Building Better Bottles

Description

Current recycling practice includes glass separation by color before glass re-use because manufacturers use a cocktail of additives designed to change glass properties. The additives change the way the glass sets and the hue of the glass, while maintaining the structural integrity of the glass. For industrial process specifically, however, the change in the way glass sets is not necessary. Thus, the only reason for the cocktail of additives is to color the glass. The goal of this project was to examine how an increase in the Fe2O3 content of soda lime glass affects its strain resistance and color. Glass with Fe2O3 concentrations by weight of between 0.2% and 0.4% have comparable strength and hue with glass made using the standard cocktail of additives. Thus, Fe2O3 can be used in the place of the standard cocktail, solving the problem of glass separation in recycling.

Personal Information I am a junior at Mass Academy for Math and Science I started research in glass in September of 2013 All experimentation was performed at my house

Purpose The goal of this project was to examine how an increase in the Fe2O3 content of soda lime glass affects its strain resistance and color, because if Fe2O3 can be used as a substitute to current additives, then it will save recyclers money and open up new types of glass to be recycled.

Background Information •Additives That Commonly Change Glass In boro-silicate glass Fe2O3 Increases density Increases the amount of green light absorbed by the glass Hypothesized that increase in density is correlated to an increase in strength •Cr2O3, Mn2O3, Fe2O3, Ni2O3, Y2O3, Ce2O3, Nd2O3 and Er2O3 •Selenium and chromium oxide colorants; Large amount of Se and Cr are used •Defects are more common •Each of these has unique and often unpredictable effects •These colorants can be rare or expensive, especially ones with rare earth metals Powdered Fe2O3

Background Information •Use of Multiple Additives Impair Single Stream Recycling Limited amount of glass of colors and compositions other than the target composition can exist in the batch before problems arise More cullet = less energy taken by the glass recycling process Energy costs drop 2-3% for every 10% cullet used All shattered glass must be exempt from the typical recycling process because it cannot be sorted The cost of sorting glass greatly increases the cost of glass recycling •Use of a single additive would alleviate this problem The cullet would melt to a homogenous mixture Magnetic properties increased signiﬁcantly (in boro-silicate glass)

Background Information •Industrial Container Production differs in its Requirements from other Settings for Production •Safety and color Brand recognition purposes. Glass retailers sell glass that has been treated so that it expands and contracts as it cools at the same rate as the glass it will be molded with. Use a slew of additives to augment this aspect of the glass, though the container manufacturers don’t need it

Background Information •Methods of Assessing Glass Strength Use of fracture mechanics Stress is deﬁned as load over area, it is a key benchmark for determining the strength of a solid Strain is the change in length over the original length Structures under stress carry “strain energy,” or the amount of energy necessary to propagate a crack A “test piece” is commonly used to generalize the material properties of a substance The two main indicators of load bearing ability are plane stress and plane strain The American Society for Testing and Materials has deﬁned a limiting thickness standard for these types of tests A common method for assessing the strength of glass, called the drop weight method

Background Information •Methods for Hue Analysis of Glass Open source software called Image J. allowed them to quantify qualitative data collected using computer analysis of their photos to identify patterns Variables to control for in glass production •Quality of the glass is essential •Foreign Phases” cause major problems •Inconsistent heating •Mishandling of glass while it cools •Allowing air to permeate the glass •Homogenization of additives is essential The Kiln that I used to make my glass

Hypothesis If the amount of Fe2O3 in soda lime glass is increased, then the hue of the glass will darken, and the strength of the glass will remain constant. If this hypothesis is conﬁrmed, it would indicate Fe2O3 is a viable alternative

Obtaining the Glass -The glass that used was batched in an Econo-Kiln -The batching period was 6 hours, at 2,300ºF -Each sample contained 200g of Soda Lime glass, samples of like composition were batched together -Batching started with a graphite crucible, but that melted, so a steel one was used in its place

Procedure 1. Take pictures of all samples in well lit environment against a white background 2. Lay towel down on work surface 3. Place wooden planks parallel to each other 11cm apart on towels 4. Fill plastic container with water 5. Place sample perpendicular to the planks so that it rests on each and crosses them 6. Place broom handle parallel to the planks such that it rests on the sample 7. Place pan (lip up) centered on the broom handle 8. Place Funnel in the mouth of the water jug 9. Place jug (empty) on the pan 10. Use measuring cup to add water, pouring slowly 11. Pour until jug ﬁlls or samples break If the jug ﬁlls, ﬁll Home depot bucket with water in jug, place jug on top of bucket and continue to ﬁll If the sample breaks, use scale to weight all that rested on top of it at the point of breakage 12. Repeat steps 5-11 10 times and record masses 13. Repeat step 12 4 times, using each sample

Results •P value after conducting an ANOVA of less than .001. The strain capacity peaks when the concentration of additive is at .2, then drops •The industry standard strength is not outside of the range of standard deviation of both the control and glass with .4% Fe2O3 by weight. Control is found not to be signiﬁcantly different from the industry sample, with a p value of .62. .4% concentration and the industrial standard are signiﬁcantly different (p value of .013) Essentially identical - industrial standard glass was obtained from an industrially approved container. Glass with exclusively Fe2O3 is at least as strong if not stronger than current glass throughout the range between 0% and . 4% additive by weight

Results •P value after conducting an ANOVA of less than .001. •Asymptotic increase in hue, •Industry standard additives not outside of the range of standard deviation of .2% through .6% Fe2O3 by weight •Industrial sample when compared to the theoretical model posed in ﬁgure 6 has a percentage difference of 1.37% Percentage of all shades of green that can be safely achieved with this additive: 57.87%

Results A B 86 85 84 83 82 81 3631 X Y .4% Fe2O3 Industry Resistance (kg) This ﬁgure shows how similarly the .4% Sample performed when compared to the Industry Sample, showing that glass with .4% Fe2O3 would be comparable when it comes to strength

Results This graph shows the trend of color to increase as the Fe2O3 increases, with .4% Fe2O3 exactly in the range of the industrial sample

Assumptions •Imperfections, bubbles, and impurities in the glass were assumed to be fairly consistent Low percentage relative standard deviation. The average percentage RSD was 3.223%, which constitutes high precision •Another assumption was a consistent and high Young’s modulus for the glass No bending was detected, and variations in the Young’s modulus were not reported by other similar studies so it is unlikely that Fe2O3 changes the Young’s modulus in a way that would compromise the results

Conclusion The evidence supported the hypothesis that increasing the Fe2O3 concentration overall decreased glass strength and darkened hue, speciﬁcally green hue. The goal of the project in attempting to ﬁnd a viable alternative to the cocktail of additives used by bulk glass manufacturers was also supported. Now that glass can be made with one additive only, it will no longer cause recycling problems and may even become 100% reusable, returning to a pure stage between uses.

Future Applications/Extensions •Between 0 and .4% Fe2O3 by weight, glass produced is at least as safe as glass found in manufacture today Included in that spread are the colors most likely to be used in industry. A single additive could be used to augment the color of glass and in the process, solving the problems of recycling. The cullet could melt down to a homogenous mixture of two components Magnetic properties could allow for 100% single stream recycling •Identify the magnitude of propagation of magnetic properties speciﬁcally in soda lime glass, •Design of the process by which the additive could be safely extracted, especially because as the Fe2O3 becomes separated from the molecular structure of the glass, it loses its magnetic properties •Procedure for batching glass that has exclusively FeeO3, to ﬁnd the most efﬁcient method for its re-use. Research about what the new tolerance for other types of glass in the batch becomes when only Fe2O3 is desired •Changing emission of UV radiation of glass with increasing levels of the additive

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