When scientists talk about the cryosphere, they mean the places on Earth where water is in its solid form, frozen into ice or snow. Read more ...

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Norwegian Traverse 1996-1997

Notes

Temperature and Depth: Van Den Broeke et al., 1999, p. 297. Temperature reported in Celsius, depth is in meters. Station A: Temperature from AWS thermistor strings. Station E and G: Temperatures corrected for non-stationarity: -1.1K Causes of error in temperature : Cold wave from previous winter is passing the 10 m depth level, leads to underestimation of annual mean value. Long period for thermistor string to reach thermal equilibrium with surrondings (15 hours). Estimated uncertainty of + or - 1C. "Note that recalibration of the thermistor string after the expedition for temperatures down to -60C resulted in an upward adjustment of 0.8-2.9C comprared to the preliminary temperatures listed in Winther and others (1997)." (Van Den Broeke et al., p. 296)

Density: Density reported in g/cm3.

Accumulation: Average annual accumulation 1965-1997. Accumulation comments from Van Den Broeke et al., 1999, p. 298. Rates were obtained using the depths of the reference levels of March 1955 and January 1965. For S20 and S15 seasonal variations of oxygen isotopes were used for dating. Followed the approach of Venteris and Whillans (1998). Accumulation is reported in cm of water equivelent. Number in parenthesis
is the estimated error bar for each measurement.

* Flag: Represents how temperature was derived. Values reported as (S) represent a single point measurement. Values reported as (E) represent an extrapolated measurement.