a process in which social partners intentionally focus on a common referent in the external environment

social referencing

the tendency to look to social partners for guidance about how to respond to unfamiliar or threatening events

phonemes

the elementary units of meaningful SOUND used to produce languages

morphemes

the smallest units of MEANING in a language, composed of one or more phonemes

syntax

rules in a language that specify how words from different categories (nouns, verbs, adjectives, etc.) can be combined

pragmatic development

the acquisition of knowledge about how language is used (like tone of voice changes meaning)

metalinguistic knowledge

an understanding of the properties and function of language-that is, an understanding of language as language

critical period

the time during which language develops readily and after which (between age 5 and puberty)it is much much harder

modularity hypothesis

the idea that the human brain contains an innate, self-contained language module that is separate from other aspects of cognitive functioning

reference

the associating of words and meanings

holophrastic period

when children begin using the words in their small productive vocabulary one word at a time

overextension

the use of a given word in a broader context than is appropriate (like "dog" for any 4-legged animal)

style

the strategies that young children enlist in beginning to speak

referential (analytic) style

speech strategy that analyzes the speech stream into individual phonetic elements and words

Vygotsky's view on language

thought is internalized speech and thought originates in large part in statements that parents and other adults make to children

private speech is most prevalent between ages __ and__

4 and 6

sociocultural theorists believe that the foundation of human cognitive development is our ability to establish __

intersubjectivity

joint attention and social referencing emergence at about the same time at between _ and_ mos.

9 and 15

2 views of role of culture in child development

1)development is the acquisition of culture (Vygotsky)
2)development is embedded in culture (in the center)

aphasia

a condition in which language functions are severely impaired

Most infants produce their first words between __ and__ mos. of age

10 and 15

productive vocabulary

the words a child is able to say

telegraphic speech

children's first sentences that are generally two-word utterances

2 pieces of evidence that children do learn the grammatical rules of their language

1)word endings; they are able to pluralize nouns and put verbs into the past tense
2)they use the correct irregular forms of words that violate the standard rules (like "men" and "went" as opposed to "mans" and "goed"

overregularization

speech errors in which children treat irregular forms of words as if they were regular

collective monologues

young children's talk with one another in which the content of each child's turn has little or nothing to do with what the other child has just said

narratives

descriptions of past events that have the basic structure of a story

Nativist view

(Chomsky)
children are born with an innate knowledge of linguistic rules

universal grammar

a set of highly abstract, unconscious rules that are common to all languages

strongest supporting evidence for Nativist views

the invention of sign language by deaf children with no linguistic input from adults

Interactionist view

virtually everything about language development is influenced by its communicative function

Connectionist view

language development is based on general-purpose learning mechanisms

connectionism

a type of information processing approach that emphasizes the simultaneous activity of numerous, interconnected processing units

dual representation

the idea that a symbolic artifact must be mentally represented in 2 ways at the same time-both as a real object and as a symbol for something other than itself

a temperamentally based style of responding characterized by the tendency to be particularly fearful and restrained when dealing with new or stressful situations

goodness of fit

the degree to which an individual's temperament is compatible with the demands and expectations of his or her social environment

___ has its root in temperament (and is thus biologically-based) but is also shaped by interactions with the social and physical world

personality

psychoanalytic theory of attachment

become attached because mom satisfies baby's "oral needs"; first relationship provides model for all others

behaviorist theory of attachment

mom provides relief from hunger; positive associations lead to attachment

Harlow & Zimmerman Study

compared the development of monkeys who were isolated from birth with those who were reared normally by their mothers. when the isolated monkeys were finally placed with other monkeys 6 months later, they showed severe social disturbances

what did the Harlow & Zimmerman study show?

that children's healthy social and emotional development is rooted in their early social interactions with adults

attachment theory

(John Bowlby) children are biologically predisposed to develop attachments with caregivers as a means of increasing the chances of their own survival

secure base

Bowlby's term for when an attachment figure's presence provides an infant or toddler with a sense of security that makes it possible for the infant to explore the environment

social referencing

looking to others when unsure

separation anxiety peaks at ___

14-20 mos.

stranger anxiety peaks at ____

8-10 mos.

imprinting

(Lorenz)
a form of learning in which the young of some species of newborn birds and mammals become attached to and follow adult members of the species

internal working model of attachment

the child's mental representation of the self, of attachment figures, and of relationships in general that is constructed by its experiences with caregivers; this model guides children's interactions with caregivers and other people in infancy and at older ages

Strange Situation

Ainsworth's procedure in which the infant and its parent are placed in a lab playroom filled with interesting toys. the child is then exposed to 7 episodes, including 2 separations and 2 reunions with the parent, and 2 interactions with a stranger (one when the parent is present and one when the parent is out of the room)

results of Ainsworth's Strange Situation study

she found 3 behavioral patterns: secure attachment (the majority), insecure/resistant, and insecure/avoidant

secure attachment

sad to see parent leave and happy when they return (use them as a secure base) and recover quickly from any distress

insecure/resistant

get very upset when parent leaves the room, but when they come back, it both seeks comfort from parent and resists their embrace at the same time

insecure/avoidant

indifferent toward parent (both when they leave and when they come back); just as easily comforted by a stranger as they are by their parent)

disorganized/disoriented attachment

don't fit into other categories; their behavior is inconsistent

adult attachment models

working models of attachment in adulthood that are believed to be based upon adults' perceptions of their own childhood experiences-especially their relationships with their parents-and of the influence of these experiences on them as adults

all the insecurely-attached Japanese infants were ____

insecure/resistant

parental sensitivity

such things as responsive caregiving when child is distressed and helping children engage in learning situations

an important factor that contributes to the security of an infant's attachment is ____

parental sensitivity

when does social comparison emerge mostly?

8-11 yrs. (middle to late elementary school)

personal fable

a form of egocentrism in which adolescents overly differentiate their feelings from those of others and come to regard themselves as unique and special

3 components of moral development

moral reasoning, conscience, behavior

prosocial behaviors

benefit others (helping, sharing, etc)

Piaget believed that ____, more than ____ account for advances in children's moral reasoning

interactions with peers; adult influence

Piaget's 2 stages of development in children's moral reasoning

1)Morality of Constraint
2)Autonomous Morality

Morality of Constraint

children younger than 7-8 yrs., believe that rules are unchangeable and whatever parent, authority says is right; deviating from these rules is bad; **it is in this stage that they believe that what determines if an action is good or bad is the consequences, not the intentions

social conventional judgements

decisions that pertain to customs or regulations intended to secure social coordination and social organization (like table manners)

prosocial behaviors emerge by when?

the second year

the 2 most important contributors to moral reasoning are __ and__ and they took a __ approach to studying the development of moral reasoning

Piaget and Kohlberg; cognitive developmental

reflexive vocalization (and age)

hiccups, crying, burps, sighs; 0-2 mos.

two theories on what gets children from sentences to rules

empiricist and nativist

nativist vs. empiricist

nativist: properties of the learner
empiricist: properties of the environment

according to Huttenlocher, children (at what age?) (do what?) if their mothers/teachers do the same?