Wednesday, December 11, 2013

New Pak Army Chief: Nawaz Sharif Gambles on Old Criteria

Sushant Sareen,

Senior Fellow, VIF

Out of all the names being tossed around as the possible replacement
for Gen Ashfaq Kayani, it is the dark horse – Gen Raheel Sharif – who
has finally been appointed as the Pakistan Army’s 15th chief.
Apparently, Gen Sharif’s name was on the panel of names forwarded by
Kayani to Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif; but he was never the favourite.
The grapevine was that Nawaz Sharif, who has had a run-in with all the
army chiefs he has worked with in his previous two tenures as Prime
Minister, would stick to the book and go by the seniority criteria.
Nawaz Sharif had himself declared on more than one occasion that he
would go by seniority in selecting the next army chief.

If indeed this was the course he had followed, then there were only
two options: either he would appoint the two senior-most generals –
Haroon Aslam and Rashad Mehmood – to the two positions that were
available i.e. the ceremonial Chairman Joint Chiefs of Staff Committee
(CJCSC) and the substantive Chief of Army Staff (COAS); or else he would
pick the Naval chief for the post of CJCSC and appoint Aslam as COAS.
But the fact that Nawaz Sharif was taking his time in announcing the
CJCSC, a position that has become vacant in early October, and was not
disclosing the name of the next COAS led many to believe that he would
once again break the chain of seniority and select an army chief he was
comfortable with. This meant that apart from seniority, he would also go
by other criteria – loyalty, background (both family as well as
political ideology in terms of attitude towards army’s role in
politics), affiliations or the lack of them with Nawaz Sharif’s
detractors and enemies (for instance, closeness to the former dictator
Gen Pervez Musharraf), and the person’s thinking on issue like relations
with the US and how to tackle the tide of terrorism, among other
things.

While there were three front-runners – Haroon Aslam, Rashad Mehmood
and Raheel Sharif – there was another name that was often mentioned as a
possible chief – Tariq Khan. The Mess gossip was that Aslam, a Jat and a
commando to boot (bringing back bad memories of another commando who
was made army chief by Nawaz Sharif – Pervez Musharraf), was a man with a
mind of his own which would hardly be something that Nawaz Sharif would
be comfortable with. The next in line was Rashad Mahmood. He was
regarded as the favourite of the outgoing chief and almost an alter ego
and mirror image of Kayani. This would have certainly spooked Nawaz
Sharif. The fourth was Tariq Khan who was seen as the favourite of the
soldiery and very popular within the army. He was also reputed as a
no-nonsense kind of general who would take a hard line on the Taliban
and not allow the politicians to play footsie with the Islamists. Worse,
he was seen as someone who has little patience for the shenanigans of
politicians and was not the kind of guy who would keep quiet and let the
drift in the affairs of state continue endlessly.

Finally, there was Raheel Sharif, the third on the seniority list. He
was regarded as a good officer, not exceptionally bright or
professionally cutting edge, but reasonably competent. He has a good
pedigree – younger brother of the man awarded Pakistan’s highest
gallantry award. But more importantly, he is a Kashmiri. The biradari
factor would certainly count with Nawaz Sharif, who is himself a
Kashmiri. Much like the Kashmiri Pandit Diaspora in India, the Kashmiri
Muslim Diaspora in Pakistan is very clannish – a look at the composition
of Nawaz Sharif’s cabinet, which has a high proportion of Kashmiris,
proves this point. In fact, Raheel Sharif is the second Kashmiri army
chief appointed by Nawaz Sharif, the first being the ill-fated Ziauddin
Butt who was imprisoned within hours of his appointment which has
triggered the coup that ousted Nawaz Sharif 2.0 and brought in
Musharraf.

The remarkable thing about the selection of the new army chief is not
so much the man who has been picked as it is the manner in which Nawaz
Sharif and his close coterie managed to keep this choice so close to
their chest that hardly anyone was able to guess who he would appoint.
That this happened in a place like Pakistan, where nothing remains
secret for very long and where rumours are generally ‘premature facts’,
is quite creditable. Practically all of the commentators who were
wittingly or unwittingly lobbying for one or the other contenders will
be eating crow today. For instance, there is a man by the name of Brian
Cloughley who is regarded by many in Pakistan as a foreigner who is
often used by the Pakistan army for hatchet jobs and writing nice things
about them and projecting their views in the West. A highly opinionated
but just as equally ill-informed Cloughley wrote some weeks ago: “Then
there’s Lt-Gen Raheel Sharif, another competent and well-above-average
officer – but a close associate of Musharraf. I think, perhaps, forget
him, because Nawaz is an unforgiving man.” Whether Cloughley was
misleading or misled is hardly the point. The fact is that Nawaz Sharif
made his decision and didn’t let anyone get a whiff of what he was going
to do.

It is difficult to say what sort of a chief Raheel Sharif will be.
Commissioned in the Frontier Force regiment in 1976, he is the first
Pakistan Army chief who hasn’t fought in a war against India. In terms
of appointments, he has done all the necessary command and staff
postings that would qualify him for the top job. As the Commandant of
the Pakistan Military Academy, he is credited with introducing training
modules to prepare the cadets for the new type of war that the army is
facing. Until recently, asymmetric war was something that Pakistan
unleashed on others; now however the shoe is on the other foot! Apart
from commanding the Gujranwala corps, and serving as GOC Lahore, Raheel
Sharif’s last appointment before becoming chief was Inspector General
Training and Evaluation. This was quite obviously a sidelining position,
but as IGT&E he has had the opportunity for interacting closely
with the Afghan Army and was the point man for providing training and
designing training courses for the Afghan Army. It is another matter
that these courses have not found many takers in the Afghan Army. He is
also believed to have been involved in preparing and evaluating plans to
counter the Indian Army’s ‘cold start’ doctrine.

On a personal level, there isn’t a great deal of information in the
public domain about Raheel Sharif. According to Pakistani press reports,
he has a soldierly swagger and is a bit of a showman. This is something
that makes for good TV as well as in regimental durbars, but is no
substitute for taking tough decisions, and there are bound to be many
new pressures and hard decisions that the next army chief will have to
take. Of course, now that he has been appointed, we can rest assured
that the Pakistani press will be labelling him as a ‘tough, professional
soldier’. Asides of the obvious question of how a ‘non-professional’
soldier can ever rise to be a General officer in a professional army,
this is really short-hand for saying that he is not involved in
politics. But this is something that has also been said of other
generals, including a certain Musharraf, who later usurped power by
overthrowing civilian governments. The simple reality of life in
Pakistan is that no army chief in Pakistan can ever completely divorce
himself from politics. Even if he is totally apolitical, he will
eventually be dragged into the political quagmire.

With Pakistan likely to face some decisions in the not too distant a
future – how to handle drones and relations with the US, what to do
about the Pakistani Taliban and whether to negotiate with them and how
much space to cede to them, how to deal with India, the policy on
Afghanistan post 2014, how to handle the civil-military relations – it
is a long list of existential questions that the next army chief cannot
just close his eyes to and let the civilian government call all the
shots. Pundits in Pakistan and also some Western diplomats are
predicting that the next army chief will be forced, partly by
institutional pressure and partly by circumstances, to indulge in some
tough talking with the civilian leadership. During Kayani’s tenure,
there were rumblings in the army over his hands-off and
non-interventionist approach. It seems unlikely that Raheel Sharif can
adopt the same approach and resist pressure from rank and file to take
up issues with the government that are agitating the Army. How the
civil-military equation settles in this sort of a situation is something
that will determine the future of Pakistani politics, and also
Pakistan’s relations with rest of the world.

Given his profile, it is quite possible that Raheel Sharif won’t rock
the boat too much on major strategic issues, even less so because he is
not the sort of charismatic and inspirational figure who can affect any
kind of paradigm change in the outlook, worldview and thinking of the
Pakistan army, especially in relation to India. Even if he is
subservient to the civilian government, a very heroic assumption if ever
there was one, what he can do at best is only on the margins. At best
he could try reorienting the army’s focus from the Eastern front to the
Western and internal fronts.

Conversely, if he is one of those inveterate and incorrigible India
baiters i.e. run of the mill kind or garden variety military officer in
the Pakistan army, then there is every chance that he will use the dirty
tricks department of the army to undermine and even sabotage any
initiative that Nawaz Sharif might want to take.

It isn’t quite clear what sort of impact his brother’s death in the
1971 war has left on him; nor is it quite clear as yet what impact the
Zia years, when he was a young officer, have had on him. It is possible
that he might espouse moderate, even liberal values in personal life.
But often enough these do not translate into the values he espouses as
part of an institution because the latter could be diagrammatically
opposite to personal values. Such schizophrenia is pretty common in the
Pakistan army – for instance, Ayub and Musharraf were whisky swilling
and generally progressive approach on a range of issues but when it came
to India, the former was an undiluted communalist and the latter a
confirmed Jihadist. Although the Pakistani media and government will try
and project the appointment of Raheel Sharif as a sign that Nawaz
Sharif is calling the shots, Indian policy makers would do well to
remember the empty boast of Mushahid Husain, Nawaz Sharif’s Information
Minister in his last term, who claimed that by demanding the resignation
of Gen Jehangir Karamat and appointing Gen Pervez Musharraf as chief,
Nawaz Sharif had shown the army who was the boss! The bottom-line is
that the army chief is his own boss and anyone who has other ideas tests
this truism at his own peril, something that Nawaz Sharif has learnt to
his cost in both his previous terms – first, when his resignation was
extracted by Gen Wahid Kakar and second, when Musharraf ousted him. What
now remains to be seen is what Raheel Sharif does.