A shortened name for microorganisms; minute organisms too small to observe without a microscope, including bacteria, viruses, and others.

Microbes

The treatment of milk with heat sufficient to kill certain pathogens (disease-causing microbes) commonly transmitted through milk. not a sterilization process. It retains bacteria that cause milk spoilage. Raw milk, even if labels "certified,"

Pasteurization

Poisons that act upon mucous membranes, such as those of the digestive tract.

Enterotoxins

Poisons that act upon the cells of the nervous system.

Neurotoxins

Microorganisms can hurt us by two methods:

1. Infection2. Production of toxins (enterotoxins and neurotoxins)

An often-fatal food poisoning caused by botulinum toxin, a toxin produced by the Clostridium botulinum bacterium that grows without oxygen in nonacidic canned foods.

Botulism

High risk groups most at risk for Food Born Illness are (five of them):

1. Older adults2. Very young- small children3. Anybody who is ill or malnourished4. Pregnant women and their fetuses5. Immune compromised like AIDS or certain immune lowering drugs

There are three factors that support bacterial growth:

1. Warmth- Temperature between 40-140 Degrees F= danger zone (the longer foods in the danger zone, the higher the probability they can cause illness.2. Moisture- aids bacterial growth3. Nutrients- any substance which contains macronutrients may support microbes

Eggs often contain a bacteria called ___________, which lives in the ___________.

Salmonella; guts of chickens.

To keep bacteria from growing in eggs, they need to be kept refrigerated at ______ or less.

40 degrees

Like all bacteria, salmonella is killed by what?

Heating

Raw produce can be contaminated with what?

-Bacteria from the soil or organic fertilizers-Untreated water-Human diseases-Animal/human shit

How do you clean raw produce?

Rince under running water for ten seconds. Those with rough skins should be brushed.

Fish can contain what?

Viral hepatitis, toxins, viruses, and parasites

Human viruses have been detected in _____ of US coastal water and can be transferred to human.

90%

Hepatitis infection can damage what?

Liver and cause GI upset

People believe that certain practices can neutralize pathogens and make fish safe to consume- NOT true because:

1. Drinking alcohol while eating raw fish will not kill all pathogens.2. Freezing will only kill some of the pathogens.3. Hot sauce can't kill pathogens.

Honey can contain spores which produce the botulinum toxin after they enter the body. This is not a threat to:

mature adults. It affects babies due to weak immune system.

What are two possible toxins which naturally occur in food that you should be aware of?

1. Cyanogens2. Solanine

Precursors to the deadly poison cyanide and found in the pits of fruits.

Cyanogens

Found in the skin of potatoes; a natural poison and devlops in older potatoes exposed to light.

Solanine

What are two indications a potato may have developed this substance?

1. Greenish color under the skin, so peeling would make it safe.2. Bitter taste

Antibiotics are given to famr animals in their feed for what two reasons?

1. They promote faster growth = more profit for farmers2. Ward off infection.

Stable oily synthetic chemicals used in hundreds of industrial and commercial operations that persist as pollution in the environment. These cause cancer in animals and a number of other serious health effects.

PCBs

Any of a number of mineral ions such as mercury and lead; so called because they are of relatively high atomic weight. Many of these are poisonous.

Heavy metal

How do we end up with environmental contaminatns in our systems?

1. Pesticides, chemicals, and heavy metals from rain/river.2. The animals that live there get exposed to them and concentrate in flesh.3. The higher up the food chain you go, the more concentrated these pollutants become.4. Species at the top of the food chain (humans more likely to experience the toxic effects listed above).

The accumulation of a contaminant in the tissues of living things at higher and higher concentrations along the food chain.

Bioaccumulation

The highest concentrations of these pollutants are found in what larger fishes (5)?

1. Swordfish2. Shark3. Albacore tuna4. King mackerel5. Tile fish

Do canned foods lose nutrients?

YES

Are water soluble vitamins lost in the canning processed?

They are partially destroyed due to exposure to heat.

Fat soluble vitamins are not really much affected by nutrient loss in canned foods.

True

Store bought fresh produce and frozen produce are _________.

almost equal nutrientally

Most fresh produce is not same day fresh.

True

____ and _____ can decrease nutrient value.

Time and temperature

The main nutrient that is lost due to the processing and subsequent freezing of fruits and vegetables are _________