Latin History Ch1_3

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"Black Legend"

Who: Spanish + Indigenous

What: Idea that Spanish Conquest was more brutal than all other conquests

When: Colonial

Where: Spanish America

Why: French, Spain, and Portuguese owned land in the Americas and Europeans became jealous of Spain's success in the Americas. This was created in an attempt to change spanish conquest and limit their success in America.

What:Rebellion for independence by the lower social classes, blacks, in Brazil. Asking for end of merchantalism and slavery.

When: 1798

Where: Salvador, Bahia (Brazil)

Why: This was important because it was considered the “first Brazilian social revolution.” The capital of Brazil had been moved from Salvador to Rio de Jeneiro just before surge in the Bahia surge due to sugar exporting. This conspiracy was a failed attempt to make Bahia an independent republic from Portugal.

"I obey but do not fulfill"

Who: Local Spanish American viceroys, non-native leaders; Don Antoniao de Mendoza, first viceroy

What: Phrase used to describe attitude of local colonial officials (viceroys) toward the rule of the Spanish Crown (king).

When: 16th century

Where: Spanish America

Why: Mendoza refused to enact new laws enacted by the king for fear of local rebellions.

"Ninos con barbos"

Who: Missionaries

What: Concept that missionaries assumed the role of “father” to natives legally defined as “children”....”Ninos con barbas” literally means “children with beards”

When: colonial Mexico, 16th century

Where: central Mexico

Why: This was an important concept, because it allows missionaries, by law, to used corporal punishment (beating/hitting) to discipline.

1805 Haitian Constitution

Who: Haitian people

What: First constitution of Haiti proper

When: 1805

Where: Haiti

Why: Declared all citizens “black” to avoid racism due to lightness of skin. Banned most whites from citizenship or owning land. Freedom of religion. Non-hereditary empire.

Aldeias

Who: Nomadic indeginous population

What: villages created by Spanish crown to concentrate nomadic natives to make a more reliable use of land to exploit work and conquor natives

When: early colonial

Where: Spanish America

Why: Very close to encomienda the people were dominated and overworked for the spanish and got little in return mainly saved by Catholisism and Protected by European practices and civilizations

Aztec Civilization

Who: Mexica, indigenous population before columbian exchange

What: Advanced Indigenous population largly militaristic with classes dividing the population

When: flourished in 15th century

Where: Tenochtitlan, modern day mexico city

Why: They were canal builders the canal system provided clean water and established advanced agriculture under their empire

Atlantic Slave Trade

Who: African American Slaves brought by Europeans to work lands in New Worlds

What: Over sea trading of African American Slaves to work the new world land 11,000,000 brought to new world

When: During Colonial period and for some the Independence period

Where: From Old world across the atlantic ocean to the new world

Why: Many of the indigenous died due to disease forced labor of Africans allowed for Income to continue to thrive to europeans out of the new world it was very brutal in latin america as 10,000,000 of the 11,000,000 went to Latin America

Atlantic Islands

Bartolome de las Casas

Who: Spanish historian

What: Social reformer and Dominican friar (clergyman) who chronicled the colonization of the West Indies, especial the atrocities committed by the colonists on the native, indigenous peoples

When: 16th century

Where: West Indies

Why: He advocated for the local indigenous people before the king of Spain. So much so, he favored the use of African slaves over indigenous slaves. His efforts resulted in improvements in legal status of natives as well as increase focus on ethical colonialism.

Bourbon Reforms

Who: Bourbons and Hapsburg

What: Bourbans attain Spanish throne when their was controversy over the next heir to the Hapsberg King

When: took over by Bourbans in 1700

Where: Spain

Why: Bourbans took over a bankrupted society and it ended up taking 3 kings to fix all the problems left behind the bourbans goal was to reform gov't, increase gov't control of economy, and limit power of church this directly effected the Americas by having a government that cared more about their control in the new world and made and enforced a tighter law system within the Americas to benefit the Crown. Also, Bourbans created a standing army to enforce rules and fight against any revolts that may take place while establishing their new system.

Why: King Dom Joao VI resided and ruled from Brazil for over a year. Cortes (Lisbon pariliament) formed who resented remote rule of Portugal and thus the colony. When the king returned to Portugal due to Napolean invasion, left Pedro as ruler. Cortes restricted the prince's authority in Brazil and citizens priveleges. Pedro convinced to declare independence in 1822; this only benefited the elite.

Comunero Revolt

Who: Citizens of Castile

What: Uprising against the rule of Charles V of Spain who inherited throne after Queen Isabella I died and tax increases ordered by him.

When: 1520-1521

Where: Crown of Castile

Why: Began as anti-govt revolt, but became peasant revolts over local nobility. Eventually rebel leaders overrun by supporters of the emperor. Considered one of the first modern anti-noble revolutions.

Conquistadors

Who: Spanish looking for Trans-Atlantic Trade

What: Spanish Explorors that conquered parts of the new world

When: 16th Century

Where: Spain and Spanish America

Why: Hernan Cortes and Francisco Pizzaro are examples of successful conquistadors they brought money to themselves and the crown through brutal conquests in the Americas. The diseases they brought to Indigenous signifigantly helped them on their conquests of the new world.

Columbian Exchange

Who: Indigenous people and Europeans

What: Exchange of people, food, man made objects, and diseases

When: Colonial period

Where: Between New and Old worlds

Why: The diseases transmitted to the new world lowered population of Indigenous inhabitants and ultimately made conquest possible for Spain and other European countries The potato and other agriculture from the Americas helped to feed Europe and caused a European population boom

Hernando Cortez

Who: Spanish Conquistador

What: Started as a marginal nobleman but made a difference when he took over the Aztec empire making him one of the most famous and successful conquistadors

When: 1504

Where: Tenochtitlan, Modern Mexico City

Why: He used rival natives to help in his conquest and was a conquistador that set an image of glory and riches involved with the conquistadors and conquest of the new world.

Creole Identity

Who: people of both European or and indigenous

What: Mixture of all born in the colonies usually in the Caribbean area.

When: 16th Century

Where: The Americas

Why: Mixing of people led to the formation of new identities and conflicts among all three of the original cultures. Led to the evolution of a new society. Pride in local writers/culture. Growing population. Church influenced creole identity as many converted to Catholicism. Syncretism. Creoles dominate Catholic church; however,Jesuits expulsed in 1767 due to Bourbon Reforms trying to limit local control of the church and return control to Spain.

Divisions within independence movements

Disease

Who: Indigenous

What: deadly diseases brought by Europeans killed many indigenous

When: colonial

Where: The Americas

Why: Small pox was the leading death of indigenous killed many and made conquest possible by removing the indigenouses advantage of having the numbers and killed many more by taking away workers that keep society working also weakening moral and leadership

Encomienda

Who: Spanish, Indigenous, Moors

What: A brutal system giving very little and taking a lot originally used to exploit Moors but later was used towards the indigenous

When: early colonial era

Where: Latin America/ Spain

Why: It was used to establish a successful workforce of the indeginous/moors making money for the crown a percentage would go to the encomiendaro who was in charge of a single workforce. This worked well in spanish america and was justified as Spain offered indigenous protection and Catholicism. Was eventually was ruled too brutal and slaves were a better option as indigenous were dieing off

Enlightenment thinking/printing press

Who: Spanish, Indigenous, and Africans

What: Latin Americans didn't think of enlightenment as independence from their European powers but rather attempted work with the crown to improve rules and regulations making their living conditions better

When: 18th century

Where: Europe and Americas

Why: The Enlightenment Ideas were spread quickly within the Americas especially with the invention of the printing press and Ideas were based on European Enlightenment Ideas The crown liked the system they controlled indigenous with and tried to shut down all Indidenous Enlightenment

Expulsion of the Jesuits

Who: Spanish and Creoles

What: Getting rid of the Jesuit churches and their power in the new worlds

When: early 1700s

Where: New world

Why: while the Bourban Reforms took place the new Bourban crown wanted to limit the churches power and one of the ways they did this was by getting rid of the Jesuit which is one small group of very powerful Catholics many of which were Creoles this helped to limit power of people born in new world and return it to Spain. Limiting just this one Religious organization spain would be able to handle the backlash of revolts.

Expulsions of the Jews and Muslims

Who: Jews and Muslims in Iberian peninsula/Granada

What: Jews and Muslims expelled by Christian kings (Ferdinand and Isabella in Spain); it was a convert, leave or die strategy

When: from 13th to 15th century

Where: Iberian peninsula

Why: This is important because it affected the language and religion of the region. As well as it eventually led to the Spanish Inquisition, due to fear Jews/Muslims were posing as Christians.

Ferdinand and Isabella

Who: First Catholic monarch after Muslim Iberia surrenders to Christianity of unified Spain.

What: Agreed to Inquisition in Spain (Jews leave Spain, convert to Roman Catholic Christianity or be killed). Responsible for complete expulsion of Jew and Muslims from Spain. Also, responsible for sponsoring exploration of the New World.

When: late 15th, early 16th centuries

Where: Spain

Why: Exploration led to Spanish colonization in the New World with a Catholic state.

Gens de couleur

Who: Africans in Haiti with money

What: Not slaves at all as they had quite a bit of money these were mixed blacks and often times slave owners

When: Before Haitian Revolution

Where: Haiti

Why: They did not have as much power as the Grands blancs, They were hated by the petits Blancs as they had more money but hated Petits Blacs as they had more political power and rights, Slaves hated them as They were in the bottom and owned by Gens de couleur

grands blancs

Who: Superior White people in Haiti

What: They were the rich white people in Haiti highest on the food chain

When: Before Haitian revolution

Where: Haiti

Why: This group was the most content with Haitian gov't as they were on top in every way. They were not liked by slaves because they were their owners and took away all their rights and property, the Petits blancs didn't like them because they had more money and power over the land than them and the Gens de couleur didn't like them because they were white and had more rights and political power. However all the whites were greatly outnumbered in Haiti

Imperial crisis of 1808

Who: Bonaparte

What: Nationalist uprising against Bonaparte regime

When:1808

Where: Spain

Why: Junta (revolutionary governing body) met at Cortes of Cadiz to oust Bonaparte. They ratify liberal Constitution of 1812, considered too liberal by conservative colonists...leading to independence efforts in the colonies.

Jamaica Letter

Who: Simon Bolivar

What: A letter outlining Independence in the Americas and Stating why it was necessary

When: 1815

Where: The Americas

Why: He wanted to unite all of the new world and gain a independent gov't from spain The purpose of his letter was to gain attention and support in rebellions against Spain. he lived by it until his death

Jizya

Who: Mohammad first to use, Muslims and other religions

What: A tax enforced by the muslims over other religions

When: 570 AD

Where: Muslim ruled areas of the Iberian Peninsula

Why: Muslims allowed other religions to practice their beliefs but required them to pay this tax in order to save their souls. It was a way for Dominant Muslim areas to control other religions and maintain a high power within their religion.

Jose de San Martin

Who: Argentine Freedom Fighter

What: A advocate and leader of freedom/independence movements within Argentina and Peru against Spain

When: early 1800s during independence

Where: Argentina

Why: He risked his life towards his beliefs that European rule particulary Spanish rule was over the top and the only way for better lives within the Americas was to fight for Independence against their distant leadership in Spain. This lead him to become a hero within Peru and Argentina and the first president of Peru. He saw and participated in some of the Independence movements in Europe

Juntas

Who:Leaders in Spanish Provinces

What: When Bonaparte occupied Spain and his nephew became king, the leaders in outlying provinces or Juntas gathered to plan ousting Bonaparte

When: 1802

Where: Cortes of Cadiz, island south of Spain

Why: Eventually led to Bonaparte leaving Spain and new Constitution driven government, minimizing power of the king.

Land distribution

Louisiana Purchase

Who: Napolean and Thomas Jefferson

What: Land deal

When: 1803

Where: Currently Central portion of the United States

Why: Between the Haitian Revolution and the war against Britian he gave up French land to the United States

Mayan Civilization

Who: Advanced Indigenous population

What: Advanced native american civilization that mysteriously ended possibly due to famine

When: 300-900AD

Where: Started in Guatemala Migrated to Yucatan

Why: Unlike most of the Natives they were an advanced culture with advanced forms of communication and calenders they came up with the concept of the number zero Also they were very spiritual and engaged in blood sacrifices

Mestizo

Who: Spaniards/Spanish speaking Latin Americans

What: Label for any person of either mixed White European and Amerindian ancestry

When: Colonial period

Where: Colonial Latin America

Why: A person's legal racial classification in colonial Spanish America was closely tied to social status, wealth, culture and language use (casta system). Wealthy people paid to change or obscure their actual ancestry. Many indigenous people left their traditional villages and sought to be counted as mestizos to avoid tribute payments to the Spanish. Many indigenous people, and sometimes those with partial African descent, were classified as mestizo if they spoke Spanish and lived as mestizos.

Mercantilism

Who: People ruled under this new government

What: A government that taxes to send all money to the state rather than the people and makes cost of imports and exports too high keeping work within the country opposite of Capitalism

When: late 18th century

Where: Americas

Why: Important because it led to revolts such as the "Conspiracy of the Tailors"

Mexican independence

Who: Creole parish priests: Hidalgo and Jose Maria Morelos.

What: Imperial Crisis of 1808 led to minimal oversight by the king in New Spain. This led to unsuccessful revolts by the creoles first led by Hidalgo (an unorganized leader) and then Moreles. The creoles just wanted power from the peninsulars. However the mestizos and indiginous people were looking for social and economic change.

When: 1802-1820

Where: Spain

Why: Eventually, when the 1812 constitutional government was established in Spain, Mexico found the new leadership too liberal and peninsular and creole conservative forces fought to establish independence from Spain in 1820 with a creole emperor.

Miguel Hidalgo

Who: Creole Preist

What: Was educated by Jesuits before expulsion and he had strong beliefs against spanish and peninsulares causing him to be a leader of revolts in mexico

When: 1810

Where: Mexico

Why: Unlike many of the Creoles he was well educated and informed about enlightenment he had a good understanding of how to lead a revolt against spain and run his own society after establishing his far reached changes. Hidalgos army started small but grew a substancial amout by the time he reached and attempted to overthrow Mexico City, however Hidalgo did little to discipline or organize his troops he was captured and killed after leading this revolt.

Mita

Who: Incan Gov't

What: Tax based on labor

When: 16th century

Where: Incan empire

Why: It forced males to work on civil projects strengthening the civilization and enforcing a strong work ethic

Moors/Moorish rule

Who: Medieval Muslim inhabitants in parts of Europe and North Africa.

What: Moors take over most of western Europe including Iberia.

When: Medieval times; occupation began in the 700s, ending by the 15th century.

Why: This is important, because it suspended the spread of Christianity throughout Europe and the rest of the world.

Mulatto

Who: Spaniards/Spanish speaking Latin Americans

What: Label for any person of either mixed White European and African Black ancestry

When: Colonial period

Where: Colonial Latin America

Why: Used as a racial category in the Casta system used to identify people of a lower class to restrict their rights and penalize them with higher taxes.

Muslim rule of Spain

Who: Muslims

What: Society was comprised of Muslims, Jews, and Christians. Although there were periods of persecution, for the most part there was tolerance. The minority population had to pay a tax, or jizya, to the majority Muslims

When: 711 to 1492

Where: Al-Andalus or Moorish Iberia or Islamic Iberia

Why: Generally more tolerant society. Religious culture less focused on conversion and missionary work than other religions.

Napoleon

Who: French ruler

What: Took power after French revolution Naming himself Emperor of France

When: 1799

Where: France

Why: He Blockaded Spain ruining their economy and causing Spain to go from a increadably rich and strong country to a weak and bankrupt country. Also treaties forced Spain to fight along side of the French during Napolianic Wars furthering their massive debt. Eventually Napoleon takes over much of the penninsula including Spain and Portugal and Starts venturing toward the New World. This leads to Independence movements in Spanish America.

Palenque

Who: Mayans

What: Maya city state.

When: 5th to 7th Century

Where: Southern Mexico

Why: Indicates the richness and creative genius of the Mayan culture.

Peninsulares

Who: Spanish born or mainland Spaniard

What: Caste system in New World/New Spain where peninsulares held the high offices of government compared to other racial groups.

When: Spanish colonial period

Where: New World

Why: Peninsulares eventually became resented by indigenous groups, leading to revolution.

Petits blancs

Who: Whites without money but still have rights

What: often times overseers not much money

When: Before Haitian Revolution

Where: In Haiti

Why: Hated Grands Blancs and Gens de Couleur as they had more money however they still had more Rights than the richer mixed occupants

Francisco Pizarro

Who: Spanish Conquistador

What: Famous Spanish conquistador

When: 1535

Where: Incan Empire in Peru

Why: The conflict between two Indigenous brothers, Atahualpa and Huascar, over Incan rule helped his conquest. He became very famous and helped to form the image of conquistadors as wealthy and successful

Potosi

Who: Bourbon control of area

What: Economically important Silver mines

When: 1535

Where: Viceroyalty of theh Rio de la Plata

Why: Important because as part of separation of Northern Peru due to Bourbon Reforms, the economic benefits from the silver mines in the area went to Buenos Aires, leading to hardships in Cuzco and Lima...leading to uprisings through Spanish colonial America.

Reconquista

Who: Muslims/Christians

What: The period of Christian state expansion on the peninsula at the expense of the Muslim states. Christian kings, drove Muslims from Iberia.

When: 1212-1492

Where: Iberian Peninsula

Why: Resulted in the Iberian Peninsula, and thus eventually the colonies, becoming Roman Catholic Christian states, exerting social and religious control of those areas. This included the expansion of Christianity through the Jesuits in the Americas.

Relay System

Who: Spanish Conquistadors

What: System for conquest in the Americas where conquistadors landed in one spot and took over other areas from there

When: 1500s

Where: Spanish America

Why: This form of conquest allowed quick expansion and rule over many areas to bring in a lot of income very quickly also it allowed the spanish to discover hidden lands while establishing a home base or place in which to fall back to

Repartimiento

Who: Indigenous workers and Spanish conquerers in Americas

What: System that replaced encomienda in the Americas temporary allotment of workers

When: 1550-1650

Where: Spanish Americas

Why: To keep the hard working indigenous busy and in theory give the spanish crown money while returning the favors to the indigenous making a more fair system however this was only in theory in reality this systems rules were easily bended in the Spanishs favor making it just as bad as encomienda

Requirement

Who: Spanish and Indigenous People

What: A document read by the Spanish to the Indigenous telling them their options are to either work with the pope and spanish or the Spanish will violently rule over them

When: 1513

Where: Spanish America

Why: It made the spanish feel as if they did their duties warning the indigenous and laying forth the options when in reality the Spanish knew the indigenous wouldn't listen as their was a communication gap and this document just gave reasoning for spanish behind a brutal conquest

Sor Junana de las Cruz

Who: Prominent Mexican, Catholic nun author

What: One of the most notable poets/authors in the Americas

When:17th century (1651-1695)

Where: Mexico

Why: Documented the life and history of New Spain, particularly focusing on the difficulty women and other minorities faced in a world they were not welcome in academic or artistic communities.

Spanish Constitution of 1812

Who: Cadiz Cortes (Spain's first sovereign assembly) with representative from Viceroyalty of Peru and Viceroyalty of New Spain.

Where: Isla de Leon....Spanish territory protected by British during French occupation

Why: Considered most liberal constitution of the time but never fully in effect since most of Spain still held/ruled by the French at the time. However, it allowed for establishment of local governments in the colonies through indirect elections benefitting the wealthy and socially prominent over the hereditary aristocracy in the area.

Syncretism

Who: European Catholics and indigenous people

What: Blending/merging of several originally discrete traditions, especially pertaining to theology, mythology and religion.

When: 16th century

Where: Colonies

Why: This concept was important, because one goal of colonization was to 'convert' the indigenous people to Catholicism. However, the 'Catholicism' indigenous people adopted was comprised of a blending of the symbols of Catholicism (cross/rosary) with traditional spiritual symbols (piles of stones to protect travelers). It was one area of native culture the Europeans could not completely control.

Touissant L'Overture

Who: General Touissant L'Overture

What: Considered the leader of the Haitian Revolution. Let 1791 slave rebellion in Saint Domingo eventually establishing control over whole island through political and military tactics.

When: 1743-1803

Where: Haiti

Why: The success of the revolution transformed lives of slaves in Haiti by setting them free and living in an independent black state.

Treaty of Tordesillas

Who: Spain and Portugal

What: Division of land by pope in Americas between the two

When: 1494

Where: The Americas and European countries

Why: The pope uses his power to make two rivaling countries content on land property lines within the new world. This is not rigidly followed.

Tupac Amaru Revolt

Who: Tupac Amaru II, an upper-class Inca/Indian

What: Rebellion originally led by Tupac Amaru aimed at Spanish administrators/leaders in the colony.

When: 1790, after Bourbon Reforms

Where: Near Cuzco

Why: In response to tax increases by Spain, Tupac called for rebellion, motivated by American Rebellion and Spanish involvement in the war. Believed Inca would rule again with British support. Tupac and family eventually caught and executed (drawn and quartered). Rebellion would continue unsuccessfully with his rebels. Over 80000 mestizos and Indians killed, resulting in banning elements of Incan culture such as clothing and language.

Vincent Ogé

Who: Weathly free black man

What: Instigated revolt against white colonial authorities in French Saint-Domingue from Oct-Dec 1790.

When:1755-1791

Where: Cap-Haitien, Haiti

Why: Pre-cursor to massive slave uprising of August 1791 beginning the Haitian Revolution.

Virgin of Guadelupe

Who: Indigenous people

What: Beliefs of church instilled in a relatable way towards the indigenous

When: Colonial period

Where: Latin America

Why: It is a story that brings a Indigenous Virgin similar to the Catholic Virgin Mary to the new world creating a new relatable Church to convert indigenous. This helps to make Spaniards feel good about themselves and makes glorifies conquest by saving uninformed peoples. Also it makes the Pope look good with many new converts.

Zambo

Who: Colonists in Spanish America

What: Racial term to identify individuals in the Americas who are mixed African and Native American ancestry.

When: 17th century

Where: Spanish and Portuguese Empires

Why: This label was part of the 'casta' system in which racial classification was used to tax and establish social classes within the society. The 'whiter' someone was, the more they were perceived as higher in society.