Tilly Edinger, a vertebrate paleontologist who pioneered the study of how brains have evolved over the eons, was born on 13 November 1897. The German-born researcher, who immigrated to the United States in 1945, showed that insights into brain evolution could be gleaned from casts of fossil skulls. One of Edinger's discoveries was that an enlarged forebrain evolved independently several times among advanced groups of mammals. She described her work in two classic publications, Fossil Brains, published in 1929, and The Evolution of the Horse Brain, published in 1948. Edinger died in 1967.