3. (a) To provide more reliability than a single parity bit can give, an error-detecting coding scheme uses one parity bit for checking all the odd numbered bits and a second parity bit for all the even numbered bits. What is the Hamming distance of this code?(b) Discuss the functioning of SLIP? [8+8]

4. (a) What is the prime difference between a token bus and a token ring?(b) A large population of ALOHA users manages to generate 50 requests/sec, including both originals and retransmissions. Time is slotted in the units of 40 msec.i. What is the chance of success on the first attempt?ii. What is the probability of exactly k collisions and then a success?iii. What is the expected number of transmission attempts needed? [4+12]

5. What is the effect of link failures in Virtual circuit subnet. Congestion can be easily controlled in Virtual circuit subnet. Explain. Why use of Virtual circuits, increases initial delay. [16]

6. (a) What is Fair queuing in the context of congestion control? What is the main problem with fair queuing? How it is solved?(b) Explain hop-by-hop choke packets method for congestion control. [8+8]

7. (a) What is multiplexing? Why multiplexing is required? What is the difference between upward multiplexing and downward multiplexing?(b) How to recover from host crashes and router crashes? [8+8]

8. (a) When external viewers are needed? How does a browser know which one to use?(b) What is the difference in transferring compressed and uncompressed video? a

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