1. What is the difference between "memiliki" and "mempunyai"?2. What is the difference between "aku" and "saya"; "kamu" and "anda"?3. Does "apa" turn a sentence into question? (in the same way as "ba" in Tagalog)

I don't know anything about Tagalog grammar, but apa can be used at the beginning of a sentence to indicate that a yes/no answer is expected (cf. Hindi क्या). E.g. Apa Bapak sudah makan? "Have you [masc. sing. form. pol.] eaten yet?"

"Richmond is a real scholar; Owen just learns languages because he can't bear not to know what other people are saying."--Margaret Lattimore on her two sons

I don't know anything about Tagalog grammar, but apa can be used at the beginning of a sentence to indicate that a yes/no answer is expected (cf. Hindi क्या). E.g. Apa Bapak sudah makan? "Have you [masc. sing. form. pol.] eaten yet?"

Oh, I also did some searching to see if I could find anything on memiliki vs mempunyai, but it seems that if there's a distinction between them, it's pretty subtle. What I did find is that they're both formal verbs and in colloquial speech punya is more common than either.

"Richmond is a real scholar; Owen just learns languages because he can't bear not to know what other people are saying."--Margaret Lattimore on her two sons

Irusia wrote:3. Does "apa" turn a sentence into question? (in the same way as "ba" in Tagalog)

Mostly yes. It can also be "apakah" in formal speech.

وَمِنْ آيَاتِهِ خَلْقُ السَّمَاوَاتِ وَالْأَرْضِ وَاخْتِلَافُ أَلْسِنَتِكُمْ وَأَلْوَانِكُمْ ۚ إِنَّ فِي ذَٰلِكَ لَآيَاتٍ لِلْعَالِمِينَ۝"And of His signs is the creation of the heavens and the earth and the diversity of your languages and your colors. Indeed in that are signs for those of knowledge." (Ar-Rum: 22)

Jika saya salah, mohon diperbaiki. If I make some mistake(s), please correct me.Forever indebted to Robert A. Blust for his contributions to Austronesian linguistics

Yang is obligatory in most cases (like this) where adjective phrase consists of multiple words. Otherwise it has an emphatic or distancing value. It can also serve to distinguish compounds from ordinary noun phrases, e.g.:

Yang is obligatory in most cases (like this) where adjective phrase consists of multiple words. Otherwise it has an emphatic or distancing value. It can also serve to distinguish compounds from ordinary noun phrases, e.g.:

Irusia wrote:What does "ada" mean? I thought it means "to be", but today I saw it in a context where it meant "to have" (but it was in the form "mengadakan").

It has multiple meanings, depending on the context.

For example, "ada seorang pria di depanku" means "there is a man in front of me", but "mereka mengadakan sebuah acara di kebun itu" means "they held an event in that garden".

As you can see, "mengadakan" means "to hold (an event)".

وَمِنْ آيَاتِهِ خَلْقُ السَّمَاوَاتِ وَالْأَرْضِ وَاخْتِلَافُ أَلْسِنَتِكُمْ وَأَلْوَانِكُمْ ۚ إِنَّ فِي ذَٰلِكَ لَآيَاتٍ لِلْعَالِمِينَ۝"And of His signs is the creation of the heavens and the earth and the diversity of your languages and your colors. Indeed in that are signs for those of knowledge." (Ar-Rum: 22)

Jika saya salah, mohon diperbaiki. If I make some mistake(s), please correct me.Forever indebted to Robert A. Blust for his contributions to Austronesian linguistics

Yes you can. It literally means "there is an event (held) in that garden".

وَمِنْ آيَاتِهِ خَلْقُ السَّمَاوَاتِ وَالْأَرْضِ وَاخْتِلَافُ أَلْسِنَتِكُمْ وَأَلْوَانِكُمْ ۚ إِنَّ فِي ذَٰلِكَ لَآيَاتٍ لِلْعَالِمِينَ۝"And of His signs is the creation of the heavens and the earth and the diversity of your languages and your colors. Indeed in that are signs for those of knowledge." (Ar-Rum: 22)

Jika saya salah, mohon diperbaiki. If I make some mistake(s), please correct me.Forever indebted to Robert A. Blust for his contributions to Austronesian linguistics

linguoboy wrote:Final k is pronounced [ʔ] as a rule. The only possible exceptions might be recent borrowings from languages like English.

Some other native words also have the k pronounced as it is written (although pretty rare nowadays), such as the word jorok (vulgar, dirty) [dʒɔrɔk], kutuk (to curse, as in mythical curses) [kʊtʊk], and cerdik (clever, cunning) [tʃərdik].

وَمِنْ آيَاتِهِ خَلْقُ السَّمَاوَاتِ وَالْأَرْضِ وَاخْتِلَافُ أَلْسِنَتِكُمْ وَأَلْوَانِكُمْ ۚ إِنَّ فِي ذَٰلِكَ لَآيَاتٍ لِلْعَالِمِينَ۝"And of His signs is the creation of the heavens and the earth and the diversity of your languages and your colors. Indeed in that are signs for those of knowledge." (Ar-Rum: 22)

Jika saya salah, mohon diperbaiki. If I make some mistake(s), please correct me.Forever indebted to Robert A. Blust for his contributions to Austronesian linguistics

Is there any possibility to learn Indonesian and Malay as a single language?This (if it is possible) would be like learning it one time only for the purpose of being able to communicate with the people of the two countries.

Let me help you with your questions:1. memiliki and mempunyai actually both mean 'to have' in Indonesian language. The only difference is that 'memiliki' is more commonly used in formal Indonesian while 'mempunyai' is more commonly used in spoken or less formal Indonesian.2. 'saya' is more neutral while 'aku' is used among close relation and between kids.