EXEC(3) Linux Programmer's Manual EXEC(3)NAME
execl, execlp, execle, execv, execvp - execute a file
SYNOPSIS
#include <unistd.h>
extern char **environ;
int execl(const char *path, const char *arg, ...);
int execlp(const char *file, const char *arg, ...);
int execle(const char *path, const char *arg,
..., char * const envp[]);
int execv(const char *path, char *const argv[]);
int execvp(const char *file, char *const argv[]);
DESCRIPTION
The exec() family of functions replaces the current process image with
a new process image. The functions described in this manual page are
front-ends for execve(2). (See the manual page for execve(2) for fur‐
ther details about the replacement of the current process image.)
The initial argument for these functions is the pathname of a file
which is to be executed.
The const char *arg and subsequent ellipses in the execl(), execlp(),
and execle() functions can be thought of as arg0, arg1, ..., argn.
Together they describe a list of one or more pointers to null-termi‐
nated strings that represent the argument list available to the exe‐
cuted program. The first argument, by convention, should point to the
filename associated with the file being executed. The list of argu‐
ments must be terminated by a NULL pointer, and, since these are vari‐
adic functions, this pointer must be cast (char *) NULL.
The execv() and execvp() functions provide an array of pointers to
null-terminated strings that represent the argument list available to
the new program. The first argument, by convention, should point to
the filename associated with the file being executed. The array of
pointers must be terminated by a NULL pointer.
The execle() function also specifies the environment of the executed
process by following the NULL pointer that terminates the list of argu‐
ments in the argument list or the pointer to the argv array with an
additional argument. This additional argument is an array of pointers
to null-terminated strings and must be terminated by a NULL pointer.
The other functions take the environment for the new process image from
the external variable environ in the current process.
Special semantics for execlp() and execvp()
The functions execlp() and execvp() will duplicate the actions of the
shell in searching for an executable file if the specified filename
does not contain a slash (/) character. The search path is the path
specified in the environment by the PATH variable. If this variable
isn't specified, the default path ":/bin:/usr/bin" is used. In addi‐
tion, certain errors are treated specially.
If permission is denied for a file (the attempted execve(2) failed with
the error EACCES), these functions will continue searching the rest of
the search path. If no other file is found, however, they will return
with errno set to EACCES.
If the header of a file isn't recognized (the attempted execve(2)
failed with the error ENOEXEC), these functions will execute the shell
(/bin/sh) with the path of the file as its first argument. (If this
attempt fails, no further searching is done.)
RETURN VALUE
If any of the exec() functions returns, an error will have occurred.
The return value is -1, and errno will be set to indicate the error.
ERRORS
All of these functions may fail and set errno for any of the errors
specified for the library function execve(2).
CONFORMING TO
POSIX.1-2001.
NOTES
On some other systems the default path (used when the environment does
not contain the variable PATH) has the current working directory listed
after /bin and /usr/bin, as an anti-Trojan-horse measure. Linux uses
here the traditional "current directory first" default path.
The behavior of execlp() and execvp() when errors occur while attempt‐
ing to execute the file is historic practice, but has not traditionally
been documented and is not specified by the POSIX standard. BSD (and
possibly other systems) do an automatic sleep and retry if ETXTBSY is
encountered. Linux treats it as a hard error and returns immediately.
Traditionally, the functions execlp() and execvp() ignored all errors
except for the ones described above and ENOMEM and E2BIG, upon which
they returned. They now return if any error other than the ones
described above occurs.
SEE ALSOsh(1), execve(2), fork(2), ptrace(2), fexecve(3), environ(7)COLOPHON
This page is part of release 3.22 of the Linux man-pages project. A
description of the project, and information about reporting bugs, can
be found at http://www.kernel.org/doc/man-pages/.
GNU 2009-02-22 EXEC(3)