4 Initial plans for GMOsIndustry’s goal was to genetically engineer and patent 100% of all commercial seeds in the worldThe US government’s goal was to increase US exportsO OBJETIVO DA INDUSTRIA ERA MODIFICAR GENETICAMENTE E PATENTEAR 100% DE TODAS AS SEMENTES COMERCIAIS DO MUNDO.O OBJETIVO DO GOVERNO AMERICANO ERA AUMENTAR AS EXPORTACOES AMERICANAS.

18 Gene construct CONSTRUÇÃO GENÉTICApromoterGene for trait (Bt toxin)endPROMOTOR GENE PARA O TRAÇO(TOXINA BT) TÉRMINORegulatory sequence: on/off switch - often CaMV (virus)(SEQUÊNCIA REGULATÓRIA: LIGA/DESLIGA -FREQUENTE/ VIRUS CamV)Coding sequence of a gene - e.g. Bt toxin gene from soil bacterium(SEQUÊNCIA CODIFICADORA DE UM GENE- i.e. GENE DE TOXINA BT DE BACTÉRIA DO SOLO)Here is a diagram representing the transgene that is inserted. Let’ say scientists want to create a corn plant that produces its own pesticide. They can take a BT gene from a bacterium that produces its own pesticide. If you take the pesticide-producing gene from the bacterium put that inside corn by itself it wouldn’t work. Plant DNA is orchestrated to turn genes on and off as they are needed in the cell. But, there is no corn on earth that has ever had this BT gene. It wouldn’t know how to turn it on. So, scientists attach a promoter, usually taken from a virus, which acts as an “on” switch. It turns the gene on 24/7. This BT gene is not under the control of the DNA. It is under the control of this inserted viral promoter. After the gene is the stop signal or terminator, which says, “the gene ends here. Stop reading.”They make millions of copies, put them in a gene gun and blast them into millions of cells, hoping that some of the genes make it into the DNA of some of those cells. When they blast it into the cells, they can’t tell which of the genes make it into the DNA. So, they do the following: They put an antibiotic resistant marker gene between the promoter and gene. This creates a protein that protects the cell by breaking down a specific antibiotic.Regulatory sequence: Termination signal - e.g. from pea(SEQUÊNCIA REGULATÓRIA:SINAL DE TÉRMINO -i.e. DE ERVILHA)Plasmid backbone DNA, superfluous genetic material(DNA DE PLASMÍDEO, MATERIAL GENÉTICO SUPÉRFLUO)

30 4. Increased herbicide 4. HERBICIDA AUMENTADO138 million pounds more in the US in the first 9 yearsHerbicide use is acceleratingAbout 120 million pound increase in last 2 yearsIn 1 year, , the increase was 38%Roundup use increased 93% fromUsage of the more toxic 2,4-D was up 237%4. HERBICIDA AUMENTADO138 MILHÕES DE LIBRAS A MAIS NOS EUA NOS PRIMEIROS ANOSUSO DE HERBICIDA ESTÁ ACELERANDO;AUMENTO DE CERCA DE 120 MILHÕES DE LIBRAS NOS ÚLTIMOS 2 ANOSEM 1 ANO, , O AUMENTO FOI DE 38%USO DE GLIFOSATO(ROUNDUP) AUMENTOU 93% DEUSO DO 2, 4-D MAIS TÓXICO, SUBIU 237% DE

51 Bt in cropsThousands of times more concentrated than the sprayDesigned to be more toxicHas properties of a known egg yolk allergenBT EM PLANTAS- MILHARES DE VEZES MAIS CONCENTRADOS QUE NO SPRAY, DESENHADO PARA SER MAIS TÓXICOTEM PROPRIEDADES DE UM ALÉRGENO MUITO CONHECIDO DA GEMA DO OVO

72 Lost Markets MERCADOS PERDIDOSUS lost all corn sales to EU and US soy sales were reducedCanada lost sales of canola and honey to EUMERCADOS PERDIDOSOS EUA PERDERAM TODAS AS VENDAS DE MILHO PARA A EUROPA E A VENDA DE SOJA DOS EUA FOI REDUZIDAO CANADA PERDEU AS VENDAS DE CANOLA E MEL PARA A EUROPA

78 Canadian National Farmers Union“Closing markets and falling prices threaten to overwhelm any small, short-term economic benefits that GM crops or livestock may offer.”“The claim that GM seeds make our farms more profitable is false.”