ORs for trends over time, environmental setting and methods of refractive assessment

Factor

Number of study populations

Adjusted odds ratio*(95% credible interval)

Calendar Time

Per decade in whites

34

0.85 (0.69, 1.05)

Per decade in East Asians

65

1.23 (1.00, 1.55)

Per decade in South Asians

23

1.05 (0.45, 2.63)

Environmental setting

Rural

37

1.00

Urban

115

2.61 (1.79, 3.86)

Mixed†

12

2.71 (1.63, 4.68)

Study design characteristics

Cycloplegia—yes

109

1.00

Cycloplegia—no

43

2.12 (1.76, 2.52)

Subjective refraction/retinoscopy

85

1.00

Closed field autorefraction

54

2.18 (1.79, 2.73)

Open field autorefraction

12

1.30 (0.89, 1.85)

*ORs are the medians (95% credible intervals in parenthesis) of the posterior distributions from the Bayesian multilevel binomial logistic regression of the log odds of myopia adjusting for ethnic specific associations with age, ethnic specific associations with survey year (for white, East Asian and South Asian children, only) and environmental setting. The multilevel model took into account that some study populations provide only one age-specific estimate whereas others contribute data for several age groups. ORs for the study design characteristics are based on a subset of studies that specifically reported whether cycloplegia was used. ORs for environmental setting and study design characteristics were assumed to be common across ethnicities.