In 1938, Cannon was released as Presiding Bishop and was succeeded by LeGrand Richards, at the same time, Cannon was ordained an apostle and made an "associate" of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles, a unique position that had never been filled before. When Quorum member Melvin J. Ballard died the next year, Cannon became a full member of the Quorum; he served in this position until his death.

^When Cannon was ordained an apostle, there were already twelve members of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles. Cannon did not join the Quorum of the Twelve until after the death of Melvin J. Ballard on July 30, 1939.

^"General Authorities of the Church". One Hundred Eighth Annual Conference of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. April 6, 1938. p. 95. Sylvester Q. Cannon to be ordained an apostle of the Lord Jesus Christ, and to be set apart as an associate of the Council of the Twelve Apostles.

^"General Authorities of the Church". One Hundred Ninth Semi-Annual Conference of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. October 7, 1938. p. 16. Sylvester Q. Cannon, associate to the Council of the Twelve.

^"General Authorities of the Church". One Hundred Ninth Annual Conference of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. April 6, 1939. p. 10. Sylvester Q. Cannon, associate to the Council of the Twelve.

^"Preface". One Hundred Tenth Semi-Annual Conference of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. October 6, 1939. p. 1. Melven J. Ballard passed away July 30, 1939. [...] Sylvester Q. Cannon was sustained at this Conference as a member of the Council of the Twelve Apostles.

1.
Quorum of the Twelve Apostles (LDS Church)
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In The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles is one of the governing bodies in the church hierarchy. Members of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles are apostles, with the calling to be prophets, seers, and revelators, evangelical ambassadors, the jurisdiction of the Twelve was originally limited to areas of the world outside of Zion or its stakes. The Quorum of the Twelve Apostles claims a leadership role second only to that of the First Presidency, at the time of the death of Joseph Smith, the President of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles was Brigham Young. Young emphasized what he said was Smiths authorization that the Quorum of the Twelve should be the governing body of the church after Smiths death. Church policy decisions are made unanimously, with consultation among the First Presidency, the Quorum of the Twelve, and where appropriate, effort is made to ensure that the organizations are united in purpose and policy. Each member of the quorum is accepted by the church as an apostle, as well as a prophet, seer, thus, each apostle is considered to hold the rights to use all powers granted by God to the church. Individually and collectively, the Twelve Apostles hold the keys and have conferred the authority to exercise all of the keys upon the President of the Church. Thus, as outlined in the Doctrine and Covenants, only the President of the Church is entitled to revelation or dictate policy for the entire church. A major role of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles is to appoint a successor when the President of the Church dies, shortly after this occurs, the apostles meet in a room of the Salt Lake Temple to appoint a successor. Invariably the successor has been the most senior member of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles, the apostles lay their hands on his head and ordain him and set him apart as President of the Church. The president then chooses two counselors in the First Presidency, who are high priests, the second most senior surviving apostle becomes the President of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles. This has invariably been the most senior member of the quorum who is not a member of the First Presidency, the final decision rests with the President of the Church, but is formally voted on by the Twelve and the counselors in the First Presidency. The chosen man is generally ordained an apostle by the President of the Church, depending on circumstances, this may occur before or after a sustaining vote is held at a church general conference. Any Melchizedek priesthood holder is eligible to be called as an apostle, generally, new apostles have considerable experience in church government and have served faithfully as bishops, stake presidents, mission presidents, or seventies. Some apostles receive assignments to become members of boards of church-owned for-profit corporations, the calling of an apostle is typically a lifetime calling. Pages, Quorum of the Twelve Apostles — biographical sketches of all past and present members of the Quorum

2.
The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints
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The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints is a Christian restorationist church that is considered by its members to be the restoration of the original church founded by Jesus Christ. The church is headquartered in Salt Lake City, Utah, and has established congregations, according to the church, it has over 70,000 missionaries and a membership of over 15 million. It is ranked by the National Council of Churches as the fourth-largest Christian denomination in the United States and it is the largest denomination in the Latter Day Saint movement founded by Joseph Smith during the period of religious revival known as the Second Great Awakening. Adherents, often referred to as Latter-day Saints, or, less formally, Mormons, view faith in Jesus Christ and his atonement as fundamental principles of their religion. The church has a canon which includes four scriptural texts, the Bible, the Book of Mormon, the Doctrine and Covenants. The current president is Thomas S. Monson, individual members of the church believe that they can also receive personal revelation from God in conducting their lives. The president heads a hierarchical structure with various levels reaching down to local congregations, Bishops, drawn from the laity, lead local congregations. Male members, after reaching age 12, may be ordained to the priesthood, Women do not hold positions within the priesthood, but do occupy leadership roles in some church auxiliary organizations. Both men and women may serve as missionaries, and the church maintains a large missionary program which proselytizes, faithful members adhere to church laws of sexual purity, health, fasting, and Sabbath observance, and contribute ten percent of their income to the church in tithing. The LDS Church was formally organized by Joseph Smith on April 6,1830, Smith intended to establish the New Jerusalem in North America, called Zion. In 1831, the moved to Kirtland, Ohio, and began establishing an outpost in Jackson County, Missouri. However, in 1833, Missouri settlers brutally expelled the Latter Day Saints from Jackson County, the Kirtland era ended in 1838, after a financial scandal rocked the church and caused widespread defections. Smith regrouped with the church in Far West, Missouri. Believing the Saints to be in insurrection, the Missouri governor ordered that the Saints be exterminated or driven from the State, in 1839, the Saints converted a swampland on the banks of the Mississippi River into Nauvoo, Illinois, which became the churchs new headquarters. Nauvoo grew rapidly as missionaries sent to Europe and elsewhere gained new converts who then flooded into Nauvoo, meanwhile, Smith introduced polygamy to his closest associates. He also established ceremonies, which he stated the Lord had revealed to him, to allow people to become gods in the afterlife. He also introduced the church to an accounting of his First Vision. This vision would come to be regarded by the LDS Church as the most important event in history since the resurrection of Jesus

3.
Apostle (Latter Day Saints)
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‹See Tfd› In the Latter Day Saint movement, an apostle is a special witness of the name of Jesus Christ who is sent to teach the principles of salvation to others. In many Latter Day Saint churches, an apostle is an office of high authority within the church hierarchy. In many churches, apostles may be members of the Quorum of the Twelve, in most Latter Day Saint churches, modern-day apostles are considered to have the same status and authority as the Biblical apostles. In the Latter Day Saint tradition, apostles and prophets are believed to be the foundation of the church, joseph Smith and Oliver Cowdery were both designated apostles by 1830. Other church members with proselytizing responsibilities were also referred to as apostles, a June 1829 revelation appointed Cowdery and David Whitmer to designate twelve disciples. Subsequently, the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles was organized February 14,1835, in the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, apostle is the highest priesthood office of the Melchizedek priesthood. The President of the Church is always an apostle, as are the members of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles, in practice, counselors in the First Presidency are almost always apostles as well. There are usually at least twelve apostles in the LDS Church, some apostles have been ordained to that office without being included within the Quorum of the Twelve. Joseph Angell Young was ordained an apostle in 1864 but was never a member of either the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles or the First Presidency, joseph F. Smith, Brigham Young, Jr. and Sylvester Q. Cannon had each been ordained as apostles before eventually being called into the Quorum of the Twelve, the next most senior apostle becomes president of the Quorum of the Twelve. Following their calling to the apostleship, members of the Quorum are sustained in general conference as apostles and prophets, seers and this procedure also takes place at other meetings of church members such as ward and stake conferences. Each member of the First Presidency and Quorum of the Twelve is sustained by name, usually, the president of the church ordains a new apostle, although any other apostle may ordain a person to the priesthood office. The calling of an apostle is to be a witness of the name of Jesus Christ in all the world, particularly of his divinity. Twelve men with this high calling constitute an administrative council in the work of the ministry, when a vacancy occurred with the death of Judas Iscariot, Matthias was divinely appointed to that special office as a member of the council. Today twelve men with this same divine calling and ordination constitute the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles in The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. The title was applied to others who, though not of the number of the original twelve. Paul repeatedly spoke of himself as an apostle and he applied the titles to James, the Lords brother, and also to Barnabas. Jesus is referred to as an apostle in Heb,3, 1-2, a designation meaning that he is the personal and select representative of the Father

4.
Spencer W. Kimball
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Spencer Woolley Kimball was an American business, civic, and religious leader, and was the twelfth president of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. The grandson of early Latter Day Saint apostle Heber C, Kimball and his wife, Kimball was born in Salt Lake City, Utah Territory. He spent most of his life in Thatcher, Arizona. He served an LDS mission from 1914 to 1916, then worked for banks in Arizonas Gila Valley as a clerk. Kimball later co-founded a business selling bonds and insurance which, after weathering the Great Depression, Kimball served as a stake president in his hometown from 1938 until 1943, when he was called to serve as a member of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles. Like most LDS Church apostles, Kimball traveled extensively to fulfill a variety of administrative. He initiated the Indian Placement Program, which helped many Native American students gain educations in the 1960s and 1970s while staying with LDS foster families, in late 1973, following the sudden death of church president Harold B. Lee, Kimball became the president of the LDS Church. Kimballs presidency was noted for the 1978 announcement ending the restriction on church members of black African descent being ordained to the priesthood or receiving temple ordinances, Kimballs presidency saw large growth in the LDS Church, both in terms of membership and the number of temples. Kimball was the first church president to state that the church expected all able-bodied male members to serve missions in young adulthood. Kimball, was one of the original Latter Day Saint apostles called when Joseph Smith first organized the Quorum of the Twelve in February 1835 and he later served as first counselor to Brigham Young in the churchs First Presidency from 1847 until his death in 1868. Kimballs maternal grandfather, Edwin D. Woolley, was a prominent LDS bishop in Salt Lake City for many years, through his aunt, Helen Mar Kimball, who was one of several plural wives of Joseph Smith, Spencer Kimball was a nephew of Smith. Spencer Woolley Kimball was born on March 28,1895, in Salt Lake City, Utah Territory, to Andrew Kimball and Olive Woolley, sister of Mormon pioneer and eventual Mormon fundamentalist John W. Woolley. In 1898, when Kimball was three years old, his father was called as president of the St. Joseph Arizona Stake, during his childhood, Kimball had a number of medical problems, including typhoid fever and facial paralysis. Four of his sisters died in childhood, and his mother died when he was eleven, though standing only 5 ft 6 in as an adult, Kimball was an avid basketball player, and was the star and leading scorer on most of his school and recreational teams. During summer holidays, he worked at a dairy in Globe, Arizona, milking cows, cleaning stalls. Kimball graduated from school in May 1914, and one week later was called to serve as a missionary in the Swiss–German Mission. Less than two months later, his call was halted by the assassination of Archduke Ferdinand and the subsequent outbreak of World War I

5.
Ezra Taft Benson
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Born on a farm in Whitney, Idaho, Benson was the oldest of eleven children. He was the great-grandson of Ezra T. Benson, who was appointed by Brigham Young a member of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles in 1846, Benson began his academic career at Utah State Agricultural College, where he first met his future wife, Flora Smith Amussen. Benson alternated quarters at USAC and work on the family farm, Benson served an LDS Church mission in Britain from 1921 to 1923. On his mission, he served as president of the Newcastle Conference, after his mission, Benson studied at Brigham Young University and finished his bachelors degree there in 1926. That year he married Flora Smith Amussen, shortly after her return from a mission in Hawaii and they became the parents of six children. Benson received his masters degree from Iowa State University, several years later, he did preliminary work on a doctorate at the University of California at Berkeley, but never completed it. Just after receiving his masters degree, Benson returned to Whitney to run the family farm and he later became the county agriculture extension agent for Oneida County, Idaho. He later was promoted to the supervisor of all county agents, while in Boise, Benson also worked in the central state extension office connected with the University of Idaho Extension Service. He also founded a farmers cooperative, Benson was superintendent of the Boise Stake Young Mens Mutual Improvement Association and later a counselor in the stake presidency. In 1939, he became president of the Boise Idaho Stake, later that year, he moved to Washington, D. C. to become Executive Secretary of the National Council of Farmer Cooperatives, and became the first president of a new church stake in Washington. In August 1989, Benson received the Presidential Citizens Medal from President George H. W. Bush, in 1943, Benson went to Salt Lake City to ask church leaders for advice on whether to accept a new job. They unexpectedly told him that he would join them, on October 7,1943, both Benson and Spencer W. Kimball became members of the churchs Quorum of the Twelve Apostles, filling two vacancies created by the deaths of apostles that summer. Because Kimball was ordained first, he was given seniority over Benson in the Quorum, upon Kimballs death in 1985, Benson became the president of the church in his place. Bensons interest in politics could be seen in the subjects he chose for his biannual addresses at General Conference, in 1967, for example, he asked David O. McKay for permission to speak on how the Communists are using the Negros to. Foment trouble in the United States, while McKay allowed Benson to speak on this subject, other church apostles were opposed to Bensons positions. When Joseph Fielding Smith became church president, Benson was no longer given permission to promote his political opinions, Bensons teachings as an apostle were the 2015 course of study in the LDS Churchs Sunday Relief Society and Melchizedek priesthood classes. In 1948, Republican presidential nominee Thomas E. Dewey approached Benson before the election that year becoming the United States Secretary of Agriculture. Benson accepted with the permission and encouragement of church president David O. McKay, Benson therefore served simultaneously in the United States Cabinet and in the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles

6.
Rudger Clawson
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Rudger Judd Clawson was a member of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints from 1898 until his death in 1943. He also served as President of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles from 1921 until his death, Clawson was born in Salt Lake City, Utah Territory, to Hiram Bradley Clawson and Margaret Judd of Canada. While serving his mission in Georgia, he faced many challenges, on July 21,1879, Clawson and his missionary companion were standing at Varnell Station, Georgia, when they were surrounded by an angry mob of anti-Mormons. One of the shot and killed his companion, Joseph Standing. One of the mobbers then turned and pointed to Clawson, and said, Clawson coolly faced the mob and folded his arms. The mob soon dispersed in the face of Clawsons defiance and willingness to face the mob and he brought the body of his deceased missionary companion back to Salt Lake City, where a public funeral was held in the Tabernacle. Clawson became somewhat of a celebrity for his bravery that day, august 1882 was a difficult time for Clawson, as he became the first practicing polygamist to be convicted and serve a sentence after the passage of the Edmunds Act. During the trial, one of his wives refused to testify against him and she was put in prison for contempt of court. Judge Charles S. Zane sentenced Clawson to the maximum possible penalty—he was punished with 3 1⁄2 years in prison and his appeal was heard and rejected by the Supreme Court of the United States in Clawson v. United States. Clawson was pardoned in 1887 by President Grover Cleveland mere months before his sentence was to expire, Clawson was ordained an apostle and member of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles on October 10,1898. He was asked to serve as counselor in the First Presidency under church president Lorenzo Snow on October 6,1901. In 1904, the town of Kingsville, Emery County, Utah, was renamed Clawson in his honor after he visited the town to organize a ward and that same year, Clawson married Pearl Udall. In 1921, Clawson became the President of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles and he served in this position for 22 years, the second-longest tenure for this position in the history of the LDS Church. Clawson died from pneumonia at the age of 86 in Salt Lake City and he had served in the quorum for a total of 45 years. He was buried at Salt Lake City Cemetery, the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in Georgia Clawson, Rudger. A Ministry of Meetings, The Apostolic Diaries of Rudger Clawson, larson, Stan, ed. Prisoner for Polygamy, The Memoirs and Letters of Rudger Clawson at the Utah Territorial Penitentiary, 1884-87. The Making of a Mormon Apostle, A Story of Rudger Clawson, the Martyrdom of Joseph Standing, or, The Murder of a Mormon Missionary, a True Story. Salt Lake City, The Deseret News Company, grampa Bills GA Pages, Rudger Clawson

7.
Presiding Bishop (LDS Church)
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The Presiding Bishop of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints is a priesthood calling with church-wide authority. The Presiding Bishop is the highest leadership position within the churchs Aaronic priesthood, upon the Presiding Bishops recommendation, the First Presidency calls two other men to assist the Presiding Bishop as his counselors, together these three compose the churchs Presiding Bishopric. As well as being ordained to the Aaronic priesthood office of bishop, like all other functioning bishops in the church they are ordained high priests in the Melchizedek priesthood. The primary duties of the Presiding Bishopric are to oversee the affairs of the church. The Presiding Bishopric is also responsible for overseeing the churchs Aaronic priesthood, the office of Presiding Bishop shares its origin with that of bishop. Edward Partridge was the first man ordained to the office of bishop in the early Church of Christ on February 4,1831. This office became known as the First Bishop and later the Presiding Bishop to distinguish the calling from subordinate bishops who began to be called in the Nauvoo period. The first person to be referred to as the Presiding Bishop of the church was Newel K. Whitney, since beginning his term of service in 2015, the churchs current Presiding Bishop is Gérald Caussé. According to Orson Pratt and John Taylor, Vinson Knight was made the Presiding Bishop, with Samuel H. Smith and Shadrach Roundy as assistants, in January 19,1841. However, the LDS Church does not include Vinson Knight in its list of presiding bishops but considers Knight the third general bishop of the Church

8.
Salt Lake City
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Salt Lake City, often shortened to Salt Lake or SLC, is the capital and the most populous municipality of the U. S. state of Utah. With an estimated population of 190,884 in 2014, the city lies at the core of the Salt Lake City metropolitan area, Salt Lake City is further situated within a larger metropolis known as the Salt Lake City-Ogden-Provo Combined Statistical Area. This region is a corridor of contiguous urban and suburban development stretched along an approximately 120-mile segment of the Wasatch Front and it is one of only two major urban areas in the Great Basin. The city was founded in 1847 by Brigham Young, Isaac Morley, George Washington Bradley and numerous other Mormon followers, who extensively irrigated and cultivated the arid valley. Due to its proximity to the Great Salt Lake, the city was originally named Great Salt Lake City—the word great was dropped from the name in 1868 by the 17th Utah Territorial Legislature. Today, however, less than half the population of Salt Lake City proper are members of the LDS Church. It was traversed by the Lincoln Highway, the first transcontinental highway, in 1913, Salt Lake City has since developed a strong outdoor recreation tourist industry based primarily on skiing, and hosted the 2002 Winter Olympics. It is the banking center of the United States. Before Mormon settlement, the Shoshone, Ute, and Paiute had dwelt in the Salt Lake Valley for thousands of years. The land was treated by the United States as public domain, the first U. S. explorer in the Salt Lake area is believed to be Jim Bridger in 1825, although others had been in Utah earlier, some as far north as the nearby Utah Valley. Frémont surveyed the Great Salt Lake and the Salt Lake Valley in 1843 and 1845, the Donner Party, a group of ill-fated pioneers, had traveled through the Great Salt Lake Valley in August 1846. The first permanent settlements in the date to the arrival of the Latter-day Saints on July 24,1847. Upon arrival at the Salt Lake Valley, president of the church Brigham Young is recorded as stating, This is the right place, Brigham Young claimed to have seen the area in a vision prior to the wagon trains arrival. They found the broad valley empty of any human settlement, four days after arriving in the Salt Lake Valley, Brigham Young designated the building site for the Salt Lake Temple, which would eventually become a famous Mormon and Salt Lake City landmark. The Salt Lake Temple, constructed on the block that would later be called Temple Square, construction started in 1853, and the temple was dedicated on 6 April 1893. The temple has become an icon for the city and serves as its centerpiece, in fact, the southeast corner of Temple Square is the initial point of reference for the Salt Lake Meridian, and for all addresses in the Salt Lake Valley. The Mormon pioneers organized a new state called Deseret and petitioned for its recognition in 1849, the United States Congress rebuffed the settlers in 1850 and established the Utah Territory, vastly reducing its size, and designated Fillmore as its capital city. Great Salt Lake City replaced Fillmore as the capital in 1858

9.
Utah Territory
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The creation of the territory was part of the Compromise of 1850 that sought to preserve the balance of power between slave and free states. The creation of the Utah Territory was partially the result of the petition sent by the Mormon pioneers who had settled in the valley of the Great Salt Lake starting in 1847. S. The Mormon settlers had drafted a constitution in 1849 and Deseret had become the de facto government in the Great Basin by the time of the creation of the Utah Territory. Following the organization of the territory, Young was inaugurated as its first governor on February 3,1851, in the first session of the territorial legislature in September, the legislature adopted all the laws and ordinances previously enacted by the General Assembly of the State of Deseret. In 1861, partly as a result of this, the Nevada Territory was created out of the part of the territory. Non-Mormons also entered the easternmost part of the territory during the Pikes Peak Gold Rush, in 1861 a large portion of the eastern area of the territory was reorganized as part of the newly created Colorado Territory. Territories that encompassed land that would become part of the Territory of Utah, Mexican Cession,1848 State of Deseret

10.
Utah
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Utah is a state in the western United States. It became the 45th state admitted to the U. S. on January 4,1896, Utah is the 13th-largest by area, 31st-most-populous, and 10th-least-densely populated of the 50 United States. Utah has a population of more than 3 million, approximately 80% of whom live along the Wasatch Front, Utah is bordered by Colorado to the east, Wyoming to the northeast, Idaho to the north, Arizona to the south, and Nevada to the west. It also touches a corner of New Mexico in the southeast, approximately 62% of Utahns are reported to be members of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints or LDS, which greatly influences Utahn culture and daily life. The LDS Churchs world headquarters is located in Salt Lake City, Utah is the only state with a majority population belonging to a single church. The state is a center of transportation, education, information technology and research, government services, mining, in 2013, the U. S. Census Bureau estimated that Utah had the second fastest-growing population of any state. St. George was the metropolitan area in the United States from 2000 to 2005. Utah also has the 14th highest median income and the least income inequality of any U. S. state. A2012 Gallup national survey found Utah overall to be the best state to live in based on 13 forward-looking measurements including various economic, lifestyle, the name Utah is derived from the name of the Ute tribe. It means people of the mountains in the Ute language, according to other sources Utah is derived from the Apache name Yudah which means Tall. These Native American tribes are subgroups of the Ute-Aztec Native American ethnicity and were sedentary, the Ancestral Pueblo people built their homes through excavations in mountains, and the Fremont people built houses of straw before disappearing from the region around the 15th century. Another group of Native Americans, the Navajo, settled in the region around the 18th century, in the mid-18th century, other Uto-Aztecan tribes, including the Goshute, the Paiute, the Shoshone, and the Ute people, also settled in the region. These five groups were present when the first European explorers arrived, the southern Utah region was explored by the Spanish in 1540, led by Francisco Vásquez de Coronado, while looking for the legendary Cíbola. A group led by two Catholic priests—sometimes called the Dominguez-Escalante Expedition—left Santa Fe in 1776, hoping to find a route to the coast of California, the expedition traveled as far north as Utah Lake and encountered the native residents. The Spanish made further explorations in the region, but were not interested in colonizing the area because of its desert nature, in 1821, the year Mexico achieved its independence from Spain, the region became known as part of its territory of Alta California. European trappers and fur traders explored some areas of Utah in the early 19th century from Canada, the city of Provo, Utah was named for one, Étienne Provost, who visited the area in 1825. The city of Ogden, Utah was named after Peter Skene Ogden, in late 1824, Jim Bridger became the first known English-speaking person to sight the Great Salt Lake. Due to the salinity of its waters, Bridger thought he had found the Pacific Ocean

11.
Salt Lake City Cemetery
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The Salt Lake City Cemetery is in The Avenues neighborhood of Salt Lake City, Utah. Approximately 120,000 persons are buried in the cemetery, many religious leaders and politicians, particularly many leaders of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints lie in the cemetery. It encompasses over 250 acres and contains 9 1⁄2 miles of roads and it is the largest city-operated cemetery in the United States. The first burial occurred on September 27,1847, when George Wallace buried his child, the burial was two months after the Mormon pioneers had settled the Salt Lake Valley. In 1849, George Wallace, Daniel H. Wells, in 1851, Salt Lake City was incorporated and the 20 acres officially became the Salt Lake City Cemetery with George Wallace as its first sexton. The cemetery contains one British Commonwealth war grave, of a Canadian Army soldier of World War I, vandals have repeatedly damaged a controversial headstone in the cemetery whose claims are contrary to those of the LDS Church. List of people buried in the Salt Lake City Cemetery Arave, Lynn, S. L

12.
George Q. Cannon
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He was the churchs chief political strategist, and was dubbed the Mormon premier and the Mormon Richelieu by the press. He was also a five-time Territorial Delegate to the US Congress, Cannon was born in Liverpool, England, to George Cannon and Ann Quayle, the eldest of six children. His mother and father were from Peel on the Isle of Man and his fathers sister, Leonora Cannon, had married future Latter Day Saint apostle John Taylor and was baptized in 1836. News reached the elder George Cannon and four years later, when Taylor came to Liverpool, Cannon was 13 years old at the time. Cannons siblings were Mary Alice Cannon, Ann Cannon, Angus M. Cannon, David H. Cannon, in 1842, the Cannon family set sail for the United States to join with the church in Nauvoo, Illinois. On the voyage over the Atlantic Ocean, Cannons mother died, the motherless family arrived safely in Nauvoo in the spring of 1843. George Sr. married Mary Edwards in 1844 and had another daughter, in Nauvoo, Cannons father sent him to live with his uncle and aunt, John and Leonora Taylor. Cannon worked in the office of Times and Seasons and the Nauvoo Neighbor for Taylor. In June 1844, Taylor accompanied Joseph Smith, Hyrum Smith, there, Joseph and Hyrum were killed, and Taylor sustained serious bullet wounds. Cannon tended the printing affairs while Taylor recovered and this training would serve him well in later life. In 1846, Taylor traveled to England to organize the affairs of the church after Smiths death, meanwhile, Cannon accompanied Taylors wife and family as they moved to Winter Quarters, Nebraska. When Taylor returned, Cannon traveled with the entire Taylor family to the Salt Lake Valley, in 1849, Cannon was asked by church president Brigham Young to serve as a missionary for the church in the Sandwich Islands, where he served for four years. While in the islands, Cannon converted many Native Hawaiians, one of the most notable was Jonatana Napela, who assisted Cannon in translating the Book of Mormon into Hawaiian. Joseph F. Smith, a church president, would follow Cannon. Returning to Utah Territory, Cannon married Elizabeth Hoagland He was almost immediately called to assist apostle Parley P. Pratt in publishing a newspaper in California. Meeting Pratt in California, Cannon was told that he would remain behind and became president of the churchs Oregon and California Mission, during this period of time, Cannon published the Hawaiian translation of the Book of Mormon. In February 1856, he started the Western Standard, a publication based in San Francisco. Returning to Utah in 1857 to assist in the Utah War, during this time, Cannon served as printer of the Deseret News while it was publishing in exile in Fillmore, Utah

13.
First Presidency (LDS Church)
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The First Presidency is the presiding or governing body of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. It is composed of the President of the Church and his counselors, the First Presidency currently consists of Thomas S. Monson and his two counselors, Henry B. The First Presidency is composed of the President of the Church, historically, and as mandated by church scripture, the First Presidency has been composed of the president and two counselors, but circumstances have occasionally required additional counselors. Any high priest of the church is eligible to be called as a counselor in the First Presidency, there have been other cases where counselors have been ordained to the office of apostle but not set apart as a member of the Quorum of the Twelve. Other counselors in the First Presidency were never ordained to the office of apostle, whether or not a counselor is an apostle, all members of the First Presidency are sustained by the church as prophets, seers, and revelators. Counselors are formally designated as First Counselor in the First Presidency, additional counselors have been designated in different ways, including Third Counselor in the First Presidency, Assistant Counselor to the President, and simply Counselor in the First Presidency. Counselors serve in the First Presidency until their own deaths, until the death of the president who called them. The death of a church president dissolves the First Presidency, the death or release of a counselor does not dissolve the First Presidency. On the death or release of a first counselor, the second counselor usually succeeds, although these are fairly common occurrences, there are no hard and fast rules about such practices and each president is free to choose the counselors he prefers. Like the church president and President of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles, the First Presidency is the highest ranking priesthood quorum of the church. The counselors assist the president and work closely with him in guiding the entire church. In the case of a president, his counselors may be called upon to perform more of the duties of the First Presidency that would normally be performed by the president. If needed, any number of additional counselors may be called to assist them, all members of the First Presidency are sustained by the membership of the church as prophets, seers, and revelators and given the keys of the kingdom when ordained as an apostle. All members of the First Presidency are also members of the churchs Council on the Disposition of the Tithes, there is no requirement that counselors in the First Presidency be apostles of the church. Brown, First Counselor to David O. McKay, not retained as a counselor by Joseph Fielding Smith Thorpe B, the position is paid employment position and the incumbent is not a member of the First Presidency or a general authority of the church. However, it is common for letters from the office of the First Presidency to private individuals to bear the signature of the secretary as opposed to members of the First Presidency, the First Presidency also employs assistant secretaries and press secretaries. When David O. D. Arthur Haycock also served as secretary to several church presidents in the 20th century. George W. Robinson George Reynolds George F. Gibbs Joseph Anderson Francis M. Gibbons F. Michael Watson Brook P. Hales Council of the Church

14.
University of Utah
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The University of Utah is a public coeducational space-grant research university in Salt Lake City, Utah, United States. As the states flagship university, the university more than 100 undergraduate majors. The university is classified in the highest ranking, R-1, Doctoral Universities – Highest Research Activity by the Carnegie Classification of Institutions of Higher Education, the Carnegie Classification also considers the university as selective, which is its second most selective admissions category. Quinney College of Law and the School of Medicine, Utahs only medical school, as of Fall 2015, there are 23,909 undergraduate students and 7,764 graduate students, for an enrollment total of 31,673. The university was established in 1850 as the University of Deseret by the General Assembly of the provisional State of Deseret and it received its current name in 1892, four years before Utah attained statehood, and moved to its current location in 1900. The university ranks among the top 50 U. S. universities by total research expenditures with over $486 million spent in 2014, in addition, the universitys Honors College has been reviewed among 50 leading national Honors Colleges in the U. S. The university has also ranked the 12th most ideologically diverse university in the country. The universitys athletic teams, the Utes, participate in NCAA Division I athletics as a member of the Pac-12 Conference and its football team has received national attention for winning the 2005 Fiesta Bowl and the 2009 Sugar Bowl. A Board of Regents was organized by Brigham Young to establish a university in the Salt Lake Valley, early classes were held in private homes or wherever space could be found. The university closed in 1853 due to lack of funds and lack of feeder schools, the university moved out of the council house into the Union Academy building in 1876 and into Union Square in 1884. Additional Fort Douglas land has granted to the university over the years. Upon his death in 1900, Dr. John R. Park bequeathed his fortune to the university. One third of the faculty resigned in protest of these dismissals, the controversy was largely resolved when Kingsbury resigned in 1916, but university operations were again interrupted by World War I, and later The Great Depression and World War II. Student enrollment dropped to a low of 3,418 during the last year of World War II, ray Olpin made substantial additions to campus following the war, and enrollment reached 12,000 by the time he retired in 1964. Growth continued in the decades as the university developed into a research center for fields such as computer science. During the 2002 Winter Olympics, the university hosted the Olympic Village, the University of Utah Asia Campus opened as an international branch campus in the Incheon Global Campus in Songdo, Incheon, South Korea in 2014. Three other European and American universities are also participating, the Asia Campus was funded by the South Korean government. Campus takes up 1,534 acres, including the Health Sciences complex, Research Park and it is located on the east bench of the Salt Lake Valley, close to the Wasatch Range and approximately 2 miles east of downtown Salt Lake City

15.
Massachusetts Institute of Technology
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The Massachusetts Institute of Technology is a private research university in Cambridge, Massachusetts, often cited as one of the worlds most prestigious universities. Researchers worked on computers, radar, and inertial guidance during World War II, post-war defense research contributed to the rapid expansion of the faculty and campus under James Killian. The current 168-acre campus opened in 1916 and extends over 1 mile along the bank of the Charles River basin. The Institute is traditionally known for its research and education in the sciences and engineering, and more recently in biology, economics, linguistics. Air Force and 6 Fields Medalists have been affiliated with MIT, the school has a strong entrepreneurial culture, and the aggregated revenues of companies founded by MIT alumni would rank as the eleventh-largest economy in the world. In 1859, a proposal was submitted to the Massachusetts General Court to use newly filled lands in Back Bay, Boston for a Conservatory of Art and Science, but the proposal failed. A charter for the incorporation of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Rogers, a professor from the University of Virginia, wanted to establish an institution to address rapid scientific and technological advances. The Rogers Plan reflected the German research university model, emphasizing an independent faculty engaged in research, as well as instruction oriented around seminars, two days after the charter was issued, the first battle of the Civil War broke out. After a long delay through the war years, MITs first classes were held in the Mercantile Building in Boston in 1865, in 1863 under the same act, the Commonwealth of Massachusetts founded the Massachusetts Agricultural College, which developed as the University of Massachusetts Amherst. In 1866, the proceeds from sales went toward new buildings in the Back Bay. MIT was informally called Boston Tech, the institute adopted the European polytechnic university model and emphasized laboratory instruction from an early date. Despite chronic financial problems, the institute saw growth in the last two decades of the 19th century under President Francis Amasa Walker. Programs in electrical, chemical, marine, and sanitary engineering were introduced, new buildings were built, the curriculum drifted to a vocational emphasis, with less focus on theoretical science. The fledgling school still suffered from chronic financial shortages which diverted the attention of the MIT leadership, during these Boston Tech years, MIT faculty and alumni rebuffed Harvard University president Charles W. Eliots repeated attempts to merge MIT with Harvard Colleges Lawrence Scientific School. There would be at least six attempts to absorb MIT into Harvard, in its cramped Back Bay location, MIT could not afford to expand its overcrowded facilities, driving a desperate search for a new campus and funding. Eventually the MIT Corporation approved an agreement to merge with Harvard, over the vehement objections of MIT faculty, students. However, a 1917 decision by the Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court effectively put an end to the merger scheme, the neoclassical New Technology campus was designed by William W. Bosworth and had been funded largely by anonymous donations from a mysterious Mr. Smith, starting in 1912. In January 1920, the donor was revealed to be the industrialist George Eastman of Rochester, New York, who had invented methods of production and processing

16.
Bachelor of Science
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A Bachelor of Science is an undergraduate academic degree awarded for completed courses that generally last three to five years. Whether a student of a subject is awarded a Bachelor of Science degree or a Bachelor of Arts degree can vary between universities. For one example, a degree may be given as a Bachelor of Arts by one university but as a B. Sc. by another. Some liberal arts colleges in the United States offer only the BA, even in the natural sciences, in both instances, there are historical and traditional reasons. Northwestern Universitys School of Communication grants B. Sc. degrees in all of its programs of study, including theater, dance, the first university to admit a student to the degree of Bachelor of Science was the University of London in 1860. Prior to this, science subjects were included in the B. A. bracket, notably in the cases of mathematics, physics, physiology, in Argentina and Chile, most university degrees are given as a license in a field or discipline. For instance, besides the courses, biochemistry and biology require 1–2 years hands-on training either in a clinical laboratory plus a final exam or in a research laboratory plus a thesis defense. The degrees are term licenses in the field of study or profession i. e. biology, nutrition, physical therapy or kinesiology, etc. However, a masters degree requires 2-3 more years of specific training, engineering and medical degrees are also different and are six-year programs of specific classes and training starting immediately after high school. No intermediate degrees count towards the admission examination or even exist, medical degrees are complemented with a 3–4 years of hospital residence plus 1–2 years of specialization training. In Australia, the B. Sc. is generally a three-four year degree, an honours year or a Master of Science is required to progress on to the Doctor of Philosophy. In New Zealand, in cases, the honours degree comprises an additional postgraduate qualification. In South Africa, the B. Sc. is taken three years, while the postgraduate B. Sc. Entails an additional year of study, admission to the honours degree is on the basis of a sufficiently high average in the B. Sc. major, an honours degree is required for M. Sc. Level study, and admission to a doctorate is via the M. Sc, commonly in British Commonwealth countries and Ireland graduands are admitted to the degree of Bachelor of Science after having completed a programme in one or more of the sciences. These programmes may take different lengths of time to complete, note that in British English, no full stops are used in the title, hence BSc, not B. Sc. A Bachelor of Science receives the designation BSc or BS for a major/pass degree, in England, Wales and Northern Ireland an honours degree is typically completed over a three-year period, though there are a few intensified two-year courses. Bachelors degrees were typically completed in two years for most of the twentieth century, in Scotland, where access to university is possible after one less year of secondary education, degree courses have a foundation year making the total course length four years

17.
Missionary (LDS Church)
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Mormon missionaries may serve on a full- or part-time basis, depending on the assignment, and are organized geographically into missions. The mission assignment could be to any one of the 418 missions organized worldwide, the LDS Church is one of the most active modern practitioners of missionary work, reporting that it had over 74,000 full-time missionaries worldwide at the end of 2015. Most full-time Mormon missionaries are young men and women in their late teens and early twenties. Missionaries are often assigned to serve far from their homes, including in other countries, many missionaries learn a new language at a missionary training center as part of their assignment. Missions typically last two years for males,18 months for females, and 6 to 18 months for older couples, the LDS Church strongly encourages, but does not require, missionary service for young men. All Mormon missionaries serve voluntarily and do not receive a salary for their work, many Latter-day Saints save money during their teenage years to cover their mission expenses. Throughout the churchs history, over one million missionaries have been sent on missions, LDS Church president Spencer W. Kimball said, Every young man should fill a mission. Completing a mission is described as a rite of passage for a young Latter-day Saint. The phrase the best two years of my life is a common cliché among returned missionaries when describing their experience, hinckley had suggested that a mission is not to be a rite of passage, this cultural aspect remains. With the usual starting age of 18–20, a provides a clear event or marker for the traditional age of adulthood. Young men between the ages of 18 and 25 who meet standards of worthiness are strongly encouraged to consider a two-year and this expectation is based in part on the New Testament passage Go ye therefore, and teach all nations. Prior to the announcement, some held that male missionaries may be 18 years old because of educational or military requirements. It was also announced that women may serve beginning at age 19 instead of 21. In 2007, approximately 30% of all 19-year-old LDS men became Mormon missionaries, from LDS families that are active in the church, in cases where an immediate family member dies, the missionary has the choice to travel home for the funeral or to remain on the mission. Missionaries can be sent home for violating rules, and occasionally missionaries choose to go home for health or various other reasons. However, the vast majority of serve the whole two-year or eighteen-month terms. As of 2007, 80% of all Mormon missionaries were young, single men, 13% were young single women, women who would like to serve a mission must meet the same standards of worthiness and be at least 19 years old. Women generally serve as missionaries for 18 months, married retired couples, on the other hand, are encouraged to serve missions, but their length of service may vary from 6 to 36 months depending on their circumstances and means

18.
Belgium
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Belgium, officially the Kingdom of Belgium, is a sovereign state in Western Europe bordered by France, the Netherlands, Germany, Luxembourg, and the North Sea. It is a small, densely populated country which covers an area of 30,528 square kilometres and has a population of about 11 million people. Additionally, there is a group of German-speakers who live in the East Cantons located around the High Fens area. Historically, Belgium, the Netherlands and Luxembourg were known as the Low Countries, the region was called Belgica in Latin, after the Roman province of Gallia Belgica. From the end of the Middle Ages until the 17th century, today, Belgium is a federal constitutional monarchy with a parliamentary system of governance. It is divided into three regions and three communities, that exist next to each other and its two largest regions are the Dutch-speaking region of Flanders in the north and the French-speaking southern region of Wallonia. The Brussels-Capital Region is a bilingual enclave within the Flemish Region. A German-speaking Community exists in eastern Wallonia, Belgiums linguistic diversity and related political conflicts are reflected in its political history and complex system of governance, made up of six different governments. Upon its independence, declared in 1830, Belgium participated in the Industrial Revolution and, during the course of the 20th century, possessed a number of colonies in Africa. This continuing antagonism has led to several far-reaching reforms, resulting in a transition from a unitary to a federal arrangement during the period from 1970 to 1993. Belgium is also a member of the Eurozone, NATO, OECD and WTO. Its capital, Brussels, hosts several of the EUs official seats as well as the headquarters of major international organizations such as NATO. Belgium is also a part of the Schengen Area, Belgium is a developed country, with an advanced high-income economy and is categorized as very high in the Human Development Index. A gradual immigration by Germanic Frankish tribes during the 5th century brought the area under the rule of the Merovingian kings, a gradual shift of power during the 8th century led the kingdom of the Franks to evolve into the Carolingian Empire. Many of these fiefdoms were united in the Burgundian Netherlands of the 14th and 15th centuries, the Eighty Years War divided the Low Countries into the northern United Provinces and the Southern Netherlands. The latter were ruled successively by the Spanish and the Austrian Habsburgs and this was the theatre of most Franco-Spanish and Franco-Austrian wars during the 17th and 18th centuries. The reunification of the Low Countries as the United Kingdom of the Netherlands occurred at the dissolution of the First French Empire in 1815, although the franchise was initially restricted, universal suffrage for men was introduced after the general strike of 1893 and for women in 1949. The main political parties of the 19th century were the Catholic Party, French was originally the single official language adopted by the nobility and the bourgeoisie

19.
Mission president
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Mission president is a priesthood leadership position in The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. A mission president presides over a mission and the serving in the mission. Depending on the mission, a mission president may also be the presiding priesthood leader of some or all Latter-day Saints within the geographic boundaries of the mission. Mission presidents are ordained priests of the church. Mission presidents are assigned to a mission by the leadership of the LDS Church, Mission presidents are men typically between 40 and 65 years old. In more recent years younger mission presidents have been more rare, in 2005, there were 130 new mission presidents, the youngest of them, Norbert Ounleu, was 35. The only mission president called under the age of 30 since 2005 was Kerving H. Joseph, Mission presidents are generally assigned to areas other than where they reside at the time of their call. There are exceptions, such as Richard G. Hinckley, who presided over the Utah Salt Lake City Mission, tonga has also had a few men native to the country who were residing in the islands when called to serve as presidents of the Tongan mission. Effian Kadarusman, an Indonesian, served as president of the Indonesia Jakarta Mission for four years in the 1980s, with over 400 missions, there are few which have a president who was a resident in the mission boundaries at the time of his call at any given time. According to current policy, a president must be married. Typically, his wife and any dependent children accompany him on his mission, during the first 100 years of the church, there were some single mission presidents and several others who left their wives and children elsewhere while they served. On the other hand, when Wilford Woodruff presided over the Eastern States Mission in the 1840s his wife, Phoebe, was set apart to serve with him. When Heber J. Grant brought his wife and six daughters with him when he came to preside over the British Mission in 1903, Mission presidents are either retired or leave their vocations for three years to preside over their mission. They usually receive training in late June and begin the service about the first of July, candidates are typically interviewed in the last few months of each year, initially by a member of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles. If candidates are chosen, the First Presidency extends the call to serve, the official announcements of new mission presidents is typically done through the first few months of the subsequent year via the weekly Church News. Unlike most positions in the church, when they are initially called, once serving, they are subject to frequent votes of common consent in branches and districts over which the mission president presides. Mission presidents generally supervise a group that ranges between 60 and 200 missionaries and direct their missionary labors, missionaries are typically between the ages of 18–25, but can also include senior-aged couples and older single women. The counselors serve in the presidency for varying periods of time while maintaining their regular employment

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Netherlands
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The Netherlands, also informally known as Holland is the main constituent country of the Kingdom of the Netherlands. It is a densely populated country located in Western Europe with three territories in the Caribbean. The European part of the Netherlands borders Germany to the east, Belgium to the south, and the North Sea to the northwest, sharing borders with Belgium, the United Kingdom. The three largest cities in the Netherlands are Amsterdam, Rotterdam and The Hague, Amsterdam is the countrys capital, while The Hague holds the Dutch seat of parliament and government. The port of Rotterdam is the worlds largest port outside East-Asia, the name Holland is used informally to refer to the whole of the country of the Netherlands. Netherlands literally means lower countries, influenced by its low land and flat geography, most of the areas below sea level are artificial. Since the late 16th century, large areas have been reclaimed from the sea and lakes, with a population density of 412 people per km2 –507 if water is excluded – the Netherlands is classified as a very densely populated country. Only Bangladesh, South Korea, and Taiwan have both a population and higher population density. Nevertheless, the Netherlands is the worlds second-largest exporter of food and agricultural products and this is partly due to the fertility of the soil and the mild climate. In 2001, it became the worlds first country to legalise same-sex marriage, the Netherlands is a founding member of the EU, Eurozone, G-10, NATO, OECD and WTO, as well as being a part of the Schengen Area and the trilateral Benelux Union. The first four are situated in The Hague, as is the EUs criminal intelligence agency Europol and this has led to the city being dubbed the worlds legal capital. The country also ranks second highest in the worlds 2016 Press Freedom Index, the Netherlands has a market-based mixed economy, ranking 17th of 177 countries according to the Index of Economic Freedom. It had the thirteenth-highest per capita income in the world in 2013 according to the International Monetary Fund, in 2013, the United Nations World Happiness Report ranked the Netherlands as the seventh-happiest country in the world, reflecting its high quality of life. The Netherlands also ranks joint second highest in the Inequality-adjusted Human Development Index, the region called Low Countries and the country of the Netherlands have the same toponymy. Place names with Neder, Nieder, Nether and Nedre and Bas or Inferior are in use in all over Europe. They are sometimes used in a relation to a higher ground that consecutively is indicated as Upper, Boven, Oben. In the case of the Low Countries / the Netherlands the geographical location of the region has been more or less downstream. The geographical location of the region, however, changed over time tremendously

21.
Mission (LDS Church)
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A mission of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints is a geographical administrative area to which church missionaries are assigned. Almost all areas of the world are within the boundaries of an LDS Church mission, as of July 2015, there are 418 missions of the LDS Church. Geographically, a mission may be a city, a city and surrounding areas, typically, the name of the mission is the name of the country, and then the name of the city where the mission headquarters office is located. New missionaries receive a formal mission call, assigning them to a mission for the duration of their two years or eighteen months of service. Each mission has, on average, about 150 missionaries serving there, see main article, Mission president All missionaries serve in a mission under the direction of a mission president, who, like individual missionaries, is assigned by the LDS Church president. The mission president must be a high priest in the Melchizedek Priesthood. In 2013 the mission presidents wife was given leadership roles in the mission. Mission presidents are typically in their forties or older, and usually have the means to devote themselves full-time to the responsibility for three consecutive years. The church provides mission presidents with a living allowance but it normally requires them to supplement it with their own funds. Often, the president must learn the local language spoken in the mission. The mission president has at least two counselors, who are Latter-day Saints usually from the area who keep their regular employment. The role of the counselors varies by mission, but they serve as liaisons between the mission and the local membership of the church. In some areas where the church is newer senior men who are serving full-time missions along with their wives may be called as counselors in the mission presidency, like other units of the church, a leadership council is used to assist in governance of the mission. Prior to April 2013, this was called a zone leader council, consisting of the mission president, assistants to the mission president. Missions are organized in two parallel structures, the first is the organization of the missionaries. There are two or more missionaries who serve as assistants to the president, the missionaries are divided into zones, each led by one or more missionaries assigned as zone leaders. The zones may be large or small depending on the mission. The number of missionaries in a zone also varies widely, the zones are divided into districts, each being led by a missionary assigned as a district leader

22.
Francis M. Lyman
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Francis Marion Lyman was a member of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. He was the President of the Quorum from 1903 until his death, lymans father and son were also apostles in the church, his father was Amasa M. Lyman and his son was Richard R. Lyman. Both his father and son were excommunicated from the church serving as apostles. Francis M. Lyman was born as the first son of Amasa M. Lyman and Louisa Maria Tanner in Good Hope and that spring, the family moved to Iowa. About one year later, they moved to Nauvoo, Illinois, in 1843, they moved again to Alquina, Indiana. In 1844, after the death of Joseph Smith, they moved back to Nauvoo, lymans father left with the first group to travel on the Mormon Exodus to the West. His family moved to Winter Quarters in June 1846 under the care of his maternal grandfather and his family set out to the Salt Lake Valley in 1848. Though only 8 years old, Lyman helped drive a yoke of cattle and he was baptized by his father in the Elkhorn River on July 1,1848, and arrived in the Salt Lake Valley on October 19,1848. By 1851, when Lyman was 11 years old, his father, rich purchased land in San Bernardino, California. Lyman was present at the laying of the cornerstone of the Salt Lake Temple on April 6,1853, in 1856, at about 16 years of age, Lyman received the Melchizedek priesthood and ordained an elder by his father. In 1857, he was called on a mission to Great Britain and he was stopped at Salt Lake City and told to turn back to bring the settlers in California to Utah. The outbreak of the Utah War had prevented his mission, Lyman married Rhoda Ann Taylor on November 18,1857. In 1859, Lyman and his family settled in Farmington, Utah and he was ordained to the seventy on January 7,1860, by John S. Gleason. He built a cabin in Beaver, Utah, for his wife and son, en route to New York City, Lyman arriving in Kirtland, Ohio, and was shown through the Kirtland Temple by Martin Harris. Lyman left the United States through the port of New York and arrived by steamer in Liverpool, England, Lyman served as a missionary for roughly two years. Upon release from his mission, he accompanied about 800 immigrants back to the United States, they arrived in New York on June 25,1862, by early July, they had arrived in Florence, Nebraska. Lyman was reunited with his wife in Beaver, Utah, in the middle of October, in March 1863, LDS Church president Brigham Young asked Lyman to settle in Fillmore, Utah. The next fourteen years of his life were spent there, where he engaged himself in leadership in church, politics, business, later he was called to be a member of the stake high council

23.
Mediterranean Sea
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The sea is sometimes considered a part of the Atlantic Ocean, although it is usually identified as a separate body of water. The name Mediterranean is derived from the Latin mediterraneus, meaning inland or in the middle of land and it covers an approximate area of 2.5 million km2, but its connection to the Atlantic is only 14 km wide. The Strait of Gibraltar is a strait that connects the Atlantic Ocean to the Mediterranean Sea and separates Gibraltar. In oceanography, it is called the Eurafrican Mediterranean Sea or the European Mediterranean Sea to distinguish it from mediterranean seas elsewhere. The Mediterranean Sea has a depth of 1,500 m. The sea is bordered on the north by Europe, the east by Asia and it is located between latitudes 30° and 46° N and longitudes 6° W and 36° E. Its west-east length, from the Strait of Gibraltar to the Gulf of Iskenderun, the seas average north-south length, from Croatia’s southern shore to Libya, is approximately 800 km. The Mediterranean Sea, including the Sea of Marmara, has an area of approximately 2,510,000 square km. The sea was an important route for merchants and travelers of ancient times that allowed for trade, the history of the Mediterranean region is crucial to understanding the origins and development of many modern societies. In addition, the Gaza Strip and the British Overseas Territories of Gibraltar and Akrotiri, the term Mediterranean derives from the Latin word mediterraneus, meaning amid the earth or between land, as it is between the continents of Africa, Asia and Europe. The Ancient Greek name Mesogeios, is similarly from μέσο, between + γη, land, earth) and it can be compared with the Ancient Greek name Mesopotamia, meaning between rivers. The Mediterranean Sea has historically had several names, for example, the Carthaginians called it the Syrian Sea and latter Romans commonly called it Mare Nostrum, and occasionally Mare Internum. Another name was the Sea of the Philistines, from the people inhabiting a large portion of its shores near the Israelites, the sea is also called the Great Sea in the General Prologue by Geoffrey Chaucer. In Ottoman Turkish, it has also been called Bahr-i Sefid, in Modern Hebrew, it has been called HaYam HaTikhon, the Middle Sea, reflecting the Seas name in ancient Greek, Latin, and modern languages in both Europe and the Middle East. Similarly, in Modern Arabic, it is known as al-Baḥr al-Mutawassiṭ, in Turkish, it is known as Akdeniz, the White Sea since among Turks the white colour represents the west. Several ancient civilisations were located around the Mediterranean shores, and were influenced by their proximity to the sea. It provided routes for trade, colonisation, and war, as well as food for numerous communities throughout the ages, due to the shared climate, geology, and access to the sea, cultures centered on the Mediterranean tended to have some extent of intertwined culture and history. Two of the most notable Mediterranean civilisations in classical antiquity were the Greek city states, later, when Augustus founded the Roman Empire, the Romans referred to the Mediterranean as Mare Nostrum

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Middle East
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The Middle East is a transcontinental region centered on Western Asia and Egypt. The corresponding adjective is Middle-Eastern and the noun is Middle-Easterner. The term has come into usage as a replacement of the term Near East beginning in the early 20th century. Arabs, Turks, Persians, Kurds, and Azeris constitute the largest ethnic groups in the region by population. Indigenous minorities of the Middle East include Jews, Assyrians and other Arameans, Baloch, Berbers, Copts, Druze, Lurs, Mandaeans, Samaritans, Shabaks, Tats, in the Middle East, there is also a Romani community. European ethnic groups form a diaspora in the region include Albanians, Bosniaks, Circassians, Crimean Tatars, Franco-Levantines. Among other migrant populations are Bengalis as well as other Indians, Chinese, Filipinos, Indonesians, Pakistanis, the history of the Middle East dates back to ancient times, with the importance of the region being recognized for millennia. Most of the countries border the Persian Gulf have vast reserves of crude oil. The term Middle East may have originated in the 1850s in the British India Office, however, it became more widely known when American naval strategist Alfred Thayer Mahan used the term in 1902 to designate the area between Arabia and India. During this time the British and Russian Empires were vying for influence in Central Asia, Mahan realized not only the strategic importance of the region, but also of its center, the Persian Gulf. Mahan first used the term in his article The Persian Gulf and International Relations, published in September 1902 in the National Review, a British journal. The Middle East, if I may adopt a term which I have not seen, will some day need its Malta, as well as its Gibraltar, it does not follow that either will be in the Persian Gulf. The British Navy should have the facility to concentrate in force if occasion arise, about Aden, India, mahans article was reprinted in The Times and followed in October by a 20-article series entitled The Middle Eastern Question, written by Sir Ignatius Valentine Chirol. During this series, Sir Ignatius expanded the definition of Middle East to include regions of Asia which extend to the borders of India or command the approaches to India. After the series ended in 1903, The Times removed quotation marks from subsequent uses of the term, in the late 1930s, the British established the Middle East Command, which was based in Cairo, for its military forces in the region. After that time, the term Middle East gained broader usage in Europe, the description Middle has also led to some confusion over changing definitions. Before the First World War, Near East was used in English to refer to the Balkans and the Ottoman Empire, while Middle East referred to Iran, the Caucasus, Afghanistan, Central Asia, and Turkestan. The first official use of the term Middle East by the United States government was in the 1957 Eisenhower Doctrine, the Associated Press Stylebook says that Near East formerly referred to the farther west countries while Middle East referred to the eastern ones, but that now they are synonymous

25.
Stake (Latter Day Saints)
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A stake is an administrative unit composed of multiple congregations in certain denominations of the Latter Day Saint movement. The name stake derives from the Book of Isaiah, enlarge the place of thy tent, stretch forth the curtains of thine habitation, spare not, lengthen thy cords, a stake is sometimes referred to as a stake of Zion. The first Latter Day Saint stake was organized at church headquarters in Kirtland, Ohio on February 17,1834, the second stake was organized in Clay County, Missouri, later that year on July 3, with David Whitmer as president. The Missouri stake was relocated to Far West, Missouri, in 1836, a stake was organized at Adam-ondi-Ahman in 1838 and abandoned later that year due to the events of the Mormon War. In 1839, the churchs central stake was established at Nauvoo, Illinois, additional stakes were established in the area around Nauvoo in 1840. Immediately after the death of Joseph Smith in 1844, there was a schism in the Latter Day Saint movement. In 1846, all of the stakes, including the Nauvoo Stake, were discontinued as a result of the exodus of the majority of the Latter Day Saints to the Salt Lake Valley. The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints is the largest denomination in the Latter Day Saint movement, after the death of Joseph Smith, Brigham Young assumed the leadership of the church and led its members to the Salt Lake Valley. The first stake established there was the Salt Lake Stake, established October 3,1847, at the time of Youngs death in 1877, there were 20 stakes in operation with a total of approximately 250 wards. New stakes are created when the congregations in existing stakes or districts have grown sufficiently to support a stake, districts may be elevated to stakes and are then no longer presided over by a mission president. New stakes are also formed by dividing an existing stake. In addition to the size and number of congregations, the creation of a new stake also requires sufficient Melchizedek priesthood holders to fill the required leadership positions. At times the absence of available leadership constrains the creation of new stakes, the geographical area encompassed by a stake varies between countries and regions based on membership density. In Utah, a stake might encompass a few miles in area. In contrast, a stake in another part of the world might require thousands of miles to comprise a sufficient number of members. In December 2012, Jeffrey R. Holland organized the 3, 000th stake in Freetown, at the end of 2015, there were 3,174 stakes in the LDS Church. The stake is a level in the organizational hierarchy of the LDS Church. The lowest level, consisting of a congregation, is known as a ward or branch

26.
Charles W. Nibley
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Charles Wilson Nibley was the fifth presiding bishop of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints between 1907 and 1925 and a member of the churchs First Presidency from 1925 until his death. Nibley was born in Hunterfield, Midlothian, Scotland to James Nibley, in 1855, his family moved to the United States to join with the main body of Latter-day Saints. They spent some time living in Rhode Island, in 1860, they moved to the Utah Territory. The family was sent north to settle in Cache Valley, as an adult, Nibley moved to Brigham City, Utah, where he worked for Morris Rosenbaum and later became a partner in the store where he worked. It was there he met Rebecca Neibar and was married in 1869, following the 19th century practice of plural marriage, Nibley married Ellen Ricks in 1880 and Julia Budge in 1885. In 1879 to 1885, Nibley managed a lumber company that was part of the LDS Churchs United Order program and he then joined with David Eccles and George Stoddard to form the Oregon Lumber Company in 1889. Nibley was a believer in monopolies, believing competition was economic waste. He also believed that LDS Church members who didnt support paying higher prices to Mormon businesses were betraying the church and this attitude of loyalty was also supported by Heber J. Grant in the October 1919 General Conference. Nibley also became involved in railroads, insurance, banking, politics, the sugar beet growing town of Nibley, Oregon was named for him. He was later instrumental in forming the Amalgamated Sugar Company and the Utah, Nibley was called as the presiding bishop of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in 1907. It was during Nibleys term as presiding bishop that the LDS Church built the Hotel Utah, Charles W. Nibley was one of the most liberal industrialists of his time. Thus to finish the Hotel Utah, it was necessary to borrow $2,000,000 and he succeeded, and President Smith was delighted, but he was also alarmed when he heard the terms, it would all have to be paid back in two years. How in the world will we ever pay it back in that time, not to worry, they would have the whole thing paid off in two years. Im going to build the largest and finest bar in the West in the basement of the Hotel, President Smith went through the ceiling, which was it to be, the Word of Wisdom or fiscal soundness. The dollar won In 1925, he was released as presiding bishop and was asked to be second counselor to Heber J. Grant in the churchs First Presidency. He is one of the few individuals to serve in the First Presidency without having been ordained to the office of apostle. Nibley died of pneumonia in Salt Lake City, Utah, he was buried in Logan City Cemetery, Nibley, Utah is named after him. Charless son Preston became a leader and author of several Mormon books

27.
David A. Smith (Mormon)
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David Asael Smith was a member of the presiding bishopric of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints between 1907 and 1938 and was the first president of the Mormon Tabernacle Choir. Smith was born in Salt Lake City, Utah Territory, the son of LDS apostle Joseph F. Smith and he was baptized on his eighth birthday. When Charles W. Nibley was selected as the new Presiding Bishop of the church in 1907, Smith was ordained a high priest and a bishop by Anthon H. Lund in December 1907. When first counselor Orrin Porter Miller died in 1918, Nibley made Smith his new first counselor, when Nibley was asked to join the First Presidency of the church in 1925, the new presiding bishop, Sylvester Q. Cannon, asked Smith to remain in the Presiding Bishopric as first counselor, Smith served in this capacity until April 6,1938, when Cannon was released and became a member of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles. As a member of the Presiding Bishopric, Smith was the head of LDS Hospital in Salt Lake City, in 1908, the Mormon Tabernacle Choir appointed Smith as its first president. In this capacity, Smiths duties included managing the administrative, financial, Smith was president of the choir until his release from the presiding bishopric in 1938. From 1943 to 1949, Smith was the first president of the LDS Churchs Idaho Falls Idaho Temple, Smith was also a member of the general board of the Deseret Sunday School Union. Smith died in Salt Lake City of cerebral arteriosclerosis and was buried at Salt Lake City Cemetery

28.
John Wells (Mormon)
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John Wells was a member of the presiding bishopric of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints from 1918 to 1938. Wells was born in Carlton, Nottinghamshire, England, in 1882, he became a member of the LDS Church. Wells and his wife Almena Thorpe emigrated to Utah Territory in 1889 and he gained employment as a clerk in the office of the LDS Churchs presiding bishop. In 1918, Presiding Bishop Charles W. Nibley asked Wells to become his second counselor, when Nibley was replaced by Sylvester Q. Cannon, Wells stayed on as the counselor in the Presiding Bishopric of the church. Wells served as a general authority until the end of Cannons tenure in 1938, Wells died in Salt Lake City, Utah of pylonephrosis, or pus buildup in the kidneys. He was buried at Salt Lake City Cemetery, david A. Smith Council on the Disposition of the Tithes Andrew Jenson, Latter-day Saint Biographical Encyclopedia, vol. 3, p.791 Knight, John M, the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. Salt Lake City, Utah, Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints, young Womens Mutual Improvement Association General Board

29.
LeGrand Richards
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LeGrand Richards was a prominent missionary and leader in The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. He served as the presiding bishop of the LDS Church from 1938 to 1952. Richards served in the Quorum of the Twelve until his death in Salt Lake City, Utah, Richards was born in Farmington, Utah Territory, to George F. Richards and Alice Almira Robinson. His father also served in the Quorum of the Twelve, a few years later, Richards was thrown from a wagon by an agitated horse and both the wagon wheels rolled over his head. As a child, Richards attended the 1893 dedication of the Salt Lake Temple, Richardss church service began when he filled a proselytizing mission to the Netherlands from 1905 to 1908. After returning from his mission, Richards held various jobs in Salt Lake City, in 1909, he married Ina Jane Ashton in the Salt Lake Temple. They would become the parents of eight children, Richards returned to the Netherlands as the presiding elder over the mission, accompanied by his wife, Ina Jane Ashton, from 1914 to 1916. Richards was ordained a high priest and bishop on June 29,1919, by Charles W. Penrose, in 1926, he filled a short term mission, primarily serving in Rhode Island. In the early 1930s, church president Heber J. Grant sent Richards to southern California with the plan to him as stake president. From 1931 to 1933, Richards presided over the churchs Hollywood Stake, in 1933 and 1934, Richards again lived in Salt Lake City, where he served on the stake high council of the Liberty Stake under stake president Bryant S. Hinckley. Richards served as president of the Southern States Mission from 1934 to 1937, he was called to this position to replace Charles A. Callis, who had been called to the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles. Richards served as the churchs Presiding Bishop during and after the Second World War, outside of his apostleship, Richards is probably best known for his widely distributed book, A Marvelous Work and a Wonder, which was first published in 1950. The commonly referenced work contains a comprehensive teaching outline designed to assist missionaries in their study, Richards also played a role in Mormon connections with Israel. He was head of the Orson Hyde Foundation, which coordinated the donations that were used to purchase the land in Jerusalem that became the Orson Hyde Memorial Garden. In a memorial read by his personal secretary after Richardss death. Haight, both his father, George F. Richards, and grandfather, Franklin D. Richards, Franklin D. Richards was also the nephew of Willard Richards, an earlier apostle of the church. LeGrand Richards is the grandfather of Tad R. Callister, a 21st-century leader in the LDS Church, council on the Disposition of the Tithes A Marvelous Work and a Wonder. Salt Lake City, Utah, first published in 1950, multiple editions, flake, Lawrence R. LeGrand Richards in Prophets and Apostles of the Last Dispensation, pp. 489–91

30.
Melvin J. Ballard
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Melvin Joseph Ballard was a member of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. His grandson, M. Russell Ballard, also became an apostle, Ballard was born at Logan, Utah Territory, to Henry Ballard and Margaret McNeal. His father was a native of England and had immigrated to Utah in 1852 to gather with the Latter-day Saints, Henry Ballard had been aboard the Saluda when it exploded at Lexington, Missouri, and was injured in that incident. He later served under Porter Rockwell in the Nauvoo Legion when it made efforts to prevent the entry of Johnstons Army into Utah Territory, in 1858, Henry was the first settler of Logan, and he served as bishop of the Logan 2nd Ward from 1861 until 1900. Prior to Ballards birth, his mother had an experience that led her to believe her son would be an apostle, in Ballards patriarchal blessing, this was reaffirmed. Ballard attended Brigham Young College, he graduated in 1884, in June 1896, Ballard married Martha A. Jones. The following month he left with B. H. Roberts and he was later reassigned to the Northern States Mission. Ballard returned to Utah in December 1898, in 1899, Ballard organized the Logan Knitting Factory along with Joseph E. Cardon. In 1900, he became a counselor in the bishopric of the Logan 2nd Ward, Ballard served for several years as president of the Northwestern States Mission of the church. While serving in this capacity, he organized missionary work on some of the Native American reservations in Montana. As Grant met with the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles to announce his decision, Grant used this experience to teach about revelation and to testify that the Lord gives inspiration to the President of the Church. Ballard was ordained an apostle and became a member of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles on January 7,1919, as an apostle, Ballard opened up missionary work in South America in 1925 in Buenos Aires, Argentina. Ballard served in the Quorum until his death in Salt Lake City from leukemia, cannon was called to fill the vacancy caused by Ballards death. Ballard was buried in Salt Lake City Cemetery, Ballard, Melvin J. Melvin J. Ballard, Crusader for Righteousness. Three Degrees of Glory, A Discourse, hinckley, Bryant S. ed. Sermons and Missionary Services of Melvin J. Ballard. Melvin J. Ballard at Find a Grave

31.
Brain
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The brain is an organ that serves as the center of the nervous system in all vertebrate and most invertebrate animals. The brain is located in the head, usually close to the organs for senses such as vision. The brain is the most complex organ in a vertebrates body, in a human, the cerebral cortex contains approximately 15–33 billion neurons, each connected by synapses to several thousand other neurons. Physiologically, the function of the brain is to exert centralized control over the other organs of the body, the brain acts on the rest of the body both by generating patterns of muscle activity and by driving the secretion of chemicals called hormones. This centralized control allows rapid and coordinated responses to changes in the environment, the operations of individual brain cells are now understood in considerable detail but the way they cooperate in ensembles of millions is yet to be solved. This article compares the properties of brains across the range of animal species. It deals with the human brain insofar as it shares the properties of other brains, the ways in which the human brain differs from other brains are covered in the human brain article. Several topics that might be covered here are instead covered there because more can be said about them in a human context. The most important is brain disease and the effects of brain damage, the shape and size of the brain varies greatly between species, and identifying common features is often difficult. Nevertheless, there are a number of principles of architecture that apply across a wide range of species. Some aspects of structure are common to almost the entire range of animal species, others distinguish advanced brains from more primitive ones. The simplest way to gain information about brain anatomy is by visual inspection, Brain tissue in its natural state is too soft to work with, but it can be hardened by immersion in alcohol or other fixatives, and then sliced apart for examination of the interior. Visually, the interior of the consists of areas of so-called grey matter, with a dark color, separated by areas of white matter. Further information can be gained by staining slices of tissue with a variety of chemicals that bring out areas where specific types of molecules are present in high concentrations. It is also possible to examine the microstructure of brain tissue using a microscope, the brains of all species are composed primarily of two broad classes of cells, neurons and glial cells. Glial cells come in types, and perform a number of critical functions, including structural support, metabolic support, insulation. Neurons, however, are considered the most important cells in the brain. The property that makes neurons unique is their ability to send signals to target cells over long distances

32.
Andrew Jenson
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Jenson also served the church as president of the Scandinavian Mission. Anders Jensen was born in Torslev parish, Hjørring, Denmark and his parents joined the LDS Church when he was four. He left Denmark for the United States in 1866 and he traveled across the North American Great Plains in Andrew H. Scotts ox company. On coming to Utah Territory he anglicized his name to Andrew Jenson, in 1873, Jenson was ordained a seventy in the LDS Church by George Q. Cannon and sent on a mission to Denmark, in 1876, he translated the history of Joseph Smith into Danish. Jenson served a mission to Denmark from 1879 to 1881. While in Denmark, Jenson established a periodical called Morgenstjernen. After eight years, the changed its name to the Historical Record and was published in English. In 1886, Jenson became an employee of the LDS Church. His assignments included conducting interviews and gathering photographs, historic documents, Jenson also gathered similar documents from various church stakes and missions throughout the church, which led to the writing of a manuscript history for each LDS Church ward and stake. Jenson was appointed as a full-time Assistant Church Historian in 1897, along with John Jaques, Jenson was the Acting Church Historian from 1899 until the appointment of Anthon H. Lund as Church Historian in 1900. Jenson would continue on again as Assistant Church Historian until his death, during his time in the Church Historians office, Jenson was a prolific writer, presenting the history of the Latter-day Saints from an orthodox perspective. He was also a remarkable archivist of historical material and continued to collect records, Jenson compiled the four-volume Latter-day Saint Biographical Encyclopedia, a church chronology and an early Latter-day Saint biographical dictionary. Jensons contribution included its chronological organization and a subject index on thousands of index cards. He also compiled the Encyclopedic History of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, among the men he worked with in Church Historians office was Joseph Fielding Smith, who later served as Church Historian and eventually as President of the Church. During the 1890s, Jenson collected all the records he could find concerning the Mountain Meadows massacre and this archive including his own field notes, excerpts of witnesses diaries, affidavits, newspaper reports, and the transcriptions from the LDS Churchs internal investigations. Many participants in the massacre were granted complete confidentiality for the contents of these interview transcriptions, since Jensons time, these files were closed to the public and were not available for use by historians. However, in August 2008, LDS historians Ronald W. Walker, Richard E. Turley Jr. a decade in the making, research for the book finally draws from the Jenson archive

33.
L. Tom Perry Special Collections Library
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The L. Tom Perry Special Collections Library is the rare book and manuscript library at Brigham Young University in Provo, Utah. Founded in 1957 with 1,000 books and 50 manuscript collections, today it contains over 300,000 books,11,000 manuscript collections, and over 2.5 million photographs. Since its inception the library has housed in numerous places including the crawl space of a university building. Recording and preserving history had been an important part of the mission of BYU even before an official archive was established, documentation of the university began in 1875 and has grown since then. Early efforts to collect included a Brigham Young Academy expedition to South America in 1900–1901, the purpose of the expedition was to look for evidences to support The Book of Mormon, collectors gathered field notes, photos, botany samples, and correspondences. One collection was the Locked Case collection, housed in a bookcase in the head librarians office. By 1925, what would become the universitys special collections stacks were relocated to a small manuscript room in the Grant Library. In the 1930s BYU professor Wilford Poulson began to collect copies of various Mormon diaries, butt transcribed and indexed hundreds of others. S. Lyman Tyler was appointed director in 1954 and from the beginning of his administration was particularly interested in establishing a university archival program. Tyler was a member of the Society of American Archivists, as early as the year he was appointed library director, Tyler was having informal conversations with university administrators about the importance of establishing a university archival system. Effectively, this directive authorized the library director as an archivist as well, later that year in August, Tyler appointed Ralph Hansen to establish an archive at BYU. He began his efforts in September, housing the first documents in the attic of the Karl G. Maeser Building and this established the first archives at a Utah institution of higher learning. Tyler and Hansen evaluated university records to determine which ones would have long-term value and these documents were stored in acid-free folders or placed in Fiberdex cases. The two especially worked to preserve records from BYU presidents, gathering documents BYU presidents like Benjamin Cluff, George H. Brimhall, Franklin S. Harris, Hansen also reached out to university professors to begin collecting more current records from the faculty and staff. These records included syllabi, meeting minutes, and correspondence papers, in January 1957, the Department of Special Collections was officially established as a separate department of the library. Its responsibilities would include managing all unique, rare books and manuscripts along with the archives that had previously been stored, chad Flake was appointed as the head of the department. The collection started with 1,000 books,50 manuscript collections, the creation of a new collections department inevitably led to administrative changes concerning what items would be included. Many BYU materials were left to the archivists as well, in 1957, Hansen was put in charge of manuscript collecting, and by 1958, he emphasized the manuscript collecting department in Special Collections

34.
Harold B. Lee Library
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The Harold B. Lee Library, located in Provo, Utah, is the main academic library of Brigham Young University, the largest religious and private university in the United States. The library has approximately 98 miles of shelving for the more than 6 million items in its various collections, as well as a seating capacity for 4,600 people. With over 10,000 patrons entering the building each day, The Princeton Review consistently ranks the HBLL in the nations Top Ten University Libraries–#1 in 2004 and #3 in 2012. Lee, former president of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, the HBLL began with the books Karl G. Maeser kept in his office during his time as principal of then-Brigham Young Academy. The small library was formed from donations and free materials from the U. S. government, when Maesers office was destroyed by a fire in 1884, his library collection went with it. In 1892 the new Education Building included a library on the second floor, the academy later became a university, which spurred the librarys growth until it filled the third floor and much of the second floor of the Education building. In July 1924, the association reported that $125,000 were set aside to construct a new library building on University Hill. The new Heber J. Grant Library was subsequently dedicated on October 15,1925 with 40,000 books and 35,000 pamphlets, alice Louise Reynolds, a popular English professor, helped raise funds to purchase over 1,000 books for the library. She was faculty chairperson of a committee to establish the library from 1906 to 1925 and her fan club donated over 10,000 volumes in the 1930s. By 1950, the large collection no longer fit in the Grant Library, the Physical Science Library was housed in the Eyring Science Center from the opening of that building in 1950. In 1957 when the Joseph F. Smith Family Living Center was opened, it contained the life science library on the first floor, the pre-1940 bound periodicals were being stored in the basement of BYUs Joseph Smith Memorial Building. The reserve library was located in the David O. McKay Building, while the attics of the Maeser Building and the womens gymnasium used for storage as well as a warehouse in downtown Provo. As a result of a study by a faculty committee in January 1953, in 1961, the Clark Libary housed 300,000 volumes, although the building was not dedicated until October 10,1962. The new library was designed by Lorenzo Snow Young with Keyes D. Metcalf and it was built by the Garff, Ryberg, and Garff Construction Company. Another key figure in the planning and building of the library was S. Lyman Tyler, with the expansion of the library building came the expansion of the library collection. In 1971 the library celebrated the acquisition of their millionth volume with a conference on library acquisition for donors. In 1973, the name of the J. Reuben Clark Library was changed to the Harold B. Lee Library, in honor of the former president of the LDS Church. In order to keep up with the needs of the academic community and this addition was occupied in the summer of 1976 and dedicated March 15,1977

35.
Brigham Young University
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Brigham Young University is a private research university in Provo, Utah, United States. Approximately 99 percent of the students are members of the LDS Church, many students either delay enrollment or take a hiatus from their studies to serve as Mormon missionaries. An education at BYU is also less expensive than at similar private universities, BYU offers a variety of academic programs, including liberal arts, engineering, agriculture, management, physical and mathematical sciences, nursing, and law. The university is organized into 11 colleges or schools at its main Provo campus, with certain colleges. The universitys primary focus is on education, but it also has 68 masters and 25 doctoral degree programs. BYUs athletic teams compete in Division I of the NCAA and are known as the BYU Cougars. Their college football team is an NCAA Division I Independent, while their other teams compete in either the West Coast Conference or Mountain Pacific Sports Federation. BYUs sports teams have won a total of fourteen national championships, on October 16,1875, Brigham Young, then president of the LDS Church, personally purchased the Lewis Building after previously hinting that a school would be built in Draper, Utah, in 1867. Hence, October 16,1875, is held as BYUs founding date. The school broke off from the University of Deseret and became Brigham Young Academy, warren Dusenberry served as interim principal of the school for several months until April 1876 when Brigham Youngs choice for principal arrived—a German immigrant named Karl Maeser. Under Maesers direction the school educated many luminaries including future U. S. Supreme Court Justice George Sutherland, the school, however, did not become a university until the end of Benjamin Cluffs term at the helm of the institution. At that time, the school was still privately supported by members of the community and was not absorbed and sponsored officially by the LDS Church until July 18,1896. A series of odd managerial decisions by Cluff led to his demotion, however, in his last official act, he proposed to the Board that the Academy be named Brigham Young University. The suggestion received an amount of opposition, with many members of the Board saying that the school wasnt large enough to be a university. One opponent to the decision, Anthon H. Lund, later said, in 1903 Brigham Young Academy was dissolved, and was replaced by two institutions, Brigham Young High School, and Brigham Young University. The Board elected George H. Brimhall as the new President of BYU and he had not received a high school education until he was forty. Nevertheless, he was an excellent orator and organizer, under his tenure in 1904 the new Brigham Young University bought 17 acres of land from Provo called Temple Hill. After some controversy among locals over BYUs purchase of property, construction began in 1909 on the first building on the current campus

36.
Albert E. Bowen
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Albert Ernest Bowen was a member of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. Born in Henderson Creek, Idaho Territory, to David Bowen and Annie Shackleton, Bowen served as an LDS Church missionary in Switzerland, Bowen received a law degree from the University of Chicago. He was a lawyer in Logan, Utah, and the county attorney for Cache County and he later worked in Salt Lake City. In 1902, Bowen married Aletha Reeder, they had two children and she died in 1906, and in 1916 Bowen married Emma Lucy Gates. He was married to Gates until her death in 1951, Bowen served on the General Board of the Deseret Sunday School Union and as president of the Sunday School Union for the Cache Stake, based in Logan, Utah. In 1935, Bowen became the Superintendent of the LDS Churchs Young Mens Mutual Improvement Association, succeeding George Albert Smith. In 1937, Bowen was chosen by church president Heber J. Grant to fill a spot in the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles that was vacant by the death of Alonzo A. Hinckley. At the same time, Bowen was succeeded at the YMMIA by George Q, Bowen died of arteriosclerosis in Salt Lake City at the age of 77. He was replaced in the Quorum of the Twelve by Richard L. Evans, Bowen was buried at Salt Lake City Cemetery. The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, Albert E. Bowen at Find a Grave

37.
Harold B. Lee
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Lee was born in Clifton, Idaho to Samuel Lee and Louisa Emeline Bingham and was the second of six children. The Lee family lived the life and Lee and his siblings spent most of their youth doing farm chores. During his childhood, his mother saved him from several near-death experiences, when he was eight, he was sent to get a can of lye from the shelf and spilled the deadly product all over himself. His mother opened a vat of pickled beets and poured cup after cup of the red vinegar all over him, when Harold was a teen, he punctured an artery on a broken bottle. His mother cleaned it, but it became badly infected and she burned a black stocking to ashes and rubbed it in the open wound and it soon healed. Lee was fortunate to receive a good education and he finished eighth grade at a grammar school in Clifton and his parents allowed him to continue his education at Oneida Stake Academy in Preston, Idaho. The first few years, Lee focused on music and played the alto, French, later, he played basketball and was a reporter for the school newspaper. He graduated in the spring of 1916, the summer following his graduation Lee worked to receive his teaching certificate from Albion State Normal School at Albion, Idaho. After two summers of study in 1916 and 1917, Lee passed the states fifteen-subject test to receive his second-, Lee held his first teaching position in the fall of 1916. He taught a class of 25 students, grades one to eight, in Weston and his salary was $60 a month. When he was eighteen, he became principal of a school in Oxford, in September 1920, then church president Heber J. Grant called Lee on a mission to the western states, with headquarters in Denver, Colorado. He was twenty-one and served until December 1922, while on his mission, Lee met a sister missionary from Utah, Fern Lucinda Tanner. They renewed their acquaintance when they returned from their missions and were married on November 14,1923 in the Salt Lake Temple, Fern died in 1962 and on June 17,1963 Lee married Freda Joan Jensen, a former mission companions girlfriend who had never married. She died on July 1,1981, in 1932, at the age of thirty-three, Lee became a community leader when he was appointed to fill a vacancy in the Salt Lake City Commission. He was assigned to direct the Department of Streets and Public Improvements, a year later his political career was launched when he was elected to the same position. In subsequent years Utah citizens unsuccessfully sought to persuade him to run for governor or the United States Senate, in 1930, Lee was called as president of the LDS Churchs Pioneer Stake in Salt Lake City. He became the youngest stake president in the church, at that time, the 1929 Great Depression in the United States left more than half of its members without jobs. He established a program to aid members in distress that became a model emulated by the entire LDS Church

38.
Joseph Smith
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Joseph Smith Jr. was an American religious leader and founder of Mormonism and the Latter Day Saint movement. When he was twenty-four, Smith published the Book of Mormon, by the time of his death fourteen years later, he had attracted tens of thousands of followers and founded a religious culture that continues to the present. In 1830, Smith published what he said was an English translation of these plates, the same year he organized the Church of Christ, calling it a restoration of the early Christian church. Members of the church were later called Latter Day Saints, or Mormons, in 1831, Smith and his followers moved west, planning to build a communalistic American Zion. They first gathered in Kirtland, Ohio, and established an outpost in Independence, Missouri, during the 1830s, Smith sent out missionaries, published revelations, and supervised construction of the expensive Kirtland Temple. In 1844, Smith and the Nauvoo city council angered non-Mormons by destroying a newspaper that had criticized Smiths power, after Smith was imprisoned in Carthage, Illinois, he was killed when a mob stormed the jailhouse. Smith published many revelations and other texts that his followers regard as scripture and his teachings include unique views about the nature of God, cosmology, family structures, political organization, and religious collectivism. Joseph Smith Jr. was born on December 23,1805, in Sharon, Vermont, to Lucy Mack Smith and her husband Joseph Sr. a merchant, after suffering a crippling bone infection when he was seven, the younger Smith used crutches for three years. During the Second Great Awakening, the region was a hotbed of religious enthusiasm, although Smiths parents disagreed about religion, the family was caught up in this excitement. Smith later said he became interested in religion at about the age of twelve, he participated in church classes, as a teenager, he may have been sympathetic to Methodism. With other family members, Smith also engaged in folk magic. Both his parents and his grandfather reportedly had visions or dreams that they believed communicated messages from God. Smith said that although he had become concerned about the welfare of his soul, years later Smith said that in 1820 he had received a vision that resolved his religious confusion. While praying in an area near his home, he said that God, in a vision, had told him his sins were forgiven. Smith said he told the experience to a preacher, who dismissed the story with contempt, but the experience was largely unknown, even to most Mormons, until the 1840s. Although Smith may have understood the event as a conversion, this First Vision later grew in importance among Mormons. Smith said he attempted to remove the plates the next morning but was unsuccessful because the angel prevented him, Smith reported that during the next four years, he made annual visits to the hill but each time returned without the plates. Meanwhile, the Smith family faced financial hardship due in part to the November 1823 death of Smiths oldest brother Alvin, Family members supplemented their meager farm income by hiring out for odd jobs and working as treasure seekers, a type of magical supernaturalism common during the period

39.
Oliver Cowdery
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Oliver H. P. Cowdery was, with Joseph Smith, an important participant in the formative period of the Latter Day Saint movement between 1829 and 1836. He was the first baptized Latter Day Saint, one of the Three Witnesses of the Book of Mormons golden plates, one of the first Latter Day Saint apostles, in 1838, Cowdery left and was excommunicated from the church founded by Smith and later became a Methodist. In 1848, he returned to the Latter Day Saint movement and was baptized into The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, Cowdery was born October 3,1806, in Wells, Vermont. His father, William, a farmer, moved the family to Poultney in Rutland County, in his youth, Cowdery hunted for buried treasure using a divining rod. At age 20, Cowdery left Vermont for upstate New York and he clerked at a store for just over two years and in 1829 became a school teacher in Manchester, New York. Cowdery met Joseph Smith on April 5, 1829—a year and a day before the founding of the church—and heard from him how he had received golden plates containing ancient Native American writings. Cowdery told Smith that he had seen the plates in a vision before the two ever met. From April 7 to June 1829, Cowdery acted as Smiths primary scribe for the translation of the plates into what would become the Book of Mormon. Cowdery also unsuccessfully attempted to translate part of the Book of Mormon by himself, before meeting Cowdery, Smith had virtually stopped translating after the first 116 pages had been lost by Martin Harris. But working with Cowdery, Smith completed the manuscript in a short period. Cowdery and Smith said that on May 15,1829, they received the Aaronic priesthood from the resurrected John the Baptist, one of the three announced that he was the Apostle Peter and said the others were the apostles James and John. Later that year, Cowdery reported sharing a vision, along with Smith and David Whitmer, Martin Harris said he saw a similar vision later that day. Cowdery, Whitmer and Harris signed a statement to that effect and their testimony has been published in nearly every edition of the Book of Mormon. When the church was organized on April 6,1830, Smith became First Elder, Cowdery held the position of Assistant President of the Church from 1834 until his resignation/excommunication in 1838. Cowdery was also a member of the first presiding high council of the church, organized in Kirtland, Ohio, in 1834. On December 18,1832, Cowdery married Elizabeth Ann Whitmer and they had five children, of whom only one daughter survived to maturity. Cowdery helped Smith publish a series of Smiths revelations first called the Book of Commandments and later, as revised and expanded, the Doctrine and Covenants. Cowdery was also the editor, or on the board, of several early church publications, including the Evening and Morning Star, the Messenger and Advocate

40.
David Whitmer
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David Whitmer was an early adherent of the Latter Day Saint movement who eventually became the most interviewed of the Three Witnesses to the Book of Mormons golden plates. Whitmer was born near Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, the fourth of nine children of Peter Whitmer, Sr. Whitmers ancestry on both sides of his family were German, and the family spoke with a German accent. His grandfather was George Witmer, who was born in Prussia, by the 1820s, the Whitmer family had moved to a farm in Fayette, in New Yorks Finger Lakes area. On March 12,1825, Whitmer was elected sergeant in an organized militia called the Seneca Grenadiers. Whitmer and his family were among the earliest adherents to the Latter Day Saint movement, Whitmer eventually accepted the story and brought his fathers family to join the Smiths in Palmyra. Whitmer was baptized in June 1829, nearly a year prior to the organization of the Church of Christ. During that same month, Whitmer said that he, along with Smith and Cowdery, Martin Harris reported that he experienced a similar vision with Smith later in the day. Evidence places this event near his fathers home in Fayette, New York, Whitmer, Cowdery, and Harris then signed a joint statement declaring their testimony to the reality of the vision. The statement was published in the first edition of the Book of Mormon and has included in nearly every subsequent edition. Whitmer later said that Smith had received a revelation that Hiram Page, when Smith organized the Church of Christ on April 6,1830, Whitmer was one of six original members. Whitmer had been ordained an elder of the church by June 9,1830, soon after the organization of the church, Smith set apart Jackson County, Missouri, as a gathering place for Latter Day Saints. According to Smith, the area had once been the site of the biblical Garden of Eden, and would be the center place of the City of Zion. On July 7,1834, Smith ordained Whitmer to be the president of the church in Missouri and his own successor, should Smith not live to God. By virtue of his position as President of the High Council in Zion, David Whitmer was sustained as the president of the church in Zion, Cowdery and Whitmer did have a visionary experience and like Paul, were called to preach. They were also called to search out twelve disciples, who later were called apostles, none of the Three Witnesses were ordained to that apostleship. Whitmer continued to live in Kirtland, Ohio, and his counselors, W. W. Phelps, after the collapse of the Kirtland Safety Society bank, Smith and his counselor Sidney Rigdon, battered by creditors, moved to Far West, Missouri, to evade arrest. The ensuing leadership struggle led to the dissolution of the presidency of the church in Missouri, Whitmer resigned and Phelps, John Whitmer, and Cowdery were excommunicated. Whitmer and the other excommunicated Latter Day Saints became known as the dissenters, some of the dissenters owned land in Caldwell County, Missouri, which they wanted to retain

41.
Martin Harris (Latter Day Saints)
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Harris was born in Eastown, New York, the second of the eight children born to Nathan Harris and Rhoda Lapham. In 1808, Harris married his first cousin Lucy Harris, Harris served with the New York militia in the War of 1812. Until 1831, Harris lived in Palmyra, New York, where he was a prosperous farmer, Harriss neighbors considered him both an honest and superstitious man. A biographer wrote that Harriss imagination was excitable and fecund, for example, Harris once perceived a sputtering candle to be the work of the devil. An acquaintance said that Harris claimed to have seen Jesus in the shape of a deer, the local Presbyterian minister called him a visionary fanatic. Another friend said, Martin was a man that would do just as he agreed with you, but, he was a great man for seeing spooks. Nevertheless, even early anti-Mormons who knew Harris believed that he was honest, industrious, benevolent, mr. Harris was among the early settlers of this town, and has ever borne the character of an honorable and upright man, and an obliging and benevolent neighbor. He had secured to himself by honest industry a respectable fortune—and he has left a circle of acquaintances. The Smith family moved to Palmyra in 1816, and in 1824, Harris employed Joseph Smith, Sr. to dig a well, Smith, Sr. reportedly told Harris about the gold plates in 1824. Harris later recounted the first time he saw Joseph Smith use a seer stone, in the winter of 1828, Harris took the transcript of characters to New York City, where he met with Charles Anthon, a professor of linguistics at Columbia College. The two mens accounts of the conflict on almost every point. Harriss account is recorded in Smiths History of the Church, Anthon, for his part, gave written accounts in 1834 and 1841. Despite the years between, both accounts are in agreement, save a contradiction as to whether he had given Harris a written opinion about the transcript or not. In both accounts, Anthon maintained that he told Harris that he was a victim of a fraud, in either case, the episode apparently satisfied Harriss doubts about the authenticity of the golden plates and the translation enough to mortgage his farm to have the book printed. Harriss wife continued to oppose his collaboration with Smith, in both of Anthons accounts, he states that Harris visited him again after the Book of Mormon was printed and brought him a copy, which Anthon refused to accept. In February 1828, Harris traveled to Harmony, Pennsylvania to serve as a scribe while Smith dictated the translation of the golden plates, by June 1828, Smith and Harriss work on the translation had resulted in 116 pages of manuscript. Harris asked Smith for permission to take the 116 pages of manuscript back to his wife in order to convince her of its authenticity, after Harris had shown the pages to his wife and some others, the manuscript disappeared. The loss temporarily halted the translation of the plates, and when Smith began again, he used other scribes, the first extant written revelation to Joseph Smith, dated July 1828, refers to Smiths delivering the 116 pages to Harris

42.
David W. Patten
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David Wyman Patten was an early leader in the Latter Day Saint movement and an original member of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles. He was killed at the Battle of Crooked River and is regarded as a martyr by members of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints and he is referred to twice in the LDS Churchs Doctrine and Covenants—once in section 114 and posthumously in section 124. Patten was born to Benoni and Edith Cole Patten in Vermont and he was the 11th of 13 children. He was around 61 and of a dark complexion, as a youth, Patten moved to the town of Dundee in eastern Michigan. While there, at the age of 28 he married Phoebe Ann Babcock in 1828, the two had one stillborn child, they had no children live to adulthood. Patten allied himself with the local Methodist congregation during this time, in 1830, Patten heard about the publication of the Book of Mormon. He became greatly agitated in mind and desired to see it and that summer, he had the opportunity to read the preface and the Testimony of the Three Witnesses that was attached to the book. Two years later, Patten learned that his brother John had recently joined the Church of Christ, excited, David rode three hundred miles to his brothers house in Fairplay, Indiana, to investigate the church. On June 15,1832, Patten was baptized by his brother, Patten served several short missions for the church, and was one of the first missionaries to visit the southern United States. Two days after his baptism, Patten was ordained an elder by Elisha H. Groves, on this trip, he was accompanied by another recent convert, Joseph Wood. Together, the two traveled for 23 days without food or money, instead relying on nearby families for sustenance. This assignment lasted a season, during which time Patten baptized his wife. Healing was a feature of Pattens missionary labors. Abraham O. Smoot said that he never knew an instance in which Davids petition for the sick was not answered, Patten described some accounts of his healing, Jesus called upon me to lay hands on Coltrain who accidentally burned his hand and he received no harm. Brother William Smith had a pain in his eye and I laid my hand on him in the name of Jesus Christ, Patten was ordained a high priest by Hyrum Smith on September 2,1832. At the end of 1832, several missionaries, including Patten, were sent to states on the east coast in response to a received by Joseph Smith in September of the same year. Over the next few months, Patten traveled with other missionaries, including John Murdock, William Smith, Zebedee Coltrin, John F. Boynton, Hyrum Smith, and Reynolds Cahoon. Patten began preaching in Ohio and made his way to Pennsylvania, and then to New York and back to Kirtland, Ohio, the headquarters of the church

43.
Brigham Young
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Brigham Young was an American leader in the Latter Day Saint movement and a settler of the Western United States. He was the second President of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints from 1847 until his death in 1877 and he founded Salt Lake City and he served as the first governor of the Utah Territory. Young also led the foundings of the precursors to the University of Utah, Young was dubbed by his followers the Lion of the Lord for his bold personality and was also commonly called Brother Brigham by Latter-day Saints. Young was a polygamist and was involved in controversies regarding black people and the Priesthood, the Utah War, and the Mountain Meadows massacre. Young was born to John Young and Abigail Nabby Howe, a family in Whitingham, Vermont. Young was first married in 1824 to Miriam Angeline Works, though he had converted to the Methodist faith in 1823, Young was drawn to Mormonism after reading the Book of Mormon shortly after its publication in 1830. He officially joined the new church in 1832 and traveled to Upper Canada as a missionary, after his wife died in 1832, Young joined many Mormons in establishing a community in Kirtland, Ohio. In 1844, while in jail awaiting trial for treason charges, Joseph Smith, several claimants to the role of church president emerged during the succession crisis that ensued. Young opposed this reasoning and motion, the majority in attendance were persuaded that the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles was to lead the church with Young as the Quorums president. Many of Youngs followers would later reminisce that while Young spoke to the congregation, he looked or sounded exactly like Smith, Young was ordained President of the Church in December 1847, three and a half years after Smiths death. Rigdon became the president of a church organization based in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. Repeated conflict led Young to relocate his group of Latter-day Saints to the Salt Lake Valley, Young organized the journey that would take the Mormon pioneers to Winter Quarters, Nebraska, in 1846, then to the Salt Lake Valley. By the time Young arrived at the destination, it had come under American control as a result of war with Mexico. Young arrived in the Salt Lake Valley on July 24,1847, Youngs expedition was one of the largest and one of the best organized westward treks. On August 22,29 days after arriving in the Salt Lake Valley, after three years of leading the church as the President of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles, Young reorganized a new First Presidency and was declared president of the church on December 27,1847. As colonizer and founder of Salt Lake City, Young was appointed the territorys first governor, during his time as prophet, Young directed the establishment of settlements throughout present-day Utah, Idaho, Arizona, Nevada, California and parts of southern Colorado and northern Mexico. Young was also one of the first to subscribe to Union Pacific stock, Young organized the first legislature and established Fillmore as the territorys first capital. Young organized a Board of Regents to establish a university in the Salt Lake Valley and it was established on February 28,1850, as the University of Deseret, its name was eventually changed to the University of Utah

44.
Heber C. Kimball
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Heber Chase Kimball was a leader in the early Latter Day Saint movement. Agreeing to take on plural marriage, then part of doctrine, Kimball eventually married forty-three women. He had a total of children by seventeen of his wives. Heber Chase Kimball was born in Sheldon, Franklin County, Vermont in 1801 and he was a descendant of the Kimball immigrants to Massachusetts from England in 1634. He was named after a judge Heber Chase, who had helped the family in their efforts to settle in the area, due to the embargo on trade with Britain preceding the War of 1812, his father lost his investments and the family moved into western New York. They settled in West Bloomfield, New York, Ontario County, Kimball left school at age 14, trained as a blacksmith and potter, and moved with his brother about 1820 to Mendon, Monroe County, New York. There he married his first wife, Vilate Murray, in 1822, after purchasing his brothers pottery business, for the next 10 years, he carried out his trades. He acquired five and a half acres of land, built a house and a barn, in 1823, Kimball received the three first degrees of Freemasonry in the lodge at Victor Flats, Ontario County, New York. In 1824, he sent a petition to the chapter at Canandaigua, New York and his petition was accepted, although, as he reported, Anti-Masons had burned down the chapter building in Canandaigua. When the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints established itself in Nauvoo, Illinois and he served as Nauvoo Lodge U. D. s first Junior Deacon. He remained active in Freemasonry throughout his stay in Nauvoo, but was not active once he moved to Utah Territory, there was no lodge in Utah in his lifetime that would admit Mormons. His son William Henry was born in Mendon, April 10,1826 and his daughter Helen Mar was born August 22,1828. She was the daughter to survive. Kimball claims to have witnessed an event on September 22,1827. According to his autobiography, he learned that it took place the same evening that Joseph Smith received the records of the Book of Mormon from the Angel Moroni. The most profound order existed throughout the army, when the foremost man stepped, every man stepped at the same time. When the front rank reached the Western horizon a battle ensued, as we could hear the report of the arms. No man could judge of my feelings when I beheld that army of men and this scenery was gazed upon for hours, until it began to disappear

45.
Orson Hyde
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Orson Hyde was a leader in the early Latter Day Saint movement and an original member of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles. Hyde was born to Nathan Hyde and Sally Thorpe in Oxford and he was raised in nearby Derby, Connecticut, under the care of Nathan Wheeler. In 1819, when he was just 14 years of age, he walked from Connecticut to Kirtland, while employed as a retail clerk in Kirtland, Hyde became involved with the Reformed Baptist Society, also called Campbellites, through the preaching of Sidney Rigdon. When Oliver Cowdery and other Latter Day Saint missionaries preached in Kirtland in late 1830, however, when his former minister, Sidney Rigdon joined the Latter Day Saint church, Hyde investigated the claims of the missionaries, and was baptized by Rigdon on October 30,1831. Hyde was called on a succession of missions for the church, serving with Hyrum Smith, Samuel H. Smith, in 1832 he was among the first missionaries in Connecticut, he was also among the first missionaries from the church to preach in Maine and Massachusetts. Hyde marched with Zions Camp in 1834 and became one of the members of the first presiding high council in Kirtland and he was ordained an apostle of the church on February 15,1835 as one of the original twelve, being fifth in seniority. An apostolic mission with Heber C, kimball to Great Britain in 1837 to 1838 was successful in bringing thousands of converts to the faith. Upon returning from Britain, during a period of persecution and internal dissension and he left the church on October 19,1838 with Thomas B. Marsh, the member of the Twelve. Marsh explained the reasons for their dissent in an affidavit which he and Hyde signed on October 24,1838 in Richmond, Missouri. Marsh and Hyde also claimed that Joseph Smith planned to take the State, the testimony of Marsh and Hyde added to the panic in northwestern Missouri and contributed to subsequent events in the 1838 Mormon War. Because a Mormon attack was believed imminent, a unit of the militia from Ray County was dispatched to patrol the border between Ray and Mormon Caldwell County to the north. On October 25,1838, reports reached Mormons in Far West that this state militia unit was a mob and had kidnapped several Mormons, the Mormons formed an armed rescue party and attacked the militia in what became known as the Battle of Crooked River. Although only one non-Mormon was killed on the Missourian side, initial reports held that half the unit had been wiped out, the Mormons suffered more casualties, Gideon Carter died in the battle and David W. Patten and Patrick Obanion died from wounds they received in the battle. This attack on the militia, coupled with the earlier expulsion of non-Mormons from Daviess County led Missouris governor to respond with force. On 27 October he called out 2,500 state militia to put down what he perceived as a Mormon rebellion and signed Missouri Executive Order 44, because he had signed the Richmond affidavit with Marsh, Hyde was disfellowshipped in 1838. On May 4,1839, a conference in Quincy, Illinois voted to remove Hyde. The leadership of the church invited the two to explain their actions, on June 27, Hyde returned to the church and publicly explained himself, recanting his affidavit and asking to be restored

Plaque in Building 6 honoring George Eastman, founder of Eastman Kodak, who was revealed as the anonymous "Mr. Smith" who helped maintain MIT's independence

The MIT Media Lab houses researchers developing novel uses of computer technology and shown here is the 1982 building, designed by I.M. Pei, with an extension (right of photo) designed by Fumihiko Maki opened in March 2010

Cross section of the olfactory bulb of a rat, stained in two different ways at the same time: one stain shows neuron cell bodies, the other shows receptors for the neurotransmitterGABA.

Neurons generate electrical signals that travel along their axons. When a pulse of electricity reaches a junction called a synapse, it causes a neurotransmitter chemical to be released, which binds to receptors on other cells and thereby alters their electrical activity.

A mission of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) is a geographical administrative area to …

Many LDS missions have logos or seals. This was the seal of the Arizona Tucson Mission from 2002–05.

The mission home for the Bulgaria Sofia Mission. A mission home is the official residence of a Mission president.

Rudger Clawson and Joseph Standing, missionaries of the LDS Church serving in the Southern States Mission in the United States, pose for a portrait in 1879. While still companions, Standing was killed by a mob of anti-Mormons on 21 July 1879 in Varnell Station, Georgia.