Abstract

In this article, we first give a multivalued version of an iteration scheme of Agarwal et al. We use an idea due to Shahzad and Zegeye which removes a "strong condition" on the mapping involved in the iteration scheme and an observation by Song and Cho about the set of fixed points of that mapping. In this way, we approximate fixed points of a multivalued nonexpansive mapping through an iteration scheme which is independent of but faster than Ishikawa scheme used both by Song and Cho, and Shahzad and Zegeye. Thus our results improve and unify corresponding results in the contemporary literature.

Keywords

1. Introduction and preliminaries

Throughout the article, ℕ denotes the set of positive integers. Let E be a real Banach space. A subset K is called proximinal if for each x∈E, there exists an element k∈K such that

d(x,k)=inf{||x-y||:y∈K}=d(x,K)

It is known that a weakly compact convex subsets of a Banach space and closed convex subsets of a uniformly convex Banach space are proximinal. We shall denote the family of nonempty bounded proximinal subsets of K by P(K). Consistent with [1], let CB(K) be the class of all nonempty bounded and closed subsets of K. Let H be a Hausdorff metric induced by the metric d of E, that is

H(A,B)=max{sup x∈Ad(x,B),sup y∈Bd(y,A)}

for every A, B∈CB(E). A multivalued mapping T : K → P (K) is said to be a contraction if there exists a constant k∈ [0, 1) such that for any x, y∈K,

H(Tx,Ty)≤k||x-y||,

and T is said to be nonexpansive if

H(Tx,Ty)≤||x-y||

for all x, y∈K. A point x∈K is called a fixed point of T if x∈Tx.

The study of fixed points for multivalued contractions and nonexpansive mappings using the Hausdorff metric was initiated by Markin [2] (see also [1]). Later, an interesting and rich fixed point theory for such maps was developed which has applications in control theory, convex optimization, differential inclusion, and economics (see, [3] and references cited therein). Moreover, the existence of fixed points for multivalued nonexpansive mappings in uniformly convex Banach spaces was proved by Lim [4].

The theory of multivalued nonexpansive mappings is harder than the corresponding theory of single valued nonexpansive mappings. Different iterative processes have been used to approximate the fixed points of multivalued nonexpansive mappings. Among these iterative processes, Sastry and Babu [5] considered the following.

It is to be noted that Song and Wang [7] need the condition Tp = {p} in order to prove their Theorem 1. Actually, Panyanak [6] proved some results using Ishikawa type iteration process without this condition. Song and Wang [7] showed that without this condition his process was not well-defined. They reconstructed the process using the condition Tp = {p} which made it well-defined. Such a condition was also used by Jung [9].

"We note that the iteration scheme constructed by Song and Wang [7] involves the estimates which are not easy to be computed and the scheme is more time consuming. We also observe that Song and Wang [7] did not use the above estimates in their proofs and applied Lemma 2.1 (of [10]) without showing xn- p, yn- p∈BR(0). The assumption on T namely "Tp = {p} for any p∈F(T)" is quite strong.... Then we construct an iteration scheme which removes the restriction of T namely Tp = {p} for any p∈F(T)."

On the other hand, Agarwal et al. [11] introduced the following iteration scheme for single-valued mappings:

x1=x∈C,xn+1=(1-αn)Txn+αnTyn,yn=(1-βn)xn+βnTxn,n∈ℕ

(1.4)

where {αn} and {βn} are in (0, 1). This scheme is independent of both Mann and Ishikawa schemes. They proved that this scheme converges at a rate faster than both Picard iteration scheme xn+1= Txn and Mann iteration scheme for contractions. Following their method, it was observed in [12, Example 3.7] that this scheme also converges faster than Ishikawa iteration scheme.

In this paper, we first give a multivalued version of the iteration scheme (1.4) of Agarwal et al. [11] and then use the idea of removal of "Tp = {p} for any p∈F(T)" due to Shahzad and Zegeye [10] to approximate fixed points of a multivalued nonexpansive mapping T. We also use a result of Song and Cho [13] saying that set of fixed points of T is same as that of PT , see Lemma 2 below. Moreover, we use the method of direct construction of Cauchy sequence as indicated by Song and Cho [13] (and opposed to [10]) but also used by many other authors including [12, 14, 15]. Keeping above in mind, we define our iteration scheme as follows:

x1∈K,xn+1=(1-λ)vn+λunyn=(1-η)xn+ηvn,n∈ℕ

(1.5)

where vn∈PT(xn), un∈PT(yn) and 0 < λ, η < 1. We have used λ, η only for the sake of simplicity but αn, βn could be used equally well under suitable conditions. In this way, we approximate fixed points of a multivalued nonexpansive mapping by an iteration scheme which is independent of but faster than Ishikawa scheme. Thus our results improve corresponding results of Shahzad and Zegeye [10], Song and Cho [13] and the results generalized therein.

Now, we give the following definitions.

Definition 1. A Banach space E is said to satisfy Opial's condition [16] if for any sequence {xn} in E, xn⇀x implies that

Now we approximate fixed points of the mapping T through weak convergence of the sequence {xn} defined in (1.5).

Theorem 1. Let E be a uniformly convex Banach space satisfying Opial's condition and K a nonempty closed convex subset of E. Let T : K → P(K) be a multivalued mapping such that F(T) ≠ ∅and PTis a nonexpansive mapping. Let {xn} be the sequence as defined in (1.5). Let I - PTbe demiclosed with respect to zero, then {xn} converges weakly to a fixed point of T.

Proof. Let p∈F(T) = F(PT). From the proof of Lemma 4, limn→∞||xn-p|| exists. Now we prove that {xn} has a unique weak subsequential limit in F(T). To prove this, let z1 and z2 be weak limits of the subsequences {xni} and {xnj} of {xn}, respectively. By (2.7), there exists vn∈Txn such that limn→∞||xn-vn||=0. Since I - PT is demiclosed with respect to zero, therefore we obtain z1∈F(PT ) = F(T). In the same way, we can prove that z2∈F(T).

Next, we prove uniqueness. For this, suppose that z1 ≠ z2. Then by Opial's condition, we have

which is a contradiction. Hence {xn} converges weakly to a point in F(T). □

We now give some strong convergence theorems. Our first strong convergence theorem is valid in general real Banach spaces. We then apply this theorem to obtain a result in uniformly convex Banach spaces. We also use the method of direct construction of Cauchy sequence as indicated by Song and Cho [13] (and opposed to [10]) but used also by many other authors including [12, 14, 15].

Theorem 2. Let E be a real Banach space and K a nonempty closed convex subset of E. Let T : K → P(K) be a multivalued mapping such that F(T) ≠ ∅and PTis a nonexpansive mapping. Let {xn} be the sequence as defined in (1.5), then {xn} converges strongly to a point of F(T) if and only if lim infn→ ∞d(xn, F(T)) = 0.

Proof. The necessity is obvious. Conversely, suppose that lim infn→ ∞d(xn, F(T)) = 0. As proved in Lemma 4, we have

||xn+1-p||≤||xn-p||,

which gives

d(xn+1,F(T))≤d(xn,F(T)).

This implies that limn→∞d(xn,F(T)) exists and so by the hypothesis, liminfn→∞d(xn,F(T))=0. Therefore we must have limn→∞d(xn,F(T))=0.

Next, we show that {xn} is a Cauchy sequence in K. Let ε > 0 be arbitrarily chosen. Since limn→∞d(xn,F(T))=0., there exists a constant n0 such that for all n ≥ n0, we have

d(xn,F(T))<ε4.

In particular, inf{||xn0-p||:p∈F(T)}<ε4. There must exist a p* ∈F(T) such that

||xn0-p*||<ε2.

Now for m, n ≥ n0, we have

||xn+m-xn||≤||xn+m-p*||+||xn-p*||≤2||xn0-p*||<2ε2=ε.

Hence {xn} is a Cauchy sequence in a closed subset K of a Banach space E, and so it must converge in K. Let limn→∞xn=q. Now

which gives that d(q, PTq) = 0. But PT is a nonexpansive mapping so F(PT) is closed. Therefore, q∈F(PT) = F(T). □

We now apply the above theorem to obtain the following theorem in uniformly convex Banach spaces where T : K → P (K) satisfies condition (I).

Theorem 3. Let E be a uniformly convex Banach space and K a nonempty closed convex subset of E. Let T : K → P (K) be a multivalued mapping satisfying condition (I) such that F(T ) ≠ ∅and PTis a nonexpansive mapping. Let {xn} be the sequence as defined in (1.5), then {xn} converges strongly to a point of F(T).

Proof. By Lemma 5, limn→ ∞||xn- p|| exists for all p∈F(T). Let this limit be c for some c ≥ 0.

If c = 0, there is nothing to prove.

Suppose c > 0. Now ||xn+1-p|| ≤ ||xn- p|| implies that

infp∈F(T)||xn+1-p||≤infp∈F(T)||xn-p||,

which means that d(xn+1, F(T)) ≤ d(xn, F(T)) and so limn→∞d(xn,F(T)) exists. By using condition (I) and Lemma 5, we have

limn→∞f(d(xn,F(T)))≤limn→∞d(xn,Txn)=0.

That is,

limn→∞f(d(xn,F(T)))=0.

Since f is a nondecreasing function and f(0) = 0, it follows that limn→∞d(xn,F(T))=0.. Now applying Theorem 2, we obtain the result. □

Declarations

Competing interests

The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

Authors' contributions

SHK gave the idea and wrote the initial draft. IY read and agreed upon the draft. SHK then finalized the manuscript. Correspondence was mainly done by IY. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

Copyright

This article is published under license to BioMed Central Ltd. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.