In early 2016, the African Development Bank (AfDB) asked Vivid Economics to review emissions reduction plans and investment needs identified in African countries’ Intended Nationally Determined Contributions (INDCs) under the UNFCCC, to inform the AfDB’s support to African countries in responding to climate change. This assessment of all 53 published African INDCs identified that the continent as a whole has proposed ambitious responses to the climate challenge, with a particular focus on emissions reductions in the energy generation sector. The research also found that the energy sector is similarly of importance in Africa’s adaptation needs. The wide range of measures identified in African INDCs will require significant support, of which 80 per cent is expected to come from the international community.