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メタ分析 • 最近多い META-ANALYSIS IN L2 RESEARCH 87 16 14 14 12 10 10 meta-analyses 8 of 6 4 Number 2 2 2 1 0 1996-1998 1999-2001 2002-2004 2005-2007 2008-in press Year of meta-analysis Fig. 1. Growth of meta-analysis in L2 research. Oswald & Plonsky (2010, p. 87) magnitudes and patterns of relationships as well as the circumstances thataffect them. The third problem with narrative review concerns the limitations of the re- viewers themselves, who even as experts are fallible human decision makerswho can be inconsistent in the way they encode and interpret empirical find-ings across studies. They may also weigh quantitative findings more heavily forthose studies whose authors make a verbally compelling case for their researchor publish in prestigious journals, even though other empirical findings might bemore informative, yet present a less interesting story line and/or reside in less-visible journals. To be clear, we are not implying that the expertise of a reviewershould ever be divorced from the process of a meta-analytic review; insteadwe are saying that experts reviewing L2 research should consider using meta-analysis as an important tool that may inject a more objective and systematicapproach into the review process. This article is fortunate to accompany the rise in prominence of meta-analysis in SLA (see Figure 1). We first highlight the many potential benefits of meta-analysis in the research enterprise, referring to meta-analyses conducted inSLA as cogent examples. We then outline the general process of conductinga meta-analysis, discussing critical steps and associated decision points thatSLA researchers will inevitably encounter. We conclude with several take-homepoints regarding the promise and prospects of meta-analysis for the discipline. USES AND POTENTIAL BENEFITS OF META-ANALYSIS In its simplest form, meta-analysis quantifies and tests correlations between vari-ables (such as L2 exposure and comprehension) or mean differences betweenidentifiable groups (such as age, proficiency level, or experimental condition).Even relatively simple meta-analyses like these can be quite valuable as a quan-titative summary of previous research findings. The first meta-analysis of L2

Selection Criteria 1. The study was a randomized controlled trial 2. The study participants were adults 3. A critical care setting was used 4. The intensive insulin therapy was defined by a target blood glucose concentration of 83 mmol/L or less 5. The study documented mortality

結論 • In our updated meta-analysis of randomized trials of intensive insulin therapy in critically ill patients, we found that such therapy had no eﬀect on the overall risk of death.

結論 • In our updated meta-analysis of randomized trials of intensive insulin therapy in critically ill patients, we found that such therapy had no eﬀect on the overall risk of death.

結論 • Our findings do not support the guidelines of organizations such as the American Diabetes Association, … and other organizations, … who recommend intensive insulin therapy for all critically ill patients.

結論 • Our findings do not support the guidelines of organizations such as the American Diabetes Association, … and other organizations, … who recommend intensive insulin therapy for all critically ill patients.

結論 • We suggest that policy-makers reconsider recommendations promoting the use of intensive insulin therapy in all critically ill patients.

結論 • We suggest that policy-makers reconsider recommendations promoting the use of intensive insulin therapy in all critically ill patients.

Miller et al. (2005) • High-dosage vitamin supplementation is often assumed to be at worst innocuous. In view of the increased mortality associated with high dosages of β-carotene and now vitamin E, use of any high-dosage vitamin supplements should be discouraged until evidence of eﬃcacy is documented from appropriately designed clinical trials.

Reid et al. (2005) • In this review, we did not find any important diﬀerences between oxycodone and morphine. Oxycodone is almost 4 times more expensive than morphine in England, and there is less general experience of its use. Thus, there is no reason to challenge the recommendation to use morphine as a first-line agent for cancer pain.

The Cochrane Collaboration is an international network of more than 31,000 dedicated people from over 120 countries. We work together to help healthcare practitioners, policy-makers, patients, their advocates and carers, make well-informed decisions about health care, by preparing, updating, and promoting the accessibility of Cochrane Reviews—over 5,000 so far, published online in the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, part of The Cochrane Library. We also prepare the largest collection of records of randomised controlled trials in the world, called CENTRAL, published as part of The Cochrane Library. Our work is internationally recognised as the benchmark for high quality information about the eﬀectiveness of health care.

(d = -0.01). This re-calculation shows target language is a potential and possibly important moderating variable. This example shows that the potential effect of moderators may be critical in exploring the treatment effectiveness through meta-analysis.

(c) 焦点を当てている機能的側面 • 観念構成的: • A man caught the tiger an hour ago. • The tiger was caught an hour ago. • 対人関係的: • You didn’t pay the bill last month. • The bill wasn’t paid last month. • テクスト形成的: • Two men have broken into the museum, and have been arrested.