Ray Biology

The group of cartilaginous fish in the family Mobulidae (Mobulid rays) consists of two genera, Manta and Mobula, with two and nine species respectively1,2. All mobulid rays have diamond shaped bodies, wing-like pectoral fins used for propulsion, and five pairs of gill slits. They usually inhabit pelagic zones3,4. Mobulids are often called “devil rays” because of the cephalic fins on the front of their heads that resemble “horns”. The cephalic fins unfurl and help guide water into their mouths, and modified gill features filter zooplankton and small fish, their primary food sources5-7.

Manta rays

The genus Manta includes the larger Manta birostris (oceanic manta), the smaller Manta alfredi (reef manta), and a possible third species, Manta. cf birostris1 Both M. birostris and M. alfredi are circumglobal in overall range, and overlap in some locations8. M. cf birostris, is likely limited to the Gulf of Mexico and Western Caribbean1. Manta birostris has a maximum wingspan (disk width, or DW) of seven to nine meters1,3. Manta alfredi has a maximum 4 to 5 meter disk width9, and usually occupies tropical areas.

Mobula Rays

The nine Mobula species range in size from the largest, Mobula mobular, which can reach 5.2 meters DW, to the smallest, Mobula eregoodootenkee, which averages only 1.1 meters DW10. Mobulas can be found in temperate and tropical waters worldwide. Some Mobula species are range restricted, such as Mobula kuhlii and Mobula eregoodootenkee, found only in the Indian and Western Pacific Oceans respectively. Other species, such as Mobula tarapacana and Mobula thurstoni, are thought to be circumglobal2,11. Since information on the distribution of this genus is based on sparse records and misidentification is common, the estimated ranges of individual species, and even some species classifications, will likely change in the coming years.

SCIENTIFIC/ COMMON NAMES

IUCN CLASSIFICATION

DISTRIBUTION

SIZE (DW)

TREND

FISHERY

Manta birostris

Oceanic Manta Ray

Vulnerable

Circumglobal, tropical and subtropical

680 cm

Decreasing

Targeted, Bycatch

Manta alfredi

Reef Manta Ray

Vulnerable

Circumglobal, tropical and subtropical

450 cm

Decreasing

Targeted, Bycatch

Mobula eregoodootenkee

Long-horned Pygmy Devilray

Near Threatened

Wide, Tropical Indo- West Pacific

100 cm

Unknown

Targeted, Bycatch

Mobula hypostoma

Atlantic Devilray

Data Deficient

Western Atlantic

120 cm

Unknown

Bycatch

Mobula japanica

Spine Tail Devilray

Near Threatened, Vulnerable in S.E. Asia

Circumglobal

310 cm

Unknown

Targeted, Bycatch

Mobula kuhlii

Shortfin Pygmy Devilray

Data Deficient

Indian Ocean and Western Central Pacific

119 cm

Decreasing

Targeted, Bycatch

Mobula mobular

Giant Devilray

Endangered

Mediterranean and possibly North Atlantic

520 cm

Decreasing

Bycatch

Mobula munkiana

Pygmy Devilray

Near Threatened

Eastern Pacific

110 cm

Unknown

Targeted, Bycatch

Mobula rochebrunei

Lesser Guinean Devilray

Vulnerable

Eastern and Southwestern Atlantic

133 cm

Unknown

Targeted, Bycatch

Mobula tarapacana

Sicklefin Devil Ray

Data Deficient

Probably circumglobal, Indian, Pacific, Atlantic Oceans

370 cm

Unknown

Targeted, Bycatch

Mobula thurstoni

Bentfin Devilray

Near Threatened, Vulnerable in S.E. Asia

Circumglobal, temperate and tropical

180 cm

Unknown

Targeted, Bycatch

Ray Reproduction

All mobulids are aplacental, viviparous species, meaning that they give birth to fully developed live young4,7,12, and typically bear only a single pup with each pregnancy12,13. While the lifespan and age at sexual maturity are not yet known for many mobulid species, long-term studies of M. alfredi populations in various locations indicate a life history incompatible with targeted commercial fishing.

For example, female M. alfredi are believed to reach maturity at 8-10 years9, however female M. alfredi in an extensively studied population in the Maldives showed no mating scars and did not become pregnant for a number of years after reaching mature size. These observations indicate that female M. alfredi in some subpopulations may not mate until an age of 15 years or more14.

M. alfredi near a Mozambique study site and in Maui had a biennial reproductive period with some females pupping in consecutive years13, while in the Maldives, the reproductive cycle appears to be significantly slower, with female M. alfredi giving birth on average to only one pup every five years14. M. alfredi have been confirmed to live at least 30 years17 and both manta species are believed to live 40 years and possibly longer9,15.

Brain Size and Intelligence

Recent research has revealed that manta and mobula rays have the highest brain mass to body mass ratio of all elasmobranchs, comparable to some birds and mammals. They exhibit high maneuverability, and increased social and cognitive abilities16. Divers cite numerous examples of manta rays cooperating and accepting help when entangled in lines, and many report that injured manta rays even seem to seek assistance.