Bill is a contributing
editor of Mushroom: the Journal of Wild Mushrooming. This article will appear in Mushroom's Spring issue.

I guess it had to happen.
Parts of my radical farm boy past have finally caught up to me and caused me
to be placed on a list of terrorist suspects. Mushrooms were involved,
morels, in fact. Here is how it happened.

On the Friday before Memorial
Day I was driving home from a fishing trip to a nearby river. Morels in the
mid-Hudson area of New York State are usually just about done by this time,
but this year spring had been cool, wet, and late, and when leaving the
stream I chanced upon a single intact morel and the slug-eaten remains of a
few more. I bagged the good one—along with the 12-inch brown trout I had
opened in order to see what it was feeding on—thinking these two catches
would fit nicely together in my fry pan later in the evening.

On the drive home I decided
to cast about for a few more morels, so I used the best technique I know of,
one I have repeatedly advocated to readers of
Mushroom: The
Journal
of Wild Mushrooming:
look for and check under dead elms near the side of the road. Follow all
traffic regulations and local laws, of course. You know, like use turn
signals, park safely, don’t trespass, and don’t litter. So when I spotted
dead elms both to the left and to the right of the road, I followed my
advice, parked in a cleared area on a wide shoulder of the road and took to
the woods with a lunch bag in hand.

Ten minutes and three morels
later I emerged from the other side of the road to see a big yellow,
official-looking vehicle parked behind my car—not quite a Humvee—but
distinctly police-like and ominous. “Hummm,” I thought, “something’s afoot
here.” As I approached the parking area a disembodied voice crackled a
warning over the PA system. “Stay back from the car and approach the yellow
vehicle.” I did as requested. Soon two other State Police cars appeared,
lights flashing, officers grim and apprehensive.

In retrospect, I can
understand their concern. The Federal Office of Homeland Security had
recently raised its color-coded alert status to orange, only one shade from
full-scale war, and we were all to be on guard to protect our roads,
bridges, power plants, reservoirs, railroad lines, ball parks, shopping
centers, schools, etc. It turned out, the dead elms I chose to investigate
were within a few miles of such a site, within what one officer described as
a “secure area.” Apparently, a state official driving by as I went into the
woods, called a suspected terrorist alert.

I was told the official who
made the call reported “two people dragging a large bag (or bags) into the
woods.” Other versions of the story involved two suspicious women carrying
bags, a large bag being dragged into the woods, and evasive actions being
taken. And here I was, at that very spot, caught, bag in hand.

They were surprised, indeed,
when I reached into the bag to produce a morel, suspecting perhaps me to be
a suicide bomber about to produce a WMD. “Is it poison?” asked the officer
in charge, flinching a bit. “Not this one,” I replied. “This is Morchella
esculenta, edible, but there is a poisonous look-alike Gyromitra
fastigiata—or korfii—depending upon the size of the knobs on the
spores… mono-methyl hydrazine, rocket fuel, is the toxin…” They looked at
each other, spoke into their two-way radios, and checked their computer
screens. After a few minutes the lead officer asked, “Has this something to
do with science?”

All the while the Junior
Officer kept prodding me. “Where is the other guy?” He had gathered together
a flashlight, a small communication device and other tools of the trade and
had asked me to take him into the woods. I agreed but he softened to the
idea when I mentioned that we would probably find ticks. I didn’t mention
the poison ivy. “So where is the other guy?” “What else do you have in the
car?” “What is the plastic bag sticking out of your pocket?”

As far as I knew there was no
other guy. I pointed out to them that, thanks to the recent rain, they could
see that there was but a single set of car tracks in the gravel, leading
straight to my car. There was also a single trace in the wet grass leading
from my car into the woods. The trunk of my car held another morel, a
freshly killed trout and wet fishing gear. And the plastic bag in my pocket
held the remains of a recent après fishing snack, a gourmet pastry from
Bread Alone. I showed them the remaining crumbs.

I think by this point they
were beginning to realize they had been had, not so much by me as by the
overzealous officer who called in my “suspicious activity” and the rumor
mill that, in the space of ten minutes had spun out the permutations of “bag
dragging” by “two men” or “suspicious women hauling bags along the road and
into the woods.” Lord knows the lengths that terrorists will take to
disguise their true intentions!

After a half hour or so, and
after having a great deal of my personal history, gleaned from my license
plate, driver’s license, and interview entered into the computer data base,
I was free to go. I was never accused of violating any law. There were no
signs that I could see designating this as “off limits” or “secure,” no “No
Trespassing” or “No Parking” or “No Stopping” signs either. There was
a sign warning against littering. Just that—and the suspicion of a passing
motorist that I was up to no good.

I think the officer in charge
was right. This does have something to do with science. And with skills of
critical thinking, hypothesis testing, concept formation and good police
work.

f

My academic training in
mycology grew out of my training in psychology. I am interested in how the
mind works, how we select from the welter of sensory impressions those that
allow us to differentiate one event, one taxon from another, and how we
group isolated experiences into an integrated whole to form concepts,
designate species, genera and families. This is the work of science, logic,
rational thought processes, and ultimately of mental health. It is probably
not everyone’s cup of tea, but for many of us, it is the compass by which we
set our bearings in life.

Mycology in some
respects represents us with a superior challenge to this task, as we attempt
to differentiate between species with so many subtly similar shared
characteristics. We learn to differentiate macroscopically by how
they look, taste, smell, feel, etc. and add to this a considerable list of
microscopic, chemical, and culturing factors to arrive at a tentative
identification. You only need attend one foray to see how tentative
this can be.

The mistakes I see as I work
with the Poison Control network of New York State are usually the result of
someone going off with insufficient training: children are obvious, followed
closely by those “trained” in other climes and cultures. From the process
referred to above, the most interesting poisonings to my mind are those that
result from someone who is determined to have reality conform to his (or
her) idea of what it should be. The guys for instance—and so far they have
always been guys—who say something like, “By God, Gert, I don’t give a rat’s
behind about what your Lary Gincoff thinks. That mushroom looks good to eat
and if you want to stay married to me you better darn well cook it up for
dinner!”

Back to “the two guys (or
gals) dragging a bag into the woods.” Modern psychological research
questions the credibility of much eye witness testimony. Perception and
cognition are part of the same continuum. The retina of the eye is part of
the brain and we tend to see what we want to see, what we need to see, and
what we expect to see. It is our emotions that color what we want or need
and our past experience that alters our expectations.

A single adult male, wearing
among other things blue jeans and a red Ball Cap, with a lunch bag in hand
would not normally be described as “two people dragging a bag into the
woods,” unless, of course, the observer had other things on his mind.

Today, in America, we do seem
to have other things on our mind. The events of September 11, 2001 have
altered the way many of us view the world. We are afraid. And this fear has
altered the way we process information. Need I point out how differently I
might have been treated by my interrogators had I a Middle-Eastern name, or
dark skin, or turbaned headdress, a different profession than that of a
college professor, or could not have produced a New York City security
clearance?

Earlier this spring I was
summoned from class by a Poison Control call that came from a family who
recently moved into the area from NYC. As I spoke with the wife and mother,
I was amazed at how quickly she was able to process information. During the
few minutes of our initial telephone contact she was simultaneously talking
with me, checking a field guide or two, and running several pages on her
computer.

When I called back at the
end of class, twenty minutes later, she had arrived at a tentative ID of the
mushroom her child had eaten… “the Sulfur Shelf, Laetiporus
sulfurous.” I was impressed. “Not Bad,” I said, “but probably not. It is
the wrong season. Try Pyncnoporus cinnabarinus. It has a different
mitic structure that allows it to remain intact throughout the winter.” “Is
part of the redness because it grew on cherry wood?” she asked. Were only my
students so quick. I inquired about what she did for a living. She replied
that both she and her husband were trained as nuclear engineers, although
were now working at other tasks and had moved into the area to follow a job
opening.

Later in the evening the
family brought the mushrooms over to a member of COMA (The
Connecticut-Westchester Mycological Association)
for positive confirmation of the identification. They were so thrilled with
the field of amateur mycology, with the mycologists they had met, with the
challenges of field identification and prospects of mushrooming that they
immediately decided to join that group.

Before my suspicious
activity came to light and my identity placed into that computerized
database, I had planned to write of this family’s experience in more detail.
Now I find myself hoping they don’t also wander into some ill-defined
security area and are revealed to be both suspected terrorists and
nuclear scientists. As I reflect on the wonderful diversity of those of us
motivated to attempt the mastery of field identification of mushrooms, I am
led to the conclusion than many could easily be suspected of being up to no
good. We have, it seems, more than our fair share of mavericks and
characters amongst our ranks.

The psychologists who studied
the mindset of the followers of Hitler during the Second World War alerted
us to the dangers of prejudicial thinking and authoritarian personalities.
Those tough-minded and power hungry leaders were quite skilled at creating
an atmosphere in which their bottom line sounded both plausible and urgent.
“Defense of the Fatherland” created an emotional screen for them to advance
an otherwise indefensible set of social policies, and a nation primed to
follow the leader goose-stepped promptly into line.… I am not the first to
suggest that aspects of today’s political climate and infotainment culture
invite comparison.

As fear alters the balance of
neurosynaptic transmitters in our brain and body, it robs us of the ability
to think and act rationally. If you recall the ghost stories we told as
young scouts sitting around the campfire you also know how thrilling and
stimulating these tales of terror can be. This is a romance as compelling
and ultimately flawed as the search for a lover who will give meaning to our
life. It is better to find yourself collecting mushrooms.

I recall a discussion I had
years ago with Gary Alan Fine who at the time was investigating the culture
of Amateur Mycology. He was interested in how we processed and shared
information about the dangers inherent in mushrooming. Our discussion turned
to the stories we mushroomers share with one another, the nuanced turning of
the tale that approaches yet never quite reaches shadenfreude, but
casts instead a soft beam of light on the dark face of tragedy, erasing the
hard edges of terror with the softness of a smile, the twinkle of an eye,
the deep belly laugh breaking the knot in our gut.

So, yes sir, officer, this
does have something to do with science. But it can also be a heck of a lot
of fun. Grab a field guide and come along. And bring that passing motorist
guy. We are unlikely to find any bag ladies hiding amongst the shrubbery,
but might find a pair of pink-gilled fairies. Here, the soft one with the free gills, she is a pleuteus, musty
but safe. And over there, with the erect nipple and gills attached, an
entoloma, but I warn you, sickness awaits if you indulge in her
pleasures. And here, dancing up this tree, with the lily-white spores and
long, dark, unveiled legs— the lovely Flammulina velutipes, and oh so
slippery on the tongue. You are going to love this hunt, I promise. And when
you get good enough, this summer perhaps, we might even find Lincoff’s Dirty
Trich in the leaf mould under those dead
elms, over there by the No Littering sign!
g

Notes:

"Free gills" is a morphological feature used
in identification of agarics. This has to do with the manner of attachment
of the gills (lamella) to the stem (stipe). Some are attached, some are
free, some notched, some decurrant, etc.

"Leaf mould" is soil composed mostly of
decaying leaves. Fungi are natures primary decomposer of cellulose and
lignin. The class of fungi doing this work are called saphrophytes, so any
decaying forest litter is a good place to find these fungi. The mushrooms
are but the fruiting body. They fruit and produce spores in the hymenium
(on the lamella) as a way of reproducing the spores and thereby surviving.
This is commonly done as the leaf litter is about to be exhausted, often
in the late summer and early fall.

Gary Lincoff is the
popular, erudite author of many mushroom books, sort of the Martha Stewart
of the field. His Audubon Society Field Guide to the North American
Mushrooms is the Bible in the Northeast. "Lary Gincoff" is obvious.

The "dirty Trich" refers
to the "common name" of a species within the genus of Tricholoma. He had to "make-up"
common names for the publisher as they thought biological Latin was to
demanding for the general audience. Common names and latin binomials are
always changing, and the photographs in field guides are not always those of
the mushrooms they purport to represent, but Tricholoma pardinum is commonly
thought to be the "dirty trich." Similarly, Flammulina velutipes has several
common and Latin names, but I do like the way her name resonates.

Bill
Bakaitis received his BA in the
behavioral sciences in 1963 from Pennsylvania State University and his MA in
psychology and the philosophy of science from the New School For Social Research
in 1966. He is a tenured, full professor at SUNY/Dutchess Community
College in the department of Behavioral Sciences and has been teaching there since 1969.
(He has has taught courses in
psychology, biology (HIV/AIDS), sociology, and mycology.) Bill is also the
founding president of
the Mid-Hudson Mycological Association (1983) and was the educational director
until 1995.

Since 1984 he has been a
consultant to the NYS Poison Control Network, as well as a mycology/taxonomy consultant,
to Hudsonia at Bard College. Bill has given mushroom identification
courses/workshops for the last 25 years at area colleges, environmental and culinary
associations, and his a articles have been published in NY State
Conservationist, Adirondack Life, Mid-Hudson Magazine. Bill is
also a contributing editor of Mushroom: the Journal of Wild
Mushrooming.