Nicholas Copernicus (1473 - 1543)

Often thought of as one of the pioneers of modern astronomy, Nicholas Copernicus
is most famous for shaking up the scientific and religious communities. At Before Copernicus' time, it
was taught that Earth was at the centre of the Universe. Religious leaders used evidence from the Bible
to back up this claim and people accepted this as fact. However, by observing the night skies, Copernicus
noticed that the movements of the Sun,
Moon and planets didn't really make sense based on the understanding
that the Earth was at the centre of them all. But, by putting the
Sun at the centre, and calculating the
orbits of the known planets, suddenly it all worked. As this could be seen as questioning the teachings
of both religious and scientific minds, Copernicus had to be completely certain that his theories were
correct and it took a lot of persuasion until he decided to publish them. The book
De revolutionibus
orbium coelestium (On The Revolutions of the Celestial Spheres) was published after his death
(although it is rumoured that he was given the first copy while on his deathbed in 1543)
and at first it didn't have a major impact. It was only after other scientists, most
famously Galileo Galilei, publicly backed the "Copernican System". Church leaders of
course opposed a Sun-centred system, and banned Copernicus' book (it stayed on the
Vatican's banned list until 1758). Galilei was later arrested for "following the
position of Copernicus".

Copernicus was born in 1473 in Torun, in the old Kingdom of Poland.
Although he studied law, medicine, canon and civil law during his years at University, he
became interested in astronomy. His career was actually in the Catholic church and he
carried out his religious duties devoutly. He never intended to oppose the church in
making his theories about a Sun-centred system public - and in fact feared scientific
condemnation rather than religious. He worked for the church for most of his life,
retiring only through ill health. He was convinced to publish his ideas late on in his life.
He died in 1543 after entering a coma from a stroke. It is rumoured that after receiving
the first copy of his book, he woke from his coma, saw his book, and then died.