The Expansion Of Europe, 950-1100

Review Questions

1. The fragmentation of power in the ninth and tenth centuries
created a world very different from that of Charlemagne.
Describe some of the key changes. What were their causes?

2. The agricultural revolution of the Middle Ages had farreaching
economic, social, and political consequences. What
were they?

3. The reforming movement with the Church changed the
relationship between the papacy and the secular rulers of
Christendom. Explain why.

4. The motives behind the Crusades were political as well as
religious. Why was this the case?

5. The Crusades had profound effects on western Europe,
Byzantium, and Islam, as well as on the relationships among
different groups within these societies. In what ways were
these three civilizations transformed?