Abstract: The fluid mixture herein declared, includes three chemicals, one which is a silicone fluid normally used as a textile auxiliary agent, one which is a solvent, and one which is a viscous liquid used for various industrial applications. And the combining of all three agents at the developed percentages, forms the designed fluid herein claimed. The fluid herein claimed is designed to be used as a high heat retention liquid, designed to be used within a “closed loop” heating system, thus excluding any contact with the atmosphere, or other surroundings except for the system for which this mixture has been developed.

Abstract: A process for controlling the simultaneous production of hydrocarbons with boiling points in both the diesel fuel range and the aviation fuel range from renewable feedstocks originating from plants or animals other than petroleum feedstocks is described. The hydrocarbon product can be adjusted by changing the feedstocks without requiring different process equipment.

Abstract: Fuel compositions are provided comprising a hydrogenation product of a monocyclic sesquiterpene (e.g., hydrogenated bisabolene) and a fuel additive. Methods of making and using the fuel compositions are also disclosed.

Abstract: Formulated propellants and methods of forming the same are described herein. The formulated propellants include a hydrocarbon fluid, wherein the formulated propellant exhibits a distillation curve 10% point at a temperature between 365° F. (185° C.) and 410° F. (210° C.) and an end point at or below 525° F. (273° C.).

Abstract: The present invention provides fully renewable turbine and diesel fuels created from biomass sources. In one embodiment, the fully renewable turbine fuel is comprised of mesitylene and at least one alkane. Preferably, the turbine fuel comprises from about 50 to 99 wt % mesitylene and from about 1 to 50 wt % of at least one alkane. In another embodiment the diesel fuel comprises mesitylene, octadecane, and optionally octane or nonane. Preferably, the diesel fuel comprises from about 50 to 99 wt % mesitylene, and from about 1 to 50 wt % octadecane. These biomass derived fuels may be formulated to have a wide range of cetane values and differing freezing and boiling points. A preferred biogenic turbine fuel comprises one or more synthetic paraffinic kerosenes (SPK) and/or hydroprocessed renewable jet (HRJ) fuel; and between about 8 to 25 vol % of mesitylene.

Abstract: A fuel composition is provided that contains a major amount of a mixture of hydrocarbons in the gasoline boiling range and a minor amount of and (b) a minor amount of alpha-terpinene. Embodiments of the fuel composition increase the sensitivity of the fuel without significantly altering the octane number. Fuel sensitivity is increased by increasing the delta between RON and MON.

Abstract: A fine bubble generating apparatus that efficiently generates fine bubbles on the nanometer level. A cylindrical member has a cylindrical inner peripheral surface, a first end wall member closing one end of the cylindrical member, and a second end wall member closing the other end of the cylindrical member. The cylindrical member and the first and second end wall members define a fluid swirling chamber. The cylindrical member has a fluid inlet hole at a position close to the second end wall member to supply a gas-liquid mixed fluid in the tangential direction of the peripheral surface of the fluid swirling chamber. The second end wall member has a fluid outlet hole extending therethrough along the center axis of the inner peripheral surface of the fluid swirling chamber. The gas-liquid mixed fluid is introduced into the fluid swirling chamber at a position close to the second end wall member.

Abstract: Techniques, systems, apparatus and material are disclosed for regeneration or recycling of carbon substances into renewable fuel and materials. In one aspect, a method of recycling carbon to produce a renewable fuel can include harvesting carbon donors, such as carbon dioxide (CO2), emitted from an agricultural process. Hydrogen donors, such as from biomass waste, can be dissociated under an anaerobic reaction to produce hydrogen. The harvested carbon dioxide can be reacted with the waste-produced hydrogen under pressure and temperature to generate a renewable fuel, such as methanol fuel.

Abstract: The present invention describes a process for the production of biofuel, said process comprising, pretreating a feedstock, mixing a catalyst with said feedstock, transferring the mixture of catalyst and feedstock into a reactor,and subjecting said mixture to a heating sequence by applying microwave energy thereto, wherein the catalyst comprises an aluminosillicate mineral, the percentage of aluminosillicate mineral in the catalyst-feedstock mixture is less than 10% (w/w), and the temperature of the mixture of catalyst and feedstock is no higher than 450° C. during the process.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method for separating emulsions of oil and water, the method comprising incorporating a demulsifying-effective amount of a polyorganosiloxane demulsifier into an emulsion comprising an oil phase and an aqueous phase. The invention also relates to compositions containing polyorganosiloxane demulsifier and the water and oil phases of an emulsion.

Abstract: A diesel fuel additive and synthesis method therefore is disclosed herein. The diesel fuel additive may be used in internal combustion engines including those present in cars and trucks, and reduces fuel consumption and pollutant emissions while increasing power.

Abstract: A hydrocarbon composition is provided containing a total Ni/Fe/V content of at least 200 wtppm; a residue content of at least 0.2 grams per gram of hydrocarbon composition; a distillate content of at least 0.2 grams per gram of hydrocarbon composition; a sulfur content of at least 0.04 grams per gram of hydrocarbon composition; and a micro-carbon residue content of at least 0.06 grams per gram of hydrocarbon composition; and wherein the hydrocarbon composition has a viscosity of at most 100 cSt at 37.8° C.

Abstract: A flow improver for biodiesel fuels, comprising an ?-olefin polymer with a weight average molecular weight of 50,000 to 500,000 that is obtained by polymerization of an ?-olefin mixture (C), wherein the mole ratio (A)/(B) of an ?-olefin (A) with 10 carbon atoms and an ?-olefin (B) with 14 to 18 carbon atoms is (A)/(B)=10/90 to 60/40.

Abstract: This invention relates to a new system for controlling temperature and pressure in, at least, one chemical reactor, characterized in that it includes, at least, the following devices: a) a deposit with at least one pressure regulation device; b) a connecting duct between said deposit and the reactor; c) a device for injecting condensates into the reactor. Moreover, the invention relates to the use of said control system to control the pressure and temperature of at least one chemical reactor, being especially applicable to a chemical reactor in which a hydrothermal biomass carbonization reaction takes place.

Abstract: A diesel fuel based on a blend of a diesel fuel derived from a Fischer-Tropsch process, and a mineral oil based diesel fuel having a sulfur content of less than 100 ppmw; and a method of operating a diesel engine, which method involves combusting such diesel fuel in the diesel engine.

Abstract: A method of preparing an FT derived diesel composition wherein the FT derived diesel composition has a good response to CFPP improving additives, which good response is achieved by addition of one or more of a FT recycle stream, a crude-oil derived diesel fuel, and a HGO (Heavy Gas Oil) to an FT derived diesel thereby to improve the CFPP improving additive response thereof.

Abstract: A hydrocarbon composition is described herein. The hydrocarbon composition has a relatively low viscosity and a relatively low oxygen content while having a relatively high vanadium, nickel, and iron metals content, and a relatively high distillate, residue, and micro-carbon residue content.

Abstract: A method for preparing the low carbon number petrochemical products along with the high energy fuels from pyrolysis gasoline is provided. In this method, the pyrolysis gasoline is used as feedstock, and the reactive non-aromatic, unsaturated moieties, and the sulfur impurity contained in the pyrolysis gasoline are removed. Then the stabilized feedstock is used to produce C5 olefins, C6-C9 aromatic hydrocarbons as petrochemical products, and C10+ hydrocarbons as precursors of high energy fuels. Upon acid catalytic isomerization, or upon crystallization followed by acid catalytic isomerization, the C10+ hydrocarbons as precursors of high energy fuels are converted to exo-isomers as high energy fuels.

Abstract: A process to prepare an aviation fuel and an automotive gas oil from a source of mineral derived gas oil is provided. From the mineral derived gas oil a low boiling fraction is isolated for use as an aviation fuel or as an aviation fuel component and the remaining part of the mineral derived gas oil is blended with a Fischer-Tropsch derived kerosene fraction and/or a Fischer-Tropsch derived gas oil fraction to obtain a blend suited for use as at least part of an automotive gas oil.

Abstract: A method and system for desalting a fuel having a salt therein is disclosed. A jet of superheated steam is provided at a selected pressure and fuel is drawn into the jet of superheated steam to form a mixture of the fuel and the superheated steam. The mixture is injected into a centrifuge to desalt the fuel.

Abstract: Hydrocarbon fuel oil with paraffins as the main constituent for use in fuel cell systems is provided having (1) paraffins of less than 13 carbons constitute not less than 60% by mass; (2) isoparaffins of 15 or more carbons constitute from 0.01 to 9% by mass; and (3) normal paraffins of 13 or more carbons constitute not more than 2% by mass. Also, in addition to the aforementioned compositions (1) to (3), it is preferable if isoparaffins of 17 or more carbons constitute not more than 3% by mass.

Abstract: The invention provides lubricant compositions for diesel engines having a regenerative DPF, which prolong life of the DPF by inhibiting accumulation of components depositable on DPF inner walls, diesel engine systems having a regenerative DPF with prolonged life, and a method for inhibiting accumulation of components depositing on the DPF in the system. The present composition is for diesel engines having a regenerative DPF and running on diesel fuel with <10 mass ppm sulfur, contains a base oil and additives including (A) metal detergent, (B) ashless dispersant, and (C) phosphorus-based anti-wear agent, and satisfies the conditions of a sulfated ash content of 0.4-2 mass %, an atomic ratio of metal from component (A) to the total phosphorus of 0.2-3, an atomic ratio of the total boron to metal from component (A) of 0.2-2, and an atomic ratio of the total sulfur to metal from component (A) of 0-4.

Abstract: Lighter fluid having a smoky aroma can be prepared by combining liquid smoke with aliphatic petroleum solvent. The smoke-scented lighter fluid imparts a pleasant scent while it is applied to charcoal briquets and ignited.

Abstract: A diesel fuel, diesel fuel additive concentrate and method for improving the performance of fuel injectors for a diesel engine are provided. The diesel fuel includes a major amount of middle distillate fuel having a sulfur content of 15 ppm by weight or less; and a reaction product of (a) a hydrocarbyl substituted dicarboxylic acid or anhydride, and (b) an amine compound or salt thereof of the formula wherein R is selected from hydrogen and a hydrocarbyl group containing from about 1 to about 15 carbon atoms, and R1 is selected from hydrogen and a hydrocarbyl group containing from about 1 to about 20 carbon atoms, wherein the reaction product contains less than one equivalent of an amino triazole group per molecule of reaction product, and wherein the reaction product is present in an amount sufficient to improve the performance of diesel direct and/or indirect fuel injectors.

Abstract: Methods and apparatuses to depolymerize plastic to create fuel are provided. Plastic feedstock is heated to a molten state. The molten plastic is further heated by electromagnetic induction to a vapor state. The plastic vapor is collected and the temperature of the plastic vapor is lowered to produce liquid fuel. The molten plastic can be heated by electromagnetic induction to a vapor by placing the molten plastic in a plurality of trays and traversing the trays over a plurality of induction coils wherein each of the induction coils produce a magnetic field to heat the trays.

Abstract: A crude product composition is provided. The crude product composition contains from 0.001 wt. % to 5 wt. % residue. The crude product composition contains hydrocarbons having a boiling point in the ranges of at most 204° C., from 204° C. to 300° C., from 300° C. to 400° C., and from 400° C. to 538° C. The hydrocarbons boiling in a range of at most 204° C. comprise paraffins, where the paraffins comprise iso-paraffins and n-paraffins, and the weight ratio of iso-paraffins to n-paraffins is at most 1.4.

Abstract: The present invention provides a liquid fuel composition comprising a distillation fraction of a component having at least one C4+ compound derived from a water-soluble oxygenated hydrocarbon prepared by a method comprising: providing water and a water-soluble oxygenated hydrocarbon comprising a C1+O1+ hydrocarbon in an aqueous liquid phase and/or a vapor phase; providing H2; catalytically reacting in the liquid and/or vapor phase the oxygenated hydrocarbon with the H2 in the presence of a deoxygenation catalyst at a deoxygenation temperature and deoxygenation pressure to produce an oxygenate comprising a C1+O1-3 hydrocarbon in a reaction stream; and catalytically reacting in the liquid and/or vapor phase the oxygenate in the presence of a condensation catalyst at a condensation temperature and condensation pressure to produce the C4+ compound, wherein the C4+ compound comprises a member selected from the group consisting of C4+ alcohol, C4+ ketone, C4+ alkane, C4+ alkene, C5+ cycloalkane, C5+ cycloalkene,

Abstract: Method of contacting a hydrocarbon feed with a catalyst that includes one or more metals from Column 6 of the Periodic Table and/or one or more compounds of one or more metals from Column 6 of the Periodic Table and a support. The support comprises from 0.01 grams to 0.2 gram of silica and from 0.80 grams to 0.99 grams of alumina per gram of support. The catalyst has a surface area of at least 340 m2/g, a pore size distribution with a median pore diameter of at most 100 ?, and at least 80% of its pore volume in pores having a pore diameter of at most 300 ? or the catalyst exhibits one or more peaks between 35 degrees and 70 degrees, and at least one of the peaks has a base width of at least 10 degrees, as determined by x-ray diffraction at 2-theta.

Abstract: A method and process is described for producing negative carbon fuel. In its broadest form, a carbon-containing input is converted to combustible fuels, refinery feedstock, or chemicals and a carbonaceous solid concurrently in separate and substantially uncontaminated form. In an embodiment of the invention, biomass is converted via discrete increasing temperatures under pressure to blendable combustible fuels and a carbonaceous solid. The carbonaceous solid may be reacted to synthesis gas, sold as charcoal product, carbon credits, used for carbon offsets, or sequestered.

Abstract: A diesel fuel composition comprising a (1) sulfur content of less than 10 ppm; (2) a flash point of greater than 50° C.; (3) a UV absorbance, Atotal, of less than 1.5 as determined by the formula comprising Atotal=Ax+10(Ay) wherein Ax is the UV absorbance at 272 nanometers; and wherein Ay is the UV absorbance at 310 nanometers; (4) a naphthene content of greater than 5 percent; (5) a cloud point of less than ?12° C.; (6) a nitrogen content of less than 10 ppm; and (7) a 5% distillation point of greater than 300 F and a 95% distillation point of greater than 600 F.

Abstract: A method for generating electric power and for producing gasoline from methanol, includes the steps of: synthesizing gasoline by reacting methanol under a catalyst; recovering heat generated from the gasoline synthetic reaction of methanol by cooling the reaction with coolant to vaporize the coolant; and generating electric power by using the coolant vapor produced in the heat recovery. The power generation step may include generating electric power with a plurality of steam turbines in series, e.g., a high-pressure turbine, a medium-pressure turbine, and a low-pressure turbine.

Abstract: This invention relates to compositions comprising high lipid content algae and methods of making and utilizing the same. In particular, the invention relates to high lipid content algae biomass and algal lipid materials derived from the same, methods of making the same, as well as to biofuels (e.g., biodiesel) and dietary compositions (e.g., animal feeds) comprising or made from the same. Compositions and methods of the invention find use in a variety of applications including biofuel, dietary (e.g., human and animal nutrition), therapeutic as well as research applications.

Abstract: A fuel deoxygenation system includes an oxygen permeable membrane having a porous membrane and an oleophobic layer. The porous membrane has pores that create a passage extending from a first side to an opposite second side of the porous membrane. The pores have an average pore diameter less than or equal to about 0.06 microns. The oleophobic layer and the porous membrane allow oxygen to cross the oxygen permeable membrane but substantially prevent fuel from crossing the oxygen permeable membrane. A method for removing dissolved oxygen from a fuel includes delivering fuel to an oxygen permeable membrane and removing oxygen from the fuel using the oxygen permeable membrane. A method for modifying a surface of a porous membrane includes depositing an oleophobic treatment agent on the porous membrane, removing solvent and heating the porous membrane to form an oleophobic layer on the porous membrane.

Abstract: Embodiments of methods and apparatuses for forming a low-metal biomass-derived pyrolysis oil are provided. The method comprises the steps of filtering a biomass-derived pyrolysis oil with a high flux rate filter arrangement having a flux rate of about 10 L/m2/hr or greater to form a low-solids biomass-derived pyrolysis oil. The low-solids biomass-derived pyrolysis oil is filtered with a fine filter arrangement having a pore diameter of about 50 ?m or less to form an ultralow-solids biomass-derived pyrolysis oil. The ultralow-solids biomass-derived pyrolysis oil is contacted with an ion-exchange resin to remove metal ions and form the low-metal biomass-derived pyrolysis oil.

Abstract: Middle distillate fuel compositions are disclosed which comprise a major amount of a middle distillate base fuel; an olefin mixture comprising propylene oligomers having an initial boiling point of at least 165° C. and a final boiling point of no more than 325° C. as measured by ASTM D86; and at least one phenolic antioxidant. Also disclosed are methods of operating a fuel consuming system employing such compositions.

Abstract: Techniques, systems and material are disclosed for thermochemical regeneration of biomass into renewable engineered fuel, storage of the renewable engineered fuel, respeciation of the renewable engineered fuel and transport. In one aspect, a method includes generating low density hydrogen fuel from biomass dissociation at a first location of a low elevation. The low density hydrogen fuel is self-transported in a pipeline to a second location at a higher elevation than the first location by traveling from the first location to the second location without adding energy of pressure. A high density hydrogen carrier is generated at the second location of higher elevation by reacting the low density hydrogen fuel with at least one of a carbon donor, a nitrogen donor and an oxygen donor harvested from industrial waste. The high density hydrogen carrier is delivered to a third location of a lower elevation than the second location while providing pressure or kinetic energy.

Abstract: A process is disclosed for making a biomass susceptible to depolymerization or liquefaction under mild conditions. The process comprises introducing into the biomass a material susceptible to the absorption of electro-magnetic radiation to form a radiation absorbent biomass. The radiation absorbent biomass is subjected to electro-magnetic radiation to form an activated biomass.

Abstract: An unleaded aviation fuel composition, containing at least one saturated branched aliphatic hydrocarbon having a carbon number in the C4 to C10 range, further contains sufficient m-xylene to yield a fuel having a MON of at least 98. A process is further provided for producing the unleaded aviation fuel composition by admixing a m-xylene enriched liquid with alkylate.

Abstract: A method of producing a crude product from a hydrocarbon feed is provided. A hydrocarbon feed is contacted with a catalyst containing a Col. 6-10 metal or compound thereof to produce the crude product, where the catalyst has a pore size distribution with a median pore diameter ranging from 105 ? to 150 ?, with 60% of the total number of pores in the pore size distribution having a pore diameter within 60 ? of the median pore diameter, with at least 50% of its pore volume in pores having a pore diameter of at most 600 ?, and between 5% and 25% of its pore volume in pores having a pore diameter between 1000 ? and 5000 ?.

Abstract: A hydrocarbon fluid composition that comprises species of at least two different carbon numbers, an aerobic biodegradability of greater than 40% at 28 days, a cetane number of less than 60, and a certain boiling point range; and a process for making the hydrocarbon fluid composition.

Abstract: A fine bubble generating apparatus that efficiently generates fine bubbles on the nanometer level. A cylindrical member has a cylindrical inner peripheral surface, a first end wall member closing one end of the cylindrical member, and a second end wall member closing the other end of the cylindrical member. The cylindrical member and the first and second end wall members define a fluid swirling chamber. The cylindrical member has a fluid inlet hole at a position close to the second end wall member to supply a gas-liquid mixed fluid in the tangential direction of the peripheral surface of the fluid swirling chamber. The second end wall member has a fluid outlet hole extending therethrough along the center axis of the inner peripheral surface of the fluid swirling chamber. The gas-liquid mixed fluid is introduced into the fluid swirling chamber at a position close to the second end wall member.

Abstract: A liquid fuel composition containing a biofuel component, produced from a fraction of one or more cracking products produced by catalytic cracking of a biomass source. The liquid fuel composition contains in the range of 0.5 to 20 vol. % of C4-C8-olefins, which C4-C8-olefins contain in the range from equal to or more than 0.02 wt % to equal to or less than 100 wt % of bio-carbon, based on the total weight of carbon present in the C4-C8-olefins.

Abstract: A gasoline composition is provided containing: (a) a gasoline base fuel; and (b) a terpene composition in an amount in the range of from 0.1 to 40% vol. based on total gasoline composition, said terpene composition comprising at least 60% wt. pinenes and having an acidity of at most 0.05 mgKOH/g.

Abstract: Mineral oil distillates having an aromatics content of less than 21% by weight, a water content of less than 150 ppm and a conductivity of at least 50 pS/m, and comprising from 0.1 to 200 ppm of at least one alkylphenol-aldehyde resin (constituent I) which includes a structural element of the formula in which R5 is C1-C200-alkyl or C2-C200-alkenyl, O—R6 or O—C(O)—R6, R6 is C1-C200-alkyl or C2-C200-alkenyl and n is from 2 to 100, and from 0.1 to 200 ppm of at least one polar oil-soluble nitrogen compound (constituent II), excluding those mineral oil distillates in which between 0.001 and 10 ppm of an oil-soluble, organic sulfonic acid-ammonium salt are present.