Category:Treaties of France

Treaties concluded or ratified by France. Where appropriate, articles should be placed in the subcategories. This category may contain articles about treaties concluded or ratified by France since 4 October 1958, which is the date of the adoption of a new constitution and the start of the French Fifth Republic.

1.
France
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France, officially the French Republic, is a country with territory in western Europe and several overseas regions and territories. The European, or metropolitan, area of France extends from the Mediterranean Sea to the English Channel and the North Sea, Overseas France include French Guiana on the South American continent and several island territories in the Atlantic, Pacific and Indian oceans. France spans 643,801 square kilometres and had a population of almost 67 million people as of January 2017. It is a unitary republic with the capital in Paris. Other major urban centres include Marseille, Lyon, Lille, Nice, Toulouse, during the Iron Age, what is now metropolitan France was inhabited by the Gauls, a Celtic people. The area was annexed in 51 BC by Rome, which held Gaul until 486, France emerged as a major European power in the Late Middle Ages, with its victory in the Hundred Years War strengthening state-building and political centralisation. During the Renaissance, French culture flourished and a colonial empire was established. The 16th century was dominated by civil wars between Catholics and Protestants. France became Europes dominant cultural, political, and military power under Louis XIV, in the 19th century Napoleon took power and established the First French Empire, whose subsequent Napoleonic Wars shaped the course of continental Europe. Following the collapse of the Empire, France endured a succession of governments culminating with the establishment of the French Third Republic in 1870. Following liberation in 1944, a Fourth Republic was established and later dissolved in the course of the Algerian War, the Fifth Republic, led by Charles de Gaulle, was formed in 1958 and remains to this day. Algeria and nearly all the colonies became independent in the 1960s with minimal controversy and typically retained close economic. France has long been a centre of art, science. It hosts Europes fourth-largest number of cultural UNESCO World Heritage Sites and receives around 83 million foreign tourists annually, France is a developed country with the worlds sixth-largest economy by nominal GDP and ninth-largest by purchasing power parity. In terms of household wealth, it ranks fourth in the world. France performs well in international rankings of education, health care, life expectancy, France remains a great power in the world, being one of the five permanent members of the United Nations Security Council with the power to veto and an official nuclear-weapon state. It is a member state of the European Union and the Eurozone. It is also a member of the Group of 7, North Atlantic Treaty Organization, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, the World Trade Organization, originally applied to the whole Frankish Empire, the name France comes from the Latin Francia, or country of the Franks

2.
French Fifth Republic
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The Fifth Republic, Frances current republican system of government, was established by Charles de Gaulle under the Constitution of the Fifth Republic on 4 October 1958. De Gaulle, who was the first president elected under the Fifth Republic in December 1958, believed in a head of state. The Fifth Republic is Frances third-longest political regime, after the hereditary and feudal monarchies of the Ancien Régime, the trigger for the collapse of the French Fourth Republic was the Algiers crisis of 1958. France was still a power, although conflict and revolt had begun the process of decolonization. French West Africa, French Indochina, and French Algeria still sent representatives to the French parliament under systems of limited suffrage in the French Union, Algeria in particular, despite being the colony with the largest French population, saw rising pressure for separation from the Metropole. The situation was complicated by those in Algeria, such as white settlers, the Algerian War was not just a separatist movement but had elements of a civil war. Further complications came when a section of the French Army rebelled, Charles de Gaulle, who had retired from politics a decade before, placed himself in the midst of the crisis, calling on the nation to suspend the government and create a new constitutional system. The Fourth Republic suffered from a lack of consensus, a weak executive. With no party or coalition able to sustain a parliamentary majority, De Gaulle and his supporters proposed a system of strong presidents elected for seven-year terms. The President under the constitution would have executive powers to run the country in consultation with a prime minister whom he would appoint. These plans were approved by more than 80% of those who voted in the referendum of 28 September 1958, the new constitution was signed into law on 4 October 1958. Since each new constitution established a new republic, France moved from the Fourth to the Fifth Republic, the new constitution contained transitional clauses extending the period of rule by decree until the new institutions were operating. René Coty remained President of the Republic until the new president was proclaimed, on 21 December 1958, Charles de Gaulle was elected President of France by an electoral college. The provisional constitutional commission, acting in lieu of the Constitutional Council, the new president began his office on that date, appointing Michel Debré as Prime Minister. The 1958 constitution also replaced the French Union with the French Community,1960 became known as the Year of Africa because of this wave of newly independent states. Algeria became independent on 5 July 1962, the president was initially elected by an electoral college, but in 1962 de Gaulle proposed that the president be directly elected by the citizens, and held a referendum on the change. Although the method and intent of de Gaulle in that referendum were contested by most political groups except for the Gaullists, the Constitutional Council declined to rule on the constitutionality of the referendum. Two major changes occurred in the 1970s regarding constitutional checks and balances, traditionally, France operated according to parliamentary supremacy, no authority was empowered to rule on whether statutes passed by Parliament respected the constitutional rights of the citizens

3.
2005 Warsaw Convention
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This Convention is the first international treaty covering both the prevention and the control of money laundering and the financing of terrorism. The Convention also includes a mechanism to ensure the implementation by Parties of its provisions. The Convention was opened for signature in Warsaw on 16 May 2005 and it was last ratified by Turkey in May 2016, bringing the number of parties to 28. It has been signed but not ratified by another 11 states plus the European Union, money laundering involves a series of complicated financial operations which ultimately results in criminal money becoming clean and acceptable for legitimate business purposes. This laundered criminal money is recycled through normal businesses and thus may penetrate legitimate markets, misuse of the financial system is not limited to money laundering schemes designed to preserve and maximise proceeds from crimes which have been committed. The financial system is misused in similar ways to fund terrorist atrocities, after the September 11 attacks, the international community rapidly recognised the important similarities between the processes involved in money laundering and in the financing of terrorism. Traditionally, the financing of terrorism stemmed from illegal activities, e. g. bank robberies, weapons and drug trafficking, however, in recent years, a new phenomenon had grown, the carrying out of legitimate activities to finance terrorist actions. In this case, the phenomenon is the opposite of money laundering, the above considerations led to the Council of Europe’s decision to update the 1990 Strasbourg Convention. CETS198 has left the structure of the 1990 Convention untouched. At the time of its elaboration, the Select Committee of Experts which drafted the 1990 Convention was not in a position to draw upon a settled and developed body of domestic law, international cooperation in this sphere was relatively unknown. In the period of ten years which had elapsed since the text of the 1990 Convention was adopted. The remits of these two bodies had also been extended to cover assessment of the effectiveness of measures taken in jurisdictions to counter terrorist financing. Further debate on issue had been stimulated by developments in other fora. The European Union Council Directive of June 1991 on prevention of the use of the system for the purpose of money laundering was also substantially amended in December 2001. Given differences of view among member States, an enquiry was conducted on the subject in 2000. It emerged from this enquiry that a majority of States were in support of an early opening of negotiations on a protocol. These terms of reference were revised in March 2004 and read as follows, the CDPC approved this Convention on 11 March 2005 and transmitted it to the Committee of Ministers for adoption. The Committee of Ministers adopted this Convention on 3 May 2005, at the time of drafting, there was no single dedicated international treaty covering both the prevention and the control of money laundering and the financing of terrorism

4.
Aarhus Convention
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It entered into force on 30 October 2001. As of March 2014, it has 47 parties—46 states and the European Union, all of the ratifying states are in Europe and Central Asia. The EU has begun applying Aarhus-type principles in its legislation, notably the Water Framework Directive, liechtenstein and Monaco have signed the convention but have not ratified it. It focuses on interactions between the public and public authorities, the Aarhus Convention was drafted by governments, with the highly required participation of NGOs, and is legally binding for all the States who ratified it becoming Parties. A distinction is made between the public, all the civil societys actors, and the public concerned precisely, those persons or organisations affected or interested in environmental decision-making. The private sector, for which information disclosure depends on voluntary, non- mandatory practices, other significant provisions are the non-discrimination principle, the international nature of the convention, and the importance attributed to the promotion of environmental education of the public. Access to information, any citizen should have the right to get a wide, public authorities must provide all the information required and collect and disseminate them and in a timely and transparent manner. This model embodies an example of a multi-level governance. The relative differences between the participants and social groups resource inequalities also suggests the possibility for irregular and imbalanced environmental protection, nonetheless, the Compliance Committee cannot issue binding decisions, but rather makes recommendations to the full Meeting of the Parties. However, in practise, as MoPs occur infrequently, Parties attempt to comply with the recommendations of the Compliance Committee. As of August 2009,41 communication from the public – many originating with non-governmental organizations –, the Kiev Protocol on Pollutant Release and Transfer Registers to the Aarhus Convention was adopted at an extraordinary meeting of the Parties on 21 May 2003, in Kiev, Ukraine. 36 States and the European Community signed the Protocol, as of May 2016,34 states plus the European Union have ratified the Protocol. The Kiev Protocol is the first legally binding instrument on Pollutant Release. PRTRs are inventories of pollution from industrial sites and other such as agriculture. The objective of the Protocol is to enhance access to information through the establishment of coherent, nationwide pollutant release. The Protocol places indirect obligations on private enterprises to report annually to their national governments on their releases, Parties to the Protocol need not be Parties to the Convention. The Protocol is in this sense a free-standing, international agreement, the Kiev Protocol on PRTRs will enter into force 90 days after the sixteenth State ratifies or accedes to the agreement. As of August 2009, it had been ratified by 21 countries, the GMO amendment will enter into force 90 days after at least three-quarters of the Parties to the Aarhus Convention ratify it

5.
ACCOBAMS
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ACCOBAMS was concluded in the auspices of Convention on Migratory Species in 1996 and entered into force in 2001. The Meeting of the Parties is the body of the Agreement. Ordinary sessions of the Meeting of the Parties occur at intervals of not more than three years, unless the Meeting of the Parties decides otherwise, the ACCOBAMS Permanent Secretariat performs the functions listed in Article IV of the Agreement. The Permanent Secretariat is hosted by the Principality of Monaco, the Bureau normally meets once per annum and provides a report on its activities for each session of the Meeting of the Parties. The Scientific Committee of ACCOBAMS, composed of persons qualified as experts in conservation science, is an advisory body to the Meeting of the Parties. Its role and tasks are defined in the Article VII of the Agreement, the Scientific Committee usually meets every year. The meetings of the Committee provide an opportunity for the gathering of a large number of cetacean conservation experts from the Agreement area. As of 2013,23 countries—out of 28 Range States—are Parties to ACCOBAMS, the five non-Parties are Bosnia-Herzegovina, Israel, the Russian Federation, Turkey, and the United Kingdom. The List of Parties with a date of accession is presented below, the year when the partnership started is shown in the brackets

6.
ADR (treaty)
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ADR is a 1957 United Nations treaty that governs transnational transport of hazardous materials. ADR is derived from the French name for the treaty, Accord européen relatif au transport international des marchandises Dangereuses par Route), concluded in Geneva on 30 September 1957 under the aegis of the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe, it entered into force on 29 January 1968. The agreement was modified in New York City on 21 August 1975, a new amended ADR2011 entered into force on 1 January 2011. Annexes A and B have been amended and updated since the entry into force of ADR. Consequently, to the amendments for entry into force on 1 January 2015, as of 2016,49 states are party to ADR. The agreement itself is brief and simple, and its most important article is article 2 and it is not usually possible to deduce the hazard class of a substance from its UN number, they have to be looked up in a table. An exception to this are Class 1 substances whose UN number will always begin with a 0

7.
AETR (treaty)
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A tachograph is a device fitted to a vehicle that automatically records its speed and distance, together with the drivers activity selected from a choice of modes. The drive mode is activated automatically when the vehicle is in motion, the rest and availability modes can be manually selected by the driver whilst stationary. A tachograph system comprises a sender unit mounted to the gearbox, the tachograph head. Tachograph heads are of either analogue or digital types, all relevant vehicles manufactured in the EU since 1 May 2006 must be fitted with digital tachograph heads. Digital driver cards store data in a format that can also be read out as a. ddd file. These files - both those read from memory with a download device, and those read from the driver cards - can be imported into tachograph analysis/archival software. They are also used in the world, for example through the Central Commission for Navigation on the Rhine. The tachograph was originally introduced for the railroads so that companies could better document irregularities, the inventor was Max Maria von Weber, a civil servant, engineer and author. The Daniel Tachometer is known in railways since 1844, the Hasler Event recorder was introduced in the 1920s. For reasons of safety, many jurisdictions have limits on the working hours of drivers of certain vehicles, such as buses. A tachograph can be used to monitor this and ensure that appropriate breaks are taken, the Verkehrs-Sicherungs-Gesetz of 19 December 1952, made tachographs mandatory in Germany for all commercial vehicles weighing over 7.5 tonnes. Since 23 March and 23 December 1953, all new vehicles and buses must be equipped with the device per law Straßenverkehrs-Zulassungs-Ordnung § 57a. Tachographs are mandatory for vehicles allowed to carry a weight of over 3.5 tonnes and vehicles built to carry at least 9 passengers. They are used to review the driving and rest time of drivers during reviews by traffic standards organizations or accident investigation, a driver must carry the tachograph records with him for all days of the current week and the last day of the previous week that he drove. Companies must keep the records for 1 year, in Germany, §16 of the work time regulations lengthens this time to 2 years if the records will be used as proof of work time. EEC regulation 3821/85 from 20 December 1985 made tachographs mandatory throughout the EEC as of 29 September 1986, a European arrangement in regard to the work of driving personnel engaged in international traffic became effective on 31 July 1985. Regulation 561/2006/EC of the European Union adopted on 11 April 2007 specified the driving and these time periods can be checked by the employers, police and other authorities with the help of the tachograph. Most tachographs produced prior to 1 May 2006 were of the analogue type, later analogue tachograph head models are of a modular design, enabling the head to fit into a standard DIN slot in the vehicle dashboard

8.
Agreement on a Unified Patent Court
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The Unified Patent Court is a proposed common patent court open for participation of all member states of the European Union. Requesting unitary patents upon the grant of certain European patents will be possible from the establishment of the UPC, the Court is to be established by the Agreement on a Unified Patent Court, which was signed as an intergovernmental treaty in February 2013 by 25 states. It will enter into force on the first day of the month after meeting three predefined conditions. The UPC comprises a Court of First Instance, a Court of Appeal in Luxembourg, an Arbitration and Mediation Center, the Court of First Instance will consist of a central division in Paris along with several local and regional divisions. European patents are granted by the European Patent Office under the 1973 European Patent Convention,38 countries are parties to the Convention. After grant, a European patent essentially becomes a bundle of national patents in all countries separately, to reduce translation and litigation costs, the European Union has passed legislation regarding European patents with unitary effect. Registration of unitary effect is to be organized by the European Patent Office and is expected to result in limited translation requirements, the Agreement also incorporates many of the provisions of the proposed European Patent Litigation Agreement. The Court of First Instance would have a division with its seat in Paris and thematic sections in London. Furthermore, participating countries may set up a single or multiple local divisions of the court, countries may also set up a regional division, serving as the local division of the group. The agreement does not define which countries would set up local or regional divisions, the court of Appeal would be located in Luxembourg and would also serve as the registry. Training of judges would take place in Budapest, while Lisbon, the training centre for judges and candidate judges was officially opened on 13 March 2014 in Budapest. Not all locations of regional and local divisions have been announced, local divisions may request to have an extra technically qualified judge added. In case of questions regarding the interpretation of EU law, questions can be submitted to the European Court of Justice, proceedings would take in principle place in the local language of the division and in the language in which the patent was granted in the central division. The court of appeal would proceed in the used at the court of first instance. The committee is headed by Paul van Beukering and held its first meeting in March 2013, as any court in the European Union, the decisions of the Court of Justice of the European Union are binding to the court. The Unified Patent Court agreement establishes several bases for the use of patented information without permission of the patent holder and these bases are applicable to European patents with and without unitary effect. Decisions would be valid for the territory of the state where the patent is valid. Cases may concern patent infringement, revocation, declarations of non-infringement, the proceedings include a counterclaim from the opposed party

9.
Agreement on the International Tracing Service
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The archive contains about 30 million documents from concentration camps, details of forced labour, and files on displaced persons. ITS preserves the original documents and clarifies the fate of those persecuted by the Nazis, the archives have been accessible to researchers since 2007. In 1943, the section of the British Red Cross was asked by the Headquarters of the Allied Forces to set up a registration. The organization was formalized under the Supreme Headquarters Allied Expeditionary Forces, on July 1,1947, the International Refugee Organization took over administration of the bureau, and on January 1,1948 the name was changed to its current International Tracing Service. In April 1951, administrative responsibilities for the service were placed under the Allied High Commission for Germany, when the status of occupation of Germany was repealed in 1954, the ICRC took over the administration of the ITS. The Bonn Agreement of 1955 and their amendment protocols dating from 2006 provided the foundation of the International Tracing Service. The daily operations were managed by an appointed by the ICRC. After some discussion, in 1990 the Federal Republic of Germany renewed its commitment to funding the operations of the ITS. The documents in the ITS archives were opened to access on November 28,2007. Tracing missing persons, clarifying people’s fates, providing members with information. Since these new activities are not part of its humanitarian mission, the Bonn Agreement was replaced on December 9,2011, when the eleven member states of the International Commission signed two new agreements in Berlin on the future tasks and management of the ITS. ITS was founded as a dedicated to finding missing persons, typically lost to family and friends as a result of war. The service operates under the authority of the Berlin Agreements from December 2011 and is funded by the government of Germany. The German Federal Archives are the partner for the ITS since January 2013. The Commission draws up the guidelines for the work to be carried out by the ITS, the director of the ITS is appointed by the International Commission and is accountable directly to the Commission. Since January 2016, Floriane Hohenberg is the director, there are about 270 staff employed by the ITS. The institution is funded by the German Federal Government Commissioner for Culture, on 28 November 2007 the ITS archives were made broadly available to the general public. The ITS records may be consulted in person, or by mail, telephone, fax or e-mail, addresses, inquiries can be submitted to the ITS using the online form on the organization’s website

10.
Alpine Convention
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The Alpine Convention is an international territorial treaty for the sustainable development of the Alps. The objective of the treaty is to protect the environment of the Alps while promoting its development. This Framework Convention involves the European Union and eight states, the geographic area of the Alpine Convention covers a 190,959 km2 or 73,730 sq mi encompassing 5867 municipalities. The Alpine Range as defined by the Alpine Convention stretches across 1,200 km or 746 mi, through eight states, the entire territories of Monaco and Liechtenstein are included. Austria and Italy together represent more than 55% of the Convention area, with France, these three states cover the three-quarter of the total surface of the Alpine Convention territory. In 2007, the population of this area was approaching 14 million inhabitants. The Alpine Conference is the body that takes the most important decisions regarding the Convention, the Presidency of the Conference rotates between the Contracting parties, each holding the Presidency for a two-year period. For the period 2013–2014 the presidency is held by Italy, all the Alpine Conferences, The Permanent Committee is the executive body of the Alpine Conference. It is composed of all Member delegations and guarantees that the basis, the principles, Permanent Committee meets twice a year, last meetings. The Compliance Committee is the body that oversees implementation of the commitments, every 10 years, Contracting Parties have to publish a report concerning the implementation of the Convention and its protocols. The first report was adopted at the Xth Alpine Conference and this treaty dedicated to a specific territory is supported by a Permanent Secretariat, created in 2003, that has its main office in Innsbruck, Austria, and a branch office in Bolzano-Bozen, Italy. The Secretariat is headed by a Secretary General, currently M. Markus Reiterer, Permanent Secretariat carries out different projects and activities for promotion of the Alpine Convention. The Permanent Committee can establish Working Groups, with a 2-year-mandate, on 7 the Framework Convention was signed by Austria, Germany, France, Italy, Liechtenstein and Switzerland. Slovenia signed on 29 and Monaco on 20, ratification occurred between 1994 and 1999. Regarding protocol ratification, Switzerland has not ratified any protocols yet, under the Convention, Member States should adopt specific measures in twelve thematic areas. Two new protocols, not related to a specific area, have since been adopted, Settlement of disputes. The Alpine Convention includes two Declarations that could not been turned into Protocols, Declaration on Population and Culture, Declaration on Climate Change, the Alpine Convention- Reference guide,2010, second edition, available in English, German, French, Italian and Slovenian. The Alpine Convention is taking shape,2004, available in German, French, cross-border ecological network,2004, available in German, French, Italian and Slovenian

11.
Antarctic Treaty System
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For the purposes of the treaty system, Antarctica is defined as all of the land and ice shelves south of 60°S latitude. The treaty was the first arms control agreement established during the Cold War, the Antarctic Treaty Secretariat headquarters have been located in Buenos Aires, Argentina, since September 2004. The main treaty was opened for signature on December 1,1959, the original signatories were the 12 countries active in Antarctica during the International Geophysical Year of 1957–58. These countries had established over 50 Antarctic stations for the IGY, the treaty was a diplomatic expression of the operational and scientific cooperation that had been achieved on the ice. Pursuant to Article 1, the treaty forbids any measures of a military nature and it prohibits all activities relating to mineral resources except scientific. A sixth annex on liability arising from environmental emergencies was adopted in 2005, the Antarctic Treaty Systems yearly Antarctic Treaty Consultative Meetings are the international forum for the administration and management of the region. Only 29 of the 53 parties to the agreements have the right to participate in decision-making at these meetings, as of 2015, there are 53 states party to the treaty,29 of which, including all 12 original signatories to the treaty, have consultative status. Consultative members include the seven nations that claim portions of Antarctica as national territory, the 46 non-claimant nations either do not recognize the claims of others, or have not stated their positions. Note, The table can be sorted alphabetically or chronologically using the icon, ** Reserved the right to claim areas. The Antarctic Treaty Secretariat was established in Buenos Aires, Argentina in September 2004 by the Antarctic Treaty Consultative Meeting, jan Huber served as the first Executive Secretary for five years until August 31,2009. He was succeeded on September 1,2009, by Manfred Reinke, facilitating the exchange of information between the Parties required in the Treaty and the Environment Protocol. Collecting, storing, arranging and publishing the documents of the ATCM, providing and disseminating public information about the Antarctic Treaty system and Antarctic activities. Antarctica currently has no permanent population and therefore it has no citizenship nor government, all personnel present on Antarctica at any time are citizens or nationals of some sovereignty outside Antarctica, as there is no Antarctic sovereignty. The majority of Antarctica is claimed by one or more countries, the area on the mainland between 90 degrees west and 150 degrees west is the only major land on Earth not claimed by any country. Until 2015 the interior of the Norwegian Sector, the extent of which had never officially defined, was considered to be unclaimed. That year, Norway formally laid claim to the area between its Queen Maud Land and the South Pole, governments that are party to the Antarctic Treaty and its Protocol on Environmental Protection implement the articles of these agreements, and decisions taken under them, through national laws. The Antarctic Treaty is often considered to represent an example of the heritage of mankind principle. According to Argentine regulations, any crime committed within 50 kilometers of any Argentine base is to be judged in Ushuaia, in the part of Argentine Antarctica that is also claimed by Chile and UK, the person to be judged can ask to be transferred there

12.
Apostille Convention
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It specifies the modalities through which a document issued in one of the signatory countries can be certified for legal purposes in all the other signatory states. Such a certification is called an apostille and it is an international certification comparable to a notarisation in domestic law, and normally supplements a local notarisation of the document. Apostilles are affixed by Competent Authorities designated by the government of a state which is party to the convention, a list of these authorities is maintained by the Hague Conference on Private International Law. Examples of designated authorities are embassies, ministries, courts or governments, for example, in the United States, the Secretary of State of each state and his or her deputies are usually competent authorities. In the United Kingdom, all apostilles are issued by the Foreign, to be eligible for an apostille, a document must first be issued or certified by an officer recognised by the authority that will issue the apostille. For example, in the US state of Vermont, the Secretary of State maintains specimen signatures of all notaries public, likewise, courts in the Netherlands are eligible of placing an apostille on all municipal civil status documents directly. In some cases, intermediate certifications may be required in the country in which the document originates before it will be eligible for an apostille, for example, in New York City, the Office of Vital Records is not directly recognised by the New York Secretary of State. As a consequence, the signature of the City Clerk must be certified by the County Clerk of New York County to make the birth certificate eligible for an apostille. In Japan all the documents are issued in Japanese language. In India the apostille certification can be obtained from the Ministry of External Affairs The apostille itself is a stamp or printed form consisting of 10 numbered standard fields. On the top is the text APOSTILLE, under which the text Convention de La Haye du 5 octobre 1961 is placed and this title must be written in French for the Apostille to be valid. In the numbered fields the following information is added, Country and this public document has been signed by acting in the capacity of bears the seal/stamp of Certified at the. Signature The information can be placed on the document itself, or attached to the document as an allonge, a State that has not signed the Convention must specify how foreign legal documents can be certified for its use. Two countries may have a convention on the recognition of each others public documents. In practice this means the document must be certified twice before it can have effect in the receiving country. The convention has 112 parties and is in force for all members of the European Union, the most recent state to accede to the convention is Chile. In 2005 The Hague Conference surveyed its members and produced a report in December 2008 which expressed concerns about Diplomas. The possible abuse of the system was highlighted Particularly troubling is the use of diploma mill qualifications to circumvent migration controls

13.
Aquatic Warbler Memorandum of Understanding
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This MoU provides the basis for governments, NGO’s and scientists to work together to save the aquatic warbler, Europe’s rarest songbird. The MoU covers 22 range states, as of August 2012,16 range states have signed the MoU as well as two cooperating organizations. A meeting of the states of the aquatic warbler was held in Minsk, Belarus, from 29 to 30 April 2003, to negotiate and adopt a MoU. Representatives from 12 range states were present and the MoU was adopted and entered into effect on 30 April 2003 and it reflects the common concern over this dramatic decline and calls for cooperation among national authorities to promote the conservation of the species. The MoU protects the population of aquatic warblers in all range states, the aquatic warbler is the rarest and the only internationally threatened passerine bird found in mainland Europe. Apart from a small remnant population in Western Siberia, its breeding grounds are completely confined to Europe. As of May 2010, its population of only 10, 200-13,800 males is confined to less than 40 sites in only six countries. The main threat the aquatic warbler is facing is the loss of habitat due to the decline of traditional, extensive agriculture and overgrowing of the habitat with reeds. All signatories decide to work together to improve the conservation status of the aquatic warbler throughout its breeding, migrating and wintering range. Meetings of signatories are organized regularly to review the status of the aquatic warbler. National reports from the signatories and a report prepared by the secretariat are also submitted. The First Meeting of Signatories took place in Nationalpark Unteres Odertal, Criewen, Germany, during this meeting the geographical scope of the MoU was expanded to include Mauritania and Morocco, since these countries seem to be important stop-over sites for the aquatic warbler. Furthermore, the signatories endorsed working further with competent authorities of three countries originally identified as range states – France, the Netherlands and the Russian Federation. The signatories represented at the meeting were Belarus, Belgium, Bulgaria, Germany, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Senegal, Ukraine, France and the Russian Federation, as range states, were also present as well as BirdLife International. The Second Meeting of Signatories took place in Biebrza National Park, Poland, at the meeting France and Mali added their signatures and became signatories to the MoU. France is especially important, because the world population passes through France once or twice a year. Furthermore, the decided to extend the geographical coverage of the MoU to include an additional seven new countries in Europe and Africa. Finally, a new International Species Action Plan for the Aquatic Warbler and this plan helps to protect the species throughout its range and its breeding populations expand to other sites that had been lost in the past

14.
Arms Trade Treaty
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The Arms Trade Treaty is a multilateral treaty that regulates the international trade in conventional weapons. It entered into force on 24 December 2014, ninety-one states have ratified the treaty, and a further 42 states have signed but not ratified it. The treaty was negotiated in New York City at a conference under the auspices of the United Nations from 2–27 July 2012. As it was not possible to reach an agreement on a text at that time. On 2 April 2013, the UN General Assembly adopted the ATT, international weapons commerce has been estimated to reach US$70 billion a year. The ATT is part of a global effort begun in 1997 by Costa Rican President and 1987 Nobel Peace Prize laureate Óscar Arias. In that year, Arias led a group of Nobel Peace Prize laureates in a meeting in New York to offer the world a code of conduct for the trade in arms. The original idea was to establish standards for the arms trade that would eventually be adopted by the international community. Over the following 16 years, the Arias Foundation for Peace & Human Progress has played a role in achieving approval of the treaty. In 2001, the process continued with the adoption of a non-legally binding program of action at the United Nations Conference on the Illicit Trade in Small Arms. This program was called the Programme of Action to Prevent, Combat and Eradicate the Illicit Trade in Small Arms. The ATT, like the PoA, is predicated upon a hypothesis that the trade in small arms is a large. 94 states submitted their views, which are contained in the 2007 report A/62/278, duncan was speaking on behalf of the co-authors. On behalf of the European Union, Finland highlighted the support for the effort, saying, everyday, everywhere,94 States submitted their views, which are contained in the 2007 report A/62/278. In December 2006,153 member states voted in favour of the resolution, the United States voted against the resolution. After the vote, Algeria indicated that the effort must receive broad-based support from states, the group met three times in 2008, and published a final report on the issue. Peace continues to be a step further away, nuclear and conventional weapons still exist despite the promises. It is up to us to ensure that in twenty years we do not awaken to the same terrors we suffer today, I am not ignorant of the fact that the biggest arms dealers in the world are represented here

15.
ASCOBANS
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ASCOBANS covers all species of toothed whales in the Agreement Area, with the exception of the sperm whale. Numerous species of small cetaceans live in the Baltic, Irish and North Seas, the harbour porpoise is the most common small cetacean species in the North Sea and the only cetacean species native to the Baltic Sea and therefore is the flagship species of the Agreement. As migratory species, cetaceans face of a number of threats caused by human activities and these include habitat loss, marine pollution, acoustic disturbances from various sources and, most importantly, incidental catch by entanglement in fishing gear, so-called bycatch. Every year, thousands of whales, dolphins and porpoises fall victim to bycatch, the Agreement has three main bodies that collaborate towards the implementation of ASCOBANS, The Meeting of the Parties is the decision-making body of the Agreement. It meets every three years to progress and develop further steps in the implementation of ASCOBANS. Each Party to the Agreement can nominate one member and a number of advisors to the Advisory Committee, the role of the Committee is to provide scientific and policy advice to the Secretariat and the Meeting of the Parties. As with the MOP, external observers may take part in AC meetings, the ASCOBANS Secretariat, located in Bonn, acts as the coordinating body of the Agreement. It gathers and disseminates information to the MOP and the AC and it plays an important role in awareness-raising and provides advice and support to the Parties, assisting them in the implementation of the agreement. It services the sessions of the Meeting of the Parties and meetings of the Advisory Committee, the ASCOBANS Secretariat along with other Regional Agreement Secretariats within the framework of the Bonn Convention is integrated into the Agreements Unit of the CMS Secretariat. The current Acting Executive Secretary is Bradnee Chambers, ASCOBANS is open for accession by all Range States and by regional economic integration organisations. Originally only covering the North and Baltic Sea, as of 3 February 2008 the ASCOBANS Area has been extended to also the Irish Sea. Belgium Denmark Finland France Germany Lithuania Netherlands Poland Sweden United Kingdom The European Union signed the Agreement, estonia Ireland Latvia Norway Portugal Russia Spain Three action plans for harbour porpoises specific to the situation in different parts of the Agreement Area have been concluded to date. Attention has been drawn to ASCOBANS activities, successes and setbacks, in a more recent statement, the Gesellschaft zum Schutz der Meeressäugetiere, GSM, has called for increased attention to the work of ASCOBANS on the wider scale. Some NGOs have voiced concern about possible effects of the changed Secretariat arrangements since January 2007, the ASCOBANS Secretariat publishes a periodic newsletter, which informs about latest activities. Subscriptions are possible via the ASCOBANS website, ASCOBANS was a partner to the Year of the Dolphin. ASCOBANS Background on ASCOBANS Odontocetes, the whales, Distribution, Behaviour, Migration

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Agreement establishing the Asian Development Bank
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The Asian Development Bank is a regional development bank established on 19 December 1966, which is headquartered in the Ortigas Center located in Mandaluyong, Metro Manila, Philippines. The company also maintains 31 field offices around the world to promote social, the bank admits the members of the United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific and non-regional developed countries. From 31 members at its establishment, ADB now has 67 members, of which 48 are from within Asia, the ADB was modeled closely on the World Bank, and has a similar weighted voting system where votes are distributed in proportion with members capital subscriptions. ADB releases a report that summarizes its operations, budget. At the end of 2014, Japan holds the largest proportion of shares at 15. 7%, the United States holds 15. 6%, China holds 6. 5%, India holds 6. 4%, and Australia holds 5. 8%. The highest policy-making body of the bank is the Board of Governors, the Board of Governors, in turn, elect among themselves the twelve members of the Board of Directors and their deputies. Eight of the members come from regional members while the others come from non-regional members. The Board of Governors also elect the president, who is the chairperson of the Board of Directors. The president has a term of office lasting five years, traditionally, and because Japan is one of the largest shareholders of the bank, the president has always been Japanese. The current president was Takehiko Nakao, who succeeded Haruhiko Kuroda in 2013, the bank employs about 3,000 people, representing 60 of its 67 members. The United States was initially opposed to the creation of regional development bank following the establishment of the Inter-American Development Bank in 1959. President Johnson pressed retired World Bank President Eugene R. Black, in the process, U. S. Secretary of State Dean Rusk urged that Japan play an important role in the ADB. He argued that the biggest danger to American foreign policy in Asia was Japans inability to integrate into the Asian society of nations following the animosities of World War II, indeed, there was sharp Asian opposition to Japans participation in the institution. After considerable diplomatic effort, Japan was eventually accepted into the organization by the majority of the participating nations, the Presidency was to rotate between the various countries of Asia. He threatened to travel to every Asian capital and scuttle the project. Eugene Black, with the assistance of President Johnson, was able to mollify President Marcos with the promise to locate the ADB in Manila. As a concession to the Japanese, they were given the inaugural Presidency of the institution - a position they have held onto ever since. By the end of 1972, Japan had contributed $173.7 million to the capital resources

17.
Barcelona Convention
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This includes but is not limited to dumping, run-off and discharges. Signers agreed to cooperate and assist in dealing with emergencies, monitoring. The convention was adopted on 16 February 1976 and last amended on 10 June 1995, the Barcelona Convention and its protocols, together with the Mediterranean Action Plan, form part of the United Nations Environment Programme Regional Seas Programme. The key goal of the convention is to reduce pollution in the Mediterranean Sea and protect and improve the environment in the area. To achieve this a number of aims and commitments have been established, to prevent, reduce, combat and, as far as possible, eliminate pollution in the Zone of the Mediterranean Sea. To attain the objective of development, taking fully into account the recommendations of MCSD. To promote the management of coastal zones, taking into account the protection of zones of ecological and landscape interest. To apply the Convention and its Protocols, By adopting programmes and measures with defined deadlines for completion, by using the best techniques available and the best environmental practices. To formulate and adopt Protocols that prescribe agreed measures, procedures, originally, in 1976, fourteen states and the European Economic Community signed the convention. During the review in 1995 all parties signed again and it came into effect on 12 February 1978. The 1995 amendments have yet to be ratified by all members, members are all countries with a Mediterranean shoreline as well as the European Union. NGOs with a stated interest and third-party governments are allowed observer status, the convention is applicable to the Zone of the Mediterranean Sea. This is defined as the waters of the Mediterranean as such, with all its gulfs and tributary seas, bounded to the west by the Strait of Gibraltar. Members are allowed to extend the application of the convention to the areas within their own territory

18.
Basel Convention
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It does not, however, address the movement of radioactive waste. The Convention was opened for signature on 22 March 1989, as of November 2016,184 states and the European Union are parties to the Convention. Haiti and the United States have signed the Convention but not ratified it, with the tightening of environmental laws in developed nations in the 1970s, disposal costs for hazardous waste rose dramatically. At the same time, globalization of shipping made transboundary movement of more accessible. Consequently, the trade in hazardous waste, particularly to LDCs and it sailed for many months, changing its name several times. Unable to unload the cargo in any port, the crew was believed to have dumped much of it at sea and these practices have been deemed Toxic Colonialism by many developing countries. At its most recent meeting,27 November to 1 December 2006, the Conference of the parties of the Basel Agreement focused on issues of electronic waste, according to Maureen Walsh, only around 4% of hazardous wastes that come from OECD countries are actually shipped across international borders. These wastes include, among others, chemical waste, radioactive waste, municipal waste, asbestos, incinerator ash. Of internationally shipped waste that comes from developed countries, more than half is shipped for recovery, increased trade in recyclable materials has led to an increase in a market for used products such as computers. This market is valued in billions of dollars, at issue is the distinction when used computers stop being a commodity and become a waste. As of November 2016, there are 185 parties to the treaty, which includes 182 UN member states, the Cook Islands, the European Union, and the State of Palestine. The 11 UN member states that are not party to the treaty are Angola, East Timor, Fiji, Grenada, Haiti, San Marino, Solomon Islands, South Sudan, Tuvalu, United States, and Vanuatu. A waste falls under the scope of the Convention if it is within the category of wastes listed in Annex I of the Convention, in other words, it must both be listed and possess a characteristic such as being explosive, flammable, toxic, or corrosive. The definition of the disposal is made in Article 2 al 4 and just refers to annex IV. The examples of disposal are broad and include also recovery, recycling, radioactive waste that is covered under other international control systems and wastes from the normal operation of ships are not covered. Annex IX attempts to define commodities which are not considered wastes, in addition to conditions on the import and export of the above wastes, there are stringent requirements for notice, consent and tracking for movement of wastes across national boundaries. It is of note that the Convention places a prohibition on the exportation or importation of wastes between Parties and non-Parties. The exception to rule is where the waste is subject to another treaty that does not take away from the Basel Convention

19.
Convention on Biological Diversity
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The Convention on Biological Diversity, known informally as the Biodiversity Convention, is a multilateral treaty. In other words, its objective is to develop strategies for the conservation. It is often seen as the key document regarding sustainable development, the Convention was opened for signature at the Earth Summit in Rio de Janeiro on 5 June 1992 and entered into force on 29 December 1993. At the 2010 10th Conference of Parties to the Convention on Biological Diversity in October in Nagoya, Japan, the notion of an international convention on biological diversity was conceived at a United Nations Environment Programme Ad Hoc Working Group of Experts on Biological Diversity in November 1988. In 1991, a negotiating committee was established, tasked with finalizing the conventions text. A Conference for the Adoption of the Agreed Text of the Convention on Biological Diversity was held in Nairobi, Kenya, in 1992, the Conventions text was opened for signature on 5 June 1992 at the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development. By its closing date,4 June 1993, the convention had received 168 signatures and it entered into force on 29 December 1993. The agreement covers all ecosystems, species, and genetic resources and it links traditional conservation efforts to the economic goal of using biological resources sustainably. It sets principles for the fair and equitable sharing of the benefits arising from the use of genetic resources and it also covers the rapidly expanding field of biotechnology through its Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety, addressing technology development and transfer, benefit-sharing and biosafety issues. Importantly, the Convention is legally binding, countries that join it are obliged to implement its provisions, the convention reminds decision-makers that natural resources are not infinite and sets out a philosophy of sustainable use. While past conservation efforts were aimed at protecting particular species and habitats, however, this should be done in a way and at a rate that does not lead to the long-term decline of biological diversity. The Convention acknowledges that substantial investments are required to conserve biological diversity and it argues, however, that conservation will bring us significant environmental, economic and social benefits in return. The Convention on Biological Diversity of 2010 banned some forms of geoengineering, some of the many issues dealt with under the convention include, Measures the incentives for the conservation and sustainable use of biological diversity. Regulated access to resources and traditional knowledge, including Prior Informed Consent of the party providing resources. Access to and transfer of technology, including biotechnology, to the governments and/or local communities that provided traditional knowledge and/or biodiversity resources, coordination of a global directory of taxonomic expertise. National reporting on efforts to implement treaty commitments, the Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety of the Convention, also known as the Biosafety Protocol, was adopted in January 2000. The Biosafety Protocol seeks to protect biological diversity from the risks posed by living modified organisms resulting from modern biotechnology. The Biosafety Protocol makes clear that products from new technologies must be based on the precautionary principle, the required number of 50 instruments of ratification/accession/approval/acceptance by countries was reached in May 2003

20.
Biological Weapons Convention
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The Convention was the result of prolonged efforts by the international community to establish a new instrument that would supplement the 1925 Geneva Protocol. The Geneva Protocol prohibits use but not possession or development of chemical and biological weapons and it commits the 178 states which are party to it as of December 2016 to prohibit the development, production, and stockpiling of biological and toxin weapons. However, the absence of any formal verification regime to monitor compliance has limited the effectiveness of the Convention, an additional six states have signed the BWC but have yet to ratify the treaty. The scope of the BWCs prohibition is defined in Article 1 and this includes all microbial and other biological agents or toxins and their means of delivery. Subsequent Review Conferences have reaffirmed that the general purpose criterion encompasses all future scientific and it is not the objects themselves, but rather certain purposes for which they may be employed which are prohibited, similar to Art. II,1 in the Chemical Weapons Convention. Permitted purposes under the BWC are defined as prophylactic, protective, the objects may not be retained in quantities that have no justification or which are inconsistent with the permitted purposes. The United States Congress passed the Bioweapons Anti-Terrorism Act in 1989 to implement the Convention, the law applies the Conventions convent to countries and private citizens, and criminalizes violations of the Convention. Article I, Never under any circumstances to acquire or retain biological weapons, Article II, To destroy or divert to peaceful purposes biological weapons and associated resources prior to joining. Article III, Not to transfer, or in any way assist, Article IV, To take any national measures necessary to implement the provisions of the BWC domestically. Article V, To consult bilaterally and multilaterally to solve any problems with the implementation of the BWC, Article VI, To request the UN Security Council to investigate alleged breaches of the BWC and to comply with its subsequent decisions. Article VII, To assist States which have exposed to a danger as a result of a violation of the BWC. Article X, To do all of the above in a way that encourages the peaceful uses of biological science, the BWC has 178 States Parties as of November 2016, with Guinea the most recent to become a party. The Republic of China had deposited an instrument of ratification before the changeover of the United Nations seat to the Peoples Republic of China. Of the UN member states which are not a party to the treaty, six have signed, a long process of negotiation to add a verification mechanism began in the 1990s. Previously, at the second Review Conference of State Parties in 1986, the following Review Conference in 1991 established a group of government experts. Negotiations towards an internationally binding verification protocol to the BWC took place between 1995 and 2001 in a known as the Ad Hoc Group. On 25 July 2001, the Bush administration, after conducting a review of policy on biological weapons, States Parties have formally reviewed the operation of the BWC at quinquennial review conferences held in 1980,1986,1991,1996, 2001/02,2006,2011, and 2016. These additional understandings are contained in the Final Declarations of the Review Conferences, there has been an increase in the percentage of delegates from States Parties who have been women since the first review conference, with just 7 percent in 1980 to 26 percent in 2011

21.
Brussels Convention
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It has detailed rules assigning jurisdiction for the dispute to be heard and governs the recognition and enforcement of foreign judgments. This treaty was amended on several occasions and has now been almost completely superseded by a regulation adopted in 2001, the Lugano Convention served to extend the recognition regime to EFTA member state who are not eligible to sign the Brussels Convention. Other than the original signatories–three of which left EFTA to join the EU in 1995–only Poland has subsequently acceded to the Lugano Convention, liechtenstein, the only state to accede to the EFTA after 1988 has neither signed the 1988 Convention nor its successor, the 2007 Lugano Convention. The Brussels I Regulation of 2001 was the piece of legislation in the Brussels framework from 2002 until January 2015. It came into effect on 1 March 2002, in 2005, Denmark signed an international agreement with the European Community to apply the provisions of the 2001 Regulation between the EU and Denmark. The 2005 agreement applies a modified form of the 2001 Regulation between Denmark and the rest of the EU and it also provides a procedure by which amendments to the regulation are to be implemented by Denmark. It applies the 2001 regulation to Denmark and other EU members from 1 July 2007, should Denmark decide not to implement any change to the Regulation or its successor, then the Agreement ends automatically. In 2007, the European Community signed a treaty with Iceland, Switzerland, Norway and Denmark, while the former purpose was achieved in 2010 with the ratification of all EFTA member states, no EU member has yet acceded to the convention on behalf of its extra-EU territories. It is also open to accession by other EFTA states as well as EU states acting on behalf of territories which are not part of the EU, other states may join subject to approval of the present parties to the treaty. In 2012, the EU institutions adopted a recast Brussels I Regulation which replaced the 2001 regulation with effect from 10 January 2015, in December 2012 Denmark notified the Commission of its decision to implement the contents of 2012 regulation. Denmark again notified the EU that it would apply the amendments, the Lugano Convention Standing Committee considered amending the Lugano Convention with respect to the unitary patent and Unified patent court, but decided to wait for the results of further study. All five legal instruments are similar in content and application. They establish a rule that individuals are to be sued in their state of domicile. The instruments further provide for the recognition of judgments made in other countries, the Brussels Regime covers legal disputes of a civil or commercial nature. In 1978, the convention was amended to include the sentence, It shall not extend, in particular, to revenue, the 2012 Regulation further specifies that the regulation shall not extend to the liability of the State for acts and omissions in the exercise of State authority. There are some exceptions limiting the scope of this, where the principal matter of a dispute is one of family law, bankruptcy or insolvency, social security, or relates to arbitration, the case is not subject to the rules. The regulation aims at jurisdiction, i. e. determining which court or courts will have the ability to take the case and that does not mean that the applicable law will be the law of the court. It is possible and frequent to have a court applying foreign law

22.
Chemical Weapons Convention
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The Chemical Weapons Convention is an arms control treaty which outlaws the production, stockpiling, and use of chemical weapons and their precursors. The treaty entered force in 1997. The Chemical Weapons Convention comprehensively prohibits the use, development, production, stockpiling, any chemical used for warfare is considered a chemical weapon by the Convention. The parties main obligation under the convention is to effect this prohibition, the destruction activities are verified by the OPCW. As of April 2016,192 states have given their consent to be bound by the CWC, israel has signed but not ratified the agreement, while three other UN member states have neither signed nor acceded to the treaty. Most recently, Angola deposited its instrument of accession to the CWC on 16 September 2015, as of October 2016, about 93% of the worlds declared stockpile of chemical weapons had been destroyed. On 3 September 1992 the Conference on Disarmament submitted to the U. N. General Assembly its annual report, the General Assembly approved the Convention on 30 November 1992, and the U. N. Secretary-General then opened the Convention for signature in Paris on 13 January 1993. The CWC remained open for signature until its entry into force on 29 April 1997,180 days after the deposit of the 65th instrument of ratification, the convention augments the Geneva Protocol of 1925 for chemical weapons and includes extensive verification measures such as on-site inspections. It does not, however, cover biological weapons, the convention is administered by the Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons, which acts as the legal platform for specification of the CWC provisions. The Conference of the States Parties is mandated to change the CWC, the Technical Secretariat of the organization conducts inspections to ensure compliance of member states. These inspections target destruction facilities, chemical production facilities which have been dismantled or converted for civil use. The Secretariat may furthermore conduct investigations of alleged use of chemical weapons, the classification is based on the quantities of the substance produced commercially for legitimate purposes. Each class is split into Part A, which are chemicals that can be used directly as weapons and this includes all such chemicals, regardless of their origin or of their method of production, and regardless of whether they are produced in facilities, in munitions or elsewhere. Schedule 1 chemicals have few, or no uses outside chemical weapons and these may be produced or used for research, medical, pharmaceutical or chemical weapon defence testing purposes but production above 100 grams per year must be declared to the OPCW. A country is limited to possessing a maximum of 1 tonne of these materials, examples are sulfur mustard and nerve agents, and substances which are solely used as precursor chemicals in their manufacture. A few of these chemicals have very small scale non-military applications, schedule 2 chemicals have legitimate small-scale applications. Manufacture must be declared and there are restrictions on export to countries which are not CWC signatories, an example is thiodiglycol which can be used in the manufacture of mustard agents, but is also used as a solvent in inks. Schedule 3 chemicals have large-scale uses apart from chemical weapons, plants which manufacture more than 30 tonnes per year must be declared and can be inspected, and there are restrictions on export to countries which are not CWC signatories

France
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France, officially the French Republic, is a country with territory in western Europe and several overseas regions and territories. The European, or metropolitan, area of France extends from the Mediterranean Sea to the English Channel and the North Sea, Overseas France include French Guiana on the South American continent and several island territ

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One of the Lascaux paintings: a horse – Dordogne, approximately 18,000 BC

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Flag

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The Maison Carrée was a temple of the Gallo-Roman city of Nemausus (present-day Nîmes) and is one of the best preserved vestiges of the Roman Empire.

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With Clovis ' conversion to Catholicism in 498, the Frankish monarchy, elective and secular until then, became hereditary and of divine right.

French Fifth Republic
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The Fifth Republic, Frances current republican system of government, was established by Charles de Gaulle under the Constitution of the Fifth Republic on 4 October 1958. De Gaulle, who was the first president elected under the Fifth Republic in December 1958, believed in a head of state. The Fifth Republic is Frances third-longest political regime,

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Charles de Gaulle 1890–1970 served 1959–1969

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Flag

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Alain Poher 1909–1996 served 1969, 1974 (as interim)

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Georges Pompidou 1911–1974 served 1969–1974

2005 Warsaw Convention
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This Convention is the first international treaty covering both the prevention and the control of money laundering and the financing of terrorism. The Convention also includes a mechanism to ensure the implementation by Parties of its provisions. The Convention was opened for signature in Warsaw on 16 May 2005 and it was last ratified by Turkey in

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Signed and ratified

Aarhus Convention
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It entered into force on 30 October 2001. As of March 2014, it has 47 parties—46 states and the European Union, all of the ratifying states are in Europe and Central Asia. The EU has begun applying Aarhus-type principles in its legislation, notably the Water Framework Directive, liechtenstein and Monaco have signed the convention but have not ratif

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Contracting States (green) and states that denounced the convention (red)

ACCOBAMS
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ACCOBAMS was concluded in the auspices of Convention on Migratory Species in 1996 and entered into force in 2001. The Meeting of the Parties is the body of the Agreement. Ordinary sessions of the Meeting of the Parties occur at intervals of not more than three years, unless the Meeting of the Parties decides otherwise, the ACCOBAMS Permanent Secret

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ACCOBAMS Logo

ADR (treaty)
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ADR is a 1957 United Nations treaty that governs transnational transport of hazardous materials. ADR is derived from the French name for the treaty, Accord européen relatif au transport international des marchandises Dangereuses par Route), concluded in Geneva on 30 September 1957 under the aegis of the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe

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1-Explosives

AETR (treaty)
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A tachograph is a device fitted to a vehicle that automatically records its speed and distance, together with the drivers activity selected from a choice of modes. The drive mode is activated automatically when the vehicle is in motion, the rest and availability modes can be manually selected by the driver whilst stationary. A tachograph system com

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The Tachograph Chart

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Analogue Tachograph

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Digital Tachograph

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German Driver Card, front side (2007)

Agreement on a Unified Patent Court
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The Unified Patent Court is a proposed common patent court open for participation of all member states of the European Union. Requesting unitary patents upon the grant of certain European patents will be possible from the establishment of the UPC, the Court is to be established by the Agreement on a Unified Patent Court, which was signed as an inte

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Logo of the UPC

Agreement on the International Tracing Service
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The archive contains about 30 million documents from concentration camps, details of forced labour, and files on displaced persons. ITS preserves the original documents and clarifies the fate of those persecuted by the Nazis, the archives have been accessible to researchers since 2007. In 1943, the section of the British Red Cross was asked by the

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The main building of the International Tracing Service

Alpine Convention
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The Alpine Convention is an international territorial treaty for the sustainable development of the Alps. The objective of the treaty is to protect the environment of the Alps while promoting its development. This Framework Convention involves the European Union and eight states, the geographic area of the Alpine Convention covers a 190,959 km2 or

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Logo of the Alpine Convention

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Alpine arc

Antarctic Treaty System
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For the purposes of the treaty system, Antarctica is defined as all of the land and ice shelves south of 60°S latitude. The treaty was the first arms control agreement established during the Cold War, the Antarctic Treaty Secretariat headquarters have been located in Buenos Aires, Argentina, since September 2004. The main treaty was opened for sign

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A satellite composite image of Antarctica.

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Flag of the Antarctic Treaty

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Disposal of waste by simply dumping it at the shoreline such as here at the Russian Bellingshausen Station base on King George Island is no longer permitted by the Protocol on Environmental Protection

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This 1959 cover commemorated the opening of the Wilkes post office in the Australian Antarctic Territory.

Apostille Convention
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It specifies the modalities through which a document issued in one of the signatory countries can be certified for legal purposes in all the other signatory states. Such a certification is called an apostille and it is an international certification comparable to a notarisation in domestic law, and normally supplements a local notarisation of the d

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State parties to the convention (members of the HCCH)

Aquatic Warbler Memorandum of Understanding
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This MoU provides the basis for governments, NGO’s and scientists to work together to save the aquatic warbler, Europe’s rarest songbird. The MoU covers 22 range states, as of August 2012,16 range states have signed the MoU as well as two cooperating organizations. A meeting of the states of the aquatic warbler was held in Minsk, Belarus, from 29 t

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Map of signatories to the Aquatic Warbler MoU, as of 15 August 2012

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Second Meeting of signatories to the Aquatic Warbler MoU, Biebrza National Park, Poland, 13–15 May 2010

Arms Trade Treaty
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The Arms Trade Treaty is a multilateral treaty that regulates the international trade in conventional weapons. It entered into force on 24 December 2014, ninety-one states have ratified the treaty, and a further 42 states have signed but not ratified it. The treaty was negotiated in New York City at a conference under the auspices of the United Nat

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Signature of Slovenia

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Map showing which states have signed or ratified the Treaty. Signed Ratified Acceded

ASCOBANS
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ASCOBANS covers all species of toothed whales in the Agreement Area, with the exception of the sperm whale. Numerous species of small cetaceans live in the Baltic, Irish and North Seas, the harbour porpoise is the most common small cetacean species in the North Sea and the only cetacean species native to the Baltic Sea and therefore is the flagship

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ASCOBANS Official Logo

Agreement establishing the Asian Development Bank
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The Asian Development Bank is a regional development bank established on 19 December 1966, which is headquartered in the Ortigas Center located in Mandaluyong, Metro Manila, Philippines. The company also maintains 31 field offices around the world to promote social, the bank admits the members of the United Nations Economic and Social Commission fo

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ADB Headquarters in Mandaluyong City, Philippines

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Outside regions

Barcelona Convention
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This includes but is not limited to dumping, run-off and discharges. Signers agreed to cooperate and assist in dealing with emergencies, monitoring. The convention was adopted on 16 February 1976 and last amended on 10 June 1995, the Barcelona Convention and its protocols, together with the Mediterranean Action Plan, form part of the United Nations

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Map showing the parties to the Convention.

Basel Convention
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It does not, however, address the movement of radioactive waste. The Convention was opened for signature on 22 March 1989, as of November 2016,184 states and the European Union are parties to the Convention. Haiti and the United States have signed the Convention but not ratified it, with the tightening of environmental laws in developed nations in

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Several sizes of button and coin cell. 2 9v batteries were added as a size comparison. Enlarge to see the button and coin cells’ size code markings. They are all recyclable in both the UK and Ireland amongst others.

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Major types

Convention on Biological Diversity
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The Convention on Biological Diversity, known informally as the Biodiversity Convention, is a multilateral treaty. In other words, its objective is to develop strategies for the conservation. It is often seen as the key document regarding sustainable development, the Convention was opened for signature at the Earth Summit in Rio de Janeiro on 5 Jun

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Parties to the convention

Biological Weapons Convention
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The Convention was the result of prolonged efforts by the international community to establish a new instrument that would supplement the 1925 Geneva Protocol. The Geneva Protocol prohibits use but not possession or development of chemical and biological weapons and it commits the 178 states which are party to it as of December 2016 to prohibit the

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Signed and ratified

Brussels Convention
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It has detailed rules assigning jurisdiction for the dispute to be heard and governs the recognition and enforcement of foreign judgments. This treaty was amended on several occasions and has now been almost completely superseded by a regulation adopted in 2001, the Lugano Convention served to extend the recognition regime to EFTA member state who

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Brussels regulation, EU-Denmark agreement, Lugano convention

Chemical Weapons Convention
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The Chemical Weapons Convention is an arms control treaty which outlaws the production, stockpiling, and use of chemical weapons and their precursors. The treaty entered force in 1997. The Chemical Weapons Convention comprehensively prohibits the use, development, production, stockpiling, any chemical used for warfare is considered a chemical weapo