Water at the Surface of Earth: An Introduction to Ecosystem Hydrodynamics

Other | October 7, 1982

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Water at the Surface of the Earth: An Introduction to Ecosystem Hydrodynamics provides an introduction to the ways in which biological, physical, cultural, and urban systems at the surface of the earth operate, with a particular focus on the hydrodynamics of ecosystems, i.e., water and its association with other forms of matter, including pollutants, and with several forms of energy. The chapter sequence in this book follows the downward progress of water from the lower atmosphere, through ecosystems at the earth's surface, through the soil and mantle rock, to the ""waters under the earth."" In other words, the book begins with input of water to ecosystems, then describes how it is processed in these systems, and ends with the liquid water yield from them.The book first discusses storms in the atmosphere. These are systems that convert inflows of water vapor into outflows of raindrops and snowflakes that are precipitated to the underlying surface. This is followed by separate chapters on how water is delivered from the atmosphere to surface ecosystems; water budgets at the surface and in the soil; evaporation from these systems back to the atmosphere; water in the local air and rocks; and horizontal movement of water transformed by ecosystems where the preceding storages and fluxes were located.

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Table of Contents

Preface

Chapter I IntroductionJust What is the Earth's Surface?The Budget IdeaWater in SystemsWater Supplied by the Atmosphere to the Earth's SurfaceChapter II Atmospheric Vapor Flows and Atmospheric StormsWater Vapor and Its Movement over the Earth's SurfaceAtmospheric StormsSizes and Movement of Atmospheric StormsAtmospheric Storms: Causes of Variability in RainfallReferencesChapter III Point Rainfall-The Delivery of Water to an EcosystemMeasuring Rain and SnowThe Dimensions of Point RainfallThe Frequency of Precipitation-Intensity EventsWater Delivery to EcosystemsReferencesChapter IV Hydrologic StormsThe Area of Hydrologic StormsAreal SynthesesThe Episodic Occurrence of Hydrologic StormsClosingReferencesChapter V Large-Scale Organization of RainfallOrganization of Storms in TimeSpatial Grouping of RainfallSpatial Pattern of Annual PrecipitationAreal Pattern of Long-Term Changes in RainfallAssociated Mass FluxesTime and Space Organization of the Water Delivered to EcosystemsReferencesChapter VI Reception of Water by EcosystemsEcosystem HydrodynamicsDelivery of Rain and Snow to VegetationInterception of Water by VegetationStorage of Rain and Snow on Foliage during StormsThe Outflows from Interception Storage of Rain and SnowEvaporation as a Mode of Outflow from Interception StorageWater Intercepted by LitterAreal Redistribution of Water by Vegetation above the SoilReferencesChapter VII Water Detained on the Soil SurfaceSnow CoverLiquid Water on the GroundOutflows from Detention StorageReferencesChapter VIII Infiltration of Water into the Soil of an EcosystemThe Soil as Environment of WaterInfiltration of Water into the SoilInfluences of Vegetation on InfiltrationTime Differences in InfiltrationInfiltrated Water in EcosystemsReferencesChapter IX Soil MoistureSoil-Moisture BookkeepingSoil-Moisture Distributions in SpaceTime Variations of Soil MoistureFreezing and Melting of Soil WaterOutflows of Water from the SoilReferencesChapter X Evaporation from Wet SurfacesDetermining Evaporation RatesEvaporation from Deep Water BodiesEvaporation from Shallow Water BodiesEvaporation from a Wet Soil SurfaceEvaporationReferencesChapter XI Evaporation from Well-Watered EcosystemsTranspiration of Water from LeavesEvapotranspiration from Plant CommunitiesEmpirical Patterns of Potential EvapotranspirationEvaporation Differs with EcosystemsReferencesChapter XII Evaporation from Drying EcosystemsBare Soil SurfacesEvapotranspiration from a Drying Soil-Vegetation SystemVariations in Evapotranspiration over TimeLarge-Scale PatternsThe Era of EvaporationReferencesChapter XIII Water in the Local AirWater Vapor in the Local AirVisible Forms of Water in the Local AirCondensation of Vapor on the Underlying SurfaceReferencesChapter XIV Percolation from EcosystemsShallow PercolationDeeper PercolationMass Transports by Percolating WaterSignificance of PercolationPercolation and RechargeReferencesChapter XV Groundwater and Its Outflows into Local EcosystemsThe Environments of GroundwaterGroundwater RechargeThe Volume of Stored Underground WaterMass Budgets Associated with GroundwaterLocal Outflows of Water from Underground StorageArtificial Outflows from Underground StorageGroundwater BudgetsReferencesChapter XVI Surface Transports from EcosystemsMovement of SnowGravity-Powered Movement of Liquid WaterOther Forms of Mass Transport Associated with the Flow of Water at and near the SurfaceTime Variations in Off-Site FlowOff-Site Flows from EcosystemsReferencesChapter XVII Off-Site Yield of EcosystemsOutflows from Groundwater StorageWater Yield as Associated with Biological YieldTotal Off-Site Movement of WaterTotal YieldReferencesChapter XVIII Water in EcosystemsEnvironments of Water in EcosystemsUnknowns and Uncertainties in Water BudgetsPatterns of DistributionWater is EverywhereReferencesIndex