28 February 2017

The Axioms of BIM

BIM can seem complicated at times, but is it really?
Certainly BIM processes and procedures can end up being complicated, just try and and understand some of the standards that are being pushed.

If only there was a way to cut through the guff, to have a simple set of principles that could be applied in any situation where BIM is at issue.

Like in Mathematics. Mathematics is all about logic, but that logic has to be based on something, has to start somewhere. This is where Axioms come in. An Axiom is "a self-evident truth that requires no proof". Maybe that is a step too far for BIM. But what about a "universally accepted principle or rule".

Axioms have to be basic otherwise they are hard to apply. Euclid's first for geometry is "A straight line segment can be drawn joining any two points.", the second "Any straight line segment can be extended indefinitely in a straight line."

Could we do the same for BIM? Have some "universally accepted principles."

DEFINITION of BIM

First we need to be clear about what we are talking about, what we mean by BIM.

I wrote a post about this back in 2012 - What Does BIM Mean to You?
Hopefully by now we are beyond arguing about personal interpretations. Also back then discussion was more centered on buildings and the particular form of model used. BIM has moved on since then so I think a more universal definition is warranted.

BIM is a generic term for anything that involves software that directly associates data with geometric information.

The term BIM is used to describe the thing - the Building Information Model, the process - Building Information Modelling and management - Building Information Management.

Usually BIM applies to buildings, or facilities, but may be applied to other things like infrastructure and GIS (Geographical Information System). Really anything in the built environment that has a physical form and meaningful data.

The AXIOMS

So now we are on the same page what are the essential axioms we can use to apply to BIM topics and issues.

1. BIM can be used by anyone for anything.

BIM is not limited to certain purposes or particular groups.

BIM is not just for design, construction or operation. It is not just for design analysis, clash detection, facilities management. Nor is is just for buildings, infrastructure or GIS. The data in BIM models is agnostic, it doesn't care who uses it or for what purpose.
It can be used to educate, to inform, in contracts, to create VR, for disaster planning, even preparing terrorist attacks (hence the need for PAS1192-5).

Allied with this is there is no theoretical limit to the type of data. If there is data that you would find useful you can add it (or pay someone to add it). Just don't expect someone else to do it for free - see Axiom 2.

2. The BIM you do directly benefits what you do.

If not, you are doing someone else’s work for them.

The reason you use BIM software and processes is to improve the efficiency and quality of the work you do and are responsible for.

If you don't think you are, apply Axiom 1 - BIM can be used for anything, and work out how it could benefit what you do.

This Axiom is not just about personal gain. This is an important aspect of BIM. Processes where each participant is benefiting will always be more robust, have greater take up, and longevity.

But more importantly it is critical participants only work within their area of expertise and responsibility. Architect's should not use BIM to do structural analysis. Design professionals and contractors should not be responsible for providing data that is specifically structured for FM purposes.
Providing data to others is fine, but providing data that is fit for someone else's purpose is a step too far.
And unnecessary. Structured data is accessible no matter how it is structured. Standards may help if those standards are adequate, but lack of standards does not make it an impossible task.

Contractors should be responsible for extracting the data they need for construction from design consultants data, FM consultants should be responsible for extracting the data they need for operations from contractor's data, realtors responsible for extracting the data they need for sales from FM data, etc...

So if you find yourself in a situation where what you are doing is of no benefit to what you do, you are within your rights to say no, - we don't do that, or demand to be paid to do it.

Conversely, if you are doing it for your own purposes and someone else is benefiting from it, you give them free access to it, after all it is not costing you anything.

3. BIM replaces or enhances something you already do.

BIM is something you do instead of other less efficient and less accurate methods.

If you are following Axiom 2 - you are using BIM for your own benefit, you will be using it to do things you were already responsible for.

You don't draw in Autocad AND model in ArchiCAD, you don't manually create a schedule in Excel AND create the schedule in Revit.
You don't do a structural design by linking an analysis package to your model AND calculate it all out with pen, paper and calculator.
You don't use a BIM model and a total station to set out ceiling hangers AND measure them out with a measuring tape.
You don't have a room full of drawings & folders AND have an integrated FM database.

This also applies to management. There may be a new position called BIM Manager, but it isn't a new profession. It's a manager who uses BIM to do the things managers do already.

BIM is a tool to get things done. It is not a thing in itself. If you are doing BIM for no measurable purpose you are wasting your time.

4. BIM is not possible without BIM capable software.

BIM is fundamentally a technology of a particular type of computer software.

BIM capable software is software that, as a minimum, can store and manipulate geometric information and associate data to that geometry. Software that only does geometry (CAD, SketchUp, Rhino, etc) or just manages data (databases, spreadsheets, etc) are not BIM capable.

BIM is often described as a process, but it is a process of managing BIM capable software. It may involve only managing the output and exchange of that software, but to do that effectively you need an understanding of the abilities and limitations of the software involved. BIM Management ignorant of software issues is nothing more than management by wishful thinking.

There are some who think mandating "OpenBIM" means software becomes irrelevant.
OpenBIM may be developed by committees with high ideals, but it is still software (or software format), it still has a fixed form that people have to try and use to get things done. BIM softwares that are used in the real world have to be able to interact with "OpenBIM" formats or BIM processes will not be possible.

When it comes to BIM you always have to consider the impact of the softwares being used.

5. BIM works best with Collaboration.

Sharing your data means others share their data with you.

BIM works best if your combine it with collaboration with others, but you can still use BIM without any collaboration.

An architect can use Revit to just create drawings and schedules but never give the model to anyone. The architect is still doing BIM, benefiting from it by being more efficient and accurate, even though there is no collaboration.

If you think about it BIM can't just be collaboration. If none of the collaborators produce or can offer BIM, how can there be any collaboration? There is nothing to collaborate with.

Collaboration is a secondary consideration. Establishing what BIM will be done (Axiom 1), that there is a benefit (Axiom 2), and that it is doing something that it is required because it is already being done (Axiom 3), has to be done first.

But once that happens collaboration is definitely low hanging fruit.

Consider the example above. If the architect share their model with, say, a quantity surveyor who uses the model to measure quantities, the architect will get costing advice much quicker and more often (as will the client), leading to the architect wasting less time on abortive work.

WHAT ABOUT...

Of course there are other considerations than just the Axioms when looking at BIM.
Some examples I've seen are:

Whether the effort or expense is worth the outcome.

Whether it is possible with current technology and skill sets.

Whether there enough time in the program for implementation.

But these are not principles about BIM, they are problems to overcome.

If it is not worth the effort, how could the effort be reduced, or the outcome enhanced to make it more valuable?

If it is not currently possible when will it be possible, or what is possible now, what is practical now?

Compare how much extra time is required against the benefits. Can the program be adjusted to allow more time upfront?

USING THE AXIOMS

So next time you are in a discussion about BIM keep in mind the BIM Axioms, they may provide a quick answer to a silly proposition.

To recap the BIM Axioms are:

BIM can be used by anyone for anything.

The BIM you do directly benefits what you do.

BIM replaces or enhances something you already do.

BIM is not possible without BIM capable software.

BIM works best with collaboration.

Have a go at this quiz to see how easy it is (answers below).

Which axiom applies to each of the following:

A. You wouldn't use BIM for that.
B. It's your job to give me the data I need.
C. BIM is a whole lot of extra work.
D. It doesn't matter which software you use for BIM.
E. We can't use BIM because the contract doesn't have collaboration clauses (is not IPD).

(A=1, B=2, C=3, D=4, E=5)

Supplementary quiz for the dedicated:

A. You can do BIM with CAD software.
B. It is extra work to get our schedules out of Revit.
C. The primary purpose of BIM is for facility operations.
D. We can't use BIM because there is no BIM Execution Plan.
E. COBie doesn't cost anything.

This article is like a small database, great effort as usual.But i still think that BIM isn't that clear to AEC professionals, otherwise we would be using BIM instead of CAD right away.But we are trying to convince not only our clients but our managers as well which is not an easy job.

Ibrahim, there are far to many clients, managers and others who simply do not understand 'WHY' BIM, which should not be confused with the 'HOW' and 'WHAT' for BIM. Quite simply if people do not understand or care 'WHY' you do BIM they will not understand BIM and you will possibly never get them to understand.'WHY' is all about the specific reasons, purpose or belief of 'WHY' you do BIM. IMHO axioms 1, 2 & 3 provide an excellent start to defining 'WHY' you do BIM, with axioms 4 & 5 'HOW' you do BIM and the 'WHAT' being the physical success and outcomes of BIM e.g. high quality deliverables, cost savings, schedule mitigation, data for FM, happy clients, etc. etc.If you are finding it difficult to have clients and managers understand BIM may I suggest this short You Tube video. I have used this successfully on a number of occassions: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cTX9mQbOjuY&feature=youtu.beAnother resource is the B1M's Introduction to BIM a series which I have found to be a useful teaching resource.

That's a good but frustrating read. I started to write my objections to Axiom 2 but then thought I better read further because I didn't know how you could exclude the collaborative benefits. For similar reasons, when I made the point to my company that coordination was secondary, it didn't go down well. They thought I was saying it was unimportant when all I wanted to say was that the design intent is primary and the collaboration is subsequent.

It seems as if no one sees the contradiction between each project participant putting its interests first, as called for in Axiom #2 and the architect wanting to control the BIM model in a way that would seem to conflict with Axiom #5. Why jump to the conclusion that the architect wants to control its intellectual property to the detriment of project cooperation? It is quite possible that an overall BIM model produced in pieces in the separate silos of the multifarious consultant, contractor and vendor disciplines will likely not result in a good model but rather a Frankenstein of disassociated and conflicting interests and attitudes toward what BIM is. The architect will be turned to in such a situation to make it right, which is tantamount to saying the architect is to be made the scapegoat of the situation. For if what we want is the architect to be responsible for a quality BIM model we would have it produced by the architect in the first place with the understanding that responsibility for the model must entail authority over what goes in it and by whom it is produced.

Stourley, you have a mistaken view of what BIM is. There is no such thing as a single "BIM Model". The BIM process is where information within individual BIM models are shared, then people extract what they need. No-one creates a BIM model for someone else, they create it for themselves.

I concur with the above reply and I love and try to live by the rule of thumb which Axiom #2 is. (If I or my company is not going to use feature A, why waste my time and company's money to put it there on the first place).

I think the confusion comes from potentially thinking that, just because BIM is a holistic approach to the building and construction process, it is a top-down, centrally-structured initiative. It's not. It's a bunch of craftsmen shaking hands over how things can be done in such a way so that everyone else benefits - that's the standardisation of BIM. On a micro level it's not even that - it is, for example, me deciding never to draw another manual Section in my life.

About Me

Registered architect since 1986, I have been a project architect on projects ranging from large commercial and cultural developments to house extensions.
Developing CAD systems since 1988, involved in BIM since 2001. Now running a small architectural practice and consulting to architectural practices on IT, BIM and practice management.
My particular skill is bridging IT based processes with practice deliverables.