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Overview

“Reinhardt furnishes revealing portraits of Gerald One Feather, Dick Wilson, Russell Means; he offers a telling indictment of Pine Ridge’s economy. He is one of the few historians who understands the distinction D’Arcy McNickle made decades ago between loss and defeat. He and the late Vine Deloria, Jr. would have welcomed this volume because of its thorough research and, above all, its unflinching honesty. Writing in 1970 Deloria called for historians to ‘bring historical consciousness to the whole Indian story.’ Ruling Pine Ridge achieves that goal. It will be required reading for all who care about not only the indigenous past but as well its connection to the problems of the present and the challenges of the 21st century.” —Peter Iverson, author of Diné: A History of the Navajos Incorporating previously overlooked materials, including tribal council records, oral histories, and reservation newspapers, Ruling Pine Ridge explores the political history of South Dakota’s Oglala Lakota reservation during the mid-twentieth century. Akim D. Reinhardt examines the reservation’s transition from the direct colonialism of the pre1934 era to the indirect colonial policies of the controversial Indian Reorganization Act (IRA). Reinhardt then examines the period of 19681973, showing that many of the political players on the reservation had changed, and although the tribal council system was well established by this point, deep dissatisfaction with the IRA government persisted on Pine Ridge. This longstanding unhappiness came to a head in 1973, with the occupation and siege of Wounded Knee. Reinhardt demonstrates that the siege is best understood not as a political stunt of the American Indian Movement (AIM), but as a spontaneous, grassroots protest that was at least forty years in the making.

Meet the Author

Akim D. Reinhardt is an associate professor of History at Towson University in Maryland. His work has also appeared in American Indian Quarterly, the Journal of Colonialism and Colonial History, and La Pensée.

Table of Contents

List of Illustrations xi
List of Tables xiii
Foreword xv
Acknowledgments xxi
A Note on Terminology xxv
A Note on Methodology and Sources xxvii
1934-1946
Introduction: Hopscotching the Past 3
Indirect Colonialism: The Indian Reorganization Act 19
"Any Reasonable Request...": Office of Indian Affairs Political Power During the Early Oglala Sioux Tribal Council Era 42
"Detrimental For The Best Interests Of The Sioux People": The First Ten Years of the Oglala Sioux Tribal Council 77
1970-1973
The Next Wilson: The Transition from Gerald One Feather to Dick Wilson 113
Full Force Gale: Oglala Politics and the American Indian Movement 139
"That Great Symbolic Act": The Siege of Wounded Knee as a Grassroots Political Protest 164
Conclusion: Connecting the Part 189
Preambles of the Constitution of the Oglala Sioux Tribe, 1921 and 1936 217
Members of the Oglala Sioux Tribal Council, 1936 218
Members of the Oglala Sioux Tribal Council, April 1972 219
Presidents of the Oglala Sioux Tribe, 1936-2006 220
Notes 221
Bibliography 259
Index 267

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