Before the advent of two platoons, in which teams fielded distinct defensive and offensive units, players that lined up on the ends of the line on both offense and defense were referred to simply as "ends". The position was used in this sense until roughly the 1960s.[1]

On offense, an end who lines up close to the other linemen is known as a tight end and is the only lineman who aside from blocking can run or catch passes.[2] One who lines up some distance from the offensive line is known as a split end. In recent years and the proliferation of the forward pass, the term wide receiver covers both split ends and flankers (wide receivers who line up in split positions but behind the line of scrimmage). The terms “split end” and “flanker” are often replaced today with terms like "X" and "Z" receivers.[3]Bill Carpenter was the first "Lonesome end."

On defense, there is a commonly used position called the defensive end. Its primary role is to rush the passer,[2] as well as to stop offensive runs to the outer edges of the line of scrimmage (most often referred to as "containment"). However, as there are no rules regulating the formation of the defense, players at this position commonly take on and share multiple roles with other positions in different defensive schemes.

1.
American football
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The offense must advance at least ten yards in four downs, or plays, or else they turn over the football to the opposing team, if they succeed, they are given a new set of four downs. Points are primarily scored by advancing the ball into the teams end zone for a touchdown or kicking the ball through the opponents goalposts for a field goal. The team with the most points at the end of a game wins, American football evolved in the United States, originating from the sports of association football and rugby football. The first game of American football was played on November 6,1869, during the latter half of the 1870s, colleges playing association football switched to the Rugby Union code, which allowed carrying the ball. American football as a whole is the most popular sport in the United States, Professional football and college football are the most popular forms of the game, with the other major levels being high school and youth football. As of 2012, nearly 1.1 million high school athletes and 70,000 college athletes play the sport in the United States annually, almost all of them men, in the United States, American football is referred to as football. The term football was established in the rulebook for the 1876 college football season. The terms gridiron or American football are favored in English-speaking countries where other codes of football are popular, such as the United Kingdom, Ireland, New Zealand, American football evolved from the sports of association football and rugby football. What is considered to be the first American football game was played on November 6,1869 between Rutgers and Princeton, two college teams, the game was played between two teams of 25 players each and used a round ball that could not be picked up or carried. It could, however, be kicked or batted with the feet, hands, head or sides, Rutgers won the game 6 goals to 4. Collegiate play continued for years in which matches were played using the rules of the host school. Representatives of Yale, Columbia, Princeton and Rutgers met on October 19,1873 to create a set of rules for all schools to adhere to. Teams were set at 20 players each, and fields of 400 by 250 feet were specified, Harvard abstained from the conference, as they favored a rugby-style game that allowed running with the ball. An 1875 Harvard-Yale game played under rugby-style rules was observed by two impressed Princeton athletes and these players introduced the sport to Princeton, a feat the Professional Football Researchers Association compared to selling refrigerators to Eskimos. Princeton, Harvard, Yale and Columbia then agreed to play using a form of rugby union rules with a modified scoring system. These schools formed the Intercollegiate Football Association, although Yale did not join until 1879, the introduction of the snap resulted in unexpected consequences. Prior to the snap, the strategy had been to punt if a scrum resulted in bad field position, however, a group of Princeton players realized that, as the snap was uncontested, they now could hold the ball indefinitely to prevent their opponent from scoring. In 1881, both teams in a game between Yale-Princeton used this strategy to maintain their undefeated records, each team held the ball, gaining no ground, for an entire half, resulting in a 0-0 tie

2.
Canadian football
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In Canada, the term football may refer to Canadian football and American football collectively, or to either sport specifically, depending on context. The two sports have shared origins and are related but have significant differences. Rugby football in Canada originated in the early 1860s, and over time, active teams such as the Toronto Argonauts and Hamilton Tiger-Cats have similar longevity. The CFL is the most popular and only major professional Canadian football league and its championship game, the Grey Cup, is one of Canadas largest sporting events, attracting a broad television audience, though it has been shrinking in recent years. In 2009, about 40% of Canadas population watched part of the game, in 2014, it was closer to 33%, great achievements in Canadian football are enshrined in the Canadian Football Hall of Fame located in Hamilton, Ontario. Other organizations across Canada perform senior league Canadian football during the summer, the first documented football match was a practice game played on November 9,1861, at University College, University of Toronto. One of the participants in the game involving University of Toronto students was Sir William Mulock, a football club was formed at the university soon afterward, although its rules of play at this stage are unclear. The first written account of a game played was on October 15,1862 and it was between the First Battalion Grenadier Guards and the Second Battalion Scots Fusilier Guards resulting in a win by the Grenadier Guards 3 goals,2 rouges to nothing. In 1864, at Trinity College, Toronto, F. Barlow Cumberland, Frederick A. Bethune, the game gradually gained a following, with the Hamilton Football Club formed on November 3,1869. Montreal formed a team April 8,1872, Toronto was formed on October 4,1873, and this rugby-football soon became popular at Montreals McGill University. McGill challenged Harvard University to a game, in 1874 using a game of English rugby devised by the University of McGill. Later both the Ontario and Quebec Rugby Football Union were formed, and then the Interprovincial and Western Interprovincial Football Union, the CRFU reorganized into an umbrella organization forming the Canadian Rugby Union in 1891. The original forerunners to the current Canadian Football League, was established in 1956 when the IRFU and WIFU formed an umbrella organization, and then in 1958 the CFC left The CRFU to become the CFL. The Burnside rules closely resembling American football that were incorporated in 1903 by The ORFU, was an effort to distinguish it from a more rugby-oriented game, the rules were an attempt to standardize the rules throughout the country. The CIRFU, QRFU and CRU refused to adopt the new rules at first, the primary differences between the Canadian and American games stem from rule changes that the American side of the border adopted but the Canadian side did not. The Canadian field width was one rule that was not based on American rules, as the Canadian game was played in wider fields, initially an amateur competition, it eventually became dominated by professional teams in the 1940s and early 1950s. The Ontario Rugby Football Union, the last amateur organization to compete for the trophy, the move ushered in the modern era of Canadian professional football. Canadian football has mostly been confined to Canada, with the United States being the other country to have hosted high-level Canadian football games

3.
Line of scrimmage
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In American and Canadian football, a line of scrimmage is an imaginary transverse line beyond which a team cannot cross until the next play has begun. Its location is based on the spot where the ball is placed after the end of the most recent play, a line of scrimmage is parallel to the goal lines and touches one edge of the ball where it sits on the ground prior to the snap. Under NFL, NCAA, and NFHS rules, there are two lines of scrimmage at the outset of each play, one restricts the offense. The area between the two lines is called the neutral zone, only the center, the offensive player who snaps the ball, is allowed to have any part of his body in the neutral zone. In Canadian football, the team on defense must line up no nearer than a yard to the line of scrimmage, in American football, they must only be beyond the line. Many fans and commentators refer colloquially to the neutral zone as the line of scrimmage. Others use the term to refer specifically to the defensive line of scrimmage. Referees, when explaining a penalty, will refer to the spot instead of the line of scrimmage in order to avoid confusion. Modern video techniques enable broadcasts of American football to display a visible line on the screen representing the line of scrimmage, the line is tapered according to camera angle and gets occluded by players and other objects as if the line were painted on the field. The line may represent the line of scrimmage or the distance that the ball must be moved for the offensive team to achieve a first down. Scrummage Glossary of American football Walter Camp, formal creator of the line of scrimmage in 1880 Comparison of Canadian and American football

4.
Tackle (American football)
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Tackle is a playing position in American and Canadian football. Historically, in the one-platoon system prevalent in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. In the modern system of specialized units, offensive tackle and defensive tackle are separate positions, the offensive tackle is a position on the offensive line, left and right. The term tackle is a vestige of an era of football in which the same players played both offense and defense. A tackle is the position on the offensive line. They power their blocks with quick steps and maneuverability, the tackles are mostly in charge of the outside protection. If the tight end goes out for a pass, the tackle must cover everyone that his guard does not, usually they defend against defensive ends. In the NFL, offensive tackles often measure over 6 ft 4 in and 300 lb, the Wonderlic is taken before the draft to assess each players aptitude for learning and problem solving, a score of 26 is estimated to correspond with an IQ of 112. The right tackle is usually the teams best run blocker, most running plays are towards the strong side of the offensive line. Consequently, the tackle will face the defending teams best run stoppers. He must be able to gain traction in his blocks so that the back can find a hole to run through. The left tackle is usually the teams best pass blocker, of the two tackles, the left tackles will often have better footwork and agility than the right tackle in order to counteract the pass rush of defensive ends. When a quarterback throws a pass, the quarterbacks shoulders are aligned roughly perpendicular to the line of scrimmage. Right-handed quarterbacks, the majority of players in the position, thus turn their backs to defenders coming from the left side, creating a vulnerable blind side that the left tackle must protect. A2006 book by Michael Lewis, The Blind Side, Evolution of a Game, made into a 2009 motion picture, the book and the films introduction discuss how the annual salary of left tackles in the NFL skyrocketed in the mid-90s. Recent examples include Eric Fisher, Luke Joeckel, Lane Johnson, Matt Kalil, Trent Williams, Jake Long, and Joe Thomas

5.
Tight end
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The tight end is a position in American football, Arena football, and formerly Canadian football, on the offense. The tight end is seen as a hybrid position with the characteristics. Like offensive linemen, they are lined up on the offensive line and are large enough to be effective blockers. On the other hand, they are eligible receivers adept enough to warrant a defenses attention when running pass patterns, because of the hybrid nature of the position, the tight ends role in any given offense depends on the tactical preferences and philosophy of the head coach. In some systems, the end will merely act as a sixth offensive lineman rarely going out for passes. Other systems use the tight end primarily as a receiver, frequently taking advantage of the tight ends size to create mismatches in the defensive secondary. Many coaches will often have one tight end who specializes in blocking in running situations while using a pass catching tight end in obvious passing situations. Offensive formations may have as few as zero or as many as three tight ends at one time. If a wide receiver is present in a formation, but outside the tight end, also the offensive coordinator could use the tight end for a fullback. The advent of the end position is closely tied to the decline of the one-platoon system during the 1940s and 50s. Originally, a derived from the games evolution from other forms of football limited substitutions. Consequently, players had to be adept at playing on both sides of the ball, with most offensive linemen doubling as defensive linemen or linebackers, and receivers as defensive backs. As the transition from starters going both ways to dedicated offensive and defensive squads took place, players who did not fit the mold of the traditional positions began to fill niches. Those who were both good pass catchers and blockers but mediocre on defense were no longer liabilities, instead, many were too big to be receivers yet too small for offensive linemen. Greater use of the end as a receiver started in the 60s with the emergence of stars Mike Ditka. Until then most teams relied on the tight ends blocking as almost a sixth offensive lineman, in addition to superb blocking, Ditka offered great hands receiving and rugged running after a completion. Over a 12-year career, he caught 427 passes for over 5,800 yards and 43 touchdowns, Mackey brought speed, with six of his nine touchdown catches in one season being breakaways over 50 yards. Starting in 1980 the Coryell offense debuted tight end Kellen Winslow running wide receiver-type routes, tight ends prior to Winslow were primarily blockers lined up next to an offensive lineman and given short to medium drag routes

6.
Forward pass
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In several forms of football a forward pass is a throwing of the ball in the direction that the offensive team is trying to move, towards the defensive teams goal line. In some football codes, such as football, the kicked forward pass is used so ubiquitously that it is not thought of as a distinct kind of play at all. In these sports, the concept of offside is used to regulate who can be in front of the play or be nearest to the goal, however, this has not always been the case. Some earlier incarnations of football allowed unlimited forward passing, while others had strict offside rules similar to rugby, the development of the forward pass in American football shows how the game has evolved from its rugby roots into the distinctive game it is today. Illegal and experimental forward passes had been attempted as early as 1876, another change in rules occurred on January 18,1951, which established that no center, tackle, or guard could receive a forward pass. Today, the only linemen who can receive a forward pass are the ends, current rules regulate who may throw and who may receive a forward pass, and under what circumstances, as well as how the defensive team may try to prevent a pass from being completed. In American and Canadian football, a pass, usually referred to simply as a pass. This is permitted only once during a scrimmage down by the team before team possession has changed, provided the pass is thrown from in or behind the neutral zone. An illegal forward pass can incur a penalty and the loss of a down, although it may be legally intercepted by the opponents. If an eligible receiver on the passing team legally catches the ball, the pass is completed, if an opposing player legally catches the ball it is an interception. That players team immediately gains possession of the ball and he may attempt to advance the ball toward his opponents goal, if no player is able to legally catch the ball it is an incomplete pass and the ball becomes dead the moment it touches the ground. It will then be returned to the line of scrimmage for the next down. If any player interferes with an eligible receivers ability to catch the ball it is pass interference which draws a penalty of varying degree. The person passing the ball must be a member of the team. The moment that a forward pass begins is important to the game, the pass begins the moment the passers arm begins to move forward. If the passer drops the ball before this moment it is a fumble, in this case anybody can gain possession of the ball before or after it touches the ground. If the passer drops the ball while his arm is moving forward it is a pass, regardless of where the ball lands or is first touched. The quarterback generally either starts a few paces behind the line of scrimmage or drops back a few paces after the ball is snapped

7.
Wide receiver
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A wide receiver is an offensive position in American and Canadian football, and is the key player in most of the passing plays. They get their name because they are split out wide, furthest away from the rest of the team, wide receivers are among the fastest players on the field. The wide receiver functions as the pass-catching specialist, the wide receivers principal role is to catch passes from the quarterback. On passing plays, the attempts to avoid, outmaneuver. If the receiver becomes open, or has a path to the destination of a catch. Once a pass is thrown in his direction, the goal is to first catch the ball. A receivers height and weight also contribute to his expected role, a wide receiver has two potential roles during running plays. Particularly in the case of draw plays and other trick plays, alternatively, he may block normally for the running back. Well-rounded receivers are noted for blocking defensive backs in support of teammates in addition to their pass-catching abilities, sometimes wide receivers are used to run the ball, usually in some form of end-around or reverse. This can be effective because the defense usually does not expect them to be the carrier on running plays. For example, wide receiver Jerry Rice rushed the ball 87 times for 645 yards and 10 touchdowns in his 20 NFL seasons, in even rarer cases, receivers may pass the ball as part of a trick play. Despite the infrequency of these plays, some receivers have proven to be capable passers, wide receivers may also serve on special teams as kick returners or punt returners, as gunners on kick coverage teams, or as part of the hands team during onside kicks. Finally, on errant passes, receivers must frequently play a role by attempting to prevent an interception. If a pass is intercepted, receivers must use their speed to chase down, in the NFL, wide receivers can use the numbers 10–19 and 80–89. The wide receiver out of a position known as the end. Originally, the played on the offensive line, immediately next to the tackles. By the rules governing the forward pass, ends and backs are eligible receivers, most early football teams used the ends as receivers sparingly, their position often left them in heavy traffic with many defenders around. By the 1930s, some teams were experimenting with moving one end far out near the sideline and these split ends became the prototype for the modern wide receiver

8.
Bill Carpenter
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William Stanley Bill Carpenter, Jr. is a retired American military officer and former college football player. While playing college football at the United States Military Academy, he gained prominence as the Lonesome End of the Army football team. During his military service in the Vietnam War, he achieved fame when he saved his company by directing airstrikes on his own position. For the action, he was awarded the Distinguished Service Cross, was born to William Stanley Carpenter, Sr. and Helen Carpenter. Private First Class Carpenter, Sr. served in the U. S. Army as a bearer in the 393rd Infantry Regiment. He is interred in Margraten, Netherlands at the Netherlands American Cemetery, Helen remarried and relocated the family to the Philadelphia area. He was a 1955 graduate of Springfield High School, Springfield, Pennsylvania and later attended the Manlius School in Manlius, Carpenter married Toni M. Vigliotti in 1961 and had three children, William S. Carpenter III, Kenneth Carpenter, and Stephen Carpenter. Carpenter earned the nickname the Lonesome End as a result of the tactic of aligning him near the far sideline. He played on the undefeated 1958 West Point team, and in 1959, legendary Army head coach Earl Blaik, who spent twenty years on the Army coaching staff, called Carpenter the greatest end I ever coached at West Point. In 1982, Carpenter was inducted into the College Football Hall of Fame, upon graduation, Carpenter was commissioned as an infantry officer and went on to serve at least two tours in Vietnam. In 1964, he was an adviser assigned to a brigade of the Army of the Republic of Vietnam. That unit came under enemy fire immediately after being inserted by helicopter into a sugar cane field. Bill Carpenter was wounded by a gunshot through the arm while changing rifle magazines and his radio set was hit with another bullet and he was spun around and knocked to the ground. He proceeded to eliminate the source of the fire, by knocking out a bunker with a hand grenade. For his actions he was awarded the Silver Star, the U. S. Armys third highest award for valor in combat, as it maneuvered in an attempt to relieve Major David Hackworths engaged 1/327th Infantry, C Company became isolated and in danger of being overrun. As the situation desperate, Carpenter radioed the battalion air traffic controller for a napalm airstrike on his own position, Were overrun. I need an air strike on my position, several of his soldiers were wounded by the close air support, but it blunted the enemy attack and prevented the envelopment of his company. C Company was then able to re-consolidate and eventually break out, for his actions, he was again awarded the Silver Star, which was later upgraded to the U. S. Armys second highest wartime medal, the Distinguished Service Cross

9.
Defensive end
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Defensive end is a defensive position in the sport of American and Canadian football. This position has designated the players at each end of the defensive line, early formations, with six- and seven-man lines, used the end as a containment player, whose job was first to prevent an end run around his position, then secondarily to force plays inside. Some teams would use both styles of end play, depending on game situations, some defensive ends play the position due to their size, they close down their gap so the running back has no hole to run through. Other ends play the position due to their speed and agility and these ends can time the snap of the ball in order to get a jump on the rush, and stop the play. Most of the time it is the job of the end to keep outside or contain. The defensive ends are fast for players of their size, often the fastest and smallest players on the defensive line and they must be able to shed blockers to get to the ball. Defensive ends are often used to cover the outside area of the line of scrimmage, to tackle ball carriers running to the far right or left side. Since the creation of zone blitz defenses in the late 1990s, defensive ends have sometimes used in pass coverages. In the 3–4 defense, defensive ends are used primarily as run stoppers and are much larger, often, the position is played by a more agile or slightly undersized defensive tackle. Because of the popularity of the 3–4 defense, the value of a defensive tackle prospect that can possibly be used in this manner has increased. They are used to distract the offensive lineman on pass rushing plays to let the outside linebackers get a sack and they block screen passes and are put outside of the offensive tackles to get a sack. Some say you might as well convert a nose tackle into a 3–4 end

10.
Don Hutson
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Donald Montgomery Hutson was a professional American football player and assistant coach in the National Football League. He played as an end and spent his entire eleven-year professional career with the Green Bay Packers. Under head coach Curly Lambeau, Hutson led the Packers to four NFL Championship Games, in his senior season at the University of Alabama in 1934, Hutson was recognized as a consensus All-American and won a national championship with the Alabama Crimson Tide football team. After his career at Alabama, he joined the Packers in 1935 and he led the league in receiving yards in seven separate seasons and in receiving touchdowns in nine. A talented safety on defense, he led the NFL in interceptions in 1940. Hutson was an eight-time All-Pro selection, a four-time Pro Bowler, Hutson is considered to have been the first modern receiver, and is credited with creating many of the modern pass routes used in the NFL today. He was the dominant receiver of his day, during which he was considered one of the greatest receivers in NFL history. He held almost all major receiving records at the time of his retirement, including receptions, yards. He was inducted as a member of both the College Football Hall of Fame and the Pro Football Hall of Fame. Hutsons number 14 was the first jersey retired by the Packers, in 1994, Hutson was selected for the National Football League 75th Anniversary All-Time Team as one of the greatest players of the NFLs first 75 years. Hutson was born on January 31,1913, in Pine Bluff, Arkansas, while a Boy Scout, he played with snakes. He said thats where he got his quickness and agility, as a teenager Hutson played baseball for Pine Bluffs town team. As a senior at Pine Bluff High School he was a basketball player. Id rather see football, but Id rather play basketball, Hutson played one year of football at Pine Bluff. Hutson played at end for coach Frank Thomass Alabama Crimson Tide football team from 1932 to 1934, Bear Bryant, future long-time coach of the Tide, was the self-described other end on the Tide in 1933 and 1934. Bryant once remarked. he was something to see even then, wed hitchhike to Pine Bluff just to watch him play. I saw him catch five passes in one game in high school. Sportswriter Morgan Blake ranked the undefeated 1934 Tide as the best team he ever saw, hutsons College Football Hall of Fame profile reads, Fluid in motion, wondrously elusive with the fake, inventive in his patterns and magnificently at ease when catching the ball

11.
Alabama Crimson Tide football
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The Alabama Crimson Tide football program represents the University of Alabama in the sport of American football. The team competes in the Football Bowl Subdivision of the National Collegiate Athletic Association, the team is currently coached by Nick Saban. The Crimson Tide is among the most storied and decorated football programs in NCAA history, since beginning play in 1892, the program claims 16 national championships, including 11 wire-service national titles in the poll-era, and five other titles before the poll-era. From 1958 to 1982, the team was led by Hall of Fame coach Paul Bear Bryant, despite numerous national and conference championships, it was not until 2009 that an Alabama player received a Heisman Trophy, when running back Mark Ingram became the universitys first winner. In 2015, Derrick Henry became the universitys second Heisman winner, Alabama has 878 official victories in NCAA Division I, has won 30 conference championships and has made an NCAA-record 64 postseason bowl appearances. Other NCAA records include 23 winning streaks of 10 games or more and 19 seasons with a 10–0 start, the program has 34 seasons with 10 wins or more, and has 37 bowl victories, both NCAA records. Alabama has completed 10 undefeated seasons,9 of which were perfect seasons, the Crimson Tide leads the SEC West Division with 12 division titles and 11 appearances in the SEC Championship Game. Alabama holds a record against every current and former SEC school. The Associated Press ranks Alabama 4th in all-time final AP Poll appearances, Alabama plays its home games at Bryant–Denny Stadium, located on the campus in Tuscaloosa, Alabama. With a capacity of 101,821, Bryant-Denny is the 8th largest non-racing stadium in the world, Alabama has had 28 head coaches since organized football began in 1892. Adopting the nickname Crimson Tide after the 1907 season, the team has played more than 1,100 games in their 114 seasons, in that time,12 coaches have led the Crimson Tide in postseason bowl games, Wallace Wade, Frank Thomas, Harold D. Red Drew, Bear Bryant, Ray Perkins, Bill Curry, Gene Stallings, Mike DuBose, Dennis Franchione, Mike Shula, Joe Kines, and Nick Saban. Eight of those coaches also won championships, Wade, Thomas, Drew, Bryant, Curry, Stallings, DuBose. During their tenures, Wade, Thomas, Bryant, Stallings, of the 27 different head coaches who have led the Crimson Tide, Wade, Thomas, Bryant, and Stallings have been inducted into the College Football Hall of Fame. The current head coach is Nick Saban, who was hired in January 2007, National championships in NCAA FBS college football are debated as the NCAA does not officially award the championship. Despite not naming an official National Champion, the NCAA provides lists of championships awarded by organizations it recognizes, beginning in 1936, the Associated Press began the best-known and most widely circulated poll of sportswriters and broadcasters. Before 1936, national champions were determined by research and retroactive ratings. The criteria for being included in this historical list of poll selectors is that the poll be national in scope, either through distribution in newspaper, television, since World War II, Alabama only claims national championships awarded by the final AP Poll or the final Coaches Poll

12.
Green Bay Packers
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The Green Bay Packers are a professional American football team based in Green Bay, Wisconsin. The Packers compete in the National Football League as a club of the leagues National Football Conference North division. They are also the third-oldest franchise in the NFL, organized and it is the only non-profit, community-owned major league professional sports team based in the United States. Home games are played at Lambeau Field, the Packers are the last vestige of small town teams common in the NFL during the 1920s and 1930s. Founded in 1919 by Earl Curly Lambeau and George Whitney Calhoun, between 1919 and 1920, the Packers competed against other semi-pro clubs from around Wisconsin and the Midwest. They joined the American Professional Football Association, the forerunner of todays NFL, the Packers have won 13 league championships, the most in NFL history, with nine NFL titles before the Super Bowl era and four Super Bowl victories. They won the first two Super Bowls in 1967 and 1968 and were the only NFL team to defeat the American Football League prior to the AFL–NFL merger. The Vince Lombardi Trophy is named after the Packers head coach of the same name and their two further Super Bowl wins came in 1997 and 2011. The Packers are long-standing adversaries of the Chicago Bears, Minnesota Vikings, and Detroit Lions, the Bears–Packers rivalry is one of the oldest in NFL history, dating back to 1921. The Green Bay Packers were founded on August 11,1919 by former high-school football rivals Earl Curly Lambeau, Lambeau solicited funds for uniforms from his employer, the Indian Packing Company. He was given $500 for uniforms and equipment, on the condition that the team be named for its sponsor, the Green Bay Packers have played in their original city longer than any other team in the NFL. On August 27,1921, the Packers were granted a franchise in the new pro football league that had been formed the previous year. Financial troubles plagued the team and the franchise was forfeited within the year, before Lambeau found new financial backers and these backers, known as the Hungry Five, formed the Green Bay Football Corporation. After a near-miss in 1927, Lambeaus squad claimed the Packers first NFL title in 1929 with an undefeated 12–0–1 campaign, among the many impressive accomplishments of these years was the Packers streak of 29 consecutive home games without defeat, an NFL record which still stands. The arrival of end Don Hutson from Alabama in 1935 gave Lambeau, credited with inventing pass patterns, Hutson would lead the league in receptions eight seasons and spur the Packers to NFL championships in 1936,1939 and 1944. An iron man, Hutson played both ways, leading the league in interceptions as a safety in 1940, Hutson claimed 18 NFL records when he retired in 1945, many of which still stand. In 1951, his number 14 was the first to be retired by the Packers, after Hutsons retirement, Lambeau could not stop the Packers slide. He purchased a large lodge near Green Bay for team members, rockwood Lodge was the home of the 1946-1949 Packers, though the 1947 and 1948 seasons produced a record of 12-10-1, and 1949 was even worse at 3-9

13.
Bear Bryant
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Paul William Bear Bryant was an American college football player and coach. He was best known as the head coach of the University of Alabama football team. During his 25-year tenure as Alabamas head coach, he amassed six national championships, upon his retirement in 1982, he held the record for most wins as head coach in collegiate football history with 323 wins. The Paul W. Bryant Museum, Paul W. Bryant Hall, Paul W. Bryant Drive, before arriving at Alabama, Bryant was head football coach at the University of Maryland, the University of Kentucky, and Texas A&M University. Paul Bryant was the 11th of 12 children who were born to Wilson Monroe and Ida Kilgore Bryant in Moro Bottom, Cleveland County and his nickname stemmed from his having agreed to wrestle a captive bear during a carnival promotion when he was 13 years old. His mother wanted him to be a minister, but Bryant told her Coaching is a lot like preaching. He attended Fordyce High School, where 6 ft 1 in tall Bryant, during his senior season, the team, with Bryant playing offensive line and defensive end, won the 1930 Arkansas state football championship. Bryant accepted a scholarship to play for the University of Alabama in 1931, Bryant played end for the Crimson Tide and was a participant on the schools 1934 national championship team. Bryant himself was second team All-Southeastern Conference in 1934, and was third team all conference in both 1933 and 1935, Bryant played with a partially broken leg in a 1935 game against Tennessee. Bryant pledged the Sigma Nu social fraternity, and as a senior, he married Mary Harmon, Bryant was selected in the fourth round by the Brooklyn Dodgers in the 1936 NFL Draft, but never played professional football. After graduating from the University of Alabama in 1936, Bryant took a job under A. B. Hollingsworth at Union University in Jackson, Tennessee, but he left that position when offered an assistant coaching position under Frank Thomas at the University of Alabama, over the next four years, the team compiled a 29–5–3 record. In 1940, he left Alabama to become an assistant at Vanderbilt University under Henry Russell Sanders, during their 1940 season, Bryant served as head coach of the Commodores for their 7–7 tie against Kentucky as Coach Sanders was recovering from an appendectomy. After the 1941 season, Bryant was offered the coaching job at the University of Arkansas. However, Pearl Harbor was bombed soon thereafter, and Bryant declined the position to join the United States Navy, in 1942 he served as an assistant coach with the Georgia Pre-Flight Skycrackers. Bryant then served off North Africa, seeing no combat action, however, his ship, the converted liner USAT Uruguay, was rammed by an oil tanker near Bermuda and ordered to be abandoned. Bryant disobeyed the order, saving the lives of his men, allen Barra claims that two hundred others died in the collision. He was later granted an honorable discharge to train recruits and coach the North Carolina Navy Pre-Flight football team, one of the players he coached for the Navy was the future Pro Football Hall of Fame quarterback Otto Graham

14.
Gaynell Tinsley
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Gaynell Charles Gus Tinsley was an American football end and coach. He played professionally for the Chicago Cardinals of the National Football League from 1937 to 1938 and he attended Louisiana State University, where he was a consensus All-American for the LSU Tigers football team in 1935 and 1936. In 1937 he was drafted by the Cardinals, with whom he was an All-NFL selection in 1937 and 1938, during his three years in the NFL, Tinsley set or tied NFL single-season records with 674 receiving yards in 1937 and 41 pass receptions in 1938. He later served as the football coach at LSU from 1948 to 1954. He was inducted into the College Football Hall of Fame in 1956, Tinsley was born in Ruple, Louisiana and raised in Homer, Louisiana in the northern part of the state. He attended Louisiana State University where he played football and baseball and was selected as the captain of both teams and he was considered one of the greatest receivers in college football, earning consensus All-American honors in both 1935 and 1936. At the time, at age 19 he was one of the youngest ever named to the All-America team, Tinsleys coach at LSU, Bernie Moore, once said, Tinsley could have made All-American at any position. He was so tough, he made blockers quit, hes the greatest lineman I ever saw. Tinsley concluded his career by playing in the Chicago College All-Star Game. Tinsley scored the points of the game on a 47-yard touchdown pass from Sammy Baugh, as the college players defeated the Green Bay Packers. This was the first victory for the players against the professionals in the series. In 1993, LSU selected its all-time team as part of the celebration of the centennial of LSU football, Tinsley was the only unanimous choice for LSUs Early Years Team of the Century. The star end led the Tigers to their first two SEC titles and played in two Sugar Bowls and he earned All-SEC and All-American honors in 1935–36 for his ability to dominate a game on both sides of the ball. In 1936, he was second in balloting for national MVP honors. … At 6-3,215 pounds, Tinsley was considered to the end of his era because of his mobility. Tinsley was drafted by the Chicago Cardinals as the 12th overall pick in the 1937 NFL Draft and he played for the Cardinals for three years, in 1937,1938 and 1940. As a rookie in 1937, Tinsley set an NFL record with 675 receiving yards, at the end of the 1937 season, Tinsley was selected as a first-team All-NFL player by the United Press, the NFL, New York Daily News, and Collyers Eye magazine. Tinsley twice set the record for the longest pass reception in NFL history and he set the mark first in 1937, when he caught a 97-yard pass from Pat Coffee for a touchdown against the Chicago Bears

15.
Amos Alonzo Stagg
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Amos Alonzo Stagg was an American athlete and pioneering college coach in multiple sports, primarily American football. His Chicago Maroons teams of 1905 and 1913 have been recognized as national champions and he was also the head basketball coach for one season at the University of Chicago, and the head baseball coach there for 19 seasons. At the University of Chicago, Stagg also instituted an annual basketball tournament. Both drew the top school teams and athletes from around the United States. Stagg played football as an end at Yale University and was selected to the first College Football All-America Team in 1889. He was inducted into the College Football Hall of Fame as both a player and a coach in the class of 1951 and was the only individual honored in both roles until the 1990s. Influential in other sports, Stagg developed basketball as a five-player sport and this 5 man concept allowed his 10 man football team the ability to compete with each other and to stay in shape over the winter. Stagg was elected to the Basketball Hall of Fame in its first group of inductees in 1959, Stagg also forged a bond between sports and religious faith early on in his career that remained important to him for the rest of his life. Stagg was born in a poor Irish neighborhood of West Orange, New Jersey, Stagg attended Yale College, where he was a divinity student, and a member of the Psi Upsilon fraternity and Skull and Bones society. He played as a pitcher on his baseball team, he declined an opportunity to play for six different professional baseball teams. He nonetheless influenced the game through his invention of the batting cage, Stagg played on the 1888 team. He was an end on the first All-America team, selected in 1889 and he went on to earn an MPE from the Young Mens Christian Training School, now known as Springfield College. On March 11,1892, Stagg, still an instructor at the YMCA School, a crowd of 200 watched as the student team beat the faculty, 5–1. Stagg scored the basket for the losing side. He popularized basketball teams having five players and he later abandoned the theology career and received a MPE from Young Mens Christian Training School in 1891. Stagg became the first paid coach at Williston Seminary, a secondary school. This was also Staggs first time receiving pay to coach football and he would coach there one day a week while also coaching full-time at Springfield College. Stagg then coached at the University of Chicago from 1892 to 1932, University president Robert Maynard Hutchins forced out the septuagenarian Stagg, who he felt was too old to continue coaching

16.
Arthur Cumnock
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Arthur James Cumnock was an American football player. He and Amos Alonzo Stagg were selected as the ends on the first College Football All-America Team in 1889, Cumnock invented the first nose guard. In 1913, an article in an Eastern newspaper sought to choose the greatest Harvard football player of all time, the individual chosen was Cumnock, who the sons of John Harvard are pretty well agreed was the greatest Harvard player of all time. Cumnock, captain of the team of 1890, after being selected as an All-American in 1889, Cumnock was also named captain of the 1890 Harvard football team. Cumnock led Harvard to an upset against the heavily favored Yale team that year, in describing Cumocks determination as a team leader, the author of the 1913 article wrote, He permitted no one to interfere with his plans. For ten weeks he spent his time trying to convince his more or less skeptical team mates that Yale could be beaten, as for his individual performance in the 1890 Yale game, the writer noted, Such tackling as Cumnock did that day probably has never been equaled. He played an offensive game, but on the defensive he was a terror. Lee McClung would come around the end with the giant Heffelfinger interfering, Harvard won the game 12 to 6 in what was considered one of the greatest games in Harvards history. Cumnock graduated from Harvard in 1891 and went into the mill business. He became the treasurer of one of the largest corporations in New England

17.
1889 College Football All-America Team
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The 1889 College Football All-America team was the first College Football All-America Team. The team was selected by Caspar Whitney and published in This Weeks Sports, the team selected by Whitney in 1889 marked the origin of the All-America teams that have since appeared in every collegiate sport from mens ice hockey to womens gymnastics. All eleven members of the 1889 All-America team played for three teams—Harvard, Princeton or Yale, then known as the Big Three of college football. The first ever All-America team included the football coach Amos Alonzo Stagg, Pudge Heffelfinger, Snake Ames, Edgar Allan Poe, Arthur Cumnock. Amos Alonzo Stagg, Yales All-American end, Stagg became a football coach at the University of Chicago from 1892 to 1932. Staggs teams won seven championships and seven Big Ten Conference championships. William Heffelfinger, Yales guard, Pudge Heffelfinger was a native of Minnesota who was considered the greatest lineman of his time, Heffelfinger was paid $500 in 1892 to play for the Allegheny Athletic Association, making him the first professional football player. He was the football coach at the University of California, Lehigh University. He later published a booklet called Heffelfingers Football Facts and was one of the charter inductees into the College Football Hall of Fame. Ames is credited with being the first player to execute a fake punt, Ames moved west to coach Purdue University from 1891 to 1892. Hector Cowan, Princetons tackle, Hec Cowan helped lead the 1889 Princeton team to a perfect 10–0 record, Pudge Heffelfinger later said of Cowan, He had the strongest shoulders and arms Ive ever been up against and his stubby legs drove like pistons when he carried the ball. Hector could carry a couple of tacklers on his back, yet he was plenty fast in the open and he later served as the coach at the University of Kansas from 1894 to 1896. Edgar Allan Poe, Princetons quarterback, Poe was named after his relative, after Princeton beat Harvard, 41–15, a Harvard man reportedly asked a Princeton alumnus whether Poe was related to the great Edgar Allan Poe. According to the story, the alumnus looked at him in astonishment and replied, Poe graduated Phi Beta Kappa and later served as the Attorney General of the State of Maryland from 1911 to 1915. Arthur Cumnock, Harvards Cumnock was known as a fierce tackler and has been ranked by one author as perhaps the greatest player in that schools long football tradition, Cumnock later went into the cotton mill business and was the treasurer of one of the largest corporations in New England. Roscoe Channing, Princetons halfback Channing later served with Theodore Roosevelts Rough Riders in the Spanish American War, for many years, he was the President of Hudson Bay Mining and Smelting Company, a copper mining company in Flin Flon, Saskatchewan, Canada. Charles O. Gill, Yales Gill later coached at the University of California in 1894

18.
Mike Ditka
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Michael Keller Ditka is a former American football player, coach, and television commentator. He was named to both the NFLs 50th and 75th Anniversary All-Time Team, as a coach for the Bears for 11 years he was twice both the AP and UPI NFL Coach of Year. He also coached the New Orleans Saints for three years, Ditka and Tom Flores are the only people to win an NFL title as a player, an assistant coach, and a head coach. Ditka, Flores and Gary Kubiak are also the people in modern NFL history to win a championship as head coach of a team he played for previously. Ditka is the person to participate in both of the last two Chicago Bears championships, as a player in 1963 and as head coach in 1985. He is known by the nickname Iron Mike, which he has said comes from his being born, Ditka was born as Michael Dyczko in the Pittsburgh-area town of Carnegie, Pennsylvania on October 18,1939. The oldest child of Charlotte and Mike Ditka, Sr. he grew up in nearby Aliquippa with siblings Ashton, David and his father, a welder, was one of three brothers of a Polish and Ukrainian family in the coal mining and steel manufacturing area in Western Pennsylvania. His ancestry on his mothers side is Irish and German, the Polish surname Dyczko was difficult to pronounce in his hometown, so the family name was changed to Ditka. Under head coach Press Maravich, Ditka was a star at Aliquippa High School. Ditka hoped to escape his hometowns manufacturing jobs by attending college with a football scholarship, planning to become a dentist, he was recruited by Notre Dame, Penn State, and University of Pittsburgh. Ditka played for the University of Pittsburgh from 1958 until 1960 and he was a three-sport athlete at Pitt, also playing baseball and basketball. He started all three seasons, leading the team in receiving in each, and also served as the teams punter, a first team selection on the College Football All-America Team in his senior year, he was enshrined in the College Football Hall of Fame in 1968. The Chicago Bears drafted Ditka fifth overall in the 1961 NFL Draft and he signed with the Bears and his presence was immediately felt. In his first season, Ditka had 58 receptions, introducing a new dimension to an end position that had previously been dedicated to blocking. He also scored 12 receiving touchdowns, which was the most by a Bears rookie and his success earned him Rookie of the Year honors. He continued to play for the Bears for the five years. He played on the 1963 NFL championship team, many of the players from that team, including Ditka, were drafted by assistant coach George Allen, a future Hall of Famer, who was then in charge of the Bears drafts. During the season, against the Los Angeles Rams, Ditka tied Harlon Hills franchise record for the most receiving touchdowns in a game with four, Ditka ranks first among tight ends and fourth in Bears history with 4,503 yards, fifth in both receptions and touchdown catches

19.
Glossary of American football
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The following terms are used in American football, both conventional and indoor. Some of these terms are also in use in Canadian football, for a list of unique to that code. 2-4-5 defense A type of formation with two linemen, four linebackers, and five defensive backs. More common among teams with 3-4 base defenses than the 3-3-5 and this maximizes versatility for the defense against three- and four-WR offensive sets. A safety will often cover the fourth receiver, and a linebacker will cover the end or halfback. The 2-4-5 is most often used against the offense, when substituting players may be difficult. 3–3–5 defense A variation of the formation with three linemen, three linebackers, and five defensive backs. 3–4 defense A defensive formation with three linemen and four linebackers, a professional derivative in the 1970s of the earlier Oklahoma or 50 defense, which had five linemen and two linebackers. The 3-4 outside linebackers resemble stand-up ends in the older defense and it is sometimes pronounced thirty-four defense. 4–3 defense A defensive formation with four linemen and three linebackers, first used by coaches Joe Kuharich and Tom Landry. It is sometimes pronounced forty-three defense,46 defense Usually pronounced forty-six defense, a formation of the 4-3 defense featuring several dramatic shifts of personnel. The remaining safety, which is the safety, stays in the backfield. It was invented by Buddy Ryan during his tenure as defensive coordinator for the Chicago Bears and was popularized by the Bears during their Super Bowl XX championship season,50 defense or 5-2 defense A once popular college defense with five defensive linemen and two linebackers. Also known as the Oklahoma defense, it is very similar to the 3-4. In the 50 defense, the uses a nose tackle. It maximizes size along the line of scrimmage and is used in high school against teams that run the ball a lot. 53-man roster The most players a National Football League team can carry on its roster at the start of the regular season. To reach the deadline, teams can cut players, add players to their practice squad, 7-box or 7-2-2 defense A defensive formation with seven linemen, two linebackers, and two defensive backs

20.
Newspapers.com
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Ancestry. com LLC is a privately held Internet company based in Lehi, Utah, United States. The largest for-profit genealogy company in the world, it operates a network of genealogical and historical record websites focused on the United States, as of June 2014, the company provided access to approximately 16 billion historical records and had over 2 million paying subscribers. User-generated content tallies to more than 70 million family trees, and subscribers have added more than 200 million photographs, scanned documents, and written stories. Ancestrys brands include Ancestry, AncestryDNA, AncestryHealth, AncestryProGenealogists, Archives. com, Family Tree Maker, Find a Grave, Fold3, Newspapers. com, and Rootsweb. Under its subsidiaries, Ancestry. com operates foreign sites that provide access to services and these include Australia, Canada, China, Japan, Brazil, New Zealand, the United Kingdom and several other countries in Europe and Asia. In 1990, Paul B. Allen and Dan Taggart, two Brigham Young University graduates, founded Infobases and began offering Latter-day Saints publications on floppy disks, in 1988, Allen had worked at Folio Corporation, founded by his brother Curt and his brother-in-law Brad Pelo. Infobases chose to use the Folio infobase technology, which Allen was familiar with, Infobases first products were floppy disks and compact disks sold from the back seat of the founders car. In 1994, Infobases was named among Inc. magazines 500 fastest-growing companies and their first offering on CD was the LDS Collectors Edition, released in April 1995, selling for $299.95, which was offered in an online version in August 1995. Ancestry officially went online with the launched Ancestry. com in 1996, with its roots as a genealogy newsletter started in 1983 by John Sittner, and became an established publishing company in 1984. Ancestry was relaunched as a magazine in January 1994, and went online in 1996, on January 1,1997, Infobases parent company, Western Standard Publishing, purchased Ancestry, Inc. publisher of Ancestry magazine and genealogy books. Western Standard Publishings CEO was Joe Cannon, one of the owners of Geneva Steel. In July 1997, Allen and Taggart purchased Western Standards interest in Ancestry, at the time, Brad Pelo was president and CEO of Infobases, and president of Western Standard. Less than six months earlier, he had been president of Folio Corporation, in March 1997, Folio was sold to Open Market for $45 million. The first public evidence of the change in ownership of Ancestry Magazine came with the July/August 1997 issue and that issues masthead also included the first use of the Ancestry. com web address. More growth for Infobases occurred in July 1997, when Ancestry, Inc. purchased Bookcraft, Infobases had published many of Bookcrafts books as part of its LDS Collectors Library. Pelo also announced that Ancestrys product line would be expanded in both CDs and online. Alan Ashton, an investor in Infobases and founder of WordPerfect, was its chairman of the board. Allen and Taggart began running Ancestry, Inc. independently from Infobases in July 1997, included in the sale were the rights to Infobases LDS Collectors Library on CD

21.
Open access
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Open access refers to online research outputs that are free of all restrictions on access and free of many restrictions on use. These additional usage rights are granted through the use of various specific Creative Commons licenses. There are multiple ways authors can provide access to their work. One way is to publish it and then self-archive it in a repository where it can be accessed for free, such as their institutional repository and this is known as green open access. Some publishers require delays, or an embargo, on when an output in a repository may be made open access. Several initiatives provide an alternative to the American and English language dominance of existing publication indexing systems, including Index Copernicus, SciELO and Redalyc. A second way authors can make their work open access is by publishing it in such a way that makes their research output immediately available from the publisher. This is known as open access, and within the sciences this often takes the form of publishing an article in either an open access journal. Pure open access journals do not charge fees, and may have one of a variety of business models. Many, however, do charge an article processing fee, widespread public access to the World Wide Web in the late 1990s and early 2000s fueled the open access movement, and prompted both the green open access way and the creation of open access journals. Conventional non-open access journals cover publishing costs through access tolls such as subscriptions, some non-open access journals provide open access after an embargo period of 6–12 months or longer. The Budapest statement defined open access as follows, There are many degrees, despite these statements emerging in the 2000s, the idea and practise of providing free online access to journal articles began at least a decade before the term open access was formally coined. Computer scientists had been self-archiving in anonymous ftp archives since the 1970s, the Subversive Proposal to generalize the practice was posted in 1994. Gratis OA refers to online access, and libre OA refers to free online access plus some additional re-use rights. The Budapest, Bethesda, and Berlin definitions had corresponded only to libre OA, the re-use rights of libre OA are often specified by various specific Creative Commons licenses, these almost all require attribution of authorship to the original authors. Open access itself began to be sought and provided worldwide by researchers when the possibility itself was opened by the advent of Internet, the momentum was further increased by a growing movement for academic journal publishing reform, and with it gold and libre OA. Electronic publishing created new benefits as compared to paper publishing but beyond that, rather than applying traditional notions of copyright to academic publications, they could be libre or free to build upon. The intended audience of research articles is usually other researchers, Open access helps researchers as readers by opening up access to articles that their libraries do not subscribe to

22.
Gridiron football
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Gridiron football, or North American football, is a form of football primarily played in the United States and Canada. The predominant forms of football are American football and Canadian football. The grid system was abandoned in favor of the system of lines and hash marks used today. Gridiron football developed in the late 19th century out of the games now known as rugby football. Walter Camp is credited with creating many of the rules that differentiate gridiron football from its older counterparts, because the two sets of lines had the same spacing and were perpendicular, they divided the field into squares, resembling a checkerboard or gridiron pattern. The word gridiron, in use since the 14th century, refers to a grid for cooking food over a fire. As described in Outdoor Sports and Games, by Claude H. Miller, at each end are goal posts set 18 feet 6 inches apart, with a crossbar 10 feet above the ground. The field is marked off in chalk lines similar to a tennis court, the centre of the field where the play starts is 55 yards from either end. The lines on a football field make an effect and have given to the field the name of gridiron. As a result, the name of the field, gridiron, was applied to the game itself, the ball would be snapped in the grid in which it was downed on the previous play. The grid system was abandoned in favor of the system of lines and hash marks used today. Especially outside of the U. S. and Canada, the gridiron and gridiron football are often used to distinguish the North American sport from other codes of football. Gridiron is the word for the sport in Australia and New Zealand. In the United States and Canada, the game is known unambiguously as football, association football is known in these countries as soccer and rugby football, seldom encountered in the U. S. is known as rugby or, especially in Canada, English rugby. American football is the most common and widely known of the football codes. It is played with players to a side, four downs. The premier professional league in the United States, the National Football League, has its own distinct code, colleges in the United States generally play under the code defined in NCAA Football Rules and Interpretations. Youth games generally follow NFHS code with modifications, adult semi-pro, alternative and minor professional, amateur, touch, flag, etc. may follow any one of these codes or use their own rules

23.
History of American football
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The history of American football can be traced to early versions of rugby football and association football. Among these important changes were the introduction of the line of scrimmage, of down-and-distance rules, the popularity of college football grew as it became the dominant version of the sport in the United States for the first half of the 20th century. Bowl games, a football tradition, attracted a national audience for college teams. Boosted by fierce rivalries and colorful traditions, college football still holds widespread appeal in the United States, in 1920 the American Professional Football Association was formed. This league changed its name to the National Football League two years later, and eventually became the league of American football. Primarily a sport of Midwestern industrial towns in the United States, American footballs explosion in popularity during the second half of the 20th century can be traced to the 1958 NFL Championship Game, a contest that has been dubbed the Greatest Game Ever Played. Forms of traditional football have been played throughout Europe and beyond since antiquity, many of these involved handling of the ball, and scrummage-like formations. Several of the oldest examples of games include the Greek game of Episkyros. Over time many countries across the world have developed their own national football-like games. By some accounts, in such events any means could be used to move the ball towards the goal. Sometimes instead of markers, the teams would attempt to kick the bladder into the balcony of the opponents church, a legend that these games in England evolved from a more ancient and bloody ritual of kicking the Danes head is unlikely to be true. These antiquated games went into decline in the 19th century when the Highway Act 1835 was passed banning the playing of football on public highways. Early games appear to have had much in common with the mob football played in England. The games remained largely unorganized until the 19th century, when games of football began to be played on college campuses. Each school played its own variety of football, Princeton University students played a game called ballown as early as 1820. A Harvard tradition known as Bloody Monday began in 1827, which consisted of a mass ballgame between the freshman and sophomore classes, in 1860, both the town police and the college authorities agreed the Bloody Monday had to go. The Harvard students responded by going into mourning for a figure called Football Fightum. The authorities held firm and it was a dozen years before football was again played at Harvard

24.
American football rules
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Game play in American football consists of a series of downs, individual plays of short duration, outside of which the ball is dead or not in play. These can be plays from scrimmage – passes, runs, punts, or field goal attempts – or free kicks such as kickoffs, substitutions can be made between downs, which allows for a great deal of specialization as coaches choose the players best suited for each particular situation. During a play, each team should have no more than 11 players on the field, the objective of this game is to score more points than the other team during the allotted time. If the offense does not advance at least 10 yards during their 4 downs, after scoring a touchdown, the offense is given an additional opportunity from the 2-yard line to attempt to score. Conversion attempts are used to score 1 or 2 points as follows, the offense may attempt to re-advance the ball into the opponents end zone for a two-point conversion worth 2 points. While the opposing team has possession, the attempts to prevent the offense from advancing the ball. If an offensive player loses the ball during play or the ball is caught by a player while still in the air. The defense may also score points by tackling the ball carrier in the offenses own end zone, collegiate and professional football games are 60 minutes long, divided into four quarters of 15 minutes each. In high school football,12 minute quarters are usually played, the clock is stopped frequently, however, so that a typical college or professional game can exceed three hours in duration. The referee controls the clock and stops the clock after any incomplete pass or any play that ends out of bounds. In addition, each team is allowed 3 timeouts in each half that they may use at their own discretion, the clock may also be stopped for an officials time-out, after which, if the clock was running, it is restarted. For example, if there is a question whether or not a team has moved the ball far enough for a first down, while this measurement is taking place, the officials will signal for a stoppage of the clock. Once the measurement is finished and the ball is placed at the proper location, additional situations where officials may take a time-out are to administer a penalty or for an injured player to be removed from the field. In addition to the clock, a separate play clock is also used. This counts down the time the offense has to start the play before it is assessed a penalty for delay of game. This clock is typically 25 seconds from when the marks the ball ready for play. The purpose of the clock is to ensure that the game progresses at a consistent pace. Officials also call for media time-outs, which allow time for television and they also stop the clock after a change of possession of the ball from one team to the other

25.
Comparison of American and Canadian football
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American and Canadian football are gridiron codes of football that are very similar. Both have their origins in rugby football, there are, however, some key differences. Football was introduced to North America in Canada by the British Army garrison in Montreal, in 1874, USAs Harvard University hosted Canadas McGill University to play the new game derived from rugby football in a home-and-home series. When the Canadians arrived several days early, to advantage of the trip to see Boston. During this time, the Americans were surprised to see the Canadians kick, chase, when the American asked which game the Canadians played, David replied rugby. After some negotiation, it was decided to play a game with half and half Canadian/US rules, thus, many of the similarities and differences between the Canadian and American games indeed came out of this original series where each home team set the rules. For instance, Harvard, because of a lack of campus space and their pitch was only 100 yd long by 50 yd wide with undersized endzones. Because of the field, the Harvard team opted for 11 players per side. To generate more offense, Harvard also increased the number of downs from three, as set by McGill, to four, furthermore, the Harvard players so enjoyed running with the ball, this rule was wholly adopted into all Harvard play following the two games with McGill. While the American team bested the Canadian, both countries flavours of football were changed and linked to one another. Many, perhaps most, of the differences have arisen because of rules changes in American football in the early 20th century which have not been copied by Canadian football. The major Canadian codes never abolished the onside scrimmage kick or restricted backfield motion, Canadian football was later in adopting the hand snap and the forward pass, although one would not suspect the latter from play today. Additionally, Canadian football was slower in removing restrictions on blocking, similarly, differences in scoring opened up from the late 19th century, but were erased by the 1950s. An area in which American football has been more conservative is the retention of the fair catch, in some regions along the Canada-USA border, especially western areas, some high schools from opposite sides of the border regularly play games against one another. By agreement between the bodies involved, the field of the home team is considered a legal field. In all but a few cases, the rules of the team are followed throughout the game. For individuals who played both American and Canadian football professionally, their career totals are considered to be their combined totals from their careers in both the CFL and NFL. Warren Moon, for example, was the professional football leader in passing yards after an illustrious career in both leagues

26.
Arena football
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Arena football is a variety of indoor gridiron football played by the Arena Football League and China Arena Football League. It used to be a game but the patent expired in 2007. The game is played indoors on a field than American or Canadian outdoor football, resulting in a faster. The sport was invented in 1981, and patented in 1987, by James F. Foster, Jr. a former executive of the National Football League and the United States Football League. Though not the only variant of indoor American football, it is the most widely known, and the one on which most other forms of modern indoor football are at least partially based. As a key part of plan, while residing in the Chicago area, he tested the game concept through several closed door practice sessions in late 1985. After fine tuning the rules, he secured additional operating capital to play several test games in the MetroCentre in April 1986. On June 19,1987, the Pittsburgh Gladiators hosted the Washington Commandos in the first league game after a training camp for all four charter teams in Wheaton. AFL football operations and training was overseen by veteran college and pro head coach, Mouse Davis, the other two 1987 teams were the Chicago Bruisers and the Denver Dynamite. As the AFL grew into a league with close to 20 teams, it defined itself as a major market pro sports product. The growth and establishment of the AFL as a major market league spawned a developmental league that Foster also helped co-found, a minor league called Arena Football 2, in 2000. The league was set up to operate in medium size markets around the U. S. where it has enjoyed growth under the guidance of af2 President, other people have started their own indoor football minor leagues. Arena football is played indoors, in arenas usually designed for either basketball or ice hockey teams. The field is the width and length as a standard NHL hockey rink. The scrimmage area is 50 yards long, and each end zone is approximately eight yards deep, depending on the venue in which a game is being played, the end zones may be rectangular or, where necessary because of the building design, rounded. Each sideline has a heavily padded barrier, with the padding placed over the hockey dasher boards, the goalpost uprights are 9 feet wide, and the crossbar is 15 feet above the playing surface. Taut rebound nets on either side of the posts bounce any missed field goals back into the field of play, the ball is live when rebounding off these nets or their support apparatus. The entire goalframe and goalside rebound net system is suspended on cables from the rafters, the bottom of the two goalside rebound nets are 8 feet off the playing surface

27.
Indoor American football
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In the United States, indoor football is football played at ice hockey-sized indoor arenas. While varied, the rules of football are designed to allow for play in a smaller arena. The indoor football season typically begins in mid- to late-winter and ends by mid-summer, the first documented indoor football games were those played at Madison Square Garden in 1902 and 1903, known as the World Series of Pro Football. The games were played on a 70-yard by 35-yard dirt field, poor attendance led to the tournament being discontinued after two years. The first major football game was the 1932 NFL Playoff Game. A dirt floor was brought in, and to compensate for the 80-yard length of the field, in the 1960s the Boardwalk Bowl, a post-season game involving small college teams, was contested at the convention center. The Bowl was an attempt to make Atlantic City more of a resort in the pre-gambling era as opposed to a single-season one. The Philadelphia-based Liberty Bowl game, which had played at Municipal Stadium from 1959–1963, was moved into the Convention Center in 1964 for the contest between Utah and West Virginia. The game drew just over 6,000 fans, though, and the Liberty Bowl moved to Memphis the next year, the end zones were slightly shorter—eight yards instead of the standard ten. He devised his game while watching indoor soccer, another game derived from a sport played outdoors, when the USFL ceased operations, Foster saw his opportunity. He staged a test game in Rockford, Illinois in 1986 and put together a league for a demonstration season in the spring of 1987. This resulted in the field being 50 yards long with eight-yard end zones, and the field being slightly over half as wide as a standard football field. Although it was not as much of an issue then as it is now, Foster adopted artificial turf for the field, Foster adopted a modified version of eight-man football. He also mandated a system that required at least six players go both ways, playing on both offensive and defensive downs. This had the desirable effect of limiting team payrolls. The placing of rebound nets around the ends of the surface, kicked and passed balls bounced off these nets. This means that on every kicking play except an extra point attempt, either team may have a shot to regain the ball and advance it, only kicked or passed balls touching the slack nets behind the goalposts are ruled dead at that point. To further an offensive passing advantage over the defense, Foster also imposed restrictions on the defensive formation

28.
Eight-man football
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Eight-man football is a form of gridiron football, generally played by high schools with smaller enrollments. Most states continue to play on a 100-yard length field, whereas a few states opt for 80-yard lengths, reduced-player football, which consists of eight-man, six-man, and nine-man football has gained popularity across the United States. Eight-man football shares the rules, procedures, and structure as the traditional 11-man game. Eight-man football is played with eight players on offense and defense, the size of the playing field is often smaller in eight-man football than in 11-man. To accommodate six fewer players on the field, the width of the field is 40-yard-wide,13 1/3-yards narrower than the 53 1/3-yard eleven-man field, most eight-man leagues mandate 100-yard length fields, where few choose the 80-yard-long field length option. There are several professional football leagues in the United States. These leagues typically use a 50-yard by roughly 25-yard field, as professional football is usually played indoors. In recent years, organizations that previously played six-man football have been converting to eight-man football, States elect to use an either playoff system, a bowl game format, or for states with few eight-man teams, no official postseason is organized, instead electing for Conference Champions. Playoff Format States that elect a playoff format will seed teams based on season records. Depending on the sizes of each class, division, or district, teams will advance through the bracket until a state champion is crowned. Bowl Game Format States that elect a bowl game format, also known as a Jamboree, will seed teams based on season records. In this format, teams play one game as there is no advancement through levels as in a playoff format. Wisconsin currently uses this format for postseason eight-man games, eight-man football consists of fast-paced games with higher scoring than the traditional game. Eight-man football is noted for producing multi-skilled players that are responsible for playing several positions, which speed, agility. Eight-man players each account for 12. 5% of the responsibility in eight-man football, compared to 9. 09% responsibility in the eleven-man format, a variety of offensive formations can be used in eight-man football, most of which are converted from traditional eleven-man formations. Eight-man football rules require five players to be on the line of scrimmage with players on each end remaining pass eligible, the interior of the line consists of two guards and a center. Most often, the players on the edges of the formation are tight ends. Attempting the extra point kick after a touchdown is less common in eight-man, due to the lack of specialized kickers and holders, for this reason, teams often attempt a two-point conversion instead

29.
Six-man football
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Six-man football is a variant of American football that is played with six players per team, instead of 11. Six-man football was developed in 1934 by Stephen Epler in Chester, Nebraska, the first six-man game played Thursday, September 27,1934 in the Hebron Athletic Gridiron under the lights with a crowd of almost 1000 watching. This game was played so that all over Kansas and Nebraska could see if they wanted to try this new game of six-man. The two teams playing in the game were the team from Hardy-Chester and a combined team from Belvalex-Alexandria. The two teams had two weeks to practice prior to this game, after that night, rules for the game were distributed to about 60,000 coaches in the United States. On October 5,1940, Windham High School from Windham, defeated Stamford Collegiate of Niagara Falls, Ontario, 39-1 in the first international six-man football game. Jack Pardee began his career as a teenager in Christoval Texas. He was an All-American linebacker at Texas A&M University and a two-time All-Pro with the Los Angeles Rams and he was one of the few six-man players to ever make it to the NFL, and his knowledge of that wide-open game would serve him well as a coach. Pardee was inducted into the College Football Hall of Fame as a player in 1986, ed Sprinkle played six-man football at Tuscola High School in 1939, and became known to many as The Meanest Man in Pro Football, nicknamed the Claw. Prior to his NFL career, Sprinkle won three letters in football and two in basketball and earned All-Border Conference while at Hardin-Simmons University in the early 1940s and he earned all-Eastern honors in 1943 while attending the United States Naval Academy. He played for 12 seasons with the Chicago Bears of the National Football League and is credited with calling attention to the NFLs defensive players, at first, he played on both defense and offense. He caught 32 passes for 451 yards and seven touchdowns during his professional career and his ability to rush opposing quarterbacks, however, soon made him a defensive specialist, earning four Pro Bowls. Six-man is a game played on an 80-yard long by 40-yard wide field. Furthermore, the game specifies a 15-yard distance from the line of scrimmage to gain a first down, all six players are eligible to be receivers. On offense, three linemen are required on the line of scrimmage at the start of the play, all forward passes to the player who snapped the ball must travel at least 1 yard in flight. Scoring is the same as in 11-man football, with the exceptions being on the point after touchdown attempt, a point-after kick is worth two points, while a conversion made by running or passing the ball is worth one point, this is the opposite of 11-man football. In addition, a goal is worth 4 points instead of 3. These rule changes were made because of the difficulty of getting a kick off with so few blockers on the line compared to the number of defenders

30.
Flag football
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An important distinction is whether linemen are allowed to catch passes or, as in the NFL / CFL, are not allowed to do so. Flag football may also be divided into contact or non-contact, depending on whether or not blocking is allowed, if allowed, the ability or inability for the quarterback to advance the ball past the line of scrimmage by running is another rule subject to variation by league. The sport has an amateur following and several national and international competitions each year sponsored by various associations. The majority of flag football leagues are organized by recreation departments of cities and municipalities. Pickup games are common, as football is first and foremost a recreational sport. Flag football tournaments are held to boost competitive play, every Memorial Day weekend in Roswell, NM. Hike it & Spike it 4-on-4 flag football has almost 600 teams playing in 42 divisions, young, old, male and female are all welcome in the alien city. The United States Flag and Touch Football League has a number of smaller organizations spread out over the US, located in Ohio, this league supports a number of teams from the Mid Atlantic, NorthEast, and Midwest states. On the west coast XFLAGFOOTBALL has over 15 leagues throughout Southern California, in the south, FlagFootballX hosts many of the largest 5on5 cash tournaments, located in Dallas, TX. Texan Flag Football hosts many tournaments and leagues in the Houston area as well. TAAF hosts a yearly 8on8 State Championship at a rotating location throughout Texas, Flag lists all of Texas and the bordering states tournaments in one location to browse but does not host their own events. I9Sports a youth sports league franchise business in the U. S. is one of the countrys largest providers of flag football leagues for boys and girls ages 3–14. Flag football participation has increased in the past decade while participation in football among kids under age 14 has declined amid growing safety concerns from parents. National Flag Football is the countrys largest youth football organization, with leagues in six states. The NFL conducts their own Youth World Championship for children 12–14 years of age, held in different nations around the world. It is five man no contact football played between ten countries, previous NFL Flag Football World Championships have been held in Beijing, Cologne, Mexico City, Tokyo, Toronto, and Vancouver. The NFL has also at times sanctioned Air It Out competitions aimed primarily at its fans in which tournament-winning teams were allowed to compete against retired NFL All-Pros, Air It Out has now been rebranded as Let It Fly a nationwide tour operated by North American Sports Group. Many universities around the continent have flag football divisions and leagues, the organization is the largest organization for women and girls in the sport of flag football

31.
Touch football (American)
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The game is usually played by amateurs on a recreational basis. Major variants of football include one-hand or two-hand touch, each of which dictates the number of hands a defensive player must touch the ball carrier with in order to end a down. Touch football can be played by teams as few as two or as many as eleven on each side, usually, games consist of teams of four to seven, positions in touch football are far less formal than its more organized counterpart. While some games roughly follow conventions, more often, all players will be considered eligible receivers, and there are usually no running backs. There may or may not be a snapper, if there is not, generally, in touch football, nearly every play is a passing play, whereas run plays and pass plays tend to be well balanced in organized football. Some games will also implement a blitz count, or a period of time that must elapse after the snap before the defense may cross the line of scrimmage in order to attempt to tackle the quarterback. The count thus gives the time to complete a pass in the absence of effective blocking. Other games will not use a count and thus blocking becomes important, because of these rules, passing plays are far more common than running plays in touch football. Along with the size of the teams, the size of the field can vary considerably, in most of these situations, there are no yard lines, requiring some change in the definition of a first down. Instead of requiring that an advance the ball ten yards. Another option is to eliminate first downs entirely, so that a team gets four chances to score and this is often better known as a Steady Quarterback or Steady Q. When this occurs, there is usually no blitz count and the quarterback is usually never allowed to cross the line of scrimmage. Scoring and game timing are much different in touch football than its more organized counterpart, for simplicity, touchdowns are usually worth 1 point and no other scoring is counted. The former scoring method does not allow for other scoring types such as safeties, there is usually no game clock and the game ends when one opponent has reached 10 touchdowns or 100 points. This rule controls the action of the teams current quarterback. When teams are even, a shift between two offensive players begins the play and it takes a touch from a defender assigned to the quarterback to stop his initial forward progress and determine where the ball will be thrown from. The assigned defender is stuck to the quarterback, unable to act as a defender or hinder the quarterback in his search of a receiver. Depending on the group, first touch can refer to the ability to run or walk after the shift

32.
Street football (American)
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Street football, also known as backyard football or sandlot football, is a simplified variant of American football primarily played informally by youth. It features far less equipment and fewer rules than its counterparts, Games are played on fields generally ranging from as short as 10 to as large as 50 yards, with the occasional game being played on a full-size regulation 100 yard field such as in the A7FL. Generally, the larger the field, the players that can be incorporated into the game. Most forms of backyard or street football use ad hoc house rules that vary from neighborhood to neighborhood, the teams organize each other at the beginning of the game, if there are no pre-selected teams, team captains are usually appointed and take turns picking available players. Teams can be identified solely by memory or by the shirts versus skins system, uniforms are rare, the two teams organize on opposite sides of the field for the kickoff. Because of skill, field size and other issues, this is not a kickoff. Many versions skip this process and start the offense at a certain point, as in regular American football, each team usually has four downs per series. In order to achieve a series of downs, backyard football requires the team with the ball to complete two passes or reach a point on the field. Few games include enough people, or the equipment, to run a chain crew to maintain the 10 yard familiar in most organized leagues. These structures encourages passing plays over running, as does the lack of offensive and defensive lines. The use of a center is optional, depending on the rules set forth, play continues until there is a turnover on downs, an interception occurs, or the team on offense scores a touchdown. Touchdowns are worth 6,7, or 1 point depending on the set out before the game. Field goals and extra point kicks are nonexistent, although punts can frequently happen, thus, until an interception or turnover on downs, both teams defend and attempt to score on the same end zone. Rules greatly vary from neighborhood to neighborhood, and are set before each game. There can be a rush on the QB depending on the set out before the game. Usually if rushes are allowed, there are 2 rules that are applied, call rush. Call rush is the first rule of rushing the QB in street and this is where the defense calls Blitz in a loud voice before the offense hikes the ball, signifying that they will rush, but there is also a counter effect with this. Sometimes the two rules are combined, allowing one separate call of Blitz. per set of 4 downs, the other option to handle a rush is to use an offensive lineman or center to block any pass rush

33.
Powderpuff (sports)
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In the United States and Canada, powderpuff football games are flag football or touch football games between girls from junior and senior classes or cross-town school rivals. Funds from the ticket and concession sales for the game go to charity. The games are a tradition at many high schools and universities. The term originates from the powder puff, the material used for the application of cosmetic face powder. The games usually occur before homecoming, many schools that participate in powderpuff games have created their own traditions. One of the first well-documented powderpuff football games was played on October 20,1945, at Eastern State Teachers College, in Madison, Eastern had cancelled many campus activities for the duration of World War II. The traditional football game seemed out of the question, however, just three men had enrolled for the fall term that year. A bunch of us were sitting around after gym class and we thought, if we’re going to have Homecoming, weve got to have a game, said Susie Lowry. We decided we should have a game of our own, Nelles, a freshman at Eastern that year, was on the Homecoming committee. There were two groups of Eastern coeds at the time, those who lived at their homes in Madison while attending classes on campus, the 23 girls who wanted to play football divided into two teams, informally known as the Townies and Dormies. On game day, the teams were designated Blue and Gold teams, respectively, leota Van Ornum, Easterns physical education teacher, served as coach for both teams. There was a school on Eastern’s campus where students training to be teachers did their practice teaching. Robert Ormseth, who coached that schools football team, served as her assistant, a fairly large group of spectators showed great interest and enthusiasm during the game, according to The Eastern, the campus newspaper. Friends and family and alumni were well represented, because the twenty-three players constituted almost half of Eastern’s enrollment of fifty-three that term. Robert Nelles and Paul Tommeraasen, two of the three students, were pressed into service as game officials. “We tried to be almost real, with huddles and all that, there was a lot of clowning around. A few of us fell down, just to make it look good, the neophyte gridders proved more adept at defense than offense, with each team holding the other scoreless until the games final minute. Doris Treloar of the Gold team finally broke through and scored a touchdown, professor A. E. Swan, the librarian serving as the referee, considered that an opportune moment to end the contest on an amiable note

34.
Wheelchair Football (American)
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Wheelchair football is different from that of power football because the sport has been patterned after the game of American football and the rules are similar as such. The game of football is played on a standard basketball court —28 meters long by 15 meters wide. The required court markings are a line and circle. It can be played indoors or outside, as long as it meets the standard requirements. All athletes must use either a manual or a wheelchair when competing in the sport. Specified rules for manual and power wheelchair users Team rules A team has six attempts to once they receive the ball. Teams may pass or “run” the ball into the end zone, field goals, kick–offs and punts are thrown. A running game clock is used, as well as a play clock, scoring is the same as in stand–up football, with one exception. A team that passes for the point–after–touchdown will receive two points, field goals are scored when the ball is thrown through the first two vertical uprights that support the hanging basket. Powerchair Football Wheelchair soccer American Association for Adaptive Sports Programs

35.
High school football
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High school football is gridiron football played by high school teams in the United States and Canada. It ranks among the most popular sports in both countries. It is also popular amongst American High school teams in Europe, High school football began in the late 19th century, concurrent with the start of many college football programs. In the late 19th and early 20th century, many college, other traditions of high school football such as pep rallies, marching bands, mascots, and homecomings are mirrored from college football. No true minor league farm organizations exist in American football, therefore, high school football is generally considered to be the third tier of American football in the United States, behind professional and college competition. The National Federation of State High School Associations establishes the rules of high school football in the United States, two states, Texas and Massachusetts, use NCAA playing rules except as shown below. Kickoffs take place at the kicking teams 40-yard line, as opposed to the 35 in college, if an attempted field goal is missed it is treated as a punt, normally it would be a touchback and the opposing team will start at the 20-yard line. However, if it not enter the end zone, it can be downed or returned as a normal punt. Any kick crossing the line is automatically a touchback, kicks cannot be returned out of the end zone. Pass interference by the results in a 15-yard penalty. Pass interference by the results in a 15-yard penalty, from the previous spot. The defense cannot return an extra-point attempt for a score, any defensive player that encroaches the neutral zone, regardless of whether the ball was snapped or not, commits a dead ball foul for encroachment. 5-yard penalty from the previous spot, prior to 2013, offensive pass interference resulted in a 15-yard penalty AND a loss of down. The loss of down provision has been deleted from the rules starting in 2013, in college and the NFL, offensive pass interference is only 10 yards. The use of overtime, and the type of overtime used, is up to the state association. The NFHS offers a suggested overtime procedure based on the Kansas Playoff, intentional grounding may be called even if the quarterback is outside the tackle box. The home team must wear dark-colored jerseys, and the team must wear white jerseys. In the NFL, the team has choice of jersey color, and in the NCAA

36.
Junior varsity team
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Junior varsity players are the members of a team who are not the main players in a competition, usually at the high school and college levels in the United States. The main players comprise the varsity team, for this reason, junior varsity teams are also often called junior/sophomore teams. Especially skilled or physically mature freshmen and sophomores may compete at the varsity level, some private school associations may permit very skilled seventh- or eighth-graders to compete on varsity teams. At larger schools, there may be two junior varsity teams for sports, with a lower-level team typically consisting only of freshmen. Members of a varsity team are underclassmen determined by the coaching staff to have less experience or ability than those on the varsity roster. As such, junior varsity teams are used to prepare athletes to compete at the varsity level. Some teams require participation on a varsity team before being eligible to try out for a varsity team. These players can provide the varsity team with extra depth, with their service as back-up players, the NCAA previously prohibited true freshmen from playing varsity college football, as a result, numerous junior-varsity freshmen teams appeared on many major college campuses. The NCAA repealed this limitation in the 1970s, many sports teams have assistant coaches responsible for developing the talent of junior varsity players. A coach may call on one or more junior varsity players during a varsity game, especially when a varsity player is injured, is not performing well, or is disqualified from further competition. If a junior varsity player does well, they see more playing time in the future or may even get moved up to the varsity level. A team will have many talented players, but the coach is unable to come up with a rotation that allows everyone to play, the decision of when to play junior varsity players in a one-sided game is often at the coachs discretion. This depends on the strategy, the time remaining in the game, the point margin. Some games have rules which allow unlimited use of junior varsity players, other sports have different ways of determining junior varsity participants. For instance, in high school wrestling, there can only be one wrestler competing for a team at a weight class in a given varsity match. The teams representative is often determined by a match, in which the top two wrestlers at that weight compete for the right to participate in the varsity match. The loser wrestles that nights junior varsity match, a similar format is used for golf, tennis, and badminton, with players who lose to varsity opponents participating in the junior varsity part of the meet. Junior varsity games are specially-scheduled events in which junior varsity players play to gain skills, records and statistics are kept for the junior varsity team, and some leagues offer a junior varsity championship

37.
College football
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It was through college football play that American football rules first gained popularity in the United States. No minor league farm organizations exist in American football and it is in college football where a players performance directly impacts his chances of playing professional football. The best collegiate players will declare for the professional draft after 3 to 4 years of collegiate competition. Those not selected can still attempt to land an NFL roster spot as a free agent. Even after the emergence of the professional National Football League, college football remained extremely popular throughout the U. S, in many cases, college stadiums employ bench-style seating, as opposed to individual seats with backs and arm rests. This allows them to more fans in a given amount of space than the typical professional stadium. College athletes, unlike players in the NFL, are not permitted by the NCAA to be paid salaries, colleges are only allowed to provide non-monetary compensation such as athletic scholarships that provide for tuition, housing, and books. Modern North American football has its origins in various games, all known as football, by the 1840s, students at Rugby School were playing a game in which players were able to pick up the ball and run with it, a sport later known as Rugby football. The game was taken to Canada by British soldiers stationed there and was soon being played at Canadian colleges, the first documented gridiron football match was a game played at University College, a college of the University of Toronto, November 9,1861. One of the participants in the game involving University of Toronto students was William Mulock, a football club was formed at the university soon afterward, although its rules of play at this stage are unclear. In 1864, at Trinity College, also a college of the University of Toronto, F. Barlow Cumberland, modern Canadian football is widely regarded as having originated with a game played in Montreal, in 1865, when British Army officers played local civilians. The game gradually gained a following, and the Montreal Football Club was formed in 1868, early games appear to have had much in common with the traditional mob football played in England. The games remained largely unorganized until the 19th century, when games of football began to be played on college campuses. Each school played its own variety of football, Princeton University students played a game called ballown as early as 1820. A Harvard tradition known as Bloody Monday began in 1827, which consisted of a mass ballgame between the freshman and sophomore classes, in 1860, both the town police and the college authorities agreed the Bloody Monday had to go. The Harvard students responded by going into mourning for a figure called Football Fightum. The authorities held firm and it was a dozen years before football was again played at Harvard. Dartmouth played its own version called Old division football, the rules of which were first published in 1871, all of these games, and others, shared certain commonalities

American football
–
The offense must advance at least ten yards in four downs, or plays, or else they turn over the football to the opposing team, if they succeed, they are given a new set of four downs. Points are primarily scored by advancing the ball into the teams end zone for a touchdown or kicking the ball through the opponents goalposts for a field goal. The te

1.
Larry Fitzgerald catches a pass while defended by Cortland Finnegan at the 2009 Pro Bowl

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A photograph of Walter Camp, the "Father of American Football", taken from 1878 when Camp was captain of Yale 's football team

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William "Pudge" Heffelfinger, widely regarded as the first professional football player

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A quarterback for the Kiel Baltic Hurricanes under center, ready to take the snap

Canadian football
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In Canada, the term football may refer to Canadian football and American football collectively, or to either sport specifically, depending on context. The two sports have shared origins and are related but have significant differences. Rugby football in Canada originated in the early 1860s, and over time, active teams such as the Toronto Argonauts

1.
The University of Alberta Golden Bears (at left, in white) line up on offence against the University of Calgary Dinos.

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Footballs and a helmet at a Calgary Stampeders (CFL) team practice

3.
A game between the Hamilton Tigers and the Ottawa Rough Riders, 1910

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A game between the 4th Canadian Armoured Division Atoms and 1st Canadian Army Red and Blue Bombers, in Utrecht, Netherlands, October 1945

Line of scrimmage
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In American and Canadian football, a line of scrimmage is an imaginary transverse line beyond which a team cannot cross until the next play has begun. Its location is based on the spot where the ball is placed after the end of the most recent play, a line of scrimmage is parallel to the goal lines and touches one edge of the ball where it sits on t

1.
American football line of scrimmage, prior to a play

2.
Canadian football line of scrimmage, prior to a play

Tackle (American football)
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Tackle is a playing position in American and Canadian football. Historically, in the one-platoon system prevalent in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. In the modern system of specialized units, offensive tackle and defensive tackle are separate positions, the offensive tackle is a position on the offensive line, left and right. The term

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Former Minnesota Vikings ' offensive tackle Bryant McKinnie

2.
The positioning of the offensive tackles in a formation.

Tight end
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The tight end is a position in American football, Arena football, and formerly Canadian football, on the offense. The tight end is seen as a hybrid position with the characteristics. Like offensive linemen, they are lined up on the offensive line and are large enough to be effective blockers. On the other hand, they are eligible receivers adept eno

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Current New England Patriots Tight End Rob Gronkowski

2.
Example of tight end positioning in an offensive formation.

Forward pass
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In several forms of football a forward pass is a throwing of the ball in the direction that the offensive team is trying to move, towards the defensive teams goal line. In some football codes, such as football, the kicked forward pass is used so ubiquitously that it is not thought of as a distinct kind of play at all. In these sports, the concept o

1.
An American football quarterback preparing to pass.

2.
UCLA quarterback Kevin Craft throws a pass during an October 2008 game against the California Golden Bears.

3.
Eddie Cochems, "Father of the Forward Pass", 1907

4.
1906 St. Louis Post-Dispatch drawing of Brad Robinson, who threw the first legal forward pass

Wide receiver
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A wide receiver is an offensive position in American and Canadian football, and is the key player in most of the passing plays. They get their name because they are split out wide, furthest away from the rest of the team, wide receivers are among the fastest players on the field. The wide receiver functions as the pass-catching specialist, the wide

1.
An example of a wide receiver's positioning in an offensive formation: Split End (SE), Slot Back (SB), Slot Receiver (SR), and Flanker (FL) position.

Bill Carpenter
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William Stanley Bill Carpenter, Jr. is a retired American military officer and former college football player. While playing college football at the United States Military Academy, he gained prominence as the Lonesome End of the Army football team. During his military service in the Vietnam War, he achieved fame when he saved his company by directi

1.
Bill Carpenter

Defensive end
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Defensive end is a defensive position in the sport of American and Canadian football. This position has designated the players at each end of the defensive line, early formations, with six- and seven-man lines, used the end as a containment player, whose job was first to prevent an end run around his position, then secondarily to force plays inside

1.
The defensive end position in a base 4–3 defense

Don Hutson
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Donald Montgomery Hutson was a professional American football player and assistant coach in the National Football League. He played as an end and spent his entire eleven-year professional career with the Green Bay Packers. Under head coach Curly Lambeau, Hutson led the Packers to four NFL Championship Games, in his senior season at the University o

1.
Don Hutson

3.
Hutson c. 1940.

4.
Don Hutson at the time of his induction as a charter member of the Professional Football Hall of Fame in 1963.

Alabama Crimson Tide football
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The Alabama Crimson Tide football program represents the University of Alabama in the sport of American football. The team competes in the Football Bowl Subdivision of the National Collegiate Athletic Association, the team is currently coached by Nick Saban. The Crimson Tide is among the most storied and decorated football programs in NCAA history,

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The Alabama football team in 1892. Among those labeled are head coach Beaumont (5), Bankhead (9), and Little (10).

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Alabama in 1906

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Bully Van de Graaff played at Alabama during 1911-1915.

Green Bay Packers
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The Green Bay Packers are a professional American football team based in Green Bay, Wisconsin. The Packers compete in the National Football League as a club of the leagues National Football Conference North division. They are also the third-oldest franchise in the NFL, organized and it is the only non-profit, community-owned major league profession

1.
Curly Lambeau, founder, player and first coach of the Packers.

3.
Packer great Brett Favre, a three time All-Pro, three time NFL MVP, and Super Bowl XXXI champion in his 16 years in Green Bay

4.
Former Packers tight end Bubba Franks, 2007

Bear Bryant
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Paul William Bear Bryant was an American college football player and coach. He was best known as the head coach of the University of Alabama football team. During his 25-year tenure as Alabamas head coach, he amassed six national championships, upon his retirement in 1982, he held the record for most wins as head coach in collegiate football histor

1.
Bryant with his trademark houndstooth hat

2.
Memorial of Bryant outside of Legion Field

Gaynell Tinsley
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Gaynell Charles Gus Tinsley was an American football end and coach. He played professionally for the Chicago Cardinals of the National Football League from 1937 to 1938 and he attended Louisiana State University, where he was a consensus All-American for the LSU Tigers football team in 1935 and 1936. In 1937 he was drafted by the Cardinals, with wh

1.
Tinsley in 1955

Amos Alonzo Stagg
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Amos Alonzo Stagg was an American athlete and pioneering college coach in multiple sports, primarily American football. His Chicago Maroons teams of 1905 and 1913 have been recognized as national champions and he was also the head basketball coach for one season at the University of Chicago, and the head baseball coach there for 19 seasons. At the

1.
Stagg in 1906

2.
Stagg (far left) on Yale's 1888 team

Arthur Cumnock
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Arthur James Cumnock was an American football player. He and Amos Alonzo Stagg were selected as the ends on the first College Football All-America Team in 1889, Cumnock invented the first nose guard. In 1913, an article in an Eastern newspaper sought to choose the greatest Harvard football player of all time, the individual chosen was Cumnock, who

1889 College Football All-America Team
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The 1889 College Football All-America team was the first College Football All-America Team. The team was selected by Caspar Whitney and published in This Weeks Sports, the team selected by Whitney in 1889 marked the origin of the All-America teams that have since appeared in every collegiate sport from mens ice hockey to womens gymnastics. All elev

1.
Yale end Amos Alonzo Stagg went on to become one of the sport's most successful coaches.

2.
Yale guard Pudge Heffelfinger became the first professional football player in 1892.

3.
Princeton fullback "Snake" Ames set an unofficial collegiate scoring record with 730 points, including 62 touchdowns and 176 goals after touchdown.

4.
Roscoe Channing

Mike Ditka
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Michael Keller Ditka is a former American football player, coach, and television commentator. He was named to both the NFLs 50th and 75th Anniversary All-Time Team, as a coach for the Bears for 11 years he was twice both the AP and UPI NFL Coach of Year. He also coached the New Orleans Saints for three years, Ditka and Tom Flores are the only peopl

1.
Ditka in the press booth during an NFL pre-season game

Glossary of American football
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The following terms are used in American football, both conventional and indoor. Some of these terms are also in use in Canadian football, for a list of unique to that code. 2-4-5 defense A type of formation with two linemen, four linebackers, and five defensive backs. More common among teams with 3-4 base defenses than the 3-3-5 and this maximizes

1.
In a hand-off, the quarterback (Colt McCoy, No. 12) is handing the ball to the running back (Jamaal Charles, No. 25)

2.
Catching a punt

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The players in white (#7, #11) are tackling the ball carrier (#10)

Newspapers.com
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Ancestry. com LLC is a privately held Internet company based in Lehi, Utah, United States. The largest for-profit genealogy company in the world, it operates a network of genealogical and historical record websites focused on the United States, as of June 2014, the company provided access to approximately 16 billion historical records and had over

1.
Ancestry.com headquarters in Provo, Utah

2.
Ancestry.com Inc.

Open access
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Open access refers to online research outputs that are free of all restrictions on access and free of many restrictions on use. These additional usage rights are granted through the use of various specific Creative Commons licenses. There are multiple ways authors can provide access to their work. One way is to publish it and then self-archive it i

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Open access logo, originally designed by Public Library of Science. Whilst no official open access logo exists, organisations are free to select the logo style that best supports their visual language. Other logos are also in use (see Signalling OA-ness).

Gridiron football
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Gridiron football, or North American football, is a form of football primarily played in the United States and Canada. The predominant forms of football are American football and Canadian football. The grid system was abandoned in favor of the system of lines and hash marks used today. Gridiron football developed in the late 19th century out of the

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Diagram of an American Football field (1904). The lines on the field originally made a checkerboard (or grid) pattern, which inspired the name "gridiron."

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Diagram of an American football field. Numbers on the field indicate the yards to the nearest end zone.

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Archbold Stadium at Syracuse University (1910) showing the original grid pattern.

History of American football
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The history of American football can be traced to early versions of rugby football and association football. Among these important changes were the introduction of the line of scrimmage, of down-and-distance rules, the popularity of college football grew as it became the dominant version of the sport in the United States for the first half of the 2

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Harpastum, Ancient Roman fresco

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An early American football team, from the turn of the twentieth century

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A Native American college football team

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Walter Camp, the "Father of American Football", pictured here in 1878 as the captain of the Yale University football team

American football rules
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Game play in American football consists of a series of downs, individual plays of short duration, outside of which the ball is dead or not in play. These can be plays from scrimmage – passes, runs, punts, or field goal attempts – or free kicks such as kickoffs, substitutions can be made between downs, which allows for a great deal of specialization

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The Tennessee Titans and the Houston Texans in formation before a play.

Comparison of American and Canadian football
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American and Canadian football are gridiron codes of football that are very similar. Both have their origins in rugby football, there are, however, some key differences. Football was introduced to North America in Canada by the British Army garrison in Montreal, in 1874, USAs Harvard University hosted Canadas McGill University to play the new game

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In 1944, Canadian and American teams played an exhibition game at White City Stadium in London, United Kingdom. The Canadian Mustangs defeated the U.S. Pirates 16-6. Here, captains Frank Dombrowski (left) of the United States and W. Drinkwater of Canada shake hands.

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Diagram of an American football field

Arena football
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Arena football is a variety of indoor gridiron football played by the Arena Football League and China Arena Football League. It used to be a game but the patent expired in 2007. The game is played indoors on a field than American or Canadian outdoor football, resulting in a faster. The sport was invented in 1981, and patented in 1987, by James F. F

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Colorado Crush (white) at the Kansas City Brigade (light blue).

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An AFL goalpost

Indoor American football
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In the United States, indoor football is football played at ice hockey-sized indoor arenas. While varied, the rules of football are designed to allow for play in a smaller arena. The indoor football season typically begins in mid- to late-winter and ends by mid-summer, the first documented indoor football games were those played at Madison Square G

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San Jose SaberCats and Columbus Destroyers in ArenaBowl XXI, the 2007 championship game of the Arena Football League.

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An arena football goalpost. Notice the rebound nets on either side of the uprights.

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An example of an indoor football field, lacking rebound nets.

Eight-man football
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Eight-man football is a form of gridiron football, generally played by high schools with smaller enrollments. Most states continue to play on a 100-yard length field, whereas a few states opt for 80-yard lengths, reduced-player football, which consists of eight-man, six-man, and nine-man football has gained popularity across the United States. Eigh

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Eight-man football "Gun Formation"

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Eight-man football "I-Formation"

Six-man football
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Six-man football is a variant of American football that is played with six players per team, instead of 11. Six-man football was developed in 1934 by Stephen Epler in Chester, Nebraska, the first six-man game played Thursday, September 27,1934 in the Hebron Athletic Gridiron under the lights with a crowd of almost 1000 watching. This game was playe

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A six-man team

Flag football
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An important distinction is whether linemen are allowed to catch passes or, as in the NFL / CFL, are not allowed to do so. Flag football may also be divided into contact or non-contact, depending on whether or not blocking is allowed, if allowed, the ability or inability for the quarterback to advance the ball past the line of scrimmage by running

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A co-ed game of flag football being played at University of Texas.

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Player at the point of taking other player's flag at a game at Monterrey Institute of Technology and Higher Education, Mexico City.

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Children playing the sport in Mexico

Touch football (American)
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The game is usually played by amateurs on a recreational basis. Major variants of football include one-hand or two-hand touch, each of which dictates the number of hands a defensive player must touch the ball carrier with in order to end a down. Touch football can be played by teams as few as two or as many as eleven on each side, usually, games co

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Offensive touch football player tries to get out of reach of defending player.

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Field during a recreational touch ball game.

Street football (American)
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Street football, also known as backyard football or sandlot football, is a simplified variant of American football primarily played informally by youth. It features far less equipment and fewer rules than its counterparts, Games are played on fields generally ranging from as short as 10 to as large as 50 yards, with the occasional game being played

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QCBFL Football - Backyard football game in the snow. Vander Veer Park (Davenport, Iowa)

Powderpuff (sports)
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In the United States and Canada, powderpuff football games are flag football or touch football games between girls from junior and senior classes or cross-town school rivals. Funds from the ticket and concession sales for the game go to charity. The games are a tradition at many high schools and universities. The term originates from the powder puf

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Junior and senior girls face off in a high school powderpuff flag football game

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Team Blonde at the 2011 Blondes vs. Brunettes powder puff football game in Washington, D.C.

Wheelchair Football (American)
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Wheelchair football is different from that of power football because the sport has been patterned after the game of American football and the rules are similar as such. The game of football is played on a standard basketball court —28 meters long by 15 meters wide. The required court markings are a line and circle. It can be played indoors or outsi

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Boy playing on an American Wheelchair Football Team.

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Players in manual chairs have successfully tackled an opponent when they tag the opponent with two hands on the body and above the knees.

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Players in power chairs will have made a successful tackle when they tag the opponent with one hand on the opponent’s body or chair.

High school football
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High school football is gridiron football played by high school teams in the United States and Canada. It ranks among the most popular sports in both countries. It is also popular amongst American High school teams in Europe, High school football began in the late 19th century, concurrent with the start of many college football programs. In the lat

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A running back sweeps the left end during a high school football game near Cincinnati, Ohio, 1999

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A High school football game in Texas.

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High school football stadium in Manhattan, Kansas

Junior varsity team
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Junior varsity players are the members of a team who are not the main players in a competition, usually at the high school and college levels in the United States. The main players comprise the varsity team, for this reason, junior varsity teams are also often called junior/sophomore teams. Especially skilled or physically mature freshmen and sopho

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A junior varsity football game being played at South Forsyth High School

College football
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It was through college football play that American football rules first gained popularity in the United States. No minor league farm organizations exist in American football and it is in college football where a players performance directly impacts his chances of playing professional football. The best collegiate players will declare for the profes

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A college football game between Colorado State and Air Force

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A college football game between Texas Tech and Navy

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Walter Camp, the "Father of American Football", pictured here in 1878 as the captain of the Yale Football team

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1902 football game between the University of Minnesota and the University of Michigan

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Takiyah "TK" Washington, defensive end for the D.C. Divas, sacks the Connecticut Crush's Donna Bruce during the first quarter of the Divas-Crush playoff football game June 28, 2003 in Washington, D.C.

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Vince Young of the Texas Longhorns (ball carrier in top center) rushing for a touchdown. A portion of the end zone is seen as the dark strip at the bottom. The vertical yellow bar is part of the goal post.

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Time out during a 2012 game between the Wake Forest Demon Deacons and Boston College Eagles. Two officials, the referee and the umpire, stand over the ball while the teams confer during the time out.

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During the garbage time of an already settled football game, the previously full stadium is now half-full and the substitutes are on the field.

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Garbage time in the fourth quarter of a decided game (the USC Trojans lead the Washington Huskies 49–0); as a result of the home team's assured victory, the announced crowd of over 80,000 has dissipated.