The Golgi apparatus, also known as the Golgi complex, Golgi body, or simply the Golgi, is an organelle found in most eukaryotic cells.[1] It was identified in 1897 by the Italian physician Camillo Golgi and named after him in 1898.[2] Part of the cellular endomembrane system, the Golgi apparatus packages proteins inside the cell before they are sent to their destination; it is particularly important in the processing of proteins for secretion. Structure

Found within the cytoplasm of both plant and animal cells, the Golgi is composed of stacks of membrane-bound structures known as cisternae (singular: cisterna). An individual stack is sometimes called a dictyosome (from Greek dictyon: net + soma: body),[4] especially in plant cells.[5] A mammalian cell typically contains 40 to 100 stacks.[6] Between four and eight cisternae are usually present in a stack; however, in some protists as many as sixty have been observed.[3] Each cisterna comprises a flat, membrane enclosed disc that includes special Golgi enzymes which modify or help to modify cargo proteins that travel through it.[7] The cisternae stack has four functional regions: the cis-Golgi network, medial-Golgi, endo-Golgi, and trans-Golgi network. Vesicles from the endoplasmic reticulum (via the vesicular-tubular clusters) fuse with the network and subsequently progress through the stack to the trans Golgi network, where they are packaged and sent to their destination. Each region contains different enzymes which selectively modify the contents depending on where they reside.[8] The cisternae also carry structural proteins important for their maintenance as flattened membranes which stack upon each other.[9] Function of a golgi body

Cells synthesize a large number of different macromolecules. The Golgi apparatus is integral in modifying, sorting, and packaging these macromolecules for cell secretion[10] (exocytosis) or use within the cell.[11] It primarily modifies proteins delivered from the rough endoplasmic reticulum but is also involved in the transport of lipids around the cell, and the creation of lysosomes.[11] In this respect it can be thought of as similar to a post office; it packages and labels items which it then sends to different parts of the cell. Enzymes within the cisternae are able to modify the proteins by addition of carbohydrates (glycosylation)[12] and phosphates (phosphorylation). In order to do so, the Golgi imports substances such as nucleotide sugars from the cytosol. These modifications may also form a signal sequence which determines the final destination of the protein. For example, the Golgi apparatus adds a mannose-6-phosphate label to proteins destined for lysosomes. The Golgi plays an important role in the synthesis of proteoglycans, which are molecules present in the extracellular matrix of animals. It is also a major site of carbohydrate synthesis.[13] This includes the production of glycosaminoglycans (GAGs), long unbranched polysaccharides which the Golgi then attaches to a protein synthesised in the endoplasmic reticulum to form proteoglycans.[14] Enzymes in the Golgi polymerize several of these GAGs via a xylose link onto the core protein. Another task of the Golgi involves the sulfation of certain molecules passing through its lumen via sulfotranferases that gain their sulfur molecule from a donor called PAPs. This process occurs on the GAGs of proteoglycans as well as on the core protein. Sulfation is generally performed in the trans-Golgi network. The level of sulfation is very important to the proteoglycans' signalling abilities as well as giving the proteoglycan its overall negative charge.[13] The phosphorylation of molecules requires that ATP is imported into the lumen of the Golgi[15] and utilised by resident kinases such as casein kinase 1 and casein kinase 2. One molecule that is phosphorylated in the Golgi is Apolipoprotein, which forms a molecule known as VLDL that is a constituent of blood serum. It is thought that...

YOU MAY ALSO FIND THESE DOCUMENTS HELPFUL

...Biology Assignment: GolgiApparatus
Contents
• Introduction to GolgiApparatus.
• Importance of GolgiApparatus in Cell.
• Techniques involved in study of GolgiApparatus.
• Diseases Related to GolgiApparatus.
• Economical Relevance of GolgiApparatus.
• Treatment of the diseases related to GolgiApparatus.
Introduction to GolgiApparatus
• Discovered by “Camillo Golgi” in 1898
during investigation of nervous system.
• Works as an independent organelle.
• Golgiapparatus is present in eukaryotic cells
as one or more groups of flattened,
membrane-bounded compartments or
sacs.
• Golgiapparatus is responsible for the
processing and packaging
of protein and lipids.
• The cisternae stack has four functional
regions: the cis-Golgi network ,medal-Golgi,
endo-golgi, and trans-Golgi network. Vesicles
from the endoplasmic reticulum.
Location of GolgiApparatus in cell.
Working of GolgiApparatus.
Techniques used to study
the GolgiApparatus.
• Cell Staining: Fluorescent Labelling of the
Golgi...

...The Golgi complex's structure is made up of many flattened membranes sacs that are surrounded by tubules or vesicles. These are called the
cisternae. The golgi complex accepts vesicles from the endoplasmic
reticulum and modifies them for usage in the cell. The golgi complex is
used to distribute materials which help form the cell membranes. They also assemble the membranous material by producing glycolipids and
glycoproteins. Thegolgi complexes also hand their vesicles materials for secretion. The golgi complex could not do its job without the help of vesicles. Vesicles bring and send the organelle its materials.
Attributes:
§ 1.0 µm in diameter
§ Flattened sacks
§ Takes materials from the Endoplasmic Reticulum
Functions:
§ Packages materials
§ Readies products for export from the cell
§ These products are then transferred
to other organelles or out of the cell
Description:
Want me an example?
Have you ever made a sandwich for lunch and sealed it inside a plastic bag? That's what happens inside the Golgi complex. Important materials that the cell needs to grow and repair itself are packaged in the membrane material made inside the Golgi complex and then shipped to the parts of the cell where they are needed.
The Golgi Complex (or GolgiApparatus, or Golgi Body) is a cytoplasmic structure...

...﻿The Golgiapparatus
By: Diana Dolen & Amy Wilson
10/29/2013
Today, we shall be discussing with you the Golgiapparatus and its functions. In 1897 an Italian biologist named Camillo Golgi first discovered the Golgiapparatus while investigating the nervous system. It was one of the first organelles to be discovered and observed in detail. Camillo first observed the Golgi under his microscope and termed the structure the “internal reticular apparatus.” There were many people who did not believe that Camillo had made this discovery, just dismissing it as dust on his lenses or merely an optical illusion. It wasn’t until years later when an electron microscope showed the images of the Golgi, just as Camillo had drawn them when he first observed them. The Golgiapparatus is a stack of half a dozen or so flattened, membranous sacs called cisternae. It basically looks like a stack of pancakes.
The main function of the Golgi is to process, package, and deliver macromolecules, such as proteins and lipids. These macromolecules are sent to the Golgi after being built in the ER, which is the Endoplasmic reticulum, enclosed in tiny vesicles composed of membranes from the ER, so it can inspect them for flaws and discard any extra materials added during their manufacture, wraps...

...Histology and endocrinological function of the Juxtaglomerular apparatus
Abbreviations used: DCT- Distal convoluted tubule, JGA-Juxtaglomerular apparatus, MD-Macula Densa, TGF-tubular glomerular feedback, NO-Nitric Oxide, NOS-Nitric Oxide Synthase
The nephron, the functional unit of the kidney, is made of 2 parts: the renal corpuscle and the renal tubule. The renal corpuscle is composed of the glomerulus and Bowman’s capsule while the renal tubule extends from the Bowman’s capsule to the collecting duct.
The glomerulus is a globular network of capillaries surrounded by Bowman’s capsule. Filtration occurs under pressure through the fenestrations in the capillary wall and through gaps between the podocytes of the Bowman’s capsule into the Bowman’s space. The filtrate passes into the proximal convoluted tubule which is the longest and most convoluted part of the renal tubule where 65% of ions and water is reabsorbed. Next the filtrate travels through the loop of Henle which is surrounded by the vasa recta capillaries. Here further absorption of NaCl occurs by the counter-current multiplier system (Young et al, 2006).
The last part of the DCT passes close to the afferent artery at the vascular pole of the same Bowman’s capsule before joining the collecting duct. Together with the afferent and efferent arterioles, and the extraglomerular mesangium cells, it forms the juxtaglomerular apparatus that is involved in the...

...Fire 6 Research Paper
There are many types of fire-fighting apparatus’ that are in use today and my research is not going to be limited on one particular type of engine but will include a vast majority of engines and their uses. To begin to understand fire apparatus, one must define the term engines or apparatus, which are what most fire departments, call the basic vehicle in this region of the country. But just about anywhere you can find a department where these kinds of apparatus are sometimes referred to as pumpers. Most of the time they can generically be referred to as “triple capacity” apparatus. This is because they can do three jobs. They can pump, transport personnel, and carry hose. It is possible to have a single function vehicle. For example, New York has had vehicles with giant pumps mounted on them. It can pump tens of thousands of gallons a minute. But that is all it can do. A separate vehicle, called a “Hose tender”, must be dispatched with the pump vehicle. It is also possible to have apparatus that can perform four or five major functions. These are called "Quads" or "Quints". Engines can also be classified as "Type I", Type II" or "Type III". This classification refers to the size of pumps and uses.
Quints, as the name implies are vehicles that carry out five functions. The two most notabe are that of pump and aerial device on one vehicle. Many city managers think...

...The song I chose is ‘Your Guardian Angel’ by The Red Jumpsuit Apparatus. I like is song because it always reminds me that I have a guardian angel looking down on me or is always by my side. This song also reminds me of the people I lost in my life and it’s telling me that they are always with me.
‘When I see your smile tears roll down my face I can’t replace’. I will always remember the fun times we had. When I look at the old photos of us smiling and laughing it just brings more tears to my eyes. They are forever in my heart and they will never be replace because they were just a very big part of my life.
‘I will never let you fall I’ll stand up for you forever’. They were always there to catch me before I fall and they were always there to stand up for me. Now that their gone I have to learn to catch myself and to stand up for myself. I want to show them that even though they are gone. Am still doing the things they want me to do in life.
‘Season are changing and waves are crushing’ reminds of the time we would sit around and look at old picture of the season changing in the state of my grandparent’s vacation. When waves are crushing bring back some much memory of those camping days and how we would just lay in the sand and just listen to the wave crushing in the shoreline.
This song I can just relate to it because I have a lot of guardian angels watching over me and guiding me in the right direction. I know they want a better life for...

...given to the organelle that manufactures the components of ribosomes?
Nucleolus
Many antibiotic drugs are effective against bacteria without hurting humans because the antibiotics rely upon differences in the structure of human and bacterial ______.
Ribosomes
Where does protein synthesis take place?
On ribosomes
Information is transferred from the nucleus to ribosomes via ______.
mRNA
The endomembrane system includes ______.
Golgiapparatus, lysosomes, vacuoles, and the endoplasmic reticulum
Based on its function in detoxifying drugs, you would expect to find a large amount of smooth ER in ______ cells.
Liver
Functions of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum include ______.
Lipid synthesis, steroid synthesis, and drug detoxification
What structures move proteins from the ER to the Golgiapparatus?
Transport vesicles
Which of the following is a function of the Golgiapparatus?
Protein modification
Which of the following parts of a cell is (are) most like the shipping center of a company?
Golgiapparatus
Lysosomes are responsible for ______.
Digestion of organic matter inside the cell
If a cell's lysosomes burst, the cell would ______.
Digest itself
Tay-Sachs disease results from ______ lacking a specific type of lipid-digesting enzyme.
Lysosomes
Vacuoles are ______.
Membranous sacs
A protist...

...Abstract
This experiment is carried out to investigate the validity of
Bernoulli’s theorem
when appliedto the steady flow of water in tapered duct and to measure the flow rates and both static andtotal pressure heads in a rigid convergent/divergent tube of known geometry for a range of steady flow rates. The
Bernoulli’s theorem
(
Bernoulli’s t
heorem, 2011) relates the pressure,velocity, and elevation in a moving fluid (liquid or gas), the compressibility and viscosity(internal friction)of which are negligible and the flow of which is steady, or laminar. In order
to demonstrate the Bernoulli’s theorem
, the F1-15
Bernoulli’s Apparatus Test Equipment
isused in this experiment. The pressure difference taken is from h
1
-h
5
where the values of h
1
-h
5
are determined to be 50m, 100m and 150m respectively. The time to collect 0.003m
3
water inthe tank was measured. Lastly the flow rate, velocity, dynamic head, and total head werecalculated using the data of the results and from the data given for both convergent anddivergent flow. Based on the results taken, it has been analysed that the velocity of the fluidis increase when it flowing from a wider to narrower tube regardless the type of flow andpressure different. The velocity is increased as the pressure different is increased for bothtypes of flow. Once the velocity of fluid is increased thus the dynamic head is also increased.Then, the total head value for convergent flow is the highest...