An apparatus comprises a transmit network to transmit an input from a first amplifier to an antenna, a receive network to provide an input from an antenna to a second amplifier, a first switch to selectively decouple the transmit network from the antenna, and a second switch to selectively decouple the receive network from the antenna. Other embodiments may be described.

Claim:

What is claimed is:

1. An apparatus, comprising: a transmit network to transmit an input from a power amplifier to an antenna; a receive network to provide an input from an antenna to a lownoise amplifier; a first switch in the transmit network to selectively decouple the transmit network from the antenna; a second switch in the receive network to selectively decouple the receive network from the antenna; and at least two groundingswitches connected in parallel and coupled to the second switch in the receive network, wherein: the transmit network comprises a first line and a second line to couple to the first amplifier; the transmit network is coupled to the antenna via a firstinductive link connected to the first line and second line; and the first switch selectively connects two capacitors to the first line and second line between the inductive link and the first amplifier.

2. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein: the receive network comprises a third line and fourth line to couple to the antenna; the receive network is coupled to the second amplifier via a second inductive link connected to the line and line; andthe second switch selectively connects the two capacitors to each other and to the third line and fourth line between the antenna and the second inductive link.

3. The apparatus of claim 2, wherein: the line and line are coupled to a fifth line and a sixth line via an inductive link; and the fifth line and sixth line are input into the low noise amplifier.

4. The apparatus of claim 3, further comprising: a third switch assembly to selectively connect the fifth line to the ground and the fourth switch assembly to selectively connect the sixth line to the ground between the second inductive linkand the second amplifier.

5. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the transmit network and the receive network are coupled to an antenna.

6. A transmit/receive module, comprising: a first amplifier to amplify an input electrical signal; a switching and matching module comprising: a transmit network to couple the first amplifier to an antenna; a receive network to couple theantenna to a second amplifier, and: logic to switch the switching and matching module between a transmit state in which the receive network presents a high impedance load and a receive state in which the transmit network presents a high-impedance load; a second amplifier to amplify an output electrical signal, wherein the logic to switch the switching and matching module between a transmit state and a receive state comprises: a first switch in the transmit network to selectively connect two capacitorsto a first line and a second line of the transmit network between the first amplifier and an antenna; and a second switch in the receive network to selectively connect two capacitors to a first line and a second line of the receive network between theantenna and a second amplifier and at least two grounding switches connected in parallel and coupled to the second switch in the receive network.

7. The transmit/receive module of claim 6, further comprising: a third switch to selectively connect a fifth line of the receive network to ground; and a fourth switch to selectively connect a sixth line of the receive network to ground.

8. The transmit/receive module of claim 6, wherein: the receive network is coupled to the second amplifier via a second transformer; and closing the second switch forms an RLC circuit in the receive network to place the switching and matchingmodule in a transmit state.

9. The transmit/receive module of claim 7, wherein closing the third switch and the fourth switch couples the second amplifier to ground.

10. The transmit/receive module of claim 6, wherein: the transmit network is coupled to the antenna via a first transformer; and closing the first switch forms a high-inductance RLC circuit in the transmit network to place the switching andmatching module in a receive state.

11. A transmit/receive switch, comprising: a transmit network to receive electrical signals from a first amplifier and to transmit the electrical signals to an antenna via a first transformer, the transmit network comprising a first switch toswitch the transmit network between a low-impedance state and a high-impedance state; a receive network to receive electrical signals from an antenna and to deliver the electrical signals to a second amplifier, the receive network comprising a secondswitch to switch the receive network between a low-impedance state and a high-impedance state and at least two grounding switches connected in parallel and coupled to the second switch, wherein the receive network is coupled to the second amplifier via asecond transformer.

12. The transmit/receive switch of claim 11, wherein the transmit network comprises at least one capacitor connectable to the transformer via the first switch, such that closing the first switch forms a high-impedance resonance circuit.

13. The transmit/receive switch of claim 11, wherein the receive network comprises at least one capacitor connectable to the inductor via the second switch, such that closing the second switch forms a high-impedance resonance circuit.

14. The transmit/receive switch of claim 11, wherein the receive network comprises: a first circuit coupled to the antenna; and a second circuit coupled to the first circuit by the transformer, wherein the second circuit comprises a switchingarrangement to connect the second amplifier to ground.

15. An electronic device, comprising: one or more processors to generate data for communication; an RF switching and matching module coupled to the one or more processors to modulate/demodulate data for communication within one or morefrequency ranges, the RF switching and matching module comprising: a transmit network to couple the first amplifier to an antenna; a receive network to couple the antenna to a second amplifier; and logic to switch the switching and matching modulebetween a transmit state in which the receive network presents a high impedance load and a receive state in which the transmit network presents a high-impedance load, wherein the logic to switch the switching and matching module between a transmit stateand a receive state comprises: a first switch in the transmit network to selectively connect two capacitors to a first line and a second line of the transmit network between the first amplifier and an antenna; and a second switch in the receive networkto selectively connect two capacitors to a first line and a second line of the receive network between the antenna and a second amplifier; and at least two grounding switches connected in parallel and coupled to the second switch in the receive network.

16. The electronic device of claim 15, wherein the RF switching and matching module operates in accordance with at least two wireless networking protocols.

17. The electronic device of claim 16, wherein the two wireless networking protocols share a common antenna.

Description:

RELATED APPLICATIONS

None.

BACKGROUND

The subject matter described herein relates generally to the field of electronic communication and more particularly to transmit/receive switches which may be used in electronic devices.

Many electronic devices such as notebook and laptop computers, personal digital assistants (PDAs), and the like include one or more wireless transceivers to send and receive data via wireless networks. Multi-mode devices, which can transceiverdata on multiple different wireless networks, may share hardware, e.g., transmitters, receivers, antennas, etc., in order to reduce both the cost and size of a device. Further, in some modulation schemes the transmitter operates on one frequency and thereceiver operates on a separate frequency, and a duplexer may be used to separate the frequencies. In a time-duplex-division scheme the transmission and receive functions may be separated in time.

These schemes may utilize a switching device to switch a transceiver between a transmit mode and a receive mode. Accordingly, switching arrangements in a wireless transceiver may find utility.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The detailed description is described with reference to the accompanying figures.

FIGS. 1A-1C are schematic illustrations of a power amplifier module including an integrated transmit/receive switching module in accordance with some embodiments.

FIG. 2 is a schematic illustration of components of an electronic device, according to embodiments.

FIG. 3 is a schematic illustration of a wireless device according to some embodiments.

FIG. 4 is a schematic illustration of a system which may be adapted to implement thermal management, according to an embodiment.

FIG. 5 is a schematic illustration of a wireless networking environment, according to some embodiments.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

In the following description, numerous specific details are set forth to provide a thorough understanding of various embodiments. However, it will be understood by those skilled in the art that the various embodiments may be practiced withoutthe specific details. In other instances, well-known methods, procedures, components, and circuits have not been illustrated or described in detail so as not to obscure the particular embodiments.

FIGS. 1A-1C are schematic illustrations of a power amplifier module 102 a low noise amplifier 170 and an integrated transmit/receive switching module 110. Referring to FIG. 1A, in some embodiments a transmit/receive module 100 includes a poweramplifier 102, a switching and matching module 110, and a low noise amplifier 170. The first amplifier 102 may be embodied as power amplifier to amplify an input electrical signal. A switching and matching module 110 is coupled to the first amplifier102 to deliver a signal from the power amplifier 102 to the antenna 130, and is coupled to a low noise amplifier 170, which receives an output signal from the switching and matching module 110. Switching and matching module 110 is also coupled to one ormore antennas 130. In the embodiment depicted in FIG. 1A the switching and matching module 110 is coupled to antenna 130 via an inductive link. One skilled in the art will recognize that the switching and matching module 110 may be coupled to antenna130 via other types of links, e.g., via a direct electrical connection to antenna 130.

In the embodiment depicted in FIG. 1A the switching and matching module 110 comprises a transmit network 120 and a receive network 140. The transmit network 120 couples the power amplifier 102 to the antenna 130, such that electrical signalsoutput from the power amplifier 102 may be transmitted via antenna 130. The receive network 140 couples the antenna 130 to the low noise amplifier 170, such that electromagnetic signals received by antenna 130 may be deliver to the low noise amplifier170.

In some embodiments the transmit network 120 comprises a first line 122 and a second line 124 coupled to respective first and second outputs of the first amplifier 102. The transmit network 120 and the receive network 140 are connected togetherto the differential input/output 132. The differential input/output 132 is connected to an antenna via a balun 134 which provides an inductive link between antenna 130 and both the transmit network 120 and the receive network 140.

The transmit network 120 comprises a first switch 126 that provides an electrical connection of capacitors between the first line 122 and the second line 124. The first switch 126 is positioned between the inductive link of the transformer 118and the first amplifier 102. The first switch 126 is connected to the first line 122 and the second line 124 via capacitors C.

In some embodiments the receive network 140 comprises a third line 142 and fourth line 144 to couple to the antenna 130. An inductor 148 is connected to the third line 142 and fourth line 144. A capacitor C is disposed on each of the firstline 142 and the second line 144 and a second switch 146 selectively connecting the capacitors C together.

In the embodiment depicted in FIG. 1A the receive network 140 is coupled to the low noise amplifier 170 via a second transformer 149, which establishes an inductive link between line 143 and line 145 and a line 152 and line 164, respectively. The fifth line 152 and sixth line 154 are input into the low noise amplifier 170. A switch 156 couples the fifth line 152 to ground and a switch 158 couples the sixth line 154 to ground.

Having described the structural components of the switching and matching module 110, attention will now to a description of operations of the switching and matching module 110. In some embodiments switching and matching module 110 operates toswitch between a transmit state in which the transmit network is coupled to antenna 130 and a receive state in which the receive network 140 is coupled to antenna 130.

FIG. 1B is a schematic illustration of the transmit/receive module 100 with switching and matching module 110 in a transmit state. Referring to FIG. 1B, in a transmit state the switch 146 is closed to connect lines 143 and 145. Closing switch146 establishes an RLC circuit in the receive network 140 such that the receive network 140 presents a parallel resonance load (i.e., high impedance) at the band frequency of the switching and matching module, thereby effectively decoupling the receivenetwork 140 from the antenna 130. Thus, signals input from the power amplifier 102 are transmitted across the transmit network 120 to the antenna 130.

In addition, switches 156 and 158 may be closed, which connects the second amplifier 170 to ground. This isolates the receive network 140 from the transmit network 120, reduces transmission insertion loss, and reduces signal swing at the inputto the low noise amplifier 170.

FIG. 1C is a schematic illustration of the transmit/receive module 100 with the switching and matching module 110 in a receive state. Referring to FIG. 1C, in a receive state the switch 126 is closed to connect lines 122 and 124 thru twocapacitors. Closing switch 126 establishes an RCL circuit in the transmit network 120 such that the transmit network 120 presents a parallel resonance load (i.e., high impedance) at the band frequency of the switching and matching module 110, therebyeffectively decoupling the transmit network 120 from the antenna 130.

The switches 126 and 146 define logic to switch the switching and matching module 110 between a transmit state and a receive state. Switches 156 and 158 may also be considered part of the logic to switch the switching and matching module 110between a transmit state and a receive state as these switches improve the overall switching performance, although they are not necessary for the operation of switching and matching module 110.

In some embodiments the switching and matching module 110 may be incorporated into the RF communication capability 200 of an electronic device. Referring now to FIG. 2, a block diagram of an RF communication capability 200 in accordance withone or more embodiments will be discussed. FIG. 2 depicts the major elements of an RF communication capability 200, however fewer or additional elements may be included in alternative embodiments in addition to various other elements that are not shownherein, and the scope of the claimed subject matter is not limited in these respects.

RF communication capability 200 may comprise a baseband processor 210 coupled to memory 212 for performing the control functions of RF communication capability. Input/output (I/O) block 214 may comprise various circuits for coupling RFcommunication capability to one or more other devices or components of an electronic device. For example, I/O block 214 may include one or more Ethernet ports and/or one or more universal serial bus (USB) ports for coupling RF communication capability200 to a modem or other devices. For wireless communication, RF communication capability 200 may further include a radio-frequency (RF) modulator/demodulator 220 for modulating signals to be transmitted and/or for demodulating signals received via awireless communication link.

A digital-to-analog (D/A) converter 216 may convert digital signals from baseband processor 210 to analog signals for modulation and broadcasting by RF modulator/demodulator 220 via analog and/or digital RF transmission techniques. Likewise,analog-to-digital (A/D) converter 218 may convert analog signals received and demodulated by RF modulator/demodulator 220 digital signals in a format capable of being handled by baseband processor 210. Power amplifier (PA) 222 transmits outgoing signalsvia one or more antennas 228 and/or 230, and low noise amplifier (LNA) 224 receives one or more incoming signals via antennas 228 and/or 230, which may be coupled via switching and matching module 110 as depicted in FIGS. 1A-1C to control suchbidirectional communication. In one or more embodiments, RF communication capability 200 may implement single input, single output (SISO) type communication, and in one or more alternative embodiments RF communication capability may implement multipleinput, multiple output (MIMO) communications, although the scope of the claimed subject matter is not limited in these respects.

FIG. 3 is a schematic illustration of an electronic device 316 which includes a wireless communication capability, according to some embodiments. Referring to FIG. 3, in some embodiments electronic device 316 may be embodied as a mobiletelephone, a personal digital assistant (PDA), a laptop computer, or the like. Electronic device 316 may include an RF transceiver 350 to transceive RF signals and a signal processing module 352 to process signals received by RF transceiver 350.

Electronic device 316 may further include one or more processors 354 and a memory module 356. As used herein, the term "processor" means any type of computational element, such as but not limited to, a microprocessor, a microcontroller, acomplex instruction set computing (CISC) microprocessor, a reduced instruction set (RISC) microprocessor, a very long instruction word (VLIW) microprocessor, or any other type of processor or processing circuit. In some embodiments, processor 354 may beone or more processors in the family of Intel.RTM.PXA27x processors available from Intel.RTM. Corporation of Santa Clara, Calif. Alternatively, other CPUs may be used, such as Intel's Itanium.RTM., XEON.TM., ATOM.TM., and Celeron.RTM. processors. Also, one or more processors from other manufactures may be utilized. Moreover, the processors may have a single or multi core design. In some embodiments, memory module 356 includes random access memory (RAM); however, memory module 356 may beimplemented using other memory types such as dynamic RAM (DRAM), synchronous DRAM (SDRAM), and the like.

Electronic device 316 may further include one or more input/output interfaces such as, e.g., a keypad 358 and one or more displays 360. In some embodiments electronic device 316 comprises one or more camera modules 362 and an image signalprocessor 364.

FIG. 4 is a schematic illustration of a computer system 400 which may include a wireless communication capability in accordance with some embodiments. The computer system 400 includes a computing device 402 and a power adapter 404 (e.g., tosupply electrical power to the computing device 402). The computing device 402 may be any suitable computing device such as a laptop (or notebook) computer, a personal digital assistant, a desktop computing device (e.g., a workstation or a desktopcomputer), a rack-mounted computing device, and the like.

Electrical power may be provided to various components of the computing device 402 (e.g., through a computing device power supply 406) from one or more of the following sources: one or more battery packs, an alternating current (AC) outlet(e.g., through a transformer and/or adaptor such as a power adapter 404), automotive power supplies, airplane power supplies, and the like. In some embodiments, the power adapter 404 may transform the power supply source output (e.g., the AC outletvoltage of about 110VAC to 240VAC) to a direct current (DC) voltage ranging between about 7VDC to 12.6VDC. Accordingly, the power adapter 404 may be an AC/DC adapter.

The computing device 402 may also include one or more central processing unit(s) (CPUs) 408. In some embodiments, the CPU 408 may be one or more processors in the Pentium.RTM. family of processors including the Pentium.RTM. II processorfamily, Pentium.RTM. III processors, Pentium.RTM. IV, or CORE2 Duo processors available from Intel.RTM. Corporation of Santa Clara, Calif. Alternatively, other CPUs may be used, such as Intel's Itanium.RTM., XEON.TM., and Celeron.RTM. processors. Also, one or more processors from other manufactures may be utilized. Moreover, the processors may have a single or multi core design.

A chipset 412 may be coupled to, or integrated with, CPU 408. The chipset 412 may include a memory control hub (MCH) 414. The MCH 414 may include a memory controller 416 that is coupled to a main system memory 418. The main system memory 418stores data and sequences of instructions that are executed by the CPU 408, or any other device included in the system 400. In some embodiments, the main system memory 418 includes random access memory (RAM); however, the main system memory 418 may beimplemented using other memory types such as dynamic RAM (DRAM), synchronous DRAM (SDRAM), and the like. Additional devices may also be coupled to the bus 410, such as multiple CPUs and/or multiple system memories.

The MCH 414 may also include a graphics interface 420 coupled to a graphics accelerator 422. In some embodiments, the graphics interface 420 is coupled to the graphics accelerator 422 via an accelerated graphics port (AGP). In someembodiments, a display (such as a flat panel display) 440 may be coupled to the graphics interface 420 through, for example, a signal converter that translates a digital representation of an image stored in a storage device such as video memory or systemmemory into display signals that are interpreted and displayed by the display. The display 440 signals produced by the display device may pass through various control devices before being interpreted by and subsequently displayed on the display.

A hub interface 424 couples the MCH 414 to a platform control hub (PCH) 426. The PCH 426 provides an interface to input/output (I/O) devices coupled to the computer system 400. The PCH 426 may be coupled to a peripheral component interconnect(PCI) bus. Hence, the PCH 426 includes a PCI bridge 428 that provides an interface to a PCI bus 430. The PCI bridge 428 provides a data path between the CPU 408 and peripheral devices. Additionally, other types of I/O interconnect topologies may beutilized such as the PCI Express.TM. architecture, available through Intel.RTM. Corporation of Santa Clara, Calif.

The PCI bus 430 may be coupled to an audio device 432 and one or more disk drive(s) 434. Other devices may be coupled to the PCI bus 430. In addition, the CPU 408 and the MCH 414 may be combined to form a single chip. Furthermore, thegraphics accelerator 422 may be included within the MCH 414 in other embodiments.

FIG. 5 is a schematic illustration of a wireless networking environment, according to some embodiments. Referring to FIG. 5, a block diagram of a wireless wide area network in accordance with one or more embodiments will be discussed. As shownin FIG. 5, network 500 may be an internet protocol (IP) type network comprising an Internet 510 type network or the like that is capable of supporting mobile wireless access and/or fixed wireless access to internet 510. In one or more embodiments,network 500 may be in compliance with a Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access (WiMAX) standard or future generations of WiMAX, and in one particular embodiment may be in compliance with an Institute for Electrical and Electronics Engineers802.16 standard (IEEE 802.16-2009). In one or more alternative embodiments network 500 may be in compliance with a Third Generation Partnership Project Long Term Evolution (3GPP LTE) or a 3GPP2 Air Interface Evolution (3GPP2 AIE) standard, and/or afuture generation cellular broadband network standard. In general, network 500 may comprise any type of orthogonal frequency division multiple access (OFDMA) based wireless network, and the scope of the claimed subject matter is not limited in theserespects. As an example of mobile wireless access, access service network gateway (ASN-GW) 512 is capable of coupling with base station (BS) 514 to provide wireless communication between wireless device (SS) 516 and Internet 510. Wireless device 516may comprise a mobile type device or information handling system capable of wirelessly communicating via network 500, for example a notebook type computer, a cellular telephone, a personal digital assistant, or the like. ASN-GW 512 may implementprofiles that are capable of defining the mapping of network functions to one or more physical entities on network 500. Base station 514 may comprise radio equipment to provide radio-frequency (RF) communication with wireless device 516, and maycomprise, for example, the physical layer (PHY) and media access control (MAC) layer equipment in compliance with an IEEE 802.16-2009 type standard. Alternatively, base station 512 may also be referred to as a base transceiver station (BTS) in one ormore embodiments. Base station 514 may further comprise an IP backplane to couple to Internet 510 via ASN-GW 512, although the scope of the claimed subject matter is not limited in these respects.

Network 500 may further comprise a visited connectivity service network/authentication, authorization, and accounting (CSN/AAA) server 524 capable of providing one or more network functions including but not limited to proxy and/or relay typefunctions, for example authentication, authorization and accounting (AAA) functions, dynamic host configuration protocol (DHCP) functions, or domain name service controls or the like, domain gateways such as public switched telephone network (PSTN)gateways or voice over internet protocol (VOIP) gateways, and/or internet protocol (IP) type server functions, or the like. However, these are merely example of the types of functions that are capable of being provided by visited CSN/AAA or home CSN/AAA526, and the scope of the claimed subject matter is not limited in these respects. Visited CSN/AAA 524 may be referred to as a visited CSN/AAA in the case for example where visited CSN/AAA 524 is not part of the regular service provider of wirelessdevice 516, for example where wireless device 516 is roaming away from its home CSN/AAA such as home CSN/AAA 526, or for example where network 500 is part of the regular service provider of wireless device but where network 500 may be in another locationor state that is not the main or home location of wireless device 516. In a fixed wireless arrangement, WiMAX type customer premises equipment (CPE) 522 may be located in a home or business to provide home or business customer broadband access tointernet 510 via base station 520, ASN-GW 518, and home CSN/AAA 526 in a manner similar to access by wireless device 516 via base station 514, ASN-GW 512, and visited CSN/AAA 524, a difference being that WiMAX CPE 522 is generally disposed in astationary location, although it may be moved to different locations as needed, whereas wireless device may be utilized at one or more locations if wireless device 516 is within range of base station 514 for example. In accordance with one or moreembodiments, operation support system, self organizing networks (OSS (SON)) sever 536 may be part of network 500 to provide management functions for network 500 and to provide interfaces between functional entities of network 500. Network 500 of FIG. 5is merely one type of wireless network showing a certain number of the components of network 500, however the scope of the claimed subject matter is not limited in these respects.

Thus, described herein is an integrated transmit/receive switch which may achieve high power handling capability without the use of series switches. In some embodiments the input power P1 may be up to or greater than 38 dBm. In addition, theswitch construction provides strong isolation (i.e., 35 dB) from the transmitter to the receiver and a low insertion loss (e.g., less than 1 dB). Further, the switch construction provides a high bandwidth response (i.e., greater than 15%) and operateswell at high frequencies (i.e., 6 GHz) and exhibits high pass response in the receiver.

The terms "logic instructions" as referred to herein relates to expressions which may be understood by one or more machines for performing one or more logical operations. For example, logic instructions may comprise instructions which areinterpretable by a processor compiler for executing one or more operations on one or more data objects. However, this is merely an example of machine-readable instructions and embodiments are not limited in this respect.

The terms "computer readable medium" as referred to herein relates to media capable of maintaining expressions which are perceivable by one or more machines. For example, a computer readable medium may comprise one or more storage devices forstoring computer readable instructions or data. Such storage devices may comprise storage media such as, for example, optical, magnetic or semiconductor storage media. However, this is merely an example of a computer readable medium and embodiments arenot limited in this respect.

The term "logic" as referred to herein relates to structure for performing one or more logical operations. For example, logic may comprise circuitry which provides one or more output signals based upon one or more input signals. Such circuitrymay comprise a finite state machine which receives a digital input and provides a digital output, or circuitry which provides one or more analog output signals in response to one or more analog input signals. Such circuitry may be provided in anapplication specific integrated circuit (ASIC) or field programmable gate array (FPGA). Also, logic may comprise machine-readable instructions stored in a memory in combination with processing circuitry to execute such machine-readable instructions. However, these are merely examples of structures which may provide logic and embodiments are not limited in this respect.

Some of the methods described herein may be embodied as logic instructions on a computer-readable medium. When executed on a processor, the logic instructions cause a processor to be programmed as a special-purpose machine that implements thedescribed methods. The processor, when configured by the logic instructions to execute the methods described herein, constitutes structure for performing the described methods. Alternatively, the methods described herein may be reduced to logic on,e.g., a field programmable gate array (FPGA), an application specific integrated circuit (ASIC) or the like.

In the description and claims, the terms coupled and connected, along with their derivatives, may be used. In particular embodiments, connected may be used to indicate that two or more elements are in direct physical or electrical contact witheach other. Coupled may mean that two or more elements are in direct physical or electrical contact. However, coupled may also mean that two or more elements may not be in direct contact with each other, but yet may still cooperate or interact witheach other.

Reference in the specification to "one embodiment" or "some embodiments" means that a particular feature, structure, or characteristic described in connection with the embodiment is included in at least an implementation. The appearances of thephrase "in one embodiment" in various places in the specification may or may not be all referring to the same embodiment.

Although embodiments have been described in language specific to structural features and/or methodological acts, it is to be understood that claimed subject matter may not be limited to the specific features or acts described. Rather, thespecific features and acts are disclosed as sample forms of implementing the claimed subject matter.