Research News

NASA Finds Stronger Storms Change Heat and Rainfall Worldwide

Mar. 9, 2006

Studies have shown that over the last 40 years, a warming climate has been accompanied by fewer rain- and snow-producing storms in mid-latitudes around the world, but the storms that are happening are a little stronger with more precipitation. A new analysis of global satellite data suggests that these storm changes are affecting strongly the Earth's water cycle and air temperatures and creating contrasting cooling and warming effects in the atmosphere.

Image to right: Comma-shaped storm systems in the mid-latitude regions, like the one shown here on the Pacific Northwest coast, produce our everyday weather but also determine the radiation, heat, and water budgets of those regions. This image was taken from the Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite, Thurs. March 2, 2006. Click on image to enlarge. Credit: NOAA

The mid-latitudes extend from the subtropics (approximately 30° N and S) to the Arctic Circle (66°30"N) and the Antarctic Circle (66°30"S) and include pieces of all of the continents with the exception of Antarctica.

George Tselioudis and William B. Rossow, both scientists at NASA's Goddard Institute for Space Studies (GISS) and Columbia University, New York, authored the study that appears in the January issue of the American Geophysical Union's journal, Geophysical Research Letters.

"There are consequences of having fewer but stronger storms in the middle latitudes both on the radiation and on the precipitation fields," Tselioudis said. Using observations from the International Satellite Cloud Climatology Project (ISCCP) and the Global Precipitation Climatology Project (GPCP), Tselioudis and Rossow determined how the changes in intensity and frequency of storms are both cooling and warming the atmosphere around the world.

Image to left: Fewer and stronger storms in the mid-latitudes affect the radiation field, that is, the solar energy being absorbed and the heat radiation emitted by the Earth. This is a picture of Memorial Continental Hall during a summer rain storm in Washington, D.C. Credit: USGS

Fewer and stronger storms in the mid-latitudes affect the radiation field, that is, the solar energy being absorbed and the heat radiation emitted by the Earth. There are two things happening with storms and energy. The first is that sunlight is reflected back into space from the tops of the clouds, creating a cooling effect at the Earth's surface. Conversely, clouds also act to trap heat radiation and prevent it from escaping into space, creating a warming on the Earth's atmosphere.

A 1998 study of precipitation data for the continental U.S., showed an increase in more extreme rainfall and snowfall events over the previous 70 to 90 years. Further, climate model studies that Tselioudis and others performed in the last few years indicate that additional levels of carbon dioxide will lead to fewer but more potent storms as has been the case in the last 50 years.

In the present study, when a storm change prediction by a leading climate model was examined, the radiation effects of stronger storms were found to be greater than those produced by the related decrease in the number of storms. Fewer storms mean less cloud cover to reflect sunlight and that adds heat to the Earth. However, more intense storms tend to produce thicker clouds which cool the atmosphere. Tselioudis and Rossow looked at both of those factors, and calculated that the cooling effect is larger than the warming in all months except June, July and August, when the two effects cancel each other.

Image to right: The plot shows the amount of incoming sunlight (left column), trapped heat (middle column), and precipitation (right column) in the vicinity of weak (top row), medium strength (middle row) and strong (bottom row) storms. Storms tend to block more sunlight, trap more heat and rain more as their intensity increases. If the current pattern of decreases in storm frequency and increases in storm intensity continues as the climate warms, it will produce contrasting cooling and warming effects along with increases in intense precipitation events. Click image to enlarge. Credit: NASA GISS

In terms of precipitation from these storms, the effects of increasing storm intensity also surpass those of decreasing storm frequency. In the northern mid-latitudes, the stronger storms produce 0.05-0.08 millimeter (mm)/day (.002-.003 inch/day) more precipitation. Although this number seems small, the average precipitation daily in the northern mid-latitudes is only around 2 mm/day (.08 inch/day), implying that the strengthening of the storms produces a 3-4% precipitation increase that comes in the form of more intense rain and snow events.

The long-term changes in sunlight and heat produced by the storms have been hard to observe because scientists only have observations for the last 25 years. Also, there are other things that affect how much sunlight is being reflected and absorbed by the Earth, and those are constantly changing. For example, when black soot falls on snow, the black soot absorbs heat from the sun, whereas the white ice would have reflected most of it.

Image to left: A slow-moving frontal system brought persistent rains and flooding to the northeast U.S. from Oct. 7-14, 2005. A front that stretched from Maine to the Florida panhandle pulled up moisture over the eastern seaboard that included the remnants of Tropical Storm Tammy. The front then stalled off the coast, and low pressure formed bringing more rains over the northeast. The Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) satellite estimates of rainfall over the Tropics. The TRMM-based, near-real time Multi-satellite Precipitation Analysis (MPA) show a wide swath of 4 (green areas) to 6 inches (yellow) of rainfall (dark red areas) extends from the central through the northern Appalachians, while parts of northern New Jersey and southeastern New York State received up to 8 inches (orange areas). Click image to enlarge. Credit: SSAI/NASA GSFC.

This study presents a method that uses current climate relationships and climate change model predictions to arrive at more complete estimates of radiation and precipitation changes that may occur in a warmer climate.