* Attachment theory
* John Bowlby * Children are biologically predisposed to develop attachments with caregivers as a means of increasing the chances of their own survival * Secure base is Bowlby’s term for an attachment figure’s presence that provides an infant or toddler with a sense of security that makes it possible for the infant to explore the environment * Four Phases

* Reciprocal relationships (1.5-2 years – on)
* Children takes an active role in developing working partnerships with their caregivers * Internal Working Model of Attachment * The child develops a mental representation of the self, of attachment figures, and of relationships in general * This working model guides children’s interactions with caregivers and other people in infancy and at older ages * Operant Conditioning

* B. F. Skinner
* Research on the nature and function of reinforcement * Attention is the most powerful reinforcement
* Intermittent Reinforcement is most powerful type of reinforcement * Behavior modification
* Classical Conditioning
* John Watson
* Behaviorism
* Children’s development determined by social environment * Learning through conditioning was the primary mechanism of development * Psychosexual Development
* Sigmund Freud
* Behavior motivated by the need to satisfy basic biological drives * Mostly unconscious
* Universal stages in which psychic energy becomes focused on different erogenous zones * Psychic energy
* The biologically based instinctual drives that energize behavior, thoughts, and feelings * Erogenous zones
* Areas of the body that become erotically sensitive in successive stages of development * Five Stages
* Oral (first year)
* The primary source of satisfaction and pleasure is oral activity. During this stage, the mother is established as the strongest love object. * ID * The biological drives with which the infant is born * The earliest and most primitive personality structure * Unconscious and operates with the goal of seeking pleasure * Anal (1 – 3 years)

* The primary source of pleasure comes from defecation * EGO
* Emerges in the first year
* The rational, logical, problem-solving component of personality * Phallic (3 – 6 years)
* Characterized by the localization of pleasure in the genitalia * SUPEREGO * Based on the child’s internalization (or adoption as his or her own) of the parents’ attributes, beliefs, and standards * Requires resolution of the Oedipus and Electra complexes * Latency (6 – 12 years)

* Characterized by the channeling of sexual energy into socially acceptable activities * Genital (12+ years)
* Sexual maturation is complete and sexual intercourse becomes a major goal * Healthy is there is culmination in the...

YOU MAY ALSO FIND THESE DOCUMENTS HELPFUL

...Attempting to bribe your child into good behavior often has negative results. Food rewards can lead to unhealthy eating habits. Over time, bribery can get out of hand, with your child demanding ever-increasing rewards for doing what he or she is supposed to do anyway. It's better to catch your child being good and reward them for that than to try to buy his or her way out of bad behavior.
Not Following Through
Guiding children's behavior through rules and limits is a big part of parenting. At some point in their development, children will experiment with you to see just how serious you are about those boundaries.
That's why parents need to establish and clearly communicate the consequences of breaking those rules.
Here's the problem: Parents don't really want to punish their kids. It's so easy to think that a warning (or two or three) will avoid a fight, save everyone's feelings and fix the problem. Instead, failing to enforce the consequences of bad behavior just makes your child see you as unreliable and easily manipulated. And since engaging in the bad behavior carries no consequences, your child has no reason to change it. In fact, your child's behavior may become worse if not appropriately disciplined. Kids want the limits, and they'll probe until they find them.
If you want to change someone else's behavior, the best place to start is by changing yours. Set the limit,...

...﻿PSYCH STUDYGUIDE
Neonatal Reflexes:
Babinsk: big toe lifts, other toes fan out
Moro Reflex: arms fling out and grab something when child feels like he’s falling
Palmer Grasp: touch a baby’s palms and his hand closes
Planter Grasp
Sucking- doesn’t need to learn how to breast feed
Rooting
Withdrawal – reaction to pain
Vigotsky’s Theory
Focuses more on cultural impact on human development
Believed children actively seek to discover new principles (like Piaget)
Zone of proximal development: the range of tasks a child cannot master alone, but can accomplish with guidance of a parent or elder
Scaffolding- process of adjusting instruction so that a beginner could better understand a problem or gain a mental skill
Believed puberty was hormonal, NOT a change into adulthood
ATTATCHMENT
Emotional attachment: an especially close emotional bond that infants form with their caregiver
contact comfort: a pleasant and reassuring feeling humans get from touching or clinging to something soft and warm (like their mothers)
separation anxiety: distress displayed by infants when they are separated from parents
Three types of attachment:
Securely attached- infants with a stable and positive emotional bond; are upset at mother’s absence and seek to be near her when she returns—show resilience, curiosity, problem-solving skills
Insecure-attachment- anxious emotional bond marked by a tendency to avoid reunion –...

...Module One
ChildPsychology – Part 1
Q1 what are the six sensitive periods? Write 7-8 lines on each of them.
Answer. After working with children from all backgrounds, Maria Montessori concluded that despite their differences all children experience a time span when he/she acquires specific knowledge from his surroundings through his focused activities and that too without getting bored and tired. This time span or time periods are called as the sensitive periods. As and when the need of knowledge and understanding has been fulfilled, a child’s sensitivity naturally moves on to acquiring a new one. Thus, Maria Montessori observed six sensitive periods. They are as follows;
1. Sensitivity to Order
2. Sensitivity for refinement of senses
3. Sensitivity to Language
4. Sensitivity for walking
5. Sensitivity for small objects
6. Sensitivity to social aspects of life.
1. Sensitivity to Order: Appears in child’s 1st year and continues through the 4th year. Order is a sensitive period that exemplifies a child’s desire for consistency and repetition, along with established routines. The child has two different perspectives to order, the external order which relates to his/her environment and the inner order which makes him/her aware of his/her own external body parts and their relative position. A child who goes through this period can be extremely affected by disorder. The environment for this...

...1. What nursing action is required b4 you measure fundal height= empty bladder full bladder make the fundal height higher.
2. What should a nurse do to prevent heat loss from evaporation= dry them up and remove the wet linen.
3. Child with cephalohematoma. What condition is associated with cephalohemetoma = jaundice
4. Why do we perform gestational age in a baby= to identify developmental level
5. What kind of exam do we perform to access for gestational age = ballot score
6. A baby has been circumcised a mother called the unit and complains that she saw a yellow crust on the penile area what do you tell the mother=Normal
7. You are teaching a mom how to use a bulb syringe what will you tell her to do= tilt babies head to the side and sanction the check
8. You are providing umbilical cord care, what will you do to provide this care= dye, open, dry, to prevent infection.
9. You have a patient who is breast feeding you want to prevent nipple trauma what will you teach= latching on, make sure the oriole is in the baby mouth and the baby is sucking onto it. And the baby is not sucking the nipple.
10. When babies have jaundice and are placed on a phototherapy why should we make sure that they have fluid and they get fed= prevent dehydration, hypoglycemia and promote growth
11. A neonate that was born 4hours after delivery mother is diabetic and some of the signs and symptoms is that the baby is jittery = hypoglycemia, check blood sugar and feed them...

...Child development is a fascinating thing to observe. It is very challenging in some; while others it comes along naturally. The way a child develops can be determined by a number of factors. Their environment and biological inheritance can be the common denominator to their development. Have you ever wondered what makes Uncle Sam, or Uncle Joe who they are? What determines whether your son, daughter, niece, nephew, or even neighbor who they will become when they grow up. Prior to taking this class I never took the time to really think why some people the way they are are. The Boston bombers did not just wake up one day and say that they were going to plan an attack to hurt or even kill thousands of people, their childhood development determined what route they would take. As we see the people who are around us, we judge their character off of their behavior. The behavior determines who we think they are. There are many different development theories available that states different concepts of human development, but the three main theories that are mainly known are from Sigmund Freud, Erik Erickson, and Jean Piaget. Although many believe that their theories are old and outdated many psychologist use their theories to base theirs on. In this paper I will explain their theories in detail, provide examples of their use in the mental health treatment of children, and compare and contrast them starting with Mr. Sigmund Freud.
Sigmund Freud was...

...PsychologyStudyGuide
Chapter 4
Vocabulary Identification
Be able to define the following terms from Chapter 4
Vocabulary
Initiation Rites - Ceremonies or rituals in which an individual is admitted to new status or accepted into a new position.
Puberty - A time period of mixed abilities and responsibilities in which childlike behavior changes to adult like behavior.
Menarche - an adolescent girl’s first menstrual cycle
Spermarche - an adolescent boy’s first ejaculation
Asynchrony
Rationalization
Identity Crisis
Social Learning Theory
Clique - a social group that forms because of social status
Conformity - to change into what society thinks you ought to be
Anorexia Nervosa
Bulimia Nervosa
Gender Identity - searching for ones place in there gender
Gender Role
Gender Stereotype
Androgynous
Gender - Wether a person is male or female
Schema - where information is stored
G. Stanley Hall
Margaret Mead
Robert Havinghurst
1. How do Hall’s and Mead’s theories of adolescence differ?
2. Puberty: definition, ages for males and females, menarche, spermarche, asynchrony
3. How do female and male growth spurts differ?
4. In what ways do adolescents think?
5. Dr. David Elkind
6. Identity Development, Identity Crisis
7. James Marcia: Identity of Adolescents
Social Learning Theory
Peterson, Bandura, Mead
8. How does the role of the family change during...

...asking after a couple of months prompted variations in their recalls.
•
David Schonfield and Betty-Anne Robertson found that recognition memory is better for older adults early in the day rather late.
•
Being able to recognize a set of words via multiple choices had a minimal declinewhen compared to the results of each age. It was the recall of the words whichhad a greater difficulty
•
Time based tasks as well as habitual tasks decline over ageAging and Intelligence
•
Cross sectional studies are comparing people of different ages with one another.
•
These studies revealed that intelligence declined after early adulthood
•
They excluded the factors of generational differences of education as well as lifeexperiences
•
Longitudinal studies is the retesting the same people over a period of time, thesestudies showed that intelligence may be stable through out the years. Theyhowever, excluded the factors of people dropping out of studies, those who wereless intelligent and that in poor health.
•
The present day view is that fluid intelligence takes place by declining later in lifeand that crystallized intelligence does not. (Paul Baltes)
•
Crystallized intelligence is the accumulation of knowledge and skills
•
Fluid intelligence is the ability to reason speedily and abstractly
•
Scientists and mathematicians are more likely to have their best outcomes...

...hear and recognize their local language long before a word is uttered.
7. Why would parents encourage ( before 12 months) or late ( after 12 months) walking?
- To strengthen the babies gross motor skills by allowing the baby to practice these necessary movements early on.
4. Why are some researchers concerned about too much emphasis being placed on early brain development?
- Because infants require adaptation because they are active listeners that seek to understand their complex observations and experiences.
5. How do researchers figure out whether an infant has a concept of something even if the infant cannot talk about it yet?
-By the infant being responsive to objects placed in front of him/her.
7. Why would a child remember very little about experiences in infancy?
-Because a certain amount of experience and brain maturation are required in order to process and remember experiences.
8. What indicates that toddlers use some grammar?
- By the toddler beginning to use two-word combinations which typically begins at about 21 months.
11. According to the sociocultural theory of language learning , what might explain why an 18 month is not talking yet?
- The 18 month old’s social impulses were not stimulated that resulted in the inability to communicate through speech
12. What does the research on language learning suggest to care givers?
-To respond appropriately to the infants early attempts to communicate...