European cooperation could create avenues to push forward on the Iranian nuclear deal—absent United States support—while leaving the door open for future U.S. participation, according to a report by the International Crisis Group. The MacArthur-supported report suggests proactive, consistent, and unified action by the United Kingdom, France, and Germany could salvage a deal and avoid a renewed nuclear crisis in the Middle East. Though noting U.S. withdrawal endangers the deal, the report indicates Iranian leadership could remain amenable to adhering to the terms with the Europeans, and there is potential for further action from China and Russia in support of non-proliferation.