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Friday, January 17, 2014

Gay Bans in Africa Are About Control, Not Culture

In his famous 1996 speech delivered on the occasion of the
passing of the new Constitution of South Africa in Cape Town,
Thabo Mbeki, then the country’s vice-president declared: “I know that none dare
challenge me when I say - I am an African!” If some on the continent had their
way, however, then it appears that someone could take him up on that.

Last week, Nigerian President Goodluck Jonathan signed into law a bill that outlawed gay marriage, public displays of same-sex
relationships, and belonging to gay groups. In doing so, he joined a wave of
officially sanctioned homophobia that is sweeping the continent. From Angola to
Zimbabwe, persecution of gays is on the rise fueled by fundamentalist preachers, intolerant
governments and homophobic politicians.

The war on gay rights is waged on the battleground of
culture and identity. Its most committed troops regularly declare that theirs
is a fight to defend African values from the encroachment of Western attitudes.
“It is un-African because it is inconsistent with African values,” declared Ugandan MP David Bahati, who in 2009 introduced legislation to make
homosexuality a capital crime. As reported
in the Washington Post, Nsaba Butoro, the country’s minister for ethics and integrity said:"You are talking about a
clash of cultures. The question is: Which culture is superior, the African one
or the Western one?"

But the rhetoric of a culture clash masks an effort to own and
define what it means to be a human being in Africa. It posits the existence of
a common African Culture, a mystical commonality that supposedly underlies the
traditions and practices of the thousands of communities on the continent. This
is, of course, fiction. What is supposedly being defended is little more than a figment of the Victorian imagination.

The idea of descent from childishly simple and primitive
people, unsoiled by the complexities of modernity and living in harmony with
nature on an Edenic paradise, a by-gone society of wizened sagely old men
sitting under trees spewing maxims surrounded by overly-sexualized women
shaking their well-endowed butts – this is not the creation of the people who
inhabit the continent. In fact, the notions of common ancestry and common fates
were forged far away from the continent’s shores, in the capitals and
classrooms of Europe and America.

This invention has been employed by colonial and
post-colonial tyrants across the continent to insist that their subjects are
uninterested in concepts of knowledge, truth, justice and human rights, that
they need to be protected from the horrors of the female brain and body, and
the decadence of love, romance, sex, joy, imagination and fun. After all, the
African was created to work, to obey, to conform, to donate his labour and
resources for the benefit of his betters.

African Culture is an imposition created to define and
therefore dehumanize and enslave the continent, to deny its inhabitants their
history and their agency. Thus the historical fact that homosexuality was practiced and tolerated in many traditional African societies is wished
away. Particularly revealing in this regard is the practice of justifying
strictures against gays by appeals, not to traditional religion or practice,
but to Christianity and Islam and the invented “cultures” of artificial nation-states. African Culture is articulated from the pulpits of
foreign faiths. (Archbishop Desmond Tutu once joked: “When the missionaries
came to Africa they had the Bible and we had the land. They said ‘Let us pray.’
We closed our eyes. When we opened them, we had the Bible and they had the land.”)

According to Africa Report, the United Nations has warned that Nigeria’s legislation undermines,
not just gays’ safety, but also their humanity. They, and others across the
continent who refuse to conform to the dictates of African Culture –including human
rights workers and pro-democracy activists- are marked as un-African, stripped
of their humanity, beaten, jailed, tortured, exiled or murdered without too
much fuss.

Their real crime is they dare to challenge the right of a small
but powerful elite to define what an African is and in doing so pose a direct
threat to the systems of control and privilege that have been built around that
right. The refusal to be defined, to be silenced or hidden away, is
terrifyingly subversive as it opens up new horizons and new avenues to self-knowledge
and, ultimately, generates new centres of power.

As people, especially the youth, on the continent –buoyed by
rising incomes and the revolution in communications technology- become
increasingly impatient with the one-size-fits-all constriction of humanity, it
will become more difficult for the governing elites to continue to exploit the
trope of African culture to keep their populations in check. Already, on the internet and in other forums,
one can see feminists and gay and governance activists challenging the
conceptions that underlie it. Through these conversations, Africans are
reimagining themselves in new, refreshing and empowering ways, and creating
spaces for authentic cultural expression.