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What I don't get about this article is why option #2 (using 8- to 10-year old batteries as grid storage) is too expensive. The opposite seems true to me: cycling BEV batteries to provide grid power wears out BEV batteries (which are expensive) prematurely. Better to grind down old batteries rather than new ones.

To be commercially valuable, any V2G will have to run through an aggregator who can predictably and reliably deliver meaningful quantities of regulation services (the most valuable ancillary service). Why?

Grid operators don't interact with retail customers. They run wholesale markets, and in order to receive payments, a counterparty has to be a qualified wholesale market participant with proper credit postings, etc.

Wholesale power markets work in units of megawatts, not kilowatts. Quantity increments are usually in 0.1MW or 0.01MW, far more than any single EV can provide.

Grid operators require bids for blocks of time, looking forward, so that they can schedule physical resources. No one EV owner has such a predictable charging schedule, but in aggregate there is some reliable amount of regulation they can provide.

Regulation providers are required to provide near-instantaneous response to changes in system frequency and/or regulation setpoints from the grid operator. In practice, that means regulation resources are deployed under software control, not manual instructions.

Grid operators need to be able to monitor and verify performance. Given that EVs are not connected at a revenue-quality transmission meter, there would need to be protocols to demonstrate that requested changes in charging rate were, in fact, provided.

While these are obstacles to retail participation in providing regulation and operating reserves, an aggregator could overcome them by managing the charging rate of a fleet of EVs. The EV owners would have to allow the aggregator to control the charging rate in real time; hopefully, Tesla could provide a second level of passcode access to the cars that controls charging only. And, the cars/owners would need some way of communicating to the aggregator their charging plans for the next day and any changes to that plan.

So while the prospect of V2G regulation is a good one, there are a lot of gritty operational details that would need to be sorted out. Perhaps there's enough profit to inspire someone to cut through the thickets.