David Paradine Frost was born in Tenterden, Kent, on 7 April 1939, the son of a Methodist minister of Huguenot descent,[3] the Rev. Wilfred John "W. J." Paradine Frost, and his wife, Mona (Aldrich); he had two elder sisters.[4][5] While living in Gillingham, Kent, he was taught in the Bible class of the Sunday school at his father's church (Byron Road Methodist) by David Gilmore Harvey, and subsequently started training as a Methodist local preacher, which he did not complete.[6]

Frost studied at Gonville & Caius College, Cambridge, from 1958, graduating with a Third in English.[9] He was editor of both the university's student paper, Varsity, and the literary magazine Granta, he was also secretary of the Footlights Drama Society,[4] which included actors such as Peter Cook and John Bird. During this period, Frost appeared on television for the first time in an edition of Anglia Television's Town And Gown, performing several comic characters. "The first time I stepped into a television studio", he once remembered, "it felt like home. It didn't scare me. Talking to the camera seemed the most natural thing in the world."[10]

According to some accounts, Frost was the victim of snobbery from the group with which he associated at Cambridge, which has been confirmed by Barry Humphries.[11]Christopher Booker, while asserting that Frost's one defining characteristic was ambition, commented that he was impossible to dislike.[12] According to the satirist John Wells, the Old Etonian actor Jonathan Cecil congratulated Frost around this time for "that wonderfully silly voice" he used while performing, but then discovered that it was Frost's real voice.[11]

After leaving university, Frost became a trainee at Associated-Rediffusion. Meanwhile, having already gained an agent, Frost performed in cabaret at the Blue Angel nightclub in Berkeley Square, London during the evenings.[3][13]

Frost was chosen by writer and producer Ned Sherrin to host the satirical programme That Was the Week That Was, alias TW3 after Frost's flatmate John Bird suggested Sherrin should see his act at The Blue Angel. The series, which ran for less than 18 months during 1962–63, was part of the satire boom in early 1960s Britain and became a popular programme.

The involvement of Frost in TW3 led to an intensification of the rivalry with Peter Cook who accused him of stealing material and dubbed Frost "the bubonic plagiarist",[14] the new satirical magazine Private Eye also mocked him at this time. Frost visited the United States during the break between the two series of TW3 in the summer of 1963 and stayed with the producer of the New York production of Beyond The Fringe. Frost was unable to swim, but still jumped into the pool, and nearly drowned until he was saved by Peter Cook, at the memorial service for Cook in 1995, Alan Bennett recalled that rescuing Frost was the one regret Cook frequently expressed.[15]

For the first three editions of the second series in 1963, the BBC attempted to limit the team by scheduling repeats of The Third Man television series after the programme, thus preventing overruns. Frost took to reading synopses of the episodes at the end of the programme as a means of sabotage, after the BBC's Director General Hugh Greene instructed that the repeats should be abandoned, TW3 returned to being open-ended.[16] More sombrely, on 23 November 1963, a tribute to the assassinated President John F. Kennedy, an event which had occurred the previous day, formed an entire edition of That Was the Week That Was.[17]

An American version of TW3 ran after the original British series had ended. Following a pilot episode on 10 November 1963, the 30-minute US series, also featuring Frost, ran on NBC from 10 January 1964 to May 1965; in 1985, Frost produced and hosted a television special in the same format, That Was the Year That Was, on NBC.

Frost signed for Rediffusion, the ITV weekday contractor in London, to produce a "heavier" interview-based show called The Frost Programme. Guests included Sir Oswald Mosley and Rhodesian premier Ian Smith, his memorable dressing-down of insurance fraudster Emil Savundra, regarded as the first example of "trial by television" in the UK, led to concern from ITV executives that it might affect Savundra's right to a fair trial.[3] Frost's introductory words for his television programmes during this period, "Hello, good evening and welcome", became his catchphrase and were often mimicked.[1]

Frost was a member of a successful consortium, including former executives from the BBC, which bid for an ITV franchise in 1967, this became London Weekend Television, which began broadcasting in July 1968. The station began with a programming policy which was considered 'highbrow' and suffered launch problems with low audience ratings and financial problems. A September 1968 meeting of the Network Programme Committee, which made decisions about the channel's scheduling, was particularly fraught, with Lew Grade expressing hatred of Frost in his presence.[18][19] Frost, according to Kitty Muggeridge in 1967, had "risen without a trace."[20]

In 1968 he signed a contract worth £125,000 to appear on American television in his own show on three evenings each week, the largest such arrangement for a British television personality[10] at the time, from 1969 to 1972, Frost kept his London shows and fronted The David Frost Show on the Group W (U.S. Westinghouse Corporation) television stations in the United States,[26] his 1970 TV special, Frost on America, featured guests such as Jack Benny and Tennessee Williams.[27]

In 1977 The Nixon Interviews, a series of five 90-minute interviews with former US President Richard Nixon, were broadcast. Nixon was paid $600,000 plus a share of the profits for the interviews, which had to be funded by Frost himself after the US television networks turned down the programme, describing it as "checkbook journalism". Frost's company negotiated its own deals to syndicate the interviews with local stations across the US and internationally, creating what Ron Howard described as "the first fourth network."[31]

Frost taped around 29 hours of interviews with Nixon over a period of four weeks. Nixon, who had previously avoided discussing his role in the Watergate scandal which had led to his resignation as President in 1974, expressed contrition saying "I let the American people down and I have to carry that burden with me for the rest of my life".[32][33]

Frost was one of the "Famous Five" who launched TV-am in February 1983 but, like LWT in the late 1960s, the station began with an unsustainable "highbrow" approach. Frost remained a presenter after restructuring. Frost on Sunday began in September 1983 and continued until the station lost its franchise at the end of 1992. Frost had been part of an unsuccessful consortium, CPV-TV, with Richard Branson and other interests, which had attempted to acquire three ITV contractor franchises prior to the changes made by the Independent Television Commission in 1991. After transferring from ITV, his Sunday morning interview programme Breakfast with Frost ran on the BBC from January 1993 until 29 May 2005, for a time it ran on BSB before moving to BBC 1.[38]

Frost hosted Through the Keyhole, which ran on several UK channels from 1987 until 2008 and also featured Loyd Grossman. Produced by his own production company, the programme was first shown in prime time and on daytime television in its later years.[17]

During his career as a broadcaster Frost became one of Concorde's most frequent fliers, having flown between London and New York an average of 20 times per year for 20 years.[40][41]

In 2007, Frost hosted a discussion with Libya's leader Muammar Gaddafi as part of the Monitor Group's involvement in the country;[42] in June 2010, Frost presented Frost on Satire, an hour-long BBC Four documentary looking at the history of television satire.

After having been in television for 40 years, Frost was estimated to be worth £200 million by the Sunday Times Rich List in 2006,[48] a figure he considered a significant over-estimate in 2011,[14] the valuation included the assets of his main British company and subsidiaries, plus homes in London and the country.

Frost/Nixon was originally a play written by Peter Morgan, developed from The Nixon Interviews which Frost had conducted with Richard Nixon in 1977. Frost/Nixon was presented as a stage production in London in 2006, and on Broadway in 2007. The play was adapted into a Hollywood motion picture starring Michael Sheen as Frost and Frank Langella as Nixon, both reprising their stage roles. The film was directed by Ron Howard and released in 2008, it was nominated for five Golden Globe awards: Best Motion Picture Drama, Best Director, Best Actor, Best Screenplay and Best Original Score,[49] and for five Academy Awards: Best Picture, Best Actor, Best Director, Best Adapted Screenplay and Best Editing.

Frost was known for several relationships with high-profile women; in the mid-1960s, he dated British actress Janette Scott, between her marriages to songwriter Jackie Rae and singer Mel Tormé; in the early 1970s he was engaged to American actress Diahann Carroll; between 1972 and 1977 he had a relationship with British socialite Caroline Cushing; in 1981 he married Lynne Frederick, widow of Peter Sellers, but they divorced the following year.[4] He also had an 18-year intermittent affair with American actress Carol Lynley.[51]

^Harper, Lauren (19 July 2013). "Henry Kissinger Jokes About Making a Pawn of Bobby Fischer". National Security Archive. Retrieved 2 August 2013. The tournament was dramatic enough thanks to Fischer's antics, but telephone conversation on 3 July 1972, capturing British journalist David Frost asking Kissinger to persuade the grandmaster to attend the championship adds more to the story. Kissinger had an intellectual interest in chess, and the Spassky-Fischer head-to-head alone would have likely piqued his interest in the match, but Frost wanted Kissinger to get involved to ensure Fischer's participation.

1.
Sir
–
Sir is an honorific address used in a number of situations in many anglophone cultures. The term can be used as a prefix, especially in the Commonwealth, for males who have been given certain honours or titles. The term is commonly used as a respectful way to address a man. Equivalent terms of address to females are maam or madam in most cases, or in the case of a woman, girl, or unmarried woman who prefers to be addressed as such. The equivalent term for a woman or baronetess is Dame. Sir derives from the Middle French honorific title sire, sire developed alongside the word seigneur, also used to refer to a feudal lord. Both derived from the Vulgar Latin senior, sire comes from the nominative case declension senior and seigneur, the prefix is used with the holders given name or full name, but never with the surname alone. For example, whilst Sir Alexander and Sir Alexander Fleming would be correct, the equivalent for a female who holds a knighthood or baronetcy in her own right is Dame, and follows the same usage customs as Sir. For example, while Lady Fiennes is correct, Lady Virginia, the widows of knights retain the style of wives of knights, however widows of baronets are either referred to as dowager, or use their forename before their courtesy style. For example, the widow of Sir Thomas Herbert Cochrane Troubridge, 4th Baronet, would either be known as Dowager Lady Troubridge or Laura, Lady Troubridge. Examples include, Admiral of the Fleet Sir Bruce Fraser, GCB, KBE Field Marshal Sir Thomas Blamey, GBE, KCB, CMG, DSO, ED This is also the case with academic titles, such as professor. For example, Patrick Bateson is both a professor and a bachelor, his correct title would be Professor Sir Patrick Bateson. The title of Doctor, however, is not used in combination with sir, knighted doctors are addressed as knights, though they may still use any post-nominal letters associated with their degrees. Church of England clergy who receive knighthoods do not use the title Sir, for example, the Reverend Dr John Polkinghorne, KBE is never referred to as Sir John Polkinghorne. Clergy of other denominations may use different conventions, peers who have been knighted are not addressed as Sir in the formal sense of the style, as their titles of nobility take precedence. Other male heirs of an earl who lack courtesy titles, and the heirs of a viscount or baron, do however use the style of Sir if knighted. Dual nationals holding a Commonwealth citizenship that recognise the British monarch as head of state are entitled to use the styling, the permissibility of using the style of Sir varies. Regular creation of new knights of the order ended in 1921 upon the formation of the Irish Free State, with the death of the last knight in 1974, the Order became dormant

2.
Order of the British Empire
–
There is also the related British Empire Medal, whose recipients are affiliated with, but not members of, the order. Recommendations for appointments to the Order of the British Empire were at first made on the nomination of the United Kingdom, the self-governing Dominions of the Empire, nominations continue today from Commonwealth countries that participate in recommending British honours. Most members are citizens of the United Kingdom or the Commonwealth realms that use the Imperial system of honours and awards. Honorary knighthoods are appointed to citizens of nations where the Queen is not head of state, occasionally, honorary appointees are, incorrectly, referred to as Sir or Dame – Bill Gates or Bob Geldof, for example. In particular, King George V wished to create an Order to honour many thousands of those who had served in a variety of non-combatant roles during the First World War, when first established, the Order had only one division. However, in 1918, soon after its foundation, it was divided into Military. The Orders motto is For God and the Empire, at the foundation of the Order, the Medal of the Order of the British Empire was instituted, to serve as a lower award granting recipients affiliation but not membership. In 1922, this was renamed the British Empire Medal, in addition, the BEM is awarded by the Cook Islands and by some other Commonwealth nations. The British monarch is Sovereign of the Order, and appoints all members of the Order. The next most senior member is the Grand Master, of whom there have been three, Prince Edward, the Prince of Wales, Queen Mary, and the current Grand Master, the Duke of Edinburgh. The Order is limited to 300 Knights and Dames Grand Cross,845 Knights and Dames Commander, and 8,960 Commanders. There are no limits applied to the number of members of the fourth and fifth classes. Foreign recipients, as members, do not contribute to the numbers restricted to the Order as full members do. Though men can be knighted separately from an order of chivalry, women cannot, and so the rank of Knight/Dame Commander of the Order is the lowest rank of damehood, and second-lowest of knighthood. Because of this, Dame Commander is awarded in circumstances in which a man would be created a Knight Bachelor, for example, by convention, female judges of the High Court of Justice are created Dames Commander after appointment, while male judges become Knights Bachelor. The Order has six officials, the Prelate, the Dean, the Secretary, the Registrar, the King of Arms, the Bishop of London, a senior bishop in the Church of England, serves as the Orders Prelate. The Dean of St Pauls is ex officio the Dean of the Order, the Orders King of Arms is not a member of the College of Arms, as are many other heraldic officers. From time to time, individuals are appointed to a higher grade within the Order, thereby ceasing usage of the junior post-nominal letters

3.
Donald Rumsfeld
–
Donald Henry Don Rumsfeld is an American politician and businessman. Rumsfeld served as the 13th Secretary of Defense from 1975 to 1977 under President Gerald Ford and he is both the youngest and the second oldest person to have served as Secretary of Defense. Additionally, Rumsfeld was a three-term U. S, Congressman from Illinois, Director of the Office of Economic Opportunity, Counsellor to the President, the United States Permanent Representative to NATO, and White House Chief of Staff. Born in Illinois, Rumsfeld attended Princeton University, graduating in 1954 with a degree in political science, after serving in the Navy for three years, he mounted a campaign for Congress in Illinois 13th Congressional District, winning in 1962 at the age of 30. He was a leading co-sponsor of the Freedom of Information Act, called back to Washington in August 1974, Rumsfeld was appointed Chief of Staff by President Ford. Rumsfeld recruited a young one-time staffer of his, Dick Cheney, when Ford lost the 1976 election, Rumsfeld returned to private business life, and was named president and CEO of the pharmaceutical corporation G. D. Searle & Company. He was later named CEO of General Instrument from 1990 to 1993, Rumsfeld was appointed Secretary of Defense for a second time in January 2001 by President George W. Bush. During his tenure he was one of the key responsible for the restructuring of the military in the new 21st century. Rumsfeld was crucial in planning the United States response to the September 11 attacks, Known in media circles for his outspokenness and candor, he gradually lost political support as the wars continued, and he resigned in late 2006. In his retirement years, he published an autobiography Known and Unknown, A Memoir as well as Rumsfelds Rules, Leadership Lessons in Business, Politics, War, and Life. He is involved with the Rumsfeld Foundations Fellowship program, which has advisors at dozens of universities across the United States, Donald Henry Rumsfeld was born on July 9,1932, in Chicago, Illinois, the son of Jeannette Kearsley and George Donald Rumsfeld. His father came from a German-American family that had emigrated in the 1870s, Living in Winnetka, his family attended a Congregational Church. From 1943–1945, Rumsfeld lived in Coronado, California while his father was stationed on a carrier in the Pacific in World War II. He was a ranger at Philmont Scout Ranch in 1949, Rumsfeld attended Baker Demonstration School, and later graduated from New Trier High School. He attended Princeton University on academic and NROTC partial scholarships and he graduated in 1954 with an A. B. in Political Science. During his time at Princeton, he was an amateur wrestler, becoming captain of the varsity wrestling team. His Princeton University senior thesis was titled The Steel Seizure Case of 1952, while at Princeton he was friends with another future Secretary of Defense, Frank Carlucci. Rumsfeld married Joyce P. Pierson on December 27,1954 and they have three children, six grandchildren, and one great grandchild

4.
Tenterden
–
Tenterden is a town with a large conservation area in the Ashford District of Kent, England. It stands on the edge of the remnant forest The Weald and it was a member of the Cinque Ports Confederation. Its riverside today is not navigable to large vessels and its status as a manufacturing centre has been lost. The towns name is derived from the Old English Tenet Waraden, the first record of dwellings in Tenterden can be found in a charter which mentions that it, as Heronden, began to grow from the 14th century around the strong local wool industry. Unlike other such centres in the Weald it had the advantage of access to the sea, much of what is now Romney Marsh was under water, and ships docked at nearby Smallhythe. Timber from the Wealden forests was used to ships. Ships built in the town were used to help Rye fulfil its quota for the Crown. A school was in here in 1521, later it was referred to as a grammar school. Today Homewood School and Sixth Form Centre, a secondary school catering for the Weald. In 1903, Tenterden Town railway station was opened and it closed in 1954, but half of it reopened in 1974 as the Kent and East Sussex Railway. The route starts at Tenterden Town Station and finishes at Bodiam station, the main line track is being extended to Robertsbridge in East Sussex. At this time Tenterden Borough Council resolved to continue as a Town Council, essential services such as education, transportation, social services and public safety are the responsibility of Kent County Council. The Town Council also supports local sports clubs, providing a green and football pitch. For administrative purposes the town is divided into four wards, North, South, West and St. Michaels, There are two parish churches, as well as a number of other chapels and religious meeting spaces, St Mildreds is in the main part of the town. The church dates from the 12th century, and was enlarged until 1461. It was one of the churches in the 1588 system of warning beacons and it was a major surveying point in the Anglo-French Survey to calculate the precise distance between the Paris Observatory and the Royal Greenwich Observatory, overseen by General William Roy. The suburb now called St Michaels was known as Boresisle until Victorian times, the church was consecrated in 1863, but construction of the steeple took a further 12 years. The Unitarian Chapel, originally called the Old Meeting House, was built c, a plaque on the wall records that Dr Benjamin Franklin worshipped here in 1783, where he was to hear Joseph Priestley preach

5.
Kent
–
Kent /ˈkɛnt/ is a county in South East England and one of the home counties. It borders Greater London to the north west, Surrey to the west and East Sussex to the south west, the county also shares borders with Essex via the Dartford Crossing and the French department of Pas-de-Calais through the Channel Tunnel. France can be clearly in fine weather from Folkestone and the White Cliffs of Dover. Hills in the form of the North Downs and the Greensand Ridge span the length of the county, because of its relative abundance of fruit-growing and hop gardens, Kent is known as The Garden of England. The title was defended in 2006 when a survey of counties by the UKTV Style Gardens channel put Kent in fifth place, behind North Yorkshire, Devon. Haulage, logistics, and tourism are industries, major industries in north-west Kent include aggregate building materials, printing. Coal mining has played its part in Kents industrial heritage. Large parts of Kent are within the London commuter belt and its transport connections to the capital. Twenty-eight per cent of the county forms part of two Areas of Outstanding Natural Beauty, the North Downs and The High Weald, the area has been occupied since the Palaeolithic era, as attested by finds from the quarries at Swanscombe. The Medway megaliths were built during the Neolithic era, There is a rich sequence of Bronze Age, Iron Age, and Roman era occupation, as indicated by finds and features such as the Ringlemere gold cup and the Roman villas of the Darent valley. The modern name of Kent is derived from the Brythonic word Cantus meaning rim or border and this describes the eastern part of the current county area as a border land or coastal district. Julius Caesar had described the area as Cantium, or home of the Cantiaci in 51 BC, the extreme west of the modern county was by the time of Roman Britain occupied by Iron Age tribes, known as the Regnenses. East Kent became a kingdom of the Jutes during the 5th century and was known as Cantia from about 730, the early medieval inhabitants of the county were known as the Cantwara, or Kent people. These people regarded the city of Canterbury as their capital, in 597, Pope Gregory I appointed the religious missionary as the first Archbishop of Canterbury. In the previous year, Augustine successfully converted the pagan King Æthelberht of Kent to Christianity, the Diocese of Canterbury became Britains first Episcopal See with first cathedral and has since remained Englands centre of Christianity. The second designated English cathedral was in Kent at Rochester Cathedral, in the 11th century, the people of Kent adopted the motto Invicta, meaning undefeated. This naming followed the invasion of Britain by William of Normandy, the Kent peoples continued resistance against the Normans led to Kents designation as a semi-autonomous county palatine in 1067. Under the nominal rule of Williams half-brother Odo of Bayeux, the county was granted powers to those granted in the areas bordering Wales

6.
MS Queen Elizabeth
–
MS Queen Elizabeth is a Vista-class cruise ship operated by the Cunard Line. She is the second largest ship constructed for Cunard, exceeded only by Queen Mary 2, the ship is running mate to Queen Victoria and Queen Mary 2. Queen Elizabeth is a design and she is slightly larger than Queen Victoria, at 92,000 GT. The ships name was announced by Cunard on 10 October 2007, since the retirement of Queen Elizabeth 2 in 2008 the company has operated three vessels. The Royal Navy plans to introduce the aircraft carrier HMS Queen Elizabeth into service in 2016, Queen Elizabeth is almost identical in design to Queen Victoria, although because of the steeper stern, her passenger capacity is slightly higher. However the bow was constructed with heavier plating to cope with the Transatlantic run, although having an almost identical interior arrangement to Queen Victoria, the decor is very different. The ship is a tribute to the two previous Queen Elizabeth-named ships, the original Queen Elizabeth and Queen Elizabeth 2 and she also evokes the era of the 1930s, in which Cunards first Queen Elizabeth was launched, with many art deco interior touches. The ship also features a Britannia Club section of the restaurant, which is a feature popular on Queen Mary 2. This service allows passengers in the Britannia staterooms to have single seating dining arrangements, the sliding roof over the Winter Garden featured on Queen Victoria is replaced with a simple glass roof. Following the ships construction in Italy from 2007 to 2010, Cunard Line officially confirmed that Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II would name Cunards new ship. The ceremony was held in Southampton on Monday 11 October 2010 before the ship set sail on her voyage to the Canary Islands the following day. The Queen was also the sponsor of the now-retired Queen Elizabeth 2 in 1967 and Cunards current flagship, Queen Mary 2, the first master of Queen Elizabeth was Captain Christopher Wells. On Monday 4 October 2010 Queen Elizabeth was formally handed over to Cunard and she sailed on her maiden voyage from Southampton on Tuesday 12 October 2010, following a naming ceremony with the monarch on Monday 11 October 2010. At the end of October 2011 Queen Elizabeth and her fleet mates changed their registries to Hamilton, Bermuda, on 29 June 2012, the ship made her one and only visit to Ny-Ålesund, in Svalbard. The previous scheduled visit in 2011 had to be aborted due to bad weather, however, she was not scheduled to visit Svalbard in her 2013 schedule. Newly introduced legislation relating to ships visiting the archipelago mean that Queen Elizabeth will never be able to visit again. On 31 August 2013, British journalist and broadcaster Sir David Frost had been invited to give a speech by Cunard whilst travelling on the ship, on the 13 August 2016 Queen Elizabeth made the 2, 500th cruise ship call at Kiel, Germany. 13 January 2011, Two years after the first Cunard Royal Rendezvous, RMS Queen Mary 2 met up with Queen Victoria, Both Queen Victoria and Queen Elizabeth made an Atlantic crossing in tandem for the event

7.
Mediterranean Sea
–
The sea is sometimes considered a part of the Atlantic Ocean, although it is usually identified as a separate body of water. The name Mediterranean is derived from the Latin mediterraneus, meaning inland or in the middle of land and it covers an approximate area of 2.5 million km2, but its connection to the Atlantic is only 14 km wide. The Strait of Gibraltar is a strait that connects the Atlantic Ocean to the Mediterranean Sea and separates Gibraltar. In oceanography, it is called the Eurafrican Mediterranean Sea or the European Mediterranean Sea to distinguish it from mediterranean seas elsewhere. The Mediterranean Sea has a depth of 1,500 m. The sea is bordered on the north by Europe, the east by Asia and it is located between latitudes 30° and 46° N and longitudes 6° W and 36° E. Its west-east length, from the Strait of Gibraltar to the Gulf of Iskenderun, the seas average north-south length, from Croatia’s southern shore to Libya, is approximately 800 km. The Mediterranean Sea, including the Sea of Marmara, has an area of approximately 2,510,000 square km. The sea was an important route for merchants and travelers of ancient times that allowed for trade, the history of the Mediterranean region is crucial to understanding the origins and development of many modern societies. In addition, the Gaza Strip and the British Overseas Territories of Gibraltar and Akrotiri, the term Mediterranean derives from the Latin word mediterraneus, meaning amid the earth or between land, as it is between the continents of Africa, Asia and Europe. The Ancient Greek name Mesogeios, is similarly from μέσο, between + γη, land, earth) and it can be compared with the Ancient Greek name Mesopotamia, meaning between rivers. The Mediterranean Sea has historically had several names, for example, the Carthaginians called it the Syrian Sea and latter Romans commonly called it Mare Nostrum, and occasionally Mare Internum. Another name was the Sea of the Philistines, from the people inhabiting a large portion of its shores near the Israelites, the sea is also called the Great Sea in the General Prologue by Geoffrey Chaucer. In Ottoman Turkish, it has also been called Bahr-i Sefid, in Modern Hebrew, it has been called HaYam HaTikhon, the Middle Sea, reflecting the Seas name in ancient Greek, Latin, and modern languages in both Europe and the Middle East. Similarly, in Modern Arabic, it is known as al-Baḥr al-Mutawassiṭ, in Turkish, it is known as Akdeniz, the White Sea since among Turks the white colour represents the west. Several ancient civilisations were located around the Mediterranean shores, and were influenced by their proximity to the sea. It provided routes for trade, colonisation, and war, as well as food for numerous communities throughout the ages, due to the shared climate, geology, and access to the sea, cultures centered on the Mediterranean tended to have some extent of intertwined culture and history. Two of the most notable Mediterranean civilisations in classical antiquity were the Greek city states, later, when Augustus founded the Roman Empire, the Romans referred to the Mediterranean as Mare Nostrum

8.
Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge
–
Gonville and Caius College is a constituent college of the University of Cambridge in Cambridge, England. The college is the fourth-oldest college at the University of Cambridge, the college has been attended by many students who have gone on to significant accomplishment, including fourteen Nobel Prize winners, the second-most of any Oxbridge college. The college has long associations with medical teaching, especially due to its alumni physicians, John Caius. Other famous alumni in the sciences include Francis Crick, James Chadwick, Stephen Hawking, previously Cambridges Lucasian Chair of Mathematics Emeritus, is a current fellow of the college. The college also maintains academic programmes in other disciplines, including economics, English literature. Gonville and Caius is said to own or have rights to much of the land in Cambridge, several streets in the city, such as Harvey Road, Glisson Road and Gresham Road, are named after alumni of the College. The college was first founded, as Gonville Hall, by Edmund Gonville, Rector of Terrington St Clement in Norfolk in 1348, when Gonville died three years later, he left a struggling institution with almost no money. The executor of his will, William Bateman, Bishop of Norwich, stepped in and he leased himself the land close to the river to set up his own college, Trinity Hall, and renamed Gonville Hall The Hall of the Annunciation of the Blessed Virgin Mary. Bateman appointed the first Master of the new college his former chaplain John Colton, by the sixteenth century, the college had fallen into disrepair, and in 1557 it was refounded by Royal Charter as Gonville and Caius College by the physician John Caius. John Caius was master of the college from 1559 until shortly before his death in 1573 and he provided the college with significant funds and greatly extended the buildings. During his time as Master, Caius accepted no payment but insisted on several unusual rules, Caius also built a three-sided court, Caius Court, “lest the air from being confined within a narrow space should become foul”. Caius did, however, found the college as a centre for the study of medicine. By 1630, the college had expanded greatly, having around 25 fellows and 150 students, since then the college has grown considerably and now has one of the largest undergraduate populations in the university. The college first admitted women as fellows and students in 1979 and it now has over 110 Fellows, over 700 students and about 200 staff. Gonville and Caius is one of the wealthiest of all Cambridge colleges with net assets of £180 million in 2014, the college’s present Master, the 42nd, is Alan Fersht. The first buildings to be erected on the current site date from 1353 when Bateman built Gonville Court. The college chapel was added in 1393 with the Old Hall, most of the stone used to build the college came from Ramsey Abbey near Ramsey, Cambridgeshire. Gonville and Caius has the oldest college chapel in either Oxford or Cambridge which has been in use as such

9.
That Was the Week That Was
–
That Was the Week That Was, informally TWTWTW or TW3, was a satirical television comedy programme on BBC Television in 1962 and 1963. It was devised, produced and directed by Ned Sherrin and presented by David Frost, an American version by the same name aired on NBC from 1964 to 1965, also featuring Frost. The programme is considered a significant element of the boom in the UK in the early 1960s. It broke ground in comedy through lampooning the establishment and political figures and its broadcast coincided with coverage of the politically charged Profumo affair and John Profumo, the politician at the centre of the affair, became a target for derision. TW3 was first broadcast on Saturday,24 November 1962, the last two were also singers and the programme opened with a song – That Was The Week That Was – sung by Martin to Ron Grainers theme tune and enumerating topics in the news. Frankie Howerd also guested with stand-up comedy, the programme opened with a song sung by Millicent Martin, referring to news of the week just gone. Lance Percival sang a topical calypso each week, satirical targets, such as Prime Minister Harold Macmillan and Home Secretary Henry Brooke were lampooned in sketches, debates and monologues. Other targets were the monarchy, Britains declining status as a power, racism, sexual and social hypocrisy, the class system. Well-remembered sketches include a guide to religion, which discussed relative merits of faiths in the manner of a Which. The germ of the joke was that Watson was only 25 when he helped discover DNA, TW3 was broadcast on Saturday night and attracted an audience of 12 million. It often under- or overran as cast and crew worked through material as they saw fit. At the beginning of the season in the autumn of 1963, in an attempt to assert control over the programme. Frost suggested a means of sabotaging this tactic to Sherrin, for three weeks, Frost read out the plot of The Third Man, until the repeats were abandoned following the direct intervention of the BBCs Director General Hugh Greene. Frost often ended a satirical attack with the remark But seriously, at the end of each episode, Frost usually signed off with, That was the week, that was. At the end of the programme he announced, That was That Was The Week That Was. that was. For the edition on Saturday,23 November 1963, the day after the assassination of United States President John F and this edition was screened on NBC in the US the following day, and the soundtrack was released by Decca Records. A clip, featuring Roy Kinnear, was shown in the David L. Wolper documentary film Four Days in November, after two successful series in 1962 and 1963, the programme did not return in 1964. The reason given by the BBC was that 1964 was election year, Prime Minister Harold Macmillan was initially supportive, chastising the Postmaster General Reginald Bevins for threatening to do something about it

10.
Through the Keyhole
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Through the Keyhole is a British comedy panel game show created by Sir David Frost. It features the host going around celebrities houses and then getting a panel of celebrities to try to guess who the famous homeowner is. In 2013, the show was revived for ITV with Keith Lemon as the host, through the Keyhole originally started as a segment on TV-am, first being broadcast on its launch day on 1 February 1983. The idea was created by Kevin Simpson and David Frost as a chance to look around some of the most influential homes with Loyd Grossman at the helm as the tour presenter, Grossman was mistakenly given the job after someone confused him with a journalist. It became a feature of TV-am throughout 1983. In 1987, Frost transferred the concept to Yorkshire Television and produced a full programme for ITV where a celebrity panel tries to guess whose house is being looked at. It ran in primetime on Friday nights for eight years on ITV and was out of the top ten entertainment programmes on TV. The executive producers were Kevin Sim and Chantal Rickards, from 1996, it was produced by Frosts own production company, Paradine Productions at Yorkshire Television. That same year, the show moved to Sky 1 for one series. It was then moved to BBC1 Daytime in 1997 until 2004, the final three BBC series were aired on BBC Two from 2006 to 2008, when it was finally axed by the BBC. However, a special aired in March 2011 for Red Nose Day 2011, the programme returned in 2013 on its original broadcast channel ITV with Leigh Francis as Keith Lemon taking up the role of presenter and house detective. The new series was filmed at Pinewood Studios, dave Berry is a regular panellist. He appeared in all episodes of the first series and has made numerous appearances in following series. Celebrity guests on the show are a guarded secret until transmission. The first episode of the series aired on the day that former host Sir David Frost died. Before his death in August 2013, Frost gave his backing to ITVs remake saying I am delighted that the Keyhole format is now entering its fourth decade on TV. I know the show went down very well with the studio audience and I wish Keith. At the start of episode, Frost introduces a panel of three celebrities, with the catchphrase And what a panel they are

11.
Breakfast with Frost
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Breakfast with Frost was a Sunday morning BBC current affairs programme hosted by Sir David Frost. It covered the political news of the day, with Frost interviewing key figures in the world of politics. Frost was one of the original Famous Five presenters and shareholders of the TV-am consortium, originally, Frost had promised sexual chemistry as the co-presenter of the daily magazine programme Good Morning Britain with Anna Ford. After being dropped from the morning slot, Frost was chosen to host the Sunday morning edition of Good Morning Britain from May 1983. In summer 1985, it was briefly renamed The Sunday Programme, then renamed again on 13 September 1986 as David Frost on Sunday, and a final name change in 1990 to Frost on Sunday. As Frost only worked for six months of the year, other hosts and programmes filled in while he was away, including Jonathan Dimbleby on Sunday, Anne Diamond on Sunday. A number of episodes were also broadcast by BSB, the programme continued until the end of TV-ams franchise at the end of 1992, after it lost to GMTV in the 1991 ITV franchise renewal, and the final episode aired on 27 December 1992. The BBC picked up the straight away, starting the following week on 3 January 1993. The first ever guest to be interviewed on Breakfast with Frost was the Prime Minister and its theme tune was composed by Chris Blackwell. Breakfast with Frost at BBC News Breakfast with Frost at the Internet Movie Database

12.
TV-am
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TV-am was a TV company that broadcast the ITV franchise for breakfast television in the United Kingdom from 1 February 1983 until 31 December 1992. The station was the UKs first national operator of a commercial breakfast television franchise and its daily broadcasts were between 6 am and 9,25 am. Throughout its nine years and eleven months of broadcast, the station regularly had problems resulting in numerous management changes and it also suffered from major financial cutbacks hampering its operations. Though on a footing by 1986 and winning its ratings battle with BBC Breakfast Time. Despite these setbacks, by the 1990s TV-am had become the UKs most popular breakfast show, however, following a change in the law regarding TV franchising, the company lost its licence. It was replaced by GMTV in 1993, the Independent Broadcasting Authority awarded the breakfast franchise to TV-am on 28 December 1980. This hurried start affected the company in two ways, firstly, ITV had failed in its negotiations for royalties and rates for advertising on the new Channel 4 and the breakfast service with the actors trade union, Equity. The union instructed its members to boycott the new station, which meant there was little or no revenue from advertising in the early days. Secondly, it was believed that the BBCs breakfast service would be highbrow, focusing on news and analysis, however, the BBC launched a lightweight, magazine-style programme that mimicked the style of United States breakfast television. With the launch of the BBCs Breakfast Time brought forward at short notice this gave little time for TV-am to redevelop its plans. TV-am was spearheaded by the Famous Five who were not only lined up as presenters on the station, but were also shareholders, Michael Parkinson, David Frost, Angela Rippon, Anna Ford and Robert Kee. She had also persuaded by the BBC to continue producing and presenting Thats Life. and conceded she did not want to give up the show, or worse. There had been many difficulties for the presenters in the run-up to launch. When the franchise was announced in December 1980, Angela Rippons contract with the BBC was about to expire and this left her seeking freelance work before TV-am went on air. Anna Ford was dismissed by ITN, which had part of another consortium bidding for the breakfast contract. ITN had presented Ford as their female programme anchor as part of their bid, ITN heavily criticised her disloyalty and said that her dishonesty had made their bid seem ridiculous to the IBA. ITN replaced Ford with Selina Scott, who landed a double blow to ITN when she defected to the BBC to present Breakfast Time towards the end of 1982. Michael Parkinson did remain with the BBC, who hoped to persuade him to stay as they had with Rantzen, TV-ams headquarters and studios were at Breakfast Television Centre, Hawley Crescent, Camden Town, London

13.
The Nixon Interviews
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The Nixon Interviews were a series of interviews of former U. S. President Richard Nixon conducted by British journalist David Frost, and produced by John Birt. They were recorded and broadcast on television in four programs in 1977, the interviews became the central subject of Peter Morgans play Frost/Nixon in 2006. After his resignation in 1974, Nixon spent more than two years away from public life, in 1977, he granted Frost an exclusive series of interviews. Nixon was already publishing his memoirs at the time, however, in addition, Nixon was going broke. Frosts New York-based talk show had recently cancelled, leaving him consigned to a career based around the stories covered by the proto-reality show Great Escapes. As Frost had agreed to pay Nixon for the interviews, the American news networks were not interested and they refused to distribute the program and Frost was forced to fund the project himself while seeking other investors, who eventually bought air time and syndicated the four programs. Frost recruited James Reston, Jr. and ABC News producer Bob Zelnick to evaluate the Watergate minutiae prior to the interview. Their research allowed Frost to take control of the interview at a key moment, Nixons resulting admissions would support the widespread conclusion that he had obstructed justice. Nixons negotiated fee was $600,000 and a 20% share of any profits, Nixon chief of staff Jack Brennan negotiated the terms of the interview with Frost. Nixons staff saw the interview as an opportunity for the president to restore his reputation with the public. The 12 interviews began on March 23,1977, with three interviews per week over four weeks and they were taped for two hours a day, on Mondays, Wednesdays and Fridays, for a total of 28 hours and 45 minutes. The interviews were managed by executive producer Marvin Minoff, who was the president of Frosts David Paradine Productions, and by British current affairs producer John Birt. Recording took place at a home in Monarch Bay, California, owned by Mr. Harold H. Smith and Mrs. Martha Lea Smith. Frost rented the Smith home for $6,000 on a part-time basis, the interviews were broadcast in the US and some other countries in 1977. They were edited into four programs, each 90 minutes long, on Sunday evening May 1,1977, CBSs 60 Minutes broadcast an interview of David Frost by Mike Wallace. This was the network that Frost had scooped. Frost talked about looking forward to Nixons cascade of candor, in part 3, Frost asked Nixon about the legality of the presidents actions. In the context of American national security, Nixon replied, Well, when the president does it, part 5 opened with Frosts blunt question, Why didnt you burn the tapes

14.
Lynne Frederick
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Lynne Maria Frederick was an English film actress, known for her classical beauty and delicate, fairytale princess features. In a career spanning ten years she made about thirty films or television drama appearances and she was married twice after his death. Frederick was born in Hillingdon, Middlesex to Andrew Frederick and Iris C and her mother became a casting director for Thames Television. Lynnes parents separated when she was two old, and she was brought up by her mother, Iris, and her grandmother, Cecilia, at Market Harborough. She appeared a year later in the 1971 biographical film Nicholas and Alexandra, in which she played Grand Duchess Tatiana Nikolaevna of Russia, however her best-known appearance came shortly afterwards when she played another historical character, Catherine Howard in Henry VIII and His Six Wives in 1972. Frederick would go on to pursue a career in films throughout the 1970s. Her next role was in the 1972 childrens film The Amazing Mr. Blunden, other notable films included Saul Bass science fiction thriller Phase IV, the Spanish romance A Long Return, and Schizo. Her last role came in the 1979 film The Prisoner of Zenda, in 1985, she was reportedly offered the role of Kumiko in The Karate Kid, Part II. At the time the script was written in mind for an English actress who was to play a half English, Frederick, who hadnt appeared in a theatrical release since The Prisoner of Zenda in 1979, had been planning an acting comeback for quite some time. Despite her interest in the script, she turned the offer down, Fredericks first marriage, at age 22, was to Peter Sellers on 18 February 1977. The marriage was rocky, and Sellers was reportedly in the process of excluding her from his will a week before he died of an attack on 24 July 1980. The planned changes to the not having been finalized, she inherited almost his entire estate worth an estimated £4.5 million while his children. Despite appeals from a number of Sellers friends to make a settlement to the children. She later won nearly £1 million in a lawsuit against the makers of the Trail of the Pink Panther, made after Sellerss death and she reportedly suffered from severe depression because of Sellerss death and attempted suicide numerous times. Over her remaining 14 years following Sellers death, she became obsessed by his memory and kept a shrine to him at their Swiss chalet in Gstaad. She briefly married David Frost, they divorced 17 months later and she later married a Californian surgeon and heart specialist, Dr. Barry Unger, in December 1982, they were divorced in 1991. In her last marriage, she bore her child, Cassie Unger. Following her divorce from her husband, Fredericks health deteriorated

15.
University of Cambridge
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The University of Cambridge is a collegiate public research university in Cambridge, England, often regarded as one of the most prestigious universities in the world. Founded in 1209 and given royal status by King Henry III in 1231, Cambridge is the second-oldest university in the English-speaking world. The university grew out of an association of scholars who left the University of Oxford after a dispute with the townspeople, the two ancient universities share many common features and are often referred to jointly as Oxbridge. Cambridge is formed from a variety of institutions which include 31 constituent colleges, Cambridge University Press, a department of the university, is the worlds oldest publishing house and the second-largest university press in the world. The university also operates eight cultural and scientific museums, including the Fitzwilliam Museum, Cambridges libraries hold a total of around 15 million books, eight million of which are in Cambridge University Library, a legal deposit library. In the year ended 31 July 2015, the university had an income of £1.64 billion. The central university and colleges have an endowment of around £5.89 billion. The university is linked with the development of the high-tech business cluster known as Silicon Fen. It is a member of associations and forms part of the golden triangle of leading English universities and Cambridge University Health Partners. As of 2017, Cambridge is ranked the fourth best university by three ranking tables and no other institution in the world ranks in the top 10 for as many subjects. Cambridge is consistently ranked as the top university in the United Kingdom, the university has educated many notable alumni, including eminent mathematicians, scientists, politicians, lawyers, philosophers, writers, actors, and foreign Heads of State. Ninety-five Nobel laureates, fifteen British prime ministers and ten Fields medalists have been affiliated with Cambridge as students, faculty, by the late 12th century, the Cambridge region already had a scholarly and ecclesiastical reputation, due to monks from the nearby bishopric church of Ely. The University of Oxford went into suspension in protest, and most scholars moved to such as Paris, Reading. After the University of Oxford reformed several years later, enough remained in Cambridge to form the nucleus of the new university. A bull in 1233 from Pope Gregory IX gave graduates from Cambridge the right to teach everywhere in Christendom, the colleges at the University of Cambridge were originally an incidental feature of the system. No college is as old as the university itself, the colleges were endowed fellowships of scholars. There were also institutions without endowments, called hostels, the hostels were gradually absorbed by the colleges over the centuries, but they have left some indicators of their time, such as the name of Garret Hostel Lane. Hugh Balsham, Bishop of Ely, founded Peterhouse, Cambridges first college, the most recently established college is Robinson, built in the late 1970s

16.
President of the United States
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The President of the United States is the head of state and head of government of the United States. The president directs the executive branch of the government and is the commander-in-chief of the United States Armed Forces. The president is considered to be one of the worlds most powerful political figures, the role includes being the commander-in-chief of the worlds most expensive military with the second largest nuclear arsenal and leading the nation with the largest economy by nominal GDP. The office of President holds significant hard and soft power both in the United States and abroad, Constitution vests the executive power of the United States in the president. The president is empowered to grant federal pardons and reprieves. The president is responsible for dictating the legislative agenda of the party to which the president is a member. The president also directs the foreign and domestic policy of the United States, since the office of President was established in 1789, its power has grown substantially, as has the power of the federal government as a whole. However, nine vice presidents have assumed the presidency without having elected to the office. The Twenty-second Amendment prohibits anyone from being elected president for a third term, in all,44 individuals have served 45 presidencies spanning 57 full four-year terms. On January 20,2017, Donald Trump was sworn in as the 45th, in 1776, the Thirteen Colonies, acting through the Second Continental Congress, declared political independence from Great Britain during the American Revolution. The new states, though independent of each other as nation states, desiring to avoid anything that remotely resembled a monarchy, Congress negotiated the Articles of Confederation to establish a weak alliance between the states. Out from under any monarchy, the states assigned some formerly royal prerogatives to Congress, only after all the states agreed to a resolution settling competing western land claims did the Articles take effect on March 1,1781, when Maryland became the final state to ratify them. In 1783, the Treaty of Paris secured independence for each of the former colonies, with peace at hand, the states each turned toward their own internal affairs. Prospects for the convention appeared bleak until James Madison and Edmund Randolph succeeded in securing George Washingtons attendance to Philadelphia as a delegate for Virginia. It was through the negotiations at Philadelphia that the presidency framed in the U. S. The first power the Constitution confers upon the president is the veto, the Presentment Clause requires any bill passed by Congress to be presented to the president before it can become law. Once the legislation has been presented, the president has three options, Sign the legislation, the bill becomes law. Veto the legislation and return it to Congress, expressing any objections, in this instance, the president neither signs nor vetoes the legislation

17.
Richard Nixon
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Richard Milhous Nixon was an American politician who served as the 37th President of the United States from 1969 until 1974, when he became the only U. S. president to resign from office. He had previously served as a U. S, Representative and Senator from California and as the 36th Vice President of the United States from 1953 to 1961 under the presidency of Dwight D. Eisenhower. Nixon was born in Yorba Linda, California, after completing his undergraduate studies at Whittier College, he graduated from Duke University School of Law in 1937 and returned to California to practice law. He and his wife Pat moved to Washington in 1942 to work for the federal government and he subsequently served on active duty in the U. S. Navy Reserve during World War II. Nixon was elected to the House of Representatives in 1946 and to the Senate in 1950 and his pursuit of the Hiss Case established his reputation as a leading anti-communist, and elevated him to national prominence. He was the mate of Dwight D. Eisenhower, the Republican Party presidential nominee in the 1952 election. Nixon served for eight years as vice president and he waged an unsuccessful presidential campaign in 1960, narrowly losing to John F. Kennedy, and lost a race for Governor of California to Pat Brown in 1962. In 1968, he ran for the presidency again and was elected by defeating incumbent Vice President Hubert Humphrey, Nixon ended American involvement in the war in Vietnam in 1973 and brought the American POWs home, and ended the military draft. His administration generally transferred power from Washington D. C. to the states and he imposed wage and price controls for a period of ninety days, enforced desegregation of Southern schools and established the Environmental Protection Agency. Nixon also presided over the Apollo 11 moon landing, which signaled the end of the moon race and he was reelected in one of the largest electoral landslides in U. S. history in 1972, when he defeated George McGovern. The year 1973 saw an Arab oil embargo, gasoline rationing, the scandal escalated, costing Nixon much of his political support, and on August 9,1974, he resigned in the face of almost certain impeachment and removal from office. After his resignation, he was issued a pardon by his successor, in retirement, Nixons work writing several books and undertaking of many foreign trips helped to rehabilitate his image. He suffered a stroke on April 18,1994. Richard Milhous Nixon was born on January 9,1913 in Yorba Linda, California and his parents were Hannah Nixon and Francis A. Nixon. His mother was a Quaker and his father converted from Methodism to the Quaker faith, Nixons upbringing was marked by evangelical Quaker observances of the time, such as refraining from alcohol, dancing, and swearing. Nixon had four brothers, Harold, Donald, Arthur, four of the five Nixon boys were named after kings who had ruled in historical or legendary England, Richard, for example, was named after Richard the Lionheart. Nixons early life was marked by hardship, and he quoted a saying of Eisenhower to describe his boyhood, We were poor. The Nixon family ranch failed in 1922, and the moved to Whittier

18.
Frost/Nixon (play)
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The play premiered at the Donmar Warehouse theatre in London in August 2006, directed by Michael Grandage and starring Michael Sheen as the talk-show host and Frank Langella as the former president. Frost/Nixon received enthusiastic reviews in the British press and it then played at the Gielgud Theatre in Londons West End, again starring Langella and Sheen. On March 31,2007, the play began previews on Broadway and it officially opened as a limited engagement at the Bernard B. Jacobs Theatre on April 22 and closed on August 19, after 137 performances, the cast included Langella, Sheen, Remy Auberjonois, Shira Gregory, Corey Johnson, Stephen Kunken, Stephen Rowe, Triney Sandoval, Armand Schultz and Sonya Walger. TimeLine Theatre Company in Chicago ran the play from August 21 to October 10,2010, in regional theatre, Frost/Nixon made its Ohio premiere at the Rabbit Run Theatre in Madison, Ohio. Rocky Mountain regional premiere was directed and designed by John Thornberry for Longmont Theatre Company in Longmont, Colorado, the show received its Philadelphia premiere with New City Stage Company December 5,2013 to January 4,2014. The show was a combination of the play and the screenplay for the film Frost/Nixon. The film was produced by Imagine Entertainment and Working Title Films for Universal Pictures, shooting began on August 27,2007. Langella and Sheen reprised their roles for the film

19.
Frost/Nixon (film)
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Frost/Nixon is a 2008 British-American historical drama film based on the 2006 play of the same name by Peter Morgan, who also adapted the screenplay. The film tells the story behind the Frost/Nixon interviews of 1977, after the Watergate scandal of 1972 and his subsequent resignation in 1974,400 million worldwide watch Nixon leave the White House. Among them is British journalist David Frost, currently recording a talk show in Australia, nixon’s literary agent, Irving Swifty Lazar, believes the interview would be an opportunity for Nixon to salvage his reputation, and to make some money. Lazar demands $500,000, and ultimately gets $600,000, after persuading his friend and producer John Birt that the interviews would be a success, Frost and Birt travel to California to meet with Nixon. On the plane to California, Frost flirts with a woman called Caroline Cushing. Frost struggles to sell the interviews to U. S. networks and he hires two investigators — Bob Zelnick and James Reston Jr. — to help him prepare, along with Birt. Frost is not clear on what he wants from the interview, under scrutiny by Nixons post-presidential chief of staff, Jack Brennan, Frost and Nixon embark on the first three recording sessions. Behind the scenes, Frosts editorial team is nervous about the interviewers technique, four days before the final session, which will center on Watergate, Frost receives a phonecall from an inebriated Nixon. Frost gains new insight into his subject, while Nixon assures Frost that he will do everything in his power to emerge the victor from the final interview, the conversation spurs Frost into action. He works relentlessly for three days to prepare, while Reston pursues a lead at the Federal Courthouse in Washington, as the final recording begins, Frost ambushes Nixon with damning transcripts of a conversation between Nixon and Charles Colson that Reston dug up in Washington. As his own team watches in horror from a room, Nixon admits that he did unethical things, adding, When the President does it. A stunned Frost is on the verge of inducing a confession when Brennan bursts in, after the interview, Frost and Caroline pay a farewell visit to Nixon at his villa. Frost thanks Nixon for the interviews and Nixon, graciously admitting defeat, thanks Frost in return and wishes him well and he also for the first time addresses Frost by his first name. Nixon watches Frost and Caroline Cushing leave and then leans over a railing of his villa, an epilogue states that the interviews were wildly successful and that Nixon never escaped controversy until his death in 1994. Frank Langella as Richard Nixon Michael Sheen as David Frost Kevin Bacon as Jack Brennan Oliver Platt as Bob Zelnick Sam Rockwell as James Reston Jr. To prepare for his role as Richard Nixon, Frank Langella visited the Richard Nixon Presidential Library in Yorba Linda, California, on the set, the cast and crew addressed Langella as Mr. President. Frost/Nixon had its premiere on October 15,2008 as the opening film of the 52nd annual London Film Festival. It was released in three theaters in the United States on December 5 before expanding several times over the following weeks and it was released in the United Kingdom and expanded into wide status in the United States on January 23,2009

20.
ITV (TV network)
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ITV is a commercial TV network in the United Kingdom. Since the passing of the Broadcasting Act 1990 its legal name has been Channel 3, to distinguish it from the analogue channels at the time, namely BBC1, BBC2. ITV is a network of channels that operate regional television services as well as sharing programmes between each other to be displayed on the entire network. In recent years, several of companies have merged so currently the fifteen franchises are in the hands of two companies. With the exception of Northern Ireland, the ITV brand is the used by ITV plc for the Channel 3 service in these areas. In Northern Ireland, ITV plc uses the brand name UTV, STV Group plc, uses the STV brand for its two franchises of central and northern Scotland. The origins of ITV lie in the passing of the Television Act 1954, the act created the Independent Television Authority to heavily regulate the industry and to award franchises. The first six franchises were awarded in 1954 for London, the Midlands, the first ITV network to launch was Londons Associated-Rediffusion on 22 September 1955, with the Midlands and North services launching in February 1956 and May 1956 respectively. Following these launches, the ITA awarded more franchises until the country was covered by fourteen regional stations. Following the 1993 changes, ITV as a network began to consolidate with several companies doing so to save money by ceasing the duplication of services present when they were all separate companies. The ITV Network is not owned or operated by one company, since 2016 the fifteen licences are held by two companies, with the majority held by ITV Broadcasting Limited, part of ITV plc. The network is regulated by the media regulator Ofcom who is responsible for awarding the broadcast licences, the last major review of the Channel 3 franchises was in 1991, with all operators licences having been renewed between 1999 and 2002 and again from 2014 without a further contest. However, due to amalgamation of several of companies since the creation of ITV Network Limited. Approved by Ofcom, this results in ITV plc commissioning and funding the network schedule, all licensees have the right to opt out of network programming, however many do not due to pressures from the parent company or because of limited resources. The network also needs to produce accessible output containing subtitles, signing, in exchange for this programming, the ITV network is available on all platforms free to air and can be found at the top of the EPG of all providers. Since the launch of the platform in 1998, all of the ITV licensees have received gifted capacity on the terrestrial television platform. At present, the companies are able to broadcast additional channels and all choose to broadcast the ITV plc owned ITV2, ITV3, ITV4 and CITV in their region. UTV and STV previously broadcast their own services – UTV2 in Northern Ireland and S2 in central and northern Scotland – until 2002, the broadcasters all make use of the Digital 3&4 multiplex, shared with Channel 4

21.
BBC
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The British Broadcasting Corporation is a British public service broadcaster. It is headquartered at Broadcasting House in London, the BBC is the worlds oldest national broadcasting organisation and the largest broadcaster in the world by number of employees. It employs over 20,950 staff in total,16,672 of whom are in public sector broadcasting, the total number of staff is 35,402 when part-time, flexible, and fixed contract staff are included. The BBC is established under a Royal Charter and operates under its Agreement with the Secretary of State for Culture, Media and Sport. The fee is set by the British Government, agreed by Parliament, and used to fund the BBCs radio, TV, britains first live public broadcast from the Marconi factory in Chelmsford took place in June 1920. It was sponsored by the Daily Mails Lord Northcliffe and featured the famous Australian Soprano Dame Nellie Melba, the Melba broadcast caught the peoples imagination and marked a turning point in the British publics attitude to radio. However, this public enthusiasm was not shared in official circles where such broadcasts were held to interfere with important military and civil communications. By late 1920, pressure from these quarters and uneasiness among the staff of the licensing authority, the General Post Office, was sufficient to lead to a ban on further Chelmsford broadcasts. But by 1922, the GPO had received nearly 100 broadcast licence requests, John Reith, a Scottish Calvinist, was appointed its General Manager in December 1922 a few weeks after the company made its first official broadcast. The company was to be financed by a royalty on the sale of BBC wireless receiving sets from approved manufacturers, to this day, the BBC aims to follow the Reithian directive to inform, educate and entertain. The financial arrangements soon proved inadequate, set sales were disappointing as amateurs made their own receivers and listeners bought rival unlicensed sets. By mid-1923, discussions between the GPO and the BBC had become deadlocked and the Postmaster-General commissioned a review of broadcasting by the Sykes Committee and this was to be followed by a simple 10 shillings licence fee with no royalty once the wireless manufactures protection expired. The BBCs broadcasting monopoly was made explicit for the duration of its current broadcast licence, the BBC was also banned from presenting news bulletins before 19.00, and required to source all news from external wire services. Mid-1925 found the future of broadcasting under further consideration, this time by the Crawford committee, by now the BBC under Reiths leadership had forged a consensus favouring a continuation of the unified broadcasting service, but more money was still required to finance rapid expansion. Wireless manufacturers were anxious to exit the loss making consortium with Reith keen that the BBC be seen as a service rather than a commercial enterprise. The recommendations of the Crawford Committee were published in March the following year and were still under consideration by the GPO when the 1926 general strike broke out in May. The strike temporarily interrupted newspaper production and with restrictions on news bulletins waived the BBC suddenly became the source of news for the duration of the crisis. The crisis placed the BBC in a delicate position, the Government was divided on how to handle the BBC but ended up trusting Reith, whose opposition to the strike mirrored the PMs own

22.
Al Jazeera English
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Al Jazeera English is an international state-funded 24-hour English-language news and current affairs TV channel owned and operated by Al Jazeera Media Network, which is headquartered in Doha, Qatar. It is a channel of the Bosnia and Herzegovina-based multi-language Al Jazeera Balkans, the online digital networks AJ+ and Al Jazeera Turk. Al Jazeera English is the worlds first English-language news channel to be headquartered in the Middle East, the channel aims to provide both a regional voice and a global perspective for a potential world audience of over one billion English speakers who do not share the Anglo-American worldview. Instead of being run under one command, news management rotates between broadcasting centers in Doha and London. At its launch, the station actually had four news centres in the world, in Washington, complete news bulletins from Kuala Lumpur stopped on 30 September 2010 and from Washington, D. C. on 28 January 2011, they were replaced by news from Doha. All news inserts from Kuala Lumpur ceased in early 2011 and from Washington DC they ceased on 15 April 2012, by contrast, Al Jazeera English is one of the few global media outlets to maintain an agency in Gaza, and in Harare. The networks stated objective is to voice to untold stories, promote debate. Al Jazeera English has stated objectives of emphasizing news from the world, of reversing the North to South flow of information. Other Al Jazeera English slogans and catchphrases include, All the News | All the Time, Fearless Journalism and If its newsworthy, it gets on air, Al Jazeeras Code of Ethics mirrors some of these statements. Award-winning creative teams shaped the English brand identity, the channel was launched on 15 November 2006 at 12,00 GMT. It had aimed to begin broadcasting in June 2006 but had to postpone its launch because its HDTV technology was not ready. The channel had expected to reach around 40 million households, but it far exceeded that launch target, the channel is noted for its poor penetration in the American market, where it was carried by only one satellite service and a small number of cable networks. Al Jazeera English later began a campaign to enter the North American market and it became available to some cable subscribers in New York in August 2011, having previously been available as an option for some viewers in Washington, D. C. The channel primarily reaches the United States via its online streaming. Foreign press access to Gaza has been limited via either Egypt or Israel, the channel may also be viewed online. It recommends online viewing at its own website or at its channel on YouTube, Al Jazeera English HD launched in the United Kingdom on Freeview on 26 November 2013, and began streaming in HD on YouTube in 2015. On 3 January 2013, Al Jazeera Media Network announced that it had purchased Current TV in the United States, 60% of the channels programming would be produced in America while 40% would be from Al Jazeera English. That was later changed at the request of the cable and satellite providers to almost 100% American programing, regardless Al Jazeera America maintained a close working relationship with Al Jazeera English

23.
Poets' Corner
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Poets Corner is the name traditionally given to a section of the South Transept of Westminster Abbey because of the high number of poets, playwrights, and writers buried and commemorated there. The first poet interred in Poets Corner was Geoffrey Chaucer, over the centuries, a tradition has grown up of interring or memorialising people there in recognition of their contribution to British culture. In the overwhelming majority of cases, the honour is awarded to writers, on 6 December 2011, former Poet Laureate Ted Hughes was commemorated with a floor stone. On 22 November 2013, the anniversary of his death. The poet Philip Larkin was commemorated with a stone dedicated on 2 December 2016. The first person interred, Geoffrey Chaucer, owed his burial there in 1400 more to his position as Clerk of Works of the Palace of Westminster than to his fame as a writer. The erection of his magnificent tomb, however, by Nicholas Brigham in 1556, burial or commemoration in the Abbey does not always occur at or soon after the time of death. Lord Byron, for example, whose poetry was admired but who maintained a scandalous lifestyle, the poets fate is here in emblem shown, He askd for bread, and he received a stone. Some of those buried in Poets Corner also had memorials erected to them over or near their grave, in some cases, such as Joseph Addison, the burial took place elsewhere in Westminster Abbey, with a memorial later erected in Poets Corner. In some cases a burial of a body took place, in other cases the body was cremated. There are also cases where there was support for an individual to be buried in Poets Corner. Other notable poets and writers, such as Aphra Behn, are buried elsewhere in the Abbey, at least two of the memorials were later moved to a location elsewhere in the Abbey due to the discovery of old paintings on the wall behind them. The memorials can take several forms, some are stone slabs set in the floor with a name and inscription carved on them, while others are more elaborate and carved stone monuments, or hanging stone tablets, or memorial busts. The grave of Ben Jonson is not in Poets Corner, but is in the aisle of the nave. It has the inscription O Rare Ben Johnson on the slab above it and it has been suggested that this could be read Orare Ben Jonson, which would indicate a deathbed return to Catholicism, but the carving shows a distinct space between O and rare. As well as the gravestone in the aisle of the nave. As floor and wall space began to run out, the decision was taken to install a stained glass memorial window, there is room for 20 names, and currently there are six names on this window, with a new entry unveiled on 25 September 2010. The memorial in Poets Corner, Westminster Abbey, to 16 Great War poets is a stone slab with the names of the poets inscribed on it

24.
Westminster Abbey
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It is one of the United Kingdoms most notable religious buildings and the traditional place of coronation and burial site for English and, later, British monarchs. Between 1540 and 1556, the abbey had the status of a cathedral, since 1560, however, the building is no longer an abbey nor a cathedral, having instead the status of a Church of England Royal Peculiar—a church responsible directly to the sovereign. The building itself is the abbey church. According to a tradition first reported by Sulcard in about 1080, a church was founded at the site in the 7th century, at the time of Mellitus, construction of the present church began in 1245, on the orders of King Henry III. Since the coronation of William the Conqueror in 1066, all coronations of English and British monarchs have held in Westminster Abbey. There have been at least 16 royal weddings at the abbey since 1100, two were of reigning monarchs, although, before 1919, there had been none for some 500 years. The first reports of the abbey are based on a tradition claiming that a young fisherman called Aldrich on the River Thames saw a vision of Saint Peter near the site. This seems to be quoted to justify the gifts of salmon from Thames fishermen that the abbey received in later years, in the present was, the Fishmongers Company still gives a salmon every year. The proven origins are that in the 960s or early 970s, Saint Dunstan, assisted by King Edgar, between 1042 and 1052, King Edward the Confessor began rebuilding St Peters Abbey to provide himself with a royal burial church. It was the first church in England built in the Romanesque style, the building was completed around 1090 and was consecrated on 28 December 1065, only a week before Edwards death on 5 January 1066. A week later, he was buried in the church, and, nine years later and his successor, Harold II, was probably crowned in the abbey, although the first documented coronation is that of William the Conqueror later the same year. The only extant depiction of Edwards abbey, together with the adjacent Palace of Westminster, is in the Bayeux Tapestry, construction of the present church was begun in 1245 by Henry III who selected the site for his burial. The abbot and monks, in proximity to the royal Palace of Westminster, the abbot often was employed on royal service and in due course took his place in the House of Lords as of right. The abbey built shops and dwellings on the west side, encroaching upon the sanctuary, the abbey became the coronation site of Norman kings. The Confessors shrine subsequently played a part in his canonisation. The work continued between 1245 and 1517 and was finished by the architect Henry Yevele in the reign of Richard II. Henry III also commissioned the unique Cosmati pavement in front of the High Altar, Henry VII added a Perpendicular style chapel dedicated to the Blessed Virgin Mary in 1503. Much of the came from Caen, in France, the Isle of Portland

25.
Culture of the United Kingdom
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The wider culture of Europe has also influenced British culture, and Humanism, Protestantism and representative democracy developed from broader Western culture. British literature, music, cinema, art, theatre, comedy, media, television, philosophy, architecture, the United Kingdom is also prominent in science and technology, producing world-leading scientists and inventions. Sport is an important part of British culture, numerous sports originated in the country, the UK has been described as a cultural superpower, and London has been described as a world cultural capital. The Industrial Revolution, which started in the UK, had an effect on the socio-economic. These states are collectively known as the Anglosphere, and are among Britains closest allies. In turn the empire also influenced British culture, particularly British cuisine, the cultures of England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland are diverse and have varying degrees of overlap and distinctiveness. First spoken in early medieval England, the English language is the de facto language of the UK. Individual countries within the UK have frameworks for the promotion of their indigenous languages, Irish and Ulster Scots enjoy limited use alongside English in Northern Ireland, mainly in publicly commissioned translations. There is also a campaign under way to recognise Scots as a language in Scotland, the Cornish language enjoys neither official recognition nor promotion by the state in Cornwall. Under the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages, the UK Government has committed to the promotion of linguistic traditions. The United Kingdom has ratified the charter for, Welsh, Scottish Gaelic and Scots, Cornish, British Sign Language is also a recognised language. Owing to its history, dialects and regional accents vary amongst the four countries of the United Kingdom. Some cities in close proximity have a different dialect and accent, such as Scousers from Liverpool, notable Scouse speakers include John Lennon and Paul McCartney from The Beatles while Mancunians include Liam and Noel Gallagher from Oasis. Received Pronunciation is the accent of standard English in the UK, brummie is the dialect of natives of Birmingham in the west midlands of England – notable Brummies include rock musicians Ozzy Osbourne, Jeff Lynne, and Rob Halford. Geordie is the dialect of people from Tyneside in northeast England – musicians Brian Johnson, Mark Knopfler, notable exponents of the Scottish accent include Sean Connery, comedian Billy Connolly, and The Proclaimers. The West Country accent from southwest England is identified in film as pirate speech – cartoon-like Ooh arr, talk is very similar, while famous pirates hailed from this region, including Blackbeard, West Country native Robert Newtons performance as Long John Silver in films standardised the pirate voice. The Northern Irish accent includes golfer Rory McIlroy and actor Liam Neeson, the early 18th century is known as the Augustan Age of English literature. From the late 18th century, the Romantic period showed a flowering of poetry comparable with the Renaissance 200 years earlier, in Scotland the poetry of Robert Burns revived interest in Scots literature, and the Weaver Poets of Ulster were influenced by literature from Scotland

26.
Methodism
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Methodism, or the Methodist movement, is a group of historically related denominations of Protestant Christianity which derive their inspiration from the life and teachings of John Wesley. George Whitefield and Johns brother Charles Wesley were also significant leaders in the movement and it originated as a revival within the 18th century Church of England and became a separate Church after Wesleys death. Because of vigorous missionary work, the movement spread throughout the British Empire, Wesleys theology focused on sanctification and the effect of faith on the character of a Christian. Distinguishing Methodist doctrines include an assurance of salvation, imparted righteousness, the possibility of perfection in love, the works of piety and the primacy of Scripture. Most Methodists teach that Jesus Christ, the Son of God, died for all of humanity and that salvation is available for all, in theology and this teaching rejects the Calvinist position that God has pre-ordained the salvation of a select group of people. However, Whitefield and several others were considered Calvinistic Methodists and held to the latter position, Methodism emphasises charity and support for the sick, the poor and the afflicted through the works of mercy. These ideals are put into practice by the establishment of hospitals, orphanages, soup kitchens and schools to follow Christs command to spread the gospel, the movement has a wide variety of forms of worship, ranging from high church to low church in liturgical usage. Denominations that descend from the British Methodist tradition are generally less ritualistic, Methodism is known for its rich musical tradition and Charles Wesley was instrumental in writing much of the hymnody of the Methodist Church. In Britain, the Methodist Church had an effect in the early decades of the making of the working class. In the United States, it became the religion of many slaves who later formed black churches in the Methodist tradition. The Methodist revival began with a group of men, including John Wesley and his younger brother Charles, the Wesley brothers founded the Holy Club at the University of Oxford, where John was a fellow and later a lecturer at Lincoln College. The club met weekly and they set about living a holy life. They were accustomed to receiving Communion every week, fasting regularly, abstaining from most forms of amusement and luxury and frequently visited the sick, the fellowship were branded as Methodist by their fellow students because of the way they used rule and method to go about their religious affairs. John, who was leader of the club, took the attempted mockery, unsuccessful in their work, the brothers returned to England conscious of their lack of genuine Christian faith. They looked for help to Peter Boehler and other members of the Moravian Church, at a Moravian service in Aldersgate on 24 May 1738, John experienced what has come to be called his evangelical conversion, when he felt his heart strangely warmed. Charles had reported an experience an few days previously. Considered a pivotal moment, Daniel L. John Wesley came under the influence of the Dutch theologian Jacobus Arminius, Arminius had rejected the Calvinist teaching that God had pre-ordained an elect number of people to eternal bliss while others perished eternally. Conversely, George Whitefield, Howell Harris, and Selina Hastings, George Whitefield, returning from his own mission in Georgia, joined the Wesley brothers in what was rapidly to become a national crusade

27.
Huguenots
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Huguenots are the ethnoreligious group of French Protestants who follow the Reformed tradition. It was used frequently to members of the French Reformed Church until the beginning of the 19th century. The term has its origin in 16th-century France, Huguenot numbers peaked near an estimated two million by 1562, concentrated mainly in the southern and western parts of France. As Huguenots gained influence and more openly displayed their faith, Catholic hostility grew, in spite of political concessions, a series of religious conflicts followed, known as the French Wars of Religion, fought intermittently from 1562 to 1598. The Huguenots were led by Jeanne dAlbret, her son, the future Henry IV, the wars ended with the Edict of Nantes, which granted the Huguenots substantial religious, political, and military autonomy. Huguenot rebellions in the 1620s prompted the abolishment of their political and they retained religious provisions of the Edict of Nantes until the rule of Louis XIV. Nevertheless, a minority of Huguenots remained and faced continued persecution under Louis XV. By the death of Louis XV in 1774, French Calvinism was almost completely wiped out, persecution of Protestants officially ended with the Edict of Versailles, signed by Louis XVI in 1787. Two years later, with the Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen of 1789 and they also spread to the Dutch Cape Colony in South Africa, the Dutch East Indies, the Caribbean, New Netherland, and several of the English colonies in North America. Small contingents of families went to Orthodox Russia and Catholic Quebec, a term used originally in derision, Huguenot has unclear origins. Geneva was John Calvins adopted home and the centre of the Calvinist movement, the label Huguenot was purportedly first applied in France to those conspirators involved in the Amboise plot of 1560, a foiled attempt to wrest power in France from the influential House of Guise. The move would have had the effect of fostering relations with the Swiss. Thus, Hugues plus Eidgenosse by way of Huisgenoten supposedly became Huguenot, a version of this complex hypothesis is promoted by O. I. A. Roche, who writes in his book, The Days of the Upright, A History of the Huguenots, that Huguenot is, a combination of a Dutch and a German word. Gallicised into Huguenot, often used deprecatingly, the word became, Some disagree with such double or triple non-French linguistic origins, arguing that for the word to have spread into common use in France, it must have originated in the French language. The Hugues hypothesis argues that the name was derived by association with Hugues Capet, king of France and he was regarded by the Gallicans and Protestants as a noble man who respected peoples dignity and lives. Janet Gray and other supporters of the hypothesis suggest that the name huguenote would be equivalent to little Hugos. It was in place in Tours that the prétendus réformés habitually gathered at night

28.
Gillingham, Kent
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Gillingham /ˈdʒɪlɪŋəm/ is a town in the county of Kent in South East England. For local government purposes it is also in the authority of Medway. The town includes the settlements of Brompton, Hempstead, Wigmore, Parkwood, Rainham, Rainham Mark, Gillingham means a homestead of Gyllas family, from Old English ham and ingas, and was first recorded in the 10th century as Gyllingeham. Also referred to in old texts as Jillyingham Water, hence the pronunciation being Gillingham, Gillingham became an urban district under the Local Government Act 1894, gaining municipal borough status in 1903. John Robert Featherby was the first mayor of the Borough of Gillingham, in 1928 Rainham was added to the Gillingham Borough. Under the Local Government Act 1972 it became a non-metropolitan district and it merged with the other Medway Towns in 1998 under the 1990s UK local government reform, to become part of the Medway unitary authority. The Municipal Buildings in Canterbury Street were built as offices for Gillingham Borough Council. They were opened by the Lord Mayor of London, Sir George Broadbridge, the Lord Mayor was received at Gillingham Railway Station by a guard of honour of boys of HMS Arethusa. Before the Second World War, air raid sirens were placed on the Municipal Buildings, in about 1953, Gillingham Borough Control was built underground, beneath part of the car park. Medway Council then moved into the former Lloyds of London headquarters at Chatham Gun Wharf, and they were sold off in 2008 under a contract which turned them into a residential care home. The town grew along the road from Brompton on the great lines, as such it was a linear development. Close by was the road along the line, linking The Strand. Later, communiites developed along the top road- Watling street – turnpike linking Chatham with Dover, all these communities merged into the town that is called today Gillingham. Gillingham experiences a climate similar to almost all of the United Kingdom. Due to its southerly, sheltered, marine position near the European continent the climate is among the warmest in the whole of England, the name Gillingham is recorded in the Domesday book of 1086. It is said to have named after a warlord, Gyllingas—from the old English gyllan. He was a man in Kent history as he led his warriors into battle screaming and shouting. At the time of the Norman Conquest, Gillingham was a small hamlet, Gillingham itself, at the time, was a small hamlet, built around the parish church and surrounded by large farm-holdings, of which St

29.
Local preacher
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A Methodist local preacher is a lay person or deacon who has been accredited by a Methodist church to lead worship and preach on a regular basis. These preachers have played an important role in Methodism since the earliest days of the movement, with separation from the Church of England by the end of the 18th century, a clear distinction was recognised between ordained Methodist ministers and the local preachers who assisted them. Local preachers continue to serve a role in the Methodist Church of Great Britain, in which the majority of church services are led by lay people. Local preachers have been a part of Methodism from its beginnings as a movement in 18th century England. It quickly became necessary to build preaching houses where the Methodist meetings could be held and these began to function as alternative churches, often depending on the attitude of the local Anglican clergy. One such preaching house was The Foundery, which served as Wesleys HQ in London, in about 1740, Wesley was away on business and had left a young man, Thomas Maxfield, in charge of The Foundery. Since no clergymen were available, Maxfield took it himself to preach to the congregation. Wesley was annoyed by this and returned to London in order to confront Maxfield, however, his mother, Susanna Wesley, persuaded him to hear Maxfield out, suggesting that he had as much right to preach as Wesley. Wesley was sufficiently impressed by Maxfields preaching to see it as Gods work and let the matter drop, Methodism formally broke with the Anglican church as a result of Wesleys 1784 ordination of ministers to serve in the United States following the American War of Independence. Before the schism, Wesley had as accredited preachers only a handful of fellow Anglican priests who shared his view of the need to take the gospel to the people where they were. Because of their number, these priests were necessarily itinerant. The circuit minister had pastoral oversight and administered sacraments, but the majority of services were led, Local Preachers would regularly spend a whole day with a local church, leading one or more services and undertaking pastoral visiting. Many travelled significant distances in the course of a day, often on foot, in its essentials, this pattern has remained in British Methodism to the present day. Methodism has always acknowledged and valued the ministry of women, a Wesleyan influence going back to Susanna Wesley herself, in early British Methodism, a number of women served as Local Preachers. The separated denominations went much further than the Wesleyans in making use of women as Local Preachers, in Wesleyan Methodism from 1803, women were restricted to addressing women-only meetings - a ban that was not lifted until 1910. Many women, such as Sarah Mallet, however, ignored this ban, from 1918 on, Wesleyan Methodism recruited and deployed women Local Preachers on exactly the same basis as men. When Methodist reunion in England took place in 1933, the ordination of women in the separated denominations ceased until 1971, but the equal status of women as local preachers continued. Many of the founders of the union movement and the Labour Party in Britain were local preachers, perhaps most famously four of the Tolpuddle martyrs

30.
Raunds
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Raunds /ˈrɔːndz/ is a small market town in rural Northamptonshire, England. It has a population of 8,641, is a civil parish, Raunds is situated 21 miles north-east of Northampton. The town is on the edge of the Nene valley. Nearest civilian airports are Luton 50 miles and East Midlands 65 miles, Raunds is close to Stanwick Lakes, a country park developed from gravel pits and managed by the Rockingham Forest Trust. This park is recognised for its birdlife and can be reached on foot from Raunds along Meadow Lane bridleway. In the mid-1980s, during excavations in the Nene valley. Excavation of the area, near Stanwick, was delayed by several years while archaeologists studied the remains, in 2002 Channel 4s Time Team excavated a garden and found remains of an Anglo-Saxon cemetery. The place-name Raunds is first attested in an Anglo-Saxon charter of circa 972-992 and it appears as Rande in the Domesday Book of 1086, and in a later survey of Northamptonshire as Raundes. The name is the plural of the Old English rand, meaning border, Raunds played a role in the boot and shoe industry until its decline in the 1950s and 60s. In 1905 a dispute arose about wages to be paid to army bootmakers, several factories remained into the early 1990s but all are now closed, with many being demolished and housing estates built. The Coggins boot factory was the last to go, and the site of it is now Coggins Close. The land on which the factory and the original Coggins houses stood, was purchased by Robert Coggins on 25 February 1899 from the Duchy of Lancaster. The houses are there, but were sold to Charles Robinson of Wellingborough in 1934. Robert Coggins lived in the hall where his picture hangs in the meeting room, there is no industry in the town now, although there are some industrial sites on the outskirts. Raunds once held the record for the highest temperature in Britain at 36.7 °C, set on 10 August 1911, the Historic England website contains details of a total of 19 listed buildings and six scheduled monuments at or in the vicinity of Raunds. Amongst them are, St Peters Church, Church Street, the Manor House,2 Manor Street. St Peters, CoE is in the Diocese of Peterborough and St Thomas Mores, RC is in the Diocese of Northampton. In 1801 there were 800 persons In 1831 there were 1,370 persons In 1841 there were 1,653 persons In 2011 there were 8,641 persons Raunds is adjacent to the A45 and close to the A14 jct 13

31.
Wrenn School
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Wrenn Academy is a coeducational secondary school and sixth form with academy status, located in Wellingborough, Northamptonshire, England. It was established in 1975, and occupies the campus of the former Wellingborough Grammar School, founded in 1930, wrenn Academy is a split-site school, with the two parts of its campus being a short walk apart. One part of the school is sited on the A5193 in the south of the town, the other main site is situated on Doddington Road, a few minutes from the London Road site. The school has a range of buildings ranging from 4 to 100 years old. The oldest buildings are those of the grammar school, while the most modern addition being the music block. A September 2009 OFSTED report rated the school with an overall Grade 3, memories of Wellingborough Grammar School EduBase

32.
Association football
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Association football, more commonly known as football or soccer, is a team sport played between two teams of eleven players with a spherical ball. It is played by 250 million players in over 200 countries and dependencies making it the worlds most popular sport, the game is played on a rectangular field with a goal at each end. The object of the game is to score by getting the ball into the opposing goal, players are not allowed to touch the ball with their hands or arms while it is in play, unless they are goalkeepers. Other players mainly use their feet to strike or pass the ball, the team that scores the most goals by the end of the match wins. If the score is level at the end of the game, the Laws of the Game were originally codified in England by The Football Association in 1863. Association football is governed internationally by the International Federation of Association Football, the first written reference to the inflated ball used in the game was in the mid-14th century, Þe heued fro þe body went, Als it were a foteballe. The Online Etymology Dictionary states that the word soccer was split off in 1863, according to Partha Mazumdar, the term soccer originated in England, first appearing in the 1880s as an Oxford -er abbreviation of the word association. Within the English-speaking world, association football is now usually called football in the United Kingdom and mainly soccer in Canada and the United States. People in Australia, Ireland, South Africa and New Zealand use either or both terms, although national associations in Australia and New Zealand now primarily use football for the formal name. According to FIFA, the Chinese competitive game cuju is the earliest form of football for which there is scientific evidence, cuju players could use any part of the body apart from hands and the intent was kicking a ball through an opening into a net. It was remarkably similar to football, though similarities to rugby occurred. During the Han Dynasty, cuju games were standardised and rules were established, phaininda and episkyros were Greek ball games. An image of an episkyros player depicted in low relief on a vase at the National Archaeological Museum of Athens appears on the UEFA European Championship Cup, athenaeus, writing in 228 AD, referenced the Roman ball game harpastum. Phaininda, episkyros and harpastum were played involving hands and violence and they all appear to have resembled rugby football, wrestling and volleyball more than what is recognizable as modern football. As with pre-codified mob football, the antecedent of all football codes. Non-competitive games included kemari in Japan, chuk-guk in Korea and woggabaliri in Australia, Association football in itself does not have a classical history. Notwithstanding any similarities to other games played around the world FIFA have recognised that no historical connection exists with any game played in antiquity outside Europe. The modern rules of football are based on the mid-19th century efforts to standardise the widely varying forms of football played in the public schools of England

33.
Nottingham Forest F.C.
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Nottingham Forest Football Club is a professional association football club based in Nottinghamshire, England. The team play in the Championship, the tier of English football. The club, often referred to as Forest, have played matches at the City Ground since 1898. Founded in 1865, Forest were founder members of the Football Alliance in 1889, since then, they have mostly competed in the top two League tiers, bar five seasons in the third tier. Forest won the FA Cup in 1898 and 1959, Forest were founded in 1865 as Nottingham Forest Football and Bandy Club by a group of shinty players shortly after their neighbours Notts County, in 1862. They joined the Football Alliance in 1889, and won the competition in 1892, in their early years Forest were a multi-sports club, as well as their roots in bandy and shinty, the baseball club Forest deployed were British champions in 1899. Forests charitable approach to the sport helped teams like Liverpool, Arsenal, in 1886, Forest donated a set of football kits to help Arsenal establish themselves – the North London team still wear red. Forest also donated shirts to Everton and helped secure a site to play on for Brighton, Forest claimed their first major honour when they won the 1898 FA Cup, beating Derby County 3–1 at Crystal Palace. However, for much of the first half of the 20th century the club spent life in the Second Division and had to seek re-election in 1914 after finishing bottom. In 1949 the club were relegated to the Third Division, but were promoted back two years later as champions having scored a record 110 goals in the 1950–51 season. They therefore became the first team to defeat the Wembley hoodoo, by this time Forest had replaced Notts County as the biggest club in Nottingham and went on to become runners-up in the First Division and FA Cup semi-finalists in 1967. However, after a successful period for the club, Forest were relegated from the First Division in 1972. Clough became the most successful manager in the history of Nottingham Forest, cloughs first game in charge was the third round FA Cup replay against Tottenham Hotspur, a 1–0 victory thanks to a goal by Scottish centre-forward Neil Martin. Nottingham Forest became one of the few teams to win the First Division Championship a year after winning promotion from the Second Division and they also won the European Super Cup and two League Cups. The club reached the semi-finals of the UEFA Cup in 1983–84 but were knocked out by Anderlecht in controversial but uncertain circumstances. The case was dismissed and Anderlecht was acquitted from all charges Nottingham Forests next major trophies came in 1989 when they won the Football League Cup. Cloughs side retained the League Cup in 1990 when they beat Oldham Athletic 1–0, in Forests team that day was young Irish midfielder Roy Keane, who had joined the club the previous summer. In the summer of 1991, Brian Clough broke Forests transfer record fee by signing the top scorer, Millwall striker Teddy Sheringham

34.
Billy Graham
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He held large indoor and outdoor rallies, sermons were broadcast on radio and television, some still being re-broadcast today. In his six decades of television, Graham is principally known for hosting the annual Billy Graham Crusades and he also hosted the popular radio show Hour of Decision from 1950 to 1954. Graham was an adviser to American presidents, he was particularly close to Dwight D. Eisenhower, Lyndon B. Johnson. He insisted on integration for his revivals and crusades in 1953 and invited Martin Luther King, Graham bailed King out of jail in the 1960s when King was arrested in demonstrations. He was also friends with another televangelist, Robert H. Schuller. Graham operates a variety of media and publishing outlets, according to his staff, more than 3.2 million people have responded to the invitation at Billy Graham Crusades to accept Jesus Christ as their personal savior. As of 2008, Grahams estimated lifetime audience, including radio and television broadcasts, because of his crusades, Graham has preached the gospel to more people in person than anyone in the history of Christianity. Graham has repeatedly been on Gallups list of most admired men and women and he has appeared on the list 60 times since 1955, more than any other individual in the world. William Franklin Graham, Jr. was born on November 7,1918, in 1927, when he was eight years old, the family moved about 75 yards from their white frame house to a newly built red brick home. He was raised in the Associate Reformed Presbyterian Church by his parents and is of Scotch-Irish descent, before this, in 1924, when Graham was only five, he focused on the outdoors, but rarely did he walk, as he was running and zooming, constantly. At the same time, he started as a student at the Sharon Grammar School, starting to read books from an early age, Graham loved to read novels for boys, especially Tarzan. Like Tarzan, he would hang on the trees, and gave the popular Tarzan yell, according to his father, that yelling had led him to become a minister. In 1933, when he was fourteen, as Prohibition in the United States ended, Grahams father forced him and this created such an aversion that both avoided alcohol and drugs for the rest of their lives. After Graham was turned down for membership in a youth group because he was too worldly, Albert McMakin. According to his autobiography, Graham was converted in 1934, at age 16 during a series of meetings in Charlotte led by Ham. After graduating from Sharon High School in May 1936, Graham attended Bob Jones College, then located in Cleveland, after one semester, he found it too legalistic in both coursework and rules. At this time, he was influenced and inspired by Pastor Charley Young from Eastport Bible Church. He was almost expelled, but Bob Jones, Sr. warned him not to throw his life away, At best and you have a voice that pulls

35.
Varsity (Cambridge)
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Varsity is the oldest of Cambridge Universitys main student newspapers. It has been published continuously since 1947, and is one of three fully independent student newspapers in the UK. It moved back to being a publication in Michaelmas 2015. Varsity is one of Britains oldest student newspapers and its first edition was published on 17 January 1931, as Varsity, the Cambridge University Illustrated. However, the first few years saw Varsity get off to a shaky start, in 1932, a controversy about some of its stories resulted in the editor being challenged to a duel, and the following year the paper went bankrupt. With the post-war rationing of newsprint, only publications that had existed before the War could be allocated paper and it was truly an international effort, British, Canadian, American, Hungarian, and Indian. Varsitys headquarters in 1947 was above the Scotch Hoose, a restaurant at the corner of the Market and Market Street, newman goes on to note that Geoffrey Neame, a leading light among the Nightclimbers of Cambridge and the Gentlemen of Caius, was the first post-1947 layout editor. The first Managing Editor was the Scotsman Wee Willie Watson, a fighter pilot. On 19 April 1947, Varsity reappeared, its first issue headlining the coming visit of the then Princess Elizabeth to the University and its first print run was of 5,000 copies. In the 1950s, Varsitys offices were in a shop in St. Edwards Passage. The second Editor was David Widdicombe, a Queens student who was also Chairman of the Labour Club, in 1955, a one-off Oxford edition of the paper was produced by the then editor Michael Winner. Since then the paper has concentrated on the Cambridge audience, in 1956, the current staff, worried about debts, questioned Varsitys legal status. Solicitors were consulted, who advised that any debts arising from its considerable turnover or damages awarded for libel etc. would be the responsibility of the current Editor. Varsity was promptly converted into a liability company - Varsity Publications Ltd. 50% of the shares were taken by the printers, 20% by the Don who was the senior Treasurer, in the mid-1970s, Varsity merged with the radical campaigning student paper Stop Press. Thereafter, it was known as Stop Press with Varsity for several years, Varsity moved back to being a weekly publication in Michaelmas 2015, after having been a fortnightly publication since Michaelmas 2012. As of this date, the Varsity is published every Friday during the University of Cambridges term time. As of this date, the Lent term editor also edits a single edition at the start of Easter term, many of those who wrote for the paper during their student days have since gone on to achieve distinction in later life

36.
Footlights
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Footlights inaugural performance took place in June 1883. For some months before the name Footlights was chosen, the group had performed to audiences in the Cambridge area. They wished to go wider than the University Amateur Dramatic Club, founded in 1855, with its membership drawn largely from Trinity College and they were to perform every May Week at the Theatre Royal, the shows soon open to the public. A local paper commended the Clubs appeal to the general public, the club grew in prominence in the 1960s as a hotbed of comedy and satire, and established a permanent home in the basement of the Cambridge Union. Over the next decade, Footlights members came to dominate British comedy, creating and starring in shows such as Not Only. But Also, Im Sorry, Ill Read That Again, At Last the 1948 Show and That Was The Week That Was, forming comedy groups such as Monty Python and The Goodies, during the 1980s, Footlights reinforced its position at the heart of British comedy. Many of its members have gone on to win Oscars, BAFTAs and other awards and enjoy success in the entertainment. Today, Footlights is recognised as a school for many of Britains most well-known comic entertainers. During term, Footlights produce the regular and very popular Smokers – an informal mixture of sketches, the club also performs plays, pantomimes and sketch shows and least one revue, usually in the spring. Outside of term, the Footlights go on an tour, performing new material in the West End. In 2015 the international tour show expanded to include Paris, Edinburgh, the US, Canada, for information about individual Footlights revues, see Cambridge Footlights Revue. This is a listing of members of Footlights who achieved notability after graduating from Cambridge University. The elected leader of Cambridge University Footlights Dramatic Club is known as the president, Official website Official International Tour website Past members and shows Footlights Alumni Association The Cambridge Footlights Review,1982

37.
Peter Cook
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Peter Edward Cook was an English actor, satirist, writer and comedian. An extremely influential figure in British comedy, Cook is widely regarded as the light of the British satire boom of the 1960s. He was closely associated with the anti-establishment comedy that emerged in the UK, Cook was born at his parents house, Shearbridge, in Middle Warberry Road, Torquay, Devon. He was the son and eldest of the three children of Alexander Edward Alec Cook, a colonial civil servant, and his wife Ethel Catherine Margaret. He was educated at Radley College and Pembroke College, Cambridge, as a student, Cook initially intended to become a career diplomat like his father, but Britain had run out of colonies, as he put it. Although politically largely apathetic, particularly in life when he displayed a deep distrust of politicians of all hues. It was at Pembroke that Cook performed and wrote comedy sketches as a member of the Cambridge Footlights Club and his hero was fellow Footlights writer and Cambridge magazine writer David Nobbs. Beyond the Fringe became a success in London after being first performed at the Edinburgh Festival and included Cook impersonating the prime minister. This was one of the first occasions satirical political mimicry had been attempted in live theatre, during one performance, Macmillan was in the theatre and Cook departed from his script and attacked him verbally. In 1961, Cook opened The Establishment, a club at 18 Greek Street in Soho in central London, Cook said it was a satirical venue modelled on those wonderful Berlin cabarets. Which did so much to stop the rise of Hitler and prevent the outbreak of the Second World War, Cook befriended and supported Australian comedian and actor Barry Humphries, who began his British solo career at the club. Humphries said in his autobiography, My Life As Me, that he found Cooks lack of interest in art, Cooks chiselled looks and languid manner led Humphries to observe that whereas most people take after their father or mother, Cook seemed more like an aunt. Dudley Moores jazz trio played in the basement of the club during the early 1960s, when he returned, the pilot had been refashioned as That Was the Week That Was and had made a star of David Frost, something Cook resented. The 1960s satire boom was closing and Cook said England was about to sink giggling into the sea and this incident occurred in the summer of 1963, when the rivalry between the two men was at its height. Cook had realised that Frosts potential drowning would have looked deliberate if he had not been rescued, around this time, Cook provided financial backing for the satirical magazine Private Eye, supporting it through difficult periods, particularly in libel trials. Cook invested his own money and solicited investment from his friends, for a time, the magazine was produced from the premises of the Establishment Club. In 1963, Cook married Wendy Snowden, the couple had two daughters, Lucy and Daisy, but the marriage ended in 1970, Cook expanded television comedy with Eleanor Bron, John Bird and John Fortune. Cooks comedy partnership with Dudley Moore led to Not Only and this was originally intended by the BBC as a vehicle for Moores music, but Moore invited Cook to write sketches and appear with him

38.
ITV Anglia
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ITV Anglia, previously known as Anglia Television or Anglia, is the ITV franchise holder for the East of England. The station is based at Anglia House in Norwich, with regional news bureaux in Cambridge, ITV Anglia is owned and operated by ITV plc under the licence name of ITV Broadcasting Limited. Its principal programme nowadays is ITV News Anglia which is split into two editions, both airing at 6pm on weekdays. Anglia Television launched on 27 October 1959 as an independent company serving the East of England, at launch, Anglia broadcast from the Mendlesham Transmitter. It was soon joined by Sandy Heath and then Belmont, under the chairmanship of Aubrey Buxton the station soon established a reputation for producing excellent drama, through a deal with then-ITV London station Associated Rediffusion. Anglia also established the nature documentary series Survival. In 1973, the IBA planned to transfer the Belmont transmitter which served Lincolnshire, north Norfolk and parts of the East Midlands, the public protested against such a move, especially in parts of North Norfolk. Anglia decided not to fight the IBA plans, after a board member had agreed to produce a film for the IBA explaining why Anglia should be allowed to keep hold of the Belmont transmitter. On 1 January 1974, the transmitter was transferred, due to this change, however, by 1976 Anglia had managed to improve its operations, posting results of £1.47 million. Anglia described the improvement as satisfactory, and its prospects were considered encouraging, Thames said it was surprised at the decision, as the programme had rated well. The Dutch government did not believe it was a violation of Dutch copyright law – EBU legal advisers held discussions about to how resolve the matter, in 1980, Anglia successfully retained the franchise after defeating a challenge from East of England TV, who wished to operate from Cambridge. Three new low powered relay stations were built, allowing access to Anglia transmissions. On 9 July 1990, About Anglia was replaced by a new dual news service, journalists were also based at seven regional newsrooms and a Westminster bureau. Anglia began providing separate news services for the East and West of the Anglia region, the two services were replaced with a single pan-regional service in February 2009 as part of major cutbacks to ITVs regional news output, but have latterly been restored as ITV News Anglia. In 1993, Anglia forged a partnership with American pay-TV network HBO, under this arrangement, Anglia acquired half-ownership in Citadel, an HBO production subsidiary, Time Warner subsequently acquired 50 percent of Itel, Anglias distribution unit. In addition, a new company was formed, Anglia Television Entertainment, 51% owned by Anglia, in 1993, the station took over the cartoon studio Cosgrove Hall, when it was sold off by its original owners, Thames Television, though it remained based in Manchester. In early 1994, Anglia Television was bought by MAI, who merged with United Newspapers to form United News and they were joined by HTV in 1996. In 2000, following Uniteds aborted merger attempt with Carlton Communications, in 2004, Granada finally merged with Carlton to form ITV plc, which ended Anglia Televisions existence as a separate brand

39.
Barry Humphries
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John Barry Humphries, AO, CBE is an Australian comedian, actor, satirist, artist, and author. He is best known for writing and playing his on-stage and television alter egos Dame Edna Everage and he is also a film producer and script writer, a star of Londons West End musical theatre, an award-winning writer, and an accomplished landscape painter. Humphries characters have brought him renown, and he has appeared in numerous films, stage productions. Humphries was born in the suburb of Kew in Melbourne, Australia, the son of Eric Humphries, a construction manager and his grandfather was an immigrant to Australia from Manchester, England. His father was well-to-do and Barry grew up in a clean, tasteful, disguising myself as different characters and I had a whole box of dressing up clothes. Red Indian, sailor suit, Chinese costume and I was very spoiled in that way, I also found that entertaining people gave me a great feeling of release, making people laugh was a very good way of befriending them. People couldnt hit you if they were laughing and his parents nicknamed him Sunny Sam, and his early childhood was happy and uneventful. A key event took place when he was nine – his mother all his books to The Salvation Army, cheerfully explaining, But youve read them. Humphries responded by becoming a reader, a collector of rare books, a painter, a theatre fan. Dressing up in a cloak, black homburg and mascaraed eyes, he invented his first sustained character, Dr Aaron Azimuth, agent provocateur, dandy. Educated at Camberwell Grammar School, Humphries has been awarded his place in the Gallery of Achievement there, Humphries himself described this schooling, in a Whos Who entry, as self-educated, attended Melbourne Grammar School. Humphries spent two years studying at the University of Melbourne, where he studied Law, Philosophy and Fine Arts, during this time he became Australias leading exponent of the deconstructive and absurdist art movement, Dada. The Dadaist pranks and performances he mounted in Melbourne were experiments in anarchy and he was part of a group that made a series of Dada-influenced recordings in Melbourne from 1952–53. Wubbo Music is thought to be one of the earliest recordings of music in Australia. Other exhibits include Creche Bang, a pram covered in meat and Eye and Spoon Race, Humphries was legendary for his provocative public pranks. One infamous example involved Humphries dressing as a Frenchman, with a dressed as a blind person. An even more extreme example was his notorious sick bag prank and this involved carrying on to an aircraft a tin of Heinz Russian Salad, which he would then surreptitiously empty into an air-sickness bag. At the appropriate point in the flight, he would pretend to vomit loudly and violently into the bag, then, to the horror of passengers and crew, he would proceed to eat the contents

40.
John Wells (satirist)
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John Campbell Wells was an English actor, writer and satirist. The son of a clergyman, Wells was born in Ashford and he was educated at Eastbourne College and St Edmund Hall, Oxford. In 1971, with John Fortune, he published the comedy classic A Melon for Ecstasy, Wells played the headmaster of Thursgoods Preparatory School in Tinker, Tailor, Soldier, Spy. Wells was one of the contributors to the satirical magazine Private Eye and contributed to Mrs Wilsons Diary. From 1979 he repeated that success with Dear Bill, a series of letters sent by Denis Thatcher, husband of Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher. Wells developed the feature into a farce, Anyone for Denis. First performed in 1981, in which he played Denis Thatcher, co-starring Angela Thorne as Mrs. Thatcher, the play was a major West End hit, toured the UK and was adapted for television. Wells also played Denis Thatcher in the Bond movie For Your Eyes Only, in 1991, he and Thorne again played the Thatchers in Dunrulin, a one-off TV sitcom-like satirical look at the couple in retirement. He also voiced characters in the childrens TV series Charlie Chalk. In 1988, Leonard Bernstein started working on a new version of his much-revised operetta Candide, the author of the original book, Hugh Wheeler, had died, and John Wells was asked to help revise the text. The first production of this version, by Scottish Opera, was followed by a final revised version in 1989, performances of which have been released on CD. An insert in the DVD, written by Wells, explained what Bernstein had wanted in this revised version. In 1997 Wells appeared in the BBC situation comedy Chalk as ineffectual headmaster Richard Nixon and his fellow cast members do not recall him being ill on set, but he was too unwell to participate in the second series. Wells last book, House of Lords, was a best-seller, the book is a historical and humorous study of the British peerage system. From 1982, Wells was the husband of Teresa Chancellor. His daughter Dolly is an actress, Wells died of cancer in London in 1998 at the age of 61. Forrester Princess Caraboo - Reverend Hunt Gullivers Travels - Flimnap the Treasurer John Wells at the Internet Movie Database

41.
Eton College
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Eton College /iːtən/ is an English independent boarding school for boys in Eton, Berkshire, near Windsor. It educates more than 1,300 pupils, aged 13 to 18 years and it was founded in 1440 by King Henry VI as The Kings College of Our Lady of Eton besides Wyndsor, making it the 18th oldest Headmasters and Headmistresses Conference school. Eton is one of the seven public schools as defined by the Public Schools Act 1868. Eton has educated 19 British prime ministers and generations of the aristocracy and has referred to as the chief nurse of Englands statesmen. The school is headed by a Provost and Fellows, who appoint the Head Master and it contains 25 boys houses, each headed by a housemaster, selected from the more senior members of the teaching staff, which numbers some 155. Almost all of the pupils go on to universities, about a third of them to Oxford or Cambridge. The Head Master is a member of the Headmasters and Headmistresses Conference, Eton has a long list of distinguished former pupils. David Cameron was the 19th British prime minister to have attended the school, about 20% of pupils at Eton receive financial support, through a range of bursaries and scholarships. In early 2014, this figure had risen to 263 pupils receiving the equivalent of around 60% of school fee assistance, Eton has been described as the most famous public school in the world, and been referred to as the chief nurse of Englands statesmen. The Good Schools Guide called the school the number one public school, adding that The teaching. The school is a member of the G20 Schools Group, Eton today is a larger school than it has been for much of its history. In 1678, there were 207 boys, in the late 18th century, there were about 300, while today, the total has risen to over 1,300. Eton College was founded by King Henry VI as a charity school to free education to 70 poor boys who would then go on to Kings College, Cambridge. Henry took Winchester College as his model, visiting on many occasions, borrowing its Statutes and removing its Headmaster, when Henry VI founded the school, he granted it a large number of endowments, including much valuable land. He persuaded the then Pope, Eugene IV, to grant him a privilege unparalleled anywhere in England, the school also came into possession of one of Englands Apocalypse manuscripts. Legend has it that Edwards mistress, Jane Shore, intervened on the schools behalf and she was able to save a good part of the school, although the royal bequest and the number of staff were much reduced. Construction of the chapel, originally intended to be slightly over twice as long, only the Quire of the intended building was completed. Etons first Headmaster, William Waynflete, founder of Magdalen College, Oxford and previously Head Master of Winchester College, as the school suffered reduced income while still under construction, the completion and further development of the school has since depended to some extent on wealthy benefactors

42.
Jonathan Cecil
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Jonathan Hugh Gascoyne-Cecil, more commonly known as Jonathan Cecil, was an English theatre, film and television actor. Cecil was born in London, England, the son of Lord David Cecil and his other grandfather was the literary critic Sir Desmond MacCarthy. He was the great-grandson of former Conservative Prime Minister The 3rd Marquess of Salisbury, at Oxford, his friends included Dudley Moore and Alan Bennett. In a production of Ben Jonsons Bartholomew Fair, he played a lunatic called Troubadour and a woman who sells pigs. Of his early acting at Oxford, Cecil said I was still stiff and awkward, but this was effective for comedy parts, playing sort of comic servants in plays. After that he spent eighteen months in repertory at Salisbury, of which he commented, You learnt how to make an entrance. His parts at Salisbury included the Dauphin in Saint Joan, Disraeli in Portrait of a Queen, Trinculo in The Tempest, in film and television, Cecil almost always played upper class English characters. His screen work included the roles of Cummings in The Diary of a Nobody, Captain Cadbury in the Dads Army episode Things that Go Bump in the Night, Bertie Wooster in Thank You, P. G. Wodehouse, Ricotin in Federico Fellinis And the Ship Sails On and he has been called one of the finest upper-class-twits of his era. In 2009 he appeared in an episode of Midsomer Murders and he also worked in radio, where his credits included The Hitchhikers Guide to the Galaxy and The Brightonomicon. He also appeared in The Next Programme Follows Almost Immediately, playing characters with very bad foreign accents and he narrated audio books of many of P. G. Wodehouses books, performing voice characterisations for each character, and becoming possibly the most known narrator to ever perform the series, Cecil wrote occasionally for The Spectator and The Times Literary Supplement. In one piece he noted Handsome young male actors of the school have tended, in my experience, to be somewhat vapid. I write this in no spirit of envy — comic and character actors, like proverbial blondes, most of my experience has been in comedy, that’s the way life has taken me. If I have any regrets, it’s that I didn’t do parts with more depth, Cecil died from pneumonia on 22 September 2011 at Charing Cross Hospital in London, aged 72. He is buried at the Parish of the Ascension Burial Ground in Cambridge

Nottingham Forest Football Club, often referred to as simply Forest, is a professional football club based in West …

The 1898 Cup-winning squad

Brian Clough managed Nottingham Forest for 18 years.

Nigel Doughty: Nottingham Forest owner 1999–2012

Former club captain and manager Stuart Pearce won the Player of the Year award three times, a record he holds jointly with Des Walker. Kenny Burns, Nigel Clough, Andy Reid and Chris Cohen are the only players to win the award twice. Andy Reid holds the record for longest gap between Player of the Year awards with a gap of ten years.

ITV is a commercial TV network in the United Kingdom. Launched in 1955 as Independent Television under the auspices of …

The London Studios near Waterloo was originally the base for the ITV London weekend contractor LWT but is now ITV's main London headquarters.

Granada Studios was the oldest TV studios in the UK, having been built in 1954 to house the broadcaster of the same name. The studios were closed in June 2013. Granada is the only franchise to remain an ITV contractor since creation in 1954.

Ike Altgens' photo of the Presidential limousine taken between the first and second shots that hit President Kennedy. Kennedy's left hand is in front of his throat and Mrs. Kennedy's left hand is holding his arm.

Polaroid photo by Mary Moorman taken a fraction of a second after the fatal shot (detail).