There are ceramic resonators and there are crystal resonators, both can be called resonators. And in fact a ceramic resonator could be called a crystal resonator as it's ceramic structure is of a crystalline nature. A quartz crystal resonator also has (of course) a crystalline structure, and is what most people mean when they say, in overly shorthand fashion, 'crystal'.

Been working with crystal resonators sense the 60s where we would sometimes grind the blanks in tooth paste to try and raise it's frequency resonance, or draw with pencil lead to try and lower the frequency. Novice ham operators in the 60s were required to be crystal resonator controlled on their 75 watt maximum morse code transmitters, and not until one upgraded their licence were they free to use a VFO and were therefore no longer 'rock bound'.

Yes, I assume a resonator is used on the one I am using as I have taken one micro controller as the ref and measured the skew and its gives me ppm error of upto 1000ppm.

I was trying to study the relation between the applied voltage and crystal skew. But it seems the board has resonator which is not very accurate. How can I solve this problem. My aim was to obtain less than 5ppm error with the arduino without using any external clock.

I was trying to study the relation between the applied voltage and crystal skew.

What voltage?

Quote

But it seems the board has resonator which is not very accurate.

A brain-dead decision.

Quote

How can I solve this problem.

You can replace it with a crystal oscillator or an external clock.

Quote

My aim was to obtain less than 5ppm error with the arduino

Very easy to do.

Quote

without using any external clock.

That can be challenging. Crystals guarantted to be in that range are expensive and not very common. A far simpler / cheaper solution is to use external clocks. TCXOs for example are that much more expensive than a crystal.

I am doing my research under wireless sensor network and as such the cost and power consumption are very important. Therefore the only option could be replacing the resonators with crystal oscillators. Using a external clock would increase the cost and power consumption of the sensor nodes.

50 cents, you're overpaying.http://www.digikey.com/product-detail/en/ATS16B/CTX1085-ND/264003135 cents, with proper software can see as little as 1 second drift per day.

caps, 18 cents if only buying a couple, I usually get morehttp://www.digikey.com/product-detail/en/C317C220J2G5TA/399-4220-ND/817996

71 cents.

But I typically get my parts herehttp://www.dipmicro.com/store/index.php?act=viewProd&productCode=XC7-1600028 centshttp://www.dipmicro.com/store/C1K22-509 cents46 cents total in 1-lot, and I usually get more to have parts to play with.

50 cents, you're overpaying.http://www.digikey.com/product-detail/en/ATS16B/CTX1085-ND/264003135 cents, with proper software can see as little as 1 second drift per day.

caps, 18 cents if only buying a couple, I usually get morehttp://www.digikey.com/product-detail/en/C317C220J2G5TA/399-4220-ND/817996

71 cents.

But I typically get my parts herehttp://www.dipmicro.com/store/index.php?act=viewProd&productCode=XC7-1600028 centshttp://www.dipmicro.com/store/C1K22-509 cents46 cents total in 1-lot, and I usually get more to have parts to play with.

And of course there are those 10 cent crystals:http://www.taydaelectronics.com/crystals-resonators-oscilliators/crystals/16-000-mhz-16-mhz-crystal-hc-49-s-low-profile.html