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As one moves southward, the Tibetan culture becomes less evident. Inhabitants of mid-Mustang of Baragaon speak both Tibetan and a language similar to Thakali.

There are 3, households in the district. Magar, Thakuri and other account 3. Gurung and Thakali are the dominant ethnic groups in Mustang district's population.

Which makes it the second least populated district, and with a population density of 4 per km 2 , also the second least densely populated district.

Among the Gurung , Thakkali and Bhote people, there also were 33 foreigners — 13 Indians, 3 Chinese, and 17 from other countries.

Age of first marriage for Mustang people are varied — 15—19 Years 1,, 20—24 Years 3,, 25—29 Years 1,, and others 1, Total married 7, In , The population of Mustang was divided between For 14, people Mustang district had a total of 17 health posts, with a health post to population ration of 1: While that is better than the national average of 1: Jomsom has the only hospital.

Because of low access to facilities and other socio-cultural factors, for most people in Mustang, traditional herbal medicines are the popular mode of medical care and Amchis traditional Tibetan healers are the local medical experts.

Most people here have deep faith in the Amchis. Amchis have a unique method of maintaining quality of the medicine. They collect medicinal plants always on their own, because only they have experience extensive enough to identify the right plants.

Also, only an Amchi knows when to collect the plants, as the timing, while very important in capturing active principles of the plants, varies by days, even months.

Then they store their herbs in bags made from the skin of Moschus chrysogaster Himalayan musk deer , tied twice with a thread.

Tying a herb in musk deer skin helps it, according to Amchis , to remain effective for a couple of years. Horn and urine of musk deer and tortoise bones, as well as parts of other animal are also used along with plant parts.

They use a stone slab to grind their medicine, because they believe the heat created by an electric grinder would degrade the active principles of the plant powder, reducing its quality.

Powdered ingredients are then mixed with water. Sufficient amount of additives are also added. Plant parts are commonly prepared using water, hot or cold, as the solvent species , but occasionally remedies are prepared with milk 14 species , honey 2 , jaggery or Indian cane sugar 2 , ghee or Indian clarified butter 2 and oil 1 in preparing pills in round or rectangular shapes.

The mix is then boiled until water is completely evaporated making it easy to shape the pills. The literacy rate in Mustang district is relatively low, mainly due to its overwhelming rural character and remote location of the district.

The pace of development started late in Mustang district, including The communication and transportation. Text books are transported by mules to reach remote villages, which as a result arrive late.

Most teachers, hired on contract, are unable to hold a conversation in the supposed language of instruction, the mother tongue of the students.

The curricula developed with European funding is largely unfamiliar to government teachers. The district school superintendent also does not visit these areas regularly because of their remoteness.

A total of people had SLC or higher education in Mustang was an important route of crossing the Himalayas between Tibet and Nepal.

Many salt caravans travelled through Mustang in the old times. It was historically used for salt trade between Tibet and Nepalese kingdoms.

The border has been closed since the s. However, there is a semiannual cross-border trade fair during which the border is open to local traders. Kora La is currently being planned as vehicle border crossing between China and Nepal.

Once completed the road is expected to become a highly accessible Himalayan corridor and the district is expected to change significantly.

There also is a fear of losing the culture and identity of the region. Agriculture is the dominant economic activity in the district in which Many people in Mustang depend on sheep and mountain goat rearing for livelihood.

Some of the points of attraction of animal husbandry are: Horses are reared largely for transport. In , the district supplied at least 25, sheep and mountain goats to different markets of Nepal during the Dashain festival.

An estimated number of 9, mountain goats assumed as imported from Tibet in , though traditional Tibetan traders are increasingly prioritizing Chinese markets.

In the summer, goats, cows and sheep are grazed daily in herds in local alpine meadows. During the winter they are stall-fed with leaves, grass and crop wastes, cut and stored in the growing season as preparation for winter.

The livestock provides the manure essential to maintain soil fertility, and thus is an significant link in the local agro-pastoral farming-system.

Inorganic fertilisers or pesticides are not used. Mustang is sometimes called the capital of apples in Nepal. District Agriculture Development Office DADO reports that despite the fact that a total of 1, hectares of land is considered suitable for apple-farming in Mustang, apple is planted in only hectares of land.

Mustang produced 5, tons of apples in , an increase by tons over Price of apples also increased in In Kohla, there is evidence of cultivation of barley, free-threshing wheat, foxtail millet, buckwheat and oats dated — BCE.

Though agro-pastoralism still provides the socio-economic backbone of Msutang, [78] alternative livelihood like tourism, transport and labour migration are now emerging along agro-pastoralism.

As a result, many has abandoned agriculture or animal husbandry as source of livelihood generally in Mustang and neighbouring district of Manag, and specifically in Jharkot, over the last couple of decades.

In Muktinath VDC the number of huseholds came down to from a high of in Many of the terraced fields are now abandoned.

People in the district are mostly holds small housing units for dwelling. Improved transportation has brought many changes to Upper Mustang.

According to GMA News Online, "Kerosene lamps have given way to solar panels, denim sneakers have replaced hand-stitched cowhide boots and satellite dishes are taking over the rooftops of homes," and the local Lopa people are "swapping handspun Tibetan robes for made-in-China jeans.

When government-owned Nepal Television first came to Upper Mustang in , people used to pay 20 rupees 18 cents for a three-hour sitting in someone's house.

Mustang district is not much facilitated by the National Electricity Grid. So, alternate sources of energy are mostly used in this district.

In the past, diyalo heartwood and pine wood were mostly used for illuminating homes, but now other methods like iron stoves, solar water heating systems, back-boilers, smoke water heaters, etc.

Fire wood, Cow dung, LP gas are the main fuel used as domestic source of energy in rural areas of Mustang district. Cow dung is used by Most of the businesses and hotels of the district use LP gas Local people collect firewood mostly from the forest.

As lighting fuel, 3, use electricity including solar electricity using households , 71 use kerosene, while 39 households did not report their lighting fuel.

This project is attempting to connect Upper Mustang too. Right now, most of the households of Upper Mustang benefit from micro-hydro projects.

But, these projects can only be operated for about 6—7 months due to freezing of rivers in winter. A sub-station of Kilowatts has been established in Kobang.

For lighting, hydro-electricity is widely used by the rural population. Still more than There are two micro-hydro plants currently working and two are under construction.

This route remained in use until China's annexation of Tibet in Till today Manang and Humde are accessible only on feet or on horseback.

But, road-building from the south was inhibited by difficulties along the Kali Gandaki Gorge , and proceeded incrementally. The airport is capable of handling aircraft from the Nepalese Army Air Service.

As the wind often prevents airport operation after midday, airlines schedule flights to Jomsom for the early morning when wind speeds are low. The kingdom was closed to foreigners, with rare exceptions, until Their tales of a Tibetan kingdom in an arid and locked off from the rest of the world ignited the interest in Mustang District.

French Michel Peissel is considered the first westerner to stay in Lo Manthang, during the first authorised exploration of Mustang in Lo was out-of-bounds for foreigners until The Nepalese government have introduced a surcharge for anyone trekking past Kagbeni, which marks the border of Upper Mustang.

The ancestral isolation of Mustang helped to retain its ancient culture largely unviolated, and it survives as one of the last bastion of traditional Tibetan life.

The culture along the trekk is a rich combination of Hindu and Tibetan Buddhism. The trail's highest point is Muktinath at m, a popular Hindu and Buddhist pilgrimage site for centuries.

The gorge is within the Annapurna Conservation Area. Some of the top tourist attractions are Lomanthang, Muktinath, the Mustangi royal palace, Tibetan art and culture, and trekking in the Annapurna Circuit.

Most tourists travel by foot over largely the same trade route used in the 15th century. Over a thousand western trekkers now visit each year, with just over foreign tourists in Visitation, however, continued uninterrupted beyond that date.

Trekkers in this and other restricted areas of Nepal are required by government regulation to porter in all food and fuel, thereby minimising environmental impact.

It shows a considerable rise in the number of tourists over the 23, who visited in the previous year.

The highest number of tourists arrived in the month of May with 6, visitors and the lowest was recorded in January with From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.

District in Gandaki Pradesh, Nepal. Leader of a Mustang based guerrilla band fighting the annexation of Tibet [28]. Sky caves in Chhusang.

Walled city of Lo Manthang. Following are distribution of households by building material: Without toilet 1,, Flush toilet 1,, Ordinary toilet , Not stated Following are distribution of households by amenities: Owned 2,, Rented , Institutional , Others By ownership: Drinks, smokes and food.

Tea-house on Thorong La pass that serves butter tea. Canabis plants in Lete , in front of Dhaulagiri. Momo and local beer served at a guest house in Kagbeni.

Central Bureau of Statistics. Archived from the original PDF on Retrieved 29 December Retrieved 3 January Nepal Journal of Plant Sciences.

Retrieved Feb 7, Mapping vulnerability and threat to ecology and indigenous livelihoods" PDF. Retrieved February 7, For more information about the historical connections between Tibet and Mustang, see Jackson , Vinding , and Ramble a and b.

Book Faith India, Delhi. Beijing's Power and China's Borders: Twenty Neighbors in Asia. The Noodle Maker of Kalimpong: Most of the resisters in India were followers of Andrug Gompo Tashi, a wealthy, patriotic Kham trader from Litang where the resistance had begun with the introduction of China's so-called reforms.

Popular outrage had been further fueled with the death and destruction unleashed when the Chinese attacked and bombed the local Litang monastery.

Karmapa — The Official Website of the 17th Karmapa. Retrieved 27 August Ministry of Federal Affairs and Local Development.