1.
Civil code
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A civil code is a systematic collection of laws designed to comprehensively deal with the core areas of private law such as for dealing with business and negligence lawsuits and practices. A jurisdiction that has a civil code generally also has a code of civil procedure, in some jurisdictions with a civil code, a number of the core areas of private law that would otherwise typically be codified in a civil code may instead be codified in a commercial code. The concept of codification dates back to ancient Babylon, the earliest surviving civil code is the Code of Ur-Nammu, in. The first attempts at modern codification were made in the half of the 18th century in Germany. The first statute that used this denomination was the Codex Maximilianeus bavaricus civilis of 1756 in Bavaria and it was followed in 1792 by a legal compilation that included civil, penal, and constitutional law, the Allgemeines Landrecht für die Preussischen Staaten promulgated by King Frederick II the Great. In Austria, the first step towards fully-fledged codification were the yet incomplete Codex Theresianus, the Josephinian Code, the final Austrian Civil Code was only completed in 1811 after the dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire of German Nation under the influence of the Napoleonic Wars. One of the very first countries to follow up through legal transplants in codification was Serbia. Meanwhile, the French Napoleonic code was enacted in 1804 after only a few years of preparation, but it was a child of the French Revolution, the French code was the most influential one because it was introduced in many countries standing under French occupation during the Napoleonic Wars. Those two codes had been most advanced in their structure and classification from fundamental and general principles to specific areas of law. While the French Civil Code was structured in a casuistic approach attempting to regulate every possible case, the German BGB, therefore, the BGB had a great deal of influence on later codification projects in countries as diverse as Japan, Greece, Turkey, Portugal and Macau. Since 2002 with the First law of the Civil Code of Catalonia and this has replaced most of the Compilation of the Civil Law of Catalonia, several special laws and two partial codes. Only the Sixth book, relating to obligations and contracts, has to be approved, in Europe, apart from the common law countries of the United Kingdom and Ireland, only Scandinavia remained untouched by the codification movement. The particular tradition of the civil code enacted in a country is often thought to have a lasting influence on the methodology employed in legal interpretation. For example, the California Civil Code largely codifies common law doctrine and is different in form. In 1825, Haiti promulgated a Code Civil, that was simply a copy of the Napoleonic one, while Louisiana abolished its Digeste, the Mexican state of Oaxaca promulgated the first Latin American civil code in 1827, copying the French civil code. Later on, in 1830, the code of Bolivia. The latest, with changes, was adopted by Costa Rica in 1841. The Dominican Republic, in 1845, put into force the original Napoleonic code, chile promulgated its civil code in 1855, an original work in confront with the French code both for the scheme and for the contents that was written by Andrés Bello

2.
Civil Law Initiative
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Civil Law Initiative is a public utility private institution headquartered in Paris, aiming at development of the civil law system and promotion of legal balance in the world. The main objective of the Initiative is to develop the influence of the civil law tradition and its advantages, especially in relation to business, the Initiative aspires to become a meeting point of the academic world, the legal professions and the business world. The establishment of the Initiative was announced by the French Minister of Justice on 1 March 2006, the Civil Law Initiative cooperates with multiple French and International institutions. Numerous seminars and presentations on comparative law are given by pre-eminent specialists in the subject, the Summer University offers an intensive training course with a Certificate in Continental Law granted upon completion. Civil law Legal systems of the world Fondation pour le droit continental - Civil Law Initiative

3.
Law of Louisiana
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Law in the state of Louisiana is based on a more diverse set of sources than the laws of the other forty-nine states. Louisianas criminal law largely rests on American common law, Louisianas administrative law is generally similar to the administrative law of the U. S. federal government and other U. S. states. Louisianas procedural law is generally in line with that of other U. S. states, the Louisiana Revised Statutes contain a very significant amount of legislation, arranged in titles or codes. The Louisiana Administrative Code contains the compilation of rules and regulations adopted by state agencies, the Louisiana Register is the official journal of regulations and legal notices issued by the executive branch. Since 1972, there is no longer an official case reporter, decisions of the Louisiana Supreme Court and Louisiana Court of Appeal are available in paper and via the Internet, while trial court decisions are not published. The Code of Civil Procedure provides for the posting of unpublished opinions of the Supreme Court, slip opinions are available from the courts, while advance sheets and bound volumes of the case reports are contained in the Louisiana Cases. A number of subjects are regulated, restricted, and preempted by state law as the subject of local ordinances, Commercial law was governed by the Ordinances of Bilbao. Other laws included, Leyes de Toro, Fuero de Real, the first Louisiana Civil Code Digest of 1808 was written in French by attorneys James Brown, Louis Moreau-Lislet, and Edward Livingston and subsequently translated into English. The main drafter Louis Moreau-Lislet was a French colonial who originally hailed from Saint-Domingue and this code, the Civil Code of 1825, was enacted on April 12,1824. For many years legal practitioners in the state made great effort to ensure that both versions agreed, despite those efforts some clauses were found only in one version or the other. Despite popular belief that the Louisiana Civil Code derives from the Napoleonic Code, the Napoleonic Code was not enacted in France until 1804, one year after the Louisiana Purchase. Historians in 1941 and 1965 discovered original notes of the 1808 Digest drafters who stated their goal was to base Louisiana law on Spanish law and who make no mention of the Napoleonic Code. The 1825 Code, however, which had the purpose of repealing earlier Spanish law. Currently, the Louisiana Civil Code consists of 3,556 individual code articles, great differences exist between Louisianan civil law and common law found in all other American states. While many differences have been bridged due to the influence of common law. One often-cited distinction is that common law courts are bound by stare decisis and tend to rule based on precedents. This distinction is not absolute, though, Civil law has its own respect for established precedent, the doctrine of jurisprudence constante. Property, contractual, business structure, much of civil procedure

4.
Mudawana
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The Mudawana, short for mudawwanat al-aḥwāl al-shakhṣiyyah, is the personal status code, also known as the family code, in Moroccan law. It concerns issues related to the family, including the regulation of marriage, polygamy, divorce, inheritance, originally based on the Maliki school of Sunni Islamic jurisprudence, it was codified after the country gained independence from France in 1956. Although there were calls for reform to the law in the 1960s and 70s, its religious origins made amending it a challenge. This occurred shortly after Mohammad VI succeeded his father as King, Malik ibn Anas, the founder of the Maliki school of Sunni Islam, wrote Al-Muwatta, which was an 8th-century collection of hadith, or sayings, of Muhammad, his family, and his companions. These sayings were collected and published by Malik, along with commentary and this formed the foundation of one of the four major Sunni schools of Islamic jurisprudence still in existence today. The Maliki school has been the dominant source of Islamic jurisprudence in Morocco since the 10th century, Morocco has been described as a “liberalized autocracy. Many argue that the systems main function is to serve as a means for the monarchy to create and manipulate a dependent class of political elites. Practically speaking, despite multiparty elections, the monarchy, and not parliament, is the site of strategic political decision-making in Morocco. The King is not only a leader, but also holds the title “Commander of the Faithful. As a result, this form of religious authority gives the monarch the political legitimacy to arbitrate the agenda and decisions of a modern. Generally speaking, the monarchy, Islam, and the integrity of the Moroccan nation are considered to be the nations three inviolable sacred institutions. Challenges to these three institutions, whether through questioning the authority or the legitimacy of Islamic law as the basis for legal codes, are technically imprisonable offenses. These conditions have impacted the process of reforming Moroccan family law significantly, historically, the creation of the Mudawana in Moroccan law represented a major step in the political and legal unification of Morocco after it gained independence from the French. Its first version was written in 1957-8 by a group of ten male religious scholars working under the auspices of the monarchy, its substance drew heavily on classical Maliki law. As the French had ruled Morocco with a policy of legal pluralism, the new Mudawana was intended to signify the unity, Islamic identity. It did this in part by codifying the system of existing patriarchal, in 1969, King Hassan II created the Union Nationale des Femmes Marocaines, an organization with the stated goal of improving the social and economic status of women in Morocco. The activities of the UNFM focused less on legal reform and more on professional and it was given the legal status of a utilité publique, an important designation for Moroccan civil society organizations, which allows them to raise funds and be exempt from taxes. Without this license, an association will have difficulty securing funding and has no right to recourse within the Moroccan justice system and this included the founding of many new women’s associations, many of which began as affiliates of existing political parties

5.
Civil law (legal system)
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Conceptually, civil law proceeds from abstractions, formulates general principles, and distinguishes substantive rules from procedural rules. It holds case law to be secondary and subordinate to statutory law, when discussing civil law, one should keep in mind the conceptual difference between a statute and a codal article. The marked feature of civilian systems is that they use codes with brief text that tend to avoid factually specific scenarios, Code articles deal in generalities and thus stand at odds with statutory schemes which are often very long and very detailed. The purpose of codification is to all citizens with manners and written collection of the laws which apply to them. Law codes are simply laws enacted by a legislature, even if they are in much longer than other laws. Other major legal systems in the world include common law, Halakha, canon law, the Scandinavian systems are of a hybrid character since their background law is a mix of civil law and Scandinavian customary law and have been partially codified. Likewise, the laws of the Channel Islands are hybrids which mix Norman customary law, a prominent example of a civil-law code would be the Napoleonic Code, named after French emperor Napoleon. The Code comprises three components, the law of persons, property law, and commercial law, rather than a compendium of statutes or catalog of caselaw, the Code sets out general principles as rules of law. Unlike common law systems, civil law jurisdictions deal with case law apart from any precedent value, Civil law courts generally decide cases using codal provisions on a case-by-case basis, without reference to other judicial decisions. In actual practice, a degree of precedent is creeping into civil law jurisprudence. A line of similar case decisions, while not precedent per se, while civil law jurisdictions place little reliance on court decisions, they tend to generate a phenomenal number of reported legal opinions. However, this tends to be uncontrolled, since there is no requirement that any case be reported or published in a law report, except for the councils of state. Except for the highest courts, all publication of legal opinions are unofficial or commercial, Civil law is sometimes referred to as neo-Roman law, Romano-Germanic law or Continental law. The civil law takes as its major inspiration classical Roman law, and in particular Justinian law, the Justinian Codes doctrines provided a sophisticated model for contracts, rules of procedure, family law, wills, and a strong monarchical constitutional system. Roman law was received differently in different countries, in some it went into force wholesale by legislative act, i. e. it became positive law, whereas in others it was diffused into society by increasingly influential legal experts and scholars. Roman law continued without interruption in the Byzantine Empire until its fall in the 15th century. However, subject as it was to multiple incursions and occupations by Western European powers in the medieval period. It was first received into the Holy Roman Empire partly because it was considered imperial law and it became the basis of Scots law, though partly rivaled by received feudal Norman law