Bird flu hot spot: Scientists track virus in huge migration

MIDDLE TOWNSHIP, N.J. — Huge
flocks of famished birds scour the sands of Delaware Bay for the tiny
greenish eggs an army of horseshoe crabs lays every spring.

It's a marvel of ecology as
shorebirds migrating from South America to the Arctic time a stop
critical to their survival to this mass crab spawning. It's also one of
the world's hot spots for bird flu — a bonanza for scientists seeking
clues about how influenza evolves so they just might better protect
people.

"Eventually, we would like
to be able to predict which would be the next pandemic," said flu
pioneer Robert Webster of St. Jude Children's Research Hospital.

These humble beaches turn
into a mixing bowl for influenza between mid-May and early June, as
thousands of shorebirds and gulls crowd together and swap viruses.
Researchers carefully step around the nesting crabs to scoop up the
evidence — potentially flu-infected bird droppings.

"We have trained our eyes
for this, that's for sure," said St. Jude researcher Pamela McKenzie as
she bent over damp sand last month in search of the freshest samples to
go on ice for later testing.

Not just any splat will do.
Too dry, and tests might not be able to detect virus. Too big, and it's
likely not from the species that carries the most flu here, the
calico-patterned ruddy turnstone.

Why test birds? "That's
where all flu viruses come from," said Richard Webby, who directs St.
Jude's Center of Excellence for Influenza Research and Surveillance, a
program funded by the National Institutes of Health.

Aquatic birds, including wild ducks and migrating shorebirds, are considered nature's main reservoir for influenza.

Whether it's the typical
winter misery or a pandemic, every strain that infects humans "started
off somewhere along the family tree in the aquatic bird reservoirs,"
Webby said.

Usually wild birds don't get
sick, simply trading flu viruses they carry in the gut. But every so
often strains from wild birds kill domesticated chickens and turkeys,
and threaten pigs or even people, too.

St. Jude's annual study at
Delaware Bay offers a glimpse into little-known efforts around the world
— including testing migrating ducks in China and Canada, and live
poultry markets in Bangladesh — to track how bird flu circulates and
changes, information that can help determine what vaccines to make for
animals and people.

And nowhere else in the
world have scientists found so many shorebirds carrying diverse flu
strains as when red knots, ruddy turnstones and other species make their
migratory stopover at this bay nestled between New Jersey and Delaware.

Most bird flu isn't easily
spread to people, stressed McKenzie, who doesn't even wear gloves as she
pooper-scoops along a beach before the tide washes back.

Still, "it's amazing how the
virus can change so rapidly, what genes they inherit," added McKenzie,
who oversees St. Jude's global bird flu surveillance.

The U.S. stockpiles just-in-case vaccines against worrisome strains.

"It only has to happen
once," Webby said. "The right virus comes and gets into the right
population which happens to fly over the right farm of turkeys which
happens at the right time of year where the right farmer picks up the
wrong bird — and we're in trouble."

_____

Webster, now an emeritus
virologist at St. Jude, made the connection between bird and human flu
decades ago when he found some seabirds in Australia carrying antibodies
against the strain that caused the 1957 pandemic. In 1985, his
continuing hunt for bird flu took him to Delaware Bay.

Today, scientists know that
if two different types of flu infect a single animal at the same time —
say a pig catches both a chicken strain and a human strain — the genes
can shuffle to produce a totally new virus.

But worry about bird flu as a
threat to both poultry farms and humans has grown since a strain named
H5N1 spread directly to people in the late 1990s in Hong Kong's crowded
live-poultry markets. Cousins of that virus have cropped up, as has
another flu named H7N9 that since 2013 has infected more than 1,500
people in China through close contact with infected chickens.

Those are very different
viruses than what St. Jude finds in shorebirds passing through Delaware
Bay, Webby said. For some reason, viruses carried by Asian and European
birds rarely make it to the Americas, he said, but it's important to
look — and to understand the normal ebb and flow of different strains so
it's more obvious when something new crops up.

The research is "one way to
stay a little bit ahead of the virus," said Marciela DeGrace of NIH's
National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases. "Understanding
how this virus can change and how much it can change in a quick amount
of time is going to be critical for us to make countermeasures like
vaccines."

_____

Why flu erupts during the
Delaware Bay stopover remains a mystery. But the longest travelers
arrive wasted, and must double their weight in two weeks.

"You can hold a bird and
say, 'This bird just got here.' They're here to do work," said Alinde
Fojtik of the University of Georgia's Southeastern Cooperative Wildlife
Disease Study, a longtime flu researcher who this year volunteered her
vacation to help count and tag shorebirds.

So the birds can feast
uninterrupted, only scientists and conservation workers are allowed on
their preferred beaches, carefully catching and counting them, testing
their overall health and tagging them for tracking as the migration
continues.

For the flu hunters, finding
the right spot is a trick. St. Jude researcher Patrick Seiler pulls out
binoculars: Nope, mostly gulls on one beach. Down the road, he spots a
better target, a crowd of ruddy turnstones with their distinctive black,
white and brown plumage.

The skittish birds take
flight as the team approaches. Each dropping gets whisked up on a cotton
swab, put into a small vial of preservative and stored in a cooler.

The team carried more than
600 samples back to St. Jude's labs in Memphis, Tennessee, where
researchers are beginning the monthslong process to test how many
droppings harbor flu and what kind. The viral library is used for
further experiments to test how well strains spread, said NIH's DeGrace.

"I would love to be able to
look at the sequence of virus we find in Delaware Bay this year say,
'Uh-oh, that's the guy that's coming.' We're not at that point yet,"
Webby cautioned. "That's our end goal, to be able to say, 'Uh-oh, here's
something we have to worry about.'"

__

The Associated Press Health
& Science Department receives support from the Howard Hughes Medical
Institute's Department of Science Education. The AP is solely
responsible for all content.

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