Sample records for vehicle constant speed from the National Library of Energy Beta (NLEBeta)

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This patent describes a control device for vehiclespeed comprising: a throttle driving means operatively coupled to a throttle valve of a vehicle; a set switch means for commanding memorization of the vehiclespeed; a resume switch means for commanding read of the vehiclespeed; a vehiclespeed detecting means for generating a signal in accordance with the vehiclespeed; a vehiclespeed memory; an electronical control means for memorizing in the vehiclespeed memory vehiclespeed information corresponding to the signal obtained from the vehiclespeed detecting means in response to actuation of the set switch means. The control means is also for reading out the content of the vehiclespeed memory in response to actuation of the resume switch means to control the throttle driving means in accordance with the read-out content; a power supply means for supplying power to the electronical control means; and a power supply control switch means for controlling supply of power to the electronical control means in response to the state of at least one of the set switch means and the resume switch means and the state of the electronical control means. The improvement described here comprises the electronical control means sets the power supply control switch means into such a state that supply of power to the electronical control means is turned OFF, when vehiclespeed information is not memorized in the vehiclespeed memory.

By exploring the relationship between the propagation of electromagnetic waves in a gravitational field and the light propagation in a refractive medium, it is shown that, in the presence of a positive cosmological constant, the velocity of light will be smaller than its special relativity value. Then, restricting again to the domain of validity of geometrical optics, the same result is obtained in the context of wave optics. It is argued that this phenomenon and the anisotropy in the velocity of light in a gravitational field are produced by the same mechanism.

Sample records for vehicle constant speed from the National Library of Energy Beta (NLEBeta)

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The fine structure constant $\\alpha $ includes the speed of light as given by $\\alpha =\\frac{e^{2}}{4\\pi \\epsilon_{0}c\\hbar}$. It is shown here that, following a $TH\\epsilon \\mu $ formalism, interpreting the permittivity $\\epsilon_{0}$ and permeabiliy $\\mu_{0}$ of free space under Lorentz local and position invariance, this is not the case. The result is a new expression as $\\alpha =\\frac{e^{2}}{4\\pi \\hbar}$ in a new system of units for the charge that preserves local and position invariance. Hence, the speed of light does not explicitly enter in the constitution of the fine structure constant. The new expressions for the Maxwell's equations are derived and some cosmological implications discussed.

To consider a medium carrying light and electromagnetic waves is impossible, when this medium shall have properties according to the principle of constantspeed of light, that is, isotropy of speed of light in every system of reference. Therefore, with principle of constantspeed of light abandoned, the so-called medium synchronization of clocks is defined, yielding isotropy solely in the system at rest and anisotropy in all moving systems. From medium synchronization the appropriate coordinate transformation is developed, the so-called medium transformation, a Galilean type of transformation, thus maintaining simultaneity between all participant systems of reference and changing the form of Maxwells equations to the extended Maxwell equations. Despite the fact that medium transformation violates Lorentz invariance and the principle of relativity, it is demonstrated that the results from medium transformation and extended Maxwell equations are fully compliant with observable phenomena. Moreover, it is shown that the concept of a medium, a preferred frame of reference, is compatible not only with medium transformation, but also with Lorentz transformation and with theory of special relativity, so it is quite possible now to consider a realistic medium. Finally, a discrepancy is exposed within theory of special relativity, giving rise to assume a preferred frame of reference even in special relativity.

Sample records for vehicle constant speed from the National Library of Energy Beta (NLEBeta)

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The trapezoidal back electromotive force (emf) brushless direct current (dc) motor (BDCM) with surface-mounted magnets has high-power density and efficiency especially when rare-earth magnet materials are used. Traction applications, such as electric vehicles, could benefit significantly from the use of such motors. Unfortunately, a practical means for driving the motor over a constant power speed ratio (CPSR) of 5:1 or more has not yet been developed. A key feature of these motors is that they have low internal inductance. The phase advance method is effective in controlling the motor power over such a speed range, but the current at high speed may be several times greater than that required at the base speed. The increase in current during high-speed operation is due to the low motor inductance and the action of the bypass diodes of the inverter. The use of such a control would require increased current rating of the inverter semiconductors and additional cooling for the inverter, where the conduction losses increase proportionally with current, and especially for the motor, where the losses increase with the square of the current. The high current problems of phase advance can be mitigated by adding series inductance; however, this reduces power density, requires significant increase in supply voltage, and leaves the CPSR performance of the system highly sensitive to variations in the available voltage. A new inverter topology and control scheme has been developed that can drive low-inductance BDCMs over the CPSR that would be required in electric vehicle applications. This new controller is called the dual-mode inverter control (DMIC). It is shown that the BDCM has an infinite CPSR when it is driven by the DMIC.

Models have been developed for static pressure and potential supply fan energy savings by using variable speed drive (VSD) in dual-duct constant volume systems. Experiments have been performed using a full size dual-duct constant volume system...

Low-Speed Electric Vehicles: Coming to a Neighborhood Near You? Low-Speed Electric Vehicles: Coming to a Neighborhood Near You? Low-Speed Electric Vehicles: Coming to a Neighborhood Near You? October 6, 2009 - 6:00am Addthis John Lippert In an earlier job, I was a contractor supporting the Navy and Marine Corps Energy Awareness Program. Half of the ground fleet-as well as half of the personal vehicles-on one of the Navy bases I visited were electric golf carts. [See Navy Develops Green Island Program to Improve Base Life beginning on page 13. (PDF 8.9 MB). Download Adobe Reader.] Soon after my visit, the base added low-speed electric cars and trucks, also known as neighborhood electric vehicles or NEVs. I interviewed the ground transportation fleet maintenance staff and was impressed with their electric vehicle program. Though low-tech, it made good economic and

Me events recorded by a video detection systeM, a vehicle-tracking algorithM was developed to track vehicles recognized the lack of vehicle tracking capabilities in most commercial video detection systems. Efforts have Detection Systems Most coMMercially available video detection systeMs are unable to differentiate turning

range of such vehicles, and EVs are expected to represent close to 10% of all vehicle sales by 2020 in electric vehicles (EVs). New hybrid de- signs, equipped with both an electric motor and an internal- nisms to schedule the charging of EVs, such that the local constraints of the distribution network

This thesis describes the design and assembly of two constant-mass fuel tanks to be used in autonomous underwater vehicles (AUVs). The fuel tanks are part of a power supply designed to increase AUV endurance without limiting ...

The purpose of this thesis was to construct and seal air and containment tanks and other parts for a constant buoyancy power supply for an Autonomous Underwater Vehicle, or AUV. While multiple materials and techniques were ...

This thesis documents the linear mixed model developed for vehiclespeed along two-lane two-way rural horizontal curves in the outside lane. Speed data at each curve was collected at four points along the curve including the midpoint of the curve...

Vehicular communications could be exploited for energy management of vehicles. We propose a system which provides that a vehicle estimates its future speed profile gathering status messages broadcasted by the surrounding vehicles and/or the infrastructure and inputting them in a traffic simulator used as a predictor. The system has been validated by simulation considering an urban scenario inspired to the Ecotekne campus at the University of Salento and a Manhattan scenario, very challenging in relation to the prediction of the speed profile. Simulation results have shown that the prediction error is quite low for the first scenario. In the Manhattan scenario, the error is quite high in case each vehicle limits itself to send messages only to its neighbours and does not transmit the information regarding its route. However, the error can be significantly reduced if route information is broadcasted and the infrastructure relays the messages transmitted by vehicles. The proposed system has been tested in the Ecotekne campus.

The www.fueleconomy.gov website offers information such as window label fuel economy for city, highway, and combined driving for all U.S.-legal light-duty vehicles from 1984 to the present. The site is jointly maintained by the U.S. Department of Energy and the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), and also offers a considerable amount of consumer information and advice pertaining to vehicle fuel economy and energy related issues. Included with advice pertaining to driving styles and habits is information concerning the trend that as highway cruising speed is increased, fuel economy will degrade. An effort was undertaken to quantify this conventional wisdom through analysis of dynamometer testing results for 74 vehicles at steady state speeds from 50 to 80 mph. Using this experimental data, several simple models were developed to predict individual vehicle fuel economy and its rate of change over the 50-80 mph speed range interval. The models presented require a minimal number of vehicle attributes. The simplest model requires only the EPA window label highway mpg value (based on the EPA specified estimation method for 2008 and beyond). The most complex of these simple model uses vehicle coast-down test coefficients (from testing prescribed by SAE Standard J2263) known as the vehicle Target Coefficients, and the raw fuel economy result from the federal highway test. Statistical comparisons of these models and discussions of their expected usefulness and limitations are offered.

An inverter topology and control scheme has been developed that can drive low-inductance, surface-mounted permanent magnet motors over the wide constant power speed range required in electric vehicle applications. This new controller is called the dual-mode inverter control (DMIC) [1]. The DMIC can drive either the Permanent Magnet Synchronous Machine (PMSM) with sinusoidal back emf, or the brushless dc machine (BDCM) with trapezoidal emf in the motoring and regenerative braking modes. In this paper we concentrate on the BDCM under high-speed motoring conditions. Simulation results show that if all motor and inverter loss mechanisms are neglected, the constant power speed range of the DMIC is infinite. The simulation results are supported by closed form expressions for peak and rms motor current and average power derived from analytical solution to the differential equations governing the DMIC/BDCM drive for the lossless case. The analytical solution shows that the range of motor inductance that can be accommodated by the DMIC is more than an order of magnitude such that the DMIC is compatible with both low- and high-inductance BDCMs. Finally, method is given for integrating the classical hysteresis band current control, used for motor control below base speed, with the phase advance of DMIC that is applied above base speed. The power versus speed performance of the DMIC is then simulated across the entire speed range.

This patent describes a jet engine suitable for use in an aircraft in a range of speeds from zero to hypersonic flight. It comprises: a duct having a relatively small diameter mixing zone and a relatively large diameter combustion zone located down stream from the mixing zone; a secondary injector positioned between the primary injector and the combustion zone, supply means for supplying a fuel rich injectant to the primary injector so that the primary injector forces the injectant into the duct.

06-1096 Speed- and Facility-Specific Emission Estimates for On-Road Light-Duty Vehicles based on Real-World Speed Profiles By H. Christopher Frey, Ph.D. Professor Department of Civil, Construction demand and land use models such as TransCAD, TranPlan or TRANUS produce average link speed and link VMT

The recent evidence for a cosmological evolution of the fine structure constant \\alpha=e^2/\\hbar c found from an analysis of absorption systems in the spectra of distant quasars, is modelled by a cosmological scenario in which it is assumed that only the speed of light varies. The model fits the spectral line data and can also lead to a solution of the initial value problems in cosmology.

Abstract As part of the research on the relationship between the speed of a vehicle operating at high altitude and its contaminant emissions, an on-vehicle emission measurement of a light-duty diesel van at the altitudes of 1000 m, 2400 m and 3200 m was conducted. The test vehicle was a 2.8 L turbocharged diesel Ford Transit. Its settings were consistent in all experiments. Regulated gaseous emissions, including CO, HC and NOx, together with particulate matter was measured at nine speeds ranged from 10 km h?1 to 90 km h?1 with 10 km h?1 intervals settings. At each speed, measurement lasted for at least 120 s to ensure the sufficiency and reliability of the collected data. The results demonstrated that at all altitudes, CO and HC emissions decreased as the vehiclespeed increased. However both \\{NOx\\} and PM increased with vehiclespeed. In terms of the effects of altitude, an increase in CO, HC and PM was observed with the rising of altitude at each vehiclespeed. \\{NOx\\} behaved different: emission of \\{NOx\\} initially increased as the vehicle was raised from 1000 m to 2400 m, but it decreased when the vehicle was further elevated to 3200 m.

that minimizes vehicle emissions during design of routes in congested environments with time emissions, and several laboratory and field methods are available for estimating vehicle emissions rates (1 and then begins to increase again (2); hence, the relationship between emission rates and travel speed

Sample records for vehicle constant speed from the National Library of Energy Beta (NLEBeta)

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This research project evaluates fuel consumption results of two Class 8 tractor-trailer combinations platooned together compared to their standalone fuel consumption. A series of ten modified SAE Type II J1321 fuel consumption track tests were performed to document fuel consumption of two platooned vehicles and a control vehicle at varying steady-state speeds, following distances, and gross vehicle weights (GVWs). The steady-state speeds ranged from 55 mph to 70 mph, the following distances ranged from a 20-ft following distance to a 75-ft following distance, and the GVWs were 65K lbs and 80K lbs. All tractors involved had U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) SmartWay-compliant aerodynamics packages installed, and the trailers were equipped with side skirts. Effects of vehiclespeed, following distance, and GVW on fuel consumption were observed and analyzed. The platooning demonstration system used in this study consisted of radar systems, Dedicated Short-Range Communication (DSRC) vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) communications, vehicle braking and torque control interface, cameras and driver displays. The lead tractor consistently demonstrated an improvement in average fuel consumption reduction as following distance decreased, with results showing 2.7% to 5.3% fuel savings at a GVW of 65k. The trailing vehicle achieved fuel consumption savings ranging from 2.8% to 9.7%; tests during which the engine cooling fan did not operate achieved savings of 8.4% to 9.7%. 'Team' fuel savings, considering the platooned vehicles as one, ranged from 3.7% to 6.4%, with the best combined result being for 55 mph, 30-ft following distance, and 65k GVW.

Accurate and reliable global positioning system (GPS)-based vehicle use data are highly valuable for many transportation, analysis, and automotive considerations. Model-based design, real-world fuel economy analysis, and the growing field of autonomous and connected technologies (including predictive powertrain control and self-driving cars) all have a vested interest in high-fidelity estimation of powertrain loads and vehicle usage profiles. Unfortunately, road grade can be a difficult property to extract from GPS data with consistency. In this report, we present a methodology for appending high-resolution elevation data to GPS speed traces via a static digital elevation model. Anomalous data points in the digital elevation model are addressed during a filtration/smoothing routine, resulting in an elevation profile that can be used to calculate road grade. This process is evaluated against a large, commercially available height/slope dataset from the Navteq/Nokia/HERE Advanced Driver Assistance Systems product. Results will show good agreement with the Advanced Driver Assistance Systems data in the ability to estimate road grade between any two consecutive points in the contiguous United States.

The CART3 (Controls Advanced Research Turbine, 3-bladed) at the National Wind Technology Center has recently been converted from a 2-bladed constantspeed machine to a 3-bladed variable speed machine designed specically for controls research. The purpose of this conversion was to develop an advanced controls field-testing platform which has the more typical 3-bladed configuration. A result of this conversion was the emergence of several resonant vibrations, some of which initially prevented operation of the turbine until they could be explained and resolved. In this paper, the investigations into these vibrations are presented as 'lessons-learned'. Additionally, a frequency-domain technique called waterfall plotting is discussed and its usefulness in this research is illustrated.

The project began under a corporative agreement between Mack Trucks, Inc and the Department of Energy starting from September 1, 2005. The major objective of the four year project is to demonstrate a 10% efficiency gain by operating a Volvo 13 Litre heavy-duty diesel engine at a constant or narrow speed and coupled to a continuously variable transmission. The simulation work on the ConstantSpeed Engine started on October 1st. The initial simulations are aimed to give a basic engine model for the VTEC vehicle simulations. Compressor and turbine maps are based upon existing maps and/or qualified, realistic estimations. The reference engine is a MD 13 US07 475 Hp. Phase I was completed in May 2006 which determined that an increase in fuel efficiency for the engine of 10.5% over the OICA cycle, and 8.2% over a road cycle was possible. The net increase in fuel efficiency would be 5% when coupled to a CVT and operated over simulated highway conditions. In Phase II an economic analysis was performed on the engine with turbocompound (TC) and a Continuously Variable Transmission (CVT). The system was analyzed to determine the payback time needed for the added cost of the TC and CVT system. The analysis was performed by considering two different production scenarios of 10,000 and 60,000 units annually. The cost estimate includes the turbocharger, the turbocompound unit, the interstage duct diffuser and installation details, the modifications necessary on the engine and the CVT. Even with the cheapest fuel and the lowest improvement, the pay back time is only slightly more than 12 months. A gear train is necessary between the engine crankshaft and turbocompound unit. This is considered to be relatively straight forward with no design problems.

This study was undertaken to (1) evaluate the potential contribution of high-temperature superconductors (HTSCs) to the technical and economic feasibility of magnetically levitated (maglev) vehicles, (2) determine the status of maglev transportation research in the United States and abroad, (3) identify the likelihood of a significant transportation market for high-speed maglev vehicles, and (4) provide a preliminary assessment of the potential energy and economic benefits of maglev systems. HTSCs should be considered as an enhancing, rather than an enabling, development for maglev transportation because they should improve reliability and reduce energy and maintenance costs. Superconducting maglev transportation technologies were developed in the United States in the late 1960s and early 1970s. Federal support was withdrawn in 1975, but major maglev transportation programs were continued in Japan and West Germany, where full-scale prototypes now carry passengers at speeds of 250 mi/h in demonstration runs. Maglev systems are generally viewed as very-high-speed train systems, but this study shows that the potential market for maglev technology as a train system, e.g., from one downtown to another, is limited. Rather, aircraft and maglev vehicles should be seen as complementing rather than competing transportation systems. If maglev systems were integrated into major hub airport operations, they could become economical in many relatively high-density US corridors. Air traffic congestion and associated noise and pollutant emissions around airports would also be reduced. 68 refs., 26 figs., 16 tabs.

... This paper is to describe exploratory research on the design of a modular autonomous mobile robot controller. The controller incorporates a fuzzy logic [8] [9] approach for steering and speed control [37], a FL approach for ultrasound sensing and an overall expert system for guidance. The advantages of a modular system are related to portability and transportability, i.e. any vehicle can become autonomous with minimal modifications. A mobile robot test bed has been constructed in university of Cincinnati using a golf cart base. This cart has full speed control with guidance provided by a vision system and obstacle avoidance using ultrasonic sensors. The speed and steering fuzzy logic controller is supervised through a multi-axis motion controller. The obstacle avoidance system is based on a microcontroller interfaced with ultrasonic transducers. This micro-controller independently handles all timing and distance calculations and sends distance information back to the fuzzy logic controller via the serial ...

Abstract Powered two-wheeler (PTW) vehicles complying with recent European type approval standards (stages Euro 2 and Euro 3) were tested on chassis dynamometer in order to measure exhaust emissions of about 25 volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in the range C1–C7, including carcinogenic compounds as benzene and 1,3-butadiene. The fleet consists of a moped (engine capacity ? 50 cm3) and three fuel injection motorcycles of different engine capacities (150, 300 and 400 cm3). Different driving conditions were tested (US FPT cycle, constantspeed). Due to the poor control of the combustion and catalyst efficiency, moped is the highest pollutant emitter. In fact, fuel injection strategy and three way catalyst with lambda sensor are able to reduce VOC motorcycles' emission of about one order of magnitude with respect to moped. Cold start effect, that is crucial for the assessment of actual emission of \\{PTWs\\} in urban areas, was significant: 30–51% of extra emission for methane. In the investigated speed range, moped showed a significant maximum of VOC emission factor at minimum speed (10 km/h) and a slightly decreasing trend from 20 to 60 km/h; motorcycles showed on the average a less significant peak at 10 km/h, a minimum at 30–40 km/h and then an increasing trend with a maximum emission factor at 90 km/h. Carcinogenic \\{VOCs\\} show the same pattern of total VOCs. Ozone Formation Potential (OFP) was estimated by using Maximum Incremental Reactivity scale. The greatest contribution to tropospheric ozone formation comes from alkenes group which account for 50–80% to the total OFP. VOC contribution effect on greenhouse effect is negligible with respect to CO2 emitted.

documents the effectiveness of speed trailers for reducing speeds on low-speed urban roadways. At each test site, vehiclespeeds were collected at upstream, trailer, and downstream locations using piezoelectric sensors. Vehicles were "tracked" along...

of Autonomous Vehicles Gilles Tagne, Reine Talj and Ali Charara Abstract-- Autonomous intelligent vehicles of intelligent vehicles, with the aim of minimizing the lateral displacement of the autonomous vehicle competitions have been organized all around the world to favor the development of autonomous intelligent ve

key process is the generation of entry vehiclespeeds and vehicle arrival times. It is helpful to find desirable mathematical distributions to model individual speed and headway values, because the individual vehiclespeed and arrival time...

in steps that are factors of 10.) Finally, the notion of a maximum speed (the speed of light) is introduced. The primary points covered in the poster are: Â· Speed is a measurement of the distance an object travels. Â· Nothing can travel faster than the speed of light. Even the speed of the Earth in its orbit is much slower

The theoretical predictions, derived from the Lorentz and the Tangherlini transformations, for the one-way speed of any physical entity are confronted with the corresponding expressions for the one-way measured speed obtained from a gedanken experiment. The experiment demonstrates that, for an inertial frame $K'$ in motion relative to an inertial frame $K$ where the one-way speed of light is isotropic, even the special theory of relativity renders the one-way speed of light as function of the velocity of $K'$ in agreement with the Tangherlini transformations. However, the two-way speed of light remains constant for all inertial frames, in agreement with the two-way experimental techniques. This implies that there must exist \\emph{one and only one} inertial frame where the one-way speed of light is isotropic. These investigations also show how we can determine, with certain restrictions, the true speed of a physical entity and of the true speed of $K'$ relative to $K$.

...wasted time and fuel caused by congestion...of Collaborative Consumption ( HarperCollins...factor of speed and engine load, which are...vehicle emissions and fuel consumption in urban driving...vehiclespeed and engine load on motor vehicle...

The US Department of Energy sponsored several student engineering competitions in 1993 that provided useful information on electric and hybrid electric vehicles. The electrical energy usage from these competitions has been recorded with a custom-built digital meter installed in every vehicle and used under controlled conditions. When combined with other factors, such as vehicle mass, speed, distance traveled, battery type, and type of components, this information provides useful insight into the performance characteristics of electrics and hybrids. All the vehicles tested were either electric vehicles or hybrid vehicles in electric-only mode, and had an average energy economy of 7.0 km/kwh. Based on the performance of the ``ground-up`` hybrid electric vehicles in the 1993 Hybrid Electric Vehicle Challenge, data revealed a I km/kwh energy economy benefit for every 133 kg decrease in vehicle mass. By running all the electric vehicles at a competition in Atlanta at several different constantspeeds, the effects of rolling resistance and aerodynamic drag were evaluated. On average, these vehicles were 32% more energy efficient at 40 km/h than at 72 km/h. The results of the competition data analysis confirm that these engineering competitions not only provide an educational experience for the students, but also show technology performance and improvements in electric and hybrid vehicles by setting benchmarks and revealing trends.

Abstract In this paper, we evaluated the effects on speed and safety of the point-to-point (P2P) speed enforcement system activated on the urban motorway A56 in Italy. The P2P speed enforcement is a relatively new approach to traffic law enforcement that involves the calculation of the average speed over a section. To evaluate the speed effects, we performed a before–after analysis of speed data investigating also effects on non-compliance to speed limits. To evaluate the safety effects, we carried out an empirical Bayes observational before-and-after study. The P2P system led to very positive effects on both speed and safety. As far as the effects on the section average travel speeds, the system yielded to a reduction in the mean speed, the 85th percentile speed, the standard deviation of speed, and the proportion of drivers exceeding the speed limits, exceeding the speed limits more than 10 km/h, and exceeding the speed limits more than 20 km/h. The best results were the decrease of the speed variability and the reduction of the excessive speeding behaviour. The decrease in the standard deviation of speed was 26% while the proportion of light and heavy vehicles exceeding the speed limits more than 20 km/h was reduced respectively by 84 and 77%. As far as the safety effects, the P2P system yielded to a 32% reduction in the total crashes, with a lower 95% confidence limit of the estimate equal to 22%. The greatest crash reductions were in rainy weather (57%), on wet pavement (51%), on curves (49%), for single vehicle crashes (44%), and for injury crashes (37%). It is noteworthy that the system produced a statistically significant reduction of 21% in total crashes also in the part of the motorway where it was not activated, thus generating a significant spillover effect. The investigation of the effects of the P2P system on speed and safety over time allowed to develop crash modification functions where the relationship between crash modification factors and speed parameters (mean speed, 85th percentile speed, and standard deviation of speed) was expressed by a power function. Crash modification functions show that the effect of speed on safety is greater on curves and for injury crashes. Even though the study results show excellent outcomes, we must point out that the crash reduction effects decreased over time and speed, speed variability, and non-compliance to speed limits significantly increased over time. To maintain its effectiveness over time, P2P speed enforcement must be actively managed, i.e. constantly monitored and supported by appropriate sanctions.

Sample records for vehicle constant speed from the National Library of Energy Beta (NLEBeta)

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The Vehicle Technologies Office's Advanced Vehicle Testing Activity carries out testing on a wide range of advanced vehicles and technologies on dynamometers, closed test tracks, and on-the-road. These results provide benchmark data that researchers can use to develop technology models and guide future research and development. The following reports describe testing results of the 2010 Electric Vehicles International neighborhood electric vehicle. Neighborhood electric vehicles reach speeds of no more than 35 miles per hour and are only allowed on roads with speed limits of up to 35 miles per hour. This research was conducted by Idaho National Laboratory.

. The lag time from the presence of a vehicle at an inductance loop to the actual detection of a vehicle varies. As the lag time varies so does the accuracy of speed measurement. Vehicle size, vehiclespeed, detector type, detector sensitivity...

We present a new modular traffic signs recognition system, successfully applied to both American and European speed limit signs. Our sign detection step is based only on shape-detection (rectangles or circles). This enables it to work on grayscale images, contrary to most European competitors, which eases robustness to illumination conditions (notably night operation). Speed sign candidates are classified (or rejected) by segmenting potential digits inside them (which is rather original and has several advantages), and then applying a neural digit recognition. The global detection rate is ~90% for both (standard) U.S. and E.U. speed signs, with a misclassification rate 150 minutes of video. The system processes in real-time ~20 frames/s on a standard high-end laptop.

Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) are becoming increasingly popular for surveillance in civil and military applications. Vehicles built for this purpose vary in their sensing capabilities, speed and maneuverability. It is therefore natural to assume...

highlighted Cruising button Passing button Braking button Stopped button highlighted Cruising button Passing button Braking button Stopped button LOW SPEED For initial acceleration and slow-speed driving, as well as reverse, the electric motor uses electricity from the battery to power the vehicle. If the battery needs to be recharged, the generator starts the engine and converts energy from the engine into electricity, which is stored in the battery. stage graphic: vertical blue rule Main stage: See through car with battery, engine, generator, power split device, and electric motor visible. The car is moving at a low speed. There are arrows flowing from the battery to the electric motor to the power split device to the front wheels. Main stage: See through car with battery, engine, generator, power split device, and electric motor visible. The car is moving at a low speed. There are arrows flowing from the battery to the electric motor to the power split device to the front wheels.

A Geo Prizm electric vehicle conversion by U.S. Electricar was tested in the INEL HEV Laboratory over several standard driving regimes. The vehicle, owned by the Los Angeles Department of Water and Power (LADWP), was loaned to the INEL for performance testing under a Cooperative Research and Development Agreement (CRADA) between the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) and the California Air Resources Board (CARB). The Prizm conversion is the fourth vehicle in the planned test series. A summary of the test results is presented as Table ES-1. For the LA-92 and the Highway Fuel Economy Test cycles, the driving cycle ranges were 71 and 95 km, respectively. The net DC energy consumption during these cycles was measured at 199 and 154 W-h/km, respectively. During the constant-current-discharge test, the vehicle was driven 150 km at an average steady speed of 43 km/h. Energy consumption at various steady-state speeds, averaged over two tests, was approximately 108 W-h/km at 40 km/hr and 175 W-h/km at 96 km/h at 80T state-of-charge (SOC). Gradeability-at-speed tests indicated that the vehicle can be driven at 80 km/h up a simulated 5% grade for periods up to 15 minutes beginning at an initial 100% SOC, and 3 minutes beginning at 80% battery depth-of-discharge (DOD). Maximum-effort vehicle acceleration times were determined at five different battery DODs and speeds from 24 to 104 km/h. The acceleration is approximately linear up to 48 km/h, with no DOD effect; at higher speeds the curve becomes non-linear, and the effect of DOD becomes increasingly evident. Gradeability at each of these speeds was also determined, showing a decrease from the initial 26% at 24 km/h to 4% at 104 km/h.

Disclosed are improvments to a rapid road repair vehicle comprising an improved cleaning device arrangement, two dispensing arrays for filling defects more rapidly and efficiently, an array of pre-heaters to heat the road way surface in order to help the repair material better bond to the repaired surface, a means for detecting, measuring, and computing the number, location and volume of each of the detected surface imperfection, and a computer means schema for controlling the operation of the plurality of vehicle subsystems. The improved vehicle is, therefore, better able to perform its intended function of filling surface imperfections while moving over those surfaces at near normal traffic speeds.

At present many remote and Island communities rely solely on diesel powered generators to provide electricity. Diesel fuel is both expensive and polluting and the constantspeed operation of the diesel engine is inefficient. ...

Disclosed is a rapid road repair vehicle capable of moving over a surface to be repaired at near normal posted traffic speeds to scan for and find at the high rate of speed, imperfections in the pavement surface, prepare the surface imperfection for repair by air pressure and vacuum cleaning, applying a correct amount of the correct patching material to effect the repair, smooth the resulting repaired surface, and catalog the location and quality of the repairs for maintenance records of the road surface. The rapid road repair vehicle can repair surface imperfections at lower cost, improved quality, at a higher rate of speed than was not heretofor possible, with significantly reduced exposure to safety and health hazards associated with this kind of road repair activities in the past. 2 figs.

Disclosed is a rapid road repair vehicle capable of moving over a surface to be repaired at near normal posted traffic speeds to scan for and find an the high rate of speed, imperfections in the pavement surface, prepare the surface imperfection for repair by air pressure and vacuum cleaning, applying a correct amount of the correct patching material to effect the repair, smooth the resulting repaired surface, and catalog the location and quality of the repairs for maintenance records of the road surface. The rapid road repair vehicle can repair surface imperfections at lower cost, improved quality, at a higher rate of speed than was was heretofor possible, with significantly reduced exposure to safety and health hazards associated with this kind of road repair activities in the past.

An electric vehicle drive train includes a controller for detecting and compensating for vehicle rollback, as when the vehicle is started upward on an incline. The vehicle includes an electric motor rotatable in opposite directions corresponding to opposite directions of vehicle movement. A gear selector permits the driver to select an intended or desired direction of vehicle movement. If a speed and rotational sensor associated with the motor indicates vehicle movement opposite to the intended direction of vehicle movement, the motor is driven to a torque output magnitude as a nonconstant function of the rollback speed to counteract the vehicle rollback. The torque function may be either a linear function of speed or a function of the speed squared.

The particulate emissions generated from a side-mounted 2.4 L gasoline direct injection (GDI) engine were evaluated using a metal foam-type gasoline particulate filter (GPF), placed on the downstream of a three-way catalyst. An ULEV legislation-compliant light-duty vehicle was tested under the new European driving cycle (NEDC) and at constant-speed driving conditions. Particle number (PN) concentrations, particulate size distribution and the filtration efficiency of the GPF were evaluated with the condensation particle counter (CPC) and the differential mobility spectrometer (DMS). The PN emissions for the entire NEDC were 1.17E+12 N/km for the base GDI vehicle and 4.99E+11 N/km for the GPF-equipped GDI vehicle, and the filtration efficiency of the GPF was 57%. In particular, the number of sub-23 nm particles formed in the GDI vehicle was substantially reduced, with 97% efficiency. The pressure drop in the metal foam-type GPF was constrained to be below 1.0 kPa at a 120 km/h vehiclespeed, and as a result, the fuel economy and the CO2 emission for the GPF-applied vehicle were equivalent to those for the base vehicle.

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Alternatives to internal combustion engines have been tried over the years, but none have outlasted or replaced the gasoline- or diesel-powered internal combustion engine. The Stanley brothers produced steam-powered automobiles between 1902 and 1927, but even their aggressive advertising campaign could not halt the popularity of the "internal explosion engine," as they called it. Chrysler experimented with turbine-powered vehicles from 1954 to 1979, but abandoned the effort because of difficulties matching the stop-and-go requirements of an automobile with the constant-speed preference of a turbine. Presently, several automotive companies are doing research on fuel cells, which combine hydrogen or methane with oxygen to create electricity without combustion, but the technology is still a few years away from being economically feasible. Electric vehicles have been around for nearly a century, but because of limited energy-storage capacity (batteries) and the resulting limitations on range and power, they have never been popular as replacements for internal combustion engine powered vehicles. In early 2007, an entrepreneur in San Jose, California, announced the introduction of an all-electric sports car.

of vehicle characteristics (such as color, direction of travel, speed, length, height, etc.) and the system and environmental factors. This is achieved through a novel multi-view vehicle detection approach which relies is changed to allow the detection of different vehicle types. Once a vehicle is detected and tracked over

expected control system transients. Testing these principles on an autonomous utility vehicle resulted on an autonomous vehicle resulted in improved detection of speed safety threshold violations and shorter shutdown, or a top vehiclespeed might be set based on the maximum speed rating of tires). Safety-critical systems o

This paper presents the motor vehicle velocity control that, under certain well-defined conditions, ensures a minimum fuel consumption. To this purpose, a vehicle with a stepped mechanical transmission is considered, assuming that the gear is unchanged during the movement. The optimal control problem is formulated for different cases and solved by applying Pontryagin's maximum principle. Whenever there is a singular solution, it is shown to correspond to the uniform motion law. The optimal velocity controls include the following phases that may be combined in different ways: deceleration without engine shut-off (null engine power), strong decelerative braking, constantspeed movement and full-throttle acceleration. Examples are presented by using the experimental data on engine fuel consumption. The stress falls on the significant reductions in fuel consumption that can be achieved compared to uniform motion.

Alternating current electric motors rotate at a nearly constantspeed that is determined by motor design and line frequency. Energy savings of 50% or more may be available when fixed speed systems are modified to allow the motor speed to match variable load requirements of a centrifugal fan or pump. This tip sheet describes the advantages of magnetically coupled ASDs and provides suggested actions.

Ultracapacitors have attracted lots of attention recently due to their growing use in hybrid vehicles and in energy storage applications for the smart grid. A very undesirable feature of ultracapacitors is the fact that the voltage drops as the capacitor is discharged. DC-DC converters are employed at present to convert the voltage of the ultracapacitor to constant voltage; however these converters typically do not operate if the voltage of the ultracapacitor drops below 1?V. In addition DC-DC converters suffer from well-known size/efficiency tradeoffs. This paper introduces a novel new ultracapacitor that is characterized by constant voltage. The new ultracapacitor does not utilize familiar energy conversion principles. Rather operation depends on an embedded electromechanical system that actually alters the capacitance of the ultracapacitor as the device is discharged. Due to a simple proportionality relationship between charge capacitance and voltage the voltage remains constant. Theoretical and experimental investigations have shown that the embedded mechanism for altering the capacitance has an efficiency of 99% or higher.

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VehiclesVehicles Audi A3 Diesel vehicles may be making a comeback. Diesel engines are more powerful and fuel-efficient than similar-sized gasoline engines (about 30-35% more fuel efficient). Plus, today's diesel vehicles are much improved over diesels of the past. Better Performance Improved fuel injection and electronic engine control technologies have Increased power Improved acceleration Increased efficiency New engine designs, along with noise- and vibration-damping technologies, have made them quieter and smoother. Cold-weather starting has been improved also. Cleaner Mercedes ML320 BlueTEC Today's diesels must meet the same emissions standards as gasoline vehicles. Advances in engine technologies, ultra-low sulfur diesel fuel, and improved exhaust treatment have made this possible.

Japanese automakers have introduced hybrid passenger cars in Japan and will soon do so in the US. In this paper, we report how we used early computer simulation model results to compare the commercial viability of a hypothetical near-term (next decade) hybrid mid-size passenger car configuration under varying fuel price and driving patterns. The fuel prices and driving patterns evaluated are designed to span likely values for major OECD nations. Two types of models are used. One allows the ''design'' of a hybrid to a specified set of performance requirements and the prediction of fuel economy under a number of possible driving patterns (called driving cycles). Another provides an estimate of the incremental cost of the hybrid in comparison to a comparably performing conventional vehicle. In this paper, the models are applied to predict the NPV cost of conventional gasoline-fueled vehicles vs. parallel hybrid vehicles. The parallel hybrids are assumed to (1) be produced at high volume, (2) use nickel metal hydride battery packs, and (3) have high-strength steel bodies. The conventional vehicle also is assumed to have a high-strength steel body. The simulated vehicles are held constant in many respects, including 0-60 time, engine type, aerodynamic drag coefficient, tire rolling resistance, and frontal area. The hybrids analyzed use the minimum size battery pack and motor to meet specified 0-60 times. A key characteristic affecting commercial viability is noted and quantified: that hybrids achieve the most pronounced fuel economy increase (best use) in slow, average-speed, stop-and-go driving, but when households consistently drive these vehicles under these conditions, they tend to travel fewer miles than average vehicles. We find that hours driven is a more valuable measure than miles. Estimates are developed concerning hours of use of household vehicles versus driving cycle, and the pattern of minimum NPV incremental cost (or benefit) of selecting the hybrid over the conventional vehicle at various fuel prices is illustrated. These results are based on data from various OECD motions on fuel price, annual miles of travel per vehicle, and driving cycles assumed to be applicable in those nations. Scatter in results plotted as a function of average speed, related to details of driving cycles and the vehicles selected for analysis, is discussed.

Fully electric vehicles and range-extended electric vehicles can be characterised by a multitude of possible powertrain layouts, many of them currently under investigation and comparison. This contribution presents a novel clutchless seamless four-speed transmission system which can be concurrently driven by two electric motor drives, for use in fully electric vehicles or electric axles for through-the-road parallel hybrid electric vehicles. The transmission system allows the electric motors to work in their high efficiency region for a longer period during a typical driving schedule. This paper describes the layout of the novel transmission system, the equations for modelling its dynamics and the criteria for the selection of the best gearshift maps for energy efficiency. Finally, an energy consumption and performance comparison between the novel drivetrain, a conventional single-speed electric drivetrain and a double-speed electric drivetrain is discussed in detail for two case study vehicles.

Development and Commercialization Development and Commercialization Jump to: navigation, search Name Alliance for Chinese Electric Vehicle Development and Commercialization Place China Sector Vehicles Product China-based alliance announced in January 2010 for speeding up the commercialization and achieving mass adoption of Pure Electronic Vehicles (Pure EVs) in China. References Alliance for Chinese Electric Vehicle Development and Commercialization[1] LinkedIn Connections CrunchBase Profile No CrunchBase profile. Create one now! This article is a stub. You can help OpenEI by expanding it. Alliance for Chinese Electric Vehicle Development and Commercialization is a company located in China . References â†‘ "Alliance for Chinese Electric Vehicle Development and Commercialization"

A system and method for providing nearly instantaneous power in a fuel cell vehicle. The method includes monitoring the brake pedal angle and the accelerator pedal angle of the vehicle, and if the vehicle driver is pressing both the brake pedal and the accelerator pedal at the same time and the vehicle is in a drive gear, activating a heel and toe mode. When the heel and toe mode is activated, the speed of a cathode compressor is increased to a predetermined speed set-point, which is higher than the normal compressor speed for the pedal position. Thus, when the vehicle brake is removed, the compressor speed is high enough to provide enough air to the cathode, so that the stack can generate nearly immediate power.

characteristics, such as curvature and grade, as well as vehicle miles traveled (VMT). A 10 mph speed limit invites an "ecological fallacy" in results, where individual-level relationships cannot be inferred safety factors other than speed limits, including horizontal curvature and truck vehicle miles

We expand the IST transformation to three-dimensional Euclidean space and derive the speed of light under the IST transformation. The switch from the direction cosines observed in K to those observed in K-prime is surprisingly smooth. The formulation thus derived maintains the property that the round trip speed is constant. We further show that under the proper synchronization convention of K-prime, the one-way speed of light becomes constant.

Wind is characterized by various different parameters. They include the following items: (1) wind speed, such as the mean wind speed and maximum instantaneous wind speed; (2) wind direction such as the azimuth di...

According to the theory of ether light propagates with constantspeed c with respect to the absolute reference frame and with respect to any other reference frame the speed of light is covariant. According to the theory of special relativity the speed of light is invariant with respect to any reference frame. The new theory of reference frames gives a different answer to this question with the consideration of two speeds of light: the physical speed and the relativistic speed. After considering a few negative aspects of the two main theories a few fundamentals of the new theory are expounded.

...Because of their high prices medallions and most cabs...drivers per medallion on average. Note that we unfortunately...taxi sharing system. On average, in every two minutes...vehicle emissions and fuel consumption in urban...Kendall, G. R. Effects of vehiclespeed and...

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Nonlinear Adaptive Dynamic Inversion Applied to a Generic Hypersonic Vehicle Elizabeth Rollins of hypersonic vehicles is challenging because of the wide range of oper- ating conditions encountered and certain aspects unique to high speed flight. A particular safety concern in hypersonic flight is the risk

Viking 29 is the World’s first thermophotovoltaic (TPV) powered automobile. The prototype was funded by the Department of Energy and designed and built by students and faculty at the Vehicle Research Institute (VRI) at Western Washington University. Viking 29 is a series hybrid electric vehicle that utilizes TPV generators to charge its battery pack. Acceleration speed and handling compare to modern high performance sports cars while emissions are cleaner than current internal combustion engine vehicles.

Abstract This research paper deals with the design and development of an in-wheel motor for electric vehicles. The proposed motor generates a 350-watt power drive with a power source of two 12 V batteries. The batteries are connected in series to increase the voltage to 24 volts and 18.23 A. The in-wheel motor is based on the principle of a DC electric motor to drive the vehicle wheels so that the mechanical components of the transmission and the energy loss are minimized. The proposed in-wheel motor has 46 poles, 51 slots and 51 teeth. In addition, the method lowers the maintenance cost. This research work assumes the maximum weight of 70 kg and the running speed of 20 km/hr. The experiment results show that the output power and efficiency of the in-wheel motor are subject to the variation in input power given that the input voltage remains constant at 25.41 volts. The maximum efficiency of the in-wheel motor of 82.56% is achieved at 2.5 N-m torque. The maximum torque of 6.25 N-m is achieved with the input power of 348.76 watts.

An electric vehicle drive train includes an electric motor and an associated speed sensor, a transmission operable in a speed reduction mode or a direct coupled mode, and a controller responsive to the speed sensor for operating the transmission in the speed reduction mode when the motor is below a predetermined value, and for operating the motor in the direct coupled mode when the motor speed is above a predetermined value. The controller reduces the speed of the motor, such as by regeneratively braking the motor, when changing from the speed reduction mode to the direct coupled mode. The motor speed may be increased when changing from the direct coupled mode to the speed reduction mode. The transmission is preferably a single stage planetary gearbox.

This patent describes a vehicle consisting of sprung and unsprung masses, the combination of struts and support springs for the weight of the sprung mass, an axis defined by pivots between sprung and unsprung masses, with a front pivot approximately midway between the wheels and near the vertical and horizontal planes through the front axles, with a rear pivot lying in an axis through the front pivot and in a plane through the center-of-gravity of the sprung mass, with the plane parallel to the centrifugal force vector through the center-of-gravity of the sprung mass, and with the rear pivot positioned approximately midway between the rear wheels, means for transmitting the centrifugal force component on the front pivot to the front wheels and ground, and means for transmitting the centrifugal force component on the rear pivot to the rear wheels and ground.

benefits (reduced accident potential) for a high-speed suburban roadway with no existing median. From the results of this study, it was recommended that TWLTL facilities be provided on high-speed suburban roadways with average daily traffic volumes... vehicles, even at low speeds and low angles of approach. In fact, the curbs may increase the potential for severe accidents by causing vaulting. In this situation, higher operating speeds will only enhance the problem. One possible solution for suburban...

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Electronic toll collection (ETC) system has been a common trend used for toll collection on toll road nowadays. The implementation of electronic toll collection allows vehicles to travel at low or full speed during the toll payment, which help to avoid the traffic delay at toll road. One of the major components of an electronic toll collection is the automatic vehicle detection and classification (AVDC) system which is important to classify the vehicle so that the toll is charged according to the vehicle classes. Vision-based vehicle classification system is one type of vehicle classification system which adopt camera as the input sensing device for the system. This type of system has advantage over the rest for it is cost efficient as low cost camera is used. The implementation of vision-based vehicle classification system requires lower initial investment cost and very suitable for the toll collection trend migration in Malaysia from single ETC system to full-scale multi-lane free flow (MLFF). This project ...

The invariance of the speed of light in all inertial frames is shown to be an inevitable consequence of the relativity principle of special relativity contrary to the view held by Hsu and Hsu in taiji relativity where the speed of light is no longer a universal constant. The present approach is not only new but also much simpler than the existing approaches.

We shall investigate the possibility of formulation of varying speed of light (VSL) in the framework of Palatini non-linear Ricci scalar and Ricci squared theories. Different speeds of light including the causal structure constant, electromagnetic, and gravitational wave speeds are discussed. We shall see that two local frames are distinguishable and discuss about the velocity of light in these two frames. We shall investigate which one of these local frames is inertial.

As the U.S. federal government is seeking useful applications of Vehicle-Infrastructure Integration (VII) and encouraging a greener and more efficient automobile industry, this paper demonstrated a path to meet the national transportation goal via VII. An impact study was conducted in a midsize U.S. metropolitan area on the potential of utilizing VII communication in Hybrid Electric Vehicle (HEV) operations by simulating a VII-enabled vehicle framework for both conventional HEV and Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles (PHEV). The data collection and communication capability of the VII system allowed the prediction of speed profiles at the vehicle level with an average error rate of 13.2%. With the prediction, at the individual vehicle level, VII technology allowed PHEV and HEV to achieve additional benefits with an approximately 3% decrease in total energy consumption and emission. At the network level, the benefit–cost analysis indicated that the benefit–cost ratios for PHEV and HEV of the VII vehicle network exceed one at the fleet penetration rate of 20% and 30%, respectively. Our findings encourage to support public and private investments in VII infrastructure and its integration with HEV and PHEV in order to reap the increased energy savings from these vehicles.

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses low speed diesel engines from Doxford. Doxford is British firm that manufactured the distinctive Doxford opposed-piston (OP) low speed two-stroke engines. Doxford J-type engines were built in long and short stroke versions in bore sizes of 580, 670 and 760 mm, and with three to nine cylinders delivering up to around 20 000 kW. The engine is a single-acting two-stroke opposed-piston type with each cylinder having two pistons that move in opposite directions from a central combustion chamber. The last J-type engines were turbocharged on the constant pressure system following a changeover from the original impulse charging system. Three- and four-cylinder engines have only one turbocharger, mounted at the forward or aft end, while two or three chargers have been fitted to seven-, eight-, and nine-cylinder engines. Between each turbocharger and the engine entablature is a finned-tubed seawater-cooled after cooler. An electric auxiliary blower is provided for slow running or emergency duties. In its final years the company designed and produced the unusual three-cylinder 58JS3C model that developed 4050 kW at 220 rev/min and was specified to power several small containerships. The 58JS3C design was based on the J-type but with refinements addressing the higher rotational speed and relatively short piston stroke.

A propulsion and stabilization system for an inductive repulsion type magnetically levitated vehicle which is propelled and suspended by a system which includes dividing the superconducting magnets into two types: a strong field magnet which is located vertically below the vehicle for propulsion and guidance and a weak field superconducting magnet located at the ends of the vehicle for levitation and added guidance. Several proposed embodiments exist for the placement of the magnetic field shielding: locating the shielding on the vehicle, locating the shielding on the guideway, and locating the shielding on the guideway and adding shielding to the vertical undercarriage. In addition, the separation between the vehicle and the guideway can be controlled to reduce the exposure of the passenger cabin to magnetic fields. 4 figures.

2. Vehicle Characteristics 2. Vehicle Characteristics Chapter 2. Vehicle Characteristics U.S. households used a fleet of nearly 157 million vehicles in 1994. Despite remarkable growth in the number of minivans and sport-utility vehicles, passenger cars continued to predominate in the residential vehicle fleet. This chapter looks at changes in the composition of the residential fleet in 1994 compared with earlier years and reviews the effect of technological changes on fuel efficiency (how efficiently a vehicle engine processes motor fuel) and fuel economy (how far a vehicle travels on a given amount of fuel). Using data unique to the Residential Transportation Energy Consumption Survey, it also explores the relationship between residential vehicle use and family income.

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The goal of this research was to examine the relative safety and stability of stationary motor vehicles exposed to severe winds. The focus was on private passenger vehicles. 1) The behavior of two instrumented storm-chase vehicles that were ...

Vehicle Research Laboratory Vehicle Research Laboratory Expertise The overall FEERC team has been developed to encompass the many disciplines necessary for world-class fuels, engines, and emissions-related research, with experimental, analytical, and modeling capabilities. Staff members specialize in areas including combustion and thermodynamics, emissions measurements, analytical chemistry, catalysis, sensors and diagnostics, dynamometer cell operations, engine controls and control theory. FEERC engineers have many years of experience in vehicle research, chassis laboratory development and operation, and have developed specialized systems and methods for vehicle R&D. Selected Vehicle Research Topics In-use investigation of Lean NOx Traps (LNTs). Vehicle fuel economy features such as lean operation GDI engines,

The SERAPBIM (SEgmented RAil PHased Induction Motor) concept is a linear induction motor concept which uses rapidly-pulsed magnetic fields and a segmented reaction rail, as opposed to low-frequency fields and continuous reaction rails found in conventional linear induction motors. These improvements give a high-traction, compact, and efficient linear motor that has potential for advanced high speed rail propulsion. In the SERAPBIM concept, coils on the vehicle push against a segmented aluminum rail, which is mounted on the road bed. Current is pulsed as the coils cross an edge of the segmented rail, inducing surface currents which repel the coil. The coils must be pulsed in synchronization with the movement by reaction rail segments. This is provided by a sense-and-fire circuit that controls the pulsing of the power modulators. Experiments were conducted to demonstrate the feasibility of the pulsed induction motor and to collect data that could be used for scaling calculations. A 14.4 kg aluminum plate was accelerated down a 4 m track to speeds of over 15 m/sec with peak thrust up to 18 kN per coilset. For a trainset capable of 200 mph speed, the SERAPHIM concept design is based on coils which are each capable of producing up to 3.5 kN thrust, and 30 coil pairs are mounted on each power car. Two power cars, one at each end of the train, provide 6 MW from two gas turbine prime power units. The thrust is about 210.000 N and is essentially constant up to 200 km/hr since wheel slippage does not limit thrust as with conventional wheeled propulsion. A key component of the SERAPHIM concept is the use of passive wheel-on-rah support for the high speedvehicle. Standard steel wheels are capable of handling over 200 mph. The SERAPHIM cost is comparable to that for steel-wheel high-speed rail, and about 10% to 25% of the projected costs for a comparable Maglev system.

the purchase of battery electric and fuel cell powered vehicles." ARB and the Chinese government agencyUniversity partners with China to help it develop electric vehicle fleet Anne C. Mulkern, E to speed adoption of plug-in electric and fuel-cell electric vehicles, the school said yesterday. UC Davis

speed, and high cost. Moreover, when there is a large number of vehicles moving simultaneously-Road Vehicle Detection Using Evolutionary Gabor Filter Optimization Zehang Sun, Member, IEEE, George Bebis, Member, IEEE, and Ronald Miller Abstract--Robust and reliable vehicle detection from images acquired

Trends in On-Road Vehicle Emissions of Ammonia Trends in On-Road Vehicle Emissions of Ammonia Title Trends in On-Road Vehicle Emissions of Ammonia Publication Type Journal Article Year of Publication 2008 Authors Kean, Andrew J., David Littlejohn, George Ban-Weiss, Robert A. Harley, Thomas W. Kirchstetter, and Melissa M. Lunden Journal Atmospheric Environment Abstract Motor vehicle emissions of ammonia have been measured at a California highway tunnel in the San Francisco Bay area. Between 1999 and 2006, light-duty vehicle ammonia emissions decreased by 38 Â± 6%, from 640 Â± 40 to 400 Â± 20 mg kg-1. High time resolution measurements of ammonia made in summer 2001 at the same location indicate a minimum in ammonia emissions correlated with slower-speed driving conditions. Variations in ammonia emission rates track changes in carbon monoxide more closely than changes in nitrogen oxides, especially during later evening hours when traffic speeds are highest. Analysis of remote sensing data of Burgard et al. (Environ Sci. Technol. 2006, 40, 7018-7022) indicates relationships between ammonia and vehicle model year, nitrogen oxides, and carbon monoxide. Ammonia emission rates from diesel trucks were difficult to measure in the tunnel setting due to the large contribution to ammonia concentrations in a mixed-traffic bore that were assigned to light-duty vehicle emissions. Nevertheless, it is clear that heavy-duty diesel trucks are a minor source of ammonia emissions compared to light-duty gasoline vehicles.

In-vehicle, location-aware, socially aware telematic systems, known as Flossers, stand to revolutionize vehicles, and how their drivers interact with their physical and social worlds. With Flossers, users can broadcast and ...

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This edition of Energy 101 highlights the benefits of electric vehicles, including improved fuel efficiency, reduced emissions, and lower maintenance costs. For more information on electric vehicles from the Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy, visit the Vehicle Technologies Program website: http://www1.eere.energy.gov/vehiclesandfuels/

gallon; unnecessary idling wastes fuel and pollutes. Running an engine at low speed (idling) also causes the point of view of both emissions and fuel consumption. Unless exempted in the following sectionVehicle engine use when no longer in transit; exceptions - Vehicle idling gets zero miles per

VehiclesVehiclesVehicles EERE leads U.S. researchers and other partners in making transportation cleaner and more efficient through solutions that put electric drive vehicles on the road and replace oil with clean domestic fuels. EERE leads U.S. researchers and other partners in making transportation cleaner and more efficient through solutions that put electric drive vehicles on the road and replace oil with clean domestic fuels. Image of three semi truck cabs. The one on the left is yellow, the middle is green, and the far right truck is red. The U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) supports the development and deployment of advanced vehicle technologies, including advances in electric vehicles, engine efficiency, and lightweight materials. Since 2008, the Department of

...with a varying constant, say c, one can always, by a suitable rede nition of units of measurement, transform it into another theory...it follows that all we have to do is carry out appropriate rede nitions of our units of length, time and energy. Again, these...

Activities in Vehicles Activities in Vehicles We conduct work in four key areas to develop and deploy vehicle technologies that reduce the use of petroleum while maintaining or improving performance, power, and comfort. Research and development (R&D); testing and analysis; government and community stakeholder support; and education help people access and use efficient, clean vehicles that meet their transportation needs. Researcher loads a sample mount of battery cathode materials for X-ray diffraction, an analysis tool for obtaining information on the crystallographic structure and composition of materials. Research and Development of New Technologies Develop durable and affordable advanced batteries as well as other forms of energy storage. Improve the efficiency of combustion engines.

...1. Introduction The fundamental constants appear as parameters...least-squares adjustment of the fundamental constants (Mohr Taylor...are the following: How does theory enter into the CODATA evaluation of the fundamental constants? What are the...

There is a common perception among residents of high?rise buildings facing expressways that noise emitted from moving vehicles would be dominated by tire/road interaction and at high?frequency regions. Local government officials believe that the impact on residents of low?frequency noise radiated from car engines would be insignificant especially after the corrections for the A?weighting scale are applied. This paper reports on an extensive survey and some in situ sound measurements. It was found that road noise in Hong Kong is dominated by low?frequency noise emitted from heavy vehicles in expressways and by low?frequency noise emitted from heavy and light vehicles driven at a speed below 50 km/h in streets. The measured data were characterized by using time?averaged 1/1 octave band analysis time?averaged 1/3 octave band analysis and time?frequency analysis. The Doppler effect was clearly observed at low?frequency regions in joint time?frequency distributions. It is suggested that the A?weighting scale would not reflect the true annoyance level of traffic noise. Noisiness should be used to quantify the annoyance caused by moving vehicles. A new noise model is proposed to give a realistic description of noise radiated from a moving vehicle.

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Relationship between the speed of gravity c_g and the speed of light c_e in the bi-metric theory of gravity is discussed. We reveal that the speed of light is a function of the speed of gravity which is a primary fundamental constant. Thus, experimental measurement of relativistic bending of light propagating in time-dependent gravitational field directly compares the speed of gravity versus the speed of light and tests if there is any aether associated with the gravitational field considered as a transparent `medium' with the constant refraction index.

overweight vehicle data collection overweight vehicle data collection scale The Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration requested information regarding overweight and oversized vehicle traffic entering inspection stations (ISs) in order to develop strategies for future research efforts and possibly help guide regulatory issues involving overweight commercial motor vehicles (CMVs). For a period of one month, inspection stations in Knox County and Greene County, Tennessee, recorded overweight and oversized vehicles that entered these ISs. During this period, 435 CMVs were recorded using an electronic form filled out by enforcement personnel at the IS. Of the 435 CMVs recorded, 381 had weight information documented with them. The majority (52.2%) of the vehicles recorded were five-axle combination

Lubricants Lubricants As most vehicles are on the road for more than 15 years before they are retired, investigating technologies that will improve today's vehicles is essential. Because 11.5 percent of fuel energy is consumed by engine friction, decreasing this friction through lubricants can lead to substantial improvements in the fuel economy of current vehicles, without needing to wait for the fleet to turn over. In fact, a 1 percent fuel savings in the existing vehicle fleet possible through lubricants could save 97 thousand barrels of oil a day or $3.5 billion a year. Because of these benefits, the Vehicle Technologies Office supports research on lubricants that can improve the efficiency of internal combustion engine vehicles, complementing our work on advanced combustion engine technology.

A vehicle underbody fairing apparatus for reducing aerodynamic drag caused by a vehicle wheel assembly, by reducing the size of a recirculation zone formed under the vehicle body immediately downstream of the vehicle wheel assembly. The fairing body has a tapered aerodynamic surface that extends from a front end to a rear end of the fairing body with a substantially U-shaped cross-section that tapers in both height and width. Fasteners or other mounting devices secure the fairing body to an underside surface of the vehicle body, so that the front end is immediately downstream of the vehicle wheel assembly and a bottom section of the tapered aerodynamic surface rises towards the underside surface as it extends in a downstream direction.

The goal of the U.S. Department of Energy's Advanced Vehicle Testing Activity (AVTA) is to increase the body of knowledge as well as the awareness and acceptance of electric drive and other advanced technology vehicles (ATV). The AVTA accomplishes this goal by testing ATVs on test tracks and dynamometers (Baseline Performance testing), as well as in real-world applications (Fleet and Accelerated Reliability testing and public demonstrations). This enables the AVTA to provide Federal and private fleet managers, as well as other potential ATV users, with accurate and unbiased information on vehicle performance and infrastructure needs so they can make informed decisions about acquiring and operating ATVs. The ATVs currently in testing include vehicles that burn gaseous hydrogen (H2) fuel and hydrogen/CNG (H/CNG) blended fuels in internal combustion engines (ICE), and hybrid electric (HEV), urban electric, and neighborhood electric vehicles. The AVTA is part of DOE's FreedomCAR and Vehicle Technologies Program.

, using two electric in-wheel motors give the possibility to have a torque and speed control in each wheel on the 2Ã?4 electrical vehicles, with independent driving in-wheel motor at the front and with classicalSDTC Neural Network Traction Control of an Electric Vehicle without Differential Gears A. Haddoun1

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. . Trends in Household Vehicle Stock The 1991 RTECS counted more than 150 million vehicles in use by U.S. households. This chapter examines recent trends in the vehicle stock, as measured by the RTECS and other reputable vehicle surveys. It also provides some details on the type and model year of the household vehicle stock, and identifies regional differences in vehicle stock. Because vehicles are continuously being bought and sold, this chapter also reports findings relating to turnover of the vehicle stock in 1991. Finally, it examines the average vehicle stock in 1991 (which takes into account the acquisition and disposal of household vehicles over the course of the year) and identifies variations in the average number of household vehicles based on differences in household characteristics. Number of Household Vehicles Over the past 8 years, the stock of household vehicles has

The estimation of the friction coefficient and the slip ratio is crucial for advanced traction control or anti-brake control of electric vehicles. In this paper, dynamic behaviours of electrical parameters of the traction motor under road change are modelled and analysed. Novel estimation only using the measurements of the armature voltage and the current is proposed. The proposed method is much quicker than traditional methods, contributing to adjust the vehicle's motion state more quickly and precisely. Further, it can eliminate the speed measuring devices of the wheel speed and the vehiclespeed. Simulations verify the effectiveness.

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Apparatus for weighing a vehicle in motion is provided by employing a plurality of elongated fiber-optic sensors defined by an optical fiber embedded in an encasement of elastomeric material and disposed parallel to each other on the roadway in the path of moving vehicles. Each fiber-optic sensor is provided with contact grid means which can be selectively altered to provide the fiber-optic sensors with sensitivities to vehicular weight different from each other for weighing vehicles in an extended weight range. Switch means are used in conjunction with the fiber-optic sensors to provide signals indicative of the speed of the moving vehicle, the number of axles on the vehicle, weight distribution, tire position, and the wheelbase of the vehicle. The use of a generally N-shaped configuration of switch means also provides a determination of the number of tires on each axle and the tire footprint. When switch means in this configuration are formed of optical fibers, the extent of light transmission through the fibers during contact with the tires of the vehicle is indicative of the vehicle weight. 15 figures.

Apparatus for weighing a vehicle in motion is provided by employing a plurality of elongated fiber-optic sensors defined by an optical fiber embedded in an encasement of elastomeric material and disposed parallel to each other on the roadway in the path of moving vehicles. Each fiber-optic sensor is provided with contact grid means which can be selectively altered to provide the fiber-optic sensors with sensitivities to vehicular weight different from each other for weighing vehicles in an extended weight range. Switch means are used in conjunction with the fiber-optic sensors to provide signals indicative of the speed of the moving vehicle, the number of axles on the vehicle, weight distribution, tire position, and the wheelbase of the vehicle. The use of a generally N-shaped configuration of switch means also provides a determination of the number of tires on each axle and the tire footprint. When switch means in this configuration are formed of optical fibers, the extent of light transmission through the fibers during contact with the tires of the vehicle is indicative of the vehicle weight.

Â· Diesel comprised 73% of the class 3-8 trucks sold in 2010, down from 84% in 2006 Â· Class 8 combination 2011 Â· There are more than 4,400 electric vehicle charging stations throughout the nation Â· Single wide stop sites across the country to reduce truck idling time Policy Â· Plug-in hybrids and electric vehicle

-how developed with the design ofthe ROAZ ASV [3] [4]. Power is provided by electric batteries. The computer> 070131-073Vehicle for Network Centric Operations H. Ferreira-The design and development of the Swordfish Autonomous Surface Vehicle (ASV) system is discussed. Swordfish

Heavy and overweight vehicle brake testing for combination five-axle Heavy and overweight vehicle brake testing for combination five-axle tractor-flatbed scale The Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration, in coordination with the Federal Highway Administration, sponsored the Heavy and Overweight Vehicle Brake Testing (HOVBT) program in order to provide information about the effect of gross vehicle weight (GVW) on braking performance. Because the Federal Motor Carrier Safety Regulations limit the number of braking system defects that may exist for a vehicle to be allowed to operate on the roadways, the examination of the effect of brake defects on brake performance for increased loads is also relevant. The HOVBT program seeks to provide relevant information to policy makers responsible for establishing load limits, beginning with providing test data for a

A speed control system for eddy current motors is provided in which the current to the motor from a constant frequency power source is varied by comparing the actual motor speed signal with a setpoint speed signal to control the motor speed according to the selected setpoint speed. A three-phase variable voltage autotransformer is provided for controlling the voltage from a three-phase power supply. A corresponding plurality of current control resistors is provided in series with each phase of the autotransformer output connected to inputs of a three-phase motor. Each resistor is connected in parallel with a set of normally closed contacts of plurality of relays which are operated by control logic. A logic circuit compares the selected speed with the actual motor speed obtained from a digital tachometer monitoring the motor spindle speed and operated the relays to add or substract resistance equally in each phase of the motor input to vary the motor current to control the motor at the selected speed.

Basics Basics Plug-in electric vehicles (PEVs), which include both plug-in hybrid electric vehicles and all-electric vehicles, use electricity as either their primary fuel or to improve efficiency. Commonly Used PEV Terms All-electric vehicle (AEV) - A vehicle with plug-in capability; driving energy comes entirely from its battery. Plug-in hybrid electric vehicle (PHEV) - A vehicle with plug-in capability; driving energy can come from either its battery or a liquid fuel like gasoline, diesel, or biofuels. Plug-in electric vehicle (PEV) - Any vehicle with plug-in capability. This includes AEVs and PHEVs. Hybrid electric vehicle (HEV) - A vehicle that has an electric drive system and battery but does not have plug-in capability; driving energy comes only from liquid fuel.

A uniaxial drive system or microactuator capable of operating in an ultra-high vacuum environment is disclosed. The mechanism includes a flexible coupling having a bore therethrough, and two clamp/pusher assemblies mounted in axial ends of the coupling. The clamp/pusher assemblies are energized by voltage-operated piezoelectrics therewithin to operatively engage the shaft and coupling causing the shaft to move along its rotational axis through the bore. The microactuator is capable of repeatably positioning to sub-nanometer accuracy while affording a scan range in excess of 5 centimeters. Moreover, the microactuator generates smooth, constant velocity motion profiles while producing a drive thrust of greater than 10 pounds. The system is remotely controlled and piezoelectrically driven, hence minimal thermal loading, vibrational excitation, or outgassing is introduced to the operating environment. 10 figs.

Ready for Electric Drive: the Plug-In Vehicle and Ready for Electric Drive: the Plug-In Vehicle and Infrastructure Workshop Getting Ready for Electric Drive: the Plug-In Vehicle and Infrastructure Workshop August 18, 2010 - 5:30pm Addthis Matt Rogers Matt Rogers McKinsey & Company Blogs have been abuzz on electric vehicles and advanced batteries recently, and likely in no small part due to some of the programs that are kicking into high gear at the Department of Energy right now. On July 22, we hosted a Plug-In Vehicle & Infrastructure Workshop that brought together nearly 200 attendees and 600 web participants to discuss near-term actions to accelerate deployment of electric-drive vehicles. The program demonstrated how federal leadership can speed up preparation for vehicles expected in showrooms at the end of this year. This leadership complements the Obama

Abstract Recent advances in Inter-Vehicle Communications (IVC) and Vehicle-Infrastructure Integration (VII) paved ways to real-time information sharing among vehicles, which are beneficial for vehicle energy management strategies (EMS). This is especially valuable for power-split hybrid electrical vehicles (HEV) in order to determine the optimal power-split between two different power sources at any particular time. Certainly, researches in this area have been done, but tradeoffs between optimality, driving-cycle sensitivity, speed of calculation and charge-sustaining (CS) conditions have not been cohesively addressed before. In light of this, a combined approach of a time-efficient powertrain optimization strategy, utilizing trajectory prediction based on IVC and VII is proposed. First, Gipps’ car following model for traffic prediction is used to predict the interactions between vehicles, combined with the cell-transmission-model (CTM) for the leading vehicle trajectory prediction. Secondly, a computationally efficient charge-sustaining (CS) HEV powertrain optimization strategy is analytically derived and simulated, based on the Pontryagin’s Minimum Principle and a CS-condition constraint. A 3D lookup-map, generated offline to interpolate the optimizing parameters based on the predicted speed, is also utilized to speed up the calculations. Simulations are conducted for 6-mile and 15-mile cases with different prediction update timings to test the performance of the proposed strategy against a Rule-Based (RB) control strategy. Results for accurate-prediction cases show 9.6% average fuel economy improvements in miles-per-gallon (MPG) over RB for the 6-mile case and 7% improvements for the 15-mile case. Prediction-with-error cases show smaller average MPG’s improvements, with 1.6% to 4.3% improvements for the 6-mile case and 2.6% to 3.4% improvements for the 15-mile case.

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The perfect fluid in the context of a covariant variable speed of light theory proposed by J. Magueijo is studied. On the one hand the modified first law of thermodynamics together with a recipe to obtain equations of state are obtained. On the other hand the Newtonian limit is performed to obtain the nonrelativistic hydrostatic equilibrium equation for the theory. The results obtained are used to determine the time variation of the radius of Mercury induced by the variability of the speed of light (c), and the scalar contribution to the luminosity of white dwarfs. Using a bound for the change of that radius and combining it with an upper limit for the variation of the fine structure constant, a bound on the time variation of c is set. An independent bound is obtained from luminosity estimates for Stein 2015B.

The perfect fluid in the context of a covariant variable speed of light theory proposed by J. Magueijo is studied. On the one hand the modified first law of thermodynamics together with a recipe to obtain equations of state are obtained. On the other hand the Newtonian limit is performed to obtain the nonrelativistic hydrostatic equilibrium equation for the theory. The results obtained are used to determine the time variation of the radius of Mercury induced by the variability of the speed of light ($c$), and the scalar contribution to the luminosity of white dwarfs. Using a bound for the change of that radius and combining it with an upper limit for the variation of the fine structure constant, a bound on the time variation of $c$ is set. An independent bound is obtained from luminosity estimates for Stein 2015B.

Disclosed are various seats for vehicles particularly military vehicles that are susceptible to attack by road-bed explosive devices such as land mines or improvised explosive devices. The seats often have rigid seat shells and may include rigid bracing for rigidly securing the seat to the chassis of the vehicle. Typically embodiments include channels and particulate media such as sand disposed in the channels. A gas distribution system is generally employed to pump a gas through the channels and in some embodiments the gas is provided at a pressure sufficient to fluidize the particulate media when an occupant is sitting on the seat.

By explicitly taking into account effects of Alfven waves, I derive from a simple energetics argument a fundamental relation which predicts solar wind (SW) speeds in the vicinity of the earth from physical properties on the sun. Kojima et al. recently found from their observations that a ratio of surface magnetic field strength to an expansion factor of open magnetic flux tubes is a good indicator of the SW speed. I show by using the derived relation that this nice correlation is an evidence of the Alfven wave which accelerates SW in expanding flux tubes. The observations further require that fluctuation amplitudes of magnetic field lines at the surface should be almost universal in different coronal holes, which needs to be tested by future observations.

3: September 9, 3: September 9, 2002 Vehicles per Thousand People: United States Compared with Other Countries to someone by E-mail Share Vehicle Technologies Office: Fact #233: September 9, 2002 Vehicles per Thousand People: United States Compared with Other Countries on Facebook Tweet about Vehicle Technologies Office: Fact #233: September 9, 2002 Vehicles per Thousand People: United States Compared with Other Countries on Twitter Bookmark Vehicle Technologies Office: Fact #233: September 9, 2002 Vehicles per Thousand People: United States Compared with Other Countries on Google Bookmark Vehicle Technologies Office: Fact #233: September 9, 2002 Vehicles per Thousand People: United States Compared with Other Countries on Delicious Rank Vehicle Technologies Office: Fact #233: September 9, 2002

This invention is comprised of a high speed door assembly, comprising an actuator cylinder and piston rods, a pressure supply cylinder and fittings, an electrically detonated explosive bolt, a honeycomb structured door, a honeycomb structured decelerator, and a structural steel frame encasing the assembly to close over a 3 foot diameter opening within 50 milliseconds of actuation, to contain hazardous materials and vapors within a test fixture.

Cygnus X-1: The Black Hole Lab The speed (in kilometers per second) of light in empty space is c to learn that the speed of light is not constant! Indeed, light slows down slightly when it passes through various mediums like air or glass. In air, the speed of light is very close to (but less than) c

In this paper the equations describing the performance of the electric vehicle are derived. Performance characteristics for each part in the vehicle system are obtained when the vehicle is accelerated under voltage turn on and turn off angle control. A comparison between the different methods of control is established. From these comparisons it can be noticed that the acceleration time for the case at which the turn on angle is controlled will be smaller than that for the other cases; also the motor efficiency at the voltage control method has the highest value especially at the higher values of the vehiclespeed.

Motorcycle Maximal Safe Speed in Cornering Situation H. Slimi and D. Ichalal and H. Arioui and S motorcycle speed in curves. The three main actors which are the vehicle, the driver and the infrastructure the last decade. However analysis of accident statistics shows that the number of death when a motorcycle

We study the possible singularities of isotropic cosmological models that have a varying speed of light as well as a varying gravitational constant. The field equations typically reduce to two dimensional systems which are then analyzed both by dynamical systems techniques in phase space and by applying the method of asymptotic splittings. In the general case we find initially expanding closed models which recollapse to a future singularity and open universes that are eternally expanding towards the future. The precise nature of the singularities is also discussed.

Benchmarking Benchmarking Research funded by the Vehicle Technologies Office produces a great deal of valuable data, but it is important to compare those research results with similar work done elsewhere in the world. Through laboratory testing, researchers can compare vehicles and components to validate models, support technical target-setting, and provide data to help guide technology development tasks. Benchmarking activities fall into two primary areas: Vehicle and component testing, in which researchers test and analyze emerging technologies obtained from sources throughout the world. The results are used to continually assess program efforts. Model validation, in which researchers use test data to validate the accuracy of vehicle and component computer models including: overall measures such as fuel economy, state-of-charge energy storage across the driving cycle, and transient component behavior, such as fuel rate and torque.

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A general technique for proving the irrationality of the zeta constants z(s) for odd s = 2n + 1 => 3 from the known irrationality of the beta constants L(2n+1) is developed in this note. The results on the irrationality of the zeta constants z(2n), n => 1, and z(3) are well known, but the results on the irrationality for the zeta constants z(2n+1), n => 2, are new, and these results seem to confirm that these constants are irrational numbers. In addition, a result on the irrationality measures indicates that mu(L(2n+1)) <= mu(z(2n+1)).

This paper presents performance improvement of a Coding Line Conveyer system (CLC), which is a key component of the automated parcels sorting complexes PP2000 used in logistics centers of Swiss Post. Normally, CLC operates with constantspeed. The rules ... Keywords: control systems, fuzzy logic, parcels processing

Deployment Deployment Our nation's energy security depends on the efficiency of our transportation system and on which fuels we use. Transportation in the United States already consumes much more oil than we produce here at home and the situation is getting worse. Domestic oil production has been dropping steadily for over 20 years, and experts predict that by 2025, about 70% of our oil will be imported. The U.S. Department of Energy's (DOE's) Vehicle Technologies Office supports research and development (R&D) that will lead to new technologies that reduce our nation's dependence on imported oil, further decrease vehicle emissions, and serve as a bridge from today's conventional powertrains and fuels to tomorrow's hydrogen-powered hybrid fuel cell vehicles. The Vehicle Technologies Office also supports implementation programs that help to transition alternative fuels and vehicles into the marketplace, as well as collegiate educational activities to help encourage engineering and science students to pursue careers in the transportation sector. Following are some of the activities that complement the Vehicle Technologies Office's mission.

We study cosmologies in the Randall-Sundrum models, incorporating the possibility of time-varying speed of light and Newton's constant. The cosmologies with varying speed of light (VSL) were proposed by Moffat and by Albrecht and Magueijo as an alternative to inflation for solving the cosmological problems. We consider the case in which the speed of light varies with time after the radion or the scale of the extra dimension has been stabilized. We elaborate on the conditions under which the flatness problem and the cosmological constant problem can be resolved. We find that the RS models are more restrictive about possible desirable VSL cosmological models than the standard general relativity. Particularly, the VSL cosmologies may provide with a possible mechanism for bringing the quantum corrections to the fine-tuned brane tensions after the SUSY breaking under control.

The varying speed of light (VSL) theory is controversial. It succeeds in explaining some cosmological problems, but on the other hand it is excluded by mainstream physics because it will shake the foundation of physics. In the present paper, we devote ourselves to test whether the speed of light is varying from the observational data of the type Ia Supernova, Baryon Acoustic Oscillation, Observational $H(z)$ data and Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB). We select the common form $c(t)=c_0a^n(t)$ with the contribution of dark energy and matter, where $c_0$ is the current value of speed of light, $n$ is a constant, and consequently construct a varying speed of light dark energy model (VSLDE). The combined observational data show a much trivial constraint $n=-0.0033 \\pm 0.0045$ at 68.3\\% confidence level, which indicates that the speed of light may be a constant with high significance. By reconstructing the time-variable $c(t)$, we find that the speed of light almost has no variation for redshift $z < 10^{-1}$....

In the present study we describe measurements of gas- and particle-phase carbonyl emissions from light-duty gasoline (LDV) and heavy-duty diesel (HDDV) motor vehicles operated on a chassis dynamometer under realistic driving cycles. ... Vehicles were tested under a five-mode driving cycle (HHDDT, heavy heavy-duty diesel truck) consisting of 30-min idle, 17-min creep, and 11-min transient stages and two cruise stages of 34 and 31 min, with a top speed of 65 miles h?1 for the second cruise (30). ... In general, as the volatility of the carbonyl decreased, so did the PUF/total particulate carbonyl ratio. ...

Abstract Poor compliance with speed limits is a serious safety concern in work zones. Most studies of work zone speeds have focused on descriptive analyses and statistical testing without systematically capturing the effects of vehicle and traffic characteristics. Consequently, little is known about how the characteristics of surrounding traffic and platoons influence speeds. This paper develops a Tobit regression technique for innovatively modeling the probability and the magnitude of non-compliance with speed limits at various locations in work zones. Speed data is transformed into two groups—continuous for non-compliant and left-censored for compliant drivers—to model in a Tobit model framework. The modeling technique is illustrated using speed data from three long-term highway work zones in Queensland, Australia. Consistent and plausible model estimates across the three work zones support the appropriateness and validity of the technique. The results show that the probability and magnitude of speeding was higher for leaders of platoons with larger front gaps, during late afternoon and early morning, when traffic volumes were higher, and when higher proportions of surrounding vehicles were non-compliant. Light vehicles and their followers were also more likely to speed than others. Speeding was more common and greater in magnitude upstream than in the activity area, with higher compliance rates close to the end of the activity area and close to stop/slow traffic controllers. The modeling technique and results have great potential to assist in deployment of appropriate countermeasures by better identifying the traffic characteristics associated with speeding and the locations of lower compliance.

A high speed sampler comprises a meandered sample transmission line for transmitting an input signal, a straight strobe transmission line for transmitting a strobe signal, and a plurality of sampling gates along the transmission lines. The sampling gates comprise a four terminal diode bridge having a first strobe resistor connected from a first terminal of the bridge to the positive strobe line, a second strobe resistor coupled from the third terminal of the bridge to the negative strobe line, a tap connected to the second terminal of the bridge and to the sample transmission line, and a sample holding capacitor connected to the fourth terminal of the bridge. The resistance of the first and second strobe resistors is much higher than the signal transmission line impedance in the preferred system. This results in a sampling gate which applies a very small load on the sample transmission line and on the strobe generator. The sample holding capacitor is implemented using a smaller capacitor and a larger capacitor isolated from the smaller capacitor by resistance. The high speed sampler of the present invention is also characterized by other optimizations, including transmission line tap compensation, stepped impedance strobe line, a multi-layer physical layout, and unique strobe generator design. A plurality of banks of such samplers are controlled for concatenated or interleaved sample intervals to achieve long sample lengths or short sample spacing. 17 figs.

A high speed sampler comprises a meandered sample transmission line for transmitting an input signal, a straight strobe transmission line for transmitting a strobe signal, and a plurality of sampling gates along the transmission lines. The sampling gates comprise a four terminal diode bridge having a first strobe resistor connected from a first terminal of the bridge to the positive strobe line, a second strobe resistor coupled from the third terminal of the bridge to the negative strobe line, a tap connected to the second terminal of the bridge and to the sample transmission line, and a sample holding capacitor connected to the fourth terminal of the bridge. The resistance of the first and second strobe resistors is much higher than the signal transmission line impedance in the preferred system. This results in a sampling gate which applies a very small load on the sample transmission line and on the strobe generator. The sample holding capacitor is implemented using a smaller capacitor and a larger capacitor isolated from the smaller capacitor by resistance. The high speed sampler of the present invention is also characterized by other optimizations, including transmission line tap compensation, stepped impedance strobe line, a multi-layer physical layout, and unique strobe generator design. A plurality of banks of such samplers are controlled for concatenated or interleaved sample intervals to achieve long sample lengths or short sample spacing.

The University of Minnesota collaborated with the Paul Scherrer Institute, the University of Wisconsin (UWI) and Ricardo, Inc to physically and chemically characterize the exhaust plume from recruited gasoline spark ignition (SI) vehicles. The project objectives were: (1) Measure representative particle size distributions from a set of on-road SI vehicles and compare these data to similar data collected on a small subset of light-duty gasoline vehicles tested on a chassis dynamometer with a dilution tunnel using the Unified Drive Cycle, at both room temperature (cold start) and 0 C (cold-cold start). (2) Compare data collected from SI vehicles to similar data collected from Diesel engines during the Coordinating Research Council E-43 project. (3) Characterize on-road aerosol during mixed midweek traffic and Sunday midday periods and determine fleet-specific emission rates. (4) Characterize bulk- and size-segregated chemical composition of the particulate matter (PM) emitted in the exhaust from the gasoline vehicles. Particle number concentrations and size distributions are strongly influenced by dilution and sampling conditions. Laboratory methods were evaluated to dilute SI exhaust in a way that would produce size distributions that were similar to those measured during laboratory experiments. Size fractionated samples were collected for chemical analysis using a nano-microorifice uniform deposit impactor (nano-MOUDI). In addition, bulk samples were collected and analyzed. A mixture of low, mid and high mileage vehicles were recruited for testing during the study. Under steady highway cruise conditions a significant particle signature above background was not measured, but during hard accelerations number size distributions for the test fleet were similar to modern heavy-duty Diesel vehicles. Number emissions were much higher at high speed and during cold-cold starts. Fuel specific number emissions range from 1012 to 3 x 1016 particles/kg fuel. A simple relationship between number and mass emissions was not observed. Data were collected on-road to compare weekday with weekend air quality around the Twin Cities area. This portion of the study resulted in the development of a method to apportion the Diesel and SI contribution to on-road aerosol.

Energy Storage Energy Storage Improving the batteries for electric drive vehicles, including hybrid electric (HEV) and plug-in electric (PEV) vehicles, is key to improving vehicles' economic, social, and environmental sustainability. In fact, transitioning to a light-duty fleet of HEVs and PEVs could reduce U.S. foreign oil dependence by 30-60% and greenhouse gas emissions by 30-45%, depending on the exact mix of technologies. For a general overview of electric drive vehicles, see the DOE's Alternative Fuel Data Center's pages on Hybrid and Plug-in Electric Vehicles and Vehicle Batteries. While a number of electric drive vehicles are available on the market, further improvements in batteries could make them more affordable and convenient to consumers. In addition to light-duty vehicles, some heavy-duty manufacturers are also pursuing hybridization of medium and heavy-duty vehicles to improve fuel economy and reduce idling.

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This report discusses a propulsion and stabilization system for an inductive repulsion type magnetically levitated vehicle which is propelled and suspended by a system which includes dividing the superconducting magnets into two types: a strong field magnet which is located vertically below the vehicle for propulsion and guidance and a weak field superconducting magnet located at the ends of the vehicle for levitation and added guidance. Several proposed embodiments exist for the placement of the magnetic field shielding: locating the shielding on the vehicle, locating the shielding on the guideway, and locating the shielding on the guideway and adding shielding to the vertical undercarriage. In addition, the separation between the be vehicle and the guideway can be controlled to reduce the exposure of the passenger cabin to magnetic fields.

VehiclesVehiclesVehicles In the first half of 2013, Americans doubled the number of PEVs they purchased compared to the same period in 2012, and this summer, PEV sales reached a new record high. More than 11,000 PEVs were sold in August 2013 -- that's a 29 percent improvement in sales over the previous monthly record. Learn now about the clean technology revolution that is here today. In the first half of 2013, Americans doubled the number of PEVs they purchased compared to the same period in 2012, and this summer, PEV sales reached a new record high. More than 11,000 PEVs were sold in August 2013 -- that's a 29 percent improvement in sales over the previous monthly record. Learn now about the clean technology revolution that is here today.

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Propane as an auto fuel has a high octane value and has key properties required for spark-ignited internal combustion engines. To operate a vehicle on propane as either a dedicated fuel or bi-fuel (i.e., switching between gasoline and propane) vehicle, only a few modifications must be made to the engine. Until recently propane vehicles have commonly used a vapor pressure system that was somewhat similar to a carburetion system, wherein the propane would be vaporized and mixed with combustion air in the intake plenum of the engine. This leads to lower efficiency as more air, rather than fuel, is inducted into the cylinder for combustion (Myers 2009). A newer liquid injection system has become available that injects propane directly into the cylinder, resulting in no mixing penalty because air is not diluted with the gaseous fuel in the intake manifold. Use of a direct propane injection system will improve engine efficiency (Gupta 2009). Other systems include the sequential multi-port fuel injection system and a bi-fuel 'hybrid' sequential propane injection system. Carbureted systems remain in use but mostly for non-road applications. In the United States a closed-loop system is used in after-market conversions. This system incorporates an electronic sensor that provides constant feedback to the fuel controller to allow it to measure precisely the proper air/fuel ratio. A complete conversion system includes a fuel controller, pressure regulator valves, fuel injectors, electronics, fuel tank, and software. A slight power loss is expected in conversion to a vapor pressure system, but power can still be optimized with vehicle modifications of such items as the air/fuel mixture and compression ratios. Cold start issues are eliminated for vapor pressure systems since the air/fuel mixture is gaseous. In light-duty propane vehicles, the fuel tank is typically mounted in the trunk; for medium- and heavy-duty vans and trucks, the tank is located under the body of the vehicle. Propane tanks add weight to a vehicle and can slightly increase the consumption of fuel. On a gallon-to-gallon basis, the energy content of propane is 73% that of gasoline, thus requiring more propane fuel to travel an equivalent distance, even in an optimized engine (EERE 2009b).

The purpose of this report is to provide information on the use of energy in residential vehicles in the 50 States and the District of Columbia. Included are data about: the number and type of vehicles in the residential sector, the characteristics of those vehicles, the total annual Vehicle Miles Traveled (VMT), the per household and per vehicle VMT, the vehicle fuel consumption and expenditures, and vehicle fuel efficiencies. The data for this report are based on the household telephone interviews from the 1991 RTECS, conducted during 1991 and early 1992. The 1991 RTECS represents 94.6 million households, of which 84.6 million own or have access to 151.2 million household motor vehicles in the 50 States and the District of Columbia.

Aggregate Aggregate Ratio: See Mean and Ratio Estimate. AMPD: Average miles driven per day. See Appendix B, "Estimation Methodologies." Annual Vehicle Miles Traveled: See Vehicle Miles Traveled. Automobile: Includes standard passenger car, 2-seater car and station wagons; excludes passenger vans, cargo vans, motor homes, pickup trucks, and jeeps or similar vehicles. See Vehicle. Average Household Energy Expenditures: A ratio estimate defined as the total household energy expenditures for all RTECS households divided by the total number of households. See Ratio Estimate, and Combined Household Energy Expenditures. Average Number of Vehicles per Household: The average number of vehicles used by a household for personal transportation during 1991. For this report, the average number of vehicles per household is computed as the ratio of the total number of vehicles to the

2: Identification 2: Identification of Joint Base Lewis McChord Vehicles for Installation of Data Loggers June 2013 Prepared for: Joint Base Lewis McChord Prepared by: Idaho National Laboratory and ECOtality North America DISCLAIMER This information was prepared as an account of work sponsored by an agency of the U.S. Government. Neither the U.S. Government nor any agency thereof, nor any of their employees, makes any warranty, expressed or implied, or assumes any legal liability or responsibility for the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness, of any information, apparatus, product, or process disclosed, or represents that its use would not infringe privately owned rights. References herein to any specific commercial product, process, or service by trade name, trade mark, manufacturer, or otherwise,

the U.S. Department of Energy's (DOE's) lead laboratory for researching advanced vehicle technologies, including hy- the U.S. Department of Energy's (DOE's) lead laboratory for researching advanced vehicle technologies, including hy- brid, plug-in hybrid, battery electric, and alternative fuel vehicles, Argonne provides transportation research critical to advancing the development of next-generation vehicles. Central to this effort is the Lab's Advanced Powertrain Research Facility (APRF), an integrated four-wheel drive chassis dynamometer and component test facility.

Electric-Drive Vehicle engineering COLLEGE of ENGINEERING Electric-drive engineers for 80 years t Home to nation's first electric-drive vehicle engineering program and alternative-credit EDGE Engineering Entrepreneur Certificate Program is a great addition to an electric-drive vehicle

Accelerates the Deployment of Advanced Vehicle Accelerates the Deployment of Advanced Vehicle Technologies with Private Industry Partnerships Energy Department Accelerates the Deployment of Advanced Vehicle Technologies with Private Industry Partnerships March 5, 2013 - 2:15pm Addthis News Media Contact (202) 586-4940 WASHINGTON - As part of the Obama Administration's commitment to speeding the transition to more sustainable energy sources that will help drive economic growth, the Energy Department today announced 16 major U.S. employers and two stakeholder groups have joined the Workplace Charging Challenge to give more American workers access to new transportation options, while another three U.S. corporations have joined the National Clean Fleets Partnership. These steps support President Obama's goal to

An alternative model describing the dynamics of a flat Universe without cosmological constant and allowing a gradual change of c with time is proposed. New relationships of redshift vs. distance and cosmic background radiation temperature are given. Values for the Universal radius, matter density, Hubble parameter, light deceleration, cosmic age and recombination time are obtained. Distant SNeIa faintness is explained within this decelerating, matter-dominated Universe without invoking dark energy. Horizon, flatness and other problems of standard Big Bang cosmology are solved without the need of inflation. The top speed of any signal, force, particle or wave at any time is limited by the expansion speed of the Universe itself.

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This presentation, Progress of Computer-Aided Engineering of Electric Drive Vehicle Batteries (CAEBAT) is about simulation and computer-aided engineering (CAE) tools that are widely used to speed up the research and development cycle and reduce the number of build-and-break steps, particularly in the automotive industry. Realizing this, DOE?s Vehicle Technologies Program initiated the CAEBAT project in April 2010 to develop a suite of software tools for designing batteries.

Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicles Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicles NREL's vehicle systems analysts work to advance the technology of plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs), also known as grid-connected or grid-charged hybrids. Technology Targets and Metrics Analysis We use our Technical Targets Tool to determine pathways for maximizing the potential national impact of plug-in hybrid electric vehicles. This assessment includes consideration of how consumers will value the new vehicle technology based on attributes such as: Acceleration Fuel economy and consumption Cargo capacity Cost. We use the resulting competitiveness index to predict the vehicle's market penetration rate. Then, we can create a total national benefits picture after adding in other factors such as: Existing fleet turnover

A low-order singularity panel method based on Green`s formulation is used to predict the hydrodynamics characteristics of underwater vehicles. The low-order modeling employs constant strength sources and doublets, and the body surface is modeled by quadrilaterals. The method is first applied to predicting the force and moment coefficients of underwater vehicles for the body-alone and finned configurations. Hydrodynamic coefficients of added mass and added moment of inertia are also calculated by modifying the code. Results for several two and three-dimensional bodies show the usefulness of the method for predicting the added mass and added moment of inertia.

A system and method of speed and power control for an engine in which speed and power of the engine is controlled by modulation of the load torque. The load torque is manipulated in order to cause engine speed, and hence power to be changed. To accomplish such control, the load torque undergoes a temporary excursion in the opposite direction of the desired speed and power change. The engine and the driven equipment will accelerate or decelerate accordingly as the load torque is decreased or increased, relative to the essentially fixed or constant engine torque. As the engine accelerates or decelerates, its power increases or decreases in proportion.

Abstract A closed loop speed control for an induction generator is presented. The system was developed for a space vector modulation-voltage source inverter and the three-phase squirrel-cage induction generator to regulate speed and generator voltages with scalar control technique. The aim of this research was to a generated voltage with a constantspeed at variable mechanical torque of prime mover. The simulation results show a good performance of the system can be achieved by the proposed speed controller.

Household Vehicles Energy Consumption 1994 reports on the results of the 1994 Residential Transportation Energy Consumption Survey (RTECS). The RTECS is a national sample survey that has been conducted every 3 years since 1985. For the 1994 survey, more than 3,000 households that own or use some 6,000 vehicles provided information to describe vehicle stock, vehicle-miles traveled, energy end-use consumption, and energy expenditures for personal vehicles. The survey results represent the characteristics of the 84.9 million households that used or had access to vehicles in 1994 nationwide. (An additional 12 million households neither owned or had access to vehicles during the survey year.) To be included in then RTECS survey, vehicles must be either owned or used by household members on a regular basis for personal transportation, or owned by a company rather than a household, but kept at home, regularly available for the use of household members. Most vehicles included in the RTECS are classified as {open_quotes}light-duty vehicles{close_quotes} (weighing less than 8,500 pounds). However, the RTECS also includes a very small number of {open_quotes}other{close_quotes} vehicles, such as motor homes and larger trucks that are available for personal use.

. . Vehicle Fuel Efficiency and Consumption Fuel consumption is estimated from RTECS data on the vehicle stock (Chapter 2) and miles traveled (Chapter 3), in combination with vehicle fuel efficiency ratings, adjusted to account for individual driving circumstances. The first two sections of this chapter present estimates of household vehicle fuel efficiency and household fuel consumption calculated from these fuel efficiency estimates. These sections also discuss variations in fuel efficiency and consumption based on differences in household and vehicle characteristics. The third section presents EIA estimates of the potential savings from replacing the oldest (and least fuel-efficient) household vehicles with new (and more fuel-efficient) vehicles. The final section of this chapter focuses on households receiving (or eligible to receive) supplemental income under

1. 1. Introduction The purpose of this report is to provide information on the use of energy in residential vehicles in the 50 States and the District of Columbia. Included are data about: the number and type of vehicles in the residential sector, the characteristics of those vehicles, the total annual Vehicle Miles Traveled (VMT), the per household and per vehicle VMT, the vehicle fuel consumption and expenditures, and vehicle fuel efficiencies. The Energy Information Administration (EIA) is mandated by Congress to collect, analyze, and disseminate impartial, comprehensive data about energy--how much is produced, who uses it, and the purposes for which it is used. To comply with this mandate, EIA collects energy data from a variety of sources covering a range of topics 1 . Background The data for this report are based on the household telephone interviews from the 1991 RTECS, conducted

Vehicles moving at hypersonic speeds have great importance to the National Security. Ballistic missile re-entry vehicles (RV's) travel at hypersonic speeds, as do missile defense intercept vehicles. Despite the importance of the problem, no computational analysis method is available to predict the aerodynamic environment of maneuvering hypersonic vehicles, and no analysis is available to predict the transient effects of their shape changes. The present state-of-the-art for hypersonic flow calculations typically still considers steady flow about fixed shapes. Additionally, with present computational methods, it is not possible to compute the entire transient structural and thermal loads for a re-entry vehicle. The objective of this research is to provide the required theoretical development and a computational analysis tool for calculating the hypersonic flow about maneuvering, deforming RV's. This key enabling technology will allow the development of a complete multi-mechanics simulation of the entire RV flight sequence, including important transient effects such as complex flight dynamics. This will allow the computation of the as-delivered state of the payload in both normal and unusual operational environments. This new analysis capability could also provide the ability to predict the nonlinear, transient behavior of endo-atmospheric missile interceptor vehicles to the input of advanced control systems. Due to the computational intensity of fluid dynamics for hypersonics, the usual approach for calculating the flow about a vehicle that is changing shape is to complete a series of steady calculations, each with a fixed shape. However, this quasi-steady approach is not adequate to resolve the frequencies characteristic of a vehicle's structural dynamics. Our approach is to include the effects of the unsteady body shape changes in the finite-volume method by allowing for arbitrary translation and deformation of the control volumes. Furthermore, because the Eulerian computational mesh for the fluid domain must be attached to the vehicle as it undergoes potentially high accelerations, that mesh must be viewed in a non-inertial coordinate frame. The usual conservation-law form of the fluid dynamic governing equations must be augmented. This approach thus requires the derivation of a significantly new numerical formulation, especially to incorporate a modern flux-splitting methodology as needed for numerical stability and accuracy.

December 18, 2013 December 18, 2013 USDA Offers $118 Million for Renewable Energy, Smart Grid Projects The U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) announced $73 million in funding for renewable energy projects and $45 million for smart grid technology as part of more than $1.8 billion in funding for electric utility infrastructure projects in 25 states and one territory. More December 18, 2013 2012 Fuel Economy of New Vehicles Sets Record High: EPA The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) reported that model year 2012 vehicles achieved an all-time high fuel economy average of 23.6 miles per gallon. More December 18, 2013 Energy Department Releases Grid Energy Storage Report The Energy Department released its Grid Energy Storage report to the members of the U.S. Senate Energy and Natural Resources Committee, identifying the benefits and challenges of grid energy storage that must be addressed to enable broader use. More

A vehicle rear suspension mechanism is described which consists of: a suspension member connected with a vehicle body; wheel hub means supporting a rear wheel having a wheel center plane for rotation about a rotating axis; and connecting means for connecting the wheel hub means with the suspension member. The connecting means include ball joint means having a pivot center located forwardly of and below the rotating axis of the rear wheel and connecting the wheel hub means to the suspension member pivotably about the pivot center, first resilient means located between the wheel hub means and the suspension member rearwardly of and above the rotating axis of the rear wheel, and second resilient means located between the wheel hub means and the suspension member forwardly of and above the rotating axis of the rear wheel.

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7: July 29, 2002 7: July 29, 2002 Vehicle Miles of Travel (VMT) and Age by Vehicle Type to someone by E-mail Share Vehicle Technologies Office: Fact #227: July 29, 2002 Vehicle Miles of Travel (VMT) and Age by Vehicle Type on Facebook Tweet about Vehicle Technologies Office: Fact #227: July 29, 2002 Vehicle Miles of Travel (VMT) and Age by Vehicle Type on Twitter Bookmark Vehicle Technologies Office: Fact #227: July 29, 2002 Vehicle Miles of Travel (VMT) and Age by Vehicle Type on Google Bookmark Vehicle Technologies Office: Fact #227: July 29, 2002 Vehicle Miles of Travel (VMT) and Age by Vehicle Type on Delicious Rank Vehicle Technologies Office: Fact #227: July 29, 2002 Vehicle Miles of Travel (VMT) and Age by Vehicle Type on Digg Find More places to share Vehicle Technologies Office: Fact #227:

Batteries Batteries battery/cell diagram Battery/Cell Diagram Batteries are important to our everyday lives and show up in various consumer electronics and appliances, from MP3 players to laptops to our vehicles. Batteries play an important role in our vehicles and are gradually becoming more and more important as they assume energy storage responsibilities from fuel in vehicle propulsion systems. A battery is a device that stores chemical energy in its active materials and converts it, on demand, into electrical energy by means of an electrochemical reaction. An electrochemical reaction is a chemical reaction involving the transfer of electrons, and it is that reaction which creates electricity. There are three main parts of a battery: the anode, cathode, and electrolyte. The anode is the "fuel" electrode which gives up electrons to the external circuit to create the flow of electrons or electricity. The cathode is the oxidizing electrode which accepts electrons in the external circuit. Finally, the electrolyte carries the electric current, as ions, inside the cell, between the anode and cathode.

This patent describes a stabilizer for a motor vehicle comprising: a rod-shaped torsion section extending in the transverse direction of a motor vehicle; a pair of arm sections continuous with both ends of the torsion section and extending in the longitudinal direction of the motor vehicle; a first member attached to the torsion section or at least one of the arm sections and formed with an axially penetrating cylindrical bore; a columnar second member inserted in the bore of the first member; at least one coil spring disposed between the inner peripheral surface of the bore of the first member and the outer peripheral surface of the second member and wound around the second member, at least one end of the coil spring being a free end; an operating member connected to the free end of the coil spring, at least a part of the operating member being located outside the first member; and drive means coupled to the operating member and adapted to apply a force in a direction such that the diameter of the coil spring is increased or reduced.

The negative impact of deteriorating air quality on public health etc. is receiving growing attention. As a result, the contributing emission sources are increasingly regulated. Thus, the emissions of road transport - being one of the largest contributors - are under constant pressure. As such, the evolving legislation on emissions of new cars is forcing to ultra low emitting vehicles. To assist in the development of those vehicles an on-board measuring system capable of determining ppm level emissions of carbon monoxide (CO), total hydrocarbons (THC) and nitrogen oxides (NOx) is realised. This system combines the latest in laboratory grade analysers with a high speed condensing type sampling system in a state of the-art shock proof design. The regulated emission components can be detected to at least one ppm. The data-acquisition allows for the simultaneous retrieval of engine and vehicle parameters in order to calculate on-line mass based time resolved emissions that can be quickly linked to relevant parameters of the emission control system. The data treatment is automated under LabView. The on-board system is validated by over 130 comparative simultaneous measurements on a Constant Volume Sampling chassis dynamometer. The tests are executed on three modern light duty vehicles of which one ultra low emitting Euro 4 certified petrol one. The comparison revealed that differences in emissions are below 10% except for very low levels i.e. underneath 0.02 g/km where the reference system is thought to be more inaccurate then the on-board one. On-board emission measurements performed on a Euro 4 petrol vehicle showed differences of more then a decade when compared to the type approval cycle on chassis dynamometer. An in-depth analysis revealed that, outside this cycle, the engine can be differently calibrated resulting in deviations from the stoichiometric air to fuel ratio and subsequent raise in emissions. Also, very short emission events could be studied such as NOx raise during accelerations immediately following a motoring period. This could be attributed to a slightly lean air fuel mixture just at the start of fuel injection.

The classical trajectories for FLRW universe with varying speed of light are obtained for the cases in which the cosmological constant depends or not depend on the velocity of light. The theory is then quantized and the corresponding WDW equation is solved. It is shown that the method of causal interpretation of Bohm can be applied successfully to the theory. Finally the Bohmian trajectories are obtained and compared with the classical ones.

A drivetrain (12) includes a transaxle assembly (16) for driving ground engaging wheels of a land vehicle powered by an AC motor. The transaxle includes a ratio change section having planetary gear sets (24, 26) and brake assemblies (28, 30). Sun gears (60, 62) of the gear sets are directly and continuously connected to an input drive shaft (38) driven by the motor. A first drive (78a) directly and continuously connects a planetary gear carrier (78) of gear sets (24) with a ring gear (68) of gear set (26). A second drive (80a) directly and continuously connects a planetary gear carrier (80) of gear set (26) with a sun gear (64) of a final speed reduction gear set (34) having a planetary gear carrier directly and continuously connected to a differential (22). Brakes (28, 30) are selectively engageable to respectively ground a ring gear 66 of gear set 24 and ring gear 68 of gear set 26.

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3. 3. Vehicle Miles Traveled This chapter presents information on household vehicle usage, as measured by the number of vehicle miles traveled (VMT). VMT is one of the two most important components used in estimating household vehicle fuel consumption. (The other, fuel efficiency, is discussed in Chapter 4). In addition, this chapter examines differences in driving behavior based on the characteristics of the household and the type of vehicle driven. Trends in household driving patterns are also examined using additional information from the Department of Transportation's Nationwide Personal Transportation Survey (NPTS). Household VMT is a measure of the demand for personal transportation. Demand for transportation may be viewed from either an economic or a social perspective. From the economic point-of-view, the use of a household vehicle represents the consumption of one

Hybrid Electric Vehicles Hybrid Electric Vehicles Photo of the front and part of the side of a bus parked at the curb of a city street with tall buildings in the background. This diesel hybrid electric bus operated by the Metropolitan Transit Authority, New York City Transit, was part of a test study that recently investigated the fuel efficiency and reliability of these buses. Credit: Leslie Eudy Today's hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) range from small passenger cars to sport utility vehicles (SUVs) and large trucks. Though they often look just like conventional vehicles, HEVs usually include an electric motor as well as a small internal combustion engine (ICE). This combination provides greater fuel economy and fewer emissions than most conventional ICE vehicles do. HEVs are powered by two energy sources: an energy conversion unit, such as

The prediction of wind speed is very important when dealing with the production of energy through wind turbines. In this paper, we show a new nonparametric model, based on semi-Markov chains, to predict wind speed. Particularly we use an indexed semi-Markov model that has been shown to be able to reproduce accurately the statistical behavior of wind speed. The model is used to forecast, one step ahead, wind speed. In order to check the validity of the model we show, as indicator of goodness, the root mean square error and mean absolute error between real data and predicted ones. We also compare our forecasting results with those of a persistence model. At last, we show an application of the model to predict financial indicators like the Internal Rate of Return, Duration and Convexity.

Electric motors are significant users of electricity in the United States. Approximately 66 percent of the total electricity in the U.S. is used by electric motors. Electronic adjustable speed drives (ASDs) can save energy, lower maintenance cost...

The behavior of the constants, G,c,h,a,e,m and Lambda, considering them as variable, in the framework of a flat cosmological model with FRW symmetries described by a bulk viscous fluid and considering mechanisms of adiabatic matter creation are investigated. Within two models; one with radiation predominance and another of matter predominance, this behavior are studied.

Three precise measurements exist on static properties of the muon. These are the g factor, g-2, and the frequency of the 3D-2P transition in mesonic phosphorus. They are combined to obtain the best fit to the fundamental constants of the muon.

The goal of this project was to install a production-ready, state-of-the-art engine control system on the Mack E7G natural gas engine to improve efficiency and lower exhaust emissions. In addition, the power rating was increased from 300 brake horsepower (bhp) to 325 bhp. The emissions targets were oxides of nitrogen plus nonmethane hydrocarbons of less than 2.5 g/bhp-hr and particulate matter of less than 0.05 g/bhp-hr on 99% methane. Vehicle durability and field testing were also conducted. Further development of this engine should include efficiency improvements and oxides of nitrogen reductions.

A rotor of an electric motor for a motor vehicle is aligned to an axis of rotation for a crankshaft of an internal combustion engine having an internal combustion engine and an electric motor. A locator is provided on the crankshaft, a piloting tool is located radially by the first locator to the crankshaft. A stator of the electric motor is aligned to a second locator provided on the piloting tool. The stator is secured to the engine block. The rotor is aligned to the crankshaft and secured thereto.

This Federal Technology Alert on alternative fuel vehicles (AFVs), prepared for the U.S. Department of Energy's Federal Energy Management Program (FEMP), is intended for fleet managers in government agencies and other government officials who need to use more alternative fuels and AFVs in their fleets of cars and trucks. This publication describes the government's plans and progress in meeting goals for the use of AFVs, which are stated in the Energy Policy Act and various Executive Orders. It describes the types of AFVs available, lists actual and potential federal uses, makes some general recommendations, and presents field experiences to date.

Materials Materials Manufacturers use propulsion (or powertrain) materials in the components that move vehicles of every size and shape. Conventional vehicles use these materials in components such as the engine, transmission, fuel system, and exhaust after-treatment systems. Electric drive vehicles use propulsion materials in their electric motors and power electronics. Developing advanced propulsion materials is essential to commercializing new, highly efficient automotive technologies that have technical requirements that existing powertrain materials cannot meet. The Vehicle Technology Office's (VTO) research in propulsion materials focuses on four areas: Materials for hybrid and electric drive systems Materials for high efficiency combustion engines Materials to enable energy recovery systems and control exhaust gases

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We treat the dynamic vehicle routing problem with time windows (DVRPTW) in the context of real-time traffic information. We integrate traffic information obtained in real time to change the speed profile according to the accidents on the road network (congestion, etc.). The travel times are based on a time-dependent model in which the travel speeds are step functions. This model is enriched with an exponential smoothing function able to calculate the forecasted speed. The analysis of the results of these experiments shows that our method with real-time traffic information provides a good performance, a better robustness against a simple model with time dependent travel time.

Living with Electric Vehicles Living with Electric Vehicles JOHN DAVIS: On any given weekend, somewhere you'll find a gathering of cars and a group of enthusiasts assembled around them. Be the hotrods classics or sports cars, each genre of the car's evolution has developed loyal following. And electric cars are no exception. The recent National Plug-in day included events held at hundreds of sites across the U.S. enticing EV aficionados to check out the latest models and share their passion for gas-free motoring. JOHN BARRACCA: The dealer gives you 9.3 gallons. I haven't used all of that yet. But, when I get 3 gallons low, I put 3 gallons in. So, I'm still at almost a full tank. The last time I put 3 gallons in was February and this is September 23rd. JOHN DAVIS: All of the owners we talked with were pleased with their plug-in car's fuel

Specialty Vehicles Specialty Vehicles History The first fuel cell vehicles were specialty vehicles. Allis Chalmers built and demonstrated a tractor in 1959 utilizing an alkaline fuel cell that produced 20 horsepower. During the 1960s, Pratt & Whitney delivered the first of an estimated 200 fuel cell auxiliary power units for space applications. Union Carbide delivered a fuel cell scooter to the U.S. Army in 1967. PEM fuel cells were invented in the 1960s for Allis Chalmers fuel cell tractor, 1959 military applications and have been used since the 1970s in submarines. Engelhard developed a fuel-cell-powered forklift about 1969. Since fuel cells are modular, scalable, and fuel-flexible, they remain excellent candidates for a wide range of specialty vehicle applications. Fuel cells are currently being demonstrated on land,

Vehicle Technologies in the Media Spotlight Vehicle Technologies in the Media Spotlight August 19, 2013 Automakers have made steady progress reducing the cost and increasing the performance of fuel cell propulsion systems, and most major vehicle manufacturers are geared to launch fuel cell electric vehicles in the U.S. market between 2015 and 2020. A recent Denver Post article highlights the National Renewable Energy Laboratory's contribution to the progress that automakers have made in getting their fuel cell electric vehicles ready for production. "When I started working on fuel cells in the '90s, people said it was a good field because a solution would always be five years away," said Brian Pivovar, who leads NREL's fuel cell research. "Not anymore." The article references a variety of NREL's hydrogen and fuel cell

The empirical evidences in favor of the hypothesis that the speed of light decreases by a few centimeters per second each year are examined. Lunar laser ranging data are found to be consistent with this hypothesis, which also provides a straightforward explanation for the so-called Pioneer anomaly, that is, a time-dependent blue-shift observed when analyzing radio tracking data from distant spacecrafts, as well as an alternative explanation for both the apparent time-dilation of remote events and the apparent acceleration of the Universe. The main argument against this hypothesis, namely, the constancy of fine-structure and Rydberg constants, is discussed. Both of them being combinations of several physical constants, their constancy imply that, if the speed of light is indeed time-dependent, then at least two other "fundamental constants" have to vary as well. This defines strong constraints which will have to be fulfilled by future varying-speed-of-light theories.

U.S. national time series data on vehicle travel by passenger cars and light trucks covering the period 1966 2007 are used to test for the existence, size and stability of the rebound effect for motor vehicle fuel efficiency on vehicle travel. The data show a statistically significant effect of gasoline price on vehicle travel but do not support the existence of a direct impact of fuel efficiency on vehicle travel. Additional tests indicate that fuel price effects have not been constant over time, although the hypothesis of symmetry with respect to price increases and decreases is not rejected. Small and Van Dender (2007) model of a declining rebound effect with income is tested and similar results are obtained.

October 2, 2003 October 2, 2003 Vehicle-Mounted Natural Gas Leak Detector Passes Key "Road Test" Spots Natural Gas Leaks from 30 Feet Away At Speeds Approaching 20 Miles Per Hour Handheld Prototype Gas Detector Now Being Outfitted as a Van-Mounted Unit PSI has modified this early prototype of a handheld remote natural gas detector to operate from a moving vehicle. ANDOVER, MA - Physical Sciences Inc. (PSI) recently conducted a successful test of its mobile natural gas detector at the company's research facilities in Andover, Mass. PSI's prototype leak detector demonstrated its ability to spot natural gas leaks from a distance of up to 30 feet from a vehicle moving at speeds approaching 20 miles per hour. In the United States, significant resources are devoted annually to leak

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8 8 Smart Thermal Skins for Vehicles With a modest effort, many of the energy-efficient technologies developed for buildings can be transferred to the transportation sector. The goal of vehicle thermal management research at LBL is to save the energy equivalent of one to two billion gallons of gasoline per year, and improve the marketability of next-generation vehicles using advanced solar control glazings and insulating shell components to reduce accessory loads. Spectrally selective and electrochromic window glass and lightweight insulating materials improve the fuel efficiency of conventional and hybrid vehicles and extend the range of electric vehicles by reducing the need for air conditioning and heating, and by allowing the downsizing of equipment.

Vehicles Blog Vehicles Blog Vehicles Blog RSS November 22, 2013 As part of the 21st Century Truck Partnership, the Army will demonstrate technology that converts waste heat from an exhaust system to electricity used in its Stryker vehicle. | Photo courtesy of courtesy of U.S. Army Top U.S. Automakers Collaborate to Improve Heavy-Duty Freight Efficiency The 21st Century Truck Partnership aims to improve the fuel efficiency of heavy duty-freight vehicles in existing and future fleets throughout the country. The partnership includes 15 heavy-duty engine, truck, and bus manufacturers, four federal agencies and 12 national laboratories. September 19, 2013 A Clean Energy Revolution -- Now Critics often say America's clean energy future will "always be five years away." For four key clean energy technologies, that clean energy

News News Vehicles News RSS September 4, 2013 Energy Department Announces $45 Million to Advance Next-Generation Vehicle Technologies Thirty-eight projects will accelerate the research and development of technologies to improve vehicle fuel efficiency, lower transportation costs, and cut carbon pollution. Energy Department Announces $45 Million to Advance Next-Generation Vehicle Technologies Building on President Obama's Climate Action Plan to build a 21st century transportation sector and reduce greenhouse gas emissions, the Energy Department announced today more than $45 million for thirty-eight new projects that accelerate the research and development of vehicle technologies to improve fuel efficiency, lower transportation costs, and protect the environment in communities nationwide.

Detailed Detailed Tables The following tables present detailed characteristics of vehicles in the residential sector. Data are from the 1991 Residential Transportation Energy Consumption Survey. The "Glossary" contains the definitions of terms used in the tables. Table Organization The "Detailed Tables" section consists of three types of tables: (1) Tables of totals such as number of vehicle miles traveled (VMT) or gallons consumed; (2) Tables of per household statistics such as VMT per household; and (3) Tables of per vehicle statistics such as vehicle fuel consumption per vehicle. The tables have been grouped together by specific topics such as model year data, or family income data to facilitate finding related information. The Quick-Reference Guide to the detailed tables indicates major topics of each table. Row and Column Factors These tables present estimates

This report describes a model for forecasting total US highway travel by all vehicle types, and its implementation in the form of a personal computer program. The model comprises a short-run, econometrically-based module for forecasting through the year 2000, as well as a structural, scenario-based longer term module for forecasting through 2030. The short-term module is driven primarily by economic variables. It includes a detailed vehicle stock model and permits the estimation of fuel use as well as vehicle travel. The longer-tenn module depends on demographic factors to a greater extent, but also on trends in key parameters such as vehicle load factors, and the dematerialization of GNP. Both passenger and freight vehicle movements are accounted for in both modules. The model has been implemented as a compiled program in the Fox-Pro database management system operating in the Windows environment.

The Advanced Vehicle Testing Activity teamed with Electric Transportation Applications and Arizona Public Service to develop and monitor the operations of the APS Alternative Fuel (Hydrogen) Pilot Plant. The Pilot Plant provides 100% hydrogen, and hydrogen and compressed natural gas (H/CNG)-blended fuels for the evaluation of hydrogen and H/CNG internal combustion engine (ICE) vehicles in controlled and fleet testing environments. Since June 2002, twenty hydrogen and H/CNG vehicles have accumulated 300,000 test miles and 5,700 fueling events. The AVTA is part of the Department of Energy’s FreedomCAR and Vehicle Technologies Program. These testing activities are managed by the Idaho National Laboratory. This paper discusses the Pilot Plant design and monitoring, and hydrogen ICE vehicle testing methods and results.

Project Description: Propane Vehicle Demonstration Grants The Propane Vehicle Demonstration Grants was established to demonstrate the benefits of new propane equipment. The US Department of Energy, the Propane Education & Research Council (PERC) and the Propane Vehicle Council (PVC) partnered in this program. The project impacted ten different states, 179 vehicles, and 15 new propane fueling facilities. Based on estimates provided, this project generated a minimum of 1,441,000 new gallons of propane sold for the vehicle market annually. Additionally, two new off-road engines were brought to the market. Projects originally funded under this project were the City of Portland, Colorado, Kansas City, Impco Technologies, Jasper Engines, Maricopa County, New Jersey State, Port of Houston, Salt Lake City Newspaper, Suburban Propane, Mutual Liquid Propane and Ted Johnson.

3 Archive 3 Archive #810 Leasing on the Rise December 30, 2013 #809 What Do We Pay for in a Gallon of Gasoline? December 23, 2013 #808 Declining Use of Six- and Eight-Cylinder Engines December 16, 2013 #807 Light Vehicle Weights Leveling Off December 9, 2013 #806 Light Vehicle Market Shares, Model Years 1975-2012 December 2, 2013 #805 Vehicle Technology Penetration November 25, 2013 #804 Tool Available to Print Used Vehicle Fuel Economy Window Stickers November 18, 2013 #803 Average Number of Transmission Gears is on the Rise November 11, 2013 #802 Market Share by Transmission Type November 4, 2013 #801 Gasoline Direct Injection Continues to Grow October 28, 2013 #800 Characteristics of New Light Vehicles over Time October 21, 2013 #799 Electricity Generation by Source, 2003-2012 September 30, 2013

Glossary Glossary A | B | C | D | E | F | G | H | I | J | K | L | M | N | O | P | Q | R | S | T | U | V | W | X | Y | Z A Adsorption: The adhesion of the molecules of gases, dissolved substances, or liquids in more or less concentrated form to the surface of solids or liquids with which they are in contact. Commercial adsorbent materials have enormous internal surfaces. AEMD (Automotive Electric Drive Motor): A U.S. Department of Energy program to develop low-cost traction drive motors for automotive applications. Aerosol: A cloud consisting of particles dispersed in a gas or gases. AIPM (Automotive Integrated Power Module) A U.S. Department of Energy program to integrate the power devices, control electronics, and thermal management of a vehicle into a single low-cost package that will meet all requirements for automotive motor control applications.

Publisher Summary The electromechanical controllers are a kind of variable speed drives (VSDs) that are obsolete but are still in use because when a motor and a drive is combined, they become a power drive system (PDS). There are two ways of varying the speed of an induction motor, either by varying the motor slip or by varying the supply frequency. The preferred practice for electrical speed variation is to change the supply frequency with a variable frequency drive (VFD). Many other designs also have been developed. However, except the specialized applications, few are still in operation. A number of motor and drive manufacturers are now producing the integrated motor/VFD units. These units consist of a motor and a specially designed VFD, produced as a single package, with the VFD unit mounted variously on the top, side, or end of the motor.

The security plans for many DOE facilities require the monitoring of pedestrians and vehicles to control the movement of special nuclear material (SNM). Vehicle monitors often provide the outer-most barrier against the theft of SNM. Automatic monitors determine the presence of SNM by comparing the gamma-ray and neutron intensity while occupied, to the continuously updated background radiation level which is measured while the unit is unoccupied. The most important factors in choosing automatic vehicle monitors are sensitivity, cost and in high traffic applications total monitoring time. The two types of automatic vehicle monitors presently in use are the vehicle monitoring station and the drive-through vehicle monitor. These two types have dramatically different cost and sensitivities. The vehicle monitoring station has a worst-case detection sensitivity of 40 g of highly enriched uranium, HEU, and a cost approximately $180k. This type of monitor is very difficult to install and can only be used in low traffic flow locations. The drive-through vehicle portal has a worst-case detection sensitivity of 1 kg of HEU and a cost approximately $20k. The world`s political situation has created a pressing need to prevent the diversion of SNM from FSU nuclear facilities and across international borders. Drive-through vehicle monitors would be an effective and practical nuclear material proliferation deterrent if their sensitivity can be improved to a sufficient level. The goal of this project is to evaluate different detector configurations as a means of improving the sensitivity of these instruments to achieve a vehicle monitor that is economical, practical to install, and has adequate sensitivity to be an effective barrier to illegal transportation of SNM.

For the one-dimensional linear kinetic equation analytical solutions of problems about temperature jump and weak evaporation (condensation) over flat surface are received. The equation has integral of collisions BGK (Bhatnagar, Gross and Krook) and constant frequency of collisions of molecules. Distribution of concentration, mass speed and temperature is received.

Sample records for vehicle constant speed from the National Library of Energy Beta (NLEBeta)

Note: This page contains sample records for the topic "vehicle constant speed" from the National Library of EnergyBeta (NLEBeta).
While these samples are representative of the content of NLEBeta,
they are not comprehensive nor are they the most current set.
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Sample records for vehicle constant speed from the National Library of Energy Beta (NLEBeta)

Note: This page contains sample records for the topic "vehicle constant speed" from the National Library of EnergyBeta (NLEBeta).
While these samples are representative of the content of NLEBeta,
they are not comprehensive nor are they the most current set.
We encourage you to perform a real-time search of NLEBeta
to obtain the most current and comprehensive results.

Driving style changes, e.g., improving driver efficiency and motivating driver behavior changes, could deliver significant petroleum savings. This project examines eliminating stop-and-go driving and unnecessary idling, and also adjusting acceleration rates and cruising speeds to ideal levels to quantify fuel savings. Such extreme adjustments can result in dramatic fuel savings of over 30%, but would in reality only be achievable through automated control of vehicles and traffic flow. In real-world driving, efficient driving behaviors could reduce fuel use by 20% on aggressively driven cycles and by 5-10% on more moderately driven trips. A literature survey was conducted of driver behavior influences, and pertinent factors from on-road experiments with different driving styles were observed. This effort highlighted important driver influences such as surrounding vehicle behavior, anxiety over trying to get somewhere quickly, and the power/torque available from the vehicle. Existing feedback approaches often deliver efficiency information and instruction. Three recommendations for maximizing fuel savings from potential drive cycle improvement are: (1) leveraging applications with enhanced incentives, (2) using an approach that is easy and widely deployable to motivate drivers, and (3) utilizing connected vehicle and automation technologies to achieve large and widespread efficiency improvements.

A power system for a motor vehicle having an internal combustion engine, the power system comprises an electric machine (12) further comprising a first excitation source (47), a permanent magnet rotor (28) and a magnetic coupling rotor (26) spaced from the permanent magnet rotor and at least one second excitation source (43), the magnetic coupling rotor (26) also including a flywheel having an inertial mass to store kinetic energy during an initial acceleration to an operating speed; and wherein the first excitation source is electrically connected to the second excitation source for power cycling such that the flywheel rotor (26) exerts torque on the permanent magnet rotor (28) to assist braking and acceleration of the permanent magnet rotor (28) and consequently, the vehicle. An axial gap machine and a radial gap machine are disclosed and methods of the invention are also disclosed.

Sustainable mobility policy for long-distance transportation services should consider emerging automobiles and aircraft as well as infrastructure and supply chain life-cycle effects in the assessment of new high-speed rail systems. Using the California corridor, future automobiles, high-speed rail and aircraft long-distance travel are evaluated, considering emerging fuel-efficient vehicles, new train designs and the possibility that the region will meet renewable electricity goals. An attributional per passenger-kilometer-traveled life-cycle inventory is first developed including vehicle, infrastructure and energy production components. A consequential life-cycle impact assessment is then established to evaluate existing infrastructure expansion against the construction of a new high-speed rail system. The results show that when using the life-cycle assessment framework, greenhouse gas footprints increase significantly and human health and environmental damage potentials may be dominated by indirect and supply chain components. The environmental payback is most sensitive to the number of automobile trips shifted to high-speed rail, and for greenhouse gases is likely to occur in 20–30 years. A high-speed rail system that is deployed with state-of-the-art trains, electricity that has met renewable goals, and in a configuration that endorses high ridership will provide significant environmental benefits over existing modes. Opportunities exist for reducing the long-distance transportation footprint by incentivizing large automobile trip shifts, meeting clean electricity goals and reducing material production effects.

This final report documents the technical results of the 3-year project entitled, “Turbulent Flame Speeds and NOx Kinetics of HHC Fuels with Contaminants and High Dilution Levels,” funded under the NETL of DOE. The research was conducted under six main tasks: 1) program management and planning; 2) turbulent flame speed measurements of syngas mixtures; 3) laminar flame speed measurements with diluents; 4) NOx mechanism validation experiments; 5) fundamental NOx kinetics; and 6) the effect of impurities on NOx kinetics. Experiments were performed using primary constant-volume vessels for laminar and turbulent flame speeds and shock tubes for ignition delay times and species concentrations. In addition to the existing shock- tube and flame speed facilities, a new capability in measuring turbulent flame speeds was developed under this grant. Other highlights include an improved NOx kinetics mechanism; a database on syngas blends for real fuel mixtures with and without impurities; an improved hydrogen sulfide mechanism; an improved ammonia kintics mechanism; laminar flame speed data at high pressures with water addition; and the development of an inexpensive absorption spectroscopy diagnostic for shock-tube measurements of OH time histories. The Project Results for this work can be divided into 13 major sections, which form the basis of this report. These 13 topics are divided into the five areas: 1) laminar flame speeds; 2) Nitrogen Oxide and Ammonia chemical kinetics; 3) syngas impurities chemical kinetics; 4) turbulent flame speeds; and 5) OH absorption measurements for chemical kinetics.

Changes to vehicle traffic-screening Changes to vehicle traffic-screening Laboratory to change vehicle traffic-screening regimen at vehicle inspection station Lanes two through five will be open 24 hours a day and won't be staffed by a Laboratory protective force officer. September 1, 2009 Los Alamos National Laboratory sits on top of a once-remote mesa in northern New Mexico with the Jemez mountains as a backdrop to research and innovation covering multi-disciplines from bioscience, sustainable energy sources, to plasma physics and new materials. Los Alamos National Laboratory sits on top of a once-remote mesa in northern New Mexico with the Jemez mountains as a backdrop to research and innovation covering multi-disciplines from bioscience, sustainable energy sources, to plasma physics and new materials.

Research Research Search More Search Options Site Map Photo of Advanced Automotive Manikin Reducing fuel consumption by air conditioning systems is the focus of Vehicle Ancillary Loads Reduction (VALR) activities at NREL. About 7 billion gallons of fuel-about 5.5% of total national light-duty vehicle fuel use-are used annually just to cool light-duty vehicles in the United States. That's why our VALR team works with industry to help increase fuel economy and reduce tailpipe emissions by reducing the ancillary loads requirements in vehicles while maintaining the thermal comfort of the passengers. Approaches include improved cabin insulation, advanced window systems, advanced cooling and venting systems, and heat generated cooling. Another focus of the VALR project is ADAM, the ADvanced Automotive Manikin