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Recognized by Scheele, Bergman,and others as an element and isolated by Gahn in 1774 by reduction of the dioxide with carbon. Manganese minerals are widely distributed; oxides,silicates, and carbonates are the most common. The discovery of large quantities of manganese nodules on the floor of the oceans holds promise asa source of manganese. These nodules contain about 24% manganese together with many other elements in lesser abundance. Most manganese todayis obtained from ores found in the Ukraine, Brazil, Australia, Republic of South Africa, Gabon, China, and India. Pyrolusite (MnO2) and rhodochrosite(MnCO3) are among the most common manganese minerals. The metal is obtained by reduction of the oxide with sodium, magnesium, aluminum,or by electrolysis. It is gray-white, resembling iron, but is harder and very brittle. The metal is reactive chemically, and decomposes cold water slowly.Manganese is used to form many important alloys. In steel, manganese improves the rolling and forging qualities, strength, toughness, stiffness, wearresistance, hardness, and hardenability. With aluminum and antimony, especially with small amounts of copper, it forms highly ferromagnetic alloys.Manganese metal is ferromagnetic only after special treatment. The pure metal exists in four allotropic forms. The alpha form is stable at ordinarytemperature; gamma manganese, which changes to alpha at ordinary temperatures, is said to be flexible, soft, easily cut, and capable of being bent.The dioxide (pyrolusite) is used as a depolarizer in dry cells, and is used to “decolorize” glass that is colored green by impurities of iron. Manganeseby itself colors glass an amethyst color, and is responsible for the color of true amethyst. The dioxide is also used in the preparation of oxygen andchlorine, and in drying black paints. The permanganate is a powerful oxidizing agent and is used in quantitative analysis and in medicine. Manganeseis widely distributed throughout the animal kingdom. It is an important trace element and may be essential for utilization of vitamin B1. Twenty threeisotopes and isomers are known. Manganese metal (99.95%) is priced at about $400/kg. Metal of 99.6% purity is priced at about $60/kg. 1

•&nbsp"like vanadium and chromium, is used mostly to make steel alloys." 2
•&nbsp"...is an important element in steels that must withstand great shock, such as those used to construct rock crushers." 3
•&nbsp"enzymes, bone…essential for enzymes in humans and other animals" 4
•&nbsp"The metal is used in alloys with iron" 5

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