My /root is full to the brim and I can't install new packages. My /home has 8 times the space of my /root, but pacman is set to install new packages on /root. Is there a safe way that I can change where pacman permanently installs new packages?

1 Answer
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No, there is no safe way to do this in the long term. From the manual:

-r, --root
Specify an alternative installation root (default is /). This should not be used as a way to install software into /usr/local
instead of /usr. This option is used if you want to install a package on a temporary mounted partition that is "owned" by
another system. NOTE: if database path or logfile are not specified on either the command line or in pacman.conf(5), their
default location will be inside this root path.

This is not a permanent solution. You need to backup your data and resize your partitions.

You could also clean pacman's cache (-Scc) to free up some space in the short term.