Podobne prezentacje

Prezentacja na temat: "Nature of organizations"— Zapis prezentacji:

2 Nature of organizationsWhy study organizations?Organizations are a dominant component of con- temporary society. We have become a society of organizations:organizations surround uswe are born in organizations and usually die in themour life space in between is filled with organizationsorganizations are as inevitable as death and taxesOrganizations have absorbed society.dr. hab. Jerzy Supernat

4 Nature of organizationsWhy do we have organizations?organizations do things that individuals cannot do by themselvesorganizations do almost everything that is done in the contemporary societyto get things donedr. hab. Jerzy Supernat

5 Nature of organizationsOliver E. Williamson (b. 1932):Organizations develop to take the place of markets, where people could barter, trade, or purchase goods and services.In this framework, markets and organizations are alterna-tive ways to get things done.dr. hab. Jerzy Supernat

6 Nature of organizationsNew forms of organizationsNetworks (formed by organizations working together in joint ventures in areas in which single organizations do not have resources to proceed on their own). An example:European Competition Network.Virtual organizations (formed when organizational members are in contact with each other via Internet or other media). An example: International Competition Net-work – ICN.dr. hab. Jerzy Supernat

7 Nature of organizationsNot everything(and it is good!)is organizationalour feelings and emotions are our own, even though they are in part shaped by our organizational experiencesour family relationships are not organizational as welldr. hab. Jerzy Supernat

8 Nature of organizationsThe definition of organizationsRicky W. Griffin:An organization is a group of people working together in a structured and coordinated fashion to achieve a set of goals.All organizations, regardless of whether they are large or small, profit-seeking or not-for-profit, domestic or multi-national, use some combination of human, financial, phy-sical and information resources to achieve their goals. These resources are generally obtained from the organi-zation’s environment.dr. hab. Jerzy Supernat

9 Nature of organizationsRichard H. Hall, Pamela S. Tolbert:An organization is a collectivity with a relatively identifi-able boundary, a normative order (rules), ranks of autho-rity (hierarchy), communications systems, and member-ship coordinating systems (procedures); this collectivity exists on a relatively continuous basis, in environments, and engages in activities that are usually related to a set of goals; the activities have outcomes for organizational members, for the organization itself, and for society.dr. hab. Jerzy Supernat

10 Nature of organizationsTadeusz Kotarbiński, The ABC of Practica-lity, transl. Adam Szpaderski, Olsztyn 2006:The word „organisation” may be used in at least three different ways: either as the name of an object possessing some system, or as the name of this very system of the object itself, id est a system of relations con-necting mutually its parts and these parts with a whole, or finally, as the act which consists in giving a similarly understood system to the object, in other words, the name of the act of organising. As a matter of fact, every complex object possesses some system, so it is an orga-nisation in the primary meaning of the word […].dr. hab. Jerzy Supernat

12 Nature of organizationsEach organization requires management.Organizations and management are as inseparable as Mary and her little lamb.dr. hab. Jerzy Supernat

13 Nature of organizationsMary Had a Little Lamb by Sarah J. Hale, 1830Mary had a little lamb, Its fleece was white as snow; And everywhere that Mary went, The lamb was sure to go.He followed her to school one day; That was against the rule; It made the children laugh and play; To see a lamb at school.And so the teacher turned it out, But still it lingered near, And waited patiently about Till Mary did appear."Why does the lamb love Mary so?" The eager children cry; "Why, Mary loves the lamb, you know," The teacher did reply.force to leave / send awaySarah J. Hale,dr. hab. Jerzy Supernat

14 Organizations and individualsindividual as an employeenew forms of employmentindividual as a customeror a clienteconomic dimensions of employmentsocial dimensions in organizationschanges in organizations

15 Nature of organizationsOrganizations and individualsIndividuals as employees of organizations. People’s re-actions to their work result from the individual’s own expectations and the characteristics of the employing organization (work in organizations is not necessarily deadening to the individual). Neither organizations nor individuals can be easily changed to yield consistent positive reactions.New forms of employment in organizations:part-time worknonpermanent workhome based work / telecommutingdr. hab. Jerzy Supernat

16 Nature of organizationsIndividuals as organizations’ customers or clients. Those who come to organizations for products or services and are not totally satisfied with what they receive create consumer and client-advocacy organiza-tions.Economic aspects of working in organizations. People have an obvious economic stake in the organizations in which they work. Organizations affect the economic well-being of workers and hence also their depen-dents.Social aspects of working in organizations. Organiza-tions are key actors in the social stratification system.Changes in organizations. Worker-friendly and family-friendly policies (job-sharing, flextime, and so on).dr. hab. Jerzy Supernat

17 Nature of organizationsBalanced lifeNick Halping: A balanced life is one where we spread our energy and effort – emotional, intellectual, imaginative, spiritual and physical – between key areas of importance (see the diagram in the next slide). The neglect of one or more areas, or anchor points, may threaten the vitality of the whole.The term ‘work-life balance’ was first coined in 1986 in reaction to the unhealthy choices that many Americans were making in favor of the work place, as they opted to neglect family, friends and leisure activities in the pursuit of corporate goals.dr. hab. Jerzy Supernat

19 Nature of organizationsCategories of individualsCategories of individuals are differentially affected by the organizations in which they work (e.g. organizations can have and have had policies regarding hiring and promo- tion aimed at specific categories of individuals: „the glass ceiling” or „No Irish Need Apply”).dr. hab. Jerzy Supernat

26 Nature of organizationsNo Irish Need Apply by John F. Poole, 1862I'm a decent boy just landedFrom the town of Ballyfad;I want a situation, yes, old-fash a job; position in workAnd want it very bad.I have seen employment advertised,"It's just the thing," says I,"But the dirty spalpeen ended with'No Irish Need Apply.' „"Whoa," says I, "that's an insult,But to get the place I'll try,"So I went to see the blackguard old-fash a man of completely dishonorable characterWith his "No Irish Need Apply."Some do count it a misfortuneTo be christened Pat or Dan,But to me it is an honorTo be born an Irishman.I started out to find the house,I got it mighty soon;There I found the old chap seated,He was reading the Tribune.I told him what I came for,When he in a rage did fly,"No!" he says, "You are a Paddy, infml an Irishman (often considered offensive)And no Irish need apply." (…)dr. hab. Jerzy Supernat

27 Nature of organizationsand the communityOrganizations have outcomes not only for individuals and categories of individuals but also for the communities or localities in which they operate. In the case of powerful organizations (organizational inhabitants) the impact on the local community can be great and… dramatic. They may literally, for example moving to other areas, destroy the community.

28 Nature of organizationsWhat is important under these circumstances is the degree to which organizations encourage their managers to participate in community affairs.Mission of GKN Automotive Driveline Division, August 1997: Our mission is to (…) contribute positively to the communities in which we operate.dr. hab. Jerzy Supernat

30 Nature of organizationsOrganizations and the societyIf organizations have important outcomes for in-dividuals and communities, it is obvious that they also have important outcomes for the wider society or environment in which they are em-bedded.It must be recognized that there is reciprocal re-lationship between organizations and their envi-ronment. The dominant contemporary theories regarding management stress the central role of environments for the operations of organiza-tions: the environments of organizations are viewed as a major determinant of the structure and processes of organizations. But one can turn this line of reasoning around and consider the impacts of organizations on their environment.dr. hab. Jerzy Supernat

32 use of cheap labor in the third world countriesHarmful organizational impactsnormal accidentscriminal actscoercing to crimesfacilitating crimesuse of cheap labor in the third world countriescontributing to obesity in societyharmful outcomes produced by public organizations

33 Nature of organizationsDisasters experienced by organizations (corporate tragedies)Johnson & Johnson and product tampering in 1982Procter & Gamble ( ) and accusations (in 1994 and 1999) of financing the Church of SatanMcDonald’s and accusations of cutting down rain forests in the Amazon river basindr. hab. Jerzy Supernat