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Concerning Thoughts

An Excerpt from Exomologetarion (A Manual of Confession)

by St. Nikodemos the Hagiorite

Just as so-called diagnostic physicians not only know how to treat external and
visible wounds of the body, but also, by measuring the pulse, they learn the internal
and invisible maladies of the heart, of the bowels, and the other unseen workings
of the human body, and are therefore able to treat them. Likewise, Spiritual Father,
it is not enough for you only to know how to treat the external passions of the
soul, those acts and deeds and effects of sin, but it is also necessary to know
through the confession of the penitent the internal wounds of his soul, which are
the hidden passions in his heart and the passionate and evil thoughts, and so treat
them with great scrutiny and care. For this reason we thought it good to inform
you a little about some general and vital matters concerning thoughts.

How many types of thoughts there are

Know then, Spiritual Father, that in general, all thoughts are of three types: some
thoughts are good, some thoughts are vain and idle, and some thoughts are bad. Concerning
good thoughts, it is not necessary to discuss here in detail how and from what aspects
of the soul they arise, for we are satisfied that these are good and therefore beneficial
and salvific to the soul. We say this only, Spiritual Father, that if someone says
to you during confession that he has good thoughts, you should counsel him to take
care to be humble and to never trust in himself and become prideful: 1) because
a person on his own is not able to do a good work or say a good word or even think
a good thought without the power and help of God: “Not that we are sufficient of
ourselves to think any thing as of ourselves; but our sufficiency is of God” (2
Cor. 3:5); 2) because the devil is so cunning and evil, that many times he brings
evil from good and through good thoughts throws those who are not careful into self-esteem,
and conceit, and haughtiness, from which is caused the destruction and death of
the soul. So says Paul: “Sin, that it might appear sin, working death in me by that
which is good” (Rom. 7:13); 3) because man never remains in one state, but is so
changing and so quickly alters that, with his thoughts, in one instant he is found
in Paradise and in another instant he is in hell, as one Saint said. And St. Isaac
says: “By the mind we improve, and by the mind we become unprofitable,”[1] hence
the one who today has good thoughts may very well have evil ones tomorrow; and 4)
tell him that the devil has greater envy and wages a fiercer battle against those
who have good thoughts, so that he should have more fear and greater care over himself.

What vain thoughts are and how they are corrected

Those thoughts which are not profitable unto the purpose and aim of salvation, as
much as to our own soul as to that of our neighbor, and do not look to the necessary
requirements and constitution of our body, but to the superfluous and more-than-necessary
things, even if they are good, I call vain and idle. According to the Shorter Rules
of Basil the Great, vain and idle thoughts arise from the idleness of the intellect
that is neither engaged in necessary things, nor believes that God is present and
searches our hearts and thoughts: “Mental aberration comes from idleness of a mind
not occupied in necessary things. For the mind is idle and careless from lack of
belief in the presence of God Who tries the heart and reins... He who does this
and what is like to it will never dare or have leisure to think of any of those
things that do not conduce to the edification of faith, even if they seem to be
good.”[2] Concerning these vain and idle thoughts, I say, advise the penitent not
to allow his intellect to meditate upon or ponder over them: 1) because just as
we have to give an account for idle words on the day of judgment, as the Lord said:
“But I say unto you, That every idle word that men shall speak, they shall give
account thereof in the day of judgment” (Mt. 12:36), so likewise we have to give
an account on the day of judgment for idle and vain thoughts, and indeed, if we
willfully left our intellect to go after them.[3] And it is thence apparent, because
the Lord reproaches and condemns those servants who remain idle: “Why stand ye here
all the day idle?” (Mt. 20:6); 2) because those vain thoughts deprive us from profitable
and salvific thoughts, which we are able to have instead of them; and 3) because
these idle thoughts are in themselves evil, as they are the cessation of good and
become the beginning of evil, and as giving way and permission to the devil to sow
in our idle intellect the tares of evil thoughts. Thus does Gregory the Theologian
confirm this: “May evil and its original cause, the devil, be destroyed. For while
we were idle, the evil one planted tares in us (cf. Mt. 13:25), in order that the
neglect of good might become the beginning of evil, just as the beginning of darkness
is the retreat of light.”[4]

The causes of bad thoughts

Know that, in general, bad thoughts derive from two causes,[5] one external and
the other internal. The external cause of bad thoughts is the sensible objects of
the five senses, that is, those things seen, heard, smelled, tasted, and touched,
like bad and indecent and theatrical sights, obscene words and lewd songs, scents
and colognes and perfumes, luscious foods and pleasurable drinks, fine and soft
clothes and comfortable mattresses. All these things cause passionate and hedonistic
thoughts in the soul, and then sinful and death-bearing thoughts. Thus, the Prophet
Jeremiah on one hand says: “Death has come up into our windows” (Jer. 21:9), the
windows meaning the five senses. On the other hand, Gregory the Theologian rather
interpreted this saying in broader terms: “And it is kept until the fifth day (that
is, the sacrificed Paschal Lamb), perhaps because the Victim, of Whom I am speaking,
purifies the five senses, from which comes falling into sin, and around which the
war rages, inasmuch as they are open to the incitements to sin.”[6]

The internal causes of bad thoughts

The internal causes of bad thoughts are four:

1. The imagination, which is like a second sense and receives and records all of
the images and perceptions which enter through the five senses, that is, of those
things touched, tasted, smelled, and especially of those things heard and seen,
is called an internal sense, because it portrays the things sensed so grossly and
clearly, just as the external senses. It is a common sense, according to Aristotle,
because it receives commonly the experiences of all the senses; and this naturally,
because just as lines are disconnected at the perimeter of a circle but converge
at its center, so also the five senses, which are disconnected on the outside, converge
in the imagination of the soul, but they converge without confusion. So then, from
the imagination are born bad thoughts in the soul, making it sense them as really
present and to noetically conceptualize through memory those things that it should
not have outwardly seen or heard or smelled or tasted or touched, even though it
is sensibly far from these things and is settled peaceably in a deserted place.
For this reason, in his tetrastich Iambic Poetry, the Theologian said:

“A vision caught me, but was checked.
I set up no idol of sin.
Was an idol set up? The experience was avoided.

These are the degrees of deceit of the adversary.”[7]

Do you hear? He says an idol of sin was set up and was not recorded in the imagination.
The soul escaped the experience at once, that is, it escaped from consenting to
the thoughts and from the committal of sin.

2. The passions are a cause of bad thoughts, which are generally two: love and hate,
or pleasure and pain, for we are moved passionately either because we love something
as pleasurable, or because we hate it as painful.[8] Specifically, the passions
are divided into the three aspects of the soul: the intelligent, the appetitive,
and the incensive. The passions of the intelligent aspect, according to Gregory
of Sinai, are unbelief, blasphemy, evilness, curiosity, double mindedness, gossip,
love of applause, pretension, pride, and others. The passions of the appetitive
aspect are fornication, adultery, debauchery, greed, unchastity, incontinence, love
of pleasure, self-love, and others. The passions of the incensive aspect are anger,
bitterness, shouting, audacity, revenge, and others. From these passions of the
soul, then, bad thoughts are generally and immediately born, these also being divided
into three categories like the passions. From the passions of the intelligent aspect
of the soul come bad thoughts, which are generally given the name blasphemous thoughts.
From the passions of the appetitive aspect come the so-called obscene thoughts.
From the passions of the incensive aspect come the so-called evil thoughts. For
this reason the above-mentioned Gregory of Sinai said that: “The passions are the
causes of thoughts,”[9] and Abba Isaac also calls the passions assaults, because
they attack within the soul and stir up passionate thoughts.[10]

3. An internal and initial cause of bad thoughts is the demons, for those accursed
ones, being light spirits and found superficially around the heart, speak there
through internal suggestion and whisper softly from inside all the blasphemous thoughts,
all the obscene thoughts, all the evil thoughts, and simply all the bad thoughts.
They train the imagination with obscene and impure idols from the senses, as much
as when a person is sleeping as when awake. From these the aforementioned passions
in the three aspects of the soul are stirred up and make the wretched soul to be
a cave of thieves and a slum of the passions. For this reason the above-mentioned
Gregory of Sinai said: “Occasions give rise to thoughts, thoughts to imaginations,
imaginations to the passions, and the passions give entry to the demons... but no
one thing in the sequence is self-operative: each is prompted and activated by the
demons. The imagination is not wrought into an image, passion is not energized,
without unperceived hidden demonic impulsion,”[11] and in another place he says:
“Thoughts are the promptings of the demons and precursors of the passions.”[12]
In agreement with this, St. Isaac says, “I hold as a truth, nevertheless, that our
intellect, without the mediation of the holy angels, is able of itself to be moved
toward the good uninstructed; however, our senses (the interior ones, that is) cannot
come to know evil or be incited by it without the mediation of the demons.”[13]

4. An internal cause of thoughts, however remote, is the passionate and corrupted
condition of human nature which was brought about by the ancestral sin.[14] This
condition remains in our nature also after baptism, not as ancestral sin as such
(for this is removed through baptism, according to Canon 120 of Carthage), but as
a consequence of the ancestral sin, for the exertion and test of our free will,
and in exchange for greater crowns and rewards, according to the theologians. For
after the fall the intellect lost its innocent memory and thought which it had fixed
formerly only on the good; but now when it wishes to remember and think upon the
good, it is immediately dispersed and also thinks upon the bad. For this reason
the divine Gregory of Sinai said: “The source and ground of our thoughts is the
fragmented state of our memory. The memory was originally simple and one-pointed,
but as a result of the fall its natural powers have been perverted: it has lost
its recollectedness in God and has become compound instead of simple, diversified
instead of one-pointed.”[15]

Endnotes

Note: Numbering does not match the book.

[1] The Ascetical Homilies of Saint Isaac the Syrian, Boston, 1984, Homily
69, p. 338. (Translator’s note: Hereafter, referred to as Ascetical Homilies.
It should be noted that, when quoting from this work of St. Isaac, St. Nikodemos
references the Greek printed text of 1770 by Nikephoros Theotokis which numbers
the Homilies differently than the English language translation of Holy Transfiguration
Monastery. See the Table of Homily Equivalences in the Holy Transfiguration Monastery
edition, pp. cxiii-cxv.)

[3] Translator’s note: Concerning thoughts, St. Mark the Ascetic says: “Never belittle
the significance of your thoughts, for not one escapes God’s notice” (On the Spiritual
Law 89); and again: “When you sin, blame your thought, not your action.
For had your intellect not run ahead, your body would not have followed” (ibid.
119); (GrPhilokalia, pp. 95; 96; tr. The Philokalia, v. 1, pp.
116; 118).

[4] Oratio 19, 14, PG 35, 1060C.

[5] Concerning bad thoughts, see the footnote of Canon 2 of the Faster.

[6] Oratio 45, 14, PG 36, 641C; tr. NPNF (V2-07) p. 428. (Translator’s
note: For a thorough discussion on the guarding of the senses, the imagination,
the intellect, and the heart, see the work by St. Nikodemos, Symbouleutikon Encheiridion,
and the English language translation, Nicodemos of the Holy Mountain: A Handbook
of Spiritual Counsel, CWS, New York, 1989.)

[7] Carmina Moralia 33, PG 37, 932A-933A.

[8] Translator’s note: St. Maximos the Confessor says: “Let us reject the pleasure
and pain of this present life with what strength we have, and so free ourselves
entirely from all thoughts of the passions and all machinations of the demons. For
we love the passions because of pleasure and avoid virtue because of pain” (Third
Century on Various Texts of Theology 52, GrPhilokalia, p. 369;
tr. First Century of Various Texts, The Philokalia, v. 2, p. 175). On the
interconnectedness of pleasure and pain, see especially Sixth Century on Various
Texts of Theology 33-50, GrPhilokalia, pp. 412-416; Fourth Century
of Various Texts, The Philokalia, v.2, pp. 243-248.

[14] Translator’s note: St. Mark the Ascetic says: “When evil thoughts become active
within us, we should blame ourselves and not ancestral sin” (No Righteousness by
Works 120, GrPhilokalia, p. 106; tr. The Philokalia,
v. 1, p. 135). And St. Diadochos of Photiki writes: “For although baptism removes
from us the stain resulting from sin, it does not thereby heal the duality of our
will immediately, neither does it prevent the demons from attacking us or speaking
deceitful words to us. In this way we are led to take up the weapons of righteousness,
and to preserve through the power of God what we could not keep safe through the
efforts of our soul alone” (On Spiritual Knowledge 78, GrPhilokalia,
p. 225; tr. The Philokalia, v. 1, p. 280).