If you are wondering whether a firestorm like the one that destroyed Paradise or Coffey Parkcould happen in the Bay Area, the answer is yes. The question is not if, but when, according to fire officials.

“Every acre of California can and will burn someday,” said Thom Porter, chief of strategic planning for the California Department of Forestry and Fire Protection (Cal Fire). Some areas are higher risk than others, but “fire is not going to go away in California; we have to adapt to fires: fires are not going to adapt to us.”

When he was a child, there was something called a “fire season,” and it did not last all year, said Porter. Today, major wildfires can occur at any time.

“There is not a single month left in the calendar that doesn’t scare me,” he said.

A few days of rain do not change the underlying drought conditions: that would require a few weeks of persistent rain, which rarely happens these days.

“For us to live safely in an ecology driven by fire, the public needs to be ready to leave immediately, any time there is an evacuation order,” Porter told a lunchtime audience at the Commonwealth Club in San Francisco this month. “If you get an evacuation warning, you have to leave. We don’t have a day’s warning any more: these fires are moving too fast.”

“I am a Berkeley native, and I remember the Tunnel Fire of 1991. That was considered a one-and-done—it wasn’t going to happen again,” added Maggi Kelly, professor in the Environmental Science, Policy, and Management Department at the University of California at Berkeley. “But now that we have all experienced the smoke of the Camp Fire, it has changed all of our minds. Every single person I was talking to during that time was looking at the air quality, looking at the winds shifting. The air quality brought that fire ‘over there’ right into our lungs.”

“Bay Area residents need to learn how to create defensible space around their homes; how to put mesh on their vents; how to evaluate their roofs,” she said. “This is more popular in non-urban areas, but it’s important for urban homeowners as well. We are now starting to realize that this isn’t just happening to somebody else—this is something that’s happening to us.”

Following are some resources that will help you be better prepare for the next wildfire. While people who live in wildlife-urban interface (WUI) zones such as the Berkeley and Oakland hills are more at risk, ember-driven firestorms can jump across barriers and reach more urban areas as well. The more steps you take now, the better your chances of surviving and thriving after a future catastrophe.

Things to do before the next fire

Sign up for evacuation alerts

It’s important to be proactive, rather than hoping to be notified in case of a fast-moving wildfire. The best way to ensure immediate notification is to sign up for as many evacuation alert systems as possible: these include Alert SF, Alert Marin or Alameda County’s AC Alert. Cal Fire also has a Ready for Wildfire app that provides both preparation checklists and an option to receive evacuation alerts, wherever you are in the state.

Twitter is another excellent source of information, especially if you follow your local fire department, sheriff’s office, and police department. It’s surprising how few people have signed up for these life-saving alerts, in a culture as tech-savvy the Bay Area, say fire officials.

Fire Safe Marin has excellent resources and a very specific evacuation checklist that details what to wear in case of evacuation (long pants and sleeves; 100 percent cotton or wool); what to do inside the house (leave the lights on, turn air conditioning off); what to do outside the house (connect hoses to water spigots), and more. It is a good idea to print this list ahead of time and keep it with your evacuation supplies, so you can refer to it quickly if you have time before evacuating.

It is also important to make plans with family as to where you will connect after an emergency, and with whom you can leave messages. (It might be easier to reach people out of state, where cell phone networks won’t be as overwhelmed.)

Check to see if your insurance is appropriate and adequate

Make sure you have appropriate insurance before catastrophe hits, so it’s important to take the time to shop for insurance now. A consumer-friendly nonprofit called Up Help, which does not receive funding from insurance companies, provides specific advice on purchasing adequate home insurance. The organization was formed to help level the playing field between insurers and policyholders.

Create an inventory of all your belongings

Up Help also offers a number of useful tools in order to collect insurance payments, should your home be damaged or destroyed. These include its Home Inventory app for phones and tablets; a detailed home inventory spreadsheet that lists every possible item in a home, to be customized by the user; and an insurance-focused evacuation check list that disaster survivors highly recommend, based on their personal experiences.

“Anyone with a pre-loss inventory has a huge advantage in the recovery process,” notes Up Help.

“In our over twenty years of working with disaster victims we have seen over and over again how time-consuming and emotionally painful it is for people to prepare the detailed loss inventories that insurers and the IRS require,” writes the group. “Especially after a traumatic loss, it’s impossible to remember everything you had, so most people never collect their full insurance benefits.”

Digitize documents, photos, and other memorabilia

Keep these digital records at a remote location, and consider keeping valuable documents (such as passports, property titles, et cetera) at a bank or in a fire-resistant box. That way, even if your home is destroyed, you will not have lost all access to your memories.

Create defensible space around your house

Defensible space, a buffer that homeowners are required to create on their property between buildings and the surrounding vegetation, is essential for increasing your home’s chance of surviving a wildfire, according to Cal Fire. In addition to slowing the fire, defensible space helps to protect firefighters trying to save your house.

According to Cal Fire, two zones make up the required 100 feet of defensible space: Zone 1 extends 30 feet out from buildings, decks, and other structures. Zone 2 extends 70 feet beyond the end of Zone 1. In order to keep your property safe, it is important to remove all dead plants, grass, and weeds within these zones.

Homeowners must also trim trees regularly to keep branches six feet off the ground, and a minimum of 10 feet from other trees, as well as keeping them away from from the roofline and chimney. It is also important to create a separation between vegetation and flammable items such as patio furniture and swing sets. Fire travels much faster over hills than flat areas, so distances need to be adjusted depending on the ground slope.

In addition, whenever possible consider installing fire-resistant landscaping. Pacific Nurseries, a wholesaler, suggests specific plants to consider with wildfires in mind. Even if you don’t want to replace an existing landscape, plants can be added and removed over time, as a garden grows and changes.

Succulents are the most fire-resistant plants, but others are listed here.

“There are no fire-proof plants,” according to Fire Safe Marin. “Even the most resistant plants must be maintained in good health, properly irrigated, and [kept] free of dead material, dry twigs, or fallen leaves and needles.”

Hardscaping with paths, patios, and driveways is also important in creating a fire break. Inorganic mulches such as gravel, pebbles, and rocks are recommended, along with drip irrigation.

“Harden” your home to prevent fire

“Hardening” (i.e., using stronger material on a home’s exterior) vulnerable parts of your house is one of the most important ways to make it fire-resistant in case of an ember-driven wildfire. This can be more expensive and time-consuming than some of the other preventive steps, but it is also one of the most necessary things homeowners can do.

Vulnerable areas include roofs, vents, eaves, windows, decks, rain gutters, fences, and more. There are specific recommendations for each of these areas. Some are relatively simple and inexpensive (such covering all vent openings with 1/8- to 1/4-inch metal mesh, and removing combustible items from underneath decks.) Others, such as replacing wood or shingle roofs and installing dual-paned windows, are more expensive.

In case of evacuation

“Evacuation is what keeps me up at night,” said Keith May, Berkeley’s assistant fire chief.

While fire departments can get ahead of fast-moving wildfires, the new “firestorms,” which create their own weather systems (such as those in Paradise and Coffey Park), are more unpredictable.

“I don’t think San Francisco would have a firestorm, but they have happened and could happen again in the Berkeley and Oakland hills,” said May, who plans to visit Paradise in the next few weeks to see what lessons can be learned..

Berkeley is now developing a new evacuation plan, which will take his findings into account.

In case you need to evacuate:

Follow instructions given by fire officials.

Consider more than one escape route, because your first choice might be blocked.

Place vehicles in your driveway or garage, so emergency vehicles can get by, especially on narrow roads. “Park like your life depends on it,” said Vince Crudele, a supervisor in the Oakland Fire Prevention Bureau. “It’s amazing how many people have multiple vehicles, and how often cars are parked on both sides of these very narrow streets. When time is critical, these cars will extend our response time—and this could cost lives.”