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1 - 1 - LIST OF SYMBOLS, TERMS AND EXPRESSIONS This list of symbols, terms and expressions gives an explanation or definition of how they are used in this thesis. Most of them are defined in the references listed. Symbol Reference Explanation activity sec an activity is a time consuming action performed by an entity. There is a set of conditions under which it may start. An activity is often limited by two events; start up and finishing the activity. In the post office case examples of activities are the actions of buying a stamp and leaving the office AI animation artificial intelligence a type of software computer programs that can solve problems in a way that would be considered intelligent if done by a human showing the layout, and products moving around on the screen during simulation artificial AI see AI intelligence ASIST activity based, data driven simulator developed by Kent Fisker, DTH batch production ref. [10] production of a product in small batches or lots by a series of operations, each operation being carried out on the whole batch before any subsequent operation is started batch size lot size the number of products or components of the same type being operated together before they are moved and can start the next operation bottleneck clamping the resource with least capacity available compared to the required capacity. Highest ratio of required capacity/available capacity the operation of planning of work piece, with its fixtures, etc., into a machine

2 - 2 - computer simulation continuous Cricket Graph Taylor [5], sec. 1.1 simulation is a numerical technique for conducting experiments on a digital computer, which involves certain types of mathematical and logical relationships necessary to describe the behaviour and structure of a complex real world system over extended periods of time a system where the states of the physical objects or variables may have any values within a range (which may be ). Opposite to discrete system business graphics software package data collection finding, calculating and extracting information/data (figures, rules, names, etc.) from a real system de-clamping decision support delivery performance DEMOS discrete event the operation of removing of work piece, with its fixtures, etc., from a machine here: information that assists in the decision making process sec can be measured in many ways. Here: the percentage of requests (orders) that can be executed without delay for the customer Discrete Event Modelling on SIMULA. A class (a set of declarations and routines) in SIMULA, specially to be used for making discrete event simulation models an event changing a parameter of an object from one discrete state to another discrete production ref. [10] distributed production the manufacturing of discrete products, as opposed to manufacturing in continuous flows functions, like planning dispatching, etc., are performed as close as possible to where the operations take place. High degree of self controlled groups

3 - 3 - entity ES expert system an object in a discrete event simulation that has a behaviour: it creates discrete events knowledge based systems where the knowledge is at expert level event sec an event defines the simultaneous state changes in the model. The event is connected to an entity, and nothing happens between the events. In a model of a post office the opening of the office, the arrival of a customer and the ordering of a stamp are all events event list trace a complete list of all events that has occurred in a simulation experiment Excel experiment simulation experiment a spreadsheet, a type of software program setting the parameters of a model and running a model a number of replications expert system ES see ES factory planning FIFO graphical modelling inventory turnover deciding on the rough and detailed layout of the factory floor. Includes deciding on type, number and placement of each machine and other resources first in first out, a priority rule creating software models by using graphical symbols (and not by programming) sec the number of times, the average value of all stocks and WIP is sold per year. The ratio turnover/average inventory jobbing production shop ref. [10] very low volume production runs of many different products, with low level of standardisation, and few common components KBS knowledge based systems advanced programs that can solve a variety of problems based on stored knowledge, without being reprogrammed

4 - 4 - knowledge acquisition the process of extracting information or knowledge from experts knowledge systems layout based KBS see KBS the factory floor, but also a map of the factory floor LIFO last in first out, a priority rule lot size see batch size Macintosh a personal computer macro a set of functions put together, a mini software programme mass production ref. [10] large volume production runs of relatively few, highly standardised products, with stable demand and few design changes mean time between failure MTBF the estimated time between each time a machine breaks down model sec a description or representation of a real or virtual system model building sec the process of transferring a model design into a model model design modelling monitor Monte-Carlo simulation deciding on the logic of model the process of creating models. Includes model design and model building here; watching the simulation model, or at least central parameter during simulation In Monte-Carlo simulation the utilities of generating random distributions and the data collection devices are included. This is, of course, the heart of any dynamic modelling technique

5 - 5 - MRPII Manufacturing Resource Planning, a principle which is the basis for computer systems for production control. Uses Bills of Materials and Bills of Processes, standard lead times, etc., to perform net requirements calculations as well as resource planning MTBF NTH numerical object orientation operative simulation post processing sec mean time between failure The Norwegian Institute of Technology expressed in or counted by numbers a system or model where the information is organised by objects of different types, representing the different real world objects or elements use of simulation for decision support of operational decisions in production processing data, information or results after the main operation (process) has taken place. Here; calculation on data that is produced during a simulation experiment process sec a process is a sequence (in time) of events all concerning the same entity, often called the life cycle of the entity. In the post office the sequence; customer arrives, orders stamp, pays for stamp, receives stamp and departs from office, is a process product flow production production systems in SIMMEK; all information about products; quantities, operations, routings, sales prices, etc. the function of controlling the pulse of the manufacturing system, by decision on what and when to make and buy computer systems for production

6 - 6 - pseudo programming making instructions for a computer without using a basic programming language like C or FORTRAN, but on the other hand neither by natural language nor graphics queuing theory sec queuing theory is the study of the randomly fluctuating waiting lines, or queues replication scheduling seed series series effect set-up SIMAN a replication is one run through of a model with its initial conditions/values. For reliability reasons the same model with the same conditions/values is run several times (replications) with different seed the planning operation of connecting each operation to a specific resource, and fixing the time when this operation should take place. Often referred to as detailed planning normally a value between 0 and 1. Used to give each replication a unique starting value for drawings from statistical distributions. The first drawing transforms the seed into a value of the distribution, the next drawing is found by changing the seed by an algorithm into a new value between 0 and 1 see batch sizes the effect that if a machine needs to be set-up before the operations can start, then the more parts you can make without a new set-up, the shorter average operation time. There are more parts to split the set-up time on. Includes also learning curve effects to prepare a resource for a certain type of operation, ex; changing a tool. Does not include clamping and de-clamping of each work piece a simulation tool, somewhere between a simulation programming language and a simulator. Specially for simulation of manufacturing systems

7 - 7 - SIMMEK SIMULA simulation Naylor [5], sec. 1.1 simulation kernel simulation process simulator SINTEF slack (time) SLAM II spreadsheet Statworks ST-POINT strategic simulation sec a simulator for simulation of manufacturing systems and a Norwegian research programme an object oriented programming language, well suited for writing simulation programs see computer simulation the part of the simulator that is executing the actual simulation the entire process from facing and defining a problem until conclusions are drawn from a simulation of the underlying system a software tool for making simulation models where no programming is needed The foundation for scientific and industrial research at NTH the difference between the sum of planned operation times and available time. Can be positive or negative a simulation tool, somewhere between a simulation programming language and a simulator. Specially for simulation of manufacturing systems a software with tables and cells, relations between the cells, and with graphical presentation of the values in the cells, rows and columns a statistical software package working with tables of data scheduling software system use of simulation for decision support of strategic decisions in production tactical simulation sec use of simulation for decision support of tactical decisions in production

8 - 8 - throughput the number of products and components coming out of a manufacturing system over a defined period of time throughput time sec here; the time from the first operation can start on one batch, until all parts are complete in the last operations. Can be measured in many ways, see Section trace uncertainty see event list that a parameter is not deterministic validation sec. 4.2 to check whether the simulation model is a good (enough) description of the real system verification sec. 4.2 to check whether the computer simulation program and the model do what it is intended to do warm up time WITNESS world views ZETA-MPS the elapsed simulated time from the start of the simulation till the time where result collection is started a simulator for simulation of manufacturing systems here; a parameter saying whether a simulation system or model is activity, event or process oriented an MRPII based software system

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