TEACHING CONCEPTS, NOT FACTSSiegfried and jasa alih bahasaMeszaros begin by saying “Each content standard is an essential principle of economics that an economically literate student should understand and a statement of what the student should be able to do with that knowledge” (p. 248). translate onlineSo far, so good. jasa alih bahasaLet us go on, however, to examine the standards intended to ensure that these goals are achieved. We are told, rst of all, that these “standards are primarily conceptual. jasa alih bahasaThey do not include important basic facts about the American and world economies” (p. 248), except to the extent that students happen to learn something about them along the way.jasa alih bahasa We are further told that this is the right

DIALOGUE136jasa alih bahasaapproach, because facts constantly change, while “Conceptual standards highlight the unique contribution of jasa alih bahasaeconomics and are enduring” (p. 248). Consider the implications of these claims. It is certainly true that facts change, but are we not to be concerned abouthow existing facts came about, to what extent jasa alih bahasathey might be considered desirable or undesirable, given particular value judgments, and how such changes might best be facilitated or inhibited? If we are not interested in the rst of these questions, economic historians might as well close up shop; if we are not interested in the other questions, the Council of Economic jasa alih bahasaAdvisors and other economists involved in policy-making should all be red. It seems safe to assume that even the most severe critics of current incumbents would favor replacing them with experts of their own choice rather than doing without economists in government altogether. An even more basic question we need to confront is how meaningful concepts are apart from the context in which they operate. translate super murahTake, for instance, the notion of the invisible hand, jasa alih bahasaso pervasive in neoclassical theory. Most economists would agree that this concept is entirely irrelevant in an economy where monopoly power is rampant among sellers and/or jasa alih bahasamonopsony power among buyers. But what about an economy at the other xtremeof the spectrum, where there is something approximating perfect competition? There can, nonetheless, be considerable maldistribution in such an economy unless we assume that perfect competition is achieved to the extent that there can be no discrimination, and that the invisible hand works to the extent that there can be no con ict. jasa alih bahasaHowever, even if theseassumptions were satised, jasa alih bahasaand there actually were distribution according to contribution, even that situation would not necessarily be acceptable unless the distribution of resources were such that everyone had a reasonably equal opportunity to contribute. Therefore, we need to know the extent to which the market is competitive, jasa alih bahasaand what the distribution of resources is if we are to make informed decisions concerning governmentpolicies that would interfere with the market. jasa penterjemah indonesia inggrisSuch questions can not even be addressed unless we consider the relevant facts, however transient they may be.jasa alih bahasa