"Results demonstrate that e-cigAM exposure during embryonic development induces a variety of defects, including median facial clefts and midface hypoplasia in two of e-cigAMs tested e-cigAMs. Detailed quantitative analyses of the facial morphology revealed that nicotine is not the main factor in inducing craniofacial defects, but can exacerbate the effects of the other e-liquid components. Additionally, while two different e-cigAMs can have very similar consequences on facial appearances, there are subtle differences that could be due to the differences in e-cigAM components."

"In a first of its kind long-term study published in the journal Nature, researchers have found no negative health impacts from the daily use of electronic cigarettes by young adult never-smokers after three and a half years of vaping."

“E-cigarette vapor regardless of the dose and flavoring of the e-liquid did not affect surfactant interfacial properties. In contrast, smoke from conventional cigarettes had a drastic, dose-dependent effect on Infasurf.”

“We analysed aldehyde emissions, and in short terms what we found was IQOS releases 80-90% lower levels of aldehyde to a tobacco cigarette, and an e-cigarette releases about 90% less aldehyde than IQOS itself – and about 99% less than a commercial tobacco cigarette.”

"The study analysed 51 toxicants of interest, and found eight at quantifiable levels. These included formaldehyde, acetaldehyde and acrolein, and were still found at levels 99% lower when compared to conventional cigarette smoke."