IntroductionThe information security has undergone two major changes with the evolution of computers. The need for automated tools for protecting information stored on the computer became evident. The collection of tools designed to protect data and to thwart hackers is computer security. The introduction of distributed systems and the use of networks and communications facilities for carrying data between terminal user and computer and between computer and computer leaded to network security.

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3. Preserving confidentiality, integrity, and availability of data is a restatement of the concern over interruption, interception, modification, and fabrication. How do the first three concepts relate to the last four? That is, is any of the four equivalent to one or more of the three? Is one of the three encompassed by one or more of the four?
4. Describe an example in which absolute denial of service to a user (that is, the user gets no response from the computer) is a serious problem to that user. Describe another example where 10 percent denial of service to a user (that is, the user's computation progresses, but at a rate 10 percent slower than normal) is a serious problem to that user. Could access by unauthorized people to a computing system result in a 10 percent denial of service to the legitimate users? How?
5. Developers often think of software quality in terms of faults and failures. Faults are problems, such as loops that never terminate or misplaced commas in statements, that developers can see by looking at the code. Failures are problems, such as a system crash or the invocation of the wrong function, that are visible to the user. Thus, faults can exist in programs but never become failures, because the conditions under which a fault becomes a failure are never reached. How do software vulnerabilities fit into this scheme of faults and failures? Is every fault a vulnerability? Is every vulnerability a fault?
6. Consider a program that...

...Cloud Computing and Security Challenges
ABSTRACT
Cloud Computing recently emerged as a promising solution to information technology (IT) management. IT managers look to cloud computing as a means to maintain a flexible and scalable IT infrastructure that enables business agility. In this paper Cloud Computing services including data storage service, cloud computing operating system and software as a service will be introduced, Cloud Computingsecurity challenges will be discussed and Cisco Secure Cloud Data Center Framework will be presented.
Categories and Subject Descriptors C.2.1 [Internet] General Terms
Security
Keywords
Cloud Computing, Security
1. INTRODUCTION
In the early years between 1960 and 1961 John McCarthy, an American computer scientist and cognitive scientist, came up with the idea of computer or information utility. In 1961 at MIT Centennial John McCarthy pointed out “If computers of the kind I have advocated become the computers of the future, then computing may someday be organized as a public utility just as the telephone system is a public utility... The computer utility could become the basis of a new and important industry.” [1]. Cloud Computing has developed from McCarthy’s idea of utility computing which begins the commoditization...

...Cloud Computing is a process of delivering a companies or individual’s applications and documents from any place, at any time, on any device. It is also a process in which hosted services are delivered through the internet.
Cloud computing helps in bringing together complex IT documents in a small number of places, which can be managed easily. Although cloud computing has its advantages such as simplicity and cost, there are certain security concerns which have been brought about by users, as it involves storing important, and critical data in a shared and public environment. The issues on security concerns can be explained as follows:
Data storage Location
When a company or individual uses cloud they would not know where their data is being held, including the personal, sensitive and critical documents. The data are obviously residing in a specific county and is unknown to the cloud user. Different countries have various privacy policies and laws according to their jurisdiction. A concern is that, if the cloud provider would commit themselves to obeying the privacy requirements of the holding country on behalf of the cloud users, who are their valuable customers.
User Access
According to the EU Law personal information can only be obtained due to a valid reason by a service provider. If an organization or hosting service such as cloud obtains and maintains a company’s confidential and critical...

...Cloud ComputingSecurity Threats and Responses
Farzad Sabahi
Faculty of Computer Engineering
Azad University
Iran
fsabahi@ieee.org
Abstract-Cloud
Hybrid clouds. A public cloud is standard model which
providers make several resources, such as applications and
storage, available to the public. Public cloud services may be
free or not. In public clouds which they are running
applications externally by large service providers and offers
some benefits over private clouds. Private Cloud refers to
internal services of a business that is not available for
ordinary people. Essentially Private clouds are a marketing
term for an architecture that provides hosted services to
particular group of people behind a firewall. Hybrid cloud is
an environment that a company provides and controls some
resources internally and has some others for public use. Also
there is combination of private and public clouds that called
Hybrid cloud. In this type, cloud provider has a service that
has private cloud part which only accessible by certified staff
and protected by firewalls from outside accessing and a
public cloud environment which external users can access to
it. There are three major types of service in the cloud
environment: SaaS, PaaS, and laaS [1]. In cloud, similar to
every proposed technology, there are some issues which
involved it and one of them is RAS factor. For having good
and high performance, cloud provider must meet...

...A Reference Security Management Plan
for Energy Infrastructure
Prepared by the Harnser Group for the European Commission
Summer 2010
Under Contract TREN/C1/185/2009
A Reference Security Management Plan for Energy Infrastructure
Foreword
The European Union is developing its policy on critical energy
infrastructures in relation to the European Programme for Critical
Infrastructure Protection (“EPCIP”) which considers measures that
will enhance, where necessary, the level of protection of certain
infrastructures against external threats.
The integrity of energy infrastructures and their reliable operation are key factors in ensuring
the supply in energy, vital for the well-being of the citizens and the functioning of the economy.
For this reason energy infrastructure is considered as a priority for the implementation of the
EPCIP, hence the policy adopted in December 2008, under Council Directive 2008/114/EC on
the identification and designation of European critical infrastructures and the need to improve
their protection, has the energy sector in its scope. As one of a number of requirements, this
Directive included the creation of an Operator Security Plan for all infrastructures designated
as European Critical.
The European Commission’s Directorate General for Energy tasked an external contractor to
prepare a non-binding Reference Security Management Plan. This is intended to be a useful...

...Analysing Various Security Aspects of Web and Mobile Cloud Computing
Abstract
In this paper, we have discussed security issues for web and mobile cloud computing. Cloud computing provides Internet-based services, computing, and storage for users in all markets including financial, healthcare, and government. This new approach to computing allows users to avoid upfront hardware and software investments, gain flexibility, collaborate with others, and take advantage of the sophisticated services that cloud providers offer. However, security is a huge concern for cloud users. Mobile cloud computing could be defined as – the availability of cloud computing services in a mobile ecosystem. This includes many elements like consumer, enterprise, transcending, end to end security, home gateways and mobile broadband enabled services. Also since the terms ‘mobile’ and ‘wireless’ are used interchangeably, now consider here Mobile – ‘anywhere anytime’ and wireless is ‘without wires’. Thus mobile is ‘wireless’. Hence, we are talking of ‘anywhere anytime secure data accesses to analyze the security risks confronted by mobile computing and present the existing security mechanisms. Cloud computing is the next generation of networking, since it can deliver both...

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Security Risks in Cloud Computing
University Writing Essentials / ENG 147
Security Risks in Cloud Computing
With technology as advanced as it is today, most find that security in Cloud computing is more secure and better when in fact the risks are higher than ever before. What could be presumed safe, could in fact present a major vulnerability in the eyes of a hacker. When accessing the Cloud, users depend on the security, which in turn subjects them to security risks in privacy, security, and data accessibility. If users avoid these risks, it can lead to grave results that could include losing sensitive information or worse, having someone’s identity stolen. David Geer states how these vulnerabilities and risks lead to problems by saying, “While these cloud applications may offer quick resolution to specific feature needs, the risks and vulnerabilities they introduce can lead to significant costs in damages...”. Privacy, Security, and Data are risks users take today when depending fully on the security Cloud has to offer. (Geer, 2013, par 21).
In today's world in Cloud Computing, data can be easily accessed from any unknown source with Internet capabilities. Due to the limitless control this may present, the user may find that their privacy has been unknowingly invaded. Hidden from the users,...

...Network security concepts
Network security starts with authenticating, commonly with a username and a password. Since this requires just one detail authenticating the user name —i.e. the password— this is sometimes termed one-factor authentication. With two-factor authentication, something the user 'has' is also used (e.g. a security token or 'dongle', an ATM card, or a mobile phone); and with three-factor authentication, something the user 'is' is also used (e.g. a fingerprint or retinal scan).
Once authenticated, a firewall enforces access policies such as what services are allowed to be accessed by the network users.[2] Though effective to prevent unauthorized access, this component may fail to check potentially harmful content such as computer worms or Trojans being transmitted over the network. Anti-virus software or an intrusion prevention system (IPS)[3] help detect and inhibit the action of such malware. An anomaly-based intrusion detection system may also monitor the network like wireshark traffic and may be logged for audit purposes and for later high-level analysis.
Communication between two hosts using a network may be encrypted to maintain privacy.
Honeypots, essentially decoy network-accessible resources, may be deployed in a network as surveillance and early-warning tools, as the honeypots are not normally accessed for legitimate purposes. Techniques used by the attackers that attempt to compromise these...