In August 2009 the World Wildlife Fund (WWF) released a stunning report that announced the discovery of over 350 new species tucked away in the eastern Himalayas. The Eastern Himalayas: Where Worlds Collide immediately attracted the attention of conservation and environmental organizations worldwide, and many of these groups were quick to relate the findings. The species in this report were identified and catalogued over the preceding 10 years. Of the higher animals, the report lists 32 new reptiles and amphibians, 14 new fish, 2 new birds, and 2 new mammals.

The eastern Himalayan environment

The eastern Himalayas, a region whose highlands and lowlands are separated by dramatic relief, is part of Conservation International’s Himalaya hotspot of global biodiversity. It is home to over 300 mammals, almost 1,000 birds, nearly 300 reptiles and amphibians, and nearly 300 fish. The high mountains, ridges, plateaus, hills, valleys, and lowland plains conceal a diverse suite of ecosystem types and habitats. As a result, many species are endemic (that is, found in one location) to the region. For many centuries, the topography of the eastern Himalayas has kept large numbers of people and their activities from damaging this precious environment; more recently, however, poaching, intensive logging, agriculture, ranching, and herding have put significant pressure on the region by fragmenting unique habitats or by destroying them outright. The WWF reports that 75 percent of the region has been significantly disturbed.

Several of the species in the WWF report were discovered by accident. (The bugun liocichla [Liocichla bugunorum] was identified by an astrophysicist on a bird walk!) Others, such as the Naung Mung scimitar babbler (Jabouilleia naungmungensis), a bird, appeared in comprehensive species surveys. Some of the 353 new species, selected for their striking appearance or evolutionary significance, are highlighted below.

Mammals, amphibians, birds, and more

The number of mammal species living in the Eastern Himalayas increased by two over the last ten years. Discovered near the town of Putao in northern Myanmar in 1999, the miniature muntjac, or leaf deer (Muntiacus putaoensis), is the smallest deer species in the world. Its height ranges from 60 to 80 cm (24 to about 32 inches), and it weighs only 11 kg (about 24 pounds). Although it was catalogued on the basis of one specimen, others have been found in the rainforests of Arunachal Pradesh in far northeastern India. They are fruit-eaters. The muntjac group as a whole, which includes the giant—or large-antlered—muntjac (M. vuquangensis), currently occurs in Southeast Asia. Muntjacs are believed to have appeared sometime between the end of the Eocene and the middle of the Miocene Epochs, some 35 to 15 million years ago, making the group the oldest of all deer.

In 2005 the first primate in more than 100 years was discovered on the mountain slopes of Arunachal Pradesh. The Arunachal macaque (Macaca munzala) is brown with a stocky build and a dark face. Aside from being the world’s newest primate species, M. munzala is notable for its high-altitude lifestyle; it makes its home between 1,600 and 3,500 meters (5,200 and 11,500 feet). For this, it is considered the world’s highest dwelling macaque.

One of the more interesting of the 16 amphibian species discovered is Smith’s litter frog (Leptobrachium smithi), which is also known as the golden-eyed frog. Members of this species were found in Assam, in northeastern India, in 1999. Since then, other populations have been found to occur in Thailand, Myanmar, and Laos. The frog is tiny—only a few centimeters long—with brilliant, bulging eyes, its sclerae (the whites of the eyes) take on the colour of gold-leaf. L. smithi can also change color from dark charcoal to light ash. Another frog, the Assamese cascade frog (Amolops assamensis), does not have a spectacular appearance; however, it lives in a very interesting microhabitat. The brown-and-green frog lives among the waterfalls and fast-moving streams, as well as the limited terrestrial areas directly influenced by them.

The eastern Himalayas are home to nearly 10 percent of the world’s bird species. Only two were found as part of this study. The first is the Naung Mung scimitar babbler, a wrenlike bird with a formidable curved bill, discovered in 2004 in the forested hills of northern Myanmar. It is brown with a white breast and measures roughly 10 cm (about 4 inches) from tail to beak. The second is the bugun liocichla, a babbler whose plumage is magnificently colored in reds, golden yellows, and blacks. The bird produces a flutey song and lives among the shrubs and small trees on a 2-square-km- (0.8-square-mile) tract of recently harvested evergreen forests on a mountain slope. The average length of the bugun liocichla is 22 cm (about 9 inches).

Thirteen new lizard species and three new snake species have resulted from the study. Among the lizards, the most dramatic find involves a fossil gecko specimen encased in amber resin. The fossil, known as Cretaceogekko burmae, was found in the Hukawng Valley in northern Myanmar in 2008 and dates back 100 million years to the middle of the Cretaceous Period. The significance of this find is enormous. Besides being the oldest gecko specimen known, the discovery shows that the foot morphology of modern geckos (with characteristic footpads and lamellae—specialized scales that help these lizards scale vertical surfaces) had evolved by the middle of the Cretaceous.

Among the snakes, the most colorful of the new discoveries is the emerald green pit viper (Trimeresurus gumprechti), which is also known as Gumprecht’s green pit viper. This venomous snake was discovered in 2002 near Putao, Myanmar, in habitat similar to the miniature muntjac’s. T. gumprechti can grow to at least 1.3 metres (nearly 4.5 feet) long. Males and females can be identified by differences in head stripes and eye color: males have red head stripes and red eyes, females have whitish head stripes and yellow eyes.

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