Today: All the Black Paintings—now existing as oil on canvas—have been restored and hang in Madrid's Prado Museum.

1823: After the French enter Spain to restore Ferdinand VII to the Spanish throne, Major Rafael de Riego, who in 1820 had initiated a Liberal constitutional revolution against the monarchy, is publicly humiliated and then executed for treason on November 7. In addition, Ferdinand begins intense repression of Liberals.

1969: Following intensifying protests over the government's treatment of political prisoners and the suspicious death of a...