^ abcdefghijkLudwig, Richard M., and Clifford A. Nault, Jr., Annals of American Literature: 1602–1983, 1986, New York: Oxford University Press ("If the title page is one year later than the copyright date, we used the latter since publishers frequently postdate books published near the end of the calendar year." — from the Preface, p vi)

^Web page titled "William Gilmore Simms" at the "Classic Encyclopedia" website, based on the 1911 edition of the Encyclopædia Britannica, accessed May 29, 2009

^Wagenknecht, Edward. John Greenleaf Whittier: A Portrait in Paradox. New York: Oxford University Press, 1967

1.
1876 in poetry
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Nationality words link to articles with information on the nations poetry or literature. February 24 – Première of first stage production of the poetic drama Peer Gynt by Henrik Ibsen with incidental music by Edvard Grieg, in Christiania, Norway. M. Moores first book of verse, The Sentimental Song Book, was published in Grand Rapids, and quickly went into a second printing. A copy fell into the hands of one James F. Ryder, Ryder sent out numerous review copies to newspapers across the country, with a cover letter filled with low key mock praise. And so Moore received national attention, following Ryders lead, contemporary reviews were amusedly negative. For instance, The Rochester Democrat wrote of Sweet Singer, that Shakespeare, could he read it, if Julia A. Moore would kindly deign to shed some of her poetry on our humble grave, we should be but too glad to go out and shoot ourselves tomorrow. Toru Dutt, A Sheaf Gleaned in French Fields, Verse Translations and Poems, Bhowanipur, Calcutta, B. M. J

2.
1877 in poetry
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Nationality words link to articles with information on the nations poetry or literature. In the annals of poetasting,1877 stands out as a historic year, so wrote William Topaz McGonagall a Scottish weaver, actor, and poet who would become comically renowned as one of the worst poets in the English language. Also this year Poetaster Julia A. Moore, following up on the renown of her first book of verse, The Sweet Singer of Michigan Salutes the Public of 1876, decided to appear before her public. She gave a reading and singing performance, with accompaniment, at a Grand Rapids, Michigan. Moore managed to interpret the jeering as criticism of the orchestra

3.
1864 in literature
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This article presents lists of the literary events and publications in 1864. —Opening of Our Mutual Friend January – Anthony Trollopes Can You Forgive Her, the first of his Palliser novels, begins publication in monthly parts in London. Trollope completes its writing on April 28 and the first volume is published as a book in September by Chapman & Hall, in April, The Small House at Allington concludes publication in the Cornhill Magazine and is published in book format by George Smith. January 2–April 16 – James Payn publishes his most popular story, Lost Sir Massingberd and he follows it in the magazine by Married Beneath Him. February 20 – Painter George Frederic Watts marries his 16-year-old model and she elopes less than a year later. March – The first issue of the Russian literary magazine Epoch, edited by Fyodor Dostoyevsky and this and the March–April issues contain the first publication of Fyodors existential novella Notes from Underground. April 10 – Publisher William Ticknor dies of pneumonia in Philadelphia while on a trip with Nathaniel Hawthorne for the sake of the latters health, April – Charles Baudelaire leaves Paris for Belgium in the hope of resolving his financial difficulties. May 26 – Alexandre Dumas, fils marries Nadejda Naryschkine and his father, Alexandre Dumas, père, returns to Paris from Italy. May – First Lithuanian press ban imposed in the Russian Empire, june 19 – Henrik Ibsen arrives in Rome in a self-imposed exile from Norway that will last for 27 years. June 27 – Ambrose Bierce is wounded at the Battle of Kennesaw Mountain, july 2 – The Female Detective is published under the pseudonym Andrew Forrester, junior in London, presenting the first female professional detective in fiction. Around December, she is followed by Mrs Paschal in Revelations of a Lady Detective published anonymously by William Stephens Hayward, September – A debate at the Royal Geographical Society between Richard Francis Burton and John Hanning Speke fails to take place, owing to Spekes suicide. November 10 – John Addington Symonds the younger marries Janet Catherine North, november 25 – The brothers Edwin Booth, John Wilkes Booth and Junius Brutus Booth, Jr. Former English chess master Howard Staunton publishes a facsimile of the 1600 quarto text of Shakespeares Much Ado About Nothing, rebecca Sophia Clarke – Little Prudy R. D. D

4.
1865 in literature
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This article presents lists of the literary events and publications in 1865. January – Our Young Folks, an American monthly for children produced by Ticknor and Fields in Boston, february – Publication of Leo Tolstoys 1805, an early version of War and Peace, begins in the magazine Russkiy Vestnik. June 9 – Charles Dickens is involved in the Staplehurst rail crash in England, June 14 – Karl May begins a 4-year prison sentence for thefts and frauds at Osterstein Castle. July – The American magazine for children The Little Corporal publishes its first issue, July 4 – Lewis Carrolls childrens book Alices Adventures in Wonderland is published by Macmillan in London for Charles Lutwidge Dodgson, three years after it was first narrated. November 18 – Mark Twains story The Celebrated Jumping Frog of Calaveras County is published in the New York weekly The Saturday Press in its version as Jim Smiley. English writer Edwin Abbott Abbott becomes headmaster of the City of London School at the age of 26, frederick Warne & Co established as publishers in London. José de Alencar – Iracema R. M. Facey Romfords Hounds Anthony Trollope – Can You Forgive Her, swinburne Atalanta in Calydon Chastelard, a tragedy Annals of the Joseon Dynasty Matthew Arnold – Essays in Criticism P. T. B. Yeats, Irish poet June 20 – Enrico Corradini, Italian novelist and essayist June 26 – Bernard Berenson, American art historian July 21 – M. P

5.
1870 in literature
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This article presents lists of the literary events and publications in 1871. March 7 – Thomas Hardy meets his first wife, Emma Gifford, march 28 – Serialisation of Kenward Philps The Bowery Detective in The Fireside Companion begins, the first known story to include the word detective in the title. April—September – Serialisation of Charles Dickens last novel The Mystery of Edwin Drood, spring – Serial publication begins of Aleksis Kivis only novel Seitsemän veljestä, the first significant Finnish language novel. September 17 – First performance of Alexander Pushkins play Boris Godunov at the Mariinsky Theatre in Saint Petersburg, september 20 – Friedrich Engels moves permanently to London from Manchester. December 18 – The Russian literary weekly Niva is first published by Adolf Marks in Saint Petersburg, karl May begins a second 4-year prison sentence for thefts and frauds, at Waldheim, Saxony. The David Sassoon Library in Bombay is completed

6.
1867 in architecture
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The year 1867 in architecture involved some significant architectural events and new buildings. May 12 — Construction work begins on Toluca Cathedral in Mexico, may 20 — Queen Victoria lays the foundation stone for the Royal Albert Hall in London, designed by Captain Francis Fowke and Colonel H. Y. Ildefons Cerdà publishes Teoría General de la Urbanización, the United States Congress directs the United States Army Corps of Engineers to begin improvements on the Navigation Structures at Frankfort Harbor, Michigan. January 1 — The John A.29, Sitka, Alaska Grande halle de la Villette, Paris, France, designed by Jules de Mérindol, grand Prix de Rome, architecture — Émile Bénard. March 10 — Hector Guimard, French Art Nouveau architect June 8 — Frank Lloyd Wright, American architect, interior designer, writer and educator June 22 — John A

7.
1867 in science
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The year 1867 in science and technology involved many significant events, listed below. April – First clear recorded use of the science in English with todays usage as restricted to the natural and physical sciences. Gorse naturalises in New Zealand and soon becomes the worst invasive weed, swiss botanist Simon Schwendener proposes his dual theory of lichens. Rosa La France, the first hybrid tea rose, is cultivated by Jean-Baptiste Guillot, the Big Trees Ranch at Felton, California, is bought by San Francisco businessman Joseph Warren Welch to preserve the giant redwoods from logging. Publication of the first volume of Das Kapital by Karl Marx, at Fountain Point, Michigan, an artesian water spring begins to gush continuously. Geological Exploration of the Fortieth Parallel established in the United States under the directorship of Clarence King, English mathematician Rev. William Allen Whitworth publishes the first edition of his Choice and Chance, An Elementary Treatise on Permutations, Combinations, and Probability. March 16 – First publication of an article by Joseph Lister outlining the discovery of antiseptic surgery, july 17 – In Boston, Massachusetts, the Harvard School of Dental Medicine is established as the first dental school in the United States. Yellow fever kills 3093 in New Orleans, henry Maudsley publishes The Physiology and Pathology of Mind. It will be renamed after its designer, John A. Roebling, february 17 – The first ship passes through the Suez Canal. July 2 – First elevated railroad in the United States begins service in New York, december 14 – Spanish inventor Narcís Monturiol submerges his submarine Ictineo II at Barcelona, demonstrating its chemically-fired anaerobic steam propulsion system. Pierre Michaux invents the front wheel-driven velocipede, the first mass-produced bicycle, copley Medal, Karl Ernst von Baer Wollaston Medal, George Poulett Scrope January 11 – Edward B. January 22 – Gisela Januszewska, Moravian-born public health physician, april 16 – Wilbur Wright, American pioneer aviator. June 11 – Charles Fabry, French optical physicist, october 21 – Aldred Scott Warthin, American cancer geneticist. November 7 – Maria Skłodowska, later Marie Curie, Polish-born physicist, november 26 – Emil von Dungern, German serologist. December 1 – Ignacy Mościcki, chemist and President of Poland, december 26 – John Bradfield, Australian civil engineer. January 16 – William Marsden, English surgeon, february 9 – Filippo de Filippi, Italian zoologist. March 27 – Prideaux John Selby, English ornithologist, may 29 – Margaretta Morris, American entomologist. August 25 – Michael Faraday, English chemist and physicist

8.
Irish poetry
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Irish poetry includes poetry in two languages, Irish and English. The earliest surviving poems in Irish date back to the 6th century and this culminated in the work of the poets of the Irish Literary Revival in the late 19th and early 20th century. Poetry in Irish represents the oldest vernacular poetry in Europe, the earliest examples date from the 6th century, and are generally short lyrics on themes from religion or the world of nature. They were frequently written by their authors in the margins of the illuminated manuscripts that they were copying. The best known example is Pangur Bán and it was practical for poems to be short because the Irish recognized that it was necessary to use any means necessary to make the poems lasting in their oral culture. To accomplish such a feat as well as they have, they used complicated rhyme schemes that would render a poem nonsensical if any of the key words were changed from the original version, in an oral culture, Irish poetry had many uses. A poem could be used to both the poet and the subject of the poem, oftentimes kings would commission poets to create a piece about them. Such poems would be passed on to descendants so they would remember the deeds of past generations. Kings would also commission poets to write poems of advertisement, speaking of the greatness and worthiness. Oral poetry, because it was in the vernacular, was used for entertainment. Poems that were entertaining could also be informative, teaching people lessons or offering them wisdom of experience for dealing with situations they would encounter in their everyday lives. Finally, poems, especially those featured in the sagas, were thought to be an instrument of the supernatural, Another source of early Irish poetry is the poems in the tales and sagas, such as the Táin Bó Cúailnge. Unlike many other European epic cycles, the Irish sagas were written in prose, Irish bards formed a professional hereditary caste of highly trained, learned poets. As officials of the court of king or chieftain, they performed a number of official roles and they were chroniclers and satirists whose job it was to praise their employers and damn those who crossed them. It was believed that a well-aimed bardic satire, glam dicin, the Metrical Dindshenchas, or Lore of Places, is probably the major surviving monument of Irish bardic verse. It is a great onomastic anthology of naming legends of significant places in the Irish landscape, the earliest of these date from the 11th century, and were probably originally compiled on a provincial basis. As a national compilation, the Metrical Dindshenchas has come down to us in two different recensions. Knowledge of the real or putative history of local places formed an important part of the education of the elite in ancient Ireland, verse tales of Fionn and the Fianna, sometimes known as Ossianic poetry, were extremely common in Ireland and Scotland throughout this period

9.
Blue plaque
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The brainchild of British politician William Ewart in 1863, it is the oldest such scheme in the world. The worlds first blue plaques were erected in London in the 19th century to mark the homes and workplaces of famous people. This scheme continues to the present day, having been administered successively by the Society of Arts, the London County Council, the Greater London Council, many other plaque schemes have since been initiated in the United Kingdom. Some are restricted to a geographical area, others to a particular theme of historical commemoration. The plaques erected by these schemes are manufactured in a variety of designs, shapes, materials, the term blue plaque may be used narrowly to refer to the official English Heritage scheme, but is often used informally to encompass all similar schemes. There are also commemorative plaque schemes throughout the world such as those in Paris, Rome, Oslo, Dublin, and in cities in Australia, Canada, Russia. The forms these take vary, and they tend to be known as historical markers, the original blue plaque scheme was established by the Society of Arts in 1867, and since 1986 has been run by English Heritage. It is the oldest such scheme in the world, since 1984 English Heritage have commissioned Frank Ashworth to make the plaques which have then been inscribed by his wife, Sue, at their home in Cornwall. English Heritage plans to erect an average of twelve new blue plaques each year in London. After being conceived by politician William Ewart in 1863, the scheme was initiated in 1866 by Ewart, Henry Cole and the Society of Arts, the first plaque was unveiled in 1867 to commemorate Lord Byron at his birthplace,24 Holles Street, Cavendish Square. This house was demolished in 1889, the earliest blue plaque to survive, also put up in 1867, commemorates Napoleon III in King Street, St Jamess. Byron’s plaque was blue, but the colour was changed by the manufacturer Minton, in total the Society of Arts put up 35 plaques, fewer than half of which survive today. The Society only erected one plaque within the square-mile of the City of London, in 1879, it was agreed that the City of London Corporation would be responsible for erecting plaques within the City to recognise its jurisdictional independence. This demarcation has remained ever since, in 1901, the Society of Arts scheme was taken over by the London County Council, which gave much thought to the future design of the plaques. It was eventually decided to keep the shape and design of the Societys plaques, but to make them uniformly blue, with a laurel wreath. Though this design was used consistently from 1903 to 1938, some experimentation occurred in the 1920s, in 1921, the most common plaque design was revised, as it was discovered that glazed ceramic Doulton ware was cheaper than the encaustic formerly used. In 1938, a new design was prepared by an unnamed student at the LCCs Central School of Arts and Crafts and was approved by the committee. It omitted the decorative elements of earlier designs, and allowed for lettering to be better spaced and enlarged

10.
Royal Society of Arts
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The Royal Society for the Encouragement of Arts, Manufactures and Commerce is a London-based, British organisation committed to finding practical solutions to social challenges. The shorter version, The Royal Society of Arts and the related RSA acronym, are used more frequently than the full name, the RSA award three medals, the Albert Medal, the Benjamin Franklin Medal and the Bicentenary Medal. Medal winners include Nelson Mandela, Sir Frank Whittle, and Professor Stephen Hawking, on the RSA buildings frieze The Royal Society of Arts words are engraved, although its full name is Royal Society for the encouragement of Arts, Manufactures and Commerce. The short name and the related R S of A abbreviation is used more frequently than the full name, on its website, the RSA characterises itself as an enlightenment organisation committed to finding innovative practical solutions to today’s social challenges. The RSAs Patron is currently HM Elizabeth II, the RSAs President is HRH The Princess Royal, its Chairman is Vikki Heywood, life Fellows must have demonstrated exceptionally high achievement. The RSA says, The RSA Fellowship is an international community achievers and influencers from an array of backgrounds and professions. Fellows are social entrepreneurs to scientists, community leaders to commercial innovators, artists and journalists to architects and engineers, edwin Landseer who at the age of 10 was awarded a silver medal for his drawing of a dog. The RSA originally specifically precluded premiums for patented solutions, today the RSA continues to offer premiums. The Faculty currently has 120 Royal Designers and 45 Honorary Royal Designers, the Faculty consists of the world’s leading practitioners from fields as disparate as engineering, furniture, fashion and textiles, graphics, theater and film design. Early members include Eric Gill, Enid Marx, Sir Frank Whittle, the RSA moved to its current home in 1774. The House, situated in John Adam Street, near the Strand in central London, had been purpose-designed by the Adam Brothers as part of their innovative Adelphi scheme. The former private dining room of the Tavern contains a magnificent Adam ceiling with painted roundels by the school of Kauffman and Zucchi. A major refurbishment in 2012 by Matthew Lloyd Architects won a RIBA London Award in 2013, the first of these plaques was, in fact, of red terracotta erected outside a former residence of Lord Byron. The Society erected 36 plaques until, in 1901, responsibility for them was transferred to the London County Council and, later, similar schemes are now operated in all the constituent countries of the United Kingdom. The Society for the encouragement of Arts, Manufactures and Commerce hosted the first exhibition of art in 1760. Thomas Gainsborough and Sir Joshua Reynolds, who had exhibited at this first exhibition were subsequently members of The Royal Academy of Arts in 1768. The Society was a pioneer in examinations, offering the first national public examinations in 1882 that led to the formation of the RSA Examinations Board now included in the. In 1876, a predecessor of the Royal College of Music, in 1929 The Society purchased the entire village of West Wycombe

11.
English poetry
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This article focuses on poetry written in English from the United Kingdom, England, Scotland, Wales, and Northern Ireland. The article does not include poetry from other countries where the English language is spoken, the earliest surviving English poetry, written in Anglo-Saxon, the direct predecessor of modern English, may have been composed as early as the 7th century. This is generally taken as marking the beginning of Anglo-Saxon poetry and it is possible to identify certain key moments, however. The Dream of the Rood was written before circa AD700, by and large, however, Anglo-Saxon poetry is categorised by the manuscripts in which it survives, rather than its date of composition. While the poetry that has survived is limited in volume, it is wide in breadth, beowulf is the only heroic epic to have survived in its entirety, but fragments of others such as Waldere and the Finnesburg Fragment show that it was not unique in its time. Other genres include much religious verse, from works to biblical paraphrase, elegies such as The Wanderer, The Seafarer, and The Ruin, and numerous proverbs, riddles. With one notable exception, Anglo-Saxon poetry depends on alliterative verse for its structure, with the Norman conquest of England, beginning in 1111 the Anglo-Saxon language rapidly diminished as a written literary language. The new aristocracy spoke predominantly Norman, and this became the language of courts, parliament. While Anglo-Norman or Latin was preferred for high culture, English literature by no means died out, other transitional works were preserved as popular entertainment, including a variety of romances and lyrics. With time, the English language regained prestige, and in 1362 it replaced French and Latin in Parliament, the reputation of Chaucers successors in the 15th century has suffered in comparison with him, though Lydgate and Skelton are widely studied. A group of Scottish writers arose who were believed to be influenced by Chaucer. The rise of Scottish poetry began with the writing of The Kingis Quair by James I of Scotland, the main poets of this Scottish group were Robert Henryson, William Dunbar and Gavin Douglas. The Renaissance was slow in coming to England, with the generally accepted start date being around 1509 and it is also generally accepted that the English Renaissance extended until the Restoration in 1660. However, a number of factors had prepared the way for the introduction of the new learning long before this start date. A number of medieval poets had, as noted, shown an interest in the ideas of Aristotle. The introduction of printing by Caxton in 1474 provided the means for the more rapid dissemination of new or recently rediscovered writers and thinkers. Caxton also printed the works of Chaucer and Gower and these books helped establish the idea of a poetic tradition that was linked to its European counterparts. In addition, the writings of English humanists like Thomas More and Thomas Elyot helped bring the ideas, the establishment of the Church of England in 1535 accelerated the process of questioning the Catholic world-view that had previously dominated intellectual and artistic life

12.
Lord Byron
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George Gordon Byron, 6th Baron Byron, FRS, commonly known simply as Lord Byron, was a British poet, peer, politician, and a leading figure in the Romantic movement. Among his best-known works are the narrative poems, Don Juan and Childe Harolds Pilgrimage. Byron is regarded as one of the greatest British poets and remains widely read and influential and he travelled extensively across Europe, especially in Italy, where he lived for seven years with the struggling poet Percy Bysshe Shelley. Later in his life, Byron joined the Greek War of Independence fighting the Ottoman Empire. He died in 1824 at the age of 36 from a fever contracted while in Missolonghi, ethel Colburn Mayne states that George Gordon Byron was born on 22 January 1788 in a house on 24 Holles Street in London. However, Robert Charles Dallas in his Recollections states that Byron was born in Dover and he was the son of Captain John Mad Jack Byron and his second wife, the former Catherine Gordon, a descendant of Cardinal Beaton and heiress of the Gight estate in Aberdeenshire, Scotland. Byrons father had seduced the married Marchioness of Carmarthen and, after she divorced her husband. His treatment of her was described as brutal and vicious, in order to claim his second wifes estate in Scotland, Byrons father took the additional surname Gordon, becoming John Byron Gordon, and he was occasionally styled John Byron Gordon of Gight. Byron himself used this surname for a time and was registered at school in Aberdeen as George Byron Gordon, at the age of 10, he inherited the English Barony of Byron of Rochdale, becoming Lord Byron, and eventually dropped the double surname. Byrons paternal grandparents were Vice-Admiral the Hon. John Foulweather Jack Byron, vice Admiral John Byron had circumnavigated the globe, and was the younger brother of the 5th Baron Byron, known as the Wicked Lord. He was christened, at St Marylebone Parish Church, George Gordon Byron after his maternal grandfather George Gordon of Gight, a descendant of James I of Scotland, Mad Jack Byron married his second wife for the same reason that he married his first, her fortune. In a move to avoid his creditors, Catherine accompanied her husband to France in 1786. He was born on 22 January in lodgings at Holles Street in London, Catherine moved back to Aberdeenshire in 1790, where Byron spent his childhood. His father soon joined them in their lodgings in Queen Street, Catherine regularly experienced mood swings and bouts of melancholy, which could be partly explained by her husbands continuing to borrow money from her. As a result, she fell even further into debt to support his demands and it was one of these importunate loans that allowed him to travel to Valenciennes, France, where he died in 1791. When Byrons great-uncle, the wicked Lord Byron, died on 21 May 1798, described as a woman without judgment or self-command, Catherine either spoiled and indulged her son or vexed him with her capricious stubbornness. Her drinking disgusted him, and he often mocked her for being short and corpulent and she once retaliated and, in a fit of temper, referred to him as a lame brat. Langley-Moore questions the Galt claim that she over-indulged in alcohol, upon the death of Byrons mother-in-law Judith Noel, the Hon

13.
Charles Heavysege
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Charles Heavysege was a Canadian poet and dramatist. He was one of the first serious poets to emerge in Canada, born in Huddersfield, Yorkshire, England, Heavysege emigrated to Montreal in 1853 where he worked as a wood carver. In 1860 he became a reporter for the Montreal Transcript, and later for the Montreal Daily Witness, as a poet, Heavysege was mainly influenced by Milton, Shakespeare, and the Bible. During his lifetime, Saul was Heavyseges best-known work, nathaniel Hawthorne passed on a copy to the North British Review, where it was given a laudatory review by Coventry Patmore, who called it indubitably the best poem ever written out of Great Britain. That was followed by further favorable reviews in the Atlantic Monthly, Galaxy, Saul was published in two further editions, in 1859 and 1869. Other admirers of Saul were Canadian Prime Minister Sir John A. Macdonald, W. D. Lighthall, who included Heavyseges work in his 1889 anthology Songs of the Great Dominion, wrote of him, His work is in no sense distinctively Canadian. W. E. Today his crude but vigorous poetry is underrated by Canadian criticism, Saul was produced as a radio drama by the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation in 1974. Heaysege published nine works of poetry and prose in his lifetime, london, UK, Simpkin, Marshall & Co,1850. Sonnets Saul, a drama Montreal, H. Rose,1857, count Filippo, or, the unequal marriage. The Owl The Dark Huntsman Montreal, Witness Steam Print House,1864, ISBN 0-665-35998-5 Ottawa, Golden Dog,1973. London, S. Low, Son, and Marston,1865, ISBN 0-665-35958-6 Jezebel, New Dominion Monthly,1867. Saul and Selected Poems Toronto, Buffalo, U of Toronto P,1977

14.
Matthew Arnold
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Matthew Arnold was an English poet and cultural critic who worked as an inspector of schools. He was the son of Thomas Arnold, the headmaster of Rugby School. Matthew Arnold has been characterised as a writer, a type of writer who chastises. The Reverend John Keble, who would one of the leaders of the Oxford Movement. Thomas Arnold admired Kebles hymns in The Christian Year, only reversing himself with exasperation when this old friend became a Romeward-tending High Church reactionary in the 1830s. In 1828, Arnolds father was appointed Headmaster of Rugby School and his family took up residence. In 1831, Arnold was tutored by his uncle, Rev. John Buckland in the village of Laleham. In 1834, the Arnolds occupied a home, Fox How. William Wordsworth was a neighbour and close friend, in 1836, Arnold was sent to Winchester College, but in 1837 he returned to Rugby School where he was enrolled in the fifth form. He moved to the form in 1838 and thus came under the direct tutelage of his father. He wrote verse for the manuscript Fox How Magazine co-produced with his brother Tom for the enjoyment from 1838 to 1843. During his years there, he won prizes for English essay writing. His prize poem, Alaric at Rome, was printed at Rugby, in 1841, he won an open scholarship to Balliol College, Oxford. During his residence at Oxford, his friendship ripened with Arthur Hugh Clough, Arnold attended John Henry Newmans sermons at St. Marys but did not join the Oxford Movement. His father died suddenly of disease in 1842, and Fox How became his familys permanent residence. Arnolds poem Cromwell won the 1843 Newdigate prize and he graduated in the following year with a 2nd class honours degree in Literae Humaniores. In 1845, after an interlude of teaching at Rugby, he was elected Fellow of Oriel College. In 1847, he became Private Secretary to Lord Lansdowne, Lord President of the Council, in 1849, he published his first book of poetry, The Strayed Reveller

15.
Philip James Bailey
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Philip James Bailey was an English Spasmodic poet, best known as the author of Festus. Bailey was born on 22 April 1816 in Nottingham, the son of Thomas Bailey by his first wife. He was brought up on the poetry of Lord Byron, educated in Nottingham, he was tutored in classics by Benjamin Carpenter, a Unitarian minister. Aged 15, he matriculated at Glasgow University, dropping the idea of becoming a Presbyterian minister, he began in 1833 to study law in a solicitors office in London. On 26 April 1834 he entered Lincolns Inn, and was called to the bar on 7 May 1840, in 1836 Bailey retired to his fathers house at Old Basford, near Nottingham, to write. In 1856 he received a civil list pension in recognition of his literary work, in 1864 he moved to Jersey, and travelled. In 1876 he returned to England, settling first at Lee near Ilfracombe, in June 1901, he received the honorary Doctor of Laws from the University of Glasgow. Bailey died after an attack of influenza on 6 September 1902 and he was buried in Nottingham Rock Cemetery. Bailey is known almost exclusively by his one voluminous poem, Festus, first published anonymously in 1839, and then expanded with a second edition in 1845. A vast pageant of theology and philosophy, it comprised in some twelve divisions an attempt to represent the relation of God to man, among the admirers of Festus was Tennyson. Henry Wadsworth Longfellow imitated it in The Golden Legend, Bailey himself described his approach with the neologism omnist. Margaret Fuller was an enthusiast for the work, if with critical reservations, the subsequent poems of Bailey, The Angel World, The Mystic, The Age, and The Universal Hymn, were failures. The author then incorporated large extracts of these into the later editions of Festus, which ultimately extended to over 40,000 lines when the final edition was published in 1889. At one time his work was popular, admired for its fire of imagination. Chisholm, Hugh, ed. Bailey, Philip James, a Short Biographical Dictionary of English Literature. London, J. M. Dent & Sons

16.
Mathilde Blind
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Mathilde Blind, was a German-born English poet, fiction writer, biographer, essayist and literary critic. Her work was praised by Algernon Charles Swinburne, William Michael Rossetti, Amy Levy, Edith Nesbit, Arthur Symons and her widely-discussed poem The Ascent of Man represents a distinctly feminist response to the Darwinian theory of evolution. Blind was born in Mannheim, Germany, the child of a banker named Jacob Abraham Cohen and his second wife. She had a brother, Ferdinand, two half-brothers, and a half-sister, Ottilie, also from the marriage of Friederike and Karl Blind, Cohen died in 1848, the same year her mother remarried to Karl Blind, who was involved in the Baden insurrection of 1848. They immigrated to London in 1852, and it was around the time of the move to London that she took her stepfathers surname, in London Blind attended the Ladies Institute, St Johns Wood, where she was a friend of future novelist Rosa Nouchette Carey. While in Switzerland she was barred as a woman from entry to lectures at Zurich University and she also took private lessons from the renowned philosopher and Sanscrit scholar Kuno Fischer. In 1854 Fischer had begun work on his History of Modern Philosophy, Descartes and His School, completed in 1865, in Fischers account of Baruch Spinoza and his ideas, Nietzsche recognized a kindred philosophical spirit. All four thinkers, and the adult Blind, reject teleology – the idea there is an end goal or ultimate purpose to things. For them the immanent world, devoid of inherent purpose, constitutes the horizon of being and this philosophical outlook informs all of Blinds writing, and caused the publisher of The Prophecy of St. Oran and Other Poems, Newman & Co. to withdraw the book from circulation. As William Michael Rossetti wrote to Ford Madox Brown, Newman & Co. had got frightened by somebody about the character of the book. In 1866 Blinds brother Ferdinand failed in an attempt to assassinate Otto von Bismarck, then chancellor of the North German Confederation, many years later, Mathilde shared with her friend Moncure Conway the contents of a letter she had received from her brother in the spring of 1866. She and Ferdinand had been apart since 1864, when he left London in his 18th year to study in Germany, Other revolutionaries who frequent her mother and stepfathers house in St. Johns Wood included Karl Marx and Louis Blanc. Her early commitment to womens suffrage was influenced by her mothers friend Caroline Ashurst Stansfeld and these radical affiliations are manifested in Blinds politically charged poetry, and in her own unbending commitment to reform. As Richard Garnett observed, in the society of political refugees and radicals Blind was raised in, admiration musts necessarily be reserved for audacity in enterprise, anything breathing unconquerable defiance of the powers that were. In the early 1870s, after abandoning the male pseudonym she used for her first volume of verse, in early January 1870 she delivered a lecture on Percy Bysshe Shelley at the Church of Progress in London, stressing the poets political radicalism. At the end of 1871 she published Selections from the Poems of Percy Bysshe Shelley for the Tauchnitz Collection of British Authors, I gasp and pant for want of the proper element to breathe in. Both are full of impassioned eloquence and energy, and The Prophecy in particular has a share of the quality Matthew Arnold called Celtic magic. The first of these was also the first biography of the novelist George Eliot, while writing the latter she lived mainly in Manchester, to be near the painter Ford Madox Brown and his wife

17.
Jean Ingelow
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Jean Ingelow, was an English poet and novelist. She also wrote stories for children. Born at Boston, Lincolnshire, she was the daughter of William Ingelow and this was called charming by Tennyson, who declared he should like to know the author, they later became friends. Jean Ingelow followed this book of verse in 1851 with a story, Allerton and Dreux and this ran rapidly through numerous editions and was set to music, proving very popular for English domestic entertainment. Her work often focused on religious introspection, in the United States, her poems obtained great public acclaim, and the collection was said to have sold 200,000 copies. In 1867 she edited, with Dora Greenwell, The Story of Doom and other Poems, off the Skelligs appeared in 1872, Fated to be Free in 1873, Sarah de Berenger in 1880, and John Jerome in 1886. She also wrote Studies for Stories, Stories told to a Child, Mopsa the Fairy, Ingelows childrens stories were influenced by Lewis Carroll and George MacDonald. Mopsa the Fairy, about a boy who discovers a nest of fairies, anne Thaxter Eaton, writing in A Critical History of Childrens Literature, calls the book a well-constructed tale, with charm and a kind of logical make-believe. Her third series of Poems was published in 1885, Jean Ingelows last years were spent in Kensington, by which time she had outlived her popularity as a poet. She died in 1897 and was buried in Brompton Cemetery, London, Ingelows poems, collected in one volume in 1898, were frequently popular successes. Sailing beyond Seas and When Sparrows build in Supper at the Mill were among the most popular songs of the day and her best-known poems include The High Tide on the Coast of Lincolnshire and Divided. Many, particularly her contemporaries, have defended her work, sailing beyond Seas was a favourite poem of Agatha Christie, who quotes it in two of her novels, The Moving Finger and Ordeal by Innocence. Still, the literary world largely dismissed her work. Jean Ingelow wrote some other things, but nothing at all equalling this, while she also wrote too much. There have many parodies of her poetry, particularly of her archaisms, flowery language and it is no longer fashionable to criticise poetry for the use of dialect. A reading of the poem forms a scene in chapter 7 of D. H. Lawrences Sons. This article incorporates text from a now in the public domain, Chisholm, Hugh, ed. Ingelow. Jean Ingelow biography & selected writings at gerald-massey. org

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William Morris
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William Morris was an English textile designer, poet, novelist, translator, and socialist activist. Associated with the British Arts and Crafts Movement, he was a contributor to the revival of traditional British textile arts. His literary contributions helped to establish the modern fantasy genre, while he played a significant role in propagating the early socialist movement in Britain. Born in Walthamstow, Essex, to a wealthy family, Morris came under the strong influence of medievalism while studying Classics at Oxford University. Webb and Morris designed a home, Red House, then in Kent. In 1861, Morris founded a decorative arts firm with Burne-Jones, Rossetti, Webb, and others, in 1875, Morris assumed total control of the company, which was renamed Morris & Co. Although retaining a main home in London, from 1871 Morris rented the rural retreat of Kelmscott Manor, greatly influenced by visits to Iceland, with Eiríkr Magnússon he produced a series of English-language translations of Icelandic Sagas. In 1877 he founded the Society for the Protection of Ancient Buildings to campaign against the damage caused by architectural restoration, in 1891 he founded the Kelmscott Press to publish limited-edition, illuminated-style print books, a cause to which he devoted his final years. Morris is recognised as one of the most significant cultural figures of Victorian Britain, though best known in his lifetime as a poet, founded in 1955, the William Morris Society is devoted to his legacy, while multiple biographies and studies of his work have seen publication. Many of the associated with his life are open to visitors, much of his work can be found in art galleries and museums. Morris was born at Elm House in Walthamstow, Essex, on 24 March 1834. Raised into a wealthy family, he was named after his father. His mother was Emma Morris, who came from Woodford Hall in Woodford, Essex and he also took rides through the Essex countryside on his pony, and visited the various churches and cathedrals throughout the country, marveling at their architecture. His father took him on visits outside of the county, for instance to Canterbury Cathedral, the Chiswick Horticultural Gardens, and to the Isle of Wight, where he adored Blackgang Chine. In February 1848 Morris began his studies at Marlborough College in Marlborough, Wiltshire and he despised his time there, being bullied, bored, and homesick. He did use the opportunity to many of the prehistoric sites of Wiltshire, such as Avebury and Silbury Hill. At Christmas 1851, Morris was removed from the school and returned to Water House, guy, Assistant Master at the nearby Forest School. In June 1852 Morris entered Oxford Universitys Exeter College, although since the college was full and he disliked the college and was bored by the manner in which they taught him Classics

Statue of Gordon in Melbourne, erected in 1932 by public subscription. Carved beneath are the following lines from "Ye Wearie Wayfarer": "Life is mainly froth and bubble / Two things stand like stone / Kindness in another's trouble / Courage in your own".