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Mining Industry

Iran is one of the most important mineral producers in the world, ranked among 15 major mineral rich countries, holding some 68 types of minerals, 37 billion tonnes of proven reserves and more than 57 billion tonnes of potential reservoirs. Mineral production contributes only 0.6 percent to the country’s GDP.
Add other mining-related industries and this figure increases to just four percent. The most important mines in Iran include coal, metallic minerals, sand and gravel, chemical minerals and salt. Khorasan has the most operating mines in Iran. Other large deposits which mostly remain underdeveloped are zinc (world's largest), copper (world's ninth largest), iron (world's ninth largest), and lead (world's eleventh largest). Iran with roughly 1% of the world's population holds more than 7% of the world's total mineral reserves.
Difficult issues in the mining industry can cause challenges beyond your capabilities. RMRC has helped clients in the mining industry save time and money by providing reliable, cost-effective answers. Our non-routine analytical laboratory specializes in solving complex problems.
Mining is the second earliest endeavors of humankind (after agriculture). It is recognized as one of the first industries of civilization and has taken the main role in our lives.
RMRC offers a complete range of services in the area of mining from prospecting to analysis. Modern facilities installed at RMRC permit our experts perform numerous compositional and microstructural tests on minerals including SEM, XRD, XRF, atomic absorption, spectrometry, and so on.
Using such equipment, a wide range of elements/phases can be characterized accurately. Examples are heavy metal ions, rare earth metals, ferro-alloys, precious metals, etc.
As a leader in mining and materials testing, moreover, we are specialized in on-site materials analysis thanks to the comprehensive range of the portable equipment available at RMRC. Our highly-skilled analysts visit the site and determine the best testing methodology, perform the test, and back to RMRC headquarters, report the results.

Mining in Iran

ining in Iran is underdeveloped. Yet the country is one of the most important mineral
producers in the world, ranked among 15 major mineral-rich countries, holding some
68 types of minerals, 37 billion tonnes of proven reserves and more than 57 billion
tonnes of potential reservoirs. Mineral production contributes only 0.6 per cent
to the country’s GDP.[3] Add other mining-related industries and this figure increases
to just four per cent (2005). Many factors have contributed to this, namely lack
of suitable infrastructure, legal barriers, exploration difficulties, and government
control over all resources. The most important mines in Iran include coal, metallic
minerals, sand and gravel, chemical minerals and salt. Khorasan has the most operating
mines in Iran. Other large deposits which mostly remain underdeveloped are zinc
(world's largest), copper (world's ninth largest - revised from second largest in
2010), iron (world's ninth largest), uranium (world's tenth largest) and lead (world's
eleventh largest). Iran with roughly 1% of the world's population holds more than
7% of the world's total mineral reserves. Close to 30 percent of the country’s investment
has been made in the mining field in recent years. In 2008, forty five percent of
the stock market's capitalization was in the mineral industries. In 2008 the share
of the mining sector and mineral industries increased to over five percent in GDP.
The sector with the highest profit margin among the top 100 Iranian companies in
2009 was mining, with a margin of 58%, while those in the Fortune 500 had a gross
profit margin of 11%. In the first quarter of 2009–2010, Iran exported close to
5.6 million tons of mineral products worth over $1.2 billion. In 2009–2010 the mining
sector had exports reaching $8.13 billion, accounting for about 32 percent of the
country’s non-oil exports. Every year, the iron ore price is determined by the government
after negotiations between iron ore and steel producers. In 2008, the average price
of iron ore was set at $56 per tonne. The steel, cement and iron ore prices are
currently being liberalized in Iran. In March 2012, the Iran Mercantile Exchange
(IME) announced the complete liberalisation of the sale price of raw steel and by-products.

Iron Ore chemistry and compounds

Iron forms compounds mainly in the +2 and +3 oxidation states. Traditionally, iron
compounds are called ferrous, and iron compounds ferric. Iron also occurs in higher
oxidation states, an example being the purple potassium ferrate (K2FeO4) which contains
iron in its +6 oxidation state. Iron is a common intermediate in many biochemical
oxidation reactions. Numerous organometallic compounds contain formal oxidation
states of +1, 0, −1, or even −2. The oxidation states and other bonding properties
are often assessed using the technique of Mössbauer spectroscopy. There are also
many mixed valence compounds that contain both iron and iron centers, such as magnetite
and Prussian blue (Fe4(Fe[CN]6)3). The latter is used as the traditional "blue"
in blueprints. The iron compounds produced on the largest scale in industry are
iron sulfate (FeSO4·7H2O) and iron chloride (FeCl3). The former is one of the most
readily available sources of iron, but is less stable to aerial oxidation than Mohr's
salt ((NH4)2Fe(SO4)2·6H2O). Iron compounds tend to be oxidized to iron compounds
in the air. Unlike many other metals, iron does not form amalgams with mercury.
As a result, mercury is traded in standardized 76 pound flasks (34 kg) made of iron.

Coper mine in Iran

Sarcheshmeh is a large open cast copper mine in the Kerman Province of Iran, considered
to be the second largest copper deposit worldwide. Also containing substantial amounts
of molybdenum, gold and other rare metals. The Sarcheshmeh Copper Complex is located
65 km southwest of Kerman and 50 km south of Rafsanjan. The region's altitude averages
about 2600m, the highest spot of which approximates 3000m. Sarcheshmeh ore bodies,
situated in the central part of Zagros ranges, consist of folded and faulted early
tertiary volcano-sedimentary rocks. Sar Cheshmeh mine was managed by the Anaconda
Group up until 1979 revolution in Iran. Design and construction of the processing
plant was done by Parsons-Jurden of the US. Production units of Sarcheshmeh Copper
Complex involve the mine itself, concentrator, smelter, refinery, foundries and
leaching. Iran possesses very large copper resources and numerous copper porphyries
occur in an arcuate belt extending from northwest Iran, southeast into Pakistan.
These deposits are estimated to contain around 5% of the world’s known copper resources.
National Iranian Copper Industries Company (NICICO) is involved in exploration,
excavation and operation of copper mines in Iran. The company's smelter has an annual
production capacity of 145,000 tons of anode copper. The company owns the Sarcheshmeh
copper deposit is located in southern Iran, about 65 Km south-east of Rafsanjan.
It has a total reserve of 1,200,000,000 MT with an average grade of 0.70 % Cu. Sarcheshmeh
porphyry (Granodiorite stock) and peripheral Andesitic volcanics are well mineralized,
these series is cutted with post mineralization dykes. NICICO also owns the Miduk
and Sarcheshmeh mines which have proven reserves of 83,830,000 t and 826,500,000
respectively. Miduk produces 5,000,000 t and Sarcheshmeh 14,000,000 t of copper
per annum. The Soungoun Ahar mine produces 7,000,000 t of scarn copper grade (0/5
%) Faraz Ma'aden Anarak Co. owns the Maskani copper mine located in Isfahan, the
mine produces 55, 000t of copper per annum.

X-ray fluorescence (XRF)

is the emission of characteristic "secondary" (or fluorescent) X-rays from a material
that has been excited by bombarding with high-energy X-rays or gamma rays. The phenomenon
is widely used for elemental analysis and chemical analysis, particularly in the
investigation of metals, glass, ceramics and building materials, and for research
in geochemistry, forensic science and archaeology. When materials are exposed to
short-wavelength X-rays or to gamma rays, ionization of their component atoms may
take place. Ionization consists of the ejection of one or more electrons from the
atom, and may occur if the atom is exposed to radiation with an energy greater than
its ionization potential. X-rays and gamma rays can be energetic enough to expel
tightly held electrons from the inner orbitals of the atom. The removal of an electron
in this way renders the electronic structure of the atom unstable, and electrons
in higher orbitals "fall" into the lower orbital to fill the hole left behind. In
falling, energy is released in the form of a photon, the energy of which is equal
to the energy difference of the two orbitals involved. Thus, the material emits
radiation, which has energy characteristic of the atoms present. The term fluorescence
is applied to phenomena in which the absorption of radiation of a specific energy
results in the re-emission of radiation of a different energy (generally lower).