1. Global Plagiarism

2. Patchwork plagiarism

3. Incremental plagiarism

when speaker fails to give credit for particular parts, increments, of the speech that are borrowed from other people • Quotations- whenever you quote someone you must attribute the words to that person • Paraphrases- to restate or summarize an author's ides in ones own words

4. Critical listening

• 4 causes of poor listening

1. not concentrating • spare brain time- we can process speakers words faster than they talk to we are tempted to interrupt our listening by listening to other things 2. listening to hard 3. jumping to conclusions 4. focusing on delivery and personal appearance (Focusing on the speakers delivery or personal appearance is one of the major sources of interferences in speech communication process and we need to guard against it)

central idea(thesis statement)

Tips for Formulating The Specific Purpose Statement

Write the purpose statement as a Full Infinitive Phrase, not as a Fragment, 2. Express your purpose as a statement, Not as a question, 3. Avoid figurative language in your purpose statement, 4. Limit your purpose statement to one distinct idea. Stay away from compound sentences. Don't use "and" or "or", 5. Make sure your specific purpose is not too vague or general.

Questions to Ask about your Specific Purpose

1. Does My Purpose Meet the Assignment? , 2. Can I Accomplish My Purpose in the Time Allotted? 3. Is the Purpose Relevant to my Audience? 4. Is the Purpose too Trivial For My Audience? 5. Is The Purpose Too Technical For My Audience? Dry and Technical speeches = sleep.

• Demographic audience analysis

Situational audience analysis

audience analysis that focuses on situational factors such as: the size of the audience, the physical setting for the speech, and the disposition of the audience towards the topic, the speaker, and the occasion.

supporting materials

Search engines

3 Criteria for Evaluating Internet Documents:

1. Authorship: is author identified and what are their qualifications? 2. Sponsorship: organization that, in the absence of a clearly identified author, is responsible for the content of a document on the Internet. 3. Recency: make sure it's up-to-date. Look for copyright date, publication date, or date of last revision.

5 Steps to Prepare for an Interview:

6 Guidelines for Making an Interview Proceed Smoothly:

1. Dress appropriately and be on time 2. Repeat the purpose of the interview 3. Set up the recorder, if you are using one 4. Keep the interview on track 5. Listen carefully 6. Don?t overstay your welcome

Lucas's 4 Tips for Doing Research:

1. Start early 2. Make a preliminary bibliography 3. Take notes efficiently a. Take plenty of notes b. Record notes in a consistent format c. Make a separate entry for each note d. Distinguish among direct quotations, paraphrases, and your own ideas 4. Think about your materials as your research

problem-solution order

topical order

a method of speech organization in which the main points divide the topic into logical and consistent subtopicsDivide into subtopics . Ex. Describing a person & subtopic would be their achievements . This order is used the most in any type of speech

Most effective order depends on:

Different elements of an introduction and the function of each element:

1. Get the attention and interest of your audience o Relate the topic to the audience o State the importance of your topic o Startle the audience o Arouse the curiosity of the audience o Question the audience • Rhetorical question- a question that the audience answers mentally rather than out loud o Tell a story 2. Reveal the topic of your speech 3. Establish your credibility and good will o Goodwill- the audiences perception of whether the speaker has the best interests of the audience in mind o Credibility- the audiences perception of whether a speaker is qualified to speak on a given topic 4. Preview the body of the speech o Preview statement- a statement in the introduction of a speech that identifies the main points to be discussed in the body

o Tips for preparing the introduction:

o Keep the intro relatively brief. Not more than 10 to 20 percent of your speech o Be on the lookout for possible introductory materials as you do your research. File them with your notes so they will be handy when ready to use them o Be creative in devising your introduction. Experiment with two or three different openings and choose the one that will most interest audience o Don't worry about the exact wording of intro intil the body is finished. o Work out your intro in detail. Practice it over and over until you can deliver it smoothly from a minimum of notes. It will get speech off to a good start and boost confidence

o crescendo ending

o dissolve ending

preparation outline

a detailed outline developed during the process of speech preparation that includes the tile, specific purpose, central idea, introduction, main points, subpoints, connectives, conclusion, and bibliography of a speech

delivery cues

denotative meaning

the literal or dictionary meaning of a word or phraseSimply describes the object, person, place, idea, or event to which the word refers. Think dictionary definition. Ex: "School" means "a place, institution, or building where instruction is given."

connotative meaning

the meaning suggested by the associations or emotions triggered by a word or phrasevariable, figurative, and subjective. What the word suggests or implies. Ex: "School" includes all the feelings, associations, and emotions that the word touches off in different people. For some, it may connote personal growth, childhood friends, and a special teacher. For others, it might connote frustration, discipline, and boring homework assignments.Connotative meaning gives words their intensity and emotional power. Poets use connotation to enrich their meaning.

A speaker's meaning must be immediately comprehensible.

It must be so clear that there's no room for misunderstanding. Ensure this by using familiar words, choosing concrete words over abstract words, and eliminating verbal clutter.Don't use big, bloated words where short, sharp ones will do a better job.

clutter-

imagery

- the use of vivid language to create mental images of objects, action or ideasCreate word pictures that allow people to "see" the haunted house" or "feel" the bite of snow against your face. Concrete words = key to effective imagery. They call up mental impressions of sights, sounds, touch, smell, and taste.

The Speaker(visual)

Preparing Visual Aids

1. Prepare in advance 2. Keep visual aids simple 3. Make sure they?re large enough 4. Use easy to read fonts 5. Use a limited number of fonts 6. Use color effectively (don?t use red and green together or blue and green): can help increase comprehension by 78%