A PRINCE is a male ruler or member of a monarch's or former monarch's
family.
PrincePrince is also a title of nobility , often hereditary , in
some European states . The feminine equivalent is a princess . The
English word derives, via the French word prince, from the
LatinLatin noun
princeps , from primus (first) + capio (to seize), meaning "the chief,
most distinguished, ruler , prince".

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The
LatinLatin word prīnceps (older
LatinLatin *prīsmo-kaps, literally "the
one who takes the first "), became the usual title of the informal
leader of the
Roman senateRoman senate some centuries before the transition to
empire , the princeps senatus .

EmperorEmperor Augustus established the formal position of monarch on the
basis of principate , not dominion . He also tasked his grandsons as
summer rulers of the city when most of the government were on holiday
in the country or attending religious rituals, and, for that task,
granted them the title of princeps.

The title has generic and substantive meanings:

* generically, prince refers to a member of a family that ruled by
hereditary right , the title referring either to sovereigns or to
cadets of a sovereign's family. The term may be broadly used of
persons in various cultures, continents or eras. In Europe, it is the
title legally borne by dynastic cadets in monarchies, and borne by
courtesy by members of formerly reigning dynasties.
* as a substantive title , a prince was a monarch of the lowest rank
in post-Napoleonic Europe, e.g. Princes of, respectively,
AndorraAndorra ,
Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen ,
MingreliaMingrelia ,
MonacoMonaco ,
Waldeck and Pyrmont ,
WallachiaWallachia , etc.
* also substantively, the title was granted by popes and secular
monarchs to specific individuals and to the heads of some high-ranking
European families who, however, never exercised dynastic sovereignty
and whose cadets are not entitled to share the princely title, viz the
Princes de Beauvau-Craon, von Bismarck ,
ColonnaColonna , von
Dohna-Schlobitten , von Eulenburg, de Faucigny-Lucinge, von Lichnowsky
, von
PlessPless , Ruffo di Calabria, (de
TalleyrandTalleyrand ) von Sagan , van
Ursel , etc.
* generically, cadets of some non-sovereign families whose head
bears the non-dynastic title of prince (or, less commonly, duke ) were
sometimes also authorized to use the princely title, e.g. von
Carolath-Beuthen, de Broglie , Demidoff di San Donato,
Lieven , de
Merode ,
Pignatelli ,
Radziwill , von
Wrede , Yussopov , etc.
* substantively, the heirs apparent in some monarchies use a
specific princely title associated with a territory within the
monarch's realm , e.g. the Princes of, respectively, Asturias (Spain),
Grão Pará (Brazil, formerly), Orange (Netherlands), Viana (Navarre,
formerly),
WalesWales (UK), etc.
* substantively, it became the fashion from the 17th century for the
heirs apparent of the leading ducal families to assume a princely
title, associated with a seigneurie in the family's possession. These
titles were borne by courtesy and preserved by tradition, not law,
e.g. the princes de, respectively,
Bidache (Gramont),
Marcillac (La
Rochefoucauld),
Tonnay-Charente (Mortemart),
Poix (Noailles), Léon
(Rohan-Chabot),

PRINCE AS GENERIC FOR RULER

The original, but now less common use of the word, originated in the
application of the
LatinLatin word princeps , from late Roman law , and the
classical system of government that eventually gave way to the
European feudal society. In this sense, a prince is a ruler of a
territory which is sovereign , or quasi -sovereign, i.e., exercising
substantial (though not all) prerogatives associated with monarchs of
independent nations, as was common, for instance, within the
historical boundaries of the Holy
Roman EmpireRoman Empire . In medieval and Early
Modern
EuropeEurope , there were as many as two hundred such territories,
especially in Italy, Germany, and
Gaelic IrelandGaelic Ireland . In this sense,
"prince" is used of any and all rulers, regardless of actual title or
precise rank. This is the
RenaissanceRenaissance use of the term found in
Niccolò Machiavelli 's famous work, Il Principe .

As a title, by the end of the medieval era, prince was borne by
rulers of territories that were either substantially smaller than or
exercised fewer of the rights of sovereignty than did emperors and
kings. A lord of even a quite small territory might come to be
referred to as a prince before the 13th century, either from
translations of a native title into the
LatinLatin princeps (as for the
hereditary ruler of
WalesWales ), or when the lord's territory was allodial
. The lord of an allodium owned his lands and exercised prerogatives
over the subjects in his territory absolutely, owing no feudal homage
or duty as a vassal to a liege lord , nor being subject to any higher
jurisdiction. Most small territories designated as principalities
during feudal eras were allodial, e.g. the Princedom of
DombesDombes .

Lords who exercised lawful authority over territories and people
within a feudal hierarchy were also sometimes regarded as princes in
the general sense, especially if they held the rank of count or
higher. This is attested in some surviving styles for e.g., British
earls, marquesses , and dukes are still addressed by the Crown on
ceremonial occasions as high and noble princes (cf. Royal and noble
styles ).

In parts of the Holy
Roman EmpireRoman Empire in which primogeniture did not
prevail (e.g., Germany), all legitimate agnates had an equal right to
the family's hereditary titles. While this meant that offices, such as
emperor , king , and elector could only be legally occupied by one
dynast at a time, holders of such other titles as duke , margrave ,
landgrave , count palatine , and prince could only differentiate
themselves by adding the name of their appanage to the family's
original title. Not only did this tend to proliferate unwieldy titles
(e.g.
PrincessPrincess Katherine of Anhalt-Zerbst , or Karl,
CountCount Palatine of
Zweibrücken-Neukastell-Kleeburg , or
PrincePrinceChristianChristian Charles of
Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Plön-Norburg ), but as agnatic
primogeniture gradually became the norm in the Holy
Roman EmpireRoman Empire by
the end of the 18th century, another means of distinguishing the
monarch from other members of his dynasty became necessary. Gradual
substitution of the title of Prinz for the monarch's title of Fürst
occurred, and became customary for cadets in all German dynasties
except in the grand duchies of
MecklenburgMecklenburg and
OldenburgOldenburg . Both Prinz
and
FürstFürst are translated into English as "prince", but they reflect
not only different but mutually exclusive concepts.

This distinction had evolved before the 18th century (Liechtenstein
long remained an exception, cadets and females using Fürst/Fürstin
into the 19th century) for dynasties headed by a
FürstFürst in Germany.
The custom spread through the Continent to such an extent that a
renowned imperial general who belonged to a cadet branch of a reigning
ducal family, remains best known to history by the generic dynastic
title, "
Prince Eugene of SavoyPrince Eugene of Savoy ". Note that the princely title was
used as a prefix to his
ChristianChristian name, which also became customary.

Cadets of France's other princes étrangers affected similar usage
under the Bourbon kings. Always facing the scepticism of Saint-Simon
and like-minded courtiers, these quasi-royal aristocrats' assumption
of the princely title as a personal, rather than territorial,
designation encountered some resistance. In writing Histoire
Genealogique et Chonologique,
Père Anselme accepts that, by the end
of the 17th century, the heir apparent to the House of La Tour
d\'Auvergne 's sovereign duchy bears the title, prince de Bouillon,
but he would record in 1728 that the heir's La Tour cousin, the Count
of Oliergues, is "known as the
PrincePrince Frederick" ("dit le prince
Frédéric").

The post-medieval rank of gefürsteter Graf (princely count) embraced
but elevated the German equivalent of the intermediate French, English
and Spanish nobles. In the Holy Roman Empire, these nobles rose to
dynastic status by preserving from the Imperial crown (de jure after
the
Peace of Westphalia in 1648) the exercise of such sovereign
prerogatives as the minting of money; the muster of military troops
and the right to wage war and contract treaties ; local judicial
authority and constabular enforcement; and the habit of inter-marrying
with sovereign dynasties. By the 19th century, cadets of a Fürst
would become known as Prinzen.

PRINCE OF THE BLOOD

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The husband of a queen regnant is usually titled "prince consort " or
simply "prince", whereas the wives of male monarchs take the female
equivalent (e.g., empress, queen) of their husband's title. In Brazil,
Portugal and Spain, however, the husband of a female monarch was
accorded the masculine equivalent of her title (e.g., emperor, king),
at least after he fathered her heir. In previous epochs, husbands of
queens regnant were often deemed entitled to the crown matrimonial ,
sharing their consorts' regnal title and rank jure uxoris ,

However, in cultures which allow the ruler to have several wives
(e.g., four in
IslamIslam ) and/or official concubines (e.g., Imperial
China ,
Ottoman EmpireOttoman Empire ,
ThailandThailand ,
KwaZulu-NatalKwaZulu-Natal ) these women,
sometimes collectively referred to as a harem there are often specific
rules determining their relative hierarchy and a variety of titles,
which may distinguish between those whose offspring can be in line for
the succession or not, or specifically who is mother to the heir to
the throne.

To complicate matters, the style His/Her (Imperial/Royal) Highness, a
prefix often accompanying the title of a dynastic prince, may be
awarded/withheld separately (as a compromise or consolation prize, in
some sense, e.g.,
DukeDuke of Cádiz ,
DuchessDuchess of Windsor , Princesse de
Réthy ,
PrincePrince d\'
Orléans-Braganza ).

Although the arrangement set out above is the one that is most
commonly understood, there are also different systems. Depending on
country, epoch, and translation, other usages of "prince" are
possible.

Foreign-language titles such as Italian principe, French prince,
German
FürstFürst and Prinz (non-reigning descendants of a reigning
monarch), Russian knyaz , etc., are usually translated as "prince"
in English.

Some princely titles are derived from those of national rulers, such
as tsarevich from tsar . Other examples are (e)mirza (da), khanzada ,
nawabzada , sahibzada , shahzada, sultanzada (all using the Persian
patronymic suffix -zada, meaning "son, descendant"). However, some
princely titles develop in unusual ways, such as adoption of a style
for dynasts which is not pegged to the ruler's title, but rather
continues an old tradition (e.g., "grand duke " in
RomanovRomanov Russia or
"archduke " in Habsburg Austria), claims dynastic succession to a lost
monarchy (e.g. prince de Tarente for the
La TrémoïlleLa Trémoïlle heirs to the
Neapolitan throne , or descends from a ruler whose princely title or
sovereign status was not, de jure, hereditary, but attributed to
descendants as an international courtesy, (e.g., Bibesco , Poniatowski
, Ypsilanti ).

Sometimes a specific title is commonly used by various dynasties in a
region, e.g. Mian in various of the Punjabi princely Hill States
(lower Himalayan region in British India).

European dynasties usually awarded appanages to princes of the blood,
typically attached to a feudal noble title, such as
PrincePrince of Orange
in the Netherlands, Britain's royal dukes , the Dauphin in France, the
CountCount of Flanders in Belgium, and the
CountCount of Syracuse in Sicily .
Sometimes appanage titles were princely, e.g.
PrincePrince of Achaia
(Courtenay), prince de Condé (Bourbon),
Prince of Carignan (Savoy),
but it was the fact that their owners were of princely rank rather
than that they held a princely title which was the source of their
pre-eminence.

Other princes derive their title not from dynastic membership as
such, but from inheritance of a title named for a specific and
historical territory. The family's possession of prerogatives or
properties in that territory might be long past. Such were most of the
"princedoms" of France's ancien régime , so resented for their
pretentiousness in the memoirs of Saint-Simon . These included the
princedoms of Arches-Charleville, Boisbelle-Henrichemont, Chalais,
Château-Regnault, Guéménée, Martigues, Mercœur, Sedan, Talmond,
Tingrey, and the "kingship" of Yvetot, among others.

PRINCE AS A REIGNING MONARCH

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A prince or princess who is the head of state of a territory that has
a monarchy as a form of government is a reigning prince.

Various monarchies provide for different modes in which princes of
the dynasty can temporarily or permanently share in the style and / or
office of the monarch, e.g. as regent or viceroy .

Though these offices may not be reserved legally for members of the
ruling dynasty, in some traditions they are filled by dynasts, a fact
which may be reflected in the style of the office, e.g.
"prince-president " for
Napoleon IIINapoleon III as French head of state but not
yet emperor, or "prince-lieutenant" in
LuxembourgLuxembourg , repeatedly filled
by the crown prince before the grand duke's abdication, or in form of
consortium imperii .

Some monarchies even have a practice in which the monarch can
formally abdicate in favor of his heir, and yet retain a kingly title
with executive power, e.g. Maha Upayuvaraja (
SanskritSanskrit for Great Joint
KingKing in
CambodiaCambodia ), though sometimes also conferred on powerful
regents who exercised executive powers.

NON-DYNASTIC PRINCES

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Coat of arms of Otto, prince of Bismarck (German Empire).

In several countries of the European continent, such as France,
prince can be an aristocratic title of someone having a high rank of
nobility or as lord of a significant fief, but not ruling any actual
territory and without any necessary link to the royal family , which
makes it difficult to compare with the British system of royal
princes.

FRANCE AND THE HOLY ROMAN EMPIRE

The kings of France started to bestow the style of prince, as a title
among the nobility, from the 16th century onwards. These titles were
created by elevating a seigneurie to the nominal status of a
principality—although prerogatives of sovereignty were never
conceded in the letters patent. Princely titles self-assumed by the
princes du sang and by the princes étrangers were generally tolerated
by the king and used at the royal court, outside the Parlement of
Paris . These titles held no official place in the hierarchy of the
nobility, but were often treated as ranking just below ducal peerages
, since they were often inherited (or assumed) by ducal heirs:

* Arches-Charleville: in the
ArdennesArdennes region, near the border with
the Empire.
* Château-Renaud: near Arches-Charleville.
*
DombesDombes : on the east bank of the
RhôneRhône .
* Orange .
* Sedan : held by the Dukes of Bouillon .

* The princes of Condé and Conti , heads of cadet branches of the
French royal
House of BourbonHouse of Bourbon : used recognized princely titles, but
the lordships of Condé and Conti were never formally created
principalities by the King.

POLAND AND RUSSIA Coat of arms of the princes
Sanguszko-Lubartowicz (Poland).

In Poland specifically, the titles of prince dated either to the
times before the
Union of LublinUnion of Lublin or were granted to Polish nobles by
foreign kings, as the law in Poland forbade the king from dividing
nobility by granting them hereditary titles : see The Princely Houses
of Poland . Coat of arms of the princes Youssoupoff

In the Russian system, knyaz , translated as "prince", is the highest
degree of official nobility. Members of older dynasties, whose realms
were eventually annexed to the
Russian EmpireRussian Empire , were also accorded the
title of knyaz — sometimes after first being allowed to use the
higher title of tsarevich (e.g. the Princes
Gruzinsky and Sibirsky ).
The many surviving branches of the
Rurik dynastyRurik dynasty used the knyaz title
before and after they yielded sovereignty to their kinsmen, the Grand
Princes of Muscovy , who became Tsars and, under the House of Romanov
, Emperors of Russia.

TITLE IN VARIOUS WESTERN TRADITIONS AND LANGUAGES

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In each case, the title is followed (when available) by the female
form and then (not always available, and obviously rarely applicable
to a prince of the blood without a principality) the name of the
territory associated with it, each separated by a slash. If a second
title (or set) is also given, then that one is for a
PrincePrince of the
blood, the first for a principality. Be aware that the absence of a
separate title for a prince of the blood may not always mean no such
title exists; alternatively, the existence of a word does not imply
there is also a reality in the linguistic territory concerned; it may
very well be used exclusively to render titles in other languages,
regardless whether there is a historical link with any (which often
means that linguistic tradition is adopted)

Etymologically, we can discern the following traditions (some
languages followed a historical link, e.g. within the Holy Roman
Empire, not their language family; some even fail to follow the same
logic for certain other aristocratic titles):

In Belgium, France, Italy, Japan, Portugal, Russia, Spain and Hungary
the title of prince has also been used as the highest title of
nobility (without membership in a ruling dynasty), above the title of
duke, while the same usage (then as fürst) has occurred in Germany
and Austria but then one rank below the title of duke and above count.

The above is essentially the story of European,
ChristianChristian dynasties
and other nobility, also 'exported' to their colonial and other
overseas territories and otherwise adopted by rather westernized
societies elsewhere (e.g. Haiti).

Applying these essentially western concepts, and terminology, to
other cultures even when they don't do so, is common but in many
respects rather dubious. Different (historical, religious...)
backgrounds have also begot significantly different dynastic and
nobiliary systems, which are poorly represented by the 'closest'
western analogy.

It therefore makes sense to treat these per civilization.

ISLAMIC TRADITIONS

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* Arabian tradition since the caliphate – in several monarchies it
remains customary to use the title
SheikhSheikh (in itself below princely
rank) for all members of the royal family. In families (often reigning
dynasties) which claim descent from
MuhammadMuhammad , this is expressed in
either of a number of titles (supposing different exact relations):
sayid, sharif; these are retained even when too remote from any line
of succession to be a member of any dynasty.
* Malay countries
* In the Ottoman Empire, the sovereign of imperial rank (incorrectly
known in the west as (Great) sultan) was styled padishah with a host
of additional titles, reflecting his claim as political successor to
the various conquered states. Princes of the blood, male, were given
the style
Şehzade .
* Persia (Iran) – Princes as members of a royal family, are
referred to by the title Shahzadeh, meaning "descendant of the king".
Since the word zadeh could refer to either a male or female
descendant, Shahzadeh had the parallel meaning of "princess" as well.
Princes can also be sons of provincial kings (Khan ) and the title
referring to them would be the title of Khanzadeh. Princes as people
who got a title from the
KingKing are called "
MirzaMirza ", diminutive of "Amir
Zadeh" (King's Son).
* In Indian Muslim dynasties, the most common titles were Mirza
(from Amirzada) and Shahzada ; while
Nawabzada and
Sahibzada were also
given to younger blood princes.
* In
Kazakh KhanateKazakh Khanate the title Sultan was used for lords from a
ruling dynasty (direct descendants of
Genghis KhanGenghis Khan ), that gives them
a right to be elected as khan , as an experienced ruler; and an
honorific tore (ru:Торе (род)) for ordinary members of a ruling
dynasty.

NON-ISLAMIC ASIAN TRADITIONS

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China

In ancient China, the title of prince developed from being the
highest title of nobility (synonymous with duke ) in the Zhou Dynasty
, to five grades of princes (not counting the sons and grandsons of
the emperor) by the time of the fall of the
Qing DynastyQing Dynasty .The Chinese
word for prince Wang (王, literally, King) as Chinese believe the
emperor Huang Di (皇帝) is the ruler of all kings. The most accurate
translations of the English word "prince" are Huang Zi (皇子, lit.
Son of the Emperor) or Wang Zi (王子, lit. Son of the King).

Japan

In Japan, the title Kōshaku (公爵) was used as the highest title
of
KazokuKazoku (華族 Japanese modern nobility) before the present
constitution. Kōshaku, however, is more commonly translated as "Duke"
to avoid confusion with the following royal ranks in the Imperial
Household: Shinnō (親王 literally,
PrincePrince of the Blood); Naishinnō
(内親王 lit.,
PrincessPrincess of the Blood in her own right); and
Shinnōhi 親王妃 lit.,
PrincessPrincess Consort); or Ō (王 lit., Prince);
Jyo-Ō (女王 lit.,
PrincessPrincess (in her own right)); and Ōhi (王妃
lit.,
PrincessPrincess Consort). The former is the higher title of a male
member of the Imperial family while the latter is the lower.

Korea

In
Joseon DynastyJoseon Dynasty , the title "Prince" was used for the king's
male-line descendant.
PrincePrince translated generally into three
divisions. The king's legitimate son used title daegun (대군,
大君, literally GRAND PRINCE). A son born of a concubine and king's
great-great-grand son used title gun (군, 君, lit. PRINCE). But the
title of gun wasn't limited to royal family. Instead, it was often
granted as an honorary and non-hereditory title. Presently, as noble
titles are no more granted or even recognized by the people, the
English word "Prince" is usually translated as wangja (왕자, 王子,
lit. KING\'S SON), only rendering the usage in foreign royal families.
Princes and principalities in continental
EuropeEurope are almost always
confused with dukes and duchies, both being translated as gong (공,
公, lit. DUKE) and gongguk (공국, 公國, lit. DUCHY).

Sri Lanka

The title 'Prince' was used for the King\'s son in Sinhalese
generation in
Sri LankaSri Lanka .

In
ThailandThailand (formerly Siam), the title of
PrincePrince was divided into
three classes depending on the rank of their mothers. Those who were
born of a king and had a royal mother (a queen or princess consort)
are titled Chaofa Chai (Thai : เจ้าฟ้าชาย:
literally, "Male Celestial Lord"). Those born of a king and a
commoner, or children of Chaofas, are tilted Phra Ong Chao
(พระองค์เจ้า). The children of Phra Ong Chaos
are titled Mom Chao (หม่อมเจ้า), abbreviated as M.C.
(or ม.จ.).

AFRICAN TRADITIONS

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A Western model was sometimes copied by emancipated colonial regimes
(e.g. Bokassa I's short-lived
Central-African Empire in Napoleonic
fashion). Otherwise, most of the styles for members of ruling families
do not lend themselves well to English translation. Nonetheless, in
general the princely style has gradually replaced the colonialist
title of "chief ", which does not particularly connote dynastic rank
to Westerners, e.g. Swazi Royal Family and Zulu Royal Family .
Nominally ministerial chiefly titles, such as the Yoruba Oloye , still
exist as distinct titles in kingdoms all over Africa.

TITLE IN RELIGION

Saint Robert Cardinal Bellarmine was a prince of the Roman
Catholic Church during his lifetime.

In states with an element of theocracy , this can affect princehood
in several ways, such as the style of the ruler (e.g. with a secondary
title meaning son or servant of a named divinity), but also the mode
of succession (even reincarnation and recognition).

* ^ Cassell's
LatinLatin Dictionary, ed. Marchant & Charles, 260th
thousand
* ^ "
FürstFürst - Origins and cognates of the title", 2006, webpage:
EFest-Frst Archived 2011-08-28 at the
Wayback MachineWayback Machine ..
* ^ Almanach de Gotha (Gotha: Justus Perthes, 1944), pages
14–131.
* ^
Père Anselme (1728). "Ducs de Bouillon". Histoire Genealogique
et Chronologique de la Maison Royale de France (in French). Paris:
Compagnie des Libraires. pp. 543, 545.
* ^
DudenDuden ; Definition of the German title
FürstFürst (in German).
* ^
DudenDuden ; Definition of the German title Prinz (in German).
* ^ Velde, Francois. "The Rank/Title of
PrincePrince in France".
Retrieved 30 December 2016.
* ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2011-05-07.
Retrieved 2008-04-08.
* ^
Bonniers konversationslexikon I 1937 pp. 82-86
* ^ This is a title for
Jesus ChristJesus Christ (among others) given in Isaiah
9:6.
* ^ A title for
Jesus ChristJesus Christ given in Daniel 8:25.
* ^ A title for
Jesus ChristJesus Christ given in Daniel 11:22.
* ^ A title for
Jesus ChristJesus Christ given in Acts 3:15.
* ^ A title for
Jesus ChristJesus Christ given in Revelation 1:5.
* ^ Milton, John (1667). Paradise Lost (1st ed.). London: Samuel
Simmons.
* ^ A title for
SatanSatan given in John 12:31.
* ^ A title for
SatanSatan given in John 14:30.
* ^ A title for
SatanSatan given in John 16:11.
* ^ A title for
SatanSatan given in Ephesians 2:2.
* ^ A title for
SatanSatan given in Matthew 9:34.
* ^ A title for
SatanSatan given in Matthew 12:24.
* ^ A title for
SatanSatan given in Mark 3:22.

EXTERNAL LINKS

* Princely States in British India and talaqdars in Oudh.
* RoyalArk thorough on a limited number of dynasties.
* World Statesmen select the present state, often navigate within
for a for