How expensive could they get?

Chinese-made electronics could become as much as 23% pricier for US shoppers, according to a report from the Consumer Technology Association (CTA) – which stages the CES in Las Vegas each January – and the National Retail Federation (NRF).

A TV made in China that costs $250 today would cost $308 after the tariffs are applied, it says, while one that costs $500 today would cost $615. "These proposed tariffs are bad for the economy, businesses and American consumers," says Gary Shapiro, CEO and president, CTA.

"For TVs, just one of the 1,300 products on the administration's list, American pocketbooks will suffer." The US imported 23 million TVs from China in 2017, according to Sigmaintell.

Skyworth, TCL and Hisense together account for a fifth of TVs Credit: Jamie Carter

Does this mean all TVs?

That 23% price increase applies only to TVs imported from China. "The top three Chinese brands (TCL, Hisense & Skyworth) combined accounted for more than 20% of worldwide shipments during 2017, and manufactured many more sets for other brands too," says James Manning Smith, Research Analyst at Futuresource Consulting.

China is currently experiencing a boom in TV-making factories, and it seems inevitable that China will pretty soon dominate TV production.

"The likelihood of this policy proposal becoming law is still in the balance, but the impact on consumers would be considerable," says Manning Smith, suggesting that the average price of a TV in the US could jump from $450 to $500.

However, there are always loopholes. "Companies such as TCL, which has grown rapidly in the last 24 months in the US and now finds itself competing closely with LG, has manufacturing facilities all over the world," says Manning Smith.

"It would be likely that they would be able to pivot production of sets destined for the US to countries unaffected by the tariff." Both TCL and Hisense have assembly plants in Mexico.

"With ZTE reliant on components, IP and software sourced from American companies, the restrictions effectively inhibit ZTE from producing and selling further devices," says Manning Smith.

ZTE suggests that the decision, if implemented, could bankrupt it. "The Denial Order will not only severely impact the survival and development of ZTE, but will also cause damages to all partners of ZTE including a large number of US companies," said a spokesperson.

It all goes to show just how reliant US and Chinese tech companies are on each other. ZTE may have been the third or fourth largest smartphone-seller in the US in 2017 – and 60% of the world's smartphones are sold by Chinese owned companies – but without one thing from US companies, the business doesn't work. That thing is the microchip.

Key to understanding the dispute is microchips.

Cheap as microchips

Tariffs aside, the US is mostly concerned with protecting its microchip business, which is considered critical to future tech markets.

Although China might be the global headquarters of electronics, it doesn't dominate the really advanced tech – semiconductors – which produce the processors and chips at the heart of all phones, tablets, and smart devices.

China’s high-tech sector hugely relies on overseas chipmakers. Taiwan's MediaTek and Taiwan Semiconductor, and South Korea's Samsung Semiconductors and Hynix, are all major players, as are US companies Intel and Qualcomm (in March a Presidential Order prevented a proposed takeover of Qualcomm by Broadcomm on national security grounds).

With the future of AI, autonomous cars and the rollout of 5G at stake, this is a politically sensitive industry.

Although Chinese companies do make chips, such as Huawei, RockChip and Foxconn, the industry is a work in progress that the country's 'Made in China 2025' is trying to address.

Its aim is to have 70% of microchips produced by Chinese companies by 2025. And that means buying up technology from around the world.

"Chinese companies want to create semiconductors inside China, rather than import from the States, but they know that the only way to do that in the next few years is using intellectual property," says David Harold, VP Communications, Imagination Technologies, whose technology enables the creation of chips.

He says that right now about 25-30% of Imagination’s new licenses are coming from China, but that US semiconductors are not irreplaceable in Chinese assembled systems.

"In the immediate term, there are plenty of semiconductors available for TV and mobile from Taiwan, or automotive from Japan and Israel," he says.

Qualcomm makes the Snapdragon chips in premium Android phones

Is the global tech market history?

"Long-term, I think the expansion of the Chinese chip industry is likely to be good for world electronics consumers," says Harold. "Though not necessarily in the USA.”

While it's calculated to punish China, banning the likes of Huawei and ZTE could force them to more quickly advance their chip-making businesses.

However, Dr Joe Zammit-Lucia of think tankRadix and co-author of Backlash: Saving Globalisation from Itself is not convinced that a decrease in global supply chains will push up prices for tech goods. "Prices are determined primarily by what people are willing to pay, not by the cost of manufacturing," he says.

Others think that the global tech industry's sheer complexity makes it difficult to predict the consequences of any single policy.

"These companies and technologies are so internationally intertwined it is difficult to separate the layers and understand the potential impact on the worldwide market," says Manning Smith.

"It is certain that should a 25% US-China trade levy be enforced there will be a worldwide effect on the cost of consumer electronics."

The tech industry is globalisation writ large, and it's probably staying that way, but one thing's for sure: no trade dispute has been this fascinating since the opening sequence of The Phantom Menace.