Gruyère Cheese

From French Classics, Reimagined

How we tested

What most Americans think of as “Swiss cheese” is the mild, holey stuff called Emmentaler. That cheese is fine for slicing thin and piling on ham sandwiches, but it bears little resemblance to its fellow citizen, Gruyère. The latter, which has been made in the eponymous alpine region of Switzerland for more than 900 years, is pleasantly firm and dense, slightly crumbly, and boasts that faint crystalline crunch that high-quality aged cheeses such as cheddar and Parmesan are known for. Good versions taste deeply nutty and have sweet, fruity tang; nice salinity; and a good bit of earthy funk. Gruyère is also one of a very few cheeses, Swiss or otherwise, that functions just as well in cooked applications as it does on a cheese plate. Scan the test kitchen’s recipe archive and you’ll find roughly 100 recipes featuring it—from breads, soufflés, frittatas, and gratins to scrambled eggs, mashed potatoes, fondue, and French onion soup.

As Gruyère’s stateside popularity has grown over the years, so, too, has its availability in American supermarkets. When we shopped recently, we found eight nationally available options, priced from $14.99 to $23.99 per pound. Five were Swiss imports bearing the Appellation d’Origine Protégée (AOP) seal, meaning they were made according to strict government-mandated rules and quality standards. The other three were domestic facsimiles; two of those, both made by Emmi Roth, stopped calling themselves “Gruyère” several years ago in deference to the Swiss-made cheeses. To find a favorite, we sampled each plain at room temperature, baked in spinach-and-cheese squares, and melted on crostini.

The Swiss Way

Swiss cheesemakers claim that every part of the rigorous AOP-regulated process contributes to Gruyère’s unique, deeply complex flavor and dense, crystalline texture, starting with the milk itself. It must be raw and from mostly grass-fed cows, since both the Alpine grasses and the bacteria naturally present in unpasteurized milk infuse the cheese with flavor. From there, the milk is mixed with cultures and rennet, which introduce more flavorful bacteria and cause the milk to coagulate into curds, respectively. Then it’s heated in giant copper vats. That particular vessel is important not just because copper heats evenly and responds quickly to changes in temperature but also because copper ions from the surface of the vat leach into the milk and curds and react with compounds in the milk to form desirable and distinct flavor compounds.

Once the curds have formed, they’re transferred to large wheel-shaped molds to be pressed for the better part of a day; turned out and either salted or brined for another day or two; and, finally, aged for a minimum of five months before being sold. The wheels are regularly turned and rubbed with salt during the aging process, which ensures that the rind forms properly and that the butterfat is evenly distributed. They’re also rubbed with a “smear” of cultures, which Dean Sommer, cheese and food technologist at the University of Wisconsin–Madison’s Center for Dairy Research, explains is the most important factor in creating the flavor of each maker’s Gruyère. “The surface ‘smear’ cultures are absolutely unique to each cheese plant,” he said, “which means that no two plants making a Gruyère-style cheese will have the exact same cheese flavor, even if the composition of the cheeses is nearly identical in the two plants.”

With Age Comes Flavor

We weren’t surprised to find that the Swiss-made cheeses, all of which we recommend, generally did taste noticeably “more intense,” “complex,” and “caramel-like” than the American-made ones. Two of the three domestic cheeses “lacked the characteristic notes” and “sparkle” of authentic Gruyère, and we can recommend them only with reservations. In fact, several tasters likened them to “bland” “deli Swiss” even in the cooked applications.

Those differences might be linked to the fact that domestic producers use pasteurized milk, which loses much of its flavorful bacteria in pasteurization’s intense heat, or that the Alpine grasses or specific cocktails of cultures used by Swiss cheesemakers yield better flavor. But the most likely reason the imported cheeses taste deeper and more complex than most domestic versions is that they’re aged longer. AOP standards dictate that Gruyère must be aged for at least five months. Our top four cheeses were aged for even longer—nine to 14 months. Among these was one of the domestic Gruyère-style cheeses, Emmi Roth Grand Cru Surchoix, whose relatively lengthy nine-month aging helped give it complex flavor despite the use of pasteurized milk. Of the other two domestic cheeses, one had no standards for aging and the other was aged for just four months.

Sommer confirmed that the longer a cheese is aged, the more intense and complex its flavor is going to be. That’s partly because enzymes from the starter cultures have more time to break down at a molecular level, creating more robust, unique flavor. Plus, as cheeses like Gruyère age, they lose moisture, which concentrates the protein, milk fat, flavor compounds, and sodium as well as calcium lactate and tyrosine—those crunchy crystals that our tasters loved. We confirmed via lab analysis that the older, top-rated cheeses contain less moisture and more fat than the younger, blander samples.

Sophisticated enough for a cheese plate and equally great for melting, Gruyère might be one of the most versatile supermarket cheeses for eating and cooking. It doesn’t come cheap—our favorite, 1655 Le Gruyère AOP, costs about $20 per pound—but we think it’s worth the splurge.

Methodology

We sampled each cheese plain (at room temperature), baked in spinach-and-cheese squares, and melted onto crostini. Scores were averaged, and cheeses appear below in order of preference. Information on age, origin, ingredients, and pasteurization was obtained from manufacturers and product packaging, and an independent laboratory analyzed the cheeses for moisture, fat, and sodium; nutritional data is reported per 100 grams of cheese. Prices were paid in Boston-area supermarkets.

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The Results

Winner

Recommended

Skippy Peanut Butter

In a contest that hinged on texture, tasters thought this "smooth, "creamy" sample was "swell" and gave it top honors, both plain and baked into cookies. Its rave reviews even compensated for a slightly "weak" nut flavor that didn't come through as well as that of other brands in the pungent satay sauce.

$2.39 for 16.3-oz. jar (15 cents per oz.)*

Buy Now

Recommended

Jif Natural Peanut Butter Spread

The big favorite in satay sauce, this peanut butter's "dark, roasted flavor"—helped by the addition of molasses—stood out particularly well against the other heady ingredients, and it made cookies with "nice sweet-salty balance." Plus, as the top-rated palm oil-based sample, it was "creamy," "thick," and better emulsified than other "natural" contenders.

Buy Now

$2.29 for 18-oz. jar (13 cents per oz.)*

Reese's Peanut Butter

This is what peanut butter should be like, " declared one happy taster, noting specifically this product's "good," "thick" texture and "powerful peanut flavor." In satay sauce, however, some tasters felt that heavier body made for a "pasty" end result.

$2.59 for 18-oz. jar (14 cents per oz.)*

Skippy Natural Peanut Butter Spread

The only other palm oil-based peanut butter to make the "recommended" cut, this contender had a "looser" texture than its winning sibling but still won fans for being "super-smooth." Tasters thought it made an especially "well-balanced," "complex" peanut sauce.

$2.39 for 15-oz. jar (16 cents per oz.)*

Recommended with Reservations

Peanut Butter & Co. No-Stir Natural Smooth Operator

Though it says "no-stir" on the label, this "stiff" palm-oil enriched peanut butter was "weeping oil" and came across as "greasy" to some tasters. However, it turned out a respectable batch of cookies—"chewy in the center, crisp and short at the edge"—and made "perfectly good" satay sauce.

$4.49 for 18-oz. jar (25 cents per oz.)*

Maranatha Organic No Stir Peanut Butter

On the one hand, this organic peanut butter produced cookies that were "soft and sturdy" yet "moist," with "knockout peanut flavor." On the other hand, eating it straight from the jar was nearly impossible; its "loose," "liquid-y," and "dribbly" consistency had one taster wonder if it was "peanut soup."

$5.69 for 16-oz. jar (36 cents per oz.)*

Not Recommended

Smart Balance All Natural Rich Roast Peanut Butter

Besides being unpalatably "tacky" and "sludgy," this "natural" peanut butter suffered from an awful "fishy" flavor with a "weird acidic aftertaste" that tasters noted in all three applications. Our best guess as to the culprit? The inclusion of flax seed oil, an unsaturated fat that's highly susceptible to rancidity.

$3.59 for 16-oz. jar (22 cents per oz.)*

Smucker's Natural Peanut Butter

With its only additive a negligible amount of salt, the only truly natural peanut butter in the lineup elicited comments ranging from mild dissatisfaction ("needs enhancement with salt and sugar") to outright disgust ("slithery," "chalky," "inedible"). Cookies were "dry and crumbly" with a "hockey puck" texture, and the satay sauce was "stiff," "gritty," and "gloopy."

$2.69 for 16-oz. jar (17 cents per oz.)*

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