Nationalism in india.

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NATIONALISM IN INDIA

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The First World War The First World War played an important role in shaping India’s freedom struggle and developing new modes of struggle in the following ways :o Increase in Defense expenditure due to the war led to the increase in taxes, custom duties, prices and the introduction of war loans.o During the war, prices increased dramatically (almost doubled) which led to extreme hardships,o Poverty and forced recruitments in the army made people hostile to the British rule.o During 1918–19 and 1920–21, food shortages due to the failure of crops and famines and epidemics, that took a heavy toll of life, created resentment among the people of India against the foreign rule.

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Satyagraha The idea of satyagraha emphasised the power of truth and the need to search for truth. It suggested that if the cause was true, if the struggle was against injustice, then physical force was not necessary to fight the oppressor. Mahatma Gandhi believed satyagraha could unite all Indians.Application of Gandhi’s Satyagraha : o In 1916 Gandhiji organised a satyagraha against the oppressive plantation system in Champaran (Bihar). o In 1917 Gandhiji led a satyagraha in Kheda district of Gujarat, demanding relaxation of the revenue tax owing to the poverty experienced by the farmers because of the outbreak of plague and crop failure. o In 1918 Gandhiji organised a Satyagraha against the cotton mill worker in Ahmedabad.

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The Rowlatt Act In 1919 The Rowlatt Act was passed by the British Government. This act gave the government enormous powers for repressing political activities and allowed detention of political prisoners for two years without any trail. Opposition : o On 6th April, 1919 Gandhi started the non-violent civil disobedience movement for opposing the Rowlatt Act with a nation-wide hartal. o Shops were closed down, rallies were organised and rail workshop workers went on strike. o On 10th April, 1919 in Amritsar widespread attacks on banks, post offices and railway stations took place. Britishs Response : o Government brutally repressed the nationalists. o Martial law was imposed and General Dyer took command.

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Jallianwala Bagh Massacre, 13th April, 1919 A number of people had assembled at Jallianwala Bagh in Amritsar for attendingthe annual Baisakhi fair. General Dyer surrounded the park and opened fire on the crowd,killing hundreds of people. Aftermath of Jallianwala Bagh Massacre : o Crowds took to the streets in many north Indian towns. Strikes, clashes with the police and attacks on government buildings were extensively witnessed. o The British used brutal repression, seeking to humiliate and terrorise people. People were flogged and villages were bombed. o This violence forced Gandhi to stop the movement.

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Non-Cooperation Movement Non-Cooperation movement began in January 1921. Various social groups participated in this Movement. Each social groups had their own aspiration but all fought together for the Swaraj but the term meant differently from group to group. Causes : o Khilafat issue : After the Rowlatt satyagraha Mahatma Gandhi felt to launch a more broad based movement. So he took up the Khilafat issue. The First World War had ended with the defeat of Ottoman Turkey. There were rumors that a harsh treaty would be imposed on the Khilafat. So a Khilafat Committee was formed in March 1919 to defend the Khilafat’s temporal powers.

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o Rowlatt Act : The dissatisfaction from the Rowlatt Act and the failure of the Rowlatt Satyagraha . o Jallianwala Bagh : The atrocious killing of hundreds of innocent people by the British at Jallianwala Bagh had made the Indian masses resentful towards the British rule. Methods : o Surrendered government titles, o Boycotted civil services, army, police, courts and legislative councils, school, and foreign goods o And if the British Government used repression , a full civil disobedience campaign would be launched.

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 Disagreements : o Few Congress members were not in support of the idea of boycotting the council elections as they wanted to bring about changes in the system by being in power. o C.R. Das and Motilal Nehru formed the Swaraj Party within the Congress to argue for a return to council politics. o Some leaders feared the movement to turn violent. Some Important Events During Non-Cooperation Movement : o Khilafat Committee was formed with leaders such as Muhammad Ali and Shaukat Ali in March 1919 in Bombay. o Mahatma Gandhi in the Calcutta session of the Congress, convinced other leaders of the need to start a non-cooperation movement in support of Swaraj in September 1919. o Non-cooperation programme adopted by the Congress on December, 1920 at the Congress session at Nagpur.

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o The Movement in the Towns :  Steps taken : • The students left government controlled schools and colleges, headmasters and teachers resigned, • Lawyers gave up their legal practices and the council elections were boycotted in most provinces except Madras. • Foreign goods were boycotted, liquor shops picketed and foreign cloth burnt in huge bonfires.  Effect : • The import of foreign cloth halved , its value dropping from Rs 102 crore to Rs 57 crore. • Merchants and traders refused to trade in foreign goods or finance foreign trade. • Production of Indian textile mills and handlooms went up.  Obstructions Faced : • Khadi cloth was more expensive than mass than mass produced mill cloth and poor people could not afford to buy it. • Indian educational institutions were slow to come in place of the boycotted British ones.

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 Rebellion in the Countryside : o The peasants had to do begar and work without pay in the farms of oppressive landlords. The peasant movement demanded reduction of revenue, abolition of begar and social boycott of oppressive landlords. o In Awadh, the houses of talukdars and merchants were attacked, bazaars were looted and grain hoards were taken over in many places. o Local leaders told the peasants that Gandhiji had declared that no taxes were to be paid and land was to be redistributed among the poor. o Nai-dhobi bands were organised by the panchayats for depriving landlords of the services of even barbers and washer men. o The Oudh Kisan Sabha was set up headed by Jawaharlal Nehru, Baba Ramchandra and few others in October. Revolt by Tribals : o The government had closed large forest areas, preventing people from entering the forest to graze their cattle or to collect fuel wood and fruits. o Alluri Sitaram Raju led the guerrilla warfare in the Gudem Hills of Andhra Pradesh .

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o The rebels attacked police stations, attempted to kill British officials and carried on guerrilla warfare for achieving swaraj. Swaraj in the Plantations : • Under the Inland Emigration Act of 1859, the plantation workers were not allowed to leave the tea gardens without permission. • Thousands of workers defied the authorities, left the plantations and headed home. • They believed that Gandhi raj was coming and everyone would be given land in their own villages. On February , 1922 Mahatma Gandhi decided to withdraw the Non-Cooperation Movement because of its violent face in many places.

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Simon Commission It was constituted by the Tory government of Britain under pressure of mass movements in India. Sir John Simon was the Chairman of this Commission. Sought to look into the demands of the nationalists and suggest changes in the constitutional structure of India. Arrived in India in 1928. Congress and the Muslim League along with the other parties received the commission with black flags and slogans such as “Go back Simon”. In October 1929, The Commission recommended a “dominion status” for India in coming future and a Round Table Conference for discussing a future constitution for India. Effects of Simon Commission : o December, 1929: Under the presidency of Jawaharlal Nehru, the Lahore session of Congress formalized the demand of “Purna Swaraj”. 26th January, 1930 was celebrated as the Independence Day. o 1930: Dr. B. R. Ambedkar established the Depressed Classes Association.

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Civil Disobedience Movement Gandhiji chose salt as the medium for protesting against the British rule as Salt was something consumed by the rich and the poor alike, and it was one of the most essential items of food. On 31st January 1930, Gandhi sent a letter to Viceroy Irwin stating eleven demands ranging from industrialists to peasants. The most important of the demands was the abolition of salt tax. The government was asked to accept the demands by 11th march, or else a full civil disobedience campaign would be launched Salt March : o Marked the beginning of the Civil Disobedience Movement. Mahatma Gandhi started his famous salt march accompanied by 78 of his trusted volunteers. o Started from Mahatma Gandhi’s ashram in Sabarmati to the Gujarati coastal town of Dandi, spanning a distance of 240 miles. o On 6th April , 1930 Mahatma Gandhi reached Dandi with thousands of followers and ceremonially violated the law by manufacturing salt from sea water by boiling it.

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 Spread : o Soon, the movement spread to the entire nation. o Colonial laws were violated, salt was manufactured in numerous places and in front of government salt factories. o Foreign clothes were burnt o Liquor shops were picketed. o Peasants refused to pay revenue and chaukidari taxes. o Village officials resigned o In many places people violated forest laws by going into reserved forests for collecting wood and graze cattle Government’s Response : o In April, 1930 Abdul Ghaffar Khan was arrested o In May, 1930 Gandhiji was arrested o Peaceful satyagrahis were attacked ,Women and children were beaten by the government and o About 100,000 people were arrested.

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 Gandhi - Irwin Pact And End Of Movement : o On 5th March , Gandhiji called off the movement entering into a pact with Viceroy Lord Irwin. He consented to participate in the Round Table Conference and the government agreed to release the political prisoners. o In December, 1931 Gandhiji went to London for the Second Round Table Conference. The conference held was unprofitable as nothing fruitful came out of it for India . Re-launch Of The Movement : o When Gandhi returned from the Round Table Conference he discovered that Ghaffar Khan and Jawaharlal Nehru were in jail, the Congress had been declared illegal, and a series of procedures had been enforced to prevent meetings, demonstrations and boycotts. o With great apprehension, Mahatma Gandhi re-launched the Civil Disobedience Movement in 1932, but by 1934 it lost momentum.

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Participation by Peopleo Rich Communities :  Rich peasant communities such as the Patidars of Gujarat and the Jats of Uttar Pradesh took part in the movement. As they produced commercial crop they were hit hard by Trade depression and falling prices.  That caused a decrease in the cash income of these rich peasant communities. So they decided to oppose the high revenue demands of the government through their participation in the Civil Disobedience Movement.o Poorer Peasantry :  Poorer peasantry were mainly small tenants that had rented land from landlords.  They found difficulties in paying their rent due to the depression and the decrease in the cash income, so they wanted the unpaid rent to the landlord to be remitted.  They also had participated in many radicals movement led by socialists.

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o Business Class :  The business class wanted protection against imports of foreign goods and a rupee- sterling foreign exchange ratio that would discourage imports  They formed the Indian Industrial and Commercial Congress in 1920 and the Federation of the Indian Chamber of Commerce and Industries (FICCI) in 1927 and supported the Civil Disobedience Movement.o Industrial worker class :  They didn’t participated in large numbers except in the Nagpur region.  But only some workers participated in the Civil Disobedience Movement boycott of foreign goods.o Women :  They participated in protest marches, manufactured salt, and picketed foreign cloth and liquor shops because of which many went to jail  There was a large scale participation of women in the Civil Disobedience Movement.

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Causes of failure of the Movement The Civil Disobedience Movement was called off without the fulfillment of the demand of the rich peasant communities. When the movement was re-launched , many rich peasant communities decided not to join the Civil Disobedience Movement. The Congress was unwilling to support the “no rent” campaigns due to the fear of upsetting the rich peasants and landlords. The spread of militant activities, worries of prolonged business disruptions, growing influences of socialism amongst the young Congress members and the failure of the Round Table Conference led to the withdrawal of support to the movement by the business class. Industrial workers did not participate in the Civil Disobedience Movement except in Nagpur. The Dalits (untouchables) did not participate as the Congress sided with the conservative high-caste Hindus. Muslim organizations and communities also sparsely participated in the movement. The Muslims alienated from the movement due to the fear of the dominance of the Hindu majority.

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Upsurge of Nationalism A sense of unity and nationalism was inspired by history and fiction, folklore and songs, popular prints and symbols. Abanindranath Tagores image of Bharat Mata and Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay’s song Vande Mataram united many people and communities. During the Swadeshi Movement, a tri-colour (red, green and yellow) flag was designed. It had eight lotuses representing eight provinces of British India and a crescent moon, representing Hindus and Muslims. In 1921, Gandhiji had designed the tri-colour Swaraj flag (red, green and yellow) with the spinning wheel at the centre. This flag represented the Gandhian ideal of self-help And became a symbol of defiance. The glorious developments in the ancient times when art and architecture, science and mathematics, religion and culture, law and philosophy, and crafts and trade flourished were discovered with the help of history. This instilled pride and united the Indians.