Aim: To review the status of human- Microbiome interaction studies in Nile basin countries and its impact on health, disease and economy.

Background: Human-microbes interactions have been demonstrated during the ancient and contemporary eras. These interactions were classified according to benefits and harms to symbiosis and pathogenesis. A little attention was given to genomes interaction from evolutionary perspective and how this continuous evolutionary process could affect the human genome response in health and disease. In the last decade, Human-microbiome interaction was reported to have impact on host response to drug or disease susceptibility. The nature and identity of a microbiome that prevails in certain human society or individually is controlled by environmental factors including traditions, food, water intake and lifestyle. In the African continent a little attention was given to the influence of microbial genome and its interaction with host genomes with regard to the diseases that prevails in certain countries that share common resources like water. This resource can shape the microbial communities that prevail and give anticipation about the possible effects on human health and drug interaction. In this work we are going to discuss how these environmental factors shapes the type of microbial communities and their effect on response to local disease and response to treatment. Nile basin countries as an example.

Results: there is association between human – microbiome interaction and the prevalence, response to treatment of some diseases, however lack of data is an obstacle.

Conclusion: The studies of human-microbiome interactions in Africa are still in their early steps. There are technical and financial challenges that require cooperation inter and intra-Africa to produce more customized drugs and more effective vaccines to maintain lower prevalence of disease and high standard of healthy life.