Which is not a function of the kidneys? Regulation of blood pressure Removal of wastes from the blood Regulation of erythrocyte production Regulation of lymphocyte production Regulation of acid-base balance

Where are the renal pyramids located within the kidney? Renal cortex Renal sinus Renal pelvis Renal medulla Renal papilla

c

Which of the following choices lists structures in the order that urine flows through them? Major calyx, minor calyx, renal pelvis Renal pelvis, major calyx, minor pelvis Minor calyx, major calyx, renal pelvis Major pelvis, minor calyx, renal pelvis Major calyx, renal pelvis, minor calyx

b

The first structure in the kidney to collect newly formed urine is the: renal capsule. minor calyx. renal pelvis. renal sinus. renal cortex.

e

Which is not correct regarding the innervation of the kidney? Parasympathetic innervation is from the vagus nerve. The kidney is served by the renal plexus. Sympathetic innervation is from segments T10-T12 of the spinal cord. Sympathetic stimulation causes vasoconstriction of the renal blood vessels. Parasympathetic stimulation decreases the rate of filtrate formation.

Both the proximal convoluted tubule and the distal convoluted tubule reside in the cortex of the kidney. True False

b

Which class of nephron is crucially important in establishing a salt concentration gradient in the kidney so that urine concentration can be regulated? Intercalated nephrons Juxtamedullary nephrons Adrenal nephrons Cortical nephrons

e

Which is not correct regarding nephrons? The renal corpuscle includes the glomerulus and the glomerular capsule. The renal tubule is composed of the proximal convoluted tubule, nephron loop, and distal convoluted tubule. The nephron is the functional filtration unit in the kidney. Eighty-five percent of nephrons are cortical nephrons. The renal corpuscle may be located in the renal cortex or renal medulla.

b

How are nephrons, collecting ducts, and collecting tubules related to each other? One collecting duct drains into one nephron, and one nephron drains into one collecting tubule. One nephron drains into one collecting tubule, and several collecting tubules empty into a collecting duct. One nephron drains into one collecting duct, and several collecting ducts empty into a collecting tubule. One collecting tubule drains into one nephron, and several nephrons drain into one collecting duct. One nephron drains into several collecting tubules, and all tubules eventually lead to one collecting duct.

e

The juxtaglomerular apparatus is located: within the renal sinus. in the renal papilla. in the perinephric fat. inside the tubular pole of the glomerulus. near the vascular pole of the renal corpuscle.

Macula densa cells monitor the concentration of: glucose in the blood. antidiuretic hormone in the urine. sodium chloride in the fluid within the distal convoluted tubule. calcium in the fluid of the proximal convoluted tubule. aldosterone in the afferent arteriole.

b

The capillaries of the glomerulus differ from most other capillary networks in the body because they: carry only deoxygenated blood. drain into an arteriole instead of a venule. contain no endothelium. absorb nutrients from the glomerular capsule. secrete mucus.

b

Fluid contained within the lumen of a nephron loop would be considered to be: plasma. tubular fluid. filtrate. urine.

a

In the process of urine formation, first: filtrate is formed, then tubular fluid, then urine. tubular fluid is formed, then filtrate, then urine.

Urine passes from a papillary duct into a: major calyx, then to a minor calyx, then to a ureter. minor calyx, then to a major calyx, then to the renal pelvis. ureter, then to a minor calyx, then to a major calyx. renal pelvis, then to a major calyx, then to a ureter. collecting duct, then to a minor calyx, then to a major calyx.

e

Which step(s) in the process of urine formation occur in the renal tubule? Filtration only Secretion only Reabsorption only Filtration, secretion, and reabsorption Secretion and reabsorption only

b

How are the processes of reabsorption and secretion related? They both involve movement of material from the blood into the tubular fluid. Materials move in opposite directions: reabsorption moves materials into the blood, whereas secretion removes them from the blood. Materials move in opposite directions: secretion moves materials into the blood, whereas reabsorption removes them from the blood. They both involve movement of material from the tubular fluid into the blood.

c

The active transport of solutes out of the blood and into the tubular fluid is called: filtration. tubular reabsorption. tubular secretion. fenestration. titration.

a

The endothelium of the glomerulus is made up of _________ capillaries. fenestrated continuous

d

The basement membrane of the glomerulus is composed of glycoproteins and _________, and it restricts the passage of _________. phospholipids, plasma ions phospholipids, plasma proteins proteoglycans, plasma ions proteoglycans, plasma proteins

Water and glucose are freely filtered through the filtration membrane of a renal corpuscle. True False

c

Generally, negatively charged plasma proteins are: moved across the filtration membrane by active transport pumps. attracted by the positive charge of the filtration membrane. repelled by the negative charge of the filtration membrane. engulfed by endocytosis and reabsorbed at the filtration membrane.

a

Blood pressure in the glomerulus is _______ than in other capillaries due to the relatively large diameter of ________ arterioles. higher, afferent higher, efferent lower, afferent lower, efferent

b

The presence of proteins in the plasma tends to: push fluid across the filtration membrane. draw fluid back into the glomerulus.

The myogenic mechanism of autoregulation that occurs within afferent arterioles of the kidney is an __________ control of GFR. intrinsic extrinsic

b

If there is an increase in systemic blood pressure, the resulting stretch of afferent arterioles results in reflexive: vasoconstriction of efferent arterioles to raise GFR. vasoconstriction of afferent arterioles to keep GFR normal. vasodilation of efferent arterioles to lower GFR. vasodilation of afferent arterioles to keep GFR normal.

c

The tubuloglomerular feedback mechanism responds to an increase in: systemic blood pressure by signaling for a decrease in heart rate through blood-borne hormones. urine production by signaling for a decrease in urine production through the hormone ADH. NaCl concentration in tubular fluid by signaling for afferent arteriole constriction with local chemical messengers. glomerular capillary hydrostatic pressure by signaling for afferent arterioles to constrict and increase filtration rate.

b

If someone is bleeding severely, the body's adaptive response is to: increase sympathetic stimulation of the kidney and therefore increase GFR. increase sympathetic stimulation of the kidney and therefore decrease GFR. decrease sympathetic stimulation of the kidney and therefore decrease GFR. decrease sympathetic stimulation of the kidney and therefore increase GFR.

Sympathetic stimulation of the kidney results in: constriction of afferent arterioles and an increase in the surface area of the glomerulus. constriction of afferent arterioles and a decrease in the surface area of the glomerulus. dilation of afferent arterioles and an increase in the surface area of the glomerulus. dilation of afferent arterioles and a decrease in the surface area of the glomerulus.

d

ANP is a hormone that causes: constriction of the afferent arterioles and release of renin. constriction of the afferent arterioles and inhibition of renin release. dilation of the afferent arterioles and release of renin. dilation of the afferent arterioles and inhibition of renin release.

b

Most tubular reabsorption occurs in the: proximal convoluted tubule, where cells have many flagella. proximal convoluted tubule, where cells have many microvilli. distal convoluted tubule, where cells have many flagella. distal convoluted tubule, where cells have many microvilli.

c

The largest possible amount of a substance that can be reabsorbed or secreted across a kidney tubule wall in a given duration of time is known as the: glomerular filtration rate. renal threshold. transport maximum. net filtration pressure. renal clearance exponent.

b

For glucose to be reabsorbed from the tubule lumen, it is transported into the tubule cell by means of a: glucose uniporter. Na+/glucose symporter. glucose protein channel. Na+/glucose antiporter.

b

Nutrients such as glucose and amino acids within the tubular fluid: are completely secreted. are completely reabsorbed. have half of their plasma concentration secreted. have a little less than half of their tubular fluid concentration reabsorbed. have concentrations in the filtrate and urine that match their transport maximum.

b

Generally, a very _______ percent of Na+ in the tubular fluid is reabsorbed, and the reabsorption takes place _________. high, only in the nephron loop high, along the entire tubule small, only in the nephron loop small, along the entire tubule

b

Parathyroid hormone (PTH): stimulates reabsorption of both calcium and phosphate. stimulates reabsorption of calcium but inhibits phosphate reabsorption. inhibits reabsorption of calcium but stimulates phosphate reabsorption. inhibits reabsorption of both calcium and phosphate.

b

The primary mechanism of water reabsorption in the kidney is: primary active transport by means of a protein pump. osmosis through aquaporins. secondary active transport by means of a sodium-water symporter. bulk transport by means of endocytosis.

c

Generally, most water reabsorption in a nephron occurs at the: nephron loop and is called obligatory water reabsorption. nephron loop and is called facultative water reabsorption. proximal convoluted tubule and is called obligatory water reabsorption. proximal convoluted tubule and is called facultative water reabsorption.

Which of the following is a nitrogenous waste product produced from nucleic acid breakdown in the liver? Urea Deoxyribose Uric acid Creatinine

a

The countercurrent multiplier is a system by which the: nephron loop multiplies the concentration of salts in the interstitial fluid of the kidney medulla. nephron loop dilutes the concentration of solutes in the tubular fluid at its hairpin turn. vasa recta secretes multiple amounts of metabolic wastes against their concentration gradient. vasa recta becomes more concentrated with nitrogenous wastes than the urine.

c

Careful measurements of GFR are made by injection of _______, but approximations of GFR can be made more simply by measuring renal plasma clearance of _________. creatine phosphate, insulin insulin, creatine phosphate inulin, creatinine creatinine, inulin

c

The normal pH for urine: is anything below 7.0. is anything above 7.0 ranges between 4.5 and 8.0. ranges between 3.0 and 6.0. ranges between 8.0 and 9.0 for someone with a diet high in protein.

Micturition: is another name for urination. is a reflex triggered by stretch receptors in the urinary bladder. requires the opening of two sphincters. requires contraction of the muscularis layer of the urinary bladder. All choices are correct.

d

This figure shows a frontal section of the kidney. Which number indicates the renal pelvis? 1 2 4 8 9