a. ὅτι meaning that was originally, like Hom. ὅ, perhaps an accusative of the inner object (cognate): ὁρῶ σ νοσεῖς lit. I see what sickness you are sick (= ἣν νόσον νοσεῖς). But by the time of Homer both ὅ and ὅτι had become mere formal conjunctions. Hom. ὅτεthat seems to be a weakened ὅτεwhen; but this is disputed.

b. διότι originally = διὰ τοῦτο, ὅτιon account of this, that = because (as T. 1.52); then = ὅτιthat in Hdt. and in Attic after Isocrates, who uses διότι for ὅτι to avoid hiatus.

c. ὡς strictly an old ablative of ὅς ( cross2989) meaning how, in what way, as in exclamatory clauses and indirect questions. The meaning how (cp. how that) may be seen in οἶδα γὰρ ὥς μοι ὀδώδυσται κλυτὸς ἐννοσίγαιοςfor I know how (that) the famed earth-shaker has been wroth against meε 423, and also in Attic (And. 2.14; I. 2.3, 3. 10, 16. 11, 16. 15; Aes. 2.35; D. 24.139). The development of ὡςhow to ὡςthat followed from the use of ὡς after verbs signifying to see, perceive, know, and the like. Cp. “he sayed how there was a knight.”

d. ὅπως ( cross2929) that is common in Herodotus (ὅκως), rare in Attic, most used in poetry and Xenophon. From its original use in indirect questions ὅπωςhow gradually acquired the meaning that. Thus, ἀλλ' ὅπως μὲν . . . ἐγὼ ἄχθομαι ὑ_μᾶς τρέφων, μηδ' ὑπονοεῖτεdo not even entertain the thought that I am annoyed at maintaining youX.C. 3.3.20.