Kamehameha I (Hawaiian pronunciation: [kəmehəˈmɛhə]; c. 1736? – May 8 or 14, 1819[1] ), also known as Kamehameha the Great, (full Hawaiian name: Kalani Paiʻea Wohi o Kaleikini Kealiʻikui Kamehameha o ʻIolani i Kaiwikapu kauʻi Ka Liholiho Kūnuiākea) was the founder and first ruler of the Kingdom of Hawaii. A statue of him was given to the National Statuary Hall Collection in Washington, D.C. by the state of Hawaii as one of two statues it is entitled to give.

Kamehameha is considered the son of Keōua, founder of the House of Keoua, and Kekuʻiapoiwa II. Keōua and Kekuʻiapoiwa were both grandchildren of Keaweʻīkekahialiʻiokamoku, Aliʻi nui of the island of Hawaiʻi, and came from the district of Kohala.[2][3] Hawaiian genealogy notes that Keōua may not have been Kamehameha's biological father, suggesting instead Kahekili II of Maui. Either way, Kamehameha was a descendant of Keawe through his mother. Keōua acknowledged him as his son and this was recognized in official genealogies.[2][4]

Accounts of Kamehameha I's birth vary but nearly all sources place his birth between 1736 and 1761. An early source is thought to imply a 1758 dating due to the significance of the date matching a visit from Halley's Comet and being close to the age Francisco de Paula Marín estimated,[5] this dating however, does not work for many well known accounts of the subject such as being a warrior with his uncle, Kalaniʻōpuʻu or being of age to produce his first children. The dating also places his birth after the death of his father.[6]

Hawaiian historian Samuel Kamakau published an account in the Ka Nupepa Kuokoa in 1867 placing the date around 1736.[7] Kamakau wrote, "It was during the time of the warfare among the chiefs of [the island of] Hawaii which followed the death of Keawe, chief over the whole island (Ke-awe-i-kekahi-aliʻi-o-ka-moku) that Kamehameha I was born". However, his general dating has been challenged as twenty years too early over issues involving Kamakau's inaccuracy of dating and the accounts of foreign visitors.[8] Regardless Abraham Fornander wrote, "An Account of the Polynesian Race: Its Origins and Migrations": "when Kamehameha died in 1819 he was past eighty years old. His birth would thus fall between 1736 and 1740, probably nearer the former than the latter".[9]A Brief History of the Hawaiian People by William De Witt Alexander lists the birth date in the "Chronological Table of Events of Hawaiian History" as 1736.[10]

In 1888 the Kamakau account was challenged by Samuel C. Damon in the missionary publication; The Friend, deferring to a 1753 dating that was the first mentioned by James Jackson Jarves. Regardless of this challenge the Kamakau dating was widely accepted due to support from Abraham Fornander.[7]

At the time of Kamehameha's birth, Keōua and his half-brother Kalaniʻōpuʻu were serving Alapaʻinui, ruler of Hawaiiʻs island. Alapaʻinui had brought the brothers to his court after defeating both their fathers in the civil war that followed the death of Keaweʻīkekahialiʻiokamoku. Keōua died while Kamehameha was young, so Kamehameha was raised in the court of his uncle, Kalaniʻōpuʻu,[2] the traditional mele chant of Keaka, wife of Alapainui, indicates that Kamehameha was born in the month of ikuwā (winter) or around November.[11] Alapai had given the child, Kamehameha, to his wife, Keaka, and her sister, Hākau, to care for after the ruler discovered the infant had survived.[12][13]

On February 10, 1911 the Kamakau version was challenged again by the oral history of the Kaha family, as published in newspaper articles also appearing in the Kuoko, after the republication of the story by Kamakau to a larger English reading public in 1911 Hawaii, this version of the story was published by Kamaka Stillman, who had objected to the Nupepa article. Her version is verified by others within the Kaha family.[14]

The god Kū-ka-ili-moku was left to Kamehameha I by his uncle Kalaniʻōpuʻu

Kamehameha was raised in the royal court of his uncle Kalaniʻōpuʻu, he achieved prominence in 1782, upon Kalaniʻōpuʻu's death. While the kingship was inherited by Kalaniʻōpuʻu's son, Kīwalaʻō, Kamehameha was given a prominent religious position, guardianship of the Hawaiian god of war, Kūkāʻilimoku, as well as control of the district of Waipiʻo valley. The two cousins' relationship was strained, caused when Kamehameha made a dedication to the gods instead of Kīwalaʻō. Kamehameha accepted the allegiance of a group of chiefs from the Kona district.

The other story is after the Prophecy was passed along by the High Priests/Priestesses and High Chiefs/Chiefesses, the fulfilling of the Prophecy by lifting the Naha Stone, singled out Kamehameha as the fulfiller of the Prophecy. Other ruling Chiefs, Keawe Mauhili, the Mahoe (twins) Keoua and other Chiefs rejected the Prophecy of Ka Poukahi, the High Chiefs of Kauai and supported Kiwala`o even after learning about the Prophecy. The five Kona chiefs supporting Kamehameha were: Keʻeaumoku Pāpaʻiahiahi (Kamehameha's father-in-law/grand Uncle), Keaweaheulu Kaluaʻāpana (Kamehameha's uncle), Kekūhaupiʻo (Kamehameha's warrior teacher), Kameʻeiamoku and Kamanawa (twin uncles of Kamehameha). They defended Kamehameha as the Unifier Ka Na`i aupuni. High Chiefs Keawe Mauhili and Keeaumoku were by genealogy the next in line for Ali`i Nui. Both chose the younger nephews Kiwala`o and Kamehameha over themselves. Kīwalaʻō was soon defeated in the first key conflict, the Battle of Mokuʻōhai, and Kamehameha and His Chiefs took over Konohiki responsibilities and sacred obligations of the districts of Kohala, Kona and Hāmākua on Hawaiʻi island.[15]

The Prophecy included far more than Hawaiʻi island, it went across and beyond the Pacific Islands to the semi continent of Aotearoa (New Zealand). He was supported by his favorite wife Kaʻahumanu and father High Chief Keeaumoku Senior Counselor to Kamehameha, She became one of Hawaiʻi's most powerful figures. Kamehameha and his Council of Chiefs planned to unite the rest of the Hawaiian Islands. Allies came from British and American traders, who sold guns and ammunition to Kamehameha. Another major factor in Kamehameha's continued success was the support of Kauai Chief Ka`iana and Captain Brown, who used to be with Kaeo okalani, he guaranteed Kamehameha unlimited gunpowder from China and gave him the formula for gunpowder: sulfur, saltpeter/potassium nitrate and charcoal, all abundant in the islands. Two westerners who lived on Hawaiʻi island, Isaac Davis and John Young, became ohana by marriage and hanai of Kamehameha and trained his troops in the firearm use, maintenance and repair.[16]

In 1789, Simon Metcalfe captained the fur trading vessel the Eleanora while his son, Thomas Humphrey Metcalfe, captained the ship Fair American along the Northwest Coast. They were to rendezvous in what was then known as the Sandwich Islands. Fair American was held up when it was captured by the Spanish and then quickly released in San Blas. The Eleanora arrived in 1790, where it was greeted by chief Kameʻeiamoku, the chief did something that the captain took offense to, and Metcalfe struck the chief with a rope's end. Sometime later, while docked in Honuaula, Maui, a small boat tied to the ship was stolen by native townspeople with a crewman inside. When Metcalfe discovered where the boat was taken, he sailed directly to the village called Olowalu. There he confirmed the boat had been broken apart and the man killed, he had already fired muskets into the previous village where he was anchored, killing some residents, Metcalfe took aim at this small town of native Hawaiians. He had all cannons moved to one side of the ship and began his trading call out to the locals. Hundreds of people came out to the beach to trade and canoes were launched. When they were within firing range, the ship fired on the Hawaiians, killing over 100. Six weeks later, Fair American was stuck near the Kona coast of Hawaii where chief Kameʻeiamoku was living, he had decided to attack the next foreign ship to avenge the strike by the elder Metcalfe. He canoed out to the ship with his men, where he killed Metcalfe's son and all but one (Isaac Davis) of the five crewmen. Kamehameha took Davis into protection and took possession of the ship. Eleanora was at that time anchored at Kealakekua Bay, where the ship's boatswain had gone ashore and been captured by Kamehameha's forces, because Kamehameha believed Metcalfe was planning more revenge. Eleanora waited several days before sailing off, apparently without knowledge of what had happened to Fair American or Metcalfe's son. Davis and Eleanora's boatswain, John Young, tried to escape, but were treated as chiefs, given wives and settled in Hawaii.[17]

Kamehameha then moved against the district of Puna in 1790 deposing Chief Keawemaʻuhili. Keōua Kūʻahuʻula, exiled to his home in Kaʻū, took advantage of Kamehameha's absence and led an uprising. When Kamehameha returned with his army to put down the rebellion, Keōua fled past the Kīlauea volcano, which erupted and killed nearly a third of his warriors with its poisonous gas.[18][page needed]

When the Puʻukoholā Heiau was completed in 1791, Kamehameha invited Keōua to meet with him. Keōua may have been dispirited by his recent losses, he may have mutilated himself before landing so as to render himself an inappropriate sacrificial victim. As he stepped on shore, one of Kamehameha's chiefs threw a spear at him. By some accounts he dodged it, but was then cut down by musket fire. Caught by surprise, Keōua's bodyguards were killed, with Keōua dead, and his supporters captured or slain, Kamehameha became King of Hawaiʻi island.[18][page needed]

In 1795, Kamehameha set sail with an armada of 960 war canoes and 10,000 soldiers, he quickly secured the lightly defended islands of Maui and Molokaʻi at the Battle of Kawela. He moved on to the island of Oʻahu, landing his troops at Waiʻalae and Waikīkī. Kamehameha did not know that one of his commanders, a high-ranking aliʻi named Kaʻiana, had defected to Kalanikūpule. Kaʻiana assisted in cutting notches into the Nuʻuanu Pali mountain ridge; these notches, like those on a castle turret, were to serve as gunports for Kalanikūpule's cannon.[18][page needed] In a series of skirmishes, Kamehameha's forces pushed Kalanikūpule's men back until they were cornered on the Pali Lookout. While Kamehameha moved on the Pali, his troops took heavy fire from the cannon, he assigned two divisions of his best warriors to climb to the Pali to attack the cannons from behind; they surprised Kalanikūpule's gunners and took control. With the loss of their guns, Kalanikūpule's troops fell into disarray and were cornered by Kamehameha's still-organized troops. A fierce battle ensued, with Kamehameha's forces forming an enclosing wall. Using traditional Hawaiian spears, as well as muskets and cannon, they killed most of Kalanikūpule's forces, over 400 men were forced over the Pali's cliff, a drop of 1,000 feet. Kaʻiana was killed during the action; Kalanikūpule was later captured and sacrificed to Kūkāʻilimoku.[citation needed]

In April 1810, King Kaumualiʻi of Kaua'i became a vassal of Kamehameha, who therefore emerged as the sole sovereign of the unified Hawaiian islands.[19][page needed] Angry over the settlement, several chiefs plotted to kill Kaumualiʻi with poison at the feast in his honor. Isaac Davis got word of this and warned the King who escaped unharmed quietly before the dinner, the poison meant for the king was said to instead have been given to Davis, who died suddenly.[citation needed]

As ruler, Kamehameha took steps to ensure the islands remained a united realm after his death, he unified the legal system. He used the products collected in taxes to promote trade with Europe and the United States.

The origins of the Law of the Splintered Paddle are derived from before the unification of the Island of Hawaiʻi; in 1782 during a raid Kamehameha caught his foot in a rock. Two local fishermen, fearful of the great warrior, hit Kamehameha hard on the head with a large paddle, which broke the paddle. Kamehameha was stunned and left for dead, allowing the fisherman and his companion to escape. Twelve years later, the same fisherman was brought before Kamehameha for punishment, the king instead blamed himself for attacking innocent people, gave the fisherman gifts of land and set them free. He declared the new law, "Let every elderly person, woman and child lie by the roadside in safety." This influenced many subsequent humanitarian laws of war.[citation needed]

Young and Davis became advisors to Kamehameha and provided him with advanced weapons that helped in combat. Kamehameha was also a religious king and the holder of the war god Kukaʻ ilimoku. Vancouver noted that Kamehameha worshiped his gods and wooden images in a heiau, but originally wanted to bring England's religion, Christianity, to Hawaiʻi. Missionaries were not sent from Great Britain because Kamehameha told Vancouver that the gods he worshiped were his gods with mana, and that through these gods, Kamehameha had become supreme ruler over all of the islands. Witnessing Kamehameha's devotion, Vancouver decided against sending missionaries from England.[20]

When Kamehameha died on May 8 or 14, 1819,[1][21][22] his body was hidden by his trusted friends, Hoapili and Hoʻolulu, in the ancient custom called hūnākele (literally, "to hide in secret"). The mana, or power of a person, was considered to be sacred, as per the ancient custom, his body was buried in a hidden location because of his mana. His final resting place remains unknown, at one point in his reign, Kamehameha III asked that Hoapili show him where his father's bones were buried, but on the way there Hoapili knew that they were being followed, so he turned around.[19][page needed]

Kamehameha had many wives, the exact number is debated because documents that recorded the names of his wives were destroyed. Bingham lists 21, but earlier research from Mary Kawena Pukui counted 26;[23] in Kamehameha's Children Today authors Ahlo and Walker list 30 wives: 18 that bore children, and 12 that did not. They state the total number of children to be 35: 17 sons, and 18 daughters.[24] While he had many wives and children, his children through his highest-ranking wife, Keōpūolani, succeeded him to the throne;[25] in Ho`omana: Understanding the Sacred and Spiritual, Chun stated that Keōpūolani supported Kaʻahumanu's ending of the Kapu system as the best way to ensure that Kamehameha's children and grandchildren would rule the kingdom.[26]

1.
Kingdom of Hawaii
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The Kingdom of Hawaiʻi originated in 1795 with the unification of the independent islands of Hawaiʻi, Oʻahu, Maui, Molokaʻi, and Lānaʻi under one government. In 1810 the whole Hawaiian archipelago became unified when Kauaʻi and Niʻihau joined the kingdom voluntarily, two major dynastic families ruled the kingdom, the House of Kamehameha and the House of Kalākaua. The kingdom won recognition from major European powers, the United States became its chief trading partner, and the kingdom was watched jealously lest Britain, Japan, or another power threaten to seize control. Hawaii adopted a new constitution in 1887 to reduce the power of King Kalākaua. Queen Liliuokalani, who succeeded Kalākaua in 1891, tried to restore the old order, Hawaii became a republic until the United States annexed it in 1898. Before the founding of a formal, united kingdom, the islands were all ruled by independent aliʻi nui or supreme executives. All of these rulers were believed to come from a hereditary line descended from the first Polynesian, Papa, Captain James Cook stumbled across the islands, but was killed while attempting to kidnap the aliʻi nui of Hawaii Island in 1779. Three years later Hawaii was passed to Kalaniʻōpuʻus son, Kīwalaʻō, while religious authority was passed to the rulers nephew, a series of battles, lasting 15 years, was led by the warrior chief who became Kamehameha the Great. The Kingdom of Hawaii was established with the help of weapons and advisors, such as John Young. Although successful in attacking both Oʻahu and Maui, he failed to secure a victory in Kauaʻi, his effort hampered by a storm, eventually, Kauaʻis chief swore allegiance to Kamehameha. The unification ended the ancient Hawaiian society, transforming it into an independent constitutional monarchy crafted in the traditions, from 1810 to 1893, the Kingdom of Hawaiʻi was ruled by two major dynastic families, the House of Kamehameha and the Kalākaua Dynasty. Five members of the Kamehameha family led the government styled as Kamehameha, Lunalilo was a member of the House of Kamehameha through his mother. Liholiho and Kauikeaouli, were sons of Kamehameha the Great. For a period of Liholiho and Kauikeaoulis reigns, the wife of Kamehameha the Great, Queen Kaʻahumanu, ruled as Queen Regent and Kuhina Nui. Economic and demographic factors in the 19th century reshaped the islands, in 1848 the Great Māhele was imposed by the king, it resulted in the selling off virtually all the village land farmed by the natives. For the natives, contact with the world represented demographic disaster. The Hawaiian population of natives fell from approximately 128,000 in 1778 to 71,000 in 1853, American missionaries converted most of the natives to Christianity. The missionaries and their children became a powerful elite into the mid-19th century and they provided the chief advisors and cabinet members of the kings, and dominated the professional and merchant class in the cities

2.
Kamehameha II
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Kamehameha II was the second king of the Kingdom of Hawaii. His birth name was Liholiho and full name was Kalaninui kua Liholiho i ke kapu ʻIolani and it was lengthened to Kalani Kaleiʻaimoku o Kaiwikapu o Laʻamea i Kauikawekiu Ahilapalapa Kealiʻi Kauinamoku o Kahekili Kalaninui i Mamao ʻIolani i Ka Liholiho when he took the throne. He was born circa 1797 in Hilo, on the island of Hawaiʻi and it was originally planned that he would be born at the Kūkaniloko birth site on the island of Oʻahu but the Queens sickness prevented travel. Kamehameha I, then, put him in the care of Queen Kaʻahumanu, jean Baptiste Rives, a Frenchman about his age, arrived on the islands in the early 19th century. Rives taught the royal princes some English and French, becoming a close friend, other companions included Charles Kanaʻina, Kekūanāoʻa and Laʻanui. His first name meant royal hawk while his name, Liholiho is a contraction of Kalaninuiliholiho. Liholiho officially inherited the throne upon Kamehameha Is death in May 1819, however, Queen Kaʻahumanu had no intention to give him actual leadership. Liholiho, young and inexperienced, had no other choice, Kaʻahumanu became the first Kuhina Nui of Hawaii. He was forced to take on merely a ceremonial role, administrative power was to be vested in Kaʻahumanu and he took the title King Kamehameha II, but preferred to be called ʻIolani, which means heavenly hawk. What followed was the disbanding of the class of priest. Kamehameha I had bequeathed his war god Kūkaʻilimoku and his temples to his cousin Kekuaokalani, Kekuaokalani demanded that Liholiho withdraw his edicts against the Hawaiian priesthood, permit rebuilding of the temples, and dismiss both Kalanimōkū and Kaʻahumanu. The first Christian missionaries arrived only a few months later in the Hawaiian Islands and he never officially converted to Christianity because he refused to give up four of his five wives and his love of alcohol. He married several relatives of high rank, but he was the last Hawaiian king to practice polygamy and his favorite wife was his half-sister Kamāmalu. Kīnaʻu was his wife who would later remarry and become Kuhina Nui. Princess Kalani Pauahi was his niece by his half-brother Pauli Kaōleiokū and she later remarried and gave birth to Princess Ruth Keʻelikōlani. Kekāuluohi was half-sister of Kamāmalu and Kīnaʻu through their mother Kaheiheimālie who was another of his fathers wives, Princess Kekauʻōnohi was Liholihos niece and granddaughter of Kamehameha I, and would later become royal governor of the islands of Maui and Kauaʻi. He was known to be impulsive, for example, on November 16,1820 he bought a Royal Yacht known as Cleopatras Barge for 8000 piculs of sandalwood, estimated to be worth about US$80,000 at the time. It had been sold a few years before for $15,400 by the Crowninshield family of Salem and he tried to gain favor with missionaries by offering free passage on the opulent ship, and regularly entertained foreign visitors with their choice of alcoholic beverages

3.
Kohala Historical Sites State Monument
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Kohala Historical Sites State Monument includes the National Historic Landmark Moʻokini Heiau and the birthplace of Kamehameha I. It is located in remote North Kohala on the Island of Hawaiʻi, Moʻokini Heiau is one of the oldest historical sites in Hawaiʻi and among its most sacred. Moʻokini means many lineages or many Moʻo in the Hawaiian Language, Moʻo are large reptile goddesses honored by Hawaiians since before the time of Paʻao. This heiau is a spiritual temple and not just an historic artifact of the Hawaiian culture. Evidence suggests the current temple was built on the site of smaller older one by Paʻao. The current site includes the remains of the heiau measuring 250’ x 130’ with a stone paved court enclosed by 20’-high stone walls. The heiau is constructed of stones that are said to have passed from hand to hand from the Pololū Valley. One tradition states that the heiau was completed by the menehune in one night, for centuries a strict set of rules were enforced at the heiau. It was a closed heiau reserved exclusively for the Aliʻi Nui for praying and offering human sacrifices, in Kohala Moʻokini Heiau was the focus of religious life and order. In November 1978 Kahuna Nui Leimomi Moʻokini rededicated the Moʻokini Luakini to the “Children of the Land”, in doing this she made the site safe for all persons to enter the heiau and created a place of learning for future generations to discover the past. Her family has been taking care of the temple for centuries, a few hundred yards away is Kamehameha Akahi ʻĀina Hānau, the birthplace of Kamehameha the Great. He is said to have been here in 1758 as Halleys Comet passed overhead. The entrance to the site is on the south side, a rock is said to mark the precise place of the birth of Kamehameha. Kohala Historical Sites State Monument can only be reached by a road from Upolu Airport and is located about 1½ miles off the Akoni Pule Highway. Turn North on Upolu Point road near the town of Hawi, a four-wheel drive vehicle is recommended, especially if it has been raining. The birthplace includes a sign and enclosure located at coordinates 20°15′20″N 155°52′58″W, the Heiau was declared a National Historic Landmark on December 29,1962, and added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1966 as site 66000284. A clear day provides a view of Maui. Near Mookini Heiau are two other smaller heiaus whose access is limited, mahukona Heiau, dedicated to Lono god, nine miles from Mookini, rises from a steep hillside

4.
Kohala, Hawaii
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Kohala is the name of the northwest portion of the island of Hawaiʻi in the Hawaiian Archipelago. In ancient Hawaii it was ruled by an independent High Chief called the Aliʻi Nui. In modern times it is divided into two districts of Hawaii County, North Kohala and South Kohala, locals commonly use the name Kohala to refer to the census-designated places of Halaʻula, Hāwī, and Kapaʻau collectively. The dry western shore is known as the Kohala Coast. The area was named after the geological feature Kohala Mountain. The current districts cover the north and western sides of the mountain and it was one of the five ancient divisions of the island called moku. Near the coast are remnants of dry forests, and near the summit is a cloud forest and this precipitation allowed the northeast coast to be developed into sugarcane plantations, including one founded by Rev. Elias Bond used to fund his church and girls seminary. The Kohala Historical Sites State Monument includes Moʻokini Heiau, a National Historic Landmark, King Kamehameha I, the first King of the unified Hawaiʻian Islands, was born in North Kohala west of Hāwī, at the ancient site called the Moʻokini Heiau. The heiau is a spiritual temple, and not just an historic artifact of the Hawaiian culture. The Bond Historic District is located in the North Kohala District, with structures from the Bond familys 19th century missionary, major thoroughfares within Kohala include Akoni Pule Highway which provides access to Pololū Valley. The Hawaii Belt Road which connects in the end of the Akoni Pule Highway to Kona in the south. The Kohala Mountain Road provides a link between Waimea and the Kohala CDPs of Halaʻula, Hāwī, and Kapaʻau, Upolu Airport is on Upolu Point at the northern tip of the island. Waimea-Kohala Airport is south of the town of Waimea, Hawaii County, Halaʻula Hāwī Kapaʻau Puako Waikoloa Village Waimea Kawaihae The Fairmont Orchid Mauna Kea Beach Hotel Kohala Gallery

5.
Hawaii (island)
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Hawaiʻi is the largest island located in the U. S. state of Hawaii. It is the largest and the southeastern-most of the Hawaiian Islands, with an area of 4,028 square miles, it is larger than all of the other islands in the archipelago combined and is the largest island in the United States. However, it only has 13% of Hawaiis people, the island of Hawaii is the third largest island in Polynesia, behind the two main islands of New Zealand. The island is referred to as the Island of Hawaiʻi. Administratively, the island is encompassed by Hawaiʻi County. As of the 2010 Census the population was 185,079, the county seat and largest city is Hilo. There are no incorporated cities in Hawaiʻi County, Hawaiʻi is said to have been named after Hawaiʻiloa, the legendary Polynesian navigator who first discovered it. The name is cognate with Savaii, the name of the largest island of Samoa, cook was killed on the Big Island at Kealakekua Bay on 14 February 1779, in a mêlée which followed the theft of a ships boat. Hawaiʻi was the island of Paiʻea Kamehameha, later known as Kamehameha the Great. Kamehameha united most of the Hawaiian islands under his rule in 1795, after years of war, and gave the kingdom. According to the U. S. Census Bureau, the county has an area of 5,086 square miles. The countys land area comprises 62.7 percent of the land area. It is the highest percentage by any county in the United States, in greatest dimension, the island is 93 miles across and has a land area of 4,028 square miles comprising 62% of the Hawaiian Islands land area. Measured from its sea floor base to its highest peak, Mauna Kea is the worlds tallest mountain, taller than Mount Everest is, the Island of Hawaiʻi is built from five separate shield volcanoes that erupted somewhat sequentially, one overlapping the other. Geologists now consider these outcrops to be part of the building of Mauna Loa. Another volcano which has disappeared below the surface of the ocean is Māhukona. Because Mauna Loa and Kīlauea are active volcanoes, the island of Hawaii is still growing, between January 1983 and September 2002, lava flows added 543 acres to the island. Lava flowing from Kīlauea has destroyed several towns, including Kapoho in 1960, in 1987 lava filled in Queens Bath, a large, L-shaped, freshwater pool in the Kalapana area

6.
Kamakahonu
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Kamakahonu, the residence of Kamehameha I, was located at the north end of Kailua Bay in Kailua-Kona on Hawaiʻi Island. Kamehameha I, who unified the Hawaiian Islands, lived out the last years of his life, the residential compound included the personal shrine, ʻAhuʻena heiau, of the King. The name means temple of the altar in the Hawaiian Language. His son, the crown prince Liholiho, also lived here, in December 1819, Kalanimoku led an army from here to put down the rebellion of his nephew Kekuaokalani, in the Kuamoʻo Battle, a few miles to the South. A battery of 18 cannon and large stone walls protected the fortress-like enclosure around several houses, Island Governor John Adams Kuakini lived at Kamakahonu. He governed the island when the king was away on state affairs to another island and he later built a more modern house called Huliheʻe Palace on the other side of the beach for entertaining visitors. The bay was called Kaiakeakua in ancient times meaning sea of the god, the name ka maka honu means the turtle eye in the Hawaiian Language, after a rock in the shape of a turtle that was located to the left of the present beach. It was here, within a year of the Kamehamehas death, the rock where Asa Thurston and Hiram Bingham I landed was later called the Plymouth Rock of Hawaii. The point to the north was called Kūkaʻilimoku, which means Kū and it is now the site of the Kailua lighthouse. The property is now part of King Kamehamehas Kona Beach Hotel, ʻAhuʻena heiau was reconstructed in the 1970s and can be viewed, but not entered. Some artifacts can be viewed in the lobby, including a feather cloak. The small sandy beach provides a beach for launching canoes. The first Hotel was built here in 1950, and the current one constructed in 1975, in 2009, the hotel was renovated, and a museum and cultural center added. The famous rock was covered over by construction of the pier, cattle pens on the pier were used until 1966. When the deeper harbor was built at Kawaihae cargo traffic moved there and this area is the start and finish of the Ironman World Championship Triathlon. King Kamehamehas Kona Beach Hotel Official Site

7.
Kailua, Hawaii County, Hawaii
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Kailua is a census-designated place in Hawaiʻi County, Hawaii, United States, in the North Kona District of the Island of Hawaiʻi. The population was 11,975 at the 2010 census and it is the center of commerce and of the tourist industry on West Hawaiʻi. Its post office is designated Kailua-Kona to differentiate it from Kailua located on side of Oʻahu island. The city is served by Kona International Airport, located just to the north in the adjacent Kalaoa CDP, Kailua-Kona was the closest major settlement to the epicenter of the 2006 Hawaiʻi earthquake. The capital later moved to Lāhainā, then, to Honolulu, Royal fishponds at Kaloko-Honokōhau National Historical Park were the hub of unified Hawaiian culture. The town later functioned as a retreat of the Hawaiian royal family, up until the late 1900s, Kailua-Kona was primarily a small fishing village. In the late 20th and early 21st centuries the region has undergone a real estate and construction boom fueled by tourism, Kailua is located at 19°39′0″N 155°59′39″W, along the shoreline of Kailua Bay and up the southern slope of Hualālai volcano. There are no rivers or streams in Kailua or on the Kona side of Hawaii. According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has an area of 39.8 square miles. The total area is 10. 71% water, the Kailua-Kona postal code is 96740. Other communities located near this zip code include, Kalaoa, Kealakehe, Kona has a tropical, semi-arid climate with warm temperatures year-round, typical of its latitude in the tropics. It is the warmest place in the United States of America in January on average, the coolest month is February, with a daily average temperature of 74.6 °F, while the warmest is August, with a daily average of 81.0 °F. In addition to being the warmest place in the United States in January, humidity is generally between 50% and 70%. Kona is generally dry, with an annual precipitation of 32.05 inches Mornings are typically clear while thermal clouds created in the day raise the temperature during the day. Vog can cover parts of the Kona coast from time to time depending on the activity of the Kilauea volcano, Kailua-Kona is located on the leeward side of the Hualalai Volcano sheltering the town from wind and rain. As of the census of 2000, there were 9,870 people,3,537 households, the population density was 278.0 people per square mile. There were 4,322 housing units at a density of 121.7 per square mile. The racial makeup of the CDP was 38. 7% White,0. 5% Black or African American,0. 5% Native American,18. 3% Asian,13. 2% Pacific Islander,1. 9% from other races, and 27. 07% from two or more races

8.
Kona District, Hawaii
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Kona is a moku or district on the Big Island of Hawaiʻi in the State of Hawaii. In the current system of administration of Hawaiʻi County, the moku of Kona is divided into North Kona District, the term Kona is sometimes used to refer to its largest town, Kailua-Kona. Other towns in Kona include Kealakekua, Keauhou, Holualoa, Hōnaunau, in the Hawaiian language, kona means leeward or dry side of the island, as opposed to ko‘olau which means windward or the wet side of the island. In the times of Ancient Hawaiʻi, Kona was the name of the district on each major island. When this pattern reverses, it can produce a Kona storm from the west, Kona has cognates with the same meaning in other Polynesian languages. In Tongan, the equivalent cognate would be tonga, for windward, Kona is the home of the world-famous Ironman World Championship Triathlon which is held each year in October in Kailua-Kona. The Kealakekua Bay State Historical Park marks the place where Captain James Cook was killed in 1779, puʻuhonua o Hōnaunau National Historical Park and Honokohau Settlement and Kaloko-Honokohau National Historical Park are in Kona. The volcanic slopes of Hualālai and Mauna Loa in the Kona district provide a microclimate for growing coffee. Kona coffee is considered one of the premium specialty coffees of the world, in pop culture, the region served as the basis of the Beach Boys song Kona Coast from their 1978 album M. I. U. Kona is the home of one of the bases of the international Christian mission organization YWAM. Kona is the home to the award winning Hālau Kalaʻakeakauikawēkiu under the direction of Kumu Hula Kenneth Dean Alohapumehanaokalā Victor, HK focuses on maintaining and perpetuating the beliefs, teachings, philosophies, practices and traditions of our culture through hula

9.
Peleuli
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Peleuli, formally Peleuli-i-Kekela-o-kalani, was a Queen consort of the Kingdom of Hawaii as a wife of king Kamehameha I. She was a daughter of High Chief Kamanawa and High Chiefess Kekelaokalani and her father, along with his brother Kameʻeiamoku, were known as one of the royal twins who helped Kamehameha I come to power and served as advisors. Her mother was the daughter of High Chief Kauakahiakua, son of Lonomakahonua and Kahapoohiwi and she had three brothers, Koahou, Noukana and Amamalua, and a half-sister Piʻipiʻi Kalanikaulihiwakama. In 1920, Elizabeth Kekaaniau published a book accounting the history of the descendants of Keōua, in the book, Elizabeth Kekaaniau stated that Piʻipiʻi Kalanikaulihiwakama and Peleuli were the daughters of Keōua and Kekuʻiapoiwa II, therefore full-blood sisters of Kamehameha I. It should also be noted that Hawaiian historian Samuel Kamakau stated that Peleuli was the aunt of Keōpūolani and she was his second wife because up to that point, Kamehameha had only one other wife Kalola-a-Kumukoʻa. According to Kamakau, she was considered his favorite wife, behind Kaʻahumanu, Kalākua Kaheiheimālie, Kahakuhaʻakoi Wahinepio. Her grandchildren were Kekauʻōnohi by Kīnaʻu and Leleiohoku II by Kiliwehi and she later married to Kaweloʻokalani, her husbands younger half-brother and the son of Keōua and Kamakaeheikuli. This marriage occurred while Kamehameha was still alive and the lived in the Kings household. She and Kaweloʻokalani had no children, although one source says that Kaukuna Kahekili was the son of Kaweloʻokalani and they adopted the youngest daughter of Kamehameha I and Kalākua Kaheiheimālie. She named the child Kīnaʻu after her own son and took her back to the island of Hawaiʻi after Kamehameha moved his capital back to Kailua-Kona, another hānai child and namesake was Elizabeth Peleuli II, who became the ancestor of the Crowningburg family. After Kamehameha Is death, his son Liholiho succeeded him as Kamehameha II, the last mention of her or her husband was that they transferred to Lahaina on the island of Maui, which had become the new capital, in the 1820s. Her husband Kawelo died around 1824, and she died soon after if she had not already predeceased him

10.
Namahana Piia
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Lydia Nāmāhāna Kekuaipiʻia was a wife of King Kamehameha I of Hawaii. She was the daughter of Keʻeaumoku Pāpaʻiahiahi, and her sisters Kaʻahumanu, Kamehameha and Kaʻahumanu later arranged Piʻia to marry Gideon Peleioholani Laanui, who was ten years her junior. They were married by Hiram Bingham I in a Christian ceremony, Nāmāhāna Piʻia also served as Governor of Oahu

11.
Wahinepio
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Kahakuhaʻakoi Wahinepio was a Hawaiian chiefess and member of the royal family during the Kingdom of Hawaiʻi. Wahinepio means captive women in Hawaiian, sometimes she is called Wahineopiʻo, or an extra ʻokina is added, calling her Kahakuhaʻakoʻi. She was considered Kamehameha Is third favorite wife and served as female Governor of Maui, an act unheard of at the time in the western world and she was born on the island kingdom of Maui. Her father was Kekuamanoha, and her mother was Kamakahukilani, the niece of her father, through her father she was a granddaughter of Kekaulike, the King or Moʻi of Maui. Supported by King Peleioholani of Oahu, he fought against his younger half-brother Kamehamehanui Ailuau, the battle ended in a stalemate, but Kauhiaimokuakama was captured and drowned by Alapainuis orders. Her siblings included Kalanimoku, Boki, Governor of Oʻahu, and Manono II and she was cousin of Kaʻahumanu, Kalākua Kaheiheimālie, and Namahana Piʻia, Kuakini, Governor of Hawaiʻi, and Keʻeaumoku II, who later served as her predecessor as Governor of Maui. Born Kahakuhaʻakoi, details of her life are scarce. She grew up in the court of her uncle King Kahekili II of Maui, afterward Kahekili set up his court on Oahu. She probably stay on in Maui with her aunt Kalola, the most senior chiefess of Maui at the time, and her cousin Kalanikauikaʻalaneo, Kalolas granddaughter. When Maui forces under Kalanikūpule, Kahekilis son and regent in his absence, lost to Kamehameha I at the Battle of Kepaniwai and they stopped in Molokai as sickness overcame the elderly Kalola, and were caught by Kamehamehas forces. The dying Kalola offered her granddaughter Keōpūolani as a bride in exchange for peace. Other Maui chiefesses, including Kahakuhaʻakoi, also joined Kamehamehas court and she and her cousin both shared the new name Wahinepio commemorating this event. Her cousin later adopted the name Keōpūolani, while Kahakuhaʻakoi is mainly called Wahinepio by historians throughout the rest of her life, Wahinepio married Kamehameha around that time. She was considered to be Kamehamehas third favorite wife, after Kaʻahumanu and Kaheiheimālie, like Kaʻahumanu she had no children by Kamehameha. She and Kamehameha separated in the early 1800s, around the time he married Kaheiheimālie, as a sort of compensation Kamehameha may have given Wahinepio to Kaheiheimālies first husband, his half-brother, Kalaʻimamahu. Kamehameha gave many of his wives to his friends and relatives. Remarriage was common among the chiefs of Hawaiʻi, and many chiefesses could even choose to have more than one husband at a time and she had a son Kahalaiʻa Luanuʻu by her second husband. Some sources state he was the product of her marriage and not her second marriages

12.
Manono II
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Manono II was a Hawaiian chiefess and member of the royal family during the Kingdom of Hawaii. She along with her second husband Keaoua Kekuaokalani died fighting for the Hawaiian religion after Kamehameha II abolished the kapu system, Manonos father was Kekuamanoha, and her mother was Kalola-a-Kumukoʻa, the wife of Kamehameha before his victory at the Battle of Mokuʻōhai. Through her father she was a granddaughter of Kekaulike, the King or Moʻi of Maui, from her mothers side, she was the great-granddaughter of King Keaweʻīkekahialiʻiokamoku of Hawaiʻi. Her half-siblings from her fathers first marriage were Kalanimoku, Boki and she was cousin of Kaʻahumanu, Kalākua Kaheiheimālie, and Namahana Piʻia, Kuakini, Governor of Hawaiʻi, and Keʻeaumoku II. Around 1809, while still in her youth, Manono was chosen along with her cousin Kekāuluohi by Kamehameha I to warm his old age thus becoming the old kings last two wives. The two young chiefesses were deemed his wahine pālama, a term that denote their special status, lama was the Hawaiian name for endemic ebony trees of genus Diospyros sandwicensis that were used in religious ceremonies. Oral tradition attested that Kamehamehas last child, a daughter named Kapapauai, was born one of his wahine pālama. She would later marry High Chief Keaoua Kekuaokalani, a nephew of the Kamehameha I, kekuaokalanis maternal grandmother was her namesake Manono I, a daughter of Alapainui and Kamakaimoku. Kekuaokalani inherited the guardianship of the Hawaiian god of war, Kūkaʻilimoku after Kamehamehas death, after Kamehameha Is death, on May 8,1819, Liholiho succeeded as King Kamehameha II. Influenced by powerful female chiefs such as Kaʻahumanu and his mother Keōpūolani, henceforth, men and women could eat together, women could eat formerly forbidden foods, and official worship at the stone platform temples, or heiaus, was discontinued. This event is called the ʻAi Noa, or free eating, in response to Liholihos actions, Kekuaokalani put himself forward as the defender of the kapu system and old religion, amassing a formidable force in the village of Kaʻawaloa. All attempts of reconciliation failed between the two cousins and war broke out between Kekuaokalani and the royal forces led by Manonos half-brother Kalanimoku. Fighting alongside her husband in the Battle of Kuamoʻo, they perished in defense of the kapu system. However, he revived, and, though unable to stand, sat on a fragment of lava. He now received a ball in his left breast, and immediately covering his face with his feather cloak and his wife Manono during the whole of the day fought by his side with steady and dauntless courage. A Residence of Twenty-one Years in the Sandwich Islands, a History of the Sandwich Islands. Lahainaluna, Press of the Mission Seminary, narrative of a Tour through Hawaii. London, H. Fisher, son, and P. Jackson, an Account of the Polynesian Race, Its Origins and Migrations, and the Ancient History of the Hawaiian People to the Times of Kamehameha I

13.
Kamehameha III
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Kamehameha III was the King of Hawaii from 1825 to 1854. His goal was the careful balancing of modernization by adopting Western ways, Kauikeaouli was born at Keauhou Bay, on Hawaiʻi island, the largest island in the Hawaiian Islands archipelago. He was the son of King Kamehameha I and his highest ranking wife, Queen Keōpūolani. Early historians suggested June or July 1814, but one accepted date is August 11,1813, biographer P. Christiaan Klieger cites 17 March 1814 as his birthday. He was of the highest kapu lineage, Kauikeaouli was about 16 years younger than his brother Liholiho, who ruled as Kamehameha II starting in 1819. He was named Kauikeaouli Kaleiopapa Kuakamanolani Mahinalani Kalaninuiwaiakua Keaweaweʻulaokalani after his maternal grandfather Kīwalaʻō and he was promised to Kuakini in hānai, but at birth he appeared to be delivered stillborn, Kuakini did not wish to take him. But Chief Kaikioʻewa summoned his kaula Kapihe who declared the baby would live, Kauikeaouli was cleansed, laid on a rock, fanned, prayed over and sprinkled with water until he breathed, moved and cried. The prayer of Kapihe was to Kaʻōnohiokalā, Child of God, the rock is preserved as a monument at Keauhou Bay. He was given to Kaikioʻewa to raise and he was torn between the Puritan Christian guidelines imposed on the kingdom by the kuhina nui who was his stepmother Kaʻahumanu, and the desires to honor the old traditions. By 1835 returned to ways of the missionaries, during his reign, that number would be halved again, due to a series of epidemics. In ancient Hawaii, upper classes considered a marriage with a royal family member to be an excellent way to preserve pure bloodlines. His brother Liholiho and his Queen Kamāmalu were a half-sister and brother couple and he had loved his sister Nāhiʻenaʻena and planned to marry her since childhood, but the union was opposed by the missionaries due to their perceptions of incest. It was proposed in 1832 that Kamanele, the daughter of Governor John Adams Kuakini, would be the most suitable in age, rank, Kamanele died in 1834 before the wedding took place. Instead Kamehameha III chose to marry Kalama Hakaleleponi Kapakuhaili, against the wishes of Kīnaʻu, after his sisters death in late 1836, he married Kalama February 14,1837 in a Christian ceremony. Kamehameha III and Kalama had two children, Prince Keaweaweʻulaokalani I and Prince Keaweaweʻulaokalani II who both died while infants, kūnuiākea lived to adulthood but died childless. In 1838, senior advisor Hoapili convinced former missionary William Richards to resign from the church, Richards gave classes to Kamehameha III and his councilors on the Western ideas of rule of law and economics. Their first act was a declaration of rights in 1839. In 1839, under a French threat of war, Roman Catholicism was legalized in the Edict of Toleration and he also enacted the Constitution of 1840, Hawaiis first

14.
Nahienaena
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Harriet or Harrieta Keōpūolani Nāhiʻenaʻena was a high-ranking princess during the founding of the Kingdom of Hawaii and the conversion of some of the ruling class to Christianity. In the Hawaiian language nā ahi ʻena ʻena means the red-hot raging fires and she was born in 1815 at Keauhou Bay, South Kona, island of Hawaiʻi. Her parents were Kamehameha I and Keōpūolani the Queen consort and she had two older brothers, hiapo Liholiho, and Kauikeaouli, who were to become Kings Kamehameha II and III. This sacred muli loa child was trained for the immense kuleana that would accompany someone of high birth. In 1825, the ship HMS Blonde returned with the bodies of King Kamehameha II, ships artist Robert Dampier painted a portrait of the ten-year-old princess, dressed in a red feather cloak for the state funeral. She was in love with her brother Kamehameha III and the old chiefs strongly encouraged their marriage, the practice of marriage between siblings in the royal family was considered a way of keeping the bloodlines pure in ancient Hawaii. Nāhiʻenaʻenas own maternal grandparents were half sister and brother, princess Nāhiʻenaʻena had been affected by the conflicts of Christianity and her culture causing her to embrace both beliefs. She would follow cultural traditions such as Hula, but also drink rum just as the missionaries did and she showed rebellion and distaste for many Christian tasks. She would interrupt church services and openly defy missionary teachings, although she and many others were fragmented on beliefs, she never fully converted. On her death bead, missionary wives tried to urge her to repent for her sins and she may have been fighting to stay embedded with her Hawaiian culture. She was eventually betrothed to William Pitt Leleiohoku I, the son of William Pitt Kalanimoku Prime Minister of Hawaii, Kamehameha III tried to delay the wedding by insisting Leleiohoku be educated first. Leleiohoku and Nāhiʻenaʻena were married November 25,1835 by William Richards at Waineʻe Church, in September 17,1836 she gave birth to a child. Kamehameha III announced that the child would be the heir to the throne because he believed it to be his, Nāhiʻenaʻena never recovered physically or emotionally from the birth of her child. British physician Thomas Charles Byde Rooke, the husband of High Chiefess Grace Kamaʻikuʻi and he called upon Dr. Ruschenberger, a visiting surgeon, to assist him. Nāhiʻenaʻena died on December 30,1836, near Hale Uluhe, after nearly five weeks of intense grieving, her body was brought in procession to Kawaiahaʻo Church for funeral services. The procession was led by traditional warriors and kāhuna laʻau lapaʻau, on April 12,1837 her body was brought aboard the ship Don Qixote, to the sacred resting place called Mokuʻula in Lāhainā, Maui to be buried next to her mother Keōpūolani. Her death had an effect on her brother, King Kamehameha III. Nāhiʻenaʻenas Paʻū Marjorie Jane Putnam Sinclair, nahienaena at Find a Grave Nāhiʻenaʻena, Feathers, and Gender

15.
Dynasty
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A dynasty is a sequence of rulers from the same family, usually in the context of a feudal or monarchical system but sometimes also appearing in elective republics. The dynastic family or lineage may be known as a house, historians periodize the histories of many sovereign states, such as Ancient Egypt, the Carolingian Empire and Imperial China, using a framework of successive dynasties. As such, the dynasty may be used to delimit the era during which the family reigned and to describe events, trends. The word dynasty itself is often dropped from such adjectival references, until the 19th century, it was taken for granted that a legitimate function of a monarch was to aggrandize his dynasty, that is, to increase the territory, wealth, and power of his family members. The longest-surviving dynasty in the world is the Imperial House of Japan, dynasties throughout the world have traditionally been reckoned patrilineally, such as under the Frankish Salic law. Succession through a daughter when permitted was considered to establish a new dynasty in her husbands ruling house, however, some states in Africa, determined descent matrilineally, while rulers have at other times adopted the name of their mothers dynasty when coming into her inheritance. It is also extended to unrelated people such as poets of the same school or various rosters of a single sports team. The word dynasty derives via Latin dynastia from Greek dynastéia, where it referred to power, dominion and it was the abstract noun of dynástēs, the agent noun of dynamis, power or ability, from dýnamai, to be able. A ruler in a dynasty is referred to as a dynast. For example, following his abdication, Edward VIII of the United Kingdom ceased to be a member of the House of Windsor. A dynastic marriage is one that complies with monarchical house law restrictions, the marriage of Willem-Alexander, Prince of Orange, to Máxima Zorreguieta in 2002 was dynastic, for example, and their eldest child is expected to inherit the Dutch crown eventually. But the marriage of his younger brother Prince Friso to Mabel Wisse Smit in 2003 lacked government support, thus Friso forfeited his place in the order of succession, lost his title as a Prince of the Netherlands, and left his children without dynastic rights. In historical and monarchist references to formerly reigning families, a dynast is a member who would have had succession rights, were the monarchys rules still in force. Even since abolition of the Austrian monarchy, Max and his descendants have not been considered the rightful pretenders by Austrian monarchists, nor have they claimed that position. The term dynast is sometimes used only to refer to descendants of a realms monarchs. The term can therefore describe overlapping but distinct sets of people, yet he is not a male-line member of the royal family, and is therefore not a dynast of the House of Windsor. Thus, in 1999 he requested and obtained permission from Elizabeth II to marry the Roman Catholic Princess Caroline of Monaco. Yet a clause of the English Act of Settlement 1701 remained in effect at that time and that exclusion, too, ceased to apply on 26 March 2015, with retroactive effect for those who had been dynasts prior to triggering it by marriage to a Catholic

16.
House of Kamehameha
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The kingdom would continue for another 21 years until its overthrow in 1893 with the fall of the House of Kalakaua. The origins of the House of Kamehameha can be traced back to half brothers, Kalaniʻōpuʻu, Kalaniʻōpuʻus father was Kalaninuiʻīamamao and Keōuas father was Kalanikeʻeaumoku, both sons of Keaweʻīkekahialiʻiokamoku. They shared a mother, Kamakaʻīmoku. Both brothers served Alapaʻinui, the ruling King of Hawaiʻi island, Hawaiian genealogy notes that Keōua may not have been Kamehamehas biological father, and that Kahekili II might have been the figures real father. Regardless, Kamehameha Is descent from Keawe remains intact through his mother, Kekuʻiapoiwa II, Keōua acknowledged him as his son and is recognized by official genealogies. The traditional mele chant of Keaka, wife of Alapainui, indicates that Kamehameha I was born in the month of ikuwā or around November. Alapai had given the child, Kamehameha to his wife Keaka, however, his general dating has been challenged. Abraham Fornander writes in his publication, An Account of the Polynesian Race, Its Origins and Migrations and his birth would thus fall between 1736 and 1740, probably nearer the former than the latter. A brief history of the Hawaiian people By William De Witt Alexander lists the date in the Chronological Table of Events of Hawaiian History as 1736. He would be named Paiea but would take the name Kamehameha, Kalaniʻōpuʻu, the young Kamehamehas uncle, would raise him after his fathers death. Kalaniʻōpuʻu ruled Hawaiʻi as did his grandfather Keawe and he had a number of advisors and priests. When word reached the ruler that chiefs were planning to murder the boy, he told Kamehameha, In 1778 Captain James Cook visited the Hawaiian Islands and returned in 1779. When his ship, Resolution broke a foremast as they were leaving, he was forced to turn back, a fight and theft of blacksmith tools led to a situation on shore where a Hawaiian canoe was confiscated, even after the tools were recovered. Tensions were high with the Hawaiian population and one of Cooks small boats was taken, in retaliation, Cook decided to kidnap King Kalaniʻōpuʻu. As he was being led away from his enclosure, his favorite wife. Two chiefs, Kalaimanokahoowaha and an attendant named Nuaa, saw her pleading as the King was being led away with his two sons following. As they reached the beach Kanaina, Kānekapōlei and Nuaa were able to convince Kalaniʻōpuʻu to stop, the crowd began to become aggressive and a rock was thrown and hit Cook. He took out his sword and struck Kanaina broadside without injury, before the remains of Cook were returned, the bones of the man were boiled down to strip off the flesh then given to chiefs

17.
National Statuary Hall Collection
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The National Statuary Hall Collection in the United States Capitol is composed of statues donated by individual states to honor persons notable in their history. Originally set up in the old Hall of the House of Representatives, renamed National Statuary Hall, with the addition of New Mexicos second statue in 2005, the collection is now complete with 100 statues contributed by 50 states. Alabama, Arizona, California, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, a special act of Congress, Pub. L. On February 27,2013, Parks became the first African American woman to have her likeness in the Hall. Though located in Statuary Hall, Parks statue is not part of the Collection, neither Alabama nor Michigan commissioned it, the concept of a National Statuary Hall originated in the middle of the nineteenth century, even before the completion of the present House wing in 1857. At that time, the House of Representatives moved into its new larger chamber, suggestions for the use of the chamber were made as early as 1853 by Gouverneur Kemble, a former member of the House, who pressed for its use as a gallery of historical paintings. The space between the columns seemed too limited for this purpose, but it was suited for the display of busts. On April 19,1864, Representative Justin S. Originally, however, the aesthetic appearance of the Hall began to suffer from overcrowding until, in 1933, the situation became unbearable. At that time the Hall held 65 statues, which stood, in some cases, more important, the structure of the chamber would not support the weight of any more statues. Under authority of this resolution it was decided that one statue from each state should be placed in Statuary Hall. The others would be given prominent locations in designated areas and corridors of the Capitol, a second rearrangement of the statues was made in 1976 by authorization of the Joint Committee on the Library. To improve the appearance of the collection, thirty-eight statues were rearranged in Statuary Hall according to height. Statues representing ten of the thirteen colonies were moved to the Central Hall of the East Front Extension on the first floor of the Capitol. The remainder of the statues were distributed throughout the Capitol, mainly in the Hall of Columns, each statue is the gift of a state, not of an individual or group of citizens. In recent years, the statues have been unveiled during ceremonies in the Rotunda and they are then moved to a permanent location approved by the Joint Committee on the Library. An act of Congress, enacted in 2000, permits states to provide replacements, junípero Serra was born in Spain. The collection contains several statues of leaders of the Confederate States of America, Alabama replaced its statue of Confederate politician and army officer Jabez Curry in 2009. Florida approved plans to replace Edmund Kirby Smith in 2016 with a yet to be determined

18.
Halley's Comet
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Halleys Comet or Comet Halley, officially designated 1P/Halley, is a short-period comet visible from Earth every 75–76 years. Halley is the only known short-period comet that is visible to the naked eye from Earth. Halley last appeared in the parts of the Solar System in 1986. Halleys returns to the inner Solar System have been observed and recorded by astronomers since at least 240 BC, clear records of the comets appearances were made by Chinese, Babylonian, and medieval European chroniclers, but were not recognized as reappearances of the same object at the time. The comets periodicity was first determined in 1705 by English astronomer Edmond Halley, Comet Halley is commonly pronounced /ˈhæli/, rhyming with valley, or /ˈheɪli/, rhyming with daily. Spellings of Edmond Halleys name during his lifetime included Hailey, Haley, Hayley, Halley, Hawley, Halley was the first comet to be recognized as periodic. Until the Renaissance, the consensus on the nature of comets. This idea was disproved in 1577 by Tycho Brahe, who used parallax measurements to show that comets must lie beyond the Moon, many were still unconvinced that comets orbited the Sun, and assumed instead that they must follow straight paths through the Solar System. In 1687, Sir Isaac Newton published his Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica, in which he outlined his laws of gravity and his work on comets was decidedly incomplete. Halley thus concluded that all three comets were, in fact, the same object returning every 76 years, a period that has since been amended to every 75–76 years. After a rough estimate of the perturbations the comet would sustain from the attraction of the planets. Halley died in 1742 before he could observe this himself, Halleys prediction of the comets return proved to be correct, although it was not seen until 25 December 1758, by Johann Georg Palitzsch, a German farmer and amateur astronomer. It did not pass through its perihelion until 13 March 1759 and this effect was computed prior to its return by a team of three French mathematicians, Alexis Clairaut, Joseph Lalande, and Nicole-Reine Lepaute. The confirmation of the return was the first time anything other than planets had been shown to orbit the Sun. It was also one of the earliest successful tests of Newtonian physics, the comet was first named in Halleys honour by French astronomer Nicolas Louis de Lacaille in 1759. Some scholars have proposed that first-century Mesopotamian astronomers already had recognized Halleys Comet as periodic and this theory notes a passage in the Bavli Talmud that refers to a star which appears once in seventy years that makes the captains of the ships err. It was necessary to use ancient Chinese comet observations to constrain their calculations, Halleys orbital period over the last 3 centuries has been between 75–76 years, although it has varied between 74–79 years since 240 BC. Its orbit around the Sun is highly elliptical, with an eccentricity of 0.967

19.
Samuel Kamakau
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Samuel Mānaiakalani Kamakau was a Hawaiian historian and scholar. Kamakau was born in Mokulēia, Waialua on the North Shore of the island of Oʻahu and he traveled to the island of Maui and enrolled at Lahainaluna Seminary in 1833, where he became a student of Reverend Sheldon Dibble. Dibble instructed Kamakau and other students to collect and preserve information on the Hawaiian culture, language, to further this goal, Kamakau helped form the first Hawaiian historical society in 1841. According to Kamakau, A society was started at Lahainaluna according to the desire of the teachers. Known as the Royal Hawaiian Historical Society, members included King Kamehameha III, John Young, Timothy Haʻalilio, David Malo, Dwight Baldwin, William Richards, Sheldon Dibble, Kamakau and others. Elected officials included president Kamehameha III, vice-president William Richards, secretary Sheldon Dibble, the society disbanded after the capital of the Kingdom of Hawaii moved from Lahaina on the island of Maui to Honolulu, Oahu in 1845. Kamakau married S. Hainakolo and moved to his wifes hometown of Kīpahulu and their daughter, Kukelani Kaʻaʻapookalani, was born in December 1862, after which the couple moved to Oʻahu. The articles were published in the Hawaiian language newspapers, Ke Au ʻOkoʻa, Kamakau has served as a district judge in Wailuku, Maui and was a legislator for the Hawaiian Kingdom. From 1851 to 1860 he represented Maui in the House of Representatives and he died at his home in Honolulu on September 5,1876, and was buried in the Maʻemaʻe Chapel Cemetery in Nuʻuanu Valley. In 2000, a Hawaiian immersion school in Kaneohe, Oʻahu recognized Kamakaus contributions by naming their school Ke Kula ʻo Samuel M. Kamakau, the Hawaiʻi Book Publishers Associations annual Ka Palapala Poʻokela competition presents the Samuel M. Kamakau Award for the best Hawaiʻi Book of the Year. In 2005, the Hawaii State Legislature passed H. R, in 1961, the Kamehameha Schools Press published Kamakaus first two series as a book entitled Ruling Chiefs of Hawaiʻi. A revised edition was published in 1992, Lahainaluna, Press of the Mission Seminary. The Apotheosis of Captain Cook, European Mythmaking in the Pacific, dismembering Lāhui, A History of the Hawaiian Nation to 1887. Silva, Noenoe K. Gilbert Joseph, ed. Aloha Betrayed, Native Hawaiian Resistance to American Colonialism

20.
Ka Nupepa Kuokoa
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Ka Nupepa Kuokoa was a Hawaiian language newspaper which ran in circulation for 66 years as the most popular Hawaiian national journal. In the Hawaiian Language kuokoa means independent, the paper was begun in 1861, shortly after David Kalākaua began the first Hawaiian language, national paper entitled, Ka Hoku o Ka Pakipika edited by Hawaiians for Hawaiian interests. Henry Martyn Whitney, the son of missionaries began Kuokoa to run alongside his other publication, Whitney himself was heavily influenced by American values, supported annexation, and held the Hawaiian people with little regard. Prior to 1820, kānaka ʻōiwi or Native Hawaiians had been communicating orally with a memory based history passed down through oral genealogy chants, missionaries began developing a written Hawaiian language. By 1836 there were two Hawaiian Language newspapers, Lorrin Andrews seminary publication, Ka Lama Hawaii, and a newspaper called Ke Kumu Hawaii, from 1836 to 1861, newspapers were printed by either Protestant or Catholic publishers or by the Kingdom government. Beginning in 1861, Hawaiian national newspapers would begin to be printed in the Hawaiian language by Native Hawaiians for indigenous Hawaiian interets, Kamehameha III had resisted the Calvinist Church for decades but in later years the missionaries went almost uncontested after the Mahele was forced into place. Kamehameha IV and his brother Lot, Kamehameha V resisted much of the churchs politics, the rise of colonial capitalism and the Calvinist Church was opposed, yet still facilitated by the ruling class. Foreign influence began as advisors and overtime became foreign judges, passing judgments on Hawaiians, schools began to be separated for commoners, teaching in only Hawaiian and preparing students for life as little more than laborers. Class separation became racial separation with foreign land and plantation owners taking much of the land and native kānaka ʻōiwi, Henry Martyn Whitney, the son of missionaries, had begun the first independent newspaper in Hawaii called, Pacific Commercial Advertiser in Honolulu on July 2,1856. The paper had a section devoted to content in Native Hawaiian called Ka Hoku Loa O Hawaii. The section was added to the paper in 1856 as a page added to the four page Advertiser. When the paper resumed publication, the Hawaiian section had been removed, in 1859 Henry Parker began a missionary paper called Ka Huko Loa. Native Hawaiian newspapermen and readers petitioned Parker to publish the paper in Hawaiian, both the Ka Hoku Loa and the government paper encouraged colonial support and condemning native culture and practices. On September 26,1861 Ka Hoku o Ka Pakipika began printing as the first real resistance to the missionary establishment. The paper was started by David Kalakaua, before he ruled, kalakau would produce several periodicals throughout his life earning him the nickname of the “Editor King”. Immediately the paper was criticized by the establishment and it was a struggle to survive. Today these papers have rare content found only in non English sources, with the resurgence of the Hawaiian renaissance, these sources are in high demand. It published Hawaiian moʻolelo beginning with Hawaiian language versions of European fairytales from The Brothers Grimm and it also reported that the old Hawaiian religion was still being practiced in a critical write-up

21.
Abraham Fornander
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Abraham Fornander was a Swedish-born emigrant who became an important Hawaiian journalist, judge, and ethnologist. Fornander was born in Öland, Sweden on November 4,1812, to Anders and his education was under his father, a local clergyman, except for two years in 1822 and 1823 when he attended gymnasium in Kalmar, studying Latin, Greek, and Hebrew. His mothers surname was spelled Foenander, so his surname is spelled that way. In 1828, Fornander began his university studies at the University of Uppsala where he studied theology, however, in 1831, he abandoned university studies to attend to his family, which had fallen under hard times. While thus providing for his family, he met and fell in love with his mothers youngest sister, who was four years his senior. After a short, torrid affair, Fornander was forced to leave in disgrace, and so made his way to the Swedish port of Malmö, and then to Copenhagen, from where he set out for the new world. The next years are documented, but he later wrote that circumstances in America forced him to go to sea. He joined the whaleship Ann Alexander in New Bedford in 1841, in 1844, Fornander deserted his ship in Honolulu, Hawaii. Fornander was to stay in the Hawaiian Islands for the rest of his life and his wife died four days after giving birth to their son Charles on January 20,1857 of puerperal fever. In Hawaii, Fornander did several things, for a time, he was a surveyor and supervised the coffee plantation of English physician Thomas Charles Byde Rooke. Beginning in 1849, as Hawaii began to consider further constitutional change, Fornander began writing for a paper, the Argus. He used his paper to advocate responsible government, improvements to public education, although the magazine survived less than a year, a recurring theme in Fornanders writing was a concern for the status and condition of native Hawaiians. Fornander then went to work for The Polynesian, a publication that he now edited until its demise in 1864. In late 1863, the new Hawaiian king Kamehameha V recognized Fornanders appointed him to the privy council. The first of these won him the increasing animosity of American Protestant missionaries. By July 1870, their opposition had become great enough to replace Fornander as Inspector General. The king, however, re-appointed him in May 1871 to the circuit court and these positions required Fornander to travel a good deal, which allowed him to learn more about Hawaiian mythology and the Hawaiian language. While undertaking these duties, Fornander had long been developing theories of Hawaiian origins, basing his theory on the comparison of Polynesian languages, genealogies, and mythology, Fornander estimated that the Polynesians first entered the Pacific in Fiji in the 1st or 2nd centuries AD

22.
Samuel C. Damon
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Samuel Chenery Damon was a missionary to Hawaii, pastor of the Seamens Bethel Church, chaplain of the Honolulu American Seamens Friend Society and editor of the monthly newspaper The Friend. Samuel Chenery Damon, son of Colonel Samuel Damon and Alony Chenery, was born in Holden and he graduated from Amherst College in 1836, studied at Princeton Theological Seminary in 1838-39, and graduated from Andover Theological Seminary in 1841. Before studying for the ministry, he was for a principal of the academy at Salisbury, Connecticut. He married Julia Sherman Mills in Natick, Massachusetts on October 6,1841 and she was daughter of Samuel John Mills, a minister who took part in the Haystack Prayer Meeting which led to forming the American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions. He was ordained to the Congregational ministry on September 15,1841 and he began his work there October 19,1842, under the auspices of the American Seamans Friend Society. At the time one hundred to one hundred and fifty whaling vessels entered the port every year. Damons own statement was, From 1842 to 1867, at the lowest estimate six thousand seamen annually entered the port, during these twenty-five years my labors were abundant and sometimes, beyond my strength. For 42 years he was the pastor of Bethel Church from 1841 to 1882 and he preached there every Sunday, not only to sailors but also to merchants, sea captains and many others who were drawn to this well known place of worship. He was a speaker and was constantly in demand on public occasions. In 1855 he founded the Honolulu Sailors Home and held services for sailors who died without family to be buried in the Oahu Cemetery and he published between a half million and a million copies of The Friend, most of which he personally distributed. He was a supporter of the Chinese Christians in Honolulu. He made his church available for Sunday afternoon services, and later started a night school in the parish hall to teach them English. From this humble beginning the Chinese Christian community began to outgrow their meeting place, in 1877, Damon assisted in organizing the first Chinese Church in Hawaii and was elected to the Board of Trustees. Damon traveled extensively throughout his life, in 1849 he visited California and Oregon. In 1851 he visited the United States, coming by way of the Isthmus of Panama, in 1861 he made a tour of the Micronesian Islands on the missionary ship, the Morning Star. In 1869 he came again and then traveled through England, Palestine, Egypt and Greece. In 1876 he came again and visited the Centennial Exposition at Philadelphia. In 1880 he came to the United States once more and made another and more extensive trip abroad, visiting England, Scotland, Germany, Austria, Switzerland and it is said that he also visited China and Japan

23.
James Jackson Jarves
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James Jackson Jarves was an American newspaper editor, and art critic who is remembered above all as the first American art collector to buy Italian primitives and Old Masters. Jarves was the editor of a weekly newspaper in the Hawaiian Islands. During the 1850s, Jarves relocated to Florence, Italy where he served as the U. S. vice-consul, at the expiration of the loan, Yale prevented Jarves intended auction of the works to another museum. The Master of the Jarves Cassone, later discovered to be Apollonio di Giovanni di Tomaso, was named after him, an honorary Hawaiian citizen, Jarves was awarded the order of Kamehameha I for his diplomatic services to Hawaii while empires fought to control it. The king of Italy appointed him Cavaliere della Corona dItalia for his contribution to Italian art and his family includes Horatio, Chevalita, Flora and Anabel and Italia. Anabel became Mrs Walter Raleigh Kerr of England and Italia the Duchess del Monte, edith Wharton drew upon Jarves well-known misfortunes in her novella False Dawn. The Confessions of an Inquirer, In Three Parts, a Brief Memoir of James Jackson Jarves, Jr. Jarves, J. Jackson, Genius of Doré, Jarves, J. Jackson, Asceticism, or the Sanctuary of St. Francis. Jarves, J. Jackson, The Art Journal,1 August 1869, Jarves, J. Jackson, Museums of Art. Jarves, J. Jackson, A new Phase of Druidism, Jarves, James Jackson, Pescaglia, the Home of a Mad Artist. Jarves, J. Jackson, Ethics of Taste, the Duty of Being Beautiful The Art Journal, New Series Vol.1 Jarves, James Jackson, American Museums of Art. Jarves, James Jackson, The New School of Italian Painting, Jarves, James Jackson, Ancient and Modern Venetian Glass of Murano. Jarves, James Jackson, The Gates of Paradise, coins of Hawaii Deming Jarves, his father Jarvess A Glimpse at the Art of Japan. Jarvess History of the Sandwich Islands, Jarvess Parisian Sights and French Principles. A Descriptive Catalogue of the Pictures in the Jarves Collection Belonging to Yale University Steegmuller, the Two Lives of James Jackson Jarves Sturgis, Russell. Lost and Found, Yale Alumni Magazine, May 2000

24.
Kamaka Stillman
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She is descended from Kahaopuolani, the aliʻi wahine who had hidden Kamehameha I as a baby and raised him for years in Kohala, Hawaiʻi along with his brother and her own children. Stillman published a response to a 1911, Hawaiian Newspaper account of the birth of Kamehameha the Great, kamaka is a great granddaughter of Kaukane who was the daughter of Ke Aliʻi Kahaopuolani, the caretaker of the infant Kamehameha I. She was the mother of Jane Jennie Smythe who served as a Lady in Waiting for Queen Emma and she was a part of every royal funeral cortege since she was a very young girl. The Stillman family, a banking family from New York lived in a large house on School Street. Henry Stillman was the son of Levi Stillman and his second wife Magaret Chapin

25.
Waipio Valley
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Waipiʻo Valley is a valley located in the Hamakua District of the Big Island of Hawaiʻi. Waipiʻo means curved water in the Hawaiian language and it was the capital and permanent residence of many early Hawaiian aliʻi up until the time of King ʻUmi. A place celebrated for its nioi tree known as the Nioi wela o Paʻakalana and it was the location of the ancient grass palace of the ancient kings of Hawaii with the nioi stands. Kahekili II raided Waipiʻo in the 18th century and burned the four sacred trees to the ground, the valley floor at sea level is almost 2,000 ft below the surrounding terrain. A steep road leads down into the valley from a point located on the top of the southern wall of the valley. The road gains 800 vertical feet in 0.6 miles at a 25% average grade and this is a paved public road but it is open only to 4 wheel drive vehicles. It is the steepest road of its length in the United States, the shore line in the valley is a black sand beach, popular with surfers. A few taro farms are located in the valley, several large waterfalls fall into the valley to feed the river which flows from the foot of the largest falls at the back of the valley out to the ocean. A foot trail called Waimanu or Muliwai Trail leads down a path to the Waimanu Valley. At upper end of the valley, Waimanu Gap at 2,089 feet elevation leads to the end of Waimanu Valley. The valley was the site of the scene in the 1995 sci-fi film Waterworld. Getty Images Waipiʻo Pictures Photosphere of Waipiʻo Valley by Gerald Besson

26.
Kamanawa
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For other persons with this name, please see Kamanawa II. Kamanawa was a Hawaiian high chief and early supporter of King Kamehameha I and he later became the step-father of Kamehameha by marrying his mother. His mother was Kanoena, sister of his father and his namesake grandnephew Kamanawa II was grandfather of the last two ruling monarchs of the Kingdom. The name ka manawa means the season in the Hawaiian language and his first wife was named the High Chiefess Kekelaokalani of Maui, the daughter of his aunt, Queen Kekuiapoiwanui of Maui, by her second marriage to High Chief Kauakahiakua-o-Lono of Maui. His second wife was Chiefess Kekuʻiapoiwa II, the mother of Kamehameha I and he had three sons, Koahou, Noukana, and Amamalua from his first wife. He also has a daughter Peleuli, who became a consort of King Kamehameha, by his first wife, since his double grandmother Kalanikauleleiaiwi was Kamehamehas great grandmother, they were half-cousins once removed by blood. However, he was also father-in-law and step father to Kamehameha, imaginary Portrait of Kameʻeiamoku and Kamanawa