月份：2016年12月

D Tree

Problem Description

There is a skyscraping tree standing on the playground of Nanjing University of Science and Technology. On each branch of the tree is an integer (The tree can be treated as a connected graph with N vertices, while each branch can be treated as a vertex). Today the students under the tree are considering a problem: Can we find such a chain on the tree so that the multiplication of all integers on the chain (mod 106 + 3) equals to K?Can you help them in solving this problem?

Output

For each test case, print a single line containing two integers a and b (where a < b), representing the two endpoints of the chain. If multiply solutions exist, please print the lexicographically smallest one. In case no solution exists, print “No solution”(without quotes) instead.For more information, please refer to the Sample Output below.

Shortest-path tree

Problem Description

Given a connected, undirected graph G, a shortest-path tree rooted at vertex v is a spanning tree T of G, such that the path distance from root v to any other vertex u in T is the shortest path distance from v to u in G. We may construct a shortest-path tree using the following method: We consider a shortest-path tree rooted at node 1. For every node i in the graph G, we choose a shortest path from root to i. If there are many shortest paths from root to i, we choose the one that the sequence of passing nodes' number is lexicographically minimum. All edges on the paths that we chose form a shortest-path tree. Now we want to know how long are the longest simple paths which contain K nodes in the shortest-path tree and how many these paths? Two simple paths are different if the sets of nodes they go through are different.

Input

The first line has a number T (T <= 10), indicating the number of test cases. For each test case, the first line contains three integers n, m, k(1<=n<=30000,1<=m<=60000,2<=k<=n), denote the number of nodes, the number of edges and the nodes of required paths. Then next m lines, each lines contains three integers a, b, c(1<=a, b<=n, 1<=c<=10000),denote there is an edge between a, b and length is c.

Output

For each case, output two numbers, denote the length of required paths and the numbers of required paths.

F. Music in Car

time limit per test

1 second

memory limit per test

256 megabytes

input

standard input

output

standard output

Sasha reaches the work by car. It takes exactly k minutes. On his way he listens to music. All songs in his playlist go one by one, after listening to the i-th song Sasha gets a pleasure which equals ai. The i-th song lasts for ti minutes.

Before the beginning of his way Sasha turns on some song x and then he listens to the songs one by one: at first, the song x, then the song (x + 1), then the song number (x + 2), and so on. He listens to songs until he reaches the work or until he listens to the last song in his playlist.

Sasha can listen to each song to the end or partly.

In the second case he listens to the song for integer number of minutes, at least half of the song's length. Formally, if the length of the song equals d minutes, Sasha listens to it for no less than minutes, then he immediately switches it to the next song (if there is such). For example, if the length of the song which Sasha wants to partly listen to, equals 5 minutes, then he should listen to it for at least 3 minutes, if the length of the song equals 8 minutes, then he should listen to it for at least 4 minutes.

It takes no time to switch a song.

Sasha wants to listen partly no more than w songs. If the last listened song plays for less than half of its length, then Sasha doesn't get pleasure from it and that song is not included to the list of partly listened songs. It is not allowed to skip songs. A pleasure from a song does not depend on the listening mode, for the i-th song this value equals ai.

Help Sasha to choose such x and no more than w songs for partial listening to get the maximum pleasure. Write a program to find the maximum pleasure Sasha can get from the listening to the songs on his way to the work.

Input

The first line contains three integers n, w and k (1 ≤ w ≤ n ≤ 2·105, 1 ≤ k ≤ 2·109) — the number of songs in the playlist, the number of songs Sasha can listen to partly and time in minutes which Sasha needs to reach work.

The second line contains n positive integers a1, a2, ..., an (1 ≤ ai ≤ 104), where ai equals the pleasure Sasha gets after listening to the i-th song.

The third line contains n positive integers t1, t2, ..., tn (2 ≤ ti ≤ 104), where ti equals the length of the i-th song in minutes.

Output

Print the maximum pleasure Sasha can get after listening to the songs on the way to work.

Examples

Input

C++

1

2

3

7211

3435146

7736539

Output

C++

1

12

Input

C++

1

2

3

8420

56437541

101251214858

Output

C++

1

19

Input

C++

1

2

3

115

6

9

Output

C++

1

6

Input

C++

1

2

3

113

4

7

Output

1

Note

In the first example Sasha needs to start listening from the song number 2. He should listen to it partly (for 4 minutes), then listen to the song number 3 to the end (for 3 minutes) and then partly listen to the song number 4 (for 3 minutes). After listening to these songs Sasha will get pleasure which equals 4 + 3 + 5 = 12. Sasha will not have time to listen to the song number 5 because he will spend 4 + 3 + 3 = 10 minutes listening to songs number 2, 3 and 4 and only 1 minute is left after that.

F. Santa Clauses and a Soccer Championship

time limit per test

2 seconds

memory limit per test

256 megabytes

input

standard input

output

standard output

The country Treeland consists of n cities connected with n - 1 bidirectional roads in such a way that it's possible to reach every city starting from any other city using these roads. There will be a soccer championship next year, and all participants are Santa Clauses. There are exactly 2k teams from 2k different cities.

During the first stage all teams are divided into k pairs. Teams of each pair play two games against each other: one in the hometown of the first team, and the other in the hometown of the other team. Thus, each of the 2k cities holds exactly one soccer game. However, it's not decided yet how to divide teams into pairs.

It's also necessary to choose several cities to settle players in. Organizers tend to use as few cities as possible to settle the teams.

Nobody wants to travel too much during the championship, so if a team plays in cities u and v, it wants to live in one of the cities on the shortest path between u and v (maybe, in u or in v). There is another constraint also: the teams from one pair must live in the same city.

Summarizing, the organizers want to divide 2k teams into pairs and settle them in the minimum possible number of cities m in such a way that teams from each pair live in the same city which lies between their hometowns.

Input

The first line of input contains two integers n and k (2 ≤ n ≤ 2·105, 2 ≤ 2k ≤ n) — the number of cities in Treeland and the number of pairs of teams, respectively.

The following n - 1 lines describe roads in Treeland: each of these lines contains two integers a and b (1 ≤ a, b ≤ n, a ≠ b) which mean that there is a road between cities a and b. It's guaranteed that there is a path between any two cities.

The last line contains 2k distinct integers c1, c2, ..., c2k (1 ≤ ci ≤ n), where ci is the hometown of the i-th team. All these numbers are distinct.

Output

The first line of output must contain the only positive integer m which should be equal to the minimum possible number of cities the teams can be settled in.

The second line should contain m distinct numbers d1, d2, ..., dm (1 ≤ di ≤ n) denoting the indices of the cities where the teams should be settled.

The k lines should follow, the j-th of them should contain 3 integers uj, vj and xj, where uj and vj are the hometowns of the j-th pair's teams, and xj is the city they should live in during the tournament. Each of the numbers c1, c2, ..., c2k should occur in all uj's and vj's exactly once. Each of the numbers xj should belong to {d1, d2, ..., dm}.

If there are several possible answers, print any of them.

Example

Input

C++

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

62

12

13

24

25

36

2546

Output

C++

1

2

3

4

1

2

542

622

Note

In the first test the orginizers can settle all the teams in the city number 2. The way to divide all teams into pairs is not important, since all requirements are satisfied anyway, because the city 2 lies on the shortest path between every two cities from {2, 4, 5, 6}.

Inversion if a pair of elements (not necessary neighbouring) with the wrong relative order. In other words, the number of inversion is equal to the number of pairs (i, j) such that i < j and ai > aj. Find the expected number of inversions after we apply exactly one operation mentioned above.

Input

The first line contains a single integer n (1 ≤ n ≤ 100 000) — the length of the permutation.

The second line contains n distinct integers from 1 to n — elements of the permutation.

Output

Print one real value — the expected number of inversions. Your answer will be considered correct if its absolute or relative error does not exceed 10 - 9.

Namely: let's assume that your answer is a, and the answer of the jury is b. The checker program will consider your answer correct, if .

Bugs Integrated, Inc.

Time Limit: 15000MS Memory Limit: 30000KCase Time Limit: 5000MS

Description

Bugs Integrated, Inc. is a major manufacturer of advanced memory chips. They are launching production of a new six terabyte Q-RAM chip. Each chip consists of six unit squares arranged in a form of a 2*3 rectangle. The way Q-RAM chips are made is such that one takes a rectangular plate of silicon divided into N*M unit squares. Then all squares are tested carefully and the bad ones are marked with a black marker.

Finally, the plate of silicon is cut into memory chips. Each chip consists of 2*3 (or 3*2) unit squares. Of course, no chip can contain any bad (marked) squares. It might not be possible to cut the plate so that every good unit square is a part of some memory chip. The corporation wants to waste as little good squares as possible. Therefore they would like to know how to cut the plate to make the maximum number of chips possible. Task You are given the dimensions of several silicon plates and a list of all bad unit squares for each plate. Your task is to write a program that computes for each plate the maximum number of chips that can be cut out of the plate.

Input

The first line of the input file consists of a single integer D (1 <= D <= 5), denoting the number of silicon plates. D blocks follow, each describing one silicon plate. The first line of each block contains three integers N (1 <= N <= 150), M (1 <= M <= 10), K (0 <= K <= MN) separated by single spaces. N is the length of the plate, M is its height and K is the number of bad squares in the plate. The following K lines contain a list of bad squares. Each line consists of two integers x and y (1 <= x <= N, 1 <= y <= M) ?coordinates of one bad square (the upper left square has coordinates [1, 1], the bottom right is [N,M]).

Output

For each plate in the input file output a single line containing the maximum number of memory chips that can be cut out of the plate.

Palace

Problem Description

The last trial Venus imposes on Psyche is a quest to the underworld. She is to take a box and obtain in it a dose of the beauty of Prosperina, queen of the underworld. There are $ n $ palaces in the underworld, which can be located on a 2-Dimension plane with $ (x, y) $ coordinates (where $ x, y $ are integers). Psyche would like to find the distance of the closest pair of two palaces. It is the password to enter the main palace. However, the underworld is mysterious and changes all the time. At different times, exactly one of the $ n $ palaces disappears. Psyche wonders what the distance of the closest pair of two palaces is after some palace has disappeared. Print the sum of the distance after every single palace has disappeared. To avoid floating point error, define the distance $ d $ between palace $ (x_1, y_1) $ and $ (x_2, y_2) $ as $ d = (x_1 - x_2) ^ 2 + (y_1 - y_2) ^ 2 $.

Input

The first line of the input contains an integer $ T $ $ (1 \le T \le 5) $, which denotes the number of testcases. For each testcase, the first line contains an integers $ n $ $ (3 \le n \le 10 ^ 5) $, which denotes the number of temples in this testcase. The following $ n $ lines contains $ n $ pairs of integers, the $ i $-th pair $ (x, y) $ $ (-10 ^ 5 \le x,y \le 10 ^ 5) $ denotes the position of the $ i $-th palace.

Output

For each testcase, print an integer which denotes the sum of the distance after every single palace has disappeared.

Finding Hotels

Problem Description

There are N hotels all over the world. Each hotel has a location and a price. M guests want to find a hotel with an acceptable price and a minimum distance from their locations. The distances are measured in Euclidean metric.

Input

The first line is the number of test cases. For each test case, the first line contains two integers N (N ≤ 200000) and M (M ≤ 20000). Each of the following N lines describes a hotel with 3 integers x (1 ≤ x ≤ N), y (1 ≤ y ≤ N) and c (1 ≤ c ≤ N), in which x and y are the coordinates of the hotel, c is its price. It is guaranteed that each of the N hotels has distinct x, distinct y, and distinct c. Then each of the following M lines describes the query of a guest with 3 integers x (1 ≤ x ≤ N), y (1 ≤ y ≤ N) and c (1 ≤ c ≤ N), in which x and y are the coordinates of the guest, c is the maximum acceptable price of the guest.

Output

For each guests query, output the hotel that the price is acceptable and is nearest to the guests location. If there are multiple hotels with acceptable prices and minimum distances, output the first one.