See Saturn's Stunning Auroras Glow Over Time in These Hubble Photos

New images from the Hubble Space Telescope show Saturn's ultraviolet auroras swirling at the planet's north pole in the months before and after the northern summer solstice.

Scientists imaged Saturn's auroras using the spectrograph on Hubble during the solstice because it's the best time to view the planet's north pole, and to coincide with observations by NASA's Cassini spacecraft, which finished its mission in September with a dramatic dive. By doing so, they got their most detailed look ever at how the auroras behave over time, Hubble scientists said in a statement.

Earth's northern and southern auroras happen when the planet's magnetic field interacts with the solar wind, the stream of charged particles streaming from the sun. When those particles become trapped at the planet's poles, they interact with the oxygen and nitrogen in the atmosphere to produce a dazzling light show. The auroras of Saturn and other outer planets form in a similar way, but because their atmospheres are mostly hydrogen, the light produced is in the ultraviolet range.

A composite image puts the Hubble Space Telescope's measurements of Saturn's ultraviolet northern auroras on top of a visible-light image of the planet. Hubble measured Saturn's auroras during the months surrounding its northern solstice to learn more about the planet's magnetic field.

The human eye can't pick up that ultraviolet light, and most of it would be absorbed by Earth's atmosphere anyway. But luckily, there are other, more powerful eyes on the sky — in this case, the spectrograph tool on Hubble, which orbits Earth.

Hubble's observations revealed an ever-changing aurora on Saturn's north pole that varies as the solar wind ebbs and flows and as the planet rotates. (A full Saturn rotation takes just 11 hours.) The aurora peaked in brightness at the planet's dawn and just before midnight, researchers said in the statement — but that midnight peak, never seen before, might have something to do with the way the solar wind hits the planet around solstice, in particular.