The city of Karachi, is home to over 20 million people and most populous urban area of Pakistan. The total area of Karachi is 3,527 km2, resulting in a population density of more than 5,670 people in km2. The city has great pressure to provide for ever growing population proper housing; efficient, reliable and sustainable transportation system; Infrastructure; clean water supply and sewerage system; Power and Energy; public education and health care. Despite the impressive economic growth over past decades, Karachi has been facing problems of improper use of Land area, irregular urban design, deteriorating transportation system and declining work and living conditions due to environment degeneration.

To handle the issues arising for huge population growth, a thorough in-depth studies and analysis is required for proper planning achieve sustainable development and socio-economic growth in the region. Karachi is facing similar challenges as any other highly dense urban city of the world like Beijing, Delhi, Mumbai, Dhaka, Istanbul, Tokyo etc. The future challenges for Karachi can be

Meeting the demand for housing for exponentially increasing population

However, I believe having huge population and population density is not always a disadvantage for economic development and growth. The proposed research is to seek current policy approaches to face the challenges and maneuver these into socio-economic advantage. This studies and findings of this research can be extended and generalized to other urban areas of Pakistan. According to rough estimations by learned economists, Pakistan is going through rapidly urbanization and more than 60% of the country’s population is living in urban setting. The potential of high density population is enormous in terms of human capital, economic growth and technology diffusion. Currently, this potential is highly under-utilized which should be raised to optimal level. There could be many ways and in various domains to achieve this task.

Traditionally, urban planning is limited to basic infrastructures (underpass, overpass, highways etc), housing, education, job opportunities etc. This planning provides the hardware for urbanization; however, there is little to no focus on the software.

On technological front, we tend to highly depended on foreign investments, transfers and spillover to other sectors and industries. One of the urban features is to develop its own technology and utilized domestically and export.

The International Organization for Standardization (ISO) has announced the approval of a new project for ISO 37001, the new anti-bribery management system standard.

Released in November 2011, BS 10500, the current specification for anti-bribery management is being used as a base document to develop the standard.

A committee was setup to develop the standard and they were due to have their first committee meeting at the end of March 2014. The draft international standard is expected to be available for comment early 2015 with the final standard expected to be published in 2016.

Starting something new generally raises many questions that need to be answered. One of the first is: Where do I start ISO 9001 implementation?

There is no single answer for all organizations, the answer to this question is organization-specific, but a good place to start is with a Gap Analysis. The gap analysis is designed to have you review the processes you currently have in place, compare them against the ISO 9001 standard requirements, and see what gaps exist that need to be filled. Once you know this you can define the scope of the ISO 9001 implementation:

What are the quick wins or low hanging fruit? These are the processes that are already very close to meeting all requirements. A slight modification to these will gain quick results.

What processes are new or will require significant changes. It is good to start on these early to ensure you have enough time for implementing and training against the new process.

What are your pain points? If there is a recurring problem that can be addressed while you are already updating a process this improvement can be seen now.

What will be your budget – this will bring discipline and focus regarding the processes that you plan to implement (e.g., if you have a limited budget, as most people have, the focus will be more on important process updates rather than the minor improvements that could be made.

What will be your timeframe – timeframe is usually limited, so you focus on what is important rather than on what would be nice to have.

By having the scope defined, you can relax. The first and very important step is made. Now the preparation phase can begin.

Cogeneration, also known as Combined Heat and Power (CHP), is the simultaneous production of electrical power and useful heat. Cogeneration systems generally employ “Topping Power Cycle” or “Bottoming Power Cycle”.

Topping Power Cycle:

Typical Cogeneration System Configuration

In contrast to conventional fossil fuel based electric power generation, cogeneration system deliver some of the heat generated as a product which can be used for industrial heating processes and/or space cooling.

Bottoming Power Cycle:

Its basic principle is that high temperature exhaust heat rejected from an industrial process is used to produce steam or hot water, which can then be used to drive a steam turbine to produce electric power.

Both cycles enhance fuel utilization and improve energy conversion efficiency as well as provide a more economic, safe and reliable operation resulting in an overall reduction in operational cost.

In principle, a cogeneration system is composed of prime mover, electric power generator, heat recovery system, and control mechanism. The core of the cogeneration is the energy conversion unit that allows the combined production of electricity and heat. There are a number of different conversion technologies that have been deployed and used in combined heat and power (CHP) applications.