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type=\u0022text\/css\u0022 rel=\u0022stylesheet\u0022 href=\u0022https:\/\/geea.lyellcollection.org\/sites\/default\/files\/advagg_css\/css__Phv4yyfHnqsuI8EVxF7liPKGErZuHdbDcKKc-UovXcI__TUH11QMIXOu75Ns3hOobkzCiaWW6ncCLNyvoF2SJr2s__Av3a5fjkcNVMix2MV4P22tf7jvvGGrMwHnCsjcKwnMM.css\u0022 media=\u0022all\u0022 \/\u003E\n\u003Clink type=\u0022text\/css\u0022 rel=\u0022stylesheet\u0022 href=\u0022\/\/cdn.jsdelivr.net\/qtip2\/2.2.1\/jquery.qtip.min.css\u0022 media=\u0022all\u0022 \/\u003E\n\u003Clink type=\u0022text\/css\u0022 rel=\u0022stylesheet\u0022 href=\u0022https:\/\/geea.lyellcollection.org\/sites\/default\/files\/advagg_css\/css__n356dqw4fJdUCqgLFL5v76TpZr9H8WGW5GENoHVwSyM__VP_45O8oPgmJ1y122VjFw7ruPtdw8jcGJOcQRs9BelE__Av3a5fjkcNVMix2MV4P22tf7jvvGGrMwHnCsjcKwnMM.css\u0022 media=\u0022all\u0022 \/\u003E\n\u003Clink rel=\u0027stylesheet\u0027 type=\u0027text\/css\u0027 href=\u0027\/sites\/all\/modules\/contrib\/panels\/plugins\/layouts\/onecol\/onecol.css\u0027 \/\u003E\u003C\/head\u003E\u003Cbody\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\u0022panels-ajax-tab-panel panels-ajax-tab-panel-jnl-gsl-tab-art\u0022\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\u0022panel-display panel-1col clearfix\u0022 \u003E\n \u003Cdiv class=\u0022panel-panel panel-col\u0022\u003E\n \u003Cdiv\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\u0022panel-pane pane-highwire-markup\u0022 \u003E\n \n \n \n \u003Cdiv class=\u0022pane-content\u0022\u003E\n \u003Cdiv class=\u0022highwire-markup\u0022\u003E\u003Cdiv xmlns=\u0022http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xhtml\u0022 id=\u0022content-block-markup\u0022 data-highwire-cite-ref-tooltip-instance=\u0022highwire_reflinks_tooltip\u0022 xmlns:xhtml=\u0022http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xhtml\u0022\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\u0022article fulltext-view \u0022\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022highwire-journal-article-marker-start\u0022\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\u0022section abstract\u0022 id=\u0022abstract-1\u0022\u003E\u003Ch2\u003EAbstract\u003C\/h2\u003E\u003Cp id=\u0022p-1\u0022\u003ETwo profiles (\u003Cem\u003EP\u003C\/em\u003E1 and \u003Cem\u003EP\u003C\/em\u003E2) were established along two lines perpendicular to the direction of the Luan River flow and 200 pore water and sediments samples as well as thirty maize samples, were collected from ten drills in these two profiles. Spatial distribution models of iron, manganese and lead were established using the Simple Kriging method, and the transfer factor (TF) and multi-metal (combined) target hazard quotient (CTHQ) were calculated to assess the potential human health risk of the metals. The results indicate that the maximum TF value was 3245.37 for iron in the sheath, while its min value was 13 for lead in the seeds. Of the ten drills, Sd08 possessed the maximum CTHQ (1.74), while the CTHQ of the other drills was less than the unit, indicating that it is not likely to impact human health. This work indicates that the Luan River and the associated irrigation water have significant effects on the spatial distribution of the three metals in the critical zone (CZ). Iron exhibited greater transfer ability than manganese and lead, however it was mainly concentrated in the roots and sheath of the maize, rather than the seeds. The human health risks of metals are attributed to lead.\u003C\/p\u003E\u003Cp id=\u0022p-2\u0022 class=\u0022supplementary-material\u0022\u003E\u003Cstrong\u003ESupplementary material:\u003C\/strong\u003E These graphs quantitatively characterize the important parameters for manganese, iron and lead contents in maize. They are available at \u003Ca href=\u0022http:\/\/doi.org\/10.6084\/m9.figshare.c.3828172\u0022\u003Ehttp:\/\/doi.org\/10.6084\/m9.figshare.c.3828172\u003C\/a\u003E\u003C\/p\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cul class=\u0022kwd-group author\u0022\u003E\u003Cli class=\u0022kwd\u0022\u003E\u003Ca href=\u0022\/keyword\/critical-zone\u0022 class=\u0022hw-term hw-article-keyword hw-article-keyword-critical-zone\u0022 rel=\u0022nofollow\u0022\u003Ecritical zone\u003C\/a\u003E\u003C\/li\u003E\u003Cli class=\u0022kwd\u0022\u003E\u003Ca href=\u0022\/keyword\/human-health\u0022 class=\u0022hw-term hw-article-keyword hw-article-keyword-human-health\u0022 rel=\u0022nofollow\u0022\u003Ehuman health\u003C\/a\u003E\u003C\/li\u003E\u003Cli class=\u0022kwd\u0022\u003E\u003Ca href=\u0022\/keyword\/lead\u0022 class=\u0022hw-term hw-article-keyword hw-article-keyword-lead\u0022 rel=\u0022nofollow\u0022\u003Elead\u003C\/a\u003E\u003C\/li\u003E\u003Cli class=\u0022kwd\u0022\u003E\u003Ca href=\u0022\/keyword\/maize\u0022 class=\u0022hw-term hw-article-keyword hw-article-keyword-maize\u0022 rel=\u0022nofollow\u0022\u003Emaize\u003C\/a\u003E\u003C\/li\u003E\u003Cli class=\u0022kwd\u0022\u003E\u003Ca href=\u0022\/keyword\/transfer-factor\u0022 class=\u0022hw-term hw-article-keyword hw-article-keyword-transfer-factor\u0022 rel=\u0022nofollow\u0022\u003Etransfer factor\u003C\/a\u003E\u003C\/li\u003E\u003C\/ul\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\u0022section\u0022 id=\u0022sec-1\u0022\u003E\u003Cp id=\u0022p-3\u0022\u003EDue to rapid economic and industrial development during the last few decades, heavy metal water contamination has become a serious global problem. The cities of Tangshan and Qianan, located in the Hebei province in the North China Plain (NCP) have become well-known for their iron mineral resources since the 1950s. The Luan River is situated on the eastern boundary of these two cities, and as a result of pollution from industrial and domestic wastewater, the quality of the Luan River has deteriorated. This is detrimental for the local ecological environment. In this region, the irrigation water is derived from three sources, namely the Luan River, shallow groundwater and precipitation. The quality of the shallow groundwater is significantly affected by the Luan River due to the lateral recharge, especially in the river bank area. Under the effects of contaminated surface and groundwater as a result of irrigation practices, the solutes and energy that is migrated from the irrigation water to vegetables, soil, vadose zone and aquifer layers strongly affects the ecological environment (\u003Ca id=\u0022xref-ref-9-1\u0022 class=\u0022xref-bibr\u0022 href=\u0022#ref-9\u0022\u003EKoc 2015\u003C\/a\u003E). Importantly, heavy metals can accumulate in the edible parts of crops, posing considerable health risks to humans and animals. A large number of researchers have investigated the effects of contaminated irrigation water and the river on the spatial variation of heavy metals in aquifers, vadose zones, soils, and vegetable layers. For example, \u003Ca id=\u0022xref-ref-17-1\u0022 class=\u0022xref-bibr\u0022 href=\u0022#ref-17\u0022\u003ERahman \u003Cem\u003Eet al.\u003C\/em\u003E (2016)\u003C\/a\u003E established a new model to simulate the hydrological interactions between rivers and groundwater. \u003Ca id=\u0022xref-ref-16-1\u0022 class=\u0022xref-bibr\u0022 href=\u0022#ref-16\u0022\u003EQureshi \u003Cem\u003Eet al.\u003C\/em\u003E (2016)\u003C\/a\u003E investigated the concentrations of iron, copper, chromium and zinc in vegetables and soil in order to assess the potential health risk of eating vegetables irrigated with treated wastewater. \u003Ca id=\u0022xref-ref-1-1\u0022 class=\u0022xref-bibr\u0022 href=\u0022#ref-1\u0022\u003EAhmad \u0026amp; Goni (2010)\u003C\/a\u003E analyzed fifty soil samples collected from the Dhaka Export Processing Zone, and their results indicated that the soil layer was contaminated with iron and cadmium through the repeated use of wastewater from industries and other sources. \u003Ca id=\u0022xref-ref-27-1\u0022 class=\u0022xref-bibr\u0022 href=\u0022#ref-27\u0022\u003EYabusaki \u003Cem\u003Eet al.\u003C\/em\u003E (2008)\u003C\/a\u003E built conceptual models of uranium sorption to elevate the representation of uranium transport processes in the river-aquifer-vadose layers. Contaminated surface water and industrial wastewater are often associated with vegetable, soil, vadose and aquifer layers, and there are close connections among these layers. Nevertheless, most of these studies only considered the interaction between surface water and a single layer separately; information regarding the interactions among these layers is lacking. All these layers should be considered as an integral system. Therefore, a critical zone (CZ), defined by the National Research Council\u0027s Committee (NRC) on Basic Research Opportunities in the Earth Sciences, was introduced into this work and encompasses the vegetation canopy through to the lower depths of aquifers (\u003Ca id=\u0022xref-ref-7-1\u0022 class=\u0022xref-bibr\u0022 href=\u0022#ref-7\u0022\u003EGoldhaber \u003Cem\u003Eet al.\u003C\/em\u003E 2014\u003C\/a\u003E).\u003C\/p\u003E\u003Cp id=\u0022p-4\u0022\u003EExcessive accumulation of heavy metals in surface and groundwater may not only cause soil, vadose zone and aquifer contamination, but may also affect vegetable quality and safety. There are large farmlands in the Luan River catchment that produce most of the crop products for millions of residents in nearby cities. Previous studies have revealed that the dietary intake of contaminated crops and vegetables is the main route, apart from occupational exposure, for human intake of heavy metals (\u003Ca id=\u0022xref-ref-5-1\u0022 class=\u0022xref-bibr\u0022 href=\u0022#ref-5\u0022\u003EGarg \u003Cem\u003Eet al.\u003C\/em\u003E 2014\u003C\/a\u003E), which can damage to the nervous, skeletal, circulatory, enzymatic, endocrine and immune systems. With the exception of irrigation water, heavy metal contents in vegetables are affected by others factors, such as climatic conditions, soil structure, soil water, irrigation model and fertilizer consumption (\u003Ca id=\u0022xref-ref-11-1\u0022 class=\u0022xref-bibr\u0022 href=\u0022#ref-11\u0022\u003EL\u00f6f \u003Cem\u003Eet al.\u003C\/em\u003E 2011\u003C\/a\u003E; \u003Ca id=\u0022xref-ref-22-1\u0022 class=\u0022xref-bibr\u0022 href=\u0022#ref-22\u0022\u003EVogtmann \u003Cem\u003Eet al.\u003C\/em\u003E 2013\u003C\/a\u003E; \u003Ca id=\u0022xref-ref-21-1\u0022 class=\u0022xref-bibr\u0022 href=\u0022#ref-21\u0022\u003EVerma \u003Cem\u003Eet al.\u003C\/em\u003E 2015\u003C\/a\u003E; \u003Ca id=\u0022xref-ref-15-1\u0022 class=\u0022xref-bibr\u0022 href=\u0022#ref-15\u0022\u003ENoli \u0026amp; Tsamos 2016\u003C\/a\u003E; \u003Ca id=\u0022xref-ref-19-1\u0022 class=\u0022xref-bibr\u0022 href=\u0022#ref-19\u0022\u003EShaheen \u003Cem\u003Eet al.\u003C\/em\u003E 2016\u003C\/a\u003E). Identifying the main influencing factors of metals is necessary for preventing contamination, which can efficiently reduce the heavy metal content in vegetables.\u003C\/p\u003E\u003Cp id=\u0022p-5\u0022\u003ETherefore, the objectives of this study were to characterize the spatial distribution of heavy metals in the CZ under the influences of vertical infiltration of irrigation water and lateral recharge of the Luan River, identify the most important influencing factors of heavy metals in vegetables, and assess the potential human health risks of heavy metal uptake through vegetable consumption. The outcome of this work is expected to provide necessary information to inform policy makers for ecological environment management in NCP.\u003C\/p\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\u0022section materials-methods\u0022 id=\u0022sec-2\u0022\u003E\u003Ch2 class=\u0022\u0022\u003EMaterials and Methods\u003C\/h2\u003E\u003Cdiv id=\u0022sec-3\u0022 class=\u0022subsection\u0022\u003E\u003Ch3\u003EStudy Area\u003C\/h3\u003E\u003Cp id=\u0022p-6\u0022\u003EThe Luan River basin is located in the NCP between a latitude of 39\u00b044\u2032\u201342\u00b044\u2032 N and longitude of 115\u00b033\u2032\u2013119\u00b036\u2032 E. This river originates in the Mongolia plateau, with a total area of 44\u2009750\u2005km\u003Csup\u003E2\u003C\/sup\u003E, accounting for 14.06% of the entire area of the Hai River basin (\u003Ca id=\u0022xref-ref-24-1\u0022 class=\u0022xref-bibr\u0022 href=\u0022#ref-24\u0022\u003EWang \u003Cem\u003Eet al.\u003C\/em\u003E 2016\u003C\/a\u003E), joining the Bohai Sea at Leting County after 888\u2005km. The Luan River plays an important role in Tangshan, Qinghuangdao, Chende and Tianjin in terms of economic development (\u003Ca id=\u0022xref-ref-29-1\u0022 class=\u0022xref-bibr\u0022 href=\u0022#ref-29\u0022\u003EZhang \u003Cem\u003Eet al.\u003C\/em\u003E 2016\u003C\/a\u003E). The study area of this work is located in the lower part of the Luan River and lies between 39\u00b030\u2032\u201339\u00b040\u2032 N in latitude and 118\u00b045\u2032\u2013119\u00b000\u2032 E in longitude in the southeastern Hebei province (\u003Ca id=\u0022xref-fig-1-1\u0022 class=\u0022xref-fig\u0022 href=\u0022#F1\u0022\u003EFig. 1\u003C\/a\u003E). The total area of this region is \u003Cem\u003Ec.\u003C\/em\u003E 420\u2005km\u003Csup\u003E2\u003C\/sup\u003E. The topography is characterized by low hills with elevations ranging from 24 to 56\u2005m above sea level. The region slopes downward from the northern piedmont to the southwestern alluvial-pluvial plain. The temperature of this region varies between \u221211 and 30\u00b0C with a mean annual air temperature of 10.1\u00b0C. The geological environment of this region is described as alluvial-fluvial sedimentary and consists of silt soil, silt clay, silt sand, fine sand and medium sand. According to the lithology and sedimentary sequences of the study area, this region can be divided into unconfined and confined aquifers. The unconfined aquifers include three layers, and the burial depth of the first layer is 6\u2009\u2013\u200910\u2005m. Luan River, irrigation water and precipitation are the main recharge sources for this shallow aquifer, and the water table decreases from 2.7\u2005m near the Luan River to 7.6\u2005m in southwestern and southeastern parts of the study area.\n\u003C\/p\u003E\u003Cdiv id=\u0022F1\u0022 class=\u0022fig pos-float odd\u0022\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\u0022highwire-figure\u0022\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\u0022fig-inline-img-wrapper\u0022\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\u0022fig-inline-img\u0022\u003E\u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/geea.lyellcollection.org\/content\/geochem\/18\/1\/47\/F1.large.jpg?width=800\u0026amp;height=600\u0026amp;carousel=1\u0022 title=\u0022Study area and drill locations.\u0022 class=\u0022highwire-fragment fragment-images colorbox-load\u0022 rel=\u0022gallery-fragment-images-335467054\u0022 data-figure-caption=\u0022\u0026lt;div class=\u0026quot;highwire-markup\u0026quot;\u0026gt;Study area and drill locations.\u0026lt;\/div\u0026gt;\u0022 data-icon-position=\u0022\u0022 data-hide-link-title=\u00220\u0022\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022hw-responsive-img\u0022\u003E\u003Cimg class=\u0022highwire-fragment fragment-image lazyload\u0022 alt=\u0022Fig.\u0026#xA0;1.\u0022 src=\u0022data:image\/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAAAAAP\/\/\/yH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAIBRAA7\u0022 data-src=\u0022https:\/\/geea.lyellcollection.org\/content\/geochem\/18\/1\/47\/F1.medium.gif\u0022 width=\u0022440\u0022 height=\u0022304\u0022\/\u003E\u003Cnoscript\u003E\u003Cimg class=\u0022highwire-fragment fragment-image\u0022 alt=\u0022Fig.\u0026#xA0;1.\u0022 src=\u0022https:\/\/geea.lyellcollection.org\/content\/geochem\/18\/1\/47\/F1.medium.gif\u0022 width=\u0022440\u0022 height=\u0022304\u0022\/\u003E\u003C\/noscript\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cul class=\u0022highwire-figure-links inline\u0022\u003E\u003Cli class=\u0022download-fig first\u0022\u003E\u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/geea.lyellcollection.org\/content\/geochem\/18\/1\/47\/F1.large.jpg?download=true\u0022 class=\u0022highwire-figure-link highwire-figure-link-download\u0022 title=\u0022Download Fig.\u0026#xA0;1.\u0022 data-icon-position=\u0022\u0022 data-hide-link-title=\u00220\u0022\u003EDownload figure\u003C\/a\u003E\u003C\/li\u003E\u003Cli class=\u0022new-tab\u0022\u003E\u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/geea.lyellcollection.org\/content\/geochem\/18\/1\/47\/F1.large.jpg\u0022 class=\u0022highwire-figure-link highwire-figure-link-newtab\u0022 target=\u0022_blank\u0022 data-icon-position=\u0022\u0022 data-hide-link-title=\u00220\u0022\u003EOpen in new tab\u003C\/a\u003E\u003C\/li\u003E\u003Cli class=\u0022download-ppt last\u0022\u003E\u003Ca href=\u0022\/highwire\/powerpoint\/16434\u0022 class=\u0022highwire-figure-link highwire-figure-link-ppt\u0022 data-icon-position=\u0022\u0022 data-hide-link-title=\u00220\u0022\u003EDownload powerpoint\u003C\/a\u003E\u003C\/li\u003E\u003C\/ul\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\u0022fig-caption\u0022 xmlns:xhtml=\u0022http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xhtml\u0022\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022fig-label\u0022\u003EFig.\u00a01.\u003C\/span\u003E \u003Cp id=\u0022p-7\u0022 class=\u0022first-child\u0022\u003EStudy area and drill locations.\u003C\/p\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\u0022sb-div caption-clear\u0022\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cdiv id=\u0022sec-4\u0022 class=\u0022subsection\u0022\u003E\u003Ch3\u003ESamples\u003C\/h3\u003E\u003Cp id=\u0022p-8\u0022\u003EIn order to characterize the spatial distribution of heavy metals in the CZ of the Luan River catchment, two profiles (\u003Cem\u003EP\u003C\/em\u003E1 and \u003Cem\u003EP\u003C\/em\u003E2) were established along two lines perpendicular to the direction of the stream flow. Each profile included five boreholes, and the depths of these drills were 30\u2005m. In these two profiles, the interval of each drill was about 300\u2005m and both the distance between the first borehole of this profile (Sd08 or Sd01) and the Luan River was 350\u2005m. A total of 200 sediment samples were collected from ten drills and the samples were collected from the top 20\u2005cm of each surface layer at an interval of 1.5\u2005m until 30\u2005m and comprised an inner diameter of 11\u2005cm and a length of 60\u2005cm. Each sample was sealed in a clean polyethylene drum and placed in a cool box on site, after which they were transported to the laboratory to obtain pore water using a pressure of 1000\u2009\u2013\u20091500\u2005kPa. Typically, 60\u2009\u2013\u2009100\u2005ml water could be stressed from each sediment sample. Nine hydrochemistry variables (TDS, Fe, Cu, Pb, Zn, Mn, Ni, As and pH) were analyzed within 24\u2005h for this pore water, while seven chemical elements (Fe, Cu, Pb, Zn, Mn, Ni and As) and grain size were analyzed for the sediment samples. In addition, at a depth of 0\u2009\u2013\u20092\u2005m, twenty samples were collected from each drill and analyzed for physical parameters, such as soil organic carbon (SOC), total nitrogen (TN), temperature (T), pH, salt and water content (WC).\u003C\/p\u003E\u003Cp id=\u0022p-9\u0022\u003EMaize is widely cultivated throughout the world, and a greater weight of maize is produced than any other grain. China produces 21.42% of the global harvest, and one third of China\u0027s total maize are located in the NCP. Maize is the third ranked cereal in China following wheat and rice and is widely used as animal fodder and as a principal raw material for industrial products. Three tissue samples were collected from the middle leaf sheath, brace roots and the top ears of each maize plant, which were located at the corresponding drill sites. All thirty maize samples were kept in clean polyethylene bags and brought to the laboratory to determine heavy metal content.\u003C\/p\u003E\u003Cp id=\u0022p-10\u0022\u003EAdditional, six water samples were also collected from the Luan River and shallow groundwater in July, September and November in 2015, respectively. The shallow groundwater samples were collected from well W01. The depth of this well was 10\u2005m. All the water samples were subjected to chemical analysis at the Institute of Hydrogeology and Environment Geology. Information regarding heavy metals in the CZ can be better understood by studying these vegetable, soil and water samples.\u003C\/p\u003E\u003Cp id=\u0022p-11\u0022\u003EThe CZ concept, as defined by \u003Ca id=\u0022xref-ref-13-1\u0022 class=\u0022xref-bibr\u0022 href=\u0022#ref-13\u0022\u003ELybrand \u0026amp; Rasmussen (2014)\u003C\/a\u003E, ranged from the vegetable canyon to the bottom of the bedrock. In this work, maize was used as the research object for surface vegetation, typically measuring 2\u2005m in height. The burial depth of the bottom of the first shallow aquifer is about 10\u2005m, which is the main explored layer and significantly affected by the Luan River. Therefore, the length of the CZ is defined as 12\u2005m in this work, which is the sum of the maize height and the burial depth of the aquifer, and includes the maize, soil, vadose zone and shallow aquifer layers in a vertical direction.\u003C\/p\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cdiv id=\u0022sec-5\u0022 class=\u0022subsection\u0022\u003E\u003Ch3\u003EMethods\u003C\/h3\u003E\u003Cp id=\u0022p-12\u0022\u003EThe objective of this article was to characterize the heavy metals spatial variation in the CZ and assess the human health risks associated with the consumption of contaminated maize. The next section describes the details of this procedure and involves the following steps. The first step was to characterize the space and temporal variation in the hydrochemistry variables of the Luan River and the shallow groundwater in order to understand the basic information of water quality of this region. Subsequently, the vertical variation of heavy metals in the CZ for each drill was described, and then their spatial distribution in the CZ of the \u003Cem\u003EP\u003C\/em\u003E1 and \u003Cem\u003EP\u003C\/em\u003E2 profiles were established using the Simple Kriging (SK) method. It is known that a large number of factors such as pH, cation exchange capacity (CEC), clay minerals, organic matter and water content can affect the migration of trace elements in vegetables (\u003Ca id=\u0022xref-ref-16-2\u0022 class=\u0022xref-bibr\u0022 href=\u0022#ref-16\u0022\u003EQureshi \u003Cem\u003Eet al.\u003C\/em\u003E 2016\u003C\/a\u003E). The second step was to identify the most important influential factors from the aforementioned soil chemistry and physical properties using the random forest (RF) method, after which path analysis was used to determine how the main influencing factor transmits its effects to heavy metal contents in maize (\u003Ca id=\u0022xref-ref-6-1\u0022 class=\u0022xref-bibr\u0022 href=\u0022#ref-6\u0022\u003EGargoum \u0026amp; El-Basyouny 2016\u003C\/a\u003E). Path analysis, developed by \u003Ca id=\u0022xref-ref-26-1\u0022 class=\u0022xref-bibr\u0022 href=\u0022#ref-26\u0022\u003EWright (1960)\u003C\/a\u003E, is a straightforward extension of multiple regression that can provide estimates of the magnitude and significance of hypothesized causal connections between sets of influencing factors through the path diagram. The third step was to calculate the transfer factor (TF) and the target hazard quotients (THQ) of the consumed maize from these two profiles, providing information for food safety management.\u003C\/p\u003E\u003Cp id=\u0022p-13\u0022\u003EThe TF of heavy metals from soils to maize of this region were calculated using the following equations (\u003Ca id=\u0022xref-ref-21-2\u0022 class=\u0022xref-bibr\u0022 href=\u0022#ref-21\u0022\u003EVerma \u003Cem\u003Eet al.\u003C\/em\u003E 2015\u003C\/a\u003E):\u003Cspan class=\u0022disp-formula\u0022 id=\u0022disp-formula-1\u0022\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022highwire-responsive-lazyload\u0022\u003E\u003Cimg src=\u0022data:image\/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAAAAAP\/\/\/yH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAIBRAA7\u0022 class=\u0022highwire-embed lazyload\u0022 alt=\u0022Embedded Image\u0022 data-src=\u0022https:\/\/geea.lyellcollection.org\/sites\/default\/files\/highwire\/geochem\/18\/1\/47\/embed\/graphic-2.gif\u0022\/\u003E\u003Cnoscript\u003E\u003Cimg class=\u0022highwire-embed\u0022 alt=\u0022Embedded Image\u0022 src=\u0022https:\/\/geea.lyellcollection.org\/sites\/default\/files\/highwire\/geochem\/18\/1\/47\/embed\/graphic-2.gif\u0022\/\u003E\u003C\/noscript\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\n\u003Cspan class=\u0022disp-formula-label\u0022\u003E(1)\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/span\u003EWhere C\u003Csub\u003Emaize\u003C\/sub\u003E refers to metal concentration in maize organs (per dry weight) and C\u003Csub\u003Esoil\u003C\/sub\u003E is the concentration of the element in the soil (dry weight) where the plant is grown. To assess the health risks associated with heavy metal contamination, target hazard quotients (THQ) were calculated using the following equations as reported by \u003Ca id=\u0022xref-ref-15-2\u0022 class=\u0022xref-bibr\u0022 href=\u0022#ref-15\u0022\u003ENoli \u0026amp; Tsamos (2016)\u003C\/a\u003E:\u003Cspan class=\u0022disp-formula\u0022 id=\u0022disp-formula-2\u0022\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022highwire-responsive-lazyload\u0022\u003E\u003Cimg src=\u0022data:image\/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAAAAAP\/\/\/yH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAIBRAA7\u0022 class=\u0022highwire-embed lazyload\u0022 alt=\u0022Embedded Image\u0022 data-src=\u0022https:\/\/geea.lyellcollection.org\/sites\/default\/files\/highwire\/geochem\/18\/1\/47\/embed\/graphic-3.gif\u0022\/\u003E\u003Cnoscript\u003E\u003Cimg class=\u0022highwire-embed\u0022 alt=\u0022Embedded Image\u0022 src=\u0022https:\/\/geea.lyellcollection.org\/sites\/default\/files\/highwire\/geochem\/18\/1\/47\/embed\/graphic-3.gif\u0022\/\u003E\u003C\/noscript\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\n\u003Cspan class=\u0022disp-formula-label\u0022\u003E(2)\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/span\u003EWhere C\u003Cem\u003E\u003Csub\u003Ei\u003C\/sub\u003E\u003C\/em\u003E (in mg\/kg) is the concentration of the \u003Cem\u003Ei\u003C\/em\u003Eth (\u003Cem\u003Ei\u2009\u003C\/em\u003E=\u20091, 2,\u2026, \u003Cem\u003En\u003C\/em\u003E; \u003Cem\u003En\u003C\/em\u003E is the number of metals) metal in the seeds, Con (in kg\/person\/day) is the daily average consumption of seeds in this area, Bw (in kg\/person) represents body weight, EF is exposure frequency (365\u2005d\/yr), ED is exposure duration (70\u2005yr, equivalent to the average lifespan) and AT is average time (365\u2005d\/yr number of exposure years, assuming 70\u2005yr in this study). The average daily maize intakes of adults in the NCP are believed to be 0.15\u2005kg\/person\/d (\u003Ca id=\u0022xref-ref-28-1\u0022 class=\u0022xref-bibr\u0022 href=\u0022#ref-28\u0022\u003EYang \u003Cem\u003Eet al.\u003C\/em\u003E 2011\u003C\/a\u003E). Bodyweight, referred to as the average bodyweight of a male in the NCP (70\u2005kg) and the tolerable upper intake level (UL) of the \u003Cem\u003Ei\u003C\/em\u003Eth metal was taken as Rfd\u003Cem\u003E\u003Csub\u003Ei\u003C\/sub\u003E\u003C\/em\u003E, except for lead, for which the provisional tolerable daily intake value was considered (\u003Ca id=\u0022xref-ref-16-3\u0022 class=\u0022xref-bibr\u0022 href=\u0022#ref-16\u0022\u003EQureshi \u003Cem\u003Eet al.\u003C\/em\u003E 2016\u003C\/a\u003E). Previous studies have indicated that exposure to two or more pollutants may result in additive and\/or interactive effects (\u003Ca id=\u0022xref-ref-23-1\u0022 class=\u0022xref-bibr\u0022 href=\u0022#ref-23\u0022\u003EWang \u003Cem\u003Eet al.\u003C\/em\u003E 2005\u003C\/a\u003E). To evaluate the health risks to human of multiple metals together in seeds, the multi-metal (combined) target hazard quotient (CTHQ) was calculated by using formula 3 (\u003Ca id=\u0022xref-ref-4-1\u0022 class=\u0022xref-bibr\u0022 href=\u0022#ref-4\u0022\u003ECherfi \u003Cem\u003Eet al.\u003C\/em\u003E 2015\u003C\/a\u003E), which is the mathematical sum of individual THQ\u003Cem\u003E\u003Csub\u003Ei\u003C\/sub\u003E\u003C\/em\u003E of all studied metals:\u003Cspan class=\u0022disp-formula\u0022 id=\u0022disp-formula-3\u0022\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022highwire-responsive-lazyload\u0022\u003E\u003Cimg src=\u0022data:image\/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAAAAAP\/\/\/yH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAIBRAA7\u0022 class=\u0022highwire-embed lazyload\u0022 alt=\u0022Embedded Image\u0022 data-src=\u0022https:\/\/geea.lyellcollection.org\/sites\/default\/files\/highwire\/geochem\/18\/1\/47\/embed\/graphic-4.gif\u0022\/\u003E\u003Cnoscript\u003E\u003Cimg class=\u0022highwire-embed\u0022 alt=\u0022Embedded Image\u0022 src=\u0022https:\/\/geea.lyellcollection.org\/sites\/default\/files\/highwire\/geochem\/18\/1\/47\/embed\/graphic-4.gif\u0022\/\u003E\u003C\/noscript\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\n\u003Cspan class=\u0022disp-formula-label\u0022\u003E(3)\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/p\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\u0022section results\u0022 id=\u0022sec-6\u0022\u003E\u003Ch2 class=\u0022\u0022\u003EResults\u003C\/h2\u003E\u003Cp id=\u0022p-14\u0022\u003EIn this work, the surface, ground and pore water, soil and vegetable samples were subjected to chemistry analysis. In comparison with the standard guidelines for drinking water and vegetable safety, it was found that the concentrations of manganese, iron and lead were higher than their recommended permissible values (\u003Ca id=\u0022xref-ref-25-1\u0022 class=\u0022xref-bibr\u0022 href=\u0022#ref-25\u0022\u003EWorld Health Organization (WHO) 2004\u003C\/a\u003E). These three metals were selected and their spatial distribution model in the CZ established in this article, assessing the potential risk to human health. \u003Ca id=\u0022xref-fig-2-1\u0022 class=\u0022xref-fig\u0022 href=\u0022#F2\u0022\u003EFigure 2\u003C\/a\u003E depicts their contents in the Luan River and shallow groundwater from July to November in 2015. The concentrations of iron in the Luan River and groundwater far exceeded its standard guidelines for drinking water (0.3\u2005mg\/l). The maximum iron value was 1.81\u2005mg\/l in groundwater and 3.09\u2005mg\/l in Luan River in July, which was 6.03 times greater than standard value for groundwater and 10.3 times for Luan River. The manganese content in the Luan River was less than the guideline value (0.1\u2005mg\/l), however its concentration in the groundwater was higher than the standard value, with a maximum value of 3.05\u2005mg\/l in September 2015.\n\u003C\/p\u003E\u003Cdiv id=\u0022F2\u0022 class=\u0022fig pos-float odd\u0022\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\u0022highwire-figure\u0022\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\u0022fig-inline-img-wrapper\u0022\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\u0022fig-inline-img\u0022\u003E\u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/geea.lyellcollection.org\/content\/geochem\/18\/1\/47\/F2.large.jpg?width=800\u0026amp;height=600\u0026amp;carousel=1\u0022 title=\u0022The concentrations of manganese, iron and lead in the Luan River and shallow groundwater.\u0022 class=\u0022highwire-fragment fragment-images colorbox-load\u0022 rel=\u0022gallery-fragment-images-335467054\u0022 data-figure-caption=\u0022\u0026lt;div class=\u0026quot;highwire-markup\u0026quot;\u0026gt;The concentrations of manganese, iron and lead in the Luan River and shallow groundwater.\u0026lt;\/div\u0026gt;\u0022 data-icon-position=\u0022\u0022 data-hide-link-title=\u00220\u0022\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022hw-responsive-img\u0022\u003E\u003Cimg class=\u0022highwire-fragment fragment-image lazyload\u0022 alt=\u0022Fig.\u0026#xA0;2.\u0022 src=\u0022data:image\/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAAAAAP\/\/\/yH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAIBRAA7\u0022 data-src=\u0022https:\/\/geea.lyellcollection.org\/content\/geochem\/18\/1\/47\/F2.medium.gif\u0022 width=\u0022440\u0022 height=\u002295\u0022\/\u003E\u003Cnoscript\u003E\u003Cimg class=\u0022highwire-fragment fragment-image\u0022 alt=\u0022Fig.\u0026#xA0;2.\u0022 src=\u0022https:\/\/geea.lyellcollection.org\/content\/geochem\/18\/1\/47\/F2.medium.gif\u0022 width=\u0022440\u0022 height=\u002295\u0022\/\u003E\u003C\/noscript\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cul class=\u0022highwire-figure-links inline\u0022\u003E\u003Cli class=\u0022download-fig first\u0022\u003E\u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/geea.lyellcollection.org\/content\/geochem\/18\/1\/47\/F2.large.jpg?download=true\u0022 class=\u0022highwire-figure-link highwire-figure-link-download\u0022 title=\u0022Download Fig.\u0026#xA0;2.\u0022 data-icon-position=\u0022\u0022 data-hide-link-title=\u00220\u0022\u003EDownload figure\u003C\/a\u003E\u003C\/li\u003E\u003Cli class=\u0022new-tab\u0022\u003E\u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/geea.lyellcollection.org\/content\/geochem\/18\/1\/47\/F2.large.jpg\u0022 class=\u0022highwire-figure-link highwire-figure-link-newtab\u0022 target=\u0022_blank\u0022 data-icon-position=\u0022\u0022 data-hide-link-title=\u00220\u0022\u003EOpen in new tab\u003C\/a\u003E\u003C\/li\u003E\u003Cli class=\u0022download-ppt last\u0022\u003E\u003Ca href=\u0022\/highwire\/powerpoint\/16397\u0022 class=\u0022highwire-figure-link highwire-figure-link-ppt\u0022 data-icon-position=\u0022\u0022 data-hide-link-title=\u00220\u0022\u003EDownload powerpoint\u003C\/a\u003E\u003C\/li\u003E\u003C\/ul\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\u0022fig-caption\u0022\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022fig-label\u0022\u003EFig.\u00a02.\u003C\/span\u003E \u003Cp id=\u0022p-15\u0022 class=\u0022first-child\u0022\u003EThe concentrations of manganese, iron and lead in the Luan River and shallow groundwater.\u003C\/p\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\u0022sb-div caption-clear\u0022\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cp id=\u0022p-16\u0022\u003EUsing the above analysis, the basic hydrochemistry information of shallow aquifers and the Luan River in the CZ was determined. Both the concentrations of lead in the Luan River and groundwater did not exceed the standard value (0.05\u2005mg\/l), however its concentrations in different maize organs were far higher than the guideline values (\u003Ca id=\u0022xref-fig-3-1\u0022 class=\u0022xref-fig\u0022 href=\u0022#F3\u0022\u003EFig. 3\u003C\/a\u003E). It was found that maize contamination with respect to manganese, iron and lead in \u003Cem\u003EP\u003C\/em\u003E1 was more serious than that in \u003Cem\u003EP\u003C\/em\u003E2. The maximum values of manganese, iron and lead were 255.21, 2904.61 and 3.80\u2005mg\/kg in the \u003Cem\u003EP\u003C\/em\u003E1 profile, which were all located at the Sd10 drill and were far higher than at the others boreholes. In the \u003Cem\u003EP\u003C\/em\u003E2 profile, the maximum values of these three metals were 81.60, 160.80 and 2.79\u2005mg\/kg, which were all distributed at the Sd04 drill. It should be noted that the difference in the above three ions in the \u003Cem\u003EP\u003C\/em\u003E2 profiles were small and exhibited weaker variation than \u003Cem\u003EP\u003C\/em\u003E1. In order to understand the migration of metals in the CZ, the concentration of metal in the pore water, sediment and maize are presented in \u003Ca id=\u0022xref-fig-4-1\u0022 class=\u0022xref-fig\u0022 href=\u0022#F4\u0022\u003EFigure 4\u003C\/a\u003E. For the length of this paper, this figure only demonstrates the vertical variation in lead in the CZ for the ten drills.\n\n\u003C\/p\u003E\u003Cdiv id=\u0022F3\u0022 class=\u0022fig pos-float odd\u0022\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\u0022highwire-figure\u0022\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\u0022fig-inline-img-wrapper\u0022\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\u0022fig-inline-img\u0022\u003E\u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/geea.lyellcollection.org\/content\/geochem\/18\/1\/47\/F3.large.jpg?width=800\u0026amp;height=600\u0026amp;carousel=1\u0022 title=\u0022(a) The concentrations of manganese, iron and lead of maize in the P1 profile. (b) The concentrations of manganese, iron and lead of maize in the P2 profile.\u0022 class=\u0022highwire-fragment fragment-images colorbox-load\u0022 rel=\u0022gallery-fragment-images-335467054\u0022 data-figure-caption=\u0022\u0026lt;div class=\u0026quot;highwire-markup\u0026quot;\u0026gt;\u0026lt;div xmlns=\u0026quot;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xhtml\u0026quot;\u0026gt;(\u0026lt;strong\u0026gt;a\u0026lt;\/strong\u0026gt;) The concentrations of manganese, iron and lead of maize in the \u0026lt;em\u0026gt;P\u0026lt;\/em\u0026gt;1 profile. (\u0026lt;strong\u0026gt;b\u0026lt;\/strong\u0026gt;) The concentrations of manganese, iron and lead of maize in the \u0026lt;em\u0026gt;P\u0026lt;\/em\u0026gt;2 profile.\u0026lt;\/div\u0026gt;\u0026lt;\/div\u0026gt;\u0022 data-icon-position=\u0022\u0022 data-hide-link-title=\u00220\u0022\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022hw-responsive-img\u0022\u003E\u003Cimg class=\u0022highwire-fragment fragment-image lazyload\u0022 alt=\u0022Fig.\u0026#xA0;3.\u0022 src=\u0022data:image\/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAAAAAP\/\/\/yH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAIBRAA7\u0022 data-src=\u0022https:\/\/geea.lyellcollection.org\/content\/geochem\/18\/1\/47\/F3.medium.gif\u0022 width=\u0022440\u0022 height=\u0022249\u0022\/\u003E\u003Cnoscript\u003E\u003Cimg class=\u0022highwire-fragment fragment-image\u0022 alt=\u0022Fig.\u0026#xA0;3.\u0022 src=\u0022https:\/\/geea.lyellcollection.org\/content\/geochem\/18\/1\/47\/F3.medium.gif\u0022 width=\u0022440\u0022 height=\u0022249\u0022\/\u003E\u003C\/noscript\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cul class=\u0022highwire-figure-links inline\u0022\u003E\u003Cli class=\u0022download-fig first\u0022\u003E\u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/geea.lyellcollection.org\/content\/geochem\/18\/1\/47\/F3.large.jpg?download=true\u0022 class=\u0022highwire-figure-link highwire-figure-link-download\u0022 title=\u0022Download Fig.\u0026#xA0;3.\u0022 data-icon-position=\u0022\u0022 data-hide-link-title=\u00220\u0022\u003EDownload figure\u003C\/a\u003E\u003C\/li\u003E\u003Cli class=\u0022new-tab\u0022\u003E\u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/geea.lyellcollection.org\/content\/geochem\/18\/1\/47\/F3.large.jpg\u0022 class=\u0022highwire-figure-link highwire-figure-link-newtab\u0022 target=\u0022_blank\u0022 data-icon-position=\u0022\u0022 data-hide-link-title=\u00220\u0022\u003EOpen in new tab\u003C\/a\u003E\u003C\/li\u003E\u003Cli class=\u0022download-ppt last\u0022\u003E\u003Ca href=\u0022\/highwire\/powerpoint\/16406\u0022 class=\u0022highwire-figure-link highwire-figure-link-ppt\u0022 data-icon-position=\u0022\u0022 data-hide-link-title=\u00220\u0022\u003EDownload powerpoint\u003C\/a\u003E\u003C\/li\u003E\u003C\/ul\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\u0022fig-caption\u0022\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022fig-label\u0022\u003EFig.\u00a03.\u003C\/span\u003E \u003Cp id=\u0022p-17\u0022 class=\u0022first-child\u0022\u003E(\u003Cstrong\u003Ea\u003C\/strong\u003E) The concentrations of manganese, iron and lead of maize in the \u003Cem\u003EP\u003C\/em\u003E1 profile. (\u003Cstrong\u003Eb\u003C\/strong\u003E) The concentrations of manganese, iron and lead of maize in the \u003Cem\u003EP\u003C\/em\u003E2 profile.\u003C\/p\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\u0022sb-div caption-clear\u0022\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cdiv id=\u0022F4\u0022 class=\u0022fig pos-float odd\u0022\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\u0022highwire-figure\u0022\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\u0022fig-inline-img-wrapper\u0022\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\u0022fig-inline-img\u0022\u003E\u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/geea.lyellcollection.org\/content\/geochem\/18\/1\/47\/F4.large.jpg?width=800\u0026amp;height=600\u0026amp;carousel=1\u0022 title=\u0022Vertical variation of lead in maize, sediment and pore water in the CZ for ten drills. Dashed lines represent the concentration of lead in maize and sediments; colour maps show the lead content in pore water.\u0022 class=\u0022highwire-fragment fragment-images colorbox-load\u0022 rel=\u0022gallery-fragment-images-335467054\u0022 data-figure-caption=\u0022\u0026lt;div class=\u0026quot;highwire-markup\u0026quot;\u0026gt;Vertical variation of lead in maize, sediment and pore water in the CZ for ten drills. Dashed lines represent the concentration of lead in maize and sediments; colour maps show the lead content in pore water.\u0026lt;\/div\u0026gt;\u0022 data-icon-position=\u0022\u0022 data-hide-link-title=\u00220\u0022\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022hw-responsive-img\u0022\u003E\u003Cimg class=\u0022highwire-fragment fragment-image lazyload\u0022 alt=\u0022Fig.\u0026#xA0;4.\u0022 src=\u0022data:image\/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAAAAAP\/\/\/yH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAIBRAA7\u0022 data-src=\u0022https:\/\/geea.lyellcollection.org\/content\/geochem\/18\/1\/47\/F4.medium.gif\u0022 width=\u0022357\u0022 height=\u0022440\u0022\/\u003E\u003Cnoscript\u003E\u003Cimg class=\u0022highwire-fragment fragment-image\u0022 alt=\u0022Fig.\u0026#xA0;4.\u0022 src=\u0022https:\/\/geea.lyellcollection.org\/content\/geochem\/18\/1\/47\/F4.medium.gif\u0022 width=\u0022357\u0022 height=\u0022440\u0022\/\u003E\u003C\/noscript\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cul class=\u0022highwire-figure-links inline\u0022\u003E\u003Cli class=\u0022download-fig first\u0022\u003E\u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/geea.lyellcollection.org\/content\/geochem\/18\/1\/47\/F4.large.jpg?download=true\u0022 class=\u0022highwire-figure-link highwire-figure-link-download\u0022 title=\u0022Download Fig.\u0026#xA0;4.\u0022 data-icon-position=\u0022\u0022 data-hide-link-title=\u00220\u0022\u003EDownload figure\u003C\/a\u003E\u003C\/li\u003E\u003Cli class=\u0022new-tab\u0022\u003E\u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/geea.lyellcollection.org\/content\/geochem\/18\/1\/47\/F4.large.jpg\u0022 class=\u0022highwire-figure-link highwire-figure-link-newtab\u0022 target=\u0022_blank\u0022 data-icon-position=\u0022\u0022 data-hide-link-title=\u00220\u0022\u003EOpen in new tab\u003C\/a\u003E\u003C\/li\u003E\u003Cli class=\u0022download-ppt last\u0022\u003E\u003Ca href=\u0022\/highwire\/powerpoint\/16408\u0022 class=\u0022highwire-figure-link highwire-figure-link-ppt\u0022 data-icon-position=\u0022\u0022 data-hide-link-title=\u00220\u0022\u003EDownload powerpoint\u003C\/a\u003E\u003C\/li\u003E\u003C\/ul\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\u0022fig-caption\u0022\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022fig-label\u0022\u003EFig.\u00a04.\u003C\/span\u003E \u003Cp id=\u0022p-18\u0022 class=\u0022first-child\u0022\u003EVertical variation of lead in maize, sediment and pore water in the CZ for ten drills. Dashed lines represent the concentration of lead in maize and sediments; colour maps show the lead content in pore water.\u003C\/p\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\u0022sb-div caption-clear\u0022\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cp id=\u0022p-19\u0022\u003EIn \u003Ca id=\u0022xref-fig-4-2\u0022 class=\u0022xref-fig\u0022 href=\u0022#F4\u0022\u003EFigure 4\u003C\/a\u003E, the dashed lines represent the concentration of lead in maize and sediments and the colour maps demonstrate the lead content in the pore water. This figure reports that the maximum values of lead in vegetables, sediments and pore water were 3.801, 27.26 and 0.034\u2005mg\/l, respectively. With regards to pore water, the maximum value of lead was distributed at different depths among the ten drills; specifically, at a depth of 11\u2009\u2013\u200912\u2005m for Sd05, Sd08 and Sd09, 6\u2009\u2013\u20098.5\u2005m for Sd01, Sd03, Sd11 and Sd12 and 2\u2009\u2013\u20093\u2005m for Sd02, Sd04 and Sd10. With respect to the lead content in sediments and maize, the changing trend could be divided into two models: the first was a decreasing model, i.e. the lead concentration decreased with depth, and the second was similar to the Gaussian model, in that the lead content increased from 2 to 6\u2005m, and then decreased from 6 to 12\u2005m, and therefore its maximum value was mainly distributed at the depth of 3\u2009\u2013\u20097\u2005m.\u003C\/p\u003E\u003Cp id=\u0022p-20\u0022\u003EBasic information regarding manganese, iron and lead contents in the CZ of study area was obtained, and then their spatial distribution models were established using the SK method (\u003Ca id=\u0022xref-fig-5-1\u0022 class=\u0022xref-fig\u0022 href=\u0022#F5\u0022\u003EFig. 5\u003C\/a\u003E). This figure indicates that manganese, iron and lead in vegetables (V-prefix) and sediments (S-prefix) exhibited a similar distribution, with the elements migrating from Sd10 to two terminals of the \u003Cem\u003EP\u003C\/em\u003E1 profile. However, these ions in the pore water (W-prefix) were transported from Sd12 and Sd08 to the middle section of the \u003Cem\u003EP\u003C\/em\u003E1 profile, which was contrary to what was found in the sediments and maize. All the maximum values of manganese, iron and lead were distributed at Sd02 and Sd04 in the \u003Cem\u003EP\u003C\/em\u003E2 profile, and exhibited a similar variation between sediments and maize. In both the \u003Cem\u003EP\u003C\/em\u003E1 and \u003Cem\u003EP\u003C\/em\u003E2 profiles, these three elements had opposite distributions between maize and pore water, indicating that they had a stronger negative correlation. Vegetables play an important role for human beings. The information regarding the three variables accumulated in maize was understood using the above analysis. It is necessary to identify their main influencing factors in order to inform maize metal pollution prevention. The concentrations of metals in maize can be affected by multiple factors including irrigation model, fertilizer use, climate conditions, CZ structure, chemical and physical parameters. The distances of \u003Cem\u003EP\u003C\/em\u003E1 and \u003Cem\u003EP\u003C\/em\u003E2 were only 10\u2005km in this work and there were no significant difference in the fertilizer use, irrigation model and climate conditions, and therefore the Gini index in the RF method was used to identify the most important influential factors from the CZ structure parameters (mean grain size, non-uniform coefficient (Cu), clay, silt and sand fraction content), physical parameters (salt, SOC, TN, T, WC and pH) and chemical parameters (the manganese, iron and lead contents in pore water (W-Mn, W-Fe and W-Pb) and sediments (S-Mn, S-Fe and S-Pb)). The Gini index was employed to quantitatively describe the importance of thirteen influencing factors for manganese, iron and lead in maize for the single drill (\u003Ca id=\u0022xref-table-wrap-1-1\u0022 class=\u0022xref-table\u0022 href=\u0022#T1\u0022\u003ETable 1\u003C\/a\u003E and Fig. S1). When the depth of the CZ parameters was larger than 2\u2005m, which were difficult to affect the growth characteristic of maize (\u003Ca id=\u0022xref-ref-10-1\u0022 class=\u0022xref-bibr\u0022 href=\u0022#ref-10\u0022\u003ELiu \u003Cem\u003Eet al.\u003C\/em\u003E 2009\u003C\/a\u003E), the CZ physical parameters were only collected within the 0\u2009\u2013\u20092\u2005m layer. The most important influencing factors for the three metals were collected from the CZ parameters within the 0\u2009\u2013\u20092\u2005m layer. This result reflects that the most important influencing factors of the three metals in maize included clay fraction content, mean grain size and the hydrochemistry of pore water. Of the ten drills, the percentages of clay, mean grain size and chemistry parameters were 30, 20 and 20% for manganese in maize (V-Mn), 30, 30 and 20% for iron in maize (V-Fe) and 20, 30 and 30% for lead in maize (V-Pb).\n\n\u003C\/p\u003E\u003Cdiv id=\u0022F5\u0022 class=\u0022fig pos-float odd\u0022\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\u0022highwire-figure\u0022\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\u0022fig-inline-img-wrapper\u0022\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\u0022fig-inline-img\u0022\u003E\u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/geea.lyellcollection.org\/content\/geochem\/18\/1\/47\/F5\/graphic-8.large.jpg?width=800\u0026amp;height=600\u0026amp;carousel=1\u0022 title=\u0022(a) Spatial distribution of manganese, iron and lead in CZ of P1 profile (V- prefix, vegetables; W- prefix, pore water; S- prefix, sediments). Colour map scales are in the top side of the figure (top left: W-; bottom left: S-; right: V-). (b) Spatial distribution of manganese, iron and lead in CZ of P2 profile (V- prefix, vegetables; W- prefix, pore water; S- prefix, sediments). Colour map scales are in the top side of the figure (top left: W-; bottom left: S-; right: V-).\u0022 class=\u0022highwire-fragment fragment-images colorbox-load\u0022 rel=\u0022gallery-fragment-images-335467054\u0022 data-figure-caption=\u0022\u0026lt;div class=\u0026quot;highwire-markup\u0026quot;\u0026gt;\u0026lt;div xmlns=\u0026quot;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xhtml\u0026quot;\u0026gt;(\u0026lt;strong\u0026gt;a\u0026lt;\/strong\u0026gt;) Spatial distribution of manganese, iron and lead in CZ of \u0026lt;em\u0026gt;P\u0026lt;\/em\u0026gt;1 profile (V- prefix, vegetables; W- prefix, pore water; S- prefix, sediments). Colour map scales are in the top side of the figure (top left: W-; bottom left: S-; right: V-). (\u0026lt;strong\u0026gt;b\u0026lt;\/strong\u0026gt;) Spatial distribution of manganese, iron and lead in CZ of \u0026lt;em\u0026gt;P\u0026lt;\/em\u0026gt;2 profile (V- prefix, vegetables; W- prefix, pore water; S- prefix, sediments). Colour map scales are in the top side of the figure (top left: W-; bottom left: S-; right: V-).\u0026lt;\/div\u0026gt;\u0026lt;\/div\u0026gt;\u0022 data-icon-position=\u0022\u0022 data-hide-link-title=\u00220\u0022\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022hw-responsive-img\u0022\u003E\u003Cimg class=\u0022highwire-fragment fragment-image lazyload\u0022 alt=\u0022\u0022 src=\u0022data:image\/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAAAAAP\/\/\/yH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAIBRAA7\u0022 data-src=\u0022https:\/\/geea.lyellcollection.org\/content\/geochem\/18\/1\/47\/F5\/graphic-8.medium.gif\u0022 width=\u0022362\u0022 height=\u0022440\u0022\/\u003E\u003Cnoscript\u003E\u003Cimg class=\u0022highwire-fragment fragment-image\u0022 alt=\u0022\u0022 src=\u0022https:\/\/geea.lyellcollection.org\/content\/geochem\/18\/1\/47\/F5\/graphic-8.medium.gif\u0022 width=\u0022362\u0022 height=\u0022440\u0022\/\u003E\u003C\/noscript\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E\u003Cul class=\u0022highwire-figure-links inline\u0022\u003E\u003Cli class=\u0022download-fig first\u0022\u003E\u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/geea.lyellcollection.org\/content\/geochem\/18\/1\/47\/F5\/graphic-8.large.jpg?download=true\u0022 class=\u0022highwire-figure-link highwire-figure-link-download\u0022 title=\u0022Download \u0022 data-icon-position=\u0022\u0022 data-hide-link-title=\u00220\u0022\u003EDownload figure\u003C\/a\u003E\u003C\/li\u003E\u003Cli class=\u0022new-tab\u0022\u003E\u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/geea.lyellcollection.org\/content\/geochem\/18\/1\/47\/F5\/graphic-8.large.jpg\u0022 class=\u0022highwire-figure-link highwire-figure-link-newtab\u0022 target=\u0022_blank\u0022 data-icon-position=\u0022\u0022 data-hide-link-title=\u00220\u0022\u003EOpen in new tab\u003C\/a\u003E\u003C\/li\u003E\u003Cli class=\u0022download-ppt last\u0022\u003E\u003Ca href=\u0022\/highwire\/powerpoint\/16435\u0022 class=\u0022highwire-figure-link highwire-figure-link-ppt\u0022 data-icon-position=\u0022\u0022 data-hide-link-title=\u00220\u0022\u003EDownload powerpoint\u003C\/a\u003E\u003C\/li\u003E\u003C\/ul\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\u0022fig-inline-img\u0022\u003E\u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/geea.lyellcollection.org\/content\/geochem\/18\/1\/47\/F5\/graphic-9.large.jpg?width=800\u0026amp;height=600\u0026amp;carousel=1\u0022 title=\u0022(a) Spatial distribution of manganese, iron and lead in CZ of P1 profile (V- prefix, vegetables; W- prefix, pore water; S- prefix, sediments). Colour map scales are in the top side of the figure (top left: W-; bottom left: S-; right: V-). (b) Spatial distribution of manganese, iron and lead in CZ of P2 profile (V- prefix, vegetables; W- prefix, pore water; S- prefix, sediments). Colour map scales are in the top side of the figure (top left: W-; bottom left: S-; right: V-).\u0022 class=\u0022highwire-fragment fragment-images colorbox-load\u0022 rel=\u0022gallery-fragment-images-335467054\u0022 data-figure-caption=\u0022\u0026lt;div class=\u0026quot;highwire-markup\u0026quot;\u0026gt;\u0026lt;div xmlns=\u0026quot;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xhtml\u0026quot;\u0026gt;(\u0026lt;strong\u0026gt;a\u0026lt;\/strong\u0026gt;) Spatial distribution of manganese, iron and lead in CZ of \u0026lt;em\u0026gt;P\u0026lt;\/em\u0026gt;1 profile (V- prefix, vegetables; W- prefix, pore water; S- prefix, sediments). Colour map scales are in the top side of the figure (top left: W-; bottom left: S-; right: V-). (\u0026lt;strong\u0026gt;b\u0026lt;\/strong\u0026gt;) Spatial distribution of manganese, iron and lead in CZ of \u0026lt;em\u0026gt;P\u0026lt;\/em\u0026gt;2 profile (V- prefix, vegetables; W- prefix, pore water; S- prefix, sediments). Colour map scales are in the top side of the figure (top left: W-; bottom left: S-; right: V-).\u0026lt;\/div\u0026gt;\u0026lt;\/div\u0026gt;\u0022 data-icon-position=\u0022\u0022 data-hide-link-title=\u00220\u0022\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022hw-responsive-img\u0022\u003E\u003Cimg class=\u0022highwire-fragment fragment-image lazyload\u0022 alt=\u0022\u0022 src=\u0022data:image\/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAAAAAP\/\/\/yH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAIBRAA7\u0022 data-src=\u0022https:\/\/geea.lyellcollection.org\/content\/geochem\/18\/1\/47\/F5\/graphic-9.medium.gif\u0022 width=\u0022361\u0022 height=\u0022440\u0022\/\u003E\u003Cnoscript\u003E\u003Cimg class=\u0022highwire-fragment fragment-image\u0022 alt=\u0022\u0022 src=\u0022https:\/\/geea.lyellcollection.org\/content\/geochem\/18\/1\/47\/F5\/graphic-9.medium.gif\u0022 width=\u0022361\u0022 height=\u0022440\u0022\/\u003E\u003C\/noscript\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E\u003Cul class=\u0022highwire-figure-links inline\u0022\u003E\u003Cli class=\u0022download-fig first\u0022\u003E\u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/geea.lyellcollection.org\/content\/geochem\/18\/1\/47\/F5\/graphic-9.large.jpg?download=true\u0022 class=\u0022highwire-figure-link highwire-figure-link-download\u0022 title=\u0022Download \u0022 data-icon-position=\u0022\u0022 data-hide-link-title=\u00220\u0022\u003EDownload figure\u003C\/a\u003E\u003C\/li\u003E\u003Cli class=\u0022new-tab\u0022\u003E\u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/geea.lyellcollection.org\/content\/geochem\/18\/1\/47\/F5\/graphic-9.large.jpg\u0022 class=\u0022highwire-figure-link highwire-figure-link-newtab\u0022 target=\u0022_blank\u0022 data-icon-position=\u0022\u0022 data-hide-link-title=\u00220\u0022\u003EOpen in new tab\u003C\/a\u003E\u003C\/li\u003E\u003Cli class=\u0022download-ppt last\u0022\u003E\u003Ca href=\u0022\/highwire\/powerpoint\/16435\u0022 class=\u0022highwire-figure-link highwire-figure-link-ppt\u0022 data-icon-position=\u0022\u0022 data-hide-link-title=\u00220\u0022\u003EDownload powerpoint\u003C\/a\u003E\u003C\/li\u003E\u003C\/ul\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\u0022fig-caption\u0022\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022fig-label\u0022\u003EFig.\u00a05.\u003C\/span\u003E \u003Cp id=\u0022p-21\u0022 class=\u0022first-child\u0022\u003E(\u003Cstrong\u003Ea\u003C\/strong\u003E) Spatial distribution of manganese, iron and lead in CZ of \u003Cem\u003EP\u003C\/em\u003E1 profile (V- prefix, vegetables; W- prefix, pore water; S- prefix, sediments). Colour map scales are in the top side of the figure (top left: W-; bottom left: S-; right: V-). (\u003Cstrong\u003Eb\u003C\/strong\u003E) Spatial distribution of manganese, iron and lead in CZ of \u003Cem\u003EP\u003C\/em\u003E2 profile (V- prefix, vegetables; W- prefix, pore water; S- prefix, sediments). Colour map scales are in the top side of the figure (top left: W-; bottom left: S-; right: V-).\u003C\/p\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\u0022sb-div caption-clear\u0022\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cdiv id=\u0022T1\u0022 class=\u0022table pos-float\u0022\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\u0022table-inline table-callout-links\u0022\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\u0022callout\u0022\u003E\u003Cspan\u003EView this table:\u003C\/span\u003E\u003Cul class=\u0022callout-links\u0022\u003E\u003Cli class=\u0022view-inline first\u0022\u003E\u003Ca href=\u0022##\u0022 class=\u0022table-expand-inline\u0022 data-table-url=\u0022\/highwire\/markup\/16381\/expansion?postprocessors=highwire_tables%2Chighwire_reclass%2Chighwire_figures%2Chighwire_math%2Chighwire_inline_linked_media%2Chighwire_embed\u0026amp;table-expand-inline=1\u0022 data-icon-position=\u0022\u0022 data-hide-link-title=\u00220\u0022\u003EView inline\u003C\/a\u003E\u003C\/li\u003E\u003Cli class=\u0022view-popup last\u0022\u003E\u003Ca href=\u0022\/highwire\/markup\/16381\/expansion?width=1000\u0026amp;height=500\u0026amp;iframe=true\u0026amp;postprocessors=highwire_tables%2Chighwire_reclass%2Chighwire_figures%2Chighwire_math%2Chighwire_inline_linked_media%2Chighwire_embed\u0022 class=\u0022colorbox colorbox-load table-expand-popup\u0022 rel=\u0022gallery-fragment-tables\u0022 data-icon-position=\u0022\u0022 data-hide-link-title=\u00220\u0022\u003EView popup\u003C\/a\u003E\u003C\/li\u003E\u003C\/ul\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\u0022table-caption\u0022\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022table-label\u0022\u003ETable\u00a01.\u003C\/span\u003E \u003Cp id=\u0022p-22\u0022 class=\u0022first-child\u0022\u003EThe importance of thirteen parameters for manganese, iron and lead contents in maize for ten drills\u003C\/p\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\u0022sb-div caption-clear\u0022\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cp id=\u0022p-23\u0022\u003E\u003Ca id=\u0022xref-table-wrap-2-1\u0022 class=\u0022xref-table\u0022 href=\u0022#T2\u0022\u003ETable 2\u003C\/a\u003E describes the important influencing factors of the three metals in maize for the \u003Cem\u003EP\u003C\/em\u003E1 and \u003Cem\u003EP\u003C\/em\u003E2 profiles (Fig. S2). In the \u003Cem\u003EP\u003C\/em\u003E1 profile, the main influencing factor of the three metals in maize were W-Mn and T, respectively, while in the \u003Cem\u003EP\u003C\/em\u003E2 profile, sand fraction content, W-Fe and mean grain size were the main influencing factors. There were significant differences in the main influencing factors between the profiles and the single drill, and the importance of the clay fraction content in these two profiles became weaker in comparison with the single borehole. This difference indicates that fine particles play an important role in metals concentration in maize with respect to the single drill, which become coarse particles for profiles. \u003Ca id=\u0022xref-fig-6-1\u0022 class=\u0022xref-fig\u0022 href=\u0022#F6\u0022\u003EFigure 6\u003C\/a\u003E represents the manganese, iron and lead contents, and the spatial distribution of their main influencing factors. With respect to the \u003Cem\u003EP\u003C\/em\u003E1 profile, the T of the soil layer plays an important role in lead and iron concentrations in maize, which decreased from Sd10 to Sd12 and Sd08. With regards to the \u003Cem\u003EP\u003C\/em\u003E2 profile, the spatial distribution of mean grain size, W-Fe and sand fraction content were similar, and their maximum values were mainly distributed at Sd03. Although the importance of these influencing factors has been quantitatively described using the RF method, the manner in which these factors transmit their effects to the selected metal contents in maize are unknown. For example, the T of the soil layer had an important impact on iron and lead contents in maize, and this effect could be divided into two groups, i. e. direct and indirect effects. The former suggests that T can directly affect the cell activity of the maize roots, while the latter suggests that T can affect through the others factors, such as SOC, WC, and salt, to V-Fe and V-Pb. In \u003Ca id=\u0022xref-fig-7-1\u0022 class=\u0022xref-fig\u0022 href=\u0022#F7\u0022\u003EFigure 7\u003C\/a\u003E, the main influencing factor is the input variable, and the output variables were V-Mn, V-Fe and V-Pb, and then the other variables, such as SOC, TN, pH and salt were used to connect the input and output variables using the path analysis method. In the \u003Cem\u003EP\u003C\/em\u003E1 profile, the direct path coefficient of T on V-Fe was 0.703. While T can accelerate the uptake of iron in maize, on the contrary, it can also through the other parameters reduce the bioaccumulation of iron in maize as the indirect path coefficient was \u22120.046. Therefore, the total effect of T on iron was 0.657. The direct and total effects of W-Mn on V-Mn were \u22120.512 and \u22120.383, respectively. There was a negative correlation between W-Mn and V-Mn, which was consistent with the above analysis. In the \u003Cem\u003EP\u003C\/em\u003E2 profile, the direct path coefficient of mean grain size on V-Pb was only 0.028. On the contrary, its indirect path coefficients through silt and sand fraction contents were 17.831 and \u221219.368. These values were much higher than the other factors, indicating that mean grain size, mainly through silt and sand fraction content, transmitted effects to V-Pb. More importantly, both the indirect path coefficients of mean grain size through clay and silt fraction content to V-Pb were positive, but were negative through the sand fraction content, reflecting coarse particles can reduce the uptake of lead in maize.\n\n\n\u003C\/p\u003E\u003Cdiv id=\u0022F6\u0022 class=\u0022fig pos-float odd\u0022\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\u0022highwire-figure\u0022\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\u0022fig-inline-img-wrapper\u0022\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\u0022fig-inline-img\u0022\u003E\u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/geea.lyellcollection.org\/content\/geochem\/18\/1\/47\/F6.large.jpg?width=800\u0026amp;height=600\u0026amp;carousel=1\u0022 title=\u0022The spatial distribution of manganese, iron and lead and their main influencing factor in the P1 and P2 profiles.\u0022 class=\u0022highwire-fragment fragment-images colorbox-load\u0022 rel=\u0022gallery-fragment-images-335467054\u0022 data-figure-caption=\u0022\u0026lt;div class=\u0026quot;highwire-markup\u0026quot;\u0026gt;\u0026lt;div xmlns=\u0026quot;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xhtml\u0026quot;\u0026gt;The spatial distribution of manganese, iron and lead and their main influencing factor in the \u0026lt;em\u0026gt;P\u0026lt;\/em\u0026gt;1 and \u0026lt;em\u0026gt;P\u0026lt;\/em\u0026gt;2 profiles.\u0026lt;\/div\u0026gt;\u0026lt;\/div\u0026gt;\u0022 data-icon-position=\u0022\u0022 data-hide-link-title=\u00220\u0022\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022hw-responsive-img\u0022\u003E\u003Cimg class=\u0022highwire-fragment fragment-image lazyload\u0022 alt=\u0022Fig.\u0026#xA0;6.\u0022 src=\u0022data:image\/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAAAAAP\/\/\/yH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAIBRAA7\u0022 data-src=\u0022https:\/\/geea.lyellcollection.org\/content\/geochem\/18\/1\/47\/F6.medium.gif\u0022 width=\u0022440\u0022 height=\u0022241\u0022\/\u003E\u003Cnoscript\u003E\u003Cimg class=\u0022highwire-fragment fragment-image\u0022 alt=\u0022Fig.\u0026#xA0;6.\u0022 src=\u0022https:\/\/geea.lyellcollection.org\/content\/geochem\/18\/1\/47\/F6.medium.gif\u0022 width=\u0022440\u0022 height=\u0022241\u0022\/\u003E\u003C\/noscript\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cul class=\u0022highwire-figure-links inline\u0022\u003E\u003Cli class=\u0022download-fig first\u0022\u003E\u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/geea.lyellcollection.org\/content\/geochem\/18\/1\/47\/F6.large.jpg?download=true\u0022 class=\u0022highwire-figure-link highwire-figure-link-download\u0022 title=\u0022Download Fig.\u0026#xA0;6.\u0022 data-icon-position=\u0022\u0022 data-hide-link-title=\u00220\u0022\u003EDownload figure\u003C\/a\u003E\u003C\/li\u003E\u003Cli class=\u0022new-tab\u0022\u003E\u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/geea.lyellcollection.org\/content\/geochem\/18\/1\/47\/F6.large.jpg\u0022 class=\u0022highwire-figure-link highwire-figure-link-newtab\u0022 target=\u0022_blank\u0022 data-icon-position=\u0022\u0022 data-hide-link-title=\u00220\u0022\u003EOpen in new tab\u003C\/a\u003E\u003C\/li\u003E\u003Cli class=\u0022download-ppt last\u0022\u003E\u003Ca href=\u0022\/highwire\/powerpoint\/16425\u0022 class=\u0022highwire-figure-link highwire-figure-link-ppt\u0022 data-icon-position=\u0022\u0022 data-hide-link-title=\u00220\u0022\u003EDownload powerpoint\u003C\/a\u003E\u003C\/li\u003E\u003C\/ul\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\u0022fig-caption\u0022\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022fig-label\u0022\u003EFig.\u00a06.\u003C\/span\u003E \u003Cp id=\u0022p-24\u0022 class=\u0022first-child\u0022\u003EThe spatial distribution of manganese, iron and lead and their main influencing factor in the \u003Cem\u003EP\u003C\/em\u003E1 and \u003Cem\u003EP\u003C\/em\u003E2 profiles.\u003C\/p\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\u0022sb-div caption-clear\u0022\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cdiv id=\u0022F7\u0022 class=\u0022fig pos-float odd\u0022\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\u0022highwire-figure\u0022\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\u0022fig-inline-img-wrapper\u0022\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\u0022fig-inline-img\u0022\u003E\u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/geea.lyellcollection.org\/content\/geochem\/18\/1\/47\/F7.large.jpg?width=800\u0026amp;height=600\u0026amp;carousel=1\u0022 title=\u0022Path diagram of manganese, iron and lead for the P1 and P2 profiles.\u0022 class=\u0022highwire-fragment fragment-images colorbox-load\u0022 rel=\u0022gallery-fragment-images-335467054\u0022 data-figure-caption=\u0022\u0026lt;div class=\u0026quot;highwire-markup\u0026quot;\u0026gt;\u0026lt;div xmlns=\u0026quot;http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xhtml\u0026quot;\u0026gt;Path diagram of manganese, iron and lead for the \u0026lt;em\u0026gt;P\u0026lt;\/em\u0026gt;1 and \u0026lt;em\u0026gt;P\u0026lt;\/em\u0026gt;2 profiles.\u0026lt;\/div\u0026gt;\u0026lt;\/div\u0026gt;\u0022 data-icon-position=\u0022\u0022 data-hide-link-title=\u00220\u0022\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022hw-responsive-img\u0022\u003E\u003Cimg class=\u0022highwire-fragment fragment-image lazyload\u0022 alt=\u0022Fig.\u0026#xA0;7.\u0022 src=\u0022data:image\/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAAAAAP\/\/\/yH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAIBRAA7\u0022 data-src=\u0022https:\/\/geea.lyellcollection.org\/content\/geochem\/18\/1\/47\/F7.medium.gif\u0022 width=\u0022405\u0022 height=\u0022440\u0022\/\u003E\u003Cnoscript\u003E\u003Cimg class=\u0022highwire-fragment fragment-image\u0022 alt=\u0022Fig.\u0026#xA0;7.\u0022 src=\u0022https:\/\/geea.lyellcollection.org\/content\/geochem\/18\/1\/47\/F7.medium.gif\u0022 width=\u0022405\u0022 height=\u0022440\u0022\/\u003E\u003C\/noscript\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cul class=\u0022highwire-figure-links inline\u0022\u003E\u003Cli class=\u0022download-fig first\u0022\u003E\u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/geea.lyellcollection.org\/content\/geochem\/18\/1\/47\/F7.large.jpg?download=true\u0022 class=\u0022highwire-figure-link highwire-figure-link-download\u0022 title=\u0022Download Fig.\u0026#xA0;7.\u0022 data-icon-position=\u0022\u0022 data-hide-link-title=\u00220\u0022\u003EDownload figure\u003C\/a\u003E\u003C\/li\u003E\u003Cli class=\u0022new-tab\u0022\u003E\u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/geea.lyellcollection.org\/content\/geochem\/18\/1\/47\/F7.large.jpg\u0022 class=\u0022highwire-figure-link highwire-figure-link-newtab\u0022 target=\u0022_blank\u0022 data-icon-position=\u0022\u0022 data-hide-link-title=\u00220\u0022\u003EOpen in new tab\u003C\/a\u003E\u003C\/li\u003E\u003Cli class=\u0022download-ppt last\u0022\u003E\u003Ca href=\u0022\/highwire\/powerpoint\/16392\u0022 class=\u0022highwire-figure-link highwire-figure-link-ppt\u0022 data-icon-position=\u0022\u0022 data-hide-link-title=\u00220\u0022\u003EDownload powerpoint\u003C\/a\u003E\u003C\/li\u003E\u003C\/ul\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\u0022fig-caption\u0022\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022fig-label\u0022\u003EFig.\u00a07.\u003C\/span\u003E \u003Cp id=\u0022p-25\u0022 class=\u0022first-child\u0022\u003EPath diagram of manganese, iron and lead for the \u003Cem\u003EP\u003C\/em\u003E1 and \u003Cem\u003EP\u003C\/em\u003E2 profiles.\u003C\/p\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\u0022sb-div caption-clear\u0022\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cdiv id=\u0022T2\u0022 class=\u0022table pos-float\u0022\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\u0022table-inline table-callout-links\u0022\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\u0022callout\u0022\u003E\u003Cspan\u003EView this table:\u003C\/span\u003E\u003Cul class=\u0022callout-links\u0022\u003E\u003Cli class=\u0022view-inline first\u0022\u003E\u003Ca href=\u0022##\u0022 class=\u0022table-expand-inline\u0022 data-table-url=\u0022\/highwire\/markup\/16437\/expansion?postprocessors=highwire_tables%2Chighwire_reclass%2Chighwire_figures%2Chighwire_math%2Chighwire_inline_linked_media%2Chighwire_embed\u0026amp;table-expand-inline=1\u0022 data-icon-position=\u0022\u0022 data-hide-link-title=\u00220\u0022\u003EView inline\u003C\/a\u003E\u003C\/li\u003E\u003Cli class=\u0022view-popup last\u0022\u003E\u003Ca href=\u0022\/highwire\/markup\/16437\/expansion?width=1000\u0026amp;height=500\u0026amp;iframe=true\u0026amp;postprocessors=highwire_tables%2Chighwire_reclass%2Chighwire_figures%2Chighwire_math%2Chighwire_inline_linked_media%2Chighwire_embed\u0022 class=\u0022colorbox colorbox-load table-expand-popup\u0022 rel=\u0022gallery-fragment-tables\u0022 data-icon-position=\u0022\u0022 data-hide-link-title=\u00220\u0022\u003EView popup\u003C\/a\u003E\u003C\/li\u003E\u003C\/ul\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\u0022table-caption\u0022\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022table-label\u0022\u003ETable\u00a02.\u003C\/span\u003E \u003Cp id=\u0022p-26\u0022 class=\u0022first-child\u0022\u003EThe importance of thirteen parameters for manganese, iron and lead contents in maize for P1 and P2 profiles\u003C\/p\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\u0022sb-div caption-clear\u0022\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cp id=\u0022p-27\u0022\u003EThe main influencing factors of metals in maize were identified and their effect paths were described, providing sufficient information to prevent vegetable contamination. Therefore, the final step was to assess the health risks of manganese, iron and lead to humans. The traditional methods employ the concentration of metal in soil to calculate the TF value, however, the above results indicate that the effects of manganese, iron and lead were much larger in pore water than in soil. Therefore the concentration of metal in pore water instead of the soil was used to calculate the TF value for maize using Equation \u003Ca id=\u0022xref-disp-formula-1-1\u0022 class=\u0022xref-disp-formula\u0022 href=\u0022#disp-formula-1\u0022\u003E1\u003C\/a\u003E. The unit of metal in pore water was mg\/l, the density of water was considered to be 1000\u2005mg\/l, the metal concentration in pore water can convert to mg\/kg and \u003Ca id=\u0022xref-table-wrap-3-1\u0022 class=\u0022xref-table\u0022 href=\u0022#T3\u0022\u003ETable 3\u003C\/a\u003E shows the TF values of the three metals for the ten drills.\n\u003C\/p\u003E\u003Cdiv id=\u0022T3\u0022 class=\u0022table pos-float\u0022\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\u0022table-inline table-callout-links\u0022\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\u0022callout\u0022\u003E\u003Cspan\u003EView this table:\u003C\/span\u003E\u003Cul class=\u0022callout-links\u0022\u003E\u003Cli class=\u0022view-inline first\u0022\u003E\u003Ca href=\u0022##\u0022 class=\u0022table-expand-inline\u0022 data-table-url=\u0022\/highwire\/markup\/16450\/expansion?postprocessors=highwire_tables%2Chighwire_reclass%2Chighwire_figures%2Chighwire_math%2Chighwire_inline_linked_media%2Chighwire_embed\u0026amp;table-expand-inline=1\u0022 data-icon-position=\u0022\u0022 data-hide-link-title=\u00220\u0022\u003EView inline\u003C\/a\u003E\u003C\/li\u003E\u003Cli class=\u0022view-popup last\u0022\u003E\u003Ca href=\u0022\/highwire\/markup\/16450\/expansion?width=1000\u0026amp;height=500\u0026amp;iframe=true\u0026amp;postprocessors=highwire_tables%2Chighwire_reclass%2Chighwire_figures%2Chighwire_math%2Chighwire_inline_linked_media%2Chighwire_embed\u0022 class=\u0022colorbox colorbox-load table-expand-popup\u0022 rel=\u0022gallery-fragment-tables\u0022 data-icon-position=\u0022\u0022 data-hide-link-title=\u00220\u0022\u003EView popup\u003C\/a\u003E\u003C\/li\u003E\u003C\/ul\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\u0022table-caption\u0022\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022table-label\u0022\u003ETable\u00a03.\u003C\/span\u003E \u003Cp id=\u0022p-28\u0022 class=\u0022first-child\u0022\u003ETransfer factor of manganese, iron and lead for the ten drills\u003C\/p\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\u0022sb-div caption-clear\u0022\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cp id=\u0022p-29\u0022\u003EIn this table, the maximum value of TF for manganese was 3190.18 in the sheath, 3245.37 for iron in the root and 292.38 for lead in the sheath. All of these maximum values appeared at Sd10. The TF value of manganese in the \u003Cem\u003EP\u003C\/em\u003E1 profile was higher than in \u003Cem\u003EP\u003C\/em\u003E2, while the TF value of iron in \u003Cem\u003EP\u003C\/em\u003E1 was smaller than \u003Cem\u003EP\u003C\/em\u003E2, and there were no significant differences in the TF of lead between \u003Cem\u003EP\u003C\/em\u003E1 and \u003Cem\u003EP\u003C\/em\u003E2. This figure reflects that manganese, iron and lead in pore water possessed a stronger transfer ability from water to the root cell of maize, which can cause various toxic effects to human health. \u003Ca id=\u0022xref-fig-8-1\u0022 class=\u0022xref-fig\u0022 href=\u0022#F8\u0022\u003EFigure 8\u003C\/a\u003E describes the CTHQ of the maize seeds for the ten drills. The maximum value was 1.74 in Sd08 and the min value was 0.34 in Sd10. With the exception of Sd08, all the CTHQ values of the others drill were less than 1. The order of CTHQ in \u003Cem\u003EP\u003C\/em\u003E1 was Sd08\u2009\u0026gt;\u2009Sd11\u2009\u0026gt;\u2009Sd09\u2009\u0026gt;\u2009Sd12\u2009\u0026gt;\u2009Sd10, while in the \u003Cem\u003EP\u003C\/em\u003E2 profile it was Sd03\u2009\u0026gt;\u2009Sd02\u2009\u0026gt;\u2009Sd01\u2009\u0026gt;\u2009Sd04\u2009\u0026gt;\u2009Sd05.\n\u003C\/p\u003E\u003Cdiv id=\u0022F8\u0022 class=\u0022fig pos-float odd\u0022\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\u0022highwire-figure\u0022\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\u0022fig-inline-img-wrapper\u0022\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\u0022fig-inline-img\u0022\u003E\u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/geea.lyellcollection.org\/content\/geochem\/18\/1\/47\/F8.large.jpg?width=800\u0026amp;height=600\u0026amp;carousel=1\u0022 title=\u0022Multiple health risk index of manganese, iron and lead for the ten drills.\u0022 class=\u0022highwire-fragment fragment-images colorbox-load\u0022 rel=\u0022gallery-fragment-images-335467054\u0022 data-figure-caption=\u0022\u0026lt;div class=\u0026quot;highwire-markup\u0026quot;\u0026gt;Multiple health risk index of manganese, iron and lead for the ten drills.\u0026lt;\/div\u0026gt;\u0022 data-icon-position=\u0022\u0022 data-hide-link-title=\u00220\u0022\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022hw-responsive-img\u0022\u003E\u003Cimg class=\u0022highwire-fragment fragment-image lazyload\u0022 alt=\u0022Fig.\u0026#xA0;8.\u0022 src=\u0022data:image\/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAAAAAP\/\/\/yH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAIBRAA7\u0022 data-src=\u0022https:\/\/geea.lyellcollection.org\/content\/geochem\/18\/1\/47\/F8.medium.gif\u0022 width=\u0022348\u0022 height=\u0022440\u0022\/\u003E\u003Cnoscript\u003E\u003Cimg class=\u0022highwire-fragment fragment-image\u0022 alt=\u0022Fig.\u0026#xA0;8.\u0022 src=\u0022https:\/\/geea.lyellcollection.org\/content\/geochem\/18\/1\/47\/F8.medium.gif\u0022 width=\u0022348\u0022 height=\u0022440\u0022\/\u003E\u003C\/noscript\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cul class=\u0022highwire-figure-links inline\u0022\u003E\u003Cli class=\u0022download-fig first\u0022\u003E\u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/geea.lyellcollection.org\/content\/geochem\/18\/1\/47\/F8.large.jpg?download=true\u0022 class=\u0022highwire-figure-link highwire-figure-link-download\u0022 title=\u0022Download Fig.\u0026#xA0;8.\u0022 data-icon-position=\u0022\u0022 data-hide-link-title=\u00220\u0022\u003EDownload figure\u003C\/a\u003E\u003C\/li\u003E\u003Cli class=\u0022new-tab\u0022\u003E\u003Ca href=\u0022https:\/\/geea.lyellcollection.org\/content\/geochem\/18\/1\/47\/F8.large.jpg\u0022 class=\u0022highwire-figure-link highwire-figure-link-newtab\u0022 target=\u0022_blank\u0022 data-icon-position=\u0022\u0022 data-hide-link-title=\u00220\u0022\u003EOpen in new tab\u003C\/a\u003E\u003C\/li\u003E\u003Cli class=\u0022download-ppt last\u0022\u003E\u003Ca href=\u0022\/highwire\/powerpoint\/16447\u0022 class=\u0022highwire-figure-link highwire-figure-link-ppt\u0022 data-icon-position=\u0022\u0022 data-hide-link-title=\u00220\u0022\u003EDownload powerpoint\u003C\/a\u003E\u003C\/li\u003E\u003C\/ul\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\u0022fig-caption\u0022\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022fig-label\u0022\u003EFig.\u00a08.\u003C\/span\u003E \u003Cp id=\u0022p-30\u0022 class=\u0022first-child\u0022\u003EMultiple health risk index of manganese, iron and lead for the ten drills.\u003C\/p\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\u0022sb-div caption-clear\u0022\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\u0022section discussion\u0022 id=\u0022sec-7\u0022\u003E\u003Ch2 class=\u0022\u0022\u003EDiscussion\u003C\/h2\u003E\u003Cp id=\u0022p-31\u0022\u003EThe Luan River significantly affects shallow groundwater quality as a result of lateral recharge. \u003Ca id=\u0022xref-fig-2-2\u0022 class=\u0022xref-fig\u0022 href=\u0022#F2\u0022\u003EFigure 2\u003C\/a\u003E demonstrates that the iron content in the Luan River decreased from 3.09\u2005mg\/l in July to 0.29\u2005mg\/l in November and a decreasing trend with time was also observed in the groundwater. The iron content in both the Luan River and groundwater in July and September were far higher than that in November. This can mainly be attributed to the fact that summer is the primary production season for the iron industry and therefore a large amount of industrial wastewater is discharged into the Luan River. As production decreases in winter, the iron content is therefore lower in both the Luan River and groundwater in November. The iron element in the groundwater was mainly influenced by the Luan River and therefore it demonstrated a similar tendency as the Luan River. The manganese concentration in the Luan River was less than the standard value and also presented a decreasing trend with time as observed with iron. On the contrary, it was at a higher level in the shallow groundwater, indicating there are other manganese material sources in the groundwater apart from the Luan River. The lead content in the Luan River was higher than that in the groundwater; however, neither of them exceeded the standard value. However, the lead concentration in the different maize organs was higher than the guideline values, with the exception of the seeds samples at Sd10. The iron content of the edible part of maize in \u003Cem\u003EP\u003C\/em\u003E1 was less than 20\u2005mg\/kg, while in the \u003Cem\u003EP\u003C\/em\u003E2 profile it was far higher than the standard value. All three metals contents in the sheath exceeded their guideline values. As this constitutes the main feedstuff of livestock in NCP, this might result in metal bioaccumulation in livestock, posing indirect health risks to humans.\u003C\/p\u003E\u003Cp id=\u0022p-32\u0022\u003E\u003Ca id=\u0022xref-fig-4-3\u0022 class=\u0022xref-fig\u0022 href=\u0022#F4\u0022\u003EFigure 4\u003C\/a\u003E describes the vertical variation in lead content in the CZ. It was found that the W-Pb content increased with depth at Sd08 and Sd05 with a maximum value recorded at a depth of 10\u2009\u2013\u200912\u2005m, which was associated with the Luan River and groundwater. The concentration of W-Pb decreased with depth at Sd02 with a maximum value recorded at a depth of 2\u2009\u2013\u20094\u2005m, suggesting that this lead could be attributed to irrigation water as it migrated from the soil and vadose zone to aquifer. At Sd01, Sd03, Sd11 and Sd12, the maximum value of W-Pb was distributed at a depth of 4\u2009\u2013\u20099\u2005m, while at Sd04, this depth had the min W-Pb value recorded. In general, the vertical variation in V-Pb in maize is simple and conforms to an elongated model, with the exception of Sd05 and Sd08 where the V-Pb content decreased with depth. S-Pb increased with depth in Sd02 and decreased with depth in Sd11, while its vertical variation in the other drills was complex. No close associations in vertical variation existed between W-Pb and S-Pb, indicating that the lead element possessed different transfer models in sediments and pore water. However, a strong negative relationship existed between W-Pb and S-Pb in Sd02, in which the lead ion migrated from the top surface to the aquifer layer in the pore water, resulting in its concentration decreasing with depth due to the adsorption of sediments, and therefore the lead ion in the sediments increasing with depth.\u003C\/p\u003E\u003Cp id=\u0022p-33\u0022\u003E\u003Ca id=\u0022xref-fig-5-2\u0022 class=\u0022xref-fig\u0022 href=\u0022#F5\u0022\u003EFigure 5\u003C\/a\u003E shows that the distribution models of manganese, iron and lead in pore water are similar, as their lower values are mainly located in the middle section of the \u003Cem\u003EP\u003C\/em\u003E1 profile. These elements were derived from the Luan River. The migration ranges of manganese and lead were larger than that of iron. The concentrations of S-Mn and S-Fe were higher at the depth of 10\u2009\u2013\u200912\u2005m in Sd11 where the lower value of S-Pb was recorded. \u003Ca id=\u0022xref-fig-4-4\u0022 class=\u0022xref-fig\u0022 href=\u0022#F4\u0022\u003EFigure 4\u003C\/a\u003E indicates that there is no close association in the vertical variation of the three metals between the pore water and sediments in the single drill, with the exception of Sd02. However, \u003Ca id=\u0022xref-fig-5-3\u0022 class=\u0022xref-fig\u0022 href=\u0022#F5\u0022\u003EFigure 5\u003C\/a\u003E demonstrates that the pore water and sediments exhibited a stronger positive horizontal correlation of iron and manganese, which was negatively correlated with lead. These three metals in the pore water exhibited a similar distribution, especially between manganese and iron in the \u003Cem\u003EP\u003C\/em\u003E2 profile where their maximum value was mainly distributed at Sd03 and Sd05. Although the distance of these two profiles was only 10\u2005km, the concentrations of V-Mn, V-Fe and V-Pb in \u003Cem\u003EP\u003C\/em\u003E2 were far less than in \u003Cem\u003EP\u003C\/em\u003E1. The content of V-Pb was relatively lower in \u003Cem\u003EP\u003C\/em\u003E2, however its pollution range was distributed more widely as 80% of region possessed a higher V-Pb value. Metal accumulation in vegetables is affected by numerous factors, with the exception of pore water and sediment chemical properties. \u003Ca id=\u0022xref-table-wrap-2-2\u0022 class=\u0022xref-table\u0022 href=\u0022#T2\u0022\u003ETable 2\u003C\/a\u003E characterizes the importance of each influencing factor for manganese, iron and lead in maize. Compared with the CZ chemical and physical properties, the CZ structure parameters, particularly the fine particles, were more important for the content of the three metals in maize. It was discovered that the importance of WC, pH, T, SOC and salt of the CZ for these three metals in maize was very small. However, these parameters have a close relationship with biological activities in the rhizosphere of maize, which can affect the migration of metals (\u003Ca id=\u0022xref-ref-14-1\u0022 class=\u0022xref-bibr\u0022 href=\u0022#ref-14\u0022\u003EMart\u00ednez-Alcal\u00e1 \u003Cem\u003Eet al.\u003C\/em\u003E 2010\u003C\/a\u003E; \u003Ca id=\u0022xref-ref-8-1\u0022 class=\u0022xref-bibr\u0022 href=\u0022#ref-8\u0022\u003EHuang \u003Cem\u003Eet al.\u003C\/em\u003E 2017\u003C\/a\u003E). When the study region extended to the single drill, their importance decreased and was replaced by CZ structure parameters. More importantly, when the study region encompassed the \u003Cem\u003EP\u003C\/em\u003E1 and \u003Cem\u003EP\u003C\/em\u003E2 profiles, the main influencing factors of V-Mn, V-Fe and V-Pb changed. T became the most important influencing factor for iron and lead in maize once again (\u003Ca id=\u0022xref-table-wrap-2-3\u0022 class=\u0022xref-table\u0022 href=\u0022#T2\u0022\u003ETable 2\u003C\/a\u003E), while salt, pH and WC still had nothing significant effects on these three metals (Fig. S2). This result reflects the differences in the main influencing factors of elements in maize with respect to study area scale. \u003Ca id=\u0022xref-fig-6-2\u0022 class=\u0022xref-fig\u0022 href=\u0022#F6\u0022\u003EFigure 6\u003C\/a\u003E indicates the spatial distribution of metal in maize and their main controlling factors. It can be observed from this figure that the metal content in maize was higher when the influencing factors were small, with the exception of T, indicating that they had a negative correlation. Although the metal in the soil and pore water was the main material source of metal in the vegetables, the maize metal pollution is not directly linked to the contamination of sediments and pore water (\u003Ca id=\u0022xref-ref-2-1\u0022 class=\u0022xref-bibr\u0022 href=\u0022#ref-2\u0022\u003ECao \u003Cem\u003Eet al.\u003C\/em\u003E 2016\u003C\/a\u003E). The metal concentration in vegetables is affected by others factors and therefore, even if the metal content in sediments and pore water is lower, they can have higher concentrations in maize due to their non-biodegradable and persistent nature.\u003C\/p\u003E\u003Cp id=\u0022p-34\u0022\u003E\u003Ca id=\u0022xref-fig-7-2\u0022 class=\u0022xref-fig\u0022 href=\u0022#F7\u0022\u003EFigure 7\u003C\/a\u003E depicts the influence path of the main factors on the selected metals in maize. The direct and indirect effects can be cut off to prevent the uptake and bioaccumulation of metals in maize. This figure reports that all the total effects coefficients of W-Mn, W-Fe, mean grain size and sand fraction content were negative while, on the contrary, both the total effects coefficients of T for V-Fe and V-Pb were positive, which was consistent with the above analysis. The direct path coefficient of T on V-Fe was 0.703. Of the twelve indirect influencing factors, the maximum absolute value of the indirect path coefficient was \u22120.364 for silt fraction content. The direct path coefficient of T on V-Pb was 0.387, and the indirect path coefficient of T through silt fraction content to V-Pb was 0.272. This result indicates that the strata with higher T can increase the bioaccumulation of lead and iron in maize and the region with higher silt fraction content can decrease V-Fe, while the area with lower silt fraction content can decrease V-Pb. The silt fraction content is an efficient tool to decrease lead and iron contents in maize due to its higher indirect path coefficients. In the \u003Cem\u003EP\u003C\/em\u003E2 profile, the sand fraction content was the main influencing factor of V-Mn and its indirect path coefficient was higher for W-Fe and mean grain size. All of these values were negative, indicating that the region with the higher sand fraction content could decrease the uptake of manganese, iron and lead in maize. Traditional methods use micro factors to decrease metal contents in vegetables. This work can provide a macro strategy from a hydrogeological perspective to prevent metal biomass in vegetables in large areas according to the CZ systems. For example, in the \u003Cem\u003EP\u003C\/em\u003E2 profile, the local farmer could plant the maize in the point bar microfacies with a higher sand fraction content, the coarse particles can prevent uptake of manganese, iron and lead. Conversely, in the \u003Cem\u003EP\u003C\/em\u003E1 profile, maize can be planted in the flood plain and fan-between depression where there is a lower silt fraction content, thereby decreasing bioaccumulation of lead.\u003C\/p\u003E\u003Cp id=\u0022p-35\u0022\u003EAs observed in \u003Ca id=\u0022xref-table-wrap-3-2\u0022 class=\u0022xref-table\u0022 href=\u0022#T3\u0022\u003ETable 3\u003C\/a\u003E, the general trends in the TF of the three metals in the two profiles decreased in the order of iron\u2009\u0026gt;\u2009manganese\u2009\u0026gt;\u2009lead. Furthermore, the TF values of iron varied from the highest (3245.37) in the roots to the lowest (16.88) in the seeds, with an average value of 351.53. The TF value of manganese ranged from 21.12 in the seeds to 3190.18 in the sheath, with a mean value of 261.89. The TF value of lead ranged between 13 in the seed and 292.38 in the sheath, with an average value of 134.40. This result reflects that iron and manganese are easily transferred to the plant due to greater capacity to form strong bonds with enzymes, while the transfer of lead from the pore water into the maize faced greater resistance (\u003Ca id=\u0022xref-ref-16-4\u0022 class=\u0022xref-bibr\u0022 href=\u0022#ref-16\u0022\u003EQureshi \u003Cem\u003Eet al.\u003C\/em\u003E 2016\u003C\/a\u003E). In addition, iron and manganese are essential elements for vegetables and are more actively absorbed from pore water by the root system (\u003Ca id=\u0022xref-ref-18-1\u0022 class=\u0022xref-bibr\u0022 href=\u0022#ref-18\u0022\u003ESakizadeh \u003Cem\u003Eet al.\u003C\/em\u003E 2016\u003C\/a\u003E). The trends in the TF for the three metals in the different parts of the maize decreased in the order of sheath\u2009\u0026gt;\u2009root\u2009\u0026gt;\u2009ear. As found in the present study, higher TF values in the sheath were also reported by \u003Ca id=\u0022xref-ref-20-1\u0022 class=\u0022xref-bibr\u0022 href=\u0022#ref-20\u0022\u003ESu \u003Cem\u003Eet al.\u003C\/em\u003E (2011)\u003C\/a\u003E. It is generally believed that the sheath has a higher TF value because metals combine more easily with the cellulose and lignin of cell walls, which are mainly distributed at the sheath due to the fibrous root system of maize (\u003Ca id=\u0022xref-ref-3-1\u0022 class=\u0022xref-bibr\u0022 href=\u0022#ref-3\u0022\u003EChen \u003Cem\u003Eet al.\u003C\/em\u003E 2006\u003C\/a\u003E). A lower TF value for the three metals in the seeds is in agreement with the results of \u003Ca id=\u0022xref-ref-12-1\u0022 class=\u0022xref-bibr\u0022 href=\u0022#ref-12\u0022\u003ELu \u003Cem\u003Eet al.\u003C\/em\u003E (2015)\u003C\/a\u003E. The reason for this result is that when the transfer direction is from the root to the ear, metal is prone to accumulate in the roots and sheath, and therefore metal concentration in the ear is lower than in the other organs.\u003C\/p\u003E\u003Cp id=\u0022p-36\u0022\u003EAlthough iron and manganese are essential metals for human health, excess consumption of these elements is a potential health risk. Lead is not an essential element for humans and once it enters to the food chain and accumulates at a high level in humans, it can cause severe damage to the brain, kidneys and nervous systems, as well as gastrointestinal cancer due to lack of proper mechanisms for lead removal from the human body. As shown in \u003Ca id=\u0022xref-fig-8-2\u0022 class=\u0022xref-fig\u0022 href=\u0022#F8\u0022\u003EFigure 8\u003C\/a\u003E, the maize seeds exhibited higher CTHQ (1.74) in Sd08 and lower CTHQ (0.34) in Sd10. Although the metal contents of maize in Sd10 were higher, these elements were mainly concentrated in the sheath and roots. Their concentrations in the seeds were lower, with a CTHQ of only 0.34. CTHQ was a synthesis index of THQ for manganese, iron and lead in this paper. The differences in the CTHQ of these drills were largely attributed to the different contributions of lead. The contribution of lead to the CTHQ ranged from 26.69 to 88.37%, with an average value of 53.95%, while the contribution of iron ranged between 5.95 and 44.87% with a mean value of 25.34%. The present results indicate that lead was the major variable potentially contributing to health risks, with iron ranking second in importance. Lead pollution in maize is thus the primary problem facing the local inhabitants. Among the ten drills, with the exception of Sd08, all the CTHQ and THQ values for iron, manganese and lead were less than 1, indicating that the local citizens consuming these vegetables will not be exposed to a potential health risk. However, some attention should be paid to Sd11 and Sd03 as their CTHQ values were not far below the threshold unit value.\u003C\/p\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\u0022section\u0022 id=\u0022sec-8\u0022\u003E\u003Ch2 class=\u0022\u0022\u003EConclusion\u003C\/h2\u003E\u003Cp\u003EThis article established a spatial distribution model for manganese, iron and lead in the CZ. The main influencing factors of these three metals in maize were identified using the RF method and the potential human health risks of manganese, iron and lead were assessed. Based on this investigation, the following specific conclusions can be drawn:\n\u003C\/p\u003E\u003Col class=\u0022list-ord \u0022 id=\u0022list-1\u0022\u003E\u003Cli id=\u0022list-item-1\u0022\u003E\u003Cp id=\u0022p-38\u0022\u003EThe iron and lead elements in groundwater are mainly derived from the Luan River. Manganese in the groundwater was far higher than that in the Luan River, and therefore has alternative material sources.\u003C\/p\u003E\u003C\/li\u003E\u003Cli id=\u0022list-item-2\u0022\u003E\u003Cp id=\u0022p-39\u0022\u003EThe main influencing factors of these metals in vegetables are different across the study region due to scale effects. In general, the CZ structure was more important than its chemistry and physical parameters in this Luan River catchment.\u003C\/p\u003E\u003C\/li\u003E\u003Cli id=\u0022list-item-3\u0022\u003E\u003Cp id=\u0022p-40\u0022\u003EAn integrated alluvial-pluvial fan is developed from the piedmont to the coastal region in the Luan river catchment. Although both the \u003Cem\u003EP\u003C\/em\u003E1 and \u003Cem\u003EP\u003C\/em\u003E2 profiles located in the middle fan, the \u003Cem\u003EP\u003C\/em\u003E2 profile distributes more closely to the fan root, and therefore their grain size is relative larger. These two profiles can represent the typical sedimentary environment of the larger river in NCP, which are formed by the same sedimentary subfacies with a small difference in grain size distribution. The results of these two profiles can be applied to other regions. According to the CZ systems, a macro strategy can be used to prevent vegetable contamination based on the sedimentary environment. For example, in the \u003Cem\u003EP\u003C\/em\u003E2 profile, maize can be planted in the point bar microfacies with higher sand fraction content, which can decrease the manganese, iron and lead contents. This work has proved there is significant relation between sedimentary environment and heavy metals in the large area, the food security problem can be solved through the sedimentary environment studies, which is convenient and useful for policy maker.\u003C\/p\u003E\u003C\/li\u003E\u003Cli id=\u0022list-item-4\u0022\u003E\u003Cp id=\u0022p-41\u0022\u003EThe maize planted at Sd08 is not suitable for consumption due to the metal contamination; the plants located in Sd11 and Sd03 may pose health risk to human body as the CTHQ is close to unit threshold.\u003C\/p\u003E\u003C\/li\u003E\u003Cli id=\u0022list-item-5\u0022\u003E\u003Cp id=\u0022p-42\u0022\u003EMetal contamination in maize seeds is mainly attributed to lead, as manganese and iron are mainly distributed in the sheath and roots of maize. This constitutes the main feedstuff of the livestock in NCP, and therefore metals can enter indirectly into food chain and pose threats to public health via meet consumption.\u003C\/p\u003E\u003C\/li\u003E\u003C\/ol\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\u0022section\u0022 id=\u0022sec-9\u0022\u003E\u003Ch2 class=\u0022\u0022\u003EFunding\u003C\/h2\u003E\u003Cp id=\u0022p-43\u0022\u003EThis work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (41502248 and 41672241) and Geological Survey Projects Foundation of Institute of Hydrogeology and Environmental Geology (G201605 and SK201504).\u003C\/p\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cul class=\u0022copyright-statement\u0022\u003E\u003Cli class=\u0022fn\u0022 id=\u0022copyright-statement-1\u0022\u003E\u00a9 2018 The Author(s)\u003C\/li\u003E\u003C\/ul\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\u0022section ref-list\u0022 id=\u0022ref-list-1\u0022\u003E\u003Ch2 class=\u0022\u0022\u003EReferences\u003C\/h2\u003E\u003Col class=\u0022cit-list ref-use-labels\u0022\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022ref-label ref-label-empty\u0022\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003Ca class=\u0022rev-xref-ref\u0022 href=\u0022#xref-ref-1-1\u0022 title=\u0022View reference in text\u0022 id=\u0022ref-1\u0022\u003E\u21b5\u003C\/a\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\u0022cit ref-cit ref-journal\u0022 id=\u0022cit-18.1.47.1\u0022\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\u0022cit-metadata\u0022\u003E\u003Col class=\u0022cit-auth-list\u0022\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-auth\u0022\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-name-surname\u0022\u003EAhmad\u003C\/span\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-name-given-names\u0022\u003EJ.\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E \u0026amp; \u003C\/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-auth\u0022\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-name-surname\u0022\u003EGoni\u003C\/span\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-name-given-names\u0022\u003EM. 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\u003C\/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-auth\u0022\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-name-surname\u0022\u003EMorsli\u003C\/span\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-name-given-names\u0022\u003EA.\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/li\u003E\u003C\/ol\u003E\u003Ccite\u003E \u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-pub-date\u0022\u003E2015\u003C\/span\u003E. \u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-article-title\u0022\u003EHealth risk assessment of heavy metals through consumption of vegetables irrigated with reclaimed urban wastewater in Algeria\u003C\/span\u003E. \u003Cabbr class=\u0022cit-jnl-abbrev\u0022\u003EProcess Safety and Environmental Protection\u003C\/abbr\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-vol\u0022\u003E98\u003C\/span\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-fpage\u0022\u003E245\u003C\/span\u003E\u2013\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-lpage\u0022\u003E252\u003C\/span\u003E.\u003C\/cite\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\u0022cit-extra\u0022\u003E\u003Ca href=\u0022{openurl}?query=rft.jtitle%253DProcess%2BSafety%2Band%2BEnvironmental%2BProtection%26rft.volume%253D98%26rft.spage%253D245%26rft.genre%253Darticle%26rft_val_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Ajournal%26ctx_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ctx_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Actx\u0022 class=\u0022cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-openurl cit-ref-sprinkles-open-url\u0022\u003E\u003Cspan\u003EOpenUrl\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003C\/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022ref-label ref-label-empty\u0022\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003Ca class=\u0022rev-xref-ref\u0022 href=\u0022#xref-ref-5-1\u0022 title=\u0022View reference in text\u0022 id=\u0022ref-5\u0022\u003E\u21b5\u003C\/a\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\u0022cit ref-cit ref-journal\u0022 id=\u0022cit-18.1.47.5\u0022\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\u0022cit-metadata\u0022\u003E\u003Col class=\u0022cit-auth-list\u0022\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-auth\u0022\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-name-surname\u0022\u003EGarg\u003C\/span\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-name-given-names\u0022\u003EV. K.\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E, \u003C\/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-auth\u0022\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-name-surname\u0022\u003EYadav\u003C\/span\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-name-given-names\u0022\u003EP.\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E, \u003C\/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-auth\u0022\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-name-surname\u0022\u003EMor\u003C\/span\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-name-given-names\u0022\u003ES.\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E, \u003C\/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-auth\u0022\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-name-surname\u0022\u003ESingh\u003C\/span\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-name-given-names\u0022\u003EB.\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E \u0026amp; \u003C\/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-auth\u0022\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-name-surname\u0022\u003EPulhani\u003C\/span\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-name-given-names\u0022\u003EV.\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/li\u003E\u003C\/ol\u003E\u003Ccite\u003E \u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-pub-date\u0022\u003E2014\u003C\/span\u003E. \u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-article-title\u0022\u003EHeavy metals bioconcentration from soil to vegetables and assessment of health risk caused by their ingestion\u003C\/span\u003E. \u003Cabbr class=\u0022cit-jnl-abbrev\u0022\u003EBiological Trace Element Research\u003C\/abbr\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-vol\u0022\u003E157\u003C\/span\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-fpage\u0022\u003E256\u003C\/span\u003E\u2013\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-lpage\u0022\u003E265\u003C\/span\u003E.\u003C\/cite\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\u0022cit-extra\u0022\u003E\u003Ca href=\u0022{openurl}?query=rft.jtitle%253DBiological%2BTrace%2BElement%2BResearch%26rft.volume%253D157%26rft.spage%253D256%26rft.genre%253Darticle%26rft_val_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Ajournal%26ctx_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ctx_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Actx\u0022 class=\u0022cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-openurl cit-ref-sprinkles-open-url\u0022\u003E\u003Cspan\u003EOpenUrl\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003C\/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022ref-label ref-label-empty\u0022\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003Ca class=\u0022rev-xref-ref\u0022 href=\u0022#xref-ref-6-1\u0022 title=\u0022View reference in text\u0022 id=\u0022ref-6\u0022\u003E\u21b5\u003C\/a\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\u0022cit ref-cit ref-journal\u0022 id=\u0022cit-18.1.47.6\u0022\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\u0022cit-metadata\u0022\u003E\u003Col class=\u0022cit-auth-list\u0022\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-auth\u0022\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-name-surname\u0022\u003EGargoum\u003C\/span\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-name-given-names\u0022\u003ES. A.\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E \u0026amp; \u003C\/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-auth\u0022\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-name-surname\u0022\u003EEl-Basyouny\u003C\/span\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-name-given-names\u0022\u003EK.\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/li\u003E\u003C\/ol\u003E\u003Ccite\u003E \u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-pub-date\u0022\u003E2016\u003C\/span\u003E. \u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-article-title\u0022\u003EExploring the association between speed and safety: A path analysisapproach\u003C\/span\u003E. \u003Cabbr class=\u0022cit-jnl-abbrev\u0022\u003EAccident Analysis and Prevention\u003C\/abbr\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-vol\u0022\u003E93\u003C\/span\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-fpage\u0022\u003E32\u003C\/span\u003E\u2013\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-lpage\u0022\u003E40\u003C\/span\u003E.\u003C\/cite\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\u0022cit-extra\u0022\u003E\u003Ca href=\u0022{openurl}?query=rft.jtitle%253DAccident%2BAnalysis%2Band%2BPrevention%26rft.volume%253D93%26rft.spage%253D32%26rft.genre%253Darticle%26rft_val_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Ajournal%26ctx_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ctx_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Actx\u0022 class=\u0022cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-openurl cit-ref-sprinkles-open-url\u0022\u003E\u003Cspan\u003EOpenUrl\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003C\/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022ref-label ref-label-empty\u0022\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003Ca class=\u0022rev-xref-ref\u0022 href=\u0022#xref-ref-7-1\u0022 title=\u0022View reference in text\u0022 id=\u0022ref-7\u0022\u003E\u21b5\u003C\/a\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\u0022cit ref-cit ref-journal\u0022 id=\u0022cit-18.1.47.7\u0022\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\u0022cit-metadata\u0022\u003E\u003Col class=\u0022cit-auth-list\u0022\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-auth\u0022\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-name-surname\u0022\u003EGoldhaber\u003C\/span\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-name-given-names\u0022\u003EM. B.\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E, \u003C\/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-auth\u0022\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-name-surname\u0022\u003EMills\u003C\/span\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-name-given-names\u0022\u003EC. T.\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E, \u003C\/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-auth\u0022\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-name-surname\u0022\u003EMorrison\u003C\/span\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-name-given-names\u0022\u003EJ. M.\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E, \u003C\/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-auth\u0022\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-name-surname\u0022\u003EStricker\u003C\/span\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-name-given-names\u0022\u003EC. A.\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E, \u003C\/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-auth\u0022\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-name-surname\u0022\u003EMushet\u003C\/span\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-name-given-names\u0022\u003ED. M.\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E \u0026amp; \u003C\/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-auth\u0022\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-name-surname\u0022\u003ELaBaugh\u003C\/span\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-name-given-names\u0022\u003EJ. W.\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/li\u003E\u003C\/ol\u003E\u003Ccite\u003E \u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-pub-date\u0022\u003E2014\u003C\/span\u003E. \u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-article-title\u0022\u003EHydrogeochemistry of Prairie Pothole Region wetlands: role of long-term critical zone Processes\u003C\/span\u003E. \u003Cabbr class=\u0022cit-jnl-abbrev\u0022\u003EChemical Geology\u003C\/abbr\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-vol\u0022\u003E387\u003C\/span\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-fpage\u0022\u003E170\u003C\/span\u003E\u2013\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-lpage\u0022\u003E183\u003C\/span\u003E.\u003C\/cite\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\u0022cit-extra\u0022\u003E\u003Ca href=\u0022{openurl}?query=rft.jtitle%253DChemical%2BGeology%26rft.stitle%253DChemical%2BGeology%26rft.aulast%253DGoldhaber%26rft.auinit1%253DM.%2BB.%26rft.volume%253D387%26rft.spage%253D170%26rft.epage%253D183%26rft.atitle%253DHydrogeochemistry%2Bof%2Bprairie%2Bpothole%2Bregion%2Bwetlands%253B%2Brole%2Bof%2Blong%2Bterm%2Bcritical%2Bzone%2Bprocesses%26rft.genre%253Darticle%26rft_val_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Ajournal%26ctx_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ctx_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Actx\u0022 class=\u0022cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-openurl cit-ref-sprinkles-open-url\u0022\u003E\u003Cspan\u003EOpenUrl\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003C\/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022ref-label ref-label-empty\u0022\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003Ca class=\u0022rev-xref-ref\u0022 href=\u0022#xref-ref-8-1\u0022 title=\u0022View reference in text\u0022 id=\u0022ref-8\u0022\u003E\u21b5\u003C\/a\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\u0022cit ref-cit ref-journal\u0022 id=\u0022cit-18.1.47.8\u0022\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\u0022cit-metadata\u0022\u003E\u003Col class=\u0022cit-auth-list\u0022\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-auth\u0022\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-name-surname\u0022\u003EHuang\u003C\/span\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-name-given-names\u0022\u003ES.\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E, \u003C\/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-auth\u0022\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-name-surname\u0022\u003EJia\u003C\/span\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-name-given-names\u0022\u003EX.\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E, \u003C\/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-auth\u0022\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-name-surname\u0022\u003EZhao\u003C\/span\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-name-given-names\u0022\u003EY.\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E, \u003C\/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-auth\u0022\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-name-surname\u0022\u003EBai\u003C\/span\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-name-given-names\u0022\u003EBo\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/li\u003E\u003C\/ol\u003E\u003Ccite\u003E. \u0026amp; \u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-auth\u0022\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-name-surname\u0022\u003EChang\u003C\/span\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-name-given-names\u0022\u003EYa\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E. \u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-pub-date\u0022\u003E2017\u003C\/span\u003E. \u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-article-title\u0022\u003EElevated CO\u003Csub\u003E2\u003C\/sub\u003E benfits the soil microenvironment in the rhizosphere of \u003Cem\u003ERobinia pseudoacacia\u003C\/em\u003E L. seedings in Cd- and Pb-contaminated soils\u003C\/span\u003E. \u003Cabbr class=\u0022cit-jnl-abbrev\u0022\u003EChemosphere\u003C\/abbr\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-vol\u0022\u003E168\u003C\/span\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-fpage\u0022\u003E606\u003C\/span\u003E\u2013\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-lpage\u0022\u003E616\u003C\/span\u003E.\u003C\/cite\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\u0022cit-extra\u0022\u003E\u003Ca href=\u0022{openurl}?query=rft.jtitle%253DChemosphere%26rft.volume%253D168%26rft.spage%253D606%26rft.genre%253Darticle%26rft_val_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Ajournal%26ctx_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ctx_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Actx\u0022 class=\u0022cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-openurl cit-ref-sprinkles-open-url\u0022\u003E\u003Cspan\u003EOpenUrl\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003C\/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022ref-label ref-label-empty\u0022\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003Ca class=\u0022rev-xref-ref\u0022 href=\u0022#xref-ref-9-1\u0022 title=\u0022View reference in text\u0022 id=\u0022ref-9\u0022\u003E\u21b5\u003C\/a\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\u0022cit ref-cit ref-journal\u0022 id=\u0022cit-18.1.47.9\u0022\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\u0022cit-metadata\u0022\u003E\u003Col class=\u0022cit-auth-list\u0022\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-auth\u0022\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-name-surname\u0022\u003EKoc\u003C\/span\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-name-given-names\u0022\u003EC.\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/li\u003E\u003C\/ol\u003E\u003Ccite\u003E \u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-pub-date\u0022\u003E2015\u003C\/span\u003E. \u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-article-title\u0022\u003EA study on the role and importance of irrigation management in integrated river basin management\u003C\/span\u003E. \u003Cabbr class=\u0022cit-jnl-abbrev\u0022\u003EEnvironmental Monitoring and Assessment\u003C\/abbr\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-vol\u0022\u003E187\u003C\/span\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-fpage\u0022\u003E488\u003C\/span\u003E\u2013\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-lpage\u0022\u003E508\u003C\/span\u003E.\u003C\/cite\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\u0022cit-extra\u0022\u003E\u003Ca href=\u0022{openurl}?query=rft.jtitle%253DEnvironmental%2BMonitoring%2Band%2BAssessment%26rft.volume%253D187%26rft.spage%253D488%26rft.genre%253Darticle%26rft_val_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Ajournal%26ctx_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ctx_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Actx\u0022 class=\u0022cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-openurl cit-ref-sprinkles-open-url\u0022\u003E\u003Cspan\u003EOpenUrl\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003C\/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022ref-label ref-label-empty\u0022\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003Ca class=\u0022rev-xref-ref\u0022 href=\u0022#xref-ref-10-1\u0022 title=\u0022View reference in text\u0022 id=\u0022ref-10\u0022\u003E\u21b5\u003C\/a\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\u0022cit ref-cit ref-journal\u0022 id=\u0022cit-18.1.47.10\u0022\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\u0022cit-metadata\u0022\u003E\u003Col class=\u0022cit-auth-list\u0022\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-auth\u0022\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-name-surname\u0022\u003ELiu\u003C\/span\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-name-given-names\u0022\u003EJ.\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E, \u003C\/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-auth\u0022\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-name-surname\u0022\u003EAn\u003C\/span\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-name-given-names\u0022\u003ES.\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E, \u003C\/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-auth\u0022\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-name-surname\u0022\u003ELiao\u003C\/span\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-name-given-names\u0022\u003ER.\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E, \u003C\/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-auth\u0022\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-name-surname\u0022\u003ERen\u003C\/span\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-name-given-names\u0022\u003ES.\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E \u0026amp; \u003C\/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-auth\u0022\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-name-surname\u0022\u003ELiang\u003C\/span\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-name-given-names\u0022\u003EH.\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/li\u003E\u003C\/ol\u003E\u003Ccite\u003E \u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-pub-date\u0022\u003E2009\u003C\/span\u003E. \u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-article-title\u0022\u003ETemporal variation and spatial distribution of the root system of corn in a soil profile\u003C\/span\u003E. \u003Cabbr class=\u0022cit-jnl-abbrev\u0022\u003EChinese Journal of Eco-Agriculture\u003C\/abbr\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-vol\u0022\u003E17\u003C\/span\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-fpage\u0022\u003E517\u003C\/span\u003E\u2013\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-lpage\u0022\u003E521\u003C\/span\u003E.\u003C\/cite\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\u0022cit-extra\u0022\u003E\u003Ca href=\u0022{openurl}?query=rft.jtitle%253DChinese%2BJournal%2Bof%2BEco-Agriculture%26rft.volume%253D17%26rft.spage%253D517%26rft.genre%253Darticle%26rft_val_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Ajournal%26ctx_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ctx_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Actx\u0022 class=\u0022cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-openurl cit-ref-sprinkles-open-url\u0022\u003E\u003Cspan\u003EOpenUrl\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003C\/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022ref-label ref-label-empty\u0022\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003Ca class=\u0022rev-xref-ref\u0022 href=\u0022#xref-ref-11-1\u0022 title=\u0022View reference in text\u0022 id=\u0022ref-11\u0022\u003E\u21b5\u003C\/a\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\u0022cit ref-cit ref-journal\u0022 id=\u0022cit-18.1.47.11\u0022 data-doi=\u002210.1007\/s10552-010-9696-1\u0022\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\u0022cit-metadata\u0022\u003E\u003Col class=\u0022cit-auth-list\u0022\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-auth\u0022\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-name-surname\u0022\u003EL\u00f6f\u003C\/span\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-name-given-names\u0022\u003EM.\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E, \u003C\/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-auth\u0022\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-name-surname\u0022\u003ESandin\u003C\/span\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-name-given-names\u0022\u003ES.\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E, \u003C\/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-auth\u0022\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-name-surname\u0022\u003ELagiou\u003C\/span\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-name-given-names\u0022\u003EP.\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E, \u003C\/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-auth\u0022\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-name-surname\u0022\u003ETrichopoulos\u003C\/span\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-name-given-names\u0022\u003ED.\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E, \u003C\/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-auth\u0022\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-name-surname\u0022\u003EAdami\u003C\/span\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-name-given-names\u0022\u003EH. O.\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E \u0026amp; \u003C\/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-auth\u0022\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-name-surname\u0022\u003EWeiderpass\u003C\/span\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-name-given-names\u0022\u003EE.\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/li\u003E\u003C\/ol\u003E\u003Ccite\u003E \u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-pub-date\u0022\u003E2011\u003C\/span\u003E. \u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-article-title\u0022\u003EFruit and vegetable intake and risk of cancer in the Swedish women\u0027s lifestyle and health cohort\u003C\/span\u003E. \u003Cabbr class=\u0022cit-jnl-abbrev\u0022\u003ECancer Causes \u0026amp; Control\u003C\/abbr\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-vol\u0022\u003E22\u003C\/span\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-fpage\u0022\u003E283\u003C\/span\u003E-\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-lpage\u0022\u003E289\u003C\/span\u003E.\u003C\/cite\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\u0022cit-extra\u0022\u003E\u003Ca href=\u0022{openurl}?query=rft.jtitle%253DCancer%2Bcauses%2B%2526%2Bcontrol%2B%253A%2B%2BCCC%26rft.stitle%253DCancer%2BCauses%2BControl%26rft.aulast%253DLof%26rft.auinit1%253DM.%26rft.volume%253D22%26rft.issue%253D2%26rft.spage%253D283%26rft.epage%253D289%26rft.atitle%253DFruit%2Band%2Bvegetable%2Bintake%2Band%2Brisk%2Bof%2Bcancer%2Bin%2Bthe%2BSwedish%2Bwomen%2527s%2Blifestyle%2Band%2Bhealth%2Bcohort.%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Adoi%252F10.1007%252Fs10552-010-9696-1%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Apmid%252F21125418%26rft.genre%253Darticle%26rft_val_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Ajournal%26ctx_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ctx_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Actx\u0022 class=\u0022cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-openurl cit-ref-sprinkles-open-url\u0022\u003E\u003Cspan\u003EOpenUrl\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E\u003Ca href=\u0022\/lookup\/external-ref?access_num=10.1007\/s10552-010-9696-1\u0026amp;link_type=DOI\u0022 class=\u0022cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-doi cit-ref-sprinkles-crossref\u0022\u003E\u003Cspan\u003ECrossRef\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E\u003Ca href=\u0022\/lookup\/external-ref?access_num=21125418\u0026amp;link_type=MED\u0026amp;atom=%2Fgeochem%2F18%2F1%2F47.atom\u0022 class=\u0022cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-medline\u0022\u003E\u003Cspan\u003EPubMed\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003C\/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022ref-label ref-label-empty\u0022\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003Ca class=\u0022rev-xref-ref\u0022 href=\u0022#xref-ref-12-1\u0022 title=\u0022View reference in text\u0022 id=\u0022ref-12\u0022\u003E\u21b5\u003C\/a\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\u0022cit ref-cit ref-journal\u0022 id=\u0022cit-18.1.47.12\u0022\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\u0022cit-metadata\u0022\u003E\u003Col class=\u0022cit-auth-list\u0022\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-auth\u0022\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-name-surname\u0022\u003ELu\u003C\/span\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-name-given-names\u0022\u003EY.\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E, \u003C\/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-auth\u0022\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-name-surname\u0022\u003EYao\u003C\/span\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-name-given-names\u0022\u003EH.\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E, \u003C\/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-auth\u0022\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-name-surname\u0022\u003EShan\u003C\/span\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-name-given-names\u0022\u003ED.\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E, \u003C\/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-auth\u0022\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-name-surname\u0022\u003EJiang\u003C\/span\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-name-given-names\u0022\u003EY.\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E, \u003C\/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-auth\u0022\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-name-surname\u0022\u003EZhang\u003C\/span\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-name-given-names\u0022\u003ES.\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E \u0026amp; \u003C\/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-auth\u0022\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-name-surname\u0022\u003EYang\u003C\/span\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-name-given-names\u0022\u003EJ.\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/li\u003E\u003C\/ol\u003E\u003Ccite\u003E \u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-pub-date\u0022\u003E2015\u003C\/span\u003E. \u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-article-title\u0022\u003EHeavy metal residues in soil and accumulation in maize at long-term wastewater irrigation area in Tongliao, China\u003C\/span\u003E. \u003Cabbr class=\u0022cit-jnl-abbrev\u0022\u003EJournal of Chemistry\u003C\/abbr\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-vol\u0022\u003E2015\u003C\/span\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-fpage\u0022\u003E1\u003C\/span\u003E\u2013\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-lpage\u0022\u003E9\u003C\/span\u003E.\u003C\/cite\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\u0022cit-extra\u0022\u003E\u003Ca href=\u0022{openurl}?query=rft.jtitle%253DJournal%2Bof%2BChemistry%26rft.volume%253D2015%26rft.spage%253D1%26rft.genre%253Darticle%26rft_val_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Ajournal%26ctx_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ctx_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Actx\u0022 class=\u0022cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-openurl cit-ref-sprinkles-open-url\u0022\u003E\u003Cspan\u003EOpenUrl\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003C\/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022ref-label ref-label-empty\u0022\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003Ca class=\u0022rev-xref-ref\u0022 href=\u0022#xref-ref-13-1\u0022 title=\u0022View reference in text\u0022 id=\u0022ref-13\u0022\u003E\u21b5\u003C\/a\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\u0022cit ref-cit ref-journal\u0022 id=\u0022cit-18.1.47.13\u0022\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\u0022cit-metadata\u0022\u003E\u003Col class=\u0022cit-auth-list\u0022\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-auth\u0022\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-name-surname\u0022\u003ELybrand\u003C\/span\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-name-given-names\u0022\u003ER. 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M.\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/li\u003E\u003C\/ol\u003E\u003Ccite\u003E \u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-pub-date\u0022\u003E2016\u003C\/span\u003E. \u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-article-title\u0022\u003EEvaluating heavy metal accumulation and potential health risks in vegetables irrigated with treated wastewater\u003C\/span\u003E. \u003Cabbr class=\u0022cit-jnl-abbrev\u0022\u003EChemosphere\u003C\/abbr\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-vol\u0022\u003E163\u003C\/span\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-fpage\u0022\u003E54\u003C\/span\u003E\u2013\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-lpage\u0022\u003E61\u003C\/span\u003E.\u003C\/cite\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\u0022cit-extra\u0022\u003E\u003Ca href=\u0022{openurl}?query=rft.jtitle%253DChemosphere%26rft.volume%253D163%26rft.spage%253D54%26rft.genre%253Darticle%26rft_val_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Ajournal%26ctx_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ctx_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Actx\u0022 class=\u0022cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-openurl cit-ref-sprinkles-open-url\u0022\u003E\u003Cspan\u003EOpenUrl\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003C\/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022ref-label ref-label-empty\u0022\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003Ca class=\u0022rev-xref-ref\u0022 href=\u0022#xref-ref-17-1\u0022 title=\u0022View reference in text\u0022 id=\u0022ref-17\u0022\u003E\u21b5\u003C\/a\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\u0022cit ref-cit ref-journal\u0022 id=\u0022cit-18.1.47.17\u0022\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\u0022cit-metadata\u0022\u003E\u003Col class=\u0022cit-auth-list\u0022\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-auth\u0022\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-name-surname\u0022\u003ERahman\u003C\/span\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-name-given-names\u0022\u003EM. 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J.\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/li\u003E\u003C\/ol\u003E\u003Ccite\u003E \u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-pub-date\u0022\u003E2016\u003C\/span\u003E. \u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-article-title\u0022\u003EAn enhanced SWAT wetland module to quantify hydraulic interactions between riparian depressional wetlands, rivers and aquifers\u003C\/span\u003E. \u003Cabbr class=\u0022cit-jnl-abbrev\u0022\u003EEnvironmental Modelling \u0026amp; Software\u003C\/abbr\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-vol\u0022\u003E84\u003C\/span\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-fpage\u0022\u003E263\u003C\/span\u003E\u2013\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-lpage\u0022\u003E289\u003C\/span\u003E.\u003C\/cite\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\u0022cit-extra\u0022\u003E\u003Ca href=\u0022{openurl}?query=rft.jtitle%253DEnvironmental%2BModelling%2B%2526%2BSoftware%26rft.volume%253D84%26rft.spage%253D263%26rft.genre%253Darticle%26rft_val_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Ajournal%26ctx_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ctx_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Actx\u0022 class=\u0022cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-openurl cit-ref-sprinkles-open-url\u0022\u003E\u003Cspan\u003EOpenUrl\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003C\/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022ref-label ref-label-empty\u0022\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003Ca class=\u0022rev-xref-ref\u0022 href=\u0022#xref-ref-18-1\u0022 title=\u0022View reference in text\u0022 id=\u0022ref-18\u0022\u003E\u21b5\u003C\/a\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\u0022cit ref-cit ref-journal\u0022 id=\u0022cit-18.1.47.18\u0022\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\u0022cit-metadata\u0022\u003E\u003Col class=\u0022cit-auth-list\u0022\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-auth\u0022\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-name-surname\u0022\u003ESakizadeh\u003C\/span\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-name-given-names\u0022\u003EM.\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E, \u003C\/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-auth\u0022\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-name-surname\u0022\u003EMirzaei\u003C\/span\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-name-given-names\u0022\u003ER.\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E \u0026amp; \u003C\/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-auth\u0022\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-name-surname\u0022\u003EGhorbani\u003C\/span\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-name-given-names\u0022\u003EH.\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/li\u003E\u003C\/ol\u003E\u003Ccite\u003E \u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-pub-date\u0022\u003E2016\u003C\/span\u003E. \u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-article-title\u0022\u003EAccumulation and soil-to-plant transfer factor of lead and manganese in some plant species in Semnan province, central Iran\u003C\/span\u003E. \u003Cabbr class=\u0022cit-jnl-abbrev\u0022\u003EIranian Journal of Toxicology\u003C\/abbr\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-vol\u0022\u003E10\u003C\/span\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-fpage\u0022\u003E29\u003C\/span\u003E\u2013\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-lpage\u0022\u003E33\u003C\/span\u003E.\u003C\/cite\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\u0022cit-extra\u0022\u003E\u003Ca href=\u0022{openurl}?query=rft.jtitle%253DIranian%2BJournal%2Bof%2BToxicology%26rft.volume%253D10%26rft.spage%253D29%26rft.genre%253Darticle%26rft_val_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Ajournal%26ctx_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ctx_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Actx\u0022 class=\u0022cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-openurl cit-ref-sprinkles-open-url\u0022\u003E\u003Cspan\u003EOpenUrl\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003C\/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022ref-label ref-label-empty\u0022\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003Ca class=\u0022rev-xref-ref\u0022 href=\u0022#xref-ref-19-1\u0022 title=\u0022View reference in text\u0022 id=\u0022ref-19\u0022\u003E\u21b5\u003C\/a\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\u0022cit ref-cit ref-journal\u0022 id=\u0022cit-18.1.47.19\u0022\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\u0022cit-metadata\u0022\u003E\u003Col class=\u0022cit-auth-list\u0022\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-auth\u0022\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-name-surname\u0022\u003EShaheen\u003C\/span\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-name-given-names\u0022\u003EN.\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E, \u003C\/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-auth\u0022\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-name-surname\u0022\u003EIrfan\u003C\/span\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-name-given-names\u0022\u003EN. 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K.\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/li\u003E\u003C\/ol\u003E\u003Ccite\u003E \u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-pub-date\u0022\u003E2016\u003C\/span\u003E. \u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-article-title\u0022\u003EPresence of heavy metals in fruits and vegetables: health risk implications in Bangladesh\u003C\/span\u003E. \u003Cabbr class=\u0022cit-jnl-abbrev\u0022\u003EChemosphere\u003C\/abbr\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-vol\u0022\u003E152\u003C\/span\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-fpage\u0022\u003E431\u003C\/span\u003E\u2013\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-lpage\u0022\u003E438\u003C\/span\u003E.\u003C\/cite\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\u0022cit-extra\u0022\u003E\u003Ca href=\u0022{openurl}?query=rft.jtitle%253DChemosphere%26rft.volume%253D152%26rft.spage%253D431%26rft.genre%253Darticle%26rft_val_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Ajournal%26ctx_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ctx_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Actx\u0022 class=\u0022cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-openurl cit-ref-sprinkles-open-url\u0022\u003E\u003Cspan\u003EOpenUrl\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003C\/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022ref-label ref-label-empty\u0022\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003Ca class=\u0022rev-xref-ref\u0022 href=\u0022#xref-ref-20-1\u0022 title=\u0022View reference in text\u0022 id=\u0022ref-20\u0022\u003E\u21b5\u003C\/a\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\u0022cit ref-cit ref-journal\u0022 id=\u0022cit-18.1.47.20\u0022\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\u0022cit-metadata\u0022\u003E\u003Col class=\u0022cit-auth-list\u0022\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-auth\u0022\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-name-surname\u0022\u003ESu\u003C\/span\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-name-given-names\u0022\u003EC.\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E, \u003C\/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-auth\u0022\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-name-surname\u0022\u003ETang\u003C\/span\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-name-given-names\u0022\u003EJ.\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E, \u003C\/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-auth\u0022\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-name-surname\u0022\u003EPan\u003C\/span\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-name-given-names\u0022\u003EX.\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E, \u003C\/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-auth\u0022\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-name-surname\u0022\u003EHuang\u003C\/span\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-name-given-names\u0022\u003EQ.\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E \u0026amp; \u003C\/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-auth\u0022\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-name-surname\u0022\u003EZou\u003C\/span\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-name-given-names\u0022\u003ES.\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/li\u003E\u003C\/ol\u003E\u003Ccite\u003E \u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-pub-date\u0022\u003E2011\u003C\/span\u003E. \u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-article-title\u0022\u003EDistribution research of heavy metal in the corn plants\u003C\/span\u003E. \u003Cabbr class=\u0022cit-jnl-abbrev\u0022\u003EChinese Agriculture Science Bulletin\u003C\/abbr\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-vol\u0022\u003E27\u003C\/span\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-fpage\u0022\u003E323\u003C\/span\u003E\u2013\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-lpage\u0022\u003E327\u003C\/span\u003E.\u003C\/cite\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\u0022cit-extra\u0022\u003E\u003Ca href=\u0022{openurl}?query=rft.jtitle%253DChinese%2BAgriculture%2BScience%2BBulletin%26rft.volume%253D27%26rft.spage%253D323%26rft.genre%253Darticle%26rft_val_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Ajournal%26ctx_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ctx_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Actx\u0022 class=\u0022cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-openurl cit-ref-sprinkles-open-url\u0022\u003E\u003Cspan\u003EOpenUrl\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003C\/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022ref-label ref-label-empty\u0022\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003Ca class=\u0022rev-xref-ref\u0022 href=\u0022#xref-ref-21-1\u0022 title=\u0022View reference in text\u0022 id=\u0022ref-21\u0022\u003E\u21b5\u003C\/a\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\u0022cit ref-cit ref-journal\u0022 id=\u0022cit-18.1.47.21\u0022\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\u0022cit-metadata\u0022\u003E\u003Col class=\u0022cit-auth-list\u0022\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-auth\u0022\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-name-surname\u0022\u003EVerma\u003C\/span\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-name-given-names\u0022\u003EP.\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E, \u003C\/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-auth\u0022\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-name-surname\u0022\u003EAgrawal\u003C\/span\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-name-given-names\u0022\u003EM.\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E \u0026amp; \u003C\/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-auth\u0022\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-name-surname\u0022\u003ESagar\u003C\/span\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-name-given-names\u0022\u003ER.\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/li\u003E\u003C\/ol\u003E\u003Ccite\u003E \u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-pub-date\u0022\u003E2015\u003C\/span\u003E. \u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-article-title\u0022\u003EAssessment of potential health risks due to heavy metals through vegetable consumption in a tropical area irrigated by treated wastewater\u003C\/span\u003E. \u003Cabbr class=\u0022cit-jnl-abbrev\u0022\u003EEnvironment Systems and Decisions\u003C\/abbr\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-vol\u0022\u003E35\u003C\/span\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-fpage\u0022\u003E375\u003C\/span\u003E\u2013\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-lpage\u0022\u003E388\u003C\/span\u003E.\u003C\/cite\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\u0022cit-extra\u0022\u003E\u003Ca href=\u0022{openurl}?query=rft.jtitle%253DEnvironment%2BSystems%2Band%2BDecisions%26rft.volume%253D35%26rft.spage%253D375%26rft.genre%253Darticle%26rft_val_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Ajournal%26ctx_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ctx_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Actx\u0022 class=\u0022cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-openurl cit-ref-sprinkles-open-url\u0022\u003E\u003Cspan\u003EOpenUrl\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003C\/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022ref-label ref-label-empty\u0022\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003Ca class=\u0022rev-xref-ref\u0022 href=\u0022#xref-ref-22-1\u0022 title=\u0022View reference in text\u0022 id=\u0022ref-22\u0022\u003E\u21b5\u003C\/a\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\u0022cit ref-cit ref-journal\u0022 id=\u0022cit-18.1.47.22\u0022 data-doi=\u002210.1007\/s10552-013-0268-z\u0022\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\u0022cit-metadata\u0022\u003E\u003Col class=\u0022cit-auth-list\u0022\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-auth\u0022\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-name-surname\u0022\u003EVogtmann\u003C\/span\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-name-given-names\u0022\u003EE.\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E, \u003C\/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-auth\u0022\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-name-surname\u0022\u003EXiang\u003C\/span\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-name-given-names\u0022\u003EY.\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E \u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-etal\u0022\u003Eet al.\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/li\u003E\u003C\/ol\u003E\u003Ccite\u003E \u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-pub-date\u0022\u003E2013\u003C\/span\u003E. \u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-article-title\u0022\u003EFruit and vegetable intake and the risk of colorectal cancer: results from the Shanghai Men\u0027s Health Study\u003C\/span\u003E. \u003Cabbr class=\u0022cit-jnl-abbrev\u0022\u003ECancer Causes Control\u003C\/abbr\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-vol\u0022\u003E24\u003C\/span\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-fpage\u0022\u003E1935\u003C\/span\u003E\u2013\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-lpage\u0022\u003E1945\u003C\/span\u003E.\u003C\/cite\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\u0022cit-extra\u0022\u003E\u003Ca href=\u0022{openurl}?query=rft.jtitle%253DCancer%2BCauses%2BControl%26rft.volume%253D24%26rft.spage%253D1935%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Adoi%252F10.1007%252Fs10552-013-0268-z%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Apmid%252F23913012%26rft.genre%253Darticle%26rft_val_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Ajournal%26ctx_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ctx_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Actx\u0022 class=\u0022cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-openurl cit-ref-sprinkles-open-url\u0022\u003E\u003Cspan\u003EOpenUrl\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E\u003Ca href=\u0022\/lookup\/external-ref?access_num=10.1007\/s10552-013-0268-z\u0026amp;link_type=DOI\u0022 class=\u0022cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-doi cit-ref-sprinkles-crossref\u0022\u003E\u003Cspan\u003ECrossRef\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E\u003Ca href=\u0022\/lookup\/external-ref?access_num=23913012\u0026amp;link_type=MED\u0026amp;atom=%2Fgeochem%2F18%2F1%2F47.atom\u0022 class=\u0022cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-medline\u0022\u003E\u003Cspan\u003EPubMed\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003C\/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022ref-label ref-label-empty\u0022\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003Ca class=\u0022rev-xref-ref\u0022 href=\u0022#xref-ref-23-1\u0022 title=\u0022View reference in text\u0022 id=\u0022ref-23\u0022\u003E\u21b5\u003C\/a\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\u0022cit ref-cit ref-journal\u0022 id=\u0022cit-18.1.47.23\u0022 data-doi=\u002210.1016\/j.scitotenv.2004.09.044\u0022\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\u0022cit-metadata\u0022\u003E\u003Col class=\u0022cit-auth-list\u0022\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-auth\u0022\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-name-surname\u0022\u003EWang\u003C\/span\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-name-given-names\u0022\u003EX.\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E, \u003C\/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-auth\u0022\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-name-surname\u0022\u003ESato\u003C\/span\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-name-given-names\u0022\u003ET.\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E, \u003C\/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-auth\u0022\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-name-surname\u0022\u003EXing\u003C\/span\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-name-given-names\u0022\u003EB.\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E \u0026amp; \u003C\/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-auth\u0022\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-name-surname\u0022\u003ETao\u003C\/span\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-name-given-names\u0022\u003ES.\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/li\u003E\u003C\/ol\u003E\u003Ccite\u003E \u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-pub-date\u0022\u003E2005\u003C\/span\u003E. \u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-article-title\u0022\u003EHealth risks of heavy metals to the general public in Tianjin, China via consumption of vegetables and fish\u003C\/span\u003E. \u003Cabbr class=\u0022cit-jnl-abbrev\u0022\u003EScience of the Total Environment\u003C\/abbr\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-vol\u0022\u003E350\u003C\/span\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-fpage\u0022\u003E28\u003C\/span\u003E\u2013\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-lpage\u0022\u003E37\u003C\/span\u003E.\u003C\/cite\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\u0022cit-extra\u0022\u003E\u003Ca href=\u0022{openurl}?query=rft.jtitle%253DThe%2BScience%2Bof%2Bthe%2BTotal%2BEnvironment%26rft.stitle%253DThe%2BScience%2Bof%2Bthe%2BTotal%2BEnvironment%26rft.aulast%253DWang%26rft.auinit1%253DX.%26rft.volume%253D350%26rft.issue%253D1-3%26rft.spage%253D28%26rft.epage%253D37%26rft.atitle%253DHealth%2Brisks%2Bof%2Bheavy%2Bmetals%2Bto%2Bthe%2Bgeneral%2Bpublic%2Bin%2BTianjin%252C%2BChina%2Bvia%2Bconsumption%2Bof%2Bvegetables%2Band%2Bfish.%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Adoi%252F10.1016%252Fj.scitotenv.2004.09.044%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Apmid%252F16227070%26rft.genre%253Darticle%26rft_val_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Ajournal%26ctx_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ctx_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Actx\u0022 class=\u0022cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-openurl cit-ref-sprinkles-open-url\u0022\u003E\u003Cspan\u003EOpenUrl\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E\u003Ca href=\u0022\/lookup\/external-ref?access_num=10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2004.09.044\u0026amp;link_type=DOI\u0022 class=\u0022cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-doi cit-ref-sprinkles-crossref\u0022\u003E\u003Cspan\u003ECrossRef\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E\u003Ca href=\u0022\/lookup\/external-ref?access_num=16227070\u0026amp;link_type=MED\u0026amp;atom=%2Fgeochem%2F18%2F1%2F47.atom\u0022 class=\u0022cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-medline\u0022\u003E\u003Cspan\u003EPubMed\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E\u003Ca href=\u0022\/lookup\/external-ref?access_num=000233225300003\u0026amp;link_type=ISI\u0022 class=\u0022cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-newisilink cit-ref-sprinkles-webofscience\u0022\u003E\u003Cspan\u003EWeb of Science\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003C\/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022ref-label ref-label-empty\u0022\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003Ca class=\u0022rev-xref-ref\u0022 href=\u0022#xref-ref-24-1\u0022 title=\u0022View reference in text\u0022 id=\u0022ref-24\u0022\u003E\u21b5\u003C\/a\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\u0022cit ref-cit ref-journal\u0022 id=\u0022cit-18.1.47.24\u0022\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\u0022cit-metadata\u0022\u003E\u003Col class=\u0022cit-auth-list\u0022\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-auth\u0022\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-name-surname\u0022\u003EWang\u003C\/span\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-name-given-names\u0022\u003EH.\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E, \u003C\/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-auth\u0022\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-name-surname\u0022\u003EChen\u003C\/span\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-name-given-names\u0022\u003EL.\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E \u0026amp; \u003C\/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-auth\u0022\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-name-surname\u0022\u003EYu\u003C\/span\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-name-given-names\u0022\u003EX.\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/li\u003E\u003C\/ol\u003E\u003Ccite\u003E \u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-pub-date\u0022\u003E2016\u003C\/span\u003E. \u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-article-title\u0022\u003EDistinguishing human and climate influences on streamflow changes in Luan River basin in China\u003C\/span\u003E. \u003Cabbr class=\u0022cit-jnl-abbrev\u0022\u003ECatena\u003C\/abbr\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-vol\u0022\u003E136\u003C\/span\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-fpage\u0022\u003E182\u003C\/span\u003E\u2013\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-lpage\u0022\u003E188\u003C\/span\u003E.\u003C\/cite\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\u0022cit-extra\u0022\u003E\u003Ca href=\u0022{openurl}?query=rft.jtitle%253DCatena%26rft.volume%253D136%26rft.spage%253D182%26rft.genre%253Darticle%26rft_val_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Ajournal%26ctx_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ctx_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Actx\u0022 class=\u0022cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-openurl cit-ref-sprinkles-open-url\u0022\u003E\u003Cspan\u003EOpenUrl\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003C\/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022ref-label ref-label-empty\u0022\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003Ca class=\u0022rev-xref-ref\u0022 href=\u0022#xref-ref-25-1\u0022 title=\u0022View reference in text\u0022 id=\u0022ref-25\u0022\u003E\u21b5\u003C\/a\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\u0022cit ref-cit ref-book\u0022 id=\u0022cit-18.1.47.25\u0022\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\u0022cit-metadata\u0022\u003E\u003Col class=\u0022cit-auth-list\u0022\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-auth cit-collab\u0022\u003EWorld Health Organization (WHO)\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/li\u003E\u003C\/ol\u003E\u003Ccite\u003E \u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-pub-date\u0022\u003E2004\u003C\/span\u003E. \u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-source\u0022\u003EGuidelines for drinking water quality, recommendations\u003C\/span\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-vol\u0022\u003E1\u003C\/span\u003E. \u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-comment\u0022\u003E3 edn\u003C\/span\u003E.\u003C\/cite\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\u0022cit-extra\u0022\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003C\/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022ref-label ref-label-empty\u0022\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003Ca class=\u0022rev-xref-ref\u0022 href=\u0022#xref-ref-26-1\u0022 title=\u0022View reference in text\u0022 id=\u0022ref-26\u0022\u003E\u21b5\u003C\/a\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\u0022cit ref-cit ref-journal\u0022 id=\u0022cit-18.1.47.26\u0022 data-doi=\u002210.2307\/2527551\u0022\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\u0022cit-metadata\u0022\u003E\u003Col class=\u0022cit-auth-list\u0022\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-auth\u0022\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-name-surname\u0022\u003EWright\u003C\/span\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-name-given-names\u0022\u003ES.\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/li\u003E\u003C\/ol\u003E\u003Ccite\u003E \u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-pub-date\u0022\u003E1960\u003C\/span\u003E. \u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-article-title\u0022\u003EPath Coefficients and Path Regressions: Alternative or Complementary Concepts?\u003C\/span\u003E \u003Cabbr class=\u0022cit-jnl-abbrev\u0022\u003EBiometrics\u003C\/abbr\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-vol\u0022\u003E16\u003C\/span\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-fpage\u0022\u003E189\u003C\/span\u003E\u2013\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-lpage\u0022\u003E202\u003C\/span\u003E.\u003C\/cite\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\u0022cit-extra\u0022\u003E\u003Ca href=\u0022{openurl}?query=rft.jtitle%253DBiometrics%26rft.volume%253D16%26rft.spage%253D189%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Adoi%252F10.2307%252F2527551%26rft.genre%253Darticle%26rft_val_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Ajournal%26ctx_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ctx_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Actx\u0022 class=\u0022cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-openurl cit-ref-sprinkles-open-url\u0022\u003E\u003Cspan\u003EOpenUrl\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E\u003Ca href=\u0022\/lookup\/external-ref?access_num=10.2307\/2527551\u0026amp;link_type=DOI\u0022 class=\u0022cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-doi cit-ref-sprinkles-crossref\u0022\u003E\u003Cspan\u003ECrossRef\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E\u003Ca href=\u0022\/lookup\/external-ref?access_num=A1960WW95200003\u0026amp;link_type=ISI\u0022 class=\u0022cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-newisilink cit-ref-sprinkles-webofscience\u0022\u003E\u003Cspan\u003EWeb of Science\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003C\/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022ref-label ref-label-empty\u0022\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003Ca class=\u0022rev-xref-ref\u0022 href=\u0022#xref-ref-27-1\u0022 title=\u0022View reference in text\u0022 id=\u0022ref-27\u0022\u003E\u21b5\u003C\/a\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\u0022cit ref-cit ref-journal\u0022 id=\u0022cit-18.1.47.27\u0022\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\u0022cit-metadata\u0022\u003E\u003Col class=\u0022cit-auth-list\u0022\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-auth\u0022\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-name-surname\u0022\u003EYabusaki\u003C\/span\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-name-given-names\u0022\u003EB.\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E, \u003C\/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-auth\u0022\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-name-surname\u0022\u003EFang\u003C\/span\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-name-given-names\u0022\u003EY.\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E \u0026amp; \u003C\/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-auth\u0022\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-name-surname\u0022\u003EWaichler\u003C\/span\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-name-given-names\u0022\u003ES. R.\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/li\u003E\u003C\/ol\u003E\u003Ccite\u003E \u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-pub-date\u0022\u003E2008\u003C\/span\u003E. \u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-article-title\u0022\u003EBuilding conceptual models of field-scale uranium reactive transport in a dynamic vadose zone-aquifer-river system\u003C\/span\u003E. \u003Cabbr class=\u0022cit-jnl-abbrev\u0022\u003EWater Resources Research\u003C\/abbr\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-vol\u0022\u003E44\u003C\/span\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-fpage\u0022\u003E285\u003C\/span\u003E\u2013\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-lpage\u0022\u003E295\u003C\/span\u003E.\u003C\/cite\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\u0022cit-extra\u0022\u003E\u003Ca href=\u0022{openurl}?query=rft.jtitle%253DWater%2BResources%2BResearch%26rft.volume%253D44%26rft.spage%253D285%26rft.genre%253Darticle%26rft_val_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Ajournal%26ctx_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ctx_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Actx\u0022 class=\u0022cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-openurl cit-ref-sprinkles-open-url\u0022\u003E\u003Cspan\u003EOpenUrl\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003C\/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022ref-label ref-label-empty\u0022\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003Ca class=\u0022rev-xref-ref\u0022 href=\u0022#xref-ref-28-1\u0022 title=\u0022View reference in text\u0022 id=\u0022ref-28\u0022\u003E\u21b5\u003C\/a\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\u0022cit ref-cit ref-journal\u0022 id=\u0022cit-18.1.47.28\u0022\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\u0022cit-metadata\u0022\u003E\u003Col class=\u0022cit-auth-list\u0022\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-auth\u0022\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-name-surname\u0022\u003EYang\u003C\/span\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-name-given-names\u0022\u003EG.\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E, \u003C\/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-auth\u0022\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-name-surname\u0022\u003EShen\u003C\/span\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-name-given-names\u0022\u003EF.\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E, \u003C\/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-auth\u0022\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-name-surname\u0022\u003EZhong\u003C\/span\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-name-given-names\u0022\u003EG.\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E, \u003C\/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-auth\u0022\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-name-surname\u0022\u003EXie\u003C\/span\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-name-given-names\u0022\u003EL.\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E, \u003C\/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-auth\u0022\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-name-surname\u0022\u003EWang\u003C\/span\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-name-given-names\u0022\u003EY.\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E \u0026amp; 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\u003C\/li\u003E\u003Cli\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-auth\u0022\u003E\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-name-surname\u0022\u003EZhang\u003C\/span\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-name-given-names\u0022\u003EX.\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/li\u003E\u003C\/ol\u003E\u003Ccite\u003E \u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-pub-date\u0022\u003E2016\u003C\/span\u003E. \u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-article-title\u0022\u003EDistribution, sources and ecological risk assessment of PAHs in surface sediments from the Luan River Estuary, China\u003C\/span\u003E. \u003Cabbr class=\u0022cit-jnl-abbrev\u0022\u003EMarine Pollution Bulletin\u003C\/abbr\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-vol\u0022\u003E102\u003C\/span\u003E, \u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-fpage\u0022\u003E223\u003C\/span\u003E\u2013\u003Cspan class=\u0022cit-lpage\u0022\u003E229\u003C\/span\u003E.\u003C\/cite\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Cdiv class=\u0022cit-extra\u0022\u003E\u003Ca href=\u0022{openurl}?query=rft.jtitle%253DMarine%2BPollution%2BBulletin%26rft.volume%253D102%26rft.spage%253D223%26rft.genre%253Darticle%26rft_val_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Ajournal%26ctx_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ctx_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Actx\u0022 class=\u0022cit-ref-sprinkles cit-ref-sprinkles-openurl cit-ref-sprinkles-open-url\u0022\u003E\u003Cspan\u003EOpenUrl\u003C\/span\u003E\u003C\/a\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003C\/li\u003E\u003C\/ol\u003E\u003C\/div\u003E\u003Chtml\u003E\u003Chead\u003E\u003Cmeta http-equiv=\u0022content-type\u0022 content=\u0022text\/html; 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