3 things that will change the world today

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The C4 rice project: creating a genetically modified crop

The focus of the project is on changing the pathway rice uses to photosynthesise.

Currently rice uses the C3 pathway, which is far more inefficient in hot and dry conditions than the alternative C4 pathway.

While the C4 pathway is not found in rice, it is common in a host of other plants, including maize and sorghum – in fact, it has evolved entirely independently over 60 times.

And while only 3% of plant species that grow above ground use the C4 pathway, they account for a quarter of all terrestrial primary productivity –the energy produced by photosynthesis in above-ground plants – showing how effective this form of photosynthesis is.

But making rice use this superior pathway isn’t simply a matter of switching a single gene – C4 plants have entirely different leaf structures, with a more complex arrangement of cells. And it is this that the researchers are working to change in rice.

This is a complicated process that involves working out which combination of genes need to be changed, which builds on efforts so far but will likely take another five years.

However, if this is successful, the eventual results will be a new genetically modified rice strain that makes a powerful difference to the world’s food supplies – and the Bill & Melinda Gates foundation funding it vital to achieving this.

3 Things That Will Change the World Today

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As well as ensuring the project can continue, it ensures that the research and resulting strain will be accessible around the world – and in particular in developing countries – without exorbitant cost.

“This is an extremely challenging long-term project and we are grateful to the foundation for backing the team for a further five years. This new award will get us closer to delivering rice lines that will have real impact for smallholder farmers,” said Professor Jane Langdale, from the Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, who leads the consortium.

“This is about being custodians of something that’s bigger than our individual scientific interests.”

The researchers hope to begin research at experimental field plots in Taiwan by 2024.