The Origin and Continuation of the Greeting Card

The Origin and Continuation of the Greeting CardThe perfect words, the right sentiments, the ability to say exactly what we ourselves can’t: just a few ways greeting cards are defined. Greeting cards, the stars of today, started with a humble beginning. The custom of sending greeting cards can be traced back to the ancient Chinese, who exchanged messages of good will to celebrate the New Year, and to the early Egyptians, who conveyed their greetings on papyrus scrolls. By the early 1400s, handmade paper greeting cards were being exchanged in Europe. The Germans are known to have printed New Year’s greetings from woodcuts as early as 1400, and handmade paper Valentines were being exchanged in various parts of Europe in the early to mid-1400s. The first holiday greeting cards were probably the “Christmas Pieces” made by students in the early 18th century. Grade-school students would take large sheets of writing paper, printed with engraved borders, and write messages to their parents expressing holiday greetings. A child might write a message such as “Love to Dearest Mummy at the Christmas Season” or “Holiday Wishes to Aunt Agatha and Uncle Fred.” These samplers were designed to show their parents how well their handwriting improved over the past year. The first Christmas card came about at nearly the same time as the first Valentine's Day card. In 1844, W. C. T. Dobson sent out a hand-drawn sketch as a Christmas greeting, instead of his usual Christmas letter. Dobson was the head of the Birmingham School of Design, and many followed his lead developing what is now known as a Christmas Card. Leaflets expressing good wishes first appeared at the beginning of the fifteenth century and are the ancestors of modern greeting cards. These were followed by eighteenth century print versions which merchants sent their customers on New Year's. “The greeting cards we exchange at Christmas or New Year's and are so much a part of our holiday traditions have their origins in England. By the late middle ages, letters and messages of love, including romantic verses sent near St. Valentine's Day, were exchanged throughout Europe. Personal messages of greeting and sentiment were individually crafted until at least the mid-nineteenth century. The custom of multiple card production quickly developed in Europe, especially in Germany, because of a brand-new printing process perfected by Aloys Senefelder in 1796. Lithography, as the technique was called, could be used to reproduce large numbers of drawings or texts first drawn on a finely-textured stone.” (Bell) Although the first known valentine card can be traced back to 1415, it wasn’t until the early 1800s and the Penny Post that they became popular and affordable. Esther Howland, a young woman from Massachusetts, was the first regular publisher of valentines in the United States. She sold her first handmade valentine in 1849, eventually establishing a successful publishing firm specializing in the elaborately decorated cards.

A respected illustrator of the day, London artist John Calcott Horsley told Sir Henry Cole, a wealthy British businessman, he wanted a card he could proudly send to friends and professional acquaintances to wish them a "merry Christmas." Cole was, at that time, a prominent innovator. He modernized the British postal system, managed construction of the Albert Hall, arranged for the Great Exhibition in 1851, and oversaw the inauguration of the Victoria and Albert Museum. Most of all, Cole sought to "beautify life," and in his spare time he ran an art shop on Bond Street, specializing in decorative objects for the home. In the summer of 1843, he commissioned Horsley to design an impressive card for that year’s Christmas. Horsley produced a triptych. Each of the two side panels depicted a good deed-clothing the naked and feeding the hungry. The centerpiece featured a party of adults and children, with plentiful food and drink. Puritans immediately denounced the card,...

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Read the text below to answer the question from no. 1 to 3
Linda Cahyaningrum is a young girl. She is seventeen years old. She is a shop manager. She works at a big shop in South Jakarta. She lives at Jl. Sudirman no 67 South Jakarta, about two hundred meters from her work place. She goes to work on foot.
Linda is tall and rather fat, but her face is beautiful. She has a flat nose but her lips are so cute that they make her look beautiful. Moreover, her hair is long and curly.
Linda is very clever. Therefore, she was chosen as a manager in the shop. She is very diligent and patient, too. She always finishes her tasks on time and quickly. She is also kind and friendly to everybody. There, nobody hates her. Otherwise, her friends like to help and love her very much.
1. What is Linda’s Job?
a. A shop assistant c. A shop keeper
b. A seller d. A shop manager
2. She works at big shop in south Jakarta. The underline word “she” refers to ... ...
a. South Jakarta c. Linda C.
b. Shop assistant d. A seller
3. The negative form of “She works at a big shop in South Jakarta” is ... ...
a. She wasn’t work at a big shop in South Jakarta
b. She doesn’t work at a big shop in South Jakarta
c. She don’t work at a big shop in South Jakarta
d. She isn’t work at a big shop in South Jakarta
Read the text below to answer the question from no. 4 to 8
Every Sunday, Sari and her mother go to the market. It is the traditional...

...
The Chief Guest for USP Open Day 2008, the Minister for Education, National Heritage, Culture and Arts, Youth and Sports, Labour, Industrial Relations and Employment, Local Government, Urban Development and Housing, Hon Mr. Filipe Bole; Your Excellencies and Members of the Diplomatic Corps; the Deputy Chair of USP Council and Chair of the Audit Committee, Mr. Ikbal Jannif; Senior Management Colleagues; Heads of International and Regional Organizations; Members of Senate; Representatives of sponsors; invited guests; Principals and teachers of participating schools, staff, current students, potential students, ladies and gentlemen.
USP Open Day is an important occasion in the calendar of the University that provides an excellent opportunity for secondary school students and members of the community to see what USP has to offer, and I would like to welcome all of you very warmly to USP Open Day 2008. Our most special welcome goes to our Chief Guest, Honourable Mr. Filipe Bole and Mrs Bole. As we can see from the long list of portfolios that the Honourable Minister is responsible for, he is an extremely busy person, and we appreciate it very greatly, Honourable Minister, that you have found time to be our Chief Guest and to launch USP Open Day 2008. We are honoured by your presence Honourable Minister.
2. USP As Premier Provider of Quality of Higher Education
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...﻿Greetings
United States of America
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American greetings are generally quite informal. This is not intended to show lack of respect, but rather a manifestation of the American belief that everyone is equal.
Although it is expected in business situations, some Americans do not shake hands at social...

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...GreetingsGreeting is an act of communication in which human beings (as well as other animals) intentionally make their presence known to each other, to show attention to, and to suggest a type of relationship or social status between individuals or groups of people coming in contact with each other. While greeting customs are highlyculture- and situation-specific and may change within a culture depending on social status and relationship, they exist in all known human cultures. Greetings can be expressed both audibly and physically, and often involve a combination of the two. This topic excludes military and ceremonial salutes but includes rituals other than gestures. A greeting can also be expressed in written communications, such as letters and emails.
Greetings are often, but not always, used just prior to a conversation.
Some epochs and cultures have had very elaborate greeting rituals, e.g., greeting of a king.
Secret societies have clandestine greeting rituals that allow members to recognize common membership.
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...and occasions for which one might decide to send a greetingcard. The average person in the United States will receive 20 greetingcards per year, one-third of which are birthday related greetings (GCA). The American greetingcard industry has been in existence since the late 1800’s and has involved into a highly profitable sector of the retail sales world consisting of countless competitors both big and small. As a whole, the United States card market is a $7.5 billion industry that has unfortunately seen flat to slightly declining growth over the past five years (USA Today). This market analysis of the United States greetingcard industry will focus on key industry players, the customers, historical perspectives of the industry, financials, and marketing channels.
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...Market Price and Greetingcards sales by category 04
3.3 Market Value 05
3.4 Market Forecast 06
3.5 Company Financials 07
3.6 Market Segmentation 07
3.7 Competitive Landscape & Market Share 09
4.0 Market Structure-Porter's Five Forces 10
4.1 Bargaining Power of Buyers 10
4.2 Power of Suppliers 11
4.3 Value Chain and Product Cycle 12
4.4 Threat of New Entrants 13
4.5 Threat of Substitutes 14
4.6 Competitor Rivalry 14
4.7 PEST 14
5.0 Market Demand Drivers 16
1.0 Company Overview
Founded in 1906, American Greetings Corporation and its subsidiaries operate predominantly in a single industry; the design, manufacture and sale of everyday and seasonal greetingcard and other social expression products. Greetingcards, gift wraps, party goods, candles, balloons, stationery and giftware are manufactured and sold by American Greetings and/or its subsidiaries in the United States and through out the world, primarily in Canada, the United Kingdom, Mexico, Australia, New Zealand and South Africa. American Greetings is headquartered in Cleveland, Ohio and employs approximately 26,900 employees worldwide.
The major domestic greetingcard brands are Carlton, American Greetings and Gibson. American Greetings...

...﻿1. Predetermined overhead is a method of applying overhead to the products under job order costing system. In this method we estimate the overhead and estimate a base and calculate the predetermined rate as Estimated overhead/estimated base.
Based on the usage of base, the overhead is applied to products.
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3. Predetermined overhead rate = Estimated Overhead/Estimated total cost of prints
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The total cost of print = Number of units to be sold X cost of print
The cost of prints is 80,000X12 + 15,000X16 + 7,000X20 = $1,340,000
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4.
(a) Lance Armstrong unframed print (base cost of print $12).
Print Cost 12
Direct Labor ($0.2X10 minutes) 2
Overhead (0.28X12) 3.36
Total cost $17.36
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Frame and Glass 4
Direct Labor ($0.2X10+0.35X20) 9
Overhead (0.28 X 16) 4.48
Total cost...