The Limitless Nature, Significance and Uses of Salt [The King of Flavours]

Salt has been a major item
of commerce for millennia and is still traded today in parts of Europe. The Afar
people mine bars of salt [‘amoles’] from the forbidding Danakil Depression and
transport it to the highlands on camels where it is traded as a valuable
commodity. It’s the perfect business: the raw material and the energy supply
are both free, and almost indefinitely abundant.

However, there is
something holy about salt, wrote Nathaniel Hawthorne and certainly it contains
an indisputable truth – sodium chloride may seem the most mundane of
substances, yet throughout history it has been accorded special reverence. We are
all aware of 24 carat gold but originally this term was applied to salt.

There was 5 carat of salt,
10 carat salt and the grading was based on dirt or ‘doss’ it contained. 24
carat salt was the most valuable and purest form of salt.

Salt runs through every
aspect of daily life – from cosmetics and clothing to gasoline and food. The common
condiment has been in use since the Neolithic times. Sodium is necessary nutrient,
one that helps maintain proper water balance and blood pressure, as well as
stomach, nerve and muscle function.

Salt produces claim that
there are over 14,000 uses of salt. Besides its spiritual values. It has
countless other properties: curing of leather, glazing of pottery, restoration
and antiseptic uses, dyeing of fabric, preservation of meat. Salt is essential
to luxurious spas where stress is washed away and circulation recharged. The utilitarian
values of salt made it the first commodity of world trade.

Salts healing, restorative
and antiseptic properties led to religious and social significance being
attributed to it by early people, hence it was valued. In the ancient Semitic
culture, salt symbolizes trust and friendship and among the Jews all pacts and
treaties were negotiated at a table displaying a ceremonial container of the
compound, originating the term ‘Covenant of Salt’ the eternal bond between God
and Israel.

Ancient Synagogues
included a salt chamber. Bedouins still use the phrase ‘there is salt between
us’ as an expression of affection and Roman Catholic priests ritually sprinkle
salt to exorcise dwellings inhabited by spirits. The priests would place a
pinch of salt on a baby’s tongue during baptism and say, “Receive the salt of
wisdom.”

Like any other essential,
salt was thought it have a supernatural origin and its place in religion and civilization
varies. In the ancient Greek and Roman
Cultures it was used as a part of offering that were made to their gods. Rome’s
major highway was called Via Salacia (salt road) and soldiers used it to carry
salt.

Mexicans considered it so
valuable that they even worshipped a salt god! Homer called it divine, and Plato
described it as a “substance dear to the Gods.”

Spilling salt brings bad
luck is a popular superstition (borrowed from Leonardo da Vinci’s painting –
The Last Supper). The Swiss grooms used to keep salt in one pocket and potato
in the other to ensure his long married life. The German bride used to put salt
in her shoe.

One of the most
interesting salt trades can be traced in history of Gold Coast (Ghana), where
Gold was bartered for salt. The Arab merchants travelled across the desert with
enough salt to trade with, together with drummers and carriers.

On reaching Gold Coast,
they stopped by the river and conveyed their arrival through the drum beaters. The
Ghanaians took notice of this and prepared themselves to exchange their gold
with salt dust packed in their bags. Reaching ashore they would find no man
around and several piles of salt well spread over the area [the Ghanaians would
not trade if anyone was there].

Next, they would neatly stack
the gold dust, proportionally to the salt pile, and retreat. The Arab traders
would come back and shake their heads (there is not enough gold) and once again
return to their hiding place. The natives would arrive with more gold to please
their partners.

The Arabs would return
only when the Ghanaians had left the scene and would nod their heads and smile
as if there was enough gold for their satisfaction. The drum once again echoed
in the air and it symbolized the departure of the Arabs. Later the natives
would come back and carry off the precious salt. On returning to the village
they celebrated a feast to mark their successful trade.

Salt came to be used as a currency
in landlocked kingdoms such as Tibet and Ethiopia. Marco polo noticed Tibetans
using salt cakes stamped with the imperial seal of the great Kublai Khan as
money. And when Rome chronicler Petronius complained that “Man wasn’t worth his
salt” he was speaking literally. Roman soldiers during the time of Julius Caesar
received a quota of salt as part of their wages, thus providing the root of the
English word, salary. In fact Caesar travelled with his team of ‘salinators’
who were skilled at preparing salt for the soldiers.

Sanskrit proverb suggest
that salts association with nobility was due primarily to its top rank: “there
are six flavours,” the saying went, “and of them all salt is the king.” Close
by stands the Latin adage about things with a grain of salt – cum grano salis –
which began as an offhand compliment about virtues. Of course, today the words
are used in an uncomplimentary context. An interesting point observed in
Historia Naturalis is Pompey’s knowledge about salt. “…if taken fasting, with
grain of salt added, renders enemy poison harmless.”

In Elizabethan times,
entrants to universities were asked to share a drink of salt water as an
initiation rite. “It is a true saying,” remarked Cervantes in Don Quixote,
echoing a comment Cicero had made 17 centuries before, “that a man must eat
peck of salt with his friend before he knows him.”

In 1765, the Earl of
Dundonald wrote that every year “ten thousand people are seized for salt
smuggling and 300 men sent to the gallows for contraband trade in salt.” Mined
[Regular] salt and Solar [Sea] salt come from different places. Salt originates
in the ocean, which has covered many parts of the Earth over time. Some ancient
seas dried up and were covered with sediment and this paved the way for
numerous salt deposits beneath the earth’s surface.

Salt comes in various
colors that they acquire from the conditions prevailing in the earth’s interior
– particularly the clay and soil surrounding their water surrounding their
water sources. It varies from sparkling White Sea salt, Fleur de sel from France
and Portugal to Black rock salts from India. In between there are shades of
grey [Celtic varieties], red [Hawaiian alaea], pink [Peruvian Pink salt].

Image source -Wikipedia

Fleur de sel or the Flower
of salt is the most prized natural sea salt that comes from France and Portugal.
Here the Atlantic currents are cleaner and the climate is milder which renders
the low – lying areas suitable for salt harvesting. Only the top flaky crystals
are traditionally harvested (from May to September), packed and sealed under
the signature of the paludier (salt raker) who harvested it.

Fleur de sel is unprocessed,
unrefined and, of course, unadulterated salt. Besides the richness of the sea
it comes packed with potassium, calcium, magnesium, copper and iodine. Food and
health aficionados rate it as the finest salt available and it is often
referred to as the caviar of salt, or the pinnacle of sea salt.

It makes an excellent all
round seasoning and is mainly used to finish a dish or to compliment the salads
where the sprinkled salt shines like little diamonds from the sea. The diamonds
are quite expensive and they come packed in small quantities!

Hawaiian Alaea sea salt is
uniquely coloured large crystals with a mellower taste. The traditional sea
salt of Hawaii is combined with iron rich island clay which turns it reddish
pink due to iron oxide. One gram serving of Hawaiian Alaea sea salt contains
0.05 milligram of iron.

Whether it comes from sea
or the earth, table salt is made through the process of evaporation. In case of
solar salt, sea water is put into shallow outdoor basins and allowed to evaporate
until salt crystals emerge: in mined salt, water is pumped into salt mines to
create a well of brine, which is the pumped into vessels and heated until, once
again, salt crystals emerge. Impurities are filtered, iodine and anti – caking agents
are sometimes added, and finally we get table salt.

Some strange medieval
prescriptions include the addition of cows’ or sheep’s blood, egg white and ale
to the boiling brine in order to ensure a well – granulated salt. Besides
distilling sea or salty water, our ancestors extracted salt from various other
sources including wood [when making charcoal with saline wood], saline plants
and lotus.

In mountainous region of
China and Korea, the inhabitants prepared sungyom or excellent salt by
fermenting a mountain herb called such’ae.

The salt in use today is
mostly produced from sea water or from deposits of rock salt. An estimate
suggests that if all the oceans were to dry up, we would have large quantities
of salt, about 15 times the size of Europe. Imagine how much gold would have
been required to barter this!

Made by evaporating ocean
water, unrefined sea salt contains trace amounts of minerals, including
magnesium, calcium, copper and iodine, but not enough to matter. Sea salt is
seldom iodized, and highly refined sea salt is virtually identical to
non-iodized table salt. Sea salt comes in many varieties with different colors
and flavors, depending on where it’s harvested, and can be pricey. Some sea
salts have larger crystals, so they may have less sodium per teaspoon.

There is no international
jury to decide whether food is “salty” or “not salty”. What is salty for one
may not be salty for the other. The need for sodium varies with the
physiological requirements of individuals or societies. However sodium levels
can be determined from blood tests and accordingly one can increase or decrease
the intake of salt.

People with high blood
pressure or heart ailments should limit their salt intake. Sodium levels take a
nosedive when you get angry, nervous, worried or fall in love. In such situations
salty food is an excellent remedy!