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Cloud Computing

As cloud computing grows into a core disseminated computing policy, safety turns out to be a genuine concern. This is in regard to the point that cloud computing is swiftly turning to be the approach computing is carried out. The influences of Harauz, Kaufman, and Potter to the IEEE Security and Privacy Proceedings denote that Elastic Compute Cloud (E2C), US internetworking (USi) and Web 2.0 are a number of accessible cloud computing services (61-62). Cloud computing, the link of several computers via actual communication network for example internet, got protection as well as trust as its key focuses. Even though cloud computing has several merits, its vulnerability to dangers is existent. The possible and freely available platform with several users from different backgrounds undertaking their day to day chores via a shared virtual technologies, the persistent development of technology as well as the existence of hackers and other cyber wrongdoers spur data safety emphases. As its applications multiply, majority of these hackers as well as cyber lawbreakers may find out new methods to take advantage of the system and its vulnerabilities.

Numerous dangers and difficulties in cloud computing increase the compromise danger on data. Data security is focused on the discretion and dependability of information (Mather, Kumaraswamy & Latif 357-450). It entails safeguarding data against illegitimate users. In the computing world, when servers are compromised there could be significant detriment to the cloud users as well as providers. One key threat that can be detrimental to cloud users together with providers is the loss or leak of crucial data such as credit card and social security numbers and private messages. This is a core emphases in this technology era where most of private information is kept online. A network computing blogger perceives that while some in IT management fault technology on information safety emphases, other elements for instance outdated corporate security policies add up to these data safety concerns (Turner, “Data Protection in the Cloud Era”).

In cloud computing, information transmission prompted via the virtual settings brings up numerous storage emphases where users may fail to recognize the real location of their data storage or the nature as well as source of information that is kept along with theirs (Harauz, Kaufman & Potter 62). Sajal, Kant, and Zhang state that users as well fail to recognize if their information is kept at a reliable non-trusted data center (358). This brings out essential concern where data reliability and storage is concerned. Cloud storage is a suitable and cost-effective means of keeping records (from music files to pictures to sensitive documents) on a server in the cyberspace. It not only replaces getting rid of aging records to make space for new ones and buying an external hard drive, but also allows user to secure, match, as well as get information across a number of devices via an internet link. Dropbox, Amazon Cloud Drive, SugarSync, Google Drive and Windows Live Mesh are a number of the accessible cloud storage services. Harauz, Kaufman, and Potter (62) provide the least possible condition of a cloud storage provider as being capable of offering a weathered encryption plan to safeguard all information in the shared storage setting. Others incorporate securing against illegal reach to information via rigid access controls, data gridlock at regular intervals, as well as the storage of this backup information in a safe setting.

In these capabilities, data safety is essential, however extra imperative emphases that require attention occur. For example, is safety the duty of the service provider or the users who keep their data and applications? The 2013 data breach investigations account by Verizon says – once more – that cloud data security relies on individuals as well as technology (Brenner, “Is Anyone Really Responsible for Your Company’s Data Security?”). As stated by Verizon, majority intrusions for a number of years-78 percent this year- are “low difficulty” and simple or mid-level security processes could avert them. This spells an administration calamity and not just a technological problem. On top of this, legal issues for instance regulatory compliance, e-discovery and auditing crop up, for example, the security breach at Heartland Payment Systems Inc. where information on millions of credit cards vanished. To withstand these and other disquiets, a security model that enhances privacy, reliability and accessibility is essential. This concept could permit every cloud to offer a gauge of its current and probable privacy, accessibility and reliability. One of the chief problems in the whole set up is the establishment of confidentiality and guarding of the information at one go.

Evidently, cloud computing is as well an extremely easy target for hackers. A number of service providers for instance Google and Amazon have the fundamental set-up to repel as well as overcome cyber-attack, however others do not have this degree of proficiency. Because of their design’s vital nature, clouds provide the opportunity for orchestrated attacks to several websites, and with unsuitable security, a single cruel deed could compromise hundreds of websites. Thus, larger providers usually require their users to put all their information in the provider’s cloud for the sale of cloud’s reliability. A cloud system with multi-configurations as well as numerous entities is deliberated as safe as its feeblest connection (Harauz, Kaufman & Potter 63). This turns out to be a high-priority target for hackers due to the poor security linked with every single entity. Hackers hunt for providers with the easiest vulnerabilities to abuse and note them as the most probable target. Unluckily, most of breaches consume time to realize and these hackers have a routine of hanging around particularly when they enter into business setups. The security dangers that must be reduced incorporate sensitive data access, privacy, data segregation, recovery, bug exploitation, accountability, management console security, malicious insiders, and multi-tenancy and account control problems.

Solutions to cloud security problems incorporate cryptography and certainly public key infrastructure (PKI), standardization of APIs, the utilization of multiple cloud provider, legal support as well as enhancing virtual machine support. In business environment, the application of latest device for better information safety planning and installing corporate-critical application on centrally controlled serve in the data center or in the cloud will improve data safety. Cloud providers should capitalize in danger assessment to guarantee data encryption, create safe platforms and infrastructures, as well as promise auditing to create compliance. Presently, there is an industrial attempt to computerize security together with virtual device. Implementing global universal security policies, and testing them carefully before adopting may improve cloud computing. This will put countless cyberspace users at peace and will surge not only the output of the cloud computing, but also the reliability of this latest improvement in computing. Cloud computing corporations must look analytically at the requirement for establishment of security on this platform to lead in the area. It is not only due to the fact that this is the latest method of computing, but also actually what is yet to come.

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Islamophobia

Today’s society comprises of populations from different economic, religious and social backgrounds hence, quite diverse. The diversity plays a very crucial role in cushioning people and supporting social grown from negative impact of social problems. To enjoy peaceful coexistence, members of the society have to be tolerant at all times bearing in mind that societal survival is threatened by unnecessary conflicts.

Any form of prejudice as well as discrimination denies part of global population an opportunity to share the natural resource base. Therefore, from an ethical point of view, discriminatory practices are considered unjust and immoral. This is based on the fact that they do not allow populations to benefit from their entitlements as well as their rights. In this regard, this paper offers a clear and in-depth analysis of islamophobia concepts.

After defining islamophobia, the paper also discusses a different practice that is manifested currently as well as the impact it has on affected groups. Lastly, the paper explains several measures that can be adopted to use to address the concern and to ensure peaceful coexistence between the people.

Definition

Lean (2012:23) in his research study explains Islamophobia as an irrational and powerful fear or dislike of Islamic religion. Islamophobia according to Lean attacks followers by perpetuating prejudice, stereotyping, discrimination and hatred amongst them. Essentially, Islamophobia is a kind of religion based resentment and it encourages people.

Proponents of Muslim religion also present Faithfull as people who are highly resistant to change. From the point of view in regards to the western culture, the religion is an extremist, inferior, primitive and irrational (Kumar, 2012). These are prepositions that enhance hostilities against devotees and in the end, results in their exclusion from the society. In this regard, practices that are anti-Muslim are known globally to be normal and hence, live in line with social, political, religious and moral values that ensure the society stays put. It is a move that affects the afflicted individuals negatively.

Causes

There are many causes of Islamophobia. Weller (2006:295) believes that ignorance of the religion by non-Muslim societies is one of the reasons that have contributed a great deal to the current state of affairs. In this relevance, non-muslims do not truly understand ethics and values of the religion. They also presume that it promotes hatred and violence towards non-believers.

This is a believer against practices and western ideals that global community consider highly instrumental for harmonious co-existence and living. There is also misconception and it propagates discrimination based on the fact that Muslims are considered to be anti-social.

The other cause of Islamophobia according to Igbal (2010:82) is poor reporting that Muslim nations are victims of violent attacks pursued by Islam extremist groups. The media and political leaders state that Muslim states have not be disseminating and reporting factual information in regards to any violent attack. This has made the global community strongly believe that Muslims are perpetrators of the attacks and not victims.

Similarly, incitements by groups, organizations and individuals contribute to Islamophobia. In this regard, Igbal (2010: 83), states that there are different groups globally whose sole intentions are to cause and spread cross religious violence and intolerance. By perpetuating such acts in certain geographical regions for example, they are in a position to access different resources especially in the affected areas and benefit a great deal from them.

However, they cannot achieve this objective under peaceful coexistence. Since it is also globally known that many extremist groups embrace Islam, they take advantage of this to create violent conditions. The media is additionally known to play a role in the rise of prejudice and discrimination against Muslims. Khalil (2013: 87) believes that western media have played a crucial role in the growing number of people who are hurt and insulted by Muslims.

They use the strategy to achieve their economic and social interests. By perpetuating hatred amongst believers, western countries have also had an opportunity to speak out their ideals and remain highly competitive. What’s more, with the fact that the media is highly influential and powerful tool, it makes it easy to convince global population that Islam is an inferior and irrational religion.

Additionally, Lean (2012:92) also assumes that there is no legal binding instrument that presently addresses the concern. This has led to increased perpetuation of statements that incite religious and intercultural intolerance. Individuals across the globe are also free to spread false information on a certain religion as well as its cultural values that people hold in the same regard.

What’s more, the go unpunished and as a result, they consider the practice to be socially acceptable. Debates have also emerged on intolerance and religious discrimination that are more confined to the elite group in the society. In other words, a good percentage of global population doesn’t really understand different forms of religious intolerance and its impact on wellbeing of those affected.

Grass root populations are also unaware of statuses and public dialogues of these vital debates. Therefore, the objective of the malpractice has prevented them from achieving objective and rational decisions related to the malpractice (Weller, 2006). The political groups are also not willing to engage in dialogues aimed at resolving the issue amicably (Bleich, 2011). In this regard, it is worth noting and appreciating the fact that political classes are influential and authoritative.

Political classes are also responsible for creating laws and regulations that guide an individual’s behavior in different ways. Political class by showing reluctance in addressing the issue promotes its growth in the society. It also gives room for perpetrators to continue with their mission and at all levels.

Finally, following the September 11 attack, there has been exacerbation of many anti-Muslim tendencies in the global society. Muslim involvement in such event also intensified generalizations and stereotypes against Muslims. What’s more, the global community and population employ the use of collective punishment for the Islamic community focusing on adherents to be violent thus, associating them at all times with terrorist activities.

Manifestation

Manifestation of Islamophobia in the current society manifests itself in different ways and in different ways. Besides social agencies, the media, political and religious leaders are also known to perpetuate the malpractice in different ways. In his study, Bleich (2011: 1583), he cites a renowned figure in Italy who planned a competition aimed at choosing the most beautiful pig.

The event organizer considered mosques as the best locations used by perpetrators to recruit terrorists who engage in violent crimes. These remarks were no doubt unfounded and the event was derogatory. It was also insulting to the Muslim community and it underestimated the fact that there are certain society facets that are ignorant of the virtues and values advocated for by Muslims.

Danish caricatures are also a classic indication of hostility towards the Islamic religion (Buehler, 2011). The caricatures of Prophet Muhammad were not only provocative but also insulting and discriminatory. These were additionally accompanied by inflammatory remarks and publications. Instead of speaking peace, making the commentaries led to social unrest and violence. Even though western governments regretted over the matter later on, they did not make any step to prevent a re-occurrence.

Such practices have continued to undermine and unabated sustainable peace. They are also pursued under the pretense of freedom of expression. The degree of negativity and hostility towards Islamic religion is additionally manifested on different types of media. Besides social media, there are also a good number of scholars that closely relate Islam to violence (Kumar, 2012).

Additionally, influential social leaders, political leaders and policy proposals portray the Islam as a religion that backs up violent practices. Therefore, the media truly succeed in convincing global populations that Islam is an extremist religion based on such speeches and publications directed at large target audience. The remarks shape up the society’s attitude.

Lean (2012:93) in his review indicates that media personalities use print and film media to propagate islamophobia. The films they present to the audience confirm that many global terror events were and are planned by Muslims. In this regard, they discriminate against and hate adherents to Muslim religion. Similarly, Poynting (2007:66) indicates that Islamophobia manifests itself through workplace discrimination.

There is also a lot of statistical evidence that confirms that since the September 11 attack of the pentagon, Muslims in different western countries have continued to live or struggle with unemployment (Igbal, 2010). Many companies as a matter of fact are not willing to employ Muslim followers despite their qualifications. This is a fact that has had a great impact on the financial or economic well being and quality of life lived by the individuals.

It is a fact that prevents Muslims from actively participating in formal employment and benefiting from opportunities presented by the society. On the other hand, political leaders are known to promote Islamophobia in different ways. Use of derogatory remarks when making public address in rallies is also not willing to cooperate with them in pursuit of economic objectives and goals. Through the speeches, they also inform the public that Islam embraces radicalism.

Muslim settlers are also faced with many challenges emanating from Islamophobia. Sheehi and Churchill (2011:89) states that there are western countries that introduce stringent regulations and laws that prohibit Muslims from exercising their cultural rights comfortably. For example, Muslim émigrés are prevented from putting on or using their religious attires and symbols publicly on the premise on claims that they cause culture clash.

Laws from Denmark and Netherlands among other such western countries have laws created to prevent Muslims from having cultural centers or erecting religious symbols public places (Igbal, 2010). Governments of such countries arguably consider Muslim as a religion that promotes values that disregard its legal provisions. They also fear the fact that expansion and growth of Muslim across the globe can undermine harmonious living. Muslim immigrants also find it very difficult to gain entry into certain countries. This is largely attributed to the fact that there is widespread fear that they engage in terrorist activities. Moreover, law enforcement agencies in many countries across the globe use the attribute in criminal reporting.

Islamophobia in modern day society is also demonstrated in many ways and fundamentally aim at alienating Muslims from the society. The negativity and hostility related to islamophobia prevents people from appreciating and understanding desirable attributes and values of Muslim religion upholds. This is a fact that has a negative impact on the welfare and functioning of the global society.

Effects

Gottschalk and Greenberg (2007:114) also points out that the concept prevents Muslims from participating in cultural, economic and political activities held in the society. For example, their needs and demands are not addressed adequately by political leaders. Negative attitudes from the public also do not give Muslims an opportunity to engage in constructive or critical debates aimed at addressing the issue.

In the end, it enhances hatred and strains vital social relations that are critical for grown and development. At this point, it is also worth noting that Muslims are an important social group. Therefore, excluding them from vital economic and social processes, the society also fails to achieve sustainable and holistic growth and development. Therefore, the practice prevents economic development and hurts Muslims (Gottschalk and Greenberg, 2007).

Social exclusion and social hostility characteristics holds on to the idea that Islamophobia has a negative impact on mental wellness of the affected persons. Apart from preventing them to participate in vital social projects, it also exposes them to a wide range of mentally distressing conditions. They also feel alienated from the society that is in normal circumstances required to support them in different ways.

(Khalil (2013: 48), also agrees disrespect from the global society leads to development of destructive anger feelings, alienation and disaffection. This underrates performance of young Muslims in different spheres of life. Apart from leading to their educational failure, negative treatment also leads to unemployment. Social alienation generally prevents young Muslims from living a normal life.

Mainstream parties also use anti-muslim messages and slogans to succeed in elections. The messages convince the masses that they do not support Islam. This indicates that they distance themselves from the religion. Since they assume vital political positions and leaderships later on, it also implies that laws and rules formulated by the politicians, implemented and enforced by the same people do not favor the general wellbeing of Muslims. Lack of political will to address Muslim problems also has an adverse impact on their survival.

It also reveals that social programs and other development initiatives do not focus on the needs of the Muslim brothers and sisters. This kind of exclusion deters Muslims from sharing and benefiting from available resource base. Finally, injustice and violence drive young Muslims to engage in criminal activities. According to Sheridan (2006:324), characteristic disaffection towards Muslims leads to violent radicalism. This can also be used to explain rising representation of this group in the criminal justice system.

From a psychological point of view, populations that are considered to be violent reach a point where they actually engage in violence to assert the claims. Rising incidences of violence also prevent governments from addressing terrorism and initiating development. It also exposes the masses to negative religious extremism and violence. It also divides the society and leads to significant losses.

Ultimately negative effects across the nation outweigh and overwhelm the benefits of Islamophobia. For this reason, it is vital for governments to employ ideal ways to address the matter effectively and efficiently.

Intervention Measures

Different stakeholders need to formulate, implement and affect laws addressing religious intolerance to counter the effects of Islamophobia. These will help to define clearly the meaning of freedom of expression and to advocate for exercise of related rights to the later; Kumar (2012:72) in his study indicates that laws should promote cultural and religious tolerance. Those who contravene the provisions should be held responsible for their actions.

The strategy will be quite instrumental in ensuring that religious and political leaders refrain from making insulting or inflammatory comments. Additionally, it will reduce incitement as well as negative impact on the general wellbeing of Islamic religion. To ensure its effectiveness, legal provisions should also be quite comprehensive and inclusive.

Non-governmental organizations and civil society should also assume active roles in reconciling differences and in addressing the concern. Therefore, in his research, Weller (2006:295) is contended that these are the institutions that play a very critical role in today’s international relations. They also contribute significantly in addressing global matters of great importance. Specifically, their activities help to bring together different stakeholders including academicians, religious leaders, diplomats and the media.

Therefore, they can make the most of such a platform to discuss important issues that relate to manipulation of religious practices and faith by radical groups and unlawful justification of their acts. Additionally, they can make suggestions on the best solutions that can be used to manage the trend and to ensure the wellbeing of Muslims.

Governments should also incorporate important also incorporate changes in the educational systems used in their institutions. Such vital changes enhance sustainability and in this regard, Gottschalk and Greenberg (2007:98), recommend that the syllabi should be revised by the government at all education levels. The revision should additionally include incorporation of vital concepts that focus on religious tolerance as well as the negative effects associated with cultural defamation.

Philosophy, history, religious studies and human sciences among other related disciplines are vital avenues that can be used to achieve this goal. They should also in this respect focus on presenting a balanced view of religion, civilization and cultures to target audience. Education is a vital tool because of its capability to align and change attitudes towards achievement of set goals. What’s more, it redefines behaviors and beliefs of the people.

Education is no doubt an important instrument that can be used efficiently to address the issue in a sustainable and effective manner. Similarly, the national, local and state governments should focus on developing and engaging in campaigns against Islamophobia. As earlier indicated, such institutions are highly influential and they can use their authority to bring change.

They can also use the strategy to relay factual and important information on religious and cultural diversity. The government should involve relevant stakeholders from all facets in the society actively and utilize all forms of media. This will be very effective in creating awareness amongst current population on Islamophobia, its negative effects and its implications on the wellness of the society. Most importantly, it will enhance objectivity in decision making process by ensuring that the masses base their decisions on informed choices or opinions.

Conclusion

Islamophobia is a delusion that has affected Muslim population negatively. It is a concept that enhances aggression and hostility towards this group of the population. From the preceding review, the concept of islamophobia is caused by many factors including misuse of the freedom of expression, ignorance on Muslim religious values, lack of legal instruments addressing the concept and misinterpretation of the idea of freedom of expression among others. It is highly manifested through enhance media coverage of islamophobia, discriminatory employment tactics and political commentaries that are derogatory.

Besides propagating hatred, the concept compromises economic development, strains social relations and prevents Muslims from sharing or benefiting from natural resource base. This is a concern that can be addressed efficiently by educating the society on the importance of cultural and religious respect as well as tolerance. It is a step that will take the efforts of the civil society as well as nonprofit organizations and pursuing anti-discriminatory campaigns to achieve the goal.

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References

Bleich, Erik. 2011. “What is Islamophobia and How Much is There? Theorizing and Measuring an Emerging Comparative Concept.” American Behavioral Scientist, 55 (12): 1581-1600.

Poverty, Social Welfare & Social Policy

This paper focuses on the causes, impact of poverty as well as reviews of social welfare and different policies that can be employed to reduce poverty amongst individuals. The paper also takes a closer look at policy strategies from the United States for a comparative point of view with countries with high poverty levels. Additionally, the topic includes a wide range of research studies from economic, sociology, psychology, public health and political science (O’Connor 25-80). Lastly the paper addresses a number of questions including

What is poverty

Why is poverty persistent

Why are poverty rates among the minority high

What is the causal impact of poverty on adults and children and

What is the effect of social welfare and policies on poverty

Additionally, the topic defines poverty as lack of shelter and minimum food among other necessities for maintaining good life. Extreme lack of essential needs including food and clothing is known as absolute poverty. For example, a high number of up to 35million people live in poverty in the United States of America.

There are many causes of poverty across the globe. While some of the causes can be completely eliminated by employing certain measures, getting rid of underlying and major causes remain a highly critical challenge across the globe. Changing economic trends, lack of access to education, epidemic diseases, corruption, overpopulation, environmental issues and culture of poverty are leading and root causes of poverty. There are also a wide range of social implications in relevance with this topic (90-102).

The effects of poverty as well as its sociological implications are widespread and quite adverse on the populations of many countries across the globe. Those who grow up in poverty experience severe, persistent and regular health issues compared to those who grow up in areas with low poverty levels. Additionally, many children born in poor environments tend to have physical, mental and low birth weight related problems.

Many infants also die before they are born and for those who are born, they end up being severely affected by high poverty levels. Similarly, children born in poor backgrounds miss school frequently because of illness related issues. Moreover, people from poor families are known to have high accident rates compared to those from rich backgrounds (105-110).

Social welfare on the other hand can be defined as prosperity, health and general wellbeing of the people of a country. It represents crucial values that the society can be built on. It also aims at ensuring awareness amongst the people on the most ideal ways of enhancing the quality of life. Social welfare programs aim at enhancing goals and values that support the way of living in the society.

The implications of such programs are to enhance and facilitate the quality of life by initiating the programs directed at uplifting individuals as well as providing quality education and health programs. Social welfare programs are also made probable through application of social policies aimed at achieving set goals and objectives for enhanced quality of life amongst the citizens of a given country.

Social policy denotes activities, guidelines, legislation and principles that affect and influence the lifestyle or living conditions favorable to welfare of humans. It also analyzes the response of the society to social needs of the people. Additionally, it is primarily focused on issues affecting the society, policy and economy among such factors that are very critical to human living and ways in which they can be made available.

The policies shape access and distribution processes of goods as well as resources in a given country with at aim of promoting equality for all (Whitman 28-100).

Observations and analyses

In Canada, poverty remains high and common. Its rate of poverty is high amongst the world’s richest nations. Canada experiences declining poverty levels in the recent past and some of the programs employed in the country to help citizens are designed by the government based on what the country’s market can provide.

Canada also has a high rate of government transfer payments to the citizens and it amounts to more than $176.6billion shillings. What’s more, the government has taken the initiative to fund public education and Medicare for its people as a policy measure to help reduce poverty levels and to enhance the quality of life (World Development Indicators 58).

All provinces in Canada provide publicly funded and universal healthcare services to its citizens. The services are medically essential especially for citizens who cannot afford high Medicare costs. There are also other social programs that have been subsidized by federal authority in Canada. Provinces in the country are also responsible for ensuring that children going to school access quality education.

Education in Canada is a must up to the age of sixteen. Both high school and elementary education in the country is available at a normal cost to ensure that many citizens afford. Similarly, federal government in the country provides safety nets and funds to students and the elderly. All these steps are aimed at reducing poverty levels in the country (108-1588).

Another good example of poverty, social welfare and social policy is Bangladesh. It is the most densely populated country in the world with more than 150million people. Bangladesh also has more than 20 percent of its total population living under the poverty line of 2 US Dollar a day.

Bangladesh also has child malnutrition rate of 48 percent. The country is also characterized with high corruption levels, overpopulation, insufficient electricity, poor roads, overpopulation and political instability. Economic growth in Bangladesh is also low, between 5 and 6 percent per annum. The country similarly, remains overpopulated, poorly governed and poor (198).

The population in Bangladesh is also predominantly rural with high rural poverty levels. More than 45 percent of the people of Bangladesh rely on agriculture for their livelihood. Additionally, it lacks enough working welfare programs that can help enhance the lives of its citizens. The government of Bangladesh also has limited social policies that can be pursued to ensure equal sharing of resources amongst its people (200-289).

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Works Cited

O’Connor, Alice. Poverty Knowledge: Social Science, Social Policy, and the Poor in Twentieth-Century U.S. History. Princeton, N.J: Princeton University Press, 2001. Print.

Merlen Sparza

Merlen Sparza is one of the famous Hispanic female boxers. She was introduced to Houston boxing gym at a tender age of eleven. While at the gym, she admired Rudy Silvia, a legend at the gym who was conspicuously training with men (Kahn 234). As she gazed at the people training at the gym, Merlen admired their sharp punches, fit bodies and champions. She was confident and determined to walk in the footsteps of her mentors and become a renowned boxer. Merlen continued to train against the wishes of her father and brother who opposed her boxing career. (Kimball 323).

Barely twenty years old, the 5-feet Merlen made history in 2012 in Olympics Women boxing. She was so enthusiastic about boxing that she even trained in the ring and displayed unmatched skills in punching and attacking. She wakes up at 6a.m for serious training. She later takes lunch with high protein content in order to improve her boxing skills (Sugar 245). It was joy when she raised her country’s flag after emerging winner in flyweight category in the tourney in 2012. However, some people believe that she has constantly faced weak opponents in most of the competition. For instance, she knocked out her opponent in the first round in June 2013 in Houston (Toole 234).

Merlen Sparza became a source of inspiration for most girls in Latin who had interest in boxing. Many approach her for guidance and autographs with the hope of becoming like them. They imitate her determination and boxing techniques and her knack to overcome stigma on boxing, which the world considers a male sport.

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Mobile Technology and Its Impact on e‐Commerce

E-commerce plays a major role in the world. However, applications and technologies are shifting towards mobile computing and the wireless web. While this is the case, the advancements have also brought into play a host of challenges, especially concerning wireless electronic commerce. Because of varying preferences of customers, development of these applications is a continuous process to satisfy the market. Mobile electronic-commerce, which uses portable devices to transact business, has become a major part of people’s lives. Common portable devices include laptops, mobile telephones, and vehicle-mounted interfaces among others (Lamersdorf 243).

The only requirement for mobile electronic commerce is to have access to mobile wireless, which is Web or WAP enabled (Lamersdorf 255). It is worth noting that phones and other hand-held gadgets have limitations, including low memory, small screens and few input devices. They do not have traditional computer keyboards and have limited text lines and character entries. To the contrary, laptops support many devices, have huge data storage capacity, have traditional keyboards and have large screens.

The main concern for manufacturers is deciding the most effective way individuals to use apps to access information through the gadgets. For this reason, there is need for manufacturers to go back to application software and operating systems for a range of platforms. Portable devices can support apps including Palm’s PalmOS, Microsoft’s Pocket PC OS, WAP, SMS, Web and I-node (Nickerson & Warkentin 446). While some of these apps meet the needs of most users, they have limited functionality. Thus, manufacturers and app developers have the task of improving functionality of these devices to enhance their capabilities (McConnell, Merz, and Maesano 370).

Mobile e-commerce therefore denotes business to consumer moneymaking activities, conducted sing mobile devices. With wireless technology, there is hope for mobile sub-net in the e-commerce world. Today, most people in the world own mobile phones, which largely rely on wireless technology. Other devices allow voice communication while others concentrate on non-voice functionalities like watching videos, Geo-location data, reading emails and accessing internet (McConnell, Merz & Maesano 378). This has led to change in purchaser payment market. With these devices, e-commerce is simpler and convenient around the globe. Because of developments in mobile e-commerce, there is massive manufacture of handsets, improved technology and affordable data prices. These have encouraged more usage of mobile data than in previous years.

Mobile e-commerce has also led to the rise of consumer benefits and protection to consumer issues. They include mobile payment and banking, premium services, mobile shopping and mobile marketing, just but a few. With premium services, users buy digital content and electronic information via text messages, where the costs add up to the mobile phone expenditure (Tsalgatidou 252). Examples of SMS free-based services are horoscopes, SMS voting system, flight status alerts and dating chat sites among others. Because of development of wireless networks, there is enhanced data transfer and better display capabilities by portable devices. They also have good processing power, which promote internet-enabled services (Tsalgatidou 276). Today, there are content portals, which offer a range of free services like downloading games, videos and ringtones. It is therefore clear that mobile content has massively evolved to meet the changing needs of the market. With mobile payment and banking, financial institutions offer text banking to online clients. Through this platform, a customer can view account balance and recent transactions on phone. On the other hand, mobile payment software allow customers to text their payments, where companies offer traditional trust services via the internet by expanding the functionality of the device. Oftentimes, they improve privacy through encryption and public key management (Nickerson and Warkentin 440).

Besides the advantages above, wireless apps and technologies have a range of demerits in mobile e-commerce worldwide. The absence of mobile device standardization all over the world is a major concern. Mobile devices differ from country to country and even within a particular country. The inequality in acquiring and access wireless web technology also affects mobile e-commerce in the world. It is clear that some countries have low demand for mobile device capacity. For example, Japan and Europe have higher demand for mobile devices than the U.S (Tsalgatidou 268). Very few Americans use wireless devices compared to people living in Europe and Asia. Americans also have lesser usage rates than Asians and Europeans. Experts observe that there will be lower demand for 3G internet to hit critical levels, hindering development of e-commerce within affected countries.

Conclusion

In conclusion, technology development has played a major role in mobile e-commerce development. Today, millions of people all over the world depend on this technology to transact businesses. With rapid advancement in wireless devices, there is need to ensure that the devices function properly. There is also need for development of wireless communication with high bandwidth to meet the demands of mobile e-commerce and wireless apps.

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Preventing Women from Driving in Saudi Arabia

Introduction

The main objective of this research is to show arguments, which support and condemn women driving in Saudi Arabia. It also offers recommendations on legal and policy changes that Saudi Arabia should make and cultural adjustments to allow women to drive.

Arguments against women driving in Saudi Arabia

Those who argue against women driving in Saudi Arabia believe that the country is vast and moving from city to city requires that one to cross a desert. This could be challenging for women since they are vulnerable to dangers. Allowing women to drive and traverse the desert would expose them to attacks and endanger their lives (Niblock, 2004). In cases where a vehicle experiences mechanical problems, a woman would have almost no option but remain stranded in the desert. Additionally, it is easy for thugs to attack women and even rape them in the desert. These are enough reasons that explain why women should not drive in Saudi Arabia because of the desert.

Moreover, women have high esteem in Saudi Arabia. However, according to Islamic culture, she is likely to lose the respect if seen with a man. Thus, she can only avoid this by not driving. If a woman is to travel, then her husband or brother should drive her to guard her reputation and that of her family. Thus, women should not drive for their own respect and uphold cultural standards.

Arguments for women driving in Saudi Arabia

Women in Saudi Arabia should drive because of various reasons. For example, there is an increase in the number of attacks on women by male drivers. Hiring a male driver exposes a woman to various risks. To deal with this, the law should allow women to drive. It is clear that the law and culture put more emphasis on the reputation of women in society (Weston, 2011). Allowing women to be driven by male strangers endangers their reputation. This explains why assault directed on women by male drivers is common in Saudi Arabia. By allowing women to drive, there will be flexible working patterns because they will go to work even when the husband is committed elsewhere.

It is clear that Saudi Arabia has a promising economy. Nonetheless, the country has high cost of living. Hiring a male driver is a financial burden, which a family has to bear amidst economic challenges of meeting basic needs. In the absence of hiring a chauffeur, a family could save a lot. Above all, the law allows women to drive. By denying them driving powers, the country infringes on their human rights. Moving around should not be dependent on the availability of men. What happens if the husband travels away for weeks? Does it mean that the wife will not move around to look for basic needs? Saudi Arabia should allow women to drive like it is in othe Islamic states in the world (Piela, 2012).

The possible changes in laws and policies as well as cultural changes to favor women driving

Saudi Arabia needs a referendum to determine whether banning women from driving should be upheld or annulled. This would be instrumental for authorities in making policies. Additionally, the authority should allow women to drive during specific times under surveillance and make recommendations depending on their behavior on the road and the risks involved. For the sake of Sharia laws, Saudi Arabia should train foreign maids to chauffeur women to tame cases of assault by male drivers. Because of security, Saudi Arabia should allow women to drive in large cities. It should also improve security to tame attacks on female drivers. Because of too many taboos, the law should allow women to start driving in company of their husbands until when such taboos die. Lastly, Saudi Arabia should emulate other Islamic nations in the world, which allow women to drive.

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Corporate Social Responsibility

Introduction

Corporate social responsibility (CSR) is a common term in the business world. It is synonymous with leading corporations and multinationals worldwide. CSR allows a company to embrace ethical practices, and adhering to existing laws, which regulate domestic and international business transactions. Corporate social responsibility further advocates for motivating employers, and treating consumers with dignity by creating an environment that appreciates all stakeholders (Cuvilceva, 2012).

Corporate social responsibility report gives details on an organization’s programs, governance, economic model and social undertakings. It enhances internal processes to create an environment recognizable by all stakeholders (Cuvilceva, 2012). In this report, companies demonstrate their transparency, compliance and traceability.

Every organization must give CSR report to show programs, which it is undertaking as a way of giving back to the society. It also depicts organizational governance in maintaining a good relationship with other stakeholders. It captures massive information including risk management issues and plans to engage other stakeholders in the market. As owners of the firm, stakeholders have the right to know current and future plans of directors (Cuvilceva, 2012). Through this report, it is possible to know ethical issues and awareness on other social factors like killer diseases.

Emirates Group

The Emirates Group operates in six countries and flies to 134 destinations in the world. With its global presence, it works towards acting sustainably regarding its business interests, consumers and the natural environment (Emirates, 2013). It embraces eco-friendly environments through economic consumption of resources and minimum pollution. To achieve this, Emirates Group uses eco-efficient technology in manufacture of planes, engines and equipment.

Additionally, Emirates Group is working towards reducing its carbon emission percentage. To realize this, it uses modern technology, which reduces noise, low fuel consumption and minimum carbon emission. This goes a long way in protecting the environment alongside effective service delivery. The company further adheres to the regulations of EU ETS, the global emissions reduction scheme. Today, about 24% of Emirates’ cargo and passenger operations are in EU air space (Emirates, 2013).

Over the years, Emirates remains committed towards cutting down emissions. It has acquired low-emission planes, adopted waste reduction strategies, recycling and conservation of resources. It also engages in wild life conservation and protection of natural habitats. Through emitter-pays principle, Emirates bears emission cost without passing it to consumers. Its employees are also in the forefront in championing environmental conservation like cleanups, recycling of materials and tree planting. With the introduction of a new metro station, the company has successfully handled emissions to the environment besides putting up priority parking facilities for car poolers.

Emirates Group also exercises CSR by paying electricity, waste and water service bills for its employees. It focuses on reducing the consumption of water and electricity. At its headquarters, it collects and recycles waste products for efficiency. This has played a major role in manufacturing materials for refurbishment (Emirates, 2013).

The company also has plans to introduce biofuel technology for business operations. With Boeing 747-8 F Emirates Group will have solved the problem of air pollution and fuel efficiency. Beside this, Airbus A350-XWB equally has a host of advantages for the airline (Emirates, 2013). Emirates Group uses flex tracks to determine routes that are effective in terms of time, fuel, emissions and weather conditions. Their airplanes use a single engine taxing to avoid excessive fuel consumption. With rerouting en route technology, Emirates is able to avoid routes with unfavorable weather conditions owing to the unpredictable weather patterns for long distances.

It also uses fixed power supplies to power air conditioning and electrical systems. This plays a major role in cutting down fuel costs for the airline. Most of its fleet has an average of six years in operation as compared to its competitors, which have over fourteen years (Emirates, 2013). With its commitment to environmental conservation, Emirates has a 1600-hectare resort in Australia and conserves the Dubai Desert Conservation Reserve.

Abu Dhabi National Oil Company (ADNOC)

Besides securing its future, ADNOC supports the society in various ways. The company was established in 1971 to provide oil and gas in Abu Dhabi. In ten years, the company has reduced burning hydrocarbons to about 76%. It also recycles its water and reuses it in various operations (ADNOC, 2011). To conserve the environment, it plants mangrove trees in areas of its operations, promoting it to establish a mangrove nursery.

ADNOC has over 31,000 employees and 37,000 contractors. As part of its CSR, 66.5% of its governance opportunities go to Emiratis. To nurture competent and ethical staff, the company has spent 930000 in training. There are no records of its history showing child labor or forced labor (ADNOC, 2011). It was the first to establish women graduate under its Petroleum institute.

ADNOC considers support for its local suppliers to be a crucial element of its CSR. Over 77% of its procumbent opportunities go to local suppliers. It supports community donations, sponsors schools and various events. To prove its commitment to supporting environmental conservation efforts, ADNOC has set aside AED 602 Million to deal with pollution.

ADNOC further has a clean development Mechanism, CDM, which is registered with the United Nations Kyoto Protocol. The company produces healthy products because it values the welfare of its consumers. It observes the health, safety and environment (HSE) and UAE policies and regulations. To encourage employees adhere to HSE policies, ADNOC rewards its best performers. It further embraces the use of renewable sources and energy efficiency through its green house gas programs (ADNOC, 2011). It also regulates its water consumption. It has measures in place to deal with oil spills by training personnel and acquiring the right equipment for prevention.

ADNOC further enhances environmental conservation through low use of oil-based mud by reusing drilling mud and disposing it properly. To keep pace with changing international laws and practices in the oil industry, ADNOC attends various global and local seminars (ADNOC, 2011). It also collaborates with the government in executing strategic plans and interacting with all stakeholders. Through this, stakeholders are always aware of the current and future plans of the corporation. It also organizes company tours and displays to enhance transparency in serving its customers. It fosters supplier development through financial risk management and HSE assessment.

Conclusion

In conclusion, corporate social responsibility remains an integral part of any organization. CSR reports show a company responsibility towards its customers, employees, suppliers and all stakeholders. From the analysis, Emirates Group and ADNOC have a range of CSR initiatives, which largely grant them good public images.

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Mobile Technology and Its Impact on e‐Commerce

E-commerce plays a major role in the world. However, applications and technologies are shifting towards mobile computing and the wireless web. While this is the case, the advancements have also brought into play a host of challenges, especially concerning wireless electronic commerce. Because of varying preferences of customers, development of these applications is a continuous process to satisfy the market. Mobile electronic-commerce, which uses portable devices to transact business, has become a major part of people’s lives. Common portable devices include laptops, mobile telephones, and vehicle-mounted interfaces among others (Lamersdorf 243).

The only requirement for mobile electronic commerce is to have access to mobile wireless, which is Web or WAP enabled (Lamersdorf 255). It is worth noting that phones and other hand-held gadgets have limitations, including low memory, small screens and few input devices. They do not have traditional computer keyboards and have limited text lines and character entries. To the contrary, laptops support many devices, have huge data storage capacity, have traditional keyboards and have large screens.

The main concern for manufacturers is deciding the most effective way individuals to use apps to access information through the gadgets. For this reason, there is need for manufacturers to go back to application software and operating systems for a range of platforms. Portable devices can support apps including Palm’s PalmOS, Microsoft’s Pocket PC OS, WAP, SMS, Web and I-node (Nickerson & Warkentin 446). While some of these apps meet the needs of most users, they have limited functionality. Thus, manufacturers and app developers have the task of improving functionality of these devices to enhance their capabilities (McConnell, Merz, and Maesano 370).

Mobile e-commerce therefore denotes business to consumer moneymaking activities, conducted sing mobile devices. With wireless technology, there is hope for mobile sub-net in the e-commerce world. Today, most people in the world own mobile phones, which largely rely on wireless technology. Other devices allow voice communication while others concentrate on non-voice functionalities like watching videos, Geo-location data, reading emails and accessing internet (McConnell, Merz & Maesano 378). This has led to change in purchaser payment market. With these devices, e-commerce is simpler and convenient around the globe. Because of developments in mobile e-commerce, there is massive manufacture of handsets, improved technology and affordable data prices. These have encouraged more usage of mobile data than in previous years.

Mobile e-commerce has also led to the rise of consumer benefits and protection to consumer issues. They include mobile payment and banking, premium services, mobile shopping and mobile marketing, just but a few. With premium services, users buy digital content and electronic information via text messages, where the costs add up to the mobile phone expenditure (Tsalgatidou 252). Examples of SMS free-based services are horoscopes, SMS voting system, flight status alerts and dating chat sites among others. Because of development of wireless networks, there is enhanced data transfer and better display capabilities by portable devices. They also have good processing power, which promote internet-enabled services (Tsalgatidou 276). Today, there are content portals, which offer a range of free services like downloading games, videos and ringtones. It is therefore clear that mobile content has massively evolved to meet the changing needs of the market. With mobile payment and banking, financial institutions offer text banking to online clients. Through this platform, a customer can view account balance and recent transactions on phone. On the other hand, mobile payment software allow customers to text their payments, where companies offer traditional trust services via the internet by expanding the functionality of the device. Oftentimes, they improve privacy through encryption and public key management (Nickerson and Warkentin 440).

Besides the advantages above, wireless apps and technologies have a range of demerits in mobile e-commerce worldwide. The absence of mobile device standardization all over the world is a major concern. Mobile devices differ from country to country and even within a particular country. The inequality in acquiring and access wireless web technology also affects mobile e-commerce in the world. It is clear that some countries have low demand for mobile device capacity. For example, Japan and Europe have higher demand for mobile devices than the U.S (Tsalgatidou 268). Very few Americans use wireless devices compared to people living in Europe and Asia. Americans also have lesser usage rates than Asians and Europeans. Experts observe that there will be lower demand for 3G internet to hit critical levels, hindering development of e-commerce within affected countries.

Conclusion

In conclusion, technology development has played a major role in mobile e-commerce development. Today, millions of people all over the world depend on this technology to transact businesses. With rapid advancement in wireless devices, there is need to ensure that the devices function properly. There is also need for development of wireless communication with high bandwidth to meet the demands of mobile e-commerce and wireless apps.

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Tourism in Kenya

Kenya is a leading tourism destination in the world. It has fascinating wildlife, biodiversity, and culture. Kenya stands out with its tourism features, like the tropical beaches, savannahs, coral reefs, snow-capped mountains, and dense equatorial forests (Busch 45). As a leading tourism destination point, Kenya attracts adventurers and explorers from all over the world.

Kenya has witnessed massive growth in tourism in the last two years. It has registered higher volumes of tourists, owing to increased movements across the country. The tourism sector accounted for 11% of the country’s GDP. It offers 18% of employment opportunities in the country. With stiff competition in air travel, Kenya’s leading carrier, Kenya Airways, KQ, has improved its efficiency and customer satisfaction. Kenya’s target is to among top ten tourist destination sites in the world (Busch 47). In recent years, Kenya has stepped up its international flights, with plans underway to have direct connection from Nairobi to New York. Today, many locals and tourists have access to air travel in Kenya. The government is also expanding air travel infrastructure nationwide to meet the ever-increasing demand for airlines. Upon realization of this dream, local and international tourists will access different parts of the country with ease.

Current Issues Affecting Tourism in Kenya

While Kenya remains a major tourism player, it faces a range of challenges. The first problem is massive destruction of wildlife. Cases of poaching are rampant in Kenya. Most poachers kill wild animals for their meat, horns and hides. Illegal trade of ivory remains a threat to rhinos and elephants in the country (Gatimu 56). This issue is thicker owing to the fact that some top politicians in the country have been linked to the illegal trade in wildlife products.

The second problem is inadequate investment capital. Kenya has limited resources like labor and land to expand the tourism sector. In addition, the government does not support the industry fully, making it hard to grow. Over the years, the government has not taken a front lead to woo locals to invest in tourism (Kimathi 56).

Poor infrastructure furthers hinders tourism development in Kenya. For example, some attraction sites in the country are inaccessible because of poor roads (Kimathi 56). Besides this, Kenya’s political landscape is delicate yet tourism thrives in a politically stable environment. A case in point, the 2007 disputed presidential elections hit the country’s tourism sectors as visitors avoided the country because of violence. However, the government has stepped up efforts to win back tourists from other parts of the world.

Natural disasters like hurricanes and floods also affect Kenya’s tourism. Most tourists shy off and avoid Kenya whenever there are such calamities. The country also suffers tribalism, which creates a volatile environment, characterised by violence and high tension. These ethnic clashes add no value to the country’s tourism sector as other countries regard Kenya as insecure (Jones and Claire 65).

Kenya also suffers shortage of social services like modern hospitals, sports and other recreational facilities. Since most tourist attraction sites are in remote areas, they are far from available services. This discourages tourists from touring such places (Laws, Bruce and Chon 43). According to Country Report (45), Kenya is technologically challenged to compete with global tourism leaders. Most of the remote tourist attraction sites lack internet, mobile network, TV and radio coverage, which put off visitors. High population also weighs negatively on Kenya’s tourism sector. Because of high population, there is competition of resources like land, leading to encroachment of reserved areas like forests and grasslands. As a result, Kenya registers high level of Human-wildlife conflict in the world.

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Benefits and Retirement Plans

Employee benefits are divided into two. Required benefits are those protected by law and must be compulsorily issued to employees without fail whilst optional benefits are those given by employers based on their personal initiative and decision. The following are some of the benefits that are required and compulsory by law:

Social security: Every employer is required to pay social security taxes to the government. This amount must be similar to what is paid by the employee and currently the rates stand at 6% for the employees and employers. In addition, social security is also encompassed in medicare and this is an extra 1.5% for both employer and employee.

Unemployment insurance: This is an employment benefit that is compulsory and is paid at state level. In order to pay up for this tax, one must register their business with the owner’s nation’s workforce agency (Beesley 45) and pay the tax to the location they are situated at.

Workers’ compensation: Also referred to as disability benefit, this mandatory benefit is normally paid by employers to employees who become disabled due to injuries or illnesses that are caused by occupational hazards or accidents. Different countries offer different mandates and regulations regarding this benefit. Currently, employers are required to purchase disability benefits if their workers are situated in New York, Rhode Island, Hawaii, California and Puerto Rico. Nevertheless, employers can opt to offer private benefits if their employees are from other countries and areas other than those mentioned above.

Family and medical leave: Even though regular vacation leave is usually not a compulsory benefit, employers who hire more than 50 workers are compelled to offer leave in accordance with the Family and Medical Leave Act. This mandates that employers provide 12 weeks of work protected, in addition to unpaid leave in any 1 year period to every eligible and covered employees. Such leave can be provided on grounds such as personal healthcare, child care, birth, or immediate family care.

Optional employee benefits

The following benefits are optional and provided depending on the employer’s discretion:

Leave benefits: The federal law does not compel employers to offer most of the common leave benefits. Employers choose to offer these benefits including vacation/holiday, funeral leave, sick leave and personal leave as part of compensation plans. However, the Family and Medicare Leave Act makes it compulsory for employers to provide leave (not leave benefits) to employers.

Healthcare insurance: Again, federal law does not stipulate that employers must give health and life benefits for their employees. Although, some employers at their own discretion may grant full provision of health care benefits, most prefer the co-payment basis that are paid by both employees and employers (Mikhitarian 12).

Paid holidays: While this type of benefit is not enforced by federal laws, it is offered to employees depending on the employer. It basically entails offering full payment for employees who do not work during holidays and full pay premium pay for those employees that work during holiday. Employers who offer paid holidays choose the periods within which the holiday is given.

I regard health care insurance as the most important optional benefits because it indemnifies one during unpredictable circumstances and also helps people to access medical care that can help them improve their health. There is assurance of obtaining relevant treatment in case of health concerns. in particular it is important for children to get both preventive medical care such as immunization and actual treatment for different ailments. By getting access to preventive medical care, adults can also be able to detect health problems early and arrest them before they escalate. Health insurance can guarantee access to both preventive medical care and treatment of actual ailments. It is advisable for people who work in construction jobs, factories, driving jobs and other hazardous jobs to take health insurance because they tend to be susceptible to accidents and health problems (Boutwell 23).

Organizations usually provide their employees with varied forms of retirement plans and these are the fringe benefits that help to retain employees. In some cases, these retirement benefits come with extra tax benefits and offer retiring employees income after retirement. Retirement benefits vary with each organization and are dependent on diverse factors such as the size of the organization and the age of the workers on average. Retirement plans can include any of the following:

401(k)

The 401 (k) is retirement plan through which employees are allowed to make pre-taxed payments towards a viable retirement savings plan which earns them interest. However this interest is not constant until when withdrawn and in most cases, the employer usually matches up what the employee pays. Saving options under this retirement plan may range from company stock, mutual funds, money and bond market funds, with options for the employee to change the distribution frequencies and plans of his or her savings at selected intervals (Shah 59).

403(b)

This is a retirement plan which organizations such as public schools and churches prefer. Although it is similar to the 401 (k) in one way, it offers more tax exemption. Employees make tax deductible payments which are then matched by the employer to a specific percentage. The money grows on a tax deferred basis just as is the case in 401 (k) retirement plan. an organization can offer a 403(b) plan that works in similar way to a 401(k).

Profit Sharing

In the profit sharing plan, employees save up for retirement by investing part of the organization’s profits and sharing this wealth. The employer decides on the amount of funds that can be contributed by the company towards the savings plan but this is determined by the income of the workers. On their part, employees do not make any contributions towards this plan.

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Origin of Complex Societies along Nile River

Human civilization is a continuous process that can be traced back to the origin of man. Traditional societies initially used gatherings and hunting as their sources of livelihood. Farming, industrialization and agriculture however set in to offer rise to complex societies gradually. The process was indeed gradual in different communities spreading over the years.

For instance, by the year 3000 B.C complex societies had set up along River Nile in Egypt, Africa. The societies included the Axum and Kush. Dense populations, political and economic power, creativity and spiritual organizations characterized the societies (Bernal 58). This paper therefore analyses the origin of complex cultures along River Nile until 3000 BC.

Civilization along River Nile also took the form of populated cities in the valley of the river. Initially, communities along the valley employed gathering and hunting in the wild as the only resources. Fresh water from the river was sufficient to feed the people that settled on the river bank. Early settlers therefore had more than enough water and food for their survival, and it was during Ice Age.

Ice Age however gradually came to an end leading to more rainfall, increased temperatures and lower sea levels in different parts of the world in 15000 BC. Climate change made it essential for man to domesticate desirable and edible plants and animals to ensure constant flow of food. Man gradually adapted to this kind of life, leading to agriculture and farming. Man, also over time became dependent on this kind of livelihood leading to waning of gatherings and hunting (Burstein 27).

River Nile area is no doubt extremely fertile based on its proximity to water for irrigation as well as its rich nutrients. As the settlers opted for farming, they also cleared more land to enhance their source of livelihood. This was additionally successful based on the fact that new desirable plants grew thus, feeding the community along the bank. The success however led to intensified farming and agricultural practices (Bernal 58).

The valley of River Nile was also cleared even more and by the end of 6000 BC, man settled for more innovative ways of increasing agricultural surplus for economic purposes. As farming became more of an economic venture, many people also settled along the river to clutch the opportunity. It is an opportunity that led to increased populations along the valley of the river by the year 4000BC.

Therefore, people worked and lived closely together than they did in the past years. The trend in the end, led to growth of cities that were characterized by dense populations (Connah 3). Dense populations were also a source of economic power and innovation. The settlers through Nile River opened up links to other regions across the globe creating more economic activities.

The activities included energy sources, housing, construction and manufacturing. Disruptions of natural environment also led to ecological issues creating more economic and social innovations in a quest for survival (Bernal 58). Some of the members of the community for instance took up specializations in different professions thus creating more wealth.

Trade in the form of exchange of goods and services also begun. The art of writing also became essential for record keeping purposes. Governance on the other hand took a more organized structure with more complex communities leading to leadership hierarchy. Hierarchy form of leadership was common in Axum and Kush kingdoms that had powerful political organizations.

By the year 3000 BC, the societies living along River Nile were complex because of such aspects. As a result, it led to civilization in this part of the globe (Connah 15).

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Feminist Response to Sex Work

Introduction

Sex work is being embraced in many developed nations and it is being legalized. The countries have realized that sex work can generate a lot of revenue from taxes if legalized. This research is focused on exploring feminist views on sex work. In specific, the research will focus on feminist debates especially the role of law in regards to work.

Additionally, the paper will address the impact of feminist debates on anti-trafficking initiatives and sex laws. It will focus on American as well as international society. The research paper is also highly beneficial to American community and the entire world. By exploring the subject of sex work candidly, the research study will therefore highlight female workers plight and possible remedies to their problems.

Similarly, the study is of great significance to me and my family. Being an immigrant in the US, many of my relatives have fallen victims of sex trafficking just to earn money and send it home. I would wish to understand whether my relatives have any rights that oversee their sex work.

Literature Review

This paper will be based on internet articles. The articles will be extracted from different journals written by sex matters professionals. I am using National Institute of Justice journal for instance, to get recent and accurate information on the subject. The Chicago Tribune is additionally an online magazine I intend to use in exploring the subject. It is an updated magazine with recent updated details on many subjects. Laura (2014) will offer us an in-depth analysis of anti-trafficking campaigns.

She has gathered videos of seminars on trafficking for sexual motives. Sex Trafficking: Identifying Cases and Victims (2008) by Robert, defines sex trafficking as ‘‘recruiting, enticing, harboring, transporting, providing or obtaining either: (1) an adult for commercial sex by force, fraud or coercion, or (2) a juvenile for commercial sex, regardless of the means.’’ To add on to this description, Amanda offers an explanation of how effective war on sex trafficking has been.

She also delves into laws governing people’s movement from one country to the other as well as loopholes found in such laws. Robert and Amanda will also offer an expert opinion on the effects of trafficking. Melissa (2004) is opposed to the idea of making prostitution legal. She thinks of it as a way of degrading women.

She also believes that legalization of sex work is selfish based on the fact that it serves to earn the government revenue while degrading women. Her article will therefore offer a different perspective from that of feminists. Most of my content will be based on the web based on the nature of information: it is reliable compared to details found in journals written many years ago.

Discussion and Conclusion

The results of this research will be evaluated and restated in reference of initial hypotheses. If the results are predicted, the study will settle for the fact that sex work can help in reducing many cases of sex trafficking. How the results relate to previous studies and theoretical issues discussed in the introduction will also be highlighted.

Practical implications of results for the society will additionally be considered. Current research limitations will also be identified alongside how future research suggestions can base upon present case study.

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Women’s Equal Pay for Equal Work

Equal pay for equal work has been a topic of debate and women have been struggling for it in almost everything they do and for many years now. This paper will explore some of the causes of wage differences between women and men as well as Acts that have been put in place to deal with the issue. The article will also analyze the reasons as to why for many years now, there was disparity in wages.

It is now illegal to pay women and men different wages for the same. This follows the implementation of Equal Pay Act of 1963. There is no solid argument against payment equality for same work between both genders. It is also evident that men do some jobs better than women and in many cases, equal work is not solely considered a pay determinant (E.laws.gov.on.ca, 2014.p.1).

Traditionally in the American society, a woman was entitled with the responsibility of being a homemaker or being a caretaker. Even when they went against this kind of stereotype to do other jobs, they are given the same opportunity when it comes to settling for a specific job. Women are supposed to receive an equal pay just like men based on the fact that they are sole providers of their families.

In 1940’s men were also fully responsible for their families. The roles were however interrupted following the World War II when men went fighting. This forced many women to take up labor force duties and even though many of them did the same jobs as men, the pay was different. When determining pay rates, there are two factors that are considered. Supply of labor for a particular job is one of the factors.

For instance, if skilled labors are few, the pay will be high (Levine, 2004, p. 1). Secondly, the employer, government or trader unions can decide salaries and wages for their employees. It is a fact that women are paid low wages and salaries in many parts of the globe despite the fact that they did same jobs as the men. This is an indication that unions do not focus more on the duties carried out by women.

Similarly, the number of women is high and can comfortably work for a short period. Several arguments have also been raised against women’s equal pay. Single women for instance are not supposed to earn similar salaries like married men. It is argued that a married woman’s pay is extra and it is basic for the family of a married man on the other hand.

For this reason, we can reflect different ethnic and national customs of the Far East because we are focusing on western countries where real conditions like these exist for instance, in the United States of America as well as Europe.

Britain was one the first countries to be fully industrialized across the globe between 1733 and 1850. It’s thought about women was based on commercial and industrial flag of Britain overseas and it followed local discrimination of women. Even so, many women have expanded this legend with individual hard work and can now do the same jobs and duties just like their male counterparts.

Women presently cannot be prevented from doing what they wish or want to do. The source of the issue therefore can be traced to British background (Levine, 2004, p. 45). Women were also not supposed to earn any money between 1733 and 1914 in Britain. Lower class women were charged with the responsibility of assisting their men in mills, foundries and in fields.

Development of different factories also forced many people to settle in towns. This led to increase in prices but the pay for men remained constant forcing women to work and support their families. Many married women today work mainly to economically sustain themselves and to enhance their standards of living. There is no reason as to why women should not be given specific jobs and receive the rightful pay for the hob, not their gender.

It was also indicated that in a dollar that a man earns, women were entitled to 77cents. This is not good bearing in mind that women are supposed to earn same amount as men. Such figures were even worse for Latinas and African-American women who earned 55 and 64 cents respectively for each dollar that a white man earned.

There are also many reasons that explain the reason as to why women earned less than men and also ways in which individuals considered a determinant for men and women pay. Many attempts have also been made to solve the inequality issue. There two schools of thoughts that can explain the gender issue including the human capital theory mainly focused on personal characteristics of women and men.

Sex segregation is also another theory that explains issue. It focuses on demand side and job features in which women and men work typically. Additionally, it deals with decisions that women make, for example, barriers that women face (American Civil Liberties Union, 2014. P. 1).

The human capital theory also explains why women earn less compared to men. According to Levin (2004, p. 4), women earn less than men because of division of labor in the family and it leads to productivity disparity between the genders. Probable family chores are believed to influence women’s decision on the type and amount of investment in training and education. It is also indicated that women are more likely to spend less time in labor force compared to men thus, contributing to their low income levels.

According to the theory, women also invest in smaller human capital, thus lowering their productivity and making them earn low pay compared to men. Irregular employment history of the women is also another cause for low wages amongst them. It is debated that women who expect to be irregular in their jobs often opt for jobs that can easily accommodate them (Thinkprogress.org, 2014, p. 1).

It is therefore an indication that women can easily settle for jobs that do not necessarily tally with their skills. The theory however does not explain low pay for women but also disparities in occupational distribution of both genders. Sex segregation is also an issue that explains wage differences between women and men. It takes a look and women and men in different types of work.

Work related segregation of genders has to some extent reduced because males took over jobs that were considered to be for the women for example social workers, nurses and librarians. There was also a reduction of sex segregation in the 1970’s because women and men were joining neutral jobs.

Additionally, the number of women who took over male dominated jobs such as administrative, managerial and professional work in the 1970’s increased significantly. Job distribution amongst women and men has also converged continuously at a low pace in the past decades. Research also indicates that there are measures that have been put in place to reducing women pay and enhancing a woman’s ability to move from one job to the other, thus lessening family burden for the woman.

This is an indication that woman can accept a lower pay just to enjoy a flexible timetable. There are different factors that can make a person quit a job for instance illness, the need for emotional assistance and participation in different activities. The way in which women are portrayed in the media also has an effect on job discrimination. Many individuals wouldn’t want to relate to the media with a woman’s paycheck but plays a crucial role than they possibly thought.

Choice of job is additionally another reason for wage differences. The American Association of University carried out a research study and indicates that women account for 78 percent and 18 percent education and engineering majors respectively. Many of the women do not want to be engaged it dangerous jobs, which in most cases pay high. Such decisions have also impacted many statistics regarding pay inequality.

The issue of pay inequality has also been highly debated and motherhood penalty is one of the reasons that would explain the scenario. There are mothers who would settle for low paying careers to be able to combine them with parenting. Additionally, mothers earn less because of their children’s needs making them less productive in their workplaces.

The effect of Glass ceiling is another cause for wage disparity. This effect shows that a person’s gender offers significant limitations towards the kind of job one can engage in and it becomes highly challenging as one advance in his career. The effect also prevents women from getting promotions and such obstacles exist despite educational qualifications and achievements.

President Obama recently stated that he has two daughters and he doesn’t want them to earn lesser than men. He supported Lilly Ledbetter Act that tried to bridge the gap between women and men pay. There have been many attempts to close the salaries gap over the years and Equal Pay Act of 1963 is one of the acts that required equal pay for both genders for equal jobs in same establishment.

After the passing of the Act, the US government established the U.S Equal Employment Agency to put into effect national regulations and rules that makes it unlawful to differentiate job applicants or employees. The Equal Pay act therefore plays a crucial role in preventing inequality by law.

Later on, the Paycheck Fairness Act was implemented to help workers secure equal pay for equal work for all Americans (American Civil Liberties Union, 2014, p. 1). The law would lead to significant changes to the law including under the Act, employers are expected to demonstrate wage differences based on many factors other than gender, enhancing penalties for employers who violate the Act, preventing workers against retaliation especially those that want to offer information on their personal wages, directing labor department to help employers gather wages details and allowing them to compare salaries in defined geographical areas.

Gender wage differences in conclusion still exist even though in low rates. However, with implementation of many acts, men and women are likely to earn equal pay. Women are charged with the responsibility of taking care of their homes and their children in many American families. Even so, the trend is changing because there are many opportunities for women in labor force market.

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Thinkprogress.org. (2014). How states are leading the way on equal pay for women. [Online] Retrieved from: http://thinkprogress.org/economy/2013/05/17/2030071/how-states-are-leading-the-way-on-equal-pay-for-women/ [Accessed: 21 Feb 2014].

Levine. (2004). The Gender Wage Gap and Pay Equity: Is Comparable Worth the Next

Affordable Healthcare USA

Introduction

The Affordable Care Act, also known as the Obama Care is a famed US statute introduced into law by the President of the United States. The Act became increasingly a crucial regulatory tool in the US healthcare system, particularly following Medicare Medicaid system introduction (Richard, 2011). It was also specifically enacted with the only intention of ensuring affordability of medical cover while also reducing uninsured medical costs and coverage in private and public systems.

Therefore, it introduced different mechanisms including subsidies and mandates that would enhance medical cover affordability (Dipika, 2014).

Affordable Healthcare in the United States

The debate on affordable healthcare has been continuous since President Obama approved Affordable Care Act integration in 2010. While it saw the introduction of different insurance reforms, that would drive the healthcare system in the United States for the next four years, it has also generated endless arguments that consist of criticism and praise.

According to Christopher (2012), the Act was also primarily designed to help lower economic constraint level among the citizens of the US by ensuring affordability of medical insurance. The Affordable HealthCare Act has however proven to have significant impact on the economy and it can low the progress of the economy. As clarified by Lyle (2012), many subsidies offered in the Act do not apply to full time employees because their salary packages are above the category eligible for provisions in the Act.

Therefore, projections indicate that many people will settle for part time jobs while others consider self-employment as a way of gaining eligibility for the subsidies. This will in the end have significant effect on the economy because it reduces productivity level significantly. The Affordable Healthcare Act will also affect individual and family expenditure as many people will be likely to buy different insurance covers aiming to tap the benefits while growing subsidy coverage on the other hand for families.

The trend will increase enrollment rate as many people seek to enjoy comprehensive benefits and in return, it will affect premium insurance rates that may also raise healthcare costs in the long run (Richard, 2011). With many people receiving medical coverage through the government or their employers, a small number will purchase personal covers and they will be forced to settle for healthcare coverage with provisions similar to that offered by the government or employer.

Eventually, it will be more costly than having healthcare policies that many people today do not have and increase family and individual expenditure (Dipika, 2014). The Affordable Healthcare Act has also proven to be detrimental to the society and its effects will in the cause some implications in social work field.

According to Christopher (2012), new Affordable Healthcare law makes provisions enabling a high number of people to qualify for Medicaid. It is an indication that growing number of patients will be looking for social services in the healthcare system thus, increasing healthcare and social workers workload.

It is so, because new laws on the law mandates insurance providers to offer coverage to people with pre-existing and extreme conditions while organizations with more than 50 staff members are expected to offer medical coverage for all their workers (Lyle, 2012).

Conclusion

The Affordable Care Act has raised significant debate since its creation into the new Obama Care Law in 2010. The law was specifically attributed to different social and economic effects included reduced efficiency in national economy, high influx of patients in different healthcare facilities and increased family expenditure which, increases social workers workload.

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Supplemental Security Income

Supplementary security income (SSI) is a program that pays monthly checks to people with limited resources and income and it is run by the social security. The people are often the disabled, the blind and those aged 65 and above years. Children to the disabled or the blind also get the checks. A child under SSI is defined as under the age of 18 or if in school or training in preparation of a job is between the ages of 18-22.

Those who get SSI and leave the US for a month are no longer entitled to the program. Even so, there is a specific act covering the children of military personnel where a child can continue receiving the benefits even when overseas. This is however applicable to a child if he or she is a citizen of the United States of America. It is also applicable if the child is living with an US armed forces parent assigned permanent duty outside the U.S District of Columbia, U.S territories and Puerto Rico and was entitled to SSI remuneration before the parent left for duty overseas (United States, 1975).

To qualify for the program according to Daly, Burkhauser, & Federal Reserve of Francisco (2001), individuals must be at least 65 years of age or above, disabled or blind. Their assets and income must also be below specific limitations. For applicants to qualify as disabled, they must not be in a position to engage in significant gainful task (SGA) because of an impairment that is expected to last for at least a year or lead to death.

Individuals may also need to have combined income that is greater than the present maximum $ 494 ( $741 for a couple) or have resources more than $ 2000 ($3000 for a couple) to meet financial necessities. A person with more resources is required to sell some of his or her countable resources. They include real assets such as land or house that is not occupied or personal property, stamp collection or jewelry.

One can also receive SSI while trying to sell the assets, for nine months and on the other hand, an individual can receive SSI payments for up to 3 months while trying to sell private assets (United States, 1976). Individuals during the initial application process are expected to provide any details that can affect eligibility of their benefits.

Once they receive SSI benefits, individuals are also required to report any timely events including marital status, changes in resources or income and living arrangements to Social Security Administration field office staff. The benefit rate for a person as reviewed in 2013 is $ 710 for an individual and for a couple, $ 1066). Even so, the benefits vary based on the income of a person and living arrangements among other underlying factors (United States, 1976).

The SSI is funded by general tax revenue and not Social Security trust fund. The benefits are usually in cash form and they assist the eligible to meet basic needs including clothing, shelter and food. Income is essential in SSI. The more you earn, the less SSI you are entitled to and if your income is over the required limit, you cannot receive the payments.

The congress in recent years has been apprehensive that individuals who are ineligible can receive disability benefits. This is a major concern especially in cases where abuse of program, waste or fraud allegations is common. For example, it was proved that non-English speaking applicants were getting SSI benefits illegally using mediators who offer translation and related services at a fee to enable them apply for the program (United States, 1975).

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References

United States. (1975). Administration of the supplemental security income program: Hearings before the Subcommittee on Oversight of the Committee on Ways and Means, House of Representatives, Ninety-fourth Congress, first session, September 8, 1975. Washington: U.S. Govt. Print. Off.

United States. (1976). Problems in administering supplemental security income for the aged, blind, and disabled, Social Security Administration, Department of Health, Education, and Welfare: Report to the Congress. Washington: U.S. General Accounting Office.

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