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9/11/2016 Cisco E­Learning for ICND1 v2.0 https://ondemandelearning.cisco.com/cisco­sc/icnd1#/sections/2/pages/5 1/2 OSI Model vs. TCP/IP Stack Section 2: Understanding the Host­to­Host Communications Model Similarities between the TCP/IP protocol stack and the OSI reference model include the following: Both have application layers, although they include different services. They have comparable transport and network layers. Both assume packet­switched technology, not circuit­switched. (Analog telephone calls are an example of circuit­switched technology.) OSI Model to TCP/IP Mappings The differences between the TCP/IP protocol stack and the OSI reference model include the following: TCP/IP combines the OSI presentation and session layers into its application layer. TCP/IP combines the OSI data link and physical layers into its network access layer. 9/11/2016 Cisco E­Learning for ICND1 v2.0 https://ondemandelearning.cisco.com/cisco­sc/icnd1#/sections/2/pages/5 2/2 Up Next: Peer­to­Peer Communication