Jeffery Amherst, 1st Baron Amherst

Jeffery Amherst, 1st Baron Amherst, British army officer (born 29 January 1717 near Sevenoaks, England; died 3 August 1797 near Sevenoaks). Jeffery Amherst was the commander-in-chief of British forces in North America during the Seven Years' War, which saw France surrender Canada to the British. Several streets and towns in North America — including Amherst, Nova Scotia, and Amherstburg, Ontario — were named in his honour. However, Amherst’s legacy is controversial, given his policy towards Indigenous peoples. This included his suggestion in 1763 to deliberately infect Indigenous peoples with smallpox during Pontiac’s War. In 2019, Montreal’s Amherst Street was renamed Atateken Street; Atateken means “brothers and sisters” in Kanien'kéha, the Mohawk language.

Seven Years War

Jeffery Amherst first saw active service in the War of the Austrian Succession. During the Seven Years War,
his first position was as commissary to Hessian (German) troops that had become part of the British army in 1756. Thanks to the help of some influential friends, Amherst was given command of an expedition against Louisbourg in
1758. He obtained the town's surrender on July 27 by a careful, slow siege against the French fortress by his overwhelming forces.

Amherst was made commander in chief in North America in late 1758 and led a methodical, cautious advance up Lake Champlain in 1759. However, this had little effect on French
efforts to stop General James Wolfe's operations against Quebec City, which fell to the British in
September 1759.

In 1760, Amherst planned a three-pronged attack against Montreal. On 8 September 1760, the French surrendered Montreal to the British. This marked the end of French rule in Canada.
Amherst left North America in November 1763 for England, where his handling of the Pontiac uprising provoked criticism.

Amherst was knighted in 1761 and ennobled in 1776. He twice served as commander in chief of the British army before retiring in 1796 as a field marshal. Amherst made his reputation in North America, and he owed much of his later advancement to his success
during the Seven Years War.

Controversy

However, Amherst’s legacy is controversial, primarily because of his policy regarding Indigenous peoples. This includes his suggestion in 1763 to deliberately infect
Indigenous peoples with smallpox during Pontiac’s War. Under Odawa chief Obwandiyag (Pontiac), a loose coalition
of Indigenous nations revolted against British rule between 1763 and 1766.

In July 1763, Amherst wrote, “Could it not be contrived to Send the Small Pox among those Disaffected Tribes of Indians? We must, on this occasion, Use Every Stratagem in our power to Reduce them." Later that month, he revisited this
idea, writing to Colonel Henry Bouquet: "You will do well to try to inoculate [sic] the Indians by means of blankets, as well as to try every other method that can serve to extirpate this execrable race.” By this point, British defenders at Fort Pitt had already sent an infected handkerchief and blankets to the Indigenous forces who were laying siege to the fort.

Since 2000, there has been pressure to remove Amherst’s name from streets, towns, historical sites and educational institutions. In 2019, Montreal’s Amherst Street was renamed
Atateken Street; Atateken means “brothers and sisters” in Kanien'kéha, the Mohawk language.