Forensic anthropologist Ann Ross is pictured in her lab at NC State University.
Credit: North Carolina State University.

-+

Listen

by Archaeology Newsroom

0603'1510:58

Study finds significant facial variations in pre-Columbian peoples

Disproving a longstanding perception that these groups were physically homogenous

A team of anthropology researchers has found significant differences in facial features between all seven pre-Columbian peoples they evaluated from what is now Peru – disproving a longstanding perception that these groups were physically homogenous. The finding may lead scholars to revisit any hypotheses about human migration patterns that rested on the idea that there was little skeletal variation in pre-Columbian South America.

Skeletal variation is a prominent area of research in New World bioarchaeology, because it can help us understand the origins and migration patterns of various pre-Columbian groups through the Americas.

“However, for a long time, the conventional wisdom was that there was very little variation prior to European contact,” says Ann Ross, a forensic anthropologist at NC State University and co-author of a paper describing the new work. “Our work shows that there was actually significant variation.” The research team also included anthropologists from the University of Oregon and Tulane University.

The recently-published findings may affect a lot of hypotheses regarding New World anthropology. For decades, research on pre-Columbian peoples used one sample of 110 individuals to represent the skull variation – including the facial features – of all South American peoples. But that representative sample consisted solely of individuals from the Yauyos people – a civilization that existed in the central Peruvian highlands.

“And our work shows that the Yauyos had facial features that were very different even from other peoples in the same region,” Ross says. “This raises questions about any hypothesis that rests in part on the use of the Yauyos sample as being representative of all South America.”

The researchers evaluated facial measurements of 507 skulls from seven different groups that have been clearly defined by archaeological evidence: the Yauyos, Ancon, Cajamarca, Jahuay, Makatampu, Malabrigo, and Pacatnamu peoples. These societies existed at various points between AD 1 and AD 1470.

Ross collected facial measurements of the Ancon, Cajamarca, and Makatampu remains. John Verano, an anthropologist at Tulane, collected measurements of the Jahuay, Malabrigo, and Pacatnamu remains. For the Yauyos, the researchers used measurements made by W.W. Howells in 1973.

The researchers found that each of these groups displayed distinct facial characteristics.

The researchers also plotted the sites where each group’s remains were found. Using this information, they determined that geographical distance was a factor in facial differences between groups.

In other words, the farther apart two groups were, the less they looked alike.

“We’ve now collected samples from across Latin America – and those we’ve already published on can be viewed in a publicly available database,” Ross says. “Our publications so far have focused on variation in specific regions. Next we want to compare variation across Latin America, to see if we can identify patterns that suggest biological relationships, which could be indicative of migration patterns.”

'Cowboy builders' blamed for Rome's crumbling Colosseum An ambitious attempt to save Rome's Colosseum from collapse is being undermined by the authorities' cost-cutting decision to employ ordinary builders rather than specialists to perform the delicate overhaul, restoration experts have claimed.

New finds at AigaiThree impressive funerary monuments which might open a new chapter to the study of the evolution of the so-called Macedonian Tombs have been discovered.

New finds at Kissonerga-SkaliaThe Ministry of Communications and Works, Department of Antiquities announces the completion of the latest season of excavation at the Early–Middle Bronze Age settlement of Kissonerga-Skalia.