1.
Marlboro (cigarette)
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Marlboro is a brand of cigarettes. It is made by Philip Morris USA within the United States and it is well known for its billboard advertisements, magazine ads of the Marlboro Man, and its long associated history in the sponsorship of motorsport. Richmond, Virginia, is the location of the largest Marlboro cigarette manufacturing plant, Philip Morris launched the Marlboro brand in 1924 as a womens cigarette, based on the slogan Mild As May. The name was taken from a street in London where PMs British factory was located, however, as early as 1885, a brand called Marlborough was already being marketed as a ladies favorite by Philip Morris & Co. In the 1920s, advertising for the cigarette was primarily based on how ladylike the filter cigarette was, to this end, the filter had a printed red band around it to hide lipstick stains, calling it Beauty Tips to Keep the Paper from Your Lips. At the time, filtered cigarettes were considered safer than unfiltered cigarettes, men at the time indicated that while they would consider switching to a filtered cigarette, they were concerned about being seen smoking a cigarette marketed to women. The red and white package was designed by the designer Frank Gianninoto, the repositioning of Marlboro as a mens cigarette was handled by Chicago advertiser Leo Burnett. The proposed campaign was to present a lineup of manly figures, sea captains, weightlifters, war correspondents, construction workers, the cowboy was to have been the first in this series. While Philip Morris was concerned about the campaign, they gave the green light. Marlboros market share rose from less than one percent to the fourth best-selling brand and this convinced Philip Morris to drop the lineup of manly figures and stick with the cowboy, later known as the Marlboro man. From 1963 the television advertisements used Elmer Bernsteins theme from The Magnificent Seven, in the late 1960s, Marlboro Longhorn 100s were introduced. Although color-coded with gold, they were full flavor cigarettes, not lights, in order to comply with a 2006 court ruling in United States v. Philip Morris USA, Inc. et al. Thus Marlboro and other cigarette companies must use only color-coding instead, Philip Morris responded to the popularity of Pall Mall, the number three brand, by pushing Marlboro Special Blends, a lower-priced cigarette. Marlboro is known for its association with motor racing and this started in 1972 with the sponsorship of Formula One team BRM who took one win at the Monaco Grand Prix. In 1973 and 1974 the cigarette giant backed Frank Williams Racing Cars team, in 1974 Marlboro became famously associated with the McLaren team, which brought it its first constructors championship and its drivers title for Emerson Fittipaldi. The team was successful through to 1978, with world champion in James Hunt in 1976. Following that the partnership went through a dry patch until Ron Denniss Project Four Organization took over the team in 1981, after the departure of Ayrton Senna in 1993, who died in an accident the following year, Marlboro McLaren did not win a race for three years. Marlboro ended their sponsorship of the team in 1996, which ended the famous red, in 1993 Marlboro began to take over as the primary sponsor, and in 1997 became title sponsor as the team was officially named as Scuderia Ferrari Marlboro

2.
United States
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Forty-eight of the fifty states and the federal district are contiguous and located in North America between Canada and Mexico. The state of Alaska is in the northwest corner of North America, bordered by Canada to the east, the state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific Ocean. The U. S. territories are scattered about the Pacific Ocean, the geography, climate and wildlife of the country are extremely diverse. At 3.8 million square miles and with over 324 million people, the United States is the worlds third- or fourth-largest country by area, third-largest by land area. It is one of the worlds most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, paleo-Indians migrated from Asia to the North American mainland at least 15,000 years ago. European colonization began in the 16th century, the United States emerged from 13 British colonies along the East Coast. Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the following the Seven Years War led to the American Revolution. On July 4,1776, during the course of the American Revolutionary War, the war ended in 1783 with recognition of the independence of the United States by Great Britain, representing the first successful war of independence against a European power. The current constitution was adopted in 1788, after the Articles of Confederation, the first ten amendments, collectively named the Bill of Rights, were ratified in 1791 and designed to guarantee many fundamental civil liberties. During the second half of the 19th century, the American Civil War led to the end of slavery in the country. By the end of century, the United States extended into the Pacific Ocean. The Spanish–American War and World War I confirmed the status as a global military power. The end of the Cold War and the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 left the United States as the sole superpower. The U. S. is a member of the United Nations, World Bank, International Monetary Fund, Organization of American States. The United States is a developed country, with the worlds largest economy by nominal GDP. It ranks highly in several measures of performance, including average wage, human development, per capita GDP. While the U. S. economy is considered post-industrial, characterized by the dominance of services and knowledge economy, the United States is a prominent political and cultural force internationally, and a leader in scientific research and technological innovations. In 1507, the German cartographer Martin Waldseemüller produced a map on which he named the lands of the Western Hemisphere America after the Italian explorer and cartographer Amerigo Vespucci

3.
Indianapolis 500
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The Indianapolis 500 is an automobile race held annually at Indianapolis Motor Speedway in Speedway, Indiana, an enclave suburb of Indianapolis, Indiana. The event is held over Memorial Day weekend, which is typically the last weekend in May and it is contested as part of the Verizon IndyCar Series, the top level of American Championship Car racing, an open-wheel formula colloquially known as Indy Car Racing. The name of the race is often shortened to Indy 500, the event, billed as The Greatest Spectacle in Racing, is considered part of the Triple Crown of Motorsport, which comprises three of the most prestigious motorsports events in the world. The official attendance is not disclosed by Speedway management, but the permanent seating capacity is upwards of 250,000, the inaugural running was won by Ray Harroun in 1911. The race celebrated its 100th anniversary in 2011, and the 100th running was held in 2016, alexander Rossi is the defending champion. The most successful drivers are A. J. Foyt, Al Unser, the active driver with the most victories is Hélio Castroneves, with three. Rick Mears holds the record for most career pole positions with six, the most successful car owner is Roger Penske, owner of Team Penske, which has 16 total wins and 17 poles. For a list of races and winners, see List of Indianapolis 500 winners, the Indianapolis 500 is held annually at the Indianapolis Motor Speedway, a 2.5 mile oval circuit. Drivers race 200 laps, counterclockwise around the circuit, for a distance of 500 miles, since its inception in 1911, the race has always been scheduled on or around Memorial Day. Since 1974, the race has been scheduled for the Sunday of Memorial Day weekend, practice and time trials are held in the two weeks leading up to the race. Traditionally, the field consists of 33 starters, aligned in a grid of eleven rows of three cars apiece. The event is contested by Indy cars, a formula of professional-level, single-seat, open cockpit, open-wheel, as of 2015, all entrants utilize 2.2 L V6, twin-turbocharged engines, tuned to produce a range of 550–700 horsepower. Chevrolet and Honda are the current engine manufacturers involved in the sport, firestone, which has a deep history in the sport, dating back to the first 500, is the exclusive tire provider. The race is the most prestigious event of the IndyCar calendar and it has been avouched to be the largest single-day sporting event in the entire world. Likewise, the Indianapolis Motor Speedway itself is regarded as the worlds largest sporting facility in terms of capacity, the total purse exceeded $13 million in 2011, with over $2.5 million awarded to the winner, making it one of the richest cash prize funds in sports. Due to safety issues, the race is not held in wet conditions, in the event of a rain delay, the race will be postponed until rain showers cease, and the track is sufficiently dried. If rain falls during the race, officials can end the race, the Indianapolis Motor Speedway complex was built in 1909 as a gravel-and-tar track and hosted a smattering of small events, including ones for motorcycles. The first long distance event, in conditions, was the 100-lap Prest-O-Lite Trophy in 1909

4.
Rafaela
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Rafaela is a city in the province of Santa Fe, Argentina, about 96 km from the provincial capital. It is the town of the Castellanos Department. It has a population of 99,150 per the 2010 census, the town was established in 1881 by Guillermo Lehmann, and officially became a city in 1913. The city has grown 22. 2% between 1991 and 2001, and 18. 6% in the last census period according to the data of the Population Census. The city is almost the exact antipode of Wuhu in China, the city is located in the western-center area of Santa Fe Province and has an area of 156 km2. The design of most of the area of the city has a shape of a checkerboard with the main plaza in the middle of the city. The street grid of the city is composed by square blocks in most part of the neighborhoods, mainly in the historical, the city has 37 neighborhoods and the downtown area as the map of the city shows. In 2008 the government approved the Urban Code of Rafaela, the Urban Code of Rafaela is the regulation that manages and controls the development of the city. The Urban Code was declared by the Ordinance N4170, in May 2008, the Municipal Executive Government of Rafaela is the institution with the capability to regulate the zoning and the economic activities that are allow in each zone. In order to do that, the Executive and the departments involved has elaborated an evaluation system, the Urban Code is applied in the entire District of Rafaela. The main goal of process is to consolidate and strengthen the importance of citizen participation in the public agenda. The government of the city has implemented the method for three consecutive years, the first one in 2009 was completed, the one for 2010 is now in the stage of implementing the public works that resulted from the participation process, and the third project is in process. Hermes Binner, twice mayor of Rosario and former governor of Santa Fe province. C, Rafaela. com City Portal Asociación Médica del Departamento Castellanos

5.
Argentina
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Argentina, officially the Argentine Republic, is a federal republic in the southern half of South America. With a mainland area of 2,780,400 km2, Argentina is the eighth-largest country in the world, the second largest in Latin America, and the largest Spanish-speaking one. The country is subdivided into provinces and one autonomous city, Buenos Aires. The provinces and the capital have their own constitutions, but exist under a federal system, Argentina claims sovereignty over part of Antarctica, the Falkland Islands, and South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands. The earliest recorded presence in the area of modern-day Argentina dates back to the Paleolithic period. The country has its roots in Spanish colonization of the region during the 16th century, Argentina rose as the successor state of the Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata, a Spanish overseas viceroyalty founded in 1776. The country thereafter enjoyed relative peace and stability, with waves of European immigration radically reshaping its cultural. The almost-unparalleled increase in prosperity led to Argentina becoming the seventh wealthiest developed nation in the world by the early 20th century, Argentina retains its historic status as a middle power in international affairs, and is a prominent regional power in the Southern Cone and Latin America. Argentina has the second largest economy in South America, the third-largest in Latin America and is a member of the G-15 and it is the country with the second highest Human Development Index in Latin America with a rating of very high. Because of its stability, market size and growing high-tech sector, the description of the country by the word Argentina has to be found on a Venice map in 1536. In English the name Argentina probably comes from the Spanish language, however the naming itself is not Spanish, Argentina means in Italian of silver, silver coloured, probably borrowed from the Old French adjective argentine of silver > silver coloured already mentioned in the 12th century. The French word argentine is the form of argentin and derives of argent silver with the suffix -in. The Italian naming Argentina for the country implies Argentina Terra land of silver or Argentina costa coast of silver, in Italian, the adjective or the proper noun is often used in an autonomous way as a substantive and replaces it and it is said lArgentina. The name Argentina was probably first given by the Venitian and Genoese navigators, in Spanish and Portuguese, the words for silver are respectively plata and prata and of silver is said plateado and prateado. Argentina was first associated with the silver mountains legend, widespread among the first European explorers of the La Plata Basin. The first written use of the name in Spanish can be traced to La Argentina, a 1602 poem by Martín del Barco Centenera describing the region, the 1826 constitution included the first use of the name Argentine Republic in legal documents. The name Argentine Confederation was also used and was formalized in the Argentine Constitution of 1853. In 1860 a presidential decree settled the name as Argentine Republic

6.
Avondale, Arizona
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Avondale is a city in Maricopa County, Arizona, United States, adjacent to Phoenix, Arizona. According to the 2010 census, the population of the city is 76,238, Avondale, incorporated in 1946, experienced rapid residential and commercial growth in the years since 1980. Once primarily a sparsely populated farming community with many acres of alfalfa and cotton fields, several major residential subdivisions and shopping centers have recently been built on former farmland, many adjacent to Interstate 10. Phoenix Childrens Hospital opened a facility, at the corner of Avondale Boulevard. Avondale is located at 33°26′01″N 112°20′59″W, according to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 41.3 square miles, of which,41.3 square miles of it is land and 0.1 square miles of it is water. As of the census of 2000, there were 35,883 people,10,640 households, the population density was 869.7 people per square mile. There were 11,419 housing units at a density of 276.8 per square mile. The racial makeup of the city was 63. 27% White,5. 20% Black or African American,1. 28% Native American,1. 89% Asian,0. 14% Pacific Islander,24. 32% from other races, and 3. 89% from two or more races. 46. 23% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race,12. 9% of all households were made up of individuals and 3. 1% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age. The average household size was 3.36 and the family size was 3.66. In the city, the population was out with 34. 2% under the age of 18,9. 7% from 18 to 24,33. 1% from 25 to 44,17. 7% from 45 to 64. The median age was 29 years, for every 100 females there were 102.4 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 101.1 males, the median income for a household in the city was $49,153, and the median income for a family was $51,084. Males had an income of $35,134 versus $27,487 for females. The per capita income for the city was $16,919, about 10. 3% of families and 13. 8% of the population were below the poverty line, including 17. 2% of those under age 18 and 16. 7% of those age 65 or over. In 2010 Avondale had a population of 78,256, mitch Garcia - professional soccer player, graduated from Agua Fria High School. Shawn Gilbert - MLB player, played high school baseball at Agua Fria High School, everson Griffen - defensive end for the University of Southern California Trojans, attended Agua Fria High School. Nick Harris - punter for the Detroit Lions, attended Westview High School, drisan James - wide receiver for the Hamilton Tiger-Cats, attended Westview High School

7.
Arizona
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Arizona is a state in the southwestern region of the United States. It is also part of the Western United States and the Mountain West states and it is the sixth largest and the 14th most populous of the 50 states. Its capital and largest city is Phoenix, Arizona is one of the Four Corners states. It has borders with New Mexico, Utah, Nevada, California, and Mexico, Arizonas border with Mexico is 389 miles long, on the northern border of the Mexican states of Sonora and Baja California. Arizona is the 48th state and last of the states to be admitted to the Union. Historically part of the territory of Alta California in New Spain, after being defeated in the Mexican–American War, Mexico ceded much of this territory to the United States in 1848. The southernmost portion of the state was acquired in 1853 through the Gadsden Purchase, Southern Arizona is known for its desert climate, with very hot summers and mild winters. There are ski resorts in the areas of Flagstaff, Alpine, in addition to the Grand Canyon National Park, there are several national forests, national parks, and national monuments. To the European settlers, their pronunciation sounded like Arissona, the area is still known as alĭ ṣonak in the Oodham language. Another possible origin is the Basque phrase haritz ona, as there were numerous Basque sheepherders in the area, There is a misconception that the states name originated from the Spanish term Árida Zona. See also lists of counties, islands, rivers, lakes, state parks, national parks, Arizona is in the Southwestern United States as one of the Four Corners states. Arizona is the sixth largest state by area, ranked after New Mexico, of the states 113,998 square miles, approximately 15% is privately owned. The remaining area is public forest and park land, state trust land, Arizona is well known for its desert Basin and Range region in the states southern portions, which is rich in a landscape of xerophyte plants such as the cactus. This regions topography was shaped by volcanism, followed by the cooling-off. Its climate has hot summers and mild winters. The state is well known for its pine-covered north-central portion of the high country of the Colorado Plateau. Like other states of the Southwest United States, Arizona has an abundance of mountains, despite the states aridity, 27% of Arizona is forest, a percentage comparable to modern-day France or Germany. The worlds largest stand of pine trees is in Arizona

8.
United States Auto Club
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The United States Auto Club is one of the sanctioning bodies of auto racing in the United States. From 1956 to 1979, USAC sanctioned the United States National Championship, ultimately, USAC was formed by Indianapolis Motor Speedway owner Tony Hulman. It became the arbiter of rules, car design, and other matters for what it termed championship auto racing, for a while there was a separate series of specifications for championship cars designed to be run on dirt, rather than paved, tracks. NASCAR drivers including Jeff Gordon, Tony Stewart, Ryan Newman, the triple crown is earned in USAC racing when a driver claims all three national championships. Only two drivers, Tony Stewart and J. J, yeley, have achieved the triple crown in a single season. Three other drivers, Pancho Carter, Dave Darland, and Jerry Coons, in 2012 Mike Curb and Cary Agajanian became the only car owners to win the triple crown by winning all three championships in the same year. USAC had awarded a championship until A. J. Foyt won his seventh title in 1979. It has announced that it will begin awarding a national championship starting in 2010, a drivers finishes in their 25 best races are counted toward the championship and the 2010 winner received $40,000. Points are accumulated in the three series, sprints, midgets, and silver crown. Bryan Clauson of Noblesville, Indiana claimed the championship, topping runner-up, Levi Jones. Bruce White, assistant staff doctor Don Mullendore, owner and pilot of the plane, the effect on USAC, and for open-wheel racing in the United States, was devastating, especially since it closely followed the death of Indianapolis Motor Speedway owner Tony Hulman. The plane crash came at a time when Indy car owners and drivers were demanding changes from USAC, aside from the Indianapolis 500, USAC events were not well attended, and the owners felt that USAC poorly negotiated television rights. The owners also wanted increases in payouts, especially at Indy, though some think the plane crash was used as an opportunistic way to force change in the sport, it was merely an unfortunate coincidence. The seed of dissent had been growing for years before the accident. Finally, most car owners banded together to form Championship Auto Racing Teams in 1978, USAC tried unsuccessfully to ban all CART owners from the 1979 Indianapolis 500, finally losing in court before the race began. Both the USAC and CART ran race schedules in 1979, Indianapolis Motor Speedway president John Cooper was instrumental in forming a joint body of CART and USAC with the creation of the Championship Racing League in March 1980. However, in mid 1980, Cooper forced USAC to renounce their agreement with the CRL if they wanted to keep officiating the Indy 500, beginning in 1971, all dirt races were split from the National Championship. From 1971 to 1980, the series was named National Dirt Car Championship, Champions From 1956–1960 USAC National Sprint Car Championship was divided into two divisions, Midwest and East

9.
Oval track racing
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Oval track racing is a form of closed-circuit automobile racing that is contested on an oval-shaped track. An oval track differs from a course in that the layout resembles an oval with turns in only one direction. Oval tracks are dedicated motorsport circuits, used predominantly in North America and they often have banked turns and some, despite the name, are not precisely oval, and can have unique variances in shape. Oval track racing is the predominant form of racing in the United States. Major forms of track racing include stock car racing, open-wheel racing, sprint car racing, modified car racing, midget car racing. Among the most famous tracks in North America are the Indianapolis Motor Speedway. Oval tracks are classified based upon their size, surface, and their size can range from only a few hundred feet to over two and a half miles. Track surfaces can be dirt, concrete, asphalt, or a combination of concrete, some ovals in the early twentieth century had wood surfaces. The definitions used to differentiate track sizes have changed over the years, while some tracks use terms such as speedway or superspeedway in their name, they may not meet the specific definitions used in this article. A typical oval track consists of two parallel straights, connected by two 180° turns, although most ovals generally have only two radii curves, they are usually advertised and labeled as four 90° turns. A short track is a track less than one mile long. Drivers seeking careers in track racing generally serve their apprenticeship on short tracks before moving up to series which compete on larger tracks. Due to their length and fast action, these tracks are often nicknamed bullrings. Professional-level NASCAR races on short tracks usually utilize a 500-lap or 400-lap distance, short tracks in many cases have lights installed and routinely host night races. Synonymous with the name, a 1-mile oval is a popular, the exact measurements, however, can vary by as much as a tenth of a mile and still fall into that category. Most mile ovals are relatively flat-banked, with Dover being a notable exception, also referred to with the general term of speedway, these courses are 1 to 2 miles in length, but the term is particularly reserved for 1. 5-mile tracks. Since their size allows them to high speeds with sightlines. During the race track construction boom of the 1990s, these began to be labeled with the rather derogatory term cookie cutter tracks

10.
Dirt track racing
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Dirt track racing is a type of auto racing performed on clay or dirt surfaced oval tracks. It began in the United States before World War I and became widespread during the 1920s and 1930s, two different types of race cars dominated—open wheel racers in the Northeast and West and stock cars in the South. While open wheel cars are purpose-built racing vehicles, stock cars can be either purpose-built race cars or street vehicles that have been modified to varying degrees. Dirt track racing is the single most common form of racing in the United States. There are hundreds of local and regional racetracks throughout the nation, the sport is also popular in Australia, New Zealand, Canada, and the United Kingdom. The track surface may be composed of any soil, but most racers prefer a track with a clay base, the curation of a racetrack is a long and complex job and require hours of work. Typically the machines for track curation include a grader, cultivator, typically the track is graded and dug up after the racing is finished and then it is watered with a water truck. It may be broken down with a cultivator or rolled. These steps are repeated many times necessary and do vary according to climate, location. Nearly all tracks are oval and less than 1-mile in length with most being ½ mile or less, the most common increments in the U. S. are ½ mile, ⅜ mile, ⅓ mile, ¼ mile, and ⅛ mile. With the longer tracks, the cars achieve higher speeds up to 160mph. This decreases the chance of crashes but increases the damage and chance of injury when cars do crash, the track surface may be composed of any soil, but most racers prefer a track with a clay base. In Great Britain the oval tracks are normally on grass with lengths of 400 meters to 800 meters, the race consists of several four lap qualifying heats that eliminate slower drivers. Then there is a race featuring the fastest competitors. Grass track racing is much a family sport, suitable for all ages and abilities. Boys and girls as young as six can compete on automatic machines, in mainland Europe, long tracks can be grass, sand or cinder, and can be up to 1-kilometer long. Dirt track racing in Australia has a history dating back to the 1920s and 1930s, most oval track speedways are similar to those in the USA for cars racing such as Sprintcars, Speedcars and sedans, with most tracks generally around ¼ mile to ⅓ mile in length. Most tracks have a surface, though some use dolomite, dolomite and clay mix or even sand

11.
Trenton, New Jersey
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Trenton is the capital city of the U. S. state of New Jersey and the county seat of Mercer County. It was briefly the capital of the United States, as of the 2010 United States Census, Trenton had a population of 84,913, making it the states 10th-largest municipality. The Census Bureau estimated that the population was 84,034 in 2014. Trenton dates back at least to June 3,1719, when mention was made of a constable being appointed for Trenton, while the area was still part of Hunterdon County. Boundaries were recorded for Trenton Township as of March 2,1720, a courthouse and jail were constructed in Trenton around 1720, Trenton became New Jerseys capital as of November 25,1790, and the City of Trenton was formed within Trenton Township on November 13,1792. Trenton Township was incorporated as one of New Jerseys initial group of 104 townships by an act of the New Jersey Legislature on February 21,1798, on February 22,1834, portions of Trenton Township were taken to form Ewing Township. The remaining portion of Trenton Township was absorbed by the City of Trenton on April 10,1837, portions of Ewing Township and Hamilton Township were annexed to Trenton on March 23,1900. The first settlement which would become Trenton was established by Quakers in 1679, in the then called the Falls of the Delaware, led by Mahlon Stacy from Handsworth, Sheffield. Quakers were being persecuted in England at this time and North America provided an opportunity to exercise their religious freedom, by 1719, the town adopted the name Trent-towne, after William Trent, one of its leading landholders who purchased much of the surrounding land from Stacys family. This name later was shortened to Trenton, during the American Revolutionary War, the city was the site of the Battle of Trenton, George Washingtons first military victory. On December 26,1776, Washington and his army, after crossing the icy Delaware River to Trenton, after the war, the Confederation Congress briefly met in Trenton in November and December 1784. Trenton became the capital in 1790, but prior to that year the New Jersey Legislature often met here. The city was incorporated in 1792, during the War of 1812, the United States Armys primary hospital was at a site on Broad Street. Throughout the 19th century, Trenton grew steadily, as European immigrants came to work in its pottery, in 1837, with the population now too large for government by council, a new mayoral government was adopted, with by-laws that remain in operation to this day. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city had an area of 8.155 square miles. Trenton is located near the geographic center of the state. However, Mercer County constitutes its own metropolitan area, formally known as the Trenton-Ewing MSA. Locals consider Trenton to be a part of an area called Central Jersey

12.
New Jersey
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New Jersey is a state in the Northeastern and mid-Atlantic regions of the United States. It is bordered on the north and east by New York, on the southeast and south by the Atlantic Ocean, on the west by Pennsylvania, New Jersey is the fourth-smallest state but the 11th-most populous and the most densely populated of the 50 United States. New Jersey lies entirely within the statistical areas of New York City. New Jersey was inhabited by Native Americans for more than 2,800 years, in the early 17th century, the Dutch and the Swedes made the first European settlements. New Jersey was the site of decisive battles during the American Revolutionary War in the 18th century. In the 19th century, factories in cities such as Camden, Paterson, Newark, Trenton, around 180 million years ago, during the Jurassic Period, New Jersey bordered North Africa. The pressure of the collision between North America and Africa gave rise to the Appalachian Mountains, around 18,000 years ago, the Ice Age resulted in glaciers that reached New Jersey. As the glaciers retreated, they left behind Lake Passaic, as well as rivers, swamps. New Jersey was originally settled by Native Americans, with the Lenni-Lenape being dominant at the time of contact, scheyichbi is the Lenape name for the land that is now New Jersey. The Lenape society was divided into clans that were based upon common female ancestors. These clans were organized into three distinct phratries identified by their animal sign, Turtle, Turkey, and Wolf and they first encountered the Dutch in the early 17th century, and their primary relationship with the Europeans was through fur trade. The Dutch became the first Europeans to lay claim to lands in New Jersey, the Dutch colony of New Netherland consisted of parts of modern Middle Atlantic states. Although the European principle of ownership was not recognized by the Lenape. The first to do so was Michiel Pauw who established a patronship called Pavonia in 1630 along the North River which eventually became the Bergen, peter Minuits purchase of lands along the Delaware River established the colony of New Sweden. During the English Civil War, the Channel Island of Jersey remained loyal to the British Crown and it was from the Royal Square in St. Helier that Charles II of England was proclaimed King in 1649, following the execution of his father, Charles I. The North American lands were divided by Charles II, who gave his brother, the Duke of York, the region between New England and Maryland as a proprietary colony. James then granted the land between the Hudson River and the Delaware River to two friends who had remained loyal through the English Civil War, Sir George Carteret and Lord Berkeley of Stratton, the area was named the Province of New Jersey. Since the states inception, New Jersey has been characterized by ethnic, New England Congregationalists settled alongside Scots Presbyterians and Dutch Reformed migrants