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Personal Floation Devices and Water Safety

A personal flotation device, or PFD, is flotation which is often wearable in the form of a vest, and is intended to help waterbound individuals stay afloat. According to the United States Coast Guard, you must have enough USCG-approved PFDs aboard your recreational boat to outfit every rider. These PFDs must not only be marked with a USCG approval number, but also must be the correct size for each wearer, easily accessible and in good, working condition. For each person on board, including those under the age of 13, you must have either a Type I, II, III or V PFD. The type of PFDs you will need may vary and will depend upon the type of water recreation involved, as well as the size and type of your vessel. If your boat is 16 feet or longer, and is not a canoe or kayak, you will also need a throwable, type IV PFD.

Flotation in all Shapes and Colors

These days, personal flotation comes in a multitude of shapes, sizes and colors, including those made with added design features intended for long wear, cold water scenarios and calm or rough water. Because of the wide variety of PFDs now available, making the right choice is more important than ever. While shopping for flotation, you should take into account the boating you intend to do as well as the type of water environments you commonly encounter. Below you will find a breakdown of the five different PFD categories, explaining what makes each one unique and appropriate for specific use.

Type I PFD: Offshore Life Jackets

This type of PFD is the most basic, yet features high buoyancy to keep wearers afloat, even in open or rough water where rescue is often delayed. The highly visible color of this type of PFD, in addition to its face-up design, which will turn most unconscious wearers face-up to prevent drowning, makes it extremely reliable. Although they perform well in hazardous water environments, Type I PFDs can be bulky, making extended wear uncomfortable. Type I, USCG-approved PFDs are offered in child and adult sizes, while USCG/SOLAS/MED Type Is can be found in a broader range of sizes including infant, child and adult.

Type II PFD: Near-shore Vests

Type II PFDs are easier to wear with less bulk, and are best for calm, inland water use where there is a good chance of quick rescue. Built to turn some unconscious wearers face-up, Type II PFDs are not suitable for long hours in rough water. There is also a wider range of sizing options among this type of flotation, including models to fit infants, children, youth and adults.

Type III PFD: Flotation Aids

Offered in both vest and coat form, Type III PFDs, like Type IIs, are best for calm, inland water where help is quick and accessible. Type III models are considered the most comfortable category of personal flotation, although this Type of PFD will not always turn unconscious wearers face-up in the water. Because of this, Type IIIs should not be used during lengthy, offshore survival situations as their design may allow water to lap over an individual's head and face. Type III PFDs come in a plethora of sizes and styles, which makes them attractive in terms of appearance and customization.

Type IV PFD: Throwable Devices

Throwable PFDS come in several different styles, including cushions, rings and horseshoe buoys, and are good for throwing to riders who have gone overboard in calm, inland water. Devices such as these act as back-ups to wearable PFDs, but shouldn't replace them as Type IV PFDs are not for use in aiding unconscious individuals, non-swimmers or children and will not withstand extended time in rough water.

Type V PFD: Special-use Devices

Special-use PFDs are restricted to specific water environments and usages, but can be greatly helpful given the conditions. Type V PFD varieties include boardsailing vests, deck suits, work vests and hybrids among others. Always check the label and consider the PFD limitations before purchase or use.

Type V Hybrid PFD: Inflatable Devices

Made with streamlined bodies that internally house deflated buoyancy packs, hybrid PFDs are great for continuous wear and produce a high level of flotation when activated, either manually or automatically. Due to the compact design of hybrid PFDs, they may not adequately float wearers unless partially-inflated prior to entering the water. Most models also require active use and care of the inflation chamber in order to ensure reliable operation. This type of flotation must be worn to be considered as a regulation, USCG-approved PFD and is not recommended for children and young adults under 16 years of age.

Don't Risk it – Wear it

Often times, boaters don't wear PFDs when they should, complaining that they are too hot, uncomfortable, cumbersome – even unflattering. The truth is, in the event of a surprise submersion, chances are you won't be able to put your PFD on and may risk losing it altogether. You may think most drowning occurs far out to sea, but you'd be wrong. The fact is, nine out of ten preventable drownings happen in populated, inland waters where rescue may be only moments away. To protect yourself, and the lives of those around you, purchase a PFD that you will actually wear – and stick to it.

Pick a PFD: Size and Style

When shopping for a personal flotation, choosing the correct size is crucial. Adult PFD sizing is based on chest diameter rather than weight (as with child PFDs). A correct fit is one which snugly conforms to your body, yet allows for ease of movement and prevents chafing. Every PFD features different foam placement designed to move with the body, some offering segmented foam covered in stretchable fabrics that substantially increase flexibility during wear. In addition to PFD flex, most feature straps and buckles intended to enhance adjustability, which not only increase comfort, but help attain a water-safe fit. The kind of material used within a PFD can range from general-use polyethylene foam (PE) and PVC, which is a durable, inexpensive polyvinyl-chloride foam, to more specialized NBR and Aquafoam™ foam fillers. Women should look for female-specific cuts rather than unisex styles which accommodate larger bust lines and longer torsos with added design elements like princess seams and contoured molding.

Fit to a "T"

Once you've chosen a PFD size, follow the steps below to help ensure a successful fit:

Unsnap buckles and completely loosen all straps, then put the PFD on.

If the PFD has a zipper, first zip it up, then, beginning at the waist, tighten all straps adequately, without unnecessary squeezing or bunching of material. If the PFD has adjustable shoulder straps, tighten them last and tuck in any loose ends to prevent snags.

Once on, have someone firmly pull up on the shoulders of the vest. If it is able to be pulled over your nose or head, the PFD is too loose. If this occurs, tighten the straps again. If the PFD can still be pulled up to your nose after several adjustments, it is too large. Pick a smaller size and start the process again.

If possible, test your PFD in a pool before venturing out to see how it will perform while simulating any repeated movements you intend to do during wear, including paddling, reaching, bending or jumping.

While in the water, if you notice you are struggling to keep your chin above the surface or can't tilt your body to easily float on your back, choose a PFD with higher buoyancy.

Although not wearable, throwable Type IV devices should also be tested prior to use by tossing them at a specific target, making adjustments for wind and water conditions.

Note: A PFD may not react the same in choppy or open ocean as it will in calm water.

Buoyancy

In PFD design, buoyancy is the force, measured in pounds, necessary to keep an individual's head and chin above the water's surface. Adults generally need seven to twelve pounds of buoyancy to stay afloat. Many factors, including a wearer's weight, body fat ratio, lung size, attire and water conditions play a part in how much buoyancy is needed to effectively keep a person above water. As a general rule, the more physically fit someone is, the more buoyancy is required to keep them afloat. To test the buoyancy of a PFD, tilt your head back while wearing it in the water and relax your body. Your chin should be well above the water without water lapping over your face or mouth. If your chin is not above the water level, select another model with more buoyancy. If your stomach is larger than your chest, ride-up may occur, but in any other case, this shouldn't happen.

The USCG requires that PFDs feature the following minimum buoyancy levels:

TYPE OF PFD

MIN. BUOYANCY (ADULT)

TYPE I

22.00 LBS

TYPE II

15.5 LBS

TYPE III

15.5 LBS

TYPE IV

16.5 & 18.0 LBS

TYPE V - Hybrids

7.5 (DEFLATED) – 22.00 (INFLATED) LBS

Type V – Special Use

15.5 – 22.0 LBS

Full-featured and Built for the Depths

Color. Many stylish colors and patterns are available for purchase, but remember to base your choice not only on appearance, but also by keeping in mind the kind of water environments you plan to frequent. Yellow and orange are highly visible colors that stand out amongst dark water, while neutrals, white and black, do not. Light colors refract more sunlight for cooler wear, while dark colors absorb and retain heat.

Storage. Depending on the way you intend to use your PFD, you may require ample storage. Pleated pockets, webbing, lash tabs and hooks may be in order for a long day of fishing, while just a zippered pocket or two will suffice for recreational boating use. In either case, make sure you have enough built-in storage to accommodate items like whistles, foodstuffs, flares, compasses, binoculars, sunglasses and pocket knives.

Reflective. Reflective tape is another useful feature often seen on upgraded PFDs. Reflective tape, including regulation SOLAS-grade, is helpful during an emergency as it increases a wearer's visibility, even during dusk and evening hours, when light bounces off the PFD's reflective piping.

Breathability. One added element to consider when buying a PFD is if it features mesh integration that is designed to enhance breathability and speed the evaporation of sweat. This is good for wearers who plan to engage in activities that require a high level of physical exertion, as during canoeing and kayaking.

Streamlined Safety: The Inflatable PFD

Inflatable PFDs, although intended to increase the buoyancy of wearers to promote water safety, are quite different than their inherently buoyant cousins. Inflatable PFDs are distinctive, enhancing wearer mobility and comfort via their streamlined shape, and can produce substantial inflation when triggered. As many boaters have heard time and time again, the best kind of PFD is the one you will actually wear. If you are over the age of 16, can swim and do not intend to wear your PFD onboard personal watercraft, (for which they are not approved) an inflatable PFD might just be the thing for you.

How they Work

Replaceable CO2 gas cylinders allow inflatable PFDs to quickly inflate, either manually by tugging on the attached pull-tab cord (piercing the CO2 cartridge inside), or automatically, when the water-sensitive bobbin dissolves due to submersion and triggers the puncturing of the cylinder. Inflatable PFDs can also be filled by blowing air into the attached oral inhalation tube, expanding the empty cavities inside. Once inflated, these PFDs offer up to twice the amount of buoyancy compared to traditional PFDs, turning some wearers face-up while also bringing the head and mouth up above the water even higher, helping to reduce water ingestion. One should always wear an inflatable PFD over, not under, clothing as doing so may affect the PFD's capability to inflate, and, consequently, prevent it from functioning as intended. Manual units are best for those who believe there is a realistic chance they may end up in the water, but are confident they will be able to pull the trigger cord when needed. Kayakers, paddlers and fishermen may opt for manual models. On the other hand, if you don't intend to go into the water, and want the added peace of mind that your inflatable will deploy even if you aren't able to jerk the cord, an automatic model might be a better way to go.

Maintain to Inflate

Sometimes, buyers are hesitant to purchase inflatable PFDs, fearing that the automatic inflation will malfunction due to rain or humidity. With regular care however, accidental inflation is rare and preventable. As with traditional PFDs, inflatables should be stored in dry, well-ventilated areas away from excess moisture and direct sunlight. This will keep the water-sensing element in good shape. Once a cartridge is spent, an inflatable PFD must be rearmed by replacing the CO2 cartridge before its next use, otherwise the PFD will not be able to inflate except via the inhalation tube. Annual replacement of the bobbin, regardless of use, is recommended to help ensure safe, reliable operation. In addition to annual bobbin replacement, users should breath-inflate the internal cavity, again through the inhalation tube, and let the PFD sit overnight to check for leakage. Before use, always check to see if: 1) the PFD is properly armed (refer to your owner's manual for more details); 2) it is free of rips, tears or holes; and, 3) the fabric, straps and hardware are secure and in good condition.

Infant, Child and Youth PFDs

As with adult PFDs, child flotation should fit snugly and offer added adjustability to accommodate smaller wearers. Once a type, size and style has been chosen, test your child's PFD in the water before actual use to gauge correct fit so that he/she stays afloat with chin up and out of the water.
Kids' PFD sizing differs from that of adults', and is measured by weight, not chest size. Infant PFDs range from 8-30 pounds, child PFDs from 30-50 pounds and youth models from 50-90 pounds. For small children and infants, special features like padded head support, leg straps and grab handles are beneficial in keeping them face-up, helping to ensure their PFD stays on and makes retrieval from the water easier.
It is important to remember that children often dislike the restriction of PFDs, but that with the proper approach and set-up, you can prepare your child in the event of an emergency. Because a child's weight is distributed differently than an adult's, wriggling, panicked children can put additional strain on their PFDs, making it harder to stay afloat. Remember to familiarize your little one with their personal flotation ahead of time, even encouraging them to wear it to the pool or around the house. Many parents make a game of it and offer rewards to promote correct wear.
While PFDs are especially important for use with children, they are not to be substituted for adult supervision, which should always be present and act as the first line of defense in avoiding unwanted water contact.

PFD Care & Maintenance

Although life jackets are generally easy to care for and can last many seasons with proper attention, there are a few dos and don'ts that will help ensure your PFDs stay in good working condition. Perform these checks bi-annually and at the start of every boating season.

Do's:

Examine your PFD before use to check for rips and fraying, while looking to see if hardware, seams and straps are in suitable condition. Tug at the straps and close and release the buckles to ensure they are also in good shape.

Look for signs of mildew, waterlogging (the absorption of water), shrinkage or severe fading. If detected, replace your PFD.

Write your name somewhere on the PFD so it is easily identifiable and will not get mistaken for someone else's.

Rinse with fresh water after wearing to remove salt deposits and other impurities.

Hang dry before storing in a cool, ventilated spot away from direct sunlight.

Protect the safety of others by cutting-up old vests before throwing them out so that should someone find them, the PFDs will be unusable.

If you own an inflatable PFD, replace spent air cartridges once they have been used.

Dont's:

Don't wear it with heavy or sharp items in the pockets, which may puncture or challenge the buoyancy so you don't float as well.

Don't tailor your PFD. By doing so, you void the USCG approval and alter the buoyancy, changing the effectiveness of the flotation. If your PFD doesn't fit, get one that does. A PFD that is cut or altered may not help save your life.

Don't apply heavy weight to your PFD by kneeling or standing on it or by using it as a boat fender. Pressure like this will crush the foam within, resulting in loss of buoyancy.

Don't leave your PFD onboard a boat not in use for an extended period of time. This exposes it to sunlight and dry conditions that may weaken it.

Don't clean a PFD with harsh detergents or attempt to dry clean.

Don't dry your PFD in the dryer, on a heater or within contact of any other direct heat source as this can damage the foam inside.

Cold as Ice: Cold Water Survival

If exposed, water temperature under 70 degrees Fahrenheit can cause your core body temperature to drop, thus inducing hypothermia. If your internal temperature becomes too low, you may lose consciousness and drown. Believe it or not, cold water can reduce your temperature 25 times faster than air alone. As with buoyancy, factors such as weight, body fat, age (children cool quicker than adults) and excessive movement can influence how well you hold up in cold water scenarios. The good news is, wearing a PFD can help extend the length of an individual's survival in frigid water because it helps to conserve energy, allowing the wearer to float more easily. Snug-fitting PFDs also prevent water from coming in contact with the chest and back, thus slowing the effect of cold water on body temperature. When boating in cold water, float coats and deck-suit style PFDs are recommended as they cover more of the body.

TIME TO HYPOTHERMIA - ADULTS

WATER TEMP. (°F)

TIME TO UNCONSCIOUSNESS

EXPECTED SURVIVAL TIME

32.5

UNDER 15 MINUTES

45 MINUTES OR LESS

32.5 – 40

15 – 30 MINUTES

30 – 90 MINUTES

40 – 50

30 – 60 MINUTES

1 – 3 HOURS

50 – 60

1 – 2 HOURS

1 – 6 HOURS

60 – 70

2 – 7 HOURS

2 – 40 HOURS

70 – 80

2 – 12 HOURS

3 HOURS – INDEFINITE

80+

INDEFINITE

INDEFINITE

If you happen to go overboard in cold water, there are a few things you can do to tip the odds in your favor. First, don't swim unless you are certain you can reach a nearby boat, floating object or another survivor. Swimming in cold water is more taxing than normal, and even good swimmers find themselves struggling to stay afloat in these kind of conditions.

If you are able to make it to some kind of floating object, climb onto it in order to keep as much of your body out of the water as possible. This will keep you warmer, longer. If you've been taught to use drown-proofing tactics that require you to put your head in the water, don't use them. This only accelerates the effects of hypothermia in cold water.

The best ways to position yourself in cold water while waiting for rescue can be seen in the diagram below. Stay in the HELP position to reduce heat loss. If you're donning a Type III PFD or are struggling to keep your head upright and out of the water, extend your legs and pull them together as if standing. This is called the SURVIVAL position. If others happen to be in the water with you, HUDDLE side-by-side to share warmth. Regardless of the situation, stay positive. Maintaining high morale – and keeping your PFD on – will help improve your odds of survival.

Frequently Asked Questions

Q: What is the "best" kind of PFD?
A: Because each Type of PFD has different advantages and disadvantages, the "best" kind of PFD is the one you are most willing to wear.

Q: How long does a PFD last?
A: There is no standard time limit for PFDs. This depends on how often you use them and if they have been properly maintained. If your PFD smells of mildew, appears waterlogged or shrunken, it is time to replace it.

Q: What is a hybrid PFD?
A: Type V, hybrid flotation is only partially inherently-buoyant, meaning there is little foam flotation material built-in, and is either manually or automatically inflatable via the empty bladders inside. Most often, hybrids are used by play-boaters who do not commonly come in contact with the water and seek a lighter, more compact PFD design.

Q: I don't know how to swim. Do I need a special kind of PFD?
A: No. All people, swimmers and non-swimmers alike, are naturally buoyant. Type I, II and III PFDs offer between 15.5 and 22 pounds of added buoyancy, while Type Vs add between 7.5 and 22 pounds. Because most adults need between 7 and 12 pounds of extra buoyancy to stay afloat, all USCG-approved PFD Types will work for those who don't know how to swim.

Q: Can I use one PFD for all my activities?
A: If you are using a Type III, then yes. If referring to a Type V, no. Type III PFDs are approved for use in conjunction with various water sports, while Type Vs are only USCG-approved for the kind of activity specified on the label.

Q: Instead of wearing my PFD the whole time I'm onboard, can't I just keep it nearby if I need it?
A: Boating can be unpredictable. It is much safer to stay strapped in during your time spent on the water than risk your personal safety for the sake of comfort. It is recommended that you wear your PFD at all times while offshore.

Q: How often should I test my PFD?
A: Annually. To ensure buoyancy is intact and wear hasn't eroded the integrity of your PFD, perform checks on all the hardware and flotation at the start of the boating season.

Q: Will I be protected against hypothermia in my PFD?
A: Unfortunately, no. A PFD can help reduce heat loss by making it easier to float, while also forming a barrier between cold water and a wearer's skin, but will not prevent hypothermia. When venturing into cold water, consider wearing a wet or dry suit under your PFD to further protect yourself from extreme conditions.