Electron affinities of the elements

Although Eea varies greatly across the periodic table, some patterns emerge. Generally, nonmetals have more positive Eea than metals. Atoms whose anions are more stable than neutral atoms have a greater Eea. Chlorine most strongly attracts extra electrons; mercury most weakly attracts an extra electron. The electron affinities of the noble gases have not been conclusively measured, so they may or may not have slightly negative values.

Eea generally increases across a period (row) in the periodic table. This is caused by the filling of the valence shell of the atom; a group 7A atom releases more energy than a group 1A atom on gaining an electron because it obtains a filled valence shell and therefore is more stable.

A trend of decreasing Eea going down the groups in the periodic table would be expected. The additional electron will be entering an orbital farther away from the nucleus, and thus would experience a lesser effective nuclear charge. However, a clear counterexample to this trend can be found in group 2A, and this trend only applies to group 1A atoms. Electron affinity follows the trend of electronegativity. Fluorine (F) has a higher electron affinity than oxygen and so on.

The following data are quoted in kJ/mol. Elements marked with an asterisk are expected to have electron affinities close to zero on quantum mechanical grounds. Elements marked with a dotted box are synthetically made elementsâ€”elements not found naturally in the environment.

Electron affinity of Surfaces

The electron affinity measured from a material's surface is a function of the bulk material as well as the surface condition. Often negative electron affinity is desired to obtain efficient cathodes that can supply electrons to the vacuum with little energy loss. The observed electron yield as a function of various parameters such as bias voltage or illumination conditions can be used to describe these structures with band diagrams in which the electron affinity is one parameter. For one illustration of the apparent effect of surface termination on electron emission, see Figure 3 in Marchywka Effect.

Structural formula

The structural formula of a chemical compound is a graphical representation of the molecular structure, showing how the atoms are arranged. The chemical bonding within the molecule is also shown, either explicitly or implicitly. There are several common representations used in publications. These are described below. Also several other formats are used, as in chemical databases, such as SMILES, InChI and CML.

Unlike chemical formulas or chemical names, structural formulas provide a representation of the molecular structure. Chemists nearly always describe a chemical reaction or synthesis using structural formulas rather than chemical names, because the structural formulas allow the chemist to visualize the molecules and the changes that occur.

Many chemical compounds exist in different isomeric forms, which have different structures but the same overall chemical formula. A structural formula indicates the arrangements of atoms in a way that a chemical formula cannot.

Lewis structures

Lewis structures (or "Lewis dot structures") are flat graphical formulas that show atom connectivity and lone pair or unpaired electrons, but not three-dimensional structure. This notation is mostly used for small molecules. Each line represents the two electrons of a single bond. Two or three parallel lines between pairs of atoms represent double or triple bonds, respectively. Alternatively, pairs of dots may used to represent bonding pairs. In addition, all non-bonded electrons (paired or unpaired) and any formal charges on atoms are indicated.

Condensed formulas

In early organic-chemistry publications, where use of graphics was severely limited, a typographic system arose to describe organic structures in a line of text. Although this system tends to be problematic in application to cyclic compounds, it remains a convenient way to represent simple structures:

Parentheses are used to indicate multiple identical groups, indicating attachment to the nearest non-hydrogen atom on the left when appearing within a formula, or to the atom on the right when appearing at the start of a formula:

Indication of stereochemistry

Several methods exist to picture the three-dimensional arrangement of atoms in a molecule (stereochemistry).

Stereochemistry in skeletal formulas

Chirality in skeletal formulas is indicated by the Natta projection method. Solid or dashed wedged bonds represent bonds pointing above-the-plane or below-the-plane of the paper, respectively.

Unspecified stereochemistry

Wavy single bonds represent unknown or unspecified stereochemistry or a mixture of isomers. For example the diagram below shows the fructose molecule with a wavy bond to the HOCH2- group at the left. In this case the two possible ring structures are in chemical equilibrium with each other and also with the open-chain structure. The ring continually opens and closes, sometimes closing with one stereochemistry and sometimes with the other.

Perspective drawings

Newman projection and sawhorse projection

The Newman projection and the sawhorse projection are used to depict specific conformers or to distinguish vicinal stereochemistry. In both cases, two specific carbon atoms and their connecting bond are the center of attention. The only difference is a slightly different perspective: the Newman projection looking straight down the bond of interest, the sawhorse projection looking at the same bond but from a somewhat oblique vantage point. In the Newman projection, a circle is used to represent a plane perpendicular to the bond, distinguishing the substituents on the front carbon from the substituents on the back carbon. In the sawhorse projection, the front carbon is usually on the left and is always slightly lower:

Cyclohexane conformations

Certain conformations of cyclohexane and other small-ring compounds can be shown using a standard convention. For example, the standard chair conformation of cyclohexane involves a perspective view from slightly above the average plane of the carbon atoms and indicates clearly which groups are axial and which are

From Yahoo Answers

Question:Had this multiple choice question:
Ammonia's lone pair of electrons allow the molecule to:
a. assume a planar structure (wrong)
b. act as an oxidizing agent (seems correct to me)
c. act as a Lewis acid in water (wrong)
d. act as a Lewis base in water (correct, and the answer I chose)
I got lucky by selecting 'd' because 'b' seems just as correct to me. Can someone correct my understanding?

Answers:oxidising agent means,it have 2 go under REDUCTION,meaning gain of electron.which is impossible for N in NH3

Question:2. Which of the following substances contains a nonpolar covalent bond? NaCl, MgF2, N2, H2O, or NH3?
3. How many grams of glucose (C6H12O6) are in 3.55 moles of glucose?
4. In the reaction of silver nitrate with sodium chloride, how many grams of silver chloride will be produced from 100. g of silver nitrate when it is mixed with an excess of sodium chloride? AgNO3 + NaCl AgCl + NaNO3
5. Any reaction that absorbs 150 kcal of energy can be classified as oxidation, exothermic, activated, reduction, or endothermic?
6. Which one of the following compounds contains an ion with a 3+ charge? CuCl, KCl, MgCl2, Na2, or FeCl3.

Answers:To know the 3-D shape of a molecule, you first need to draw its Lewis structure, and then you can determine the type and name of the molecular geometry based on the rules you should have memorized (click on the source link for a review):
To draw the Lewis structure, follow these steps:
1. Count the total number of electrons
2. Place the least electronegative atom in the center with the others surrounding it
3. Add single bonds so that every atom on the outside ("terminal atoms") is bonded to the central atom
4. Add the remaining electrons as lone pairs (you may sometimes have to add a lone pair to the central atom)
5. Change lone pairs to bonds as often as necessary to give every atom in the structure an octet
To determine the molecular geometry:
1. Count the number of groups (lone pairs and terminal atoms) - this determines the position of those groups in space (the "electron pair geometry" - see link)
2. Look at where the bonded atoms are located to determine the name of the MOLECULAR geometry (you only count the bonded atoms here, not the lone pairs)
For illustrations, go here: http://intro.chem.okstate.edu/1314F00/Lecture/Chapter10/VSEPR.html
--------------------------
To take NH3 as an example:
First, the Lewis structure:
1. NH3 has 5 e- from N, and 1 e- each from the three H, so 8 total e-
2. In this case, N is the only choice for the central atom because H can't accommodate more than one bond
3. So we have an N with three singly bonded H's around it
4. Eight electrons total, minus six electrons used up in the three single bonds, leaves two electrons left over. So, there is one lone pair, and it goes on the N since H can't accommodate more electrons
5. Every atom has an octet (technically, H has a "duet")
Now, the molecular geometry (see source link):
1. There are four groups around the central atom: three single bonds and one lone pair... so the "electron geometry" is tetrahedral
2. Since only three of those groups are bonds, the name of the molecular geometry is trigonal pyramidal.

Question:chemistry...

Answers:Group 3(13) has 3 electrons in the valence level

From Youtube

Lewis dot structure :How to make a Lewis dot structure steps- ~ predict the location of the atom's (H is always terminal and the element furthest left on the periodic table is usually central). ~find the amount of valence electrons. ~Divide the valence electrons by 2 to get the number of electron pairs. ~place a single bond between the central atom and each of the terminal atoms ~ Subtract the # of pairs used in step 4 from the total # of (e-) to get the remaining number of (e-)or (electrons). ~Place lone pairs around each terminal atom bounded to the central atom to satisfy the octet rule(8) then place any remaining pairs around the central atom ~If the central atom doesn't have 8 electrons then u must convert some of the lone pairs from terminal toms to shared pairs.

Lewis Structures (2): Water and Ammonia :Chemistry Help! Drawing Lewis electron dot structures for water (H2O) and ammonia (NH3). Instead of using math to account for the valence electrons, I draw all of them on the paper, and "connect the dots!" This way, I don't make silly math mistakes. For more complicated structures, it helps me understand formal charges.