Upper New York Bay

New York Harbor, showing Upper New York Bay in red. It is connected to Lower New York Bay on the south by the Narrows. Ellis Island (north) and Liberty Island (south) are shown in the northwest corner of the bay.

Contents

The Upper Bay is fed by the waters of the Hudson River (historically called the North River as it passes Manhattan), as well as the Gowanus Canal. It is connected to Lower New York Bay by the Narrows, to Newark Bay by the Kill Van Kull, and to Long Island Sound by the East River, which despite the name, is actually a tidal strait. It provides the main passage for the waters of the Hudson River as it empties through the Narrows, the channel of the Hudson as it passes through the harbor is called the Anchorage Channel and is approximately 50 feet deep in the midpoint of the harbor.[2] A project to replace two water mains between Brooklyn and Staten Island which will eventually allowing for dredging of the channel to nearly 100 feet (30 m) was begun in April 2012.[3][4]

It contains several islands including Governors Island, near the mouth of the East River, as well Ellis Island, Liberty Island, and Robbins Reef which are supported by a large underwater reef on the New Jersey side of the harbor. The reef was historically one of the largest oyster beds in the world and provided a staple for the diet of all classes of citizens both locally and regionally until the end of the 19th century, when the beds succumbed to pollution.[5]

Geographic coordinate system
–
A geographic coordinate system is a coordinate system used in geography that enables every location on Earth to be specified by a set of numbers, letters or symbols. The coordinates are chosen such that one of the numbers represents a vertical position. A common choice of coordinates is latitude, longitude and elevation, to specify a location on a

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Longitude lines are perpendicular and latitude lines are parallel to the equator.

The Narrows
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The Narrows is the tidal strait separating the boroughs of Staten Island and Brooklyn in New York City. It connects the Upper New York Bay and Lower New York Bay and it has long been considered to be the maritime gateway to New York City and historically has been one of the most important entrances into the harbors of the Port of New York and New J

Port of New York and New Jersey
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Considered one of the largest natural harbors in the world, the port is by tonnage the third largest in the United States and the busiest on the East Coast. The port is the nations top gateway for flights and its busiest center for overall passenger. There are two foreign-trade zones within the port, the port handled $208 billion in shipping cargo

New York Harbor
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New York Harbor, part of the Port of New York and New Jersey, is at the mouth of the Hudson River where it empties into New York Bay and into the Atlantic Ocean at the East Coast of the United States. It is one of the largest natural harbors in the world, although the United States Board on Geographic Names does not use the term, New York Harbor ha

New York City
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The City of New York, often called New York City or simply New York, is the most populous city in the United States. With an estimated 2015 population of 8,550,405 distributed over an area of about 302.6 square miles. Located at the tip of the state of New York. Home to the headquarters of the United Nations, New York is an important center for int

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Broadway follows the Native American Wickquasgeck Trail through Manhattan.

Manhattan
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Manhattan is the most densely populated borough of New York City, its economic and administrative center, and the citys historical birthplace. The borough is coextensive with New York County, founded on November 1,1683, Manhattan is often described as the cultural and financial capital of the world and hosts the United Nations Headquarters. Many mu

Brooklyn
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Brooklyn is the most populous borough of New York City, with a Census-estimated 2,636,735 residents in 2015. It borders the borough of Queens at the end of Long Island. Today, if New York City dissolved, Brooklyn would rank as the third-most populous city in the U. S. behind Los Angeles, the borough continues, however, to maintain a distinct cultur

Staten Island
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Staten Island /ˌstætən ˈaɪlənd/ is one of the five boroughs of New York City in the U. S. state of New York. In the southwest of the city, Staten Island is the southernmost part of both the city and state of New York, with Conference House Park at the tip of the island. The borough is separated from New Jersey by the Arthur Kill and the Kill Van Ku

Hudson County, New Jersey
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Hudson County, a county in the U. S. state of New Jersey, lies west of the lower Hudson River, which was named for Henry Hudson, the sea captain who explored the area in 1609. Hudson County is the fourth-most populous county in the state, there are 12 municipalities in Hudson County, listed with area in square miles and 2010 Census data for populat

4.
Hudson County and the Palisades, viewed across the Hudson River from Manhattan in the afternoon

Jersey City
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Jersey City is the second-most-populous city in the U. S. state of New Jersey after Newark. It is the seat of Hudson County as well as the countys largest city. 7% from the 2010 United States Census, when the citys population was at 247,597, ranking the city the 75th-largest in the nation. Part of the New York metropolitan area, Jersey City is boun

Bayonne, New Jersey
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Bayonne /beɪˈjoʊn/ bay-OHN is a city in Hudson County, New Jersey, United States. Located in the Gateway Region, Bayonne is situated on a peninsula located between Newark Bay to the west, the Kill Van Kull to the south, and New York Bay to the east. Bayonne was originally formed as a township on April 1,1861, Bayonne was reincorporated as a city by

Hudson River
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The Hudson River is a 315-mile river that flows from north to south primarily through eastern New York in the United States. The river originates in the Adirondack Mountains of Upstate New York, flows through the Hudson Valley, the river serves as a political boundary between the states of New Jersey and New York, and further north between New York

North River (New York-New Jersey)
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North River is an alternate name for the southernmost portion of the Hudson River in the vicinity of New York City and northeastern New Jersey in the United States. The colonial name for the entire Hudson was given to it by the Dutch in the seventeenth century. However it still retains currency as an alternate or additional name among local mariner

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North River in red, if defined as portion between New Jersey and Manhattan.

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Lower Manhattan circa 1931. East River piers are in the foreground; the North River and North River piers stretch off into the background.

Gowanus Canal
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The Gowanus Canal is a canal in the New York City borough of Brooklyn, on the westernmost portion of Long Island. Once a busy transportation hub, the canal is now recognized as one of the most polluted bodies of water in the United States. The canals history has paralleled the decline of shipping via water. The canal is used for waterborne transpor

Lower New York Bay
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Lower New York Bay is a section of New York Bay south of the Narrows, the relatively narrow strait between the shores of Staten Island and Brooklyn. The southern end of the bay opens directly to the Atlantic Ocean between two spits of land, Sandy Hook, New Jersey, and Rockaway, Queens, on Long Island. The southern portion between Staten Island and

Newark Bay
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Newark Bay is a tidal bay at the confluence of the Passaic and Hackensack Rivers in northeastern New Jersey. It is home to the Port Newark-Elizabeth Marine Terminal, the largest container shipping facility in Port of New York and New Jersey, an estuary, it is periodically dredged to accommodate ocean-going ships. Newark Bay is rectangular, approxim

Kill Van Kull
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The Kill Van Kull is a tidal strait between Staten Island, New York and Bayonne, New Jersey in the United States. It is approximately 3 miles long and 1,000 feet wide, the Robbins Reef Light marks the eastern end of the Kill, Bergen Point its western end. It is spanned by the Bayonne Bridge and is one of the most heavily travelled waterways in the

Long Island Sound
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From east to west, the sound stretches 110 miles from the East River in New York City, along the North Shore of Long Island, to Block Island Sound. A mix of freshwater from tributaries and saltwater from the ocean, Long Island Sound is 21 miles at its widest point, several major cities are situated along Long Island Sound and more than 8 million pe

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Long Island Sound is shown highlighted in pink between Connecticut (to the north) and Long Island (to the south)

East River
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The East River is a salt water tidal estuary in New York City. The waterway, which is not a river despite its name. It separates the borough of Queens on Long Island from the Bronx on the North American mainland, and also divides Manhattan from Queens and Brooklyn, because of its connection to Long Island Sound, it was once also known as the Sound

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The East River is shown in red on this satellite photo of New York City.

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A map from 1781

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Exposition display showing cross-section of East River railroad tunnel to Pennsylvania Station

Strait
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A strait is a naturally formed, narrow, typically navigable waterway that connects two larger bodies of water. Most commonly it is a channel of water that lies between two land masses, some straits are not navigable, for example because they are too shallow, or because of an unnavigable reef or archipelago. The terms channel, pass or passage, can b

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Diagram of a strait

Governors Island
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It is part of the borough of Manhattan in New York City. The National Park Service administers a portion of the north of the island as the Governors Island National Monument. The island is accessed by ferries from Brooklyn and Manhattan, the islands current name, made official in 1784, stems from the British colonial era, when the colonial assembly

Ellis Island
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Ellis Island, in Upper New York Bay, was the gateway for over 12 million immigrants to the United States as the nations busiest immigrant inspection station for over sixty years from 1892 until 1954. The island was expanded with land reclamation between 1892 and 1934. Before that, the smaller original island was the site of Fort Gibson. The island

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First Ellis Island Immigrant Station, opened on January 1, 1892. Built of wood, it was completely destroyed by fire on June 15, 1897.

Liberty Island
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Liberty Island is a federally owned island in Upper New York Bay in the United States, best known as the location of the Statue of Liberty. The island is an exclave of the New York City borough of Manhattan, surrounded by the waters of Jersey City, long known as Bedloes Island, it was renamed by an act of the United States Congress in 1956. In 1937

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Fort Wood's star-shaped walls became the base of the Statue of Liberty.

Robbins Reef Light
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The Robbins Reef Light Station is a sparkplug lighthouse located off Constable Hook in Bayonne, Hudson County, New Jersey, United States, along the west side of Main Channel, Upper New York Bay. The tower and integral keepers quarters were built in 1883 and it replaced an octagonal granite tower built in 1839. The U. S. Coast Guard owned and operat

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Robbins Reef Light

New Jersey
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New Jersey is a state in the Northeastern and mid-Atlantic regions of the United States. It is bordered on the north and east by New York, on the southeast and south by the Atlantic Ocean, on the west by Pennsylvania, New Jersey is the fourth-smallest state but the 11th-most populous and the most densely populated of the 50 United States. New Jerse

Oyster
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Oyster is the common name for a number of different families of salt-water bivalve molluscs that live in marine or brackish habitats. In some species the valves are highly calcified, and many are somewhat irregular in shape, many, but not all, oysters are in the superfamily Ostreoidea. Some kinds of oysters are consumed by humans, cooked or raw. So

New York metropolitan area
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The New York metropolitan area continues to be the premier gateway for legal immigration to the United States, with the largest foreign-born population of any metropolitan region in the world. The MSA covers 6,720 sq mi, while the CSA area is 13,318 sq mi, encompassing an ethnically and geographically diverse region. In 2012, the New York metropoli

Statue of Liberty National Monument
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The Statue of Liberty National Monument is a United States national monument located in the U. S. states of New Jersey and New York comprising Liberty Island and Ellis Island. The monument is managed by the National Park Service as part of the National Parks of New York Harbor office, President Calvin Coolidge used his authority under the Antiquiti

Container ship
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Container ships are cargo ships that carry all of their load in truck-size intermodal containers, in a technique called containerization. They are a means of commercial intermodal freight transport and now carry most seagoing non-bulk cargo. Container ship capacity is measured in equivalent units. Typical loads are a mix of 20-foot and 40-foot ISO-

Port Newark-Elizabeth Marine Terminal
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Located on Newark Bay, the facility is run by the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey. Its two components—Port Newark and the Elizabeth Marine Terminal —sit side by side within the cities of Newark and Elizabeth, New Jersey, just east of the New Jersey Turnpike and Newark Airport. The busiest container port in the world in 1985, the Port was,

Red Hook Container Terminal
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The Red Hook Marine Terminal is an intermodal freight transport facility that includes a container terminal located on the Upper New York Bay in the Port of New York and New Jersey. The maritime facility in Red Hook section of Brooklyn, New York handles container ships, the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey bought the piers in the 1950s whe

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View of containers and cranes at terminal

Port Jersey
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The municipal border of the Hudson County cities of Jersey City and Bayonne runs along the long pier extending into the bay. The facility was created in the between 1972 and 1976 and acquired by the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey in July 2010 and its major tenant is GCT Bayonne, a post-panamax shipping facility operated by Global Contain

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Looking north to Claremont Terminal in July 2010, where a new Willis Avenue Bridge received finishing touches before replacing the older Harlem River crossing.

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1912 PRR map showing the Greenville Terminal and its car float operations, also the current crossing

MOTBY
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Military Ocean Terminal at Bayonne was a U. S. military ocean terminal located in the Port of New York and New Jersey which operated from 1942 to 1999. The site is on Upper New York Bay south of Port Jersey on the side of Bayonne. Since its closure it has undergone maritime, residential, commercial, part of the Hudson River Waterfront Walkway runs

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Cape Liberty Cruise Port

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New housing at The Peninsula

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Marine Corps monument

Constable Hook
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Constable Hook is a cape located on the north side of the outlet of Kill van Kull into Upper New York Bay in Bayonne, New Jersey. The cape has long been an important site of marine transfer operations in the Port of New York, just offshore, Robbins Reef Light serves to guide harbor traffic. Since the late 20th century, brownfields have been repurpo

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Bayonne Golf Club

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Oil tanks on Hook Road

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South Cove Commons mall

Liberty State Park
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Liberty State Park is located on Upper New York Bay in Jersey City, New Jersey, opposite Liberty Island and Ellis Island. The park opened in 1976 to coincide with celebrations and is operated and maintained by the New Jersey Division of Parks. Liberty State Park covers 1,212 acres, the main part of the park is bordered by water on three sides, on t

Kayak
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A kayak is a small, narrow watercraft which is propelled by means of a double-bladed paddle. The word kayak originates from the Greenlandic language, where it is the word qajaq, in the UK the term canoe is often used when referring to a kayak. The traditional kayak has a deck and one or more cockpits. Kayaks are also being sailed, as well as propel

Staten Island Ferry
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The Staten Island Ferry is a passenger ferry service operated by the New York City Department of Transportation. It runs 5.2 miles in New York Harbor between the New York City boroughs of Manhattan and Staten Island, the ferry departs Manhattan from the Staten Island Ferry Whitehall Terminal at South Ferry, at the southernmost tip of Manhattan near

Battery Park (New York)
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Battery Park is a 25-acre public park located at the Battery, the southern tip of Manhattan Island in New York City, facing New York Harbor. The area and park are named for the batteries that were positioned there in the citys early years to protect the settlement behind them. The southern shoreline of Manhattan Island had long known as The Battery

South Ferry (Manhattan)
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South Ferry is at the southern tip of Manhattan Island in New York City and is the embarkation point for ferries to Staten Island and Governors Island. Battery Park, abutting South Ferry on the west, has docking areas for ferries to Liberty Island and its name is derived from an historical ferry company which provided service to Brooklyn, run by th

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View of the slips of the ferry buildings in South Ferry (December 2014)

St. George Ferry Terminal
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St. George Terminal is a ferry, railway, bus, and park and ride transit center in the St. George neighborhood of Staten Island, New York City. It is located at the intersection of Richmond Terrace and Bay Street, near Staten Island Borough Hall, Richmond County Bank Ballpark, St. George is one of the few remaining rail-sea connections in the United

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The St. George Terminal on Staten Island

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Inside the St. George Ferry Terminal

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From street

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A local train at St. George

NY Waterway
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NY Waterway, or New York Waterway, is a private transportation company running ferry and bus service in the Port of New York and New Jersey and in the Hudson Valley. Commuter peak service is provided on the Haverstraw–Ossining Ferry, Newburgh–Beacon Ferry. Excursions and sightseeing trips include those to Yankee Stadium, Gateway National Recreation

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NY Waterway

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Weehawken headquarters and terminal

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Coming to the aid of downed Flight 1549

Sandy Hook
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Sandy Hook is a barrier spit in Middletown Township, Monmouth County, New Jersey, United States. The barrier spit, approximately 6 miles in length and varying from 0.1 to 1.0 mile wide, is located at the end of the Jersey Shore. It encloses the southern entrance of Lower New York Bay south of New York City, the Dutch called the area Sant Hoek, with

Liberty Weekend
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Liberty Weekend was a four-day celebration of the 1984 restoration and the centenary of the Statue of Liberty in New York City. It began on July 3 and ended on July 6,1986, the Liberty Orchestra was conducted by John Williams premiering his composition, Liberty Fanfare featuring the Liberty Weekend herald trumpets. The Liberty Weekend Chorus was co

Statue of Liberty
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The Statue of Liberty is a colossal neoclassical sculpture on Liberty Island in New York Harbor in New York City, in the United States. The copper statue, a gift from the people of France to the people of the United States, was designed by French sculptor Frédéric Auguste Bartholdi, the statue was dedicated on October 28,1886. The Statue of Liberty

Jamaica Bay
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Jamaica Bay is located on the southern side of Long Island, in the U. S. state of New York, near the islands western end. The bay connects with Lower New York Bay to the west through Rockaway Inlet and is the westernmost of the lagoons on the south shore of Long Island. Politically, it is divided between the boroughs of Brooklyn and Queens in New Y

Atlantic Ocean
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The Atlantic Ocean is the second largest of the worlds oceans with a total area of about 106,460,000 square kilometres. It covers approximately 20 percent of the Earths surface and about 29 percent of its surface area. It separates the Old World from the New World, the Atlantic Ocean occupies an elongated, S-shaped basin extending longitudinally be

Black Tom (island)
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The Black Tom explosion on July 30,1916, in Jersey City, New Jersey, was an act of sabotage by German agents to destroy American-made munitions that were to be supplied to the Allies in World War I. This incident, which happened prior to formal American entry into the war, is notable for causing damage to the Statue of Liberty. The term Black Tom o

1.
Black Tom pier shortly after the explosion

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Black Tom Island, lying off a Jersey City pier

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View of the Statue of Liberty from the site of the explosion. The explosion caused $100,000 worth of damage to the statue, and from then onward the torch was off limits to tourists.

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Commemorative plaque

Brooklyn Cruise Terminal
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The Brooklyn Cruise Terminal is one of three terminals for ocean-going cruise ships in the New York metropolitan area. The terminal is located at Red Hook Pier 12, which forms the side of the Atlantic Basin at Pioneer and Imlay Streets in the Red Hook section of Brooklyn. Vehicular access is through the gate near the intersection of Bowne. The term

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Queen Mary 2 at Pier 12

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1849 chart of Atlantic Basin

Castle Clinton
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Castle Clinton or Fort Clinton, once known as Castle Garden, is a circular sandstone fort now located in Battery Park, in Manhattan, New York City. It is perhaps best remembered as Americas first immigration station, where more than 8 million people arrived in the U. S. from 1855 to 1890. Over its active life, it has functioned as a beer garden, ex

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Castle Clinton National Monument Castle Garden

2.
”The Bay and Harbor of New York” by Samuel Waugh (1814-1885), depicting the castle in 1848

Communipaw Terminal
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It was also serviced by the Reading Railroad, Baltimore and Ohio Railroad, and Lehigh Valley Railroad during various periods in its 78 years of operation. The current terminal building was constructed in 1889 but was abandoned in 1967 and it was later added to the New Jersey Register of Historic Places and incorporated into Liberty State Park. The

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Central Railroad of New Jersey Terminal

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The outdoor clock at CNJ Terminal

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The concourse at Communipaw Terminal. The abandoned shed, which covered 12 platforms and 20 tracks is closed to the public

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The Terminal in 1893

Cross-Harbor Rail Tunnel

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Upper New York Harbor, showing the route of a proposed Cross-Harbor Rail Tunnel.

Geography of New York Harbor

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Aerial view of the New York City area. The estuary is shown at bottom left.

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A 13-digit ISBN, 978-3-16-148410-0, as represented by an EAN-13 bar code

Mark Kurlansky

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Kurlansky at a Barnes & Noble book signing, New York City, July 11, 2013

The Big Oyster

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The Big Oyster: History on the Half Shell

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Types

Virtual International Authority File

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Screenshot 2012

Integrated Authority File

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GND screenshot

LIST OF IMAGES

1.
Geographic coordinate system
–
A geographic coordinate system is a coordinate system used in geography that enables every location on Earth to be specified by a set of numbers, letters or symbols. The coordinates are chosen such that one of the numbers represents a vertical position. A common choice of coordinates is latitude, longitude and elevation, to specify a location on a two-dimensional map requires a map projection. The invention of a coordinate system is generally credited to Eratosthenes of Cyrene. Ptolemy credited him with the adoption of longitude and latitude. Ptolemys 2nd-century Geography used the prime meridian but measured latitude from the equator instead. Mathematical cartography resumed in Europe following Maximus Planudes recovery of Ptolemys text a little before 1300, in 1884, the United States hosted the International Meridian Conference, attended by representatives from twenty-five nations. Twenty-two of them agreed to adopt the longitude of the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, the Dominican Republic voted against the motion, while France and Brazil abstained. France adopted Greenwich Mean Time in place of local determinations by the Paris Observatory in 1911, the latitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle between the equatorial plane and the straight line that passes through that point and through the center of the Earth. Lines joining points of the same latitude trace circles on the surface of Earth called parallels, as they are parallel to the equator, the north pole is 90° N, the south pole is 90° S. The 0° parallel of latitude is designated the equator, the plane of all geographic coordinate systems. The equator divides the globe into Northern and Southern Hemispheres, the longitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle east or west of a reference meridian to another meridian that passes through that point. All meridians are halves of great ellipses, which converge at the north and south poles, the prime meridian determines the proper Eastern and Western Hemispheres, although maps often divide these hemispheres further west in order to keep the Old World on a single side. The antipodal meridian of Greenwich is both 180°W and 180°E, the combination of these two components specifies the position of any location on the surface of Earth, without consideration of altitude or depth. The grid formed by lines of latitude and longitude is known as a graticule, the origin/zero point of this system is located in the Gulf of Guinea about 625 km south of Tema, Ghana. To completely specify a location of a feature on, in, or above Earth. Earth is not a sphere, but a shape approximating a biaxial ellipsoid. It is nearly spherical, but has an equatorial bulge making the radius at the equator about 0. 3% larger than the radius measured through the poles, the shorter axis approximately coincides with the axis of rotation

Geographic coordinate system
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Longitude lines are perpendicular and latitude lines are parallel to the equator.

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The Narrows
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The Narrows is the tidal strait separating the boroughs of Staten Island and Brooklyn in New York City. It connects the Upper New York Bay and Lower New York Bay and it has long been considered to be the maritime gateway to New York City and historically has been one of the most important entrances into the harbors of the Port of New York and New Jersey. The Narrows was most likely formed after deposition of the Harbor Hill Moraine about 18,000 years ago prior to the end of the last ice age. A build up of water in the Upper Bay allowed the river to break through to form the Narrows less than 12,000 to 13,000 years ago as it exists today. In 1964 the Narrows was spanned by the Verrazano–Narrows Bridge, the longest suspension bridge in the world at the time, geography of New York-New Jersey Harbor Estuary List of longest suspension bridge spans Staten Island Tunnel Notes Bibliography Merguerian, Charles. The Narrows, Flood – Post-Woodfordian Meltwater Breach of the Narrows Channel, NYC Waldman, heartbeats in the Muck The Lyons Press. ISBN 1-55821-720-7 Media related to The Narrows at Wikimedia Commons

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Port of New York and New Jersey
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Considered one of the largest natural harbors in the world, the port is by tonnage the third largest in the United States and the busiest on the East Coast. The port is the nations top gateway for flights and its busiest center for overall passenger. There are two foreign-trade zones within the port, the port handled $208 billion in shipping cargo in 2011, and 3,342,286 containers and 393,931 automobiles in 2014. The port is one of the largest natural harbors globally, encompassing an area within an approximate 25-mile radius of the Statue of Liberty National Monument, the port district comprises all or part of seventeen counties in the region. Abutting sections of Passaic, Middlesex, Monmouth, Morris, and Somerset in New Jersey, the Atlantic Ocean is to the southeast of the port. The sea at the entrance to the port is called the New York Bight, in Lower New York Bay and its western arm, Raritan Bay, vessels orient themselves for passage to the east into Arthur Kill or Raritan River or to the north to The Narrows. To the east lies the Rockaway Inlet, which leads to Jamaica Bay, the Narrows connects to the Upper New York Bay at the mouth of the Hudson River, which is sometimes called the North River. Large ships are able to navigate upstream to the Port of Albany-Rensselaer, to the west lies Kill van Kull, the strait leading to Newark Bay, fed by the Passaic River and Hackensack River, and the northern entrance of Arthur Kill. The Gowanus Canal and Buttermilk Channel are entered from the east, the East River is a broad strait that travels north to Newtown Creek and the Harlem River, turning east at Hell Gate before opening to Long Island Sound, which provides an outlet to the open sea. The port consists of a complex of approximately 240 miles of shipping channels, as well as anchorages, most vessels require pilotage, and larger vessels require tugboat assistance for the sharper channel turns. The Ambrose leads from the sea to the Upper Bay, where it becomes the Anchorage Channel. Connecting channels are the Bay Ridge, the Red Hook, the Buttermilk, the Claremont, the Port Jersey, the Kill Van Kull, the Newark Bay, the Port Newark, the Elizabeth, anchorages are known as Stapleton, Bay Ridge and Gravesend. The natural depth of the harbor is about 17 feet, but it was deepened over the years, by 1891, the Main Ship Channel was minimally 30 feet deep. In 1914, Ambrose Channel became the entrance to the port. During World War II the main channel was dredged to 45 feet deep to accommodate ships up to Panamax size. This has been a source of environmental concern along channels connecting the facilities in Port Newark to the Atlantic. PCBs and other pollutants lay in a blanket just underneath the soil, in June 2009 it was announced that 200,000 cubic yards of dredged PCBs would be cleaned and stored en masse at the site of the former Yankee Stadium and at Brooklyn Bridge Park. In many areas the sandy bottom has been excavated down to rock, dredging equipment then picks up the rock and disposes of it

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New York Harbor
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New York Harbor, part of the Port of New York and New Jersey, is at the mouth of the Hudson River where it empties into New York Bay and into the Atlantic Ocean at the East Coast of the United States. It is one of the largest natural harbors in the world, although the United States Board on Geographic Names does not use the term, New York Harbor has important historical, governmental, commercial, and ecological usages. The aboriginal population of the 16th century New York Harbor, the Lenape, used the waterways for fishing and it is fairly firmly held by historians that his ship anchored at the approximate location where the Verrazano-Narrows Bridge touches down in Brooklyn today. He also observed what he believed to be a freshwater lake to the north. He apparently did not travel north to observe the existence of the Hudson River, in 1609 Henry Hudson entered the Harbor and explored a stretch of the river that now bears his name. His journey prompted others to explore the region and engage in trade with the local population, in 1624 the first permanent European settlement was started on Governors Island, and eight years later in Brooklyn, soon these were connected by ferry operation. This prepared New York as a port for the British colonies. In 1686, the British colonial officials gave the municipality control over the waterfront, in 1808, Lieutenant Thomas Gedney of the United States Coast Survey discovered a new, deeper channel through The Narrows into New York Harbor. Because of the difficulty of the required, since 1694. The new channel Gedney discovered was 2 feet deeper, enough of a margin that fully laden ships could come into the harbor even at slack tide. Gedneys Channel, as it came to be called, was shorter than the previous channel, another benefit appreciated by the ship owners. Gedney received the praise of the city, as well as a silver service. In 1824 the first American drydock was completed on the East River, the Morris Canal, carrying anthracite and freight from Pennsylvania through New Jersey to its terminus at the mouth of the Hudson in Jersey City. Portions in the harbor are now part of Liberty State Park, in 1870, the city established the Department of Docks to systematize waterfront development, with George B. McClellan as the first engineer in chief. By the turn of the 20th century numerous railroad terminals lined the banks of the North River in Hudson County. The freight was ferried across by the railroads with small fleets of towboats, barges. New York subsidized this service which undercut rival ports, major road improvements allowing for trucking and containerization diminished the need. The Statue of Liberty National Monument recalls the period of immigration to the United States at the turn of the 20th century

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New York City
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The City of New York, often called New York City or simply New York, is the most populous city in the United States. With an estimated 2015 population of 8,550,405 distributed over an area of about 302.6 square miles. Located at the tip of the state of New York. Home to the headquarters of the United Nations, New York is an important center for international diplomacy and has described as the cultural and financial capital of the world. Situated on one of the worlds largest natural harbors, New York City consists of five boroughs, the five boroughs – Brooklyn, Queens, Manhattan, The Bronx, and Staten Island – were consolidated into a single city in 1898. In 2013, the MSA produced a gross metropolitan product of nearly US$1.39 trillion, in 2012, the CSA generated a GMP of over US$1.55 trillion. NYCs MSA and CSA GDP are higher than all but 11 and 12 countries, New York City traces its origin to its 1624 founding in Lower Manhattan as a trading post by colonists of the Dutch Republic and was named New Amsterdam in 1626. The city and its surroundings came under English control in 1664 and were renamed New York after King Charles II of England granted the lands to his brother, New York served as the capital of the United States from 1785 until 1790. It has been the countrys largest city since 1790, the Statue of Liberty greeted millions of immigrants as they came to the Americas by ship in the late 19th and early 20th centuries and is a symbol of the United States and its democracy. In the 21st century, New York has emerged as a node of creativity and entrepreneurship, social tolerance. Several sources have ranked New York the most photographed city in the world, the names of many of the citys bridges, tapered skyscrapers, and parks are known around the world. Manhattans real estate market is among the most expensive in the world, Manhattans Chinatown incorporates the highest concentration of Chinese people in the Western Hemisphere, with multiple signature Chinatowns developing across the city. Providing continuous 24/7 service, the New York City Subway is one of the most extensive metro systems worldwide, with 472 stations in operation. Over 120 colleges and universities are located in New York City, including Columbia University, New York University, and Rockefeller University, during the Wisconsinan glaciation, the New York City region was situated at the edge of a large ice sheet over 1,000 feet in depth. The ice sheet scraped away large amounts of soil, leaving the bedrock that serves as the foundation for much of New York City today. Later on, movement of the ice sheet would contribute to the separation of what are now Long Island and Staten Island. The first documented visit by a European was in 1524 by Giovanni da Verrazzano, a Florentine explorer in the service of the French crown and he claimed the area for France and named it Nouvelle Angoulême. Heavy ice kept him from further exploration, and he returned to Spain in August and he proceeded to sail up what the Dutch would name the North River, named first by Hudson as the Mauritius after Maurice, Prince of Orange

6.
Manhattan
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Manhattan is the most densely populated borough of New York City, its economic and administrative center, and the citys historical birthplace. The borough is coextensive with New York County, founded on November 1,1683, Manhattan is often described as the cultural and financial capital of the world and hosts the United Nations Headquarters. Many multinational media conglomerates are based in the borough and it is historically documented to have been purchased by Dutch colonists from Native Americans in 1626 for 60 guilders which equals US$1062 today. New York County is the United States second-smallest county by land area, on business days, the influx of commuters increases that number to over 3.9 million, or more than 170,000 people per square mile. Manhattan has the third-largest population of New York Citys five boroughs, after Brooklyn and Queens, the City of New York was founded at the southern tip of Manhattan, and the borough houses New York City Hall, the seat of the citys government. The name Manhattan derives from the word Manna-hata, as written in the 1609 logbook of Robert Juet, a 1610 map depicts the name as Manna-hata, twice, on both the west and east sides of the Mauritius River. The word Manhattan has been translated as island of hills from the Lenape language. The United States Postal Service prefers that mail addressed to Manhattan use New York, NY rather than Manhattan, the area that is now Manhattan was long inhabited by the Lenape Native Americans. In 1524, Florentine explorer Giovanni da Verrazzano – sailing in service of King Francis I of France – was the first European to visit the area that would become New York City. It was not until the voyage of Henry Hudson, an Englishman who worked for the Dutch East India Company, a permanent European presence in New Netherland began in 1624 with the founding of a Dutch fur trading settlement on Governors Island. In 1625, construction was started on the citadel of Fort Amsterdam on Manhattan Island, later called New Amsterdam, the 1625 establishment of Fort Amsterdam at the southern tip of Manhattan Island is recognized as the birth of New York City. In 1846, New York historian John Romeyn Brodhead converted the figure of Fl 60 to US$23, variable-rate myth being a contradiction in terms, the purchase price remains forever frozen at twenty-four dollars, as Edwin G. Burrows and Mike Wallace remarked in their history of New York. Sixty guilders in 1626 was valued at approximately $1,000 in 2006, based on the price of silver, Straight Dope author Cecil Adams calculated an equivalent of $72 in 1992. In 1647, Peter Stuyvesant was appointed as the last Dutch Director General of the colony, New Amsterdam was formally incorporated as a city on February 2,1653. In 1664, the English conquered New Netherland and renamed it New York after the English Duke of York and Albany, the Dutch Republic regained it in August 1673 with a fleet of 21 ships, renaming the city New Orange. Manhattan was at the heart of the New York Campaign, a series of battles in the early American Revolutionary War. The Continental Army was forced to abandon Manhattan after the Battle of Fort Washington on November 16,1776. The city, greatly damaged by the Great Fire of New York during the campaign, became the British political, British occupation lasted until November 25,1783, when George Washington returned to Manhattan, as the last British forces left the city

7.
Brooklyn
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Brooklyn is the most populous borough of New York City, with a Census-estimated 2,636,735 residents in 2015. It borders the borough of Queens at the end of Long Island. Today, if New York City dissolved, Brooklyn would rank as the third-most populous city in the U. S. behind Los Angeles, the borough continues, however, to maintain a distinct culture. Many Brooklyn neighborhoods are ethnic enclaves, Brooklyns official motto, displayed on the Borough seal and flag, is Eendraght Maeckt Maght which translates from early modern Dutch as Unity makes strength. Since 2010, Brooklyn has evolved into a hub of entrepreneurship and high technology startup firms. The history of European settlement in Brooklyn spans more than 350 years, the neighborhood of Marine Park was home to North Americas first tidal mill. It was built by the Dutch, and the foundation can be seen today, however, the area was not formally settled as a town. Many incidents and documents relating to this period are in Gabriel Furmans early compilation, what is today Brooklyn left Dutch hands after the final English conquest of New Netherland in 1664, a prelude to the Second Anglo–Dutch War. The English reorganized the six old Dutch towns on southwestern Long Island as Kings County on November 1,1683 and this tract of land was recognized as a political entity for the first time, and the municipal groundwork was laid for a later expansive idea of Brooklyn identity. On August 27,1776 was fought the Battle of Long Island, the first major engagement fought in the American Revolutionary War after independence was declared, and the largest of the entire conflict. British troops forced Continental Army troops under George Washington off the heights near the sites of Green-Wood Cemetery, Prospect Park. The fortified American positions at Brooklyn Heights consequently became untenable and were evacuated a few days later, One result of the Treaty of Paris in 1783 was the evacuation of the British from New York City, celebrated by residents into the 20th century. The New York Navy Yard operated in Wallabout Bay for the entire 19th century, the first center of urbanization sprang up in the Town of Brooklyn, directly across from Lower Manhattan, which saw the incorporation of the Village of Brooklyn in 1817. Reliable steam ferry service across the East River to Fulton Landing converted Brooklyn Heights into a town for Wall Street. Ferry Road to Jamaica Pass became Fulton Street to East New York, Town and Village were combined to form the first, kernel incarnation of the City of Brooklyn in 1834. Industrial deconcentration in mid-century was bringing shipbuilding and other manufacturing to the part of the county. Each of the two cities and six towns in Kings County remained independent municipalities, and purposely created non-aligning street grids with different naming systems and it later became the most popular and highest circulation afternoon paper in America. The publisher changed to L. Van Anden on April 19,1842, on May 14,1849 the name was shortened to The Brooklyn Daily Eagle, on September 5,1938 it was further shortened to Brooklyn Eagle

8.
Staten Island
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Staten Island /ˌstætən ˈaɪlənd/ is one of the five boroughs of New York City in the U. S. state of New York. In the southwest of the city, Staten Island is the southernmost part of both the city and state of New York, with Conference House Park at the tip of the island. The borough is separated from New Jersey by the Arthur Kill and the Kill Van Kull, with a 2015 Census-estimated population of 474,558, Staten Island is the least populated of the boroughs but is the third-largest in area at 58 sq mi. Staten Island is the borough of New York with a non-Hispanic White majority. The borough is coextensive with Richmond County, and until 1975 was the Borough of Richmond and its flag was later changed to reflect this. Staten Island has been called the forgotten borough by inhabitants who feel neglected by the city government. The East Shore is home to the 2. 5-mile F. D. R, Boardwalk, the fourth-longest in the world. The South Shore, site of the 17th-century Dutch and French Huguenot settlement, the West Shore is the least populated and most industrial part of the island. Motor traffic can reach the borough from Brooklyn via the Verrazano-Narrows Bridge and from New Jersey via the Outerbridge Crossing, Goethals Bridge, and Bayonne Bridge. Staten Island has Metropolitan Transportation Authority bus lines and an MTA rapid transit line, the Staten Island Railway, Staten Island is the only borough that is not connected to the New York City Subway system. The free Staten Island Ferry connects the borough to Manhattan and is a popular tourist attraction, providing views of the Statue of Liberty, Ellis Island, and Lower Manhattan. The landfill is being redeveloped as Freshkills Park, a devoted to restoring habitat. As in much of North America, human habitation appeared in the island fairly rapidly after the retreat of the ice sheet, archaeologists have recovered tool evidence of Clovis culture activity dating from about 14,000 years ago. This evidence was first discovered in 1917 in the Charleston section of the island, various Clovis artifacts have been discovered since then, on property owned by Mobil Oil. The island was abandoned later, possibly because of the extirpation of large mammals on the island. Rossville points are a type of arrowhead that defines a Native American cultural period that runs from the Archaic period to the Early Woodland period. They are named for the Rossville section of Staten Island, where they were first found near the old Rossville Post Office building, at the time of European contact, the island was inhabited by the Raritan band of the Unami division of the Lenape. In Lenape, one of the Algonquian languages, Staten Island was called Aquehonga Manacknong, meaning as far as the place of the bad woods, or Eghquhous, the area was part of the Lenape homeland known as Lenapehoking

9.
Hudson County, New Jersey
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Hudson County, a county in the U. S. state of New Jersey, lies west of the lower Hudson River, which was named for Henry Hudson, the sea captain who explored the area in 1609. Hudson County is the fourth-most populous county in the state, there are 12 municipalities in Hudson County, listed with area in square miles and 2010 Census data for population and housing. North Hudson and West Hudson each comprise municipalities in their distinct areas, according to the 2010 Census, the county had a total area of 62.31 square miles, including 46.19 square miles of land and 16.12 square miles of water. Based on land area, it is the smallest of New Jerseys 21 counties, less than half the size of the next smallest, Hudson is located in the heart of New York metropolitan area in northeastern New Jersey. The topography is marked by the New Jersey Palisades in the north with cliffs overlooking the Hudson to the east and less severe cuesta, or slope and they gradually level off to the southern peninsula, which is coastal and flat. The western region, around the Hackensack and Passaic is part of the New Jersey Meadowlands, much of the land along the countys extensive shoreline and littoral zone was created by land reclamation. The highest point, at 260 feet above sea level, is in West New York, North Bergen is the city with the second most hills per square mile in the United States behind San Francisco. Ellis Island and Liberty Island, opposite Liberty State Park, lie entirely within Hudson Countys waters, Liberty Island is wholly part of New York. Largely created through land reclamation, Ellis Island covers a area of 27.5 acres, with the 2. 74-acre natural island. Shooters Island, in the Kill van Kull, is shared with New York. Robbins Reef Light sits atop a reef which runs parallel the Bayonne and these boundaries and the topography-including many hills and inlets-create very distinct neighborhoods. Kennedy Boulevard runs the length of the peninsula. Numerous cuts for rail and vehicular traffic cross Bergen Hill, given its proximity to Manhattan, it is sometimes referred to as New York Citys sixth borough. At the time of European contact in the 17th century, Hudson County was the territory of the Lenape, namely the bands known as the Hackensack, the Tappan, the Raritan, and the Manhattan. They were a seasonally migrational people who practiced small-scale agriculture augmented by hunting and gathering which likely, given the topography of the area and these groups had early and frequent trading contact with Europeans. The west bank of the North River and the cliffs, hills, in 1630, Michael Pauw received a land patent, or patroonship and purchased the land between the Hudson and Hackensack Rivers, giving it the Latin-ized form of his name, Pavonia. He failed to settle the area and was forced to return his holdings to the Dutch West India Company, homesteads were established at Communipaw, Harsimus, Paulus Hook and Hoebuck. A series of raids and reprisals across the province lasted two years, and ended in an uneasy truce, other homesteads were established at Constable Hook, Awiehaken, and other lands at Achter Col on Bergen Neck

10.
Jersey City
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Jersey City is the second-most-populous city in the U. S. state of New Jersey after Newark. It is the seat of Hudson County as well as the countys largest city. 7% from the 2010 United States Census, when the citys population was at 247,597, ranking the city the 75th-largest in the nation. Part of the New York metropolitan area, Jersey City is bounded on the east by the Hudson River and Upper New York Bay and on the west by the Hackensack River and Newark Bay. After a peak population of 316,715 measured in the 1930 Census, the land comprising what is now Jersey City was inhabited by the Lenape, a collection of tribes. After spending nine days surveying the area and meeting its inhabitants, by 1621, the Dutch West India Company was organized to manage this new territory and in June 1623, New Netherland became a Dutch province, with headquarters in New Amsterdam. Michael Reyniersz Pauw received a grant as patroon on the condition that he would establish a settlement of not fewer than fifty persons within four years. He chose the west bank of the North River and purchased the land from the Lenape and this grant is dated November 22,1630 and is the earliest known conveyance for what are now Hoboken and Jersey City. Pauw, however, was a landlord who neglected to populate the area and was obliged to sell his holdings back to the Company in 1633. That year, a house was built at Communipaw for Jan Evertsen Bout, superintendent of the colony, during Kiefts War, approximately eighty Lenapes were killed by the Dutch in a massacre at Pavonia on the night of February 25,1643. Scattered communities of farmsteads characterized the Dutch settlements at Pavonia, Communipaw, Harsimus, Paulus Hook, Hoebuck, Awiehaken, and other lands behind Kil van Kull. The first village established on what is now Bergen Square in 1660, among the oldest surviving houses in Jersey City are the Newkirk House, the Van Vorst Farmhouse, and the Van Wagenen House. During the American Revolutionary War, the area was in the hands of the British who controlled New York, in the Battle of Paulus Hook Major Light Horse Harry Lee attacked a British fortification on August 19,1779. During the 19th century, former slaves reached Jersey City on one of the four routes of the Underground Railroad that led to the city. The City of Jersey was incorporated by an act of the New Jersey Legislature on January 28,1820, from portions of Bergen Township, while the area was still a part of Bergen County. The city was reincorporated on January 23,1829, and again on February 22,1838, on February 22,1840, it became part of the newly created Hudson County. Soon after the Civil War, the idea arose of uniting all of the towns of Hudson County east of the Hackensack River into one municipality. A bill was approved by the legislature on April 2,1869. An element of the bill provide that only contiguous towns could be consolidated, while a majority of the voters across the county approved the merger, the only municipalities that had approved the consolidation plan and that adjoined Jersey City were Hudson City and Bergen City

Jersey City
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Jersey City, New Jersey
Jersey City
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Jersey City at the end of the 19th century
Jersey City
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The ferry docks at the Communipaw Terminal in Liberty State Park in 1893
Jersey City
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Jersey City and Hoboken in 1886

11.
Bayonne, New Jersey
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Bayonne /beɪˈjoʊn/ bay-OHN is a city in Hudson County, New Jersey, United States. Located in the Gateway Region, Bayonne is situated on a peninsula located between Newark Bay to the west, the Kill Van Kull to the south, and New York Bay to the east. Bayonne was originally formed as a township on April 1,1861, Bayonne was reincorporated as a city by an act of the New Jersey Legislature on March 10,1869, replacing Bayonne Township, subject to the results of a referendum held nine days later. At the time it was formed, Bayonne included the communities of Bergen Point, Constable Hook, Centreville, Pamrapo, Bayonne is east of Newark, the states largest city, north of Elizabeth in Union County and west of Brooklyn. It shares a border with Jersey City to the north and is connected to Staten Island by the Bayonne Bridge. Originally inhabited by Native Americans, the presently known as Bayonne was claimed by the Netherlands after Henry Hudson explored the Hudson River which is named after him. However, there is no evidence for this notion, which is considered apocryphal. Whitcomb gives more credence to the idea that Erastus Randall, E. C. Bramhall, four striking workers were killed when strikebreakers protected by police fired into a crowd. According to the United States Census Bureau, the city had an area of 11.082 square miles. The city is located south of Jersey City on a peninsula known as Bergen Neck surrounded by Upper New York Bay to the east, Newark Bay to the west. Unincorporated communities, localities and place names located partially or completely within the city include, Bergen Point, Constable Hook, as of the census of 2010, there were 63,024 people,25,237 households, and 16,051 families residing in the city. The population density was 10,858.3 per square mile, there were 27,799 housing units at an average density of 4,789.4 per square mile. The racial makeup of the city was 69. 21% White,8. 86% Black or African American,0. 31% Native American,7. 71% Asian,0. 03% Pacific Islander,10. 00% from other races, and 3. 88% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 25. 79% of the population, non-Hispanic Whites were 56. 8% of the population. 31. 6% of all households were made up of individuals, the average household size was 2.49 and the average family size was 3.16. In the city, the population was out with 22. 5% under the age of 18,8. 9% from 18 to 24,28. 1% from 25 to 44,27. 3% from 45 to 64. The median age was 38.4 years, for every 100 females there were 91.7 males. For every 100 females ages 18 and old there were 87.9 males, the U. S. Census Bureaus 2006-2010 American Community Survey showed that median household income was $53,587 and the median family income was $66,077

Bayonne, New Jersey
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The Bayonne Bridge in June 2008
Bayonne, New Jersey
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City Hall
Bayonne, New Jersey
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View of Manhattan from Bayonne, 1974
Bayonne, New Jersey
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View of Lower Manhattan from Bayonne, September 11, 2014

12.
Hudson River
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The Hudson River is a 315-mile river that flows from north to south primarily through eastern New York in the United States. The river originates in the Adirondack Mountains of Upstate New York, flows through the Hudson Valley, the river serves as a political boundary between the states of New Jersey and New York, and further north between New York counties. The lower half of the river is a tidal estuary occupying the Hudson Fjord, tidal waters influence the Hudsons flow from as far north as Troy. The river is named after Henry Hudson, an Englishman sailing for the Dutch East India Company, who explored it in 1609, and after whom Canadas Hudson Bay is also named. The Dutch called the river the North River – with the Delaware River called the South River –, during the eighteenth century, the river valley and its inhabitants were the subject and inspiration of Washington Irving, the first internationally acclaimed American author. In the nineteenth century, the area inspired the Hudson River School of landscape painting, the Hudson was also the eastern outlet for the Erie Canal, which, when completed in 1825, became an important transportation artery for the early-19th-century United States. The source of the Hudson River is Lake Tear of the Clouds in the Adirondack Park at an altitude of 4,322 feet, the river is not cartographically called the Hudson River until miles downstream. From that point on, the stream is known as the Hudson River. Popular culture and convention, however, more often cite the photogenic Lake Tear of the Clouds as the source, South of the confluence of Indian Pass Brook and Calamity Brook, the Hudson River flows south into Sanford Lake. South of the outlet of the lake, the Opalescent River flows into the Hudson, the Hudson then flows south, taking in Beaver Brook and the outlet of Lake Harris. After its confluence with the Indian River, the Hudson forms the boundary between Essex and Hamilton counties, in the hamlet of North River, the Hudson flows entirely in Warren County and takes in the Schroon River. Further south, the forms the boundary between Warren and Saratoga Counties. The river then takes in the Sacandaga River from the Great Sacandaga Lake, shortly thereafter, the river leaves the Adirondack Park, flows under Interstate 87, and through Glens Falls, just south of Lake George although receiving no streamflow from the lake. It next goes through Hudson Falls, at this point the river forms the boundary between Washington and Saratoga Counties. At this point the river has an altitude of 200 feet, further south the Hudson takes in water from the Batten Kill River and Fish Creek near Schuylerville. The river then forms the boundary between Saratoga and Rensselaer counties, the river then enters the heart of the Capital District. It takes in water from the Hoosic River, which extends into Massachusetts, shortly thereafter the river has its confluence with the Mohawk River, the largest tributary of the Hudson River, in Waterford. Shortly thereafter, the river reaches the Federal Dam in Troy, at an elevation of 2 feet, the bottom of the dam marks the beginning of the tidal influence in the Hudson as well as the beginning of the lower Hudson River

13.
North River (New York-New Jersey)
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North River is an alternate name for the southernmost portion of the Hudson River in the vicinity of New York City and northeastern New Jersey in the United States. The colonial name for the entire Hudson was given to it by the Dutch in the seventeenth century. However it still retains currency as an alternate or additional name among local mariners and others as well as appearing on some nautical charts and maps. The term is used for infrastructure on and under the river, such as the North River piers, North River Tunnels, the names for the lower portion of the river appear to have remained interchangeable for centuries. In 1909, construction of two projects was under way, one was called the North River Tunnels, the other. The origin of the name North River is generally attributed to the Dutch, in describing the major rivers in the New Netherland colony, they called what is now the Hudson the North River, the Connecticut the Fresh River, and the Delaware the South River. Another theory is that the North River and East River were so named for the direction of travel they permitted once having entered the Upper New York Bay. In 1808 the Secretary of the Treasury, Albert Gallatin, issued his report of proposed locations for transportation and communication internal improvements of national importance and this peculiarity distinguishes the North River from all the other bays and rivers of the United States. The tide in no other ascends higher than the ridge or comes within thirty miles of the Blue Ridge or eastern chain of mountains. In the North River it breaks through the Blue Ridge at West Point, a few miles above Troy, and the head of the tide, the Hudson from the north and the Mohawk from the west unite their waters and form the North River. The Hudson in its course upwards approaches the waters of Lake Champlain, hagstrom Maps, formerly the leading mapmaker in the New York metropolitan area, has labeled all or part of the Hudson adjacent to Manhattan as North River on several of its maps. On a 2000 map of Northern Approaches to New York City, Piers along the Hudson shore of Manhattan were formerly used for shipping and berthing ocean-going ships. In shipping notices, they were designated as, for example, Pier 14, most of the piers that once existed in lower Manhattan fell into disuse or were destroyed in the last half of the 20th century, although a number have been adapted to new uses. As with the river, the name North River piers has largely supplanted by Hudson River piers, or just by a pier and number. The remaining piers are Pier A at the Battery and piers ranging from Pier 25 at North Moore Street to Pier 99 at 59th Street, many of these piers and the waterfront between them are part of the Hudson River Park which stretches from 59th Street to the Battery. Several piers are being rebuilt as part of the park project, Piers above Pier 40 have addresses approximately that of Manhattans numbered streets plus 40 – thus, for example North River Pier 86 is at West 46th Street. Pier A is a national and New York City landmark. The building on the dates to 1886, and was used by the citys Department of Docks, Harbor Police

North River (New York-New Jersey)
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North River in red, if defined as portion between New Jersey and Manhattan.
North River (New York-New Jersey)
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Looking south from atop the Hudson Palisades
North River (New York-New Jersey)
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Revolutionary-era map using both names
North River (New York-New Jersey)
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Lower Manhattan circa 1931. East River piers are in the foreground; the North River and North River piers stretch off into the background.

14.
Gowanus Canal
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The Gowanus Canal is a canal in the New York City borough of Brooklyn, on the westernmost portion of Long Island. Once a busy transportation hub, the canal is now recognized as one of the most polluted bodies of water in the United States. The canals history has paralleled the decline of shipping via water. The canal is used for waterborne transportation of goods, notably fuel oil, scrap metal. Tugs and barges navigate the canal daily. A legacy of environmental problems has beset the area from the time the canal arose from the local tidal wetlands. In recent years, there has been a once again for environmental cleanup. The Gowanus neighborhood originally surrounded Gowanus Creek, which consisted of an inlet of navigable creeks in original saltwater marshland. Henry Hudson and Giovanni da Verrazzano both navigated the inlet in their explorations of New York Harbor, the first land patents within Breukelen, including the land of the Gowanus, were issued by the Dutch Government from 1630 to 1664. In 1636, the leaders of New Netherland bought the area around the Gowanus Bay, and in 1639, the early settlers of the area named the waterway Gowanes Creek after Gouwane, sachem of the local Lenape tribe called the Canarsee, who farmed on the shores. Adam Brouwer, who had been a soldier in the service of the Dutch West India Company, built, the tide-water gristmill on the Gowanus was the first in the town of Breukelen and was the first mill ever operated in New Netherland. The petition was presented to the council on May 29,1664, another mill, Coles Mill, was located just about at present day 9th Street, between Smith Street and the Canal. Coles Mill Pond, located north of 9th street, occupied the present location of Public Place, in 1700, a settler, Nicholas Vechte, built a farmhouse of brick and stone now known as the Old Stone House. In 1776, during the Battle of Long Island, American troops engaged British Army troops at the house and this house sat at the southeastern edge of the Dentons Mill pond. Browers Mill can be seen in drawings depicting the Battle of Brooklyn, throughout this period, a few Dutch farmers settled along the marshland and engaged in clamming of large oysters that became a notable first export to Europe. By the mid-19th century, the City of Brooklyn was quickly growing, the creek and surrounding agricultural land was now a part of an urban agglomeration, consisting of villages along the creeks shores. That same shoreline of river and swamp functioned as both a system and an informal sewage system for the growing city. The valleys watershed is approximately six miles square and includes drainage from what are now the adjacent neighborhoods of Carroll Gardens, wealthier residents tended to live inland and uphill to avoid the smells and discomforts of lower areas

Gowanus Canal
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An aerial view of the canal and its crossings.
Gowanus Canal
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Old Stone House
Gowanus Canal
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Brooklyn in 1766, including Gowanus Creek
Gowanus Canal
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Sunset at Gowanus Bay in the Bay New York (1851) by Henry Gritten

15.
Lower New York Bay
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Lower New York Bay is a section of New York Bay south of the Narrows, the relatively narrow strait between the shores of Staten Island and Brooklyn. The southern end of the bay opens directly to the Atlantic Ocean between two spits of land, Sandy Hook, New Jersey, and Rockaway, Queens, on Long Island. The southern portion between Staten Island and New Jersey, at the mouth of the Raritan River, is named Raritan Bay, the nearby part of the Atlantic Ocean between New Jersey and Long Island is the New York Bight. In the 20th century, due to increased population and industrial pollution, the water quality of the bay began to improve with the passage of the Clean Water Act. The main shipping channel through Lower New York Bay is the Ambrose Channel,2,000 feet wide, the channel is navigable by ships with up to a 37-foot draft at low tide. The entrance to the Ambrose Channel was marked for many years by the Lightship Ambrose, the bay contains popular beaches at Brighton Beach and Coney Island in Brooklyn. There are also beaches on Staten Island, just outside the bay, facing the Atlantic, are the beaches of Sandy Hook and the Rockaways. Several lighthouses were built to aid navigation in and around Lower New York Bay, the earliest, at Sandy Hook, was built in colonial times. Hoffman Island was created in 1873 from Orchard Shoals and it was named for former New York City mayor and then-current New York Governor John T. Hoffman. Swinburne Island, with an area of about 4 acres, lies immediately to the south, Swinburne Island was originally called Dix Island, but was renamed in honor of Dr. John Swinburne, a noted military surgeon during the Civil War. In the early 20th century, both islands were used as a station, housing immigrants found to have been carrying contagious diseases when they landed at Ellis Island. At the start of World War II the United States Merchant Marine used both islands as a station, the Quonset huts built during this period still stand on Swinburne Island. The other major use for the two islands during World War II were as anchorages for antisubmarine nets that fenced off New York Bay from the Atlantic Ocean to keep enemy submarines out, both islands are now part of Gateway National Recreation Area. Fort Lafayette was on an island in the Narrows, just off the Brooklyn shore. That island was removed during construction of the Verrazano-Narrows Bridge, upper New York Bay Hudson River Geography of New York-New Jersey Harbor Estuary Port of New York and New Jersey New York Harbor

16.
Newark Bay
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Newark Bay is a tidal bay at the confluence of the Passaic and Hackensack Rivers in northeastern New Jersey. It is home to the Port Newark-Elizabeth Marine Terminal, the largest container shipping facility in Port of New York and New Jersey, an estuary, it is periodically dredged to accommodate ocean-going ships. Newark Bay is rectangular, approximately 5.5 miles long, varying in width from 0.6 to 1.2 miles and it is enclosed on the west by the cities of Newark and Elizabeth, and on the east by Jersey City and Bayonne. At the south is Staten Island, New York and at the north Kearny Point, shooters Island is a bird sanctuary where the borders of Staten Island, Bayonne and Elizabeth meet at one point. The southern tip of Bergen Neck, known as Bergen Point, juts into the bay, built offshore in 1849 it was demolished and replaced with a skeletal tower in the mid 20th century. The Atlantic Ocean at Sandy Hook and Rockaway Point is approximately 11 miles away, Newark Bay is connected to Upper New York Bay by the Kill Van Kull and to Raritan Bay by the Arthur Kill. The names of the channels reflect the period of Dutch colonialization, the area around the bay was called Achter Kol, which translates as behind or beyond the ridge and refers to Bergen Hill. The emergence of the Hudson Palisades begins on Bergen Neck, the peninsula between the bay and the Hudson River, Kill in Dutch means stream or channel. During the British colonial era the bay was known as Cull bay, Kill van Kull literally translates as channel from the ridge. Arthur Kill is an anglicisation of achter kill meaning back channel, the Upper Bay Bridge is a vertical lift bridge north of the Casciano that is now used by CSX Transportation for freight shipment, including the notable Juice Train. Central Railroad of New Jerseys Newark Bay Bridge crossed the bay from 1864 to connect its Communipaw Terminal, last used in 1978, it was determined to be a hazard to maritime navigation and demolished in the 1980s. Elizabeth is the site of the first English speaking European settlement in New Jersey, Jersey Gardens, an outlet mall, has been located north of Elizabethport since 1999. There are plans to construct a mixed used community adjacent to it along the bay, the western edge of Newark Bay was originally shallow tidal wetlands covering approximately 12 square miles. In 1910s the City of Newark began excavating an angled shipping channel in the quadrant of the wetland which formed the basis of Port Newark. Work on the channel and terminal facilities on its north side accelerated during World War I, during the war there were close to 25,000 troops stationed at the Newark Bay Shipyard. The City decided to expand the port at the end of the war, the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey was formed in 1921 and the Newark Bay Channels were authorized by the Rivers and Harbors Acts in 1922. Port Authority took over the operations of Port Newark and the Newark Airport in 1948, in 1958, the Port Authority dredged another shipping channel which straightened the course of Bound Brook, the tidal inlet forming the boundary between Newark and Elizabeth. Dredged materials was used to create new upland south of the new Elizabeth Channel, the Ironbound is an industrial area along the bay which becomes residential farther inland near Downtown Newark

17.
Kill Van Kull
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The Kill Van Kull is a tidal strait between Staten Island, New York and Bayonne, New Jersey in the United States. It is approximately 3 miles long and 1,000 feet wide, the Robbins Reef Light marks the eastern end of the Kill, Bergen Point its western end. It is spanned by the Bayonne Bridge and is one of the most heavily travelled waterways in the Port of New York and New Jersey. During the colonial era, it played a significant role in travel between New York and the colonies, with passengers changing from ferries to coaches at Elizabethtown. The strait has required continued dredging and deepening to accommodate the passage of ever-larger ships, in many areas, the sandy bottom has been excavated down to rock and now requires blasting. In addition, plans are underway to renovate the Bayonne Bridge so that larger ships can travel the Kill Van Kull. Kill Van Kull translates as channel from the pass or ridge, the sister channel to the Kill Van Kull is the nearby Arthur Kill, whose name is an Anglicization of achter kill meaning back channel, referring to its location behind Staten Island. The name Kill Van Kull has its roots in the early 17th century during the Dutch colonial era, places were named by early explorers and settlers in reference to their shape, topography, or other geographic qualities. The area around Newark Bay was called Achter Kol, the bay lies behind Bergen Hill, the emerging ridge of the Hudson Palisades which begins on Bergen Neck, the peninsula between it and the Upper New York Bay. Behind or achter the ridge was a col or passage to the interior, Kill comes from the Middle Dutch word kille meaning riverbed, water channel, or stream. The bay was known as Cull Bay during the British colonial era

18.
Long Island Sound
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From east to west, the sound stretches 110 miles from the East River in New York City, along the North Shore of Long Island, to Block Island Sound. A mix of freshwater from tributaries and saltwater from the ocean, Long Island Sound is 21 miles at its widest point, several major cities are situated along Long Island Sound and more than 8 million people live within its watershed. Major Connecticut cities on the Sound include Bridgeport, New London, Stamford, Norwalk, property values in Westchester County, Long Island, and southwestern Connecticut are among the highest in the nation, due to the proximity to New York City and their location on The Sound. About 18,000 years ago, Connecticut, Long Island Sound, sea level at that time was about 330 feet lower than today. When the ice sheet stopped advancing 18,000 years ago, an amount of drift was deposited, known as the Ronkonkoma Moraine. Later, another period of equilibrium resulted in the Harbor Hill Moraine along most of northern Long Island, the next moraines to the north were created just on and off the Connecticut coast. These moraines, created by much smaller deposits are discontinuous and much smaller than those to the south, the Connecticut coast moraines are in two groups, the Norwalk area and the Madison-Old Saybrook area. The Captain Islands off Greenwich, Connecticut, along with the Norwalk Islands and Falkner Island off Guilford, other islands, including the Thimble Islands, are for the most part exposed bedrock with a thin amount of drift, often not continuous. Other shoals and islands off the Connecticut coast are a mixture of two extremes. The glacier also created several sandy outwash deltas off the coast, including one off Bridgeport, Connecticut and another off New Haven, fishers Island, New York appears to be related to the Harbor Hill Moraine. To the east of the Thimble Islands, inland moraines along the Connecticut coast include the broken Madison Moraine, the Long Island Sound basin existed before the glaciers came. It probably had been formed by stream flows, a relatively thick cover of sand and gravel was left in the basin from glacial meltwater streams. On the west, a rising to about 65 feet below the present sea level is called the Mattatuck Sill. Its lowest point is about 80 feet below sea level, glacial meltwater formed Lake Connecticut, a freshwater lake in the basin, until about 8,000 years ago, when the sea level rose to about 80 feet below todays level. Seawater then overflowed into the basin, transforming it from a nontidal, freshwater lake to a tidal, keene West Lebanon Seaweeds in the Sound occur in greatest abundance in rocky areas between high tide and low tide as well as on rocks on the sea floor. Green seaweed populations fluctuate with the seasons, monostroma, reproduces in the early spring and dies out by late summer. Grinnellia appears in August and disappears four to six weeks later, also present are Ectocarpus and red algas Polysiphonia, Neosiphonia, Porphyra and Chondrus. In the marshy areas of the zone can be found Cladophora, Ulva

Long Island Sound
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Long Island Sound is shown highlighted in pink between Connecticut (to the north) and Long Island (to the south)
Long Island Sound
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Long Island Sound at night, as seen from space.
Long Island Sound
Long Island Sound
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Long Island Sound in Branford, Connecticut

19.
East River
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The East River is a salt water tidal estuary in New York City. The waterway, which is not a river despite its name. It separates the borough of Queens on Long Island from the Bronx on the North American mainland, and also divides Manhattan from Queens and Brooklyn, because of its connection to Long Island Sound, it was once also known as the Sound River. The tidal strait changes its direction of flow frequently, and is subject to fluctuations in its current. The waterway is navigable for its length of 16 miles. Technically a drowned valley, like the other waterways around New York City, the distinct change in the shape of the strait between the lower and upper portions is evidence of this glacial activity. The upper portion, running perpendicular to the glacial motion, is wide, meandering. The lower portion runs north-south, parallel to the glacial motion and it is much narrower, with straight banks. The bays that exist, as well as those used to exist before being filled in by human activity, are largely wide. The stretch has since been cleared of rocks and widened, washington Irving wrote of Hell Gate that the current sounded like a bull bellowing for more drink at half tide, whilte at full tide it slept as soundly as an alderman after dinner. He said it was like a peaceable fellow enough when he has no liquor at all, or when he has a skinful, but who, the river is navigable for its entire length of 16 miles. Why the river turns to the east as it approaches the three lower Manhattan bridges is currently geologically unknown, in the stretch of the river between Manhattan Island and the borough of Queens, lies Roosevelt Island, a narrow 2-mile long island consisting of 147 acres. Politically part of Manhattan, it begins at around the level of East 46th Street of that borough and it is connected to Queens by the Roosevelt Island Bridge, to Manhattan by the Roosevelt Island Tramway, and to both by a subway station. The Queensboro Bridge runs across Roosevelt Island, but no longer has an elevator connection to it. The abrupt termination of the island on its end is due to an extension of the 125th Street Fault. The Bronx River drains into the East River in the section of the strait. North of Randalls Island, it is joined by the Bronx Kill. Along the east of Wards Island, at approximately the midpoint, it narrows into a channel called Hell Gate

East River
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East River and the headquarters of the United Nations in Manhattan, as seen from Roosevelt Island.
East River
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The East River is shown in red on this satellite photo of New York City.
East River
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A map from 1781
East River
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Exposition display showing cross-section of East River railroad tunnel to Pennsylvania Station

20.
Strait
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A strait is a naturally formed, narrow, typically navigable waterway that connects two larger bodies of water. Most commonly it is a channel of water that lies between two land masses, some straits are not navigable, for example because they are too shallow, or because of an unnavigable reef or archipelago. The terms channel, pass or passage, can be synonymous and used interchangeably with strait, in Scotland firth or kyle are also sometimes used as synonyms for strait. Straits can be important shipping routes, and wars have been fought for control of them, numerous artificial channels, called canals, have been constructed to connect two bodies of water over land, such as the Suez Canal. Although rivers and canals often provide passage between two large lakes or a lake and a sea, and these seem to suit the formal definition of strait, the term strait is typically reserved for much larger, wider features of the marine environment. There are exceptions, with straits being called canals, Pearse Canal, Straits are the converse of isthmuses. That is, while a strait lies between two masses and connects two larger bodies of water, an isthmus lies between two bodies of water and connects two larger land masses. Some straits have the potential to generate significant tidal power using tidal stream turbines, tides are more predictable than wave power or wind power. The Pentland Firth may be capable of generating 10 GW, cook Strait in New Zealand may be capable of generating 5. There may be no suspension of innocent passage through such straits, list of straits Media related to Straits at Wikimedia Commons

Strait
Strait
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Diagram of a strait

21.
Governors Island
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It is part of the borough of Manhattan in New York City. The National Park Service administers a portion of the north of the island as the Governors Island National Monument. The island is accessed by ferries from Brooklyn and Manhattan, the islands current name, made official in 1784, stems from the British colonial era, when the colonial assembly reserved the island for the exclusive use of New Yorks royal governors. In 1776, during the American Revolutionary War, Continental Army troops raised defensive works on the island, from 1783 to 1966, the island was a United States Army post, and from 1966 to 1996 the island served as a major United States Coast Guard installation. About 103 acres of fill was added to the island by 1912, in 1524, Giovanni da Verrazzano saw the island, becoming the first European to do so. It was then called Paggank by the Native Americans, in May 1624, Noten Eylandt was the landing place of the first settlers in New Netherland. In 1633, the director of New Netherland, Wouter van Twiller. Later he operated a farm on the island, New Netherland was conditionally ceded to the English in 1664, and the English renamed the settlement New York in June 1665. By 1674, the British had total control of the island. The harbor defenses on the continued to be improved over the summer. The Continental Army forces collapsed after being flanked and eventually withdrew from Brooklyn and from Governors Island as well, from September 2 to 14, the new British garrison would engage volleys with Washingtons guns on the battery in front of Fort George in Manhattan. The fort, along with the rest of New York City, was held by the British for the rest of the war until Evacuation Day at the end of the war in 1783. At the end of the Revolution, the island, as a holding of the Crown, came into ownership by the state of New York. Noten Island was renamed Governors Island in 1784 as the island, the Governors House survives as the oldest structure on the island. By the late 1790s, the Quasi-War with France prompted a national program of harbor fortifications and the state of New York began improvements as a credit for its Revolutionary War debt. The first, Fort Jay, was built in 1794 by the state of New York on the site of the earlier Revolutionary War earthworks, a sandstone and brick gate house topped with a sculpture of an eagle dates to that time and is the oldest structure on the island. The second major fortification, Castle Williams, was based on a design by Colonel Jonathan Williams, construction started in 1807 and substantially completed in November 1811. Located on a shoal extending from the northwest corner of the island, it was inspired by then-modern French thinking on fortifications

22.
Ellis Island
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Ellis Island, in Upper New York Bay, was the gateway for over 12 million immigrants to the United States as the nations busiest immigrant inspection station for over sixty years from 1892 until 1954. The island was expanded with land reclamation between 1892 and 1934. Before that, the smaller original island was the site of Fort Gibson. The island was part of the Statue of Liberty National Monument in 1965. Long considered part of New York state, a 1998 United States Supreme Court decision found that most of the island is in New Jersey. The south side of the island, home to the Ellis Island Immigrant Hospital, is closed to the general public and the object of restoration efforts spearheaded by Save Ellis Island. Ellis Island is located in Upper New York Bay, east of Liberty State Park and north of Liberty Island, in Jersey City, New Jersey, with a small section that is part of New York City. Largely created through land reclamation, the island has an area of 27.5 acres. The 2. 74-acre natural island and contiguous areas comprise the 3.3 acres that are part of New York, the entire island has been owned and administered by the U. S. federal government since 1808 and has been operated by the National Park Service since 1965. Since September 11,2001, the island is guarded by patrols of the United States Park Police Marine Patrol Unit, public access is by ferry from either Communipaw Terminal in Liberty State Park or from Battery Park at the southern tip of Manhattan. The ferry operator, Hornblower Cruises and Events, also service to the nearby Statue of Liberty. A bridge built for transporting materials and personnel during restoration projects connects Ellis Island with Liberty State Park, proposals made in 1995 to use it or replace it with a new bridge for pedestrians were opposed by the city of New York and the private ferry operator at that time. Much of the island, including the south side, has been closed to the general public since 1954. The renovated area on the side was again closed to the public after Hurricane Sandy in October 2012. The island was re-opened to the public and the museum partially re-opened on October 28,2013, there were several islands which were not completely submerged at high tide. Three of them were given the name Oyster Islands by the settlers of New Netherland, the oyster beds would remain a major source of food for nearly three centuries. During the colonial period Little Oyster Island was known as Dyres, in the 1760s, after some pirates were hanged from one of the islands scrubby trees, it became known as Gibbet Island. It was acquired by Samuel Ellis, a colonial New Yorker and merchant possibly from Wales, in 1785 he unsuccessfully attempted to sell the island, TO BE SOLD By Samuel Ellis, no

Ellis Island
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Main building
Ellis Island
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Aerial view of the area. In the foreground is Ellis Island, and behind it is Liberty State Park and Downtown Jersey City
Ellis Island
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Ellis Island buildings c. 1893
Ellis Island
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First Ellis Island Immigrant Station, opened on January 1, 1892. Built of wood, it was completely destroyed by fire on June 15, 1897.

23.
Liberty Island
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Liberty Island is a federally owned island in Upper New York Bay in the United States, best known as the location of the Statue of Liberty. The island is an exclave of the New York City borough of Manhattan, surrounded by the waters of Jersey City, long known as Bedloes Island, it was renamed by an act of the United States Congress in 1956. In 1937, by Presidential Proclamation 2250 by President Franklin D, according to the United States Census Bureau, the island has a land area of 59,558 square meters, or 14.717 acres, which is the property of New Jersey. A pact between New York and New Jersey states that New York has control of the Island, but taxes go to New Jersey, the Liberty Island is located in the Upper New York Bay surrounded by the waters of Jersey City, Hudson County, New Jersey. Liberty Island is one of the islands that are part of the borough of Manhattan in New York, the historical developments which led to this construction created the rare situation of an exclave of one state, New York, being situated in another, New Jersey. The island is operated by the National Park Service, and since September 11,2001, Liberty Island is 2,000 feet east of Liberty State Park in Jersey City and is 1.58 statute miles southwest of Battery Park in Lower Manhattan. Public access is permitted only by ferries from either of the two parks, which serve the monument, also stopping at Ellis Island. Hornblower Cruises and Events, operating under the name Statue Cruises, holds the concession for ferry service to. Several islands were not completely submerged at high tide, three of them were given the name Oyster Islands by the settlers of New Netherland, the first European colony in the Mid-Atlantic states. The oyster beds would remain a source of food for nearly three centuries. After the surrender of Fort Amsterdam by the Dutch to the British in 1664 and it was sold to Isaac Bedloe on December 23,1667. The island was retained by his estate until 1732 when it was sold for five shillings to New York merchants Adolphe Philipse, during their ownership, the island was temporarily commandeered by the city of New York to establish a smallpox quarantine station. In 1746, Archibald Kennedy purchased the island and a residence was established. In 1753, the island is described in an advertisement as being available for rental, on February 15,1800, the New York State Legislature ceded the island to the federal government, for the construction of a defensive fort to be built there. Construction of a fort on the island in the shape of an 11-point star began in 1806 and was completed in 1811. Following the War of 1812, the fortification was named Fort Wood after Lt. Col Eleazer Derby Wood who was killed in the Siege of Fort Erie in 1813. The granite fortification followed an 11-pointed star fort layout with mounting 24 guns, a larger fort mounting 77 guns was proposed under the third system of US fortifications but was not built. It had become a part of the base for the Statue of Liberty after the island was first seen by the statues sculptor, the National Park Service took over operations of the island in two stages,2 acres in 1933, and the remainder in 1937

Liberty Island
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View of the island, with the Statue of Liberty in the center
Liberty Island
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Coin-operated binoculars on Liberty Island. The island offers panoramic views of New York Harbor.
Liberty Island
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Liberty Island was once surrounded by vast shellfish beds like this oyster bed on Cockspur Island, Georgia
Liberty Island
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Fort Wood's star-shaped walls became the base of the Statue of Liberty.

24.
Robbins Reef Light
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The Robbins Reef Light Station is a sparkplug lighthouse located off Constable Hook in Bayonne, Hudson County, New Jersey, United States, along the west side of Main Channel, Upper New York Bay. The tower and integral keepers quarters were built in 1883 and it replaced an octagonal granite tower built in 1839. The U. S. Coast Guard owned and operated the station until the 2000s. The light is located on a ridge of sand named Robyns Rift by the Dutch settlers of the area. The reef is now called Robbins Reef and it is situated near the entrance to the Kill van Kull, a strait connecting New York Bay to Newark Bay. The channel is one of the most heavily used in the Port of New York and New Jersey, the name derives from the New Netherland era of the 17th century. In Dutch rob or robyn means seal, groups of which would lie on the reef at low tide. The structure is also called Kates Light for Kate Walker who manned the station alone after the death of her husband Captain John Walker in 1886 and she rowed her children to school on Staten Island. Herman Westgate was the last keeper of the lighthouse before it was finally automated, in 2009 Robbins Reef was put up for sale under the National Historic Lighthouse Preservation Act. In 2011, the Noble Maritime Collection, a museum on Staten Island, was granted stewardship of the light station by the U. S. The octagonal structure near Robbins Reef Lighthouse is not the base of the original 1839 tower but rather a sewer outfall that was constructed around 1915, Kate Walker, Keeper of Robbins Reef Light, 1894–1919, National Lighthouse Museum,2001. Robbins Reef Lighthouse Lighthouses of the New Jersey Shore, mind the Light, Katie, The History of Thirty-three Female lighthouse Keepers, Mary Louise Clifford and J. Candace Clifford,2006. 3 Poems, Joel Lewis, Jacket Magazine 23, August,2003, navesink Lighthouse and Robbins Reef Lighthouse, Lighting the Way Through New York Bay, a National Park Service Teaching with Historic Places lesson plan

25.
New Jersey
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New Jersey is a state in the Northeastern and mid-Atlantic regions of the United States. It is bordered on the north and east by New York, on the southeast and south by the Atlantic Ocean, on the west by Pennsylvania, New Jersey is the fourth-smallest state but the 11th-most populous and the most densely populated of the 50 United States. New Jersey lies entirely within the statistical areas of New York City. New Jersey was inhabited by Native Americans for more than 2,800 years, in the early 17th century, the Dutch and the Swedes made the first European settlements. New Jersey was the site of decisive battles during the American Revolutionary War in the 18th century. In the 19th century, factories in cities such as Camden, Paterson, Newark, Trenton, around 180 million years ago, during the Jurassic Period, New Jersey bordered North Africa. The pressure of the collision between North America and Africa gave rise to the Appalachian Mountains, around 18,000 years ago, the Ice Age resulted in glaciers that reached New Jersey. As the glaciers retreated, they left behind Lake Passaic, as well as rivers, swamps. New Jersey was originally settled by Native Americans, with the Lenni-Lenape being dominant at the time of contact, scheyichbi is the Lenape name for the land that is now New Jersey. The Lenape society was divided into clans that were based upon common female ancestors. These clans were organized into three distinct phratries identified by their animal sign, Turtle, Turkey, and Wolf and they first encountered the Dutch in the early 17th century, and their primary relationship with the Europeans was through fur trade. The Dutch became the first Europeans to lay claim to lands in New Jersey, the Dutch colony of New Netherland consisted of parts of modern Middle Atlantic states. Although the European principle of ownership was not recognized by the Lenape. The first to do so was Michiel Pauw who established a patronship called Pavonia in 1630 along the North River which eventually became the Bergen, peter Minuits purchase of lands along the Delaware River established the colony of New Sweden. During the English Civil War, the Channel Island of Jersey remained loyal to the British Crown and it was from the Royal Square in St. Helier that Charles II of England was proclaimed King in 1649, following the execution of his father, Charles I. The North American lands were divided by Charles II, who gave his brother, the Duke of York, the region between New England and Maryland as a proprietary colony. James then granted the land between the Hudson River and the Delaware River to two friends who had remained loyal through the English Civil War, Sir George Carteret and Lord Berkeley of Stratton, the area was named the Province of New Jersey. Since the states inception, New Jersey has been characterized by ethnic, New England Congregationalists settled alongside Scots Presbyterians and Dutch Reformed migrants

26.
Oyster
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Oyster is the common name for a number of different families of salt-water bivalve molluscs that live in marine or brackish habitats. In some species the valves are highly calcified, and many are somewhat irregular in shape, many, but not all, oysters are in the superfamily Ostreoidea. Some kinds of oysters are consumed by humans, cooked or raw. Some kinds of oysters are harvested for the pearl produced within the mantle. Windowpane oysters are harvested for their translucent shells, which are used to various kinds of decorative objects. True oysters are members of the family Ostreidae and this family includes the edible oysters, which mainly belong to the genera Ostrea, Crassostrea, Ostreola, and Saccostrea. Examples include the Belon oyster, eastern oyster, Olympia oyster, Pacific oyster, almost all shell-bearing mollusks can secrete pearls, yet most are not very valuable. Pearl oysters are not closely related to oysters, being members of a distinct family. Both cultured pearls and natural pearls can be extracted from pearl oysters, though other molluscs, such as the freshwater mussels, the largest pearl-bearing oyster is the marine Pinctada maxima, which is roughly the size of a dinner plate. Not all individual oysters produce pearls naturally, in fact, in a harvest of two and a half tons of oysters, only three to four oysters produce what commercial buyers consider to be absolute perfect pearls. In nature, pearl oysters produce pearls by covering a minute invasive object with nacre, over the years, the irritating object is covered with enough layers of nacre to become a pearl. The many different types, colours and shapes of pearls depend on the pigment of the nacre. Pearl farmers can culture a pearl by placing a nucleus, usually a piece of polished mussel shell, in three to seven years, the oyster can produce a perfect pearl. These pearls are not as valuable as natural pearls, but look exactly the same, in fact, since the beginning of the 20th century, when several researchers discovered how to produce artificial pearls, the cultured pearl market has far outgrown the natural pearl market. A number of molluscs also have common names that include the word oyster, usually because they either taste like or look somewhat like true oysters. Examples include, Thorny oysters in the genus Spondylus Pilgrim oyster, another term for a scallop, because of its good flavor, it commands high prices. Oysters are filter feeders, drawing water in over their gills through the beating of cilia. Suspended plankton and particles are trapped in the mucus of a gill, and from there are transported to the mouth, where they are eaten, digested, Oysters feed most actively at temperatures above 10 °C

27.
New York metropolitan area
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The New York metropolitan area continues to be the premier gateway for legal immigration to the United States, with the largest foreign-born population of any metropolitan region in the world. The MSA covers 6,720 sq mi, while the CSA area is 13,318 sq mi, encompassing an ethnically and geographically diverse region. In 2012, the New York metropolitan area was home to seven of the 25 wealthiest counties in the United States by median household income. According to Forbes, in 2014, the New York City metropolitan area was home to eight of the top ten ZIP codes in the United States by median housing price, with six in Manhattan alone. The U. S. Office of Management and Budget utilizes two definitions of the area, the Metropolitan Statistical Area and the Combined Statistical Area, the MSA is further subdivided into four metropolitan divisions. The 25-county metropolitan area includes 12 counties in New York State,12 counties in Northern and Central New Jersey, the largest urbanized area in the United States is at the heart of the metropolitan area, the New York–Newark, NY–NJ–CT Urbanized Area. The New York-Newark, NY-NJ-CT-PA Combined Statistical Area had an population of 23.7 million as of 2014. About one out of every fifteen Americans resides in this region, which includes seven counties in New York, New Jersey. This area, less the Pennsylvania portion, is referred to as the Tri-State Area. The New York City television designated market area includes Pike County, Pennsylvania, for instance, Long Island can be divided into its South and North Shores and the East End. The Hudson Valley and Connecticut are sometimes grouped together and referred to as the Northern Suburbs, the geographical, cultural, and economic center of the metropolitan area is New York City, which consists of five boroughs, each of which is also a county of New York State. The five boroughs – Brooklyn, Queens, Manhattan, the Bronx, with a Census-estimated population of 8,550,405 in 2015, distributed over a land area of just 305 square miles, New York is the most densely populated major city in the United States. Long Island is a located just off the northeast coast of the United States. Stretching east-northeast from New York Harbor into the Atlantic Ocean, the island comprises four counties, Kings and Queens to the west, then Nassau, North of the island is Long Island Sound, across which are the states of Connecticut and Rhode Island. Its population density is 5,571 inhabitants per square mile, Queens is the most ethnically diverse urban area in the world. Long Island is the most populated island in the United States, known especially for recreation, boating and miles of public beaches, including numerous town, county and state parks and Fire Island National Seashore. The East End of Long Island boasts open spaces for farmland, passenger rail access is provided by the Metropolitan Transportation Authority Long Island Rail Road, one of the largest commuter railroads in the United States. Air travel needs are served by several airports – most notably Farmingdale-Republic Airport and Islip-MacArthur Airport, within Queens, it is home to John F. Kennedy International Airport and LaGuardia Airport, two of the three major airline hubs serving the New York City area

28.
Statue of Liberty National Monument
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The Statue of Liberty National Monument is a United States national monument located in the U. S. states of New Jersey and New York comprising Liberty Island and Ellis Island. The monument is managed by the National Park Service as part of the National Parks of New York Harbor office, President Calvin Coolidge used his authority under the Antiquities Act to declare the statue a national monument in 1924. In 1937, by proclamation 2250, President Franklin D. Roosevelt expanded the monument to all of Bedloes Island, and in 1956. Ellis Island was made part of the Statue of Liberty National Monument by proclamation of President Lyndon Johnson in 1965, the United States historic district, a single listing on the U. S. National Register of Historic Places, was designated in 1966. The islands were closed during Hurricane Sandy in October 2012 and suffered severe damage, Liberty Island reopened July 4,2013. Extensive repairs on Ellis Island are still being made, the Statue of Liberty is a world-famous symbol of freedom, given in the 1880s by France to the United States in celebration of friendship. Nearby Ellis Island was the first stop for millions of immigrants to the U. S. in the late 19th, the national monument recalls this period of massive immigration to the United States. Send these, the homeless, tempest-tossed to me, I lift my lamp beside the golden door. The national monument is located in Upper New York Bay east of Liberty State Park in Jersey City, New Jersey, entrance is free, but there is a charge for the ferry service that all visitors must use. In 2007, a concession was granted to Statue Cruises to operate the transportation and ticketing facilities, the waters are patrolled by the U. S. Park Police to enforce the restriction on private boat landings. Ferries depart from both parks and all stop at both islands, enabling passengers to visit both islands and choose either destination on the return trip. Tickets can be purchased at Castle Clinton in Battery Park or at the Communipaw Terminal in Liberty State Park, ten people per group, three groups per hour, are permitted to ascend, allowing for a total of 240 per day. After an obligatory second security screening, they may bring only medication and cameras, Liberty Island and Ellis Island have been the property of the United States government since 1800 and 1808, respectively. Historical circumstances have led to the situation of Liberty Island and 3.3 acres of Ellis Island being exclaves of one state, New York, located completely within another state. Jurisdiction not superseded by the government falls to the appropriate state. Statue of Liberty National Monument Visitor information, Ellis Island, Ellis Island home page Ellis Island Immigration Museum Ellis Island Visitor information

Statue of Liberty National Monument
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Statue of Liberty National Monument, Ellis Island, and Liberty Island
Statue of Liberty National Monument
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Statue of Liberty

29.
Container ship
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Container ships are cargo ships that carry all of their load in truck-size intermodal containers, in a technique called containerization. They are a means of commercial intermodal freight transport and now carry most seagoing non-bulk cargo. Container ship capacity is measured in equivalent units. Typical loads are a mix of 20-foot and 40-foot ISO-standard containers, today, about 90% of non-bulk cargo worldwide is transported by container, and modern container ships can carry over 19,000 TEU. Container ships now rival crude oil tankers and bulk carriers as the largest commercial vessels on the ocean, there are two main types of dry cargo, bulk cargo and break bulk cargo. Bulk cargoes, like grain or coal, are transported unpackaged in the hull of the ship, break-bulk cargoes, on the other hand, are transported in packages, and are generally manufactured goods. Before the advent of containerization in the 1950s, break-bulk items were loaded, lashed, unlashed and unloaded from the one piece at a time. However, by grouping cargo into containers,1,000 to 3,000 cubic feet of cargo, or up to about 64,000 pounds, is moved at once and each container is secured to the ship once in a standardized way. Containerization has increased the efficiency of moving traditional break-bulk cargoes significantly, reducing shipping time by 84%, in 2001, more than 90% of world trade in non-bulk goods was transported in ISO containers. In 2009, almost one quarter of the dry cargo was shipped by container. The first ships designed to carrying standardized load units were use in the late 18th century in England, in 1766 James Brindley designed the box boat Starvationer with 10 wooden containers, to transport coal from Worsley Delph to Manchester by Bridgewater Canal. Before the Second World War first container ships were used to carrying baggages of the passenger train from London to Paris, Golden Arrow/Fleche dOr. These containers were loaded in London or Paris and carried to ports, Dover or Calais, on cars in the UK. The earliest container ships after the Second World War were converted to tankers, in 1951, the first purpose-built container vessels began operating in Denmark, and between Seattle and Alaska. The first commercially successful container ship was Ideal X, a T2 tanker, owned by Malcom McLean, in 1955, McLean built his company, McLean Trucking into one of United States biggest freighter fleets. In 1955, he purchased the small Pan Atlantic Steamship Company from Waterman Steamship, on April 26,1956, the first of these rebuilt container vessels, Ideal X, left the Port Newark in New Jersey and a new revolution in modern shipping resulted. Container vessels eliminate the individual hatches, holds and dividers of the general cargo vessels. The hull of a container ship is a huge warehouse divided into cells by vertical guide rails

30.
Port Newark-Elizabeth Marine Terminal
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Located on Newark Bay, the facility is run by the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey. Its two components—Port Newark and the Elizabeth Marine Terminal —sit side by side within the cities of Newark and Elizabeth, New Jersey, just east of the New Jersey Turnpike and Newark Airport. The busiest container port in the world in 1985, the Port was, as of 2004, the largest in the eastern United States and the third-largest in the country. Container goods typically arrive on ships through The Narrows and the Kill Van Kull before entering Newark Bay. The port facility consists of two main dredged slips and multiple loading cranes, Shipping containers are arrayed in large stacks visible from the New Jersey Turnpike before being loaded onto rail cars and trucks. In 2009, the port operators at Port Newark–Elizabeth included Maher terminals, APM terminal. Since 1998, the port has seen a 65% increase in traffic, in 2003, the port moved over $100 billion in goods. In 2006, it handled more than 20% of all US imports from Germany, the height of ships serving the port is limited by the Bayonne Bridge over Kill Van Kull. This limitation has become more serious since the Panama Canal expanded in 2016, allowing bigger, in 2012, the Port Authority announced plans to increase the height of the Bayonne Bridges roadway to 215 feet, which will solve the problem. The project was expected to cost around $1 billion, other improvements are expected to cost additional billions of dollars, including larger cranes, bigger railyard facilities, deeper channels, and expanded wharves. New cranes arrived in May 2014, ExpressRail, a initiative of the PANYNJ, provides dockside transloading operations at both Port Elizabeth and Port Newark. Conrail Shared Assets Operations is the railroad connecting to the Chemical Coast for CSX Transportation. The auto-processing facilities at the end of Port Newark and the adjacent Doremus Auto Terminal are served by dockside trackage. Oak Island Yard, the classification yard in the region, is just north of the port. NS operates an ExpressRail yard south of the adjacent to Jersey Gardens. The western edge of Newark Bay was originally the Newark Meadows, in the 1910s, the city of Newark began excavating an angled shipping channel in the northeastern quadrant of the wetland. This became the basis of Port Newark, work on the channel and terminal facilities on its north side accelerated during World War I, when the federal government took control of Port Newark. During the war, nearly 25,000 troops were stationed at the Newark Bay Shipyard, the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey was formed in 1921, and the Newark Bay Channels were authorized by the Rivers and Harbors Acts in 1922

31.
Red Hook Container Terminal
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The Red Hook Marine Terminal is an intermodal freight transport facility that includes a container terminal located on the Upper New York Bay in the Port of New York and New Jersey. The maritime facility in Red Hook section of Brooklyn, New York handles container ships, the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey bought the piers in the 1950s when there was still much break bulk cargo activity in the port. In October 2011 the PANYNJ took over operations at the site, in 2011, the terminal handled 110,000 containers. Red Hook Container Terminal LLC operates the terminal on the Port Authoritys behalf, nearly all labor on the terminal is supplied by Local 1814 of the International Longshoremans Association union

32.
Port Jersey
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The municipal border of the Hudson County cities of Jersey City and Bayonne runs along the long pier extending into the bay. The facility was created in the between 1972 and 1976 and acquired by the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey in July 2010 and its major tenant is GCT Bayonne, a post-panamax shipping facility operated by Global Container Terminals. Much of Port Jersey is part of United States Foreign-Trade Zone 49, a very small bird sanctuary is also located on the promenade. The area, east of the Greenville section of Jersey City where was originally tidal marshes and white cedar swamps, the pier that become Port Jersey was created in the between 1972 and 1976 using landfill. The location of the PA Auto Marine Terminal and its relatively airdraft-free deepwater access for larger vessels led to the PANYNJ to convert the facility into a container terminal, after the PANYNJ purchase the the container terminal facilities were expanded in conjuction with the main tenant, Global Terminals. The largest ship ever to call at the Port of New York-New Jersey, ambrose Channel is the main shipping channel in and out of the Port of New York and New Jersey. Branching canal to the south the Port Jersey Channel separates the pier from the pier of a former military base. The a multi-use area is home to the Cape Liberty Cruise Port, residential and commercial buildings, deepening of the Port Jersey Channel to 50 feet was authorized by the Army Corps of Engineers in 2010. and completed in 2016. To the north lies Claremeont Terminal, Port Jersey is one of the few areas on the Bergen Neck peninsula where freight rail lines are still in use. In October 2010 the PANYNJ announced plans to develop ExpressRail Port Jersey, allowing for transfers to trains. Trains will use a renovated National Docks Secondary freight line to access the national network, Port Jersey is served by New Jersey Route 440 which connects with Bayonne Bridge. Nearby is Exit 14A of the Newark Bay Extension of the New Jersey Turnpike, New Jersey Route 185 connects the facility to Greenville Yard. In 2010 the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey announced its intentions to build a five tower wind farm at Port Jersey within three years, the windfarm is part of a larger plan to expand the container port on the manmade peninsula to accommodate post-panamax ships. In May 2012, Global Container Terminals announced detailed plan of the port extension and it included the installation of 9 wind turbines in order to meet a zero emissions footprint of their crane operation during periods of wind power generation

Port Jersey
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Port Jersey and Statue of Liberty
Port Jersey
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Looking northwest across MOTBY, Port Jersey, Greenville Yard, and Claremont Terminal, with USS Intrepid in foreground
Port Jersey
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Looking north to Claremont Terminal in July 2010, where a new Willis Avenue Bridge received finishing touches before replacing the older Harlem River crossing.
Port Jersey
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1912 PRR map showing the Greenville Terminal and its car float operations, also the current crossing

33.
MOTBY
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Military Ocean Terminal at Bayonne was a U. S. military ocean terminal located in the Port of New York and New Jersey which operated from 1942 to 1999. The site is on Upper New York Bay south of Port Jersey on the side of Bayonne. Since its closure it has undergone maritime, residential, commercial, part of the Hudson River Waterfront Walkway runs along its perimeter. In 1932, a plan was initiated to build a port terminal off the east coast of Bayonne into the bay to create additional industrial, maritime. After the plan was completed in 1939, dredging and filling began, at the outbreak of World War II, the United States Navy was looking for a location for a port on the East Coast and became interested in the site for a large dry-dock and supply center. The Bayonne military base was opened by the Navy in 1942 as a logistics and repair base, after the war MOTBY became port for part of the Atlantic Reserve Fleet or the Mothball Fleet. In 1967, the became a US Army base. It was a shipping terminal by the standards of the day. Once cargo arrived at MOTBY, it could be placed directly into covered warehouses, or onto uncovered, every type of roll-on/roll-off vessel in the Military Sealift Command inventory could be accommodated. This capability was used during the Persian Gulf War and during operations in Somalia, dozens of military units were shipped through MOTBY, as was outsized cargo such as M1A2 tanks from as far as Fort Hood, Texas. The facility closed in 1999 under a US Base Realignment and Closure 1995 directive, after closure, bids to permanently berth the battleship USS New Jersey, which had been decommissioned at the Atlantic Reserve Fleet from 1948 to 1967, were unsuccessful. Construction is planned to place in phases, with one section of housing currently completed. A memorial park for the Tear of Grief, commemorating September 11th,2001, much of the HBO prison drama Oz was filmed around MOTBY. In 2010, the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey purchased 130 acres along the waterfront for future use, the Port Authority said it would likely not use the land for housing as currently zoned, indicating that additional port facilities would be created. On July 29, the city approved the sale at a price of $235 million, to be paid out over 24 years. However economic conditions were not favorable to that project, which envisioned 6,700 housing units, the Port Authority planned to develop the property as a container port capable of handling the larger container ships in service after the new, wider Panama Canal opened. Originally, a condition of the sale was that the monuments to United States Marines who fought in the Korean War. However, the move is no longer planned, in 2015, the Bayonne City Council settled lawsuits with the original developers of the property

MOTBY
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Cape Liberty Cruise Port
MOTBY
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The west side of Upper New York Bay showing MOTBY, Port Jersey, and the no longer extant Caven Point pier extending into the harbor
MOTBY
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New housing at The Peninsula
MOTBY
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Marine Corps monument

34.
Constable Hook
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Constable Hook is a cape located on the north side of the outlet of Kill van Kull into Upper New York Bay in Bayonne, New Jersey. The cape has long been an important site of marine transfer operations in the Port of New York, just offshore, Robbins Reef Light serves to guide harbor traffic. Since the late 20th century, brownfields have been repurposed for recreational and commercial uses, on March 15,1861, the New Jersey Legislature approved unification of Constable Hook along with Bergen Point, Centerville and Salterville into the Township of Bayonne. Three weeks later the Charter for the City of Bayonne was signed by Governor Charles S. Olden, the area, Konstapels Hoeck in Dutch, takes its name from Roys title. Roy, however, never cultivated or settled on the land, the first settler is believed to be Pieter Van Buskirk. Born around January 1,1665, Van Buskirk built a house overlooking Upper New York Bay on Constable Hook at what became known as Van Buskirks Point around the year 1700. Van Buskirk started a family cemetery next to his house in 1736. His wife, Tryntje died on October 31 of that year and was buried in the cemetery, Pieter Van Buskirk died two years later on July 20,1738 and was also buried in the cemetery. In 1798, Van Buskirk descendents sold a portion of Constable Hook to the Hazard Powder Co. that built a factory and dock. During the War of 1812, the Hazard Powder Co. factory produced gunpowder for the U. S. Navy and for fortifications in and around New York harbor. In 1854 James J. Van Buskirk, wrote a will, the cemetery was not opened until December 1854 and plots in the cemetery were sold soon after. The official name of the cemetery is not known, but it was referred to in documents as Hook Cemetery, Bayonne Cemetery, Constable Hook. The remaining parts of the cemetery underwent a restoration project of the 1980s and it is surrounded by property owned by IMTT and is also maintained by the company. The industrial Port Johnson area is located in the portion of Constable Hook. In 1864, after building a bridge over Newark Bay. After the American Civil War, they built the Port Johnston Coal Docks, many Irish immigrants took jobs with the railroad living in Constable Hook. So many Irish had moved there that the residents of Bayonne referred to the area as Irishtown, on July 26,1877, the first full scale strike occurred in Bayonne at the Port Johnston Coal Docks when workers walked off the job. Port Johnston was the site of a camp for Italian soldiers during WW2

35.
Liberty State Park
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Liberty State Park is located on Upper New York Bay in Jersey City, New Jersey, opposite Liberty Island and Ellis Island. The park opened in 1976 to coincide with celebrations and is operated and maintained by the New Jersey Division of Parks. Liberty State Park covers 1,212 acres, the main part of the park is bordered by water on three sides, on the north by the Morris Canal Big Basin and on the south and east by Upper New York Bay. The New Jersey Turnpike Newark Bay Extension marks its western perimeter, most of the parks area is on landfill created by the Central Railroad of New Jersey and the Lehigh Valley Railroad, defunct companies whose lines once terminated there. In the northeast corner of the park is the CRRNJ Terminal, Statue Cruises offers ferries to Statue of Liberty National Monument, Ellis Island and Liberty Island that depart nearby. A 50-foot from the Lehigh Valley Railroad can be found in the park at 40. 709430°N74. 047327°W﻿ /40.709430, the long thin pier at the foot of Chapel Avenue that was once part of the park has been demolished. The Peninsula Park lies between the Big Basin of the Morris Canal and the Tidewater Basin in Paulus Hook, the Liberty Landing Marina is located on the Big Basin. Communipaw Cove is part of the 36-acre state nature preserve in the park and is one of the few remaining salt marshes along the Hudson River estuary. The Interpretive Center, designed by architect Michael Graves, is part of the preserve, to the west lies the Interior Natural Area, which is off limits to the public and is being allowed through natural processes to recover from environmental abuse. The park is also the state park in Essex, Hudson. Another section of the park is called Liberty Industrial Park, in the seventeenth century it became part of the colonial province of New Netherland, the patroonship Pavonia. For hundreds of years it was a port for local communities of Bergen, Bergen Township. In the latter half of 19th century small island named Black Tom via landfill projects was joined with the mainland and it became major shipping, manufacturing, and transportation hub within Port of New York and New Jersey, leading to the construction of Communipaw Terminal. It was from this station that many immigrants arriving at Ellis Island spread out across the USA. Construction of the North River Tunnels, containerization, and the Interstate Highway System, the decline of industry, deterioration of rail and maritime infrastructure, and toxic waste, eventually made the area obsolete. Abandoned buildings and brownfields dominated the landscape after the century, though there was still some manufacturing. Audrey Zapp, Theodore Conrad, Morris Pesin and J. Owen Grundy were influential environmentalists and they are remembered by the naming of places and streets along the waterfront. It is estimated the park suffered $20 million in damages during Superstorm Sandy in October 2012, as of August 2015, the CRRNJ Terminal and Nature Interpretive Center remain closed due to storm damage

Liberty State Park
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Jersey City as seen from Liberty State Park
Liberty State Park
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The old ferry docks at the CRRNJ terminal at Liberty State Park
Liberty State Park
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The World Trade Center from Liberty State Park in November 1999
Liberty State Park
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Liberty Harbor

36.
Kayak
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A kayak is a small, narrow watercraft which is propelled by means of a double-bladed paddle. The word kayak originates from the Greenlandic language, where it is the word qajaq, in the UK the term canoe is often used when referring to a kayak. The traditional kayak has a deck and one or more cockpits. Kayaks are also being sailed, as well as propelled by means of electric motors. The kayak was first used by the indigenous Aleut, Inuit, Yupik, kayaks were originally developed by the Inuit, Yupik, and Aleut. They used the boats to hunt on inland lakes, rivers and coastal waters of the Arctic Ocean, North Atlantic, Bering Sea and these first kayaks were constructed from stitched seal or other animal skins stretched over a wood or whalebone-skeleton frame. Kayaks are believed to be at least 4,000 years old, the oldest existing kayaks are exhibited in the North America department of the State Museum of Ethnology in Munich. Native people made many types of boat for different purposes, the baidarka, developed by indigenous cultures in Alaska, was also made in double or triple cockpit designs, for hunting and transporting passengers or goods. An umiak is an open sea canoe, ranging from 17 to 30 feet, made with seal skins. It is considered a kayak although it was originally paddled with single-bladed paddles, native builders designed and built their boats based on their own experience and that of the generations before them, passed on through oral tradition. A special skin jacket, Tuilik, was laced to the kayak. This enabled the eskimo roll to become the method of regaining posture after capsizing, especially as few Inuit could swim. Inuit kayak builders had specific measurements for their boats, the length was typically three times the span of his outstretched arms. The width at the cockpit was the width of the builders hips plus two fists, the typical depth was his fist plus the outstretched thumb. Thus typical dimensions were about 17 feet long by 20–22 inches wide by 7 inches deep and this measurement system confounded early European explorers who tried to duplicate the kayak, because each kayak was a little different. Most of the Aleut people in the Aleutian Islands eastward to Greenland Inuit relied on the kayak for hunting a variety of seals, though whales. Skin-on-frame kayaks are still being used for hunting by Inuit people in Greenland, because the smooth and flexible skin glides silently through the waves. In other parts of the home builders are continuing the tradition of skin on frame kayaks, usually with modern skins of canvas or synthetic fabric

37.
Staten Island Ferry
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The Staten Island Ferry is a passenger ferry service operated by the New York City Department of Transportation. It runs 5.2 miles in New York Harbor between the New York City boroughs of Manhattan and Staten Island, the ferry departs Manhattan from the Staten Island Ferry Whitehall Terminal at South Ferry, at the southernmost tip of Manhattan near Battery Park. On Staten Island, the ferry arrives and departs from the St. George Ferry Terminal on Richmond Terrace, near Richmond Countys Borough Hall, Service is provided 24 hours a day,365 days a year, and is punctual 96% of the time. The Staten Island Ferry has been a service since 1905. While trips take 25 minutes, service runs every 30 minutes most hours of the day and night. For most of the 20th century, the ferry was famed as the biggest bargain in New York City and it charged the same one-nickel fare as the New York City Subway but the ferry fare remained a nickel when the subway fare increased to 10 cents in 1948. In 1970 then-Mayor John V. Lindsay proposed that the fare be raised to 25 cents, pointing out that the cost for each ride was 50 cents, or ten times what the fare brought in. On August 4,1975, the nickel fare ended and the charge became 25 cents for a round trip, in 1990 the charge for a round trip was increased to 50 cents, provoking a backlash amongst Staten Islanders, and sparking calls for its complete abolition. Grievances over the fare contributed, in part, to Staten Island voting in 1993 to secede from New York City in a non-binding referendum, while the ferries no longer transport motor vehicles, they do transport bicycles. There are two entrances to the ferry from either borough. The bike entrance is always on the first floor so bicyclists can enter the ferry from the ground without needing to enter the building, the ground entrance is also reserved exclusively for bike riders. Cyclists must dismount and walk their bicycles to the area and onto the boat. Cyclists are subject to screening upon arrival at the ferry terminals, bicycles may also be taken on the lowest deck of the ferry without charge. In the past, ferries were equipped for vehicle transport, at a charge of $3 per automobile, however, there is commuter parking at the St. George ferry terminal, connecting to several buses and the Staten Island Railway. On the Manhattan side, the new Staten Island Ferry Whitehall Terminal, dedicated in 2005, has convenient access to subways, buses, taxis and bicycle routes. The ferry ride is a favorite of tourists to New York as it provides excellent views of the Lower Manhattan skyline, the ferry runs 24/7, with service continuing overnight. The ferry is a place to go on Saturday nights, as beer. On February 7,2005, a renovated and modernized terminal, designed by architect Frederic Schwartz, was dedicated

Staten Island Ferry
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Staten Island Ferry
Staten Island Ferry
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The St. George Terminal on Staten Island
Staten Island Ferry
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The route of the Staten Island Ferry across Upper New York Bay is shown in yellow on a TERRA satellite photo of New York Harbor
Staten Island Ferry
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The Staten Island Ferry Terminal is located in Lower Manhattan

38.
Battery Park (New York)
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Battery Park is a 25-acre public park located at the Battery, the southern tip of Manhattan Island in New York City, facing New York Harbor. The area and park are named for the batteries that were positioned there in the citys early years to protect the settlement behind them. The southern shoreline of Manhattan Island had long known as The Battery since the 17th century when the area was part of the Dutch Settlement of New Amsterdam. At the time, a battery there served to protect the seaward approaches to the town. The relatively modern park was created by landfill starting from 1855. Skyscrapers now occupy most of the land, stopping abruptly where the park begins. While the Brooklyn-Battery Tunnel and Battery Park Underpass were under construction from 1940–52, peter Minuit Plaza was built in 1955, the East Coast Memorial was dedicated in 1963. Battery Park was included within a group of historic waterfront sites designated Harbor Park, by the government of New York State, the Battery Park Conservancy, founded in 1994 by still-current President Warrie Price, has undertaken and funded the restoration and improvement of the once shop-worn park. In 2015, the New York City Department of Parks and the Battery Conservancy announced that the park would revert to its historic name, at the other end of the park is Battery Gardens restaurant, next to the United States Coast Guard Battery Building. Along the waterfront, Statue Cruises offers ferries to the Statue of Liberty, the park is also the site of the East Coast Memorial which commemorates U. S. servicemen who died in coastal waters of the western Atlantic Ocean during World War II, and several other memorials. Castle Clinton, named for mayor DeWitt Clinton, now lies within the park, originally called the West Battery, it was built as a fort just prior to the War of 1812. It became property of the city after the war and was renamed Castle Clinton, when Leased by the city, it became a popular promenade and beer garden. Later roofed over, it one of the premier theatrical venues in the United States. The people who gathered at Battery Park to see a clipper ship get underway came partly to hear the sailors sing their sea songs, which originated early in the nineteenth century, with the Negro stevedores at Mobile and New Orleans. The migration of the citys elite uptown increased concurrently with the mass European emigration of the middle 19th century, as immigrants settled the Battery area, the location was less favorable to theater patrons and Castle Garden was closed. The structure was made into the worlds first immigration depot, processing millions of immigrants beginning in 1855, almost 40 years before its successor, Ellis Island. This period coincided with immigration waves resulting from Irelands Great Famine, the structure then housed the New York Aquarium from 1896 to 1941, when it was threatened with destruction under transportation planner Robert Mosess plans. Made a National Monument in 1946 and restored in 1975, it is known by its original name

Battery Park (New York)
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Aerial view of Battery Park in 2010. At park's left is Pier A, at park's right is South Ferry Terminal. On the far right is the East River.
Battery Park (New York)
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1793 rendering of the flagpole and recent plantings at the Battery
Battery Park (New York)
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Statue of John Ericsson in Battery Park, holding a model of USS Monitor in his hand
Battery Park (New York)
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The Sphere and eternal flame 9/11 memorial

39.
South Ferry (Manhattan)
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South Ferry is at the southern tip of Manhattan Island in New York City and is the embarkation point for ferries to Staten Island and Governors Island. Battery Park, abutting South Ferry on the west, has docking areas for ferries to Liberty Island and its name is derived from an historical ferry company which provided service to Brooklyn, run by the South Ferry Company. The Old Ferry, crossed between Manhattan and Brooklyn from streets that in each city would eventually be renamed Fulton Street, the New Ferry crossed further east, between Catherine Street in Manhattan, and Main Street in Brooklyn. South Ferry was also the name of the Brooklyn landing and ferry house, South Ferry is served by several New York City Subway stations. In earlier years, South Ferry also hosted a four-track elevated terminal with access to all Manhattan elevated train running up Second, Third. These lines were closed in stages from 1938 to 1955

40.
St. George Ferry Terminal
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St. George Terminal is a ferry, railway, bus, and park and ride transit center in the St. George neighborhood of Staten Island, New York City. It is located at the intersection of Richmond Terrace and Bay Street, near Staten Island Borough Hall, Richmond County Bank Ballpark, St. George is one of the few remaining rail-sea connections in the United States. A new ferry and rail terminal at the St. St. George was selected due to it being the closest point from Staten Island to Manhattan, approximately a 5 miles distance. An extension of the line to Tompkinsville was opened in 1884, the ferry terminal was opened in early 1886, while the rail terminal opened in March of that year. The terminals entrance building would be opened in 1897, the St. George rail terminal as originally built was constructed of wood, with no overhead obstructions. The B&O also operated the SIRT and ferries under a 99-year lease signed in 1885, a trolley terminal for the Staten Island Electric Company was formerly located above the ferryhouse. The St. George tunnel was lengthened in 1905, in 1923 an excavation shaft for the Narrows tunnel was constructed at the south end of the terminal near Shore Road, though construction was halted in 1925. On June 25,1946, a fire destroyed both the wooden ferry and rail terminals. Full service was restored in July of that year, a new facility was built by the city, opening on June 8,1951, which led the tunneling shaft to be filled in. The new facility cost $21 million, the former freight yard was replaced by a NYCDOT Municipal Parking Lot when the new terminal opened, and is now also the site of the Richmond County Bank Ballpark. The station served as the terminus for the SIR North Shore Branch to Arlington. The line used tracks 11 and 12 on the end of the terminal. Currently, St. George hosts a direct connection, one of a few left in the United States. St. George Terminal is one of two terminals of the Staten Island Ferry, the other is Whitehall Terminal, on the southern tip of Manhattan near Battery Park. The Staten Island Ferry runs a 24-hour service between the two, the Staten Island Ferry carries over 19 million annual passengers on 33,000 yearly trips over a 5. 2-mile route that takes approximately 25 minutes each way. Each day, approximately five boats transport about 75,000 passengers during 104 boat trips, on weekends, ferries run every 30 and 60 minutes. In November 2006, additional ferries running every 30 minutes were provided during the weekend morning hours—the most significant change in the schedule for about 3 decades. The rail station, signed as St. George, which opened on March 7,1886, is the terminus of the main line of the Staten Island Railway

St. George Ferry Terminal
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The St. George Terminal on Staten Island
St. George Ferry Terminal
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Inside the St. George Ferry Terminal
St. George Ferry Terminal
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From street
St. George Ferry Terminal
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A local train at St. George

41.
NY Waterway
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NY Waterway, or New York Waterway, is a private transportation company running ferry and bus service in the Port of New York and New Jersey and in the Hudson Valley. Commuter peak service is provided on the Haverstraw–Ossining Ferry, Newburgh–Beacon Ferry. Excursions and sightseeing trips include those to Yankee Stadium, Gateway National Recreation Area, in 1986 he established New York Waterway, with a route across the river between Weehawken Port Imperial and Pier 78 on the West Side of Midtown Manhattan. Three years later, it began operation between Hoboken Terminal and Battery Park City, during the course of the next decade numerous routes across the Hudson were added. In February 2011 it was contracted to operate a route calling at slips in Brooklyn, subsidized by the City of New York, the service was originally intended for commuters, but after a few months became popular with weekend users and tourists. The September 11,2001 attacks on the World Trade Center destroyed the PATH terminal located there, the company was well-positioned to take advantage of government investment in ferry service, receiving subsidies and generous agreements to docking at public facilities. NY Waterway service quickly expanded by adding new routes and increasing the frequency of crossings and it borrowed heavily to fund the acquisition of additional vessels. After PATH service was restored ridership significantly declined, the loss of passengers bringing the company, unable to reduce its fixed costs, to brink of bankruptcy. By December 2004, there was concern that there would be a total shutdown of ferry service. The Port Authority, as well as city and state agencies had already contracted the construction of new terminals to be leased to private operators. The shutdown was averted when the new BillyBey Ferry Company LLC which had never before operated ferry services, wachtel, agreed to take over almost half of NY Waterways equipment and routes. Other ferry and sightseeing boat operators were displeased that the Port Authority approved the transfer without a transparent bidding process, in 2009, the fleet included 33 boats,15 of which are operated by the company for its associate Billybey Ferry. NY Waterway has played a role in a number of rescue, the ferry service also brought people across the river during Northeast Blackout of 2003 when service on New Jersey Transit and Port Authority Trans-Hudson trains could not operate. During the 2005 New York City transit strike it provided alternative transportation, in 2009, the company was instrumental in the rescue of passengers of US Airways Flight 1549, which made an emergency landing on the Hudson River. The firm gained attention both for its efforts to rescue passengers from airplane and for its hiring of 20-year-old Brittany Catanzaro as captain. Thanks in a part to the successful efforts of Captains Vincent Lombardi and Catanzaro, together with their crews. On April 6,2012, a NY Waterway ferry rescued the crew of the Katherine G, the ferrys captain, Mohamed Gouda, had also commanded one of the ferries that participated in the flight 1549 rescue. Passengers who purchase a 10-trip or a Monthly Joint Bus-Ferry pass take the bus to the Port Authority Bus Terminal during mornings, in December 2014 it was announced that NJT will buy ten buses for NY Waterways use on its Manhattan bus routes

42.
Sandy Hook
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Sandy Hook is a barrier spit in Middletown Township, Monmouth County, New Jersey, United States. The barrier spit, approximately 6 miles in length and varying from 0.1 to 1.0 mile wide, is located at the end of the Jersey Shore. It encloses the southern entrance of Lower New York Bay south of New York City, the Dutch called the area Sant Hoek, with the English Hook deriving from the Dutch Hoek, meaning spit of land. Most of Sandy Hook is currently owned and managed by the National Park Service as the Sandy Hook Unit of Gateway National Recreation Area. Geologically, Sandy Hook is a sand spit or barrier spit. On its western side, the peninsula encloses Sandy Hook Bay, the 2, 044-acre peninsula was discovered by Henry Hudson, and, historically, Sandy Hook has been a convenient anchorage for ships before proceeding into Upper New York Harbor. Sandy Hook is part of Middletown Township, although not contiguous with the rest of the Township, because the peninsula is a federal reservation, this technicality is essentially moot. The community of Highlands overlooks the part of the hook. Sandy Hook is owned by the federal government, most of it is managed by the National Park Service as the Sandy Hook Unit of Gateway National Recreation Area. The eastern shoreline consists of beaches, North Beach, Gunnison Beach. The southern part of the consists of public beaches, fishing areas, and the SeaGulls Nest. The peninsulas ocean-facing beaches are considered among the finest in New Jersey and are a destination for recreation in summer when seasonal ferries bring beachgoers. Gunnison Beach is one of the largest clothing optional beaches on the East Coast, there is a vocational school that was located at the tip of Sandy Hook called M. A. S. T. or The Marine Academy of Science and Technology. The school was destroyed by Hurricane Sandy in 2012, and rebuilt the subsequent year, Sandy Hook Lighthouse is located within the fort grounds, as is the Marine Academy of Science and Technology, a magnet high school, part of the Monmouth County Vocational School District. At the entrance to Fort Hancock is Guardian Park, a plaza dominated by two Nike missiles, some of the buildings of Fort Hancock are off-limits because their structural integrity is dubious. A controversial proposal was accepted to allow adaptive reuse of some of the buildings in Fort Hancock for private profit. The defunct U. S. Army post Fort Hancock at the end of the peninsula is open to the public. The Sandy Hook Nike station is one of a few stations that are still intact

43.
Liberty Weekend
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Liberty Weekend was a four-day celebration of the 1984 restoration and the centenary of the Statue of Liberty in New York City. It began on July 3 and ended on July 6,1986, the Liberty Orchestra was conducted by John Williams premiering his composition, Liberty Fanfare featuring the Liberty Weekend herald trumpets. The Liberty Weekend Chorus was conducted by N. Brock McElheran, music professor from the prestigious Crane School of Music, the chorus also featured alumni members of the Crane School of Music Chorus. Kenneth Mack Jr. sang the National Anthem, gregory Peck, Elizabeth Taylor and Frank Sinatra also spoke. Reagan spoke of the friendship between France and the United States with an emphasis on the conducting the restoration work. He then unveiled the Statue for the first time since its restoration and this was followed by musical performances by Neil Diamond, Frank Sinatra, and dancer Mikhail Baryshnikov among others. Ted Koppel of ABC News Nightline presented the Medal of Liberty to outstanding naturalized Americans, emil Mosbacher, organizer of Operation Sail, and Secretary of the Navy John Lehman spoke of the following days events. Reagan spoke again, this time symbolically lighting the torch of the Statue of Liberty, by pressing a button shooting a laser from the podium to torch. This was done from the deck of the USS John F. Kennedy This was followed by a fireworks display set to Stars. Warren Burger, Chief Justice of the United States, swore in immigrants to the United States in a ceremony on Ellis Island. The temperature in the harbor was about 40 degrees that night with a wind blowing across Governors Island. Security was very tight on the island, on the night of the performance there were frogmen in the water around the island. Reagan viewed the ships from the USS Iowa and its fitting, then, that this procession should take place in honor of Lady Liberty. Later the Boston Pops Orchestra conducted by John Williams conducted a concert of classic American music at Liberty State Park in New Jersey. It also featured performances from John Denver, Melissa Manchester, Clamma Dale with Simon Estes, Joel Grey, Whitney Houston, Johnny Cash, James Whitmore. This was followed by an address by Reagan aboard the USS John F. Kennedy and a 30-minute fireworks display and concert, scored and conducted by Joe Raposo and it was the largest fireworks display in American history, and at the time the largest in the world. The display included 22,000 aerial fireworks, launched from 30 barges and other vantage points and it was co-produced by four family-owned fireworks firms, namely the Zambelli, Grucci, Santore and Sousa families. On July 5,1986, First Lady Nancy Reagan re-opened the Statue to the public accompanied by 100 French, the race was filmed by a fifth airship, and two others circled the city

44.
Statue of Liberty
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The Statue of Liberty is a colossal neoclassical sculpture on Liberty Island in New York Harbor in New York City, in the United States. The copper statue, a gift from the people of France to the people of the United States, was designed by French sculptor Frédéric Auguste Bartholdi, the statue was dedicated on October 28,1886. The Statue of Liberty is a female figure representing Libertas. She holds a torch above her head, and in her left arm carries a tabula ansata inscribed July 4,1776, a broken chain lies at her feet. The statue became an icon of freedom and of the United States, due to the post-war instability in France, work on the statue did not commence until the early 1870s. In 1875, Laboulaye proposed that the French finance the statue, Bartholdi completed the head and the torch-bearing arm before the statue was fully designed, and these pieces were exhibited for publicity at international expositions. The torch-bearing arm was displayed at the Centennial Exposition in Philadelphia in 1876, fundraising proved difficult, especially for the Americans, and by 1885 work on the pedestal was threatened due to lack of funds. Publisher Joseph Pulitzer of the New York World started a drive for donations to complete the project attracted more than 120,000 contributors. The statue was constructed in France, shipped overseas in crates, the statues completion was marked by New Yorks first ticker-tape parade and a dedication ceremony presided over by President Grover Cleveland. The statue was administered by the United States Lighthouse Board until 1901 and then by the Department of War, public access to the balcony surrounding the torch has been barred for safety reasons since 1916. The project is traced to a conversation between Édouard René de Laboulaye, a staunch abolitionist and Frédéric Bartholdi, a sculptor. The National Park Service, in a 2000 report, however, deemed this a legend traced to an 1885 fundraising pamphlet, in order to honor these achievements, Laboulaye proposed that a gift be built for the United States on behalf of France. Laboulaye hoped that by calling attention to the recent achievements of the United States, according to sculptor Frédéric Auguste Bartholdi, who later recounted the story, Laboulayes comment was not intended as a proposal, but it inspired Bartholdi. Given the repressive nature of the regime of Napoleon III, Bartholdi took no action on the idea except to discuss it with Laboulaye. Sketches and models were made of the work, though it was never erected. There was a precedent for the Suez proposal, the Colossus of Rhodes. This statue is believed to have been over 100 feet high, any large project was further delayed by the Franco-Prussian War, in which Bartholdi served as a major of militia. In the war, Napoleon III was captured and deposed, Bartholdis home province of Alsace was lost to the Prussians, and a more liberal republic was installed in France

45.
Jamaica Bay
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Jamaica Bay is located on the southern side of Long Island, in the U. S. state of New York, near the islands western end. The bay connects with Lower New York Bay to the west through Rockaway Inlet and is the westernmost of the lagoons on the south shore of Long Island. Politically, it is divided between the boroughs of Brooklyn and Queens in New York City, with a small part touching Nassau County, the bay contains numerous marshy islands. It was known as Grassy Bay as late as the 1940s, the y sound in English is spelled with a j in Dutch, the first Europeans to write about the area. This resulted in the eventual English pronunciation of Jamaica when read, the location of Jamaica Bay combined with the rich food resources found there make it a regionally important fish, wildlife, and plant habitat complex. This geographic location acts to concentrate marine and estuarine species migrating between the New York Bight portion of the North Atlantic, and the Hudson River and Raritan River estuary. Shorebirds, raptors, waterfowl, land birds, and various migratory insects are concentrated by the coastlines in both directions and these migratory species are further concentrated by the surrounding urban development into the remaining open space and open water of Jamaica Bay. Jamaica Bay and nearby Breezy Point support seasonal or year-round populations of over 330 species of special emphasis and listed species, incorporating 48 species of fish and 120 species of birds. Jamaica Bay is a saline to brackish, eutrophic estuary covering about 25,000 acres, with a depth of 13 feet, a semidiurnal tidal range averaging 4.9 ft. The bay itself has been disturbed by dredging, filling, and development, including the construction of John F. Kennedy International Airport and, earlier, the historic Floyd Bennett Field. About 49 square kilometres of the original 65 square kilometres of wetlands in the bay have been filled in, extensive areas of the bay have been dredged for navigation channels and to provide fill for the airports and other construction projects. The center of the bay is dominated by open water and extensive low-lying islands with areas of salt marsh, intertidal flats. The average mean low tide exposes 350 acres of mudflat,940 acres of low salt marsh dominated by low marsh cordgrass, the extensive intertidal areas are rich in food resources, including a variety of benthic invertebrates and macroalgae dominated by sea lettuce. These rich food resources attract a variety of fish, shorebirds, species introduced in the refuge to attract wildlife include autumn olive, Japanese black pine, and Japanese barberry. The salt marshes of Jamaica Bay offer prime habitat for migratory birds, most of the waters and marshes have been protected since 1972 as part of the Gateway National Recreation Area. The marshlands are also fast diminishing, as of Spring 2003, marshland is being lost at the rate of approximately 40 acres per year. The reasons for loss are still unclear, but one hypothesis is that the loss is the result of rising sea levels. To test this, in the hope of preventing further losses, opponents are concerned that the dredging may be harmful, perhaps leading to greater loss of marshland than the area saved

46.
Atlantic Ocean
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The Atlantic Ocean is the second largest of the worlds oceans with a total area of about 106,460,000 square kilometres. It covers approximately 20 percent of the Earths surface and about 29 percent of its surface area. It separates the Old World from the New World, the Atlantic Ocean occupies an elongated, S-shaped basin extending longitudinally between Eurasia and Africa to the east, and the Americas to the west. The Equatorial Counter Current subdivides it into the North Atlantic Ocean, in contrast, the term Atlantic originally referred specifically to the Atlas Mountains in Morocco and the sea off the Strait of Gibraltar and the North African coast. The Greek word thalassa has been reused by scientists for the huge Panthalassa ocean that surrounded the supercontinent Pangaea hundreds of years ago. The term Aethiopian Ocean, derived from Ancient Ethiopia, was applied to the Southern Atlantic as late as the mid-19th century, many Irish or British people refer to the United States and Canada as across the pond, and vice versa. The Black Atlantic refers to the role of ocean in shaping black peoples history. Irish migration to the US is meant when the term The Green Atlantic is used, the term Red Atlantic has been used in reference to the Marxian concept of an Atlantic working class, as well as to the Atlantic experience of indigenous Americans. Correspondingly, the extent and number of oceans and seas varies, the Atlantic Ocean is bounded on the west by North and South America. It connects to the Arctic Ocean through the Denmark Strait, Greenland Sea, Norwegian Sea, to the east, the boundaries of the ocean proper are Europe, the Strait of Gibraltar and Africa. In the southeast, the Atlantic merges into the Indian Ocean, the 20° East meridian, running south from Cape Agulhas to Antarctica defines its border. In the 1953 definition it extends south to Antarctica, while in later maps it is bounded at the 60° parallel by the Southern Ocean, the Atlantic has irregular coasts indented by numerous bays, gulfs, and seas. Including these marginal seas the coast line of the Atlantic measures 111,866 km compared to 135,663 km for the Pacific. Including its marginal seas, the Atlantic covers an area of 106,460,000 km2 or 23. 5% of the ocean and has a volume of 310,410,900 km3 or 23. 3%. Excluding its marginal seas, the Atlantic covers 81,760,000 km2 and has a volume of 305,811,900 km3, the North Atlantic covers 41,490,000 km2 and the South Atlantic 40,270,000 km2. The average depth is 3,646 m and the maximum depth, the bathymetry of the Atlantic is dominated by a submarine mountain range called the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. It runs from 87°N or 300 km south of the North Pole to the subantarctic Bouvet Island at 42°S, the MAR divides the Atlantic longitudinally into two halves, in each of which a series of basins are delimited by secondary, transverse ridges. The MAR reaches above 2000 m along most of its length, the MAR is a barrier for bottom water, but at these two transform faults deep water currents can pass from one side to the other

47.
Black Tom (island)
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The Black Tom explosion on July 30,1916, in Jersey City, New Jersey, was an act of sabotage by German agents to destroy American-made munitions that were to be supplied to the Allies in World War I. This incident, which happened prior to formal American entry into the war, is notable for causing damage to the Statue of Liberty. The term Black Tom originally referred to an island in New York Harbor next to Liberty Island, the island received its name from an early black resident. By 1880, a causeway and railroad had built to connect it with the mainland to use as a shipping depot. Between 1905 and 1916, the Lehigh Valley Railroad, which owned the island and causeway, expanded the island with landfill, a mile-long pier on the island housed a depot and warehouses for the National Dock and Storage Company. Black Tom was a munitions depot for the northeastern United States. Until early 1915, American munitions companies could sell to any buyer, after the Blockade of Germany by the Royal Navy, however, only the Allied powers could purchase from them. As a result, Imperial Germany sent secret agents to the United States to obstruct the production, all was waiting to be shipped to Russia. Jersey Citys Commissioner of Public Safety, Frank Hague, later said he had told the barge was tied up at Black Tom to avoid a twenty-five dollar towing charge. After midnight on July 30, a series of fires was discovered on the pier. Some guards fled, fearing an explosion, others attempted to fight the fires and eventually called the Jersey City Fire Department. At 2,08 am, the first and largest of the explosions took place, the explosion was the equivalent of an earthquake measuring between 5.0 and 5.5 on the Richter scale and was felt as far away as Philadelphia. Windows were broken as far as 25 miles away, including thousands in lower Manhattan, some window panes in Times Square were shattered. The stained glass windows in St. Patricks Church were destroyed, the outer wall of Jersey Citys City Hall was cracked and the Brooklyn Bridge was shaken. People as far away as Maryland were awakened by what they thought was an earthquake, property damage from the attack was estimated at $20 million. The damage to the Statue of Liberty was estimated to be $100,000, immigrants being processed at Ellis Island had to be evacuated to lower Manhattan. Seven people died in the attack, including a Jersey City policeman, a Lehigh Valley Railroad Chief Of Police, an infant. Smaller explosions continued to occur for hours after the initial blast, two of the watchmen who had lit smudge pots to keep away mosquitoes on their watch were immediately arrested

Black Tom (island)
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Black Tom pier shortly after the explosion
Black Tom (island)
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Black Tom Island, lying off a Jersey City pier
Black Tom (island)
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View of the Statue of Liberty from the site of the explosion. The explosion caused $100,000 worth of damage to the statue, and from then onward the torch was off limits to tourists.
Black Tom (island)
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Commemorative plaque

48.
Brooklyn Cruise Terminal
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The Brooklyn Cruise Terminal is one of three terminals for ocean-going cruise ships in the New York metropolitan area. The terminal is located at Red Hook Pier 12, which forms the side of the Atlantic Basin at Pioneer and Imlay Streets in the Red Hook section of Brooklyn. Vehicular access is through the gate near the intersection of Bowne. The terminal is located on land owned by the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey, leased by the New York City Economic Development Corporation, and operated by Metro Cruise Services. The terminal opened on April 15,2006, following a $52 million investment by NYCEDC, the terminal is 180,000 square feet and sits on Buttermilk Channel, a tidal strait separating Brooklyn from Governors Island. The terminal was converted from a 1954 freight terminal, ships from Carnival Corporation call the terminal their home port. In July 2017, a circuit in the port and supporting roads will host the Formula E electric car racing seriess ninth and tenth round in the 2016–17 Formula E season season. Port of New York and New Jersey Manhattan Cruise Terminal Cape Liberty Cruise Port Official website Brooklyn Cruise Guide Wirednewyork forum on terminal

49.
Castle Clinton
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Castle Clinton or Fort Clinton, once known as Castle Garden, is a circular sandstone fort now located in Battery Park, in Manhattan, New York City. It is perhaps best remembered as Americas first immigration station, where more than 8 million people arrived in the U. S. from 1855 to 1890. Over its active life, it has functioned as a beer garden, exhibition hall, theater, public aquarium. Castle Clinton stands approximately two blocks west of where Fort Amsterdam was built in 1626, when New York City was known by the Dutch name New Amsterdam, construction began in 1808 and was completed in 1811. The fort, known as West Battery, was designed by architects John McComb, Jr. and it was built on a small artificial island just off shore. Subsequent landfill expanded Battery Park, and the fort was incorporated into the mainland of Manhattan Island, as with all historic areas administered by the National Park Service, Castle Clinton National Monument was listed on the National Register of Historic Places. West Battery was renamed Castle Clinton in 1815, its current official name, the United States Army stopped using the fort in 1821, and it was leased to New York City as a place of public entertainment. It opened as Castle Garden on July 3,1824, a name by which it was known for most of its existence. It served in turn as a promenade, beer garden/restaurant, exhibition hall, opera house, designed as an open-air structure, it was eventually roofed over to accommodate these uses. In 1850, the castle was the site of two concerts given for charity by the Swedish soprano Jenny Lind to initiate her American tour, a year later, European dancing star Lola Montez performed her notorious tarantula dance in Castle Garden. In 1853–54, Louis-Antoine Jullien, the eccentric French conductor and composer of music, gave dozens of very successful concerts mixing classical. The Max Maretzek Italian Opera Company notably staged the New York premieres of Gaetano Donizettis Marino Faliero on June 17,1851, and Giuseppe Verdis Luisa Miller on July 20,1854 at Castle Garden. In the first half of the 19th century, most immigrants arriving in New York City landed at docks on the east side of the tip of Manhattan, around South Street. On August 1,1855, Castle Clinton became the Emigrant Landing Depot, the new facility was needed because immigrants were known to carry diseases, which led to epidemics of cholera and smallpox. After many unnecessary deaths, and scandals over immigration workers cheating and stealing from immigrants, called Kesselgarten by Yiddish-speaking Eastern European Jews, a Kesselgarten became a generic term for any situation that was noisy, confusing or chaotic, or where a babel of languages was spoken. Prominent persons associated with the administration of the immigrant station included Gulian Crommelin Verplanck, Friedrich Kapp, from 1896 to 1941, Castle Garden was the site of the New York City Aquarium. For many years, it was the citys most popular attraction, the structure was extensively altered, and roofed over to a height of several stories, though the original masonry fort remained. In 1941, the politically powerful Park Commissioner Robert Moses wanted to tear the structure down completely, due to the efforts of Albert S. Bard and other civic reformers, the Castle was saved, and finally became a national monument

50.
Communipaw Terminal
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It was also serviced by the Reading Railroad, Baltimore and Ohio Railroad, and Lehigh Valley Railroad during various periods in its 78 years of operation. The current terminal building was constructed in 1889 but was abandoned in 1967 and it was later added to the New Jersey Register of Historic Places and incorporated into Liberty State Park. The terminal was one of five passenger railroad terminals lined the Hudson Waterfront during the 19th and 20th centuries. The terminal was built in 1889, replacing an earlier one that had been in use since 1864 and it operated until April 30,1967. The station has been listed on the New Jersey Register of Historic Places, additionally it is a New Jersey State Historic Site. The terminal is part of Liberty State Park, and along with nearby Ellis Island and Statue of Liberty recalls the era of immigration through the Port of New York. It is estimated that around 10.5 million entered the country through the station, the area has long been known as Communipaw, which in the Algonquian language Lenape means big landing place at the side of a river. The first stop west of the station was indeed called Communipaw, the land on which the extensive yards were built was reclaimed, or filled. The terminal itself is next to the Morris Canal Big Basin, the long cobbled road which ends at the terminal is Audrey Zapp Drive, for the environmentalist active in the creation of the park. The main building is designed in a Richardsonian Romanesque style, the intermodal facility contains more than a dozen platforms and several ferry slips. Arriving passengers would walk to the concourse and could either pass through its main waiting room, by-pass it on either side. The ferry slips have also been restored though the structure which housed them has been removed, as have the tracks. The Bush-type trainsheds, the largest ever to be constructed and designed by A. Lincoln Bush, were not part of the original construction, but were built in 1914 and have not been restored. The terminal, along with its docks and yards, was one of several massive terminal complexes that dominated the waterfront of the New York Harbor from the mid 19th to the mid 20th century. Of the two standing, the Hoboken Terminal is the only one still in use. Lines from the station headed to the southwest, for its mainline, the railroad constructed the Newark Bay Bridge to Elizabeth. Its Newark branch cut through Bergen Hill and crossed two bridges at Kearny Point, both rights-of-way in Hudson County are now used by the Hudson Bergen Light Rail, one terminating at West Side Avenue and the other at 8th Street Station in Bayonne. The main ferry from the crossed the river to Liberty Street Ferry Terminal at Liberty and West Streets in Manhattan

Communipaw Terminal
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Central Railroad of New Jersey Terminal
Communipaw Terminal
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The outdoor clock at CNJ Terminal
Communipaw Terminal
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The concourse at Communipaw Terminal. The abandoned shed, which covered 12 platforms and 20 tracks is closed to the public
Communipaw Terminal
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The Terminal in 1893