Revisiting Einstein's incomplete theory

Scientists have long known that Albert Einstein skipped something a century ago when he analyzed Brownian motion—the jiggling of particles in a fluid, such as pollen in water. Now, researchers using measurements of unprecedented precision have observed the discrepancy between Einstein's model and a single particle's path.

In a landmark 1905 study that helped establish the existence of molecules and atoms, Einstein chalked up Brownian motion to random collisions among particles and a surrounding medium's molecules. Starting in the 1940s, physicists began altering their theories of these motions when they recognized that, over minuscule distances and time intervals, particles move less randomly than Einstein's model predicted. But no one had tracked a lone particle's trajectory closely enough to compare it with the revised theory's predictions.

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