Maya (illusion)
MAYA (IAST: māyā), literally "illusion" or "magic", has multiple
meanings in Indian philosophies depending on the context. In ancient
Vedic literature, Māyā literally implies extraordinary power and
wisdom. In later Vedic texts and modern literature dedicated to
Indian traditions, Māyā connotes a "magic show, an illusion where
things appear to be present but are not what they seem". Māyā is
also a spiritual concept connoting "that which exists, but is
constantly changing and thus is spiritually unreal", and the "power or
the principle that conceals the true character of spiritual reality".
In Buddhism, Maya is the name of Gautama Buddha's mother. In
HinduismHinduism , Maya is also an epithet for goddess, and the name of a
manifestation of
LakshmiLakshmi , the goddess of "wealth, prosperity and
love". Maya is also a name for girls
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Avesta
The AVESTA /əˈvɛstə/ is the primary collection of religious
texts of
ZoroastrianismZoroastrianism , composed in the otherwise unrecorded Avestan
language. Collected during the
SassanidSassanid Period of much more ancient
oral accounts, according to Jean Kellens , "The book was originally
given the name abestag, which the
Parsees later turned into
AvestaAvesta and
which probably comes from the Old Iranian •upa-stavaka, 'praise (of
Ahura Mazda)'.". The
AvestaAvesta texts fall into several different categories, arranged
either by dialect , or by usage. The principal text in the liturgical
group is the
Yasna , which takes its name from the
Yasna ceremony,
Zoroastrianism's primary act of worship, and at which the
Yasna text
is recited
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Jan Gonda
JAN GONDA, (14 April 1905 – 28 July 1991) was a celebrated Dutch
Indologist and the first Utrecht professor of Sanskrit. He was born
in Gouda in the
NetherlandsNetherlands and died in Utrecht . He studied with
Willem Caland at Rijksuniversiteit, Utrecht (since 1990 Universiteit
Utrecht ) and from 1932 held positions at Utrecht and Leiden. He held
the positions of Chair of Sanskrit succeeding Caland from 1929, as
well as of Indology from 1932. He published scholarly articles on
Indian Sanskrit and Indonesian Javanese texts for sixty years. In
1952, he published his monumental work on Sanskrit in Indonesia. His
contributions to philology and Vedic literature has been oft cited. Gonda is recognized as one of the twentieth century's leading
scholars of Asian language, literature and religion, particularly on
texts and topics related to Hinduism and Buddhism
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Monier Williams
SIR MONIER MONIER-WILLIAMS, KCIE (/ˈmɒnjər/ ; 12 November 1819 –
11 April 1899) was the second
Boden Professor of Sanskrit at Oxford
University , England. He studied, documented and taught Asian
languages, especially Sanskrit, Persian and Hindustani. CONTENTS * 1 Early life
* 2 Career
* 3 Writings and foundations
* 4 Honours * 5 Published works * 5.1 Translations
* 5.2 Original works * 6 Notes
* 7 References
* 8 External links EARLY LIFEMonier Williams was born in
BombayBombay , the son of Colonel Monier
Williams, surveyor-general in the
BombayBombay presidency . His surname was
"Williams" until 1887 when he added his Christian name to his surname
to create the hyphenated "Monier-Williams". In 1822 he was sent to
England to be educated at private schools at Hove, Chelsea and
Finchley
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Ārjava
ĀRJAVA (Sanskrit: आर्जव) literally means sincerity,
straightness and non-hypocrisy. It is one of the ten
Yamas in
ancient Hindu and Jaina texts. CONTENTS * 1 Definition
* 2 Literature
* 3 See also
* 4 References DEFINITIONĀrjava means straightness, sincerity and harmony in one’s thought,
words and actions towards oneself and towards others. Kane translates
arjava as straightforwardness. It is explained in ancient Indian
texts as “self-restraint from hypocrisy", and "the absence of
hypocrisy”. It is included as one of several ethical virtuous
restraints in an individual's path to spirituality. The Maharashtrian
poet Vāmana in Avigita, at xvi.1, posits arjava is a form of honesty
and purity in a person, and an essential virtue so that one may treat
everyone equally, whether that other is one’s child, wife, relative,
friend, a stranger, someone hostile or oneself without any
discrimination
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God In Hinduism
The concept of GOD IN HINDUISM varies in its diverse traditions.
HinduismHinduism spans a wide range of beliefs such as henotheism , monotheism
, polytheism , panentheism , pantheism , pandeism , monism , atheism
and nontheism . Forms of theism find mention in the
Bhagavad Gita . Emotional or
loving devotion (bhakti) to a primary god such as avatars of Vishnu
(
KrishnaKrishna for example),
ShivaShiva and
DeviDevi emerged in the early medieval
period, and is now known as
Bhakti movement . Other Hindus consider
atman within every living being to be same as
Vishnu or
ShivaShiva or Devi,
or alternatively identical to the eternal metaphysical Absolute
called (
Brahman ) in Hinduism
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Kama
KAMA (
SanskritSanskrit ,
PaliPali ;
Devanagari : काम) means "desire, wish,
longing" in Indian literature.
KamaKama often connotes sexual desire and
longing in contemporary literature, but the concept more broadly
refers to any desire, wish, passion, longing, pleasure of the senses ,
the aesthetic enjoyment of life, affection, or love, with or without
sexual connotations.
KamaKama is one of the four goals of human life in Hindu traditions. It
is considered an essential and healthy goal of human life when pursued
without sacrificing the other three goals:
DharmaDharma (virtuous, proper,
moral life),
ArthaArtha (material prosperity, income security, means of
life) and
Moksha (liberation, release, self-actualization).
Together, these four aims of life are called
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Asteya
ASTEYA is the
Sanskrit term for "non-stealing". It is a virtue in
Jainism and
Hinduism .
Asteya is considered as one of five yamas in the Yoga school of
Hinduism, and as one of ten forms of temperance (virtuous
self-restraint) in Indian philosophy. The practice of asteya demands
that one must not steal, nor have the intent to steal another's
property through action, speech and thoughts. CONTENTS* 1
Hinduism * 1.1 Literature
* 1.2 Discussion
* 1.3 Related concepts * 2
Jainism
* 3 Difference between
Asteya and
Aparigraha
* 4 References
* 5 Sources HINDUISM
Hinduism LITERATURE
Asteya is defined in Hindu scripts as "the abstinence, in one's deeds
or words or thoughts, from unauthorized appropriation of things of
value from another human being"
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Adrian Snodgrass
ADRIAN SNODGRASS is an authority in
Buddhist studies and Buddhist art
. He has developed important theories in the area of hermeneutical
philosophy and its application to knowledge production and
cross-cultural understanding. Snodgrass is co-editor of the journal
Architectural Theory Review and Editor of Architectural Theory. He is
an Honorary Life Member of The Asian Arts Society of Australia
(TAASA); President of the Australasian Association for Buddhist
Studies (AABS); Research Associate in the Faculty of Architecture,
Design and Planning in The University of Sydney; Senior Research
Fellow in the School of Languages and Cultures at the same university;
and Adjunct Professor in the Centre for Cultural Research at the
University of Western Sydney. His son, also called Adrian Snodgrass,
is an actor and social justice lawyer who started the Melbourne law
firm ASA Law in 2015
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Arthur Bowen Davies
ARTHUR BOWEN DAVIES (September 26, 1862 – October 24, 1928) was an
avant-garde American artist and influential advocate of modern art in
the
United StatesUnited States c. 1910–1928. CONTENTS * 1 Biography
* 2 Career
* 3 Style
* 4 Selected works
* 5
Pastel drawings
* 6 Public collections
* 7 References
* 8 Sources
* 9 External links BIOGRAPHYDavies was born in
Utica, New York , the son of David and Phoebe
Davies. He was keenly interested in drawing when he was young and, at
fifteen, attended a large touring exhibition in his hometown of
American landscape art, featuring works by
George InnessGeorge Inness and members
of the Hudson River School. The show had a profound effect on him. He
was especially impressed by Inness's tonalist landscapes
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Maya (mother Of The Buddha)
QUEEN MāYā OF SAKYA (Māyādevī) was the birth mother of Gautama
Buddha , the sage on whose teachings
BuddhismBuddhism was founded, and the
sister of Mahāpajāpatī Gotamī , the first Buddhist nun ordained by
the Buddha. In Buddhist tradition Maya died soon after the birth of Buddha,
generally said to be seven days afterwards, and came to life again in
a Hindu-Buddhist heaven, a pattern that is said to be followed in the
births of all Buddhas. Thus Maya did not raise her son who was
instead raised by his maternal aunt
Mahapajapati GotamiMahapajapati Gotami . Maya would,
however, on occasion descend from Heaven to give advice to her son. Māyā means "illusion" in
SanskritSanskrit . Māyā is also called
Mahāmāyā ("Great Māyā") and Māyādevī ("Queen Māyā"). In
Tibetan she is called Gyutrulma and in Japanese is known as Maya-bunin
(摩耶夫人)
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Ahimsa
AHIMSA
IAST : ahiṃsā,
Pāli : avihiṃsā) means 'not to injure'
and 'compassion' and refers to a key virtue in
Indian religions .
The word is derived from the Sanskrit root hiṃs – to strike;
hiṃsā is injury or harm, a-hiṃsā is the opposite of this, i.e.
cause no injury, do no harm.
AhimsaAhimsa is also referred to as
nonviolence , and it applies to all living beings—including all
animals—in ancient Indian religions.
AhimsaAhimsa is one of the cardinal virtues and an important tenet of
JainismJainism ,
HinduismHinduism , and
BuddhismBuddhism .
AhimsaAhimsa is a multidimensional
concept, inspired by the premise that all living beings have the
spark of the divine spiritual energy; therefore, to hurt another being
is to hurt oneself
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