In 2008 we published the first set of guidelines for standardizing research in autophagy. Since then, research on this topic has continued to accelerate, and many new scientists have entered the field. Our knowledge base and relevant new technologies have also been expanding. Accordingly, it is important to update these guidelines for monitoring autophagy in different organisms. Various reviews have described the range of assays that have been used for this purpose. Nevertheless, there continues to be confusion regarding acceptable methods to measure autophagy, especially in multicellular eukaryotes. A key point that needs to be emphasized is that there is a difference between measurements that monitor the numbers or volume of autophagic elements (e.g., autophagosomes or autolysosomes) at any stage of the autophagic process vs. those that measure flux through the autophagy pathway (i.e., the complete process); thus, a block in macroautophagy that results in autophagosome accumulation needs to be differentiated from stimuli that result in increased autophagic activity, defined as increased autophagy induction coupled with increased delivery to, and degradation within, lysosomes (in most higher eukaryotes and some protists such as Dictyostelium) or the vacuole (in plants and fungi). In other words, it is especially important that investigators new to the field understand that the appearance of more autophagosomes does not necessarily equate with more autophagy. In fact, in many cases, autophagosomes accumulate because of a block in trafficking to lysosomes without a concomitant change in autophagosome biogenesis, whereas an increase in autolysosomes may reflect a reduction in degradative activity. Here, we present a set of guidelines for the selection and interpretation of methods for use by investigators who aim to examine macroautophagy and related processes, as well as for reviewers who need to provide realistic and reasonable critiques of papers that are focused on these processes. These guidelines are not meant to be a formulaic set of rules, because the appropriate assays depend in part on the question being asked and the system being used. In addition, we emphasize that no individual assay is guaranteed to be the most appropriate one in every situation, and we strongly recommend the use of multiple assays to monitor autophagy. In these guidelines, we consider these various methods of assessing autophagy and what information can, or cannot, be obtained from them. Finally, by discussing the merits and limits of particular autophagy assays, we hope to encourage technical innovation in the field.

@article{3040526,
abstract = {In 2008 we published the first set of guidelines for standardizing research in autophagy. Since then, research on this topic has continued to accelerate, and many new scientists have entered the field. Our knowledge base and relevant new technologies have also been expanding. Accordingly, it is important to update these guidelines for monitoring autophagy in different organisms. Various reviews have described the range of assays that have been used for this purpose. Nevertheless, there continues to be confusion regarding acceptable methods to measure autophagy, especially in multicellular eukaryotes. A key point that needs to be emphasized is that there is a difference between measurements that monitor the numbers or volume of autophagic elements (e.g., autophagosomes or autolysosomes) at any stage of the autophagic process vs. those that measure flux through the autophagy pathway (i.e., the complete process); thus, a block in macroautophagy that results in autophagosome accumulation needs to be differentiated from stimuli that result in increased autophagic activity, defined as increased autophagy induction coupled with increased delivery to, and degradation within, lysosomes (in most higher eukaryotes and some protists such as Dictyostelium) or the vacuole (in plants and fungi). In other words, it is especially important that investigators new to the field understand that the appearance of more autophagosomes does not necessarily equate with more autophagy. In fact, in many cases, autophagosomes accumulate because of a block in trafficking to lysosomes without a concomitant change in autophagosome biogenesis, whereas an increase in autolysosomes may reflect a reduction in degradative activity. Here, we present a set of guidelines for the selection and interpretation of methods for use by investigators who aim to examine macroautophagy and related processes, as well as for reviewers who need to provide realistic and reasonable critiques of papers that are focused on these processes. These guidelines are not meant to be a formulaic set of rules, because the appropriate assays depend in part on the question being asked and the system being used. In addition, we emphasize that no individual assay is guaranteed to be the most appropriate one in every situation, and we strongly recommend the use of multiple assays to monitor autophagy. In these guidelines, we consider these various methods of assessing autophagy and what information can, or cannot, be obtained from them. Finally, by discussing the merits and limits of particular autophagy assays, we hope to encourage technical innovation in the field.},
author = {Klionsky, DJ and Abdalla, FC and Abeliovich, H and Abraham, RT and Acevedo-Arozena, A and Adeli, K and Agholme, L and Agnello, M and Agostinis, P and Aguirre-Ghiso, JA and Ahn, HJ and Ait-Mohamed, O and Ait-Si-Ali, S and Akematsu, T and Akira, S and Al-Younes, HM and Al-Zeer, MA and Albert, ML and Albin, RL and Alegre-Abarrategui, J and Aleo, MF and Alirezaei, M and Almasan, A and Almonte-Becerril, M and Amano, A and Amaravadi, R and Amarnath, S and Amer, AO and Andrieu-Abadie, N and Anantharam, V and Ann, DK and Anoopkumar-Dukie, S and Aoki, H and Apostolova, N and Arancia, G and Aris, JP and Asanuma, K and Asare, NYO and Ashida, H and Askanas, V and Askew, DS and Auberger, P and Baba, M and Backues, SK and Baehrecke, EH and Bahr, BA and Bai, XY and Bailly, Y and Baiocchi, R and Baldini, G and Balduini, W and Ballabio, A and Bamber, BA and Bampton, ETW and Bánhegyi, G and Bartholomew, CR and Bassham, DC and Bast, RC and Batoko, H and Bay, BH and Beau, I and Béchet, DM and Begley, TJ and Behl, C and Behrends, C and Bekri, S and Bellaire, B and Bendall, LJ and Benetti, L and Berliocchi, L and Bernardi, H and Bernassola, F and Besteiro, S and Bhatia-Kissova, I and Bi, XN and Biard-Piechaczyk, M and Blum, JS and Boise, LH and Bonaldo, P and Boone, DL and Bornhauser, BC and Bortoluci, KR and Bossis, I and Bost, F and Bourquin, JP and Boya, P and Boyer-Guittaut, M and Bozhkov, PV and Brady, NR and Brancolini, C and Brech, A and Brenman, JE and Brennand, A and Bresnick, EH and Brest, P and Bridges, D and Bristol, ML and Brookes, PS and Brown, EJ and Brumell, JH and Brunetti-Pierri, N and Brunk, UT and Bulman, DE and Bultman, SJ and Bultynck, G and Burbulla, LF and Bursch, W and Butchar, JP and Buzgariu, W and Bydlowski, SP and Cadwell, K and Cahová, M and Cai, DS and Cai, JY and Cai, Q and Calabretta, B and Calvo-Garrido, J and Camougrand, N and Campanella, M and Campos-Salinas, J and Candi, E and Cao, LZ and Caplan, AB and Carding, SR and Cardoso, SM and Carew, JS and Carlin, CR and Carmignac, V and Carneiro, LAM and Carra, S and Caruso, RA and Casari, G and Casas, C and Castino, R and Cebollero, E and Cecconi, F and Celli, J and Chaachouay, H and Chae, HJ and Chai, CY and Chan, DC and Chan, EY and Chang, RCC and Che, CM and Chen, CC and Chen, GC and Chen, GQ and Chen, M and Chen, Q and Chen, SSL and Chen, WL and Chen, X and Chen, XM and Chen, XQ and Chen, YG and Chen, YY and Chen, YQ and Chen, YJ and Chen, ZX and Cheng, A and Cheng, CHK and Cheng, Y and Cheong, H and Cheong, JH and Cherry, S and Chess-Williams, R and Cheung, ZH and Chevet, E and Chiang, HL and Chiarelli, R and Chiba, T and Chin, LS and Chiou, SH and Chisari, FV and Cho, CH and Cho, DH and Choi, AMK and Choi, D and Choi, KS and Choi, ME and Chouaib, S and Choubey, D and Choubey, V and Chu, CT and Chuang, TH and Chueh, SH and Chun, T and Chwae, YJ and Chye, ML and Ciarcia, R and Ciriolo, MR and Clague, MJ and Clark, RSB and Clarke, PGH and Clarke, R and Codogno, P and Coller, HA and Colombo, MI and Comincini, S and Condello, M and Condorelli, F and Cookson, MR and Coppens, GHCI and Corbalan, R and Cossart, P and Costelli, P and Costes, S and Coto-Montes, A and Couve, E and Coxon, FP and Cregg, JM and Crespo, JL and Cronjé, MJ and Cuervo, AM and Cullen, JJ and Czaja, MJ and D'Amelio, M and Darfeuille-Michaud, A and Davids, LM and Davies, FE and De Felici, M and de Groot, JF and de Haan, CAM and De Martino, L and De Milito, A and De Tata, V and Debnath, J and Degterev, A and Dehay, B and Delbridge, LMD and Demarchi, F and Deng, YZ and Dengjel, J and Dent, P and Denton, D and Deretic, V and Desai, SD and Devenish, RJ and Di Gioacchino, M and Di Paolo, G and Di Pietro, C and Díaz-Araya, G and Díaz-Laviada, I and Diaz-Meco, MT and Diaz-Nido, J and Dikic, I and Dinesh-Kumar, SP and Ding, WX and Distelhorst, CW and Diwan, A and Djavaheri-Mergny, M and Dokudovskaya, S and Dong, Z and Dorsey, FC and Dosenko, V and Dowling, JJ and Doxsey, S and Dreux, M and Drew, ME and Duan, QH and Duchosal, MA and Duff, K and Dugail, I and Durbeej, M and Duszenko, M and Edelstein, CL and Edinger, AL and Egea, G and Eichinger, L and Eissa, NT and Ekmekcioglu, S and El-Deiry, WS and Elazar, Z and Elgendy, M and Ellerby, LM and Eng, KE and Engelbrecht, AM and Engelender, S and Erenpreisa, J and Escalante, R and Esclatine, A and Eskelinen, EL and Espert, L and Espina, V and Fan, HZ and Fan, J and Fan, QW and Fan, Z and Fang, SY and Fang, YQ and Fanto, M and Fanzani, A and Farkas, T and Farré, JC and Faure, M and Fechheimer, M and Feng, CG and Feng, J and Feng, QL and Feng, YJ and Fésüs, L and Feuer, R and Figueiredo-Pereira, ME and Fimia, GM and Fingar, DC and Finkbeiner, S and Finkel, T and Finley, KD and Fiorito, F and Fisher, EA and Fisher, PB and Flajolet, M and Florez-McClure, ML and Florio, S and Fon, EA and Fornai, F and Fortunato, F and Fotedar, R and Fowler, DH and Fox, HS and Franco, R and Frankel, LB and Fransen, M and Fuentes, JM and Fueyo, J and Fujii, J and Fujisaki, K and Fujita, E and Fukuda, M and Furukawa, RH and Gaestel, M and Gailly, P and Gajewska, M and Galliot, B and Galy, V and Ganesh, S and Ganetzky, B and Ganley, IG and Gao, FB and Gao, GF and Gao, JM and Garcia, L and Garcia-Manero, G and Garcia-Marcos, M and Garmyn, M and Gartel, AL and Gatti, E and Gautel, M and Gawriluk, TR and Gegg, ME and Geng, JF and Germain, M and Gestwicki, JE and Gewirtz, DA and Ghavami, S and Ghosh, P and Giammarioli, AM and Giatromanolaki, AN and Gibson, SB and Gilkerson, RW and Ginger, ML and Ginsberg, HN and Golab, J and Goligorsky, MS and Golstein, P and Gomez-Manzano, C and Goncu, E and Gongora, C and Gonzalez, CD and Gonzalez, R and González-Estévez, C and González-Polo, RA and Gonzalez-Rey, E and Gorbunov, NV and Gorski, S and Goruppi, S and Gottlieb, RA and Gozuacik, D and Granato, GE and Grant, GD and Green, KN and Gregorc, A and Gros, F and Grose, C and Grunt, TW and Gual, P and Guan, JL and Guan, KL and Guichard, SM and Gukovskaya, AS and Gukovsky, I and Gunst, J and Gustafsson, AB and Halayko, AJ and Hale, AN and Halonen, SK and Hamasaki, M and Han, F and Han, T and Hancock, MK and Hansen, M and Harada, H and Harada, M and Hardt, SE and Harper, JW and Harris, AL and Harris, J and Harris, SD and Hashimoto, M and Haspel, JA and Hayashi, S and Hazelhurst, LA and He, CC and He, YW and Hébert, MJ and Heidenreich, KA and Helfrich, MH and Helgason, GV and Henske, EP and Herman, B and Herman, PK and Hetz, C and Hilfiker, S and Hill, JA and Hocking, LJ and Hofman, P and Hofmann, TG and Höhfeld, J and Holyoake, TL and Hong, MH and Hood, DA and Hotamisligil, GS and Houwerzijl, EJ and Høyer-Hansen, M and Hu, BR and Hu, CAA and Hu, HM and Hua, Y and Huang, CH and Huang, J and Huang, SB and Huang, WP and Huber, TB and Huh, WK and Hung, TH and Hupp, TR and Hur, GM and Hurley, JB and Hussain, SNA and Hussey, PJ and Hwang, JJ and Hwang, SM and Ichihara, A and Ilkhanizadeh, S and Inoki, K and Into, T and Iovane, V and Iovanna, JL and Ip, NY and Isaka, Y and Ishida, H and Isidoro, C and Isobe, K and Iwasaki, A and Izquierdo, M and Izumi, Y and Jaakkola, PM and Jäättelä, M and Jackson, GR and Jackson, WT and Janji, B and Jendrach, M and Jeon, JH and Jeung, EB and Jiang, H and Jiang, HC and Jiang, JX and Jiang, M and Jiang, Q and Jiang, XJ and Jiang, XJ and Jiménez, A and Jin, MY and Jin, SK and Joe, CO and Johansen, T and Johnson, DE and Johnson, GVW and Jones, NL and Joseph, B and Joseph, SK and Joubert, AM and Juhász, G and Juillerat-Jeanneret, L and Jung, CH and Jung, YK and Kaarniranta, K and Kaasik, A and Kabuta, T and Kadowaki, M and Kagedal, K and Kamada, Y and Kaminskyy, VO and Kampinga, HH and Kanamori, H and Kang, C and Kang, KB and Kang, KI and Kang, R and Kang, YA and Kanki, T and Kanneganti, TD and Kanno, H and Kanthasamy, AG and Kanthasamy, A and Karantza, V and Kaushal, GP and Kaushik, S and Kawazoe, Y and Ke, PY and Kehrl, JH and Kelekar, A and Kerkhoff, C and Kessel, DH and Khalil, H and Kiel, JAKW and Kiger, AA and Kihara, A and Kim, DR and Kim, DH and Kim, DH and Kim, EK and Kim, HR and Kim, JS and Kim, JH and Kim, JC and Kim, JK and Kim, PK and Kim, SW and Kim, YS and Kim, Y and Kimchi, A and Kimmelman, AC and King, JS and Kinsella, TJ and Kirkin, V and Kirshenbaum, LA and Kitamoto, K and Kitazato, K and Klein, L and Klimecki, WT and Klucken, J and Knecht, E and Ko, BCB and Koch, JC and Koga, H and Koh, JY and Koh, YH and Koike, M and Komatsu, M and Kominami, E and Kong, HJ and Kong, WJ and Korolchuk, VI and Kotake, Y and Koukourakis, MI and Kouri Flores, JB and Kovács, AL and Kraft, C and Krainc, D and Krämer, H and Kretz-Remy, C and Krichevsky, AM and Kroemer, G and Krüger, R and Krut, O and Ktistakis, NT and Kuan, CY and Kucharczyk, R and Kumar, A and Kumar, R and Kumar, S and Kundu, M and Kung, HJ and Kurz, T and Kwon, HJ and La Spada, AR and Lafont, F and Lamark, T and Landry, J and Lane, JD and Lapaquette, P and Laporte, JF and Lászlá, L and Lavandero, S and Lavoie, JN and Layfield, R and Lazo, PA and Le, WD and Le Cam, L and Ledbetter, DJ and Lee, AJX and Lee, BW and Lee, GM and Lee, J and Lee, JH and Lee, M and Lee, MS and Lee, SH and Leeuwenburgh, C and Legembre, P and Legouis, R and Lehmann, M and Lei, HY and Lei, QY and Leib, DA and Leiro, J and Lemasters, JJ and Lemoine, A and Lesniak, MS and Lev, D and Levenson, VV and Levine, B and Levy, E and Li, FQ and Li, JL and Li, L and Li, S and Li, WJ and Li, XJ and Li, YB and Li, YP and Liang, CY and Liang, QR and Liao, YF and Liberski, PP and Lieberman, A and Lim, HJ and Lim, KL and Lim, K and Lin, CF and Lin, FC and Lin, J and Lin, JDD and Lin, K and Lin, WW and Lin, WC and Lin, YL and Linden, R and Lingor, P and Lippincott-Schwartz, J and Lisanti, MP and Liton, PB and Liu, B and Liu, CF and Liu, KY and Liu, LY and Liu, QA and Liu, W and Liu, YC and Liu, YL and Lockshin, RA and Lok, CN and Lonial, S and Loos, B and Lopez-Berestein, G and López-Otín, C and Lossi, L and Lotze, MT and Lőw, P and Lu, BF and Lu, BW and Lu, B and Lu, Z and Luciano, F and Lukacs, NW and Lund, AH and Lynch-Day, MA and Ma, Y and Macian, F and MacKeigan, JP and Macleod, KF and Madeo, F and Maiuri, L and Maiuri, MC and Malagoli, D and Malicdan, MCV and Malorni, W and Man, N and Mandelkow, EM and Manon, S and Manov, I and Mao, K and Mao, X and Mao, ZX and Marambaud, P and Marazziti, D and Marcel, YL and Marchbank, K and Marchetti, P and Marciniak, SJ and Marcondes, M and Mardi, M and Marfe, G and Mariño, G and Markaki, M and Marten, MR and Martin, SJ and Martinand-Mari, C and Martinet, W and Martinez-Vicente, M and Masini, M and Matarrese, P and Matsuo, S and Matteoni, R and Mayer, A and Mazure, NM and McConkey, DJ and McConnell, MJ and McDermott, C and McDonald, C and McInerney, GM and McKenna, SL and McLaughlin, B and McLean, PJ and McMaster, CR and McQuibban, GA and Meijer, AJ and Meisler, MH and Meléndez, A and Melia, TJ and Melino, G and Mena, MA and Menendez, JA and Menna-Barreto, RFS 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Pinkas-Kramarski, R and Piras, A and Piri, N and Platanias, LC and Pöggeler, S and Poirot, M and Poletti, A and Poüs, C and Pozuelo-Rubio, M and Prætorius-Ibba, M and Prasad, A and Prescott, M and Priault, M and Produit-Zengaffinen, N and Progulske-Fox, A and Proikas-Cezanne, T and Przedborski, S and Przyklenk, K and Puertollano, R and Puyal, J and Qian, SB and Qin, L and Qin, ZH and Quaggin, SE and Raben, N and Rabinowich, H and Rabkin, SW and Rahman, I and Rami, A and Ramm, G and Randall, G and Randow, F and Rao, VA and Rathmell, JC and Ravikumar, B and Ray, SK and Reed, BH and Reed, JC and Reggiori, F and Régnier-Vigouroux, A and Reichert, AS and Reiners, JJ and Reiter, RJ and Ren, J and Revuelta, JL and Rhodes, CJ and Ritis, K and Rizzo, E and Robbins, J and Roberge, M and Roca, H and Roccheri, MC and Rocchi, S and Rodemann, HP and Rodríguez de Córdoba, S and Rohrer, B and Roninson, IB and Rosen, K and Rost-Roszkowska, MM and Rouis, M and Rouschop, KMA and Rovetta, F and Rubin, BP and Rubinsztein, DC and Ruckdeschel, K and Rucker, EB and Rudich, A and Rudolf, E and Ruiz-Opazo, N and Russo, R and Rusten, TE and Ryan, KM and Ryter, SW and Sabatini, DM and Sadoshima, J and Saha, T and Saitoh, T and Sakagami, H and Sakai, Y and Salekdeh, GH and Salomoni, P and Salvaterra, PM and Salvesen, G and Salvioli, R and Sanchez, AMJ and Sánchez-Alcázar, JA and Sánchez-Prieto, R and Sandri, M and Sankar, U and Sansanwal, P and Santambrogio, L and Saran, S and Sarkar, S and Sarwal, M and Sasakawa, C and Sasnauskiene, A and Sato, MSK and Sato, K and Sato, M and Schapira, AHV and Scharl, M and Schätzl, HM and Scheper, W and Schiaffino, S and Schneider, C and Schneider, ME and Schneider-Stock, R and Schoenlein, PV and Schorderet, DF and Schüller, C and Schwartz, GK and Scorrano, L and Sealy, L and Seglen, PO and Segura-Aguilar, J and Seiliez, I and Seleverstov, O and Sell, C and Seo, JB and Separovic, D and Setaluri, V and Setoguchi, T and Settembre, C and Shacka, JJ and Shanmugam, M and Shapiro, IM and Shaulian, E and Shaw, RJ and Shelhamer, JH and Shen, HM and Shen, WC and Sheng, ZH and Shi, Y and Shibuya, K and Shidoji, Y and Shieh, JJ and Shih, CM and Shimada, Y and Shimizu, S and Shintani, T and Shirihai, OS and Shore, GC and Sibirny, AA and Sidhu, SB and Sikorska, B and Silva-Zacarin, ECM and Simmons, A and Simon, AK and Simon, HU and Simone, C and Simonsen, A and Sinclair, DA and Singh, R and Sinha, D and Sinicrope, FA and Sirko, A and Siu, PM and Sivridis, E and Skop, V and Skulachev, VP and Slack, RS and Smaili, SS and Smith, DR and Soengas, MS and Soldati, T and Song, XQ and Sood, AK and Soong, TW and Sotgia, F and Spector, SA and Spies, CD and Springer, W and Srinivasula, SM and Stefanis, L and Steffan, JS and Stendel, R and Stenmark, H and Stephanou, A and Stern, ST and Sternberg, C and Stork, B and Strålfors, P and Subauste, CS and Sui, XB and Sulzer, D and Sun, JR and Sun, SY and Sun, ZJ and Sung, JJY and Suzuki, K and Suzuki, T and Swanson, MS and Swanton, C and Sweeney, ST and Sy, LK and Szabadkai, G and Tabas, I and Taegtmeyer, H and Tafani, M and Takács-Vellai, K and Takano, Y and Takegawa, K and Takemura, G and Takeshita, F and Talbot, NJ and Tan, KSW and Tanaka, K and Tanaka, K and Tang, DL and Tang, DZ and Tanida, I and Tannous, BA and Tavernarakis, N and Taylor, GS and Taylor, GA and Taylor, JP and Terada, LS and Terman, A and Tettamanti, G and Thevissen, K and Thompson, CB and Thorburn, A and Thumm, M and Tian, FF and Tian, Y and Tocchini-Valentini, G and Tolkovsky, AM and Tomino, Y and Tönges, L and Tooze, SA and Tournier, C and Tower, J and Towns, R and Trajkovic, V and Travassos, LH and Tsai, TF and Tschan, MP and Tsubata, T and Tsung, A and Turk, B and Turner, LS and Tyagi, SC and Uchiyama, Y and Ueno, T and Umekawa, M and Umemiya-Shirafuji, R and Unni, VK and Vaccaro, MI and Valente, EM and Van den Berghe, G and van der Klei, IJ and van Doorn, WG and van Dyk, LF and van Egmond, M and van Grunsven, LA 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Xiao, GF and Xie, ZP and Xie, ZL and Xu, DZ and Xu, JZ and Xu, L and Xu, XL and Yamamoto, A and Yamamoto, A and Yamashina, S and Yamashita, M and Yan, XH and Yanagida, M and Yang, DS and Yang, E and Yang, JM and Yang, SY and Yang, WN and Yang, WY and Yang, ZF and Yao, MC and Yao, TP and Yeganeh, B and Yen, WL and Yin, JJ and Yin, XM and Yoo, OJ and Yoon, G and Yoon, SY and Yorimitsu, T and Yoshikawa, Y and Yoshimori, T and Yoshimoto, K and You, HJ and Youle, RJ and Younes, A and Yu, L and Yu, L and Yu, SW and Yu, WH and Yuan, ZM and Yue, ZY and Yun, CH and Yuzaki, M and Zabirnyk, O and Silva-Zacarin, E and Zacks, D and Zacksenhaus, E and Zaffaroni, N and Zakeri, Z and Zeh, HJ and Zeitlin, SO and Zhang, H and Zhang, HL and Zhang, JH and Zhang, JP and Zhang, L and Zhang, L and Zhang, MY and Zhang, XD and Zhao, MT and Zhao, YF and Zhao, Y and Zhao, ZZJ and Zheng, XX and Zhivotovsky, B and Zhong, Q and Zhou, CZ and Zhu, CL and Zhu, WG and Zhu, XF and Zhu, XW and Zhu, YG and Zoladek, T and Zong, WX and Zorzano, A and Zschocke, J and Zuckerbraun, B},
issn = {1554-8627},
journal = {AUTOPHAGY},
keywords = {STARVATION-INDUCED AUTOPHAGY,VACUOLE TARGETING PATHWAY,ISOLATED RAT HEPATOCYTES,PROGRAMMED CELL-DEATH,CHAPERONE-MEDIATED AUTOPHAGY,ACTIVATED PROTEIN-KINASE,vacuole,stress,phagophore,lysosome,LC3,flux,autophagosome,autolysosome,GLUCAGON-INDUCED AUTOPHAGY,BREAST-CANCER CELLS,BETAINE HOMOCYSTEINE METHYLTRANSFERASE,ENDOPLASMIC-RETICULUM STRESS},
language = {eng},
number = {4},
pages = {445--544},
title = {Guidelines for the use and interpretation of assays for monitoring autophagy},
url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.4161/auto.19496},
volume = {8},
year = {2012},
}