BIO 201. Genetics. A study of the principles, mechanisms and concepts of classical, molecular, and population genetics. The laboratory stresses key concepts of genetics utilizing both classical and molecular approaches. Laboratory exercises include analysis of nucleic acids, genetic crosses, and studies of bacteria and plasmids.
Prerequisites: a C- (1.67) average in BIO 111/L and BIO 112/L; one year of chemistry or permission. Corequisite: BIO 201L.
3 credits.

BIO 221. Mammalian Anatomy. Comparative anatomy with special attention to the structure and function of mammalian systems and special references to humans. Intensive laboratory work involves dissections and demonstrations using the cat as a model.
Prerequisite: a C- (1.67) average in BIO 111/L and BIO 112/L. Corequisite: BIO 221L.
3 credits.

BIO 222. Human Physiology. The design of this course is intended to impart an understanding of the basic concepts of human physiology with emphasis on neuromuscular, cardiovascular, and endocrine physiology. Laboratory exercises place emphasis on effective experimental designs and data analysis in the study of physiological mechanisms. Lab exercises cover such topics as muscle contraction measurements, spirometry, and ECG analysis. Does not fulfill a biology major requirement.
Prerequisite: a C- (1.67) average in BIO 111/L and BIO 112/L. Corequisite: BIO 222L.
3 credits.

BIO 231. Neurobiology. This course takes an in-depth look at the biological and physiological processes that give rise to complexity of the nervous system and ultimately allow for complex function. It examines the biology of vertebrate nervous systems, with particular emphasis on the human nervous system. Topics include cellular and molecular biology of the neuron, neuroanatomy, neurophysiology, nervous system development and plasticity, mechanisms of learning and memory, and sensory and motor systems.
Prerequisite: a C- (1.67) average in BIO 111/L and BIO 112/L. Corequisite: BIO 231L.
3 credits.
[This course is cross-listed with NEU 231]

BIO 232. Neuroanatomy of Disease. This course will examine, in depth, the neuroanatomical bases for selected disorders of the human central nervous system. The topics covered will include Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, Huntington's disease and stroke. Current trends in prevention and treatment of the disorders will also be studied.
Prerequisite: BIO 111/L, BIO 112/L, and PSY 111/L.
3 credits.
[This course is cross-listed with NEU 232]

BIO 294. Special Topics in Population Biology.
This course may be repeated for credit as topic changes.
Prerequisite: BIO 201. Corequisite: BIO 290L.
3 credits.

BIO 294L. Special Topics in Population Biology Laboratory.
This course may be repeated for credit as topic changes.
Prerequisite: BIO 201. Corequisite: BIO 290L.
1 credit.

BIO 302. Plant Diversity. The development and diversity of fungi, algae and land plants and the relationships between them. Field and laboratory work familiarizes the student with the structure and reproduction of algae and plants and with the identification and pollination of flowering plants in the local flora.
Prerequisite: a C- (1.67) average in BIO 111/L and BIO 112/L. Corequisite: BIO 302L.
3 credits.

BIO 304. Developmental Biology. An organismal and molecular approach to the study of animal development using typical invertebrate and vertebrate organisms. The laboratory includes the study of slides as well as experiments on fertilization, regeneration and metamorphosis.
Fulfills general education requirement: Writing Process.
Prerequisite: a C- (1.67) average in BIO 111/L and BIO 112/L and BIO 201/L, or permission of the instructor. Corequisite: BIO 304L.
3 credits.

BIO 305. Cell and Tissue Biology. A study of cell ultrastructure and the microscopic anatomy of vertebrate tissues, including the structure and function of membranes and organelles, cell motility and excitability, and vertebrate tissue similarities and specialization in relation to function. Laboratory includes the preparation and staining of sections using selected histochemical and histological procedures as well as a variety of microscopic techniques.
Prerequisite: a C- (1.67) average in BIO 111/L and BIO 112/L. Corequisite: BIO 305L.
3 credits.

BIO 312. Ecology I. An examination of the basic concepts of ecology with extensive laboratory work and field experiences in freshwater and terrestrial ecosystems.
Fulfills general education requirement: Writing Process.
Prerequisite: a C- (1.67) average in BIO 111/L and BIO 112/L. Corequisite: BIO 312L.
3 credits.

BIO 322. Vertebrate Physiology. A study of the principles of vertebrate body function, with emphasis on the mechanisms by which cells and organs perform their functions and the interactions of the various organs in maintaining total body function.
Fulfills general education requirement: Writing Process.
Prerequisite: a C- (1.67) average in BIO 111/L and BIO 112/L; one semester of chemistry or permission. Corequisite: BIO 322L.
3 credits.

BIO 323. Introduction to Immunology. An introduction to the anatomical, physiological and biochemical factors underlying the immune response. The course begins with a discussion of non-specific immunity, cellular immunity and antibody-mediated immune responses. The course then moves into a study of contemporary immunological topics which are discussed with respect to major research papers in each area. Topics include autoimmunity, histocompatibility, immunogenetics and acquired immune deficiencies.
Prerequisites: a C- (1.67) average in BIO 111/L and BIO 112/L; BIO 201/L; CHM 111/113 or equivalent; or permission of the instructor. Corequisite: BIO 323L.
3 credits.

BIO 402. Evolution. This course is an introduction to organic evolution and evolutionary mechanisms/processes including a study of the origins, history, and evidence supporting evolution and evolutionary concepts. Examples of topics to be covered include history of evolution, classification and phylogeny, biological diversity, variation and genetic drift, natural selection, phenotypic traits, speciation, reproductive success, evolution and development, and macroevolution. Evolution will be examined from several perspectives, from molecular to ecological levels, and over different time scales. The course will cover both plant and animal evolution. Laboratory exercises will be drawn from the online publication, Spreadsheet Exercises in Ecology and Evolution.
Prerequisite: a C- (1.67) average in BIO 111/L and BIO 112/L. BIO 201/L. Corequisite: BIO 402L.
3 credits.

BIO 404. Electron Microscopy. An introduction to the use of techniques for scanning and transmission electron microscopic studies. Through laboratory experience the students will learn the proper use, application and limitations of the appropriate instruments.
Prerequisite: a C- (1.67) average in BIO 111/L and BIO 112/L, and BIO 305/L, or permission of the instructor. Corequisite: BIO 404L.
3 credits.

BIO 409. Ecology II. An intensive study of ecosystem ecology, examining the interactions of biotic and abiotic factors within freshwater and terrestrial ecosystems. This course will examine recent research to demonstrate how ecosystems respond to anthropogenic influences.
Prerequisite: a C- (1.67) average in BIO 111/L and BIO 112/L. Corequisite: BIO 409L.
3 credits.

BIO 499. Seminar. Each senior student is required to do independent library research on an assigned topic and to make an oral presentation to the biology faculty and students.
May be taken twice for credit.
Prerequisite: a C- (1.67) average in BIO 111/L and BIO 112/L.
1-2 credits.

BIO 500. Independent Study. Independent Study in Biology
This course may be repeated for credit as topic changes.
1-3 credits.

Lebanon Valley College® in Annville, Pa., welcomes 1,600 full-time undergraduates studying more than 30 majors, as well as self-designed majors.
Founded in 1866, LVC has graduate programs in athletic training, business, music education, physical therapy, and science education.
Annville is 15 minutes east of Hershey and 35 minutes east of Harrisburg; Philadelphia, Washington, D.C., and Baltimore are within two hours.