Related Textbooks:

Related Textbooks:

a group of emotional, cognitive and behavioral symptoms that cause distress or significant problems.

abnormal psychology

the scientific study of trouble-some feelings, thoughts and behaviors associated with mental diorders

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criteria for being abnormal

deviance from the norm, difficulties adapting to life's demands and experience of personal distress.

maladaptive behavior

interferes with a persons life, including ability to care for ones self, have good relationships with others and function well at school or work.

psychopathologists

study mental problems to see how disorders develop and continue and how they can be prevented and alleviated.

deviance from the norm

advantages: we use our own judgement or gut feeling, once statistical or objective cutoff scores are established they are easy to apply

deviance from the norm

limitations: different cultures have different ideas about what normal is, statistically deviant behaviors may be valued (high intelligence), arbitrary cutoffs (is a score fo 80 much different then a score of 81?)

difficulty adapting to lifes demands

advantages: typically easy to observe if someone is having difficulty, often prompts people to seek psychological treatment.

difficulty adapting to lifes demands

limitations: unclear who determines impairment or whether a consensus about impairment is required, thresholds for impairment not always clear

experience of personal distress

advantages: hallmark of many forms of mental disorders, individuals may be able to accurately report this.

experience of personal distress

limitations: some psychological problems are not associated with distress, thresholds or cutoffs for distress are not always clear.

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Early theoreticians

They thought you could be possessed by a demon. So how do you treat someone who has a demon problem? Exorcism, drill a hole into someone’s brain (you don’t want it to be a nice place for the demon to live), therapeutic environments, healthy diets, exercise, massage, education, relics, prayer, holy objects, pilgrimages, confinement.

secluding them from the rest of society, chaining people up to keep them away from other people. asylums, paracelus introduced the notion of psychic or mental causes for abnormal behavior and introduced hypnosis.

reform movement

Some woman said that the mentally ill should be treated right like in hospitals and stuff. so they attempted to create better hospitals and shit.

mental hygiene

the science of promoting mental health and thwarting mental disorder through education, early treatment and public health measures.

dimensional perspective

everyone has the same emotions/thoughts essentially, everyone just experiences different degrees of those emotions and when they get bad thats when you might have abnormal behavior or a mental disorder

public health model

focuses on promoting good health and good health practices to avert disease.

prevention perspective

focusing on promoting good mental and physical health and being educated on it and being aware so you cant catch it early on and prevent mental disorders.

primary prevention

targeting large groups of people who have not yet developed a mental disorder.

secondary prevention

involves addressing emerging problems while they are still manageable and before they come resistant to intervention.

tertiary prevention

involves reducing the severity, duration and negative effect of a mental disorder after it has occurred.

consumer perspective

becoming a more informed consumer of scientific info on mental health that is often presented in the public press. and to be able to apply research based info to your own life

stigma

characterization by others of disgrace or reproach based on an individual characteristic.

structural stigma

when government or other institutional policies negatively affect opportunities for people who may be seen as threatening or less deserving of support.

public stigma

the general disgrace the public confers on people with mental disorder that can result in prejudice stereotyping and discrimination.

develops in early childhood and represents societal ideals and values conveyed by parents through rewards and punishments. ones sense of right and wrong. punishment becomes part of ones conscience and rewards become part of ones ego ideal. psychodynamic model.

psychosexual stages

freud developed this. these occur early in life and are marked by erogenous zones, or areas of the body through which hedonistic id impulses are expressed. psychodynamic model.

psychosexual stages

severe difficulties experienced by a child at a psychosexual stage may be expressed later in life as symptoms of mental disorder. psychodynamic model.

fixation

delayed psychosexual development

oral stage

0-6 months.

anal stage

6 months-3 years

phallic stage

3-7 years. sexual organs become prime source of gratification.

latency stage

5-12 years. lack of overt sexuality or interest

genital stage

12 years to adulthood. mature expression of sexuality

reaction formation

an unconscious impulse is consciously expressed by its behavioral opposite. psychodynamic model.

projective hypothesis

an assumption that people project unconscious needs and conflicts onto ambiguous stimuli such as inkblots. psychodynamic model.

free association

asking a client to say whatever comes to mind during the session, without exercising censorship or restraint. psychodynamic model.

learning occurs when a conditioned stimulus (bell) is paired with an unconditional stimulus (meat powder) so future presentations of the CS will result in a conditioned response (salvation). cognitive behavioral model.

operant conditioning

behavior followed by positive or pleasurable consequences will likely be repeated but behavior followed by negative consequences such as punishment will not likely be repeated. cognitive behavioral model.

positive reinforcement

giving something good after a behavior. increases the chances behavior will be repeated.

negative reinforcement

taking away something bad. increases the chances the behavior will be repeated.

cognitive perspective

arose from the behavioral perspective because people often behave in ways that have little to do with reinforcement.

cognitive schemas

beliefs or expectations that represent a network of accumulated knowledge. cognitive behavioral model.

comines classical and operant conditioning and accommodates internal states like fear or pain as a driving or motivating factor that influences behavior. cognitive behavioral model.

functional analysis

cognitive behavioral model. evaluating antecedents and consequences of behavior, or what preceded and followed certain behaviors. you do this by observing someone.

cognitive behavioral therapy

a large collection of treatment techniques to change patterns of thinking and behaving that contribute to a persons problems.

rational restructuring

people sometimes perceive their world and make assumptions in ways that lead to problematic behavior. cognitive behavioral model.

systematic desensitization

cognitive behavioral model. approach used to treat anxiety related concerns. client first relaxes. then they construct a hierarchy of situations or objects related to the feared stimulus then approach each level one at a time. cognitive behavioral model.

exposure model

key element of systematic decentralization. it involves directly confronting a feared stimulus. this can be done gradually or, the case of flooding, the client is immediately exposed to the stimulus. cognitive behavioral model.

token economy

cognitive behavioral model. a reinforcement system for certain behaviors in which tokens or points are given for positive behaviors and exchanged later for tangible rewards.

sociocultural perspective

outside sources play a major role in creating a persons psychological problem. places a greater influence on outside factors.

culture

the unique behavior and lifestyle shared by a group of people

ethnicity

clusters of people who share cultural traits and who use those traits to distinguish themselves from others.

culture bound syndromes

culturally shared beliefs and ideas can lead to particular forms of stress that in turn lead to ____

culture

____ can help cause mental disorder but can also influence how people cope with it. like family suicide. can also influence mental disorders by shaping the content of symptoms.

gender identity

one's awareness of being male or female, it is influenced by parenting style and interactions with others.

family systems perspective

assumes each family to have its own rules and organizational structure, or hierarchy of authority and decision making

inflexible families

overly rigid and dont adapt well to changes within or outside the family

disengaged families

family members who operate independently from one another with little parental supervision.

triangular relationships

situations where parents avoid talking about shit by always having their children in convos.

family environment

features of family functioning. like, family affect: the degree to which a family is cohesive, organized and free of conflict, family activity: the degree to which families engage in cultural, recreational or religious activities together, family control: the degree to which a family is flexible when adapting to new sitautions

expressed emotion

the degree to which family interactions are marked by emotional over involvement, hostility and criticism.

diathesis

biological or psychological predisposition to disorder. they are often genetic or biological, but some are psychological

diathesis stress model

a combo of predisposition and stress produces psychological problems.

etiology

cause of mental disorders

risk factors

diathesis' or vulnerabilities are ____ for mental disorders

diathesis

a combo of stress and ____ produces mental disorders.

diathesis

can influence perception and experience of stress as well as life course and choice of experiences

epidemiology

the study of patterns of disease or disorder in the general population.

epidemiologists

often focus on incidence and prevalence or mental disorder.

incidence

new cases of a mental disorder within a specific time period such as a month or year

prevalence

refers to all cases of a mental disorder, new and existing cases, within a time period

life time prevalence

proportion of those who have had a mental disorder at any time in your life

national comorbidity survey replication

representative, community based survey of about 10,000 people aged 18 years and older. it included structured interviews to assess people for major mental disorders

comorbidity

refers to the presence of two or more disorders in a person and is a significant concern for mental health professionals.

cohort effects

significant differences in disorder expression depending on demographic features such as age or gender.

anxiety, mood and substance use

disorders are especially common.

risk factor

an individual or environmental characteristic the precedes a mental disorder and is correlated with that disorder

the opposite of risk factors. can be biological social or psychological.

resilience

ability to withstand and rise above extreme adversity.

prevention

thwarting the development of later problems and may be more efficient and effective than individual treatment after mental disorder occurs.

prevention, treatment, maintenance

____ occurs before a disorder develops, ____ occurs before a disorder develops and ____ occur long after a disorder has developed for people whos symptoms require on going attention

primary prevention

purest form of prevention, an intervention is given to people with no signs of a disorder

universal prevention

large groups of people not affected by a particular problem are targeted to reduce new cases of a disorder. this targets everyone. like warning against drug abuse.

secondary prevention

addressing problems while they are manageable and before they are more resistant to treatment

selective prevention

people at risk for a particular problem are targeted

tertiary prevention

reducing the duration and further negative effects of a mental disorder after onset. goal is to stabilize symptoms.

indicated prevention

targets individuals who are at very high risk for developing extensive problems in the future. unlike tertiary, these people have not yet developed a full blown mental disorder.

social norming

promoting responsible decision making and providing accurate info about how much alcohol is consumed by college students

signs of suicide

school based prevention program with two main componets: eductional (with videos and stuff) and ACT if you think a peer is suicidal (Acknowledge the signs, let the person know you Care and Tell a responsible adult.)

categorical approach

a large class of frequently observed syndromes composed of abnormal behaviors or features that occur in a person

diagnosis

rules that outline how many and what features of a mental disorder must be present

continuum

we can best view abnormal behavior along a ____.

DSM-IV-TR

diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorderss

syndrome

mental disorder or diagnosis. includes a group of abnormal behaviors or number of symptoms associated with distress, significant work or interpersonal problems or likelihood of future problems.

advantages of diagnosis

communication (a shit ton of info can be conveyed in a single term), standard rules are provided for defining mental disorders, clinicians can find useful assessment strategies because everyone uses the same system

classification

arranging mental disorders into broad categories or classes based on similar features.

axis 1

major clinical disorders that often emerge and end in the life cycle. like anxiety, mood, eating, substance abuse etc.

axis 2

disorders that are more lifelong in nature. like personality disorders and mental retardation

axis 3

current medical conditions relevant to treating or understanding a persons axis 1 or axis 2 disorder.

refers to whether current test or interview results relate to an important present feature or characteristic.

construct validity

refers to whether test or interview results relate to other measures or behaviors in a logical, theoretical expected fshion

standardization

refers to administering or conducting assessment measures in the same way for everyone.

interview

is the most common assessment technique and is used to solicite a wide range of info about mental disorders

unstructured interviews

allow an interviewer to ask any questions that comes to mind in any order.

structured interview

require an interviewer to ask standardized questions in specified sequence

intelligence tests

most common form of clinical assessment after the interview. it assess cognition functioning and provides estimates of a persons intellectual ability.

personality assessment

instruments that measure different traits or aspects of our character

objective personality measures

involve administering a standard set of questions or statements to which a person responds using set options

validity scales

help us understand someone's motives and test-taking attitudes

projective tests

based on the assumption that people faced with an ambiguous stimulus such as an inkblot with project their own needs, personality and conflicts.

rorschach

a projective test. consists of 10 inkblot cards that are symmetrical from right to left

thematic apperception test

projective test. it assesses motivations and interpersonal style. it consists of a series of pictures on cards, typically people in different situations but sometimes just objects, and the client has to say what the people are doing in the picture and what they will do in the future.

behavioral assessment

is to measure overt behaviors or responses shown by a person. they might observe the person in a certain situation.

behavioral assessment

involve a functional analysis of behavior which is understanding the antecedents (what precedes a behavior) and the consequences of the behavior.

organismic variables

a persons physiological or cognitive characteristics that may help the therapist understand a problem and determine treatment. for example: worrying about something or certain cognitions

naturalistic observation

a client is directly observed in their natural environment

controlled observation

more practical and less expensive form of observation and involves analoge tests. these tests replicate situations people face in real life and that may elicit a certain problem behavior

self monitoring

a person observes and records his own emotions, thoughts and behaviors.