25 Publishing industry in scienceKnowledge economyPublishing industry in sciencecommercialInformation marketsJournals publishing revenues are generated primarily from academic library subscriptions (68-75% of the total revenue)Publishing industry employs an estimated 110,000 people globallyM.Ware/M. Mabe; The stm report . an overview of scientific and scholarly journal publishing. STM, Third edition November 2012

26 Publishing industry in scienceKnowledge economyPublishing industry in sciencecommercialInformation marketsAbout 5000–10,000 journal publishers globally, of which around 5000 are included in the Scopus database.28,100 active scholarly peer-reviewed journals in mid 2012M.Ware/M. Mabe; The stm report . an overview of scientific and scholarly journal publishing. STM, Third edition November 2012

27 Publishing industry in scienceKnowledge economyPublishing industry in sciencecommercialInformation marketspublishing about 1.8–1.9 million articles a yearthe CrossRef database included over 56 million DOIs, of which 46 million refer to journal articlesM.Ware/M. Mabe; The stm report . an overview of scientific and scholarly journal publishing. STM, Third edition November 2012

30 Scientific Impact Open information markets in science Commons-basedResultsOverall, average citation rates, … were about 30% higher for subscription journals.However, after controlling for discipline (medicine and health versus other), age of the journal (three time periods) and the location of the publisher (four largest publishing countries versus other countries) the differences largely disappeared in most subcategories except for journals that had been launched prior to 1996.Bo-Christer Björk; David Solomon: Open access versus subscription journals: a comparison of scientific impact. BMC Medicine 2012, 10:73 -

31 Open information markets in scienceScientific ImpactOpen information markets in scienceCommons-basedInformation marketsResultsIn medicine and health, OA journals founded in the last 10 years are receiving about as many citations as subscription journals launched during the same period.Bo-Christer Björk; David Solomon: Open access versus subscription journals: a comparison of scientific impact. BMC Medicine 2012, 10:73 -

34 legislation/ copyright private or public foundations Commercial adaptation of Open AccessMore and more publishers (in particularly the four dominating ones) accept the OA-paradigm and see their future in OA publishingElsevierWileyThompsonSpringerenforced byusersmarketslegislation/ copyrightprivate or public foundationspolitical commit-mentdelayed subsequent subscriptiongoldengreenZweitveröffentlichung34

35 golden authors Open access enforcedAcademics ( – Stand ) have protested against Elsevier's business practices for years with little effect. …The key to all these issues is the right of authors to achieve easily-accessible distribution of their work.I fully agree with this initiative - even more I hold the view that the commercial exploitation of knowledge should be the exception and free open access the default.35

38 libraries, agencies subscription costs Open Access costs golden SCOAPOpen access enforcedlibraries, agenciessubscription costsOpen Access costsgoldenSCOAPIn this model, High-Energy Physics (HEP ) funding agencies and libraries, which today purchase journal subscriptions to implicitly support the peer-review service, federate to explicitly cover its cost, while publishers make the electronic versions of their journals free to read. Authors are not directly charged to publish their articles OA.Today, most publishers quote a price in the range of 1’000–2’000 Euros per published article. On this basis, we estimate that the annual budget for the transition of HEP publishing to OA would amount to a maximum of 10 Million Euros/year, sensibly lower than the estimated global expenditure in subscription to HEP journals.Each SCOAP3 partner will finance its contribution by canceling journal subscriptions. Each country will contribute according to its share of HEP publishing.38

40 Public foundations NIH require golden Open access enforcedThe law states:The NIH Public Access Policy ensures that the public has access to the published results of NIH funded research. It requires scientists to submit final peer-reviewed journal manuscripts that arise from NIH funds to the digital archive PubMed Central upon acceptance for publication. To help advance science and improve human health, the Policy requires that these papers are accessible to the public on PubMed Central no later than 12 months after publication.The NIH Public Access Policy applies to all peer-reviewed articles that arise, in whole or in part, from direct costs 1 funded by NIH, or from NIH staff, that are accepted for publication on or after April 7, 2008. 40

42 golden Political UK commitment greenOpen access enforcedgoldenPoliticalcommitmentFinch Report of the Working Group on Expanding Access to Published Research Findings – the Finch Group“Accessibility, sustainability, excellence: how to expand access to research publications”UKgreenPolicies on open access to scientific research results should apply to all research that receives public funds.42

43 Minister of State for Universities and ScienceOpen access enforcedgoldenPoliticalcommitmentgreenUK“British universities now pay around £200m a year in subscription fees to journal publishers, but under the new scheme, authors will pay "article processing charges" (APCs) to have their papers peer reviewed, edited and made freely available online. The typical APC is around £2,000 per article.”Minister of State for Universities and Science“cost of the transition, which could reach £50m a year, must be covered by the existing science budget and that no new money would be found to fund the process.”43

44 golden Political commitment green EU Open access enforcedCOMMISSION RECOMMENDATION ofon access to and preservation of scientific informationPoliticalcommitmentgreenEUCf. Commission Communication (12 Dec 2011) on open data - a proposal for a Directive amending Directive 2003/98/ECPolicies on open access to scientific research results should apply to all research that receives public funds.Open access is a key feature of Member States’ policies for responsible research and innovation by making the results of research available to all and by facilitating societal engagement.44

45 Political commitment EU Open access enforcedIn Horizon 2020, both the ‘Green’ and ‘Gold’ models are considered valid approaches to achieve open access.PoliticalcommitmentEUAll projects will be requested to immediately deposit an electronic version of their publications (final version or peer-reviewed manuscript) into an archive in a machine-readable format.This can be done using the ‘Gold’ model (open access to published version is immediate), or the ‘Green’ model.In this case, the Commission will allow an embargo period of a maximum of six months, except for the social sciences and humanities where the maximum will be twelve months (due to publications’ longer ‘half-life’)The European Commission will continue to fund projects related to open access. In , the Commission will spend €45 million on data infrastructures and research on digital preservation. Funding will continue under the Horizon 2020 programme.45