Sophie Riley`s presentation - Australian Earth Laws Alliance

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INVASIVE ANIMALS:
KILLING FOR THE
GREATER GOOD OR
SHORT-SIGHTED
EXPEDIENCY?
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A TALE OF TWO SPECIES
http://www.abc.net.au/news/2014-04-26/western-quoll-returnsto-flinders-ranges-after-a-century/5412284
http://planet.uwc.ac.za/NISL/Invasives/Refs/Bertolinoa
ndGenovesi.pdf
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DIFFICULTIES IN REGULATING INVASIVE
SPECIES
 How do we protect biodiversity from invasive
species?.
 Ethical considerations of how we weigh competing
interests of individual species as against other
species, habitats and ecosystems
 Practical considerations of how we weigh competing
interests of individual species against human land
use and land management
 Should society’s obligations be limited by notions of
welfare or is it valid to consider the life of individual
animals?
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1.
2.
3.
4.
What is an invasive animal?
And what are Australia’s ethical
and legal responsibilities?
Regulatory responses in
Australia
Evaluation
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1. WHAT IS AN INVASIVE ANIMAL
Biodiversity Convention - species that
threaten ecosystems, habitats or other
species.
Model Codes of Practice for the Humane
Control of…….(camels, cats, donkeys etc)
 native or introduced, wild or feral, non-human species
of animal that is currently troublesome locally, or
over a wide area, to one or more persons, either by
being a health hazard, a general nuisance, or by
destroying food, fibre, or natural resources (Koehler,
1964).
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In NSW and also at the Federal level, the impacts of
invasive species are listed as a threatening process
under environmental legislation.
For example, under the NSW Threatened Species
Conservation Act 1995
http://www.environment.nsw.gov.au/threatenedspecies/KeyThreateningProcesse
sByDoctype.htm
And at the Federal level, under the Environment
Protection and Biodiversity Conservation act 1999
http://www.environment.gov.au/cgi-bin/sprat/public/publicgetkeythreats.pl
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Camels
Cats
Donkeys
Goats
Horses
Env Impact
X
Damage to Infrastructure
Collision with vehicles
Spread disease to livestock
X
X
Other features
Foxes
Rabbits
Wild Dogs
Macro
Not
known –
Damage to vegetation
Contribute to erosion
Trampling
Foul Waterholes
Suppression of recruitment in some
plant species
Competition with native animals for
food, water and shelter
Potentially be involved in the spread
of diseases
Predation on native animals
Threaten success of recovery
programs for endangered species.
Habitat destruction
Spread weeds
Economic
Impact
Competing with livestock for
food/water
Prey on newborn lambs/ cattle and
livestock
Eat crops/reduce their yields
Social/ Cultural
Impact
Damage sites culturally important to
Aboriginal people
Destroy Bush Tucker
Reduce people’s enjoyment of
natural areas
Create dangerous driving conditions
Cause a general nuisance in
residential areas
Pigs
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X (possibly)
X
X
X
X
X
X
X known to X
carry foot rot
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X (possibly)
X
Conflict
with land
uses
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X known to X equine influenza,
carry foot rot African horse
sickness and tick
fever
X
X
Not well
quatnified
X
X
X foot and
mouth
X
lambs
X
X
lambs
X
X
Hunted
Could
control
Have become a
functional part of
X
X
X
X
X
Tourism
Woody Weed Control
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Anca Vlasopolous of Department of English, Wayne State University and she had this
to say:
What seems to be missing…is the awareness that very
little of non-human life on our small planet can escape
human impingement…and that management is the
only way for many species to survive. The pseudoDarwinian concept--survival of the fittest--in terms of
specific populations competing for the same resources
in the same territory can no longer be seen as natural.
Human interference in destroying and fragmenting
habitat, introducing exotic species, and polluting
remaining habitat has been so pervasive as to require
the present-day management of even the vast ocean
environments.
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2. ETHICAL AND LEGAL RESPONSIBILITIES
A discipline that studies the moral relationship of human beings
and their environment including the intrinsic value and moral
status of non-human components such as animals.
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Article 8(h) of the Biodiversity Convention:
parties should prevent the introduction of, control or eradicate …
Supplemented by the Guiding Principles for the Prevention, Introduction and Mitigation
of Impacts of Alien Species that Threaten Ecosystems, Habitats or Species.
Principle 2 refers to a three-stage hierarchical approach starting with preventing entry
of the species.
Otherwise, the preferred response is often to eradicate as soon as possible (principle
13).
In the event that eradication is not feasible or resources are not available for its
eradication, containment (principle 14) and long-term control measures (principle 15)
should be implemented..
Principle 1 of the Guiding Principles indicates that the precautionary approach should
also be applied when considering eradication, containment and control measures.
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Does eradicate equate with culling?
What is the impact of the precautionary approach?
Werner Scholtz, ‘Animal Culling: A Sustainable Approach
or Anthropocentric Atrocity?
“quick-fix for the inadequate management and planning
of authorities”
The Oxford dictionary defines eradicate as : Destroy
completely; put an end to
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Animal Liberation v Conservator of Flora and Fauna
(Administrative Review)
Tribunal Accepted this expert evidence:
The precautionary approach required
under the criteria requires a reduction
of kangaroo density that is clearly
sufficient not merely to a level that
would be sustainable, but to a level that
enables repair of damage from
previous overgrazing. The culling of
7000 kangaroos in 2009 would be a
first step but further reduction would be
desirable to meet this criterion.
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3. AUSTRALIAN REGULATORY RESPONSES
 Model Code of Practice for the Humane Control of feral
camels
 Model Code of Practice for the Humane Control of feral cats
 Model Code of Practice for the Humane Control of feral
donkeys
 Model Code of Practice for the Humane Control of feral goats
 Model Code of Practice for the Humane Control of feral horses
 Model Code of Practice for the Humane Control of feral pigs
 Model Code of Practice for the Humane Control of foxes
 Model Code of Practice for the Humane Control of rabbits
 Model Code of Practice for the Humane Control of wild dogs
 Kangaroo Management Plans + ( National Code of Practice
for the Humane Shooting of Kangaroos and Wallabies)
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Summary of Most -Used Control Methods
Code
(Humane)
Control of feral Aerial shooting and ground shooting,
camels
Control of feral
cats
Control of feral
donkeys
Control of feral
goats
Control of feral
horses
Control of feral
pigs
mustering and trapping at water.
Shooting, trapping, lethal baiting and exclusion fencing. The currently available methods of control are
generally expensive, labour intensive, require continuing management effort and can be effective only in
limited areas.
Aerial culling whereby donkeys are shot from helicopters with high-powered rifles.
The most commonly used feral goat control techniques are mustering, trapping at water, aerial shooting,
ground shooting and exclusion fencing.
Trapping at water, mustering, aerial shooting and ground shooting. Other measures such as exclusion
fencing, fertility control and immobilisation followed by
Lethal baiting; however not all poisons are equally humane. Depending on the poison used, target
animals can experience pain and suffering, sometimes for an extended period, before death.
Control of
foxes
Lethal baiting, shooting, trapping, den fumigation, and exclusion fencing. Lethal baiting is considered to
be the most effective method of fox control currently available; however not all poisons are equally
humane. Depending on the poison used, target animals can experience pain and suffering, sometimes
for an extended period, before death.
Control of
rabbits
Lethal baiting, warren fumigation and destruction, shooting, trapping, exclusion fencing and biological
control with RHDV and myxomatosis.
Lethal baiting, shooting, trapping and exclusion fencing. Other measures such as the use of guard
animals have been promoted in recent years but not yet fully evaluated in Australia.
Control of wild
dogs
Kangaroo and
Wallaby
Management
Plans eg
South Australian Kangaroo Management Plan 2013-2017 Draft.
Queensland Wildlife Trade Management Plan for Export Commercially Harvested Macropods 2013–17.
Need to comply with National Code of Practice for the Humane Shooting of Kangaroos and Wallabies
The purpose of the testing is to ensure that each person is capable of shooting with sufficient accuracy to
meet the animal welfare standards set out in this Code. Prior to competency testing shooters should
have received training in both shooting kangaroos and the euthanasia of pouch young.
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4. EVALUATION OF REGIME
A textual analysis of the nine Model Codes
The work of Hervé Corvellec and Asa Boholm on EIA.
They apply what they call a “New -Rhetorical Analysis”
to the EIS. Their research includes condlusions that:
 EIA functions as a rhetorical locus for both risk
production and risk neutralisation; …..
 The material in an EIA is presented in a way that
facilitates it becoming “an integrated part of reality’.
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Code (Humane)
Control of feral camels
Summary of Most Used Control Methods
Control of feral cats
.Shooting can be a humane method of destroying feral cats when it is carried out by experienced, skilled and responsible
shooters; the animal can be clearly seen and is within range; and the correct firearm, ammunition and shot placement is
used.
Control of feral donkeys
The use of exclusion fencing is generally regarded as a humane, non-lethal alternative to lethal control methods. However,
fencing of large areas is expensive to construct and maintain and is difficult in rugged terrain…. [but can concentrate donkeys
at other points where they] can die of thirst. Therefore regular inspections are necessary so that any lingering donkeys can be
shot or allowed to drink.
With this method, a low-charge dart containing a tranquiliser is injected to immobilise approachable donkeys, which are then
euthanased with an injection of barbiturate. Although this method is seen as more humane than most other lethal methods, it
is very costly, labour intensive, requires veterinary supervision and is therefore unsuitable for broadscale control.
Control of feral goats
The use of exclusion fencing is generally regarded as a humane, non-lethal alternative to lethal control methods. However,
fencing of large areas is expensive to construct and maintain and is eventually breached by feral goats. Fences can be of
limited use in feral goat control by restricting access to sensitive areas.
With this method, a low-charge dart containing a tranquiliser is injected to immobilise horses, which are then euthanased with
an injection of barbiturate. Although this method is seen as more humane than most other lethal methods, it is very costly,
labour intensive, requires veterinary supervision and is therefore unsuitable for broadscale control.
Control of feral horses
Control of feral pigs
Control of foxes
Control of rabbits
Control of wild dogs
Kangaroo and Wallaby
Management Plans eg
Fertility control is seen by some as a preferred method of broad-scale feral camel control as it offers a potential humane and
target specific alternative to lethal methods. However, delivery of hormones or vaccines that have a transient contraceptive
effect are difficult to administer to large numbers of free-roaming camels and there is no long-acting or permanent method of
fertility control presently available; therefore repeated administration would be required. Consequently, its application is not
currently feasible for most Australian conditions where feral camel numbers are high and their domain extensive.
Shooting can be a humane method of destroying feral pigs when it is carried out by experienced, skilled and responsible
shooters; the animal can be clearly seen and is within range; and the correct firearm, ammunition and shot placement is
used.
Fertility control is seen as a preferred method of broadscale fox control as it offers a potential humane and target specific
alternative to lethal methods. However, no effective fertility control agents are currently available for broadscale use against
foxes in Australia.
The use of exclusion fencing is generally regarded as a humane, non-lethal alternative to lethal control methods. However, the
high costs of establishing and maintaining rabbit-proof enclosures, limits their use to the protection of valuable pasture, crops
and conservation areas.
Other measures such as the use of guard animals have been promoted in recent years but not yet fully evaluated in Australia.
South Australian Kangaroo Management Plan 2013-2017 Draft.
Queensland Wildlife Trade Management Plan for Export Commercially Harvested Macropods 2013–17.
Control = shooting.
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• In an analogous way the Codes become a
locus for identification of impacts of invasive
animals as well as welfare considerations
connected with their eradication. Welfare
concerns are not so much neutralised as
rationalised
• Killing thus becomes an integrated part of
reality – So that by invoking the risk that
invasive species pose, it means that the
species must be killed lest management goals
remain unfulfilled.
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TWO CATEGORIES OF
PROBLEMS:
• The regime may not be
working as effectively as it
should be
• It discounts humanity’s
relationship with nature
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Penny Olsen, (1998)
• more research is need to determine
whether lethal control methods are
effective in the long-term. Culling can
result in re-bound increases in
populations.
• Pigs and lamb losses
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Zeng and Gerritsen (2013) question the
effectiveness of commercial harvesting and
culling as a regulatory tool for controlling
camel populations.
Even where came densities are high, or
otherwise more available for harvesting, it
would take an increase in commercial
harvesting in the order of 30% per annum
until 2022 to reduce camels to a level that
regulators consider acceptable. This is not a
feasible mechanism.
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• It entrenches culling as a first point regulatory
response.
• As we continue to kill, it becomes more
entrenched and more acceptable. From killing
for the greater good it becomes acceptable as
an industry or commercial undertaking. In this
case what should the rules be?
• As we become accustomed to culling/
shooting we stop asking the hard questions
concerning the bigger picture of our
relationship to nature
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Sandro Bertolino and Piero Genovesi, ‘Spread and Attempted Eradication of the
Grey Squirrel (Sciurus carolinensis) in Italy and Consequences for the Red
Squirrel’, (2003) 109 Biological Conservation 351.
Hervé Corvellec and Asa Boholm, ‘The Risk/no-risk Rhetoric of Environmental
Impact Assessments (EIA): the Case of Offshore Wind Farms in Sweden’, (2008)
13 (7) Local Environment 627.
Penny Olsen, Australia’s Pest Animals, New Solutions to Old Problems, Bureau of
Rural Sciences (1998), 31, 41 and 53.
Bexxiang Zeng and Rolf Gerritsen, ‘Inadequate Contribution of Commerical
Harvest to the management of Feral Camels in Australia’, (2013) 56 (8) Journal
of Environmental Planning and Management, 1212.
Animal Liberation v Conservator of Flora and Fauna (Administrative Review)
[2009] ACAT 17
Spagnesi and Genovesi v The Republic of Italy Court of Appeal of Turin - IV - July 4,
2000 judgment n.4009 (copy on file with author
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