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FM 30-101-i
OF THE ARMY FIELD MANUAL

..V

DEPARTMENT

ESPERANTO THE AGGRESSOR LANGUAGE

HEADQUARTERS,

DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY FEBRUARY 1962

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FOREWORD
Esperanto has been adopted as the official language of Aggressor, the Maneuver Enemy. It may be modified by local usage or supplanted by the language of the local area. The primary benefit of using a different language is its contribution to the realistic intelligence play in training exercises. Where personnel are available with a proficiency in a foreign language, intelligence documents may be prepared in that particular language and injected into the exercise. This Esperanto Supplement has been compiled for use where trained linguists are not available. Users may modify these materials as deemed necessary to provide the desired settings for situations to accomplish training objectives.

HEADQUARTERS DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY
WASHINGTON, D.C., 10 February 1964

FM 30-101-1, 28 February 1962, is changed as follows: 1. Purpose and Scope a. This supplement provides * * and appropriate conversions. b. (Added) Users of this manual are encouraged to submit recommended changes or additions and comments on how to improve the manual. Comments should be keyed to the specific page, paragraph, and line of the text in which the change is recommended. Reasons should be provided for each comment to insure understanding and complete evaluation. Comments should be forwarded direct to the U. S. Army Intelligence School, Fort Holabird, Baltimore, Md. 21219.

TAGO 7925B-Feb

By OrdEr of the Secretary of the Army: EARLE G. WHEELER, General, United States Army, Chief of Staff

Official: J. C. LAMB:,RT, Major Generzl, United States Army, The Adjutanf General.

b.SECTION I INTRODUCTION
1. Zamenhof. 2. Its basic rules of grammar are such that it will remain a live language because it can assimilate new words that are constantly being developed in existing world languages. and approximate conversions.
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. L. the use of which will enhance intelligence play and add realism to field exercises. It is therefore consistent with the neutral or international :identification implied by Aggressor.he pseudonym (Dr. This act gave the language the :much needed impetus and it is now published in 39 languages ranging from Afrikaans to Yiddish with the notable exception of Chinese. It is pointed out that Esperanto is not a language that was invented by Aggressor for use of the military forces. Esperanto-one who hopes) under which Dr. L. a table of commonly used phrasres in everyday language and special tables on days and months. numerals. EnglishEsperanto and Esperanto-English vocabularies. During the Third Assembly of the League of Nations in 1922 the Esperanto language was adopted as the International Auxiliary Language. weights and measures. portraying AGGRESSOR. Zamenhof wrote. General a. The newborn language was accepted reluctantly and its growth was slow until early in the 20th century. It is a living and current media of international oral and written communication. with a different language. Esperanto 'was originally developed in 1887 by Dr. Purpose and Sc:ope This supplemer. Esperanto iLnot an artificial or dead language. a Russian physician who was seeking a common denominator for tha different nationalities of the world to use as a means of communicating with each other. Included are an elementary grammar of the Esperanto language. but rather it was adopted by Aggressor because of its international flavor.t provides United States forces. This new language took the name of . c.

casualties or other Aggressor personnel.
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. or in the preparation of documents for use in intelligence training.d. Although Esperanto has been adopted as the official Aggressor language. it is not intended to prohibit the oral or written use of any foreign language or dialect by prisoners of war.

SECTION II GRAMMAR

3. Rules of Gramrriar
a. Alphabet. The Esperanto alphabet consists of twenty-seven (27) letters: a, b, c, c, d, e, f, g, g, h, i, j, j, k, 1, m, n, o, p, r, s, s, t, u, u, v, z. There is no q, w, x, or y. b. Vowels. Esperanto vowels are pure vowel-sounds, unlike the "double" or dipthcngal vowels common in English. They are pronounced as follows.: a-like the a in father e--like the e in obey (without the y sound) i-like the i in machine o-like the o in show (without the w sound) u-like the u in ruler c. All Esperanto consonants are pronounced as in English with the exception of the nine (9) listed below which require special attention. c-like the ts in w its (not like s or k) c-like the ch in chair or lurch g-like the g in gone or big g-like the g in germ or ridge j-like the y in boy or yoke j-like the s in measure or leisure s-like the s in sister or glass (never like z) s-like the s in sugar or the sh in cash v-like the w in wilt or coward d. Esperanto has two consonantal vowels, each indicated by two letters of which the second letter is always a u with a mark over it: u. Pronounciation is as follows: au--like the ow ilL Howard eu-like the ayw :.n wayward e. Accent, Stress and Pronunciation. Every Esperanto letter has one sound onl:y and every letter must be pronounced distinctly. There are no silent letters. Every word is pronounced as it is spelled. In words of more than one syllable, the accent or stress is always placed )n the next to the last syllable: regimento, reh4
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ghee-MEN-toh; garantii, gah-rahn-TEE-ee. There are no irregularities or exceptions to this rule for position of stress-accent. f. The Seventeen (17) Basic Rules of Grammar. (1) There is no indefinite article (a, an). There is a definite article la (the) which is used for all the genders, both cases (nominative and accusative) and both numbers (singular and plural). (2) All nouns end in o. Example: rozo, a rose. There are only two cases: Nominative and accusative (objective). The accusative is formed simply by adding n to the nominative, singular or plural. Example: La knabino havas rozon. The girl has a rose. The plural is formed by adding j. Example: La knabinoj havas rozojn. The girls have roses. (3) All adjectives end in a. Examples: Beleta, pretty; ruga, red. They agree in number and case with the word modi-. fled. The accusative is formed by adding n. Example: La beleta knabino havas rugan rozon. The pretty girl has a red rose. The plural is formed by adding j. Example: La beletaj knabinoj havas rugajn rozojn. The pretty girls have red roses. The comparative degree is expressed by using the word pli before the adjective. The superlative degree is expressed by using plej before the adjective. Example: nova, new; pli nova, newer; ple] nova, newest. (4) The basic numbers which do not change form are: unu (one), du (two), tri (three), kvar (four), kvin (five), ses (six), sep (seven), ok (eight), nau (nine), dek (ten), cent (hundred), mil (thousand). Tens and hundreds are formed by combining the basic numberals. Ordinals are formed by adding a to the cardinals; multiples, by adding obl; fractions, by adding on; and collectives, by adding op. Example: tria, third; triobla, triple; triono, onethird; triope, by threes. (5) The personal pronouns are: mi (I), vi (you), li (he), si (she), gi (it), si (self), ni (we), vi (you), ili (they), oni (one, they, the people (indefinite)). The possessives are formed by adding a. The declension is the same as that of nouns. (6) The verb has one ending only for each of the separate tenses. The ending does not change to indicate first, second or third person, or singular or plural in number. The verb endings are as follows: as, present tense; is,
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(7)

(8) (9) (10) (11)

(12)

(13)

(14)

(15)

past tense; os, future tense; us, conditional mood; u, imperative mood; i, infinitive mood. The active participles end in anta, inta and onta. Example: doni, to give; donanta, (is) giving; doninta, (was) giving; dononta, (will be,) giving. The passive participles end in ata, ita, and otr. Example: donata, (is) given; donita, (was) given; donata, (will be) given. The passive voice and all compound tenses of the active voice are formed by using t:ie only auxiliary verb in the language: esti, to be, plus the participle, ie, present participle estas donanta, is givirg; estis doninta, was giving; estos dononta, will be giving; passive participle; estas donata, is given; estis donita, was given, estos donota, will be given. To conjugate verbs the infinitive ending i is dropped in all instances unless expressed as an infinitive in the statement, il,, Li estas doni. He is to give. The adverb ends in e. Comparison is expressed as for adjectives. Example: brile, brightly; pli brile, more brightly; plej brile, most brightly. All prepositions are followed by the nominative case. Every word is pronounced as it is spelled. The acc:ent or stress is always on the next to the last syllable. Compound words are formed merely by joining together the desired words. Hyphens are not necessary, but they are commonly used in certain numberals and geographical names. The negative word ne (no, not) is omitted from a sentence wvhen another negative word is present. Example: Li hav.s nenion por mi. He has nothing for me. The ending of the accusative case, n, is added to a word in order to express "direction towards." Example: Li iris gardenon. He went toward the garden ("gardenward"). Each preposition has a definite meaning; but if the direct sense does not indicate which preposition should be used, the "general" preposition je is employed. Example: Ili venis j] grandaj nombroj. They came in great numbers. No change is made in "international" words nor in most of the proper names, except to make them conform to Esperanto spelling. Examples: mikrofono, microphone; mikrofona, microphonic; mikrofone, microphonically; LondonD, London.
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(16) The final vowel o of a noun and a of the article may sometimes be dropped and be replaced by an apostrophe. The elision occurs almost solely in poetry. (17) The word cu introduces a question, when no other question word such as kio, what, or kiu, who, is used. To form a question begin the regular statement with cu. Example: Vi parolas Esperante. You speak Esperanto. Cu vi parolas Esperante ? Do you speak Esperanto ? g. Prefixes and Suffixes. These are used in Esperanto to give richness and flexibility to the language. Translators will find that a thorough knowledge of them is extremely valuable. COMMON PREFIXES bo-: relation by marriage; patro, father; bopatro, father-in-law. dis-: separation, dispersal; doni, to give; disdoni, to distribute. ek-: beginning, brief or sudden action; ridi, to laugh, ekridi, to burst out laughing. eks-: former or (the) late; prezidanto, president; eksprezidanto, ex-president. ge-: both sexes together; patro, father; gepatroj, parents. mal-: opposite ideas; amiko, friend; malamiko, enemy. pra-: (1) removed relationship; patro, father; prapatroj, forefathers. (2) remotness in past time; tempo, time, protempa, primeval. re-: again, back; iri, to go; reiri, to go back, go again. -ac: -ad: -aj: COMMON SUFFIXES contempt, disgust; hundo, a dog; hundaco, a cur. continuation of action; pafo, a shot; pafado, firing or shooting. concrete ideas, something made from or having the quality of; nova, new; novajo, news. Heredi, to inherit; heredajo, inheritance. a member, inhabitant, adherent; klubo, club; klubano, clubmember. Parizo, Paris; parizano, Parisian. a collection of things; arbo, a tree; arbaro, a wood or forest. possibility; kredi, to believe; kredebla, credible. abstract ideas; libera, free; libereco, freedom, liberty. enlargement, intensity; domo, a house; domego, a mansion. Warma, warm; warmega, hot. place where an action occurs; pregi, to pray; pregejo, a church. Lerni, to learn; lernejo, a school.
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7. to be absent without leave
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(indefinite article.medical mil ____________military nav ___________naval off____________-official
6. To conjugate verbs. English-Esperanto
English Esperanto
a.SECTION III VOCABULARY. not expressed) forlasi mallongigo ventro kapableco povi surgipe forigi foriga cirkari pri Mirkali frontu super flanko Ce flanko foresto foresti foresta senpermese
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. ENGLISH-ESPERANTO 5. Words Words in this vocabulary are listed alphabetically according to spelling and not necessarily grouped by tense with the basic word. a. Verbs All verbs listed in this vocabulary are in their infinitive form and must be conjugated when used in a statement or phrase. see paragraph 3f(6). are nouns. to abbreviation abdomen ability able. Those words ending in o. adverbs. e. to abolished about (round about) about (concerning) about face above abreast absence absent. adjectives. to be aboard abolish. an abandon. chapter II. 8. Abbreviations The following abbreviations have been employed in this section:
avn _________-_aviation geog ______-____geographical gram__________-grammatical med __________.

Days and Months
Days of the Week Months of the Year
Sunday Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday Saturday
dimanco lundo mardo merkredo latido vendredo sabato
January February March April May June July August September October November December
Januaro Februaro Marto Aprilo Majo Junio Julio Aigusto Septembro Oktobro Novembro Decembro
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.13.