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This Perspective summarizes the authors' key findings and conclusions regarding the adequacy of the present system governing secrecy in U.S. national security information. Based on a novel approach and expert opinion, including our own direct experience with the issues, the goal of the study is to make recommendations to improve the system that makes, safeguards, and discloses secrets. The authors examine the principal elements and processes of the secrecy paradigm. The way these elements and processes perform and interact with each other determines the paradigm's overall performance. A key conclusion is that efforts to appreciably improve the way secrets are classified, protected, and disclosed will not likely succeed without corresponding improvements in the structure, culture, rules, and technologies of the secrecy paradigm. The strong relationship between the processes and the elements of secrecy means that major shortfalls in one almost certainly ensure continued shortfalls in the other. To achieve meaningful improvements in secrecy reform, tinkering at the margins must yield to systemic changes. A much-improved system will afford significantly better protection to secrets that truly need it; reduce complexity, subjectivity, and overclassification by providing clear parameters for creating secrets; and more fully support government transparency goals.

Table of Contents

Chapter One

The Secrecy Paradigm

Chapter Two

Evaluating the Secrecy Paradigm

Chapter Three

Paradigm Shift: Path to Secrecy Modernization

Appendix

Study Methodology

Research conducted by

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Bruce, James B., Sina Beaghley, and W. George Jameson, Secrecy in U.S. National Security: Why a Paradigm Shift Is Needed. Santa Monica, CA: RAND Corporation, 2018. https://www.rand.org/pubs/perspectives/PE305.html. Also available in print form.

Bruce, James B., Sina Beaghley, and W. George Jameson, Secrecy in U.S. National Security: Why a Paradigm Shift Is Needed, Santa Monica, Calif.: RAND Corporation, PE-305-OSD, 2018. As of June 02, 2020: https://www.rand.org/pubs/perspectives/PE305.html

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