Driverless cars are a catch 22: we do none of the driving, but take all of the responsibility

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Disclosure statement

Neville Anthony Stanton receives funding from the European Union and the Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council. He has also received funding in the past from the Economic and Social Research Council and motor vehicle manufacturers.

The utopian vision of the motor vehicle is an onboard autodriver much like that of the autopilot in aircraft which takes over the task of driving, freeing up the human driver to work, rest or play. This is becoming an engineering reality, with technological achievements rapidly approaching those of aircraft autopilots.

It’s true that driverless cars are likely to be highly reliable in most situations, most of the time. But this reliability cannot be guaranteed all of the time and the auto-driver will encounter situations that the programmers and engineers have not anticipated. The trouble is that highly reliable automatic pilots will lead even the most observant driver’s attention to wander – once the novelty has worn off, it will be like watching paint dry and decades of research have shown that humans are extremely poor at maintaining extended periods of vigilance.

So how can working, reading, using email and the internet, the envisaged benefits of driverless cars, be reconciled with the need to keep an eye on the vehicle? The truth is nobody really knows.

I’ve researched vehicle automation for 20 years and it’s clear that, in an emergency humans, are more effective than automatic pilots. Up to a third of drivers of automated vehicles did not recover from emergencies in our simulator studies, and I have witnessed human drivers fail to intervene when automatic systems fail. The concern is that driver and driverless act at cross purposes, with the driver believing the automated vehicle is in control of the situation when in fact it has not.

When required suddenly, a human driver is ill-prepared to take control from the vehicle. This means we’re asking the impossible, by taking away control from the driver while leaving them with all the accountability. Lessons learned from the introduction of aircraft automation appear to be going unheeded.

It seems drivers of the future will be held responsible for something over which they have little or no control. Not that this means we should stop researching and building automated vehicles – quite the opposite. We need to learn and apply the lessons of automation as used elsewhere (such as aviation) to the problems of driverless vehicles.

This means designing vehicle automation in such a way that engages the driver and accommodates gradual hand-over and hand-back processes in order to successfully integrate human drivers into the system. We need a chatty co-pilot, not a silent auto-pilot.