Dear Graduates of 2040:
You have all come a long way since you entered college. You have matured in ways that you could not have imagined just a few years ago. In four years you have prepared for yourself a sound foundation upon which you will continue to build for a lifetime. You have a lot of building to do and this foundation will serve you well.Like India, You’ve Come a Long Way You have the ability and the opportunity to do such things that neither you nor I can

The two malignant outcomes of the politics of divide and rule – economic and social divisions – were mutually reinforcing in that they were bound together in a downward spiral. The government fragmented the society into many segments and that led to general impoverishment; which increased the economic inequality between segments which then led to greater strife, and so on.

Now it is time for us to briefly review the specific changes on the ground that brought about the Indian Miracle. The first thing you must note is that this was not a very large set. Let’s keep in mind that the apparent problems that India faced were myriad. I say “apparent” because as I mentioned before, they were really symptoms of a small set of deeper causes.As it always is, a small set of causes can lead to a variety of unhealthy symptoms.

The questions that naturally are these: what took India so long? Why did the Indian policymakers not do all these things, say, 50 years earlier? These are very important questions and they are worth addressing.There are a number of factors which delayed the India Miracle. First was the colonial hangover. India was a British colony for nearly one hundred years As mentioned previously, the government

The diagram on the next page illustrates some of the linkages among the various sectors of the economy. Since the linkages are dynamic, representing them in a static diagram has its challenges. Compounding that is the problem that everything is connected to everything else. Therefore the diagram is a gross simplification of what actually happens in a modern complex economy.

The art of education is never easy. To surmount its difficulties, especially those of elementary education, is a task worthy of the highest genius … [But] when one considers … the importance of this question of the education of a nation’s young, the broken lives, the defeated hopes, the national failures, which result from the frivolous inertia with which it is treated, it is difficult to restrain within oneself a savage rageIn the conditions of modern life the

All processes in our universe, from the sub-atomic to the super-galactic, involve the use of energy. The fundamental laws of thermodynamics attest to that. So it should come as no surprise that energy rests at the core of all human advancement and economic growth. The story of human civilization is principally that of an increasing ability to find and exploit energy sources. Until relatively recently in human history, animals and humans were the principle sources of energy.

The bidirectional link between industrialization and economic development is urbanization. Like conjoined twins, urbanization and development are never observed alone. The story of economic growth and human development is the story of civilization, the growth of cities. All human achievements are the result of ideas, and the city as an idea must rank among the greatest and the most ancient of ideas.

India is a large country with over 1.2 billion people. India is also extremely poor. When we say India is poor, what we mean is that compared to the number of people, the amount of goods and services produced is very low. In other words, India produces too little and that little amount of production has to be divided among a very large number of people.Tragically, many millions in India don’t get sufficient to eat – half of India’s children

India’s economic growth and development to a large extent is predicated upon the development of its rural population. Currently, the majority of India’s population – around 700 million – lives in about 600,000 small villages and are engaged primarily in agriculture and related activities. Since a very large labor force in agriculture necessarily implies very low per capita incomes, a substantial portion of India’s

India is an extremely poor country even among developing nations. It ranks only 137th in terms of per capita income (International Monetary Fund 2010 data). India’s annual per capita income is only around US$ 1,200. Compare that to China, which ranks 95th, with an income of US$ 4,300. Note that around 1978, when China started liberalizing its economy, India was actually richer than China. The world is constantly reminded that India is the largest

I have only two rules which I regard as principles of conduct. The first is: Have no rules. The second is: Be independent of the opinion of others.
India, like every successful entity, must have a set of principles at its core from which all governance and policies are derived. These principles must be understood by its citizens and therefore must be comprehensive, comprehensible, and minimal.

He that will not apply new remedies must expect new evils for time is the greatest innovator.
Francis Bacon
We must do what we conceive to be the right thing and not bother our heads or burden our souls with whether we will be successful. Because if we don’t do the right thing, we will be doing the wrong thing and we will just be a part of the disease and not a part of the cure.
E. F. Schumacher
The challenge is clear:

Dear Graduates of 2040:
You have all come a long way since you entered college. You have matured in ways that you could not have imagined just a few years ago. In four years you have prepared for yourself a sound foundation upon which you will continue to build for a lifetime. You have a lot of building to do and this foundation will serve you well.Like India, You’ve Come a Long Way You have the ability and the opportunity to do such things that neither you nor I can

The two malignant outcomes of the politics of divide and rule – economic and social divisions – were mutually reinforcing in that they were bound together in a downward spiral. The government fragmented the society into many segments and that led to general impoverishment; which increased the economic inequality between segments which then led to greater strife, and so on.

Now it is time for us to briefly review the specific changes on the ground that brought about the Indian Miracle. The first thing you must note is that this was not a very large set. Let’s keep in mind that the apparent problems that India faced were myriad. I say “apparent” because as I mentioned before, they were really symptoms of a small set of deeper causes.As it always is, a small set of causes can lead to a variety of unhealthy symptoms.

The questions that naturally are these: what took India so long? Why did the Indian policymakers not do all these things, say, 50 years earlier? These are very important questions and they are worth addressing.There are a number of factors which delayed the India Miracle. First was the colonial hangover. India was a British colony for nearly one hundred years As mentioned previously, the government

The diagram on the next page illustrates some of the linkages among the various sectors of the economy. Since the linkages are dynamic, representing them in a static diagram has its challenges. Compounding that is the problem that everything is connected to everything else. Therefore the diagram is a gross simplification of what actually happens in a modern complex economy.

The art of education is never easy. To surmount its difficulties, especially those of elementary education, is a task worthy of the highest genius … [But] when one considers … the importance of this question of the education of a nation’s young, the broken lives, the defeated hopes, the national failures, which result from the frivolous inertia with which it is treated, it is difficult to restrain within oneself a savage rageIn the conditions of modern life the

All processes in our universe, from the sub-atomic to the super-galactic, involve the use of energy. The fundamental laws of thermodynamics attest to that. So it should come as no surprise that energy rests at the core of all human advancement and economic growth. The story of human civilization is principally that of an increasing ability to find and exploit energy sources. Until relatively recently in human history, animals and humans were the principle sources of energy.

The bidirectional link between industrialization and economic development is urbanization. Like conjoined twins, urbanization and development are never observed alone. The story of economic growth and human development is the story of civilization, the growth of cities. All human achievements are the result of ideas, and the city as an idea must rank among the greatest and the most ancient of ideas.

India is a large country with over 1.2 billion people. India is also extremely poor. When we say India is poor, what we mean is that compared to the number of people, the amount of goods and services produced is very low. In other words, India produces too little and that little amount of production has to be divided among a very large number of people.Tragically, many millions in India don’t get sufficient to eat – half of India’s children

India’s economic growth and development to a large extent is predicated upon the development of its rural population. Currently, the majority of India’s population – around 700 million – lives in about 600,000 small villages and are engaged primarily in agriculture and related activities. Since a very large labor force in agriculture necessarily implies very low per capita incomes, a substantial portion of India’s

India is an extremely poor country even among developing nations. It ranks only 137th in terms of per capita income (International Monetary Fund 2010 data). India’s annual per capita income is only around US$ 1,200. Compare that to China, which ranks 95th, with an income of US$ 4,300. Note that around 1978, when China started liberalizing its economy, India was actually richer than China. The world is constantly reminded that India is the largest

I have only two rules which I regard as principles of conduct. The first is: Have no rules. The second is: Be independent of the opinion of others.
India, like every successful entity, must have a set of principles at its core from which all governance and policies are derived. These principles must be understood by its citizens and therefore must be comprehensive, comprehensible, and minimal.

He that will not apply new remedies must expect new evils for time is the greatest innovator.
Francis Bacon
We must do what we conceive to be the right thing and not bother our heads or burden our souls with whether we will be successful. Because if we don’t do the right thing, we will be doing the wrong thing and we will just be a part of the disease and not a part of the cure.
E. F. Schumacher
The challenge is clear:

Dear Graduates of 2040:
You have all come a long way since you entered college. You have matured in ways that you could not have imagined just a few years ago. In four years you have prepared for yourself a sound foundation upon which you will continue to build for a lifetime. You have a lot of building to do and this foundation will serve you well.Like India, You’ve Come a Long Way You have the ability and the opportunity to do such things that neither you nor I can

The two malignant outcomes of the politics of divide and rule – economic and social divisions – were mutually reinforcing in that they were bound together in a downward spiral. The government fragmented the society into many segments and that led to general impoverishment; which increased the economic inequality between segments which then led to greater strife, and so on.

Now it is time for us to briefly review the specific changes on the ground that brought about the Indian Miracle. The first thing you must note is that this was not a very large set. Let’s keep in mind that the apparent problems that India faced were myriad. I say “apparent” because as I mentioned before, they were really symptoms of a small set of deeper causes.As it always is, a small set of causes can lead to a variety of unhealthy symptoms.

The questions that naturally are these: what took India so long? Why did the Indian policymakers not do all these things, say, 50 years earlier? These are very important questions and they are worth addressing.There are a number of factors which delayed the India Miracle. First was the colonial hangover. India was a British colony for nearly one hundred years As mentioned previously, the government

The diagram on the next page illustrates some of the linkages among the various sectors of the economy. Since the linkages are dynamic, representing them in a static diagram has its challenges. Compounding that is the problem that everything is connected to everything else. Therefore the diagram is a gross simplification of what actually happens in a modern complex economy.

The art of education is never easy. To surmount its difficulties, especially those of elementary education, is a task worthy of the highest genius … [But] when one considers … the importance of this question of the education of a nation’s young, the broken lives, the defeated hopes, the national failures, which result from the frivolous inertia with which it is treated, it is difficult to restrain within oneself a savage rageIn the conditions of modern life the

All processes in our universe, from the sub-atomic to the super-galactic, involve the use of energy. The fundamental laws of thermodynamics attest to that. So it should come as no surprise that energy rests at the core of all human advancement and economic growth. The story of human civilization is principally that of an increasing ability to find and exploit energy sources. Until relatively recently in human history, animals and humans were the principle sources of energy.

The bidirectional link between industrialization and economic development is urbanization. Like conjoined twins, urbanization and development are never observed alone. The story of economic growth and human development is the story of civilization, the growth of cities. All human achievements are the result of ideas, and the city as an idea must rank among the greatest and the most ancient of ideas.

India is a large country with over 1.2 billion people. India is also extremely poor. When we say India is poor, what we mean is that compared to the number of people, the amount of goods and services produced is very low. In other words, India produces too little and that little amount of production has to be divided among a very large number of people.Tragically, many millions in India don’t get sufficient to eat – half of India’s children

India’s economic growth and development to a large extent is predicated upon the development of its rural population. Currently, the majority of India’s population – around 700 million – lives in about 600,000 small villages and are engaged primarily in agriculture and related activities. Since a very large labor force in agriculture necessarily implies very low per capita incomes, a substantial portion of India’s

India is an extremely poor country even among developing nations. It ranks only 137th in terms of per capita income (International Monetary Fund 2010 data). India’s annual per capita income is only around US$ 1,200. Compare that to China, which ranks 95th, with an income of US$ 4,300. Note that around 1978, when China started liberalizing its economy, India was actually richer than China. The world is constantly reminded that India is the largest

I have only two rules which I regard as principles of conduct. The first is: Have no rules. The second is: Be independent of the opinion of others.
India, like every successful entity, must have a set of principles at its core from which all governance and policies are derived. These principles must be understood by its citizens and therefore must be comprehensive, comprehensible, and minimal.

He that will not apply new remedies must expect new evils for time is the greatest innovator.
Francis Bacon
We must do what we conceive to be the right thing and not bother our heads or burden our souls with whether we will be successful. Because if we don’t do the right thing, we will be doing the wrong thing and we will just be a part of the disease and not a part of the cure.
E. F. Schumacher
The challenge is clear:

Dear Graduates of 2040:
You have all come a long way since you entered college. You have matured in ways that you could not have imagined just a few years ago. In four years you have prepared for yourself a sound foundation upon which you will continue to build for a lifetime. You have a lot of building to do and this foundation will serve you well.Like India, You’ve Come a Long Way You have the ability and the opportunity to do such things that neither you nor I can

The two malignant outcomes of the politics of divide and rule – economic and social divisions – were mutually reinforcing in that they were bound together in a downward spiral. The government fragmented the society into many segments and that led to general impoverishment; which increased the economic inequality between segments which then led to greater strife, and so on.

Now it is time for us to briefly review the specific changes on the ground that brought about the Indian Miracle. The first thing you must note is that this was not a very large set. Let’s keep in mind that the apparent problems that India faced were myriad. I say “apparent” because as I mentioned before, they were really symptoms of a small set of deeper causes.As it always is, a small set of causes can lead to a variety of unhealthy symptoms.

The questions that naturally are these: what took India so long? Why did the Indian policymakers not do all these things, say, 50 years earlier? These are very important questions and they are worth addressing.There are a number of factors which delayed the India Miracle. First was the colonial hangover. India was a British colony for nearly one hundred years As mentioned previously, the government

The diagram on the next page illustrates some of the linkages among the various sectors of the economy. Since the linkages are dynamic, representing them in a static diagram has its challenges. Compounding that is the problem that everything is connected to everything else. Therefore the diagram is a gross simplification of what actually happens in a modern complex economy.

The art of education is never easy. To surmount its difficulties, especially those of elementary education, is a task worthy of the highest genius … [But] when one considers … the importance of this question of the education of a nation’s young, the broken lives, the defeated hopes, the national failures, which result from the frivolous inertia with which it is treated, it is difficult to restrain within oneself a savage rageIn the conditions of modern life the

All processes in our universe, from the sub-atomic to the super-galactic, involve the use of energy. The fundamental laws of thermodynamics attest to that. So it should come as no surprise that energy rests at the core of all human advancement and economic growth. The story of human civilization is principally that of an increasing ability to find and exploit energy sources. Until relatively recently in human history, animals and humans were the principle sources of energy.

The bidirectional link between industrialization and economic development is urbanization. Like conjoined twins, urbanization and development are never observed alone. The story of economic growth and human development is the story of civilization, the growth of cities. All human achievements are the result of ideas, and the city as an idea must rank among the greatest and the most ancient of ideas.

India is a large country with over 1.2 billion people. India is also extremely poor. When we say India is poor, what we mean is that compared to the number of people, the amount of goods and services produced is very low. In other words, India produces too little and that little amount of production has to be divided among a very large number of people.Tragically, many millions in India don’t get sufficient to eat – half of India’s children

India’s economic growth and development to a large extent is predicated upon the development of its rural population. Currently, the majority of India’s population – around 700 million – lives in about 600,000 small villages and are engaged primarily in agriculture and related activities. Since a very large labor force in agriculture necessarily implies very low per capita incomes, a substantial portion of India’s

India is an extremely poor country even among developing nations. It ranks only 137th in terms of per capita income (International Monetary Fund 2010 data). India’s annual per capita income is only around US$ 1,200. Compare that to China, which ranks 95th, with an income of US$ 4,300. Note that around 1978, when China started liberalizing its economy, India was actually richer than China. The world is constantly reminded that India is the largest

I have only two rules which I regard as principles of conduct. The first is: Have no rules. The second is: Be independent of the opinion of others.
India, like every successful entity, must have a set of principles at its core from which all governance and policies are derived. These principles must be understood by its citizens and therefore must be comprehensive, comprehensible, and minimal.

He that will not apply new remedies must expect new evils for time is the greatest innovator.
Francis Bacon
We must do what we conceive to be the right thing and not bother our heads or burden our souls with whether we will be successful. Because if we don’t do the right thing, we will be doing the wrong thing and we will just be a part of the disease and not a part of the cure.
E. F. Schumacher
The challenge is clear:

Dear Graduates of 2040:
You have all come a long way since you entered college. You have matured in ways that you could not have imagined just a few years ago. In four years you have prepared for yourself a sound foundation upon which you will continue to build for a lifetime. You have a lot of building to do and this foundation will serve you well.Like India, You’ve Come a Long Way You have the ability and the opportunity to do such things that neither you nor I can

The two malignant outcomes of the politics of divide and rule – economic and social divisions – were mutually reinforcing in that they were bound together in a downward spiral. The government fragmented the society into many segments and that led to general impoverishment; which increased the economic inequality between segments which then led to greater strife, and so on.

Now it is time for us to briefly review the specific changes on the ground that brought about the Indian Miracle. The first thing you must note is that this was not a very large set. Let’s keep in mind that the apparent problems that India faced were myriad. I say “apparent” because as I mentioned before, they were really symptoms of a small set of deeper causes.As it always is, a small set of causes can lead to a variety of unhealthy symptoms.

The questions that naturally are these: what took India so long? Why did the Indian policymakers not do all these things, say, 50 years earlier? These are very important questions and they are worth addressing.There are a number of factors which delayed the India Miracle. First was the colonial hangover. India was a British colony for nearly one hundred years As mentioned previously, the government

The diagram on the next page illustrates some of the linkages among the various sectors of the economy. Since the linkages are dynamic, representing them in a static diagram has its challenges. Compounding that is the problem that everything is connected to everything else. Therefore the diagram is a gross simplification of what actually happens in a modern complex economy.

The art of education is never easy. To surmount its difficulties, especially those of elementary education, is a task worthy of the highest genius … [But] when one considers … the importance of this question of the education of a nation’s young, the broken lives, the defeated hopes, the national failures, which result from the frivolous inertia with which it is treated, it is difficult to restrain within oneself a savage rageIn the conditions of modern life the

All processes in our universe, from the sub-atomic to the super-galactic, involve the use of energy. The fundamental laws of thermodynamics attest to that. So it should come as no surprise that energy rests at the core of all human advancement and economic growth. The story of human civilization is principally that of an increasing ability to find and exploit energy sources. Until relatively recently in human history, animals and humans were the principle sources of energy.

The bidirectional link between industrialization and economic development is urbanization. Like conjoined twins, urbanization and development are never observed alone. The story of economic growth and human development is the story of civilization, the growth of cities. All human achievements are the result of ideas, and the city as an idea must rank among the greatest and the most ancient of ideas.

India is a large country with over 1.2 billion people. India is also extremely poor. When we say India is poor, what we mean is that compared to the number of people, the amount of goods and services produced is very low. In other words, India produces too little and that little amount of production has to be divided among a very large number of people.Tragically, many millions in India don’t get sufficient to eat – half of India’s children

India’s economic growth and development to a large extent is predicated upon the development of its rural population. Currently, the majority of India’s population – around 700 million – lives in about 600,000 small villages and are engaged primarily in agriculture and related activities. Since a very large labor force in agriculture necessarily implies very low per capita incomes, a substantial portion of India’s

India is an extremely poor country even among developing nations. It ranks only 137th in terms of per capita income (International Monetary Fund 2010 data). India’s annual per capita income is only around US$ 1,200. Compare that to China, which ranks 95th, with an income of US$ 4,300. Note that around 1978, when China started liberalizing its economy, India was actually richer than China. The world is constantly reminded that India is the largest

I have only two rules which I regard as principles of conduct. The first is: Have no rules. The second is: Be independent of the opinion of others.
India, like every successful entity, must have a set of principles at its core from which all governance and policies are derived. These principles must be understood by its citizens and therefore must be comprehensive, comprehensible, and minimal.

He that will not apply new remedies must expect new evils for time is the greatest innovator.
Francis Bacon
We must do what we conceive to be the right thing and not bother our heads or burden our souls with whether we will be successful. Because if we don’t do the right thing, we will be doing the wrong thing and we will just be a part of the disease and not a part of the cure.
E. F. Schumacher
The challenge is clear:

Dear Graduates of 2040:
You have all come a long way since you entered college. You have matured in ways that you could not have imagined just a few years ago. In four years you have prepared for yourself a sound foundation upon which you will continue to build for a lifetime. You have a lot of building to do and this foundation will serve you well.Like India, You’ve Come a Long Way You have the ability and the opportunity to do such things that neither you nor I can

The two malignant outcomes of the politics of divide and rule – economic and social divisions – were mutually reinforcing in that they were bound together in a downward spiral. The government fragmented the society into many segments and that led to general impoverishment; which increased the economic inequality between segments which then led to greater strife, and so on.

Now it is time for us to briefly review the specific changes on the ground that brought about the Indian Miracle. The first thing you must note is that this was not a very large set. Let’s keep in mind that the apparent problems that India faced were myriad. I say “apparent” because as I mentioned before, they were really symptoms of a small set of deeper causes.As it always is, a small set of causes can lead to a variety of unhealthy symptoms.

The questions that naturally are these: what took India so long? Why did the Indian policymakers not do all these things, say, 50 years earlier? These are very important questions and they are worth addressing.There are a number of factors which delayed the India Miracle. First was the colonial hangover. India was a British colony for nearly one hundred years As mentioned previously, the government

The diagram on the next page illustrates some of the linkages among the various sectors of the economy. Since the linkages are dynamic, representing them in a static diagram has its challenges. Compounding that is the problem that everything is connected to everything else. Therefore the diagram is a gross simplification of what actually happens in a modern complex economy.

The art of education is never easy. To surmount its difficulties, especially those of elementary education, is a task worthy of the highest genius … [But] when one considers … the importance of this question of the education of a nation’s young, the broken lives, the defeated hopes, the national failures, which result from the frivolous inertia with which it is treated, it is difficult to restrain within oneself a savage rageIn the conditions of modern life the

All processes in our universe, from the sub-atomic to the super-galactic, involve the use of energy. The fundamental laws of thermodynamics attest to that. So it should come as no surprise that energy rests at the core of all human advancement and economic growth. The story of human civilization is principally that of an increasing ability to find and exploit energy sources. Until relatively recently in human history, animals and humans were the principle sources of energy.

The bidirectional link between industrialization and economic development is urbanization. Like conjoined twins, urbanization and development are never observed alone. The story of economic growth and human development is the story of civilization, the growth of cities. All human achievements are the result of ideas, and the city as an idea must rank among the greatest and the most ancient of ideas.

India is a large country with over 1.2 billion people. India is also extremely poor. When we say India is poor, what we mean is that compared to the number of people, the amount of goods and services produced is very low. In other words, India produces too little and that little amount of production has to be divided among a very large number of people.Tragically, many millions in India don’t get sufficient to eat – half of India’s children

India’s economic growth and development to a large extent is predicated upon the development of its rural population. Currently, the majority of India’s population – around 700 million – lives in about 600,000 small villages and are engaged primarily in agriculture and related activities. Since a very large labor force in agriculture necessarily implies very low per capita incomes, a substantial portion of India’s

India is an extremely poor country even among developing nations. It ranks only 137th in terms of per capita income (International Monetary Fund 2010 data). India’s annual per capita income is only around US$ 1,200. Compare that to China, which ranks 95th, with an income of US$ 4,300. Note that around 1978, when China started liberalizing its economy, India was actually richer than China. The world is constantly reminded that India is the largest

I have only two rules which I regard as principles of conduct. The first is: Have no rules. The second is: Be independent of the opinion of others.
India, like every successful entity, must have a set of principles at its core from which all governance and policies are derived. These principles must be understood by its citizens and therefore must be comprehensive, comprehensible, and minimal.

He that will not apply new remedies must expect new evils for time is the greatest innovator.
Francis Bacon
We must do what we conceive to be the right thing and not bother our heads or burden our souls with whether we will be successful. Because if we don’t do the right thing, we will be doing the wrong thing and we will just be a part of the disease and not a part of the cure.
E. F. Schumacher
The challenge is clear:

Dear Graduates of 2040:
You have all come a long way since you entered college. You have matured in ways that you could not have imagined just a few years ago. In four years you have prepared for yourself a sound foundation upon which you will continue to build for a lifetime. You have a lot of building to do and this foundation will serve you well.Like India, You’ve Come a Long Way You have the ability and the opportunity to do such things that neither you nor I can

The two malignant outcomes of the politics of divide and rule – economic and social divisions – were mutually reinforcing in that they were bound together in a downward spiral. The government fragmented the society into many segments and that led to general impoverishment; which increased the economic inequality between segments which then led to greater strife, and so on.

Now it is time for us to briefly review the specific changes on the ground that brought about the Indian Miracle. The first thing you must note is that this was not a very large set. Let’s keep in mind that the apparent problems that India faced were myriad. I say “apparent” because as I mentioned before, they were really symptoms of a small set of deeper causes.As it always is, a small set of causes can lead to a variety of unhealthy symptoms.

The questions that naturally are these: what took India so long? Why did the Indian policymakers not do all these things, say, 50 years earlier? These are very important questions and they are worth addressing.There are a number of factors which delayed the India Miracle. First was the colonial hangover. India was a British colony for nearly one hundred years As mentioned previously, the government

The diagram on the next page illustrates some of the linkages among the various sectors of the economy. Since the linkages are dynamic, representing them in a static diagram has its challenges. Compounding that is the problem that everything is connected to everything else. Therefore the diagram is a gross simplification of what actually happens in a modern complex economy.

The art of education is never easy. To surmount its difficulties, especially those of elementary education, is a task worthy of the highest genius … [But] when one considers … the importance of this question of the education of a nation’s young, the broken lives, the defeated hopes, the national failures, which result from the frivolous inertia with which it is treated, it is difficult to restrain within oneself a savage rageIn the conditions of modern life the

All processes in our universe, from the sub-atomic to the super-galactic, involve the use of energy. The fundamental laws of thermodynamics attest to that. So it should come as no surprise that energy rests at the core of all human advancement and economic growth. The story of human civilization is principally that of an increasing ability to find and exploit energy sources. Until relatively recently in human history, animals and humans were the principle sources of energy.

The bidirectional link between industrialization and economic development is urbanization. Like conjoined twins, urbanization and development are never observed alone. The story of economic growth and human development is the story of civilization, the growth of cities. All human achievements are the result of ideas, and the city as an idea must rank among the greatest and the most ancient of ideas.

India is a large country with over 1.2 billion people. India is also extremely poor. When we say India is poor, what we mean is that compared to the number of people, the amount of goods and services produced is very low. In other words, India produces too little and that little amount of production has to be divided among a very large number of people.Tragically, many millions in India don’t get sufficient to eat – half of India’s children

India’s economic growth and development to a large extent is predicated upon the development of its rural population. Currently, the majority of India’s population – around 700 million – lives in about 600,000 small villages and are engaged primarily in agriculture and related activities. Since a very large labor force in agriculture necessarily implies very low per capita incomes, a substantial portion of India’s

India is an extremely poor country even among developing nations. It ranks only 137th in terms of per capita income (International Monetary Fund 2010 data). India’s annual per capita income is only around US$ 1,200. Compare that to China, which ranks 95th, with an income of US$ 4,300. Note that around 1978, when China started liberalizing its economy, India was actually richer than China. The world is constantly reminded that India is the largest

I have only two rules which I regard as principles of conduct. The first is: Have no rules. The second is: Be independent of the opinion of others.
India, like every successful entity, must have a set of principles at its core from which all governance and policies are derived. These principles must be understood by its citizens and therefore must be comprehensive, comprehensible, and minimal.

He that will not apply new remedies must expect new evils for time is the greatest innovator.
Francis Bacon
We must do what we conceive to be the right thing and not bother our heads or burden our souls with whether we will be successful. Because if we don’t do the right thing, we will be doing the wrong thing and we will just be a part of the disease and not a part of the cure.
E. F. Schumacher
The challenge is clear:

Dear Graduates of 2040:
You have all come a long way since you entered college. You have matured in ways that you could not have imagined just a few years ago. In four years you have prepared for yourself a sound foundation upon which you will continue to build for a lifetime. You have a lot of building to do and this foundation will serve you well.Like India, You’ve Come a Long Way You have the ability and the opportunity to do such things that neither you nor I can

The two malignant outcomes of the politics of divide and rule – economic and social divisions – were mutually reinforcing in that they were bound together in a downward spiral. The government fragmented the society into many segments and that led to general impoverishment; which increased the economic inequality between segments which then led to greater strife, and so on.

Now it is time for us to briefly review the specific changes on the ground that brought about the Indian Miracle. The first thing you must note is that this was not a very large set. Let’s keep in mind that the apparent problems that India faced were myriad. I say “apparent” because as I mentioned before, they were really symptoms of a small set of deeper causes.As it always is, a small set of causes can lead to a variety of unhealthy symptoms.

The questions that naturally are these: what took India so long? Why did the Indian policymakers not do all these things, say, 50 years earlier? These are very important questions and they are worth addressing.There are a number of factors which delayed the India Miracle. First was the colonial hangover. India was a British colony for nearly one hundred years As mentioned previously, the government

The diagram on the next page illustrates some of the linkages among the various sectors of the economy. Since the linkages are dynamic, representing them in a static diagram has its challenges. Compounding that is the problem that everything is connected to everything else. Therefore the diagram is a gross simplification of what actually happens in a modern complex economy.

The art of education is never easy. To surmount its difficulties, especially those of elementary education, is a task worthy of the highest genius … [But] when one considers … the importance of this question of the education of a nation’s young, the broken lives, the defeated hopes, the national failures, which result from the frivolous inertia with which it is treated, it is difficult to restrain within oneself a savage rageIn the conditions of modern life the

All processes in our universe, from the sub-atomic to the super-galactic, involve the use of energy. The fundamental laws of thermodynamics attest to that. So it should come as no surprise that energy rests at the core of all human advancement and economic growth. The story of human civilization is principally that of an increasing ability to find and exploit energy sources. Until relatively recently in human history, animals and humans were the principle sources of energy.

The bidirectional link between industrialization and economic development is urbanization. Like conjoined twins, urbanization and development are never observed alone. The story of economic growth and human development is the story of civilization, the growth of cities. All human achievements are the result of ideas, and the city as an idea must rank among the greatest and the most ancient of ideas.

India is a large country with over 1.2 billion people. India is also extremely poor. When we say India is poor, what we mean is that compared to the number of people, the amount of goods and services produced is very low. In other words, India produces too little and that little amount of production has to be divided among a very large number of people.Tragically, many millions in India don’t get sufficient to eat – half of India’s children

India’s economic growth and development to a large extent is predicated upon the development of its rural population. Currently, the majority of India’s population – around 700 million – lives in about 600,000 small villages and are engaged primarily in agriculture and related activities. Since a very large labor force in agriculture necessarily implies very low per capita incomes, a substantial portion of India’s

India is an extremely poor country even among developing nations. It ranks only 137th in terms of per capita income (International Monetary Fund 2010 data). India’s annual per capita income is only around US$ 1,200. Compare that to China, which ranks 95th, with an income of US$ 4,300. Note that around 1978, when China started liberalizing its economy, India was actually richer than China. The world is constantly reminded that India is the largest

I have only two rules which I regard as principles of conduct. The first is: Have no rules. The second is: Be independent of the opinion of others.
India, like every successful entity, must have a set of principles at its core from which all governance and policies are derived. These principles must be understood by its citizens and therefore must be comprehensive, comprehensible, and minimal.

He that will not apply new remedies must expect new evils for time is the greatest innovator.
Francis Bacon
We must do what we conceive to be the right thing and not bother our heads or burden our souls with whether we will be successful. Because if we don’t do the right thing, we will be doing the wrong thing and we will just be a part of the disease and not a part of the cure.
E. F. Schumacher
The challenge is clear:

Is India a free country really or is it under “British Raj 2.0” post 1947?

How can it become a rich nation?

How will India meet the challenges it faces in energy, urbanization, transportation and
infrastructure?

What will it take to fix India’s dysfunctional education system?

Where should the focus of rural development be – rural people or rural areas?

Why does the “license permit quota control raj” inevitably lead to rampant public corruption?

Should government run businesses at massive public losses?

What can you do to make a difference and bring about positive change?

If you have, then this book is for you.

It is about India’s possible transformation from a very poor, impoverished, “Third-world” nation to a rich, developed, dynamic country by 2040. For us to make that happen, we must intelligently ask and honestly answer questions such as those. This book is an attempt at addressing them and outlining a course of action. We must act but awareness and understanding have to precede action. We have to understand precisely what has impeded India’s progress to avoid repeating the mistakes of the past. We have to rescue and transform India – we owe it to ourselves, our children, and our children’s children.

Atanu Dey received his PhD in economics from University of California at Berkeley. He is an alumnus of IIT Kanpur and Rutgers University (computer science), and of Nagpur University (mechanical engineering.) As a Reuters Fellow at Stanford University, he developed a model for catalyzing rural economic development called RISC. On his blog “On India’s Development” at www.deeshaa.org, he writes on a wide range of topics such as education, technology, economics and politics. Atanu lives in the San Francisco Bay area and works as the chief economist at NetCore Solutions in Mumbai.