StudyBlue printing of Chapter 3: Federalism html, body, div, span, applet, object, iframe, h1, h2, h3, h4, h5, h6, p, blockquote, pre, a, abbr, acronym, address, big, cite, code, del, dfn, em, font, img, ins, kbd, q, s, samp, small, strike, strong, sub, sup, tt, var, b, u, i, center, fieldset, form, label, legend, table, caption, tbody, tfoot, thead, tr, th, td { margin: 0; padding: 0; border: 0; outline: 0; font-size: 100%; background: transparent; } body { line-height: 1; } blockquote, q { quotes: none; } blockquote:before, blockquote:after, q:before, q:after { content: ''; content: none; } /* remember to define focus styles! */ :focus { outline: 0; } /* remember to highlight inserts somehow! */ ins { text-decoration: none; } del { text-decoration: line-through; } /* tables still need 'cellspacing="0"' in the markup */ table { border-collapse: collapse; border-spacing: 0; } /* end RESET */ .header { min-width:800px; } .logo { padding:6px 20px 2px 20px; margin:0; font-size:25px; font-weight:bold; color:#808285; position:relative; border-bottom: 1px solid #c5c5c5; } .logo-blue { color:#70adc4; } .logo-desc { font-weight:normal; font-size:19px; color:#cccccc; margin-top:50px; position:absolute; display: none; } .back-button { position:absolute; top:20px; right:20px; font-size:13px; line-height:25px; color:rgb(0,175,225); font-weight:normal; } .back-button a { color:rgb(0,175,225); } .instructions { padding:0; margin:0; width:100%; position:relative; color:rgb(100,100,100); } .step-holder { border-left:1px solid #ededed; margin-left:20px; } .steps { padding:15px 0; float:left; width:24%; border-right:1px solid #ededed; text-align:center; } .steps-01 { } .steps-02 { } .steps-03 { } .steps-04 { } .label { padding:5px 10px; } .print-button { } .print-button a { background-color:rgb(0,175,225); color:white; line-height: 19px; padding:9px 8px 5px 30px; font-size:14px; text-decoration:none; background-image: url(images/printer.png); background-repeat: no-repeat; background-position: 7px 50%; -moz-border-radius: 5px; -webkit-border-radius: 5px; } .print-button a:hover { background-color:black; } .theNote .content { width: 8.0in !important; margin: 5px auto; padding:20px; background-color:white; } .theNote .header { border-bottom: 1px dashed #C8C8C8; font-size: 17px; padding: 0 0 10px; line-height: 19px; color: #00ADE1; min-width:500px; } .theNote .body { font-size: 14px; line-height: 19px; padding: 10px 0; } .theNote{ padding:6px 0; clear:both; background-color: rgb(200,200,200); } .theNote h3{ color: rgb(100,100,100); } .theNote h1, .theNote h3{ background-color:white; padding:2px 20px; width:8.0in !important; margin: 0 auto; font-size: 15px; } .theNote h1{ padding-top: 10px; font-size: 15px; } .theNote h1:first-child{ font-size: 20px; } .theNote h3 { font-size: 14px; font-weight: normal; } #options { border: 3px double #ccc; padding: 5px 12px; margin: 10px 50px 10px 20px; float: left; } #info { border-top: 1px solid #ccc; padding-top: 5px; font-style: italic; } li { margin: 5px 10px 5px 25px; } ul li { list-style: disc; } ol li { list-style: decimal; } img { border: 0; } table { clear: both; width: 100%; border: 1px solid #c5c5c5; border-width: 1px 0; margin: 0; page-break-after: always; } table#page { page-break-after: auto; } td { text-align: center; font-size: 12px; border-bottom: 1px dashed #c5c5c5; height: 1.75in; width: 50%; padding-left: 15px; } .leftside { border-right: 1px solid #cccccc; padding: 0 15px 0 0; } .bottom td { border-bottom: none; } .clearfix { clear:both; line-height:1px; height:1px; } img { max-width:80%; max-height:150px; margin:20px; } @media print {.header { display: none; } .content .header{ display:inherit; } table { border: 1px dashed #bbb; border-width: 1px 0; } .theNote{ background-color:white; } } Chapter 3 Federalism this concept ensures that both federal govt. and state govt. shall remain sovereign federal govt. has some power (delegated) and the states have powers (reserved) local govt. even have some element of power in our system fed govt.: ultimate authority but in conflict, fed. law always prevails colonial americans grew increasingly frustrated with the unitary system in England the majority of world's nations have unitary govt. OVERVIEW: colonial days: unitary in england where the crown retained the ultimate power and could establish regional govts at their discretions after revolution: est. a confederal govt. where the ultimate authority was had by each individual state or colony adoption of current constitution: federal system with shared powers confederation: political unit has authority intergovernmental relations collaborative effort by 2 or more levels education federal money and law state license and local workforce distribution of authority supremacy clause article iv constitution federal laws treaties: indian nations federal powers free from state interference levy and collect taxes coin money raise and support armies declare war state powers 10th amendment allow states to maintain some sort of control conduct elections administer family and criminal laws provide education regulate public health supreme court's interpretation commerce and general mcculloch v maryland (1819) gibbons v. ogden (1824) provide for general welfare regulate commerce state to state obligations article iv make our systems operate more efficiently horizontal federalism interstate compacts extradition privileges and immunities full faith and credit evolution centralized conflicted cooperative key constitutional amendments relationship btw fed and state govts 16th 17th 14th Grants-in-aid tools that fed govt. uses to distribute money for various things like infrastructure, health, education categorical grants block grants intergovernmental lobbying mandates preemption Key Terms block grant: money granted by the national government to state or localities for broadly defined policy areas, with fewer strings than categorical grants, and in amounts based on complicated formulas categorical formula grant: money granted by the national government to state and local governments for a specified program area and in an amount based on a legislated formula categorical project grant: money granted by the national government to state and local government for a specified program area; state and local governments compete for these grants by proposing specific projects they want to implement centralized federalism: the relationship between the national and state governments whereby the national government imposes its policy preferences on state governments concurrent powers: basic governing functions of all sovereign governments, in the US, they are held by the national, state, and local governments and include the authority to tax, to make policy, and to implement policy confederal systems: a structure of government in which several independent sovereign governments agree to cooperate on specified governmental matters while retaining sovereignty over all other governmental matters within their jurisdictions conflicted federalism: the current status of national-state relations that involve the conflicting elements of dual, cooperative, and centralized federalisms cooperative federalism: the relationship between the national and state government whereby the two levels of government work together to address domestic matters reserved to the states, driven by the policy priorities of the states devolution: the process whereby the national government returns policy responsibilities to state and/or local governments dual federalism: the relationship between the national and state governments, dominant between 1789-1932; whereby the two levels of govt. functioned independently of each other to address their distinct constitutional responsibilities enumerated powers: the powers of the national government hat are listed in the constitution extradition: the return of individuals accused of a crime to the state in which the crime was committed upon the request of that state's governor federal system: a governmental structure with tow levels of govt. in which each level has sovereignty over different policy matters and geographic areas fiscal federalism: the relationship between the national government and state and local governments whereby the national government provides grant money to state and local governments full faith and credit clause: the constitutional clause that requires states to comply with and uphold the public acts, records, and judicial decisions of other states grants-in-aid (intergovernmental transfers): transfer of money from one government to another government that does not need to be paid back horizontal federalism: the state-to-state relationships created by the U.S. Constitution implied powers: powers of the national government that are not enumerated in the constitution but that congress claim are necessary and propers for the national government to fulfill its enumerated powers in accordance with the necessary and proper clause of the constitution intergovernmental lobbying: efforts by groups representing state and local governments to influence national public policy intergovernmental relations (IGR): collaborative efforts of two or more levels of government working to serve the public interstate compacts: agreements between states that Congress has the authority to review and reject mandates: clauses in legislation that direct state and local governments to comply with national legislation and national standards McCulloch v. Maryland: est. that the necessary and proper clause justifies broad understandings of enumerated powers necessary and proper clauses (elastic clause): a clause in Article I, Section B, of the constitution that gives congress the power to do whatever it deems necessary and constitutional to meet its enumerated obligations; the basis for the implied powers new judicial federalism: the practice whereby state judges base decisions regarding civil rights and liberties on their state's constitution, rather than the U.S. Constitution, when their state's constitution guarantees more than minimum rights preemption: constitutionally based principle that allows a national law to supersede state or local laws police powers: the states' reserved powers to protect the health, safety, lives, and properties of residents in a state privileges and immunities clause: the constitution's requirement that a state extend to other states' citizens the privileges and immunities it provides for its own citizens reserved powers: the matters referred to in the Tenth Amendment over which states retain sovereignty supreme law of the land: the constitution's description of its own authority, meaning that all laws made by governments within the US must be in compliance with the Constitution unitary system: a governmental structure in which one central government has sovereignty, although it may create regional government to which it delegates responsibilities

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