:mod:`contextlib` --- Utilities for :keyword:`with`\ -statement contexts
========================================================================
.. module:: contextlib
:synopsis: Utilities for with-statement contexts.
.. versionadded:: 2.5
This module provides utilities for common tasks involving the :keyword:`with`
statement. For more information see also :ref:`typecontextmanager` and
:ref:`context-managers`.
Functions provided:
.. function:: contextmanager(func)
This function is a :term:`decorator` that can be used to define a factory
function for :keyword:`with` statement context managers, without needing to
create a class or separate :meth:`__enter__` and :meth:`__exit__` methods.
A simple example (this is not recommended as a real way of generating HTML!)::
from contextlib import contextmanager
@contextmanager
def tag(name):
print "" % name
yield
print "%s>" % name
>>> with tag("h1"):
... print "foo"
...

foo

The function being decorated must return a :term:`generator`-iterator when
called. This iterator must yield exactly one value, which will be bound to
the targets in the :keyword:`with` statement's :keyword:`as` clause, if any.
At the point where the generator yields, the block nested in the :keyword:`with`
statement is executed. The generator is then resumed after the block is exited.
If an unhandled exception occurs in the block, it is reraised inside the
generator at the point where the yield occurred. Thus, you can use a
:keyword:`try`...\ :keyword:`except`...\ :keyword:`finally` statement to trap
the error (if any), or ensure that some cleanup takes place. If an exception is
trapped merely in order to log it or to perform some action (rather than to
suppress it entirely), the generator must reraise that exception. Otherwise the
generator context manager will indicate to the :keyword:`with` statement that
the exception has been handled, and execution will resume with the statement
immediately following the :keyword:`with` statement.
.. function:: nested(mgr1[, mgr2[, ...]])
Combine multiple context managers into a single nested context manager.
Code like this::
from contextlib import nested
with nested(A(), B(), C()) as (X, Y, Z):
do_something()
is equivalent to this::
m1, m2, m3 = A(), B(), C()
with m1 as X:
with m2 as Y:
with m3 as Z:
do_something()
Note that if the :meth:`__exit__` method of one of the nested context managers
indicates an exception should be suppressed, no exception information will be
passed to any remaining outer context managers. Similarly, if the
:meth:`__exit__` method of one of the nested managers raises an exception, any
previous exception state will be lost; the new exception will be passed to the
:meth:`__exit__` methods of any remaining outer context managers. In general,
:meth:`__exit__` methods should avoid raising exceptions, and in particular they
should not re-raise a passed-in exception.
.. function:: closing(thing)
Return a context manager that closes *thing* upon completion of the block. This
is basically equivalent to::
from contextlib import contextmanager
@contextmanager
def closing(thing):
try:
yield thing
finally:
thing.close()
And lets you write code like this::
from contextlib import closing
import urllib
with closing(urllib.urlopen('http://www.python.org')) as page:
for line in page:
print line
without needing to explicitly close ``page``. Even if an error occurs,
``page.close()`` will be called when the :keyword:`with` block is exited.
.. seealso::
:pep:`0343` - The "with" statement
The specification, background, and examples for the Python :keyword:`with`
statement.