Parade Float

Background

A parade float is an elaborately decorated three-dimensional figure or
scene, mounted on a wheeled chassis that participates in a procession as
part of a specific celebration. Most parade floats are self-propelled,
although they may also be towed by another vehicle or pulled by animals.
The general shape of the float is such that the underlying structure is
not visible, and the figure or scene appears to float on the surface of
the street, much as a ship appears to float on the surface of the water.
Parade floats are used in a variety of civic and religious celebrations.
Two of the best known parades are the Mardi Gras Parade in New Orleans,
Louisiana, and the Tournament of Roses Parade in Pasadena, California.

One of the earliest written references to a procession, the predecessor of
today's parade, dates to about 1800
B.C.
when King Senwosret III of Egypt had his scribes write "I
celebrated the procession of the god Up-wawet." Such religious
processions may date back to 3200
B.C.
or earlier.

The first reference to any vehicle resembling a parade float comes from
Greece in about 500
B.C.
when a statue of the god Dionysius was carried from his temple in a
"festival car" pulled by two men. This procession was part
of the opening ceremonies for a stage drama and was designed to gain favor
from both the god and the drama critics.

Parades continued to be an important form of celebration and often
featured kings, conquerors, and other notables riding in splendidly
decorated carriages. The Emperor Maximilian of Germany was one of the
first to commission an artist to design "triumphal cars" for
his parades in 1515. The cars were decorated with bells, fancy fabrics,
and carvings of flowers, fruits, and mythological creatures.

In the United States, parades and parade floats were an important part of
American life starting in the early-1800s. Mobile, Alabama, held its first
civic parade with floats on New Year's Day in 1831. The first Mardi
Gras parade in New Orleans was held in 1857 with two floats. The
Ak-Sar-Ben (Nebraska spelled backwards) parade in Omaha, Nebraska, started
in 1895 and was the first to use electricity to light and propel the
floats. The floats ran on the city street-car tracks and drew power from
the over-head trolley wire.

In Pasadena, California, the first Festival of Roses parade took place in
1890 as a promotion for Southern California's sunny winter weather.
Isabella Coleman won second prize in the parade in 1910 and decided to go
into the business of building floats in 1913. Her first entry won first
prize for her client, and she went on to build Rose Parade floats for the
next 59 years. Her success created a small industry of professional parade
float builders.

Today, most major floats are designed and constructed by professional
builders. Each float costs between $50,000 and $200,000 or more and takes
up to a year to create. The floats are built in large warehouses, using a
wide variety of materials and construction techniques.

Raw Materials

The main chassis contains the components to power the float, the controls
and steering
mechanism, and the base for the support structure. Most floats use
automotive gasoline engines with automatic transmissions. The engine speed
is geared down through one or more auxiliary gearboxes to achieve the
desired parade speed of about 2.5 mph (4.0 kph). The engine is cooled by
an extra large radiator to ensure that it will not over-heat during the
long parade. Tires are filled with foam to prevent flats. Two or more
drivers sit in hidden positions within the float, where they can control
the float's direction of travel.

If the float incorporates parts or figures with extensive or complicated
animation, the motion is usually provided by means of hydraulic cylinders
and motors powered by hydraulic pumps driven off a second engine. To make
the motion appear smooth and realistic, the hydraulic cylinders and motors
are actuated by a complex array of valves that are controlled by a
computer. Many floats have three or four separate operators surrounded by
an array of gauges, manual controls, and computers to monitor the
animation effects.

The chassis is constructed of steel plate and tubing. The main supports
and framework for the float's characters and backgrounds are made
from steel rods and tubing attached to the platform. The various shapes
are formed with steel rods that are welded to the main supports and
covered with aluminum wire screen. The screen is sprayed with a polyvinyl
plastic "cocooning" liquid originally developed to cover and
protect ships laid up in inactive reserve. The plastic hardens on the wire
screen to form a hard, durable skin.

The decorations themselves may be made from paper, wood, flowers, or a
variety of other materials. For the famous Tournament of Roses Parade in
Pasadena, the parade rules require that all decorations must be some part
of a living plant. The emphasis, of course, is on roses and other flowers,
but seeds, petals, bark, leaves, fibers, stems, vegetables, nuts, and
almost any other part of a plant are also used. For example, onion seeds
are used to give a smooth, black surface. Crushed walnut shells or dried
strawberries are blended with commeal to create skin tones. Animal fur can
be simulated with thistles, palm fibers, or even uncooked oatmeal. Seven
different types of glue may be used to hold the flowers in place.

These decorations are enhanced with rigid polyurethane foam pieces that
are carved to form detailed objects, and with flexible foam cylinders that
are bent to form eyebrows, lips, and decorative molding. Wire is used to
make long-stem flowers stand upright, and delicate flowers like roses and
orchids are held in narrow plastic vials of water to keep them from
wilting.

Design

Each parade float is an original work of art and is designed new from the
ground up. Once the theme of the parade has been announced, the builders
submit concept drawings for review and approval by the parade committee.

With approved drawings in hand, the builders then start to solicit
potential sponsors to fund the construction. Sponsors look for a float
that will not only draw favorable attention from the crowd and the judges,
but one that will also catch the eye of the many television crews that
cover the parade. With an estimated 425 million people in 100 countries
watching the Tournament of Roses parade on television, sponsors want the
maximum amount of coverage for their money. One way to do this is with
floats that incorporate animation. This trend in float design has seen
builders turn to movie animation and special effects experts for even more
elaborate and dramatic action. As with any complicated system, such
animation requires computer controls. Expert computer programmers develop
the programs required to properly sequence the motion.

With some float designs, the sheer physical size becomes a problem. In the
Tournament of Roses Parade, for example, all floats must pass under a 17
ft (5.18 m) high concrete bridge on one portion of the parade route.
Floats that are taller than this must be able to hydraulically collapse in
less than 25 seconds to fit under the bridge without delaying the parade.
In other cases, weight can be a problem. Designers have to calculate the
frame strength for long, cantilevered sections, keeping in mind that the
delicate-looking floral decorations can

The steel supports and main framework for each figure and scene are
fabricated and welded together.

triple in weight if nature decides to rain on the narade.

Perhaps the most complex part of float design comes in the selection of
materials to achieve the desired colors and textures. This is especially
true for floats decorated with flowers and other natural materials. For
the Tournament of Roses Parade, most builders employ a floral coordinator
to work with the designing artist to help select materials. Designers have
learned that some colors do not view well at a distance, and so they
balance them with contrasting or out-lining colors to bring out their
effect. In other cases, the floral coordinator may suggest a
more-plentiful, less-costly substitute than what the artist originally
planned.

The Manufacturing
Process

Float construction starts with the preparation of preliminary design
sketches and ends with a frantic flurry of activity as hundreds of people
prepare each float for the start of the parade. Here is a typical sequence
of operations required to build a float for the Tournament of Roses
Parade.

Designing the Float

1 In early January, parade officials announce the theme for the
following year's parade. Builders immediately begin developing
concepts for floats. Each builder is allowed to submit two design
concepts for each float proposal.

2 The parade entries committee reviews each design concept to ensure it
meets the parade requirements and does not duplicate another entry. From
the initial 200-plus submissions, 60 designs are approved for
construction. Most professional builders will construct three to 20
floats at the same time.

3 In mid-February, float builders take the approved designs and begin
refining the details. The mechanisms for the animated motion are
designed. Dimensions and weights are calculated. The best locations for
the drivers and animation operators are determined. By March, the
builders present their refined designs to potential sponsors for review.
After many presentations, each float gets a sponsor who agrees to fund
the construction.

Each float requires an average of 10,000 lb (4,545 kg) of flowers and
takes 7,000 person-hours or more to decorate.

Building the chassis

4 As the final details for each float are worked out with the sponsor,
work begins on the float chassis. In some cases, the chassis from one of
the previous year's floats can be modified to work. In other
cases, and entirely new chassis must be made. The engines, transmission,
and axles are installed, followed by the engine controls, steering
system, and tires and wheels.

5 By May, the builders are ready to present the final design to each
sponsor, including a full-color scale model of the float. Once approved,
the float construction proceeds at an accelerated pace.

Forming the figures and scenes

6 Starting in about June, the steel supports and main framework for each
figure and scene are fabricated and welded together. Animated portions
are fabricated and welded separately, and the hydraulic components are
installed. Artists start to bend and weld steel rods to the framework to
form the shape of each individual piece. In some cases, they work from
dimensioned drawings prepared by the builder, but sometimes they just
work from the master artist's rendering of the finished piece.

7 The individual pieces are then welded in place on the chassis, and the
hydraulic and electrical systems are connected. The float skeleton may
be taken out for a test run at this time to ensure that all the systems
are working properly.

8 Aluminum wire screen is cut and molded around the shape of the steel
rods to form the outer skin of each part of the float. The screen is
glued to the rods and sprayed with a polyvinyl plastic liquid, which
hardens to form a solid surface. The finished skin is strong enough to
support a person's weight.

Decorating the float

9 As the work gets underway on forming the figures and scenes, the
flowers and other decorative materials are ordered in advance. Growers
must time their growing cycle exactly so that the flowers are ready to
be picked and shipped just a few days before the parade.

10 By September, the main construction is complete, and any small items
are fabricated and installed on the float. Deliveries of non-perishable
items such as seeds and beans start in October.

11 Scaffolding is then erected around each float and the plastic skin
and other small items are painted. Each area is painted in a color that
closely matches the color of the flowers or other materials that will go
there on the finished float. This aids the decorating crews and ensures
that if a flower or decoration accidentally falls off, the bare spot
will not be noticeable.

12 Flowers start arriving in late-December and are stored in separate
tents until they are needed. Approximately 30,000 workers, many of them
young people from schools and church groups, report to the various
builder's construction sites to begin the round-the-clock job of
decorating the floats. Most flowers are prepared by popping the heads
off the stems before being glued in place. Delicate flowers are placed
in narrow plastic vials filled with water before being pushed in place.
Each float requires an average of 10,000 lb (4,545 kg) of flowers and
takes 7,000 person-hours or more to decorate.

13 Judging begins on December 30 while the floats are being completed. A
second judging takes place on December 31 with all the riders, sound
systems, animation, and other portions of the float in parade-ready
condition. On New Year's Eve, the floats are slowly towed from
the construction sites to the parade staging area. Each float must be in
position by 3 a.m. on January 1 or it will be disqualified.

14 At sunrise on January 1, the judges verify the awards for various
categories before the parade starts. The parade route covers 5.5 mi (8.8
km), and it takes about two hours for all the floats to pass the
starting line. Some one million people line the route, many of them
having camped there all night to get good viewing spots.

Salvaging components

15 Although parade floats are never used more than once, many of their
inner components are salvaged and reused to make next Year's
floats. After the parade, the floats are put on display for several days
to allow the public to get a closer look. As the flowers start to wilt,
the floats are towed back to the builder's assembly facility and
dismantled. The flowers and decorations are discarded, the steel
structure is cut up and recycled, and the major components—the
engines, hydraulic parts, transmission, tires, wheels, and electronic
equipment—are carefully removed and stored for future use.

Quality Control

As with any original work of art, parade floats are constantly inspected
by the eye of the master artist. One noted float builder has been known to
have an entire float torn down and rebuilt just days before the parade
because something did not look right. In addition to the artist's
critical eye, each float must meet the requirements of the organization in
charge of the parade regarding maximum overall dimensions, travel speed,
safety systems, and much more.

The Future

Parades, and parade floats, are expected to remain an important part of
celebrations. The floats are expected to become more elaborate and
technically sophisticated as builders and sponsors vie for the attention
of a worldwide audience. In the Rose Parade, the floral aspect of each
float will become more important, as builders search the world for new and
unusual floral effects.