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On 22 February [[2018]] the [[General Medical Council]] announced that

On 22 February [[2018]] the [[General Medical Council]] announced that

[[Dame Clare Marx]], Chair of the [[Faculty of Medical Leadership and Management]], was to lead [https://www.gmc-uk.org/news/31514.asp an independent review] to explore how gross negligence manslaughter cases are initiated and investigated in the UK.

[[Dame Clare Marx]], Chair of the [[Faculty of Medical Leadership and Management]], was to lead [https://www.gmc-uk.org/news/31514.asp an independent review] to explore how gross negligence manslaughter cases are initiated and investigated in the UK.

+

+

The Williams review has a very short deadline. It has been reported that it will confine its deliberations to level of knowledge among clinicians about “where and how the line is drawn between gross negligence manslaughter and negligence”; and to “lessons that need to be learned by the GMC and other regulators in how they deal with professionals following a criminal process for gross negligence manslaughter.”

*[https://www.whatdotheyknow.com/request/investigation_report_in_to_death Redacted copy of the University Hospitals of Leicester NHS Trust serious untoward investigation report into Jack Adcock's death] (link is to the WhatDoTheyKnow website; direct link to the document as [https://www.whatdotheyknow.com/request/460255/response/1128108/attach/2/FOI.SUI%20REPORT%20FOI%20Redacted.pdf pdf version] or [https://www.whatdotheyknow.com/request/460255/response/1128108/attach/html/2/FOI.SUI%20REPORT%20FOI%20Redacted.pdf.html html]

*The original conviction judgement should be available for scrutiny, but ganfyd has not yet managed to locate it by searching the [http://www.bailii.org/ British and Irish Legal Information Institute (BAILII) web site].

*The original conviction judgement should be available for scrutiny, but ganfyd has not yet managed to locate it by searching the [http://www.bailii.org/ British and Irish Legal Information Institute (BAILII) web site].

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It is customary that when patients who usually take prescription drugs are admitted to hospital, these have to be ''written up'' - prescribed again - by the hospital doctors. This is particularly important with seriously ill patients: [[The Bawa Garba case|Jack Adcock's]] death appears to have been at least partly attributable to the fact that he, while already in septic shock, was given [[enalapril]] - in accordance with a local hospital policy which allows medicines to be given without their having been prescribed by hospital staff (and, in this case, despite [[The Bawa Garba case|the doctor responsible for his care]] having documented that it should be withheld). It is customary that when patients who usually take prescription drugs are admitted to hospital, these have to be ''written up'' - prescribed again - by the hospital doctors. This is particularly important with seriously ill patients: [[The Bawa Garba case|Jack Adcock's]] death appears to have been at least partly attributable to the fact that he, while already in septic shock, was given [[enalapril]] - in accordance with a local hospital policy which allows medicines to be given without their having been prescribed by hospital staff (and, in this case, despite [[The Bawa Garba case|the doctor responsible for his care]] having documented that it should be withheld).
+===Interface prescribing between primary and secondary care===
+{{:Interface between primary and secondary care}}
===Non-Medical prescribing=== ===Non-Medical prescribing===
Before prescribing became regulated everyone could do it. Even with regulation often nurses working in institutions were up to the 1980s able to order laxatives and simple remedies. This did not apply to independent community practice which drove clarification. The Cumberlege Report from the DHSS in [[1986]] recommended ""''The DHSS should agree a limited list of items and simple agents which may be prescribed by nurses as part of a nursing care programme, and issue guidelines to enable nurses to control drug dosage in well defined circumstances.''". While the enabling primary legislation was the ''Medicinal Products: Prescription by Nurses Act 1992'' other necessary secondary legislation did not get passed until [[1994]]. In [[1996]] the ''Nurse Prescribers’ Formulary for District nurses and Health Visitors'' was created, which since [[2005]] has been known as ''The Nurse Prescribers’ Formulary for Community Practitioners''. In 1997 Dr June Crown was appointed by the government to a ''Review of Prescribing, Supply and Administration of Medicines'' and the second report in [[1999]] of this group recommended extension of prescribing to further healthcare professionals. By 2000 first-level registered nurse or registered midwives after training as EINPs could prescribe from the Nurse Prescribers' Extended Formulary (NPEF) which contained all General Sales List (GSL) and Pharmacy (P) medicines prescribable by GPs, together with almost 180 specified Prescription Only Medicines (POMs), including some opioids. In April [[2003]] it became possible for nurses and pharmacists to train to become supplementary prescribers. Now nurses, pharmacists, physiotherapists, radiographers, podiatrists and optometrists can prescribe in partnership with a doctor (or dentist). Nurse and pharmacist supplementary prescribers are able to prescribe any medicine including controlled drugs and [[Off-label or unlicensed use of medicines|unlicensed medicines]] that are listed in an agreed clinical management plans (CMP). All supplementary prescribers may prescribe for any medical condition, provided they do so under an agreed, patient-specific CMP. Legislation from 31st May 2006 enabled all qualified Extended Independent Nurse Prescribers (now known as Nurse Independent Prescribers[...]

for subclusion
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[[Category:Primary care]] [[Category:Primary care]]
[[Category:Secondary care]] [[Category:Secondary care]]
-[[category: Primary care]]
[[category: General practice]] [[category: General practice]]
- +
A seamless service, with great communication between [[:Category:Primary care|primary]] and [[Secondary care|secondary care]], with each understanding the roles of the other is essential to excellent patient care. A seamless service, with great communication between [[:Category:Primary care|primary]] and [[Secondary care|secondary care]], with each understanding the roles of the other is essential to excellent patient care.
Sadly, particularly in an under-resourced systems, with human human interactions there have been problems. Sadly, particularly in an under-resourced systems, with human human interactions there have been problems.
+
+{{UK|The UK NHS can be used as an example of the problems say in prescribing. The best interests of the patient does not necessarily apply if the system is designed to commission for populations and individuals can not be disciplined effectively either in tertiary, secondary and primary care when they push the boundaries, although some issues do arise from complete ignorance or are caused by those that can not be bothered to ascertain the status of a medication. Other issues arise with the interface between private and NHS care. The assumption that the GP is the coordinator of all healthcare can start to fail when the patient can access secondary or tertiary care treatment more conveniently.
-{{UK|The UK NHS can be used as an example of the problems. The best interests of the patient does not necessarily apply if the system is designed to commission for populations and individuals can not be disciplined effectively either in tertiary, secondary and primary care when they push the boundaries, although some issues do arise from complete ignorance or are caused by those that can not be bothered to ascertain the status of a medication. Other issues arise with the interface between private and NHS care.+One of the issues relates to the perception by [[General Practitioner|GPs]] that they are being asked to do work which they are not contracted and/or trained to do. This can also apply to a secondary provider who is not commissioned to provide treatment for a condition. There can be some conditions such as renal haemodialysis where it might be most logical for all prescribing to be done by the service in weekly contact with the patient
- +
-One of the issues relates to the perception by [[General Practitioner|GPs]] that they are being asked to do work which they are not contracted and/or trained to do. This can also apply to a secondary provider who is not commissioned to provide treatment for a condition.+
-There are other perverse incentives and disincentives both ways. For example a hospital supplied medication attracts VAT while prescriptions taken to a pharmacy are VAT exempt. A tertiary centre may operate under prescribing agreements made with its local commissioners that are quite different to those of a local commissioner. A GP may find it inconvenient to undertake appropriate competency training amongst their other priorities. A GP may assume that a hospital consultant who has referred a patient for a tertiary opinion has more prescribing competency in a rare condition than the GP and both are more convenient for the patient to access. If a GP does not have a prescribing record it increases the chances of unsuspecting interaction between medications. +There are other perverse incentives and disincentives both ways. Proper communication on responsibility takes time. Monitoring often goes with prescri[...]

Well Peter - you beat me there. Were you in the sign off process in your BMA hat ? I was in the formal sign off process on that policy mid January and can assure you that if you think the tensions between primary care and secondary care are bad, just wait until you have primary care in same room as tertiary care. [[User:Mlj|Mlj]] 22:29, 15 March 2018 (UTC)

20 + years experience
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-{{stub}}+[[Category:NHS]]
[[Category:Primary care]] [[Category:Primary care]]
[[Category:Secondary care]] [[Category:Secondary care]]
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A seamless service, with great communication between [[:Category:Primary care|primary]] and [[Secondary care|secondary care]], with each understanding the roles of the other is essential to excellent patient care. A seamless service, with great communication between [[:Category:Primary care|primary]] and [[Secondary care|secondary care]], with each understanding the roles of the other is essential to excellent patient care.
-Sadly, particularly in an under-resourced system, there have been problems.+Sadly, particularly in an under-resourced systems, with human human interactions there have been problems.
-One of these relates to the perception by [[General Practitioner|GPs]] that they are being asked to do work which they are not contracted and/or trained to do.+{{UK|The UK NHS can be used as an example of the problems. The best interests of the patient does not necessarily apply if the system is designed to commission for populations and individuals can not be disciplined effectively either in tertiary, secondary and primary care when they push the boundaries, although some issues do arise from complete ignorance or are caused by those that can not be bothered to ascertain the status of a medication. Other issues arise with the interface between private and NHS care.
+
+One of the issues relates to the perception by [[General Practitioner|GPs]] that they are being asked to do work which they are not contracted and/or trained to do. This can also apply to a secondary provider who is not commissioned to provide treatment for a condition.
+
+There are other perverse incentives and disincentives both ways. For example a hospital supplied medication attracts VAT while prescriptions taken to a pharmacy are VAT exempt. A tertiary centre may operate under prescribing agreements made with its local commissioners that are quite different to those of a local commissioner. A GP may find it inconvenient to undertake appropriate competency training amongst their other priorities. A GP may assume that a hospital consultant who has referred a patient for a tertiary opinion has more prescribing competency in a rare condition than the GP and both are more convenient for the patient to access. If a GP does not have a prescribing record it increases the chances of unsuspecting interaction between medications.
+
+}}
== External links == == External links ==
+{{UK|
*[https://www.bma.org.uk/collective-voice/policy-and-research/nhs-structure-and-delivery/primary-and-secondary-care-interface BMA guidance on the primary and secondary care interface] *[https://www.bma.org.uk/collective-voice/policy-and-research/nhs-structure-and-delivery/primary-and-secondary-care-interface BMA guidance on the primary and secondary care interface]
+*[https://www.gmc-uk.org/guidance/ethical_guidance/14316.asp Good practice in prescribing and managing medicines and devices (2013)]
+}}
+{{England|
*[https://www.england.nhs.uk/gp/gpfv/workload/interface/resources/ NHS England resources re the primary and secondary care interface] *[https://www.england.nhs.uk/gp/gpfv/workload/interface/resources/ NHS England resources re the primary and secondary care interface]
+*[https://www.england.nhs.uk/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/responsibility-prescribing-between-primary-secondary-care-v2.pdf Responsibility for prescribing between primary and secondary/tertiary care]
+}}
[...]

A seamless service, with great communication between [[:Category:Primary care|primary]] and [[Secondary care|secondary care]], with each understanding the roles of the other is essential to excellent patient care.

Sadly, particularly in an under-resourced system, there have been problems.

One of these relates to the perception by [[General Practitioner|GPs]] that they are being asked to do work which they are not contracted and/or trained to do.

09 March 2018 GPs pass vote of no confidence in the GMC:
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On 22 February [[2018]], after an outcry about [[The Bawa Garba case|Dr Hadiza Bawa-Garba's]] being struck off, the [[General Medical Council]] announced that On 22 February [[2018]], after an outcry about [[The Bawa Garba case|Dr Hadiza Bawa-Garba's]] being struck off, the [[General Medical Council]] announced that
[[Dame Clare Marx]], Chair of the [[Faculty of Medical Leadership and Management]], was to lead [https://www.gmc-uk.org/news/31514.asp an independent review] to explore how gross negligence manslaughter cases are initiated and investigated in the UK. [[Dame Clare Marx]], Chair of the [[Faculty of Medical Leadership and Management]], was to lead [https://www.gmc-uk.org/news/31514.asp an independent review] to explore how gross negligence manslaughter cases are initiated and investigated in the UK.
+
+==== 09 March [[2018]] GPs pass vote of no confidence in the GMC ====
+
+On 09 March 2018 the UK [[Local Medical Committee|LMCs]] conference passed a vote of no confidence in the General Medical Council (GMC) in light of the regulator’s actions in the Hadiza Bawa-Garba case.[http://www.bmj.com/content/360/bmj.k1167 Gareth Iacobucci. ''GP leaders pass vote of no confidence in GMC''. BMJ 2018 (12 March) '''360''':k1167 DOI: 10.1136/bmj.k1167 (http://www.bmj.com/content/360/bmj.k1167).]
+
+Zoe Norris, who proposed the motion, said that the GMC’s decision to challenge the tribunal service smacked of ''“an arrogance and a desire to continue to punish a doctor beyond the point of reason.”''
+
+She told the conference, “GPs have lost all confidence in the ability of the GMC to be objective and to genuinely balance patient safety against the reality of being a doctor in the modern NHS.
+
+''“When you—after your 14 hour day, in your eighth month of working [while] a partner down, with another sick, with your [practice] list going up and up—make a mistake, are you confident that the GMC will be fair, objective, and balanced in its investigation of you? GPs have no confidence in the GMC as our regulatory body.”''
+
+Some GPs have reported that they have received advice telling them not to provide written reflections in their appraisals.
+
+Norris said, ''“Until there is absolute clarity over all types of reflection and GPs can be completely assured, then our role as representatives of the profession is to advise GPs to protect themselves, to not make them any more vulnerable than they already are. The statements made so far do not represent adequate safeguards—they do not protect GPs.”''
+
+The motion mandated the GP committee to urgently implement a system whereby GPs can make collective statements of concern regarding unsafe care. It also requested that the House of Commons health select committee review the GMC’s conduct in the Bawa-Garba case.
+
+==== 14 March [[2018]] BMA publishes report ''Working in a system that is under pressure'' ====
+Not directly related to the Bawa-Garba case, this report relates to the pressure that she was under, and considers what can be done, and how doctors can be supported.[https://www.bma.org.uk/collective-voice/influence/key-negotiations/nhs-pressures/working-in-a-system-under-pressure BMA. ''Working in a system that is under pressure'' BMA, 2018(14 March); (https://www.bma.org.uk/collective-voice/influence/key-negotiations/nhs-pressures/working-in-a-system-under-pressure).]
===Crowdfunding to fight this case[...]

Sometimes a complication of [[impostor syndrome]], and named after a character in Orwell's ''Animal Farm''.

+

Sometimes a complication of [[impostor syndrome]], and named after a character in Orwell's ''Animal Farm''. Boxer Syndrome refers to the consequences of an individual's belief that if only they worked harder or were more competent, things would be alright - leading to [[burnout]].

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Doctors have increasingly frequently been prosecuted for the crime of "gross negligence manslaughter". Doctors have increasingly frequently been prosecuted for the crime of "gross negligence manslaughter".
+
+== The law on gross negligence manslaughter ==
+{{England & Wales|''"In England and Wales, when it is proven that a death has occured as a result of a grossly negligent act, or omission, the defendant is guilty of GNM. The leading case law in respect of GNM is known as the Adomako Test[1]. The four stages of the test are the existence of a duty of care to the deceased, a breach of that duty of care, which then causes (or significantly contributes to) the death of the victim, and that the breach was grossly negligent—meaning that the departure from the proper standard of care was so serious it is judged as criminal. … A striking feature of the law in England and Wales is that intent, recklessness, or public interest in the prosecution are not required for a conviction."'' Rob Hendry of the MPS.[http://blogs.bmj.com/bmj/2018/03/13/rob-hendry-gross-negligence-manslaughter-does-not-exist-in-scotland-is-it-time-to-move-english-law-towards-the-scottish-position Hendry R. Gross negligence manslaughter does not exist in Scotland—is it time to move English law towards the Scottish position? thebmjopinion, 2018; Updated 13 Mar 2018; Accessed: 2018 (13 Mar): (http://blogs.bmj.com/bmj/2018/03/13/rob-hendry-gross-negligence-manslaughter-does-not-exist-in-scotland-is-it-time-to-move-english-law-towards-the-scottish-position).]}}
== Reviews of gross negligence manslaughter == == Reviews of gross negligence manslaughter ==
[...]

== Comments from medical defense organisations:
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*[[Royal College of General Practitioners|RCGP]] [http://www.rcgp.org.uk/about-us/news/2018/january/rcgp-supports-academy-response-to-high-court-ruling-on-dr-bawa-garba-case.aspx statement] in support of [[Academy of Medical Royal Colleges]] statement. *[[Royal College of General Practitioners|RCGP]] [http://www.rcgp.org.uk/about-us/news/2018/january/rcgp-supports-academy-response-to-high-court-ruling-on-dr-bawa-garba-case.aspx statement] in support of [[Academy of Medical Royal Colleges]] statement.
*[[Royal College of General Practitioners|RCGP]] [http://www.rcgp.org.uk/about-us/news/2018/march/latest-rcgp-statement-on-bawa-garba-case.aspx statement] following the RCGP Council on 23 February [[2018]]. ''"The implications for general practice, specifically, are significant given that we work independently, largely on our own, seeing the greatest number of patients on a daily basis in the health service. We do this without effective mechanisms to control our increasing workload, and a vital part of our role is to deal with uncertainty and manage risk on behalf of the NHS… We have shared guidance with our trainees on how to reflect in the safest possible way… There was considerable concern at Council over the GMC's approach to Dr Bawa-Garba's case, and the way it was handled, and the College will be raising this with the regulator directly… It would not be right for us to comment on the judicial process and verdicts, but we have welcomed the Government's review into cases of gross negligence manslaughter. We will be responding to this."''[http://www.rcgp.org.uk/about-us/news/2018/march/latest-rcgp-statement-on-bawa-garba-case.aspx Royal College of General Practitioners. ''Latest RCGP statement on Bawa-Garba case.'' London: Royal College of General Practitioners, 2018; Updated 02 March 2018; Accessed: 2018 (02 March).] *[[Royal College of General Practitioners|RCGP]] [http://www.rcgp.org.uk/about-us/news/2018/march/latest-rcgp-statement-on-bawa-garba-case.aspx statement] following the RCGP Council on 23 February [[2018]]. ''"The implications for general practice, specifically, are significant given that we work independently, largely on our own, seeing the greatest number of patients on a daily basis in the health service. We do this without effective mechanisms to control our increasing workload, and a vital part of our role is to deal with uncertainty and manage risk on behalf of the NHS… We have shared guidance with our trainees on how to reflect in the safest possible way… There was considerable concern at Council over the GMC's approach to Dr Bawa-Garba's case, and the way it was handled, and the College will be raising this with the regulator directly… It would not be right for us to comment on the judicial process and verdicts, but we have welcomed the Government's review into cases of gross negligence manslaughter. We will be responding to this."''[http://www.rcgp.org.uk/about-us/news/2018/march/latest-rcgp-statement-on-bawa-garba-case.aspx Royal College of General Practitioners. ''Latest RCGP statement on Bawa-Garba case.'' London: Royal College of General Practitioners, 2018; Updated 02 March 2018; Accessed: 2018 (02 March).]
+
+==== Comments from medical defense organisations ====
+
+The Medical Protection Society has commented, in response to the Bawa-Garba case, that ''"that a "striking feature" of the law in England and Wales is that[...]

{{InterestBox|The term ''"infectious hepatitis"'' was used, historically, to refer to [[hepatitis A]], while what we now know as [[hepatitis B]] used to be called "serum hepatitis". Now, of course, we know that both conditions - along with others such as [[hepatitis C]], [[hepatitis D]], and [[hepatitis E]] - are infectious diseases, so use of this term to mean, specifically, [[hepatitis A]], is obsolete.}}

{{InterestBox|The term ''"infectious hepatitis"'' was used, historically, to refer to [[hepatitis A]], while what we now know as [[hepatitis B]] used to be called "serum hepatitis". Now, of course, we know that both conditions - along with others such as [[hepatitis C]], [[hepatitis D]], and [[hepatitis E]] - are infectious diseases, so use of this term to mean, specifically, [[hepatitis A]], is obsolete.}}

-

Inflammation of [[liver]] [[parenchyma]]. A wide range of infectious organisms and toxins can cause hepatitis. Some of the most important in terms of human disease burden are the viral hepatides, [[hepatitis A]], [[hepatitis B]] and [[hepatitis C]].

+

Inflammation of [[liver]] [[parenchyma]]. A wide range of infectious organisms and toxins can cause hepatitis. Some of the most important in terms of human disease burden are the viral hepatitides, [[hepatitis A]], [[hepatitis B]] and [[hepatitis C]].

==Acute hepatitis==

==Acute hepatitis==

While overwhelmingly infective or drug induced in cause the full differential diagnosis is essentially that of all hepatitis.

While overwhelmingly infective or drug induced in cause the full differential diagnosis is essentially that of all hepatitis.

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*Be sure of the facts before whistleblowing. *Be sure of the facts before whistleblowing.
*Do not confuse isolated facts with systematic issues.}} *Do not confuse isolated facts with systematic issues.}}
-Whistleblowing can backfire [http://observer.guardian.co.uk/uk_news/story/0,,1833409,00.html Jo Revill. ''Scandal of 100,000 dumped x-ray scans''. The Observer. Sunday July 30, 2006. Online - visited 31/7/06][http://www.doctors.net.uk/Forum/viewPost.aspx?forum_id=180&post_id=1757596 DNUK forum ''Sacking of Dr Otto Chan''] - available to [[Doctors net uk|DNUK]] members only and can also with some considerable potential for stress, promote medical careers[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?itool=abstractplus&db=pubmed&cmd=Retrieve&dopt=abstractplus&list_uids=16052016 Barrett A. Voting set to begin at GMC following retirement of Wendy Savage. BMJ (Clinical research ed.). 2005 Jul 30; 331(7511):256.]([http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.331.7511.256 Link to article] – subscription may be required.). The UK laws to protect whistleblowers are inadequate, with the [http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1998/23/contents Public Interest Disclosure Act 1988] failing to meet international standards.[https://sharmilachowdhury.com/2016/08/14/uk-law-fails-to-protect-whistleblowers/ Drew D. UK law fails to protect whistleblowers. ''NHS Whistleblower (blog)'' 2016; Updated August; Accessed: 2016 (12 October).] +
+Doctors are often well-placed to be aware of poor practice, and to report this through their usual management train so that improvements can be made. If changes are not made, however, doctors may feel they have a duty to their patients and or to the tax-payer to escalate their concerns outwith their usual management chain. This is what is usually referred to as whistleblowing.
+
+Whistleblowing can backfire.[http://observer.guardian.co.uk/uk_news/story/0,,1833409,00.html Jo Revill. ''Scandal of 100,000 dumped x-ray scans''. The Observer. Sunday July 30, 2006. Online - visited 31/7/06][http://www.doctors.net.uk/Forum/viewPost.aspx?forum_id=180&post_id=1757596 DNUK forum ''Sacking of Dr Otto Chan''] - available to [[Doctors net uk|DNUK]] members only Managers may be defensive, and seek to discredit the whistleblower rather than make the changes they should have made earlier (which they may view as admission of fault); or they may claim that the whistleblower is seeking to discredit the organisation. This means that whistleblowing has considerable potential to cause stress, and to harm doctors' careers[http://www.bmj.com/content/331/7511/256.1.long Barrett A. Voting set to begin at GMC following retirement of Wendy Savage. BMJ (Clinical research ed.). 2005 Jul 30; 331(7511):256.]([http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.331.7511.256 Link to article] – subscription may be required.). The problem is not unique to medicine or the health service[http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-merseyside-43350287 Shaw D. Liverpool Prison workers fired for raising safety fears. BBC News website, 2018; Updated 12 Mar 2018; Accessed: 2018 (12 Mar): (http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-merseyside-43350287).] (or, indeed, to t[...]

Key documents:
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*The original conviction judgement should be available for scrutiny, but ganfyd has not yet managed to locate it by searching the [http://www.bailii.org/ British and Irish Legal Information Institute (BAILII) web site]. *The original conviction judgement should be available for scrutiny, but ganfyd has not yet managed to locate it by searching the [http://www.bailii.org/ British and Irish Legal Information Institute (BAILII) web site].
-*[http://www.bailii.org/cgi-bin/format.cgi?doc=/ew/cases/EWCA/Crim/2016/1841.html&query=Bawa+garba The judgement refusing permission to appeal the original conviction]+
+*[http://www.bailii.org/ew/cases/EWCA/Crim/2016/1841.html The judgement refusing permission to appeal the original conviction][http://www.bailii.org/ew/cases/EWCA/Crim/2016/1841.html Leveson B. R v Hadiza Bawa-Garba. London: England and Wales High Court (Administrative Court), 2016(08 Dec); (www.bailii.org/ew/cases/EWCA/Crim/2016/1841.html).]
+
*[https://www.mpts-uk.org/static/documents/content/Dr_Hadiza_BAWA-GARBA_13_June_2017.pdf Determination] of the [[General Medical Council#Medical Practitioners Tribunal Service|MPTS]] *[https://www.mpts-uk.org/static/documents/content/Dr_Hadiza_BAWA-GARBA_13_June_2017.pdf Determination] of the [[General Medical Council#Medical Practitioners Tribunal Service|MPTS]]
-*[http://www.bailii.org/ew/cases/EWHC/Admin/2018/76.html the 25 January 2018 appeal court judgement]+
+*[http://www.bailii.org/ew/cases/EWHC/Admin/2018/76.html the 25 January 2018 appeal court judgement][http://www.bailii.org/ew/cases/EWHC/Admin/2018/76.html Gross P, Ouseley D. General Medical Council v Dr Bawa-Garba. London: England and Wales High Court (Administrative Court), 2018(25 Jan); (www.bailii.org/ew/cases/EWHC/Admin/2018/76.html).]
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*[http://www.smh.com.au/national/australian-doctors-disturbed-by-manslaughter-conviction-against-dr-hadiza-bawagarba-20180201-h0rrat.html Australian doctors 'disturbed' by manslaughter conviction against Dr Hadiza Bawa-Gaba in Sydney Herald.][http://www.smh.com.au/national/australian-doctors-disturbed-by-manslaughter-conviction-against-dr-hadiza-bawagarba-20180201-h0rrat.html Esther Han. ''Australian doctors 'disturbed' by manslaughter conviction against Dr Hadiza Bawa-Gaba'' Sydney Herald 2018 (01 Feb).] *[http://www.smh.com.au/national/australian-doctors-disturbed-by-manslaughter-conviction-against-dr-hadiza-bawagarba-20180201-h0rrat.html Australian doctors 'disturbed' by manslaughter conviction against Dr Hadiza Bawa-Gaba in Sydney Herald.][http://www.smh.com.au/national/australian-doctors-disturbed-by-manslaughter-conviction-against-dr-hadiza-bawagarba-20180201-h0rrat.html Esther Han. ''Australian doctors 'disturbed' by manslaughter conviction against Dr Hadiza Bawa-Gaba'' Sydney Herald 2018 (01 Feb).]
+
+*[https://www.doctorportal.com.au/mjainsight/2018/9/bawa-garba-case-setback-for-all-young-doctors/ ''"Could it happen here?"''] asks Charlie Corke in the MJA. ''"I fervently hope not, and think not, but that is not the point. The fact that it has occurred somewhere makes it a reality in the mind of junior doctors everywhere… These events will reinforce those feelings of vulnerability that are the cause of so much an[...]