the places you go to get the drugs put you at increased risk of trauma exposure.

is there a causal link between PTSD and Depression?

No, correlational studies, problems with what came first etc mean there is only a link.

Breslau conducted a longitudinal study to examine the link between PTSD and depression. What were his major findings?

that PTSD sufferers are 4 times more likely to develop depression.
that the key to who went on to develop PTSD was related to PTSD and NOT the trauma.
That preexisting depression was a risk factor for PTSD development and trauma exposure.

What did Boudreaux find?

that when all other things were controlled for, PTSD mediated the development of other psychopathology post-trauma.

What are some of the methodological probs with trying to determine link between PTSD and depression?

Intense escalation of symptoms that occur quickly over a 10 min period. Shortness of breath, dizziness, choking, feeling faint etc. can be cued or uncued.

How common are panic attacks during or after trauma?

Very common 50-90% depending on the type of trauma.

What did Nixon and Bryant find out in their study on panic attacks and ASD?

that 100% of those who developed ASD and 47% of those who didn'thad had peritraumatic panic attack . However, 93% of the ASD sufferers went on to have recurrent attacks while only 7% of the non-ASD sufferers went on to suffer later panic attack.

Which is worse - substance abuse or substance dependence?

Dependence. it is a maladaptive pattern of substance abuse that lasts more than 12 months.

what are some of the methodological issues which make studies of substance abuse/dependence and PTSD hard to compare?

Mixed findings as they use the terms abuse and dependence interchangably or lump them together even though they are different problems.
Different substance will put you are greater/lesser risk than others ie cocaine as opposed to alcohol.