Schools and AchievementContemporary Approaches to Student Learning and AssessmentThe Constructivist ApproachA learner-centered approach that emphasizes the importance of individuals actively constructing their knowledge and understanding with guidance from the teacher.The Direct Instruction ApproachA structured, teacher-centered approach that is characterized by teacher direction and control, high teacher expectations for students’ progress, maximum time spent by students on academic tasks, and efforts by the teacher to keep negative affect to a minimum.

Early Childhood EducationThe foundation of early childhood education has been the child centered kindergarten.Nurturing is a key aspectEmphasizes the education of the whole childInstruction is organized around the child’s needs, interests, and learning styles.Emphasis in on the process of learning, rather than on what is learned.

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The Montessori ApproachWhile studying children with disabilities, Maria Montessori developed a philosophy of education in which children are given considerable freedom and spontaneity in choosing activities.Montessori PhilosophiesChildren can learn from birth—so teach themGroup children with different agesChild-size everything“Absorbent Mind”“Follow the child”

Developmentally Appropriate and Inappropriate EducationDevelopmentally appropriate practiceBased on knowledge of the typical development of children within an age span (age appropriateness) as well as the uniqueness of the child (individual appropriateness)Desired outcomes include thinking critically, working cooperatively, solving problems, developing self-regulatory skills, and enjoying learning.

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