When we look out at the universe we see an enormous expanse full of
objects like stars, the earth, everyday matter, us. What are all these
objects made of? We know that deep down there are atoms, which in turn
are made of electrons and nuclei, the latter being composed of nucleons
(neutrons and protons). What are nucleons made of? They are made of up
and down quarks. These two quarks together with electrons and electron
neutrinos make up the first generation of particles. There are two other
generations whose particles are heavier versions of these four. The
electrically charged particles interact electromagnetically due to
photon exchange, the quarks are glued together with gluons and
radioactivity occurs due to W and Z boson exchange. To complete this
picture we have the recently-discovered Higgs particle.

So are we done now with this so-called Standard Model (SM), or is
there more fundamental physics out there waiting to be discovered?
Undoubtedly the latter. How do we know this? The evidence is
overwhelming: there are a number of disagreements, or tensions, in
measurements of heavy quark decays, the cosmological evidence for dark
matter suggests that there are heavier non-interacting particles, and
there are neutrino oscillations. Indeed, there could be a single cause
or a small number of new reasons for all these observed effects. What
are these new phenomena and how do we find them?

In the near future particle physics may be entering a new phase where
precision measurements are the way forward. The LHC just finished
operating at a center-of-mass energy of 8 TeV and soon starts getting to
14 TeV. After that, it will be decades of running with ever higher
luminosity (and higher pileup) before energy increases are
contemplated. The range of masses explored for new heavies will thus
only gradually increase. If SUSY particles or other new quanta are not
at masses just above 1 TeV, the method of direct observation could turn
out to be a long wait. What to do in the meanwhile?

Study the physics of B decays! The existing puzzles in data are
exciting! Some are likely within the SM: unexplained hadronic states
which might be hitherto unseen multiquark states, molecules, etc. In
addition, there are also measurements of the CKM quark-mixing matrix
which disagree with others. There are anomalies in radiative, leptonic,
and semi-leptonic decays of B mesons, in decays of charm, in
measurements of g-2 for muons, and more. All of these are telling us
that something new is out there. Machines like the SuperKEKB in Japan
can help us unravel some of these mysteries: with improved precision the
discrepancies may go away, may be replaced by others, or may get worse,
in which case we have good pointers to the nature and mass of new
physics. The crucial point is that these indirect techniques can reveal
the existence of new physics at a high mass scale more easily and
earlier than direct observations.

Here in South Carolina we are testing high-speed electronics boards for
readout of the iTOP part of the BELLE-II detector at KEK in Japan. This
brings the technology of Belle II home right here in South Carolina. We
train graduate students, undergraduate students, and even high school
and other students in the summers in this technology and the related
physics.