We attempted to reveal historical continuity and discontinuity within the following realms.In political realm, Nishimura's study involved Chinese "ethnic" nationalism and modern "nationstate" nationalism. Focusing both each ideology's distinctiveness and the interactive situation between the two, he redefined historical continuity and discontinuity which interweaves these two kinds of nationalism. Murata argued Chinese nationalism in the first half of the 20th century shifted toward forming a nation state as a world standard model, which has been reinforced even in the PRC period.As for social realm, it was revealed by Furumaya that the concepts of people, citizen, and Chinese nation form a multi-layered structure, being made situational use. Ueda conducted a new perspective analysis-history of forest and environmental protection on the long-term basis. Backed by his findings, the importance of independence of society and a down-to-earth practice was argued.Within economic realm, Tetsuyama analyzed cooperative/collaborative relationship and a smallscale agricultural management in Chinese traditional agriculture, taking its relation to people's commune or agricultural production responsibility system into consideration.Finally in the realm of thought, attempts were made to reveal the nature of mutual permeation between traditional thought and modern thought. Cal argued that Cai Yuanpei 's modernization thought was one based on the "take in everything" idea. Accepting western thought on the basis of traditional one, Cai discussed, he attempted to build the Chinese society.