The Parents' Review

A Monthly Magazine of Home-Training and Culture

Edited by Charlotte Mason.

"Education is an atmosphere, a discipline, a life."
______________________________________

Hyde Abbey and King Alfred

by the EditorVolume 12, no. 9, 1901, pgs. 718-722

Follow the Itchen up through Eastgate Street, and you find yourself in
a tract which might well be in Northamptonshire, every field being
bounded on its four sides by "brooks," otherwise dykes, in some cases.
three or four of these brooks running side by side. You pass Danemark
Mead, suggestive of the days when the "mark" or boundary of "lord Dane"
enchroached on the city walls; keep without the walls, and bear to the
north, and you reach the scanty ruins of Hyde Abbey, not Alfred's
original "Newan Mynstre," ["new monastary"] which stood side by side with the cathedral,
but that abbey built by Henry I. to relieve the cathedral of an
embarrasing neighbour. Hither the monks brought the tombs and remains
of how many royal persons is matter of conjecture, but, within the last
century, three stone coffins were discovered, conceivably the coffins
of Alfred, his wife (Alswitha), and his son (Edward the Elder), most
interesting relics, being the only memorials left of England's greatest
king.

Towards the end of the eighteenth century, this one spot directly
associated with King Alfred was decided upon as a fitting site for a
county Bridwell, and there as a great clearing away of venerable
"rubbish," and using up of old material. In 1850 the Bridewell was
pulled down and rows of mean houses were built upon the spot; even then
objects of interest were turned up.

That the life of Alfred belonged to Winchester as entirely as some of
its historians assert, is probably a mistake. The Saxon kings were not
stationary; in Hampshire alone we have three or four royal "vills," and
the neighbouring counties were as freely provided. It would seem as if
it were held to be part of the king's duty to move about freely in his
dominions, living now here, and now there, so that he should be
accessible to his subjects wherever the bounds of their habitations
were fixed. The Bishop of Winton or of Sherborne usually traelled with
the King of Wessex, and no doubt, Alfred's "Palace School" followed the
king. But he would not be in Winchester for the meetings of the
Aitanagemot? That is another common error made about Winchester as the
royal city of the Saxon kings; the Witan appears to have followed the
king, or rather to have been convened to meet at the villa which he
happened to be at; thus we have a Witanagemot at Andover, more than one
at Southampton, and, of the one hundred and seven of these great
councils of which Mr. Kemble has been able to find some record, only
seven took place at Winchester within a period of three centuries. Of
these there was that great Witan which sets its seal to the laws of
Cnut, and that which the Confesor—Norman at heart and in habit—was
crowned, leaving only five purely Saxon meetings of the wise men; and
not one of these was during the reign of Alfred.

For one year, at any rate, we have indirect evidence that Alfred was not
at Winton, for Asser, then on his way to the king, was laid up at
Winton for a whole year with a fever, and the king sent letters to know
why he tarried, but did not see him until Asser was able to resume his
journey. Then, "I was honourably received in the royal city of
Leonaford," says Asser, "and that time stayed eight months in his
court. I translated and read to him whatever books he wished which were
within our reach; for it was his peculiar and perpetual custom, by day
and night, amidst all his other afflictions of mind and body," (Alfred,
with all his vigour and courage, laboured all his life under a
distressing and painful disease) "either to read books himself or to
have them read to him by others."

There are, however, grounds enough for supposing that Alfred loved
Winton and was often there; to say nothing of early associations, the
special splendour with which the three great yearly festivals of the
church were observed in Ethelwold's cathedral would draw him as it did
later kings. Then there was his own Newan Mynstre; Asser's remark, "that
he caused edifices to be constructed from his own new designs, more
venerable and precious than those which his predecessors had raised,"
may very well include the minster, and may be a delicate way of saying
that Alfred's abbey (which he did not live to finish) was finer than
that of Ethelwold. That he would be on the spot to see his works
carried out there is little doubt, being himself an enthusiastic
architect, who brought artificers from many nations, and "regularly
appropriated a sixth of his yearly revenues to pay their expenses."
[History of the Anglo-Saxons, by Sharon Turner] But the king built a
great deal, not only halls and royal apartments fo wood or stone,
astonishing for their splendour, but cities and towns, sometimes
destroying those on their ancient sites, and building of stone what had
hitherto been of wood, and there is no doubt that royal Winton had its
full share in the king's improvements.

One other circumstance would draw Alfred to Winchester— his hungry
desire for books and learning and learned men. It is true he carried
these last about with him. The four learned Mercians, Plegumund,
Werfrith, Ethelstan and Werwulf; John (the Irishman), Grimbald, and
Asser himself; but a rich abbey under a learned abbot would have books
and means of study which a royal villa might very well want. Here was
Swithun's Priory and the Newan Mynstre ready for habitation. He placed
Grimbald at the head of it, and here we may imagine the king taking
counsel with this knot of learned men over some difficult passage in
the ancients; for what the king had set himself to do was no less than
to provide his people with a literature in their own tongue, to give
them in Anglo-Saxon the best that had ever written in the Latin tongue.
"He put into English a great part of the Roman compositions," says
Geoffrey of Malmsbury, "the number of his versions was not known."

"When I remembered," says Alfred himself, "how the learning of the
Latin tongue before this was fallen through the English nation, and
yet many could read English, then began I, among much other manifold
business of this kingdom, to turn into English the book named
Pastoralis, or the herdsman's book, sometimes word for word, sometimes
sense for sense, so as I had learned of Plegmund, my archbishop; and of
Asser, my bishop; of Grimbald, my mass priest; and of John, my mass
priest; and, as I understood and could most intellectually express it,
I have turned it into English."

How Alfred got his learned men together, we see in the case of this
Grimbald of Winton, whom he appears to have met so long ago as when his
father took him to Rome. "He sent an honourable embassy of bishops,
prebysters, deacons, and religious laymen to Fulco, the Archbishop of
Rheims, within whose district Grimbald resided," and these carried
munificent presents, and prayed of Fulco on the king's behalf, that
Grimbald might be allowed to leave his functions in France, and come to
the king in England.

Every trace of this noble and beautiful nature is so attractive that we
are tempted to linger too long in establishing associations between
Alfred and his Winton. Just an extract or two, to show the quality of
his mind and the enlightenment of his piety, and we have done:—

"Then said I, 'I wonder why so many wise men should have laboured so
much on this subject, and have found out so little that was wise.'

"Then quoth he (Alfred), 'Why wonderest thou so much? Is it so easy to
be understood? How! knowest thou not that many things are not
understood so as they exist, but according to the quality of
understanding of him that inquires after them. Such is wisdom. No man
from this world can understand it, such as it really is; though every
man strives according to the quality of his understanding, that he may
perceive it if he can. Wisdom may entirely comprehend us, such as we
are, though we may not wholly comprehend that, such as it is in itself,
because wisdom is God."

And this prayer of the King:—

"Grant now, O Lord, to our minds that they may ascend to Thee from the
difficulties of this world; that from the occupations here they may
come to Thee. With the opened eyes of our mind may we behold the noble
fountain of all good! Thou Art This. Give us then a healthy sight to
our understanding, that we may fasten it upon Thee. Drive away this
mist that now hangs before our mental vision, and enlighten our eyes
with Thy light. For Thou art the brightness of the true light. Thou art
the soft rest of the just. Thou causest them to see it. Thou art the
beginning of all things, and their end. Thou supportest all things
without fatigue. Thou art the path and the leader, and the place to
which the path conducts us. All men tend to Thee."

The second Hyde Abbey, built by Henry I., to which the remains of a
great Alfred were borne in solemn procession, became a very
distinguished monastery indeed, the head of it a mitred abbot. The
"fire-balls" reached thus far during the blockade of the royal castle
in Stephen's reign. That the abbey was burnt to the ground is a common
tradition; at any rate, it suffered greatly, but was rebuilt, with more
magnificence than before, by Henry II., since which time it continued
to flourish till the dissolution of the greater houses in 1537. All
that is left of it is some fragments of wall, a gateway, and two or
three low and narrow doorways. The old church of St. Batholomew, on the
spot, appears, from its Norman door and lancet windows, to be fully as
great antiquity as the abbey.