Albert Einstein 1879-1955

We believe in the possibility of a theory which is able to give a complete description of reality, the laws of which establish relations between the things themselves and not merely between their probabilities . GOD DOES NOT PLAY DICE.

Slide 3

Niels Bohr 1885-1962

Einstein, DON'T TELL GOD WHAT TO DO!

Those who are not shocked when they first come across quantum mechanics cannot possibly have understood it.

Slide 4

Werner Heisenberg 1901-1976

We have to remember that what we observe is not nature itself but nature exposed to our method of questioning.

I, at any rate, am convinced that HE IS NOT PLAYING AT DICE.

Slide 5

Erwin Schroedinger 1887-1961

I do not like it, and I am sorry I ever had anything to do with it.

Had I known that we were not going to get rid of this damned quantum jumping, I never would have involved myself in this business!

Slide 6

Prince Louis de Broglie 1892-1987

Electrons should not be considered simply as particles, but that frequency must be assigned to them also.

(1929, Nobel Prize Speech)

Slide 7

Max Planck 1858-1947

Physics is finished, young man. It's a dead-end street.

(from an unknown teacher to Planck considering Physics at the turn of the 20th century!)

Slide 8

Slide 9

THE ‘ULTRAVIOLET CATASTROPHE’

1900 - Rayleigh

This was a CLASSICAL prediction, first made in the late 19th century, that an IDEAL BLACK BODY at thermal equilibrium will emit radiation with INFINITE POWER.

Max Planck resolved this issue by postulating that electromagnetic energy did not follow the classical description, but could only oscillate or be emitted in DISCRETE PACKETS OF ENERGY proportional to the frequency. He called these packets ‘QUANTA’.