Tag: GDC-0941

Arthritis rheumatoid (RA) is a complex inflammatory disorder associated with synovitis and joint destruction that affects an estimated 13 million Americans and causes significant morbidity, a reduced life-span and lost work productivity. of disease that is associated with the production of ACPA and the development of symptomatic disease following inflammatory initiating events GDC-0941 that are associated with expression of citrullinated epitopes in the joints of patients. However, we still have a limited GDC-0941 understanding of the cytokine and intracellular pathways that regulate ACPA levels. In humans, therapy with biological agents affords a unique opportunity to better understand the cytokine and signalling pathways regulating ACPA levels and the impact of ACPA level changes on disease activity. In this study we summarize the effect of RA therapies on ACPA levels and B cell responses. by Doreau and expression was up-regulated in B cells from patients with SLE and was correlated directly with SLE disease severity and IL-17A levels; transcript levels in B cells correlated with IL-17A levels. Doreau et al. 77 also found that IL-17A and BAFF induced expression of MEF2C, which is an important mediator of BCR-induced proliferation 90. Importantly, IL-17A and BAFF expression are regulated by GDC-0941 TNF 91C94 and TWIST1 is over-expressed in the synovium of patients with RA 95. Blockade of T cell co-stimulation with CTLA-4-Ig (abatacept) There are no direct studies that have determined whether blockade of T cell co-stimulation in humans results in reduced levels of ACPA. However, CTLA-4 signalling suppresses Th17 generation and, as discussed above, IL-17 may have a direct role in stimulating B cell autoantibody production, suggesting that treatment of RA with CTLA-4-Ig may lead to reduced ACPA levels 96. JAK inhibitors Tofacitinib (CP-690,550) is a novel oral Janus kinase (JAK) inhibitor (Fig. 2) that was approved recently by the American Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. To date, studies in humans on the effects of tofacitinib treatment on ACPA and RF levels have not been reported. However, results from studies of animal models of arthritis indicate that IL-6 levels decrease following administration of tofacitinib 97,98. Furthermore, Tanaka and Yamaoka reported that tofacitinib inhibited human IL-17 expression in PTGIS synovial tissue 97,98. Taken together, because tofacitinib suppresses IL-6 and IL-17, and as IL-6 and IL-17 are associated with ACPA and RF production, it seems likely that tofacitinib reduces RF and anti-CCP levels. Clinical studies will be needed to assess this possibility. Oral DMARDS Although oral DMARDs reduce RF levels 38, these studies have not established conclusively whether oral DMARDs reduce anti-CCP levels. As noted above, in studies evaluating TNF-antagonist therapy to dental DMARD therapy 43,44 (Desk 3) TNF antagonists, however, not dental DMARDs, reduced anti-CCP amounts, however in these scholarly research subjects who received just oral DMARDs didn’t possess significant reductions in disease activity. Inside a scholarly research by Mikuls et al. 38, where topics received methotrexate (MTX), sulfasalazine (SSZ) and hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) and got considerable reductions in disease activity, the writers discovered that reductions in anti-CCP amounts were biggest in topics with early disease while RF reductions had been influenced by disease activity reductions. Aside from the Mikuls research, no other released research have identified an impact of dental DMARDs on anti-CCP amounts. Although dental DMARDs decreased both RF and anti-CCP amounts in the analysis by Mikuls et al. 38 (Table 3), it remains unclear what mechanisms are involved in the reduction of autoantibody levels by oral DMARDs, given that less effective combinations of oral DMARDs did not reduce anti-CCP levels 43,44. Table 3 Summary of studies on the effects of oral disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs (DMARDs).