There are numerous spellings of the name, including ǁAuǁei, ǁX’auǁ’e, and Auen. Endonyms are Juǀʼhoan, ǃXuun in Namibia and ǂKx'ao||'ae (predominantly in Botswana) meaning "northern people" in Naro. It also goes by the names Gobabis ǃKung and Kaukau (which can take the noun class prefixes in Tswana to give Mokaukau for one person, Bakaukau for the group and Sekaukau for the language).

In Namibia, ǂKx'ao||'ae tends to refer literally to the !Xuun speakers to the north in the Caprivi area. With the exception of a few cultural traits, speakers of ǂKx'ao||'ae in Botswana and those of Ju|'hoan in Namibia argue that they are one and the same people, speaking one language, with some dialectal attributes.

The non-Latin characters used by the language predominantly refer to click consonants and follow the orthography by Patrick Dickens for Juǀ'hoan.

The limited data on these dialects is poorly transcribed, but as of 2015 fieldwork is in progress.

1.
Namibia
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Namibia, officially the Republic of Namibia, is a country in southern Africa whose western border is the Atlantic Ocean. It shares land borders with Zambia and Angola to the north, Botswana to the east and South Africa to the south, although it does not border Zimbabwe, a part of less than 200 metres of the Zambezi River separates the two countries. Namibia gained independence from South Africa on 21 March 1990, following the Namibian War of Independence. Its capital and largest city is Windhoek, and it is a state of the United Nations, the Southern African Development Community, the African Union. The dry lands of Namibia were inhabited since early times by the San, Damara, since about the 14th century, immigrating Bantu peoples arrived as part of the Bantu expansion. Since then the Bantu groups in total, known as the Ovambo people, have dominated the population of the country, in the late 19th century during European colonization, the German Empire established rule over most of the territory as a protectorate in 1884. It began to develop infrastructure and farming, and maintained this German colony until 1915, after the end of World War I, in 1920 the League of Nations mandated the country to the United Kingdom, under administration by South Africa. It imposed its laws, including racial classifications and rules, from 1948, with the National Party elected to power, South Africa applied apartheid also to what was known as South West Africa. In 1878 the Cape of Good Hope had annexed the port of Walvis Bay and the offshore Penguin Islands, following continued guerrilla warfare, South Africa installed an interim administration in Namibia in 1985. Namibia obtained full independence from South Africa in 1990, but Walvis Bay and the Penguin Islands remained under South African control until 1994. Namibia has a population of 2.1 million people and a stable multi-party parliamentary democracy, Agriculture, herding, tourism and the mining industry – including mining for gem diamonds, uranium, gold, silver, and base metals – form the basis of its economy. The large, arid Namib Desert has resulted in Namibia being overall one of the least densely populated countries in the world, Namibia enjoys high political, economic and social stability. The name of the country is derived from the Namib Desert, before its independence in 1990, the area was known first as German South-West Africa, then as South-West Africa, reflecting the colonial occupation by the Germans and the South Africans. The dry lands of Namibia were inhabited since early times by San, Damara, from about the 14th century, immigrating Bantu peoples arrived during the Bantu expansion from central Africa. From the late 18th century onwards, Oorlam people from Cape Colony crossed the Orange River and their encounters with the nomadic Nama tribes were largely peaceful. The missionaries accompanying the Oorlam were well received by them, the right to use waterholes, on their way further northwards, however, the Oorlam encountered clans of the Herero at Windhoek, Gobabis, and Okahandja, who resisted their encroachment. The Nama-Herero War broke out in 1880, with hostilities ebbing only after the German Empire deployed troops to the places and cemented the status quo among the Nama, Oorlam. The first Europeans to disembark and explore the region were the Portuguese navigators Diogo Cão in 1485 and Bartolomeu Dias in 1486, like most of interior Sub-Saharan Africa, Namibia was not extensively explored by Europeans until the 19th century

2.
Botswana
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Botswana, officially the Republic of Botswana, is a landlocked country located in Southern Africa. The citizens refer to themselves as Batswana, formerly the British protectorate of Bechuanaland, Botswana adopted its new name after becoming independent within the Commonwealth on 30 September 1966. Since then, it has maintained a tradition of stable representative democracy. Botswana is topographically flat, with up to 70 percent of its territory being the Kalahari Desert and it is bordered by South Africa to the south and southeast, Namibia to the west and north, and Zimbabwe to the northeast. Its border with Zambia to the north near Kazungula is poorly defined, a mid-sized country of just over 2 million people, Botswana is one of the most sparsely populated nations in the world. Around 10 percent of the lives in the capital and largest city. The economy is dominated by mining, cattle, and tourism, Botswana boasts a GDP per capita of about $18,825 per year as of 2015, which is one of the highest in Africa. Its high gross national income gives the country a modest standard of living, Botswana is a member of the African Union, the Southern African Development Community, the Commonwealth of Nations, and the United Nations. The country has been among the hardest hit by the HIV/AIDS epidemic, the death rate due to AIDS or AIDS-related causes has fallen sharply from 2005 to 2013, and the number of new infections in children has also fallen. As of 2014, Botswana has the third-highest prevalence rate for HIV/AIDS, the history of Botswana starts more than 100,000 years ago, when the first humans inhabited the region. The original inhabitants of southern Africa were the Bushmen and Khoi peoples, both speak Khoisan languages and lived as hunter-gatherers. About a thousand years ago, large chiefdoms emerged that were later eclipsed by the Great Zimbabwe empire, around 1300 CE, peoples in present-day Transvaal began to coalesce into three main linguistic and political groups, including the Batswana. The Batswana, a term used also to all citizens of Botswana. Prior to European contact, the Batswana lived as herders and farmers under tribal rule, as groups broke off and moved to new land, new tribes were created. Some human development occurred before the colonial period, during the 1700s, the slave and ivory trades were expanding. To resist these pressures, Shaka, the king of the Zulu Empire, conquered tribes began to move northwest into Botswana, destroying everything in their path. In their efforts to re-establish themselves at the end of period, tribes began to exchange ivory and skins for guns with European traders. Christian missionaries sent from Europe also spread to the interior, often at the invitation of tribal chiefs who wanted guns, by 1880 every major village had a resident missionary, and their influence became permanent

3.
Language family
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A language family is a group of languages related through descent from a common ancestral language or parental language, called the proto-language of that family. Linguists therefore describe the languages within a language family as being genetically related. Estimates of the number of living languages vary from 5,000 to 8,000, depending on the precision of ones definition of language, the 2013 edition of Ethnologue catalogs just over 7,000 living human languages. A living language is one that is used as the primary form of communication of a group of people. There are also dead and extinct languages, as well as some that are still insufficiently studied to be classified. Membership of languages in a family is established by comparative linguistics. Sister languages are said to have a genetic or genealogical relationship, speakers of a language family belong to a common speech community. The divergence of a proto-language into daughter languages typically occurs through geographical separation, individuals belonging to other speech communities may also adopt languages from a different language family through the language shift process. Genealogically related languages present shared retentions, that is, features of the proto-language that cannot be explained by chance or borrowing, for example, Germanic languages are Germanic in that they share vocabulary and grammatical features that are not believed to have been present in the Proto-Indo-European language. These features are believed to be innovations that took place in Proto-Germanic, language families can be divided into smaller phylogenetic units, conventionally referred to as branches of the family because the history of a language family is often represented as a tree diagram. A family is a unit, all its members derive from a common ancestor. Some taxonomists restrict the term family to a level. Those who affix such labels also subdivide branches into groups, a top-level family is often called a phylum or stock. The closer the branches are to other, the closer the languages will be related. For example, the Celtic, Germanic, Slavic, Romance, there is a remarkably similar pattern shown by the linguistic tree and the genetic tree of human ancestry that was verified statistically. Languages interpreted in terms of the phylogenetic tree of human languages are transmitted to a great extent vertically as opposed to horizontally. A speech variety may also be considered either a language or a dialect depending on social or political considerations, thus, different sources give sometimes wildly different accounts of the number of languages within a family. Classifications of the Japonic family, for example, range from one language to nearly twenty, most of the worlds languages are known to be related to others

4.
Dialect continuum
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That happens, for example, across large parts of India or the Maghreb. Historically, it happened in various parts of Europe such as between Portugal, southern Belgium and southern Italy, and between Flanders and Austria. Leonard Bloomfield used the dialect area. It is analogous to a species in evolutionary biology. Dialect continua typically occur in long-settled agrarian populations, as innovations spread from their various points of origin as waves, in this situation, hierarchical classifications of varieties are impractical. Instead, dialectologists map variation of language features across a dialect continuum. The influential Atlas linguistique de la France pioneered the use of a trained fieldworker and these atlases typically consist of display maps, each showing local forms of a particular item at the survey locations. Secondary studies may include maps, showing the areal distribution of various variants. A common tool in these maps is an isogloss, a line separating areas where different variants of a particular feature predominate, in a dialect continuum, isoglosses for different features are typically spread out, reflecting the gradual transition between varieties. A bundle of coinciding isoglosses indicate a stronger dialect boundary, as might occur at geographical obstacles or long-standing political boundaries, in other cases, intersecting isoglosses and more complex patterns are found. Standard varieties may be developed and codified from one or more locations in a continuum, in such cases the local variety is said to be dependent on, or heteronomous with respect to, the standard variety. The Scandinavian languages, Danish, Norwegian and Swedish, are cited as examples. Conversely, a defined in this way may include local varieties that are mutually unintelligible. The choice of standard is determined by a political boundary. As a results, speakers on either side of the boundary may use almost identical varieties, but treat them as dependent on different standards, the choice may be a matter of national, regional or religious identity, and may be controversial. In the Yugoslav republic of Macedonia, a standard was developed from local varieties within a continuum with Serbia to the north, the standard was deliberately based on varieties from the west of the republic that were most different from standard Bulgarian. Now known as Macedonian, it is the standard of the independent Republic of Macedonia. Europe provides several examples of dialect continua, the largest of which involve the Germanic, Romance and Slavic branches of the Indo-European language family

5.
East Hanahai
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East Hanahai is a village in Ghanzi District of Botswana. It is located in the part of the district, close to the Central Kalahari Game Reserve. East Hanahai has a school and a health clinic. The lack of means that many members of the community rely on irregular government piece jobs and/or government food baskets. The population was 532 in 2011 census and is made up of a mixture of Basarwa and Batswana

6.
Ghanzi
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Ghanzi is a town in the middle of the Kalahari Desert the western part of the Republic of Botswana in southern Africa. At the time of the 2011 census, there were 12,167 people living in the town with another 861 nearby and it is the administrative center of Ghanzi District and is known as the Capital of the Kalahari. Ghanzi District measures 117,910 square kilometres and is bordered by Ngamiland to the north, Central District to the east and its western border is shared with Namibia. Other spellings of Ghanzi include Gantsi, which is consistent with Setswana, the national language of Botswana, Ghansi. However, the first substantial Boer migration into Ghanzi began around 1897-1898, the place known today as Ghanzi was first called Kamp. The Kalahari Arms Hotel and the Barclays bank in Ghanzi were some of the first businesses established in Ghanzi, the town of Ghanzi was the subject of a 1988 LA Times article which described the close-knit relationship between resident Afrikaners and Bushmen. At the time, there was no radio or television in Ghanzi, and the Kalahari Arms Hotel, Ghanzi is a place of different ethnic groups such as Afrikaners, Basarwa, Bakgalagadi and Baherero, who all have a spirit of tolerance. Residents of this place speak different languages such as Afrikaans, English, Sesarwa, Sekgalagadi and Seherero, though there is no available information as to the current numbers of the Afrikaner population, in 1973, Kalahari Boer made up about 10% of the population in Ghanzi. The districts land surface consists of gently undulating sandveld which lies between 1,100 and 1,230 meters above sea level. The Kalahari is the largest continuous stretch of sand in the world, karoo sediments, covered by younger basaltic lavas, underlie most of the Kalahari sands and about half of the country of Botswana. The sands of the Kalahari vary in depth from 5m to 200m, mean maximum daily temperatures are 33-45°C in January and around 22°C in July, mean minimum temperatures are 4 to -5°C in the winter months. The long-term mean annual rainfall is around 375mm although this can vary by up to 50% year by year, generally speaking, both the climate and the soils are unfavorable for arable farming. Small cultivation is spread over the district but is limited to crops of maize, sorghum, beans, peas. Ghanzi has three banks – Barclays Bank, First National Bank, and Bank Gaborone, all of which have ATMs, Ghanzi now has three shopping centres, Ghanzi Spar, Score and the recently opened Choppies, another retailer in Botswana. There is currently no scheduled service, only charter and private operations, an annual agricultural show usually in August attracts many people from all over southern Africa. The people in Ghanzi come together and celebrate, actions are also held at the premises and BDF usually comes to show their weaponry. Ghanzi is a stop point for travelers wishing to visit the Okavango Delta, there are many lodges in the area. It is the only available fill-up point between Kang and Maun, which is about 500 km, if one are travelling to the Okavango Delta, there is one hotel in Ghanzi town, the Kalahari Arms Hotel which offers accommodation and has a restaurant and bar open to non-residents

7.
Ghanzi District
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Ghanzi is a district in western Botswana, bordering Namibia in the west and extending east into much of the interior of the country. The districts administrative centre is the town of Ghanzi, Most of the eastern half of Ghanzi makes up the Central Kalahari Game Reserve. The human population at the 2001 census was 43,370, in the west, Ghanzi borders the Omaheke Region of Namibia. Domestically, it borders the districts, North-West on the north, Central on the east, Kweneng on the southeast. Ghanzi, Central Kalahari Game Reserve, Deception Valley, Ghanzi Craft, Kgalagadi Transfrontier Park, the district is administered by a district administration and district council which are responsible for local administration. The total number of workers constituted 10,294 with 5,959 males and 4,335 females, in the west, Ghanzi borders the Omaheke Region of Namibia. Domestically, it borders the districts, North-West on the north, Central on the east, Kweneng on the southeast. Ghanzi is traversed by the line of equal latitude and longitude. This region is covered by the Kalahari Desert, some of which is also covered by the Makgadikgadi Pans. The largest village in the district is the capital Ghanzi with a population of 9,934 according to the 2001 census, which is five times more than the second-largest village Ncojane has. The following is the list of the villages in Ghanzi district listed separately in 2001 census, the region has an average elevation of around 550 m above the mean sea level. The vegetation type is Savannah, with grasses, bushes and tress on the eastern sides. The annual precipitation is around 25 cm, most of which is received during the season from November to May. Most of the rivers in the region are seasonal which are prone to flash floods, as of 2011, the total population of the district was 43,355 compared to 33,170 in 2001. The growth rate of population during the decade was 2.71, the population in the district was 2.14 per cent of the total population in the country. The sex ratio stood at 107.41 for every 100 males, the average house hold size was 2.94 in 2011 compared to 4.21 in 2001. As of 2011, there were a total of 23 schools in the district, the total number of students in the Council schools was 7,202 while it was 69 in private schools. The total number of enrolled in the district was 7,271,3,645 girls and 3,626 boys

8.
Gobabis
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Gobabis is a city in eastern Namibia. It is the capital of the Omaheke Region, and the district capital of the Gobabis electoral constituency. Gobabis is situated 200 km down the B6 motorway from Windhoek to Botswana, the town is 113 km from the Buitepos border post with Botswana, and serves as an important link to South Africa on the tarred Trans-Kalahari Highway. Gobabis is in the heart of the farming area. In fact Gobabis is so proud of its cattle farming that a statue of a large Brahman bull with the inscription Cattle Country greets visitors to the town, the area around Gobabis and along the Nossob River had a strong population of elephants. The settlement itself was a camp for ivory hunters and a trading post for elephant tusks. In 1856 a mission station was established by one Friederich Eggert of the Rhenish Missionary Society, Gobabis is in an area where the Herero and the Nama people fought wars against one another, as well as with settlers from the Cape colony that occupied the land. According to oral tradition, the earliest name for the settlement in this area was the Khoekhoegowab word ǂkhoandabes, the place where the elephant came to lick. This reason for this name is speculated to be that elephant tusks that would crack in the dry, the Herero called the place Epako. Later the settlement was referred to as Gobabis by the Whites, a common earlier interpretation of the name, ǂkhoa -bes, Elephant fountain, was introduced by Heinrich Vedder and gained wide acceptance. Vedder also opined that it was Amraal Lambert, Captain of the Kaiǀkhauan who called the place Gobabis because he could not pronounce ǂKoabes, the Gobabis district was proclaimed by the German authorities in February 1894 and in June the following year Gobabis was occupied by a German garrison. While the military fort, built in 1896-7, has long disappeared, one of the few buildings dating back to that era is the field hospital, or Lazarett. Gobabis has a climate, with hot summers and cool winters. The average annual precipitation is 370 mm, the transport route is known as the Trans-Kalahari Corridor. Gobabis is connected to the Namibian railway system, the passenger train that used to run to the capital Windhoek four times a week no longer takes passengers. The town hosts two hospitals, a clinic, banking and shopping facilities, legare Stadium is located in the town. Gobabis is governed by a council that currently has seven seats. The most notable landmark upon entering Gobabis from Windhoek is the Cattle Country Statue, drachten, the Netherlands Smallingerland, the Netherlands E. Amutenya, Gobabis Deputy Mayor Sila Bezuidenhoudt, Gobabis Mayor E

9.
Otjinene
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Otjinene is a village in the Omaheke Region of Namibia. It is the capital of Otjinene Constituency. Otjinene is connected via a 157 kilometres tarred road to the regional capital Gobabis, Otjinene is surrounded by a communal area, where there are many villages. There are more or less 20 households in each village, the majority of the people around Otjinene are communal farmers, farming with cattle, goats and sheep. There is one health clinic which operates under the Ministry of Health and Social Services, C.18 kilometres to the Northeast is the Ozombuzovindimba heritage site. OvaHerero and OvaMbanderu people gather here to commemorate lives and deaths of their ancestors. Otjinene was proclaimed a village in 2011, since then it is governed by a village council that currently has five seats

10.
Omaheke Region
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Omaheke is one of the fourteen regions of Namibia, its capital is Gobabis. It lies on the border of Namibia and is the Western extension of the Kalahari desert. The name Omaheke is the Herero word for Sandveld, a large part of this region is known as the Sandveld. The northeastern part of the region is very much wilderness. Anthropologically, almost the entire Ovambanderu and Gobabis-Ju/wa ethnic groups reside in the region, furthermore, it is a rich cultural area for Herero, Damara-Nama, Tswana, Afrikaner and German, with a sprinkling of northerners. A notable event is the annual Meat Festival and those who tried to emerge from the desert were killed by German patrols along the perimeter of the Omaheke. This was the point in the Herero and Namaqua Genocide. Laura McLeod-Katjirua of SWAPO was Governor of Omaheke Region from 2001 to 2012, festus Ueitele was appointed as her successor in April 2013. The region comprises seven constituencies Upon independence of Namibia, Hereroland East was absorbed into the region, national Unity Democratic Organisation s Kuaima Riruako, paramount chief of the Herero people, received over 7,000 votes, and the DTAs Katuutire Kaura received over 3,700 votes. Only in the more populated Khomas Region and neighboring Otjozondjupa Region did Riruako gain more votes. In the 2015 regional elections Swapo won four of the seven constituencies, aminuis and Otjinene went to NUDO, and Otjombinde was won by an independent candidate. Gobabis is the centre of this area and also its main business area, as it is linked with the capital of Namibia, Windhoek, by rail. This infrastructure serves as the supply line for the region. All the other centres in the region are linked with Gobabis by road. Many other services are rendered from Gobabis to the region, such as the Police Divisional Headquarters, clinics in the region are served by medical practitioners based in Gobabis, and there are two hospitals and a clinic serving the region. The agricultural patterns of this region is to a large extent homogenous, most of the 900 commercial and 3,500 communal farmers in this area are cattle breeders. A regional office of the Ministry of Agriculture, serving the region, is based in Gobabis. Hunting, including hunting, is one of the major sources of income for the region

11.
Tswana language
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The Tswana language, Setswana, is a language spoken in southern Africa by about five million people. Tswana is a language and lingua franca of Botswana. The two South African provinces with largest number of speakers are Gauteng Province and North West Province, until 1994, South African Tswana people were notionally citizens of Bophuthatswana, one of the bantustans of the apartheid regime. The first European to describe the Tswana language was the German traveller H. Lichtenstein and he mistakenly regarded Tswana as a dialect of the Xhosa language, and the name he used for the language Beetjuana may also have covered the Northern- and Southern Sotho languages. In the following years he published other books of the Bible. Masego was the first to speak the language, the first grammar of the Tswana language was published in 1833 by the missionary James Archbell, although it was modelled on a Xhosa grammar. The first grammar of Tswana which regarded it as a language from Xhosa was published by the French missionary E. Casalis in 1841. He changed his mind later, and in a publication from 1882 he noted that the Northern-, in 1876 the South African intellectual and linguist Solomon Plaatje was born, and he became one of the first writers to extensively write in and about the Tswana language. The vowel inventory of Tswana can be seen below, some dialects have two additional vowels, the close-mid vowels /e/ and /o/. The consonant inventory of Tswana can be seen below, the consonant /d/ is merely an allophone of /l/, when the latter is followed by the vowels /i/ or /u/. Tswana also has three click consonants, but these are used in interjections or ideophones, and tend only to be used by the older generation. The three click consonants are the dental click /ǀ/, orthographically ⟨c⟩, the lateral click /ǁ/, orthographically ⟨x⟩, there are some minor dialectal variations among the consonants between speakers of Tswana. For instance, /χ/ is realised as either /x/ or /h/ by many speakers, /f/ is realised as /h/ in most dialects, and /tɬ/ and /tɬʰ/ are realised as /t/ and /tʰ/ in northern dialects. Stress is fixed in Tswana and thus falls on the penult of a word. The syllable on which the falls is lengthened. Tswana has two tones, high and low, although the latter has a wider distribution in words than the former. Tones are not marked orthographically which may lead to ambiguity, if a syllable bears a high tone, the following two syllables will also get high tones, unless they are at the end of the word. The nine classes and their respective prefixes can be seen below, some nouns may be found in several classes

12.
Caprivi Strip
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Caprivi is bordered by the Okavango, Kwando, Chobe and Zambezi rivers. Its largest settlement is the town of Katima Mulilo and it went through a civil war from 1994–1999. The strip is divided between the eastern Zambezi Region and the western Kavango East Region. Inhabitants of the Caprivi Strip speak a number of African languages, mostly members of the Bantu language family, with speakers of Hukwe, the Bantu languages include Yeyi, Mbukushu, Gciriku, Fwe, Totela, and Subiya. Perhaps a majority in the Caprivi Strip, especially in the town of Katima Mulilo. Many also speak some English and Afrikaans, the area is rich in wildlife and has mineral resources. Of particular interest to the government of Namibia is that it gives access to the Zambezi River, within Namibia the Caprivi Strip provides significant habitat for the critically endangered Wild African Dog, Lycaon pictus. It is a corridor for African elephant moving from Botswana and Namibia into Angola, Zambia, National Parks found in the Caprivi Strip are Bwabwata National Park, Mudumu National Park and Nkasa Rupara National Park. Local communities have organised themselves into communal area conservancies and community forests, people work closely with the Namibian Government to jointly manage natural resources through several programmes set up between the Namibian Government and various donors. Caprivi was named after German Chancellor Leo von Caprivi, who negotiated the acquisition of the land in an 1890 exchange with the United Kingdom, the river later proved unnavigable and unaccessable to the Indian Ocean due to Victoria Falls. The annexation was a part of the Heligoland-Zanzibar Treaty, in which Germany gave up its interest in Zanzibar in return for the Caprivi Strip and the island of Heligoland in the North Sea. In the late 20th century, the Caprivi Strip attracted attention as Namibia, the core of the territorial dispute concerned which channel of the Chobe River was the thalweg, the bona fide international boundary. This was important, as, depending on the decision, an island would fall into national territory. In December 1999, the International Court of Justice ruled that the main channel, the Caprivi Strip is of politico-strategic military importance. Namibian armed forces quashed the attempt at secession within a few days, the parentage and development of Lozi. Journal of African Languages and Literature,11, 127–149, painted Hunting Dog, Lycaon pictus, GlobalTwitcher. com, ed. N. Stromberg

13.
Click consonants
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Clicks are speech sounds that occur as consonants in many languages of Southern Africa and in three languages of East Africa. Examples familiar to English-speakers are the tsk. tsk. or tut-tut used to express disapproval or pity, used to spur on a horse, and the clip-clop. Sound children make with their tongue to imitate a horse trotting, technically, clicks are obstruents articulated with two closures in the mouth, one forward and one at the back. The enclosed pocket of air is rarefied by an action of the tongue. Click consonants occur at five places of articulation. IPA represents a click by placing the assigned symbol for the place of click articulation adjacent to a symbol for a sound at the rear place of articulation. The IPA symbols are used in writing most Khoisan languages, but Bantu languages such as Zulu typically use Latin ⟨c⟩, ⟨x⟩ and ⟨q⟩ for dental, lateral, the easiest clicks for English speakers are the dental clicks written with a single pipe, ǀ. They are all sharp squeaky sounds made by sucking on the front teeth, a simple dental click is used in English to express pity or to shame someone, and sometimes to call an animal, and is written tsk. in American English and tut. in British English. Curiously, in Italian this sound means no used as an answer to a direct question, next most familiar to English speakers are the lateral clicks written with a double pipe, ǁ. They are also sounds, though less sharp than ǀ. A simple lateral click is made in English to get a horse moving, then there are the labial clicks, written with a bulls eye, ʘ. These are lip-smacking sounds, but without the pursing of the found in a kiss. The above clicks sound like affricates, in that they involve a lot of friction, the other two families are more abrupt sounds that do not have this friction. Like a cork being pulled from an empty bottle and these sounds can be quite loud. Finally, the clicks, ǂ, are made with a flat tongue. Clicks occur in all three Khoisan language families of southern Africa, where they may be the most numerous consonants, to a lesser extent they occur in three neighbouring groups of Bantu languages—which borrowed them, directly or indirectly, from Khoisan. These sounds occur not only in borrowed vocabulary, but have spread to native Bantu words as well, some creolized varieties of Afrikaans, such as Oorlams, retain clicks in Khoekhoe words. Three languages in East Africa use clicks, Sandawe and Hadza of Tanzania, and Dahalo and it is thought the latter may remain from an episode of language shift

14.
International Standard Book Number
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The International Standard Book Number is a unique numeric commercial book identifier. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an e-book, a paperback and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, the method of assigning an ISBN is nation-based and varies from country to country, often depending on how large the publishing industry is within a country. The initial ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 based upon the 9-digit Standard Book Numbering created in 1966, the 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108. Occasionally, a book may appear without a printed ISBN if it is printed privately or the author does not follow the usual ISBN procedure, however, this can be rectified later. Another identifier, the International Standard Serial Number, identifies periodical publications such as magazines, the ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 in the United Kingdom by David Whitaker and in 1968 in the US by Emery Koltay. The 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108, the United Kingdom continued to use the 9-digit SBN code until 1974. The ISO on-line facility only refers back to 1978, an SBN may be converted to an ISBN by prefixing the digit 0. For example, the edition of Mr. J. G. Reeder Returns, published by Hodder in 1965, has SBN340013818 -340 indicating the publisher,01381 their serial number. This can be converted to ISBN 0-340-01381-8, the check digit does not need to be re-calculated, since 1 January 2007, ISBNs have contained 13 digits, a format that is compatible with Bookland European Article Number EAN-13s. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an ebook, a paperback, and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, a 13-digit ISBN can be separated into its parts, and when this is done it is customary to separate the parts with hyphens or spaces. Separating the parts of a 10-digit ISBN is also done with either hyphens or spaces, figuring out how to correctly separate a given ISBN number is complicated, because most of the parts do not use a fixed number of digits. ISBN issuance is country-specific, in that ISBNs are issued by the ISBN registration agency that is responsible for country or territory regardless of the publication language. Some ISBN registration agencies are based in national libraries or within ministries of culture, in other cases, the ISBN registration service is provided by organisations such as bibliographic data providers that are not government funded. In Canada, ISBNs are issued at no cost with the purpose of encouraging Canadian culture. In the United Kingdom, United States, and some countries, where the service is provided by non-government-funded organisations. Australia, ISBNs are issued by the library services agency Thorpe-Bowker

15.
Khoisan languages
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The Khoisan languages are the languages of Africa that have click consonants but do not belong to other language families. For much of the 20th century they were thought to have a relationship with each other. Ethnically, their speakers are the Khoikhoi and the San, two languages of east Africa, those of the Sandawe and Hadza, are also called Khoisan, although their speakers are ethnically neither Khoikhoi nor San. Before the Bantu expansion, Khoisan languages, or languages like them, were spread throughout southern and eastern Africa. They are currently restricted to the Kalahari Desert, primarily in Namibia and Botswana, most of the languages are endangered, and several are moribund or extinct. Language use is quite strong among the 20,000 speakers of Naro, Khoisan languages are best known for their use of click consonants as phonemes. These are typically written with such as ǃ and ǂ. Clicks are quite versatile as consonants, as they involve two articulations of the tongue which can operate partially independently, consequently, the languages with the greatest numbers of consonants in the world are Khoisan. The Juǀʼhoan language has 48 click consonants, among nearly as many non-click consonants, strident and pharyngealized vowels, the ǃXóõ and ǂHõã languages are even more complex. Grammatically, the southern Khoisan languages are generally fairly analytic, having several inflectional morphemes, Khoisan was proposed as one of the four families of African languages in Greenbergs classification. Westphal is known for his rejection of the Khoisan language family. Bonny Sands concluded that the family is not demonstrable with current evidence, dimmendaal summarized the general view with, it has to be concluded that Greenbergs intuitions on the genetic unity of Khoisan could not be confirmed by subsequent research. Today, the few scholars working on these languages treat the three as independent language families that cannot or can no longer be shown to be genetically related. Starostin accepts a relationship between Sandawe and Khoi is plausible, as is one between Tuu and Kxa, but sees no indication of a relationship between two groups or with Hadza. The putative branches of Khoisan are often considered independent families, in the absence of a demonstration that they are related according to the comparative method. See Khoe languages for speculations on the history of the region. With about 800 speakers in Tanzania, Hadza is no longer seen as a Khoisan language, genetically, the Hadza people are unrelated to the Khoisan peoples of Southern Africa, and their closest relatives may be among the Pygmies of Central Africa. Sandawe is not related to Hadza, despite their proximity, the Khoe family is both the most numerous and diverse family of Khoisan languages, with seven living languages and over a quarter million speakers

16.
Khoekhoe language
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It belongs to the Khoe language family, and is spoken in Namibia, Botswana, and South Africa by three ethnic groups, the Nama, Damara, and Haiǁom. The Haiǁom, who had spoken a Juu language, later shifted to Khoekhoe, the name for Khoekhoegowab speakers, Khoekhoen, in English khoe is a person, with reduplication and the suffix -n to indicate the plural. Georg Friedrich Wreede was the first European to study the language, Khoekhoe is a national language in Namibia, where it is used for teaching up to the university level as well as in the public administration. In Namibia and South Africa, state-owned broadcasting corporations produce and broadcast radio programmes in Khoekhoegowab, ǂĀkhoe, itself a dialect cluster, and intermediate between Haiǁom and the Kalahari Khoe languages They are distinct enough that they might be considered two or three distinct languages. Eini is also close but is now counted as a distinct language. There are 5 vowel qualities, found as oral /i e a o u/, /u/ is strongly rounded, /o/ only slightly so. /a/ is the vowel with notable allophony, it is pronounced before /i/ or /u/. Nama has been described as having three or four tones, /á, ā, à/ or /a̋, á, à, ȁ/, the high tone is higher when it occurs on one of the high vowels or on a nasal than on mid or low vowels. The tones combine into a number of tone melodies, which have sandhi forms in certain syntactic environments. The most important melodies, in their citation and main forms, are as follows, Within a phrase. Within a word, the first syllable receives the most stress, subsequent syllables receive less and less stress and are spoken more and more quickly. Nama has 31 consonants,20 clicks and only 11 non-clicks, between vowels, /p/ is pronounced and /t/ is pronounced. The affricate series is strongly aspirated, and may be analysed phonemically as aspirated stops, Beach reported that the Khoehkoe of the time had a velar lateral ejective affricate, a common realisation or allophone of /kxʼ/ in languages with clicks. This sound no longer occurs in Khoekhoe but remains in its cousin Korana, the clicks are doubly articulated consonants. Each click consists of one of four primary articulations or influxes, the combination results in 20 phonemes. The aspiration on the aspirated clicks is often light but is raspier than the nasal clicks. The glottalised clicks are clearly voiceless due to the hold before the release, tindall notes that European learners almost invariably pronounce the lateral clicks by placing the tongue against the side teeth and that this articulation is harsh and foreign to the native ear. The Namaqua instead cover the whole of the palate with the tongue, lexical root words consist of two or rarely three moras, in the form CVCV, CVV, or CVN

17.
Khwe language
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Khwe is a dialect continuum of the Khoe family of Namibia, Angola, Botswana, South Africa, and parts of Zambia, with some 8,000 speakers. Khwe is a member of the Khoe language family, Khwe is the preferred spelling as recommended by the Penduka Declaration, but the language is also referred to as Kxoe, Khoe-dam and Khwedam. Barakwena, Barakwengo and Mbarakwena refer to speakers of the language and are considered pejorative, other names and spellings of ǁAni include ǀAnda, Gǀanda, Handá, Gani, Tanne, and Tsʼéxa with various combinations of -kwe/khwe/khoe and -dam. The Khwe-speaking population has resided around the “bush” in areas of sub-Saharan Africa for several thousand years, testimonies from living Khwe speakers note that their ancestors have come from the Tsodilo Hills, in the Okavango Delta, where they primarily used hunter-gatherer techniques for subsistence. These testimonies also indicate that living Khwe speakers feel as though they are land-less, until the 1970s, the Khwe speaking population lived in areas that were inaccessible to most Westerners in remote parts of Namibia, Angola, Zambia, Botswana, and South Africa. Since then, livelihoods have shifted from primarily from hunter-gatherer to more Westernized practices, the first Bantu-speaking education that Khwe speakers received was in 1970 at a settlement in Mùtc’iku, a settlement proximate the Okavango River. Some argue that this put the language in a state of decline, as younger populations learned Bantu languages, Khwe is learned locally as a second language in Namibia, but the language is being lost in Botswana as speakers shift to Tswana. It is also argued that this has led to a broadening in meaning of words in the Khwe language. For example, “to write”, //gàràá, was used to describe an “activity the community members perform during healing ceremonies”. The semantic broadening of word meanings has also permeated other parts of Khwe-speaking culture, such as food, animals, noting this, the original meanings of these words is still understood and used during Khwe cultural practices. While Khwe-speakers were in contact with the outsiders until 1970. The missionaries, for the most part, failed to convert the Khwe-speaking population, the introduction to missionaries, however, introduced Western culture and languages, in addition to Bantu languages. Despite the influence of Bantu languages in Khwe speakers education, historically, Khwe, the Bantu language speakers of the Okavango and Zambezi regions migrated to the area during the Bantu Migration, and came in contact with the native Khoe speakers in the area. The Khoe mainly occupy the Okavango Delta of Botswana, specifically, Khwe speakers primarily live in the western Caprivi area in Namibia, however, the entirety of the Khoe population occupies a much larger geography. Khwe speakers in the western Caprivi are somewhat distant, lexically, from other similar Khoe languages, the Khwe speakers’ distribution in the greater Kavango-Zambezi region influenced clicks in Khoisan languages, some argue. The Khwe, and other Khoe language speaking peoples, resided in greater Southern Africa, prior to the great Bantu Migration, the morphology, syntax, and phonology sections on this page further discuss the changes occurred, and how it is has influenced contemporary Khwe. Today, there is an estimated 3700 Khwe speakers live in Namibia, the largest known Khwe settlements are Mutciku, located adjacent to the Okavango River, and Gudigoa in Botswana. Noting this, there have been major forced migrations from government pressures that have influenced the distribution of Khwe speakers

18.
Taa language
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Taa /ˈtɑː/, also known as ǃXóõ, is a Khoisan language notable for its large number of phonemes, perhaps the largest in the world. Most speakers live in Botswana, but a few hundred live in Namibia, the people call themselves ǃXoon or ʼNǀohan, depending on the dialect they speak. Taa is the word for human being, the name of the language is Taa ǂaan. ǃXoon is an ethnonym used at opposite ends of the Taa-speaking area, most living Taa speakers are ethnic ǃXoon or Nǀohan. Taa shares a number of features with West ǂ’Amkoe and Gǀui. Until the rediscovery of a few speakers of Nǁng in the 1990s. There is sufficient dialectal variation in Taa that it might be described as a dialect continuum than as a single language. ǀ’Auni and Kiǀhazi, previously considered dialects of Taa, were more divergent than the dialects here, Traill, for example, spent two chapters of his Compleat Guide to the Koon disentangling names and dialects. The name ǃXoon is only used at Aminius Reserve in Namibia, around Lone Tree where Traill primarily worked and it is, however, used by the ǃXoon for all Taa speakers. It has been variously spelled ǃxō, ǃkɔ̃ː, ǃko/ǃkõ, Khong, bleeks Nǀuǁʼen dialect has been spelled ǀNuǁen, ǀNuǁe, n, Ngǀuǁen, Nguen, Nǀhuǁéi, ŋǀuǁẽin, ŋǀuǁẽi, ŋǀuǁen, ǀuǁen. It has also called by the ambiguous Khoekhoe term Nǀusan, sometimes rendered Nusan or Noosan. A subgroup was known as Koon, bleek recorded another now-extinct variety at the town of Khakhea, and it is known in the literature as Kakia. Names with a tee, Katia, Kattea, Khatia, and Xatia, are apparently spelling variants of Kakia, vaalpens, ǀKusi, and ǀEikusi evidently refer to the same variety as Xatia. Westphal studied a variety rendered ǀŋamani, ǀnamani, Ngǀamani, ǀŋamasa and this dialect is apparently also now extinct. Westphal also studied ǂHuan dialect, and used this name for the entire language, however, the term is ambiguous between Taa and ǂ’Amkoe, and for this reason Traill chose to call the language ǃXóõ. Tsaasi dialect is similar to ǂHuan, and like ǂHuan. This is a Tswana name, variously rendered Tshasi, Tshase, Tʃase, Tsase, the Tswana term for Bushmen, Masarwa, is frequently encountered. More specific to the Taa are Magon and the Tshasi mentioned above, the Taa distinguish themselves along at least some of the groups above

19.
Bantu languages
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The Bantu languages, technically the Narrow Bantu languages, constitute a traditional branch of the Niger–Congo languages. There are about 250 Bantu languages by the criterion of mutual intelligibility, Bantu languages are spoken largely east and south of present-day Cameroon, that is, in the regions commonly known as Central Africa, Southeast Africa, and Southern Africa. Parts of the Bantu area include languages from other language families, the Bantu language with the largest total number of speakers is Swahili, however, the majority of its speakers know it as a second language. According to Ethnologue, there are over 180 million L2 speakers, other major languages include Zulu with 27 million speakers and Shona with about 11 million speakers. Ethnologue separates the largely mutually intelligible Kinyarwanda and Kirundi, which, the Bantu languages descend from a common Proto-Bantu language, which is believed to have been spoken in what is now Cameroon in West Africa. This Bantu expansion came to dominate Sub-Saharan Africa east of Cameroon, the technical term Bantu, meaning human beings or simply people, was first used by Wilhelm Bleek, as this is reflected in many of the languages of this group. Bleek, and later Carl Meinhof, pursued extensive studies comparing the structures of Bantu languages. In recent times, the distinctiveness of Narrow Bantu as opposed to the other Southern Bantoid groups has been called into doubt, a coherent classification of Narrow Bantu will likely need to exclude many of the Zone A and perhaps Zone B languages. There is no true genealogical classification of the Bantu languages, the most widely used classification, the alphanumeric coding system developed by Guthrie, is mainly geographic. The two groups have described as having mirror-image tone systems, where Northwest Bantu has a high tone in a cognate, Central Bantu languages generally have a low tone. Northwest Bantu is clearly not a coherent family, but even for Central Bantu the evidence is lexical, another attempt at a detailed genetic classification to replace the Guthrie system is the 1999 Tervuren proposal of Bastin, Coupez, and Mann. This has been criticized for sowing confusion in one of the few ways to distinguish Bantu languages. Nurse & Philippson evaluate many proposals for low-level groups of Bantu languages, glottolog has incorporated many of these into their classification. The languages that share Dahls Law may also form a valid group, the infobox at right lists these together with various low-level groups that are fairly uncontroversial, though they continue to be revised. The development of a rigorous genealogical classification of many branches of Niger–Congo, Guthrie reconstructed both the phonemic inventory and the vocabulary of Proto-Bantu. The most prominent grammatical characteristic of Bantu languages is the use of affixes. Each noun belongs to a class, and each language may have several numbered classes, the class is indicated by a prefix that is part of the noun, as well as agreement markers on verb and qualificative roots connected with the noun. Plural is indicated by a change of class, with a change of prefix

20.
Birwa language
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Northern Sotho is a Bantu language spoken primarily in South Africa, where it is one of the 11 official languages. According to the 2011 census it was the first language of 4,618,576 people in South Africa, principally in the provinces of Limpopo, Gauteng and Mpumalanga. Urban varieties of Northern Sotho, such as Pretoria Sotho, have acquired clicks in a process of such sounds spreading from Nguni languages. Northern Sotho is one of the Sotho languages of the Bantu family, Northern Sotho is thus most closely related to Sesotho, Setswana, sheKgalagari and siLozi. Lobedu exists only in a form, and the standard Northern Sotho language. The monarch associated with this community is Queen Modjadji. Lobedu is spoken mainly in the area of Modjadjiskloof in the Limpopo Province and its speakers are known as the Balobedu. Sepulana also exists in form and forms part of the standard Northern Sotho. Sepulana is spoken in Bushbuckridge area by the Mapulana people, Northern Sotho has often been equated with its major component Sepedi, and continued to be known as Pedi or Sepedi for some years after the new South African constitution appeared. However, the Pan South African Language Board and the Northern Sotho National Lexicography Unit now specifically prefer, apart from Sepedi itself, the other languages or dialects covered by the term Northern Sotho appear to be a diverse grouping of communal speech-forms within the Sotho-Tswana group. They are apparently united by the fact that they are neither as Southern Sotho nor as Tswana. Maho leaves SePhalaborwa and the East Sotho varieties of SeKutswe, SePai and their precise classification would appear to be a matter for further research. Some examples of Northern Sotho words and phrases, slang jargon Dryer, Matthew S. & Haspelmath, Martin, world Atlas of Language Structures Online

21.
Gciriku language
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Gciriku or Dciriku or Dirico, also known as Manyo or Rumanyo, is a Bantu language spoken by 305,000 people along the Okavango River in Namibia, Botswana and Angola. It was first known in the west via the Vagciriku, who had migrated from the main Vamanyo area and spoke Rugciriku, the name Gciriku remains common in the literature, but within Namibia the name Rumanyo has been revived. The Mbogedu dialect is extinct, Maho lists it as a distinct language and it is one of several Bantu languages of the Okavango which have click consonants, as in bed, flower, and tortoise. These clicks, of which there are half a dozen, are all pronounced with a dental articulation. They are especially common in names and in words for features of the landscape. Many of the words in Gciriku, including those in native Bantu vocabulary, are shared with Kwangali, Mbukushu

22.
Herero language
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The Herero language is a language of the Bantu subfamily of the Niger–Congo group. It is spoken by the Herero and Mbanderu peoples in Namibia and Botswana, there are a quarter million speakers. Its linguistic distribution covers a zone called Hereroland, a zone constituted of the region of Omaheke along with the Otjozondjupa, the Himba people, who are related to the Herero and Mbanderu, speak a dialect very close to Otjiherero. Many Herero-speakers live in Windhoek, the capital of Namibia, because of the translation of missionary Gottlieb Viehe of the Bible into Herero, at the end of the 19th century, the spoken language was transcribed to an alphabet based on the Latin script. Father Peter Heinrich Brincker translated several works and songs. Otjiherero is taught in Namibian schools both as a tongue and as a secondary language. It is included as a material at the University of Namibia. Otjiherero is also one of the six minority languages that are used by the Namibian State Radio, gamsberg Macmillan, as of 2008, has published the only dictionary in Otjiherero. The Hakaona variety is now considered a separate Bantu language, as sometimes is Zemba. Maho also removes Kuvale to Bantu Zone R.10, while differentiating North-West Herero, R.311, within Herero proper, he recognizes two dialects, Central Herero and Mbandero. Northwest/Zemba is found on side of the Namibian–Angolan border. Central Herero covers an area in central Namibia, with East Herero a few islands to the east. Botswana Herero consists of a few scattered islands in Botswana, with about 15% the population of Herero proper, ethnologue separates Zimba as a distinct language but retains Himba, East Herero and Botswana Herero within the Herero language. However, it no longer recognizes Kuvale as a dialect, Kuvale has not yet been designated as a separate language or as a dialect affiliated with another language. Wörterbuch und kurzgefasste Grammatik des Otji-Herero, locative inversion in Otjiherero, more on morpho-syntactic variation in Bantu. In, Laura Downing, Lutz Marten & Sabine Zerbian, Papers in Bantu Grammar, ZAS Papers in Linguistics 43, morphosyntactic co-variation in Bantu, two case studies. SOAS Working Papers in Linguistics 15. 227-238, möhlig, Wilhelm, Lutz Marten & Jekura U

23.
Tswapong language
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Northern Sotho is a Bantu language spoken primarily in South Africa, where it is one of the 11 official languages. According to the 2011 census it was the first language of 4,618,576 people in South Africa, principally in the provinces of Limpopo, Gauteng and Mpumalanga. Urban varieties of Northern Sotho, such as Pretoria Sotho, have acquired clicks in a process of such sounds spreading from Nguni languages. Northern Sotho is one of the Sotho languages of the Bantu family, Northern Sotho is thus most closely related to Sesotho, Setswana, sheKgalagari and siLozi. Lobedu exists only in a form, and the standard Northern Sotho language. The monarch associated with this community is Queen Modjadji. Lobedu is spoken mainly in the area of Modjadjiskloof in the Limpopo Province and its speakers are known as the Balobedu. Sepulana also exists in form and forms part of the standard Northern Sotho. Sepulana is spoken in Bushbuckridge area by the Mapulana people, Northern Sotho has often been equated with its major component Sepedi, and continued to be known as Pedi or Sepedi for some years after the new South African constitution appeared. However, the Pan South African Language Board and the Northern Sotho National Lexicography Unit now specifically prefer, apart from Sepedi itself, the other languages or dialects covered by the term Northern Sotho appear to be a diverse grouping of communal speech-forms within the Sotho-Tswana group. They are apparently united by the fact that they are neither as Southern Sotho nor as Tswana. Maho leaves SePhalaborwa and the East Sotho varieties of SeKutswe, SePai and their precise classification would appear to be a matter for further research. Some examples of Northern Sotho words and phrases, slang jargon Dryer, Matthew S. & Haspelmath, Martin, world Atlas of Language Structures Online

Namibia
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Namibia, officially the Republic of Namibia, is a country in southern Africa whose western border is the Atlantic Ocean. It shares land borders with Zambia and Angola to the north, Botswana to the east and South Africa to the south, although it does not border Zimbabwe, a part of less than 200 metres of the Zambezi River separates the two countries

1.
German church and monument to colonists in Windhoek

2.
Flag

3.
Map of Bantustans, land set aside for black inhabitation, in South West Africa

4.
Sand dunes in the Namib Desert, Namibia

Botswana
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Botswana, officially the Republic of Botswana, is a landlocked country located in Southern Africa. The citizens refer to themselves as Batswana, formerly the British protectorate of Bechuanaland, Botswana adopted its new name after becoming independent within the Commonwealth on 30 September 1966. Since then, it has maintained a tradition of stable

1.
Starting fire by hand. San people in Botswana.

2.
Flag

3.
Stamp of British Bechuanaland from 1960

4.
A lechwe in the Okavango Delta

Language family
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A language family is a group of languages related through descent from a common ancestral language or parental language, called the proto-language of that family. Linguists therefore describe the languages within a language family as being genetically related. Estimates of the number of living languages vary from 5,000 to 8,000, depending on the pr

1.
Principal language families of the world (and in some cases geographic groups of families). For greater detail, see Distribution of languages in the world.

Dialect continuum
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That happens, for example, across large parts of India or the Maghreb. Historically, it happened in various parts of Europe such as between Portugal, southern Belgium and southern Italy, and between Flanders and Austria. Leonard Bloomfield used the dialect area. It is analogous to a species in evolutionary biology. Dialect continua typically occur

East Hanahai
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East Hanahai is a village in Ghanzi District of Botswana. It is located in the part of the district, close to the Central Kalahari Game Reserve. East Hanahai has a school and a health clinic. The lack of means that many members of the community rely on irregular government piece jobs and/or government food baskets. The population was 532 in 2011 ce

1.
A typical house in East Hanahai

Ghanzi
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Ghanzi is a town in the middle of the Kalahari Desert the western part of the Republic of Botswana in southern Africa. At the time of the 2011 census, there were 12,167 people living in the town with another 861 nearby and it is the administrative center of Ghanzi District and is known as the Capital of the Kalahari. Ghanzi District measures 117,91

1.
A view of a Ghanzi street

Ghanzi District
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Ghanzi is a district in western Botswana, bordering Namibia in the west and extending east into much of the interior of the country. The districts administrative centre is the town of Ghanzi, Most of the eastern half of Ghanzi makes up the Central Kalahari Game Reserve. The human population at the 2001 census was 43,370, in the west, Ghanzi borders

1.
Location within Botswana

Gobabis
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Gobabis is a city in eastern Namibia. It is the capital of the Omaheke Region, and the district capital of the Gobabis electoral constituency. Gobabis is situated 200 km down the B6 motorway from Windhoek to Botswana, the town is 113 km from the Buitepos border post with Botswana, and serves as an important link to South Africa on the tarred Trans-

1.
Aerial view in 2005

2.
Seal

Otjinene
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Otjinene is a village in the Omaheke Region of Namibia. It is the capital of Otjinene Constituency. Otjinene is connected via a 157 kilometres tarred road to the regional capital Gobabis, Otjinene is surrounded by a communal area, where there are many villages. There are more or less 20 households in each village, the majority of the people around

1.
Public place in the centre of the village

Omaheke Region
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Omaheke is one of the fourteen regions of Namibia, its capital is Gobabis. It lies on the border of Namibia and is the Western extension of the Kalahari desert. The name Omaheke is the Herero word for Sandveld, a large part of this region is known as the Sandveld. The northeastern part of the region is very much wilderness. Anthropologically, almos

1.
Location of the Omaheke Region in Namibia

Tswana language
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The Tswana language, Setswana, is a language spoken in southern Africa by about five million people. Tswana is a language and lingua franca of Botswana. The two South African provinces with largest number of speakers are Gauteng Province and North West Province, until 1994, South African Tswana people were notionally citizens of Bophuthatswana, one

1.
0–20%

Caprivi Strip
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Caprivi is bordered by the Okavango, Kwando, Chobe and Zambezi rivers. Its largest settlement is the town of Katima Mulilo and it went through a civil war from 1994–1999. The strip is divided between the eastern Zambezi Region and the western Kavango East Region. Inhabitants of the Caprivi Strip speak a number of African languages, mostly members o

1.
Village in the Caprivi Strip

2.
Map of the Caprivi

3.
German chancellor Leo von Caprivi de Caprera de Montecuccoli, who gave his name to the Caprivi Strip

Click consonants
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Clicks are speech sounds that occur as consonants in many languages of Southern Africa and in three languages of East Africa. Examples familiar to English-speakers are the tsk. tsk. or tut-tut used to express disapproval or pity, used to spur on a horse, and the clip-clop. Sound children make with their tongue to imitate a horse trotting, technical

1.
The shape of the tongue in Nama when articulating an alveolar click (blue) and a palatal click (red) [throat to the right]. The articulation of the vowel [i] is slightly forward of the red line, with its peak coinciding with the dip of the blue line.

International Standard Book Number
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The International Standard Book Number is a unique numeric commercial book identifier. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an e-book, a paperback and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, the method of assigning

1.
A 13-digit ISBN, 978-3-16-148410-0, as represented by an EAN-13 bar code

Khoisan languages
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The Khoisan languages are the languages of Africa that have click consonants but do not belong to other language families. For much of the 20th century they were thought to have a relationship with each other. Ethnically, their speakers are the Khoikhoi and the San, two languages of east Africa, those of the Sandawe and Hadza, are also called Khois

1.
Map showing the distribution of the Khoisan languages (yellow)

Khoekhoe language
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It belongs to the Khoe language family, and is spoken in Namibia, Botswana, and South Africa by three ethnic groups, the Nama, Damara, and Haiǁom. The Haiǁom, who had spoken a Juu language, later shifted to Khoekhoe, the name for Khoekhoegowab speakers, Khoekhoen, in English khoe is a person, with reduplication and the suffix -n to indicate the plu

1.
Nama man giving lessons on the Khoekhoe language

2.
The distribution of the Nama language in Namibia.

Khwe language
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Khwe is a dialect continuum of the Khoe family of Namibia, Angola, Botswana, South Africa, and parts of Zambia, with some 8,000 speakers. Khwe is a member of the Khoe language family, Khwe is the preferred spelling as recommended by the Penduka Declaration, but the language is also referred to as Kxoe, Khoe-dam and Khwedam. Barakwena, Barakwengo an

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Khwe

Taa language
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Taa /ˈtɑː/, also known as ǃXóõ, is a Khoisan language notable for its large number of phonemes, perhaps the largest in the world. Most speakers live in Botswana, but a few hundred live in Namibia, the people call themselves ǃXoon or ʼNǀohan, depending on the dialect they speak. Taa is the word for human being, the name of the language is Taa ǂaan.

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Taa

Bantu languages
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The Bantu languages, technically the Narrow Bantu languages, constitute a traditional branch of the Niger–Congo languages. There are about 250 Bantu languages by the criterion of mutual intelligibility, Bantu languages are spoken largely east and south of present-day Cameroon, that is, in the regions commonly known as Central Africa, Southeast Afri

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Map showing the distribution of Bantu vs. other African languages.

Birwa language
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Northern Sotho is a Bantu language spoken primarily in South Africa, where it is one of the 11 official languages. According to the 2011 census it was the first language of 4,618,576 people in South Africa, principally in the provinces of Limpopo, Gauteng and Mpumalanga. Urban varieties of Northern Sotho, such as Pretoria Sotho, have acquired click

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0–20%

Gciriku language
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Gciriku or Dciriku or Dirico, also known as Manyo or Rumanyo, is a Bantu language spoken by 305,000 people along the Okavango River in Namibia, Botswana and Angola. It was first known in the west via the Vagciriku, who had migrated from the main Vamanyo area and spoke Rugciriku, the name Gciriku remains common in the literature, but within Namibia

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Gciriku

Herero language
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The Herero language is a language of the Bantu subfamily of the Niger–Congo group. It is spoken by the Herero and Mbanderu peoples in Namibia and Botswana, there are a quarter million speakers. Its linguistic distribution covers a zone called Hereroland, a zone constituted of the region of Omaheke along with the Otjozondjupa, the Himba people, who

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The disparate distribution of the Herero language in Namibia, showing the concentration of Herero speakers on the Kalahari boundary in the east, as well as the outlying Herero-speaking Himba people of the Kaokoveld in the far north-west.

Tswapong language
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Northern Sotho is a Bantu language spoken primarily in South Africa, where it is one of the 11 official languages. According to the 2011 census it was the first language of 4,618,576 people in South Africa, principally in the provinces of Limpopo, Gauteng and Mpumalanga. Urban varieties of Northern Sotho, such as Pretoria Sotho, have acquired click

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The opening to the Old English epic poem Beowulf, handwritten in half-uncial script: Hƿæt ƿē Gārde/na ingēar dagum þēod cyninga / þrym ge frunon... "Listen! We of the Spear-Danes from days of yore have heard of the glory of the folk-kings..."

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Sign language relief sculpture on a stone wall: "Life is beautiful, be happy and love each other", by Czech sculptor Zuzana Čížková on Holečkova Street in Prague - Smíchov, by a school for the deaf.