Customer and Personal Service — Knowledge of principles and processes for providing customer and personal services. This includes customer needs assessment, meeting quality standards for services, and evaluation of customer satisfaction.

95

Sales and Marketing — Knowledge of principles and methods for showing, promoting, and selling products or services. This includes marketing strategy and tactics, product demonstration, sales techniques, and sales control systems.

74

Psychology — Knowledge of human behavior and performance; individual differences in ability, personality, and interests; learning and motivation; psychological research methods; and the assessment and treatment of behavioral and affective disorders.

Clerical — Knowledge of administrative and clerical procedures and systems such as word processing, managing files and records, stenography and transcription, designing forms, and other office procedures and terminology.

Administration and Management — Knowledge of business and management principles involved in strategic planning, resource allocation, human resources modeling, leadership technique, production methods, and coordination of people and resources.

36

Sociology and Anthropology — Knowledge of group behavior and dynamics, societal trends and influences, human migrations, ethnicity, cultures and their history and origins.

35

Production and Processing — Knowledge of raw materials, production processes, quality control, costs, and other techniques for maximizing the effective manufacture and distribution of goods.

34

Biology — Knowledge of plant and animal organisms, their tissues, cells, functions, interdependencies, and interactions with each other and the environment.

34

Law and Government — Knowledge of laws, legal codes, court procedures, precedents, government regulations, executive orders, agency rules, and the democratic political process.

31

Medicine and Dentistry — Knowledge of the information and techniques needed to diagnose and treat human injuries, diseases, and deformities. This includes symptoms, treatment alternatives, drug properties and interactions, and preventive health-care measures.

Communications and Media — Knowledge of media production, communication, and dissemination techniques and methods. This includes alternative ways to inform and entertain via written, oral, and visual media.

25

Public Safety and Security — Knowledge of relevant equipment, policies, procedures, and strategies to promote effective local, state, or national security operations for the protection of people, data, property, and institutions.

23

Engineering and Technology — Knowledge of the practical application of engineering science and technology. This includes applying principles, techniques, procedures, and equipment to the design and production of various goods and services.

22

Mechanical — Knowledge of machines and tools, including their designs, uses, repair, and maintenance.

19

Physics — Knowledge and prediction of physical principles, laws, their interrelationships, and applications to understanding fluid, material, and atmospheric dynamics, and mechanical, electrical, atomic and sub- atomic structures and processes.

17

Economics and Accounting — Knowledge of economic and accounting principles and practices, the financial markets, banking and the analysis and reporting of financial data.

16

Philosophy and Theology — Knowledge of different philosophical systems and religions. This includes their basic principles, values, ethics, ways of thinking, customs, practices, and their impact on human culture.

15

Chemistry — Knowledge of the chemical composition, structure, and properties of substances and of the chemical processes and transformations that they undergo. This includes uses of chemicals and their interactions, danger signs, production techniques, and disposal methods.

14

Foreign Language — Knowledge of the structure and content of a foreign (non-English) language including the meaning and spelling of words, rules of composition and grammar, and pronunciation.

10

Transportation — Knowledge of principles and methods for moving people or goods by air, rail, sea, or road, including the relative costs and benefits.

6

Building and Construction — Knowledge of materials, methods, and the tools involved in the construction or repair of houses, buildings, or other structures such as highways and roads.

6

Fine Arts — Knowledge of the theory and techniques required to compose, produce, and perform works of music, dance, visual arts, drama, and sculpture.

6

Geography — Knowledge of principles and methods for describing the features of land, sea, and air masses, including their physical characteristics, locations, interrelationships, and distribution of plant, animal, and human life.

6

History and Archeology — Knowledge of historical events and their causes, indicators, and effects on civilizations and cultures.

3

Design — Knowledge of design techniques, tools, and principles involved in production of precision technical plans, blueprints, drawings, and models.

0

Food Production — Knowledge of techniques and equipment for planting, growing, and harvesting food products (both plant and animal) for consumption, including storage/handling techniques.

Oral Comprehension — The ability to listen to and understand information and ideas presented through spoken words and sentences.

78

Oral Expression — The ability to communicate information and ideas in speaking so others will understand.

66

Near Vision — The ability to see details at close range (within a few feet of the observer).

66

Problem Sensitivity — The ability to tell when something is wrong or is likely to go wrong. It does not involve solving the problem, only recognizing there is a problem.

66

Speech Clarity — The ability to speak clearly so others can understand you.

66

Speech Recognition — The ability to identify and understand the speech of another person.

66

Written Comprehension — The ability to read and understand information and ideas presented in writing.

63

Deductive Reasoning — The ability to apply general rules to specific problems to produce answers that make sense.

63

Inductive Reasoning — The ability to combine pieces of information to form general rules or conclusions (includes finding a relationship among seemingly unrelated events).

56

Finger Dexterity — The ability to make precisely coordinated movements of the fingers of one or both hands to grasp, manipulate, or assemble very small objects.

56

Hearing Sensitivity — The ability to detect or tell the differences between sounds that vary in pitch and loudness.

56

Selective Attention — The ability to concentrate on a task over a period of time without being distracted.

56

Written Expression — The ability to communicate information and ideas in writing so others will understand.

53

Auditory Attention — The ability to focus on a single source of sound in the presence of other distracting sounds.

53

Category Flexibility — The ability to generate or use different sets of rules for combining or grouping things in different ways.

53

Flexibility of Closure — The ability to identify or detect a known pattern (a figure, object, word, or sound) that is hidden in other distracting material.

53

Manual Dexterity — The ability to quickly move your hand, your hand together with your arm, or your two hands to grasp, manipulate, or assemble objects.

53

Visualization — The ability to imagine how something will look after it is moved around or when its parts are moved or rearranged.

50

Perceptual Speed — The ability to quickly and accurately compare similarities and differences among sets of letters, numbers, objects, pictures, or patterns. The things to be compared may be presented at the same time or one after the other. This ability also includes comparing a presented object with a remembered object.

47

Arm-Hand Steadiness — The ability to keep your hand and arm steady while moving your arm or while holding your arm and hand in one position.

47

Far Vision — The ability to see details at a distance.

47

Information Ordering — The ability to arrange things or actions in a certain order or pattern according to a specific rule or set of rules (e.g., patterns of numbers, letters, words, pictures, mathematical operations).

44

Originality — The ability to come up with unusual or clever ideas about a given topic or situation, or to develop creative ways to solve a problem.

44

Visual Color Discrimination — The ability to match or detect differences between colors, including shades of color and brightness.

41

Fluency of Ideas — The ability to come up with a number of ideas about a topic (the number of ideas is important, not their quality, correctness, or creativity).

41

Memorization — The ability to remember information such as words, numbers, pictures, and procedures.

41

Speed of Closure — The ability to quickly make sense of, combine, and organize information into meaningful patterns.

41

Time Sharing — The ability to shift back and forth between two or more activities or sources of information (such as speech, sounds, touch, or other sources).

38

Control Precision — The ability to quickly and repeatedly adjust the controls of a machine or a vehicle to exact positions.

38

Mathematical Reasoning — The ability to choose the right mathematical methods or formulas to solve a problem.

35

Number Facility — The ability to add, subtract, multiply, or divide quickly and correctly.

31

Depth Perception — The ability to judge which of several objects is closer or farther away from you, or to judge the distance between you and an object.

31

Multilimb Coordination — The ability to coordinate two or more limbs (for example, two arms, two legs, or one leg and one arm) while sitting, standing, or lying down. It does not involve performing the activities while the whole body is in motion.

Reaction Time — The ability to quickly respond (with the hand, finger, or foot) to a signal (sound, light, picture) when it appears.

10

Sound Localization — The ability to tell the direction from which a sound originated.

10

Trunk Strength — The ability to use your abdominal and lower back muscles to support part of the body repeatedly or continuously over time without 'giving out' or fatiguing.

6

Response Orientation — The ability to choose quickly between two or more movements in response to two or more different signals (lights, sounds, pictures). It includes the speed with which the correct response is started with the hand, foot, or other body part.

3

Wrist-Finger Speed — The ability to make fast, simple, repeated movements of the fingers, hands, and wrists.

Selling or Influencing Others — Convincing others to buy merchandise/goods or to otherwise change their minds or actions.

88

Making Decisions and Solving Problems — Analyzing information and evaluating results to choose the best solution and solve problems.

88

Updating and Using Relevant Knowledge — Keeping up-to-date technically and applying new knowledge to your job.

87

Interacting With Computers — Using computers and computer systems (including hardware and software) to program, write software, set up functions, enter data, or process information.

84

Performing for or Working Directly with the Public — Performing for people or dealing directly with the public. This includes serving customers in restaurants and stores, and receiving clients or guests.

82

Assisting and Caring for Others — Providing personal assistance, medical attention, emotional support, or other personal care to others such as coworkers, customers, or patients.

82

Evaluating Information to Determine Compliance with Standards — Using relevant information and individual judgment to determine whether events or processes comply with laws, regulations, or standards.

Communicating with Persons Outside Organization — Communicating with people outside the organization, representing the organization to customers, the public, government, and other external sources. This information can be exchanged in person, in writing, or by telephone or e-mail.

56

Estimating the Quantifiable Characteristics of Products, Events, or Information — Estimating sizes, distances, and quantities; or determining time, costs, resources, or materials needed to perform a work activity.

Contact With Others — How much does this job require the worker to be in contact with others (face-to-face, by telephone, or otherwise) in order to perform it?

91

Constant contact with others

Deal With External Customers — How important is it to work with external customers or the public in this job?

88

Extremely important

12

Very important

Face-to-Face Discussions — How often do you have to have face-to-face discussions with individuals or teams in this job?

91

Every day

Frequency of Decision Making — How frequently is the worker required to make decisions that affect other people, the financial resources, and/or the image and reputation of the organization?

87

Every day

12

Once a week or more but not every day

Indoors, Environmentally Controlled — How often does this job require working indoors in environmentally controlled conditions?

89

Every day

Freedom to Make Decisions — How much decision making freedom, without supervision, does the job offer?

Telephone — How often do you have telephone conversations in this job?

Spend Time Using Your Hands to Handle, Control, or Feel Objects, Tools, or Controls — How much does this job require using your hands to handle, control, or feel objects, tools or controls?

Structured versus Unstructured Work — To what extent is this job structured for the worker, rather than allowing the worker to determine tasks, priorities, and goals?

19

A lot of freedom

81

Some freedom

Physical Proximity — To what extent does this job require the worker to perform job tasks in close physical proximity to other people?

Level of Competition — To what extent does this job require the worker to compete or to be aware of competitive pressures?

12

Moderately competitive

Electronic Mail — How often do you use electronic mail in this job?

12

Once a week or more but not every day

Impact of Decisions on Co-workers or Company Results — What results do your decisions usually have on other people or the image or reputation or financial resources of your employer?

Consequence of Error — How serious would the result usually be if the worker made a mistake that was not readily correctable?

Spend Time Sitting — How much does this job require sitting?

Importance of Being Exact or Accurate — How important is being very exact or highly accurate in performing this job?

16

Very important

Work With Work Group or Team — How important is it to work with others in a group or team in this job?

11

Extremely important

Deal With Unpleasant or Angry People — How frequently does the worker have to deal with unpleasant, angry, or discourteous individuals as part of the job requirements?

Coordinate or Lead Others — How important is it to coordinate or lead others in accomplishing work activities in this job?

Letters and Memos — How often does the job require written letters and memos?

Exposed to Disease or Infections — How often does this job require exposure to disease/infections?

11

Once a year or more but not every month

Frequency of Conflict Situations — How often are there conflict situations the employee has to face in this job?

Time Pressure — How often does this job require the worker to meet strict deadlines?

Duration of Typical Work Week — Number of hours typically worked in one week.

Wear Common Protective or Safety Equipment such as Safety Shoes, Glasses, Gloves, Hearing Protection, Hard Hats, or Life Jackets — How much does this job require wearing common protective or safety equipment such as safety shoes, glasses, gloves, hard hats or life jackets?

Importance of Repeating Same Tasks — How important is repeating the same physical activities (e.g., key entry) or mental activities (e.g., checking entries in a ledger) over and over, without stopping, to performing this job?

Responsibility for Outcomes and Results — How responsible is the worker for work outcomes and results of other workers?

Public Speaking — How often do you have to perform public speaking in this job?

Spend Time Standing — How much does this job require standing?

Exposed to Hazardous Conditions — How often does this job require exposure to hazardous conditions?

Responsible for Others' Health and Safety — How much responsibility is there for the health and safety of others in this job?

Spend Time Making Repetitive Motions — How much does this job require making repetitive motions?

In an Enclosed Vehicle or Equipment — How often does this job require working in a closed vehicle or equipment (e.g., car)?

Exposed to Minor Burns, Cuts, Bites, or Stings — How often does this job require exposure to minor burns, cuts, bites, or stings?

Exposed to Contaminants — How often does this job require working exposed to contaminants (such as pollutants, gases, dust or odors)?

Exposed to Hazardous Equipment — How often does this job require exposure to hazardous equipment?

Sounds, Noise Levels Are Distracting or Uncomfortable — How often does this job require working exposed to sounds and noise levels that are distracting or uncomfortable?

13

Once a year or more but not every month

Degree of Automation — How automated is the job?

Deal With Physically Aggressive People — How frequently does this job require the worker to deal with physical aggression of violent individuals?

Pace Determined by Speed of Equipment — How important is it to this job that the pace is determined by the speed of equipment or machinery? (This does not refer to keeping busy at all times on this job.)

Work Schedules — How regular are the work schedules for this job?

Spend Time Bending or Twisting the Body — How much does this job require bending or twisting your body?

Indoors, Not Environmentally Controlled — How often does this job require working indoors in non-controlled environmental conditions (e.g., warehouse without heat)?

Spend Time Walking and Running — How much does this job require walking and running?

Outdoors, Under Cover — How often does this job require working outdoors, under cover (e.g., structure with roof but no walls)?

Spend Time Kneeling, Crouching, Stooping, or Crawling — How much does this job require kneeling, crouching, stooping or crawling?

Very Hot or Cold Temperatures — How often does this job require working in very hot (above 90 F degrees) or very cold (below 32 F degrees) temperatures?

83

Never

Extremely Bright or Inadequate Lighting — How often does this job require working in extremely bright or inadequate lighting conditions?

96

Never

Spend Time Keeping or Regaining Balance — How much does this job require keeping or regaining your balance?

97

Never

Wear Specialized Protective or Safety Equipment such as Breathing Apparatus, Safety Harness, Full Protection Suits, or Radiation Protection — How much does this job require wearing specialized protective or safety equipment such as breathing apparatus, safety harness, full protection suits, or radiation protection?

100

Never

Cramped Work Space, Awkward Positions — How often does this job require working in cramped work spaces that requires getting into awkward positions?

100

Never

Exposed to High Places — How often does this job require exposure to high places?

100

Never

Exposed to Radiation — How often does this job require exposure to radiation?

100

Never

Exposed to Whole Body Vibration — How often does this job require exposure to whole body vibration (e.g., operate a jackhammer)?

100

Never

In an Open Vehicle or Equipment — How often does this job require working in an open vehicle or equipment (e.g., tractor)?

100

Never

Outdoors, Exposed to Weather — How often does this job require working outdoors, exposed to all weather conditions?

99

Never

Spend Time Climbing Ladders, Scaffolds, or Poles — How much does this job require climbing ladders, scaffolds, or poles?

Most occupations in this zone require training in vocational schools, related on-the-job experience, or an associate's degree.

Related Experience

Previous work-related skill, knowledge, or experience is required for these occupations. For example, an electrician must have completed three or four years of apprenticeship or several years of vocational training, and often must have passed a licensing exam, in order to perform the job.

Job Training

Employees in these occupations usually need one or two years of training involving both on-the-job experience and informal training with experienced workers. A recognized apprenticeship program may be associated with these occupations.

Credentials

Investigative — Investigative occupations frequently involve working with ideas, and require an extensive amount of thinking. These occupations can involve searching for facts and figuring out problems mentally.

83

Social — Social occupations frequently involve working with, communicating with, and teaching people. These occupations often involve helping or providing service to others.

50

Realistic — Realistic occupations frequently involve work activities that include practical, hands-on problems and solutions. They often deal with plants, animals, and real-world materials like wood, tools, and machinery. Many of the occupations require working outside, and do not involve a lot of paperwork or working closely with others.

33

Enterprising — Enterprising occupations frequently involve starting up and carrying out projects. These occupations can involve leading people and making many decisions. Sometimes they require risk taking and often deal with business.

28

Conventional — Conventional occupations frequently involve following set procedures and routines. These occupations can include working with data and details more than with ideas. Usually there is a clear line of authority to follow.

11

Artistic — Artistic occupations frequently involve working with forms, designs and patterns. They often require self-expression and the work can be done without following a clear set of rules.

Relationships — Occupations that satisfy this work value allow employees to provide service to others and work with co-workers in a friendly non-competitive environment. Corresponding needs are Co-workers, Moral Values and Social Service.

64

Working Conditions — Occupations that satisfy this work value offer job security and good working conditions. Corresponding needs are Activity, Compensation, Independence, Security, Variety and Working Conditions.

61

Achievement — Occupations that satisfy this work value are results oriented and allow employees to use their strongest abilities, giving them a feeling of accomplishment. Corresponding needs are Ability Utilization and Achievement.

61

Independence — Occupations that satisfy this work value allow employees to work on their own and make decisions. Corresponding needs are Creativity, Responsibility and Autonomy.

56

Support — Occupations that satisfy this work value offer supportive management that stands behind employees. Corresponding needs are Company Policies, Supervision: Human Relations and Supervision: Technical.

45

Recognition — Occupations that satisfy this work value offer advancement, potential for leadership, and are often considered prestigious. Corresponding needs are Advancement, Authority, Recognition and Social Status.

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