Promises To Fix Mental Health System Still Unfulfilled

The shooting at Sandy Hook Elementary School in Newtown, Conn., one year ago sparked a national conversation about the country's troubled mental health system. Politicians convened task forces and promised additional funding and new laws. But today, despite those promises, patients and advocates say treatment for mental health is still in shambles.

Rheanna Kathleen Morris, 18, was diagnosed with bipolar II disorder at the end of her sophomore year of high school, and has spent the past two years in and out of psychiatric units and residential treatment facilities near her home in the suburbs of Richmond, Va.

Her mother, Peggy Sinclair-Morris, is a former special education teacher with a network of contacts. But even for this family with the know-how to work the system, helping Rheanna get treatment has been a constant challenge.

"It's scary. It's very fragmented," says Sinclair-Morris. "There's not a one-stop shop. You have to call people. You have to network. You have to find someone who might have had [an] experience similar to yours. "

From the family's perspective, not much has changed in the year since the shooting at Sandy Hook; recent events in Virginia seem to support that conclusion. Just last month, state Sen. Creigh Deeds' 24-year-old son stabbed his father several times before killing himself. Austin Deeds had struggled with serious mental health problems; he was denied a bed in a psychiatric facility the day before his death.

The rate of violent crimes among the mentally ill is very low, but Rheanna Morris says the story hit home anyway.

"I almost cried, actually," she says. "I was reading about it in a newspaper, and I thought, 'What if that had been me?'

"I know I would never hurt my family," Rheanna says, "but if it had been me you wouldn't hear about it all over the news, you know. Nothing would have happened."

The last time Rheanna was hospitalized, she waited in the emergency room for eight hours before a bed was found in a psychiatric ward. Both Rheanna and her mother worry that next time, they might not be as lucky.

After the Sandy Hook shootings, Virginia officials talked about the state's mental health system, and ended up boosting funding by about 5 percent. A similar conversation took place in state legislatures across the country.

In 2013, a total of 36 states increased funding for mental health. But Sita Diehl, director of state policy and advocacy at the National Alliance on Mental Illness, says that was a drop in the bucket after four years of steep cuts during a recession that brought the system to the brink of collapse.

"After these sorts of shootings, there's a lot of talk, and a lot of policymakers saying we need to do something about the mental health system," Diehl says. "But then, when push comes to shove and the budget debates occur, mental health seems to lose out."

Most of the additional funding in 2013 came through state bills that were already being considered before the Newtown shootings, Diehl adds. The events there just gave legislators the push they needed to pass the bills. Still, she says, that's a lot more than was done by federal legislators.

"I give the states a B-plus," says Diehl. "I give the feds a C-minus; maybe a D. [There's been] lots of talk, no action."

Despite all the dialogue and consternation, Congress didn't pass mental health legislation following Sandy Hook. Instead, it tied possible changes to a gun control bill that never passed the Senate. Several other bills are still in the works.

On the other hand, Diehl says the Obama administration did quite well by recently publishing the long overdue set of mental health parity rules. The administration has also been pushing states to expand Medicaid under the Affordable Care Act, which would infuse new money into the system. So far, Virginia has declined the expansion.

But overall, Diehl says, the national response to Sandy Hook was disappointing. That hasn't come as a shock to Virginians, says Mira Signer, who runs the Virginia chapter of the National Alliance on Mental Illness. In 2007, the state was the site of the deadliest mass shooting in U.S. history on the campus of Virginia Tech. The attack left 33 people dead at the hands of a man with a serious mental illness.

During the legislative session immediately following the shooting, elected officials in Virginia added $42 million in new mental health funding. But then the recession hit, and they cut about $38 million from mental health. "So we were kind of back to square one," says Signer.

Then this week, following the Creigh Deeds tragedy, Republican Gov. Robert McDonnell pledged to add $38 million back in the system. Signer says this sort of roller coaster in the way mental health services are funded is typical. But it's no way to run a system, she says, because in the end, little changes.

"I can look at reports and studies that were done ... 10, 15 or 20 years ago, and I'm looking at the recommendations, and they're still true today," Signer says. "You just have to slap another date on it — because they all say the same thing."

Cutting mental health funding, she adds, is foolish because mental health expenses then just show up in other ways.

"It shows up in the criminal justice system," Signer says. "It shows up in homelessness. It shows up in high emergency room usage. It's an illusion to cut it."

OK. As we just heard in Jeff's piece, members of the Newtown Advisory Commission don't know if Adam Lanza's mental health issues played a role in the attack at the school. Still, the massacre sparked a national conversation about mental health, with politicians promising more funding and new laws. But what has actually changed?

Jenny Gold has a look.

JENNY GOLD, BYLINE: Eighteen-year-old Rheanna Kathleen Morris has spent the past two years in and out of psychiatric units near her home in the Richmond, Virginia suburbs.

RHEANNA KATHLEEN MORRIS: The end of my sophomore year, I was diagnosed with bipolar. I was put in the hospital after a suicide attempt, and that really started our foray into the mental health system.

GOLD: Her mother, Peggy Sinclair-Morris, is a former special ed teacher with a strong network of contacts. But even for this family, with the know-how to work the system, it's been a constant challenge.

PEGGY SINCLAIR-MORRIS: It's scary. It's very fragmented. There's not a one-stop shop. You have to call people. You have to network. You have to find someone who might have had experience similar to yours. You just - you have to talk to people.

GOLD: From their perspective, not much has changed in the year since the shooting at Sandy Hook in Connecticut, and recent events in Virginia seem to support that. Just last month, State Senator Creigh Deeds' 24-year-old son stabbed his father several times before killing himself. Austin Deeds had struggled with serious mental health problems and was denied a bed in a psychiatric facility the day before. The rate of violent crimes among the mentally ill is very low, but Rheanna says the story hit home, anyway.

MORRIS: I almost cried, actually. I was reading about it in the newspaper, and I thought: What if that had been me? I know I would never hurt my family, but if it had been me, you wouldn't hear about it all over the news, you know. Nothing would have happened.

GOLD: Virginia did boost its mental health funding after Sandy Hook by about 5 percent. Thirty-five other states also increased funding. But that was a drop in the bucket after four years of recession-era cuts, says Sita Diehl with the National Alliance for Mental Illness, or NAMI.

SITA DIEHL: After these sorts of shootings, there's a lot of talk and a lot of policymakers saying we need to do something about the mental health system. But then, when push comes to shove and the budget debates occur, mental health seems to lose out.

GOLD: Most of the additional funding was part of state bills that were already being considered, she says. The events at Sandy Hook gave legislators the push they needed to pass them. But still, Diehl says, that's a lot more than was done by federal legislators.

DIEHL: OK, I give the states a B-plus. I'm an A student, so, you know, I give the feds a C-minus, maybe a D. You know, a lot of talk, no action.

GOLD: Congress didn't pass mental health legislation following Sandy Hook, though several bills are still in the works. That sort of response doesn't come as a shock for Virginians, says Mira Signer, who runs NAMI's Virginia chapter. In 2007, the state was the site of the deadliest mass shooting in U.S. history at Virginia Tech. It left 33 people dead at the hands of someone with a serious mental illness. The state added $42 million in new mental health funding. But then the recession hit, and they cut almost all of it, says Signer.

MIRA SIGNER: And so we were kind of back to square one.

GOLD: Following the Creigh Deeds tragedy, Governor Robert McDonnell pledged to add $38 million back in the system. Signer says this sort of roller coaster in funding is typical in mental health.

SIGNER: You know, I can look at reports and studies that were done, like, 10, 15, 20 years ago, and I'm looking at the recommendations, and they're still true today. You know, you just have to slap another date on it. You just need to say 2013, 2014, because they all say the same thing.

GOLD: The sort of tragedy-based conversation that happens in the wake of Virginia Tech or Sandy Hook or Aurora, Colorado just seems to fall away, she says, and it's not a mystery what the system needs: more services, more funding and stronger laws. She says the issue is getting it done before another tragedy strikes. For NPR News, I'm Jenny Gold.