ABACUS—Introduction to Semiconductor Devices

Introduction

When we hear the words, semiconductor device, we may think first of the transistors in PCs or video game consoles, but transistors are the basic component in all of the electronic devices we use in our daily lives. Electronic systems are built from components such as transistors, capacitors, wires and other electronic devices such as light emitting diodes and semiconductor lasers. These components are typically integrated into a single chip made of a semiconductor material.

Advanced courses go more deeply into semiconductor theory, device physics, fabrication processes, and advanced and special purpose devices, such as heterostructure devices, power devices, and optoelectronic devices.

This nanoHUB “topic page” provides an easy access to selected nanoHUB Semiconductor Device Education Material that is openly accessible and usable by everyone around the world.

We invite you to participate in this open source, interactive educational initiative:

Band Models / Band Structure

Periodic Potential Lab

(Image(/site/resources/tools/kronig_penney/allowed_bands_step_well.png, 120 class=align-left) failed - File not found) The Periodic Potential Lab solves the time independent Schroedinger Equation in a 1-D spatial potential variation. Rectangular, triangular, parabolic (harmonic), and Coulomb potential confinements can be considered. The user can determine energetic and spatial details of the potential profiles, compute the allowed and forbidden bands, plot the bands in a compact and an expanded zone, and compare the results against a simple effective mass parabolic band. Transmission is also calculated through the well for the given energy range.

StrainBands

(Image(/site/resources/tools/strainbands/strainbands2.png, 120 class=align-left) failed - File not found) StrainBands uses first-principles density functional theory within the local density approximation and ultrasoft pseudopotentals to compute and visualize density of states, E(k), charge densities, and Wannier functions for bulk semiconductors. Using this tool, you can study and learn about the bandstructures of bulk semiconductors for various materials under hydrostatic pressure and under strain conditions. Physical parameters such as the bandgap and effective mass can also be obtained from the computed E(k). We note here that the bandgaps obtained with DFT-LDA are underestimated, by about a factor of two for some semiconductors (including Si and GaAs), as is well known.

Carrier Distributions

The Carrier Statistics Lab demonstrates electron and hole density distributions based on the Fermi-Dirac and Maxwell Boltzmann equations. This tool shows the dependence of carrier density, density of states and occupation factor on temperature and fermi level. User can choose between doped and undoped semi-conductors. Silicon, Germanium, and GaAs can be studied as a function of doping or Fermi level, and temperature. It is supported by a homework assignment in which Students are asked to explore the differences between Fermi-Dirac and Maxwell-Boltzmann distributions, compute electron and hole concentrations, study temperature dependences, and study freeze-out.

Bulk Semiconductors – Drift Diffusion

(Image(/site/resources/tools/semi/excess_carrier_profile_light_top.png, 120 class=align-right) failed - File not found) The Drift-Diffusion Lab enables a user to understand the basic concepts of DRIFT and DIFFUSION of carriers inside a semiconductor slab using different kinds of experiments. Experiments like shining light on the semiconductor, applying bias and both can be performed. This tool provides important information about carrier densities, transient and steady state currents, fermi-levels and electrostatic potentials. It is supported by two related homework assignements #1 and #2 in which Students are asked to explore the concepts of drift, diffusion, quasi Fermilevels, and the response to light.

Process Lab:Oxidation

(Image(/site/resources/tools/prolabox/prolabox.gif, 120 class=align-right) failed - File not found) The Process Lab:Oxidation simulates the oxidation process in integrated circuit fabrication. It is supported by a supplemental document that describes the theory and potential experiments that can be conducted.

Process Lab: Oxidation Flux

(Image(/site/resources/tools/prolaboxflux/prolaboxflux.gif, 120 class=align-right) failed - File not found) The Process Lab: Oxidation Flux simulates the oxidation flux in the oxide growth process in integrated circuit fabrication. It is supported by a supplemental document that describes the theory and potential experiments that can be conducted.

Prophet

(Image(/site/resources/tools/prophet/prophet.jpg, 120 class=align-left) failed - File not found) Prophet was originally developed for semiconductor process simulation. Device simulation capabilities are currently under development. PROPHET solves sets of partial differential equations in one, two, or three spatial dimensions. All model coefficients and material parameters are contained in a database library which can be modified or added to by the user. Even the equations to be solved can be specified by the end user. It is supported by an extensive set of User Guide pages and a seminar on Nano-Scale Device Simulations Using PROPHET.

tsuprem4

(Image(/site/resources/tools/tsuprem4/tsuprem2.png, 120 class=align-right) failed - File not found) tsuprem4 simulates the processing steps used in the manufacture of silicon integrated circuits and discrete devices. The types of processing steps modeled by the current version of the program include ion implantation, inert ambient drive-in, silicon and polysilicon oxidation and silicidation, epitaxial growth, and low temperature deposition and etching of various materials.

Because of the way TSUPREM-4 is licensed, it is available only to users on the West Lafayette campus of Purdue University. Note that you must use a network connection on campus, or else you will get an 'access denied' message.

Solar Cells

(Image(/site/resources/tools/adept/adept2.png, 120 class=align-left) failed - File not found) Adept is a research-oriented tool that enables the study of solar cells for various material systems. A Reference Manual and a ADEPT Heterostructure Tutorial are available. The interface is not a simple point-and-click interface as for example the PN junction lab, but simulation commands are entered in a command-like fashion.

Bipolar Junction Transistors

(Image(/site/resources/tools/bjt/5_BJTenergy_nonequil.gif, 120 class=align-left) failed - File not found) The BJT Lab allows Bipolar Junction Transistor (BJT) simulation using a 2D mesh. It allows user to simulate npn or pnp type of device. Users can specify the Emitter, Base and Collector region depths and doping densities. Also the material and minority carrier lifetimes can be specified by the user. It is supported by a homework assignment in which Students are asked to find the emitter efficiency, the base transport factor, current gains, and the Early voltage. Also a qualitative discussion is requested.

MOS Capacitors

MOSCap

(Image(/site/resources/tools/moscap/moscap.jpg, 120 class=align-left) failed - File not found) The MOSCap tool enables a semi-classical analysis of MOS Capacitors. Simulates the capacitance of bulk and dual gate capacitors for a variety of different device sizes, geometries, temperature and doping profiles.

MOSFET / mad-FET

The Field-Effect-Transistor has been proposed and implement in many physical systems, materials, and geometries. A multitude of acronyms have developed around these concepts. The “Many-Acronym-Device-FET” or “madFET” was born.

MOSFet

(Image(/site/resources/tools/mosfet/mosfet.jpg, 120 class=align-right) failed - File not found) The MOSFet tool enables a semi-classical analysis of current-voltage characteristics for bulk and SOI Field Effect Transistors (FETs) for a variety of different device sizes, geometries, temperature and doping profiles.

NanoMOS

(Image(/site/resources/tools/nanomos/nanomos.gif, 120 class=align-left) failed - File not found) The NanoMOS tool enables a 2D simulation for thin body MOSFETs, with transport models ranging from drift-diffusion to quantum diffusive for a variety of different device sizes, geometries, temperature and doping profiles.

FETToy

(Image(/site/resources/tools/fettoy/1-fettoy.gif, 120 class=align-left) failed - File not found) FETToy is a set of Matlab scripts that calculate the ballistic I-V characteristics for a conventional MOSFETs, Nanowire MOSFETs and Carbon NanoTube MOSFETs. For conventional MOSFETs, assumes either a single or double gate geometry and for a nanowire and nanotube MOSFETs it assumes a cylindrical geometry. Only the lowest subband is considered, but it is readily modifiable to include multiple subbands. Additional related documents are: FETToy Detailed Description, Theory of Ballistic Nanotransistors, Learning Module on FETToy, Homework Exercises for FETToy.

TCAD Simulators

Padre

(Image(/site/resources/tools/padre/padre.jpg, 120 class=align-left) failed - File not found) Padre is a 2D/3D simulator for electronic devices, such as MOSFET transistors. It can simulate physical structures of arbitrary geometry—including heterostructures—with arbitrary doping profiles, which can be obtained using analytical functions or directly from multidimensional process simulators such as . A variety of supplemental documents are available that deal with the PADRE software and TCAD simulation:

Prophet

(Image(/site/resources/tools/prophet/prophet.jpg, 120 class=align-left) failed - File not found) Prophet was originally developed for semiconductor process simulation. Device simulation capabilities are currently under development. PROPHET solves sets of partial differential equations in one, two, or three spatial dimensions. All model coefficients and material parameters are contained in a database library which can be modified or added to by the user. Even the equations to be solved can be specified by the end user. It is supported by an extensive set of User Guide pages and a seminar on Nano-Scale Device Simulations Using PROPHET.