In the Republic of Ireland, it was not possible for a transgender person to alter their birth certificate until 2015. Lydia Foy took a case in the High Court in 2002 that was turned down, as a birth certificate was deemed to be a historical document.[1]

Foy took new proceedings to the High Court relying on the decisions of the European Court of Human Rights in the Goodwin and "I" cases, her application was heard between 17 and 26 April 2007, and judgment was reserved. Judgment was given in the High Court on 19 October 2007, the Judge held that the Irish State had failed to respect Foy's rights under Article 8 of the European Convention on Human Rights by not providing any mechanism for her to obtain a new birth certificate in her female gender. He indicated that he would grant a declaration that Irish law in this area was incompatible with the Convention, he also said he would have found her right to marry under Article 12 of the Convention had been infringed as well if that had been relevant. On 14 February 2008, the Judge granted a declaration that sections of the Civil Registration Act 2004 were incompatible with Article 8 of the Convention, this was the first declaration of incompatibility made under the European Convention on Human Rights Act passed in 2003.[2]

The government appealed this decision, but dropped its appeal in June 2010 and set up an advisory group of civil servants to make recommendations for new legislation, the advisory group's report was published in July 2011,[3] but there was controversy over some of its recommendations, notably that married transgender persons would have to divorce before they could be recognised in their new gender. At the launch of the report the Minister responsible stated that the Government would introduce gender recognition legislation as soon as possible.[4] No legislation had been introduced by February 2013, so Foy issued new proceedings in the High Court seeking a declaration that the State was obliged to issue her with a new birth certificate in her female gender, or that the State was in breach of the Irish Constitution or the European Convention on Human Rights because it had failed to provide her with an effective remedy for the violation of her rights .[5]

On July 15, 2015, Ireland passed the Gender Recognition Act of 2015 that allows legal gender changes without the requirement of medical intervention or assessment by the state,[6] such change is possible through self-determination for any person aged 18 or over resident in Ireland and registered on Irish registers of birth or adoption. Persons aged 16 to 18 years must secure a court order to exempt them from the normal requirement to be at least 18.[7] Ireland is one of four legal jurisdictions in the world where people may legally change gender through self-determination.[8]

By May 2017, 230 people had been granted gender recognition certificates under the 2015 law.[9]

Republic of Ireland
–
Ireland, also known as the Republic of Ireland, is a sovereign state in north-western Europe occupying about five-sixths of the island of Ireland. The capital and largest city is Dublin, which is located on the part of the island. The state shares its land border with Northern Ireland, a part of the United Kingdom. It is otherwise surrounded by the

High Court (Ireland)
–
Judges are appointed by the President. However, as with almost all the Presidents constitutional powers, these appointments are made under the advice of the Government, in practice, this means that the judges are nominated by the government and automatically approved by the President. Cases are normally heard by one judge, but the President of the

European Court of Human Rights
–
The European Court of Human Rights is a supra-national or international court established by the European Convention on Human Rights. It hears applications alleging that a state has breached one or more of the human rights provisions concerning civil and political rights set out in the Convention. An application can be lodged by an individual, a gr

1.
Building of the European Court of Human Rights

3.
A piece of the Berlin Wall in front of the European Court of Human Rights

4.
Courtroom of the European Court of Human Rights

European Convention on Human Rights
–
The European Convention on Human Rights is an international treaty to protect human rights and fundamental freedoms in Europe. Drafted in 1950 by the newly formed Council of Europe. All Council of Europe member states are party to the Convention, the Convention established the European Court of Human Rights. Any person who feels his or her rights h

1.
Ukrainian stamp, commemorating 60 years of European Convention on Human Rights

2.
Parties to the convention

Offences against the Person Act 1861
–
The Offences against the Person Act 1861 is an Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. It consolidated provisions related to offences against the person from a number of earlier statutes into a single Act, for the most part these provisions were, according to the draftsman of the Act, incorporated with little or no

Norris v. Attorney General
–
The Attorney General is a 1983 judgement from the Supreme Court of Ireland that the existing Irish law which criminalised homosexuality was not against the Constitution of Ireland. David Norris appeal this judgement to the European Court of Human Rights who overturned it in 1988, the Offences against the Person Act 1861 banned buggery, which made s

Norris v. Ireland
–
The original case in the Irish courts was Norris v. Attorney General, introduced in 1977 and decided by the Supreme Court of Ireland in 1983. Norriss Senior Counsel was fellow member of the Campaign for Homosexual Law Reform, Mary Robinson, the Irish courts ruled that Norriss right to privacy was not violated by the Offences against the Person Act

Gay Doctors Ireland
–
Gay Doctors Ireland is an organisation of gay, lesbian, bisexual and transgender physicians and medical students in Ireland. It was founded in 2010 as Irelands first association for LGBT doctors, GDI is an educational, professional and social support network for LGBT doctors and medical students. The groups inaugural annual general meeting featured

Alternative Miss Ireland
–
The Alternative Miss Ireland was an annual gay event which took place in Dublin, Ireland, on the Sunday closest to St. Patricks Day,17 March. It occurred over three-and-a-half hours and featured a pastiche of the beauty pageant rounds inspired by Andrew Logans Alternative Miss World and it is commonly shortened to AMI, both as its initials and a wo

Gaze (film festival)
–
Gaze International LGBT Film Festival Dublin is an annual film festival which takes place in Dublin, Ireland each Bank Holiday weekend in late July and early August. Since 1992, it has become Irelands largest LGBT film event, people attend from across the world, with a footfall of at least 9,000 expected over the 2015 festival weekend. Gazes organi

1.
Gaze (GAZE) International LGBT Film Festival

Gay Community News (Dublin)
–
Gay Community News is a magazine based in Dublin, Ireland. Founded in 1988, it is Irelands longest-running lesbian, gay, bisexual, in the late 1980s, activists Tonie Walsh and Catherine Glendon sought to establish a free LGBT publication. The National Gay Federation - now known as NLGF - had previously published 2 unsuccessful LGBT periodical, gCNs

1.
GCN, Issue 1. Feb 1988.

The George, Dublin
–
The George is a pub and nightclub on South Great Georges Street in the city centre of Dublin, Ireland. Opened in 1985—eight years before homosexuality was legalised in Ireland—it is one of the nations oldest gay bars and it is regarded as one of the best known gay bars in the city. South Great Georges Street is a location for gay men in Dublin. Thi

1.
The George, Dublin

Discourse
–
Discourse denotes written and spoken communications, In semantics and discourse analysis, Discourse is a conceptual generalization of conversation within each modality and context of communication. The totality of codified language used in a field of intellectual enquiry and of social practice, such as legal discourse, medical discourse, religious

Transfeminism
–
Transfeminism has also been defined more generally as an approach to feminism that is informed by trans politics. In 2006, the first book on transfeminism, Trans/Forming Feminisms, early voices in the movement include Kate Bornstein and Sandy Stone, whose essay The Empire Strikes Back was a direct response to Janice Raymonds transphobic writings. I

Gay bar
–
Gay bars once served as the centre of gay culture and were one of the few places people with same-sex orientations and gender-variant identities could openly socialize. Other names used to describe these establishments include boy bar, girl bar, gay club, gay pub, queer bar, lesbian bar, drag bar, and dyke bar, depending on the niche communities th

Bisexual community
–
The bisexual community includes members of the LGBT community who identify as bisexual, pansexual, or sexually fluid. People who identify as bisexual or pansexual receive specifically directed hatred and distrust, stereotyping, people may say bisexuals are just unsure of their feelings or going through a phase and will or should decide or discover

Gay icon
–
A gay icon is a public figure who is embraced by many within lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender communities. Some of the qualities of a gay icon often include glamour, flamboyance, strength through adversity. Such icons can be of any orientation or gender, if LGBT. Although most gay icons have given their support to LGBT social movements, some

1.
Actress and singer Judy Garland is cited as one of the quintessential gay icons

Gay village
–
A gay village is a geographical area with generally recognized boundaries, inhabited or frequented by a large number of lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender people. Gay villages often contain a number of gay-oriented establishments, such as gay bars and pubs, nightclubs, bathhouses, restaurants, such areas may represent a LGBTQ-friendly oasis in

Gay rodeo
–
The International Gay Rodeo Association, founded in 1985, is the sanctioning body for gay rodeos held throughout the United States and Canada. They are the largest group coordinating rodeo events specifically welcoming lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender as well as heterosexual participants, IGRA is composed of many regional gay rodeo associations,

1.
Grand Entry at the Rocky Mountain Regional Rodeo, put on by the Colorado Gay Rodeo Association in 2005

2.
Bull rider at the 2007 Atlantic Stampede, put on by the Atlantic States Gay Rodeo Association

Homosexuality in sports
–
LGBTQ+ athletes have faced intolerance due to the heteronormativity within the sports culture that is cultivated in schools. There have been several notable outspoken homosexual athletes, including Sheryl Swoopes, Billie Jean King, since these three athletes, many new prominent athletes have publicly announced their homosexuality such as Michael Sa

Male
–
A male organism is the physiological sex that produces sperm. Each spermatozoon can fuse with a female gamete, or ovum. A male cannot reproduce sexually without access to at least one ovum from a female, most male mammals, including male humans, have a Y chromosome, which codes for the production of larger amounts of testosterone to develop male re

1.
The symbol of the Roman god Mars (god of war) is often used to represent the male sex. It also stands for the planet Mars and is the alchemical symbol for iron.

LIST OF IMAGES

1.
Republic of Ireland
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Ireland, also known as the Republic of Ireland, is a sovereign state in north-western Europe occupying about five-sixths of the island of Ireland. The capital and largest city is Dublin, which is located on the part of the island. The state shares its land border with Northern Ireland, a part of the United Kingdom. It is otherwise surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean, with the Celtic Sea to the south, Saint Georges Channel to the south-east, and it is a unitary, parliamentary republic. The head of government is the Taoiseach, who is elected by the Dáil and appointed by the President, the state was created as the Irish Free State in 1922 as a result of the Anglo-Irish Treaty. It was officially declared a republic in 1949, following the Republic of Ireland Act 1948, Ireland became a member of the United Nations in December 1955. It joined the European Economic Community, the predecessor of the European Union, after joining the EEC, Ireland enacted a series of liberal economic policies that resulted in rapid economic growth. The country achieved considerable prosperity between the years of 1995 and 2007, which known as the Celtic Tiger period. This was halted by a financial crisis that began in 2008. However, as the Irish economy was the fastest growing in the EU in 2015, Ireland is again quickly ascending league tables comparing wealth and prosperity internationally. For example, in 2015, Ireland was ranked as the joint sixth most developed country in the world by the United Nations Human Development Index and it also performs well in several national performance metrics, including freedom of the press, economic freedom and civil liberties. Ireland is a member of the European Union and is a member of the Council of Europe. The 1922 state, comprising 26 of the 32 counties of Ireland, was styled, the Constitution of Ireland, adopted in 1937, provides that the name of the State is Éire, or, in the English language, Ireland. Section 2 of the Republic of Ireland Act 1948 states, It is hereby declared that the description of the State shall be the Republic of Ireland. The 1948 Act does not name the state as Republic of Ireland, because to have done so would have put it in conflict with the Constitution. The government of the United Kingdom used the name Eire, and, from 1949, Republic of Ireland, for the state, as well as Ireland, Éire or the Republic of Ireland, the state is also referred to as the Republic, Southern Ireland or the South. In an Irish republican context it is referred to as the Free State or the 26 Counties. From the Act of Union on 1 January 1801, until 6 December 1922, during the Great Famine, from 1845 to 1849, the islands population of over 8 million fell by 30%

2.
High Court (Ireland)
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Judges are appointed by the President. However, as with almost all the Presidents constitutional powers, these appointments are made under the advice of the Government, in practice, this means that the judges are nominated by the government and automatically approved by the President. Cases are normally heard by one judge, but the President of the High Court may order that a case be heard by three judges sitting together — a so-called divisional court. The court normally hears cases in the Four Courts building in Dublin, mella Carroll was the first woman to serve on the court and did so between 1980 and 2005. The High Court is known as the Central Criminal Court when it is hearing a criminal case, all Central Criminal Court cases are heard in front of a jury of twelve people. The defendant can be convicted on a majority verdict of ten jurors, appeals from the Central Criminal Court can be made to the Court of Criminal Appeal, and the sentence can be appealed as well as the verdict. By virtue of its original jurisdiction under the Constitution, however. The High Court has full powers to grant any injunction or declaration that could be granted by a court of chancery. Petitions to windup companies and various company law remedies are heard by the High Court which has jurisdiction in this area. The High Court further has exclusive jurisdiction in the area of bankruptcies, in contentious Probate matters and Family Law the High Court has concurrent jurisdiction with the Circuit Court over such claims. Non-contentious Probate motions are heard solely by the High Court, the High Court has full jurisdiction in Admiralty and can exercise jurisdiction under the Brussels Convention on the Arrest of Seagoing Vessels. The Court also has power of review over the acts of the government and other public bodies, including the decisions of all inferior courts. The High Court hears all applications for extradition, both under the European Arrest Warrant system and to non-EU member states, appeals from professional disciplinary bodies under the Nurses Act, Medical Practitioners Act and Solicitors Acts are to the High Court. Any non-criminal judgment or order of the High Court sitting as a court of first instance may be appealed to the Supreme Court save as provided for by statute. The High Court also hears civil and family law appeals from the Circuit Court, the High Court sits outside of Dublin to hear appeals from trials from circuits other than the Dublin Circuit and is known as the High Court on Circuit. The current High Court is the court in Ireland to bear that name. The first High Court – the High Court of Justice in Ireland – was created by the Supreme Court of Judicature Act 1877 and this fused the administration of common law and equity in Ireland. However, in Ireland, the divisions of the High Court other than the Kings Bench Division, the Government of Ireland Act 1920 split the court in separate courts for Northern Ireland

3.
European Court of Human Rights
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The European Court of Human Rights is a supra-national or international court established by the European Convention on Human Rights. It hears applications alleging that a state has breached one or more of the human rights provisions concerning civil and political rights set out in the Convention. An application can be lodged by an individual, a group of individuals or one or more of the contracting states, and, besides judgments. The Convention was adopted within the context of the Council of Europe, the Court is based in Strasbourg, France. The jurisdiction of the Court has been recognised to date by all 47 member states of the Council of Europe. In 1998, the Court became an institution and the European Commission of Human Rights. The accession of new states to the European Convention on Human Rights following the fall of the Berlin Wall in 1989 led to a increase in applications filed in the Court. The efficiency of the Court was threatened seriously by the number of pending applications. In 19998,400 applications were allocated to be heard, in 200327,200 cases were filed and the number of pending applications rose to approximately 65,000. In 2005, the Court opened 45,500 case files, in 200957,200 applications were allocated, with the number of pending applications rose to 119,300. Protocol 14 entered into force on 1 June 2010, three months after it was ratified by all 47 contracting states to the Convention, between 2006 and 2010, Russia was the only contracting state to refuse to ratify Protocol 14. In 2010, Russia ended its opposition to the protocol, in exchange for a guarantee that Russian judges would be involved in reviewing complaints against Russia. Protocol 14 amended the Convention so that judges would be elected for a term of nine years. Amendments were also made so that a judge could reject plainly inadmissible applications. In cases of doubt, the single judge refers the applications to the Committee of the Court, a single judge may not examine applications against the state which nominated him. The three judge committee has jurisdiction to declare applications admissible and decide on the merits of the if it was clearly well founded and based on well established case law. Protocol 14 also provides that when a three judge committee decides on the merits of a case, the elected to represent that state is no longer a compulsory member of this committee. The judge can be invited by the committee, to one of its members

European Court of Human Rights
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Building of the European Court of Human Rights
European Court of Human Rights
European Court of Human Rights
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A piece of the Berlin Wall in front of the European Court of Human Rights
European Court of Human Rights
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Courtroom of the European Court of Human Rights

4.
European Convention on Human Rights
–
The European Convention on Human Rights is an international treaty to protect human rights and fundamental freedoms in Europe. Drafted in 1950 by the newly formed Council of Europe. All Council of Europe member states are party to the Convention, the Convention established the European Court of Human Rights. Any person who feels his or her rights have been violated under the Convention by a party can take a case to the Court. Judgments finding violations are binding on the States concerned and they are obliged to execute them, the compensations imposed under ECHR can be rather large, in 2014 Russia agreed to pay in excess of $2 billion in damages to former shareholders of Yukos. The Convention has several protocols, which amend the convention framework, the European Convention on Human Rights has played an important role in the development and awareness of Human Rights in Europe. The development of a system of human rights protection operating across Europe can be seen as a direct response to twin concerns. Second, the Convention was a response to the growth of Communism in Central and Eastern Europe and designed to protect the member states of the Council of Europe from communist subversion. The Convention was drafted by the Council of Europe after the Second World War in response to an issued by Europeans from all walks of life who had gathered at the Hague Congress. British MP and lawyer Sir David Maxwell-Fyfe, the Chair of the Assemblys Committee on Legal and Administrative Questions, was one of its leading members, as a prosecutor at the Nuremberg Trials, he had seen first-hand how international justice could be effectively applied. After extensive debates, the Assembly sent its proposal to the Councils Committee of Ministers. So a non-democratic State could not participate in the ECHR system, the Convention was opened for signature on 4 November 1950 in Rome. It was ratified and entered force on 3 September 1953. It is overseen and enforced by the European Court of Human Rights in Strasbourg, until procedural reforms in the late 1990s, the Convention was also overseen by a European Commission on Human Rights. Statements of principle are, from a point of view, not determinative. As amended by Protocol 11, the Convention consists of three parts, the main rights and freedoms are contained in Section I, which consists of Articles 2 to 18. Section II sets up the Court and its rules of operation, Section III contains various concluding provisions. Article 1 simply binds the parties to secure the rights under the other Articles of the Convention within their jurisdiction

European Convention on Human Rights
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Ukrainian stamp, commemorating 60 years of European Convention on Human Rights
European Convention on Human Rights
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Parties to the convention

5.
Offences against the Person Act 1861
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The Offences against the Person Act 1861 is an Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. It consolidated provisions related to offences against the person from a number of earlier statutes into a single Act, for the most part these provisions were, according to the draftsman of the Act, incorporated with little or no variation in their phraseology. It is one of a group of Acts sometimes referred to as the criminal law consolidation Acts 1861 and it was passed with the object of simplifying the law. It is essentially a version of an earlier consolidation Act. Although it has been amended, it continues to be the foundation for prosecuting personal injury, short of murder, in the courts of England. The Act was also adopted in British possessions, for example New Zealand adopted the Act in 1866, in England and Wales, and in Northern Ireland, the sexual offences under this Act have all been repealed. For legislation referring to sexual offences, see the Sexual Offences Act 2003, in Northern Ireland the Offences against the Person Act 1861 continues to be the basis of a ban on abortion. The Act as originally drafted listed specific methods whereby harm might be caused, for example, section 18 originally included an offence of shooting which could be committed with any of the specified intents. Sections 11 to 15 specified various means by which a person might attempt to commit murder, in some cases, these reflected political issues then of great significance. For example, the Fenians were promoting their political case by leaving barrels of explosives in public places, hence, sections 28 to 30 and 64 specifically address the problem, whether injury results or not. Similarly, children were throwing stones at passing trains. As originally enacted, the Act had 79 sections. In England and Wales,37 sections remain in force, namely sections 4,5,9,10,16 to 18,20 to 38,44,45,47,57 to 60,64,65,68 and 78. Of those, only sections 25,34 to 36 and 78 have not been either partially repealed or otherwise amended, different subsets of its provisions remain in force in Northern Ireland and in the Republic of Ireland. See the Criminal Justice Act 2003 for further provisions about sentencing for manslaughter, Sections 1 to 3 dealt with the death penalty for murder and have been repealed. In the Republic of Ireland, the references to murder in these sections were changed to references to murder by section 15 of the Criminal Justice Act 1964. They were repealed by section 9 of, and the schedule to. But the repeal of section 1 did not affect the operation of sections 64 to 68 and this section replaced the corresponding provision in section 3 of the Offences against the Person Act 1828 and section 4 of the corresponding Irish Act

Offences against the Person Act 1861

6.
Norris v. Attorney General
–
The Attorney General is a 1983 judgement from the Supreme Court of Ireland that the existing Irish law which criminalised homosexuality was not against the Constitution of Ireland. David Norris appeal this judgement to the European Court of Human Rights who overturned it in 1988, the Offences against the Person Act 1861 banned buggery, which made sexual activity between 2 men illegal. The law remained on the books when Ireland achieved independence from the UK, the Constitution of Ireland came into force in 1937, and all laws that on the books before then were carried over, unless they were repugnant to the constitution. Article 50 of the Constitution provides that laws enacted before the Constitution that are inconsistent with it would no longer be in force. Norriss Senior Counsel was fellow member of the Campaign for Homosexual Law Reform, Mary Robinson, the Supreme Court rejected the appeal, citing the Christian nature of the state. It follows, in my view, that no right of privacy, as claimed by the plaintiff, after the judgement was delivered, Norris immediately declared that he would take a case to the European Court of Human Rights. Norris appealed the decision to the European Court of Human Rights in Norris v. Ireland, the ECHR ruled that homosexuality must be decriminalised. In 1993, the Irish government decriminalised gay male sexual activity with the Criminal Law Act,1993, david Norris Campaign for Homosexual Law Reform Norris v. Ireland LGBT rights in the Republic of Ireland Full Judgement on BAILII

7.
Norris v. Ireland
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The original case in the Irish courts was Norris v. Attorney General, introduced in 1977 and decided by the Supreme Court of Ireland in 1983. Norriss Senior Counsel was fellow member of the Campaign for Homosexual Law Reform, Mary Robinson, the Irish courts ruled that Norriss right to privacy was not violated by the Offences against the Person Act 1861 and the Criminal Law Amendment Act 1885. Norris appealed the Irish courts decision to the ECtHR in 1983, the Court passed judgment in 1988, deciding in Norriss favour on grounds similar to those of its 1981 decision in Dudgeon v United Kingdom. The laws impugned by the judgment were eventually repealed by the Criminal Law Act,1993, david Norris Dudgeon v United Kingdom LGBT rights in the Republic of Ireland List of LGBT-related European Court of Human Rights cases Case of Norris v. Ireland. Norris v. A. G. IESC3, IR36, Supreme Court

8.
Gay Doctors Ireland
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Gay Doctors Ireland is an organisation of gay, lesbian, bisexual and transgender physicians and medical students in Ireland. It was founded in 2010 as Irelands first association for LGBT doctors, GDI is an educational, professional and social support network for LGBT doctors and medical students. The groups inaugural annual general meeting featured Doctor Jesse Ehrenfeld of Harvard University, among the issues addressed by the group is the Irish Blood Transfusion Service controversial ban on gay men donating blood. In September 2011, GDI criticised Deputy Brian Walshs efforts to deny surgery to transgender patients, in April 2011, GDI announced an annual LGBT Health Research Bursary for medical students, the first of its kind in Ireland. List of LGBT medical organizations Gay and Lesbian Medical Association Official website

9.
Alternative Miss Ireland
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The Alternative Miss Ireland was an annual gay event which took place in Dublin, Ireland, on the Sunday closest to St. Patricks Day,17 March. It occurred over three-and-a-half hours and featured a pastiche of the beauty pageant rounds inspired by Andrew Logans Alternative Miss World and it is commonly shortened to AMI, both as its initials and a wordplay on the French for friend. It began in 1987 and ended in 2012, the event promotional material states, Alternative Miss Ireland is an annual beauty pageant that is open to men, women and animals. It is also a collective dedicated to raising money for Irish HIV/AIDS organisations. It features on the front cover each year of the March issue of Gay Community News magazine and is the highlight of Irelands calendar of gay-themed events. The first contest was held in Sides nightclub on Dame Street on 1 April 1987, upon recommencement, it was held in The Red Box, POD for the first few years. It switched to the Olympia Theatre in 2000 to accommodate its increasing popularity and it is a fund-raising event for HIV/AIDS charities such as Cáirde and St. Jamess Hospital. Although open to any entrant, it features mainly gay-themed entrants and is known as Gay Christmas since its host, Panti. In 1998, Miss Veda Beaux Reves, who had just lost first place to Miss Tampy Lilette, at the 2007 contest, the host Panti was surprised by a message from her hero Dolly Parton. It is traditional that the years winner does a new performance after the interval. There is a production team involved, known as the Alternative Miss Ireland Family. It was reported in October 2011 that the pageant would take place in 2012. One organiser said, people have less time to pull everything together, critic Fintan Walsh has written about the contest in the article Homleysexuality and the Beauty Pageant. Homleysexuality and the Beauty Pageant, in Walsh and Brady, eds, crossroads, Performance Studies and Irish Culture. Basingstoke and New York, Palgrave Macmillan

10.
Gaze (film festival)
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Gaze International LGBT Film Festival Dublin is an annual film festival which takes place in Dublin, Ireland each Bank Holiday weekend in late July and early August. Since 1992, it has become Irelands largest LGBT film event, people attend from across the world, with a footfall of at least 9,000 expected over the 2015 festival weekend. Gazes organisers seek out educational and entertaining LGBT cinema which members of the Dublin gay community may not have had the opportunity to view anywhere else. However, the programme also includes films by gay artists which dont contain any gay themes, the festival began life as the Lesbian and Gay Film Festival in 1992, founded by Yvonne OReilly and Kevin Sexton, and was held in the Irish Film Centre. Over 3,500 people attended in 2006, the last year before the rebranding as Gaze, the Dublin Lesbian and Gay Film Festival was renamed Gaze in 2007. Over 4,000 people attended the 2007 festival, the fifteenth edition, the festival also obtained a new director—Michele Devlin, the programmer of the Belfast Film Festival—in 2007. An updated version of The Picture of Dorian Gray by Oscar Wilde, Gaze 2009, the seventeenth festival, took place over five days at the Light House Cinema in Smithfield from 30 July –3 August. Grey Gardens, which stars Drew Barrymore and Jessica Lange and depicts relatives of Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis, over sixty-seven films, including premieres, documentaries and shorts featured at the 2009 event. Gazes 23rd programme of features was scheduled to be announced on July 25,2015, list of LGBT film festivals Official site

Gaze (film festival)
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Gaze (GAZE) International LGBT Film Festival

11.
Gay Community News (Dublin)
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Gay Community News is a magazine based in Dublin, Ireland. Founded in 1988, it is Irelands longest-running lesbian, gay, bisexual, in the late 1980s, activists Tonie Walsh and Catherine Glendon sought to establish a free LGBT publication. The National Gay Federation - now known as NLGF - had previously published 2 unsuccessful LGBT periodical, gCNs first issue was published on 10 February 1988 as an 8-page tabloid newspaper. It has been published each month, with one exception. GCN is owned and published by the National Lesbian and Gay Federation, the editorial focus of GCN continues to be rights- and community-based. It is also the publication in Ireland with regular coverage of developments for HIV positive people. GCN also has regular celebrity interviews, lifestyle features, film, book and music reviews and it has 33,000 readers and is distributed across Ireland, north and south. Brian Finnegan was appointed editor of GCN in March 2003 and he came to the publication to change it from a free political newspaper into a commercially viable magazine, without sacrificing the original ideals of the founding publishers. GCNs online presence began in 2000, the website was relaunched in January 2014, under the new name TheOutmost. com. It features constantly updated news and gossip stories, features, daily gay TV listings, daily scene and community listings, video, podcast and other downloadable content and bloggers

Gay Community News (Dublin)
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GCN, Issue 1. Feb 1988.

12.
The George, Dublin
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The George is a pub and nightclub on South Great Georges Street in the city centre of Dublin, Ireland. Opened in 1985—eight years before homosexuality was legalised in Ireland—it is one of the nations oldest gay bars and it is regarded as one of the best known gay bars in the city. South Great Georges Street is a location for gay men in Dublin. This somewhat reduced the clubs pre-eminence, though it is still a fixture of gay nightlife in the city. The George began as a gay-owned venture but was purchased by the group of bars. It retains a status but has recently seen competition from newer gay venues, such as the Front Lounge on Parliament Street. Formerly The Dragon, also on South Great Georges Street and run by the owners was closed in January 2015 for renovations. The Gardai evacuated the venue at 11pm until the all clear was given 90 minutes later, the festivities then resumed to normal. Back then The George was the bar downstairs, now known as Jurassic Park. ‘The Loft’ was decorated with Tivoli lighting, which one customer remarked “Must be what the inside of a hairdresser’s brain looks like. ”Eventually, The George became a dedicated gay bar. It was only the bar in the city to be owned by a gay proprietor and to be opened specifically as a gay bar. The George provided a space where gay people could socialise with their friends without fear. Through the years the bar continued to grow in popularity and post decriminalisation in 1993 there was an explosion of numbers onto the gay scene, in 1998 The George extended again into the building next door, which had originally been an Indian restaurant. The George attracts visitors, both gay and straight, derek Mooney - sometimes attends bingo List of pubs in Dublin Official website GCN online Gay Ireland Directory

The George, Dublin
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The George, Dublin
The George, Dublin

13.
Discourse
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Discourse denotes written and spoken communications, In semantics and discourse analysis, Discourse is a conceptual generalization of conversation within each modality and context of communication. The totality of codified language used in a field of intellectual enquiry and of social practice, such as legal discourse, medical discourse, religious discourse. In the work of Michel Foucault, and that of the social theoreticians he inspired, discourse describes an entity of sequences, of signs, therefore, a discourse is composed of semiotic sequences between and among objects, subjects, and statements. The term discursive formation conceptually describes the regular communications that produce such discourses, as a philosopher, Michel Foucault applied the discursive formation in the analyses of large bodies of knowledge, such as political economy and natural history. In the first sense-usage, the discourse is studied in corpus linguistics. In the second sense and in the sense, the analysis of a discourse examines and determines the connections among language and structure. Discourse affects the persons perspective, it is impossible to avoid discourse, for example, two notably distinct discourses can be used about various guerrilla movements describing them either as freedom fighters or terrorists. In other words, the chosen discourse provides the vocabulary, expressions, discourses are embedded in different rhetorical genres and metagenres that constrain and enable them. Discourse is closely linked to different theories of power and state and this conception of discourse is largely derived from the work of French philosopher Michel Foucault. Modernist theorists were preoccupied with obtaining the truth and reality and sought to develop theories which contained certainty and predictability, modernist theorists therefore viewed discourse as being relative to talking or way of talking and understood discourse to be functional. Discourse and language transformations are ascribed to progress or the need to develop new or more words to describe new discoveries, understandings. In modern times, language and discourse are dissociated from power and ideology, in other words, it is the structure itself that determines the significance, meaning and function of the individual elements of a system. Structuralism has made an important contribution to our understanding of language, saussures theory of language highlights the decisive role of meaning and signification in structuring human life more generally. Following the perceived limitations of the era, emerged postmodern theory. Postmodern theorists rejected modernist claims that there was one approach that explained all aspects of society. Rather, postmodernist theorists were interested in examining the variety of experience of individuals and groups and emphasized differences over similarities, in contrast to modern theory, postmodern theory is more fluid and allows for individual differences as it rejected the notion of social laws. Postmodern theorists shifted away from truth seeking and instead sought answers for how truths are produced and sustained, postmodernists contended that truth and knowledge is plural, contextual, and historically produced through discourses. Postmodern researchers therefore embarked on analyzing discourses such as texts, language, French social theorist Michel Foucault developed a notion of discourse in his early work, especially the Archaeology of knowledge

14.
Transfeminism
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Transfeminism has also been defined more generally as an approach to feminism that is informed by trans politics. In 2006, the first book on transfeminism, Trans/Forming Feminisms, early voices in the movement include Kate Bornstein and Sandy Stone, whose essay The Empire Strikes Back was a direct response to Janice Raymonds transphobic writings. In the 21st century, Krista Scott-Dixon and Julia Serano have published transfeminist works, Transfeminism. org was created in 2000 to promote the Transfeminism Anthology Project by Diana Courvant and Emi Koyama. Koyama and Courvant sought other transfeminists and to increase their exposure, the anthology was intended to introduce the movement to a large audience. At a Yale event and in associated with it, Courvants use of the word and involvement in Transfeminism. org. Courvant credited Koyamas Internet savvy as the reason transfeminism. org, patrick Califia used the word in print in 1997, and this remains the first known use in print outside of a periodical. It is possible or even likely that the term was independently coined repeatedly before the year 2000, the term gained traction only after 1999. Jessica Xavier, an acquaintance of Courvant, may have coined the term when she used it to introduce her articles, Passing As Stigma Management. In the past few decades the idea that all share a common experience has come under scrutiny by women of color, lesbians. Many transgender people are also questioning what gender means, and are challenging gender as a biological fact, transfeminists insist that their unique experiences be recognized as part of the feminist sphere. Transfeminism incorporates all major themes of third wave feminism, including diversity, body image, Transfeminism is not merely about merging trans concerns with feminism. It also includes analysis of second wave feminism from the perspective of the third wave. Like all feminisms, transfeminism critiques mainstream notions of masculinity and argues that women deserve equal rights, lastly, transfeminism shares the unifying principle with other feminisms that gender is a patriarchal social construct used to oppress women. Therefore, by many, the trans in transgender has been used to imply transgressiveness, nicholas Birns indeed categorizes transfeminism as a feminism that defines the term trans- in a maximally heterogeneous way. The road to legitimacy for transfeminism as a concept has been different, marginalized women of trans background and affect have had to prove that their needs are different and that mainstream feminism does not necessarily speak for them. Contrarily, trans women must show their womanhood is equally valid as that of women. Radical feminist Janice Raymonds resistance to considering trans people as women and her career began with The Transsexual Empire and she has often returned to this theme. A core tenet of feminism is that biology does not and must not equal destiny, the idea that women should not be held down by traditional gender roles plays a major role in all feminisms

15.
Gay bar
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Gay bars once served as the centre of gay culture and were one of the few places people with same-sex orientations and gender-variant identities could openly socialize. Other names used to describe these establishments include boy bar, girl bar, gay club, gay pub, queer bar, lesbian bar, drag bar, and dyke bar, depending on the niche communities that they served. With the advent of the Internet and an acceptance of LGBT people across the Western world. In areas without a gay bar, certain establishments may hold a gay night, gathering places favoured by homosexuals have operated for centuries. Reports from as early as the 17th century record the existence of bars and clubs that catered to, or at least tolerated, the White Swan, on Vere Street, in London, England, was raided in 1810 during the so-called Vere Street Coterie. The raid led to the executions of John Hepburn and Thomas White for sodomy, the site was the scene of alleged gay marriages carried out by the Reverend John Church. Its not clear which place is the first gay bar in the modern sense, in Cannes, France, such a bar had already opened in 1885, and there were many more in Berlin around 1900. In the United Kingdom and the Netherlands gay bars were established throughout the first quarter of the 20th century, the very first gay bar in Europe and probably in the world was the Zanzibar in Cannes on the French Riviera. The place was opened in 1885 and existed for 125 years, among its visitors were many artists, like actor Jean Marais and comedians Thierry Le Luron and Coluche. Although Amsterdam, Berlin, and London had more meeting places and organizations than Paris, Paris retained the LGBT capital image after the end of World War II, but the center of the meeting place shifted to Saint-Germain-des-Prés. Lesbians rarely visited gay bars and instead socialized in circles of friends, lesbians who did go to bars often originated from the working class. Chez Moune, opened in 1936, and New Moon were 20th century lesbian cabarets located in Place Pigalle, since the 1980s, the Le Marais district is the center of the gay scene in Paris. In Berlin, there was gay and lesbian night life already around 1900, the gay club Eldorado in the Motzstraße was internationally known for its transvestite shows. There was also a high number of places for lesbians. Within a few weeks after the Nazis took over government in 1933, after homosexuality was decriminalized in 1969, many gay bars opened in West Berlin, resulting in a lively gay scene. In the 18th Century, Molly Houses were clandestine clubs where gay men could meet, drink, one of the most famous was Mother Claps Molly House. The first gay bar in Britain in the sense was The Cave of the Golden Calf. It opened in a location at 9 Heddon Street, just off Regent Street, in 1912 and became a haunt for the wealthy, aristocratic

16.
Bisexual community
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The bisexual community includes members of the LGBT community who identify as bisexual, pansexual, or sexually fluid. People who identify as bisexual or pansexual receive specifically directed hatred and distrust, stereotyping, people may say bisexuals are just unsure of their feelings or going through a phase and will or should decide or discover which sex they are attracted to. On the other hand, there is increasing support, inclusion. The social networks of some bisexuals, sometimes called gay- or lesbian-identified bisexuals, are concentrated inside the LGBT communities. But others, sometimes called straight-identified bisexuals, may participate in LGBT culture. Others choose to maintain their social contacts mainly with other bisexual/fluid/pansexual. These groups are queer-identified and closely allied with the gay, lesbian and transgender communities, there has also been a movement to combat biphobia and myths about bisexuals. There are bisexual groups in several cities, often, conferences have separate seminars on bisexual and transgender topics, and several LGBT pride parades now include special bisexual sections as well. Other communities also tend to be welcoming of wide range of different orientations, september 23 is known as Celebrate Bisexuality Day. The two have a relationship, and face disturbances from Holdens friend and business partner, Banky Edwards, played by Jason Lee. Eventually, Banky admits his love for Holden, who suggests a threesome, Banky also leaves shortly after the incident. Beginning in 2009 a web TV series Rose by Any Other Name. produced by FenceSitter Films. began showing on YouTube, Rose has to navigate the reaction of her friends and her family while Anthony too has to deal with his friends who are equally displeased. On December 30,2009, MTV premiered their 23rd season of the show The Real World, the series took place in Washington DC, and features two bisexual characters, Emily Schromm, and Mike Manning. The film Maurice, based on the book by E. M. Forster released in 1987 featured Alec, the National Equality March was a national political rally that occurred October 11,2009 in Washington, D. C. It called for protection for lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender people in all matters governed by civil law in all states. The march was called for by LGBT activist Cleve Jones and organized by Equality Across America, kip Williams and Robin McGehee served as co-directors. This was the first national march in Washington, D. C. for LGBT rights since the 2000 Millennium March, there was a specific bisexual, pansexual and queer-identified contingent that was organized to be a part of the march. There were four out bisexual speakers at the National Equality March rally, Michael Huffington, Lady Gaga, Chloe Noble, burleson, ISBN 978-1-56023-478-4 Bisexuality in the United States, A Social Science Reader by Paula C

17.
Gay friendly
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The Spartacus International Gay Guide publishes the Gay Travel Index, a ranking of gay-friendly countries. Points are added to countries for anti-discrimination legislation, equal marriage, partnership and adoption laws, meanwhile, points are subtracted for anti-LGBT laws, HIV travel restrictions, religious influence, and prosecution, murders and death sentences to LGBT. In 2013, the Spartacus Gay Travel Index features a majority of Western European countries in the top 11, plus Canada, New Zealand, the bottom 5 countries are Iran, the United Arab Emirates, Russia, Jordan and Jamaica. Spartacus also publishes a Gay Travel Index USA, listing the 50 states plus the District of Columbia with the criteria as the countries ranking. In 2013, the top 5 regions are from the Northeast, whereas the top 10 also includes California, Illinois, the bottom 10 states are mainly from the Southeast, except for a few Mountain states. Many businesses now identify as gay-friendly, allowing for a more diversified employee, the Human Rights Campaign works to achieve equality for gays, lesbians and other and publishes a list of companies in relation to issues concerning LGBT people. Companies that are noted for gay-friendly work environments include Dell Inc. companies such as R Family Vacations, Manspray, Volkswagen, Ginch Gonch and Egotour and numerous others offer niche products and services for gay customers. Anti-gay LGBT marketing Pinkwashing Pink capitalism Human Rights Campaign, lobby group for LGBT rights

18.
Gay icon
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A gay icon is a public figure who is embraced by many within lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender communities. Some of the qualities of a gay icon often include glamour, flamboyance, strength through adversity. Such icons can be of any orientation or gender, if LGBT. Although most gay icons have given their support to LGBT social movements, some have expressed opposition, historically, icons were typically elevated to such status because their sexual orientation remains a topic of debate among historians. Modern gay icons are predominantly female entertainers who commonly garner a following within LGBT communities over the course of their careers. The majority of gay icons fall into one of two categories, they are tragic, sometimes martyred figures, or prominent pop culture idols. Journalist Richard A. Kaye wrote, Contemporary gay men have seen in Sebastian at once a stunning advertisement for homosexual desire, and a prototypical portrait of a tortured closet case. Due to Saint Sebastians status as a gay icon, Tennessee Williams chose to use the name for the martyred character Sebastian in his play, Suddenly. The name was used by Oscar Wilde—as Sebastian Melmoth—when in exile after his release from prison. Wilde, an Irish writer and poet, was about as out of the closet as was possible for the late 19th century, marie Antoinette was an early lesbian icon. Rumors about her relationships with women circulated in pornographic detail by anti-royalist pamphlets before the French Revolution, by the end of the 19th century, she was a cult icon of sapphism. Her execution, seen as tragic martyrdom, may have added to her appeal, sick to death of the subterfuge and pretenses. She had crossover appeal as a gay icon, as well, at least for French novelist, playwright, poet, essayist, and political activist Jean Genet and he included a reenactment of her execution in his 1947 play The Maids. Modern gay icons in entertainment include both film stars and musicians, most of whom have strong, distinctive personalities, and many of whom died young or under tragic circumstances. Lesbian icons, sometimes called dykons are most often women who are, or are rumored to be. However, a few male entertainers have also had iconic status for lesbian people, james Dean was an early lesbian icon who, along with Marlon Brando, influenced the butch look and self-image in the 1950s and after. One critic has argued for Johnny Cash as a lesbian icon, attributing his appeal to lesbian identification with troubled. Science fiction author Forrest J Ackerman was dubbed an honorary lesbian for his help during the days of lesbian rights organisation Daughters of Bilitis

19.
Gay village
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A gay village is a geographical area with generally recognized boundaries, inhabited or frequented by a large number of lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender people. Gay villages often contain a number of gay-oriented establishments, such as gay bars and pubs, nightclubs, bathhouses, restaurants, such areas may represent a LGBTQ-friendly oasis in an otherwise hostile city, or may simply have a high concentration of gay residents and businesses. However, todays manifestations of queer ghettos bear little resemblance to those of the 1970s, the term ghetto originally referred to those places in European cities where Jews were required to live according to local law. These areas, however, have higher concentrations of LGBT residents, some cities like Austin, Texas did not develop a defined gay village despite the city of Austin being home to many LGBT people with developed LGBT-friendly businesses and a counterculture present. The neighbourhood of Schöneberg in Berlin, close to Nollendorfplatz, is the first gay village in the world, from the 1920s. In New York, for example, the congregation of gay men had not been illegal since 1965, however, the Stonewall Rebellion managed to change not only the profile of the gay community but the dynamic within the community itself. This transition from the bars to the streets, from nightlife to daytime, national Monument dedicated to the LGBTQ-rights movement. Gay villages can vary widely from city to city and country to country, furthermore, some large cities also develop satellite gay villages that are essentially overflow areas. The professors also noted that the presence of gay men in the real estate industry of San Francisco was a major factor facilitating the urban renaissance of the city in the 1970s. However, the gentrification of gay villages may serve to reinforce stereotypes of gays, by pushing out gay people who do not conform to the prevailing gay, white, affluent. Such people are forced out of the village due to rising rents or constant harassment at the hands of an increased policing presence. Especially in San Franciscos Polk Gulch neighborhood, gentrification seems to have had this result, Gay men and women have a reputation for driving the revitalization of previously run-down enclaves. Making these neighborhoods more desirable places to live, businesses and other classes of people move to the area and, accordingly, Richard Florida, an influential American academic, claims that their mere presence lures investors and jobs, particularly of the high-technology kind. They are, he says, the canaries of the creative economy, Cities that have gay villages and are more tolerant towards gays, generally tend to have stronger, more robust, and creative economies, as compared to cities that are less tolerant towards gays. Florida says that cities as such have a creative class. The gentrification of once rundown inner-city areas, coupled with the staging of pride parades in these areas, has resulted in the visibility of gay communities. The growing recognition of the value of the gay community is not only associated with their wealth but also with the role that lesbians. Provincetown, MA was ranked by the US Census Bureau as the gayest city in America, also Provincetown, or Ptown, was voted Best Resort Town in 2011 by Gaycities. com

20.
Gay rodeo
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The International Gay Rodeo Association, founded in 1985, is the sanctioning body for gay rodeos held throughout the United States and Canada. They are the largest group coordinating rodeo events specifically welcoming lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender as well as heterosexual participants, IGRA is composed of many regional gay rodeo associations, and sanctions a season of rodeo events which culminates in an annual World Gay Rodeo Finals. IGRA events are intended to allow all competitors, regardless of sexual and gender identity, the organization helps spread appreciation for Western culture and the sport of rodeo, while serving as a fundraising vehicle benefiting many charitable organizations. Competitors compete for money and the title of All Around Cowboy. The winners of each event receive trophy buckles designed by the hosting association, at seasons end the contestants with the highest points in each event receive invitations to the World Gay Rodeo Finals presented by IGRA. The event was renamed in 2009 from the previous International Gay Rodeo Finals moniker it held from its onset in Hayward, the original intent of these rodeos was fundraising, and while highly competitive and structured rodeos still serve the primary purpose of being fundraisers. The money raised at the rodeo is donated to the charities of each association. In total IGRA and all the associated associations have donated to furthering the individual causes of all charities that are benefactors of rodeo funds. In 2010, the IGRA archives dating from 1975 were deposited in the collection of the Autry National Center in Griffith Park, Los Angeles. The documentary film Queens & Cowboys follows the story of out cowboy, Wade Earp, Earp discusses how he does not compete in rodeos outside of IGRA because, There’s still a lot of homophobia. As progressive as we think the world’s gotten, there’s so much we have to conquer, the first gay rodeo was held as a charity fundraising event at the Washoe County Fairgrounds in Reno, Nevada on October 2,1976. The organizer, Phil Ragsdale, a member of the Imperial Court System, was the Court Emperor of Reno, in time, he came to be regarded as the Father of Gay Rodeo. Ragsdale came up with the idea of a holding a rodeo to raise money for the local Thanksgiving Day food drive for senior citizens. Over 125 people took part in the first rodeo, and the winners were crowned King of the Cowboys, Queen of the Cowgirls, the National Reno Gay Rodeo title was officially created in 1977, when he founded the Comstock Gay Rodeo Association. Following the Imperial courts lead Ragsdale added the Mr. Ms. and these titles still exist today but have been recognized as Mr. Ms. Miss. and MsTer International Gay Rodeo Association since the IGRA replaced the old National Reno format. By 1984, the ninth and final National Reno Gay Rodeo brought out over 10,000 people to the rodeo grounds, the demise of the National Reno Rodeos is credited by the IRS as a dispute between the Gay Rodeo and the Washoe County Fairgrounds and the Sands Hotel. The rodeo books were also alleged to have been seized by the IRS, history has recorded 14 gay rodeos prior to the formation of the International Gay Rodeo Association. The IGRA became truly international in 1993 when the Alberta Rockies Gay Rodeo Association from Canada joined, in September 1985 with 10 years of rodeo history behind it, groups of men gathered in Denver, Colorado to formulate the history of Gay Rodeo

Gay rodeo
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Grand Entry at the Rocky Mountain Regional Rodeo, put on by the Colorado Gay Rodeo Association in 2005
Gay rodeo
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Bull rider at the 2007 Atlantic Stampede, put on by the Atlantic States Gay Rodeo Association

21.
Homosexuality in sports
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LGBTQ+ athletes have faced intolerance due to the heteronormativity within the sports culture that is cultivated in schools. There have been several notable outspoken homosexual athletes, including Sheryl Swoopes, Billie Jean King, since these three athletes, many new prominent athletes have publicly announced their homosexuality such as Michael Sam, Jason Collins, Brittney Griner, and Robbie Rogers. In the 1980s Tom Waddell, an Olympic decathlete, hosted the first Gay Games in San Francisco, since then many homosexual sporting organizations have been founded along with sporting events that feature homosexual athletes. While, overall the trend is towards open acceptance, different sports vary in acceptance widely, International sports organizations have come under scrutiny for holding competitions in countries where LGBT equality is out of step with their own policies. Heteronormativity can be seen as the dominant paradigm in sports culture, heteronormativity describes the myriad ways in which heterosexuality is produced as a natural, unproblematic, taken-for-granted, ordinary phenomenon. It is defined as a common view of heterosexuality as the normal or preferred sexuality. This way of thinking has been documented as an emphasis on masculinity in sports is often taken to the extreme in sports culture. Arnd Krüger has shown that the history of homosexuality in sports in closely linked to the history of sports, the priority of heteronormative thinking in athletics has led to a traditional view in sports culture that is highly intolerant of homosexuality. They also found a similar attitude from high school athletes themselves toward participating on teams coached by either gay or lesbian coaches and this trend, however, has not been seen in professional sports, where homosexuality still remains largely stigmatized in the four major North American professional sports leagues. Although professional team sports remain dominated by heterosexuality there has been an increase in numbers of athletes who have publicly come out as LGBTQ. Recent attempts by such as the National Center for Lesbian Rights have also been made to break down homophobic attitudes in collegiate. It surveyed 9494 athletes with varying sexual identities, the rates and occurrences of discrimination based on sexuality in sports are high with 62% of survey respondents claiming that homophobia is more common in team sports than any other part of society. There is also a difference when it comes to the responses to male and female athletes who come out as LGBT. Brittney Griner softened the blowback from announcing her sexuality, by announcing her coming out in an interview almost immediately after being drafted into the WNBA. This was a month before Jason Collins came out and there was an uproar for him while there was barely any coverage over Griners announcement. The case of Jennifer Harris against Penn State, more specifically their womens basketball coach Rene Portland brought change to the world of sports. In 2006, a gay advocacy group, The National Center for Lesbian Rights. There were also claims of Portland telling key recruits that the team was full of lesbians

22.
Male
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A male organism is the physiological sex that produces sperm. Each spermatozoon can fuse with a female gamete, or ovum. A male cannot reproduce sexually without access to at least one ovum from a female, most male mammals, including male humans, have a Y chromosome, which codes for the production of larger amounts of testosterone to develop male reproductive organs. Not all species share a common sex-determination system, in most animals, including humans, sex is determined genetically, but in some species it can be determined due to social, environmental, or other factors. For example, Cymothoa exigua changes sex depending on the number of females present in the vicinity, the existence of two sexes seems to have been selected independently across different evolutionary lineages. There is an argument that this pattern was driven by the physical constraints on the mechanisms by which two gametes get together as required for sexual reproduction. Accordingly, sex is defined operationally across species by the type of gametes produced, male/female dimorphism between organisms or reproductive organs of different sexes is not limited to animals, male gametes are produced by chytrids, diatoms and land plants, among others. In land plants, female and male designate not only the female and male gamete-producing organisms and structures, as of the year 2012, the United Arab Emirates has the highest ratio of human males in the world, followed by Qatar. A common symbol used to represent the male sex is the Mars symbol, the symbol is identical to the planetary symbol of Mars. It was first used to sex by Carl Linnaeus in 1751. The symbol is called a stylized representation of the Roman god Mars shield. According to Stearn, however, all the historical evidence favours that it is derived from θρ, the sex of a particular organism may be determined by a number of factors. These may be genetic or environmental, or may change during the course of an organisms life. Although most species with male and female sexes have individuals that are male or female, hermaphroditic animals. Most mammals, including humans, are determined as such by the XY sex-determination system where males have an XY sex chromosome. During reproduction, a male can give either an X sperm or a Y sperm, a Y sperm and an X egg produce a male, while an X sperm and an X egg produce a female. The part of the Y-chromosome which is responsible for maleness is the region of the Y-chromosome. The ZW sex-determination system, where males have a ZZ sex chromosome may be found in birds and some insects and other organisms

Male
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The symbol of the Roman god Mars (god of war) is often used to represent the male sex. It also stands for the planet Mars and is the alchemical symbol for iron.