ROBERT J. SAMUELSON: OBAMA’S QUEST FOR GREATNESS

The “legacy thing” may be harder than Barack Obama imagines. Beginning his second term, Obama has a focused, though unstated, agenda: to achieve presidential greatness in the eyes of historians and Americans. In this, he will almost certainly fail. He is already a historic president as the first African-American to be elected, but there is a chasm between being historic and being great.

Presidents are ultimately judged not by their total record, or by their ability to enact their agendas, or by their popularity. They are judged by whether they get a few very big decisions right or wrong. Lyndon Johnson is mostly remembered for failure in Vietnam; it overshadows the passage of two landmark civil rights bills and approval of Medicare and Medicaid. Richard Nixon is not celebrated for creating the Environmental Protection Agency, expanding food stamps or opening talks with China; Watergate dwarfs all.

These appraisals are made while a president is in office and, more definitively, after he’s left. Does a president’s performance stand the test of time based on what happens later? Did his policies advance or retard the nation’s well-being? Were they wise or simply expedient? Depending on the answers, much else can be forgiven or forgotten, as Robert Merry shows in his engaging book “Where They Stand: The American Presidents in the Eyes of Voters and Historians.”

Consider Harry Truman. For his last year in office, he was deeply unpopular. His approval rating hit a low of 22 percent. The Korean War frustrated Americans; the White House was accused of cronyism. Yet historians rank him in the top 10 presidents. Merry relates Truman’s reaction to the Soviets’ 1948 overland blockade of Berlin “to starve out the city [and] bring it under the Soviet yoke.” His top advisers concluded that U.S. withdrawal was inevitable. To which Truman responded: “We stay in Berlin. Period.” The Berlin Airlift followed.

“That decision helps explain why Truman is ranked so high by historians,” writes Merry. With hindsight, many momentous choices seemed correct: ending World War II with atomic bombs; adopting the Marshall Plan and the policy of “containment” against the Soviets; desegregating the military.

The first requirement of presidential greatness is that the country faces a mortal peril: something that puts the America experiment – its embrace of freedom and equality, its trust in democratic institutions, and its belief in itself – at risk. The great presidents have all defused that risk.

In 1789, no one knew whether the Constitution would survive; Washington’s stature inspired loyalty that gave the system permanence. Lincoln’s single-minded pursuit of total victory over the Confederacy – when many in the North, discouraged by the endless bloodshed and inconclusive combat, wanted a truce – saved the Union and ended slavery. FDR preserved the nation’s democratic political values and institutions in the face of an economic collapse that gave rise, from left and right, to calls for radical change; and, of course, he presided over victory in World War II.

Obama will be denied a similar opportunity because, for all the nation’s serious problems, none yet rises to the level of mortal peril. Obama’s reputation will necessarily be less exalted.

He is probably fooling himself if he thinks Obamacare, by itself, ensures him a spot close to the top in the presidential rankings. Medicare and Medicaid (far larger insurance expansions) didn’t do that for LBJ, so why should a lesser achievement do it for Obama? Indeed, if the implementation goes badly (coverage overestimated, costs underestimated), Obamacare could backfire.

Still, Obama’s enthusiasm for it is telling. Even without the 2008-09 financial crisis, he would have arrived in office just when the retirement of baby boomers was slowing the economy and raising – through Social Security and Medicare – government spending. The cost of government was increasing; the capacity to pay was decreasing. In these circumstances, Obama chose to expand government. His frame of reference was backward-looking: the fulfillment of a liberal agenda conceived from the 1930s to the 1960s.

But history’s verdict will be present-oriented and forward-looking. How have his fateful decisions played in the real world? Obama’s reputation will ultimately depend on a handful of these, including (probably) his handling of the economy in the dark months of early 2009, Iran’s nuclear program, the federal budget and, perhaps, something now unimagined. “Crises demand leadership,” writes Merry, “and in the American system that leadership can come only from the president.” Not just leadership, but leadership in the right direction.