Bullet–Proof, CHIPSCRETES, DUOWATT, E–FET, EASY SWITCHER, ECLinPS, ECLinPS Lite, ECLinPS Plus, EpiBase,
Epicap, EZFET, FULLPAK, GEMFET, ICePAK, L2TMOS, MCCS, MDTL, MECL, MEGAHERTZ, MHTL, MiniMOS,
MiniMOSORB, Mosorb, MRTL, MTTL, Multi–Pak, ON–Demand, PowerBase, POWERTAP, Quake, SCANSWITCH,
SENSEFET, SLEEPMODE, SMALLBLOCK, SMARTDISCRETES, SMARTswitch, SUPERBRIDGES, SuperLock, Surmetic,
SWITCHMODE, Thermopad, Thermowatt, TMOS, TMOS & Design Device, TMOS Stylized, Unibloc, UNIT/PAK, Uniwatt,
WaveFET, Z–Switch and ZIP R TRIM are trademarks of Semiconductor Components Industries, LLC (SCILLC).
HDTMOS and HVTMOS are registered trademarks of Semiconductor Components Industries, LLC (SCILLC).
All brand names and product names appearing in this document are registered trademarks or trademarks of their
respective holders.
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without further notice to any products herein. SCILLC makes no warranty, representation or guarantee regarding the suitability of its products for any particular
purpose, nor does SCILLC assume any liability arising out of the application or use of any product or circuit, and specifically disclaims any and all liability,
including without limitation special, consequential or incidental damages. “Typical” parameters which may be provided in SCILLC data sheets and/or
specifications can and do vary in different applications and actual performance may vary over time. All operating parameters, including “Typicals” must be
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2

Introduction
This recently revised Technical Literature Selector Guide and Cross Reference is designed to better assist you in finding
and selecting Technical Literature on the broad protfolio of ON Semiconductor’s devices. This manual is now broken down
into several new sections: a listing of available data books and brochures; an alphabetical subject, device number, and SPICE
model indices, as well as abstracts on application notes, article reprints and engineering bulletins. Please see the table of
contents on page 5 for details.
ON Semiconductor’s “applications literature” provides guidance to the effective use of its Analog, Discrete and Logic
product families across a broad range of practical applications. Many different topics are discussed – in a way that is not
always possible in a device data sheet. These may range from detailed circuit designs complete with PCB layouts, through
matters to consider when embarking on a design, to overviews of a new product family and its design philosophy.
Information is presented in the form of Application Notes (AN’s), Article Reprints1 (AR’s) and Engineering Bulletins
(EB’s). The Application Notes, Article Reprints, and Engineering Bulletins are written to enhance the user’s knowledge and
understanding of ON Semiconductor’s products. However, before attempting to design–in a device referenced in these
documents, please contact your local ON Semiconductor supplier or sales representative for product availability and
available application support.
Information in this document is given in good faith and no liability is accepted for errors or omissions. Includes literature
published or revised between December 1, 1997, and August, 2000.
1. Article Reprints are documents that were originally published in trade or press and have been reprinted with permission
of the specific publisher.
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3

Data Book Abstracts
Data Book Abstracts
Document
Number T* Title Abstract
DL111/D D Bipolar Power Transistor Data, ON Semiconductor produces more than 700 off–the–shelf power
Rev 7 transistors covering a very wide range of applications. These
transistor currents range from 0.1 to 80A and their voltages range
from 25 to 1000V, with power dissipations from 5 to 250W. Their
electrical, thermal and mechanical characteristics are presented in
the form a Data Sheets. The book also includes a competitor Cross
Reference and a Selector Guide.
Note: This data book has been published with an ON
Semiconductor cover, but still contains Data Sheets with the ON
Semiconductor logos.
DL121/D L LS TTL Data, Rev 6 Low Power Schottky (LS TTL) has been a long time industry
standard for logic devices. ON Semiconductor still offers a wide
range of these devices, and will continue to provide this logic family
as required by the industry.
DL122/D L MECL Device Data, Rev 7 Presents full technical data for ON Semiconductor’s monolithic
Emitter Coupled Logic families, including MECL 10H, MECL 10K
and MECL III, plus Phase–Locked Loop products. MECL offers
very high speeds – with propagation delays down to 1.0ns – for use
in computer systems, high–performance ATE and process control
systems, signal processors and navigation systems. The families
also offer other advantages which combine to reduce package
count and simplify system design. This book includes a technical
introduction to MECL and a detailed discussion of system design
considerations.
DL126/D D Small Signal Transistors, FETs Presents technical information for the several families that make up
and Diodes, Rev 6 ON Semiconductor’s small–signal semiconductor product range,
including bipolar transistors, JFETs and diodes. Complete device
specifications and typical performance curves are given on
individual data sheets, which are grouped by families and by their
through–hole and surface mount packages. A Selector Guide
provides a quick comparison in the form of data sheets, with a
competitor Cross Reference and a Selector Guideof performance
characteristics. Additional sections describe package outline
drawings, footprints for soldering and tape–and–reel
specifications.
DL128/D A Analog ICs, Rev 6 Presents detailed technical information in the form of data sheets
on ON Semiconductor’s broad range of linear and interface ICs.
Products are divided into 10 sections, including Amplifiers and
Comparators, Power Supply Circuits, Motor Control, Voltage
References, Data Conversion, Interface Circuits, Communica-
tions, Consumer and Automotive. Each section includes its own
comprehensive Selector Guide, while an industry Cross Reference
lists over 3,000 products with their ON Semiconductor Direct or
Similar Replacements. Package mechanical data is provided, plus
tape–and–reel information for surface mount.
* Technology A = Analog D = Discrete
L = Logic X = Mixed
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8

Data Book Abstracts
Document
Number T* Title Abstract
DL129/D L High–Speed CMOS Logic, Rev 7 For many years, CMOS devices have been used in applications
where low power consumption, wide power supply range and high
noise immunity are the important factors. For higher speed
applications, designers were forced to sacrifice the CMOS benefits
and select bipolar families such as LSTTL. ON Semiconductor’s
High Speed CMOS family satisfies many high–speed applications,
while retaining the CMOS features. The HSCMOS Data Book
includes a Selector Guide by function, a discussion of design and
handling considerations, and full electrical and performance data
in the form of data sheets.
DL131/D L CMOS Logic Data, Rev 4 Presents technical data for ON Semiconductor’s broad line of
Metal–Gate CMOS logic ICs. Complete specifications are provided
in the form of data sheets. In addition, a Product Selector Guide and
a Handling and Design Guidelines chapter are included, providing
additional product and applications information. Includes data on
all the logic circuits from the MC14000 series; non–logic devices in
this series are covered in the CMOS Application–Specific Standard
ICs data book, reference DL130/D.
DL135/D P TMOS Power MOSFETs, Rev 6 The Power MOSFET data book is currently undergoing a complete
overhaul. This overhaul includes: the removal ofd several
technologies and part numbers that are obsolete; the addition of
several new technologies and part numbers that are being
introduced into the portfolio; the correction of other minor
documentation errors that have occurred in the past versions of the
book; and the addition of indeces and other user–friendly
information. Expected completion of this task is the end of October,
2000.
DL137/D D Thyristor Device Data, Rev 7 Thyristors are useful across a broad range of control applications.
Compared to a mechanical switch a thyristor has a long service life
and fast switching times; its regenerative action and low
ON–resistance allow it to be used to control AC loads as well as for
simple switching tasks. Thyristor Device Data presents data sheet
information – plus a comprehensive Selector Guide and industry
Cross Reference – on ON Semiconductor’s thyristor families,
including SCRs, Triacs, surge suppressors and trigger devices. It
includes 220 pages of theory and applications information.
DL138/D L FACT Data, Rev 3 FACTt uses a sub 2 micron silicon gate CMOS process to attain
speeds similar to Advanced Low Power Schottky, while retaining
the ultra low power and high noise immunity of CMOS logic. It also
offers superior line driving characteristics and excellent ESD and
latchup immunity. This data book describes ON Semiconductor’s
product line with device specifications and a Selector Guide, plus
design considerations and comparisons with previous
technologies.
* Technology A = Analog D = Discrete
L = Logic X = Mixed
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9

Data Book Abstracts
Document
Number T* Title Abstract
DL140/D L High Performance ECL Data, This data book contains device specifications in the form of data
Rev 4 sheets for ON Semiconductor’s ECLinPSt and ECLinPS Litet
advanced Emitter coupled Logic family. ECLinPS (ECL in
picoseconds) was developed in response to the demand for an
even higher performance logic family of standard logic functions,
especially for the computer, ATE, instrumentation and
communications industries. ECLinPS offers a maximum single
gate delay of 500ps including package delay, and a flip–flop toggle
frequency up to 1 GHz. Each function is available with either MECL
10KH or 100K compatibility.
DL150/D D TVS/Zener Devices, Rev 1 Presents technical data for ON Semiconductor’s broad line of
Transient Voltage Suppressors (TVS) and Zener Diodes.
Complete specifications are given in the form of data sheets, with
separate sections for surface mount devices. A comprehensive
Selector Guide and Industry Cross Reference are included to
assist the choice of devices for specific applications, showing ON
Semiconductor direct replacement and similar replacement parts.
The comprehensive Technical Information section has been edited
and updated from the popular ON Semiconductor Zener Diode
Manual, and includes Application Notes/Article Reprints.
DL151/D D Rectifier Device Data, Rev 2 ON Semiconductor is one of the world’s leading suppliers of
rectifiers, including switching power supply devices. This book
contains a comprehensive Selector Guide showing Application
Specific, Schottky, Ultrafast, Fast, Ultrasoft and general purpose
rectifiers, and automotive transient suppressors. Detailed electrical
and mechanical information is provided in the form of data sheets
for all devices. Industry cross reference data is also included.
DL203/D L Very High–Speed CMOS Logic, ON Semiconductor’s VHC Advanced High–Speed CMOS logic
Rev 2 family is designed for operation on 2V to 5.5V supplies. When
operating at supply voltages less than 5V the devices feature
5V–tolerant inputs to aid 3V–5V mixed system designs, and with
speeds more than 60% faster than HCMOS, VHC is the perfect
family for new, low–cost, low–power designs. Excellent noise
performance also makes VHC a good replacement for FACT logic.
This data book contains full data sheets on all devices offered by
ON Semiconductor.
DLD601/D L One–Gate Logic Devices, Rev 0 Less is more! With the ever increasing innovations in wireless
electronic equipment, physical space within that equipment is at a
premium today. ON Semiconductor’s One–Gate logic products are
positioned to contribute significantly to the success of equipment
designs targeted for the computer, networking and communica-
tions, and the consumer electronics markets. This data book
introduces the VHC and HC One–Gate product families and
contains complete data sheet specifications for each device
offered.
* Technology A = Analog D = Discrete
L = Logic X = Mixed
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10

Brochure Abstracts
Brochure Abstracts
Document
Number T* Title Abstract
BR480/D D Energy Efficient Semiconductors A brochure outlining basic information on the use of electronic
for Lighting, Rev 1 ballasts in energy efficient lighting applications. Includes data on
high intensity discharge lamps, industrial fluorescent lamps,
holgen lamps, power factor correction, and ballast applications.
Also includes several application notes, packaging information and
a selector guide.
BR1339/D L LCX Data – Low Voltage CMOS ON Semiconductor’s 3V LCX family features 5V–tolerant inputs
Logic Devices, Rev 3 and outputs to enable an easy transition to 3V systems or to mixed
3V/5V systems. Low power, low switching noise and fast switching
speeds make the family perfect for low power portable applications
as well as for high end advanced workstation applications. This
data book includes overall specifications for the family, general
applications information, a discussion of design considerations,
and individual datasheets for all the devices in the family.
BR1487/D D Thermal Modeling and Thermal management is one of the main challenges facing
Management of Discrete Surface designers of modern portable electronic equipment. As end users
Mount Devices, Rev 2 demand more and more features in battery powered devices such
as notebook computers and mobile phones, the designer is
presented with new issues concerned with “how to get the heat
out.” This publication is a collection of five technical papers,
published during 1996, which will give an insight into the latest
methods of thermal measurement and modeling of the discrete
surface mount packages commonly used in handheld, battery
powered equipment.
BR1492/D L LVX Data – Low Voltage CMOS Presents information in data sheet form on ON Semiconductor’s
Logic Devices, Rev 0 LVX Family of 74–series Low–Voltage CMOS devices with
5V–tolerant inputs.
BR1513/D L ECLinPS Plus™ Data Brochure, Presents information in data sheet form on ON Semiconductor’s
Rev 1 ECLinPS Plust Family of 10EP/100EP Low–Voltage ECL devices
supporting applications up to 6Gbits/s.
BR1522/D X Technical Literature Selector This document lists all of the currently available technical literature
Guide and Cross Reference, in the Data Book, Selector Guide, Application Note, Article Reprint,
Rev 2 Engineering Bulletin, Hand Book and Cross Reference categories.
Individual Data Sheet listings are not included. The book allows
users to locate appropriate documentation based on Device
Number, Subject Matter and Document Description. It includes a
listing of available published SPICE models, as well. It is the best
authority on available literature.
BRD8005/D X Welcome to ON Semicondcutor A brief welcome to ON Semiconductor, who we are, where we
Corporate Brochure, Rev 0 came from and where we are going.
BRD8007/D L Analog Switches, Rev 0 This data brochure consolidates individual data sheets of Analog
Switches from each of the applicable Logic product families.
* Technology A = Analog D = Discrete
L = Logic X = Mixed
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11

Document Abstracts
Document Abstracts
by Document Number
Doc
Number T* Title Abstract
AN004E/D D Semiconductor Consideration for This paper addresses the requirements for the semiconductor sensing circuitry
DC Power Supply Voltage and SCR crowbar devices used in DC power supply over/under voltage protection
Protector Circuit Protectors schemes.
AN211A/D D Field Effect Transistors in Theory There are two types of field–effect transistor: the Junction Field–Effect Transistor
and Practice (JFET) and the Metal Oxide Semiconductor Field–Effect Transistor (MOSFET).
The principles on which these devices operate are very similar, the main difference
being in the method by which the control element is made. This difference,
however, results in a considerable difference in device characteristics and
necessitates different approaches in circuit design.
This discussion of the basic theory, construction methods, characteristics and
figures of merit of the two types is intended as a primer for engineers and
technicians.
AN220/D D FETs in Chopper and Analog The author’s discussion begins with elementary chopper and analog switch
Switching Circuits characteristics, explores fully the considerations required for conventional and
FET chopper and analog switch design, and finishes with specific FET circuit
examples.
AN222A/D D The ABCs of DC to AC Inverters Transistor DC to AC inverters are useful in a wide variety of applications, including
satellites, gyros, other airborne instruments, and even an electric shaver in a car.
They may become increasingly important and more widely used with the further
development of economic low–voltage DC power sources such as solar cells,
nuclear cells and fuel cells. This note provides a thorough examination of a broad
range of inverter types, and includes selection of the proper inverter for a specific
application and device selection for inverter design.
AN270/D X Nanosecond Pulse Handling The rapid advancement in the field of high speed digital integrated circuits has
Techniques brought into focus many problem areas in the methods of pulse measurement
techniques and new concepts dealing with these problems. This paper is intended
to discuss the more common, yet perhaps not well known, pitfalls of measurement
systems, a method of detecting them and possible solutions.
AN294/D D Unijunction Transistor Timers and Twelve different unijunction transistor circuits are examined, loading factors are
Oscillators discussed and the effects of compensating techniques are shown.
AN462/D D FET Current Regulators – Circuits A brief historical sketch of the development of two–terminal current regulators from
and Diodes vacuum tube days to the present. Included are numerous FET current sourcing
circuits, along with an extensive treatment of the current regulating diode and its
uses as a valuable component in circuit design.
AN479/D D Universal Input Voltage Range This note describes an easy–to–build, high performance, low cost 100W flyback
Power Supply for High Resolution power supply, able to work on any mains supply from 85Vac to 265Vac, and from
Monitors with Multi–Sync 40Hz to 100Hz. It is automatically synchronized to the horizontal scanning
Capability frequency for minimum screen interference on a multi–sync color monitor. It uses
a low cost MC44602P2 current mode controller – designed specifically for driving
high voltage bipolar transistors – with an MJH18010 switchmode power transistor.
AN485/D D High–Power Audio Amplifiers with This application note describes a recommended circuit approach for
Short–Circuit Protection high–performance audio amplifiers in the 35W to 100W r.m.s. power range.
Circuitry is included which enables the amplifier to operate safely continuously
under any load condition including a short.
AN489/D A Analysis and Basic Operation of The monolithic linear four–quadrant multiplier is discussed. The equations for the
the MC1595 analysis are given, along with performance that is characteristic of the device. A
few basic applications are given to assist the designer in his system design.
AN556/D L Interconnection Techniques for ON The MECL 10,000 Series is designed to be the most usable very high speed logic
Semiconductor’s MECL 10,000 available. It satisfies the growing need for high clock rate capability and short
Series Emitter Couple Logic propagation delays with minimum layout constraints. This comprehensive note
describes some characteristics of high speed digital signal lines and the wiring
rules for MECL 10,000. Discussions include PCB interconnects and wirewrapping
techniques.
* Technology A = Analog D = Discrete L = Logic X = Mixed
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62

Document Abstracts
Doc
Number T* Title Abstract
AN559/D A A Single Ramp Analog–To–Digital A simple single ramp A/D converter which incorporates a calibration cycle to insure
Converter an accuracy of 12 bits is discussed. The circuit uses standard ICs and requires
only one precision part – the reference voltage used in the calibration. This
converter is useful in a number of instrumentation and measurement applications.
AN569/D D Transient Thermal Resistance – Data illustrating the thermal response of a number of semiconductor die and
General Data and its Use package combinations are given. Its use, employing the concepts of transient
thermal resistance and superposition, permit the circuit designer to predict
semiconductor junction temperature at any point in time during application of a
complex power pulse train.
AN581/D L An MSI 500MHz Frequency The design of an MSI 8–digit LED readout 500MHz counter using MECL III, MECL
Counter Using MECL and MTTL 10,000 and TTL is discussed. Described are two prescalers using MECL, along
with the designs for two input amplifiers. A unique time–base controller is also
shown for providing a multiphase clock to the counter.
AN587/D A Analysis and Design of the Op Voltage–controlled current sources based on operational amplifiers are both
Amp Current Source versatile and accurate, yet the quality of op amps required is unimportant. This note
develops general expressions for basic transfer function and output impedance,
and shows that simplified equations give a very accurate description of actual
circuit performance. Includes a section on analysis of the errors that result from
changes in circuit parameters and temperature.
AN701/D L Understanding MECL 10 000 DC The DC and AC specifications for emitter–coupled logic are somewhat different to
and AC Data Sheet Specifications those for saturated logic. This application note describes the specifications found
on a MECL 10,000 data sheet and provides information for understanding these
specifications for persons unfamiliar with emitter–coupled logic.
AN703/D A Designing Digitally–Controlled This application note shows two design approaches; a basic low voltage supply
Power Supplies using an inexpensive MC1723 voltage regulator and a high current, high voltage
supply using the MC1466 floating regulator with optoelectronic isolation. Various
circuit options are shown to allow the designer maximum flexibility in an
application.
AN708A/D A Line Driver and Receiver This report discusses many line driver and receiver design considerations such as
Considerations system description, definition of terms, important parameter measurements,
design procedures, and application examples. An extensive line of devices is
available from ON Semiconductor to provide the designer with the tools to
implement the data transmission requirements necessary for almost every type of
transmission system.
AN713/D L Binary D/A Converters can Provide This note describes the application and use of integrated circuit D/A converters for
BCD–Coded Conversion use in providing a BCD–coded conversion. The technique is illustrated using a
2–1/2 digit digital voltmeter.
AN717/D L Battery Powered 5 MHZ This application note describes a battery–powered 5–MHz frequency counter
Frequency Counter using the McMOS logic family for low–power operation. The basic counter is
optimized at a 12–volt supply for maximum performance with a linear input–signal
conditioner. Several options are discussed which optimize the basic counter for
minimum power dissipation. These options include a CMOS input
signal–conditioner and multiplexed LED displays.
AN719/D A A New Approach to Switching This article describes a 24 volt, 3 ampere switching mode supply. It operates at
Regulators 20kHz from a 120V AC line with an overall efficiency of 70%. New techniques are
used to shape the load line. The control portion uses a quad comparator and an
optocoupler and features short circuit protection.
AN720/D L Interfacing with MECL 10,000 This article describes some of the MECL circuits used to interface with signals not
Integrated Circuits meeting MECL input or output requirements. The characteristics of these circuits,
such as input impedance, output drive, gain and bandwidth, allow the designer to
use these parts to optimize his system. MECL interface circuits overcome a
problem area of many system designs which is the efficient coupling of
non–compatible signals.
AN726/D L Bussing with MECL 10 000 High speed data bus lines are an important part of modern computer systems.
Integrated Circuits Features of the MECL 10,000 family allow construction of data busses in a
transmission line environment. This application note describes some of the
guidelines to consider when designing high speed bus lines and shows how the
MC10123 can be used for maximum bus performance.
* Technology A = Analog D = Discrete L = Logic X = Mixed
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63

Document Abstracts
Doc
Number T* Title Abstract
AN738/D L NBCD Sign & Magnitude This note describes a parallel sign and magnitude adder/subtracter for natural
Adder/Subtractor binary coded decimal (NBCD) numbers. The design is implemented with CMOS
MSI functions: the MC14560 NBCD Adder and MC14561 9’s Complementer.
Decimal number representations, complement arithmetic, and adder/subtracters
for unsigned numbers are also discussed.
AN753/D L Scanning Logic for RF This note describes the application of CMOS integrated logic circuits in RF
Scanner–Receivers Using CMOS scanner–receiver control functions. Approaches considered include crystal
Integrated Circuits switching methods with and without priority channel capability, of both the fixed and
selectable priority channel types, along with reference to their applicability in
phase–locked loop system designs.
AN759/D L CMOS Keyboard Data EN This application note describes a keypad to binary data entry system for use with
NMOS or CMOS memories, either in a minicomputer/microprocessor application
or as a part of any logic system containing random access memory. Manual data
entry using a keypad avoids the use of a binary format, offering increased speed
and accuracy of manual direct memory accessing.
AN781A/D X Revised Data–Interface Standards The purpose of this application note is to provide a brief overview, and comparison,
of the communication interface standards RS232–C, RS422, RS423, RS449 AND
RS485 for the hardware designer. A listing of the standards’ specifications, and a
listing of appropriate ON Semiconductor devices are included. When more
detailed information is required, the appropriate standard should be consulted.
AN784/D D Transient Power Capability of Because of the sensitivity of semiconductor components to voltage transients in
Zener Diodes excess of their ratings, circuits are often designed to inhibit voltage surges in order
to protect equipment from catastrophic failure. External voltage transients are
imposed on power lines as a result of lightning strikes, motors, solenoids, relays
or SCR switching circuits, which share the same ac source with other equipment.
Internal transients can be generated within a piece of equipment by rectifier
reverse recovery transients, switching of loads or transformer primaries, fuse
blowing, solenoids, etc. The basic relation, v = L di/dt, describes most equipment
developed transients.
AN829/D L Application of the MC1374 TV The MC1374 was designed for use in applications where separate audio and
Modulator composite video signals are available, which need to be converted to a high quality
VHF television signal. It is ideally suited as an output device for subscription T.V.
decoders, video disk and video tape players.
AN843/D D A Review of Transients and Their This note addresses the problem of transient overvoltages which most electronic
Means of Suppression equipment designs must deal with. Effective transient suppression requires that
the impulse energy is dissipated in the added suppressor at a low enough voltage
so the capabilities of the circuit or device will not be exceeded.
AN849/D D Guide to Thyristor Applications In this note, significant thyristor characteristics, the basis of their rating, and their
relationship to circuit design are discussed.
AN860/D D Power MOSFETs Versus Bipolar What is better, if anything, with the power FETs if we can get a bipolar transistor
Transistors with an equal power rating for less than half the price?
AN861/D D Power Transistor Safe Operating Motor drives present a unique set of safe operating area conditions for power
Area: Special Considerations for output transistors. Starting with the basics of forward and reverse safe operating
Motor Drives area, considerations unique to motor drives are discussed. The industrial motor
drive application is sufficiently different from the electronics uses of power
transistors that a new safe operating area specification has been developed. It is
called overload safe operating area (OSLOA). The concept and the data sheet
curves that go with it are presented.
AN873/D D Understanding Power Transistor Power transistor dynamic behavior can be affected to a large extent by dv/dt
Dynamic Behavior: dv/dt Effects on limitations. A look at the internal workings of the transistor readily shows how these
Switching RBSOA limitations arise. A simple circuit model is developed which reproduces the
behavior of power transistors in dv/dt–limited modes of operation. Experience with
the model gives some guidelines for minimizing dv/dt limitations in practical
circuits.
AN875/D D Power Transistor Safe Operating The purpose of this application note is to take a look at some of the more subtle
Area: Special Considerations for aspects of how stress imposed by the power supply relates to transistor safe
Switching Power Supplies operating area, and to differentiate those stresses that the transistor can handle
from those it cannot. In order to provide a proper foundation, special considerations
are preceded by a review of forward bias safe operating area.
* Technology A = Analog D = Discrete L = Logic X = Mixed
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64

Document Abstracts
Doc
Number T* Title Abstract
AN876/D D Using Power MOSFETs in Stepping Motor control techniques and circuits utilizing Power MOSFETs driven
Stepping Motor Control from CMOS Integrated Circuits are discussed. The techniques described are shift
register phase generation, comparator switched current limiting, utilization of
synchronous rectification, transient current suppression by use of the Power FET
transfer characteristic, and the transient voltage protection requirements of the
Power FET. The techniques are presented as components for an 88% efficient
stepping motor drive circuit; however they are also applicable to other power
control tasks.
AN913/D D Designing with TMOS Power Clearly, the advantages and disadvantages that the power MOSFET gives
MOSFETs technology are its specific realm of usefulness. Some designers also favour the
power MOSFET because of its extended FBSOA or its other more subtle
advantages. The most common considerations that designers should be aware of
when designing with TMOS power MOSFETs are outlined and explained here.
AN915/D D Characterizing Collector–to–Emit- Most power Darlington transistors and power MOSFETs contain integral
ter and Drain–to–Source Diodes Collector–to–Emitter (C–E) and Drain–to–Source (D–S) diodes which for certain
for Switchmode Applications inductive load applications can be used as commutating diodes. Whether these
diodes are fast enough or have adequate power handling capability is addressed.
Also described is a real world test circuit which accurately characterizes the diodes
for switching times. The surge current capability and forward characteristics of a
number of devices are also listed.
AN917/D A Reading and Writing in Floppy Disc This application note will initially discuss recording heads, formats and disk
Systems capacities. Subsequently, the discussion will focus on the MC3469, MC3470 and
MC3471 Integrated Circuits, which have been developed to facilitate the design of
floppy disk systems.
AN918/D D Paralleling Power MOSFETs in The present TDT series of application notes are updated in this note with a more
Switching Applications detailed analysis and design guide for TMOS power MOSFET parallel applications
to account for device–to–device parameter differences and responses.
AN920/D A Theory and Applications of the This paper describes in detail the principle of operation of the MC34063 and
MC34063 and µA78S40 Switching µA78S40 switching regulator subsystems. Several converter design examples
Regulator Circuits and numerous applications circuits with test data are included.
AN921/D L Horizontal APC/AFC Loops The most popular method used in modern television receivers to synchronize the
line frequency oscillator is the phase locked loop. Although in detail the circuits may
vary considerably, the fundamental operation is the same. Any designer with a
good understanding of phase locked loops in general and the required operating
characteristics of television line frequency oscillators in particular, should be able
to handle these circuits successfully.
AN924/D D Measurement of Zener Voltage to This paper discusses the Zener voltage correlation problem which sometimes
Thermal Equilibrium with Pulsed exists between the manufacturer and the customer’s incoming inspection. A
Test Current method is shown to aid in the correlation of Zener voltage between thermal
equilibrium and pulse testing. A unique double–pulsed sample and hold test circuit
is presented which improves the accuracy of correlation. Several Zener voltages
versus Zener pulsed test current curves are shown for ten package styles. An
appendix is attached for incoming inspection groups giving detailed information on
tolerances involved in correlation.
AN929/D D Insuring Reliable Performance from Due to their many unique advantages, power MOSFETs are being used in an
Power MOSFETs increasing number of applications. To aid the circuit designer in developing reliable
power MOSFET circuits, this application note examines six potential problem
areas and offers suggestions for eliminating or minimizing problems in each area.
In addition, as an aid to the many designers who are using power MOSFETs in
switched–mode power supplies, this note includes a section on improving
switching power supply circuits.
AN930/D D High Voltage, High Current, This application note provides specifications for a test instrument which can be
Non–Destructive FBSOA Testing used to perform non–destructive testing of the Second Breakdown (SB) limits of
the Forward Bias Safe Operating Area (FBSOA) curve. In addition this note
illustrates typical SB portions of the FBSOA and temperature derating curves for
various technologies.
AN951/D D Drive Optimization for 1.0kV The purpose of this application note is to take a look at how best to use these parts.
Off–Line Converter Transistors Both switching time and reverse safe area are examined in several different circuit
configurations.
* Technology A = Analog D = Discrete L = Logic X = Mixed
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AN952/D D Ultrafast Recovery Rectifiers The purpose of this application note is to examine the improvement in turn–on safe
Extend Power Transistor SOA operating area that can be realized with ULTRAFAST clamp diodes. In order to
provide a complete analysis, the ULTRAFAST results are preceded with a review
of conventional design rules.
AN954/D A A Unique Converter Configuration The use of switching regulators in new portable equipment designs is becoming
Provides Step–Up/Step–Down more pronounced over that of linear regulators.
Functions
AN957/D A Interfacing Speakerphone to Interfacing the MC34018 speakerphone circuit to the MC34010 series of telephone
MC34010/11/13 circuits is described in this application note. The series includes the MC34010,
MC34011, MC34013, and the newer “A” version of each of those. The interface is
applicable to existing designs, as well as to new designs.
AN958/D A Transmit Gain Adjustments for The MC34014 telephone speech network provides for direct connection to an
MC34014 Speech electret microphone and to Tip and Ring. In between, the circuit provides gain,
drive capability, and determination of the ac impedance for compatibility with the
telephone lines. Since different microphones have different sensitivity levels,
different gain levels are required from the microphone to the Tip and Ring lines.
This application note will discuss how to change the gain level to suit a particular
microphone while not affecting the other circuit parameters.
AN959/D A A Speakerphone with Receive Idle The MC34018 speakerphone system operates on the principle of comparing the
Mode transmit and receive signals to determine which is stronger, and then switching the
circuit into that mode. Under conditions where noise from the telephone line (in the
receive path) exceeds the background noise in the transmit path, the
speakerphone will switch easily, or even lock, into the receive mode. Under these
conditions the conversation will sound “dead” to the party at the far–end. It will also
be more difficult for the near–end party to activate the transmit channel since the
transmit detection is at the output of the transmit attenuator, which will be at
maximum attenuation during this time. The addition of a receive idle mode can
alleviate this problem by ensuring that the transmit and receive gains will be
approximately equal when no voice signals are present. This allows the far–end
party to hear ambient noises, and also increases the sensitivity to transmit signals.
AN960/D A Equalization of DTMF Signal This application note will describe how to obtain equalization (line length
MC64014 compensation) of the DTMF dialing tones using the MC34014 speech network.
While the MC34014 does not have an internal dialer, it has the interface for a dialer
so as to provide the means for putting the DTMF tones onto the Tip & Ring lines.
The equalization amplifier, whose gain varies with loop current, was meant
primarily to equalize the speech signals. However, by adding one resistor, it can
be used to equalize the DTMF signals as well.
AN964/D D Trigger Design Ideas for DIAC With the reduced availability of DIACs it is necessary to find alternative triac trigger
Replacements options. This note examines eight other discrete devices or combinations where
the parts cost is generally the same or less than the DIAC they replace, but
performance is improved.
AN976/D A A New High Performance Current The second–generation architecture of the MC34129 power supply control IC is
Mode Controller Teams Up with shown to provide a number of advantages for current–mode supplies, notably
Current Sensing Power MOSFETs ‘lossless’ sensing when used with current sensing power MOSFETs. The
discussion includes subtle factors to watch out for in practical designs, and an
applications example.
AN980/D A VHF Narrowband FM receiver ON Semiconductor has developed a series of low power narrow–band FM dual
Design Using MC3362 and the conversion receivers in monolithic silicon integrated circuits. THe MC3362 and
MC3363 Dual Conversion MC3363 are manufactured in the MOSAIC process technology. This process
Receivers develops NPN transistors with fT = 4+ GHz, which allows the MC3362 and
MC3363 to have excellent very high frequency (VHF) operation with low power
drain.
AN1006/D A Linearize the Volume Control The volume control level of the MC34118 speaker–phone IC has a nonlinear
MC34118 relationship with respect to the position of the volume control potentiometer,
evident in Figure 14 of the data sheet. Since the input impedance at VLC (Pin 13)
is very high, the horizontal axis in the graph of Figure 14 can be said to represent
the potentiometer’s mechanical position (using a linear taper potentiometer), with
the two extreme ends of the potentiometer’s position at 0.3 and 1.0. As can be
seen, the gain changes at a slow rate when near maximum volume, but changes
rapidly when near the minimum volume setting.
* Technology A = Analog D = Discrete L = Logic X = Mixed
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AN1016/D A Infrared Sensing and Data Many applications today benefit greatly from electrical isolation of assemblies,
Transmission Fundamentals require remote control, or need to sense a position or presence. Infrared light is an
excellent solution for these situations due to low cost, ease of use, ready
availability of components, and freedom from licensing requirements or
interference concerns that may be required by RF techniques. Construction of
these systems is not difficult, but many designers are not familiar with the principles
involved. The purpose of this application note is to present a “primer” on those
techniques and thus speed their implementation.
AN1019/D A Decoding Using TDA3330 with The TDA3330 is a composite video to TGB Color Decoder originally intended for
Emphasis on Video Cable Drive PAL and NTSC color TV receivers and monitors. The data sheet is oriented toward
picture tube drive, rather than cable level outputs. This application note is intended
to supplement the data sheet by providing circuits for video cable drive, such as
used in video processing circuits, frame store, and other specialized applications,
and to expand upon the functional details of the TDA3330.
AN1020/D D A High–Performance Video This note describes a state–of–the–art video amplifier making use of the superior
Amplifier for High Resolution CRT performance characteristics of ON Semiconductor CRT driver transistors. In
Applications particular, it shows the high speed obtainable with low DC power consumption. The
circuit is insensitive to load variations and interconnect methods.
AN1040/D D Mounting Considerations for Power The operating environment is a vital factor in setting current and power ratings of
Semiconductors a semiconductor device. Reliability is increased considerably for relatively small
reductions in junction temperature. Faulty mounting not only increases the thermal
gradient between the device and its heat sink, but can also cause mechanical
damage. This comprehensive note shows correct and incorrect methods of
mounting all types of discrete packages, and discusses methods of thermal
system evaluation.
AN1042/D D High Fidelity Switching Audio Switching audio amplifiers were impractical before the availability of
Amplifiers Using TMOS Power complementary Power MOSFETs. Now, gate drive circuitry is simpler than for
MOSFETs bipolar transistors, and the MOS devices operate more efficiently at higher
frequencies. This detailed discussion of switching amplifier design is supported by
a 72W Class D circuit.
AN1043/D D Spice Model for TMOS Power SPICE is a user–friendly, general–purpose circuit simulation program for
MOSFETs non–linear DC, non–linear transient and linear AC analysis. It is now available in
various commercial versions for use on personal computers. ON Semiconductor
and the LAAS–CNRS Research Laboratory have built a TMOS Power MOSFET
library to simplify power dissipation simulation using SPICE. This note describes
how to use the library; the physics of the Power MOSFET; the implementation of
the model within SPICE; the method of extracting the parameters for the library;
and a comparison of practical and simulated characteristics. The library is printed
here and is also available on disk.
AN1045/D D Series Triacs in AC High Voltage An analysis of the circuit design of series connected triacs used to create high
Switching Circuits voltage switches operating up to 2000 volts. Triacs offer many advantages over
electromechanical switches, but blocking voltage and dV/dt capability must often
be far higher than the line voltage would suggest. Properly designed series circuits
can solve many of the problems.
AN1046/D X Three Piece Solution for Brushless Until recently, the design of compact but comprehensive circuits taking full
Motor Controller Design advantage of the unique attributes of brushless DC motors has been difficult, while
available power transistors have not always performed as well as is necessary for
the application. This high–performance three–chip solution couples the rugged
MPM3003 three phase MOSFET bridge (in a 12–pin power package) with the
MC33035 Brushless DC Motor Controller and the MC33039 Closed–Loop
Brushless Motor Adapter. Design is simplified, board area reduced. Full circuit,
parts list, and discussion of practical considerations.
AN1048/D D RC Snubber Networks for Thyristor RC Snubbers are used to control transients that could falsely turn on a thyristor or
Power Control and Transient triac. But if not used properly they can cause unreliable operation and even
Suppression damage to the device. This detailed analysis of the problem examines the physics,
and provides design examples for many practical applications.
* Technology A = Analog D = Discrete L = Logic X = Mixed
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AN1049/D D The Electronic Control of A circuit is described including PCB artwork and component layout that
Fluorescent Lamps demonstrates the use of the BUL45 bipolar power transistor for fluorescent lamp
control. Electronic control can improve efficiency, extend lamp life and eliminate
low frequency flicker. This note discusses the limitations of different types of
‘electronic ballast’, and shows how the specially designed BUL45 can provide
excellent performance without special screening or matching.
AN1076/D D Speeding up Horizontal Outputs ON Semiconductor’s SCANSWITCH transistors are designed specifically as fast
drivers for horizontal outputs. Optimum performance is achieved when 5 base
drive conditions are met. This successful base drive circuit starts with the output
transistor’s physics and works back to the horizontal oscillator.
AN1077/D A Adding Digital Volume Control The volume control provided on many speakerphones in a potentiometer, some
Speakerphone rotary and some linear, wired so the wiper provides a varying DC voltage to a
variable gain stage. This application note will describe how to replace the
potentiometer with a digital circuit which allows control of the speaker volume from
a set of “UP” and “DOWN” pushbutton switches. The circuit uses only 3 standard
CMOS ICs.
AN1078/D X New Components Simplify Brush A variety of new components simplify the design of brush motor drives. One is a
DC Motor Drives brushless motor control IC which is easily adapted to brush motors. Others include
multiple Power MOSFETs in H–Bridge configuration, a new MOS turn–off device,
and gain–stable opto level shifters. Several circuits illustrate how the new devices
can be used in practical motor drives, in particular to control speed in both
directions and operate from a single power supply.
AN1080/D X External–Sync Power Supply with A variety of new components simplify the design of brush motor drives. One is a
Universal Input Voltage Range for brushless motor control IC which is easily adapted to brush motors. Others include
Monitors multiple Power MOSFETs in H–Bridge configuration, a new MOS turn–off device,
and gain–stable opto level shifters. Several circuits illustrate how the new devices
can be used in practical motor drives, in particular to control speed in both
directions and operate from a single power supply.
AN1083/D D Basic Thermal Management of As a rule of thumb, for every 10° C rise in junction temperature above 100° C, the
Power Semiconductors operating life of the device is halved. But for various reasons, thermal management
of power semiconductors is often overlooked ‹ when the system is ready for
packaging, it may be too late. A discussion of Bipolar and Power MOSFET thermal
characteristics and how to measure them under various conditions.
AN1090/D D Understanding and Predicting RC time constants and Miller capacitance have their uses, but they are not the best
Power MOSFET Switching way to predict MOSFET switching speed or select a power MOSFETs gate drive
Behavior resistor. An alternative approach that capitalizes on the nature of the load makes
selection of the resistor quite simple.
AN1091/D L Low Skew Clock Drivers and their With microprocessor–based systems now running at 33MHz and beyond,
System Design Considerations low–skew clock drivers have become essential ‹ ON Semiconductor produces
several devices with less than 1ns skew between outputs. Unfortunately, simply
plugging one of these high performance clock drivers into a board does not
guarantee trouble–free operation. Careful board layout and system noise
considerations must also be taken into account.
AN1092/D L Driving High Capacitance DRAMs In systems where speed and efficiency are of utmost importance, designers often
in an ECL System mix technologies to achieve the right combination of speed, power, cost and
processing capability. ON Semiconductor’s Emitter Coupled Logic (ECL) makes
it possible to operate up to 1GHz clock rates. However, ECL speeds are not
necessary in memory that is not accessed every clock cycle ‹ a large CMOS
DRAM is cheaper and uses less power and board space than ECL memory. The
MC10H/100H660 4–bit ECL–TTL Load Reducing DRAM Driver was designed as
a translator for such applications.
AN1101/D X One–Horsepower Off–Line Brushless Permanent Magnet (BPM) motors (brushless DC motors) using
Brushless Permanent Magnet MOSFET inverters are common in low voltage, variable speed applications such
Motor Drive as disk drives. Higher voltage off–line applications can also use the same
technology, but there have been problems in designing a reliable, low–cost high
side driver and understanding the more subtle effects of diode snap and PCB
layout. This one–horsepower off–line BPM motor drive board uses opto–isolators
and a special MOSFET turn–off IC for level translation. Includes PCB artwork and
parts list, and a discussion of the theory.
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AN1102/D D Interfacing Power MOSFETs to Most popular power MOSFETs need 10 volts of gate drive to support their
Logic Devices maximum drain current. This creates problems when attempting to drive from 5V
logic. The new Logic Level power MOSFETs solve some but not all of the problems.
This note discusses easy methods of directly interfacing both types of MOSFET
to TTL and CMOS logic, and to microprocessors such as the M68HC11.
Discusses a method of calculating switching times, to minimize switching losses,
and stresses the significance of logic power supply variations.
AN1108/D D Design Considerations for a Two This design for a 150W, 150KHz, two transistor, current mode forward converter
Transistor, Current Mode Forward illustrates solutions for noise control, feedback circuit analysis and magnetic
Converter component design ‹ topics that often create the most problems for designers.
Improved Schottky rectifiers, power MOSFETs and optocouplers ‹ and their effects
on switched mode power supply design ‹ are also considered. Includes circuit,
analysis, parts list and theoretical discussion.
AN1122/D A Running the MC44802A PLL The MC44802A is the PLL portion of a tuning circuit intended for applications
Circuit involving television, FM radio, and Set–Top converters up to 1.3 GHz. Coupled with
a VCO and mixer, a complete tuning circuit can be formed. The tuning frequency
is controlled through an MCU serial interface (I2C).
As noted in the MC44802A data sheet, an MCU is recommended for sending the
serial control bytes. This application note describes combing an MC68HC11E9
with an MC44802A in a tuner design. The information is sufficiently general
however, that most any MCU could be used for this function. Those with a limited
background in the use and programming of MCUs will find the information
adequately detailed to permit a thorough understanding.
AN1207/D A The MC145170 in Basic HF and Phase–locked loop (PLL) frequency synthesizers are commonly found in
VHF Oscillators communication gear today. The carrier oscillator in a transmitter and local oscillator
(LO) in a receiver are where PLL frequency synthesizers are utilized. In some
cellular phones, a synthesizer can also be used to generate 90 MHz for an offset
loop. In addition, synthesizers can be used in computers and other digital systems
to create different clocks which are synchronized to a master clock.
AN1253/D L Improved PLL Design Method This is a design guide for PLL synthesizers used in wireless products. It focuses
Without on compact, low current and low cost synthesizers. Natural frequency and
damping are not used in the calculations. The topics covered are:
a) PLL–related limitations of receiver and transmitter performance.
b) A simple measurement of charge pump spurious current at the reference
frequency has been developed. It will be included on future datasheets.
Formulas have been developed relating the spurious current at one reference
frequency to other frequencies.
c) Optimal loop filter component values and PLL performance where design
criteria include reference modulation bandwidth, VCO modulation bandwidth,
switching time, overshoot after switching time period, reference sideband level,
and noise within loop bandwidth.
d) Circuit and charge pump design compromises. Also design tolerance to
changes in loop gain can be determined.
AN1277/D A Offset Reference PLLs for Fine Frequency synthesis by use of two loops, with reference frequencies offset from
Resolution each other, can provide much finer resolution or faster hopping than a single loop.
Dual PLL ICs are available to make compact low–current synthesizers using the
technique.
Alternative techniques will be discussed, the design method described, and
examples provided. This technique has been used successfully with the ON
Semiconductor MC145220 dual PLL, providing 10 Hz step size, 30 MHz frequency
range, and switching time of 30 ms.
AN1308/D D 100 and 200 Watt High Fidelity A new pair of complementary bipolar power transistors – the 2SC3281 and
Audio Amplifiers Utilizing a 2SA1302 – have better linearity than earlier devices used in high power audio
Wideband Low Feedback Design amplifiers. The amplifier circuits presented here use a topology that is fully
complementary in design with a dual differential input. Other goals are a wide
open–loop bandwidth (greater than the audio band) and minimal negative
feedback (less than 25dB). The purpose is to show that a low feedback design can
yield low distortion without any special distortion cancelling circuitry for localized
feedback loops.
* Technology A = Analog D = Discrete L = Logic X = Mixed
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AN1314/D A Automatic Line Voltage Selector Line voltage selection for international equipment has traditionally been achieved
by a manual switch, a solution that invites malfunction, damage or safety hazard
due to human error. This note describes an automatic line voltage selector circuit
for use in switching power supplies. It makes use of the MC34161 Voltage Monitor
IC, and keeps its output voltage in an acceptable range for the remainder of the
supply by sensing the amplitude of the line voltage at its input. The circuit is easy
to incorporate into existing AC switchmode designs with little extra cost or space
requirement.
AN1317/D D High–Current DC Motor Drive Surface mount technology has hitherto been used in controllers for small disk drive
Uses Low On–Resistance Surface motors with peak currents of 1 or 2 amps. Now the availability of low
Mount MOSFETs ON–resistance, surface mount power MOSFETs has increased the current
handling capability of surface mount technology. This application note presents a
5 amp DC motor drive board (DEVB148) using all surface mount components
apart from the filter capacitor. It features a cycle–by–cycle current limit and is
intended for direct control from a microcontroller.
AN1319/D D Design Considerations for a Low Complementary MOSFET half–bridges are commonly used in low voltage motor
Voltage N–Channel H–Bridge drives to simplify gate drive design. However the P–channel FET in the half–bridge
Motor Drive usually has higher ON–resistance or is larger and more expensive than the
N–channel device. The alternative is to use an N–channel half–bridge, which uses
silicon more efficiently and minimizes cost and conduction losses. The trade–off
is usually a more complex gate drive; this note looks at ways of minimizing gate
drive complexity, and also discusses diode snap, shoot–through current and
general design considerations. A design is implemented in the DEVB151
development board.
AN1320/D D 300 Watt, 100kHz Converter Although MOSFETs are often preferred for new switchmode power supply
Utilizes Economical Bipolar Planar designs, ON Semiconductor has now extended the capabilities of bipolar
Power Transistors transistors using a new planar process. This 300W forward converter operates at
100kHz, and demonstrates the performance that may be achieved with the
MJW18010 planar bipolar power transistor. Discusses the merits of planar devices
in this application, and provides circuit analysis for all major sections including the
output transformer. The design is 84% efficient with 1% voltage regulation, at a
lower cost than the MOSFET alternative.
AN1321/D D Brushless DC Motor Drive Product miniaturization demands smaller components, including semiconductors.
Incorporates Small Outline Surface mount components now include power MOSFETs in SOIC (Small Outline
Integrated Circuit Packaged Integrated Circuit) surface mount packages. In particular the MMDF2C05E, an
MOSFETs S0–16 packaged complementary half–bridge, is relatively easy to implement into
a motor drive system. This application note describes a brushless DC motor drive
design similar in size to those found in hard disk drives. The evaluation board
DEVB156 resulted from the design; it is partitioned into control, power, feedback
and motor sections.
AN1327/D D Very Wide Input Voltage Range, One of the problems for power supply designers is coping with the very wide input
Off–line Flyback Switching Power voltage range presented by the international marketplace. Forward mode
Supply switching power supplies operate typically over a single system’s range, such as
90–130V AC or 200–270V AC. Creating products for specific markets or using
jumpers can be costly or at least inconvenient. This design for a discontinuous
mode flyback converter can operate over a 6.6:1 input voltage range without
affecting its reliability. This is done by changing its mode of operation and by using
new power MOSFETs with breakdown voltage ratings of 1200V.
AN1400/D L MC10/100H640 Clock Driver The difficulties of designing high–speed, controlled–impedance PC boards ‹ and
Family I/O SPICE Modelling Kit the expense of reworking them ‹ makes it essential for designers to model circuit
performance prior to committing to a layout. This note provides sufficient
information for basic SPICE analysis on the interconnect traces driving or being
driven by the ‘H640, ‘H641, ‘H642, ‘H643, ‘H644 and ‘H645 clock distribution chips.
It includes schematics of the input, output and ESD protection structures, and
package models which may affect the waveforms. A SPICE parameter set for the
referenced devices is provided.
AN1401/D L Using SPICE to Analyze the Illustrates the complex influences of board layout on the total skew of a system
Effects of Board Layout on System when designing with the MC10H/100H64x family of clock drivers. Discusses
Skew designing with the transmission line theory and the various termination techniques, and presents
MC10/100H640 Family of Clock guidelines to assist designers in analyzing board layouts and loading schemes
Drivers using SPICE simulations to predict and minimize the total skew of a system.
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AN1402/D L MC10/100H00 Translator Family The difficulties of designing high–speed, controlled–impedance PC boards ‹ and
I/O SPICE Modelling Kit the expense of reworking them – makes it essential for designers to model circuit
performance prior to committing to a layout. This note provides sufficient
information for basic SPICE analysis on the interconnect traces driving or being
driven by the ‘H600, ‘H601, ‘H602, ‘H603, ‘H604, ‘H605, ‘H606 and ‘H607
translator chips. It includes schematics of the input, output and ESD structures,
and package models which may affect the waveforms. A SPICE parameter set for
the referenced devices is provided.
AN1403/D L FACT I/O Model Kit This note provides SPICE information to allow users to perform system level
interconnect modelling for the ON Semiconductor FACTt logic family. It contains
representative circuit schematics of the different I/O structures and a worst case
package model schematic used in the FACT family. A list of SPICE parameters for
the referenced transistors is included. (The information is not intended for the
purpose of extensive device modelling).
AN1404/D L ECLinPS Circuit Performance at When ECLinPS devices are interfaced to other technologies there may be times
Non–Standard VIH Levels when the input voltages do not meet the specification detailed in the ECLinPS data
book. This application note discusses the consequences of driving ECLinPS
devices with an Input Voltage HIGH level which is outside the specification.
AN1405/D L ECL Clock Distribution Techniques Clock skew – the time difference between supposedly simultaneous clock
transitions within a system – is one of the main factors limiting system performance
at high frequencies. If clock skew can be reduced, designers can increase
performance without using faster logic or more complex and more expensive
architectures. Emitter Coupled Logic (ECL) technologies offer a number of
advantages over the CMOS and TTL alternatives; this note describes the
advantages, the three skew problem areas, and methods of clock distribution to
minimize skew.
AN1406/D L Designing with PECL (ECL at Positive Emitter Coupled Logic (PECL) provides a high speed solution for the
+5.0V) CMOS/TTL designer. The technique involves standard ECL devices running of a
positive power supply. ECL, and so PECL, has long been the ‘black magic’ of the
logic world; by breaking down the misconceptions concerning its use, CMOS and
TTL designers can gain a powerful solution to the most difficult of high speed
problems. This note has the details.
AN1410/D L Configuring and Applying the Note describes a versatile device for 0.1 to 16MHz frequency synchronization.
MC74HC4046A Phase–Locked
Loop
AN1503/D L ECLinPS™ I/O SPICE Modelling A series of representative schematics for the different I/O circuits used in the
Kit ECLinPS and ECLinPS Lite families to allow users to perform system interconnect
modelling. SPICE parameters for the transistors referenced in the schematics are
also provided.
AN1504/D L Metastability and the ECLinPSt Examines the concept of metastability – an anomalous state caused typically by
Family violation of set–up and hold times – with a theoretical discussion of the reasons for
it. Presents an equation characterizing metastability and derives a test circuit.
Metastability results are then applied to the ECLinPS family.
AN1510/D A Mode Indicator for the MC34118 In most applications involving a normal conversation, the operation mode (receive,
Speakerphone transmit, idle) of the MC34118 speakerphone IC is obvious to the users of the
speakerphone. There are some applications, however where it is beneficial to
have an indication of the operation mode. This indication may have to be visual,
or logic levels to a microprocessor or other circuitry. This application note
describes how to create a mode indicator for use with the MC34118 speakerphone
circuit.
AN1520/D D HDTMOS Power MOSFETs Excel The new HDTMOS technology combines VLSI techniques with the ruggedness of
in Synchronous Rectifier vertical power structures to obtain increased cell density and to provide devices
Applications with lower overall on–resistance. The reverse recovery characteristic of the
parasitic body diode is also faster than in MOSFETs that use conventional
technologies. This note examines the advantages of using HDTMOS transistors
as synchronous rectifiers in a high power buck converter, and in a 5V DC to 3.3V
DC buck converter, in order to increase circuit performance and efficiency while
minimizing parts count.
* Technology A = Analog D = Discrete L = Logic X = Mixed
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AN1524/D D AC Motor Drive Using Integrated The AC induction motor is the workhorse of modern industry. Worldwide about 50
Power Stage million motors are installed every year that have greater than 1/2 hp. Today only
a small percentage of these motors utilize variable speed drives. Almost half of the
variable speed AC drives sold today are in the 1 to 5 hp range. Companies
producing this range of drives are under a great deal of pressure to reduce costs.
Lower system cost will result in higher volumes as more applications use variable
speed. The power semiconductors are a significant portion of the cost of these
drives. A new module called an Integrated Power Stage may be used to reduce the
cost and complexity of the power semiconductors. A functional demo board has
been developed using this module for a 1 to 2 hp AC motor drive.
AN1537/D L MC10SX1189 I/O SPICE Modeling This application note provides the SPICE information necessary to accurately
Kit model system interconnect situations for designs which utilize the MC10SX1189
Fibre Channel Coaxial Cable Driver and Loop Resiliency Circuit.
AN1540/D D Application Consideration Using Many of the problems associated with paralleling of power devices can be greatly
Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistors reduced by using IGBTs. It has been shown that the device characteristics of the
IGBTs IGBT device favors parallel operation as opposed to BJTs. Its dual device
characteristics can be utilized to give design engineers very satisfactory
performance under static and dynamic current sharing of the devices.
AN1541/D D Introduction to Insulated Gate The ideal switch for use in power conversion applications would have zero voltage
Bipolar Transistors drop in the ON state, infinite resistance in the OFF state, would switch with infinite
speed and not need any power to make it operate. In practice, the designer must
make a compromise and choose a device that suits the application with minimal
loss of efficiency. Combining the low conduction losses of a BJT with the switching
speed of a power MOSFET would create an optimal solid state switch. The
Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistor (IGBT) offers a combination of these attributes.
This note explains how it is made, how it works, and how it compares with BJTs
and power MOSFETs.
AN1542/D D Active Inrush Current Limiting The input filter of a power supply is an integral part of the design. Typically it
Using MOSFETs incorporates an inductor and capacitors ‹ these need to be able to provide EMI
reduction and to hold up the supply in the case of a short duration line dropout,
requirements which can lead to large capacitors being used, coupled with a large
and heavy inductor to limit the inrush current. This note presents an innovative
method of inrush current limiting which is based on a single MOSFET and a small
number of other components. Design methods and simple equations are
described, plus proposals for applications of the same circuit in other areas.
AN1543/D D Electronic Lamp Ballast Design Although the light output of a fluorescent tube has a discontinuous spectrum, the
higher efficiency brought about by electronic control makes it the best choice for
energy–saving lighting systems. Until recently the lack of reliable and efficient
power transistors made the design of electronic ballasts difficult – now there are
transistors designed specifically for lighting applications. This comprehensive
application note discusses the design criteria for electronic ballast design,
including safety circuits and power factor correction, and presents demonstration
circuits for a full featured electronic ballast and for a dimmable version.
AN1544/D A Design of Continuously Variable This paper is intended to give practical guidance in designing an optimum deltamod
Slope Delta configuration for the most common voice applications using a Continuously
Variable Slope Delta Modulator/Demodulator, MC34115 or MC3418, and provide
some useful SNR performance information. Delta modulation theory is briefly
reviewed, and a MathCAD Version 3.1 model (see Appendix A) is presented that
provides the designer with suggested parameter values and simulates the
deltamod signal, given the clock frequency, input voltage function (including
amplitude and frequency), and supply voltage. It is possible to methodically design
a system with limited knowledge of communications theory using simple
guidelines presented in this model, which is presented as a supplement to the
design guidance provided by the Continuously Variable Slope Delta
Modulator/Demodulator(CVSD) data sheet.
AN1546/D D High Voltage High Side Driver As electronic ballasts continue to displace their old core and coil predecessors, we
Electronic Lamp see increased emphasis being placed upon cost reduction, reduced part count,
and overall simplification of designs. ON Semiconductor’s new MPIC2151 Self
Oscillating Half–Bridge Driver was developed to simplify electronic ballast
designs, using Mos gated output switches in a half–bridge configuration.
* Technology A = Analog D = Discrete L = Logic X = Mixed
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AN1547/D D A DC to DC Converter for A prime issue for low output voltage power supplies is power loss in the power
Notebook Computers Using semiconductors. This is especially true for notebook computers which need High
HDTMOS and Synchronous Cell Density TMOS (HDTMOS) – the latest technology – to meet their high
Rectification efficiency PSU requirements. Logic supplies are currently standardizing on 3.3V,
forcing power supply designers to look at devices other than junction diodes for
rectification. Low on–resistance power MOSFETs using HDTMOS technology can
overcome the problems of poor performance, low PIV and slow reverse recovery
times. This note discusses the theory and practice of a 5V to 3.3V, 4A DC to DC
converter with up to 92% efficiency.
AN1548/D A Guidelines for Debugging Normally, the implementation of the MC44011 Multistandard video decoder is fairly
MC44011 Video Decoder simple in that there are no external adjustments, or critical components to deal with.
However, since this IC contains several interrelated functions and a substantial
amount of programmability, debugging an improperly working circuit can
sometimes be daunting. The purpose of this document is to provide a procedure
for debugging and checking the operation of this IC, and an indication of what to
expect at some of the various pins.
AN1558/D L Retrigger Time in HC4538A Dual This application note characterizes the retrigger time in the MC54/74HC4538A
Precision Monostable Multivibrator dual precision monostable multivibrator.
AN1560/D L Low Voltage ECLinPS SPICE This document extends to the low voltage family of ECLinPS and ECLinPS Lite
Modeling Kit devices the information given in AN1503: ECLinPS I/O SPICE Modelling Kit. The
Low Voltage ECLinPS and ECLinPS Lite devices are the newest additions to ON
Semiconductor’s highest performance ECL/PECL family, offering similar
performance to the standard ECLinPS and ECLinPS Lite products, but at 3.3V. The
kit contains all the input and output schematics for the Low Voltage devices that
are available at the time of writing, and allows a system level interconnect
simulation to be performed.
AN1568/D L Interfacing Between LVDS and LVDS (Low Voltage Differential Signaling) signals are used to interface between
ECL today’s CMOS or BiCMOS ASICs supplied with 3.3V. LVDS signals are differential
signals with a swing of 250 to 400 mV and a DC offset of 1.2V. External components
are required for board to board data transfer or clock distribution.
AN1570/D D Basic Semiconductor Thermal This application note provides basic information about power semiconductor
Measurement thermal parameters, how they are measured, and how they are used. The intention
is to enable the reader to better describe power semiconductors and to answer
many common questions relating to their power handling capability. Four key
topics are covered: Understanding basic semiconductor thermal parameters;
Semiconductor thermal test equipment; Thermal parameter test procedures;
Using thermal parameters to solve frequently asked thermal questions.
AN1574/D A A Group Listening–In Application The MC33215 is developed and optimized for use in fully electronic telephone sets
for MC33215 with both handset and handsfree operation. A mode for group listening–in
operation is not incorporated, but can easily be built, and is described in this
application note.
AN1575/D D Worldwide Cordless Telephone The following tables contain CT–1 USA and Asia Pacific (CT–0 EUROPE)
Frequencies frequencies for cordless telephone. These tables reference application
information provided in MC13109, MC13110, AND MC13111 Universal Cordless
Telephone Subsystem Integrated Circuit technical data sheets. Channel number,
Tx channel frequency, 1st LO frequency, and Tx and Rx divider values, for both
handset and baseset, are listed in this addendum. The device data sheets can be
found in Chapter 8 of the data book (DL128).
AN1576/D D Reduce Compact Fluorescent Cost Compact Fluorescent Lamps (CFL) are becoming more popular in the consumer
with ON Semiconductor’s IGBTs market because of their energy savings compared to incandescent lamps. Today’s
for Lighting focus for manufacturers is to reduce the costs and miniaturize the circuits
associated with these low pressure lamps in order to make them more attractive
to the consumer. Although there are many solutions for CFL drive circuits, virtually
all the electronic ballasts use the half bridge topology described here. The IGBT
(Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistor) is designed specifically for CFL applications.
AN1577/D D ON Semiconductor’s D2 Series The aim of the D2 series is to drastically simplify the design of electronic ballasts
Transistors for Fluorescent for fluorescent tubes. This is possible due to the integration of two extra devices
Converters (D2); a freewheeling diode and an anti–saturation network. This application note
presents the interest of the D2 structure and how to utilize this new series to solve
the critical issues than the designer must deal with.
* Technology A = Analog D = Discrete L = Logic X = Mixed
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AN1578/D L MECL 10H SPICE Kit for Berkeley Presents SPICE parameters and schematics for a particular set of MC10H MECL
SPICE (PSPICE) devices for use with Berkeley SPICE Type simulators (PSPICE).
The devices are MC10H101, MC10H102, MC10H103, MC10H104, MC10H105,
MC10H116, MC10H131, MC10H188, MC10H189, MC10H210 and MC10H211.
AN1582/D L AutoBahnt FRD/INFC Design This application note provides detailed information about board design and
interface circuits for the AutoBahn Spanceiver.
AN1593/D A Low Cost 1.0 A Current Source for This paper describes two designs of low cost current sources for battery charger
Battery Chargers applications based on the LM2575–ADJ switching step–down converter and the
MC33341 regulator control circuit.
AN1594/D A Critical Conduction Mode, Flyback This application note presents a way of designing an AC–DC flyback converter that
Switching Power Supply Using the is operating in the critical conduction current mode, using the MC33364. The first
MC33364 section describes the main differences of operation between fixed frequency and
critical conduction current mode flyback converters. The second section
describes the design of a typical converter, including the design of the transformer.
AN1596/D L ECLinPS Lite Translator ELT The objective of this kit is to provide customers with enough schematic and SPICE
Family SPICE I/O Model Kit parameter information to perform system level interconnect modeling with the ON
Semiconductor ECLinPS Lite Translator ELT family. The ELT devices
MC10ELT2xD and MC100ELT2xD are single or dual supply 1 or 2 Bit translators
between the TTL and ECL world. Single supply devices translate between TTL and
PECL, dual supply devices translate to or from negative supplied ECL. All devices
are designed as 100K compatible 100ELT2x or as 10H compatible 10ELT2x.
AN1598/D L H124, 125, 350–352 Translator I/O This application note provides the SPICE information necessary to accurately
SPICE Modelling Kit model system interconnect situations for designs which utilize the translator
circuits of the MECL10KH family. The note includes information on the H124,
H125, H350, H351, and H352 translators.
AN1601/D D Efficient Safety Circuit for The self oscillate circuit, commonly used in the low cost half bridge converter, is
Electronic Ballast prone to thermal runaway when the fluorescent lamp does not strike. As a
consequence, either the switches are over sized to sustain such a fault condition,
or the circuit includes a safety network to avoid this risk.
Although several schematics are usable to perform such a function, the one
described in this paper is easy to implement and does not influence the normal
operation of the converter.
AN1603/D D Providing A Pots Phone in an ISDN This circuit is intended to provide an auxiliary circuit for the connection of a POTS
Environment phone (or answering machine, fax, etc.) to a digital communication line (ISDN,
e.g.). The first two circuits assume there is a 5.0 V supply, a 12 V supply, and a
microprocessor of other controlling circuit, although the circuits can also work from
5.0 V only. A single line, and a dual line system are discussed.
AN1606/D D 1TC132 High Voltage Micro to An IGBT power stage that is designed to run 3 phase AC Induction motors with
Motor Interface input signals from an ASB124 Motion Control Development Board is presented
here. It is intended to facilitate code development for the 68HC908MR24. Power
ratings include motors up to 1 Horsepower and DC bus voltages up to 380 volts.
AN1607/D D ITC122 Low Voltage Micro to Motor A MOSFET power stage that is designed to run Brush or Brushless DC motors with
Interface input signals from an ASB124 Motion Control Development Board is presented
here. It will supply up to 4 amps continuous current from DC bus voltages up to 48
volts.
AN1608/D X Guidelines for the Speaker in a In the design of a speakerphone, the selection, and mounting, of a speaker plays
Line–Powered SP a major role in the resulting quality of sound which the user hears in using the end
product. The purpose of this application note is to provide some guidelines in
selecting the optimum speaker impedance, drive configuration, and the mounting
within the speakerphone enclosure. Among the key items to be discussed here are
the choice of speaker impedance, and the drive configuration to the speaker.
AN1626/D D Noise Management in Motor Drives During motor drive design and development, a lot of time is normally spent dealing
with high noise levels that are present in these systems. A number of techniques
are presented here that make the nuts and bolts of noise management easier, and
therefore take a lot of redesign and debugging out of motor drive design. Many of
these techniques trade some component cost for noise robustness. The benefits
are reduced development cost, faster time to market, and a higher likelihood of
trouble free operation in the field.
* Technology A = Analog D = Discrete L = Logic X = Mixed
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AN1628/D D Understanding Power Transistors Contains:
Breakdown Parameters 1 Breakdown Mechanisms
2 Basic Power Transistor Geometry
3 Dynamic Breakdown Characteristics
4 Power Device Behavior
5 Parameters Definitions
6 Annexes
AN1631/D D Using PSPICE to Analyze This paper will describe an easy method to analyze performance of various power
Performance of Power MOSFETs MOSFETs in step down switching regulators using the PSPICE circuit analysis
In Step–Down, Switching tool. A comparison will be made between circuit simulation results and the
Regulators Employing measured performance described in ON Semiconductor Application Note
Synchronous Rectification AN1520/D.
The utility of having a model which closely simulates switching performance is that
different MOSFETs and diodes can be used in the model and comparisons can be
made for proper performance vs. price, size, etc. prior to building breadboards.
Actual hardware should always be used to verify performance, but a good
simulation model gives the designer a means of trying various combinations of
parts quickly to see how well they work in a particular circuit.
AN1644/D L ON Semiconductor’s LCX SPICE This application note provides SPICE Modeling information for ON
Modeling Kit Semiconductor’s MC74LCX245 and MC74LCX16244 devices.
AN1650/D L Using Wire–OR Ties in ECLinPS This application note discusses the use of wire–OR ties in ECLinPS designs.
Designs Theoretical descriptions of the problems associated with wire–OR ties are
included as well as an evaluation and SPICE simulation results. In addition,
general guidelines and recommendations are provided to assist the system
designer in successfully using wire–OR ties in ECLinPS designs.
AN1661/D D Low Cost Universal Motor Chopper This application note describes the design of low cost chopper motor control drive
Drive System system based on the MC68HC705MC4 microcontroller, MGP7N60E IGBT
(Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistor) and the MSR860 Ultra Fast Soft Diode.
AN1662/D D Low Cost Universal Motor Phase This application note describes the design of a low cost phase angle motor control
Angle Drive System drive system based on the MC68HC05JJ6/ MC68HC705JJ7 microcontroller and
the MAC4DC snubberless triac. The low cost single–phase power board is
dedicated for universal brushed motors operating from1000 rpm to 15,000 rpm.
The operational mode, which is used in this application, is closed loop and
regulated speed. This mode requires a speed sensor on the motor shaft. Such a
sensor is usually a tachometer generator. The kind of motor and its drive have a
high impact on many home appliance features: like cost, size, noise and efficiency.
Electronic control is usually necessary when variable speed or energy savings are
required.
AN1663/D D Low Cost Universal Motor This application note describes the design of a low cost phase angle motor control
Sensorless Phase Angle Drive drive system based on the MC68HC05JJ6/ MC68HC705JJ7 microcontroller and
System the MAC4DC snubberless triac.
AN1669/D A,D MC44603 in a 110W Output SMPS The purpose of this application note is to present a way of designing the MC44603
Application in a fly–back dedicated to a 110 W output power supply in two distinct cases: 110
Vrms mains and 220 Vrms mains. For this range of power, the discontinuous mode
must be chosen as it limits the stress on the power switch and the out–put diodes.
This kind of working can be guaranteed, thanks to the demagnetization
arrangement of the MC44603. This application note considers both high and low
mains voltages. In the high voltage a.c. line case, it deals with both MOSFET and
BIPOLAR transistor use. In the low mains voltage case, only the MOSFET solution
is considered as the inductor peak current is high.
* Technology A = Analog D = Discrete L = Logic X = Mixed
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AN1672/D L The ECL Translator Guide ECL – TTL – PECL – LVECL – LVPECL – CMOS – LVTTL
How To Make Them Talk To Each Other – Are You Designing with Different I/O
Levels?
This document guides you to the appropriate interface. For interfacing between
ECL devices and the TTL / CMOS world discrete interfaces could be used. But the
switching points are usually not controlled and may vary with temperature, device
variation, or supply voltage. This results in duty cycle variation. To avoid this signal
quality uncertainty translating devices with controlled switching levels and
specified propagation delays and skews are available.
AN1677/D A Get Your Best From Your LDO This article contains details new high performance regulators thus giving you the
Designs ability to predict behaviors when dropped into the final circuit. This learning stage
is essential when design cycles could be as low as 6 months.
AN1678/D A Automotive Relay Replacement The evaluation board is designed to drive automotive bulbs and solenoids. It is
Evaluation Board controlled by an HC11 microprocessor that can be programmed via an on board
serial interface. The microcontroller delivered with the board is pre–programmed
but can be re–programmed from PC with the help of software. The user can select
the different loads with the buttons at the bottom of the board
AN1679/D A Leakage Elements / Flyback To evaluate the effect of the leakage inductances on the circuit performance in the
Converters design phase is a challenging task. Here a simulation program can be quite helpful.
This paper reviews the magnetic and electric models of the two–winding and
three–winding transformers, discusses how to extract the inductance values of the
models by measurements and calculations, and how to feed a SPICE model with.
Furthermore, the paper analyses the influence of the primary leakage inductance
on the switch voltage waveform, provides guidelines on how to protect the switch
from the voltage overshoot, and considers the effect of the secondary leakage
inductances on the cross regulation of multiple–output flyback power supplies.
AN1680/D A Design Considerations for PWM In the large family of Switch–Mode Power Supply (SMPS) components, the
Controllers recently introduced high–voltage monolithic switchers start to play an important
role. First of all because they provide an easy mean to instantaneously build an
efficient off–line supply but also because their internal structure offers everything
a designer needs: internal clock, pulse–by–pulse limitation, Leading Edge
Blanking (LEB) etc. However, the internal MOSFET exhibits a low–energy
capability body–diode which no longer protects the device against accidental
avalanche. This element thus needs an adequate protection network against the
electromagnetic leakage energy. This paper details what network is best adapted
to the protection of these devices and how to predict its efficiency in the application.
AN1681/D A Flyback Switch Mode Supply Switch Mode Power Supplies (SMPS) can operate in two different conduction
modes, each one depicting the level of the current circulating in the power choke
when the power switch is turned on. As will be shown, the properties of two black
boxes delivering the same power levels but working in different conduction modes,
will change dramatically in DC and AC conditions. The stress upon the power
elements they are made of will also be affected. This article explains why the vast
majority of low–power FLYBACK SMPS (off–line cellular battery chargers, VCR’s
etc.) operate in the discontinuous area and present a new integrated solution
especially dedicated to these particular converters.
AN1682/D A MC33157 Controller The purpose of the MC33157 is to implement all the basic functions needed to
operate an electronic ballast. This integrated circuit comes in a 16 pin SOIC
package and can run 10A/500 V power MOSFET operated up to 250 kHz. A
simplified internal circuit, depicted in Figure 2.1, together with the data sheet, are
useful to understand the MC33157. Since this Application Note is focused on the
electronic ballast controller, the reader will get the technical information related to
the Power Factor circuit in the ON Semiconductor Analog Data Book, DL128/D
(see MC33262 data sheet).
* Technology A = Analog D = Discrete L = Logic X = Mixed
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AN1683/D A SPICE Model for Hi–Volt Switchers The recent introduction of high–voltage integrated circuits (HVICs) has drastically
simplified the implementation of rugged and reliable Switch Mode Power Supplies
(SMPS). However, behind the apparent simplicity of the final design, SMPS
complexity is still there:
a) the feedback information circulates as a current flow and no longer as a voltage
level
b) the feedback chains usually combines numerous feedback paths, sometimes
up to three.
To help the designer quickly assess the choices he made and, above all secure
them, a SPLICE simulator is an invaluable tool. This paper describes the
development of an AC and transient model for the new ON Semiconductor
MC33370 offline switchers series. The tricks given along the article will facilitate
the model handling and let you immediately put it to work.
AN1686/D A Intelligent LDO Regulator Glitch–Free Supply Transition from the 5V primary supply to the auxiliary 3.3V
supply can be easily implemented for PCI/NIC and other motherboard slot cards
via the MC33565 Intelligent LDO regulator. This linear regulator contains detection
and logic circuitry to determine which supply is active and take appropriate action
to maintain a steady 3.3V output, even as the supply planes change from “working”
state to “system sleep” state.
AN1689/D A Solutions for Low Power in SMPS The quest for low standby power represents one of the most challenging task for
Switch–Mode Power Supply (SMPS) designers. This sentence becomes pregnant
when you tackle very low output loads: the efficiency degrades to poor values and
you barely reach 45% for outputs as low as 300 mW. Thanks to the appropriate
technology, the below circuit helps you easily reach 34.8 mW when the load is
disconnected (Vin=85 VAC). The consumption increases up to 44mW at high line
(260 VAC). The efficiency also exhibits a good value at low loads: 67.45% @
Pout=88 mW and Vin=120 VAC.
AN1692/D A SPICE Model Eases Feedback Within the wide family of Switch Mode Power Supplies (SMPS), the Flyback
Loop Designs converters represent the preferred structure for use in small and medium power
application (50–100 W) such as wall adapters, off–line battery chargers, fax
machines etc. Thanks to the recent introduction of ON Semiconductor Very High
Voltage Integrated Circuits (VHVICs), the design phase of a Flyback converter has
almost turned into child’s play: a bunch of passive components around the
MC33370 and you are all set! However, the impact of the environment upon the
system can be much longer to iterate in order to cover the numerous situations the
converter will encounter in its future life: ESRs variations due to temperature
cycles, aging of the capacitors, various types of load, load and line transients,
effect of the filter stage etc.
AN1695/D A Handling EMI in Switch Mode PWR When designing switch mode power supplies (SMPS), undesirable noise and
Supply Design Electromagnetic Interference (EMI) are always present. Their effects are even
more severe as the switching frequency increases, especially in applications
requiring the use of small size transformer and capacitors. This application note
describes the nature and sources of EMI noise, and the design techniques used
to reduce their shortcomings. All the examples of the circuitry used are referred to
flyback topology however, they are also applicable to any other common SMPS
topology.
AN4001/D A MC44603 in a 110W Output SMPS The purpose of this application note is to present a way of designing the MC44603
Application in a fly–back dedicated to a 110W output power supply in two distinct cases:
110Vrms mains and 220Vrms mains.
AND8001/D L Odd Number Divide By Counters This application inquiries handled by the Product Applications gives opportunities
With 50% Outputs and to solve customer needs with new ideas and learn of ways the customer has used
Synchronous Clocks our devices in new applications. A couple of these calls lead to techniques of
designing odd number counters with synchronous clocks and 50% outputs.
AND8002/D L ECLinPS Lite™ and ECLinPS Summary of ECLinPS Lite and ECLinPS Plus device labeling guidelines.
Plus™ Device Type and Date Code
Guide
AND8003/D X Storage and Handling of Provides customers with the necessary storage and handling guidelines to
Drypacked Surface Mounted preclude component package cracking during solder reflow procedures.
Devices (SMD)
* Technology A = Analog D = Discrete L = Logic X = Mixed
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AND8004/D L ON Semiconductor Logic Date This is a summary of ON Semiconductor Logic Device, Date Code, and
Code and Traceability Marking Traceability Marking. We want to provide our customers with easy access to this
information on the web. This applications note summarizes and explains the Date
Code and Traceability Marking for Logic packages. This is not intended to replace
the proper documentation. To properly decode the Logic marking you need
12MRH00191A ON Semiconductor marking spec, and S.O.P. 7–19 ID of Products
to Location of Test/Assy/Wafer Fab. Also, you need to know the abbreviations
used for Logic products (see the appropriate Logic data sheet for the specific
device naming/ordering information).
AND8005/D D Automatic AC Line Voltage In some cases, appliances and equipment are able to operate when supplied by
Selector two different levels of AC line voltage to their main terminals (120V or 240V). This
is why, it is very common that appliances and equipment have mechanical
selectors or switches as an option for selecting the level of voltage needed.
Nevertheless, it is also very common that these types of equipment can suffer
extensive damage caused for not putting the selector in the right position. To
prevent these kinds of problems, thyristors can be used as a solution for making
automatic voltage selectors in order to avoid possibilities of equipment damage
due to over or low voltages AC line supplied to them.
AND8006/D D Electronic Starter for Fluorescent In the large family of electronic switches, the thyristor must be considered as a low
Lamps cost and powerful device for lighting applications. Thyristors can take many forms,
but they have certain features in common. All of them are solid state switches that
act as open circuits capable of withstanding the rated voltage until triggered. When
they are triggered, thyristors become low impedance current paths and remain in
that condition (i.e. conduction) until the current either stops or drops below a
minimum value called the holding level. Once a thyristor has been triggered, the
trigger current can be removed without turning off the device.
AND8007/D D Momentary Solid State Switch for In the large family of electronic switches, the thyristor must be considered as a low
Split Phase Motors cost and powerful device for motor applications. Thyristors can take many forms,
but they have certain features in common. All of them are solid state switches that
act as open circuits capable of withstanding the rated voltage until triggered. When
they are triggered, thyristors become low impedance current paths and remain in
that condition (i.e. conduction) until the current either stops or drops below a
minimum value called the holding level. Once a thyristor has been triggered, the
trigger current can be removed without turning off the device.
AND8008/D D Solid State Control Solutions for In all kinds of manufacturing, it is very common to have equipment that has three
Three Phase 1 HP Motor phase motors for doing different work functions on the production lines. Therefore,
it is necessary to have the equipment for controlling the start and stop of the motors
and in some cases for reversing them. One of the most common solutions for
performing this control function is by using three phase magnetic starters.
Thyristor must be considered as a low cost and powerful device for motor control
applications. Thyristors can take many forms, but they have certain features in
common. All of them are solid state switches that act as open circuits capable of
withstanding the rated voltage until triggered. When they are triggered, thyristors
become low impedance current paths and remain in that condition (i.e. conduction)
until the current either stops or drops below a minimum value called the holding
level. Once a thyristor has been triggered, the trigger current can be removed
without turning off the device.
AND8009/D L ECLinPS Plust SPICE Modeling The objective of this kit is to provide customers with enough circuit schematic and
Kit SPICE parameter information to allow them to perform system level interconnect
modeling for the current devices of the ECLinPS Plus logic line, ON
Semiconductor’s highest performance ECL family. With packaged gate delays of
160ps and output edge rates as low as 130ps this family defines the
state–of–the–art in ECL logic. The ECLinPS Plus line is the newest addition to ON
Semiconductor’s highest performance ECL/PECL family of products. The kit is
not intended to provide information necessary to perform circuit level modeling on
ECLinPS Plus devices.
AND8010/D L ECLinPS Litet MC100LVELT22 The objective of this kit is to provide schematic and SPICE parameter information
SPICE Model Kit for performing system level interconnect modeling with the Low Voltage ECLinPS
Lite Translator TTL to PECL “LVELT22” device. The LVELT22 device is a dual 1
Bit translator from LVTTL/LVCMOS levels to PECL levels. This kit contains model
netlists and transistor parameter descriptions for the Input and Output buffers,
package models, and ESD protection networks for Input and Output circuits used
by the LVELT22 device. These may be interconnected as subcircuits to simulate
buffer signals.
* Technology A = Analog D = Discrete L = Logic X = Mixed
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AND8011/D D High Resolution Digital Dimmer Phase Control with Thyristors – An effective and widely used method of controlling
the average power to a load through a triac is by phase control. Phase control is
a method of utilizing the triac to apply the ac supply to the load for a controlled
fraction of each cycle. In this mode of operation, the triac is held in an off or open
condition at a time in the half cycle determined by the control circuitry. In the on
condition, the circuit current is limited only by the load i.e., the entire line voltage
(less the forward drop of the triac) is applied to the load.
AND8012/D D Solid State Overvoltage Protector It is very necessary and important that appliances and similar kinds of equipment
for AC Line have reliable protection against transient voltage conditions because it is very
common that these types of equipment can suffer significant damage caused when
a transient voltage appears in the ac voltage line. Transients arise internally from
normal circuit operation or externally from the environment. The latter is
particularly frustrating because the transient characteristics are undefined. A
statistical description can apply though. Greater or smaller stresses are possible.
Long duration high voltage transients are much less probable than those of lower
amplitude and higher frequency.
AND8013/D A Application Hints on ON This paper explains the operation of PFM boost regulator inside MC34280 by
Semiconductor’s MC34280 mathematical derivation. Equations derived will be helpful for user to select circuit
components and predict the performance of MC34280. Additionally, collection of
application hints were included, potential problems when using the device can be
remedied easily with the recommended methods.
AND8014/D L EPT SPICE Modeling Kit The objective of this kit is to provide customers with enough schematic and SPICE
parameter information to perform system level interconnect modeling with the ON
Semiconductor ECLinPS Plust Translator EPT family. The EPT devices
MC100EPT2xD are single or dual supply 1 or 2 Bit translators between the TTL
and ECL/PECL worlds. Single supply devices translate between TTL and PECL,
dual supply devices translate to or from negative supplied ECL. All devices are
designed as 100K compatible 100EPT2x.
The kit contains representative schematics and model files for the I/O circuits used
by the EPT20 and EPT22 devices. The package model should be placed on all
external inputs, outputs and supply pins.
AND8015/D D Long Life Incandescent Lamps Nowadays we are more environmentally conscious and more demanding on
Using SIDACs energy cost saving products, along with their durability. We present here an
application concept which involves this simple incandescent lamp bulb in
conjunction with the Bilateral Trigger semiconductor device called SIDAC, offering
an alternative way to save money in energy consumption and also giving a longer
life time to the lamp bulbs. The SIDAC is a high voltage bilateral trigger device that
extends the trigger capabilities to significantly higher voltages and currents than
have been previously obtainable, thus permitting new, cost effective applications.
AND8016/D A Design of Power Factor Correction The MC33260 is an active power factor controller that functions as a boost
Circuit Using Greenlinet Compact pre–converter which, meeting international standard requirement in electronic
Power Factor Controller MC33260 ballast and off–line power supply application. MC33260 is designed to drive a free
running frequency discontinuous mode, it can also be synchronized and in any
case, it features very effective protections that ensure a safe and reliable
operation.
AND8017/D D Solid State Control for Some split phase motors are able to operate in forward and reverse directions
Bi–Directional Motors since they have two windings for these purposes. Depending on which winding is
energized, the motor operates in that direction. These motors are especially used
in applications for washing machines, transport belts, and all kinds of equipment
in which the operation in both directions is needed. One of the most traditional ways
to control these kinds of motors is through mechanical relays. Nevertheless, they
have a lot of disadvantages which make them ineffective. This paper is going to
show how triacs can substitute the function of the mechanical relays for controlling
bi–directional motors offering a higher level of quality and reliability for control
purposes.
* Technology A = Analog D = Discrete L = Logic X = Mixed
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Document Abstracts
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Number T* Title Abstract
AND8018/D L Unique and Novel Uses for ON One–Gate logic devices have been in use for several years, and are nothing more
Semiconductor’s New One–Gate than single–gate derivatives of their multi–gate cousins. Initial offerings were
Family pioneered in Japan, to help solve particular problems the design community had
encountered. Earlier, traditional ICs were packaged in 14 and 16 pin Dual–in–line
Packages (DIPs), and the goal of the IC manufacturer was to get as much
functionality as possible into a single–package device. Double, triple, quadruple,
and quintuple versions of simple logic functions became the norm. The enormously
successful 7400–TTL/LS logic family of standard bipolar logic IC’s became the
industry standard for nearly 20 years. Ceramic, and later plastic, dip packages
became a staple item for logic designers. New, Small–Outline–Integrated–Circuit
(SOIC) packages began to replace DIPs as packaging technologies evolved.
AND8020/D L An Introduction to VCX Logic ON Semiconductor is introducing a .35 micron family of logic, called VCX. This
family achieves a maximum propagation delay of < 3ns and can operate between
3.3 and 1.8 Volts. The family is compatible with mixed voltages, since the I/Os are
tolerant to any voltage within its specification, regardless of operating voltage. Not
only does VCX offer high speed, it also offers balanced drive, and is able to source
or sink 24 mA.
AND8022/D D TSPD (Thyristor Surge Protective The current Telecom infrastructure in special the two wire systems are exposed
Devices) to the outside environment and are susceptible to any electromagnetic disturbance
caused by lightning strikes during a thunderstorm or by Power Induced due to High
Voltage power lines. These situation generates in the Telecom wire system very
fast Transients of Voltage of Several hundreds or Volts that can harm people if they
are using an unprotected telephone handset during these situations, and
destroying the telecom equipment connected to the telephone line.
ANE402/D A 130W Ringing Choke Power This application note describes the multiple output SWITCHMODE power supply
Supply Using TDA4601 delivering a total output power of 130 Watts.
ANE424/D A 50W Current Mode Controlled The design of a medium power Offline Switch Mode Power Supply based on the
Offline Switch Mode Fly–back architecture has been widely developed for the voltage controlled PWM
technique.
This application note describes a way to improve the dynamic characteristics of
this power supply using a technique called “Current Controlled PWM”. A dedicated
bipolar integrated circuit, UC 3842A, has been used to achieve the current control,
regulation and safety features.
AR109/D D Power Transistor Safe Operating Motor drives present a unique set of safe operating area conditions to power output
Area – Special Considerations for transistors. Starting with the basics of forward and reverse safe operating area,
Motor Drives considerations unique to motor drives are discussed.
AR119/D D Dynamic Saturation Voltage – A Dynamic saturation voltage is an often overlooked power transistor parameter.
Designer’s Comparison Despite first order effect on switching efficiency, it is seldom discussed. Both
semiconductor manufacturers and equipment designers generally avoid
specifying saturation because it is relatively difficult to measure.
AR120/D D Speeding Up the Very High Voltage For an increasing number of power conversion systems, it is either necessary or
Transistor desirable to select output transistors with collector–base breakdown voltages
above 1,000 volts. Popular off–line power supply topologies, for example, benefit
considerably from voltage ratings higher than the 650–850 volt industry standards.
AR131/D D Baker Clamps – Traditional Baker clamps are a well known technique for improving the dynamic performance
Concepts Updated for Third of bipolar power transistors. They are also relatively popular. Yet, there are many
Generation Power Transistors subtle factors affecting performance that are not widely appreciated. As
components improve, these subtle factor become more of an issue.
AR133/D D Multichip Power MOSFETs Beat Two devices bring the advantages of MOSFETs – higher speed and lower losses
Bipolars at High–Current Switching – to applications that call for handling currents of up to 200 A.
AR145/D D DPAK: The Power Package for Devices with ratings up to 500 volts or 14 amps can be efficiently integrated into
Surface Mount Applications surface–mount assemblies using this new discrete power semiconductor
package.
AR160/D D Lossless Current Sensing with New power MOSFETs allow “lossless” current sensing in fractional horsepower
SENSEFETs Enhances Motor motor drives. Once available only to IC designers, this technique brings significant
Drive benefits to servo system designs.
* Technology A = Analog D = Discrete L = Logic X = Mixed
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AR175/D D A Power FET SPICE Model From Improved CAE models can be used as an initial analysis that will give circuit
Data Sheet Specs designers an idea of circuit performance and enhance breadboard evaluations.
AR177/D D Proper Testing Can Maximize MOSFETs are a viable option when it comes to satisfying the needs of today’s
Performance in Power MOSFETs power electronics systems. Some problems do occur in certain applications,
however, and you must address these problems by realistically testing the
transistor to ensure successful system performance.
AR180/D D Electronic Ballasts Voltage fed and current fed resonant inverter circuits for fluorescent lamp ballasts
are discussed and a design example is presented.
AR181/D D Bipolar Transistors Excel in Resonant converters place high voltage stresses on the switching devices and are
Off–Line Resonant Converters a natural application for the new generation of high–speed bipolar power
transistors.
AR183/D L Motorola* Grabs Lead in ECL Chip density keeps steadily moving higher in most product families, and nowhere
Density Using MOSAIC III has the job been more difficult than in bipolar emitter–coupled logic.
*Now ON Semiconductor
AR194/D D Drive Techniques for High Side Although upper half–bridge N–channels are inevitably more difficult to drive than
N–Channel MOSFETs their P–channel complements, a variety of relatively simple straightforward circuits
are described that can do the job.
AR195/D L Advanced ECL Family Boosts With the arrival of the next generation of standard ECL circuits, propagation delays
Performance Threefold fall to 350 ps, and system speeds rise to 800 MHz.
AR196/D D Understanding the Power The traditional method of specifying input impedance of the power MOSFET is not
MOSFETs Input Characteristics incorrect, but it is incomplete and often leads to confusion when it is used as a
design tool. An alternate method of specifying capacitance is presented.
AR197/D D Packaging Trends in Discrete As the 1990’s approach, miniaturization in electronics is the name of the game.
Surface Mount Components Several years ago, electronics manufacturers began mounting miniaturized
components directly on the surface of printed circuit boards – and automated
technique that evolved from thick film hybrids.
AR300/D D The Hidden Dangers of You could be zapping your CMOS ICs without knowing it. With a bit of insight, and
Electrostatic Discharge – ESD a lot of care, you can break the habit.
AR301/D D Solid–State Devices Ease Task of The solid–state devices available today – linear driver ICs, sense–cell MOSFETs,
Designing Brushless DC Motors and fourth–generation power MOSFETs – make motor–drive control circuitry less
complex, more efficient, and more compact. With such devices, brushless dc
motor drives appear more attractive as a systems solution.
AR302/D D Thermal Management of Surface A metal–clad printed wiring board material is described that offers efficient thermal
Mount Power Devices management of surface mount devices.
AR305/D D Building Push–Pull Multioctave, Twin FET packages are the heart of a unique, push–pull 300 W power amplifier.
VHF Power Amplifiers With a 50 V power supply, this broadband amplifier is easy to implement, and has
excellent impedance–matching characteristics and low DC current levels.
AR314/D A A 60–Watt PEP Linear Amplifier A 60 W P.E.P. linear amplifier with a gain of 40 dB and frequency range of 2–30 MHz
employing RF Power FETs is described.
AR319/D D DPAK: A Surface Mount Package The revolution in packaging electronic devices is continuing to grow. Hybrid circuit
for Discrete Power Devices board real estate is being reduced as everything continues to shrink. Several years
ago, electronic manufacturers began to mount miniature components directly to
the surface of hybrid circuits. These surface mounted components are helping to
meet the industries’ insatiable demand for smaller, more reliable, and less
expensive hybrids.
AR321/D A Current Sensing Simplifies Motor PWM ICs and current–sensing MOSFETs combine for more efficient, lower–cost
Control Design designs.
* Technology A = Analog D = Discrete L = Logic X = Mixed
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AR326/D D High–Voltage MOSFETs Simplify Using 1000–volt MOSFETs increases conduction losses and silicon costs, but
Flyback Design simplifies the design and reduces component counts to the point where MOSFETs
are a cost–effective alternative to bipolar–based and multi–transistor bridge
designs.
AR328/D D Application–Specific Transistors Bipolar power transistors are traditionally developed as general–purpose devices,
and, as a result, provide less than optimum performance in any given application.
But, their design can be tailored to optimize performance in a specific application.
AR335/D D Ultra–Fast Rectifiers and Inductive Quite a bit has been written about the effects of avalanche current power on power
Loads MOSFETs, but very little attention has been paid to output rectifiers. They get hit
by the same reverse voltage spikes and if they’re not rugged enough, they won’t
survive.
AR338/D X Metal–Backed Boards Improve Metal–backed boards produce cooler operating temperatures for power
Thermal Performance of Power semiconductors than conventional epoxy–glass boards. Their thermal properties
Semis are particularly useful for surface mount components that require small board real
estate.
AR340/D D The Low Forward Voltage Schottky The major portion of power losses in switching power supplies is in the output
rectification circuits. Schottky rectifier technology appears to hold the most
potential in efforts to develop more efficient rectifiers.
AR341/D D Power MOSFET, 1HP Brushless Design of a 1HP off–line brushless DC motor drive accounts for switching time,
DC Motor Drive Withstands PWM loss, effects of diode reverse recovery and MOSFET parasitics, and board
Commutation Stresses layout.
AR345/D D Switched for High–Definition High–definition television (HDTV) will provide viewers with an “enhanced viewing
Displays experience.” All proposed systems would deliver this experience through greater
resolution and a wider aspect ratio, which can be achieved on CRT systems only
by increasing the scan frequency. Doing this will require semiconductors for
horizontal deflection circuits that offer greater performance than those now
available.
AR348/D X Higher Power Levels in Surface Surface mount technology (SMT) has come a long way since its beginnings in
Mount Designs more than 20 years ago. Surface mount designs originally started out as low power
applications using small signal semiconductors such as the SOT–23 transistors
and leadless MELF diodes. When the DPAK package was introduced in 1985,
changes began to occur in the surface mount arena.
AR450/D D Characterizing Overvoltage The use of overvoltage transient suppressors for protecting electronic equipment
Transient Suppressors is prudent and economically justified. For relatively low cost, expensive circuits
can be safely protected by one or even several of the transient suppressors on the
market today. Dictated by the type and energy of the transient, these suppressors
can take on several forms.
AR514/D A Build Ultra–Low Dropout Regulator Switching–regulator post regulators, battery powered apparatuses, and other
applications require low–dropout linear regulators. Frequently, battery life is
significantly affected by the regulator’s dropout performance. This simple circuit
offers a lower dropout voltage than any available monolithic regulator.
AR519/D L Low–Skew Clock Drivers: Which Gate, divider, phase–lock loop, and programmable delay types are available. Each
Type Is Best? must be evaluated against the specific design requirements to determine which is
most suitable.
AR523/D D An Overview of Surface Mount Compared with conventional through–hole packaging, surface mount technology
Technology (SMT) for Power (SMT) offers the ability to reduce size and cost of electronic systems. Originally
Supply Applications lagging behind in the use of SMT, power–oriented devices are now beginning to
emerge that allow the production of power supplies that employ SMT. This paper
looks at the present state–of–the–art in both active and passive devices that are
compatible with SMT packaging.
AR563/D L Active SCSI Terminators Confront Active SCSI terminators have a reputation for not being able to handle heat
Critics and Gain Acceptance dissipation adequately. However, waveform measurements and calculations are
proving otherwise.
AR607/D Modular DC–DC Converter Sends It’s been a while since the last generation of so–called “brick” dc–dc converters
Power Density Soaring came onto the scene. At that time, the supplies’ 200 W of output power in the
4.6–by–2.4–by–0.5–in. package that has since become the industry standard
seemed to be plenty.
* Technology A = Analog D = Discrete L = Logic X = Mixed
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AR609/D D Trouble Shooting Halogen Halogen Electronic Transformers are basic electronic step–down converters used
Electronic Transformers to supply 12 V to low voltage halogen lamps. Based on a high frequency
conversion they are less bulky than 50/60Hz transformers. In order to achieve a
low cost, electronic transformers are designed using bipolar transistors instead of
MOSFETs.
AR617/D D Next Generation Power MOSFETs Extremely low on–resistance, Rds(on), high density discrete power MOSFETs rely
Slash On–Resistance, Mfg Cost on use of conventional CMOS processes to improve performance and simplify
manufacturing. A new generation of discrete power MOSFETs is based on the low
cost and easily manufacturable planar Vertical DMOS technology.
AR618/D D Three Large Markets Drive for Low To serve automotive, mobile–computing and disk–drive markets, Motorola (now
Power ON Semiconductor) as well as many other MOSFET manufacturers have spent
significant resources driving design and cost efficiencies of low–voltage power
MOSFETs below 100 V drain–source breakdown voltage.
ARE402/D D The Electronic Control of The use of fluorescent tubes, improperly named “neon tubes”, is wide–spread in
Fluorescent Tubes the consumer and industrial market. The main interest in this kind of lighting is its
higher output compared with a standard incandescent bulb. The following
technical paper is dedicated to the analysis of the standard ballast, the electronic
approach, their constraints and solutions, carried out by ON Semiconductor form
a semiconductor point of view.
EB20/D A Multiplier/OP Amp Circuit Detects ,
Mathematically the RMS value of a function is obtained by squaring the function,
True RMS averaging it over a time period and then taking the square root. In a practical sense
the same technique can also be used to find the RMS value of a waveform,
eliminating the thermal–response time that is prevalent in most RMS measuring
circuits.
EB27A/D D Get 300 Watts PEP Linear Across This bulletin supplies sufficient information to build a push–pull linear amplifier for
2 To 30 MHz From This Push–Pull 300 watts of PEP or CW output power across the 2– to 30–MHz band. One of ON
Amplifier Semiconductor’s new high–power transistors developed for single–sideband,
MRF422, is used in this application.
EB30/D D Sensitive Gate SCRs – Don’t In applications of sensitive gate SCRs, the gate–cathode resistor is an important
Forget the Gate–Cathode Resistor factor. Its value affects, to varying degrees, parameters such as IGT, VDRM, dV/dt,
IH, leakage current and noise immunity. This bulletin discusses these relationships
and gives typical data on the performance of devices in the 2N6236 (4A) family;
similar relationships can be expected for the 2N5060 (800mA) family.
EB47/D L Event Counter and Storage The introduction of the MECL III state–of–the–art decade
Latches for High–Frequency, counter–MC1696–makes it possible to achieve direct counting at 1.2 GHz. This
High–Resolution Counters engineering bulletin describes an event counter/storage latch circuit design for use
in counters of high frequency and resolution, which is based on the MC1696,
1.2–GHz, BCD output counter. The design, in combination with the time base and
control block described in reference 1, and 9–1/2–digit display block described in
reference 2 and a suitable front end, make it possible to implement a frequency
counter that counts directly at 1.2 GHz.
EB79/D D Pulsed fT, A Technique for Standard DC biasing techniques used in measuring fT for small–signal transistors
Accurately Measuring the Gain have been used for many years with a good degree of accuracy, repeatability and
Bandwidth Product of Power correlation. However, when trying to use the relatively high DC power sometimes
Transistors required for power transistor rT measurements, errors often can result. These
errors are due to the change in fT with the increased transistor junction
temperature, TJ, that results from the higher input bias power. The change in
carrier mobility and recombination that occur at higher temperature effectively
reduces hfr (the common–emitter small–signal short circuit current transfer ratio)
and thus rT is accordingly reduced. To minimize this heating effect requires that the
device under test (DUT) be either mounted on an efficient heat sink (ideally, an
infinite sink–a situation difficult to obtain), or tested using pulse techniques.
EB85A/D D Full–Bridge Switching Power A useful selection chart presenting preferred Bipolar, Power MOSFET, Rectifier
Supplies and Control devices for various areas of typical 500–1000W full–bridge witching
power supplies.
* Technology A = Analog D = Discrete L = Logic X = Mixed
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EB108/D A Relative efficiencies of ON The prime requisite of a power switch, semiconductor or otherwise, is to transfer
Semiconductor Power the maximum power to the load and therefore contribute little system loss of
Semiconductors in a PWM Motor dissipation. Additionally, the total system loss from an efficiency point of view
Controller should also include the input drive power, both forward for turning the device on and
reverse for turning it off. How the relative efficiencies of the various power
semiconductor switches compare will be demonstrated in a Pulse Width
Modulation (PWM) application.
EB121/D D SCR Improves DC Motor SCRs are commonly associated with ac applications because of their drive
Controller Efficiency simplicity and inherent self turnoff when the anode current drops below the holding
current. However, with proper commutating techniques, they can be as readily
used in dc applications. There are several ways of commutating the SCRs off in
these circuits:
a) Using a series switch to open the anode circuit;
b) Using a switchable commutating capacitor which reverse biases the SCR
anode–cathode, or;
c) Using a clamp or shunt switch across the anode–cathode, thus diverting the
anode (load) current.
EB123/D A A Simple Brush Type DC Motor A simple and cost–effective way to drive brush type DC motors is to use power
Controller MOSFETs with a Brushless DC Motor Control IC. The low–cost MC33033
controller and integrated 8A/100V MPM3002 H–bridge combine to give a minimum
parts count brush motor drive.
EB124/D D MOSFETs Compete with Bipolars Power MOSFETs with 400V to 500V breakdown ratings are widely used in
in Flyback Power Supplies multiple–transistor off–line power supplies. Now they can be used in flyback
supplies as well, as breakdown voltages are extended to 1000V. A discussion of
the advantages and disadvantages, illustrated with typical 100W MOSFET and
Bipolar designs.
EB125/D D Testing Power MOSFET Gate Most power MOSFET manufacturers now specify Gate Charge, as well as Input
Charge Capacitance, as an indication of the drive current required to turn on the device Ü
the data can be useful in predicting switching speeds and drive losses.
Commercially available gate charge test equipment is not yet widely used, and this
simple tester for both N and P–channel devices is a practical alternative for smaller
users.
EB126/D D Ultra–Rapid Nickel–Cadmium Charging NiCad batteries is a particular problem when their voltage exceeds the
Battery Charger voltage of the available charging source. The ultra–fast charger presented here is
capable of charging 8 to 12 1.5 volt batteries at 1.2 to 1.8Ah in 30 to 45 minutes from
a 10 to 14 volt source – a feat made possible by the use of new sintered electrode
technology by battery manufacturers. Includes PC artwork and layout.
EB128/D D Simple, Low–Cost Motor Controller This low–cost DC motor controller uses the cost–effective MPM3002
SENSEFET–based H–Bridge, plus the MC34060 PWM IC. It is capable of driving
a 1/3 HP, permanent magnet 90V DC motor, and includes dynamic braking and
soft–start.
EB131/D D Curve Tracer Measurement Most curve tracers are designed to measure the parameters of bipolar transistors,
Techniques for Power MOSFETs but because of similarities in their characteristics, the same techniques can also
be used to measure the parameters of power MOSFETs. This bulletin explains
how, with particular reference to the Tektronix 370A Curve Tracer.
EB141/D D Boost MOSFETs Drive Current in MOSFETs are usually easy to drive because they are voltage controlled, but a
Solid State AC Relay problem arises when a power MOSFET is used as a high–side switch ‹ in
applications such as AC or DC relays or H–bridge motor control circuits – because
it is difficult to reference the gate drive circuit and supply to the MOSFET’s Source.
A clean and inexpensive solution is to use the voltage available at the Drain to drive
the Gate.
EB201/D D High Cell Density MOSFETs A few years ago an affordable 60V, 10m power transistor was only a dream (10m
is the resistance of about 20cm of #22 gauge wire). Today a sub–10m power
MOSFET is available housed in a standard TO–220 package. In addition, ON
Semiconductor’s high cell density technology, HDTMOSt, brings other
advantages such as greatly improved body diode performance. The technological
advances are sufficiently great that they are fundamentally changing low voltage
power transistor technology. This bulletin discusses high cell density technology
and its benefits for the end user.
* Technology A = Analog D = Discrete L = Logic X = Mixed
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EB205/D D ON Semiconductor GaAs Efficient power conversion circuitry requires rectifies that exhibit low forward
Rectifiers Offer High Efficiency in a voltage drop, low reverse recovery current, and fast recovery time. Silicon has
1 MHz, 400 to 48 Volt DC–DC been the material of choice for fast, efficient rectification in switched power
Converter applications. However, technology is nearing the theoretical limit for optimizing
reverse recovery in silicon devices. A new material is required to increase
switching speed.
EB206/D A Solving Noise Problems in High The MPIC2113 (high & low side driver) Control IC is one of a family of ON
Power, High Frequency Control IC Semiconductor devices which provides a convenient and cost effective gate drive
Driven Power Stages solution. The electrical design using the MPIC2113 is simple as it accepts
ground–referenced logic level input signals and drives high & low side MOSFET
or IGBT power transistors with an offset voltage of up to 500 V. All that is required
is one MPIC2113 and a few external components.
EB207/D D High Current Buffer for Control IC’s Modules and other paralleled MOS–gated power transistors can present
difficulties to gate drive circuits. ON Semiconductor’s family on Control IC drivers
can provide large peak output currents acceptable for most applications. However,
when driving the extremely large loads of many paralleled devices, excess power
dissipation in the MOS–gate drive section of the Control IC may become an issue
when switching above the few tens of kilohertz range. The subject of this
Engineering Bulletin is a current–buffer to alleviate this problem.
EB208/D A Design Check List for MPIC21XX Specific design checklist to be used when designing with ON Semiconductor’s
Control IC’s MPIC21xx Control Integrated Circuits.
EB407/D D Basic Halogen Converter Low voltage halogen lamps are becoming increasingly popular due to their higher
quality light and increased efficiency compared to incandescent lamps. Since all
modern 220/12V transformers are based on an electronic step–down converter,
ON Semiconductor has developed a new series of bipolar power devices that can
handle the full range of power values requested for these applications. This bulletin
discusses the basic converter circuit and the most common design trade–offs.
Includes a short–circuit detection network.
EB415/D L Extend SPI Addressing with the This logic reduces the number of parallel port lines required for generating SPI chip
MC74HC595 selects by putting them on the slave end of the SPI bus. In this way, chip select
signals can be generated remotely from the SPI master. The main advantage of
this technique is that we now have a true 5–wire bus, capable of supporting an
almost unlimited number of remote slave devices.
* Technology A = Analog D = Discrete L = Logic X = Mixed
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MOTOROLA SPS STANDARD DOCUMENT TYPE DEFINITIONS
REFERENCE MANUAL
A Reference Manual is a publication that contains a comprehensive system or device–specific description of the structure and
function (operation) of a particular part/system; used overwhelmingly to describe the functionality of a microprocessor,
microcontroller, or some other sub–micron sized device. Procedural information in a Reference Manual is limited to less than 40
percent (usually much less).
USER’S GUIDE
A User’s Guide contains procedural, task–oriented instructions for using or running a device or product. A User’s Guide differs
from a Reference Manual in the following respects:
* Majority of information (> 60%) is procedural, not functional, in nature
* Volume of information is typically less than for Reference Manuals
* Usually written more in active voice, using second–person singular (you) than is found in Reference Manuals
* May contain photographs and detailed line drawings rather than simple illustrations that are often found in Reference Manuals
POCKET GUIDE
A Pocket Guide is a pocket–sized document that contains technical reference information. Types of information commonly found
in pocket guides include block diagrams, pinouts, alphabetized instruction set, alphabetized registers, alphabetized third–party
vendors and their products, etc.
ADDENDUM
A documentation Addendum is a supplemental publication that contains missing information or replaces preliminary information
in the primary publication it supports. Individual addendum items are published cumulatively. Addendums end with the next revision
of the primary document.
APPLICATION NOTE
An Application Note is a document that contains real–world application information about how a specific Motorola
device/product is used with other Motorola or vendor parts/software to address a particular technical issue. Parts and/or software must
already exist and be available.
A document called “Application–Specific Information” is not the same as an Application Note.
SELECTOR GUIDE
A Selector Guide is a tri–fold (or larger) document published on a regular basis (usually quarterly) by many, if not all, divisions,
that contains key line–item, device–specific information for particular product families. Some Selector Guides are published in book
format and contain previously published information.
PRODUCT PREVIEW
A Product Preview is a summary document for a product/device under consideration or in the early stages of development. The
Product Preview exists only until an “Advance Information” document is published that replaces it. The Product Preview is often
used as the first section or chapter in a corresponding reference manual. The Product Preview displays the following disclaimer at
the bottom of the first page: “Motorola reserves the right to change or discontinue this product without notice.”
ADVANCE INFORMATION
The Advance Information document is for a device that is NOT fully MC–qualified. The Advance Information document is
replaced with the Technical Data document once the device/part becomes fully MC–qualified. The Advance Information document
displays the following disclaimer at the bottom of the first page: “This document contains information on a new product.
Specifications and information herein are subject to change without notice.”
TECHNICAL DATA
The Technical Data document is for a product/device that is in full production (i.e., fully released). It replaces the Advance
Information document and represents a part that is M, X, XC, or MC qualified. The Technical Data document is virtually the same
document as the Product Preview and the Advance Information document with the exception that it provides information that is
unavailable for a product in the early phases of development (such as complete parametric characterization data). The Technical Data
document is also a more comprehensive document that either of its earlier incarnations. This document displays no disclaimer, and
while it may be informally referred to as a “data sheet,” it is not labeled as such.
ENGINEERING BULLETIN
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