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﻿Missionary Women in Nineteenth Century India Geraldine H Forbes In the latter half of the nineteenth century British missionary women appointed by Ladies' Missionary Societies began to arrive in India with the expressed purpose of converting 'pure heathens,' i e, Indian women confined in the zenanas. In the zenanas they hoped to educate as well as to convert. The effort to convert was usually abandoned under the strict supervision of the male guardians of their Indian students. Even the real mission, to impart training, was hardly successful. The greatest impact of this plan was on the women missionaries themselves who, drawn from the 'surplus' of genteel single women in England, would otherwise have been competing for the few available positions of governesses. Significantly, women missionaries of the period were not only the helpmates of the imperialists but were themselves imperialists reenacting the drama of the coloniser and the colonised within the confines of the zenana.

﻿ Doordarshan's Neurosis Hiren Gohain EVERY educated Indian is now aware what a powerful and important medium the TY has become. He is equally apprehensive that this medium has fallen a prey to a series of serious maladies. Hence, when I received an invitation to attend the NAMEDIA seminar on 'Indian Television Today and Tomorrow', I accepted it with some alacrity. But on that fateful day when I joined the crowds at the appointed place and time in Guwahati, I felt acutely uncomfortable in the company of all the pillars of the establishment and could not help sneaking away with a sinking heart What I had intended to say on this occasion would have caused only blank incomprehension and anger among the assembled company.

﻿in Early Nineteenth Century Bengal Lata Mani Several debates arose in the nineteenth century on the status of women in India in the context of determining, an appropriate colonial policy on such matters as sati which were seen to mark the depressed position of women in society. The reform of these practices was held to be part of the regenerating mission of colonisation. The most sensational and the first of these debates concerned the outlawing of sati.

﻿ bills have been further liberalised. Now ministers, the speaker and members of their families need not furnish the prescribed certificate in respect of the claims. These rules are in line with the IAS (Medical Attendance) Rules, 1954, But the legislators, the deputy speaker and the chief whip do not have this privilege. Their claims have to be certified by a government doctor not below the rank of a Civil Assistant Surgeon. (Earlier a Civil Surgeon had to certify the bill.) About the expenditure for treatment abroad, the Act states that "it is not possible to assess the exact expenditure in this behalf, as it connot be anticipated as to how many will avail of this concession...". In- cidentally, two ministers, Mahipal Reddy and R Rajagopal Reddy, have already availed of this concession recently besides, of course, the Chief Minister himself.

﻿ MAHARASHTRA Social Basis of Sharing Irrigation Water Central Issue in Well-being of Poor M D Sathe MAHARASHTRA is split up in two segments, separate and unequal. One is Bombay-Pune industrial zone (35 per cent) and the other is the rest of rural Maharashtra (65 per cent). In the latter again since the Sixties a small island of prosperity has come up around the canal based flow irrigation coupled with sugarcane cultivation and sugar co-operatives. The entire politics of Maharashtra revolves around this institutionalised power axis and the rest of rural Maharashtra is really held as a hostage. Thus the nature of conflict is essentially rural and unrelated to the over-developed urban Bombay metropolis.

﻿'Class' and 'Gender' in the Left Perspective Indra Munshi Saldanha The historiography of popular struggles has subsumed women under the category of 'man' thereby ensuring their invisibility even while creating the myth of women's passivity This has given rise to the belief (hat men alone were capable of militant action, of leadership, of changing the course of events and, in short, of making history. Women, when mentioned at all, have been portrayed as followers or supporters in these struggles.

﻿rich peasants in Pravaranagar area that there should be a well-defined public policy on the sharing of waters amongst sugarcane cultivators situated upstream and down-stream of a canal irrigation system. This is indeed a comic and curious situation since the demand for equitable sharing of water has precisely come from a lobby of rich peasants who are threatened for the first time in the last 35 years. This demand is symptomatic of the larger conflict on equity that will inevitably shape the politics of Maharashtra. Hence we have considered that the question of equitable sharing of gains of irrigation is not exactly a hypothetical one that can be put off to a more convenient future time, (iii) The next logical option is to equalise the rates of lift and flow irrigation. Once we accept the idea that the irrigation water should be shared over a large area and amongst a greater number of cultivators then this equalisation of costs becomes self- evident. It should be comparable to freight equalisation of steel over the entire country once steel is considered as a basic input of the industrialisation strategy. With this equalisation, the farmers who are situated beyond the command of flow irrigation canal system would have access to seasonal irrigation by way of lifting the water from the canal. This cost of lifting should be subsidised as a matter of public policy on equity.

﻿Kanya Mahavidyalaya, Jalandhar Madhu Kishwar The Kanya Mahavidyalaya in Jalandhar was set up in the 1890s in response to the need to impart to women a special kind of education which would enable them to adapt themselves to the new demands made by the educated men of the family without losing their cultural moorings. It was one of the most successful experiments of its kind as well as the most daring and radical in its innovativeness. Its founder, Lala Devaraj an Arya Samajist and his supporters most of whom were women, faced criticism and attack from conservative opinion both inside and outside the Samaj. The battles they fought and the way the internal contradictions in the Arya Samaj theory and practice were resolved are significant because they are typical of the legacy inherited by women's education today from its nineteenth century beginnings.

﻿Early Debates over Women's Education in Bengal Malavika Karlekar Debates over women's education in Bengal in the 1860s were broadly divided along the following lines: radical Brahmos felt that there was no justification for instituting a separate curriculum for girls or limiting the level to which girls should be educated; mainstream Brahmos and the more enlightened sections of the Hindus advocated a limited education for girls which would serve the major purpose of making women intelligent companions for the emergent bhadralok and better mothers for the next generation. The education of women, it was argued, involved a very different set of values from the rationale, for instance, behind agitating for home rule and, later, legislative representation. If women were excessively liberated there was no guarantee that they would either accept the moral straitjacket imposed on them or the sexual double standards allowed for men. These subconscious insecurities took a hysterical form occasionally as in the response to the educational and later professional successes of Kadambini, the first Indian woman doctor.

﻿Some Results from a South Indian Farm Economy Study Venkatesh B Athreya Gustav Boklin Goran Djurfeldt Staffan Lindberg The controversy over farm size and productivity' which began more than two decades ago is continuing unabated. It has important implications for the debate on agricultural development. The following case study of agricultural production in Tiruchi district, Tamil Nadu, is intended in part as a contribution to this discussion.

﻿P N Junankar This paper attempts to study changes in income and wealth distribution in Indian agriculture, using Farm Manage- ment Studies data for the Ferozepur district of Punjab. The proposed method of analysis allows the author to test whether inequality is increasing or decreasing on average or whether it is changing due to mobility in the sample. Also tested are the commonly made assumption of 'time homogeneity,' i e transition probabilities remain constant over time, and whether an individual farm that does well in one period does even better in the next period.

﻿A Study of Irrigation and Production in Punjab, 1965-1970 Jasveen Jairath To investigate and assess the role that irrigation technologies play in influencing yields in different regions, it is necessary to identify the conditions which facilitate or constrain the adoption and effective utilisation of irrigation. This paper seeks to explain the differences in responses to public and private sources of irrigation as observed in different areas of Pubjab, differing in sources of irrigation as observed in different areas of Punjab, differing in sources of irrigation. The author finds that it is mainly and basically the differences in the pattern of land distribution that explain the differential impact of irrigation on production.