city, capital of Hakkâri il (province), southeastern Turkey. It lies at an elevation of about 5,500 feet (1,700 metres), surrounded by mountains and overlooked by a medieval fortress, the former residence of its Kurdish rulers. A market for local livestock and livestock products, Hakkâri has road links to Van to the north ...

English geographer noted for his political influence, his voluminous writings, and his persistent promotion of Elizabethan overseas expansion, especially the colonization of North America. His major publication, The principall Navigations, Voiages and Discoveries of the English nation, provides almost everything known about the early English voyages to North America....

English compiler of travel and discovery writings who continued the encyclopaedic collections begun by the British geographer Richard Hakluyt in Hakluytus Posthumus or Purchas his Pilgrimes; Contayning a History of the World, in Sea Voyages and Lande Travells, by Englishmen and Others (4 vol., 1625; 20 vol., 1905–07)....

avant-garde satiric novel by Abe Kōbō, published in Japanese in 1973 as Hako otoko. A bizarre commentary on contemporary society, The Box Man concerns a man who relinquishes normal life to live in a “waterproof room,” a cardboard box that he wears on his back. Like a medieval Buddhist monk, the man observes society’s goings-on but disdains any interaction with the ...

city, southern Hokkaido ken (prefecture), northern Japan. It is situated on the Tsugaru Strait between Hokkaido and Honshu. The city is built along the northwestern base of a rocky promontory that forms the eastern boundary of a naturally sheltered spacious harbour....

...Seikan Tunnel was completed beneath the Tsugaru Strait, linking Hakodate with Homori on Honshu. The city’s principal industries are tourism and the cultivation and processing of salmon and seaweed. Mount Hakodate (1,100 feet [335 metres]) rises to the southwest; on its eastern slope are a municipal library and museum, the latter devoted to the Ainu and Nivkh (formerly Gilyak) peoples. In the......

king of Norway (1217–63) who consolidated the power of the monarchy, patronized the arts, and established Norwegian sovereignty over Greenland and Iceland. His reign is considered the beginning of the “golden age” (1217–1319) in medieval Norwegian history....

Norwegian king and one of the most eminent Scandinavian rulers of his time. He fostered the growth of governmental institutions but failed in his attempt to Christianize the lesser Norwegian chieftains....

king of Norway (1217–63) who consolidated the power of the monarchy, patronized the arts, and established Norwegian sovereignty over Greenland and Iceland. His reign is considered the beginning of the “golden age” (1217–1319) in medieval Norwegian history....

Norwegian noble who defeated Harald II Graycloak, becoming the chief ruler (c. 970) of Norway; he later extended his rule over the greater part of the country. He resisted an attempt by the Danish king Harald III Bluetooth to Christianize Norway and was the last non-Christian Norwegian ruler....

king of Norway (1299–1319) whose anti-English foreign policy paved the way for the commercial domination of Norway by north German traders of the Hanseatic League. His reign marked the end of the “golden age” in medieval Norwegian history....

king of Norway (1355–80) whose marriage to Margaret, daughter of the Danish king Valdemar IV, in 1363 paved the way for the eventual union (1397) of the three major Scandinavian nations—Denmark, Norway, and Sweden—the Kalmar Union. Haakon was deeply embroiled throughout his reign in political conflicts with Sweden, Denmark, and the cities of the north German trading confederation, the Han...

...under the supervision of the king himself, but it was completed (probably by the abbot) in Iceland after Sverrir’s death. Sturla Þórðarson wrote two royal biographies: Hákonar saga on King Haakon Haakonsson (c. 1204–63) and Magnús saga on his son and successor, Magnus VI Law-Mender (Lagabǫter; reigned 1263–80); of......

Kurosawa was also noted for his adaptations of European literary classics into films with Japanese settings. Hakuchi (1951; The Idiot) is based upon Fyodor Dostoyevsky’s novel of the same title, Kumonosu-jo (Throne of Blood) was adapted from Shakespeare’s Macbeth, and......

In the early 640s the Soga clan was afflicted with bloody internal intrigue, which offered its rivals the opportunity to usurp power. In 645 Prince Nakono Ōe (later the emperor Tenji) and Nakatomi Kamatari (later Fujiwara Kamatari) led a successful coup and promulgated the Taika reforms, a series of edicts that significantly strengthened the control of the central government. Through......

in Ṣūfī Muslim mystical terminology, a spiritual state of mind that comes to the Ṣūfī from time to time during his journey toward God. The aḥwāl are graces of God that cannot be acquired or retained through an individual’s own efforts. When the soul is purified of its attachments to the material world, it can only wait patiently for those spiritual gifts of God, which, when they come, fill ...

...is sent to Jupiter to investigate. The middle segment of the film takes place on board Discovery and is perhaps the most memorable—and most straightforward. The ship’s computer, HAL 9000, which possesses human intellect and vocal ability, malfunctions and begins to work against the astronauts in a life-or-death battle of wits, leading to questions about humankind’s......

fictional character, based on the English monarch, who first appears in William Shakespeare’s play Henry IV, Part 1, where he is portrayed as an irresponsible, fun-loving youth. In Shakespeare’s Henry V he proves to be a wise, capable, and responsible king and wins a great victory over ...

Douglas acted onstage as a child. He made his way to Hollywood just as sound pictures were taking hold and ended up at Hal Roach’s studio. In 1930 he appeared in the first of numerous comedy shorts, often uncredited. Five years later he turned to directing, and he soon gained attention for his work on the popular Our Gang (also known as Little Rascals) series, which centred on the antics of a......

...a small village until the late 19th century, when it grew rapidly as a residential district for workers from the adjacent Grand Harbour dockyards. It has a well-preserved Neolithic temple and the Hal Saflieni Hypogeum (catacombs), discovered in 1902 and designated a UNESCO World Heritage site in 1980. Pop. (2007 est.) 8,680....

town, eastern Malta, just southeast of Valletta and adjacent to Paola to the northwest. Tarxien (or Hal Tarxien; pronounced “Tar-shin”) is famous for its remarkably well-preserved complex of three Neolithic temples of different date but similar plan. The ruins were discovered by farmers in 1913 and excavated by Sir Themistocles Zammit in 1914–19. The modern to...

principal city of northern Syria. It is situated in the northwestern part of the country, about 30 miles (50 km) south of the Turkish border. Aleppo is located at the crossroads of great commercial routes and lies some 60 miles (100 km) from both the Mediterranean Sea (west) and the Euphrates River (east). Pop. (2004) 2,132,100....

...and the Christian communities in Aleppo and Lebanon brought forth scholars. Muslim Arab culture of the time produced the theologian ʿAbd al-Ghanī al-Nābulusī, as well as Ibrāhīm al-Ḥalabī, a systematic jurist....

in Judaism, the totality of laws and ordinances that have evolved since biblical times to regulate religious observances and the daily life and conduct of the Jewish people. Quite distinct from the Law of the Pentateuch (the first five books of the Bible), Halakhah purports to preserve and represent oral traditions stemming from the revelation on Mount Sinai or evolved on the basis of it. The lega...

...traces of them were first found, and the same names are sometimes attributed to the prehistoric periods during which they were predominant. Hence, Hassuna, Hassuna-Sāmarrāʾ, and Halaf in northern Iraq are the names given to the first three periods during which known early settlements were successively occupied by peoples whose relations were apparently with Syria and......

archaeological site of ancient Mesopotamia, on the headwaters of the Khābur River near modern Raʾs al-ʿAyn, northeastern Syria. It is the location of the first find of a Neolithic culture characterized by glazed pottery painted with geometric and animal designs. The pottery is sometimes called Halafian ware....

archaeological site of ancient Mesopotamia, on the headwaters of the Khābur River near modern Raʾs al-ʿAyn, northeastern Syria. It is the location of the first find of a Neolithic culture characterized by glazed pottery painted with geometric and animal designs. The pottery is sometimes called Halafian ware....

...northeastern Syria. It is the location of the first find of a Neolithic culture characterized by glazed pottery painted with geometric and animal designs. The pottery is sometimes called Halafian ware....

in Judaism, the totality of laws and ordinances that have evolved since biblical times to regulate religious observances and the daily life and conduct of the Jewish people. Quite distinct from the Law of the Pentateuch (the first five books of the Bible), Halakhah purports to preserve and represent oral traditions stemming from the revelation on Mount Sinai or evolved on the basis of it. The lega...

in Judaism, the totality of laws and ordinances that have evolved since biblical times to regulate religious observances and the daily life and conduct of the Jewish people. Quite distinct from the Law of the Pentateuch (the first five books of the Bible), Halakhah purports to preserve and represent oral traditions stemming from the revelation on Mount Sinai or evolved on the basis of it. The lega...

in Judaism, the totality of laws and ordinances that have evolved since biblical times to regulate religious observances and the daily life and conduct of the Jewish people. Quite distinct from the Law of the Pentateuch (the first five books of the Bible), Halakhah purports to preserve and represent oral traditions stemming from the revelation on Mount Sinai or evolved on the basis of it. The lega...

...was an intellectual poet whose verse is difficult to understand. Self-centred and withdrawn in his early period, he later turned his attention to contemporary social problems. Among his novels, Halálfiai (1927; “The Children of Death”), a sympathetic portrayal of the decaying middle class, is outstanding. His translations include plays of Sophocles, Dante’s Divina......

...biwa is used only between verses for interludes and commentaries. A similar technique is in use among the minstrels of North Africa: the lute (gimbrī) is played only between verses of the story, as a descriptive comment....

language spoken chiefly in the central highlands of south-central Vietnam near Kon Tum. The number of speakers in Vietnam is estimated at some 10,000. Halang is a member of the North Bahnaric subbranch of the Mon-Khmer language family, which is a part of the Austroasiatic stock. Other North Bahnaric languages spoken in the region are Sedang, Rengao, Kayong, Monom, and Jeh....

In the period between 1918 and 1945, the lyric poetry of Jakub Deml, Josef Hora, František Halas, Vítězslav Nezval, and Jaroslav Seifert exhibited great vitality and variety, with work of the highest quality being produced. After World War II, however, the newly established communist regime suppressed free literary activity and permitted only works conforming to the drab......

founder, owner, and head coach of the Chicago Bears gridiron football team in the U.S. professional National Football League (NFL). Halas revolutionized American football strategy in the late 1930s when he, along with assistant coach Clark Shaughnessy, revived the T formation and added to it the “man in motion” (a player moving prior to the start of a play)....

founder, owner, and head coach of the Chicago Bears gridiron football team in the U.S. professional National Football League (NFL). Halas revolutionized American football strategy in the late 1930s when he, along with assistant coach Clark Shaughnessy, revived the T formation and added to it the “man in motion” (a player moving prior to the start of a play)....

April 16, 1912Budapest, Hung.Jan. 20/21, 1995London, EnglandBritish motion-picture animator and producer who was, with his wife, Joy Batchelor (died 1991), the force behind the largest cartoon film studio in Great Britain and creator of some 2,000 animated films, notably Animal Farm ...

...because liquid coatings were swept away by the mobile phase. Previously gas chromatography had employed chemical bonding of an organic stationary phase to solids to reduce adsorptive activity; István Halász of Germany exploited these reactions to cause a separation based on liquid solution effects in the bonded molecular layers. These and similar reactions were employed to......

valley, northeastern Molokai island, Hawaii, U.S. On the northeastern flank of Kamakou summit (4,961 feet [1,512 metres]), it is a deep, verdant gorge 1.75 miles (2.8 km) long and 0.5 mile (0.8 km) wide. Archaeological evidence dates habitation in the area from c. ad 650, which makes it one of the oldest Hawaiian settlements. The area poss...

in pottery, an earthenware body dipped into clay slip and covered with a lead glaze, superficially resembling true majolica, or tin-glazed earthenware. In German it is sometimes known as halb-fayence (“half faience”). Both terms are misnomers; the ware is more correctly classified as sgraffito. That is, it is decorated by incision through the slip to reveal differently co...

weapon consisting of an ax blade balanced by a pick with an elongated pike head at the end of the staff. It was usually about 1.5 to 1.8 metres (5 to 6 feet) long. The halberd was an important weapon in middle Europe from the 14th through the 16th century. It enabled a foot soldier to contend with an armoured man on horseback; the pike head was used to keep the horseman at a distance, and the ax b...

...on the Vienna stage. In Berlin he wrote screenplays for producer Joe May, and in 1919 he was given the opportunity to write and direct his first movie, Halbblut (The Half-Caste), the theme of which foreshadowed such triumphs from his Hollywood period as The Woman in the Window (1944) and Scarlet Street (1945). In......

American political organizer who was general secretary of the Communist Party of the United States of America (CPUSA; 1959–2000) and a four-time candidate for U.S. president (1972, 1976, 1980, 1984)....

weapon consisting of an ax blade balanced by a pick with an elongated pike head at the end of the staff. It was usually about 1.5 to 1.8 metres (5 to 6 feet) long. The halberd was an important weapon in middle Europe from the 14th through the 16th century. It enabled a foot soldier to contend with an armoured man on horseback; the pike head was used to keep the horseman at a distance, and the ax b...

city, Saxony-Anhalt Land (state), central Germany, on the Holtemme River in the foreland of the northern Harz mountains, southwest of Magdeburg. It became a bishopric about 814 and was granted market rights in 989. It was one of the most important German trading cities in the 13th–14th century. The bishopric was suppressed and the town granted to Brandenburg by the Peace ...

American journalist and author who received a Pulitzer Prize in 1964 for his penetrating coverage of the Vietnam War as a staff reporter (1960–67) for The New York Times. He went on to become the best-selling author of more than 20 meticulously researched books....

1907Bobowa, Pol.Aug. 2, 2000New York, N.Y., U.S.Polish-born American religious leader who emigrated in the late 1940s to New York, where in Borough Park, a section of Brooklyn, he became the leader of the Bobov sect, a Hasidic group whose numbers had been greatly reduced by the Holocaust. H...

weapon consisting of an ax blade balanced by a pick with an elongated pike head at the end of the staff. It was usually about 1.5 to 1.8 metres (5 to 6 feet) long. The halberd was an important weapon in middle Europe from the 14th through the 16th century. It enabled a foot soldier to contend with an armoured man on horseback; the pike head was used to keep the horseman at a distance, and the ax b...

It was not until the Romantic period of the 19th century, however, that Frisian literature began to flourish as a national literature. About this time the Halbertsma brothers—Eeltsje, Joast, and Tsjalling—founded a movement known as “New Frisian Literature,” and they went on to write an amusing collection of Romantic prose and poetry, Rimen en Teltsjes (1871;......

It was not until the Romantic period of the 19th century, however, that Frisian literature began to flourish as a national literature. About this time the Halbertsma brothers—Eeltsje, Joast, and Tsjalling—founded a movement known as “New Frisian Literature,” and they went on to write an amusing collection of Romantic prose and poetry, Rimen en Teltsjes (1871;......

...was not until the Romantic period of the 19th century, however, that Frisian literature began to flourish as a national literature. About this time the Halbertsma brothers—Eeltsje, Joast, and Tsjalling—founded a movement known as “New Frisian Literature,” and they went on to write an amusing collection of Romantic prose and poetry, Rimen en Teltsjes (1871;......

...either a state or a federal exchange. On the same day that the Fourth Circuit issued its decision, a three-judge panel of the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit, in Halbig v. Burwell, reached the opposite conclusion, finding (2–1) that the ACA “unambiguously restricts the…subsidy to insurance purchased on Exchanges......

In 1997 Japanese radio astronomers working at the Institute for Space Science near Tokyo launched an 8-metre (26-foot) dish, known as the VLBI Space Observatory Program (VSOP), in Earth orbit. Working with the VLBA and other ground-based radio telescopes, VSOP gave interferometer baselines up to 33,000 km (21,000 miles). (VSOP was also known as the Highly Advanced Laboratory for Communication......

Two major divisions of Yumans are recognized: the river Yumans, who lived along the lower Colorado and middle Gila rivers and whose major groups included, from north to south, the Mojave, Halchidhoma, Yuma, and Cocopa, together with the Maricopa in the middle Gila; and the upland Yumans, who inhabited what is now western Arizona south of the Grand Canyon and whose major groups included the......

...also require a much smaller dosage than barbiturates to achieve their effects. The benzodiazepines include chlordiazepoxide (Librium), diazepam (Valium), alprazolam (Xanax), oxazepam (Serax), and triazolam (Halcion). They are, however, intended only for short- or medium-term use, since the body does develop a tolerance to them and withdrawal symptoms (anxiety, restlessness, and so on) develop.....

...rex) of New Guinea is partly terrestrial and is known to feed on beetles and earthworms; the latter are apparently dug from the soil of the forest floor with the bird’s short, heavy bill. The ruddy kingfisher (Halcyon coromanda), widespread in Southeast Asia, eats many large land snails. It seizes a snail with its bill and beats it against a rock until the shell is broken and the....

atoll in the central Pacific Ocean, about 2,300 miles (3,700 km) west of Honolulu. It is an unincorporated territory of the United States and comprises three low-lying coral islets (Wilkes, Peale, and Wake) that rise from an underwater volcano to 21 feet (6 metres) above sea level and are linked by causeways. They lie in a crescent configura...

British-born American physicist who was awarded the 2016 Nobel Prize in Physics for his work on explaining properties of one-dimensional chains of atomic magnets and of two-dimensional semiconductors. He shared the prize with British-born American physicists David Thouless and ...

British-born American physicist who was awarded the 2016 Nobel Prize in Physics for his work on explaining properties of one-dimensional chains of atomic magnets and of two-dimensional semiconductors. He shared the prize with British-born American physicists David Thouless and ...

British-born American physicist who was awarded the 2016 Nobel Prize in Physics for his work on explaining properties of one-dimensional chains of atomic magnets and of two-dimensional semiconductors. He shared the prize with British-born American physicists David Thouless and ...

British writer, feminist, and peace activist who was the prolific author of some 70 books—the best known of which was The Corn King and the Spring Queen (1931)—as well as numerous articles, essays, works of poetry and drama, and children’s stories; she was created C.B.E. in 1985 (b. Nov. 1, 1897, Edinburgh, Scot.—d. Jan. 11, 1999, Mull of Kintyre, Scot.)....

...German idealism. The Hegelian notion of Absolute Spirit found a resonance in the age-old Vedanta notion of brahman. The most eminent Indian Hegelian scholar is Hiralal Haldar, who was concerned with the problem of the relation of the human personality with the Absolute, as is evidenced by his book Neo-Hegelianism. The most eminent Kantian......

...Examples include La Florida, a huge pyramid in Lima that formed the nucleus of a yet-unmapped building complex. The Tank site at Ancón consists of a series of stone-faced platforms on a hill. Las Haldas has a platform and three plazas; two smaller similar sites are also known. The old centres at El Paraíso and Río Seco had been abandoned, but, in the highlands, Kotosh......

highest mountain in Finland, rising to 4,357 feet (1,328 metres) at the extreme northwestern tip of Finnish Lapland on the Norwegian border. The peak is located in Finland’s only true mountain range, the Haltia (Halddia in Norway)....

American advertising executive and campaign manager who served as White House chief of staff during the Richard M. Nixon administration (1969–73). He is best known for his involvement in the Watergate Scandal....

American advertising executive and campaign manager who served as White House chief of staff during the Richard M. Nixon administration (1969–73). He is best known for his involvement in the Watergate Scandal....

American advertising executive and campaign manager who served as White House chief of staff during the Richard M. Nixon administration (1969–73). He is best known for his involvement in the Watergate Scandal....

town, southeastern Norway. It lies along Idde Fjord, which forms part of the border between Norway and Sweden, at the mouth of the Tistedalselva (river). The site was settled in ancient times, and the modern town, founded in 1661, was known as Fredrikshald from 1665 to 1928. Its 17th-century Fredriksten Fort was a strategic border stronghold that withstood many attacks by the Sw...

German general who, in spite of his personal opposition to the policies of Adolf Hitler, served as chief of the army general staff (1938–42) during the period of Germany’s greatest military victories in the early years of World War II....

the national god of the ancient kingdom of Urartu, which ruled the plateau around Lake Van, now eastern Turkey, from about 900 to about 600 bc. Haldi was represented as a man, with or without wings, standing on a lion; in the absence of religious texts his attributes are otherwise unknown. A Urartian temple at ancient Muṣaṣir dedicated to Haldi and to the goddess ...

(June 1576), battle fought in Rajasthan, northwestern India, between Pratap Singh of Mewar, the senior Rajput chief, and a Mughal army led by Raja Man Singh of Jaipur. It represented an attempt by the Mughal emperor Akbar to subdue the last of the independent chiefs of Rajasthan. Prata...

English writer known for her accessible educational books, many of which were aimed at females readers. Her best-known work, Conversations on Chemistry (1805), was one of the first basic science textbooks....

long-period comet that was spectacularly visible to the naked eye, having a bright coma, a thick white dust tail, and a bright blue ion tail. It was discovered independently on July 23, 1995, by Alan Hale and Thomas Bopp, two American amateur astronomers, at the unusually far distance of 7.15 astronomical units (AU; about 1 billion km [600 million miles]) from the Sun, well beyond Jupiter’s......

April 18, 1922DeKalb, Ill.Jan. 26, 2017Sherman Oaks, Calif.American actress who played the steadfast and composed legal secretary Della Street on the long-running TV show Perry Mason (1957–66) and in more than 30 subsequent TV movies based on the series. The courtroom drama starred ...

American astronomer known for his development of important astronomical instruments, including the Hale Telescope, a 200-inch (508-cm) reflector at the Palomar Observatory, near San Diego. The most effective entrepreneur in 20th-century American astronomy, Hale built four observatories and helped create the new discipline ...

American anthropologist, who made valuable linguistic and ethnographic studies of North American Indians. His major contribution is the influence he exerted on the development of Franz Boas, whose ideas came to dominate U.S. anthropology for about 50 years....

American anthropologist, who made valuable linguistic and ethnographic studies of North American Indians. His major contribution is the influence he exerted on the development of Franz Boas, whose ideas came to dominate U.S. anthropology for about 50 years....