The resonators of the early
vina had only a single opening at their base. The top was
thus protected from pressure applied on the tube solely by a small convex wooden disc, or by a crown made
out of coconut husk, flattened on to the inner surface of the gourd.

Medieval treatises specify that the resonators were
fixed to the tube with the help of a cord that, after piercing the tube and the gourd, went through the centre
of the disc and was then firmly twisted and fixed on to the inner surface with a small wooden peg. This
technique was later replaced by a threaded metallic shaft attached to the tube and piercing the resonator;
the entire device then reinforced by a nut screwed on to the wooden disc.