Moon Mullins was an Americancomic strip which had a run as both a daily and Sunday feature from June 19, 1923 to June 2, 1991. Syndicated by the Chicago Tribune/New York News Syndicate, the strip depicts the lives of diverse lowbrow characters who reside at the Schmaltz (later Plushbottom) boarding house. The central character, Moon (short for Moonshine), is a would-be prizefighter—perpetually strapped for cash but with a roguish appetite for vice and high living. Moon took a room in the boarding house at 1323 Wump Street in 1924 and never left, staying on for 67 years. The strip was created by cartoonistFrank Willard.

Frank Henry Willard was born on September 21, 1893 in Anna, Illinois, the son of a physician, who early on determined to become a cartoonist. After attending the Academy of Fine Arts in Chicago in 1913, he was a staff artist with the Chicago Herald (1914–18), where he drew the Sunday kids' page Tom, Dick and Harry and another strip, Mrs. Pippin's Husband. He next wrote and drew The Outta Luck Club for King Features Syndicate (1919–23).

In The Comics (1947), Coulton Waugh described Willard's art style as "gritty-looking."[1] In 2003, the Scoop newsletter documented the 1923 events that led to the creation of the strip:

Moon was a tough-talking, if generally good natured, kind of guy who took (and dealt) plenty of punches during his run. And actually, those are very appropriate characteristics. See, back before Moon was created, Frank Willard was working on a strip called The Outta Luck Club for King Features Syndicate. That's when he got the notion that some of his ideas were being slipped to fellow cartoonist George McManus (creator of Bringing Up Father). So, in typical Moon Mullins fashion, Willard approached McManus and gave him a wallop that knocked the latter out cold and got the former fired. That little episode didn't stop Captain Joe Patterson's interest from being piqued, however, and Willard soon set to work on a new strip for the Chicago Tribune Syndicate. That strip was Moon Mullins...

Ah, Moon Mullins! He made a horrible role model but a hilarious star nonetheless—as did his assorted pals... Adventures included stints in jail, trysts with stolen cars, failed employment opportunities, misunderstandings and plenty of black eyes for all. Yet, there was a certain lightness to all of Moon's debaucheries that made his low-down ways pretty charming...[2]

Reportedly, the strip was originally intended as a rival for King Features' Barney Google, also about a lovable, banjo-eyed lowlife at home in the sporting world. It proved so popular that men named Mullins, born from about the 19-teens through the 1960s, were as likely as not to be nicknamed "Moon." Willard was in tune with the working class characters he created, as noted by David Westbrook in From Hogan's Alley to Coconino County: Four Narratives of the Early Comic Strip:

Some comic strip artists laid claim to a similar working-class authenticity by representing themselves in the position of employee. When Frank Willard, author of Moon Mullins, narrates a scene from his workplace, he portrays himself as a rowdy underdog much like The Yellow Kid. He becomes, in effect, the "tricky and roguish" character cited by Gilbert Seldes as the quintessence of the comic strip.

“

I worked for a syndicate manager once who got everybody in the place together once a week and jumped on a desk and gave us 'pep talks.' He didn't give us ideas, but, oh boy, how worn out we were after those pep talks. The guy that applauded the loudest got the most money, and I didn't get much—as he found out who it was who gave him the bird!

”

— Frank Willard, as related to Martin Sheridan

When Brennecke (in "The Real Mission of the Funny Paper" by Ernest Brennecke, from The Century Magazine, March 1924) locates the truth of comic strip realism in the comics' habit of "commenting trenchantly" on "the life of the middle classes," it is comics like The Yellow Kid and artists like Willard that he has in mind...[3][4]

Moon Mullins: with his big eyes, plaid pants, perpetual cigar and yellow derby hat; Moon is an amiable roughneck amid a cast of roughnecks. He haunts saloons, racetracks and pool halls, mangles the English language with Jazz Ageslang, and gets into endless scrapes looking for an easy buck or a hot dame. Moon himself is a low-rent but likeable sort of riff-raff, involved in get-rich schemes and bootleg whiskey, crap games and staying out all night with disreputable friends. None of the roughhousing was fatal or even particularly threatening, however. Indeed, the gentleness of the situational humor behind all the characters' rough edges kept the strip on an even keel. The name "Moonshine" referenced Mullins as a drinker and gambler during Prohibition.

Kayo: Moon's street urchin kid brother, who sleeps in an open dresser drawer—one of the strip's most iconic images. Kayo is usually clad in suspenders, polka dot pants and a black derby. Pint-sized Kayo (a play on "K.O.," sportswriters' shorthand for a knockout punch) is wise beyond his years and even a bit of a cynic. His plain-speaking, matter-of-fact bluntness is a frequent source of comedy. Full of mischief and bad grammar, Kayo is a good deal more of the ruffian than Moon.

Emmy (Schmaltz) Plushbottom: the nosy, lanky, spinsterish landlady who likes to put on airs. All the characters take turns receiving their comeuppance, and Emmy certainly gets her share. She finally married on October 6, 1933 and became Lady Plushbottom. She says "My stars" and "For pity sakes" a lot, but her trademark line—always delivered after a (frequent) putdown—is "I'll smack your sassy face!"

(Uncle) Willie: introduced in 1927; Moon's long lost, no-account uncle wears a checkered suit and is perpetually unshaven. Willie, who would disappear for months at a time, prefers the hobo life—despite being married and half-domesticated. His only occupation seems to be the avoidance of physical labor and confrontations with his formidable wife, Mamie.

(Aunt) Mamie: Miss Schmaltz's burly, no-nonsense washwoman and cook; her rolled-up sleeves reveal a conspicuous star tattoo. She's the only featured character of the working class cast who actually works. Mamie is usually tolerant of her errant husband, but she can be dangerous when riled—much to Willie's dismay.

Lord Plushbottom: (aka "Plushie," as Moon calls him.) Willard introduced him because Patterson thought tossing a well-bred Englishman into that shabby crowd had great comic possibilities. Plushbottom initially appeared as a man of wealth, whom Emmy pursued for ten years before their marriage. Afterwards he moved in, in apparently reduced circumstances, but never discarded his evening clothes, spats and top hat for everyday wear.

It was never so hysterical that you felt you just had to clip it and show it to everyone you knew, but Moon Mullins was always enjoyable and funny in a low-key way. Frank Willard's art was better than it's given credit for, very smooth and subtle; but his real strength was in the amusing personalities he gave his characters. (Longtime assistant Ferd Johnson took over after Willard's death in 1958. "Moonshine" Mullins, as his name hinted, was a shady sort of rogue, always in trouble and often in jail. His little brother Kayo was a tough guy in a derby and turtleneck; everyone remembers him as the kid who slept in a pulled-out dresser drawer. Running the boarding house was sour ol' Emmy Schmaltz (she later married insubstantial Englishman Lord Plushbottom.) Rounding out the continuing cast were the cook Mamie and her less than industrious husband Willie. Moon Mullins is not likely to be adapted into the new big Broadway musical (although you never know), but I always liked it and would like to see it remembered.[5]

Ferdinand "Ferd" Johnson (1905–1996) began as Willard's assistant a few months after the strip began in 1923. Starting with the lettering, then the backgrounds, Johnson gradually progressed to the point where he was handling the entire operation; but it was only after Willard's death that he began signing it. When Willard died suddenly on January 11, 1958, the Tribune Syndicate hired Johnson, who also had a natural gift for funny, slangy dialogue, to helm the strip as Willard's logical successor. (Frank Willard's tombstone at the Anna Cemetery in Anna, Illinois, is graced with an engraving of Moon Mullins.)

Ferd Johnson was born December 18, 1905, in Spring Creek, Pennsylvania. Johnson became interested in cartooning after winning the Erie (Pennsylvania) Dispatch-Herald cartoon contest at the age of 12. After finishing high school in 1923 he attended the Chicago Academy of Fine Arts, but left school after only three months to take an assistant's job at the Chicago Tribune with Willard. While assisting on Moon Mullins, Johnson remained active with other Tribune projects. He created several comic strip features for the Syndicate—Texas Slim (1925–1928) and Lovey-Dovey (1932)—did sports illustration work, and produced advertising cartoons. In 1940, he revived Texas Slim in Texas Slim and Dirty Dalton (with the companion strip, Buzzy), which ran for 18 years.

After Willard's death in 1958, he took over full responsibility for Moon Mullins. By that time it had evolved from long story continuities to a gag-a-day strip, although the humor remained character-based, as always. Unlike many long-running newspaper comics, Moon Mullins did not have a period of decline; maintaining its high standard of humor and art for almost seven decades. In 1978, Ferd's son, Tom Johnson, signed on as his assistant. Ferd Johnson stayed with the strip until it came to an end upon his retirement in 1991. Johnson worked on Moon Mullins for 68 years—a stint that probably stands as the longest tenure of an artist on a single feature in the history of American comics.

Moon Mullins appeared in 350 papers at its height but declined to 50 as younger cartoonists appeared. Johnson said: "They just kept dropping off because it's so damn old. The new ones come out and the editors want to make room for them, so the old ones get dumped. And Moon sure qualifies that way." In April 1991, the Chicago Tribune decided to drop the strip, and the Tribune Media Syndicate told Johnson that it was the end.[6] The last strip ran on Sunday, 2 June 1991.

The strip was reprinted in a long-running series of Cupples & Leon books (1927–1937), Big Little Books and comic books for Dell Comics (starting in 1936) and later, the American Comics Group (1947–1948). Dover Publications reprinted a collection of the daily strips in 1976, consisting of the third and fifth Cupples & Leon books. Representative samples of Moon Mullins daily continuity were featured in Great Comics Syndicated by the Daily News-Chicago Tribune (Crown Publishers, 1972), and The Smithsonian Collection of Newspaper Comics (Smithsonian Institution Press/Harry Abrams, 1977). The latter volume also reproduces several full-color Sunday pages. Comic strip historian Bill Blackbeard (1926–2011) edited a series of strip reprints for SPEC Productions.

Moon Mullins merchandising began when agent Toni Mendez arranged a licensing deal for Kayo suspenders. The wave of products that followed included such items as a series of Kellogg's Pep Cereal pins, a Milton Bradley board game (1938), salt and pepper shakers, perfume bottles, Christmas lights, bisque toothbrush holders, a set of German nodder figures, carnival chalkware statues, a wind-up toy handcar, oilcloth and celluloid Kayo dolls, coloring books and a series of jigsaw puzzles (1943).

Kayo Chocolate Drink was the name of a popular bottled chocolate soft drink. Created in 1929 by Aaron Pashkow of Chicago,[7] it was manufactured for several decades, and featured Kayo Mullins on its colorful label. In recent years, nostalgic "Drink Kayo" tin and embossed metal advertising sign reproductions have been available. It survives as a powdered hot chocolate mix made by Superior Coffee and Tea for the foodservice market.

In 1973, the Moon Mullins radio program was issued on this LP produced by George Garabedian for Mark 56 Records. The sleeve notes were by radio historian Jim Harmon.

Moon Mullins was adapted for radio during the 1940s. In the third episode of the series (March 25, 1940), the Plushbottoms trade Moon's only suit to pay for a collect telegram and learn they are owners of a goldmine. In a CBS audition recording dated January 31, 1947, Uncle Willie asks Moon for $10 bail, and Moon teaches the game of Blackjack to Kayo. Lord Plushbottom plans to go to a costume party as an Indian but instead winds up with a suit of armor. Character actor Sheldon Leonard was in the cast.

1.
Author
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An author is narrowly defined as the originator of any written work and can thus also be described as a writer. More broadly defined, an author is the person who originated or gave existence to anything, in the copyright laws of various jurisdictions, there is a necessity for little flexibility regarding what constitutes authorship. The United States Copyright Office, for example, defines copyright as a form of protection provided by the laws of the United States to authors of works of authorship. After a fixed amount of time, the copyright expires on intellectual work and it enters the public domain, however, copyright is merely the legal reassurance that one owns his/her work. Technically, someone owns their work from the time its created, an interesting aspect of authorship emerges with copyright in that, in many jurisdictions, it can be passed down to another upon ones death. The person who inherits the copyright is not the author, questions arise as to the application of copyright law. How does it, for example, apply to the issue of fan fiction. If the media responsible for the authorized production allows material from fans, what is the limit before legal constraints from actors, music. Additionally, how does copyright apply to fan-generated stories for books, what powers do the original authors, as well as the publishers, have in regulating or even stopping the fan fiction. In literary theory, critics find complications in the term author beyond what constitutes authorship in a legal setting, in the wake of postmodern literature, critics such as Roland Barthes and Michel Foucault have examined the role and relevance of authorship to the meaning or interpretation of a text. Barthes challenges the idea that a text can be attributed to any single author and he writes, in his essay Death of the Author, that it is language which speaks, not the author. The words and language of a text itself determine and expose meaning for Barthes, with this, the perspective of the author is removed from the text, and the limits formerly imposed by the idea of one authorial voice, one ultimate and universal meaning, are destroyed. The psyche, culture, fanaticism of an author can be disregarded when interpreting a text, because the words are rich enough themselves with all of the traditions of language. To expose meanings in a work without appealing to the celebrity of an author, their tastes, passions, vices, is, to Barthes, to allow language to speak. Michel Foucault argues in his essay What is an author and that all authors are writers, but not all writers are authors. He states that a letter may have a signatory—it does not have an author. For a reader to assign the title of author upon any written work is to certain standards upon the text which. Foucaults author function is the idea that an author exists only as a function of a work, a part of its structure

2.
Frank Willard
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Frank Henry Willard was a cartoonist best known for his comic strip Moon Mullins which ran from 1923 to 1991. He sometimes went by the nickname Dok Willard, as a youth, Willard dropped out of several schools. In addition to jobs at county fairs, he worked in a mental institution, in 1909, he moved with his family to Chicago. He went to Union Academy, where he illustrated the Reflector yearbook in 1912. After attending the Academy of Fine Arts in Chicago in 1913, he was a cartoonist with the Chicago Herald, pippins Husband and a daily comic strip which used various titles. At the Herald, he got to know cartoonists E. C, entering the U. S. Army in 1917, Willard served with the American Expeditionary Force in France. Our unit built roads and did no fighting, he said, unemployed on his return, he was given a place to stay by DeBeck and worked briefly on DeBecks Barney Google in 1920. Through DeBecks influence, he landed a job that year in the King Features Syndicate bullpen where he did just about everything and he next wrote and drew The Outta Luck Club for King Features, where he also substituted for cartoonist Jean Knott on his Penny Ante poker panel. In 1923, Joseph Patterson of the Chicago Tribune-New York News Syndicate wanted a strip to compete with Barney Google. Willard was angry, but he exploded when he saw some of his gags surface in George McManus Bringing Up Father, as Willards assistant Ferd Johnson recalled, The editor was feeding Willards ideas to the Syndicates big star. Later Willard and McManus were very good friends, but at the time, Willard got so damn sore that he went and had a couple of drinks and he found the guy sitting in his chair, and he let him have one that knocked him onto the floor. Willard knew hed get fired for that—and he did, but the story got around, and when Captain Patterson, who was looking for a tough guy strip, heard about it, he said, Thats my man. And thats how Moon got its start, Moon Mullins quickly became popular after it was launched as a daily on June 19,1923. A few months later, Ferd Johnson signed on as Willards assistant, the success of the strip enabled Willard to spend much time on his avocation, golf. Johnson recalled, Wed go to Florida and follow the guys all the way to Maine. With Florida as a base, Willard worked out of hotel rooms in Los Angeles, North Carolina, Maine. At least one summer, the two mailed in their strips from Mexico. Meanwhile, the strip expanded to 250 newspapers, a radio program, Willard and Johnson also did the topper strip Kitty Higgins

3.
Ferd Johnson
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Ferdinand Johnson, usually cited as Ferd Johnson, was an American cartoonist, best known for his 68-year stint on the Moon Mullins comic strip. Johnson was born December 18,1905, in Spring Creek, Pennsylvania, johnsons youthful interest in cartooning had the support of his family after he won an Erie Dispatch Herald cartoon contest. He recalled in 1989, I think I was 11 years old. And then I won a newspaper cartoon drawing contest, and I think the prize was two or three tickets to Pecks Bad Boy, and that got my dad to thinking, and he gave me a $28 correspondence course. I went through that and worked on the school yearbook all the time. I did lots of drawings there, at 13, I sold my first cartoon for money to a railroad magazine. It paid me $10 a month for years and years, after graduating from high school in 1923, he attended the Chicago Academy of Fine Arts for three months. When Moon Mullins creator Frank Willard taught briefly there, Willard invited the youngster to visit his workplace. Johnson recalled, I stood around there for hours watching him work and he finally turned around and said, Ferd, if youre going to hang around here all this time, Im going to put you to work. So I got a job as assistant at 15 bucks a week, I wrote home, and I said, Dont send me any more money. Dropping out of school, he became Willard assistant two months after Willard launched Moon Mullins in 1923, Johnson worked at the Tribune as a color artist and sports illustrator. While Johnson was still in his teens, the paper offered him the opportunity to create his own comic strip. Johnsons effort, Texas Slim, about a ranch hand working for the antihero Dirty Dalton, in 1932, Johnson revived Texas Slim as a topper strip paired with his short-lived domestic-comedy strip Lovey Dovey. On March 31,1940, the characters returned once again as a Sunday strip titled Texas Slim & Dirty Dalton, Willard and Johnson traveled to Florida, Maine and Los Angeles, doing the strip while living in hotels, apartments and farmhouses. At its peak of popularity during the 1940s and 1950s, the strip ran in 350 newspapers, according to Johnson, he had been doing the strip solo for at least a decade before Willards death on January 11,1958. They put my name on it then, Johnson said in 1989, I had been doing it about 10 years before that because Willard had heart attacks and strokes and all that stuff. The minute my name went on that thing and his name went off,25 papers dropped the strip and that shows you that, although I had been doing it 10 years, the name means a lot. After Willards death, the Chicago Tribune New York News Syndicate hired Johnson as Willards logical successor, Johnson recalled that, Texas ran until 1958 when I took over Moon completely

4.
Publishing
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Publishing is the dissemination of literature, music, or information—the activity of making information available to the general public. In some cases, authors may be their own publishers, meaning originators and developers of content also provide media to deliver, also, the word publisher can refer to the individual who leads a publishing company or an imprint or to a person who owns/heads a magazine. Traditionally, the term refers to the distribution of printed works such as books, Publishing includes the following stages of development, acquisition, copy editing, production, printing, and marketing and distribution. There are two categories of book publisher, Non-paid publishers, A non-paid publisher is a house that does not charge authors at all to publish their books. Paid publishers, The author has to meet with the expense to get the book published. This is also known as vanity publishing, at a small press, it is possible to survive by relying entirely on commissioned material. But as activity increases, the need for works may outstrip the publishers established circle of writers, for works written independently of the publisher, writers often first submit a query letter or proposal directly to a literary agent or to a publisher. Submissions sent directly to a publisher are referred to as unsolicited submissions, the acquisitions editors send their choices to the editorial staff. Unsolicited submissions have a low rate of acceptance, with some sources estimating that publishers ultimately choose about three out of every ten thousand unsolicited manuscripts they receive. Many book publishers around the world maintain a strict no unsolicited submissions policy and this policy shifts the burden of assessing and developing writers out of the publisher and onto the literary agents. At these publishers, unsolicited manuscripts are thrown out, or sometimes returned, established authors may be represented by a literary agent to market their work to publishers and negotiate contracts. Literary agents take a percentage of earnings to pay for their services. Some writers follow a route to publication. Such books often employ the services of a ghostwriter, for a submission to reach publication, it must be championed by an editor or publisher who must work to convince other staff of the need to publish a particular title. An editor who discovers or champions a book that becomes a best-seller may find their reputation enhanced as a result of their success. Once a work is accepted, commissioning editors negotiate the purchase of property rights. The authors of traditional printed materials typically sell exclusive territorial intellectual property rights that match the list of countries in which distribution is proposed. In the case of books, the publisher and writer must also agree on the formats of publication —mass-market paperback

5.
Whitman Publishing
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Whitman Publishing, long a subsidiary of Western Publishing, was a childrens book publishing company that was popular from the early 1900s to the mid-1970s. Whitman published a variety of books, including westerns, mysteries, science fiction, adventure stories. Whitman also published authorized editions of television shows, such as Hawaii Five-O, Roy Rogers, Lassie. Their main genre of publishing was westerns and mystery, but they encompassed many genres as well. One of their most popular series, a Nancy Drew-like series intended for girls, was called the Whitman Authorized Editions. In 1938, Whitman began publishing coin boards, used by collectors to store their collections. In 1942, the company published its first price guide, The Official Blue Book of U. S. Coins and this started an expanding line of books aimed at numismatists which would include hundreds of titles. The line continued as Western was sold to Mattel in 1982, then spun off, the new company sold off Whitman Coin Products and other non-kids lines to St. Martins Press. They in turn sold off just the Whitman Coin Products line to the H. E, harris company, another publisher specializing in coin collecting materials. Harris was then renamed Whitman Publishing, and continues to produce primarily coin collecting materials

6.
Cupples & Leon
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Cupples & Leon was an American publishing company founded in 1902 by Victor I. They published juvenile fiction and childrens books but are remembered today as the major publisher of books collecting comic strips during the early decades of the 20th century. In Manhattan, the company was located in the Presbyterian building at 156 Fifth Avenue and, during the 1920s. Victor Cupples had previously worked with the publisher Houghton Mifflin, in 1902, Cupples and Leon ran the New York agency for the George W. Ogilvie Company and other Chicago firms. They also were the managers for Jamieson-Higgins Four OClock magazine. The duo saw that Grosset & Dunlap and A. L. Burt, Donohue, after talks with Edward Stratemeyer, the two men published a juvenile that sold for 50 cents but appeared to be worth more. It did not take the other publishers long to follow Cupples lead, Burt and Grosset, who had popular writers on their lists, rose merrily with them to opulence. Doubters like Donohue and Altemus slipped slowly but surely from the juvenile field, Cupples compiled a colossal list of childrens names. Included on the jacket of each of its books was a coupon which, the catalogue was an insidious narcotic with the habit-forming properties of opium. In it were printed fetching bits from the popular series. Cupples estimates that all in all 500,000 names have been on that list, in 1913, they were publishing Roy Rockwoods Dave Dashaway series and other aviation juveniles. Scouting was another focus of their novels, along with their Motor Boys series. In 1914, they published Grimms Fairy Tales, illustrated by Johnny Gruelle, in 1903, Cupples & Leon collected such strips as The Katzenjammer Kids. Alphonse and Gaston, Happy Hooligan, On and Off the Ark, Poor Lil Mose and their major competitor in books of comic strip reprints was Frederick A. Stokes, who died in 1939. To reprint comic strips, the company offered, for 25 cents, between 1906 and 1934, Cupples & Leon published more than 100 titles in that format. They collected Bringing Up Father, Little Orphan Annie, Mutt and Jeff, Reglar Fellers, Smitty and they produced at least 18 reprint collections of Mutt and Jeff daily strips, in 10 x 10 softcover books from 1919 to 1934. They also published two hardcover editions, Mutt and Jeff Big Book and Mutt and Jeff Big Book No.2. They left the comic strip reprint field in 1934, concentrating on their juvenile lines, Leon estimated the company sold more than 35,000,000 copies of its comics reprints

7.
United States
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Forty-eight of the fifty states and the federal district are contiguous and located in North America between Canada and Mexico. The state of Alaska is in the northwest corner of North America, bordered by Canada to the east, the state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific Ocean. The U. S. territories are scattered about the Pacific Ocean, the geography, climate and wildlife of the country are extremely diverse. At 3.8 million square miles and with over 324 million people, the United States is the worlds third- or fourth-largest country by area, third-largest by land area. It is one of the worlds most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, paleo-Indians migrated from Asia to the North American mainland at least 15,000 years ago. European colonization began in the 16th century, the United States emerged from 13 British colonies along the East Coast. Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the following the Seven Years War led to the American Revolution. On July 4,1776, during the course of the American Revolutionary War, the war ended in 1783 with recognition of the independence of the United States by Great Britain, representing the first successful war of independence against a European power. The current constitution was adopted in 1788, after the Articles of Confederation, the first ten amendments, collectively named the Bill of Rights, were ratified in 1791 and designed to guarantee many fundamental civil liberties. During the second half of the 19th century, the American Civil War led to the end of slavery in the country. By the end of century, the United States extended into the Pacific Ocean. The Spanish–American War and World War I confirmed the status as a global military power. The end of the Cold War and the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 left the United States as the sole superpower. The U. S. is a member of the United Nations, World Bank, International Monetary Fund, Organization of American States. The United States is a developed country, with the worlds largest economy by nominal GDP. It ranks highly in several measures of performance, including average wage, human development, per capita GDP. While the U. S. economy is considered post-industrial, characterized by the dominance of services and knowledge economy, the United States is a prominent political and cultural force internationally, and a leader in scientific research and technological innovations. In 1507, the German cartographer Martin Waldseemüller produced a map on which he named the lands of the Western Hemisphere America after the Italian explorer and cartographer Amerigo Vespucci

8.
Comic strip
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A comic strip is a sequence of drawings arranged in interrelated panels to display brief humor or form a narrative, often serialized, with text in balloons and captions. With the development of the internet, they began to online as web comics. There were more than 200 different comic strips and daily cartoon panels in American newspapers alone each day for most of the 20th century, Strips are written and drawn by a comics artist or cartoonist. As the name implies, comic strips can be humorous, starting in the late 1920s, comic strips expanded from their mirthful origins to feature adventure stories, as seen in Popeye, Captain Easy, Buck Rogers, Tarzan, and The Adventures of Tintin. Soap-opera continuity strips such as Judge Parker and Mary Worth gained popularity in the 1940s, all are called, generically, comic strips, though cartoonist Will Eisner has suggested that sequential art would be a better genre-neutral name. In the UK and the rest of Europe, comic strips are also serialized in comic book magazines, storytelling using a sequence of pictures has existed through history. One medieval European example in textile form is the Bayeux Tapestry, printed examples emerged in 19th-century Germany and in 18th-century England, where some of the first satirical or humorous sequential narrative drawings were produced. William Hogarths 18th century English cartoons include both narrative sequences, such as A Rakes Progress, and single panels, in China, with its traditions of block printing and of the incorporation of text with image, experiments with what became lianhuanhua date back to 1884. The first newspaper comic strips appeared in North America in the late 19th century, the Yellow Kid is usually credited as one of the first newspaper strips. However, the art form combining words and pictures developed gradually, swiss author and caricature artist Rodolphe Töpffer is considered the father of the modern comic strips. In 1865, German painter, author, and caricaturist Wilhelm Busch created the strip Max and Moritz, Max and Moritz provided an inspiration for German immigrant Rudolph Dirks, who created the Katzenjammer Kids in 1897. Familiar comic-strip iconography such as stars for pain, sawing logs for snoring, speech balloons, hugely popular, Katzenjammer Kids occasioned one of the first comic-strip copyright ownership suits in the history of the medium. When Dirks left William Randolph Hearst for the promise of a better salary under Joseph Pulitzer, it was an unusual move, in a highly unusual court decision, Hearst retained the rights to the name Katzenjammer Kids, while creator Dirks retained the rights to the characters. Hearst promptly hired Harold Knerr to draw his own version of the strip, Dirks renamed his version Hans and Fritz. Thus, two versions distributed by rival syndicates graced the pages for decades. Dirks version, eventually distributed by United Feature Syndicate, ran until 1979, in the United States, the great popularity of comics sprang from the newspaper war between Pulitzer and Hearst. On January 31,1912, Hearst introduced the nations first full daily comic page in his New York Evening Journal, the history of this newspaper rivalry and the rapid appearance of comic strips in most major American newspapers is discussed by Ian Gordon. The longest running American comic strips are,1, barney Google and Snuffy Smith 5

9.
Boarding house
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A boarding house is a house in which lodgers rent one or more rooms for one or more nights, and sometimes for extended periods of weeks, months, and years. The common parts of the house are maintained, and some services, such as laundry and cleaning and they normally provide room and board, that is, at least some meals as well as accommodation. A lodging house, also known in the United States as a rooming house, lodgers legally only obtain a licence to use their rooms, and not exclusive possession, so the landlord retains the right of access. Formerly boarders would typically share washing, breakfast and dining facilities, in recent years it has become common for room to have its own washing. Such boarding houses were found in English seaside towns and college towns. It was common for there to be one or two elderly long-term residents, Boarders can often arrange to stay bed-and-breakfast, half-board or full-board. Especially for families on holiday with children, boarding was an alternative and certainly much cheaper than staying in all. However some B&B accommodation is available on a long-term basis to UK local authorities who are legally obliged to house persons. Such a boarding-house may well cease to be attractive to short-term lodgers, much old seaside accommodation is so used, since cheap flights have reduced demand for their original seasonal holiday use. Apart from the spread of the concept of the B&B. For example, in Japan, minshuku are an almost exact equivalent although the arrangement would be the equivalent of the English half-board. In Hawaii, where the cost of living is high and incomes barely keep pace, in the Indian subcontinent boarders are also known as paying guests. Paying guests stay in a home and share a room with domestic facilities, rates are nominal and monthly charges are usually inclusive of food, bed, table and a cupboard. The rent can go higher for a room in a locality with facilities like single occupancy, air conditioning. In the United States, zoning was used by neighborhoods to limit boarding houses, sherlock Holmes lived in a boarding house at 221B Baker Street, of which the landlady Mrs. Hudson provided some domestic service. Mary Roberts Rinehart wrote the now classic boarding-house mystery, The Case of Jennie Brice, H. G. Wells satirized boarding houses of the Edwardian era in his novel The Dream. E. Phillips Oppenheim set his novel, The Strange Boarders of Palace Crescent in a London boarding house. Lynne Reid Bankss novel The L-Shaped Room is set in a boarding house

10.
Moonshine
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Moonshine, white liquor, white lightning, mountain dew, hooch, homebrew, white whiskey, and corn liquor are terms used to describe high-proof distilled spirits that are usually produced illicitly. Moonshine is typically made with corn mash, as its main ingredient and they are enforced by the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives of the US Department of Justice, such enforcers of these laws are known by the often derisive nickname of revenooers. The distillation was done at night to avoid discovery, Moonshine was especially important to the Appalachian area. This white whiskey most likely entered the Appalachian region in the late 18th century to early 1800s, scots-Irish immigrants from the province of Ulster in the north of Ireland brought their recipe for their uisce beatha, Gaelic for water of life. The settlers made their whiskey without aging it, and this is the recipe that became traditional in the Appalachian area. As a study of farmers in Cocke County, Tennessee, observes, One horse could haul ten times more value on its back in whiskey than in corn. Moonshiners in Harlan County, Kentucky, like Maggie Bailey, made the whiskey to sell in order to provide for their families, others, like Amos Owens, from Rutherford County, North Carolina and Popcorn Sutton from Maggie Valley, North Carolina sold moonshine to nearby areas. Marvin Popcorn Suttons life was covered in a documentary on the Discovery Channel called Moonshiners, the legendary bootlegger once said that the malt is what makes the basic moonshine recipe work. Poorly produced moonshine can be contaminated, mainly from materials used in the construction of the still, stills employing automotive radiators as condensers are particularly dangerous, in some cases, glycol, products from antifreeze, can appear as well. Radiators used as condensers also may lead at the connections to the plumbing. These methods often resulted in blindness or lead poisoning for those consuming tainted liquor and this was an issue during Prohibition when many died from ingesting unhealthy substances. Moonshine can be both more palatable and less damaging by discarding the foreshot—the first few ounces of alcohol that drip from the condenser. The foreshot contains most of the methanol, if any, from the mash because methanol vaporizes at a lower temperature than ethanol, the foreshot also typically contains small amounts of other undesirable compounds such as acetone and various aldehydes. Alcohol concentrations above about 50% alcohol by volume are flammable and therefore dangerous to handle and this is especially true during the distilling process when vaporized alcohol may accumulate in the air to dangerous concentrations if adequate ventilation has not been provided. A quick estimate of the strength, or proof, of the distillate is often achieved by shaking a clear container of the distillate. Large bubbles with a short duration indicate a higher alcohol content, a common folk test for the quality of moonshine was to pour a small quantity of it into a spoon and set it on fire. The theory was that a safe distillate burns with a blue flame, practitioners of this simple test also held that if a radiator coil had been used as a condenser, then there would be lead in the distillate, which would give a reddish flame. This led to the mnemonic, Lead burns red and makes you dead, although the flame test will show the presence of lead and fusel oils, it will not reveal the presence of methanol, which burns with an invisible flame

11.
Cartoonist
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A cartoonist is a visual artist who specializes in drawing cartoons. This work is created for entertainment, political commentary, or advertising. The English satirist and editorial cartoonist William Hogarth, who emerged In the 18th century, has credited with pioneering Western sequential art. His work ranged from realistic portraiture to comic series of pictures called modern moral subjects. Much of his work poked fun at politics and customs. Gillray explored the use of the medium for lampooning and caricature, calling the king, prime ministers and generals to account, while never a professional cartoonist, Benjamin Franklin is credited with having the first cartoon published in an American newspaper. In the 19th century, professional cartoonists such as Thomas Nast introduced other familiar American political symbols, during the 20th century, numerous magazines carried single-panel gag cartoons by such freelance cartoonists as Charles Addams, Irwin Caplan, Chon Day, Clyde Lamb, and John Norment. These were almost always published in black and white, although Colliers often carried cartoons in color, the debut of Playboy introduced full-page color cartoons by Jack Cole, Eldon Dedini, and others. Single-panel cartoonists syndicated to newspapers included Dave Breger, Hank Ketcham, George Lichty, Fred Neher, Irving Phillips, comic strips received widespread distribution to mainstream newspapers by syndicates such as the Universal Press Syndicate, United Media, or King Features. Sunday strips go to a company such as American Color before they are published. Some comic strip creators publish in the press or on the Internet. Comic strip artists may also work in book-length form, creating graphic novels. Both vintage and current strips receive reprints in book collections, the major comic book publishers utilize teams of cartoonists to produce the art. When a consistent artistic style is wanted among different cartoonists, character model sheets may be used as reference, animated cartooning is created for short films, advertising, feature films and television. It is also used in live-action films for dream sequences or opening titles. An animation artist is referred to as an animator rather than a cartoonist. They create motion pictures as well, Animation studios such as DreamWorks Animation, Pixar, Walt Disney Animation Studios, and Blue Sky Studios create CGI or computer-animated films that are more three-dimensional. There are many books of cartoons in both paperback and hardcover, such as the collections of cartoons from The New Yorker, prior to the 1960s, cartoons were mostly ignored by museums and art galleries

12.
Anna, Illinois
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Anna is a city in Union County, Illinois. Located in Southern Illinois, the population was 4,442 at the 2010 United States Census, the city is known for being tied to its close neighbor Jonesboro, together known as Anna-Jonesboro. Anna is renowned for the Anna State Mental Hospital or the Choate Mental Health Care Center, Anna was platted on March 3,1854, named for the wife of the towns founder. The city was incorporated on February 16,1865, Anna was historically a sundown town, in which African Americans were excluded from living in the towns limits. In 1909, a mob of white citizens drove out Annas black families following the lynching in a nearby town of a black man accused of raping a white woman. According to historian James W. Loewen, a common adage in the town was that its name of Anna was actually an acronym, Anna is located at 37°27′40″N 89°14′20″W. According to the 2010 census, Anna has an area of 3.519 square miles. As of the census of 2010, there were 4,442 people,1,893 households and 1,097 families residing in the city, the population density was 1,269.1 people per square mile. There were 2,123 housing units at a density of 606.6 per square mile. The racial makeup of the city was 95. 7% White,1. 1% African American,0. 6% American Indian and Alaskan Native,0. 4% Asian, <0. 1% Pacific Islander,1. 2% from other races, and. 9% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino were 2. 9% of the population,37. 8% of all households were made up of individuals and 21. 0% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.19 and the family size was 2.85. In the city, the population was out with 22. 7% aged 19 and younger,7. 0% from 20 to 24,22. 7% from 25 to 44,24. 5% from 45 to 64. The median age was 42.8 years, for every 100 females there were 91.7 males. The median income for a household in the city was $39,602, the incomes of 20. 2% of the population were below the poverty level. Fisher, former CEO of Motorola and Kodak Ray W. Fuller, scientist whose work led to the invention of Prozac Frank E

13.
Chicago
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Chicago, officially the City of Chicago, is the third-most populous city in the United States. With over 2.7 million residents, it is the most populous city in the state of Illinois, and it is the county seat of Cook County. In 2012, Chicago was listed as a global city by the Globalization and World Cities Research Network. Chicago has the third-largest gross metropolitan product in the United States—about $640 billion according to 2015 estimates, the city has one of the worlds largest and most diversified economies with no single industry employing more than 14% of the workforce. In 2016, Chicago hosted over 54 million domestic and international visitors, landmarks in the city include Millennium Park, Navy Pier, the Magnificent Mile, Art Institute of Chicago, Museum Campus, the Willis Tower, Museum of Science and Industry, and Lincoln Park Zoo. Chicagos culture includes the arts, novels, film, theater, especially improvisational comedy. Chicago also has sports teams in each of the major professional leagues. The city has many nicknames, the best-known being the Windy City, the name Chicago is derived from a French rendering of the Native American word shikaakwa, known to botanists as Allium tricoccum, from the Miami-Illinois language. The first known reference to the site of the current city of Chicago as Checagou was by Robert de LaSalle around 1679 in a memoir, henri Joutel, in his journal of 1688, noted that the wild garlic, called chicagoua, grew abundantly in the area. In the mid-18th century, the area was inhabited by a Native American tribe known as the Potawatomi, the first known non-indigenous permanent settler in Chicago was Jean Baptiste Point du Sable. Du Sable was of African and French descent and arrived in the 1780s and he is commonly known as the Founder of Chicago. In 1803, the United States Army built Fort Dearborn, which was destroyed in 1812 in the Battle of Fort Dearborn, the Ottawa, Ojibwe, and Potawatomi tribes had ceded additional land to the United States in the 1816 Treaty of St. Louis. The Potawatomi were forcibly removed from their land after the Treaty of Chicago in 1833, on August 12,1833, the Town of Chicago was organized with a population of about 200. Within seven years it grew to more than 4,000 people, on June 15,1835, the first public land sales began with Edmund Dick Taylor as U. S. The City of Chicago was incorporated on Saturday, March 4,1837, as the site of the Chicago Portage, the city became an important transportation hub between the eastern and western United States. Chicagos first railway, Galena and Chicago Union Railroad, and the Illinois, the canal allowed steamboats and sailing ships on the Great Lakes to connect to the Mississippi River. A flourishing economy brought residents from rural communities and immigrants from abroad, manufacturing and retail and finance sectors became dominant, influencing the American economy. The Chicago Board of Trade listed the first ever standardized exchange traded forward contracts and these issues also helped propel another Illinoisan, Abraham Lincoln, to the national stage

14.
King Features Syndicate
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King Features affiliate syndicates are North America Syndicate and Cowles Syndicate. Each week, Reed Brennan Media Associates, a unit of Hearst, edits, william Randolph Hearsts newspapers began syndicating material in 1895 after receiving requests from other newspapers. In 1914, Hearst and his manager Moses Koenigsberg consolidated all of Hearsts syndication enterprises under one banner, Koenigsberg gave it his own name when he launched King Features Syndicate. Production escalated in 1916 with King Features buying and selling its own staff-created feature material, a trade publication — Circulation — was published by King Features between 1916 and 1933. Syndication peaked in the mid-1930s with 130 syndicates offering 1,600 features to more than 13,700 newspapers, in 1941, Koenigsberg wrote an autobiographical history of the company entitled King News. D. Gortatowsky, I have had numerous suggestions for incorporating some American history of a kind in the adventure strips of the comic section. The difficulty is to something that will sufficiently interest the kids… Perhaps a title — Trained by Fate — would be general enough. Take Paul Revere and show him as a boy making as much of his life as possible. Take Betsy Ross for a heroine, or Barbara Fritchie… for the girls, King Features editor Ward Greene to Hearst, There is another way to do it, which is somewhat fantastic, but which I submit for your consideration. That is to devise a new comic… a dream idea revolving around a boy we might call Dick. Dick, or his equivalent, would go in his dream with Mad Anthony Wayne at the storming of Stony Point or with Decatur at Tripoli… provide a constant character… who would become known to the kids. Hearst to Greene, The dream idea for the American history series is splendid and it gives continuity and personal interest, and you can make more than one page of each series… You are right about the importance of the artist. Greene to Hearst, We employed the device, building the comic around a small boy. Hearst to Greene, I think the drawing of Dick and His Dad is amazingly good, I do not suggest this, as it would probably add further complications, but it might give a spiritual tie to all the dreams. The main thing, however, is to get more realism, Hearst to Greene, If we find is not a success, of course we can brief it, but if it is a success it should be a long series. Greene to Hearst, I am sending you two sample pages of Dicks Adventures in Dreamland which start a series about Christopher Columbus, Hearst to Greene, In January, I am told, we are going to 16 pages regularly on Puck, the Comic Weekly. That would be a time to introduce the Columbus series. In the 1940s, Ward Greene was King Features editor, having worked his way up through the ranks

15.
Coulton Waugh
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Frederick Coulton Waugh was a cartoonist, painter, teacher and author, best known for his illustration work on the comic strip Dickie Dare and his book The Comics, the first major study of the field. His father was the marine artist Frederick Judd Waugh, and his grandfather was the Philadelphia portrait painter Samuel Waugh, by 1916 Coulton was employed as a textile designer. Two years later, he married Elizabeth Jenkinson, in 1921 the couple moved to Provincetown, Massachusetts where they operated a model ship and hooked rug shop for 11 years. His paintings were displayed at New Yorks Hudson Walker Gallery, and he also was known for his pictorial maps, in Provincetown he created decorative maps, including ones of Provincetown, Cape Cod and Newburgh, New York. His map of California was a collaboration with his wife Odin Burvik, Coulton was a professional sailor and made scale drawings of historic ships, designed fabrics, and made decorative maps and charts. Waugh was considered to have revived, if not originated the art of map making when he exhibited a large map of silk in 1918 at the International Silk Show in New York City. His map of Cape Cod is one of the most decorative ever prepared, the central cartouche shows the Mayflower and two Pilgrims in armour. The border was reproduced from a cut with a knife in the wood-block technique. The top and bottom borders are of a stylised Cape Cod landscape, created by Milton Caniff, Dickie Dare began 31 July 1933. When Caniff left in 1934 to do Terry and the Pirates, in 1944, when Waugh left the strip to work on Hank, his wife and assistant, Odin Burvik, took over Dickie Dare in 1944-47, followed by Fran Matera. But Waugh eventually returned to the strip in 1950-58 with the 12-year-old Dickie growing up to become a Navy Cadet, between his stints on Dickie Dare, Waugh created his own short-lived but notable strip, Hank, which began 30 April 1945 in the New York newspaper PM. Some balloons were done with white lettering in black balloons, the uniqueness of Hank continued below its surface, as Waugh sought to raise questions about the reasons for war, and how it might be prevented by the next generation. Waugh discontinued it at the end of 1945 due to eyestrain. Waughs 1947 survey, The Comics, was the first comprehensive history, the book was reviewed in 1948 as fulfilling the need for a thoroughgoing study of this flourishing branch of popular literature. His other books include Space Answer Book and Fish and Underwater Life, during the 1930s and 1940s, Waughs studio was in suburban Newburgh, New York. His works are held in the collections of museums in Ohio, New York and his papers are held at the University of Syracuse and the Archives of American Art. Syracuse University, Coulton Waugh Papers A Smile of Understanding by Glen Creason

16.
George McManus
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George McManus was an American cartoonist best known as the creator of Irish immigrant Jiggs and his wife Maggie, the main characters of his syndicated comic strip, Bringing Up Father. Born in St. Louis, Missouri of Irish parents, McManus had a gift for drawing. He recalled an incident when he was in school, My teacher sent home to my parents a picture I had drawn of a classmate named Sweeney. This is what your boy has been doing, the teacher wrote, I laid the note in Pops lap and headed wearily for the woodshed. But Pop, instead, put on his hat and coat and he showed Sweeney to the editor. Next day I had a job on The Republican at $5 a week—as an errand boy, at The Republican, he created his first comic strip, Alma and Oliver. In 1904, McManus created the first American family comic strip, The Newlyweds, about an elegant young couple, the popularity of the strip prompted the management of The New York American to invite McManus to work for their newspaper, which he did from 1912 on. Renaming The Newlyweds as Their Only Child, he continued that strip and began other daily strips, Rosies Beau, Love Affairs of a Mutton Head, Spareribs And Gravy and Bringing Up Father. McManus was inspired by The Rising Generation, a comedy by William Gill that he had seen as a boy in St. Louis, Missouris Grand Opera House. McManus knew Barry and used him as the basis for his drawings of Jiggs, two years before his death, McManus said that Bringing Up Father had earned him $12,000,000 during his lifetime. McManus wife, the former Florence Bergere, was the model for daughter Nora in Bringing Up Father, zeke Zekley was his assistant on the comic strip from 1935 to 1954. For his contribution to American humor, Roanoke College honored McManus with an honorary degree, during the 1940s, McManus lived at 8905 Sunset Boulevard in Hollywood. He died in 1954 in Santa Monica, California and was interred in the Woodlawn Cemetery in The Bronx, Jiggs serves as insignia of the U. S. Air Forces 11th Bomb Squadron, with whom McManus served during World War I. In 1995, the strip was one of 20 included in the Comic Strip Classics series of commemorative United States postage stamps. Jiggs dinner The Press, A Gag a Day Time magazine Newlyweds and Their Baby at Virginia Commonwealth University Libraries

17.
Bringing Up Father
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Bringing Up Father was an American comic strip created by cartoonist George McManus. Distributed by King Features Syndicate, it ran for 87 years, from January 12,1913, many readers, however, simply called the strip Jiggs and Maggie, after its two main characters. According to McManus, he introduced these same characters in other strips as early as November 1911, the humor centers on an immigrant Irishman named Jiggs, a former hod carrier who came into wealth in the United States by winning a million dollars in a sweepstakes. Now nouveau-riche, he longs to revert to his former working class habits. Her lofty goal—frustrated in nearly every strip—is to bring father up to upper class standards, hence the title, the occasional malapropisms and left-footed social blunders of these upward mobiles were gleefully lampooned in vaudeville, popular song, and formed the basis for Bringing Up Father. The strip presented multiple perceptions of Irish Catholic ethnics during the early 20th century, through the character Jiggs, McManus gave voice to their anxieties and aspirations. McManus took a position, which aided ethnic readers in becoming accepted in American society without losing their identity. A cross-country tour that the characters took in September 1939 into 1940 gave the strip a big promotional boost, Jiggs and Maggie were generally drawn with circles for eyes, a feature more often associated with the later strip, Little Orphan Annie. McManus, who numbered Aubrey Beardsley among his influences, had a bold and his strong sense of composition and Art Nouveau and Art Deco design made the strip a stand-out on the comics page. McManus was inspired by The Rising Generation, a comedy by William Gill that he had seen as a boy in St. Louis, Missouris Grand Opera House. McManus knew Barry and used him as the basis for his drawings of Jiggs, McManus wife, the former Florence Bergere, was the model for daughter Nora. One of McManus friends, restaurateur James Moore, claimed he was the inspiration for the character Dinty Moore, James Moore changed his name to Dinty and founded a real-life restaurant chain. The restaurant owner, however, did not begin the successful line of Dinty Moore canned goods marketed today by Hormel, none of the nominal stars of the strip ever seemed to notice the animated figures, or anything unusual happening on the walls in the background directly behind them. The strip was an instant hit, possibly because of its combination of an appealing cast of characters with a look of art-nouveau splendor. Before McManus died, in 1954, Bringing Up Father made him two fortunes, by that time, Jiggss Irishness had faded—the new generation saw him as just a rich guy that liked to hang out with a regular crowd. An uncredited script collaborator on the strip was McManus brother, Charles W. McManus and he also had his own comic strips in the 1920s, Dorothy Darnit and Mr. Broad. In 1913, Rosies Beau was McManus Sunday page, and he revived it as a Sunday topper strip above Bringing Up Father. In 1941, McManus replaced Rosies Beau with Snookums which ran as the topper above Bringing Up Father until 1956, in the final episode of HBOs The Pacific, Robert Leckie is seen reading Snookums

18.
Joseph Medill Patterson
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Joseph Medill Patterson was an American journalist, publisher and founder of the Daily News in New York. His younger sister was publisher Cissy Patterson and he was the father of publisher Alicia Patterson, who founded and edited Newsday. His father was Robert W. Patterson Jr. a journalist at the Chicago Tribune who married the owners daughter and his grandfather was publisher Joseph Medill, founder of the Chicago Tribune and a mayor of Chicago, Illinois. Joseph Medill Patterson became one of the most significant newspaper publishers in the United States, founding New Yorks Daily News and he was groomed to follow in the footsteps of his famous grandfather. His mother, Elinor, and his aunt, Kate, both named their sons after their famous father. As a young adult, he asked his father if he could go to China to cover the Boxer Rebellion, granted permission, he went as a correspondent for William Randolph Hearst but did not arrive in time. He attended Yale University where he was a member of Scroll, upon graduation, he returned to Chicago, and covered the police beat for the Chicago Tribune. Patterson served in Illinois legislature briefly, married and was the father of three daughters by 1906. The youngest, Alicia, explained, “He had wanted a boy, instead of three daughters in succession, and that meant one of the Patterson girls would have to be his substitute son. ”Nearly 20 years later, in 1923, after his three daughters had become young women, his mistress gave birth to his son, James Joseph Patterson. Joseph Medill Patterson feuded with his father and resigned from the Tribune and he announced he was a socialist and wrote a muckraking article published in Colliers. Patterson moved to a farm in the country, wrote a novel, after his father died, Patterson took over the management of the Tribune. He had a dispute about how to run the Tribune with his cousin, after World War I ended, he visited London and observed a newspaper in tabloid form for the first time. Patterson moved to New York City and founded the New York Daily News as a tabloid on June 26,1919, with McCormick as co-editor and publisher. However, the two were unable to resolve their dispute, so in 1925 Patterson ceded full authority over the Tribune to McCormick in return for control of the Daily News. Initially, the Daily News was somewhat more liberal than the Tribune, however, over the years, it became more conservative as Patterson drifted rightward. He took an approach to managing the various comic strip properties in his papers. He suggested the character of Gasoline Alley adopt a foundling child who became Skeezix. Patterson influenced Chester Goulds Dick Tracy, changing the title from Plainclothes Tracy, milton Caniff credited Patterson for suggesting a comic strip about the Orient, which led to the creation of Caniffs Terry and the Pirates

19.
Barney Google
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Barney Google and Snuffy Smith, originally Take Barney Google, Frinstance, is an American comic strip created by cartoonist Billy DeBeck. Since its debut on June 17,1919, the strip has gained an international readership. The initial appeal of the led to its adaptation to film, animation, popular song. It added several terms and phrases to the English language and inspired the 1923 hit tune Barney Google with lyrics by Billy Rose, as well as the 1923 record, Come On, Spark Plug. Barney Google himself, once the star of the strip and a popular character in his own right, has been almost entirely phased out of the feature. An increasingly peripheral player in his own strip beginning in the late 1930s, Google was officially out in 1954. These cameos were often years apart—from a period between 1997 and 2012, Barney Google wasnt seen in the strip at all, Google was reintroduced to the strip in 2012, and has been seen very occasionally since, making several week-long appearances. Snuffy Smith, who was introduced as a supporting player in 1934, has now been the comic strips central character for over 60 years. Nevertheless, the feature is still titled Barney Google and Snuffy Smith, like Mutt and Jeff, Barney Google started out on the sports page. First appearing as a strip in the sports sections of the Chicago Herald and Examiner in 1919, it was originally titled Take Barney Google. The title character, a fellow with big banjo eyes, was an avid sportsman and neer-do-well involved in poker, horse racing. The goggle-eyed, moustached, gloved and top-hatted, bulbous-nosed, cigar-chomping shrimp was relentlessly henpecked by a three times his size. The formidable Mrs. Lizzie Google, a. k. a. the sweet woman, sued Barney for divorce, by October 1919, the strip was distributed by King Features Syndicate and was published in newspapers across the country. Beginning on July 17,1922, the strip would take a turn in popularity with the seemingly innocuous introduction of an endearing race horse named Spark Plug. Barneys beloved brown-eyed baby was a bow-legged nag who seldom raced, Peanuts creator Charles M. Schulz was known to his friends as Sparky, a lifelong nickname given to him by his uncle as a diminutive of Barney Googles Spark Plug. Comics historian Don Markstein noted that, Sparkys first race became one of comics first national media events, so great was the publics enthusiasm that DeBeck, who had been planning to retire the plug after that one storyline, made him a permanent part of the cast. Spark Plug was such a star during the 1920s that children who enjoyed the comics were liable to get Sparky for an example, Charles M. Sparky Schulz. In deference to his enormous popularity during this period, the strip was retitled Barney Google, DeBecks strip hit its peak of popularity with Spark Plug at about the same time the song Barney Google by Billy Rose and Con Conrad was sweeping the country

20.
Working class
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The working class are the people employed for wages, especially in manual-labour occupations and in skilled, industrial work. Working-class occupations include blue-collar jobs, some jobs, and most service-work jobs. As with many terms describing social class, working class is defined and used in different ways. The most general definition, used by Marxists and socialists, is that the class includes all those who have nothing to sell but their labor-power. When used non-academically in the United States, however, it refers to a section of society dependent on physical labor. For certain types of science, as well as scientific or journalistic political analysis, for example. Working-class occupations are then categorized into four groups, Unskilled laborers, artisans, outworkers, a common alternative, sometimes used in sociology, is to define class by income levels. The cut-off between working class and middle class here might mean the line where a population has discretionary income, some researchers have suggested that working-class status should be defined subjectively as self-identification with the working-class group. This subjective approach allows people, rather than researchers, to define their own social class, in feudal Europe, the working class as such did not exist in large numbers. Instead, most people were part of the class, a group made up of different professions, trades. A lawyer, craftsman and peasant were all considered to be part of the social unit. Similar hierarchies existed outside Europe in other pre-industrial societies, the social position of these laboring classes was viewed as ordained by natural law and common religious belief. This social position was contested, particularly by peasants, for example during the German Peasants War, wealthy members of these societies created ideologies which blamed many of the problems of working-class people on their morals and ethics. In The Making of the English Working Class, E. P, starting around 1917, a number of countries became ruled ostensibly in the interests of the working class. Since then, four major states have turned towards semi-market-based governance. Other states of this sort have either collapsed, or never achieved significant levels of industrialization or large working classes, since 1960, large-scale proletarianisation and enclosure of commons has occurred in the third world, generating new working classes. Additionally, countries such as India have been slowly undergoing social change, karl Marx defined the working class or proletariat as individuals who sell their labour power for wages and who do not own the means of production. He argued that they were responsible for creating the wealth of a society and he asserted that the working class physically build bridges, craft furniture, grow food, and nurse children, but do not own land, or factories

21.
The Yellow Kid
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The Yellow Kid was the name of a lead American comic strip character that ran from 1895 to 1898 in Joseph Pulitzers New York World, and later William Randolph Hearsts New York Journal. Created and drawn by Richard F. Outcaults use of balloons in the Yellow Kid influenced the basic appearance and use of balloons in subsequent newspaper comic strips. Although a cartoon, Outcaults work aimed its humor and social commentary at Pulitzers adult readership, the strip has been described as. The Yellow Kid is also famous for its connection to the coining of the yellow journalism. Hogans Alley was filled with odd characters, mostly other children. With a goofy grin, the Kid habitually spoke in a ragged, peculiar slang, which was printed on his shirt, a device meant to lampoon advertising billboards. The Yellow Kids head was drawn wholly shaved as if having been recently ridden of lice and his nightshirt, a hand-me-down from an older sister, was white or pale blue in the first color strips. The character who would become the Yellow Kid first appeared on the scene in a minor supporting role in cartoon panel published in Truth magazine in 1894 and 1895. The World published another, newer Hogans Alley cartoon less than a later. Hogans Alley gradually became a full-page Sunday color cartoon with the Yellow Kid as its lead character, lukss version of the Yellow Kid introduced a pair of twins, Alex and George, also dressed in yellow nightshirts. Publication of both versions stopped abruptly after three years in early 1898, as circulation wars between the rival papers dwindled. Moreover, Outcault may have lost interest in the character when he realized he couldnt retain exclusive control over it. The Yellow Kids last appearance is most often noted as 23 January 1898 in a strip about hair tonic, the Yellow Kid appeared now and then in Outcaults later cartoon strips, most notably Buster Brown. The two newspapers which ran the Yellow Kid, Pulitzers World and Hearsts Journal American, quickly known as the yellow kid papers. With the Yellow Kids merchandising success as an icon, the strip came to represent the crass commercial world it had originally lampooned. Entertainment entrepreneur Gus Hill staged vaudeville plays based on the Yellow Strip and his version of McFaddens Flats was made into silent films in 1927 and 1935. The Yellow Kid made an appearance in the Marvel Universe in the Joss Whedon-written Runaways story, in this take on the character, he exhibits superhuman powers. The Yellow Kid Awards, an Italian comics award that is presented by the Italian International Comics, histoire de M. Vieux Bois Max and Moritz The Katzenjammer Kids Alfred E. F. Outcault Societys Yellow Kid site Yellow Kid Pinbacks

22.
Gilbert Seldes
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Gilbert Vivian Seldes was an American writer and cultural critic. Seldes served as the editor and drama critic of the seminal modernist magazine The Dial and he also wrote for other magazines and newspapers like Vanity Fair and the Saturday Evening Post. He was most interested in American popular culture and cultural history and he wrote and adapted for Broadway, including Lysistrata and A Midsummer Nights Dream in the 1930s. Later, he films, wrote radio scripts and became the first director of television for CBS News. He spent his career analyzing popular culture in America, advocating cultural democracy, near the end of his life, he quipped, Ive been carrying on a lovers quarrel with the popular arts for years. Gilbert Seldes was born on January 3,1893, in Alliance, New Jersey, and attended a small elementary school in the 300-home farm community. Both Gilberts parents were Russian Jewish immigrants, and his mother, Anna Saphro, died in 1896 when he and his brother, famed war correspondent. Gilberts father, George Sergius Seldes, an opinionated and radically philosophical man. Seldes attended Philadelphias Central High School and then enrolled in Harvard, concentrating on English Studies and graduating in 1914 During this time, he was a self-confessed cultural elitist. It was here that Seldes met and befriended both Scofield Thayer and James Sibley Watson, Jr. along with E. E. Cummings, Harold Stearns, Seldes had a fling with the American journalist Jane Anderson from early 1918 until late 1919. They eventually drifted apart, and he married Alice Wadhams Hall, the late actress Marian Seldes was their daughter, their son is literary agent Timothy Seldes. He was the brother of legendary liberal journalist, George Seldes. Seldes belief in the democratisation of culture characterised his career, in the 1920s, he rejected conventional understandings of jazz, film, comics, vaudeville and Broadway as banal, immoral and aesthetically questionable. He did not limit art to its high-culture normative of European forms like opera, ballet and he also did not believe that culture was inherently ordered, or that it demanded rigorous training to create and understand. Instead, Seldes advocated a democratic aesthetic culture and he sought only to distinguish well-executed art from that which was not. He found excellence, mediocrity at all levels, and detested trash of both the high and low-class nature, furthermore, he insisted that the dichotomy between the high and low brow was fundamentally complex. Unlike his contemporaries, therefore, he evaluated popular culture, introducing new sources like jazz, comics, film, television and he praised them for their honesty, humour, and the technical skills of their performers. An anti-intellectual, he was convinced that art, particularly popular entertainment, should avoid being overly cerebral

23.
Blowing a raspberry
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Blowing a raspberry, strawberry or making a Bronx cheer, is to make a noise that may signify derision, real or feigned. It may also be used in childhood phonemic play either solely by the child or by adults towards a child to encourage imitation to the delight of both parties and it is made by placing the tongue between the lips and blowing to produce a sound similar to flatulence. In the terminology of phonetics, this sound can be described as an unvoiced linguolabial trill and it is never used in human language phonemically, but the sound is widely used across human cultures. In the United States, Bronx cheer is used, otherwise, in the U. S. and in other anglophone countries, it is known as a raspberry, rasp. Blowing a raspberry comes from the Cockney rhyming slang raspberry tart for fart, rhyming slang was particularly used in British comedy to refer to things that would be unacceptable to a polite audience. The term Bronx cheer is used sarcastically because it is not a cheer, it is used to show disapproval

24.
The Century Magazine
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It was the successor of Scribners Monthly Magazine and ceased publication in 1930. The change of name brought no change in scope or policy, and Scribner’s Monthly. Dr. Holland was an editor who knew what the public wanted. From the first he secured well-known contributors of high rank, a Publisher’s Department, with A word to our readers, or A talk with our readers, though relegated to the advertising pages, continued the methods of the old-fashioned personal journalist. The Century has always given much space to illustrated articles on history, the Life of Lincoln by Nicolay and Hay, large parts of which appeared serially in the Century, was of higher grade. Stedman had, even in the days of Scribner’s Monthly, contributed articles on the American poets, without neglecting fiction, poetry, and other general literature the magazine has devoted rather more attention than has Harper’s to matters of timely, though not of temporary, interest. The magazine was successful during the 19th century, most notably for the aforementioned series of articles about the American Civil War. It included reminiscences of 230 participants from all ranks of the service on both sides of the conflict, upon Gilder’s death in 1909, Robert Underwood Johnson replaced him as editor. According to Arthur John, the later history was marked by sudden shifts in content, format. In 1929, due to competition from cheaper magazines and newspapers, The Century became a quarterly, at the time it folded, The Century had 20,000 subscribers, less than a tenth of its peak circulation of the late nineteenth century. Scribner’s Monthly Magazine, the periodical that became The Century in 1881, the noted critic and editor Frank Crowninshield briefly served as the magazines art editor. The tone and content of The Century changed over its long history and it began as an Evangelical Christian publication, but over time began to speak to a more general educated audience as it developed into the largest periodical in the country. Novelist and poet Josiah G. Holland was one of the three founders of Scribner’s Monthly and wrote regular editorials for the periodical, setting the tone for the magazines content. As Holland was deeply religious, Scribners to a great extent reflected the views, while hostile towards sectarianism within Protestantism, Scribners initially took a strong stand against both Catholicism and those who doubted the divinity of Christ. Less than one year later, the magazine attacked the skepticism of Henry David Thoreau, mormon polygamy was also a frequent target. At the same time, Scribner’s Monthly, being non-dogmatic in its Protestantism, by the end of the 1870s, however, Scribner’s had departed from its original Evangelical orientation. An April 1879 editorial declared all seekers of truth, whether believing Christians or not, to be allies, Catholics were said to have just as much to teach Protestants as Protestants had to teach Catholics. After the magazine became The Century in 1881, it continued to hold onto this secular outlook under Gilder, the break with the past was reflected in the magazine’s changing treatment of the question of evolution

25.
Bowler hat
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The bowler hat, also known as a bob hat, bombín or derby, is a hard felt hat with a rounded crown, created originally during 1849. The bowler hat is said to have been designed during 1849 by the London hat-makers Thomas, the keepers had previously worn top hats, which were knocked off easily and damaged. The identity of the customer is less certain, with suggesting it was William Coke. The bowler has had varying degrees of significance in British culture, popular among the working classes in the 19th century, from the early 20th century, bowler hats were commonly associated with businessmen working in the financial districts, also known as City Gents. The traditional wearing of hats with City business attire ended during the 1980s. During modern times bowlers are not common, although the so-called City Gent remains a stereotype of Englishmen, wearing a bowler, for this reason, two bowler-hatted men were used in the logo of the British building society, Bradford & Bingley. The bowler, not the hat or sombrero, was the most popular hat in the American West. Both cowboys and railroad workers preferred the hat because it would not blow off easily in strong wind while riding a horse and it was worn by both lawmen and outlaws, including Bat Masterson, Butch Cassidy, Black Bart, and Billy the Kid. In America the hat came to be known commonly as the derby, in South America, the bowler, known as bombín in Spanish, has been worn by Quechua and Aymara women since the 1920s, when it was introduced to Bolivia by British railway workers. For many years, a factory in Italy manufactured such hats for the Bolivian market, the bowler hat became used famously by certain actors, such as Charlie Chaplin, Laurel and Hardy, John Steed, and John Cleese. The British building society Bradford and Bingley registered more than 100 separate trademarks featuring the bowler hat, in 1995 the bank purchased, for £2,000, a bowler hat which had once belonged to Stan Laurel. There was a chain of restaurants in Los Angeles, California known as The Brown Derby, the first and most famous of these was shaped like a derby. A chain of Brown Derby restaurants in Ohio are still in business today, many paintings by the Belgian surrealist artist René Magritte feature bowler hats. The Son of Man consists of a man in a bowler hat standing in front of a wall, the mans face is largely obscured by a hovering green apple. Golconda depicts raining men all wearing bowler hats, choreographer Bob Fosse frequently incorporated bowler hats into his dance routines. This use of hats as a props, as seen in the 1972 movie Cabaret would become one of his trademarks, the Bob Dylan song On the Road Again includes the lyric The milkman comes in/ Hes wearing a derby hat. The Plug Uglies, a nineteenth-century American street gang, wore bowler hats stuffed with cloth or wool to protect their heads while fighting, matthew Stymie Beard of The Little Rascals wore a bowler hat. John Bonham, drummer for Led Zeppelin, often wore a bowler hat, Charlie Chaplin wore a bowler hat as part of his Little Tramp costume

26.
Prohibition
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The earliest records of prohibition of alcohol date to the Xia Dynasty in China. Yu the Great, the first ruler of the Xia Dynasty and it was legalized again after his death, during the reign of his son Qi. Another record was in the Code of Hammurabi specifically banning the selling of beer for money, in the early twentieth century, much of the impetus for the prohibition movement in the Nordic countries and North America came from moralistic convictions of pietistic Protestants. Rum-running became widespread and organized crime control of the distribution of alcohol. Distilleries and breweries in Canada, Mexico and the Caribbean flourished as their products were consumed by visiting Americans or illegally exported to the United States. Chicago became notorious as a haven for prohibition dodgers during the known as the Roaring Twenties. Prohibition generally came to an end in the late 1920s or early 1930s in most of North America and Europe, in some countries where the dominant religion forbids the use of alcohol, the production, sale, and consumption of alcoholic beverages is prohibited or restricted today. For example, in Saudi Arabia and Libya alcohol is banned, Sale of alcohol is banned in Afghanistan. In Bangladesh, alcohol is prohibited due to its proscription in the Islamic faith. However, the purchase and consumption is allowed in the country, the Garo tribe consume a type of rice beer, and Christians in this country drink and purchase wine for their holy communion. In Brunei, alcohol consumption and sale is banned in public, in India alcohol is a state subject and individual states can legislate prohibition, but currently most states do not have prohibition. Prohibition is in force in the states of Gujarat, Bihar and Nagaland, parts of Manipur, the state of Kerala has placed some limitations on sale of alcohol. All other States and union territories of India permit the sale of alcohol, election days and certain national holidays such as Gandhi Jayanti are meant to be dry days when liquor sale is not permitted. The state of Andhra Pradesh had imposed Prohibition under the Chief Ministership of N. T. Rama Rao, Prohibition was also observed from 1996 to 1998 in Haryana. Some Indian states observe dry days on major religious festivals/occasions depending on the popularity of the festival in that region, since the 1979 Islamic Revolution, the sale and consumption of alcohol is banned in Iran. Alcohol is banned for people who use small shops and convenience stores, the consumption, importation and brewing of, and trafficking in liquor is strictly against the law. Alcohol is banned for Muslims in Malaysia due to its Islamic faith, the Maldives ban the import of alcohol, x-raying all baggage on arrival. Alcoholic beverages are available only to tourists on resort islands

27.
Chest of drawers
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A chest of drawers, also called a bureau, is a piece of furniture that has multiple parallel, horizontal drawers stacked one above another. In American English a dresser is a piece of furniture, usually waist high, in British English a dresser or a Welsh dresser has shelves in the upper section for storing or displaying tableware. Chests of drawers have traditionally made and used for storing clothing, especially underwear, socks. They are usually placed in a bedroom for this purpose, but can actually be used to store anything that will fit inside, various personal sundry items are also often stored in a chest of drawers. It has a history as one of the stand-bys of a carpenters workshop. A typical chest is approximately rectangular in shape and often has short legs at the bottom corners for placement on the floor. Chests of drawers often come in 5-, 6-, and 7-drawer varieties, the chest illustrated at right would be described as a 5 over 2 chest-on-chest, the latter term deriving from the fact that at one time it would have been made as 2 separable pieces. They are commonly made of wood, similar to other kinds of furniture. The inside of the drawers can be accessed by pulling out at the front side. It is often placed so that the side faces a wall since access to the back is not necessary. The lateral sides are usually made such that they can be placed against a wall or in a corner. Although they can be plain in appearance, chests of drawers can also be made with a fancy or ornamental appearance, including finishes, traditionally, drawers would slide out on smooth wood rails. Most modern cabinets use roll-out shelf sliders, made of metal, most chests of drawers fall into one of two types, those which are about waist-high or bench-high and those which are about shoulder-high. Both types typically have a surface on top. Waist-high chests often have a mirror placed vertically on top, which is bought with the piece. While a user is getting dressed or otherwise preparing their grooming, a chifforobe is a combination of a wardrobe and a chest of drawers. In late medieval Europe the chest came into use, especially in homes of the nobility. This type, also known as a coffer was more or less a simple joined wooden box with a hinged lid and it may or may not have stood on feet

28.
Sportswriter
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Sports journalism is a form of writing that reports on sporting topics and competitions. Sports journalism is an element of many news media organizations. com, Foxsports. com. Major League Baseball gave print journalists a special role in its games and they were named official scorers and kept statistics that were considered part of the official record of the league. Active sportswriters were removed from this role in 1980, Sports stories occasionally transcend the games themselves and take on socio-political significance, Jackie Robinson breaking the color barrier in baseball is an example of this. Sportswriters regularly face more deadline pressure than other reporters because sporting events tend to occur late in the day, yet they are expected to use the same tools as news journalists, and to uphold the same professional and ethical standards. They must take care not to show bias for any team, andrew Warwick has suggested that The Boat Race provided the first mass spectator event for journalistic coverage. The Race, a rowing event between the University of Cambridge and University of Oxford, has been held annually from 1856. Cricket, possibly because of its place in society, has regularly attracted the most elegant of writers. The Manchester Guardian, in the first half of the 20th century, Cardus was later knighted for his services to journalism. One of his successors, John Arlott, who became a favorite because of his radio commentaries on the BBC, was also known for his poetry. The first London Olympic Games in 1908 attracted such public interest that many newspapers assigned their very best-known writers to the event. The Daily Mail even had Sir Arthur Conan Doyle at the White City Stadium to cover the finish of the Marathon, the rise of the radio made sports journalism more focused on the live coverage of the sporting events. The Tour de France was born, and sports journalisms role in its foundation is still reflected today in the leading rider wearing a yellow jersey - the color of the paper on which LAuto was published. Some such ghosted columns, however, did little to further the reputation of sports journalism and these agencies included Pardons, or the Cricket Reporting Agency, which routinely provided the editors of the Wisden cricket almanac, and Hayters. Sportswriting in Britain has attracted some of the finest journalistic talents, mcIlvanney and Wooldridge, who died in March 2007, aged 75, both enjoyed careers that saw them frequently work in television. Glanville wrote several books, including novels, as well as scripting the memorable official film to the 1966 World Cup staged in England, one of the reasons cited was that the BBC had been too critical of the performances of the England football team. Increasingly, sports journalists have turned to writing, producing popular books on a range of sporting topics, including biographies, history. Dan Topolski was the first recipient of the William Hill Sports Book of the Year award in 1989, most countries have their own national association of sports journalists

29.
Knockout
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A full knockout is considered any legal strike or combination thereof that renders an opponent unable to continue fighting. The term is associated with a sudden traumatic loss of consciousness caused by a physical blow. Single powerful blows to the head can produce a cerebral concussion or a carotid sinus reflex with syncope and cause a sudden, body blows, particularly the liver punch, can cause progressive, debilitating pain that can also result in a KO. For example, if a boxer is knocked down and is unable to continue the fight within a count, they are counted as having been knocked out. In mixed martial arts competitions, no time count is given after a knockdown, if a fighter loses consciousness as a result of legal strikes it is declared a KO. Even if the fighter loses consciousness for a moment and wakes up again to continue to fight. As many MMA fights can take place on the mat rather than standing, it is possible to score a KO via ground and pound, a technical knockout, or stoppage, is declared when the referee or official ring physician decide that a fighter cannot safely continue the match. The referee can stop the fight at any time if they feel a fighter cannot safely continue, for if a fighter has been down once. In boxing, if a fighter is knocked down and the stops the bout without a count. However, TKO can only occur when the fight is stopped by the referee, in both boxing and MMA the referee declares TKO when a fighter is not intelligently defending himself while being repeatedly struck. In amateur boxing, a knockout is scored as referee stopped contest, types of technical knockouts, Doctors stoppage/injury, The fighter has suffered an injury and cannot continue the match safely. In some cases, an injury, once a match becomes official is grounds for the fight being declared finished. Corner stoppage/retirement, The fighter is being battered, to the point where it is too dangerous for him to continue. In some cases, the fighter may have been injured, the fighters corner decides to surrender on the fighters behalf to prevent unnecessary damage or potential injury. Stoppage because of strikes, The fighter is overwhelmed by strikes, the referee intervenes to avoid unnecessary damage or potential injury. Multiple knockdowns, The fighter is knocked down three times during a round, or in some sanctioning bodies, four in a fight. A technical knockout goes down as a knockout in a boxers record, little is known about what exactly causes one to be knocked unconscious, but many agree it is related to trauma to the brain stem. This usually happens when the head rotates sharply, often as a result of a strike, a basic principle of boxing and other combat sports is to defend against this vulnerability by keeping both hands raised about the face and the chin tucked in

30.
Hobo
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A hobo is a migratory worker or homeless vagabond, especially one who is impoverished. The term originated in the Western—probably Northwestern—United States around 1890, unlike a tramp, who works only when forced to, and a bum, who does not work at all, a hobo is a traveling worker. The origin of the term is unknown, according to etymologist Anatoly Liberman, the only certain detail about its origin is the word was first noticed in American English circa 1890. Liberman points out that many folk etymologies fail to answer the question, author Todd DePastino has suggested it may be derived from the term hoe-boy meaning farmhand, or a greeting such as Ho, boy. Bill Bryson suggests in Made in America that it could come from the railroad greeting, Ho. It could also come from the homeless boy. H. L. Mencken, in his The American Language, wrote, Tramps and hobos are commonly lumped together, a hobo or bo is simply a migratory laborer, he may take some longish holidays, but sooner or later he returns to work. Lower than either is the bum, who neither works nor travels and it is unclear exactly when hobos first appeared on the American railroading scene. With the end of the American Civil War in the 1860s, others looking for work on the American frontier followed the railways west aboard freight trains in the late 19th century. In 1906, Professor Layal Shafee, after an exhaustive study and his article What Tramps Cost Nation was published by The New York Telegraph in 1911, when he estimated the number had surged to 700,000. The number of hobos increased greatly during the Great Depression era of the 1930s, with no work and no prospects at home, many decided to travel for free by freight train and try their luck elsewhere. Life as a hobo was dangerous, moreover, riding on a freight train is dangerous in itself. British poet W. H. Davies, author of The Autobiography of a Super-Tramp and it was easy to be trapped between cars, and one could freeze to death in bad weather. When freezer cars were loaded at an ice factory, any hobo inside was likely to be killed, according to Ted Conover in Rolling Nowhere, at some unknown point in time, as many as 20,000 people were living a hobo life in North America. Modern freight trains are faster and thus harder to ride than in the 1930s. Many hobo terms have become part of language, such as big House, glad rags, main drag. To cope with the uncertainties of life, hobos developed a system of symbols. Hobos would write code with chalk or coal to provide directions, information

31.
Spat (footwear)
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Spats, a shortening of spatterdashes, or spatter guards are a type of classic footwear accessory for outdoor wear, covering the instep and the ankle. Spats are distinct from gaiters, which are worn over the lower trouser leg as well as the shoe. Spats were primarily worn by men, and less commonly by women, in the late 19th and they fell out of frequent use during the 1920s. Made of white cloth, grey or brown felt material, spats buttoned around the ankle and their intended practical purpose was to protect shoes and socks from mud or rain but this footwear also served as a feature of stylish dress in accordance with the fashions of the period. Increased informality may have been the reason for the decline in the wearing of spats. In 1913, friends scrambled to help Griffith Taylor find spats, in 1923 King George V opened the Chelsea Flower Show, an important event in the London Season, wearing a frock coat, gray top hat and spats. By 1926 the King shocked the public by wearing a morning coat instead of a frock coat. This arguably helped speed the Frock coats demise, spats were another clothing accessory left off by the King in 1926. Interestingly it is said that the moment this was observed and commented on by the spectators it produced an immediate reaction, the ground beneath the bushes was littered with discarded spats. From New York in 1936, the Associated Press observed that in recent years well-dressed men have been discarding spats because they have become the property of the rank, a revival of high-top shoes with cloth uppers was forecast to replace them. French infantry wore white spats for parade and off-duty wear until 1903, italian soldiers wore a light tan version until 1910 and the Japanese Army wore long white spats or gaiters during the Russo-Japanese War of 1905. Spats continue as a feature of the Scottish dress of Highland pipe bands. The modern Royal Regiment of Scotland, into which all Scottish line infantry regiments were amalgamated in 2006, prior to that date most Scottish infantry units in the British Army wore spats. For Highland regiments in kilts, spats reached halfway up the calf, for Lowland regiments in trews, spats were visible only over the brogue shoes. Most regiments of the modern Indian and Pakistani Armies wear long white spats into which trousers are tucked, in the Finnish Navy, spats are part of the winter uniform. The U. S. Navy Honor Guard and Rifle Guard wear them while performing ceremonies, spats are still used as a traditional accessory in many marching band and drum and bugle corps uniforms in the United States. Spats remain in use today as personal equipment in certain industries. In foundries, pourers wear leather spats over their boots to protect against splashes of molten metal, even a small splash that lodges in a shoe or between the shoe and ankle could cause a severe burn

32.
Top hat
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Top Hat is a 1935 American screwball musical comedy film in which Fred Astaire plays an American dancer named Jerry Travers, who comes to London to star in a show produced by Horace Hardwick. He meets and attempts to impress Dale Tremont to win her affection, the film was written by Allan Scott and Dwight Taylor. It was directed by Mark Sandrich, the songs were written by Irving Berlin. Top Hat, White Tie and Tails and Cheek to Cheek have become American song classics and it has been nostalgically referred to — particularly its Cheek to Cheek segment — in many films, including The Purple Rose of Cairo and The Green Mile. Top Hat was the most successful picture of Astaire and Rogers partnership, while some dance critics maintain that Swing Time contained a finer set of dances, Top Hat remains, to this day, the partnerships best-known work. An American dancer, Jerry Travers comes to London to star in a show produced by the bumbling Horace Hardwick, while practicing a tap dance routine in his hotel bedroom, he awakens Dale Tremont on the floor below. She storms upstairs to complain, whereupon Jerry falls hopelessly in love with her, Dale mistakes Jerry for Horace, who is married to her friend Madge. Jerry proposes to Dale, who, while believing that Jerry is Horace, is disgusted that her friends husband could behave in such a manner. Fortunately, Bates, Horaces meddling English valet, disguises himself as a priest and conducts the ceremony, on a trip in a gondola, Jerry manages to convince Dale and they return to the hotel where the previous confusion is rapidly cleared up. The reconciled couple dance off into the Venetian sunset, to the tune of The Piccolino, Top Hat began filming on April 1,1935 and cost $620,000 to make. Shooting ended in June and the first public previews were held in July. These led to cuts of ten minutes, mainly in the last portion of the film, the carnival sequence. After Mutiny on the Bounty, it made more money than any film released in 1935. Dwight Taylor was the principal screenwriter in this, the first screenplay written specially for Astaire, Astaire reacted negatively to the first drafts, complaining that it is patterned too closely after The Gay Divorcee, and I am cast as. A sort of young man without charm or sympathy or humour. Of his role in the creation of Top Hat, Taylor recalled that with Sandrich, the whole style of the picture can be summed up in the word inconsequentiality. When I left RKO a year later, Mark said to me, on the films release, the script was panned by many critics, who alleged it was merely a rewrite of The Gay Divorcee. Eight songs from the score were discarded as they were not considered to advance the films plot

33.
Flapper
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Flappers were a generation of young Western women in the 1920s who wore short skirts, bobbed their hair, listened to jazz, and flaunted their disdain for what was then considered acceptable behavior. Flappers were seen as brash for wearing makeup, drinking, treating sex in a casual manner, smoking, driving automobiles. The slang word flapper, describing a woman, is sometimes supposed to refer to a young bird flapping its wings while learning to fly. The slang word flap was used for a prostitute as early as 1631. By the 1890s, the flapper was emerging in England as popular slang both for a very young prostitute, and in a more general – and less derogatory sense – of any lively mid-teenage girl. In 1907 English actor George Graves explained it to Americans as theatrical slang for young female stage performers. The flapper was also known as a dancer, who danced liked a bird-flapping her arms while doing the Charleston dance move and this move became quite a competitive dance during this era. Call the subject of these lines the flapper, the appropriateness of this term does not move me to such whole-hearted admiration of the amazing powers of enriching our language which the Americans modestly acknowledge they possess. The sketch is of a girl in a frock with a long skirt, quite untrimmed, its plainness being relieved by a sash knotted carelessly around the skirt. By 1911, a newspaper review indicates the mischievous and flirtatious flapper was an established stage-type, tillers use of the phrase come out means to make a formal entry into society on reaching womanhood. In polite society at the time, a girl who had not come out would still be classed as a child. She would be expected to keep a low profile on social occasions, although the word was still largely understood as referring to high-spirited teenagers gradually in Britain it was being extended to describe any impetuous immature woman. By late 1914, the British magazine Vanity Fair was reporting that the Flapper was beginning to disappear in England, under this influence, the meaning of the term changed somewhat, to apply to independent, pleasure-seeking, khaki-crazy young women. By 1920, the term had taken on the meaning of the flapper generation style. In his lecture that year on Britains surplus of women caused by the loss of young men in war. The frivolous, scantily-clad, jazzing flapper, irresponsible and undisciplined, to whom a dance, by the mid-1930s in Britain, although still occasionally used, the word flapper had become associated with the past. In 1936 a Times journalist grouped it with such as blotto as out-dated slang, evokes a distant echo of glad rags. It recalls a past which is not yet period, one cause of the change in young womens behavior was World War I which ended in November 1918

34.
Louise Brooks
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Mary Louise Brooks, who worked professionally as Louise Brooks, was an American film actress and dancer noted as an iconic symbol of the flapper, and for popularizing the bobbed haircut. Brooks is best known as the lead in three films made in Europe, Pandoras Box, Diary of a Lost Girl, and Miss Europe. She starred in seventeen silent films and eight sound films before retiring in 1938, Brooks published her memoir, Lulu in Hollywood, in 1982, three years later she died of a heart attack at the age of 78. Rude was a talented pianist who played the latest Debussy and Ravel for her children, inspiring them with a love of books and music. When she was nine years old, a neighborhood predator sexually abused Louise. For me, nice, soft, when Brooks at last told her mother of the incident, many years later, her mother suggested that it must have been Louises fault for leading him on. Brooks began her entertainment career as a dancer, joining the Denishawn modern dance company in Los Angeles in 1922, in her second season with the company, Brooks had advanced to a starring role in one work opposite Shawn. The words left an impression on Brooks, when she drew up an outline for a planned autobiographical novel in 1949, The Silver Salver was the title she gave to the tenth. As a result of her work in the Follies, she came to the attention of Paramount Pictures producer Walter Wanger, Brooks made her screen debut in the silent The Street of Forgotten Men, in an uncredited role in 1925. Soon, however, she was playing the lead in a number of silent light comedies and flapper films over the next few years, starring with Adolphe Menjou. She was noticed in Europe for her pivotal role in the Howard Hawks directed silent buddy film. In an early sound film drama, Beggars of Life, Brooks played a country girl who kills her foster father in a moment of desperation. A hobo, Richard Arlen, happens on the scene and convinces Brooks to disguise herself as a young boy. In a hobo encampment, or jungle, they meet another hobo, Brookss disguise is soon uncovered and she finds herself the only female in a world of brutal, sex-hungry men. Her distinctive bob haircut helped start a trend, many women styled their hair in imitation of her, Paramount attempted to use the coming of sound films to pressure the actress, but she called the studios bluff. It was not until 30 years later that this move would come to be seen as arguably the most savvy of her career, securing her immortality as a silent film legend. Actress Margaret Livingston was hired to dub Brookss voice for the film, once in Germany, she starred in the 1929 film Pandoras Box, directed by Georg Wilhelm Pabst in his New Objectivity period. The film is based on two plays by Frank Wedekind and Brooks plays the figure, Lulu. This film is notable for its treatment of modern sexual mores

35.
Topper (comic strip)
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A topper in comic strip parlance is a small secondary strip seen along with a larger Sunday strip. In the 1920s and 1930s, leading cartoonists were given full pages in the Sunday comics sections, allowing them to add smaller strips, toppers usually were drawn by the same artist as the larger strip. These strips usually were positioned at the top of the page, toppers were introduced by King Features Syndicate during the 1920s, enabling newspaper editors to claim more comic strips without adding more pages. The practice allowed newspapers to drop the topper and place an additional strip or an advertisement into the Sunday comics section. They also made it possible to reformat a strip from full-page size to tabloid size, on May 16,1926, Harold Knerr began Dinglehoofer und His Dog Adolph, a topper to The Katzenjammer Kids, which ran until two years after his death. By 1936, to any association with Adolf Hitler, the dogs name was changed to Schnappsy. Knerrs strip was reformatted for reprints in Magic Comics in the early 1940s, billy DeBecks topper for Barney Google was Parlor Bedroom and Sink, which evolved into Parlor Bedroom and Sink Starring Bunky and eventually was titled simply Bunky. In the mid-1930s, DeBeck added alongside Bunky a single-panel topper, Knee-Hi-Knoodles, Bunky spawned the catchphrase, Youse is a viper, Fagin. A big fan of Bunky was pulp author Robert E. Howard, kept up with the strip, and retold it in a charming way. Liked to talk Brooklynese, and once entered a dry goods store. Characters in toppers sometimes turned up in the strip, such as Herby appearing in Smitty. R. Williams Out Our Way with the Willets Sunday strip, the Wash Tubbs Sunday strip ran in that format from 1927 until 1933, when Crane launched Captain Easy as a Sunday page. As a consequence, The Squirrel Cage is today better remembered than Room and Board, on at least one occasion, a character exited the topper and dropped down into the main strip. During the 1940s, Snookums ran as the topper above Bringing Up Father, in the final episode of HBOs The Pacific, Robert Leckie is seen reading Snookums. The first, Petes Pup, was a dog strip, sort of a counterpart to the Mutt and Jeff topper. The next was The Topper Twins, my favorite because the name is an in-joke to the industry term topper, for some reason, Russell alternatively called this strip The Tucker Twins. It started in 1935 and is believed to have run as late as 1939, getting an end date on these later toppers can be a Herculean task, because fewer and fewer papers printed the toppers as the decade of the 1930s wore on. In fact, I have no examples of Snorky later than 1937 in my collection, some toppers consisted of only a single panel, an example being those that accompanied Joe Palooka in the mid-1940s

36.
Stenographer
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Shorthand is an abbreviated symbolic writing method that increases speed and brevity of writing as compared to longhand, a more common method of writing a language. The process of writing in shorthand is called stenography, from the Greek stenos and it has also been called brachygraphy, from Greek brachys and tachygraphy, from Greek tachys, depending on whether compression or speed of writing is the goal. A typical shorthand system provides symbols or abbreviations for words and common phrases, abbreviation methods are alphabet-based and use different abbreviating approaches. Several autocomplete programs, standalone or integrated in text editors, based on word lists, many journalists use shorthand writing to quickly take notes at press conferences or other similar scenarios. Shorthand was used widely in the past, before the invention of recording. Shorthand was considered a part of secretarial training and police work. Although the primary use of shorthand has been to record oral dictation or discourse, for example, healthcare professionals may use shorthand notes in medical charts and correspondence. The earliest known indication of shorthand systems is from the Parthenon in Ancient Greece and this shows a writing system primarily based on vowels, using certain modifications to indicate consonants. Hellenistic tachygraphy is reported from the 2nd century BC onwards, though there are indications that it might be older, the oldest datable reference is a contract from Middle Egypt, stating that Oxyrhynchos gives the semeiographer Apollonios for two years to be taught shorthand writing. Hellenistic tachygraphy consisted of word stem signs and word ending signs, over time, many syllabic signs were developed. In Ancient Rome, Marcus Tullius Tiro, a slave and later a freedman of Cicero, the Tironian notes consisted of Latin word stem abbreviations and of word ending abbreviations. The original Tironian notes consisted of about 4000 signs, but new signs were introduced, in order to have a less complex writing system, a syllabic shorthand script was sometimes used. After the decline of the Roman Empire, the Tironian notes were no longer used to transcribe speeches, though they were known and taught. After the 11th century, however, they were mostly forgotten, when many monastery libraries were secularized in the course of the 16th-century Protestant Reformation, long-forgotten manuscripts of Tironian notes were rediscovered. In imperial China, clerks used an abbreviated, highly cursive form of Chinese characters to record court proceedings and these records were used to create more formal transcripts. One cornerstone of imperial court proceedings was that all confessions had to be acknowledged by the signature, personal seal, or thumbprint. Versions of this technique survived in clerical professions into the modern day, an interest in shorthand or short-writing developed towards the end of the 16th century in England. In 1588 Timothy Bright published his Characterie, An Arte of Shorte, Swifte and Secrete Writing by Character which introduced a system with 500 arbitrary symbols each representing one word

37.
Big Little Book series
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The Big Little Books, first published during 1932 by the Whitman Publishing Company of Racine, Wisconsin, were small, compact books designed with a captioned illustration opposite each page of text. Other publishers, notably Saalfield, adopted this format after Whitman achieved success with its early titles, a Big Little Book was typically 3⅝″ wide and 4½″ high, with 212 to 432 pages making an approximate thickness of 1½″. The interior book design usually displayed full-page black-and-white illustrations on the right side, stories were often related to radio programs, comic strips, childrens books, novels and movies. Later books of the series had interior color illustrations, after the first Big Little Book, The Adventures of Dick Tracy, was published, numerous titles were sold through Woolworths and other retail store systems during the 1930s. With a name change to Better Little Books during 1938, the series continued into the 1960s, Whitman was also the last to abandon the form, publishing big little books about boomer characters like Major Matt Mason into the mid-1960s. Recently, Robert Thibadeaus project at Carnegie Mellon has made at least two Big Little Books available online, Thibadeau attempts to capture the entire production of an old book with facsimile images showing pages with wear and tear. Were basically trying to eternalize that book as it is, says Thibadeau, the Antique Books Digital Library offers two free Big Little Book titles, Tim McCoy on the Tomahawk Trail and Bronc Peeler The Lone Cowboy. Fred Harmans Bronc Peeler was a Western comic strip character who was a precursor to comic strip drawn by Harman. More than 1,300 Big Little Books and the many publishers are mentioned in Arnold T. Blumbergs The Big Big Little Book Book

38.
Dell Comics
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Dell Comics was the comic book publishing arm of Dell Publishing, which got its start in pulp magazines. It published comics from 1929 to 1974, at its peak, it was the most prominent and successful American company in the medium. In 1953 Dell claimed to be the worlds largest comics publisher, the company formed a partnership in 1938 with Western Publishing, in which Dell would finance and distribute publications that Western would produce. Most of the Dell-produced comics done for Western Publishing during this period were under the Whitman Comics banner, notable titles included Crackajack Funnies and Super Comics. Comic book historian Mark Carlson has stated at its peak in the mid-50s while Dell’s total number of book titles only 15% of those published. Dell more million-plus sellers than any company before or since. Dell Comics was best known for its material, most notably the animated characters from Walt Disney Productions. From 1939 to 1968, Dells most notable and prolific title was the anthology Four Color, published several times a month, the title saw more than 1,300 issues published in its 23-year history. It often served as a title and thus the launching pad for many long-running series. In 1948, Dell refused an invitation of membership in the nascent Association of Comics Magazine Publishers, the association had been formed to pre-empt government intervention in the face of mounting public criticism of comic books. Dell in this period even burnished its image by taking out ads in the Saturday Evening Post in late 1952. From mid-1950 to Spring 1959 Dell promoted subscriptions to its non-Disney titles with what it called the Dell Comics Club. Membership was automatic with any one year subscription to such titles, but there are drawings that are sequential which tell stories. His was intended for Huck and Yogi’s adult fans, of which there apparently were more than a few, given the format and high price — $1. While most of the talent who had worked on the Dell line continued at Gold Key, Dell also drew new talent to its fold, such as Frank Springer, Don Arneson, and Lionel Ziprin. Dell Comics continued for another 11 years with licensed television and motion picture adaptations, Dell Comics ceased publication in 1974, with a few of its former titles moving to Gold Key Comics. Writer/artists Walt Kelly and Carl Barks are the most noted talents associated with the company

39.
American Comics Group
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American Comics Group is an American comic book publisher which existed from 1943 to 1967. It published the mediums first ongoing horror-comics title, Adventures into the Unknown, ACGs best-known character was the 1960s satirical-humor hero Herbie Popnecker, who starred for a time in Forbidden Worlds. Herbie would later get his own title and be turned into a superhero called the Fat Fury, founded by Benjamin W. Sangor, ACG was co-owned by Fred Iger from 1948 to 1967. Igers father-in-law, Harry Donenfeld, head of National Periodical Publications, was also a co-owner in the early 1960s, ACG was distributed by Independent News Company, which also distributed DC. The company evolved out of a company owned by Sangor, in the mid-1930s, Sangor and Richard E. Hughes began to produce a short-lived prepackaged comics supplement for newspapers. In 1939, the Sangor Shop began producing comics for Sangors son-in-law Ned L. Pines, the Sangor Shop produced the characters and stories of The Black Terror, Pyroman, and Fighting Yank for Pines Nedor Comics and produced most of the comics for Pines until 1945. In 1943, ACG started to publish its own work under names as B&I Publishing, Michel Publications. It acquired the publisher Creston Publications in 1943, making Creston into an ACG imprint, by 1948, it was publishing comics under the name of American Comics Group. Its titles were typical of the times, including horror, crime, mystery, romance, in 1948, it began publishing the long-running horror title Adventures into the Unknown. This was the first of a trilogy of ACG horror/supernatural titles that also included Forbidden Worlds, in 1949, ACG began publishing two long-running romance titles, Romantic Adventures, and Lovelorn. Both titles lasted into the 1960s, the company survived the 1954 Senate subcommittee hearings on the dangers of comic books, even retaining its somewhat diluted horror title Adventures into the Unknown. However, in 1955 ACG canceled four long-running humor titles, the funny-animal series Giggle Comics and Ha Ha Comics, the editor was listed as Richard E. Hughes,120 West 183rd St. New York, N. Y. and the manager as Frederick H. Iger,50 Beverly Road, Great Neck, Great Neck. An October 1,1950 statement published in ACGs Cookie #29 gives identical data, with the exception of the publisher and co-owner being listed as Michel Publications, almost all stories after 1957 were written by editor Hughes under a variety of pseudonyms. C. Gilbert toy company, Montgomery Ward, Tupperware, Inc. B. & M. Distributing Co. Inc. La Salle Publishing Co. Michel Publications, Inc, Modern Store Publications Modern Store Publishing Preferred Publications, Inc. American Comics Group at the Grand Comics Database American Comics Group at Don Marksteins Toonopedia, archived from the original on April 7,2012. Herbie and The Fat Fury at Don Marksteins Toonopedia, archived from the originals on December 14,2012, and April 16,2012, respectively

40.
Crown Publishers
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Formerly, the company also used the Bell Tower Press, Orion Books, and related imprints. However, these have now either been discontinued or transferred to other Random House units, Crown authors include Jean Auel, Max Brooks, George W. The company was founded in 1933 as the Outlet Book Company by Nat Wartels, auels The Clan of the Cave Bear and Alex Comforts The Joy of Sex in its early high-profile years. On 25 March 2015, a biography of Steve Jobs, Becoming Steve Jobs written by Brent Schlender. The Outlet Book Companys Crown Books remained an independent company until 1988 when it was purchased by Random House, Crown Books Bonanza Books Crown Archetype Crown Publishing Group website

41.
Smithsonian Institution Press
–
The Smithsonian Institution, established in 1846 for the increase and diffusion of knowledge, is a group of museums and research centers administered by the Government of the United States. Originally organized as the United States National Museum, that ceased to exist as an administrative entity in 1967. Additional facilities are located in Arizona, Maryland, Massachusetts, New York City, Texas, Virginia, more than 200 institutions and museums in 45 states, Puerto Rico, and Panama are Smithsonian Affiliates. The Institutions thirty million annual visitors are admitted without charge and its annual budget is around $1.2 billion with 2/3 coming from annual federal appropriations. Other funding comes from the Institutions endowment, private and corporate contributions, membership dues, and earned retail, concession, Institution publications include Smithsonian and Air & Space magazines. The British scientist James Smithson left most of his wealth to his nephew Henry James Hungerford, Congress officially accepted the legacy bequeathed to the nation, and pledged the faith of the United States to the charitable trust on July 1,1836. The American diplomat Richard Rush was dispatched to England by President Andrew Jackson to collect the bequest, Rush returned in August 1838 with 105 sacks containing 104,960 gold sovereigns. Once the money was in hand, eight years of Congressional haggling ensued over how to interpret Smithsons rather vague mandate for the increase, unfortunately, the money was invested by the US Treasury in bonds issued by the state of Arkansas which soon defaulted. The United States Exploring Expedition by the U. S. Navy circumnavigated the globe between 1838 and 1842, in 1846, the regents developed a plan for weather observation, in 1847, money was appropriated for meteorological research. The Institution became a magnet for young scientists from 1857 to 1866, the Smithsonian played a critical role as the U. S. partner institution in early bilateral scientific exchanges with the Academy of Sciences of Cuba. The Smithsonian Institution Building began construction in 1849, designed by architect James Renwick Jr. its interiors were completed by general contract Gilbert Cameron and the building opened in 1855. The Smithsonians first expansion came with construction of the Arts and Industries Building in 1881, Congress had promised to build a new structure for the museum if the 1876 Philadelphia Centennial Exposition generated enough income. It did, and the building was designed by architects Adolf Cluss and Paul Schulze, meigs of the United States Army Corps of Engineers. The National Zoological Park opened in 1889 to accommodate the Smithsonians Department of Living Animals and this structure was designed by the D. C. architectural firm of Hornblower & Marshall. More than 40 years would pass before the museum, the Museum of History. It was designed by the firm of McKim, Mead & White. That same year, the Smithsonian signed an agreement to take over the Cooper Union Museum for the Arts of Decoration, the National Portrait Gallery and the Smithsonian American Art Museum opened in the Old Patent Office Building on October 7,1968. The first new building to open since the National Museum of Natural History was the Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden

42.
Harry Abrams
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Abrams, formerly Harry N. Abrams, Inc. is an American publisher of art and illustrated books, and the enterprise is a subsidiary of the French publisher La Martinière Groupe. Run by President and CEO Michael Jacobs, Abrams publishes and distributes approximately 250 titles annually and has more than 2,000 titles in print. Abrams also distributes publications for the Victoria and Albert Museum, Tate, Royal Academy, Vendome Press, Booth Clibborn Editions, Other Criteria, times Mirror acquired the company in 1966 and Harry Abrams retired in 1977. For many years, the company was under the direction of Paul Gottlieb until January 2001, Abrams had been acquired by La Martinière Groupe in 1997. Abrams Books publishes illustrated books on the subjects of art, architecture, photography, graphic design, interior and garden design, fashion, music, comic arts and graphic novels, and sports. The Abrams imprint is under the direction of Vice President and Editor-in-Chief Eric Himmel and Senior Vice President, crumbs Heroes of Blues, Jazz & Country, Art Deco Architecture, Design, Decoration and Detail from the Twenties and Thirties, as well the bestselling 365 and Discoveries series. In Spring 2009, Abrams launched a sub-imprint devoted to comics and graphic novels, in addition to its own titles, Abrams distributes books for the Victoria and Albert Museum, Tate, Royal Academy, Vendome Press, Booth Clibborn Editions, Other Criteria, and 5 Continents. Stewart, Tabori & Chang was founded in 1981 by Andrew Stewart, Lena Tabori, STC was purchased by Éditions de La Martinière in 2000 and is now an imprint of ABRAMS under the direction of Senior Vice President and Publisher Leslie Stoker. STC is a publisher of illustrated inspirational and practical titles, the house specializes in the categories of cooking, crafts, interior design, sports, green living, sports, pets, and popular culture. Some of STCs bestselling titles are Alton Browns Im Just Here for the Food, Last-Minute Knitted Gifts, Bunny Williamss Affair with a House, and Grandmother Remembers, which has sold 2 million copies. Abrams Books for Young Readers was launched in 1999, under the direction of Senior Vice President, the books range from story books to poetry to the fine arts and other nonfiction. Highlights of the list include the national bestsellers Plato and a Platypus Walk Into a Bar and Tim Gunn, A Guide to Quality, 1976—1980, Office Mayhem, A Handbook to Practical Anarchy

Author
–
An author is narrowly defined as the originator of any written work and can thus also be described as a writer. More broadly defined, an author is the person who originated or gave existence to anything, in the copyright laws of various jurisdictions, there is a necessity for little flexibility regarding what constitutes authorship. The United Stat

1.
J. K. Rowling is a prominent British author

2.
A copyright certificate certifying the authorship for a proof of the Fermat theorem, issued by the State Department of Intellectual Property of Ukraine.

3.
Mark Twain was a prominent American author in multiple genres including fiction and journalism during the 19th century.

4.
Ezra Pound (pictured as a young man in 1913) made significant editing suggestions to T.S. Eliot 's " The Waste Land," helping transform the original drafts into the work known today.

Frank Willard
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Frank Henry Willard was a cartoonist best known for his comic strip Moon Mullins which ran from 1923 to 1991. He sometimes went by the nickname Dok Willard, as a youth, Willard dropped out of several schools. In addition to jobs at county fairs, he worked in a mental institution, in 1909, he moved with his family to Chicago. He went to Union Academ

1.
Frank Willard in 1931.

2.
Frank Willard's Moon Mullins (August 30, 1925)

Ferd Johnson
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Ferdinand Johnson, usually cited as Ferd Johnson, was an American cartoonist, best known for his 68-year stint on the Moon Mullins comic strip. Johnson was born December 18,1905, in Spring Creek, Pennsylvania, johnsons youthful interest in cartooning had the support of his family after he won an Erie Dispatch Herald cartoon contest. He recalled in

1.
Ferd Johnson self-portrait

Publishing
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Publishing is the dissemination of literature, music, or information—the activity of making information available to the general public. In some cases, authors may be their own publishers, meaning originators and developers of content also provide media to deliver, also, the word publisher can refer to the individual who leads a publishing company

1.
Printer working an early Gutenberg letter press from the 15th century. (engraving date unknown)

2.
World Intellectual Property Organization, Geneva

Whitman Publishing
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Whitman Publishing, long a subsidiary of Western Publishing, was a childrens book publishing company that was popular from the early 1900s to the mid-1970s. Whitman published a variety of books, including westerns, mysteries, science fiction, adventure stories. Whitman also published authorized editions of television shows, such as Hawaii Five-O, R

1.
A coin board featuring United States pennies

Cupples & Leon
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Cupples & Leon was an American publishing company founded in 1902 by Victor I. They published juvenile fiction and childrens books but are remembered today as the major publisher of books collecting comic strips during the early decades of the 20th century. In Manhattan, the company was located in the Presbyterian building at 156 Fifth Avenue and,

United States
–
Forty-eight of the fifty states and the federal district are contiguous and located in North America between Canada and Mexico. The state of Alaska is in the northwest corner of North America, bordered by Canada to the east, the state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific Ocean. The U. S. territories are scattered about the Pacific Ocean,

1.
Native Americans meeting with Europeans, 1764

2.
Flag

3.
The signing of the Mayflower Compact, 1620.

4.
The Declaration of Independence: the Committee of Five presenting their draft to the Second Continental Congress in 1776

Comic strip
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A comic strip is a sequence of drawings arranged in interrelated panels to display brief humor or form a narrative, often serialized, with text in balloons and captions. With the development of the internet, they began to online as web comics. There were more than 200 different comic strips and daily cartoon panels in American newspapers alone each

Boarding house
–
A boarding house is a house in which lodgers rent one or more rooms for one or more nights, and sometimes for extended periods of weeks, months, and years. The common parts of the house are maintained, and some services, such as laundry and cleaning and they normally provide room and board, that is, at least some meals as well as accommodation. A l

1.
One of the last remaining textile mill boarding houses in Lowell, Massachusetts, on right; part of the Lowell National Historical Park

Moonshine
–
Moonshine, white liquor, white lightning, mountain dew, hooch, homebrew, white whiskey, and corn liquor are terms used to describe high-proof distilled spirits that are usually produced illicitly. Moonshine is typically made with corn mash, as its main ingredient and they are enforced by the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives of th

1.
The Moonshine Man of Kentucky, an illustration from Harper's Weekly, 1877, showing five scenes from the life of a Kentucky moonshiner.

2.
Former West Virginia moonshiner John Bowman explains the workings of a still. November 1996. American Folklife Center

3.
Fermented beverage

Cartoonist
–
A cartoonist is a visual artist who specializes in drawing cartoons. This work is created for entertainment, political commentary, or advertising. The English satirist and editorial cartoonist William Hogarth, who emerged In the 18th century, has credited with pioneering Western sequential art. His work ranged from realistic portraiture to comic se

1.
Cartoonist Jack Elrod at work on a Sunday page of the Mark Trail comic strip

2.
Benjamin Franklin 's " Join, or Die " (1754), credited as the first cartoon published in an American newspaper.

3.
Charles Dana Gibson was an influential American cartoonist in the early 20th century.

4.
Dip pens have traditionally been a popular drawing tool for cartoonists.

Anna, Illinois
–
Anna is a city in Union County, Illinois. Located in Southern Illinois, the population was 4,442 at the 2010 United States Census, the city is known for being tied to its close neighbor Jonesboro, together known as Anna-Jonesboro. Anna is renowned for the Anna State Mental Hospital or the Choate Mental Health Care Center, Anna was platted on March

1.
The Anna State Asylum, built in 1869 in the Kirkbride Plan was a rambling four-story structure, part of which was destroyed in separate incidents, but most of which is still standing as the central complex to the C.L. Choate Mental Health and Developmental Center.

2.
Counties

Chicago
–
Chicago, officially the City of Chicago, is the third-most populous city in the United States. With over 2.7 million residents, it is the most populous city in the state of Illinois, and it is the county seat of Cook County. In 2012, Chicago was listed as a global city by the Globalization and World Cities Research Network. Chicago has the third-la

1.
Clockwise from top: Downtown Chicago, the Chicago Theatre, the 'L', Navy Pier, Millennium Park, the Field Museum, and the Willis Tower.

2.
Traditional Potawatomi costume on display at the Field Museum

3.
An artist's rendering of the Great Chicago Fire of 1871

King Features Syndicate
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King Features affiliate syndicates are North America Syndicate and Cowles Syndicate. Each week, Reed Brennan Media Associates, a unit of Hearst, edits, william Randolph Hearsts newspapers began syndicating material in 1895 after receiving requests from other newspapers. In 1914, Hearst and his manager Moses Koenigsberg consolidated all of Hearsts s

Coulton Waugh
–
Frederick Coulton Waugh was a cartoonist, painter, teacher and author, best known for his illustration work on the comic strip Dickie Dare and his book The Comics, the first major study of the field. His father was the marine artist Frederick Judd Waugh, and his grandfather was the Philadelphia portrait painter Samuel Waugh, by 1916 Coulton was emp

1.
Coulton Waugh self-portrait. The canvas becomes a mirror as Waugh captures himself painting his own portrait.

2.
Coulton Waugh's A Map of Cape Cod (1926), a hand-coloured print.

3.
In 1945, Waugh employed a novel art approach on his strip Hank. According to Waugh, Hank was also "a deliberate attempt to work in the field of social usefulness."

George McManus
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George McManus was an American cartoonist best known as the creator of Irish immigrant Jiggs and his wife Maggie, the main characters of his syndicated comic strip, Bringing Up Father. Born in St. Louis, Missouri of Irish parents, McManus had a gift for drawing. He recalled an incident when he was in school, My teacher sent home to my parents a pic

1.
McManus having a coffee during 1952.

2.
Card by George McManus featuring his Bringing Up Father characters

3.
Mr Jiggs version in World War I

4.
Mr Jiggs version in World War II

Bringing Up Father
–
Bringing Up Father was an American comic strip created by cartoonist George McManus. Distributed by King Features Syndicate, it ran for 87 years, from January 12,1913, many readers, however, simply called the strip Jiggs and Maggie, after its two main characters. According to McManus, he introduced these same characters in other strips as early as

1.
Bringing Up Father (January 31, 1920)

2.
Panel from Bringing Up Father (January 7, 1940)

3.
"Rosie's Beau" (May 29, 1938)

4.
An example of Zeke Zekley 's work as assistant to George McManus on Bringing Up Father and the Snookums topper strip (November 28, 1953) during the last year of McManus' life

Joseph Medill Patterson
–
Joseph Medill Patterson was an American journalist, publisher and founder of the Daily News in New York. His younger sister was publisher Cissy Patterson and he was the father of publisher Alicia Patterson, who founded and edited Newsday. His father was Robert W. Patterson Jr. a journalist at the Chicago Tribune who married the owners daughter and

1.
Joseph Medill Patterson

Barney Google
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Barney Google and Snuffy Smith, originally Take Barney Google, Frinstance, is an American comic strip created by cartoonist Billy DeBeck. Since its debut on June 17,1919, the strip has gained an international readership. The initial appeal of the led to its adaptation to film, animation, popular song. It added several terms and phrases to the Engli

1.
Bunky and Barney Google and Snuffy Smith (July 26, 1942)

2.
Barney Google and Snuffy Smith

3.
Billy DeBeck's Barney Google (February 5, 1931)

4.
Menu for planned Snuffy's Shanty hot dog shops

Working class
–
The working class are the people employed for wages, especially in manual-labour occupations and in skilled, industrial work. Working-class occupations include blue-collar jobs, some jobs, and most service-work jobs. As with many terms describing social class, working class is defined and used in different ways. The most general definition, used by

1.
Working class life in Victorian Wetherby, West Yorkshire, England.

2.
Striking teamsters battling police on the streets of Minneapolis, June 1934.

3.
Precursors

The Yellow Kid
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The Yellow Kid was the name of a lead American comic strip character that ran from 1895 to 1898 in Joseph Pulitzers New York World, and later William Randolph Hearsts New York Journal. Created and drawn by Richard F. Outcaults use of balloons in the Yellow Kid influenced the basic appearance and use of balloons in subsequent newspaper comic strips.

1.
The Yellow Kid

3.
A year and a half later Outcault was drawing the Yellow Kid for Hearst's New York Journal in a full-page color Sunday supplement as McFadden's Row of Flats. In this 15 November 1896 Sunday panel, word balloons have appeared, the action is openly violent and the drawing has become mixed and chaotic.

Gilbert Seldes
–
Gilbert Vivian Seldes was an American writer and cultural critic. Seldes served as the editor and drama critic of the seminal modernist magazine The Dial and he also wrote for other magazines and newspapers like Vanity Fair and the Saturday Evening Post. He was most interested in American popular culture and cultural history and he wrote and adapte

1.
Gilbert Seldes photographed by Carl Van Vechten, 1932

Blowing a raspberry
–
Blowing a raspberry, strawberry or making a Bronx cheer, is to make a noise that may signify derision, real or feigned. It may also be used in childhood phonemic play either solely by the child or by adults towards a child to encourage imitation to the delight of both parties and it is made by placing the tongue between the lips and blowing to prod

The Century Magazine
–
It was the successor of Scribners Monthly Magazine and ceased publication in 1930. The change of name brought no change in scope or policy, and Scribner’s Monthly. Dr. Holland was an editor who knew what the public wanted. From the first he secured well-known contributors of high rank, a Publisher’s Department, with A word to our readers, or A talk

1.
The Century Magazine

2.
1907 advertisement for The Century promoting writings by President Roosevelt and then Secretary of War William Taft

Bowler hat
–
The bowler hat, also known as a bob hat, bombín or derby, is a hard felt hat with a rounded crown, created originally during 1849. The bowler hat is said to have been designed during 1849 by the London hat-makers Thomas, the keepers had previously worn top hats, which were knocked off easily and damaged. The identity of the customer is less certain

1.
Bowler hat, mid-20th century (PFF collection)

2.
The bowler hat is a traditional part of womenswear among the Quechua and Aymara peoples of South America

Prohibition
–
The earliest records of prohibition of alcohol date to the Xia Dynasty in China. Yu the Great, the first ruler of the Xia Dynasty and it was legalized again after his death, during the reign of his son Qi. Another record was in the Code of Hammurabi specifically banning the selling of beer for money, in the early twentieth century, much of the impe

2.
The Drunkard's Progress: A lithograph by Nathaniel Currier supporting the temperance movement, January 1846.

3.
This 1902 illustration from the Hawaiian Gazette shows the Anti-Saloon League and the Women's Christian Temperance Union 's campaign against beer brewers. The "water cure" was a torture which was in the news because of its use in the Philippines.

4.
Prescription form for medicinal liquor

Chest of drawers
–
A chest of drawers, also called a bureau, is a piece of furniture that has multiple parallel, horizontal drawers stacked one above another. In American English a dresser is a piece of furniture, usually waist high, in British English a dresser or a Welsh dresser has shelves in the upper section for storing or displaying tableware. Chests of drawers

1.
A chest on chest, a derivative of the simpler chest of drawers

2.
A predecessor to the chest of drawers, an early 19th Century American painted pine blanket chest

3.
A chest of drawers designed by Tejo Remy

Sportswriter
–
Sports journalism is a form of writing that reports on sporting topics and competitions. Sports journalism is an element of many news media organizations. com, Foxsports. com. Major League Baseball gave print journalists a special role in its games and they were named official scorers and kept statistics that were considered part of the official re

1.
Journalism

2.
Press room at the Philips Stadion, home of PSV Eindhoven, prior to a press conference

Knockout
–
A full knockout is considered any legal strike or combination thereof that renders an opponent unable to continue fighting. The term is associated with a sudden traumatic loss of consciousness caused by a physical blow. Single powerful blows to the head can produce a cerebral concussion or a carotid sinus reflex with syncope and cause a sudden, bod

Hobo
–
A hobo is a migratory worker or homeless vagabond, especially one who is impoverished. The term originated in the Western—probably Northwestern—United States around 1890, unlike a tramp, who works only when forced to, and a bum, who does not work at all, a hobo is a traveling worker. The origin of the term is unknown, according to etymologist Anato

1.
Two hobos walking along railroad tracks after being put off a train. One is carrying a bindle.

4.
Hobo code at a Canal Street Ferry entrance in New Orleans, Louisiana

Spat (footwear)
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Spats, a shortening of spatterdashes, or spatter guards are a type of classic footwear accessory for outdoor wear, covering the instep and the ankle. Spats are distinct from gaiters, which are worn over the lower trouser leg as well as the shoe. Spats were primarily worn by men, and less commonly by women, in the late 19th and they fell out of freq

3.
U.S. Navy Ceremonial Guard wear white canvas leggings as part of the Enlisted Full Dress Whites or Blue

Top hat
–
Top Hat is a 1935 American screwball musical comedy film in which Fred Astaire plays an American dancer named Jerry Travers, who comes to London to star in a show produced by Horace Hardwick. He meets and attempts to impress Dale Tremont to win her affection, the film was written by Allan Scott and Dwight Taylor. It was directed by Mark Sandrich, t

1.
theatrical release poster

2.
The final supported backbend – Astaire and Rogers in the climax to "Cheek to Cheek"

Flapper
–
Flappers were a generation of young Western women in the 1920s who wore short skirts, bobbed their hair, listened to jazz, and flaunted their disdain for what was then considered acceptable behavior. Flappers were seen as brash for wearing makeup, drinking, treating sex in a casual manner, smoking, driving automobiles. The slang word flapper, descr

1.
Actress Louise Brooks (1927)

2.
Violet Romer in a flapper dress c. 1915

3.
A flapper onboard ship (1929)

4.
Actress Alice Joyce, 1926

Louise Brooks
–
Mary Louise Brooks, who worked professionally as Louise Brooks, was an American film actress and dancer noted as an iconic symbol of the flapper, and for popularizing the bobbed haircut. Brooks is best known as the lead in three films made in Europe, Pandoras Box, Diary of a Lost Girl, and Miss Europe. She starred in seventeen silent films and eigh

1.
(c.1926)

2.
Brooks as a sophomore in high school, 1922

3.
Brooks and Gregory Kelly in The Show Off (1926)

4.
Publicity photo, c. 1930

Topper (comic strip)
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A topper in comic strip parlance is a small secondary strip seen along with a larger Sunday strip. In the 1920s and 1930s, leading cartoonists were given full pages in the Sunday comics sections, allowing them to add smaller strips, toppers usually were drawn by the same artist as the larger strip. These strips usually were positioned at the top of

Stenographer
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Shorthand is an abbreviated symbolic writing method that increases speed and brevity of writing as compared to longhand, a more common method of writing a language. The process of writing in shorthand is called stenography, from the Greek stenos and it has also been called brachygraphy, from Greek brachys and tachygraphy, from Greek tachys, dependi

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Tombstone of Heinrich Roller, inventor of a German shorthand system, with a sample of his shorthand

Big Little Book series
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The Big Little Books, first published during 1932 by the Whitman Publishing Company of Racine, Wisconsin, were small, compact books designed with a captioned illustration opposite each page of text. Other publishers, notably Saalfield, adopted this format after Whitman achieved success with its early titles, a Big Little Book was typically 3⅝″ wide

Dell Comics
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Dell Comics was the comic book publishing arm of Dell Publishing, which got its start in pulp magazines. It published comics from 1929 to 1974, at its peak, it was the most prominent and successful American company in the medium. In 1953 Dell claimed to be the worlds largest comics publisher, the company formed a partnership in 1938 with Western Pu

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Dell Comics

American Comics Group
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American Comics Group is an American comic book publisher which existed from 1943 to 1967. It published the mediums first ongoing horror-comics title, Adventures into the Unknown, ACGs best-known character was the 1960s satirical-humor hero Herbie Popnecker, who starred for a time in Forbidden Worlds. Herbie would later get his own title and be tur

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American Comics Group

Crown Publishers
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Formerly, the company also used the Bell Tower Press, Orion Books, and related imprints. However, these have now either been discontinued or transferred to other Random House units, Crown authors include Jean Auel, Max Brooks, George W. The company was founded in 1933 as the Outlet Book Company by Nat Wartels, auels The Clan of the Cave Bear and Al

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Crown Publishing Group

Smithsonian Institution Press
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The Smithsonian Institution, established in 1846 for the increase and diffusion of knowledge, is a group of museums and research centers administered by the Government of the United States. Originally organized as the United States National Museum, that ceased to exist as an administrative entity in 1967. Additional facilities are located in Arizon

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The "Castle" (1847), the Institution's first building and still its headquarters

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Smithsonian Institution Logo of the Smithsonian Institution

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Aircraft on display at the National Air and Space Museum, including a Ford Trimotor and Douglas DC-3 (top and second from top)

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The Smithsonian Castle doorway

Harry Abrams
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Abrams, formerly Harry N. Abrams, Inc. is an American publisher of art and illustrated books, and the enterprise is a subsidiary of the French publisher La Martinière Groupe. Run by President and CEO Michael Jacobs, Abrams publishes and distributes approximately 250 titles annually and has more than 2,000 titles in print. Abrams also distributes pu

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Before television, radio was the dominant home entertainment medium.

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Rehearsal for the World War II radio show You Can't Do Business with Hitler with John Flynn and Virginia Moore. This series of programs, broadcast at least once weekly by more than 790 radio stations in America, was written and produced by the radio section of the Office of War Information (OWI).