1860 – The Philadelphia Athletics team is formed. The Philadelphia Olympic Club changes from "Philadelphia rules" townball to New York (NABBP) rules, the Newark Eurekas team starts playing other teams in the NABBP. The Union Club of Lansingburgh team is formed, which would later become the Troy Haymakers of the NABBP.

1860 February 22 – First recorded baseball game played in San Francisco, California between the San Francisco Eagles and the San Francisco Red Rovers.[6]

1860 September 28 – The first baseball game reported between two named black teams. At Elysian Fields in Hoboken, New Jersey, the Weeksville of New York beat the Colored Union Club 11–0.

1862 April – The Summit City Club is formed in Fort Wayne, Indiana (the club would reform as the Kekiongas in 1866).

Marshall Wright publishes 1868 season records for 98 teams, many of them incomplete ("(inc)" in the table). Bill Ryczek calls 15 of that season's teams "major" (not marked), this table covers all of those "majors" (not marked), all of the 1869 "pros" (*), all 14 member clubs with at least twelve wins on record, and a few others. For the seven listed clubs in Greater New York, no city is named in the first column; the comment gives their locales.

Meanwhile, only two brand new professional baseball clubs would be established in the next three years, the Chicago White Stockings for 1870 and the Boston Red Stockings for 1871, their commercial origins may be related to their survival alone by 1877, and on to 2010, while all of their rivals with older and amateur roots fell away.

Marshall Wright publishes 1867 season records for 89 teams, many of them incomplete ("(inc)" in the table). Bill Ryczek calls 17 of that season's teams "major" (not marked), this table covers all of those "majors", all 13 member clubs with at least fourteen wins on record, and a few others. For the nine listed clubs in Greater New York, no city is named in the first column; the comment gives their locales.

Star (*) marks ten clubs among twelve who would go pro in 1869. Excelsior of Chicago and Buckeye of Cincinnati are listed because they were probably the strongest teams in the west after the Cincinnati Red Stockings.

Marshall Wright publishes 1866 season records for 58 of 93 association members, said to be complete for games between two member clubs. Bill Ryczek calls 20 of that season's teams "major" including three old New York rivals of the Knickerbockers.

This table covers all of those "majors", all 14 members with at least eight wins on record, and a few others, for the fifteen listed clubs in Greater New York, no city is named in the first column; the comment gives their locales.

For the preceding 1865 season Marshall Wright lists 30 members with supposedly complete records for most of them. Twenty-two of the thirty were in Greater New York. Bill Ryczek calls 19 teams "major" in the first season that he covers: sixteen of the members and three others (Lowell, Harvard, and Camden).

No one traveled much and membership was still depressed by the Civil War. There had been 59 delegates at the March 1860 annual meeting, and 55 at the next annual meeting that December (on a new baseball calendar), who thereby intended to play during the 1861 season that the war curtailed. Nine of 59 and eleven of 55 were from outside Greater New York.[7]

1.
Duncan Curry
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Duncan Fraser Curry was an American baseball pioneer and insurance executive. Curry was the first president of the Knickerbockers Base Ball Club and he is also credited with participating in the drafting of the Knickerbocker Rules, the first written set of official baseball rules. He also served on the various rules committees from 1845 until at least 1856. Curry was also one of the founders of the Republic Fire Insurance Company, Curry was born in New York City in November 28,1812. Curry worked in the business for more than 35 years. From 1843 to 1852, he was the Secretary of the City Fire Insurance Company, in 1852, he was one of the founding officers of the Republic Fire Insurance Company, known as The Pioneer Mutual Fire Insurance Co. Combining the Economy of the Mutual Plan with the Security of a Cash Capital and he served as the Secretary of Republic Fire Insurance Company for 30 years from its formation in 1852 until 1882. In 1842, Curry was part of a group of prominent New York businessmen who gathered in the afternoons to play a game that became baseball and we would take our bats and balls with us and play any sort of game. We had no name in particular for it, sometimes we batted the ball to one another or sometimes we played one ocat. D. L. Adams, Alexander J. Cartwright, Colonel James Lee, Duncan F. Curry, E. R. Dupignac and it does not appear that any of these were world-beaters in the realm of athletic sports. In the spring of 1845, one of the members of the group, Alexander Cartwright, proposed that they establish a formal baseball club. On September 23,1845, at a meeting held at McCartys Hotel in New York City, the Knickerbockers Base Ball Club was formally established, the Knickerbockers were reported to have been the first organized baseball club. The right and title to the distinction of being the first organized Base Ball club in the world belongs to the old Knickerbocker Club and that honor has never been called in question. For more than thirty years the Knickerbocker Club maintained an amateur organization, Curry also served on the committee that drafted the Knickerbocker Rules, reputed to be the first set of official written rules for the game of baseball. Differing accounts as to who deserved credit for the establishment of the Knickerbocker Rules have been attributed to Curry over the years. On one occasion, he was reported to have stated that he, in the recounting of an interview with reporter Will Rankin, Curry was quoted as rejecting the notion that Henry Chadwick should be credited. According to Rankin, Curry said, Thomas Fiddlesticks had no more to do with the rules than you had. William Wheaton, William H. Tucker and I drew up the first set of rules, however, in a 1911 book published by Alfred Henry Spink, Curry was quoted as giving principal credit for creation of the new game to Alexander Cartwright

2.
Alexander Cartwright
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Alexander Alick Joy Cartwright Jr. is referred to as a father of baseball. With the myth of Abner Doubleday inventing baseball debunked, Cartwright was inducted into the National Baseball Hall of Fame as a pioneering contributor 46 years after his death, Cartwright was born in 1820 to Alexander Cartwright, Sr. a merchant sea captain, and Esther Rebecca Burlock Cartwright. He first worked at the age of 16 in 1836 as a clerk for a Wall Street broker, later doing clerical work at the Union Bank of New York, after hours, he played bat-and-ball games in the streets of Manhattan with volunteer firefighters. Cartwright himself was a volunteer, first with Oceana Hose Company No,36, and then Knickerbocker Engine Company No.12. Cartwrights ancestor Edward Cartwright immigrated from Devonshire, England to New England around 1661, Cartwright married Eliza Van Wie, from Albany, on June 2,1842. A fire destroyed the Union Bank in 1845, forcing Cartwright to find other work and he became a bookseller with his brother, Alfred. Cartwright led the establishment of the Knickerbocker Base Ball Club in 1842, in 1845, Cartwright and a committee from his club drew up rules converting this playground game into a more elaborate and interesting sport to be played by adults. The major precepts included the stipulations that foul territories were to be introduced for the first time, Cartwright is also erroneously credited for introducing flat bases at uniform distances, three strikes per batter, and nine players in the outfield. Wheaton for the Gotham Club in 1837, Baseball historian Jeffrey Kittel has concluded that none of the Knickerbocker Rules of 1845 was original, with the possible exception of three-out innings. As MLBs Official Historian John Thorn wrote, Cartwright has a plaque in the Baseball Hall of Fame on which word of substance is false. Alex Cartwright did not set the paths at ninety feet. The first clearly documented match between two clubs under these rules took place on June 19,1846, at Elysian Fields in Hoboken. In this match, the Knickerbockers lost to the New York Nine by a score of 23 to 1, some authors have also questioned the supposed first game under the new rules. The Knickerbockers scorebook shows intra-club games during 1845, the New York Base Ball Club played at least three games against a Brooklyn club in 1845 also, but the rules used are unknown. Those who have studied the score-book have concluded that the differences in the games of 1845 and 1846, in 1849, Cartwright headed to California for the gold rush, and then continued on to work and live in the Kingdom of Hawaii. His family came to him in 1851, wife Eliza Van Wie, son DeWitt, daughter Mary. In Hawaii, sons Bruce Cartwright and Alexander Joy Cartwright III were born, also, she states that during Cartwrights lifetime he was not declared or documented as an originator of baseball in Hawaii. Cartwright served as chief of Honolulu from 1850 through June 30,1863

3.
William Wheaton
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William Rufus Wheaton was an American lawyer and politician. He was also a baseball pioneer, Wheaton was born in New York City on May 7,1814. He practiced law in New York during the 1830s and 1840s, Wheaton married Elizabeth A. Jennings in 1837. Their son George Henry Wheaton served in the Civil War and reached the rank of major, during his free time, William Wheaton played base ball. He was a member and the vice president of the Knickerbocker Base Ball Club in 1845. He served on the Committee of By-Laws with William H. Tucker and helped draft the games first formal set of rules, Wheaton also served as one of the sports first umpires. In 1887, Wheaton gave an interview to The San Francisco Daily Examiner and he recalled that, We played no exhibition or match games, but often our families would come over and look on with much enjoyment. Then we used to have dinner in the middle of the day and we were all mature men and in business, but we didnt have too much of it as they do nowadays. There was none of that hurry and worry so characteristic of the present New York and we enjoyed life and didnt wear out so fast. Wheaton also stated that he had drafted the first written code of rules for the Gotham Base Ball Club in 1837, according to author Peter J. Nash, a strong argument could be made that Wheaton is worthy of enshrinement in the Baseball Hall of Fame. Paul Dickson states that Wheaton is among a group of men who could be called the Father of Baseball, in 1849, Wheaton sailed to San Francisco, California, with a mining company. The mining venture did not last long, and Wheaton soon began practicing law again, Wheaton was also involved in local politics. He was elected City and County Assessor in 1861 and 1863 and he served in the California State Assembly in 1862 and 1871. In 1876, he was appointed by US president Ulysses S. Grant the Register of the General Land Office of the United States, Wheaton died on September 11,1888, at the age of 74

4.
New York Knickerbockers
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The New York Knickerbockers were one of the first organized baseball teams which played under a set of rules similar to the game today. The team was founded by Alexander Cartwright, considered one of the developers of modern baseball. In 1851, the New York Knickerbockers wore the first ever recorded baseball uniforms, while a member of Knickerbocker Engine Company No.12 of the New York City Fire Department, Alexander Joy Cartwright became involved in playing town ball on a vacant lot in Manhattan. In 1845, the lot became unavailable for use, and the group was forced to look for another location. They found a field, the Elysian Fields, a large tree-filled parkland across the Hudson River in Hoboken, New Jersey run by Colonel John Stevens. In order to pay the fees, Cartwright organized a ball club so that he could collect the needed money. The club was named the Knickerbockers, in honor of the company where Cartwright was a member. The Knickerbockers club was organized on September 23,1845, the first officers were Duncan F. Curry, president, William R. Wheaton, vice-president, and William H. Tucker, secretary-treasurer. Creating a club for the players called for a formal set of rules for each member to adhere to. Wheaton and Tucker formalized the Knickerbocker Rules, a set of twenty rules for the team, Members must strictly observe the time agreed upon for exercise, the bases shall be from home to second base, forty-two paces, from first to third base, forty-two paces, equidistant. No stump match shall be played on a day of exercise. If members appear after the game is commenced, they may be chosen in if mutually agreed upon, the game to consist of twenty-one counts, or aces, but at the conclusion an equal number of hands must be played. The ball must be pitched, not thrown, for the bat, a ball knocked out of the field, or outside the range of first or third base, is foul. Three balls being struck at and missed and the last one caught, is an out, if not caught is considered fair. If a ball be struck, or tipped, and caught, either flying or on the first bound, a player running who shall prevent an adversary from catching or getting the ball before making his base, is a hand out. Players must take their strike in regular turn, all disputes and differences relative to the game, to be decided by the Umpire, from which there is no appeal. No ace or base can be made on a foul strike, a runner cannot be put out in making one base, when a balk is made by the pitcher. But one base allowed when a ball out of the field when struck

5.
Box score (baseball)
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In baseball, the statistical summary of a game is reported in a box score. An abbreviated version of the box score, duplicated from the scoreboard, is the line score. The Baseball Hall of Fame credits Henry Chadwick with the invention of the box score, the line score is a two-line chart that reports each teams run totals by inning, and total runs, total hits, and total errors on a line. The visiting team is on the top line and the team on the bottom line. The terms top of the inning and bottom of the inning are derived from their positions in the line score, sometimes, the winning team is bolded or colored for quick-reference. If the home team is leading and does not bat in the bottom of the 9th inning. Line score for the Brooklyn Dodgers–New York Giants pennant-winning game of October 3,1951, The box score lists the line score as well as individual, the statistics used are those recorded by the official scorer of each game. The following box score is of a game in baseball history. At the top of the box score, the editor of a publication may list the time, date, in the example, the stadiums name and city are listed. The line score is listed as part of the box score, usually near the top. Innings are normally grouped in sets of three for ease of reading, the team totals of runs, hits, and errors are listed last, after a separating character such as a dash. The actual score of the game is represented by the first column after the dash, The batting performances of each player in the game are grouped by team and their fielding positions or batting roles are normally listed next to their last name. Typically only last names are used, unless two players with the name appear in the game, in which case a distinctive first initial is also used. When a player switches fielding position, both positions are listed, substitute players are listed where they were placed in the batting order. Players who had a role only are listed by that role. Substitutes who enter for defensive purposes and do not make a plate appearance have their position shown. When a pinch hitter or pinch runner remains in the game, Some box scores will indent substitutes names to indicate their spot in the order was the same as the non-indented starters name above it, others will leave all names left-justified. Batting statistics are displayed to the right of the names in the lineup, at minimum are shown each batters at bats, runs, hits, and runs batted in

6.
Elysian Fields, Hoboken, New Jersey
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Elysian Fields in Hoboken, New Jersey is believed to be the site of the first organized baseball game, giving Hoboken a strong claim to be the birthplace of baseball. In 1845, Knickerbocker Club of New York City began using Elysian Fields in Hoboken to play due to the lack of suitable grounds across the Hudson River in Manhattan. On June 19,1846, the Knickerbockers played the New York nine on these grounds in the first organized game between two clubs, Alexander Cartwright was the umpire. By the 1850s, several Manhattan-based member clubs of the National Association of Base Ball Players were using the grounds as their home field, as Chadwick relates, I chanced to go through Elysian Fields during the progress of a contest between the noted Eagle and Gotham Clubs. The game was being played on both sides, and I watched it with deeper interest that any previous ball match between clubs I had seen. It was not long before I was struck with the idea that base ball was just the game for a sport for Americans. Chadwick went on to become the games preeminent reporter developing baseballs statistics, in 1859, an international cricket match was held with an All-England Eleven as part of an English tour of North America. With the construction of two significant baseball parks in Brooklyn enclosed by fences, enabling promoters there to charge admission to games, in 1868, the leading Manhattan club, the New York Mutuals, shifted its home games to the Union Grounds in Brooklyn. In 1880, the founders of the New York Metropolitans and New York Giants finally succeeded in siting a ballpark on Manhattan that became known as the Polo Grounds, the last recorded professional baseball game at Elysian Fields occurred in 1873. The large parkland area was developed for housing. A small remnant of the park bounded on the west by Hudson Street, on the north and east by Frank Sinatra Drive. To the west of Elysian Park at the intersection of 11th, a bronze plaque denoting the connection to early baseball was placed in the median strip of 11th Street between first and second bases. The restaurant and music club Maxwells front door is adjacent to where third base was located

7.
Excelsior of Brooklyn
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The Brooklyn Excelsiors were an amateur baseball team that played in Brooklyn, New York. Formed in 1854, the Excelsior ballclub featured stars such as Jim Creighton, Asa Brainard, the team is known for originating the Brooklyn-style baseball cap, precursor to the modern cap. In 1860, the Excelsior club made a tour around New York. They defeated the Champion Club of Albany, the Victory Club of Troy, the Buffalo Niagaras, the Excelsiors were National Association champions that year, finishing in a draw with the Atlantic Club. However, the Brooklyn Atlantics were the accepted champions, during the 1860 season, the Excelsiors began wearing an ancestor of the modern baseball cap, including a long visor and button top. The cap, which became popular by the 1900s, was known as Brooklyn-style, and was the predominant baseball cap until the 1940s

8.
Brooklyn Atlantics
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The Atlantic Base Ball Club of Brooklyn was baseballs first champion and its first dynasty. Established in 1855, Atlantic was a member of the National Association of Base Ball Players in 1857. In 1859, with a record of 11 wins and 1 loss, Atlantic held the championship through the 1861 season, albeit in controversial fashion. In a third and deciding game with Excelsior of Brooklyn, Excelsior was leading 8–6 and had men on base, the game was declared a draw, and the championship retained by Atlantic. Atlantic held the championship again through the 1861 season, which was shortened due to the American Civil War, Atlantic recaptured the pennant in 1866 with a season record of twenty wins, no defeats, and a single tie as the only blemish on its record. Atlantic went undefeated again in 1865 with an 18–0 record, sweeping series against chief rivals Mutual of New York, great players of this era included Joe Start, Dickey Pearce, Charlie Smith, Fred Crane, and Tom Pratt. Atlantics 36-game winning streak was broken in June,1866 by Irvington. Atlantic retained the pennant that year by splitting a series with Athletic of Philadelphia. Atlantic did surrender the title to Union in 1867, when Atlantic defeated Eckford to regain the pennant in 1869, Atlantic had already lost to the Cincinnati Red Stockings. An estimated crowd of fifteen thousand paid 50 cents a piece to see Atlantic win 8–7 in extra innings in one of the most significant games in baseball history, Atlantic surrendered the title later in the year, though, to Mutual. Atlantic had been among the first clubs to declare themselves professional when allowed to do so in 1869, however, when the major professional clubs formed the National Association of Professional Base Ball Players in 1871, Atlantic declined to field a team. As a result, their best players, including George Zettlein, Bob Ferguson, Joe Start and Lip Pike, jumped to other clubs. When Atlantic did join the circuit in 1872, it was unable to reestablish itself as a leading club. Atlantic was not invited to join the National League when that circuit was formed in 1876, a remnant Atlantic was invited to join the upstart American Association in 1882 but failed to satisfy the requirements for doing so. For many years afterwards, the term Atlantic batting referred to a big inning, source for season records, Wright has published records for dozens of NABBP teams each season, relying on a mix of game and season records in contemporary newspapers and guides. Dozens of leading clubs by number of matches are included, as are many others, the records do not consistently cover either all games played or all championship matches between NABBP members. 1872 Brooklyn Atlantics season 1873 Brooklyn Atlantics season 1874 Brooklyn Atlantics season 1875 Brooklyn Atlantics season The 1865 Atlantics are said to have been on the first ever baseball card. The only known card was archived at the Library of Congress since the 1880s and it remained the only card known to exist until 2013, when another card was found in an old photo album at a yard sale

9.
The Bronx
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The Bronx is the northernmost of the five boroughs of New York City, within the U. S. state of New York. Since 1914, the Bronx has had the boundaries as Bronx County, a county of New York. The Bronx is divided by the Bronx River into a section in the west, closer to Manhattan. East and west street addresses are divided by Jerome Avenue—the continuation of Manhattans Fifth Avenue, the West Bronx was annexed to New York City in 1874, and the areas east of the Bronx River in 1895. Bronx County was separated from New York County in 1914, about a quarter of the Bronxs area is open space, including Woodlawn Cemetery, Van Cortlandt Park, Pelham Bay Park, the New York Botanical Garden, and the Bronx Zoo in the boroughs north and center. These open spaces are situated primarily on land reserved in the late 19th century as urban development progressed north. The name Bronx originated with Jonas Bronck, who established the first settlement in the area as part of the New Netherland colony in 1639, the native Lenape were displaced after 1643 by settlers. This cultural mix has made the Bronx a wellspring of both Latin music and hip hop. The Bronx, particularly the South Bronx, saw a decline in population, livable housing, and the quality of life in the late 1960s. Since then the communities have shown significant redevelopment starting in the late 1980s before picking up pace from the 1990s until today, the Bronx was called Rananchqua by the native Siwanoy band of Lenape, while other Native Americans knew the Bronx as Keskeskeck. It was divided by the Aquahung River, the origin of Jonas Bronck is contested. Some sources claim he was a Swedish born emigrant from Komstad, Norra Ljunga parish in Småland, Sweden, who arrived in New Netherland during the spring of 1639. Bronck became the first recorded European settler in the now known as the Bronx and built a farm named Emmanus close to what today is the corner of Willis Avenue. He leased land from the Dutch West India Company on the neck of the mainland north of the Dutch settlement in Harlem. He eventually accumulated 500 acres between the Harlem River and the Aquahung, which known as Broncks River or the Bronx. Dutch and English settlers referred to the area as Broncks Land, the American poet William Bronk was a descendant of Pieter Bronck, either Jonas Broncks son or his younger brother. More recent research indicates that Pieter was probably Jonas nephew or cousin, the Bronx is referred to with the definite article as The Bronx, both legally and colloquially. The region was named after the Bronx River and first appeared in the Annexed District of The Bronx created in 1874 out of part of Westchester County

10.
National Association of Base Ball Players
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The National Association of Base Ball Players was the first organization governing American baseball. The first convention of sixteen New York City area clubs in 1857 practically terminated the Knickerbocker era, the last convention, with hundreds of members represented only via state associations, provoked the establishment of separate professional and amateur associations in 1871. Because the amateur successor never attracted many members and it convened only a few times, beside the playing rules and its own organization, the Association governed official scoring, match play, a championship, amateurism, and hippodroming or the integrity of the contest. It permitted professionalism only for the 1869 and 1870 seasons, in its December 1867 meeting, its rules committee voted unanimously to bar any club composed of one or more colored persons, effecting the first known color line in baseball. By the end of 1865, almost 100 clubs were members of the organization, by 1867, it had over 400 members, including some clubs from as far away as San Francisco and Louisiana. Because of this growth, regional and state organizations began to assume a prominent role in the governance of the sport. The NABBP was initially established upon principles of amateurism, however, even early in its history some star players, such as James Creighton of Excelsior, received compensation, either secretly or indirectly. In 1866, the NABBP investigated Athletic of Philadelphia for paying three players including Lip Pike, but ultimately took no action against either the club or the players. To address this growing practice, and to restore integrity to the game, clubs desiring to pay players were now free to declare themselves professional. Cincinnati was the first to so declare and among the most aggressive in recruiting the best available players, twelve, including most of the strongest clubs in the NABBP, ultimately declared themselves professional for the 1869 season. Conflict arose, however, between amateur and professional interests, important issues included how the championship was to be decided and regulating players jumping from one team to another. As a result, in 1871 most of the professional clubs broke away to found the National Association of Professional Base Ball Players. The NABBP continued for two years thereafter in a diminished status before disbanding into state and regional organizations. Contrary to the name, NABBP members were clubs not players. Generally the clubs joined the association and retained membership by sending delegates to the annual convention, the number of clubs at the convention, and thus in the association, increased from 16 to 25 to 50 by spring 1859. This list gives the sixteen who convened in 1857 followed by the three members who survived to be charter members of the National League in 1876, none of the sixteen did so. Dates refer to NABBP membership, not baseball activity or legal organization, but not all clubs retained membership annually, in particular, Newark, New Jersey is one of the cities across the Hudson River from New York. Eight Newark clubs were members and two more clubs from Newark, Empire in 1858 and Eckford in 1870, played matches with member clubs

11.
New York Mutuals
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The Mutual Base Ball Club of New York was a leading American baseball club almost throughout its 20-year history. It was established during 1857, the year of the first baseball convention and it was a charter member of both the first professional league in 1871 and the National League in 1876. Failing on the field and in the coffer, it declined to make its last western trip of the inaugural season, for the transgression it was expelled in December, and soon found itself defunct. The Mutuals chose open professionalism in 1869–70 after NABBP liberalization and they joined the first professional league, the National Association of Professional Base Ball Players, for its 1871 to 1875 duration. In 1876, the Chicago White Stockings initiated the National League and recruited its members from West to East, the Mutuals were one of eight charter members, six of whom were from the National Association. Weak and cash-poor, the club refused to complete its playing obligations in the West, on May 13,1876, the Mutuals executed the first triple play in major-league history in a game against the Hartford Dark Blues. Union Grounds proprietor William Cammeyer, often listed today as the Mutual club owner, the team was effectively a one-year replacement for the defunct Mutuals, and was sometimes called Hartford of Brooklyn. The National Association of Base Ball Players, 1857–1870, jefferson, North Carolina, McFarland & Co. ISBN 0-7864-0779-4 New York Mutuals reenactors 1876 Mutuals at Baseball Reference

12.
Corona, Queens
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Corona is a neighborhood in the borough of Queens in New York City. It is bordered by Flushing to the east, Jackson Heights to the west, Forest Hills and Rego Park to the south, Elmhurst to the southwest, Corona has a multicultural population with a Latino majority, and is the site of historic African American and Italian American communities. After World War II, the majority of the residents were mostly Italian, German, Irish. Corona also has a significant Chinese population, Corona is bordered on the east by Flushing Meadows–Corona Park, one of the largest parks in New York City and the site of the 1939 and 1964 Worlds Fairs. Coronas main thoroughfares include Corona Avenue, Roosevelt Avenue, Northern Boulevard, Junction Boulevard, the neighborhood is part of Queens Community Board 4, while the northernmost part is included in Community Board 3. Corona, with East Elmhurst, are referred to as one combined area. Either way, the name is a translation of the word crown. Corona was a late 19th-century residential development in the corner of the old Town of Newtown. Real estate speculators from New York started the community in 1854 and it was at the Fashion Race Course in 1858 that the first games of baseball to charge admission took place. A trophy baseball from this tournament recently sold for half a million US dollars. During the second half of the 1940s through the 1960s, many legendary African American musicians, civil rights leaders, in the last half of the 20th century, Corona saw dramatic ethnic successions. In the 1950s, what was predominantly an Italian American and African American neighborhood began to give way to an influx of Dominicans, in the late 1990s, Corona saw a new wave of immigrants from Latin America. The area north of Roosevelt Avenue contained the heart of the historic African American community, the intersection of 108th Street and Corona Avenue is the historic center of the Italian American community, sometimes referred to as Corona Heights. The majority Hispanic community now consists of Dominicans, Colombians, Ecuadorians, Salvadorans, Guatemalans, Bolivians, Peruvians, Mexicans, Venezuelans, there are also Asian Americans as well as Italian Americans and African Americans. Corona has several schools including School of the Transfiguration. Public schools include the High School for Arts and Business and P. S, there are many churches representing diverse denominations. Antioch Baptist Church at 103rd Street and Northern Boulevard is a prominent African American congregation dating to 1936 with a membership of 700. Our Lady of Sorrows Roman Catholic Church at 104th Street and 37th Avenue was built in 1899 largely out of red brick with a convent of the same period

13.
New York (state)
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New York is a state in the northeastern United States, and is the 27th-most extensive, fourth-most populous, and seventh-most densely populated U. S. state. New York is bordered by New Jersey and Pennsylvania to the south and Connecticut, Massachusetts, and Vermont to the east. With an estimated population of 8.55 million in 2015, New York City is the most populous city in the United States, the New York Metropolitan Area is one of the most populous urban agglomerations in the world. New York City makes up over 40% of the population of New York State, two-thirds of the states population lives in the New York City Metropolitan Area, and nearly 40% lives on Long Island. Both the state and New York City were named for the 17th-century Duke of York, the next four most populous cities in the state are Buffalo, Rochester, Yonkers, and Syracuse, while the state capital is Albany. New York has a diverse geography and these more mountainous regions are bisected by two major river valleys—the north-south Hudson River Valley and the east-west Mohawk River Valley, which forms the core of the Erie Canal. Western New York is considered part of the Great Lakes Region and straddles Lake Ontario, between the two lakes lies Niagara Falls. The central part of the state is dominated by the Finger Lakes, New York had been inhabited by tribes of Algonquian and Iroquoian-speaking Native Americans for several hundred years by the time the earliest Europeans came to New York. The first Europeans to arrive were French colonists and Jesuit missionaries who arrived southward from settlements at Montreal for trade, the British annexed the colony from the Dutch in 1664. The borders of the British colony, the Province of New York, were similar to those of the present-day state, New York is home to the Statue of Liberty, a symbol of the United States and its ideals of freedom, democracy, and opportunity. In the 21st century, New York has emerged as a node of creativity and entrepreneurship, social tolerance. On April 17,1524 Verrazanno entered New York Bay, by way of the now called the Narrows into the northern bay which he named Santa Margherita. Verrazzano described it as a vast coastline with a delta in which every kind of ship could pass and he adds. This vast sheet of water swarmed with native boats and he landed on the tip of Manhattan and possibly on the furthest point of Long Island. Verrazannos stay was interrupted by a storm which pushed him north towards Marthas Vineyard, in 1540 French traders from New France built a chateau on Castle Island, within present-day Albany, due to flooding, it was abandoned the next year. In 1614, the Dutch under the command of Hendrick Corstiaensen, rebuilt the French chateau, Fort Nassau was the first Dutch settlement in North America, and was located along the Hudson River, also within present-day Albany. The small fort served as a trading post and warehouse, located on the Hudson River flood plain, the rudimentary fort was washed away by flooding in 1617, and abandoned for good after Fort Orange was built nearby in 1623. Henry Hudsons 1609 voyage marked the beginning of European involvement with the area, sailing for the Dutch East India Company and looking for a passage to Asia, he entered the Upper New York Bay on September 11 of that year

14.
Amherst College
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Amherst College is a private liberal arts college located in Amherst, Massachusetts, United States. Founded in 1821 as an attempt to relocate Williams College by its president, Zephaniah Swift Moore, the institution was named after the town, which in turn had been named after Lord Jeffery Amherst. Amherst was established as a college and became coeducational in 1975. Amherst is an exclusively undergraduate four-year institution and enrolled 1,849 students in the fall of 2016, students choose courses from 38 major programs in an open curriculum. Students are not required to study a curriculum or fulfill any distribution requirements. Freshmen may take advanced courses, and seniors may take introductory ones, for the class of 2020, Amherst received 8,406 applications and accepted 1,161 yielding a 13. 8% acceptance rate. Amherst was ranked as the second best liberal arts college in the country by U. S. News & World Report, Amherst competes in the New England Small College Athletic Conference. Amherst has historically had close relationships and rivalries with Williams College, the college is a member of the Five College Consortium, which allows its students to attend classes at four other Pioneer Valley institutions. These include Mount Holyoke College, Smith College, Hampshire College, founded in 1821, Amherst College developed out of the secondary school Amherst Academy. The college was originally suggested as an alternative to Williams College, although Williams remained open, Amherst was formed and diverged from its Williams roots into an individual institution. In 1812, funds were raised in Amherst for a school, Amherst Academy. This required an investment from benefactors. During the fundraising for the project, it clear that without larger designs. This led the committee overseeing the project to conclude that a new institution should be created, on August 18,1818, the Amherst Academy board of trustees accepted this conclusion and began building a new college. At its opening, Amherst had forty-seven students, fifteen of these had followed Moore from Williams College. Those fifteen represented about one-third of the number at Amherst. President Moore died on June 29,1823, and was replaced with a Williams College trustee, Williams alumni are fond of an apocryphal story ascribing the removal of books from the Williams College library to Amherst College, but there is no contemporaneous evidence to verify the story. In 1995, Williams president Harry C. Payne declared the story false, Amherst grew quickly, and for two years in the mid-1830s it was the second largest college in the United States, second only to Yale

15.
Williams College
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Williams College is a highly selective private liberal arts college in Williamstown, Massachusetts, United States. It was established in 1793 with funds from the estate of Ephraim Williams, there are three academic curricular divisions,24 departments,33 majors, and two small masters degree programs in art history and development economics. Students may also concentrate in 12 additional academic areas that are not offered as majors, the academic year follows a 4–1–4 schedule of two four-course semesters plus a one-course winter study term in January. There are 334 voting faculty members, with a student-to-faculty ratio of 7,1, as of 2012, the school has an enrollment of 2,052 undergraduate students and 54 graduate students. Certain portions of the Williams education are modeled after the systems at the universities of Oxford. Williams is on a 450-acre campus in Williamstown, Massachusetts in the Berkshires in rural northwestern Massachusetts, the campus contains more than 100 academic, athletic, and residential buildings. The college competes in the NCAA Division III New England Small College Athletic Conference, the Williams college mascot is a purple cow. The college has produced prominent alumni, including 7 Pulitzer Prize winners. Other notable alumni include 35 Rhodes Scholars,17 Marshall Scholarship winners, Colonel Ephraim Williams was an officer in the Massachusetts militia and a member of a prominent landowning family. His will included a bequest to support and maintain a school to be established in the town of West Hoosac, Massachusetts. Williams was killed at the Battle of Lake George on September 8,1755, after Shays Rebellion, the Williamstown Free School opened with 15 students on October 26,1791. The first president was Ebenezer Fitch, not long after its founding, the schools trustees petitioned the Massachusetts legislature to convert the free school to a tuition-based college. The legislature agreed and on June 22,1793, Williams College was chartered and it was the second college to be founded in Massachusetts. At its founding, the college maintained a policy of racial segregation and this policy was challenged by Lucy Terry Prince, who is credited as the first black American poet, when her son Festus was refused admission on account of his race. In 1806, a student prayer meeting gave rise to the American Foreign Mission Movement, in August of that year, five students met in the maple grove of Sloans Meadow to pray. A thunderstorm drove them to the shelter of a haystack, the students went on to build the American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions, the first American organization to send missionaries overseas. The Haystack Monument near Mission Park on the Williams Campus commemorates the historic Haystack Prayer Meeting, by 1815, Williams had only two buildings and 58 students and was in financial trouble, so the board voted to move the college to Amherst, Massachusetts. In 1821, the president of the college, Zephaniah Swift Moore and he took 15 students with him, and re-founded the college under the name of Amherst College

16.
Pittsfield, Massachusetts
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Pittsfield is the largest city and the county seat of Berkshire County, Massachusetts, United States. It is the city of the Pittsfield, Massachusetts Metropolitan Statistical Area which encompasses all of Berkshire County. The population was 44,737 at the 2010 census, although the population has declined in recent decades, Pittsfield remains the third largest municipality in western Massachusetts, behind only Springfield and Chicopee. In 2005, Farmers Insurance ranked Pittsfield 20th in the United States as Most Secure Place To Live among small towns with fewer than 150,000 residents, in 2006, Forbes ranked Pittsfield as number 61 in its list of Best Small Places for Business. In 2008, Country Home magazine ranked Pittsfield as #24 in a listing of cities east of the Mississippi. In 2009, the City of Pittsfield was chosen to receive a 2009 Commonwealth Award, Massachusetts highest award in the arts, humanities, in 2010, the Financial Times proclaimed Pittsfield the Brooklyn of the Berkshires, in an article covering its recent renaissance. In 1738, a wealthy Bostonian named Col. Jacob Wendell bought 24,000 acres of lands known originally as Pontoosuck and he planned to subdivide and resell to others who would settle there. He formed a partnership with Philip Livingston, a kinsman from Albany, New York, and Col. John Stoddard of Northampton. Mrs. Deming was the first and the last of the original settlers, solomon Deming died in 1815 at the age of 96. Royal Governor Sir Francis Bernard named Pittsfield after British nobleman and politician William Pitt, by 1761 there were 200 residents, and the plantation became the Township of Pittsfield. Brown wrote in his winter 1776-77 handbill, Money is this mans God, Pittsfield was primarily an agricultural area, because of the many brooks that flowed into the Housatonic River, the landscape was dotted with mills that produced lumber, grist, paper, and textiles. The town was a metropolis by the late 19th century. Stanleys enterprise was the forerunner of the internationally known corporate giant, thanks to the success of GE, Pittsfields population in 1930 had grown to more than 50,000. On October 8,2015, SABIC announced it would relocate its headquarters from Pittsfield to Houston, General Dynamics occupies many of the old GE buildings, and its workforce is expanding. Much of General Dynamics local success is based on the awarding of government contracts related to its information systems. Roosevelt, Massachusetts Governor Winthrop Murray Crane, secretary to the president George Bruce Cortelyou, Craig was killed, he was the first Secret Service agent killed while on a presidential protection detail. Roosevelt, whose face and left shin were badly bruised, nearly came to blows with the trolley motorman, Madden was later charged with manslaughter, to which he pleaded guilty. He was sentenced to six months in jail and a heavy fine, in 2004, historian John Thorn discovered a reference to a 1791 by-law prohibiting anyone from playing baseball within 80 yards of the new meeting house in Pittsfield

17.
Lansingburgh, New York
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Lansingburgh was a village in the north end of Troy. It was first laid out in lots and incorporated in 1771 by Abraham Jacob Lansing, in 1900, Lansingburgh became part of the City of Troy. Demographically speaking Lansingburgh is fairly diverse, Lansingburgh has always been a predominately working class Irish Neighborhood since the late 1880s. In the 12182 zip code 71% of residents are Non-Hispanic White, 17% Non Hispanic Black or African American, 9% Hispanic or Latino and 3% other. Top Ancestries reported in the zip code 12182 are 22% Irish, 13% African American, 8% Italian, 7% French, 6% Puerto Rican, the Median Household Income for this zip is 31,321. 24% of the population is living below the poverty line, as of 2015, the Lansingburgh Central School District has a 87% graduation rate for the Senior High School. This is higher than most other urban school districts. 65% of students in the district are economically disadvantaged, the district is 67% Non-Hispanic White, 17% Black, 10% Hispanic, 5% Multi-Racial and 1% Asian. Lansingburgh has its own district as well as post office, but police, fire. Herman Melville lived in what is now known as the Herman Melville House from 1838 to 1847 and it currently serves as headquarters of the Lansingburgh Historical Society. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1992, the Powers Home, built in 1846, was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1974. The Lansingburgh Academy was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1976, the Trinity Church was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1995. The Lansingburgh Village Burial Ground was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2002, the Haskell School was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2002. The Jacob H. Patten House was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2016, chester A. Arthur, 21st President of the United States, born in Fairfield, Vermont, spent part of his youth in Lansingburgh. Catcher Fatty Briody was a 19th Century Major League Baseball player from Lansingburgh, moby-Dick author Herman Melville wrote his first two novels in Lansingburgh. He resided at what is now known as the Herman Melville House from 1838 to 1847, children’s author Mary Louise Peebles was born, raised and died in Lansingburgh. Lansingburgh Historical Society website Early history of Lansingburgh, NY Lansingburgh

18.
Troy Haymakers
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The Troy Haymakers were an American professional baseball team. They disbanded halfway through the 1872 season on account of an empty treasury, by 1868 the Troy Haymakers nickname for Union of Lansingburgh was common, although the team was sometimes called the Trojans. On the field it was one of the strongest teams in the nominally amateur National Association of Base Ball Players, some players were from New York City, presumably the club compensated them. When the Association permitted openly professional teams for the 1869 season, by playing strength they ranked about the same among fifteen professional teams in 1870, at 11–13–1. During the former season, a win over the Haymakers on August 26 in Cincinnati was the only blemish on the record of the first professional team. Along with two newcomers, seven of the teams from 1870 established a new all-professional National Association early in 1871. During the two NAPBBP season, home games were played at Haymakers Grounds in Troy, New York, the Haymakers were managed by Lip Pike, Bill Craver, and Jimmy Wood, they won 28 games and lost 25 for a winning percentage of.528. Their 15–10 record in 1872 was one of the best for any team to go out of business. In baseball history today, the 1879–1882 National League club in Troy is sometimes called the Haymakers, there is now a team in the Albany Twilight League known as the Troy Haymakers. 1871 Troy Haymakers season 1872 Troy Haymakers season Baseball Reference Team Index Wright, the National Association of Base Ball Players, 1857-1870

19.
Hoboken, New Jersey
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Hoboken is a city in Hudson County, New Jersey, United States. Hoboken is part of the New York metropolitan area and is the site of Hoboken Terminal, Hoboken was first settled as part of the Pavonia, New Netherland colony in the 17th century. During the early 19th century the city was developed by Colonel John Stevens, first as a resort and it became a township in 1849 and was incorporated as a city in 1855. Hoboken is the location of the first recorded game of baseball and of the Stevens Institute of Technology, located on the Hudson Waterfront, the city was an integral part of the Port of New York and New Jersey and home to major industries for most of the 20th century. The character of the city has changed from a blue collar town to one of upscale shops, the name Hoboken was chosen by Colonel John Stevens when he bought land, on a part of which the city still sits. Like Weehawken, its neighbor to the north, Communipaw and Harsimus to the south, Hoebuck, old Dutch for high bluff and likely referring to Castle Point, was used during the colonial era and later spelled as Hobuck, Hobock, Hobuk and Hoboocken. The origin of Hobokens name was not related to the Hoboken district of Antwerp, however, in the nineteenth century, a folk etymology had emerged linking the town of to the similarly-named Flemish town. Hoboken was originally an island, surrounded by the Hudson River on the east and it was a seasonal campsite in the territory of the Hackensack, a phratry of the Lenni Lenape, who used the serpentine rock found there to carve pipes. Soon after it part of the province of New Netherland. Three Lenape sold the land that was to become Hoboken for 80 fathoms of wampum,20 fathoms of cloth,12 kettles, six guns and these transactions, variously dated as July 12,1630 and November 22,1630, represent the earliest known conveyance for the area. Pauw failed to settle the land, and he was obliged to sell his holdings back to the Company in 1633 and it was later acquired by Hendrick Van Vorst, who leased part of the land to Aert Van Putten, a farmer. In 1643, north of what would be known as Castle Point, Van Putten built a house. In series of Indian and Dutch raids and reprisals, Van Putten was killed and his buildings destroyed, deteriorating relations with the Lenape, its isolation as an island, or relatively long distance from New Amsterdam may have discouraged more settlement. In 1664, the English took possession of New Amsterdam with little or no resistance, english-speaking settlers interspersed with the Dutch, but it remained scarcely populated and agrarian. At the end of the Revolutionary War, Bayards property was confiscated by the Revolutionary Government of New Jersey, in 1784, the land described as William Bayards farm at Hoebuck was bought at auction by Colonel John Stevens for £18,360. In the early 19th century, Colonel John Stevens developed the waterfront as a resort for Manhattanites, on October 11,1811, Stevens ship the Juliana, began to operate as a ferry between Manhattan and Hoboken, making it the worlds first commercial steam ferry. In 1825, he designed and built a locomotive capable of hauling several passenger cars at his estate. Sybils Cave, a cave with a spring, was opened in 1832

20.
Milwaukee Cream Citys
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The Cream City Club of Milwaukee, Wisconsin was a baseball team in the 1860s, usually known as the Cream Citys. The Cream City Base Ball Club was organized in October 1865, west as its first president, and rose to the upper echelon of Midwestern amateur teams. At first they played at the old Fair Grounds field on Spring Street, after two years they moved closer to the lakefront, playing at the Prospect Avenue field. By February,1868, the Grain Exchange proudly displayed the Milwaukee clubs trophies and this success came at the expense of other Wisconsin clubs and its tournaments at Chicago and Rockford, Illinois. Madison, Janesville, and Beloit could put up their best, the Milwaukees would lose only one game in intrastate play during that period. For that 1868 season the Cream Citys had joined the National Association of Base Ball Players, despite its desire to play against the best teams, Cream City remained proudly amateur when the NABBP first permitted openly pro clubs for 1869. That did not conflict with playing the best teams occasionally, on the contrary, building adequate grounds and fielding a competent amateur team were the ways that the baseball fraternity in a city ensured experiencing some top-quality baseball. On July 26, they lost to the undefeated, all-professional Cincinnati Red Stockings by the score of 85–7. Chicago and Rockford, Illinois fielded professional teams in 1870, which both visited Milwaukee and won easily, so did the Harvard college team, evidently the strongest in the amateur field that summer. Creation of a pro league in 1871, the National Association of Professional Base Ball Players, further sidelined the club, which finally dissolved in 1876

21.
Rockford Forest Citys
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Rockford Forest Citys, from Rockford, Illinois was one of the first professional baseball clubs. Rockford played for one season during the National Association inaugural year of 1871, from 1868 to 1870, future Hall of Famer Albert Spalding and infielder Ross Barnes starred for Rockford while the club was still considered an amateur team. In reality, the Forest Citys were one of the first ball clubs to pay players, Rockford played their home games at the Agricultural Society Fair Grounds. Rockford finished with 4 wins and 21 losses, 15½ games behind the champion Philadelphia Athletics club, hastings had jumped from a Louisiana team to the Forest Citys in the spring and immediately begun playing for Rockford. This complaint was brought before the league, and the Forest Citys were forced to forfeit 4 of their wins. The star of the team was Cap Anson, who hit.325 for the Forest Citys, Anson was inducted into the Hall of Fame in 1939. Rockford had faced significant financial hardship during the 1871 season, including travel cost, additionally, star Anson decided to accept a $1,250 contract offer from Philadelphia for the 1872 season. So, the folded after its first and only season. Rockford Forest Citys 1871 season at Baseball-Reference. com Wright, Marshall, the National Association of Base Ball Players, 1857–1870. Jefferson, North Carolina, McFarland & Co

22.
Albert Spalding
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Albert Goodwill Spalding was an American pitcher, manager and executive in the early years of professional baseball, and the co-founder of A. G. Spalding sporting goods company. He was born and raised in Byron, Illinois and he played major league baseball between 1871 and 1878. Spalding set a trend when he started wearing a baseball glove, after his retirement as a player, Spalding remained active with the Chicago White Stockings as president and part-owner. In the 1880s, he took players on the first world tour of baseball, with William Hulbert, Spalding organized the National League. He later called for the commission investigated the origins of baseball. He also wrote the first set of baseball rules. Having played baseball throughout his youth, Spalding first played competitively with the Rockford Pioneers, a youth team, which he joined in 1865. After pitching his team to a 26–2 victory over a mens amateur team, he was approached at the age of 15 by another squad. To aid him in this venture, Hulbert enlisted the help of Spalding, playing to the pitchers desire to return to his Midwestern roots and challenging Spaldings integrity, Hulbert convinced Spalding to sign a contract to play for the White Stockings in 1876. Spalding then coaxed teammates Deacon White, Ross Barnes and Cal McVey, as well as Philadelphia Athletics players Cap Anson and Bob Addy, to sign with Chicago. News of the signings by the Boston and Philadelphia players leaked to the press before the season ended and all of them faced verbal abuse and he was the premier pitcher of the 1870s, leading the league in victories for each of his six full seasons as a professional. During each of years he was his teams only pitcher. In 1876, Spalding won 47 games as the pitcher for the White Stockings. In 1877, Spalding began to use a glove to protect his catching hand, people had used gloves previously, but they were not popular, and Spalding himself was skeptical of wearing one at first. However, once he began donning gloves, he influenced other players to do so, Spalding retired from playing baseball in 1878 at the age of 27, although he continued as president and part owner of the White Stockings and a major influence on the National League. Spaldings.796 career winning percentage is the highest ever by a baseball pitcher, joining Chicago initially were the leading teams from Cincinnati, Louisville, and St. Louis. The owners of these western clubs accompanied Hulbert and Spalding to New York where they met with owners from New York City, Philadelphia, Hartford. Each signed the constitution, and the National League was officially born

23.
Ross Barnes
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Charles Roscoe Barnes was one of the stars of baseballs National Association and the early National League, playing second base and shortstop. He played for the dominant Boston Red Stockings teams of the early 1870s, along with Albert Spalding, Cal McVey, George Wright, Harry Wright, Jim ORourke, despite playing for these star-studded teams, many claim that Ross was the most valuable to his teams. From 1868 to 1870, Ross starred for the Rockford Forest Citys, when the National Association was formed in 1871, Harry Wright signed both men to his new team in Boston. Barnes major league career started when he was 21. He split time between second base and shortstop for the Boston Red Stockings of the new National Association, Barnes led the league with 66 runs scored and 91 total bases, finishing second in batting average at.401. In 1872, he led the Association with a.432 batting average, a.585 slugging percentage,99 base hits,134 total bases, the Red Stockings began a four-year dominance of the Association, with Barnes a key player each year. Barnes again led the Association in 1873, hitting.425, as well as leading in on-base percentage, slugging percentage, base hits, runs scored, total bases, doubles, bases on balls, and stolen bases. His.340 BA in 1874 was good enough for eighth in the league, while his.364 was good for second in 1875, while leading again in runs scored, base hits and on-base percentage. Before the 1875 season ended, Barnes and four other Boston players signed contracts with the Chicago White Stockings. When word leaked out in Boston before the end of the season, Barnes and his teammates were reviled by Boston fans, being called seceders, a strong epithet just a decade after the Civil War. It was likely that the National Association would void the signing, Barnes new team finished first in the NLs first season with a 55–12 record, while Boston fell to fourth. Ross led the National League batting, on-base percentage, slugging, runs, hits, bases, doubles, triples, in the 1876 season, Barnes also established the single-season record for runs per game, a mark which still stands. For those first six years of league play, Barnes had hit.397. However,1876 was to be his last dominant season, Barnes holds the career NA records in runs, hits, doubles, walks, stolen bases, total bases, times on base, runs produced, batting average, on-base percentage, and slugging percentage. In 1877, he fell ill with what was only described as an ague, played only 22 games. The illness robbed Barnes of much of his strength and agility, the remainder of his career was an effort to return to glory ending in mediocrity. After 1876, he never hit better than.272, and he finished his career with 859 hits,698 runs, and a.359 average, in only 499 games played and 2392 at bats. His 1.4 runs per game played remains the best of all time, Barnes has been rated as the best player of the National Association, and during his peak, from 1871 to 1876, he was a dominant offensive force

24.
Cincinnati Red Stockings
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The Cincinnati Red Stockings of 1869 were baseballs first openly all-professional team, with ten salaried players. Major League Baseball recognized those events officially by sponsoring a centennial of professional baseball in 1969 and they also established a particular color, red, as the color of Cincinnati, and they provide the ultimate origin for the use of Red Sox in Boston. A few years later Goshorn earned international fame as Director-General of the Centennial Exposition held 1876 in Philadelphia, Ellard also led the Union Cricket Club, and the relationship between them proved decisive for the baseball clubs success. After playing four matches that summer, Cincinnati joined the NABBP for 1867, George Ellards son says that a great number of the cricket club members joined and so the team was greatly strengthened and interest in baseball gained a new impetus. The team was soon nicknamed Red Stockings in reference to the feature of the uniforms designed by Ellard. Harry Wright had migrated from New York in 1866 for a job as club pro at the Union Cricket Club, next year he picked up similar baseball duties, but the lingo is commonly stretched to call him a baseball manager from that time. His first team may have been local to a man, the first team won 16 matches with regional opponents, losing only to the touring Nationals from Washington. As for most hosts on that tour, it was a bad loss on the scorecard but a one for Cincinnati, the players, the club, the fans. Everyone learned advanced points of play and, from their different perspectives, about half of the 1868 Red Stockings were eastern imports, presumably compensated somehow. The two leading batsmen, John Hatfield and Fred Waterman arrived from the New York Mutuals, one of the strongest teams anywhere, asa Brainard had been the Brooklyn Excelsiors regular pitcher for four seasons, succeeded in 1867 by Candy Cummings. Catcher Doug Allison was from the Geary club of Philadelphia, one of the clubs in that city. There was one local recruit, too, from the rival Buckeye club, Harry Wright remained the first pitcher, sharing that position and second base with Brainard, and three other incumbents remained in the outfield and at shortstop. The 1868 team played a schedule including a late eastern tour, once again dominating the western teams. When the NABBP permitted professional members for 1869, Harry Wright and probably George Ellard organized a professional team, ten men on salary for eight months. Wright played center field and coordinated the defense, a novelty from any position. Younger brother and shortstop George Wright, new to the team in 1869, was its best player, the professional Cincinnati Red Stockings played their first game May 4,1869, with a 45-9 win over the Great Westerns of Cincinnati. The team won 57 games and lost zero, counting only matches with Association clubs and they played over 70 games counting outside teams. Its commercial tour of continental scope, visiting both Boston and San Francisco, was unprecedented and may be essentially unrepeated, the first season ended November 6 at home with the Cincinnatis beating the Mutuals of New York 17-8

25.
1869 in baseball
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The following are the baseball events of the year 1869 throughout the world. National Association of Base Ball Players, Atlantic of Brooklyn March 19 - The first openly all-professional baseball club is formed as the Cincinnati Red Stockings, may 4 - The Cincinnati Red Stockings debut as the sports first openly all-professional team, defeating the Great Westerns 45-9. June 8 - An amateur club in Buffalo, New York called the Niagaras defeated another club called the Columbias 209-10 in the baseball game ever. June 15–17 - As part of their Eastern tour the Red Stockings defeat the Mutual of New York, Atlantic of Brooklyn, and Eckford of Brooklyn clubs 4-2, 32-10, and 34-5 respectively. July 3 - The Eckford of Brooklyn club defeats the defending champion Mutual of New York club for the time this season by a score of 31-5. This puts the championship flag in the possession of the Eckfords under the current rules, august 16 - The Red Stockings win over the visiting Eckford club 45-18 at their own Union Grounds. Late September/Early October - Travelling west over the newly completed First Transcontinental Railroad, October 12 - The Chicago Base-Ball Association is founded. The association exists today as the Chicago Cubs, november 5 - The Red Stockings complete an undefeated season with their 60th victory in as many contests, defeating the visiting Mutual Green Stockings of New York 17-8 before 7,000 spectators. November 8 - For the second time since the Eckfords won the flag and this gives the Atlantics the championship for the year by a 15-12 score. At its December 1868 meeting the NABBP permitted professional clubs for the first time, there had been no professional clubs outside the Association and no brand new professional clubs were established for 1869. Rather, the entire effect of the change was that twelve existing members declared professional status. All of them had fielded at least regionally strong teams in 1868, the Cincinnati Red Stockings were first to sign an all-salary team, ten men for eight months. From the west, the strongest team in Cleveland also joined the pro field, from the eastern corridor there were ten including all of the one-time champions and claimants. Otherwise the record of matches is remarkable for its balance, relative to the records of the stronger teams during the amateur era. The Irvingtons did not travel, or win, after July they played two matches with the Mutuals. Forest City of Cleveland did not travel far, only to Cincinnati and those two did not face each other or any of the three teams standing just above them. That imbalance, typical of the time, contributed to the records of all five. Weaker teams were weaker gate attractions with less incentive and almost always less ability to travel, the Irvingtons disbanded and the Keystones returned to amateur ranks but all the others remained in the professional field for 1870

26.
Morrisania, Bronx
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Morrisania is the historical name for the South Bronx in New York City, New York. The name derives from the Manor of Morrisania, the vast 2,000 acre estate of the powerful and aristocratic Morris family, who at one time owned most of the Bronx as well as much of New Jersey. The family includes Lewis Morris, 4th Lord of the Manor, and a signer of the United States Declaration of Independence, both are buried in the crypt at St. Anns Church of Morrisania. Today the name is most commonly associated with the village of Morrisania and it is mostly a low income residential neighborhood geographically located in the southwestern Bronx. The neighborhood is part of Bronx Community Board 3, Third Avenue is the primary thoroughfare through Morrisania. ZIP codes include 10456 and 10459, the area is patrolled by the NYPDs 42nd Precinct located at 830 Washington Avenue. NYCHA property in the area is patrolled by P. S. A,7 at 737 Melrose Avenue in the Melrose section of the Bronx. From 1644 to the early 20th century, the land of the neighborhood was the estate of the Morris family in Westchester County. In 1790, Lewis Morris, owner of the estate and signer of the Declaration of Independence, the area was sparsely populated until 1840, when Gouverneur Morris Jr. son of the famous congressional delegate and nephew of Lewis, allowed a railroad to be built across the property. In 1848, he sold the next to the line for the development of a new town called Morrisania Village. In 1855, additional settlements along the line became the town of Morrisania. In 1874, the area was annexed to New York City as part of the Twenty-Third Ward, in 1887, the Third Avenue Elevated was extended to the area to provide easy and quick access to and from Manhattan. In the 1950s along with changing demographics, Robert Moses destroyed various tenements in favor of a colony of public housing, after the construction of the Cross-Bronx Expressway, the poverty that East Tremont suffered spread into Morrisania. As a result, and also due to the aggressive 1968 Program for Action, during this time period a wave of arson destroyed or damaged many of the residential, commercial, and industrial structures in the area. Many social problems associated with poverty, from crime to drug addiction, have plagued the area for some time, despite crime declines versus their peaks during the crack and heroin epidemics, violent crime continues to be a serious problem in the community. Morrisania has significantly higher rates and incidents of violence in its schools. Other problems in schools include low test scores and high truancy rates. Drug addiction is also a problem in the community

27.
Jersey City, New Jersey
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Jersey City is the second-most-populous city in the U. S. state of New Jersey after Newark. It is the seat of Hudson County as well as the countys largest city. 7% from the 2010 United States Census, when the citys population was at 247,597, ranking the city the 75th-largest in the nation. Part of the New York metropolitan area, Jersey City is bounded on the east by the Hudson River and Upper New York Bay and on the west by the Hackensack River and Newark Bay. After a peak population of 316,715 measured in the 1930 Census, the land comprising what is now Jersey City was inhabited by the Lenape, a collection of tribes. After spending nine days surveying the area and meeting its inhabitants, by 1621, the Dutch West India Company was organized to manage this new territory and in June 1623, New Netherland became a Dutch province, with headquarters in New Amsterdam. Michael Reyniersz Pauw received a grant as patroon on the condition that he would establish a settlement of not fewer than fifty persons within four years. He chose the west bank of the North River and purchased the land from the Lenape and this grant is dated November 22,1630 and is the earliest known conveyance for what are now Hoboken and Jersey City. Pauw, however, was a landlord who neglected to populate the area and was obliged to sell his holdings back to the Company in 1633. That year, a house was built at Communipaw for Jan Evertsen Bout, superintendent of the colony, during Kiefts War, approximately eighty Lenapes were killed by the Dutch in a massacre at Pavonia on the night of February 25,1643. Scattered communities of farmsteads characterized the Dutch settlements at Pavonia, Communipaw, Harsimus, Paulus Hook, Hoebuck, Awiehaken, and other lands behind Kil van Kull. The first village established on what is now Bergen Square in 1660, among the oldest surviving houses in Jersey City are the Newkirk House, the Van Vorst Farmhouse, and the Van Wagenen House. During the American Revolutionary War, the area was in the hands of the British who controlled New York, in the Battle of Paulus Hook Major Light Horse Harry Lee attacked a British fortification on August 19,1779. During the 19th century, former slaves reached Jersey City on one of the four routes of the Underground Railroad that led to the city. The City of Jersey was incorporated by an act of the New Jersey Legislature on January 28,1820, from portions of Bergen Township, while the area was still a part of Bergen County. The city was reincorporated on January 23,1829, and again on February 22,1838, on February 22,1840, it became part of the newly created Hudson County. Soon after the Civil War, the idea arose of uniting all of the towns of Hudson County east of the Hackensack River into one municipality. A bill was approved by the legislature on April 2,1869. An element of the bill provide that only contiguous towns could be consolidated, while a majority of the voters across the county approved the merger, the only municipalities that had approved the consolidation plan and that adjoined Jersey City were Hudson City and Bergen City

28.
Irvington, New Jersey
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Irvington is a township in Essex County, New Jersey, United States. Clinton Township, which included what is now Irvington, Maplewood and parts of Newark, the area was known as Camptown until the mid-1800s. In 1850, after Stephen Foster published his ballad, Camptown Races, the town was renamed, Irvingtown, in honor of Washington Irving. Irvington was incorporated as an independent village on March 27,1874, what remained of Clinton Township was absorbed into Newark on March 5,1902. On March 2,1898, Irvington was incorporated as a Town, the 1967 Newark riots hastened an exodus of families from that city, many of them moving a few short blocks into neighboring Irvington. Until 1965, Irvington was almost exclusively white, by 1980, the town was nearly 40% black, by 1990 it was 70%. On July 1,1980, Fred Bost, the first black to serve on the Town Council, was sworn in as East Ward Councilman, michael G. Steele, the towns first black mayor, was elected in 1990, followed by Sarah Brockington Bost in 1994. The current Mayor is Tony Vauss, Irvington was home to Olympic Park, an amusement park, from 1887 to 1965. The park property straddled the border of Irvington and Maplewood with the entrance on Chancellor Avenue. After the park closed, the merry-go-round was sold and transported to Disney World, in Orlando, the book, Smile, A Picture History of Olympic Park,1887 -1965 written by Alan A. Siegel was published in 1983 by Rutgers University Press. According to the United States Census Bureau, Irvington had an area of 2.930 square miles. Unincorporated communities, localities and place names located partially or completely within the township include Irving Place, as of the census of 2010, there were 53,926 people,20,093 households, and 12,839 families residing in the township. The population density was 18,417.0 per square mile, there were 23,196 housing units at an average density of 7,922.0 per square mile. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 10. 60% of the population,31. 0% of all households were made up of individuals, and 6. 8% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.66 and the family size was 3.33. In the township, the population was out with 25. 4% under the age of 18,10. 6% from 18 to 24,30. 0% from 25 to 44,25. 1% from 45 to 64. The median age was 34.0 years, for every 100 females there were 88.3 males. For every 100 females ages 18 and old there were 84.2 males, the Census Bureaus 2006–2010 American Community Survey showed that median household income was $42,580, and the median family income was $50,798

29.
History of the Chicago Cubs
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The Chicago National League Ball Club is the only franchise to play continuously in the same city since the formation of the National League in 1876. They are the earliest formed active professional sports club in North America, in their history, they have also been known as the White Stockings, Orphans, Colts, Panamas, Rainmakers, Spuds, Trojans, Microbes, and Zephyrs. It was common at the time for sportswriters to refer to teams by their colors, and it happens that Chicagos club. On April 29,1870, the Chicago White Stockings played their first game against the St. Louis Unions, and soundly defeated the Unions 7-1. The White Stockings divided their games between their downtown practice field, Ogden Park, and a facility set up at Dexter Park where they hosted games expected to draw larger crowds. C. Despite this East Coast dominance, Chicago won the NABBP championship that year, although the title was disputed by the opposing club, after their experiment with a race track in 1870, the White Stockings returned to the downtown for 1871, a decision that would prove fateful. The club arranged with the city to build a ballpark in the northeast corner of the park then known as Lake Park. The venue was dubbed the Union Base-Ball Grounds, and the club was a contender for the pennant until late in the season. On Sunday, October 8, the Great Chicago Fire erupted on the south side. The wooden ballpark was right in the path, and the grounds and all the teams equipment. Despite that disaster, the White Stockings played their 1871 season to completion, on the road and they managed to finish second, just 2 games short of the title that was won by Philadelphia. Although the original Red Stockings had disbanded after 1870, many of the players became members of a new club by the same name, but now based in Boston. Over the next four seasons, the Boston Red Stockings dominated the National Association and hoarded the games best stars, even those under contract with other teams. Hulbert, the White Stockings club president, was disgusted by the lack of contracts as well as the monopoly of the Boston club. Gambling and alcohol were seen as serious problems, with games too often being suspected of being thrown. As a result, Hulbert, spearheaded the formation of a new, stronger, the National Leagues formation meant the end of the NA, as its remaining clubs shut down or reverted to amateur or minor status. After the 1875 season ended, Hulbert was principal in the acquisition of key players, including Boston pitcher Albert Spalding. The club continued to play its games at 23rd Street

30.
History of the Boston Braves
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The Atlanta Braves, a current Major League Baseball franchise, originated in Boston, Massachusetts. This article details the history of the Boston Braves, from 1871 to 1952, the Boston Franchise played at South End Grounds from 1871 to 1914 and at Braves Field from 1915 to 1952. Braves Field is now Nickerson Field of Boston University, the franchise, from Boston to Milwaukee to Atlanta, is the oldest continuous professional baseball franchise. The Cincinnati Red Stockings, established in 1869 as the first openly all-professional baseball team, the original Boston Red Stockings team and its successors can lay claim to being the oldest continuously playing team in American professional sports. Two young players hired away from the Forest City club of Rockford, Illinois, turned out to be the biggest stars during the NAPBBP years, pitcher Al Spalding and second baseman Ross Barnes. Led by the Wright brothers, Barnes, and Spalding, the Red Stockings dominated the National Association, the team became one of the National Leagues charter franchises in 1876, sometimes called the Red Caps. Boston came to be called the Beaneaters by sportswriters in 1883, although somewhat stripped of talent in the National Leagues inaugural year, Boston bounced back to win the 1877 and 1878 pennants. The Red Caps/Beaneaters were one of the dominant teams during the 19th century. For most of time, their manager was Frank Selee. The 1898 team finished 102-47, a record for wins that would stand for almost a century. The team was decimated when the American Leagues new Boston entry set up shop in 1901, many of the Beaneaters stars jumped to the new team, which offered contracts that the Beaneaters owners didnt even bother to match. They only managed one winning season from 1900 to 1913, in 1907, the Beaneaters eliminated the last bit of red from their stockings because their manager thought the red dye could cause wounds to become infected. The American League clubs owner, Charles Taylor, wasted time in changing his teams name to the Red Sox in place of the generic Americans. The all-white outfits gave rise to the sobriquet Doves in 1907, however, clever monikers did nothing to change the National League clubs luck. The team adopted a name, the Braves, for the first time in 1912. Their owner, James Gaffney, was a member of New York Citys political machine, Tammany Hall, two years later, the Braves put together one of the most memorable seasons in baseball history. After a dismal 4-18 start, the Braves seemed to be on pace for a last place finish, on July 4,1914, the Braves lost both games of a doubleheader to the Brooklyn Dodgers. The consecutive losses put their record at 26-40 and the Braves were in last place,15 games behind the league-leading New York Giants, who had won the previous three league pennants

31.
Greenpoint, Brooklyn
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Greenpoint is the northernmost neighborhood in the New York City borough of Brooklyn, in the U. S. state of New York. It has a large Polish immigrant and Polish-American community and has often referred to as Little Poland. The recent and continuing building boom in the neighborhood, especially of multifamily dwellings, the neighborhood is part of New Yorks 12th congressional district, State Senate Districts 17 and 25, State Assembly District 50, City Council District 33, and Brooklyn Community Board 1. The neighborhood is served by the NYPDs 94th Precinct and the FDNY Engine 238, at the time of European settlement in New York, Greenpoint was inhabited by the Keskachauge Indians, a sub-tribe of the Lenape. Contemporary accounts describe the area as remarkably verdant and beautiful, with Jack pine and oak forest, meadows, fresh water creeks, water fowl and fish were abundant. In 1638, the Dutch West India Company negotiated the right to settle Brooklyn from the Lenape, the first recorded European settler of what is now Greenpoint was Dirck Volckertsen, a Norwegian immigrant who in 1645 built a 1 1⁄2-story farmhouse there with the help of two Dutch carpenters. It was built in the contemporary Dutch style just west of what is now the intersection of Calyer Street, there he planted orchards and raised crops, sheep and cattle. He was called Dirck de Noorman by the Dutch colonists of the region, the creek that ran by his farmhouse became known as Norman Kill, it ran into a large salt marsh and was later filled in. Volckertsen received title to the land after prevailing in court the year before over a Jan De Pree, volckertsens wife, Christine Vigne, was a Walloon. Volckertsen had had conflicts with the Keshaechqueren, who killed two of his sons-in-law and tortured a third in separate incidents throughout the 1650s. Jan Meserole established a farm in 1663, his farmhouse at what is now 723 Manhattan Avenue stood until 1919 and last served as a Young Women’s Hebrew Association. Praa had no heirs when he died in 1740. The families used boats to travel to Manhattan to sell their farm produce. Little historical information exists about this period of Greenpoints history other than the personal papers, Greenpoint first began to change significantly when entrepreneur Neziah Bliss married into the Meserole family in the early 1830s after purchasing land from them. He eventually bought out most of the land in Greenpoint, in 1834 he had the area surveyed, and in 1839 opened a public turnpike along what is now Franklin Street. He established regular service to Manhattan around 1850. All of these contributed to the rapid and radical transformation of Greenpoint. Germans and Irish arrived in the century and large numbers of Poles began arriving before the turn of the century

32.
Newark, New Jersey
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Newark is the most populous city in the U. S. state of New Jersey and the seat of Essex County. For 2015, the Census Bureaus Population Estimates Program calculated a population of 281,944, Newark is the second largest city in the New York metropolitan area, located approximately 8 miles west of lower Manhattan. Settled in 1666 by Puritans from New Haven Colony, Newark is one of the oldest European cities in the United States and its location at the mouth of the Passaic River, has made the citys waterfront an integral part of the Port of New York and New Jersey. Today, Port Newark-Elizabeth is the container shipping terminal of the busiest seaport on the American East Coast. In addition, Newark Liberty International Airport was the first municipal airport in the United States. Several leading companies have their headquarters in Newark, including Prudential, PSEG, Panasonic Corporation of North America, Audible. com, IDT Corporation, the U. S. District Court for the District of New Jersey sits in the city as well. Local cultural venues include the New Jersey Performing Arts Center, Newark Symphony Hall, The Prudential Center and the Newark Museum. Newark is divided into five wards, the East, West, South, North and Central wards. Newarks Branch Brook Park is the oldest county park in the United States and is home to the nations largest collection of cherry blossom trees, Newark was settled in 1666 by Connecticut Puritans led by Robert Treat from the New Haven Colony. It was conceived as an assembly of the faithful, though this did not last for long as new settlers came with different ideas. On October 31,1693 it was organized as a New Jersey township based on the Newark Tract, Newark was granted a Royal charter on April 27,1713. It was incorporated on February 21,1798 by the New Jersey Legislatures Township Act of 1798, during its time as a township, portions were taken to form Springfield Township, Caldwell Township, Orange Township, Bloomfield Township and Clinton Township. Newark was reincorporated as a city on April 11,1836, replacing Newark Township, the previously independent Vailsburg borough was annexed by Newark on January 1,1905. In 1926, South Orange Township changed its name to Maplewood, as a result of this, a portion of Maplewood known as Ivy Hill was re-annexed to Newarks Vailsburg. During the American Revolutionary War British troops made several raids into the town, the city has experienced revitalization since the 1990s. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city had an area of 26.107 square miles. It has the third-smallest land area among the 100 most populous cities in the U. S. behind neighboring Jersey City and Hialeah, the citys altitude ranges from 0 in the east to approximately 230 feet above sea level in the western section of the city. Newark is essentially a large basin sloping towards the Passaic River, historically, Newarks high places have been its wealthier neighborhoods

33.
Camden, New Jersey
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Camden is a city in Camden County, New Jersey. Camden is located directly across the Delaware River from Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, at the 2010 United States Census, the city had a population of 77,344. Camden is the 12th most populous municipality in New Jersey, the city was incorporated on February 13,1828. On March 13,1844, Camden became a county seat in New Jersey, the city derives its name from Charles Pratt, 1st Earl Camden. Camden is made up of twenty different neighborhoods. By the end of the nineteenth century Camden began to industrialize with the foundation of the Campbell Soup Company by Joseph Campbell, other companies such as the New York Shipbuilding Corporation and the Victor Talking Machine Company opened their operations and helped Camden move into an industrial economy. At the beginning of the twentieth century Camdens population consisted mostly of European immigrants, german, British, and Irish immigrants, as well as African Americans from the south made up the majority of the city in the mid nineteenth century. Around the turn of the twentieth century Italian and Eastern European immigrants had become the majority of the population, the city was consistently prosperous throughout the Great Depression and World War II. After World War II Camden manufacturers began closing their factories and moving out of the city, Camdens cultural history has been greatly affected by both its economic and social position over the years. With the loss of manufacturing jobs came a decline in population numbers. Suburbanization also had an effect on the drop in population, Civil unrest and crime became common in Camden with the decline in population. In 1971, civil unrest reached its peak with riots breaking out in response to the death of Horacio Jimenez, Camdens industrial and post-industrial history gave rise to distinct neighborhoods and cultural groups that have affected the status of the city over the course of the 20th century. Over the years Camden has made attempts to restore its economic stature. In the 1980s Mayor Randy Primas campaigned for the city to two different nuisance industries, a prison and a trash-to-steam incinerator. Despite opposition from Camden residents, the Riverfront State Prison was opened in 1985, with the addition of the trash-to-steam plant Camden has faced numerous air and water pollution issues. Camden is also the home of a treatment facility. In the 1970s, dangerous pollutants were found in the wells from which many Camden citizens received their household water and these pollutants decreased property values in Camden and caused health problems among the citys residents. Pollution is an issue that local nonprofits are trying to solve

34.
Troy, New York
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Troy is a city in the U. S. State of New York and the seat of Rensselaer County. The city is located on the edge of Rensselaer County. Troy has close ties to the cities of Albany and Schenectady. The city is one of the three centers for the Albany Metropolitan Statistical Area, which has a population of 1,170,483. At the 2010 census, the population of Troy was 50,129, troja est, which means Ilium was, Troy is. Before European arrival, the area was settled by the Mahican Indian tribe, the Dutch began settling in the mid 17th century, the patroon Kiliaen van Rensselaer called the area Pafraets Dael, after his mother. Control of New York passed to the English in 1664 and in 1707 Derick Van der Heyden purchased a farm near todays downtown area, in 1771, Abraham Lansing had his farm in todays Lansingburgh laid out into lots. Responding to Lansings success to the north, in 1787, Van der Heydens grandson Jacob had his extensive holdings surveyed and laid out into lots as well, in 1789, Troy got its current name after a vote of the people. In 1791, Troy was incorporated as a town and extended east across the county to the Vermont line, in 1796, Troy became a village and in 1816 it became a city. Lansingburgh, to the north, became part of Troy in 1900, prior to the arrival of Europeans, the Mohican Indians had a number of settlements along the Hudson River near the confluence with the Mohawk River. The land comprising the Poesten Kill and Wynants Kill areas were owned by two Mohican groups, the land around the Poesten Kill was owned by Skiwias and was called Panhooseck. The area around the Wynants Kill, was known as Paanpack, was owned by Peyhaunet, the land between the creeks, which makes up most of downtown and South Troy, was owned by Annape. South of the Wynants Kill and into present-day North Greenbush, the land was owned by Pachquolapiet and these parcels of land were sold to the Dutch between 1630 and 1657 and each purchase was overseen and signed by Skiwias, the sachem at the time. In total, more than 75 individual Mohicans were involved in deed signings in the 17th century, the site of the city was a part of Rensselaerswyck, a patroonship created by Kiliaen van Rensselaer. Dirck Van der Heyden was one of the first settlers, in 1707, he purchased a farm of 65 acres which in 1787 was laid out as a village. One skeleton was female and Caucasian with an iron ring, the other was Native-American and male. The name Troy was adopted in 1789 before which it had known as Ashleys Ferry. The township included Brunswick and Grafton, Troy became a village in 1801 and was chartered as a city in 1816

35.
George Wright (sportsman)
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George Wright was an American pioneer in the sport of baseball. He played shortstop for the original Cincinnati Red Stockings, the first fully professional team, in 1868, Wright won the Clipper Medal for being the best shortstop in baseball. He was elected to the Baseball Hall of Fame in 1937 and he was one of five men to play regularly for both the Cincinnati and the Boston Red Stockings, the latter winning six championships during his eight seasons to 1878. On April 22,1876, he became the first batter in National League history, elder brother Harry Wright managed both Red Stockings teams and made George his cornerstone, the brothers are now both in the Hall of Fame. George helped define the position and on-field teamwork, but his main work as a sporting developer came after retiring from baseball. After arriving in Boston he entered the sporting goods business, soon under the name Wright & Ditsons, there he continued in the industry, assisting in the development of golf, tennis, and hockey. Born in Yonkers, New York, twelve years younger than Harry, George Wright was raised as a club pro. Wright was the father of tennis great Beals Wright, a U. S, championship winner and Olympic gold medalist, and Irving Wright, U. S. At some times during the war, both Wright brothers played for the venerable Gothams, the second eldest baseball team after the Knickerbockers, according to Ivor-Campbell, George moved from the Gotham juniors to the senior team when he was fifteen. At seventeen in 1864 he was the regular catcher, baseballs recovery from the American Civil War was far advanced in greater New York City, as the leading clubs played more than twenty NABBP matches, the Gothams eleven. George played eight and led the team both in runs, scoring 2.4 times per game, and hands lost, put out only 2.4 times per game, average being three per player in a 9-inning game. In seven matches infielder Harry was fourth in scoring at 2.0, for the 1865 season George was hired by the Philadelphia Cricket Club, that summer he played in five matches for the Olympic Ball Club of that city. The Olympic club was the devoted to games in the base ball genus, Wright returned to the Gothams for base ball, he was nineteen and nearing his athletic peak. At the same time, Harry Wright moved to Cincinnati for a job at the Union Cricket Club. Early in the summer of 1866, Wright moved from catcher for Gotham, which played eight NABBP matches that year, to shortstop for Union, which played 28, the leading number. In 1867, he joined the Nationals of Washington, D. C. eldest club in city, whose approach to professionalism was arranging government jobs. He played second base, shortstop, and pitcher in 29 of the 30 matches fully on record, next year he returned to the Unions for the associations last officially all-amateur season and moved permanently to the shortstop position. When the NABBP permitted professionalism for 1869, Harry augmented himself and four incumbents with five new men including brother George, George remained a cornerstone of Harrys teams for ten seasons

36.
Deacon White
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James Laurie Deacon White was an American baseball player who was one of the principal stars during the first two decades of the sports professional era. Although he was already 28 when the NL was established, White played 15 seasons in the major leagues, in 1871, White was the first batter to come to the plate in the National Association, the first professional baseball league. For three years afterward, he joined his younger brother Will, a pitcher, with the Cincinnati Reds. In his mid-30s he became a third baseman when the toil of catching had become too great. Over the 20-year period of his career, White batted.312 and had more RBI than any player except Cap Anson, upon his retirement, he was among baseballs all-time leaders in career games, at bats, hits and total bases. He ranked fourth in total chances at third base, fifth in assists. White was inducted into the National Baseball Hall of Fame in July 2013, White was born in Caton, New York, the son of farmer Lester S. White and his wife Adeline. Whites ancestors likely immigrated to America during the Colonial period and his cousin Elmer White also played baseball professionally as James teammate in 1871, in March 1872, Elmer was the first recorded professional baseball player to die. White learned baseball from a Union soldier who returned to his hometown after the Civil War in 1865 and his pro career began in 1868 with the Cleveland Forest Citys club, at a time when no team was entirely composed of professional players. White led his league in batting twice, and in RBI three times, not until 1953, when Roy Campanella topped the NL, would another catcher lead his league in RBI. White started out early enough to have played against the undefeated Cincinnati Red Stockings of 1869, on May 16,1884 White recorded 11 assists at third base, which remains the major league record for a nine-inning game although eight other players have since tied the mark. In the rough-and-tumble 19th-century baseball era, White was a nonsmoking, Bible-toting, church-going deacon. In 1889, the contracts of White and teammate Jack Rowe were sold to the Pittsburgh Alleghenys, eventually the two men were paid, with White telling a reporter, We appreciate the money, but we aint worth it. Im over 40 and my fielding aint so good, though I can still hit some, no man is going to sell my carcass unless I get half. Complaints like this were part of the reason that the Players League was formed in 1890, according to historian Lee Allen in The National League Story, White believed that the earth is flat. He tried and failed to convince his teammates that they were living on a plane and not a globe. Then one asked to be convinced, and the Deacon gave him an argument suited to the hypothesis that the earth is not really turning and he convinced the teammate but the argument would not prove that the earth is not a sphere. Whites playing career ended after the 1890 season, over the 20-year period from 1871 to 1890, White batted.312 and had more RBI than any player except Cap Anson, and also ranked fourth in career games, at bats, hits and total bases

37.
Candy Cummings
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William Arthur Candy Cummings was an American professional baseball player. He played as a pitcher in the National Association and National League, Cummings is credited with inventing the curveball. He was elected to the Baseball Hall of Fame in 1939, Cummings was born in Ware, Massachusetts. He later said that he thought of the idea of the curveball when fooling around with clam shells as a teenager in Ware, at the age of 17, Cummings made his professional baseball debut in the National Association of Base Ball Players with the Excelsior baseball club of Brooklyn. His first game with the team was on August 14,1866 against the New York Mutuals, ten days later he led his team to a 24-2 win against the Newark Eurekas. After the latter game, baseball writer Henry Chadwick commented on the skills of the young Cummings, Cummings played for the Excelsiors next season and continued as the main pitcher for the Stars of Brooklyn from 1868 to 1871. Cummings, who stood 59 and weighed 120 pounds, compiled a 145-94 career record and 2.49 ERA while playing for five different teams from 1872 to 1877. Between 1872 and 1875, Cummings pitched in the National Association with the New York Mutuals, Baltimore Canaries, Philadelphia White Stockings, Cummings won between 28 and 35 games in each of his NA seasons. He spent only two seasons in the National League, earning a 16-8 win-loss record with Hartford when the league began in 1876 and a 5-14 record with Cincinnati the next year. Among other records, Cummings was the first player to two complete games in one day, September 9,1876 when he beat the Cincinnati Reds 14-4 and 8-4. Cummings left the NL after pitching only 19 games with the Cincinnati Reds to become the President of the new International Association for Professional Base Ball Players and it was not until the Stars acquired catcher Nat Hicks that Cummings was able to use his curveball. Most catchers of his era stood twenty to twenty-five feet behind the batter and it was Hicks catching technique of standing directly behind the batter that allowed Cummings to introduce his curveball. The introduction of the radically changed pitching, and also changed the way catchers fielded their position. Cummings said that he discovered the idea of the curveball while studying the movement sea shells made when thrown, after noticing this movement, he began trying to make a baseball move the same way, and thus created the new pitch. He would later recall from that game, I became fully convinced that I had succeeded, the batters were missing a lot of balls, I began to watch the flight of the ball through the air, and distinctly saw it curve. Another pitcher to claim inventing the curveball is New Haven, Connecticut-born Fred Goldsmith, Goldsmith is credited with the first publicly recorded demonstration of the pitch on August 16,1870, at the Capitoline Grounds in Brooklyn, New York. Sportswriter Henry Chadwick covered that in the Brooklyn Eagle newspaper, August 17,1870, Baseball leaders Chadwick, Harry Wright and Albert Spalding supported Cummingss contention. After baseball, Cummings received a royalty from the invention of a railway coupling device