Constructing a Single-Entry Equation from Measurements of Felled Trees

Derivation from a Multiple-Entry Equation

Tarif Tables

Tree Weight Equations

Field Tallies by Weight

Weight Equations for Tree Boles

Biomass Equations

Problems

References

Forest Inventory

Introduction

Classes of Timber Surveys

Inventory Planning

Forest Inventory and Analysis

Special Inventory Considerations

Tree Tallies

Electronic Data Recorders

Tree-Defect Estimation

The Complete Tree Tally

Organizing the Complete Tree Tally

Timber Inventory as a Sampling Process

Summaries of Cruise Data

Stand and Stock Tables

Timber Volumes From Stump Diameters

Sales of Standing Timber

Stumpage Value

Methods of Selling Standing Timber

Timber-Sale Contracts

Problems

References

Inventories with Sample Strips or Plots

Fixed-Area Sampling Units

Strip System of Cruising

Strip-Cruise Layout

Computing Tract Acreage From Sample Strips

Field Procedure for Strip Cruising

Pros and Cons of Strip Cruising

Line-Plot System of Cruising

The Traditional Approach

Plot Cruise Example

Sampling Intensity and Design

Cruising Techniques

Boundary Overlap

Merits of the Plot System

Use of Permanent Sample Plots

Criteria for Inventory Plots

Sample Units: Size, Shape, and Number

Field-Plot Establishment

Field-Plot Measurements

Periodic Reinventories

Regeneration Surveys with Sample Plots

Need for Regeneration Surveys

Stocked-Quadrat Method

Plot-Count Method

Staked-Point Method

Problems

References

Inventories with Point Samples

The Concept of Point Sampling

Nomenclature and Variants

Selecting a Sighting Angle

Plot Radius Factor

How Point Sampling Works

Imaginary Tree Zones

Equality of Tree Basal Area on a Per-Acre Basis

Implementing Point Sampling

The Stick-Type Angle Gauge

The Spiegel Relascope

The Wedge Prism

Calibration of Prisms or Angle Gauges

Corrections for Slope

Doubtful Trees, Limiting Distances, and Bias

Boundary Overlap

Choice of Instruments

Volume Calculations

Example of Computational Procedures

Basal Area Per Acre

Trees Per Acre

Volume Per Acre by the Volume-Factor Approach

Volume Per Acre by the Volume/Basal-Area Ratios Approach

Estimating Precision

Field Tally by Height Class

Point Sampling in a Double-Sampling Context

Estimating Growth from Permanent Points

Point-Sample Cruising Intensity

Comparisons with Conventional Plots

Number of Sampling Points Needed

Point Samples Versus Plots

Attributes and Limitations

Problems

References

Inventories with 3P Sampling

Introduction

Components of 3P Inventory

How 3P is Applied

Timber-Sale Example

Preliminary Steps

Field Procedure

Sample-Tree Measurement

3P Computations

Numerical Example

Extensions, Attributes, and Limitations of Basic 3P Sampling

Extensions of Basic 3P Sampling

Attributes and Limitations of 3P Sampling

Problems

References

Using Aerial Photographs

Purpose of Chapter

Types of Aerial Photographs

Black-and-White Aerial Films

Color Aerial Films

Seasons for Aerial Photography

Determining Photographic Scales

Photogeometry

Aligning Prints for Stereoscopic Study

Cover-Type Identificaion and Mapping

Forest Type Recognition

Identifying Individual Species

Timber Type Maps

Using Photos for Field Travel

Basic Forest Measurements

Measuring Area and Distance

Measuring Heights by Parallax

Parallax-Measuring Devices

Tree-Crown Diameters

Tree Counts

Individual-Tree Volumes

Aerial Stand-Volume Tables

Crown Closure

Stand-Volume Estimates

Adjusting Photo Volumes by Field Checks

Obtaining Aerial Photographs

The Options

Photography from Commercial Firms

Photography from the U.S. Government

Photography from the Canadian Government

Taking Your Own Pictures

Contracting For New Photography

Other Remote-Sensing Tools

Problems

References

Geographic Information Systems

What is a GIS?

GIS Data Structures

Data Formats

Raster Data

Vector Data

Raster Versus Vector Systems

Geographic Coordinate Systems

Types of Coordinate Systems

The Latitude and Longitude System

The Universal Transverse Mercator Coordinate System

The State Plane Coordinate System

GIS Data Sources, Entry, and Quality

Deriving Digital Maps

Existing Map Data

Digitizing and Scanning

Field and Image Data

Errors and Accuracy

GIS Analysis Functions

Analysis-The Power of GIS

Spatial Analysis Functions

Cartographic Modeling

Problems

References

Site, Stocking, and Stand Density

The Concepts of Site

Direct Measurement of Forest Productivity

Tree Height as a Measure of Site Quality

Field Measurement of Site Index

Construction of Site-Index Curves

Interspecies Site-Index Relationships

Periodic Height Growth

Physical-Factors Approach

Indicator-Plant Approach

Limitations of Site Index

Stocking and Stand Density

Definitions

Measures of Stocking

Basal Area Per Acre

Trees Per Acre

Stand-Density Index

3/2 Law of Self-Thinning

Relative Spacing

Crown Competition Factor

Stocking Guides

Measures of Point Density

Problems

References

Tree-Growth and Stand-Table Projection

Increases in Tree Diameter

Increases in Tree Height

Periodic and Mean Annual Growth

Past Growth From Complete Stem Analysis

Tree Growth as a Percentage Value

Predictions of Tree Growth

Future Yields from Growth Percentage

Growth Prediction from Diameter and Height Increases

Stand-Table Projection

Components of Stand Growth

Characteristics of Stand-Table Projection

Diameter Growth

Stand Mortality and Ingrowth

A Sample Stand Projection

Problems

References

Growth and Yield Models

Introduction

Growth and Yield Relationships

Mathematical Relationships Between Growth and Yield

Growth and Yield Models for Even-Aged Stands

Normal Yield Tables

Empirical Yield Tables

Variable-Density Growth and Yield Equations

Size-Class Distribution Models

Example of Computatins for Size-Class Distribution Model

Individual-Tree Models for Even-Aged Stands

Growth and Yield Models for Uneven-Aged Stands

Special Considerations in Modeling Uneven-Aged Stands

Growht and Yield Equations Based on Elasped Time

Size-Class Distribution Models Using Stand-Table Projection

Individual-Tree Models that Include Uneven-Aged Stands

Applying Growth and Yield Models

Enhancing Output from Growth and Yield Models

Choosing an Appropriate Growth and Yield Model

A Word of Caution

Problems

References

Assessing Rangeland, Wildlife, Water, and Recreational Resources

Purpose of Chapter

Measuring Rangeland Resources

Forage Resources

Planning Range Measurements

Sampling Considerations

Determining Grazing Capacity

Clipped-Plot Technique

Range-Utilization Estimates

Range Condition and Trend

Measuring Wildlife Resources

Animal Populations and Habitat

Population Estimates

Habitat Measurement

Measuring Water Resources

Importance of Water

Factors Affecting Runoff

Physical Characteristics of a Watershed

Measurement of Water Quantity

Measurement of Water Quality

Measuring Recreational Resources

The Problem

Visitor Use of Recreational Facilities

Assessing Potential Recreational Sites

Problems

References

Answers to Selected Problems

Glossay

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