It increases the levels of brain chemicals that promote new brain cell formation and new neural connections. What John Ratey has called Miracle-gro’ for the brain.

It protects against mental decline probably by improving circulation, increasing blood flow and thereby sending more oxygen to the brain.

Exercise lowers our risk of breast, colon and possibly prostate cancer. It can prevent and help people suffering with Type 2 Diabetes and reduces the risk of death from heart disease.

Exercise also boosts the levels of your body’s natural painkillers, endorphins, which are mainly responsible for a euphoric feeling popularly known as “runner’s high.”

It’s believed that exercise turns on the gene that sends a signal to create more brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). BDNF is a protein that keeps existing brain cells healthy and stimulates new brain cell formation. Dr. John Ratey is an Associate Clinical Professor of Psychiatry at Harvard Medical School and author of Spark: The Revolutionary New Science of Exercise and the Brain. He has spent much of his career studying the effects of exercise on the brain. He says, “A lot of things contribute to us feeling better when we exercise. Endorphins are one of them, but so are norepinephrine, serotonin, dopamine, and brain-derived neurotrophic factor.” Amazingly, when researchers sprinkled BDNF onto neurons in the lab, they spontaneously sprouted new branches. This led Ratey to compare BDNF to “Miracle-Gro for the brain.” He says that BDNF keeps brain cells young and prevents cognitive decline. The hippocampus, the part of the brain linked to learning and memory formation, is especially receptive to new brain cell formation encouraged by exercise. The hippocampus is capable of growing new cells (a process known as neurogenesis) throughout our entire lifetime – even into our 90’s provided we have the lifestyle to support it!

According to a recent study published in the journal Neurology, physical activity can slow brain aging by as much as 10 years.

Working out reduces cortisol levels while increasing endorphins and norepinephrine, making it one of the most effective ways to combat stress and increase happiness.

Exercise and stress

Research also shows that exercise reorganizes the brain, making it more resilient to stress.

Excessive stress increases the risk of mental disorders of all kinds. High levels of the stress hormone cortisol can kill or shrink existing brain cells and stop the generation of new brain cells in the hippocampus, the brain’s memory centre, as stress halts the production of the important neurotransmitters we mention above; serotonin, dopamine, GABA, and BDNF.

Working out reduces cortisol levels while increasing endorphins and norepinephrine, making it one of the most effective ways to combat stress and increase happiness. Also it seems to reduce the tendency to dwell on negative thoughts by altering blood flow to those areas in the brain that trigger unwanted, stressful thoughts.

One fascinating research finding is that exercise reduces stress and anxiety even if you are forced to exercise and don’t really want to do it!

They consistently found that when non-exercisers are enrolled in an aerobic exercise programme all kinds of mental abilities are enhanced.

Exercise and the brain

Exercise helps memory and thinking both directly and indirectly. The direct benefits are from exercise’s ability to reduce insulin resistance, reduce inflammation, and stimulate the release of growth factors, as mentioned above.

Many studies have suggested that the parts of the brain that control thinking and memory (the prefrontal cortex and medial temporal cortex) have greater volume in people who exercise versus people who don’t and research has also found that regular exercise of moderate intensity is associated with an increase in the volume of some brain regions according to Dr. Scott McGinnis, an instructor in neurology at Harvard Medical School.

Research has consistently shown that exercisers outperform couch potatoes in tests that measure long-term memory, reasoning, attention and problem-solving. For example, researchers took a group of non-exercisers, measured their mental abilities, exercised them for a period of time and then re-examined their brain performance. They consistently found that when non-exercisers are enrolled in an aerobic exercise programme all kinds of mental abilities are enhanced.

Similar results have been found with school-age children. In one study, children jogged for 30 minutes two or three times a week. After 12 weeks, their cognitive performance had improved significantly compared with pre-exercise levels. When the exercise programme was withdrawn, their scores plummeted back to their pre-study levels.

An article published by John Hopkins University in the U.S. described exercise as ‘the universal antidote to ageing’. A long term study of over 19,000 people in Texas showed that those who exercised regularly through their middle years and beyond were 40% less likely to develop dementia.

But you don’t have to run for hours to experience the benefits.

According to the National Academy of Sports Medicine, 30 minutes of biking, hiking, cycling, weightlifting, and even doing chores around the house will increase endorphins. Moving meditations like tai chi, Pilates and yoga trigger endorphin release as does taking a brisk walk.

But we all have days when we don’t feel like it and if we are not careful those days can become a habit. The couch potato habit rather than the exercise habit.

Getting going…

I’m always inspired by people who get out and exercise and as I have just moved to near Victoria Park in East London I am amazed at how many people are doing it! And the myriad of reasons they have for exercising. But we all have days when we don’t feel like it and if we are not careful those days can become a habit. The couch potato habit rather than the exercise habit. The best advice for the days when you want to stay under the duvet is to notice your body signals. Sometimes it is good to miss a training session and do something less strenuous, say go for a walk with the family or with friends. You have to decide whether your body is really crying out for rest or it’s just avoiding. Committed exercisers say they usually really enjoy the exercise on the day they had to struggle to do it and sometimes it is one of the best sessions of the week! They also advise not giving yourself a chance to listen to the voice which says ‘don’t go, stay in bed/ the warm’ and get into their exercise gear straight away then it sort of fools the mind that I probably do want to go anyway as I’m ready! Or try saying ‘I will only do a short session/run today’ and then that turns into a normal length session.

We know good nutrition is critical to making the most of exercise and luckily, many of the foods that help us be productive are great exercise fuel too. According to Runners’ World magazine the 15 best foods for runners are: almonds, eggs, sweet potatoes, wholegrain pseudo-cereals like quinoa, oranges, black beans, salad greens, wild salmon, whole wheat bread and pasta, vegetables, chicken, berries, dark chocolate and yoghurt. Lots of overlap here with foods which help memory and attention so you can achieve more than one benefit at a time.