New noninvasive techniques air, geo, soil and metal

ground based techniques - geophysical surveying - Resistivity (features with a high resistivity such as disturbed soils, ditches, roads, walls and pits). Magnetic Anomaly (Aeas were burning/heating of soil and rocket a high temp also ferruginous (containing iron oxides or rust) soils and artefacts

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3.3 The Archeology of Hadrian's Wall II

3.6 Digging deeper; excavation , things in front of wall

Berm - the strip of land between the northern face of the wall and the v-shaped ditch

Quincunxes (groups of five) sharpened stakes in front of ramparts in closely spaced pits in the berm beyond the ditch

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3.7 Setting it all out: archaeological plans

Note that geophysical survey plans are an 'interpretation' of the remains found. They are a primary source but plans made from the observation remain a secondary source based on someone's interpretation of this evidence

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3.8 Vertical Thinking; Stratigraphy

Excavation of soil layers in the reverse order to that in which they were laid down, starting with the most recent and slowly working back through time - aka 'the stratigraphy of the site'

Deeper layers laid down earlier and are therefore older than the layers above them. Artefacts/structural remains in user layers will generally be more recent than those in lower layers. If a layer can be dated, it can be applied to the site at that layer universally EXCEPT where later disturbance due to later living has changed the stratigrapphy

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3.8 Vertical Thinking; Stratigraphy II

Air and pottery

Terra sigillata - Samian ware, a red glossy pottery can be dated via a maker's mark resulting in dating as it has been intensely studied by academics. In Britain terra sigillata stopped being imported from the continent in the 3rd C CE as the factories in Gaul had closed down

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3.8 Vertical Thinking; Stratigraphy IV

Terminus post quem (TPQ) or 'time before which' e.g. a coin found at a wall's foundation is date 9 CE means the wall could not have been built BEFORE that coin/period

Terminus ante quem (TAQ)- 'time after which' e.g. which an artefact's presence could not have occurred after a particular event

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3.11 An 'Abandonment Horizon' - the argument

BBC 2013 The Flying Archeologist Robson. Woolscroft Whittaker and Jobey propose that the area directly in front of the wall was not a sterile 10 mile militarised zone, but one with many non-roman barbarian settlements living and trading right up to the wall

Contested by Hodgson and his excavations that carbon date destruction of settlements to 120-140 CE with increased development behind the wall. Tacitus mentions militarised zones in his writings and also disputed in Salway's Roman Britain- it was defensive not simply an economic control point

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Roman titles and instillations

Tribune - This was an office crucial to an emperor's authority and was renewed every year. - Seen on coins and helps dating