The naïf "empirical-positivistic" image of science is often pinpointed by current science education as an obstacle for a science education of quality. Nevertheless, the school of the philosophy of science known as logical positivism, of the first half of the 20th century, provided some sharp conceptualisations on the nature of science that can still be valuable for science teachers. In this paper, we review some of the fundamental ideas of this school in the light of its possible contributions to pre- and in-service science teacher education. We use seven conceptual fields to structure the analysis of those ideas and we state the criteria by which we consider them of interest.