Unlike the predominantly longitudinal orientation of the scales on most of the body, at least some of the scales covering the pharyngobranchial region have an oblique long axis, being aligned anterodorsally to posteroventrally (Figs 5A, B, 6D) in a manner that suggests that the branchial pouches or row of branchial openings was also oblique, as it is in anaspids (Blom et al.

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