Chemotherapy for Ovarian Cancer

Chemotherapy
uses drugs to kill cancer cells. The drugs enter the bloodstream and travel through the body in order to kill cancer cells. The side effects from the chemotherapy come from the fact that it also destroys normal cells.

Chemotherapy is usually injected or infused into a vein, but some forms can be given by mouth. Your medical oncologist will tell you how many cycles or courses of chemotherapy are best for you. In most cases, chemotherapy is given after surgery for six cycles, although recent data suggests that as few as three cycles of chemotherapy may be as good as six cycles, which means fewer side effects. Sometimes, the cancer is too large to remove surgically, and the doctor may give you chemotherapy first to make the cancer smaller so that it can all be removed during surgery. There is still some debate about whether it is better to have chemotherapy before or after surgery, but the standard at this time is to receive chemotherapy after surgery.

The side effects and amount of time required in your doctor’s office depend on the type of chemotherapy you receive, as well as how many cycles you receive and how often. The most common chemotherapy-associated side effects are:

Nausea and vomiting

Fatigue or tiredness

Hair loss

Decreased blood counts

Chemotherapeutic Agents

First-line agents, used separately or in combination, include:

Paclitaxel

Cisplatin

Carboplatin

Other agents (used primarily if no response to or recurrence after the first-line agents, or for the rarer germ cell tumors) include:

Etoposide

Ifosfamide

Cyclophosphamide

Doxorubicin

Topotecan

Docetaxel

Paclitaxel combined with Cisplatin or Carboplatin is a favored regimen for treating epithelial cell ovarian cancer. It produces complete disease regression in about a quarter of patients with Stage III disease.

Cisplatin is used alone for certain ovarian cancers and in combination with either Cyclophosphamide or Paclitaxel to treat advanced disease. Cisplatin is also a member of the BEP regimen for germ cell cancers. The regimen includes bleomycin, etoposide, and cisplatin (platinum). Due to its lower toxicity, Carboplatin is being tested as a substitute for Cisplatin in this combination.

Etoposide is the second member of the BEP regimen for germ cell cancers.

Possible side effects of this medication include:

Severe bone marrow damage

Severe allergic reactions

Nausea

Vomiting

Hair loss

Heart muscle injury

Cyclophosphamide may be combined with Cisplatinum to treat advanced disease. Cyclophosphamide interferes with the growth of cancer cells, which are eventually destroyed. Since Cyclophosphamide may also affect the growth of normal body cells, other effects will also occur. Cyclophosphamide is given either by mouth or by injection.

Possible side effects of Cyclophosphamide include:

Cough or hoarseness

Fever or chills

Lower back or side pain

Missed menstrual periods

Painful or difficult urination

Darkening of skin and fingernails

Loss of appetite

Nausea or vomiting

Sterility in men

Bone marrow damage and risk of leukemias

Doxorubicin is used in combination treatments for very advanced or resistant cancer. Doxorubicin seems to interfere with the growth of cancer cells, which are then eventually destroyed by the body. Since the growth of normal body cells may also be affected by Doxorubicin, other effects will also occur. Doxorubicin is given as an injection.

Possible side effects of Doxorubicin include:

Sores in mouth and on lips

Fast or irregular heartbeat

Damage to the heart muscle

Pain at place of injection

Shortness of breath

Swelling of feet and lower legs

Topotecan is used in combination treatments for very advanced, resistant, or recurrent cancer. Topotecan inhibits an enzyme topoisomerase I, causing DNA damage to tumor cells. It is commonly given intravenously daily for five days every three weeks.

Possible side effects of Topotecan include:

Abdominal pain, diarrhea, nausea, vomiting, constipation

Hair loss, rash, mouth sores

Weakness and headache

Cough and trouble breathing

Fatigue, fever, pain

Bone marrow damage

Docetaxel is similar to Paclitaxel and is a semisynthetic compound derived from yew plants. It is commonly given intravenously every three weeks, often with corticosteroids to prevent problems with sensitivity to the medication.

Possible side effects of Docetaxel include:

Hair loss

Weakness and nerve damage

Diarrhea, nausea, vomiting

Mouth sores

Fluid retention

Liver damage

Bone marrow damage

Revision Information

This content is reviewed regularly and is updated when new and relevant evidence is made available. This information is neither intended nor implied to be a substitute for professional medical advice. Always seek the advice of your physician or other qualified health provider prior to starting any new treatment or with questions regarding a medical condition.