GNU's Who

Miles Bader works on the Hurd with both
Michael Bushnell, p/BSG
and
Roland McGrath.
Roland also maintains make and the GNU C library.
Karl Heuer enhances GNU Emacs and is in charge of making Deluxe
Distributions.
Daniel Hagerty is our system obfuscator and release coordinator.
Melissa Weisshaus is working on special documentation projects.

Peter H. Salus has joined us temporarily to run the
section First Free Software Conference, in February, 1996
in Cambridge, MA.
Lisa Bloch is our Executive Director.
Robert J. Chassell is our Secretary/Treasurer.
Britton Bradley, Mike Drain, and Gena L. Bean have
have left the FSF. We thank them all for doing excellent work.

Thanks to volunteer Scott Ewing for helping to coordinate all the
volunteers in the GNU Project.
Thanks to volunteer Tami Friedman for handling much administrivia
here at the FSF.
Richard Stallman continues as a volunteer who does countless tasks,
such as Emacs maintenance.
Volunteer Len Tower remains our online JOAT (jack-of-all-trades),
handling mailing lists, gnUSENET newsgroups, information requests, etc.

The GNU's Bulletin is published at the end of January and the end of June
each year. Please note that there is no postal mailing list. To get a copy,
send your name and address with your request to the address on
the top menu.
Enclosing $0.78 in U.S. Postage and/or a donation of a few dollars is
appreciated but not required.
If you're from
outside the USA, sending a mailing label and enough International Reply
Coupons for a package of about 100 grams is appreciated but not required.
(Including a few extra International Reply Coupons for copying costs is also
appreciated.)

Other GPL'ed Software

We maintain a list of copylefted software that we do not presently
distribute. FTP the file
`/pub/gnu/GPLedSoftware' from a GNU FTP host (listed in section How to Get GNU Software).
Please let us know of additional programs we should mention.
We don't list GNU Emacs Lisp Libraries;
host archive.cis.ohio-state.edu has a list of those you can FTP
in the file `/pub/gnu/emacs/elisp-archive/LCD-datafile.Z'.

What Is the FSF?

The Free Software Foundation is dedicated to eliminating restrictions on
people's right to use, copy, modify, and redistribute computer programs.
We do this by promoting the development and use of free software.
Specifically, we are putting together a complete, integrated software
system named "GNU" ("GNU's Not Unix", pronounced "guh-new") that
will be upwardly compatible with Unix. Most parts of this system are
already being used and distributed.

The word "free" in our name refers to freedom, not price. You may or may
not pay money to get GNU software, but either way you have two specific
freedoms once you get it: first, the freedom to copy a program, and
distribute it to your friends and co-workers; and second, the freedom to
change a program as you wish, by having full access to source code. You
can study the source and learn how such programs are written. You may then
be able to port it, improve it, and share your changes with others. If you
redistribute GNU software you may charge a distribution fee or give it
away, so long as you include the source code and the GNU General Public
License; see section What Is Copyleft?, for details.

Other organizations distribute whatever free software happens to be
available. By contrast, the Free Software Foundation concentrates on the
development of new free software, working towards a GNU system complete
enough to eliminate the need to use a proprietary system.

Besides developing GNU, the FSF distributes GNU software and manuals for a
distribution fee, and accepts gifts (tax-deductible in the U.S.) to support
GNU development. Most of the FSF's funds come from its distribution
service.

What Is Copyleft?

The simplest way to make a program free is to put it in the public domain,
uncopyrighted.
But this permits proprietary modified versions, which deny
others the freedom to redistribute and modify; such versions undermine the
goal of giving freedom to all users. To prevent this,
copyleft uses copyrights in a novel manner. Typically, copyrights
take away freedoms; copyleft preserves them. It is a legal instrument that
requires those who pass on a program to include the rights to use, modify,
and redistribute the code; the code and the freedoms become legally
inseparable.

The copyleft used by the GNU Project is made from the combination of a
regular copyright notice and the GNU General Public License (GPL).
The GPL is a copying license which basically says that you have the
aforementioned freedoms. An alternate form, the GNU Library General
Public License (LGPL), applies to a few (but not most) GNU libraries.
This license permits linking the libraries into proprietary executables
under certain conditions. The appropriate license is included in each GNU
source code distribution and in many manuals. Printed copies are available
upon request.

We strongly encourage you to copyleft your programs and documentation,
and we have made it as simple as possible for you to do so. The details
on how to apply either form of GNU Public License appear at the end of each
license.

What Is the Hurd?

The Hurd will be the foundation of the GNU system. It is a collection of
server processes that run on top of Mach, a free message-passing kernel
developed at CMU. Mach's virtual memory management facilities are also
used by the Hurd. The GNU C Library will provide the Unix system call
interface, using the Hurd servers for those services it can't provide
itself.

The Hurd will allow users to create and share useful projects without
knowing much about the internal workings of the system--projects that might
never have been attempted without freely available source, a well-designed
interface, and a multiple server design. The Hurd is thus like other
expandable FSF projects, e.g. GNU Emacs and GUILE.

Currently, there are free ports of the Mach kernel to the 386 PC, the DEC
PMAX workstation, and several other machines, with more in progress,
including the Amiga, PA-RISC HP 700, & DEC Alpha-3000. Contact us if
you want to help with one of these or start your own. Porting the GNU Hurd
& GNU C Library is easy (easier than porting GNU Emacs, certainly easier
than porting the compiler) once a Mach port to a particular platform
exists. Right now we are using the University of Utah's Mach distribution
which we hope will be unified with the distribution produced by the Open
Software Foundation.

We need help with significant Hurd related projects.
Experienced system programmers who are interested should send mail
to gnu@prep.ai.mit.edu. Porting the Mach kernel or the GNU C
Library to new systems is another way to help.

The Hurd is not yet ready for use, but in the meantime you can use a
GNU/Linux system.

Conditions for Using Bison

As of Bison version 1.24, we have changed the distribution terms for
yyparse to permit using Bison's output in non-free programs.
Formerly, Bison parsers could only be used in programs that were free
software.

The other GNU tools, such as the GNU C compiler, have never had such a
requirement. They could always be used for non-free software. The reason
Bison was different was not due to a special policy decision; it resulted
from applying the usual GNU General Public License to all of the Bison
source code.

The output of the Bison utility--a parser file--contains a verbatim copy
of a sizable piece of Bison: the code for the yyparse function.
(The actions from your grammar are inserted into yyparse at one
point, but the rest of the function is not changed.) When we applied the
GPL terms to the code for yyparse, the effect was to restrict the
use of Bison output to free software.

We didn't change the terms because of sympathy for people who want to
make software proprietary. Software should be free. But we
concluded that limiting Bison's use to free software was doing little to
encourage people to make other software free. So we decided to make the
practical conditions for using Bison match the practical conditions for
using the other GNU tools.

Freely Available Texts

Freely redistributable information isn't just software. We have a list of
groups providing various books, historical documents, and more. You can
FTP the list in the file `/pub/gnu/FreelyAvailableTexts' from a
GNU FTP host (listed in section How to Get GNU Software). Please let either
address on
the top menu
know of additional entries.

First Free Software Conference

The Free Software Foundation is holding the First Conference on Freely
Redistributable Software on February 2-5, 1996, in Cambridge,
Massachusetts, at the Cambridge Center Marriott. Over the past 15 years,
free software has become ubiquitous. This Conference is bringing together
implementors of several types of freely redistributable software.

The program on Sunday, Feb. 4 includes keynote speeches by Linus
Torvalds & Richard Stallman, & presentations from Switzerland, France,
the United Kingdom, & Germany, as well as from the United States.

For registration information, write confinfo@gnu.ai.mit.edu or
contact the FSF's Office at one of the numbers on
the top menu.

GNUs Flashes

GPL in Use at the University of Texas
The University of Texas System now specifically allows the GNU General
Public License to be used by faculty at all 15 institutions to distribute
software they write. Although the System provides opportunities for
faculty to commercialize their `inventions' to bring in revenue, it
recognizes circumstances under which software should be freely
redistributable. The System states that the GPL offers "a convenient and
widely accepted method of public distribution that ensures the public
access to and use of software intended for their benefit.

Cancer Clinic Relies on Freely Redistributable Software
The Roger Maris Cancer Center in Fargo, ND, sees about 1500 new patients
each year. They are using a network of GNU/Linux systems to run the
Center's information system, coordinate drug therapies, and perform many
other functions. This environment needs to be available to the Center's
staff at a moment's notice. According to Dr. G.W. Wettstein, "the
proper care of our cancer patients would not be what it is today without
Linux ... The tools that we have been able to deploy from free software
channels have enabled us to write and develop innovative applications
which ... do not exist through commercial avenues."

Hurd (Also see section What Is the Hurd?)
Much important progress has been made on the Hurd. Reliability has been
greatly improved, thanks to a variety of small bug fixes. The TCP/IP
support is now in place, with much of the code borrowed from GNU/Linux.
Telnet, FTP, rsh, and so forth all work. The NFS client
implementation is almost finished as we go to press, and will probably be
working by the time you read this.
Look for an alpha release sometime soon; when that is ready, we will solicit
volunteers using the Hurd announcements list. To be added to this list,
send mail to hurd-announce-request@prep.ai.mit.edu.

The GNU Music Project
GNU Music provides tools for manipulating various representations of music.
Currently, it is concentrating on tools to edit, print, and play musical
scores. The project allows for rhythmic, tonal music based on the
traditional seven note scale; it aims to provide an interesting environment
for musicians. To help test GNU Music, send mail to
majordomo@iro.umontreal.ca with a line that says
`subscribe music-pretest' in the body.

A New FSF T-shirt! (See section FSF T-shirt)
We have a new T-shirt. This design was inspired by the cover of the
GNU Emacs Lisp Reference Manual.

The Free Model Foundation
The Free Model Foundation (FMF) was created recently as a "focal point for
access, creation, and distribution of simulation and analysis models". It
provides freely redistributable software for tool and component vendors and
their customers. The FMF has already created an archive of these models of
electronic components (see `http://www.vhdl.org/vi/fmf'); all
models are software and thus covered by the GNU General Public License.
Presently, the FMF is seeking contributions in the form of software
programming (C, C++, Verilog, VHDL/VITAL), hardware, EDA software, models,
and other resources in support of this operation. For more information,
see the FMF's Web Site, or contact Luis.Garcia@vhdl.org.

GLPed Wind Tunnel Data Analyzer
Want to fly high? Michael Selig, at the University of Illinois at
Urbana-Champaign, has released a program that contains the results of wind
tunnel tests on wings for model airplanes. This information is useful to
model airplane builders and designers. The program is released under the
GNU General Public License. See `http://uxh.cso.uiuc.edu/~selig/'.

Cyclic Software Does CVS! (See item CVS in section GNU Software)
Cyclic Software maintains & enhances CVS for GNU while also selling support
for it. See `http://www.cyclic.com', or email
info@cyclic.com.

GNU Emacs 19.30 (See section GNU Software)
We have just released Emacs 19.30. New features include support for menu
bars on text-only terminals, a total rewrite of GNUS, multiple frames on
Windows NT and Windows 95, & many others.

Utah Flux Project SoftwareMach 4 is a new version of the Mach kernel which comes in two flavors.
The x86 version increases Mach 3's ease of use & practicality in a PC
environment; has a much simpler GNU--style build environment; boots using
GNU/Linux, NetBSD, FreeBSD, or Mach boot loaders; has source-compatibility with
GNU/Linux network device drivers (& block device drivers soon); new device
drivers; & support for the Lites server. Utah provides sources &
pre-built binaries for the kernel & Lites server, and the compiler tools to
build Mach 4 under GNU/Linux, NetBSD, or FreeBSD. The PA-RISC 1.1 (HP
700) version includes the new build environment, some research on
improving Mach RPC, & complete HP 700 support. It is less robust than
the x86 version. To get on the list, send mail to
mach4-users-request@cs.utah.edu.
Lites is a usable Mach-based Unix single server based on 4.4 BSD--Lite,
originally done by CMU & HUT. x86 Lites supports binary compatibility with
GNU/Linux, NetBSD, & FreeBSD, & groks GNU/Linux filesystems. Utah distributes the
current Lites version, with binaries for x86 & PA-RISC. The PA version
runs BSD/ELF & most HP-UX binaries.

OMOS is a fully programmable class server/linker/loader using Scheme as
its meta-language & the BFD package for portability. x86/a.out &
PA-RISC/SOM are supported.

See `http://www.cs.utah.edu/projects/flux/',
dial +1-801-585-3271,
FTP `flux.cs.utah.edu:/flux',
or
mail flux-dist@cs.utah.edu
to get them.

Postscript Versions of GNU Manuals Available for FTP
FTP host phi.sinica.edu.tw has Postscript files (for A4 paper)
of GNU manuals in `/pub/aspac/gnu/', including some manuals the
FSF does not yet publish. The FSF is not responsible for these files.

Source CD-ROM and Tape Subscriptions
We offer a subscription service for both our Source Code CD-ROM and some of
our tapes. For the price of 3 CDs or tapes (plus any shipping costs), you
get the next 4 that we make. We make between two and four updates a year.
See section Tape & CD-ROM Subscription Service.

The FSF Takes Credit Cards
We take these credit cards: Carte Blanche, Diner's Club, MasterCard, JCB,
Visa, and American Express. Please note that we are charged about 5% of an
order's total amount in credit card processing fees. Please consider
paying by check instead or adding on a 5% donation to make up the
difference.

New Programs on the Tapes (See section GNU Software)
gettext is now on the section Languages Tape. Termutils & Midnight
Commander
have been added to the section Utilities Tape. CLX has been added to the
section Lisps/Emacs Tape. Newer versions of many of our programs & manuals
have been placed on all the media we distribute.

New Source Code CD!
We have just released the December 1995 Source Code CD-ROMs (Edition 7).
Due to increasing amounts of GNU Software, the Source Code CD is now a two
disc set--the price remains unchanged! The new programs included are:
apache,
CLX,
Elisp archive,
ffcall,
gettext,
GN,
Gnans,
gnuserv,
Hyperbole,
Midnight Commander,
Oaklisp,
SIPP,
SNePS,
Spinner,
W3,
and
xgrabsc.
See section GNU Software, for more information about these packages.
Also on the CD-ROMs are full distributions of MIT X11R6 (both our Required &
Optional distributions), MIT Scheme 7.3, Emacs 19.30, GCC 2.7.1, and
current versions of all other GNU Software. For more information, see
section December 1995 Source Code CD-ROMs.

New Compiler Tools CD-ROM
We have a new edition of the Compiler Tools Binaries CD-ROM with updated
versions of much of its software.
It contains executables of the GNU compiler tools
for some systems that don't normally come with a compiler. This allows
users of those systems to compile their own software without
having to buy a proprietary compiler.

We hope to include more systems with each update of this CD-ROM. If you
can help build binaries for new systems or have one to suggest,
please contact us at either address on
the top menu.
For more information, see section December 1995 Compiler Tools Binaries CD-ROM.

New/Updated Manuals since Last Bulletin (See section GNU Documentation)
We have a new manual:
The GNU Emacs Lisp Reference Manual, Japanese Edition --
the FSF would like to thank the team of over 30 Japanese who did the
translation.
These new editions include bug fixes and additional information:
The GNU Emacs Lisp Reference Manual,
GNU Make,
Bison,
Programming in Emacs Lisp: An Introduction,
and
The Termcap Manual.

Older FSF CD-ROMs Available at a Reduced Price
While supplies last, older versions of our CD-ROMs are available at a
reduced price. Note that the newest version has bug fixes and improvements
that the older versions do not.
See the
see section Free Software Foundation Order Form.

Help from Free Software Companies

When choosing a free software business, ask those you are considering
how much they do to assist free software development, e.g., by
contributing money to free software development or by writing free
software improvements themselves for general use. By basing your
decision partially on this factor, you can help encourage those who
profit from free software to contribute to its growth.

Wingnut (SRA's special GNU support group) regularly donates a part of its
income to the FSF to support the development of new GNU programs. Listing
them here is our way of thanking them.
Wingnut has made a pledge to donate 10% of their income to the FSF, and has
purchased several Deluxe Distribution packages in Japan. Also see
section Cygnus Matches Donations!.

Free Software Redistributors Donate

The SNOW 2.1 CD producers added the words "Includes $5 donation to the
FSF" to the front of their CD. Potential buyers will know just how
much of the price is for the FSF & how much is for the redistributor.

The Sun Users Group Deutschland & ASCII Corporation (Japan)
have added donations to the FSF to the price of their next GNU
software CD-ROMs.

Austin Code Works, a free software redistributor, supports
free software development by giving the FSF 20% of the selling price for
the GNU software CDs they produce & sell.

WalnutCreekCDROM & InfoMagic,
free software redistributors, are also giving us part of
their selling price.

TOHDO-SHA is donating 400 yen to the FSF for each copy of
The GNU Emacs Lisp Reference Manual, Japanese Edition
sold at bookstores in Japan.

CQ Publishing made a large donation from the sales of their
GAWK book in Japanese.

In the long run, the success of free software depends on how much new free
software people develop. Free software distribution offers an opportunity
to raise funds for such development in an ethical way. These
redistributors have made use of the opportunity. Many others let it go to
waste.

You can help promote free software development by convincing for-a-fee
redistributors to contribute--either by doing development themselves
or by donating to development organizations (the FSF and others).

The way to convince distributors to contribute is to demand and expect
this of them. This means choosing among distributors partly by how
much they give to free software development. Then you can show
distributors they must compete to be the one who gives the most.

To make this work, you must insist on numbers that you can compare, such
as, "We will give ten dollars to the Foobar project for each disk sold."
A vague commitment, such as "A portion of the profits is donated,"
doesn't give you a basis for comparison. Even a precise fraction "of the
profits from this disk" is not very meaningful, since creative accounting
and unrelated business decisions can greatly alter what fraction of the
sales price counts as profit.

Also, press developers for firm information about what kind of development
they do or support. Some kinds make much more long-term difference than
others. For example, maintaining a separate version of a GNU program
contributes very little; maintaining a program on behalf of the GNU Project
contributes much. Easy new ports contribute little, since someone else
would surely do them; difficult ports such as adding a new CPU to the GNU
compiler or Mach contribute more; major new features and programs
contribute the most.

By establishing the idea that supporting further development is "the
proper thing to do" when distributing free software for a fee, we can
assure a steady flow of resources for making more free software.

Free Software Support

The Free Software Foundation does not provide technical support. Our
mission is developing software, because that is the most time-efficient way
to increase what free software can do. We leave it to others to earn a
living providing support. We see programmers as providing a service, much
as doctors and lawyers do now; both medical and legal knowledge are freely
redistributable, but their practitioners charge for service.

The GNU Service Directory is a list of people who offer support and other
consulting services. It is in the file `etc/SERVICE' in the GNU Emacs
distribution, `SERVICE' in the GCC distribution, and
`/pub/gnu/GNUinfo/SERVICE' on a GNU FTP host (listed in section How to Get GNU Software). Contact us to get a copy or to be listed in it. Those
service providers who share their income with the FSF are listed in
section Help from Free Software Companies.

If you find a deficiency in any GNU software, we want to know. We have
many Internet mailing lists for bug reports, announcements, and questions.
They are also gatewayed into USENET news as the gnu.* newsgroups.
You can request a list of the mailing lists from either address on
the top menu.

When we receive a bug report, we usually try to fix the problem. While our
bug fixes may seem like individual assistance, they are not; they are part
of preparing a new improved version. We may send you a patch for a bug so
that you can help us test the fix and ensure its quality. If your bug
report does not evoke a solution from us, you may still get one from
another user who reads our bug report mailing lists. Otherwise, use the
Service Directory.

Please do not ask us to help you install software or learn how to use
it--but do tell us how an installation script fails or where
documentation is unclear.

If you have no Internet access, you can get mail and USENET news via
UUCP. Contact a local UUCP site or a commercial UUCP site.
such as:

A list of commercial UUCP and Internet service providers is posted
periodically to USENET in the newsgroup news.announce.newusers with
`Subject: How to become a USENET site'. You can also get it via
anonymous FTP from the host rtfm.mit.edu in the file
`How_to_become_a_USENET_site', in the directory
`/pub/usenet-by-group/news.announce.newusers'.

When choosing a service provider, ask those you are considering how
much they do to assist free software development, e.g., by contributing
money to free software development or by writing free software
improvements themselves for general use. By basing your decision partially
on this factor, you can encourage those who profit from free software
to contribute to its growth.

Zimmermann Legal Defense Fund Appeal

Phil Zimmermann, who wrote the public-key encryption program known as
Pretty Good Privacy ("PGP") and released it on the Internet, is facing
prosecution for "exporting" it out of the United States.

There is a law prohibiting the export of encryption software from the
US. Zimmermann did not do this, but the U.S. Government hopes to
establish that posting an encryption program on a BBS
or on the Internet constitutes exporting it--in effect, stretching
export control into domestic censorship.

If the U.S. Government wins, that will have a chilling effect on the free
flow of information on the global network, as well as on everyone's privacy
from government snooping.

Estimates are that Zimmermann's defense will cost over $100,000--and that
doesn't even count lawyers' fees. To help pay this, a legal trust fund,
the Philip Zimmermann Defense Fund (PZDF), has been setup. Donations
are accepted by check, money order, credit card, or wire transfer;
and in any currency.
See `http://www.netresponse.com:80/zldf' for more information,

To send a check or money order by mail, make it payable, not to
Phil Zimmermann, but to "Philip L. Dubois, Attorney Trust Account."
Mail the check or money order to the following address:

What Is the LPF?

The League for Programming Freedom (LPF) aims to protect the freedom
to write software. This freedom is threatened by "look-and-feel"
interface copyright lawsuits and by software patents.

The League is a grass-roots organization of professors, students, business
people, programmers, users, & even software companies dedicated to
bringing back the freedom to write programs. The League isn't opposed to
the legal system that Congress intended--copyright on individual programs.
The League aims to reverse recent changes made by judges in response to
special interests.

Membership dues in the League are $42 per year for programmers, managers,
and professionals; $10.50 for students; $21 for others.

To join, please send a check and the following information:

Your name and phone numbers (home, work, or both).

The address to use for League mailings, a few each year (please indicate
whether it is your home address or your work address).

The company you work for, and your position.

Your email address, so the League can contact you for political action.
(If you don't want to be contacted for this, please say so, but please
provide your email address anyway.)

Please mention anything about you which would enable your
endorsement of the League to impress the public.

Please say whether you would like to help with League activities.

The League is not connected with the Free Software Foundation, and
is not concerned with the issue of free software. The FSF supports the
League
because, like any software developer smaller than Microsoft, it is
endangered by
software patents, and interface copyrights. You are in danger, too! It
would be easy to ignore the problem until you or your employer is sued, but
it is more prudent to organize before that happens.

If you haven't made up your mind yet, write to the League for more
information:

News from the LPF

by Dean Anderson, President, League for Programming Freedom

LPF Works on Two Briefs for the Lotus/Borland Case

In the last GNU's Bulletin, we said the LPF would file an Amicus Brief with
the Supreme Court. In fact, we went one better by collecting a very
impressive list of over 80 signatures of prominent computer scientists. We
also wrote & filed a brief on behalf of the LPF, & contributed to another
brief filed on behalf of an ad-hoc organization ("Computer Scientists in
support of Respondent"). LPF members contributed significantly to both
briefs, and both are very solid. The LPF will add the text of these briefs &
some others to our web site.

The LPF Has New Office Space

Ignis Technology has graciously given the LPF office space. We will
announce our new phone and fax numbers in January on
`http://www.lpf.org/'.

Next Steps for the LPF

Win or lose in the Supreme Court, the next battle the LPF fights will be in
the Congress. It seems unlikely (though not impossible, so we'll keep
trying) that the Courts or the Patent & Trademark Office will reverse the
current software patent situation. If we lose in the Supreme Court, we
will have to try to change the copyright law as well. Therefore, it is
very important to get more members. Membership is what will get us the
most clout with Congress. In the next year, we will need to gear up to
promote our ideas more widely, both inside & outside of the software world.
Your help & support is very important to the success of this effort, so
encourage everyone you know to join the LPF!

Keep writing letters! Write the LPF, your representatives, newspapers,
journals, and others.
See our Web page at `http://www.lpf.org/' for more info on how to
help the LPF (send suggestions to webmasters@lpf.org).

GNU & Other Free Software in Japan

Mieko (h-mieko@sra.co.jp) and Nobuyuki Hikichi
(hikichi@sra.co.jp) continue to volunteer for the GNU Project
in Japan. They translate each issue of this Bulletin into Japanese and
distribute it widely, along with their translation of Version 2 of the GNU
General Public License. This translation of the GPL is authorized by the
FSF and is available by anonymous FTP from ftp.sra.co.jp in
`/pub/gnu/local-fix/GPL2-j'. They are working on a formal
translation of the GNU Library General Public License. They also solicit
donations and offer GNU software consulting.

nepoch (the Japanese version of Epoch) & MULE are available and widely
used in Japan. MULE (the MULtilingual Enhancement of GNU Emacs) can handle
many character sets at once. Its features are being merged into the
principal version of Emacs. See section GNU Software, for more details on MULE.
The FSF does not distribute nepoch, but MULE is available
(see section December 1995 Source Code CD-ROMs & the section Emacs Diskettes).
FTP it from sh.wide.ad.jp in `/JAPAN/mule', or
etlport.etl.go.jp in `/pub/mule'.

An anonymous user in Japan has redistributed GNU material that was
left over from an FSF Tokyo seminar. He bought these items for reader
presents in magazines of Gijitsu Hyouron-Sha, a publishing company.

The Village Center, Inc. prints a Japanese translation (ISBN
4-938704-02-1) of the GNU Emacs Lisp Reference Manual and puts the
Texinfo source on various bulletin boards. They also publish Nobuyuki &
Mieko's Think GNU (ISBN 4-938704-10-2); this may be the first
non-FSF copylefted publication in Japan. They also redistribute GNU
CD-ROMs at this bookstore:

There is a mailing list in Japan to discuss both hardware & software which
is under the GNU General Public License. It provides information about
making your own computer system. The main language of the list is
Japanese. If you are interested in getting information or having
discussions in English, ask mka@apricot.juice.or.jp or
ishiz@muraoka.info.waseda.ac.jp.

Many groups in Japan now distribute GNU software. They include JUG, a PC
user group; ASCII, a periodical and book publisher; the Fujitsu FM
Towns users group; and SRA's special GNU users' support group, Wingnut, who
also purchased the first Deluxe Distribution package in Japan. (Since
then, there have been several other purchases of Deluxe Distribution
packages in Japan.)

It is easy to place an order directly with the FSF from Japan, thus funding
new software. To get an FSF Order Form written in Japanese, ask
japan-fsf-orders@prep.ai.mit.edu.
We encourage you to buy software on tapes or CDs:
for example, 140 CD-ROM orders at the
corporate rate allow the FSF to hire a programmer for a year to write more
free software.

Status of ICOT Free Software

Many programs in the field of parallel processing and knowledge processing
were released to the public under the name of "ICOT Free Software (IFS)"
in the Fifth Generation Computer Systems project. IFS was an 11-year
Japanese project started in 1982 and FGCS was its 2-year follow-on project.

These programs have been accessed by more than 3,300 persons and almost
18,000 files have been transferred since their first release in 1992. As
ICOT was wound up in June, 1995, maintenance and further development of IFS
was transferred to Japan Information Processing Development Center
(JIPDEC). JIPDEC established a new research institute called "Laboratory
for Advanced Information Technology". The Laboratory not only maintains,
develops, and distributes IFS, but also develops parallel knowledge
processing software in collaboration with several Japanese universities.
Newly developed software will be released to the public with conditions
similar to those of IFS.

For now, the domain name will remain icot.or.jp. For more
information, please consult URL `http://www.icot.or.jp/'.

Help the GNU Translation Project

To complete the GNU Translation Project, we need many people who
like their own language and write it well, and who are also able to
synergize with other translators speaking the same language as part of
"translation teams".

If you want to start a new team, or want more information on existing teams
or other aspects of this project, write
gnu-translation@prep.ai.mit.edu. Also see section GNU Software,
for information about gettext, the tool the GNU Translation
Project uses to help translators and programmers.

Forthcoming GNUs

Information about the current status of released GNU programs can be found
in section GNU Software. Here is some news of future plans.

GNU C Library (For current status, see section GNU Software.)
While there has not been a new release of our C library in some time, a
great deal of work is going on; we hope for a new release in the next few
months. Much of Roland's recent work has focused on support for GNU/Hurd,
where the library does much more work than in Unix (see section What Is the Hurd?). He has also been working closely with Ulrich Drepper on support
for GNU/Linux; we intend a future release of the GNU C library to
compatibly supersede the heavily modified version now used with GNU/Linux.
The new release will add several new functions traditionally found in Unix
systems & some small new GNU extensions, as well as major new
internationalization support. Ulrich Drepper has contributed to the
library a great deal in the last few months, by writing new floating-point
printing/reading functions that are perfectly accurate & much faster than
the old code. He has also written a complete set of internationalization
features including POSIX.2-compatible locale & localedef
programs, & catalogs for displaying program messages in languages other
than English. The library now builds as a shared library for systems that
use the ELF object file format. Included is the run-time loader
ld.so which sets up the shared libraries when a program runs; it
works now with the Hurd & Linux kernels, and is easy to port to other ELF
systems such as SVR4 & Solaris 2.

GNU Emacs (For current status, see section GNU Software)
Future versions of Emacs will: save the undo history in a file (which allows
you to undo older changes in the history); also have support for
variable-width fonts, wide character sets, and the world's major languages.
Our long term plan is to move it in the direction of a WYSIWYG word
processor & make it easier for beginners to use.

GNUStep (Also see "Objective-C Library" in section GNU Software)
OpenStep is an object-oriented application programming interface
specification being proposed as an open object standard. Since its
announcement over two years ago, there has been much interest in a GNU
implementation, named GNUStep. Work has begun on GNUStep, starting from a
library written in Objective-C. Much remains to be done to
bring this library close to the OpenStep specifications. Volunteers should
contact office@gnustep.org. Check
`http://www.gnustep.org/gnustep' for more
info.

recode (For current status, see section GNU Software)
The next recode release should give more flexible control over
encodings of charsets, offer MIME conversions, & handle ISO-10646
(Unicode). It will install a library & support files to help work towards
internationalizing GNU.

GUILE

GNU's Ubiquitous Extension Language is an SCM-based library which
programmers can use to make any ordinary C program extensible.
(For info on SCM, see "JACAL" in section GNU Software.)

GUILE already includes a POSIX.1 interface, an SCSH-like
library, a module system, a Tk interface, & a byte-code interpreter;
support for Emacs Lisp & a more C-like language is coming.

Get snapshots from `ftp.cygnus.com:/pub/lord'.

ptx (For current status, see section GNU Software)
The next release of ptx should offer contextualized support for SGML
texts, as the first step towards a major overhaul for that package.

GNU Common Lisp (For current status, see section GNU Software)
Version 2.2 of GNU Common Lisp (GCL) was released in November '95. It now
includes a graphical interface to the Tk widget system. All documentation
is now Texinfo-based, with built-in regexp matching used to access the
documentation. A first pass at the Common Lisp condition system is also
included. Some new ports include DEC Alpha
and ELF for GNU/Linux. Volunteers to help with the move to the ANSI standard
are most welcome; contact schelter@math.utexas.edu.

C Interpreter
We hope to add interpreter facilities to our compiler and debugger. This
task is partly finished. GCC has generated byte code for all supported
languages, but that support is in flux at this time. A new effort to
finish this work has begun. To make this work usable, we need to enhance
GDB to load the byte code dynamically. We would also like support for
compiling just a few selected functions in a file. Due to limited
resources, the FSF cannot fund this. Interested volunteers should contact
gnu@prep.ai.mit.edu.

GCC (For current status, see section GNU Software)
New front ends for GCC are being developed for Pascal and Chill. See the
GNU Fortran and GNAT items in this article for news on those front ends.

GNAT: The GNU Ada TranslatorNot yet available from the FSF
A front end for much of Ada 95 (GNAT: The GNU Ada Translator) is available
via anonymous FTP from cs.nyu.edu in `/pub/gnat'. SGI and
Digital have chosen GNU Ada as the Ada compiler for certain systems.
News about
GNAT is posted to the USENET newsgroup comp.lang.ada.

GNU Fortran (For info on f2c & GCC, see section GNU Software)
The GNU Fortran (g77) front end is stable, but work is needed to
bring its overall packaging, feature set, & performance up to the levels
the Fortran community expects. Tasks to be done include: improving
documentation & diagnostics; speeding up compilation, especially
for large initialized data tables; implementing INTEGER*2,
INTEGER*8, & similar features; allowing intrinsics in PARAMETER
statements; & providing debug information on COMMON & EQUIVALENCE
variables. We don't know when these things will be done,
but hope some will be finished in the coming months. You can speed
progress by working on them or by offering funding.
A mailing list exists for announcements about g77. To subscribe,
ask info-gnu-fortran-request@prep.ai.mit.edu. To contact the
developer of g77 or get current status, write or finger
fortran@gnu.ai.mit.edu.

Ghostscript (For current status, see section GNU Software)
Ghostscript 3.0 will be distributed by the FSF soon. It will implement
nearly the full Postscript Level 2 language except for LZW compression,
which can't be freely implemented because of software patents.
(Prohibitions on programming like this are what the League for Programming
Freedom is fighting. See section What Is the LPF?, for details.)

gmp (For current status, see section GNU Software)
The next version of the GNU mp library, 2.0, will have arbitrary
precision floating point arithmetic, and expanded support for integer and
rational number arithmetic. gmp 2.0 is up to 4 times faster than
previous versions. In particular, the speed of multiplication, division,
and GCD has improved.

Oleo (For current status, see section GNU Software)
Volunteers are writing an Oleo manual and extensions to the Oleo interface.

Smalltalk (For current status, see section GNU Software)
The next release, version 1.2, will use Autoconf. It
will have substantial performance improvements & memory requirement
reductions, more control over memory allocation, ability to use the
Smalltalk interpreter as a C callable library, better X Window System
interfaces, ability to represent and manipulate C data structures in
Smalltalk, conditional compilation facilities, large integer support, an
advanced GUI-based class browsing system, better
TCP/IP interfaces, exception support, weak references, & finalization
support. It will run on Unix, DOS, & Windows NT.

The Dictionary Project

The FSF has a copy of the unabridged Century Dictionary, now in the
public domain, and we are planning to put it online. We tried OCR, but it
wasn't reliable enough.

Russell Nelson is coordinating the project. Volunteers have entered close
to fifty pages so far, but the project needs more help; to volunteer, send
mail to dictionary@gnu.ai.mit.edu or contact the FSF.

GNU Software

All our software is available via
FTP; see section How to Get GNU Software. We also offer software on
various media and printed documentation:

In these articles describing the contents of each medium, the
version number
listed after each program name was current when we published this Bulletin.
When you order a distribution tape, diskette, or newer CD-ROM, some of the
programs may be newer and therefore the version number higher. See the
see section Free Software Foundation Order Form,
for ordering information.

Some of the contents of our tape and FTP distributions are compressed. We
have software on our tapes and FTP sites to uncompress these files. Due to
patent troubles with compress, we use another compression program,
gzip. (Such prohibitions on software development are fought by the
League for Programming Freedom; see section What Is the LPF?, for details.)

GNU make is on several of our tapes because some system vendors
supply no make utility at all and some native make programs
lack the VPATH feature essential for using the GNU configure system
to its full extent. The GNU make sources have a shell script to
build make itself on such systems.

We welcome all bug reports and enhancements sent to the appropriate
electronic mailing list (see section Free Software Support).

Configuring GNU Software

We are using, Autoconf, a uniform scheme for configuring GNU software
packages in order to compile them (see "Autoconf"
below, in this article). The goal is to have all GNU software support the
same alternatives for naming machine and system types.

Ultimately, it will be possible to configure and build the entire system
all at once, eliminating the need to configure each individual package
separately.

You can also specify both the host and target system to build
cross-compilation tools.
Most GNU programs now use Autoconf-generated configure scripts.

[FSFman] shows that we sell a manual for that package.
[FSFrc] shows we sell a reference card for that package.
To order them, see the
see section Free Software Foundation Order Form.
See section GNU Documentation, for more information on the manuals. Source code
for each manual or reference card is included with each package.

acm (SrcCD, UtilT)
acm is a LAN-oriented, multiplayer aerial combat simulation that
runs under the X Window System. Players engage in air to air combat
against one another using heat seeking missiles and cannons.
We are working on a more accurate simulation of real airplane flight
characteristics.

apache (SrcCD)
Apache is an HTTP server designed as a plug-in replacement for version 1.3
or 1.4 of the NCSA server. It fixes numerous bugs in the NCSA server and
includes many frequently requested new features, and has an API which
allows it to be extended to meet users' needs more easily.

Autoconf (SrcCD, UtilT)
Autoconf produces shell scripts which automatically configure source code
packages. These scripts adapt the packages to many kinds of Unix-like
systems without manual user intervention. Autoconf creates a script for a
package from a template file which lists the operating system features
which the package can use, in the form of m4 macro calls. Autoconf
requires GNU m4 to operate, but the resulting configure scripts it
generates do not.

BASH (SrcCD, UtilT)
GNU's shell, BASH (Bourne Again SHell), is compatible with the
Unix sh and offers many extensions found in csh and
ksh. BASH has job control, csh-style command history,
command-line editing (with Emacs and vi modes built-in, and the
ability to rebind keys) via the readline library. BASH conforms to the
POSIX 1003.2-1992 standard.

bc (DosBC, SrcCD, UtilT)
bc is an interactive algebraic language with arbitrary precision
numbers. GNU bc follows the POSIX 1003.2-1992
standard, with several extensions including multi-character variable names,
an else statement, and full Boolean expressions.
The RPN calculator dc is now distributed as part of the same
package, but GNU bc is not implemented as a dc preprocessor.

BFD (BinCD, DjgpD, DosBC, LangT, SrcCD)

The Binary File Descriptor library allows a program which
operates on object files (e.g., ld or GDB) to support many
different formats in a clean way. BFD provides a portable interface, so
that only BFD needs to know the details of a particular format. One result
is that all programs using BFD will support formats such as a.out, COFF,
and ELF. BFD comes with Texinfo source for a manual (not yet
published on paper).

At present, BFD is not distributed separately; it is included with
packages that use it.

Binutils (BinCD, DjgpD, DosBC, LangT, SrcCD; gas only on VMSCmpT)
Binutils includes these programs:
ar,
c++filt,
demangle,
gas,
gprof,
ld,
nlmconv,
nm,
objcopy,
objdump,
ranlib,
size,
strings,
&
strip.
Binutils version 2 uses the BFD library. The GNU assembler, gas,
supports the a29k, Alpha, H8/300, H8/500, HP-PA, i386, i960, m68k, m88k, MIPS,
NS32K, SH, SPARC, Tahoe, Vax and Z8000 CPUs, and attempts to be compatible
with many other assemblers for Unix and embedded systems. It can produce
mixed C-and-assembly listings, and includes a macro facility similar to
that in some other assemblers. GNU's linker ld emits source-line
numbered error messages for multiply-defined symbols and undefined
references, and interprets a superset of AT&T's Linker Command Language,
which gives control over where segments are placed in memory.
nlmconv converts object files into Novell NetWare Loadable Modules.
objdump can disassemble code for most of the CPUs listed above, and
can display other data (e.g., symbols and relocations) from any file format
read by BFD.

Bison (BinCD,DjgpD,DosBC,LangT,SrcCD,VMSCmpT)[FSFman,FSFrc]
Bison is an upwardly compatible replacement for the parser generator
yacc. Texinfo source for the Bison Manual
and reference card are included. See section GNU Documentation.

C Library (BinCD, LangT, SrcCD) [FSFman]
The GNU C library supports ANSI C-1989, POSIX 1003.1-1990 and most of the
functions in POSIX 1003.2-1992. It is upwardly compatible with 4.4BSD and
includes many System V functions, plus GNU extensions.
The C Library performs many functions of the Unix system calls in
the GNU/Hurd. Mike Haertel has written a fast malloc which
wastes less memory than the old GNU version. The GNU regular-expression
functions (regex and rx) now nearly conform to the POSIX 1003.2
standard.
GNU stdio lets you define new kinds of streams, just by writing a
few C functions. The fmemopen function uses this to open a
stream on a string, which can grow as necessary. You can define your
own printf formats to use a C function you have written. For
example, you can safely use format strings from user input to implement
a printf-like function for another programming language.
Extended getopt functions are already used to parse options,
including long options, in many GNU utilities.
The C Library runs on Sun-3 (SunOS 4.1), Sun-4 (SunOS 4.1 or Solaris 2), HP
9000/300 (4.3BSD), SONY News 800 (NewsOS 3 or 4), MIPS DECstation (Ultrix
4), DEC Alpha (OSF/1), i386/i486/Pentium (System V, SVR4, BSD, SCO 3.2, &
SCO ODT 2.0),
Sequent Symmetry i386 (Dynix 3), & SGI (Irix 4). See section Forthcoming GNUs. Texinfo source for the GNU C Library Reference Manual is
included (see section GNU Documentation.

cfengine (SrcCD, UtilT)
cfengine is used for maintaining site-wide configuration of a
heterogeneous Unix network using a simple high level language. Its
appearance is similar to rdist, but also allows many more operations
to be performed automatically.
See Mark Burgess, "A Site Configuration Engine", Computing
Systems, Vol. 8, No. 3 (ask office@usenix.org how to
get a copy).

Chess (SrcCD, UtilT, WdwsD)
GNU Chess enables most modern computers to play a full game of chess. It
supports a plain terminal interface, a curses interface, and a spiffy X
Window interface via xboard.

GNU Chess was originated by Stuart Cracraft. Improvements & rewrites are
from John Stanback, Cha Kong Sian, Mike McGann, and many others.

Send bugs to bug-gnu-chess@prep.ai.mit.edu &
general comments to info-gnu-chess@prep.ai.mit.edu.

CLISP (LspEmcT, SrcCD)
CLISP is a Common Lisp implementation by Bruno Haible and Michael Stoll.
It mostly supports the Lisp described by Common LISP: The Language
(2nd edition) and the ANSI Common Lisp standard. CLISP includes an
interpreter, a byte-compiler, a large subset of CLOS, a foreign language
interface, and, for some machines, a screen editor. The user interface
language (English, German, French) is choosable at run time. Major
packages that run in CLISP include CLX & Garnet. CLISP needs only 2 MB of
memory & runs on many microcomputers (including MS-DOS systems, OS/2,
Windows NT, Amiga 500--4000, Acorn RISC PC) & Unix-like systems (GNU/Linux,
Sun4, SVR4, SGI, HP-UX, DEC Alpha, NeXTStep, & others).

Common LispSee section Forthcoming GNUs (LspEmcT, SrcCD)
GNU Common Lisp (GCL, formerly known as Kyoto Common Lisp) is a compiler
& interpreter for Common Lisp.
GCL is very portable & extremely
efficient on a wide class of applications, & compares favorably in
performance with commercial Lisps on several large theorem--prover &
symbolic algebra systems. GCL supports the CLtL1 specification but is
moving towards the proposed ANSI standard.

GCL compiles to C & then uses the native optimizing C compiler (e.g.,
GCC). A function with a fixed number of args & one value turns into a C
function of the same number of args, returning one value--so GCL is
maximally efficient on such calls. Its conservative garbage collector
gives great freedom to the C compiler to put Lisp values in
registers. It has a source level Lisp debugger for interpreted
code & displays source code in an Emacs window. Its profiler
(based on the C profiling tools) counts function calls & the time spent in
each function.

There is now a built-in interface to the Tk widget system. It runs
in a separate process, so users may monitor progress on Lisp
computations or interact with running computations via a windowing
interface.
There is also an Xlib interface via C (xgcl-2). CLX runs with GCL, as
does PCL (see
"PCL" later in this article). See section Forthcoming GNUs, for plans
regarding GCL or for recent developments.

GCL version 2.2 is released under the GNU Library General Public
License.

CLX (LspEmcT, SrcCD)
CLX is an X Window interface library for GCL.

cpio (DosBC, SrcCD, UtilD, UtilT)
cpio is an archive program with all the features of SVR4
cpio, including support for the final POSIX 1003.1 ustar
standard. mt, a program to position magnetic tapes, is included with
cpio.

CVS (SrcCD, UtilT)
CVS, the Concurrent Version System, manages software revision & release
control at a multi-developer, multi-directory, multi-group site. It
works best with RCS versions 4 and above, but will parse older RCS formats,
losing some of CVS's fancier features. (See Berliner, Brian, "CVS-II:
Parallelizing Software Development," Proceedings of the Winter 1990
USENIX Association Conference; ask
office@usenix.org how to get a copy.)

DejaGnu (LangT, SrcCD)
DejaGnu is a framework to test programs with a single front end for all
tests. The framework's flexibility & consistency makes it easy to write
tests.
DejaGnu comes with expect, which runs scripts to conduct dialogs
with programs.

Diffutils (DjgpD, DosBC, SrcCD, UtilT)
GNU diff compares files showing line-by-line changes in several
flexible formats. It is much faster than traditional Unix versions. The
Diffutils package contains diff, diff3, sdiff, &
cmp.
Recent improvements include more consistent handling of character sets and
a new diff option to do all input/output in binary; this is useful
on some non-POSIX hosts. Plans for the Diffutils package include support
for internationalization (e.g., error messages in Chinese) and for some
non-Unix PC environments.

doschk (DosBC, SrcCD, UtilT)
This program is a utility to help software developers ensure
that their source file names are distinguishable on System V platforms with
14-character filenames and on MS-DOS systems with 8+3 character filenames.

ecc (LangT, SrcCD)
ecc is a Reed-Solomon error correction checking program, which can
correct three byte errors in a block of 255 bytes and detect more severe
errors. Contact paulf@stanford.edu for more information.

ed (SrcCD, UtilT)
ed is the standard text editor.
It is line-oriented and can be used interactively or in scripts.

Elib (DosBC, LspEmcT, SrcCD)
Elib is a small library of Emacs Lisp functions, including routines for
using AVL trees and doubly-linked lists.

Elisp archive (SrcCD)
This is a snapshot of Ohio State's GNU Emacs Lisp FTP Archive. FTP it from
archive.cis.ohio-state.edu in
`/pub/gnu/emacs/elisp-archive'.

EmacsSee section Forthcoming GNUs for future plans.
In 1975, Richard Stallman developed the first Emacs, an extensible,
customizable real-time display editor & computing environment. GNU Emacs
is his second implementation. It offers true Lisp--smoothly integrated
into the editor--for writing extensions & provides an interface to the
X Window System. It runs on Unix, MS-DOS, & Windows NT. In addition to
its powerful native command set, Emacs has extensions which emulate the
editors vi & EDT (Digital's VMS editor). Emacs has many other features which
make it a full computing support environment. Source for
the GNU Emacs Manual
&
a reference card
comes with the software.
Sources for the GNU Emacs Lisp Reference Manual
&
Programming in Emacs Lisp: An Introduction
are distributed in separate packages. See section GNU Documentation.

es (SrcCD, UtilT)
es is an extensible shell (based on rc) with first class
functions, lexical scope, exceptions and rich return values (i.e.,
functions can return values other than just numbers). es's
extensibility comes from the ability to modify and extend the shell's
built-in services, such as path searching and redirection. Like
rc,
it is great for both interactive use and scripting, particularly since
its quoting rules are much less baroque than the C and Bourne shells.

f2c (LangT, SrcCD)
f2c converts Fortran-77 source into C or C++, which can be
compiled with GCC or G++. Get bug fixes by FTP from site
netlib.att.com or by email from
netlib@research.att.com. See the file
`/netlib/f2c/readme.Z' for a summary.
Also see the GNU Fortran item later in this article, and in
section Forthcoming GNUs.

ffcall (SrcCD)
ffcall is a C library for implementing foreign function calls in
embedded interpreters by Bill Triggs and Bruno Haible. It allows C
functions with arbitrary argument lists and return types to be called
or emulated (callbacks).

Findutils (DosBC, SrcCD, UtilT)
find is frequently used both interactively and in shell scripts to
find files which match certain criteria and perform arbitrary operations on
them. Also included are locate, which scans a database for file
names that match a pattern, and xargs, which applies a command to a
list of files.

Finger (SrcCD, UtilT)
GNU Finger has more features than other finger programs. For sites with
many hosts, a single host may be designated as the finger server
host and other hosts at that site configured as finger clients. The
server host collects information about who is logged in on the clients. To
finger a user at a GNU Finger site, a query to any of its client hosts gets
useful information. GNU Finger supports many customization features,
including user output filters and site programmable output for special
target names.

flex (BinCD, DjgpD, DosBC, LangT, SrcCD, UtilD) [FSFman, FSFrc]flex is a replacement for the lex scanner generator.
flex was written by Vern Paxson of the Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory
and generates far more efficient scanners than lex does.
Sources for the Flex Manual and reference card are included
(see section GNU Documentation).

Fortran (g77) See section Forthcoming GNUs (LangT, SrcCD)
GNU Fortran (g77), developed by Craig Burley, is available for
public beta testing on the Internet. For now, g77 produces code
that is mostly object-compatible with f2c & uses the same
run-time library (libf2c).

GAWK (DosBC, LangT, SrcCD) [FSFman]
GAWK is upwardly compatible with the latest POSIX specification of
awk. It also provides several useful extensions not found in other
awk implementations. Texinfo source for the GAWK Manual
comes with the software (see section GNU Documentation).

GDB (BinCD, DjgpD, DosBC, LangT, SrcCD) [FSFman, FSFrc]
GDB, the GNU DeBugger, is a source-level debugger for C,
C++, & Fortran.
GDB can debug both C and C++ programs, and will work with executables
produced by many different compilers; however, C++ debugging will have
some limitations if you do not use GCC.
GDB has a command line user interface, and Emacs has a GDB mode.
Two X interfaces (not
distributed or maintained by the FSF) are: gdbtk (FTP it from
ftp.cygnus.com in directory `/pub/gdb'); and
xxgdb (FTP it from ftp.x.org in directory
`/contrib/utilities').
Executable files and symbol tables are read via the BFD library, which
allows a single copy of GDB to debug programs with multiple object file
formats (e.g., a.out, COFF, ELF). Other features include a rich command
language, remote debugging over serial lines or TCP/IP, and watchpoints
(breakpoints triggered when the value of an expression changes).
GDB uses a standard remote interface to a simulator library which (so far)
has simulators for the
Hitachi H8/300, H8/500, Super-H, & Zilog Z8001/2.
GDB can perform cross-debugging. To say that GDB targets a platform
means it can perform native or cross-debugging for it. To say that GDB can
host a given platform means that it can be built on it, but cannot
necessarily debug native programs.

Sources for the manual, Debugging with GDB, and a reference card
are included (see section GNU Documentation).

gdbm (LangT, SrcCD, UtilD)
gdbm is the GNU replacement for the traditional dbm and
ndbm libraries. It implements a database using quick lookup by
hashing. gdbm does not ordinarily make sparse files (unlike its
Unix and BSD counterparts).

gettext (LangT, SrcCD)
The GNU gettext tool set contains everything maintainers need to
internationalize a package for messages, tools that help translators
localize messages to their native
language, once a package has been internationalized.
See section Help the GNU Translation Project.

Ghostscript (DosBC, SrcCD, UtilT)
The GNU release of Ghostscript is an interpreter for the Postscript graphics
language (see section Forthcoming GNUs, for future plans).
The current version of GNU Ghostscript is 2.6.2. Features include the ability
to use the fonts provided by the platform on which Ghostscript runs (X
Window System & Microsoft (MS) Windows), resulting in much better-looking
screen displays; improved text file printing (like enscript); a
utility to extract the text from a Postscript language document; a much more
reliable (and faster) MS Windows implementation; support for
MS C/C++ 7.0; drivers for many new printers
( e.g. the SPARCprinter),
& for TIFF/F (Fax) file format; many more Postscript Level
2 facilities, including most of the color space facilities (but not
patterns); & the ability to switch between Level 1 & Level 2
dynamically. Version 2.6.2 adds a LaserJet 4 driver & several
important bug fixes to version 2.6.1.
Ghostscript executes commands in the Postscript language by writing
directly to a printer, drawing on an X window, or writing to files for
printing later or manipulating with other graphics programs.

Ghostscript includes a C-callable graphics library (for client programs
that do not want to deal with the Postscript language). It also supports
i386/i486/Pentiums running DOS with EGA, VGA or SuperVGA graphics (but
please do not ask the FSF staff any questions about this; we do not
use DOS).

GIT (SrcCD, UtilT)
GIT is a set of interactive tools: an extensible file
system browser, an ASCII/hex file viewer, a process viewer/killer, &
other related utilities & shell scripts. It can be used to
increase the speed & efficiency of many daily tasks, such as
copying & moving files & directories, invoking editors,
compressing/uncompressing files, creating & expanding archives,
compiling programs, sending mail, etc. It looks nice, has colors (if
the standard ANSI color sequences are supported), & is user-friendly.

gmpSee section Forthcoming GNUs (LangT, SrcCD)
GNU mp is a library for arbitrary precision arithmetic on signed
integers and rational numbers. It has a rich set of functions with a
regular interface.

GN (SrcCD)
GN is a gopher/HTTP server.
It recognizes whether the request came from an HTTP (World Wide Web) or gopher
client and responds accordingly.

Gnans (SrcCD)
Gnans is a program (and language) for the numerical study of
deterministic and stochastic dynamical systems. The dynamical systems
may evolve in continuous or discrete time. Gnans has graphical &
command line interfaces.

GNATS (SrcCD, UtilT)
GNATS (GNats: ATracking System, not to be confused with
GNAT, The GNU Ada Translator) is a bug-tracking system. It is based upon
the paradigm of a central site or organization which receives problem
reports and negotiates their resolution by electronic mail. Although it has
been used primarily as a software bug-tracking system so far, it is
sufficiently generalized that it could be used for handling system
administration issues, project management, or any number of other
applications.

gnuplot (SrcCD, UtilT, WdwsD)
gnuplot is an interactive program for plotting mathematical
expressions and data. It plots both curves (2 dimensions) & surfaces (3
dimensions). Curiously, it was neither written nor named for the GNU
Project; the name is a coincidence. Various GNU programs use
gnuplot.

gnuserv (LspEmcT, SrcCD)
gnuserv is a enhanced version of Emacs' emacsclient
program. It lets the user direct a running Emacs to edit files or
evaluate arbitrary Emacs Lisp constructs from another process.

GnuGo (SrcCD, UtilT)
GnuGo plays the game of Go (Wei-Chi); version 1.2 was released with minor
changes for portability, but it is not yet very sophisticated.

gperf (LangT, SrcCD)
gperf generates perfect hash tables.
The C version is in package cperf.
The C++ version is in libg++.
Both produce hash functions in either C or C++.

Graphics (SrcCD, UtilT)
GNU Graphics produces x-y plots from ASCII or binary
data. It outputs in Postscript, Tektronix 4010 compatible, and Unix
device-independent "plot" formats. It has a previewer for the X Window
System. Features include a spline interpolation program; examples
of shell scripts using graph and plot; a statistics
toolkit; and output in TekniCAD TDA and ln03 file formats. Email bugs or
queries to Rich Murphey, Rich@lamprey.utmb.edu.

grep (DosBC, SrcCD, UtilT)
This package has GNU grep, egrep, and
fgrep, which find
lines that match entered patterns. They are much faster than the
traditional Unix versions.

Groff (DjgpD, DosBC, SrcCD, UtilT)
Groff is a document formatting system based on a device-independent version
of troff &
includes:
eqn,
nroff,
pic,
refer,
tbl,
troff;
the
man,
ms,
&
mm macros;
& drivers for Postscript, TeX dvi format, and typewriter-like
devices. Groff's mm macro package is almost compatible with the DWB
mm macros with several extensions. Also included is a modified
version of the Berkeley me macros and an enhanced version of the X11
xditview previewer.
A driver for the LaserJet 4 series of printers is currently in test.
Written in C++, these programs can be compiled with GNU C++ Version
2.5 or later.
Groff users are encouraged to contribute enhancements. Most needed
are complete Texinfo documentation, a grap emulation (a pic
preprocessor for typesetting graphs), a page-makeup postprocessor similar
to pm (see Computing Systems, Vol. 2, No. 2; ask
office@usenix.org how to get a copy), and an ASCII
output class for pic to integrate pic with
Texinfo. Questions and bug reports from users who have read the
documentation provided with Groff can be sent to
bug-groff@prep.ai.mit.edu.

hello (DosBC, SrcCD, UtilT)
The GNU hello program produces a familiar, friendly greeting. It
allows non-programmers to use a classic computer science tool which would
otherwise be unavailable to them. Because it is protected by the GNU
General Public License, users are free to share and change it.
hello is also a good example of a program that meets the GNU coding
standards.
Like any truly useful program, hello contains a built-in mail
reader.

HylaFAX (SrcCD, UtilT)
HylaFAX (once named FlexFAX) is a facsimile system for Unix systems. It
supports sending, receiving, & polled retrieval of facsimile, as well as
transparent shared data use of the modem.

Details are available on the World Wide Web at:
`http://www.vix.com/hylafax/'.

Hyperbole (LspEmcT, SrcCD)
Hyperbole, written by Bob Weiner in Emacs Lisp,
is an open, efficient, programmable information management &
hypertext system, intended for everyday work on any platform supported by
Emacs.

indent (DosBC, LangT, SrcCD, UtilD)
GNU indent formats C source code into the GNU indentation style. It
also has options to output BSD, K&R, or your own special style. GNU
indent is more robust & provides more functionality than other
such programs, including handling C++ comments. It runs on a number of
systems, including DOS & VMS.

Previously, the FSF had its own version of Ispell ("Ispell 4.0"),
but has dropped it for a parallel branch that has had more development
("Ispell 3.1"). (Ispell 3 was an earlier release by the original
Ispell author, but others have since made it more sophisticated.)

JACALNot available from the FSF except by FTP
JACAL is a symbolic mathematics system for the manipulation and
simplification of algebraic equations and expressions. New in JACAL is
multivariate factoring from Michael Thomas
(mjt@octavia.anu.edu.au). See JACAL's documentation at
`http://www-swiss.ai.mit.edu/~jaffer/'.
JACAL is written in Scheme using the SLIB portable Scheme Library.
It comes with SCM, an IEEE P1178 & R4RS compliant version of Scheme
written in C. SCM runs on Amiga, Atari-ST, MS-DOS, OS/2, NOS/VE,
Unicos, VMS, Unix, & similar systems.

The FSF is not distributing JACAL on any physical media. To get an IBM PC
floppy disk with the freely redistributable source & executable files, send
$99.00 to:

Aubrey Jaffer
84 Pleasant Street
Wakefield, MA 01880-1846
USA

less (DosBC, SrcCD, UtilD, UtilT)
less is a display paginator similar to more and pg, but
with various features (such as the ability to scroll backwards) that most
pagers lack.

m4 (DosBC, SrcCD, UtilD, UtilT)
GNU m4 is an implementation of the traditional Unix macro processor.
It is mostly SVR4 compatible, although it has some extensions (e.g.,
handling more than 9 positional parameters to macros). m4 also has
built-in functions for including files, running shell commands, doing
arithmetic, etc.

make (BinCD,DjgpD,DosBC,LangT,LspEmcT,SrcCD,UtilD,UtilT)[FSFman]
GNU make supports POSIX 1003.2 and has all but a few obscure
features of the BSD and System V versions of make. GNU extensions
include long options, parallel compilation, flexible implicit pattern
rules, conditional execution, & powerful text manipulation functions.
Texinfo source for the Make Manual comes with the program (see section GNU Documentation).

MandelSpawn (SrcCD, UtilT)
A parallel Mandelbrot generation program for the X Window System.

Midnight Commander (mc) (SrcCD, UtilT)
The Midnight Commander is a user friendly and colorful Unix file
manager and shell, useful to novice and guru alike. It has a
built-in virtual file system that allows the user to manipulate files
inside tar files (both regular and compressed) or files on remote
machines using the FTP protocol.

mkisofs (SrcCD, UtilT)
mkisofs is a pre-mastering program to generate an ISO 9660 file system.
It takes a snapshot of a directory tree, and makes a binary
image which corresponds to an ISO 9660 file system when written to a
block device.

It can also generate the System Use Sharing Protocol
records of the Rock Ridge Interchange Protocol
(used to further describe the files in an ISO 9660 file system to a Unix
host; it provides information such as longer filenames, uid/gid,
permissions, and device nodes).
Also included is cdwrite, which can take an image from
mkisofs and write it to a Phillips CD recorder system attached to a
GNU/Linux system.

mtools (SrcCD, UtilT)
mtools is a set of public domain programs to allow Unix systems to read,
write, and manipulate files on an MS-DOS file system (usually a diskette).

MULE (DosBC, EmcsD, LspEmcT, SrcCD)
MULE is a MULtilingual Enhancement to GNU Emacs. MULE text buffers can
contain a mix of characters from many languages including:
Japanese,
Chinese,
Korean,
Vietnamese,
Thai,
modern European languages (including Greek & Russian),
Arabic,
& Hebrew.
MULE also provides input methods for all of them. MULE is being merged
into GNU Emacs. See section GNU & Other Free Software in Japan, for more
information about MULE.

ncurses (LangT, SrcCD)
ncurses is an implementation of the Unix curses library for
developing screen based programs that are terminal independent.

NIH Class Library (LangT, SrcCD)
The NIH Class Library (once known as "OOPS", Object-Oriented Program
Support) is a portable collection of C++ classes (similar to those in
Smalltalk-80) written in C++ by Keith Gorlen of the National Institutes
of Health (NIH).

nvi (SrcCD, UtilT)
nvi is a free implementation of the vi/ex Unix editor.
It has most of the functionality of the original vi/ex,
except "open" mode & the lisp option, which will be added.
Enhancements over vi/ex include split screens with multiple
buffers, handling 8-bit data, infinite file & line lengths, tag stacks,
infinite undo, & extended regular expressions. It runs under GNU/Linux,
BSD, NetBSD, FreeBSD, BSDI, AIX, HP-UX, DGUX, IRIX, PSF, PTX, Solaris,
SunOS, Ultrix, and Unixware, & should port easily to other systems.

Oaklisp (SrcCD)
Oaklisp is a fast, portable, object-oriented Scheme with first class types.

Objective-C LibrarySee section Forthcoming GNUs (LangT, SrcCD)
Our Objective-C Class Library (libobjects) has general-purpose,
non-graphical Objective-C objects written by Andrew McCallum & other
volunteers. It includes collection classes for using groups of objects & C
types, I/O streams, coders for formatting objects & C types to streams,
ports for network packet transmission, distributed objects (remote object
messaging), string classes, exceptions, pseudo-random number generators, &
time handling facilities. It also includes the foundation classes for the
GNUStep project; over 70 of them have already been implemented. The
library is known to work on i386/i486/Pentiums, m68k, SPARC, MIPS, HPPA, &
RS/6000. Send queries & bug reports to mccallum@gnu.ai.mit.edu.

OBST (LangT, SrcCD)
OBST is a persistent object management system with bindings to C++.
OBST supports incremental loading of methods. Its graphical tools
require the X Window System.
It features a hands-on tutorial including sample programs. It compiles
with G++, and should install easily on most Unix platforms.

Octave (LangT, SrcCD)
Octave is a high-level language similar to MATLAB, primarily
intended for numerical computations. It has a convenient command
line interface for solving linear & nonlinear problems numerically.
Octave does arithmetic for real and complex scalars and matrices,
solves sets of nonlinear algebraic equations,
integrates systems of ordinary differential & differential-algebraic
equations,
and integrates functions over finite & infinite intervals.
Two- & three-dimensional plotting is available using gnuplot.

Send queries and bug reports to: bug-octave@bevo.che.wisc.edu.

Texinfo source is included for a 220+ page Octave manual, not yet
published by the FSF.

Oleo (SrcCD, UtilT)
Oleo is a spreadsheet program (better for you than the more expensive
spreadsheets). It supports the X Window System and character-based
terminals, and can output Embedded Postscript renditions of spreadsheets.
Keybindings should be familiar to Emacs users and are configurable.
Oleo supports multiple variable-width fonts when used under the X Window
System or outputting to Postscript devices.

It does not yet handle input files that do not fit in memory all at
once.

rc (SrcCD, UtilT)
rc is a shell that features a C-like syntax (much more so than
csh) and far cleaner quoting rules than the C or Bourne shells.
It's intended to be used interactively, but is also great for writing
scripts. It inspired the shell es.

RCS (SrcCD, UtilD, UtilT)
RCS, the Revision Control System, is used for version control & management
of software projects. Used with GNU diff, RCS can handle binary
files (executables, object files, 8-bit data, etc).
RCS now conforms to GNU configuration standards and to POSIX
1003.1b-1993.
Also see the CVS item above.

recodeSee section Forthcoming GNUs (SrcCD, UtilT)
GNU recode converts files between character sets and usages. When
exact transliterations are not possible, it may delete the offending
characters or fall back on approximations. This program recognizes or
outputs nearly 150 different character sets and is able to transliterate
files between almost any pair. Most RFC 1345 character sets are supported.

regex (LangT, SrcCD)
The GNU regular expression library supports POSIX.2, except for
internationalization features. It is included in many GNU programs which
do regular expression matching & is available separately. An alternate
regular expression package, rx, is faster than regex in most
cases & will replace regex over time.

rx (LangT, SrcCD)
Tom Lord has written rx, a new regular expression library which is
faster than the older GNU regex library. It is now being
distributed with sed and tar. rx will be used in the
next releases of m4 and ptx.

SAOimage (SrcCD, UtilT)
SAOimage is an X-based astronomical image viewer. It reads data images and
displays them with a pseudocolor colormap. There is full interactive
control of the colormap, reading, and writing of colormaps, etc.

screen (SrcCD, UtilT)
screen is a terminal multiplexer that runs several separate
"screens" (ttys) on a single character-based terminal. Each virtual
terminal emulates a DEC VT100 plus several ISO 2022 and ISO 6429 (ECMA 48,
ANSI X3.64) functions, including color. Arbitrary keyboard input
translation is also supported. screen sessions can be detached and
resumed later on a different terminal type. Output in detached sessions is
saved for later viewing.

sed (DjgpD, DosBC, SrcCD, UtilD, UtilT)
sed is a stream-oriented version of ed. It comes with the
rx library.

Sharutils (SrcCD, UtilT)
shar makes so-called shell archives out of many files, preparing
them for transmission by electronic mail services; unshar helps
unpack these shell archives after reception. uuencode and
uudecode are POSIX compliant implementations of a pair of programs
to transform files into a format that can be safely transmitted across
a 7-bit ASCII link.

Shogi (SrcCD, UtilT)
Shogi is a Japanese game similar to Chess; a major difference is that
captured pieces can be returned into play.

GNU Shogi is a variant of GNU Chess; it implements the same features
& similar heuristics. As a new feature, sequences of
partial board patterns can be introduced to help the program play
toward specific opening patterns. It has both character and X display
interfaces.

It is primarily supported by Matthias Mutz on behalf of the FSF.

SIPP (SrcCD)
SIPP is a library for creating photorealistic renderings of 3D scenes.
A scene is built up of objects which can be transformed with rotation,
translation, and scaling. The objects form hierarchies where each object
can have arbitrarily many subobjects and subsurfaces. A surface is a
number of connected polygons which are rendered with either Phong,
Gouraud, or flat shading. The library supports programmable shaders and
texture mapping with textures in up to 3 dimensions and automatic
interpolation of texture coordinates. A scene can be illuminated by an
arbitrary number of light sources. The lights from some of them are
capable of casting shadows of objects.

SmalltalkAlso see section Forthcoming GNUs (LangT,SrcCD)
GNU Smalltalk is an interpreted object-oriented programming language system
written in highly portable C. It has been ported to many Unix, DOS, &
other OSes.
Features include a binary image save capability,
the ability to call user-written C code with parameters, an
Emacs editing mode, a version of the X protocol invocable from Smalltalk,
optional byte-code compilation and/or execution tracing, &
automatically loaded per-user initialization files. It implements all of
the classes & protocol in the book "Smalltalk-80: The
Language", except for the graphic user interface (GUI) related classes.

SNePS (SrcCD)
SNePS is the Semantic Network Processing System. It is an
implementation of a fully intensional theory of propositional
knowledge representation and reasoning. SNePS runs under
CLISP or GCL.

Spinner (SrcCD)
Spinner is a modularized, object oriented, non-forking World Wide Web
server with high performance and throughput.

Superopt (LangT, SrcCD)
Superopt is a function sequence generator that uses an exhaustive
generate-and-test approach to find the shortest instruction sequence for a
given function. You provide a function as input, a CPU to generate code
for, and how many instructions you want. Its use in GCC is
described in the ACM SIGPLAN PLDI'92 Proceedings.
It supports: SPARC, m68k, m68020, m88k, IBM POWER and PowerPC, AMD 29k,
Intel x86 and 960, Pyramid, DEC Alpha, Hitachi SH, & HP--PA.

tar (DosBC, SrcCD, UtilT)
GNU tar includes multi-volume support, the ability to archive sparse
files, compression/decompression, remote archives, and
special features that allow tar to be used for incremental and full
backups. GNU tar uses an early draft of the POSIX 1003.1
ustar format which is different from the final version. This
will be corrected in the future.

Termcap Library (SrcCD, UtilT) [FSFman]
The GNU Termcap library is a drop-in replacement for `libtermcap.a' on
any system. It does not place an arbitrary limit on the size of Termcap
entries, unlike most other Termcap libraries. Included is source for the
Termcap Manual in Texinfo format (see section GNU Documentation).

Termutils (SrcCD, UtilT)
The Termutils package contains programs for controlling terminals.
tput is a portable way for shell scripts to use special terminal
capabilities. tabs is a program to set hardware terminal tab
settings.

TeX (DosBC, SrcCD)
TeX is a document formatting system that handles complicated
typesetting, including mathematics. It is GNU's standard text formatter.
The University of Washington maintains & supports a tape distribution of
TeX for Unix systems. The core material is Karl Berry's web2c
TeX package. Sources are available via anonymous ftp; retrieval
instructions are in `/pub/tex/unixtex.ftp' on ftp.cs.umb.edu.
If you receive any installation support from the University of Washington,
consider sending them a donation.

To order a full distribution written in tar on either a
1/4inch 4-track QIC-24 cartridge or a 4mm DAT cartridge, send
$210.00 to:

Please make checks payable to: `University of Washington'.
Do not specify any other payee. That causes accounting problems.
Checks must be in U.S. dollars, drawn on a U.S. bank.
Only prepaid orders can be handled.
Overseas sites: please add to the base cost $20.00 to ship via
air parcel post or $30.00 to ship via courier.
Please check with the above for current prices & formats.

Tile Forth (LangT, SrcCD)
Tile Forth is a 32-bit implementation of the Forth--83 standard written
in C, allowing it to be easily ported to new systems
and extended with any C-function (graphics, windowing, etc).

UUCP (SrcCD, UtilT)
GNU's UUCP system (written by Ian Lance Taylor) supports the f,
g,
v (all window & packet sizes),
G,
t,
e,
Zmodem,
&
two new bidirectional (i & j) protocols.
With a BSD sockets library, it can make TCP connections. With TLI
libraries, it can make TLI connections. Source is included for a manual
(not yet published by the FSF).

W3 (LspEmcT, SrcCD)
W3 (written by William Perry in Emacs Lisp) is an extensible, advanced
World Wide Web browser that runs as part of GNU Emacs. It understands many
protocols: FTP, gopher, HTML, SMTP, Telnet, WAIS, et al.

wdiff (DosBC, SrcCD, UtilT)
wdiff is a front-end to GNU diff. It compares two files,
finding the words deleted or added to the first to make the
second. It has many output formats and works well with terminals and pagers.
wdiff is very useful when two texts differ only by a few words and
paragraphs have been refilled.

xboard, xshogi (SrcCD, UtilT)
xboard is an X Window interface to GNU Chess. xshogi is an X
Window interface to GNU Shogi. They use the R4 Athena widgets and Xt
Intrinsics to provide an interactive referee for managing a game between a
user & a computer opponent, or between two computers. You can also use
xboard without GNU Chess to play through games in files or to play
through games manually (force mode); in this case, moves aren't validated.

xgrabsc (SrcCD)
xgrabsc is a screen capture program similar to xwd but
providing more ways of selecting the part of the screen to capture and
different types of output: Postscript, color Postscript, xwd, bitmap,
pixmap, and puzzle.

Some of the files on the tapes are compressed with gzip to allow
more files on each tape. Refer to the top-level `README' file at the
beginning of each tape for instructions on uncompressing them.
uncompress and unpackdo not work!

Scheme Tape

Scheme is a simplified, lexically-scoped dialect of Lisp. It was designed
at MIT and other universities to teach students the art of programming and
to research new parallel programming constructs and compilation techniques.

This tape now has MIT Scheme 7.3, which conforms to the
"Revised^4 Report On the Algorithmic Language Scheme"
(MIT AI Lab Memo 848b), for which TeX source is included.
It is written partly in C, but is presently hard to bootstrap.
Binaries that can be used to bootstrap it exist for:
HP 9000 series 300, 400, 700, & 800 (running HP-UX 9.0),
NeXT (NeXT OS 2 or 3.2),
DEC Alpha (OSF/1),
IBM RS/6000 (AIX),
Sun-3 or Sun-4 (SunOS 4.1),
DECstation 3100/5100 (Ultrix 4.0),
Sony NeWS-3250 (NEWS OS 5.01),
&
Intel i386 (MS-DOS, Windows 3.1 or NT).
If your system is not on this list & you don't enjoy the bootstrap
challenge, see "JACAL" in section GNU Software.

X11 Tapes

The two X11 tapes contain Version 11, Release 6 of the X Window System.
The first tape has all of the core software, documentation, & some
contributed clients. We call this the "required" X tape since it is
necessary for running X or Emacs under X. The second, "optional" tape
has contributed libraries & toolkits, the Andrew User Interface System,
games, etc.

The X11 Required tape also contains all fixes and patches released to date.
We update this tape as new fixes and patches are released for programs on
both tapes. See section Tape & CD-ROM Subscription Service.

Berkeley 4.4BSD-Lite Tape

The "4.4BSD--Lite" release is the last from the Computer Systems
Research Group at the University of California at Berkeley. It has most of
the BSD software system, except for a few files that remain proprietary.
It is much more complete than the previous "Net2" release.

VMS Emacs and VMS Compiler Tapes

We offer two VMS tapes. One has just GNU Emacs 18.59 (none of the other
software on the section Lisps/Emacs Tape, is included). The other has GCC
2.3.3, Bison 1.19 (to compile GCC), gas 1.38 (to assemble GCC's output), and
some library and include files (none of the other software on the
section Languages Tape, is included). We are not aware of a GDB port for
VMS. Both VMS tapes have DEC VAX executables from which you can bootstrap,
as the DEC VMS C compiler cannot compile GCC. We do not have executables
for DEC Alpha VMS systems.
Please do not ask us to devote effort to VMS support, because it is
peripheral to the GNU Project.

If nature has made any one thing less susceptible than all others of
exclusive property, it is the action of the thinking power called an idea,
which an individual may exclusively possess as long as he keeps it to
himself; but the moment it is divulged, it forces itself into the
possession of everyone, and the receiver cannot dispossess himself of it.
Its peculiar character, too, is that no one possesses the less, because
every other possesses the whole of it ... Inventions then
cannot, in nature, be a subject of property.

Our CD-ROMs are in ISO 9660 format & can be mounted as a read-only file
system on most computers. If your driver supports it you can mount each
CD with "Rock Ridge" extensions (the MS-DOS CD-ROM is only in ISO
9660 format), & it will look just like an ordinary Unix file system, rather
than one full of truncated & otherwise mangled names that fit vanilla ISO
9660.

You can build most of the software without copying the sources off the CD.
You only need enough disk space for object files and intermediate build
targets.

Pricing of the GNU CD-ROMs

If a business or organization is ultimately paying, the December 1995
Source CDs costs $240. It costs $60 if you, an individual, are paying out
of your own pocket. The December 1995 Compiler Tools Binaries CD-ROM costs
$220 for a business or organization, and $55 for an individual.

What do the Different Prices Mean?

The software on our disks is free; anyone can copy it and anyone can run it.
What we charge for is the physical disk and the service of distribution.

We charge two different prices depending on who is buying. When a company
or other organization buys the December 1995 Source CD-ROMs, we charge $240.
When an individual buys the same CD-ROM, we charge just $60.
This distinction is not a matter of who is allowed to use the software. In
either case, once you have a copy, you can distribute as many copies as you
wish and there's no restriction on who can have or run them. The price
distinction is entirely a matter of what kind of entity pays for the CD.

You, the reader, are certainly an individual, not a company. If you are
buying a disk "in person", then you are probably doing so as an
individual. But if you expect to be reimbursed by your employer, then the
disk is really for the company; so please pay the company price and get
reimbursed for it. We won't try to check up on you--we use the honor
system--so please cooperate.

Buying CDs at the company price is very helpful for GNU; just
140 Source CDs at that price support an FSF
programmer or tech writer for a year.

Why is There an Individual Price?

In the past, our distribution tapes have been ordered mainly by companies.
The CD at the price of $240 provides them with all of our software for a
much lower price than they would previously have paid for six different
tapes. To lower the price more would cut into the FSF's funds very
badly and decrease the software development we can do.

However, for individuals, $240 is
too high a price;
hardly anyone could afford that. So we decided to make CDs available to
individuals at the lower price of $60.

Is There a Maximum Price?

Our stated prices are minimum prices. Feel free to pay a higher price if
you wish to support GNU development more. The sky's the limit; we will
accept as high a price as you can offer. Or simply give a donation
(tax-deductible in the U.S.) to the Free Software Foundation, a
tax-exempt public charity.

December 1995 Compiler Tools Binaries CD-ROM

We now have the third edition of our CD-ROM that has binaries
and complete sources for GNU
compiler tools for some systems which lack a compiler. This enables the
people who use these systems to compile GNU and other free software without
having to buy a proprietary compiler. You can also use these GNU tools to
compile your own C/C++/Objective-C programs. Older editions of
this CD are available while supplies last at a reduced price; see the
see section Free Software Foundation Order Form.

We hope to have more systems on each update of this CD. If you can
help build binaries for new systems (especially those that don't come with
a C compiler), or have one to suggest, please contact us at the addresses
on
the top menu.

MS-DOS Book with CD-ROM

We are working on our first book describing GNU Software for MS-DOS,
but we do not know when it will be finished.
It will include a CD-ROM with all the sources & binaries on the MS-DOS
Diskettes and more.

Please do NOT contact us about this book until we announce it on our
mailing lists (to subscribe, ask
info-gnu-request@prep.ai.mit.edu), because it just slows us
down.

Debian GNU/Linux Book with CD-ROM

We are working on our first book describing Debian GNU/Linux
but we do not know when it will be finished.
Please do NOT contact us about this book until we announce it on our
mailing lists (ask info-gnu-request@prep.ai.mit.edu to
subscribe), because it just slows us down.

A CD will be inside the book with sources & binaries for Debian GNU/Linux,
which is a complete operating system for i386/i486/Pentium. It is a
GNU/Linux system--that is to say, a variant GNU system which uses Linux as
the kernel. (All the systems now available that use the Linux kernel are
GNU/Linux systems, see item "Linux" in section Free Software for Microcomputers.)

Debian is being developed by Ian Murdock and the Debian Association in
conjunction with the Free Software Foundation. We are distributing it
as an interim measure until the GNU kernel (the Hurd) is ready for
users.

For details on Debian & how to help, see URL: `http://www.debian.org/'
or FTP, `/pub/gnu/GNUinfo/DEBIAN' from a GNU FTP host (see section How to Get GNU Software).
FTP Debian under `/debian' from ftp.debian.org.

The older Source CDs are available while supplies last at a reduced price
(please note that the December 1994 Source CD is permanently out of stock).
All the Source CDs have Texinfo source for the GNU manuals listed in
section GNU Documentation.

The VMS tapes' contents are not included. Many programs that are
only on MS-DOS diskettes & not on the tapes are also not included.
The MIT Scheme & X11 Optional tapes' contents are not on the older
Source CDs.
See section Tapes & section MS-DOS Diskettes.

There are no precompiled programs on these Source CDs. You will need a C
compiler (programs which need some other interpreter or compiler normally
provide the C source for a bootstrapping program). We ship C compiler
binaries for some systems on the section December 1995 Compiler Tools Binaries CD-ROM.

December 1995 Source Code CD-ROMs

The 7th edition of our Source CD is out!
Due to increasing amounts of GNU Software, the Source Code CD is now a two
disc set--the price remains unchanged!
It contains these packages, & some manuals that are not part of packages:

June 1995 Source Code CD-ROM

We still have the 6th edition of our Source CD at a reduced price while
supplies last. Not all FSF distributed software is included (see section Source Code CD-ROMs). It contains these packages, and some manuals that are not
part of packages:

November 1993 Source Code CD-ROM

We still have the 3rd edition of our Source CD, at a reduced price, while
supplies last. It was the last Source Code CD to contain X11R5.
This CD has Edition 2.2 for version 19 of the GNU Emacs Lisp
Reference Manual & some additional software; not all FSF distributed
software is included (see section Source Code CD-ROMs). It contains these
packages:

Emacs Diskettes

Two versions of GNU Emacs are included on the Emacs diskettes we
distribute: GNU Emacs version 19.29 handles 8-bit character sets; the
other, MULE version 2.2, handles 16-bit character sets including Kanji.

Selected Utilities Diskettes

The GNUish MS-DOS Project ported GNU software to PC compatibles. Though
GNUish is no longer active, users still ask for these ports done some years
ago. We offer these ports on five diskettes.
In general, the ports run on 8086/80286--based 16-bit machines; an 80386 is
not required. Some are necessarily missing features.

Windows Diskette

We offer GNU Chess and gnuplot for Microsoft Windows on a single
diskette.

Tape & CD-ROM Subscription Service

If you do not have net access, our subscription service enables you to stay
current with the latest GNU developments. For a one-time cost equivalent
to three tapes or CD-ROMs (plus shipping in some cases), we will ship you
four new versions of the tape of your choice or the Source Code CD-ROM.
The tapes are sent each quarter; the CD-ROMs are sent as they are issued
(currently twice a year, but we hope to make it more frequent).

Regularly, we will send you a new version of a
Lisps/Emacs, Languages, Utilities, or X Window System (X11R6) Required tape,
or the Source CD-ROM. The MIT Scheme and X Window System Optional
tapes are not changed often enough to warrant quarterly updates. We do not
yet know if we will be offering subscriptions to the Compiler Tools
Binaries or our new Books with CD-ROM.

Since Emacs 19 is on the Lisps/Emacs Tape and the Source CD-ROM, a
subscription to either is an easy way to keep current with Emacs 19 as it
evolves.

A subscription is an easy way to keep up with the regular bug fixes to the
X Window System. We update the X11R6 Required tape as fixes and patches
are issued throughout the year. Each edition of the section Source Code CD-ROMs, also has updated sources for the required part of the X Window
System.

Please note: In two cases, you must pay 4 times the normal shipping
required for a single order when you pay for each subscription. If you're
in Alaska, Hawaii, or Puerto Rico you must add $20.00 for shipping for each
subscription. If you're outside of U.S., Canada, and Puerto Rico, you must
add $80.00 for each subscription. See "Unix and VMS Software" and
"Shipping Instructions" on the
see section Free Software Foundation Order Form.

The Deluxe Distribution

The Free Software Foundation has been asked repeatedly to create a package
that provides executables for all of our software. Normally we offer only
sources. In addition to providing binaries with the source code, the
Deluxe Distribution includes a complete set of our printed manuals and
reference cards.

The FSF Deluxe Distribution contains the binaries and sources to hundreds
of different programs including GNU Emacs, the GNU C Compiler, the GNU
Debugger, the complete X Window System, and all the GNU utilities.

We will make a Deluxe Distribution for most machines/operating
systems. We may be able to send someone to your office to do the
compilation, if we can't find a suitable machine close to us. However, we
can only compile the programs that already support your chosen
machine/system -- porting is a separate matter (to commission a port,
consult the GNU Service Directory; details in section Free Software Support).
Compiling all these programs takes time; a Deluxe Distribution for an
unusual machine will take longer to produce than one for a common machine.
Please contact the FSF Office with any questions.

We supply the software in one of these tape formats in Unix tar
format:
1600 or 6250bpi 1/2in reel,
Sun DC300XLP 1/4in cartridge -- QIC24,
IBM RS/6000 1/4in c.t. -- QIC 150,
Exabyte 8mm c.t., or
DAT 4mm c.t.
If your computer cannot read any of these, please contact us to see if we
can handle your format.

The manuals included are one each of the Bison, Calc,
GAWK, GNU C Compiler, GNU C Library, GDB,
Flex, GNU Emacs Lisp Reference, Programming in Emacs
Lisp: An Introduction, Make, Texinfo, & Termcap
manuals; six copies of the GNU Emacs manual; and a packet of ten
reference cards each for Emacs, Bison, Calc, Flex, & GDB.

Every Deluxe Distribution also has a copy of the latest editions of
our CD-ROMs
that have sources of our software & compiler tool
binaries for some systems. The MS-DOS CD is in ISO 9660 format. The other
CDs are in ISO 9660 format with Rock Ridge extensions.

The price of the Deluxe Distribution is $5000 (shipping included). These
sales provide enormous financial assistance to help the FSF develop more
free software. To order, please fill out the "Deluxe Distribution"
section on the
see section Free Software Foundation Order Form
and send it to:

GNU Documentation

GNU is dedicated to having quality, easy-to-use online & printed
documentation.
GNU manuals are intended to explain underlying concepts, describe how to
use all the features of each program, & give examples of command use. GNU
manuals are distributed as Texinfo source files, which yield both typeset
hardcopy via the TeX document formatting system and online hypertext
display via the menu-driven Info system. Source for these manuals comes
with our software; here are the manuals that we publish as printed books. See the
see section Free Software Foundation Order Form,
to order them.

Most GNU manuals are bound as soft cover books with lay-flat
bindings. This allows you to open them so they lie flat on a table without
creasing the binding. They have an inner cloth spine and an outer
cardboard cover that will not break or crease as an ordinary paperback
will. Currently, the GDB, Emacs, Emacs Lisp
Reference, Programming in Emacs Lisp: An Introduction, GAWK,
Make, Bison, & Texinfo manuals have this binding. The
other GNU manuals also lie flat when opened, using a GBC or Wire--O
binding. All our manuals are 7in by 9.25in except the
8.5in by 11in Calc manual.

The edition number of the manual and version number of the program listed
after each manual's name were current at the time this Bulletin was
published.

Debugging with GDB (Edition 4.12 for Version 4.14) tells how to run
your program under GNU Debugger control, examine and alter data, modify a
program's flow of control, and use GDB through GNU Emacs.

The GNU Emacs Manual (11th Edition for Version 19.29) describes editing with
GNU Emacs. It explains advanced features, including outline mode and
regular expression search; how to use special programming modes to write
languages like C++ and TeX;
how to use the tags utility;
how to compile and correct code; how to make your own keybindings; and
other elementary customizations.

Programming in Emacs Lisp: An Introduction (Edition 1.04) is for
people who are not necessarily interested in programming, but who do want
to customize or extend their computing environment. If you read it in
Emacs under Info mode, you can run the sample programs directly.

The GNU Emacs Lisp Reference Manual (Edition 2.4 for Version 19.29)
and The GNU Emacs Lisp Reference, Japanese Edition (Japanese DRAFT
Revision 1.0, from English Edition 2.4 for Version 19.29)
covers this programming language in depth, including data types, control
structures, functions, macros, syntax tables, searching/matching, modes,
windows, keymaps, byte compilation, and the operating system interface.

The GAWK Manual (Edition 0.16 for Version 2.16) tells how to use the
GNU implementation of awk. It is written for those who have never
used awk and describes the features of this powerful string and
record manipulation language.

The Make Manual (Edition 0.49 for Version 3.74) describes GNU
make, a program used to rebuild parts of other programs. The manual
tells how to write makefiles, which specify how a program is to be
compiled and how its files depend on each other. Included are an
introductory chapter for novice users and a section about automatically
generated dependencies.

The Flex manual (Edition 1.03 for Version 2.3.7) teaches you to
write a lexical scanner definition for the flex program to create a
C++ or C-coded scanner that recognizes the patterns defined. You need
no prior knowledge of scanners.

The Bison manual (December 1993 Edition for Version 1.23) teaches
you how to write context-free grammars for the Bison program that convert
into C-coded parsers. You need no prior knowledge of parser generators.

Using and Porting GNU CC (September 1994 Edition for Version 2.6)
tells how to run, install, and port the GNU C Compiler to new systems. It
lists new features and incompatibilities of GCC, but people not familiar
with C will still need a good reference on the C programming language. It
also covers G++. We are doing limited copier runs of this manual until
it becomes more stable.

The Texinfo manual (Edition 2.21 for Version 3) explains the markup
language that produces our online Info documentation & typeset
hardcopies. It tells you how to make tables, lists, chapters, nodes,
indexes, cross references, & how to catch mistakes. This second edition
describes over 50 new commands.

The Termcap Manual (2nd Edition for Version 1.2), often
described as "twice as much as you ever wanted to know about termcap,"
details the format of the termcap database, the definitions of terminal
capabilities, and the process of interrogating a terminal description.
This manual is primarily for programmers.

The C Library Reference Manual (Edition 0.06 for Version 1.09)
describes the library's facilities, including both what Unix calls
"library functions" & "system calls." We are doing small copier runs
of this manual until it becomes more stable. Please send fixes to
bug-glibc-manual@prep.ai.mit.edu.

The Emacs Calc Manual (Edition 2.02 for Version 2.02) is both a
tutorial and a reference manual. It tells how to do ordinary
arithmetic, how to use Calc for algebra, calculus, and other forms of
mathematics, and how to extend Calc.

How to Get GNU Software

All the software & publications from the Free Software Foundation are
distributed with permission to copy and redistribute. One way to get GNU
software is to copy it from someone else who has it.
You can also get GNU software directly from the FSF by ordering diskettes,
tapes, CD-ROMs, or Books with CD-ROMs. Such orders provide most of the
funds for the FSF staff to develop more free software, so please support
our work by ordering from the FSF if you can. See the
see section Free Software Foundation Order Form.

There are also third party groups who distribute our software; they do not
work with us, but can provide our software in other forms. Some are listed
in section Free Software Redistributors Donate; also see section Free Software for Microcomputers. Please note that the Free Software Foundation is
not affiliated with them in any way and is not responsible
for either the currency of their versions or the swiftness of their
responses.

If you decide to do business with a commercial distributor of free
software, ask them how much they do to assist free software development,
e.g., by contributing money to free software development projects or by
writing free software themselves for general use. By basing your decision
partially on this factor, you can help encourage support for free
software development.

Our main FTP host is very busy & limits the number of logins. Please
use one of these other Internet sites that also provide GNU software via
FTP (program: ftp, user: anonymous,
password: your e-mail address, mode: binary). If you have
FTP access but can't reach one of these hosts, you can get the software the
same way from GNU's main FTP host, prep.ai.mit.edu (IP address:
18.159.0.42). For more details & additional hosts, get the
files `/pub/gnu/GETTING.GNU.SOFTWARE' and
`/pub/gnu/GNUinfo/FTP' from any host.

Most of the files on the FTP sites are compressed with gzip to
lessen FTP traffic. Refer to the `/pub/gnu/=README-about-.gz-files'
on each FTP site for instructions on uncompressing them. uncompress
and unpackdo not work!

Those who can UUCP can get instructions via e-mail from
info@contrib.de (Europe).
For those with no Internet access, see section Free Software Support, for
how to get electronic mail & file transfer via UUCP.

FSF T-shirt

There is a GNU & improved T-shirt. The front
has the GNU Emacs Lisp code (USE 'GNU) with "()" being the
dancing parentheses from the cover of our GNU Emacs Lisp Reference
Manual (drawn by Berkeley, CA artist Etienne Suvasa). The back of the
shirt is still imprinted with the Preamble to the GNU General Public
License.

These shirts come in two colors, Natural & Black. Natural is an off-white,
unbleached, undyed, environment-friendly cotton, printed with black ink, &
is great for tye-dyeing or displaying as is. Black is printed with white
ink & is perfect for late night hacking. All shirts are thick 100% cotton,
& come in sizes M, L, XL, & XXL. GNU shirts often create spontaneous
friendships at technical conferences and on major university campuses!
(They also make great gifts!)

Free Software for Microcomputers

We do not provide support for GNU software on most microcomputers because it is
peripheral to the GNU Project. However, we are willing to publish
information about groups who do support and maintain them. If you are
aware of any such efforts, please send the details, including postal
addresses, archive sites, and mailing lists, to either address on
the top menu.

See section MS-DOS Diskettes and section CD-ROMs, for microcomputer software
available from the FSF. Please do not ask us about any other software. We
do not maintain any of it and have no additional information.

Linux (Also see section Debian GNU/Linux Book with CD-ROM)
Linux (named after its main author, Linus Torvalds) is a GPLed kernel that
implements POSIX.1 functionality with SysV & BSD extensions. Complete
systems based on the Linux kernel are now available for Alpha &
386/486/Pentium/Pentium Pro
machines with one of these buses: ISA, VLB, EISA, PCI.
Since these systems are essentially
variant GNU systems, we call them "GNU/Linux" systems. An m68k port is in
testing (it runs on high end Amiga & Atari computers). PowerPC & MIPS
ports are being worked on. FTP it from
tsx-11.mit.edu in `/pub/linux' (USA) &
nic.funet.fi in `/pub/OS/Linux' (Europe).

GNU Software on the Amiga
Get Amiga ports of many GNU programs via FTP from
ftp.funet.fi in `/pub/amiga/gnu' (Europe).
For info on (or offers to help with) the GCC port and related projects, ask
Leonard Norrgard, vinsci@nic.funet.fi. For info on the GNU
Emacs port,
ask Dave Gilbert, dgilbert@pci.on.ca
or
see `http://www.pci.on.ca/~dgilbert/emacs-19.html'
for a status update.
You can get more info from a GNU FTP host (listed in section How to Get GNU Software) in the file `/pub/gnu/MicrosPorts/Amiga'.

GNU Software for Atari TOS and Atari Minix
Get Atari ports by anonymous FTP from atari.archive.umich.edu,
in `/atari/Gnustuff', maintained by Howard Chu,
howard@lloyd.com.
The GNU software runs on all Atari 68000 and 68030-based systems; a hard
drive and 4 MB RAM minimum are recommended for using the compilers.
See USENET newsgroups, such as comp.sys.atari.st.tech, for
discussions.

GNU Software for OS/2
Ports of many GNU programs are on the FTP host ftp-os2.cdrom.com
in `/pub/os2/unix'. One of these is of the GNU
C/C++/Objective-C Compiler to OS/2 2.x and OS/2 Warp, with the GNU
assembler, documentation, and OS/2-specific C libraries.

This is Eberhard Mattes' emx port, which also features GDB and many
Unix-related library functions like fork. Programs compiled by this
port also run on a 80386 under DOS. It is in directory
`/pub/os2/unix/emx09a'. emx 0.9a has GCC 2.6.3 & 2.7.0
ports. To join the e-mail list, send email to
majordomo@iaehv.nl containing `subscribe emx'.

Project GNU Wish List

Wishes for this issue are for:

GNU art that highlights a program or aspect of the GNU project.

Oleo extensions and other free software for business, such as accounting
and project management programs.
Graphical free software applications for ordinary users who are not
programmers.

Volunteers to distribute this Bulletin at technical conferences, trade
shows, local and national user group meetings, etc. Volunteers to get
articles into their user group newsletters. Please phone or fax the
numbers on
the top menu,
or email gnu@prep.ai.mit.edu to make
arrangements.

Boston area volunteers for various tasks in the FSF Distribution and
Programming Offices.
Please contact us at either address on
the top menu.

Volunteers to help write programs and documentation. Send mail to
gnu@prep.ai.mit.edu for the task list and coding standards.

Volunteers to type and proofread for the GNU Dictionary Project.
See section Forthcoming GNUs, for details.

Volunteers to build binaries for Deluxe Distributions & systems not yet on
the section December 1995 Compiler Tools Binaries CD-ROM
(especially systems that don't include a C compiler).
Please contact us at either address on
the top menu.

Professors who might be interested in sponsoring or hosting research
assistants to do actual GNU development, with partial FSF support.

Speech and character recognition software and systems (if the devices
aren't too weird), with the device drivers if possible. This would help
the productivity of partially disabled people (including a few we know).

New quotes and ideas for articles in the GNU's Bulletin. We particularly
like to highlight organizations involved with free information exchanges,
software that uses the GNU General Public License and companies providing
free software support as a primary business.

Information about free software or developers of free software that we may
not know about. Often, we only find out about interesting projects because
a user writes and asks us why we have not mentioned those projects!

Copies of newspaper and journal articles mentioning the GNU Project or GNU
software. Send these to the address on
the top menu,
or send a citation to gnu@prep.ai.mit.edu.

Money.

If you use & appreciate our software, please send a contribution. One way
to help is to order a tape, diskette, CD-ROM, or Book with CD-ROM from us.
A business can make a larger contribution by ordering a section The Deluxe Distribution. This is especially helpful if you work for an organization
where the word donation is anathema.
Because of the value received, the full dollar amounts of such donations are
not tax-deductible as charitable contributions; however, they may qualify
as a business expense.

Thank GNUs

Thanks to Jill and Professor Donald Knuth
of Stanford University for their regular, substantial
contributions, & to John Romkey for his very large
contribution.

Thanks to all those mentioned elsewhere in this & past Bulletins.

Thanks to the Artificial Intelligence Laboratory,
Laboratory for Computer Science, and
Project Athena all at MIT for their invaluable assistance.

We thank those
groups
who have donated us booths at their conferences.

Thanks to all the volunteers who helped the GNU Project at
conferences;
Barry Meikle of the University ofToronto Bookstore for donating ad space;
Warren A. Hunt, Jr. &
Computational Logic, Inc. for their continued
donations & support;
to Cygnus Support for helping the GNU Project in many ways.

Thanks to all who have lent or donated machines, including:
the Open Software Foundation for two 386s;
Tadashi Kobayashi of Toshiba Corporation
& Shinichi Mochizuki of Toshiba America
for a T4850 notebook computer;
Cygnus Support for a SPARCstation;
Delta Microsystems for an Exabyte tape drive;
an anonymous donor for a 4mm DAT cartridge drive;
Concentra, Inc. for four HP workstations;
Network Computing Devices, Inc. for three
NCD X-terminals;
Russ Button for two SCSI disk drives;
Simson Garfinkel for an NCD X-terminal;
IBM Corp. for an Exabyte tape drive & an RS/6000;
Hewlett-Packard for a dozen computers;
CMU's Mach Project for a Sun-3/60;
Intel Corp. for their 386 machine;
NeXT for their workstation;
MIT's Media Laboratory for an HP 68020;
SONY Corp. & Software Research
Associates, Inc., both of Tokyo, for three SONY News
workstations;
an anonymous donor for a Sun-3/280;
Liant Software Corp. for 5 VT100s;
several anonymous donors
& Rocky Bernstein for IBM RT/PC hardware & manuals.

Thanks to all who have contributed ports and extensions, as well as all
who have sent in other source code, documentation, and good bug reports.

Thanks to all those who sent money and offered other kinds of help.

Thanks to all those who support us by ordering t-shirts, manuals, reference
cards, distribution tapes, diskettes, CD-ROMs, and Books with CD-ROMs.

The creation of this Bulletin is our way of thanking all who have expressed
interest in what we are doing.

Donations Translate Into Free Software

If you appreciate Emacs, GNU CC, Ghostscript, and other free software,
you may wish to help us make sure there is more in the
future--remember, donations translate into more free software!

Your donation to us is tax-deductible in the United States. We gladly
accept any currency, although the U.S. dollar is the most
convenient.

If your employer has a matching gifts program for charitable donations,
please arrange to:
add the FSF to the list of organizations for your employer's matching gifts
program;
and
have your donation matched
(note section Cygnus Matches Donations!).
If you do not know, please ask your personnel department.

Circle amount you are donating, cut out this form,
and send it with your donation to:

Cygnus Matches Donations!

To encourage cash donations to the Free Software Foundation, Cygnus Support
will continue to contribute corporate funds to the FSF to accompany gifts by
its employees, and by its customers and their employees.

Donations payable to the Free Software Foundation should be sent by
eligible persons to Cygnus Support, which will add its gifts and forward the
total to the FSF each quarter. The FSF will provide the contributor with a
receipt to recognize the contribution (which is tax-deductible on U.S.
tax returns). For more information, please contact Cygnus: