UNITED STATES v. FIELDS

On April 2, 1992, Leroy Fields was sentenced to a two-year term of probation following his plea of guilty to a misdemeanor charge of possession of cocaine under 21 U.S.C. § 844(a). Fields now moves to expunge all references to his arrest and conviction from the records of this Court and from the records of all federal government agencies. For the reasons discussed below, the motion is denied.

The Second Circuit has held that expunction of an arrest record "lies within the equitable discretion of the court," but that such relief is granted only in "extreme circumstances." United States v. Schnitzer, 567 F.2d 536, 539 (2d Cir. 1977), cert. denied, 435 U.S. 907, 55 L. Ed. 2d 499, 98 S. Ct. 1456 (1978). In determining whether such circumstances exist, courts must consider the "delicate balancing of the equities between the right of privacy of the individual and the right of law enforcement officials to perform their necessary duties." 567 F.2d at 539 (quoting United States v. Rosen, 343 F. Supp. 804, 806 (S.D.N.Y. 1972)). That is, the government's interest in maintaining arrest records "must be balanced against the harm that the maintenance of arrest records can cause citizens." Id. But the power to expunge is a narrow one, and even when a defendant is acquitted, it "should not be routinely used . . ., but should be reserved for the unusual or extreme case." Id. (quoting United States v. Linn, 513 F.2d 925, 927 (10th Cir. 1975), cert. denied, 423 U.S. 836, 46 L. Ed. 2d 55, 96 S. Ct. 63 (1975)). The court in Schnitzer set forth four examples of instances in which the requisite "extreme circumstances" had been found to exist and records were ordered expunged: (1) where procedures of mass arrests rendered judicial determination of probable cause impossible; (2) where the sole purpose of the arrests was to harass civil rights workers; (3) where the police misused police records to the detriment of the defendant; and (4) where the arrest was proper but was based on a statute later declared unconstitutional. 567 F.2d at 540.

In Schnitzer itself, the Second Circuit affirmed a denial of a motion to expunge an arrest record in a case where the indictment had been dismissed. There, the defendant was faced with the "poignant problem" that as a rabbinical student, he might be asked to explain the circumstances surrounding his arrest. The Second Circuit held that "[the defendant's] situation is not harsh or unique. Such an explanation may be expected from those about to enter a profession, such as a religious or legal profession. The harm, if any, which may result does not fall within the narrow bounds of the class of cases where expunction has been declared appropriate." Id. Similarly, the difficulties faced by Fields in finding and keeping a steady job do not rise to the level of "extreme circumstances" required before a court will exercise its inherent power to expunge.

Fields argues that entrapment can also constitute an "extreme circumstance" justifying a court's use of its power to expunge. See, e.g., United States v. Rabadi, 889 F. Supp. 757, 760 (S.D.N.Y. 1995). Fields admits that his case "may not rise to the level of entrapment" but argues that the behavior of the Postal Service in his case was "patently unfair." According to Fields, he was a drug addict while employed with the Postal Service. The Postal Service, at his request, enrolled him in a drug rehabilitation program which he successfully completed. Upon his return to work, the Postal Service began a "crackdown" on drug use among its employees. A co-worker involved in the sting operation repeatedly targeted Fields because of his past drug addiction. Although Fields at first refused to purchase drugs for his co-worker, he finally submitted to the request. Later, he was remorseful and declined to continue purchasing drugs. After this, his drug addiction resurfaced. Fields points out that his Presentence Report shows a long history of physical and sexual abuse, a personality disorder, and reduced mental capacity, all of which cause him to lack the capacity to think rationally under stressful conditions. This often leads Fields to accede to the demands of others even if he believes them to be incorrect.

While the actions of the Postal Service may not have been admirable, Fields himself concedes that they did not rise to the level of entrapment because the co-worker placed only "minimal pressure" on him. Furthermore, the case that Fields argues is most closely analogous to his own situation, United States v. Benlizar, 459 F. Supp. 614 (D.D.C. 1978), is clearly distinguishable. First, in Benlizar the court expunged records of a conviction that had been overturned, not records of a valid conviction. Additionally, the court in Benlizar emphasized the "extreme violations by the government of the defendant's rights," id. at 615, including a DEA agent's destruction of notes crucial to the defendant's entrapment defense, which led to the case being "irreparably prejudiced," id. at 618. Furthermore, the defendant faced an "extraordinary degree of harm," id. at 615, not only because of his possible difficulty in finding a job, but because as a resident alien, he might face difficulty in becoming a citizen or in leaving the country and later returning. Finally, the defendant in Benlizar was sentenced under the Youth Corrections Act, 18 U.S.C. § 5005 et seq. (repealed). That statute would have made the defendant eligible to have his conviction expunged if the conviction were valid, and thus it would be anomalous not to expunge the records of his unconstitutional conviction. Id. at 624. Thus, the facts of the Benlizar case constitute much more "extreme circumstances" than are present in Fields' case.

For the foregoing reasons, Fields' motion to expunge all records of his arrest and conviction is denied.

SO ORDERED.

Dated: New York, New York

March 10, 1997

MIRIAM GOLDMAN ...

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