Tajikistan

Historical Background

Before the Soviet era, which began in Central Asia in the early 1920s,
the area designated today as the Republic of Tajikistan underwent a series
of population changes that brought with them political and cultural
influences from the Turkic and Mongol peoples of the Eurasian steppe,
China, Iran, Russia, and other contiguous regions. The Tajik people came
fully under Russian rule, after a series of military campaigns that began
in the 1860s, at the end of the nineteenth century.

Ethnic Background

Iranian (see Glossary) peoples, including ancestors of the modern
Tajiks, have inhabited Central Asia since at least the earliest recorded
history of the region, which began some 2,500 years ago. Contemporary
Tajiks are the descendants of ancient Eastern Iranian inhabitants of
Central Asia, in particular the Soghdians and the Bactrians, and possibly
other groups, with an admixture of Western Iranian Persians (see Glossary)
and non-Iranian peoples. The ethnic contribution of various Turkic and
Mongol peoples, who entered Central Asia at later times, has not been
determined precisely. However, experts assume that some assimilation must
have occurred in both directions.

The origin of the name Tajik has been embroiled in
twentieth-century political disputes about whether Turkic or Iranian
peoples were the original inhabitants of Central Asia. The explanation
most favored by scholars is that the word evolved from the name of a
pre-Islamic (before the seventh century A.D.) Arab tribe.

Until the twentieth century, people in the region used two types of
distinction to identify themselves: way of life--either nomadic or
sedentary--and place of residence. By the late nineteenth century, the
Tajik and Uzbek peoples, who had lived in proximity for centuries and
often used each other's languages, did not perceive themselves as two
distinct nationalities. Consequently, such labels were imposed
artificially when Central Asia was divided into five Soviet republics in
the 1920s.