failure of 1 or both testes to descend into scrotum (3% of male infants)

should be treated before 5 years old- otherwise will reduce fertility.

cryptorchidism

testes that do not descend fully during development; a cause of infertility and higher risk of testicular cancer

Impotence

Inability of sexually mature male to maintain erection long enough for ejaculation.

may be physical, neurological, result of disease, psychological.

Infertility

Inability to fertilize ovum. may be fault of male or female. Not the same as impotence. may be caused in males by: alcoholism, excessive heat, dietary deficiencies, hormonal imbalance, injury.

Sterility

Similar to infertility, but is PERMANENT condition.

Vasectomy

sterilization of male by simple surgical procedure.

Gonorrhea

"clap"

males: have painful urination and discharge pus. Females: usually asymptomatic (unsuspecting carriers).. May infect uterus and uterine tubes. may be passed by mother to eyes of newborn and cause blindness.

Syphilis

Appear and disappears throughout life if untreated.

May cause blindness and insanity if untreated

Prostatic carcinoma

Cancer of the prostate gland. 2nd leading cause of death from cancer in males in US. Common in males over 60. Accounts for 19,000 deaths/year.

Orchitis

Infection of testes. various causes: including MUMPS

Mammography

Xray of mammary glands to confirm breast cancer

Masectomy

Removal of entire breast and perhaps associated tissues

Simple masectomy

Removal of entire breast BUT NOT underlying lymph nodes

Modified Radial Masectomy

Removal of entire breast, lymphatic drainage,

& perhaps pectoralis major muscle

Radial Masectomy

Similar to modified- except: pectoralis major muscle is always removed, as well as axillary lymph nodes and adjacent connective tissue.

1st trimester

all major body systems are formed. fetal heart can be detected. external genitalia are developed, fetus is about width of palm of adult hand.

2nd trimester

epidermal features are formed. vital body systems are functioning. fetus would likely NOT survive if born. at end, length is about as long as adult hand.

3rd trimester

Tremendous growth and refinement*

will survive if born prematurely.

Exocrine

sweat, salivary, mucous glands.

Secretions transported through ducts. Function within a particular system of body.

Endocrine

Secretions placed directly into blood. Make up a whole system of body. Blood transports secretions to target tissues for functions

high levels of cortisol would normally provide negative feedback to the

pituitary gland and the hypothalamus

what are the 2 large vessels that transport blood to the right atrium?

superior & inferior vena cava

what are the 2 large vessels that receive blood from the left and right ventricles, respectively

aorta & pulmonary trunk

which vessels return oxygenated blood to the left atrium?

pulmonary veins (left & right)

oxygen-rich blood is pumped to the entire body by the ______ ventricle

left

right side of heart pumps blood to _____ circuit

pulmonary

what valve is located between the right atrium and right ventricle

tricuspid valve

what valve is located between the right ventricle and pulmonary trunk?

pulmonary semilunar valve

what valve is located between the left ventricle and the aorta?

aortic semilunar valve

what valve is located between the left atrium and left ventricle?

bicuspid valve

the intrinsic conduction system consists of ______ cells that initiate and distribute action potentials throughout heart

autorhythmic

which part of the intrinsic conduction system initiates the depolarizing impulse and sets the pace for the entire heart?

SA node

what area of the conduction system delays the impulse briefly, allowing the atria to contact before the ventricles?

AV node

this area is the only electrical connection between the atria and ventricles

AV bundle (bundle of His)

which wave on the ECG represents atrial depolarization?

P wave

which wave on the ECG represents ventricular repolarization?

T wave

which wave of the ECG represents ventricular depolarization?

QRS complex

in a normal ECG wave tracing, atrial repolarization is hidden by the

QRS complex

which wave on the ECG would be wider if the patient had a left bundle branch block?

QRS complex

an abnormally fast heart rate (over 100 bpm) is called

tachycardia

cardiac output = the amount of blood pumped out of _________ in one minute

each ventricle

CO =

HR * SV

CO

the amount of blood pumped by each ventricle in one minute

normal heart rate at rest is ____ bpm

75

stroke volume is the amount of blood pumped out by each ventricle...

with each heartbeat

end diastolic volume (EDV) is:

amount of blood in each ventricle at the end of diastole

SV =

EDV - ESV

what would happen to HR, SV, and CO with decreased blood volume?

increased HR, decreased SV, no change to CO

what would happen to HR, SV and CO with increased sympathetic input?

increased HR, increased SV, increased CO

what chemical slows the heart rate?

acetylcholine

how does the sympathetic nervous system increase stroke volume?

by increasing contractility

total cardiac action potential lasts

250-300 milliseconds

the total refractory period of cardiac muscle

is longer than the total refractory period of skeletal muscle

delivering single shocks in succession to stimulate the frog heart

did not increase the height of the ventricular systole wave

the doublet that results with more frequent stimulation of the frog heart represents

an extrasystole and an extra contraction of the ventricles

when the ventricles beat rapidly in succession

a compensatory pause followed

when multiple stimuli were applied at 20 stimuli/sec

extrasystoles were produced

the effect of the sympathetic nervous system on the heart is to

increase the heart rate and increase the force of contraction

which branch of the automatic nervous system dominates after a large meal?

the parasympathetic branch

the sinoatrial node is located

in the right atrial wall of the human heart

excessive vagal stimulation of the heart results in

a decrease in heart rate and, eventually, a temporary cessation of the heartbeat

when vagus nerve stimulation was applied to the frog heart...

the heart rate slowed and eventually stopped

what part of tracing illustrates vagal escape?

the part where the heart resumed beating

Research shows that in the absence of neural and hormonal influences, the SA node generates action potentials at a frequency of about 100 times per minute. However, the resting heart rate is about 70 beats per minute. What would the approximate heart rate be if the vagus nerve were severed?

about 100 beats per minute

which has the fasted rate of spontaneous depolarization

the SA node

the effect of the parasympathetic nervous system on the heart is to

decrease the heart rate

organisms that are poikilothermic

have temperature fluctuations that coincide with the external temperature and lack internal homeostatic temperature regulatory mechanisms

which part of the human body regulates temperature

the hypothalamus

heat-releasing mechanisms include

vasodilating and sweating

for the frog heart, temperature and heart rate are

directly proportional

if the human heart were experiencing hyperthermia, what do you think would be the effect on the heart rate?

heart rate would increase

Ringer's solution contains

cations, anions & electrolytes

which decreases the rate of depolarization in the heart?

acetylcholine

an adrenergic drug that worked in opposition to epinephrine would

be an antagonist and decrease heart rate

muscarine is a poison found in poisonous mushrooms. it binds to acetylcholine receptors and mimics its action. what describes the effect of muscrine?

like pilocarpine, it decreases the heart rate

with respect to heart rate, what works in opposition to each other?

digitalis and atropine

with respect to heart rate, what had the same effect?

- atropine & epinephrine

- digitalis & pilocarpine

a cholinergic antagonist drug would

increase heart rate

when cardiac muscle cell is at rest, the concentration of ________ is greater on the outside of the cell

sodium & calcium

modifiers that affect the force of contraction of the heart are

inotropic

the movement of _______ into the cardiac muscle cell depolarizes the cardiac muscle cell

sodium & calcium

modifiers that affect heart rate are

chronotropic

which ion initially lowered frog heart rate?

potassium & sodium

what affect does potassium have on the resting membrane potential of the cardiac cell?

increasing extracellular potassium causes the resting membrane potential to become more positive.

individuals with weakened hearts need to allow maximum time for venous return and increased stroke volume. These individuals would benefit from...

increased force of contraction and decreased heart rate

the autorhythmicity of cardiac pacemaker cells is made possible by their reduce permeability of

potassium

Blood traveling through the Pulmonary (semilunar) valve of the heart subsequently enters the

pulmonary artery/trunk

Chemicals that mimic the body's naturally occurring neurotransmitter epinephrine in the body are called

adrenergic

Chemicals that work in the same direction as the neurotransmitter they mimic in the body are called

agonist

A chemical injected or ingested to stimulate the sympathetic nervous system to increase the heart rate would be a:

adrenergic agonist

A chemical injected or ingested that mimics the body's naturally occurring neurotransmitter epinephrine, and decrease the heart rate would be a:

adrenergic antagonist

A chemical injected or ingested that mimics the body's naturally occurring neurotransmitter acetylcholine, and decrease the heart rate would be a:

cholinergic agonist

A chemical injected or ingested that mimics the body's naturally occurring neurotransmitter acetylcholine, and increase the heart rate would be a:

cholinergic antagonist

atropine is a

cholinergic antagonist

T/F The SA node will not generate action potentials in the absence of all stimulation

FALSE

Stimulation of the parasympathetic nervous system ___

Decreases heart rate and force of cardiac muscle contraction remains the same

blood pressure in the capillaries forces glucose, amino acids, urea, uric acid, creatine, sodium, potassium, chloride, and water from the blood into the Bowman's capsule. this fluid is called the FILTRATE

movement of substances from filtrate in nephron tubule back into blood via peritubular capillaries/vasa recta

reabsorption

the movement of filtered solutes and water from the renal tubule back into the blood plasma. as FILTRATE passes through convoluted tubules, specific substances are reabsorbed back into the blood via the peritubular capillaries leaving saltwater and waste in the tubule

The aortic arch and the carotid sinus contain nerve endings that monitor blood pressure by the degree of stretch on the vessel wall. These sensors are called:

arterial baroreceptors

A change in blood pressure that increases the impulses to the cardiovascular center of the medulla oblongata results in increased impulses from which branch of the autonomic nervous system? What would be the effect on blood pressure (BP)?

parasympathetic; decreased BP

corpus spongiosum

midventral erectile tissue surrounding (spongy) urethra

A change in blood pressure that decreases the impulses to the cardiovascular centerof the medulla oblongata results in increased impulses from which branch of the autonomic nervous system? What would be the effect on blood pressure (BP)?

sympathetic; increased BP

increased activity of the vagus nerve would cause heart rate to

decrease

corpora cavernosa

paired dorsal erectile tissue (most abundant tissue of penis)

*dense CT, smooth muscle, & vascular spaces

glans penis

enlarged tip of penis

-prepuce

-cut off during circumcision (60% of newborn males in US are circumcised)

increased sympathetic nerve activity at the heart would cause

an increase in both heart rate and contractility

prepuce

foreskin that encloses the glans

the sympathetic nervous system also stimulates the release of epinephrine and norepinephrine from what gland?

"Volume of air remaining in the lungs after a normal tidal volume expiration"

Functional Residual Capacity (FRC)

A patients' FEV1= 2.21 while the predicted value is 2.6, how should this be interpreted?

Normal

Tidal volume is air _____.

exchanged during normal breathing

The amount of air you can maximally expire after maximal inspiration is the ____________.

vital capacity

“amount of air you can maximally expire after a maximal inspiration”

VC

The lung volume that represents the amount of air that can be forcefully exhaled after a normal tidal volume exhalation is the ________.

expiratory reserve volume

The amount of air that can be inspired above the tidal volume is called ________.

inspiratory capacity

Mean arterial pressure is

A calculated “average” pressure in the arteries

The force that propels the blood to the tissues

throughout the cardiac cycle

Equal to Diastolic Pressure + 1/3 Pulse pressure

Amount of air remaining in the lungs after a forced exhalation

Residual Volume (RV)

The Aorta is an example of what type of blood vessel

Elastic artery

Breathing

Pulmonary ventilation

Using spirometry a patients' FEV1 is seen to be decreased and their FEV1/FVC ratio is less than 0.8 while their TLC is increased. What is a possible cause?

Obstructive disorder

Blood flow is pulsing as it travels through elastic arteries

true

You have a patient whose hematocrit 43%. A month later their hematocrit is 51%. Just looking at this would you expect their blood pressure to be ____ or lower than it was the first time

higher

A patients' TLC= 3.45 while the predicted value is 4.6, how should this be interpreted?

Mild reduction

Lumens are largest

Vein

Epinephrine is a blood-borne vasoconstrictor.

true

A substance that causes a blood vessel to decrease its diameter is a

vasoconstrictor

The brachial arteries are an example of what type of blood vessel.

Muscular artery

The link between arteries and veins in the pathway of blood flow The previous statement is a characteristic of a:

capillary

transport of carbon dioxide and oxygen to and from the lungs and tissue cells

transport of respiratory gasses

Blood pressure in the capillaries is ______ than in the arterioles

lower

Does blood flow pulse as it travels through capillaries?

No

What has the thickest tunica media?

arteries

"air taken into lungs"

inspiration

The subclavian artery is an example of what type of blood vessel?

elastic artery

"come together to form veins"

venules

A patient has the following predictive values FEV1/FVC=81.12%, FVC=3.0 L, FEV1=2.6 L, TLC=4.6 L Using spirometry the patient was found to have the following values TLC=5.0 L, FVC=3.0 L, FEV1=1.4 L What is a likely condition of the patient?

obstructive disorder

A patient has the following predictive values FEV1/FVC=81.12%, FVC=3.0 L, FEV1=2.6 L, TLC=4.6 L Using spirometry the patient was found to have the following values TLC=5.0 L, FVC=3.0 L, FEV1=1.4 L What is a likely condition of the patient?

COPD

Vessels that transport blood away from the heart

artery

You are measuring a person’s blood pressure and you find the systolic pressure to be 130 mmHg and the diastolic pressure to be 90 mmHg. What is their pulse pressure?

40 mmHg (130-90)

You are measuring a person’s blood pressure and you find the systolic pressure to be 130 mmHg and the diastolic pressure to be 90 mmHg. What is their mean arterial pressure?

103 mmHg

All other factors the same would you expect to have higher or lower blood pressure when you are a baby as oppose to adult, and why.

lower, total length of blood vessels would be shorter as a baby

Is blood pressure in the arterioles is higher than in the venules.

yes

A patients' FVC= 1.65 while the predicted value is 3.0, how should this be interpreted?

moderate reduction

Stimulation of the sympathetic nervous system will _____________ blood pressure.

increase

Increased levels of CO2 in the blood will __________ blood pH.

decrease

The amount of H+ in the blood is directly related to the number of impulses the chemoreceptors send to the medulla oblongata.

A patient has the following predictive values FEV1/FVC=81.12%, FVC=3.0 L, FEV1=2.6 L, TLC=4.6 L Using spirometry the patient was found to have the following values TLC=2.5 L, FVC=2.1 L, FEV1=1.72 L What is a likely condition of the patient?

scoliosis

When you exhale air flows from the Trachea to the __________.

Larynx

Cardiac output (as learned about in Lab 5) has what relationship to Blood Pressure?

Decreased cardiac output decreases Blood Pressure

A patients' FEV1= 1.43 while the predicted value is 2.6, how should this be interpreted?

Moderate obstruction

Increasing epinephrine in the blood vessels will _______________ blood pressure.

increase

Releasing acetylcholine in to the blood stream will _______________ blood pressure. (Think about lab 5)

decrease

The mesenteric arteries are an example of what type of blood vessel

Muscular arteries

Decreased levels of CO2 in the blood will __________ blood pH.

increase

Constriction of blood vessels ___________ blood pressure

Increases

Which of the following blood conditions that you learned about in Lab 3 would increase blood pressure?

Polycythemia

“Amount of air that can be forcefully exhaled after a normal tidal volume exhalation”