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The composition and physical properties of crudeoil vary widely from one reservoir to another within an oil field, as well as from one field or region to another. Although all oils consist of hydrocarbons and their derivatives, the proportions of various types of compounds differ greatly. This makes some oils more suitable than others for specific refining processes and uses. To take advantage of this diversity, one needs access to information in a large database of crudeoil analyses. The CrudeOil Analysis Database (COADB) currently satisfies this need by offering 9,056 crudeoil analyses. Of these, 8,500 are United States domestic oils. The database contains results of analysis of the general properties and chemical composition, as well as the field, formation, and geographic location of the crudeoil sample. [Taken from the Introduction to COAMDATA_DESC.pdf, part of the zipped software and database file at http://www.netl.doe.gov/technologies/oil-gas/Software/database.html] Save the zipped file to your PC. When opened, it will contain PDF documents and a large Excel spreadsheet. It will also contain the database in Microsoft Access 2002.

4 4 Notes: While the relatively low stock forecast (although not as low as last winter) adds some extra pressure to prices, the price of crudeoil could be the major factor affecting heating oil prices this winter. The current EIA forecast shows residential prices averaging $1.29 this winter, assuming no volatility. The average retail price is about 7 cents less than last winter, but last winter included the price spike in November 2000, December 2000, and January 2001. Underlying crudeoil prices are currently expected to be at or below those seen last winter. WTI averaged over $30 per barrel last winter, and is currently forecast to average about $27.50 per barrel this winter. As those of you who watch the markets know, there is tremendous uncertainty in the amount of crudeoil supply that will be available this winter. Less

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This patent describes and improvement in the process of transporting waxy crudeoils through a pipeline. It comprises: incorporating into the crudeoil an effective pour point depressant amount of an additive comprising a polymer selected from the group consisting of copolymers of ethylene and acrylonitrile, and terpolymers of ethylene, acrylonitrile and a third monomer selected from the group consisting of vinyl acetate, carbon monoxide, alkyl acrylates, alkyl methacrylates, alkyl vinyl ethers, vinyl chloride, vinyl fluoride, acrylic acid, and methacrylic acid, wherein the amount of third monomer in the terpolymer ranges from about 0.1 to about 10.0 percent by weight.

Abstract Oil has been the number one source of energy in the world since the middle of the twentieth century. The world is very dependent on petroleum for transportation fuels, petrochemicals and asphalt. But ever increasing demand has caused the price of oil to spike in recent years, and only the world economic crisis has been able to temper demand and bring the price down to more reasonable levels. However, the demand and price are likely to shoot up again when the economy recovers. At the same time, the peak oil theory of M. King Hubbert predicts that world oil production is likely to peak soon. This prediction raises questions about what source of energy will come to the fore when oil is not able to keep up.

Crude vegetable oils contain various minor substances like phospholipids, coloring pigments, and free fatty acids (FFA) that may affect quality of the oil. Reduction of energy costs and waste disposal are major concerns for many oil refiners who...

CrudeOil Imports From Persian Gulf CrudeOil Imports From Persian Gulf January - June 2013 | Release Date: August 29, 2013 | Next Release Date: February 27, 2014 2013 CrudeOil Imports From Persian Gulf Highlights It should be noted that several factors influence the source of a company's crudeoil imports. For example, a company like Motiva, which is partly owned by Saudi Refining Inc., would be expected to import a large percentage from the Persian Gulf, while Citgo Petroleum Corporation, which is owned by the Venezuelan state oil company, would not be expected to import a large percentage from the Persian Gulf, since most of their imports likely come from Venezuela. In addition, other factors that influence a specific company's sources of crudeoil imports would include the characteristics of various crudeoils as well as a company's economic

9 9 Notes: Consistent with OECD inventories, U.S. inventories are low. They have been well below the normal range for over one year. Crudeoil stocks in the United States, while tending to increase of late toward more normal levels, remain well below average. At the end of December, crudeoil stocks were near 289 million barrels, about 4% below the 5-year average, and slightly higher than at the end of 1999. The latest weekly data, for the week ending January 19, show U.S. crudeoil stocks at 286 million barrels, just about a million barrels above their level a year ago. Near-term tightness in U.S. crudeoil markets have kept current prices above forward prices, reflecting current strength in crudeoil demand relative to supply. Relatively strong U.S. oil demand next year should keep crudeoil

DISPLACEMENT OF CRUDEOIL BY CARBON DIOXIDE A Thesis by OLUSEGUN OMOLE Submitted to the Graduate College of Texas ASM University in part';al fulfillment of the requirement for the degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE December 1980 Major Subject...: Petroleum Engineering DISPLACEMENT OF CRUDEOIL BY CARBON DIOXIDE A Thesis by OLUSEGUN OMOLE Approved as to style and content by: hairman of Committee / (Member (Member (Member (Hea o Depart ent December 1980 ABSTRACT Displacement of CrudeOil...

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5 5 Notes: This slide shows the strong influence crudeoil prices have on retail distillate prices. The price for distillate fuel oil tracks the crude price increases seen in 1996 and the subsequent fall in 1997 and 1998. Distillate prices have also followed crudeoil prices up since the beginning of 1999. Actual data show heating oil prices on the East Coast in June at $1.20 per gallon, up 39 cents over last June. However, if heating oil prices are following diesel, they may be up another 5 cents in August. That would put heating oil prices about 40 cents over last August prices. Crudeoil prices are only up about 25 cents in August over year ago levels. The extra 15 cents represents improved refiner margins due in part to the very low distillate inventory level.

5 5 Notes: Retail distillate prices follow the spot distillate markets, and crudeoil prices have been the main driver behind distillate spot price increases until recently. Crudeoil rose about 36 cents per gallon from its low point in mid February 1999 to the middle of January 2000. Over this same time period, New York Harbor spot heating oil had risen about 42 cents per gallon, reflecting both the crude price rise and a return to a more usual seasonal spread over the price of crudeoil. The week ending January 21, heating oil spot prices in the Northeast spiked dramatically to record levels, closing on Friday at $1.26 per gallon -- up 50 cents from the prior week. Gulf Coast prices were not spiking, but were probably pulled slightly higher as the New York Harbor market began to

Like the rest of the OECD countries, US petroleum inventories are low and Like the rest of the OECD countries, US petroleum inventories are low and are not expected to recover to the normal range this winter. Preliminary data for the end of October indicate it may be the lowest level for crudeoil stocks in the United States since weekly data began being collected in 1982, when crudeoil inputs to refineries were about 3-4 million barrels per day less than today. U.S. crudeoil stocks stood at about 283 million barrels on November 3, according to EIA's latest weekly survey. This puts them about 21 million barrels or 7% below the level seen at the same time last year. Current market conditions do suggest some improvement in the near term. Days supply of commercial crudeoil stocks in the United States is estimated to have been 19 days in October, the lowest for that month since

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Implications of Increasing U.S. Crude Implications of Increasing U.S. CrudeOil Production By John Powell June 18, 2013 U.S. crudeoil production is up dramatically since 2010 and will continue to grow rapidly; this has implications for: John Powell June 18, 2013 2 * Refinery operations * Refinery investment * Logistics infrastructure investment * Exports of petroleum products * Exports of crudeoil Increased U.S. crudeoil production has resulted in: John Powell June 18, 2013 3 * Declines in U.S. crude imports * Changes to refinery operations * Logistical constraints in moving crude from production areas to refining areas * Discounted prices for domestic "landlocked" crude vs. international seaborne crude

5 5 Notes: U.S. crudeoil stocks stood at about 289 million barrels on September 8, according to EIA's latest survey. This puts them about 24 million barrels below the level seen at the same time last year. Current market conditions do not suggest much improvement in the near term. We probably ended last month (August 2000) with the lowest level for end-of-August crudeoil stocks (289 million barrels) in the United States since 1976, when crudeoil inputs to refineries were about 2 million barrels per day less than today. However, by EIA data, we have seen (at least slightly) lower crude stocks in recent months, including an end-December 1999 level of 284 million barrels. The American Petroleum Institute (API), which also surveys petroleum supply and demand

mid-January, 2000. WTI crudeoil price rose about $17 per mid-January, 2000. WTI crudeoil price rose about $17 per barrel or 40 cents per gallon from its low point in mid February 1999 to January 17, 2000. Over this same time period, New York Harbor spot heating oil had risen about 42 cents per gallon, reflecting both the crude price rise and the beginning of a return to a more usual seasonal spread over the price of crudeoil. The week ending January 21, distillate spot prices in the Northeast spiked dramatically to record levels, closing on Friday at $1.26 per gallon -- up 50 cents from the prior week. Gulf Coast prices were not spiking, but were probably pulled higher as the New York Harbor market began to draw on product from other areas. They closed at 83 cents per gallon, an increase of 11 cents from the prior Friday. Crudeoil had risen about 4 cents from

(26) However, it has to be noted that dilution of crude petroleum oils radically changes the photophysics of fluorescence emission and, as such, the Shpolskii method is not suitable for exploring crudeoil fluorescence from neat, undiluted oils. ... with shorter wavelength excitation (to 325 nm); all crude petroleums have nearly the same relative dependence of quantum yield on excitation wavelength. ...

Impacts of the Venezuelan CrudeOil Production Loss Impacts of the Venezuelan CrudeOil Production Loss EIA Home > Petroleum > Petroleum Feature Articles Impacts of the Venezuelan CrudeOil Production Loss Printer-Friendly PDF Impacts of the Venezuelan CrudeOil Production Loss By Joanne Shore and John Hackworth1 Introduction The loss of almost 3 million barrels per day of crudeoil production in Venezuela following a strike in December 2002 resulted in an increase in the world price of crudeoil. However, in the short term, the volume loss probably affected the United States more than most other areas. This country receives more than half of Venezuela's crude and product exports, and replacing the lost volumes proved difficult. U.S. imports of Venezuelan crudeoil dropped significantly in December 2002 relative to other years

Abstract This study examines price discovery among the two most prominent price benchmarks in the market for crudeoil, WTI sweet crude and Brent sweet crude. Using data on the most active futures contracts measured at the one-second frequency, we find that WTI maintains a dominant role in price discovery relative to Brent, with an estimated information share in excess of 80%, over a sample from 2007 to 2012. Our analysis is robust to different decompositions of the sample, over pit-trading sessions and non-pit trading sessions, segmentation of days associated with major economic news releases, and data measured to the millisecond. We find no evidence that the dominant role of WTI in price discovery is diminished by the price spread between Brent that emerged in 2008.

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3 of 17 3 of 17 Notes: After declining in 1999 due to a series of announced production cuts, OPEC 10 (OPEC countries excluding Iraq) production has been increasing during 2000. EIA's projected OPEC production levels for fourth quarter 2000 have been lowered by 300,000 barrels per day from the previous Outlook. Most of this decrease is in OPEC 10 production, which is estimated to be 26.5 million barrels per day. EIA still believes that only Saudi Arabia, and to a lesser degree, the United Arab Emirates, will have significant short-term capacity to expand production. EIA's forecast assumes that OPEC 10 crudeoil production will decline by 400,000 barrels per day to 26.1 million barrels per day by mid-2001. Iraqi crudeoil production is estimated to have increased from 2.3 million

9 9 Notes: EIA assumes in its base case that OPEC 10 production averages about 0.6 million barrels per day less in the 1st quarter of 2001 than was produced in the 4th quarter of 2000. This is based on the assumption that beginning in February 2001, OPEC 10 production is 1 million barrels per day less than the estimate for December 2000. From the fourth quarter of 1999 to the 4th quarter of 2000, worldwide oil production increased by about 3.7 million barrels per day to a level of 77.8 million barrels per day. After being sharply curtailed in December 2000, EIA's base case assumes that Iraqi oil exports only partially return in January. By February, EIA assumes Iraqi crudeoil production reaches 3 million barrels per day, roughly the peak levels reached last year.

EIA assumes in its base case that OPEC 10 production averages about EIA assumes in its base case that OPEC 10 production averages about 0.6 million barrels per day less in the 1st quarter of 2001 than was produced in the 4th quarter of 2000. This is based on the assumption that beginning in February 2001, OPEC 10 production is 1 million barrels per day less than the estimate for December 2000. Over the course of the past year, worldwide oil production has increased by about 3.7 million barrels per day to a level of 77.8 million barrels per day in the last months of 2000. After being nearly completely curtailed in December 2000, EIA's base case assumes that Iraqi oil exports only partially return in January. By February, EIA assumes Iraqi crudeoil production reaches 3 million barrels per day, roughly the peak levels reached last year.

6 6 Notes: EIA assumes in its base case that OPEC 10 production averages about 0.6 million barrels per day less in the 1st quarter of 2001 than was produced in the 4th quarter of 2000. This is based on the assumption that beginning in February 2001, OPEC 10 production is 1 million barrels per day less than the estimate for December 2000. From the fourth quarter of 1999 to the 4th quarter of 2000, worldwide oil production increased by about 3.8 million barrels per day to a level of 77.9 million barrels per day. After being sharply curtailed in December and January, EIA's base case assumes that Iraqi oil exports return closer to more normal levels in February. By the second half of 2001, EIA assumes Iraqi crudeoil production reaches 3 million barrels per day, roughly the peak levels

OIL & GAS HISTORY 1 History in California 4 Superior figures refer to references at the end of the essay. OIL AND GAS PRODUCTION California oil was always a valued commodity. When the Spanish explorers landed in California in the 1500s, they found Indians gathering asphaltum (very thick oil) from natural

The answer to the question posed in the title is that tightness in the market will surely prevail through 1997. And as discussed herein, with worldwide demand expected to continue to grow, there will be a strong call on extra oil supply. Meeting those demands, however, will not be straightforward--as many observers wrongly believe--considering the industry`s practice of maintaining crude stocks at ``Just in time`` inventory levels. Further, impact will be felt from the growing rig shortage, particularly for deepwater units, and down-stream capacity limits. While these factors indicate 1997 should be another good year for the service industry, it is difficult to get any kind of consensus view from the oil price market. With most observers` information dominated by the rarely optimistic futures price of crude, as reflected by the NYMEX, the important fact is that oil prices have remained stable for three years and increased steadily through 1996.

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vertically-oriented, cylindrical coalescer. The electrical conductivity of each phase of the water-in-oil emulsion was varied to determine their effects on the rate of coalescence. Both light and intermediate grades of crudeoil emulsions were modified...

A process is provided for removing heavy metal compounds from heavy crudeoil by mixing the heavy crudeoil with tar sand; preheating the mixture to a temperature of about 650.degree. F.; heating said mixture to up to 800.degree. F.; and separating tar sand from the light oils formed during said heating. The heavy metals removed from the heavy oils can be recovered from the spent sand for other uses.

Oil and Petroleum Products > Refining CrudeOilOil and Petroleum Products > Refining CrudeOil Energy Explained - Home What Is Energy? Forms of Energy Sources of Energy Laws of Energy Units and Calculators Energy Conversion Calculators British Thermal Units (Btu) Degree-Days U.S. Energy Facts State and U.S. Territory Data Use of Energy In Industry For Transportation In Homes In Commercial Buildings Efficiency and Conservation Energy and the Environment Greenhouse Gases Effect on the Climate Where Emissions Come From Outlook for Future Emissions Recycling and Energy Nonrenewable Sources Oil and Petroleum Products Refining CrudeOil Where Our Oil Comes From Imports and Exports Offshore Oil and Gas Use of Oil Prices and Outlook Oil and the Environment Gasoline Where Our Gasoline Comes From Use of Gasoline Prices and Outlook

The Phillips Petroleum International Corporation Asia (PPICA) Xijiang Field Development Project is a unique project resulting in the production of a waxy crudeoil. The crudeoil is produced on two platforms feeding a final production unit located on an FPSO (Floating Production, Storage and Off-loading) vessel located between the platforms. The crude from these two fields contains a high concentration of wax and has a relatively high pour point temperature. The crude composition and oil properties are listed in two tables. Special consideration was needed with respect to operating temperatures, start-up and shutdown procedures.

In order to reveal the stylized facts of world crudeoil prices, R/S (Rescaled Range Analysis) method is introduced in this paper. For illustration, WTI (West Texas Intermediate) and Brent daily crudeoil prices are used in this paper. The calculated ...

This research is designed to determine if there are any naturally occurring constituents in crudeoils that can be chemically altered to bring about increased oil production. An extract containing only the polar organic compounds of the crudeoil was obtained by using a modification of the ASTM-2007 procedure. Chemical characterization of the polar compounds were carried out using high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) and gas chromatography. The HPLC analyses indicated a range of polar organic compound content of 10 crudeoils from 1.6% to 12.7%. Wettability determinations show that by adding a small amount of the polar fraction from a crudeoil, to a mineral oil, a 40 to 111% change of wettability toward a more oil-wet system will occur, depending on the specific extract used.

Reports that the most important feature of the partial combustion cracking (PCC) process is its ability to convert heavy petroleum fractions to light olefins with minimum residue. Presents diagram of the PCC process; graph of feedstock cost vs. return on investment (ROI); and tables with average ethylene yields, cracking yields, and PCC vs. LPG and naphtha cracking. Finds that the 10% difference in capital between the PCC and the naphtha feed case is due mainly to the cost of the acid gas and sulfur handling sections required for the PCC, but not for a naphtha cracker. The very favorable ROI and ethylene costs are due to the relative difference in feedstock pricing. Sensitivity of ROI to changes in feedstock was also studied for the PCC cases. The ratio of cost of high-sulfur fuel oil (HSFO) to average crude price is used to indicate the substantial effect of feedstock price on the attractiveness of the project. Concludes that with HSFO at 85 to 100% of crude value, the PCC represents an excellent investment for future ethylene needs.

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SPR CrudeOil Acquisition Procedures SPR CrudeOil Acquisition Procedures SPR CrudeOil Acquisition Procedures Section 301(e)(2) of the Energy Policy Act of 2005 (Public Law 109-58) directs the Secretary of Energy to develop procedures to acquire petroleum, subject to certain conditions, in quantities to fill the Strategic Petroleum Reserve (SPR) to the authorized one billion barrel capacity. On April 24, 2006, a Notice of Proposed Rulemaking (NOPR) for acquisition of crudeoil for the SPR was published in the Federal Register. The procedures include provisions for acquisition through several means, including direct purchase, by transfer of royalty oil from the Department of the Interior, and by receipt of premium barrels resulting from deferral of scheduled deliveries of petroleum for the Reserve.

The structural-group composition of hydrocarbons of Mesozoic crudeoils near the Caspian depression was investigated by mass-spectrometry, followed by the analysis of the mass-spectra using a computer. The distribution of naphthenic hydrocarbons, according to the number of rings and of aromatic hydrocarbons, according to the degree of hydrogen unsaturation is similar for all the crudeoils examined. The hydrocarbon composition of Mesozoic crudeoils is characterized by a reduction in the content of aliphatic hydrocarbons and alkyl benzenes.

China`s oil market is in transition, and this has dramatically shaped its crude and petroleum product balances. During the last five years (1989-1993), imports of crude and refined products increased rapidly, while exports of crude and refined products declined year after year. In 1993 petroleum product imports surged to a record high of 354,000 barrels per day (b/d) at the same time that crude imports also increased to a record high of 315,000 b/d. If we combine imports and exports of both crudeoil and products, China was a net oil importer of about 200,000 b/d during 1993. This marked the first time since 1960s that China has fallen into net oil importer status. Four major changes have characterized China`s oil imports and exports during the last two decades. First, China has made vigorous efforts to diversify its total exports away from oil-based goods to non-oil items. Second, the composition of oil exports has changed, shifting from dependence on crudeoil exports toward a greater proportion of finished or semi-finished products. Third, the oil import pattern has also shifted from primarily heavy products to primarily light products. Finally, Northern China has continued to export oil across the Pacific Basin, but Southern China has begun importing petroleum from Indonesia and the Middle East. These trends indicate that China will become increasingly vital to both the regional and global oil trade. Overall, Asian oil imports are expected to double in the next ten years.

With case studies, the practices, problems, and prospects of handling waxy crudeoils in Nigeria are discussed. Using a rotational viscometer, the temperature dependence of rheological properties and thixotropy of these crudes were determined. Suggestions are given on how to improve handling practices. These suggestions include adequate screening and ranking of wax inhibitors, taking into account pour-point depression, viscosity, and yield value.

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This study investigates the dynamic relationship between crudeoil and retail gasoline prices during the last 21 years and determines ... that date, the results show that gasoline prices include higher profit mar...

This patent describes improvement in a process for flowing waxy crudeoil through a pipe line. The improvement comprises: applying ultrasonic energy to the flowing crudeoil prior to or after combining with the crudeoil a solution of polymeric wax crystal modifier whereby the gel strength of the crudeoil-wax crystal modifier is lowered.

The crudeoil from the Midway Sunset Field in California contains 70% non-distillable constituents called resid. Analysis of Midway Sunset crude components using standard analytical techniques such as GC and GC-MS is difficult due to the complex and intractable nature of the resid. Acidic components in crudes are of importance because the presence of these compounds results in problems related to pipe corrosion and waste-water contamination. Detailed characterization of the acidic components of Midway Sunset crude using high-resolution electron impact (HREI) and chemical ionization (HRCI) mass spectrometry have been undertaken.

The authors discuss the crudeoil from a new offshore field called the Lam Bank in the Caspian Sea. A segregated commercial crude was distilled and the distillation data is shown. In order to determine the content of n-paraffins, the naphthenic-paraffinic part of the narrow cuts was subjected to adsorptive separation on CaA zeolite. Owing to the high contents of naphthenic and isoparaffinic hydrocarbons and the low content of aromatic hydrocarbons in the distillate part, this crude can be used to produce high-quality fuels and oils by the use of the dewaxing processes.

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8 8 Notes: World oil prices have tripled from their low point in December 1998 to August this year, pulling product prices up as well. But crude prices are expected to show a gradual decline as increased oil production from OPEC and others enters the world oil market. We won't likely see much decline this year, however, as prices are expected to end the year at about $30 per barrel. The average price of WTI was almost $30 per barrel in March, but dropped to $26 in April as the market responded to the additional OPEC production. However, prices strengthened again, averaging almost $32 in June, $30 in July, and $31 in August. The continued increases in crudeoil prices indicate buyers are having trouble finding crudeoil, bidding higher prices to obtain the barrels available.

Prompted by the contemporaneous spike in coal, oil, and natural gas prices, this paper evaluates the degree of market integration both within and between crudeoil, coal, and natural gas markets. Our approach yields parameters that can be readily tested against a priori conjectures. Using daily price data for five very different crudeoils, we conclude that the world oil market is a single, highly integrated economic market. On the other hand, coal prices at five trading locations across the United States are cointegrated, but the degree of market integration is much weaker, particularly between Western and Eastern coals. Finally, we show that crudeoil, coal, and natural gas markets are only very weakly integrated. Our results indicate that there is not a primary energy market. Despite current price peaks, it is not useful to think of a primary energy market, except in a very long run context.

Compared with pipelining Newtonian fluid, the pipelining characteristics of the waxy crude pipeline are sensitive to the complicated rheological properties. When the temperature is lower than the wax appearance t...

Surface Properties of Basic Components Extracted from Petroleum CrudeOil ... Ratios in oils are inherited from source rock kerogens with minor change, are conserved during catagenesis and biodegrdn., are robust correlation parameters, and facilitate the classification of petroleums in terms of the depositional facies and lithol. of the source rock. ...

Extraction of Basic Components from Petroleum CrudeOil ... Ratios in oils are inherited from source rock kerogens with minor change, are conserved during catagenesis and biodegrdn., are robust correlation parameters, and facilitate the classification of petroleums in terms of the depositional facies and lithol. of the source rock. ...

Reproducibility of LCA Models of CrudeOil Production ... We examine LCA greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions models to test the reproducibility of their estimates for well-to-refinery inlet gate (WTR) GHG emissions. ... We use the Oil Production Greenhouse gas Emissions Estimator (OPGEE), an open source engineering-based life cycle assessment (LCA) model, as the reference model for this analysis. ...

6 6 Notes: Retail prices for both gasoline and diesel fuel have risen strongly over the past two years, driven mostly by the rise in world crudeoil prices to their highest levels since the Persian Gulf War. Of course, there are a number of other significant factors that impact retail product prices, the most important of which is the supply/demand balance for each product. But the point of this slide is to show that generally speaking, as world crudeoil prices rise and fall, so do retail product prices. Because of the critical importance of crudeoil price levels, my presentation today will look first at global oil supply and demand, and then at the factors that differentiate the markets for each product. I'll also talk briefly about natural gas, and the impact that gas

oil market is weak-form efficiency while the WTI crudeoil market seems to be inefficiency on the 1994Â­2008 sub-period, suggesting that the deregulation have not improved the efficiency on the WTI crudeoil

OPECs actual production was mainly unrestricted until the 1973 Arab oil embargo. ... On the basis of the analysis of all 47 investigated oil producing countries, the results of our study estimated that the world ultimate reserve of crudeoil is around 2140 BSTB and that 1161 BSTB are remaining to be produced as of 2005 year end. ... MSTB/D = thousand stock tank barrels per day ...

crudeoil production expected to exceed oil imports later crudeoil production expected to exceed oil imports later this year U.S. crudeoil production is expected to surpass U.S. crudeoil imports by the fourth quarter of this year. That would mark the first time since February 1995 that domestic crudeoil output exceeds imports, according to the latest monthly energy outlook from the U.S. Energy Information Administration. The United States will still need to import crudeoil to help meet domestic demand. However, total crudeoil imports this year are on track to fall to their lowest level since 1997. U.S. oil production is expected to continue to rise over the next two years as imports fall. As a result, the share of total U.S. petroleum consumption met by net imports is forecast to fall to 32 percent next year, the lowest level since 1985 and nearly half the peak level of 60 percent seen in

Forecasting Forecasting CrudeOil Spot Price Using OECD Petroleum Inventory Levels MICHAEL YE, â JOHN ZYREN, ââ AND JOANNE SHORE ââ Abstract This paper presents a short-term monthly forecasting model of West Texas Intermedi- ate crudeoil spot price using OECD petroleum inventory levels. Theoretically, petroleum inventory levels are a measure of the balance, or imbalance, between petroleum production and demand, and thus provide a good market barometer of crudeoil price change. Based on an understanding of petroleum market fundamentals and observed market behavior during the post-Gulf War period, the model was developed with the objectives of being both simple and practical, with required data readily available. As a result, the model is useful to industry and government decision-makers in forecasting price and investigat- ing the impacts of changes on price, should inventories,

Application of Carbon Nanocatalysts in Upgrading Heavy CrudeOil Assisted with Microwave Heating, Stanford, California 94305, United States *S Supporting Information ABSTRACT: Heavy crudeoil can that by using carbon nano- catalysts, heavy crudeoil can be efficiently upgraded to lighter oil at a relatively

THE TOXICITY OF TWO CRUDEOILS AND KEROSINE TO CATTLE A Thesis by LOYD DOUGLAS ROWE Submitted to the Graduate College of Texas A&M University in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE December 1972 Major... Subject: Veterinary Toxicology THE TOXICITY OF TWO CRUDEOILS AND KEROSINE TO CATTLE A Thesis by LOYD DOUGLAS ROWE Approved as to style and content by: i (Chairman of Committee) J (Head of De rtment) (Member) (Me er) December 1972 ABSTRACT...

BP Oil Spill and Air Chemistry Crudeoil contains various hydrocarbons NOAA and CIRES here at CU went to the oil spill in an aircraft that was equipped with instruments to measure the air quality. 1/3 of the oil dissolved into the water column (methane completely, benzene and ethane almost completely) Showed

Administration, Office of Oil and Gas, October 2006 Administration, Office of Oil and Gas, October 2006 1 The Relationship Between CrudeOil and Natural Gas Prices by Jose A. Villar Natural Gas Division Energy Information Administration and Frederick L. Joutz Department of Economics The George Washington University Abstract: This paper examines the time series econometric relationship between the Henry Hub natural gas price and the West Texas Intermediate (WTI) crudeoil price. Typically, this relationship has been approached using simple correlations and deterministic trends. When data have unit roots as in this case, such analysis is faulty and subject to spurious results. We find a cointegrating relationship relating Henry Hub prices to the WTI and trend capturing the relative demand and supply effects over the 1989-through-2005 period. The dynamics of the relationship

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This paper reports that the Commonwealth of Independent States' Kazakhstan republic is driving to achieve international export capability for its crudeoil production. Latest official figures showed Kazakhstan producing 532,000 b/d, or a little more than 5% of the C.I.S. total of 10.292 million b/d. As part of its oil export campaign, Kazakhstan agreed with Oman to a joint venture pipeline to ship oil from Kazakh fields, including supergiant Tengiz, earmarked for further development by a Chevron Corp. joint venture. In addition, Kazakh leaders were scheduled to conduct 3 days of talks last week with Turkish officials covering construction of a crudeoil pipeline to the Mediterranean Sea through Turkey.

The use of parametric GARCH models to characterise crudeoil price volatility is widely observed in the empirical literature. In this paper, we consider an alternative approach involving nonparametric method to model and forecast oil price return volatility. Focusing on two crudeoil markets, Brent and West Texas Intermediate (WTI), we show that the out-of-sample volatility forecast of the nonparametric GARCH model yields superior performance relative to an extensive class of parametric GARCH models. These results are supported by the use of robust loss functions and the Hansen's (2005) superior predictive ability test. The improvement in forecasting accuracy of oil price return volatility based on the nonparametric GARCH model suggests that this method offers an attractive and viable alternative to the commonly used parametric GARCH models.

A process for preparing an oil-in-water emulsion for pipeline transmission is described comprising: (a) shearing and mixing statically, without any dynamic shearing and mixing preceding or following the shearing and mixing statically, a hydrocarbon with an emulsifying composition comprising water and a minor amount of an emulsifying agent at a temperature of from about 100/sup 0/F. to about 200/sup 0/F. to form an oil-in-water emulsion having a viscosity sufficiently low for pipeline transmission, wherein the amount of water in the oil-in-water emulsion is from about 15% to about 60% by weight, and wherein the emulsifying agent is used in an amount sufficient to assist in the formation of the oil-in-water emulsion that is sufficiently stable for pipeline transmission; and wherein the emulsifying agent comprises about 50 percent by weight of an ethoxylated nonyl phenol compound.

Determination of Asphaltenes in CrudeOil and Petroleum Products by the on Column Precipitation Method ... An improved analytical method for the determination of asphaltene content in crudeoils and petroleum products was developed. ... Composition of heavy petroleums. ...

Modeling the transport and fate of spilled crudeoil is important for estimating short and long-term toxicity effects in coastal ecosystems. This research project investigates the partitioning of hydrocarbons from a surface crudeoil slick...

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Sunco Oil manufactures three types of gasoline (gas 1, gas 2 and gas 3). Each type is produced by blending three types of crudeoil (crude 1, crude 2 and crude 3). The sales price per barrel of gasoline and the purchase price per barrel of crudeoil are given in following table: Gasoline Sale Price per barrel Gas 1

Mick Jagger Explains High CrudeOil Prices How can Mick Jagger of The Rolling Stones help explain the current high crudeoil price? It does not relate to Mick' short stint at the London School of Economics, the oil industry operates on the same principle, at least in the short run. The industry relies on proven

Design of CrudeOil Pre-heat Trains G.T.Po]Jey B.L.Yeap D.I.Wilson M.H.Panjeh Shahi Pinchtechnology.com Dept of Chern. Engng. Dept. of Chern. Engng. University of Cambridge University of Tehran Pre-heat trains differ from most other heat... recovery networks in a number of important ways. Combination offactors gives rise to the need for a design procedure specific to pre heat trains. Outlining these factors, we first observe that one cold stream (the incoming crude) dominates the heat...

This paper presents a novel approach to analyse the safety and reliability issues on the crudeoil unit in processing heavy oil. Based on the discussions of the corrosion mechanism, it uses fault tree analysis to identify the key factors that may lead to failure of crudeoil unit when processing heavy oil. It has found that factors such as temperature, consistence, relatively move speed and material, critically affect the corrosion rate of the naphthenic acid. In order to explore the relationships between the identified factors and the corrosion rate of the naphthenic acid, this paper uses artificial neural networks to identify such normally non-linear relationships. Laboratory experiments have been conducted to collect data of the corrosion rate using different materials in different temperatures, consistence and velocity. The analyses show that the proposed research method is sound and can be used in safety and reliability analysis of crudeoil unit in processing heavy oil.

Studies in which selective chemical markers have been used to explore the mechanisms by which biocatalysts interact with heavy crudeoils have shown that the biochemical reactions follow distinct trends. The term biocatalyst refers to a group of extremophilic microorganisms which, under the experimental conditions used, interact with heavy crudeoils to (1) cause a redistribution of hydrocarbons, (2) cause chemical changes in oil fractions containing sulfur compounds and lower the sulfur content, (3) decrease organic nitrogen content, and (4) decrease the concentration of trace metals. Current data indicate that the overall effect is due to simultaneous reactions yielding products with relatively higher concentration of saturates and lower concentrations of aromatics and resins. The compositional changes depend on the microbial species and the chemistry of the crudes. Economic analysis of a potential technology based on the available data indicate that such a technology, used in a pre-refinery mode, may be cost efficient and promising. In the present paper, the background of oil biocatalysis and some recent results will be discussed.

Studies in which selective chemical markers have been used to explore the mechanisms by which biocatalysts interact with heavy crudeoils have shown that the biochemical reactions follow distinct trends. The term biocatalyst refers to a group of extremophilic microorganisms which, under the experimental conditions used, interact with heavy crudeoils to (1) cause a redistribution of hydrocarbons, (2) cause chemical changes in oil fractions containing sulfur compounds and lower the sulfur content, (3) decrease organic nitrogen content, and (4) decrease the concentration of trace metals. Current data indicate that the overall effect is due to simultaneous reactions yielding products with relatively higher concentration of saturates and lower concentrations of aromatics and resins. The compositional changes depend on the microbial species and the chemistry of the crudes. Economic analysis of a potential technology based on the available data indicate that such a technology, used in a pre-refinery mode, may be cost efficient and promising. In the present paper, the background of oil biocatalysis and some recent results will be discussed.

Wettability of Petroleum Pipelines: Influence of CrudeOil and Pipeline Material in Relation to Hydrate Deposition ... In the present work, various solid surfaces and crudeoils have been used to study the effect of material and crudeoil composition on the wettability of pipeline-mimicking surfaces. ... A procedure for evaluation of the plugging potential and for identification and extn. of naturally hydrate inhibiting components in crude petroleums was presented. ...

6 6 Notes: Propane prices have been high this year for several reasons. Propane usually follows crudeoil prices more closely than natural gas prices. As crudeoil prices rose beginning in 1999, propane has followed. In addition, some early cold weather this year put extra pressure on prices. However, more recently, the highly unusual surge in natural gas prices affected propane supply and drove propane prices up. Propane comes from two sources of supply: refineries and natural gas processing plants. The very high natural gas prices made it more economic for refineries to use the propane they normally produce and sell than to buy natural gas. The gas processing plants found it more economic to leave propane in the natural gas streams than to extract it for sale separately.

6 6 Notes: Spot WTI crudeoil prices broke $35 and even $36 per barrel in November as anticipated boosts to world supply from OPEC and other sources did not show up in actual stocks data. The recent decline in prices seems to be more the result of an unraveling of speculative pressures than a change in underlying fundamentals. Prices had been running higher than supply/demand fundamentals would have indicated throughout the fall months as a result of rising Mideast tensions, concern over the adequacy of distillate supplies, and expectations of Iraqi supply interruptions. But Mideast tensions seemed to ease in December and the market appeared to perceive a quick return of Iraqi crudeoil supplies at full capacity. Pledges by Saudi Arabia/OPEC to offset a longer term Iraqi

The Bartlesville Energy Technology Center (BETC) of the Deopartment of Energy (DOE) and the US Army Fuels and Lubricants Research laboratory (AFLRL) at Southwest Research Institute (SwRI) have been working together on a support effort for the Strategic Petroleum Reserve Office (SPRO) of DOE. One task within this effort was a detailed literature survey of previous experiences in long-term storage of crudeoil and finished fuels with an emphasis on underground storage. Based on the discussion presented in this review, in the limited number of cases reported, the refinability of crudeoil was not significantly affected by prolonged storage. It was found that most crudes will deposit a sludge during storage which may interfere with withdrawal pumping. This sludge is probably composed of wax, sediment, water, and possibly asphaltenes. Emulsions of the water-oil interface have been reported after prolonged storage which have been attributed to action of centrifugal pumps used to remove accumulated seepage water. It is possible that these emulsions resulted from biological activity, such as the anaerobic activity reported, but no hydrogen sulfide production was observed.

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This paper is the first attempt to investigate: (i) is the crudeoil (WTI) price significantly related to the regional ethylene prices in the Naphtha intensive ethylene markets of the Far East, North West Europe, and the Mediterranean? (ii) What drives the regional ethylene prices? The paper is motivated by the recent and growing debate on the lead-lag relationship between crudeoil and ethylene prices. Our findings, based on the long-run structural modelling approach of Pesaran and Shin, and subject to the limitations of the study, tend to suggest: (i) crudeoil (WTI) price is cointegrated with the regional ethylene prices (ii) our within-sample error-correction model results tend to indicate that although the ethylene prices in North West Europe and the Mediterranean were weakly endogenous, the Far East ethylene price was weakly exogenous both in the short and long term. These results are consistent, during most of the period under review (2000.12006.4) with the surge in demand for ethylene throughout the Far East, particularly in China and South Korea. However, during the post-sample forecast period as evidenced in our variance decompositions analysis, the emergence of WTI as a leading player as well, is consistent with the recent surge in WTI price (fuelled mainly, among others, by the strong hedging activities in the WTI futures/options and refining tightness) reflecting the growing importance of input cost in determining the dynamic interactions of input and product prices.

To understand the crudeoil price determination process it is necessary to extend the analysis beyond the markets for petroleum. Crudeoil prices are determined in two closely related markets: the markets for crudeoil and the markets for refined products. An econometric-linear programming model was developed to capture the linkages between the markets for crudeoil and refined products. In the LP refiners maximize profits given crudeoil supplies, refining capacities, and prices of refined products. The objective function is profit maximization net of crudeoil prices. The shadow price on crudeoil gives the netback price. Refined product prices are obtained from the econometric models. The model covers the free world divided in five regions. The model is used to analyze the impacts on the markets of policies that affect crudeoil supplies, the demands for refined products, and the refining industry. For each scenario analyzed the demand for crudeoil is derived from the equilibrium conditions in the markets for products. The demand curve is confronted with a supply curve which maximizes revenues providing an equilibrium solution for both crudeoil and product markets. The model also captures crudeoil price differentials by quality. The results show that the demands for crudeoil are different across regions due to the structure of the refining industries and the characteristics of the demands for refined products. Changes in the demands for products have a larger impact on the markets than changes in the refining industry. Since markets for refined products and crudeoil are interrelated they can't be analyzed individually if an accurate and complete assessment of a policy is to be made. Changes in only one product market in one region affect the other product markets and the prices of crudeoil.

Alaska Prudhoe Bay CrudeOil Shut-in Alaska Prudhoe Bay CrudeOil Shut-in Facts and Impacts on the U.S. Oil Markets As of Thursday, August 10, 10:00 am Background on Alaska Crude Production and Transport Alaska ranks second, after Texas, among the States in crudeoil reserves. On December 31, 2004, Alaska's proved reserves totaled 4,327 million barrels. Although Alaska's production declined from 2 million barrels per day (bbl/d) in 1988 to 864,000 bbl/d in 2005, it is still the second largest oil producing State when Federal offshore production is excluded. Alaskan Production Graph of US CrudeOil Production figure data The Trans-Alaska Pipeline Systems (TAPS) connects the North Slope oil fields with the Port of Valdez in southern Alaska. From Valdez, crudeoil is shipped primarily to refineries located on the U.S. West Coast.

This article presents data to show that the lube cuts from the Baku medium-wax crudes, in contrast to the eastern medium-wax crudes, will not give oils with viscosity indexes above 90 even when severly treated. The medium-wax Baku crudes have higher contents of naphthenic-paraffinic hydrocarbons, and their aromatic hydrocarbons are present in smaller amounts and have poorer viscosity-temperature properties. The Baku refineries have become the principal suppliers of lube oils in the USSR because of their use of low-wax crudes and relatively simple manufacturing processes. In recent years, the resources of low-wax crudes have declined while the medium-wax crudes have increased. The Baku medium-wax crudes are distinguished by higher contents of oils, including residual oils. It is concluded that the Baku medium-wax crudes should be processed to produce oils that are in short supply, such as transformer oils, turbine oils, compressor oils, high-viscosity oils of the P-28 type, and special-purpose oils (e.g., white oils, naphthenic oils) for which a high viscosity index is not a requirement. The medium-wax crudes from the eastern districts should be used to produce oils with viscosity indexes above 90. Includes 5 tables.

......petroleum products and wastes at the Tema oil refinery...radionuclides in the wastes than the crudeoil and...monitoring to establish long-term effect on both public...accumulate at the bottom of storage tanks, tubings and other...uncontrolled release of waste containing TENORM, concentrated......

Issue Second Solicitation for Purchase of CrudeOil for the Issue Second Solicitation for Purchase of CrudeOil for the Strategic Petroleum Reserve DOE to Issue Second Solicitation for Purchase of CrudeOil for the Strategic Petroleum Reserve April 18, 2007 - 12:36pm Addthis Solicitation Issued for Up to Four Million Barrels WASHINGTON, DC - The U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) today announced that it has issued the second of several solicitations planned to purchase up to four million barrels of crudeoil for the United States' crudeoil reserve. The first solicitation, issued March 16, 2007, resulted in no awards because the Office of Fossil Energy determined that the bids were too high and not a reasonable value for taxpayers. This series of solicitations for the purchase of crudeoil are planned to replace the 11 million barrels of oil sold after Hurricane Katrina. The

In this article, we examine whether WTI and Brent crudeoil spot and futures prices (at 1, 3 and 6 months to maturity) contain a unit root with one and two structural breaks, employing weekly data over the period 19912004. To realise this objective we employ Lagrange multiplier (LM) unit root tests with one and two endogenous structural breaks proposed by Lee and Strazicich [2003. Minimum Lagrange multiplier unit root test with two structural breaks. Review of Economics and Statistics, 85, 10821089; 2004. Minimum LM unit root test with one structural break. Working Paper no. 0417, Department of Economics, Appalachian State University]. We find that each of the oil price series can be characterised as a random walk process and that the endogenous structural breaks are significant and meaningful in terms of events that have impacted on world oil markets.

This article investigates the correlation structure of the global crudeoil market using the daily returns of 71 oil price time series across the world from 1992 to 2012. We identify from the correlation matrix six clusters of time series exhibiting evident geographical traits, which supports Weiner's (1991) regionalization hypothesis of the global oil market. We find that intra-cluster pairs of time series are highly correlated while inter-cluster pairs have relatively low correlations. Principal component analysis shows that most eigenvalues of the correlation matrix locate outside the prediction of the random matrix theory and these deviating eigenvalues and their corresponding eigenvectors contain rich economic information. Specifically, the largest eigenvalue reflects a collective effect of the global market, other four largest eigenvalues possess a partitioning function to distinguish the six clusters, and the smallest eigenvalues highlight the pairs of time series with the largest correlation coefficie...

Biodesulfurization offers an attractive alternative to conventional hydrodesulfurization due to the mild operating conditions and reaction specificity afforded by the biocatalyst. The enzymatic pathway existing in Rhodococcus has been demonstrated to oxidatively desulfhrize the organic sulfbr occurring in dibenzothiophene while leaving the hydrocarbon intact. In order for biodesulfiization to realize commercial success, a variety of process considerations must be addressed including reaction rate, emulsion formation and breakage, biocatalyst recovery, and both gas and liquid mass transport. This study compares batch stirred to electro-spray bioreactors in the biodesulfurization of both model organics and actual crudes in terms of their operating costs, ability to make and break emulsions, ability to effect efficient reaction rates and enhance mass transport. Further, sulfim speciation in crudeoil is assessed and compared to the sulfur specificity of currently available biocatalyst.

Factors affecting the relationship betweeen crudeoil and natural gas prices Factors affecting the relationship betweeen crudeoil and natural gas prices Annual Energy Outlook 2010 with Projections to 2035 Factors affecting the relationship between crudeoil and natural gas prices Background Over the 1995-2005 period, crudeoil prices and U.S. natural gas prices tended to move together, which supported the conclusion that the markets for the two commodities were connected. Figure 26 illustrates the fairly stable ratio over that period between the price of low-sulfur light crudeoil at Cushing, Oklahoma, and the price of natural gas at the Henry Hub on an energy-equivalent basis. Figure 26. Ratio of low-sulfur light crudeoil prices to natural gas prices on an energy-equivalent basis, 1995-2035 Click to enlarge Â» Figure source and data excel logo

United States Producing and Nonproducing CrudeOil and Natural Gas Reserves From 1985 Through 2004 By Philip M. Budzik Abstract The Form EIA-23 survey of crudeoil and natural gas producer reserves permits reserves to be differentiated into producing reserves, i.e., those reserves which are available to the crudeoil and natural gas markets, and nonproducing reserves, i.e., those reserves which are unavailable to the crudeoil and natural gas markets. The proportion of nonproducing reserves relative to total reserves grew for both crudeoil and natural gas from 1985 through 2004, and this growth is apparent in almost every major domestic production region. However, the growth patterns in nonproducing crudeoil and natural gas reserves are

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Monitoring wellhead pressure evolution is the best method of detecting crudeoil leaks in SPR caverns while oil/brine interface depth measurements provide additional insight. However, to fully utilize the information provided by these interface depth measurements, a thorough understanding of how the interface movement corresponds to cavern phenomena, such as salt creep, crudeoil leakage, and temperature equilibration, as well as to wellhead pressure, is required. The time evolution of the oil/brine interface depth is a function of several opposing factors. Cavern closure due to salt creep and crudeoil leakage, if present, move the interface upward. Brine removal and temperature equilibration of the oil/brine system move the interface downward. Therefore, the relative magnitudes of these factors determine the net direction of interface movement. Using a mass balance on the cavern fluids, coupled with a simplified salt creep model for closure in SPR caverns, the movement of the oil/brine interface has been predicted for varying cavern configurations, including both right-cylindrical and carrot-shaped caverns. Three different cavern depths and operating pressures have been investigated. In addition, the caverns were investigated at four different points in time, allowing for varying extents of temperature equilibration. Time dependent interface depth changes of a few inches to a few feet were found to be characteristic of the range of cases studied. 5 refs, 19 figs., 1 tab.

Sale of 11 Million Barrels of CrudeOil Sale of 11 Million Barrels of CrudeOil from the Nation's Strategic Petroleum Reserve Secretary Bodman Announces Sale of 11 Million Barrels of CrudeOil from the Nation's Strategic Petroleum Reserve September 14, 2005 - 10:21am Addthis WASHINGTON, DC - Secretary Samuel W. Bodman announced that the Department of Energy has approved bids for the sale of 11 million barrels of crudeoil from the Strategic Petroleum Reserve (SPR). Combined with the 12.6 million barrels of crude previously approved for loans these SPR releases, in response to the disruptions caused by Hurricane Katrina, will provide 23.6 million barrels of crude for the U.S. market. "The United States is committed to using all of the tools at our disposal to help keep our oil and gasoline markets well supplied," Secretary Bodman

Contracts Awarded for Acquisition of CrudeOil for the Strategic Contracts Awarded for Acquisition of CrudeOil for the Strategic Petroleum Reserve Contracts Awarded for Acquisition of CrudeOil for the Strategic Petroleum Reserve January 16, 2009 - 9:36am Addthis Royalty-In-Kind and Direct Purchases Will Add 16.8 Million Barrels to SPR by January 2010 WASHINGTON, DC - The U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) has awarded contracts to purchase10,683,000 barrels of crudeoil at a cost of $553 million for the Department's Strategic Petroleum Reserve (SPR). Deliveries of the oil will be made from February to April 2009. The awards made to Shell Trading and Vitol are the first direct purchases of crudeoil for the SPR since 1994. Revenues from the 2005 Hurricane Katrina emergency sale were used for the purchase. The Department has also awarded contracts using the royalty-in-kind (RIK)

Contracts Awarded for Acquisition of CrudeOil for the Strategic Contracts Awarded for Acquisition of CrudeOil for the Strategic Petroleum Reserve Contracts Awarded for Acquisition of CrudeOil for the Strategic Petroleum Reserve January 16, 2009 - 12:00pm Addthis Washington, DC - The U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) has awarded contracts to purchase 10,683,000 barrels of crudeoil at a cost of $553 million for the Department's Strategic Petroleum Reserve (SPR). Deliveries of the oil will be made from February to April 2009. The awards made to Shell Trading and Vitol are the first direct purchases of crudeoil for the SPR since 1994. Revenues from the 2005 Hurricane Katrina emergency sale were used for the purchase. The Department has also awarded contracts using the royalty-in-kind (RIK) transfer program with the Department of the Interior to two companies for

Contracts Awarded for Acquisition of CrudeOil for the Strategic Contracts Awarded for Acquisition of CrudeOil for the Strategic Petroleum Reserve Contracts Awarded for Acquisition of CrudeOil for the Strategic Petroleum Reserve January 16, 2009 - 12:00pm Addthis Washington, DC - The U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) has awarded contracts to purchase 10,683,000 barrels of crudeoil at a cost of $553 million for the Department's Strategic Petroleum Reserve (SPR). Deliveries of the oil will be made from February to April 2009. The awards made to Shell Trading and Vitol are the first direct purchases of crudeoil for the SPR since 1994. Revenues from the 2005 Hurricane Katrina emergency sale were used for the purchase. The Department has also awarded contracts using the royalty-in-kind (RIK) transfer program with the Department of the Interior to two companies for

Metastable water-in-crude-oil emulsion formation could occur in a Strategic Petroleum Reserve (SPR) cavern if water were to flow into the crude-oil layer at a sufficient rate. Such a situation could arise during a drawdown from a cavern with a broken-hanging brine string. A high asphaltene content (> 1.5 wt %) of the crudeoil provides the strongest predictor of whether a metastable water-in-crude-oil emulsion will form. However there are many crudeoils with an asphaltene content > 1.5 wt % that don't form stable emulsions, but few with a low asphaltene content that do form stable emulsions. Most of the oils that form stable emulsions are %E2%80%9Csour%E2%80%9D by SPR standards indicating they contain total sulfur > 0.50 wt %.

Abstract The sharp volatility of West Texas Intermediate (WTI) crudeoil price in the past decade triggers us to investigate the price bubbles and their evolving process. Empirical results indicate that the fundamental price of WTI crudeoil appears relatively more stable than that of the market-trading price, which verifies the existence of oil price bubbles during the sample period. Besides, by allowing the WTI crudeoil price bubble process to switch between two states (regimes) according to a first-order Markov chain, we are able to statistically discriminate upheaval from stable states in the crudeoil price bubble process; and in most of time, the stable state dominates the WTI crudeoil price bubbles while the upheaval state usually proves short-lived and accompanies unexpected market events.

Waste drilling muds (WDMs) contain serious pollutants produced by crudeoil and gas well drilling. Bioremediation has been known as a useful ... enrichment of indigenous microorganisms, which can remove oil conta...

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Experimental and analytical studies have been carried out to better understand the effects of additives on viscosity, density and surface tension of intermediate and heavy crudeoils. The studies have been conducted for the following oil samples...

On July 6, 2013, an oil-laden unit train derailed and exploded in Lac-Megantic, Quebec, Canada, killing 47 people, shocking and saddening many, and leading to significantly increased public scrutiny of crudeoil transported ...

of large fish Crudeoil spreads across a wide swath of the Gulf of Mexico during the 2010 Deepwater Horizon. The four million barrels of crudeoil that spewed into the Gulf of Mexico from BP's failed oil drillingStudy: Exposure to crudeoil from the Deepwater Horizon disaster causes swimming deficiencies

Investigation did not substantiate allegations that crudeoil destined for the Strategic Petroleum Reserve storage site at Bayou Choctaw was diverted to private use and some other material substituted in its place. However, recommendations are made for handling intermediate transport and storage systems for crudeoil to tighten security aspects. (PSB)

Asymmetric and nonlinear pass-through of crudeoil prices to gasoline and natural gas prices Ahmed distributed lags (NARDL) mod- el to examine the pass-through of crudeoil prices into gasoline and natural gas the possibility to quantify the respective responses of gasoline and natural gas prices to positive and negative

Problems related to crystallization and deposition of paraffin waxes during production and transportation of crudeoil cause losses of billions of dollars yearly to petroleum industry. The goal of this paper is to present the knowledge on such problems in a systematic and comprehensive form. The fundamental aspects of these problems are defined, and characterization of paraffins and their solubility tendencies have been discussed. It has been established conclusively that n-paraffins are predominantly responsible for this problem. Comprehensive discussion on the mechanism of crystallization of paraffins has been included. Compounds other than n-paraffins, especially asphaltenes and resins, have profound effects on solubility of n-paraffins. In evaluations of the wax potential of a crude, the climate of the area concerned should be considered. Under the most favorable conditions, n-paraffins form clearly defined orthorhombic crystals, but unfavorable conditions and the presence of impurities lead to hexagonal and/or amorphous crystallization.The gelation characteristics are also affected the same way. An attempt was made to classify the paraffin problems into those resulting from high pipeline pressure, high restarting pressure, and deposition on pipe surfaces. Fundamental aspects and mechanism of these dimensions are described. Wax deposition depends on flow rate, the temperature differential between crude and pipe surface, the cooling rate, and surface properties. Finally, methods available in the literature for predicting these problems and evaluating their mitigatory techniques are reviewed. The available methods present a very diversified picture; hence, using them to evaluate these problems becomes taxing. A top priority is standardizing these methods for the benefit of the industry. 56 refs.

9 9 Notes: Spot WTI prices broke $35 and even $36 per barrel in November as anticipated boosts to world supply from OPEC and other sources did not show up in actual stocks data. The recent decline in prices seems to be more the result of an unraveling of speculative pressures than a change in underlying fundamentals. Prices had been running higher than supply/demand fundamentals would have indicated throughout the fall months as a result of rising Mideast tensions, concern over the adequacy of distillate supplies, and expectations of Iraqi supply interruptions. But Mideast tensions seemed to ease in December and the market appeared to perceive a quick return of Iraqi crudeoil supplies at full capacity. Pledges by Saudi Arabia/OPEC to offset a longer term Iraqi

The deposition of paraffin wax during the pipeline transportation impedes the flow of crudeoil and eventually blocks the pipelines. The hot oiling method is extensively used to control the wax deposition in the oil industry. Consequently, a huge amount ... Keywords: magnetic treatment, magnetic paraffin control technology, magnetic viscosity reducing, pipeline transportation, oil gathering

This paper documents a systematic investigation on the predictability of short-term trends of crudeoil prices on a daily basis. In stark contrast with longer-term predictions of crudeoil prices, short-term pred...

In order to show the effects of different diameter combinations on crudeoil temperature when a crudeoil pipeline and a products pipeline are laid in one trench, four typical ... temperature difference of the cr...

Steam distillation, or vaporization of crudeoil in porous media is on of the major mechanisms responsible for high oil recovery by steamflooding from heavy oil as well as light oil reservoir systems. Several authors have reported steam dsitillation...-phase equilibrium data for hydrocarbon/water systems ranging from light to heavy crudeoil fractions. ! Experimental data describing the phase behavior and the hydrocarbon/water separation process for multi-component hydrocarbon/water and crudeoil...

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approximately 4 million barrels (6 Ã? 108 L) of crudeoil into the northern Gulf of Mexico (GoM).1-3 The DWHAcute Embryonic or Juvenile Exposure to Deepwater Horizon CrudeOil Impairs the Swimming and ecologically important fish species to crudeoil during the sensitive early life stages. We show that brief

A thermal method of separating wastes into organic and mineral parts is proposed for processing crudeoil sludges and oil-contaminated soils accumulated in operation of oil fields and oil pipelines. After expo...

5 5 Notes: As we just saw, one of the primary factors impacting gasoline price is the crudeoil price. This graph shows monthly average spot West Texas Intermediate crudeoil prices. Spot WTI crudeoil prices broke $36 per barrel in November briefly as anticipated boosts to world supply from OPEC and other sources did not show up in actual stocks data. Crudeoil prices are expected to be about $30 per barrel for the rest of this year, but note the uncertainty bands on this projection. They give an indication of how difficult it is to know what these prices are going to do. Also, EIA does not forecast volatility. This relatively flat forecast could be correct on average, with wide swings around the base line. With the EIA forecast for crude prices staying high this year,

Paraffin-containing systems, such as waxy crudes, leave extensive wax deposits on pipeline walls and greatly adds to pipeline costs. It is proposed that solid hydrocarbons be extracted from raw crudes by adduct formation with urea. The petroleum would be separated into basic groups of hydrocarbons: normal-structure paraffins, and cyclic paraffins. Mangyshlak, Dolina, and Romashinko crude were treated. It is shown that by changing the rheological properties of crudeoil by extracting the normal-structure hydrocarbons, it becomes possible to transport high-wax and medium-wax crude through pipelines with several advantages as specified.

Azerbaijan, the oldest known oil producing region in the world, still holds great potential for new discoveries and increased production. A multi-billion dollar production sharing agreement was recently signed with a consortium of primarily western oil companies to develop three oil fields in the Caspian Sea. Soon, Azerbaijan will offer new exploration acreage both offshore and onshore. This paper describes the history of oil production in Azerbaijan, offshore developments, tectonics, stratigraphy, petroleum traps, mud volcanoes, and short summaries of several oil producing areas. Current production is about 9 million tons/yr of oil and 7 billion cu m/yr of natural gas.

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a large number of crude-oils, finished products such as liquified petroleum gas, gasoline, diesel fuel product blending and shipping. Some examples of nonlinear refinery planning problems including pooling, 2010 #12;crude-blends, and CDU feed charging. This problem has been addressed since the late 90s

CrudeOil and Natural Gas CrudeOil and Natural Gas Proved Reserves, 2011 August 2013 Independent Statistics & Analysis www.eia.gov U.S. Department of Energy Washington, DC 20585 U.S. Energy Information Administration | U.S. CrudeOil and Natural Gas Proved Reserves, 2011 i This report was prepared by the U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA), the statistical and analytical agency within the U.S. Department of Energy. By law, EIA's data, analyses, and forecasts are independent of approval by any other officer or employee of the United States Government. The views in this report therefore should not be construed as representing those of the Department of Energy or other federal agencies. August 2013 U.S. Energy Information Administration | U.S. CrudeOil and Natural Gas Proved Reserves, 2011 ii

Bodman on OPEC's Decision to Cut Bodman on OPEC's Decision to Cut CrudeOil Production Statement from Energy Secretary Bodman on OPEC's Decision to Cut CrudeOil Production October 19, 2006 - 9:17am Addthis "We continue to believe that it is best for oil producers and consumers alike to allow free markets to determine issues of supply, demand and price. Despite the recent downturn in crudeoil prices, they remain at historically high levels, clearly indicating a global demand for petroleum products. And as past experience has shown, market intervention is not beneficial for producing or consuming nations. "While U.S. gasoline prices have fallen, crude inventories are high and our economy remains strong, we must reduce America's dependence on foreign energy sources, as President Bush has said time and again. To do so, we

Regional Research Laboratory, Jorhat 785006, Assam, India ... The efficacy of these copolymers as flow improvers (FI)/pour point depressants (PPD) was tested on Indian crudeoils having similar wax (points is a well-established phenomenon. ...

This study begins by asking whether fluctuations in the price of crudeoil have affected employment and the rate of unemployment in the US. After reviewing previous assessments of the issue, the existence of an empirical relationship between the rate of unemployment and crudeoil price volatility is established using Granger causality. Subsequently, the nature of the relationship is estimated with the results suggesting that at least three full years are required before the measurable impact of a percentage change in the real price of crudeoil on the change in unemployment is exhausted. Finally, the structural stability of the functional relationship between the change in unemployment and the volatility of the price of crudeoil and the percentage change in gross national product is examined.

This study focuses on the impact of fluctuations in the price of crudeoil on agricultural employment in the United States. After reviewing previous assessments of the issue, the existence of an empirical relationship between agricultural employment and crudeoil price volatility is established using Granger causality. Subsequently, the nature of the relationship is estimated with the results suggesting that at least three full years are required before the measurable impacts of a percentage change in the real price of crudeoil on the change in agricultural employment are exhausted. Finally, the structural stability of the functional relationship between the change in agricultural employment and the volatility of the price of crudeoil, the percentage changes in expected net farm income, realized technological innovation, and the wage rate is examined.

Abstract The study focused on the petroleum geochemistry of crudeoils produced from Cretaceous reservoirs. Geochemical portrayal of crudeoils has been carried out by means of diagnostic biomarker parameters like relative distribution of steranes (C27C28C29 ???-20R steranes), C19 and C23 tricyclic terpanes (TT), C24 tetracyclic terpanes (TeT) and hopanes. These parameters suggest that the crudeoils contain terrigenous organic matter (OM) mixed with small input of marine OM. The OM of the source rocks was deposited in oxic depositional environment. Maturity parameters, C32 22S/(22S+22R) homohopanes and sterane isomerization ratios [20S/(20S+20R), ???/(???+???) for C29 steranes] indicate that these crudeoil are produced from the source rocks at early mature stage to mature stage.

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By applying two nonlinear Granger causality testing methods and rolling window strategy to explore the relationship between speculative activities and crudeoil prices, the unidirectional Granger causality from s...

The Texas Water Resources Institute awarded a Mill Scholarship to M.C. Sterling, Jr in 2002. This project describes five sensors for rapid monitoring of crudeoil concentrations in an aquatic system. These measurements are critical for monitoring...

In this paper a mathematical model is built for a buried hot crudeoil pipeline during shutdown, and an unstructured grid and ... and the three layers in the pipe (wax layer, pipe wall, and corrosion-inhibiting ....

This work presents a model for the turbulent flow of a waxy crudeoil in a pipeline, in which deposition is taken into account ... of heavy molecular weight compounds, usually called waxes. When a sufficiently lo...

EFFECT OF PORE GEOMETRY IN POROUS MEDIA ON THE MISCIBILITY OF CRUDEOIL AND CARBON DIOXIDE A Thesis by HAMED SARKHOSH Submitted to the Graduate College of Texas AIM University in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the degree... of MASTER OF SCIENCE May 1977 Major Subject: Petroleum Engineering EFFECT OF PORE GEOMETRY IN POROUS MEDIA ON THE MISCIBILITY OF CRUDEOIL AND CARBON DIOXIDE A Thesis by HAMED SARKHOSH Approved as to styie and content by Chai, an of Committee Head...

LONG RANGE WEATHERING EFFECTS ON Tl'iE CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF TWO VENEZUELAN CRUDEOILS A Thesis ANTON FRANK BAUTZ Submitted to the Graduate College of Texas ASM University in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the degree of MASTER... OF SCIENCE August 1974 Major Subject: Oceanography LONG RANGE WEATHERING EFFECTS ON THE CHEHICAL PROPERTIES OF TWO VENEZUELAN CRUDEOILS A Thesis by ANTON FRANK BAUTZ Approved as to style and content by: Chairman of C t Head of Department Hember...

of Arabian Light oil VLHs into the water column; temperature set at 5 C or 25 C 34 Examples of the varying amounts of VLHs introduced into the water column from three different crudeoils; temperature set at 25aC and fan speed 50 35 Incorporation of VLHs..., 1972). Evaporation alone can remove 30 ? 50 g of the 10 hydrocarbons in a typical crudeoil, whereas Bunker C fuel oil will only lose 10 '/ of its components in a time span of several days. Simulated laboratory experiments demonstrated that light...

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In this study, an empirical mode decomposition (EMD) based neural network ensemble learning paradigm is proposed for world crudeoil spot price forecasting. For this purpose, the original crudeoil spot price series were first decomposed into a finite, and often small, number of intrinsic mode functions (IMFs). Then a three-layer feed-forward neural network (FNN) model was used to model each of the extracted IMFs, so that the tendencies of these \\{IMFs\\} could be accurately predicted. Finally, the prediction results of all \\{IMFs\\} are combined with an adaptive linear neural network (ALNN), to formulate an ensemble output for the original crudeoil price series. For verification and testing, two main crudeoil price series, West Texas Intermediate (WTI) crudeoil spot price and Brent crudeoil spot price, are used to test the effectiveness of the proposed EMD-based neural network ensemble learning methodology. Empirical results obtained demonstrate attractiveness of the proposed EMD-based neural network ensemble learning paradigm.

 Department of Chemistry, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, United States ... (10) Similarly, highly hydrophobic hybrid nanoparticles coated with vinyl triethoxysilane have also proven to be an efficient method for oil separation and removal, as demonstrated by Zhu et al.(15) Although these materials were shown to selectively absorb hydrophobic pollutants in aqueous environments, experiments have been conducted against contaminants of limited complexity, such as lubricating oil, mineral oil, and other homogeneous oils, without the broad range of components that would be experienced in a crudeoil spill. ... Gas chromatographymass spectrometry (GC-MS) was used to perform a qualitative comparison of the weathered crudeoil and the oil extracted from the testing groups. ...

(oil products, natural gas, and electricity). This energy is then distributed for conversion February 2012 (Amends version of 31 January 2012) Overview Unlike most of Canada which uses natural gas for refining in Atlantic Canada is imported The majority of the region's crudeoil suppliers (both domestic

The U.S. Department of Energy prepared this Final Statement to FEA-FES-77-7 to assess the environmental and socioeconomic implications of a rulemaking on crudeoil pricing incentives as pertains to the full range of oil production technologies (present as well as anticipated.)

6 6 Notes: Of course, petroleum product prices don't move in lockstep to crudeoil prices, for a number of reasons. We find it useful to look at variations in the spread between product and crudeoil prices, in this case comparing spot market prices for each. The difference between heating oil and crudeoil spot prices tends to vary seasonally; that is, it's generally higher in the winter, when demand for distillate fuels is higher due to heating requirements, and lower in the summer. (Gasoline, as we'll see later, generally does the opposite.) However, other factors affecting supply and demand, including the relative severity of winter weather, can greatly distort these "typical" seasonal trends. As seen on this chart, the winters of 1995-96 and 1996-97 featured

This report presents estimates of proved reserves of crudeoil, natural gas, and natural gas liquids as of December 31, 1997, as well as production volumes for the US and selected States and State subdivisions for the year 1997. Estimates are presented for the following four categories of natural gas: total gas (wet after lease separation), nonassociated gas and associated-dissolved gas (which are the two major types of wet natural gas), and total dry gas (wet gas adjusted for the removal of liquids at natural gas processing plants). In addition, reserve estimates for two types of natural gas liquids, lease condensate and natural gas plant liquids, are presented. Also included is information on indicated additional crudeoil reserves and crudeoil, natural gas, and lease condensate reserves in nonproducing reservoirs. A discussion of notable oil and gas exploration and development activities during 1997 is provided. 21 figs., 16 tabs.

Weathered crudeoil contaminated soils (COCSs), which are much more difficult to remediate than those freshly contaminated, are widespread especially at the sites of oil fields and industries. Surfactant enhanced ex situ soil washing could be used to remediate COCSs, but surfactant toxicity becomes one of the major concerns. In this study, a class of green surfactants, alkyl polyglucosides (APGs), were tested in washing the field weathered COCS with relatively high oil concentration (123 mg g?1 dry soil) from Jilin Oilfield, Northeastern China. APG1214, characterized with longer alkyl chain, was more effective than APG0810 in crudeoil removal. Adding inorganic sodium salts into APG1214 solution further improved the crudeoil removal efficiency (CORE). Washing parameters (temperature, washing time, agitation speed and solution/soil ratio) were investigated and further optimized integratedly with an orthogonal design. At the optimum conditions, the CORE reached 97%. GC/MS analysis showed that the proportion of small n-alkanes (C16C23) in residual crudeoil gradually increased, which was helpful to interpret the oil removal mechanism. Moreover, eminent effect on removal of large n-alkanes was achieved from the synergy between APG1214 and inorganic salts, which was opposite to the effect when they were added separately. This study demonstrated a promising way to remediate COCS with ecologically compatible surfactant and provided guidelines for its practical application.

An understanding of the processes involved in oil spills, and how they interact to alter the composition and behavior of the oil with respect to time is essential to determine an effective oil spill response. The review of past research has shown...

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Abstract The small angle neutron scattering experiment has confirmed the theoretical prediction that a strong electric field induces the suspended nano-particles inside crudeoil to aggregate into short chains along the field direction. This aggregation breaks the symmetry, making the viscosity anisotropic: along the field direction, the viscosity is significantly reduced. The experiment enables us to determine the induced chain size and shape, verifies that the electric field works for all kinds of crudeoils, paraffin-based, asphalt-based, and mix-based. The basic physics of such field induced viscosity reduction is applicable to all kinds of suspensions.

The aim of the paper is to analyze the diversification effect brought by crudeoil Futures contracts, the most liquid commodity Futures, into a portfolio of stocks. The studies that have documented the very low- and essentially negative-correlations between commodities and equities typically rely on normally distributed returns, which is not the case for crudeoil Futures and stocks indexes. Moreover, the particular time-to-maturity chosen for the Future contract used as an investment vehicle is an important matter that needs to be addressed, in presence of forward curves switching between backwardation and contango shapes. Our goal in this paper is twofold: (a) we introduce copula functions to have a better representation of the dependence structure of oil Futures with equity indexes; (b) using this copula representation, we are able to analyze in a precise manner the maturity effect in the choice of crudeoil Future contract with respect to its diversification benefits. Our finding is that, in the case of distant maturities Futures, e.g., 18 months, the negative correlation effect is more pronounced whether stock prices increase or decrease. This property has the merit to avoid the hurdles of a frequent roll over while being quite desirable in the current trendless equity markets. Empirical evidence is exhibited on a database comprising the NYMEX WTI crudeoil Futures and S&P 500 index over a 15 year-time period.

The EIA annual reserves report series is the only source of comprehensive domestic proved reserves estimates. This publication is used by the Congress, Federal and State agencies, industry, and other interested parties to obtain accurate estimates of the Nation`s proved reserves of crudeoil, natural gas, and natural gas liquids. These data are essential to the development, implementation, and evaluation of energy policy and legislation. This report presents estimates of proved reserves of crudeoil, natural gas, and natural gas liquids as of December 31, 1995, as well as production volumes for the US and selected States and State subdivisions for the year 1995. Estimates are presented for the following four categories of natural gas: total gas (wet after lease separation), nonassociated gas and associated-dissolved gas (which are the two major types of wet natural gas), and total dry gas (wet gas adjusted for the removal of liquids at natural gas processing plants). In addition, reserve estimates for two types of natural gas liquids, lease condensate and natural gas plant liquids, are presented. Also included is information on indicated additional crudeoil reserves and crudeoil, natural gas, and lease condensate reserves in nonproducing reservoirs. A discussion of notable oil and gas exploration and development activities during 1995 is provided. 21 figs., 16 tabs.

The EIA annual reserves report series is the only source of comprehensive domestic proved reserves estimates. This publication is used by the Congress, Federal and State agencies, industry, and other interested parties to obtain accurate estimates of the Nation`s proved reserves of crudeoil, natural gas, and natural gas liquids. These data are essential to the development, implementation, and evaluation of energy policy and legislation. This report presents estimates of proved reserves of crudeoil, natural gas, and natural gas liquids as of December 31, 1996, as well as production volumes for the US and selected States and State subdivisions for the year 1996. Estimates are presented for the following four categories of natural gas: total gas (wet after lease separation), nonassociated gas and associated-dissolved gas (which are the two major types of wet natural gas), and total dry gas (wet gas adjusted for the removal of liquids at natural gas processing plants). In addition, reserve estimates for two types of natural gas liquids, lease condensate and natural gas plant liquids, are presented. Also included is information on indicated additional crudeoil reserves and crudeoil, natural gas, and lease condensate reserves in nonproducing reservoirs. A discussion of notable oil and gas exploration and development activities during 1996 is provided. 21 figs., 16 tabs.

...truLe extent of the reservoir, its 334 form...completed to drain the reservoir efficiently. The...and thickness), rock properties (porosity and permeability), and fluid content...the oil from the reservoir into wells. These...

was performed using the statistical association fluid theory for potentials of variable range (SAFT-VR) equation, SAFT-VR EOS Introduction The formation and deposition of asphaltene-rich, solidlike material during oil

The hydroconversion of heavy crudeoil was studied under thermal and catalytic conditions using soluble organo-metallic compounds of Mo, Fe, Cr, V, Ni, and Co as a catalyst precursors. All catalysts are effective for the hydroconversion, however, molybdenum and nickel compounds are preferred.

Abstract Due to the complexity of crudeoil price series, traditional statistics-based forecasting approach cannot produce a good prediction performance. In order to improve the prediction performance, a novel compressed sensing based learning paradigm is proposed through integrating compressed sensing based denoising (CSD) and certain artificial intelligence (AI), i.e., CSD-AI. In the proposed learning paradigm, CSD is first performed as a preprocessor for the original data of international crudeoil price to eliminate the noise, and then a certain powerful AI tool is employed to conduct prediction for the cleaned data. In particular, the process of CSD aims to reduce the level of noise which pollutes the data, and to further enhance the prediction performance of the AI model. For verification purpose, international crudeoil price series of West Texas Intermediate (WTI) are taken as sample data. Empirical results demonstrate that the proposed CSD-AI learning paradigm significantly outperforms all other benchmark models including single models without CSD process and hybrid models with other denoising techniques, in terms of level and directional accuracies. Furthermore, in the case of different data samples with different time ranges, the proposed model performs the best, indicating that the proposed CSD-AI learning paradigm is an effective and robust approach in crudeoil price prediction.

This paper investigates the conditional correlations and volatility spillovers between the crudeoil and financial markets, based on crudeoil returns and stock index returns. Daily returns from 2 January 1998 to 4 November 2009 of the crudeoil spot, forward and futures prices from the WTI and Brent markets, and the FTSE100, NYSE, Dow Jones and S&P500 stock index returns, are analysed using the CCC model of Bollerslev (1990), VARMA-GARCH model of Ling and McAleer (2003), VARMA-AGARCH model of McAleer, Hoti, and Chan (2008), and DCC model of Engle (2002). Based on the CCC model, the estimates of conditional correlations for returns across markets are very low, and some are not statistically significant, which means the conditional shocks are correlated only in the same market and not across markets. However, the DCC estimates of the conditional correlations are always significant. This result makes it clear that the assumption of constant conditional correlations is not supported empirically. Surprisingly, the empirical results from the VARMA-GARCH and VARMA-AGARCH models provide little evidence of volatility spillovers between the crudeoil and financial markets. The evidence of asymmetric effects of negative and positive shocks of equal magnitude on the conditional variances suggests that VARMA-AGARCH is superior to VARMA-GARCH and CCC.

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Six experimental runs were carried out to study the yields for a light crudeoil (34.2°API) and an intermediate crudeoil (25.1°API) under steam distillation and steam-propane distillation. Yields, were measured at five temperatures, 110, 150, 200...

Crudeoil storage caverns at the U.S. Strategic Petroleum Reserve (SPR) are solution-mined from subsurface salt domes along the U.S. Gulf Coast. While these salt domes exhibit many attractive characteristics for large-volume, long-term storage of oil such as low cost for construction, low permeability for effective fluids containment, and secure location deep underground, they also present unique technical challenges for maintaining oil quality within delivery standards. The vapor pressures of the crudeoils stored at SPR tend to increase with storage time due to the combined effects of geothermal heating and gas intrusion from the surrounding salt. This presents a problem for oil delivery offsite because high vapor-pressure oil may lead to excessive atmospheric emissions of hydrocarbon gases that present explosion hazards, health hazards, and handling problems at atmospheric pressure. Recognizing this potential hazard, the U.S. Department of Energy, owner and operator of the SPR, implemented a crudeoil vapor pressure monitoring program that collects vapor pressure data for all the storage caverns. From these data, DOE evaluates the rate of change in vapor pressures of its oils in the SPR. Moreover, DOE implemented a vapor pressure mitigation program in which the oils are degassed periodically and will be cooled immediately prior to delivery in order to reduce the vapor pressure to safe handling levels. The work described in this report evaluates the entire database since its origin in 1993, and determines the current levels of vapor pressure around the SPR, as well as the rate of change for purposes of optimizing both the mitigation program and meeting safe delivery standards. Generally, the rate of vapor pressure increase appears to be lower in this analysis than reported in the past and, problematic gas intrusion seems to be limited to just a few caverns. This being said, much of the current SPR inventory exceeds vapor pressure delivery guidelines and must be degassed and cooled in order to meet current delivery standards.

The bibliography contains citations concerning fuel properties and boiler operations techniques to make maximum use of heavy crudeoil, shale oil, and low grade fuels to reduce energy costs in boiler firing. Fuel properties pertain to chemical constituents, viscosity, desulfurization, and processing methods to upgrade the fuels. Operating techniques include atomization, dual-fuel burners, emission characteristics, and cost factors. Combustion efficiency is examined and some citations report on additives or processing techniques to improve the efficiency. The citations also report on studies of health effects in the use of synfuels, mostly as coal liquids to replace oil. (Contains 250 citations and includes a subject term index and title list.)

The project was initiated on September 1, 1990. The objective of the project was to carry out a literature search to estimate the types and extents of long time interactions of enhanced oil recovery (EOR) agents, such as surfactants, caustics and polymers, with crudeoil. This information is necessary to make recommendations about mixing EOR crudeoil with crudeoils from primary and secondary recovery processes in the Strategic Petroleum Reserve (SPR). Data were sought on both adverse and beneficial effects of EOR agents that would impact handling, transportation and refining of crudeoil. An extensive literature search has been completed, and the following informations has been compiled: (1) a listing of existing EOR test and field projects; (2) a listing of currently used EOR agents; and (3) evidence of short and long term physical and chemical interactions of these EOR-agents with hydrocarbons, and their effects on the quality of crudeoil at long times. This information is presented in this report. Finally some conclusions are derived and recommendations are made. Although the conclusions are based mostly on extrapolations because of lack of specific data, it is recommended that the enhancement of the rates of biodegradation of oil catalyzed by the EOR agents needs to be further studied. There is no evidence of substantial long term effects on crudeoil because of other interactions. Some recommendations are also made regarding the types of studies that would be necessary to determine the effect of certain EOR agents on the rates of biodegradation of crudeoil.

As the trend for future crudeoil reservoirs goes towards more and more extreme depths the requirements for enhanced oil recovery become more sophisticated. This is due to the fact that one has to face not only extremely elevated temperatures and pressures but the crudeoil itself exhibits a high content of high molecular weight hydrocarbons. As these hydrocarbons contain different functional groups like paraffins and asphaltines they are prone to show pronounced waxy crystallization during later transportation processes. Hence the rheological properties of the crudeoil itself as well as supporting fluids used in the process e.g. drilling fluids have to be monitored for the whole process cycle from the well to the refinery. Whereas the rheological properties in the reservoir is dominated by the salinity temperature and pressure all of which can be simulated in the measuring cell of a rheometer the rheological properties during the actual transportation is a completely different challenge. One of the major issues is the enormous volume of the oil itself that has to flow through a pipeline. As crudeoil always contains a high amount of high molecular weight saturated hydrocarbons it will show a tendency to precipitate or wax while the oil cools down being pumped to the surface. The precipitated wax may cause partial congestion of the pipeline which again can lead to a significant pressure drop. Trying to reduce this waxy crystallisation by insulating or even heating the pipeline requires tremendous financial efforts requiring more pumps heating elements or additives. The complete transportation cycle of a crudeoil starting at the drilling site leading through the pipeline (which may cover diverse climatic zones) before finally reaching the refinery can be simulated with a rotational rheometer by implementing time profiles of distinct shear rates temperatures and pressures. Moreover the formation of wax can be measured under shear by means of optical microscopy providing rheological data and microscopic images simultaneously. Even in a pipeline accident Rheology can help providing the answers on how to recover the oil with minimum environmental damage.

In order to work up recommendations for the directions to be taken in processing oil from the new Zaburun'e field in the Ural-Volga interfluvial district, a complete, unified program was used to investigate oil samples taken from depths of 905-913 and 895-903 meters from the Lower Cretaceous deposits. Density, viscosity, medium-resin content, flash point, and other processing-relevant properties were derived. The hydrocarbon group composition was assessed. Fractions distilling below 350/sup 0/C consisted mainly of high-energy isoparaffinic and naphthenic hydrocarbons. Characteristics of the diesel fuel cuts were derived. All cuts had low-temperature properties and cloud points below minus 60/sup 0/C. Lube stocks were analyzed and showed high viscosity indices, low solid points, and low sulfur contents. Straight-run resids were also evaluated.

Many drilling muds and crudeoils are known to be thixotropic. Under a wide range of pressures, temperatures and flow regimes, they display unusual complex flow properties when flowing through wells (crudeoils and drilling muds) and during storage and pipeline transportation (crudeoils). Understanding and modeling the deviation from Newtonian behavior of drilling muds and crudeoils are essential in accurately and optimally designing the flow systems associated with these fluids. Despite an impressive amount of experimental and rheological modeling studies concerning the non-Newtonian drilling mud and crudeoil behavior, mathematical modeling studies taking into account their thixotropic properties are rare. In addition, there was no literature review of the knowledge gained to date. Thus, a review paper on studies addressing the mathematical modeling of thixotropic drilling mud and crudeoil flow in wells and pipelines will pinpoint the challenges and limitations encountered in such studies. This will hopefully trigger further development and new research topics. This review paper focuses mainly on mathematical modeling studies concerning the well and pipeline flow of thixotropic drilling muds and crudeoils. After describing how thixotropy is understood today inside and outside of the petroleum industry community, several mathematical models available in the literature are examined. Finally, challenges, limitations, and potential areas for the development of these models are presented.

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Open-Source LCA Tool for Estimating Greenhouse Gas Emissions from CrudeOil Production Using Field Characteristics ... OPGEE models oil production emissions in more detail than previous transport LCA models. ... El-Houjeiri, H. and Brandt, A.Exploring the variation of GHG emissions from conventional oil production using an engineering-based LCA model. ...

A method of decomposition of native asphaltenes from naphthenic oils is proposed as a source of information on the geochemical history of the oils. It is demonstrated that formation of naphthenic oils occurs in nature through biodegradation of primary paraffinic oils. The relative abundances of structural groups and individual saturated hydrocarbons obtained from the asphaltenes in naphthenic oils is similar to the relative abundance of hydrocarbons in paraffinic oils, which are their genetic precursors. (JMT)

We reports an efficient approach for production of hydrogen from crude bio-oil and biomass char in the dual fixed-bed system by using the electrochemical catalytic reforming method. The maximal absolute hydrogen yield reached 110.9 g H2/kg dry biomass. The product gas was a mixed gas containing 72%H2, 26%CO2, 1.9%CO, and a trace amount of CH4. It was observed that adding biomass char (a by-product of pyrolysis of biomass) could remarkably increase the absolute H2 yield (about 20%-50%). The higher reforming temperature could enhance the steam reforming reaction of organic compounds in crude bio-oil and the reaction of CO and H2O. In addition, the CuZn-Al2O3 catalyst in the water-gas shift bed could also increase the absolute H2 yield via shifting CO to CO2.

More than ten million gallons of Prudo Bay crudeoil spilled into Prince William Sound, Alaska, when the supertanker EXXON VALDEZ ran aground March 1989. The oil spread over thousands of square miles of prime commercial fishing waters, causing State and Federal agencies to initiate immediate controls to ensure that seafood contaminated with this crudeoil did not enter commercial channels. Consequently, the 1989 herring fishery was closed for the season, and other fisheries were closely monitored. Whenever there was visible evidence of oil in an area, the Alaska Department of Fish and Game (ADFG) closed that area to commercial fishing. Salmon harvested from open areas during the remainder of that season were screened organoleptically as they were being off-loaded from the vessels. PAHs were selected for analysis because they are constituents of crudeoil and some are carcinogenic. During the 1990 herring fishing season, ADFG collected samples at the various catch sites prior to the season opening. Only when there was no evidence of oil contamination was the herring fishery allowed to open. In addition, samples were collected during the course of the harvest season and similarly analyzed. The 1990 salmon fishery was controlled in a like manner. After the fishery was allowed to open, catches continued to be monitored organoleptically by ADEC and FDA investigators. Negative organoleptic samples continued to be sent to the ADEC, Palmer Laboratory, selective tissue portions removed and sent to the FDA laboratory where they were further analyzed for PAH levels by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. 4 refs., 2 figs., 5 tabs.

Plans for a crudeoil pipeline linking the 101 cm (40 in.) Iraq to Turkey pipeline terminal located in Yumurtalik to the site of a future refinery to be situated near Ankara are described. Designed for fully unattended operation, the ''brain'' of the system will be a telecom/telecontrol telemetry system. Support for data information exchanged between the master and local outstations will be a microwave radio carrier system, also permitting the transfer of telephone and telegraph traffic as well as facsimiles.

Abstract In this paper we investigate how differently stock returns of oil producers and oil consumers are affected from oil price changes. We find that stock returns of oil producers are affected positively by oil price changes regardless of whether oil price is increasing or decreasing. For oil consumers, oil price changes do not affect all consumer sub-sectors and where it does, this effect is heterogeneous. We find that oil price returns have an asymmetric effect on stock returns for most sub-sectors. We devise simple trading strategies and find that while both consumers and producers of oil can make statistically significant profits, investors in oil producer sectors make relatively more profits than investors in oil consumer sectors

Abstract Chlorine determination in crudeoil is made in order to guarantee that the oil does not contain levels of this element that might cause damages in the oil processing equipment. In petroleum products, the determination of chlorine is made, for instance, to evaluate if there are proper concentrations of organochloride compounds, which are used as additives. Such determinations are currently performed following official guidelines from the ASTM International and from the United States Environmental Protection Agency as well as protocols indicated by the Universal Oil Products. X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy plays an important role in many of these official methods. In contrast, other spectrometric methods based on optical and mass detection are plagued by limitations related to both the fundamental characteristics of non-metals and to the complex sample matrices, which reflects in the small number of articles devoted to these applications. In this review, the current status of the spectrometric methods, especially the role played by X-ray fluorescence spectrometry, is evaluated in terms of the determination of chlorine in crudeoil and petroleum derivatives. Comparison of the performance of the methods, limitations and potential new approaches to ensure proper spectrometric determinations of chlorine is indicated.

This study investigated the removal of crudeoil from soil using air sparging assisted stirred tank reactors. Two surfactants (rhamnolipid and sodium dodecyl sulfate, SDS) were tested and the effects of different parameters (i.e. temperature, surfactant concentrations, washing time, volume/mass ratio) were investigated under varying washing modes namely, stirring only, air sparging only and the combination of stirring and air sparging. The results showed that SDS removed more than 80% crudeoil from non-weathered soil samples, whist rhamnolipid showed similar oil removal at the third and fourth levels of the parameters tested. The oil removal ability of the seawater prepared solutions were better than those of the distilled water solutions at the first and second levels of temperature and concentration of surfactant solutions. This approach of soil washing was noted to be effective in reducing the amount of oil in soil. Therefore we suggested that a field scale test be conducted to assess the efficiency of these surfactants.

Contango in Cushing? Contango in Cushing? Evidence on Financial-Physical Interactions in the U.S. CrudeOil Market Background The U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA) launched its Energy and Financial Markets Initiative (EFMI) in September 2009. As part of this initiative, EIA and the University of Oklahoma (OU) surveyed the current academic literature pertaining to price formation, volatility, and the role of hedging and speculation in the global oil market. The survey results were summarized in "Factors Influencing Oil Prices: A Survey of the Current State of Knowledge in the Context of the 2007-08 Oil Price Volatility," which was released in August 2011 and posted on the EIA website. The report identified additional data that could be used to generate more

Abstract Wax deposition on pipeline from crudeoil is a prevalent problem that petroleum industry has always been suffered. In this paper, a conversion coating on carbon steel with good anti-wax performance was constructed to solve this problem through a simple coating and heat treatment process. The conversion coating is composed of pyrophosphate with a flower-like microstructure. After wax deposition test, the conversion coating has low wax deposition weight which is 2.9 mg/cm2 and high wax deposition reduction rate (80% in average). The conversion coating has a special wettability which is superoleophobic with low oil-adhesion in water (oil contact angle is 162° and rolling angle is 7°) and hydrophilic in oil. The anti-wax mechanism is discussed and it may be attributed to the polar hydrophilic component and micro-structure of the conversion coating.

This invention relates to a method and device to produce esterified, olefinated/esterified, or thermochemolytic reacted bio-oils as fuels. The olefinated/esterified product may be utilized as a biocrude for input to a refinery, either alone or in combination with petroleum crudeoils. The bio-oil esterification reaction is catalyzed by addition of alcohol and acid catalyst. The olefination/esterification reaction is catalyzed by addition of resin acid or other heterogeneous catalyst to catalyze olefins added to previously etherified bio-oil; the olefins and alcohol may also be simultaneously combined and catalyzed by addition of resin acid or other heterogeneous catalyst to produce the olefinated/esterified product.

The purpose of this paper is to analyze the dynamics of crudeoil prices of OPEC and non-OPEC countries using ... cointegration. To capture the long-run asymmetric price transmission mechanism, we develop an erro...