Upon successful completion of this course the student will be able to:

1. Describe the structures of the federal and state court stystem; explain the different meanings of jurisdiction; explain sources of individual rights; and explain the doctrine of incorporation.
2. Outline the steps that take place from the time of arrest to final disposition.
3. Recite from memory a definition of probable cause and distinguish the difference between probable cause, reasonable suspicion, proof beyond a reasonable doubt, absolute certainty, a hunch, and explain how probable cause is established.
4. Explain what the Exclusionary Rule is and explain why it has been instituted in American policing; identify exceptions to the Exclusionary Rule; and list possible alternatives to the Exlusionary Rule.
5. Explain the justification for a “stop and frisk”; distinguish the difference between a “stop” and a “frisk” and identify what each is; and properly conduct a “stop and frisk”.
6. Define an arrest as a seizure of a person; explain the elements of an arrest; explain when arrests are permissible for felonies and misdemeanors; explain the amount of force that can be used in making an arrest; and conduct a lawful arrest.
7. Identify the requirements necessary for conducting a lawful lineup before and after an arrest; identify the requirements necessary for conducting a lawful show-up; identify the requirements necessary for conducting a lawful photo array; and create a legally defensible photo array and use the array in conducting an investigation.
8. Explain the difference in legal requirements for conducting house searches and vehicle searches, list the steps police can take after a vehicle stop, explain the limits of vehicle searches; and conduct a vehicle search and inventory.
9. Explain the three concepts that do not fall under the Fourth Amendment prohibition against unreasonable searches and seizures and explain the legal requirements for conducting electronic surveillance.
10. Explain the background of the Miranda v. Arizona decision; identify the two-pronged test for giving the Miranda Warnings, and recite the Miranda Warnings.
11. Explain the Constitutional Rights of criminal defendants at trial and identify the Constitutional Amendments that apply.