In early 1970s 1 MB was costing 1 million $. Now 1 mb is costing fraction of that cost. There is no comparison. This is one of the reasons why engineers and enterprises don’t worry about memory any more. 1 million $ in 1970s might be equivalent of several millions of dollars’ worth today. Thus, back in the day’s memory was treated so preciously. This preciousness has been vividly described in the book ‘Idea Man’ – autobiography of Paul Allen (Microsoft Co-founder). Paul Allen talks about the challenge he and Bill Gates faced in writing BASIC programming language (Microsoft’s very first product) under 4 KB.

For most applications it is *memory*. CPU is always at 30 – 60%. There is always abundant storage. It’s hard to saturate network (unless your application is streaming video content). Thus, for most applications it’s the memory that is getting saturated first. Even though CPU, storage, network is underutilized, just because memory is getting saturated, you end up provisioning more and more application server instances increasing the computing cost of organizations to millions/billions dollars.

On the other hand, without exception modern applications wastes anywhere from 30 – 90% of memory due to inefficient programming practices. Below are 9 different practices that is followed in the industry, that is causing memory wastage:

Duplicate Strings

Inefficient Collections

Duplicate Objects

Duplicate arrays

Inefficient arrays

Objects waiting for finalization

Boxed numbers

Overhead caused by Object Headers

Wrong memory size settings

If you can eliminate this 30 – 90% of memory wastage, it will bring 2 major advantages to your enterprise:

a. Reduce computing cost:

As memory is the first resource to get saturated, if you can reduce memory consumption, you would be able to run your application on a smaller number of server instances. You might be able to reduce 30 – 40% of servers. It means your management can reduce 30 – 40% of the datacenter (or cloud hosting provider) cost, maintenance and support cost. It can account for several millions/billions of dollars in cost savings.

b. Better customer experience:

If you are reducing number of objects that you are creating to service incoming request, your response time will get lot better. Since less objects are created, less CPU cycles will be spent in creating and garbage collecting them. Reduction in response time will give a lot better customer experience.

How much memory is my application wasting?

So now let’s get back to original question of this article: ‘How much memory is my application wasting?’. Sad story is: there aren’t that many tools in the industry that can give you this answer. There are tools which can answer the question: ‘How much memory is my application using?’ like TOP, Application Performance Monitoring (APM) tools, Nagios… ‘Using’ is different from ‘Wasting’. But we will help you answer this question. You just need to follow these 2 steps to get to this answer:

Step 1: Capture Heap Dumps

In order to analyze, how memory is wasted, you first need to capture the heap dump. Heap Dump is basically a snapshot of your application’s memory. It has information what all are the objects that are present in memory, who is referencing it.

“It’s recommended to capture heap dump when your application is taking traffic. When application is idle, new objects will not be created, thus you wouldn’t be able to see how much memory is actually wasted”.

Step 2: Analyze using HeapHero tool

Once you have captured heap dumps, you can upload the captured heap dumps to the free online heap dump analysis tool – HeapHero.

“Depending on your application, Heap dumps can contain PII data and other sensitive data. In such circumstance you can register here http://heaphero.io/heap-trial-registration.jsp to download and install the HeapHero tool locally in your machine”.

Tool will give high level summary of total amount of memory that is wasted, actual data that is causing memory wastage, lines of code that is triggering this memory wastage and recommends solutions to fix the problem.

Fig: Summary showing how much memory is wasted in total

HeapHero prints a pie graph that summarizes how much memory is wasted due to each inefficient programming practice. Apparently, this application is wasting 35% of its memory. Top two reasons for this wastage are:

Fig: Memory wasted due to duplicate Strings

In this application there are 343,661 instances of string objects. Out of it, only 144,520 of them are unique. Apparently, there are 6,147 instances of “webservices.sabre.com” string objects. Why there as to be so many duplicates? Why can’t be cleaned and free-up memory?

Fig: Memory wasted due to inefficient collections

In this application 34% of HashMap contains no elements. This brings question why so many HashMaps are created with without any elements. When you create a HashMap by default it creates 16 elements. Space allocated for those 16 elements gets wasted, when you don’t insert any elements in to it. Even more interesting observation is 97% of Hashtable doesn’t contain any elements.

Fig: Lines of code that is originating duplicate Strings

Tool not only shows the objects that are wasting memory, but it also shows the code path that is causing triggering the memory wastage. This will facilitate the engineers to institute right fix in the right part of the application.