Laboratory experiments show that eating food contaminated with even relatively low levels of radiation can have detrimental effects on pale grass blue butterflies, a common species in Japan; these effects are passed down the generations, but are reversible.

Fig trees and their pollinating wasps are a classic example of symbiosis; however, genetic analysis shows that five cryptic wasp species pollinate a single Australian fig species, a curious example of speciation despite the same underlying ecology.

While existing sloth species have relatively small body sizes, a phylogenetic analysis that includes fossil species suggests this is unrepresentative of long-term evolutionary trends in this group which were towards larger and larger body sizes.

Reconstructing the evolutionary history of the A. Brunneus complex of diving beetles shows the importance of distinctive morphology, as well as increased cold-tolerance, in the expansion of these beetles from North Africa into Europe.

Parasitic Ophiocordyceps fungi, who turn their ant hosts into ‘zombies’, can infect and kill multiple ant species but only manipulate behaviour in their specific host species; this could be related to the metabolites they secrete.