On his first day (Jan. 30, 1933) as chancellor of Germany, Adolf Hitler convinced German President Paul von Hindenburg that the Reichstag (parliament) must be dissolved. New elections were scheduled for March 5; meanwhile, Hitler continued meetings with industrialists and military leaders to discuss plans to rebuild Germany’s military might. Krupp AG and IG Farben, in particular, donated millions of marks to the Nazi Party for the new elections.

On the night of Feb. 27, 1933 the Reichstag building was set on fire. At the urging of Hitler, Hindenburg responded the next day by issuing an emergency decree “for the Protection of the people and the State,” which stated: “Restrictions on personal liberty, on the right of free expression of opinion, including freedom of the press; on the rights of assembly and association; and violations of the privacy of postal, telegraphic and telephonic communications and warrants for house searches, orders for confiscations as well as restrictions on property, are also permissible beyond the legal limits otherwise prescribed.”

The Nazi’s immediately used the decree to intensify their attacks on their political opponents, especially the communists. Although the Nazi Party failed to win a majority in the March 5 elections, Hitler was able to push through the Enabling Act (officially, “Law for Removing the Distress of the People and the Reich”) on March 23. With 441 votes for and 84 against (the Social Democrats) the act officially recognized Hitler as Germany’s dictator and abolished democracy.

After 74 years, the question of who actually started the Reichstag fire is still debated. Nevertheless, most historians believe that Nazis were involved either directly or through instigation—what would now be called a false flag operation—in order to blame the communists and garner public support for their programs. And it didn’t take them long to start finding scapegoats. Along with rounding up communists, leftist intellectuals, and labor leaders, on April 1 the Nazis began the boycott of Jewish businesses and the official persecution of Jews.

Benjamin Franklin had it right. A slightly modified version of a statement from his letter to the governor of Pennsylvania adorns the stairwell of the Statue of Liberty: “They that can give up essential liberty to obtain a little safety deserve neither liberty nor safety.”