Perceived control was the moderating factor in the directional interpretation of anxiety -- not the experience of anxiety symptoms alone. When symptoms were considered under control, symptoms were perceived to have a facilitative effect on performance, whereas those not under control were considered to be detrimental. Increases or decreases in self-confidence were perceived to improve or lower performance respectively.

"It is important for athletes to learn to control pre-race states through techniques such as cognitive restructuring, relaxation, and imagery as controlled activation or 'psych-up' strategies" (p 96).

Implication. Developing high levels of self-confidence and certainty will block the occurrence of debilitating anxiety. Procedures for doing that in swimming are described in the following book: