Tuesday, November 04, 2014

Nix pill 16: nixpkgs, the parameters

Welcome to the 16th Nix pill. In the previous 15th pill we've realized how nix finds expressions with the angular brackets syntax, so that we finally know where is <nixpkgs> located on our system.

We can start diving into the nixpkgs repository, through all the various tools and design patterns. Please note that also nixpkgs has its own manual, underlying the difference between the general "nix" language and the "nixpkgs" repository.

The default.nix expression

We will not start inspecting packages at the beginning, rather the general structure of nixpkgs.
In our custom repository we created a default.nix which composed the expressions of the various packages.
Also nixpkgs has its own default.nix, which is the one being loaded when referring to <nixpkgs>. It does a simple thing: check whether the nix version is at least 1.7 (at the time of writing this blog post). Then import pkgs/top-level/all-packages.nix. From now on, we will refer to this set of packages as pkgs.

The all-packages.nix is then the file that composes all the packages. Note the pkgs/ subdirectory, while nixos is in the nixos/ subdirectory.

The all-packages.nix is a bit contrived. First of all, it's a function. It accepts a couple of interesting parameters:

system: defaults to the current system

config: defaults to null

others...

The system parameter, as per comment in the expression, it's the system for which the packages will be built. It allows for example to install i686 packages on amd64 machines.

The config parameter is a simple attribute set. Packages can read some of its values and change the behavior of some derivations.

The system parameter

You will find this parameter in many other .nix expressions (e.g. release expressions). The reason is that, given pkgs accepts a system parameter, then whenever you want to import pkgs you also want to pass through the value of system. E.g.:

What attributes go in config is a matter of convenience and conventions.

For example, config.allowUnfree is an attribute that forbids building packages that have an unfree license by default. The config.pulseaudio setting tells whether to build packages with pulseaudio support or not where applicable and when the derivation obeys to the setting.

About .nix functions

A .nix file contains a nix expression. Thus it can also be a function.
I remind you that nix-build expects the expression to return a derivation. Therefore it's natural to return straight a derivation from a .nix file.
However, it's also very natural for the .nix file to accept some parameters, in order to tweak the derivation being returned.

In this case, nix does a trick:

If the expression is a derivation, well build it.

If the expression is a function, call it and build the resulting derivation.

For example you can nix-build the .nix file below:

{ pkgs ? import <nixpkgs> {} }:
pkgs.psmisc

Nix is able to call the function because the pkgs parameter has a default value. This allows you to pass a different value for pkgs using the --arg option.

Does it work if you have a function returning a function that returns a derivation? No, Nix only calls the function it encounters once.

Conclusion

We've unleashed the <nixpkgs> repository. It's a function that accepts some parameters, and returns the set of all packages. Due to laziness, only the accessed derivations will be built.
You can use this repository to build your own packages as we've seen in the previous pill when creating our own repository.

Lately I'm a little busy with the NixOS 14.11 release and other stuff, and I'm also looking toward migrating from blogger to a more coder-oriented blogging platform. So sorry for the delayed and shorter pills :)

Next pill

...we will talk about overriding packages in the nixpkgs repository. What if you want to change some options of a library and let all other packages pick the new library? One possibility is to use, like described above, the config parameter when applicable. The other possibility is to override derivations.