The answer is unknown, but new fossil discoveries reveal that intersex crabs were a small but persistent part of the population in South Dakota during the Cretaceous Period — and a parasitic barnacle may have been to blame.

The fossils, excavated in South Dakota shale, are of Dakoticancer overanus, a quarter-size crab that lived about 68 million years ago. At the time, North America was split in half by the Western Interior Seaway, a shallow sea that harbored strange creatures like the toothy mosasaur, an apex predator that evolved from land-living lizards. [In Photos: Tiny Crabs Found in Fossil Reef]

The Dakoticancer crabs lived on the eastern shore of the sea, where roughly 2,500 fossil specimens of the species have been found. Gale Bishop, an emeritus professor at Georgia Southern University, excavated these specimens throughout the 1970s; the crabby collection now belongs to the South Dakota School of Mines and Technology. Such a large number of fossil crabs is "extremely rare," said AnnMarie Jones, a graduate student at Kent State University in Ohio who presented a new analysis of the fossils here last month at the annual meeting of the Geological Society of America.

In-between crabs

Jones is interested in population dynamics, an area that requires a large number of organisms to study. The crabs presented that opportunity, but she soon turned up something strange: A subset of the animals, about 1 percent, didn't fit neatly into male or female categories.

A crab with a male abdomen and a gonopore on the 3rd and 4th legs. Normal male crabs have gonophores on the 5th leg.Credit: Image courtesy AnnMarie Jones

Instead, these strange crabs showed features of both. Typically, female crabs have broad abdomens and little openings called gonophores that release eggs on their third set of legs. Male crabs have narrow abdomens and gonophores to release sperm on their fifth legs.

The intersex crabs, however, were all mixed up. In most cases, they had narrow male abdomens with female-style gonophores on their third legs. Some, however, sported gonophores on their fourth legs, "which makes no sense," Jones told LiveScience.

"There's no modern analogy," she said. "It's incredibly frustrating."

Marine mystery

Unfortunately, none of the crabs' internal tissues fossilized, so there's no way to tell whether these intersex crabs had functioning reproductive systems, Jones said. It's also a mystery as to why the intersex crabs exist.

One possibility, Jones said, is that a contaminant in the water caused birth defects linked to the strange features. But if pollution was the problem, Jones would expect to see other fossil animals in the area with defects, and none have been found so far. A creepier possibility is that parasitic barnacles caused the strange sex characteristics. In modern oceans, parasitic barnacles can latch on to young male crabs, disrupting the glands that produce male hormones. The result is a male crab shaped like an adult female.

There's no fossilized evidence of barnacles on the Cretaceous crabs, so the parasite theory is speculation, Jones said.

"Hopefully, as research progresses, people will be able to find something similar, whether modern or extinct, and hopefully we'll be able to shed light on it," she said.

Editor's Recommendations

Stephanie Pappas

Stephanie interned as a science writer at Stanford University Medical School, and also interned at ScienceNow magazine and the Santa Cruz Sentinel. She has a bachelor's degree in psychology from the University of South Carolina and a graduate certificate in science writing from the University of California, Santa Cruz.