EC, Associated Pathways and Catalytic Sites

The Cellular Metabolic Process in Which a Cell Duplicates One or More Molecules of Dna. DNA Replication Begins When Specific Sequences Known As Origins of Replication Are Recognized and Bound by Initiation Proteins and Ends When the Original DNA Molecule Has Been Completely Duplicated and the Copies Topologically Separated. the Unit of Replication Usually Corresponds to the Genome of the Cell an Organelle or a Virus. the Template For Replication Can Either Be an Existing DNA Molecule or Rna.

The Process of Restoring DNA After Damage. Genomes Are Subject to Damage by Chemical and Physical Agents in the Environment (e.g. Uv and Ionizing Radiations Chemical Mutagens Fungal and Bacterial Toxins Etc.) and by Free Radicals or Alkylating Agents Endogenously Generated in Metabolism. DNA Is Also Damaged Because of Errors During Its Replication. a Variety of Different DNA Repair Pathways Have Been Reported That Include Direct Reversal Base Excision Repair Nucleotide Excision Repair Photoreactivation Bypass Double Strand Break Repair Pathway and Mismatch Repair Pathway.

In Base Excision Repair an Altered Base Is Removed by a DNA Glycosylase Enzyme Followed by Excision of the Resulting Sugar Phosphate. the Small Gap Left in the DNA Helix Is Filled in by the Sequential Action of DNA Polymerase and DNA Ligase.

Repair of the Damaged Strand by the Combined Action of an Apurinic Endouclease That Degrades a Few Bases On the Damaged Strand and a Polymerase That Synthesizes a 'patch' in the 5' to 3' Direction Using the Undamaged Strand As a Template.

Any Process That Results in a Change in State or Activity of a Cell (in Terms of Movement Secretion Enzyme Production Gene Expression Etc.) As a Result of a Stimulus Indicating Damage to Its DNA From Environmental Insults or Errors During Metabolism.

A Series of Molecular Signals in Which an Intracellular Signal Is Conveyed to Trigger the Apoptotic Death of a Cell. the Pathway Is Induced by the Detection of DNA Damage and Ends When the Execution Phase of Apoptosis Is Triggered.

Any Apoptotic Process in a Neuron the Basic Cellular Unit of Nervous Tissue. Each Neuron Consists of a Body an Axon and Dendrites. Their Purpose Is to Receive Conduct and Transmit Impulses in the Nervous System.

The Cellular DNA Metabolic Process Resulting in the Formation of DNA Deoxyribonucleic Acid One of the Two Main Types of Nucleic Acid Consisting of a Long Unbranched Macromolecule Formed From One or Two Strands of Linked Deoxyribonucleotides the 3' Phosphate Group of Each Constituent Deoxyribonucleotide Being Joined in 3' 5' Phosphodiester Linkage to the 5' Hydroxyl Group of the Deoxyribose Moiety of the Next One.

A Membrane Bounded Organelle of Eukaryotic Cells in Which Chromosomes Are Housed and Replicated. in Most Cells the Nucleus Contains All of the Cell's Chromosomes Except the Organellar Chromosomes and Is the Site of RNA Synthesis and Processing. in Some Species or in Specialized Cell Types RNA Metabolism or DNA Replication May Be Absent.

Any of the Long Generally Straight Hollow Tubes of Internal Diameter 12 15 Nm and External Diameter 24 Nm Found in a Wide Variety of Eukaryotic Cells; Each Consists (usually) of 13 Protofilaments of Polymeric Tubulin Staggered in Such a Manner That the Tubulin Monomers Are Arranged in a Helical Pattern On the Microtubular Surface and with the Alpha/beta Axes of the Tubulin Subunits Parallel to the Long Axis of the Tubule; Exist in Equilibrium with Pool of Tubulin Monomers and Can Be Rapidly Assembled or Disassembled in Response to Physiological Stimuli; Concerned with Force Generation E.g. in the Spindle.

Catalysis of the Reaction: Deoxynucleoside Triphosphate + Dna(n) = Diphosphate + Dna(n+1); the Synthesis of DNA From Deoxyribonucleotide Triphosphates in the Presence of a DNA Template and a 3'hydroxyl Group.

Catalysis of the Transfer of a Group E.g. a Methyl Group Glycosyl Group Acyl Group Phosphorus Containing or Other Groups From One Compound (generally Regarded As the Donor) to Another Compound (generally Regarded As the Acceptor). Transferase Is the Systematic Name For Any Enzyme of EC Class 2.

Catalysis of the Cleavage of C C C O C N and Other Bonds by Other Means Than by Hydrolysis or Oxidation or Conversely Adding a Group to a Double Bond. They Differ From Other Enzymes in That Two Substrates Are Involved in One Reaction Direction But Only One in the Other Direction. When Acting On the Single Substrate a Molecule Is Eliminated and This Generates Either a New Double Bond or a New Ring.

Catalysis of the Reaction: Deoxynucleoside Triphosphate + Dna(n) = Diphosphate + Dna(n+1); the Synthesis of DNA From Deoxyribonucleotide Triphosphates in the Presence of a Nucleic Acid Template and a 3'hydroxyl Group.