Mitotic arrest deficient 1 (Mad1) plays a well-characterized role in the

Published January 22, 2018

Mitotic arrest deficient 1 (Mad1) plays a well-characterized role in the major cell cycle checkpoint that regulates chromosome segregation during mitosis, the mitotic checkpoint (also known as the spindle assembly checkpoint). of Mad1 impedes cell motility, while its overexpression accelerates pap-1-5-4-phenoxybutoxy-psoralen directed cell migration. These results reveal an unexpected role for a mitotic checkpoint protein in secretion, adhesion and motility. More generally, they demonstrate that, in addition to generating aneuploidy, manipulation of mitotic checkpoint genes can have unexpected interphase effects that influence tumor phenotypes. Results and discussion An unexpected, perinuclear localization of Mad1 (Fig. S1ACB) was identified in interphase HeLa cells after immunofluorescence using an affinity purified rabbit anti-Mad1 antibody, which produces a single band on immunoblots [Fig. S1C; [13]]. A similar perinuclear localization was observed in primary Murine Embryonic Fibroblasts (MEFs) and the breast cancer cell line MDA-MB-231 (Fig. S1A, B). To biochemically confirm the existence of a cytoplasmic pool of Mad1, a fractionation experiment was performed to separate nuclear from cytoplasmic extract. Three nuclear markers, histone H3, lamin A and lamin C, as well as a cytoplasmic marker (tubulin), were used to confirm that appropriate fractionation was achieved. HeLa cells, MEFs, MDA-MB-231 cells and an additional breast cancer cell line, Cal51, all contained a cytoplasmic pool of Mad1 (Fig. S1DCE). Multiple experiments were performed to test the specificity of anti-Mad1 antibodies. First, Mad1 was transiently depleted in HeLa cells using siRNA. Fractionation followed by immunoblotting using the rabbit anti-Mad1 antibody revealed that total, nuclear, and cytoplasmic pools of Mad1 were depleted (Fig. S1F). Second, an additional antibody [14], was used to confirm the identity of Mad1. This mouse monoclonal antibody also recognizes a single band of roughly 85 kDa by immunoblotting (Fig. S1C) that is reduced following siRNA mediated depletion of Mad1 (Fig. Elf1 S1F). Third, stable HeLa cell lines in which Mad1 expression was knocked down constitutively (to be referred to hereafter as pap-1-5-4-phenoxybutoxy-psoralen Mad1-KD) were generated by retroviral infection of three distinct shRNA sequences followed by antibiotic selection. Mad1-KD cell lines grew at rates comparable to control cells, and did not have obvious delays pap-1-5-4-phenoxybutoxy-psoralen in any stage of the cell cycle (Fig. S1GCI). Mad1 levels were diminished, but not absent, in all three cell lines (Fig. S1J). In Mad1-KD cell lines, the cytoplasmic pap-1-5-4-phenoxybutoxy-psoralen pool of Mad1 became undetectable by immunofluorescence (Fig. S1K). Fourth, fractionation experiments in parental and Mad1-KD cell lines #1C3 showed a reduction in the cytoplasmic pool of Mad1 (Fig. S1L), as detected by both Mad1 antibodies. Fifth, both Mad1 antibodies showed a cytoplasmic fraction of YFP-tagged Mad1 (Fig. S1M). We conclude pap-1-5-4-phenoxybutoxy-psoralen that interphase cells contain a cytoplasmic pool of the mitotic checkpoint protein Mad1. Cytoplasmic Mad1 is localized to the Golgi Perinuclear Mad1 was coincident with the centrosome (Fig. 1ACB), as is the Golgi apparatus [15]. Golgi organization is dependent on polymerized microtubules. Microtubule depolymerization with 12 (Fig. 1CCD) or 4 (Fig. S2A) hours of vinblastine treatment cause the Golgi to disassemble and perinuclear Mad1 to disperse. Figure 1 The cytoplasmic pool of Mad1 is localized to the Golgi The fungal metabolite Brefeldin A (BFA) causes rapid disassembly of the Golgi without gross perturbation of microtubules [16C18]. BFA treatment also resulted in dispersal of the perinuclear Mad1 signal (Fig. 1CCD), strongly suggesting it was localized to the Golgi. To confirm this, Mad1 was tested for colocalization with several Golgi antigens. Cytoplasmic Mad1 exhibited a similar distribution as three Golgi markers, alpha-mannosidase II (MAN-II), GM130 and Golgin 97 (Fig. 1ECH). Colocalization of cytoplasmic Mad1 with Golgi markers was essentially complete when all.