Normalization

Normalization of the ERD
The Huffman Trucking Database (HTD) is normalizing up to 3NF level.
The first step in normalizing is to fine the candidate key in the database. The “Employer ID Number”, “Driver Log ID”, and “Citation Number” are candidate keys in the database.
First Normal Form (1NF) values of a database are:
• Each column must have a unique name.
• The order of the rows and columns doesn’t matter.
• Each column must have a single data type.
• No two rows can contain identical values.
• Each column must contain a single value.
• Columns cannot contain repeating groups.
The tables in HTD consists unique names and each column has a single data type. Each table consists of primary key, which makes the row contain identical values. The HTD passes all the requirement of firs normal form.
Second Normal Form (2NF) form with two conditions:
• The table is in 1NF.
• All the non key fields depend upon on all the key fields.
All the three tables are depending upon the primary key or key fields; this makes the table to update anomalies. The HTD passes the requirement of second normal form
Third Normal Form (3NF) form with two conditions:
• The table is in 1NF.
• It contains no transitive dependencies.
A transitive dependency is when one non-key field’s value depends on another non-key field’s value. The drives log table need to driver log key to form 3NF, because Employee ID, Date, and Tractor ID are inter dependent. The other two table are depend upon the primary…...

...NORMALIZATION
The process of normalization begins with a user view of some kind (Report, Table, Screen display, Document, etc...). This view should be about some kind of important data (Invoice, Purchase order, Project details, Registration form, etc....).
Example: Consider the following Project Management Report
Project Management Report
Project Code: PC010 Project Manager: M. Philips
Project Title: Database System Project budget: 240.000$
Employee No. Emp. Name Dept ID Dept Name Hourly Rate
S-1001 A. Smith L004 IT 22$
S-2310 L. Ferguson L007 HR 25$
S-5561 F. Macleod L004 IT 21$
S-0024 A. Jones L009 Accounting 18$
Total Staff on Project: 4 Average Rate: 21$
The main objective of the normalization is to extract, out of this view, the normalized tables: All the necessary detailed tables along with their attributes (fields) and identifiers (primary keys).
The first step of normalization is to copy all the data fields of the form and put them into a single relation (table) with a specific identifier (main primary key).
Project data
(Proj_Code, Title, Manager, Budget, Emp_Id, Emp_Name, Dept_Id, Dept_Name, Hour_Rate)
PS: We did not include the fields "total staff number" and "Average rate" because they are calculated fields, so no need to put them or save them into the relation.
Then we have to go through three main steps, from one form into another......

...Microsoft products).
BTW: For a more practical, down-to-Earth English-oriented explanation of the 5 Normal forms, visit my Database Normalization eBook page.
Definition of terms
Now, first a few definitions about database normalization: I cite a few as I have found them in the Hyper dictionary on the Internet, though you may find a number of differing definitions around.
We are dealing with the "Relational Model" as the basis for our relational databases. The relational model as I see it is
Definition: A data model introduced by E.F. Codd in 1959/1970, particularly well suited for business data management. In this model, data are organized in tables. The set of names of the columns is called the "schema" of the table.". The work of E. F. Codd, and also Chris Date, is based on relational algebra, which is well outside the scope of this article.
Database model: The product (outcome) of the database design process which aims to identify and organize the required data conceptually and logically. A database model tells you what information is to be contained in a particular database, how the information will be used, and how the items in the database will be related to each other. A well thought-out database model reduces the need for changes. Future systems may re-use parts of existing models, which should lower development costs.
Database Normalization: A series of steps followed to obtain a database design that allows for efficient access and storage of data in a......

...Employee Address would be a non-prime attribute in the "Employees' Skills" table.
1.7 Primary key
One candidate key in a relation may be designated the primary key. While that may be a common practice (or even a required one in some environments), it is strictly notational and has no bearing on normalization. With respect to normalization, all candidate keys have equal standing and are treated the same.
1.8 PURPOSE OF NORMALIZATION
When we design a database for a relational system, the main objective in developing a logical data model is to create an accurate representation of the data its relationship and constraints. The basic objective of normalization is to reduce redundancy which means that information is to be stored only once. Storing information several times leads to wastage of storage space and increase the total size of data stored. The essence of data normalization is to split your data into several tables that will be connected to each other based on the data within them. By designing database tables carefully, we save space, minimize duplication, protect the data to ensure its consistency, and provide faster transactions by sending less data.
Main purposes of normalization in a relational database:
* Eliminate redundancy
* Organise data efficiently
* Reduce the potential for data anomalies
1.9 CLOSURE S+
The closure S+ of a set of attributes is the set of all attributes B that are uniquely determined by the attributes S (with respect......

...lies (Montessori, 1966), disorderly, destructive, capricious, timidity, sloth, inattentive and sloth (Montessori, 2007a).Deviations exist in both weak and strong children (Montessori, 2007a)it is the deviations that are deemed as strong or weak depending on the way they manifest themselves. By offering freely chosen motives of activity inducing concentration, these deviations disappear and a “newchild” emerges (Montessori, 2007a. what is the danger for a child to have such deviations?
Construction of this “new child” requirespreparation of favourable environment by the teacher/adult so that normalitythis needs to be defined comes naturally (Montessori, 2012). Certain characteristics of ‘favourable environment’ which are essential for normalization to unfold are as follows: the physical environment of a setting consisting of a building representing a real house with spacious rooms, neat garden, child size furniture, low shelves, cupboards, windows thus promoting freedom of movement and independence.Why those characteristics? How is each supporting the child’s development?
The atmosphere in a Montessori setting is of order in the classroom and routines thus leading to a calm, tidy and predictable environmenttopromote a secure base for further exploration. Vertical groupinga brief explanation is needed here(MCI, 2013) too enhances learning and socialization as younger children imitate the older ones and the older children gain self esteem by helping the younger ones.Any......

...1. Premiere Products
Complete the Premiere Products Exercises in Chapter 5 - Name your Answers Last Name Normalization (i.e. Smith Normalization). Submit the assignment in a word document under the week's Assignment
1. Using your knowledge of Premiere Products, determine the functional dependencies that exist in the following table. After determining the functional dependencies, convert this table to an equivalent collection of tables that are in third normal form.
Part (PartNum, Description, OnHand, Class, Warehouse,
Price, (OrderNum, OrderDate, CustomerNum,
CustomerName, RepNum, LastName, FirstName,
NumOrdered, QuotedPrice))
2. List the functional dependencies in the following table that concerns invoicing (an application Premiere Products is considering adding to its database), subject to the specified conditions. For a given invoice (identified by the InvoiceNum), there will be a single customer. The customer’s number, name, and complete address appear on the invoice, as does the date. Also, there may be several different parts appearing on the invoice. For each part that appears, display the part number, description, price, and number shipped. Each customer that orders a particular part pays the same price. Convert this table to an equivalent collection of tables that are in third normal form.
Invoice (InvoiceNum, CustomerNum, LastName, FirstName,
Street, City, State, Zip, Date, (PartNum,
Description, Price, NumShipped))
3. The requirements for Premiere......

...Data Dictionary and Normalization Guidelines
The purpose of a data dictionary is to define the objects and data within an organization's database management system. This metadata does not contain any of the database's data, but only information about the structure, storage and use of the database's data. A data dictionary can be stored in files or documents, or can be stored within a database in the DBMS.
For example, a database may contain an employee table that has an emp_no column and an identification_no column. A data dictionary can explain that the emp_no column is an integer value containing the employee number assigned by the system. When a new employee is added to the system, a next number value is retrieved from a next number table and assigned to the new employee record. The data dictionary would also explain that the identification_no column is an alpha-numeric value that contains the employee's social security number for US residents and for non-US residents contains the employee's country code followed by their work visa number.
The data dictionary can also be used to define aliases for the column names since column names can become a bit cryptic. It can also provide information regarding different type of database objects such as tables, views, stored procedure, user groups, functions, triggers, etc. Furthermore, it can also provide information on how database objects are related to one another.
An important aspect of a data dictionary is that it......

...When I think, “That child is normalized”, or “How can we work towards normalization?”, I don’t really think much about the word ‘normalized’ and how it sounds to other people. But I realize using that term can create confusion.
What Does ‘Normalized’ Mean in Montessori?
The dictionary defines ‘normalized’ this way: To make normal, especially to cause to conform to a standard or norm. None of the references I consulted defined it the way Montessori does, probably because Dr. Montessori borrowed the term and made it her own. Because there is more than one meaning, someone unfamiliar with Montessori might assume that we are attempting to make all Montessori children fit into a narrow box where everyone is perfect and perfectly behaved. This is definitely not true.
Rather, the term ‘normalized’ refers to special characteristics that Maria Montessori observed when children were allowed to work freely in a prepared environment. This quote from the North American Montessori Teacher’s Association sums it up nicely:
Dr. Montessori observed that when children are allowed freedom in an environment suited to their needs, they blossom. After a period of intense concentration, and working with materials that fully engage their interest, children appear to be refreshed and contented. Through continued concentrated work of their own choice, children grow in inner discipline and peace. She called this process “normalization” and cited it as “the most important single result of our whole......

...Assignment 2
Normalization
Table of Contents
1. Introduction to Normalization
2. Steps to Convert Database Table into First, Second and Third Normal Forms
3. Illustration – Reason to Convert Database Table into First, Second and Third Forms
4. Explain Situations when De-Normalization is Acceptable with an Illustration
5. Impact of Business Rules on Database Normalization and Decision to De- normalize it
1. Normalization
The process to organize a data in a database efficiently is termed as Normalization. With an aim to eliminate redundant data and ensuring the logic of data dependency, normalization is a process used by various businesses and colleges for efficient data recording. It helps in storing the data logically and reduces the space taken by it.
To normalize a database, one uses a prescribed set of series which are termed as normal forms. There are typically three normal forms – first or 1NF, second or 2NF, third or 3NF. Practically only these three forms are applied, however sometimes 4NF and 5NF can be used.
2. Steps to Convert Database Table into First, Second and Third Normal Forms
To convert an unorganized database table into first, second and third normal forms; following steps shall be applied:
2.1 Conversion to First Normal Form
While converting the database table to 1NF, you should follow these guidelines –
* Remove duplicity by eliminating those columns from the database table that appear more than once.
* Related data should be......

...Chapter 5
Normalization of Database Tables
Discussion Focus
Why are some table structures considered to be bad and others good and how do you recognize the difference between good and bad structures?
From an information management point of view, possibly the most vexing and destructive problems are created through uncontrolled data redundancies. Such redundancies produce update and delete anomalies that create data integrity problems. The loss of data integrity can destroy the usefulness of the data within the database. (If necessary, review Chapter 1, Section 1.4.4, “Data Redundancy”, to make sure that your students understand the terminology and that they appreciate the dangers of data redundancy.)
Table structures are poor whenever they promote uncontrolled data redundancy. For example, the table structure shown in Figure IM5.1 is poor because it stores redundant data. In this example, the AC_MODEL, AC_RENT_CHG, and AC_SEATS attributes are redundant. (For example, note that the hourly rental charge of $58.50 is stored four times, once for each of the four Cessna C-172 Skyhawk aircraft – check records 1, 2, 4, and 9.)
Figure IM5.1 A Poor Table Structure
[pic]
|[pic] The figures shown in this discussion show the contents of the IM_Discussion database. This database is located on the teacher’s CD. The |
|Student Online Companion also includes SQL script files (Oracle and SQLServer) for all of the data sets used throughout the book. ...

...Normalization in Databases
In the process of working with databases, one must have been asked "Is that database normalized?" Usually, the reply is "Uh, yeah." Normalization is often forgotten about, touted as a luxury that only scholars have time for. However, knowing the principles of normalization and applying them to daily database design tasks really isn't all that complicated and it could drastically improve the performance of DBMS.
The main problem plaguing database design is redundancy. Redundancy is storing the same data item in more one place. Redundancy creates several problems, taking up extra storage space, entering same data more than once, deleting data from more than one place, and modifying data in more than one place. It creates inconsistency and unreliability in the database. In order to solve these problems, the “raw” database needs to be normalized.
Normalization is the process of efficiently organizing data in a database. There are two goals of the normalization process. The first goal of normalization is to eliminate redundant data (for example, storing the same data in more than one table). The second goal is to ensure data dependencies make sense (only storing related data in a table). Both of these are important goals as they reduce the amount of space a database consumes and ensure that data is logically stored.
Un-Normalized Form (UNF)
If a table contains non-atomic values at each row, it is said to be in UNF. An atomic value is something...

...Normalization of Database Tables
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Introduction to Normalization of Database Tables
Normalization of Database Tables
ISM 602 Dr. Hamid Nemati
Introduction to Normalization of Database Tables
4 4 4
Objectives The idea of Dependencies of Attributes Normalization and Database Design Understand concepts of normalization (Higher-Level Normal Forms) Learn how to normalize tables Understand normalization and database design issues Denomalization
Functional Dependency
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Introduction to Normalization of Database Tables
Examples of Functional Dependencies:
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Introduction to Normalization of Database Tables
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A Functional Dependency Is A Relationship Between Or Among Attributes Such That The Values Of One Attribute Depend On, Or Are Determined By, The Values Of The Other Attribute(s). Partial Dependency: Is A Relationship Between Attributes Such That The Values Of One Attribute Is Dependent On, Or Determined By, The Values Of Another Attribute Which Is Part Of The Composite Key. Partial Dependencies Are Not Good Due To duplication Of Data And Update Anomalies;
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If we know an ISBN, then we know the Book Title and the author(s) l ISBN è Book Title l ISBN è Author(s) If we know the VIN, then we know who is the Auto owner l VIN è Auto_Owner If we know Student-ID (SID), then we can uniquely determine his/her Name l SID è S_Name
Transitive Dependencies
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Introduction to Normalization of Database Tables
So Now what is......

...1- Introduction
2- Why to Normalize?
3- Normalization & Its types.
4- Applications of Normalization.
5- Conclusion
Introduction
While working with databases, one must have got chances to hear the term normalization. If someone asks "Is that database normalized?" or "Is that in BCNF?" All too often, the reply is "Uh, yeah." Normalization is often brushed aside as a luxury that only academics have time for. However, knowing the principles of normalization and applying them to daily database design tasks really isn't all that complicated and it could drastically improve the performance of DBMS.
In this report, I'll introduce the concept of normalization and take brief look at the most common normal forms.
Why to normalize?
While designing a database, the main problem existing in that “raw” database is redundancy. Redundancy is storing the same data item in more one place. A redundancy creates several problems like the following:
1. Extra storage space
2. Entering same data more than once.
3. Deleting data from more than one place.
4. Modifying data in more than one place.
5. Anomalies may occur in the database if insertion, deletion, modification etc are not done properly. It creates inconsistency and unreliability in the database.
To solve these problems, the “raw” database needs to be normalized.
Normalization
Normalization is the process of efficiently organizing......

...Running Head: DATABASE NORMALIZATION
Database Normalization
***************
IST 7000
October 2006
Table of Contents
ABSTRACT 3
Brief overview 4-5
Types of Normal Forms 5-9
Advantages and Disadvantages 9-10
Normalization Best practices 10-11
Conclusion 11-12
References 13
Appendix A 14
Example Normal Form Diagrams 15
Abstract
In relational databases, normalization is a process that is used to eliminate
redundancy, reduce the potential for anomalies during data processing, and maintain
data consistency and integrity through out the database. It is a design technique used
primarily as a guide in designing relational databases. Normalization is essentially a
two step process that puts data into tabular form by removing repeating groups and
then removes duplicated data from the relational tables. The theory of normalization
is based on the concept of normal forms introduced by Edgar F. Codd in 1970.
I choosed this topic because this is one of the areas in my role as a database
administrator where I’m weak. During my training as a database administrator, I
was never really offered a database design class, however, while at work, I have been
occasionally given the challenging task of reviewing a data model and giving...