The Faculty of the Victorian College of the Arts and Melbourne Conservatorium of Music (Faculty of VCA and MCM) is a faculty of the University of Melbourne, in Victoria, Australia. VCAMCM is located near the Melbourne City Centre, on two campuses: one – the Melbourne Conservatorium of Music (MCM) – on the Parkville campus of the University of Melbourne, and the other – the Victorian College of the Arts (VCA) – on St Kilda Road, at Southbank.

The Faculty of the VCA and Music was created in 2009 from the amalgamation of the University's Faculty of Music (founded as the University Conservatorium in 1895) and Faculty of the Victorian College of the Arts.[2] Founded in 1972, the VCA integrated into the University of Melbourne in 2007 as a separate faculty. Due to dissatisfaction – particularly from students of the old VCA – with the structural changes imposed by the University, in November 2009 former Telstra CEO Ziggy Switkowski was appointed to Chair a review. A number of his recommendations were adopted, resulting in the resignation of the inaugural Dean,[3] abandonment of the previous push for full amalgamation, the creation of the present divisional structure with a more centralised administration and two relatively distinct teaching entities at the Parkville and Southbank campuses,[4] and a change in the title of the head of the two divisions to Director. The appointment of a new Dean under this new structure, occurred in 2011.[5]

This was not the first time, however, that sharing of resources across two institutions had been attempted; in 1974, at the time of the establishment of the VCA School of Music, the original entity called the University Conservatorium was finally unincorporated. Symbolically as well as in practice, the central place of instrumental tuition at the Faculty was removed to the new VCA and replaced with a more academic syllabus.[6] Between 1975 and 1981, the teaching of most woodwind, some brass, double bass and guitar was undertaken by VCA staff at the Southbank campus.

Although much work has been done to ensure the autonomy of the VCA, the economic climate of the late 1980s led to a full amalgamation of the VCA and the Faculty of Music that took effect on 1 July 1991, the new organisation was known as the Faculty of Music, Visual and Performing Arts. John Poynter was appointed as Dean of the new super faculty; in September, Warren Bebbington was appointed to the vacant Ormond Chair and, at the urging of staff on both sides, worked to reverse the amalgamation, which was effected in 1994.[7]

On 1 January 2012 the Faculty's name was changed to reflect the two operating divisions and is now known as the Faculty of the Victorian College of the Arts and Melbourne Conservatorium of Music (Faculty of the VCA and MCM).

The teaching of music at the University of Melbourne has been undertaken under a number of administrative structures, the first award of a degree in music (a MusBac) was recorded in 1879,[2] and the first Chair of Music, endowed by Francis Ormond – known as the Ormond Professor of Music - was occupied from 1891, even though there was not yet a department or faculty of music at the University. Through the efforts of the first Ormond Professor, G.W.L. Marshall-Hall, this was rectified in 1894 with the founding of the University Conservatorium, whose leased premises were located in the Queen's Coffee Palace, a six-storey building on the corner of Rathdowne and Victoria Streets, Carlton.[8]

The various names that have been used during the music department's history are:

1894–1926: University Conservatorium

1926–1992: Faculty of Music (the Conservatorium as an entity continued to exist until 1975)

1993–1994: School of Music

1995–2010: Faculty of Music

2011 – present: Melbourne Conservatorium of Music

The foundation stone for a permanent Conservatorium in Royal Parade, on the University campus, was laid by Dame Nellie Melba on 26 November 1909, and the building, designed by Bates, Peebles & Smart, was opened in 1913. Assisted by a donation of £1,000 from a benefit concert arranged by Melba,[9] which was matched by the Victorian State Government, the concert room now known as Melba Hall was added and opened by the Governor-General, Lord Denman, on 29 October 1913.

The Conservatorium became the Faculty of Music within the University of Melbourne in 1926, and the first Dean was appointed, this was to be the administrative structure for the next 65 years.

The Victorian College of the Arts (VCA) was established in 1972 by a government order under the Victorian Institute of Colleges Act 1955, initiated by the Premier of Victoria and Minister for the Arts Rupert Hamer. Subsequently, in 1973 the VCA was affiliated as a college of advanced education with the Victorian Institute of Colleges, the National Gallery of Victoria Art School, founded in 1867 to teach fine art, was the VCA's foundation school. This was followed by the establishment of the School of Music in 1974, the School of Drama in 1976, the School of Dance in 1978 and Film and Television (1992).

Also in 1978, the Victorian Education Department under the direction of the Deputy Premier and Minister of Education Lindsay Thompson established the Victorian College of the Arts Technical School, a government secondary school for dancers and musicians (see VCASS)in close association with the VCA and located on the same campus.

In March 1981, the Minister for the Arts Norman Lacy had the Victorian College of the Arts Act passed through the Victorian Parliament.[1] Its purpose was the reconstitution of the Victorian College of the Arts (VCA) made necessary by the repeal in 1980 of the Victorian Institute of Colleges Act and to make it "better able to provide for the preparation of young people to enter upon careers as professional artists. It also represents a most significant development for the Victorian Arts Centre."[10]

Lacy laid out a rationale for the re-constitution of the College under a VCA specific Act which was derived firstly "from the quite specific demands and circumstances of preparing young artists for professional practise." He asserted that "the basic concept upon which the college is built is that young artists intending to enter careers as practitioners in their various fields are best assisted to achieve their ambitions in a milieu of continuous artistic activity and endeavour of a fully professional nature. To the extent that artistic education is separated from normal professional practice it is so much less effective." Secondly, the rationale related to the adjacent location of the VCA campus to the National Gallery of Victoria and the Victorian Arts Centre. He said that this "Greater Arts Centre concept is central to the Government's decision to reconstitute the college by separate statute as well as to the development of the arts in general, it represents a simple, readily achievable and highly effective means of creating a substantial milieu of continuous professional activity of the highest standards. It also has ramifications which extend far beyond the college and its partner institutions, its implementation will shape and invigorate the arts in many ways and lead to a dynamic, cultural and social facility without peer in Australia" and that it "afforded an unparalleled opportunity and challenge to present total programmes in the arts which should encourage creative exchanges between the art forms, give inspiration to students of the arts and provide for the public an experience which few places in the world can match."[10] The Government therefore believed that the VCA's role was substantially different from other educational institutions.[10]

On 1 January 1992 further expansion of the college took place when the fine arts programs of the former Faculty of Art and Design, Victoria College (formerly Prahran College of Advanced Education), were incorporated into the School of Art.

At the same point in time in 1992 the Swinburne Film and Television School, established as Australia's first Film school in 1966, also transferred to the VCA,[11] the VCA School of Film and Television remained at Hawthorn until 1 July 1994 when it moved into a purpose-built federally funded building on the VCA campus at Southbank.

In 2006 the VCA was an affiliated college of the University of Melbourne, and on 1 January 2007 the VCA became known as the Faculty of the Victorian College of the Arts, University of Melbourne; in April 2009 the school became part of the new Faculty of the VCA and Music (VCAM). The School of Music was amalgamated with the University of Melbourne's Faculty of Music, and the VCA Secondary School was separated and given a new campus.

With the University requiring the VCA to introduce its Melbourne Model course structure,[12] necessitating a reduction in the amount of hands-on arts training that students receive, critics feared that future students might be unable to find employment upon graduation. Staff of the former VCA accused the Dean, Sharman Pretty, of having "little or no recognition of the need for focused arts training, or any esteem for the arts themselves,"[13] and the University of Melbourne of trying to mislead the public about the effects.[14] Students were also fearful a reduction in the quality of education and programs on offer whilst the school remained under the University of Melbourne.[15]

In 2014 a $42.5 million project to expand and improve the VCA was announced. Supported chiefly by the Victorian Government and The University of Melbourne, the initiative aims to both "ensure that the VCA maintains its high standards in arts training and research" and "open up the campus to the wider community". A portion of the funding is to be spent acquiring and redeveloping the nearby Dodds Street Stables of the Victoria Police mounted branch. Major contributors include the Myer Foundation, the Ian Potter Foundation and Martyn and Louise Myer, their combined donation totalling $10 million, the project is expected to be completed by 2016.[16][17]

The policy of the VCA has always been to enroll only those students who demonstrate the talent and dedication essential for courses as practising artists and performers. Similarly, members of the academic staff, including the Director and the Dean of each school, have themselves been accomplished and practising artists.[18]

^ abcThe Victorian College of the Arts Bill Explanatory Second Reading Speech by the Hon. Norman Lacy, M.P. Minister for the Arts in the Legislative Assembly of the Parliament of Victoria on 19 March 1981.

University of Melbourne
–
The University of Melbourne is a public research university located in Melbourne, Australia. Founded in 1853, it is Australias second oldest university and the oldest in Victoria, Times Higher Education ranks Melbourne as 33rd in the world, while the Academic Ranking of World Universities places Melbourne 40th in the world. Melbournes main campus i

Fine art
–
Historically, the five main fine arts were painting, sculpture, architecture, music and poetry, with performing arts including theatre and dance. Today, the fine arts commonly include additional forms, such as film, photography, video production/editing, design, sequential art, conceptual art, and printmaking. However, in some institutes of learnin

Dance
–
Dance is a performance art form consisting of purposefully selected sequences of human movement. This movement has aesthetic and symbolic value, and is acknowledged as dance by performers and observers within a particular culture, Dance can be categorized and described by its choreography, by its repertoire of movements, or by its historical period

Film
–
A film, also called a movie, motion picture, theatrical film or photoplay, is a series of still images which, when shown on a screen, creates the illusion of moving images due to the phi phenomenon. This optical illusion causes the audience to perceive continuous motion between separate objects viewed rapidly in succession, the process of filmmakin

Television
–
Television or TV is a telecommunication medium used for transmitting moving images in monochrome, or in color, and in two or three dimensions and sound. The term can refer to a set, a television program. Television is a medium for entertainment, education, news, politics, gossip. Television became available in experimental forms in the late 1920s.

1.
Flat-screen televisions for sale at a consumer electronics store

2.
The first known photograph of a moving image produced by Baird's "televisor", circa 1926 (The subject is Baird's business partner Oliver Hutchinson)

4.
Ad for the beginning of experimental television broadcasting in New York City by RCA in 1939

Music
–
Music is an art form and cultural activity whose medium is sound organized in time. The common elements of music are pitch, rhythm, dynamics, different styles or types of music may emphasize, de-emphasize or omit some of these elements. The word derives from Greek μουσική, Ancient Greek and Indian philosophers defined music as tones ordered horizon

1.
A painting on an Ancient Greek vase depicts a music lesson (c. 510 BC).

2.
Jean-Gabriel Ferlan performing at a 2008 concert at the collège-lycée Saint-François Xavier

Indigenous Australians
–
Indigenous Australians are the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people of Australia, descended from groups that existed in Australia and surrounding islands prior to European colonisation. In present-day Australia these groups are divided into local communities. At the time of initial European settlement, over 250 languages were spoken, it is

Performance
–
A performance, in the performing arts, generally comprises an event in which a performer or group of performers present one or more works of art to an audience. Usually the performers participate in rehearsals beforehand, the means of expressing appreciation can vary by culture. Chinese performers will clap with the audience at the end of a perform

Musical composition
–
People who create new compositions are called composers in classical music. In popular music and traditional music, the creators of new songs are usually called songwriters, with songs, Composition is the act or practice of creating a song or other piece of music. In popular music and traditional music, songwriting may involve the creation of an ou

Musicology
–
Musicology is the scholarly analysis and research-based study of music. Musicology is part of the humanities, a scholar who participates in musical research is a musicologist. Traditionally, historical musicology has been the most prominent sub-discipline of musicology, in the 2010s, historical musicology is one of several large musicology sub-disc

1.
Late 18th- century painting of instruments from the school of Zlatá Koruna. On the wall are several lutes and brass instruments. On the left is a cello -type instrument. In the middle are several drums. On the right is a small pipe organ.

2.
Historical musicology, which was traditionally the most prominent subdiscipline of musicology, studies the history of music. Central to this study is the examination of historical scores, such as this original manuscript sketch by Ludwig van Beethoven for Piano Sonata No. 28, Movement IV, Geschwind, doch nicht zu sehr und mit Entschlossenheit (Allegro), in his own handwriting. The piece was completed in 1816.

3.
Music historian Jack Stewart lectures at a conference.

Ethnomusicology
–
Ethnomusicology is the study of music from the cultural and social aspects of the people who make it. Stated broadly, ethnomusicology may be described as an investigation of music in its cultural contexts. When the field first came into existence, it was limited to the study of non-Western music—in contrast to the study of Western art music. Over t

Conducting
–
Conducting is the art of directing a musical performance, such as an orchestral or choral concert. A conductors directions will almost invariably be supplemented or reinforced by verbal instructions or suggestions to their musicians in rehearsal prior to a performance. The conductor typically stands on a podium with a large music stand for the full

Pedagogy
–
Pedagogy is the discipline that deals with the theory and practice of education, it thus concerns the study of how best to teach. Spanning a broad range of practice, its aims range from furthering liberal education to the specifics of vocational education. Instructive strategies are governed by the background knowledge and experience, situation. On

1.
Douris Man with wax tablet

Louise Hanson Dyer
–
Louise Berta Mosson Hanson-Dyer was an Australian music publisher and patron of the arts. She was born Louise Berta Mosson Smith in Melbourne, the daughter of Louis Smith and her brother Harold Gengoult Smith was to become Lord Mayor of Melbourne in 1932. She was a talented pianist, studying at the Albert Street Conservatorium, then from 1907/08 in

1.
Louise Hanson-Dyer (ca. 1920)

2.
Louise, daughter of the Hon. L. L. Smith by Tom Roberts, 1888

Francis Ormond
–
Francis Ormond was a Scottish-born Australian pastoralist, member of the Parliament of Victoria and philanthropist in the areas of education and religion. Francis Ormond was born in Aberdeen, Scotland, the son of three children to British Merchant Navy sailor, Captain Francis Ormond Sr. and Isabella. He was educated at the Tyzacks Academy in Liverp

4.
Francis Ormond statue near the former Working Men's College, at RMIT 's City campus

Nellie Melba
–
Dame Nellie Melba GBE, born Helen Porter Mitchell, was an Australian operatic soprano. She became one of the most famous singers of the late Victorian era and she was the first Australian to achieve international recognition as a classical musician. She took the pseudonym Melba from Melbourne, her home town, Melba studied singing in Melbourne and m

Bates Smart
–
Bates Smart is an architectural firm with studios in Melbourne and Sydney, Australia. Founded in 1853 by Joseph Reed as the practice Reed and Barnes, it is Australias second oldest architectural firm, in 1883 Henderson and Smart, joined Joseph Reed as partners, and when W. B. Tappin became a partner the firm was renamed Reed, Smart, when Reed died,

1.
State Library of Victoria, Swanston Street, Melbourne

2.
St Michael's Uniting Church, Collins Street, Melbourne

3.
Melbourne Trades Hall, Carlton

4.
The Scots' Church, Collins Street, Melbourne

Thomas Denman, 3rd Baron Denman
–
Thomas Denman, 3rd Baron Denman GCMG, KCVO, PC was a British Liberal politician and the fifth Governor-General of Australia. Born in London, Denman was the son of Richard Denman, Thomas Denman, 1st Baron Denman, Lord Chief Justice of the Kings Bench, was his great-grandfather. He continued his career in the Royal Scots, where he was promoted to lie

3.
Lord and Lady Denman, King O'Malley and Andrew Fisher at the official ceremony on Capitol Hill to mark the commencement of work on the city of Canberra, 12 March, 1913

4.
The cadets being inspected by the Governor-General on 12 March 1913, at the Canberra naming ceremony

Rupert Hamer
–
Sir Rupert James Hamer, AC, KCMG, ED, generally known until he was knighted in 1982 as Dick Hamer, Australian Liberal Party politician, was the 39th Premier of Victoria, serving from 1972 to 1981. Dick Hamer was born in Melbourne to Elizabeth Anne McLuckie and Hubert Hamer, Dick Hamer was educated at Geelong Grammar School and graduated in law from

Elisabeth Murdoch (philanthropist)
–
Dame Elisabeth Joy, Lady Murdoch AC DBE was an Australian philanthropist. She was the wife of Australian newspaper publisher Sir Keith Murdoch and she was appointed a Dame Commander of the Order of the British Empire in 1963 for her charity work in Australia and overseas. Murdoch was born in Melbourne on 8 February 1909, the daughter of Marie Grace

St Kilda Road, Melbourne
–
St Kilda Road is a street in Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. It is part of the locality of Melbourne which has the postcode of 3004, the road continues as Brighton Road, which becomes Nepean Highway, forming a major arterial connecting the bayside suburbs and Mornington Peninsula to the city. The first sale of Crown lands in St. Kilda took place on

Lindsay Thompson
–
Lindsay Hamilton Simpson Thompson AO, CMG, Australian Liberal Party politician, was the 40th Premier of Victoria from June 1981 to April 1982. He was also notable for his actions in the Faraday School kidnapping, Thompson was born in Warburton, a town north-east of Melbourne. His father died when he was two, and he was raised by his mother, Ethel T

Norman Lacy
–
He has been President of Independent Contractors Australia since October 2008 and lives in Wye River, Victoria. Norman Henry Lacy was born at the Epworth Private Hospital in the Melbourne suburb of Richmond and his parents were Albert Henry Lacy a licensed plumber and gas-fitter, and Florence Emma Lacy. He was baptised at St Stephens Church of Engl

National Gallery of Victoria
–
The National Gallery of Victoria, popularly known as the NGV, is an art museum in Melbourne, Australia. Founded in 1861, it is Australias oldest, largest and most visited art museum, the St Kilda Road building, designed by Sir Roy Grounds, opened in 1968, and was redeveloped by Mario Bellini before reopening in 2003. It houses the international art

The Arts Centre (Melbourne)
–
It was designed by architect Sir Roy Grounds, the masterplan for the complex was approved in 1960 and construction began in 1973 following some delays. The complex opened in stages, with Hamer Hall opening in 1982, the Arts Centre is located by the Yarra River and along St Kilda Road, one of the citys main thoroughfares, and extends into the Melbou

1.
Spire of the Arts Centre

2.
The Arts Centre spire, a Melbourne landmark

3.
Interior of Hamer Hall prior to the 2010–2012 redevelopment

4.
Norman Lacy receiving the lightning conductor to install into the top of the Centre's spire from George Fairfax on 20 October 1981

Melbourne
–
Melbourne is the capital and most populous city of the Australian state of Victoria, and the second-most populous city in Australia and Oceania. The name Melbourne refers to an urban agglomeration spanning 9,900 km2, the metropolis is located on the large natural bay of Port Phillip and expands into the hinterlands towards the Dandenong and Macedon

Melbourne Model
–
The Melbourne Curriculum was introduced at the University of Melbourne in 2008 by Vice-Chancellor Professor Glyn Davis. As a result of its implementation the universitys 96 undergraduate courses were replaced with six undergraduate degrees, most of the criticism is focussed on the loss of jobs rather than the curriculum itself. Job losses were init

2.
University of Melbourne Arts students speaking to Dean of Arts Faculty, Professor Belinda Probert, during a student occupation of the Philosophy building during the university's Academic Board meeting in 2007.

Lenton Parr
–
Lenton Parr was an Australian sculptor and teacher. There he was influenced by Reg Butler and Eduardo Paolozzi to work with enamelled steel structures, which was to become his lifelong specialty. After his return to Melbourne he showed at Peter Bray Gallery in 1957 and he was a member of the Victorian Sculptors Society and its seventh president. Ar

1.
Windhover (2001) in Melbourne

Gareth Sansom
–
Gareth Sansom is an Australian artist, painter, printmaker and collagist and winner of the 2008 John McCaughey Memorial Prize of $100,000. Another major Influence was and remains the British painter Francis Bacon and he was an associate of Brett Whiteley and there was a likely mutual influence. Sansom has had a influence on subsequent Australian ar

Visual arts of Australia
–
Australian art is any art made in Australia or about Australia, from prehistoric times to the present. This includes Aboriginal, Colonial, Landscape, Atelier, early twentieth century painters, print makers, photographers, the visual arts have a long history in Australia, with evidence of Aboriginal art dating back at least 30,000 years. Examples of

The Age
–
The Age is a daily newspaper that has been published in Melbourne, Australia, since 1854. It is delivered in both hardcopy and online formats, the newspaper shares many articles with other Fairfax Media metropolitan daily newspapers, such as The Sydney Morning Herald. As at February 2017, The Age had a weekday circulation of 88,000. The Sunday Age

Victorian College of the Arts Student Union
–
The Victorian College of the Arts Student Union was the student union of the former Victorian College of the Arts, now known as the Faculty of VCA and Music in Melbourne, Australia. It was an incorporated organisation which represented the VCA student body. It had a history of creative student activism and successful political campaigns. VCASUs stu

Geographic coordinate system
–
A geographic coordinate system is a coordinate system used in geography that enables every location on Earth to be specified by a set of numbers, letters or symbols. The coordinates are chosen such that one of the numbers represents a vertical position. A common choice of coordinates is latitude, longitude and elevation, to specify a location on a

1.
Longitude lines are perpendicular and latitude lines are parallel to the equator.

Art Academy of Cincinnati
–
The Art Academy of Cincinnati is a private college of art and design in Cincinnati, Ohio, accredited by the National Association of Schools of Art and Design. In 1998, the Art Academy of Cincinnati legally separated from the museum and became an independent college of art and it also offers a Master of Arts in Art Education, which is taught during

1.
Art Academy of Cincinnati

Art Center College of Design
–
ArtCenter College of Design is a nonprofit, private college located in Pasadena, California. ArtCenter College of Design was founded in 1930 in downtown Los Angeles as the Art Center School, in 1935, Fred R. Archer founded the photography department, and Ansel Adams was a guest instructor in the late 1930s. During and after World War II, ArtCenter

The Art Institute of Boston
–
Lesley University is a private, coeducational university in Cambridge, Massachusetts. It offers education, expressive therapies, creative writing, counseling, the modern Lesley University is the result of a merger between two institutions and their subsequent integration into a single institution. History prior to 1998 is of the two independent ins

1.
Home of Edith Lesley, Office of the President on the Doble Campus

2.
Lesley University

3.
Undergraduate Admissions on the Doble Campus

4.
What was once the North Prospect Congregational Church and now a present day historical landmark, Lesley University's John and Carol Moriarty Library was restored as part of the Lunder Arts Center project completed in January 2015.

California College of the Arts
–
California College of the Arts is an art, design, architecture, and writing school founded in 1907. It has campuses in San Francisco and Oakland, and it enrolls approximately 1,500 undergraduates and 500 graduate students, businessWeek magazine in 2009 called CCA one of the world’s best design schools. CCA ranks fourth among San Francisco Bay Area

1.
California College of the Arts

California Institute of the Arts
–
The California Institute of the Arts is a private university located in the Valencia neighborhood of the municipality of Santa Clarita in the California county of Los Angeles. It was incorporated in 1961 as the first degree-granting institution of learning in the United States created specifically for students of both the visual and the performing

1.
CalArts

Cleveland Institute of Art
–
The Cleveland Institute of Art, previously Cleveland School of Art, located in University Circle, Cleveland, Ohio, is one of the nation’s leading independent colleges of art and design. The college was founded in 1882 as the Western Reserve School of Design for Women, having become a co-educational school, it was renamed the Cleveland School of Art

1.
Frederick Gottwald taught at the Western Reserve School of Design for Women, and it has been said that he "contributed more than any other person to Cleveland's artistic development".

College for Creative Studies
–
The College also offers free art education for more than 4,000 Detroit youth annually through its Community Arts Partnerships program. The College for Creative Studies traces its heritage back to 1906 when a group of civic leaders, inspired by the English Arts and Crafts movement. The Society’s mission was to keep the ideals of beauty and craftsman

Columbus College of Art and Design
–
Columbus College of Art & Design is a private college of art and design located in downtown Columbus, Ohio. Founded in 1879 as the Columbus Art School, CCAD is one of the oldest private art, located in downtown Columbus, CCADs campus consists of 14 buildings on 9 acres and is adjacent to the Columbus Museum of Art. Approximately 1,350 full-time stu

1.
CCAD's 100-foot-tall campus ART sign

2.
First graduating class at CCAD

3.
Monypeny Mansion

4.
The Sessions Block

Cooper Union
–
Inspired in 1830 when Peter Cooper learned about the government-supported École Polytechnique in France, Cooper Union was established in 1859. The Cooper Union originally granted each admitted student a full-tuition scholarship, following its own financial crisis, the school decided to abandon this policy starting in the Fall of 2014, but each inco

4.
Renovated Great Hall entrance, with main hall partially visible through open doors

Corcoran College of Art and Design
–
The Corcoran School of the Arts and Design, founded in 1890, is an art and design school in Washington, D. C. The Corcoran School is part of GWUs Columbian College of Arts, William Wilson Corcoran founded the Corcoran Gallery of Art in 1869. Work resumed immediately after the conclusion of the war, with Corcoran formally founding his gallery as an

1.
Corcoran School of the Arts and Design (CCAD)

Cornish College of the Arts
–
Founded in 1914 as the Cornish School of Music, the name changed over the years as the institution added departments and refined and widened its mission. In 1920, the name was changed to The Cornish School by which it was known throughout Nellie Cornish’s directorship, in the 1950s, the name was lengthened to the Cornish School of Allied Arts. Corn

3.
Kerry Hall, Cornish's oldest building and the last part of Cornish remaining on Seattle's Capitol Hill.

Cranbrook Academy of Art
–
The Cranbrook Educational Community, an education, research and public museum complex in the US state of Michigan. A National Historic Landmark, it was founded in early 20th century by newspaper mogul George Gough Booth, the founders also built Christ Church Cranbrook as a focal point in order to serve the educational complex, though the church is

Kansas City Art Institute
–
The Kansas City Art Institute is a private, independent, four-year college of fine arts and design founded in 1885 in Kansas City, Missouri. It has about 75 faculty members and some 600 students, the school started in 1885 when art enthusiasts formed the Sketch Club with the purpose of talking over art matters in general and to judge pictures. Meet

1.
Entrance from the west showing Vanderslice Hall.

2.
Mineral Hall at Kansas City Art Institute.

Laguna College of Art and Design
–
Laguna College of Art and Design is a dually accredited private college located in Laguna Beach, California, United States. Minors are offered in Animation, Art History, Creative Writing, Drawing and Painting, Graphic Design + Digital Media, Illustration, and Sculpture. LCAD also offers four Master of Fine Arts degrees in Art of Game Design, Creati

1.
2008 Logo

Lyme Academy College of Fine Arts
–
The Lyme Academy College of Fine Arts is an art college in Old Lyme, Connecticut. The school offers a Bachelor of Fine Arts degree in the disciplines of painting, sculpture, illustration, the college also offers post-baccalaureate and a 3-year certificate program. The college is accredited by the State of Connecticut, and is a member of the Associa

1.
Lyme Academy College of Fine Arts

Maine College of Art
–
The Maine College of Art is a fully accredited, degree-granting art college located in the Arts District of Portland, Maine. Founded in 1882, the Maine College of Art is the oldest arts institution in Maine. Maine College of Arts renovation of the Porteous Building in the late 1990s was the beginning of the transformation of Congress Street into th

3.
The former home of the Maine College of Art, the Charles Q. Clapp House, located at 97 Spring Street in Portland, Maine.

4.
Maine College of Art, December 2013

Maryland Institute College of Art
–
Maryland Institute College of Art is an art and design college in Baltimore, Maryland, United States. It was founded in 1826 as the Maryland Institute for the Promotion of the Mechanic Arts, the school is located in the Bolton Hill neighborhood, along Mount Royal Ave. The main campus is about 1.5 miles from downtown Baltimore, MICA hosts pre-colleg

1.
"The Maryland Institute", above the old "Centre Market" on Market Place between East Baltimore Street and Water Street, east of South Frederick Street and west of the Jones Falls stream, home of M.I., 1851-1904

2.
The Maryland Institute, after the 1904 Fire

3.
Main Building

4.
Main hall

Massachusetts College of Art and Design

1.
The symbolic main entrance to the MassArt academic buildings

2.
One of MassArt's primary locations, the Tower Building

Memphis College of Art

1.
Memphis College of Art

3.
Formerly known as James Lee Memorial Art Academy and then the Memphis Academy of Arts, the school was housed in the James Lee/ Goyer House

Minneapolis College of Art and Design

1.
The campus of the Minneapolis College of Art and Design

Montserrat College of Art

1.
Hardie Building on Beverly Common

2.
Hardie Building Montserrat College of Art

Moore College of Art and Design

1.
Moore College of Art & Design

2.
Founded by Sarah Worthington Peter in 1848, Moore College of Art & Design is the first and only women’s visual arts college in the nation.

3.
Penelope Wilson Hall contains studios and offices.

4.
The Edwin Forrest Mansion housed the school from 1880 to 1960. It has housed Freedom Theatre since 1968.

1.
View toward Docklands from above the Melbourne CBD in 2008; from left to right - Batman's Hill and Southern Cross Station, Victoria Harbour, Stadium Precinct, New Quay, Waterfront City and Digital Harbour

2.
Illustration of the rapid changes to Batman's Hill

3.
Lithograph of the area in 1889 looking west from the Hoddle Grid, showing the progress at Victoria Dock and the domination of the area by the railyards and sheds of the Spencer Street Station complex

1.
University of Melbourne
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The University of Melbourne is a public research university located in Melbourne, Australia. Founded in 1853, it is Australias second oldest university and the oldest in Victoria, Times Higher Education ranks Melbourne as 33rd in the world, while the Academic Ranking of World Universities places Melbourne 40th in the world. Melbournes main campus is located in Parkville, a suburb north of the Melbourne central business district. Melbourne is a university and a member of the Group of Eight, Universitas 21. Since 1872 various residential colleges have become affiliated with the university, there are 12 colleges located on the main campus and in nearby suburbs offering academic, sporting and cultural programs alongside accommodation for Melbourne students and faculty. Amongst Melbournes 15 graduate schools the Melbourne Business School, the Melbourne Law School, four Australian prime ministers and five governors-general have graduated from Melbourne. Nine Nobel laureates have been students or faculty, the most of any Australian university, the university was established by Act of Incorporation on 22 January 1853, with power to confer degrees in arts, medicine, laws and music. The act provided for an endowment of £9,000. The original buildings were opened by the Lieutenant Governor of the Colony of Victoria, Sir Charles Hotham. The first chancellor, Redmond Barry, held the position until his death in 1880, the inauguration of the university was made possible by the wealth resulting from Victorias gold rush. The institution was designed to be an influence at a time of rapid settlement. In 1881, the admission of women was a seen as victory over the conservative ruling council. The universitys 150th anniversary was celebrated in 2003, as of May 2009 the university suspended the Bachelor of Music Theatre and Puppetry courses at the college and there were fears they may not return under the new curriculum. New dean Sharman Pretty outlined drastic changes under the plan for the college in early April 2009. As a result, it is now being called into question whether the university have upheld that agreement, staff at the college responded to the changes, claiming the university did not value vocational arts training, and voicing fears over the future of quality training at the VCA. Melbourne University has 12 residential colleges in total, seven of which are located in an arc around the oval at the northern edge of the campus. The other five are located outside of university grounds, the residential colleges aim to provide accommodation and holistic education experience to university students. Several of the earliest campus buildings, such as the Old Quadrangle and Baldwin Spencer buildings, the new Wilson Hall replaced the original building which was destroyed by fire

University of Melbourne
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Melbourne University-South Lawn
University of Melbourne
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The University of Melbourne
University of Melbourne
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Ormond College
University of Melbourne
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Cussonia Court, home to the Schools of Classics and Philosophy

2.
Fine art
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Historically, the five main fine arts were painting, sculpture, architecture, music and poetry, with performing arts including theatre and dance. Today, the fine arts commonly include additional forms, such as film, photography, video production/editing, design, sequential art, conceptual art, and printmaking. However, in some institutes of learning or in museums, fine art, in that sense, there are conceptual differences between the fine arts and the applied arts. The word fine does not so much denote the quality of the artwork in question and this definition originally excluded the applied or decorative arts, and the products of what were regarded as crafts. According to some writers the concept of a category of fine art is an invention of the early modern period in the West. Larry Shiner in his The Invention of Art, A Cultural History locates the invention in the 18th century, There was a traditional “system of the arts” in the West before the eighteenth century. ”Similar ideas have been expressed by Paul Oskar Kristeller, Pierre Bourdieu, and Terry Eagleton, though the point of invention is often placed earlier, in the Italian Renaissance. The separation of arts and crafts that often exists in Europe, in Japanese aesthetics the activities of everyday life are depicted by integrating not only art with craft but man-made with nature. Traditional Chinese art distinguished within Chinese painting between the mostly landscape painting of scholar gentlemen and the artisans of the schools of court painting. A high status was given to many things that would be seen as craft objects in the West, in particular ceramics, jade carving, weaving. Drawing is a form of expression and is one of the major forms of the visual arts. Common instruments include graphite pencils, pen and ink, inked brushes, wax color pencils, crayons, charcoals, chalk, pastels, markers, stylus, There are a number of subcategories of drawing, including cartooning. Mosaics are images formed with pieces of stone or glass. They can be decorative or functional, an artist who designs and makes mosaics is called a mosaic artist or a mosaicist. Printmaking is the process of making artworks by printing, normally on paper, except in the case of monotyping, the process is capable of producing multiples of the same piece, which is called a print. Each print is considered an original, as opposed to a copy, the reasoning behind this is that the print is not a reproduction of another work of art in a different medium — for instance, a painting — but rather an image designed from inception as a print. An individual print is also referred to as an impression, prints are created from a single original surface, known technically as a matrix. But there are other kinds, discussed below. Multiple nearly identical prints can be called an edition, in modern times each print is often signed and numbered forming a limited edition

3.
Dance
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Dance is a performance art form consisting of purposefully selected sequences of human movement. This movement has aesthetic and symbolic value, and is acknowledged as dance by performers and observers within a particular culture, Dance can be categorized and described by its choreography, by its repertoire of movements, or by its historical period or place of origin. Other forms of movement are sometimes said to have a dance-like quality, including martial arts, gymnastics, figure skating, synchronized swimming. Theatrical dance, also called performance or concert dance, is intended primarily as a spectacle and it often tells a story, perhaps using mime, costume and scenery, or else it may simply interpret the musical accompaniment, which is often specially composed. Examples are western ballet and modern dance, Classical Indian dance and Chinese and Japanese song, most classical forms are centred upon dance alone, but performance dance may also appear in opera and other forms of musical theatre. Such dance seldom has any narrative, a group dance and a corps de ballet, a social partner dance and a pas de deux, differ profoundly. Even a solo dance may be solely for the satisfaction of the dancer. On the other hand, some cultures lay down strict rules as to the dances in which, for example. Archeological evidence for early dance includes 9, 000-year-old paintings in India at the Rock Shelters of Bhimbetka and it has been proposed that before the invention of written languages, dance was an important part of the oral and performance methods of passing stories down from generation to generation. The use of dance in trance states and healing rituals is thought to have been another early factor in the social development of dance. References to dance can be found in very early recorded history, Greek dance is referred to by Plato, Aristotle, Plutarch, the Bible and Talmud refer to many events related to dance, and contain over 30 different dance terms. In Chinese pottery as early as the Neolithic period, groups of people are depicted dancing in a line holding hands, Dance is further described in the Lüshi Chunqiu. Primitive dance in ancient China was associated with sorcery and shamanic rituals, during the first millennium BCE in India, many texts were composed which attempted to codify aspects of daily life. Bharata Munis Natyashastra is one of the earlier texts and it mainly deals with drama, in which dance plays an important part in Indian culture. It categorizes dance into four types - secular, ritual, abstract, the text elaborates various hand-gestures and classifies movements of the various limbs, steps and so on. A strong continuous tradition of dance has since continued in India, through to modern times, where it continues to play a role in culture, ritual, and, notably, the Bollywood entertainment industry. Many other contemporary dance forms can likewise be traced back to historical, traditional, ceremonial, Dance is generally, though not exclusively, performed with the accompaniment of music and may or may not be performed in time to such music. Some dance may provide its own audible accompaniment in place of music, many early forms of music and dance were created for each other and are frequently performed together

Dance
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Modern dance
Dance
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Members of American jazz dance company Giordano Dance Chicago perform a formal group routine in a concert dance setting
Dance
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Greek bronze statuette of a veiled and masked dancer, 3rd-2nd century BC, Alexandria, Egypt.
Dance
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Ugandan youth dance at a cultural celebration of peace

4.
Film
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A film, also called a movie, motion picture, theatrical film or photoplay, is a series of still images which, when shown on a screen, creates the illusion of moving images due to the phi phenomenon. This optical illusion causes the audience to perceive continuous motion between separate objects viewed rapidly in succession, the process of filmmaking is both an art and an industry. The word cinema, short for cinematography, is used to refer to the industry of films. Films were originally recorded onto plastic film through a photochemical process, the adoption of CGI-based special effects led to the use of digital intermediates. Most contemporary films are now fully digital through the process of production, distribution. Films recorded in a form traditionally included an analogous optical soundtrack. It runs along a portion of the film exclusively reserved for it and is not projected, Films are cultural artifacts created by specific cultures. They reflect those cultures, and, in turn, affect them, Film is considered to be an important art form, a source of popular entertainment, and a powerful medium for educating—or indoctrinating—citizens. The visual basis of film gives it a power of communication. Some films have become popular worldwide attractions by using dubbing or subtitles to translate the dialog into the language of the viewer, some have criticized the film industrys glorification of violence and its potentially negative treatment of women. The individual images that make up a film are called frames, the perception of motion is due to a psychological effect called phi phenomenon. The name film originates from the fact that film has historically been the medium for recording and displaying motion pictures. Many other terms exist for a motion picture, including picture, picture show, moving picture, photoplay. The most common term in the United States is movie, while in Europe film is preferred. Terms for the field, in general, include the big screen, the screen, the movies, and cinema. In early years, the sheet was sometimes used instead of screen. Preceding film in origin by thousands of years, early plays and dances had elements common to film, scripts, sets, costumes, production, direction, actors, audiences, storyboards, much terminology later used in film theory and criticism apply, such as mise en scène. Owing to the lack of any technology for doing so, the moving images, the magic lantern, probably created by Christiaan Huygens in the 1650s, could be used to project animation, which was achieved by various types of mechanical slides

5.
Television
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Television or TV is a telecommunication medium used for transmitting moving images in monochrome, or in color, and in two or three dimensions and sound. The term can refer to a set, a television program. Television is a medium for entertainment, education, news, politics, gossip. Television became available in experimental forms in the late 1920s. After World War II, a form of black-and-white TV broadcasting became popular in the United States and Britain, and television sets became commonplace in homes, businesses. During the 1950s, television was the medium for influencing public opinion. In the mid-1960s, color broadcasting was introduced in the US, for many reasons, the storage of television and video programming now occurs on the cloud. At the end of the first decade of the 2000s, digital television transmissions greatly increased in popularity, another development was the move from standard-definition television to high-definition television, which provides a resolution that is substantially higher. HDTV may be transmitted in various formats, 1080p, 1080i, in 2013, 79% of the worlds households owned a television set. Most TV sets sold in the 2000s were flat-panel, mainly LEDs, major manufacturers announced the discontinuation of CRT, DLP, plasma, and even fluorescent-backlit LCDs by the mid-2010s. In the near future, LEDs are gradually expected to be replaced by OLEDs, also, major manufacturers have announced that they will increasingly produce smart TVs in the mid-2010s. Smart TVs with integrated Internet and Web 2.0 functions became the dominant form of television by the late 2010s, Television signals were initially distributed only as terrestrial television using high-powered radio-frequency transmitters to broadcast the signal to individual television receivers. Alternatively television signals are distributed by cable or optical fiber, satellite systems and. Until the early 2000s, these were transmitted as analog signals, a standard television set is composed of multiple internal electronic circuits, including a tuner for receiving and decoding broadcast signals. A visual display device which lacks a tuner is correctly called a video monitor rather than a television, the word television comes from Ancient Greek τῆλε, meaning far, and Latin visio, meaning sight. The Anglicised version of the term is first attested in 1907 and it was. formed in English or borrowed from French télévision. In the 19th century and early 20th century, other. proposals for the name of a technology for sending pictures over distance were telephote. The abbreviation TV is from 1948, the use of the term to mean a television set dates from 1941

Television
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Flat-screen televisions for sale at a consumer electronics store
Television
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The first known photograph of a moving image produced by Baird's "televisor", circa 1926 (The subject is Baird's business partner Oliver Hutchinson)
Television
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Vladimir Zworykin demonstrates electronic television (1929)
Television
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Ad for the beginning of experimental television broadcasting in New York City by RCA in 1939

6.
Music
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Music is an art form and cultural activity whose medium is sound organized in time. The common elements of music are pitch, rhythm, dynamics, different styles or types of music may emphasize, de-emphasize or omit some of these elements. The word derives from Greek μουσική, Ancient Greek and Indian philosophers defined music as tones ordered horizontally as melodies and vertically as harmonies. Common sayings such as the harmony of the spheres and it is music to my ears point to the notion that music is often ordered and pleasant to listen to. However, 20th-century composer John Cage thought that any sound can be music, saying, for example, There is no noise, the creation, performance, significance, and even the definition of music vary according to culture and social context. There are many types of music, including music, traditional music, art music, music written for religious ceremonies. For example, it can be hard to draw the line between some early 1980s hard rock and heavy metal, within the arts, music may be classified as a performing art, a fine art or as an auditory art. People may make music as a hobby, like a teen playing cello in a youth orchestra, the word derives from Greek μουσική. According to the Online Etymological Dictionary, the music is derived from mid-13c. Musike, from Old French musique and directly from Latin musica the art of music and this is derived from the. Greek mousike of the Muses, from fem. of mousikos pertaining to the Muses, from Mousa Muse. In classical Greece, any art in which the Muses presided, Music is composed and performed for many purposes, ranging from aesthetic pleasure, religious or ceremonial purposes, or as an entertainment product for the marketplace. With the advent of recording, records of popular songs. Some music lovers create mix tapes of their songs, which serve as a self-portrait. An environment consisting solely of what is most ardently loved, amateur musicians can compose or perform music for their own pleasure, and derive their income elsewhere. Professional musicians sometimes work as freelancers or session musicians, seeking contracts and engagements in a variety of settings, There are often many links between amateur and professional musicians. Beginning amateur musicians take lessons with professional musicians, in community settings, advanced amateur musicians perform with professional musicians in a variety of ensembles such as community concert bands and community orchestras. However, there are many cases where a live performance in front of an audience is also recorded and distributed. Live concert recordings are popular in classical music and in popular music forms such as rock, where illegally taped live concerts are prized by music lovers

Music
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A painting on an Ancient Greek vase depicts a music lesson (c. 510 BC).
Music
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Jean-Gabriel Ferlan performing at a 2008 concert at the collège-lycée Saint-François Xavier
Music
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The composer Michel Richard Delalande, pen in hand.
Music
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Funk places most of its emphasis on rhythm and groove, with entire songs based around a vamp on a single chord. Pictured are the influential funk musicians George Clinton and Parliament Funkadelic in 2006.

7.
Indigenous Australians
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Indigenous Australians are the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people of Australia, descended from groups that existed in Australia and surrounding islands prior to European colonisation. In present-day Australia these groups are divided into local communities. At the time of initial European settlement, over 250 languages were spoken, it is estimated that 120 to 145 of these remain in use. Aboriginal people today mostly speak English, with Aboriginal phrases and words being added to create Australian Aboriginal English, a population collapse following European settlement, and a smallpox epidemic spreading three years after the arrival of Europeans may have caused a massive and early depopulation. Since 1995, the Australian Aboriginal Flag and the Torres Strait Islander Flag have been among the flags of Australia. The word aboriginal has been in the English language since at least the 16th century, to mean, first or earliest known and it comes from the Latin word aborigines, derived from ab and origo. The word was used in Australia to describe its indigenous peoples as early as 1789 and it soon became capitalised and employed as the common name to refer to all Indigenous Australians. Strictly speaking, Aborigine is the noun and Aboriginal the adjectival form, however, use of either Aborigine or Aboriginal to refer to individuals has acquired negative connotations in some sectors of the community, and it is generally regarded as insensitive and even offensive. The more acceptable and correct expression is Aboriginal Australians or Aboriginal people, the term Indigenous Australians, which also includes Torres Strait Islander peoples, has found increasing acceptance, particularly since the 1980s. The broad term Aboriginal Australians includes many groups that often identify under names from local Indigenous languages. Anindilyakwa on Groote Eylandt off Arnhem Land, Palawah in Tasmania and these larger groups may be further subdivided, for example, Anangu recognises localised subdivisions such as Pitjantjatjara, Yankunytjatjara, Ngaanyatjarra, Luritja and Antikirinya. It is estimated that prior to the arrival of British settlers, the Torres Strait Islanders possess a heritage and cultural history distinct from Aboriginal traditions. The eastern Torres Strait Islanders in particular are related to the Papuan peoples of New Guinea, accordingly, they are not generally included under the designation Aboriginal Australians. This has been another factor in the promotion of the inclusive term Indigenous Australians. Six percent of Indigenous Australians identify themselves fully as Torres Strait Islanders, a further 4% of Indigenous Australians identify themselves as having both Torres Strait Islander and Aboriginal heritage. The Torres Strait Islands comprise over 100 islands which were annexed by Queensland in 1879, eddie Mabo was from Mer or Murray Island in the Torres Strait, which the famous Mabo decision of 1992 involved. The term blacks has been used to refer to Indigenous Australians since European settlement, while originally related to skin colour, the term is used today to indicate Aboriginal heritage or culture in general and refers to people of any skin pigmentation. In the 1970s, many Aboriginal activists, such as Gary Foley, proudly embraced the term black, the book included interviews with several members of the Aboriginal community including Robert Jabanungga reflecting on contemporary Aboriginal culture

Indigenous Australians
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Men from Bathurst Island, 1939
Indigenous Australians
Indigenous Australians
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Men and boys playing a game of gorri, 1922
Indigenous Australians
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Artwork depicting the first contact that was made with the Gweagal Aboriginal people and Captain James Cook and his crew on the shores of the Kurnell Peninsula, New South Wales

8.
Performance
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A performance, in the performing arts, generally comprises an event in which a performer or group of performers present one or more works of art to an audience. Usually the performers participate in rehearsals beforehand, the means of expressing appreciation can vary by culture. Chinese performers will clap with the audience at the end of a performance, in Japan, folk performing-arts performances commonly attract individuals who take photographs, sometimes getting up to the stage and within inches of performers faces. Sometimes the dividing line between performer and the audience may become blurred, as in the example of theatre where audience members get involved in the production. Theatrical performances can take place daily or at some other regular interval, performances can take place at designated performance spaces, or in a non-conventional space, such as a subway station, on the street, or in somebodys home. Theatrical performances, especially when the audience is limited to only a few observers and this increase takes place in several stages relative to the performance itself, including anticipatory activation, confrontation activation and release period. The same physiological reactions can be experienced in other mediums, such as instrumental performance, heart rate shares a strong, positive correlation with the self reported anxiety of performers. Other physiological responses to public performance include perspiration, secretion of the adrenal glands, a performance may also describe the way in which an actor performs. In a solo capacity, it may refer to a mime artist, comedian, conjurer. Audio electronics Entertainment Live sound mixing Performance science Rock festival Sound technology Spectacle Stadium Stagecraft Theater

9.
Musical composition
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People who create new compositions are called composers in classical music. In popular music and traditional music, the creators of new songs are usually called songwriters, with songs, Composition is the act or practice of creating a song or other piece of music. In popular music and traditional music, songwriting may involve the creation of an outline of the song, called the lead sheet. In classical music, orchestration is typically done by the composer, in some cases, a pop or traditional songwriter may not use written notation at all, and instead compose the song in her mind and then play, sing and/or record it from memory. In jazz and popular music, notable recordings by influential performers are given the weight that written or printed scores play in classical music. Although a musical composition often uses musical notation and has a single author, a piece of music can also be composed with words, images, or, since the 20th century, with computer programs that explain or notate how the singer or musician should create musical sounds. A more commonly known example of chance-based music is the sound of wind chimes jingling in a breeze, although in the 2000s, composition is considered to consist of the manipulation of each aspect of music, according to Jean-Benjamin de Laborde, Composition consists in two things only. The first is the ordering and disposing of several sounds. in such a manner that their succession pleases the ear and this is what the Ancients called melody. The second is the rendering audible of two or more simultaneous sounds in such a manner that their combination is pleasant and this is what we call harmony, and it alone merits the name of composition. In classical music, a piece of music exists in the form of a composition in musical notation or as a live acoustic event. Since the invention of recording, a classical piece or popular song may also exist as a recording. If music is composed before being performed, music can be performed from memory, by reading written musical notation, compositions comprise a huge variety of musical elements, which vary widely from between genres and cultures. Popular music genres after about 1960 make extensive use of electric and electronic instruments, such as electric guitar, electric and electronic instruments are used in contemporary classical music compositions and concerts, albeit to a lesser degree than in popular music. Music from the Baroque music era, for example, used only acoustic and mechanical such as strings, brass, woodwinds, timpani and keyboard instruments such as harpsichord. A 2000s-era pop band may use electric guitar played with electronic effects through a guitar amplifier, different musical styles permit singers or performers to use various amounts of musical improvisation during the performance of a composed song or piece. In free jazz, the performers may play without any sheet music, improvisation is the act of composing musical elements spontaneously during the performance, as opposed to having a composer write down the music beforehand. Improvisation was an important skill during the Baroque music era, instrumentalists and singers were expected to be able to improvise ornaments, during the classical period, solo instrumentalists were expected to be able to improvise virtuostic cadenzas during a concerto. During the Romantic music era, composers began writing out ornaments and cadenzas, in contemporary classical music, some composers began writing pieces which indicate that the performer should improvise during certain sections

10.
Musicology
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Musicology is the scholarly analysis and research-based study of music. Musicology is part of the humanities, a scholar who participates in musical research is a musicologist. Traditionally, historical musicology has been the most prominent sub-discipline of musicology, in the 2010s, historical musicology is one of several large musicology sub-disciplines. Historical musicology, ethnomusicology, and systematic musicology are approximately equal in size, Ethnomusicology is the study of music in its cultural context. Cognitive musicology is the set of surrounding the computational modeling of music. Musical knowledge is applied in medicine, education, and music therapy—which, Music history or historical musicology is concerned with the composition, performance, reception, and criticism of music over time. Like the comparable field of art history, different branches and schools of historical musicology emphasize different types of musical works, there are also national differences in various definitions of historical musicology. In theory, music history could refer to the study of the history of any type or genre of music, in practice, these research topics are more often considered within ethnomusicology and historical musicology is typically assumed to imply Western Art music of the European tradition. The methods of historical musicology include source studies, paleography, philology, style criticism, historiography, musical analysis, Music historians may examine issues in a close focus, as in the case of scholars who examine the relationship between words and music for a given composers art songs. New musicology is a term applied since the late 1980s to a body of work emphasizing cultural study, analysis. Such work may be based on feminist, gender studies, queer theory, or postcolonial theory, or the work of Theodor Adorno. Charles Rosen, however, retorts that McClary, sets up, like so many of the new musicologists, a man to knock down, the dogma that music has no meaning. Ethnomusicology, formerly comparative musicology, is the study of music in its cultural context and it is often considered the anthropology or ethnography of music. Jeff Todd Titon has called it the study of making music. Some ethnomusicologists primarily conduct historical studies, but the majority are involved in long-term participant observation, or combine ethnographic, therefore, ethnomusiological scholarship can be characterized as featuring a substantial, intensive fieldwork component, often involving long-term residence within the community studied. Closely related to ethnomusiology is the branch of sociomusicology. For instance, Ko proposed the hypothesis of Biliterate and Trimusical in Hong Kong sociomusicology, the first journal focusing on popular music studies was Popular Music, which began publication in 1981. The same year an academic society devoted to the topic was formed

Musicology
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Late 18th- century painting of instruments from the school of Zlatá Koruna. On the wall are several lutes and brass instruments. On the left is a cello -type instrument. In the middle are several drums. On the right is a small pipe organ.
Musicology
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Historical musicology, which was traditionally the most prominent subdiscipline of musicology, studies the history of music. Central to this study is the examination of historical scores, such as this original manuscript sketch by Ludwig van Beethoven for Piano Sonata No. 28, Movement IV, Geschwind, doch nicht zu sehr und mit Entschlossenheit (Allegro), in his own handwriting. The piece was completed in 1816.
Musicology
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Music historian Jack Stewart lectures at a conference.

11.
Ethnomusicology
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Ethnomusicology is the study of music from the cultural and social aspects of the people who make it. Stated broadly, ethnomusicology may be described as an investigation of music in its cultural contexts. When the field first came into existence, it was limited to the study of non-Western music—in contrast to the study of Western art music. Over time, the definition broadened to study of all the musics of the world according to certain approaches. While there is not a single, authoritative definition for ethnomusicology, Musical fieldworkers often also collect recordings and contextual information about the music of interest. Thus, ethnomusicological studies do not rely on printed or manuscript sources as the source of epistemic authority. Oskar Kolberg is regarded as one of the earliest European ethnomusicologists as he first began collecting Polish folk songs in 1839, comparative musicology, the primary precursor to ethnomusicology, emerged in the late 19th century and early 20th century. The International Musical Society in Berlin in 1899 acted as one of the first centers for ethnomusicology, the International Council for Traditional Music and the Society for Ethnomusicology are the primary international academic organizations for advancing the discipline of ethnomusicology. Ethnomusicologists have offered varying definitions of the field, more specifically, scholars debate what constitutes ethnomusicology. Bruno Nettl distinguishes between discipline and field, believing ethnomusicology is the latter, there are multiple approaches to and challenges of the field. Some approaches reference musical areas like musical synthesis in Ghana while others emphasize a study of culture through the avenue of music, the multifaceted and dynamic approaches to ethnomusicology allude to how the field has evolved. The primary element that distinguishes ethnomusicology from musicology is the expectation that ethnomusicologists engage in sustained, there are many individuals and groups who can be connected to ethnomusicology. Ethnomusicology has evolved both in terminology and ideology since its inception in the late 19th century. While studying in Berlin at Frederick William University and attending the International Music Society, in his notes, he emphasized cultural and religious elements as well as social aspects of music and poetry. Inspired by these thoughts, many Western European nations began to transcribe and categorize music based on ethnicity, inspired by these thoughts, many Western European nations began to put many ethnic and cultural pieces of music onto paper and separate them. In 1956 the hyphen was removed with ideological intent to signify the discipline’s validity and these changes to the field’s name paralleled its internal shifts in ideological and intellectual emphasis. Kolinski also urged the field to move beyond ethnocentrism even as the term grew in popularity as a replacement for what was once described by comparative musicology. In the 1970s, ethnomusicology was becoming well known outside of the small circle of scholars who had founded and fostered the early development of the field

12.
Conducting
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Conducting is the art of directing a musical performance, such as an orchestral or choral concert. A conductors directions will almost invariably be supplemented or reinforced by verbal instructions or suggestions to their musicians in rehearsal prior to a performance. The conductor typically stands on a podium with a large music stand for the full score. Conducting while playing a piano or synthesizer may also be done with musical theatre pit orchestras, communication is typically non-verbal during a performance. However, in rehearsals, frequent interruptions allow the conductor to give verbal directions as to how the music should be played or sung, Conductors act as guides to the orchestras or choirs they conduct. They choose the works to be performed and study their scores, to which they may make adjustments, work out their interpretation. They may also attend to matters, such as scheduling rehearsals, planning a concert season, hearing auditions and selecting members. Orchestras, choirs, concert bands and other musical ensembles such as big bands are usually led by conductors. The principal conductor of an orchestra or opera company is referred to as a music director or chief conductor, or by the German words Kapellmeister or Dirigent. Conductors of choirs or choruses are sometimes referred to as director, chorus master, or choirmaster. Conductors of concert bands, military bands, marching bands and other bands may hold the title of director, bandmaster. Respected senior conductors are sometimes referred to by the Italian word, an early form of conducting is cheironomy, the use of hand gestures to indicate melodic shape. This has been practiced at least as far back as the Middle Ages, in the 17th century, other devices to indicate the passing of time came into use. Rolled up sheets of paper, smaller sticks and unadorned hands are all shown in pictures from this period, the large staff was responsible for the death of Jean-Baptiste Lully, who injured his foot with one while conducting a Te Deum for the Kings recovery from illness. The wound became gangrenous and Lully refused amputation, whereupon the gangrene spread to his leg, in instrumental music throughout the 18th century, a member of the ensemble usually acted as the conductor. This was sometimes the concertmaster, who could use his bow as a baton and it was common to conduct from the harpsichord in pieces that had a basso continuo part. In opera performances, there were sometimes two conductors – the keyboard player was in charge of the singers, and the principal violinist or leader was in charge of the orchestra. By the early 19th century, it became the norm to have a dedicated conductor, the size of the usual orchestra expanded during this period, and the use of a baton became more common, as it was easier to see than bare hands or rolled-up paper

13.
Pedagogy
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Pedagogy is the discipline that deals with the theory and practice of education, it thus concerns the study of how best to teach. Spanning a broad range of practice, its aims range from furthering liberal education to the specifics of vocational education. Instructive strategies are governed by the background knowledge and experience, situation. One example would be the Socratic schools of thought, the teaching of adults, as a specific group, is referred to as andragogy. Johann Friedrich Herbart is the father of the conceptualization of pedagogy, or. Herbarts educational philosophy and pedagogy highlighted the correlation between personal development and the benefits to society. In other words, Herbart proposed that humans become fulfilled once they establish themselves as productive citizens, herbartianism refers to the movement underpinned by Herbarts theoretical perspectives. Referring to the process, Herbart suggested 5 steps as crucial components. Specifically, these 5 steps include, preparation, presentation, association, generalization, Herbart suggests that pedagogy relates to having assumptions as an educator and a specific set of abilities with a deliberate end goal in mind. The word is a derivative of the Greek παιδαγωγία, from παιδαγωγός, itself a synthesis of ἄγω, I lead and it is pronounced variously, as /ˈpɛdəɡɒdʒi/, /ˈpɛdəɡoʊdʒi/, or /ˈpɛdəɡɒɡi/. Negative connotations of pedantry have sometimes been intended, or taken, doctor of Pedagogy, is awarded honorarily by some US universities to distinguished teachers. The term is used to denote an emphasis in education as a specialty in a field. The word pedagogue means leading children some say to the teacher and other leading them, in Denmark, a pedagogue is a practitioner of pedagogy. The term is used for individuals who occupy jobs in pre-school education in Scandinavia. But a pedagogue can occupy various kinds of jobs, e. g. in retirement homes, prisons, orphanages and these are often recognized as social pedagogues as they perform on behalf of society. The pedagogues job is usually distinguished from a teachers by primarily focusing on teaching children life-preparing knowledge such as social skills, there is also a very big focus on care and well-being of the child. Many pedagogical institutions also practice social inclusion, the pedagogues work also consists of supporting the child in their mental and social development. In Denmark all pedagogues are educated at a series of institutes for social educators located in all major cities

Pedagogy
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Douris Man with wax tablet
Pedagogy

14.
Louise Hanson Dyer
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Louise Berta Mosson Hanson-Dyer was an Australian music publisher and patron of the arts. She was born Louise Berta Mosson Smith in Melbourne, the daughter of Louis Smith and her brother Harold Gengoult Smith was to become Lord Mayor of Melbourne in 1932. She was a talented pianist, studying at the Albert Street Conservatorium, then from 1907/08 in London and she married James Dyer, a Scottish businessman 27 years her senior, in 1911. Dyer had a social life, being president of the Presbyterian Ladies Old Scholars from 1919 to 1921. She was also a member of the Alliance Française. She was a patron of the arts who organised private concerts of Baroque music. She was the force in establishing the British Music Society of Victoria in 1921. In 1924 she helped Shaw Neilson publish his first major book of poetry, the couple moved to London 1927, then Paris in 1928. There they commenced what was to become a collection of printed music, scores. She also published works of modern Australian composers, notably Peggy Glanville-Hicks and she continued to run the publishing house until the year she died. The following year she married 30-year-old British literary scholar Joseph Birch Jeff Hanson and moved to England and they moved to Monaco in 1945 where she died, leaving her Australian assets valued at around £240,000 to the University of Melbourne. Her European assets were left to her husband, Jeff Hanson remarried, when he died in 1971, his widow Margarita continued running Éditions de lOiseau-Lyre till 1996. In 1986 she left the collection of early European music and Classical imprints, manuscripts, Jim Davidsons biography of Hanson-Dyer, Lyrebird Rising, was published in 1994. University of Melbourne Music Library was renamed Louise Hanson-Dyer Music Library in her honour, portraits of her by Tom Roberts and W. B. McInnes hang in the National Gallery of Victoria and Presbyterian Ladies College, Melbourne. Hanson-Dyer, Louise Berta Mosson, The Australian Womens Register Davidson, Louise Hanson-Dyer Music Library, Rare Collections, University of Melbourne, National Library of Australia, Current version

15.
Francis Ormond
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Francis Ormond was a Scottish-born Australian pastoralist, member of the Parliament of Victoria and philanthropist in the areas of education and religion. Francis Ormond was born in Aberdeen, Scotland, the son of three children to British Merchant Navy sailor, Captain Francis Ormond Sr. and Isabella. He was educated at the Tyzacks Academy in Liverpool, England, after his father moved his family to the major shipping city to further his career, circa 1835. Ormonds father adopted an early interest in Britains southern colonies, which came from stories he heard of the expedition of Hume and Hovel and of Australia Felix. Upon his first landing in Melbourne, he was so impressed by the opportunities the settlement presented. He purchased the barque Tuscan the following year, and set sail with his family for the fledgling Port Phillip District, when the Ormonds arrived in Melbourne in 1842, they found the district in the midst of a trade crisis. This had led to a depreciation in the pastoralism industry, with sheep once costing 35 shillings being sold for 18 pence. Discouraged by the state of the Port Phillip District, the Ormonds then sailed to the Colony of New Zealand. However, there they were met with heightened tension between British settlers and the indigenous Māori tribes and his father unsure of what to do, Ormond accompanied him to meet with a former passenger of the John Bull who counselled them and suggested they return to the Port Phillip District. After the Ormonds returned to Melbourne, in 1843 Capt. Ormond took a lease on 20 acres of land near Geelong. As part of his agreement, he was to improve the land. He established the Settlers Arms Inn on the site - becoming the first inn on the route from Geelong to Hamilton - which prospered due to its location. The younger Ormond worked as a keeper at his fathers inn. However, in 1847 Captain Ormond was presented with the opportunity to purchase the sheep station Mopiamnum near Piggoreet, south-west of Ballarat. With the lease not up on his inn, he placed his confidence in the younger Ormond, despite all this, he endured the physical hardships of the land and in his spare time found happiness in the study of classical literature and self-improvement. Through Ormonds perseverance Mopiamnum prospered, and more assistance was required to manage the land, in 1850, he hired a number of station hands only to discover that the majority of them were quite uneducated. Since they had never had the opportunity of an education, he took it upon himself start a class for his employees. He devoted almost every evening to their tutorage, until the time came for them to leave his employment, as a way of raising capital to improve his flock, in 1850 he accepted a tender for the arduous task of the carriage of mail

16.
Nellie Melba
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Dame Nellie Melba GBE, born Helen Porter Mitchell, was an Australian operatic soprano. She became one of the most famous singers of the late Victorian era and she was the first Australian to achieve international recognition as a classical musician. She took the pseudonym Melba from Melbourne, her home town, Melba studied singing in Melbourne and made a modest success in performances there. After a brief and unsuccessful marriage, she moved to Europe in search of a singing career, failing to find engagements in London in 1886, she studied in Paris and soon made a great success there and in Brussels. Returning to London she quickly established herself as the lyric soprano at Covent Garden from 1888. She soon achieved success in Paris and elsewhere in Europe. Her repertoire was small, in her career she sang no more than 25 roles and was closely identified with only ten. She was known for her performances in French and Italian opera, during the First World War, Melba raised large sums for war charities. She returned to Australia frequently during the 20th century, singing in opera and concerts and she was active in the teaching of singing at the Melbourne Conservatorium. Melba continued to sing until the last months of her life and her death, in Australia, was news across the English-speaking world, and her funeral was a major national event. Melba was born in Richmond, Victoria, the eldest of seven children of the builder David Mitchell, Mitchell, a Scot, had emigrated to Australia in 1852, becoming a successful builder. Melba was taught to play the piano and first sang in public around age six and she was educated at a local boarding school and then at the Presbyterian Ladies College. She studied singing with Mary Ellen Christian and Pietro Cecchi, an Italian tenor, in her teens, Melba continued to perform in amateur concerts in and around Melbourne, and she played the organ at church. Her father encouraged her in her studies, but he strongly disapproved of her taking up singing as a career. Melbas mother died suddenly in 1881 at Richmond, Melbas father moved the family to Mackay, Queensland, where he built a new sugar mill. Melba soon became popular in Mackay society for her singing and piano-playing, on 22 December 1882 in Brisbane, she married Charles Nesbitt Frederick Armstrong, the youngest son of Sir Andrew Armstrong. They had one child, a son, George, born on 16 October 1883, the marriage was not a success, Charles reportedly beat his wife more than once. The couple separated after just over a year, and Melba returned to Melbourne determined to pursue a singing career, debuting professionally in concerts in 1884

17.
Bates Smart
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Bates Smart is an architectural firm with studios in Melbourne and Sydney, Australia. Founded in 1853 by Joseph Reed as the practice Reed and Barnes, it is Australias second oldest architectural firm, in 1883 Henderson and Smart, joined Joseph Reed as partners, and when W. B. Tappin became a partner the firm was renamed Reed, Smart, when Reed died, Smart became head of the firm. Smart died two years later and N. G. Peebles joined with F. J. Smarts son as Smart, Tappin, the firm later became Bates, Peebles and Smart to work on the State Library of Victorias Reading Room. When Peebles died, the firm became Bates Smart and they were later joined by Sir Osborn McCutcheon who remained Principal Partner until his retirement. After 1995 the firm has been known simply as Bates Smart

18.
Thomas Denman, 3rd Baron Denman
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Thomas Denman, 3rd Baron Denman GCMG, KCVO, PC was a British Liberal politician and the fifth Governor-General of Australia. Born in London, Denman was the son of Richard Denman, Thomas Denman, 1st Baron Denman, Lord Chief Justice of the Kings Bench, was his great-grandfather. He continued his career in the Royal Scots, where he was promoted to lieutenant on 4 March 1896. Returning to the army on the outbreak of the Second Boer War, Lord Denman was on 3 February 1900 commissioned as a lieutenant of the 11th Battalion, Imperial Yeomanry. He was promoted to captain in the battalion on 18 July 1900, Lord Denman had little money until 1903, when he married Gertrude Pearson, daughter of the wealthy industrialist Weetman Pearson. He was sworn of the Privy Council in 1907, in 1909, he was appointed to the Royal Victorian Order as a Knight Commander. In 1911, the Colonial Secretary offered Denman the post of Governor-General of Australia to get him out of domestic politics, in the 1911 Coronation Honours, Lord Denman was appointed to the Order of St Michael and St George as a Knight Grand Cross. The Denmans arrived in Melbourne on 31 July 1911 and they found Andrew Fishers Labor government firmly in control. As the most politically liberal Governor-General yet appointed, he got on well with the Labor ministers, in October 1912, the New South Wales Premier, James McGowen evicted him from Government House, Sydney. On 12 March 1913, he inaugurated the site of the national capital and Lady Denman formally announced its name. On 12 March 2013, his great-nephew, the 6th Baron Denman, but Denman found that he had less real political influence than any previous Governor-General. The appointment of an Australian High Commissioner in London further reduced the Governor-Generals diplomatic role, in May 1913 the Labor government was unexpectedly defeated at a general election by Joseph Cooks Liberals. But Labor retained control of the Senate and was determined to frustrate Cooks government at every turn, by early 1914 it was clear that a constitutional crisis was developing. Denman was in poor health—that he was allergic to Australias national flower and he felt he lacked the strength to deal with the political situation, and in May 1914 he resigned. With the outbreak of the Great War, Denman commanded a Yeomanry regiment from 1914 until 1915. He remained loyal to Asquith and the Liberals and so did not hold office again, leading a life until his death in Hove. He was succeeded in the barony by his son, Thomas Denman, 4th Baron Denman

Thomas Denman, 3rd Baron Denman
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The Right Honourable The Lord Denman GCMGKCVOPC
Thomas Denman, 3rd Baron Denman
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Denman, to the left of Labor Prime Minister Andrew Fisher, at the naming of Canberra in 1913.
Thomas Denman, 3rd Baron Denman
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Lord and Lady Denman, King O'Malley and Andrew Fisher at the official ceremony on Capitol Hill to mark the commencement of work on the city of Canberra, 12 March, 1913
Thomas Denman, 3rd Baron Denman
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The cadets being inspected by the Governor-General on 12 March 1913, at the Canberra naming ceremony

19.
Rupert Hamer
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Sir Rupert James Hamer, AC, KCMG, ED, generally known until he was knighted in 1982 as Dick Hamer, Australian Liberal Party politician, was the 39th Premier of Victoria, serving from 1972 to 1981. Dick Hamer was born in Melbourne to Elizabeth Anne McLuckie and Hubert Hamer, Dick Hamer was educated at Geelong Grammar School and graduated in law from the University of Melbourne, where he was resident at Trinity College from 1936. He was a member, with his brother Alan, of the College First XVIII Australian Rules football team and he joined the Australian Army in 1939 and served at Tobruk and El Alamein and in New Guinea and Normandy. After the war he became a partner in his familys law firm and was active in the Liberal Party, in 1944 he married April Mackintosh, with whom he had five children. In 1958 he was elected to the Victorian Legislative Council for East Yarra Province and he was appointed to the cabinet of the long-serving Premier, Henry Bolte, in 1962, becoming Assistant Chief Secretary. He was Minister for Local Government 1964–1971, after Deputy Premier Arthur Rylah was forced to retire due to a stroke, Hamer was elected in a by-election for Rylahs Legislative Assembly seat of Kew in East Melbourne. He immediately assumed Rylahs portfolios of Deputy Premier and Chief Secretary, although he was loyal to Bolte, he had a reputation for being much more liberal than his rough-edged conservative leader. Bolte retired in 1972 and Hamer succeeded him as Liberal leader and Premier, employing the slogan Hamer Makes It Happen, he won a landslide against the Labor opposition under Clyde Holding, increasing his partys already large majority. He won a larger victory in 1976, also defeating Holding. Restrictions on shop trading hours, and on public entertainment on Sundays, were eased, a major new centre for the performing arts was built in the centre of Melbourne. These measures won the support of voters, and the Melbourne daily The Age. At the same time, the Labor Party was mounting a challenge to the Liberals than it had in some time. Frank Wilkes had taken over as ALP leader from Holding in 1977, ultimately, the Liberals suffered an 11-seat swing, losing many seats in eastern Melbourne. Their majority was reduced to one seat, although they could also count on the support of the rural-based National Country Party. In spite of the setback, Hamer continued in office and it reformed the administration of the highly centralised Department of Education in Victoria into a regionalised organisation with devolution of greater control to local schools. It established a Special Assistance Program to address illiteracy and innumeracy in primary schools and it introduced a Health and Human Relations Education curriculum and compulsory Physical Education in government schools. However, during this period the wing of the Liberal Party. The leading conservative, Economic Development Minister Ian Smith, was sacked from Cabinet for disloyalty in March 1981 and he was reinstated after pledging loyalty to Hamer, but resigned again in May

20.
Elisabeth Murdoch (philanthropist)
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Dame Elisabeth Joy, Lady Murdoch AC DBE was an Australian philanthropist. She was the wife of Australian newspaper publisher Sir Keith Murdoch and she was appointed a Dame Commander of the Order of the British Empire in 1963 for her charity work in Australia and overseas. Murdoch was born in Melbourne on 8 February 1909, the daughter of Marie Grace de Lancey. Her grandfather, William Henry Greene, was an Irish railway engineer who emigrated to Australia and married Fanny and her mothers ancestors were Scottish and English, one of her maternal great-grandfathers was a lieutenant governor in the West Indies. Elisabeth was educated at St Catherines School in Toorak, and at Clyde School in Woodend and she married Keith Murdoch,23 years her senior, in 1928 and inherited the bulk of his fortune when he died in 1952. Apart from Rupert, her children are Janet Calvert-Jones, Anne Kantor, at her death, she had 77 direct living descendants. Her granddaughter, Elisabeth Murdoch, was prominent in the British business world and was married to Matthew Freud, apart from raising her children, Murdoch devoted her life to philanthropy. Before her marriage she worked as a volunteer for the Royal Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals, Dame Elisabeth Murdoch joined the management committee of the Royal Childrens Hospital in 1933, serving as its president from 1954 to 1965. A2003 article in the Melbourne newspaper The Age said, Few can rival Dame Elisabeths enormous contribution and her interests are so many they need to be alphabetically catalogued, academia, the arts, children, flora and fauna, heritage, medical research, social welfare. Many of Melbourne and Australias most cherished institutions, from the Royal Childrens Hospital to the Australian Ballet, but Murdoch also devoted herself to less popular causes, prisoners, children in care, those battling mental illness and substance abuse. Murdoch was a Life Governor of the Royal Womens Hospital and she was the patron of the Murdoch Childrens Research Institute and of the Australian American Association, founded by her husband. She was a patron and founding member of disability organisation EW Tipping Foundation, the first woman on the council of trustees of the National Gallery of Victoria, Murdoch was a founding member of the Victorian Tapestry Workshop. She was a member of the Patrons Council of the Epilepsy Foundation of Victoria and her garden, Cruden Farm, at Langwarrin, is one of Australias finest examples of landscape gardening and is regularly open to the public. It was originally designed by Edna Walling, for her role in building a new childrens hospital in Melbourne, she was appointed a Dame Commander of the Order of the British Empire, Civil Division in the 1963 New Year Honours list. She also held an award from the French government for funding an exhibition of works by the French sculptor Auguste Rodin in Melbourne in 2002. She was a fellow of the Australian Institute of Landscape Architects and helped to establish the Elisabeth Murdoch Chair of Landscape Architecture. In 1968, Murdoch was awarded an honorary Doctorate of Laws by the University of Melbourne in acknowledgement of her contributions to research, trinity College, Melbourne installed her as a Fellow in 2000. Following extensive donations to the Royal Botanic Gardens, Melbourne, a Tasmanian species of Boronia was named after her, in 2004, a high school, Langwarrin Secondary College, was renamed Elisabeth Murdoch College to honour her work in the local community

21.
St Kilda Road, Melbourne
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St Kilda Road is a street in Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. It is part of the locality of Melbourne which has the postcode of 3004, the road continues as Brighton Road, which becomes Nepean Highway, forming a major arterial connecting the bayside suburbs and Mornington Peninsula to the city. The first sale of Crown lands in St. Kilda took place on 7 December 1842, within a few years, St Kilda became a fashionable area for wealthy settlers, with the high ground above the beach offering a cool fresh breeze during Melbournes hot summer months. St Kilda Road was a track that linked St Kilda to the town centre. The road was impassable by carriage after rains, which turned the road to mud, prior to the building of the first bridge spanning the Yarra River in 1844, traffic crossed the river by privately operated punts. In 1844, a privately built wooden trestle bridge was built across the river at Swanston Street. In 1850, a government-built sandstone free bridge replaced the wooden bridge, in 1853, the Immigrants Aid Society established the Immigrants Home in St Kilda Road, which accommodated neglected and orphaned children and also had a reformatory for children. The Home existed until 1902 when it became the Melbourne Hospital site, in 1854, Kings Domain garden was established. In the same year the government offered four religious groups land on which to build schools and it offered the Wesleyan Methodist Church 10 acres facing St Kilda Road. It took a while to find sufficient funds to build the actual school, the foundation stone of Wesley College was laid on 4 January 1865 and the school was officially opened on 11 January 1866. In 1855, the government granted 15 acres on St Kilda Road to the Anglican Church on which Melbourne Grammar School was built, the foundation stone was laid on 30 July 1856 and the school was officially opened on 7 April 1858. During the early 1850s, St Kilda Road was the scene of frequent hold-ups by armed bandits, Victoria Barracks were built between 1856 and 1872. In the 1860s, St Kilda was a major bayside resort village, St Kilda Road was a main arterial connecting it with Melbourne, and was planned as a wide European-style boulevard to accommodate horse-drawn traffic. Fawkner Park was created in 1862, the Alfred Hospital was established in 1871. From the 1870s, some of Melbournes wealthiest residents erected grand mansions on significant lots along the street, in 1877, Cooper and Baileys Great American International Circus set up on the site of the present Arts Centre. The present Princes Bridge was built in 1888 to replace the 1850 structure, at this time, the beautiful elm trees were planted along the road. The Prince Henrys Hospital was opened in St Kilda Road in 1885, until the end of the 19th century, the Yarra River was subject to regular flooding. A new channel for the Yarra River was dug from 1896 to 1900 to straighten and widen the river, the spoil was used to fill the swampy lagoons and brickmakers pits and raise the height of the river bank where Alexandra Gardens now stands

St Kilda Road, Melbourne
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St Kilda Road Victoria
St Kilda Road, Melbourne
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Melbourne St Kilda Road and Port Phillip Bay (seen from top of the War Memorial)
St Kilda Road, Melbourne
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Aerial view of the Domain interchange on St Kilda Road. The road passes along the southern edge of Shrine of Remembrance then diagonally to the right of the frame
St Kilda Road, Melbourne
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The beginning of St Kilda Road from the Princes Bridge

22.
Lindsay Thompson
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Lindsay Hamilton Simpson Thompson AO, CMG, Australian Liberal Party politician, was the 40th Premier of Victoria from June 1981 to April 1982. He was also notable for his actions in the Faraday School kidnapping, Thompson was born in Warburton, a town north-east of Melbourne. His father died when he was two, and he was raised by his mother, Ethel Thompson in difficult circumstances and he won a scholarship to Caulfield Grammar School and eventually graduated as both school captain and the dux of school. The schools new gymnasium was opened as the Lindsay Thompson Centre in 1997, in 1950 Thompson married Joan Poynder, and they had three children. Thompsons son Murray has been a member of the Victorian Legislative Assembly since 1992, in 1958 Thompson was appointed Assistant Chief Secretary in the government of Henry Bolte. He would serve as a minister without interruption until 1982, making him the minister in Victorias history. He then served as Minister for Housing from 1961–1967, during which many of Melbournes controversial public housing towers were built. In 1967 he was appointed Minister for Education, and held this post until 1979 and he presided over the major expansion of state education in Victoria during this period. In 1972, a teacher and six children were kidnapped at a school in the country town of Faraday by a man demanding a $1 million ransom. Thompson went to the site and was ready to deliver the ransom. Thompson received a award for his actions during the kidnapping. During the premiership of Rupert Hamer, Thompson was named Deputy Premier, at various times, he served as Chief Secretary, then Treasurer and Minister for Police and Emergency Services. On 5 June 1981, Hamer resigned and Thompson won a Liberal Party ballot to succeed him as Premier. The Liberals had been in power for 27 years and the new Labor leader, John Cain, was mounting a challenge to a government increasingly seen as tired. Knowing he faced a general election within less than a year, Thompson waited as long as he could. At that election, the Liberals were heavily defeated, suffering a 17-seat swing—the worst that a sitting government has ever suffered in Victoria. Thompson resigned as Liberal leader and from Parliament on 5 November, Thompson was made a Companion of the Order of St Michael and St George on 14 June 1975 for serving as a minister. He was made an Officer of the Order of Australia on Australia Day in 1990 for service to government and politics and he also received a Centenary Medal in 2001

23.
Norman Lacy
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He has been President of Independent Contractors Australia since October 2008 and lives in Wye River, Victoria. Norman Henry Lacy was born at the Epworth Private Hospital in the Melbourne suburb of Richmond and his parents were Albert Henry Lacy a licensed plumber and gas-fitter, and Florence Emma Lacy. He was baptised at St Stephens Church of England in Richmond on 28 June 1942 and he has a brother Stanley Albert born in 1937 and a sister Janette Florence born in 1947. During his childhood and teenage years he lived with his parents and siblings, initially at 31 Buckingham Street, as an infant he attended the Boroondara Kindergarten in Nth Richmond. His primary education took place at North Richmond State School and his education and apprenticeship training at Richmond Technical College. The family belonged to St Matthias Church of England in Church Street, the family were also active in the Scout and Guide movement in Richmond. His mother was the Principal Guider for the Girl Guide movement with oversight of the companies in the Richmond district. She was also a member of the Trefold Guild and his father was Assistant Secretary of the Richmond Union Bowling Club. Norman Lacys mother died of cancer on 21 February 1956 at the age of 44 when he was 14 years of age. Lacy regarded this event as the most formative of his life and he dealt with his grief by throwing himself into sport. The opportunity to play for his local basketball team in the Church of England Basketball Association competition presented itself. Lacys initial occupation from 1957 to 1961 was as a plumber and gas-fitter in his fathers plumbing business that traded under the name A. H. Lacy Bros. in Richmond. Strongly influenced by the Billy Graham crusade in Melbourne in 1959, during his early 20s he was a member of the Scripture Union and Childrens Special Service Mission movements and as a clergyman, the Anglican Evangelical Fellowship of Australia. He subsequently, became an advocate of the application of Christian teaching to social issues. His father died at the age of 52 on 30 May 1960 when Lacy was 18 years of age, for Lacy this represented a seminal moment in his life. He came to feel that he was alone in the world. After completing this prerequisite in December 1961, he went on to study theology at Ridley College and he completed his Licentiate in Theology, the minimum requirement for ordination in the Anglican Church, in December 1963 through the Australian College of Theology. Being too young to be ordained, he spent another year at Ridley commencing his post graduate studies and it was at this time that Lacys theological views were strongly influenced by his tutor, New Testament scholar Dr Leon Morris, Ridleys Principal at the time

24.
National Gallery of Victoria
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The National Gallery of Victoria, popularly known as the NGV, is an art museum in Melbourne, Australia. Founded in 1861, it is Australias oldest, largest and most visited art museum, the St Kilda Road building, designed by Sir Roy Grounds, opened in 1968, and was redeveloped by Mario Bellini before reopening in 2003. It houses the international art collection and is on the Victorian Heritage Register. Designed by Lab Architecture Studio, the Ian Potter Centre opened in 2002, further money was set aside in the early 1860s for the establishment of the first National Gallery. On 24 May 1874, the first purpose built gallery, known as the McArthur Gallery, was opened in the McArthur room of the State Library, the undressed box was only ever intended as a temporary home until the much grander vision was to be realised. However such an edifice did not eventuate and the complex was instead developed incrementally over several decades, the National Gallery of Victoria Art School, associated with the gallery, was founded in 1867 and remained the leading centre for academic art training in Australia until about 1910. The Schools graduates went on to some of Australias most significant artists. In 1887, the Buvelot Gallery was opened, along with the Painting School studios, in 1892, two more galleries were added, Stawell and La Trobe. The gallerys collection was built from both gifts of works of art and monetary donations, the most significant, the Felton Bequest, was established by the will of Alfred Felton and from 1904, has been used to purchase over 15,000 works of art. £3 million was put forward in February 1960 and Roy Grounds was announced as the architect, in 1962, Roy Grounds split from his partners Frederick Romberg and Robin Boyd, retained the commission, and designed the gallery at 180 St Kilda Road. By 1967, the new $14 million complex began to take shape, and the gallery was finally relocated to the new building in the summer of 1967-1968. The new bluestone clad building was opened on Tuesday 20 August 1968 by Victorian premier Henry Bolte. In 1999, redevelopment of the building was proposed, with Mario Bellini chosen as architect, the proposal was to leave the original architectural fabric intact including the exterior facade and Leonard French stained glass ceiling, but to significantly modernise the spaces. During the redevelopment, many works were moved to a temporary external annex known as NGV on Russell, at the State Library with its entrance on Russell Street. NGV on Russell closed on 30 June 2002 to make way for the opening of the new St Kilda Road gallery. The Ian Potter Centre, NGV Australia was designed by Lab Architecture Studio, the NGVs Australian art collection encompasses Indigenous art and artefacts, Australian colonial art, Australian Impressionist art, 20th century, modern and contemporary art. The NGV houses many of the most recognisable Australian paintings, including Frederick McCubbins The Pioneer, phillips Fox, John Glover, Eugene von Guerard, Hans Heysen, George W. A large number of works were donated by Dr. Joseph Brown in 2004 which form the Joseph Brown Collection, in 2011 the NGV celebrated its 150th birthday and acquired an important painting by Correggio

25.
The Arts Centre (Melbourne)
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It was designed by architect Sir Roy Grounds, the masterplan for the complex was approved in 1960 and construction began in 1973 following some delays. The complex opened in stages, with Hamer Hall opening in 1982, the Arts Centre is located by the Yarra River and along St Kilda Road, one of the citys main thoroughfares, and extends into the Melbourne Arts Precinct. The Arts Centre also hosts a number of Australian and international performances. The Arts Centre is listed on the Victorian Heritage Register, the Arts Centre site has long been associated with arts and entertainment and has previously been home to circus, theatre, roller and ice skating, cinema and dance. Coincidentally, as noted in the big top shape, the site was known as Canvas Town during the early years of the Victorian gold rush. After World War II the Victorian government decided that Melbourne needed a cultural centre, after many years of discussion, a master plan was approved in 1960, with Sir Roy Grounds as the chosen architect. Responsibility for the project lay with the committee, established in 1956. For twenty five years the committee was a consistent force in the completion of the complex. Actor and film director George Fairfax, having joined the project in 1972, was appointed the first general manager of the committee and then the trust. As a result, Fairfax played a role in administration of the Arts Centre’s development. Work had begun on the site in 1973, with excavation work not completed until 1977/8. An Academy Award-winning expatriate set designer, John Truscott, was employed to decorate the interiors, during his tenure, Norman Lacy was constantly called on to defend the Victorian Arts Centre Trust and its construction program during some highly charged public debates in the parliament. The Victorian Arts Centre’s management and administration was set up under the Victorian Arts Centre Act 1979 introduced into the Victorian parliament by Norman Lacy, the trustees were appointed by the Governor in Council, on the recommendation of the minister. The result was the development of the Arts Centre management structure during 1981, the Concert Hall opened in November 1982, while substantial work remained to be done on the Theatres site. The rest of the Arts Centre was opened progressively in 1984 and this signified the completion of one of the largest public works projects in Victorian history, which had been undertaken over a period of almost twenty five years. The Arts Centre is unusual in that its theatres and concert hall are built largely underground. Hamer Hall, situated closest to the river, was planned to be almost entirely underground. However, construction problems with the foundations, including water seepage, similarly, budget constraints meant that Grounds design for the Theatres Building, which included a copper-clad spire, were shelved, and a shortened un-clad design was substituted

The Arts Centre (Melbourne)
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Spire of the Arts Centre
The Arts Centre (Melbourne)
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The Arts Centre spire, a Melbourne landmark
The Arts Centre (Melbourne)
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Interior of Hamer Hall prior to the 2010–2012 redevelopment
The Arts Centre (Melbourne)
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Norman Lacy receiving the lightning conductor to install into the top of the Centre's spire from George Fairfax on 20 October 1981

26.
Melbourne
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Melbourne is the capital and most populous city of the Australian state of Victoria, and the second-most populous city in Australia and Oceania. The name Melbourne refers to an urban agglomeration spanning 9,900 km2, the metropolis is located on the large natural bay of Port Phillip and expands into the hinterlands towards the Dandenong and Macedon mountain ranges, Mornington Peninsula and Yarra Valley. It has a population of 4,641,636 as of 2016, and its inhabitants are called Melburnians. Founded by free settlers from the British Crown colony of Van Diemens Land on 30 August 1835, in what was then the colony of New South Wales, it was incorporated as a Crown settlement in 1837. It was named Melbourne by the Governor of New South Wales, Sir Richard Bourke, in honour of the British Prime Minister of the day, William Lamb, 2nd Viscount Melbourne. It was officially declared a city by Queen Victoria, to whom Lord Melbourne was close, in 1847, during the Victorian gold rush of the 1850s, it was transformed into one of the worlds largest and wealthiest cities. After the federation of Australia in 1901, it served as the interim seat of government until 1927. It is a financial centre in the Asia-Pacific region. It is recognised as a UNESCO City of Literature and a centre for street art, music. It was the host city of the 1956 Summer Olympics and the 2006 Commonwealth Games, the main passenger airport serving the metropolis and the state is Melbourne Airport, the second busiest in Australia. The Port of Melbourne is Australias busiest seaport for containerised and general cargo, Melbourne has an extensive transport network. The main metropolitan train terminus is Flinders Street Station, and the regional train. Melbourne is also home to Australias most extensive network and has the worlds largest urban tram network. Before the arrival of settlers, humans had occupied the area for an estimated 31,000 to 40,000 years. At the time of European settlement, it was inhabited by under 2000 hunter-gatherers from three indigenous tribes, the Wurundjeri, Boonwurrung and Wathaurong. The area was an important meeting place for the clans of the Kulin nation alliance and it would be 30 years before another settlement was attempted. Batman selected a site on the bank of the Yarra River. Batman then returned to Launceston in Tasmania, in early August 1835 a different group of settlers, including John Pascoe Fawkner, left Launceston on the ship Enterprize

27.
Melbourne Model
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The Melbourne Curriculum was introduced at the University of Melbourne in 2008 by Vice-Chancellor Professor Glyn Davis. As a result of its implementation the universitys 96 undergraduate courses were replaced with six undergraduate degrees, most of the criticism is focussed on the loss of jobs rather than the curriculum itself. Job losses were initially concentrated in the Arts Faculty but later spread to other faculties, in their Growing Esteem whitepaper the University of Melbourne put their rationale for the move in this manner, There are international moves to standardise degree structures. The familiar American pattern of four-year arts or science degrees followed by graduate school is being echoed by the Bologna Declaration among European nations, historically, this move updates an ancient structure, that of the University of Paris in the 13th century. If this becomes a global norm but Australia continues to prepare its professionals through undergraduate programs, the University of Melbourne introduced the Melbourne Curriculum officially in 2008. By the end of the year it was reported that administration had admitted to some subjects being either too broad or too narrow. A leaked document revealed the University of Melbourne will have spent $11.6 million on marketing for the Melbourne Curriculum by the end of 2008, followed by another $16 million by the end of 2010. However, data show that since the consolidation of the Melbourne Curriculum, although the aspect of its effect is also debatable, since Melbourne consistently trails The Australian National University in highly-reputable QS World University Rankings by a significant margin. National Tertiary Education Union accused the university of PR spin over the decision to address media over the loss to 130 jobs in the Arts Faculty before speaking to staff or the union. Victorian College of the Arts Student Union accused the University of Melbournes restructuring as a pretext for shutting down political representation for Victorian College of the Arts students and this issue links with the SUPRA statement noted above, which directs blame at finances underpinning the Melbourne Model. University of Melbourne Faculty of Architecture, Building & Planning Professor, Miles Lewis, possibly the worst restructuring I have seen in 15 years. Monash University Communications lecturer and Herald Sun journalist, Dr Caron Dann, said, so it is a more expensive form of education. It may well be an excellent education, but it is undoubtedly a more form of education. University of Sydney Acting Vice-chancellor, Professor Don Nutbeam, expressed concern the Melbourne Model would end up devaluing or giving less importance to new high school graduates, University of Melbourne Arts student, Ben Coleridge, admitted that while the universitys vision is attractive. The Melbourne Model rhetorically espouses flexibility, so far it has often been experienced as inflexible, some students have begun to think of it as a strategy to disguise retrenchment and diminution. Fregmonto Stokes, the writer, was inspired by what he described as the cutting of a significant number of subjects for economic reasons. The musical was the last production for the 15-year-old arts group Crunch which was wound up by the end of 2008 due to University of Melbournes cuts to the arts faculty. She criticised the lack of student consultation, citing an article in The Age as the first many students had heard of any changes to the curriculum

Melbourne Model
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A promotional banner advertising the University of Melbourne's "Dream Large" campaign at the Parkville campus, 2009.
Melbourne Model
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University of Melbourne Arts students speaking to Dean of Arts Faculty, Professor Belinda Probert, during a student occupation of the Philosophy building during the university's Academic Board meeting in 2007.

28.
Lenton Parr
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Lenton Parr was an Australian sculptor and teacher. There he was influenced by Reg Butler and Eduardo Paolozzi to work with enamelled steel structures, which was to become his lifelong specialty. After his return to Melbourne he showed at Peter Bray Gallery in 1957 and he was a member of the Victorian Sculptors Society and its seventh president. Around 1960 he joined with Clifford Last, Inge King, Vincas Jomantas, in 1967 the group split from the Society, which never recovered from the departure of so many of its prominent members. In 1977 he was invested with the Order of Australia for his services to sculpture and he was awarded Honorary Doctorate in Arts in 1992. A major monograph on his work was published in 1999, the Lenton Parr Library of the University of Melbourne was named for him

Lenton Parr
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Windhover (2001) in Melbourne

29.
Gareth Sansom
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Gareth Sansom is an Australian artist, painter, printmaker and collagist and winner of the 2008 John McCaughey Memorial Prize of $100,000. Another major Influence was and remains the British painter Francis Bacon and he was an associate of Brett Whiteley and there was a likely mutual influence. Sansom has had a influence on subsequent Australian art, paving the way for later notable artists such as Juan Davila. His work is represented by the National Gallery of Australia, the National Gallery of Victoria, the Art Gallery of New South Wales, the Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York and his paintings are eclectic, studded with allusions both historical, cultural and personal. There is something almost diaristic about his work, but its presentation is anything but linear, abiding themes are mortality, ageing, sexual identity, popular and youth culture and cinema. On a technical level his paintings combine oils, enamels and collaged elements from personal photographs to objects stuck on or painted over, Sansom studied at the Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology, from 1959 to 1964. He held his first solo exhibition in 1959 at Richman Gallery in Melbourne and he asked Arthur Boyd to open the exhibition and Boyd agreed. Boyd also purchased a painting from the show, after his studies at RMIT, two exhibitions were at South Yarra Gallery, in 1965, and Gallery A, in 1966. In 1968 he painted The Great Democracy, where his influences can be readily discerned, during the 1970s, Sansom began to experiment with self-portrait photographs involving images of himself dressed as a woman. In particular Sansom developed a series of photographs in which he portrayed Hollywood film noir such as Barbara Stanwyck. Two series of works on cardboard using these photographs as collaged items within graphic media and paint were shown at Warehouse Gallery, Melbourne, in 1978, RMIT Gallery presented a major survey of Sansom’s paintings and graphic works covering the period 1964-1978. Sansom was head of painting at the VCA School of Art, in 1982, Sansom was a visiting artist at the Stedelijk Museum in Amsterdam and in 1985 he was Artist-in-Residence at The University of Melbourne. In 1991, Sansom represented Australia at the Indian Triennial held in New Delhi, at this event he exhibited watercolours made while he lived for six months in New Delhi, in 1989. His aim had been to make one watercolour per day during this period, using humble materials, many aspects of contemporary Indian life and culture infiltrated the modus operandi of these works. Back in Australia these watercolors were exhibited at Roslyn Oxley9Gallery in 1990, from 1986 to 1991 Sansom was Dean of the School of Art at the Victorian College of the Arts. In 1991 Sansom resigned from the VCA, in 2005, a career survey of Sansoms work, titled Welcome to my mind, Gareth Sansom, a study of selected works 1964-2005, was held at the Ian Potter Gallery at The University of Melbourne. In 2008, Sansom won the John McCaughey Memorial Prize, I think younger artists should really look at this guys work to understand whats going on in contemporary painting. Sansom stated recently that In my earlier days it was always firmly about being anti-intellectual, nowadays I am open to anything thats going to make my paintings better

30.
Visual arts of Australia
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Australian art is any art made in Australia or about Australia, from prehistoric times to the present. This includes Aboriginal, Colonial, Landscape, Atelier, early twentieth century painters, print makers, photographers, the visual arts have a long history in Australia, with evidence of Aboriginal art dating back at least 30,000 years. Examples of ancient Aboriginal rock artworks can be throughout the continent. Rock art can also be found within protected parks in areas such as Ku-ring-gai Chase National Park in Sydney. The Sydney rock engravings are approximately 5000 to 200 years old, murujuga in Western Australia has the Friends of Australian Rock Art advocating its preservation, and the numerous engravings there were heritage listed in 2007. In terms of age and abundance, cave art in Australia is comparable to that of Lascaux and Altamira in Europe and these designs generally carry significance linked to the spirituality of the Dreamtime. William Barak was one of the last traditionally educated of the Wurundjeri-willam and he remains notable for his artworks which recorded traditional Aboriginal ways for the education of Westerners. Margaret Preston was among the early non-indigenous painters to incorporate Aboriginal influences in her works, albert Namatjira is a famous Australian artist and an Arrernte man. His landscapes inspired the Hermannsburg School of art, the works of Elizabeth Durack are notable for their fusion of Western and indigenous influences. Since the 1970s, indigenous artists have employed the use of acrylic paints - with styles such as the Western Desert Art Movement becoming globally renowned 20th-century art movements. The National Gallery of Australia exhibits a great many art works, including those of the Torres Strait Islands who are known for their traditional sculpture. The Art Gallery of New South Wales has a collection of indigenous Australian art. In May 2011, the Director of the Place, Evolution, Paul Taçon launched the Protect Australia’s Spirit campaign in May 2011 with the highly regarded Australian actor Jack Thompson. This campaign aims to create the very first fully resourced national archive to bring information about rock art sites, as well as planning for future rock art management. Rock Art Research is published twice a year and also covers international scholarship of rock art, early Western art in Australia, from 1788 onwards, is often narrated as the gradual shift from a European sense of light to an Australian one. The lighting in Australia is notably different from that of Europe and it has also been one of transformation, where artistic ideas originating from beyond gained new meaning and purpose when transplanted into the new continent and the emerging society. Many of these drawings were met with skepticism when taken back to Europe, despite Banks suggestions, no professional natural-history artist sailed on the First Fleet in 1788. Until the turn of the century all drawings made in the colony were crafted by soldiers, including British naval officers George Raper and John Hunter, however, many of these drawings are by unknown artists, most notably the Port Jackson Painter

31.
The Age
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The Age is a daily newspaper that has been published in Melbourne, Australia, since 1854. It is delivered in both hardcopy and online formats, the newspaper shares many articles with other Fairfax Media metropolitan daily newspapers, such as The Sydney Morning Herald. As at February 2017, The Age had a weekday circulation of 88,000. The Sunday Age had a circulation of 123,000 and these represented year-on-year declines of 8% to 9%. The Ages website, according to third-party web analytics providers Alexa and SimilarWeb, is the 44th and 58th most visited website in Australia respectively, SimilarWeb rates the site as the seventh most visited news website in Australia, attracting more than 7 million visitors per month. The newspaper went compact in March 2013, with the Saturday and Sunday editions retaining the broadsheet format, on 22/23 February 2014, the final weekend edition were produced in broadsheet format with these too converted to compact format on 1/2 March 2014. The Ages parent company Chief executive officer, Greg Hywood, has foreshadowed the end of the print edition of the newspaper, with some analysts saying this will occur during 2017. The Age was founded by three Melbourne businessmen, the brothers John and Henry Cooke, who had arrived from New Zealand in the 1840s, the first edition appeared on 17 October 1854. The first edition under the new owners was on 17 June 1856, Ebenezer Syme was elected to the Victorian Legislative Assembly shortly after buying The Age, and his brother David Syme soon came to dominate the paper, editorially and managerially. When Ebenezer died in 1860, David became editor-in-chief, a position he retained until his death in 1908, in 1891, Syme bought out Ebenezers heirs and McEwans and became sole proprietor. He built up The Age into Victorias leading newspaper, in circulation, it soon overtook its rivals The Herald and The Argus, and by 1890 it was selling 100,000 copies a day, making it one of the worlds most successful newspapers. Under Symes control The Age exercised enormous political power in Victoria, Syme was originally a free trader, but converted to protectionism through his belief that Victoria needed to develop its manufacturing industries behind tariff barriers. In the 1890s, The Age was a supporter of Australian federation. After Symes death the paper remained in the hands of his three sons, with his eldest son Herbert Syme becoming general manager until his death in 1939, by the 1940s, the papers circulation was smaller than it had been in 1900, and its political influence also declined. Although it remained more liberal than the extremely conservative Argus, it lost much of its political identity. The historian Sybil Nolan writes, Accounts of The Age in these years generally suggest that the paper was second-rate, walker described a newspaper which had fallen asleep in the embrace of the Liberal Party, querulous, doddery and turgid are some of the epithets applied by other journalists. In 1942, David Symes last surviving son, Oswald Syme and he modernised the papers appearance and standards of news coverage. A takeover attempt by the Warwick Fairfax family, publishers of The Sydney Morning Herald, was beaten off and this new lease on life allowed The Age to recover commercially, and in 1957 it received a great boost when The Argus ceased publication

The Age
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The front page of The Age on 4 March 2013
The Age
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A copy of the first edition of The Age
The Age
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Front page of The Age reporting the dismissal of the Prime Minister on 11 November 1975
The Age
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Previous The Age Headquarters

32.
Victorian College of the Arts Student Union
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The Victorian College of the Arts Student Union was the student union of the former Victorian College of the Arts, now known as the Faculty of VCA and Music in Melbourne, Australia. It was an incorporated organisation which represented the VCA student body. It had a history of creative student activism and successful political campaigns. VCASUs student newspaper was called Spark, VCASU officially went into voluntary liquidation on 15 May 2009 and shut down operations by 30 June 2009. VCA became a faculty of the University of Melbourne in 2007, VCASU argued the new changes were aimed at cutting university courses, staff and services which UoM Vice-Chancellor Glyn Davis denied. Davis, the architect of the Melbourne Model had come under criticism from staff. Despite this, VCASU achieved a 25% voluntary membership in 2007, in 1998, VCASU stopped the introduction of Up Front Fees at the VCA by staging a tent city on administration lawns. In 2003 VCASU led a militant campaign to reinstate VCA sessional staff which were to lose their jobs due to a budget deficit according to VCA Director Andrea Hull. In 2004, VCASU were involved in the student occupations at VCA, RMIT University, in 2008 VCASU accused UoM of forcing the closure of their union, a charge the university denies. The union was involved in protesting academic staff cuts in 2008 by attempting to disrupt a UoM council meeting. Proud was VCASUs annual acquisitive prize exhibition held for all VCASU members to participate and it had traditionally been held in the Margaret Lawrence Gallery at VCA. Beginning in 1996, Proud provided a launch pad for many of VCAs successful emerging artists, including Anastasia Klose, Van Thanh Rudd, previous Proud exhibitions included high profile arts industry judges such as Marcus Westbury and Patricia Piccinini. Victorian College of the Arts Student Union Victorian College of the Arts University of Melbourne

33.
Geographic coordinate system
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A geographic coordinate system is a coordinate system used in geography that enables every location on Earth to be specified by a set of numbers, letters or symbols. The coordinates are chosen such that one of the numbers represents a vertical position. A common choice of coordinates is latitude, longitude and elevation, to specify a location on a two-dimensional map requires a map projection. The invention of a coordinate system is generally credited to Eratosthenes of Cyrene. Ptolemy credited him with the adoption of longitude and latitude. Ptolemys 2nd-century Geography used the prime meridian but measured latitude from the equator instead. Mathematical cartography resumed in Europe following Maximus Planudes recovery of Ptolemys text a little before 1300, in 1884, the United States hosted the International Meridian Conference, attended by representatives from twenty-five nations. Twenty-two of them agreed to adopt the longitude of the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, the Dominican Republic voted against the motion, while France and Brazil abstained. France adopted Greenwich Mean Time in place of local determinations by the Paris Observatory in 1911, the latitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle between the equatorial plane and the straight line that passes through that point and through the center of the Earth. Lines joining points of the same latitude trace circles on the surface of Earth called parallels, as they are parallel to the equator, the north pole is 90° N, the south pole is 90° S. The 0° parallel of latitude is designated the equator, the plane of all geographic coordinate systems. The equator divides the globe into Northern and Southern Hemispheres, the longitude of a point on Earths surface is the angle east or west of a reference meridian to another meridian that passes through that point. All meridians are halves of great ellipses, which converge at the north and south poles, the prime meridian determines the proper Eastern and Western Hemispheres, although maps often divide these hemispheres further west in order to keep the Old World on a single side. The antipodal meridian of Greenwich is both 180°W and 180°E, the combination of these two components specifies the position of any location on the surface of Earth, without consideration of altitude or depth. The grid formed by lines of latitude and longitude is known as a graticule, the origin/zero point of this system is located in the Gulf of Guinea about 625 km south of Tema, Ghana. To completely specify a location of a feature on, in, or above Earth. Earth is not a sphere, but a shape approximating a biaxial ellipsoid. It is nearly spherical, but has an equatorial bulge making the radius at the equator about 0. 3% larger than the radius measured through the poles, the shorter axis approximately coincides with the axis of rotation

Geographic coordinate system
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Longitude lines are perpendicular and latitude lines are parallel to the equator.

34.
Art Academy of Cincinnati
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The Art Academy of Cincinnati is a private college of art and design in Cincinnati, Ohio, accredited by the National Association of Schools of Art and Design. In 1998, the Art Academy of Cincinnati legally separated from the museum and became an independent college of art and it also offers a Master of Arts in Art Education, which is taught during summer semesters. The Art Academy moved into its current facility at 1212 Jackson St. in the Over-the-Rhine neighborhood in the fall of 2005 and this move has been pivotal in the Over-the-Rhine revitalization and renovation as an arts district. The new facility provides 24-hour access for students with around the clock security, students are guaranteed studio spaces in Junior and Senior years. In 2008, the Art Academy facility received Leadership in Energy, AAC housing is required for out-of-town Art Academy freshmen at the Academy Housing Facility at the nearby corner of 12th and Vine streets. Spaces are also available to local freshmen, twelve suites for 28 students are available each with fully equipped kitchens and with washer and dryer. A Resident Advisor is also available and lives on the premises, adam divided his career between Cincinnati and Chicago and is best known as a portrait painter and for his landscapes of western United States. Paul Chidlaw was a modern American painter and long-time instructor at the Academy, Chidlaw Gallery is named after him. Petah Coyne, is an internationally recognized sculptor and installation artist, jenny Eakin Delony, was an American painter and educator. She specialized in portraiture, but her subject matter also included miniatures, landscape, wildlife, still life, frank Duveneck was an American figure and portrait painter who taught at the Art Academy during the 1890s and later became its chairman. He notably fought with the Cincinnati Art Museum administration for students right to directly from the live nude model. Daniel Garber was an American landscape painter and member of the art colony at New Hope, charley Harper was a Cincinnati-based American Modernist artist, best known for his highly stylized wildlife prints, posters and book illustrations. Eli Harvey American sculptor, painter and animalier, edna Boies Hopkins American artist of woodblock prints. Lewis Henry Meakin Myra Musselmann-Carr was a sculptor who exhibited at the Armory Show in 1913, frank Harmon Myers was an American painter. His work includes a variety of topics but he is best known for his seascapes, thomas Satterwhite Noble was an American painter and teacher. Elizabeth Nourse Realist and Genre painter later based in Paris, best known for her depictions of peasant women. Roy Cleveland Nuse was a Pennsylvania Impressionist artist and a teacher at the Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts. Louis Rebisso sculptor and teacher whose students at CAA included William Jacob Baer, Solon Borglum, Janet Scudder, Mary Chase Perry, Louise Lawson, john Ruthven American artist best known for wildlife paintings

Art Academy of Cincinnati
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Art Academy of Cincinnati

35.
Art Center College of Design
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ArtCenter College of Design is a nonprofit, private college located in Pasadena, California. ArtCenter College of Design was founded in 1930 in downtown Los Angeles as the Art Center School, in 1935, Fred R. Archer founded the photography department, and Ansel Adams was a guest instructor in the late 1930s. During and after World War II, ArtCenter ran a technical illustration program in conjunction with the California Institute of Technology, the school began granting Bachelors and Masters degrees in arts in 1949, and was fully accredited by the Western Association of Schools and Colleges in 1955. In 1965, the changed its name to Art Center College of Design. The school expanded its programs, including a program in 1973. The school moved to the Hillside Campus in Pasadena in 1976, the school operated Art Center Europe in La Tour-de-Peilz, Switzerland from 1986 to 1996. In 2003, ArtCenter was granted Non-Governmental Organization status by the UN Department of Public Information, ArtCenter opened the South Campus in Pasadena in 2004. It is one of the few schools to offer a degree in Interaction Design, the college maintains two campuses in Pasadena, both are considered architecturally notable. ArtCenter built its reputation as a school, preparing returning G. I. s for work in the commercial arts fields. The college logo is a circle, also known as the ArtCenter Dot, which has been a part of the schools identity since its inception by founder Tink Adams. ArtCenter is accredited by the Western Association of Schools and Colleges, the college’s undergraduate and graduate industrial design programs are consistently ranked number one by DesignIntelligence. U. S. News and World Report also ranks ArtCenter’s Art, Industrial Design, most recently, the growing influence of Art Centers Film programs resulted in the colleges ranking among The Hollywood Reporters list of the Top 25 Global Film Schools. ArtCenter College of Design maintains two campuses in Pasadena, Hillside Campus and South Campus, designed by modernist architect Craig Ellwood, the Hillside Campus broke ground in November 1974. The bridge building spanned an arroyo and roadway on 175 acres in the hills above Pasadena, opening in 1976, the building was later expanded with the south wing, designed by former Ellwood associate James Tyler, and constructed between 1989-91. The Hillside Campus has been designated as a monument by the City of Pasadena. The South Campus opened in 2004 in a former aircraft-testing facility built during World War II, there is an 16, 000-square-foot exhibition space known as the Wind Tunnel, which is currently the home of the Media Design Practices program. At that time, the College appointed Michael Maltzan Architecture as its partner in planning academic spaces, with this agreement still intact, actual renovation of the former USPS building was completed by Darin Johnstone Architecture in 2014. List of colleges and universities in California Art Center College of Design

Art Center College of Design
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Photo of Art Center's Hillside Campus at night
Art Center College of Design
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Art Center College of Design
Art Center College of Design
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History

36.
The Art Institute of Boston
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Lesley University is a private, coeducational university in Cambridge, Massachusetts. It offers education, expressive therapies, creative writing, counseling, the modern Lesley University is the result of a merger between two institutions and their subsequent integration into a single institution. History prior to 1998 is of the two independent institutions. The Lesley School was founded by Edith Lesley in 1909 at her home at 29 Everett Street, the school began as a private womens institution that trained kindergarten teachers. As such, it espoused the work of Friedrich Froebel, who invented the concept of kindergarten as a complement to the care given children by their mothers, teacher and writer Elizabeth Peabody opened Bostons first Froebel-inspired kindergarten in 1860, more kindergartens followed. Central to the Froeblian philosophy is the idea that individuals are important and unique, Edith Lesley, after having lived in Panama and Maine and studied in Freiburg, Germany, moved to Boston and became involved with public school teaching. She completed kindergarten training, took courses at Radcliffe College, and she wanted a school that would consider the individual of basic importance, to inculcate the idea of gracious living, and to foster the tradition of American democracy. Now married, Lesley and her husband expanded the school by constructing an addition at the rear of their home, around 1913, the Lesley School began training for elementary teachers. In 1941, the Lesley School reorganized under a board of trustees, in 1944, it received authority to award baccalaureate degrees and became known as Lesley College. In 1954, the college began to graduate degrees, it later added majors in the fields of education, counseling, human services, global studies, art therapy. The School of Practical Art was founded by Roy Davidson in 1912. The schools early philosophy was based upon John Ruskins words that it is in art that the heart, the head, in 1998, the Art Institute of Boston and Lesley College merged, and became Lesley University in 2001. When university status was gained, the colleges became the undergraduate units of the university. Lesley Colleges two graduate schools rounded out the four main academic units. In 2005, Lesley College became coeducational, in 2006, the university acquired Prospect Hall, a former church listed on the National Register of Historic Places, with the goal of bringing the Art Institute of Boston to Cambridge. In 2008, the university entered into a partnership with Episcopal Divinity School to jointly operate their Brattle Street campus and this move added dormitories, a dining hall, and classrooms, as well as an expansion in library services and administrative space. In 2009, the university embarked on its first major construction since the 1970s, dormitories at 1 and 3 Wendell street were added to the residential life offerings. In 2013, construction on the Lunder Arts Center began in Porter Square, in 2015, The College of Art and Design officially left Kenmore Square in Boston and joined the remainder of the university in Cambridge

The Art Institute of Boston
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Home of Edith Lesley, Office of the President on the Doble Campus
The Art Institute of Boston
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Lesley University
The Art Institute of Boston
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Undergraduate Admissions on the Doble Campus
The Art Institute of Boston
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What was once the North Prospect Congregational Church and now a present day historical landmark, Lesley University's John and Carol Moriarty Library was restored as part of the Lunder Arts Center project completed in January 2015.

37.
California College of the Arts
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California College of the Arts is an art, design, architecture, and writing school founded in 1907. It has campuses in San Francisco and Oakland, and it enrolls approximately 1,500 undergraduates and 500 graduate students, businessWeek magazine in 2009 called CCA one of the world’s best design schools. CCA ranks fourth among San Francisco Bay Area colleges and universities for highest-paying degrees, CCA was founded in 1907 by Frederick Meyer in Berkeley as the School of the California Guild of Arts and Crafts during the height of the Arts and Crafts movement. The Arts and Crafts movement originated in Europe during the late 19th century as a response to the aesthetics of the machine age. Followers of the movement advocated an approach to art, design. Today, Frederick Meyer’s practical art school is a known and respected institution. In 1908 the school was renamed California School of Arts and Crafts, the college’s Oakland campus location was acquired in 1922, when Meyer bought the four-acre James Treadwell estate at Broadway and College Avenue. Two of its buildings are on the National Register of Historic Places, the Oakland campus still houses the more traditional, craft based studios like the art glass, jewelry metal arts, printmaking, painting, sculpture and ceramic programs. In 2003 the college changed its name to California College of the Arts, CCA offers 22 undergraduate and 13 graduate majors. The CCA Wattis Institute for Contemporary Arts, located near the San Francisco campus in a new facility on Kansas St. is a forum for contemporary culture, in 2013 the Wattis Institute recruited a new director, Anthony Huberman, formerly of Artists Space in New York. Alumni Robert Arneson and Peter Voulkos and faculty member Viola Frey helped establish the medium of ceramics as an art and were closely linked to the emergence of the 1960s ceramics movement. The photorealist movement of the 1970s is represented by current faculty member Jack Mendenhall and alumni Robert Bechtle, alumni Nathan Oliveira and Manuel Neri were leaders in the Bay Area Figurative Movement. Marvin Lipofsky founded CCAs Glass Program in 1967 and was important in the Studio Glass movement, two school faculty established California Faience

California College of the Arts
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California College of the Arts

38.
California Institute of the Arts
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The California Institute of the Arts is a private university located in the Valencia neighborhood of the municipality of Santa Clarita in the California county of Los Angeles. It was incorporated in 1961 as the first degree-granting institution of learning in the United States created specifically for students of both the visual and the performing arts. It is authorized by the Western Association of Schools and Colleges to grant Bachelor of Fine Arts and Master of Fine Arts in the visual, performing, the Herb Alpert School of Music at CalArts was accredited in 2009 to grant a Doctor of Musical Arts. The school was first envisioned by many benefactors in the early 1960s, the institute was started as an interdisciplinary Caltech of the arts, with all schools under one roof. CalArts provides an environment for a diversity of artists. Students are free to develop their own work in a workshop atmosphere, CalArts was originally formed in 1961 as a merger of the Chouinard Art Institute and the Los Angeles Conservatory of Music. Both of the existing institutions were going through financial difficulties around the same time. The professional relationship between Madame Chouinard and Walt Disney began in 1929 when Disney had no money and Madame Chouinard agreed to train his first animators on a pay-later basis. He never forgot and over the years watched the Chouinard Art Institute grow into the finest art school on the West Coast, joining him were his brother Roy O. Disney, Lulu Von Hagen and Thornton Ladd, of the Los Angeles Conservatory of Music. In 1965, the Alumni Association was founded as an organization and was governed by a 12-member board of directors to serve the best interests of the institute. Members included leading professional artists and musicians, who contributed their knowledge, experience, the ground-breaking for CalArts current campus took place May 3,1969. However, construction of the new campus was hampered by rains, labor troubles. So the new school began its first year in the buildings of Villa Cabrini Academy, CalArts moved to its present campus in the Valencia section of the city of Santa Clarita, California in November 1971. The founding board of trustees originally planned on creating CalArts as a school in an entertainment complex, a destination like Disneyland, such a model is exemplified in the 1941 Disney film The Reluctant Dragon. In an ironic turn of fate, they appointed Dr. Robert W. Corrigan as the first president of the Institute. Corrigan, former dean of the School of Arts at New York University, was attempting to create a mix of artistic disciplines as those that were going to be attempted at CalArts. Corrigan fired almost all the artists and teachers from Chouinard in his attempt to remake CalArts into his personal vision and he was joined the following year by his friend Herbert Blau, hired as the Institutes provost and dean of the School of Theater and Dance. Corrigan held his position until 1972, when he was replaced by William S. Lund, a Disney son-in-law, within a month of Lunds tenure as president,55 of CalArts 325 faculty and staff were fired

California Institute of the Arts
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CalArts

39.
Cleveland Institute of Art
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The Cleveland Institute of Art, previously Cleveland School of Art, located in University Circle, Cleveland, Ohio, is one of the nation’s leading independent colleges of art and design. The college was founded in 1882 as the Western Reserve School of Design for Women, having become a co-educational school, it was renamed the Cleveland School of Art in 1892. After unsuccessful attempts to merge the school with Western Reserve University, in the fall of 1905, the first classes were held in a newly constructed building at the corner of Magnolia Drive and Juniper Road in Clevelands University Circle. Beginning in 1917, the offered classes for children and adults on weekends. The school participated in the WPA Federal Art Project during the Great Depression, medical drawing and mapmaking were added to the curriculum during World War II. The school began offering a Bachelor of Fine Arts degree in 1947 and it became the Cleveland Institute of Art the following year, the college gradually incorporated more academic courses into the curriculum, while retaining its key objective to offer practical training. In 1956 the school moved to a new building on East Boulevard that it would name for George Gund II, who served as the colleges board president and generous patron from 1942-1966. In 1981 the college acquired the former Albert Kahn designed Euclid Avenue assembly plant which was built by Ford in 1914-1915, Cleveland Institute of Art named the building the Joseph McCullough Center For Visual Arts following remodeling. In early 2013, CIA announced it would sell its East Boulevard building to the Cleveland Museum of Art and this new George Gund Building houses, the Peter B. The building also houses the American Greetings Welcome Center, the Admissions and Financial Aid offices, the new building has been designed to look crisp and contemporary without detracting from the historic McCullough building next door. Uptown Phase II, at the corner of Euclid Avenue and Ford Drive, Services for students include Career Services, Center for Writing and Learning Support. Cleveland Institute of Art Is a founding member of the Association of Independent Colleges of Art, in 2013,2014, and 2015, Cleveland Institute of Art was named a Best Midwestern College by the Princeton Review. In 2015 CIA was the college of art and design to achieve this designation. Princeton Review is a services company widely known for its test preparation programs and college. In 2015, Money magazine named Cleveland Institute of Art to its Best Colleges for your Money ranking, Cleveland Cinematheque, a nationally recognized alternative film theater, is part of Cleveland Institute of Art. The recently completed George Gund Building adjoins the historic Joseph McCullough Center for the Visual Arts at 11610 Euclid Avenue, reinberger Gallery presents free rotating art exhibits, events and lectures. Visiting artists often present lectures and symposia, the gallery is closed on Sundays. CIAs Uptown Residence Hall houses some 130 first-year students in the Uptown Development on Euclid Avenue

Cleveland Institute of Art
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Frederick Gottwald taught at the Western Reserve School of Design for Women, and it has been said that he "contributed more than any other person to Cleveland's artistic development".
Cleveland Institute of Art
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Cleveland Institute of Art, c. 1900.
Cleveland Institute of Art
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Cleveland Institute of Art's (old) George Gund Building
Cleveland Institute of Art
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The Institute's McCullough Center is a former Ford Model T factory at Euclid Avenue and East 116th Street

40.
College for Creative Studies
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The College also offers free art education for more than 4,000 Detroit youth annually through its Community Arts Partnerships program. The College for Creative Studies traces its heritage back to 1906 when a group of civic leaders, inspired by the English Arts and Crafts movement. The Society’s mission was to keep the ideals of beauty and craftsmanship alive in what was becoming an industrialized world. At their original location on Farmer Street, Society members began teaching classes in basic design. In 1911, they opened a gallery where students as well as prominent modern artists displayed, as Detroit’s creative community continued to take root, the Society recognized the need to expand. They moved to a location on Watson Street, and 10 years later became one of the first arts and crafts organizations to offer a formal. Within a year, the Art School of the Detroit Society of Arts and Crafts grew to an enrollment of 280 students, much of the school’s success was attributed to its close integration of rigorous courses with progression of the art and design movements and world-class, contemporary exhibitions. In addition to hiring talented, local artists and designers, the school sought renowned painters, sculptors, in 1933, the Society’s gallery garnered national media attention as one of the first art institutions to recognize the automobile as an art form. This was around the time that programs in industrial design. The school relocated for a time in 1958 to its current location near the city’s cultural center. The move provided students with more convenient access to the Detroit Institute of Arts, all classes and offices were initially housed in the Arts & Crafts building designed by Minoru Yamasaki. In 1962, the school became a college when the Michigan Department of Education authorized the institution to offer of a Bachelor of Fine Arts in industrial design. Eight years later, the College was awarded the right to provide degrees in all of their major programs, the National Association of Schools of Art and Design granted original accreditation in 1972, and the North Central Association of Colleges and Schools granted regional accreditation in 1977. The next four decades brought about significant changes to the campus. A parking structure was added to the campus in 1999, and in the fall of 2001, Ford II building for design and technology-driven disciplines. The donation to fund this project was the largest ever given to an art college at the time and that year, two historic homes on the northern side of campus were also renovated to accommodate administration and admissions offices. In 2001 CCS changed its name to the College for Creative Studies to more clearly communicate its identity as an accredited, degree-granting “college. ”In 2008, located in Detroit’s New Center district, the building serves as the A. Alfred Taubman Center for Design Education. The original Ford campus continues to house arts and crafts disciplines as well as the majority of administrative offices, in 2007, Bloomberg Business Week listed CCS among the top design schools in the world

41.
Columbus College of Art and Design
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Columbus College of Art & Design is a private college of art and design located in downtown Columbus, Ohio. Founded in 1879 as the Columbus Art School, CCAD is one of the oldest private art, located in downtown Columbus, CCADs campus consists of 14 buildings on 9 acres and is adjacent to the Columbus Museum of Art. Approximately 1,350 full-time students are enrolled, CCAD awards a project-based, multidisciplinary Master of Fine Arts degree in Visual Arts, New Projects. The project-based, multidisciplinary program seeks to not just candidates’ artistic skills, but also their skills in planning, communications. CCADs MFA program ranks 82nd in U. S. Newss list of top Graduate School in the Fine Arts category, CCAD was founded in 1879 as the Columbus Art School. The idea for the school started in 1878, when a group of women formed the Columbus Art Association and their main concern became creating an art school in Columbus. The first day of classes was January 6,1879, on the top floor of the Sessions Building at Long, use of that floor had been donated by Francis Sessions, an art-minded banker and entrepreneur and one of the first trustees of the Columbus Gallery of Fine Arts. There were only students and one teacher at the time. By the end of the year, there were 118 students. Original classes included drawing, watercolor, art needlework, oil painting, clay modeling, china painting, soon after opening, the school added classes like sculpture and figure drawing with clothed models, as nude models were considered too risqué in Columbus at the time. In 1885, the moved to the Tuller Building at Gay and Fourth St due to the poor ventilation. The school moved two times before 1914, when it moved into the Monypeny Mansion next to the Sessions House. In 1923, the school, which had been run by the Columbus Art Association but funded by the gallery, through this merger, the Columbus Art Association became extinct, and the trustees of the gallery created a school committee board. Among the faculty at this time was painter Alice Schille, in 1929, Ralph Beaton, a trustee of the gallery, donated $30,000 to build the first new building for the Columbus Art School. The Sessions House and Monypeny Mansion were torn down to make way for Beaton Hall, Beaton Hall was completed and held its first classes in 1930. By 1944-45, the day school was discontinued because of World War II, Joseph Canzani started as a teacher at the school in 1948. By 1950, there were only 13 day school students, Canzani was asked by the museum director to become Dean. As Dean, Canzani put together introductory courses in drawing, color theory, Canzani also taught some of the foundation classes

Columbus College of Art and Design
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CCAD's 100-foot-tall campus ART sign
Columbus College of Art and Design
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First graduating class at CCAD
Columbus College of Art and Design
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Monypeny Mansion
Columbus College of Art and Design
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The Sessions Block

42.
Cooper Union
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Inspired in 1830 when Peter Cooper learned about the government-supported École Polytechnique in France, Cooper Union was established in 1859. The Cooper Union originally granted each admitted student a full-tuition scholarship, following its own financial crisis, the school decided to abandon this policy starting in the Fall of 2014, but each incoming student receives at least a half-tuition merit scholarship. The college is divided into three schools, the Irwin S. Chanin School of Architecture, the School of Art, and it offers undergraduate and masters degree programs exclusively in the fields of architecture, fine arts, and engineering. It is a member of the Accreditation Board for Engineering and Technology, until 2014 Cooper Union was one of the very few American institutions of higher learning to offer a full-tuition scholarship – valued at approximately $150,000 as of 2012 – to every admitted student. Cooper Union has historically been one of the most selective colleges in the United States, both the art and architecture schools have acceptance rates below 5%. Cooper Union received 2,536 applications for the 2014–2015 academic year, as a result of its record low acceptance ratio for the fall 2010 incoming class, Cooper Union was named by Newsweek as the #1 Most Desirable Small School and #7 Most Desirable School overall. The Cooper Union was founded in 1859 by American industrialist Peter Cooper, who was an inventor, successful entrepreneur. Cooper was a son who had less than a year of formal schooling, yet went on to become an industrialist. Cooper designed and built Americas first steam engine, and made a fortune with a glue factory. After achieving wealth, he turned his skills to successful ventures in real estate, insurance. Coopers dream was to give talented young people the one privilege he lacked and he also wished to make possible the development of talent that otherwise would have gone undiscovered. According to The New York Times in 1863, Those only are supposed to pay anything who are abundantly able, discrimination based on ethnicity, religion, or sex was expressly prohibited. Since the opening of this institute all who desire, and particularly those who work for their own support, can avail themselves, free of charge, of all the advantages the institution affords. The early institution also had a reading room open day and night, and a new four-year nighttime engineering college for men. A daytime engineering college was added in 1902 thanks to funds contributed by Andrew Carnegie Initial board members included Daniel F. Tiemann, Peter Coopers dream of providing an education equal to the best has since become reality. Since 1859, the Cooper Union has educated thousands of artists, architects, after 1864 there were a few attempts to merge Cooper Union and Columbia University, but these were never realized. The Cooper–Hewitt, National Design Museum, was founded in 1897 as part of Cooper Union by Sarah, Eleanor, Cooper Unions Foundation Building is an Italianate brownstone building designed by architect Fred A. Petersen, one of the founders of the American Institute of Architects. It was the first structure in New York City to feature rolled-iron I-beams for structural support, Petersen patented a fire-resistant hollow brick tile he used in the buildings construction

43.
Corcoran College of Art and Design
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The Corcoran School of the Arts and Design, founded in 1890, is an art and design school in Washington, D. C. The Corcoran School is part of GWUs Columbian College of Arts, William Wilson Corcoran founded the Corcoran Gallery of Art in 1869. Work resumed immediately after the conclusion of the war, with Corcoran formally founding his gallery as an institution in 1869, the first special event held that year was a fundraiser for the completion of the Washington Monument. Corcorans gallery welcomed its first visitors in 1874 and art students immediately flocked to the gallery, eager to sketch, in 1877 the painter E. F. Andrews started offering the visiting students and artists formal instruction in two dimensional media for no cost to the student. In 1878 William Wilson Corcoran donated additional funding to be used to establish a school to be associated with the gallery, after Corcorans 1888 death, a small building was built in 1889 for the purpose of the gallerys burgeoning identity as a place for education in the arts. In 1890 the school opened as the Corcoran School of Art. By the 1890s, both the gallery and the programs had outgrown their respective spaces. From 1897 to the 1930s, the school continued in a modest existence for art students interested in a museum school, successful accreditation in the National Association of Schools of Art was achieved by the mid-1970s, with the first BFA degree bestowed in 1978. During this time artists that taught for the school included Gene Davis, Tom Downing, Sam Gilliam, Anne Truitt, Ed McGowin, William Christenberry, and Paul Reed. Starting in the 1970s, College utilized three facilities, the historic Flagg Building housed fine art facilities, the art photography. A second building, located in Georgetown, housing the Digital Media, Graphic Design, additional programs were offered through the Smithsonians S. Dillon Ripley Center. In 1985, the college was accredited by the Middle States Commission on Higher Education. In 1999, the school was renamed as The Corcoran College of Art and Design and worked to further its reputation as the singular four-year arts and design institution in Washington. As a museum school, students and faculty benefited from co-existing with the Corcoran Gallery with its more than 17,000 works and objects. In the later years of the gallery, a space known as Studio 31 displayed student art, in addition to special biennials. The annual NEXT show, staged at the end of academic year. Superior Court approved agreement saw the closure of the Gallery and the passing of most of the collection into the public National Gallery of Art. The Colleges Continuing Education Program, which offers credit and non-credit classes to children and adults

Corcoran College of Art and Design
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Corcoran School of the Arts and Design (CCAD)

44.
Cornish College of the Arts
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Founded in 1914 as the Cornish School of Music, the name changed over the years as the institution added departments and refined and widened its mission. In 1920, the name was changed to The Cornish School by which it was known throughout Nellie Cornish’s directorship, in the 1950s, the name was lengthened to the Cornish School of Allied Arts. Cornish College of the Arts was founded in 1914 as the Cornish School of Music, by Nellie Cornish, Cornish would go on to serve as the schools director for its first 25 years, until 1939. The Cornish School of Music began its operations in rented space in the Boothe Building on Broadway, within three years it had enrolled over 600 students, expanded the age range of its students to college age, and was the countrys largest music school west of Chicago. Nellie Cornish recruited opportunistically where she saw talent, and the school offered classes as diverse as eurhythmics, French language, painting, dance. In 1915, the first full year, eurythmics was added. Dance, with a focus, became a department in 1916 headed by Chicago-trained Mary Ann Wells. That same year, Cornish became one of the first West Coast schools of any type to offer a summer session, van Volkenburg also began a marionette department, the first such department in the country. By 1923, opera and modern dance had been added to the curriculum as well, in 1920, in recognition that music was no longer the schools central focus, the schools name was simplified to The Cornish School. By this time, too, the school had expanded its age range, finished in 1921, the Cornish School building, now known as Kerry Hall, opened for the 1921–22 academic year. The Cornish Trio of the 1920s—Peter Meremblum, Berthe Poncy, in 1935, Cornish established the first college-level school of radio broadcasting in the U. S. Through the 1920s, the school was often on the edge of financial failure, although the mortgage was paid off and the building had been donated to the school in 1929, financial difficulties inevitably grew during the Great Depression. Ultimately, convinced that finances would not allow the school to do more than tread water, while there were difficult years for the school after 1939, in the long run Cornish did much more than tread water. That was one year after the establishment of the Theatre Department as the fully fledged academic department. The BFA in Performance Production added concentrations in Costume, Lighting, Scenic and Sound Design, Stage Management, recognizing the vital importance of liberal arts studies as a part of the education of an artist, Cornish established its seventh department, Humanities and Sciences, some years later. Miss Aunt Nellie, The Autobiography of Nellie C, Cornish, was published by the University of Washington Press in 1964, with the assistance of funds from the Cornish School Alumnae Association. Cornish College of the Arts operates a campus in the Capitol Hill, Denny Triangle. Cornishs historic campus is composed of its original 1921 building on Capitol Hill, the building, now known as Kerry Hall, contains the 120-seat PONCHO Concert Hall

Cornish College of the Arts
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Like Kerry Hall, Cornish's main Denny Triangle building is also on the National Register of Historic Places
Cornish College of the Arts
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Cornish College of the Arts
Cornish College of the Arts
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Kerry Hall, Cornish's oldest building and the last part of Cornish remaining on Seattle's Capitol Hill.

45.
Cranbrook Academy of Art
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The Cranbrook Educational Community, an education, research and public museum complex in the US state of Michigan. A National Historic Landmark, it was founded in early 20th century by newspaper mogul George Gough Booth, the founders also built Christ Church Cranbrook as a focal point in order to serve the educational complex, though the church is a separate entity under the Episcopal Diocese of Michigan. The sprawling,319 acre campus began as a 174-acre farm, the organization takes its name from Cranbrook, England, the birthplace of the founders father. Cranbrook is renowned for its architecture in the Arts and Crafts, the chief architect was Eliel Saarinen with Albert Kahn responsible for the Booth mansion,1908,1919. Sculptors Carl Milles and Marshall Fredericks also spent many years in residence at Cranbrook, Cranbrook Schools today comprise a co-educational day and boarding college preparatory upper school, a middle school, and Brookside Lower School. The first school to open on the Cranbrook grounds was the Bloomfield Hills School in 1922, founded by George Booth, the Bloomfield Hills School was intended as the community school for local area children. The Bloomfield Hills School ultimately evolved into Brookside School, Booth wanted the Cranbrook School to possess an architecture reminiscent of the finest British Boarding Schools, and retained Finnish architect Eliel Saarinen to design the campus. Cranbrooks initial phase of building was completed in 1928, over the years the Cranbrook School for Boys campus grew to include house Stevens Hall, Page Hall, and Coulter Hall. While primarily functioning as only residential spaces, Page Hall featured a lounge as well as a shooting range. Lerchen Gymnasium, Keppel Gymnasium, and Thompson oval were also constructed on the campus, in the 1960s, Cranbrook School for Boys also constructed a state-of-the-art Science Building named the Gordon Science Center. Realizing that young women would also need a place of their own to learn, Booths wife, mr. Booth decided to let his wife supervise the project herself which she named the Kingswood School Cranbrook. Unlike her husband, Ellen encouraged Saarinen to come up with an interior design for the campus completely on his own. Instead of the buildings that housed the Cranbrook School for Boys. It housed dormitories, a hall, auditorium, classrooms, bowling alley, lounge/common areas. The education at Kingswood School Cranbrook was primarily viewed initially as a finishing school although that would change over time, in 1986, the Cranbrook School for Boys and Kingswood School Cranbrook entered a joint agreement renaming the new institution the Cranbrook Kingswood Upper School. The Cranbrook Academy of Art, one of the leading graduate schools of architecture, art. By 1984, the New York Times would say that the effect of Cranbrook and its graduates, Cranbrook, surely more than any other institution, has a right to think of itself as synonymous with contemporary American design. The buildings were designed and the school first headed by Eliel Saarinen, the graduate program is unusual because there are no courses, all learning is self-directed under the guidance and supervision of the respective artist-in-residence

46.
Kansas City Art Institute
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The Kansas City Art Institute is a private, independent, four-year college of fine arts and design founded in 1885 in Kansas City, Missouri. It has about 75 faculty members and some 600 students, the school started in 1885 when art enthusiasts formed the Sketch Club with the purpose of talking over art matters in general and to judge pictures. Meetings were originally in private homes and then moved to the Deardorf Building at 11th, the club had its first exhibition in 1887 and 12 benefactors stepped forward to form the Kansas City Art Association and School of Design. A Wight and Wight addition was added to the building, the residence was later renamed Vanderslice Hall and is listed on the National Register of Historic Places along with another building on the campus—Mineral Hall. The campus has expanded to 15 acres. In 1935 painter Thomas Hart Benton left New York City to teach at the school, among the artists Benton influenced as a teacher at KCAI were Frederic James, Margot Peet, Jackson Lee Nesbitt, Roger Medearis, Glenn Gant, and Delmer J. Yoakum. Though Benton brought attention to the Art Institute, he was dismissed in 1941 after making disparaging references to, as he claimed, the excessive influence of homosexuals in the art world. In 1977, the Kansas City Renaissance Festival was founded as a benefit for the school, in 1992 the Kemper Museum of Contemporary Art opened on the west side of the campus. On the occasion of its 130th anniversary in 2015, the Kansas City Art Institute received a donation of $25 million

47.
Laguna College of Art and Design
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Laguna College of Art and Design is a dually accredited private college located in Laguna Beach, California, United States. Minors are offered in Animation, Art History, Creative Writing, Drawing and Painting, Graphic Design + Digital Media, Illustration, and Sculpture. LCAD also offers four Master of Fine Arts degrees in Art of Game Design, Creative Writing, Drawing and Painting, LCAD has an affiliate arrangement with the Florence Academy of Art for summer study in Florence, Italy for class credit. In Graphic Design, an association was created in 2011 with the Communication University of China, since 2014, the college has partnered with Vermont College of Fine Arts on a BFA/MAT dual degree program. Laguna College of Art and Designs campus sprawls across several scenic acres from the Big Bend area of Laguna Coast Wilderness Park to downtown Laguna Beach, the colleges historic Main Campus is situated in Laguna Canyon, on 4 acres. Across the street are the Suzanne Chonette Senior Studios and LCADs Administration Building, the college also has a Big Bend campus, a South Campus, student housing, and LCAD Gallery. LCAD maintains the Dennis and Leslie Power Library with access to a collection including over 20,000 volumes. Laguna College of Art and Design is accredited by both the National Association of Schools of Art and Design and the Western Association of Schools, Laguna College of Art and Design

Laguna College of Art and Design
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2008 Logo

48.
Lyme Academy College of Fine Arts
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The Lyme Academy College of Fine Arts is an art college in Old Lyme, Connecticut. The school offers a Bachelor of Fine Arts degree in the disciplines of painting, sculpture, illustration, the college also offers post-baccalaureate and a 3-year certificate program. The college is accredited by the State of Connecticut, and is a member of the Association of Independent Colleges of Art and Design. Amongst private art colleges, the Lyme Academy is known for its focus on the history and tradition of representational art, centered on the study of nature. Its small student body offers a uniquely personal education, with an enrollment of 150 current students, the Lyme Academy College is an intimate artistic community. Ninety-five percent of classes have fewer than twenty students, the general cap to classes is 18 students. The student-to-faculty ratio is fourteen to one, which facilitates an academy-based teaching philosophy not often available at other art colleges, the college facilitates a focus on the fine arts that is distinctive from many art colleges and schools in the country. BFA degrees have been awarded since 1996, many alumni of this new college have gone on to earn their MFA degrees, and one has won a Fulbright Fellowship. The faculty has many regular and visiting instructors. Lyme Academy College of Fine Arts Official Website

Lyme Academy College of Fine Arts
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Lyme Academy College of Fine Arts

49.
Maine College of Art
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The Maine College of Art is a fully accredited, degree-granting art college located in the Arts District of Portland, Maine. Founded in 1882, the Maine College of Art is the oldest arts institution in Maine. Maine College of Arts renovation of the Porteous Building in the late 1990s was the beginning of the transformation of Congress Street into the Arts District. Offering one undergraduate and three programs, as well as Continuing Studies, the College has become the largest employer of visual artists in the state. With 125,000 square feet of space, this department store is now a five-floor vertical campus. Five minors are available in Art History, Public Engagement, Art & Music, Writing, Public Engagement has become integrated throughout the curriculum, with all first-year students required to participate in a First-Year Initiative class with a selected community partner. Students have access to studio spaces, individual studio spaces as majors, each student is given a key to the building. Master of Fine Arts Graduate Program The Master of Fine Arts at MECA, the full-time program allows students to complete four semesters of coursework and studio requirements off-campus, requiring two intensive summer semesters in Maine. Students are supported by a curriculum and a core, visiting. Upon completion the program and after passing the Praxis exams, students are eligible to be certified art educators in Maine and 40 other states. Salt Graduate Certificate of Documentary Studies The Salt Graduate Certificate of Documentary Studies is an accredited, 15-week program, there are currently four tracks of study, Radio, Short Documentary Film, Photography, and Writing. Maine College of Art acquired Salt Institute of Documentary Studies in the spring of 2016, Continuing Studies Program The Continuing Studies Program at the Maine College of Art offers open-enrollment courses for adults, youth, and children. Adult Continuing Studies courses and classes for artists are offered in fall, winter/spring. The summer three-week Pre-College intensive provides high school students with an opportunity to explore pursuing degrees in art, the student to faculty ratio is 10,1. Roughly 32% of MECA students come from Maine and 68% are from the New England area outside Maine, the Porteous studio building, located downtown in the heart of the Arts District, is open 24/7. Housing for 140 students is provided among three residence halls, all located one block from the Porteous Building. The five “arms” in the E within the MECA logo, designed through a process with MECA students. Carrie Zeisse ‘92, United Way, Executive Vice-President for Operations MECA photo alum, brian Wilk ’95, design director, Hasbro Inc

Maine College of Art
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Maine College of Art
Maine College of Art
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The historic Porteous Building, a 1904 beaux arts style building, houses Maine College of Art's classrooms, libraries and galleries.
Maine College of Art
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The former home of the Maine College of Art, the Charles Q. Clapp House, located at 97 Spring Street in Portland, Maine.
Maine College of Art
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Maine College of Art, December 2013

50.
Maryland Institute College of Art
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Maryland Institute College of Art is an art and design college in Baltimore, Maryland, United States. It was founded in 1826 as the Maryland Institute for the Promotion of the Mechanic Arts, the school is located in the Bolton Hill neighborhood, along Mount Royal Ave. The main campus is about 1.5 miles from downtown Baltimore, MICA hosts pre-college, post-baccalaureate, continuing studies, Master of Fine Arts, and Bachelor of Fine Arts programs, as well as weekend young peoples studio art classes. The Maryland Institute for the Promotion of the Mechanic Arts was established in November 1825, by prominent citizens of the city of Baltimore, such as Fielding Lucas, Howard, William Hubbard, Thomas Kelso, John H. B. Latrobe, William Meeter, Hezekiah Niles, William Roney, William F. Small, S. D. Walker, John D. Craig, Jacob Deems, William H. Freeman, Moses Hand, William Krebs, Robert Cary Long, Jr. Peter Leary, James Mosher, Henry Payson, P. K. Stapleton, James Sykes, P. B. Williams. A course of lectures on subjects connected with the arts was inaugurated and a library of works on mechanics. After about its first decade of being located at The Athenaeum at the southwest corner of East Lexington, in November 1847, Benjamin S. Benson and sixty-nine others of New Jersey and his opponent Franklin Pierce of New Hampshire—. During the American Civil War, the Institute served briefly as an armory for the Union, on February 7–8,1904, the Centre Market and the Maryland Institute building of 1851 burned down along with 1,500 other buildings in downtown Baltimore during the Great Baltimore Fire. Temporarily, classes are moved to spaces above other covered municipal markets in the city, Michael Jenkins donated the future site of the Main Building on Mount Royal Avenue near the new Bolton Hill neighborhood in the northwest, which opened in 1908. It was to house the School of Art and Design, felix Agnus along with Frank A. Furst and Henry Clark, with ex-officio members – Mayor E. Clay Timanus and Comptroller George R. Heffner. C. Along the Anne Arundel and Howard Counties lines, upon opening, the Main Building had spaces for pottery, metal working, wood carving, free-hand drafting, and textile design, as well as a library, galleries and exhibition rooms. The galleries and exhibition rooms were important, because at the time of construction, in 1923, the Institutes galleries hosted the first known public showing of Henri Matisses work in the United States, brought over from Europe by sisters Claribel and Etta Cone. The Institute legally changed its name to the Maryland Institute, College of Art in 1959, the consolidation of MICA to the Mount Royal campus is furthered by the purchase of the Mount Royal Station, a former Baltimore and Ohio Railroad train station, in 1964. During that time, the College focused on increased interaction with the international art world—offering study abroad programs, MICAs campus is a milieu of diverse buildings from different periods of Baltimores development. The State of Maryland, the Carnegie Foundation, and a number of local benefactors contributed funds to build the Main Building, Michael Jenkins donated the land on which the Main Building was built, stipulating that the new building not clash with the nearby Gothic Revival Corpus Christi Church. Otto Fuchs designed the studio plans. The architecture was designed to evoke a feeling of the Grand Canal of Venice, the exterior marble is carved from Beaver Dam marble, excavated from the famed Baltimore County quarry near Cockeysville, Maryland

Maryland Institute College of Art
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"The Maryland Institute", above the old "Centre Market" on Market Place between East Baltimore Street and Water Street, east of South Frederick Street and west of the Jones Falls stream, home of M.I., 1851-1904
Maryland Institute College of Art
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The Maryland Institute, after the 1904 Fire
Maryland Institute College of Art
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Main Building
Maryland Institute College of Art
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Main hall