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Prediction of surface uplift and subsidence over time on a large scale is one of the most important outcomes of mantle flow models

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Dynamic topography influences which regions are below sea level, and at what depth, and therefore where sediments and related natural resources may form Before attempting to compute uplift and subsidence in the geologic past, we must first understand present-day dynamic topography Present-day topography

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Dynamic topography influences which regions are below sea level, and at what depth, and therefore where sediments and related natural resources may form Before attempting to compute uplift and subsidence in the geologic past, we must first understand present-day dynamic topography Present-day topography m

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Dynamic topography influences which regions are below sea level, and at what depth, and therefore where sediments and related natural resources may form Before attempting to compute uplift and subsidence in the geologic past, we must first understand present-day dynamic topography Present-day topography minus 200 m

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Actual topography Spherical harmonic expansion of observed topography to degree 31 What to compare computations to for present-day

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Outlook: Understanding of present-day dynamic topography A multi-disciplinary approach is required, including, but not limited to the following aspects Improving both seismic and geodynamic models of phase boundary topography Improving mantle density models, in particular in the lithosphere More realistic and laterally variable rheology, in particular in the lithosphere Regional computations