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Chapter 10 Objectives Discuss the functions common to most DBMSs Identify the qualities of valuable information Explain why data is important to an organization Discuss the terms character, field, record, and file Identify file maintenance techniques Differentiate between a file processing system approach and the database approach Describe characteristics of relational, object-oriented, and multidimensional databases Explain how Web databases work Discuss the responsibilities of database analysts and administrators Next

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Data and Information How are data and information related? p Fig Next processing data stored on disk Step 1. The member data, including a photograph, is entered and stored on the hard disk. Step 2. The computer extracts the member data from disk. Step 3. The receipt is created and printed.  Data is raw facts  Information is data that is organized and meaningful receipt  Computers process data into information

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Add, change, and delete data Create database Sort and retrieve data Create forms and reports Data and Information What is a database? p Next Database software allows you to Collection of data organized so you can access, retrieve, and use it Database software also called database management system (DBMS) Click to view animation

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Data and Information What is data integrity? p Next  Degree to which data is correct  Garbage in, garbage out (GIGO) Garbage out Garbage in Data integrity is lost

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Useful Accessible Organized Data and Information What are the qualities of valuable information? p Next Timely Verifiable Accurate Cost-effective

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The Hierarchy of Data What is a hierarchy? p Fig Next  Database contains files, file contains records, record contains fields, field contains characters

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The Hierarchy of Data What is a field? p Fig Next  Combination of one or more characters  Smallest unit of data user accesses  Field size defines the maximum number of characters a field can contain  Field name uniquely identifies each field  Data type specifies kind of data field contains

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Yes/No (also called Boolean)—only the values Yes or No (or True or False) Hyperlink Web address that links to document or Web page The Hierarchy of Data What are common data types? p Next Currency dollar and cent amounts or numbers containing decimal values Date month, day, year, and sometimes time Memo lengthy text entries Text (also called alphanumeric)—letters, numbers, or special characters Numeric numbers onlyAutoNumber unique number automatically assigned to each new record

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The Hierarchy of Data What is a record? p Next Group of related fields Key field, or primary key, uniquely identifies each record

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Consistency Check tests for logical relationship between two or more fields Maintaining Data p Next Click to view Web Link, then click Check Digits below Chapter 10 What are the types of validity checks? Range Check determines whether number is within specified range Completeness Check verifies that a required field contains data Check Digit number(s) or character(s) appended to or inserted into a primary key value to confirm accuracy of primary key value Alphabetic/ Numeric Check ensures correct type of data entered

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Isolated data—data stored in separate files so it is difficult to access File Processing Versus Databases What is a file processing system? p Next Data redundancy— same fields stored in multiple files Each department or area within organization has own set of files May have weaknesses Records in one file may not relate to records in any other file

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File Processing Versus Databases What is the database approach? p Fig Next  Many programs and users can share data in database  Secures data so only authorized users can access certain data

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File Processing Versus Databases How do a database application and a file processing application differ in the way they store data? p Fig Next File Processing Example Database Example

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Database Management Systems What is a data dictionary? p Fig Next Click to view Web Link, then click Data Dictionary below Chapter 10  Contains data about each file in database and each field within those files

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Database Management Systems What is a query? p Fig Next  Request for specific data from a database  Query language consists of simple, English-like statements that allow users to specify data to display, print, or store Step 1. Select the fields you want to display in the resulting query. Step 2. Assign a name to the query, so you can open it later. Step 3. View query on the screen.

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Database Management Systems What is a form? p Fig Next  Window on screen that provides areas for entering or changing data in database  Used to retrieve and maintain data in a database  Form that sends data across network or Internet is called e-form, short for electronic form

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Database Management Systems What is a report generator? p Fig Next  Allows user to design a report on screen, retrieve data into report design, then display or print reports  Also called report writer

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Database Management Systems What is data security? p Next Read-only privileges user can view data, but cannot change it Read-only privileges user can view data, but cannot change it DBMS provides means to ensure only authorized users can access data Access privileges define activities that specific user or group of users can perform Full-update privileges user can view and change data

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Relational, Object-Oriented, and Multidimensional Databases What is a data model? p Fig Next  Rules and standards that define how database organizes data  Three popular data models  Relational  Object-oriented  Multidimensional DATA MODELS FOR POPULAR DBMSs

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Relational, Object-Oriented, and Multidimensional Databases What is an object-oriented database (OODB)? p Next Click to view Web Link, then click Object-Oriented Databases below Chapter 10 Advantages Often uses object query language (OQL) Stores data in objects Object is item that contains data, as well as actions that read or process data  Can store more types of data  Can access data faster

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What is a multidimensional database? Relational, Object-Oriented, and Multidimensional Databases p Next Click to view Web Link, then click Multidimensional Databases below Chapter 10 Stores data in dimensions Multiple dimensions, also called hypercube, allow users to analyze any view of data Can consolidate data much faster than relational database

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Relational, Object-Oriented, and Multidimensional Databases What is a data warehouse? p Next Click to view Web Link, then click Data Warehouses below Chapter 10 Data mart is smaller version of data warehouse Uses multidimensional databases Often uses a process called data mining to find patterns and relationships among data Huge database system that stores and manages data required to analyze historical and current transactions Quick and efficient way to access large amounts of data

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Web Databases What is a Web database? p Fig Next  Database you access through the Web by filling in a form on a Web page  Usually resides on a database server, a computer that stores and provides access to a database Click to view video

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3. Design the fields for each table 2. Design the tables 1. Determine the purpose of the database 4. Determine the relationships among the tables  Design tables on paper first  Each table should contain data about one subject Database Administration What are guidelines for developing a database? p Next  Be sure every field has a unique primary key  Use separate fields for logically distinct items  Do not create fields for information that can be derived from entries in other fields  Allow enough space for each field  Set default values for frequently entered data