New Brain Lipids that Induce Sleep.

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HIGHLIGHTS
New Brain Lipids that Induce Sleep
Thomas Kolter and Konrad Sandhoff *
In search of endogenous factors with sleep-inducing properties, Lerner et al. isolated a substance from the cerebrospinal
fluid of cats that had been deprived of sleep for 22 hours.['] In
a further publication the unknown compound was characterized as the aniide I of an o-9-unsaturated fatty acid with a ( Z )
double bond."] The substance, which could not be detected in
cats under control conditions, was isolated by reversed-phase
HPLC in amounts of 0.1 to 5 pmol per 100 pL of cerebrospinal
fluid. Mass spectrometric analysis revealed 4 3 304.2614 for the
[ M + Na]' ion, which best fits the formula C,,H,,NO having
two double-bond equivalents. The ready loss of a neutral 17Da
fragment from the [ M HI+ ion suggests the cleavage of a
primary amino group as ammonia. Based on these and further
spectroscopic data (UV, 'HNMR), the substance was initially
proposed to be a "cerebrodiene", for example 2.[11The postulated structure suggested that 2 may arise biosynthetically from
sphingosine 3 or other sphingolipids and thus attracted consid-
+
erable attention,[3] since several intermediates of sphingolipid
metabolism are currently discussed as potential signaling mole~uIes.1~1
The final assignment of structure I to the unknown compound succeeded by comparison of the spectroscopic data to
those of model substances.['] The position of the double bond
was determined after ozonolysis and its configuration by IR and
' H N M R spectroscopy. Moreover, it could be shown in a funcK S.indholT. Dr. T. Kolter
f u r Ol-ganische Chemie und Biochemie der Universitlit
(icl-liai-d-L)i~in;i_rk-Sr~-asse
1. D-53121 Bonn (Germany)
Telefiis: In1 code + (218)73777X
[ * ] Prol'. D r
Iiislitu1
tional assay that intraventricular injection of 10 nmol(2.8 pg) of
synthetic 1 induced sleep in laboratory animals. Variation of
double-bond configuration, position, and alkyl chain length resulted in decreasing extent and duration of the observed effect.
Further, it was shown that membrane fractions isolated from
brain rapidly degrade 1 into oleic acid.
The crucial assumption in this study is an idea that originated
at the beginning of our century. Henri Pieron['] postulated the
existence of a sleep-inducing substance that is formed in the
course of the day, accumulates, and is destroyed during sleep.
To verify this hypothesis, Pieron collected cerebrospinal fluid
from dogs that had been deprived of sleep for several days. He
injected the fluid into the ventricles of other dogs, which then
promptly fell asleep for two to six hours.
In recent years several substances with sleep-promoting factors have been discovered,"] including the delta sleep inducing
peptide.['] which was isolated from the blood of sleeping rabbits
and led to sleeplike behavior after intraventricular infusion into
rabbit brain (&slow wave sleep). Prostaglandin D2l8,91 also
meets most of the requirements of a sleep substance:["] 1 ) The
substance must induce sleep. 2) The induced sleep must be natural. 3) A dose-response curve must be demonstrated.
4) Sleep must be followed by appropriate wakefulness. 5) The
substance must be present in the brain. 6) There should be
binding sites for the substance in the central nervous system.
7) Receptor blockers should prevent sleep induction. 8) Direct
application to regions of high binding should induce sleep.
9) The substance should have appropriate circadian changes.
10) Inhibition of synthesis of the substance should reduce sleep.
11) Metabolic pathways should be known. 12) Relevant enzymes should be present in appropriate regions. 13) The substance should accumulate with prolonged wakcfulness. 14) Its
concentration should decrease with prolonged sleep. 15) The
substance should be present in several species. Additional substances[6. 1'1 discussed as potential sleep promoting factors include interleukin 1, interferon 1x2. lipopolysaccharides, muramyl peptides, serotonin, tumor necrosis factor, and vasoactive
intestinal peptide. The relationship between substances apparently acting as neurotransmitters and neuromodulators and the
phenomenon of sleep is far from clear.
Sleep is one of several circadian rhythms, which, genetically
controlled, are synchronized with the change ofday and night as
the most important environmental factors." '1 Several stages of
sleep can be distinguished, which follow each other in a predictable manner and appear to be controlled by different neurochemical systems."21 The stages of sleep (and of other circadian
HIGHLIGHTS
processes) are affected differently by drugs in pharmacological
intervention." 31
During a typical night's sleep. the adult human progresses
through different sleeping periods in a predictable manner,
which can be distinguished electrophysiologically (slow wave
sleep) and by the occurrence of rapid eye movements (REM
sleep). Slow wave sleep and REM sleep alternate four to six
times a night with increasing duration of REM sleep but decreasing duration and depth of slow wave sleep."21
Slow wave sleep is characterized by progressively longer
wavelengths and amplitudes in the electroencephalogram
(EEG). During slow wave sleep, humans pass through up to
four levels, which are accompanied by successive lower heart
frequency, decreasing blood pressure, and deeper sleep. After
about 45 minutes these levels are retraced in the opposite order.
After a total of about 90 minutes several abrupt physiological
changes occur. and the EEG becomes similar but not identical
to that of the waking state. Different names are used for this
state: REM sleep. paradoxical sleep, active sleep, and desynchronized sleep. The active EEG patterns are coupled with a loss
of muscle tone and rapid eye movements occur. According to
the criterion of arousability by external influences. REM sleep
is the deepest; however, spontaneous waking occurs most easily.
When humans are awakened from REM sleep, dreams are much
more easy remembered than when they are awakened from slow
wave sleep. On the other hand, definite nightmares occur predominantly in stages three and four of slow wave sleep. the
so-called delta sleep.1121Barbiturates and ethanol suppress
REM sleep, while benzodiazepines, for instance, reduce the
fourth and deepest stage of slow wave sleep to a much greater
extent than R E M sleep.
Just as unsuccessful as the search for a universal sleep-inducing substance was the search for a single sleep center in the
brain.["] Stimulation of neurons at different anatomical locations induced sleep. Selective destruction of these cells led to
insomnia in laboratory animals. Neurons of the brain stem that
use serotonin as neurotransmitter seem to responsible for induction and maintenance of slow wave sleep. Injection of serotonin
into these regions induces sleep, and application of pmuchlorophenylalanine, an inhibitor of serotonin biosynthesis,
causes insomnia as expected. However. after one week of daily
injection of the inhibitor it is observed that in spite of low serotonin levels sleeping behavior normalizes and reaches 70 % of
the control values.
Let us return to the relatively simple structure of 1, which
might play a role in the complex phenomenon of sleep. Several
questions are still unanswered. It remains to be clarified how the
substance is metabolized, how the metabolism is regulated. and
whether it can be attributed to regions of the brain that are
responsible for the induction and maintenance of sleep.['01 The
isolation of another long-chain carboxylic acid amide with biological function from brain has attracted attention to this class
of compounds. In a screening process, anandamide 4, tee
ethanol amide of arachidonic acid has been identified as an
endogenous ligand of the cannabinoid receptor ( K , = 52 nM)."41
In 3 functional assay it gave the same physiological response
and behavior as A9-tetrahydrocannabinol ( 5 ) . the active con-
H
4
y
3
5
stituent of hashish and marijuana. Brain membranes are able to
synthesize 4 from ethanolamine and arachidonic acid, which
should be accessible from phospholipids of the plasma membrane on action of phospholipase D or A2.['" It remains to be
seen whether more than a structural similarity exists between 1
and 4.and further, whether the findings of the authors"'21 will
contribute to the answer of the still-open question of how sleep
"functions". Since nature, and maybe also sleep, is organized
hierarchically, the question of why we need to sleep at all can
presumably not be answered on the molecular level alone
German version: Atigcw . Clteni. 1995. 107. 2559 2560
Keywords: brain lipids . neurotransmitters
sphingosines
-~
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