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Negotiations remained deadlocked at the end of 2005, and on January 1, 2006, Gazprom cut off supplies, while continuing to export through Ukraine’s territory and accusing Kiev of siphoning off gas illegally.

Three days later, a compromise five-year deal was signed.

But exactly three years later, gas supplies to Ukraine and onward to Europe were suspended for almost two weeks, as more debts accumulated and irreconcilable differences over prices re-emerged.

On January 19, 2009, after prolonged negotiations, new contracts were signed that, for the first time, contained a clear gas price calculation formula, and supply resumed.