SOx emissions come mostly from energy production and non-road transport;

Almost all NH3 emissions come from agriculture;

CO emissions come from heating and transport;

Most methane (CH4) emissions come from the agriculture, waste and energy sectors.

The total external costs of air pollutants are in the range of €330-940bn per year, including direct economic damage of €15bn from lost workdays, €4bn in healthcare costs, €3bn in crop yield loss and €1bn in damage to buildings.