Search This Blog

Sunday, May 29, 2011

The Unified Court System has promulgated a revised Request for Judicial Intervention Form (Form USC-840 Rev. 3/2011), and Addenda, for use in civil practice in the Supreme and County Courts. The revisions contained in the new form are the product of extensive research and development by court personnel, as well as commentary from the professional bar.
The new forms include the RJI itself (UCS-840), a general addendum (UCS-840A), and specialized addenda for Commercial Division (UCS-840C), foreclosure (UCS-840F), and matrimonial matters (UCS-840M).
Parties and counsel should employ these new forms immediately and henceforth. However, to avoid unfairness in its introduction, courts and clerks should accept both the new and the former RJI form (Rev. 1/2000) for filing through August 31, 2011.

Thursday, May 26, 2011

Amendments to Rule 7.1 (c), (d), (e) and (g) of Part 1200 of Title 22 of the Official Compilation of Codes, Rules and Regulations of the State of New York, entitled “Rules of Professional Conduct, were approved by the four presiding justices of the Appellate Division departments. The amendments allow the use of testimonials or endorsements from clients with respect to a pending matter, as long as the clients give informed consent. They allow actors to portray judges, lawyers or clients provided the advertisements disclose that the characters are actors. The rule prohibiting a pop-up or pop-under advertisement in connection with computer-accessed communications has been eliminated.

Former Rule 7.1 (c), (d) (e) and (g) of Part 1200 of Title 22 of the Official Compilation of Codes, Rules and Regulations of the State of New York, entitled “Rules of Professional Conduct, is set forth below, with the deleted sections highlighted:

(c) An advertisement shall not:
(1) include an endorsement of, or testimonial about, a lawyer or law firm from a client with respect to a matter still pending; [DELETED]
(2) include a paid endorsement of, or testimonial about, a lawyer or law firm without disclosing that the person is being compensated therefor;
(3) include the portrayal of a judge, the portrayal of a fictitious law firm, the use of a fictitious name to refer to lawyers not associated together in a law firm, or otherwise imply that lawyers are associated in a law firm if that is not the case; [DELETED]
(4) use actors to portray the lawyer, members of the law firm, or clients, or utilize depictions of fictionalized events or scenes, without disclosure of same;
(5) rely on techniques to obtain attention that demonstrate a clear and intentional lack of relevance to the selection of counsel, including the portrayal of lawyers exhibiting characteristics clearly unrelated to legal competence; [DELETED]
(6) be made to resemble legal documents; or
(7) utilize a nickname, moniker, motto or trade name that implies an ability to obtain results in a matter. [DELETED]

(d) An advertisement that complies with paragraph (e) may contain the following:

(1) statements that are reasonably likely to create an expectation about results the lawyer can achieve;
(2) statements that compare the lawyer's services with the services of other lawyers;
(3) testimonials or endorsements of clients, where not prohibited by paragraph (c)(1), and of former clients; or [DELETED “where not prohibited by paragraph (c)(1)”]
(4) statements describing or characterizing the quality of the lawyer's or law firm's services.

(e) It is permissible to provide the information set forth in paragraph (d) provided:
[DELETED “subdivision (d) of this section” and replaced it with “in paragraph (d)”
(1) its dissemination does not violate paragraph (a); [DELETED “paragraph (a) and replaced it with “subdivision (a) of this section’]
(2) it can be factually supported by the lawyer or law firm as of the date on which the advertisement is published or disseminated; and
(3) it is accompanied by the following disclaimer: "Prior results do not guarantee a similar outcome."

(g) A lawyer or law firm shall not utilize:
(1) a pop-up or pop-under advertisement in connection with computer-accessed communications, other than on the lawyer or law firm's own web site or other internet presence; or [DELETED]
(2) meta tags or other hidden computer codes that, if displayed, would violate these Rules.

Rule 7.1 of Part 1200 of Title 22 of the Official Compilation of Codes, Rules and Regulations of the State of New York, entitled “Rules of Professional Conduct, now provides:

Rule 7.1: Advertising.

(a) A lawyer or law firm shall not use or disseminate or participate in the use
or dissemination of any advertisement that:

(1) contains statements or claims that are false, deceptive or misleading;
or

(2) violates a Rule.

(b) Subject to the provisions of paragraph (a), an advertisement may include
information as to:

(1) legal and nonlegal education, degrees and other scholastic distinctions,
dates of admission to any bar; areas of the law in which the lawyer or law
firm practices, as authorized by these Rules; public offices and teaching
positions held; publications of law related matters authored by the lawyer;
memberships in bar associations or other professional societies or
organizations, including offices and committee assignments therein; foreign
language fluency; and bona fide professional ratings;

(2) names of clients regularly represented, provided that the client has
given prior written consent;

(3) bank references; credit arrangements accepted; prepaid or group legal
services programs in which the lawyer or law firm participates; nonlegal
services provided by the lawyer or law firm or by an entity owned and
controlled by the lawyer or law firm; the existence of contractual
relationships between the lawyer or law firm and a nonlegal professional or
nonlegal professional service firm, to the extent permitted by Rule 5.8, and
the nature and extent of services available through those contractual
relationships; and

(4) legal fees for initial consultation; contingent fee rates in civil
matters when accompanied by a statement disclosing the information required
by paragraph (p); range of fees for legal and nonlegal services, provided
that there be available to the public free of charge a written statement
clearly describing the scope of each advertised service; hourly rates; and
fixed fees for specified legal and nonlegal services.

(c) An advertise shall not:

(1) include a paid endorsement of, or testimonial about, a lawyer or law
firm without disclosing that the person is being compensated therefore;

(2) include the portrayal of a fictitious law firm, the use of a fictitious
name to refer to lawyers not associated together in a law firm, or otherwise
imply that lawyers are associated in a law firm if that is not the case.

(3) use actors to portray a judge, the lawyer, members of the law firm, or
clients, or utilize depictions of fictionalized events or scenes, without
disclosure of same; or

(4) be made to resemble legal documents

(d) An advertisement that complies with subdivision (e) of this section may
contain the following:

(1) statements that are reasonably likely to create an expectation about
results the lawyer can achieve;

(2) statements that compare the lawyer's services with the services of other
lawyers;

(3) testimonials or endorsements of clients, and of former clients; or

(4) statements describing or characterizing the quality of the lawyer's or
law firm's services.

(e) It is permissible to provide the information set forth in subdivision (d)
of this section provided:

(1) its dissemination does not violate subdivision (a) of this section;

(2) it can be factually supported by the lawyer or law firm as of the date
on which the advertisement is published or disseminated;

(3) it is accompanied by the following disclaimer: "Prior results do not
guarantee a similar outcome"; and

(4) in the case of a testimonial or endorsement from a client with respect
to a matter still pending, the client gives informed consent confirmed in
writing.

(f) Every advertisement other than those appearing in a radio, television or
billboard advertisement, in a directory, newspaper, magazine or other
periodical (and any web sites related thereto), or made in person pursuant to
Rule 7.3(a)(1), shall be labeled "Attorney Advertising" on the first page, or
on the home page in the case of a web site. If the communication is in the form
of a self-mailing brochure or postcard, the words "Attorney Advertising" shall
appear therein. In the case of electronic mail, the subject line shall contain
the notation "ATTORNEY ADVERTISING."

(g) A lawyer or law firm shall not utilize meta tags or other hidden computer
codes that, if displayed, would violate these Rules.

(h) All advertisements shall include the name, principal law office address and
telephone number of the lawyer or law firm whose services are being offered.

(i) Any words or statements required by this Rule to appear in an
advertisement must be clearly legible and capable of being read by the
average person, if written, and intelligible if spoken aloud. In the case of
a web site, the required words or statements shall appear on the home page.

(j) A lawyer or law firm advertising any fixed fee for specified legal
services shall, at the time of fee publication, have available to the public
a written statement clearly describing the scope of each advertised service,
which statement shall be available to the client at the time of retainer for
any such service. Such legal services shall include all those services that
are recognized as reasonable and necessary under local custom in the area of
practice in the community where the services are performed.

(k) All advertisements shall be pre-approved by the lawyer or law firm, and
a copy shall be retained for a period of not less than three years following
its initial dissemination. Any advertisement contained in a
computer-accessed communication shall be retained for a period of not less
than one year. A copy of the contents of any web site covered by this Rule
shall be preserved upon the initial publication of the web site, any major
web site redesign, or a meaningful and extensive content change, but in no
event less frequently than once every 90 days.

(l) If a lawyer or law firm advertises a range of fees or an hourly rate for
services, the lawyer or law firm shall not charge more than the fee
advertised for such services. If a lawyer or law firm advertises a fixed fee
for specified legal services, or performs services described in a fee
schedule, the lawyer or law firm shall not charge more than the fixed fee
for such stated legal service as set forth in the advertisement or fee
schedule, unless the client agrees in writing that the services performed or
to be performed were not legal services referred to or implied in the
advertisement or in the fee schedule and, further, that a different fee
arrangement shall apply to the transaction.

(m) Unless otherwise specified in the advertisement, if a lawyer publishes
any fee information authorized under this Rule in a publication that is
published more frequently than once per month, the lawyer shall be bound by
any representation made therein for a period of not less than 30 days after
such publication. If a lawyer publishes any fee information authorized under
this Rule in a publication that is published once per month or less
frequently, the lawyer shall be bound by any representation made therein
until the publication of the succeeding issue. If a lawyer publishes any fee
information authorized under this Rule in a publication that has no fixed
date for publication of a succeeding issue, the lawyer shall be bound by any
representation made therein for a reasonable period of time after
publication, but in no event less than 90 days.

(n) Unless otherwise specified, if a lawyer broadcasts any fee information
authorized under this Rule, the lawyer shall be bound by any representation
made therein for a period of not less than 30 days after such broadcast.

(o) A lawyer shall not compensate or give any thing of value to
representatives of the press, radio, television or other communication
medium in anticipation of or in return for professional publicity in a news
item.
(p) All advertisements that contain information about the fees charged by
the lawyer or law firm, including those indicating that in the absence of a
recovery no fee will be charged, shall comply with the provisions of
Judiciary Law s 488(3).

(q) A lawyer may accept employment that results from participation in
activities designed to educate the public to recognize legal problems, to
make intelligent selection of counsel or to utilize available legal
services.

(r) Without affecting the right to accept employment, a lawyer may speak
publicly or write for publication on legal topics so long as the lawyer does
not undertake to give individual advice.

Current through amendments included in the New York State Register, Volume XXXII,
Issue 21, dated May 25, 2011.

Monday, May 23, 2011

Improper to Incorporate Agreement into Judgment Where No Meeting of The Minds

In Alton v Alton, --- N.Y.S.2d ----, 2011 WL 1612577 (N.Y.A.D. 2 Dept.) the Appellate Division pointed out that the defendant husband contended that the Supreme Court erred in denying his motion which were to set aside the provisions of the parties' oral, on-the-record stipulation of settlement relating to equitable distribution, maintenance, his obligation to purchase an apartment for the plaintiff wife, and the validity of the parties' prenuptial agreement, because there was no meeting of the minds on an essential material term, to wit, the purchase price of the subject apartment. It held that since a judgment was entered that purported to incorporate the terms of the putative settlement, the defendant was precluded from challenging the validity or enforceability of the settlement by way of motion, but was required either to appeal from the judgment or commence a plenary action. Since the defendant appealed from the judgment, it reached the merits of the defendant's contention that no stipulation of settlement was, in fact, consummated. It noted that in determining whether an agreement exists, the inquiry centers upon the parties' intent to be bound and whether there was a meeting of the minds regarding the material terms of the transaction . A review of the transcribed proceedings at which the parties attempted to negotiate a settlement revealed that the parties never reached an agreement on the essential and material term regarding the purchase price of the apartment. The provisions relating to the apartment purchase were intertwined and integrated with the other provisions of the disputed stipulation of settlement, i.e., the provisions relating to equitable distribution, maintenance, and the validity of the parties' prenuptial agreement. Accordingly, the Supreme Court should not have incorporated the disputed stipulation of settlement provisions into the judgment of divorce.

Best Interest of Child Outweighed Application of Exclusionary Rule in Custody Case

In Matter of Young v Young, --- N.Y.S.2d ----, 2010 WL 6622106 (N.Y.A.D. 2 Dept.) the Appellate Division affirmed an order which awarded the father sole custody of the parties child. It held that Family Court did not err in summarily denying the mother's motion to suppress certain evidence which she alleged was obtained illegally. In a custody case, the court is required to determine "solely what is for the best interest of the child, and what will promote its welfare and happiness, and make an award accordingly. It stated that the best interests of the child are determined by a review of the totality of the circumstances. It held that the application of the exclusionary rule to prevent the court from considering factors relevant to that determination, pertaining here to the condition of the home of a parent who was seeking custody, would have a "detrimental impact upon the fact-finding process and the State's enormous interest in protecting the welfare of children," which outweighed the deterrent effect of applying the exclusionary rule (citing Matter of Diane P., 110 A.D.2d 354, 354). It also rejected the mother's contention that the Family Court should have conducted a pretrial hearing as to the voluntariness of an admission she made and the effectiveness of her counsel in a neglect proceeding which had been brought against her. The mother testified as to these matters during the custody trial, such that the issues and her position thereon were before the Family Court. Family Court's determination that it was in the children's best interest for the father to be awarded custody had a sound and substantial basis in the record.

Well-established Precedent Overwhelmingly Supports a Party's Right to an Evidentiary Hearing Before a Finding of Contempt

In Bergman v Bergman, --- N.Y.S.2d ----, 2011 WL 1796364 (N.Y.A.D. 1 Dept.) the Appellate Division held that a hearing is required on a contempt motion when the party opposing the motion asserts a defense of financial inability to comply. Domestic Relations Law s 246(3) in pertinent part states: "Any person may assert his financial inability to comply with ... an order or judgment ... as a defense in a proceeding instituted against him ... to punish him for his failure to comply ... and if the court, upon the hearing of such contempt proceeding is satisfied from the proofs and evidence offered ... that the defendant is financially unable to comply ... it may, in its discretion, until further order of the court, make an order modifying such order or judgment...." Further, Domestic Relations Law 236(B)(9)(b) provides that a party may seek downward modification if he or she has experienced a "substantial change in circumstances:" There is no limit to the number of times a party may seek downward modification. The party must demonstrate that there has been a substantial change in circumstances to merit any downward modification. There is no right to a hearing absent a prima facie showing of entitlement to downward modification. However, well-established precedent overwhelmingly supports a party's right to an evidentiary hearing before a finding of contempt (Boritzer v. Boritzer, 137 A.D.2d 477 [1988]; Comerford v. Comerford, 49 A.D.2d 818 [1975]; Singer v. Singer, 52 A.D.2d 774 [1976]; see also Gifford v. Gifford, 223 A.D.2d 669 [1996] ). In Singer, this Court held that "[d]ue process requires that a hearing be held before one can be adjudged in contempt" , undoubtably because a finding of contempt may result in incarceration as, indeed, it did in this case. Here, defendant has not had any opportunity to offer "proofs [or] evidence" at a hearing on either plaintiff's contempt motion or defendant's cross motion for downward modification. The court entirely ignored the affidavits prepared by a reputable forensic accountant, and the voluminous documentation defendant presented. In the court's opinion, defendant had had "repeated days in court." However, on this motion, defendant clearly presented new financial information and an expert affidavit explaining that defendant's circumstances had changed, and not for the better. Accordingly, it held that defendant should have had a hearing to assess the new financial information and new expert affidavit.

Lifetime Maintenance Award of $200 per Week to Be Warranted Given the Identified Disparity in the Parties' Respective Incomes and the Wife's Reduced Earning Potential.

In Scarpace v Scarpace, --- N.Y.S.2d ----, 2011 WL 1797230 (N.Y.A.D. 3 Dept.) after 31 years of marriage, plaintiff (husband) commenced an action for divorce. The parties entered into a stipulation with respect to all issues with the exception of spousal maintenance. According to their stipulation, the marital property was divided such that each party would retain various liquid assets valued at approximately $580,000. The wife's share included the unencumbered former marital residence, appraised at $250,000, and a payment received from the husband in the amount of $110,000. The parties also stipulated, that they each retain their own pension rights as separate property. After a trial, Supreme Court awarded the wife maintenance in the amount of $200 per week for six years, effective May 22, 2009. On appeal the wife contended that Supreme Court erred in setting the amount of maintenance at $200 per week and in limiting its duration to six years. The wife argued that the maintenance award would impair her ability to save money and, because she would reach her intended retirement age when the maintenance award terminates, she will be forced to rely on her savings to maintain her standard of living. The Appellate Division modified the underlying judgment to he extent that the wife was to receive lifetime maintenance in the amount of $200 per week, retroactive to October 16, 2007, the date of her answer. The Appellate Division observed that "Maintenance is appropriate where, among other things, the marriage is of long duration, the recipient spouse has been out of the work force for a number of years, has sacrificed her or his own career development or has made substantial noneconomic contributions to the household or to the career of the payor". At the time of trial, both parties were in their mid-fifties and in generally good health. Throughout their marriage, they lived a financially conservative lifestyle, resulting in no college loans for their four emancipated children and no mortgage on the marital home. While the husband attended college and built his career, the wife worked various part-time and seasonal jobs and devoted her time to tending to the needs of their children. As a result, the wife did not commence her current full-time occupation with State Farm Insurance until approximately 1996, such that at the time of trial, her annual income was roughly $32,000. The husband was earning $104,000 per year as a 32-year employee of the Department of Taxation and Finance. While the husband estimated that he would receive over $5,000 per month from his pension alone upon retirement, the wife estimated that between Social Security retirement and her own pension, she would receive approximately $1,200 per month upon her retirement. The wife also testified that she was now required to pay for health and homeowner's insurance, school and property taxes and various utilities and household expenses, all of which previously had been paid for by the husband. Finally, the wife testified that, while she used to save $600 per month, since the divorce she can only afford to save $275 per month, and that she has accumulated $8,600 in credit card debt due to their son's college expenses. The Appellate Division was persuaded that an award of lifetime maintenance was appropriate here. While it was true that the parties enjoyed a modest standard of living during their marriage and that the wife not only can contribute toward her own support but also has received assets through equitable distribution, one of "the many specific considerations underlying an award of nondurational maintenance ... is the present and potential future income of the parties". Given the identified disparity in the parties' respective incomes and the wife's reduced earning potential, it found a nondurational maintenance award of $200 per week to be warranted.

Finding That MBA Made the Defendant a More Attractive Candidate for Position in the Financial Sector of the Cable Television Industry Enhanced His Earning Capacity and Was a Marital Asset.

In Huffman v Huffman, --- N.Y.S.2d ----, 2011 WL 1817309 (N.Y.A.D. 2 Dept.) Supreme Court awarded the plaintiff 30% of the value of defendants master's degree, weekly child support of $1,281.14, and maintenance for four years commencing December 1, 2008, in the amounts of $5,000 per month for the first and second years, $3,500 per month for the third year, and $2,000 per month for the fourth year, and directed him to pay to the plaintiff $90,793.02 in connection with certain bonus money. The Appellate Divison held that Supreme Court's determination of basic child support was proper. The Supreme Court providently exercised its discretion in calculating child support against $300,000 of the defendant's income based upon the standard of living that the parties' children would have enjoyed had the marriage not dissolved and upon the parties' disparate financial circumstances, which were apparent from the record. Under the circumstances of this case, the Supreme Court improvidently exercised its discretion in awarding the plaintiff maintenance for four years beginning December 2008, given the length of the parties' marriage, the plaintiff's ability to reenter the workforce, and the fact that the defendant was paying temporary support pursuant to a pendente lite order dated February 25, 2005, requiring him to pay the plaintiff $2,500 per month in maintenance retroactive to November 11, 2004. Thus, the maintenance award had to be recalculated retroactive to November 11, 2004, taking into account any credit due for amounts paid by the defendant pursuant to the pendente lite order. The Appellate Division disagreed with defendants contention that the trial court erred in concluding that his MBA degree provided him with an enhanced earning capacity subject to equitable distribution. An academic degree earned during a marriage qualifies as marital property which is subject to equitable distribution ( McGowan v. McGowan, 142 A.D.2d 355, 357). The value of a degree is the "enhanced earning capacity it affords the holder" (O'Brien v. O'Brien, 66 N.Y.2d 576, 588). Here, while the defendant presented some evidence that an MBA degree was not an actual prerequisite to his employment in various finance positions in the cable television industry, there was also ample evidence, including expert testimony, to support the Supreme Court's finding that the attainment of this degree made the defendant a more attractive candidate for a position in the financial sector of the cable television industry. Accordingly, the Supreme Court properly concluded that the MBA degree which the defendant obtained during the course of his employment enhanced his earning capacity. The Supreme Court also properly determined that the plaintiff was entitled to a 30% share of the defendant's enhanced earning capacity. Although the plaintiff did not make direct financial contributions to the husband's attainment of his MBA degree, she made substantial indirect contributions by, inter alia, supporting the husband's educational endeavors, working until August 2000 and contributing her earnings to the family, being the primary caretaker of the couple's children, cooking family meals, and participating in housekeeping responsibilities. Bonuses earned for work by a spouse during the marriage constitute marital property subject to equitable distribution, even if paid after commencement of the divorce action, and are distributed after taking income taxes into account. It saw no reason to disturb the Supreme Court's equitable distribution of the defendant's 2002 and 2003 bonuses. However, it agreed with the defendant's contention that the Supreme Court erroneously distributed his gross 2004 bonus without taking into account income taxes. Accordingly, upon remittal, to the Supreme Court the award had to be recalculated to the extent it is based upon the defendant's 2004 bonus, to take into account income taxes paid by the plaintiff.

Proper to Apply a Lack of Marketability Discount of 25% to Reflect the Risk Associated with the Illiquidity of a Close Corporation Whose Shares Cannot Be Freely Traded.

In Cooper v Cooper, --- N.Y.S.2d ----, 2011 WL 1817757 (N.Y.A.D. 2 Dept.) the parties were married on April 8, 1984, and had two children, born in 1989, and 1992, respectively. Supreme Court, inter alia, awarded the plaintiff post-divorce maintenance of $5,000 per month for a period of four years, interest of 9% per annum on installment payments of the plaintiff's distributive awards, child support of $1,192.31 per week, based upon a finding that the defendant's "CSSA income is $250,000 per year," directed the defendant to maintain a life insurance policy for the benefit of the plaintiff and the children in the value of $500,000, and awarded her counsel fees of $50,000. This action was commenced in March 2003. The defendant was the founder and owner of Triangle Electronics Group, Inc. ( Triangle), which distributed electronic components. A primary issue at trial and on appeal was the equitable distribution of the defendant's 100% interest in Triangle, which the Supreme Court determined was worth $1,625,000 on the date of commencement of the action. In so doing, the Supreme Court credited the defendant's expert. The Appellate Divison held that the determination of the fact finder as to the value of a business, if within the range of the testimony presented, will be accorded deference on appeal if it rests primarily on the credibility of expert witnesses and their valuation techniques". The testimony of the defendant's expert, which was supported by competent evidence in the record and a written report admitted into evidence, was properly credited by the Supreme Court. The defendant's expert properly applied a lack of marketability discount of 25% to reflect the risk associated with the illiquidity of a close corporation whose shares cannot be freely traded. The Supreme Court properly determined that the plaintiff was responsible for one-half of the federal tax liability of $1,371,744 incurred when the defendant filed amended income tax returns for the tax years 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002, and 2003, but that she was not responsible for New York State tax liability, or any interest and penalties as a result of the filing of the amended tax returns. Since that tax liability was incurred during the marriage, the Supreme Court properly determined that the plaintiff was responsible for part of this liability. The record established that the defendant was responsible for the delay in reporting the income declared on those amended returns and, therefore, was properly required to pay all interest and penalties. Further, under all of the circumstances of this case, including that fact that, with respect to New York State tax liability, the plaintiff was officially adjudicated an innocent spouse, the Supreme Court providently exercised its discretion in determining that the plaintiff was not responsible for any of the New York State tax liability. The Supreme Court properly exercised its discretion in awarding the plaintiff post-divorce maintenance in the sum of $5,000 per month for a period of four years, based upon the parties' standard of living during the marriage, their income, and the plaintiff's distributive awards. The amount of maintenance awarded to the plaintiff would ensure that her reasonable needs were met, while providing her with an incentive to become self-supporting. Further, the award of child support was proper. The award of counsel fees, and the denial of additional expert fees, was a provident exercise of discretion, in light of the interim awards of counsel fees and expert fees, and the Supreme Court's conclusion that the fees demanded by the plaintiff's expert were excessive. Further, the award of interest at the statutory rate of 9% per annum (see CPLR 5004), on the plaintiff's distributive awards, should the defendant elect to pay those awards in installments over a period of five years, was a provident exercise of discretion.

Monday, May 16, 2011

In Determining Parents' Respective Obligations Towards Cost of College, a Court Should Not Take into Account Any College Loans for Which the Student Is Responsible

In Matter of Yorke v Yorke, --- N.Y.S.2d ----, 2011 WL 1499108 (N.Y.A.D. 2 Dept.) the parties were the parents of a child who was a college student beginning in the Fall 2007 semester. By orders dated October 16, 2007, and December 20, 2007, respectively, the father was directed to pay 83% of the college tuition for the child prior to March 2009, and 82% of the tuition for the child subsequent to March 2009. Those orders provided that the father was not responsible for contributing towards the child's room and board at college. In 2009 the mother commenced a proceeding, alleging that the father had failed to contribute the required amount to college tuition for the five semesters from Fall 2007 through and including Fall 2009. Family Court issued an order dated March 29, 2010, in which that court determined the father's obligation for college costs for the child and found that the father was entitled to a credit in the sum of $3,407. In the order the Family Court deducted financial aid, including "Stafford" loans, prior to determining the father's share of college costs for the child. The Appellate Division held that in determining the parents' respective obligations towards the cost of college, a court should not take into account any college loans for which the student is responsible. Therefore, any loans for which the child is responsible should not have been deducted from the college costs prior to determining the father's pro rata share of those costs. Here, the record did not indicate whether the child was responsible for repayment of the Stafford loans reflected on the statements from the college. Accordingly, the matter was remitted to the Family Court for clarification of this matter. In addition, the Family Court erred in applying the total amount of scholarships, grants, and student loans for which the child was not responsible ( financial aid). First, the Family Court should have calculated the total cost of attending college, including tuition, and room and board. Next, it should have determined the percentage of that total cost which was covered by financial aid. That percentage should then have been applied to the tuition portion. Finally, the father's share of the net tuition, after deducting the pro rata financial aid, should have been calculated based upon his percentage of responsibility . For example, if tuition is $12,000 and room and board is $8,000, totaling $20,000, and financial aid is $15,000, or 75% of the total college cost, the net tuition after pro rata financial aid would be $3,000. The father's pro rata tuition obligation should then be applied to that amount to determine his contribution to tuition. Accordingly, the matter was remitted to the Family Court for recalculation of the father's obligation to contribute towards college costs.

No Reduction of Child Support Arrears Accrued Prior to the Making of Application for Modification Even Where Noncustodial Parent Establishes His Income Is less than Poverty Income Guidelines Amount

In Matter of Fisher v Nathan, --- N.Y.S.2d ----, 2011 WL 1499660 (N.Y.A.D. 2 Dept.), the Appellate Division held that Family Court properly denied the father's objection to the order of the Judicial Hearing Officer, which denied his motion for a temporary downward modification of his obligation to pay arrears for his daughter's college expenses. Although child support arrears cease to accrue above the sum of $500 where a noncustodial parent can establish that his or her income is less than or equal to poverty income guidelines amount for a single person, as reported by the United States Department of Health and Human Services (see Family Ct Act 413[1][g] ), a "modification, set aside or vacatur [of a child support obligation set forth in a judgment or order] shall not reduce or annul child support arrears accrued prior to the making of an application pursuant to this section" (Family Ct Act 451). "In that regard, contrary to the father's claim, child support arrears may not be reduced or annulled even where the defaulting party shows good cause for failing to make an application for relief from the judgment or order of support prior to the accrual of arrears or where requiring the party to pay the arrears will result in a grievous injustice" (Matter of Mandelowitz v. Bodden, 68 AD3d 871, 875; see Matter of Dox v. Tynan, 90 N.Y.2d 166, 173-174). Here, the father failed to establish that any decline in business sustained by his solo law practice as a result of his illness left him below the Federal poverty income guidelines. Accordingly, his obligation for child support arrears continued to accrue, and there is no basis in law to adjust or reduce his obligation to pay child support arrears.

Direction in Judgment to Pay "One-half of the Mortgage and Real Estate Charges of the Marital Residence and Half of the Cost of Any Repair to the Home in Excess of $750.00" Constituted an Improper Open-ended Obligation

In Mosso v Mosso--- N.Y.S.2d ----, 2011 WL 1733948 (N.Y.A.D. 2 Dept.) defendant appealed from so much of a judgment of the Supreme Court as (1) imputed an annual income to him of $52,000 for the purpose of calculating his child support obligations, (2) directed him to pay $1,160 per month in child support retroactive to the date of the commencement of the action, (3) directed him to pay one-half of the mortgage and real estate tax charges of the marital residence and half the cost of any repair to the home in excess of $750, (4) directed him to pay 100% of a $30,000 home equity loan on the marital residence, (5) awarded the plaintiff $13,777 from certain bank accounts, and (6) awarded the plaintiff exclusive use and occupancy of the marital residence until the last of the parties' children reaches majority. The Appellate Divison held that Supreme Court did not improvidently exercise its discretion in it imputing an annual income to the defendant of $52,000 for the purpose of calculating his child support obligations. However, in calculating the child support award, the Supreme Court's direction that the defendant pay both child support and half of the carrying charges on the marital residence resulted in an improper double shelter allowance. The matter was remitted to the Supreme Court to recalculate the child support award ‘taking into account the shelter costs incurred by the defendant in providing housing to the plaintiff and the minor children". It held that Supreme Court also improperly awarded retroactive child support to August 1, 2007, the date of the commencement of the action, since the plaintiff did not request child support until she filed an amended complaint on August 27, 2007. It directed that since an award of child support may be made "effective as of the date of the application therefor" (Domestic Relations Law 236[B][7][a] ), on remittal, the Supreme Court's new child support award should be made retroactive to August 27, 2007. It found the defendant's contention that the plaintiff was not entitled to any retroactive child support because she later withdrew her amended complaint was without merit. The record established that the amended complaint was withdrawn solely to relinquish a cause of action for divorce on the ground of cruel and inhuman treatment, and that the plaintiff's request for child support was intended to remain a part of the action. In addition, the matter had to be remitted to the Supreme Court because the Supreme Court's directive that the defendant pay "one-half of the mortgage and real estate charges of the marital residence and half of the cost of any repair to the home in excess of $750.00" constituted an improper open-ended obligation (citing 22 NYCRR subtitle D, Ch III, subchapter B0. The direction to pay for repairs and other maintenance should state a maximum monthly or yearly amount. The Appellate Divison held that Supreme Court also improvidently exercised its discretion in directing that the defendant be 100% responsible for repayment of a $30,000 loan drawn on a home equity line of credit. Expenses incurred prior to the commencement of a divorce action constitute marital debt and should be equally shared by the parties. Although the defendant should be solely responsible for repaying $10,000 of this loan, which he used to pay his attorney's fees, the burden of repaying the remaining $20,000 should be shared by the parties since this debt was incurred during the marriage and the evidence at trial failed to establish a compelling reason why the defendant should bear the cost of repayment alone. The Appellate Division held that Supreme Court did not err in granting the plaintiff and the parties' children the exclusive use and occupancy of the marital residence until the youngest child reaches the age of 18. Exclusive possession of the marital residence is usually granted to the spouse who has custody of the minor children of the marriage. In making this determination, the need of the custodial parent to occupy the marital residence is weighed against the financial need of the parties. The evidence at trial established that the parties were capable of maintaining the marital residence and that suitable comparable housing could not be obtained at a lesser cost than the cost to maintain the marital residence. Further, the defendant failed to establish an immediate need for his share of the proceeds of the sale of the marital residence. The defendant failed to meet his burden of establishing that certain assets in a bank account, acquired during the marriage, were not marital property subject to equitable distribution. Accordingly, the Supreme Court properly provided for the equitable distribution of those funds.

Must be Sufficient Evidence to Support Interim Counsel Fee Award for Services Previously Rendered

In Mimran v Mimran, --- N.Y.S.2d ----, 2011 WL 1496465 (N.Y.A.D. 1 Dept.) Supreme Court directed defendant to pay plaintiff $200,000 as interim counsel fees. The Appellate Division reversed. It held that regardless of whether plaintiff otherwise made a sufficient showing to support an award of interim counsel fees defendant was correct that neither plaintiff nor her counsel provided adequate documentation of the amount of fees already paid, the amount required for experts, the dates and nature of the services previously rendered, or the number of hours of work to be performed. Thus, there was insufficient evidence to support an award for outstanding fees already incurred and no basis upon which an appropriate prospective fee award could be determined.

Agreement Provision for Full Indemnification of Attorneys' Fees in Enforcement Proceedings must Be Enforced

In Colyer v Colyer,--- N.Y.S.2d ----, 2011 WL 1496486 (N.Y.A.D. 1 Dept.) upon granting plaintiff's motion for an order compelling defendant to pay college and medical expenses of the parties' daughter, Supreme Court awarded plaintiff $20,000 in attorneys' fees. The Appellate Division increased the attorneys' fees to $54,467.50 and otherwise affirmed. It noted that Plaintiff's entitlement to attorneys' fees in connection with the instant proceeding arose from the parties' separation agreement, which provided for defendant's full indemnification of fees if he defaulted on his obligation to pay the daughter's college expenses and certain medical expenses and it became necessary for plaintiff to bring proceedings to enforce his obligations. Thus, plaintiff was entitled to collect the full amount of her attorneys' fees in connection with the successful enforcement proceeding. Although defendant complained generally about the reasonableness of the total amount of attorneys' fees sought, he did not contend that any amounts should be excluded as unrelated to the successful portion of the application. Thus, there was no basis for reducing the total amount, which was $45,270.

Liberal Policy to Vacate Default Judgment in Matrimonial Cases Where Meritorious Position with Respect to Ancillary Issues

In Osman v Osman, --- N.Y.S.2d ----, 2011 WL 1601891 (N.Y.A.D. 2 Dept.) the Appellate Division held that Supreme Court improvidently exercised its discretion in denying the defendant's motion to vacate her default in appearing for a trial on the ancillary economic issues attendant to the parties' divorce. Although a party seeking to vacate a default must establish a reasonable excuse for the default and a potentially meritorious cause of action or defense, the courts of this state have adopted a liberal policy toward vacating defaults in matrimonial actions. In matrimonial actions, "[t]he State's interest in the marital res and allied issues ... favor[s] dispositions on the merits". The record revealed that the defendant former wife was taken directly from court to the hospital by ambulance on December 15, 2009, where she underwent medical tests, including a chest x-ray and EKG, before being released with a diagnosis of anxiety. Under these circumstances, it found that the wife's claim that the anxiety attack she suffered on December 15, 2009, caused her to misapprehend the Supreme Court's instructions as to the time she was required to return to court the next day, constituted a reasonable excuse for her failure to appear on the morning of December 16, 2009. Furthermore, the parties had been married for 27 years at the time of the commencement of the action, and the plaintiff former husband allegedly was the primary wage earner throughout the marriage. Thus, the wife had a potentially meritorious position with respect to all ancillary economic issues, including maintenance, which were resolved after the inquest held upon her default.

Appeal Dismissed for Failure to Include All Transcripts of Proceedings

In Kociubinski v Kociubinski,--- N.Y.S.2d ----, 2011 WL 1631591 (N.Y.A.D. 2 Dept.) the Appellate Division pointed out that it is the obligation of the appellant to assemble a proper record on appeal, which must include any relevant transcripts of proceedings before the Supreme Court. The record must contain all of the relevant papers that were before the Supreme Court, including the transcript, if any, of the proceedings. Here, the plaintiff appealed from an order and judgment of the Supreme Court which, inter alia, granted the defendant's motion, after a hearing, for an award of child support arrears pursuant to the parties' judgment of divorce and stipulation of settlement. However, the plaintiff's failure to provide this Court with the full hearing transcript renders the record on appeal inadequate to enable the Court to reach an informed decision on the merits and, thus, the appeal was dismissed.

Subscribe To this Blog

About Joel R. Brandes

This blog is published by Joel R. Brandes Consulting Services, Inc.
Joel R. Brandes is the author of the "Law and the Family New York 2d", and "Law and the Family New York Forms" (Thomson-West). He is not a lawyer.
Joel R. Brandes Consulting Services, Inc. is not a law firm, or a lawyer and does not give legal advice.
Notice: The information on this site pertains to New York and Federal law only and is offered as a public service. It is not intended to give legal advice about a specific legal problem, nor does it create an attorney-client relationship. Due to the importance of the individual facts of every case, the generalizations we make may not necessarily be applicable to any particular case. Changes in the law could at any time make parts of this web site obsolete. This information is provided with the understanding that if legal advice is required the services of a competent attorney should be sought.

What our blog is about.

This blog is written as a public service to provide useful information to the New York bench and bar.

This Blog is written by Joel R. Brandes, the author of Law and the Family New York, Second Edition Revised, and Law and the Family New York Forms (Thomson-West), Bari Brandes Corbin, of the New York Bar, and co-author of Law and the Family New York, Second Edition, Revised, Volumes 5 & 6 (Thomson-West), and Evan B. Brandes, of the New York and Massachusetts Bars, and a Solicitor in New South Wales, Australia. The authors write the annual supplements to Law and the Family New York, Second Edition Revised, and Law and the Family New York Forms.