Named Entity ResultsThe Photographic History of The Civil War: in ten volumes, Thousands of Scenes Photographed 1861-65, with Text by many Special Authorities, Volume 7: Prisons and Hospitals. (ed. Francis Trevelyan Miller)

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eyors, State and Confederate, and were supplemented by supplies from across the Atlantic, notwithstanding the rigid blockade of all Southern ports.
In connection with the ordnance bureau, an agency was established in London, with instructions to purchase and forward much-needed supplies for both Ordnance and Medical departments by every blockade runner, the vessels on their return trips carrying cotton to defray the expense.
A separate agency for the Medical Department was established at Nassau.
The cotton for the use of the Medical Department was purchased by special agents of the department, who were very active in the discharge of their duties, and supplies were shipped with commendable regularity.
From the time of the occupation of New Orleans by the Federals until the closing of the Mississippi River by the surrender of Vicksburg, considerable amounts of quinine and morphia were brought out of the Crescent City, at night, by fishermen in their small canoes or dugouts.
The

ation of indigenous drugs established: one in Lincolnton, North Carolina; one at Macon, Georgia, and one west of the Mississippi, in which tinctures and extracts were manufactured to some extent.
One tincture in particular, well remembered and popularly known in field and hospital service as old indig., was used as a substitute for quinine in malarial fevers, a compound tincture of willow, dogwood, and yellow-poplar barks.
Efforts were made to cultivate the poppy (Papaver somniferum) in Florida and North Carolina, and the unripe seed-capsules, when incised, yielded or exuded a dark gum, not unlike Turkish opium in its effects.
Decoctions and tinctures of Jamestown or common jimson-weed, leaves and seeds (Stramonium), and may pop root (Passiflora incarnata) were employed for the relief of pain, both internally and as a local application.
Boneset (Eupatorium perfoliatum) and yellow jasmin (Gelsemium sempervirens), the former used as an antipyretic and the latter to control nervous

valescence wearing a beautifully patched uniform and underwear made from the linen of the women, who sacrificed their own clothes and comfort for the benefit of the men at the front.
Fighting on his own ground was a stimulus to defend the devoted and self-sacrificing women of the South.
The Richmond city hospital
The Chimborazo hospital, Richmond, Virginia valleys.
There were probably at least three laboratories for the preparation of indigenous drugs established: one in Lincolnton, North Carolina; one at Macon, Georgia, and one west of the Mississippi, in which tinctures and extracts were manufactured to some extent.
One tincture in particular, well remembered and popularly known in field and hospital service as old indig., was used as a substitute for quinine in malarial fevers, a compound tincture of willow, dogwood, and yellow-poplar barks.
Efforts were made to cultivate the poppy (Papaver somniferum) in Florida and North Carolina, and the unripe seed-capsules, when

an amputation just above the knee.
Other surgeons reported good success or luck, among whom could be recalled Dr. J. B. Cowan, medical director, Forrest's cavalry; Dr. J. M. Keller, medical director, Trans-
Confederate field-hospital at Cedar Mountain, August, 1862
The Confederate loss at Cedar Mountain, known to the Confederacy as the battle of Cedar Run, was about thirteen hundred men. General Banks, who had the temerity to attack General Jackson with less than half that redoubtable CCedar Mountain, known to the Confederacy as the battle of Cedar Run, was about thirteen hundred men. General Banks, who had the temerity to attack General Jackson with less than half that redoubtable Confederate general's force, suffered a loss of twenty-four hundred men. The medical corps of the Confederate army had not yet run short of medicines, books, surgical instruments, and supplies as it did later in the war. As the fighting dragged on, there was a greater want of medical, surgical, and hospital supplies among the citizens of the Confederate States in the territory not occupied by the Federal lines than there was in their field and hospital service.
The Union had not yet developed an

m Mexico, close up to the time of General Richard Taylor's surrender to General Canby.
Many petticoats were quilted in the shadow of the dome of the Capitol at Washington and in other Northern cities, worn through the lines by Southern ladies, and relieved of their valuable padding of quinine and morphia in Richmond.
While love my, and a resort to indigenous resources to be found in our hills and dales, fields and forests, mountains and
Richmond City hospitals.
Richmond, like Washington and Alexandria, became a collection of hospitals during the war. The accommodations of the City Hospital were soon exceeded, and the Chimborazo Hospital was oneil February, 1865.
A complete file from which much important historical data can possibly be obtained, is now in the Library of the Surgeon-General's office at Washington.
The first number reported a regular meeting of the Association of Army and Navy Surgeons, organized in Richmond, August, 1863, with Samuel P. Moore, the Confe

before the coming on of hostilities.
Books were far more scarce than instruments.
However, those who so desired could at times provide themselves in a meager way. Some surgeons made a point of calling on village and country practitioners in the vicinity of the army, and on more than one occasion, during such peregrinations, managed to make a purchase of medical works.
The author has now in his library a copy of Erichsen's Surgery, purchased from a Doctor Johnson in the vicinity of Clinton, Louisiana, just after the battle of Baton Rouge, August, 1862.
The price paid was one ounce of P. & W.
sulphate of quinine, of which I had at the time an ample supply.
I have also a copy of Wilson's Dissector, 1857 edition, which I had carried with me from home, and managed to bring back with me, it being less cumbersome than the text-book of anatomy by the same author.
Other books which I managed to secure from time to time by barter and exchange, but was forced to abandon because of their

retail dealers in drugs and medicines throughout the South usually kept large stocks on hand.
The more prudent and far-seeing added to their usual stock in many of the larger cities and towns as the war-cloud darkened.
These stocks were largely drawn upon by the medical purveyors, State and Confederate, and were supplemented by supplies from across the Atlantic, notwithstanding the rigid blockade of all Southern ports.
In connection with the ordnance bureau, an agency was established in London, with instructions to purchase and forward much-needed supplies for both Ordnance and Medical departments by every blockade runner, the vessels on their return trips carrying cotton to defray the expense.
A separate agency for the Medical Department was established at Nassau.
The cotton for the use of the Medical Department was purchased by special agents of the department, who were very active in the discharge of their duties, and supplies were shipped with commendable regularity.
From

orted a regular meeting of the Association of Army and Navy Surgeons, organized in Richmond, August, 1863, with Samuel P. Moore, the Confederate Surgeon-General, as president.
Dr. J. J. Chisolm, who entered the army as a surgeon from Charleston, South Carolina, wrote an excellent little Manual of Military Surgery of about four or five hundred 12mo pages; and another manual, about the same size, was prepared by surgeons detailed for that purpose by Surgeon-General Moore, and published in Richms, as well as the public, might be supplied with information, which at that time was greatly needed, was prepared by direction of Surgeon-General Moore, by Francis Peyre Porcher, M. D., formerly surgeon in charge of the city hospital in Charleston, South Carolina, and professor of materia medica and therapeutics in the medical college of that city, and was entitled Resources of the Southern Fields and Forests, Medical, Economical, and Agricultural, being also a Medical Botany of the Southern Sta

eir duties, and supplies were shipped with commendable regularity.
From the time of the occupation of New Orleans by the Federals until the closing of the Mississippi River by the surrender of Vicksburg, considerable amounts of quinine and morphia were brought out of the Crescent City, at night, by fishermen in their small canoeederacy in twain, my father was detailed from Wright's Arkansas cavalry, an independent command, to procure some quinine, calomel, and opium.
He crossed the Mississippi River at Greenville, Mississippi, and proceeded with a buggy and horse to Canton, where he obtained the supplies.
He made the return trip safely to the MississippMississippi River, only to find a gunboat in close proximity and no means of traversing the mighty stream, then bank-full.
After considerable search he found an
Thomas H. Williams, medical director of the first Confederate army in Virginia
Dr. Williams was one of the regular army surgeons whose convictions led him to join the Southern

on more than one occasion, valuable and greatly needed medical and surgical supplies were captured from the more bountifully supplied Northerners.
Dr. J. B. Cowan, medical director of Forrest's cavalry, stated to the writer, that on one of Forrest's raids into western Tennessee, they captured and brought out a large wagon train, in which were three four-mule army wagons loaded with medical supplies, the remainder of which, after supplying his command very bountifully, were forwarded to Atlanta, Georgia.
The value of that was estimated by Dr. George S. Blackie, medical purveyor there, to be fully equivalent to what would have cost the department at least one hundred and fifty thousand dollars in gold.
Finally, these means and measures were supplemented by a careful economy, and a resort to indigenous resources to be found in our hills and dales, fields and forests, mountains and
Richmond City hospitals.
Richmond, like Washington and Alexandria, became a collection of hosp