SYNTHETIC / CREATIVE / K-BUILDING PROCEDURES / THINKING MODE. This thinking
mode handles the building of the knowledge structures used by other parts of the
cognitive system. It uses processes which produce each state description or process
found elsewhere in the system, except those which are innate. This section is not
developed, the principles being listed with other, corresponding parts of the system.

Controls:

K-BUILDING PRINCIPLES have been combined with the K-USING MANAGER
principles in this edition.

Bargaining agent sets higher price than he wants
so final compromise meets his original goal.

4.4.1.1.1.1.A.d

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is irrelevant or a decoy.

If the Russians were to make the U.S. believe that
Soviet research into ESP were paying off when in fact it was not, it might induce
the U.S. to expend funds on fruitless research.

4.4.1.1.1.1.A.e

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is an additional concern.

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4.4.1.1.1.1.A.f

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is defensive rather than offensive.

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4.4.1.1.1.1.B

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Resurrect a previously satisfied goal of higher priority.

A gambit (sacrifice) in chess can eliminate the defense
created by ones opponent and force the opponent to rebuild.

4.4.1.1.1.1.C

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Induce or capitalize on target's efforts by having their
ultimate effect be toward a higher level goal we desire.

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4.4.1.1.1.1.D

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Induce target to commit a partial investment toward an
initial goal, and then induce target to change his goal to a different one we prefer,
e.g., by allowing target to see that his original goal was not worthwhile (bait and
switch).

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4.4.1.1.1.a

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goals, subgoals

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4.4.1.1.1.b

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priorities among goals

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4.4.1.1.1.c

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means to goals, authority, resources

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4.4.1.1.1.d

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time schedule

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4.4.1.1.2

Establish / Refer to INITIAL or CURRENT STATE (see also 8.8.
LTM INTERNAL IMAGES of COGNITIVE SYSTEM's and OTHER SYSTEM's physical & mental condition)
(see also EXEC 1.6.1.).

Perceived story or scenario

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4.4.1.1.2.1

Assumptions.

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4.4.1.1.2.1.A

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Go outside the subconscious assumptions target has.

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4.4.1.1.2.1.A.a

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Violate target's assumption that what is trying to avoid
him will remain out of his sight, for example put item or info where it is obvious,
and therefore not expected.

In E. A. Poe's 'The Purloined Letter,' the letter is
placed in plain sight in the maildrop where it was completely overlooked.

4.4.1.1.2.1.A.b

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Have sought item or solution outside normally considered
set (or involve additional spatial dimension, make solution dynamic rather than static,
etc).

In Agatha Christie's mystery, 'The Murder of Roger
Ackroyd,' the murderer is the writer. Puzzle: How can one rearrange 6 coins in
the form of a 't' to form two intersecting rows with an equal number coins in each?
Solution (which involves an additional dimension): stack two coins at intersection.

4.4.1.1.2.1.A.c

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Lead target to overlook the correct solution by making
others' actions or his task seem illogical or unnecessary if he knew what the correct
solution was. (e.g., by an action which is 'bold', or completely unexpected; 'hutzpah',
nerve, gall.)

In a role-playing game, the player was sent out to
find someone (the king) who turned out to be himself. In murder mysteries, the killer
often makes himself appear to be a victim to remove suspicion from himself.

4.4.1.1.2.1.A.c.aa

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Challenge target on the same point we are using deceptively.

Shopper shoplifts and then requests a refund for
the product. If he fails to get it, he takes the product and leaves.

Get target to accept an assumption which presumes the
existance of something imaginary. (Note: counterdeception is difficult because target
must identify ALL his assumptions.)

Puzzle: An electric train travels north at 10m / sec;
the wind is easterly at 5 m / sec; in what direction does the smoke travel? Ans:
Electric trains don't make smoke. (The smoke & the problem are imaginary; the solution
is irrelevant.)

4.4.1.1.2.1.C

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Get target to accept the erroneous assumption of a third
party by providing intent information from the third party's viewpoint.

A person goes to bed at eleven pm and sets his alarm
to wake him at noon. How many hours sleep will he get?

4.4.1.1.2.1.D

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Induce / capitalize on target's failure to scrutinize basic
or implicit assumptions; to 'take things for granted'. (See also 1.3.2.2.)

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4.4.1.1.2.1.D.a

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Use unproven 'facts' to prove something (Logical Fallacy
52.).

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4.4.1.1.2.1.D.b

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Circular reasoning (Logical Fallacy 51.).

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4.4.1.1.2.1.D.c

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Use a leading question, which assumes its own answer
(Logical Fallacy 63.)

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4.4.1.1.2.1.D.d

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Complex question, which assumes a fact related to its
answer (Logical Fallacy 54.).

'Have you stopped beating your wife?' One's response
may be led astray unless he realizes that the question assumes he has been beating
his wife.

4.4.1.1.2.2

Hypotheses.

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4.4.1.1.2.2.A

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Provide alternative hypotheses for target so target needs
to consider them in addition to, or (Logical Fallacy 30 'The Good Reason') will
consider them instead of, the correct one.

4.4.1.1.2.2.A.a

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Protect info sources by providing plausible alternatives.

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4.4.1.1.2.2.A.b

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Implicitly provide an alternative question to consider
(e.g., consider means rather than the end: Instead of arguing against something,
give an excuse why it can't be done (Logical Fallacy 58)).

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4.4.1.1.2.2.B

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Get target committed to an incorrect hypothesis (e.g.,
by emphasizing a false 'fact').

During WWII, Hitler withheld reinforcements from Normandy
for days after the Allies had landed because he was convinced that the Allies were
going to land at Pas de Calais, and, therefore, that this landing was a ruse.

4.4.1.1.2.3

Perceived probability of deception.

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Capitalize on target's belief about the probability of deception:

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4.4.1.1.2.3.a

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Induce / capitalize on the belief that there is more deception
than there is.

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4.4.1.1.2.3.a.aa

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Capitalize on behavior introduced by suspicion. --
use 'reverse psychology': tell truth in a way such that target believes it is not true.

The ruse 'look behind you!' to distract an opponent
became such a cliche', particularly in fiction, that the standard response became
to refuse to do so. Thus it was then possible to prevent someone from looking behind
him simply by saying 'look behind you!'

4.4.1.1.2.3.a.bb

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Slow target's decisions & actions by making him overly
cautious.

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4.4.1.1.2.3.b

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Induce / capitalize on the belief that there is less deception
than there is (target may be less vulnerable if he knows he has been deceived before).

provide ambiguous info (e.g., omit units; ambiguous
written letters with more than one interpretation depending on context.) NOTE: An
unsophisticated target (such as a child) routinely observes more general detail than
a sophisticated target (such as an adult) because he has not yet learned to fill in
as much information from previous experience. His attention shifts more easily:
it is easier to misdirect, but is also more likely to shift again to the 'wrong
place'.

'THE CAT', in which the H and the A are written in
an identical, intermediate form which can be interpreted as either.

Q: 'I have two coins totaling $.30, and one is not
a quarter. What are target?' Ans: One is a nickel; the OTHER one is the quarter.
Q: 'One would cost 20 cents; twelve would cost 40 cents; nine-hundred and twelve
would cost 60 cents. What are we buying?' Ans: Street numbers.

4.4.1.1.2.A.c.cc

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unwarranted extrapolation (e.g., on the basis of a
partial cycle of a periodic function).

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4.4.1.1.2.A.c.dd

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emphasize a characteristic of an item to induce target
to falsely infer that it is a unique characteristic which does not apply to the items
in the complement set.

A brewery advertised that target washed their bottles
with live steam. Consumers falsely inferred that their competitors did not do likewise.

4.4.1.1.2.A.d

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Provide part of surface structure to imply false deep
structure (e.g., quote out of context).

Abandonment of discussion (Logical Fallacy 45). (We abandon
discussion to lead target away from further pursuit of a line of reasoning. We claim
discussion is unnecessary, irrelevant, indecent, immoral, unpatriotic, etc.; or abuses
target using ad hominum; etc.)

(Example of Abandonment of Discussion.) A psychic states:
'I don't care what people think, I KNOW my powers are genuine.'

4.4.1.3.1

Generate & Plan Options (means to goals).

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Induce target to establish means which:

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4.4.1.3.1.1

- Relate states & processes.

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4.4.1.3.1.1.1

- PREDICT effects of processes & other resources on states.

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4.4.1.3.1.2

- Plan go / no-go conditions.

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4.4.1.3.1.3

- Plan preplanned responses.

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4.4.1.3.1.a

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are non-optimal (require more work).

The false shortcut was a standard ruse in old films and
cartoons. Instead of being quicker, it took much longer.

Induce target to believe the goal he seeks has already
been achieved (may be processed by CONTROLLER).

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4.4.1.3.2.2.4.C.a

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found info he seeks.

In Isaac Asimov's 'Second Foundation,' the organization
called 'the second foundation' allows a large number of their people to be discovered
and eliminated so that the rest of the galaxy, who wanted to be free of them, would
presume them destroyed. Thus, the organization could continue its operations.

4.4.1.3.2.2.4.C.b

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found info source or channel he seeks.

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4.4.1.3.2.2.4.C.c

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has already 'observed carefully'.

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4.4.1.3.2.2.4.C.d

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has already seen through the deception.

4.4.1.3.2.2.4.C.e

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mission accomplished.

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4.4.1.3.2.2.4.C.f

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goal is obsolete.

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4.4.1.3.2.2.8

FEEDBACK: Performance coupling (degree; value).

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4.4.1.3.2.2.8.A

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Provide target with false feedback where none exists,
and use it to control target's actions or responses.

Experimenter provides subject with false biofeedback
(e.g., heartrate) to influence male subject's attraction to females in pictures.
Effects were not removed by debriefing.

4.4.1.3.2.2.8.B

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Induce target to interpret (uncoupled) data as feedback
bearing on a decision.

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4.4.1.3.2.3

Validate CURRENT picture / situation.

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4.4.1.3.2.3.A

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Level of detail that target will examine is crucial, and
depends on the scale (size) of the deception, target's available resources, and target's
level of suspicion. To provide target with picture complete down to smallest detail
(e.g., in case target checks):

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4.4.1.3.2.3.A.a

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Play role exactly as if it were true (viz a theatrical
act).

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4.4.1.3.2.3.A.b

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Cover all sensors.

Fake military maneuvers may include dummy radio messages,
sound effects, etc.

4.4.1.3.2.3.B

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Allow, or subtly induce, target to evaluate data critically
where or when there's nothing to find which will weaken his (deceived) picture.

Make target work hard for partial recovery of loss to change
his perception of the possibilities, and to divert his energy from his original complete-recovery
goal.

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4.4.2.3

Possible outcomes (e.g., hit, miss, FA, CR).

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4.4.2.3.1

Payoff value for each possible outcome (event x decision).

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4.4.2.3.1.1

Positive components.

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Use positive social motivating factors (see 1.1.1.5.).

Levi's ads constantly emphasize how long Levi's pants have
existed, trying to make them appear to be an American tradition.

4.4.2.3.1.2

Negative components.

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4.4.2.3.1.2.A

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Decrease perceived value of outcome.

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4.4.2.3.1.2.A.a

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Make seem obsolete.

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4.4.2.3.1.2.A.a.aa

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New situation.

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4.4.2.3.1.2.B

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Use negative social motivating factors to make target unwilling
to oppose an idea.

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4.4.2.3.2

Probability of outcome, for a given choice.

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4.4.2.3.2.A

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Make outcome in target's favor have zero probability without
target's knowledge.

You win if this ear of corn has an odd number of rows of
kernels; Otherwise, I win; O.K.? (Result is always even.)

4.4.2.3.2.B

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Shift target's matrix probability values by a rigged example,
especially one in which his skepticism causes him to miss a 'genuine opportunity'.

In a western saloon, a miner openly sells his confederate
a gold brick at a ridiculously low price. Others, skeptical, tease the confederate
who proves the gold brick is indeed genuine. When the miner keeps his promise to
return with many more (fakes), he sells them all.

4.4.2.3.2.C

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Change perceived false alarm (FA) rate (cry wolf).

4.4.2.3.A

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Research target's needs and offer something target needs, or
that we can persuade target to want.

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4.4.2.3.B

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Fabricate an imaginary entity that target wants.

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4.4.2.3.C

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Show target apparent results of selecting alternatives.

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4.4.2.3.a.aa

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Many things sold today have planned obsolesence: e.g.,
even though the item may be just as good now as when it was new, we are made to believe
it is worth much less just because it is old or out of style.

4.4.2.4

Expected (overall average) payoff for each possible decision.

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Establish good associations; appeal to tradition (or faith?)
('because it has worked, been good, been done in the past, it should be done now')
(Logical Fallacy 23).

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4.4.2.4.1

Actual expected payoff values.

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4.4.2.4.2

Perceived expected payoff values.

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Misrepresent our or third party's attitude towards value
of something in order to influence target's perception of its value.

Tom Sawyer made it look like it was so much fun that he induced
others to pay him to whitewash his fence for him.

4.4.2.4.2.1

Hope (see EXEC 1.2.1.5.1. Motivation).

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4.4.2.4.2.2

Perceived risk, peril.

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If target wants to maintain the status quo in a hostile situation,
and we make confusing signals, then target will probably procrastinate unless he perceives
risk in waiting, in which case he will probably start early action.

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4.4.2.4.2.2.A

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Bluff.

Disguise as target's high ranking officer. Demand entry
saying if target's guard delays you, he will be in 'big trouble'.

Logical & intuitive reasoning & judgement. (NOTE: Some intuition
may be considered as an EXEC function involving a less conscious or less rigorous
application of analytical tools without extensive MANAGER involvement. Perhaps it
employs 'table look-ups' made possible by previous experience.)

(3) For further examples, see logical fallacies references
(e.g., Fernside).

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4.4.3.5.1.B

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Unequal negation (Logical Fallacy 61):

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4.4.3.5.1.B.1

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No A are B, No C are A, so all C are B.

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4.4.3.5.1.B.2

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All A are B, All B are C, so some C are not A.

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4.4.3.5.1.C

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Non sequitur

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4.4.3.5.1.C.1

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(Claiming falsely that A implies B) (Logical Fallacy 48).

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4.4.3.5.1.C.2

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False converse (A implies B, so B implies A).

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4.4.3.5.1.C.3

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Incorrect conditional (A implies B, so NOT-A implies NOT-B).

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4.4.3.5.1.C.4

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Incorrect alternatives (A or B, so A implies NOT-B).

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4.4.3.5.1.D

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Claiming that the exception proves the rule (Logical Fallacy
60).

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4.4.3.5.1.E

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The 'thin, entering wedge' (Logical Fallacy 59). The domino'
theory. Once allowed to start, it will not be stoppable as scheduled. 'Give them
an inch and target'll take a mile.

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4.4.3.5.2

Intuitive judgement & estimation biases.

Intuitive estimation biases:

Capitalize on intuitive estimation biases.

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4.4.3.5.2.1

Sampling bias.

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4.4.3.5.2.1.A

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If something normally present is not normally observed
and is believed absent, claim we caused it and instruct target to observe it. (e.g.,
focus attention on a particular feature, such as a match between two events.) (See
also 1.3.2.2. Belief: Oddmatches).

A psychic on the radio told listeners that if target concentrated
along with him target would create unusual effects around their houses such as stopping
clocks, starting broken watches, and bending keys. Many called in to verify that
such effects were indeed occuring. Subsequently it was revealed that the man was
not a psychic, but was demonstrating how psychics can take credit for causing amazing
effects by taking advantage of peoples' common failure to notice everyday occurences.

4.4.3.5.2.a

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Personal, personality, mental, & physical predispositions

See characteristics.

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4.4.3.5.2.b

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Innate, learned, preprogrammed by others

See 1.3.2.2.G. Subjective Validation; & 1.3.2.2.H. Oddmatches.

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4.4.3.5.2.c

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Statistical estimation

Humans are poor at estimating combinations of events.

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4.4.3.5.2.c.aa

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Poor at Bayesian statistics:

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4.4.3.5.2.c.aa.1

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Often employs unrepresentative sampling

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4.4.3.5.2.c.aa.2

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Incorrectly estimates probability of events

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4.4.3.5.2.c.bb

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Makes oddmatches due to failure to know size
of target or sampled sets

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4.4.3.5.2.c.bb.1

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Notices events but fails to notice non-events

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4.4.3.5.2.c.cc

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Subject to subjective validation of a hypothesis
(Ignore data which does not fit; Use data which does)

(Logical Fallacy #37.) In roulette, gamblers may incorrectly
assume that after a run of black the ball is more likely to come up red.

4.4.3.5.c

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Uri Geller routinely amazes his audiences by discerning figures
sketched by a spectator. In one such case, he uses the knowledge that, when asked
to draw a simple geometrical shape, a high percentage of people will draw a triangle.
People are generally unaware of this fact.

4.4.3.5.e

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Fallacy according to Roosevelt's new deal policy: If the
individual must spend within his budget, so must the federal government.

4.4.3.5.f

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'Women are weaker than men' is true on the average, but not
true for many specific cases.

4.4.3.5.f.aa

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The belief that an individual is entitled to a refund
from the insurance company because he (as an individual) has a good claims record.

4.4.3.7

Comparison.

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4.4.3.7.A

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Improper comparison.

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4.4.3.7.A.a

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compare noncomparables ('apples & oranges').

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4.4.3.7.A.b

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look at gross numbers rather than proportions, or vice
versa.

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4.4.3.7.A.c

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refer to 'all else being equal' when all else is not equal.

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4.4.3.7.A.d

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due to improper data reduction.

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4.4.3.7.A.e

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change emphasis by comparing something with 'all others'
when there are significant others worthy of individual consideration.

In a Pyramid scheme (e.g., a chain letter), the number of
people required increases geometrically as the scheme progresses, so that the victim
fails to be paid off because there are too few people in the 'world' to accommodate
the scheme. The victim may also be mislead as to the probability of each individual
perpetuating the scheme.