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Transcript of CHAPTER 6: KKK and the Philippine Revolution

NotesIdeasIdeasIdeasCHAPTER 6: KKK and the Philippine RevolutionKATIPUNANKATIPUNANCRY OF BALINTAWAK/PUGADLAWAN•Led by Bonifacio, the Katipuneros tore their cedula certificates which symbolizes the Filipino vassalage to Spain•The first battle of the Katipuneros with the Spaniards took place at Barrio of Pasong Tamo•Bonifacio then led his force to Hagdang Bato in Mandaluyong where he issued his manifesto urging the Filipinos to rise up against the Spaniards.•The Katipuneros planned to attack the polvorin or powder magazine in San Juan del Monte on August 30 in an attempt to seize weapons.•The coordinated attack on the polvorin, however, never took place as Bonifacio had overslept.•Around 150 Katipuneros lost their lives in this first major battle of the revolution.•The Katipuneros of Cavite began the revolution by seizing the town halls and seizing the arms of the local police and civil guards on the early hours of August 31FALL OF BONIFACIO AND RISE OF AGUINALDOUpon the arrival of Bonifacio in Cavite, the Katipuneros did not have a good opinion of their supremo.outsider, interloper who would lord over themSpanish agent, unfit for leadership and a mason

KATIPUNAN AND JAPAN FOUNDING OF KATIPUNANFailure of Spain to grant reforms = REVOLUTIONREFORMISTS - Spain as the "mother country" ADHERENTS - Spain as the "oppressive master" After Rizal's arrest...a group composed of:Teodoro Plata, Valentin Diaz, Ladislao Diwa, and Andres Bonifacio gathered at Azcarraga Street in Tondo on the night of July 7, 1982They formed the Kataastaasang Kagalanggalang Katipunan ng mga Anak ng Bayan (KKK ANB)They formed a blood compact by drawing blood from their arms and use it to write their names on the membership forms. FOUNDING OF KATIPUNANThe Triangle MethodAn original member takes in two individuals who do not know each other.Recruitment First: Second: The three questions (BDA)"What we were before the coming of the Spaniards?" "What are we today?""What are we in the future?"All answers should point to FREEDOM Manila Chapter: SanduguanSkull Relics - like soutane of Fr. BurgosLEVELS OF A KATIPUNEROKatipon (associate) - wears a black hood - ANAK NG BAYANKawal (soldier) - wears a greenhood - GOM-BUR-ZABayani (patriot) - wears a red mask - RIZAL

POSITIONSSupremo: Andres Bonifacio Secretary of State:Emilio JacintoSecretary of War:Teodoro PlataSecretary of Justice:Briccio PantasSecretary of Interior:Aguedo Del RosarioSecretary of Finance:Enrique PachecoSocial and Moral Aims of KatipunanThe Katipunan has two goals:to overthrow the Spanish rule and bring back the freedom of Filipinosto have an internal revolution that involves a reform of individual valuesKartilla - written by Andres Bonifacio; revised by Emilio Jacinto. It was intended as a simple primer on patriotism for the ordinary Katipuneros. Decalogue - written by Andres Bonifacio; guidelines on how to become a good citizen, to love God, and fellowmen.

WOMEN'S SECTIONThe wives of the Katipuneros grew suspicious about the mysterious disappearance of their husbands and the reduction of their income. The Supreme Council decided to form a women's section.Only allowed in the section are the wives and daughters of the Katipuneros.They held dances and parties in houses while the men are secretly having a meeting in the back rooms. President: Josefa Rizal Vice President/Muse: Gregoria de JesusSecretary: Marina DizonFiscal: Angelica Lopez KATIPUNAN: AS SEEN BY THE SPANIARDSCuerpo de Vigilancia - or the Intelligence Service of the Spaniards reported the meetings of men and gathering of arms for some unknown purpose. According to Jose Maria del Castillo, the Katipunan is an "association of notable criminals." Filipinos = ingrates; Katipunan = led by masons and rich men.He also believes that Bonifacio, Jacinto, and others were not the real leaders but they were placed by rich Filipinos. According to Governor General Ramon Blanco, the KKK was a product of imagination of fanatical Spaniards and friars. KATIPUNAN ORGANThrough the charity of two Katipuneros from Aklan Candido Iban and Teofilo del Castillo, who worked as pearl divers in northern Australia and won a P 1000 in a lottery, donated P 4000 to buy an old printing press from Antonio Salazar.The newspaper was named Kalayaan by Pio Valenzuela (PV)

A second issue was being prepared when Revolution broke out. The press was moved to Clavis Street in San Nicolas When the Spaniards raided the place, Jacinto, Dugue, and Fernandez had destroyed the press.RIZAL AND THE KATIPUNANPLANS FOR THE REVOLUTIONTHE DISCOVERY OF THE KATIPUNANREIGN OF TERRORFIRST VICTORIESREVOLUTION IN MINDANAOAND VISAYAS THE REVOLUTION CONTINUESTHE PACT OF BIAK NA BATOSTRUGGLE CONTINUES DESPITE AGUINALDO'S CAPITULATIONAGUINALDO IN HONG KONGTHE SPANISH-AMERICAN WARGERMANY'S INTENTIONS ON THE PHILIPPINESDecember 15 - last document was signed.To ensure that the Spanish authorities would not break their agreement, they demanded two Spanish generals. On December 23, General Celestino Tejeiro and General Ricardo Monet became hostages of the revolutionists.Aguinaldo, Paterno, and other revolutionary leader left on the same day. Calumpit --->Dagupan ---> Carromatas ---> port of Sual ---> steam of boat Uranus ---> Hong KongAt Biak-na-Bato, the remaining RLs tried their best to comply with the agreement of the truce...but many still hold on to their weapons. Spanish authorities WERE NOT ABLE to pay the last installment and the second installment was divided between the remaining RLsPrimo de Rivera collected the money for himself. Periodic clashes took place in many provincesIn Ilocos Sur, Federico Abaya - Cry of CandonIn Cebu, Leon Kilat - same date with Cry of Candon (March 25, 1898)In Central Luzon, General Francisco Macabulos who once fought for the Spaniards returned to the revolutionary struggle.He formed the Executive Committee who would continue to fight for independence until a general government of the Republic is re-established. The resumption of the hostilities after Biak-na-Bato was a people's war yearning for independence after Aguinaldo and others entered a compromise with Spain. Filipino exiles in Hong Kong formed the Philippine Revolutionary Committee organized by Felipe Agoncillo, originally by Jose Ma. Basa. Later joined by Aguinaldo. The committee sent them food, clothing, and medicines donated by Filipino residents in the colony. Knowing that war would erupt anytime between USA and Spain over Cuba, Agoncillo proposed to Rounseville Wildman an offensive-defensive alliance - 200,000 rifles upon recognition of an independent Philippine government.With the arrival of Aguinaldo, the committee became a junta. P 400,000 was equally divided and deposited at the Hong Kong and Shanghai Bank and Chartered Bank of India, China, and Australia.Only interest for their needs can be withdrawn by exiles.Signs of dissession began. Isabelo Artacho had assumed the powers of the President and he wanted that the second and third installments be divided among the RLs and also Aguinaldo's.Upon learning the actions of Artacho and company, Aguinaldo, Jose Leyba and Gregorio del Pilar left Hong Kong.Artacho sued Aguinaldo but the case never prospered.

With the help of mutual friends, Aguinaldo and Artacho reconciled.Later it was found out that Artacho was serving as a double agent for the Spaniards. His arrest was ordered in May 1898. The relationship between the USA and Spain continued to worsen over the Cuban question. Spain accused the USA for supporting rebel while the Americans were appalled at the cruel measures undertaken by Spaniards against the insurgents.Yellow journalists - exaggerate news about the conduct of Spain's involvement in Cuba. These journalists were supported by big American businessmen which will be surely benefited by war with Spain since it would open Cuba to American trade.Senator Henry Cabot Lodge and Alfred Beveridge - believed that the United States was fated to expand westward not only to the pacific coast but should have access to markets in China...etc...Manifest Destiny was the key to America's rise to a world power. With the worsening situation in Cuba, the USA sent the cruiser USS Maine in order to protect American interests on the island.February 15, 1898 - mysterious explosion destroyed the warship and killed 246 men.April 21, 1898 - Teller Resolution declared a state of war between USA and Spain. FILIPINO-AMERICAN ALLIANCEAmerican displomats began to court Filipino leaders as possible allies against SpainSpencer Pratt assured Aguinaldo of American support when he returns to the Philippines. After meeting, Pratt sent a message to Dewey about the progress of their meeting. After receiving instructions from Navy Secretary John D. Long, Dewey proceed against the Spanish fleet in the Philippines. On May 1, 1898, he defeated the Spanish fleet called Canacao Bay within Manila Bay. Following his victory, Dewey sent the revenue cutter McCulloch to fetch Aguinaldo from HK to Manila. With a renewed fighting spirit, Filipino insurgents won successive victories in MCBL PTBNAguinaldo was so happy at the column of Spanish prisoners marching to Cavite; he brought out a new national flag sewn by Marcela Agoncillo, wife of Felipe Agoncillo.Aguinaldo issued a decree creating a dictatorial government under the advice of Ambrosio Rianzares Bautista. Governor General Basilio Agustin formed a Consultative Assembly which promises autonomy for the Filipinos. It was composed of mestizos.The assembly failed due to most Filipinos wanting nothing less than independence. March 1 1895•March 1, 1896•May 4, 1896•Jose Moritaro Tagawa•Kongo•Bonifacio wanted Jose Rizal to lead the revolution and unify all Filipinos in the struggle against Spain•RAYMUNDO MATA – A blind man who was brought along by Jacinto and Valenzuela upon visiting Rizal in Dapitan to make it appear that he was being sent there for medical treatment•ANTONIO LUNA – He was suggested by Rizal •MAY 4, 1896 – general assembly of Katipuneros and officers at the second floor of the bazaar

•CAVES OF PAMITINAN – This is where Katipuneros inducted more members using blood compact•TEODORO PATINO – a worker at Diario de Manila who revealed the revolutionary movement to the Spaniards•APOLONIO DE LA CRUZ – Patino’s rival in promotion at Diario de Manila •HONORIA – Patino’s sister, an inmate at the Hospicio de San Jose, to whom he revealed existence of Katipunan•FR. MARIANO GIL – An Augustinian friar to whom Patino was advised to reveal the details of Katipunan including its plan to murder all Spaniards. •AUGUST 19, 1896 – discovery of KatipunanMeanwhile, the reign of terror was unleashed as the Spaniards arrested more suspects. Filipino spies betrayed their countrymen and reported them to the authorities. She fed, gave medical attention and encouraged the revolutionaries with motherly advice and prayers Secret meetings of were also held at her house“Grand Woman of the revolution”“Mother of Balintawak”“Mother of the Katipunan”“Mother of the Philippine Revolution“Tandang Sora Bilibid Prison -> Guam with 200 othersPersons with scars were automatically arrested and imprisonedFort SantiagoHold 50 inmatesBut 150 were crammed insideDied of suffocationFound dead, standing up

Gov. Gen. Ramon BlancoHis decree offered pardon for those who would surrender within 48 hours except for the leaders of the Katipunan Pio ValenzuelaOthers were tortured to reveal the names of the membersExecutions immediately followed beginning with the leaders namely, Sancho Valenzuela, Eugenio Silvestre, Modesto Sarmiento and Ramon Peralta at Bagumbayan

Polavieja was worn out by the endless battlesFernando Primo de Rivera - Offered pardon to surrendereesFilipinos established a Departmental Government of Central Luzon (Manila, Bulacan, Pangasinan, Laguna)Gov. Gen. De Rivera prohibited the people from leaving their towns and villages to prevent the flow of insurgentsAguinaldo issued a proclamation calling on all Filipinos

AGUINALDO'S PROCLAMATION:xpulsion of the friarsReturn of Filipino’s landsRepresentation in the Spanish CortesFreedom of pressToleration of religious sectsEqual treatment and pay for peninsular and insular officialsAbolition of government powerLegal equality - These demands show Aguinaldo’s willingness to negotiate with Spain and give up the revolutionary struggle

The Filipinos, then, established a republican government at Biak na Bato with a constitution prepared by Felix Ferrer and Isabelo Artacho which was signed on Nov. 1, 1897.

The following day, Biak-na-Bato Republic was inaugurated by Emilio Aguinaldo who was elected as presidentColonel MonetPromised amnesty to those who would surrenderThere were 20 surrenderees who were tortured and ordered to be shot the following dayGov. Gen. Camilo de PolaviejaReplaced BlancoSuspended municipal elections Ordered arrest, deportation and execution of many Filipinos including Rizal

Araw ng Nueva EcijaThe provincial governor, friars and soldiers became prisoners of the KatipunerosJose Tagle- Besieged the town’s friar house and burned its occupantsManaged to capture rifles and a cannon which they later used against the SpaniardsCapitan Miong became General Aguinaldo

REPUBLIC OF KANGKONG DE SILI

In Bulacan, members of the Balangay Katipunan set up a republicDecember 4, 1896Eusebio Roque aka Maestrong Sebio or Dimabunggo

Second MeetingHeld to decide on the fate of Katipunan and unite the organizationAttended mostly by delegates of Cavite who were Magdiwangs- Delegates voted for a new revolutionary government led by a president

Negotiations were held between Aguinaldo and de Rivera.Pedro Paterno volunteered to act as a negotiator between the Filipinos & SpaniardsNovember 18 = Truce of Biak na BatoDecember 14 = program was sinnedUnder the program, Aguinaldo and leaders of the revolution were to live in exile abroad.P 800,000 paid to revolutionists in installments.P 400,000 - Upon Aguinaldo's depature from Biak-na-BatoP 200,000 - Amount of arms surrendered exceeding 700P 200,000 - When Te Deum was sung and general amnestyThe imminent fall of Spanish authority attracted other foreign powers to the Philippines.Following Dewey’s victory at Manila Bay, countries such as Germany, Japan, Great Britain , and France sent their warships to protect their respective interests in the Philippines.The Germans proved to be a great irritation to Dewey. While the other countries respected his authority, the Germans acted provocatively.The German squadron which had eight ships was larger than that of the Americans who only had seven.

Its manpower complement was bigger than the Americans and their armaments were also superior.The Germans were looking for lands to colonize.Documents in the German foreign ministry revealed the existence of three plans concerning the Philippines:- to place the Philippines under a German prince- to divide the Philippines among the world powers including Germany.- to place the country under the guarantee of the world powers.

The German foreign minister Bernhard von Bulow expected that Filipinos would support German rule because many Filipino leaders had a deep admiration for the German nation.German provocations in Manila Bay reached its climax following the incident involving the warship Cormoran and US navy ships.The German vessel ignored the signals for it stop - for boarding and inspection.Von Diederichs immediately sent an officer to complain to Dewey about the provocations committed by the Americans.

There were some tense moments in Manila Bay after the German officer left to report to Von Diederichs. At this point Captain Sir Edward Chichester of the British navy moved his ships closer to the Americans.The balance of power now shifted in favor of Dewey as the combined British and American forces were now more superior than that of the Germans.Aug. 13, 1898. The German ships quietly left.July 17. Aguinaldo offered Gov. Gen. Basilio Agustin the terms of an honorable surrender and guaranteed the immunity of the persons and properties of those who surrendered.

Spain instructed Agustin to surrender only to the Americans because…Surrendering to the Filipinos would be harmful to Spanish honorSurrendering to the Americans might give them concessions including a money indemnityThey feared retribution from the FilipinosAgustin made the offer to surrender to the Americans in July but Dewey refused because he lacked men to occupy the city.As the Filipinos were securing most of the country, Aguinaldo had the dictatorial gov’t disbanded and replaced by a revolutionary form of gov’t.Taking advantage of the momentum, in the late afternoon of June 12, Aguinaldo had the independence of the Philippines formally proclaimed.

Though opposed by Mabini who said that the proclamation of independence was “premature and imprudent,” it had another purpose of sending a message to the Americans of the Filipinos’ resolve to attain their freedomAug. 22. the proclamation of independence was approved by local officials gathering in Bacoor.

American BetrayalAguinaldo’s officials began to develop suspicions about the American intentions in the country. The Filipinos were forced to vacate their positions to accommodate the increasing number of American troops.While these events were transpiring the Spaniards and Americans were meeting secretly.It was decided that a mock battle (“Battle of Manila”) be waged to save Spanish honor and that Filipinos should have no participation.Aug. 13, American warships began bombarding Manila.Spain officially sued for peace on July 22

Malolos GovernmentAguinaldo moved the capital of his gov’t to Malolos on Aug. 22.Sept. 15. The Revolutionary Congress was inaugurated.Sept. 29. the Congress approved the proclamation of Philippine independenceThe Congress then moved to draft a constitution for a republic. Three drafts were presented to Congress by…Apolinario MabiniPedro PaternoFelipe Calderon

Mabini’s opponents his Constitutional Program reasoning that it was too Masonic.The Paterno draft reminded the Congress of the Spanish Constitution of 1868 and was also rejected.The last draft made by Calderon which was inspired by the constitution of France, Belgium, Costa Rica, Guatemala, Brazil and Nicaragua, was accepted.Debates on the draft constitution lasted until Nov. 5, 1898.Jan. 21. General Aguinaldo proclaimed the 1899 ConstitutionJan. 23. the Philippine Republic was inaugurated.

Event's Affecting Aguinaldo's ActionsDec. 10, 1898. Treaty of ParisAfter much deliberation the Americans decided to keep the Philippines.To American capitalists the Philippines represented a rich source of raw materials for American industries and a market for American goods.Under the Treaty of Paris, Spain ceded the Philippines, Guam, and Puerto Rico and in return received an indemnity of $20M.

Filipino diplomats led by Felipe Agoncillo were to propose practical alternatives to the colonization of the Philippines.December 1898. Aguinaldo publicly protested the Treaty of Paris.While Manila was already in the hands of the Americans, Filipinos in other parts of the islands continued to fight the Spaniards in other parts of the country.Troops led by Aniceto Lacson and Juan Araneta convened a gov’t that proclaimed loyalty to Aguinaldo.In Mindanao, revolutionary activities and events in Manila forced the Spanish troops to evacuate their posts and concentrate themselves in Zamboanga.

With the signing of the Treaty of Paris. The Spanish forces withdrew to Zamboanga and abandoned their fortifications.The Filipinos controlled Mindanao for at least 6 months before the Americans took over the island.