PER CURIAM.
Defendant appeals as of right from his conviction by a jury of first-degree premeditated
murder, MCL 750.316(1)(a). The trial court sentenced him to life in prison without eligibility
for parole. We affirm.
The instant case stems from allegations that defendant sexually assaulted and murdered
the decedent when she was walking home from work late at night on November 30, 1997. On
appeal, defendant first contends that the prosecution presented insufficient evidence to sustain
his conviction.
We review de novo a defendant?s claim that the evidence presented at trial was
insufficient to support a conviction as a matter of law. People v Herndon, 246 Mich App 371,
415; 633 NW2d 376 (2001). The prosecution must introduce evidence sufficient to justify a
rational trier of fact in concluding that all of the essential elements of the crime were proved
beyond a reasonable doubt. People v Johnson, 460 Mich 720, 723; 597 NW2d 73 (1999). When
reviewing a challenge to the sufficiency of the evidence, we examine the evidence in the light
most favorable to the prosecution. People v Terry, 224 Mich App 447, 452; 569 NW2d 641
(1997). The scope of review remains the same whether the evidence presented is direct or
circumstantial. People v Nowack, 462 Mich 392, 400; 614 NW2d 78 (2000). Circumstantial
evidence and the reasonable inferences arising from it may constitute sufficient evidence of the
elements of a crime. People v Bulmer, 256 Mich App 33, 37; 662 NW2d 117 (2003).
In order to prove that a defendant committed first-degree murder, the prosecution must
present evidence establishing that ?the defendant intentionally killed the victim and that the
killing was premeditated and deliberate.? People v Marsack, 231 Mich App 364, 370-371; 586
NW2d 234 (1998). In People v Gonzalez, 468 Mich 636, 641; 664 NW2d 159 (2003), citations
omitted, our Supreme Court explained as follows:

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To show first-degree premeditated murder, some time span between the initial
homicidal intent and ultimate action is necessary to establish premeditation and
deliberation. The interval between the initial thought and ultimate action should
be long enough to afford a reasonable person time to take a ?second look.?
In the instant case, the man who discovered the body testified that it was concealed under
a sheet of wood molding beneath a highway overpass. The medical examiner testified that the
decedent appeared to have been sexually penetrated in both the vagina and anus before her death
and that she died from asphyxia caused by strangulation. Additionally, a laboratory technician
with the Grand Rapids Police Department testified that he obtained semen from stains on the
decedent’s clothing and from rectal swabs collected during her autopsy. He further stated that
the DNA profiles from this semen matched the DNA profile made from a sample of defendant ‘s
blood and that the chance of another African-American matching these profiles was
infinitesimal.
The evidence presented was sufficient to prove all of the elements of first-degree murder.
When examined in the light most favorable to the prosecution, the DNA evidence shows that
defendant sexually penetrated the decedent just before her death. Based on this evidence, a jury
could reasonably infer that defendant killed the decedent. Furthermore, evidence that a victim
died from manual strangulation can be used to establish that a defendant had an opportunity to
take a ?second look? and ?a defendant’s attempt to conceal the killing can be used as evidence of
premeditation.? Gonzalez, supra. Because the decedent’s killer strangled her and attempted to
hide her body, the jury could conclude that defendant acted intentionally and with premeditation
and deliberation. Thus, a rational jury could have determined that the prosecution proved first-
degree murder beyond a reasonable doubt.
Defendant also asserts that the prosecution failed to establish that the DNA testing done
in the instant case was conducted using generally accepted laboratory procedures before the
results were presented to the jury and that the trial court erred in failing to rule on the
admissibility of this evidence. Because defendant failed to preserve his objection to the
admission of the DNA evidence, we review the issue for plain error affecting his substantial
rights. Herndon, supra, 404, citing People v Carines, 460 Mich 750, 774; 597 NW2d 130
(1999).
The DNA profiles used to compare the semen stains found on the decedent to samples of
defendant?s blood were created using the Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) method of DNA
testing. Trial courts may take judicial notice of the reliability of DNA testing using this method.
People v Lee, 212 Mich App 228, 282-283; 537 NW2d 233 (1995). But before a court may
admit the results, the prosecution bears the burden of establishing that ?generally accepted
laboratory procedures were followed in conducting the test.? Id., 283.
In the instant case, before testifying as to the results of any particular test, the DNA
analyst, Joel Schultze, gave extensive testimony concerning his qualifications and the reliability
of the Grand Rapids laboratory of the Michigan State Police. He further stated that when
conducting the tests on defendant?s DNA he followed the required protocols, ran tests on a
control sample to ensure accuracy, and had his work reviewed by another scientist. Schultze?s
testimony concerning the procedures employed provided sufficient foundation for the admission

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of his findings. Thus, the trial court did not commit plain error in allowing testimony concerning
the results of the DNA tests.
Nevertheless, defendant asserts that the trial court had an affirmative duty to rule on the
admissibility of the evidence and that a separate pretrial hearing should have been held to
determine whether accepted procedures were followed. In Herndon, supra, 404, the defendant
similarly argued that the trial court erred in failing to hold a pretrial hearing regarding the
admissibility of DNA evidence, but this Court found that such hearings were not required. It
stated, ?When presented with a different case, this Court or the Michigan Supreme Court might
require this sort of hearing as some other jurisdictions have done.? Id. But the defendant failed
to request a pretrial hearing, the laboratory representatives indicated that they used proper
procedures, the defendant did not challenge their testimony, and he failed to present any
evidence that they actually deviated from the approved procedures or that the DNA analysis was
otherwise invalid. Id., 404-405. Consequently, this Court found no plain error and refused to
use the case as ?a vehicle to change trial procedure.? Id., 405.
In the instant case, defendant similarly failed to move for a pretrial hearing and the
laboratory analyst testified that proper procedures were followed. Furthermore, defendant did
not challenge the presentation of the test results during Schultze?s testimony. Although he later
presented some evidence of improprieties, his expert witness could only testify that, after
reviewing Schultze?s reports, there were several areas of concern and the samples tested could
possibly have become contaminated. As in Herndon, defendant failed to show that the lab
actually deviated from the proper procedures or that the test results were invalid.
Additionally, in Lee, supra, 281, this Court held that where serious errors exist in a
particular laboratory’s work, a court might find its test results inadmissible. But whether the
proper procedures and safeguards are followed in a particular case generally constitutes a ?matter
for the jury to consider in determining how much weight it should give the results.? Id. Because
defendant only showed that improper procedures might have been employed, this constituted a
question of weight rather than admissibility. Therefore, the trial court?s failure to hold a pretrial
hearing concerning the admissibility of the test results does not constitute plain error and we
refuse to further review the issue.
Next, defendant asserts that the trial court erred in admitting the DNA evidence because
the prosecution failed to provide sufficient context for the jury to assess the statistics concerning
the likelihood that defendant was the source of the DNA found on the decedent. Schultze
testified that the probability of the genetic profile of an African-American other than defendant
matching the DNA of the semen found on the decedent was 36.8 quintillion to 1.
In Herndon, supra, 405, the defendant similarly claimed that the prosecution?s DNA
experts failed to give sufficient testimony concerning the ?statistical probability? that the blood
found on the defendant belonged to the victim. This Court stated that, although ?there can be
serious problems with making these predictions because of a variety of factors, including
insufficient data used for the purpose of comparison, this sort of statistical evidence is generally
admissible.? Id., 406. It then held that, because the defendant had not ?shown that there was any
particular flaw in the statistics generated,? he failed to establish the ?plain error and prejudice
necessary to merit a new trial.? Id.

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Like the defendant in Herndon, defendant fails to point to any specific problems with the
computation of the statistics in the instant case. Rather, he merely asserts that there are general
concerns about the reliability of such figures. Furthermore, challenges to the statistical analysis
of DNA evidence are relevant to its weight, not its admissibility. People v Coy, 258 Mich App 1,
11; 669 NW2d 831 (2003). Therefore, defendant cannot show plain error affecting his
substantial rights.
Finally, defendant contends that, based on the instructions for taking samples on the state
requisition form used in the instant case, no alcohol may be used to sterilize the skin or syringe
when drawing a blood sample. He asserts that the prosecution failed to present sufficient
foundation concerning whether this was done when his blood was drawn and thus, the results of
the DNA tests were inadmissible. But defendant makes no argument that the use of alcohol to
sterilize a person’s skin before drawing a blood sample can somehow affect the results of a DNA
test and cites no authority to support his contention that the prosecution must establish that no
alcohol was used before such test results may be admitted. The only authority mentioned, 1949
PA 300, concerns the ?registration, titling, sale, transfer, and regulation? of motor vehicles.
None of the sections of this act discuss blood tests or the drawing of blood samples. An
appellant may not simply announce a position and leave ?it to this Court to discover and
rationalize the basis for the claims.? People v Harris, 261 Mich App 44, 50; 680 NW2d 17
(2004). And the failure to properly address the merits of a claim of error constitutes an
abandonment of the issue. Id. Thus, we decline to review the issue.
Affirmed.
/s/ Joel P. Hoekstra
/s/ Richard Allen Griffin
/s/ Stephen L. Borrello