Harlow(1958)-16 monkeys placed in cages at birth. 2 surrogate mothers- one wire, one cloth.8 got milk from wire,8 from cloth. RESULTS-all spent more time w/cloth mum. Also explored more w/cloth mum

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Further findings-

As adults, the monkeys were all timid, aggressive, had difficulty mating, inadequate mothers, none developed normal social behaviour. Wire monkeys- most dysfunctional. HOWEVER-results reversed if put in normal environment before 90 days

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Conclusions

contact comfort more important than food. Early privation leads to emotional damage... but can be reversed before 90 days

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positive eval of Halow

Helps undertsandig of mother-infant attachment. Attachment not based on food. Shows importance of early relationships, generalisable, care better for animals, HOWE(1998)-helped social workers understand neglect

Baby attaches to one main care giver- the more time spent with them the better.

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What is the law of continuity?

The more constant&predictable the child's care is, the better the quality of attachment

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What is the law of accumulated separation?

The effects of every separation from the p.c.g add up.

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What are social releasers?

Babies have innate 'cute' behaviours that make adults want to care for them. They activate the adult's attachment system.

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What is the critical period?

between 2-2.5y/o the attachment is most active. After this time, it is very difficult for kids to form attachments

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What is the internal working model?

Infants form a mental template of their relationship with their p.c.g. This creates a model for how future relationships are supposed to be. Bad first relationships affect how they are as a parent

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Positive Eval of Bowlby' s theory

Real life application- now mums can stay w/baby in hospital. Hazen&Shaver's love quiz supports internal working model. Brazelton(1975)-interactional synchrony important (2 way)- get distressed if ignored. Lorenz supported social releasers- geese had

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Positive Eval of Bowlby' s theory

Lorenz supported social releasers- geese had innate behaviours to attach- BUT NOT GENERALSIABLE

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Negative Eval

Monotropy is socially sensitive- many mum's use nannys and may worry they they'll be p.c.g. Schaffer&Emmerson's multiple attachments against monotropy. Lamb(1987)-different roles-multiple attachments(dad's play).

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What are the behaviors that indicate good attachment in Ainworth's situation

- artifical location, only shows attachment to mother-may vary, lacks contextual validity- may be due to circumstances,lacks temporal validity- may change over time, unethical-distress. culturebound-Takahashi-japan- babies rarely left- more anxiety

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Negative eval

imposed etic. at least one more type- disorganised

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What does cultural variations have to do with attachment?

Types of attachment may vary depending on cultural parenting techniques

A strong attachment to a mother figure is essential for psychological, emotional and intellectual attachment. If attachment broken-long term issues like affectionless psychopathy. Believes damage is inevitable if separated for long time in critical p

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Study of intellectual development

Goldfarb(1947)- found lower IQ in kids that didn't get fostered and stayed in institutions

Tests what good care can make up for poor early experiences in institutions. Followed 165 romainian kids- 111 adopted before 2y/o, 54 before 4y/o. Control 52 british adopted before 6m/o. Physical, cognitive&social development tested at 4,6,15.

Rel life app- now know how to properly care for kids in institutions- KEY WORKER. Fewer extraneous variables than other orphan studied coz kids always been there- no other places.

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Negative Eval

Ungeneralisable- not typical institutions. Ethical issues- Bucharest Early Intervention- kids randomly assigned to institution or fostering- tried to avoid confouding variable of more sociable kids being picked first like in Rutter's..

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What is the influence of early attachment on later relationships?

According to the Interal Working Model, there's a positive correlation between quality of first attachment and later attachments