THE BOOK OF THE FALLEN IN THE TERNOPIL REGION

In this volume of Litopys UPA we are reprinting a remarkable
underground document: a collection of biographies of over 730
Ukrainian revolutionaries and UPA soldiers from the Ternopil region
who fell in the struggle for an independent, united Ukrainian state
during the period of renewed Soviet Russian occupation, in 1944-
48. The full title of this singular publication is The Ternopil Area:
A List of Heroes of the Ukrainian Revolution Fallen in the Struggle
with the Russian Bolshevik Occupying Power, 13. 3. 1944 -
31. 12. 1948. The same title has also been given to the present volume
of Litopys UPA. The original publication appeared in September, 1949;
it was 20 x 27 cm. in size and consisted of 158+5 pages of close
type.

Some further explanation of the title is required. "The Ternopil
area" means the Ternopil region as defined by the underground
administration; it corresponded to the UPA's Ternopil Military
District (Taktychnyi Vidtynok - TV) "Seret I" (TV UPA 16). From the
book it is apparent that the underground Ternopil region consisted of
two megadistricts (nadraion): the Ternopil nadraion, composed of four
districts (radon): Velyki Borkivtsi, Mykulyntsi, Kozliv and Velykyi
Hlybichok, and the Zboriv nadraion, composed of two districts - Zboriv
and Zalozhtsi. Districts as designated by the underground generally
corresponded to the counties (povit) of the Polish administration,
with some small changes that came as a result of the Soviet
takeover. Thus, for example, the town of Pomoriany and a few villages,
which had formerly been in the Zboriv county, were now included in the
Lviv province (oblast), where Pomoriany became a district centre. We
do not know for certain whether the underground Ternopil region
included only two nadraions, or whether there were more; possibly,
biographies from additional nadraions were, for some reason, not
included in the published collection. The underground documents
available to us have not made it possible for us to recreate exactly
the administrative organization of the underground Podillia Krai
("Podillia"), of which the Ternopil oblast formed the basis. We also
remain uncertain whether the UPA TV "Seret I" had the code number
16.

The book we are reprinting here provides biographies of those
fallen after March 13, 1944. March 13 is the date on which the Red
Army re-entered the territory of the underground Ternopil region and
at that time members of the Ukrainian resistance began to suffer
casualties in the struggle with the new occupying power. The authors
of the book provide biographies only of those who died "in struggle
with Russian Bolshevik occupying power" although there are some small
exceptions to this rule. For example, in the list from the Velykyi
Hlybichok district we see a biography of the nadraion assistant
propagandist, Volodymyr Kachka ("Ptakh"), who was killed by retreating
German troops in the village of Hliadky on March 9, 1944. In the list
from the Zalozhtsi district, we see a biography of Company Commander
Iaroslav Protsyk ("Zhuravel"), from the village of Hukalivtsi,
Zalozhtsi district, who died before the indicated date of March 13,
1944. Protsyk died from a Soviet bullet, for he was active in the
"Kora" battalion in Volyn, where the Soviet occupation began
earlier. He was killed in February, 1944, by the Soviets in a surprise
attack on the isolated farmhouses near the village of Dubinka,
[1]
where he was being treated for typhoid fever. Deviations like these from the
stated principle are, however, few.

Although the book was completed only in September, 1949 (this date
is given at the end of the book), it has no biographies of people
killed in 1949. Clearly, the editors chose to keep to the cut-off date
of December 31, 1948. Perhaps they planned to issue further volumes,
which would provide biographies of the fallen from 1949 and later
years.

***

The book makes no mention of its authors or editors, although at
the end there is a signature - B-s. This, however, tells us very
little. Considering the form and style of the book's biographies, it
clearly was not prepared on the basis of archival materials. In the
conditions in which the underground operated, it was impossible to
collect and organize a rich archive spanning a period of five
years.

The information could be gathered only with the help of the members
of the armed underground who were active in the region in 1949; they
were, in effect, the authors of the biographies.

To leading circles of the Ukrainian liberation movement it was
becoming apparent at that time that the Soviet police machine could,
in time, completely overcome the Ukrainian armed resistance. That is
why instructions were issued to begin collecting and publishing
materials about the Ukrainian armed struggle and the Russian Bolshevik
terror. Information about this heroic struggle would thus be preserved
for posterity and could serve as a tool for educating future fighters
for freedom. Mention of such objectives of the publication is made in
the introductory essay. Thus the book was one of the projects aimed at
documenting the Ukrainian liberation struggle.

The project was executed more or less as follows. Most
likely still during 1948, an editorial board was established and
commissioned to gather material for biographies. The editors prepared
instructions on collecting biographical information. They also created
a network, with people at the nadraion, district and local cell
levels, which was responsible for gathering information about the
fallen in each locality from rank-and-file members of the underground
or the population at large. Undoubtedly, gathering these materials
presented a number of difficulties (the unusual nature of the project,
conditions of life in the underground, the educational level of the
underground cadres and so on). Thus there must have been instructors
who traveled through the area, dealing with problems, training people
to gather data, or themselves writing down information given by
private soldiers and civilians. The editors had much to do, collating
the raw data, organizing it according to the established plan and
publishing the final results. All of this was done in a very short
time. Collection of the material was completed in the spring of 1949;
in September the book was published. Considering the conditions of
life in the underground, this was a real achievement.

The book contains 718 numbered entries - mainly biographies,
although some of the entries are just brief notices about certain
fallen. These briefer entries are descriptions of last battles of
insurgents from other districts, who were known only by their
pseudonyms, or data about deaths of unknown insurgents. Listed under
the Zalozhtsi district, for example, is entry no. 179, information
about the graves of 60 insurgents from the Volyn companies "Mech,"
"Sokil," and "Dunai" in the villages of Panasivka and Zahiria. These
insurgents were killed in a skirmish with MVD troops, which took place
in the village of Panasivka on November 13, 1944. A similar entry,
no. 180, tells of nine unknown insurgents from the detachment led by
"Ostap" (Omelian Poliovyi, commander of the Military Region
"Lysonia"), who were killed in the detachment's skirmish with the MVD
on September 27, 1944, near the village of Al'banivka, Zboriv
district, and buried in the village of Neterpyntsi, Zboriv
district. In the list from Velykyi Hlybichok district, entry no. 135
described the last battle of 17 insurgents led by Company Commander
"Hordienko" with more than 300 MVD troops in the forest near the
village of Didkivtsi. Entry no. 137 describes two separate killings of
UPA soldiers from the company "Siromantsi" in March, 1945, in the
villages of Male Horodyshche and Nosivtsi. Of the fallen, five were
unknown and seven were known only by their pseudonyms and their
functions within the UPA.

Apart from the rather small number of entries with incomplete
information about certain fallen, the rest of the book consists of
biographies, which are presented according to a set pattern: 1) place
and date of birth of the subject and his social origin; 2) education,
professional and military training; 3) occupation and place of
residence; 4) community activism; 5) membership and activities in the
OUN; 6) information about service in the UPA or armed underground; 7)
special training, functions filled, notable exploits, decorations and
the like; 8) information about the last battle and place of
burial.

Most of the biographies are rather short, for they are mainly
accounts of the lives of private soldiers of the UPA or ordinary
members of the armed underground, who met their deaths at a young age
and did not have long careers. Equally short and often incomplete are
the biographies of people from other areas, about whom the editors
were unable to obtain precise information. The remaining biographies
are well-rounded and give much information about a given UPA soldier
or underground activist; indirectly, they also tell us about the
liberation movement in general. There are over 50 biographies of UPA
officers and notable activists of the underground and several dozen of
UPA soldiers, who served in various units in Volyn, Polissia, the
Carpathians and other Ukrainian provinces. (More than 30 UPA company
or battalion commanders are mentioned in the biographies, as well as
schools for officers and non- commissioned officers and professional
training organized by the UPA, and so on). Much other valuable
information can also be found here. Thus the book is an important
source for the study of the Ukrainian armed liberation struggle, not
only in the Ternopil area, but throughout Ukraine.

***

There is no historical account in the book, which would explain the
events occurring in the Ternopil Region in 1944-48. Without such
explanation, some of the information contained in the biographies may
be incomprehensible. For that reason, we will look briefly at the
history of the struggle of the UPA and the armed underground in the
Ternopil area. We will base our account mainly on data provided in the
biographies and will explain more fully questions that are left
unclear in the original publication. To help fill these gaps, we will
also make use of information from underground materials which will
appear in the volume of Litopys UPA dealing with the UPA's Podillia
Military Region "Lysonia."

The Ternopil Region does not have large forested areas, and thus is
not suited to partisan operations carried out in large units. Only
during the German occupation and in the first phase of the Soviet
occupation, that is, in 1944, did large units, UPA battalions, operate
in the region. For example, mention is made of "Ostap's" (or "Ostap's"
and "Bondarenko's") large UPA detachment (zahin). These were two
battalions of the "Lysonia" UPA Military Region, which carried out
raids together along the border of the Lviv and Ternopil provinces in
September, 1944. This UPA detachment also raided through the Zboriv
into the Kremianets' areas and fought MVD troops near the village of
Al'banivka, Zalozhtsi district, on September 27, 1944.
[2]
"Ostap" was first lieutenant Omelian Poliovyi, commander at that time of the
Military Region "Lysonia," who briefly simultaneously commanded an UPA
battalion and the large detachment. He was born in 1913 in the village
of Yarchivtsi, in the Zboriv district. In circumstances unknown to us,
he fell into the hands of the MVD, probably during the time of the
great winter blockade of UPA territories by MVD troops, in 1945-46. He
has now spent more than 38 years in Soviet prisons and concentration
camps.[3]
"Bondarenko" was Major Volodymyr Iakubovskyi, from 1943 Chief
of Staff of the "Lysonia" Military Region, and from the time of the
great blockade of 1946, commander of the whole military region. He
came from the town of Zalozhtsi, Zalozhtsi district, and was killed on
June 17, 1947, near the village of Vivsia, Koziv district. His
detailed biography appears in this volume of Litopys UPA. In 1944,
Major Volodymyr Iakubovskyi also commanded an UPA battalion which
included the non commissioned officers' school of the UPA's "Lysonia"
Military Region. Battalions of the "Lysonia" Military Region were
reorganized in 1944 by the order of the UPA Supreme Command. From that
time, the units were to operate mainly in platoons and squads, and
make extensive use of underground bunkers.
[4]
Later, the UPA operated in
the region by companies, platoons or even smaller units.

On the basis of existing documentation, it is hard to pinpoint
precisely the beginnings of the UPA. Biographies of many fallen
soldiers tell us that as early as in the spring of 1948 they went to
join the UPA in Volyn, or the Ukrainian People's Self-defense
(Ukrayins'ka Narodna Samooborona - UNS) in the Carpathians. There,
some of them were killed. Some local fighting units also existed in
the Ternopil area. In the biography of Ivan Pytliovanyi ("Gonta,"
"Pluhatar"), from the village of Zaruddia, Zboriv county, we are told
that in the spring of 1943 he organized a "special unit, composed of
several battalions" to battle "Polish chauvinist bands." Probably the
word "battalion" (kurin) appears here by mistake instead of "squad"
(rii), because bigger units did not exist at that time in the Zboriv
area. Later this special unit merged with the UPA. In the Ternopil
nadraion, Stepan Markiz ("Hordiy"), from the village of Dovzhanka,
played an important role in organizing the UPA. We are told in his
biography that during the German occupation, he was the nadraion (that
is, county) military officer who trained a lot of younger
revolutionaries, and in 1943 together with them joined the
UPA. Eventually, he organized the company "Buini" and for a time was
its commander, but after the "reorganization" of the company, he
served as platoon commander. In the Zboriv county, a similar role was
played by Petro Chip ("Karmeliuk," "Iaroslav") from Oliyiv, Zalozhtsi
district. During the German occupation he was a district, and from the
end of 1942, a county military officer. The author of his biography
tells us that he organized military training of youth, and during the
second Soviet occupation, organized SKV (Self-defense) units and an
UPA company, which he trained thoroughly and which had "over a dozen
skirmishes" with MVD troops. Petro Chip was killed on April 8,
1945. The biographies also mention the contributions of many other
people in organizing the UPA. The first local UPA companies began to
be formed in the Ternopil area during the winter of 1943-44. That was
when the German-Soviet front moved to the centre of the Ternopil
region. Newly-formed units of the UPA had to move away from the front,
in order to train their new recruits away from danger, in the relative
security of the forests. Many young men who were fleeing the front
area also joined the UPA units that still needed recruits. That is how
we can explain why so many young people from the Zboriv and Ternopil
counties could be found in numerous UPA units organized in different
counties and at different times.

The biographical notes often refer to the "stabilization of the
[German-Soviet] front" (March-July, 1944) during which time the
underground and the UPA sustained serious losses. There is even talk
of "devastated" or "neutralized" terrain. The war front moved to the
region in mid-March, 1944, but did not stabilize immediately. The city
of Ternopil, for example, was the object of battles for almost a
month, during which time the front-line shifted west or east several
times. Many dwellings were destroyed and both German and Soviet front-
line troops robbed inhabitants and forced many of them out of the
front zone. The Soviet authorities immediately undertook to mobilize
all men, and with the area saturated with troops, MVD detachments
began search and destroy operations against the UPA and members of the
underground. Those who were not killed or captured, moved behind the
front lines, to somehow get through that very difficult time. It was
only when the front moved to the Vistula River that life began to
return to normal both for the underground and the population at
large. The UPA units returned to the region at this time.

During the second Soviet occupation, in the summer of 1944, SKV
units[5]
and additional UPA companies[6]
continued to be organized. It was
in the fall of 1944 that here, as in all of Halychyna, the greatest
number of UPA and SKV units existed, and had the largest number of
members. Many UPA soldiers returned at that time to their native
parts, particularly those who were either wounded or sick. After
recovery, they continued to serve in the area. The biographies also
show that in the Ternopil area, as in other regions of Halychyna, many
peasants tried to escape mobilization into the Red Army and hid out
from the Soviet manhunters. Many of them fell victim to the Soviets
along with insurgents and underground members.

It was in 1944-45 that the most pitched and massive armed struggle
with NKVD police troops took place. At that time UPA units and many
SKV units were still operating in full force. On the enemy side, there
were not only local NKVD garrisons, but also many special units, of
battalion, regimental and even divisional strength. They carried out
raids and manhunts in forests and villages, searching primarily for
UPA and SKV units. Sometimes they billeted in villages and put whole
areas under blockade. Many biographies make mention of massive
operations by NKVD troops in the fall of 1944 and in the winter and
spring of 1945. Comparing the numbers of fallen over five years,
1944-48, the book "ices the following picture of the Zboriv
nadraion. In the Zboriv district, of the total 164 fallen, 32, or
19.5%, fell in 1944, and 105, or 64%, in 1945. In the Zalozhtsi
district, of the total 247 fallen, 108 (including 60 UPA soldiers who
were killed in the village of Panasivka), or 45%, fell in 1944 and 75,
or 25%, in 1945.[7]
In 1946, the Zboriv district had 14 fallen, that is,
8.5% of the five-year total of 164; the Zalozhtsi district had 33, or
13.4% of the total 247. This was the time of the 1946 great winter
blockade by NKVD troops of all villages in the territory of UPA
activity; the blockade also encompassed the Ternopil
region.[8]
There were also smaller blockades of whole areas during the summer and fall
of 1946. In 1947, only six fallen or 3.7% of the total, were
registered in the Zboriv district and in the Zalozhtsi district„23
(9.3%). In 1948, the Zboriv district had five fallen (3%), and the
Zalozhtsi district - 23 (9.3%). During 1947-48, the armed resistance
of the region no longer waged battle operations; instead, it acted as
a clandestine armed underground. For that reason its losses became
smaller. Naturally, the cadres of the underground were much smaller in
1948 than in 1945.

From underground documents from other territories we know that by
the end of 1949, all UPA units were disbanded and UPA soldiers had
entered the armed underground, filling the cadres that had been
reduced by losses. In many areas, especially unforested, open
terrains, this "demobilization" of UPA units took place even
earlier. What do the biographies of the fallen in the Ternopil area
have to say on this subject? Up to the fall of 1947 there are still,
among the listed fallen, UPA soldiers belonging to specific
companies.[9]
In the biographies of the fallen of 1948, only former UPA
soldiers are listed who, we are told, held specific functions in the
armed underground, some only as of 1947. This tells us that the final
demobilization of UPA units in the region probably occurred sometime
at the end of 1947. The commander of the "Lysonia" Military Region,
Major Volodymyr Iakabovskyi, was killed on June 17, 1947.

Thus, in 1948 there were probably no more UPA units in the Ternopil
region; instead, there was a clandestine collective network known as
the armed underground. It was made up of former UPA soldiers, OUN
members and non-partisan patriots who operated under the general
direction of the Supreme Ukrainian Liberation Council
(UHVR). Underground publicists of the 1950s, such as, for example,
P. Poltava, referred to this network as "the Ukrainian armed
underground," or, if they wanted to specify its membership, spoke of
the "struggle of the UPA, OUN and armed underground." This tells us
that apart from UPA soldiers and OUN members, the underground also
included nonpartisan patriots or members of former political
parties.

The book is made up of an introductory article, a collection of
biographies and an alphabetical index of the biographies.

The introduction stresses the meaning of heroism in the struggle of
the Ukrainian people for freedom, emphasizing in particular its
significance for the education of youth and "future generations." The
authors cite some examples of this heroism: they speak of heroic deeds
performed by insurgents and underground members during the course of
their last battles. Among the cited examples is that of assistant
district leader of the Ukrainian Red Cross (Ukrayins'kyi Chervonyi
Khrest - UChKh), Sophia Skladan ("Olenka"), who died under MVD
torture, and county leader of the UChKh, Ievhenia Zvarych
("Murashka"), who, finding herself in a hopeless situation, took her
own life.

The biographies are organized according to district (the district
from which the fallen person originated, or the one in which he died.)
Within each district they are listed chronologically, according to the
date of death. The districts are presented in the following order:
Velyki Borkivtsi, Mykulyntsi, Kozliv, Zboriv, Zalozhtsi and Velykyi
Hlybichok. The main body of the book consisted in the original edition
of 134 pages; there was also an "Addendum" with another 25
biographies, also organized according to district. It appears that
additional biographies came in from the field when the book was
already in print, so the editors decided to add them on to the end of
the publication. As we explained earlier, some of the entries are not
biographies, but rather information about the deaths of groups of
unknown UPA soldiers. Such entries can be found under the Zalozhtsi
district (2) and the Velykyi Hlybichok district (3). These are the
numbers of biographies included under each district: Velyki Borkivtsi
- 96, Mykulyntsi - 89, Kozliv - 51, Zboriv -164, Zalozhtsi - 181,
Velykyi Hlybichok - 137. In our reprint of the book, we integrated the
"Addendum" materials into the main collection of biographies.

The index was organized in tables and entitled "The Ternopil Area:
a List of Fallen Ukrainian Revolutionaries (For the Period from
13. 3. 1944 to 31. 12. 1948)." It consisted of three sections:

A) From the Ternopil area - in the Ternopil area;

B) From the Ternopil area - outside the Ternopil area;

C) From outside of the Ternopil area - in the Ternopil area.

Part (A) lists the fallen from the Ternopil region who were killed
within that same region. Part (B) lists the fallen from the Ternopil
region, who were killed outside the region. Part (C) lists the fallen
from other regions, who were killed within the Ternopil region. In all
three sections the lists are organized according to district, ordered
alphabetically. For each person listed the following data is provided:
entry number, surname, first name and pseudonym, function in the
organization, date of death and the page on which the individual's
biography can be found. The fallen whose names were not known, are
included at the ends of the lists for given districts. Here is how the
figures for each district compare:

In our reprint of the book we omitted the reference to the page,
because the pages of Litopys UPA do not correspond to the pages of the
original. In any case, for Litopys we made a separate index, which has
entries for pseudonyms, places, institutions, and other significant
data. The alphabetical ordering in the original index was not perfect;
in our version we corrected all such errors, and included in the
alphabetical listings the pseudonyms of those persons whose surnames
are unknown. For these reasons, a particular individual may appear
under a different entry number in our version than in the
original.

***

To what extent is the information provided in the biographies
reliable? Almost all the biographies give precise and accurate data
about their subjects' date of birth, education, participation in
community life and the like. This shows that the editors made a
concerted effort to get the underground network to gather facts about
each person's life. The biographies are carefully put together and
follow a standard pattern, which adds to the sense of the materials'
reliability. Of course, errors may occur in cases where information
was gathered through secondary sources, or was based solely on faulty
human memory. For example, it is easy to get information about an
underground member who lived his whole life in one village, for all
his fellow-villagers know about him. But inaccuracies can easily slip
into biographies of people who wandered from one place to another and
had complicated careers. Thus, in the biography of Major
V. Iakubovskyi we are told that he was Chief of Staff of the "Lysonia"
Military Region from 1948 until his death in 1947. However a UHVR
"Resolution" of August 25, 1947, mentions him as being the Commander
of the "Lysonia" Military Region in January, 1947.[12]
At times, the
editors or authors of the book resort to standard generalizations,
rather than giving precise information. For example, in the
biographies of some UPA soldiers who had been in Volyn, we are told
that a given individual "participated in raids into the East," but
there is no information about which raid the soldier took part in, or
to which company he belonged. We are told that some of the fallen,
particularly civilians, "were killed as the result of enemy terror."
This phrase in itself is not comprehensible. Only from the context can
we deduce that we are being told of unarmed civilians shot or
otherwise murdered by the NKVD. However, shortcomings of this type are
relatively few, and in general, the biographies provide concrete and
accurate information.

The editors tried to give their publication an educational,
propaganda character, and for that reason devoted much space to
descriptions of battle exploits of insurgents and underground members,
particularly when these fighters stood in the face of death. Often
other important information is neglected in a given biography. For
example, in the biography of printer Mykhailo Turyla ("Zenko"), we are
told that he gave over his printing equipment to the underground,
while he himself entered the propaganda division, but we are never
told, however, what happened to the printing facilities after
that. The biography of Major Volodymyr Iakubovskyi ("Bondarenko"), a
very important figure, devotes more than half its space to a
description of his death; the rest is information about his five year
activity in the UPA. We would have preferred that the biography given
a more detailed account of his life, for we know very little about
this eminent officer of the UPA. We would also have liked to know
whether Mykhailo Turyla's printing equipment was used in the
underground and what was done with it.

We point out these shortcomings in the book with a view of giving
the reader a clearer picture of this underground publication. But in
spite of its flaws, the book is a very rich source of information,
because even when information is scant, it helps us to recreate a
picture at least in part of the whole liberation movement. Thus, for
example, in the biographies of UPA soldiers who served in Volyn, we
are told that they returned to their native parts sick with
typhoid. From these statements we can infer how widely the MVD spread
typhoid in Volyn and Polissia. The biographies contain data about UPA
skirmishes and raids, military and professional training and other
matters which we have not so far encountered in other sources. Only in
this book are there descriptions of the skirmish between an UPA
battalion and MVD troops in the village of Panasivka. Only here is
there mention of a raid carried out by the UPA battalion commanded by
Major V. Iakubovskyi into the Carpathians, as well as of other raids
and battles of UPA units. There is also much information about the
conduct of MVD troops of occupation. Thus, the biographies tell us
that during their raids, the MVD troops would shoot not only captured
and wounded insurgents, but also unarmed civilians. To sum up, the
book is a rich source of information about the liberation struggle, in
the Ternopil area and beyond it.

This collection of biographies of the fallen of the Ternopil area
also tells us something about the strength, level and ability to
function of the local underground organization in 1949. It shows that
the underground network covered the whole territory and had informants
in all villages, for the biographies include people from almost all
the villages. It also shows that the underground apparatus functioned
well enough to complete such a project in a relatively short time,
although this was not its main task. And finally, since the execution
of such a project required a number of people with a certain level of
education, it shows that there were such people in the underground and
that they were capable of producing materials measuring up to the
highest standards.

***

Unfortunately, the biographies reprinted here do not include
photographs of the fallen. But there are probably many friends or
relatives of these people living in the free world who have pictures
of them, individually or as part of groups - families, school groups,
sport teams, organizations and so on. We would ask for such pictures
to be sent to us for inclusion in the next volume of Litopys UPA,
which will be about the Podillia Military Region "Lysonia." If anyone
notices someone missing from the biographies, we ask that they send
that person's biography for possible inclusion in a future volume.

We obtained a photocopy of the original underground publication
from the Archive of the Foreign Representation of the UHVR (ZP UHVR)
(their document T 29-1). We are reprinting the book without deletions;
we have, however, integrated the biographies from the "Addendum" into
the main body of the book and made corrections to the alphabetical
lists in the index where necessary. We have also corrected printer's
errors, spelling mistakes and the most glaring grammatical errors and
standardized abbreviations in the index. We wish to thank the Archive
and everyone who helped prepare this volume of Litopys UPA. In
particular, we thank Mykola Lebid and Petro Sodol for their assistance
in the Archive and with other information; Antin Ivakhniuk for
correcting texts; Volodymyr Makar for assistance in proofreading;
Zonia Keywan for doing translations into English; Mykhailo Pytiura for
making maps and drawings; Stephan Shpak for helping us to compile the
index and Anna Mulyk for typing often-illegible manuscripts.