History of Artificial Intelligence.Even though Founders of AI John McCarthy, Marvin Minsky, Allen Newell, and Herbert Simon failed to recognize the difficulty of some of the problems they faced, they were still extremely optimistic regarding the future of this new field. Artificial Intelligence is the intelligence of machines and the branch of computer science that aims to create it. Artificial Intelligence textbooks define the field as "the study and design of intelligent agents.’ This field was founded on the claim that a central property of humans intelligence-the sapience of homosapiens- can be so precisely described that it can be simulated by a machine. Artificial Intelligence has evolved dramatically from its early roots, which were driven by numerous dedicated researchers. The early evolution of Artificial Intelligence dates way back before the time of electronics, to philosophers and mathematicians such as George Boole and others who had theorized on principles that were used as the foundations and building blocks of all Artificial Intelligence logic. There is even evidence which suggests that that thinking machines and artificial beings appeared in Greek myths, such as Talos of Crete, the bronze robot of Hephaestus, and Pygmalion’s Galatea. In 1941 an invention revolutionized every aspect of the storage and processing of information. This ingenious machine was the electronic computer and it was developed in both the US and Germany. Many believed that the technology was finally available to simulate intelligent behavior. Over the next four decades, and countless obstacles, Artificial Intelligence was able to expand from a few dozen researchers to thousands of engineers and specialists; and from simple programs that were able to play a game of checkers to astonishing systems that were designed to diagnose many diseases. We have certainly made some major advances from that pivotal point in the history of Artificial Intelligence, which began in 1941. When the first computers were introduced they required their own air-conditioned room, and had thousands of wires for the programmers to sort through and configure before they could even run a program. Nowadays we have the luxury of holding a computer in our lap, or even in the palm of our hand. Although the computer was the gateway for the technology needed for Artificial Intelligence, the link between human Intelligence and machines was not truly recognized until the early 1950’s by an American named Norbert Wiener. Norbert had a theory that all intelligent actions were the direct result of some sort of feedback mechanism. His most notable example of this theory was the thermostat. In the example of his theory he states: “It controls the temperature of an environment by gathering the actual temperature of the house, comparing it to the desired temperature, and responding by turning the heat up or down.” His discovery was that mechanisms could possibly be stimulated by machines. And it was this discovery that helped to spur most of the early development of Artificial Intelligence. In 1956 John McCarthy whom is known as the father of Artificial Intelligence, put together and held a conference in which he hoped would bring in many talented individuals with various expertise in machine intelligence so that they could have a month of brainstorming. Those individuals were invited to Vermont to take part in a research project, which was called “The Dartmouth summer research project on artificial intelligence.” Because of John McCarthy and his summer research project the field was known from that point on as Artificial Intelligence. Even though the Dartmouth conference could hardly be noted as a huge success, it is was responsible for the enablement of the founders in Artificial Intelligence...

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Today one of the most cherished ideologies of America is the fact that everyone is and should be created equal. With this cherished ideology bringing a sense of pride and diversity to America we must keep in mind that this cherished ideology did not always exist. Since 1865 various individuals and groups have not been able to receive and express their rights to full equal status in the United States. These different individuals and groups have seemingly fought for their rights in...

...﻿Name:
Date:
Graded Assignment
Final Exam Part 2
I. Map
On this world map, indicate the following features:
Amazon Rainforest
Panama Canal
The Himalayas
The Ring of Fire
The Mississippi River
The Gobi Desert
(10 points)
II. Graphic Organizer
Fill in the table below about these five major world religions. Do not fill in the shaded boxes.
(10 points)
Religion
Name at least
one Holy Text
How do you achieve
enlightment?
Describe their view about the afterlife....

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Shackleton’s Way: Analysis & Review
Sara Mleso
Weber State University
Shackleton’s Way: Analysis & Review
Unfortunately, I missed the opportunity to participate in the group discussion in person on the day we were on campus. I have since emailed both particpants in my group, Anna Guzman and Tara Rhodes, who both responded promptly that everyone was submitting short answers to the questions in our discussion group, to compare and analyze. I have since compared and...

...to come to Russia. His son, Alexander II was responsible for introducing major changes to the social system and other important aspects of life in Russia. Because of this, the reign of Alexander II was one of the most important periods in Russian history. Many historians believe that if Alexander II had been prepared to grant moderate political concessions, along with his social, legal and military reforms, Russia might have gradually become a constitutional monarchy. But...

...equally or have bad attitude toward them!
This is the first time I had heard about Latino. It is really a new knowledge for me. Although I am very confused and did not understand all of thing about Latino, I still enjoy and interested in their history. According to the book “Harvest of Empire-Juan Gonzales,” it said: “…Latinos numbered a mere 9.1 million and represented just 4.5 percent of the population as recently as 1970.” (Juan Gonzalez, p.16) In my opinion, when Latino...

...﻿ History Assignment: 3
Q.1) What were the main characteristics of the writings of the Nationalist School of Historiography?
Ans: The Nationalist School of historical writing contributed to the self- confidence, self-assertion and a certain national pride which enabled Indian people to struggle against colonialism especially in the face of denigration of India's past and the consequent inferiority complex promoted by colonial writers. K.A. Nilakanta Sastri and...