During September and October 2012, seasonal forecasts were indicating an increased likelihood of a drier and
warmer winter than usual in Washington State due to the projected development of an El Niño in the tropical
Pacific Ocean. The El Niño fizzled out during fall 2012, but was the winter true to the forecast anyway?
This report summarizes the disappearing El Niño, and how Washington State's winter weather played out in
terms of temperature and precipitation anomalies and snowpack.

Figure 1 shows the sea surface temperature (SST) anomalies from January 2006 through March 2013 in Niño
3.4 region of the equatorial Pacific Ocean. A typical ENSO event looks more like the previous events shown in Fig. 1,
where SST anomalies are of the same sign throughout the fall and winter, and peak in December or January. The last
two winters, for example, included La Niña conditions. This past winter was classified as neutral and featured
warm SST anomalies in the Niño 3.4 region through November and cool SST anomalies since December.
Neither of these anomalies was strong enough to be classified as an El Niño or a La Niña. In early fall
2012, the models used to predict ENSO were indicating outcomes ranging from neutral to El Niño, with a
consensus of a weak-moderate El Niño, resulting in a seasonal prediction of a winter on the warm and dry side
for the Pacific Northwest. That was a flawed forecast, however, since the tropical Pacific cooled off relative to seasonal norms.

Figure 1: SST anomalies from January 2006 through March 2013 in the Niño 3.4 Region of the tropical
Pacific (figure by Todd Mitchell - JISAO). Please click on the figure to see the full-size image.

Neutral ENSO conditions do not provide as systematic of a signal in the temperature and precipitation anomalies for
the PNW compared to either an El Niño or a La Niña event, so how did this year shape up? Figure 2 shows
the mean October through March temperatures compared to the 1981-2010 normal for the entire U.S. Temperatures were
near-normal for western WA, but between 1 and 1.5 degrees Fahrenheit warmer than normal for central eastern WA. The
northeastern climate division was only 0.5-1 degrees Fahrenheit above normal for the winter, while the "Okanogan Big Bend"
and the "Palouse Blue Mountains" division were near-normal. Winter precipitation was also near-normal for most of the
state (Figure 3), with some exceptions. The Puget Sound lowlands and northeastern WA received precipitation between 2
and 5 inches above normal for the season. The coast was even wetter than normal with a 5-8" surplus of precipitation. With
regards to the timing of the precipitation during last winter, the period of October through December was wetter than
normal for most of the state while overall precipitation in January through March was below normal west of the Cascades
and near-normal in eastern WA (Figure 4). The precipitation anomalies canceled each other out for most areas considering
the winter as a whole.

The average winter conditions provide one perspective on the past winter, but it is also worthwhile to consider the
progression of the weather over the course of the season. The water year began extremely wet, with some stations recording
October total precipitation amounts in the top ten wettest. Temperatures were near-normal to slightly above normal
throughout the state; for November, average temperatures were warmer than normal statewide. Total November precipitation
was variable throughout the state, and the snowpack lagged slightly behind normal in the central and southern Cascades as well
as eastern WA where precipitation was below normal. That was not the case for December, however, as the snowpack built to
above normal amounts in part due to heavy snowfalls in the middle of the month. Temperatures remained warmer than normal
and precipitation was above normal statewide. As mentioned in the previous paragraph, January brought a shift in weather
conditions, with colder than normal average temperatures and drier than normal total precipitation across the state. The drier than
normal conditions persisted into February, but there was enough snowfall in the mountains, and a lack of warm high-elevation
rains, to keep the snowpack in good shape. March was less consistent throughout the state, with temperatures and precipitation
varying. Figure 5 shows the snow water equivalent for WA as of April 1, 2013; early April precipitation has enhanced the
snowpack to no lower than 90% of normal at the time of this writing (April 18; Figure 6). The healthy snowpack has aided in
a favorable water supply forecast. The National Weather Service Northwest River Forecast Center April through September
water supply forecast (Figure 7) projects normal (90-110% of normal) to greater than normal (110-125% of normal) streamflow
for most of the state. A few rivers, e.g., near Lake Chelan and Snake River near Granite Dam, are projected to have slightly
below normal (75-90% of normal) streamflow through September.

Figure 5: Snowpack (in terms of snow water equivalent) percent of normal for WA as of April 1, 2013 (from
NRCS). Please click on the figure to see the
full-size image.

Figure 6: As in Figure 5, except as of April 18, 2013 (from
NRCS). Please click on the figure to see the
full-size image.

An interesting characteristic of winter 2012-2013 was the absence of large, damaging storm events. There were
a number of weather disturbances accompanied by strong winds, as during most winters, but these storms had only
modest impacts on the state in an overall sense. While the figures for the whole winter are not yet available, the
property damages for October 2012 through January 2013 for WA have been estimated to be about $8.3 million
(Storm Data, NCDC). The majority of this damage
(about $5.6 million) was caused by the fall of snow-laden trees on the east slopes of the Cascades in mid-December.
From the perspective of flooding in western WA, this past winter was quite benign. Table 1 lists the peak winter
flow compared to average at six river gauges in western WA (winter flooding is not as common on eastern WA
rivers as many of those are snowmelt-dominated). The peak flow this past winter was less than the average value
at all of the sites, and much below the typical peak flow on the Queets River near Clearwater and the Snoqualmie
River near Snoqualmie. For additional details on the sub-seasonal variations of this past winter, please see past
editions of the OWSC monthly newsletter.

Table 1: The 2012-2013 winter peak streamflow (cfs) and date for 6 rivers gauges in western WA compared
to the period-of-record (listed in years) average peak streamflow (cfs) and the period-of-record maximum peak
streamflow (cfs).

In summary, winter 2012-13 was wetter than normal throughout the Puget Sound, coastal areas, and northeastern
WA and warmer than normal in most eastern WA locations. Otherwise, near-normal conditions existed elsewhere
in the state over the winter as a whole. Despite the El Niño fizzling out, part of the seasonal forecast made
in fall 2012 was correct: there were some parts of the state that ended up warmer than normal. On the other hand,
the forecast for drier than normal conditions did not come into fruition. At the same time we did not experience any
major flooding west of the Cascade Mountains, as illustrated by the relatively low peak winter flows itemized in
Table 1. Additionally, our state snowpack is in good shape heading into summer. We will continue to monitor the
state of ENSO and its predictions; by the middle of summer we should have a good idea of its potential to impact the
seasonal anomalies for the upcoming fall and winter.