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Chapter 27, Section Kenya What are some major physical characteristics of Kenya? In the past, how did British rule affect patterns of settlement in Kenya? What economic activities helped Kenyans to build a solid economy for their country? Why are the citizens of Kenya concerned about the political stability of their government? 1

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Chapter 27, Section Physical Characteristics Located on the east coast of Africa, Kenya extends deep into the interior of the continent. Kenya is located on the equator, and parts of the country are very hot. The Great Rift Valley slices through Kenya’s highlands, where temperatures are cooler. Most Kenyans live in the fertile highlands of the country’s southwest region. While central Kenya is the driest part of the country, forests and grasslands receive adequate rainfall and cover much of Kenya’s area. In the westernmost corner of Kenya is Lake Victoria, the largest lake in Africa. 1

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Chapter 27, Section Understanding the Past In the early 1890s, the British took over lands held by the Masai and Kikuyu in Kenya’s highlands. To encourage economic development, the British spent millions to build a railroad from the Kenyan coast to Lake Victoria, but the project cost thousands of lives. After the railroad was completed in 1903, the British government encouraged its own citizens and other Europeans to settle in Kenya. The white settlers took over much of the land the Kikuyu had traditionally considered their own, and many Kikuyu were forced to work on farms run by settlers. In the 1950s, the Kikuyu briefly went to war against the British settlers in the Mau Mau Rebellion, but the British crushed all resistance. After Kenya gained independence in 1963, the Kikuyu leader Jomo Kenyatta became president, and the Kikuyu regained some of their farms in the central highlands. 1

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Chapter 27, Section Kenyatta encouraged harambee, “pulling together,” so that every Kenyan worked to strengthen the economy. Economic Activities Working Together Harambee grew as a grass- roots movement. Cooperation produced solid economic growth. Because Kenya has little mineral wealth, this growth was based mostly on expanding agriculture. Kenyatta encouraged farmers to raise cash crops. Many government officials were Kikuyu, and they soon grew wealthy from their own farming. Not Enough Food Rather than growing food, the government concentrated on growing cash crops like coffee, tea, and flowers used to produce the pesticide pyrethrum. 30 percent of the country’s wheat has to be imported, even as fruits and vegetables are sent for sale to Europe. Many Kenyans suffer from malnutrition, a disease caused by not having a healthy diet. 1

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Chapter 27, Section Government and Citizenship In the 1980s, while Kenya’s population grew at an astounding rate, the government was unable to provide enough food and jobs for people, and social, political, and ethnic unrest developed. Many Kenyans blamed the president, Daniel arap Moi, for the troubles, and accused him of corruption and mismanagement of the economy. After Western countries withheld loans to Kenya because of Moi’s refusal to allow multiparty elections, Moi agreed to hold elections in 1992 and 1997, and in the end, he was reelected by a small margin. Both elections were marred by violence, and proponents of democracy complained that Moi supporters attacked opponents. Ethnic violence forced thousands of farmers in the Great Rift Valley off their land, further undercutting food production. Many worry that a government stained by corruption will again bring violence at election time. 1

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Chapter 27, Section Section 1 Review How did the raising of cash crops affect agriculture in Kenya? a)All Kenyans grew rich from the exports. b)Food production fell, and food had to be imported. c)Profits from the exports were used to build industry. d)The economy was wrecked as prices for the cash crops fell. What has accompanied elections in the 1990s? a)riots by farmers b)economic prosperity c)war with neighboring countries d)political violence Want to connect to the World Geography link for this section? Click Here!Click Here! 1

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Chapter 27, Section Section 1 Review How did the raising of cash crops affect agriculture in Kenya? a)All Kenyans grew rich from the exports. b)Food production fell, and food had to be imported. c)Profits from the exports were used to build industry. d)The economy was wrecked as prices for the cash crops fell. What has accompanied elections in the 1990s? a)riots by farmers b)economic prosperity c)war with neighboring countries d)political violence Want to connect to the World Geography link for this section? Click Here!Click Here! 1

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Chapter 27, Section Other Countries of East Africa In what ways are several countries on the Horn of Africa strategically located? What physical characteristics and regional issues divide the people of the Sudan? How has drought and political conflict slowed the growth of many of the landlocked countries of this region? Why did Tanzania change its government? 2

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Chapter 27, Section The Horn of Africa Djibouti Djibouti links Ethiopia’s capital, Addis Ababa, to the sea. During a civil war in the 1990s, France tried to get both sides to negotiate, but a peace agreement was not reached until Ethiopia Ethiopia suffered a famine in the mid-1980s, which was worsened by civil war and war with Somalia. In 1991, the government was overthrown when Eritrean guerillas defeated the army, forcing Ethiopia to grant Eritrea independence. Eritrea Eritrea’s economy was shattered by the war for independence. The government has made great economic improvements with little borrowing from other nations, but democracy is not yet in sight. Somalia Wars between clans and with Ethiopia have prevented Somalia from becoming unified. Drought struck in the early 1990s, but civil strife threatened distribution of food from international agencies. 2

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Chapter 27, Section The Sudan The Sudan is the largest nation in area in all of Africa. To the north, the country is a desert of bare rocks and ergs, or shifting sand dunes. To the south are clay plains and a large swamp area called the Sudd, which means “the Barrier.” Muslim Arabs live in the North, while people in the south belong to several different ethnic groups and practice either Christianity or animism. North and south have been at war almost continuously since independence in 1956, resulting in widespread suffering. 2

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Chapter 27, Section Landlocked Countries Uganda Uganda is mostly a plateau with fertile soils. It prospered first by raising cotton and coffee, but after independence in 1962, civil war disrupted the economy. People in the north, who had the most military might, struggled with people in the south, who had the most economic power. Under the dictatorship of Idi Amin, as many as 300,000 Ugandans died or “disappeared” amid violence. By the mid-1990s, Uganda was rebuilding itself, and an election for president was held in Rwanda and Burundi Both countries are ethnocracies, or govern- ments in which one ethnic group rules over others. In Rwanda, 80 percent of the population is Hutu, while most of the remainder is Tutsi, and in 1959 and 1994, Hutu violence killed hundreds of thousands of Tutsi. Hutu and Tutsi currently share power in Rwanda. In Burundi, despite accounting for a small percentage of the population, Tutsis control the army and use it to maintain power. 2

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Chapter 27, Section Tanzania Tanzania has fertile soils in many areas, and possesses mineral resources such as iron ore, coal, and diamonds. Because of poor development, Tanzania remains the second poorest country in the world, after neighboring Mozambique. During an experiment in socialism between 1961 and 1985, Tanzania’s rural people were subjected to villagization, whereby they were forced to move into towns and to work on collective farms. The nation’s economy ground to a halt, and it was not until after socialism was abandoned that the economy began to recover. When farmers were paid a fair price for their crops, a key to economic recovery, they began to cultivate land that had been left idle for years. 2

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Chapter 27, Section Section 2 Review What has been the result of ethnocracy in Rwanda and Burundi? a)The economies of both countries have ground to a halt. b)Both countries have been politically unstable. c)Both countries are experiencing economic booms. d)Peace and stability have returned to both countries. How did villagization affect the economy of Tanzania? a)Agricultural output grew rapidly. b)Farmers were motivated to farm land that was once idle. c)The economy ground to a halt. d)Tanzania began to industrialize. Want to connect to the World Geography link for this section? Click Here!Click Here! 2

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Chapter 27, Section Section 2 Review What has been the result of ethnocracy in Rwanda and Burundi? a)The economies of both countries have ground to a halt. b)Both countries have been politically unstable. c)Both countries are experiencing economic booms. d)Peace and stability have returned to both countries. How did villagization affect the economy of Tanzania? a)Agricultural output grew rapidly. b)Farmers were motivated to farm land that was once idle. c)The economy ground to a halt. d)Tanzania began to industrialize. Want to connect to the World Geography link for this section? Click Here!Click Here! 2

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Chapter 27, Section South Africa What racial and economic conditions divided life in South Africa for most of the twentieth century? What systems of control released an international backlash against the white South African government? In the1990s, how did the government of South Africa transform the nation from a repressive police state to a model for peaceful political change? 3

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Chapter 27, Section A Country Divided by Race Despite being a small minority in South Africa, whites con- trolled not only the South African government, but also most of the land, the best farmland, all of South Africa’s industries, and most of its highly paid jobs. European settlers, known as Afrikaners or Boers, pushed native Africans inland, gradually claiming the land by treaty and by force. As Afrikaners moved further inland to escape British rule, the Boer War broke out, and eventually ended with the Afrikaners accepting British rule. The majority African population was driven into lands called reserves or put to work on plantations or in factories owned by whites or Asians. By the time South Africa became independent in 1961, many Africans were moving out of the reserves into the cities to find jobs. The South African economy grew very rapidly from the 1950s to the 1980s, in part because black South Africans formed a vast labor pool and worked for very low wages. 3

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Chapter 27, Section Artificial Regions Attempts at Control To control black South Africans, the government created arbitrary regions called homelands. Under the homelands plan, blacks—75 percent of the population—were forced to live on 14 percent of the land. Every African was assigned to a homeland and was supposed to stay in it unless a pass was issued allowing him or her to live somewhere else. Under apartheid, South Africa was segregated, and blacks were forced to use separate public facilities. International Backlash Much of the world refused to let apartheid and the homelands plan continue without protest. In 1986, the United States and Europe, South Africa’s largest trading partners, placed economic sanctions against South Africa. U.S. sanctions prohibited American companies from investing in South Africa, and banned the import of certain South African products. While the sanctions remained in effect, Africans in the townships kept up protests that the police could not stop. 3

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Chapter 27, Section Government and Citizenship In 1989, a new president, F. W. de Klerk, came to power, and released the prominent black South African activist Nelson Mandela from prison. Mandela negotiated with the white government on behalf of black South Africans and, in 1990 and 1991, secured the repeal of apartheid and all laws that supported it. In 1994, free elections were held in which blacks as well as whites were allowed to vote, and Nelson Mandela became South Africa’s first black president. In 1996, a new constitution was certified guaranteeing equality and the right to housing, health care, food, water, and education to all South Africans. Today, South Africa continues to work to heal the wounds of the apartheid era and open doors for the disadvantaged. 3

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Chapter 27, Section Section 3 Review Under what plan were Africans confined to only 14 percent of the land? a)apartheid. b)homelands c)segregation d)sanction What was one of the first reform actions undertaken by F. W. de Klerk? a)Nelson Mandela was released. b)Apartheid was repealed. c)Free elections for blacks and whites were held. d)A new constitution was approved. Want to connect to the World Geography link for this section? Click Here!Click Here! 3

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Chapter 27, Section Section 3 Review Under what plan were Africans confined to only 14 percent of the land? a)apartheid. b)homelands c)segregation d)sanction What was one of the first reform actions undertaken by F. W. de Klerk? a)Nelson Mandela was released. b)Apartheid was repealed. c)Free elections for blacks and whites were held. d)A new constitution was approved. Want to connect to the World Geography link for this section? Click Here!Click Here! 3

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Chapter 27, Section Other Countries of Southern Africa In what ways are the countries of Malawi and Botswana affected by the wealth and policies of the Republic of South Africa? How has colonialism affected Angola and Mozambique in the past? How do attitudes toward farming explain the current conditions in the countries of Zambia and Zimbabwe? 4

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Chapter 27, Section Malawi and Botswana Landlocked Botswana and Malawi have worked to keep friendly relations with South Africa because of their economic ties to it. Malawi has many migrant workers who are under labor contracts in South Africa. Because Botswana is wealthier than Malawi, it is not as economically dependent on South Africa. Malawi, with fertile lands and an excellent water supply, has attracted a large population, which requires its resources to be stretched to meet the needs of more people. Botswana is sparsely populated, and has an arid climate; however, profits from the sale of diamonds, coal, copper, and beef cattle benefit a large part of the relatively small population. 4

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Chapter 27, Section Even after winning independence from Portugal in 1975 after long wars, both countries had a difficult task of setting up new governments after the white flight. Angola and Mozambique Conflict Reacting to the problems created by colonialism and capitalism, both countries adopted Communist economic systems. Rebel groups waged war against the new governments, and South Africa backed the rebel movements in both countries. In both wars, hundreds of thousands died, many others fled, the economies of both countries fell apart, and disease and malnutrition became widespread. Peace and Potential In the early 1990s, South Africa ended its involvement in Angola, which then had its first free election. Fighting erupted again in Angola, but the rebel group soon lost all international support. In Mozambique, the civil war ended and a peace agreement was worked out. Mozambique’s economy grew rapidly in the late 1990s, although the country suffered from disastrous floods in

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Chapter 27, Section Zambia and Zimbabwe After independence in 1964, Zambia relied on revenues from copper mining, and the agricultural economy was allowed to decline. When the world market price of copper plunged in the 1980s and 1990s, Zambia could no longer get enough money to feed its people. In 1965, the white minority government of Rhodesia declared independence, but Britain and the UN insisted on rights for the black majority. After years of conflict, free elections were held in 1980, and Rhodesia became the independent country of Zimbabwe. White farmers owned most of the land in Zimbabwe, and the new president, Robert Mugabe, pursued a policy of land redistribution, or buying land from those who have plenty and giving it to those who have little or none. Land redistribution took place slowly, but in 2000 Mugabe lost patience and announced that Zimbabwe planned to seize the white- owned farms without compensating the farmers. Violence erupted as squatters began to camp on the farms, and the government began to arrest anyone who criticized Mugabe’s actions. 4

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Chapter 27, Section Section 4 Review Why did Angola and Mozambique embrace communism? a)The Soviet Union offered them a great deal of aid. b)Colonialism and capitalism had created many problems. c)Revolutionaries declared war on South Africa. d)Capitalism is inefficient. What caused the economic downturn in Zambia? a)Zambia relied on copper revenues, which plunged when copper prices fell. b)A long drought severely reduced the output of cash crops. c)Villagization discouraged farmers from producing crops. d)The land redistribution program resulted in violence. Want to connect to the World Geography link for this section? Click Here!Click Here! 4

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Chapter 27, Section Section 4 Review Why did Angola and Mozambique embrace communism? a)The Soviet Union offered them a great deal of aid. b)Colonialism and capitalism had created many problems. c)Revolutionaries declared war on South Africa. d)Capitalism is inefficient. What caused the economic downturn in Zambia? a)Zambia relied on copper revenues, which plunged when copper prices fell. b)A long drought severely reduced the output of cash crops. c)Villagization discouraged farmers from producing crops. d)The land redistribution program resulted in violence. Want to connect to the World Geography link for this section? Click Here!Click Here! 4