When observing a comet please try to forget how bright you think the comet
should be, what it was when you last viewed it, what other observers think
it is or what the ephemeris says it should be.

The equations for the light curves of comets that are currently visible
use only the raw observations and should give a reasonable prediction for
the current brightness. If the comet has not yet been observed or has
gone from view a correction for aperture is included, so that telescopic
observers should expect the comet to be fainter than given by the equation.
The correction is about 0.033 per centimetre. Values for the r parameter
given in square brackets [ ] are assumed. The form of the light curve is
either the standard m = H0 + 5 log d + K0 log r or the linear brightening
m = H0 + 5 log d + L0 abs(t - T + D0) where T is the date of perihelion,
t the present and D0 an offset, if L0 is +ve the comet brightens towards
perihelion and if D0 is +ve the comet is brightest prior to perihelion.

Observations of individual comets are given below in ICQ format.

Full details of recently discovered objects do not appear until they are
available on the CBAT web pages, which is usually a fortnight after the
publication of the IAUC.

1997 G7 SOHO
This comet, discovered by Rainer Kracht on February 8,
is clearly a seventh member of the Meyer group (cf. IAUC 7832),
as already suggested by M. Meyer on Feb. 10 on the basis of preliminary
measurements. [MPEC 2002-D16, 2002 February 21, IAUC 7841, 2002 March 4]
1997 H4 SOHO 1997 H5 SOHO
These comets, discovered by Rainer Kracht on February 22 and 25 in SOHO C2 images,
appear to be the eighth and ninth members of the Meyer group
(cf. IAUC 7832, MPEC 2002-D16). [MPEC 2002-D41, 2002 February 27, IAUC 7841,
2002 March 4]
1997 O2 SOHO 1997 S4 SOHO 1997 U8 SOHO 1997 U9 SOHO
C/1997 S4 does not appear to belong to any of the established groups, and
the orbit is very uncertain, with multiple solutions possible. C/1997 O2
and C/1997 U8 are members of the Meyer group. C/1997 U9 appears to be an
outlying member of the Meyer group. [MPEC 2002-M23, 2002 June 22,
MPEC 2002-M43, 2002 June 28, MPEC 2002-M47, 2002 June 29]
1998 A2 SOHO 1998 A3 SOHO 1998 A4 SOHO 2000 B8 SOHO
Meyer's discovery C/2000 B8 (in C2 on 2002 March 4) is a member of the
Meyer group. C/1998 A2 (discovered in C2 on 2002 March 3), A3 (discovered
in C2 on 2002 March 8) and A4 (discovered in C2 on March 4), detected by
Kracht, are members of the Marsden group, objects that
could in fact have orbits differing significantly from the assumed parabolas.
Nevertheless, the objects clearly have orbits that pass rather close to that
of the earth (postperihelion), and D. A. J. Seargent has remarked on the
similarity to that of the Daytime Arietid meteor stream, with q = 0.09 AU and
L = 104, B = +10 (degrees, J2000.0; cf. MPEC 2002-E18). Although q is still
larger, and there are substantial differences in the other orbital elements,
the L and B values are also similar to those of both comet 96P/Machholz 1 and
the Quadrantid meteor stream. [MPEC 2002-E25, 2002 March 9, MPEC 2002-F70,
2002 March 28]
1999 M3 SOHO
A possible member of the Marsden group of comets was discovered by Rainer
Kracht in archival SOHO imagery from 1999 June 30 on 2002 February 27.

In a communication to the Minor Planet Center on Mar. 3, R. Kracht
suggested that, on the basis of the apparent motion, there was some loose
association between C/1999 M3 and C/2000 O3 (cf. MPEC
2000-Q09), despite the evident difference in the usual orbital elements.
Nevertheless, it can be noted that the perihelion directions are L = 103.9,
B = +11.4 (degrees, J2000.0) for C/1999 M3 and L = 100.6, B = +10.8 for
C/2000 O3. On Mar. 4, Kracht wrote that, again despite differences in the
usual orbital elements, the perihelion direction for C/2000 O3 is close to
the average value, L = 102.6, B = +9.7, for the four clear members of the
Marsden group (cf. IAUC 4832). A more extended relationship among these
comets is therefore suggested. [MPEC 2002-E18, 2002 March 7]

1999 N5 SOHO 1999 N6 SOHO
The longitudes and latitudes of perihelion (deg, J2000.0) of the orbits for
these comets, which were discovered by Rainer Kracht in SOHO C2 images on
2002 March 12,
are L = 107.1, B = +12.0 and L = 96.0, B = +10.9, respectively.
C/1999 N5 is a clear member of the Marsden group and C/1999 N6 a likely
member of the more extended population (cf. MPEC 2002-E18, 2002-E25).
Possibly C/1999 N6 is quite closely associated with C/1999 M3 (though not
so much with C/2000 O3), but the orbit solution is not unique. [MPEC
2002-F03, 2002 March 16]
1999 O4 SOHO
D. Hammer reports measurements for a
comet near the sun found by R. Kracht on October 20, on archival SOHO website C3
coronagraph images. The reduced astrometry (discovery position
below) and orbital elements (showing no known group identity) by B.
G. Marsden appear on MPEC 2002-W34.
[IAUC 8025, 2002 December 2]
1999 P6 SOHO 1999 P7 SOHO 1999 P8 SOHO 1999 P9 SOHO
These comets were discovered by Rainer Kracht on March 17 (P6) and March 19
in SOHO C2 images. C/1999 P6, 1999 P8 and 1999 P9 belong to the Marsden group, and C/1999 P7
to the Meyer group.

He suggests that, with C/1999 M3 and perhaps C/2000 O3, these comets form part
of the extended Marsden population (i.e., having the same longitude and
latitude of perihelion). Indeed, we could say that these four comets belong to
the Kracht group. [MPEC 2002-F43, 2002 March 22]
2000 S5 SOHO
An unusual SOHO discovery, found in SWAN imagery. Although having a perihelion
distance of 0.60 AU, it remained outside the LASCO field of view and was too far
south and/or in the twilight for northern hemisphere comet hunters. Nevertheless it
might be dectable on images taken in November or December 2000. [MPEC 2002-H41, 2002
April 24]

T. Makinen, Finnish Meteorological Institute, Helsinki,
reports the discovery of another apparent comet (cf. IAUC 7327)
from the second systematic survey of hydrogen Lyman-alpha emission
appearing on SWAN images (wavelength range 10-180 nm) taken from
the SOHO spacecraft during September-November 2000 (discovery
observation below). Makinen notes that all comets brighter than
total visual mag approximately 11 can be seen on the SWAN full-sky
maps. The stated uncertainty in the reported positions is 0.5
degree due to the resolution of the SWAN instrument.

Brian Marsden notes [MPEC 2002-O35. 2002 July 22] that together with C/2001 Q7
(cf. the orbit on MPC 45182), C/2001 Q8, C/2001 R8
and C/2001 R9 above clearly form the nucleus of a group (involving also
C/1999 M3 and C/2000 O3) whose existence was proposed by R. Kracht on MPEC
2002-E18; see also MPEC 2002-F03.

2002 G1 SOHO
A non sungrazing group comet discovered in real-time C2 images by Rainer Kracht on
April 2. It remains
at small elongation from the sun and is not expected to be detected from the ground.
2002 G3 SOHO
XingMing Zhou discovered a moderately bright comet on C3 frames on April 12.4,
with Jonathan Shanklin making an independent discovery shortly afterwards.
The bright, slow moving, object appeared at the bottom of the frames
beginning at around 00:00 on April 12 and was moving
up and to the left. It had no obvious tail, and was brightening quite rapidly.
It was brightest around April 15.8, reaching around 1st mag.
Perihelion was due on April 16.7. It
was already fading on April 16, although it had grown a short tail. It is
fading significantly faster than the ephemeris and seems to have burnt out.
Magnitude estimates from the SOHO imagery suggest that the comet initially
brightened as
m = 18.5 + 5 log d + 17.3 log r and once it began to fade the equation
became m = 23.9 + 5 log d + 17.9 log r

One of the brighter objects was 2002 J3, discovered by Kazimieras Cernis on
May 13. I independently discovered it at 08:30 on May 14, however this was
18 hours after the discovery had been posted and by then the comet was very
obvious. I should have spotted it the previous day as I had looked at the C3
images on Monday evening.

Brian Marsden notes on MPEC 2002-C28 that:
While 2002 C3, like some 95 percent of the comets discovered
by SOHO, is clearly a member of the Kreutz sungrazing group, it is rather
less appreciated that as many as 11 of the two dozen or so non-Kreutz comets
discovered by SOHO also seem to be interconnected. The close temporal pairs
C/2000 C2-2000 C5, C/2000 C3-2000 C4 and C/2000 Y6-2000 Y7 were remarked on
when these comets were announced (cf. MPEC 2000-C52, 2000-C53 and 2001-B08).
There is also the pair C/1999 J6 (MPEC 2000-F30) and C/1999 U2 (MPEC 1999-U29),
comets with i = 27 deg separated by more than five months. M. Meyer was the
first to point out the similarity between the orbits of C/1997 L2 (MPEC
1997-M06, MPC 35205) and C/2001 X8 (MPEC 2002-B01, MPC 44505), comets with
i = 72 deg separated by 4.5 years; it also appears that the poorly observed
comet C/2001 E1 can be associated with this pair, if the orbit with i = 107
deg on MPEC 2001-F52 is replaced by the one with i = 73 deg on MPC 44505.

2002 A1 LINEAR 2002 A2 LINEAR
LINEAR has discovered two comets, separated by less than a degree,
and around 0.7 AU from Jupiter. Orbit calculations show that they
passed less than 0.4 AU from Jupiter in mid July 2001. Both are faint,
around 19th mag, with perihelion distance of 4.7 AU in early December
2001.

Two 19th mag objects of asteroidal appearance separated by < 1 degree
and having similar, somewhat unusual motion were reported by LINEAR
on Jan. 8.32. Further observations were made following placement of
the objects on the NEO Confirmation Page, and prediscovery
observations in Nov.-Dec. 2001 were identified at the Minor Planet
Center in LINEAR and NEAT data. Orbit computations for the two
objects gave very similar results (basically differing only in T)
and showed that the objects were only 0.7 AU from Jupiter at
discovery. Observations by T. B. Spahr and P. Berlind with the
1.2-m reflector at the F. L. Whipple Observatory on 2002 Jan. 11.4
UT showed that the objects had faint, narrow tails around p.a. 250
deg. Independent observations by R. H. McNaught with the 1.0-m
reflector at Siding Spring on Jan. 11.6 showed that the first
object, now designated C/2002 A1, was slightly diffuse with a very
faint 25" tail in p.a. 260 deg, and that the second object, C/2002
A2, was almost stellar with a very narrow 20" tail in p.a. 250 deg.
The respective discovery observations and orbital elements are given in
MPEC 2002-A62 (which also contains all the relevant astrometry and
ephemerides). The 2001 Dec. 13 and 17 observations
of C/2002 A1 originally appeared on MPS 45271 under the designation
2001 XG_115. The minimum distances from Jupiter were < 0.4 AU
around 2001 July 9 and 18 for C/2002 A1 and C/2002 A2, respectively.
[IAUC 7788, 2002 January 11]

The latest orbits, on MPEC 2002-C58 and C69, gives them a periodic orbit of
around 77 years.

2002 A3 LINEAR
LINEAR has discovered another faint comet, with a perihelion distance of 5.2 AU
and reaching perihelion in April. It will fade. [IAUC 7799, 2002 January 21]

Brian Marsden notes on MPEC 2003-A29 [2003 January 6] that the "original" and
"future" barycentric values of 1/a are
+0.000025
and +0.006179 (+/- 0.000005)
AU**-1, respectively.
The original value implies that the comet is a new visitor from the Oort
cloud.

2002 AR2 (P/LINEAR)
An asteroid discovered by LINEAR on January 6.15 has been found to be a
comet, initially suggested by its orbit, with follow up observations showing
a coma. The object is in a 12.5 year orbit, with perihelion at 2.0 AU in mid
January. It will fade from 18th magnitude.

An apparently asteroidal object reported by LINEAR in early January
(discovery position below) and considered of only moderate interest was also
recognized at the Minor Planet Center to have been accidentally reobserved by
LINEAR on three isolated nights in February and March, after which the
orbit calculation suggested the object might be a comet. It was therefore
listed on the NEO Confirmation Page. Observations with the 1.2-m reflector
at Mt. Hopkins Observatory by P. Berlind and T. B. Spahr on Apr. 6.1 UT
in poor conditions (high thin cirrus) showed that the images were softer than
those of stars of similar brightness, and observations on Apr. 7.2 showed the
slightly diffuse images of a definite comet.

2002 UT R.A. (2000) Decl. m2
Jan. 6.14531 2 32 53.60 +46 57 58.1 18.9

[IAUC 7869, 2002 April 7]
A/2002 AZ1 (Spacewatch)
A/2002 AZ1 (Spacewatch) is an asteroid, of 21st magnitude, discovered by Spacewatch
on January 7.27. It has perihelion at 0.71 AU and a period of 3.1
years. It is classed as an Apollo
asteroid, with an approximate diameter of 250m based on its absolute magnitude.
A/2002 AR4 (LINEAR)
A/2002 AR4 (LINEAR) is an asteroid, of 20th magnitude, discovered by LINEAR
on January 8.23. It has perihelion at 1.14 AU and a period of 5.22 years,
the orbit is typical of a Jupiter family comet. It has made no recent close approaches to Jupiter.
It is classed as an Amor asteroid, with an approximate diameter of 700m based on its absolute magnitude.
A/2002 AO7 (LINEAR)
A/2002 AO7 (LINEAR) is an asteroid, of 20th magnitude, discovered by LINEAR
on January 8.16. It has perihelion at 1.06 AU and a period of 5.00 years, the orbit is typical of a
Jupiter family comet. It has made no recent close approaches to Jupiter.
It is classed as an Amor asteroid, with an approximate diameter of 1.4km based on its absolute magnitude.
A/2002 AL14 (LINEAR)
Brian Marsden notes on MPEC 2002-A80 that
this 19th mag
asteroid, which has a provisional Aten-type orbit, may in fact be on a
cometary orbit. Subsequent
follow up data showed that it was in an Apollo type orbit with a period of 1.06 years.
A/2002 AF29 (NEAT)
A/2002 AF29 (NEAT) is an asteroid, of 20th magnitude, discovered by NEAT
on January 13.41. It has perihelion at 1.26 AU and a period of 5.88 years; the orbit is typical of a
Jupiter family comet. It has made no recent close approaches to Jupiter.
It is classed as an Amor asteroid, with an approximate diameter of 950m based on its absolute magnitude.
A/2002 AO148 (LINEAR)
A/2002 AO148 (LINEAR) is an asteroid, of 20th magnitude, discovered by LINEAR
on January 11.36. It is in a 13.5 year orbit, with perihelion at 4.1 AU and
an eccentricity of 0.27.
[MPEC 2002-C107] Updated elements were published on MPEC 2003-E55 [2003 March 14] and so
far it has shown no sign of cometary activity. Perihelion took place at the end of
October 2002. It can approach within 1 AU of Jupiter.
2002 B1 LINEAR
LINEAR discovered this object on January 26 and initially reported it as
asteroidal. Subsequent observations showed it to be a comet. It is
intrinsically faint and will fade from 17th mag. The latest orbit (MPEC
2002-C70 gives it a periodic orbit, with period around 31 years. Its orbit
is affected by both Jupiter and Saturn.

An 18th mag object reported as asteroidal in appearance by LINEAR on January 26.09, and
posted on the NEO Confirmation Page, has been found to be cometary
on CCD images taken by M. Tichy and J. Ticha at Klet (coma diameter
7"-8", on Jan. 29.8 and Feb. 1.8 UT; coma diameter 9" with m_1 =
17.7-18.0 and a faint tail in p.a. 165 deg on Feb. 4.8) and by A.
Galad and L. Kornos at Modra ('slightly diffuse' on Feb. 1 and 2).
[IAUC 7817, 2002 February 4]

2002 B2 LINEAR
LINEAR discovered this object on January 23 and initially reported it as
asteroidal. Subsequent observations showed it to be a comet. It is
quite distant and near peak brightness and will fade from 17th mag.

An apparently asteroidal 19th mag object reported by LINEAR on January 23.40
and posted on the NEO Confirmation Page has been
found to be cometary by M. Tichy and J. Ticha at Klet (coma
diameter 6", with m1 = 17.2, and faint 9" tail in p.a. 90 deg on
Feb. 3.05 UT) and by R. H. McNaught at Siding Spring (8" coma and
10" tail in p.a. 60 deg on Feb. 6.66). [IAUC 7821, 2002 February 6]

2002 B3 LINEAR
LINEAR discovered this object on January 26 and initially reported it as
asteroidal. Subsequent observations showed it to be a comet. It is
very distant and near peak brightness and will fade from 19th mag.

F. Shelly, Lincoln Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of
Technology, reports that an apparently asteroidal object of 19th mag, discovered
by LINEAR on Jan. 26.12 (and placed on the NEO Confirmation
Page) was found to show a clear tail in p.a. about 330 deg on Feb.
11.09 UT. T. B. Spahr, Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics,
reports that CCD images taken with the 1.2-m reflector at Mt.
Hopkins on Feb. 12.13 show the object to be very faintly diffuse
with a faint extension in p.a. 315 deg. [IAUC 7826, 2002 February 12]

2002 BV 172P/Yeung = 2001 CB_40
An asteroid reported to the MPC by William Kwong Yeung of Benson, Arizona who
was taking CCD images from near Apache Peak with a 0.45-m reflector on
January 21.49 was linked to asteroidal observations by Spacewatch and LINEAR,
including 2001 CB40. This showed it to have a cometary orbit and Timothy
Spahr was able to take images with the 1.2-m telescope on Mt Hopkins which
showed it to be a comet. [IAUC 7896, 2002 May 9] The comet has a period of
6.6 years and was at perihelion at 2.24 AU in mid March. It will fade from
17th magnitude. It is a Jupiter family comet.

An apparently asteroidal object of 20th mag discovered by William Kwong
Yeung, Benson, AZ, on CCD images taken with a 0.45-m reflector near
Apache Peak on Jan. 21.49 UT was identified by the Minor Planet Center with
additional apparently asteroidal observations (including some in
1998 and 2000-2001) made at several observatories through its
routine processing. Noting the unusual nature of its orbit, T.
Spahr obtained unfiltered CCD observations with M. Calkins at the
1.2-m reflector on Mount Hopkins on May 5, 6, and 7 that show the
object (m_1 about 17) larger than nearby stars of similar
brightness and with a persistent faint tail about 5" long in p.a.
315 deg. [IAUC 7986, 2002 May 9]

It was numbered 172 in September 2005 following identification of images on Palomar
Sky Survey plates from the previous apparition in October 1993. Pre-discovery images
by Spacewatch in 1998, and LINEAR in 2000 were also identified.

2002 C1 Ikeya-Zhang
Kaoru Ikeya and Daqing Zhang discovered a 9th magnitude comet on February 1.
It will reach perihelion on March 18 at 0.5 AU and will brighten. It is
currently an
evening object and could reach 4th mag or brighter at perihelion.
It is visible from the UK, though currently rather low down. Kaoru Ikeya
discovered 5 comets in the 1960s, including the spectacular sungrazer
Ikeya-Seki (1965 S1).

M. Fujii, Fujii Bisei Observatory (FBO); K. Ayani, Bisei
Astronomical Observatory (BAO); and H. Kawakita, Gunma Astronomical
Observatory, report that low-resolution spectra of comet C/2002 C1
obtained with the FBO 0.28-m reflector on Mar. 3.41 UT show the
Na I emission line at 589.3 nm. Confirming spectroscopy at higher
resolution (0.05 nm) with the BAO 1.01-m reflector on Mar. 6.41
resolved the Na I D_1 and D_2 emission lines. The stronger D_2
line has an equivalent width of 0.5 nm and is blueshifted by -33
km/s, which is consistent with the geocentric velocity of the comet.
[IAUC 7851, 2002 March 13]

C. W. Hergenrother, Lunar and Planetary Laboratory, reports
that observations with the Catalina 1.5-m reflector on Mar. 3.11,
4.10, 5.10, 9.10, 10.10, and 26.10 UT by J. Barnes, J. Fortney, and
himself, and with a 0.28-m reflector on Mar. 9.81 by G. Masi
(Ceccano, Italy), show dust shells within 30" of the nucleus of
comet C/2002 C1 on the sunward side. The shells display evidence
of two discrete jets.
[IAUC 7862, 2002 March 28]

A. Lecacheux, Observatoire de Paris; and N. Biver, European
Space Agency, ESTEC, on behalf of the Odin Solar System Topical
Team and of the Odin Team, report: "The Odin submillimetric space
telescope observed water lines in comet C/2002 C1 with a high
spectral resolution (80 m/s) from Apr. 21.9 to 28.3 UT. The H_2O
110-101 line at 556.936 GHz was detected with a peak integrated
line intensity of 21.6 K km s**-1 on Apr. 26.8 inside the 2' Odin
beam. This corresponds to a preliminary water-production rate of
1.7 x 10**29 molecules/s, taking into account opacity effects. The
110-101 line at 547.676 GHz of the (^18)O isotopic variety of water
was also detected. The average of Apr. 23.7-28.1 observations
yields an integrated line intensity of 0.24 +/- 0.02 K km s**-1.
Within model uncertainties, the inferred H_2^(18)O production rate
is consistent with the terrestrial ^(16)O/^(18)O ratio."
[IAUC 7910, 2002 May 28]

G. Cremonese, Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF) and
Osservatorio Astronomico, Padova; A. Boattini, M. T. Capria, M. C.
De Sanctis, and G. D'Abramo, Istituto di Astrofisica Spaziale e
Fisica Cosmica, CNR, Rome; and A. Buzzoni, INAF and Telescopio
Nazionale Galileo (TNG), report observing the sodium distribution
in the coma of comet C/2002 C1 on Apr. 20.17 UT, using the 3.5-m
TNG reflector (+ high-resolution spectrograph SARG; resolving power
43000; spatial coverage 26") with a narrow-band filter to isolate
the sodium-D lines. Two long-slit spectra (one parallel and the
other perpendicular to the sun-comet vector) show cometary sodium
emissions clearly visible due to the comet's geocentric velocity of
-8.3 km/s. In the first spectrum, the sodium emissions are clearly
asymmetric with respect to the slit center, corresponding to the
nuclear region, extending to the edge of the slit in the tail
direction (about 4000 km). Even in the second spectrum, a slight
asymmetry is visible in the sodium emissions with stronger
intensity toward the southwest, suggesting the presence of a sodium
jet that is most likely related to a dust feature.
[IAUC 7914, 2002 June 2]

Nakano, Muraoka and Sato note that there is a possibility that the comet is identical with
comet 1532 R1. Brian Marsden notes on MPEC 2002-C111 :
A parabolic orbit no longer adequately fits the observations, and a
revolution period of 400-500 years is likely. There is a possibility that
the comet is identical with C/1532 R1, as first suggested by S. Nakano
on the basis of observations through Feb. 10.4.

Further observations render this possibility unlikely, but make it more probable
that the comet is a return of comet 1661 C1. Brian Marsden notes on MPEC
2002-D36 [2002 February 26] : Numerical integration backward of the
perturbed equivalent of the above
unperturbed orbit solution yields a previous perihelion date in March 1659.
This suggests a likely identity with C/1661 C1, which has T = 1661.1,
rather than with C/1532 R1
(cf. MPEC 2002-C111). If this identity is confirmed it will be the longest
period comet so far known to return.

New elements are published on MPEC 2002-G38 [2002 April 10] and Brian Marsden notes
that the orbital elements yield the year of the previous perihelion
passage as T = 1660.2 +/- 0.1 (1 sigma).

New elements are published on MPEC 2002-H23 [2002 April 20] and Brian Marsden notes
notes that the orbital elements yield the year of the previous perihelion
passage as T = 1667.9 +/- 0.3 (gravitational 1 sigma).

The latest orbit by
Nakano &
Hasegawa, which includes non-gravitional parameters,
uses prediscovery images from Palomar-NEAT taken on 2001
August 25. This gives a slightly longer period (by two years) than their
ealier, linked orbit (see below).

Another recent orbit, which includes non-gravitional parameters, by
Nakano &
Hasegawa
links C/1661 C1 with C/2002 C1 and and from this they have identified a comet
seen in February 877 as being the same object. With this secure linkage they
have further identified a comet seen in February 1273. With these
linkages the perihelion dates are: 2002 March 18.98, 1661 January 29.06,
1273 February 4.79 and 877 February 13.66.
They
suggest that previous returns were in 458 July 31, 88 May and -269 December.
They also provide the following notes:

Ichiro Hasegawa and I [Nakano] have found an identical comet in 877 with
C/2002 C1. This comet was seen around Alpha Andromeda - Gamma Pegasus
on Feb. 11 in the evening sky in Japan (Sandai Jitsuroku, Kanda, p.484).
And also this comet was seen in the west sky during 15 days in March in
Europe (Chronicon Navaliciense, Pingre, p.350). Ichiro gave me the
following position in TT and we estimate T = 877 Feb. 13.5 TT for
this comet.

C877 877 02 11.45 00 35.0 +13 30 500

Note, on the other hand the European comet in 877 was well observed
in the morning sky. However the comet was also located in the
low evening sky at this time. When we think that our twilight time is
the astronomical twilight, the comet would be seen over western horizon
during early March as a bright comet (m1 = 3).

After we got a linkage orbit 877 - 2002, then we found another identical
comet in 1273 who was recorded in Japan and Korea. Japanese comet was
seen in the west of the evening sky on Feb. 5 (Moromori-ki, Kanda, p.547)
and Korean comet was seen in the east of the morning sky on Feb. 17 (
Koryo-sa). Our linkage shows T = 1273 Feb. 4.8.

Hirohisa Sato provides the following information:

The comet of 11th February, 877 has a record in Japan.
"On the 25th day in the first month of the first yaer of the
Genkei reign-period a 'guest star' appeared to the west of the (Tung-) Pi (14th
lunar mansion)."(Dainihonshi ch. 359; K; Hsi.) Ho Peng Yoke (1962)'s 'Ancient
and Mediaeval Observations of Comets and Novae in Chinese Sources' p 176.
Time is about 18:00?('Tori-no-koku').

The comet of 5th February, 1273 has a record in Japan.
"On the 16th day in the first month of the tenth yaer of the Bun-ei
reign-period [5th February, 1273] a (hui) comet was seen....."(Dainihonshi
ch. 359; K.). Ho (1962) p194. The observation on 11th April was a 'guest star'
and is not this comet. (Sato)

The link with the
comet of 1661 is good, but it seems to have been intrinsically brighter at that return.
An explanation is that the comet's intrinsic
brightness is variable, and this is clearly seen in the current light curve, which shows
a slow brightening over the course of the apparition.
Some orbit computers suggest that the comet of 1532 is also
associated with this comet and may be the primary component of a fragmentation
which occured over 1000 years ago, so it may be worth searching along the orbital track
for further fragments.

King Charles II was crowned in 1660 and had created the Royal
Society in the same year. In 1661, Isaac Newton was 18, and went up to Cambridge
in June of that year. It is unlikely that he observed the comet as his notebook
suggest that the first comet that he observed was the one of December 1664.
Halley would have been too young to record the comet (he was 5),
but later he computed an orbit similar to that of the 1532 comet and
suggested a possible link.
Charles
Messier noted this possible link, but that it had been refuted by
Mechain. The comet was observed and
drawn by Hevelius.
The optical quality of his telescope was far inferior to those
of today and the features drawn may be imaginary. [The drawings are from
Guillemin, 'The world of comets', 1877] The comet was thought to be a
portent for 'Black Bartholomew's Day' when 900 non-conformist clergymen were
ejected from their benefices following the Act of Uniformity of 1662.
Succeeding bright comets were associated with the Plague and the Fire of
London. The comet was
illustrated by
Johann Gabriel Doppelmayr
in 1742.

Here is the excerpt from volume 1 of Cometography about C/1661 C1 from Gary
Kronk:.

The Polish astronomer Johannes Hevelius (1668) provided the most
extensive set of observations of this comet. He discovered it on
1661
February 3.2, shortly after morning twilight had begun.
Computations
using the orbit below indicate the comet was then exiting the
twilight after having passed only 17 degrees from the sun on
January
28. Within a few days Hevelius estimated the tail length as 6 degrees
and noted the comet appeared fainter than Alpha Aquilae. Hevelius
noted a multiple structure of the nucleus on several occasions up to
February 20. The comet was last detected on March 28.1 by Hevelius.

The observations of Eberhard Welper (Strasbourg, France) were
included in the 1788 volume of the Berliner Astronomisches Jahrbuch.
Welper first saw the comet on February 8 and said the tail extended 5
degrees and was perpendicular to the horizon. He noted the same
orientation on the 9th. By the 10th Welper said the tail was
basically extending perpendicular to the horizon, although he noted a
slight tilt toward the west. Welper's observation of February 11 was
his last, because of an extended period of bad weather.

In volume 46 of Travels and Explorations of the Jesuit Missionaries
in New France (1899), Jerome Lalemant (superior of the Jesuit
missions in New France, now Canada) wrote of this comet. He said,
"the comet which was visible here, from the end of January to the
beginning of March, was soon followed by the disasters of which those
stars of evil omen are the forerunners." In describing its
appearance, he said, "Its tail, extending westward, pointed toward us
and seemed to threaten us with a flagellation, of which it was, to
us, a brilliant but fatal portent." He continued, "it did indeed move
from West to East, following the flight of the constellation of the
Eagle, at whose head it appeared, although by another movement it
tended a little Northward from us."

Marie de l'Incarnation (1671), superior of the convent at Quebec,
Canada, wrote a letter to her son in 1661 September which also
described this comet. She said, "A comet was seen, its rods pointed
toward the earth. It appeared at about two or three o'clock in the
morning and disappeared toward six or seven with the day. In the air
was seen a man of fire, enveloped in fire. A canoe of fire was also
seen and, towards Montreal, a great crown likewise of fire."

Edmond Halley (1705) and P. F. A. Mechain (1785) computed very
similar parabolic orbits, with the former noting a similarity to the
orbit of the comet of 1532. Mechain's orbit is given below. It
indicates the comet reached a maximum declination of +6 degrees
(apparent) on February 14. The orbits are as follows:

Despite Halley's suggestion that C/1532 R1 and C/1661 C1 might be
related, the idea was ignored until Nevil Maskelyne (1786) looked
into the matter. Maskelyne took the elapsed time between the
perihelion date of these two comets, added it to the 1661 perihelion
date, and predicted the comet would arrive at perihelion around 1789
April 27. He added that assumed perturbations by Jupiter would
probably cause the perihelion date to occur earlier, possibly as soon
as late 1788. With an assumed perihelion date of 1789 January 1, he
computed an ephemeris for the period of 1788 April 23 to 1789 January
1. Maskelyne said the comet could be recovered as early as 1788
September by observers near the equator or south of it, and added,
"The Cape of Good Hope would be an excellent situation for this
purpose." Early in 1788, both Johann Elert Bode and Capel Lofft made
similar predictions for the probable return of this comet. However,
despite the preparation and numerous searches, the comet was not
found.

Early observations suggested that it might be brightening quite rapidly. On
February 5.77 I estimated it at 7.7 in the 20cm Thorrowgood refractor x40,
however other observers made it a little fainter on the same evening. On
February 9.77 I made it 8.1 in the same instrument x70, though this time
other observers were indicating a brighter magnitude. The coma was well
condensed, DC5 - 6, with a coma diameter of 4'. The comet was also
easily visible in 14x100 and 20x80 binoculars. Observations on February 11
suggest a magnitude of about 7. Maciej Reszelski reports that the comet had
reached 6.5 in 20x60B on February 15.72. On February 26.76 I observed the comet
in rather bright twilight with 20x80B and estimated it at 5.9, with a 9' ion
tail in pa 85. It was distinctly brighter on February 28.78 when I made it
5.6 with a 0.5 degree tail in pa 65. I observed it from Cambridge on March
21.83, estimating it at 3.6 in 7x50B with a 2.6 degree long tail. A naked
eye observation on May 1.89 put it at around 4.5. An observation with 20x80B
on May 22.91 put it at 6.1. An observation with 20x80B on May 31.94 put
it at 6.4. Observations with 20x80 Vixen binoculars in Cornwall under very
dark skies in mid July put the comet at around 9.5, but very diffuse.

Here are a few images:
Michael Jager March 6
David Strange March 7
Michael Karrer
March 11
an animation showing folding tail rays and a knot moving down the tail.
Jonathan Shanklin March 27 (my
first attempt, so not very good! Image taken with 20cm f14 refractor and
SX8 camera).

A suggestion from Michael Mattiazzo is that the earth passed through the
orbital plane of the comet around June 24-25 and this may have contributed to
the apparent slow fade in brightness.

889 observations received February 2 - June 30 give an aperture corrected
preliminary light curve of
m = 6.2 + 5 log d + 7.5 log r
The comet is fading and has become very diffuse, making it hard to pick out
in light polluted regions.
Interestingly, the comet's absolute magnitude has slowly
varied by around two magnitudes over the course of the apparition.

Brian Marsden notes on MPEC 2002-S08 that the "original" and "future"
barycentric values of 1/a are
+0.000393 and +0.000592 (+/- 0.000017) AU**-1,
respectively. [2002 September 16] The "original value of 1/a
suggests that this is not a new visitor from the Oort cloud.

2002 CW134 (P/LINEAR)
A 20th magnitude object, discovered by LINEAR on February 7.47 has been found
to have a coma. It was near perihelion at 1.84 AU and has a period of 6.8
years. It is a Jupiter family comet.

[IAUC 7858, 2002 March 23]
2002 CE10 (P/LINEAR)
LINEAR has discovered an asteroid in a retrograde cometary type orbit with period of
25 years. It is still some 16 months from perihelion at 1.9 AU in June 2003, so it
may begin to show cometary activity
in the future. Discovered on February 6.32 at around 20th magnitude it is still 4.8 AU
from the Sun. [MPEC 2002-C83, 2002 February 13]

Observations made in mid August 2003 revealed the presence of a faint thin straight
tail some 21" long, thus confirming the cometary nature of the object, although any
coma was <6" in diameter. The further observations made since discovery confirm the
perihelion date as June 22.1, perihelion distance at 2.05 AU and the period as 30.7 years.

N. Takato, T. Sekiguchi, and J. Watanabe, National
Astronomical Observatory of Japan, obtained nine CCD images with
the 8.2-m Subaru telescope of the apparently asteroidal object 2002
CE_10 (first reported by the LINEAR team, whose discovery
observation is given below; originally announced on MPEC 2002-C83
and MPS 50101) on Aug. 22.4 UT that show a very faint, straight
tail about 21" long in p.a. 212 deg; the tail is also present on
shorter exposures from Aug. 21.5-21.6, when any coma as bright as
the tail must have been < 6" in diameter. Recent astrometry,
orbital elements (T = 2003 June 22, Peri. = 126 deg, Node = 147
deg, i = 145 deg, e = 0.79, P = 30.8 yr), and an ephemeris appear
on MPEC 2003-R20. [IAUC 8193, 2003 September 3]

2002 E2 Snyder-Murakami
A new comet has been discovered by US astronomer Douglas Snyder and Japanese
astronomer Shigeki Murakami. The comet is about 11th magnitude and moving
northwards. It is just past perihelion and will slowly fade from around 11th
magnitude. There is some similarity (pointed out by "Mitch") between the
orbital elements and those of C/1998 H1 (Stonehouse).

Independent visual discovery reports of a comet have been
received from Douglas Snyder and Shigeki Murakami. Available
observations:

Brian Marsden notes on MPEC 2002-L42 [2002 June 10] that the "original" and
"future" barycentric values of 1/a are +0.000289
and -0.000180 (+/- 0.000023) AU**-1, respectively.
The original value implies that the comet is not a new visitor from the Oort
cloud.

Doug Snyder has provided the following information to the comet mail list:
I was using a magnification of 149x, which
was providing me with a field of 32' on my 20" f/5 Obsession.
Occasionally, I would boost the magnification up to 212x to look at a
particular object, but not for sweeping the skies.
This was a deliberate search, although I am relatively new at comet
searching. I had spent only about 70 hours up to the time of the finding.
A real lucky find! I have been deep sky observing for about 20 years.

Not that I'm too much of a believer in the psychic side of things, but my
wife and I had gone out to dinner with another couple very involved in
amateur astronomy and we ate at a Chinese restaurant (this was on Sunday
evening, the evening before the discovery). After the meal, we received
our fortune cookies. Mine read "You will soon be the center of
attention". On every other occasion where I get one of these fortunes, I
just toss it away.
Well, on this particular evening, I stuck it in my shirt pocket and took it
home with me. Well, I stayted up the entire night and it was 8 hours later
that I came across the comet. Now, for the time being, I guess I've been
at the center of attention! My wife wants to frame it - but gee, its only
70 x 13 mm!

PALOMINAS - With his eyes on the skies and the strains of "Some Enchanted
Evening" playing in the background, Doug Snyder made the discovery of a
lifetime early Monday morning.

The amateur stargazer discovered a new comet streaking through the Aquila
Constellation in the heart of the Summer Milky Way galaxy.

At 3:40 on Monday morning, he happened across "a little gray smudge" nestled
in the Aquila Constellation. He did some quick research using a sky atlas
and numerous databases, but couldn't locate any references to his find.

Trying not to get his hopes too high, Snyder checked the comet's location
again. "The comet had moved a bit, but not too much, and I found it again
fairly easily. Dawn was coming, and my view of the comet was fading, but by
now I was becoming more sure of my discovery," Snyder said.

He immediately e-mailed news of his discovery to the Central Bureau for
Astronomical Telegrams, the Harvard-affiliated clearinghouse for new
discoveries. It was 4 a.m. and the world was being told the latest space
find had been made at a small observatory in Southeastern Arizona.

Several anxious hours later, he received a reply. CBAT has spent the interim
time researching his find, verifying Snyder's experience and credentials,
and locating the comet. CBAT asked for additional information, which Snyder
provided, and then he waited.

"It's been a whirlwind couple of days," Snyder said. "But yesterday
(Tuesday), they finally let me know that I had really discovered a new
comet."

2002 EX12 P/NEAT
An object discovered by NEAT on 2002 March 15.27, was found to show a tail
in late July 2005 by two independent groups of observers. It had not shown
a tail when observed two months earlier. It reaches perihelion at 0.6 AU
in mid September and has a period of 4.2 years. The orbit is secure, the
object having been linked to observations made by Spacewatch in 1998 and the
DSS in 1989, so it is likely to be numbered 169.
2002 EJ57 P/LINEAR
A 19th magnitude object discovered by LINEAR on March 13.20, and noted by the
Minor Planet Centre to have an unusual orbit, has been found to be cometary.
The object is in a 17 year periodic orbit. Perihelion was in mid December at
2.6 AU and the object will fade. [IAUC 7890, 2002 May 2] Its orbit is
affected by both Jupiter and Saturn.

An apparently asteroidal object discovered by LINEAR was given
the designation 2002 EJ_57 (observations on MPS 55777-55778).
Additional observations of the object were located during routine
processing at the Minor Planet Center, and these indicated that the
orbit was unusual. The object was then placed on the NEO
Confirmation Page, resulting in CCD observations by J. Ticha and M.
Tichy at Klet (diffuse with coma diameter about 10" on May 1.8 UT)
and by R. H. McNaught at Siding Spring (circular coma with diameter
about 7" on May 2.5) showing cometary activity.

The comet was highly condensed and showed a short tail when I observed it on
April 6.14 and 7.15. The observations up to April 9 suggested that it was only
brightening slowly and would reach mag 7 when brightest. Nicolas Biver,
observing on April 10.16 noted a significant brightening, with the comet at
magnitude 5.9, with a nearly stellar appearance, suggesting a recent outburst.
The following morning he reported that the comet had brightened further, but
had become more diffuse and showed jets. I was able to observe it in
brightening skies on April 13.16 and estimated it at 5.6 in 20x80B. A
further observation in poor conditions with slight mist on April 16.15 put
the comet at 3.9. I glimpsed the comet in very hazy conditions on April 23.86,
estimating it at 4.5, with a 0.4 degree long tail. On May 1.87 I estimated it
at 6.3 in my new Vixen 20x80B, surprisingly easy, and with the Pleiades a
beautiful sight just below the comet. Antonio Giambersio made it 5.2: on May 1.79
in 16x70B. Alexandre Amorim observed the comet with 20x80B on May 11.90 and
estimated it at 8.3 and still very strongly condensed. Jose Aguiar observed
it on May 17.89 and estimated it at 8.0 in 20x80B, with a very strongly
condensed coma.

A/2002 FC (LONEOS)
A/2002 FC (LONEOS) is an asteroid, of 19th magnitude, discovered by LONEOS
on March 16.24. It will reach perihelion at 0.96 AU at the end of May.
[MPEC 2002-F14] With a period of 4.77 years, the orbit is typical of a
Jupiter family comet. It is a potentially hazardous asteroid, and can pass
0.022 AU from the Earth.
A/2002 GJ8 (NEAT)
A/2002 GJ8 (NEAT) is an asteroid, of 19th magnitude, discovered by NEAT
on April 12.41. It will reach perihelion at 0.51 AU at the end of June.
[MPEC 2002-G62] With a period of 5.10 years, the orbit is typical of a
Jupiter family comet.
It is classed as an Apollo asteroid, with an approximate diameter of 900m based on its absolute magnitude.
A/2002 GO9 (NEAT)
A/2002 GO9 (NEAT) is an asteroid, of 20th magnitude, discovered by NEAT
on April 12.34. The preliminary orbit suggested that it reached perihelion
at 10.45 AU (just outside the orbit of Saturn) at the end of December
1996. [MPEC 2002-H03] With a period of 399 years and aphelion at 98 AU, the
orbit was typical of a long period comet. However a more recent orbit [MPEC
2002-L55, 2002 June 11] gives perihelion at 14.04 AU and an orbit that is
typical of a Centaur.
2002 H2 LINEAR
A rapidly moving object reported by LINEAR has been found to be cometary. It was at
perihelion on March 23 at 1.63 AU and will fade from around 13th magnitude.

Brian Marsden notes on MPEC 2002-L43 [2002 June 10] that the
"original" and "future" barycentric values of 1/a are +0.004146
and +0.003921 (+/- 0.000098) AU**-1, respectively.
The original value implies that the comet is not a new visitor from the Oort
cloud.

S. Pravdo, E. Helin, and K. Lawrence, Jet Propulsion
Laboratory, report the discovery by NEAT, on CCD images taken on
May 13.45 UT with the Palomar 1.2-m Schmidt telescope, of a 18th mag comet
with nebulosity extending about 5" toward the southwest. Following
posting on the NEO Confirmation Page, additional observations
obtained elsewhere on May 13.9 confirm the cometary nature: P.
Kusnirak at Ondrejov (0.65-m reflector; m_1 = 18.3, faint 7" coma
slightly elongated to the southwest); M. Tichy and M. Kocer at Klet
(1.06-m KLENOT telescope; compact coma of diameter 16"); and L.
Kornos at Modra (0.6-m reflector; m_1 = 16.6, coma diameter about
15"). Additional observations made by LONEOS and LINEAR on May 4,
7, and 8 were then identified by the Minor Planet Center staff.
[IAUC 7899, 2002 May 13]

Brian Marsden notes on MPEC 2003-G46 [2003 April 9] that the "original" and
"future" barycentric values of 1/a are +0.000026
and -0.000278 (+/- 0.000007) AU**-1,
respectively.
The original value implies that the comet is a new visitor from the Oort
cloud.

The comet will not reach perihelion until October 2003,
at 3.6 AU. It could reach 13th magnitude when brightest. It was around
16th magnitude according to CCD observations in early April.

2002 J5 LINEAR
An apparently asteroidal 18th mag object discovered by LINEAR
on May 15.38 has been found to be slightly diffuse
with a coma diameter of about 10" on CCD images taken by M. Tichy
and M. Kocer with the 1.06-m reflector at Klet on May 16.0 UT.
[IAUC 7904, 2002 May 18]

The comet is distant and will reach perihelion at 5.7 AU in September 2003.

Brian Marsden notes on MPEC 2002-L45 [2002 June 10] that the
"original" and "future" barycentric values of 1/a are +0.000010
and -0.000036 (+/- 0.000028) AU**-1, respectively,
suggesting that this is a "new" comet.

2002 JN16 P/LINEAR
An apparently asteroidal object of 18th mag reported by LINEAR on May 9.28,
designated 2002 JN_16, and having an
unusual orbit (e.g., MPEC 2002-J42) has been found by C. A.
Trujillo, California Institute of Technology, to be cometary (coma
extended 10"-15" from the nuclear condensation in p.a. 270 deg) on
images taken on May 17.2 UT as part of a program by M. Brown and
himself with the 1.2-m Schmidt telescope at Palomar. At Trujillo's
request, J. Tonry obtained images of 2002 JN_16 through clouds with
the University of Hawaii 2.2-m reflector at Mauna Kea on May 22.35
that show a similar appearance and m_1 = 17.2.
[IAUC 7907, 2002 May 22]

Perihelion is at the end of
July at 1.8 AU and the object is in a 6.6 year periodic orbit. It will
brighten a little, but is unlikely to exceed 17th mag. It is a Jupiter family comet.

A/2002 JE109 (LINEAR)
A/2002 JE109 (LINEAR) is an asteroid, of 19th magnitude, discovered by LINEAR
on 2002 May 11.30. It is in a 6.1 year orbit, with perihelion at 1.68 AU and
an eccentricity of 0.50. It is close to perihelion and will fade.
[MPEC 2002-K11, 2002 May 17] The orbit is typical of a Jupiter family comet,
though there have been no recent approaches to Jupiter. The perihelion
distance has varied from 1.5 to 1.7 AU over the last few hundred years, but
there have been no significant changes to the angular elements.
A/2002 JC68 (LINEAR)
A/2002 JC68 (LINEAR) is an asteroid, of 19th magnitude, discovered by LINEAR
on 2002 May 7.32. It is in a 5.3 year orbit, with perihelion at 1.39 AU and
an eccentricity of 0.54. It reaches perihelion in September and will fade.
[MPEC 2002-L27, 2002 June 7] The orbit is typical of a Jupiter family comet,
though there have been no recent approaches to Jupiter.
A/2002 JW115 (Spahr)
A/2002 JW115 (Spahr) is an asteroid, of 20th magnitude, discovered by Tim Spahr
at the Whipple observatory
on 2002 May 7.17. [MPEC 2002-K21, 2002 May 20] It is in a 5.4 year orbit, with perihelion at 1.87 AU and
an eccentricity of 0.39. It is approaching perihelion and will remain of similar
brightness.
The orbit is typical of a Jupiter family comet,
and the object was 0.6 AU from the planet in 1950.
2002 K1 NEAT
K. Lawrence, E. Helin, and S. Pravdo, Jet Propulsion
Laboratory, report the discovery of a comet with a tail about 8"
long toward the southwest (and m_2 = 19.4-19.6) on images taken
with the 1.2-m NEAT telescope at Haleakala on May 16.55. Confirming CCD images
by E. S. Barker at McDonald Observatory (0.76-m reflector) show a
15" tail toward the southwest.
[IAUC 7902, 2002 May 17]

The comet is distant and just past perihelion at 3.2 AU.

2002 K2 LINEAR
Another apparently asteroidal LINEAR discovery of 18th mag,
found on May 16.37, has also been
found to be cometary on Klet CCD images that show a compact coma of
diameter about 7"-8" on May 16.9 and 18.0 UT.
[IAUC 7904, 2002 May 18]

The comet is faint and distant. It reached perihelion at 5.2 AU
in early January 2002.

Brian Marsden notes on MPEC 2003-K06 [2003 May 17] that the
"original" and "future" barycentric values of 1/a are +0.001782
and +0.001827 (+/- 0.000009) AU**-1,
respectively, suggesting that this is not a "new" comet.

2002 K4 NEAT
S. Pravdo, E. Helin, and K. Lawrence, Jet Propulsion
Laboratory, report the discovery of a 19th mag comet (with nuclear
condensation of diameter about 4" and tail extending about 10" to
the southwest) on NEAT images taken at Haleakala on May 27.51 UT,
with confirming NEAT images taken at Palomar on May 28.
[IAUC 7909, 2002 May 28]

It will reach perihelion in July,
at 2.8 AU. It is periodic, with a period of around
63 years. It will brighten a little.

A/2002 KK3 (LONEOS)
A/2002 KK3 (LONEOS) is an asteroid, of 19th magnitude, discovered by LONEOS
on 2002 May 18.28. [MPEC 2002-K24, 2002 May 20] It is in a 3.8 year orbit, with perihelion at 1.06 AU and
an eccentricity of 0.57. It is close to perihelion and will remain at a similar
brightness.
A/2002 KL6 (NEAT)
A/2002 KL6 (NEAT) is an asteroid, of 17th magnitude, discovered by NEAT
on 2002 May 27.42. [MPEC 2002-K70, 2002 May 29] It is in a 3.5 year orbit, with perihelion at 1.04 AU and
an eccentricity of 0.55. It is at perihelion in July and will
brighten a little.
The Amor object (154244) can
approach the earth to within 0.07 AU.
A/2002 KJ8 (NEAT)
A/2002 KJ8 (NEAT) is an asteroid, of 20th magnitude, discovered by NEAT
on 2002 May 18.23. [MPEC 2002-K74, 2002 May 31] It is in a 6.2 year orbit, with perihelion at 1.37 AU and
an eccentricity of 0.59. It was at perihelion at the end of July.
The orbit is typical of a Jupiter family
comet and it approached to 0.24 AU in 1871. The assumed diameter based on the absolute magnitude is around 600m.
2002 L9 (NEAT)
An object of 18th mag originally reported as asteroidal on NEAT CCD images
taken at Palomar on June 13.41 was posted on the NEO Confirmation Page due to its
unusual orbit. S. Pravdo later suggested the object was cometary,
in particular on July 2 noting a central condensation of diameter
3" surrounded by a spherical nebulosity of diameter about 8".
[IAUC 7931, 2002 July 2]

It will reach perihelion in 2004 April at 7.0 AU and will brighten a little when nearer
perihelion. By July 2003 it had reached 16th magnitude.

Brian Marsden notes on MPEC 2003-P13 [2003 August 5] that the
"original" and "future" barycentric values of 1/a are
+0.000034
and +0.000074 (+/- 0.000004) AU**-1,
respectively, suggesting that this is a "new" comet from the Oort cloud.

2002 LZ11 (LINEAR)
An 18th magnitude asteroid discovered by LINEAR
on 2002 June 5.30 was found to show a coma on images obtained on 2003
October 29 by the Catalina Sky Survey on 2003 November 17.
It is in a 6.99 year orbit, with perihelion at 2.37 AU and
an eccentricity of 0.35. Perihelion was in mid March 2003 and it will
fade. The object is presumably in outburst as the indicated ephemeris
would have made it 17th magnitude in 2002 and it was not found to be cometary
by any surveys.

An apparently asteroidal object with not-unusual motion
recorded by the LINEAR project on 2002 June 5.30,
and linked over 2002 June 5-13 and designated by the
Minor Planet Center as 2002 LZ_11 (but indicated on MPEC 2002-L64
as having a cometary orbit), was accidentally reobserved by LINEAR
on numerous occasions in July 2002 and during July-Nov. 2003 (and
by LONEOS on 2003 Oct. 16). E. Christensen, University of Arizona,
recognized 2002 LZ_11 as having cometary appearance yesterday in
CCD images (mag 16.6-16.9) obtained accidentally by the Catalina
Sky Survey (0.68-m f/1.8 Schmidt) on 2003 Oct. 29. Further images
yesterday by Christensen apparently confirmed the cometary
appearance, as did images obtained today at the request of the
Minor Planet Center by J. Young (0.61-m reflector at Table Mountain
Observatory), who described the object as having a round coma, 7"
across, with a featureless fanshaped tail about 15"-20" long in
p.a. 190-280 degrees.
[IAUC 8240, 2003 November 18]

A/2002 LV (LINEAR)
A/2002 LV (LINEAR) is an asteroid, of 18th magnitude, discovered by LINEAR
on 2002 June 1.37. [MPEC 2002-L14, 2002 June 3] It is in a 3.5 year orbit, with perihelion at 0.92 AU and
an eccentricity of 0.60. It was at perihelion in late August.
It is a potentially hazardous object and can approach to 0.027 AU
of the Earth at the descending node. This year it approaches within 0.14 AU
on July 29. The approximate diameter based on the absolute magnitude is 3.2km.
A/2002 LJ27 (LINEAR)
A/2002 LJ27 (LINEAR) is an asteroid, of 19th magnitude, discovered by LINEAR
on 2002 June 8.31. [MPEC 2002-L62, 2002 June 13] It is in a 6.1 year orbit, with perihelion at 1.67 AU and
an eccentricity of 0.50. It was close to perihelion.
The orbit is typical of a Jupiter family
comet, though there have been no recent approaches.
The approximate diameter based on the absolute magnitude is 1.4km.
A/2002 MS3 (NEAT)
A/2002 MS3 (NEAT) is an asteroid, of 19th magnitude, discovered by NEAT
on 2002 June 30.24. [MPEC 2002-N05, 2002 July 1]
Further observations show that it is actually in an Apollo type orbit.
A/2002 MT3 (NEAT)
A/2002 MT3 (NEAT) is an asteroid, of 19th magnitude, discovered by NEAT
on 2002 June 30.24. [MPEC 2002-N06, 2002 July 1] It is in a 4.7 year orbit, with perihelion at 0.87 AU and
an eccentricity of 0.69. It was at perihelion in late April. It is a
potentially hazardous object and can approach within 0.03 AU of the Earth
The orbit is typical of a Jupiter family
comet and it approached within 0.4 AU in 1928. Classed as an Apollo asteroid
the approximate diameter based on the absolute magnitude is 700m.
2002 O4 (Hoenig)
Sebastian Hoenig accidently discovered a 12th magnitude comet on July 22,
though confirmation wasn't obtained until July 28. The object is intrinsically
faint, but will reach perihelion at around 0.76 AU in early October, when it
may reach 8th magnitude. For more details on the discovery see
Sebastian's own account.

On July 22, a report of an apparent visual comet discovery
of a 12th mag comet on July 22.00
was received from Sebastian Hoenig, Dossenhiem, Germany. The object
clearly showed motion to the north. Due to poor initial positions
and bright moon, attempts to recover the object visually by A. Hale
(Cloudcroft, NM) and Hoenig were unsuccessful. On July 27, S. Nakano
(Sumoto, Japan) reported that K. Kadota (Ageo, Saitama, Japan),
following a request by A. Nakamura (Kuma, Ehime, Japan), successfully
imaged a comet while searching for the object reported on July 22.
Additional observations were received after the comet was posted on
the NEO Confirmation Page.
[IAUC 7939, 2002 July 27]

Several observers have noted that this comet has lost its
condensation and is fading rapidly. K. Kadota, Ageo, Saitama,
Japan (0.30-m reflector) reports (via S. Nakano) m_1 = 13.3 on a
CCD image taken on Oct. 10.82 UT, but Y. Ezaki (Toyonaka, Osaka,
Japan, 0.20-m reflector) could not find the comet to mag about 15
on an image taken two nights later.
[IAUC 7995, 2002 October 17]

The latest orbit on MPEC 2002-S10 has a note from Brian Marsden that 'the
"original" and "future" barycentric values of 1/a are
-0.000717 and -0.000253 (+/- 0.000031) AU**-1,
respectively.'[2002 September 16]
It is somewhat unusual for a comet to have a negative "original"
value for 1/a and this is one of the largest on record. It is possible that
'non gravitational' effects should be applied to the comet's orbit.

After my return from the ACM meeting in Berlin (where I met up with Sebastian
and Maik Meyer) I was able to observe the comet on August 4.9. I estimated it
at 9.5 in the Thorrowgood refractor x40, with a 3' coma and DC3. The comet may be
brightening quite rapidly as several reports on August 6 put the comet as bright as
8th magnitude. I observed it with 20x80 binoculars on August 10.91 and made
it 7.8.

A photograph taken on August
8.83 by Toni Scarmato shows a green coma,
characteristic of Swan band emissions.

A
suggestion from Michael Mattiazzo is that the earth passed through the
orbital plane of the comet around August 13-14 and this may have given the
apparent rapid rise in brightness.

Observations suggest that after an initial rapid brightening, the comet
peaked in brightness around a month before perihelion. It then began to fade
slowly until the equinox, when a more rapid decline set in. The latest image
from Giovanni Sostero, taken on September 30, shows a diffuse coma
with only a faint condensation, typical of a disintegrating comet.
It seems unlikely
that it will survive perihelion, unless it experiences an outburst comparable
to 2000 WM1.

2002 O5 (P/NEAT)
S. Pravdo and K. Lawrence, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, report
the discovery of a 16th mag comet (with nuclear condensation of diameter
about 6" and tail extending 12" to the southwest) on NEAT images
taken at Haleakala on July 30.25 UT. After the object was placed
on the NEO Confirmation Page, confirmation of cometary activity
was reported by: R. Fredrick, K. Smalley, and R. Trentman,
Louisburg, Kansas, with a 0.75-m reflector (tail 40" long in
p.a. 130 deg); P. M. Kilmartin, Mt John Observatory, New Zealand,
with a 0.6-m reflector (short tail in about p.a. 130 deg); and
R. H. McNaught and G. J. Garradd, Siding Springs Observatory,
Australia, with a 1.0-m reflector (tail 13" long in p.a. 125 deg).
[IAUC 7942, 2002 July 31].

The preliminary
orbit suggests that it is in a short period orbit with P around 5 years and is near
perihelion. It
is intrinsically very faint (H0=19) and will fade. The orbital period is the
third shortest of current P/ comets. At a favourable return it can pass 0.2
AU from the Earth.

2002 O6 (SWAN)
This interesting comet was discovered by Masayuki Suzuki using real-time SOHO-SWAN
data and is the first
SWAN discovery to be observed from the ground. The first orbit shows that the comet is passing
close to the earth and will brighten. It has perihelion at 0.5 AU in early September.

Akimasa Nakamura provides the following discovery report:

Masayuki Suzuki posted the discovery circumstances of C/2002 O6 to the
comet-obs mailing list (in Japanese). According to that, although he is
a frequent visitor to the SWAN webpage (and has checked images time to time
since this spring), his discovery of O6 was accidental.

Inspired by Sebastian's discovery, he downloaded SWAN images taken on
25th and 27th of July, to see whether he could find C/2002 O4 or not.
He found TWO moving objects: dimmer one was C/2002 O4, and the brighter
one looked like C/2001 Q4 (NEAT). But, he noted the latter should have
been much fainter because Q4 was around 16 mag.... it might be a new comet!
He considered a possibility to observe it by himself on the night of his
discovery (July 31th), but gave up due to bad weather and its position
(way out of his observable sky). So, he sent his discovery report to the
CBAT without confirmation. (He is an astrometrist at code 347, BTW.)

He also noted the comet was visible on the images taken on 13, 16, 18, 20th
as well (faint, though), and later measured their positions and sent them to
the CBAT in response to the request by Carl Hergenrother.

M. Suzuki, Utsunomiya, Tochigi, Japan, reports the discovery
of a comet on publicly accessible images taken with the SWAN
instrument on the SOHO spacecraft on July 25 and 27 UT. Prediscovery
images were found on images taken as early as July 13. Visual
confirmation has been reported by A. Hale, Cloudcroft, New Mexico,
with a 0.20-m reflector (coma diameter 4'; magnitude measurement
hampered by twilight, moon and clouds). CCD frames taken by
J. Broughton, Reedy Creek, Australia, with a 0.25-m reflector also
confirm the object's cometary nature.

Observations in early August showed that it was slowly brightening and it
reached around mag 6. I observed it after a long meteor watch on August 12/13 and
found it an easy object in 20x80B. Reports by Bjorn Granslo at the end of
August show that it has faded significantly to around 7.5. Observations by myself
in early September suggest that the fade is continuing, with the comet at mag 8

2002 O7 (LINEAR)
An apparently asteroidal, 20th mag, object reported by LINEAR on July 29.17
UT has been found to be cometary
by A. Boattini on CCD images taken with the 0.60-m Schmidt at Campo
Imperatore on Aug. 2.9 and by J. Ticha and M. Tichy with the 0.57-m
telescope at Klet on Aug. 4.9 (comet slightly diffuse with a coma of
diameter 8"). [IAUC 7949, 2002 August 5]

M. Mattiazzo, Wallaroo, South Australia, reports that a CCD
image taken by himself on Sept. 27.8 UT showed that this comet had
apparently disrupted, revealing only a diffuse sunward-pointing
'antitail' of debris. Requests from the Central Bureau were sent
to several observers at the time, seeking confirmation and
additional details. Nothing further was received. But now, G. P.
Tozzi (Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica, Arcetri), along with H.
Boehnhardt, O. R. Hainaut, F. Selman, I. Saviane, M. Pizarro, G.
Roman, and F. Labrana, report that they searched for the comet on
Dec. 3 (when its predicted total magnitude was about 10) with
several telescopes at the European Southern Observatory, including
the 2.2-m reflector (R filter), the New Technology Telescope (+ JHK
filters), and the 3.6-m reflector (+ VRi filters); the comet could
not be detected to a limiting magnitude of R about 20.5 within an
area 30' x 30' centered at its predicted position.
[IAUC 8250, 2003 December 4]

Brian Marsden notes on MPEC 2003-A30 [2003 January 6] that the
"original" and "future" barycentric values of 1/a are
+0.000027
and -0.000307 (+/- 0.000024)
AU**-1, respectively, suggesting that this was a "new" comet from the Oort
cloud.

The comet brightened relatively slowly and no visual observations were made
after July 2003 although perihelion was in September.
CCD observations in late September by
Michael Mattiazzo
suggest that the nucleus has disintegrated.

2002 O8 (P/NEAT)
K. Lawrence, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, reports the discovery
of a 17th mag comet (with nuclear condensation of diameter about 6" and a tail
extending about 10" to the west) on NEAT images obtained on July 29.32
UT (discovery observation appears below). Confirmation of cometary
activity was reported by A. C. Gilmore and P. M. Kilmartin on CCD
images taken with the 0.6-m reflector at Mt John University Observatory
on Aug. 4.4 (faint tail 40" in p.a. 255 deg). Prediscovery observations
have been identified in NEAT data from July 16.5, LINEAR data from
July 5.4 and Spacewatch data from 2001 May 22.3 and June 11.2.
[IAUC 7949, 2002 August 5]

It is in a periodic orbit of 8.1 years and perihelion at 3.2 AU and
is a Jupiter family comet. It will fade.

2002 P1 (NEAT)
S. Pravdo, K. Lawrence and E. Helin, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, report the
NEAT team's discovery with the 1.2-m Schmidt telescope at Palomar of a
19th mag comet with a 7" tail in p.a. 235 deg on August 7.39. Confirmation of the object's
diffuse appearance has been provided by G. Hug, Farpoint Observatory:
[IAUC 7950, 2002 August 8]

The preliminary orbit suggests that it is a distant object past perihelion and
will fade.

Brian Marsden notes on MPEC 2003-N25 [2003 July 7] that the
"original" and "future" barycentric values of 1/a are
+0.002012
and +0.002289 (+/- 0.000008) AU**-1,
respectively, suggesting that this is not a "new" comet from the Oort
cloud.

A/2002 PD43 (NEAT)
A/2002 PD43 (NEAT) is an asteroid, of 17th magnitude, discovered by NEAT at
Paolomar on 2002 August 7.45. Prediscovery images were taken only hours
earlier by W Yeung. [MPEC 2002-P51, 2002 August 12] It is in a 4.0 year orbit, with perihelion at 0.11 AU and
aphelion at 4.91 AU and is classed as an Apollo type asteroid. It is a
potentially hazardous object and can approach within 0.035 AU of the Earth.
It was at perihelion in mid June. Its diameter based on the absolute magnitude is 1km.
2002 Q1 (P/Van Ness)
Michael E. Van Ness, Lowell Observatory, reports his discovery
of a 17th mag comet with a moderately condensed 24" coma and a fan-shaped
tail about 200" long in p.a. 270 deg on LONEOS images taken on Aug.
17.44. The cometary nature was confirmed by several other CCD
astrometric observers on Aug. 18, who all reported a generally
diffuse coma with diameter about 14"-25"; several also noted a tail
about 25"-120" long in p.a. 260-270 deg. [IAUC 7956, 2002 August 19]
It is periodic with a period of around 6.6 years and is past
perihelion. It will fade.
2002 Q2 (LINEAR) and 2002 Q3 (LINEAR)
LINEAR has found a pair of comets, moving on parallel tracks in the same
field. The brighter (Q2)is about 17th mag and Q3 is a couple of mags
fainter. The preliminary orbit suggests that they are just past perihelion
in a high inclination orbit. BAA observer Stephen Laurie was able to provide
confirming astrometry within 24 hours of the discovery. Maik Meyer points
out that the preliminary elements are similar to those of 1994 N1
(Nakamura-Nishimura-Machholz).

S. Adams, Lincoln Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of
Technology, reports the discovery of two comets, both with coma
diameter about 90" and both in the same field and moving in the
same direction on LINEAR images taken on Aug. 26.14 UT. Following
posting on the NEO Confirmation Page, additional CCD observers have
confirmed both objects to be cometary in appearance. On Aug. 26.9,
P. Kusnirak (0.65-m f/3.6 reflector, Ondrejov) found C/2002 Q2 to
be well condensed with a coma of diameter about 20" and V = 17.7,
whereas C/2002 Q3 appeared very diffuse without condensation and
coma diameter about 25". A. Galad (0.6-m reflector, Modra)
reported C/2002 Q2 to be diffuse with m_1 = 17.2, and S. P. Laurie
(0.35-m reflector, Church Stretton, U.K.) reported the same object
as diffuse with an 8" coma. P. R. Holvorcem and M. Schwartz
(0.36-m reflector, Cottage Grove, OR) found C/2002 Q2 to be diffuse
with a coma of diameter about 17" and m_1 = 17.1 on Aug. 27.3,
whereas they noted C/2002 Q3 to be 2-2.5 mag fainter with a hint of
diffuseness. The available astrometry, together with the
preliminary parabolic orbital elements given below (by B. G.
Marsden) that confirm the apparent relationship of the two comets
(with C/2002 Q2 as the primary component), appear on MPEC 2002-Q37.
[IAUC 7960, 2002 August 27]

S. S. Sheppard and D. C. Jewitt, University of Hawaii, report
that CCD images of C/2002 Q3 on Sept. 4.3 and 5.3 UT taken with the
2.2-m reflector at Mauna Kea show three separate fragments a few
arcsec apart; the brightest, component A (R = 21.7; photometry
through a 1"-radius aperture), appears elongated; component B was
at R = 22.1 and component C at 22.6. The astrometric positions are
given on MPEC 2002-R20.

Z. Sekanina, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, communicates:
"Applying my model for the split comets and using a code developed
recently by P. W. Chodas and myself, I determined from 46
differential astrometric observations of the C/2002 Q2-C/2002 Q3
pair, taken between Aug. 26 and Sept. 1 (MPECs 2002-Q37, 2002-Q50,
2002-Q51, 2002-R19, and 2002-R20), that C/2002 Q2 is the main comet,
with companion C/2002 Q3 having broken off from it in 1969.2 +/-
5.1 yr at a distance of some 57 +/- 6 AU from the sun and > 30 AU
south of the ecliptic. The separation velocity was only 0.15 +/-
0.04 m/s, and the secondary comet has been subjected to a relative
deceleration of 33.2 +/- 5.1 units of 10**-5 solar gravitational
acceleration. The mean residual from the solution is +/- 1".03.
The time of separation may be even more uncertain than indicated,
if the orbits depart significantly from parabolas. Because of
too-limited information on the C/2002 Q3 system (see above)
available at this time, the fragmentation sequence for its three
components remains unclear, with two extreme scenarios possible:
either they all separated from C/2002 Q2 a long time ago (say,
before about 1985) or two of them were released very recently
(during the past several months) from the third. If so, component
C is the parent to component B and perhaps to component A as well,
although A could have alternatively separated from B after B broke
off from C. Continuing observations of these components should
soon constrain the range of possible scenarios. If the relative
configuration of A, B, and C remains essentially unchanged over a
period of a few weeks, they all are old fragments. If their
separations begin to increase rapidly (by a factor of about 2 or
more in a couple of weeks) and the line joining them rotates toward
the north-south direction, they are products of recent events. The
predicted separation distances and position angles (for 0h TT) of
C/2002 C3 from C/2002 C2 are: Sept. 3, 3137", 304.5 deg; 8, 3630",
314.0 deg; 13, 4110", 321.3 deg; 18, 4423", 326.5 deg; 23, 4452",
330.0 deg; 28, 4207", 332.2 deg; Oct. 3, 3800", 333.7 deg."
[IAUC 7966, 2002 September 6]

Further to IAUC 7966, Z. Sekanina writes that he has
calculated an improved set of fragmentation parameters based on 73
differential astrometric observations taken between Aug. 26 and
Sept. 13 (MPC 46490-46491). The derived separation time of C/2002
Q3 from C/2002 Q2 is 1970.2 (+/- 1.2 yr), when the parent comet was
at a distance of 56 (+/- 1) AU from the sun, the separation
velocity was 0.18 (+/- 0.01) m/s, and C/2002 Q3 (component A) was
subjected to a relative deceleration of 34.8 (+/- 1.3) units of
10**-5 solar gravitational acceleration. The predicted separation
ephemeris differs very little from that on IAUC 7966. A
fragmentation sequence for the components of C/2002 Q3 itself has
been determined, based on the astrometry from the period 2002 Sept.
4-14. It is found that (i) nucleus A, the original, eastern
component, is the primary, (ii) the component labelled C on Sept.
10 and 14 is identical with C on Sept. 4-5, and (iii) the new,
southern condensation from Sept. 10 and 14, called D, is different
from B (the observations attributed to B on MPEC 2002-R54
apparently not referring to what was observed on Sept.\ 4--5).
[The offsets of B from A on Sept. 4-5 show irreconcilable
discrepancies (in excess of 3") when attempts are made to link them
with the offsets of the C component on Sept. 10 and 14.] It
appears that C separated from A before 1980, a satisfactory
solution indicating a fragmentation time in 1973 (+/- 4 yr), at
about 52 AU from the sun, a separation velocity of about 0.1 m/s,
and a relative deceleration of about 6 units of 10**-5 solar
gravitational acceleration. One cannot exclude the possibility
that C separated directly from C/2002 Q2 about the time, or even
before, component A did. The only satisfactory solution for D
suggests that it broke off from A on 2002 July 5 +/- 2 days (at
about 1.5 AU from the sun) with a relative velocity of 1.3 m/s and
has been subjected to a deceleration of 12 +/- 1 units. The
predicted offsets of D from A on Sept. 4-5 are -2".4 in R.A. and
-8".9 in Decl. The history of nucleus B remains unknown.
Predicted separation distances (and position angles) for components
C and D relative to A (0h TT): 2002 Sept. 18, 3".1 (277 deg) and
5".0 (237 deg); 23, 1".5 (245 deg) and 4".7 (292 deg); 28, 1".8
(169 deg) and 7".4 (325 deg); Oct. 3, 3".3 (147 deg) and 10".4 (337
deg); 8, 4".7 (139 deg) and 12".6 (343 deg); 13, 5".7 (134 deg) and
14".1 (346 deg); 18, 6".4 (130 deg) and 15".1 (348 deg); 23, 7".0
(127 deg) and 15".7 (350 deg).
[IAUC 7978, 2002 September 25]

,
Last observation 2002 September 12, updated 2002 November 6.
2002 Q4 (154P/Brewington)
F. Artigue, H. Cucurullo, and G. Trancredi, Observatorio
Astronomico Los Molinos, Montevideo, report the recovery of comet
P/1992 Q1 (= 1992p = 1992 XIV) at 17th mag, with a diffuse coma of diameter 20"
and central condensation, on CCD images taken on August 26.98 and 27.98
with a 0.46-m
telescope in the course of the 'BUSCA' project. Further astrometry
and orbital elements (from observations 1992 Aug. 28-2002 Aug. 28)
appear on MPEC 2002-Q41; the correction to the prediction on MPC
40670 is Delta(T) = +0.52 day. [IAUC 7961, 2002 August 28]
2002 Q5 (LINEAR)
L. Manguso, Lincoln Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of
Technology, reports the discovery of a 17th mag comet on August 28.22 on
LINEAR images. Following posting on the NEO
Confirmation Page, the object's cometary nature was confirmed by
several CCD observers. J. Nomen (0.40-m Schmidt telescope, Ametlla
de Mar, Spain) reported a 20" coma (m_1 = 16.7) and a 1' tail in
p.a. 140 deg on Aug. 29.0 UT. Near the same time, P. Kusnirak
(0.65-m f/3.6 reflector, Ondrejov) found the comet to be slightly
diffuse with a coma diameter of 10" and a faint tail toward the
southeast on R-band images. On Aug. 29.3, P. R. Holvorcem and M.
Schwartz (0.36-m reflector, Cottage Grove, OR) found a coma
diameter of about 20" and m_1 = 15.6 on 90-s exposures.
[IAUC 7962, 2002 August 29]

It reaches perihelion in November, but
unfortunately it is on the opposite side of the Sun to the Earth at the time
and will not get brighter than 15th magnitude.

Brian Marsden notes on MPEC 2003-C40 [2003 February 8] that the
"original" and "future" barycentric values of 1/a are
+0.000058
and -0.000885 (+/- 0.000006) AU**-1,
respectively, suggesting that this is a "new" comet from the Oort cloud.

2002 R3 (LONEOS)
An apparently asteroidal object of 18th mag reported by LONEOS
on September 4.40 was posted on the NEO Confirmation Page due to
its unusual motion. CCD frames taken on Sept. 7.4 UT by D. T.
Durig, Sewanee, TN, with a 0.3-m reflector showed a hint of
diffuseness perhaps 8"-10" in size on most of his images; his
images on Sept. 5.3 and 12.4 also showed a "soft" appearance, the
latter images hinting at a faint tail in p.a. 45 deg. CCD images
taken on Sept. 8.1 at Klet by M. Tichy and J. Ticha with the 1.06-m
KLENOT telescope show the object as a slightly diffuse, faint coma
of diameter 12", and on Sept. 10.04 it was slightly diffuse with a
faint coma of diameter about 12"-14"; it appeared diffuse also on
images from Sept. 13.03. At Modra, S. Gajdos and A. Galad found a
coma diameter of about 5" on CCD images taken on Sept. 12.1 (0.6-m
reflector). Images taken with the Palomar 1.5-m reflector by M.
Hicks on Sept. 14.4 clearly show a 5" coma and a slight elongation
to the west in a 10-min r-band exposure.
[IAUC 7970, 2002 September 14]

It is a distant comet that reaches perihelion next year. Currently
around 17th magnitude it will brighten by perhaps a further magnitude.
Brian Marsden notes on MPEC 2003-A31 [2003 January 6] that the
"original" and "future" barycentric values of 1/a are
-0.000007
and -0.000037 (+/- 0.000017)
AU**-1, respectively,
suggesting that this is a "new" comet from the Oort cloud.

A/2002 RN38
A/2002 RN38 is an asteroid, of 18th magnitude, discovered by ??
on 2002 September ??. [MPEC 2002-T84, 2002 October 14] It is in a 7.5 year orbit, with perihelion at 1.24 AU and
an eccentricity of 0.67. It was at perihelion in mid December.
The orbit is typical of a Jupiter family
comet, though there have been no recent encounters. Classed as an Amor asteroid, the diameter based
on the absolute magnitude is 2.7km.
A/2002 RN109
Elements for this interesting object appeared in MPEC 2005-A27 [2005 January 8].
It has perihelion at 2.70 AU, aphelion at 1500 AU and a period of 20,000 years.
It reached perihelion in early January 2003.
Its inclination of 58 degrees keeps it away from major planets. Its absolute
magnitude is 14.2, giving a diameter of 5.7km. It is a cubewano or scattered disk object.
A/2002 RC118 (LINEAR) (338176)
A/2002 RC118 (LINEAR) is an asteroid, of 19th magnitude, discovered by LINEAR
on 2002 September 6.34. [MPEC 2002-R40, 2002 September 8] It is in a 5.1 year orbit, with perihelion at 1.28 AU and
an eccentricity of 0.57. It was at perihelion in mid November.
The orbit is typical of a Jupiter family
comet, though there have been no recent approaches. Classed as an Amor asteroid it has a diameter
of 2.9km based on the absolute magnitude.
A/2002 RP120 (LONEOS) (65407)
A/2002 RP120 (LONEOS) is an asteroid, of 17th magnitude, discovered by LONEOS at
Lowell Observatory on 2002 September 4.41. [MPEC 2002-R43, 2002 September 10]
The orbit is retrograde, with a period of
around 400 years and perihelion distance at 2.49 AU, with aphelion over 100 AU from the Sun.
It reached perihelion in early
October, but showed no sign of cometary activity.
The orbit is typical of a long period comet, though it is classed as a cubewano or scatter disk object.
The diameter is 23km based on the absolute magnitude.
A/2002 RA126 (NEAT)
A/2002 RA126 (NEAT) is an asteroid, of 20th magnitude, discovered by NEAT at
Palomar
on 2002 September 11.14. [MPEC 2002-R61, 2002 September 12] It is in a 4.6 year orbit, with perihelion at 1.04 AU and
an eccentricity of 0.62. It was last at perihelion in 2011 October.
It is classed as an Amor asteroid, with a diameter of 200m based on the absolute magnitude.
2002 S1 (P/Skiff)
B. Skiff, Lowell Observatory, reports his discovery of a comet
on images taken by him in the course of the LONEOS program, on September
17.42 at mag 18.0. The object has a
moderately condensed coma of diameter 10" and a tail 30" long in
p.a. 285 deg. At Skiff's request, M. Hayes-Gehrke obtained a
confirming 5-min CCD R frame (also on Sept. 17, in twilight) with
the Lowell Observatory's Perkins 1.8-m telescope, showing a 8" coma
and a tail about 30" long in p.a. 280 or 285 deg.
[IAUC 7972, 2002 September 17]
Further observations show that it is periodic, with an 8.3 year
period and perihelion distance of 2.31 AU in late March.
It will remain near its current brightness until the end of the year.
A/2002 SQ41 (NEAT)
A/2002 SQ41 (NEAT) is an asteroid, of 20th magnitude, discovered by NEAT at
Heleakala
on 2002 September 29.41. [MPEC 2002-T03, 2002 October 2] It is in a 4.2 year
orbit, with perihelion at 0.52 AU and
an eccentricity of 0.80. It was last at perihelion in 2011 May.
2002 T1 (P/LINEAR)
M. Blythe and S. Partridge, Lincoln Laboratory, Massachusetts
Institute of Technology, report the LINEAR discovery of a 16th mag comet
showing a coma and a possible tail in p.a. about 260 deg on October 3.26.
Following posting on the NEO Confirmation
Page, other observers confirmed the cometary appearance, including
P. Birtwhistle, Great Shefford, England (Oct. 4.11 UT, m_1 = 15.4,
faint 1' tail in p.a. 231 deg), and J. McGaha, Tucson, AZ (Oct.
4.33, nuclear condensation of mag about 15.3 and diameter about 6",
with a tail 45" long and about 12" wide in p.a. 235 deg curving
toward the north). [IAUC 7983, 2002 October 4]

The comet is periodic and is near perihelion
and will fade. The period is around 6.7 years and the perihelion distance
1.2 AU. BAA Member Peter Birtwhistle was amongst the first to confirm its
cometary nature.

2002 T4 (54P/de Vico-Swift-NEAT)
K. Lawrence, S. Pravdo, and E. Helin, Jet Propulsion
Laboratory, report the discovery on Oct. 11.22 UT of a 19th mag comet (with
a nuclear condensation of diameter about 4" and a tail about 20"
long toward the south-southwest) on NEAT images taken at Palomar.
M. Hicks reports that images taken by J. Young at Table Mountain on
Oct. 12.3 (through cirrus clouds) show a diffuse coma and a faint
5" tail to the southwest. D. Balam, University of Victoria,
reports that images taken by J. Clem with the 1.82-m Plaskett
telescope (also on Oct. 12.3) also show the object to be cometary
in appearance (3 pixels, or 3".3, larger than nearby stars).

The available astrometry (including prediscovery LINEAR
observations from Oct. 4 and 9), the following elliptical orbital
elements, and an ephemeris appear on MPEC 2002-T76.

2002 T5 (P/LINEAR)
An apparently asteroidal object of mag 18.4 reported by LINEAR on
October 5.39, posted on the NEO Confirmation Page due
to unusual motion, has been found to be cometary in appearance.
D. T. Durig and J. A. K. Blackwood, University of the South,
Sewanee, TN, report that CCD images taken with a 0.30-m reflector
on Oct. 18.4 UT show the object to be diffuse with a hint of a tail
12"-15" long in p.a. 330 deg and a soft coma of diameter 5"-8".
Images taken by G. Hug, Eskridge, KS, also with a 0.30-m reflector
at about the same time, show a nearly stellar coma with extension
about 10"-15" long in p.a. about 280 deg.
[IAUC 7998, 2002 October 22]

The comet is a distant object and reached perihelion at the end of June
2003. It will remain near 17th magnitude until mid 2004.
The period is 18.5 years and the perihelion distance
3.93 AU. Observers contributing to the preliminary orbit included BAA Member
Peter Birtwhistle.

2002 T6 (P/NEAT-LINEAR)
An object reported as asteroidal independently by the NEAT (October
4.50, mag 20.1) and LINEAR surveys (October 7.26, mag 19.4),
and later placed on the NEOCP, has been found
cometary in appearance. P. Birtwhistle, Great Shefford, U.K.,
reports that CCD images taken with a 0.3-m reflector on Oct. 27.9
UT show two faint, thin, straight tails in p.a. 107 deg (36" long)
and 310 deg (39" long) and a nuclear condensation with diameter
about 8". T. B. Spahr reports that 5-min exposures taken with the
Mt. Hopkins 1.2-m reflector on Oct. 29.2 show a small coma of
diameter about 6" and an extremely faint tail about 10" long in
p.a. 330 deg.
[IAUC 8002, 2002 October 29]

Although some time from perihelion, it is a distant object in a periodic
orbit and will initially fade.
The period is around 21.2 years and the perihelion distance
3.4 AU. Observers contributing to the preliminary orbit include BAA Members
Peter Birtwhistle and Stephen Laurie.

2002 T7 (LINEAR)
Another object, of mag 17.5 found on October 14.42, and reported as
asteroidal by the LINEAR survey has
been found to be cometary in appearance. P. Birtwhistle, Great
Shefford, U.K., writes that CCD images taken on Oct. 28.0 UT show
the object to be slightly 'softer' than stars of similar brightness.
T. B. Spahr reports that Mt. Hopkins images taken on Oct. 29.4 show
the object to be very slightly diffuse, again with it being
slightly larger than the FWHM of nearby stars.

The available astrometry (some giving the comet's magnitude as
bright as 16.5), including an Oct. 12 prediscovery observation, is
given on MPEC 2002-U43. It is possible that this comet could reach
naked-eye brightness around April--June 2004. [IAUC 8003, 2002 October 29]
Observers contributing to the preliminary orbit include BAA Members
Peter Birtwhistle and Stephen Laurie. Comet Section contributor Rafael
Ferrando also made positional measurements.

W. J. Altenhoff, F. Bertoldi, and K. Menten, Max-Planck-
Institut fuer Radioastronomie, Bonn; and C. Thum, Institut de
Radio-Astronomie Millimetrique (IRAM), Granada, report the
detection of 250-GHz continuum emission from comet C/2002 T7 with
the MAMBO bolometer array at the IRAM 30-m telescope, yielding the
following flux densities: Feb. 13.636 UT, S = 6.5 +/- 1.1 mJy/beam;
16.697, 8.0 +/- 1.3. These photometric observations with a beam of
11" register emission at the level of 1 mJy also in neighboring
channels, suggesting that full-width-at-half-maximum emission
extends to a distance of about 20". Around the time of the comet's
closest approach to the earth in May, the flux density per beam is
expected to increase by a factor 10, and the total flux density by
> 100.
[IAUC 8292, 2004 February 23]

E. S. Howell, Arecibo Observatory, reports that observations
of the 18-cm OH lines in this comet, made with A. J. Lovell and F.
P. Schloerb at Arecibo Observatory, result in the following
production rates: Apr. 10.63 UT, log Q(OH) = 29.4; 15.60, 29.3;
16.59, 29.4; 17.59, 29.5 (uncertainties of order 10**28 mol/s).
Line shapes are consistent with parent outflow velocities ranging
from 1.7 to 2.0 km/s. Spectra obtained on Apr. 14-15 reveal an
excess of 10-20 percent around cometocentric velocities of +3 km/s.
[IAUC 8329, 2004 April 23]

Z. Sekanina, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, writes: "The sudden
appearance of a prominent antitail is the result of unusual
coincidences. Due to projection effects the antitail could not
develop before the end of March 2004, at which time the comet was
too close to the sun to be observed from the ground (and not close
enough to show up in the SOHO's C3 coronagraphic images). From the
orientation in the available images of Apr. 17-20, the dust
contained in the antitail is found to have been ejected most
probably between discovery (mid-October 2002) and about 300 days
before perihelion (the end of June 2003). Because the comet was
not brightening dramatically between discovery (except perhaps in
the first post-discovery days) and the 2003 conjunction with the
sun, it is likely that the material in the antitail dates back to a
fairly sudden onset of persistent dust production at or shortly
before discovery (i.e., the comet was detected because it 'turned
on' at about that time), or the comet's dust-emission activity
picked up rapidly in mid-2003, when it was behind the sun. The
steeper light curve beginning in August 2003 can support this
scenario. In either case, there was no antitail around 2003 Dec.
27 and none is expected to appear around 2004 June 26, the times of
the earth's transit across the comet's orbital plane. In the
intervening period of time, the position angle of the antitail and
the angle it subtends with the prolonged radius vector (i.e.,
approximately with the plasma tail) are predicted to vary as
follows (the first number in each interval refers to an onset time
in late June 2003, the second to onset in mid-October 2002): Apr.
15, p.a. 42-45 deg, angle with respect to the radius vector 142-145
deg; 20, 32-37 deg, 137-142 deg; 25, 16-24 deg, 125-133 deg; May 5,
323-334 deg, 80-91 deg; 15, 291-295 deg, 82-86 deg; 20, 274-278 deg,
120-124 deg; 25, 255-262 deg, 130-137 deg; 30, 236-251 deg, 117-132
deg; June 4, 197-232 deg, 80-115 deg; 9, 154-186 deg, 37-69 deg.
The angular deviation from the radius vector dropping below 90 deg
implies the antitail's disappearance. There are two maxima in this
angle, one on Apr. 13, the second on May 21. Unless the dust
production terminated early, more recent ejecta fill the entire
sector between the antitail and the plasma tail. The visibility of
this sector is affected by projection geometry and, to a degree, is
anticorrelated with the antitail's prominence. Also, in long-
exposure images, which show the antitail to extend further out, its
slight curvature may be noticed toward greater position angles
(counterclockwise) farther from the comet, although this effect may
be concealed by decreasing brightness."
[IAUC 8330, 2004 April 23]

M. L. Sitko, University of Cincinnati; R. W. Russell and D. L.
Kim, Aerospace Corporation; and S. M. Brafford, University of
Dayton, report 3-13-micron spectrophotometry of comet C/2002 T7,
obtained on May 31.1 UT with the 1.5-m University of Minnesota
telescope (+ Aerospace Broadband Array Spectrograph System; 8".5
aperture; 49" chop throw; integration times 10 min on the comet and
20 min on the reference star, beta Gem) at Mt. Lemmon: "A virtually
featureless comet continuum was seen to rise from 3.5 to 13 microns,
with only a very weak possible silicate emission band superimposed.
A blackbody with a temperature of about 300 +/- 10 K was fit to the
underlying continuum flux at 5, 8.4, and 12 microns. This grain
temperature is about 9 +/- 4 percent higher than that of an
equilibrium blackbody at the heliocentric distance of the comet.
The silicate-feature-to-continuum ratio, based on the underlying
continuum fit, was about 1.03 +/- 0.02. With our aperture, the
comet has the following narrowband (about 0.25 micron) magnitudes
and combined random errors (due to calibration star and comet, as
well as variations due to the presence of real spectral structure):
[3.7 microns] = 7.63 +0.44/-0.31, [4.7 microns] = 5.58 +/- 0.09, [5
microns] = 4.79 +0.49/-0.33, [8 microns] = 1.43 +/- 0.16, [10.5
microns] = 0.06 +/- 0.32, and [12 microns] = -0.39 +/- 0.02 (the
stated errors are standard deviations of the mean)."
[IAUC 8355, 2004 June 16]

Michael Mattiazzo gives the orbital plane crossings as 2002 December 26, 2003
June 27, 2003 December 25, 2004 December 25.

Brian Marsden notes on MPEC 2004-K65 [2004 May 29] that

The "original" and "future" barycentric values of 1/a from the above
orbit are -0.000058 and -0.000697 (+/- 0.000002) AU^-1, respectively.
A gravitational solution from the full observed arc is not satisfactory,
even when the recent observations are strongly weighted relative to the
earlier observations. A nongravitational solution, also not entirely
satisfactory, satisfying 3761 observations over the full observed arc with
mean residual 0".50, gives A1 = -0.23 +/- 0.02, A2 = +0.28 +/- 0.01.

The "original" value suggests that this is a "new" comet from the Oort cloud.

Observations made in 2003 August put the comet around 13th magnitude.
I observed the comet on September 29.1, estimating it at 11.7 in the N'land refractor
x170. The comet appeared significantly brighter than a week earlier. By October 27.03
the comet had brightened to 10.7, with a small 0.7' DC6 coma. It was visible in
25x100B on October 27.95, appearing nearly stellar at mag 11.1 (TK). On November 17.09
it was visible in 25x100B at mag 9.9, with a 1.3' DC5 coma. Several reports in early
December put it at around 8.5 with a 2' or larger coma. By mid December observers
were reporting significant tail development, unusual in such a distant comet. In mid
January I observed the comet in 20x80B making it 7.6, with a 9' diameter coma. By
early February the comet had brightened to 7th magnitude, with observers reporting a
tail of between 20'and 60'. By early March observers were putting it a little brighter than
7th magnitude, but clearly the rate of brightening has slackened off a little.

Alexandre Amorim recovered the comet after solar conjunction on April 9.36, estimating it
at around 4.6. The comet reached perihelion on 2004 April 23 at 0.61 AU. It reached a peak
of around 3rd magnitude in the first half of May. It has faded relatively quickly and
by early August was around 11th magnitude.

737 observations give a preliminary uncorrected light curve of
5.5 + 5 log d + 6.3 log r though it is currently two magnitudes
fainter than indicated by the mean curve.

A/2002 TV55 (LINEAR)
A/2002 TV55 (LINEAR) is an asteroid, of 20th magnitude, discovered by LINEAR
on 2002 October 2.32. [MPEC 2002-T11, 2002 October 4] It is in a 4.9 year orbit, with perihelion at 0.97 AU and
an eccentricity of 0.66. It was last at perihelion in 2012 September.
2002 U2 (LINEAR)
M. Bezpalko, Lincoln Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of
Technology, reports the LINEAR discovery of a comet of mag 17.3 with a tail in
p.a. about 270 deg on October 25.44. L. Sarounova,
Ondrejov, reports that images taken with the 0.65-m reflector on
Oct. 26.0 UT show a 10" coma (m_1 = 15.5) and a narrow tail at
least 2' long in p.a. 280 deg.
[IAUC 8000, 2002 October 26]

It reaches perihelion at 1.16
AU in early January and could reach 14th magnitude from the end of November.
This is LINEAR's 95th comet.

Brian Marsden notes on MPEC 2003-C41 [2003 February 8] that the
"original" and "future" barycentric values of 1/a are
+0.001075
and +0.000717 (+/- 0.000012) AU**-1
, respectively, suggesting that this is not a "new" comet from the Oort cloud.

A/2002 UN (NEAT)
2002 UN is an asteroid, of 17th magnitude, discovered by NEAT at Palomar
on 2002 October 22.15. [MPEC 2002-U30, 2002 October 24]

The Amor asteroid was recovered in 2007 July and the refined orbit has a period of 5.2 years,
with perihelion at 1.17 AU in mid March 2008. It can approach the Earth within 0.26 AU,
but remains over 1.2 AU from Jupiter.

A/2002 UO3 (LINEAR) (170013)
2002 UO3 is an asteroid, of 18th magnitude, discovered by LINEAR
on 2002 October 28.32. [MPEC 2002-U46, 2002 October 30] It is in a 5.1 year orbit, with perihelion at 0.60 AU and
an eccentricity of 0.80. It is next at perihelion in 2013 April.
The orbit is typical of a Jupiter family
comet. It is classed as an Apollo asteroid with a diameter of 1.9km based on the absolute magnitude.
2002 V1 (NEAT)
Steve Pravdo, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, reports the NEAT
discovery, on CCD images taken with the 1.2-m reflector at
Haleakala on November 6.60, of a mag 17.3 comet with a tail about 10" long
in p.a. 225 deg.
Following posting on the NEO Confirmation Page, other CCD observers
have confirmed the cometary nature: P. Pravec and L. Sarounova
(Ondrejov, 0.65-m reflector), coma diameter 0'.4, faint tail 0'.4
long in p.a. 250 deg; M. Lehky (Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic,
0.40-m f/5 reflector), slightly diffuse coma of diameter about 5";
M. Blasco and S. Sanchez (Mallorca, 0.40-m Schmidt telescope), coma
diameter 15".
[IAUC 8010, 2002 November 6]

C. B. Cosmovici, Istituto di Fisica dello Spazio
Interplanetario, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Rome, reports
that he and the rest of the ITASEL team of the Medicina 32-m radio
telescope (M. Teodorani, S. Montebugnoli, and G. Maccaferri)
detected the 22-GHz water-maser line in comet C/2002 V1 at
perihelion, using a fast, high-resolution spectrum analyzer (8192
channels; bandwidth 8 MHz) on Feb. 17, 18, and 19 (when r =
0.101-0.121 AU), during the strong coronal mass ejection (CME)
detected by the SOHO spacecraft. The beam size was 2',
corresponding to an observed region at the comet of about 80000 km.
The mean antenna temperature was 140 +/- 38 mK, giving an
integrated flux of 0.70 +/- 0.17 Jy km/s (FHWM = 47 KHz). The
neutral water molecules show a velocity shift of -12.2 km/s with
respect to the nucleus, confirming the previously observed peculiar
strong acceleration of neutral water molecules in C/1996 B2 at
perihelion (Cosmovici et al. 1998, Planet. Space Sci. 46, 467; in
C/1992 B2, the shift varied between 22 and 44 km/s). Neutral water
molecules normally are ejected from the nucleus at velocities
around 1 km/s. This peculiarity could be explained by assuming the
sublimation of excited water molecules from accelerated ionized icy
grains that form an extended source around the nucleus. The strong
CME may have contributed to the acceleration mechanism. Evaluation
of the water-production rate is in progress.
[IAUC 8094, 2003 March 16]

The comet reached perihelion at
0.1 AU on 2003 February 18.3.

Some tentative visual observations in late November suggested that it was approaching
14th magnitude. By early December reports were suggesting that it was
around 13th magnitude. I observed the comet with the Northumberland refractor on
December 4.94 estimating it at 12.3 and a much easier object than 2001 RX14.
A report from Mike Linnolt also suggests that the comet was 12th mag. It
seems to be brightening quite rapidly and CCD observations indicate that it
is a gassy comet. Reports by December 10 suggested that the comet had
brightened to 11th mag. Michael Mattiazzo reported that on December 23.53
it was 9.4, with coma dia.=8', DC=3 in 25x100mm B. I observed it with
14x100B on December 28.76, making it 9.0 with a DC s5, 6.1' coma. Some
observers put it as bright as 7.8 by December 30. On January 1.83 it had
brightened to 8.2, DC4, diameter 9.0' in my 20x80B. On January 3.91 it was
8.0, but seemed more diffuse at DC3. On January 8.93 it was 7.2 and a little
more condensed at DC4. Despite strong moonlight on January 11.80 the comet
was quite easy in 20x80B at an estimated magnitude of 6.9. On January 15.74
it was a similar magnitude and appearance. By January 23.75 the condensation
had increased to 6, and the coma had shrunk to 6.2', with a total magnitude of
6.2. Observations in late January suggest only a slow brightening,
implying that the light curve is flattening further.

By early February tail development was becoming significant with around 2
degrees or more being visible. Moonlight and low altitude are now interfering with observation.
With a frontal system sitting
over Cambridge on Feb 11 I decided to travel west to find clear skies. After a couple
of hours driving I encountered clear skies near Droitwich, and found a country
site south of Ombersley. The comet was surprisingly easy in the twilight, showing
a short tail and a creamy coloured nucleus. The total magnitude was 3.0, coma diameter
3' and DC8 in 10x50B.

I then travelled south to Antarctica and was able to reobserve the comet from Rothera
station in deep twilight on February 25.10 when it was mag 2.9: with a 0.7 degree
long tail.

Brian Marsden notes on MPEC 2003-E59 [2003 March 14] that the
"original" and "future" barycentric values of 1/a are
+0.002297
and +0.001008 (+/- 0.000002) AU**-1,
respectively, suggesting that this is not a "new" comet from the Oort cloud.

297 observations received so far
give a preliminary light curve, corrected for aperture and where possible
for systematic observer differences of
m = 7.0 + 5 log d + 9.4 log r which predicted a peak magnitude around -3.
It faded more
slowly than predicted by the curve.

2002 V2 (LINEAR)
An apparently asteroidal object of mag 18.6 discovered by LINEAR
on November 5.31 and posted on the NEO Confirmation
Page has been found to have cometary appearance. M. Tichy found a
compact 6" coma on KLENOT images taken at Klet on Nov. 7.13 UT.
Images taken by P. R. Holvorcem and M. Schwartz with the Tenagra
0.81-m reflector on Nov. 7.4 and 8.4 show the object diffuse with
a coma diameter of about 8".
[IAUC 8013, 2002 November 9]

Although a few months
from perihelion, it is a distant object and will only brighten a little.

Brian Marsden notes on MPEC 2003-E19 [2003 March 6] that the
"original" and "future" barycentric values of 1/a are
+0.000447
and +0.000437 (+/- 0.000012) AU**-1,
respectively, suggesting that this is not a "new" comet from the Oort cloud.

2002 VP94 (247P/LINEAR)
is an asteroid, of 19th magnitude, discovered by LINEAR
on 2002 November 5.31. It is in an 8.0 year orbit, with perihelion at 1.52 AU and
an eccentricity of 0.62. It is at perihelion in January, and will brighten
by about a magnitude.
[MPEC 2002-V70, 2002 November 15, 10-day orbit] Brian Marsden notes that it is not
clear if the object is in fact a comet. The orbit is typical of a Jupiter
family comet and it can pass within 0.4 AU of the planet.

It was finally confirmed as a comet in 2010 December when observations at the Haute Province
Observatory as part of the T2 project showed that it had a tail. This was confirmed by
follow-up observations and announced on MPEC 2010-Y29 on December 27. The comet reached
perihelion in early January at this return, at a distance of 1.48 AU and has a period of
7.9 years.

A/2002 VQ94 (LINEAR)
is an asteroid, of 19th magnitude, discovered by LINEAR
on 2002 November 11.24. Brian Marsden notes that it is not
clear if the object is in fact a comet. [MPEC 2002-V71, 2002 November 15]
It is in a 3000 year orbit, with perihelion at 6.8 AU and an eccentricity of
0.97. Currently at 9.8 AU from the Sun it reaches perihelion in February 2006,
when it may be mag 17.5 or brighter if it shows some cometary activity.
[MPEC 2002-Y67, 2002 December 30]

Observations made towards the end of August 2003 revealed a clear coma,
thus confirming the cometary nature of the object.

An apparently asteroidal object reported by LINEAR (announced
on MPEC 2002-V71, where B. G. Marsden noted "whether this object is
a comet or not is inconclusive", and MPS 66506)
has been found to have a prominent 10"
coma with a fanlike morphology spanning p.a. 180-300 deg on images
taken by D. Jewitt on Aug. 28.5 UT with the University of Hawaii
2.2-m telescope. Recent astrometry, the orbital elements below,
and an ephemeris appear on MPEC 2003-R22.
[IAUC 8194, 2003 September 3]

Brian Marsden notes on MPEC 2003-R43 [2003 September 9] that the
"original" and "future" barycentric values of 1/a are
+0.005297
and +0.005403 (+/- 0.000000) AU**-1,
respectively, suggesting that this is not a "new" comet from the Oort cloud.

A/2002 WW17 (NEAT)
is an asteroid, of 19th magnitude, discovered by Heleakala NEAT
on 2002 November 28.55. [MPEC 2002-X35, 2002 December 6] It is in a 5.3 year orbit, with perihelion at 1.06 AU and
an eccentricity of 0.65. It is next at perihelion in 2013 October.
The orbit is typical of a
Jupiter family comet, though there have been no recent passes close to the
planet. Classed as an Amor asteroid its diameter is 2.2km based on the absolute magnitude.
2002 X1 (LINEAR)
An object of mag 18.0 reported as asteroidal by LINEAR on December 5.44,
and placed on the NEO Confirmation Page due to
its unusual motion, has been found to be cometary on CCD images
taken around Dec. 7.4 UT by D. T. Durig (Sewanee, TN, 0.3-m
reflector; 25" coma, m_1 = 15.5), by P. R. Holvorcem and M.
Schwartz (Nogales, AZ, 0.81-m telescope; diffuse with coma diameter
about 10" and a hint of tail at p.a. about 300 deg), and by G. Hug,
R. Valentine, and B. Leifer (Eskridge, KS, 0.30-m reflector;
diffuse).
[IAUC 8028, 2002 December 7]

The preliminary low
inclination, small perihelion distance orbit was quickly replaced by a
retrograde, larger perihelion distance orbit after Sebastian Hoenig pointed
out that no object had been detected in SOHO images. It is some 7 months from
perihelion and will brighten by a couple of magnitudes and could reach 14th
magnitude in February. Some CCD
observations put the comet at 16th magnitude.

Brian Marsden notes on MPEC 2003-C44 [2003 February 8] that the
"original" and "future" barycentric values of 1/a are
+0.000790
and +0.001222 (+/- 0.000011) AU**-1,
respectively, suggesting that this is not a "new" comet from the Oort cloud.

2002 X2 (P/NEAT)
K. J. Lawrence reports the discovery of a comet of mag 18.4 by the NEAT
team (which now includes also R. Bambery, E. Helin, S. Pravdo, M.
Hicks, and R. Thicksten) from CCD images taken with the 1.2-m
Schmidt telescope at Palomar on December 7.17.
Following posting on the NEO Confirmation Page, J. Ticha and M.
Tichy found the comet to show a 7" coma and a 14" tail in p.a. 45
deg on Klet images taken on Dec. 8.8 UT. P. Holvorcem that the co-
addition of three 120-s exposures taken with the Tenagra II
telescope at Nogales, AZ, on Dec. 8.20 shows a coma with diameter
about 7" and a tail about 14" long in p.a. about 55 deg. F. B.
Zoltowski, Edgewood, NM, notes that CCD images taken with a 0.3-m
reflector on Dec. 9.15 shows the comet as diffuse with a 15" coma
diameter and a possible faint tail in p.a. 240 deg.
[IAUC 8029, 2002 December 9]

It is a moderately distant and intrinsically faint periodic
comet of 18th magnitude. Although a few months from perihelion it will fade.
It has a period of 8.1 years and a perihelion distance of 2.5 AU.

J. Watanabe, National Astronomical Observatory of Japan,
reports the independent visual discovery of this comet by Shigehisa
Fujikawa, Oonohara, Kagawa, Japan, (Dec. 14.858 UT, 9:, 4'
0.16-m reflector); report received by Watanabe prior to
the issuance of IAUC 8032). T. Lovejoy, Thornlands, Qld.,
Australia, reports that C/2002 X5 appears faintly visible at mag
approximately 10-11 (based on the appearance of other comets in
SWAN images) on SWAN images that were taken on six dates, Nov.
6-13, and posted at the SOHO website. [IAUC 8033, 2002 December 16]

R. W. Russell, D. K. Lynch, and D. L. Kim, The Aerospace
Corporation; M. L. Sitko, University of Cincinnati; and W. Golisch,
NASA Infrared Telescope Facility (IRTF), report that spectroscopy
of comet C/2002 X5 was obtained on Jan. 9.1 and 10.05-10.14 UT at
1.5-3.4 airmasses with the Aerospace Broadband Array Spectrograph
System at the IRTF 3-m telescope. They observed a relatively
smooth thermal-emission spectrum, over most of the spectral range
covered (3-14 microns), whose shape resembled a blackbody near or
slightly above the blackbody radiative equilibrium temperature of
340 K. A silicate emission feature, if present, would be no more
than about 15 percent of the continuum. A 3.4-micron C-H feature
may be present in emission. Narrowband magnitudes (each +/- 0.05)
on Jan. 9.1 in a 3".5-diameter aperture were L [3.5 microns] = 8.3,
M [4.5 microns] = 5.8, and N [10.2 microns] = 1.7. The emission at
10.2 microns was extended at least 18" east-west and 10" north-
south, using a 29" north-south chop. The beam only needed to be
moved about 3" east-west to get to the half-power location,
suggesting that the infrared emission was concentrated on the peak
with an extended coma component. On Jan. 10, the spectrum was
essentially unchanged, though perhaps 5 percent brighter.
[IAUC 8062, 2003 January 30]

Japanese observer Tetsuo Kudo discovered a bright comet on December 13.83
using 20x120 binoculars. It was also reported by Shigehisa Fujikawa
on December 14.86 using a 0.16-m f6 reflector x30. Initially reported as 9th
magnitude, some
observers report it as bright as 7th magnitude. It has a coma perhaps 5'
in diameter and a faint tail. [IAUC 8032, 2002 December 14, IAUC 8033, 2002
December 16]
The preliminary orbit indicates that the comet could have been found a month
ago. Inspection of SOHO SWAN imagery by Terry Lovejoy and confirmed by
Sebastian Hoenig has found images that do show the comet and confirm the
general form of the orbit and the absolute brightness of the comet.

This is Shigehisa Fujikawa's 6th comet, the others being C/1969 P1 (Fujikawa)
C/1970 B1 (Daido-Fujikawa), C/1975 T1 (Mori-Sato-Fujikawa),
72P/Denning-Fujikawa (=1978 T2) and
C/1983 J1 (Sugano-Saigusa-Fujikawa).
He was also an independent discoverer of C/1968 H1 (Tago-Honda-Yamamoto),
C/1968 N1 (Honda) and C/1988 P1 (Machholz). He used nearly the same
telescope for these discoveries, but has replaced the original f5 primary
mirror with a new f6 one.

After a long spell of overcast skies, it cleared for Cambridge as dusk fell
on December 17 and I was able to observe the comet with my 0.15-m reflector
x80, making it 8.5, DC3 and diameter 2.4' on December 17.73.
This contrasts with observers
using binoculars, for example Tony Scarmato, Calabria, Italy on December
17.70 made it 6.7, coma 5' in 7x50B and Guus Gilein from the Netherlands on
December 18.21 made it 7.2, coma 5' in 10x50B. I observed it with 20x80B on
December 18.73 making it 8.0 with a 5' coma. On December 28.74 I made it
6.9, DC5 in the same binoculars, and on January 1.80 approximately 6.6.
Observing in poor conditions on January 10.27 I made it 6.6:, compared to 6.1
on January 7.74. During the second week of January the magnitude seems to
have stalled. On January 12.26 under poor conditions I estimated the
magnitude at 6.1 in 20x80B. On January 14.28 in brightening skies I found it
at 5.8, DC7, diameter 2.3' in 20x80B.

The comet was visible in the
SOHO C3 coronagraph from January 25 to 31. It reached
perihelion at 0.19 AU on January 29.0, when it showed significant phase angle
effects and faded significantly. After perihelion it appeared to brighten
again, reaching around 1st magnitude.
It has been recovered after conjunction, but a little fainter than expected.
Michael Mattiazzo reported it at 5.7 on February 7.51 on 25x100B, low in the
twilight.

149 observations received so far
give a preliminary light curve, corrected for aperture and where possible
for systematic observer differences of
m =7.2 + 5 log d + 6.9 log r though it is fading faster than this and is
currently some 2 magnitudes fainter than given by the curve.

A/2002 XA (LINEAR)
is an asteroid, of 19th magnitude, discovered by LINEAR
on 2002 December 1.22. [MPEC 2002-X08, 2002 December 2] It is in a 4.8 year orbit, with perihelion at 1.08 AU and
an eccentricity of 0.62. It was at perihelion in 2012 August.
It is classed as an Amor asteroid, with a diameter of 0.9km based on its absolute magnitude
A/2002 XG36 (LINEAR)
is an asteroid, of 19th magnitude, discovered by LINEAR
on 2002 December 5.31. [MPEC 2003-A54, 2003 January 8] It is in a 5.8 year orbit, with perihelion at 1.50 AU and
an eccentricity of 0.54. It is next at perihelion in 2014 May.
The orbit is typical of a
Jupiter family comet, and it has approached within 0.8 AU during the last
century.
A/2002 XE84 (LINEAR)
is an asteroid, of 20th magnitude, discovered by LINEAR
on 2002 December 13.44. [MPEC 2002-X85, 2002 December 15] It is in a 4.7 year orbit, with perihelion at 0.95 AU and
an eccentricity of 0.66. It was at perihelion in mid January 2003.
There have been no recent
approaches to Jupiter due to the high (29 degree) inclination orbit.
2002 Y1 (Juels-Holvorcem)
Charles Juels and Paulo Holvorcem have discovered a 15th magnitude comet on
CCD images taken with a 0.12-m f5 refractor on December 28.44. The preliminary
orbit suggests that the comet will reach perihelion on April 15 at 0.75 AU.
It is
a morning object.
The comet reached 6th magnitude in early April.

A comet has been found on CCD images (discovery observation
below) taken with a 0.12-m f/5.0 refractor by Charles W. Juels
(Fountain Hills, AZ) and Paulo R. Holvorcem (Campinas, Brazil).
Holvercem reports that co-adding five 45-s and one 90-s exposures
taken around Dec. 28.5 UT reveals a coma 1'.8 in diameter.
Following posting on the NEO Confirmation Page, several other
observers reported on the cometary appearance of the object,
including D. T. Durig (Sewanee, TN), who noted that 300-s CCD
exposures with a 0.3-m reflector show an inner coma of diameter 30"
and a wider, diffuse glow of diameter 2'.5.
[IAUC 8039, 2002 December 29]

Notes on the comet mail list suggest that they were using 12cm f5 refractor,
on a high-end mount and using a SITe CCD yielding a 2.35 x 2.35 degree field
of view. The discovery was made on the very first night the equipment was
commissioned!

Paulo Holvorcem provides this background information:

Charles Juels and myself
collaborate over the internet, with the help of "fast"
ADSL internet connections, which makes it easy to communicate
and transfer images in near-real time between
Fountain Hills (near Phoenix, Arizona) and my home in
Campinas, Brazil. From here I can schedule search and follow-up runs
at Fountain Hills using software I wrote for this purpose
(or they can be planned by Charles), and we can split the
tasks of data analysis by transferring images over the
internet. The astrometric observations from codes 926, 848, and
860, which you see in MPECs are obtained in an analogous way.
These days I hardly leave my house to observe!
We were very lucky to find C/2002 Y1 on the first night with
the new 0.12-m refractor on an automated mount. For some time
we had considered the idea of doing wide-field searches for
new "bright" objects, and this was our first experiment. The
field of view is about 2.3 x 2.3 degrees. On that first night
(Dec. 28) we searched some 300 square degrees and
were surprised to find an object of apparently diffuse appearance.
Co-adding the discovery images and a few others taken for
follow-up on the same night suggested a coma about 1.8' in
diameter, which we didn't immediately report (it seemed too
much luck, maybe it was not real). But we reported the positions
immediately to the MPC, which posted the object (then referred to
as HJ0080) on the NEOCP. It was soon confirmed by others, so
we were sure that it was real. And if it was real, then the
co-addition of the images showed that it was a comet. We
then reported the detection of the coma on Dec. 29, and
soon afterwards the comet was announced on an IAUC and a
MPEC.

Some observations in early January
suggested that it might be around 13th mag. Seiichi Yoshida estimated the comet
at mag 10.7 in his 0.32-m reflector on January 11.79 and I made a low
reliability estimate of it at 11.6 in the Thorrowgood refractor on January
11.13. Observations later in January after the moon left the sky suggest
that the comet had brightened to 10th magnitude. Observing on February 3.1
with 20x80B and 25x100B the comet was a large, diffuse object of
approximately magnitude 8.
Observing from my bedroom window in Cambridge on April 2.17 I estimated the
comet at 6.4 in 20x80B. Southern Hemisphere observers show the comet is
slowly fading.

Brian Marsden notes on MPEC 2003-H15 [2003 April 23] that the
"original" and "future" barycentric values of 1/a are
+0.004102
and +0.004496 (+/- 0.000006) AU**-1,
respectively, suggesting that this is not a "new" comet from the Oort cloud.
Such comets usually have consistent light curves.

A/2002 YK29 (LINEAR)
is an asteroid, of 20th magnitude, discovered by LINEAR
on 2002 December 31.30. [MPEC 2003-A63, 2003 January 10] It is in a 5.9 year orbit, with perihelion at 1.46 AU and
an eccentricity of 0.56. It is next at perihelion in 2014 September.
The orbit is typical of a
Jupiter family comet, though there have been no recent approaches.
Ephemerides of current comets are available on the CBAT
ephemeris page and positions of newly discovered comets are on the
NEO confirmation page.