dynamics/volume

rubato

presto furioso

syllabic singing

functional harmony

each chord assumed a special role (or function) in relation to the tonic chord (the chord on the home pitch); when one chord follows another in Baroque music, it does so in a newly predictable and purposeful way;
a method of organizing large-scale pieces of music

Ligeti

György Sándor Ligeti (May 28, 1923 - June 12, 2006) was a composer, born in a Hungarian Jewish family in Transylvania, Romania. He briefly lived in Hungary before later becoming an Austrian citizen. Many of his works are well known in classical music circles, but to the general public, he is best-known for the various pieces featured in the Stanley Kubrick films 2001: A Space Odyssey, The Shining, and Eyes Wide Shut

meter

cello

An instrument in the violin family, known for its rich tone. Among the strings, it has the second-lowest range, higher only than the bass viol, and it has the lowest part in string quartets. Players hold the instrument between their knees to play it.

octave

Program Symphony

melismatic

Notre Dame School of Polyphony

where composers like Leonin and Perotin experimented with organum (1150-1250), increasing number of voices from 3 to 4. Developed repeating rhythmic patterns in triple meter, constituting the first metrical music.

Italian Baroque Music

motet

Early _______s were based on fragments of Gregorian chant but was quite secular. ______ means wordy in french. / By 16th century the term described a usually sacred vocal composition; they complemented mass, unlike mass the words varied significantly. (59,76)

concertino

concerto grosso

Ellington

American composer, pianist, and bandleader, recognized during his life as one of the most influential figures in jazz, if not in all American music. Ellington's reputation has increased since his death, including a special award citation from the Pulitzer Prize Board.

A. Corelli

Ground bass

This fact is dramatized by a musical form that is characteristically Baroque, the ground bass. This is music constructed from the bottom up. In
ground-bass form, the bass instruments play a single short melody many times, generating the same set of repeated harmonies above it (played by the continuo chord instruments). Over this ground bass, upper instruments or voices play (or improvise) different melodies or virtuoso passages, all adjusted to the harmonies determined by the bass.

Great Schism

chord progression

Schoenberg

Austrian and later American composer, associated with the expressionist movement in German poetry and art, and leader of the Second Viennese School. Schoenberg was known for extending the traditionally opposed German Romantic traditions of both Brahms and Wagner, and also for his pioneering innovations in atonality. developed twelve-tone technique, a widely influential compositional method of manipulating an ordered series of all twelve notes in the chromatic scale. developing variation, and was the first modern composer to embrace ways of developing motives without resorting to the dominance of a centralized melodic idea.

Handel

Notre Dame Mass

frequency

velocity of sound is always same regardless of pitch. when higher. the wavelength is smaller, distance between layers of compressed air, which means the more vibrations impact the eardrum in a given moment

tone poem

monophony

Opera

Tropicalia

Emerged out of Brazil from 1967-1969 and was a popular culture muvement animated by the spirit of artistic cannibalism . It showed how Brazilian popular musicians could absorb the most diverse international cultural elements, especially rock, and combine them with elements of Brazilian culture, especialyl from Bahia the home state of many of the participants nad form them into something distinctively Brazilian. Gilberto Gil and Caetano Veloso were jailed in 1969 and the movement ended.

measure/bar

Sonata-Allegro form

exposition (repeated twice, with first and second themes and closing theme), development, recapitulation (all themes replayed) and possible coda. First movements of symphonies are usually in this format. Classical opera overtures typically also used this, but didn't repeat exposition.

tonality, tonal/harmonic language

Copland

American composer of concert and film music, as well as an accomplished pianist. Instrumental in forging a distinctly American style of composition, he was widely known as "the dean of American composers." Copland's music achieved a difficult balance between modern music and American folk styles, and the open, slowly changing harmonies of many of his works are said to evoke the vast American landscape. He incorporated percussive orchestration, changing meter, polyrhythms, polychords and tone rows.

reciting tones

Cadence

Style features of Early Baroque

Rhythms become more definite, regular, and insistent in Baroque music; a single rhythm or similar rhythms dominated a piece or a major segment of it;
emphasis on METER --> bar lines used for first time in music history

Ordinary of the Mass

aria

Caetano Veloso

Caetano Veloso, is a composer, singer, guitarist, writer, and political activist. He has been called "one of the greatest songwriters of the century"[1] and "a pop musician/poet/filmmaker/political activist whose stature in the pantheon of international pop musicians is on a par with that of Bob Dylan, Bob Marley, and Lennon/McCartney".[2] Veloso is most known for his participation in the Brazilian musical movement Tropicalismo which encompassed theatre, poetry and music in the 1960s, at the beginning of the Brazilian military dictatorship.

syllabic

recitative

Chromatic Scale

all 12 notes, black and white keys, all 1/2 steps in an octave (terrible for directing melody). Chromatic scale not used by itself in many pieces--usually utilized for color. Derive diatonic scales from chromatic scale.

Concerti Grosso

ritonello (form)

semichoirs

composers of the 16th century often divided their choirs into low and high groupf of e-4 voice parts each; the semichoirs would alternate and answer or echo each other; Venetian composers later developed alternating between 2 or 3(+) choirs

chromatic scale

Romantic

counterpoint

Notre Dame School of Polyphony

where composers like Leonin and Perotin experimented with organum (1150-1250), increasing number of voices from 3 to 4. Developed repeating rhythmic patterns in triple meter, constituting the first metrical music.

Steve Reich

Stephen Michael "Steve" Reich (pronounced /ˈraɪʃ/;[1] born October 3, 1936) is an American composer who pioneered the style of minimalist music. His innovations include using tape loops to create phasing patterns (examples are his early compositions, "It's Gonna Rain" and "Come Out"), and the use of simple, audible processes to explore musical concepts (for instance, "Pendulum Music" and "Four Organs").

cantus firmus

polyphony

Gershwin

American composer. He wrote most of his vocal and theatrical works in collaboration with his elder brother, lyricist Ira Gershwin. George Gershwin composed songs both for Broadway and for the classical concert hall. He also wrote popular songs with success. "Summertime"

mezzo-piano

decrescendo

meter

basso continuo

Some early Baroque music is homophonic and some is polyphonic, but both textures are enriched by a feature unique to the period, the basso continuo.
Bass line performed by bass voices or low instruments such as cellos/bassoons, but a chord instrument was needed to add chords continuously to accompany the bass;
**BAROQUE POLYPHONY HAS SYSTEMATIC HARMONIC UNDERPINNINGS**

Handel

drone

Aria

Melodies

based on tonic (usually in title of song) (also typically begins and ends with that note. 2) Over-arching line that our ears are drawn to.
Ex: Mozart's "Symphony No 40 in G minor"
Pitch: low --> high interval

monophonic

forte

rhythm

Ives

an American composer of modernist classical music. He is widely regarded as one of the first American classical composers of international significance. Ives' music was largely ignored during his life, and many of his works went unperformed for many years. Over time, Ives would come to be regarded as an "American Original". experimental music , with musical techniques including polytonality, polyrhythm, tone clusters, aleatoric elements, and quarter tones

monophonic

delayed gratification

chansons

motive/theme

Recitative

The free declaration of a vocal line, halfway between signing and ordinary speech, with only a simple instrumental accompaniment for support; the inventors of opera, who thought they were reviving ancient Greek tragedy used the term monody

harmony

chord

opera buffa

Saariaho

Kaija Saariaho studied composition in Helsinki, Freiburg and Paris, where she has lived since 1982. Her studies and research at IRCAM have had a major influence on her music and her characteristically luxuriant and mysterious textures are often created by combining live music and electronics.