Homework Book Cartoon Black

Jay-Z chose to illustrate that concept by employing the dated racial iconography of Hollywood animation, and presenting a catalog of white animators’ interpretations of black people and culture from the first half of the twentieth century.

Many of the stock stereotypes of black people in old animated shorts can be found in Jay-Z’s video, from thick-lipped minstrels and cannibal natives to plantation workers, sharecroppers, and Little Black Sambo (based on Helen Bannerman’s children’s book The Story of Little Black Sambo). For the latter, Jay-Z himself assumes the role of Jaybo, a play on Little Black Sambo imagery, and introduces the cartoon by appearing in the iconic circular motif that was used for classic Warner Bros. cartoons.

The short gains poignancy by juxtaposing these stereotypes, which were a holdover from 19th century caricatures, against more sober and realistic scenes of the black experience in the United States, from people in chains aboard slave ships to segregation, lynchings, and the Ku Klux Klan dancing in the background. The video also caricatures real historical figures, from Nina Simone playing the piano to Olympic athletes Tommie Smith and John Carlos giving a Black Power salute at the 1968 Olympics — not to mention a brief appearance by O.J. Simpson.

The video’s impact stems in large part from remaining true to the style of the vintage shorts. While the animation style is somewhat more limited than the cartoons it is referencing, it’s clear that the animators who made this video did their homework and studied cartoons from the first half of the twentieth century. And there was definitely a lot of homework to do.

All of the studios of the period — Disney, Warner Bros., MGM, Iwerks, Lantz, Fleischer, et al. — engaged in the production of cartoons with racial stereotypes, some studios more than others. While the regrettable images appeared in a relatively small portion of the overall output of those studios, they did exist and they helped perpetuate negative attitudes towards black people. Depictions of African-Americans tended to be especially vicious in the works of Warner Bros. and Lantz cartoon studios. One scene in the music video, in which Jaybo eats watermelon, appears to be a direct reference to a shot in the bluntly racist Lantz cartoon Scrub Me Mama with a Boogie Beat (1941):

The black angels with wings and halos also would appear to be a reference to the Warner Bros. short Clean Pastures (1937), but for the most part, “Story of O.J.” avoids these direct references and uses the older cartoons as general inspiration. Below you’ll find a few of the theatrical cartoons by Warner Bros., Disney, and Lantz that likely served as reference for the video. An exhaustive catalog of black imagery in older animation can be found in the book That’s Enough, Folks: Black Images in Animated Cartoons, 1900-1960 by Henry T. Sampson.

The video mixes the racial imagery with more benign references to the distinctive filmmaking vocabulary of New York-based Fleischer studio, whose cartoons often used inventive animated perspectives, like shots that take the viewer into the mouth of a character, and moving backgrounds, like the one below:

Countless homages and parodies of vintage theatrical shorts have been produced in recent years, but “The Story of O.J.” succeeds by adding something fresh to the discussion. Like the photograph of Huey Newton mocking colonialist portraiture (an image that is referenced in the video), Jay-Z reclaims the dated stereotypes of Hollywood animators and repurposes them in a socially conscious context.

The Mill and Titmouse produced the animation for the video. Here are the credits — artists only — for the project: