I have captured packets while pinging some loopback addresses and I can see MPLS label on the packet header. But when I ping PC 192.168.1.1 or any router ethernet interface (for instance, 172.16.1.10) there is no MPLS label at all, it is not label forwarding but IP forwarding.

Then, where is the advantage of MPLS label related to forwarding efficiency if there is only label switching for loopbacks addresses? How can this be solved?

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Really for a full iunderstanding you need to do some in depth study of MPLS and MPLS VPNs but I will try and give some quick answers to the main points.

1. MPLS label forwarding does not improve switching speed, it was not designed for that, the only reason to configure MPLS is for the applications it provides such as MPLS VPNs. The original aim of MPLS (TAG switching) was better integration between ATM and IP.

2. Default on Huawei is to only generate labels for Loopback /32 networks, for BGP MPLS VPNs the next hop will always be the PE router, the label for the next hop will be used as the outer label when forwarding VPN packets. You can force the routers to generate labels for all attached interfaces if you wnat to but in a typical ISP MPLS VPN environment this would be unecessary and waste resources.

3. The second label is nothing to do with LDP so you will not see it with those commands, the inner label is assigned and advertised by MBGP. It is possible to view the label assignment but I cannot recall the commands off the top of my head.

1. You are right, but I thought that at the beginning MPLS was also deployed for improving swithing speed. However, later and with the deployment and improvement of ASIC technology, switching speed is not a real advantage.

2. Ok.

3. You are right and I got confused for a while about MPLS VPN. MPLS VPN uses LDP for allocating outer label and MP-BGP for allocating inner label, the command to see the inner label is

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