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Chapter Focus Questions How did suffrage expand between 1800 and 1840? In what ways did Andrew Jackson’s presidency affirm new democratic policies? How did the major political struggles of the Jackson years strengthen the executive branch of government?

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Chapter Focus Questions (cont’d) How did the basic two-party pattern of American political democracy take shape? How was a distinctive American cultural identity shaped by writers and artists?

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The Expansion and Limits of Suffrage While the population of the United States more than doubled between 1800 and 1830, the trans-Appalachian population grew tenfold.

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The Expansion and Limits of Suffrage 1800: White, male, property owners could vote in most states. New western states in Union, suffrage expanded 1820: Most of older states had dropped property qualifications 1840: 90 percent of adult white males could vote

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The Election of 1824 The 1824 election marked an end to the political truce of the Era of Good Feelings. Five candidates ran for the presidency. Though Andrew Jackson had the most popular votes, John Quincy Adams won as a result of the so-called “corrupt bargain.” Hostile relations with Congress blocked many of Adams’s initiatives.

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The New Popular Democratic Culture A more popular form of politics was emerging. Mass rallies, parades and rowdy election days marked mass politics. New state organizations increased political participation and helped elect Andrew Jackson president. New techniques of mass campaigning encouraged increases in participation.

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The Election of 1828 In the 1828 election, Jackson triumphed as his supporters portrayed the contest as a struggle between democracy and aristocracy. His victory showed the strength of the new popular democratic culture and system of national parties made up of a coalition of the North, South, and West.

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This anti-Jackson “coffin bill” from the election of 1828 accuses Jackson of murder because he ordered three men executed for desertion during the War of 1812.

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A Popular President Jackson symbolized the personal advancement that the frontier offered. Although elites questioned his qualifications, his victory at New Orleans in 1815 made Jackson a popular hero His inauguration brought out a mob of well-wishers who had unruly behavior. His popular appeal marked a new, democratic style of politics.

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A Strong Executive Jackson was a strong executive who consulted with the “Kitchen Cabinet,” largely ignoring his cabinet. Clay, Webster and Calhoun were excluded from Jackson’s inner circle. The Peggy Eaton affair underlined Jackson’s new approach to politics and brought women’s unofficial influence to an abrupt end.

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A Strong Executive (cont'd) Jackson strengthened the presidency by using the veto more frequently than had all of his predecessors combined.

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The Nation’s Leader Versus Sectional Spokesmen Jackson’s Democrats created a national coalition that transcended sectional identity. Regional spokespeople included:  Daniel Webster for the North;  John C. Calhoun for the South; and  Henry Clay for the West.

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The Nullification Crisis Constitutional ambiguity, sectional interests, and the states’ rights issue caused political controversies. The 1828 “Tariff of Abominations” elicited a strong reaction from South Carolina. Southerners argued that the tariff was an unconstitutional effort to enrich the North at southern expense.

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The Nullification Crisis (cont’d) John C. Calhoun wrote a defense of the doctrine of nullification claiming states could refuse to enforce laws they deemed unconstitutional. South Carolina nullified the 1833 tariff and threatened to secede. Jackson considered South Carolina’s action treason and passed the Force Bill.

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Indian Removal Jackson embraced the policy of Indian cession of their lands and removal west of the Mississippi River. The five civilized tribes of the South were most affected. Even though the Cherokee had adopted white ways and accepted white culture, Jackson pressed for their removal.

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Indian Removal (cont'd) Jackson defied the Supreme Court ruling in favor of the Cherokee. The Cherokee removal was called the “Trail of Tears.” The removal was strongly opposed by northerners. Women’s benevolent societies surprised many in Congress with their activism and petitions.

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Internal Improvements Jackson argued that federal funding for infrastructure was unconstitutional. The veto of the Maysville Road Bill was a slap at Henry Clay as much as a policy statement. Without federal funding the initiatives passed to private developers who then passed it to the states.

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Internal Improvements (cont'd) States provided more funding for roads, canals and railroads than the federal government.

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Federal and State Support for Private Enterprise The Supreme Court under Marshall fostered economic growth by:  federal power over interstate commerce; and  economic competition by denying monopolies. State laws enabled businesses to protect themselves by granting charters of incorporation.

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Federal and State Support for Private Enterprise (cont'd) Greater economic certainty helped bring about the Market Revolution.

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The Bank War 1816: the Second Bank of the United States—quasi-private The Second Bank acted as a currency stabilizer by:  growth of strong and stable financial interest; and  curbing less stable and irresponsible ones. Eastern merchants found the bank a useful institution.

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The Bank War (cont'd) Western farmers and speculators feared the Bank represented a moneyed elite. Jackson vetoed the bill when Clay and Webster pushed for early re-chartering.

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Jackson’s Reelection in 1832 With the Bank recharter as the main issue, in the election of 1832 Jackson soundly defeated Henry Clay. After his victory, Jackson withdrew federal deposits and placed them in “pet” banks. Jackson claimed that he was the direct representative of the people and could act regardless of Congressional opinion.

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Whigs, Van Buren, and the Panic of 1837 The Bank called in commercial loans, causing a recession. Jackson’s Specie Circular made the situation worse. Jackson’s opponents founded an opposition party—the Whigs. The new party lost the 1836 election to Martin Van Buren.

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Whigs, Van Buren, and the Panic of 1837 (cont'd) The Panic led to depression, and a dismal term for Van Buren.

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Terrible effects of the Panic of 1837 on ordinary people—bank failures, unemployment, drunkenness, and destitution

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Whigs and Democrats Both parties were coalitions of regional interests seeking a national majority. Democrats:  Party spoke for Jeffersonian democracy, expansion, and the freedom of the “common man” from interference of the government of financial monopolies  It’s power base lay in the rural South and West and among northern urban workers

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Whigs and Democrats (cont’d) Whigs:  Heirs to Federalism, they favored strong role for national government in economy and supported active social reform  It’s power base lay in the North and Old Northwest among voters who benefited from increased commercialization and among southern planters and urban merchants

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The Campaign of 1840 In the election of 1840 Whigs portrayed their candidate, William Henry Harrison, as a military hero and man of the people and attacked Van Buren as an out of touch elitist. In reality, Van Buren had risen from a humble background.

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The Campaign of 1840 (cont'd) The Whigs won a sweeping electoral victory in a campaign with 80 percent voter turnout.

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The Whig Victory Turns to Loss: The Tyler Presidency The Whig triumph was short-lived as Harrison died a month after his inauguration. Vice-President John Tyler assumed office. A former Democrat, Tyler vetoed a series of bills calling for a new Bank of the United States, tariffs, and internal improvements. The Whigs were only able to win one more election, in 1848.

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Popular Cultures and the Spread of the Written Word The print revolution had far reaching effects beyond politics. Newspapers and almanacs fostered popular culture. Serious fiction, lurid tales of scandal and dime novels appealed to different audiences.

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Popular Cultures and the Spread of the Written Word (cont'd) The invention of the telegraph sped communications, widening horizons and expanding communities.

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Creating a National American Culture An intellectual movement was stimulated by eastern societies and journals. In the West, spottier culture led to a growing widening gap in economic and intellectual horizons Washington Irving, James Fennimore Cooper, and especially Ralph Waldo Emerson created a distinctly American culture.

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Artists and Builders Artists such as Albert Bierstedt and George Caleb Bingham drew upon dramatic themes from the American landscape and lifestyles. Neoclassical remained the architectural style for public buildings. Balloon frame construction enabled Americans to build homes at a rapid clip.

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Artists and Builders (cont'd) Housing for the common man became cheaper and more accessible.

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The Growth of Democracy, 1824 - 1840 Jacksonian Democracy and the Second Party System led to major changes in politics as well as a wider political community. Sectionalism and nationalism continued to create unresolved conflicts. The economic, political and social divergence of North and South increased in the Age of Jackson.