Managing has been one of the important human activities. It encompasses managing individual lives as well as big corporations. We are all managers of our own lives. We have to perform certain tasks each day :we must eat and sleep, go to school or work, care for our possessions.

Management by objectives, by exception,and by crisis are newly
evolving concepts in management. These concepts are practiced and they
are receiving wide acceptance. We will understand the meaning importance,
merits and demerits, and other aspects of these concepts in this unit.

Management is defined in terms of four specific functions of managers such as planning,organizing,leading and controlling.Though this definition has come under some scrutiny,it is still generally accepted.Thus we can understand that management is the"process of planning,organizing leading, and controlling the efforts of organisation members.

The study of this unit should enable students to define profession
and identity the characteristics of profession.They will also be able to
find out whether management possesses these characteristics and
explain how management is emerging as a profession.

Policy ans strategy are two important parts of planning. They provide direction and framework for plans. They affect all areas of managing. We will understand more about the policy, strategy and objectives in this unit.

Organisation's environment is to be assessed properly for effective
planning. Assessing the environment is the most challenging task
forced by managers. Many techniques have been developed to help managers in this process. We will understand in this unit three important
planning techniques for assessing the organisation's environment.

Linear programming is a mathematical technique that solves resource
allocation problems. For example, a manufacturer produces two
kinds of products, product A and and product B.Linear programming cannot be applied to all resource allocation situations.

Through delegation of authority, superior-subordinate hierarchy is created in an organization.Hence, it could be stated that delegation of authority is the key to the organization just as the possession of authority is the key to the Managerial job. An organization comes into existence because of delegation.By delegating authority, superior creates subordinate Managers and he makes organization po ......

Henri Fayol speaks of authority as "the right to give orders and the power to exact obedience"According to Fayol, the authority also includes power to reward or punish. There have been two schools of thought which define authority in different perspective. One is called the "formal authority theory" and the other is known as the "acceptance theory of authority".

The influence person can exert over another.In the organizational context, there is a distinction made between line authority and staff authority.
In a modem day organization, where complex tasks have to be performed, both types of authority relationships comes into play.They are complementary and not opposing elements. But the very nature
of these two types of authority are a source of conflict ......

After studying this Unit, students should be able to define span of management and analyse relationship between span of management & levels.They will also be able to construct an organization with varying levels and evaluate the importance of committees in management.

After studying this unit students should be able to define planning and identify the features of planning. They will also be able to explain the importance of planning and state the limitations of planning.

"Self control" is the term we commonly use in our day-to-day life .
The term indicates that we have a set of plans and we strictly adhere to them.Controls are there to ensure that, the events tum up as they are intended to be. Plans without corresponding controls are apt to be hollow hopes.

Control, as you have gone through in the previous unit is essential for
any organisation. It's role is not denied in ensuring that the plans are not
mere pipe drums. Control infact is the way of assessing the outcome of a
plan - therefore no plan is complete without control. Effective control should be exercised at all the three stages of inputs, processes and outputs.

Information is a term that stands distinct from 'data' . Data refers to
collection of unorganized facts, statistics, opinions or predictions. Information,on the other hand is processed data which is directly used in the decision making process. A data undergoes many steps before becoming an information.

Social responsibility of business is an important aspect of discussion.
Culture is of great significance to any business. It broadly determines the
type of goods and services a business should produce. Business systems are
a product of beliefs, mores and customs of the society in which they exist.

After studying this unit students will be able to give the meaning of Decision Making and mention characteristic features of good decision making.They will also be able to state the various steps in Decision Making and explain the importance of Decision Making.

Leadership is an influence-interaction process between the leader
and his group of followers or subordinates. It is an interpersonal and a social process. A leader is an individual who holds a say over some of the attitudes,values and behaviours of a group of people. Leadership is an ability of a person to arouse groups compliance and cooperation in order to achieve a pre-determined goal. It is a ......

The development of human resource means increasing employees
skills and extending their knowledge, which would help the organisational
development. Human resource development is a technique to transform human resource inputs into outputs. The transformation process involves the managerial system s for acquiring, developing, allocating, utilizing, evaluating and rewarding.

Managerial functions of attracting, acquiring, activating, developing and maintaining human resources for achieving organisational goals efficiently is called staffing. Staffing also involves upgrading the quality and usefulness of the members of the organisation with a view to get higher performance from them.

After studying this unit, students should be able to explain recruitment, selection and training and bring out the recruitment policy and its characteristics.They will also be able to list out the sources of recruitment and bring out the methods of recruitment and discuss the factors making the recruitment programme effective and explain selection policy.

Communication is defined as the transfer of information from the sender to the receiver. Therefore sender and receiver are the two important factors of communications. In between these two ends,there are other factors transmitting the information and the message. These are discussed in the next part of the unit.

After studying this unit, students should be in a position to give the meaning of coordination and explain the nature of coordination.They will also be able to discuss the advantages of coordination and discuss the types of coordination and explain the techniques of coordination.

Organisations are created because they perform tasks i.e,produce goods
and/or services on a scale which is not possible for individuals. We live in a society of organisation, profit making as well as not for profit making. The standard of living in a modern society would not have been possible but for the efficient functioning of business corporations and public service organisations like univers ......

After studying this unit students will be able to define various dimensions of organisation structure and describe the inter relationship among these dimensions.They will also be able to analyse Peter-Druckers' Five design principle.

After studying this unit students should be able to define 'Formal' and 'Informal' organizations and distinguish between 'Formal' and 'Informal' organizations.They will also be able to evaluate the importance of Informal organizations and identify commonly found Formal organization structures.