Romanticism

The videos and files I am going to post on this page are meant to make you revise and yet widen your knowledge of Romanticism and the Romantic poets we will study together. You all have your own literary tastes and interests, so I will try to “publish” different materials. Just browse them and delve into the ones you find most appealing or enlightening for you. I will highlight the questions or aspects I would love you to take into consideration. First of all I would like to give you some useful links to brush up and at the same time deepen your knowledge of Romanticism. An interesting introduction to Romanticism, the different themes dealt with in the Romantic Era, an overview of the Romantic Poets, Romantic Circles, Romanticism and its different developments in Europe, and finally the entry in The Norton Anthology of English Literature (a book you will read if you decide to go on with your language studies at university!)

This short video shows an array of interesting paintings associated with British Romanticism.

The following documentary, divided in six parts, is really worth watching. It is presented by Peter Ackroyd (an English biographer, novelist and critic with a particular interest in the history and culture of London) and it is an exploration of the English Romantic poets.

William Wordsworth

If you want to learn something really interesting about William Wordsworth’s Cottage in Grasmere (Lake District), read the following article adapted from the magazine Intellingent Life (The Economist).

Dove Cottage was built originally in the seventeenth century as a public house or inn. The walls were constructed from the local stone. Its original name was “The Dove and Olive Branch” but this was later shortened to the “Dove and Olive.” William Wordsworth and his sister Dorothy moved into the cottage in December of 1799. They lived there for eight years and were joined by Wordsworth’s wife Mary in 1802; three of their five children were born there. When the cottage finally became too crowded and the family moved, the writer Thomas de Quincey lived at Dove Cottage.

The poem “Daffodils” wirtten in 1804 by William Wordsworth read by the actor Sir Jeremy Irons.

I would like you to watch the following documentary (divided in five parts) on William Wordsworth.

My heart leaps up

Ian Curtis recites My Heart Leaps Up. Snapshot taken from the film “Control”.

Here is an American teacher introducing Wordsworth and Romanticism to his students. What do you think of this presentation? Do you find it interesting? (Why? Why not?) Would you appreciate being lectured by means of a video?

Worth visiting the National Portrait Gallery in London two see the two paintings of Coleride. One by Peter Vandykeoil (on canvas, 1795) portrays Coleridge as a young man, and one by Washington Allston (oil on canvas, 1814) portrays the visionary poen as a mature man.

The narrative in the poem has many sources: some ideas come from other poems which Coleridge read; the central action was suggested by Wordsworth, who had been reading Shelvocke’s A Voyage round the World by the Way of the Great South Sea (1726): on this voyage one of the crew shot an albatross which had followed the ship in bad weather. According to a friend of Wordsworth, the Rev. Alexander Dyce, the poem was founded on a strange dream which one of Coleridge’s friends had; the dreamer, John Cruikshank of Nether Stowey in the Quantock hills (between Bridgewater and Minehead), where Coleridge lived, dreamed of a skeleton ship with figures in it.

The poem is full of strange, macabre, uncanny or “Gothic” elements. Gothic horror fiction was very popular at the time it was written. Discuss how these elements appear in the poem. You should consider

the strange weather;

the albatross as a bird of “good omen”;

Death and Life-in-death;

the spirit from “the land of mist and snow”, and the two spirits the mariner hears in his trance;

the angelic spirits which move the bodies of the dead men;

the madness of the pilot and his boy;

the mariner’s “strange power of speech”,

and anything else of interest.

The albatross is a “pious bird of good omen”; the mariner kills it for no reason (most readers in 1798, like people in some other countries today, would see nothing wrong in a man’s killing of a bird); at first his fellow sailors blame him, then when the fog goes they approve of his action (and so share his guilt); when they are becalmed they change their minds again and blame him, hanging the dead bird around his neck; Death and Life-in-Death dice for the crew and the latter wins the mariner; when he returns to land, he finds he has to tell his tale; he ends his narrative by reminding the wedding guest of the need to love “man and bird and beast”; in the poem, the Polar Spirit is said to love the albatross, and two other spirits discuss the mariner’s fate. To understand the poem’s attitude to the natural world, you should look at the way the albatross is presented in the poem and the changing attitude of the mariner to the water snakes.

Imagery

This poem is very vivid, as the poet describes some spectacular scenes. These are often memorable in themselves but also stand for (symbolize) other things, for the people in the poem as much as the reader, sometimes. Elsewhere comparisons are made to describe things, as when the becalmed vessel is said to be “As idle as a painted ship/Upon a painted ocean”. Find some of the more striking or memorable images (there are lots of them!) and discuss the use the poet makes of them.

Sound effects

The poet uses effects of rhyme, alliteration (same initial consonant) and pacing (as in the line “For the sky and the sea, and the sea and the sky” which suggests the slow passing of time and the mariner’s weariness) and other effects of sound. Discuss how these are used by Coleridge to re-inforce ideas in the poem.

I appreciated Larry Jordan’s 1977 experimental film – using animated engravings of Gustave Dore with Orson Welles reading the timeless poem by Samuel Taylor Coleridge . So I decided to post the videos you can find on Youtube.

Now use your IMAGINATION and do the following creative writing activities.

Every ship is supposed to have a log book, which is filled in every day by the captain. If he dies, the next senior officer fills it in (usually the First Mate). You should write at least one entry for the log of the ship in the poem (choose an event that you deem relevant and thus important to record in your log!). For part of the voyage, the entries will be written by the captain: after all the other men die only the ancient mariner is left to fill it in. Decide on appropriate dates (the mariner’s tale was supposed to be thought of as already very old when the poem was published: it should be no later than about 1700).

You are the Wedding Guest and you write a letter to the bridegroom (the next of kin) and explain why you were late at the ceremony. You give her the full report, you express your feelings and your present state of mind.

William Blake

English poet, painter, engraver; one of the earliest and greatest figures of Romanticism.

“I do not behold the outward creation… it is a hindrance and not action.” Thus William Blake–painter, engraver, and poet–explained why his work was filled with religious visions rather than with subjects from everyday life. Few people in his time realized that Blake expressed these visions with a talent that approached genius. He lived in near poverty and died unrecognized. Today, however, Blake is acclaimed one of England’s great figures of art and literature and one of the most inspired and original painters of his time.

Blake was born on Nov. 28, 1757, in London. His father ran a hosiery shop. William, the third of five children, went to school only long enough to learn to read and write, and then he worked in the shop until he was 14. When he saw the boy’s talent for drawing, Blake’s father apprenticed him to an engraver.

At 25 Blake married Catherine Boucher. He taught her to read and write and to help him in his work. They had no children. They worked together to produce an edition of Blake’s poems and drawings, called Songs of Innocence. Blake engraved both words and pictures on copper printing plates. Catherine made the printing impressions, hand-colored the pictures, and bound the books. The books sold slowly, for a few shillings each. Today a single copy is worth many thousands of dollars!!!

Blake’s fame as an artist and engraver rests largely on a set of 21 copperplate etchings to illustrate the Book of Job in the Old Testament. However, he did much work for which other artists and engravers got the credit. Blake was a poor businessman, and he preferred to work on subjects of his own choice rather than on those that publishers assigned him.

A follower of Emanuel Swedenborg, who offered a gentle and mystic interpretation of Christianity, Blake wrote poetry that largely reflects Swedenborgian views. Songs of Innocence (1789) shows life as it seems to innocent children. Songs of Experience (1794) tells of a mature person’s realization of pain and terror in the universe.

Blake combined both a lofty mysticism, imagination and vision with an uncompromising awareness of the harsh realities of life. As a young boy, he had a most revealing vision of seeing angels in the trees. These mystical visions returned throughout his life, leaving a profound mark on his poetry and outlook. William Blake was also particularly sensitive to cruelty. His heart wept at the site of man’s inhumanity to other men and children. In many ways he was also of radical temperament, rebelling against the prevailing orthodoxy of the day. His anger and frustration at the world can be seen in his collection of poems Songs of Experience

How can the bird that is born for joy Sit in a cage and sing? How can a child, when fears annoy, But droop his tender wing, And forget his youthful spring!

(The Schoolboy)

But as well as writing poetry that revealed and exposed the harsh realities of life. William Blake never lost touch with his heavenly visions. Like a true Seer he could see beyond the ordinary world and glimpsed the light of the beyond.

To see a world in a grain of sand

And heaven in a wild flower

Hold infinity in the palm of your hand

And eternity in an hour.

This poem from Auguries of Innocence is one of the most loved poems in the English language. Within four short lines he gives an impression of the infinite in the finite, and the eternal in the transient.

Because of Blake’s temperaments he was not always suited to maintaining friendships. On one occasion he got into trouble with the authorities for forcing a soldier to leave his back garden. He faced the possibility of jail, but through being his own defence counsel, he was able to gain acquittal. Blake was very much a free spirit who readily spoke his mind, so much so that some acquaintances thought he was mad.

The esteemed poet, William Wordsworth, said on the death of Blake:

“There was no doubt that this poor man was mad, but there is something in the madness of this man which interests me more than the sanity of Lord Byron and Walter Scott.”

Blake died on August 12 1827, he was buried in an unmarked grave in a public cemetery and Bunhill Fields. After his death his influence steadily grew through the Pre-Raphaelites and later noted poets such as T. S. Eliot and W. B. Yeats.

If you visit the British Library in London (it is a must!), you are welcomed by Paolozzi’s Newton (based on Blake’s Newton, as you can see below).

19th-century “free love” movement

Since his death, William Blake has been claimed by various movements who apply his complex and often elusive use of symbolism and allegory to the issues that concern them. In particular, Blake is sometimes considered (along with Mary Wollstonecraftand her husband William Godwin) a forerunner of the subsequent 19th-century “free love” movement, a broad reform tradition starting in the 1820s that held that marriage is slavery, and advocated for removal of all state restrictions on sexual activity such as homosexuality, prostitution, and adultery, culminating in the birth control movement of the early 20th century. Blake scholarship was more focused on this theme in the earlier 20th century than today, although it is still mentioned today notably by the Blake scholar Magnus Ankarsjö who moderately challenges this interpretation. The 19th-century “free love” movement was not particularly focused on the idea of multiple partners, but did agree with Wollstonecraft that state-sanctioned marriage was “legal prostitution” and was monopolistic in character. It has somewhat more in common with early feminist movements (particularly with regard to the writings of Mary Wollstonecraft, whom Blake admired).

Blake was critical of the marriage laws of his day, and generally railed against traditional Christian notions of chastity as a virtue. His poetry suggests that external demands for marital fidelity reduce love to mere duty rather than authentic affection, and decries jealousy and egotism as a motive for marriage laws. In his poem “London” he speaks of “the Marriage-Hearse” plagued by “the youthful Harlot’s curse”, the result alternately of false Prudence and/or Harlotry. For Blake, law and love are opposed, and he castigates the “frozen marriage-bed”.

In the early 20th century Pierre Berger described how Blake’s views echo that of Mary Wollstonecraft celebrating joyful authentic love rather than love born of duty, the former being the true measure of purity.

(Ancient of Days)

Religious views

Although Blake’s attacks on conventional religion were shocking in his own day, his rejection of religiosity was not a rejection of religion per se. Jesus, for Blake, symbolises the vital relationship and unity between divinity and humanity: “All had originally one language, and one religion: this was the religion of Jesus, the everlasting Gospel. Antiquity preaches the Gospel of Jesus.”

Blake designed his own mythology, which appears largely in his prophetic books. This mythology seems to have a basis in the Bible and in Greek mythology, and it accompanies his ideas about the everlasting Gospel.

One of Blake’s strongest objections to orthodox Christianity is that he felt it encouraged the suppression of natural desires and discouraged earthly joy. In A Vision of the Last Judgement, Blake says that:

Men are admitted into Heaven not because they have <curbed &> governd their Passions or have No Passions but because they have Cultivated their Understandings. The Treasures of Heaven are not Negations of Passion but Realities of Intellect from which All the Passions Emanate <Uncurbed> in their Eternal Glory.

(Michael binding Satan)

One may also note his words concerning religion in The Marriage of Heaven and Hell:

All Bibles or sacred codes have been the causes of the following Errors.
1. That Man has two real existing principles Viz: a Body & a Soul.
2. That Energy, called Evil, is alone from the Body, & that Reason, called Good, is alone from the Soul.
3. That God will torment Man in Eternity for following his Energies.
But the following Contraries to these are True
1. Man has no Body distinct from his Soul for that calld Body is a portion of Soul discernd by the five Senses, the chief inlets of Soul in this age.
2. Energy is the only life and is from the Body and Reason is the bound or outward circumference of Energy.
3. Energy is Eternal Delight.

Blake does not subscribe to the notion of a body distinct from the soul, but sees the body as an extension of the soul, derived from the ‘discernment’ of the senses.

He saw the concept of ‘sin’ as a trap to bind men’s desires (the briars of Garden of Love), and believed that restraint in obedience to a moral code imposed from the outside was against the spirit of life.

He did not hold with the doctrine of God as Lord, an entity separate from and superior to mankind; this is shown clearly in his words about Jesus Christ: “He is the only God … and so am I, and so are you.” A telling phrase in The Marriage of Heaven and Hell is “men forgot that All deities reside in the human breast”. This is very much in line with his belief in liberty and social equality in society and between the sexes.

(Good and Evil Angels)

(Visions of the Daughters of Albion)

Visions

From a young age, William Blake claimed to have seen visions. The first of these visions may have occurred as early as the age of four when, according to one anecdote, the young artist “saw God” when God “put his head to the window”, causing Blake to break into screaming. At the age of eight or ten in Peckham Rye, London, Blake claimed to have seen “a tree filled with angels, bright angelic wings bespangling every bough like stars.” On another occasion, Blake watched haymakers at work, and thought he saw angelic figures walking among them.

Blake claimed to experience visions throughout his life. They were often associated with beautiful religious themes and imagery, and therefore may have inspired him further with spiritual works and pursuits. Certainly, religious concepts and imagery figure centrally in Blake’s works. God and Christianity constituted the intellectual centre of his writings, from which he drew inspiration. In addition, Blake believed that he was personally instructed and encouraged by Archangels to create his artistic works, which he claimed were actively read and enjoyed by those same Archangels. In a letter of condolence dated 6 May 1800, four days after the death of William Hayley’s son, Blake writes:

I know that our deceased friends are more really with us than when they were apparent to our mortal part. Thirteen years ago I lost a brother, and with his spirit I converse daily and hourly in the spirit, and see him in my remembrance, in the region of my imagination. I hear his advice, and even now write from his dictate.

In a letter to John Flaxman, dated 21 September 1800, Blake writes:

[The town of] Felpham is a sweet place for Study, because it is more spiritual than London. Heaven opens here on all sides her golden Gates; her windows are not obstructed by vapours; voices of Celestial inhabitants are more distinctly heard, & their forms more distinctly seen; & my Cottage is also a Shadow of their houses. My Wife & Sister are both well, courting Neptune for an embrace… I am more famed in Heaven for my works than I could well conceive. In my Brain are studies & Chambers filled with books & pictures of old, which I wrote & painted in ages of Eternity before my mortal life; & those works are the delight & Study of Archangels.

In A Vision of the Last Judgement Blake writes:

Error is Created Truth is Eternal Error or Creation will be Burned Up & then & not till then Truth or Eternity will appear It is Burnt up the Moment Men cease to behold it I assert for My self that I do not behold the Outward Creation & that to me it is hindrance & not Action it is as the Dirt upon my feet No part of Me. What it will be Questiond When the Sun rises do you not see a round Disk of fire somewhat like a Guinea O no no I see an Innumerable company of the Heavenly host crying Holy Holy Holy is the Lord God Almighty I question not my Corporeal or Vegetative Eye any more than I would Question a Window concerning a Sight I look thro it & not with it.

(The Ghost of a Flea)

William Blake was considered mad by many, because of his visions. This is what Linnell’s words themselves reveal:

“I soon encountered Blake’s peculiarities and [was] somewhat taken aback by the boldness of some of his assertions. I never saw anything the least like madness, for I never opposed him spitefully, as many did – but being really anxious to fathom, if possible, the amount of truth which might be in his most startling assertions, I generally met with a sufficiently rational explanation in the most really friendly and conciliatory tone. Even when John Varley, to whom I introduced to Blake, and who readily devoured all the marvellous in Blake’s most extravagant utterances – even to Varley, Blake would occasionally explain unasked how he believed that both Varley and I could see the same visions as he saw – making it evident to me, that Blake claimed the possession of some powers, only in a greater degree, that all men possessed, and which they undervalued in themselves but lost through love of sordid pursuits – pride, vanity, and the unrighteous mammon”.

Blake the artist

In addition to the rich visual language Blake used in his poetry and prose, he also expressed himself artistically. According to Richard Record on the William Blake Page:

“As an artist Blake broke the ground that would later be cultivated by the Pre-Raphaelites. His work is for the most part done on a very small scale. His illuminated works and engravings are all only inches in size, yet they are meticulous in detail. And each of them is, in a sense, merely a part of a titanic whole.”

Through his artwork, Blake communicated his deeply spiritual visions and intensely original interpretations of the world in which he lived. His works have also inspired and influenced countless others to make their own art — both visual and musical.

Understanding Blake the poet cannot be done disjointly from Blake the artist. Have a look at his paitings/etchings. Should you ever visit the Tate in London or the National Gallery of Victoria in Melbourne (Australia), you cannot miss Blake’s works. Another great museum in London, not widely known to the average tourist, is the Fitzwilliam Museum. I was mesmerized when I stepped inside, so I highly suggest you going there. You will find some of William Blake’s engravings. John Linnell was one of the most highly regarded and successful artists of his day and formed an impressive network of connections. He was William Blake’s last patron.

John Linnell and William Blake first met in 1818. They formed a close friendship which lasted until Blake’s death in 1827. Linnell became his last major patron. He introduced Blake to personages who might buy his work and regularly purchased items for himself (the Fitzwilliam has Linnell’s own copies of a number of Blake’s works). However, it was with his commissions in respect of the Book of Job and Dante’s Divine Comedy that Linnell was able to support Blake for the final years of his life. Linnell also introduced Blake to a number of younger artists (including John Varley and Samuel Palmer) who in turn introduced others. Thus due largely to Linnell, Blake spent the final years of life in the presence of a circle of admirers. This group of disciples was known as the Ancients and consisted of Samuel Palmer, George Richmond, Edward Calvert, Francis Oliver Finch, Frederick and Arthur Tatham, Henry Walter, Welby Sherman and John Giles.

The following video shows the great array of his etchings. Really worth watching. Which etching do you like the most? Why? Since there are some music experts among you, do you like the soundtrack? I found it perfect, but as you know I do not play any musical instrument (unfortunately :()

See how much work it takes to make an engraving. Click here to watch a short video on “the techniques of making engravings”. Really impressive, isn’t it?

Some original and enlightening quotes

The following are some quotes I like that I would like to share with you. Which ones do you like the most? Is there a quote you find particularly relevant to our times? Particularly contemporary for other reasons?

To Generalize is to be an Idiot. To Particularize is the Alone Distinction of Merit — General Knowledges are those Knowledges that Idiots possess. Annotations to Sir Joshua Reynolds’s Discourses (c. 1798–1809)

When nations grow old, the Arts grow cold, And Commerce settles on every tree. On Art And Artists (1800) ‘On the Foundation of the Royal Academy’

Almost a foreboding for what our country is going through, since so few funds are given to promote the arts. Then, almost a worldwide prophecy of the evils of consumerism and total dominance of blind trade, at the expense of the expression of the self.

It is not at all certain that a merely moral criticism of society may not be just as “revolutionary” — and revolution, after all, means turning things upside down — as the politico-economic criticism which is fashionable at this moment. Blake was not a politician, but there is more understanding of the nature of capitalist society in a poem like “I wander through each charter’d street” than in three-quarters of Socialist literature. George Orwell, Dickens (1939)

Art is the tree of life. SCIENCE is the Tree of DEATH ART is the Tree of LIFE GOD is JESUS.The Laocoön

When I tell any Truth it is not for the sake of Convincing those who do not know it but for the sake of defending those who Do. Public address, Blake’s Notebook (c. 1810)

Every Harlot was a Virgin once.For the Sexes: The Gates of Paradise: [Epilogue] To The Accuser who is The God of This World.

The man who never alters his opinion is like standing water, and breeds reptiles of the mind.A Memorable Fancy. The Marriage of Heaven and Hell (1790–1793)

Opposition is true Friendship. A Memorable Fancy

From Proverbs of Hell

Prisons are built with stones of law, brothels with bricks of religion. (Line 21)

The pride of the peacock is the glory of God.

The lust of the goat is the bounty of God.

The wrath of the lion is the wisdom of God.

The nakedness of woman is the work of God. (Line 22)

Watch the documentary on William Blake’s life and take some notes.

Do you agree with Blake’s statement: Attraction and Repulsion, Reason and Energy, Love and Hate, are necessary to human existence. Why (not)?

Blake is thought to have been driven by a fanatical belief in his own missions. The following documentary will cast light on the intricate and complex nature of this great artistic figure.

What does his poetry depict?

What do the two literary experts think of his visions?

What name did Blake give to Jesus? What are “sleep and awakening” to him?

What did he think of Gothic art?

What was “Albion”? What did the “New Jerusalem” stand for? What were the “native poets” to him?Who did Blake take a dislike of? Why? What did Blake think of the Academy?Whyd did he despise Newton? What is the difference between the “living universe” and the “mechanistic universe”?

Blake the poet

Blake’s poetry is as emotionally liberating as it is intellectually challenging. Through his poetry Blake communicates a deep love of mankind and his belief that we are far more elevated in stature than traditional religion has us believe. Yet, we are a fallen people, not from God, but ourselves. According to Blake, the path to liberation lies inside each us. We need not wait for “One Greater Man,” (as Milton wrote). Our salvation is a personal one, one that is ironically prevented by the limitations we place on ourselves.

If you are interested in two approachable interpretations of the poems, resort to this one or this one. You can watch this video too. I would like you to observe the way this lecture is delivered and let me know what you think about it.

Can man create life in a laboratory? The science fiction genre is the exploration of what might happen, if technology advances a certain way, and Mary Shelley’s Frankenstein is considered by many to be the first science fiction novel . . . which she began when she was 19, and published when she was 21.

2 risposte a Romanticism

I am an Australian English teacher at Sydney Grammar School (who speaks Italian badly), and I have taken the liberty of linking this page with its excellent web resources for my boys, who are doing an extension unit on Romanticism. I would like to thank you for your good work and for your enthusiasm for the subject. You have pupils on the other side of the world!