The table below summarizes some of the research
findings involving our technology. You can download Acrobat PDF files of
the original studies from our Research page.

Most of the tests (metrics) used are components of
standardized intelligence (IQ) tests. Note the percentage changes; these
are for the experimental group and reflect changes which occurred over the
course of treatment. Typical treatments sequences involved 40 sessions of
20 minutes per session. See the notes at the bottom of this page for more
information.

Study

Size
(N)

Treat-
ment

# sess-
ions

Metric
(6)

Pre-
and post- results (mean)

Difference
(4,5)

Percent change

Significance
P Value (3)

Larry
Micheletti

Doctoral
Dissertation

(1)

99

LSS
only:

10 hz + 18 hz
protocol

(2)

40

20 minutes each

WRAT-R

99.48

+7.32

+7.36

0.001

106.8

WRAT-S

90.62

+8.19

+9.04

0.01

98.81

Raven's

113.4

+7.2

+6.35

0.001

120.6

SBIR
Phase I

40

EDLSS;

lead/lag protocol

40

22 minutes each

PPVT-R

91.25

+9.2

+10.1

0.01

100.45

WRAT
Arithmetic

80.45

+3.65

+4.53

0.01

84.1

WRAT
Spelling

74.9

+4.4

+5.87

0.01

79.3

WRAT
Reading

77.85

+3.0

+3.85

0.05

80.85

SBIR
Phase II

[Summary of all test
groups]

25

EDLSS;

lead/lag
protocol

40

WRAT
Reading

105.1

+13.6

+12.94

0.001

118.7

Raven's

105.9

+9.1

+8.6

0.001

115.0

Fiona
Keyhoe

Doctoral
Dissertation

14

10 hz + 18 hz
protocol

(2)

40

25
minutes each

WRAML
verbal memory

84.23

+8.31

+9.86

0.000

92.54

WRAML
visual memory

92.46

+6.00

+6.49

0.043

98.46

WRAML
learning

97.54

+12.77

+13.1

0.0005

110.31

WRAML
general memory

89.23

+11.15

+12.5

0.000

100.38

WRAML
memory screen

92.46

+7.92

+8.6

0.0015

100.38

CATQ
hyperactivity index

59.62

-9.39

-18.7

0.014

50.23

Notes:

(1) Dr. Micheletti's study compared the effects of LSS on children
with ADD/ADHD who either used, or did not use, stimulant medications
to control their condition. It appears that there is some synergy
between the two treatments (but see his study for details). With an N
of 99, Dr. Micheletti has also completed the largest known study to
date of the effects of LSS on ADD/ADHD.

(2) The 10 hz + 18 hz protocol, also developed by Dr. Russell,
alternates between those two frequencies with short "off" periods
between stimuli. The intent is to increase both alpha (for relaxation)
and beta (associated with exercise of cognitive skills and attention).

(3) "Significance level" is a statistical measure of P Value intended
to show that results are not due to random variations of various
sorts. In clinical and experimental psychology, a result is considered
"significant" if this value is equal to or less than 0.05. Results on
the order of 0.01 or 0.001 are considered to be "very significant."

(4) We are showing in this table only significant changes. Some other
measures, such as WRAT-M (mathematical ability) showed no significant
changes. What seems clear from the various results is that the most
significant changes due to LSS and EDLSS always consist of improved
verbal skills.

(5) Several of these studies tested the students immediately before
and after the course of LSS treatment, and again several weeks later.
We noted that the improvements in IQ scores continued during that
period, and we believe that these positive changes were due to the
treatments. Therefore the final post treatment scores are utilized in
the summary tables.