AP Chap 15, 16 Test

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Three types of neurons of the retina.

Photoreceptors (rods & cones)

Bipolar cells

Ganglion cells

Photoreceptors that are more numerous and are responsible for dimlight and peripheral vision.

Rods

Photoreceptors which operate in bright light and high color vision.

Cones

Where optic fibers cross.

Optic chiasma

This concentration of cones is located where visual images hit the retina. This is where vision is sharpest.

Macula lutea

Type of cell located in the neural layer of the retina that signal the ganglion cells to generate an action potential.

Bipolar

The fovea cantralis of the macula lutea contain mostly these types of photoreceptors.

Cones

The path of light as it enters the eye.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

Through cornea,

aqueous humor,

lens,

vitreous humor,

through neural layer of retina.

Vision problem which occurs when distant objects are focused in front of the retina and become blurry. Corrected with concave lenses.

Myopia or nearsightedness

Vision problem which occurs when distant objects are focused behind the retina. Corrected with convex lenses.

Hyperopia or farsightedness

Normal vision.

Emmetropic

Occurs when we move from darkness into bright light. Rods and cones are both strongly stimulated causing glare, retinal sensitivity is lost and visual acuity is gained.

Light adaptation

Occurs when we move from bright area to a dark one. Cones stop functioning and rods are still turned off because of bleaching by bright light.

Dark adaptation

The type of receptors which are responsible for olfactory and gustatory senses.

Chemoreceptors

This acts as a solvent that captures and dissolves airborne odorants, making a solution which then stimulates olfactory receptors.

Mucus

For a chemical to be tasted, these three things must occur.

dissolve in saliva making a solution

diffuse into the taste pore

contact the gustatory hair

This is easily transplanted from one person to another, with little risk of rejection due to its lack of blood vessels.

The cornea

The three major areas of the ear.

External

Middle

Internal

The major areas of the ear involved in hearing only.

External

Middle

The major area of the ear that functions in both equilibrium and hearing.

Internal

Name the three auditory ossicles.

Malleus

Incus

Stapes

The three regions of the bony labyrinth.

Vestibule

Cochlea

Semicircular canals

These two membranous labyrinth sacs located in the vestibule of the bony labyrinth house equilibrium receptors.

Saccule

Utricle

The crista ampullaris, which houses equilibrium receptors that respond to rotational movements of the head, is located in this region of the bony labyrinth.

Semicircular canals

The vestibule sac which responds to the horizontal movements of the head.

Utricle

The vestibule sac that responds to the vertical movement of the head.

Saccule

The gelled mass located in each saccule and utricle. Responds to static equilibrium (linear acceleration).

Maculae

The receptor for dynamic equilibrium. Located in the semicircular canals of the bony orbit. Stimulated by rotatory movements.

Crista ampullaris

This includes the equilibrium receptors in the semicircular canals and the vestibule.

Vestibular apparatus

This stimulates both the olfactory and gustatory receptors.

Solutions

The gelled mass of the crista ampullaris.

Cupula

Three major types of stimuli that trigger endocrine glands to manufacture and release their hormones.

Humoral

Neural

Hormonal

Oxytocin is an example of this type of feedback mechanism.

Positive

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) and oxytocin are stored in the axon terminals in this part of the pituitary.

Posterior

This can inhibit ADH.

Alcohol

The vascular connection between the anterior pituitary and the hypothalamus.

The hypophyseal portal system

An unusual arrangement of blood vessels that consists of the primary and secondary capillary plexus and the hypophyseal portal veins.

Hypophyseal portal system

ADH is an example of this type of feedback mechanism.

Negative

Three signs of diabetes.

Polyuria

Polydipsia

Polyphagia

Huge urine output that leads to decreases bloof volume and dehydration. A sign of diabetes.

Polyuria

Excessive thirst because of dehydration. A sign of diabetes.

Polydipsia

Refers to excessive hunger associated with diabetes. Occurs because glucose in blood cannot be used and, body begins to utilize fat and protein stores for energy metabolism.

Polyphagia

A mixed gland composed of endocrine and exocrine gland cells. Secretions are carried through ducts into the small intestine. Hormones produced are the glucagon- synthesizing alpha and insulin-producing beta cells which act as fuel sensors during fasting and fed states.

Glands located posterior to the thyroid gland. Secretes a hormone is most important for regulation of calcium balance of blood.

Parathyroid

The largest pure endocrine gland that is located on the anterior of the neck. Secretes the body's major metabolic hormone and calcitonin.

Thyroid

A gland that secretes at least nine hormones, including growth hormone and gonadotropins (FSH and LH) in the anterior, and oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone (ADH) in the posterior.

Pituitary or hypophysis

A lack of this can result in a goiter, which occurs when there is an accumulation of unusable colloid. Thyroid hormones, specifically thyroxine, cannot be produced.

Iodine

This hormone is secreted by the heart when blood pressure rises. One of its major effects is to inhibit the renin-angiotensin mechanism and keeps the sodium-water balance of the body in check. Sodium is flows out of the body with urine, decreasing blood pressure.

Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)

This hormones prime metabolic effect is to provoke gluconeogenisis, which is the formation of glucose from fats and proteins.

Cortisol

This is broken down by the body into glucose when there is a high level of insulin, (low level of sugar). Produced by alpha cells of the pancreas, target the liver. Small peptide but very effective regulator.

Glucagon

These cells, found in the islets of Langerhans of the pancreas, produce insulin which breaks down sugar.

Beta cells

Name five hormones excreted by the adenohypophysis.

Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), thyrotropin

Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), corticotropin

Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), a gonadotropin

Luteinizing hormone (LH), a gonadotropin

Prolactin

This hormone regulates sodium and potassium levels. It reduces the excretion of sodium.