I ask only once a year: please help the Internet Archive today. Most can’t afford to give, but we hope you can. The average donation is $45. If everyone chips in $5, we can end this fundraiser today. Right now, a generous supporter will match your donation 2-to-1, so you can triple your impact. All we need is the price of a paperback book to sustain a library you can trust. We have only 150 staff but run one of the world’s top websites. We’re dedicated to reader privacy so we never track you. We never accept ads. But we still need to pay for servers and staff. For 22 years, my dream has been to build the library of everything and make it available to everyone. To make information more reliable and permanent. I know we could charge money, but then we couldn’t achieve our mission: a free library for the whole internet. The Internet Archive is a bargain, but we need your help. If you find our site useful, please chip in. Thank you.
—Brewster Kahle, Founder, Internet Archive

I ask only once a year: please help the Internet Archive today. The average donation is $45. If everyone chips in $5, we can end this fundraiser today. Right now, your donation will be matched, doubling your impact! All we need is the price of a paperback book to sustain a library the whole world trusts. We’re dedicated to reader privacy so we never track you. We never accept ads. But we still need to pay for servers and staff. For 22 years, my dream has been to build the library of everything and make it available to everyone. I know we could charge money, but then we couldn’t achieve our mission. The Internet Archive is a bargain, but we need your help. If you find our site useful, please chip in. Thank you.
—Brewster Kahle, Founder, Internet Archive

I ask only once a year: please help the Internet Archive today. The average donation is $45. If everyone chips in $5, we can end this fundraiser today. Right now, your donation will be matched, doubling your impact! All we need is the price of a paperback book to sustain a library the whole world trusts. We’re dedicated to reader privacy so we never track you. We never accept ads. But we still need to pay for servers and staff. For 22 years, my dream has been to build the library of everything and make it available to everyone. I know we could charge money, but then we couldn’t achieve our mission. The Internet Archive is a bargain, but we need your help. If you find our site useful, please chip in. Thank you.
—Brewster Kahle, Founder, Internet Archive

I ask only once a year: please help the Internet Archive today. The average donation is $45. If everyone chips in $5, we can end this fundraiser today. Right now, your donation will be matched 2-to-1, tripling your impact! All we need is the price of a paperback book to sustain a library the whole world trusts. We have only 150 staff but run one of the world’s top websites. We’re dedicated to reader privacy. We never accept ads. But we still need to pay for servers and staff. The Internet Archive is a bargain, but we need your help. If you find our site useful, please chip in.
—Brewster Kahle, Founder, Internet Archive

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A new method based upon high-spatial-resolution imagery is presented that matches cloud and shadow regions to estimate cirrus and stratus cloud heights. The distance between the cloud and the matching shadow pattern is accomplished using the 2D cross-correlation function from which the cloud height is derived. The distance between the matching cloud-shadow patterns is verified manually. The derived heights also are validated through comparison with a temperature-based retrieval of cloud height.... Topics: CRYSTAL GROWTH, ORGANIC MATERIALS, DIRECTIONAL SOLIDIFICATION (CRYSTALS), OPTICAL MATERIALS, SINGLE...

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This is the final report of the Science and Math for Everyone Project, a special grant that was received by Norfolk State University for two years (from June 1997 to August 1999) from NASA Langley Research Center's Office of Education. The Science and Math for Everyone Project is a quasi-experimental research/education intervention strategy developed to assist disabled, economically disadvantaged, female or ethnic minority students in public school systems whose needs have been traditionally... Topics: BRIDGMAN METHOD, DIRECTIONAL SOLIDIFICATION (CRYSTALS), SINGLE CRYSTALS, MELTING, MELTS (CRYSTAL...

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This paper presents general information describing the Data Acquisition System contract, a summary of objectives, tasks performed and completed. The hardware deliverables which are comprised of: 1) Two ground DAS units; 2) Two flight DAS units; 3) Logistic spares; and 4) Shipping containers are described. Also included are the data requirements and scope of the contract. Topics: NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS), DATA ACQUISITION, FURNACES, DIRECTIONAL SOLIDIFICATION...

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Statistical modelling of the Earth's magnetic field B has a long history. In particular, the spherical harmonic coefficients of scalar fields derived from B can be treated as Gaussian random variables. In this paper, we give examples of highly organized fields whose spherical harmonic coefficients pass tests for independent Gaussian random variables. The fact that coefficients at some depth may be usefully summarized as independent samples from a normal distribution need not imply that there... Topics: HEAT TRANSFER, FURNACES, MERCURY CADMIUM TELLURIDES, MELTS (CRYSTAL GROWTH), TEMPERATURE GRADIENTS,...

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Band oscillator strengths for CO transitions between the electronic states A (l)Pi and X(1)Sigma() were measured via absorption with a synchrotron radiation source. When referenced to the well-characterized (5,0) band oscillator strength, our relative values for the (7,0) to (11,0) bands are most consistent with the recent experiments of Chan et al. and the theoretical predictions of Kirby & Cooper. Since the results from various laboratory techniques and theory now agree, analyses of... Topics: MICROGRAVITY, STANDARD DEVIATION, SOLID PHASES, INTERMETALLICS, EUTECTICS, MICROSTRUCTURE,...

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An explicit solution of the spectral radiance leaving an arbitrary point on the wall of a spherical cavity with diffuse reflectivity is obtained. The solution is applicable to spheres with an arbitrary number of openings of any size and shape, an arbitrary number of light sources with possible non-diffuse characteristics, a non-uniform sphere wall temperature distribution, non-uniform and non-diffuse sphere wall emissivity and non-uniform but diffuse sphere wall spectral reflectivity. A general... Topics: DIRECTIONAL SOLIDIFICATION (CRYSTALS), COPPER, MANGANESE, SPACE COMMERCIALIZATION, FLOAT ZONES,...

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TFaNS is the Tone Fan Noise Design/Prediction System developed by Pratt & Whitney under contract to NASA Lewis (presently NASA Glenn). The purpose of this system is to predict tone noise emanating from a fan stage including the effects of reflection and transmission by the rotor and stator and by the duct inlet and nozzle. These effects have been added to an existing annular duct/isolated stator noise prediction capability. TFaNS consists of: The codes that compute the acoustic properties... Topics: SPACEBORNE EXPERIMENTS, OVERPRESSURE, SPACE SHUTTLE ORBITERS, DIRECTIONAL SOLIDIFICATION...

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An experimental study was conducted to quantify the hysteresis associated with various vortex flow transition points and to determine the effect of planform geometry. The transition points observed consisted of the appearance (or disappearance) of trailing edge vortex burst and the transition to (or from) flat plate or totally separated flows. Flow visualization with smoke injected into the vortices was used to identify the transitions on a series of semi-span models tested in a low speed... Topics: DIRECTIONAL SOLIDIFICATION (CRYSTALS), CRYSTALLIZATION, ELECTRODES, SILICON CARBIDES, SYNTHESIS...

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Convection and segregation in directional solidification and crystal growth by the Bridgman-Stockbarger technique are traditionally treated by assuming axisymmetric thermal condition on the ampoule wall. It is, however, difficult to achieve such a condition in an experimental setup. Any deviation from an axisymmetric temperature field on the wall of a vertical ampoule represents a horizontal temperature gradient. The horizontal density gradient that results from thermal expansion in the melt... Topics: NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS), BRIDGMAN METHOD, CONVECTION, CRYSTAL GROWTH, DIRECTIONAL...

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This volume contains abstracts that have been accepted by the Program Committee for presentation at the Workshop on Analysis of Returned Comet Nucleus Samples, held in Milpitas, California, January 16-18, 1989. Conveners are Sherwood Chang (NASA Ames Research Center) and Larry Nyquist (NASA Johnson Space Center). Program Committee members are Thomas Ahrens (ex-officio; California Institute of Technology), Lou Allamandola (NASA Ames Research Center), David Blake (NASA Ames Research Center),... Topics: NOISE (SOUND), IDENTIFYING, PATTERN RECOGNITION, STEADY STATE, DIRECTIONAL SOLIDIFICATION...

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In this paper, we describe a community toolkit which is designed to provide parallel support with adaptive mesh capability for a large and important class of computational models, those using structured, logically cartesian meshes. The package of Fortran 90 subroutines, called PARAMESH, is designed to provide an application developer with an easy route to extend an existing serial code which uses a logically cartesian structured mesh into a parallel code with adaptive mesh refinement.... Topics: BRIDGMAN METHOD, SEMICONDUCTORS (MATERIALS), METALLOIDS, METALS, ALLOYS, DIRECTIONAL SOLIDIFICATION...

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Contract NAS8-38785, Microgravity Experimental and Theoretical Research, is a project involving a large number of individual research programs related to: determination of the structure of human serum albumin and other biomedically important proteins; analysis of thermodynamic properties of various proteins and models of protein nucleation; development of experimental techniques for the growth of protein crystals in space; study of the physics of electrical double layers in the mechanics of... Topics: NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS), DIRECTIONAL SOLIDIFICATION (CRYSTALS), MICROGRAVITY,...

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Thermosolutal convection in the dendritic mushy zone occurs during directional solidification of hypoeutectic lead tin alloys in a positive thermal gradient, with the melt on the top and the solid below. This results in macrosegregation along the length of the solidified samples. The extent of macrosegregation increases with increasing primary dendrite spacings for constant mushy zone length. For constant primary spacings, the macrosegregation increases with decreasing mushy zone length.... Topics: NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS), SOLIDIFICATION, TIN ALLOYS, LEAD ALLOYS, CHEMICAL...

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An experimental investigation was conducted on a 5-degree-half-angle cone with a flare in a conventional Mach 6 wind tunnel to examine the effect of facility noise on boundary layer transition. The effect of tunnel noise was inferred by comparing transition onset locations determined from the present test to that previously obtained in a Mach 6 quiet tunnel. Together, the two sets of experiments are believed to represent the first direct comparison of transition onset between a conventional and... Topics: CRYSTAL GROWTH, CONCAVITY, LIQUID-SOLID INTERFACES, TEMPERATURE GRADIENTS, SPACE SHUTTLES, BISMUTH,...

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Redundant arrays of distributed disks (RADD) can be used in a distributed computing system or database system to provide recovery in the presence of disk crashes and temporary and permanent failures of single sites. In this paper, we look at the problem of partitioning the sites of a distributed storage system into redundant arrays in such a way that the communication costs for maintaining the parity information are minimized. We show that the partitioning problem is NP-hard. We then propose... Topics: MERCURY CADMIUM TELLURIDES, HYDRODYNAMICS, MICROGRAVITY, SPACECRAFT ENVIRONMENTS, COMPARISON, FLUID...

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The research accomplishments summarized in this Final Report during the period from 3/95 to 3/98, which included a 12 months no-cost extension granted at the end of the nominal 2 year period of performance. The report has 5 sections, in section 1 the objectives are presented, a task description is given and the background and significance of the work is outlined. In section 2 the research accomplishments are summarized. In section 3 publications and presentations are listed. Student... Topics: NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS), TIN ALLOYS, BISMUTH, MICROGRAVITY, DIRECTIONAL SOLIDIFICATION...

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This grant, NAG8-831, was a continuation of a previous grant, NAG8-541. The long range goal of this program has been to develop an improved understanding of phenomena of importance to directional solidification, in order to enable explanation and prediction of differences in behavior between solidification on Earth and in space. Emphasis in the recently completed grant was on determining the influence of perturbations on directional solidification of InSb and InSb-GaSb alloys. In particular,... Topics: NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS), ANTIMONY ALLOYS, DIRECTIONAL SOLIDIFICATION (CRYSTALS),...

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Gravity driven separation precludes uniform microstructural development during controlled directional solidification (DS) processing of hypermonotectic alloys. It is well established that liquid/liquid suspensions, in which the respective components are immiscible and have significant density differences, can be established and maintained by utilizing ultrasound. A historical introduction to this work is presented with the intent of establishing the basis for applying the phenomena to promote... Topics: NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS), DIRECTIONAL SOLIDIFICATION (CRYSTALS), MICROSTRUCTURE,...

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Directionally solidified Mo alloys are evaluated to determine the shear rupture strength and to possibly improve it by microstructural and heat treatment variations. Bars of the alloy containing nominally 5.7% Al and 33.5% Mo by weight with balance Ni were directionally solidified at rates between 10 and 100 mm per hour in furnaces with thermal gradients at the liquid-solid interface of 250 or 100 C per cm. A limited number of longitudinal shear rupture tests were conducted at 760 C and 207 MPa... Topics: NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS), DIRECTIONAL SOLIDIFICATION (CRYSTALS), HEAT TREATMENT,...

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The overall objective of this program is to develop an improved understanding of some phenomena of importance to directional solidification. The aim of this research is also to help predict differences in behavior between solidification on Earth and solidification in space. In this report, the validity of the Burton-Primslichter equation is explored. The influence of operating variables on grain and twin generation and propagation in single crystals of In sub (x) Ga sub (1-x) Sb is also... Topics: NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS), CRYSTAL GROWTH, DIRECTIONAL SOLIDIFICATION (CRYSTALS), SINGLE...

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Thermosolutal convection in the dendritic mushy zone occurs during directional solidification of hypoeutectic lead tin alloys in a positive thermal gradient, with the melt on the top and the solid below. This results in macrosegregation along the length of the solidified samples. The extent of macrosegregation increases with increasing primary dendrite spacings for constant mushy zone length. For constant primary spacings, the macrosegregation increases with decreasing mushy zone length.... Topics: NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS), DENDRITIC CRYSTALS, TIN ALLOYS, LEAD ALLOYS, DIRECTIONAL...

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In addition to the considerations of liquid hydrogen for rockets by the rocket pioneers, other concurrent activities contributed to hydrogen technology. The largest and best known of these was the development and operation of the large dirigibles (airships) in Germany, Great Britain, Italy, and the United States from 1900 to 1937. A historical account of experimentation in hydrogen technology from science, 1900-1940, is summarized. This is followed by a brief discussion of rocket experiments... Topics: DIRECTIONAL SOLIDIFICATION (CRYSTALS), THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES, EUTECTIC ALLOYS, HEAT RESISTANT...

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A space shuttle experiment employing the General Purpose (Rocket) Furnace (GPF) in its isothermal mode of operation is manifested on MSL-3, circa 1989. The central aim of this experiment is to investigate the effect of reduced gravity levels on the segregation behavior in a slowly, and isothermally, cooled sample of a binary Pb-15 wt percent Sn alloy. This experiment would thus be able to simulate, in a small laboratory sample, about 20 mm dia 60 mm high and weighing about 150 grams, some... Topics: NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS), BINARY ALLOYS, DIRECTIONAL SOLIDIFICATION (CRYSTALS),...

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We completed all major fabrication and testing for the third telescope and phase-closure operation at the Infrared-Optical Telescope Array (IOTA) during this period. In particular we successfully tested the phase-closure operation, using a laboratory light source illuminating the full delay-line optical paths, and using an integrated-optic beam combiner coupled to our Picnic-detector camera. This demonstration is an important and near-final milestone achievement. As of this writing, however,... Topics: ALUMINUM OXIDES, BACKSCATTERING, SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION, LASER HEATING, CRYSTALLOGRAPHY, EUTECTICS,...

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Direct observation of the controlled melting and solidification of succinonitrile was conducted in the glovebox facility of the International Space Station (ISS). The experimental samples were prepared on ground by filling glass tubes, 1 cm ID and approximately 30 cm in length, with pure succinonitrile (SCN) in an atmosphere of nitrogen at 450 millibar pressure for eventual processing in the Pore Formation and Mobility Investigation (PFMI) apparatus in the glovebox facility (GBX) on board the... Topics: NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS), SPACEBORNE EXPERIMENTS, EUTECTICS, DIRECTIONAL SOLIDIFICATION...

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In the six decades since the identification of age hardenable nickel-base superalloys their compositions and microstructures have changed markedly. Current alloys are tailored for specific applications. Thus their microstructures are defined for that application. This paper briefly reviews the evolution of superalloy microstructures and comments on the appearance and implications of microstructural defects in high performance superalloys. It is seen that new alloys and proceses have generated... Topics: NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS), CRYSTAL STRUCTURE, DEFECTS, GRAIN BOUNDARIES, HEAT RESISTANT...

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The service life of the Space Shuttle Main Engine (SSME) turbomachinery bearings was a predominant factor in engine durability and maintenance problems. Recent data has indicated that bearing life is about one order of magnitude lower than the goal of seven and one-half hours particularly those in the High Pressure Oxidizer Turbopump (HPOTP). Bearing technology, primarily cryogenic turbomachinery bearing technology, is expanded by exploring the life and performance effects of design changes;... Topics: CRACKS, HEAT TREATMENT, HOT ISOSTATIC PRESSING, HOT PRESSING, ISOSTATIC PRESSURE, FATIGUE LIFE,...

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This book presents recent developments in the theory of gearing and the modifications in gear geometry necessary to improve the conditions of meshing. Highlighted are low-noise gear drives that have a stable contact during meshing and a predesigned parabolic transmission error function that can handle misalignment during operation without sacrificing the low-noise aspects of operation. This book also provides a comprehensive history of the development of the theory of gearing through... Topics: BRIDGMAN METHOD, SPACE SHUTTLES, TEMPERATURE GRADIENTS, FURNACES, MICROGRAVITY, PAYLOADS, SPACE...

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The eutectic architecture of a continuous reinforcing phase within a higher volume fraction phase or matrix can be described as a naturally occurring in-situ composite. Here we report the results of experiments aimed at identifying the sources of high temperature creep resistance and high levels of strength in a two phase Al2O3/ZrO2(Y2O3) system. The mechanical properties of two phase Al2O3/ZrO2(Y2O3) eutectic are superior to those of either constituent alone due to strong constraining effects... Topics: NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS), MICROSTRUCTURE, ALUMINUM OXIDES, CONCENTRATION (COMPOSITION),...

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This paper describes research done to apply the Fractional Step Method to finite-element simulations of natural convective flows in pure liquids, permeable media, and in a directionally solidified metal alloy casting. The Fractional Step Method has been applied commonly to high Reynold's number flow simulations, but is less common for low Reynold's number flows, such as natural convection in liquids and in permeable media. The Fractional Step Method offers increased speed and reduced memory... Topics: NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS), FINITE ELEMENT METHOD, SIMULATION, CONVECTIVE FLOW, LIQUIDS,...

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A special image-data-processing technique has been developed for use in experiments that involve observation, via optical microscopes equipped with electronic cameras, of moving boundaries between the colloidal-solid and colloidal-liquid phases of colloidal suspensions of monodisperse hard spheres. During an experiment, it is necessary to adjust the position of a microscope to keep the phase boundary within view. A boundary typically moves at a speed of the order of microns per hour. Because an... Topics: NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS), BOUNDARIES, COLLOIDS, IMAGE PROCESSING, PHASE...

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The manufacturing of multi-component single crystals with uniform material properties is frequently hampered by the presence of morphological instabilities during the solidification. We discuss the influence of shear flows on the linear and nonlinear stability of the solid/liquid interface during the directional solidification of binary alloys. The flows are generated by nonplanar harmonic translations of the crystal parallel to the mean interface position. Oscillations with physically... Topics: NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS), SINGLE CRYSTALS, SHEAR FLOW, DIRECTIONAL SOLIDIFICATION...

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The operation of solidification Model 2 is described and documentation of the software associated with the model is provided. Model 2 calculates the macrosegregation in a rectangular ingot of a binary alloy as a result of unsteady horizontal axisymmetric bidirectional solidification. The solidification program allows interactive modification of calculation parameters as well as selection of graphical and tabular output. In batch mode, parameter values are input in card image form and output... Topics: NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS), BINARY ALLOYS, COMPUTER PROGRAMS, COMPUTERIZED SIMULATION,...

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The research was focused on biogeochemical processes controlling the fluxes of biogenic gases to the troposphere from coastal wetlands and tidal freshwater estuarine environments. Production and transport processes controlling methane fluxes were emphasized. Primary tools utilized to determine the mechanisms and in situ rates of specific processes were the composition of gases, including stable C isotopic studies in collaboration with another project, and concentration distributions of the... Topics: DIRECTIONAL SOLIDIFICATION (CRYSTALS), MATHEMATICAL MODELS, TIME DEPENDENCE, HOLOGRAPHY,...

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As part of the Pore Formation and Mobility Investigation (PFMI), Succinonitrile Water alloys consisting of aligned dendritic arrays were re-melted prior to conducting directional solidification experiments in the microgravity environment aboard the International Space Station. Thermocapillary convection initiated by bubbles at the solid-liquid interface during controlled melt back of the alloy was observed to disrupt the initial dendritic alignment. Disruption ranged from detaching large arrays... Topics: NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS), BUBBLES, DENDRITES, DISRUPTING, MELTING, MICROGRAVITY,...

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Numerical models of solidification including a mushy zone are notoriously inefficient; most of them are based on formulations that require the coupled solution of the velocity components in the momentum equation greatly restricting the range of applicability of the models. There are only two models known to the authors that have used a projection or fractional step formulation, but none of these were used to model problems of any significant size. A third model was only applied to a partial... Topics: NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS), MATHEMATICAL MODELS, ALLOYS, PHASE TRANSFORMATIONS,...

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A method for defining thresholds for vibration-based algorithms that provides the minimum number of false alarms while maintaining sensitivity to gear damage was developed. This analysis focused on two vibration based gear damage detection algorithms, FM4 and MSA. This method was developed using vibration data collected during surface fatigue tests performed in a spur gearbox rig. The thresholds were defined based on damage progression during tests with damage. The thresholds false alarm rates... Topics: MICROGRAVITY, INTERNATIONAL SPACE STATION, POROSITY, SCANNING ELECTRON MICROSCOPY, MORPHOLOGY,...

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The availability of 40 new meteorites from the 1994-1995 collections is announced. Among the new meteorites are 4 achondrites and 6 special chondrites. Also included are two terrestrial rocks. Topics: CRYSTALLOGRAPHY, STEADY STATE, CRYSTAL DEFECTS, INTERFACIAL TENSION, IMPURITIES, OXIDE FILMS,...

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Recent evidence demonstrating the presence of two types of sensory hair cells in the ear of a telcost fish (Astronotus ocellatus, the oscar) indicates that hair cell heterogeneity may exist not only in amniotic vertebrates but also in anamniotes. Here we report that a similar heterogeneity between hair cell types may also occur in the other mechanosensory organ of the oscar, the lateral line. We exposed oscars to the aminoglycoside (ototoxic) antibiotic gentamicin sulfate and found damaged... Topics: DIRECTIONAL SOLIDIFICATION (CRYSTALS), PAYLOADS, NASA SPACE PROGRAMS, TEMPERATURE EFFECTS,...

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Work associated with contract provided support for the approved flight experiment 'Crystal Growth of Selected 2-6 Semiconducting Alloys by Directional Solidification.' General activities included ground-based melt studies, compositional and microstructure characterization of the grown crystals, and participation in the continuing assessment of the program. Specifically, work was performed to determine the optimum furnace translation rate at which a HgZnTe sample could be removed from the... Topics: NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS), AMPOULES, CRYSTAL GROWTH, DIRECTIONAL SOLIDIFICATION...