Sunday, December 25, 2016

Questions of Composition: The Working Class, the IWW and the GDC

Where other
organizations on the Left are content to pick a “line” and defend it to their
graves, the IWW has always been a big tent organization, which allows for many
different tendencies, organizational approaches, and perspectives to coexist.
This is one of our strengths. It allows us to be experimental. It gives us an
organizational flexibility that other groups lack. Engaging each other in our
ideas is one of the things that makes the IWW so great. Critique, feedback, and
conversation are how we keep everyone in the big tent in dialogue with each
other. In this spirit of ecumenicism, I’m very appreciative that FW Erik D has
recently published his analysis of the recent history and organizational
approach of the Twin Cities General Defense Committee. As a member of the Twin
Cities IWW but not of the GDC, I’ve watched as comrades have spent an
increasing amount of time developing the GDC locally. I’ve been supportive of
their efforts, asked questions when I had questions to ask, but in general have
remained mostly removed from them. I think Erik’s piece is very well written
and puts forward important questions facing the GDC and the IWW.

A
fundamental premise of the comrade’s article is that unions are not attractive
to workers who experience multiple oppressions. He writes “many
women, People of Color, immigrants, non-English speakers, and trans workers,
for instance, have good reasons to suspect that unions won’t fight for them.”
This is an important claim, and one upon which FW Erik rests his argument that
the GDC, by engaging in social activism outside of the workplace setting, can
transform the demographics of the IWW.

There’s a persistent idea in the Left, and its one that periodically
creeps into our own thinking, that because unionism had a specific character in
a certain time, that it retains that character today. In the IWW, we sometimes
amplify the sins of the labor movement as a side product of our critique of the
mainstream labor movement. Railing against the corruption, the bureaucratic
ineptness, and the cowardice of Big Labor, we sometimes end up taking positions
that are not supported by historical fact or contemporary reality.

Nowhere is this clearer than on questions of race. We tell a story
about the labor movement that sometimes runs like this, “The first US unions
were racist, exclusionary vehicles for white men’s advancement. The historic
IWW was different because it accepted everyone.” And that’s where our story
ends. This means that Wobblies sometimes don’t realize how the labor movement
has evolved since the early 1900s. Especially with the push to organize the
public sector, which started in earnest in the 1960s, the racial framework of
American unionism has changed.

According to the Bureau of Labor Statistics, the highest union density
in any racial group in America is among black workers. Black workers are more
likely to have interactions with unions than white workers are. The IWW in its
current form is actually considerably less
racially diverse than the mainstream labor movement. Beyond simple membership
as a proportion of total group size, there’s also the question of whether
unions work for their members. Here again, workers of color have many reasons
to support unions. Both black and Latino workers receive greater benefits from
union membership than white workers do. Latino workers who are union members
are paid 32% more than non-union Latinos, where white union members are paid
only 20% more than non-union whites. At least then on a national scale, and by
the very crude measurement of wages, the data does not support the comrade’s
assertion that “people of color…have good reasons to suspect that unions won’t
fight for them.”

It’s worth pausing here to consider the important struggles for
inclusion within the mainstream labor movement that have been fought by people
of color, women, and queer workers. The mainstream labor movement has been just
as plagued by institutional discrimination as the capitalist system that it
lives within. As revolutionary unionists, we are not content to be a better
version of mainstream labor, we see ourselves as a fundamentally distinct movement
that seeks the abolition of the wage system. Perspectives on our differences
have been effectively laid out by IWW comrades before, especially in these twopieces. Nonetheless, as we are a marginal force in the capitalist economy, it’s
important to recognize that the majority of workers who have experiences with
unions have those experiences with the business unions.

Despite the errors of the mainstream union movement, it’s simply not
true to say that marginalized members of the class have less interest in
unionism than white male workers. Opinion surveys carried out by the capitalist
media show exactly the opposite to be true. One survey, carried out in 2015,
showed that black workers are much more likely to have a positive view on
unions than white workers. The amount of white workers who approve of unionism is
almost even with the amount who oppose them. Black workers approve of unions by
an almost two-to-one ratio. Latino workers also have significantly better
perspectives on unionism than white workers do. The fact that the IWW remains
less diverse than the working class generally is something for us to analyze
and develop strategies to change. But the failure is not with a lack of
interest in unionism, it is with our organization.

Towards the end of the piece, FW Erik engages with those, such as
myself, who struggle to understand why the work of widening the IWW’s
membership in the working class should be a task relegated to the GDC:

“But a person might still ask if it wouldn’t be better to accomplish
the goals of growing the IWW in both numbers and diversity by organizing
diverse workplaces. The implication is that such organization will result in
the transformation of the IWW. We think the IWW should continue to pursue this
strategy, but note that it has not been effective yet.”

I think this claim is debatable. In places and times when we’ve spent
serious time organizing in diverse workplaces, we have had varying amounts of
success of bringing members into the union who are representative of the
workplace. In recent campaigns like Stardust in New York and Mobile Rail in
Chicago, membership in the IWW has been reflective of the demographic diversity
of the workplace. We’ve been involved in shops where the majority of workers at
a workplace are actually workers of color, such as 2004’s Troquero campaign in
Stockton, the cleaner’s campaign in London, or the recycling shops in the Bay
Area. The recent development of IWOC has tremendous portents for racial
diversity of the IWW, focusing as it does on a specifically racialized
instrument of control that assists the capitalist class in its disciplining of
the working class.

It’s absolutely true that we have failed to bring in and promote
workers of color in the IWW on a mass scale. And it’s unquestionably true that
by engaging in anti-police brutality struggles, the GDC has brought a layer of
black workers into the IWW locally who we would not have met otherwise. But
it’s important to remember that we’ve barely done anything on a mass scale in
the past decade. Though we are growing, we remain a tiny organization, with extremely
limited resources and personnel. On a timeline where campaigns take years
develop and a branch may only see one public union fight every few years, a
failure to do effective organizing that brings in workers of color from the
shop floor can be read as a systematic failure of labor unionism to speak to
the issues of workers of color. We should be vigorously self-critical. It’s not
acceptable now, nor was it ever, to fail to recruit and promote comrades of
color. But at such a tiny scale, it seems to me that FW Erik is unfairly
applying a critique which should be leveled at specific campaigns upon the idea
of organizing at the point of production in general. Towards the end of the
piece, the comrade acknowledges that this lack of data makes it hard to make
strong conclusions, but this is undercut by his earlier implications to the
contrary.

I should here repeat my original stipulations: I support the important
work of the GDC, its transformation from a mostly moribund prisoner support
organization into a proletarian defense organization that serves the union. I think it's good for the IWW. I
don’t raise any of my disagreements with this article to the level of
disagreements with the GDC as a whole. We’re all on the same team, pursuing
different strategies within a broader IWW approach towards organization and
struggle.

That said, I think the idea that diversifying the IWW through building a defense organization is debatable, and the notion that we’ve
failed to do so previously is similarly debatable. If we look at one point of
data and amplify that into a strategy, we may pursue strategies that aim at
reproducing that single data point. Rather, we should look to our organizing to
show us how to fix our errors and to our critique of the political economy to
show us where we have power.

It is our class who has the power to abolish capitalism. Not because
we are more numerous. If that were the case, regions with massive populations
but high rates of income inequality would be where we expect to see
revolutions. Instead, in those places we tend to see massive instability and
the rise of religious-populist reactionary forces. Neither do we have the power
to abolish the system because we can outfight the state. If that were the case,
we’d think that the U.S., with its high gun-to-civilian ratio would at the
forefront of the global revolutionary movement. Instead, we are about to inaugurate
Donald Trump. We will never be able to win a battle in the streets with the
state in its current form, we will always be outgunned. The Spanish
revolutionaries were beaten in the field by the Francoists and that was before
the advent of nuclear weapons. The Zapatistas put down arms almost as soon as
they took them up, realizing that they would be massacred if the followed armed
struggle as a strategy. The capitalists would never allow a massive, armed
communist society to exist. (I don't have room here to run through the wide range of experiences of struggle that take on these two forms or regions where they've haven't appeared, for that there are many other analyses and histories.) Mass approaches tend to shunted towards nationalist
populism and militarist approaches tend to reduce struggle into adventurist
forms and/or will be simply be outgunned.

Our class has the power to abolish capitalism because we are the class
who makes capitalism function. The ruling class provides almost nothing
productive into the global economic system, they only prey upon those of us who
do all the productive work. Our particular power to withdraw our labor gives us
our true advantage of the capitalist class. We don’t need to struggle on their
terms, we can struggle on our own. Some may choose to label this strategy with the term "workerism," a term which has lately become a slur in some circles in the Left. I choose to call it "communism" or "anarchism." Regardless, that doesn't make it's fundamental insight any less true. Further, there’s no doubt that this struggle will
need to involve billions of people and will definitely need to be militarily
defended. The struggle must be both mass and armed. But those approaches can
and must be as secondary, and indeed as the name of our GDC even suggests,
defensive in nature.

The weapon of the working class is work. Through chronic unemployment,
mass incarceration, warfare, and instability, the capitalist class seeks to divide
us, and some classical theorists have indeed been confused between the
categories of “productive” and “unproductive” work. Perhaps it is to among these orthodox and outdated thinkers that the term "workerist" should be applied as a slur. But in the IWW, we don’t see
this difference. We are not reductive in our reading of the concept of class. Every prisoner being paid pennies to do a job that was once a
union job is the brother or sister of that worker on the outside. Every refugee
displaced by imperialist war who draws a pittance on a welfare check is the
brother or sister of the working class taxpayer whose money the government steals
to build bombs. Work is the secret to the capitalism, and those of us who do it
or are excluded from it have the power to take apart that system, if we work
together.

It is this interconnectedness of the working class which currently perpetuates
our relative weakness but could be the foundation of our power. We are all each
other’s potential fellow workers or each other’s potential scabs. The IWW accepts this challenge,
answering it boldly with our program of revolutionary unionism. Only by uniting
the diverse (indeed mostly from the Global South and female) working class will
we be able to bring the final overthrow, not of one or another particular government
or form of exploitation, but of the economic system which underpins all of
these them.

6 comments:

It's good to have this piece out for people to read. I've been forced off of facebook because of the toxicity and poor behavior. However, your readers should know that a response to this essay was published on facebook on December 31st, 2016. Some names have been anonymized.

that response is below:

Awhile back, I wrote a piece about how the Twin Cities GDC has improved diversity within the Twin Cities GDC. That piece can be read here. [BetterProblems] wrote a response to that piece, which can be read here.

A discussion commenced on facebook, which some of you can read here, but many will not be able to.Hey [BetterProblems] and all; finally getting back to this.

First off, thanks to [BetterProblems] for writing it, and to everyone for engaging the discussion. It's nice to begin a more specific form of engagement on these issues. I am very happy that we agree in general that the IWW is the center of our revolutionary anti-capitalist vision, and the GDC an important and necessary part of sustaining and defending that revolution. I think it's likely we have different reasons for agreeing on those points, but point out that for myself, that's the crucial point.

E***** and M** do a better job than I probably could have of articulating most of my thoughts and responses to Brendan’s article (with one exception, below). I want to highlight these important points they made:

(1) the mischaracterization of GDC Community Self Defense with "Armed Self Defense." This is an example of a metonymy error (mistaking one aspect of a thing for its whole): certainly we support those who would take up arms in defense of the working class and the class' communities, but that's not the same thing as those two being co-terminal. We’ve made this clear a lot, and I’ll confess I find the continued misrepresentations/misunderstandings pretty frustrating.

(2) like M** and [Better Problems], I find category definition crucial to any useful discussion, so I'm grateful for the definitional work. At the same time, I think Max points out that being able to define the categories as separate is not the same thing as people belonging solely to one category or another. Most of us overlap categories. That overlapping of categories tends to be most comfortable, and hence least observable, to people (like myself and yourself) who have the most varied forms of social power (I'm white, cis, male, from a multi-generational college educated family, etc., etc.). The limits of our own perception is something we should keep in mind.

(3) I think similar definitional work on the terms "class struggle," "anarchism," "communism," and "workerism" would be useful, to have productive conversations about these. While I didn't use the term workerism myself in the article to which you respond (one quoted person did), I think simply asserting that 'workerism' is the same thing as 'communism' or 'anarchism' doesn't help this discussion.

Similarly, depending on how one defines "Class Struggle," the location of that struggle will be obviously different. If "Class Struggle" is limited to the struggles workers take relative to their employers at the point of production, your assertion that the workplace is the only place that class struggle takes place is obviously true, though I wonder how a workplace organizing committee meeting outside work hours or the workplace would qualify in that case. It’s also difficult to know how this strategy intends to deal with the increasing automation and mechanization of industry. The exaggeration of these threats have been constant for more than a century, but it is also true that these threats have massively transformed both individual economies and the global one, moving productive work out of former industrial heartlands (to find lower wages), leaving only the service jobs that frankly often are irreplaceable not because of the inability to automate the task, but because of the social work of status difference that such jobs are often tasked with (see ‘emotional labor,’ e.g.).

Similarly, it’s hard to know what to do with the IWW insistence on organizing not only the actively employed working class, but the unemployed (Marx’s “Industrial Reserve Army,” for the most part), with this notion of class struggle. On the other hand, if "Class Struggle" is the struggle of the working class against the employing class, and includes those moves necessary to support that class' ability to thrive and organize, while defending and preserving them, then a different location for "Class Struggle" is obvious. I don't think any single person, including myself, gets to easily declare a definition for a term so central to so many as class struggle.

(4) E****** does a particularly good job describing the way in which the GDC very clearly adapts the Solidarity Unionism model to other locations where the working class experiences struggle and attack.

I reiterate that the important point to me is that we agree on the centrality of the workplace organizing strategy of attacking capitalism, and the importance of having worker organizations capable of supporting the working class in that fight. I suspect some of us still disagree on whether the GDC should be that organization. I feel strongly that it should be, since divorcing a community self defense organization from an anti-capitalist focus associated with a radical and horizontally democratic union isn't a project I'd want to involve myself in, and I suspect the organization would quickly split into sections, and the organization itself degenerative into a form of reactive liberalism.

The last thing, and the one area where I think I might make my own contribution to this discussion, is in the area of diversity, unions, attitudes, and membership. Both M** and E****** nicely pointed out that while this particular article highlights the way in which the Twin Cities GDC has actually improved the diversity of interest and membership in the Twin Cities GMB, the GDC model is not primarily oriented to this goal. It is, as the name states, a Defense organization, though there remains a great deal of confusion about the term 'defense,' as Max has gone to pains to remind folks.

On this question of diversity in unions, I want to briefly make a few points. First, [BetterProblems] article seems to me to make an argumentative shift of context that changes the discussion from what I’d intended to something quite different; I was talking about - I had thought it was clear throughout my first piece; apparently not - about the general lack of diversity within the IWW as an organization. We shouldn’t switch registers between the union movement as a whole and the IWW in particular when we discuss these points, I think. Or at least, be quite careful when we do, so we don’t mislead ourselves. In other words, we shouldn’t conflate the diversity of unionized workers in the USA with the diversity of the IWW.

We are a heavily white male organization, and I think we might all agree that this at least poses real challenges for the IWW, and shouldn’t be ignored as an issue. I was not talking about unions as a whole in the USA, nor about worker attitudes towards unions to which they might belong. I do quote the BLS figure of 11.1% union membership in the USA, which appears to be the jumping off point for [BetterProblems]' intervention.

Second, [BetterProblems] correctly points out important and useful details about the composition of the unionized working class in the USA, specifically that the greatest level of union membership is in Public Sector Unions, and that these have a diversity that is higher than that of the class as a whole.

Particularly, the public sector union transformations and the way in which this, along with the destruction of private sector unions (not mentioned) have resulted in a higher-than-representational level of diversity in these union sectors. This doesn’t particularly deal with the same issues as those I raised in the original piece regarding diversity in the IWW, however.

Let’s imagine a Latino worker in a public sector union. This worker receives higher wages, benefits, and job security as a consequence of being a member of this union. That they might generally support and value a union in their workplace is hardly surprising. It also doesn’t mean that if this worker is harassed or targeted on their job for being Latino, perhaps even by a unionized supervisor, the union will have their back. These are different things, and the particularities differ from local to local, and union to union. It definitely doesn’t mean that this union will take any steps, or feel any obligation, to defend its workers in their homes or neighborhoods, if it is anti-immigrant paramilitaries showing up. These are things that affect who gets to access the power we agree is most highly leveraged for the working class at the point of production.