Pacific Science Volume 44, Number 4, 1990http://hdl.handle.net/10125/983
Sun, 02 Aug 2015 18:59:28 GMT2015-08-02T18:59:28Z44: Index - Pacific Sciencehttp://hdl.handle.net/10125/12593
Mon, 01 Jan 1990 00:00:00 GMThttp://hdl.handle.net/10125/125931990-01-01T00:00:00Z44:4 Table of Contents - Pacific Sciencehttp://hdl.handle.net/10125/1295
Mon, 01 Oct 1990 00:00:00 GMThttp://hdl.handle.net/10125/12951990-10-01T00:00:00ZPlant Water Deficits, Osmotic Properties, and Hydraulic Resistances of Hawaiian Dubautia Species from Adjacent Bog and Wet-Forest Habitatshttp://hdl.handle.net/10125/1294
Functional responses of two closely related Dubautia species from
a mosaic of Hawaiian bogs and wet forest were compared to help explain their
differential distributions. Dubautia paleata is largely restricted to saturated bogs,
while D. raillardioides is restricted to the surrounding, better-drained wet forest.
Minimum diurnal tissue water potentials of D. paleata are significantly lower
than those of D. raillardioides, despite the moister condition of bog soil. The tissue
osmotic potential at full hydration of D. paleata is significantly lower than
that of D. raillardioides. As a result, the tissue water potential at which turgor
reaches zero for D. paleata is significantly lower than that of D. raillardioides.
Dubautia paleata is thus able to maintain positive turgor to lower water potentials
than D. raillardioides. Lack of a lowered, in D. raillardioides may therefore
contribute to exclusion of that species from the bog habitat. Preliminary data
suggest a significantly greater hydraulic resistance for D. paleata than for D.
raillardioides, probably due to higher root resistance caused by the reduced
condition of the waterlogged bog substrate. The difference in hydraulic resistance
could help account for the contrasting water deficits of the two species.
Mon, 01 Oct 1990 00:00:00 GMThttp://hdl.handle.net/10125/12941990-10-01T00:00:00ZCanfield, Joan E.Revision of the Genera of Gall Crabs (Crustacea: Cryptochiridae) Occurring in the Pacific Oceanhttp://hdl.handle.net/10125/1293
The coral gall crabs, Family Cryptochiridae, occurring in the
Pacific Ocean are reviewed. Fifteen genera, including four new genera, are
recognized: Cryptochirus Heller; Dacryomaia, new genus; Fizesereneia Takeda
& Tamura; Fungicola Serene; Hapalocarcinus Stimpson; Hiroia Takeda &
Tamura; Lithoscaptus Milne Edwards; Neotroglocarcinus Takeda & Tamura;
Opecarcinus Kropp & Manning; Pelycomaia, new genus; Pseudocryptochirus
Hiro; Pseudohapalocarcinus Fize & Serene; Sphenomaia, new genus; Utinomiella
Kropp & Takeda; and Xynomaia, new genus. Host, depth, and distribution
records are given for each genus. A key to the females of all gall crab genera is
included.
Mon, 01 Oct 1990 00:00:00 GMThttp://hdl.handle.net/10125/12931990-10-01T00:00:00ZKropp, Roy K.Movement of Coconut Crabs, Birgus latro, in a Rainforest Habitat in Vanuatuhttp://hdl.handle.net/10125/1292
Patterns of movement in the coconut crab, Birgus latro (L.), were
studied using mark-recapture and radio-tracking techniques at a number of
sites in the rainforest regions of eastern Santo, Republic of Vanuatu (South
Pacific). Movement was assessed both for crabs caught and released in one place
(indigenous) and for crabs caught and then released at a new location
(introduced). Recapture rates in eastern Santo were very small ( < I%), whereas
on the small islet sites (area <2 ha) the rate approached 20%. There were no
significant relationships between distance moved and either time at liberty or
size of the individuals for introduced crabs. But for indigenous crabs, size of
individual was negatively correlated with distance moved. Recapture rates of
introduced and indigenous crabs were similar , but introduced crabs moved
significantly further from their point of release. Almost all radio-tagged crabs
moved from their point of release; smaller crabs tended to move further. On
eastern Santo, only two of five radio-tagged crabs were located again ; both had
moved over 250-m away from their release point. On the islet sites, all radiotagged
crabs were found again at least once; some of these returned to a number
of different sites, indicating that B. latro seems to be able to home to particular
locations. Nonetheless, dispersal of animals from an area, at least after handling,
is a common feature.
Mon, 01 Oct 1990 00:00:00 GMThttp://hdl.handle.net/10125/12921990-10-01T00:00:00ZFletcher, W.J.; Brown, I.W.; Fielder, D.R.Shell Exchange in Hawaiian Hermit Crabshttp://hdl.handle.net/10125/1291
Shell exchange behavior of intertidal Hawaiian hermit crabs was
observed in the laboratory. Outcomes of 255 shell-related interactions were
analyzed to test the predictive powers of two models of resource exchange. In
the case of intraspecific interactions, the negotiations model (which predicts that
exchanges should occur only when both crabs will gain in shell value) was
superior to an aggression model of resource exchange. In the case of interspecific
interactions, the negotiations model accurately predicted outcome of CalcinusCalcinus
interactions, but poorly predicted outcome of Calcinus-Clibanarius
interactions.
Mon, 01 Oct 1990 00:00:00 GMThttp://hdl.handle.net/10125/12911990-10-01T00:00:00ZHazlett, Brian A.Morphology of the Feeding Apparatus of Cancer novaezelandiae in Relation to Diet and Predatory Behaviorhttp://hdl.handle.net/10125/1290
Morphology of the mouthparts, gastric mill, and chelae of the
New Zealand cancer crab, Cancer novaezelandiae Jacquinot, 1853, was investigated
in relation to dietary composition and predatory behavior. Mouthparts
and gastric mill were typical of those of other large, predatory brachyurans, with
similar structure for male and female, small (60-70 mm) and large (120-130 mm
carapace width) crabs. The third maxilliped had large crista dentata, and the
inner margin of the mandible was rounded, with a sharp, cutting edge. The large,
robust chelae were homeochelous with respect to structure and dental pattern.
A large diastema was present and both chela exhibited high mechanical advantage
(0.36 and 0.37 for left and right chela, respectively). Relative growth of the
propodus was positively allometric, which remained constant throughout crab
growth. Morphological features of the feeding apparatus suggested adaptations
for macerating coarse, particulate material. This was supported by foregut
analysis showing a predominance of sessile and slow-moving macroinvertebrates
in the diet. Bivalve and gastropod molluscs followed by crustaceans dominated
the diet; fish, sponges, coelenterates, and plant matter occurred less frequently.
Little variation in dietary composition was evident with crab sex, size, or season.
Cancer novaezelandiae adopted five distinct techniques to open bivalve shells and
three techniques to open gastropod shells. These include direct, umbone and
posterior crushing, umbone splitting, posterior chipping, and aperture breakage
and spire removal. The success of these techniques was dependent upon crab
size and prey size and shape. Large crabs were able to use direct crushing over
a wider size range of prey than smaller crabs. The structural and behavioral
adaptations permit C. novaezelandiae to specialize on mollusc prey and may
explain its migrations into areas dominated by molluscan species.
Mon, 01 Oct 1990 00:00:00 GMThttp://hdl.handle.net/10125/12901990-10-01T00:00:00ZCreswell, Paul D.; Marsden, Islay D.Hawaiian Monk Seal Pupping Locations in the Northwestern Hawaiian Islandshttp://hdl.handle.net/10125/1289
Most births of the endangered Hawaiian monk seal, Monachus
schauinslandi, occur in specific beach areas in the Northwestern Hawaiian
Islands. Data collected from 1981 to 1988 on the locations of monk seal births
and of the first sightings of neonatal pups were summarized to identify preferred
birth and nursery habitats. These areas are relatively short lengths of beach at
the breeding islands and have some common characteristics, of which the primary
feature is very shallow water adjacent to the shoreline. This feature, which
limits access by large sharks to the water used by mother-pup pairs during the
day, should enhance pup survival.
Mon, 01 Oct 1990 00:00:00 GMThttp://hdl.handle.net/10125/12891990-10-01T00:00:00ZWestlake, Robin L.; Gilmartin, William G.Coastal Geomorphology of the Beqa and Yanuca Islands, South Pacific Ocean, and Its Significance for the Tectonic History of the Vatulele-Beqa Ridgehttp://hdl.handle.net/10125/1288
Data referring to elevations of emerged shoreline indicators along
the coasts of Beqa and Yanuca islands in southern Fiji were collected and
indicate the presence of former mean sea levels at elevations (and shoreline
names) of 0.96 m (MUAI), 1.93 m (BULl), 2.63 m (MUA2), 4.32 m (MUA3),
5.94 m (MUA4), and 7.79 m (MUA5) above present mean sea level. No dates
for shoreline formation or emergence are available directly although age is
believed to increase with increasing elevation. Investigations of the Beqa lagoon
floor and comparison of shoreline levels between eastern Beqa, western Beqa,
Yanuca, and Vatulele island (at the western end of the Vatulele-Beqa Ridge)
suggest that downfaulting along faults and grabens trending a little west of north
has occurred both during and since the time of shoreline emergence. Uplift related
perhaps to either compression of the area between the Kadavu Trench (Hunter
Fracture Zone) to the south and the Fiji Fracture Zone to the north or the
renewal of northward underplating along the Kadavu Trench is believed to
be responsible for shoreline emergence, which was probably contemporary
along the whole Vatulele-Beqa Ridge and occurred during-the middle and late
Quaternary.
Mon, 01 Oct 1990 00:00:00 GMThttp://hdl.handle.net/10125/12881990-10-01T00:00:00ZNunn, Patrick D.Review Article: Geology and Volcanology of the Hawaiian Islandshttp://hdl.handle.net/10125/1287
This article summarizes the present state of knowledge of the
geology of Hawaii. It tends to concentrate on aspects not usually covered by
review articles. Current ideas on hotspots and mantle plumes are applied to the
specific example of Hawaii, the eight volcanic systems currently nourished by
the hotspot are identified, and gross differences in magma-supply rate are related
to position of these systems on the hotspot. The important role played by level
of neutral buoyancy in distributing incoming magma between magma chambers,
rift zones, intrusions, and surface flows is discussed. This is important because
volcanic edifices may expand nearly as much by growth of subsurface intrusions
as by surface lava outpourings. Recent discoveries, however, show how strongly
volcano growth is countered by subsidence and major collapses. A brief description
is given of styles of volcanism in Hawaii, and recent ideas on how formation
of aa and pahoehoe depends on eruption discharge rate are discussed . A brief
summary description pointing to highlights of each volcano is then presented.
Finally, I indulge in speculations regarding geographical distribution of the
volcanoes and show how, by postulating that a considerable strike-slip motion
has occurred on two faults, a much more orderly arrangement of volcano and
rift-zone alignments appears, leading to a dynamic model of island-chain growth
that is simpler then current models. Proceeding from Kaua'i toward the southeast,
an alternating sequence of southeast and west-southwest alignments is
revealed. These alignments may be related, respectively, to fractures propagated
against the plate motion direction (because of extensional stresses resulting from
diverging flow in the mantle plume) and along faults of the Moloka'i fracture
zone.
Mon, 01 Oct 1990 00:00:00 GMThttp://hdl.handle.net/10125/12871990-10-01T00:00:00ZWalker, Geprge P.L.