Internment - Summary of Main Events

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Internment - Summary of Main Events

"While internment in itself provided limited, if any, security benefits the social and political reaction which internment created far outweighed this. As a result violence increase for the rest of the year and the SDLP, the only major Catholic political party in Northern Ireland, refused to become involved in political talks while internment continued. It is clear, however, that the main winners from the introduction of internment were the Provisional IRA, ..."Bew, P., and Gillespie, G. (1999) Northern Ireland: A Chronology of the Troubles 1968-1999. Dublin: Gill and Macmillan. [Page 37]

For Operation Demetrius, as the internment drive was termed, was botched in practically every respect one can think of. it relied on lists drawn up by the RUC Special Branch. There were 450 names on the lists, but only 350 of these rendered themselves available for internment. Key figures on the lists, and many who never appeared on them, were warned before the swoop began. The lists were weighted towards the Officials, who, despite being the more pacific of the two IRA wings, were regarded by MI5 as the more dangerous adversaries because of their Marxist orientation. Hence their potential was assessed in cold-war terms, rather than in an Irish context. The names included people who had been interned previously, or had been active in the IRA decades earlier, but who, despite Republican sympathies, were no longer active. They also included people who had never been in the IRA, including Ivan Barr, chairman of the NICRA executive, and Michael Farrell. What they did not include was a single Loyalist. Although the UVF had begun the killing and bombing, this organisation was left untouched, as were other violent Loyalist satellite organisations such as Tara, the Shankill Defenders Association and the Ulster Protestant Volunteers. It is known that Faulkner was urged by the British to include a few Protestants in the trawl but he refused.
The lists were so out of date that 104 people had to be released within forty-eight hours. The army quite often simply picked up the wrong people, a son for a father, the wrong man with a beard living at no. 47 and so on. But by the time they were released, a number had suffered quite brutal treatment, as had those still detained Internees were beaten with batons, kicked and forced to run the gauntlet between lines of club-wielding soldiers.Coogan, Tim Pat. (1995) The Troubles: Ireland's ordeal 1966-1996 and the search for peace. London: Hutchinson. [Page 126]

Internment refers to the arrest and detention without trial of people suspected of being members of illegal paramilitary groups. The policy of internment had been used a number of times during Northern Ireland's history. It was reintroduced on Monday 9 August 1971 and continued in use until Friday 5 December 1975. During this period a total of 1,981 people were detained; 1,874 were Catholic / Republican, while 107 were Protestant / Loyalist.

The Unionist controlled Stormont
Government convinced the British Government of the need, and the
advantages, of introducing internment as a means of countering
rising levels of paramilitary violence. The policy proved however
to be a disastrous mistake. The measure was only used against
the Irish Republican Army (IRA) and the Catholic community. Although
Loyalist paramilitaries had been responsible for some of the violence
no Protestants were arrested (the first Protestant internees were
detained on 2 February 1973). The crucial intelligence on which
the success of the operation depended was flawed and many of those
arrested had to be subsequently released because they were not
involved in any paramilitary activity.

In response to internment the Northern
Ireland Civil Rights Association began a campaign of civil disobedience
which culminated in a 'rent and rates strike' by those in public
sector houses. The Social Democratic and Labour Party (SDLP)
was forced to end co-operation with the Northern Ireland government.
In addition many commentators are of the opinion that internment
resulted in increased support, active and tacit, among the Catholic
community for the IRA. The level of civil unrest and the level
of IRA violence surged.

While unionists would have initially
welcomed the stronger security measures represented by internment
they would perhaps have been less enthusiastic for the policy
if they had foreseen the consequences for the Northern Ireland
parliament.

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