MINCE used a gap buffer to fit within 48kB, and implemented a very efficient virtual memory system to support multiple buffers and a maximum file size limited only by available disk space. Although it was not open source, MOTU distributed partial code they deemed most useful for extending the product. MINCE was a companion product to SCRIBBLE, a text formatter based on Scribe. This separation of duties into editor plus formatter was common among advanced word processors at that time.

In 1981 MINCE and SCRIBBLE were sold together, along with their source code and a C compiler, as a software bundle for USD$350[4] (almost USD$1000 in 2014 dollars) under the name "Amethyst".[5] Amethyst was available without the compiler for $250, and MINCE and SCRIBBLE were available alone for $175. MINCE and SCRIBBLE were later developed into the Perfect Writer and FinalWordword processors. FinalWord later became Sprint. In 1984 the list price of MINCE was USD$175.[6]

^"The Official Book for the Commodore 128"(TXT). Archive.org. Retrieved 2016-06-24. Some excellent applications programs for CP/M were written in BDS-C, including the Mince text editor (from Mark of the Unicorn) and the PeachText word processor (from PeachTree)

^"TEXTFILES.com"(TXT). Archive.org. Retrieved 2016-06-24. This list is intended for people who use Amethyst, a software package of CP/M-80 programs: MINCE (an ersatz EMACS) and SCRIBBLE (an ersatz SCRIBE)

1.
Text editor
–
A text editor is a type of program used for editing plain text files. Such programs are known as notepad software, following the Microsoft Notepad. Text editors are provided with operating systems and software development packages, there are important differences between plain text files created by a text editor and document files created by word processors such as Microsoft Word or WordPerfect. A plain text file uses a character encoding such as UTF-8 or ASCII to represent numbers, letters, the only non-printing characters in the file that can be used to format the text are newline, tab, and formfeed. Plain text files are displayed using a monospace font so horizontal alignment. Although they are viewed with formatting, documents using markup languages are stored in plain text files that contain a combination of human-readable text. For example, web pages are plain text with HTML tags to achieve formatting when rendered by a web browser, many web pages also contain embedded JavaScript that is interpreted by the browser. When both formats are available, the user must select with care, saving a plain text file in a word-processor format adds formatting information that can make the text unreadable by a program that expects plain text. Conversely, saving a document as plain text removes any formatting information. Before text editors existed, computer text was punched into cards with keypunch machines, physical boxes of these thin cardboard cards were then inserted into a card-reader. Magnetic tape and disk card-image files created from such card decks often had no characters at all. An alternative to cards was punched paper tape and it could be created by some teleprinters, which used special characters to indicate ends of records. The first text editors were line editors oriented to teleprinter- or typewriter-style terminals without displays, commands effected edits to a file at an imaginary insertion point called the cursor. Edits were verified by typing a command to print a small section of the file, in some line editors, the cursor could be moved by commands that specified the line number in the file, text strings for which to search, and eventually regular expressions. Line editors were major improvements over keypunching, some line editors could be used by keypunch, editing commands could be taken from a deck of cards and applied to a specified file. Some common line editors supported a mode in which change commands displayed the altered lines. When computer terminals with video screens became available, screen-based text editors became common, one of the earliest full-screen editors was O26, which was written for the operator console of the CDC6000 series computers in 1967. Another early full-screen editor was vi, written in the 1970s, it is still a standard editor on Unix and Linux operating systems

2.
Microcomputer
–
A microcomputer is a small, relatively inexpensive computer with a microprocessor as its central processing unit. It includes a microprocessor, memory, and minimal input/output circuitry mounted on a printed circuit board. Microcomputers became popular in the 1970s and 1980s with the advent of increasingly powerful microprocessors, the predecessors to these computers, mainframes and minicomputers, were comparatively much larger and more expensive. Many microcomputers are also personal computers, the abbreviation micro was common during the 1970s and 1980s, but has now fallen out of common usage. The term microcomputer came into use after the introduction of the minicomputer. Most notably, the replaced the many separate components that made up the minicomputers CPU with one integrated microprocessor chip. The first microcomputer was the Japanese Sord Computer Corporations SMP80/08, which was followed by the SMP80/x, the French developers of the Micral N filed their patents with the term Micro-ordinateur, a literal equivalent of Microcomputer, to designate a solid state machine designed with a microprocessor. Use of audio cassettes for data storage replaced manual re-entry of a program every time the device was powered on. Large cheap arrays of silicon logic gates in the form of memory and EPROMs allowed utility programs. This replaced the slow, complex, and expensive teletypewriter that was common as an interface to minicomputers. All these improvements in cost and usability resulted in an explosion in their popularity during the late 1970s, a large number of computer makers packaged microcomputers for use in small business applications. This allowed businesses unable to afford leasing of a minicomputer or time-sharing service the opportunity to automate business functions, without hiring a full-time staff to operate the computers. A representative system of this era would have used an S100 bus, an 8-bit processor such as an Intel 8080 or Zilog Z80, the increasing availability and power of desktop computers for personal use attracted the attention of more software developers. In time, and as the industry matured, the market for personal computers standardized around IBM PC compatibles running DOS, everyday use of the expression microcomputer has declined significantly from the mid-1980s and has declined in commonplace usage since 2000. The term is most commonly associated with the first wave of all-in-one 8-bit home computers, although, or perhaps because, an increasingly diverse range of modern microprocessor-based devices fit the definition of microcomputer, they are no longer referred to as such in everyday speech. IBM first promoted the personal computer to differentiate themselves from other microcomputers, often called home computers. However, following its release, the IBM PC itself was widely imitated, the component parts were commonly available to producers and the BIOS was reverse engineered through cleanroom design techniques. IBM PC compatible clones became commonplace, and the personal computer

3.
CP/M
–
Initially confined to single-tasking on 8-bit processors and no more than 64 kilobytes of memory, later versions of CP/M added multi-user variations and were migrated to 16-bit processors. The combination of CP/M and S-100 bus computers was loosely patterned on the MITS Altair and this computer platform was widely used in business through the late 1970s and into the mid-1980s. CP/M increased the size for both hardware and software by greatly reducing the amount of programming required to install an application on a new manufacturers computer. An important driver of innovation was the advent of low-cost microcomputers running CP/M, as independent programmers and hackers bought them. CP/M was displaced by MS-DOS soon after the 1981 introduction of the IBM PC, manufacturers of CP/M-compatible systems customized portions of the operating system for their own combination of installed memory, disk drives, and console devices. CP/M would also run on based on the Zilog Z80 processor since the Z80 was compatible with 8080 code. CP/M used the 7-bit ASCII set, the other 128 characters made possible by the 8-bit byte were not standardized. For example, one Kaypro used them for Greek characters, WordStar used the 8th bit as an end-of-word marker. The BIOS and BDOS were memory-resident, while the CCP was memory-resident unless overwritten by an application, a number of transient commands for standard utilities were also provided. The transient commands resided in files with the extension. COM on disk, the BIOS directly controlled hardware components other than the CPU and main memory. It contained functions such as input and output and the reading and writing of disk sectors. The BDOS implemented the CP/M file system and some input/output abstractions on top of the BIOS, the CCP took user commands and either executed them directly or loaded and started an executable file of the given name. Third-party applications for CP/M were also essentially transient commands, the BDOS, CCP and standard transient commands were the same in all installations of a particular revision of CP/M, but the BIOS portion was always adapted to the particular hardware. Adding memory to a computer, for example, meant that the CP/M system had to be reinstalled with an updated BIOS capable of addressing the additional memory, a utility was provided to patch the supplied BIOS, BDOS and CCP to allow them to be run from higher memory. Once installed, the system was stored in reserved areas at the beginning of any disk which would be used to boot the system. On start-up, the bootloader would load the system from the disk in drive A. By modern standards CP/M was primitive, owing to the constraints on program size. With version 1.0 there was no provision for detecting a changed disk, if a user changed disks without manually rereading the disk directory the system would write on the new disk using the old disks directory information, ruining the data stored on the disk

4.
Operating system
–
An operating system is system software that manages computer hardware and software resources and provides common services for computer programs. All computer programs, excluding firmware, require a system to function. Operating systems are found on many devices that contain a computer – from cellular phones, the dominant desktop operating system is Microsoft Windows with a market share of around 83. 3%. MacOS by Apple Inc. is in place, and the varieties of Linux is in third position. Linux distributions are dominant in the server and supercomputing sectors, other specialized classes of operating systems, such as embedded and real-time systems, exist for many applications. A single-tasking system can run one program at a time. Multi-tasking may be characterized in preemptive and co-operative types, in preemptive multitasking, the operating system slices the CPU time and dedicates a slot to each of the programs. Unix-like operating systems, e. g. Solaris, Linux, cooperative multitasking is achieved by relying on each process to provide time to the other processes in a defined manner. 16-bit versions of Microsoft Windows used cooperative multi-tasking, 32-bit versions of both Windows NT and Win9x, used preemptive multi-tasking. Single-user operating systems have no facilities to distinguish users, but may allow multiple programs to run in tandem, a distributed operating system manages a group of distinct computers and makes them appear to be a single computer. The development of networked computers that could be linked and communicate with each other gave rise to distributed computing, distributed computations are carried out on more than one machine. When computers in a work in cooperation, they form a distributed system. The technique is used both in virtualization and cloud computing management, and is common in large server warehouses, embedded operating systems are designed to be used in embedded computer systems. They are designed to operate on small machines like PDAs with less autonomy and they are able to operate with a limited number of resources. They are very compact and extremely efficient by design, Windows CE and Minix 3 are some examples of embedded operating systems. A real-time operating system is a system that guarantees to process events or data by a specific moment in time. A real-time operating system may be single- or multi-tasking, but when multitasking, early computers were built to perform a series of single tasks, like a calculator. Basic operating system features were developed in the 1950s, such as resident monitor functions that could run different programs in succession to speed up processing

5.
Kaypro
–
Kaypro Corporation, commonly called Kaypro, was an American home/personal computer manufacturer of the 1980s. The company was founded by Non-Linear Systems to develop computers to compete with the then-popular Osborne 1 portable microcomputer, while exceptionally loyal to its original consumer base, Kaypro was slow to adapt to the changing computer market and the advent of IBM PC compatible technology. It faded from the mainstream before the end of the decade and was forced into filing for bankruptcy in 1992. Kaypro began as Non-Linear Systems, a maker of electronic test equipment, founded in 1952 by Andrew Kay, in the 1970s, NLS was an early adopter of microprocessor technology, which enhanced the flexibility of products such as production-line test sets. In 1981, Non-Linear Systems began designing a computer, called KayComp. In 1982, Non-Linear Systems organized a company named the Kaypro Corporation. Despite the numbering, the companys first model used the Roman numeral II—one of the most popular microcomputers at the time was the Apple II, the Kaypro II was designed to be portable like the Osborne. It ran on Digital Research, Inc. s CP/M operating system, the company advertised the Kaypro II as the $1595 computer that sells for $1595. Kaypros success contributed to the failure of the Osborne Computer Corporation. A much more rugged seeming, industrialized design than competitors such as the Osborne made the Kaypro popular for commercial/industrial applications and its RS232 port was widely used by service technicians for on-site equipment configuration, control and diagnostics. The CP/M included with the Kaypro could also read the Xerox 810s single-sided, theoretically, any soft-sector MFM floppy format could be read if the user wrote his own utility program. Another popular magazine that covered Kaypro computers was Micro Cornucopia, published at Bend, arthur C. Clarke used a Kaypro II to write and collaboratively edit his 1982 novel 2010, Odyssey Two and the later film adaptation. A book, The Odyssey File - The Making of 2010, was released about the collaboration. Following the success of the Kaypro II, Kaypro moved on to produce a line of similar computers into the mid-1980s. Exceedingly loyal to its core group of customers, Kaypro continued using the CP/M operating system long after it had been abandoned by its competitors. In late 1984, Kaypro introduced its first IBM PC compatible, while admitting that its what our dealers asked for, the company stated that it would continue to produce its older computers. Other PC compatibles were the Kaypro PC, Kaypro 286i, the Kaypro 386, the slow start into the IBM clone market would have serious ramifications. After several turbulent years, with sales dwindling, Kaypro filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy in March 1990, despite restructuring, the company was unable to recover and filed for Chapter 7 bankruptcy in June 1992

6.
Epson QX-10
–
The Epson QX-10 is a microcomputer running CP/M or TPM-III which was introduced in 1983. The European and Japanese versions were like the CP/M configurations, TPM-III was used for Valdocs and some copy protected programs like Logo Professor. The machine had internal extension slots, which could be used for serial ports, network cards or third party extensions like an Intel 8088 processor. Rising Star Industries was the primary American software vendor for the HASCI QX series, the Abacus boots MS-DOS2.11 from 64 KB ROM and has 3½ floppy drives. The sound chip and the ports are more like a gamers machine. Its successor, the dual-processor QX-16, added a 16-bit Intel processor with Color Graphics Adapter enabling it to also boot MS-DOS2.11, the case of the QX-16 was enlarged to provide enough physical space for an internal hard-drive in contrast to the QX-10s dual-floppy configuration. A version designed to run on the IBM PC was in development when Rising Star closed in 1986, Valdocs shipped to beta testers c. late 1982. Beta and initial production releases of Valdocs application modules were written in the Forth programming language while its system-oriented modules were written in Z-80 Assembly Language, later releases of Valdocs applications were written in the C programming language with some modules written in compiled RSI Basic. Chris Rutkowski and Roger Amidon worked on the preliminary QX-10 design, Amidon continued designing software for the QX system after Epson, graphic and other software for the QX-10 and QX-16 were developed by program designers such as Dan Oja and Nelson Donley. Switching between programs was done by pressing an associated hotkey on the QX-10s keyboard or by selecting a program from a menu the hotkey invoked, the keyboard was referred to as HASCI after the user interface with the same name pioneered by Rising Star Industries. Valdocs on the QX-10 was very slow and buggy, InfoWorlds 1983 review of the QX-10 described the software as great idea, questionable implementation. It reported that Valdocs on the computer is slow, sometimes it merely dawdles slightly, but other times, it crawls. Entering text becomes a pastime when the screen display lags as many as 60 characters behind your typing. The magazine added that VALDOCS crashed numerous times while we were using it to write this review and we lost data each time, came close to losing a whole disk, and ended up retyping it into our trusty IBM PC to meet deadline. It advised users to backup their files, but stated that since the process was so slow the computer encouraged them to doing so until it was too late. While praising the QX-10 itself and Valdocs ease of use, Jerry Pournelle wrote in BYTE in August 1983 that the first problem is obvious from the side of the room. It seems to take forever to do disk operations, getting from the beginning to the end of a six-page document takes 15 seconds. Deleting the first three pages of the same document takes 20 seconds and he believed that the software has pushed the Zilog Z80 chip past its limits

7.
Emacs
–
Emacs /ˈiːmæks/ and its derivatives are a family of text editors that are characterized by their extensibility. The manual for the most widely used variant, GNU Emacs, describes it as the extensible, customizable, self-documenting, development of the first Emacs began in the mid-1970s and continues actively as of 2017. Emacs has over 2,000 built-in commands and allows the user to combine these commands into macros to automate work, Emacs Lisp provides a deep extension capability allowing users and developers to write new commands using a dialect of the Lisp programming language. Extensions have been written to manage email, files, outlines, the original EMACS was written in 1976 by David A. Moon and Guy L. Steele, Jr. as a set of Editor MACroS for the TECO editor. It was inspired by the ideas of the TECO-macro editors TECMAC, the most popular, and most ported, version of Emacs is GNU Emacs, which was created by Richard Stallman for the GNU Project. XEmacs is a variant that branched from GNU Emacs in 1991, both GNU Emacs and XEmacs use Emacs Lisp and are for the most part compatible with each other. Emacs is, along with vi, one of the two contenders in the traditional editor wars of Unix culture. Both are among the oldest application programs still in use, unlike most modern text editors, TECO used separate modes in which the user would either add text, edit existing text, or display the document. This behavior is similar to that of the program ed. Richard Stallman visited the Stanford AI Lab in 1972 or 1974 and saw the labs E editor and he was impressed by the editors intuitive WYSIWYG behavior, which has since become the default behavior of most modern text editors. Stallman reimplemented this mode to run efficiently and then added a feature to the TECO display-editing mode that allowed the user to redefine any keystroke to run a TECO program. E had another feature that TECO lacked, random-access editing, TECO was a page-sequential editor that was designed for editing paper tape on the PDP-1 and typically allowed editing on only one page at a time, in the order of the pages in the file. Almost all modern editors use this approach, the new version of TECO quickly became popular at the AI Lab and soon accumulated a large collection of custom macros whose names often ended in MAC or MACS, which stood for macro. Two years later, Guy Steele took on the project of unifying the overly diverse macros into a single set, Steele and Stallmans finished implementation included facilities for extending and documenting the new macro set. The resulting system was called EMACS, which stood for Editing MACroS or, alternatively, Stallman picked the name Emacs because <E> was not in use as an abbreviation on ITS at the time. An apocryphal hacker koan alleges that the program was named after Emack & Bolios, the first operational EMACS system existed in late 1976. Stallman saw a problem in too much customization and de facto forking and he later wrote, EMACS was distributed on a basis of communal sharing, which means all improvements must be given back to me to be incorporated and distributed. The original Emacs, like TECO, ran only on the PDP-10 running ITS and its behavior was sufficiently different from that of TECO that it could be considered a text editor in its own right, and it quickly became the standard editing program on ITS. Mike McMahon ported Emacs from ITS to the TENEX and TOPS-20 operating systems, other contributors to early versions of Emacs include Kent Pitman, Earl Killian, and Eugene Ciccarelli

8.
Virtual memory
–
In computing, virtual memory is a memory management technique that is implemented using both hardware and software. It maps memory addresses used by a program, called virtual addresses, main storage as seen by a process or task appears as a contiguous address space or collection of contiguous segments. The operating system virtual address spaces and the assignment of real memory to virtual memory. Address translation hardware in the CPU, often referred to as a management unit or MMU. Memory virtualization can be considered a generalization of the concept of virtual memory, virtual memory is an integral part of a modern computer architecture, implementations usually require hardware support, typically in the form of a memory management unit built into the CPU. While not necessary, emulators and virtual machines can employ hardware support to increase performance of their virtual memory implementations, during the 1960s and early 70s, computer memory was very expensive. The introduction of virtual memory provided an ability for software systems with large memory demands to run on computers with less real memory, the savings from this provided a strong incentive to switch to virtual memory for all systems. The additional capability of providing virtual address spaces added another level of security and reliability, most modern operating systems that support virtual memory also run each process in its own dedicated address space. Each program thus appears to have access to the virtual memory. However, some operating systems and even modern ones are single address space operating systems that run all processes in a single address space composed of virtualized memory. This is because embedded hardware costs are kept low by implementing all such operations with software rather than with dedicated hardware. In the 1940s and 1950s, all larger programs had to contain logic for managing primary and secondary storage, virtual memory was therefore introduced not only to extend primary memory, but to make such an extension as easy as possible for programmers to use. To allow for multiprogramming and multitasking, many early systems divided memory between multiple programs without virtual memory, such as models of the PDP-10 via registers. The first Atlas was commissioned in 1962 but working prototypes of paging had been developed by 1959, in 1961, the Burroughs Corporation independently released the first commercial computer with virtual memory, the B5000, with segmentation rather than paging. Before virtual memory could be implemented in operating systems, many problems had to be addressed. Dynamic address translation required expensive and difficult to build specialized hardware, there were worries that new system-wide algorithms utilizing secondary storage would be less effective than previously used application-specific algorithms. The first minicomputer to introduce virtual memory was the Norwegian NORD-1, during the 1970s, other minicomputers implemented virtual memory, virtual memory was introduced to the x86 architecture with the protected mode of the Intel 80286 processor, but its segment swapping technique scaled poorly to larger segment sizes. The Intel 80386 introduced paging support underneath the existing segmentation layer, however, loading segment descriptors was an expensive operation, causing operating system designers to rely strictly on paging rather than a combination of paging and segmentation

9.
Open-source model
–
Open-source software may be developed in a collaborative public manner. According to scientists who studied it, open-source software is a prominent example of open collaboration, a 2008 report by the Standish Group states that adoption of open-source software models has resulted in savings of about $60 billion per year to consumers. In the early days of computing, programmers and developers shared software in order to learn from each other, eventually the open source notion moved to the way side of commercialization of software in the years 1970-1980. In 1997, Eric Raymond published The Cathedral and the Bazaar and this source code subsequently became the basis behind SeaMonkey, Mozilla Firefox, Thunderbird and KompoZer. Netscapes act prompted Raymond and others to look into how to bring the Free Software Foundations free software ideas, the new term they chose was open source, which was soon adopted by Bruce Perens, publisher Tim OReilly, Linus Torvalds, and others. The Open Source Initiative was founded in February 1998 to encourage use of the new term, a Microsoft executive publicly stated in 2001 that open source is an intellectual property destroyer. I cant imagine something that could be worse than this for the software business, IBM, Oracle, Google and State Farm are just a few of the companies with a serious public stake in todays competitive open-source market. There has been a significant shift in the corporate philosophy concerning the development of FOSS, the free software movement was launched in 1983. In 1998, a group of individuals advocated that the free software should be replaced by open-source software as an expression which is less ambiguous. Software developers may want to publish their software with an open-source license, the Open Source Definition, notably, presents an open-source philosophy, and further defines the terms of usage, modification and redistribution of open-source software. Software licenses grant rights to users which would otherwise be reserved by law to the copyright holder. Several open-source software licenses have qualified within the boundaries of the Open Source Definition, the open source label came out of a strategy session held on April 7,1998 in Palo Alto in reaction to Netscapes January 1998 announcement of a source code release for Navigator. They used the opportunity before the release of Navigators source code to clarify a potential confusion caused by the ambiguity of the free in English. Many people claimed that the birth of the Internet, since 1969, started the open source movement, the Free Software Foundation, started in 1985, intended the word free to mean freedom to distribute and not freedom from cost. Since a great deal of free software already was free of charge, such software became associated with zero cost. The Open Source Initiative was formed in February 1998 by Eric Raymond and they sought to bring a higher profile to the practical benefits of freely available source code, and they wanted to bring major software businesses and other high-tech industries into open source. Perens attempted to open source as a service mark for the OSI. The Open Source Initiatives definition is recognized by governments internationally as the standard or de facto definition, OSI uses The Open Source Definition to determine whether it considers a software license open source

10.
Source code
–
In computing, source code is any collection of computer instructions, possibly with comments, written using a human-readable programming language, usually as ordinary text. The source code of a program is designed to facilitate the work of computer programmers. The source code is often transformed by an assembler or compiler into binary machine code understood by the computer, the machine code might then be stored for execution at a later time. Alternatively, source code may be interpreted and thus immediately executed, most application software is distributed in a form that includes only executable files. If the source code were included it would be useful to a user, programmer or a system administrator, the Linux Information Project defines source code as, Source code is the version of software as it is originally written by a human in plain text. The notion of source code may also be more broadly, to include machine code and notations in graphical languages. It is therefore so construed as to include code, very high level languages. Often there are several steps of program translation or minification between the source code typed by a human and an executable program. The earliest programs for stored-program computers were entered in binary through the front panel switches of the computer and this first-generation programming language had no distinction between source code and machine code. When IBM first offered software to work with its machine, the code was provided at no additional charge. At that time, the cost of developing and supporting software was included in the price of the hardware, for decades, IBM distributed source code with its software product licenses, until 1983. Most early computer magazines published source code as type-in programs, Source code can also be stored in a database or elsewhere. The source code for a piece of software may be contained in a single file or many files. Though the practice is uncommon, a source code can be written in different programming languages. For example, a program written primarily in the C programming language, in some languages, such as Java, this can be done at run time. The code base of a programming project is the larger collection of all the source code of all the computer programs which make up the project. It has become practice to maintain code bases in version control systems. Moderately complex software customarily requires the compilation or assembly of several, sometimes dozens or even hundreds, in these cases, instructions for compilations, such as a Makefile, are included with the source code

11.
Perfect Writer
–
Perfect Writer is a word processor computer program published by Perfect Software for CP/M and by Thorn EMI Computer Software for IBM PC compatible computers. It was written in C and famous for its stability and it was an enhanced version of MINCE, which itself was a version of Emacs for microcomputer platforms. Emacs itself was too heavyweight to fit within the 64kb RAM limit of most microcomputers, like MINCE, it included a floppy disk based virtual memory system. In a 2002 column, PC Magazines John C, dvorak named Perfect Writer as runner-up to WordPerfect as worst word processor of all time. Along with its companion spreadsheet, and database, Perfect Writer was bundled with early Kaypro II and it supported up to 7 buffers, had a character transpose command, undo, footnotes, and indexing. Its capabilities were very close to that of the word processors of the day. Perfect Writers ability to cut and paste between documents open in multiple buffers was an advantage over WordStar, plu*Perfect included D, a dired-like file browser. Text Editors Wiki Perfect Writer screenshot gallery

12.
Word processor
–
A word processor is an electronic device or computer software application, that performs the task of composing, editing, formatting, and printing of documents. Later models introduced innovations such as spell-checking programs, and improved formatting options, as of 2009 there were only two U. S. companies, Classic and AlphaSmart, which still made them. Many older machines, however, remain in use, since 2009, Sentinel has offered a machine described as a word processor, but it is more accurately a highly specialised microcomputer used for accounting and publishing. Most are powerful systems consisting of one or more programs that can produce a combination of images, graphics and text, the latter handled with type-setting capability. In its simplest form, a processor is like an Expensive Typewriter or Typewriter machine, with the improvement of being able to proofread. Microsoft Word is the most widely used word processing software according to a tracking system built into the software. Microsoft estimates that half a billion people use the Microsoft Office suite. Many other word processing applications exist, including WordPerfect and open source applications OpenOffice. org Writer, LibreOffice Writer, AbiWord, KWord, web-based word processors, such as Office Online or Google Docs are a relatively new category. Word processors evolved dramatically once they became software programs rather than dedicated machines and they can usefully be distinguished from text editors, the category of software they evolved from. A text editor is a program that is used for typing, copying, pasting, text editors do not format lines or pages. Text editors are now used mainly by programmers, website designers, computer system administrators and they are also useful when fast startup times, small file sizes, editing speed, and simplicity of operation are valued, and when formatting is unimportant. Due to their use in managing complex software projects, text editors can sometimes provide better facilities for managing large writing projects than a word processor. Word processing added to the editor the ability to control type style and size, to manage lines, to format documents into pages. Functions now taken for granted were added incrementally, sometimes by purchase of independent providers of add-on programs, spell checking, grammar checking and mail merge were some of the most popular add-ons for early word processors. Word processors are capable of hyphenation, and the management. More advanced features found in recent word processors include, Collaborative editing, allowing users to work on the same document. Management, editing, and positioning of visual material, and sometimes sound files, automatically managed cross-references to pages or notes. Version control of a document, permitting reconstruction of its evolution, styles, which automate consistent formatting of text body, titles, subtitles, highlighted text, and so on

13.
GNU Emacs
–
GNU Emacs is the most popular and most ported Emacs text editor. It was created by GNU Project founder Richard Stallman, in common with other varieties of Emacs, GNU Emacs is extensible using a Turing complete programming language. GNU Emacs has been called the most powerful text editor available today, with proper support from the underlying system, GNU Emacs is able to display files in multiple character sets, and has been able to simultaneously display most human languages since at least 1999. Throughout its history, GNU Emacs has been a component of the GNU project. GNU Emacs is sometimes abbreviated as GNUMACS, especially to differentiate it from other EMACS variants, the tag line for GNU Emacs is the extensible self-documenting text editor. In 1976, Stallman wrote the first Emacs, and in 1984, began work on GNU Emacs, GNU Emacs was initially based on Gosling Emacs, but Stallmans replacement of its Mocklisp interpreter with a true Lisp interpreter required that nearly all of its code be rewritten. This became the first program released by the nascent GNU Project, GNU Emacs is written in C and provides Emacs Lisp, also implemented in C, as an extension language. Version 13, the first public release, was made on March 20,1985, the first widely distributed version of GNU Emacs was version 15.34, released later in 1985. Early versions of GNU Emacs were numbered as 1. x. x, the 1 was dropped after version 1.12 as it was thought that the major number would never change, and thus the major version skipped from 1 to 13. A new third version number was added to represent changes made by user sites, in the current numbering scheme, a number with two components signifies a release version, with development versions having three components. GNU Emacs was later ported to Unix and it offered more features than Gosling Emacs, in particular a full-featured Lisp as its extension language, and soon replaced Gosling Emacs as the de facto Unix Emacs editor. Markus Hess exploited a security flaw in GNU Emacs email subsystem in his 1986 cracking spree, the project has since adopted a public development mailing list and anonymous CVS access. Development took place in a single CVS trunk until 2008, Richard Stallman has remained the principal maintainer of GNU Emacs, but he has stepped back from the role at times. Stefan Monnier and Chong Yidong have overseen maintenance since 2008, on September 21,2015 Monnier announced that he would be stepping down as maintainer effective with the feature freeze of Emacs 25. Older versions of the GNU Emacs documentation appeared under a license that required the inclusion of certain text in any modified copy. In the GNU Emacs users manual, for example, this included instructions for obtaining GNU Emacs, the XEmacs manuals, which were inherited from older GNU Emacs manuals when the fork occurred, have the same license. Bug fixes and minor code contributions of fewer than 10 lines are exempt and this policy is in place so that the FSF can defend the software in court if its copyleft license is violated. In 2011 it was noticed that GNU Emacs had been violating the GPL for two years, Richard Stallman described this incident as a very bad mistake, which was promptly fixed and no lawsuit was filed

14.
XEmacs
–
XEmacs is a graphical- and console-based text editor which runs on almost any Unix-like operating system as well as Microsoft Windows. XEmacs is a fork, based on a version of GNU Emacs from the late 1980s, any user can download, use, and modify XEmacs as free software available under the GNU General Public License version 2 or any later version. Between 1987 and 1993 significant delays occurred in bringing out a new version of GNU Emacs, in the late 1980s, Richard P. Gabriels Lucid Inc. faced a requirement to ship Emacs to support the Energize C++ IDE. So Lucid recruited a team to improve and extend the code, with the intention that their new version, released in 1991, however, they did not have time to wait for their changes to be accepted by the Free Software Foundation. Lucid continued developing and maintaining their version of Emacs, while the FSF released version 19 of GNU Emacs a year later, while merging some of the code, when Lucid went out of business in 1994, other developers picked up the code. Accordingly, the X in XEmacs represents a compromise among the involved in developing XEmacs. The X in XEmacs is thus not related to the X Window System, XEmacs has always supported text-based terminals and windowing systems other than X11. Installers can compile both XEmacs and GNU Emacs with and without X support, for a period of time XEmacs even had some terminal-specific features, such as coloring, that GNU Emacs lacked. The software community generally refers to GNU Emacs, XEmacs collectively or individually as emacsen or as emacs, XEmacs has comprehensive online help, as well as five manuals available from the XEmacs website. XEmacs supports many languages as well as editing-modes for many programming. XEmacs runs on many operating systems including Unix/Linux, BSDs and Mac OS X, running on Mac OS requires X11, while development has started on a native Carbon version. Two versions of XEmacs for the Microsoft Windows environment exist, a native installer, users can reconfigure almost all of the functionality in the editor by using the Emacs Lisp language. Changes to the Lisp code do not require the user to restart or recompile the editor, programmers have made available many pre-written Lisp extensions. Many packages exist to extend and supplement the capabilities of XEmacs, users can either download them piecemeal through XEmacs package manager or apply them in bulk using the xemacs-sumo package or sumo tarballs. Since XEmacs 21.1 functionality has been moved out of XEmacs core and this allows users to exclude packages they have no need for. XEmacs had a manager for over a decade before GNU Emacs developed one. From the projects beginnings, the developers of XEmacs aimed to have a frequent release-cycle, currently 2 to 3 releases appear per year and they also aimed for more openness to experimentation, and XEmacs often offers new features before other emacsen—pioneering inline images, variable fonts and terminal coloring. Over the years, the developers have extensively rewritten the code in order to improve consistency, XEmacs has a packaging system for independently maintained Lisp packages

15.
Aquamacs
–
Aquamacs is an Emacs text editor for Mac OS X. It is based on GNU Emacs, currently tracking the version 24 branch, although GNU Emacs has had native UI support on OS X using the Cocoa API since version 23, Aquamacs modifies the user interface to conform with Mac OS X standards in preference to Emacs standards. Among the changes are that Aquamacs, by default, shows tabs to organize different file buffers in windows, a range of keybindings that are standard on Mac OS X, such as Command-W to close a window, or Command-S to save the file, are available. A standard printing dialog and functions to use the Option key on Mac keyboards as Emacs Meta key have been added. The styles of windows can be changed to suit the major mode used in the buffer shown. Visually, Aquamacs has been adapted in its icons and fonts to look similar to other Mac applications and these packages are installed without the need of further configuration by the end user. Aquamacs is designed to be compatible with Emacs, so that extension packages for GNU Emacs can be installed. Users can configure Aquamacs with Emacs customization options and they can also choose to bring back GNU Emacs behaviors. The current version of Aquamacs includes a Wikipedia mode and this can be used to edit text for Wikipedia and any other wiki based on the MediaWiki software application. The mediawiki package is available for GNU Emacs through the package system, the editor is self-documenting and is supported by a community of users. List of text editors Comparison of text editors Official website A vanilla Emacs for OS X with native UI support

16.
Climacs
–
Climacs is an open source text editor written in Common Lisp that is similar to GNU Emacs and is released under the GNU LGPL software license. Climacs uses the Common Lisp Interface Manager and ESA for constructing its user interface, mcCLIM is the CLIM implementation that is compatible with Climacs. The editor provides source coloring based on incremental syntax analysis

17.
Epsilon (text editor)
–
Epsilon is a programmers text editor modelled after Emacs. It resembles Emacs not only in its default keybindings and layout, unlike Emacs, Epsilons extension language, EEL is a dialect of C rather than a dialect of Lisp. Epsilon runs on DOS, Microsoft Windows, Linux, FreeBSD, Mac OS X, Epsilon is a commercial product sold by Lugaru Software. It was also the first DOS based editor to allow editing of files that were larger than available RAM, Epsilon supports Unicode but does not display characters outside the BMP and cannot presently handle right-to-left scripts. It can convert among dozens of character encodings, BYTE in 1989 listed Epsilon as among the Distinction winners of the BYTE Awards, especially praising EEL

18.
Freemacs
–
Freemacs is a small, programmable computer text editor for MS-DOS with some degree of compatibility with GNU Emacs. Written by Russ Nelson and later maintained by Jim Hall, Freemacs is currently distributed under the GPL in the FreeDOS project, Freemacs executable binary, in the current 1.6 version, is only ~21k in size. Most features are implemented in MINT, whose role is akin to that of Emacs Lisp as used by other implementations of Emacs, the most recent version of Freemacs is 1. 6G, released in 1999

19.
Gosling Emacs
–
Gosling Emacs is a discontinued Emacs implementation written in 1981 by James Gosling in C. Its extension language, Mocklisp, has a syntax that appears similar to Lisp, Gosling initially allowed Gosling Emacs to be redistributed with no formal restrictions, but later sold it to UniPress. Gosling Emacs was especially noteworthy because of the effective redisplay code, since Gosling had permitted its unrestricted redistribution, Richard Stallman used some Gosling Emacs code in the initial version of GNU Emacs. Among other things, he part of the Gosling code headed by the skull-and-crossbones comment and made it. shorter, faster, clearer. In 1983 UniPress began selling Gosling Emacs on Unix for $395 and on VMS for $2,500, controversially, it asked Stallman to stop distributing Gosling Emacs source code. UniPress never took action against Stallman or his nascent Free Software Foundation, believing hobbyists. All Gosling Emacs code was removed from GNU Emacs by version 16.56, the latest versions of GNU Emacs do not feature the skull-and-crossbones warning. Christopher Kelty, EMACS, grep, and UNIX, authorship, invention and translation in software, http, //www. burlingtontelecom. net/~ashawley/gnu/emacs/ConText-Kelty. pdf

20.
Hemlock (editor)
–
Hemlock is a free Emacs text editor for most POSIX-compliant Unix systems. Hemlock was originally written by the CMU Spice project in Spice Lisp for the PERQ computer and it is able to display to a terminal, or use the CLX for X11. Other variants of Hemlock, Clozure CLs Macintosh integrated development environment has an editor, the editor of LispWorks is based on an early version of Hemlock. This version is portable and runs on Windows, Mac OS X, X11/Motif, the editor not only runs in LispWorks, but also in Liquid Common Lisp. Lucid Common Lisp provided an editor called Helix, which was based on Hemlock, portable Hemlock is a variant of Hemlock running on multiple versions of Common Lisp

21.
GNU TeXmacs
–
GNU TeXmacs is a free scientific word processor and typesetting component of the GNU Project. It was inspired by TeX and GNU Emacs, though it shares no code with those programs and it is written and maintained by Joris van der Hoeven. The program produces structured documents with a WYSIWYW user interface, new document styles can be created by the user. The editor provides high-quality typesetting algorithms and TeX fonts for publishing professional looking documents, TeXmacs can handle mathematical formulas and is used as a front-end to a number of computer algebra systems such as Maxima and SageMath. TeXmacs also supports a Scheme extension language called Guile for customizing the program, like many WYSIWYG editors, authors manipulate a document on screen which should print to a similar looking paper copy. The goal of TeXmacs is to provide a WYSIWYG editor that makes it possible to write correctly structured documents with aesthetically pleasing typesetting results. TeXmacs is not a front-end to LaTeX but TeXmacs documents can be converted to either TeX or LaTeX, LaTeX also can be imported, and both import to HTML, Scheme, Verbatim, and XML and export to them is provided. There is a converter for MathML as well, and TeXmacs can output PDF, TeXmacs currently runs on most Unix-based architectures including Linux, FreeBSD, Cygwin and macOS. Along with the Cygwin version, a native beta port is available for Microsoft Windows, TeXmacs also features a presentation mode and there are plans to evolve towards a complete scientific office suite with spreadsheet capacities and a technical drawing editor. TeXmacs facilitates the inputting of mathematical formulas by mapping sequences of symbols to symbols. For example, the symbol ⇒ can be input by typing =>, some symbols have no such representation. These can be input with tab key and this keyboard-based entry differs from other formulae editors, that tend to provide point-an-click menus for this task. It is possible to use TeXmacs as a processor, using X virtual framebuffer to avoid opening unwanted windows while processing. For example, the command xvfb-run texmacs --convert article. tm article. pdf --quit generates a PDF file article. pdf from a TeXmacs document article. tm, TeXmacs has back-ends supporting many technologies

22.
Vile (editor)
–
Vile is a text editor that attempts to combine the best aspects of the popular Emacs and vi editors. Vile is an acronym which stands for VI Like Emacs, vile is featured in Chapter 12 of the OReilly book Learning the vi Editor. The program is known as xvile for the X Window System. Vile was created and originally maintained by Paul Fox, in 1996, maintenance was taken over by Thomas Dickey, who had provided many major contributions to the codebase over the preceding years. Historically, viles documentation has focused on differences from vi and this is in contrast to the other common vi-clones, which have combined their respective extensions with the original vi documentation. Viles documentation is three parts, the help file specialized topics such as the macro language built-in documentation. The predefined information from the tables can be rendered in various ways, including showing the available commands, providing name-completion, in other flavors of vi, the analogous tables are not distinct from the hand-crafted code. In other vi flavors, the information shown is static, requiring interaction from the user to make it update, while many of viles features are now found in other vi-compatible editors, some of the most powerful were implemented before widespread adoption in the others. For example, multiple windows were early features in vile from the start, the same applies to reading from pipes, complex fences. Some of this is out in the OReilly book, though no careful study has been made of the way in which features are adopted and adapted across the vi. Dynamic window updates Scripting language Many mode settings, globally, per-buffer, Command-completion Selection-highlighting using keyboard or mouse. Complex fence feature enables the user to step through if/then/else statements Extended regular expressions using both POSIX and Perl features, no real ex mode, though most ex commands are recognized Command-completion and underlying long command-names make it impossible to be 100% vi-compatible. Vile supports command completion for several elements of a command, the command-name, file-name, directory-name, both vi and emacs have modes, which are settings which affect the behavior of the program. Vile extends the vi modes such as list, number, etc. by providing three levels of mode, global, buffer and window, the buffer modes are associated with the buffer contents, e. g. line-terminators, read-only attributes. All of those modes are predefined, vile can be customized by defining majormodes, which combine specific settings of the buffer modes with an association to the file type. These majormodes have as well special modes such as the association with a syntax filter. Vile performs syntax highlighting by running a syntax filter program which parses the buffer contents, initially this was a separate program. However, to performance and avoid display problems, these syntax filters usually are compiled into the editor

23.
GNU Zile
–
Zile is a free software, C language toolkit for developing text editors. Zile is also a clone of the Emacs text editor using the toolkit. Zile stands for Zile is Lossy Emacs, originally written in C by Sandro Sigala, Zile is now maintained by Reuben Thomas. Ziles goal was to behave like GNU Emacs using fewer resources, Zile still uses the same names as Emacs does for its functions and variables, but some of the internal data structures and API are evolving to suit a more general purpose. Zile started out as a lightweight Emacs clone in April 2008, in 2014 it began evolving into a software development framework for developing text editors. The lightweight Emacs that was Zile is now Zemacs, in the tradition of recursive acronyms, Zile stood for Zile Is Lossy Emacs. Zemacs is distinguished by a RAM Memory footprint, of approximately 100kB and it is 8-bit clean, allowing it to be used on any sort of file that doesnt require Unicode support. Zemacs keyboard shortcuts are similar to those of Emacs, a fork of Zile became Zee, a command line editor. Zile has also been reimplemented in the LuaJIT language, in this case, Zile can also stand for Zile Implements Lua Editors. As of March 20,2017, the last commit to the LuaJIT implementation of Zile was made on April 2,2011, DEC Text Processing Utility Official website Download Zile

24.
Zmacs
–
Zmacs is one of the many variants of the Emacs text editor. Zmacs was written for the MIT Lisp machine and runs on its descendants, zmacs is written in Lisp Machine Lisp. Zmacs also supports buffers and modes, zmacs also uses the window system of the Lisp Machine with support for mouse and windows. Zmacs supports unlimited backup of files, since the system of the Lisp Machine supports file versions. It is not compatible with GNU Emacs and its Emacs Lisp, zmacs Manual -- For the Texas Instruments Explorer Lisp Machine implementation

25.
AUCTeX
–
AUCTeX is an extensible package for writing and formatting TeX files in Emacs and XEmacs. It also supports the self-documenting. dtx format from the LaTeX project and, to an extent, ConTeXt. AUCTeX, originating from the ‘tex-mode. el’ package of Emacs 16, was created by students from Aalborg University Center, lars Peter Fischer wrote the first functions to insert font macros and Danish characters back in 1986. Per Abrahamsen wrote the functions to insert environments and sections, and to indent the text, AUCTeX is distributed under the GNU General Public License. RefTeX Comparison of TeX editors Official homepage

26.
Dired
–
Dired is a computer program for editing file system directories. It typically runs inside the Emacs text editor as a specialized mode, Dired was the first file manager, or visual editor of file system information. The first version of Dired was written as a stand-alone program circa 1974 by Stan Kugell at the Stanford Artificial Intelligence Laboratory and it was incorporated into GNU Emacs from the earliest versions, and re-implemented in C and C++ on other operating systems. When run in Emacs, dired displays an ls-like file listing in an Emacs buffer, the list can be navigated using standard navigation commands. Several Emacs Lisp scripts have been developed to extend Dired in Emacs, there are also functions that make it possible to rename multiple files via Emacs search and replace capabilities or apply regular expressions for marking multiple files. Once marked, files can be operated on in various ways from deleting, to renaming, Dired manual at GNU. org Entry at the Emacs wiki, focuses mostly on the many scripts and tweaks that can modify the default Direds behavior

27.
Dunnet (video game)
–
Dunnet is a surreal, cyberpunk text adventure written by Ron Schnell in 1982. The name is derived from the first three letters of dungeon and the last three letters of Arpanet and it was first written in Maclisp for the DECSYSTEM-20, then ported to Emacs Lisp in 1992. Since 1994 the game has shipped with GNU Emacs, it also has included with XEmacs. The game has been recommended to writers considering writing interactive fiction, dunnet is playable on any operating system with the Emacs editor. Emacs comes with most Unices, including macOS and distributions of Linux, several articles targeted to macOS owners have recommended it as an easter egg as a game that can be run in Terminal. app. It can be run by running emacs -batch -l dunnet in a shell or the key sequence M-x dunnet within Emacs, the former being the preferred and official way to run it. Dunnet was used as a benchmark in the effort to port Emacs Lisp to Guile, there are many subtle jokes in this game, and there are multiple ways of ending the game. Official website Source code, of the port, GPLv3 license

28.
Emacs Speaks Statistics
–
Emacs Speaks Statistics is an Emacs package of modes for statistical languages. It adds two types of modes to emacs, ESS modes for editing statistical languages like R and SAS, modes of types and work seamlessly together. With Emacs Speaks Statistics, the user can conveniently edit statistical language commands in one emacs buffer, there are a number of advantages of doing data analysis using Emacs/ESS in this way, rather than interacting with R, S-PLUS or other software directly. First, as indicated above, ESS provides a convenient way of writing and executing code without frequently switching between programs and this also encourages the good practice of keeping a record of ones data analysis, equivalent to working from do-files in Stata. Third, since emacs is also an editor of LaTeX files, it facilitates the integration of data analysis. ESS is freely available for download from the ESS website, which also contains documentation and links to a mailing list

29.
Emacspeak
–
Emacspeak is one of the most popular speech interfaces for Linux, bundled with most major distributions. Emacspeak facilitates access to a variety of content, from the web to DAISY books. On Monday, April 12,1999, Emacspeak became part of the Smithsonian Museums Permanent Research Collection on Information Technology at the Smithsonians National Museum of American History, Emacspeak is currently at version 40.0. Each release was codenamed after a dog, Emacspeak on SourceForge. net Official list of Emacs applications that work with Emacspeak, notably Sawfish, Dired, w3m/lynx, erc, mplayer, OpenSSH, ispell etc. Emacspeak mailing list Paper on Emacspeak by T. V. Raman Blog by T. V. Raman, on using Emacspeak Emacspeak Installation HOWTO - Emacspeak Tutorial

30.
EMMS
–
EMMS is media player software for Emacs. It is written in Emacs Lisp and it is derived from an earlier Emacs-based player called mp3-player. EMMS has multiple back ends to connect to external players so EMMS can support many different audio and video formats, while remaining clean, EMMS is divided into three parts, the player back ends, media sources, and the core player. One of the back ends connects to MPD. Other backends are available for mplayer and gstreamer, additional players can be easily defined. EMMS implements a buffer-based playlist and queue, locations in files can be bookmarked. Standard Emacs key bindings are used to navigate, edit the playlist, using Emacs server support, playlists can be built using a file manager such as ROX-Filer. EMMS supported scrobbling to Last. fm until version 4.0, there are many third-party scripts to enhance EMMS to provide pop-up notifications, lyric fetching, and binaural beat generation. EMMS home Emacs wiki page Emacs in the real world

31.
ERC (software)
–
ERC is an Internet Relay Chat client integrated into GNU Emacs. It is written in Emacs Lisp, ERC includes message timestamping, automatic channel joining, flood control, and auto-completion of nicks and commands. ERC can highlight nicks and text for conversation tracking, highlight and optionally remove control characters and it provides input history, and separate buffers per server and channel. Notifications include channel activity on the EMacs mode-line, user online status, ERC is multi-lingual, and provides auto-script loading at startup. ERC supports SSL/TLS for encrypted IRC communication, according to the GNU project, ERC was first developed by Alexander L. Belikoff and Sergey Berezin. Berezin wrote that ERC was originally written by Alexander L. Belikoff, then I improved it in many ways, the pair stopped development in 1999. Mario Lang wrote that as of 2001 ERC had been abandoned, so he and Alexander Schroeder adopted it. Berezin responded positively to news of the effort and bestowed stewardship to the new developers, in the ensuing years, versions 2.1,3,4,5. ERC development moved from SourceForge to GNU in May 2006, ERC development now takes place inside the Emacs source-code tree. ERC is one of two IRC clients included in the Emacs distribution, rcirc is the other, Circe and the ascetic ZenIRC are also Emacs-based IRC clients. According to its author, Circe incorporates ideas from ERC such as its activity tracker and others, it was developed as ERC became difficult to debug, comparison of IRC clients ERC at EmacsWiki

32.
Eww (web browser)
–
Eww is a web browser written entirely in Emacs Lisp. It is part of GNU Emacs starting with version 24.4, if Emacs is compiled with the suitable image libraries, and is used in a graphical environment, it can render images inline directly into Emacss display buffer. It requires an Emacs built with libxml2 support and it was originally developed as part of gnus, to display HTML-formatted email, but with the addition of HTTP support from Emacs url. el package it became a fully-fledged browser. W3m used with emacs-w3m interface Emacs/W3 GNU Emacs manual Source code

33.
Gnus
–
Gnus /ɡəˈnuːz, ˈɡnuːz/, or Gnus Network User Services, is a message reader which is part of GNU Emacs. It supports reading and composing both e-mail and news and can act as an RSS reader, web processor. Gnus blurs the distinction between news and e-mail, treating both as articles that come from different sources. News articles are separate by group, and e-mail can be split into arbitrary groups. In addition, Gnus is able to use a number of web-based sources as inputs for its groups, note that, as with GNU, the g in Gnus is always pronounced. g. Integration with other Emacs packages, such as the W3 web browser, LDAP lookup code, as part of Emacs, Gnus features can be extended indefinitely through Emacs lisp. To quote the Gnus Manual, You know that Gnus gives you all the opportunity youd ever want for shooting yourself in the foot, Gnus is also customizable to a great extent, which means that the user has a say on how Gnus behaves. Other newsreaders might unconditionally shoot you in your foot, but with Gnus, note that the composition of HTML email messages is not included by default, the lack of this ability is counted as a feature by Gnus traditional user base. Gnus is a rewrite of GNUS by Masanobu Umeda, which ceased to be developed in 1992, the new version proved to be popular and has undergone constant expansion and enhancement. Ingebrigtsen is also programmer of eww,5. 10/5.11 development from the Oort development branch wrapped up around 2008. Some 5.11 versions, such as that packaged by Ubuntu Linux as 5. 11+v0.10, are based on the later No Gnus development branch. Gnus 5.13 - bundled with GNU Emacs 23.1 The No Gnus development branch began January 4,2004, Gnus 5.14, Ma Gnus, is the current development version, v0.7 first released in May 2013. The odd minor version numbers, like 5.3 and 5.5 are for the Gnus versions bundled with GNU Emacs, the even version numbers are the unbundled releases. So for example, Gnus 5.5 is similar to Gnus 5.4, development is done using named versions, whose first letters run backwards in the alphabet, No Gnus v0.19 was released in early 2012, and development transitioned to Ma Gnus. No named version ever reaches 1.0, instead when it is considered enough for general release, it sheds its name. After being developed separately for 22 years, the developer of Gnus announced that development would take place inside Gnu Emacs git tree. A side effect of change is that support for XEmacs. Comparison of e-mail clients Comparison of feed aggregators List of Usenet newsreaders Comparison of Usenet newsreaders Official website

34.
Org-mode
–
Org-mode is an editing and organizing mode for notes, planning, and authoring in the free software text editor Emacs. The name is used to encompass plain text files that include simple marks to indicate levels of a hierarchy, Bastien Guerry is the current maintainer, in cooperation with an active development community. Since its success in Emacs, some systems have also begun providing functions to work with org files. The Org system is based on text files with a simple markup. The Linux Information Project explains that Plain text is supported by nearly every application program on every operating system, the system includes a lightweight markup language for plain text files, allowing lines or sections of plain text to be hierarchically divided, tagged, linked, and so on. This section gives some sample uses for the display and editing of plain text. To-do lists often have subtasks, and so lend themselves to a hierarchical system, Org-mode facilitates this by allowing items to be subdivided into simple steps, and given tags and properties such as priorities and deadlines. An agenda for the items to be done this week or day can then be generated from date tags. Org files as interconnected pages of a wiki, using the markup for links. Tracking bugs in a project, by storing. org files in a revision control system such as Git. Org-mode has some features to export to other formats, and other systems have features to handle org-mode formats. From org-mode, add-on packages export to other markup format such as MediaWiki, outside of org-mode editors, org markup is supported by the GitHub code repository, the JIRA issue tracker, Pandoc, and others. Some of the systems that handle org files include, Emacs Mobile apps, the Vim text editor, via plugins, VimOrganizer - An Emacs Org-mode clone for Vim. vim-orgmode - Text outlining and task management for Vim based on Emacs Org-mode. VOoM - Outliner including an Org markup mode, vxfold. vim - Fold cycling similar to Emacs Org-mode. Sublime Text editor, with Org syntax and features using its orgmode plugin, the Org Mode 7 Reference Manual, Organize your life with GNU Emacs. With contributions by David OToole, Bastien Guerry, Philip Rooke, Dan Davison, Eric Schulte, Schulte, Eric, Davison, Dan, Dye, Thomas, Dominik, Carsten. A Multi-Language Computing Environment for Literate Programming and Reproducible Research, american Institute of Physics, and IEEE Computer Society

In computing, source code is any collection of computer instructions, possibly with comments, written using a …

A more complex Java source code example. Written in object-oriented programming style, it demonstrates boilerplate code. With prologue comments indicated in red, inline comments indicated in green, and program statements indicated in blue.