Stored off-site at the Library Service Center. Please request this material via woodson@rice.edu or call 713-348-2586.

This finding aid was produced using ArchivesSpace on 2015-10-13 15:44:34 -0500.EnglishEnglishWoodson Research Center, Rice University, Houston, TexasSalomon Chaim Bochner papersBochner, S. (Salomon)MS 35721 Linear Feet (21 boxes)1914-1982, Bulk dates 1968-1981bulkCorrespondence and manuscripts of writings relating to Bochner's scholarly works chiefly written during his years at Princeton (1933-1968) and at Rice University (1968-1982); financial and legal papers; and off-prints (36 cubic ft.) closely related to his work. Papers reflecting the Princeton years treat mainly his work in harmonic analysis, Fourier series, functions of several complex variables, and probability theory; those for the latter period at Rice concern the history and philosophy of science. Correspondents include many distinguished scholars of the 20th century.21 cubic feet (21 boxes)
Biographical Note

Salomon Chaim Bochner, a mathematician, historian, and teacher of international fame, was born on 20 August 1899 in the small town of Podgorzu, Austria-Hungary, now in Poland. His early schooling included grammar school and attendance at the Academia w Krakowie. Reputedly, he had already mastered the calculus by age 13, and completed his first original research in his fifteenth year. In 1915 he moved to Berlin to attend the Konigstadtisch Oberrealschule until he was conscripted into the Austro-Hungarian army in May 1917.

In the army Bochner received medical training at a military school near Vienna, and eventually obtained the rank of corporal in the medical corps. He was stationed at Feldpost # 3, a military hospital, until November of 1918. Soon thereafter he matriculated at the University of Berlin where he studied mathematics for three years. He received the D.Phil. on 8 April 1921, his examiners being Max Planck, Ehrhardt Schmidt, Issai Schur and Alois Riehl.

Directly after receiving his degree, Bochner was employed as a volunteer in the Cuten and Syman Banking House in Berlin, but left at the end of the year to do other things. Exactly what he did for most of the next three years is unknown. In 1925, however, he was awarded an International Education Board Fellowship, which brought him to Copenhagen to study with Harald Bohr and to Oxford and Cambridge to work with G.H. Hardy and J.E. Littlewood. In 1927 Bochner accepted a position as a Lecturer in the Mathematics Department of the University of Munich. His colleagues there included several well-known mathematicians, among them C. Caratheodory, O. Perron, H. Tietre, and H. Hartogs.

Bochner made his debut as a young scholar in the 1920s in an incident involving the Danish mathematician, Harald Bohr, the brother of the well-known physicist, Niels Bohr. Inspired on the one hand by the analytic number theory of Bernhard Riemann and on the other by the celestial mechanics of Lagrange and the later astronomers, Bohl and Esclangon, Bohr had developed a general theory of a phenomenon which he named almost periodicity and which was described in brief announcements published in 1923. On reading such exciting news, Bochner lacked the patience to wait for the publication of the detailed proofs and simply worked it out himself. Upon learning of the young man's work a month later, Bohr invited Bochner to visit him in Copenhagen. They soon discovered that Bochner had achieved Bohr's result by means of a highly original and parallel approach, entirely different from that of Bohr. Moreover, the Bochner approach was the one that would stand the test of time, being the basis for future generalizations of Bohr's theory.

Notoriety at such an early age led Bochner onto his life-long study of harmonic analysis, starting in 1932 with the now classical treatise,

Lectures on the Fourier Integral. This work laid out the seeds of what was later to be called the theory of distributions and set forth his most famous theorem, actually known as the Bochner Theorem. In the later development of abstract Fourier analysis, the Bochner theorem became the cornerstone of the theory of distributions.

As a Jew, Bochner evidently decided that the growing tide of Nazism in Germany left him with no other choice than to seek a new life elsewhere. Accordingly, after a six-month stay in Cambridge, England, he joined the Princeton University faculty in 1933, and served as an assistant, associate, and full professor of mathematics until 1968. During that period Bochner held other professional positions. He was a temporary member of the Institute for Advanced Study of Princeton University. He spent one year as a visiting professor at Harvard University and another at the University of California, Berkeley. He was a consultant at the Los Alamos Project and for the Air Research and Development Command. In 1968 Bochner retired from Princeton University and accepted Rice University's offer of the Edgar Odell Lovett Chair in Mathematics. He subsequently became the chairman of the Mathematics Department.

Although Bochner was most devoted to his work and study, he nonetheless led a very active personal life that involved much correspondence and travel. In November 1937 he married Naomi Weinberg of Brooklyn, New York. They went on a three-month honeymoon trip the following year to Holland, France, and Great Britain. One daughter, Deborah, was born to them. His father, Joseph Bochner, became ill in 1935 and died soon thereafter. Upon his father's death, his mother, Ruda Bochner, moved to London to live with his sister, Fannie Rabinowicz. He maintained close ties with his family throughout his life.

During those early years at Princeton, Bochner was extremely preoccupied with pure mathematical theory and proved to be a provocative and prolific writer. His research was original and pioneering. He was a forerunner in the theory of the so-called Schwartz distributions in that he introduced generalized Fourier transforms for functions that do not grow faster at infinity than a power of x. Also, he was the first to introduce, in 1936, the much-studied process of spherical summability of multiple Fourier series; and by a nonobvious construction, he showed that Riemann's classical localization property in one dimension does not have the expected analog in two dimensions.

In the field of several complex variables, Bochner's achievements were very significant and spanned a broad horizon, especially in their interaction with other areas of mathematics. In 1938 he proved that the envelope of holomorphy of a tube is again a tube, the basis of the envelope tube being the convex closure of the basis of the original tube. In 1943 he used the Bochner-Martinelli kernel to prove Hartog's key theorem that, for a bounded domain with a connected boundary, a holomorphic function on the boundary has a continuation into the entire interior of the domain. The Bochner-Montgomery Theorem, published in 1946, maintains that, on a compact complex manifold, the Lie group of holomorphic automorphism is a complex Lie group. Bochner created, for real and complex manifolds, the topic of curvature and Betti numbers, a title under which he published a book with Kentaro Yano in 1953. Finally, the crowning honor in this field came in 1967 with the fifth printing of

Several Complex Variables, originally published in 1947.

In probability theory, Bochner constructed, analyzed, and introduced in 1946 the Fourier transform of a rather general type of stochastic process, randomizing not point functions, but additive set functions, and obtaining not only differential space but other homogeneous processes. In this area of study Bochner's

Harmonic Analysis and the Theory of Probability became a standard work. Finally, a belated honor arrived in 1977, when it became generally known that Zorn's lemma of 1933 had been fully published and applied by Bochner in 1926.

In the period from 1950 to 1965, Bochner published at least eighty mathematical articles, most being elaborations of the enormous body of his earlier ideas. Afterwards, however, he turned almost exclusively to the history and philosophy of science. In his later years, Bochner wrote books and articles on the role of the concepts of space, infinity, real numbers, functions, and continuity in major junctures and upheavals in the rise of Western mathematics, such as the decline of Greek mathematics in its own phase, the sudden emergence of analysis in the late Renaissance, and a subtle but very tangible change of style in mathematics in the transition from the eighteenth to the nineteenth century. His

The Role of Mathematics in the Rise of Science, perhaps his most famous book, was published in 1966 and soon thereafter translated into many languages. Indeed, a very large proportion of the working papers in this collection deal with the history of science.

Salomon Bochner died in Houston, Texas on 2 May 1982, eleven years after the death of his beloved wife, Naomi. His life began at the turn of the century and his work influenced and sowed seeds of ideas in his students and colleagues that will continue to be important long after his death and beyond the turn of the next century.

Biographical/Historical note
Biological Chronology
1899: Born on 20 August in Podgorzu, Kracow, Austria-Hungary.1906: Began Grammar School, Kracow.1913: Graduated from Grammar School.Entered the Academia Handlowa w Krakowie, Kracow.1914: Graduated from the Akademia Handlowa w Krakowie on 10 December.1915: In February began to attend the Konigstadtische Oberrealschule in Berlin, Prussia.1917: Left the Konigstadtisch Oberrealschule on 25 April.Entered the Austro-Hungarian army in May.On June 11 began to attend a school for medical training near Vienna, Austria-Hungary, eventually obtaining the rank of corporal in the medical corps.1918: Left Feldpost # 3, a military hospital, on 14 March to travel to Berlin on a leave of absence valid until 12 October.Discharged honorably from the Austro-Hungarian army in November.Matriculated at the University of Berlin.1921: Received D.Phil. degree from the University of Berlin on 8 April.Joined the German Mathematical Society.1922: On April 1 began employment as a volunteer in the Cuten and Syman Banking House in Berlin.On 31 December left Cuten and Syman to do other things.1925: Became International Education Board Fellow and studied with Harald Bohr in Copenhagen and with G.H. Hardy and J. E. Littlewood at Oxford and Cambridge.1927: Accepted position as a Lecturer, University of Munich.1933: Joined the American Mathematical Society.Became an Associate at Princeton University in October.1934:Spent three months in Great Britain, from July to September, securing an immigration visa to the United States.Promoted to Assistant Professor, Princeton University.1935: Visited Germany for two months, from July to September, to pay his respects to his father, who was incurably ill.1936: Visited mother in Great Britain for three months, from July to September.1937: Married Naomi Weinberg in November.1938: Made three-month honeymoon trip in July to Holland, France, and Great Britain.1939: Promoted to Associate Professor, Princeton University.1945: Gained membership in the Institute for Advanced Study, Princeton University.1946: Promoted to Professor, Princeton University.Served as a Visiting Lecturer, Harvard University.1950: Elected to the National Academy of Sciences.1951: Served as a Consultant, Los Alamos Project, Princeton University.1952: Served as a Consultant for the Air Research and Development Command.Worked as a Visiting Professor, University of California, Berkeley.1957: Elected Vice President of the American Mathematical Society.1958: Chosen as a Delegate to the International Congress of Mathematicians.1959: Awarded Henry Burchard Fine Chair of Mathematics, Princeton University.1968: Retired from Princeton in June with the title of Professor Emeritus.In September accepted the Edgar Odell Lovett Chair in Mathematics, Rice University.1969: Honored with Symposium in Honor of Salomon Bochner, Princeton University.Made Chairman of Mathematics Department of Rice University in May.1971: Delivered the Keynote Speech, American Association for the Advancement of Science Symposium: The Role of Mathematics in the Development of Science.Naomi died of a ruptured esophagus in Santa Monica, California on 4 April.1973: Served as an editor of the Dictionary of the History of Ideas.1979: Awarded the Leroy P. Steele Prize of the American Mathematical Society on 25 January.1982: Salomon Bochner died in Houston, Texas, on 2 May.
Scope and Contents

The papers of the American mathematician, historian of science, and teacher, Salomon Bochner, begin with his career in Germany, receiving a D.Phil from the University of Berlin and teaching mathematics at the University of Munich. At an early age he established a considerable reputation in Europe for his work in harmonic analysis. In 1933 he joined the mathematics faculty of Princeton University, where he remained until 1968. Although he continued his work in harmonic analysis while at Princeton, he also achieved much fame in the fields of several complex variables, probability theory, and in the history and philosophy of science. His last years were spent as the Edgar Odell Lovett Professor of Mathematics at Rice University. Even though he continued to teach both undergraduate and graduate courses in mathematics at Rice, his scholarly work there was principally historical.

The collection consists of correspondence, manuscripts produced in the preparation of articles, books and lectures, financial and legal documents, and printed material in the form of off-prints and books. Bochner's correspondents included many of the most distinguished scholars of the twentieth century. Their letters complement the scholarly works found in the collection, and both series reflect the profundity and breadth of Bochner's ideas and interests and the influence he exerted in the realm of mathematics and history.

Salomon Bochner's papers were donated to Rice University and placed in Fondren Library's Woodson Research Center in 1982 by his daughter, Deborah Bochner Kennel. On 11 May she donated five record storage boxes from his home in Houston, and she arranged to have sent on 12 October an additional thirty-four boxes from the Mathematics Department of Princeton University. Along with the manuscripts came a great number of books. Only those books which were either written by Bochner or annotated by him have been retained with the papers. The remainder were given to the Fondren Library to be distributed among its regular collections.

Roughly half of the collection consists of correspondence and the manuscripts produced in preparation for a tremendous number of scholarly works. These two sections correspond with each other chronologically in that the bulk of the material in each falls between 1968 and 1981, the years Bochner spent at Rice University. The rest of the collection is less significant but potentially useful. The financial and legal manuscripts provide some detail on the practical affairs of an American academic, and the thirty-six cubic feet of off-prints, which make up part of the collection, reflect Bochner's varied scholarly interests and may prove useful to the researcher when references to such works appear in the manuscripts.

The collection as received was almost completely unorganized, and a chronological or an alphabetical arrangement was used according to the nature of the various categories that emerged during processing. The number of items in each box and file is given in brackets. Separate descriptions for each series precede its inventory.

The papers of S.C. Bochner were donated to the Woodson Research Center by Bochner's daughter, Deborah Bochner Kennel on May 11, 1982

Access Restrictions

This material is open for research.

Use Restrictions

Permission to publish material from Salomon Chaim Bochner papers must be obtained from the Woodson Research Center, Fondren Library, Rice University.

Conditions Governing Access

Stored off-site at the Library Service Center. Please request this material via woodson@rice.edu or call 713-348-2586.

Biographical Sources

The following works provide some biographical information on Bochner's life and work. The years of the editions in which Bochner is included as one of the entries appear in parentheses after each citation. Page numbers were omitted because the entries in each work are in alphabetical order.American Men and Women of Science. New York: R. K. Bowler Co. (1976).The Blue Book: Leaders of the English Speaking World. London: St. Martin's Press (1976).Contemporary Authors. Detroit: Gale Research Co. (1979).The International Who's Who. London: Europa Publications, Ltd. (1974, 1975, 1976, 1977, 1978, 1979, 1980, 1981, 1982, 1983).McGraw-Hill Modern Scientists and Engineers. New York: McGraw-Hill (1980).Who's Who in America. Chicago: Marquis Who's Who, Inc. (1974, 1976, 1978, 1980, 1981, 1982).Who's Who in American Jewry. Incorporating The Directory of American Jewish Institutions. Los Angeles: Standard Who's Who (1980).Who's Who in the World. Chicago: Marquis Who's Who, Inc. (1974).Who's Who in World Jewry: A Biographical Dictionary of Outstanding Jews. New York: Pitman Publishing Co. (1972, 1978).The Writer's Directory. London: St. James Press (1980, 1982, 1984).

See Index to Correspondents for a list of correspondents, as they are not listed individually here.

Although correspondence makes up only about sixteen per cent of the entire collection, it contains some of the most valuable research material. Of course some of the letters deal with personal, practical, legal, and financial affairs, but many by both Bochner and his colleagues discuss scholarly matters in such detail and at such length that they could almost be considered unpublished works, amply demonstrating the profundity and breadth of Bochner's ideas and interests and the influence he exerted in the realm of mathematics and the history of science. His correspondents included many of the most distinguished scholars of the twentieth century from such diverse disciplines as art, classics, mathematics, linguistics, biology, physics, philosophy, and history.

Chronologically, the bulk of the correspondence falls within the period from 1968 to 1982 when Bochner was at Rice University. Any documents attached to a letter were not separated; therefore, any single item may contain any number of leaves of both correspondence and other related material. The letters are arranged into two sections: incoming in alphabetical order and outgoing in chronological order. Because almost all of the letters are dated, one may locate a correspondent who wrote to Bochner in both Part I of the Index of Correspondents and the papers themselves, and use the date on the letters to follow the correspondence into the chronological files. Similarly, because Bochner kept carbon or photographic copies of almost all of his letters, one interested in a particular period of Bochner's life or work may begin with the chronological arrangement and follow the trail of individual correspondents of interest within the alphabetical section. Those to whom Bochner wrote have been listed in Part II of the Index of Correspondents.

Manuscripts of scholarly works make up a large and significant gathering of research material. Bochner wrote many versions of his many articles and books. These files reveal the evolution of his thought from handwritten notes to the completed manuscript. Most items are full of deleted paragraphs, insertions, and marginal comments. A great majority of his publications after his arrival in the United States in 1932 are represented here. Moreover, some of the works found here were never published: the handwritten notes to lectures, articles and books that were started but never finished, and a major book which Bochner was near completing upon his death. The title given each file follows as closely as possible Bochner's own label for the item or the name of the eventual publication to which it pertained. The entire series is arranged in alphabetical order by title. Among items of the same title, an attempt was made to arrange them according to the chronology of their creation, not publication, in order to reveal the sequence of revisions. When it was possible to ascertain an exact date, it was given in the inventory. A printout of all of the bibliographical citations to Bochner's publications in chronological order is in the control file of the collection and is available to researchers upon request.

Achievements of Bernhard Riemann,1968317Achievements of Riemann,1969318Advanced Analysis,c. 1935319Ages of Mathematics,c. 1975320Ages of Mathematics,c. 1975321Albert Einstein: What He Was and What He Did,1979322-24Almost Automorphy,1975325Almost Periodic Functions,1964326Almost Periodicity for Abstract Differential Equations327Almost Periodicity328Analysis329Analytic Measures on Compact BOHR Groups330Approximation by Spherical Summability331Aristotle's Notion of Place (Topos) in Physics332Aristotle's Physics and Today's Physics333Aristotle's Physics and Today's Physics334Atoms, Continuity335Atoms and Other Particles336Birth of the Modern Scientific Instrument337Boolean Algebra338But What Is Continuity?339Commentary on the Paper of Curtis A. Wilson,1973340Continuity All Around341Continuity and Discontinuity in Nature and Knowledge342-48Continuity vs. Atomism41Continuous Mappings of Almost Automorphic and Almost Periodic Functions,196442Curvature and Beti Numbers in Real and Complex Vector Bundles43Differential Geometry44Differential Geometry in Vector Bundles45Duality Theorems46Earth and Universe47Eclosion and Synthesis,196948-32Einstein and the Twentieth Century433-34Einstein Between Centuries,1979435-38Einstein Between Centuries,197951-4Electromagnetic Spectrum55The Emergence of Analysis (Prolegomena)56The Emergence of Analysis,197757Everything Has A History58Everything Is Continuous59Fade-Out Into the Sunset510Fourier Series Came First,1978511Function of Several Complex Variables,1935512Function Rings and Analytic Measures513General Almost Automorphy,1975514Greatness of the Nineteenth Century515Greek Mathematics516Green Stokes Formula517Harmonic Analysis and Probability,1956518-21Harry Bateman,1972522Hermann Weyl,1975523History of Mathematics as a Part of General History,1970524History of Mathematics as a Part of General History,1970525Horizontalism526How Aristotle Created History of Natural Philosophy,1965527How Aristotle Created History of Natural Philosophy,1965528How History of Science Differs From Other History529-34Humanities535Irrationality vs. Rationality536Infinity,1971537Infinity in Nature and Knowledge538-39Infinity in Nature and Knowledge540-43Intellectual Role of Mathematics Since Renaissance and Scientific Revolution,1977544Intrinsic Analytic Continuation and Envelopes of Holomorphy545Intrinsic Analytic Continuation and Envelopes of Holomorphy546Kaehler Property547Kepler,1978548Kepler, Einstein, Spengler: The Role of Space in Nature and Knowledge (Preface),1980549Kepler, Einstein, Spengler: The Role of Space in Nature and Knowledge (Chapter 1),1980549-53Kepler, Einstein, Spengler: The Role of Space in Nature and Knowledge (Chapter 1),198061Kepler, Einstein, Spengler: Space in Nature, Knowledge, Art (Chapter II),198062-4Kepler, Einstein, Spengler: Space in Nature, Knowledge, Art (Chapter III),198065Knowledge in the Nineteenth Century66Konrad Burdach: Reformation, Renaissance, Humanism (Preface)67Levels of Mathematics in Interaction with Science,197268-13Limitations of Greek Mathematics614Linguistics615Mathematical Background Space in Astronomy and Cosmology,1973616Mathematical Background Space in Astronomy and Cosmology,1973617Mathematical “Firsts' in the Nineteenth Century618A Mathematical Outlook on the Scientific Revolution,1500-1800619A Mathematical Outlook on the Scientific Revolution,1500-1800620Mathematical Reflections,1974621Mathematical Reminiscences and Americana: The Philosophical Conception of Continuity in C. S. Peirce,1973622-23Mathematical Space in Nature and Knowledge,1980624-34Mathematics635Mathematics and Renaissance in Italy,1978636-39Mathematics in Cultural History640Mathematics: Its History as a Part of Cultural History,1970641Mechaniks642Nineteenth Century: An Overview643Notes on Abel's Theorem644Notes on “Weimar Culture, Causality and Quantum Theory, 1918-1927.”645Number Theory Notes646Number Theory Notes647Our Theme648Oswald Spengler, Mathematician,1980649Oswald Spengler, Mathematician,198071-4Oswald Spengler: Mathematician and Philosopher of Doom75-8Partial Ordering79Partial Ordering710Partial Ordering711Partielle Differentialgleiden,1929712Partielle Differentialgleiden,1929713Pessimism714Physics715Plato on Mathematics716Positivity of the Heat Kernel for Ultra Spherical Polynomials,1979717Positivity of the Heat Kernel for Ultra Spherical Polynomials,1979718Lectures on Potential Theory,1934719Lectures on Potential Theory,1934720Principles of Probability,1978721Program in History of Knowledge,1969722Psychology and Pedagogy723Regular Polyhedra724Research Proposal in Linear Differential-Difference Equations,1976725Review of Gustav Herglotz: Gesamnelte Schriften, by Hans Schwerdtfeger,1979726Review of Gustav Herglotz: Gesamnelte Schriften, by Hans Schwerdtfeger,1979727Review of The Rational Mechanics of Flexible or Elastic Bodies, 1638-1788 by C. Truesdell,1960728-30Revolutions in Physics and Crises in Mathematics731-32The Rise of Functions733The Role of Mathematics in the Development of Science734-42The Role of Mathematics in the Development of Science (Revision Inserts)743-45Several Complex Variables746-48The Significance of Some Basic Mathematical Conceptions for Physics749Singularities and Discontinuities,1972750-51Size of the Universe in Greek Thought752-53Space,1971754-55Space and Structure756Symmetry and Asymmetry,1971757Symmetry and Asymmetry,197181Symmetry and Asymmetry,197182Tabelion Theorems and the Prime Number Theorem83Theory of Measure84-6Theory of the Distribution of Primes (Chapter I)87Theory of the Distribution of Primes (Chapter I)88Three Dimensionality in Antiquity89Three Dimensionality and Anti-Substance810Space and Universe in Western Thought811Three Dimensionality812-17Throwbacks to Pythagorism818Transportation, Communication, Illumination819Twentieth Century: Arts820Uniform Convergence of Monotone Sequence of Functions821Vector Fields on Riemannian Spaces With Boundary822Weak Solutions of Linear Partial Differential Equations823What Are Stars Made Of?824Why Mathematics?825Why Mathematics?826Series III: Teaching Materials and Notebooks
Scope and Contents note

This category contains some of the teaching materials Bochner collected during his long career as a teacher at Munich, Princeton, and Rice, and the numerous notebooks he kept throughout his life. The two were grouped together because many of the notebooks contain teaching notes as well as language drills, poetry, a short diary, and more advanced mathematical notations.

This series is comprised of legal and financial documents, personal references, and photographs. The legal and financial documents include wills, publishing and consultant contracts, diplomatic papers, personal bills, high school and university transcripts, military records, receipts, royalty statements, diplomas, certificates, insurance claims, and medical records. Arranged in chronological order from 1914 to 1981, they provide some early biographical data regarding Bochner's education in Poland and Germany, his citizenship, and his military service during World War I. They also give a glimpse of his financial dealings with publishers, particularly Princeton University Press.

The personal references from teachers and employers were written in the form of general statements concerning Bochner's moral and academic characteristics rather than as true letters to specific individuals. For this reason, they were not included in the correspondence category. The four such statements in the collection, all within the period 1915-1924, are from his preparatory school in Berlin, the Konigstadtisch Oberrealschule, his professor at the University of Berlin, Issal Schur, the Cuten and Syman banking firm, where he worked for almost a year, and Josef Wdowinski, for whom Bochner worked as a secretary.

The twenty-seven photographs of the collection consist of mostly unidentified snapshots of Bochner and his colleagues and family in Munich, Princeton, Houston, Los Angeles, and Bombay from c.1928 to c. 1981.

The printed material within the collection is of two types: off-prints and books. The off-prints, collected by Bochner throughout his life and consisting of many articles that are now hard to obtain, were divided between those that were written by Bochner himself and those written by others. The former group was arranged in chronological order and the latter in alphabetical order. Although Bochner's library was large, only books written by him or those in which he made annotations were retained with the collection. They were arranged in alphabetical order by author.