To link to the entire object, paste this link in email, IM or documentTo embed the entire object, paste this HTML in websiteTo link to this page, paste this link in email, IM or documentTo embed this page, paste this HTML in website

the carolina watchman ml x third series salisbury ff g october 16 1879 ho 52 paper ugis and hist0by â€” papeb " making is america oft he great industries which con lunr lv both to the individ mfort aud to the genera pros *- lv the manufacture of paper has c peculiarity tlÂ»t ihe main wipply jj | mtt terial comes from that which been previously utilized for the .,.â€¢ other manufactures and piir '" 1 i aid in a certain sense to e fulfilled its mission ami to bave ueoirorn out in service and but for aj new demand would be waste and t , s , this manufacture or art 7,'rtlv of the highest regard in with that other art of prioting-whicl may be said to have its offspring as they tx,getlieraf the sure moans of transmitting k knowledge of all arts had the art , if paper-making printing ex illed in their promt development or j j d a condition even approximating lo \ tll ot i,er ages those lost arts of winch we have some faint suggestions â€ž r in ilie existence of which there is now a universal belief could not have perished these two modern arts are ilw the vehicle of education aud in telligence offset and fancy of reason anil imagination of love joy and sor w ff of all that we may wish to know or feel or of which we may choose to preserve the knowledge or feeling materials and methods a great variety of substances as veil as methods have been in use ir rarii'iis ages to perpetuate ideas or events the earliest of which we have record was engraving on stone cither in it solid material or in plaster trliicli was frequently used to cover the stone tablets of lead and other metals were also in very early use as k evident from the scriptures of the old restauient and from references in the earliest profane writers sub sequent in the use of these materials or it may even have been at the same i periods other and more pliable mate | nais such as the skins of animals and iliebark wood or leaves of trees were employed very early in their his tory the j reeks and romans used tablets of wood either plain or cover id with wax and also the much more expensive ivory the chinese at a very ancient period wrote with tools of iron on boards bamboo reeds and metalic surfaces the egyptians ac cording to pliny at first used the leaves of the fan palm their use of lie pap rus as a material of manufac ture com ineiued as early as 700 years before christ when isaiah wrote his prophecy as icferences by him seem to indicate pbm'abing the papyrus lhe method of preparing it accor ding to pliny wa8 (( , | iee j tnc j nuer layers of the papyrus reed placing one in in re tif them on a table spnuk ing with water from the kile then lacing another layer transversely 8 gÂ»wi sprinkling with the mile water ik1 submitted the sheets to powerful pressure hanging them in the sun to o they were then polished with ai1 ivory tooth or shell to give them 1 surface which would take the ink 11 a more perfect surface were desired a ize was made of light bread steep w i boiling water and then passed turotigh a filtering-cloth and the pa p r having been dipped in or brushed 0ver with this size was submitted a s am tn the process of polishing when ls t w said it became very firm and mother than the finest linen i-akcnmext the first accounts of the manufac ' tlre of parchment are of the date of joo years before christ at the time pan ns the king of pergatnus it ls sa d thought to rival ptolmy soter o had founded the celebrated libra 0 at alexandria to obstruct his es g'i ptolmy prohibited the export 0 egyptian paper or papyrus as a 8 jb.-,tit u t cj the manufacture of parch was undertaken at pergatnus being at first inferior and of fellow tinge it was greatly im jj^ved in texture and whiteness by tlle romans i-apeu â€” the chinese fhe first manufacture of paper from bro s substances reduced to a pulp * as - without doubt by the chine jl â– and of very remote antiquity the principal material used was the bam boo they cut this reed previously stripped of its leaves into pieces four or five feet long and laid them in a mixture of mud and water to mace rate leaving them about five days they then wash them in pine water and placed them in a dry ditch with lime which they moisten sufficiently to slack it alter several days they washed them again carefully and cut the pieces into filaments which were exposed to the rays of the sun to dry and bleach these filaments were now boiled in large kettles and then reduced to a pulp by being pounded in a wooden mortar with a long-han dled hammer which the workman op ened with his foot a glutinous sub stance extracted from the shoots of a plant called ko-teng was then mixed with the pulp in suitable proportions ami the whole mass was again beaten together till it became a thick viscous liquor into this the workman plung i ed his mould the bottom of which formed of fine reeds allowed the su j per fl nous water to pass through it leaving a film or sheet of paper this from the glutinous matter incorporat ed in it very soon became firm and shining and was detached from the mould by reversing it and dropping the sheet on the pile already made if a great degree of sizing was requir ed a decoction of rice was mixed with the stuff in the vat the sheets of paper were sometimes dried against a kind of stove covered with an exceed ingly smooth coating of stucco the paper immediately adhered to the stucco and the mould being with drawn the heat rapidly dried it â€” before the paper wasdry it was brush ed over with a coating of rice sizing if it wits desired to make the surface still better lor receiving the ink the sheets were again dipped in absolution of calcined alum two parts and isinglass one part the chinese also use the black of the morw popyjeni as a ma terial for making paper this is also th â€¢ material principally used by the japanese for tiie same purpose iiindoostan pebsia & tartary the art of paper-jfnaking was in troduced into hindoostin and persia in the early part of the christian era the material used being the raw cot ton which had been for ages the pro duet of those regions a mill for the manufacture of paper was estab lished a d g51 at samarcaud in tartary near the borders of the chi nese km pi re paper made at samar caud was need by the greeks who had trade with tartary and early in lhe eighth century introduced it into venice aud probably into germany where it was known as greek parch ment about lhe same time the arabians or saracens having con quered tartary acquired the art and iu gu7 introduced it into mecca and i hence in their western progress of conquest carried it to spain the eihst european pa pee mill of which we have record was erected at toledo in spain early in the elev enth century about the middle of this century or in u)49 paper was first introduced into england and du ring the same century about 1085 it is believed cotton rags were substitu ted for the raw material an arabi an author scherif-al-edi ina says that in 1151 a very fine white cotton paper was made ; and another arabian author says that the best paper was made at xativa in spain there are indications that the manufacture of paper was begun in italy about the time or very soon after it was in spain as bartolus who died in 1355 speaks of its having been established long ago at fabriano in the marsh es at aucona as to germany all that can possibly be ascertained points to a period as early as the middle of the fourteenth century american paper manufacture 1 he first paper mill in america was built at lloxboro in pennsylvania near philadelphia by william llit tenhuysen afterwards and now spelt rittenhous at the expense of win brad fold a printer of philadelphia who wished thereby to obtain a sup ply of paper preparing rags for paper the method of preparing rags for pulping in use in europe and amer ica prior to 1750 was by stamping or pounding this was not found to i be an economical method and in seek ing a substitute the grinding engine was invented in 1750 the name of the inventor is not furnished in any i of the ordinary means of information and it has probably been forgotten â€” that lie was a native of holland and and that the invention was made in that country is unquestioned the en gine being known as the hollander until the present century paper was universally made by hand the rags having been 4 sorttd cleansed ami re duced to a pulp the further manipu lation was performed by three work men the vatmau the coucher and tie lifter a vat having been filled with pulp the vatmau standing at one side holds a mould conaiisting of a simple frame of hard wood usually of ma hogany covered with a series of fine wires placed parallel and closely as possible together with other wires stretched transversely across them and about ah inch apart in place of this arrangement of wires a very finely woven web of wire was sometimes used laid and woven paper the paper made in the parallel wires was called laid paper and on being held up to the light plainly showed the marks of the wires iu both directions paper made on the wire web was called wove on the wire surface of the mould is placed a sim ple frame of wood called a deckle de signed to receive the pulp iis inside measurement being of the proposed size of the sheet of paper the vat man holding the mould with the dec kle upon it in an inclined position dips it thus into the pulp and brings it up into a horizontal position allow ing the surplus pulp to run back into the vat and slinking the mould to ami fro for a few moments with a motion acquired by practice and adapted to spread the pulp evenly over the wire the water drains through the wire and the fibres of the pulp become so connected as to form a continuous fab ric the deckle is then removed and the vatmau slides the mould along on a ledge or frame on the side of the vat at right angle to himself to th ? coucher the coucher raises one edge of the mould on a pin leaves it thus a few seconds while he lays on a board a piece of felt on which dexterously re versing the mould he lays the sheet of paper for such it is in incipient stage he then passes the mould back to the vatmau who in the mean time has filled another mould and passed it along in front of the coucher the latter now places a felt on the sheet previously laid down and again reverses the mould depositing the sheet * the process continuing alterna ting a felt and a sheet of paper until six quires are laid up making a post this is subjected to pressure to re move the water the pile of felt and paper is then passed the third work man the lifter who takes the sheets singly from the felt and lays them up exactly one on another making a com pact pile the vatmau and coucher in the meantime making another post when the lifter has completed several piles they are collected into a single pile and subjected to still greater pres sure and giving to the paper a con siderable tenacity and solidity ending also to remove any roughness of sur face received from the felt the paper remains in press till another combina tion of piles has been prepared by the lifter when it is taken out of the press and removed to the drying loft sizing in the case of writing paper an ad ditional process is necessary that of sizing the size is made of shreds and parings obtained from tauners curriers and parchment-makers the workman takes a handful of sheets by their edges in his left hand and spreading or opening them in a fan like manner with his right hand he dips them into the size he then takes them with his right hand by the edges opposite those by which he had pre viously held them and spreading them as before dips them a second time having thus dipped a dozen handfuls of the sheets they are placed in a pile and submitted to powerful pressure on being taken out of the press they arc separated from each other and again submitted to pressure but in a much less degree than before they are then hung up to dry and when sufficiently dried are placed in a dry press an immense pressure be ing this time exerted so as to give the paper a flat smooth surface the above method substantially was as has been stated in use in europe and america until the introduction of the fourdrinier machines which with the cylinder machines subsequently in vented have in this country at least completely supplanted the method by baud a southern romance whether true ou kalse an interest ing story from the cincinnati commercial during ihe late war about the year 186 a well-to-do family consisting of husband wife and child a daughter about four years of age settled iu walker coun ty ala they stated that on account of the operations of the two armies on the north carolina coast where they resided they were forced to seek a home else where and when they started from their north carolina home texas was their des tination but upon reaching walker coun ty in that state they found it to be a re tired peaceable and prosperous commu nity and hence they concluded to settle down there in addition to the family â€” john ii reynolds wife and daughter as already stated there were several slaves among the latter was a handso.iie quad roon young woman who was the maid of all work for the family she was kindly treated however and most of her time was occupied in earing for mrs reynolds who was an invalid after the war closed dr reynolds con cluded to remain in walker county as he had secured a good farm and was in fair circumstances considering the losses en tailed upon southern men when mr reynolds lived in north carolina one of his warmest and truest friends was a neighbor by the name of henry horton who was also a farmer well-to-do and possessing traits which render neighbors much attached the great desire of rey nolds was to induce his old friend aud neighbor to sell out his possessions in north carolina and move to walker coun ty to assume the same relations he occu pied in former days reynolds addressed many warm gashing letters to horton describing the beauties the riches nnd ihe bright prospects of walker county there was a farm near him that would s.iit hor ton exactly and if the hitter did uot have enough money to purchase it reynolds would assist him finally hot ton yield ed to the importunities of his old friend sold out his property iu north carolina and with his wife and son removed to walker county where he purchased a farm a short distance from where reynolds resided being thus settled down once more as friends and neighbors things went smoothly and prosperity smiled up on the two houses mark horton he son and jessie reynolds the daughter went to school together in the neighboring vil lage and as the years rolled on they grew up to manhood and womanhood fondly attached to each other a fact which gave the greatest satisfaction to reynolds his wife had died about the time the war closed aud his daughter being his only child retained all his affection and he lavished upon her every luxury that heart could wish the quadroon woman re mained with the family while the other slaves scattered and found new homes when the close of the war brought their freedom , when the time came for jessie reynolds to quit the village school and finish her education at college her father sought an interview with mr horton and lost no time in broaching the subject of the fu ture marriage of mark horton and his daughter he reminded the old man of the many year's friendship that had exis ted between them and how happy he would be to have the son of his dear friend and neighbor wed his only daughter who had now grown into a beautiful young lady the belle of the country for miles around the envy of all the other yonng ladies thereabouts and the most popular girl to be found iu the comity mr hor ton liked jessie and so informed her fath er but he thought both her and his son two young just then to enter into matri mony he desired his son to make a mark iu the world before marrying it was final ly agreed however that jesse should go to college for a year and mark should do the same upou their return should they desire to marry the parents would inter pose no objections the young people were sent to college â€” oue iu kentucky and oue in new jersey when they re turned from their collegiate studies they became infatuated with each other on sight three months thereafter there was a wedding at the reynolds mansion which proved to be one of the grandest affairs of the kind that had ever been n it nessed in that section the loving pair was made man and wife under the hap piest and most promising auspices each was heir to a comfortable home aud good income all the neighbors thought that this match was the tnest appropriate they had known and everybody predicted hap piuessand prosperity tn the newly married pair the father of mark presented him a nice farm and the father of jesse had a splendid residence built for them after a brilliant honeymoon mark hoi ton and his yonng wife concluded to settle down on the farm which had been given them and mark determined to adopt farming as a business here all went merry as a marriage bell prosperity smiled upon them and in due time a son was born unto them an event which was celebrated with great eclat and which brought unusual joy to tin parents in j the midst of all this hap^y condition of | things the whole neighborhood wastliowu into a state of utter confusion by the re j port that mark horton had separated j from his wife and that he had filed a bill of divorce alleging that a fraud had been j perpetrated upon him iu the marriage that liis wife had negro blood in her veins that therefore he marriage was null and void there were hundreds of rumors some ridiculous some malicious and the remainder about as near the truth as is j usual in such eases the houses of rev - | nobis and horton were in a flutter and ' were closed to all outsiders the case j has just been decided and ihe facts are substantially ns follows during the ear | ly part of may last the quadroon woman lucy sheperd heretofore referred to was ! taken quite ill and when it became ap | parent that she could not live but a few days she secretly requested dr black mail the physician intending her to in form mark hoi ton that she had something of importance to communicate to him and desired him to call and see her at once mr horton in response to this request killed about an hour after it was made the woman began by telling him that she had kept a secret locked in her breast for many years and now that she was going to die she could no longer remain silent she did not wish to go to her grave as a partner in a great fraud she then inform ed mr horton that his wife jesse was her daughter that she was the illegitimate child of reynolds and that the secret which had so long been kept was the cause of the death of mr reynold's wife who grieved herself into an early grave on ac count of the fraud which reynolds was practicing in palming off jesse as his legit imate daughter the woman informed mr horton that jesse knew nothing of these tacts that she was perfectly iniio j cent and believed herself the legitimate daughter of reynolds she stated that jesse was born in wilmington n c af ter reynolds had married that he notifi ed his wife that she must adopt the child as her own and rear it as such he threat ened both his wife and the mother of the child with death should they divulge the facts mrs reynolds died broken-heart ed after years of grief and shame mark hoi ion after hearing the story of the quadroon woman at once went to reynolds aud confronted him with the facts the latter did not deny the statement of the woman but told horton that he had better remain silent as any exposure would bring shame on both families but horton belonged to an old-fashioned high bred family anil pride was his most strik ing characteristic he notified reynolds thai he would send jesse back to him with their child and that he would at once apply for a divorce he then went back to his home called jesse to a private apartment aud there told her the story of the quadroon woman who was then dy ing as he repeated tiie words she had spoken to him the wife was struck with terror and could not utter a word she acted for a while as it bereft of her senses when she became composed she found herself and child in her father's house she at once became an object of pity and sympathy she will see uo one and passes her time locked in her room with her child the exposure broke up the horton fami ly the old man selling out and returning to north carolina and mark having left a few days since for california â€” after the court had declared the marriage void be cause of fraud reynolds is endeavoring to dispose of his property intending also to leave the country he is blamed by every body for the misery he has brought upon his unhappy daughter and the hor totis he attempted to induce his daugh ter to contest the divorce suit but she w;is not in a condition to appear iu court the case brought together the largest crowd ever gathered in walker county money matters are in a deplorable con dition * why it could be so scarce is hard to answer one thing is plain and it is this unless the people of the county ship off products enough to brim in as much \ money as it requires to pay for the dry ' goods etc brought here money will â– continue to get scarcer we think it very probable paying out ! more than comes iu reduces our pile certain resumed work at rf.dccf.d wages loudon oct 3 the greater portion , of cotton operatives at wigan have re sunied work at the 5 per cent reduction in wages a;nl it is expected that the rest will return to work mouda . all the mills have recommenced woiking elilm b washburne says that gen grant has never told any one that he will not be a candidate lor the third term from washington the united states marshals reassured a famous outlaw entrenched in the moun tains washington october 3 tbe united states marshals throughout the country have been somewhat reassured by the prom ise of representative atkins chairman of the honse committee on appropriations that their necessary expenses shall be provided for on the reassembling of congress this is in perfect accordance with the under standing when congress adjourned while it was settled that not another dollar should be drawn from the treasury to pay men ap pointed simply to push the fortunes of one political party there was a unanimous ac quiescence that the necessary and proper expenses of the united states marshals should be provided for at the earliest prac ticable moment in some of the districts the expenses of the marshals are very heavy in connection with the enforcement of the internal revenue laws this is notably the case in the western district of north caro lina where the marshal has on an average fifty deputies in constant employ and even with these is very far from being able to break up illicit distilling an oct law extrencned col robt m douglas the united states marshal for this district is now here on of ficial business mr douglas says that red mond the notorious south carolina moon shiner upon whose head a price has been set by the government for the killing of one of its officers is now firmly entrenched in the mountains of swain county n c with a band of twenty-five or thirty desperate followers only a few days back some of marshal douglas's deputies ran across red mond and his band but as they were much inferior in point of numbers they withdrew from the vicinity without much ceremony the only reason why redmond has not been apprehended is believed to be on account of the insufficiency of the reward ottered by the government 250 there are plenty of mountaineers on the borders of north and south carolina just as brave and desperate as redmond nnd if the reward was made sufficient to excite their cupidity they would track him to his fastness and bring him out marshal douylas says if the government will make the reward 1,000 he will wager that redmond will be forthcoming hints on calling hill's manuel ot social and business formb do not stare around the room do not take a dog or small child do not linger at the dinner hour do not lay aside the bonuet at formal call do uot fidget with your cane hat or parasol do not make a call of ceremony on a wet day do not turn your buck to one seated near you do uot touch the piano unless invited to do so do not make a d : splay of consulting your watch do not go to the room of an invalid un less invited do not remove the gloves when mak ing a formal call do not handle the ornaments of furni ture in the room do not continue the call longer when conversation begins to lag do not remain when you find the lady upon the point of going oat do not niiike the tirst call if you area new comer in the neighborhood do not open or shut doors or windows or alter the arrangements of the room do not resume your seat after having arisen to go unless for important rea sons do not walk around the room examin ing pictures while waiting for the hos tess do not enter a room without first knocking and receiving an invitation to come in do not introduce politics religion or weighty topics of conversation when mak ing a call do not prolong the call if the room is crowded it is better to call a day or two afterwards do not call upon a person in reduced circumstanced with a display of wealth dress and equippage do not tattle do not speak ill of your neighbors do uot carry gossip from one family to another do not if a geutleman seat yourself on the sofa beside the hostess or iu near proximity unless invited to do so do not if a lady call upon a geutleman except officially or professionally unless he may be a confirmed invalid do not take a strange gentleman with you unless positively certain that the in troduction will be received with favor do not if a gentleman leave the hat in the hall when making a formal call if the call is extended into a visit it may then be laid aside whether sitting or standing the hat may be gracefully held in vthe hand ehe bible warns us of the perils of those who go down into the sea in ships the sa cred writer never imagining that there would ever come an age when the people would be such fools as to go up into the air in them and yet prof wise a profession al aeronaut and george burr a bank teller of st louis did this thing last sunday evening a week ago at st louis and hav en't been heard of since the st louis papers have already published wise's obit uary and are still recounting the many vir tues of mr burr and telling of what a seri ous blow his loss is to the bank â€” charlotte observer gov blackburn of kentucky has par doned a fourteen-year-old l>oy sentenced to the penitentiary tor housebreaking upon the ground that he has determined not to allow any child to go inside the state pri son to be further contaminated if there is reasonable grounds upon which it can be prevented he favors a resort to reforma tory institutions for erring youth plain truths we ought to be grateful for favorable seasons nnd three good wheat crops in succession and yet we hear a great deal about hard times and the want of money farmers who live within their means and did not go into debt iu tho flush times may and often do enjoy about all the fecility earth can yield but the flush times have ruined more than the hard times when markets were good and money plenty farmers bought more land built hue buildings dressed in ex pensive style and neglected to pay prin cipal and interest when money was cheap that was the time when thoughtful meu declared their independence by getting out of debt it is very hard times for those who went iuto debt when a silver half dollar was equal to a dollar iu pa per aud after paying a heavy interest for a number of years they find it takes two silver half dollars to equal a greenback dollar so that they havoto pay twodollars instead of oue on everything they owe the hard times are the safest times to go in debt when property is cheap and niouey will not increase in value we are sorry to learn that so many hard-working well-meaning farmers are in debt and some are loosing their homes and good name and injuring themselves their creditors and their friends this should lie a warning to us all to bo moro careful in the future if we cultivate contentment we can live happy noblo lives without giving a mortgage on our homes some good old homestead have been thrown away for very vanity the laws of fashion those who yield themseves slaves to its power seem to be more despotic than the laws and taxes of king george we are under no obligations to follow the fashions of lon don aud paris but we aro under obli gations to follow the good old-fashioned ten commandments and owe no man any thing there is no merit in wearing ex pensive finery â€¢ any fool can go down tho stream of fashion like drift wood on a flood it requires some moral courage to be laughed at for wearing a hat behind the style or an old coat that has done good service for ten years we can buy a new coat any day but we can never buy a good moral character so let us live within our income and be worth tho title of honest farmers â€” william lam bie in country gentleman the farm belonging to mr william dairy mple in the northern part of minne sota covers thirty square miles the quantity sown with wheat in 1878 was 20,900 acres the yield was 250,000 bush els of wheat seventy-live reaping and binding machines were used to harvest the crop the work being done at the rate of 1,000 acres a day tins farm is divid ed into sections of 2,000 acres over each of which an overseer is placed comfort able quarters are provided for tho over seers while there is a largo boarding house for the accomodation of tho farm hands the vast estate employs upwards of 450 laborers and 350 horses and mules there are three book-keepers to look after the accounts and two cashiers to receive and disburse the money a neighbor of mr dairy mple is mr b p cheney form erly of boston who has a farm of 5,000 acres last year he harvested 42,000 bushels of wheat 0,000 of oats and 3,000 of barley the machinery on his farm consists of 40 plows hi seeders 40 har rows 16 harvesters a steam thrashing machines and 3 portable steam engine a quarrel nine times out of ten is merely the fermentation of a misunder standing it is always safe to learn even fro*n our enemies ; seldom safe to venture to intruct even our friends prune current and gooseberry bushes as soon as the leaves fall cuttings may be made at the same time and planted at once iu rows a few inches apart a farmer astonished his friends in de catur 111 the other day by going into that place with a train of six wagons laden with three hundred and seventy five bushels of barley and drawn by a steam road locomotive of his own inven tion potatoes should be dug when the ground is dry they are never saleablo at the price they are worth when there is dirt adhering to them they cannot be thrown out upon the surface of the ground between the rows to dry with out greatly injuring their eating quali ties a cave dug in the side of a hill or a pit in a sandbauk affords an excellent plac for storing potatoes if piled on top of the ground and covered with straw and earth care should be taken uot to leave them exposed to the light a dark cel lar is to be prefered to a light one foi keeping potatoes manure applied broadcast to meadows early iu autumn or later if it has n<>i been doue sooner increases the luxu;i auce of the growth before winter an gives the grass an early and luxuriaii start in spring manure which was t course or fibrous early in the seasen bus rotted enough if piled iu heaps to sprc i well manure applied broadcast to meadows early iu autumn or later if it has m>i been doue sooner increases the luxun auceofthe growth before winter ami gives the grass an early and luxuriaiu start in spring manure which was hm course or fibrous early in the seasen bun rotted enough if piled iu heaps to oprt .Â» well

The SA of NC considers this item in the public domain by U.S. law but responsibility for permissions rests with researchers.

Language

eng

FullText

the carolina watchman ml x third series salisbury ff g october 16 1879 ho 52 paper ugis and hist0by â€” papeb " making is america oft he great industries which con lunr lv both to the individ mfort aud to the genera pros *- lv the manufacture of paper has c peculiarity tlÂ»t ihe main wipply jj | mtt terial comes from that which been previously utilized for the .,.â€¢ other manufactures and piir '" 1 i aid in a certain sense to e fulfilled its mission ami to bave ueoirorn out in service and but for aj new demand would be waste and t , s , this manufacture or art 7,'rtlv of the highest regard in with that other art of prioting-whicl may be said to have its offspring as they tx,getlieraf the sure moans of transmitting k knowledge of all arts had the art , if paper-making printing ex illed in their promt development or j j d a condition even approximating lo \ tll ot i,er ages those lost arts of winch we have some faint suggestions â€ž r in ilie existence of which there is now a universal belief could not have perished these two modern arts are ilw the vehicle of education aud in telligence offset and fancy of reason anil imagination of love joy and sor w ff of all that we may wish to know or feel or of which we may choose to preserve the knowledge or feeling materials and methods a great variety of substances as veil as methods have been in use ir rarii'iis ages to perpetuate ideas or events the earliest of which we have record was engraving on stone cither in it solid material or in plaster trliicli was frequently used to cover the stone tablets of lead and other metals were also in very early use as k evident from the scriptures of the old restauient and from references in the earliest profane writers sub sequent in the use of these materials or it may even have been at the same i periods other and more pliable mate | nais such as the skins of animals and iliebark wood or leaves of trees were employed very early in their his tory the j reeks and romans used tablets of wood either plain or cover id with wax and also the much more expensive ivory the chinese at a very ancient period wrote with tools of iron on boards bamboo reeds and metalic surfaces the egyptians ac cording to pliny at first used the leaves of the fan palm their use of lie pap rus as a material of manufac ture com ineiued as early as 700 years before christ when isaiah wrote his prophecy as icferences by him seem to indicate pbm'abing the papyrus lhe method of preparing it accor ding to pliny wa8 (( , | iee j tnc j nuer layers of the papyrus reed placing one in in re tif them on a table spnuk ing with water from the kile then lacing another layer transversely 8 gÂ»wi sprinkling with the mile water ik1 submitted the sheets to powerful pressure hanging them in the sun to o they were then polished with ai1 ivory tooth or shell to give them 1 surface which would take the ink 11 a more perfect surface were desired a ize was made of light bread steep w i boiling water and then passed turotigh a filtering-cloth and the pa p r having been dipped in or brushed 0ver with this size was submitted a s am tn the process of polishing when ls t w said it became very firm and mother than the finest linen i-akcnmext the first accounts of the manufac ' tlre of parchment are of the date of joo years before christ at the time pan ns the king of pergatnus it ls sa d thought to rival ptolmy soter o had founded the celebrated libra 0 at alexandria to obstruct his es g'i ptolmy prohibited the export 0 egyptian paper or papyrus as a 8 jb.-,tit u t cj the manufacture of parch was undertaken at pergatnus being at first inferior and of fellow tinge it was greatly im jj^ved in texture and whiteness by tlle romans i-apeu â€” the chinese fhe first manufacture of paper from bro s substances reduced to a pulp * as - without doubt by the chine jl â– and of very remote antiquity the principal material used was the bam boo they cut this reed previously stripped of its leaves into pieces four or five feet long and laid them in a mixture of mud and water to mace rate leaving them about five days they then wash them in pine water and placed them in a dry ditch with lime which they moisten sufficiently to slack it alter several days they washed them again carefully and cut the pieces into filaments which were exposed to the rays of the sun to dry and bleach these filaments were now boiled in large kettles and then reduced to a pulp by being pounded in a wooden mortar with a long-han dled hammer which the workman op ened with his foot a glutinous sub stance extracted from the shoots of a plant called ko-teng was then mixed with the pulp in suitable proportions ami the whole mass was again beaten together till it became a thick viscous liquor into this the workman plung i ed his mould the bottom of which formed of fine reeds allowed the su j per fl nous water to pass through it leaving a film or sheet of paper this from the glutinous matter incorporat ed in it very soon became firm and shining and was detached from the mould by reversing it and dropping the sheet on the pile already made if a great degree of sizing was requir ed a decoction of rice was mixed with the stuff in the vat the sheets of paper were sometimes dried against a kind of stove covered with an exceed ingly smooth coating of stucco the paper immediately adhered to the stucco and the mould being with drawn the heat rapidly dried it â€” before the paper wasdry it was brush ed over with a coating of rice sizing if it wits desired to make the surface still better lor receiving the ink the sheets were again dipped in absolution of calcined alum two parts and isinglass one part the chinese also use the black of the morw popyjeni as a ma terial for making paper this is also th â€¢ material principally used by the japanese for tiie same purpose iiindoostan pebsia & tartary the art of paper-jfnaking was in troduced into hindoostin and persia in the early part of the christian era the material used being the raw cot ton which had been for ages the pro duet of those regions a mill for the manufacture of paper was estab lished a d g51 at samarcaud in tartary near the borders of the chi nese km pi re paper made at samar caud was need by the greeks who had trade with tartary and early in lhe eighth century introduced it into venice aud probably into germany where it was known as greek parch ment about lhe same time the arabians or saracens having con quered tartary acquired the art and iu gu7 introduced it into mecca and i hence in their western progress of conquest carried it to spain the eihst european pa pee mill of which we have record was erected at toledo in spain early in the elev enth century about the middle of this century or in u)49 paper was first introduced into england and du ring the same century about 1085 it is believed cotton rags were substitu ted for the raw material an arabi an author scherif-al-edi ina says that in 1151 a very fine white cotton paper was made ; and another arabian author says that the best paper was made at xativa in spain there are indications that the manufacture of paper was begun in italy about the time or very soon after it was in spain as bartolus who died in 1355 speaks of its having been established long ago at fabriano in the marsh es at aucona as to germany all that can possibly be ascertained points to a period as early as the middle of the fourteenth century american paper manufacture 1 he first paper mill in america was built at lloxboro in pennsylvania near philadelphia by william llit tenhuysen afterwards and now spelt rittenhous at the expense of win brad fold a printer of philadelphia who wished thereby to obtain a sup ply of paper preparing rags for paper the method of preparing rags for pulping in use in europe and amer ica prior to 1750 was by stamping or pounding this was not found to i be an economical method and in seek ing a substitute the grinding engine was invented in 1750 the name of the inventor is not furnished in any i of the ordinary means of information and it has probably been forgotten â€” that lie was a native of holland and and that the invention was made in that country is unquestioned the en gine being known as the hollander until the present century paper was universally made by hand the rags having been 4 sorttd cleansed ami re duced to a pulp the further manipu lation was performed by three work men the vatmau the coucher and tie lifter a vat having been filled with pulp the vatmau standing at one side holds a mould conaiisting of a simple frame of hard wood usually of ma hogany covered with a series of fine wires placed parallel and closely as possible together with other wires stretched transversely across them and about ah inch apart in place of this arrangement of wires a very finely woven web of wire was sometimes used laid and woven paper the paper made in the parallel wires was called laid paper and on being held up to the light plainly showed the marks of the wires iu both directions paper made on the wire web was called wove on the wire surface of the mould is placed a sim ple frame of wood called a deckle de signed to receive the pulp iis inside measurement being of the proposed size of the sheet of paper the vat man holding the mould with the dec kle upon it in an inclined position dips it thus into the pulp and brings it up into a horizontal position allow ing the surplus pulp to run back into the vat and slinking the mould to ami fro for a few moments with a motion acquired by practice and adapted to spread the pulp evenly over the wire the water drains through the wire and the fibres of the pulp become so connected as to form a continuous fab ric the deckle is then removed and the vatmau slides the mould along on a ledge or frame on the side of the vat at right angle to himself to th ? coucher the coucher raises one edge of the mould on a pin leaves it thus a few seconds while he lays on a board a piece of felt on which dexterously re versing the mould he lays the sheet of paper for such it is in incipient stage he then passes the mould back to the vatmau who in the mean time has filled another mould and passed it along in front of the coucher the latter now places a felt on the sheet previously laid down and again reverses the mould depositing the sheet * the process continuing alterna ting a felt and a sheet of paper until six quires are laid up making a post this is subjected to pressure to re move the water the pile of felt and paper is then passed the third work man the lifter who takes the sheets singly from the felt and lays them up exactly one on another making a com pact pile the vatmau and coucher in the meantime making another post when the lifter has completed several piles they are collected into a single pile and subjected to still greater pres sure and giving to the paper a con siderable tenacity and solidity ending also to remove any roughness of sur face received from the felt the paper remains in press till another combina tion of piles has been prepared by the lifter when it is taken out of the press and removed to the drying loft sizing in the case of writing paper an ad ditional process is necessary that of sizing the size is made of shreds and parings obtained from tauners curriers and parchment-makers the workman takes a handful of sheets by their edges in his left hand and spreading or opening them in a fan like manner with his right hand he dips them into the size he then takes them with his right hand by the edges opposite those by which he had pre viously held them and spreading them as before dips them a second time having thus dipped a dozen handfuls of the sheets they are placed in a pile and submitted to powerful pressure on being taken out of the press they arc separated from each other and again submitted to pressure but in a much less degree than before they are then hung up to dry and when sufficiently dried are placed in a dry press an immense pressure be ing this time exerted so as to give the paper a flat smooth surface the above method substantially was as has been stated in use in europe and america until the introduction of the fourdrinier machines which with the cylinder machines subsequently in vented have in this country at least completely supplanted the method by baud a southern romance whether true ou kalse an interest ing story from the cincinnati commercial during ihe late war about the year 186 a well-to-do family consisting of husband wife and child a daughter about four years of age settled iu walker coun ty ala they stated that on account of the operations of the two armies on the north carolina coast where they resided they were forced to seek a home else where and when they started from their north carolina home texas was their des tination but upon reaching walker coun ty in that state they found it to be a re tired peaceable and prosperous commu nity and hence they concluded to settle down there in addition to the family â€” john ii reynolds wife and daughter as already stated there were several slaves among the latter was a handso.iie quad roon young woman who was the maid of all work for the family she was kindly treated however and most of her time was occupied in earing for mrs reynolds who was an invalid after the war closed dr reynolds con cluded to remain in walker county as he had secured a good farm and was in fair circumstances considering the losses en tailed upon southern men when mr reynolds lived in north carolina one of his warmest and truest friends was a neighbor by the name of henry horton who was also a farmer well-to-do and possessing traits which render neighbors much attached the great desire of rey nolds was to induce his old friend aud neighbor to sell out his possessions in north carolina and move to walker coun ty to assume the same relations he occu pied in former days reynolds addressed many warm gashing letters to horton describing the beauties the riches nnd ihe bright prospects of walker county there was a farm near him that would s.iit hor ton exactly and if the hitter did uot have enough money to purchase it reynolds would assist him finally hot ton yield ed to the importunities of his old friend sold out his property iu north carolina and with his wife and son removed to walker county where he purchased a farm a short distance from where reynolds resided being thus settled down once more as friends and neighbors things went smoothly and prosperity smiled up on the two houses mark horton he son and jessie reynolds the daughter went to school together in the neighboring vil lage and as the years rolled on they grew up to manhood and womanhood fondly attached to each other a fact which gave the greatest satisfaction to reynolds his wife had died about the time the war closed aud his daughter being his only child retained all his affection and he lavished upon her every luxury that heart could wish the quadroon woman re mained with the family while the other slaves scattered and found new homes when the close of the war brought their freedom , when the time came for jessie reynolds to quit the village school and finish her education at college her father sought an interview with mr horton and lost no time in broaching the subject of the fu ture marriage of mark horton and his daughter he reminded the old man of the many year's friendship that had exis ted between them and how happy he would be to have the son of his dear friend and neighbor wed his only daughter who had now grown into a beautiful young lady the belle of the country for miles around the envy of all the other yonng ladies thereabouts and the most popular girl to be found iu the comity mr hor ton liked jessie and so informed her fath er but he thought both her and his son two young just then to enter into matri mony he desired his son to make a mark iu the world before marrying it was final ly agreed however that jesse should go to college for a year and mark should do the same upou their return should they desire to marry the parents would inter pose no objections the young people were sent to college â€” oue iu kentucky and oue in new jersey when they re turned from their collegiate studies they became infatuated with each other on sight three months thereafter there was a wedding at the reynolds mansion which proved to be one of the grandest affairs of the kind that had ever been n it nessed in that section the loving pair was made man and wife under the hap piest and most promising auspices each was heir to a comfortable home aud good income all the neighbors thought that this match was the tnest appropriate they had known and everybody predicted hap piuessand prosperity tn the newly married pair the father of mark presented him a nice farm and the father of jesse had a splendid residence built for them after a brilliant honeymoon mark hoi ton and his yonng wife concluded to settle down on the farm which had been given them and mark determined to adopt farming as a business here all went merry as a marriage bell prosperity smiled upon them and in due time a son was born unto them an event which was celebrated with great eclat and which brought unusual joy to tin parents in j the midst of all this hap^y condition of | things the whole neighborhood wastliowu into a state of utter confusion by the re j port that mark horton had separated j from his wife and that he had filed a bill of divorce alleging that a fraud had been j perpetrated upon him iu the marriage that liis wife had negro blood in her veins that therefore he marriage was null and void there were hundreds of rumors some ridiculous some malicious and the remainder about as near the truth as is j usual in such eases the houses of rev - | nobis and horton were in a flutter and ' were closed to all outsiders the case j has just been decided and ihe facts are substantially ns follows during the ear | ly part of may last the quadroon woman lucy sheperd heretofore referred to was ! taken quite ill and when it became ap | parent that she could not live but a few days she secretly requested dr black mail the physician intending her to in form mark hoi ton that she had something of importance to communicate to him and desired him to call and see her at once mr horton in response to this request killed about an hour after it was made the woman began by telling him that she had kept a secret locked in her breast for many years and now that she was going to die she could no longer remain silent she did not wish to go to her grave as a partner in a great fraud she then inform ed mr horton that his wife jesse was her daughter that she was the illegitimate child of reynolds and that the secret which had so long been kept was the cause of the death of mr reynold's wife who grieved herself into an early grave on ac count of the fraud which reynolds was practicing in palming off jesse as his legit imate daughter the woman informed mr horton that jesse knew nothing of these tacts that she was perfectly iniio j cent and believed herself the legitimate daughter of reynolds she stated that jesse was born in wilmington n c af ter reynolds had married that he notifi ed his wife that she must adopt the child as her own and rear it as such he threat ened both his wife and the mother of the child with death should they divulge the facts mrs reynolds died broken-heart ed after years of grief and shame mark hoi ion after hearing the story of the quadroon woman at once went to reynolds aud confronted him with the facts the latter did not deny the statement of the woman but told horton that he had better remain silent as any exposure would bring shame on both families but horton belonged to an old-fashioned high bred family anil pride was his most strik ing characteristic he notified reynolds thai he would send jesse back to him with their child and that he would at once apply for a divorce he then went back to his home called jesse to a private apartment aud there told her the story of the quadroon woman who was then dy ing as he repeated tiie words she had spoken to him the wife was struck with terror and could not utter a word she acted for a while as it bereft of her senses when she became composed she found herself and child in her father's house she at once became an object of pity and sympathy she will see uo one and passes her time locked in her room with her child the exposure broke up the horton fami ly the old man selling out and returning to north carolina and mark having left a few days since for california â€” after the court had declared the marriage void be cause of fraud reynolds is endeavoring to dispose of his property intending also to leave the country he is blamed by every body for the misery he has brought upon his unhappy daughter and the hor totis he attempted to induce his daugh ter to contest the divorce suit but she w;is not in a condition to appear iu court the case brought together the largest crowd ever gathered in walker county money matters are in a deplorable con dition * why it could be so scarce is hard to answer one thing is plain and it is this unless the people of the county ship off products enough to brim in as much \ money as it requires to pay for the dry ' goods etc brought here money will â– continue to get scarcer we think it very probable paying out ! more than comes iu reduces our pile certain resumed work at rf.dccf.d wages loudon oct 3 the greater portion , of cotton operatives at wigan have re sunied work at the 5 per cent reduction in wages a;nl it is expected that the rest will return to work mouda . all the mills have recommenced woiking elilm b washburne says that gen grant has never told any one that he will not be a candidate lor the third term from washington the united states marshals reassured a famous outlaw entrenched in the moun tains washington october 3 tbe united states marshals throughout the country have been somewhat reassured by the prom ise of representative atkins chairman of the honse committee on appropriations that their necessary expenses shall be provided for on the reassembling of congress this is in perfect accordance with the under standing when congress adjourned while it was settled that not another dollar should be drawn from the treasury to pay men ap pointed simply to push the fortunes of one political party there was a unanimous ac quiescence that the necessary and proper expenses of the united states marshals should be provided for at the earliest prac ticable moment in some of the districts the expenses of the marshals are very heavy in connection with the enforcement of the internal revenue laws this is notably the case in the western district of north caro lina where the marshal has on an average fifty deputies in constant employ and even with these is very far from being able to break up illicit distilling an oct law extrencned col robt m douglas the united states marshal for this district is now here on of ficial business mr douglas says that red mond the notorious south carolina moon shiner upon whose head a price has been set by the government for the killing of one of its officers is now firmly entrenched in the mountains of swain county n c with a band of twenty-five or thirty desperate followers only a few days back some of marshal douglas's deputies ran across red mond and his band but as they were much inferior in point of numbers they withdrew from the vicinity without much ceremony the only reason why redmond has not been apprehended is believed to be on account of the insufficiency of the reward ottered by the government 250 there are plenty of mountaineers on the borders of north and south carolina just as brave and desperate as redmond nnd if the reward was made sufficient to excite their cupidity they would track him to his fastness and bring him out marshal douylas says if the government will make the reward 1,000 he will wager that redmond will be forthcoming hints on calling hill's manuel ot social and business formb do not stare around the room do not take a dog or small child do not linger at the dinner hour do not lay aside the bonuet at formal call do uot fidget with your cane hat or parasol do not make a call of ceremony on a wet day do not turn your buck to one seated near you do uot touch the piano unless invited to do so do not make a d : splay of consulting your watch do not go to the room of an invalid un less invited do not remove the gloves when mak ing a formal call do not handle the ornaments of furni ture in the room do not continue the call longer when conversation begins to lag do not remain when you find the lady upon the point of going oat do not niiike the tirst call if you area new comer in the neighborhood do not open or shut doors or windows or alter the arrangements of the room do not resume your seat after having arisen to go unless for important rea sons do not walk around the room examin ing pictures while waiting for the hos tess do not enter a room without first knocking and receiving an invitation to come in do not introduce politics religion or weighty topics of conversation when mak ing a call do not prolong the call if the room is crowded it is better to call a day or two afterwards do not call upon a person in reduced circumstanced with a display of wealth dress and equippage do not tattle do not speak ill of your neighbors do uot carry gossip from one family to another do not if a geutleman seat yourself on the sofa beside the hostess or iu near proximity unless invited to do so do not if a lady call upon a geutleman except officially or professionally unless he may be a confirmed invalid do not take a strange gentleman with you unless positively certain that the in troduction will be received with favor do not if a gentleman leave the hat in the hall when making a formal call if the call is extended into a visit it may then be laid aside whether sitting or standing the hat may be gracefully held in vthe hand ehe bible warns us of the perils of those who go down into the sea in ships the sa cred writer never imagining that there would ever come an age when the people would be such fools as to go up into the air in them and yet prof wise a profession al aeronaut and george burr a bank teller of st louis did this thing last sunday evening a week ago at st louis and hav en't been heard of since the st louis papers have already published wise's obit uary and are still recounting the many vir tues of mr burr and telling of what a seri ous blow his loss is to the bank â€” charlotte observer gov blackburn of kentucky has par doned a fourteen-year-old l>oy sentenced to the penitentiary tor housebreaking upon the ground that he has determined not to allow any child to go inside the state pri son to be further contaminated if there is reasonable grounds upon which it can be prevented he favors a resort to reforma tory institutions for erring youth plain truths we ought to be grateful for favorable seasons nnd three good wheat crops in succession and yet we hear a great deal about hard times and the want of money farmers who live within their means and did not go into debt iu tho flush times may and often do enjoy about all the fecility earth can yield but the flush times have ruined more than the hard times when markets were good and money plenty farmers bought more land built hue buildings dressed in ex pensive style and neglected to pay prin cipal and interest when money was cheap that was the time when thoughtful meu declared their independence by getting out of debt it is very hard times for those who went iuto debt when a silver half dollar was equal to a dollar iu pa per aud after paying a heavy interest for a number of years they find it takes two silver half dollars to equal a greenback dollar so that they havoto pay twodollars instead of oue on everything they owe the hard times are the safest times to go in debt when property is cheap and niouey will not increase in value we are sorry to learn that so many hard-working well-meaning farmers are in debt and some are loosing their homes and good name and injuring themselves their creditors and their friends this should lie a warning to us all to bo moro careful in the future if we cultivate contentment we can live happy noblo lives without giving a mortgage on our homes some good old homestead have been thrown away for very vanity the laws of fashion those who yield themseves slaves to its power seem to be more despotic than the laws and taxes of king george we are under no obligations to follow the fashions of lon don aud paris but we aro under obli gations to follow the good old-fashioned ten commandments and owe no man any thing there is no merit in wearing ex pensive finery â€¢ any fool can go down tho stream of fashion like drift wood on a flood it requires some moral courage to be laughed at for wearing a hat behind the style or an old coat that has done good service for ten years we can buy a new coat any day but we can never buy a good moral character so let us live within our income and be worth tho title of honest farmers â€” william lam bie in country gentleman the farm belonging to mr william dairy mple in the northern part of minne sota covers thirty square miles the quantity sown with wheat in 1878 was 20,900 acres the yield was 250,000 bush els of wheat seventy-live reaping and binding machines were used to harvest the crop the work being done at the rate of 1,000 acres a day tins farm is divid ed into sections of 2,000 acres over each of which an overseer is placed comfort able quarters are provided for tho over seers while there is a largo boarding house for the accomodation of tho farm hands the vast estate employs upwards of 450 laborers and 350 horses and mules there are three book-keepers to look after the accounts and two cashiers to receive and disburse the money a neighbor of mr dairy mple is mr b p cheney form erly of boston who has a farm of 5,000 acres last year he harvested 42,000 bushels of wheat 0,000 of oats and 3,000 of barley the machinery on his farm consists of 40 plows hi seeders 40 har rows 16 harvesters a steam thrashing machines and 3 portable steam engine a quarrel nine times out of ten is merely the fermentation of a misunder standing it is always safe to learn even fro*n our enemies ; seldom safe to venture to intruct even our friends prune current and gooseberry bushes as soon as the leaves fall cuttings may be made at the same time and planted at once iu rows a few inches apart a farmer astonished his friends in de catur 111 the other day by going into that place with a train of six wagons laden with three hundred and seventy five bushels of barley and drawn by a steam road locomotive of his own inven tion potatoes should be dug when the ground is dry they are never saleablo at the price they are worth when there is dirt adhering to them they cannot be thrown out upon the surface of the ground between the rows to dry with out greatly injuring their eating quali ties a cave dug in the side of a hill or a pit in a sandbauk affords an excellent plac for storing potatoes if piled on top of the ground and covered with straw and earth care should be taken uot to leave them exposed to the light a dark cel lar is to be prefered to a light one foi keeping potatoes manure applied broadcast to meadows early iu autumn or later if it has n<>i been doue sooner increases the luxu;i auce of the growth before winter an gives the grass an early and luxuriaii start in spring manure which was t course or fibrous early in the seasen bus rotted enough if piled iu heaps to sprc i well manure applied broadcast to meadows early iu autumn or later if it has m>i been doue sooner increases the luxun auceofthe growth before winter ami gives the grass an early and luxuriaiu start in spring manure which was hm course or fibrous early in the seasen bun rotted enough if piled iu heaps to oprt .Â» well