Labor Trafficking

Labor trafficking often occurs in the context of an otherwise lawful industry, decreasing the number of encounters between law enforcement and individuals engaged in that industry, which makes victim detection and identification more difficult.

Labor trafficking victims, including victims of domestic servitude, can be exploited in isolated homes, fields, or factories, with few opportunities to come into contact with customers or other outsiders.

Sex Trafficking

Because commercial sex is already illegal in most locations, it is more likely that law enforcement will encounter potential victims. However, victim identification may be hampered because minors may say they are over the age of 18, and adults may conceal the use of force, fraud, and coercion.

Victims exploited for commercial sex must be advertised to or brought into contact with customers, further increasing opportunities for law enforcement or civilians to encounter the victims and interdict the crime.

Pimps also often seek to exploit children because they are perceived as easy to control and more profitable.4 Such victims are commonly recruited from broken homes or may be runaways with whom a pimp came into contact. Victims are frequently lured by pimps with offers of food, clothes, attention, friendship, love, and a seemingly safe place to sleep. Once a pimp gains this control over a child, he or she will often use acts of violence, intimidation, or psychological manipulation to trap the child in a life of sex trafficking.

Pimps often target children at bus stops and train stations, schools, strip clubs, casinos, group homes, truck stops, and through social networking and escort websites.

Challenges to Victim Identification

In many instances, both minor and adult victims of human trafficking are isolated and have been coached by their trafficker to fear law enforcement, or to lie about their circumstances. Victims of trafficking may be scared of law enforcement because of their participation in unlawful activity, such as prostitution, or, in the case of foreign victims, their undocumented status or experiences with corrupt or violent authorities in their home country. Traffickers exploit these fears by threatening the victim with arrest, detention, or deportation if encountered by authorities. In some cases, the victim is attempting to escape other problems in his or her life that the trafficker exploits to ensure the victim’s compliance, such as an abusive family, drug addiction, or extreme poverty.

Myths and Facts

Myth 1: Trafficked persons can only be foreign nationals or are only immigrants from other countries.

Reality:The federal definition of human trafficking includes both U.S. citizens and foreign nationals. Both are protected under the federal trafficking statutes and have been since the TVPA of 2000. Human trafficking within the United States affects victims who are U.S. citizens, lawful permanent residents, visa holders, and undocumented workers.

Myth 2: Human trafficking victims always come from situations of poverty or from small rural villages.

Reality: Although poverty can be a factor in human trafficking because it is often an indicator of vulnerability, poverty alone is not a single causal factor or universal indicator of a human trafficking victim. Trafficking victims can come from a range of income levels, and many may come from families with higher socioeconomic status.

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