GH (Growth hormone)

The posterior pituitary (neurohypophysis)

Oxytocin (Posterior pituitary)

targets smooth muscle in the uterus and breasts.In the uterus, oxytocin stimulates uterine contractions, and in response to the sucking from an infant, oxytocin stimulates "milk letdown" in the breasts

Capillaries-

Venules-

Veins-

Functions of Blood

Transportation- blood transports oxygen from the lungs to the cells of the body, and takes carbon dioxide from the cells to the lungs to be exhaled out (Gas transportation).
Regulation- maintains homeostasis by regulating blood pH, adjusting body temperature.
Protection- WBC's destroy pathogens, blood can stop excessive bleeding by clotting.

Erythrocytes(RBCs)-

the most abundant in the body; transports oxygen.
strange shape Biconcave, do not have a nucleus; which leaves space for oxygen transport.
- can change shape without breaking allowing them to squeeze single file through capillaries.
- contain hemoglobin which allows them to carry oxygen.
Hemoglobin has a protein called globin which house the pigment heme.
Heme has iron in its center that binds with 1 oxygen molecule.
life span of 120 days.

Thrombocytes( Platelets)-

Leukocytes( WBCs)-

the body's defense mechanism, immunity.They circulate in our body looking for infections so that they can take action.
WBC's have a nuclei and a full complement of other organelles.
Their life span can range from several months or years, but most live only a few days.WBC's can be broken down into two groups :Granulocytes and Agranulocytes
Granulocytes- have a grainy feature.
Agranulocytes- have a smooth appearance.

The 5 Cardinal signs of inflammation:

The inflammatory response

Steps to the inflammation process

Cells are injured
Histamine and kinis are released and they cause the blood vessels to dilate and the capillaries to become leaky.
Pain
Phagocytes and WBCs come to the scene of the injury via chemotaxis.

Stimulate the release of lysosomes

Stroke volume

stroke volume (SV) is the volume of blood pumped from one ventricle of the heart with each beat. SV is calculated using measurements of ventricle volumes from an echocardiogram and subtracting the volume of the blood in the ventricle at the end of a beat (called end-systolic volume) from the volume of blood just prior to the beat (called end-diastolic volume).

Pancrease

Liver

Hepatocytes are the major functional cells of the liver.
the synthesis, transformation, and storage of proteins, carbohydrates, and fats detoxification, modification, and excretion of a variety of exogenous and endogenous substances

Gallbladder

the gallbladder contracts and ejects stored bile.After surgical removal of the
gall bladder (called a cholecystectomy), a person would experience severe indigestion if they ate a large meal high in fat content

4 steps of cellular respiration

Glycolysis is occurring in the
cytoplasm
The Krebs cycle takes place in
the mitochondrial matrix
The cytochrome proteins of the
electron transport chain are embedded into the inner
the inner mitochondrial membrane

Liver

Nephron

Increased urine volume, decreased urine osmolarity

Proximal tubule

A 63 yr old hospitalized woman becomes oliguirc and confused her blood glucose if found to be only 35 mg. an intravenous access is obtained and an ampute of 50% dextrose is give followed by a continous infusion of 10% detrose. Most of the glucose that is filtered through the glomerulus undergoes reabsorption in which of the following ?

Angiotensin

Renin,lowered

Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System

When MAP falls the sympathetic nervous system signals the kidneys to be stimulated.
The afferent arterioles are stretched less and the juxtaglomerular cells release the enzyme renin.
Once renin is released from the kidney it acts on angiotensinogen which is produced by the liver.
Renin converts angiotensinogen to angiotensin I.