Ds, and cholesterol levels compared with LFD+VEH and LFD +NDEA treated groups. In addition, the serum free fatty acid level was significantly lower in the LFD+NDEA compared with LFD+VEH treated rats, whereas the triglyceride and cholesterol levels were similar in the two groups. Therefore, hyperglycemia, hyper-insulinemia, and hyper-leptinemia were features of chronic HFD feeding, and worsened by

Ed, suggestive of increased myelin degeneration, in these two groups. Ubiquitin immunoreactivity was virtually undetectable in control and NDEA-exposed cerebella (Figs. 1-D1, 1-D2), but slightly increased in the Purkinje and granule cell layers of HFD-fed cerebella (Fig. 1-D3). Rats exposed to NDEA, and also chronically fed with the HFD, had prominently increased ubiquitin immunoreactivity in Purk

Ed, suggestive of increased myelin degeneration, in these two groups. Ubiquitin immunoreactivity was virtually undetectable in control and NDEA-exposed cerebella (Figs. 1-D1, 1-D2), but slightly increased in the Purkinje and granule cell layers of HFD-fed cerebella (Fig. 1-D3). Rats exposed to NDEA, and also chronically fed with the HFD, had prominently increased ubiquitin immunoreactivity in Purk

Www.biomedcentral.com/1472-6823/10/Page 6 ofthe context of peripheral insulin resistance or T2DM. Similar results have been reported previously, in which the investigators generated models with much higher doses of NDEA [84]. One potential explanation for this paradox is that homeostatic mechanisms may have shifted toward increased storage of lipids/triglycerides in adipose tissue, skeletal muscle