su país el 10 de enero del 2007. Igualmente se estudia, en cada discurso, la utilización del concepto de nación y los límites semánticos de esta palabra, con miras a determinar las consecuencias pragmáticas que derivan de su empleo. El método empleado fue el del análisis crítico del discurso, es decir el análisis del discurso con una intención crítica, como ha sido definido por Fairclough (1995), Van Dijk (1999), Wodak y Meyer (2003). Asimismo, el análisis de ambos discursos permite establecer sus diferencias estructurales y de estilo, así como la manera disímil en que construyen la identidad del orador y del auditorio. Resumen en inglés With the investiture speech, a president shapes the image of a nation as well as their personal image in a ritual bearing a performative feature. An act of oath, the discourse is important because of its eloquent force and because it constitutes the first statement of a president or Head of State. An inaugural address targets a broad and complex audience, even an international community. This article analyzes the features of inauguration speech from the analysis of the te (mas) xt of the take of possession for the consecutive term of two Latin American presidents: Álvaro Uribe Vélez, sworn on the 7th of August of 2006, and Hugo Chávez, who resumed the presidency of his country on the 10th of January of 2007. The article also studies, in each discourse, the use of the concept of a nation and the semantic boundaries of this word to determine the pragmatic outcomes as the result of its use. The method employed in the study was Critical Discourse Analysis, one with a critical intent, as defined by Fairclough (1995), Van Dijk (1999), Wodak & Meyer (2003). Throughout the analysis of both discourses, it was possible to establish the structural stylistic differences as well as the different ways in which they construct the identity of both the speaker and the audience.

7 pages, 4 figures, 1 table.-- PMID: 16457955 [PubMed]. | Dendritic spines of pyramidal cells are the main postsynaptic targets of cortical excitatory synapses and as such, they are fundamental both in neuronal plasticity and for the integration of excitatory inputs to pyramidal neurons. There is si...

Choline Kinase (ChoK) comprises a family of cytosolic enzymes involved in the synthesis of phosphatidylcholine (PC), the most abundant phospholipid in eukaryotic cell membranes. One of the ChoK isoforms, Choline Kinase α (ChoKα), is found over expressed in human tumours. Chemical inhibitors able to ...

Microtubules offer a very large local concentration of binding sites for cytotoxic taxoids or for hypothetical endogenous regulators. Several compounds from diverse sources stabilize microtubules and arrest cell division similarly to the antitumour drug Taxol. We have investigated the subcellular lo...

Resumen en inglés Liver fibrosis is the common response to chronic liver injury, ultimately leading to cirrhosis and its complications: portal hypertension, liver failure, hepatic encephalopathy, and hepatocellular carcinoma and others. Efficient and well-tolerated antifibrotic drugs are still lacking, and current treatment of hepatic fibrosis is limited to withdrawal of the noxious agent. Efforts over the past decade have mainly focused on fibrogenic cells generating the scarring response (mas) , although promising data on inhibition of parenchymal injury or reduction of liver inflammation have also been obtained. A large number of approaches have been validated in culture studies and in animal models, and several clinical trials are underway or anticipated for a growing number of molecules. This review highlight recent advances in the molecular mechanisms of liver fibrosis and discusses mechanistically based strategies that have recently emerged