FR Doc E9-29298[Federal Register: December 9, 2009 (Volume 74, Number 235)]
[Notices]
[Page 65144-65146]
From the Federal Register Online via GPO Access [wais.access.gpo.gov]
[DOCID:fr09de09-81]
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DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR
National Park Service
Notice of Inventory Completion: University of Colorado Museum,
Boulder, CO
AGENCY: National Park Service, Interior.
ACTION: Notice.
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Notice is here given in accordance with the Native American Graves
Protection and Repatriation Act (NAGPRA), 25 U.S.C. 3003, of the
completion of an inventory of human remains and associated funerary
objects in the possession of the University of Colorado Museum,
Boulder, CO. The human remains and associated funerary objects were
removed from Graham, Pinal, and Yavapai Counties, AZ.
This notice is published as part of the National Park Service's
administrative responsibilities under NAGPRA, 25 U.S.C. 3003 (d)(3).
The determinations in this notice are the sole responsibility of the
museum, institution, or Federal agency that has control of the Native
American human remains and associated funerary objects. The National
Park Service is not responsible for the determinations in this notice.
A detailed assessment of the human remains was made by the
University of Colorado Museum professional staff in consultation with
representatives of the Ak Chin Indian Community of the Maricopa (Ak
Chin) Indian Reservation, Arizona; Gila River Indian Community of the
Gila River Indian Reservation, Arizona; Hopi Tribe of Arizona; Salt
River Pima-Maricopa Indian Community of the Salt River Reservation,
Arizona; Tohono O'odham Nation of Arizona; and Zuni Tribe of the Zuni
Reservation, New Mexico.
On an unknown date prior to 1961, human remains representing a
minimum of five individuals were removed from Pima, Graham County, AZ,
by G.W. Hoofnagle. No known individuals were identified. The five
associated funerary objects are one unknown brownware jar, one Maverick
Mountain black-on-red jar, one Nantack Polychrome jar, one San Carlos
red-on-brown jar, and one brownware jar with knobby protrusions.
Burial practices, associated funerary objects, and the geographic
location support Salado and Hohokam cultural determinations.
On an unknown date prior to 1961, human remains representing a
minimum of five individuals were removed from a midden site near
Safford, Graham County, AZ, by G.W. Hoofnagle. No known individuals
were identified. The six associated funerary objects are one lot of
bird bones, two Maverick Mountain black-on-red jars, one unknown red
slip brownware jar, one Gila Polychrome jar, and one San Carlos red-on-
brown jar.
Burial practices, associated funerary objects, and the geographic
location support Salado and Hohokam cultural determinations.
On an unknown date prior to 1980, human remains representing a
minimum of two individuals were removed from Burial Site 140, in the
Gila-Salt area near Phoenix, Maricopa County, AZ, by an unknown
individual. At one point, they were part of the Charles Petrat
Collection. In February 1980, Asa Maxson donated them to the museum. No
known individuals were identified. The two associated funerary objects
are a Sacaton red-on-buff jar and an unknown brownware jar.
Burial practices, associated funerary objects, and the geographic
location support Salado and Hohokam cultural determinations.
On an unknown date, human remains representing a minimum of two
individuals were removed from Los Robles Wash, Pinal County, AZ, by an
unknown individual. No known individuals were identified. The five
associated funerary objects are one lot of undecorated buffware pottery
sherds, one lot of lithics, one lot of non-human mammal bone and tooth
fragments, and two lots of animal bone.
Burial practices, associated funerary objects, and the geographic
location support Hohokam cultural determination. Los Robles Wash
Archaeological District is comprised of Hohokam-Salado sites on the
National Register of Historic Places.
In 1953, human remains representing a minimum of one individual
were removed from four miles south of Toltec, Pinal County, AZ, by Mr.
J. Whitman of Phoenix, AZ. In 1953, Herbert W. Dick, Trinidad State
Junior College, Trinidad, CO, obtained them and negotiated a trade with
the museum. No known individual was identified. The one associated
funerary object is a Santa Cruz red-on-buff jar.
Burial practices, the associated funerary object, and the
geographic location support Hohokam cultural determination.
On an unknown date prior to 1967, human remains representing a
minimum of one individual were removed from near Florence, Pinal
County, AZ, by Edward H. Eiberger. No known individual was identified.
The associated funerary object is one lot of non-human bone fragments.
Burial practices and the geographic location support Hohokam
cultural determination.
On an unknown date prior to 1980, human remains representing a
minimum of one individual were removed from Maxson site 125, Verde
River Ruin, north of Phoenix, Yavapai County, AZ, by an unknown
individual.
[[Page 65145]]
In 1980, the human remains were donated to the museum by Asa Maxson. In
February 2008, they were found in the museum. No known individual was
identified. No associated funerary objects are present.
The geographic location of removal supports Hohokam cultural
determination.
A relationship of shared group identity can be reasonably traced
between the Hohokam culture, which dates from about A.D. 300 to A.D.
1450, and the Ak Chin Indian Community of the Maricopa (Ak Chin) Indian
Reservation, Arizona; Gila River Indian Community of the Gila River
Indian Reservation, Arizona; Salt River Pima-Maricopa Indian Community
of the Salt River Reservation, Arizona; and Tohono O'odham Nation of
Arizona. These four Indian tribes are one cultural group known as the
O'odham (anthropologically known as the Pima and Papago). The Piipaash
(anthropologically known as the Maricopa) are a separate and distinct
culture that is present in two of the four tribes. The four tribes are
separated by political boundaries designated through the adoption/
assignment of reservations by the Federal Government, and not by any
cultural differences.
The O'odham people commonly refer to ancestors as "the Huhugam."
The term ``Huhugam`` refers to all of the ancestors from the first of
the O'odham people to walk the earth to those who have perished during
modern times. The term "Hohokam" is an English adaptation of the word
Huhugam, and has become known in the larger society as an archeological
culture. The term Huhugam is often mistaken for the word Hohokam,
although the terms do not have the same meaning and are not
interchangeable. The four Federally-recognized O'odham Indian tribes
claim cultural affiliation to the Hohokam archeological cultures, as
well as to all others present in their aboriginal claims area during
the prehistory of what is now known as Arizona and Mexico. These
affiliations include several other archeological cultures, including
(but not limited to) the Archaic, Paleo-Indian, Salado, Patayan, and
Sinagua.
A written report, "The Four Southern Tribes and the Hohokam of the
Phoenix Basin," provided to the museum by the Salt River Pima-Maricopa
Indian Community, provides a preponderance of evidence for a
relationship of shared group identity between the Hohokam culture and
the present-day O'odham. The evidence in the report is archeological,
linguistic, oral tradition, ethnographical, kinship, and biological.
Linguistic evidence indicates that all the O'odham speak different
dialects of the same Uto-Aztecan language. O'odham communities were
historically recorded as living in the Gila River area by Jesuit
missionaries in 1687. In the 1700s, when written records about the
O'odham began, they occupied at least seven Rancherias. At the time of
European contact, the O'odham, who occupied land previously inhabited
by the Hohokam, mirrored the Hohokam in many ways. The Hohokam were
desert agriculturalists who developed an elaborate system of irrigation
canals to irrigate their crops. At European contact, it was documented
that the O'odham were also desert agriculturalist who utilized
irrigation canals and rivers. Based on scientific evidence, scholars
view the complex irrigation systems of the O'odham and the Hohokam as
evidence for a cultural continuity between the two that involved the
ability to control mass labor in order to construct and maintain these
canals. The Hohokam had a distinct settlement pattern that consisted of
small farmsteads scattered throughout the landscape. The O'odham
practiced this same type of settlement pattern. There was general
architecture through the Hohokam Period to the historic O'odham Period
that exhibited a trend from quadrangular to round structures through
time.
A relationship of shared group identity can also reasonably be
traced between the Hohokam and the Hopi Tribe and Zuni Tribe. Based on
O'odham oral tradition, some of the people occupying the Hohokam area
migrated north and joined the Zuni and Hopi ("The Four Southern Tribes
and the Hohokam of the Phoenix Basin").
The "Zuni Policy Statement Regarding the Protection and Treatment
of Human Remains and Associated Funerary Objects," (November 1992),
which was sent to museums in the 1990s, states that Zuni is culturally
affiliated to earlier groups, including Hohokam and Salado. On July 11,
1995, Zuni Tribe issued a Statement of Cultural Affiliation with
Prehistoric and Historic Cultures. In the statement, the Zuni Tribe
stated that it has a relationship of shared group identity with Hohokam
and Salado culture based on oral teachings and traditions,
ethnohistoric documentation, historic documentation, archeological
documentation, and other evidence. Zuni Tribe oral tradition supports a
relationship of shared group identity between the Zuni and the Hohokam
and Salado. The Phoenix Basin is a part of the Zuni migration
histories, as Medicine societies and Kiva groups have migration
histories that place them in the Phoenix Basin.
Resolution H-70-94 signed on May 23, 1994, by the Hopi Tribal
Council declares formal cultural affinity and affiliation with the
Hohokam and Salado cultural groups. According to "Yep Hisat
Hoopoq'yaqam Yeesiwa (Hopi Ancestors Were Once Here): Hopi Cultural
Affiliation with the Ancient Hohokam of Southern Arizona," a report by
T.J. Ferguson, Leigh J. Kuwanwisiwma, Micah Loma'omvaya, Patrick Lyons,
Greg Schachner, and Laurie Webster, the Hopi people trace their
historical relationship with ancestral Hoopoq'yaqam groups that resided
in the Hohokam area using traditional history and geography, kinship,
archeological materials, and on-going religious and cultural practices.
This information is embedded in the navoti (traditional knowledge) and
wiimi (religious practices and esoteric rites) that the Hopi inherited
from their ancestors. Corroborating evidence of a historical
relationship with the Hohokam comes from ethnographic and archeological
studies. Ceramic iconography, ritual artifacts, and textiles constitute
distinct patterns of material culture manufacture and distribution that
link Hohokam and Hopi groups.
According to oral tradition, Hopi clan migration supports a shared
group identity with Hohokam and Salado. Modern-day ritual pilgrimage
practices support the oral tradition. According to the notes of
archeologist Harold S. Colton, a Hopi shrine is located near the
mountain peaks in the vicinity of Phoenix. Cremation was practiced by
at least one clan that migrated from the south to present-day Hopi.
Linguistically, Hopi is related to the four southern Arizona tribes.
Architectural evidence also supports a shared group identity. San
Pedro, near Safford, has Hopi style kivas. Hopi kivas are rectangular
in shape. The evolution of kivas happened when people came to Hopi.
According to oral tradition, the era of the round kiva was over and the
square kiva meant the migration was at an end.
Officials of the University of Colorado Museum have determined
that, pursuant to 25 U.S.C. 3001 (9-10), the human remains described
above represent the physical remains of 17 individuals of Native
American ancestry. Officials of the University of Colorado Museum also
have determined that, pursuant to 25 U.S.C. 3001 (3)(A), the 20 objects
described above are reasonably believed to have been placed with or
near individual human remains at the time of death or later as part of
[[Page 65146]]
the death rite or ceremony. Lastly, officials of the University of
Colorado Museum have determined that, pursuant to 25 U.S.C. 3001 (2),
there is a relationship of shared group identity that can be reasonably
traced between the Native American human remains and associated
funerary objects and the Ak Chin Indian Community of the Maricopa (Ak
Chin) Indian Reservation, Arizona; Gila River Indian Community of the
Gila River Indian Reservation, Arizona; Hopi Tribe of Arizona; Salt
River Pima-Maricopa Indian Community of the Salt River Reservation,
Arizona; Tohono O'odham Nation of Arizona; and Zuni Tribe of the Zuni
Reservation, New Mexico.
Representatives of any other Indian tribe that believes itself to
be culturally affiliated with the human remains and associated funerary
objects should contact Steve Lekson, Curator of Anthropology,
University of Colorado Museum, Henderson Building, Campus Box 218,
Boulder, CO 80309-0218, telephone (303) 492-6671, before January 8,
2010. Repatriation of the human remains and associated funerary objects
to the Ak Chin Indian Community of the Maricopa (Ak Chin) Indian
Reservation, Arizona; Gila River Indian Community of the Gila River
Indian Reservation, Arizona; Salt River Pima-Maricopa Indian Community
of the Salt River Reservation, Arizona; Tohono O'odham Nation of
Arizona; Hopi Tribe of Arizona; and Zuni Tribe of the Zuni Reservation,
New Mexico may proceed after that date if no additional claimants come
forward.
The University of Colorado Museum is responsible for notifying the
Ak Chin Indian Community of the Maricopa (Ak Chin) Indian Reservation,
Arizona; Gila River Indian Community of the Gila River Indian
Reservation, Arizona; Hopi Tribe of Arizona; Salt River Pima-Maricopa
Indian Community of the Salt River Reservation, Arizona; Tohono O'odham
Nation of Arizona; and Zuni Tribe of the Zuni Reservation, New Mexico
that this notice has been published.
Dated: October 29, 2009.
Richard C. Waldbauer,
Acting Manager, National NAGPRA Program.
[FR Doc. E9-29298 Filed 12-08-09; 8:45 am]
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