LAB REPORT 1 A P

Use complete sentences to type your answers to the following questions, or type your answers into the table. You may type them in this word document, then print it out and bring it to lab. Remember, no handwriting is permitted. Do NOT copy information from a textbook, journals, fellow students, or the Internet! Paraphrased material must include correct citations.

1. A. Explain the differences between passive and active transport across cell membranes. Passive transport means that there is no energy required in the process of membrane transport (Diffusion, Osmosis, & Facilitated Diffusion). Concentration gradients are also used in passive transport. Active transport requires cellular energy (ATP) to carry out the process of membrane transport. Substances are moved through an impermeable membrane or against their concentration gradient, which requires force, making the need for energy.

B. For the following, indicate whether the method is passive or active:

Active Transport ACTIVEFiltrationPASSIVE

DiffusionPASSIVEFacilitated DiffusionPASSIVE

EndocytosisACTIVESecondary Active TransportACTIVE

OsmosisPASSIVEExocytosisACTIVE

C. Explain why substances need to cross the cell membrane. Substances need to cross the cell membrane in order to maintain homeostasis and function normally. For example, nutrients need to go into the cell and waste materials must come out.

2. A. Explain the term “concentration gradient”. Make sure to discuss the difference between a solution's concentration and a concentration gradient. A concentration gradient is based off of an unequal distribution of molecules across the cell membrane. A solution’s concentration as compared to another solution’s concentration gives us the concentration gradient.

B. An artificial cell contains 0.03 M sucrose and 0.02 M glucose. It is placed into a solution...

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...REVIEW SHEET
EXERCISE 1
Cell Transport Mechanisms and Permeability
NAME:
LAB TIME/DATE:
Simple Diffusion
1. The following refer to Activity 1: Simulating Dialysis (Simple Diffusion).
Which solute(s) were able to pass through the 20 MWCO membrane?
None of them did
According to your results, which solute had the highest molecular weight?
Albumin
Which solute displayed the highest rate of diffusion through the 200 MWCO membrane?
Na+CI
Using the data from Chart 1, explain the relationship between the rate of diffusion and the size of the solute.
The higher rates of diffusion occurred with a smaller weight of solute.
Facilitated Diffusion
2. The following refer to Activity 2: Simulating Facilitated Diffusion.
Did any of the substances travel against their concentration gradient? Explain why or why not.
No, because the solutes can only move down the concentration gradient in a facilitated diffusion, not against the concentration gradient.
Using your results from Chart 2, what was the fastest rate of facilitated diffusion recorded?
0.0039
Describe the conditions that were used to achieve this rate.
Glucose concentration was 8mm, glucose carriers were 900
Name two ways to increase the rate of glucose transport.
A higher number of glucose carriers , or a higher amount of glucose in a solution.
Did NaCl affect glucose transport?
no
Did NaCl require a transport...

...﻿Introduction:
During this laboratory exercise will identify by the graph given which is isotonic, hypotonic, or hypertonic. The kidneys are a pair of fist-sized organs located outside the peritoneal cavity on each side of the spine. The kidney is a highly specialized organ that maintains the internal environment of the body by selectively excreting or retaining various substances according to specific body needs. The process of urine formation and adjustment of blood composition involves three processes: glomerular filtration, tubular reabsorption, and tubular secretion. The first part of the process of urine formation occurs in the glomeruli which act as filters, allowing water, glucose, salt and waste materials to pass through to the Bowman’s capsule but preventing and red blood cells and plasma proteins to pass through. Reabsorption occurs in the proximal tubules of the nephron. Water, glucose, amino acids, sodium and other nutrients are reabsorbed into the bloodstream in the capillaries surrounding the tubules. Water moves via the process of osmosis: movement of water from an area of higher concentration to one of lower concentration. Tubular secretion is the final step in the process of urine formation which transfers materials from peritubular capillaries to renal tubular lumen and occurs mainly by active transport. ADH is secreted by the posterior pituitary (neurohypophysis) when there is a decrease in water concentration (increase in osmolarity) which will...

...﻿
Name
LabReport1 – June 10, 2014
Lab # 4: Melting Point
lab Partner:
Instructor:
The Testing of the Melting Points of p-dichlorobenzene and naphthalene
Introduction:
Melting point temperature is a physical property of pure substances. It is an intensive property, which means the amount of material tested is irrelevant. This lab will determine the melting point temperatures of two known pure substances, naphthalene and p-dichlorobenzene, using micro-sized quantities and a capillary melting tube apparatus. The percent error will then be calculated by comparing the experimental value to the known literature value.
Results:
In Table 1 on the next page, it shows the literature value melting points for p-dichlorobenzene and naphthalene. While observing p-dichlorobenzene’s we noticed it started melting at 54.6° C; As for naphthalene we noticed it started melting at 80.3 ° C.
We kept watching closely until p-dichlorobenzene finished melting or clearing at 54.2° C (Recorded in Table 2); Naphthalene finished melting at 80.9° C. We then used the finishing melting point and the literature value melting point and plugged it in the % error formula.
Discussions:
Why should each sample be tightly packed into the capillary tube prior to testing?
Each sample should be tightly packed into the...

...﻿Caroline Phillips
Lab 3: The Cell
Purpose
During this lab I hope to acquire a complete understanding of the makeup of the cell and all of its functions.
Hypothesis
If I complete this lab, then I will have a full understanding of the topics covered in the chapter “The Cell” and will have a complete understanding of the makeup of the cell and all of its functions.
Materials & Methods
Materials: “Human Anatomy & Physiology ninth edition” Elaine N. Marieb; Katja Hoehn
Methods:
1. Read entire file twice
2. Read each set of directions
3. Complete each activity
Data/Analysis:
Activity 1:
Review Sheet Results 1. Describe two variables that affect the rate of diffusion. Your answer: Increasing the number of membrane carriers and the concentration.
2. Why do you think the urea was not able to diffuse through the 20 MWCO membrane? How well did the results compare with your prediction? Your answer: Because Urea was too big to pass through the 20 MWCO membrane
3. Describe the results of the attempts to diffuse glucose and albumin through the 200 MWCO membrane. How well did the results compare with your prediction? Your answer: glucose diffused through the 200 MWCO membrane, while there was no diffusion of albumin. I predicted correctly.
4. Put the following in order from smallest to largest molecular weight: glucose, sodium chloride, albumin, and urea. Your...

...sheet of paper towel, 3 test tube droppers, Solutions A, Solutions B, and Solution C.
Blood samples from a volunteer within the group were used to conduct the experiment. The volunteer’s hands were thoroughly washed and an alcohol swab was applied to further sanitize the hands. To gather the blood samples needed, a lancet was properly placed on the forefinger and a firm pressure was applied, which activated the needle inside to spring forward and pierce through the skin. The pierced through finger was massaged to ensure sufficient amount of blood was extracted. A drop of blood was placed in each of the slides. Immediately after, 1 drop of Solution A was added to Slide 2, 1 drop of Solution B was added to Slide 3, and 1 drop of Solution C was added to Slide 4. Slide 1 served as the control, therefore, no solution drops were added to Slide 1. All 4 slides were lined up on a paper towel with its corresponding labels: Control, Solution A, Solution B, and Solution C.
Once all slides were prepared, the microscope was adjusted appropriately. The slide labeled “Control” was placed under the microscope at the lowest magnification. The microscope was further calibrated and adjusted accordingly to the higher magnification to view best results under the microscope. The team reviewed the tonicity and size of the cells under the microscope and observations were noted. The next 3 slides were viewed under...

...Lab1 Diffusion, Osmosis, and Water Potential of Glucose
Problem: What effects will glucose have on diffusion, osmosis, and water potential?
Background: All living things have certain requirements they must satisfy in order to remain alive. These include exchanging gases (usually CO2 and O2), taking in water, minerals, and food, and eliminating wastes. These tasks ultimately occur at the cellular level, and require that molecules move through the membrane that surrounds the cell.
There are two ways that the molecules move through the membrane: passive transport and active transport. Diffusion is the movement of molecules from a region in which they are highly concentrated to a region in which they are less concentrated. Diffusion occurs when a system is not at equilibrium. Several factors affect how fast a molecule will diffuse. The first of these is the kinetic energy of the molecule, which is most frequently measured as the temperature of the system. The size of the molecule also affects how rapidly it will diffuse. Diffusion can occur through a cell membrane. The membrane allows small molecules like water (H2O), oxygen (O2), carbon dioxide (CO2), and others to pass through easily. It is said to be permeable to these molecules.
Osmosis is a special case of diffusion. In this case, a large molecule like starch, is dissolved in water. The starch molecule is too large to pass through the cell membrane, so it cannot diffuse from...

... LabReport1. Problem: To find the density of a Hershey chocolate bar.
2. Hypothesis: I think the chocolate bar will gradually decrease in density as it gets smaller.
3: Materials: 1 whole Hershey chocolate bar, ruler, triple balance beam, tray, calculator.
4. Procedure: First, find the mass, volume, and density of an entire Hershey Bar. Then, systematically, break off one section at a time to calculate the mass, volume, and density for 3/4, 1/2, and 1/4 of the candy bar, finally, record your results in the data table.
5. Data table
Mass
Volume
Density
Whole Bar
46.8
22.4
2.10 cm/3
3/4 of bar
25.9
16.68
1.60 cm/3
1/2 of bar
20
102
5.1 cm/3
1/4 of bar
9.9
4.77
2.08 cm/3
6. Analyze data:
Does your hypothesis agree with the results of the experiment?
Yes. My hypothesis was the chocolate bar will gradually decrease in density as it gets smaller. According to the chart below, not only did the density decrease, but the mass and volume decreased as well. To reiterate, my hypothesis agreed with the results of my experiment.
7. Conclusion: In conclusion, after doing this experiment, I learned that under stable conditions...

...﻿Table of Contents
Abstract……………………………………………………………………………………………2
Introduction………………………………………………………………………………………..2
Background………………………………………………………………………………..2
Objectives…………………………………………………………………………………2
Scope………………………………………………………………………………………3
Theory review……………………………………………………………………………………..3
Design of report…………………………………………………………………………………...5
Procedures…………………………………………………………………………………………5
Results……………………………………………………………………………………………..6
Discussion…………………………………………………………………………………………6
Conclusion………………………………………………………………………………………...7
Reference……………………………………………………………………………………….....7
Appendix…………………………………………………………………………………………..7
ABSTRACT
This experiment introduces the use of dimensionless analysis and conventionally analytical method to survey the performance of centrifugal pump. The end of this experiment points out the benefit of using the “new” method to the conventional in most practical problem, especially in the survey of turbo-machine. Also, through this experiment, students know some basic indexes to assess the efficiency of pumps used. We will that for the specific fan conducting this experiment, the best efficiency point occurs at CQ = 0.2, the specific speed NS ~1.23.
INTRODUCTION
Background
A fan is a turbo-machine in which work is done to increase the total pressure of the fluid leaving the device. This is achieved by a rotor or impeller, which is driven by an external source of power to move a row of blades so as to...