Corrections

(i) Fuse wire correction: The heat liberated includes the heat given out by ignition of the fuse wire used.

(ii) Acid correction: Fuels containing sulphur and nitrogen are oxidized under high pressure and temperature of ignition to sulphuric acid and nitric acid.

S + 02 → SO2

2S02 + 02 + 2H20 → 2H2S04 ?H = -144000 cal

2N2 + 2H20 + 5O2→ 4HN03 ?H = - 57160 cal

Formation of these acids is an exothermic reaction, thus the measured heat also includes the heat given out during acid formation.

Amount of these acids can be analyzed from the washings. Sulphuric acid is precipitated as BaS04. Correction for 1 mg sulphur is 2.25 cal while for 1 ml N/10 HNO3 is 1.43 cal.

(iii) Cooling correction: Time taken to cool the water from maximum temperature to room temperature is noted. From the rate of cooling (dt0 /min) and actual time for cooling (t min), the cooling correction dt x t is added to rise in temperature.

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