4As early as 1878, the French physiologist Emile Javal had become interested in the question of eye movements during reading. Using direct observation of the eyes, Javal reported the existence of saccadic movements and recognized that the eye's trajectory rarely strays above or below a line of text as it is read.Direct observation, however, could provide only vague estimates of the speed and number of a reader's eye movements or of the length and variability of pauses between such movements.

52.Electro-oculographyPermanent potential difference between the cornea and the fundus of approximately 1mVsmall voltages can be recorded from the region around the eyes which vary as the eye orientation varies.By carefully placing electrodes it is possible to separately record horizontal and vertical movements.

42What is Saccadic search?IntroductionHooge, Vlaskamp & OverWhat is Saccadic search?(extreme serial search) (can be parallel or serial)Saccadic search(search for which a saccade is required)Search for which no saccades are required

43Introduction: QuestionHooge, Vlaskamp & OverWhat is the relation between fixation duration and saccade amplitude?1) Time course of visual processing2) Motor control

56DiscussionHooge, Vlaskamp & OverWhat is the relation between fixation duration and saccade amplitude?Over a large range of densities (object dist. 0.75°- 7.1°)We found short fixation durations with large saccades andlonglasting fixations with small saccades.Saccade amplitude (°)Fixation time (ms)Subjects used only one strategy to adjust saccade parametersSaccade amplitude (°)Fixation time (ms)

57Why do amplitudes become small in dense displays?Hooge, Vlaskamp & OverDiscussionWhy do amplitudes become small in dense displays?1) Tendency to make smaller saccades then expected on the basis of psychophysical experiments (Engel, 1975; Findlay and Gilchrist, 1998).Single fixation experiments do not necessarily predict eye movement behaviorLeg search performance uit2) Crowding

61Heo, Sundar & Chaturvedi (2001, August).Wait! Why is it not moving? Attractive and distractive ocular responses to Web ads.Paper presented to the Advertising Division at the annual conference of the Association for Education in Journalism and Mass Communication (AEJMC) Washington, DC

64The application of eye movement activated controls in aircraft is still very much in a laboratory stage because of robustness and accuracy considerations.

65The U.S. Navy recently began F/A-18E/F Super Hornet flight testing of the Joint Helmet-Mounted Cueing System (JHMCS), technology that allows airplane crews to aim weapons and sensors by simply looking at a potential target. Yes, the days where a pilot would have to even roughly line up his aircraft to get a missile lock will soon be over. The system will also become standard equipment on U.S. Air Force F-15, F-16 and F-22 fighters as well.