Kelems Jews as a Torah and spiritual People

Alongside the many and varied business pursuits of the Jews in Kelem, there was
their Torah and spiritual lives, which were very rich. In Kelem, there lived
Torah students, and enlightened scholars, one alongside the other, secular and
extremely pious together. In town were wealthy folks who were learned in Torah;
and, there were common people who knew Torah and Midrash. Kelem was the
birthplace of Rabbi Eleazer Elyahu Friedman, who, in his book of memories from
the years 1858-1926, writes that every male in Kelem, from one end of the
shtetl to the other, was learned in Torah. Not even a single Am Ha'aretz
(unlearned man) could be found in Kelem.

Almost every one of the better off Kelmers, economically speaking, knew Torah
and was knowledgeable in Talmud and Jewish laws. Most of the other members of
the community, who were of the common folk (workers, craftsman, porters, or
just everyday people) knew by heart the books, Chaiyai Adam, Ein
Yaakov, the Ethics of the Fathers, and the Midrashim. These holy books were
always on their tongues. The people would not miss a day in the
year of the daily lesson in Torah at one of the Batai Midrash (Houses of
Study), or at the Shtieblech (small synagogues). Even after the long hours
spent preoccupied in their daily work, they used to open the Gemara in order to
study and delve into various Talmudic discussions. It is no exaggeration to say
that Jewish Kelem had daily work and daily study intermixed in their lives.

All prayer houses in Kelem were houses of study. Poor young Yeshiva students
weren't the only ones to study, but rather the important, well-to-do and
leading business people also studied on a daily basis. Not only did the well
learned study Gemara, but the common ordinary Jew did as well. Every person
studied according to his talent and ability. There were a number of groups that
studied Torah, such as Shas (the most important), Chaiyai Adam, Mishnayot, Ein
Yaakov, Midrash, Minorat HaMeor, and others.

The Tiferet Bachorim was founded in Kelem in 1920 by Mr. Tarrisky. The goal of
this movement was to enliven the religious spirit and faith among the youth and
put an end to complacency toward our Jewish heritage. Most of the members in
this organization were not actually from the most religious families: many
youths in it were from both poor and from wealthy families. They studied
Mishna, Ein Yaakov, Ta'anach, Halacha, and Shemerat Halashon (guarding the
tongue). There was also a youth branch of this organization for boys 10 to 16
years of age. The younger branch had the same goal, to bring the younger boys
closer to Torah and Judaism.

It was also Zionist orientated and did much for Eretz Israel and the Jewish
National Fund. Those of us who survived, will surely remember these members of
Tifert Bachorim; Raphael Asher Milner, Menachem Fraid, Chaim Charif, and
others. Along with regular Torah studies, there were those who were Great
in Torah and given the title Genius. Some of them sat as
Town Rabbi, and were rabbis of the Musar movement. The Great
Yeshiva and Talmud Torah belonged to this movement, whose founder was Rabbi
Simcha Zissel Ziv. Rabbis from the Musar movement in Kelem were: R. Eleazer
Gutman, Gitzel Halevi Horovitz (who was known as Shulchan Aruch, because he had
memorized the whole book of that name), R. Eleazer Gordan, R. Zvi Yaakov
Oppenheim, his son in law R. Kalman Benishovitz (who was the last town Rabbi of
Kelem, R. Zvi Hersh Broide, R. Neta Zvi Frankel, R. Arieh Leib Frumkin, R.
Eilikim Goldberg (called the Genius), and others.

Talmud Torah and the Great Yeshiva

The establishment which was called Talmud Torah was the most famous yeshiva of
higher learning in Kelem. The Gaon, Rabbi Simcha Zissel Ziv, who was an
outstanding Torah scholar, founded the yeshiva. He thought that the Jews of
Kelem, keepers of the commandments and learned in Torah, were worthy of an
academy of higher Torah learning. It was a unique yeshiva which was conducted
in the spirit of the ideals of its founder. R. Ziv was a rabbi from the Musar
movement and a student of the founder of the Musar movement, R. Israel Salant.
The Talmud Torah was founded to become a center for bright Torah students, who
were chosen from other yeshivas to study there. Students were chosen after they
passed rigorous examinations on the subject of Musar, which was an ethical and
moral revival movement of great importance in Judaism. The studies in this
Great Yeshiva put its imprint on the shtetl. R. Simcha Zissel Ziv preached an
ethical and moral path in Judaism that was based on the system of R. Israel
Salant, who emphasized piety and ethics, strengthening the soul's power, self
knowledge, elevating the Godly qualities and their perfection according to the
Torah's teachings and the instruction of our learned Rabbis of the past. R.
Simcha Zissel Ziv preached not only for Torah study, but for all of living to
be done in an ethical manner: that man should lift up his thoughts, cleaving to
God and pure actions.

In spite of the fact that some of Kelem's leading Jews opposed or had
objections to the Musar system, they sent their children to study in the Great
Yeshiva-Talmud Torah. It was thought to be a great honor to be accepted as a
student. Many students came from other cities in Lithuania and from other
countries to study in the Talmud Torah.

The Yeshiva was situated in a very large building, surrounded by a high fence,
which symbolized its isolation from the rest of the community, which opposed
its system of study. The students in the Talmud Torah put aside most of the
Talmudical studies and concentrated on Musar studies. They sat all day wrapped
in Tallisim (prayer shawls) and wore Tefillen while studying. They would not
use secular speech or not speak at all for days. In their dress, they were very
unlike other Jews, wearing long black coats down to their knees, black hats,
white shirts, etc. All these clothes were made of the finest cloth. The
maintenance of the building and support of the students came from rents
collected from buildings owned in Kovno by the Yeshiva. That building was a
contribution of a philanthropist from outside Lithuania, and it supported the
existence of the Talmud Torah.

At the time of the founding of the Yeshiva, some secular subjects were taught
there; Hebrew, Russian, and others. Secular subjects found their way into the
Yeshiva by way of the enlightenment that spread throughout all of European
Jewry at that time. It was an attempt to integrate the newer life styles with
the frozen older style of Orthodoxy'; i:e, piety with short side locks, long
intense prayers with shorter clothing, the voice of supplication in study, with
a warm welcome, courtesy, good manners, and politeness between people.

The heads of the Yeshiva and the students did actually isolate themselves from
the community, but not completely. The Yeshiva was inspired by the Jewish life
in Kelem. The youth of Kelem and the children were allowed to visit, and did
visit freely on certain holidays, in order to celebrate together with the
yeshiva bochers, and to see and become impressed with the life of
the Yeshiva. Many remember Simchat Torah, during which Kelem's youth would sing
and dance along with the yeshiva bochers. Everybody was served with
candy and cakes.

In the period between the two world wars, there stood at the head of the Talmud
Torah, men who were learned and great in Torah, such as: R. Moshovitz and his
brother-in-law, R. Mednik. R. Gershon Mednik was actually the administrative
head of the institution; he was in charge of renting the building in Kovno and
was in charge of the proper financial management of money from that building.
All of that money was used for the upkeep of the Yeshiva, the students, and for
the Rabbis.

R. Daniel Moshovitz was the spiritual head of the Musarnikin. He
was married to the granddaughter of R. Simcha Zissel Ziv. He symbolized within
himself, a spiritual personality, a highly elevated soul, a brilliant Torah
scholar, a teacher, and philosopher. He was familiar with all the philosophies
of the secular world. He was a very deep and brilliant thinker, an unusual
Genius. Along with all of these qualities, he was a delicate soul,
who radiated love for all men, regardless of their position. He was regarded
with great honor, even in not so religious circles. It was said in Kelem that
no one in Kelem ever succeeded in saying good morning or good evening before R.
Daniel Moshovitz said it to them, to everyone in the shtetl.

The end of the yeshiva bocherim and their great Yeshiva, together
with their famous teachers and holy rabbis, was as bitter as the other Jews in
Kelem. They were murdered by the Nazi collaborators, the Lithuanians. Their
bodies are buried in a mass grave in the fields of the Grozhebiski farm.

The Yeshiva Hak'tana

(The Small Yeshiva)

Alongside the Talmud Torah there was a Yeshiva for young men in their teens.
The Jews in Kelem made sure that their children learned Torah early in their
young lives. There was not a family in Kelem whose children did not learn

Torah in their youth. As in the rest of eastern Europe, the families had their
children in cheder at the age of three or four, studying in the
spirit of Torah. The institution of the cheder gave the young
children a taste of Torah from teachers who specialized in that type of
instruction.

At the time of the First World War, a cheder was established for
girls by the woman of valor, Bessia De Ganz. There was recognition,
at that time by the Jewish public, that girls, also, had to have a Torah
education. The cheder of Bessia De Ganz served that purpose very well.

After the cheder, most of the boys studied in the Yeshiva HaKatana,
the small Yeshiva. It was called this in order to differentiate it from the
Talmud Torah (HaYeshiva HaGedolah). Boys studied there from the age of nine or
ten and, sometimes even younger. The beginning age was dependent on the child's
prior development.

In the years prior to the Second World War, there were 100-120 boys in this
Yeshiva, ranging in age from nine to sixteen. Most of the children were from
other towns, with most coming from villages in the Zemaitia area. The fact that
parents from near and far chose to send their boys to this Yeshiva showed that
its reputation was of the finest.

The start of the study year in the small Yeshiva, as opposed to other schools,
started on the first day of the Jewish month of Elul, and continued until the
month of Av, with breaks at Rosh Hashannah, Succot, and Pesach.

In the Yeshiva HaKatana, there were four grades that were called She'orim.
Every She'or had two parts; each one was a half year of study. There were no
secular studies. The Yeshiva existed for the study of Gemara and some study of
the Musar book Magranaryt Yesharim. There was also no study of the
Ta'anach (Bible). The basis of Jewish studies on Torah, had already been
studied in cheder or in the Yavneh or Tarbut schools.

In the Yeshiva, the boys learned Talmud and the tools for self
study. The schedule of daily studies was as follows. After the morning
prayers, the rabbi would give a lesson for an hour. Another hour was used for
questions and answers. Except for the lunch break, and a break for the Mincha
and Ma'ariv prayers, all of the time was given over to study and more study.
There was, also, the system of having four boys studying together; they would
help each other memorize the texts. Study was a system of questions and
answers, recognized even today as a very advanced type of study, and which
enabled the students to concentrate on one subject and sharpen their thinking.
In the evening, the studies would continue until late into the night.

Students from out of town would rent rooms from Jewish families. Their families
sent food supplies for breakfast and supper. The noon meal was organized by the
heads of the Yeshiva. The students ate lunch at a dining room set up especially
for them at the house of the Shmualevitz family. Most of them paid to eat
there. Poor students were supported for this meal by the wealthy Jewish
citizens of Kelem and by contributions from all of the shetls Jews. On Shabbat,
the dining room was closed, and the students would eat with families who
welcomed them. These families were not necessarily the wealthy ones. Almost
every home in Kelem was ready to receive a Yeshiva boy for the Shabbat meals.
It was a contribution of Kelem's Jews to Torah learning.

The Yeshiva did not grant a certificate to the boys who completed their
studies. Those who wanted to, or were financially able to do so, continued
their studies at the Talmud Torah or at the Yeshiva of Slovodka, Ponevezh,
Telz, or at other famous yeshivas in Lithuania. Of course, not all of the
Yeshiva's students continued their Torah studies. There were those who went
into their family's business or found another occupation for their livelihood.

At the head of the Yeshiva, at the time of the outbreak of W.W.II, stood R.
Shlomo Pianko, who was a native Kelmer. His assistant was R. Eliahu Kremmerman,
who was later, made rabbi in Kerazyay. His son, R. Zalman Kremmerman, survived
the Holocaust, and now lives in Jerusalem. The Mashgiach
(overseer), was R. Pesach Sadovetski, who was originally from Shaduva. Eliezer
Levin was the teacher of the third year students. R. Pianko taught the fourth
year. R. Sadovetski was the strong man at the Yeshiva, and ruled
with a strong hand over the students. Strict discipline was the rule, and
serious punishment was given out for infractions of rules, such as stopping
studying, reading of books other than religious ones, becoming
familiar with girls, etc. From the memories of survivors of the
Yeshiva, one can learn of acts of jest and pranks that the boys did, as is the
way of students all over the world. Any deviation from studying was met with
severe penalties.

Schools

Between the two world wars, there were not only Torah schools; additionally,
there were kindergartens and schools for general education. The children in
these schools studied the same subjects as did all school children in Lithuania
and the rest of the world; such as, mathematics, nature study, geography,
history, and others. Beside these general secular subjects, the children
studied Hebrew (grammar and literature) and the heritage of Israel (Jewish
studies).

The Shulamit School

One of the oldest schools for girls was the Shulamit school of the Yavneh
movement. It was located in the house of Lieb Gershovitz. This school was for
girls whose parents wanted them to study secular and religious subjects.

The day at this school started with the morning prayers. Prayers were said
before and after meals. The girls dressed very modestly. Besides the general
subjects, emphasis was put on Torah, Bible, and Mishnah. In addition, the girls
learned about the commandments that are especially demanded of Jewish women,
the laws of Kashrut, candle lighting on Shabbat and on holidays, and other
commandments that Jewish women must know.

Some of the teachers remembered from the Shulamit school were Lis, Tavriski,
Levin, Liba Kaplan Vantizhorski, Etel Shochat, and others.

In the early 1930's, this school ceased to exist. In the same building a
secular school was established. Known as the Progymasion school, it was
formerly housed in the Shectin house. It was a Tarbut school, one of many in
the network of schools of that name which were scattered around Eastern Europe
(Lithuania, Poland, etc.).

The Yavneh School

The school was for boys only. As at the Shulamit school, this school taught
secular studies and Jewish subjects. The Yavneh school was located in a small
Bet Midrash in a small street that was called Shul Gas by the Jews. In back of
the school was a yard that bordered on the well known Stam family.

R. Stam was one of the founders of the Yavneh school. People from all walks of
life had their children study here, rich and poor, religious and not religious.
Some of the names of children who studied here are: Stern, Meyerovitz,
Yankelov, Broide, Yankelvitz, Koifman, Rose, Morgenstern, Yanver, Chaluzin, and
many others.

This school had four grades, from first to fourth. At the end of four years,
there were government examinations. In order to monitor the examinations, a
government overseer would arrive from Resain. Graduates received a certificate
to continue their studies in the Gymnasia.

In Yavneh, there were about one hundred students. Torah and secular studies
were taught, as we said before; i:e, Chumash and Ta'anach with Rashi
commentary, Hebrew grammar and literature. Hebrew and Yiddish authors were
studied, such as Shalom Aleichim, Mendel Mocher Seforim, Bialik, Tchernikovsky,
Fichman, Peretz, Gordon, and others. They studied geography, general history,
geography of Lithuania, nature study, mathematics, history of the Jewish
people, and others. These subjects were taught in Hebrew with the Ashkenazi
pronunciation.

The school day started at daybreak with morning prayers. After that, the
children went home for breakfast. At 9.00 a:m, the lessons would begin, with
short breaks between them. At noon, there was a long break for lunch and games
in the yard. In the summer, they played ball, games with penknives, and hide
and seek. In the winter, they built snowmen in the yard and had snow fights.

The children were the same as children in the rest of the world. They ran wild,
had fist fights sometimes, and smoked in the bathrooms. When they were caught,
they were punished severely. A graduate of Yavneh, Yitzak Levinski, relates how
the bell rang for the start of the lesson, right in the middle of a smoke in
the bathroom. The boys didn't want to waste the cigarette, so they put it in a
pants pocket of one of the boys. In class, the students and the teacher noticed
the smoke coming out of the boy's pants. There was an investigation, and many
boys were punished for smoking in secret.

Studies continued until four o'clock in the afternoon. In the Yavneh school,
there were theatrical plays and parties on Purim and Chanukah. Mr. Liss was the
principal of Yavneh at its inception; when he left, he was replaced by Mr.
Lichtenstein. Teachers who taught at Yavneh include Valski, Shochat, Levin, and
others. Teachers in Kelem who were from out of town rented quarters from local
residents. Mr. Levin, was a son-in-law of R. Pas. R. Pas also taught, usually
Gemara. He was a very exacting man, and sometimes used his cane or a ruler on
undisciplined boys. The level of learning at Yavneh was known to be very high.
The boys acquired a variety of knowledge in those four years, in an optimal
way. At the end of the four years, some students entered the Small Yeshiva,
some the Lithuanian gymnasia, and some stopped their studies in order to help
their parents make a living.

The Tarbut School

In order to teach Zionist ideals, there was no better tool than a Zionist
orientated school, whose goal was to educate the Jewish children in the spirit
of our struggle for our national home in the land of Israel. There was such a
network of this type of school, and its name was Tarbut. Kelem was one of the
first towns in Lithuania to establish a Tarbut school. Before Tarbut was
founded, there was a grammar school for girls in Kelem, whose teaching language
was German. Among the subjects taught were Jewish and religious studies. The
girls were members of Young Zion or Gates of Zion (national religious
movements). These Zionist movements were active outside of the studies and were
in addition to the Zionist teachings at the school.

With the coming of independence of Lithuania in 1918, a teacher with Zionist
leanings came to Kelem. His name was Akiva Vankutzer. He established the Hebrew
Progymnasion. After a short time this school was linked to the Tarbut network
and assumed that name.

The Jewish nationalist influence of this school was very great upon the youth
of Kelem. It was also integrated; boys and girls, had classes together from
their seventh year until the last class.

All the Jews of Kelem sent their children to this school, except those who
wanted their children to have a pure Torah school. Those children went to the
Yavneh school, and they continued on to the Small Yeshiva. The Tarbut school
was located in the Schectin house, and when the Shulamit school ceased to
function, Tarbut moved to the house of Leib Gershovitz. In the middle of the
1930's, the Jewish community erected a building for the Tarbut school at the
end of Shialea Street. The lot upon which it was built, was given by the local
counsel (Vals'chus in Lithuania).

Some of the teachers continued to teach in the Tarbut school. The teachers were
Nachum Finkel, Leshem, Antizorski, Moshe Natosh, Aukon, Dr. Yoffe, Piontek,
Friedman, Shub, Chaviva Naymen, Esther Vigdor, Rifka Dupchanski, Meir Katz,
Moveshe, Moshe Gold, Mosniski, and others. The teachers in the Tarbut school
and the Yavneh school were either native Kelmers, from the area, or from some
other place in Lithuania. All were graduates of Hebrew Teachers Seminars, a
recognized Zionist background. All the teachers taught according to the program
of the Tarbut network, whose principal aim was, besides teaching the general
subjects, to give to the students knowledge of their Jewish heritage in the
Zionist spirit.

At the Tarbut school, there were two preparatory courses and five classes. The
level of study was very high. Upon completion of studies at the school, the
student could be admitted to any Jewish or Lithuanian gymnasia in the country.

Hebrew was the language of study, and all the students could speak it. In
school, it was forbidden to speak Yiddish, the language of the home and the
shul. Even during breaks, it was forbidden. All the basic subjects were taught:
Hebrew literature and grammar, Lithuanian language and grammar, mathematics,
geography, nature study, Bible, Jewish history, singing, painting, and gym. The
knowledge about, and the love of, Israel was acquired by teaching about Jewish
history and tradition, by learning songs then popular in Palestine, and by
celebrating holidays and having ceremonies and remembrance days in the school.
These were dedicated to commemorating important events in Palestine at that
time; i:e, the building of Haifa's port, the starting of a new kibbutz, and,
quite the opposite, the assassination of Arlozorov. At all ceremonies, the blue
and white flag was flown and Hatikvah was sung. The students were very involved
in work for the Jewish National Fund. For that purpose, they collected funds,
albums, and stamps.

In the school, there was a library in which there was a large selection of
Hebrew books. These were books from the Hebrew literature or translations into
Hebrew.

In the Tarbut school, it was customary to involve the parents and bring them
closer to the school and its Zionist policies and activities. Parents were
invited to parties and plays, at which the students put on plays on various
subjects, chiefly subjects taken from the Bible. In order to heighten Zionist
and Jewish consciousness, there were lectures and evening readings from classic
Hebrew literature by active Zionists in the town. These were the chairmen of
the Chalutz movement, Meir Gilvitz, and the Jewish bank manager, Yehudah Mer.
Also, any of the emissaries from Palestine who were in Kelem, were invited to
speak there to the students.

Graduates of the Tarbut school continued their education at Hebrew Gymnasium in
Lithuania. There was no such school in Kelem. Some studied in the Lithuanian
gymnasia in Kelem. Many students discontinued their education in order to help
their parents by learning an occupation.

The Zionist education that the students received brought many of them to the
Zionist movements in Kelem, to training farms, and to aliyah to Israel.

Some of the parents in Kelem sent their children on to higher education. Higher
education was very expensive and few parents could afford it, especially
between the two world wars. There was, in spite of that, a number of youngsters
who did receive a higher education, such as the daughters of the farmer Shimon
Osher, who studied at Kovno University, Tzippora Miasnik, who studied to be a
teacher, Zalman Elperin, who studied mathematics, and Chanan Abramovitz, etc.

Zionist Party Activities

The Zionist movement, which spread across the Jewish world, did not skip over
Kelem. At the end of the 19th century, Zionist roots were planted in Europe. At
that time, there arose

in Kelem, the Chovevi Tzion Union. Among the first activists was Eliezer
Friedman, who wrote many books on the subject. In his book
Memories, he writes about Kelem and of two Zionist parties in
Kelem, Tze'eray Tzion and Sha'ari Tzion Dati.

In 1898, in the footsteps of the Third Zionist Congress, a Zionist conference
convened in Vilna, in which there was a large procession to celebrate the first
year of the Balfour Declaration. In 1920, A sports day was
organized in honor of the Hebrew University in Jerusalem. In that year, there
was in Kelem, a branch of the General Zionist Union, committees for the Jewish
National Fund and for Keren Hayesod, the League for Labor Israel, Committee for
Tel Chai, Mizrachi, and Agudat Yisrael. There was also the Zionist Socialist
Party, the Revisionist movement, Brit Chail, Betar, Hashomer Hatzair, and
Hechalutz. The variety of different parties are a witness to the split in
Zionist thought.

Branches of all the Zionist parties from the left to the right were found in
Kelem. The youth, who were active in the various parties, and who spent time at
their club houses, did not absent themselves from the synagogues of the town.
The goal of all the Zionist parties was Aliyah to Israel. For that reason, each
party had what was called Hachshara (training farms). The youth who were on
these farms had a better chance to get a certificate to go to Israel.

During the 1930's, many Kelmer youth did come to Israel. These were movement
youth, who went through Hachshara. Every movement got a very small number of
certificates, because of the British opposition to aliyah in big masses, and to
aliyah in general. The lucky ones, who did get certificates, were the very
active members of the movements, and the best hachshara people.

With those who yearned for certificates, there came to Israel (Palestine) at
that time (among many others), the Demant family, the father with five sons and
daughters, Penina Elpern, Yosef Rol, Haviva and Baruch Nayman, three daughters
of the Udvin, Rachel Yanver, Chaya and Rivka Chaluzin, children of the Ziskind,
Breckman, Disler families, the Adler daughter, Rachel Tzvik, Tzipporah and
Rachel Zaks, Yehuda Mark, Ezra and his sister Fruma Leibovitz, and many others.
These young Kelmers joined various kibbutzim, such as Givat Brenner, Afikim,
Yagor, Degania, Dafna, and others.

Kelmers also settled in the Ben Shemen Youth Village. Among them were Moshe
Shectman, Eliezer Borbaiski, Sarah and Rachel Danin, David Friedman, along with
the active Zionist teacher, Van Kutzer. Dr. Lehman (headmaster of an orphanage
in Kovno), together with orphans and other Jewish youth made aliyah and settled
in Ben Shemen.

Joseph Rol, who came to Israel in 1932, settled in Daphna and was in the
Haganah. He later settled in Ben Shemen, where he was very happy to find other
Kelmers, such as Moshe Shectin, Eliezer Borbaiski (the storeroom manager),
David Freedman, and Sarah Danin (the nurse).

The diverse political parties in Kelem show us that the Jews in Kelem were very
active Zionists. Political activity was only the background to the main Zionist
goal of aliyah. Every Zionist party had its own clubhouse for its own
activities. There, they held meetings, heard lectures on Zionist consciousness,
passed out literature on the Land of Israel, held celebrations, put on plays,
held sport competitions, etc.

There were divided political opinions among the parties, mainly between the
ones on the left and right of the spectrum. Many times, these differences
caused serious arguments, name calling, and angry confrontations between rival
groups. Well remembered is the jingle of the Betarnikim - Stalin and
Hitler together with Ben Gurion, and many others.

The two largest groupings had sports clubs. They held sports days for boys
where soccer and other athletic activities were played, while the girls
participated in rhythmnica and light athletics. Most of Kelem's
youth were in Zionist youth groups, and among them were young married couples.
These groups and their activities had a great influence on all levels of Jewish
society in Kelem. The religious authorities never came out with outright
condemnation of Zionist parties; and, the two Zionist streams, the secular
Zionists and the Torah Religious Zionists, existed side by side in harmony and
respect for each other.

Synagogues

As in all towns in Lithuania, there were synagogues in Kelem, around which
there were organized communal activities. In Kelem there were two principal
synagogues, the Old Shul and the newer Bet Hamidrash. Besides these main
synagogues, there were other smaller and secondary ones, which were used on
holidays when the larger ones were filled with worshippers. These prayer halls
were also used as study halls and were called Shtiebelich.

The Old Shul was not the largest, but was famous for its ancient artifacts and
its uniqueness not only in Kelem, but in all of Lithuania of that time.
According to tradition of father and son, the age of the shul was
over 300 years. From this we learn that the Jewish community in Kelem was about
that same age. The Shul was build by the Poritz Grozheviski. The whole town
belonged to him. He lived on a big estate next to Kelem. He was a descendent of
the Polish King Zigmund. He was a very rich man, powerful and a great
anti-Semite. It is told that he had no male heir, and for that reason he asked
the Jews to pray for him in his desperation for a son. In that very same year,
a son was born to his wife. The Poritz built a synagogue for the Jews and also
freed them from taxes in gratitude for their prayers.

The Old Shul was built of wood and had a wooden shingle roof. The roof was
reminiscent of a pagoda. This style was common in all of Eastern Europe. It was
a tall building, inside and out. A series of steps led down to the entrance,
according to the Biblical passage, From the depths I have called upon the
Lord. After a number of years, the building began to collapse. A grandson
of the Poritz strengthened the walls with pine boarding. At that time, the
wealthier Jews of Kelem decorated their synagogue with a special wooden Torah
Ark. The artist was a son of Resain, whose name, according to records, was
Yaakov Ben Schlomo. He carved the Ark with only a penknife, and completed the
work in 1775. Upon the Ark is depicted trees, plants, flowers, and animals such
as lions, gazelles, and exotic birds. This was all done according to the Jewish
artistic tradition.

After 45 years, the leaders of the Jews of Kelem decided to buy a chandelier
for their shul. An artisan from Vilna made it out of copper, according to
drawings that were left by Yaakov Ben Schlomo. From a central trunk, there
branched out forty stems, in many shapes and beautiful curves. All the people
of Kelem contributed to the buying of the chandelier, and it belonged to the
community. When it was brought from Vilna, it was greeted on the outskirts of
town by all of Kelem's Jews. At most ceremonies at the Old Shul, this
chandelier was hung next to the Holy Ark. The day that the chandelier was first
hung was called the day of the Great Joy (di groiseh simcha), and took place in
1820. There was a wall painting in the shul that depicted the Holy Temple in
Jerusalem. The wall painting was done by Aaron Chait, who produced other
artistic items, including the Throne of Solomon. This was a wooden chair, on
the legs of which were carved scenes of the famous trial before King Solomon.
On this wonderful chair there were also carved portraits of the members of the
Sanhedrin. Aaron put twenty years of work into carving that throne. A detailed
description of that chair will follow.

With the increase in population of Kelem's Jews, the Old Shul could not
accommodate them all. A new building, plastered in white, the Bet Hamidrash,
was erected. It was beautiful and large. All along its width and length, there
were windows, decorated with reliefs in the shape of lilies. The windows were
made of colored glass, the work of a true artist. The Holy Ark in the Bet
Hamidrash was not as beautiful as the one in the Old Shul, but was also
beautiful indeed. Its curtain was woven with gold thread. Above the Torah Ark
were represented two palms, the fingers of which were spread according to the
custom of the priestly blessing. On both sides of the Ark, lions
were carved. From the ceiling, there was a chandelier that hung near the Ark.
It, too, was made by an artisan. There was also a special floor clock, which
was made by a Kelmer, Reb Yecheskl. The clock was set in a wooden case, and
told not only the time, but also the date and holidays.

After a number of years, a small Bet Midrash was build next to the large one.
Standing near the two buildings were a number of smaller buildings, called by
the people shtieblech. They were also used as prayer rooms, but
were used principally as study rooms for the study of the Gemara. Here, too,
study sessions for the small Yeshiva were held.

At the end of the 19th century (the actual date is not known), a huge fire
broke out that burned most of the Jewish houses that were made of wood. By a
miracle, the synagogues and Beti Midrash were not damaged. The Jews of Kelem
took that as a sign from heaven. They, therefore, built another building called
the Kloiz.

In addition to the Kloiz, the house of the rabbi of Kelem was erected. This
building eventually housed the Yavne school. A very extensive green wooden
fence was set up to enclose the whole area of all of these buildings and its
open areas (the shul hoif). There were two large gates in the fence, which were
opened only on Sabbaths and Holidays. For all the other days of the year, the
entrance was through smaller gates in the fence.

The Story of an outstanding Jewish Work of Art

The Throne of King Solomon

by Yaakov Chait

My father, Aaron Chait, was born in the town of Kelem, Lithuania. He was an
artisan by the grace of God. Most of his works were done in wood.
He was educated in the Jewish traditions. He, therefore, devoted his whole life
to Jewish ceremonial art and decided to create the well-known Throne of the
Kingdom of King Solomon according to the description in the Second Targum. He
worked on it for five years, working from morning to evening. He also put all
his life and will into the Throne, in addition to his money. As I stated
before, my father believed with all his body and soul, that by completing this
wonderful relic from the Jewish past, a stream of light would light up the gray
lives of the Jews in their long exile.

My father would travel from town to town and from city to city with his
exhibit. It really was a great work of art. The length of the representation of
the palace was ten meters; its width five to six meters; and, its
height was three meters. It contained a great many details carved in it.

Here is a description of the work. In the center of the composition was a round
platform with ten steps. Underneath a round canopy, held up by four poles of
marble, was the King's Throne. Above the canopy, was a crown of gold, and above
that an eagle with spread wings. Above the canopy, was a golden decorative
carving. Above that was colored glass and that spelled out the inscription
God's judgment is righteous. The background behind the Throne was
purple velvet with gold threads and decoration.

On the platform, underneath the canopy, on top of three additional steps, was
the Throne, on which sat his majesty, the beardless, young king Solomon. He
wore regal clothing, and on his head was a golden crown. In one of his hands
was a scepter, and with the other hand he stroked a lion, which supported the
Throne. The king's feet rested on a velvet pillow of red interwoven with gold.
The Throne itself was carved with beautiful carvings. Above the head of the
King, small birds rose up in the air. These were, according to the legend,
birds that flew around the kingdom and reported back to the king about what had
transpired among his subjects.

According to the legend, these birds told the king about all that happened in
the world and in his kingdom. At the king's right hand sat the high priest on a
golden chair. We wore silk robes, lined with gold. On his head was a silk
turban, and on his chest was the Urim and Tumim. This was a breastplate made up
of twelve squares of crystal glass set in gold. In every square was written a
name of a tribe of Israel. On the king's left sat the assistant to the high
priest. Some twenty soldiers, dressed in armor and carrying swords and spears,
guarded the king on every side. At the back of the Throne, carvings of golden
plants and flowers sprouted from the floor. The steps were covered with green
rugs. Along the sides of these steps were carvings of different kinds of
animals. On one side there was a lion opposite a lamb, then a panther opposite
a kid, and so on. According to legend, they would take the king on their
shoulders. On the steps were baskets of flowers. On both sides of the steps, on
the floor around the wall, sat royal chairs upon which sat the seventy-one
members of the Sanhedrin. All of these were dressed in the finest clothes,
appearing very old, with long dark and gray beards. In back of them were scenes
of ancient Jerusalem.

Near the steps in the center, the famous trial, at which king Solomon would be
the judge, took place. On a carpet, lay the body of a child. A soldier in a red
uniform with a special helmet, holds the sword in his right hand. In his left
hand, he holds the child by his feet, ready to execute the judgment; that is,
to divide the living child in half, and give each mother one half
of him. The real mother kneels on the floor at the foot of the executor, and
her hand catches the hand with the sword. The other woman (the false mother)
stands on her agreement to carry out the king's judgment. Both women are
dressed in long dresses. Both have long, dark, frizzy hair. At the entrance to
the palace are carved two rows, one opposite the other, one of lions and one of
eagles. The structure was in the frame made of carved, decorative figures and
flowers of wood enclosed in gold. At the entrance of the structure stood rows
of soldiers.

That was the description of the composition as it is engraved in my memory.
Sixty years have passed since then. There are still Kelmer Jews, living today,
who remember the Throne of Solomon. It is difficult for me to imagine how my
father, a man who had no artistic training in creating human figures, animals,
and birds with such anatomical realism and perfection and in such large
numbers, could have created the Throne of Solomon. Every figure was thirty to
forty centimeters high, and there were a few hundred of them. It is interesting
to state that all of the work, including the sewing of all the clothing and all
of the woodwork, was my father's own handiwork.

One week before he died, when I was only twelve years old, I came home from
school and found my father beside the fireplace with a hammer in his hand. He
had banged out the figures of the Sanhedrin, one by one, pulled out their
clothes, beheaded them, and threw out their heads into the burning fireplace.
About twenty or thirty of these figures found their death that way.
My interference prevented the destruction of the whole composition. My father
hugged me, and with tears in his eyes, explained that he had committed a great
sin, because the Holy Torah forbade the making of graven images and
do not make a statue in the likeness of God. He felt that his end
was near and wanted to appear before his Maker without a stain. This sin
bothered him greatly. Within a week, he had passed away. He was sixty-nine at
his death. My mother was left a widow with two children with no support.
Storing the work cost money, so my mother was forced to give it to YIVO (the
Institute for Jewish Research). Dr. Sudarski was its director at that time.

The last time that I saw the Throne was in 1939; it was in the Jewish
Ethnographic Museum in Kovno, on Mapu Street. According to reports of former
Kelmers, Herman Hirsh and Rabbi Yehuda Stam, who were in the United States, the
great work is in the Metropolitan Museum in New York. I had once turned to
them, and my request was turned down.

In the Second World War, I was a soldier in the Lithuanian Division of the
Russian Army. On our way from Russia to Germany by way of Lithuania, I came
into Kelem with other soldiers. I requested permission to stay in my village.
While there, I found out that my mother and most of Kelem's Jews had been
killed by the murderer from Kelem, the young Gasunas and his friends. My
younger brother, Hersh Chait, was also a soldier in the Lithuanian Division. He
died in the battle of Alekseyevka, near the city of Ureul in Russia.

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