The results from the laboratory model test on reinforced sand slope were simulated numerically by the nonlinear elastoplastic finite element method(FEM) considering the strain localization; and they were compared with the results from the unreinforced sand slope. Then, the elastoplastic finite element analysis of a reinforced sand slope with facing plates was also performed numerically to understand the effect of facing by adding the facing plates into the finite element model for reinforced sand slope. In the finite element analysis, strain localization(or shear banding), strain-hardening, strain-softening, strength anisotropy and pressure dependency were considered for sandy soil. It was found that the presented finite element analysis could properly simulate the local stress-strain distribution and development of shear bands within the slopes, which could better understand the progressive failure characteristics of reinforced sand slopes, reinforcing mechanism of strips and the facing effect.
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The plane strain compression tests of dense sand reinforced with a smooth brass plate are simulated numerically with a finite element method(FEM). Considering the slippage at the interface between the sand and the reinforcement, Goodman joint elements are used as interface elements in the numerical simulation. In the finite element analysis, the effects of the following factors for sand are also taken into account:(1) correlation of confining pressure; (2) anisotropy of strength; (3) nonlinear characteristics of pre-peak strain-hardening and post-peak strain-softening; (4) dilatancy; and (5) strain localization and forming characteristics of shear zone. The results indicate that the strain-stress relationship obtained by the proposed finite element analysis is generally in good agreement with that of plane strain compression tests. It is found that the maximum stress ratio and pre-peak stiffness in the finite element analysis are quite close to the results of tests. In addition, the results also indicate that the progressive failure of reinforced sand with a development of shear zone can be reasonably examined by the proposed finite element analysis, and the interaction between sand reinforcement at the interface can be well understood.
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We investigated retrofit design in cathodic protection (CP) with galvanic anodes made from an aluminum alloy. In conventional retrofit design, the decrease in CP current reduction (which affects the life of anodes) is estimated based on nominal durability values. The current reduction rate falls to a level far below the design value, leading to an increased number of facilities in which the anode life exceeds the design service life. As this trend is due to exaggerated design, it is necessary to review retrofitting methods in order to enable more effective and economical maintenance. After detailed analysis and discussion, we developed an innovative methodology for an optimized maintenance system in galvanic anode CP. To test the assumptions made, we conducted on-site, shortterm testing with an actual structure and confirmed the validity of the new design methodology. The method, which takes current reduction into consideration, allowed more accurate prediction of anode life and a reduction in the initial costs of CP facilities.
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