CrayCrayCray Inc. is an American supercomputer manufacturer headquartered in
Seattle, Washington.[1] It also manufactures systems for data storage
and analytics.[4] Several
CrayCray supercomputer systems are listed in the
TOP500, which ranks the most powerful supercomputers in the world.[5]
The number of
CrayCray systems on the list varies from year to year.
CrayCray manufactures its products in Chippewa Falls, Wisconsin, where its
founder, Seymour Cray, was born and raised. The company also has
offices in
St. Paul, MinnesotaSt. Paul, Minnesota (the site of its original headquarters
under Seymour Cray) and numerous other sales, service, engineering,
and R&D locations around the world.[6][7]
The company's predecessor,
CrayCray Research, Inc
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Cluster (computing)
A computer cluster is a set of loosely or tightly connected computers
that work together so that, in many respects, they can be viewed as a
single system. Unlike grid computers, computer clusters have each node
set to perform the same task, controlled and scheduled by software.
The components of a cluster are usually connected to each other
through fast local area networks, with each node (computer used as a
server) running its own instance of an operating system. In most
circumstances, all of the nodes use the same
hardware[1][better source needed] and the same operating
system, although in some setups (e.g
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Research Reactor
Research reactors are nuclear reactors that serve primarily as a
neutron source. They are also called non-power reactors, in contrast
to power reactors that are used for electricity production, heat
generation, or maritime propulsion.Contents1 Purpose
2 Technical aspects
3 Conversion to LEU
4 Designers and constructors
5 Classes of research reactors
6 Research centers
7 References
8 External linksPurpose[edit]
The neutrons produced by a research reactor are used for neutron
scattering, non-destructive testing, analysis and testing of
materials, production of radioisotopes, research and public outreach
and education. Research reactors that produce radioisotopes for
medical or industrial use are sometimes called isotope reactors.
Reactors that are optimised for beamline experiments nowadays compete
with spallation sources.
Technical aspects[edit]
Research reactors are simpler than power reactors and operate at lower
temperatures
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Condensed MatterCondensed matter physicsCondensed matter physics is a branch of physics that deals with the
physical properties of condensed phases of matter,[1] where particles
adhere to each other. Condensed matter physicists seek to understand
the behavior of these phases by using physical laws. In particular,
they include the laws of quantum mechanics, electromagnetism and
statistical mechanics.
The most familiar condensed phases are solids and liquids while more
exotic condensed phases include the superconducting phase exhibited by
certain materials at low temperature, the ferromagnetic and
antiferromagnetic phases of spins on crystal lattices of atoms, and
the
Bose–Einstein condensateBose–Einstein condensate found in ultracold atomic systems
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Supercomputer
A supercomputer is a computer with a high level of performance
compared to a general-purpose computer. Performance of a supercomputer
is measured in floating-point operations per second (FLOPS) instead of
million instructions per second (MIPS)
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Terabyte
The terabyte is a multiple of the unit byte for digital information.
The prefix tera represents the fourth power of 1000, and means 1012 in
the
International System of UnitsInternational System of Units (SI), and therefore one terabyte is
one trillion (short scale) bytes. The unit symbol for the terabyte is
TB.Contents1 Definition
2 History
3 Illustrative usage examples
4 See also
5 ReferencesDefinition[edit]
1 TB = 1000000000000bytes = 1012bytes = 1000gigabytes.
A related unit, the tebibyte (TiB), using a binary prefix, is equal to
10244 bytes. One terabyte is about 0.9095 TiB
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Petabyte
The petabyte is a multiple of the unit byte for digital information.
The prefix peta indicates the fifth power of 1000 and means 1015 in
the
International System of UnitsInternational System of Units (SI), and therefore 1 petabyte is
one quadrillion (short scale) bytes, or 1 billiard (long scale) bytes.
The unit symbol for the petabyte is PB.
1 PB = 1000000000000000B = 1015bytes = 1000terabytes.
A related unit, the pebibyte (PiB), using a binary prefix, is equal to
10245 bytes, which is more than 12% greater (250 bytes =
1125899906842624bytes).
One thousand petabytes (1000 PB) is equal to one exabyte (1 EB).
Usage examples[edit]
Ex
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FLOPS
In computing, floating point operations per second (FLOPS, flops or
flop/s) is a measure of computer performance, useful in fields of
scientific computations that require floating-point calculations
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Central Processing Unit
A central processing unit (CPU) is the electronic circuitry within a
computer that carries out the instructions of a computer program by
performing the basic arithmetic, logical, control and input/output
(I/O) operations specified by the instructions. The computer industry
has used the term "central processing unit" at least since the early
1960s.[1] Traditionally, the term "CPU" refers to a processor, more
specifically to its processing unit and control unit (CU),
distinguishing these core elements of a computer from external
components such as main memory and
I/OI/O circuitry.[2]
The form, design, and implementation of CPUs have changed over the
course of their history, but their fundamental operation remains
almost unchanged
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EuropeEuropeEurope is a continent located entirely in the
Northern HemisphereNorthern Hemisphere and
mostly in the Eastern Hemisphere. It is bordered by the
ArcticArctic Ocean
to the north, the
Atlantic OceanAtlantic Ocean to the west, and the Mediterranean
Sea to the south. It comprises the westernmost part of Eurasia.
Since around 1850,
EuropeEurope is most commonly considered as separated
from
AsiaAsia by the watershed divides of the Ural and
CaucasusCaucasus Mountains,
the Ural River, the Caspian and Black Seas, and the waterways of the
Turkish Straits.[5] Though the term "continent" implies physical
geography, the land border is somewhat arbitrary and has moved since
its first conception in classical antiquity
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Primary Storage
Computer data storage, often called storage or memory, is a technology
consisting of computer components and recording media that are used to
retain digital data. It is a core function and fundamental component
of computers.[1]:15–16
The central processing unit (CPU) of a computer is what manipulates
data by performing computations. In practice, almost all computers use
a storage hierarchy,[1]:468–473 which puts fast but expensive and
small storage options close to the CPU and slower but larger and
cheaper options farther away. Generally the fast volatile technologies
(which lose data when off power) are referred to as "memory", while
slower persistent technologies are referred to as "storage".
In the Von Neumann architecture, the CPU consists of two main parts:
The control unit and the arithmetic logic unit (ALU)
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Byte
The byte (/baɪt/) is a unit of digital information that most commonly
consists of eight bits. Historically, the byte was the number of bits
used to encode a single character of text in a computer[1][2] and for
this reason it is the smallest addressable unit of memory in many
computer architectures.
The size of the byte has historically been hardware dependent and no
definitive standards existed that mandated the size – byte-sizes
from 1[3] to 48 bits[4] are known to have been used in the past. Early
character encoding systems often used six bits, and machines using
six-bit and nine-bit bytes were common into the 1960s. These machines
most commonly had memory words of 12, 24, 36, 48 or 60 bits,
corresponding to two, four, six, eight or 10 six-bit bytes
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