Arcobacter: Genome of Foodborne Pathogen Exposed

Mapping of the genome of Arcobacter butzleri by scientists at the USDA Agricultural Research Service is a first step in control of this food-borne pathogen. Previously thought to be a member of the Campylobacter family, it has been found in farm animals and a variety of retail meats, including chicken, beef, pork and lamb, with a high prevalence in poultry.

A little-known microbe called Arcobacter butzleri may make you sick if the water you drink or food you eat is contaminated with it.

But Agricultural Research Service microbiologist, William Miller, and colleagues have deciphered the sequence of the bacterium's genetic material. This scientific coup – a first for any of the world's Arcobacters – may speed discovery of innovative ways to control the microbial miscreant.

Technician Sharon Horn (retired) and microbiologist William Miller prepare samples of Campylobacter for automated analysis of DNA sequence. To better understand a little-known microbe called Arcobacter butzleri, Miller and colleagues are comparing it to related microbes such as Campylobacter. These comparisons may yield clues to A. butzleri's survival strategies.

Many medical professionals regard A. butzleri as an emerging cause of foodborne disease, according to Dr Miller. Based at the ARS Western Regional Research Center in Albany, California, near San Francisco, he did the genome-sequencing work with colleagues there and with others in the United States and abroad.

The target microbe has been implicated as a cause of outbreaks of food-related illnesses in Europe and South-east Asia. It is associated with an array of unpleasant symptoms, including diarrhoea, stomach cramps, nausea, vomiting, and fever – all of which can become chronic if left untreated.

Previously, the microbe was thought to be a species of Campylobacter, the world's leading cause of bacterial diarrhoea. Later, A. butzleri was reclassified to the Arcobacter genus.

Now, by comparing A. butzleri's genetic make-up to that of other microbes, Dr Miller and co-investigators can learn more about its relatedness to them. Such comparisons are important: they may yield clues to A. butzleri's survival strategies and, perhaps more importantl, to previously unknown vulnerabilities that scientists could exploit to keep food and water safe.

A. butzleri has not made such comparisons easy.

The team's analysis has already revealed that many A. butzleri genes "don't seem to match up" with those from other microbes, Dr Miller says. His observation is based on comparing the genome sequence of A. butzleri with other sequences posted on the World Wide Web.

"We don't know what these unique A. butzleri genes do," explains Dr Miller. "That's one of the things that makes this pathogen so interesting."

While research to discover the function of all of A. butzleri's genes continues, Dr Miller has already used the genomic data in developing what is known as a 'typing method'. Medical professionals, public health agencies and researchers can use it when they are tracking the source of food-borne illness outbreaks.

Based on technology known as 'multi-locus sequence typing', the assay distinguishes A. butzleri from several cousins that could be outbreak culprits, namely A. cibarius, A. cryaerophilius and A. skirrowii. And the typing method does more than just differentiate these species: it also "accurately and unambiguously fingerprints strains within each species," Dr Miller points out. "That makes it especially useful for investigating the source of outbreaks."

Other scientists are already using the new assay, Dr Miller says. He expects his scientific journal article on the test to be published this year. His article on sequencing the complete A. butzleri genome appeared in 2007 in the online journal, PloS ONE.