Remarks: Engine is a hand-fired coal burner in near-operable
condition.

Berlin Mills Railway 2-4-2T Locomotive No.
7

History: Railroads played an important role in
opening up to industry and development not only the Western frontier but
also the more remote areas of long-established states. Berlin Falls, New
Hampshire, is an example. Thomas Green had attempted to use this obvious
source of water power on the Androscoggin River as early as 1826, but
without success because his location was too far from market in an era
of animal-powered transportation. Such development had to wait until
groups of businessmen in Montreal, Canada, and Portland, Maine,
organized to bring the new form of transportation to Berlin Falls.

After many trials and tribulations, Maine governor
Hugh Anderson signed a charter of the Atlantic & St. Lawrence
Railroad on February 10, 1845. Cooperating Montreal businessmen obtained
a charter for the St. Lawrence & Atlantic Railroad on March 17,
1845. Together, the two companies proposed to construct a railroad
between Montreal and Portland across the province of Quebec and the
states of Vermont, New Hampshire, and Maine. Of course, the companies
now had to sell stock, send out surveyors and civil engineers, select
routes, hire construction forces, arrange to have cross-ties cut, order
and purchase rail, locomotives and cars, and perform all the other
myriad tasks necessary to turn a railroad from a creation on paper to a
functioning system of wood and iron, steel and steam.

Directors of the Atlantic & St. Lawrence Railroad
broke ground in Portland on July 4, 1846. It took until July 22, 1851,
for construction to allow the first train to enter Gorhan, New
Hampshire--over 91 miles of track. Construction resumed and reached
Northumberland (today's Groveton) on July 12, 1852, passing through
Berlin Station en route. Meanwhile, the St. Lawrence & Atlantic
built southeastward from Montreal, and the two companies had agreed on
August 4, 1851, to join at the town of Island Pond, Vermont. The first
regularly scheduled through train between Montreal and Portland operated
on April 4, 1853. Meanwhile, the directors had negotiated the joining of
the two railroads between Portland and Montreal into the Grand Trunk
Railway Company of Canada, which they accomplished through a 999-year
lease dated August 5, 1853, but retroactive to July 1, 1853, roughly
three months after completion of the through railway. Thus Berlin, New
Hampshire, took its place on the map of railroad stations in the United
States, for the first several months as part of the Atlantic & St.
Lawrence and thereafter as a stop on the Grand Trunk Railway.

While all this occurred, a group of Portland
businessmen formed a partnership under the name H. Winslow & Company
in 1852 to purchase land on the west bank of the Androscoggin River at
Berlin, New Hampshire, where they built a dam and erected a saw mill
containing a gang saw and two single saws with a total daily capacity of
25,000 board feet of lumber. In 1853 the company built a store and a
large boarding house for loggers and mill workers. Most significant, in
1854, with business booming, the company extended a short rail branch
from the Grand Trunk to the sawmill plant. Apparently the lumber firm
relied on the Grand Trunk's locomotives to switch cars in and out of the
new industrial spur, but when Grand Trunk engines were unavailable, the
firm employed oxen to move empty and loaded cars on the spur to the
Grand Trunk. Later the company built its own private railway around the
plant consisting of wooden rails covered with iron straps, with timber
cars powered by horses and mules. This primitive little plant railway
proved dangerous to operate, regularly sending employees to the company
hospital, until the company replaced it with an ordinary railroad.

Eventually Nathan and Hezekial Winslow, who had lent
his name to the enterprise, sold their interests to J.B. Brown, and
Josiah Little died, leaving of the original partners only J.B. Brown and
Little's widow. They took in men named Clemens, Bingham, and Warren in
1866 to form a new partnership--the Berlin Mills Company. Whether
formally or informally, the railroad spur came to be called the Berlin
Mills Railway, and eventually the plant trackage also came under that
name. In 1868, William Wentworth Brown and Lewis T. Brown bought out not
only J.B. Brown but also Clemens, Bingham, and Warren, establishing a
family-owned firm that would survive for over a century.

Harvey Brown of the Brown Company, owner
and operator of paper mills at Berlin, New Hampshire, personally took
the throttle of Berlin Mills Railway Engine No. 7, a 2-4-2T Vulcan,
hauling several flatcars with the "BCX" reporting marks of the Brown
Company, converted temporarily into excursion cars for a chemical
conference whose members were visiting the plant on June 22, 1926. The
photographer caught the locomotive between Berlin and Cascade from a
highway overpass. Trainmen wore borrowed Boston & Maine Railrod
uniforms for the occasion, since the Berlin Mills Railway normally
hauled no passengers.Collection of Otis J. Bartlett.

By 1875 the Berlin Mills Company alone was daily
sending a special lumber train of 22 cars to Portland, Maine. In 1888
the firm added a kyanizing plant to treat spruce lumber. By that time,
in March 1888, the partnership arrangement that operated the company
could no longer keep up with its growth, and the partners found it
necessary to incorporate the Berlin Mills Company under the laws of
Maine. That year the company also built the Riverside Groundwood Mill,
whose 18 grinders rapidly ground wood into pulp. In 1891, downriver and
across the stream, the company built the Riverside Paper Mill equipped
with two machines that could produce 42 tons of newsprint daily. At the
same time the Brown-family-controlled Burgess Sulphite Fiber Company
built a plant on the east bank of the river to turn out wood fiber. In
1892 the Berlin Mills Company produced its first newsprint from pulp
from the pulp mill.

Sometime amid all this progress, the Berlin Mills
Railway acquired its first small steam locomotive, a switcher the
company referred to as a "shifter" locomotive. The exact identity of
what must have been the Berlin Mills Railway's first Locomotive No. 1
has become lost in the slash piles of the past, but in October 1891, the
railway purchased its Locomotive No. 2, a Baldwin 0-4-0T with 44-inch
drivers. The company added No. 3, another Baldwin 0-4-0T, in June 1893,
this one about half the size of No. 2.

The original lumber mill burned in 1897, but the
company replaced it with a mill capable of turning out 200,000 board
feet of lumber per day. In 1898 the Berlin Mills Company built an
electrochemical plant, as well as the Cascade Mill with four 164-inch
paper-rolling machines. In December 1899, its railway division replaced
the mysterious Locomotive No. 1 with a second Locomotive No. 1, an
0-4-0T built by the Pittsburg Locomotive Works. Presumably the company
retired its original Locomotive No. 1 to the scrap pile upon receiving
the new engine of the same number.

The Berlin Mills Railway celebrated the new century
by purchasing its Locomotive No. 4, another Baldwin 0-4-0T in 1901. This
and the three other locomotives seemed adequate to handle the business
until 1904, when the Berlin Mills Company erected a window frame mill
capable of turning out 2,000 window frames per day, and enlarged the
Cascade Mill in capacity by 200 tons of paper. As a consequence of this
expansion, that same year the company purchased second-hand from the
Hastings Lumber Company at Bethel, Maine, its first 2-4-2T locomotive, a
Baldwin product of February 1900, that became Berlin Mills Railway
Locomotive No. 5.

It should be noted that although the Berlin Mills
Railway's first 2-4-2T was its sixth locomotive, that particular Whyte
system type dominated the logging railroads of the White Mountains of
New Hampshire and Maine. C. Francis Belcher, who wrote the history of
those railroads, described the 2-4-2T type as "the most popular and
durable engine used in the mountains . . ." but was wrong m assuming all
were Baldwin products.

Second-hand 2-4-2T No. 5 must have impressed
management and employees of the Berlin Mills Railway as a great
improvement over the 0-4-0T type, for the company was destined to
purchase four more of them. It purchased No. 6, its first newly built
2-4-2T, from the Baldwin Locomotive Works in January 1906. In March 1907
they bought another, the third to be designated No. 1. Upon its delivery
the company probably scrapped the 0-4-0T that had been the second No. 1.
But for reasons unknown, the Berlin Mills Railway purchased its final
three 2-4-2T engines from the Vulcan Iron Works in Wilkes-Barre,
Pennsylvania.

An enlargement of Berlin Mills
Locomotive No. 7 shows the little locomotive lettered, probably in gold
or mustard color on both the cab and the saddle tank, "BERLIN MILLS
RAILWAY." The little 2-4-2T looked spic and span, decorated with four
American flags. Collection of Otis J. Bartlett.

Berlin Mills Railway Locomotive No. 7 rolled out of
the Vulcan Iron Works' erecting shop in January 1911 with builder's
number 1679, featuring cylinders 17 inches in diameter with a 24-inch
stroke and 44-inch-diameter drive wheels. (The Steamtown Foundation
reported its builder's number was 1500, its cylinders 14 by 20, and its
drivers 36 inches; Randolph Kean reported its builder's number to be
either 1779 or 1500. All of these figures are believed to be in error.)
Photographs made during the 1920s suggest that the company lettering on
the sides of the saddle tank and below the cab windows on each side of
the cab, which spelled out "BERLIN MILLS RAILWAY," may have been in gold
leaf or in a mustard yellow imitating gold leaf. By that date, the
locomotive bore no obvious trace of striping. Below the lettering, the
sides of the cab also carried the locomotive's road number, apparently
in the same color as the lettering.

In 1913, Locomotive No. 7 and its sisters were silent
witnesses to the burning of the second sawmill plant at the Berlin
Mills. The company chose this time to build as a replacement a
"fireproof' plant of concrete with a slightly smaller capacity--150,000
board feet of lumber per day--milled by a single bandsaw instead of the
previous pair. Apparently one reason for this retrenchment lay in the
decline of the lumber industry, that, as far as the Berlin Mills Company
was concerned, was far offset by growth of the paper business. The
management of the Berlin Mills Company had gradually adopted a policy of
producing itself the secondary raw materials the company needed. It
produced not only lumber but the paper pulp needed to make paper. It
eventually produced chemical byproducts, built its own plant at the
Cascade Mill to produce aluminum sulphate used in sizing paper, built a
press plant to make the steel ends for its fiber cores, and generally
tried to be as self-sufficient as possible. By 1910 Scandinavian
countries were producing kraft paper, and the Berlin Mills Company soon
began producing it from pulp that came from a mill the company had built
near La Tuque, Quebec, in 1909. In the process, the company gradually
shifted away from its original emphasis on producing lumber to producing
paper pulp from which it manufactured newsprint. Around 1917 it shifted
away from newsprint production in favor of kraft papers and began also
producing fine-quality bond papers.

It was during this 1917 expansion that the company
purchased its second new 2-4-2T locomotive, its third of the type. It
became a second No. 3. At this time the company probably scrapped the
original No. 3, an 0-4-0T. That same year, World War I, which had begun
in 1914, finally involved the United States. American as well as certain
foreign customers of the Berlin Mills Company became increasingly
anti-German, and when the United States entered the war, a wave of
anti-German hysteria swept the nation. In that frantic atmosphere,
self-proclaimed super-patriots attacked anything that seemed Germanic in
character. They began to associate the name of the company, Berlin Mills
Company, with the capital of Imperial Germany, and began to turn their
business away from the company because of the innocent coincidence of
the names; after all, the company had taken its name from the railroad
station, which in turn was named for the Berlin Falls of the
Androscoggin River. In response to this hysteria over anything even
remotely Germanic, the directors on November 30, 1917, changed the name
of the firm from the Berlin Mills Company to the Brown Company from the
name of the family that owned it. The Berlin Mills Railway operated
thereafter as a department of the Brown Company but retained its
distinctive original name (under which it still operated in 1991). After
the war, the Brown Company continued under its new name.

Eventual postwar prosperity led to the Berlin Mills
Railway's purchase of its third Vulcan locomotive, 2-4-2T No. 8, built
in May 1920. By this time the company produced many chemical products.
As a byproduct, the electrolytic plant that produced chlorine used in
bleaching papers also produced caustic soda. In 1908 the company ceased
dumping waste caustic soda into the river and instead began marketing it
as White Mountain Brand Caustic Soda. As another use for chlorine, the
company began producing chloroform, much in demand as an anaesthetic in
military surgery during World War I, and chlorides used in making
military poison gas; vulcanizing rubber by a cold process; making
artificial rubber and beginning in 1918, making carbon tetrachloride. In
1921 the company began turning out liquid chlorine, used principally in
water purification, bleaching, and sewage disposal. In 1924, it started
producing calcium arsenate, used by cotton producers to kill the boll
weevil. Until 1914 the company had allowed the byproduct hydrogen to
bleed off into the air, but beginning that year the firm used it to
hydrogenate vegetable oils into the consistency of lard for use as
shortening or as a frying agent in domestic cooking. A competitor halted
that marketing with a patent-infringement lawsuit. During the war the
company had built a plant to manufacture fiber powder containers for
6-inch guns. After the war the Brown Company used this plant to produce
fiber-conduit to wrap underground electric cables. The market for this
product spread rapidly throughout the United States and to Europe, and
the company soon had to ship a full trainload of fiber conduit to
Spain.

The list of new products being introduced seemed
endless, and it was these that Berlin Mills Railway Locomotive No. 7 and
her sisters switched around the plant trackage and down the spur line
for shipment out over the Grand Trunk Railway. The Berlin Mills
Railway's roster of motive power reached its peak during the
1920s--Moody's Manual of Investments for 1926 reported nine
locomotives on the property to operate 3.75 miles of "main line" track
(the spur to the Grand Trunk) and 13.75 miles of plant trackage, for a
total track mileage of 17.50. The track consisted of a mixture of 65-
and 70-pound (per yard) rail.

By 1929, the Brown Company had so expanded production
that the railway division needed more motive power. The 2-4-2T type such
as No. 7 finally had outlived its usefulness--the type was simply too
small for the work now demanded of a locomotive, and the company sought
heavier motive power from the Baldwin Locomotive Works. Locomotive No.
9, purchased in June 1929, and No. 10, bought after the beginning of the
Great Depression in July 1930, featured the 2-6-2T wheel arrangement.
They were, in effect, saddle tank "Prairie" locomotives. These engines
apparently proved too heavy for the track of the Berlin Mills Railway,
which as a consequence by 1932 had installed 72-pound rail and by 1933
had replaced it with 80-pound rail. Otherwise the 1930s were a decade of
decline: The number of freight cars owned by the line dropped steadily
from the 250 in 1932 throughout the rest of the 1930s, 1940s, and 1950s;
yard trackage peaked at 16.11 miles in 1932, 1933, and 1934 (for a total
mileage of 19.86), but dropped steadily thereafter until the mid-1950s.
As a separate division of the Brown Company, the Berlin Mills Railway
generally employed between 62 and 77 people during those decades.

Some of the earlier 2-4-2T engines continued to work
alongside the heavier 2-6-2Ts, but one by one the company retired or
sold them. From a total of nine locomotives on hand in 1926, the number
had dropped to seven by 1929, six by 1936, to five in 1942. The time
came for Locomotive No. 7 during World War II, for in November 1944, the
Brown Company sold this locomotive to the Groveton Papers Company at
nearby Groveton, New Hampshire.

The Groveton Papers Company originated as the Odell
Manufacturing Company, which built a pulp mill with two digesters in
Groveton, New Hampshire, in 1891. The company installed its first paper
machine in 1893 (destined to be replaced in 1912), and a second in 1895
(destined to remain in production, incredibly, until 1975).

Groveton Papers Company saddletank
2-4-2T industrial switcher No. 7 had several owners and probably
appeared similar originally to the 2-4-2T built by the Vulcan Iron Works
in Wilkes-Barre, Pennsylvania, for The Ferguson Contracting Company. If
so, later it suffered replacement of her hardwood pilot with a
switchman's stepboard, the addition of steps from her pilot deck to her
running boards and a lowering of the deck of her cab beneath the
engineer's and fireman's seats. The photo above is from a Vulcan
catalog.Above, Colorado Railroad Musuem Library, Below, collection
of Gerald Best, California State Railroad Musuem.

By 1901 the Groveton plant had sufficient yard
trackage connecting with the Grand Trunk Railway to require a company
locomotive, so to switch that yard trackage the Odell Manufacturing
Company purchased from the Boston and Maine Railroad, on March 30, 1901,
a third-hand 0-4-0 switch engine built in March 1884 as Eastern Railroad
No. 15, which in 1890 had become Boston and Maine Railroad No. 115,
named Binney. In November 1904, the Odell firm bought two more
engines, second hand Boston & Maine No. 83, the Somerville,
which became its No. 2; and on November 30, Boston & Maine No. 279,
a genuine antique built by Hinkley & Drury in 1847 as Northern
Railroad 4-4-0 No. 6, the Shaker, rebuilt in 1880 to an 0-4-0,
sold to the Boston & Lowell Railroad in 1884 as No. 124, then sold
back to the Northern Railroad in 1887 as No. 6, and later that year to
the Boston & Maine as No. 279. This ancient piece of metal became
Odell Manufacturing Company Locomotive No. 3.

In 1907 and 1908 Odell added a third paper machine,
two more pulp digesters, and Hynie boilers. Paper machine No. 3 ranked
at the time as one of the largest in the world. Business expanded
accordingly, and in March 1912 the company, having scrapped engines No.
2 and 3 in 1910, purchased thirdhand its first 2-4-2T, a Baldwin product
outshopped in January 1893 as Concord & Montreal second No. 25,
which in 1895 had become Boston & Maine No. 725. This became Odell
No. 4.

In 1913, the company built a bleach plant in order to
enter the highly competitive market for white paper and bleached
sulphite pulp.

In 1916, Odell company employees went out on a strike
against the firm, and by the time the strike ended the company had been
crippled and the town had lost most of its labor force; neither were to
recover for nearly a quarter of a century. At the end of World War I the
company did buy its only new engine, 0-4-0T No. 5, produced by American
Locomotive Company at its Cooke Works in August 1918. Apparently
management envisioned a postwar recovery which, as events turned out,
failed to occur.

Beginning in 1919, the Brompton Pulp and Paper
Company managed the Groveton plant, continuing to operate it at a
minimal level until 1928. During that period, in 1921, the company
scrapped its first locomotive, leaving it with only Nos. 4 and 5.

In 1928, the mill reverted to management of the Odell
company, now owned by the Monroe family of Lewiston, Maine. The Monroes
reorganized the Groveton plant as the Groveton Papers Company that same
year. But the Great Depression began during the following year, and it
became difficult to find enough business to keep paper machine No. 3 in
service. After a decade of struggle, in 1939 the Monroes sold out to a
family named Wemyss. Whether the new owners were merely lucky or
prescient is unknown, but they put the long idle paper machine No. 3
back on line in 1940 and began turning out tons of paper products for
which no market existed, storing the output in every available building
in the town of Groveton. Of course, on December 7, 1941, the United
States suddenly entered World War II, which created an instant market
for the Groveton Paper Company's stored tons of paper products. Not only
did military and government bureaucracy expand geometrically, but
wartime priorities shut down much paper production or turned it to other
military-related products. In November 1944, the Groveton Papers
Company, in need of another 2-4-2T locomotive to replace its worn-out
No. 4, built in 1893, purchased the Berlin Mills Railway's 2-4-2T No. 7.
The company scrapped No. 4 in 945, which left it with Nos. 5 and 7.
Groveton Papers Company did not renumber the No. 7 as its No. 6, so it
apparently never had a locomotive No. 6.

After World War II, the Groveton mill experienced a
short labor strike in 1946, but soon went back into production. During
the early 1950s, while war raged in Korea, the company built a
Semi-Chemical Plant that enabled the mill to use hardwood in the
manufacture of pulp, which greatly boosted the economy of the area. A
fourth paper machine installed in 1948 produced paper that the company
converted to facial tissue and toilet tissue, as well as, eventually,
napkins and towels. The paper business continued to change and
evolve.

Groveton Papers Company retired Locomotive No. 4 on
February 19, 1953, which left only No. 7 to switch the yard, and the
latter clearly was nearing the end of its useful career. The company
finally retired No. 7 on January 25, 1956, replacing it on April 17,
with a secondhand 300-horsepower 45-ton General Electric diesel-electric
locomotive built in September 1941.

The two surviving engines did not experience the burn
of a scrapper's cutting torch. Eventually the company donated No. 5 to
the town of Groveton, where it rests today in a small park.

In the summer of 1961, Francis Lamotte of West
Lebanon, New Hampshire, organized a small steam tourist railroad called
the Woodsville, Blackmount and Haverhill Steam Railroad. With Randolph
Perkins and Donald McDonald, he spent two years planning the enterprise
and on August 24, 1961, received permission of the New Hampshire State
Public Utilities Commission to incorporate. The company issued stock to
the amount of $100,000. It acquired abandoned right-of-way from the
Boston and Maine Railroad extending from the end of the latter's
operation in Blackmount to a place called Haverhill Station. This
consisted of a stretch of about three miles of the old
Woodsville-to-Plymouth main line of the Boston and Maine, in the heart
of the White Mountains.

The Woodsville, Blackmount & Haverhill Steam
Railroad then leased Groveton Papers Company No. 7, and by the spring of
1962 the new company had invested $2,000 in overhauling the engine. A
retired railroader of Woodsville, Clyde O'Malley, became her engineer.
The company also acquired a combination car from the Delaware &
Hudson Railroad at Albany, New York, and a caboose from the Rutland
Railroad, but due to a labor strike on the latter line, apparently never
moved the caboose to the new trackage.

The new railroad was dedicated on Memorial Day, 1962,
the featured speaker being F. Nelson Blount from Steamtown USA. That
summer the Woodsville, Blackmount and Haverhill Steam Railroad operated
its single locomotive and single car in round trips over three-quarters
of a mile of track on Saturdays and Sundays during the summer months.
The railroad operated again during the summer of 1963, but apparently
that was the end of it.

The arched-roof Delaware & Hudson coach ended up
on the Conway Scenic Railroad. Locomotive No. 7 remained idle for a
number of years, though its owner did not move it back to Groveton. Then
in 1969, the Groveton Papers Company delivered Locomotive No. 7 to the
Steamtown Foundation at Bellows Falls, Vermont, as a donation to the
foundation.

The two major corporations that once owned this
locomotive went on to prosper after each had disposed of it. The Brown
Company eventually was acquired by the James River Corporation, which
continues to operate the paper mills at Berlin, New Hampshire, as of
1988; as one of its departments, the Berlin Mills Railway still
functions. In fact, the railway took over additional trackage and
acquired a large fleet of freight cars, as well as a number of
diesel-electric locomotives. With this equipment, the Berlin Mills
Railway reached its centennial year in 1990 (unless one considers 1954
to have been its true centennial).

The Groveton Papers Company also continued to produce
paper. In 1968, Diamond International acquired the company and in turn
was acquired by Sir James Goldsmith and associates, who sold out to the
James River Corporation in 1983. This successor of the Odell
Manufacturing Company also approached its centennial year, 1991.

The old 2-4-2T Locomotive No. 7, which served these
corporations so well, survives as one of only four standard gauge 2-4-2T
locomotives in the United States, a type once common on logging
railroads. The National Railway Historical Society chapter in Atlanta,
Georgia, owned one such engine that had belonged to a brick
manufacturing company; a marine museum at Pensacola, Florida, exhibited
another, and East Branch & Lincoln Railroad No. 5 rested in
retirement at a ski area at Loon Mountain, New Hampshire.

Condition: Mechanical condition of this
locomotive is unknown, but it is believed restorable to operating
condition. A group of Steamtown Foundation volunteers cleaned and
painted the locomotive in 1987.

Recommendation: Berlin Mills Railway
Locomotive No. 7 is a fairly rare survivor of a once common type of
locomotive used on logging railroads and industrial plant trackage, and
it represents two New Hampshire paper manufacturing companies. The
Berlin Mills Railway, still active nearly a hundred years after
acquiring its first steam locomotive, and 134 years after its first rail
was laid, has a long and unusual history for an industrial plant
railroad. Researchers should prepare a report on the locomotive and
should thoroughly investigate sources of Brown Company photographs of
the engine in service, as well as other steam engines on the railroad.
Researchers seek local sources of history to develop a more thorough
understanding of the Berlin Mills Railway's history and of the Berlin
Mills paper plant's history. The report should include the results of a
thorough physical investigation of the engine, as well as of its various
layers of paint, striping, lettering, numbers, and other decorations
(unless it was stripped to bare metal before its last painting),
equivalent to the physical history in a historic structure report. The
report should also thoroughly investigate the history of the locomotive
while in service for the Groveton Papers Company, and in particular
ascertain whether or not the locomotive ever carried lettering of that
company. Photographs of the locomotive on the Woodsville, Blackmount and
Haverhill Steam Railroad indicate that the locomotive may have been
repainted but was not lettered for that operation, and that fact needs
to be confirmed, as well as whether or not the engine operated after
1963 on that line, and what happened to it thereafter until the
Steamtown Foundation acquired it. The historian assigned to research and
write this report should also seek out former engineers of the Berlin
Mills Railway and the Groveton Papers Company to obtain oral history
regarding operation of the locomotive. Upon completion of this report,
the locomotive should be restored as Berlin Mills Railway No. 7,
repainted, lettered and numbered in a historically accurate fashion for
that railroad, with whatever color lettering and decoration documentary
research and physical research determines was in use during the 1920s or
earlier on engines of the Berlin Mills Railway.

Frye, Harry. Letters to author, June 1, 1988 and June 26, 1988.
Supplied locomotive rosters of the Berlin Mills Railway, the Groveton
Papers Company, the Whitefield & Jefferson Railroad, and the Johns
River Railroad.