Spain and Austria : The Habsburgs Russia : The Tsars

Spain and Austria : The Habsburgs Russia : The Tsars

ISLANDS OF THE IMMORTALS (CHINA)

219 BCE ISLANDS OF THE IMMORTALS (CHINA) Emperor Qin Shi Huangdi8 was obsessed with fi nding an elixir of eternal life. He sent an expedition to the Himalayas to locate the mountaintop dwellings of the mythical Immortals. The Immortals never materialized, but the idea of creating a simulation of their homeland was popularized in the Han dynasty. Within his imperial palace grounds, Emperor Wudi (141–86 BCE) built three artifi cial mountains in a lake, establishing the infl uential prototype of the lake-and-island garden.

Hanging Gardens of Babylon

The Hanging Gardens of Babylon were one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World, and the only one whose location has not been definitely established. Traditionally they were said to have been built in the ancient city of Babylon, near present-day Hillah, Babil province, in Iraq. The Babylonian priest Berossus, writing in about 290 BC and quoted later by Josephus, attributed the gardens to the Neo-Babylonian king Nebuchadnezzar II, who ruled between 605 and 562 BC. There are no extant Babylonian texts which mention the gardens, and no definitive archaeological evidence has been found in Babylon.[1][2] One legend says that the Hanging Gardens of Babylon were created by Emperor Nebuchadnezzar II, the king of Babylon, for the Persian wife, Queen Amytis, because she missed the green hills and valleys of her homeland. Emperor Nebuchadnezzar II also built a grand palace that came to be known as 'The Marvel of the Mankind' or ('Al A'akheed vach altira'av chad') . Because of the lack of evidence it has been suggested that the Hanging Gardens are purely legendary, and the descriptions found in ancient Greek and Roman writers including Strabo, Diodorus Siculus and Quintus Curtius Rufus represent a romantic ideal of an eastern garden.[3] Alternatively, the original garden may have been a well-documented one that the Assyrian king Sennacherib (704-681 BC) built in his capital city of Nineveh on the River Tigris near the modern city of Mosul.[4]

out of Africa migration of modern humans

In paleoanthropology, the recent African origin of modern humans, frequently dubbed the "Out of Africa" theory, is the most widely accepted model describing the geographic origin and early migration of anatomically modern humans.[1] The theory is called the (Recent) Out-of-Africa model in the popular press, and academically the recent single-origin hypothesis (RSOH), Replacement Hypothesis, and Recent African Origin (RAO) model. The concept was speculative until the 1980s, when it was corroborated by a study of present-day mitochondrial DNA, combined with evidence based on physical anthropology of archaic specimens.

appearance of Homo sapiens in Africa

วิวัฒนาการมนุษย์

peak of the Eemian Stage interglacial

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Sahara desert region is wet and fertile.

Abbassia Pluvial in north Africa. The Sahara desert region is wet and fertile.

Sahara desert region is wet and fertile.

Mousterian Pluvial in north Africa. The Sahara desert region is wet and fertile.

MIDDLE PALEOLITHIC

The Middle Paleolithic (or Middle Palaeolithic) is the second subdivision of the Paleolithic or Old Stone Age as it is understood in Europe, Africa and Asia. The term Middle Stone Age is used as an equivalent or a synonym for the Middle Paleolithic in African archeology.[1] The Middle Paleolithic and the Middle Stone Age broadly spanned from 300,000 to 30,000 years ago. There are considerable dating differences between regions. The Middle Paleolithic/Middle Stone Age was succeeded by the Upper Paleolithic subdivision which first began between 50,000 and 40,000 years ago