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Local Knowledge Is Valuable What is the best way to get from A to B? Optimize time, cost, convenience Where can I find good food at a good price? Optimize quality, price, schedule constraints Are there high-value deals (bargains) available for consumer products you may want? ER 2011 2

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Multilingual Ontology Multilingual ontology localized to N contexts Language-agnostic ontology ( A ) N localizations, each L i having: Context label Extraction ontology ( O i ) Set of mappings from L i to A Set of mappings from A to L i A L1L1 L2L2 L3L3 L5L5 LnLn ER 2011 10

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Ontology Construction Strategy Start with extraction ontology in one language Language-agnostic ontology is one-to-one with first language For each localization: Adjust central language-agnostic ontology as needed to accommodate concepts in the new localization Each concept in localization must map to a single concept in the central ontology (injective from L i to A ) Not all concepts in central ontology need map to each localization (surjective from A to L i ) ER 2011 14