carrying capacity: and environmental stress on agricultural production in northern Rio Grande region during Coalition Period, 73, 75; and population growth in natural districts, 64, 69

Carter, George F., 15

ceramics: and Chamisa Locita (LA 4), 118; and evidence for sites located under city of Santa Fe, 120-23; inventory of from Arroyo Hondo survey, 111-15; and Los Alamos Pueblo, 119-20; similarities of styles from Chaco Canyon to those of northern Rio Grande region, 7; and sites in vicinity of Agua Fria, 124-25

climate: and agriculture in Arroyo Hondo Canyon, 80; and decline of populations in natural districts, 63; deterioration of in sixteenth century and decline in population of study area, 42; impact of on agricultural productivity in northern Rio Grande region, 73-74; nature and distribution of lifezones, 78n1; rainfall and location of sites, 18; and water supply for Tetilla Canyon, 58; worldwide deterioration of in sixteenth century, 77. See also environmental stress; flooding

Coalition Period: growth of population of Upper Arroyo Hondo natural district during, 67-68, 70; increase in population and population density during, 41-42; and overview of northern Rio Grande prehistory, 8, 12-13; population magnitude in study area during, 40; population trends in northern Rio Grande region during, 72-76; reoccupation of Tetilla Canyon during, 64-65; and results of Arroyo Hondo survey, 32-33, 37-39; and site components in study area, 99-102, 106-109; and site weight indexes for natural districts by cultural sequence, 47

environmental stress, and agricultural production during Coalition Period in northern Rio Grande region, 73, 75. See also climate

epidemic diseases (European), 42, 77

European contact. See Coronado; epidemic diseases; Historic Period

“exploitation territory,” 85n1. See also sustaining area

field procedures, and site survey for Arroyo Hondo project, 19-20

Flannery, K. V., 3

flooding: and agriculture in Arroyo Hondo Canyon, 56; and agriculture in Santa Fe River Canyon, 53

Forde, C. D., 56

Fort Burgwin Research Center, 9

Fritts, H. C., 77

Galisteo basin, 6

Galisteo River, 6

Gerkins, Shelby D., 22-23, 71, 78n1

Gladwin, H. S., 11

Glassow, Michael A., 15, 71

Hack, John T., 23-24, 54, 56

Hammond, Norman D. C., 85n1

Hewett, Edgar Lee, 6

Historic Period: and overview of northern Rio Grande prehistory, 9, 14; population magnitude in study area during, 40; and reoccupation of canyon at edge of La Bajada Mesa, 61; and results of Arroyo Hondo survey, 35-36, 37-39; and site components in study area, 105, 107-109; and site weight indexes for natural districts by cultural sequence, 47

Hole, Frank, 3

Hopi, 51, 54, 73, 81

Iran (Khuzistan region), 3-4

Jelinek, Arthur, 64

Judge, W. James, 14

Kelley, N. Edmund, xii, 78n1, 80

Kidder, A. V., 6, 124

Kwahe’e Complex, 11-12

LA 1. See Pindi Pueblo

LA 3, 53, 87, 99, 100, 107, 111

LA 4. See Chamisa Locita

LA 5. See Las Aguajes

LA 7, 35, 87, 99, 100, 101, 102, 103, 104, 105, 107, 108

LA 8. See Los Alamos Pueblo

LA 16, 32, 35, 87, 99, 100, 101, 102, 103, 104, 105, 107, 108, 112

LA 76. See Upper Arroyo Hondo Pueblo

LA 113, 30, 87, 98, 99, 100, 106

LA 150, 30, 88, 98, 99, 100, 101, 102, 107

LA 191, 31, 84, 85, 88, 98, 99, 109, 113

LA 249, 30, 88, 98, 99, 100, 101, 102, 103, 104, 105, 106, 107

LA 266, 30, 89, 98, 99, 100, 101, 102, 106

LA 4445, 35, 90, 99, 100, 101, 102, 103, 104, 105, 107, 108, 113

LA 6295, 34, 35, 91, 102, 103, 104, 105, 108, 113

LA 10609, 30, 84, 85, 93, 98, 105, 108, 113

LA 10612, 34, 93, 102, 103, 104, 108, 113

LA 10614, 31, 85, 93, 99, 109, 113

LA 10617, 34, 93, 102, 103, 104, 109, 113

LA 10621, 31, 34, 93, 99, 100, 102, 103, 104, 109, 114

LA 10625, 34, 93, 102, 103, 104, 109, 114

LA 10655, 34, 35, 94, 102, 103, 104, 109, 114

LA 10701, 32, 33, 97, 99, 100, 101, 105, 108

La Bajada Mesa, 35, 36: description of canyon at edge of as natural district, 60-61; and Historic Period sites, 36; lifezones of, 57; as marginal natural district, 45; occupation and abandonment of in Classic Period, 35, 65; plains and hills at top of as natural district, 61-62; site components in, 109

site weight index: and basic site data, 87-97; by cultural sequence in study area, 37-39; and methods of site survey, 22-27; and natural districts, 44, 47, 69, 70; and population trends during Coalition Period in northern Rio Grande region, 73

water and water supplies: and abandonment of sites in Rio Grande region, 66; and concept of natural districts, 44; importance of perennial sources to site location, 18; and Middle Arroyo Hondo drainage, 58, 59, 60; and natural districts in Rio Grande region, 66, 73; and population of sites in Rio Grande region, 66; and Rio Grande floodplain and terraces, 51; and Santa Fe River Canyon, 53-54; and sustaining area for Arroyo Hondo Pueblo, 80-81; and Tetilla Canyon, 57, 58; and Upper Arroyo Hondo Canyon, 55. See also climate; flooding

Watson, Patty Jo, 21

Wendorf, Fred, 3, 4, 8, 11, 12, 13, 14, 25, 31, 84

Wetherington, Ronald K., 4, 6, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 25

Wilson, J., 23

Zubrow, E.. B. W., 64

The Arroyo Hondo Skeletal and Mortuary Remains

abandonment, of Arroyo Hondo Pueblo, xvi-xvii

accidental deaths: and age classes at Arroyo Hondo, 37; and description of burials at Arroyo Hondo, 7, 18, 20-21; and location of burials at Arroyo Hondo, 93; and skeletal pathologies at Arroyo Hondo, 38, 41. See also trauma

Acsádi, G. Y., 96

age: and accidental deaths at Arroyo Hondo, 37; and age categories for individual burials at Arroyo Hondo, 101-51; age grading and prehistoric social organization at Grasshopper Pueblo, 51; criteria for determination of, 95-96; of individuals in Component I and Component II burials at Arroyo Hondo, 23. See also age-status model; children; life expectancy

body positions: and burials at Arroyo Hondo compared to other Pueblo sites, 68-69, 70; and descriptions of individual burials at Arroyo Hondo, 101-51; and summaries for Component I and II burials at Arroyo Hondo, 7-8, 15. See also head orientation

bowing, of long bones: and calculation of average stature, 24, 42, 45-46; and information on individual burials, 102, 106, 114-15 , 119, 138, 140, 142, 144, 150; and summary of skeletal pathologies from adult burials at Arroyo Hondo, 166-69. See also long bones

climate: and agriculture at Arroyo Hondo Pueblo, xii; and dietary stress, 29-30; and increases or decreases in population, 29; and settlement history of Rio Grande region, ix-x; tree-ring evidence for fluctuations in, 29. See also drought

clothing, and historic mortuary practices of Pueblos, 50. See also blankets

comparative studies, of skeletal and mortuary remains from Arroyo Hondo to other Pueblo sites in northern Rio Grande region, 65-76

food: and burial practices at Arroyo Hondo compared to other Pueblo sites, 71; and ethnographic age-status model of mortuary practices at Arroyo Hondo, 61; and mortuary practices of modern Pueblos, 50-51. See also nutrition; plant remains

gender: and comparison of burials at Arroyo Hondo to other Pueblo sites, 74; and criteria for adult sex determination, 96; of individuals in Component I burials at Arroyo Hondo, 23, 24; of individuals in Component II burials at Arroyo Hondo, 23; and information from individual burials at Arroyo Hondo, 101-51; key to symbols for burials and, 82; and sexual differences in expression of discrete cranial traits, 172-73

general skeletal porosity, 42, 43, 45, 166-69

genetics: and similarity of Arroyo Hondo population to Tewa-Tano, 75, 179, 180; and statistical analysis of discrete cranial traits for study of population affinities of skeletal series from Arroyo Hondo, 171-80

head orientation: and Arroyo Hondo burials compared to other Pueblo sites, 68-69, 70; and descriptions of Component I and II burials at Arroyo Hondo, 8, 15; and ethnographic age-status model of mortuary practices at Arroyo Hondo, 55, 56; and historic mortuary practices of modern Pueblos, 50; key to symbols for burials and, 82

health status, difference in subadult and adult age groups indicated by burials from Component I period, 25. See also nutrition; pathologies

infant mortality: and comparison of burials at Arroyo Hondo to other Pueblo sites, 72; and demographic characteristics of prehistoric southwestern populations, 30; high rate of indicated by Component I burials at Arroyo Hondo, 23; as indicator of poor nutrition and dietary stress, 43, 45, 76; and mortality curve for Arroyo Hondo, 36-37. See also life expectancy

kivas: burials in and possibility of accidental deaths, 20; and description of Arroyo Hondo Pueblo, xvi

Kolmogorov-Smirnov (K-S) two sample test, and evidence of age grading, 54-58, 59

Krogman, W. M., 96

Kuaua site, 175, 176, 177, 178, 179

Kunitz, Stephen, 30, 43

Lambert, Marjorie, 66, 67

Lang, Richard W., 66

Lange, Charles, 67, 72

life expectancy: and demographic characteristics of prehistoric southwestern populations, 30-31; and mortality curves for Arroyo Hondo, 36. See also age; infant mortality

locations, of burials: comparison of in Components I and II at Arroyo Hondo, 27; comparison of Arroyo Hondo to other Pueblo sites, 67-68; and description of burials at Arroyo Hondo, 8-14, 81-94; and ethnographic age-status model of mortuary practices at Arroyo Hondo, 55, 56. See also plazas; roomblocks; trash deposits and middens

long bones, measurements of, 97-98. See also bowing

Lovejoy, C. Owen, 23

Mackey, James, xix, 21, 22, 97

male-female sex ratio, of Component I burials, 23-24. See also gender

malnutrition. See nutrition

Maltby, J. R. D., 96

mats, and grave accoutrements, 16, 19, 57, 58, 71

Mera, H. P., 176

mica, and grave accoutrements, 61, 62

migration, role of in population dynamics at Pueblo sites, 36

mortality schedules, and composite life tables, 34

mortuary practices: and age-status model of present-day Tewa, 52-54; and burials at Arroyo Hondo Pueblo as test of ethnographic age-status model, 54-63; differences in between Component I and Component II, 27-28; ethnographic and historic accounts of Pueblo, 49-52 . See also burials; grave accoutrements; skeletal and mortuary remains

National Geographic Society, xvii

National Science Foundation, xvii

Nelson, Nels C., 3-4, 18, 77-79

Nemeskéri, J., 96

nutrition: and difference in health status of adults and subadults, 24-25; evidence for deficiencies in from skeletal pathologies at Arroyo Hondo, 37-47, 72, 75-76; and summary of skeletal pathologies from adult burials at Arroyo Hondo, 165, 166-69. See also dietary stress; food

population: climate and increases or decreases in, 29; relationship of skeletal series from Arroyo Hondo to other probable Tewa-Tano Puebloan sites, 171-80; role of migration in dynamics of at Pueblo sites, 36. See also demography

dendroclimatology: approaches in recent research on, 4; assumptions underlying attempted reconstruction of paleoclimate of Arroyo Hondo area, 5-6; and calibration of tree-ring and climatic time series, 49-78; and conclusions on paleoclimate of Arroyo Hondo, 91-106; description of tree-ring sequences used in Arroyo Hondo study, 7, 9; and evaluation of range of variation in climatic data for Santa Fe area, 31-43; and evaluation of tree-ring chronologies used for paleoclimatic reconstruction for Arroyo Hondo, 11-29; and flow chart for Arroyo Hondo analysis, 8; history of and relationship between tree growth and weather, 3, 5; implications for archaeology of recent advances in, ix; introduction to techniques and methods of, 3-10; recent additional climatic reconstructions for Santa Fe area, 107-108; and verification of equations used in calibration process, 79-86, 87-89. See also climate

precipitation: and conclusions on paleoclimate of Arroyo Hondo, 92-105; and normalization of climatic data, 52-53; and range of variation in modern Santa Fe climatic data, 35, 38-41, 42. See also drought; water stress

Population: balance between food supply and, 6-10, 108-110; of Component I, 46; demographic characteristics of as seen through burials, 147-151; demographic effects on after deaths in children, 126-133, 134-138; demographic effects on after deaths of children , and with a growing population, 133-134; dips, archeological evidence for, 153-160; effect of drought on, 105, 154-150; effect of one-year drought on, 134; estimated from number of rooms, 43-46; family size, 43; fluctuations in, 154-160; increase of through immigrants, 44; increases in after shift to food production, 5; as influence on amount of land and resources used, 42, 49-51

aggregation: and architectural change in northern Rio Grande region in thirteenth century, 23-24; and architectural solutions to need for privacy, 118; and ethnic diversity as factor in social tension in settlements of northern Rio Grande, 115-1116. See also social organization

archaeology: and applications of space syntax analysis, 52-58; and background information on Arroyo Hondo, xi-xiv; built environments and choice of Arroyo Hondo as case study for space syntax analysis, 9-19; connection between architecture and, 4-6, 8. See also architecture, ceramics

architecture: and chronology of changes in Rio Grande Valley, 24-26; connection between archaeology and, 4-6, 8; and control issues in northern Southwest, 119-20; and idea of privacy in context of Southwest; 117-18; and innovations as coping mechanisms in periods of social change, 117, 120-21, 124-27; overview of at Arroyo Hondo, 31-38; theoretical background to study of social organization and, 9-16. See also doorways; living rooms’ plazas; rooftops; space syntax analysis; spatial segregation; storage rooms

asymmetry: and comparison of Puye Pueblo to Arroyo Hondo, 106; and methodology of space syntax analysis of Component II Arroyo Hondo, 80. See also symmetry

Athabaskan (Navajo and Apache) groups, 116

Atwood, W. L., 137

Aztec, 44, 115, 147n6

Aztec Ruins, 51

Bandelier, A., 120

Banning, E. B., 39

Basso, K., H., 64

Beach, M. A., xv

Beal, J. D., xv, 31, 35-36, 60, 77, 89, 146n6

Bell, P., 23, 117

Bernardini, W., 65, 119

Blevins, B. B., 137

Bohrer, V. L., xv

Bonanno, A., 39, 57

Bradley, B., 57

Brandt, E. A., 11, 13-14

Brody, J. J., 10

Brown, F. E., 15, 39, 52, 92

Bullock, P., 11

Bustard, W., 15, 57-58, 92

Cameron, C. M., 22, 24

carrier space, and methodology syntax analysis, 45, 145n2

Castri, J., 53

Causey, C. S., xv

Cawley, A., 145n2

ceramics: and contact between Arroyo Hondo and other pueblos during Component II, 30-31; and decorative designs as social markers, 10; stylistic diversity of and cultural diversity in northern Rio Grande Valley of fourteenth century, 14, 120; tribal alliance system and patterns of diversity in, 27

ceremonial spaces: and comparison of Tijeras Pueblo to Arroyo Hondo, 100; and overview of architecture of Arroyo Hondo, 37-38; and integration values for Component I of Arroyo Hondo, 77-78. See also katsina cult; kivas; plazas

climate: drop in annual precipitation at Arroyo Hondo during late 1330s, xii; drought and end of second phase of occupation at Arroyo Hondo, xiii; and history of Arroyo Hondo, 28, 30; and tree-ring evidence for droughts in thirteenth century Rio Grande Valley, 23

control values: and architectural modifications in northern Southwest, 119-20; and increased importance of storage during Component II of Arroyo Hondo, 92; and methodology of space syntax analysis, 51-52; and social organization of Components I and II of Arroyo Hondo compared, 93; and space syntax analysis of Component I of Arroyo Hondo, 71, 73-74, 76-77; and space syntax analysis of Component II of Arroyo Hondo, 81-82, 84

Cooper, L., 15, 35, 36, 49, 5, 57, 58, 70, 109

cooperation, plazas and ideas of in Pueblo societies, 64-65. See also egalitarian society

defensibility, as motivator for architectural change, 26. See also warfare

demography, changes in Rio Grande Valley from 900 C.E. to beginning of fifteenth century, 21-24. See also aggregation; migration

depth: and methodology of space syntax analysis, 47, 54; and social organization of Arroyo Hon, 92. See also integration values

Dickson, D. B., Jr., xv, 22, 23, 119

distributedness: and methodology of space syntax analysis, 45, 46f; and space syntax analysis of Component II of Arroyo Hondo, 80. See also nondistributedness

Dohm, K. M., 61, 118

doorways: and access analysis of Arroyo Hondo, 60-64; and comparison of Puye Pueblo to Arroyo Hondo, 104; and overview of architecture of Arroyo Hondo, 35, 37; and space syntax analysis of Component I of Arroyo Hondo, 68, 73, 75-76; and space syntax analysis of Component II of Arroyo Hondo, 80

Douglas, M., 65

Draper, P., 9

Durkheim, E., 5

Easton, R., 80

Edlinghan Castle (Scotland), 55

egalitarian society, 94. See also cooperation

Egenter, N., 6

Elson, M. D., 10, 120

environmental psychology, 116-117

ethnic groups, and social tension in aggregated settlements in Rio Grande Valley, 115-16. See also migration ethnographic evidence, and access analysis of Arroyo Hondo, 60, 61. See also Hopi; Zuni Pueblo

nondistributedness; and comparison of Puye Pueblo to Arroyo Hondo, 106; and methodology of space syntax analysis, 45, 46f; and space syntax analysis of Component II of Arroyo Hondo, 80, 81. See also distributedness

Numis (Ute) groups, 116

Orcutt, J. D., 16, 22, 25, 119

Orhun, D. B., 44, 47, 48, 57

Ortiz, A., 115

Osman, K. M., 39, 52, 53, 55-56, 57, 64

Paa-ko Pueblo, 147n7

Palkovich, A., xv, 70, 93

Pearson, M. P., 10

Peatross, F. D., 54

Peckham, S., 102, 106

Pecos Pueblo, 54

Penn, A., Peponis, J., 7, 45

Phagan, C., xv

plazas: and comparison of Tijeras Pueblo to Arroyo Hondo, 99-100; cross-cultural Incorporation of into space syntax analyses, 64-67; and kivas in northern Southwest, 119; and models of development in northern Southwest, 32-33; and social organization of Components I and II of Arroyo Hondo compared, 92, 93; and space syntax analysis of Component I of Arroyo Hondo, 80; and space syntax analysis of Component II of Arroyo Hondo Pueblo, 81-82, 84, 87, 90

Plimpton, C. L., 14

Poshuouinge Pueblo, 30, 68

Pot Creek Pueblo, 26, 27

Powers, R. P., 16

private and pueblo spaces: and architectural developments in northern Rio Grande, 115; and integration values of Component I and II of Arroyo Hondo compared, 87; and social organization of Component I and II of Arroyo Hondo compared, 92

proxemics theory, 117

Prudden, T. M., 15. 91, 124

psychology: and impact of stress on social interaction, 116-17; and studies of migration, 23

residence units: access analysis of Arroyo Hondo and inferences regarding, 60; and space syntax analysis of Component I of Arroyo Hondo, 34-45; and space syntax analysis of Component II of Arroyo Hondo, 80. See also living rooms

resources, evidence for depletion in 1330s at Arroyo Hondo, xii-xiii. See also food shortages; storage rooms

Reynolds, W. E., 10, 15, 16

Richards, C. 10

ringiness value, and methodology of space syntax analysis, 51

Rio Grande Pueblo Past, The (film) 1974, x

Rio Grande Valley: and archaeological context of Arroyo Hondo, xi-xii; chronology of architectural changes in social organization in, 26-27; comparison of other settlements to Arroyo Hondo, 94-108; and demographic changes from 900 C. E. to beginning of fifteenth century, 21-24; relationship of spatial and social structures in 115-21; and selection of Arroyo Hondo as regional case study, 16-19; and study of social organization, 11-16. See also Southwest

social organization: and Acoma Pueblo compared to Arroyo Hondo, 109; and architectural innovation as adaptation at Arroyo Hondo, 124-27; and chronology of changes in Rio Grande Valley, 26-27; Component I and II of Arroyo Hondo compared, 91-94; and connection between archaeology and architecture, 4-6, 9-11; and effects of large-scale migrations, 23; overview of study in northern Southwest, 11-16; and spatial organization in northern Rio Grande, 115-21. See also aggregation; migration, social stratification

social stratification: and ceramic specialization at Arroyo Hondo in Component II, 31; studies of in northern Rio Grande Valley, 13-14

sociopolitical complexity, 12-13

Southwest: architectural design elements and idea of privacy in context of, 117-18; control and architectural modifications in northern, 119-20; models of development and plaza-oriented settlements in northern, 33-34; space syntax analysis of Arroyo Hondo and prehistory of, 123-27. See also Rio Grande Valley

space syntax analysis: and Acoma Pueblo compared to Arroyo Hondo, 108-14; application of approach to Arroyo Hondo, xvi-xvii; of Arroyo Hondo within context of Southwestern prehistory, 123-27; and choice of Arroyo Hondo as case study, 16-19; comparisons of Arroyo Hondo with other northern Rio Grande settlements, 94-108; explanation of concept, 7-8; introduction to theory, methods and archaeological applicability of, 39-58; origins of, 6; and problem of doorways, 37; and relationship of spatial and social organization in northern Rio Grande, 115-21; results of for Component I of Arroyo Hondo, 68-78, 86-90, 129-34; results of for Component II of Arroyo Hondo, 78-90, 134-36; social organization of Components I and II of Arroyo Hondo compared, 91-94; theoretical background to study of social organization and, 9-16; units of analysis and inferences about movement at Arroyo Hondo, 60-68. See also control values; depth; integration values

Spanish, and population decline in Rio Grande Valley, 24

spatial segregation, and comparison of Components I and II of Arroyo Hondo, 89-90