Tesla CEO Elon Musk apparently revealed a new line of business for the company: selling or leasing lithium-ion battery packs for home energy storage.

Tesla CEO Elon Musk apparently revealed a new line of business for the company: selling or leasing lithium-ion battery packs for home energy storage.

By John Voelcker

The number of plug-in electric cars on North American roads grows every year, and with them come new buyers.

Each new electric-car driver will have a few things to learn, so we've rounded up some tips on how, where, and when to charge up that new plug-in vehicle.

Whether you're already an owner, considering the purchase of a new or used battery-electric or plug-in hybrid car, or just curious, here's what we think you need to know.

The first thing you'll need to understand is the difference between the three types of charging.

Note that this advice is for charging in North America; if you're in Europe or Asia, there are some differences.

TYPES OF CHARGING

Level 1, or 120-volt: The "charging cord" that comes with every electric car has a conventional three-prong plug that goes into any properly grounded wall socket, with a connector for the car's charging port on the other end--and a box of electronic circuitry between them.

This is the slowest type of charging, although for plug-in hybrids with smaller battery packs (say 4 to 18 kilowatt-hours), it may be enough to recharge in a few hours to overnight.

The charging cord will test the circuit when you plug it in, to ensure that it's properly grounded and the current is strong enough to power the charger.

Most have a series of colored lights that will indicate when or whether the car starts charging once you've plugged it into the wall, then into the car's charging port.

Level 2, or 240-volt: Most dedicated home and public charging stations operate at 240 Volts, with their cables again connecting to the standard charging port on your car.

If you have a charging station installed at home, it will require the same type of wiring as an electric stove or clothes dryer.

This is usually at least twice as fast as Level 1 charging, often quicker due to the higher amperage of the circuit.

Generally owners of battery-electric car like the Nissan Leaf will require a Level 2 home charging station to provide overnight recharges, but plug-in hybrid drivers--including Chevy Volt owners--may be able to stick with the standard 120-Volt charging cord for several hours during the night.

DC fast charging: Sometimes incorrectly called "Level 3" charging, DC fast charging uses direct current (DC) rather than household alternating current (AC) and is very high-powered.

This means that only public sites dedicated to DC charging, often along highways, are practical--given the higher cost of the utility having to install dedicated high-power lines.

Unlike the first two charging types, where every plug-in car in the U.S. uses the same "J-1772" socket (except Tesla, and even it provides an adaptor), there are three different kinds of DC quick charging.

- CHAdeMO: This is currently the most popular standard, used by the Nissan Leaf, Mitsubishi i-MiEV, and Kia Soul EV.

- CCS (Combined Charging Standard): All U.S. and German electric cars fitted with DC quick charging use this standard, including those from BMW, Chevrolet, Mercedes-Benz, Volkswagen, and Volvo.

- Tesla Supercharger: As usual, Tesla has gone its own way and created a dedicated network of free, high-powered fast-charging stations that can only be used by Tesla owners.Note that except for Tesla, DC fast-charging uses either a separate charging socket (CHAdeMO) or a larger socket that includes the conventional Level 2 socket (CCS).

Not all electric cars have fast charging in the first place--very few plug-in hybrids offer it--so make sure you know whether your car has it, and if so, which standard it uses.

After that comes the question: So, where exactly do I go to recharge, anyway?

WHERE TO CHARGE

- Home: Today, a majority of recharging is done at home, and overnight. That's usually when electricity is cheapest--just think of it like plugging in your cellphone at night. If you have a battery-electric car, it's best to install a charging station in your garage or carport. For plug-in hybrids, many owners just stick with the 120-volt charging cords.

- Work: Charging at work is quietly growing in popularity. It's a good way for corporations to cut their carbon footprint, it's not that expensive to install, and it's a nice employee perk--whether or not the company or landlord charges a fee for it. (Some do, some don't.)

- Public sites: Finally, there are thousands of public charging stations throughout the U.S. and Canada, and the number grows each week. Virtually all public sites offer Level 2 charging, with a few providing DC fast-charging as well--increasingly with both CHAdeMO and CCS cables. Some public charging is free, while other sites impose a fee, using a number of different (and mostly) incompatible networks that generally require membership up front.We strongly recommend that you get a smartphone app to locate charging stations wherever you may take your electric car.

One of our favorites is Plugshare, which not only lets users rate and offer advice on individual stations but even includes locations where homeowners offer up their own charging station for other electric-car drivers to use.Finally, we'd be remiss if we didn't point out that there are points of etiquette to consider so that all drivers of plug-in cars help each other out.

ETIQUETTE

Some of the most challenging situations come from competition for public charging stations.

First, there's the problem of "ICE-ing," in which a car with an Internal Combustion Engine parks at a charging site, blocking access for plug-in drivers--whether inadvertently or maliciously.

Your best bet there is to see if there's a local security guard or a way to page the driver. Failing that, leave a factual but courteous note pointing out that their action prevented you from recharging--which was the sole purpose of the spot they parked in.Admittedly, some charging spots are not well marked, while others are located close to buildings and hence in the most desirable spots, increasing the chance of selfish behavior.

Assuming you find a public charging site, how should you behave?

First, make sure that you don't occupy the space longer than it takes your car to recharge.Charging spots are not there to provide free parking for electric-car drivers, just as no gasoline or diesel driver would expect to be able to park at a gas pump for hours.

Second, if you can't get back to your car to unplug and move it immediately once it's done recharging, you may choose to leave a note for other plug-in drivers. Usually it will say something like, "If the green light on my dash is flashing, you may unplug the charging cable."

Some electric cars now have interlocks that require the key fob to unlock the cable, however. Make sure you know whether your car does.

Third, be aware that if you've still got 30 to 50 miles on your car--and you're planning to driveless than that--you may want to wait until you get home. Even if the charging is free.

Someone may well be on their last miles, and need the recharge a lot more than you do.

Finally, there are other disputes that we're going to steer clear of.

Be aware, for instance, that some drivers of all-electric cars believe that plug-in hybrid drivers should always defer to their needs, because the plug-in hybrid can use its engine to get home--but the battery-powered car can't.

The goal is for all of us just to get along.

And you're likely to find electric-car drivers to be enormously informative, willing to talk about their cars and why they like them, perhaps even offer you a drive.

That's how some electric cars get sold to first-timers: They drive the car, decide they like the experience, learn about the much cheaper cost-per-mile of electricity versus gasoline, and the seed is planted.

Meanwhile, educate yourself, be courteous to others, and go forth to drive electric!

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