Making One Out of Many

How To Use This Discussion Guide

Materials Included | Begin by reading Willa Cather’s “The Namesake” on our site or in your copy of What So Proudly We Hail.

Materials for this guide include background information about the author and discussion questions to enhance your understanding and stimulate conversation about the story. In addition, the guide includes a series of short video discussions about the story, conducted by William Schambra (Hudson Institute) with the editors of the anthology. These seminars help capture the experience of high-level discourse as participants interact and elicit meaning from a classic American text. These videos are meant to raise additional questions and augment discussion, not replace it.

Learning Objectives | Students will be able to:

Reflect on the subject of American identity through the reading and discussion of Willa Cather’s “The Namesake,” with special attention to the meaning of the national flag as a symbol of the nation;

Read closely to determine what the text says explicitly and to make logical inferences from it;

Cite specific textual evidence when writing or speaking to support conclusions drawn from the text;

Determine central ideas or themes of a text and analyze their development

Summarize the key supporting details and ideas;

Analyze how and why individuals, events, and ideas develop and interact over the course of a text; and

Interpret words and phrases as they are used in a text, including determining technical, connotative, and figurative meanings, and analyze how specific word choices shape meaning or tone.

Common Core State Standards Addressed | Literacy in History/Social Studies:

Writing Prompts | Based on Common Core Standards in English Language Arts and Literacy in History/Social Studies:

America is said, rightly, to be a nation founded not on ties of blood and soil, but on ideas and ideals. What then is the role of ties to land and ancestors for American identity? In the past? Today? After reading “The Namesake,” write an essay that addresses the question and support your position with evidence from the text. Be sure to acknowledge competing views. Give examples from past or current events or issues to illustrate and clarify your position. (Argumentation/Analysis; Task 2)

Compare the sculpture (and the portrait) of “The Color Sergeant” with the story of the actual life and death of its subject, as Hartwell comes to know it. Which is more truthful? Who does a better job in conveying the truth about “The Namesake”: Hartwell or Cather? After reading “The Namesake,” write an essay that compares the sculpture and the painting, and argues for one over the other in its ability to convey the truth about “The Namesake.” Be sure to support your position with evidence from the text. (Argumentation/Comparison; Task 4)

What is the role of art (Hartwell’s statues) and stories (Cather’s “The Namesake”) in creating and sustaining American identity? In making one out of many? How do art and stories speak to us in ways that other media do not? After reading “The Namesake,” write an essay that discusses art and stories and evaluates their role in creating and sustaining national identity. Be sure to support your position with evidence from the text. (Argumentation/Evaluation; Task 6)

About the Author

Willa Sibert Cather (1873–1947), one of America’s most beloved authors, is best known for her novels depicting the lives of people who settled the American heartland and the Southwest: O Pioneers!, My Ántonia, A Lost Lady, and Death Comes for the Archbishop. Her life, like her writing, crisscrossed much of the United States. Born in Virginia, Cather grew up in Nebraska and graduated from the University of Nebraska. She then worked as a journalist and as a teacher in Pittsburgh, before moving to New York in 1906 where she lived the rest of her life, but making long visits back to the Midwest, to the Southwest, and to California.

Scholars have suggested that “The Namesake” (written in 1907) has autobiographical significance: Cather’s maternal uncle, William Seibert Boak, died in the Civil War (fighting for the Confederacy), and Cather gave herself a slightly modified version of his middle name. But in the story itself, the earlier death of a (Union) Civil War hero becomes the centerpiece of a moving exploration of American national identity and of the vocation of the artist in relation to his country. Like her protagonist, Lyon Hartwell, Cather visited Paris and fell in love with it. She also greatly admired Henry James, who wrote extensively about America while living as an expatriate abroad. But unlike both Hartwell and James, Cather always made America her home.

Summary

The story is set in Paris at the turn of the 20th century. Seven young American students, aspiring artists all, gather in the apartment-studio of the great sculptor Lyon Hartwell on a night when one of them, Charles Bentley, is departing for home. On display in the apartment, ready for casting, is Hartwell’s latest statue, “The Color Sergeant,” a work that draws the admiration—and envy—of the students. Challenged by Bentley to explain where he gets “the heat to make an idea like that carry,” Hartwell tells his young admirers the story of his own American “homecoming.”

Born in Italy to a self-exiled (and ultimately unsuccessful) American artist, Hartwell was orphaned by age 14. Still, he remained in Rome, studying sculpture, attempting to fulfill his father’s artistic ambitions for him, later moving to Paris to continue his artistic career. Ten years later, on the cusp of some success, he was, he says, “almost for the first time . . . confronted by a duty which was not my pleasure”: his grandfather died, leaving his father’s ailing maiden sister alone (5).

Intending to bring his aunt back to Paris, Hartwell journeyed to his father’s and grandfather’s birthplace—and to America—for the first time. Quickly realizing that it would be cruel to uproot his aunt, he remained in America two years, waiting for her illness to run its course. There he languished, feeling utterly estranged from the old family home and from the bustling industrial world encroaching upon it. One thing only drew him near: the portrait of his “boy uncle,” his father’s half-brother and his namesake. The uncle’s face reminds him of his father, but of his “father transformed and glorified; his hesitant discontent drowned in a kind of triumph” (7). Determined to learn what his boy uncle, dead at the age of 16, had found to make him look as he did, he tracks down the story of how he enlisted in the Civil War at age 15, became color sergeant of his regiment, and fell in a charge the next year, both his arms dismembered but covered by the Federal flag he had been carrying. He found no further clues about his uncle until the next Memorial Day, when his aunt, who seemed to live for this day, insisted that he retrieve the big flag from the attic and run it up the flagstaff, located in the garden beside the locust tree Uncle Lyon had planted long ago.

In the attic, Hartwell found a trunk with his “own” name on it. Later that night, he returned to the attic, opened the trunk, and found many of his uncle’s things. Among them was his uncle’s copy of Virgil’s Aeneid (a Latin epic poem that tells the legendary story of Aeneas, a Trojan who left the ruins of Troy and traveled to Italy, where he became the founder of Rome), inside of which his namesake had drawn the Federal flag (initialed and dated 1862, the year before his enlistment), and above which he had written the first two lines of Francis Scott Key’s poem,“The Star Spangled Banner.” “I seemed . . . at last to have known him,” he says, “in that careless, unconscious moment. . . as he was then” (10). Hartwell spends the rest of the dark and ominous night of Memorial Day sitting next to the locust tree, the flag, barely visible, continuing to flap overhead. There he experienced, he says, “the feeling that artists know when we, rarely, achieve truth in our work; the feeling of union with some great force, of purpose and security, of being glad that we have lived.” Sitting there until the dawn’s early light, he felt, for the first time “the pull of race and blood and kindred, and felt beating within me things that had not begun with me” (11). He concludes with an image of his rebirth as an American, rooted in the American soil.

Hartwell finishes his personal story. His young admirers sit in silence. Bentley’s cab arrives to start him on his voyage home to America.

Section Overview

The story raises many interesting questions about its main character, and especially about his identity as an American and as an artist.

A. Hartwell in Paris

How do Lyon Hartwell’s young American admirers describe him, and why?

The young artists are identified as coming from particular parts of the United States; Hartwell is identified as being rather “from America . . . ocean to ocean” (1). What does that suggest about Hartwell?

Why does the usually quiet sculptor choose this occasion to tell his story? (Look on page 3 for clues.)

What is his answer to Bentley’s claim that it is only because Hartwell is not an American that he can look so clearly and movingly at American subjects (3)?

Video Excerpt 1

WATCH: Describe Lyon Hartwell. Hoes does he appear to his young American admirers, and why?

B. Hartwell’s Journey to America

Why is Lyon Hartwell so moved by the portrait of his namesake (4)?

Why is Hartwell so interested in learning the story of his namesake’s life and death (5)?

What is the significance of his discoveries inside his uncle’s marked-up copy of Virgil’s Aeneid (10)? What does he learn about his namesake? Is Virgil’s Aeneid itself of any significance in what he learns?

What happens to Hartwell on the night of Memorial Day? What does he learn about himself (10-11)?

What does Hartwell mean when he says that the experience of that night gave him “the same feeling that artists know when we, rarely, achieve truth in our work; the feeling of union with some great force, of purpose and security, of being glad that we have lived” (11)?

What does Hartwell mean when he says, “I felt the pull of race and blood and kindred, and felt beating within me things that had not begun with me” (11)?

What does Hartwell mean when he says, “[I]t was as if the earth under my feet had grasped and rooted me, and were pouring its essence into me” (11)?

What is the role of the flag in his process of self-discovery? Does the flag, as a symbol, add to your self-understanding as an American?

Video Excerpt 2

WATCH: Why is Lyon Hartwell so attracted by the portrait of his namesake?

Video Excerpt 3

WATCH: What happens to Hartwell on the night of Memorial Day? What does he learn about himself?

C. Hartwell’s American Identity

How does his experience on that special Memorial Day affect Hartwell afterward—in his life and in his art?

In his essay on “True Americanism,” Theodore Roosevelt says that an American who chooses to live abroad never really becomes a European: “He only ceases being an American, and becomes nothing.” Is this true of Hartwell? Why or why not? Have you ever lived abroad? Do you agree with Roosevelt’s sentiment? Why or why not?

Why does Hartwell return to live and work in Paris after his moment of self-discovery with his American roots? Is it true, as some suggest, that he chooses art and fame over life and country?

How American really is Hartwell?

Video Excerpt 4

WATCH: Why does Lyon Hartwell return to live and work in Paris?

D. Hartwell as Artist

Why does Hartwell sculpt the subjects he sculpts (3)?

What picture of America—and presented in what manner and spirit—does Hartwell offer in his statues (3)?

Compare the sculpture (and the portrait) of “The Color Sergeant” with the story of the actual life and death of its subject, as Hartwell comes to know it. Which is more truthful? Who does a better job in conveying the truth about “The Namesake”: Hartwell or Cather?

What is responsible for Hartwell’s artistic success (in contrast with his father)? What is the answer to the question Bentley poses near the beginning of the story: “Where in the world does he get the heat to make an idea like that carry” (3)?

Compare Hartwell as artist to Virgil as poet and Cather as writer: Do they make their subjects, or do their subjects make them? What is the relationship between the artist and his subject? Does the first line of Virgil’s Aeneid—“Of arms and the man I sing”—shed any light on this?

Video Excerpt 5

WATCH: What picture of America does Hartwell offer in his statues?

E. The Title

What is the meaning of the title? Who or what is a “namesake”? What is implied in carrying another person’s name? In living “for the sake of the name”?

When Hartwell memorializes his namesake in “The Color Sergeant,” does he do honor to the name, even though he does not name him in the sculpture’s title? Assuming that sculptor Hartwell’s own name appears on the statue, is he gaining a name for himself by exploiting that of his uncle?

Is it perhaps Cather, rather than Hartwell, who makes clear that both “namesakes” are needed if each one is to receive the honor (the name) that he deserves?

Section Overview

The plot of the story, as already noted, invites attention to several large themes, among them the nature and basis of American identity, the relation of art (and stories) to American identity, and the meaning and importance of the American flag.

A. American Identity

America is said, rightly, to be a nation founded not on ties of blood and soil, but on ideas and ideals. What then is the role of ties to land and ancestors for American identity? In the past? Today?

Can an American living abroad be an American citizen in the full sense? Conversely, can living abroad contribute positively to someone’s American identity?

Is living within the United States sufficient to make us American citizens in the full sense? If no, what else is necessary to make us citizens?

On what does your own identity and citizenship as an American really rest?

B. Art, Stories, and American Identity

What is the role of art (Hartwell’s statues) and stories (Cather’s “The Namesake”) in creating and sustaining American identity? In making one out of many (the motto on the national seal: E pluribus unum)? How do art and stories speak to us in ways that other media do not?

Does devotion to art require some detachment and distance from one’s civic identity and activity? Are artists as artists doing something important for citizenship?

As a nation, is America welcoming to art? Does our national concern with what is useful—industry, economics, technology, and so forth—allow for the appreciation of beautiful artwork?

What is the relation between art or literature and national memory?

C. The Flag

What is a flag? What is special about the meaning of the American flag?

What role can or should the flag play in creating national identity?

How important to America are its national symbols? Are they more or less important to a nation that is founded on ideas and ideals?

What feelings and thoughts does the American flag arouse in you?

Video Excerpt 1

WATCH: What role does the flag play in Hartwell’s process of self-discovery?