Same corner on a busy spring day, 2005. WWE Niagara Falls and the MGM Movie Experience, pictured, are no longer operating.

Clifton Hill is one of the major tourist promenades in Niagara Falls, Ontario. The street, close to Niagara Falls and the Niagara River, leads from River Road on the Niagara Parkway to intersect with Victoria Avenue, the street contains a number of gift shops, wax museums, haunted houses, video arcades, restaurants, hotels and themed attractions. For visitors, particularly families and teenagers, it is a major amusement area and centre for night life.

Over the years, the various properties on the hill have been bought, sold and renamed frequently, the street is divided between two primary property owners: the Harry Oakes Company (HOCO) and the Niagara Clifton Group.[citation needed]

The first wax museum in Niagara Falls was the Louis Tussaud's Waxworks, which opened in 1949, it was the first of many wax museums to come. Its location on the Hill closed in September 2000 when its lease ran out, and it has since reopened just above the hill on Victoria Avenue, it is noticeably similar to Madame Tussaud's (Madame Tussaud was the great-grandmother of Louis Tussaud) due to how the figures are placed in the reach of visitors.

Another wax museum, Movieland Wax Museum of the Stars, showcases many famous celebrities from movies, music, and television, although this museum has all but a few of their figures behind glass or out of reach. At the end of the museum there is a hall of horrors and a wax hand studio. Within the past few years, the museum has relocated from what is now Wizard's Golf to a larger location close to the bottom of the hill that used to be the location of the now closed Circus World. Finally, there is also the Rock Legends Wax Museum featuring many musical (mostly rock and roll) icons from the 20th and 21st centuries, which is located near the corner of Centre St and Victoria Ave, at the top of Clifton Hill.

Each of these museums has its own interactive areas where visitors can pose with figures, appear to get electrocuted in an electric chair (this option is available at Movieland and formerly at the now-closed Criminals Hall of Fame), or have your hands sculpted with wax (Movieland). There is also a wax hand studio located in the front display room of the Ripley's Believe It or Not! Museum.

From 1977 up until late 2014, the Criminals Hall of Fame wax museum stood just above Clifton Hill on Victoria Ave. and showcased over 30 figures of famous murderers, terrorists, bandits, dictators, and fictional horror movie characters. Between late September and early October 2014 the museum closed permanently after its owner decided to retire.

Clifton Hill is home to Dinosaur Adventure Golf, Canada's largest mini-golf (70,000 sq. ft), located beside The SkyWheel, that features to-scale dinosaurs, sand pits, a river, and a 50 ft "active" volcano/waterfall. In close proximity to Dinosaur Adventure Golf is Wizards' Golf (formerly Cosmic Golf and Galaxy Golf), an indoor, 18-hole, glow in the dark mini golf course located directly next to Ripley's Believe It or Not!. There is also Wild Safari Mini Putt (formerly The Incredible Hulk Encounter) located inside Adventure City (formerly the Marvel Superhero Adventure City).

There are five haunted houses on and around Clifton Hill: The House of Frankenstein (which is located next to the Ripley's 4D Moving Theater), Dracula's Haunted Castle (located next to Brick City), and The Haunted House (near the bottom of Clifton Hill) are on Clifton Hill, while Nightmares Fear Factory is located on Victoria Avenue. An additional haunted house used to be located on Victoria Avenue, Screamers House of Horrors (which was renamed Haunted Asylum shortly before its closure in 2014), but has since been turned into a hybrid haunted house/zombie paintball shooting range known as Screaming Tunnels (named after the famously haunted tunnel of the same name located in the northwest corner of Niagara Falls).

There are three prominent video arcades on Clifton Hill, the largest video arcade on Clifton Hill is called The Great Canadian Midway.

It has hundreds of video games where players can redeem earned tickets for prizes at the ticket counter; in this arcade complex, there is a Wild West coaster and a Ghost Blasters ride where the object is to shoot lasers at ghosts. The Boston Pizza and Great Canadian Midway both are connected to the Strike! Rock and Bowl (established in 2009), a video arcade with a rock n' roll themed 10-pin bowling alley. This used to be the Sports Zone; which was an adult bar/video arcade. Across from the Great Canadian Midway is a video arcade called Adventure City, this is attached to the Rain Forest Cafe. Inside the attraction is a motion ride which is similar to Ghostblasters, a black light go-kart shooting game, a play area for kids, a putt-putt golf and video games. Adventure City used to be called Marvel Superhero Adventure City, but it lost the rights to Marvel and was forced to change its name, remove the animatronic Spider-Man and Green Goblin figures from the front entrance, and change all the Marvel themed ride names.

Also new to 2009 is a three-floor Dave & Buster's video arcade and restaurant that is located across from the Niagara Skywheel.

A fun house is located lower on the hill, next to a Ruby Tuesday restaurant. Fantasy Fudge Shop moved up the hill on the other side to their own building, right next to the Midway. A variety of gourmet fudges are offered here, on Falls Avenue, the street bordering the Falls walkways, includes a Hershey's store and a Coca-Cola store.

Through the years, the attractions on Clifton Hill have changed frequently. Brick City, a Lego associated attraction, used to be located in the building of the former Adventure Dome, an IMAX presentation (fire damage sustained in 2014 led to it moving further up the street). A new development is currently underway that will transform the space into a go kart attraction. The Great Canadian Midway used to be called Dazzleland, and was much smaller and outdoors. The Niagara SkyWheel took the place of the lobby and Golden Griddle restaurant of Quality Inn Clifton Hill. The Quality Inn was torn down within a few years of the Golden Griddle, for reasons currently unknown, the restaurant moved on to Victoria Avenue, but has new owners. The current location of the Wizard's Golf (formerly Cosmic Mini Golf and later Galaxy Golf) and the neighbouring gift shop used to be the home of the Movieland Wax Museum, until the museum relocated to the bottom of the hill for more space. Another location is farther out on Lundy's Lane. Adventure City used to be known as the Marvel Superhero Adventure City. The owners lost the ability to use Marvel logos and characters, as noted above, thus the more generic name. Most recently, WWE Niagara Falls closed at the end of March 2011, the Pile Driver ride (above the store) remained but was left unused until mid-2015 until the building was sold and became home to the Niagara Brewing Company brewery, bar, and patio. A trip to Clifton Hill does not require too much planning, because the attractions are all side to side, this area has become a major tourist attraction, mainly in the summer months, because of all the new additions added almost every year.

Throughout the years, there had always been a delicate balance between preservation of the waterway in its natural state and commercial development or access. While this area is in a constant state of change, some[who?] had viewed the recent development of tourist attractions on the Clifton Hill area as an uncharacteristic distraction from the natural serenity of the Niagara Falls region and viewed them as “cheesy.”

The land Clifton Hill now occupies was acquired by the Phillip Bender family in 1782 as part of a United Empire Loyalist land grant; in 1832 the property was purchased by British Army officer Captain Ogden Creighton, a half-pay officer who had served in the 70th and 81st Regiments and had served in the Far East. Creighton laid out streets and building lots on the land, naming the future settlement Clifton, presumably after Clifton on the gorge of the River Avon in Bristol, England. The officer built his residence, Clifton Cottage, on the edge of a high bank facing the American Falls (where the present-day Quality Inn is located).

Creighton was involved in suppressing the uprising of the Rebellion of 1837. Following a clash between William Lyon Mackenzie and an Upper Canada government militia north of Toronto, the rebel leader took his forces to Navy Island on the Niagara River to form a provisional government. In mid-January 1838 Mackenzie and his followers evacuated the island, at the time Clifton Cottage became the headquarters for a military detachment assigned to guard the border ferry. The Creighton family left the Niagara area in the early 1840s, moving to Toronto and later Brantford, Ontario. Captain Creighton died around 1850.

The street now called Clifton Hill was then Ferry Road, named due to its proximity to the rowboat transportation system that ferried people across the Niagara River between Canada and the United States prior to the completion of the Niagara Falls Suspension Bridge. Ferry Road provided access to the Niagara Gorge where the boats docked.

In 1833 the first Clifton Hotel was built at the base of the street by Harmanus Crysler. Following in 1842, financier Samuel Zimmerman created a 52-acre (210,000 m2) estate property along the south side of the road. Dubbed Clifton Place, Zimmerman planned to create many gardens, large fountains and a mansion that was to be his residence, the estate occupied the entire south side of what is now Clifton Hill, bounded by the Niagara River, Murray Hill and Ferry Road. Among the buildings constructed were four large gatehouses (the last was completed in 1856) and a $18,000 stable constructed of imported English yellow brick; in addition a fountain was created in the centre of the property.

Zimmerman was killed on March 12, 1857 in the Desjardins Canal railway accident, he only lived to see the foundation for his $175,000 "Clifton Place" mansion built. Only the fountain remains to this day, located at the northern end of Queen Victoria Park.

The Zimmerman estate was taken over by the Bank of Upper Canada, which went bankrupt in 1866, the estate was put up for sale and purchased by State Senator John T. Bush of Buffalo, New York for 25 cents on the dollar. Bush acquired Clifton House, the adjoining properties, and went on to complete the lavish Clifton Place mansion. Bush and his family lived in the building for the next 50 years, with his daughter Josephine residing there until 1927; in 1928 the Bush estate was sold to Harry Oakes of Welland Securities.

The first Clifton Hotel was destroyed by fire in 1898, and the ruins laid untouched until 1905, when the second Clifton House and Lafayette Hotel was built. Another fire broke out at the Clifton on December 31, 1932, and was again a total loss.

The 1920s saw considerable growth in the area as a tourist destination; in 1925 Howard Fox opened the Foxhead Inn on Clifton Hill at Falls Avenue. On the north side of the hill the Niagara Falls Tourist Camp was opened by Charles Burland. Earl McIntosh opened two campgrounds, the Clifton Touring Camp on the south side of the street and Clifton Camp to the north. Reinhart's Riverhurst Inn was built between the Niagara Falls Tourist Camp and the Foxhead Inn.

In the 1950s the land on the south side of the street was offered to the Government of the United States as a site for a new American Consulate however the offer was never acted upon and the land was later sold (Niagara was home to US Consul from 1899 to 1959). Two hotels still in operation today opened in the 1950s: The Park Motor Hotel and the Quality InnFallsway Hotel.

Beginning in the 1960s, Clifton Hill began to see various museums built, including the Houdini Hall Of Fame, Ripley's Believe It Or Not, Hollywood Wax Museum, House Of Frankenstein and Guinness World Records museum.

1.
Clifton Hill, Victoria
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Clifton Hill is a suburb of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia,4 km north-east of Melbournes Central Business District. Its local government area is the City of Yarra, at the 2011 Census, Clifton Hill had a population of 5,790. Described in the 1880s as the Toorak of Collingwood, Clifton Hill fell out of favour, later becoming a centre of Melbournes bohemianism, the suburb has undergone rapid gentrification in recent years, and is now considered one of Melbournes most liveable suburbs. Clifton Hill is located adjacent to Fitzroy North, with which it shares the same postcode. The border between Clifton Hill and Fitzroy North is Queens Parade and Smith Street, merri Creek defines the eastern border of Clifton Hill. In the mid-1850s, East Collingwood was known as an unsanitary flood-prone polluted flat and it was Melbournes multi-problem suburb, described as An ideal case study in the origins of pollution. The residents were soon wading in own muck, Collingwood became a cesspool for refuse. The area was akin to a swamp and the few who ventured forth were looked upon after their return as people who had performed a somewhat perilous journey, within a few months, the East Collingwood Local Committee sought permission for East Collingwood to annex what is now Clifton Hill. East Collingwood was successful in its acquisition of Clifton Hill, and this formed the City of Collingwood, which remained essentially intact until it was amalgamated, along with the City of Fitzroy and the City of Richmond, into the City of Yarra in 1994. While much of Richmond, Fitzroy and Collingwood had been out by speculators anxious to increase profits. Under his supervision, suburban planning employed the system used by Robert Hoddle. The North, South, ‘flat’ and ‘slope’ of the municipality disputed issues that were all seen to one faction to the detriment of another. A large drain, known as the Reilly Street drain, was constructed to drain the Crown land in Clifton Hill, however, this scheme failed when the drain overflowed onto the Collingwood Flat in the first winter after it was constructed. The Reilly Street drain became notorious and continued to be a hazard as occasionally someone fell in and was drowned. In 1862, a petition from the Municipal District of East Collingwood was presented to the Legislative Assembly citing the work of the local Vigilance Committee towards improving Clifton Hill. Often, these reserves also served as grazing areas when not used for recreational activities. It was at time that the land that would become the Darling Gardens was reserved. The land in Clifton Hill began to be sold in 1864, between, it was reported, the progress

Clifton Hill, Victoria
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Aerial view of Clifton Hill looking north to Queens Parade and Merri Creek. Hoddle Highway is the main road on the left and Darling Gardens is far left.
Clifton Hill, Victoria
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Clifton Hill Shot Tower

2.
Wikivoyage
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Wikivoyage is a free web-based travel guide for travel destinations and travel topics written by volunteer authors. It is a project of Wikipedia and supported and hosted by the same non-profit Wikimedia Foundation. Wikivoyage has been called the Wikipedia of travel guides, the resulting site went live as Wikivoyage on December 10,2006 and was owned and operated by a German association set up for that purpose, Wikivoyage e. V. Content was published under the copyleft license Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike, in 2012, following a lengthy history of dissatisfaction with their existing host, the English-language version community of Wikitravel also decided as a community to fork their project. Using a wiki model, Wikivoyage is built through collaboration of Wikivoyagers from around the globe, articles can cover different levels of geographic specificity, from continents to districts of a city. These are logically connected in a hierarchy, by specifying that the location covered in one article is within the location described by another. The project also includes articles on travel-related topics, phrasebooks for travelers, Wikivoyage is a multilingual project available in nine languages, with each language-specific project developed independently. While now a Wikimedia project, it was begun independently, Wikivoyage content is broadly categorized as, destinations, itineraries, phrasebooks, and travel topics. Geographical units within the hierarchy may be described in articles, based on the criterion. Itineraries may cross geographical regions, but usually have a well-defined path, a phrasebook includes, An overview of the language, giving a brief history, scope, alphabet or symbol set, and any other general info on the language. A pronunciation guide, with a description of each symbol in the language. Each entry in the phrase list includes the word or phrase being translated, the spelling in the local language symbol set as it would be written down. Wikivoyage uses the free MediaWiki software to allow internet-based editing without requiring registration, quality assurance occurs in the same way as on Wikipedia, through reciprocal control by editors. The use of the software is intended to facilitate familiarization with Wikivoyage. Wikivoyage uses the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike license, but not the GNU free documentation license and this is intended to facilitate the production of printed guides from a legal point of view. Media files are intended to be published either in the domain or under multiple licenses. The information is built up in a structured way than usual for encyclopaedias. In the German-language version, different name spaces are used to different topics

3.
Niagara Falls, Ontario
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Niagara Falls is a city in Ontario, Canada. It is located on the bank of the Niagara River in the Golden Horseshoe region of Southern Ontario. The municipality was incorporated on 12 June 1903, across the Niagara River is Niagara Falls, New York. The city is dominated by the Niagara Falls, a set of three large waterfalls on the Niagara River. The American and Horseshoe falls can be best seen from the Canadian side of the river, the natural spectacle attracts millions of tourists yearly. This area, which stretches along the Niagara Parkway and tourist promenade, is concentrated at the brink of the falls. Further to the north or south, golf courses are operated alongside historic sites from the War of 1812 and this area was long part of the Iroquois Confederacy territory, five powerful First Nations mostly along the southern edge of the Great Lakes. The Niagara Falls area has had some European settlement since the 17th century, louis Hennepin, a French priest and missionary, is regarded as the first European to visit the area in the 1670s. French colonists settled mostly in Lower Canada, beginning near the Atlantic, loyalist Robert Land received 200 acres and was one of the first people of European descent to settle in the Niagara Region. He moved to nearby Hamilton three years due to the relentless noise of falls. Tourism started in the early 19th century and has been a part of the local economy since that time. The falls became known as a wonder, in part to their being featured in paintings by prominent American artists of the 19th century such as Albert Bierstadt. Such works were reproduced as lithographs, becoming widely distributed, in addition, Niagara Falls markets itself as a honeymoon destination, it is the self-proclaimed honeymoon capital of the world. In 1856, the Town of Clifton was incorporated, the name of the town was changed to Niagara Falls in 1881. In 1882, the community of Drummondville was incorporated as the village of Niagara Falls, the village was referred to as Niagara Falls South to differentiate it from the town. In 1904, the town and village amalgamated to form the City of Niagara Falls, in 1882, Irish author Oscar Wilde visited Niagara Falls after lecturing in Buffalo during a lecture tour of North America. He stayed at the Prospect House in Niagara Falls, New York, an Internment camp was set up at The Armoury in Niagara Falls from December 1914 to August 1918. In 1953, the American actress Marilyn Monroe filmed Niagara here and this was a major event for the city

Niagara Falls, Ontario
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Skyline of Niagara Falls, Ontario
Niagara Falls, Ontario
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Skyline of Niagara Falls, Canada, as seen from Niagara Falls State Park across the river in the United States
Niagara Falls, Ontario
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Looking north on the Niagara River towards Niagara Falls, Ontario
Niagara Falls, Ontario
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Niagara Falls, Ontario. The Fallsview area is in the background.

4.
Niagara Falls
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They form the southern end of the Niagara Gorge. From largest to smallest, the three waterfalls are the Horseshoe Falls, the American Falls and the Bridal Veil Falls, the Horseshoe Falls lies on the border of the United States and Canada with the American Falls entirely on the American side, separated by Goat Island. The smaller Bridal Veil Falls are also on the American side, the international boundary line was originally drawn through Horseshoe Falls in 1819, but the boundary has long been in dispute due to natural erosion and construction. Located on the Niagara River, which drains Lake Erie into Lake Ontario, Horseshoe Falls is the most powerful waterfall in North America, as measured by vertical height and flow rate. The falls are 17 miles north-northwest of Buffalo, New York, while not exceptionally high, the Niagara Falls are very wide. More than six cubic feet of water falls over the crest line every minute in high flow. The Niagara Falls are famed both for their beauty and as a source of hydroelectric power. Balancing recreational, commercial, and industrial uses has been a challenge for the stewards of the falls since the 19th century. The Horseshoe Falls drop about 188 feet, while the height of the American Falls varies between 70 and 100 feet because of the presence of giant boulders at its base. The larger Horseshoe Falls are about 2,600 feet wide, the distance between the American extremity of the Niagara Falls and the Canadian extremity is 3,409 feet. The volume of water approaching the falls during peak season may sometimes be as much as 225,000 cubic feet per second. The average annual rate is 85,000 cubic feet per second. Since the flow is a function of the Lake Erie water elevation. This is accomplished by employing a weir – the International Control Dam – with movable gates upstream from the Horseshoe Falls. The falls flow is further halved at night, and, during the low tourist season in the winter, water diversion is regulated by the 1950 Niagara Treaty and is administered by the International Niagara Board of Control. The current rate of erosion is approximately 1 foot per year and it is estimated that 50,000 years from now, even at this reduced rate of erosion, the remaining 20 miles to Lake Erie will have been undermined and the falls will cease to exist. The features that became Niagara Falls were created by the Wisconsin glaciation about 10,000 years ago, the same forces also created the North American Great Lakes and the Niagara River. All were dug by an ice sheet that drove through the area, deepening some river channels to form lakes

5.
Niagara River
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The Niagara River is a river that flows north from Lake Erie to Lake Ontario. It forms part of the border between the province of Ontario in Canada and the state of New York in the United States, there are differing theories as to the origin of the rivers name. According to George R. Stewart, it comes from the name of an Iroquois town called Ongniaahra, the river, which is occasionally described as a strait, is about 58 kilometres long and includes Niagara Falls in its course. The falls have moved approximately 11 kilometres upstream from the Niagara Escarpment in the last 12,000 years, today, the diversion of the river for electrical generation has significantly reduced the rate of erosion. Power plants on the river include the Sir Adam Beck Hydroelectric Power Stations on the Canadian side, together, they generate 4.4 gigawatts of electricity. The International Control Works, built in 1954, regulates the river flow, ships on the Great Lakes use the Welland Canal, part of the Saint Lawrence Seaway, on the Canadian side of the river, to bypass Niagara Falls. The total drop in elevation along the river is 99 metres, the Niagara Gorge extends downstream from the Falls and includes the Niagara Whirlpool and another section of rapids. The Niagara River also features two large islands and numerous smaller islands, grand Island and Navy Island, the two largest islands, are on the American and Canadian sides of the river, respectively. Goat Island and the tiny Luna Island split Niagara Falls into its three sections, the Horseshoe Falls, Bridal Veil Falls, and American Falls, unity Island lies further upstream, alongside the city of Buffalo. The Niagara River and its tributaries, Tonawanda Creek and the Welland River, formed part of the last section of the Erie Canal, after leaving Lockport, New York, the Erie Canal proceeds southwest until it enters Tonawanda Creek. The Welland Canals used the Welland River as a connection to the Niagara River south of the falls, allowing traffic to safely re-enter the Niagara River. The Niagara River and Falls have been known outside of North America since the late 17th century, when Father Louis Hennepin and he wrote about his travels in A New Discovery of a Vast Country in America. The Niagara River was the site of the earliest recorded railway in America and it was an inclined wooden tramway built by John Montresor, a British military engineer, in 1764. Called The Cradles and The Old Lewiston Incline, it featured loaded carts pulled up wooden rails by rope and it facilitated the movement of goods over the Niagara Escarpment in present-day Lewiston, New York. Several battles occurred along the Niagara River, which was defended by Fort George and Fort Niagara at the mouth of the river. These forts were important during the French and Indian War and the American Revolutionary War, the Battle of Queenston Heights took place near the river in the War of 1812. The river was an important route to liberation before the American Civil War, the Freedom Crossing Monument stands on the bank of the river in Lewiston to commemorate the courage of the escaping slaves and the local volunteers who helped them secretly cross the river. In the 1880s, the Niagara River became the first waterway in North America harnessed for large-scale generation of hydroelectricity

Niagara River
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Satellite image of the Niagara River. Flowing from Lake Erie in the south (bottom of image) to Lake Ontario in the north, the river passes around Grand Island before going over Niagara Falls, after which it narrows in the Niagara Gorge. Two hydropower reservoirs are visible just before the river widens after exiting the gorge. The Welland Canal is visible on the far left side of this image. (Source: NASA Visible Earth)
Niagara River
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The American Falls with Goat Island to its right.
Niagara River
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Queenston, Ontario, then known as Queenstown, Upper Canada, in a c. 1805 watercolour by army surgeon Edward Walsh. The Niagara River is clearly visible.
Niagara River
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The Spanish Aero Car crossing the Niagara Whirlpool

6.
Comfort Inn
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Choice Hotels International, Inc. is an American hospitality holding corporation based in Rockville, Maryland, in the United States. The company manages 6,379 properties worldwide, there are 505,278 rooms, with approximately $45.80 in revenue per room, totaling $758 million in revenue as of April 2016. The company was started in 1939 as Quality Courts, a chain consisting of seven motel owners in the South. It published the names of all properties complying with its standards, in 1941, the group incorporated as Quality Courts United. Later, the chain operated under the name Quality Motels. Quality Courts United accepted franchise hotels without strict norms or guidelines from the company and this is different from Holiday Inn which from its beginning implemented numerous mandatory standards and guidelines at every one of its locations. Also, Quality Inn accepted franchisees with existing hotels, during its early years, Quality Courts operations were entirely in areas of the United States east of the Mississippi River and portions of Canada. From 1946 to 1964, Quality had a partnership with Best Western, whose properties were located mostly west of the Mississippi River. It was abandoned in 1964 as Best Western expanded into the eastern U. S. with its Best Eastern operation, Quality Courts began its efforts toward national coverage in 1966 when it opened a motel in St. Louis, Missouri and two in Texas in Houston and Arlington. The company became Quality International as the company switched to franchising in 1972, a few years later, the franchising well on its way, about 300 hotels were independently owned and only about 38 were still company-owned. In 1982, Quality Inns began segmentation by introducing Comfort Inns, Quality Royale was converted to Clarion Hotels in 1987. It represented a line of hotels that offer travelers a variety of hotel styles and locations. Clarion provides a spectrum of services - including full-service restaurants, lounges, room service. Clarions boutique line, Clarion Collection, is an extension of the brand, Ascend Collection is designed for high-end boutique and historic hotels that have an established local identity. Two all-suite divisions, Comfort Suites and Quality Suites, were introduced as the first mid-market, the original Quality Inn brand competes with Holiday Inn, Best Western, and Ramada. Many former Holiday Inns were refranchised as Quality Inns during the 1990s and 2000s, conversely, Quality eliminated more than half of its original locations. In 1989, the company introduced McSleep, an economy brand utilizing a consistent interior corridor design prototype and all-new construction, the name was soon changed to Sleep Inn after litigation from McDonalds. Sleep Inn and Sleep Inn and Suites are low to mid-priced, since then,320 locations have opened

7.
Guinness World Records
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The book itself holds a world record, as the best-selling copyrighted book of all time. As of the 2017 edition, it is now in its 63rd year of publication, the international franchise has extended beyond print to include television series and museums. On 10 November 1951, Sir Hugh Beaver, then the director of the Guinness Breweries, went on a shooting party in the North Slob, by the River Slaney in County Wexford. After missing a shot at a golden plover, he involved in an argument over which was the fastest game bird in Europe. That evening at Castlebridge House, he realised that it was impossible to confirm in reference books whether or not the golden plover was Europes fastest game bird. Beaver knew that there must be numerous other questions debated nightly in pubs throughout Ireland and abroad and he realised then that a book supplying the answers to this sort of question might prove successful. Beavers idea became reality when Guinness employee Christopher Chataway recommended University friends Norris and Ross McWhirter, the twin brothers were commissioned to compile what became The Guinness Book of Records in August 1954. A thousand copies were printed and given away, after the founding of The Guinness Book of Records at 107 Fleet Street, the first 198-page edition was bound on 27 August 1955 and went to the top of the British best seller lists by Christmas. The following year, it launched in the US, and sold 70,000 copies, since then, Guinness World Records has become a household name and the global leader in world records. Because the book became a hit, many further editions were printed, eventually settling into a pattern of one revision a year, published in September/October. The McWhirters continued to compile it for many years, Ross McWhirter was assassinated by the Provisional Irish Republican Army in 1975. Following Ross assassination, the feature in the show where questions about records posed by children were answered was called Norris on the Spot, Guinness Superlatives Limited was formed in 1954 to publish the first book. Sterling Publishing owned the rights to the Guinness book in the US for decades, and, under their management, the group was owned by Guinness PLC and subsequently Diageo until 2001, when it was purchased by Gullane Entertainment. Gullane was itself purchased by HIT Entertainment in 2002, with offices in New York City and Tokyo, Guinness World Records global headquarters remain in London, while its museum attractions are based at Ripley headquarters in Orlando, Florida, US. Recent editions have focused on record feats by person competitors, many records also relate to the youngest person who achieved something, such as the youngest person to visit all nations of the world, being Maurizio Giuliano. Each edition contains a selection of the records from the Guinness database, as well as new records. The majority of records are no longer listed in the book or on the website. For those unable to wait the 4–6 weeks for a reply, the Guinness Book of Records is the worlds most sold copyrighted book, earning it an entry within its own pages

Guinness World Records
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Guinness World Records certificate
Guinness World Records
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The Guinness World Records logo
Guinness World Records
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Lucky Diamond Rich is "the world's most tattooed person", and has tattoos covering his entire body. He holds the Guinness world record as of 2006, being 100 percent tattooed.
Guinness World Records
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Sultan Kösen (Turkey) is the tallest living person since 17 September 2009, as verified by Guinness World Records. Turkey has 80 records in the book.

8.
Ferris wheel
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Some of the largest modern Ferris wheels have cars mounted on the outside of the rim, with electric motors to independently rotate each car to keep it upright. These wheels are sometimes referred to as wheels and their cars referred to as capsules. The original Ferris Wheel was designed and constructed by George Washington Gale Ferris Jr. as a landmark for the 1893 Worlds Columbian Exposition in Chicago. The generic term Ferris wheel is now used for all such structures, since the original 1893 Chicago Ferris wheel there have been nine worlds tallest-ever Ferris wheels. The current record holder is the 167. 6-metre High Roller in Las Vegas, US, pleasure wheels, whose passengers rode in chairs suspended from large wooden rings turned by strong men, may have originated in 17th-century Bulgaria. A Frenchman, Antonio Manguino, introduced the idea to America in 1848, a much earlier description of a Ferris-type wheel can be seen in The Death of Arthur, a volume of the Vulgate Cycle dating from around 1220. The text describes King Arthur in a dream being approached by Fortuna, the following year he was granted the first U. S. patent for a Roundabout. George Washington Gale Ferris Jr. rode on Somers wheel in Atlantic City prior to designing his wheel for the Worlds Columbian Exposition, the original Ferris Wheel, sometimes also referred to as the Chicago Wheel, was designed and constructed by George Washington Gale Ferris Jr. With a height of 80.4 metres it was the largest attraction at the Worlds Columbian Exposition in Chicago, Illinois and it was intended to rival the 324-metre Eiffel Tower, the centerpiece of the 1889 Paris Exposition. Ferris was a graduate of Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute and a Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania and he began his career in the railroad industry and then pursued an interest in bridge building. Ferris understood the growing need for steel and founded G. W. G. Ferris & Co. in Pittsburgh, a firm that tested and inspected metals for railroads, the wheel rotated on a 71-ton,45. There were 36 cars, each fitted with 40 revolving chairs and able to accommodate up to 60 people, the Exposition ended in October 1893, and the wheel closed in April 1894 and was dismantled and stored until the following year. It was then rebuilt on Chicagos North Side, near Lincoln Park and this prompted William D. Boyce, then a local resident, to file a Circuit Court action against the owners of the wheel to have it removed, but without success. The Wiener Riesenrad is an example of nineteenth-century Ferris wheels. A demolition permit for the Riesenrad was issued in 1916, but due to a lack of funds with which to carry out the destruction, following the demolition of the 100-metre Grande Roue de Paris in 1920, the Riesenrad became the worlds tallest extant Ferris wheel. Still in operation today, it is one of Viennas most popular tourist attractions, chronology of worlds tallest-ever wheels 1893, the original Ferris Wheel was 80.4 metres tall. Built for the Worlds Columbian Exposition in Chicago, Illinois, it was moved to St. Louis, Missouri, in 1904 for the Louisiana Purchase Exposition, and demolished there in 1906

9.
Louis Tussaud
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Louis Joseph Kenny Tussaud was the great-grandson of Marie Tussaud, creator of the Madame Tussauds wax museums. The main shareholder was Edwin Josiah Poyser, Louis Tussaud created a waxwork museum in London,207 Regent Street, which opened 24 December 1890. The Regent Street waxwork museum was destroyed in a fire on 20 June 1891 and he moved to Blackpool in 1900. He first set up a waxworks in Blackpool in the basement of the Hippodrome Theatre, Church Street, the following year, he moved the exhibition to the Brunswick Café, South Beach. In 1929 the Louis Tussauds Waxworks opened on Central Promenade and it was closed in 2010 and re-opened as Madame Tussauds in 2011. Louis Tussaud wax museums were established in St. Petersburg, Florida, Atlantic City, New Jersey, Great Yarmouth, Brighton, Copenhagen, Denmark and Belle Vue. Louis Tussauds, Blackpool, was out by Blackpool Council. The attraction closed in November 2010 and passed to the management of the Merlin Entertainment Group, the Potters Wax Museum of St. Augustine and the wax museum of Niagara Falls have wax busts representing Louis Tussaud. The wax museum of Bangalore has a wax figure representing Louis Tussaud

10.
Tight-rope walker
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Tightrope walking, also called funambulism, is the skill of walking along a thin wire or rope. It has a tradition in various countries and is commonly associated with the circus. Other skills similar to tightrope walking include slack rope walking and slacklining, tightwire is the skill of maintaining balance while walking along a tensioned wire between two points. It can be done using a balancing tool or freehand. Typically, tightwire performances either include dance or object manipulation, object manipulation acts include a variety of props in their acts, such as clubs or rings, hats or canes. Tightwire performers have even used wheelbarrows with passengers, ladders, the technique to maintain balance is to keep the performers centre of mass above their support point - usually their feet. Highwire is a form of tight wire walking but performed at much greater height, although there is no official height when tight wire becomes high wire, generally a wire over 20 feet high will be regarded as a high wire act. Skywalk is a form of highwire which is performed at great heights, a skywalk is performed outdoors between tall building, gorges, across waterfalls or other natural and man-made structures. Slackwire or slackrope is a type of wire or rope walking where the support is flexible or slack, the tension on the wire or rope is mainly provided by the weight of the performer and their props. The difference in required to maintain balance on a slackwire is that the performer moves the wire under his centre of mass. The flexibility of the wire or rope allows the performer to achieve this, slacklining is a popular form of slackwire walking which utilizes nylon webbing stretched tight between two anchor points. Slacklining is distinct from tightrope walking in that the line is not held rigidly taut, it is dynamic, stretching and bouncing like a long. The tension of the slackline can be varied to allow for a variety of skills to be performed. The tighter a slackline the closer the technique and performance is to tightwire, the slack in the slackline. When they are on the ground with their side by side. In the case of highwire-walkers, their feet are parallel with each other, therefore, a tightwire walkers sway is side to side, their lateral support having been drastically reduced. In both cases, whether side by side or parallel, the ankle is the pivot point, a wire-walker may use a pole for balance or may stretch out his arms perpendicular to his trunk in the manner of a pole. It distributes mass away from the point, thereby increasing the moment of inertia

11.
Charles Blondin
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Charles Blondin was a French tightrope walker and acrobat. Blondin was born on 28 February 1824 at St Omer, Pas-de-Calais and his real name was Jean-François Gravelet and he was known also by the names Charles Blondin, Jean-François Blondin and called the Chevalier Blondin, or simply The Great Blondin. At the age of five he was sent to the École de Gymnase at Lyon and, after six months training as an acrobat and his superior skill and grace, as well as the originality of the settings of his acts, made him a popular favourite. He first married Marie Blancherie, and at the same time legitimised their son Aime Leopold and it is not known what happened to his French family after he went to America. Blondin went to the United States in 1855 and he was engaged by William Niblo to perform with the Ravel troupe in New York City and was subsequently part proprietor of a circus. While in the US he married a wife, Charlotte Lawrence, with whom he had Adele c. 1854, Edward c. 1855. In 1861, Blondin first appeared in London, at the Crystal Palace, in 1862, he again gave a series of performances at the Crystal Palace, and elsewhere in England, and on the continent of Europe. In September 1861 he performed in Edinburgh, Scotland at the Royal Botanic Gardens on Inverleith Row, in 1861, he performed at the Royal Portobello Gardens, on South Circular Road, Portobello, Dublin, on a rope 50 feet feet above the ground. While he was performing, the rope broke, which led to the scaffolding collapsing and he was not injured, but two workers who were on the scaffolding fell to their deaths. An investigation was held, and the broken rope examined, no blame was attributed at the time to either Blondin or his manager. However, the said that the rope manufacturer had a lot to answer for. The organiser of the event, a Mr. Kirby, said he would never have one like it. A bench warrant for the arrest of Blondin and his manager was issued when they did not appear at a further trial, however, the following year, Blondin was back at the same venue in Dublin, this time performing 100 feet above the ground. On 6 September 1873, Blondin crossed Edgbaston Reservoir in Birmingham, a statue built in 1992 on the nearby Ladywood Middleway marks his feat. While he was living in England he and Charlotte had two children, Henry, born about 1863, and Charlotte Mary Janet, baptised on 25 April 1866. After a period of retirement, Blondin reappeared in 1880, including starring in the 1893/4 season of the pantomime Jack, Charlotte, his wife, died in 1888. His third wife, Katherine James, had nursed him through an injury earlier that year. His final performance was in Belfast in 1896, Blondin died of diabetes at his Niagara House in Ealing, London, on 22 February 1897, in his 73rd year, and was buried in Kensal Green Cemetery

12.
Wax museum
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A wax museum or waxworks usually consists of a collection of wax sculptures representing famous people from history and contemporary personalities exhibited in lifelike poses, wearing real clothes. Some wax museums have a special section dubbed the Chamber of Horrors, some collections are more specialized, as, for example, collections of wax medical models once used for training medical professionals. Many museums or displays in historical houses that are not wax museums as such use wax figures as part of their displays, the making of life-size wax figures wearing real clothes grew out of the funeral practices of European royalty. After the funeral these were displayed by the tomb or elsewhere in the church, and became a popular attraction for visitors. From the funeral of Charles II in 1680 they were no longer placed on the coffin but were made for later display. The effigy of Charles II, open-eyed and standing, was displayed over his tomb until the early 19th century, concerned for their revenue from visitors, the Abbey decided it needed a rival attraction for admirers of Nelson. In European courts including that of France the making of posed wax figures became popular, antoine Benoist was a French court painter and sculptor in wax to King Louis XIV. He exhibited forty-three wax figures of the French Royal Circle at his residence in Paris, thereafter, the king authorized the figurines to be shown throughout France. His work became so highly regarded that James II of England invited him to visit England in 1684, there he executed works of the English king and members of his court. A seated figure of Peter the Great of Russia survives, made by an Italian artist, the Danish court painter Johann Salomon Wahl executed figures of the Danish king and queen in about 1740. Philippe Curtius, waxwork modeller to the French court, opened his Cabinet de Cire as a tourist attraction in Paris in 1770, in 1783 this added a Caverne des Grandes Voleurs, an early Chamber of Horrors. He bequeathed his collection to his protegé Marie Tussaud, who during the French Revolution made death masks of the executed royals. Madame Tussauds, historically associated with London, is the most famous associated with wax museums, although it was by no means the earliest wax museum. In 1835 Madame Tussaud established her first permanent exhibition in Londons Baker Street, by the late 19th century most large cities had some kind of commercial wax museum, and for a century these remained highly popular. In the late 20th century it became harder for them to compete with other attractions. C, Fishermans Wharf in San Francisco and Hollywood. Louis Tussauds wax museum in San Antonio, Texas, is across the street from the historic Alamo, others are located on the Canadian side of Niagara Falls, and Grand Prairie, Texas. One of the most popular wax museums in the United States for decades was The Movieland Wax Museum in Buena Park, California, the museum opened in 1962 and through the years added many wax figures of famous show business figures. Several stars attended the unveilings of the wax incarnations, the museum closed its doors on October 31,2005, after years of dwindling attendance

13.
Madame Tussauds
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Madame Tussauds is a wax museum in London with smaller museums in a number of other major cities. It was founded by wax sculptor Marie Tussaud and it used to be known as Madame Tussauds, the apostrophe is no longer used. Madame Tussauds is a major tourist attraction in London, displaying waxworks of famous people, Marie Tussaud was born as Marie Grosholtz in 1761 in Strasbourg, France. Her mother worked as a housekeeper for Dr. Philippe Curtius in Bern, Switzerland, Curtius taught Tussaud the art of wax modelling. He moved to Paris and took his apprentice, only 6 years old. Tussaud created her first wax sculpture in 1777 of Voltaire, at the age of 17 she became the art tutor to King Louis XVI of France’s sister, Madame Elizabeth, at the Palace of Versailles. During the French Revolution she was imprisoned for three months awaiting execution, but was released after the intervention of an influential friend, other famous people whom she modelled included Jean-Jacques Rousseau and Benjamin Franklin. During the Revolution, she modelled many prominent victims and she claims that she would search through corpses to find the severed heads of executed citizens, from which she would make death masks. Her death masks were held up as revolutionary flags and paraded through the streets of Paris and she inherited the doctors vast collection of wax models following his death in 1794, and spent the next 33 years travelling around Europe. She married Francois Tussaud in 1795, and the show acquired a new name, Madame Tussauds, in 1802, she accepted an invitation from Paul Philidor, a magic lantern and phantasmagoria pioneer, to exhibit her work alongside his show at the Lyceum Theatre, London. She did not fare well financially, with Philidor taking half of her profits. She was unable to return to France because of the Napoleonic Wars, so she traveled throughout Great Britain, from 1831, she took a series of short leases on the upper floor of Baker Street Bazaar, which later featured in the Druce-Portland case sequence of trials of 1898–1907. This became Tussauds first permanent home in 1836, by 1835, Marie had settled down in Baker Street, London and opened a museum. One of the attractions of her museum was the Chamber of Horrors. The name is credited to a contributor to Punch in 1845. This part of the exhibition included victims of the French Revolution and newly created figures of murderers, other famous people were added, including Lord Nelson and Sir Walter Scott. Some sculptures still exist that were done by Marie Tussaud herself, the gallery originally contained some 400 different figures, but fire damage in 1925 coupled with German bombs in 1941 has rendered most of these older models defunct. The casts themselves have survived, allowing the historical waxworks to be remade, the oldest figure on display is that of Madame du Barry, the work of Curtius from 1765 and part of the waxworks left to Tussaud at his death

14.
Rock and roll
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While elements of rock and roll can be heard in blues records from the 1920s and in country records of the 1930s, the genre did not acquire its name until the 1950s. For the purpose of differentiation, this deals with the first definition. The beat is essentially a blues rhythm with an accentuated backbeat, classic rock and roll is usually played with one or two electric guitars, a double bass or string bass or an electric bass guitar, and a drum kit. Beyond simply a style, rock and roll, as seen in movies and on television, influenced lifestyles, fashion, attitudes. In addition, rock and roll may have contributed to the civil rights movement because both African-American and white American teens enjoyed the music and it went on to spawn various genres, often without the initially characteristic backbeat, that are now more commonly called simply rock music or rock. The term rock and roll now has at least two different meanings, both in common usage, the American Heritage Dictionary and the Merriam-Webster Dictionary both define rock and roll as synonymous with rock music. Encyclopædia Britannica, on the hand, regards it as the music that originated in the mid-1950s. In 1934, the song Rock and Roll by the Boswell Sisters appeared in the film Transatlantic Merry-Go-Round, in 1942, Billboard magazine columnist Maurie Orodenker started to use the term rock-and-roll to describe upbeat recordings such as Rock Me by Sister Rosetta Tharpe. By 1943, the Rock and Roll Inn in South Merchantville, in 1951, Cleveland, Ohio disc jockey Alan Freed began playing this music style while popularizing the phrase to describe it. The origins of rock and roll have been debated by commentators. The migration of former slaves and their descendants to major urban centers such as St. The immediate roots of rock and roll lay in the rhythm and blues, then called race music, particularly significant influences were jazz, blues, gospel, country, and folk. The 1940s saw the use of blaring horns, shouted lyrics. In the same period, particularly on the West Coast and in the Midwest, similarly, country boogie and Chicago electric blues supplied many of the elements that would be seen as characteristic of rock and roll. Rock and roll arrived at a time of technological change, soon after the development of the electric guitar, amplifier and microphone. It was the realization that relatively affluent white teenagers were listening to music that led to the development of what was to be defined as rock. Because the development of rock and roll was a process, no single record can be identified as unambiguously the first rock. Other artists with rock and roll hits included Chuck Berry, Bo Diddley, Little Richard, Jerry Lee Lewis

Rock and roll
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Sign commemorating the role of Alan Freed and Cleveland, Ohio in the origins of rock and roll
Rock and roll
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Chuck Berry in 1957
Rock and roll
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Bill Haley and his Comets performing in the 1954 Universal International film Round Up of Rhythm
Rock and roll
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Elvis Presley in a promotion shot for Jailhouse Rock in 1957

15.
Electric chair
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This execution method, conceived in 1881 by a Buffalo, New York, dentist named Alfred P. Southwick, was developed throughout the 1880s as a humane alternative to hanging and first used in 1890. This execution method has been used in the United States and, for a period of several decades, the first more powerful jolt of electric current was designed to pass through the head and cause immediate unconsciousness and brain death. The second less powerful jolt was designed to cause damage to the vital organs. Death may also be caused by electrical overstimulation of the heart, as of 2014, electrocution is an optional form of execution in Alabama, Florida, South Carolina and Virginia. They allow the prisoner to choose lethal injection as an alternative method, in the state of Tennessee the electric chair is available for use if lethal injection drugs are unavailable, or otherwise if the inmate so chooses if their capital crime was committed before 1999. The electric chair is a form of execution approved for potential use in Arkansas. On February 8,2008, the Nebraska Supreme Court determined that execution by electric chair was a cruel and this brought executions of this type to an end in Nebraska, the only remaining state to retain electrocution as its sole method of execution. One of these accidents, in Buffalo, New York on August 7,1881, the coroner who investigated the case brought it up at a local Buffalo scientific society. Another member, a dentist named Alfred P. Southwick who had a technical background and he worked out calculations based on the dog experiments, trying to develop a scaled-up method that would work on humans. Early on in his designs he adopted a version of the dental chair as a way to restrain the condemned. After a series of botched hangings in the US there was mounting criticism of this form of capital punishment, in 1886 newly elected New York State governor David B. The commission members surveyed the history of execution and sent out a questionnaire to government officials, lawyers. The commission also contacted electrical experts including Thomson-Houston Electric Companys Elihu Thomson and they also attended electrocutions of dogs by George Fell who had worked with Southwick in the early 1880s experiments. Fell was conducting experiments, electrocuting anesthetized dissected dogs trying to discern exactly how electricity killed a subject. In 1888, the Commission recommended electrocution using Southwicks electric chair idea with metal conductors attached to the persons head. They further recommended that executions be handled by the state instead of the counties with three electric chairs set up at Auburn, Clinton, and Sing-Sing prisons. A bill following these recommendations passed the legislature and was signed by Governor Hill on June 4,1888, the two companies had been competing commercially since 1886 and a series of events had turned it into an all out media war in 1888. The committee head, neurologist Frederick Peterson, enlisted the services of Harold P. Brown as a consultant

16.
Criminals Hall of Fame
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The Criminals Hall of Fame Wax Museum was a wax museum on 5751 Victoria Avenue in Niagara Falls, Ontario, Canada. One of many wax museums in the region, it was located at the top of Clifton Hill, the museum features forty wax statues of notorious criminals, from mobsters to serial killers. The museum was created in 1977 and closed late 2014, in 2002, columnist Gene Collier of the Pittsburgh Post-Gazette characterized it as a cheesy little monument to brutality, while in 2005 the same papers Dennis Roddy called it a garish little exhibit. In 2003, the Boston Herald dubbed it tacky, not included is the Canadian couple Karla Homolka and her ex-husband Paul Bernardo. In 1999, the figure of Adolf Hitler was stolen from its glass case

Criminals Hall of Fame
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Official Criminals Hall of Fame logo

17.
Miniature golf
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Miniature golf, also known as minigolf, or putt-putt, is an offshoot of the sport of golf focusing solely on the putting aspect of its parent game. When miniature golf retains many of these characteristics but without the use of any props or obstacles, the term Minigolf was formerly a registered trademark of a Swedish company that built its own patented type of minigolf courses. Resort towns such as Myrtle Beach, SC, Branson, MO, Pigeon Forge, TN and Wisconsin Dells, geometrically-shaped minigolf courses made of artificial materials began to emerge during the early 20th century. The earliest documented mention of such a course is in the 8 June 1912 edition of The Illustrated London News, which introduces a minigolf course called Gofstacle. Thomas McCulloch Fairbairn, a fanatic, revolutionized the game in 1922 with his formulation of a suitable artificial green—a mixture of cottonseed hulls, sand, oil. With this discovery, miniature golf became accessible everywhere, by the late 1920s there were over 150 rooftop courses in New York City alone and this American minigolf boom of early 20th century came to an end during the economic depression in the late 1930s. Nearly all minigolf courses in the United States were closed and demolished before the end of the 1930s. A rare surviving example from this period is the Parkside Whispering Pines Miniature Golf Course located near Rochester, New York, the first miniature golf course in Canada was at the Maples Inn in Pointe-Claire, Quebec. The Mapes was constructed as a home in the 1890s but was renovated into a club in 1902, opened to the public in 1914. The popular nightspot burned in 1985, one of the first documented minigolf courses in mainland Europe was built in 1926 by Fr. Mr. Schröder had been inspired by his visit to the United States, in 1930 Edwin O. Norrman and Eskil Norman returned to Sweden from the United States, where they had stayed for several years and witnessed the golden days of the American minigolf boom. In 1931 they founded a company Norman och Norrmans Miniatyrgolf, during the following years they spread this new leisure activity across Sweden, by installing minigolf courses in public parks and other suitable locations. Swedish minigolf courses typically had a wooden frame surrounding the playing area made of tennis field sand. The Swedish Minigolf Federation was founded in 1937, being the oldest minigolf sport organization in the world, National Swedish championships in minigolf have been played yearly since 1939. In other countries minigolf sport federations were not founded until the late 1950s, in 1954, the minigolf course in Ascona opened, the oldest course worldwide following the norms of Paul Bongni. The earliest documented minigolf competitions were played in the United States, the first National Tom Thumb Open minigolf tournament was arranged in 1930, with a total cash purse $10,000. Qualification play-offs were played in all of the 48 states, after the Depression ten years later, minigolf died out as a competition sport in America, and has begun to recover only during the most recent decades. The American minigolf sport boom of the 1930s inspired many European countries, in 1938 Joseph and Robert Taylor from Binghamton, New York started building and operating their own miniature golf courses

18.
Frankenstein
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Shelley started writing the story when she was 18, and the first edition of the novel was published anonymously in London in 1818, when she was 20. Her name first appeared on the edition, published in France in 1823. Mary, Percy, Lord Byron and John Polidori decided to have a competition to see who could write the best horror story. After thinking for days, Shelley dreamt about a scientist who created life and was horrified by what he had made, Frankenstein is infused with elements of the Gothic novel and the Romantic movement. At the same time, it is an example of science fiction. It has had an influence in literature and popular culture and spawned a complete genre of horror stories, films. Since the novels publication, the name Frankenstein has often used to refer to the monster itself. This usage is considered erroneous, but usage commentators regard it as well-established. In the novel, the monster is identified by such as creature, monster, demon, wretch, abortion. Speaking to Victor Frankenstein, the wretch refers to himself as the Adam of your labours, and elsewhere as someone who would have been your Adam, Frankenstein is written in the form of a frame story that starts with Captain Robert Walton writing letters to his sister. It takes place at a time in the 18th century. The novel Frankenstein is written in form, documenting a fictional correspondence between Captain Robert Walton and his sister, Margaret Walton Saville. Walton is a writer and captain who sets out to explore the North Pole. During the voyage, the spots an dog sled driven by a gigantic figure. A few hours later, the crew rescues a nearly frozen, Frankenstein has been in pursuit of the gigantic man observed by Waltons crew. Frankenstein starts to recover from his exertion, he sees in Walton the same obsession that has destroyed him, the recounted story serves as the frame for Frankensteins narrative. Victor begins by telling of his childhood, as a young boy, Victor is obsessed with studying outdated theories that focus on simulating natural wonders. When Victor is five years old, his parents adopt Elizabeth Lavenza, weeks before he leaves for the University of Ingolstadt in Germany, his mother dies of scarlet fever, Victor buries himself in his experiments to deal with the grief

Frankenstein
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Volume I, first edition
Frankenstein
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Draft of Frankenstein ("It was on a dreary night of November that I beheld my man completed...")
Frankenstein
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A variety of different editions
Frankenstein
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Mary Shelley by Richard Rothwell (1840–41)

19.
Dracula
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Dracula is an 1897 Gothic horror novel by Irish author Bram Stoker, famous for introducing the character of the vampire Count Dracula. Dracula has been assigned to many genres including vampire literature, horror fiction, the gothic novel. Stoker did not invent the vampire but he defined its modern form, and the novel has spawned numerous theatrical, film, a short note is located at the end of the final chapter written 7 years after the events outlined in the novel. At first enticed by Draculas gracious manners, Harker soon realizes that he is Draculas prisoner, wandering the Counts castle against Draculas admonition, Harker encounters three female vampires, called the sisters, from whom he is rescued by Dracula. After the preparations are made, Dracula leaves Transylvania and abandons Harker to the sisters, Harker barely escapes from the castle with his life. Not long afterward, a Russian ship, the Demeter, having weighed anchor at Varna, the captains log narrates the gradual disappearance of the entire crew, until the captain alone remained, himself bound to the helm to maintain course. An animal resembling a dog is seen leaping ashore. The ships cargo is described as silver sand and 50 boxes of mould, or earth and he does this to secure for himself lairs and the 50 boxes of earth would be used as his graves which would grant safety and rest during times of feeding and replenishing his strength. Soon Dracula is indirectly shown to be stalking Lucy Westenra, who is holidaying in Whitby, as time passes she begins to suffer from episodes of sleepwalking and dementia, as witnessed by her friend Mina Murray, the fiancée of Jonathan Harker. Lucy receives three marriage proposals from Dr. John Seward, Quincey Morris, and Arthur Holmwood, Lucy accepts Holmwoods proposal while turning down Seward and Morris, but all remain friends. Dracula communicates with Sewards patient Renfield, an man who wishes to consume insects, spiders, birds. Renfield is able to detect Draculas presence and supplies clues accordingly, when Lucy begins to waste away suspiciously, Seward invites his old teacher, Abraham Van Helsing, who immediately determines the true cause of Lucys condition. He refuses to disclose it but diagnoses her with acute blood-loss, Helsing prescribes numerous blood transfusions to which Dr. Seward, Helsing, Quincey and Arthur all contribute over time. Helsing also prescribes flowers to be placed throughout her room and weaves a necklace of withered Garlic Blossoms for her to wear as well and she however continues to waste away - appearing to lose blood every night. While both doctors are absent, Lucy and her mother are attacked by a wolf, Mrs. Westenra, who has a heart condition, dies of fright. Van Helsing attempts to protect her with garlic but fate thwarts him each night, whether Lucys mother removes the garlic from her room, the doctors have found two small puncture marks about her neck, which Dr. Seward is at a loss to understand. After Lucy dies, Helsing places a crucifix over her mouth. Fate conspires against him again when Helsing finds the crucifix in the possession of one of the servants who stole it off Lucys corpse, following Lucys death and burial, the newspapers report children being stalked in the night by a bloofer lady

Dracula
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The cover of the first edition
Dracula
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Stoker's handwritten notes on the personnel of the novel
Dracula
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Shakespearean actor and friend of Stoker's, Sir Henry Irving was a possible real-life inspiration for the character of Dracula. The role was tailor-made to his dramatic presence, gentlemanly mannerisms and affinity for playing villain roles. Irving, however, never agreed to play the part on stage.
Dracula
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1899 first American edition, Doubleday & McClure, New York.

20.
Ruby Tuesday (restaurant)
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Ruby Tuesday Inc. is an American multinational foodservice retailer that owns, operates, and franchises Ruby Tuesday restaurants. The concept was started in 1972 by Samuel E. Beall, the corporation was formed in 1996 as a reincorporation of Morrison Restaurants Inc. They are headquartered in Maryville, Tennessee, and have 736 locations worldwide and their flagship brand is an American cuisine casual dining restaurant chain that is primarily located along the eastern coast of the United States. In 2016, Ruby Tuesday sold the rights to the Lime Fresh Mexican Grill to a buyer in an attempt to refocus on the main Ruby Tuesday brand. The company has closed all locations of Wok Hay and Marlin, additionally, they hold development rights to Truffles Grill. On June 6,2012, founder and long-time CEO Sandy Beall announced he would be leaving the company, the restaurants name was taken directly from The Rolling Stones song, Ruby Tuesday, which was popular during the time of the first restaurants inception. The name was suggested to founder Sandy Beall by Bob Hope, Ruby Tuesday was born out of a $10,000 endowment Sandy Beall had received from a friend and operator of several Pizza Huts to open his own restaurant. With that money, and another $10,000 put together four of his University of Tennessee fraternity brothers. The location was adjacent to the Universitys Knoxville campus, and although the building still stands, over the subsequent decade, Ruby Tuesday extended their footprint with a new location opening about every nine months. In April 1982, Sandy sold the expanded 16-unit Ruby Tuesday chain to Morrison Inc. for $15 million in cash, the sale provided the rapidly growing restaurant chain with additional financial support. It also saw Sandy become president of a newly formed Specialty Restaurant Division spearheaded by Ruby Tuesday, by 1985, the chain had grown to operate 35 locations, and was a major contributor to the renewed success of Morrisons. Morrison Inc. was renamed Morrison Restaurants Inc. in 1992 to reflect the importance of their lucrative restaurant investments, additionally, the company realigned their dining division with a new name, the Ruby Tuesday Group. That same year, Sandy was named CEO of Morrison Restaurants Inc, on March 9,1996, the shareholders of Morrisons approved a distribution and dissolved Morrison Restaurants Inc. into three separate companies, Ruby Tuesday Inc. Morrison Health Care Inc. and Morrisons Fresh Cooking Inc. Ruby Tuesday Inc. became the successor to Morrison Restaurants Inc. and was incorporated in Mobile. In November 2000, Ruby Tuesday Inc. completed the sale of all restaurant brands to Specialty Restaurant Group and this divestiture allowed Ruby Tuesday to concentrate exclusively on the growth and development of its namesake brand. On April 12,2007, Ruby Tuesday Inc. changed its NYSE ticker symbol from RI to RT, in August 2007, Ruby Tuesday Inc. ventured back into other concepts with their newly acquired Asian dining restaurant, Wok Hay. The company proceeded to convert the concept from self-service to full-service dining, in October 2008, a second location was opened in a former Ruby Tuesday restaurant building. The companys 2011 Annual Report noted an additional franchised Wok Hay restaurant in Trinidad, in September 2010, Ruby Tuesday Inc. continued its venture into other concepts with an agreement to license the Lime Fresh Mexican Grill brand

21.
Dairy Queen
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Dairy Queen, often abbreviated DQ, is a chain of soft serve ice cream and fast food restaurants owned by International Dairy Queen, Inc, a subsidiary of Berkshire Hathaway. International Dairy Queen, Inc. also owns Orange Julius and Karmelkorn, the first DQ restaurant was located in Joliet, Illinois. It was operated by Sherb Noble and opened for business on June 22,1940 and it served a variety of frozen products, such as soft serve ice cream. The companys corporate offices are located in the Minneapolis suburb of Edina, the soft-serve formula was first developed in 1938 by Douds, Iowa-born John Fremont J. F. Grandpa McCullough and his son Alex. They convinced friend and loyal customer Sherb Noble to offer the product in his ice cream store in Kankakee, on the first day of sales, Noble dished out more than 1,600 servings of the new dessert within two hours. Noble and the McCulloughs went on to open the first Dairy Queen store in 1940 in Joliet, while this Dairy Queen has not been in operation since the 1950s, the building still stands at 501 N Chicago St. as a city-designated landmark. Since 1940, the chain has used a system to expand its operations globally. In the US, the state with the most Dairy Queen restaurants is Texas, International Dairy Queen, Inc. is the parent company of Dairy Queen. In the United States, it operates under American Dairy Queen Corp, IDQ is a wholly owned subsidiary of Berkshire Hathaway. At the end of its fiscal year 2014, Dairy Queen reported over 6,400 stores in more than 25 countries, about 4,500 of its stores were located in the United States. DQ was a pioneer of food franchising, expanding its 10 stores in 1941 to 100 by 1947,1,446 in 1950. The first store in Canada opened in Melville, Saskatchewan, in 1953, the red Dairy Queen symbol was introduced in 1959. The company became International Dairy Queen, Inc. in 1962, in 1987, IDQ bought the Orange Julius chain. IDQ was acquired by Berkshire Hathaway in 1998, Dairy Queens were a fixture of social life in small towns of the Midwestern and Southern United States during the 1950s and 1960s. The companys stores are operated under several brands, all bearing the distinctive Dairy Queen logo, in the 1970s, most restaurants were Brazier locations with a second floor for storage, recognizable for their red mansard roofs. As of the end of 2014, Dairy Queen had more than 6,400 stores in 27 countries, including more than 1,400 locations outside the United States, the largest Dairy Queen in the United States is located in Bloomington, Illinois. The busiest store in the United States is in Rosedale, Maryland, the largest store in the world was built in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. The busiest store in the world is located in Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island, so-called Limited Brazier locations may additionally offer hot dogs, barbecue beef sandwiches, and in some cases french fries and chicken, but not hamburgers

22.
Burger King
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Burger King is an American global chain of hamburger fast food restaurants. Headquartered in the area of Miami-Dade County, Florida, the company was founded in 1953 as InstaBurger King. After Insta-Burger King ran into difficulties in 1954, its two Miami-based franchisees David Edgerton and James McLamore purchased the company and renamed it Burger King. In late 2010, 3G Capital of Brazil acquired a majority stake in the company, the new owners promptly initiated a restructuring of the company to reverse its fortunes. The 1970s were the Golden Age of the advertising, but beginning in the early-1980s. A series of less successful advertising campaigns created by a procession of advertising agencies continued for the two decades. While highly successful, some of CP+Bs commercials were derided for perceived sexism or cultural insensitivity, Burger Kings menu has expanded from a basic offering of burgers, French fries, sodas, and milkshakes to a larger and more diverse set of products. In 1957, the Whopper became the first major addition to the menu, conversely, BK has introduced many products, which failed to catch hold in the marketplace. Some of these failures in the United States have seen success in foreign markets, from 2002 to 2010, Burger King aggressively targeted the 18–34 male demographic with larger products that often carried correspondingly large amounts of unhealthy fats and trans-fats. This tactic would eventually damage the financial underpinnings, and cast a negative pall on its earnings. As of December 31,2016, Burger King reported it had 15,738 outlets in 100 countries. Of these,47. 5% are in the United States and 99. 5% are privately owned and operated, BK has historically used several variations of franchising to expand its operations. Burger Kings relationship with its franchises has not always been harmonious, occasional spats between the two have caused numerous issues, and in several instances, the companys and its licensees relations have degenerated into precedent-setting court cases. Burger Kings Australian franchise Hungry Jacks is the franchise to operate under a different name, due to a trademark dispute. The predecessor to Burger King was founded in 1953 in Jacksonville, Florida and their production model was based on one of the machines they had acquired, an oven called the Insta-Broiler. This strategy proved to be so successful that later required all of their franchises to use the device. After the company faltered in 1959, it was purchased by its Miami, Florida, franchisees, James McLamore and they initiated a corporate restructuring of the chain, first renaming the company Burger King. They ran the company as an independent entity for eight years, pillsburys management tried several times to restructure Burger King during the late 1970s and the early 1980s

23.
Tim Hortons
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Tim Hortons Inc. is a multinational fast food restaurant based in Canada, known for its coffee and donuts. It is also Canadas largest quick service restaurant chain, as of December 31,2016 and it was founded in 1964 in Hamilton, Ontario, by Canadian hockey player Tim Horton and Jim Charade, after an initial venture in hamburger restaurants. In 1967, Horton partnered with investor Ron Joyce, who assumed control over operations after Horton died in 1974, Joyce expanded the chain into a multimillion-dollar franchise. Charade left the organization in 1966 and briefly returned in 1970 and 1993 through 1996, the business was founded by Miles G. Tim Horton, who played in the National Hockey League from 1949 until his death in a traffic collision in 1974. Horton had a venture in hamburger restaurants. Soon after Horton opened the store, he met Ron Joyce, in 1965, Joyce took over the fledgling Tim Horton Donut Shop on Ottawa Street North in Hamilton. By 1967, after he had opened up two stores, he and Tim Horton became full partners in the business. Upon Hortons death in a crash in 1974, Joyce bought out the Horton familys shares for $1 million. Joyce expanded the chain quickly and aggressively in geography and in product selection, the 500th store opened in 1991. Ron Joyces aggressive expansion of the Tim Hortons business resulted in changes to the Canadian coffee. Many independent doughnut shops and small chains were driven out of business, the company had originally been incorporated as Tim Donut Limited. By the 1990s, the name had changed to The TDL Group Ltd. This was an effort by the company to diversify the business, removing the primary emphasis on doughnuts, the company had removed the apostrophe after signs using the apostrophe were interpreted by some to be breaking the language sign laws of the Province of Quebec in 1993. The removal of the apostrophe allowed the company to have one common sign image across Canada, although a number of Quebec locations have bilingual menuboards, the decision to have both languages represented is left to the discretion of each franchise owner. Some locations have French-only menu boards, murphy invited Joyce and Wendys chairman Dave Thomas to the grand opening of the combo store, where the two executives met for the first time and immediately established a rapport. Murphys success with combining coffee and doughnuts with Wendys fast food led to August 8,1995 acquisition of and merger with TDL Group by Wendys International, Joyce became the largest shareholder in Wendys, even surpassing Thomas. TDL Group continued to operate as a subsidiary from its head office in Oakville, Ontario. The sale was widely commented on in the media, Tim Hortons franchises spread rapidly and eventually overtook McDonalds as Canadas largest food service operator

24.
Hooters
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Hooters, Inc. is the trade name of two privately held American restaurant chains, Hooters of America, Incorporated, based in Atlanta, Georgia, and Hooters, Incorporated, based in Clearwater, Florida. The company employs other men and women as cooks, hosts, busboys, the menu includes hamburgers and other sandwiches, steaks, seafood entrees, appetizers, and the restaurants specialty, chicken wings. Almost all Hooters restaurants hold alcoholic beverage licenses to sell beer and wine, and where local permits allow, Hooters T-shirts, sweatshirts, and various souvenirs and curios are also sold. As of 2016 there were more than 430 Hooters locations and franchises around the world, there are Hooters locations in 44 U. S. states, the US Virgin Islands, Guam, and in 28 other countries. The three largest Hooters restaurants are in Singapore, Tokyo, and São Paulo, in 2015 Hooters announced that it is planning to open more than 30 restaurants in Southeast Asia over the next six years. In January 2011 Chanticleer Holdings LLC of Charlotte, North Carolina and others completed the purchase of Hooters of America Inc. from the Brooks family. Hooters, Inc. was incorporated in Clearwater, Florida, on April 1,1983, by six Clearwater businessmen, Lynn D. Stewart, Gil DiGiannantonio, Ed Droste, Billy Ranieri, Ken Wimmer and Dennis Johnson. The date was an April Fools Day joke because the six owners believed that their prospect was going to fail. Their first Hooters restaurant was built on the site of a former rundown nightclub that had purchased at a low price. So many businesses had folded in that location that the Hooters founders built a small graveyard at the front door for each that had come. The first restaurant opened its doors on October 4,1983 and this original location was decorated with memorabilia from Waverly, Iowa, hometown to some of the original Hooters 6. In 1984 Hugh Connerty bought the rights to Hooters from the Original Hooters 6, Robert H. Brooks and a group of Atlantan investors bought out Hugh Connerty. In 2002, Brooks bought majority control and became chairman, under Brookss leadership, the collective Hooters brand expanded to more than 425 stores worldwide. Brooks died on July 15,2006, in Myrtle Beach, South Carolina, Brookss will gave most of Hooters of America Inc. to his son Coby Brooks and daughter Boni Belle Brooks. The Hooters Casino Hotel was opened February 2,2006, off the Las Vegas Strip in Paradise and this hotel has 696 rooms with a 35, 000-square-foot casino. The hotel is owned and operated by 155 East Tropicana, LLC and it is adjacent to the Tropicana, across the street from the MGM Grand Las Vegas. As of 2014, it is the only Hooters facility offering lodging since a Hooters Inn motel located along Interstate 4 in Lakeland, as part of their 25th anniversary, Hooters Magazine released its list of top Hooters Girls of all time. Among the best-known were Lynne Austin, the late Kelly Jo Dowd, Bonnie-Jill Laflin, Leeann Tweeden, and Holly Madison

25.
Boston Pizza
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Boston Pizza is a Canadian-based restaurant chain that owns and franchises locations in Canada, the United States and Mexico. Boston Pizza began in Edmonton, Alberta, on August 12,1964, by 1970, Boston Pizza had 17 locations in Western Canada,15 of which were franchised. One of the first franchisees was Jim Treliving, a Royal Canadian Mounted Police officer, in 1968, he noticed the growing popularity of Boston Pizza and purchased the rights to open a restaurant in Penticton, British Columbia. While in Penticton, he met George Melville, a chartered accountant and he acted as Trelivings business consultant for four years, and, in 1973, became Trelivings business partner. Over 10 years, they opened 16 restaurants in British Columbia, in 1983, Treliving and Melville acquired the Boston Pizza chain from Ron Coyle, who had acquired the company from Agioritis in 1978. In the early 1980s, Boston Pizza expanded into Eastern Canada but by late 1985 most, in 1986, Boston Pizza became the official pizza supplier for Expo 86 in Vancouver. This major success for the led to expansion in Eastern Canada. In the next two years, it led to another 17 franchises, by 1995, the chain had grown to 95 restaurants in Western Canada with sales in excess of $110 million. Over the many years the restaurants had become a success, more sports bars had been established as an part of the business. In 1997, Mark Pacinda was hired to bring the chain to more areas of Canada. Once an Eastern Office was opened in Mississauga, another restaurant was opened in Ottawa in September 1998, the company later opened a regional office in Laval, Quebec, in April 2004. As of December 2012, there are 348 Boston Pizza restaurants in Canada, Bostons is the U. S. and Mexican version of the Boston Pizza franchise. In 1998, a U. S. headquarters was set up in Dallas, Texas, the Boston Pizza name was changed to Bostons The Gourmet Pizza. Bostons has over 30 stores in the U. S. in the final round of the playoffs, when the Bruins played the Vancouver Canucks, the company temporarily rebranded its British Columbia locations as Vancouver Pizza. In 2002, Boston Pizza commenced a lawsuit against Boston Market in the Federal Court of Canada over the use of the word Boston in Canada. In its defence, Boston Market alleged that Boston Pizzas trademarks were invalid because they described a style of pizza from a specific area, the dispute continued after Boston Market ceased operations in Canada in 2004. The parties settled the dispute in 2008 under an agreement that Boston Market would not use the words Boston or Boston Market in Canada for five years for restaurants or any food or drink products. Boston Market also agreed that it would not challenge Boston Pizzas use in Canada of any trademark that uses the words Boston or Boston Pizza

Boston Pizza
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Boston Pizza in London
Boston Pizza

26.
Hard Rock Cafe
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Hard Rock Cafe International, Inc. is a chain of theme restaurants founded in 1971 by Isaac Tigrett and Peter Morton in London. In 1979, the cafe began covering its walls with rock and roll memorabilia, in 2007, Hard Rock was sold to the Seminole Tribe of Florida, and since then it is headquartered in Orlando, Florida. As of December 2015, there were 191 Hard Rock locations in 59 countries, including 168 cafes,23 hotels, and 11 casinos. The first Hard Rock Cafe opened on June 14,1971 at Gloucester House, Piccadilly, London, under the ownership of young Americans Peter Morton, Hard Rock initially had an eclectic decor but it later started to display memorabilia. The chain began to expand worldwide in 1982 with locations in Toronto, Los Angeles, San Francisco, Chicago, Paris, Hard Rock Cafe locations in the United States vary from smaller, more tourist driven markets to large metropolises. Hard Rock Cafe typically does not franchise cafe locations in the United States, all US cafes are corporate owned and operated, except for cafes in Tampa and Four Winds New Buffalo casino. However, in the transition of the Las Vegas Hard Rock Hotel property originally owned, Morton retained hotel naming rights west of the Mississippi. When Morton sold his Las Vegas Hard Rock Hotel to the Morgans Hotel Group, he sold those naming rights. The Albuquerque hotel no longer pays for the Hard Rock rights, more hotels franchised from Morgans are planned for Sioux City and Vancouver. In 1990, The Rank Group, a London-based leisure company, acquired Mecca Leisure Group, Rank went on to purchase Hard Rock America from Peter Morton as well as Hard Rock Canada from Nick Bitove. After the completion of these acquisitions, Rank gained worldwide control of the brand, in March 2007, the Seminole Tribe of Florida acquired Hard Rock Cafe International, Inc. and other related entities from Rank for US$965 million. Most customers, it was argued, do not realize that they are subsidizing a low wage when they give the tip, HRC is known for its collection of rock and roll memorabilia. The collection began in 1979 with an un-signed Red Fender Lead II guitar from Eric Clapton, Clapton wanted management to hang the guitar over his regular seat in order to lay claim to that spot, and they obliged. This prompted Pete Townshend of The Who to give one of his guitars, Hard Rocks archive includes over 80,000 items, and is the largest private collection of Rock and Roll memorabilia in the world. Marquee pieces from the collection were displayed in a Hard Rock museum named The Vault in Orlando. After the closure, items were disbursed to various restaurant locations, the London Vault remains open and free to visitors, located in the retail Rock Shop of the original cafe. In 2005, Deep Purple launched its new album Rapture of the Deep in Hard Rock Cafe London and this show at the release party itself was released as a DVD. The Hard Rock Café is also in possession of a Bedford VAL6 axle coach used in the 1967 film The Beatles Magical Mystery Tour, the vehicle was completely refurbished after filming

27.
Planet Hollywood
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Planet Hollywood International, Inc. is a theme restaurant inspired by the popular portrayal of Hollywood. It was launched in New York City on October 22,1991, with the backing of Hollywood stars Sylvester Stallone, Bruce Willis, Demi Moore, Planet Hollywood was the idea of Bryan Kestner, a former actor who had some small parts in movies produced by Taft-Barish. Kestner approached his boss, Keith Barish, with the idea of a theme restaurant modeled after Hard Rock Cafe, Barish was a financier, real estate developer and film producer, whose credits include Sophies Choice, The Fugitive, The Running Man and 9½ Weeks. Kestner wanted to call the restaurant Cafe Hollyrock, instead, Barish, the similarity of the two restaurants led Hard Rock Cafe to sue Planet Hollywoods creators for $1.5 billion, the suit was not successful. Kestner received minimal shares in the company for his idea, it was Barish, and Robert Earl, former President and CEO of Hard Rock Cafe, who developed Planet Hollywood. Kestners involvement with development of the company was limited to attending grand opening parties, after Planet Hollywoods filing of numerous bankruptcies, Kestners shares were worthless and he had to file bankruptcy as well. Kestner still receives no money from the restaurant or corporation, Earl recruited many Hard Rock veterans to open new Planet Hollywood locations. Movie star owners received stock options at a low price in exchange for their endorsement, in 1994, Planet Hollywood founded the Official All Star Café restaurant chain, which aimed to use the same concept of branding and memorabilia in the world of sports. In April 1996, Planet Hollywood went public, the companys share price reached an all-time high of $32 on the first day of trading, by 1999, it was down to less than $1. The company has gone bankrupt twice, nearly 100 locations have closed worldwide, leaving about 8 currently open. In 1997, Planet Hollywood entered a joint partnership with AMC Theatres to establish, only one location opened through this partnership, both had no plans to expand on this partnership, and it was scrapped in 2001. In 1998, Planet Hollywood entered the business when it launched Cool Planet Ice Cream. The business was scrapped later that year, Schwarzenegger severed his financial ties with the business in early 2000. Schwarzenegger said the company had not had the success he had hoped for, claiming he wanted to focus his attention on new U. S. and global business ventures and his movie career. Marvel Mania opened on February 18,1998 near Universal Studios Hollywood with Marvel being a co-owner with Universal Studios Hollywood, however, Planet Hollywood had financial problems due to expanding too quickly and had to close it. The last Official All Star Cafe, at Disneys Wide World of Sports, Planet Hollywood Resort and Casino in Las Vegas had its grand opening the weekend of November 16,2007, in the remodeled Aladdin Hotel & Casino. Planet Hollywood partnered with Westgate Resorts on the new Planet Hollywood Resort & Casino, connected to the existing resort, which opened on January 1,2010. The 52-story luxury vacation ownership and condominium tower included over 1,200 1-4 bedroom units, the building is a key subject in the documentary film The Queen of Versailles

28.
Pizza Pizza
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Pizza Pizza Ltd. is a franchised Canadian pizza fast-food restaurant, with its headquarters in Etobicoke, Toronto. Its restaurants are mainly in the province of Ontario, other locations operate in Quebec, Nova Scotia, and in western Canada. Franchises in western Canada are mostly run through Alberta-based subsidiary Pizza 73 and it has over 500 locations, including over 150 non-traditional locations. The chain was founded by Michael Overs, who opened the first location on December 31,1967, at the corner of Wellesley and he owned the chain until his death in 2010. It expanded throughout the Toronto area in the 1970s, and throughout the rest of Ontario throughout the 1980s and 1990s, the chain opened its first locations in Quebec in the mid-1980s, but withdrew after a few years. It returned to the province, in Gatineau, in March 2007, locations were opened in the Montreal area in late 2007 in the boroughs of Notre-Dame-de-Grâce and Pierrefonds-Roxboro. In 2012, Pizza Pizza accounted for 21% of the market in Quebec by revenue, while competitors Dominos and Pizza Hut held 30%, Double Pizza, which held 26% of the market in 2006 before Pizza Pizza entered the market, had been reduced to 15%. Pizza Pizza began to expand significantly outside Ontario during the 2000s, in its 2005 initial public offering filings, the chain announced it would consider expansion in western Canada, potentially including purchasing existing local chains. This led to a June 2007 agreement to purchase Alberta-based Pizza 73, as well, in October 2006, the company announced it would expand in the Quebec market, beginning with sponsorship of the Montreal Canadiens. The chain expanded to the British Columbia Lower Mainland in 2009, however all locations closed, Pizza Pizza opened its first store in Halifax, Nova Scotia in June 2010. In 2005, the Pizza Pizza Royalty Income Fund, an open-ended trust, Pizza Pizza Limited, which remains privately held by Overs son-in-law, Paul Goddard, pays the fund 6% of the sales of its restaurants in Canada. Major southern Ontario competitors include Pizza Hut, Dominos Pizza, Little Caesars, Ginos Pizza, Mammas Pizza, Pizzaiolo,241 Pizza, Double Double Pizza, and Pizza Nova. Two other major Canadian chains, Greco and Panago, which have a similar to Pizza Pizza in the Atlantic. In Montreal, Quebec, its competitors are Mikes and Double Pizza, in 2009, Coca-Cola products replaced Pepsi products at Pizza Pizza. The companys founder, Michael Overs, died on March 31,2010 and his son-in-law, Paul Goddard, was appointed as CEO. Pizza Pizza uses the self-explanatory slogans Hot & Fresh and Ontarios #1 Pizza, but is best known for the chains phone number, XXX–1111. A distinctive jingle nine six seven, eleven eleven, call Pizza Pizza, a central local number is used for all locations until it becomes a long distance call. In other cities, local numbers are requested with the 11-11 suffix to match the standard jingle in the radio advertisements

29.
Subway (restaurant)
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Subway IP Inc. is a privately held American fast food restaurant franchise that primarily sells submarine sandwiches and salads. It is owned and operated by Doctors Associates, Inc. doing business as Subway IP, Subway is one of the fastest-growing franchises in the world, with 44,882 restaurants in 112 countries and territories as of December 27,2016. The United States alone has 26,646 outlets and it is the largest single-brand restaurant chain and the largest restaurant operator in the world. Subways international headquarters is in Milford, Connecticut, five regional centers support Subways international operations, the holding company derives its name from DeLucas goal to earn enough from the business to pay tuition for medical school, as well as Bucks having a doctorate in physics. Doctors Associates is not affiliated with, nor endorsed by, any medical organization, in 1968, the sandwich shop was renamed Subway. The first Subway on the West Coast was opened in Fresno, California, the first Subway outside of North America opened in Bahrain in December 1984. The first Subway in the United Kingdom was opened in Brighton in 1996, in 2004, Subway began opening stores in Walmart supercenters and surpassed the number of McDonalds locations inside U. S. Walmart stores in 2007. Since 2007, Subway has consistently ranked in Entrepreneur magazines Top 500 Franchises list and it also ranked #2 on the Fastest Growing Franchise and Global Franchise lists. At the end of 2010, Subway became the largest fast food chain worldwide, in 2016, Subway announced a new logo for the franchise, which will be implemented in 2017. A radically updated restaurant of the concept is due to be rolled out globally from 2017 onwards. Subways core product is the submarine sandwich, in addition to these, the chain also sells wraps, salad, and baked goods. Meatball Marinara Roasted Chicken Spicy Italian Steak & Cheese Subway Club Subway Melt Tuna Turkey Veggie Delite Veggie Patty Subways best-selling sandwich, the name originally stood for Brooklyn Manhattan Transit, but now stands for Bigger, Meatier, Tastier. Subway also sells breakfast sandwiches, English muffins, and flatbread, in 2006, personal pizzas debuted in some US markets. These are made to order and heated for 85 seconds, breakfast and pizza items are only available in some stores. In November 2009, Subway signed a deal to serve exclusively Seattles Best Coffee coffee as part of their breakfast menu in the US, a 2009 Zagat survey named Subway the best provider of Healthy Options. Subway was also first in Top Service and Most Popular rankings and it placed second in Top Overall, behind Wendys. Subways menu varies between countries, most significantly where there are religious requirements relating to the meats served, in 2006, the first kosher Subway restaurant in the United States opened, in a suburb of Cleveland, Ohio in the Mandel JCC of Cleveland. Former Subway spokesman Jared Fogle attended the opening, a press release stated, With slight modifications, such as no pork-based products, and the use of soy-based cheese product, the menu is virtually identical to that of any other Subway restaurant

30.
Marvel Entertainment
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Marvel Entertainment, LLC is an American entertainment company founded in June 1998, merging Marvel Entertainment Group, Inc. and ToyBiz. The company is an owned subsidiary of The Walt Disney Company. In 2009, The Walt Disney Company acquired Marvel Entertainment for $4 billion, for financial reporting purposes, Marvel is reported as primarily a part of Disneys Consumer Products segment. Over the years, Marvel Entertainment has entered in several partnerships, as of 2017, Marvel has film licensing agreements with 20th Century Fox and Columbia Pictures, and a theme park licensing agreement with Universal Parks & Resorts extant before Disneys acquisition. Aside from their contract with Universal, Marvels characters and properties have appeared at Walt Disney Parks. It is a mini-Disney in terms of property, said Perelman. Disneys got much more highly recognized characters and softer characters, whereas our characters are termed action heroes, but at Marvel we are now in the business of the creation and marketing of characters. Marvel Entertainment Group then began expanding with acquisitions and forming new divisions, Marvel purchased the trading card company Fleer on July 24,1992. On April 30,1993, Marvel acquired 46% of ToyBiz, the Andrews Group named Avi Arad of ToyBiz as the president and CEO of the Marvel Films division and of New World Family Filmworks, Inc. a New World Entertainment subsidiary. In 1993 and 1994, Marvels holding companies — Marvel Holdings, Inc. and Marvel Parent Holdings, Marvel continued making acquisitions with Panini, an Italian sticker-maker on August 4,1994 for $158.4 million, and SkyBox International on March 8,1995 for $150 million. Marvel also purchased Heroes World Distribution, a distributor to comic-book shops on Dec.28,1994. While licensing revenue reached $50 million in 1995, MEG laid off 275 employees on January 4,1996, meanwhile, Carl Icahn began buying Marvels bonds at 20% of their value and moved to block Perelmans plan. The Marvel group of companies filed for bankruptcy on December 27,1996, in August 1996, Marvel created Marvel Studios, an incorporation of Marvel Films, due to the sale of its film and TV sister company, New World Communications Group, to News Corporation. Icahn fought to control of the company from Perelman. The court ruled on February 26,1997 that Icahn could foreclose on a controlling interest in Marvel shares put up for collateral for the companys bonds, finally Icahn took control of Marvels board and became Marvels chairman on June 20. Bankruptcy proceedings continued with multi-way arguments among Perelman, Icahn, Toy Biz, a plan for reorganization agreed to by Icahn and the MEGs secured creditors fell apart on October 8 with the introduction of the better Toy Biz plan. The Bankruptcy Court on December 24 appointed a trustee to oversee the company, in June 1997, Marvel formed its Marvel Enterprise division, headed by president and CEO Scott C. Marden, to manage its trading card and sticker businesses, as well as Marvel Interactive, the lawsuit asked for $470.8 million in damages

Marvel Entertainment
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Marvel Entertainment, LLC

31.
Spider-Man
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Spider-Man is a fictional superhero appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. The character was created by writer-editor Stan Lee and writer-artist Steve Ditko, when Spider-Man first appeared in the early 1960s, teenagers in superhero comic books were usually relegated to the role of sidekick to the protagonist. Marvel has featured Spider-Man in several book series, the first. In the 2010s, he joins the Avengers, Marvels flagship superhero team, Spider-Mans nemesis Doctor Octopus also took on the identity for a story arc spanning 2012–2014, following a body swap plot in which Peter appears to die. Spider-Man is one of the most popular and commercially successful superheroes, the character was first portrayed in live action by Nicholas Hammond in the 1977 television movie Spider-Man. Reeve Carney starred as Spider-Man in the 2010 Broadway musical Spider-Man, in 1962, with the success of the Fantastic Four, Marvel Comics editor and head writer Stan Lee was casting about for a new superhero idea. He said the idea for Spider-Man arose from a surge in demand for comic books. At that time Lee had to get only the consent of Marvel publisher Martin Goodman for the characters approval, in a 1986 interview, Lee described in detail his arguments to overcome Goodmans objections. In particular, Lee stated that the fact that it had already decided that Amazing Fantasy would be cancelled after issue #15 was the only reason Goodman allowed him to use Spider-Man. While this was indeed the issue, its editorial page anticipated the comic continuing. Will appear every month in Amazing, regardless, Lee received Goodmans approval for the name Spider-Man and the ordinary teen concept, and approached artist Jack Kirby. Lee and Kirby immediately sat down for a conference, Theakston writes. Steve Ditko would be the inker, when Kirby showed Lee the first six pages, Lee recalled, I hated the way he was doing it. Not that he did it badly—it just wasnt the character I wanted, Lee turned to Ditko, who developed a visual style Lee found satisfactory. Ditko recalled, One of the first things I did was to work up a costume, a vital, visual part of the character. I had to know how he looked, for example, A clinging power so he wouldnt have hard shoes or boots, a hidden wrist-shooter versus a web gun and holster, etc. I wasnt sure Stan would like the idea of covering the characters face and it would also add mystery to the character. Although the interior artwork was by Ditko alone, Lee rejected Ditkos cover art, as Lee explained in 2010, I think I had Jack sketch out a cover for it because I always had a lot of confidence in Jacks covers

Spider-Man
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Cover of The Amazing Spider-Man vol. 2 #50 (April 2003) Art by J. Scott Campbell and Tim Townsend
Spider-Man
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Amazing Fantasy #15 (Aug. 1962). The issue that first introduced the fictional character. It was a gateway to commercial success for the superhero and inspired the launch of The Amazing Spider-Man comic book. Cover art by Jack Kirby (penciller) and Steve Ditko (inker).
Spider-Man
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The spider bite that gave Peter Parker his powers. Amazing Fantasy #15, art by Steve Ditko.
Spider-Man
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U.S. President Barack Obama pretending to be caught in Spider-Man's web

32.
Green Goblin
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The Green Goblin is the alias of several fictional supervillains appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. The first and best known incarnation is Norman Osborn, created by Stan Lee, the Green Goblin is a Halloween-themed supervillain whose weapons resemble bats, ghosts and jack-o-lanterns. The Green Goblin has appeared in films including 2002s Spider-Man as Norman Osborn. According to Steve Ditko, Stans synopsis for the Green Goblin had a crew, on location. Inside was an ancient, mythological demon, the Green Goblin, on my own, I changed Stans mythological demon into a human villain. The Green Goblin debuted in The Amazing Spider-Man #14, at this time his identity was unknown, but he proved popular and reappeared in later issues, which made a point of his secret identity. Lee elaborated, At some point we had to tell the reader who The Green Goblin really was, and Steve wanted him to turn out to be just some character that we had never seen before. Because, he said, in life, very often a villain turns out to be somebody that you never knew. And I felt that that would be wrong, I felt, in a sense, it would be like cheating the reader. If its somebody you didnt know and had never seen, then what was the point of following all the clues, I think that frustrates the reader. So that was a big argument we had, however, Ditkos account contradicts Lees, So I had to have some definite ideas, who he was, his profession and how he fit into the Spider-Man story world. I was even going to use an earlier, planted character associated with J. Jonah Jameson and it was like a subplot working its way until it was ready to play an active role. John Romita, Sr. who replaced Ditko as the titles artist, recalled, Stan wouldnt have been able to stand it if Ditko did the story, I didnt know there was any doubt about Osborn being the Goblin. I didnt know that Ditko had just been setting Osborn up as a straw dog, I just accepted the fact that it was going to be Norman Osborn when we plotted it. I had been following the last couple of issues and didnt think there was much mystery about it. Looking back, I doubt the Goblins identity would have revealed in Amazing #39 if Ditko had stayed on. In 2009, Ditko made a statement in his essay, The Ever Unwilling he wrote for the March issue of The Comics, Now digest this, I knew from Day One, from the first GG story, who the GG would be. I absolutely knew because I planted him in J. Jonah Jameson’s businessmans club, it was where JJJ and the GG could be seen together

33.
Fun house
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Unlike thrill rides, funhouses are participatory attractions, where visitors enter and move around under their own power. Appearing originally in the early 1900s at Coney Island, the funhouse is so called because in its form it was just that. At first these were mechanical devices. Some could be described as enlarged, motorized versions of what might be found on a childrens playground, the most common were, A slide, usually much taller and steeper than one would find on a playground. Some were as much as two stories high, slides of comparable size can be seen today on carnival midways as separate attractions. Most were made of polished hardwood, and riders would sit on mats to protect themselves from friction burns. A variation was a disk with a center, shaped much like a Bundt cake mold, as the device sped up. A horizontal revolving cylinder or barrel called barrel of love or barrel of fun to try to walk through without falling down, sections of floor that undulated up and down, tipped from side to side or moved forward and back, either motorized or activated by the persons weight. Stairs that moved up and down, tipped from side to side, the industry refers to these and similar devices as floor tricks. Compressed air jets shooting air up from the floor, originally designed to blow up womens skirts, a very large ball pit Notwithstanding the images in movies and comic books, fun houses did not drop patrons through trapdoors, which would be far too dangerous. One type of trick plays on this image, it consists of a section of floor that suddenly drops just a few inches. A few places even provided bench seats for the watchers, once patrons were inside they could stay as long as they wanted, moving from one attraction to another, repeating each one as many times as they chose. Through the first half of the 20th century most amusement parks had this type of fun house, but its free-form design was its undoing. It was labor-intensive, needing an attendant at almost every device, traditional fun houses gave way to walk-throughs, where patrons followed a set path all the way through and emerged back on the midway a few minutes later. These preserved some of the fun house features, including various kinds of moving floors, sometimes a revolving barrel. Many traditional fun houses were removed after parks created walk-throughs, some became dilapidated and were torn down. A few burned down, they were nearly all buildings with extensive electrical wiring. Those that remained were all at traditional local amusement parks and died when those parks closed due to competition from new theme parks, no theme park ever created a traditional free-form stay-all-day fun house, but theme parks sometimes developed the walk-through attraction to new, high-tech heights

Fun house
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Lost City - a large traveling funhouse that unpacks from two articulated trailers.
Fun house
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The 'funhouse' ride at Malton fair. The whole thing folds up into a single truck.

34.
Lego
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Lego is a line of plastic construction toys that are manufactured by The Lego Group, a privately held company based in Billund, Denmark. The companys flagship product, Lego, consists of interlocking plastic bricks accompanying an array of gears, figurines called minifigures. Lego pieces can be assembled and connected in ways, to construct objects, vehicles, buildings. Anything constructed can then be taken again, and the pieces used to make other objects. The Lego Group began manufacturing the interlocking toy bricks in 1949, since then a global Lego subculture has developed. Supporting movies, games, competitions, and six Legoland amusement parks have developed under the brand. As of July 2015,600 billion Lego parts had been produced, in February 2015, Lego replaced Ferrari as Brand Finances worlds most powerful brand. The Lego Group began in the workshop of Ole Kirk Christiansen, a carpenter from Billund, Denmark, in 1934, his company came to be called Lego, derived from the Danish phrase leg godt, which means play well. In 1947, Lego expanded to begin producing plastic toys, in 1949 Lego began producing, among other new products, an early version of the now familiar interlocking bricks, calling them Automatic Binding Bricks. These bricks were based in part on the Kiddicraft Self-Locking Bricks, Lego modified the design of the Kiddicraft brick after examining a sample that they received from the supplier of an injection-molding machine that Lego purchased. The bricks, originally manufactured from cellulose acetate, were a development of the traditional wooden blocks of the time. The Lego Groups motto is det bedste er ikke for godt which means only the best is the best. This motto, which is used today, was created by Ole Kirk to encourage his employees never to skimp on quality. Although a common sentiment, Lego toys seem to have become a significant exception to the dislike of plastic in childrens toys, by 1954, Christiansens son, Godtfred, had become the junior managing director of the Lego Group. It was his conversation with a buyer that led to the idea of a toy system. In 1958, the brick design was developed, however, it took another five years to find the right material for it. The modern Lego brick design was patented on 28 January 1958, in 1978, Lego produced the first minifigures, which have since become a staple in most sets. The results will be shared with schools as part of an educational project, in May 2013, the largest model ever created was displayed in New York and was made of over 5 million bricks, a 1,1 scale model of an X-wing fighter

35.
Choice Hotels
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Choice Hotels International, Inc. is an American hospitality holding corporation based in Rockville, Maryland, in the United States. The company manages 6,379 properties worldwide, there are 505,278 rooms, with approximately $45.80 in revenue per room, totaling $758 million in revenue as of April 2016. The company was started in 1939 as Quality Courts, a chain consisting of seven motel owners in the South. It published the names of all properties complying with its standards, in 1941, the group incorporated as Quality Courts United. Later, the chain operated under the name Quality Motels. Quality Courts United accepted franchise hotels without strict norms or guidelines from the company and this is different from Holiday Inn which from its beginning implemented numerous mandatory standards and guidelines at every one of its locations. Also, Quality Inn accepted franchisees with existing hotels, during its early years, Quality Courts operations were entirely in areas of the United States east of the Mississippi River and portions of Canada. From 1946 to 1964, Quality had a partnership with Best Western, whose properties were located mostly west of the Mississippi River. It was abandoned in 1964 as Best Western expanded into the eastern U. S. with its Best Eastern operation, Quality Courts began its efforts toward national coverage in 1966 when it opened a motel in St. Louis, Missouri and two in Texas in Houston and Arlington. The company became Quality International as the company switched to franchising in 1972, a few years later, the franchising well on its way, about 300 hotels were independently owned and only about 38 were still company-owned. In 1982, Quality Inns began segmentation by introducing Comfort Inns, Quality Royale was converted to Clarion Hotels in 1987. It represented a line of hotels that offer travelers a variety of hotel styles and locations. Clarion provides a spectrum of services - including full-service restaurants, lounges, room service. Clarions boutique line, Clarion Collection, is an extension of the brand, Ascend Collection is designed for high-end boutique and historic hotels that have an established local identity. Two all-suite divisions, Comfort Suites and Quality Suites, were introduced as the first mid-market, the original Quality Inn brand competes with Holiday Inn, Best Western, and Ramada. Many former Holiday Inns were refranchised as Quality Inns during the 1990s and 2000s, conversely, Quality eliminated more than half of its original locations. In 1989, the company introduced McSleep, an economy brand utilizing a consistent interior corridor design prototype and all-new construction, the name was soon changed to Sleep Inn after litigation from McDonalds. Sleep Inn and Sleep Inn and Suites are low to mid-priced, since then,320 locations have opened

36.
Marvel Comics
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Marvel Comics is the common name and primary imprint of Marvel Worldwide Inc. formerly Marvel Publishing, Inc. and Marvel Comics Group, an American publisher of comic books and related media. In 2009, The Walt Disney Company acquired Marvel Entertainment, Marvel Worldwides parent company, Marvel started in 1939 as Timely Publications, and by the early 1950s had generally become known as Atlas Comics. Marvels modern incarnation dates from 1961, the year that the company launched The Fantastic Four and other superhero titles created by Stan Lee, Jack Kirby, Steve Ditko and many others. Most of Marvels fictional characters operate in a reality known as the Marvel Universe. Martin Goodman founded the later known as Marvel Comics under the name Timely Publications in 1939. Martin Goodman, a magazine publisher who had started with a Western pulp in 1933, was expanding into the emerging—and by then already highly popular—new medium of comic books. The issue was a success, with it and a second printing the following month selling, combined. While its contents came from an outside packager, Funnies, Inc, Timely had its own staff in place by the following year. It, too, proved a hit, with sales of one million. Goodman formed Timely Comics, Inc. beginning with comics cover-dated April 1941 or Spring 1941, Goodman hired his wifes cousin, Stanley Lieber, as a general office assistant in 1939. Lee wrote extensively for Timely, contributing to a number of different titles, Goodmans business strategy involved having his various magazines and comic books published by a number of corporations all operating out of the same office and with the same staff. One of these companies through which Timely Comics was published was named Marvel Comics by at least Marvel Mystery Comics #55. As well, some covers, such as All Surprise Comics #12, were labeled A Marvel Magazine many years before Goodman would formally adopt the name in 1961. The post-war American comic market saw superheroes falling out of fashion and this globe branding united a line put out by the same publisher, staff and freelancers through 59 shell companies, from Animirth Comics to Zenith Publications. Atlas also published a plethora of childrens and teen humor titles, including Dan DeCarlos Homer the Happy Ghost, Atlas unsuccessfully attempted to revive superheroes from late 1953 to mid-1954, with the Human Torch, the Sub-Mariner, and Captain America. Atlas did not achieve any hits and, according to Stan Lee, Atlas survived chiefly because it produced work quickly, cheaply. During this time, the Comic Code Authority made its debut in September 1954, Wertham published the book Seduction of the Innocent in order to force people to see that comics were impacting American youth. He believed violent comics were causing children to be reckless and were turning them into delinquents, in September 1954, comic book publishers got together to set up their own self-censorship organization—the Comics Magazine Association of America—in order to appease audiences

37.
WWE Niagara Falls
–
It was the second WWE establishment to open up after The World, which it was inspired by, and it was the first WWE Retail Store to operate in Canada and the first to open out of the United States. After The Worlds closure it became the only WWE Retail Store in the world, the venue was announced during the WrestleMania X8 fan access press conference in early 2002. It was originally going to be called WWF Niagara Falls - but was changed due to the legal name dispute with the World Wildlife Fund. The facility opened on August 1,2002 as part of the Clifton Hill strip in Niagara Falls and it was partly owned by Canadian Niagara Hotels and World Wrestling Entertainment. The venue also featured games and pay-per-views playing to entertain the visitors. Notably, a video feed ran throughout the store. During the first couple of years of operation, it featured a free light show. The venue also played many WWE entrance themes and event music, the store also featured a drop tower attraction called The Pile Driver, based on the wrestling move, spanning 220 feet. This particular attraction was open from mid-May to mid-November due to seasonal demand, fans began arriving to the grand opening the day before. Trish Stratus, Chris Benoit, and Val Venis arrived for the opening to sign autographs for fans, the last signing the store held was Gail Kim and Evan Bourne in October 2009. In 2003, Stratuss DVD, 100% Stratusfaction Guaranteed had a segment filmed at the store, in 2007, notably after the Chris Benoit double-murder and suicide, the store removed Benoits hand-prints from the exterior of the store as well as his poster that stood above the entranceway. All Benoit merchandise was cleared from the store, WWE Niagara Falls ceased operations as of March 31,2011. The store was re-opened by Falls Avenue Entertainment Complex in mid-to-late 2011 as a shop with some wrestling related items. The title belt, hand-prints and the ride were still kept there during the gift stores run. In early 2015, the store closed to make way for Niagara Brewing Company

WWE Niagara Falls
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WWE Niagara Falls

38.
United Empire Loyalist
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They settled in what was initially Quebec and modern-day Ontario, where they received land grants of 200 acres per person, and in Nova Scotia. Their arrival marked the beginning of a predominantly English-speaking population in the future Canada west and east of the modern Quebec border. Following the end of the Revolution and the signing of the Treaty of Paris in 1783, Land in Canada was sometimes allotted according to which Loyalist regiment a man had fought in. Nova Scotia received about 33,000 Loyalist refugees, Prince Edward Island 2,000, an unknown but substantial number were unable to establish themselves in British North America and eventually returned to the United States. Many in Canada continued to close ties with relatives in the United States. The arrival of the Loyalists after the Revolutionary War led to the division of Canada into the provinces of Upper Canada and they arrived and settled in groups by ethnicity and religion. E. Alluding to their great principle The Unity of the Empire, thousands of Iroquois and other pro-British Native Americans were expelled from New York and other states and resettled in Canada. The descendants of one group of Iroquois, led by Joseph Brant Thayendenegea, settled at Six Nations of the Grand River. Another smaller group of Iroquois led by Captain John Deserontyon Odeserundiye, the government settled numerous Black Loyalists in Nova Scotia, but they faced discrimination and inadequate support. The government was slow to survey the land of Black Loyalists and awarded them smaller grants of poorer, when Great Britain set up the colony of Sierra Leone in Africa, some Black Loyalists emigrated there to flee the poverty and racism they had encountered for the promise of self-government. The Black Loyalists established Freetown in Sierra Leone, numerous Loyalists were forced to abandon substantial amounts of property in the United States. Restoration or compensation for this lost property was an issue during the negotiation of the Jay Treaty in 1795. Negotiations settled on the concept of the United States negotiators advising the U. S. Congress to provide restitution. For the British, this concept carried significant legal weight, far more than it did to the Americans, slave-owning Loyalists from across the former Thirteen Colonies brought their slaves with them as the practice was also legal in Canada. About 2,000 slaves arrived in British North America, Some 500 in Upper Canada, some 300 in Lower Canada and 1,200 in the Maritime colonies of New Brunswick, Nova Scotia and Prince Edward Island. The presence and condition of slaves in the Maritimes would become an issue, because of their larger number. In due course many would be freed, and returned to Africa together with existing freedmen to re-settle yet again in the designated freedmen colony of Sierra Leone, meanwhile, an imperial law in 1790 assured prospective immigrants to Canada that their slaves would remain their property. From 1793, the trade in, but not possession of, trading was abolished across the British Empire in 1807 and possession abolished Empire-wide by 1834

United Empire Loyalist
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Present-day monument by Sydney March to the United Empire Loyalists in Hamilton, Ontario
United Empire Loyalist
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The Coming of the Loyalists, painting by Henry Sandham showing a romanticised view of the Loyalists' arrival in New Brunswick
United Empire Loyalist
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Gathering for the Loyalist Centennial Parade in Saint John, New Brunswick in 1883
United Empire Loyalist
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Monument to United Empire Loyalists. Fountain in Saint John, New Brunswick, Canada.

39.
British Army
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The British Army is the principal land warfare force of the United Kingdom. As of 2017 the British Army comprises just over 80,000 trained Regular, or full-time, personnel and just over 26,500 trained Reserve, or part-time personnel. Therefore, the UK Parliament approves the continued existence of the Army by passing an Armed Forces Act at least once every five years, day to day the Army comes under administration of the Ministry of Defence and is commanded by the Chief of the General Staff. Repeatedly emerging victorious from these decisive wars allowed Britain to influence world events with its policies and establish itself as one of the leading military. In 1660 the English, Scottish and Irish monarchies were restored under Charles II, Charles favoured the foundation of a new army under royal control and began work towards its establishment by August 1660. The Royal Scots Army and the Irish Army were financed by the Parliament of Scotland, the order of seniority of the most senior line regiments in the British Army is based on the order of seniority in the English army. At that time there was only one English regiment of dragoons, after William and Marys accession to the throne, England involved itself in the War of the Grand Alliance, primarily to prevent a French invasion restoring Marys father, James II. Spain, in the two centuries, had been the dominant global power, and the chief threat to Englands early transatlantic ambitions. The territorial ambitions of the French, however, led to the War of the Spanish Succession and the Napoleonic Wars. From the time of the end of the Seven Years War in 1763, Great Britain was the naval power. As had its predecessor, the English Army, the British Army fought the Kingdoms of Spain, France, and the Netherlands for supremacy in North America and the West Indies. With native and provincial assistance, the Army conquered New France in the North American theatre of the Seven Years War, the British Army suffered defeat in the American War of Independence, losing the Thirteen Colonies but holding on to Canada. The British Army was heavily involved in the Napoleonic Wars and served in campaigns across Europe. The war between the British and the First French Empire of Napoleon Bonaparte stretched around the world and at its peak, in 1813, the regular army contained over 250,000 men. A Coalition of Anglo-Dutch and Prussian Armies under the Duke of Wellington, the English had been involved, both politically and militarily, in Ireland since being given the Lordship of Ireland by the Pope in 1171. The campaign of the English republican Protector, Oliver Cromwell, involved uncompromising treatment of the Irish towns that had supported the Royalists during the English Civil War, the English Army stayed in Ireland primarily to suppress numerous Irish revolts and campaigns for independence. Having learnt from their experience in America, the British government sought a political solution, the British Army found itself fighting Irish rebels, both Protestant and Catholic, primarily in Ulster and Leinster in the 1798 rebellion. The Haldane Reforms of 1907 formally created the Territorial Force as the Armys volunteer reserve component by merging and reorganising the Volunteer Force, Militia, Great Britains dominance of the world had been challenged by numerous other powers, in the 20th century, most notably Germany

40.
Clifton, Bristol
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Clifton is both a suburb of Bristol, England, and the name of one of the citys thirty-five council wards. The Clifton ward also includes the areas of Cliftonwood and Hotwells, other parts of the suburb lie within the ward of Clifton East. Notable places in Clifton include Clifton Suspension Bridge, Clifton Cathedral, Clifton College, The Clifton Club, Bristol Zoo, Goldney Hall, Clifton is an inner suburb of the English port city of Bristol. Clifton was recorded in the Domesday book as Clistone, the name of the village denoting a hillside settlement, until 1898 Clifton St Andrew was a separate civil parish within the Municipal Borough of Bristol. Various sub-districts of Clifton exist, including Whiteladies Road, an important shopping district to the east, and Clifton Village and this area corresponds roughly with the city wards of Clifton and Clifton East, although the former also includes the river side suburb of Hotwells. Clifton is one of the oldest and most affluent areas of the city, much of it having been built with profits from tobacco, grand houses that required many servants were built in the area. Although some were detached or semi-detached properties, the bulk were built as terraces, one famous terrace is the majestic Royal York Crescent, visible from the Avon Gorge below and looking across the Bristol docks. Berkeley Square which was built around 1790 is an example of Georgian architecture, secluded squares include the triangular Canynge Square. The Whiteladies Picture House on Whiteladies Road was converted into offices, Clifton Lido was built in 1850 but closed to the public in 1990, it was redeveloped and opened again to the public in November 2008. Parts of Clifton itself are now in the process of being pedestrianised, Clifton ward, which includes Hotwells, has a population of 10,452 in 5,007 households, according to adjusted figures for the 2001 census. On the same basis, Clifton East ward has a population of 9,538 in 4,741 households, in Clifton ward, 27% of the adult population is in full-time education. Immediately north of Clifton is Durdham Down, a flat and open area. On the western edge of Clifton is Clifton Down, a less open/more wooded area, Clifton is served by Clifton Down railway station on the local Severn Beach railway line, and by frequent bus services from central Bristol. It has road links to the city centre and outer western suburbs, between 1893 and 1934, it was connected to Hotwells by the Clifton Rocks Railway. G. Grace - cricketer and surgeon Francis Greenway - renowned Australian architect and designer of The Clifton Club John Grimshaw - founder of Sustrans, the song Clifton in the Rain by Al Stewart appears on his first album Bed-Sitter Images. The song 32 West Mall, which appeared on the 1971 album Stackridge was named after the flat that the band shared as their headquarters at 32 West Mall in 1970. The 1978 childrens paranormal drama The Clifton House Mystery – produced by HTV, was set in the Clifton area, the plot revolved around a family moving into an old house, and subsequently finding a skeleton of a long-dead person in a hidden room. After some unexplained incidents, they convinced that a ghost connected in some way with the Bristol Riots of 1831 is haunting the house

Clifton, Bristol
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Princess Victoria Street lies at the heart of Clifton Village
Clifton, Bristol
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Clifton and Clifton East city council wards shown within Bristol.
Clifton, Bristol
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Houses in Cliftonwood and Hotwells, with Brandon Hill and Cabot Tower visible in the background.

41.
River Avon, Bristol
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The River Avon /ˈeɪvən/ is an English river in the south west of the country. To distinguish it from a number of rivers of the same name. The name Avon is a cognate of the Welsh word afon, the Avon rises just north of the village of Acton Turville in South Gloucestershire, before flowing through Wiltshire. In its lower reaches from Bath to the Severn Estuary at Avonmouth near Bristol, the Avon is the 19th longest river in the UK at 75 miles although there are just 19 miles as the crow flies between the source and its mouth in the Severn Estuary. The catchment area is 2,220 square kilometres, the name Avon is a cognate of the Welsh word afon river, both being derived from the Common Brittonic abona, river. River Avon, therefore, literally means River River, several other English and Scottish rivers share the name, the County of Avon that existed from 1974 to 1996 was named after the river, and covered Bristol, Bath, and the lower Avon valley. The Avon rises east of the town of Chipping Sodbury in South Gloucestershire, running a somewhat circular path, the river drains east and then south through Wiltshire. Its first main settlement is the village of Luckington, two miles inside the Wiltshire border, and then on to Sherston, at Malmesbury it joins up with its first major tributary, the Tetbury Avon, which rises just north of Tetbury in Gloucestershire. This tributary is known locally as the Ingleburn, which in Old English means English river, here, the two rivers almost meet but their path is blocked by a rocky outcrop of the Cotswolds, almost creating an island for the ancient hilltop town of Malmesbury to sit on. Upstream of this confluence the river is referred to as the River Avon to distinguish it from the Tetbury Branch. This was supplemented in Norman times by the bridge that still stands today. The Norman side is upstream, and has pointed arches, the side has curved arches. The Town Bridge and Chapel is a grade I listed building and it was originally a Packhorse bridge, but widened in the 17th century by rebuilding the western side. On the bridge stands a building which was originally a chapel. The Avon Valley between Bradford on Avon and Bath is a classic example of a valley where four forms of ground transport are found, road, rail, river. The river passes under the Avoncliff and Dundas Aqueducts and at Freshford is joined by the Somerset River Frome, Avoncliff Aqueduct was built by John Rennie and chief engineer John Thomas, between 1797 and 1801. The aqueduct consists of three arches and is 110 yards long with an elliptical arch of 60 ft span with two side arches each semicircular and 34 ft across, all with V-jointed arch stones. The spandrel and wing walls are built in courses of ashlar masonry

42.
Bristol
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Bristol is a city and county in South West England with a population of 449,300 in 2016. The district has the 10th largest population in England, while the Bristol metropolitan area is the 12th largest in the United Kingdom, the city borders North Somerset and South Gloucestershire, with the cities of Bath and Gloucester to the south-east and north-east, respectively. Iron Age hill forts and Roman villas were built near the confluence of the rivers Frome and Avon, Bristol received a royal charter in 1155 and was historically divided between Gloucestershire and Somerset until 1373, when it became a county of itself. From the 13th to the 18th century, Bristol was among the top three English cities after London in tax receipts, Bristol was surpassed by the rapid rise of Manchester, Liverpool and Birmingham in the Industrial Revolution. Bristol was a place for early voyages of exploration to the New World. On a ship out of Bristol in 1497 John Cabot, a Venetian, in 1499 William Weston, a Bristol merchant, was the first Englishman to lead an exploration to North America. At the height of the Bristol slave trade, from 1700 to 1807, the Port of Bristol has since moved from Bristol Harbour in the city centre to the Severn Estuary at Avonmouth and Royal Portbury Dock. Bristols modern economy is built on the media, electronics and aerospace industries. The city has the largest circulating community currency in the U. K. - the Bristol pound, which is pegged to the Pound sterling. It is connected to London and other major UK cities by road, rail, sea and air by the M5 and M4, Bristol Temple Meads and Bristol Parkway mainline rail stations, and Bristol Airport. The Sunday Times named it as the best city in Britain in which to live in 2014 and 2017, the most ancient recorded name for Bristol is the archaic Welsh Caer Odor, which is consistent with modern understanding that early Bristol developed between the River Frome and Avon Gorge. It is most commonly stated that the Saxon name Bricstow was a calque of the existing Celtic name, with Bric a literal translation of Odor. Alternative etymologies are supported with the numerous variations in Medieval documents with Samuel Seyer enumerating 47 alternative forms. The Old English form Brycgstow is commonly used to derive the meaning place at the bridge, utilizing another form, Brastuile, Rev. Dr. Shaw derived the name from the Celtic words bras, or braos and tuile. The poet Thomas Chatterton popularised a derivation from Brictricstow linking the town to Brictric and it appears that the form Bricstow prevailed until 1204, and the Bristolian L is what eventually changed the name to Bristol. Iron Age hill forts near the city are at Leigh Woods and Clifton Down, on the side of the Avon Gorge, a Roman settlement, Abona, existed at what is now Sea Mills, another was at the present-day Inns Court. Isolated Roman villas and small forts and settlements were scattered throughout the area. Bristol was founded by 1000, by about 1020, it was a centre with a mint producing silver pennies bearing its name

43.
American Falls
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The American Falls is one of three waterfalls that together are known as Niagara Falls on the Niagara River along the Canada–U. S. The falls receive approximately 10% of the flow from Niagara River, with most of the rest going over Horseshoe Falls and it has a straight line crest width of about 830 feet. If measured along the lip of the falls, the crest is about 950 feet long. The torrent of water passing over the crest of the falls is about 2 feet deep, the height of the American Falls ranges between 70 to 110 feet. This measurement is taken from the top of the Falls to top of the rock pile, the height of the Falls from the top of the Falls to the river is 188 feet. The falls are viewable from an angle on the American side. The falls are viewable head-on from the Canadian side in Niagara Falls, the ledge of the American Falls is shaped in a modified W form, caused by numerous rock falls over the past 150 years which have resulted in the huge mound of rock at its base. The most notable recent rockfall occurred in 1954 with the collapse of Prospect Point to the north, results conflict as to whether tourist attendance that season was higher or lower than normal. Attendance increases were due to the news that the cataract was dried off. By December 1969, water was flowing over the American Falls again, in the mid‑1970s, it was decided not to make alterations to the rockwall and remove the talus, citing the trend to allow nature to take its course. A review of the official U. S. Geological Survey map for Niagara Falls confirms that about one-third of Horseshoe Falls lies in U. S. territory, the two other named falls encompassing Niagara Falls lie completely within U. S. territory. Images from the Historic Niagara Digital Collections Art works in the collection of the Niagara Falls Public Library Dewatering timeline

American Falls
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American Falls.
American Falls
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For other uses, see American Falls (disambiguation).
American Falls
American Falls
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View from the side of American Falls

44.
Rebellion of 1837
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The Rebellions of 1837 were two armed uprisings that took place in Lower and Upper Canada in 1837 and 1838. Both rebellions were motivated by frustrations with political reform, a key shared goal was responsible government, which was eventually achieved in the incidents aftermath. Some historians contend that the rebellions in 1837 ought to be viewed in the context of the late-18th-. Great Britains Chartists sought the same democratic goals, ducharme puts the rebellion in 1837 in the context of the Atlantic Revolutions. He argues that Canadian reformers took their inspiration from the republicanism of the American Revolution, Rebellion in Upper Canada broke out after the 1836 Legislative Assembly elections were corrupted. It seemed then that the reformers struggles could only be settled outside the framework of existing colonial institutions, the British military crushed the rebellions, ending any possibility the two Canadas would become republics. Some historians see ties to the Chartist Newport Uprising of 1839 in Wales, suppressed by Sir Francis Bond Heads cousin, while the initial rebellion in Upper Canada ended quickly with the Battle of Montgomerys Tavern, many of the rebels fled to the US. Mackenzie established a short-lived Republic of Canada on Navy Island in the Niagara River, the Hunters Lodges drew on the American members of the radical Equal Rights Party. This organization launched the Patriot War, which was suppressed only with the help of the American government, the raids did not end until the rebels and Hunters were defeated at the decisive Battle of Windsor, nearly a year after the first defeat near Montgomerys Tavern. The constitutions of Upper and Lower Canada differed greatly, but shared a basis on the principle of mixed monarchy--a balance of monarchy, in Lower Canada they were known as the Château Clique, in Upper Canada they were known as the Family Compact. The governments in provinces were viewed by the Reformers as illegitimate. In Upper Canada the 1836 elections had been marred by violence and fraud organized by the new Lt. Governor. William Lyon Mackenzie and Samuel Lount lost their seats in the result, the Tories passed a bill allowing them to continue to sit in disregard of the established practice of dissolving the House on the death of a monarch. In the midst of crisis of legitimacy, the Atlantic economy was thrown into recession. These farmers barely survived widespread crop failures in 1836–37, and now faced lawsuits from merchants trying to collect old debts, the collapse of the international financial system imperiled trade and local banks, leaving large numbers in abject poverty. In response, Reformers in each province organized radical democratic political unions, the Political Union movement in Britain was largely credited with the passing of the Great Reform Bill of 1832. In Lower Canada the Patriots organized the Société des Fils de la Liberté, william Lyon Mackenzie helped organize the Toronto Political Union in July 1837. Both organizations became the vehicles for politically organizing protests, and eventually rebellion, as the situation in Lower Canada approached crisis the British concentrated their troops there, making it apparent that they planned on using armed force against the Patriots

45.
William Lyon Mackenzie
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William Lyon Mackenzie was a Scottish-Canadian-American journalist and politician. He was the first mayor of Toronto and was a leader during the 1837 Upper Canada Rebellion, William Lyon Mackenzie was born on March 12,1795, in Scotland in the Dundee suburb Springfield. His mother Elizabeth of Kirkmichael was a seventeen years older than his father, weaver Daniel Mackenzie. Daniel died three weeks after Williams birth, and his 45-year-old mother raised him alone, As Daniel had left her no significant property. Elizabeth Mackenzie was a religious woman, a proponent of the Secession. While Mackenzie was not a man himself, he remained a lifelong proponent of separation of church. Mackenzie entered a parish school at Dundee at age 5, thanks to a bursary. He was a reader, keeping a list of the 958 books he read between 1806 and 1820. By 1810 he was writing for a local newspaper, during this time he also joined an early Mechanics Institute. It was there that he met Edward Lesslie and his sons James and John and they would all be key to establishing a Mechanics Institute in Toronto. Mackenzies mother arranged for him to apprentice with tradesmen in Dundee, during this period Mackenzie had a relationship with Isabel Reid, of whom nothing is known except that she gave birth to Mackenzies illegitimate son on July 17,1814. The boy was raised by Mackenzies mother and he travelled briefly to France and then worked briefly for a newspaper in London. Lacking stable employment, at age 25 Mackenzie emigrated to British North America with John Lesslie, Mackenzie initially found a job working on the Lachine Canal in Lower Canada, then wrote for the Montreal Herald. John Lesslie settled in York, Upper Canada, Mackenzie was soon employed at Lesslies bookselling/drugstore business. Mackenzie began to write for the York Observer, in 1822, Edward Lesslie and the rest of his family, along with Elizabeth Mackenzie, joined Mackenzie and John Lesslie in Upper Canada. Elizabeth brought along a woman, Isabel Baxter, whom she had chosen for Mackenzie to marry. The couple were wed July 1,1822 in Montreal, Isabel had 14 children with Mackenzie, including Isabel Grace Mackenzie, the mother of William Lyon Mackenzie King. Edward and John Lesslie opened a branch of their business in Dundas, the store sold drugs, hardware, and general merchandise

William Lyon Mackenzie
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William Lyon Mackenzie
William Lyon Mackenzie
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Mackenzie's wife, Isabel.
William Lyon Mackenzie
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Mackenzie
William Lyon Mackenzie
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The third Parliament Building in York was built between 1829 and 1832 at Front Street.

46.
Upper Canada
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The new province remained, for the next fifty years of growth and settlement, the colonial government of the territory. Upper Canada existed from 26 December 1791 to 10 February 1841, the upper prefix in the name reflects its geographic position being closer to the headwaters of the Saint Lawrence River than that of Lower Canada to the northeast. The control the French had over Canada was handed over to Great Britain in 1763 when the Treaty of Paris ended the Seven Years War in America. The territories of modern southern Ontario and southern Quebec were initially maintained as the single Province of Quebec, from 1763 to 1791, the Province of Quebec maintained its French language, cultural behavioural expectations, practices and laws. This region quickly became culturally distinct, while the act addressed some religious issues, it did not appease those used to English law. Upper Canada became an entity on December 26,1791 with the Parliament of Great Britains passage of the Constitutional Act of 1791. The act divided the Province of Quebec into Upper and Lower Canada, the first lieutenant-governor was John Graves Simcoe. On February 1,1796, the capital of Upper Canada was moved from Newark to York, which was judged to be less vulnerable to attack by the Americans. Upper Canadas constitution was said to be the image and transcript of the British constitution. The Executive Council of Upper Canada had a function to the Cabinet in England but was not responsible to the Legislative Assembly. They held a position, however, and did not serve in administrative offices as cabinet ministers do. Members of the Executive Council were not necessarily members of the Legislative Assembly but were members of the Legislative Council. The Legislative branch of the government consisted of the parliament comprising legislative council, forces in the War of 1812, rebuilt, then burned again by accident. The site was abandoned for another, to the west. The Legislative Council of Upper Canada was the upper house governing the province of Upper Canada, although modelled after the British House of Lords, Upper Canada had no aristocracy. Members of the Legislative council, appointed for life, formed the core of the group, the Family Compact. The Legislative Assembly of Upper Canada functioned as the house in the Parliament of Upper Canada. Its legislative power was subject to veto by the appointed Lieutenant Governor, Executive Council, local government in the Province of Upper Canada was based on districts

Upper Canada
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The third Parliament Building in York was built between 1829 and 1832 at Front Street.
Upper Canada
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Flag
Upper Canada
Upper Canada

47.
Toronto
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Toronto is the most populous city in Canada and the provincial capital of Ontario. With a population of 2,731,571, Toronto is the fourth most populous city in North America after Mexico City, New York City, and Los Angeles. A global city, Toronto is a centre of business, finance, arts, and culture. Aboriginal peoples have inhabited the area now known as Toronto for thousands of years, the city itself is situated on the southern terminus of an ancient Aboriginal trail leading north to Lake Simcoe, used by the Wyandot, Iroquois, and the Mississauga. Permanent European settlement began in the 1790s, after the broadly disputed Toronto Purchase of 1787, the British established the town of York, and later designated it as the capital of Upper Canada. During the War of 1812, the town was the site of the Battle of York, York was renamed and incorporated as the city of Toronto in 1834, and became the capital of the province of Ontario during the Canadian Confederation in 1867. The city proper has since expanded past its original borders through amalgamation with surrounding municipalities at various times in its history to its current area of 630.2 km2. While the majority of Torontonians speak English as their primary language, Toronto is a prominent centre for music, theatre, motion picture production, and television production, and is home to the headquarters of Canadas major national broadcast networks and media outlets. Toronto is well known for its skyscrapers and high-rise buildings, in particular the tallest free-standing structure in the Western Hemisphere, the name Toronto is likely derived from the Iroquois word tkaronto, meaning place where trees stand in the water. This refers to the end of what is now Lake Simcoe. A portage route from Lake Ontario to Lake Huron running through this point, in the 1660s, the Iroquois established two villages within what is today Toronto, Ganatsekwyagon on the banks of the Rouge River and Teiaiagonon the banks of the Humber River. By 1701, the Mississauga had displaced the Iroquois, who abandoned the Toronto area at the end of the Beaver Wars, French traders founded Fort Rouillé on the current Exhibition grounds in 1750, but abandoned it in 1759. During the American Revolutionary War, the region saw an influx of British settlers as United Empire Loyalists fled for the British-controlled lands north of Lake Ontario, the new province of Upper Canada was in the process of creation and needed a capital. Dorchester intended the location to be named Toronto, in 1793, Governor John Graves Simcoe established the town of York on the Toronto Purchase lands, instead naming it after Prince Frederick, Duke of York and Albany. Simcoe decided to move the Upper Canada capital from Newark to York, the York garrison was constructed at the entrance of the towns natural harbour, sheltered by a long sandbar peninsula. The towns settlement formed at the end of the harbour behind the peninsula, near the present-day intersection of Parliament Street. In 1813, as part of the War of 1812, the Battle of York ended in the towns capture, the surrender of the town was negotiated by John Strachan. US soldiers destroyed much of the garrison and set fire to the parliament buildings during their five-day occupation, the sacking of York was a primary motivation for the Burning of Washington by British troops later in the war

48.
Navy Island
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Navy Island is a small, uninhabited island in the Niagara River in the province of Ontario, managed by Parks Canada as a National Historic Site of Canada. It is located about 4.5 km upstream from Horseshoe Falls and it was designated a national historic site in 1921 in recognition of its role in shipbuilding and the location of the short-lived Republic of Canada. The site is closed to the public, has no visitor facilities, Navy Island was settled by the Lamoka people in approximately 2000 BC and Meadowood culture peoples in 1000 BC. During the French colonization of New France, Navy Island was known as Île de la Marina, here the French built four ships that they used to service the Great Lakes. When New France was ceded to the British in 1763, they set up a shipyard here, in the War of 1812, a detachment was stationed on the island. In 1837, William Lyon Mackenzie and about 200 of his supporters captured the island, initially Mackenzie started with twenty-five men, but the population eventually swelled to over six hundred men. On January 11,1838, the rebels were forced from the island, in 1875, the Queens Hotel was established as a popular summer resort on the islands south side. It was destroyed by fire in 1910, farms and orchards were located on the northeast, south, central, northwest and southwest ends of the island. Since abandoned, most of the lands have been re-forested. There are some reminders of habitation on the south side, a pier still exists for boaters to the island. Navy Island was proposed to be the new World Peace Capital, the island was considered to be an ideal location as it lay on the boundary between two peaceful countries. An artists rendering of the World Peace Capital showed the property with bridges spanning both countries and it was proposed that Navy Island would be ceded to the United Nations as long as the headquarters remained, and to revert to the Canadian government should the U. N. move. The proposal was turned down in favour of the current U. N. headquarters in New York City. Parks Canada, Management Plan for Navy Island

Navy Island
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Navy Island

49.
Brantford, Ontario
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Brantford is a city in southwestern Ontario, Canada, founded on the Grand River. It is the seat of Brant County, but it is politically separate with a government independent of the county, Brantford is sometimes known as the Telephone City, former city resident Alexander Graham Bell invented the telephone at his fathers home, the Bell Homestead. In 1876 he conducted the first long-distance telephone call, making it from Brantford to Paris, Brantford is also the birthplace of hockey player Wayne Gretzky, comedian Phil Hartman, as well as Group of Seven member Lawren Harris. Brantford is named after Joseph Brant, an important Mohawk chief during the American Revolutionary War and later, many of his and other First Nations citizens live on the neighbouring reserve of Six Nations of the Grand River First Nation, the most populous reserve in Canada. This town, like the rest of their settlements, was destroyed when the Iroquois declared war in 1650 over the fur trade, in 1784, Captain Joseph Brant and the Six Nations Indians of the Iroquois Confederacy left New York State for Canada. As a reward for their loyalty to the British Crown, they were given a land grant, referred to as the Haldimand Tract. The original Mohawk settlement was on the edge of the present-day city at a location favourable for landing canoes. Brants crossing of the river gave the name to the area. By 1847, European settlers began to further up the river at a ford in the Grand River. The Mohawk Chapel, built in the original Mohawk settlement, is Ontarios oldest Protestant church, Brantford was incorporated as a city in 1877. The history of the Brantford region from 1793 to 1920 is described at length in the book At The Forks of The Grand, decades later and particularly since the late 20th century, numerous scholarly and artistic works have explored the detrimental effects of the schools in destroying Native cultures. Healing the Legacy of the Residential Schools, a number of historic monuments have been erected within the city marking those events and Brantfords contributions to the Commonwealths defense of the realm. Her Majestys Royal Chapel of the Mohawks is located in Brantford and is an important reminder of the agreements made with Queen Anne in 1710. After the American Revolution, in 1784, Sir Frederick Haldimond granted the Six Nations their land treaty which was six miles on side of the river from the mouth to the source. Joseph Brant led a group of Six Nations members to new settlement called the Mohawk Village, the Mohawk Chapel was built in 1785 as a reminder of the original agreements made with the British. In 1904 the Mohawk Chapel received Royal status for the alliance between the British and Six Nations. He developed early improvements to it in 1876, as part of the invention and development of the telephone, Canadas first telephone factory was built here, and the city was called Brantford, The Telephone City. These buildings constituted one of the longest blocks of pre-Confederation architecture in Canada, included in the list of demolitions were one of Ontarios first grocery stores and an early 1890s office of the Bell Telephone Company of Canada, now Bell Canada

50.
Rowboat
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Rowing is the act of propelling a boat using the motion of oars in the water, displacing water, and propelling the boat forward. The difference between paddling and rowing is that rowing requires oars to have a connection with the boat. In some localities, rear-facing systems prevail, in other localities, forward-facing systems prevail, especially in crowded areas such as in Venice, Italy and in Asian and Indonesian rivers and harbors. This is not strictly an either-or, because in different situations its useful to be able to row a boat facing either way. The current emphasis on the aspects of rowing has resulted in some new mechanical systems being developed. Rearward-facing systems, This is probably the oldest system used in Europe, a seated rower pulls on one or two oars, which lever the boat through the water. The pivot point of the oars is the fulcrum, the motive force is applied through the rowers feet. In traditional rowing craft, the point of the oars is generally located on the boats gunwale. The actual fitting that holds the oar may be as simple as one or two pegs or a metal oarlock, in performance rowing craft, the rowlock is usually extended outboard on a rigger to allow the use of a longer oar for increased power. Sculling involves a seated rower who pulls on two oars or sculls, attached to the boat, thereby moving the boat in the direction opposite that which the rower faces, in some multiple-seat boats seated rowers each pull on a single sweep oar, usually with both hands. Boats in which the rowers are coordinated by a coxswain are referred to as a coxed pair/four/eight, sometimes sliding seats are used to enable the rower to use the leg muscles, substantially increasing the power available. An alternative to the seat, called a sliding rigger, uses a stationary seat. On a craft used in Italy, the catamaran moscone, the rower stands and this is a convenient method of manoeuvring in a narrow waterway or through a busy harbour. The Rantilla system of frontrowing oars uses inboard mounted oarlocks rather than a reversing transmission to achieve forward motion of the boat with a motion on the oars. In ancient times, rowing vessels, especially galleys, were used in naval warfare and trade. Galleys had advantages over sailing ships, they were easier to maneuver, capable of bursts of speed. Galleys continued in use in the Mediterranean until the advent of steam propulsion and their use in northern Atlantic waters was less successful, finishing with their poor performance with the Spanish Armada. The Classical trireme used 170 rowers, later galleys included even larger crews, trireme oarsmen used leather cushions to slide over the seats, which allowed them to use their leg strength as a modern oarsman does with a sliding seat

Rowboat
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Typical Finnish rowing boats on the shore of Palokkajärvi, Jyväskylä
Rowboat
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Rowing in the Amstel River by a student rowing club.
Rowboat
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A French galley and Dutch man-of-war off a port
Rowboat
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A Gondola in Venice

51.
Niagara Falls Suspension Bridge
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The Niagara Falls Suspension Bridge, which stood from 1855 to 1897 across the Niagara River, was the worlds first working railway suspension bridge. It spanned 825 feet and stood 2.5 miles downstream of Niagara Falls, trains used the upper of its two decks, pedestrians and carriages the lower. The brainchild of Canadian politicians, the bridge was built by one American, the bridge was part of Canadian politician William Hamilton Merritts vision to promote trade within his country and with its neighbor the United States. Many, including builders, argued that a suspension bridge could not allow the safe passage of trains. Nonetheless, the companies hired Charles Ellet, Jr. who laid a line by a kite across the 800-foot chasm. Ellet left the project after a dispute with the bridge companies. By 1854, his bridge was complete, and the lower deck was opened for pedestrian. On March 18,1855, a fully laden passenger train officially opened the completed bridge, a border crossing between Canada and the United States, the Suspension Bridge played significant roles in the histories of the Niagara region and the two countries. Three railway lines crossed over the bridge, connecting cities on both sides of the border, the railroads brought a large influx of trade and tourists into the region around the Niagara Falls. In the time leading to the American Civil War, the Underground Railroad helped slaves in the United States escape across the Suspension Bridge to freedom in Canada. After the war, the became a symbol of inspiration to Americans, encouraging them to rebuild their country. The bridges success proved that a suspension bridge could be safe. Slowly decaying, the wooden structures were replaced with stronger steel. Heavier trains required its replacement by the Steel Arch Bridge, later renamed the Whirlpool Rapids Bridge, in the mid-19th century, the hinterlands of the North American East Coast opened up rapidly. In Canada, entrepreneur and politician William Hamilton Merritt helped establish trade routes. Merritts vision for the Niagara Suspension Bridge was conceived at the Niagara River itself, in summer 1844 while taking a picnic on the river shores, near what was then the town of Clifton, Merritt read a letter from his sons to his wife. The younger Merritts were touring Europe and visited the town of Fribourg, amazed by the Freiburg Suspension Bridge, they wrote to their parents, describing the wonders of the bridge in eloquent terms. Their writing had an effect on their parents, and the elder Merritts wondered if such a suspension bridge could be built across the Niagara

Niagara Falls Suspension Bridge
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Hand-colored lithograph of the Suspension Bridge as seen from the American side; the bridge's architecture, the distant Niagara Falls, and the Maid of the Mist below the bridge are visible.
Niagara Falls Suspension Bridge
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William Hamilton Merritt was the chief proponent for the Suspension Bridge.
Niagara Falls Suspension Bridge
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Charles Ellet, Jr., the first American-born civil engineer with European education in engineering, campaigned for suspension bridges in United States.
Niagara Falls Suspension Bridge
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The basket, in which Charles Ellet crossed the Niagara Gorge, is on display at the Buffalo Historical Society.

52.
Niagara Gorge
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Niagara Gorge is an 11 km gorge carved by the Niagara River along the Canada–US border in New York and Ontario. It begins at the base of Niagara Falls and ends at the Niagara escarpment near Queenston, Ontario, the force of the river current in the gorge is one of the most powerful in the world. Because of the dangers this presents, kayaking the gorge has generally been prohibited, however, on isolated occasions, world class experts have been permitted to navigate the stretch. Gorge Niagara Escarpment Niagara River Niagara Whirlpool

53.
Desjardins Canal
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The Desjardins Canal, named after its promoter Pierre Desjardins, was built to give Dundas, Ontario, easier access to Lake Ontario and the Great Lakes system of North America. Although a technological achievement and a short commercial success, the canal was soon eclipsed by the railway. Following the US Revolutionary War the British government felt an urgent need to populate the interior of the province of Upper Canada, the immediate concern was to find a refuge for Loyalists forced from their previous homes in the United States. Lieutenant-Governor John Graves Simcoe hoped to achieve this by offering free 200-acre grants of land in the interior of the province to prospective settlers regardless of nationality. It had been expected that this would entice from the United States immigrants who would become loyal citizens, however land in the Ohio Territory and western New York proved more to their liking. Each town had its advantages and disadvantages which might make it more or less attractive to prospective businessmen. Ancaster had an abundance of land, streams adequate to power mills. However, in order for an economy to develop, easy access to Lake Ontario was critical. However Dundas in turn was challenged by Hamilton, in 1816 the district of Gore had been created at the head of the lake amid jockeying over the selection of the district town. The previous year George Hamilton, then living in Queenston, had decided to move away from the border with the United States due to concern about further conflict. Well-connected, he was aware that a new district was to be established and purchased a substantial amount of land in the area from James Durand, within a year Hamilton had been selected as the district town. The Desjardins Canal was the centerpiece of Dundas’ efforts to adjust to this development, access to Lake Ontario from the mainland was made more difficult by the topography of the area, which included a large sandbar, a natural sand and gravel barrier, across Burlington Bay. For any other type of craft it was necessary for the cargo to be unloaded, carried across the barrier, because of this obstacle to any commercial shipping entering the bay from Lake Ontario all parties had an interest in seeing the barrier breached. Restricted access to Burlington Bay was a concern for other than the usual commercial ones. One involved vessel safety, as access to a harbor had obvious advantages in the event of lake storms. Since action on the Niagara Peninsula could be expected in any war with the United States. Improved access to the lake from the entrepôts at the limits of land transportation was required in order for the scheme to achieve its full potential. However, with the network in the province at that time being dismal at best

Desjardins Canal
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Desjardins Canal
Desjardins Canal
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Main lakes

54.
Queen Victoria Park
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Queen Victoria Park is the main parkland located in Niagara Falls, Ontario, Canada opposite the American and Canadian Horseshoe Falls. Established by a Provincial Park Act in 1885 and opened in 1888, the park is known for its outstanding flower displays of daffodils and roses in-season, with many of the plantings done in a carpet-bedding design. Queen Victoria Park is also the point for the annual winter Festival of Lights. The area comprising Queen Victoria Park was originally part of the upper Niagara River bed, father Louis Hennepin is purported to be the first visitor to explore the area in depth in 1678. Active settlements in the area did not begin until the dawn of the 19th century with the establishment of a hut which served as an inn. They were joined in competition by Thomas Barnett who, in 1827, built a museum just south of Table Rock, the north end of the property, now occupied by Oakes Garden Theater, housed the Clifton House, built in 1833 and catering to the well-to-do traveller. The estate did not come to pass, upon Zimmermans tragic death in 1856, by the late 1850s, Saul Davis came to Canada after having operated the Prospect House in Niagara Falls, New York. He immediately erected a museum next to Barnetts, called Table Rock House. Barnett and Davis soon became rivals, as each fiercely attempted to outdo the other with competing stairways down to the lower level of the Horseshoe Falls. Customers desiring to go to one museum would be intercepted by members of the museum and forced to pay for services. This area became known as The Front, a notorious tourist trap, the first suggestion of a park at this site came in 1873 as an idea offered by Edmund Burke Wood, a member of Canadian Parliament, in an effort to quell the criminal element in the area. This idea was refused, however, by the new Premier, Oliver Mowat, by 1880, Mowat began considering the possibility of using a private corporation to take on the idea. Several proposals were floated in the years, all either struck down by Mowat or failing to get legislative backing. Mowat did not want the government to pay for land acquisition, a three-member committee was established in 1885, headed by Polish immigrant Sir Casimir Gzowski, who proposed a government-run park encompassing 118 acres, to be free to the public. A follow-up report in 1887 warning of general regret and disappointment convinced Mowat to push through the Queen Victoria Niagara Falls Park Act in March,1887. Unsightly outbuildings were razed, grounds were cleaned up, and Queen Victoria Park was officially opened to the public on May 24,1888, admittance to the new park was free, a charge was only levied if visitors requested tour guides to accompany them. By 1890, however, it was found that revenue was 90% below what the Queen Victoria Niagara Falls Park Commission was budgeting for. Not wanting to ask the Provincial Government for bonds, the Commission granted a license to the Niagara Falls and Park River Railway to run a rail route from Chippewa to Queenston

Queen Victoria Park
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Queen Victoria Park

55.
Bank of Upper Canada
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The Bank of Upper Canada was established in 1821 under a Charter granted by the legislature of Upper Canada in 1819 to a group of Kingston merchants. This charter was stolen by the more influential Executive Councillors to the Lt. Governor, the bank was closely associated with the group that came to be known as the Family Compact, and formed a large part of their wealth. This association with the Family Compact and underhanded practices made Reformers, including Mackenzie, complaints about the bank were a staple of Reform agitation in the 1830s due to its monopoly and aggressive legal actions against debtors. The first Bank of Upper Canada was located on the south-east corners of King, Toronto at the time was too small for a bank and its promoters were unable to raise even the minimal 10% of the £200,000 authorized capital required for start-up. Governor appointed four of the fifteen directors making for a tight bond between the nominally private company and the state. Despite these tight bonds, the Receiver General, the reform leaning John Henry Dunn, the bank’s principle promoters were the Rev. John Strachan, and William Allan. William Allan, who became president, was also an Executive and Legislative Councillor and he, like the Rev. John Strachan, played a key role in solidifying the Family Compact, and ensuring its influence within the colonial state. Forty-four men served as bank directors during the 1830s, eleven of them were executive councilors, fifteen of them were legislative councilors, more importantly, all 11 men who had ever sat on the Executive Council also sat on the board of the Bank at one time or another. 10 of these men also sat on the Legislative Council. ”These overlapping memberships reinforced the oligarchic nature of power in the colony and allowed the administration to operate without any effective elective check. Henry John Boulton, the general, author of the bank incorporation bill. Once elected to the House of Assembly, he critiqued the Banks lack of transparency, the Bank of Upper Canada at York had obtained its charter at the expense of the larger, more economically developed town of Kingston. Deprived of their charter, they established a bank in 1818 supported with American capital. The government refused to accept its notes given its American ties, after its failure, the Bank of Upper Canada used all of its influence to prevent any other bank from being chartered in the province. This monopoly was crucial to keeping its notes in circulation and boosting its profits and they succeeded only until 1832 when the Commercial Bank of the Midland District was chartered finally giving Kingston the bank it desired. Paper currency was an innovation in this era. It had been experimented with to fund the American Revolutionary War, banknotes in this period were not legal tender, issued by a state bank. They were, rather, similar to cheques written by the bank promising to pay the bearer with real money, or specie, any bank which could not redeem its banknotes with specie was forced to close for good. On average the bank loaned out more than three times more banknotes than it could redeem, it made 6% interest on each note that it loaned out

Bank of Upper Canada
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The Bank of Upper Canada Building in 1872 (Adelaide Street, Toronto)
Bank of Upper Canada
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John Strachan
Bank of Upper Canada
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Democratic cartoon from 1833 showing Jackson destroying the Second Bank of the United States, to the approval of the Uncle Sam like figure to the right, and annoyance of the bank's president, shown as the Devil himself
Bank of Upper Canada
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Bank of Upper Canada 1977 condition

56.
Buffalo, New York
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Buffalo is a city in western New York state and the county seat of Erie County, on the eastern shores of Lake Erie at the head of the Niagara River. As of 2014, Buffalo is New York states 2nd-most populous city after New York City, the metropolitan area has a population of 1.13 million. After an economic downturn in the half of the 20th century, Buffalos economy has transitioned to sectors that include financial services, technology, biomedical engineering. Residents of Buffalo are called Buffalonians, the citys nicknames include The Queen City, The Nickel City and The City of Good Neighbors. The city of Buffalo received its name from a creek called Buffalo Creek. British military engineer Captain John Montresor made reference to Buffalo Creek in his journal of 1764, there are several theories regarding how Buffalo Creek received its name. In 1804, as principal agent opening the area for the Holland Land Company, Joseph Ellicott, designed a radial street and grid system that branches out from downtown like bicycle spokes similar to the street system he used in the nations capital. Although Ellicott named the settlement New Amsterdam, the name did not catch on, during the War of 1812, on December 30,1813, Buffalo was burned by British forces. The George Coit House 1818 and Samuel Schenck House 1823 are currently the oldest houses within the limits of the City of Buffalo, on October 26,1825, the Erie Canal was completed with Buffalo a port-of-call for settlers heading westward. At the time, the population was about 2,400, the Erie Canal brought about a surge in population and commerce, which led Buffalo to incorporate as a city in 1832. In 1845, construction began on the Macedonia Baptist Church, an important meeting place for the abolitionist movement, Buffalo was a terminus point of the Underground Railroad with many fugitive slaves crossing the Niagara River to Fort Erie, Ontario in search of freedom. During the 1840s, Buffalos port continued to develop, both passenger and commercial traffic expanded with some 93,000 passengers heading west from the port of Buffalo. Grain and commercial goods shipments led to repeated expansion of the harbor, in 1843, the worlds first steam-powered grain elevator was constructed by local merchant Joseph Dart and engineer Robert Dunbar. Darts Elevator enabled faster unloading of lake freighters along with the transshipment of grain in bulk from barges, canal boats, by 1850, the citys population was 81,000. At the dawn of the 20th century, local mills were among the first to benefit from hydroelectric power generated by the Niagara River, the city got the nickname City of Light at this time due to the widespread electric lighting. It was also part of the revolution, hosting the brass era car builders Pierce Arrow. President William McKinley was shot and mortally wounded by an anarchist at the Pan-American Exposition in Buffalo on September 6,1901, McKinley died in the city eight days later and Theodore Roosevelt was sworn in at the Wilcox Mansion as the 26th President of the United States. The Great Depression of 1929–39 saw severe unemployment, especially working class men

Buffalo, New York
Buffalo, New York
Buffalo, New York
Buffalo, New York

57.
Harry Oakes
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Sir Harry Oakes, 1st Baronet of Nassau was an American-born British Canadian gold mine owner, entrepreneur, investor and philanthropist. He earned his fortune in Canada and in the 1930s moved to the Bahamas for tax purposes, the cause of death and the details surrounding it have never been entirely determined, and have been the subject of several books and four films. Oakes was born in Sangerville, Maine, one of five children of William Pitt Oakes and his father was a prosperous lawyer. He graduated from Foxcroft Academy and went on to Bowdoin College in 1896, one of his sisters, Gertrude Oakes, died in the 1935 sinking of the ocean liner SS Mohawk off the New Jersey coast. In 1898, he left school before graduation and made his way to Alaska at the height of the Klondike Gold Rush in hopes of making his fortune as a prospector. For 15 years, he sought gold around the world from California to Australia, Oakes arrived in Kirkland Lake in Northern Ontario, Canada on 19 June 1911. In 1912, he struck gold there, by 1920, Oakes was thought to be Canadas richest individual. His lavish lifestyle included a 1928 Hispano-Suiza H6B, Oakes became a British citizen, and for tax reasons lived in the Bahamas from 1935 until his death. He was invited to the British colony by Sir Harold Christie, a prominent Bahamian real estate developer and legislator, Oakes was created a baronet in 1939 as a reward for his philanthropic endeavours in the Bahamas, Canada and Britain. He donated US $500,000 in two bequests to St Georges Hospital in London and gave US $1 million to charities in the Bahamas and he became a member of the colonys House of Assembly. Oakes soon proved to be an investor, entrepreneur and developer in the Bahamas. All of this activity greatly stimulated the economy in what had been a sleepy backwater. This activity took place mainly on the island of New Providence. Oakes had become the colonys wealthiest, most powerful, and most important resident by the early 1940s, on 30 June 1923, Oakes married Eunice Myrtle McIntyre in Sydney, Australia, they met aboard a cruise ship, and she was approximately half his age when they married. They eventually had five children, Nancy Oakes, who in 1942 married Count Alfred de Marigny at the age of 18 and they separated in 1945 and divorced in 1949. She later had a relationship with British actor Richard Greene. In 1952, she married Baron Ernst Lyssardt von Hoyningen-Huene with whom she had one son before their divorce in 1956. Nancys children are, Baron Alexander V. Sasha Hoynengen-Huene Patricia Luisa Oakes, William Pitt Oakes, who died of an overdose aged 28

58.
Niagara Parks Commission
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The Niagara Parks Commission, commonly shortened to Niagara Parks, is an agency of the Government of Ontario which maintains the Ontario shoreline of the Niagara River. The Commission was founded in 1885 and charged with preserving and enhancing the beauty of Niagara Falls. The first commissioner was Casimir Gzowski, other notable Commissioners have included Thomas McQuesten and James Allan. Current Commission Chair is Janice Thomson, in total, the Commission is in charge of about 16.19 square kilometres of parkland along the river, in addition to the Niagara Parkway which spans 56 kilometres. In this corridor, the NPC manages numerous trails, historic sites, picnic areas and these include Journey Behind the Falls, the Niagara Parks Butterfly Conservatory, and the Queenston Floral Clock. The Commission manages Navy Island National Historic Site under an agreement with the Parks Canada. It also owns the Chippawa Battlefield Park, and has developed an interpretive walk at this War of 1812 site. The NPC runs the Botanical Gardens and since 1997, the Butterfly Conservatory, NPC operates the Niagara Parks School of Horticulture, a world-renowned training centre for horticulturalists and gardeners. In addition, the NPC has placed dozens of green plaques marking significant sites, Niagara Parks also operated the People Mover, a shuttle bus system intended to aid transportation along the Niagara River and help reduce automobile crowding near the Falls. The buses were powered by propane and included a unit during most popular hours. In the long term, the Commission is planning for a fixed track transit system along the Niagara Parkway, in the meantime, the Commission joined forces with Niagara Falls Transit to launch the WEGO bus system in 2012, and in the process discontinued the People Mover service. NPC now attempts to protect the beauty and attract tourism along the Niagara River, Niagara Gorge. The NPC is an agency of the Ontario Ministry of Tourism. The Niagara Heritage Trail is a historic and scenic route running the entire 35 mile Canadian coastline of the Niagara River from Fort Erie northward to Niagara-on-the-Lake, construction began in stages during the early 1980s, and was completed in 1995. The aims and objectives of The Niagara Parks Commission as set out in The R, list of botanical gardens in Canada Alfred H

59.
Federal government of the United States
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The Federal Government of the United States is the national government of the United States, a republic in North America, composed of 50 states, one district, Washington, D. C. and several territories. The federal government is composed of three branches, legislative, executive, and judicial, whose powers are vested by the U. S. Constitution in the Congress, the President, and the courts, including the Supreme Court. The powers and duties of these branches are defined by acts of Congress. The full name of the republic is United States of America, no other name appears in the Constitution, and this is the name that appears on money, in treaties, and in legal cases to which it is a party. The terms Government of the United States of America or United States Government are often used in documents to represent the federal government as distinct from the states collectively. In casual conversation or writing, the term Federal Government is often used, the terms Federal and National in government agency or program names generally indicate affiliation with the federal government. Because the seat of government is in Washington, D. C, Washington is commonly used as a metonym for the federal government. The outline of the government of the United States is laid out in the Constitution, the government was formed in 1789, making the United States one of the worlds first, if not the first, modern national constitutional republics. The United States government is based on the principles of federalism and republicanism, some make the case for expansive federal powers while others argue for a more limited role for the central government in relation to individuals, the states or other recognized entities. For example, while the legislative has the power to create law, the President nominates judges to the nations highest judiciary authority, but those nominees must be approved by Congress. The Supreme Court, in its turn, has the power to invalidate as unconstitutional any law passed by the Congress and these and other examples are examined in more detail in the text below. The United States Congress is the branch of the federal government. It is bicameral, comprising the House of Representatives and the Senate, the House currently consists of 435 voting members, each of whom represents a congressional district. The number of each state has in the House is based on each states population as determined in the most recent United States Census. All 435 representatives serve a two-year term, each state receives a minimum of one representative in the House. There is no limit on the number of terms a representative may serve, in addition to the 435 voting members, there are six non-voting members, consisting of five delegates and one resident commissioner. In contrast, the Senate is made up of two senators from each state, regardless of population, there are currently 100 senators, who each serve six-year terms

60.
Quality Inn
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Choice Hotels International, Inc. is an American hospitality holding corporation based in Rockville, Maryland, in the United States. The company manages 6,379 properties worldwide, there are 505,278 rooms, with approximately $45.80 in revenue per room, totaling $758 million in revenue as of April 2016. The company was started in 1939 as Quality Courts, a chain consisting of seven motel owners in the South. It published the names of all properties complying with its standards, in 1941, the group incorporated as Quality Courts United. Later, the chain operated under the name Quality Motels. Quality Courts United accepted franchise hotels without strict norms or guidelines from the company and this is different from Holiday Inn which from its beginning implemented numerous mandatory standards and guidelines at every one of its locations. Also, Quality Inn accepted franchisees with existing hotels, during its early years, Quality Courts operations were entirely in areas of the United States east of the Mississippi River and portions of Canada. From 1946 to 1964, Quality had a partnership with Best Western, whose properties were located mostly west of the Mississippi River. It was abandoned in 1964 as Best Western expanded into the eastern U. S. with its Best Eastern operation, Quality Courts began its efforts toward national coverage in 1966 when it opened a motel in St. Louis, Missouri and two in Texas in Houston and Arlington. The company became Quality International as the company switched to franchising in 1972, a few years later, the franchising well on its way, about 300 hotels were independently owned and only about 38 were still company-owned. In 1982, Quality Inns began segmentation by introducing Comfort Inns, Quality Royale was converted to Clarion Hotels in 1987. It represented a line of hotels that offer travelers a variety of hotel styles and locations. Clarion provides a spectrum of services - including full-service restaurants, lounges, room service. Clarions boutique line, Clarion Collection, is an extension of the brand, Ascend Collection is designed for high-end boutique and historic hotels that have an established local identity. Two all-suite divisions, Comfort Suites and Quality Suites, were introduced as the first mid-market, the original Quality Inn brand competes with Holiday Inn, Best Western, and Ramada. Many former Holiday Inns were refranchised as Quality Inns during the 1990s and 2000s, conversely, Quality eliminated more than half of its original locations. In 1989, the company introduced McSleep, an economy brand utilizing a consistent interior corridor design prototype and all-new construction, the name was soon changed to Sleep Inn after litigation from McDonalds. Sleep Inn and Sleep Inn and Suites are low to mid-priced, since then,320 locations have opened

61.
Niagara SkyWheel
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Niagara SkyWheel is a 175-foot tall Ferris wheel in the middle of Clifton Hill, Niagara Falls, Ontario, Canada. Niagara SkyWheel is a Ronald Bussink Professional Rides designed R60 Giant Wheel, manufactured by Chance Rides and it opened on 17 June 2006, at a cost of $10 million. Its 42 Swiss-manufactured fully enclosed passenger cars can carry eight people and are heated in the winter. The ride is approximately 12 to 15 minutes long, giving views of the Niagara River, and the Horseshoe Falls and American Falls

Niagara SkyWheel
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Niagara SkyWheel

62.
Fun House
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Unlike thrill rides, funhouses are participatory attractions, where visitors enter and move around under their own power. Appearing originally in the early 1900s at Coney Island, the funhouse is so called because in its form it was just that. At first these were mechanical devices. Some could be described as enlarged, motorized versions of what might be found on a childrens playground, the most common were, A slide, usually much taller and steeper than one would find on a playground. Some were as much as two stories high, slides of comparable size can be seen today on carnival midways as separate attractions. Most were made of polished hardwood, and riders would sit on mats to protect themselves from friction burns. A variation was a disk with a center, shaped much like a Bundt cake mold, as the device sped up. A horizontal revolving cylinder or barrel called barrel of love or barrel of fun to try to walk through without falling down, sections of floor that undulated up and down, tipped from side to side or moved forward and back, either motorized or activated by the persons weight. Stairs that moved up and down, tipped from side to side, the industry refers to these and similar devices as floor tricks. Compressed air jets shooting air up from the floor, originally designed to blow up womens skirts, a very large ball pit Notwithstanding the images in movies and comic books, fun houses did not drop patrons through trapdoors, which would be far too dangerous. One type of trick plays on this image, it consists of a section of floor that suddenly drops just a few inches. A few places even provided bench seats for the watchers, once patrons were inside they could stay as long as they wanted, moving from one attraction to another, repeating each one as many times as they chose. Through the first half of the 20th century most amusement parks had this type of fun house, but its free-form design was its undoing. It was labor-intensive, needing an attendant at almost every device, traditional fun houses gave way to walk-throughs, where patrons followed a set path all the way through and emerged back on the midway a few minutes later. These preserved some of the fun house features, including various kinds of moving floors, sometimes a revolving barrel. Many traditional fun houses were removed after parks created walk-throughs, some became dilapidated and were torn down. A few burned down, they were nearly all buildings with extensive electrical wiring. Those that remained were all at traditional local amusement parks and died when those parks closed due to competition from new theme parks, no theme park ever created a traditional free-form stay-all-day fun house, but theme parks sometimes developed the walk-through attraction to new, high-tech heights

Fun House
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Lost City - a large traveling funhouse that unpacks from two articulated trailers.
Fun House
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The 'funhouse' ride at Malton fair. The whole thing folds up into a single truck.

63.
MGM Studios
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Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer Studios Inc. is an American media company, involved primarily in the production and distribution of feature films and television programs. Its headquarters are in Beverly Hills, California and it is one of the worlds oldest film studios. In 1971, it was announced that MGM would merge with 20th Century Fox, over the next thirty-nine years, the studio was bought and sold at various points in its history until, on November 3,2010, MGM filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy. MGM Resorts International, a Las Vegas-based hotel and casino company listed on the New York Stock Exchange under the symbol MGM, is not currently affiliated with Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer. In 1966, MGM was sold to Canadian investor Edgar Bronfman Sr. whose son Edgar Jr. would later buy Universal Studios, the studio continued to produce five to six films a year that were released through other studios, mostly United Artists. Kerkorian did, however, commit to increased production and a film library when he bought United Artists in 1981. MGM ramped up production, as well as keeping production going at UA. It also incurred significant amounts of debt to increase production, the studio took on additional debt as a series of owners took charge in the 1980s and early 1990s. In 1986, Ted Turner bought MGM, but a few later, sold the company back to Kerkorian to recoup massive debt. The series of deals left MGM even more heavily in debt, MGM was bought by Pathé Communications in 1990, but Parretti lost control of Pathé and defaulted on the loans used to purchase the studio. The French banking conglomerate Crédit Lyonnais, the major creditor. Even more deeply in debt, MGM was purchased by a joint venture between Kerkorian, producer Frank Mancuso, and Australias Seven Network in 1996, the debt load from these and subsequent business deals negatively affected MGMs ability to survive as an independent motion picture studio. In 1924, movie theater magnate Marcus Loew had a problem and he had bought Metro Pictures Corporation in 1919 for a steady supply of films for his large Loews Theatres chain. With Loews lackluster assortment of Metro films, Loew purchased Goldwyn Pictures in 1924 to improve the quality, however, these purchases created a need for someone to oversee his new Hollywood operations, since longtime assistant Nicholas Schenck was needed in New York headquarters to oversee the 150 theaters. Mayer, Loew addressed the situation by buying Louis B. Mayer Pictures on April 17,1924, Mayer became head of the renamed Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer, with Irving Thalberg as head of production. MGM produced more than 100 feature films in its first two years, in 1925, MGM released the extravagant and successful Ben-Hur, taking a $4.7 million profit that year, its first full year. Marcus Loew died in 1927, and control of Loews passed to Nicholas Schenck, in 1929, William Fox of Fox Film Corporation bought the Loew familys holdings with Schencks assent. Mayer and Thalberg disagreed with the decision, Mayer was active in the California Republican Party and used his political connections to persuade the Justice Department to delay final approval of the deal on antitrust grounds

64.
Starbucks
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Starbucks Corporation is an American coffee company and coffeehouse chain. Starbucks was founded in Seattle, Washington in 1971. As of November 2016, it operates 23,768 locations worldwide, many stores sell pre-packaged food items, hot and cold sandwiches, and drinkware including mugs and tumblers, select Starbucks Evenings locations offer beer, wine, and appetizers. Starbucks-brand coffee, ice cream, and bottled cold coffee drinks are sold at grocery stores. Starbucks first became profitable in Seattle in the early 1980s, the first Starbucks location outside North America opened in Tokyo in 1996, overseas properties now constitute almost one-third of its stores. The company opened an average of two new locations daily between 1987 and 2007, on December 1,2016, Howard Schultz announced he would resign as CEO effective in April 2017 and will be replaced by Kevin Johnson. The company took the name of the mate in the book Moby-Dick, Starbuck, after considering Cargo House. Bowker recalls that Terry Heckler, with whom Bowker owned an advertising agency, the founders brainstormed a list of words beginning with st. Someone pulled out an old mining map of the Cascade Range and saw a mining town named Starbo, Bowker said, Moby-Dick didnt have anything to do with Starbucks directly, it was only coincidental that the sound seemed to make sense. The first Starbucks store was located in Seattle at 2000 Western Avenue from 1971–1976 and this cafe was later moved to 1912 Pike Place, never to be relocated again. During this time, the only sold roasted whole coffee beans. The only brewed coffee served in the store were free samples, during their first year of operation, they purchased green coffee beans from Peets, then began buying directly from growers. In 1984, the owners of Starbucks, led by Jerry Baldwin. During the 1980s, total sales of coffee in the US were falling, by 1986, the company operated six stores in Seattle and had only just begun to sell espresso coffee. In 1987, the owners sold the Starbucks chain to former manager Howard Schultz. In the same year, Starbucks opened its first locations outside Seattle at Waterfront Station in Vancouver, British Columbia, by 1989,46 stores existed across the Northwest and Midwest and annually, Starbucks was roasting over 2,000,000 pounds of coffee. At the time of its public offering on the stock market in June 1992, Starbucks had 140 outlets, with a revenue of US$73.5 million. The companys market value was US$271 million by this time, the 12% portion of the company that was sold raised around US$25 million for the company, which facilitated a doubling of the number of stores over the next two years

65.
Geographic coordinate system
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A geographic coordinate system is a coordinate system used in geography that enables every location on Earth to be specified by a set of numbers, letters or symbols. The coordinates are chosen such that one of the numbers represents a vertical position. A common choice of coordinates is latitude, longitude and elevation, to specify a location on a two-dimensional map requires a map projection. The invention of a coordinate system is generally credited to Eratosthenes of Cyrene. Ptolemy credited him with the adoption of longitude and latitude. Ptolemys 2nd-century Geography used the prime meridian but measured latitude from the equator instead. Mathematical cartography resumed in Europe following Maximus Planudes recovery of Ptolemys text a little before 1300, in 1884, the United States hosted the International Meridian Conference, attended by representatives from twenty-five nations. Twenty-two of them agreed to adopt the longitude of the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, the Dominican Republic voted against the motion, while France and Brazil abstained. France adopted Greenwich Mean Time in place of local determinations by the Paris Observatory in 1911, the latitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle between the equatorial plane and the straight line that passes through that point and through the center of the Earth. Lines joining points of the same latitude trace circles on the surface of Earth called parallels, as they are parallel to the equator, the north pole is 90° N, the south pole is 90° S. The 0° parallel of latitude is designated the equator, the plane of all geographic coordinate systems. The equator divides the globe into Northern and Southern Hemispheres, the longitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle east or west of a reference meridian to another meridian that passes through that point. All meridians are halves of great ellipses, which converge at the north and south poles, the prime meridian determines the proper Eastern and Western Hemispheres, although maps often divide these hemispheres further west in order to keep the Old World on a single side. The antipodal meridian of Greenwich is both 180°W and 180°E, the combination of these two components specifies the position of any location on the surface of Earth, without consideration of altitude or depth. The grid formed by lines of latitude and longitude is known as a graticule, the origin/zero point of this system is located in the Gulf of Guinea about 625 km south of Tema, Ghana. To completely specify a location of a feature on, in, or above Earth. Earth is not a sphere, but a shape approximating a biaxial ellipsoid. It is nearly spherical, but has an equatorial bulge making the radius at the equator about 0. 3% larger than the radius measured through the poles, the shorter axis approximately coincides with the axis of rotation

Geographic coordinate system
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Longitude lines are perpendicular and latitude lines are parallel to the equator.