3 Summary In March 2006 we produced a report setting out projections for potential growth in GDP in 17 leading economies over the period to These projections were updated in March 2008 and we are now revisiting them again in the aftermath of the global financial crisis, extended now to cover all G20 economies. Our key conclusion is that the global financial crisis has further accelerated the shift in global economic power to the emerging economies. Measured by GDP in purchasing power parity (PPP) terms, which adjusts for price level differences across countries, the largest E7 emerging economies seem likely to be bigger than the current G7 economies by 2020, and China seems likely to have overtaken the US by that date. India could also overtake the US by 2050 on this PPP basis. If instead we look at GDP at market exchange rates (MERs), which does not correct for price differences across economies but may be more relevant for practical business purposes, then the overtaking process is slower but equally inexorable. The Chinese economy would still be likely to be larger than that of the US before 2035 and the E7 would overtake the G7 before India would be clearly the third largest economy in the world by 2050, well ahead of Japan and not too far behind the US on this MER basis. In many ways this renewed dominance of China and India, with their much larger populations, is a return to the historical norm prior to the Industrial Revolution of the late 18 th and 19 th centuries that caused a shift in global economic power to Western Europe and the US this temporary shift in power is now going into reverse. This changing world order poses both challenges and opportunities for businesses in the current advanced economies. On the one hand, competition from emerging market multinationals will increase steadily over time and the latter will move up the value chain in manufacturing and some services (including financial services given the weakness of the Western banking system after the crisis). At the same time, rapid growth in consumer markets in the major emerging economies associated with a fast growing middle class will provide great new opportunities for Western companies that can establish themselves in these markets. These will be highly competitive, so this is not an easy option it requires long term investment but without it Western companies will increasingly be playing in the slow lane of history if they continue to focus on markets in North America and Western Europe. This applies not least to the UK, which currently sells only around 7% of its exports to the BRICs (even including Hong Kong as part of China), about the same as it exports to Ireland at present. If the UK is to achieve trend growth of more than about 2% in the long run, then it needs to find a way to break into these fast-growing emerging markets on a much larger scale than achieved so far. PwC Page 3 of 25

4 1. Introduction In March 2006 we produced a report setting out projections for potential growth in GDP in 17 leading economies over the period to These projections were updated in March 2008 and we are now revisiting them again in the aftermath of the global financial crisis. In this paper, we update the GDP forecasts for the G20 economies plus Nigeria and Vietnam. These include the current G7 (US, Japan, Germany, UK, France, Italy and Canada), plus Spain, Australia and South Korea among the current advanced economies. It also includes the seven largest emerging market economies, which we refer to collectively as the E7 (China, India, Brazil, Russia, Indonesia, Mexico and Turkey), as well as South Africa, Argentina, Saudi Arabia, Nigeria and Vietnam. Our analysis suggests that this group of countries should include the 20 largest economies in the world looking ahead to the middle of this century, although of course there are always considerable uncertainties about any such long-term projections that need to be borne in mind. The rest of the paper is structured as follows: Section 2 outlines our methodological approach. Section 3 summarises our findings on the relative size of different economies, now and in 2050, in terms of two alternative measures of GDP at market exchange rates (MERs) and at purchasing power parities (PPPs). Section 4 sets out our results for relative growth rates of the economies over the period to Section 5 compares the relative levels of GDP per capita in PPP terms of the G7 and E7 economies. Section 6 concludes and highlights some key implications for business. PwC Page 4 of 25

5 2.Approach We began by collecting data on GDP at purchasing power parities (PPPs 1 ) and at market exchange rates (MERs) for 2009 from the World Bank. We included all of the current G20 economies, plus Vietnam and Nigeria. The latter two countries are currently outside the top 20 economies ranked by GDP, but have strong long-term growth potential that makes them worth including in such an analysis. We use World Bank data up to 2009 and our own short term projections for real GDP growth between 2009 and 2014 and estimated long-term trend growth from 2015 to These longer term trend growth estimates are based on the same model as used in our 2006 and 2008 World in 2050 reports and described in more detail there, but with updated data 3. The essence of the model is that long-term trend growth is driven by the following key factors: Growth in the labour force of working age (based on the latest UN population projections). Increases in human capital, proxied here by average education levels across the adult population. Growth in the physical capital stock, which is driven by capital investment net of depreciation. Total factor productivity growth, which is driven by technological progress and catching up by lower income countries with richer ones by making use of their technologies and processes. The emerging economies have stronger potential growth than the established OECD economies on most of these measures, although it should be stressed that this assumes they continue to follow broadly growthfriendly policies. In this sense, the projections are of potential future GDP if such policies are followed, rather than predictions of what will actually happen, bearing in mind that some countries may not be able to sustain such policies in practice. There are, of course, also many other uncertainties surrounding these long-term growth projections, so more attention should be paid to the broad trends indicated rather than the precise numbers quoted in the rest of this report. The broad conclusions reached on the shift in global economic power from the G7 to the E7 emerging economies should, however, be robust to these uncertainties, provided that there are no catastrophic shocks that derail the overall global economic development process. 1 We use the latest published World Bank estimates of GDP at PPPs for 2009 as the starting point for this analysis. 2 In a few cases where short term PwC GDP projections were unavailable, we used short term forecasts from the IMF or consensus forecasts. In a few cases where these short term growth rate projections were significantly different to the long term trend growth rate projections from our model, an adjustment was made to allow a smoother transition from the short term to long term rates during the period. 3 The World in 2050 series of past reports are available to download from our global website at: In technical terms, we estimate and project forward for each country potential GDP based on a Cobb-Douglas production function augmented to include human capital. This is a standard type of economic model that is widely used in long-term growth studies of this kind. PwC Page 5 of 25

6 PPPs vs. market exchange rates GDP at PPPs is a better indicator of average living standards or volumes of outputs or inputs, because it corrects for price differences across countries at different levels of development. In general, price levels are significantly lower in emerging economies so looking at GDP at PPPs narrows the income gap with the advanced economies compared to using market exchange rates. However, GDP at MERs is a better measure of the relative size of the economies from a business perspective, at least in the short term. For long run business planning or investment appraisal purposes, it is crucial to factor in the likely rise in real market exchange rates in emerging economies towards their PPP rates. This could occur either through relatively higher domestic price inflation in these emerging economies, or through nominal exchange rate appreciation, or (most likely) some combination of both of these effects. When estimating GDP at market exchange rates in 2050, a similar methodology is therefore adopted as in the original World in 2050 report where market exchange rates are converging to PPP rates with different converging factors depending on the type of economy. This leads to projections of significant rises in real market exchange rates for the major emerging market economies due to their higher productivity growth rates, although these projected MERs still fall some way below PPP levels in 2050 for the least developed emerging markets. For the OECD economies, we assume that real exchange rates converge very gradually to their PPP rates at a steady pace over the period from 2009 to This is consistent with academic research showing that purchasing power parity does hold in the long run, at least approximately, but not in the short run. PwC Page 6 of 25

7 3.Relative size of economies In our base case projections, the E7 economies will by 2050 be around 64% larger than the current G7 when measured in dollar terms at market exchange rates (MER), or around twice as large in PPP terms. This is a significantly larger gap than in our original 2006 report owing to the stronger growth of the E7 economies relative to the G7 through the period of the financial crisis, which to some extent has caused us to revise up also our longer term estimates of trend growth in the E7 relative to the G7. In contrast, the E7 is currently only around 36% of the size of the G7 at market exchange rates and around 72% of its size in PPP terms (see Figure 1 below). Below we start by reviewing the results for GDP at PPPs and then go on to consider results for GDP at MERs. The final part of this section compares the PPP and MER results in more detail and looks at how the dates at which individual E7 economies overtake particular G7 economies occur much later when comparing GDP in terms of MERs rather than PPPs. PwC Page 7 of 25

8 GDP at PPPs projections Looking at Figure 2, we can note that: There has been rapid convergence between the E7 and the G7 in recent years, accelerated by the global financial crisis. In 2007, total G7 GDP at PPPs was still around 60% larger than total E7 GDP. By 2010, we estimate the gap had shrunk to only around 35%. The catch-up process is set to continue over the next decade: by 2020 total E7 GDP at PPPs could already be higher than total G7 GDP, although any difference would still be within the margin of error of such projections. In the following decade from 2020 to 2030, however, the process of overtaking is likely to be reinforced, with total E7 GDP projected to be around 44% higher by 2030 than total G7 GDP in PPP terms. The gap would widen further beyond that, with the E7 almost twice as large as the G7 by 2050 in PPP terms. The key drivers of the E7 s growth are China and India, although the former s growth will slow down progressively due to its significantly lower labour force growth arising from its one child policy. India s growth will remain fairly strong even in the last decade of our projections. Despite China s slowdown in growth, it is expected to overtake the US as the world s largest economy (measured by GDP at PPPs) sometime before PwC Page 8 of 25

10 South Africa and Australia are projected to exit the top 20 PPP rankings by 2050, while Nigeria and Vietnam are expected to enter the top 20 rankings at 13 th and 14 th respectively by 2050 (assuming they can continue to follow broadly growth-friendly policies whether they will fully realise their long-term economic potential remains to be seen). The UK, as would be expected given it is a relatively mature advanced economy, is projected to fall in the GDP rankings, but should just about remain in the top ten in The UK, in common with other large European economies, is projected to see its share of world GDP fall gradually over the next 40 years. Figure 3 above shows the gradual fall of the UK s share of world GDP at PPPs over the period. A similar trend is observed in the UK s share of world GDP at MERs with the gap between the two lines slowly closing (as one would expect due to the market exchange rates converging slowly to the PPP rates). We discuss projections for GDP at MERs for all countries further below. The UK might do somewhat better than our projections suggest if it can fully seize the opportunities provided by the fast-growing emerging markets. The UK currently heavily relies on exporting to the US and the EU, while a small share of exports are going towards the BRICs (only around 7% 4 in 2009 even including Hong Kong as part of China this was about the same as the share of UK exports going to Ireland in 2009). If increased trade and investment between the UK and the E7 economies can be achieved, the UK economy and consumers can benefit from the high growth of the emerging economies and might do somewhat better than our projections suggest, although the UK will still not be able to grow as quickly as the emerging economies themselves. 4 The corresponding share of German exports going to the BRICs was around 10% in 2009, with relatively rapid growth in manufacturing exports to China and Russia in particular in recent years. PwC Page 10 of 25

11 GDP at MERs projections The figure above illustrates: In 2009, total E7 GDP at MERs was still only around 35% of total G7 GDP at MERs. The catch-up process, accelerated by the financial crisis, will pick up over the next decade: by the end of 2020, we estimate that total E7 GDP at MERs will rise to around 70% of total G7 GDP at MERs, which would be approximately double the ratio in In the following decade from 2020 to 2030, the process of catching-up is likely to be nearly completed, with total E7 GDP at MERs projected to be around 97% of total G7 GDP in By the end of 2032 total E7 GDP at MERs could already be slightly higher than total G7 GDP at MERs, although any difference would be well within the margin of error of such projections. By 2050, we estimate the E7 GDP at MER to be approximately 64% larger than G7 GDP at MERs. As market exchange rates are assumed to converge towards PPPs in the long run, so the differences in our two sets of projections shrink significantly by 2050 compared to the current situation. PwC Page 11 of 25

12 China s rate of gain on the US is projected to slow down progressively after 2020 because of its rapidly ageing population (which has been accentuated by its one child policy for the past 30 years). Although the exact date of overtaking is open to considerable uncertainty, it seems highly likely that China will emerge as the largest economy at MERs by 2040, ending over a century of US economic primacy. This is subject to our assumptions on the degree of convergence of China s market exchange rate with the PPP exchange rate, which are plausible but nonetheless subject to significant uncertainty. In the course of this process, China will remain an export powerhouse, but as real wages increase so its domestic market will become increasingly important for both Chinese and foreign companies. Chinese exporters will also move steadily up-market, competing increasingly on quality rather than price. PwC Page 12 of 25

14 Table 2 above summarises our GDP projections to 2050 measured at MERs. The most notable ranking changes are China moving into the top position above the US by 2050 and India rising to third position by that date just below the US. The next notable change in the rankings is Brazil and Russia rising above Germany. Mexico is projected to break into the top 10 rankings in seventh position as it narrowly edges out Germany, but this is subject to some uncertainty. Indonesia could potentially rise significantly in the ranks to tenth place, narrowly edging out France but this is also subject to considerable uncertainty. The UK, as expected, is projected to fall in the rankings but will just about remain in the top ten in 2050 based on these projections. Another notable change is that, by 2050, Nigeria and Vietnam could have the potential to rise into the top 20, being ranked 14 th and 18 th respectively according to our model estimates. However, this depends on them continuing to follow growth-friendly policies, which will represent a significant challenge, particularly for Nigeria, which needs to diversify its economy away from its current dependence on oil in the long run if it is to realise its potential, as well as addressing governance issues. Australia, Italy, Canada and Spain are projected to see significant falls in their GDP rankings as the emerging economies continue to grow much faster than them in the next few decades. Argentina and South Africa would drop out of the top 20 GDP rankings based on our projections, since their potential growth rates are not as fast as those of other emerging economies. The Indian growth tiger The most significant increases in share of world GDP at MERs are projected to be achieved by India, which deserves special mention here. In 2009, India s share of world GDP at MERs was just 2%. By 2050, this share could grow to around 13% according to our analysis. Figure 6 below illustrates India s rapid long-term rise in GDP at MERs relative to the US. India has the potential to be the fastest growing large economy in the world over the period to 2050, with a GDP at the end of this period of close to 83% of that of the US at MERs, or 14% larger than the US in PPP terms. PwC Page 14 of 25

15 India s trend growth is expected to overtake China s trend growth at some point during the coming decade due to India having a significantly younger and faster growing working age population than China and due to it having more potential for growth as it is starting from a lower level of economic development than China and so has more catch-up potential. However, India will only fully realise this great potential if it continues to pursue the growth-friendly economic policies of the last two decades. Looking ahead, particular priorities will be maintaining a prudent fiscal policy stance, further extending its openness to foreign trade and investment, significantly increased investment in transport and energy infrastructure, and improved educational standards, particularly for women and those in rural areas of India. In the course of this process, the drivers of growth are likely to change. India is likely to become less dependent on outsourcing and more on manufacturing exports, building on its strong engineering skills and rising levels of education in the general population over the next decade. Consumer markets in major Indian cities will also become increasingly attractive to international companies as the size of the middle class there grows rapidly over time. India s rapid growth will see it overtaking current G7 economies on a regular basis over the next 40 years, as summarised in Table 3 below. This also shows other key over-taking dates for the E7 relative to the G7. As you would expect, overtaking dates come much later when using GDP at MERs as the measure rather than GDP at PPPs, a distinction that is sometimes lost in media coverage of this issue. For example, China might overtake the US as early as 2018 based on GDP at PPPs, but would have to wait until around 2032 to become the biggest economy based on GDP at market exchange rates. PwC Page 15 of 25

17 Of course, these overtaking date projections are subject to increasing degrees of uncertainty as you move out in time, but the change in rankings should occur in approximately the same order even if the precise dates differ from those shown in Table 3. The pattern projected is similar in both rankings: over the next 40 years, the E7 economies will continue to rise above the G7 economies. Comparing the PPP and MER ranking changes, there is obviously a delay in the date at which some E7 countries overtake specific G7 countries on a MER basis. For example, India is projected to overtake Japan in 2011 in the PPP rankings but only in 2028 in the MER rankings. This is due to the large difference in India s GDP at PPPs and GDP at MERs, which closes only gradually over the period (and remains to some degree even in 2050). Similarly, Brazil is projected to overtake the UK in around 2023 based on GDP at MERs, about 10 years after it overtakes the UK in the GDP at PPP rankings. PwC Page 17 of 25

18 Dominance of Big 3 economies A key outcome of the future prevalence of the E7 will be the sheer size of the top 3 economies (China, the US and India), which will account for approximately 50% of the world GDP at MERs compared to the current figure of around 40%. The EU economy might be of broadly comparable scale to these Big 3 economies in 2050, but only if it acts as a single entity, which will always be challenging for a union of 27 member states. Individual EU member states will inevitably be much smaller than any of the Big 3 by Table 4 below illustrates the current and projected sizes of all economies considered in this study relative to the US at both MERs and PPPs in 2009 and The US is currently by far the largest economy when measured by GDP at both PPPs and MERs. It also shows the relative size of the other economies as compared to the US. China, India and Russia can be seen from this to have particularly large disparities between GDP measured at PPPs and MERs the gap is somewhat smaller for Brazil. Table 4: Current and projected relative size of economies in 2009 and 2050 to the US (US = 100) Country (indices with US = 100) Relative size of GDP at MERs to the US Relative size of GDP at PPPs to the US US Japan China Germany France UK Italy Brazil Spain Canada India Russia Australia Mexico South Korea Turkey Indonesia Saudi Arabia Argentina South Africa Nigeria Vietnam Source: World Bank estimates for 2009, PwC model estimates for 2050 PwC Page 18 of 25

19 China, despite its projected market growth slowdown, is expected to be around 35% larger than the US at MERs by 2050 or around 57% larger in PPP terms. As mentioned earlier, India has the potential to be the fastest growing large economy in the world over the period to 2050, when its GDP could potentially be around 83% of that of the US at MERs and somewhat larger than that of the US in PPP terms. In many ways this renewed dominance of China and India, with their much larger populations, is a return to the historical norm 5 prior to the Industrial Revolution of the late 18 th and 19 th centuries that caused a shift in global economic power to Western Europe and the US this temporary shift in power is now going into reverse. These base case projections also suggest that: Brazil s economy would be of similar size or even larger than Japan by 2050 in both MER and PPPs terms but only 20-25% of the size of the US economy Mexico would also grow relatively rapidly, being larger than both Germany and the UK in both MER and PPPs terms by Indonesia would grow rapidly and become nearly the same size as the UK and France at MER and larger in PPP terms. Russia would grow significantly more slowly due to its declining working age population, but would still become larger than Germany and the UK in both MER and PPPs terms. Of course, as noted above, there are many uncertainties surrounding the precise numbers shown in Table 4, but the broad trends identified should be relatively robust to variations in particular countries. Our focus in this section has been on the relative size of economies. In the next section we focus instead on relative projected growth rates. 5 As documented, for example, in A. Maddison, The World Economy, Volume 1: A Millennial Perspective, OECD (2006). In 1000 AD, for example, Maddison estimated China and India s combined share of world GDP at PPPs at around 52% and this was still around 49% in But by 1973 the combined world GDP share of these two Asian giants had fallen to a low of only around 8% as the US, Western Europe and Japan moved ahead in the economic development process. PwC Page 19 of 25

21 Table 5 above summarises our estimates of average annual real GDP growth in in US $ terms (i.e. including the effect of real exchange rate changes relative to the dollar) and in domestic currency and PPP terms 6. It also shows the different components of this growth rate. The first point to note is that, as mentioned earlier, India has the potential to have the highest growth rate among the largest E7 emerging economies. While it has a very high projected annual growth rate, Vietnam s GDP at PPPs will only be 10% of the US even by 2050 and hence it cannot be classed as a large economy comparable with China or India. Nigeria s high growth rate is also subject to a considerable degree of uncertainty due to its need to address issues relating to current over-dependence on oil and various institutional and governance issues that have held back its growth potential in some past periods. Russia s growth is expected to be the slowest of the E7 due in particular to its sharply declining working age population. Of the G7 economies, the US has the highest projected average annual growth rate of 2.4% followed by the UK at 2.3%. Japan is expected to have the slowest growth rate at 1% per annum. Australia has a relatively strong growth rate for an advanced economy due to its strength in natural resources and relative proximity to the Chinese market in particular. Figure 7 above breaks down the projected average annual GDP growth rate into three components contributing either positively or negatively: 1. Growth in GDP due to population growth. 2. Real growth in GDP per capita (in domestic currency terms or PPPs). 3. Growth in GDP in dollar terms due to effects of changes in market exchange rates. The most important feature to note is that China s growth is less than India s primarily due to slower population growth associated with its one child policy and a rapidly ageing population. Furthermore, average productivity 6 Note that, by assumption in our model, real GDP growth is the same in domestic currency and PPP terms. PwC Page 21 of 25

22 and education levels across the population are currently lower in India than in China, giving it a greater scope to catch up in the long run, provided that India can maintain the right kind of institutional policy framework to support economic growth. As is the case for India, Vietnam s and Nigeria s relatively high potential growth rates stem from average productivity and education levels across the population being lower than in China and most other emerging economies. In addition, Nigeria has the largest expected contribution from population growth over the next 40 years, which will significantly increase its working age population contributing to GDP growth. However, both countries are currently relatively small compared to the BRICs. China s growth to date has been driven by very high savings and capital investment rates, but experience with Japan and other Asian tigers suggests that such investment-driven growth eventually runs into diminishing returns once income levels approach OECD levels. As China ages, it is also likely that its savings rate will drop as assets are cashed in to pay for the retirement of its ageing population (although we still assume that Chinese savings and investment rates remain somewhat above OECD average levels in the long run in our base case projections). Other emerging economies with relatively young, fast-growing populations include Indonesia, Turkey, Brazil and Mexico. The key to them achieving the growth potential indicated by our model will be establishing and maintaining a macroeconomic, legal and public policy environment conducive to trade, investment, increased education levels and hence economic growth. This is by no means guaranteed in any of these economies, but progress over the past 5 years has generally been positive in all of these countries, which gives some grounds for optimism. South Korea and Russia are in a different category, with relatively strong expected growth in GDP per capita (particularly in Russia), but declining populations that hold back overall GDP growth As you would expect, growth rates of the G7 economies are generally projected to be slower, with most of the variation reflecting differences in population growth in our model. In this respect, Australia, Canada and the US are projected to continue to grow at around % per annum, while countries with shrinking populations such as Germany, Italy and Japan see total GDP growth of only around % in domestic currency or PPP terms. In GDP per capita terms, however, our model suggests much less marked variations in growth rates between the G7 economies with a % per annum range. PwC Page 22 of 25

23 5.Comparison of GDP per capita levels It is also interesting to look at income per capita levels based on GDP in PPP terms as an indicator of relative living standards in different economies. As shown in Figure 8 and Table 6, the E7 economies will still remain some way behind the G7 economies on this basis even in But they will catch up gradually over time, with Chinese average income levels being just under half those in the US by 2050 and Indian average income levels being around a quarter of those in the US at that time. Table 6: Relative GDP per capita levels in PPP terms (US = 100) US Japan Germany UK France Italy Canada China India Brazil Russia Indonesia Mexico Turkey Source: World Bank, PwC model estimates for 2050 PwC Page 23 of 25

24 6.Conclusions and implications for business The first important point to note from our analysis is that there is no single right way to measure the relative size of emerging economies such as China and India as compared to the G7 economies. Depending on the purpose of the exercise, GDP at either market exchange rates (MERs) or purchasing power parities (PPPs) may be the most appropriate measure. In general, GDP at PPPs is a better indicator of average living standards or volumes of outputs or inputs, while GDP at MERs is a better measure of the current value of markets from a shorter term business perspective. In the long run, however, it is important that business planners take into account the likely rise in real market exchange rates in emerging economies towards their PPP rates, although our modelling suggests that, for countries such as China and India, this exchange rate adjustment may still not be fully complete even by Secondly, in our base case projections, the E7 economies will by 2050 be around 64% larger than the current G7 when measured in dollar terms at projected MERs, or around twice as large in PPP terms. In contrast, total E7 GDP is currently only around 36% of the size of total G7 GDP at market exchange rates and around 72% of its size in PPP terms. Thirdly, there are likely to be notable shifts in relative growth rates within the E7, driven by demographic trends. In particular, both China and Russia are expected to experience significant declines in their working age populations over the next 40 years. In contrast, countries like India, Indonesia, Brazil, Turkey and Mexico (being relatively younger) should on average show higher positive growth over the next 40 years. However, they too will have begun to see the effects of ageing by the middle of the century. Fourth, India has the potential to be the fastest growing large economy in the world over the period to 2050, with a projected GDP at the end of this period close to 83% of that of the US at MER, or 14% larger than the US in PPP terms. China, despite its projected marked growth slowdown, is projected to be around 35% larger than the US at MERs by 2050, or around 57% larger in PPP terms. China could overtake the US as the world s largest economy as early as 2018 based on GDP at PPPs, or around 2032 based on GDP at MERs. Fifth, while the G7 economies will almost inevitably see their relative GDP shares decline (although their average per capita incomes will remain well above those in emerging markets), the rise of the E7 economies should boost average G7 income levels in absolute terms through creating major new market opportunities. This larger global market should allow businesses in G7 economies to specialise more closely in their areas of comparative advantage, both at home and overseas, while G7 consumers continue to benefit from low cost imports from the E7 and other emerging economies. Sixth, trade between the E7 and the G7 should therefore be seen as a mutually beneficial process for economies and businesses: a win-win proposition, not a zero sum competitive game. This is certainly true for UK businesses, which should see this as an opportunity to rely less on trading with the US and the EU and more with the emerging economies. At the same time, there will clearly be new competitive challenges from rising multinationals based in the E7 economies, so those UK or European companies that continue to rely only on their domestic markets could see their market share progressively eroded by emerging economy rivals. Finally, there will also be challenges arising from the rapid rise of China, India and other emerging economies in terms of pressure on natural resources such as energy and water, as well as implications for climate change. Commodity prices will tend to remain high, so boosting exporters of these products (e.g. Brazil, Russia, Indonesia, the Middle East) and increasing input costs for natural resource importers. PwC Page 24 of 25

25 About the authors This paper was written by John Hawksworth and Anmol Tiwari of the PwC economics practice in London. The report will be available from our website in soft copy only. Queries on the technical content of the report should be sent by to Economics The PwC economics practice offers a wide range of advisory services covering competition and regulation issues, litigation support, bids and business cases, public policy and project appraisals, financial economics, the economics of sustainability and macroeconomics. We cover all industry sectors but with particular specialisms in energy and utilities, media, technology and telecommunications, transport, health and the public sector. For more details of these services, please visit our website (www.pwc.co.uk/economics) or contact: David Lancefield +44 (0) Tim Ogier +44 (0) Yael Selfin +44 (0) PwC firms provide industry-focused assurance, tax and advisory services to enhance value for their clients. More than 160,000 people in 154 countries across the PwC network share their thinking, experience and solutions to develop fresh perspectives and practical advice. This publication has been prepared for general guidance on matters of interest only, and does not constitute professional advice. You should not act upon the information contained in this publication without obtaining specific professional advice. No representation or warranty (express or implied) is given as to the accuracy or completeness of the information contained in this publication, and, to the extent permitted by law, PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP, its members, employees and agents do not accept or assume any liability, responsibility or duty of care for any consequences of you or anyone else acting, or refraining to act, in reliance on the information contained in this publication or for any decision based on it PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP. All rights reserved. PwC or 'PricewaterhouseCoopers' refers to PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP (a limited liability partnership in the United Kingdom) or, as the context requires, the PricewaterhouseCoopers global network or other member firms of the network, each of which is a separate and independent legal entity.

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