Projects: (1) A study of the gendered relationship between mental illness, substance use, and crime. (2) Examining the effect of gender on illegal substance use and illegal earnings based on embeddedness in conventional and criminal activities and networks. (3) A project examining the effect of childhood ADHD symptoms and labeling on adult outcomes—including educational attainment, employment, income, and crime. (4) A project with Matt Carlson that will investigate health disparities experienced by African Americans caused by the criminal justice system. This project investigates the effects of prison and post-prison treatment for mental illness and drug abuse on rates of recidivism.