As verifying the right scale of a learning community unit, making after-school facilities as a part of local learning communities in urban areas, and utilizing collective schools in which participants can access to customized programs, this research is to define the concept of local education community(LEC) which provides various programs of life-long learning. A survey of practical cases of the LEC in the district of Gangnam-Gu is to analyze proximity of the current after-school activities between students and schools and then it can address the potential coalition among education communities in terms of remote participation, learning network, and open-to-public school. In typological approach to the LEC, the case study developed the interactive overlap in the layout of 30 local schools that displays the inter-relation of adjacent schools. The graphs of school ranks based on the national evaluation of 'Student Performance Test' can address the preferred schools that has a larger catchment area in the local district. Reorganizing the learning community consisting of participant oriented schools in a regional society will be a critical agenda that can be achieved by both public and private supports. To verify the practical approach of urban types of the LEC, case studies of the research include a conceptual analysis of community clusters in terms of high-performing schools based on national exam ranks, after-school learning programs, and inhabitants pathways to alternative schools. Findings over the cases insinuate not only how to organize the LEC by public transit with hypothetical issues relating to urban renewal but also enhance active participation with social networks.

The objective of this study was to present directions for improving the application process of G-SEED, which is the representative green building certification adopted for sustainable architecture domestically, as not only as an evaluation tool but as a guideline for sustainable architectural design. In order to do so, in-depth interviews of architects and analysis of the assessment content for architectures which received certification were conducted to identify the practical issues in the application of G-SEED to office buildings. Then, analysis of international green building certifications was conducted to derive supporting basis for the improvement of G-SEED. Using the above objective and methods, the following problems and directions for improvement of the G-SEED were presented in this study. First, the process of applications of G-SEED to office buildings progresses completely independent from the overall design process. Due to this, the certification criteria is being applied in fragments in order to obtain points for the certification criteria regardless of the objective and characteristic pursued by the project. Consequently, application of the certification criteria is being assessed in the final design phase, which has led to limited design application, unreasonable design modifications, and construction expense increases. In order to improve such problems, design charrettes for each design phase were adopted to allow the integrated approach by all experts and parties concerned from a holistic perspective of the project. Second, commissioning, which was reduced in the domestic certification criteria, was made to conduct evaluations appropriate to the essential objective so that the effective operation of the architecture can be guaranteed through the verification and adjustment of the design, construction, and operation phases. Lastly, The certification criteria was subdivided to allow the sequential design to proceed according to the individual design strategies along with the implementation and expansion of the certification criteria for the realization of an integrated design process. This is expected to supplement the limitation of G-SEED which only presents the final assessment criteria and induce the effective application of the certification criteria by the architects.

The purpose of this paper is to have comprehensive understanding on how the concept of 'flexibility' is interpreted and practiced during 20th century. This approach is based on the premise that each architect took different attitude toward the concept of 'flexibility' according to their historic situation and cultural background. The first half of this paper explores the historic and cultural differences of whom thought the flexibility as important theme in their housing projects (since 1920 till recent times). The second half finds the typological differences and similarities of the projects, to categorizes into seven types. Over the past century several efforts have been attempted to improve housing flexibility as a strategy for the activation of the housing industry in times of war or crisis. 1920s Germany is characterized by strong socialistic hue, and 1940s the United States by private entrepreneurs' commerciality. But everyone was looking for what is sure to be commercialized in accordance with the purpose of suppliers to activate the housing industry. From a small part of the channels, panels, and to the whole house, the extent of commercialization was searched. Since the 1970s in Europe, Structuralist architects have criticized the producer oriented point of view of the previous generation. And they developed methodologies to leave the decision right to the residents. The margin appeared as an buffer area to accommodate various changes in function or in plan shapes. The margin was an introvert small area, but in 1980s it started to accommodate various functions, or as a means to control territorial changes it became extrovert.

This study, initiated with the concerns of Odlenburg's 'the third place', aims to increase the understandings about the characteristics and roles of it, while analysing empirical data. A field study, as a research method, was utilized at the cafe SE located in a small college town. Specifically, the field study was conducted while interviewing with staff, consulting online reviews, and using participatory observation. The cafe SE was visited for 46 days, and observed 123 times with observation time-frames of morning, afternoon, evening, and night. The observation results, including table share of SE and patterns of use-behavior, were recorded on the plan of cafe, previously drawn. The research found that the cafe SE, as a 'third place,' shows the mobility of territory share and mixed behavior patterns between 'work behavior' and 'non-work behavior,' depending on the day of week(on weekdays or on weekends) and observation time slots(morning, afternoon, evening, and night). The research results can be a reference point for creating cafe as 'the third place' as well as functional space.

Residential equipments are the necessary items for a particular purpose in a housing unit. They make effective use of the construction cost and play an important role in enhancing the satisfaction of the residents. The purpose of this study is to analyze how many residents use residential equipments in their home and feel satisfaction by using them. The binary logit model approach was used to examine the determinants of utilization and satisfaction of residential equipments. This is accomplished by direct survey on apartment residents nearby the capital for three weeks, in August, 2014 and analyzed 584 valid questionnaires. The analysis results are listed below: first, gender, age, occupation type, home ownership, housing sizes would largely influence the usage of the residential equipments. Second, utilization of each equipment, residents' characteristics, housing characteristics are the important factors which affect residents' satisfaction. The paper shows the benefit side the needs of the men and women resident are reflected in a balanced way for the installation of residential equipments; usage instructions for all ages to be easy to use are provided and remove an awkward things. In addition, it is needed to change the installation methods and types of equipments depending on the size and ownership of housing.

The Student Performance Criteria (SPC) influences directly to the content of school's curriculum for professional architectural programs, and also serves as evaluating tool of student works. The SPC must maintain a careful balance between the role as a criteria for concrete evaluation of various student performances and also it must allow qualitative and liberal evaluation for school's creative effort. According to the SPC survey result by the site visit team members of the KAAB, the current SPC seemed ambiguous as a criteria for evaluation and as a guideline for curricular contents. The study found that the ambiguity in SPC stems from being simply too abstract, inclusion of too much contents, and written in confusion with variety of knowledge fields. The study also identified areas of needed improvements and new approaches for amendment. Also the survey revealed that current educational needs and actual circumstances at schools ought to be considered for revising SPC. The study concludes that the SPC must set its fundamental goal much clearer at promoting performance-based comprehensive knowledge with problem solving skills, rather than identifying and listing of knowledge components, and it is crucial for all of us to agree on its goal.

The purpose of this research is to construct a classification system of biological information so that it can be applied to biomimicry architectural research. It is both uneconomical and time consuming for architectural researchers to spend time searching and studying principles of organisms. In this study, we suggested a classification system which includes biological information and can be used as a guide for architectural researchers attempting to research biomimicry architecture. Basic principles were extracted from architectural planning elements and biological information. Architectural experts matched biological principles to relevant architectural principles. Based on the architectural and biological principle correspondence table, group analysis was conducted. Biological principles were classified into 6 parts: air, structure/material, habitat, water/circulation, shape, and energy. This classification of biological principles corresponds to 6 architectural principles: ventilation, natural material, insulation, water resource, awning, and lighting/solar heat. According to the results of this research, specific classification groups may appear as biometric information increase through further research.

Recently, a lot of countries have obliged to use BIM in the AEC Industry. The BIM has been introduced and applied in the many public organizations such as MOLIT(Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport), PPS(Public Procurement Service), LH, EX(Korean Expressway Corporation) to catch up with the fast-developing BIM in the world. For instance, the PPS implemented a testbed for verifying and comparing BIM-based real project. However, it has been delayed to activate BIM, because a lot of construction companies have negative views. In order to solve this problem, KAIA(Korea Agency for Infrastructure Technology Advancement) has done various R&D business. Furthermore, they hope to accomplish BIM based construction environment. The purpose of this study is to develop an Auto-lingage S/W of structural analysis documents and to define direction for BIM based Design Document Extraction. It study shows its effectiveness by applying the result to some business. This research will help to improve quality of architectural design and efficiency of construction tasks.

This paper deals with Louis I. Kahn's notion of order with regard to atypical spatial arrangements in Dominican Congregation Motherhouse, 1966-68. First, the development of the notion of order is discussed. Then, geometric order and spatial arrangement applied in his projects between 1950 and 1969 are surveyed. Finally, Dominican Congregation Motherhouse is analyzed with regard to its architectural characteristics. Four parts that include geometric unit's 'disposition', 'shape and size', 'angle', 'connection' are categorized for the analysis. Through the analysis, it intends to expose underlying principles of spatial organization embedded in the project.

This study started from the question how people experience and consume the region, Seochon. To measure people's experience, 38,297 blogs were collected and analyzed. The study was conducted on the premise that frequency of the keywords in texts could explain cultural context. By analyzing keywords' frequency and semantic network, some conclusions were drawn as followings. First, diversity of the expression about people's experience was diminished and their behavior has become similar. Second, Seochon became a daily life's stage on which visitors' major behaviors are about drinking coffee in the cafe, eating tasty food, looking around the shops and visiting Tong-In market. Third, some contents like exhibition or market preceded in the process of region's change. Fourth, 'Hanok' in the Seochon is no more a major contents. Visitors recognize it as a material component that can set up a mood of the restaurant or the cafe.

The office building is one of the most structures along with the residential facility, and a representative space where many people spend long hours. So there needs space to guarantee individual privacy and relaxation as much as people spend long hours. Particularly, the toilet should play that role. The setting about the number of toilet stools and urinals is a very important matter to play its role. In the modern architecture, the toilet's facilities have been developing but the problem on establishing their number has not any great improvement, and even though plumbing equipment plan and design, building usage and users' characteristics must be considered, the toilet has been only considered to be part of a construction plan. Accordingly, this study analyzed the actual use conditions and characteristics of the toilet on office buildings where many people use and people stay for long hours, and it aims at providing basic data for calculating a number of appropriate sanitary fixture and an improvement direction.

The purpose of this study is to present a space organization of children's favorite place in the children's library by interpreting the children's library as a kind of children's play space. Children's favorite place in the children's Library has a high user density. In addition, it is an easy place to takes place reading and the play by book or play itself. Research methode is to analyze the space and its spatial characteristics that has high user's density and lead to play by investigating users' number, user's density, user's behaviour at the library of the miracle in Suncheon, Jeongeup, Jinhae, Gimhae, Seogwipo, Jeju designed by Guyon Chung. Highly used place in the children's library is the reading room. In particular, space with the highest user's density was classified as shelf space, unusual space, enclosed space and high space. Unusual space, enclosed space and high space have higher user's density than the shelf space more than twice and lead to much more play behavior. These space were interpreted as children's favorite space and which causes a play at the same time.

In commercial spaces, the outcomes from acquisition of visual information by customers may be related to their consuming activities. If the time they spend paying attention to certain stimuli can be measured to be applied to space designing or displaying, it can be very helpful to aggressive commercial activities. Since the visual-perception responses to certain images in a commercial space is very immediate, the visual attention needs to be measured so that the customers' visual experiences may be measured objectively. The spatial features are very closely related to observation, and accordingly this study has taken the research objects of spaces in department stores and employed eye-tracking so that the difference among observation intensities shown at observation features can be found out. The followings are the summarized analysis results. First, the observation intensity has been suggested as a frame for a relative comparison of where the subjects observed with intensive interest, through which it was possible to effectively analyze the observation features by design depending on the change to observation time. Second, while there was not a big difference of predominant numbers at Image A in the analysis by space pattern, Image B showed a higher predominant frequency at the left shops, which reason seems to be that the difference of spaces by department store made the attention to the left shops more intensive. Third, the number of ignorance intensity by eyed section has been extracted to suggest the reason for which sections the subjects to concretely ignored, which has been interpreted as the relative conception of dominant intensity so that the observation dominance and the ignorance can be linked to concrete space factors for analysis. Fourth, the analysis of observation intensity by section has revealed that the various compositions as in the image B lead to the observation intensity with higher composition. The various space configurations as at the image A was very helpful to attract intensive observation to the mid-space constructed by architecture.

The purpose of this study is to organize the regional characteristic of bakat-chae (outer quarters) in Two-main acces's matgopae-jib (facing bent house), built before the year of 1945 in northern Kyong-gi province. Land is usually the location of the door depends on the terms of the private house and the overall defense deployment types tend to be greatly affected. Especially in the northern Kyong-gi province in matgopae-jib access a variety of ways to accommodate the user's movements are selectively identified and determined to be a number of cases. Among Two-doorway housing types, such as a unique entry in the Gyeonggi Province confirmed only a few types of attention. Thus, the change and development of the relationship Peasant Housing with Two-doorway housing should be studied together. This study is located in northern Kyong-gi province Two-doorway housing to find out the spatial properties of the Peasant Housing and analyzed in relation to its value. In addition, through this study, the presence of traditional architectural Peasant Housing may be worth a review as an opportunity to take advantage of look forward.

The purpose of this study is to analyze the architecture of Wang Shu on the basis of the discourse of the picturesque in architecture. This study will focus on the influence of Chinese picturesque aesthetics to Wang Shu's architectural design, discuss the relationship between nature, space, and building materials. Through analyzing Wang Shu's architecture, this paper will reveal the connection between his architecture and the concept of nature, environmental aesthetics, and environmental ethics, and state that his architecture means more than a success of Chinese architecture, but also the important impact toward the enhancement of architectural culture in worldwide. His design works range from small houses to big schools, and reveal the picturesque aspects of natural and architectural environment. Its features are, the assimilation of architecture into nature, the expression of prosaic life and traditional materials, and the transformation of traditional painting into 3-dimensional space.

The purpose of this study is to understand the reorganization process and its architectural characteristics of main spaces in Changdeokgung palace from 1907 to 1910. The main areas in Changdeokgung palace were maintained and repaired in 1907, but Injeongjeon area was changed in Japanese modern style from 1908 to 1910. Through the changes of royal architectural bureau in Gungnaebu, Japanese architectural engineers planned and recreated the space organization, the architectural structure and the architectural design in the new royal palace-Changdeokgung like Meiji palace which was created in Japanese-Western eclectic style.

Japanese housing supply rate reaching over hundred percent, accordingly, residential development issues for the private developers have changed from the profit-oriented to providing management and services with the awareness of social responsibility. This study investigates the neighborhood management projects by the private developers in Japan to suggest a sustainable management model for the residential development focusing on the roles and responsibilities of developers. Housing policies and planning issues are reviewed and analyzed based on the residential development projects in Japan. Based on the increase trend of social responsibility of the developers, the characteristics of management practices are examined in five case studies regarding the residential areas managed continuously by developers after the sales. By conducting field visits and in-depth interview with practitioners, the issues of management are classified into five categories: Landscape Management; Community Development; Change of Generation; Convenient Lifestyle; and Crime or Disaster Prevention. The study suggests the essential management plans for each phase of residential development: formation, growth, and maturation. Finally, the importance of sustainable neighborhood management is highlighted to create sustainable profits and to maintain the quality of the residential environment in the era of aging and shrinking society.

The purpose of this study is to compare two building energy simulation programs'(EnergyPlus and eQuest) heating/cooling load, and to find the differences by analyzing algorithm, input method and default input parameters based on the ASHRAE Standard 140-Case600. EnergyPlus calculates the inside surface temperatures by solving the heat balance, but eQuest assumes that the inside surface temperature of a thermal zone is equal to the zone air temperature. This result in zone air temperature difference( average) is due to occurred load differences. Change of U-value of vertical surface causes as 7~8 % of the heating load difference and 25~26 % of the cooling load difference. The result of changed SHGC is similar. But the result from infiltration shows a little different tendency(The heating load differences decrease from 7 % to -16 % and cooling load differences increase from -26 % to -19 %). All of these differences are caused by algorithm discrepancies of convection coefficients, actual air change rate and solar transmittance.

In this study, the usage status and satisfaction of the ventilation system installed in apartment houses of Seoul were investigated for 200 households. The summary of that study result is shown as follows: In the survey, approximately more than 20% of the residents in apartment houses were not aware of the installation of the ventilation system. Meanwhile, even in the residents who were aware that the ventilation system is installed, approximately more than 35% answered that they were not using it at all. The reason was their ignorance about how to use the ventilation system. Also, it showed that approximately more than 75% of the residents didn't perform maintenance of the ventilation system such as cleaning, etc. Besides, in order to enhance the ventilation system in apartment houses, preparation of manuals about usage, and cleaning method (37.58%), and publicity and instruction on the ventilation system in moving in (29.3%) are necessary. On the analysis of satisfaction on the ventilation system, age, gender, period of residence, and number of residence were found to be irrelevant to the characteristics of the respondents. Also, the respondents answered that the difference in each ventilation system such as ceiling & floor type was irrelevant to the satisfaction. For the ventilation system improvement criteria, maintenance (filtering and cleaning, 46.88%) and cleanliness (21.88%) were found to be priority.