The Sudroid (Indo-African) Race

The Sudran, or Sudroid, race refers to the aboriginal populations of
India. Formerly widepread over all of India, they were displaced from
most of Hindustan (North India) and virtually all of the Deccan by
invading Aryans. Sudroid includes the following peoples:

Sudroid

Dravidoids (speakers of Dravidian languages)

Untouchables or Avarans

Antyajas/Dalits/SC

Adivasis/ST

Vedic Shudrs (Aryanized and enslaved blacks)

They are a black race, closely related to the Africans and Australoids,
as evident from -

The most evident similarity between Africans and Sudroids is their black
skin colour. It often approaches deep black, and when shiny resemble tar.
The Adi Dravidas (true Dravidians) of South India are black like the
Africans with a slightly different hair texture [ Win.gen ].

The nose of Sudroids closely resembles that of Negroids and Australoids,
being very broad. In both pure black African and pure Sudroid it is often
as wide as it is broad, ie. the nasal index (ratio of width to height) is
100. By contrast Caucasians are fine-nosed. The Indo-Aryan is thus very
similar to the European, possessing a fine nose, while the Sudroid is
related to the Africans -

The hair of Sudroids is wavy and often curly, with imported Africans (
eg. the Makranis, the Siddis of Sind and the Dakhin ) it is frizzy.
It is a common misconception to asume all Africoids have frizzy hair; it
is often curly and wavy in Nubia and Abyssinia.

Pronounced prognathism is characteristic of all black races from Africa to
southern India and Oceania - Australia. In addition, the teeth are
relatively larger in case of Australoids and Kolarians, as well as
Dravidians.

Dolicocephaly -
Dolicocephaly ( long-headedness ) is common amongst Sudras. In fact, many
are classed as hyperdolicocephalic. Dolicocephaly is common amongst East
Africans in general ( Nilotes, Sudanic Blacks and Cushites - Hamites or
Abyssinians )

Both Africans and Dravidians held a common interest in teh cult of the
Serpent and believed tn a Supreme God, who lived in aplace of peace and
tranqulity. Murugan the Dravidian god of the mounatins parallels a common
god in East Africa worshipped by 25 ethnic groups called Murungu, the god
who resides in the mountains [ Win.gen ]

Burning of the dead body is a characteristic of Indo-Aryans, while
burial of the dead was common to Indo-Africans. In both South India and
the Western Sudan and Senegambia the dead were buried and interned in
terra cotta jars [ Singh ] [ Win.gen ]

Both groups use the hoe for tilling the ground, manuring the ground to
fertilize crops, terracing irrrigation and canal building.

Wheat of the 6-row variety, which is found in predynastic graves in
Egypt, has been discovered at Harappan sites dating much later, as late as
2300-1750 BC. On the Gangetic plain, barley was found at neolithic Hallum
in Mysore state (1800 BC). Pearl millet has been found at Saurasthra and
Ahar (1200-100 BC). Indian sorghum is clearly of African origin.
Cultivated cotton which came from West Africa appear at Mohenjo-Daro and
harrapa from 2300-1700 BC.
[ Win.agri ]

Megalithic cultures in India and Africa dating to the
third millenium BC are very similar: both contain black-and-red
ware, bones and pottery sarcophagi near water tanks [ Win:Agri ].
Cave paintings are also very similar, pointing to ancient contacts.

The Mbangala or Imbangala warrior tribe of central Angola [ EB 6: imb.
266 ] are cognate to the Bangala tribe and the region named after
them in eastern India, which later became Bengal.

The Ubangi river [ EB ubangi 12:98 ] is the largest right-bank tributary
of the Congo river and flows past Bangui town (the capital of the Central
African Republic). A black tribe (and later low caste) by the name of
Bhangi exists in northern India. The Bangweulu is a large lake and swamp
region in northeastern Zambia. In Bantu the term denotes 'Large Water'
[ EB 1 bangw. 868 ]

The Galla are the largest ethnic group in Ethipia, forming 40 % of the
population [ EB 5 galla 87 ]. They are cattle-herders, as are
the black-skinned low-caste known as Goala (cow-herders) in central India.

The Mbundu are the second-largest ethnic group of Angola [ EB 7 mbundu
986 ] while the Munda are
in Eastern India.

The Ndongo tribe of the Mbundu [ EB 7 mbundu 986 ] are perhaps cognate
to the Dombas or Doms of India.

The Godabas of Somalia may have given their name to the Godavari River in
the Deccan.

Congates of 'gond' and 'gong' are widepread in Africa and Dravidia.
Gonder or Gondar is the ancient capital of Ethiopia 1652-1855 as well as
the surrounding region. The Gongola river is the primary tributary of the
Benue River, while the Gongola basin is in northeastern Nigeria
[ EB 5 gongola 359 ]. The Guang or Gonja in northern Ghana, who are
descendant of Mandingos, speak the Gur
and Goja languages and founded the Gonja kingdom [ EB 5 guang 532 ]
The Gond are a large group of Draviidan tribes in Central India.

The Congolese linguist Th. Obenga proposed the term 'Indo-African'
languages in analogy with 'Indo-European' [ Obenga ].
Prof. L. Homburger established close linguistic connections between
Dravidian and Senegalese languages especially Fulani, as well as Kannada
- Bantu and Telugu - Mande relationships [ Hom ].
Prof. Tuttle established connections between Nubian and Dravidian
languages [ Tuttle ].
Prof. Lahoverty established conections between African and Dravidian
languages [ Lah ].
Senegalese and Dravidian languages are closely related grammatically,
structurally and lexically [ N'D ] [ Ups ].
The Upper Nile basin is considered by some scholars to be the original
home of the Dravidians on linguistic grounds [ Win.gen 1118 ]

Dravidian legends mention an ancient landmass which disappeared into the
Ocean. The Tamils say that it was highly populated and included large
cities, now buried beneath the sea. Tamil historians have discussed this
land mass in detail throughout history; eg. Ariyarkkunallar in the 12th
century. Linguistic evidence indicates that the Dravidians are related to
the C-group Nubians of the Western Sahara who built the Kerma empire.
Since Egypt was often at war with Kerma, the connection across Lemuria
seems more plausible. [Winters:Agri]

The Sudroid and Africoid peoples are also genetically closely related.
The genetic similarities between Africans and Sudrics include:

Glucose-6-Phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency

Gene for sickle-cell anemia is common

Enzymes providing malaria resistance are present

The Kolarians (Indo-Australoids) share many genetic similarities with
the Australoids and Oceanic Negroids. Genetic similarities of the
Kolarians with the Australoids and Oceanic Negroids include :

Glucose-6-Phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency and alcohol
intolerance

A large ratio of B type blood

Rarity of Rhesus negative

Rarity of P2 gene

Rarity of A type, and especially A2

Shovel-shaped incisors are common

Low bi-zygomatic diameter

In addition, the hair is frequently reddish to blonde in childhood in
the case of Australoid Blackfellows, Dravidians and Kolarians.

Genetic Studies of mtDNA of Dravidians in Andhra displayed a close
similarity with African populations [ Bam ].

6. Zoological & Botanical Evidence

Zoological and Botanical similarities are numerous between animal and
plant species of Africa, Australia and South India (Dravidia). This
indicates that the similarity of humans extends to the plant and animal
kingdoms as well. These similarities arise from either migration across
the Suez and the MIddle East into India and thence to Australia, or due to
submerged land bridges in the Indian Ocean.

6.1
Reptiles

Python -
The python is found from western Africa to
China, Australia and the Pacific Islands. The slender reticulated python
is probably the world's longest snake, often reaching 8 m ( 26 feet ) with
one specimen recorded as 9.6 m in length. The Indian python is usually
less than 4 m but is much thicker and sometimes reaches 8m in length. The
African python often reaches 7 m while the species in West Africa ( the
Ball/Royal python ) is, as expected, smaller, reaching 1.5 m. The blood
python of Malaya, Sumatra and Borneo is reddish and averages 2.7 m.
-- [ EB 9 'python' 828 ]

Mangrove Snake -
The manrove snake, comprising 30 species of hte genus Boiga, is found
from tropical Africa to Australia and Polynesia [ EB 7'mangr.'774 ].

6.2
Mammals

Rhinoceros -
The term denotes any of 5 species of the family Rhinocerotidae
( and sometimes includes extinct fossil genera ).
These animals are found only in eastern and southern Africa and tropical
Asia, lending further support to the unity of vegetation of Africa and
India and indicating that recent exchange of zoo-botanicl contact existed
much after the breakup of Gondwanaland. The great Indian rhino
( R. unicornis ) is the
largest of all extant species, reaching 4.3 m in length and 2 m in height
at the shoulder, while the Sumatran rhino is the smallest ( height 2.5 m
or 8 foot and 2 m high ).
-- [ EB 10 'rhino' 23 ]

Buffalo -
Buffalos are again common to Africa and the Indies, while the related
bison/wisent occurs in North America and Europe. The black Indian buffalo
( Bubalus bubalus )
reaches 1.5 m of more at the shoulder, as does the black
Cape or African buffalo
( Syncerus caffer ). A red-brown subspecies of the Cape buffalo
in the dense forests of equatorial western Africa is, like
humans and animals of West Africa in general, much smaller.
The anoa, a small dark brown buffalo of the dense Celebes rainforests
and the tamaraw of the Philippines are also smaller species.
-- [ EB 2 'buffalo' 607 ]

Elephant -
The elephant once again is restricted to the Indies and Africa. 3 species
exist: the Indian elephant, the large African elephant and the dwarfish
Pygmy elephant of the rainforests of West Africa.
-- [ EB 4 'elephant' 441-2 ]

Felidae (Felines) -
The lion was once found in Africa, Europe and Asia. Now it is found only
in sub-Saharan Africa and in India (eg. the Gir National Forest, Gujarat)
[ EB 7 'lion' 382-3 ]. The leopard is found from Africa trough Anatolia,
Central Asia, India, China and Manchuria. Varieties include the Barbary,
South Arabian, ANantolian, Amur, SInai leopards [ EB 'leo.' 281 ]

6.3
Botanical

Baobab Tree -
The baobab trees ( Adansonia digitata ),
belonging to the bombax family (Bombacaceae) are native
to Africa. However, a closely related and very similar tree, also known as
baobab ( Adansonia gregoria ), occurs in Australia !
[ EB 1 'baobab' 877 ]

Banyan Tree -
The banyan tree ( Ficus benghalensis ) with its characteristic prop roots
that resemble trunks is native to India. However, a similar variety, the
wonderboom ( Ficus pretoia ) of Africa is very similar
[ EB 28 'trees' 881 ] !

Capparaceae Trees -
Trees of the order Capparaceae, family moringaceae occur from Africa to
India [ EB 13'angio.'638 ]
and are another indication of the unity of Indian and African
botanical life.

Appendix II - Origin of the Term Sudra

The term Shudra first appears in Sanskrit texts around 1500 BC
denoting one of the black aboriginal tribes that the Aryans conquered.
It was subsequently expanded to all blacks subjugated, and the term
Dasa or Dasyu , or slave, was used to denote the
servitude to which most Sudras were subjected. Sanskrit texts refer to the
Shudra as the black varna or colour. Thus Shudra is
equivalent as a racial term to the Latin Negra . Initially it only referred to
subjugated aboriginals and not the aboriginals themselves who were referred to as
avarna and later Adiavasi. Thus the terms Adivasi and Sudra were exclusive.
Later under Muslim rule Arabic: sudd- black and hence Sudra 9not Shudra) became
the generic term for Indian blacks.

In its modern sense Sudra denoted any black man in India and hence includes the
following sub-races:

Dravidians - Speakers of Dravidian languages. This includes

South Indian Dravidians or Settled Dravidians

Tamils

Mallas/Malabaris : Malayalis, Mallas

Karanad

Adivasi or Aboriginal Dravidians (eg. Tulu, Kurumba)

Kolarians - Kolarian speakers, incl. Mundas, Oraons, Santal, Ho

Dalits - Hindicized Sudras. This includes

Habshis or Hindicized Abyssinians

Hindicized Kols, eg. Bhuiyas

The term Shudra is first recorded from Sanskrit texts as referring to
one of the black aboriginal tribes that the Aryans encountered. It is
the name of a black tribe that was adopted into Sanskrit and was
subsequently used to denote those blacks who had entered the caste system
as the lowest 'varna' or color. They were the black varna. Initially, a
distinction was drawn between Sudra and Adivasi (aboriginal blacks outside
the caste system). However, in Prakrits the distinction was blurred, and
Shudra was used for any aboriginal.
During the Islamic Califate of Hindustan, Arabic became a sacred
language, and in Arabic 'sudd' means black ( hence the 'bilad as-Sudan'
or the Sudan of Africa ), and hence Sudra was used for any black, even the
blacks imported from Africa.
Terms of Abuse incl.
Kalu kalia Kaluta kaffir
English Hindustani
Negro (Latin "negri") Sudra (Sans. "Shudra", Arab. "Sudd",black
Black Kala

Appendix III - Nasal Index

The classification in general use is - leptorrhine (fine nose) if the
nasal index is 70, mesorrhine is it is between 70-85 and
platyrrhine (broad-nosed) if it is 85.
The Indo-Aryan is comparable to the European, fopr the French of
Paris have a nasal index of 69.4 as measurd by Topinard [ Ris 28-9 ].
According to Sir H.H.Risley, the nose of Sudras is very similar to that of
the lowest Negro types. The nasal index frequently reaches more than 100.
The Paniyans of Malabar have an average nasal index of 95, while certain
individual Kadias of Tamil Nad measured 115. [ Ris App.III p.369].

The 'Congo' river and the 'Kongo' tribes are cognate to the Kongu Nadu
comprising the Salem tract in Tamil Nadu prior to its conquest by the
Cholas [ EB 10 salem 350 ].
The suffix '-wana' is common to Bantu and Dravidian languages, thus
Botswana and Bophuthatswana in southern Africa [ EB 2 botswana 412 ]
[ EB 2 boph. 376 ] and Gondwana in central India [ EB 5:358 ].
The Mbangala or Imbangala warrior tribe of central Angola [ EB 6: imb.
266 ] are cognate to the Bangala tribe and the region named after
them in eastern India, which later became Bengal.
The Ubangi river [ EB ubangi 12:98 ] is the largest right-bank tributary
of the Congo river and flows past Bangui town (the capital of the Central
African Republic). A black tribe (and later low caste) by the name of
Bhangi exists in northern India. The Bangweulu is a large lake and swamp
region in northeastern Zambia. In Bantu the term denotes 'Large Water'
[ EB 1 bangw. 868 ]
The Galla are the largest ethnic group in Ethipia, forming 40 % of the
population [ EB 5 galla 87 ]. They are cattle-herders, as are
the black-skinned low-caste known as Goala (cow-herders) in central India.
The Mbundu are the second-largest ethnic group of Angola [ EB 7 mbundu
986 ] while the Munda are
in Eastern India.
The Ndongo tribe of the Mbundu [ EB 7 mbundu 986 ] are perhaps cognate
to the Dombas or Doms of India.
The Godabas of Somalia may have given their name to the Godavari River in
the Deccan.
Congates of 'gond' and 'gong' are widepread in Africa and Dravidia.
Gonder or Gondar is the ancient capital of Ethiopia 1652-1855 as well as
the surrounding region. The Gongola river is the primary tributary of the
Benue River, while the Gongola basin is in northeastern Nigeria
[ EB 5 gongola 359 ]. The Guang or Gonja in northern Ghana, who are
descendant of Mandingos, speak the Gur
and Goja languages and founded the Gonja kingdom [ EB 5 guang 532 ]
The Gond are a large group of Draviidan tribes in Central India.

The Congolese linguist Th. Obenga proposed the term 'Indo-African'
languages in analogy with 'Indo-European' [ Obenga ].
Prof. L. Homburger established close linguistic connections between
Dravidian and Senegalese languages especially Fulani, as well as Kannada
- Bantu and Telugu - Mande relationships [ Hom ].
Prof. Tuttle established connections between Nubian and Dravidian
languages [ Tuttle ].
Prof. Lahoverty established conections between African and Dravidian
languages [ Lah ].
Senegalese and Dravidian languages are closely related grammatically,
structurally and lexically [ N'D ] [ Ups ].
The Upper Nile basin is considered by some scholars to be the original
home of the Dravidians on linguistic grounds [ Win.gen 1118 ]

Apendix V - Lemuria

Dravidian legends mention an ancient landmass which disappeared into the
Ocean. The Tamils say that it was highly populated and included large
cities, now buried beneath the sea. Tamil historians have discussed this
land mass in detail throughout history; eg. Ariyarkkunallar in the 12th
century. Linguistic evidence indicates that the Dravidians are related to
the C-group Nubians of the Western Sahara who built the Kerma empire.
Since Egypt was often at war with Kerma, the connection across Lemuria
seems more plausible. [Winters:Agri]

The English zoologost Philip Sclater propsed the theory of the
continent of Lemuria in the mid-1800s [ 3 Oc. 127 ]

Appendix V - Miscellaneous Notes

The Asurs of Lohardaga [ Ris p.399 ] Dravidian

'In fact the word 'Kol' is a loose term used by the Hindus of the plains
as a word of derision. De Meulder describes it as an Indian equivalent of
the word 'nigger' in the US ... [for scientific purposes Kol includes teh
Larka Kols or Hos of Man and Dhalbhhum, the Munda Kols of Chotanagpur and
the Bhumij ... The Hos are physically [supereior] to the other cognate
branches of the Kolarian tribes... p.9 'The constatnt early use of teh bow
expanded the chest and set the muscles and their innate passion for the
chase over the steep and rugged hills brought their lower limbs nto a
state of fitness, which the best phulwan (wrestler) of the plains of
India might envy. Male height average 5'5" or 5'6" height
women 5'2" .. copper tint complexion common women physically hetter ...
developed Aryan influence ... more than 50 % of the population in Chota
Nagpur division.'
-- [C.P.Singh p.8]

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