Connections!
* Buckthorns are sun-loving, fast-growing species that quickly establish
in thinned or disturbed areas of forests. To prevent the takeover of
an area by buckthorns, which do not grow rapidly in the shade, thinning
of shrubby areas should be done in stages. When forest canopy vegetation
is always maintained, shade inhibits the growth of buckthorns and other
invasive species.