MAIN Pages

Why Teaching Others Increases Learning & Enhances Comprehension

If you have ever helped your own children with their homework, assisted in preparing a report or presentation, or, perhaps, helped a adult learn how to read for the first time, you have probably experienced, "The Protégé Effect." What is the Protégé Effect?

While the content you are teaching or helping another comprehend is probably something you have known for a long time, the strong desire to help your "student" grasp knowledge of the subject often causes you to reflect on your own understanding in ways you might not ever have considered. You may also leave the experience feeling as if you have gained considerably more knowledge on the skill or topic than you did originally.

The by-product of the types of instruction I have just described is a deepening of your own learning and understanding. (My mother still says she learned more from my 9th grade biology teacher than she ever had before!) Now, scientists are documenting exactly why teaching is such a fruitful way to deepen comprehension — and designing innovative ways for young people to engage in instruction is part of this process.

Students enlisted to tutor others, these researchers have found, work harder to understand the material, recall it more accurately, and apply it more effectively. In what scientists have dubbed,“the protégé effect,” student teachers score higher on tests than pupils who are learning purely for their own sake.

But how can children, still learning themselves, teach others? One answer: They can tutor younger kids. The benefits of this practice were indicated by a pair of articles published in 2007 in the journals Science and Intelligence. The studies concluded that first-born children are more intelligent than their later-born brothers and sisters and suggested that their higher IQs result from the time they spend showing their younger siblings the ropes.

Educators are experimenting with ways to apply this model to academic subjects. In an ingenious program at the University of Pennsylvania, a “cascading mentoring program” engages college undergraduates to teach computer science to high school students, who in turn instruct middle school students on the topic.

But the most cutting-edge tool under development is the “teachable agent” — a computerized character who learns, tries, makes mistakes and asks questions just like a real-world pupil. Engineers and computer scientists at Stanford and Vanderbilt universities have created an animated figure they call Betty’s Brain, who has been “taught” about environmental science by hundreds of middle school students. Even though users’ interactions with Betty are virtual, the social impulses that make learning-by-teaching so potent still come into play. Student teachers are motivated to help Betty master the material, so they study it more conscientiously. As they prepare to teach, they organize their knowledge within within their brain, drastically improving their own understanding and recall. And as they explain the information to her, they identify knots and gaps in their own thinking. (This requires them to search for answers to fill in the gaps to their thinking and knowledge in order to provide the best for their "students.")

A 2009 study of Betty's Brain published in the Journal of Science Education and Technology found that students engaged in instructing her spent more time going over the material and learned it more thoroughly. (This, was, of course, a result, of the reasons I just previously mentioned.)

Feedback from the teachable agents further enhances the tutors' learning. The agent's questions compel users to think and explain the material in different ways, and watching the agent solve problems allows users to see their knowledge put into action. Sandra Okita, an assistant professor of technology and education at Teachers College, reported in 2006 on the use of a teachable agent by high school students learning to engage in deductive reasoning. On a subsequent test of their skills, the students who had observed agents using rules of reasoning to solve a problem“significantly outperformed” students who had only practiced applying the rules themselves.

Above all, it's the emotions elicited by teaching that make it such a powerful vehicle for learning. Student tutors feel chagrin when their virtual pupils fail; when the characters succeed, they feel what one expert calls by the Yiddish term nachas, which means: “Pride and satisfaction that is derived from someone else's accomplishment.”(Most students, naturally want to do a "good" job teaching, so positive feedback motivates them to continue to strategize for various ways to explain and teach. Anything less than positive will hopefully also motivate them to look for other alternatives,)