Forti Corse, commonly known as Forti, was an Italianmotor racing team chiefly known for its brief and unsuccessful involvement in Formula One in the mid-1990s. It was established in the late 1970s and competed in lower formulae for two decades. The team's successes during this period included four Drivers' Championships in Italian Formula Three during the 1980s, and race wins in the International Formula 3000 championship, in which it competed from 1987 to 1994. From 1992, team co-founder Guido Forti developed a relationship with the wealthy Brazilian businessman Abílio dos Santos Diniz that gave Diniz's racing driver son, Pedro, a permanent seat in the team and the outfit a sufficiently high budget to consider entering Formula One.

Forti graduated to Formula One as a constructor and entrant in 1995, but its first car—the Forti FG01—proved to be uncompetitive, and the team failed to score a point. Despite this setback, Forti was committed to a three-year deal with Diniz, which was broken when Pedro moved to the Ligier team prior to the 1996 season, taking most of the team's sponsorship money with him. Nevertheless, Forti continued to compete in the sport, and produced the much-improved FG03 chassis, before succumbing to financial problems mid-season after an ultimately fruitless deal with a mysterious entity known as Shannon Racing. The team competed in a total of 27 Grands Prix, scoring no points, and is recognised as one of the last truly privateer teams to race in an era when many large car manufacturers were increasing their involvement in the sport.

For 1987, Forti moved up to International Formula 3000 with less immediate success than experienced in Formula Three.[2] The main reason for this was the chassis the team chose to compete with. Instead of using customer Lolas, Marches or Ralts, all of which were produced by established companies who had many years' experience of designing and building such cars, Forti stuck with their Italian Formula Three chassis supplier Gian Paolo Dallara, who had just designed his company's first F3000 machine. Forti was the first team to use this machine, which was dubbed the Dallara 3087 (a chassis which later would make a single appearance in Formula One for the BMS Scuderia Italia team, as that team's car was not ready for the first race of the 1988 season). This combination of an inexperienced team and an untested car did not score any points in its first F3000 year, nor did the team attend every race on the schedule.[2] Forti used 1988 to gain valuable experience in F3000, and this helped the team to perform better in following seasons, as did a change to more competitive Lola and then Reynard chassis.[2]

After a full season in 1988 and the team's first championship points, courtesy of Claudio Langes in 1989, it became apparent that Forti was improving as a competitive force. In 1990, Gianni Morbidelli scored Forti's first victory in an F3000 race,[2] and although no Forti driver won a championship title in this category, the team established itself as a frequent front-runner, scoring nine wins and five pole positions in International F3000. From 1993 onwards, Forti concentrated solely on F3000, and ran drivers such as Naspetti, Fabrizio Giovanardi, Andrea Montermini and Hideki Noda.[2]1991 was Forti's most successful season in F3000, with Naspetti finishing third in the Drivers' Championship, ten points behind champion Christian Fittipaldi. Although the team's form dipped over subsequent years, by 1994 Forti was the most experienced team in the championship, employing Noda and Pedro Diniz as drivers.

As his team became more successful, Guido Forti started to think about a move upwards, into Formula One. However, there had been several discouragingly recent examples of teams, such as Coloni and Onyx, which had graduated from F3000 into Formula One and failed more or less immediately due to a lack of finance. Conversely, Eddie Jordan had shown that the move could be made successfully, with an impressive performance in 1991 with his Jordan team, which had finished fifth in the Constructors' Championship with a total of seven points-scoring finishes. Forti considered a solid financial base to be the most important factor for success. In 1991 he therefore started working on his Formula One project. At the end of 1992, he signed a deal with wealthy Brazilian driver Pedro Diniz, whose personal fortune and sponsorship connections proved invaluable in increasing the team's budget.[2] Diniz's father, Abílio dos Santos, was the owner of the large Brazilian distribution company Companhia Brasileira de Distribuição and the supermarket chain Pão de Açúcar. By offering companies preferential product-placement in the Brazilian market, the Diniz family was able to obtain personal sponsorship deals with brands such as Arisco, Duracell, Gillette, Kaiser, Marlboro, Parmalat and Sadia, in addition to backing from Unibanco, to fund Pedro's career.[5][6] By 1993, through Abílio dos Santos, Forti met Carlo Gancia, an Italo-Brazilian businessman.[2] Gancia became a co-owner of the team, buying Guerci's shares, and started working on the team's Formula One project. He finally managed to ensure a respectable budget for Formula One by late 1994, which was "effectively underwritten by the Diniz family".[2] He also hired several experienced personnel, including designer Sergio Rinland and former Ferrari team manager Cesare Fiorio.[2] Furthermore, retired driver René Arnoux was employed as a consultant and driver coach for Diniz.[7] Guerci remained with Forti as one of its race engineers.[8]

This securing of financial assistance and recruitment of staff meant that Forti's ability to participate in Formula One for 1995 was assured. Financed by the companies brought in by Abílio Diniz,[9] the team was guaranteed financial stability in the short term, with a claimed first year budget of around $17 million.[10] In addition, this was only the first year of a planned three-year contract with Diniz and his backers.[1]

The hardest task for the team was designing and building its own car for the first time, instead of buying one from a general supplier such as Dallara or Lola, as was required by the Formula One Technical Regulations. Guido Forti's first attempt at an F1 chassis, the Forti FG01, resulted in an outdated, overweight and very slow machine, and has been described as nothing more than "a revised F3000 car"[11] and, more harshly, "a fearful pile of junk".[12]

"It simply wasn't efficient and we had to restart it. We took off more than 60 kg from the first version to the last and by Silverstone [for the 1995 British Grand Prix] we were on the minimum weight limit. During the year we also had to re-homologate the nose and side pods, develop the semi-automatic gearbox, which was worth about half a second a lap, and redesign the monocoque, not in terms of shape but in terms of the lay-up of the skins."

The FG01 had many influences. Design consultant Rinland had previously worked on the Brabham BT60 chassis in 1991 and Fondmetal GR02 chassis in 1992, the latter under the auspices of his own company, Astauto, before moving to the United States to work on a Champ Car project. In late 1994, Forti bought the remaining assets of the now defunct Fondmetal team, including the remaining GR02 chassis, and requested Rinland's assistance in developing the bespoke Forti chassis based on a planned Fondmetal chassis for the 1993 season. Rinland thus provided a great deal of input on the FG01 chassis,[13] assisting experienced Italian engineers Giorgio Stirano[1] and Giacomo Caliri in designing and building the car.[3][10] The car's aerodynamics were completed by former Brabham, Fondmetal and Astauto employee Hans Fouche using wind tunnels in South Africa, and composite work was done by the Belco Avia company.[2][10] However, it was rumoured that the FG01 was little more than a re-working of the GR02.[10]

Thus the FG01 did not promise much in terms of performance. It was angular and bulky, with poor aerodynamic performance negatively affecting grip and handling; it had a plump nose, initially no airbox, and was overweight and under-powered, using a small Ford-Cosworth ED V8 customer engine largely financed by Ford do Brasil, which developed an estimated 100 bhp less than the most powerful engine in the field, the RenaultV10 supplied to the Benetton and Williams teams.[14] It was also the only car to have a manual gearbox in the 1995 F1 season. The car was liveried in a distinctive yellow-and-blue colour scheme accompanied by fluorescent green wheel-rims, illustrating the team's Brazilian influence in its first year. The precise hue of each colour was chosen as a tribute to Ayrton Senna, who had been killed at the 1994 San Marino Grand Prix; the cars were liveried in identical shades to those used on the Brazilian's helmet design.[7]

Forti's number one driver for the 1995 season was rookie Pedro Diniz who had raced for Forti in F3000, but without much success. However, he was guaranteed a seat as his family and sponsors were paying a significant amount of the team's budget.[1] The second driver was later confirmed as his more experienced compatriot Roberto Moreno, who had last competed in F1 back in 1992 when he had a disastrous year driving for the infamous Andrea Moda team. However, his seat was initially only guaranteed on a race-by-race basis,[15] as Portuguese driver Pedro Lamy, in addition to the team's former F3000 drivers Emanuele Naspetti and Andrea Montermini, were also considered.[3][16] It was speculated that whoever joined the team would be contractually bound to be number two to Diniz and that his father had insisted on an all-Brazilian driver line-up.[6][11][17] A Forti spokesman indeed confirmed that Moreno's nationality, in addition to his experience, was the main reason for his selection.[18] The team later attempted to enter its former F3000 driver Hideki Noda for the 1995 Pacific Grand Prix, but he was refused an FIA Super Licence.[19]

Unlike some of the existing teams, Forti was able to test its chassis extensively prior to the start of the season.[1] However, Diniz proved to be around seven seconds per lap off the pace of the leading runners in group testing at the Estoril circuit in March, indicating that the team was likely to be mired at the back of the field.[13] Diniz finished 10th in the season-opening Brazilian GP, but was seven laps down on winner Michael Schumacher. In Argentina, this situation became worse, as, although both drivers finished, they were both nine laps down on winner Damon Hill at the end of the race (with Diniz ahead) and neither were classified, as they had failed to complete 90% of the race distance. The drivers' similar fastest laps during the race were over ten seconds slower than Schumacher's fastest race lap, and almost five seconds slower than the next slowest runner's fastest lap (Domenico Schiattarella in the Simtek).[20]Imola was similarly poor, as both drivers finished seven laps down (with Diniz again ahead) and again failed to reach the 90% threshold for classification. Forti was already the butt of paddock jokes,[1] and were far slower than the other (and financially poorer) backmarkers: Pacific, Simtek, and Minardi. However, the budget enabled improvements to be made to the car. During the season, its weight was reduced by a significant 60 kilograms (approximately 10% of the F1 minimum weight limit of 595 kg[1]), and a semi-automatic gearbox, an airbox and redesigns of the front wing, sidepods and monocoque were introduced. The personnel count also doubled during the course of the season.[1] This resulted in a gradual improvement in pace throughout the year, and there were no more non-classified finishes.

In between the Brazilian and Argentine Grands Prix, Rinland returned to Europe full-time to take the official post of the team's Technical Director.[15] His long-term task was to establish an English-based design office for the team, but his initial job was to improve the competitiveness of the FG01 through a series of technical upgrades. However, Rinland subsequently left the team after a few weeks, after falling out with the team's management over the car's lack of competitiveness.[1][10]

Pedro Diniz driving the FG01 at the 1995 British GP. He retired on lap 13 with a broken gearbox.

Indeed, Forti's finishing record was good for rookies at 50% (excluding the non-classifications),[21] helping Diniz to establish a reputation as a steady, dependable driver.[1] Forti were then elevated when Simtek folded after the Monaco GP, and Pacific's lack of finance and development enabled Forti to start matching them from the half-way point of the season.[1] At the German GP, both Fortis outqualified both the Pacifics for the first time, and this happened on two further occasions during 1995. Forti's improvement was also aided by Pacific taking on two slower pay drivers, Giovanni Lavaggi and Jean-Denis Délétraz, to ensure that the team finished the season. At the final race of the season, in Adelaide, Forti seemed to have established a firm base for the 1996 season, emphasised by Moreno qualifying within 107% of pole position for the first time - a crucial result, as this percentage of the pole time would be used to determine non-qualifiers in 1996 - and Diniz scoring the team's best result in F1, with a reliable run to seventh place, ahead of Gachot in the Pacific. This was only one position behind the points-scoring placings.[22] Nevertheless, despite not scoring any points, Forti finished a de facto 11th in the Constructors' Championship, ahead of Pacific and Simtek by virtue of better finishes outside of the points.

Despite the progress made by Forti during the course of the season, 1995 was still regarded as a failure. The team had spent more money than its immediate rivals in designing, building and developing a fundamentally inefficient car.[10] Diniz and his sponsors were described as "throwing their money away",[12] and the Brazilian's reputation as a serious F1 driver was damaged, as it took him several years to prove that he was not just in the sport because of his funding.[25] In addition, Moreno's participation with Forti was lamented by many observers, who felt that the experienced driver did not deserve the ignominy of such an uncompetitive car.[12] The only positives were the reasonable reliability record and the fact that the Diniz family were contracted to fund the team for the next two years.[1]

A graph showing the Forti team's qualifying performances as a percentage of the pole position time throughout its involvement in Formula One. The 107% rule introduced for 1996 was a contributary factor to the team's failure mid-season.

With a solid base to build on and a healthy budget, 1996 looked promising for Forti.[1] The team negotiated for the most powerful and expensive Cosworth V8 engines in late 1995 to replace the outdated and underpowered ED models,[26] and its financial security was demonstrated by rumours during the 1995 season that the more competitive but less well-funded Minardi team was considering a merger with Forti as a means of maintaining its own presence in the sport.[27] However, these aspirations were dealt a devastating blow when Pedro Diniz signed for the more competitive Ligier team, taking Martin Brundle's vacated seat as the latter moved to Jordan. Forti's sponsors brought in by the Diniz family, including Parmalat and Marlboro, all left; the budget was significantly dented. For a time it seemed that the team would not compete in 1996 at all,[28] and its survival was constantly questioned.[9] The new car was delayed, and the team was forced to use the uprated FG01B car for the start of the season with the only slightly more competitive Ford Zetec-RV8 engine (instead of the "JS" unit it had been negotiating for),[29] and to rely on temporary sponsors. Nevertheless, Forti remained in the sport for the 1996 season. Moreno was not retained; the team signed Minardi and Pacific refugees Luca Badoer[30] and Montermini to take the two empty seats (although Hideki Noda was also considered[31]), both drivers bringing a small amount of personal backing. Frenchman Franck Lagorce was also signed as a test driver.[2] Pacific had folded during the off-season, and it was clear that Forti would be some way behind the rest of the field in the slow FG01B.[29] Badoer and Montermini failed to make the new 107% cut in qualifying for the Australian Grand Prix and thus did not start the race, but both then managed to qualify for the Grands Prix held in Brazil and Argentina, scoring a 10th- and an 11th-place finish between them in the races. Badoer, however, attracted attention in Argentina for a different reason. As Diniz attempted to lap him, the two collided and Badoer's car flipped over; the Italian escaping injury. Both cars then failed to qualify at the Nürburgring.

Forti produced a new chassis, the FG03, for the next race of the season in Imola. It had been designed by the same personnel as the previous year, with further work carried out by George Ryton after the latter moved to the team from Ferrari and took up the post of Technical Director mid-season.[32][33] Both drivers judged it a significant improvement over the old car, with increased aerodynamic downforce and directional sensitivity,[29] but there was only one FG03 available, and Montermini failed to qualify in the old car. Badoer, however, qualified last, but comfortably within the 107% cut-off, and only 0.7s behind Ricardo Rosset in the Footwork. Badoer finished 10th and last, but had suffered reliability problems in the new car and was two laps behind Pedro Lamy's Minardi. Both drivers qualified in Monaco, but Montermini crashed in the wet warm-up session and did not start the race, whilst Badoer struggled in the slippery conditions and took out Jacques Villeneuve as he was being lapped by the Williams. He was fined $5000 and received a two-race suspended ban.[34]

After the Monaco GP, there were rumours that Forti would not survive the season without some form of takeover. In the period before the next race, the Spanish GP, Belco Avia boss Arron Colombo announced that a deal had been reached between Guido Forti and an entity known as Shannon Racing for the latter to buy a 51% share of the team.[2] The deal was concluded later in the month, on June 30.[35] Shannon Racing and its parent company FinFirst were Irish-registered sections of a Milanese financial group, and had already established teams in various Formula Three championships and in International Formula 3000 in 1996. The group was keen to move into Formula One, and Forti provided an opportunity for this to happen. It was believed that Colombo had organised the deal, which was scheduled to continue throughout 1996 with an option for 1997, because Belco Avia was owed money by Forti. As part of the management change, Cesare Fiorio left the team to join Ligier and was replaced by Daniele Coronna, whilst designer George Ryton joined from Ferrari.[33]

For the Spanish GP, the cars therefore appeared in a new green-and-white livery, apparently confirming Shannon Racing's acquisition of 51% of Forti.[29] This financial boost appeared to ensure the team's survival.[35] With the off-track confusion, both drivers again failed to qualify. Nevertheless, at the Canadian and French Grands Prix, both Fortis made it to the grid, Badoer even outqualifying Rosset in Montréal. However, Forti had lost its good 1995 reliability record, as these starts only resulted in four retirements. By this time, Forti's financial problems, caused by a conflict of team ownership between Guido Forti and Shannon Racing, were becoming increasingly urgent in nature. Both cars retired with "engine problems" at the French GP, although it was widely rumoured that this was due to the team running out of engine mileage as it went into debt with engine suppliers Cosworth.[36]

Guido Forti alleged that Shannon Racing had not paid him any money within the stipulated six-day deadline after the deal was concluded and refuted the claim that it now owned 51% of his team.[35] As the team ran out of money, it was doubtful whether it would turn up at the British GP.[36] In the end, Forti took part, only for the cars to complete a mere handful of laps each in practice and thus failing to set a time quick enough to qualify. This was because it was becoming increasingly in debt to Cosworth and was running out of engine mileage for its cars, only having enough to make a token effort at participation.[29][37] The team made it to the next race - the German GP - but both cars remained unassembled in the pit garages throughout the weekend after the engine supply was finally cut off.[29]

Guido Forti, after discussing the matter with commercial rights-owner Bernie Ecclestone, had decided to withdraw the team from the German GP as negotiations over the team's ownership between himself and Shannon continued, despite the threat of the FIA (F1's governing body) imposing a fine on the outfit for missing the race. Following the failure of these negotiations, he then announced that Shannon's deal had fallen through and that he was back in charge of the team. He hoped to finalise some more sponsorship deals which would allow Forti to compete in the Hungarian GP. Shannon responded by claiming it still owned 51% of the team, and that it intended to solve Forti's financial problems itself, in addition to replacing Guido Forti as Team Principal. He duly took the company to court over the matter, an arduous process in the Italian legal system.[35]

With the team in limbo whilst the ownership dispute was judged, Forti's situation was bleak. The team faced the prospect of further heavy FIA-imposed fines for missing races if the situation did not improve,[29] or even exclusion from the championship for bringing the sport into disrepute, as had happened to the Andrea Moda team in 1992.[35] Forti withdrew his team from the sport; it did not make an appearance at the Hungarian GP, the Belgian GP,[38] nor at any further point in the championship. Badoer and Montermini were left without drives, and the promising FG03 chassis would no longer race. By the time Shannon Racing won the court case in September, Forti had ceased to exist.[39] Shannon Racing's teams in the lower motorsport categories also closed down. Coincidentally, Guido Forti had signed the 1997 Concorde Agreement shortly before his team's demise, which could have given his team a chance of surviving if it had made it into that year due to the extra television revenue that was duly granted to each of the teams under the terms of the agreement.[29]

Forti's withdrawal marked not only the end of its participation in Formula One, but also terminated a team which had enjoyed success in International Formula 3000 and other minor categories. It is generally agreed that Forti may have succeeded if it had its 1995 budget and the FG03 car at the same time, and that Diniz's departure meant that it stood little chance of survival,[11] but the team has become another example of a small, backmarking team unable to finance its aspirations;[29] one of the final "privateer" teams to enter the sport in an era of increasing influence and participation from the large car manufacturers.[11] Forti is often cited along with Pacific and Simtek as prime examples of this tendency.[11] It was also argued that the increasing amount of money involved in financing an F1 team which was forcing many of the smaller teams to withdraw in the early to mid-1990s was a long-term threat to the future of the sport.[40] Alternatively, some saw Forti and similar tail-enders as undeserving of a place in F1, and it has been suggested that the imposition of the 107% rule by the FIA in 1996 was a move to force them to raise their game or leave the sport altogether.[41]

Although World Championship races held in 1952 and 1953 were run to Formula Two regulations, constructors who only participated during this period are included herein to maintain Championship continuity.
Constructors whose only participation in the World Championship was in the Indianapolis 500 races between 1950 and 1960 are not listed.

1.
Parmalat
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Parmalat SpA is a multinational Italian dairy and food corporation. Since 2011, it is a subsidiary of French group Lactalis, today, Parmalat is a company with a global presence, having operations in Europe, the United States, Canada, Australia, China, and South Africa. Still specializing in UHT milk and milk derivatives, the group also has an interest in fruit juices and these products are distributed under brand names such as Lactis, Santal, Malù, and Kyr. Its worldwide operations include almost 140 production centres and some 16,000 employees and its shares are listed on the Borsa Italiana. In 1961, Calisto Tanzi, a 22-year-old college dropout, opened a small plant in Parma. By 22 April 2002, Parmalats share price had reached a record, peñarol, and Brazilian Formula One racing driver Pedro Diniz. Parmalats appeared for years in Formula One and its name was emblazoned on the cap of Niki Lauda, which he always wore following his 1976 German Grand Prix accident. The Brabham Formula One team was sponsored by Parmalat through some of its most successful years in the late 1970s, owned by Bernie Ecclestone, the Brabham team and Nelson Piquet won two World Drivers Championships while sponsored by Parmalat. In 1997, Parmalat jumped into the world of financial markets in a big way, financing several international acquisitions, especially in the Western Hemisphere, in February 2003, chief financial officer Fausto Tonna unexpectedly announced a new €300 million bond issue. This came as a both to the markets and to the CEO, Calisto Tanzi. Tanzi forced Tonna to resign and replaced him with Alberto Ferraris and he began making some inquiries and began to suspect that the companys total debt was more than double that on the balance sheet. Ferraris resigned less than a week after the public fall-out and was replaced by Del Soldato, Del Soldato resigned the next month, unable to get cash from Epicurum fund, needed to pay debts and make bond payments totalling at least €150 million. Enrico Bondi was called in to help the company as it went into administration, while Tanzi himself resigned as chairman, bonlat was a subsidiary of Parmalat set up in the Cayman Islands. Bonlats bank, Bank of America, then released a document showing €3.95 billion in Parmalats bank account as a forgery, prime Minister Silvio Berlusconi initiated a fraud investigation and appointed Bondi to administer the companys rescue. Hundreds of thousands of investors lost their money and would never recover it, the company officially went bankrupt, though the Italian government used the legal mean commissariamento to save the trademark. The arrest of five other executives followed, the auditors of the administration eventually determined that the debts amounted to €14.3 billion, which was almost eight times the sum originally stated. Several of the companys subsidiaries subsequently went insolvent, including its Brazilian, Argentinian and American operations, Tanzi was eventually charged with financial fraud and money laundering. Among the questionable accounting practices used by Parmalat, it sold itself credit-linked notes, after his arrest, Tanzi reportedly admitted during questioning at Milans San Vittore prison that he diverted funds from Parmalat into Parmatour and elsewhere

2.
Ford Motor Company
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The Ford Motor Company is an American multinational automaker headquartered in Dearborn, Michigan, a suburb of Detroit. It was founded by Henry Ford and incorporated on June 16,1903, the company sells automobiles and commercial vehicles under the Ford brand and most luxury cars under the Lincoln brand. Ford also owns Brazilian SUV manufacturer, Troller, and Australian performance car manufacturer FPV, in the past, it has also produced tractors and automotive components. Ford owns an 8% stake in Aston Martin of the United Kingdom, and it also has a number of joint-ventures, one in China, one in Taiwan, one in Thailand, one in Turkey, and one in Russia. It is listed on the New York Stock Exchange and is controlled by the Ford family, Fords former UK subsidiaries Jaguar and Land Rover, acquired in 1989 and 2000 respectively, were sold to Tata Motors in March 2008. Ford owned the Swedish automaker Volvo from 1999 to 2010, in 2011, Ford discontinued the Mercury brand, under which it had marketed entry-level luxury cars in the United States, Canada, Mexico, and the Middle East since 1938. During the financial crisis at the beginning of the 21st century, it was close to bankruptcy, Ford is the second-largest U. S. -based automaker and the fifth-largest in the world based on 2015 vehicle production. At the end of 2010, Ford was the fifth largest automaker in Europe, Ford is the eighth-ranked overall American-based company in the 2010 Fortune 500 list, based on global revenues in 2009 of $118.3 billion. In 2008, Ford produced 5.532 million automobiles and employed about 213,000 employees at around 90 plants, the company went public in 1956 but the Ford family, through special Class B shares, still retain 40 percent voting rights. The Ford Motor Company was launched in a factory in 1903 with $28,000 in cash from twelve investors, most notably John. During its early years, the company produced just a few cars a day at its factory on Mack Avenue and later its factory on Piquette Avenue in Detroit, Michigan. Groups of two or three men worked on car, assembling it from parts made mostly by supplier companies contracting for Ford. Henry Ford was 39 years old when he founded the Ford Motor Company and it has been in continuous family control for over 100 years and is one of the largest family-controlled companies in the world. The first gasoline powered automobile had been created in 1885 by the German inventor Carl Benz, between 1903 and 1908, Ford produced the Models A, B, C, F, K, N, R, and S. Hundreds or a few thousand of most of these were sold per year, in 1908, Ford introduced the mass-produced Model T, which totalled millions sold over nearly 20 years. In 1927, Ford replaced the T with the Model A, Ford launched the first low-priced car with a V8 engine in 1932. In an attempt to compete with General Motors mid-priced Pontiac, Oldsmobile, Henry Ford purchased the Lincoln Motor Company in 1922, in order to compete with such brands as Cadillac and Packard for the luxury segment of the automobile market. The creation of a laboratory in Dearborn, Michigan in 1951, doing unfettered basic research

3.
Alessandria
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Alessandria listen is a city and comune in Piedmont, Italy, and the capital of the Province of Alessandria. The city is sited on the plain between the Tanaro and the Bormida rivers, about 90 kilometres southeast of Turin. Alessandria is also a railway hub. Alessandria stood in the territories of the marchese of Montferrat, an ally of the Emperor, with a name assumed in 1168 to honor the Emperors opponent. In 1174–75 the fortress was tested by Imperial siege and stood fast. A legend says it was saved by a peasant, Gagliaudo, he fed his cow with the last grain remaining within the city. Here he was captured, and his cow cut open to be cooked and he answered that he was forced to feed his cow with grain because there was such a lot of it, and no room to place it within the city. The Emperor, fearing that the siege would last too long, a statue of Gagliaudo can be found on the left corner of the city cathedral. Alessandria entered into conflicts with the older communes of the region. The new domination was evidenced by the construction of a new big Cittadella on the side of the river Tanaro. With Napoleons success at the Battle of Marengo, Alessandria fell to France, during this period another substantial fort was built to the north of the city containing impressive and substantial barracks which are still used as a military headquarters and stores. The remains of a fort to the south of the city have been sliced in two by a railway, a third one still remains in the middle of the same quarter. From 1814 Alessandria was Savoyard territory once more, part of the Kingdom of Sardinia, during the years of the Risorgimento, Alessandria was an active center of the liberals. In a suburb, Spinetta Marengo, the Battle of Marengo is reenacted annually, Alessandria was the first capital of an Italian province to be governed by a Socialist, the clockmaker Paolo Sacco was elected mayor on July 25,1899. On end of month the city was liberated from the German occupation by the partisan resistance. On November 6,1994 the Tanaro flooded a part of the city, causing major damage. The first known Jews in Alessandria, named Abraham opened a bank in or about 1490. Of the 230 Jews living in the city in 1684,170 were members of the Vitale family, the Jewish Ghetto was established in 1724

4.
Italy
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Italy, officially the Italian Republic, is a unitary parliamentary republic in Europe. Located in the heart of the Mediterranean Sea, Italy shares open land borders with France, Switzerland, Austria, Slovenia, San Marino, Italy covers an area of 301,338 km2 and has a largely temperate seasonal and Mediterranean climate. Due to its shape, it is referred to in Italy as lo Stivale. With 61 million inhabitants, it is the fourth most populous EU member state, the Italic tribe known as the Latins formed the Roman Kingdom, which eventually became a republic that conquered and assimilated other nearby civilisations. The legacy of the Roman Empire is widespread and can be observed in the distribution of civilian law, republican governments, Christianity. The Renaissance began in Italy and spread to the rest of Europe, bringing a renewed interest in humanism, science, exploration, Italian culture flourished at this time, producing famous scholars, artists and polymaths such as Leonardo da Vinci, Galileo, Michelangelo and Machiavelli. The weakened sovereigns soon fell victim to conquest by European powers such as France, Spain and Austria. Despite being one of the victors in World War I, Italy entered a period of economic crisis and social turmoil. The subsequent participation in World War II on the Axis side ended in defeat, economic destruction. Today, Italy has the third largest economy in the Eurozone and it has a very high level of human development and is ranked sixth in the world for life expectancy. The country plays a prominent role in regional and global economic, military, cultural and diplomatic affairs, as a reflection of its cultural wealth, Italy is home to 51 World Heritage Sites, the most in the world, and is the fifth most visited country. The assumptions on the etymology of the name Italia are very numerous, according to one of the more common explanations, the term Italia, from Latin, Italia, was borrowed through Greek from the Oscan Víteliú, meaning land of young cattle. The bull was a symbol of the southern Italic tribes and was often depicted goring the Roman wolf as a defiant symbol of free Italy during the Social War. Greek historian Dionysius of Halicarnassus states this account together with the legend that Italy was named after Italus, mentioned also by Aristotle and Thucydides. The name Italia originally applied only to a part of what is now Southern Italy – according to Antiochus of Syracuse, but by his time Oenotria and Italy had become synonymous, and the name also applied to most of Lucania as well. The Greeks gradually came to apply the name Italia to a larger region, excavations throughout Italy revealed a Neanderthal presence dating back to the Palaeolithic period, some 200,000 years ago, modern Humans arrived about 40,000 years ago. Other ancient Italian peoples of undetermined language families but of possible origins include the Rhaetian people and Cammuni. Also the Phoenicians established colonies on the coasts of Sardinia and Sicily, the Roman legacy has deeply influenced the Western civilisation, shaping most of the modern world

5.
Luca Badoer
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Luca Badoer is an Italian former racing driver. Badoer has raced for the Scuderia Italia, Minardi, Forti Corse and most recently, under the 2010 scoring system, he would have scored 26 points over his career. He nearly achieved a finish in the 1999 European Grand Prix when a strong drive saw him reach fourth place. Badoer was born in Montebelluna, Veneto, Italy and he raced karts in his youth starting in 1985 and scored two wins. In 1986, Badoer drove in the 100cc category to become the champion of Venice. He won the Italian championship in the 100cc international class in 1988, in 1989, Badoer moved to single-seater racing, joining the Trivellato team in the Italian Formula Three Championship driving a Dallara/Alfa Romeo that followed a move to MRD in 1990. Driving a Ralt RT33 Alfa Romeo, he defeated Alex Zanardi and Roberto Colciago to win the race of the 1990 season. In 1991 he moved to the Supercars team driving a Dallara 391 Alfa Romeo to win four races in succession, Badoer finished 4th overall taking 33 points. For 1992 he was picked to drive by Crypton Engineering for the Formula 3000 Championship, in which he emerged as champion, winning four races en route to the title. His debut Formula One season in 1993 was mired by BMS Scuderia Italias uncompetitive Lola chassis, in South Africa, Badoer retired after 20 laps due to gearbox failure. In Brazil, Badoer qualified 21st and finished 12th after an incident forced him to pit for a new nose cone, at Donington, he fell victim to a new rule limiting qualifying to the fastest 24 cars. The round at Imola saw Badoer race as high as sixth and this remained Badoers best result in Formula One. In Spain, he was unable to finish and at Monaco and he managed to finish 15th in Canada. At Magny-Cours, Silverstone, Hockenheim and Budapest, Badoer failed to finish, going into Spa, the Lola team was gaining reliability and Badoer finished 13th. At his home race at Monza he was ahead of Christian Fittipaldi and battled for several laps before the Brazilian hit Badoers car, at Estoril, Badoer finished 14th after starting last. After the race, Lola did not travel to the races in Japan, Badoer took over Alboretos seat after the former retired. In the underfunded team using a Ford V8 after a deal with Mugen-Honda fell through, during the race, Badoer collided with the back of Mika Salos Tyrrell and hit Rubens Barichellos Jordan later on bringing out the red flag. Badoer did not make the restart, having no spare chassis and his best results were eighth places in Canada and Hungary and ninth in Japan

6.
Brazil
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Brazil, officially the Federative Republic of Brazil, is the largest country in both South America and Latin America. As the worlds fifth-largest country by area and population, it is the largest country to have Portuguese as an official language. Its Amazon River basin includes a vast tropical forest, home to wildlife, a variety of ecological systems. This unique environmental heritage makes Brazil one of 17 megadiverse countries, Brazil was inhabited by numerous tribal nations prior to the landing in 1500 of explorer Pedro Álvares Cabral, who claimed the area for the Portuguese Empire. Brazil remained a Portuguese colony until 1808, when the capital of the empire was transferred from Lisbon to Rio de Janeiro, in 1815, the colony was elevated to the rank of kingdom upon the formation of the United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves. Independence was achieved in 1822 with the creation of the Empire of Brazil, a state governed under a constitutional monarchy. The ratification of the first constitution in 1824 led to the formation of a bicameral legislature, the country became a presidential republic in 1889 following a military coup détat. An authoritarian military junta came to power in 1964 and ruled until 1985, Brazils current constitution, formulated in 1988, defines it as a democratic federal republic. The federation is composed of the union of the Federal District, the 26 states, Brazils economy is the worlds ninth-largest by nominal GDP and seventh-largest by GDP as of 2015. A member of the BRICS group, Brazil until 2010 had one of the worlds fastest growing economies, with its economic reforms giving the country new international recognition. Brazils national development bank plays an important role for the economic growth. Brazil is a member of the United Nations, the G20, BRICS, Unasul, Mercosul, Organization of American States, Organization of Ibero-American States, CPLP. Brazil is a power in Latin America and a middle power in international affairs. One of the worlds major breadbaskets, Brazil has been the largest producer of coffee for the last 150 years and it is likely that the word Brazil comes from the Portuguese word for brazilwood, a tree that once grew plentifully along the Brazilian coast. In Portuguese, brazilwood is called pau-brasil, with the word brasil commonly given the etymology red like an ember, formed from Latin brasa and the suffix -il. As brazilwood produces a red dye, it was highly valued by the European cloth industry and was the earliest commercially exploited product from Brazil. The popular appellation eclipsed and eventually supplanted the official Portuguese name, early sailors sometimes also called it the Land of Parrots. In the Guarani language, a language of Paraguay, Brazil is called Pindorama

7.
Pedro Diniz
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Pedro Paulo Falleiros dos Santos Diniz is a Brazilian businessman and former racing driver. Diniz began karting at the age of eighteen and achieved success, before progressing to car racing in the Brazilian Formula Ford Championship. He first drove in Formula One with Forti for the 1995 season, the following year he switched to Ligier and moved to Arrows for 1997. In 1998, he finished 14th in the Drivers Championship, and he left Sauber after the 2000 season and brought a share in the Prost team, which folded a year later. Diniz was considered a pay driver during his career, but was one of the few to score points in Formula One and is considered one of Formula Ones best pay drivers, Diniz was born in São Paulo, Brazil on 22 May 1970. His father is Abílio dos Santos Diniz, a businessman who owns the Brazilian distribution chain Companhia Brasileira de Distribuição, Diniz struggled to find a good education and went to several schools around the local area. Diniz began karting at the age of eighteen, and his career was funded by his father who supported his sons hobby and he competed in several events around Brazil and his first racing success came when he won the Two Hours of São Paulo. Aged 19, Diniz moved up into car racing, competing in the Brazilian Formula Ford championship, in 1990, Diniz moved to the Reyanud Alfa team and finished ninth overall, with his best performances being a podium position at Interlagos. For 1991, Diniz moved to the British Formula 3 with the West Surrey Racing team and he moved to the Edenbridge Racing team in 1992, driving a Reynard Mugen and took two podiums en route to eighth place overall. In addition, this was the first of a contract with Diniz. Despite his lack of success in F3000, he was guaranteed a seat as his family, furthermore, retired driver René Arnoux was employed as a consultant and driver coach for Diniz. The season started with Diniz scoring three consecutive finishes, albeit outside of the points scoring positions—but was not classified for the races in Argentina and he did not finish the next race in Spain due to a gearbox problem and finished tenth in Monaco. Diniz retired from the five races he entered, primarily from car issues. He subsequently finished every remaining race of the season, apart from the Grand Prix held at Suzuka where he spun off and he finished the season scoring no points and was unclassified in the Drivers Championship. Dinizs good finishing record enabled him to himself as a steady. In December, Diniz signed for the Ligier team for 1996, Diniz started the season by finishing outside of the points in the opening two races—tenth in Australia and eighth in Brazil. He finished the season 15th in the Drivers Championship with two points, six places and 11 points behind Panis, after the season concluded, it was announced that Diniz would leave Ligier for the Arrows team for 1997, partnering reigning World Champion Damon Hill. An important factor was the amount of sponsorship Diniz brought to Arrows, Diniz started his season with a finish in Australia and later suffered from consecutive retirements in the next five races

8.
Andrea Montermini
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Andrea Montermini is an Italian racing driver. Montermini raced in Formula 3 in 1989, taking place in the Monaco GP support race. He then moved up to Formula 3000, racing for three season before taking second place in the 1992 season, winning three rounds while driving for the Il Barone Rampante team. He participated in 29 Formula One Grands Prix, debuting on 29 May 1994 for Simtek, replacing Roland Ratzenberger, Montermini himself crashed heavily in practice for the 1994 Spanish Grand Prix, breaking his left heel and his right foot. He returned to Formula One the next season, with the Pacific Grand Prix team, Montermini was also rumoured to become a test driver for the MasterCard Lola team, but it folded after one race in 1997. He scored no points in his Formula One career and he competed in the American Champ Car series three different seasons, 1993-1994 and 1999. He scored a 4th place at Detroit in his first season, in 1999 he drove a few events for Dan Gurney in Gurneys last season of team ownership. When others such as Alex Barron, Gualter Salles and Raul Boesel were replaced, he filled in and he raced in the 200124 Hours of Daytona, but has primarily raced in the FIA GT Championship, mostly in Ferrari cars. He has taken two class wins and four further class podiums, in 2006 he has occasionally raced alongside Jarek Janis and Sascha Bert in a Saleen ran by the Zakspeed team. In 2007 he won the International GT Opens GTA class, driving a Ferrari 430 for Scuderia Playteam alongside co-champion Michele Maceratesi and he won a second overall championship title in 2013. Profile on F1 Rejects Official website

9.
Roberto Moreno
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Roberto Pupo Moreno, usually known as Roberto Moreno and also as Pupo Moreno, is a Brazilian racing driver. He participated in 75 Formula One Grands Prix, achieved 1 podium and he raced in CART in 1986, and was Formula 3000 champion before joining Formula One full-time in 1989. He returned to CART in 1996 where he enjoyed an Indian summer in 2000 and 2001, away from the sport, he enjoys building light aeroplanes. Moreno was known as the Super Sub late in his career as he was used to replace injured drivers several times, after winning the 1976 Brazilian 125cc Karting championship, Moreno set his sights on getting to Europe. He arrived in England in 1979, to race in his first season in Formula Ford and he was the driver, the mechanic and used to tow the car on a trailer. Ralt owner/designer Ron Tauranac lent Moreno an old shed to work out of as his home base and he had a couple of good results, and these convinced Ralph Firman, Sr. to sign him as a works Van Diemen driver for the 1980 season. Whilst driving for Firman, he would win the Townsend Thoresen British Formula Ford title, meanwhile, in Europe, he drove the same car to three more victories, earning himself second place in the EFDA Townsend Thoresen Euroseries Formula Ford 1600 Championship. His also finished 4th in the RAC British series and 6th the P&O Ferries series and he then rounded out the season by winning the Formula Ford Festival. Moreno’s success alerted the attention of no lesser person than Colin Chapman, Roberto only returned to Europe in 1981, because Chapman had given him a F1 testing contact with enough money to continue racing. With these funds, he raced Formula Three, but money was tight, in a supporting race at the 1982 United States Grand Prix West in Long Beach. Later in 1982, he made another big impression by winning the Grand Prix de Trois-Rivières, in this period, Moreno was a popular triple winner of the Australian Grand Prix in 1981,1983 and 1984, before it became a Formula One World Championship race from 1985. These wins came in the days when the Grand Prix was a Formula Mondial race held at Melbournes 1.6 km Calder Park Raceway. In the only Australian Grand Prix he competed in but did not win during the period, he finished third behind future four time World Champion Alain Prost, and Ligier F1 driver Laffite. In all of his pre-F1 Australian Grand Prix drives, Moreno drove a Formula Pacific or Formula Mondial Ralt RT4 powered by a 1.6 litre Ford 4cyl engine. Prior to this, Theodore Racing’s Jan Lammers broke a thumb during the Detroit Grand Prix and team owner Teddy Yip wanted Moreno to take over the seat, then in during the race in Montréal, Mansell injured his wrist, allowing for Moreno to stand in. Moreno failed to come to grips with the Lotus 91, with his best qualifying lap over two seconds away from making the grid. At the end of 1982, Lotus released him from his duties as test driver and he was to get another chance, but that Dutch race handicapped him for a number of years. At the end of the 1987 season he was called up to replace Pascal Fabre for the AGS team at the Japanese Grand Prix

10.
Formula One
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Formula One is the highest class of single-seat auto racing that is sanctioned by the Fédération Internationale de lAutomobile. The FIA Formula One World Championship has been the form of racing since the inaugural season in 1950. The formula, designated in the name, refers to a set of rules, the F1 season consists of a series of races, known as Grands Prix, held worldwide on purpose-built F1 circuits and public roads. The results of each race are evaluated using a system to determine two annual World Championships, one for drivers, one for constructors. The racing drivers are required to be holders of valid Super Licences, the races are required to be held on tracks graded 1, the highest grade a track can receive by the FIA. Most events are held in locations on purpose-built tracks, but there are several events in city centres throughout the world. Formula One cars are the fastest road racing cars in the world. Formula One cars race at speeds of up to approximately 375 km/h with engines currently limited in performance to a maximum of 15,000 RPM, the cars are capable of lateral acceleration in excess of five g in corners. The performance of the cars is very dependent on electronics – although traction control and other driving aids have been banned since 2008 – and on aerodynamics, suspension, the formula has radically evolved and changed through the history of the sport. F1 had a global television audience of 425 million people during the course of the 2014 season. Grand Prix racing began in 1906 and became the most popular internationally in the second half of the twentieth century. The Formula One Group is the holder of the commercial rights. Its high profile and popularity have created a major merchandising environment, since 2000 the sports spiraling expenditures and the distribution of prize money favoring established top teams have forced complaints from smaller teams and led several teams to bankruptcy. On 23 January 2017 it was confirmed that Liberty Media had completed its $8 billion acquisition of Delta Topco, the Formula One series originated with the European Grand Prix Motor Racing of the 1920s and 1930s. The formula is a set of rules that all cars must meet. Formula One was a new formula agreed upon after World War II during 1946, the first world championship race was held at Silverstone, United Kingdom in 1950. A championship for constructors followed in 1958, national championships existed in South Africa and the UK in the 1960s and 1970s. Non-championship Formula One events were held for years, but due to the increasing cost of competition

11.
1995 Brazilian Grand Prix
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The 1995 Brazilian Grand Prix was a Formula One motor race held on 26 March 1995 at the Autódromo José Carlos Pace, São Paulo, Brazil. It was the first round of the 1995 Formula One season, the 71-lap race was won by Michael Schumacher for the Benetton team after starting from second position. David Coulthard finished second in a Williams, with Gerhard Berger third in a Ferrari, Damon Hill, who started the race from pole position, spun out while leading on lap 30 with an apparent gearbox problem, which was later found to be a suspension failure. Despite Schumachers victory, Hill proved to be faster during the race, behind Häkkinen, the other points-scoring finishers were Jean Alesi in the second Ferrari and Mark Blundell, who drove the second McLaren. Berger was thus declared the winner, but the stewards decision to exclude them was overturned at an appeal hearing on April 13. Schumacher and Coulthard were reinstated in first and second places respectively, the Ferrari team was unhappy with the decision made at the appeal hearing, Berger called the sport a joke. The race was the first round of the 1995 Formula One season after a four month break since the last race of the 1994 season in Australia, over the winter months, the Autódromo José Carlos Pace race track was resurfaced in an attempt to reduce its bumpiness. The drivers were unhappy with the work, though, as the track became more bumpy than in the previous year. Williams driver David Coulthard described the track as bumpy as hell and he was also concerned about his stamina for the duration of the 71-lap race, as he had suffered from a bout of tonsillitis in the run-up to the event which had disrupted his physical training. Local Jordan driver Rubens Barrichello was even more vocal in his criticism of the tracks condition, the track is three times bumpier than before. It is not by applying layer upon layer of tarmac that they will improve matters, heinz-Harald Frentzen claimed that the bumping was so bad that he was close to passing out, the Sauber car handled badly over the bumps throughout the weekend. The race marked the first Brazilian Grand Prix to be held since the death of three-time champion Ayrton Senna the previous year in an accident at the 1994 San Marino Grand Prix. The São Paulo city authorities had planned to rename the circuit after Senna, but the family of Carlos Pace, Barrichello also sported a special helmet design as a personal tribute to his compatriot. As a result of Sennas death, the event was lower-key than in recent years, fewer spectators turned out to practice and qualifying. Mika Salo and Domenico Schiattarella had competed in two races, with Taki Inoue competing in one race the previous season. The Williams team had also completed 2,500 miles of testing with its FW17 chassis, significantly more than Benetton, heading into the new season, attention also focused on the McLaren team and its driver Nigel Mansell. His place at McLaren for the first two races was taken by the teams test driver, Mark Blundell, as McLaren worked to build a wider monocoque to accommodate Mansell. McLaren were also concerned about the standard refuelling equipment provided for 1995 by suppliers Intertechnique, having suffered a major leak in a test of the new rig outside of its factory

12.
List of Formula One World Drivers' Champions
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The Drivers Championship was first awarded in 1950, to Giuseppe Farina. The first driver to win multiple Championships was Alberto Ascari, in 1952 and 1953, the current Drivers Champion is Nico Rosberg, who won his one and only World Championship in 2016. A driver becomes the World Champion each season as soon as it is no longer possible for another to beat him whatever the outcome of the remaining races. The Drivers Championship has been won in the race of the season 29 times in the 67 seasons it has been awarded. The earliest in a season that the Drivers Championship has been clinched was in 2002, overall, thirty-three different drivers have won the Championship, with German Michael Schumacher holding the record for most titles, at seven. Schumacher also holds the record for most consecutive Drivers Championships, winning five from 2000 to 2004, the United Kingdom has produced the most World Championship winning drivers with ten, Brazil, Germany and Finland are next with three each. Of the 33 drivers to win the World Championship,20 are still alive, the most recently deceased is John Surtees. Among teams, Scuderia Ferrari has produced the most World Championship winning drivers with 15, bold indicates the team also won the Constructors Championship. ^ The 1952 and 1953 championships were run to Formula Two regulations, ^ Fangio competed in the 1954 Argentine and Belgian Grands Prix with Maserati, then completed the season with Mercedes. ^ Rindts championship was confirmed two rounds after he had killed in an accident during qualifying for the Italian Grand Prix. This left Villeneuve with a 39-point margin over Heinz-Harald Frentzen with 42 points, Drivers in bold will compete in the 2017 World Championship. Drivers in bold have competed in the 2016 World Championship, Constructors in bold have competed in the 2016 World Championship. ^ Fangio competed in the 1954 Argentine and Belgian Grands Prix with Maserati and this shared championship is counted for each of these constructors. Numbers in parentheses indicate championships won as the tyre supplier. Of those, Michael Schumacher is the driver to have won two sets of consecutive Formula One Drivers Championships

13.
1995 Australian Grand Prix
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The 1995 Australian Grand Prix was a Formula One motor race held on 12 November 1995 at the Adelaide Street Circuit, Adelaide. In a race of attrition, all the cars retired except for the pole-sitting Williams-Renault of Damon Hill. Hill won by two laps from the Ligier-Mugen-Honda of Olivier Panis, with Gianni Morbidelli achieving his best-ever F1 result with third in a Footwork-Hart. Of the 23 drivers who started, only eight finished, the lowest number in the 1995 season, the race had an attendance of 210,000 – an F1 record until 2000, when 250,000 people attended that years United States Grand Prix at Indianapolis. It was Schumachers last race with the Benetton team, having announced that he was going to Ferrari for the 1996 season. Benetton claimed the Constructors Championship at the round of the championship – the Japanese Grand Prix. An emergency tracheotomy was performed on Häkkinen at trackside, before he was rushed to the Royal Adelaide Hospital for treatment of his head injuries, the Williams cars dominated qualifying, with Damon Hill in pole position and David Coulthard alongside him. Schumacher was third in his Benetton, with the Ferrari drivers fourth and fifth, heinz-Harald Frentzen rounded out the top six in his Sauber. The race took place in the afternoon from 14,00 ACDT, despite starting in pole position, Hill lost the lead at the start, with Coulthard taking the lead at the beginning. Schumacher also lost ground at the start, with Berger moving into third, Schumacher made his way back up to third, overtaking Alesi on lap one, before overtaking Berger a few laps later. Coulthard kept the lead until the first round of pitstops, however, he came into the pitlane too fast, locking his front tyres and ran into the pitwall. He was forced to retire from the race, a few laps later, Fortis Roberto Moreno spun and caused terminal damage to his suspension in the same place where Coulthard had crashed earlier. After the first round of pitstops, Schumacher and Alesi collided, Berger was promoted to second, but his Ferrari encountered an engine problem, forcing him to retire. This promoted Frentzen to second, but he too retired due to a gearbox problem, with many of the front-runners out, Hill led at the front, with Herbert second. Jordan driver Eddie Irvine rounded out the top three, before retiring after losing all of his pneumatic pressure, Herbert was still second, and looked set as a result to claim third place in the Drivers Championship. He was, however, forced out of the race as his Benetton suffered a driveshaft failure, Olivier Panis was now second in his Ligier a lap behind Hill, with Footwork driver Gianni Morbidelli third, two laps down. However, with a few remaining, Panis Ligier was suffering an oil leak. Hill lapped him for a time on his way to victory

14.
Pole position
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The game was designed by Tōru Iwatani, who had also designed the Gee Bee games and Pac-Man. It was the most popular arcade game of 1983. Pole Position was released in two configurations, an upright cabinet, and an environmental/cockpit cabinet. By 1983, it had become the highest-grossing arcade game that year in North America and it was the most successful racing game of the classic era, spawning ports, sequels, and a Saturday morning cartoon, although the cartoon had nothing in common with the game. The game established the conventions of the game genre and its success inspired numerous imitators. Pole Position is regarded as one of the most influential games of all time. In this game, the controls a Formula One race car. After qualifying, the player races against seven other CPU-controlled cars in a championship race, the player must also avoid going off the road so that he or she will not crash into the billboards. Pole Position was the first racing game to feature a track based on a real racing circuit. It was also the first game to feature a qualifying lap, once the player has qualified, they must complete the race in the time allowed, avoiding collisions with CPU-controlled opponents and billboards along the sides of the track. The games publisher Atari publicized the game for its unbelievable driving realism in providing a Formula 1 experience behind a racing wheel, for manufacture and distribution in the United States, Namco approached Bally Midway with a choice of two games in 1982. Bally Midway chose Mappy while Atari was left to publish Pole Position, the game ran on the Namco Pole Position hardware, which was the first to use 16-bit microprocessors, with two Zilog Z8002 processors. It was also capable of displaying up to 3840 colors, the game was an early example of product placement within a video game, with billboards around the track advertising actual companies. Other billboards appeared in both versions, the game was also featured in a TV commercial shown only on MTV. It was part of a series of TV spots that Atari created in the 1980s exclusively for MTV and they also praised the sound effects and solid, realistic graphics, stating it has very rich color images and dimensional depth to the graphics. They also praised the graphics and breathtaking scenery as well as the two-heat format for the race itself. Computer and Video Games also reviewed the version in 1983. They compared it favorably with Turbo, stating that, while Turbo featured better landscapes, it cant match the speed, thrills and skill behind this new race game

15.
1996 Brazilian Grand Prix
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The 1996 Brazilian Grand Prix was a Formula One motor race held on 31 March 1996 at Interlagos in heavy rain. Six different teams scored points, with Damon Hill following up his win at the first round of the season, two local drivers, Marques and Diniz, had their qualifying times disallowed for, respectively, a push-start and missing the signal to go to the weighbridge. They had to start at the back of the grid, johnny Herbert started from the pit lane after switching to the backup-car due to electrical problems. Damon Hill, who loved driving in the rain, took the lead, São Paulo saw the 15th GP victory of Damon Hill, who thereby outperformed a record established by his father Graham Hill, who had won 14 races. Major battles in the race were going on between Barrichello and Alesi, Alesi and Villeneuve, Schumacher and Frentzen and Schumacher and Barrichello, after a while, Alesi picked up pace and began to harry Villeneuve for 2nd place. After a battle Villeneuve eventually succumbed to the pressure and spun off, approaching half-distance, Alesi had a brief off track excursion which finally allowed Barrichello through into 2nd place. Unfortunately for the Brazilian, he was forced to make what was supposed to be his only stop on lap 35. Alesi, on the hand, did not have to pit until lap 42. This forced Barrichello to make unscheduled pit stop to make the switch to slicks, to compound his misfortune, Barrichello made the switch too late, three laps later than Schumacher, meaning that he also dropped behind the German when he finally made his stop. With a clearly faster car, Barrichello began to harry Schumacher for the final podium spot, however, the German would not give in and eventually he braked too late and spun of into the gravel at the end of the back straight. With little time between Melbourne and São Paulo, the Ferrari was still underdeveloped and Schumacher did not show the performance he later would deliver in Barcelona, in his early days at Ferrari, Schumacher had to use the races as testing sessions. Gerhard Berger had to park his Benetton in the pits after 27 laps, the Austrian had difficulties during qualifying which he could not explain. When the race started under wet conditions, Berger had to drive carefully because he had never before piloted the Benetton in the rain. Not too unsatisfied with his performance, Berger experienced cut-offs due to problems which became worse and worse. Both Martin Brundle and David Coulthard did not see the line in the first two races of this season

16.
1996 Monaco Grand Prix
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The 1996 Monaco Grand Prix was a Formula One motor race held at Monaco on 19 May 1996. It was the race of the 1996 Formula One season. The race was run in wet weather, causing significant attrition, olivier Panis scored his sole career Formula One victory, earning the last ever Formula One victory for the Ligier team after switching to slick tyres in a well-timed pitstop. As of 2016, this is the most recent race won by a French driver, michael Schumacher had taken pole position but had caused minor controversy on his slowing down lap when he impeded Gerhard Berger right at the end of the session. Coming out of the tunnel Schumacher was cruising slowly, acknowledging the crowd, Schumacher tried to get out of Bergers way but the Austrian was going too fast and had to spin at high speed to avoid the Ferrari, entering the chicane backwards. The Ligiers were 14th and 17th in qualifying, both below their expectations after the team had mis-firing issues, preventing a top six position, olivier Panis was fastest in the warm-up. Jacques Villeneuve was 18th after running a wet-setup in preparation for the expected rain, between the warm-up session and the race, heavy rain fell at the circuit. An additional 15-minute session was added to allow the drivers to get used to the conditions as it was the first time rain had fallen over the race weekend. The session took place at 13,15 CEST, several drivers went off during the session, including Pedro Lamy, Pedro Diniz and Giancarlo Fisichella, but all continued. The only two drivers to escape with damage were Mika Häkkinen and Andrea Montermini, who suffered damage to their car, jean Alesi suffered a puncture at the end of the session, but was able to return to the pitlane. Several drivers opted to skip the session, the Footwork team chose not to participate as they did not have any spare parts, and any crash would have marked the end of their weekend. Häkkinen was fastest, setting his time before his crash, with Alesi, Rubens Barrichello, the two Williams cars were 7th and 8th, Villeneuve ahead of Damon Hill with Schumacher behind them in 9th. The race started at 14,30 CEST, in the warm-up Montermini crashed his Forti coming out of the tunnel, and the teams lack of a spare car meant the Italian was unable to start the wet race, therefore 21 cars would take the start. Hill got the jump on Schumacher into Ste Devote while further back there was trouble already, jos Verstappen, who had opted to start the race on slicks, slid straight into the wall. The two Minardis were then eliminated when they tangled coming out of the first corner, and so 18 cars climbed the hill on the first lap. Hill began to pull away while polesitter Schumacher lost control coming out of Lower Mirabeau and hit the wall, coming into the Rascasse, Barrichellos race was over as he spun. After five laps, there were only 13 cars remaining as Ukyo Katayama, Ricardo Rosset, a significant gap began to open between the leaders and Eddie Irvine in fourth. Indeed, there was a queue of eight cars behind the slow Ferrari, on lap 31, Martin Brundle spun off, which left only 11 cars in the race

17.
1996 British Grand Prix
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The 1996 British Grand Prix was a Formula One motor race held on 14 July 1996 at Silverstone. It was the race of the 1996 Formula One season. The final points went to David Coulthard in the second McLaren, Last race, Forti Last race, Andrea Montermini Ricardo Rossets qualifying times were scratched after he missed the FIA weight check, dropping him from 17th to 20th on the grid. Bold text indicates who still has a chance of becoming World Champion. Note, Only the top five positions are included for both sets of standings

18.
Auto racing
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Auto racing is a sport involving the racing of automobiles for competition. Almost as soon as automobiles had been invented, races of various sorts were organised, by the 1930s specialist racing cars had developed. There are now numerous different categories, each with different rules and it was won by the carriage of Isaac Watt Boulton. Internal combustion auto racing events began soon after the construction of the first successful gasoline-fueled automobiles, the first organized contest was on April 28,1887, by the chief editor of Paris publication Le Vélocipède, Monsieur Fossier. It ran 2 kilometres from Neuilly Bridge to the Bois de Boulogne, on July 22,1894, the Parisian magazine Le Petit Journal organized what is considered to be the worlds first motoring competition, from Paris to Rouen. One hundred and two competitors paid a 10-franc entrance fee, the first American automobile race is generally held to be the Thanksgiving Day Chicago Times-Herald race of November 28,1895. Press coverage of the event first aroused significant American interest in the automobile, brooklands, in Surrey, was the first purpose-built motor racing venue, opening in June 1907. It featured a 4.43 km concrete track with high-speed banked corners, One of the oldest existing purpose-built automobile racing circuits in the United States, still in use, is the 2. 5-mile -long Indianapolis Motor Speedway in Speedway, Indiana. It is the largest capacity venue of any variety worldwide, with a top capacity of some 257. NASCAR was founded by Bill France, Sr. on February 21,1948, the first NASCAR Strictly Stock race ever was held on June 19,1949, at Daytona Beach, Florida. From 1962, sports cars temporarily took a seat to GT cars. From 1972 through 2003, NASCARs premier series was called the Winston Cup Series, the changes that resulted from RJRs involvement, as well as the reduction of the schedule from 48 to 31 races a year, established 1972 as the beginning of NASCARs modern era. The IMSA GT Series evolved into the American Le Mans Series, the European races eventually became the closely related Le Mans Series, both of which mix prototypes and GTs. The best-known variety of racing, Formula One, which hosts the famous Monaco Grand Prix. In single-seater, the wheels are not covered, and the cars often have aerofoil wings front, in Europe and Asia, open-wheeled racing is commonly referred to as Formula, with appropriate hierarchical suffixes. In North America, the Formula terminology is not followed, the sport is usually arranged to follow an international format, a regional format, and/or a domestic, or country-specific, format. In North America, the used in the National Championship have traditionally been similar though less sophisticated than F1 cars. The series most famous race is the Indianapolis 500, the other major international single-seater racing series is GP2

19.
International Formula 3000
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Formula Two had become too expensive, and was dominated by works-run cars with factory engines, the hope was that Formula 3000 would offer quicker, cheaper, more open racing. The series began as a specification, then tyres were standardized from 1986 onwards, followed by engines. The series ran annually until 2004, and was replaced in 2005 by the GP2 Series, Formula 3000 replaced Formula Two, and was so named because the engines used were limited to 3000cc maximum capacity. Initially, the Cosworth DFV was a choice, having been made obsolete in Formula One by the adoption of 1.5 litre turbocharged engines. The rules permitted any 90-degree V8 engine, fitted with a rev-limiter to keep power output under control, as well as the Cosworth, a Honda engine based on an Indy V8 by John Judd also appeared, a rumoured Lamborghini V8 never raced. In later years, a Mugen-Honda V8 became the thing to have, eclipsing the DFV, costs, not unlike the senior series, were getting out of control. The first chassis from March, AGS and Ralt were developments of their existing 1984 Formula Two designs, although Lolas entry was based on and looked very much like an IndyCar. The form book was rewritten in 1988 with the entry of the ambitious Reynard marque with a new chassis. Dallara briefly tried the series before moving up to Formula One, at least one unraced F3000 chassis existed—the Wagner fitted with a straight-six short-stroke BMW. This was converted into a car, however. The series was not without controversy, definitive rules for the 1985 season did not appear until the championship was well under way. In 1987 questions were asked about the ability of some of the drivers, in 1989 the eligibility of the new Reynard chassis was challenged - it was raced with a different nose to the one that had been crash tested. This season also saw problems with driver changes - the cost of F3000 was escalating to the point that teams were finding it difficult to run drivers for a whole season. A badly implemented two driver changes per car per season rule meant that cars had to sit idle while drivers with budgets could not race them. In 1991 the performance of some Italian teams attracted attention - they had started using Agips jungle juice Formula One fuel, worth an estimated 15 bhp—giving their drivers a significant advantage. Formula 3000 races during the open chassis era tended to be of about 100–120 miles in distance, held at major circuits, the jewel in the crown of the F3000 season was traditionally the Pau Grand Prix street race, rivalled for a few years by the Birmingham round. Most major circuits in France, Italy, Spain, Germany, in 1996, new rules introduced a single engine and chassis, to go along with tyre standardization introduced in 1986. The following year the calendar was combined with that of Formula One, the series grew dramatically through the late nineties, reaching an entry of nearly 40 cars - although this in itself was problematic as it meant many drivers failed to qualify

20.
Forti FG01
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The Forti FG01, also designated Forti FG01-95, was a Formula One car for the 1995 season and was the first car made by Forti. The number 21 seat was taken by rookie Pedro Diniz and the number 22 seat was taken by veteran Roberto Moreno, the team never employed a test driver. The engine was a Ford EDD3.0 V8, the teams main sponsor was Parmalat. The FG01 is also the last F1 car to sport a traditional manual gearbox, the car was designed by Giacomo Caliri and Giorgio Stirano, with input from Sergio Rinland, and was built at the teams base in Alessandria, Italy. Building its own car for the first time was the hardest task for the team and this turned out to be the main obstacle for Guido Forti, as he insisted on having a reliable car built instead of a fast one. Its roots dated back to 1991 when former Brabham designer Rinland left the British team before the season ended, Rinland set up Astauto Ltd. in Tolworth, England, hiring several of his former collaborators from Brabham when the team closed its doors. The Fondmetal GR02 was a successor of the Brabham BT60, in concept. Due to Fondmetals own severe financial troubles, the GR02 was run only in a few races before the team was closed, at that time, Rinland was living and working in California on a new ChampCar project. Rinland joined the team in early 1995 for a period as Technical Director. Rinland assisted experienced Italian engineers Giorgio Stirano and Giacomo Caliri in designing the car, the cars aerodynamics were completed by former Brabham employee Hans Fouche using wind-tunnels in South Africa, and composite work was done by the Belco Avia company. However, it was rumoured that the FG01 was little more than a re-working of the GR02, thus the FG01 did not promise much in terms of performance. It was also the car to have a manual gearbox in the 1995 F1 season. The only attractive thing about the car was its blue and yellow colour scheme accompanied by fluorescent green wheel-rims, Rinland subsequently left the team after a few weeks, after falling out with the teams management over the cars lack of competitiveness. For 1996, the car was upgraded to B specification, with Luca Badoer and it was eventually replaced by the Forti FG03 car for the Monaco Grand Prix. The Great Encyclopedia of Formula 1

21.
Equipe Ligier
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Equipe Ligier is a motorsport team, best known for its Formula One team that operated from 1976 to 1996. The team was founded in 1968 by former French rugby union player Guy Ligier as a car manufacturer. After retiring from racing following the death of his friend Jo Schlesser, the Cosworth-powered JS1 took wins at Albi and Monthlery in 1970, but retired at Le Mans and from the Tour Automobile de France. For 1971, Ligier had the JS1 developed into the JS2, the JS2 was homologated for road use and used a Maserati V6 engine, while the JS3 was an open-top sports-prototype powered by a Cosworth DFV V8 engine. The JS3 won at Monthlery in 1971 but failed to finish the distance in Le Mans. Therefore, it was retired, and Ligier installed the Cosworth DFV in the JS2 road car, Guy Ligier then switched his efforts into Formula One. Following the acquisition of the Matra F1 teams assets, Ligier entered Formula One in 1976 with a Matra V12-powered car and this is generally considered to have been the first all-French victory in the Formula One World Championship. The deal with Matra ceased in 1979 and Ligier built a Cosworth-powered wing-car, the JS11 began the season winning the first two races in the hands of Laffite. However, the JS11 faced serious competition when Williams and Ferrari introduced aerodynamically modified cars, the rest of the season was less successful for the French marque. The JS11 and its successors made Ligier one of the top teams through the early 1980s, despite substantial sponsorship from Talbot and public French companies - mainly SEITA, Gitanes and Française des Jeux) - the competitiveness of the team began to decline around 1982. Around this time, they were testing a Matra V6 turbocharged engine, thanks to the political support of Ligier long-time friend François Mitterrand, in the mid-1980s, the team benefitted from a free Renault turbo engine deal. This, along with sponsorship from companies such as Loto and Elf Aquitaine, made the more competitive. When Renault left the sport in 1986, Ligier was left without a bona fide engine supplier, an abortive collaboration with Alfa Romeo was followed by customer engine deals with Megatron, Judd and Cosworth and then works contracts with Lamborghini, Renault and Mugen-Honda. Surprisingly, the team was more competitive during this period, in part due to the talents of aerodynamicist Frank Dernie. They scored eight podium finishes over the four years, contrasting sharply with their failure to secure a single top three position between 1987 and 1992. In the last years Ligier had little support and lacked funds. In 1995, de Rouvre sold the team to Flavio Briatore, the Mugen Honda-powered JS43 turned out to be a well balanced car, if not on par with the Williams entries. It became a winner as well, with the team taking the chequered flag with Olivier Panis at the Monaco Grand Prix, albeit in a race of heavy attrition

22.
1996 Formula One season
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The 1996 Formula One season was the 50th season of FIA Formula One motor racing. It featured the 1996 FIA Formula One World Championship, which commenced on 10 March 1996, two World Championship titles were awarded, one for Drivers and one for Constructors. Damon Hill won the Drivers Championship two years after being beaten by a point by Michael Schumacher, making him the first son of a World Champion to have won the title himself. Hill, who had finished runner-up for the past two seasons, was threatened only by his teammate, newcomer Jacques Villeneuve, the 1995 IndyCar. Williams Renault easily won the Constructors title, as there was no other competitor strong enough to post a consistent challenge throughout the championship. Defending Constructors Champion Benetton began their decline towards the middle of the grid, having lost key personnel due to Schumachers departure, olivier Panis took the only victory of his career at the Monaco Grand Prix. The numbering system used since 1974 was dropped, ferrari was given the numbers 1 and 2 after hiring the defending champion Michael Schumacher, despite finishing the previous years Constructors Championship in third. Benetton received numbers 3 and 4 for winning the Constructors Championship, williams got numbers 5 and 6 for finishing second, McLaren got 7 and 8 for finishing fourth, Ligier and 9 and 10 for finishing fifth, and so on. The defending Constructors Champion Benetton officially became an Italian constructor, though continued to be based in Britain, the following teams and drivers competed in the 1996 FIA Formula One World Championship. Forti Grand Prix were declared bankrupt after the British Grand Prix, the race weekend schedule was changed for the 1996 season compared to 1995. The number of practice sessions was increased from the two to three with the number of laps allocated for each day increased from 23 to 30. Also, to increase the spectacle, the Friday qualifying session was dropped, with the FIA World Motor Sport Council opting to have only one qualifying session, held on Saturday afternoon. This year saw the introduction of the 107% rule, which meant all cars had to be within 107% of the pole time in order to qualify for the race. A new numbering system for cars was adopted for 1996 and remained in place until the end of 2013, any new teams were allocated the following numbers. Needle-like nosecone designs with a point, such as the 1995 McLaren MP4/10, were also banned in favour of more blunt nose sections. † Drivers did not finish the Grand Prix, but were classified as they completed over 90% of the race distance, Drivers Championship points were awarded on a 10–6–4–3–2–1 basis to the top six finishers in each race. Constructors Championship points were awarded on a 10–6–4–3–2–1 basis to the top six finishers in each race, formula1. com –1996 official driver standings formula1. com –1996 official team standings

23.
Forti FG03
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The Forti FG03 was the car with which the Forti team competed in part of the 1996 Formula One season. It was designed by Chris Radage and Riccardo de Marco and it was driven by Luca Badoer and Andrea Montermini, both of whom were in their first year with the team. The car was designed as a replacement for the slow, cumbersome B version of the FG01 that the team had used to limited effect in 1995, ultimately, the FG03 was too little, too late, and Forti folded at the German GP. The team came last in the Constructors Championship, with no points, a FG03 is currently used for F1 experiences in Northamptonshire

24.
Limited liability company
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A limited liability company is the United States-specific form of a private limited company. It is a structure that combines the pass-through taxation of a partnership or sole proprietorship with the limited liability of a corporation. An LLC is not a corporation, it is a form of a company that provides limited liability to its owners in many jurisdictions. LLCs do not need to be organized for profit, a Limited Liability Company is a hybrid business entity having certain characteristics of both a corporation and a partnership or sole proprietorship. An LLC, although a business entity, is a type of unincorporated association and is not a corporation, the primary characteristic an LLC shares with a corporation is limited liability, and the primary characteristic it shares with a partnership is the availability of pass-through income taxation. It is often more flexible than a corporation, and it is well-suited for companies with a single owner, in the absence of express statutory guidance, most American courts have held that LLC members are subject to the same common law alter ego piercing theories as corporate shareholders. However, it is difficult to pierce the LLC veil because LLCs do not have many formalities to maintain. So long as the LLC and the members do not commingle funds, membership interests in LLCs and partnership interests are also afforded a significant level of protection through the charging order mechanism. The charging order limits the creditor of a debtor-partner or a debtor-member to the share of distributions. Limited liability company members may, in circumstances, also incur a personal liability in cases where distributions to members render the LLC insolvent. State statutes typically provide automatic or default rules for how an LLC will be governed unless the operating agreement provides otherwise. Similarly, the phrase unless otherwise provided for in the by laws is found in all corporation law statutes. The limited liability company has grown to one of the most prevalent business forms in the entire United States. Under the amendment, parties to an LLC remain free to expand, restrict, section 18-101, a Delaware LLC operating agreement can be written, oral or implied. It sets forth member capital contributions, ownership percentages, and management structure, like a prenuptial agreement, an operating agreement can avoid future disputes between members by addressing buy-out rights, valuation formulas, and transfer restrictions. A written LLC operating agreement should be signed by all of its members, for U. S. federal income tax purposes, an LLC is treated by default as a pass-through entity. Thus, income from the LLC is taxed at the tax rates. The default tax status for LLCs with multiple members is as a partnership, an LLC with either single or multiple members may elect to be taxed as a corporation through the filing of IRS Form 8832

25.
Formula Ford
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Formula Ford is an entry-level class of single seater, open-wheel formula racing. The various championships held across the world form an important step for many prospective Formula One drivers, Formula Ford has traditionally been regarded as the first major stepping stone into formula racing after karting. The series typically sees professional career minded drivers enter alongside amateurs, success in Formula Ford can lead directly to other junior formulae such as a Formula Renault 2.0 or a Formula Three seat. Formula Ford is not a one-make championship and it allows freedom of chassis design, engine build and numerous technical items of specification on the car. This opens the door to many manufacturers, large and small. Many other single-seater formulae impose fixed specifications, only two other professional single seater racing formulae in the world offer the same freedom of chassis and engine build, Formula Three and Formula One. Many aspiring Formula One stars looked to schools in the hope of learning the craft. However, although there was no shortage of aspiring drivers, these schools had much trouble avoiding bankruptcy. The 1-litre Formula Three engines, the 1. 1-litre Coventry Climax FJ and later the Ford Anglia 105E, furthermore, these engines were incredibly fragile and had a tendency to self-destruct. All these factors contributed to a maintenance and upkeep cost of the schools. In 1963, Geoff Clarke, the owner of Motor Racing Stables and this brought him in contact with John Webb, managing director of developments at Brands Hatch. At about this time, two of the school’s Lotus Formula Junior chassis were fitted with a standard 1498cc Ford pushrod engine as featured in the recently introduced Cortina GT saloon. The 1500 Cortina, with its reliability and horsepower output fairly close to “F3 proper” proved a resounding success in the school. The earliest experiments with radial tires bore fruit as well, the students of the day did not care that these were not the engines or racing tyres. Not only would make ideal school cars, but would also provide a new entry level formula for a race series. They felt if they called it “Formula Ford they could get backing from Ford itself, Webb was on the phone the next day to Ford competition manager Henry Taylor, who agreed to provide Clarke and MRS with 54 Cortina GT engines at £50 each. Webb also approached the Royal Automobile Clubs competition director, to establish rules for this new class, late in 1967, Ford announced the new Formula Ford class to the world. Clarke then set about approaching existing race car constructors to build the first Formula Fords, both Bruce McLaren and Jack Brabham turned down the idea, Colin Chapman however dusted off the obsolete Lotus 31 Chassis and reinvented it as the Lotus 51

26.
Formula Three
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Formula Three, also called Formula 3 or F3, is a class of open-wheel formula racing. The various championships held in Europe, Australia, South America, F3 is not cheap, but is regarded as a key investment in a young drivers future career. Success in F3 can lead directly to a GP2 seat or even a Formula One test or race seat, Formula Three evolved from postwar auto racing, with lightweight tube-frame chassis powered by 500 cc motorcycle engines. Cooper came to dominate the formula with mass-produced cars, and the income this generated enabled the company to develop into the senior categories, other notable marques included Kieft, JBS and Emeryson in England, and Effyh, Monopoletta and Scampolo in Europe. John Cooper, along with most other 500 builders, decided to place the engine in the middle of the car, the 500cc formula was the usual route into motor racing through the early and mid-1950s. Other notable 500 cc Formula 3 drivers include Stuart Lewis-Evans, Ivor Bueb, Jim Russell, Peter Collins, Don Parker, Ken Tyrrell, from a statistical point of view, Don Parker was the most successful F3 driver. Although coming to motor racing late in life, he won a total of 126 F3 races altogether, and was described by Motor Sport magazine as the most successful Formula 3 driver in history. Although Stirling Moss was already a star by 1953, Parker beat him more than any driver, and was Formula 3 Champion in 1952, again in 1953. He took the title for a time in 1959. In 1954, Parker took on a man named Norman Graham Hill as his mechanic and general assistant. Some years later, now using his name of Graham. Parker retired from Formula Three after the 1959 season, and chose not to move to Formula 2 or Formula 1 because of his age. However, he did race for one season, representing Jaguar in the British Saloon Car Championships. As a retirement gift in 1961, Jaguars Lofty England presented him with a specially-designed 3.8 litre Jaguar Mark 2 and it was claimed to be the fastest Mark 2 Jaguar had built, being tested at 140 mph on the newly opened M4 motorway in 1963. 500cc Formula Three declined at an international level during the late 1950s, although it continued at a level into the early 60s. A one-litre Formula Three category for four-cylinder carburetted cars, with heavily tuned production engines, was reintroduced in 1964 based on the Formula Junior rules and these engines tended to rev very highly and were popularly known as screamers, F3 races tended to involve large packs of slipstreaming cars. The screamer years were dominated by Brabham, Lotus and Tecno, early one-litre F3 chassis tended to descend from Formula Junior designs but quickly evolved. For 1971 new regulations allowing 1600 cc engines with an air intake were introduced

27.
Europe
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Europe is a continent that comprises the westernmost part of Eurasia. Europe is bordered by the Arctic Ocean to the north, the Atlantic Ocean to the west, yet the non-oceanic borders of Europe—a concept dating back to classical antiquity—are arbitrary. Europe covers about 10,180,000 square kilometres, or 2% of the Earths surface, politically, Europe is divided into about fifty sovereign states of which the Russian Federation is the largest and most populous, spanning 39% of the continent and comprising 15% of its population. Europe had a population of about 740 million as of 2015. Further from the sea, seasonal differences are more noticeable than close to the coast, Europe, in particular ancient Greece, was the birthplace of Western civilization. The fall of the Western Roman Empire, during the period, marked the end of ancient history. Renaissance humanism, exploration, art, and science led to the modern era, from the Age of Discovery onwards, Europe played a predominant role in global affairs. Between the 16th and 20th centuries, European powers controlled at times the Americas, most of Africa, Oceania. The Industrial Revolution, which began in Great Britain at the end of the 18th century, gave rise to economic, cultural, and social change in Western Europe. During the Cold War, Europe was divided along the Iron Curtain between NATO in the west and the Warsaw Pact in the east, until the revolutions of 1989 and fall of the Berlin Wall. In 1955, the Council of Europe was formed following a speech by Sir Winston Churchill and it includes all states except for Belarus, Kazakhstan and Vatican City. Further European integration by some states led to the formation of the European Union, the EU originated in Western Europe but has been expanding eastward since the fall of the Soviet Union in 1991. The European Anthem is Ode to Joy and states celebrate peace, in classical Greek mythology, Europa is the name of either a Phoenician princess or of a queen of Crete. The name contains the elements εὐρύς, wide, broad and ὤψ eye, broad has been an epithet of Earth herself in the reconstructed Proto-Indo-European religion and the poetry devoted to it. For the second part also the divine attributes of grey-eyed Athena or ox-eyed Hera. The same naming motive according to cartographic convention appears in Greek Ανατολή, Martin Litchfield West stated that phonologically, the match between Europas name and any form of the Semitic word is very poor. Next to these there is also a Proto-Indo-European root *h1regʷos, meaning darkness. Most major world languages use words derived from Eurṓpē or Europa to refer to the continent, in some Turkic languages the originally Persian name Frangistan is used casually in referring to much of Europe, besides official names such as Avrupa or Evropa

Parmalat
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Parmalat SpA is a multinational Italian dairy and food corporation. Since 2011, it is a subsidiary of French group Lactalis, today, Parmalat is a company with a global presence, having operations in Europe, the United States, Canada, Australia, China, and South Africa. Still specializing in UHT milk and milk derivatives, the group also has an inter

1.
Pedro Diniz driving for Forti in 1995

Ford Motor Company
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The Ford Motor Company is an American multinational automaker headquartered in Dearborn, Michigan, a suburb of Detroit. It was founded by Henry Ford and incorporated on June 16,1903, the company sells automobiles and commercial vehicles under the Ford brand and most luxury cars under the Lincoln brand. Ford also owns Brazilian SUV manufacturer, Tro

1.
The Ford World Headquarters in Dearborn, Michigan, also known as the Glass House

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Henry Ford (ca. 1919)

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A 1910 Model T, photographed in Salt Lake City

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William Clay Ford, Jr., great-grandson of Henry Ford, serves as the executive chairman at the board of Ford Motor Company.

Alessandria
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Alessandria listen is a city and comune in Piedmont, Italy, and the capital of the Province of Alessandria. The city is sited on the plain between the Tanaro and the Bormida rivers, about 90 kilometres southeast of Turin. Alessandria is also a railway hub. Alessandria stood in the territories of the marchese of Montferrat, an ally of the Emperor, w

1.
Alessandria Cathedral on the Piazza del Duomo

Italy
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Italy, officially the Italian Republic, is a unitary parliamentary republic in Europe. Located in the heart of the Mediterranean Sea, Italy shares open land borders with France, Switzerland, Austria, Slovenia, San Marino, Italy covers an area of 301,338 km2 and has a largely temperate seasonal and Mediterranean climate. Due to its shape, it is refe

1.
The Colosseum in Rome, built c. 70 – 80 AD, is considered one of the greatest works of architecture and engineering of ancient history.

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Flag

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The Iron Crown of Lombardy, for centuries symbol of the Kings of Italy.

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Castel del Monte, built by German Emperor Frederick II, UNESCO World Heritage site

Luca Badoer
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Luca Badoer is an Italian former racing driver. Badoer has raced for the Scuderia Italia, Minardi, Forti Corse and most recently, under the 2010 scoring system, he would have scored 26 points over his career. He nearly achieved a finish in the 1999 European Grand Prix when a strong drive saw him reach fourth place. Badoer was born in Montebelluna,

1.
Badoer in 2007

2.
Badoer driving for Minardi at the 1995 British Grand Prix.

3.
Badoer testing for Ferrari at the Circuit de Catalunya in 2008

4.
Badoer took part in his first Formula One race in ten years at the 2009 European Grand Prix.

Brazil
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Brazil, officially the Federative Republic of Brazil, is the largest country in both South America and Latin America. As the worlds fifth-largest country by area and population, it is the largest country to have Portuguese as an official language. Its Amazon River basin includes a vast tropical forest, home to wildlife, a variety of ecological syst

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Megaliths in the Solstice Archaeological Park, in Amapá, erected between 500 and 2000 years ago, probably to carry out astronomical observations.

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Flag

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Representation of the landing of Pedro Álvares Cabral in Porto Seguro, 1500.

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Painting showing the arrest of Tiradentes; he was sentenced to death for his involvement in the best known movement for independence in Colonial Brazil.

Pedro Diniz
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Pedro Paulo Falleiros dos Santos Diniz is a Brazilian businessman and former racing driver. Diniz began karting at the age of eighteen and achieved success, before progressing to car racing in the Brazilian Formula Ford Championship. He first drove in Formula One with Forti for the 1995 season, the following year he switched to Ligier and moved to

1.
Diniz at the 1995 British Grand Prix

2.
Diniz at the 2000 Canadian Grand Prix

Andrea Montermini
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Andrea Montermini is an Italian racing driver. Montermini raced in Formula 3 in 1989, taking place in the Monaco GP support race. He then moved up to Formula 3000, racing for three season before taking second place in the 1992 season, winning three rounds while driving for the Il Barone Rampante team. He participated in 29 Formula One Grands Prix,

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Montermini at the Brands Hatch round of the 2014 Blancpain Sprint Series season.

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Montermini driving for Pacific Racing at the 1995 British Grand Prix.

3.
Montermini driving for Forti at the 1996 San Marino Grand Prix.

Roberto Moreno
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Roberto Pupo Moreno, usually known as Roberto Moreno and also as Pupo Moreno, is a Brazilian racing driver. He participated in 75 Formula One Grands Prix, achieved 1 podium and he raced in CART in 1986, and was Formula 3000 champion before joining Formula One full-time in 1989. He returned to CART in 1996 where he enjoyed an Indian summer in 2000 a

1.
Moreno at the 1982 Dutch Grand Prix.

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Moreno driving for Benetton at the 1991 United States Grand Prix.

3.
Moreno spent his last season of Formula One with the Forti team.

Formula One
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Formula One is the highest class of single-seat auto racing that is sanctioned by the Fédération Internationale de lAutomobile. The FIA Formula One World Championship has been the form of racing since the inaugural season in 1950. The formula, designated in the name, refers to a set of rules, the F1 season consists of a series of races, known as Gr

1.
Juan Manuel Fangio 's 1951 title-winning Alfa Romeo 159

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Formula One

3.
Stirling Moss 's Lotus 18 at the Nürburgring during 1961

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Nigel Mansell 's Williams FW10 from 1985

1995 Brazilian Grand Prix
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The 1995 Brazilian Grand Prix was a Formula One motor race held on 26 March 1995 at the Autódromo José Carlos Pace, São Paulo, Brazil. It was the first round of the 1995 Formula One season, the 71-lap race was won by Michael Schumacher for the Benetton team after starting from second position. David Coulthard finished second in a Williams, with Ger

1.
1995 Brazilian Grand Prix

2.
Mika Häkkinen (pictured in 2006), who was set to partner Nigel Mansell at McLaren

3.
Gerhard Berger, who was the leading Ferrari driver on the starting grid (picture taken in 1991, while driving for McLaren)

4.
Johnny Herbert, who dropped to tenth place in the opening laps of the Grand Prix (picture taken in 2006 while an employee of the Midland F1 team)

List of Formula One World Drivers' Champions
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The Drivers Championship was first awarded in 1950, to Giuseppe Farina. The first driver to win multiple Championships was Alberto Ascari, in 1952 and 1953, the current Drivers Champion is Nico Rosberg, who won his one and only World Championship in 2016. A driver becomes the World Champion each season as soon as it is no longer possible for anothe

1.
Michael Schumacher, seven-time Formula 1 Champion.

2.
Michael Schumacher has won the World Drivers' Championship a record seven times – twice with Benetton and five times with Ferrari. Five titles with a single team is also a record.

3.
Juan Manuel Fangio won the World Drivers' Championship five times with Alfa Romeo, Maserati, Mercedes and Ferrari. He held the record from 1955 until 2003.

4.
Alain Prost has four titles, three for McLaren and one for Williams. He also came close to winning the title for Renault and for Ferrari.

1995 Australian Grand Prix
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The 1995 Australian Grand Prix was a Formula One motor race held on 12 November 1995 at the Adelaide Street Circuit, Adelaide. In a race of attrition, all the cars retired except for the pole-sitting Williams-Renault of Damon Hill. Hill won by two laps from the Ligier-Mugen-Honda of Olivier Panis, with Gianni Morbidelli achieving his best-ever F1 r

1.
1995 Australian Grand Prix

Pole position
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The game was designed by Tōru Iwatani, who had also designed the Gee Bee games and Pac-Man. It was the most popular arcade game of 1983. Pole Position was released in two configurations, an upright cabinet, and an environmental/cockpit cabinet. By 1983, it had become the highest-grossing arcade game that year in North America and it was the most su

1.
Arcade flyer

1996 Brazilian Grand Prix
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The 1996 Brazilian Grand Prix was a Formula One motor race held on 31 March 1996 at Interlagos in heavy rain. Six different teams scored points, with Damon Hill following up his win at the first round of the season, two local drivers, Marques and Diniz, had their qualifying times disallowed for, respectively, a push-start and missing the signal to

1.
1996 Brazilian Grand Prix

1996 Monaco Grand Prix
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The 1996 Monaco Grand Prix was a Formula One motor race held at Monaco on 19 May 1996. It was the race of the 1996 Formula One season. The race was run in wet weather, causing significant attrition, olivier Panis scored his sole career Formula One victory, earning the last ever Formula One victory for the Ligier team after switching to slick tyres

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JS43 of the type driven by Olivier Panis at the 1996 Monaco Grand Prix, on display.

2.
1996 Monaco Grand Prix

3.
Formation lap

1996 British Grand Prix
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The 1996 British Grand Prix was a Formula One motor race held on 14 July 1996 at Silverstone. It was the race of the 1996 Formula One season. The final points went to David Coulthard in the second McLaren, Last race, Forti Last race, Andrea Montermini Ricardo Rossets qualifying times were scratched after he missed the FIA weight check, dropping him

1.
Silverstone Circuit (as modified in 1996)

Auto racing
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Auto racing is a sport involving the racing of automobiles for competition. Almost as soon as automobiles had been invented, races of various sorts were organised, by the 1930s specialist racing cars had developed. There are now numerous different categories, each with different rules and it was won by the carriage of Isaac Watt Boulton. Internal c

1.
Jimmie Johnson leads the field racing three-wide multiple rows back at Daytona International Speedway in the 2015 Daytona 500.

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Albert Lemaître classified first in his Peugeot Type 5 3hp in the Paris–Rouen.

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Fernand Gabriel driving a Mors in Paris-Madrid 1903

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A remaining section of the Brooklands track in 2007

International Formula 3000
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Formula Two had become too expensive, and was dominated by works-run cars with factory engines, the hope was that Formula 3000 would offer quicker, cheaper, more open racing. The series began as a specification, then tyres were standardized from 1986 onwards, followed by engines. The series ran annually until 2004, and was replaced in 2005 by the G

Forti FG01
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The Forti FG01, also designated Forti FG01-95, was a Formula One car for the 1995 season and was the first car made by Forti. The number 21 seat was taken by rookie Pedro Diniz and the number 22 seat was taken by veteran Roberto Moreno, the team never employed a test driver. The engine was a Ford EDD3.0 V8, the teams main sponsor was Parmalat. The

Equipe Ligier
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Equipe Ligier is a motorsport team, best known for its Formula One team that operated from 1976 to 1996. The team was founded in 1968 by former French rugby union player Guy Ligier as a car manufacturer. After retiring from racing following the death of his friend Jo Schlesser, the Cosworth-powered JS1 took wins at Albi and Monthlery in 1970, but r

1.
The 1980 Ligier JS11/15 being demonstrated at the 2008 Goodwood Festival of Speed.

2.
Ligier

3.
Ligier used a turbo engine for the first time in 1984. Andrea de Cesaris drives the JS23 chassis at that year's Dallas Grand Prix.

4.
Ligier's last F1 car, the JS43, on display. Driven by Olivier Panis and Pedro Diniz, it provided Panis' only F1 victory and Ligier's last, at the 1996 Monaco Grand Prix.

1996 Formula One season
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The 1996 Formula One season was the 50th season of FIA Formula One motor racing. It featured the 1996 FIA Formula One World Championship, which commenced on 10 March 1996, two World Championship titles were awarded, one for Drivers and one for Constructors. Damon Hill won the Drivers Championship two years after being beaten by a point by Michael S

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Damon Hill won the Formula One World Championship with Williams.

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Hill's team-mate, Jacques Villeneuve (pictured in 2002), finished as runner-up in only his first year of F1 participation.

Forti FG03
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The Forti FG03 was the car with which the Forti team competed in part of the 1996 Formula One season. It was designed by Chris Radage and Riccardo de Marco and it was driven by Luca Badoer and Andrea Montermini, both of whom were in their first year with the team. The car was designed as a replacement for the slow, cumbersome B version of the FG01

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Forti FG03

Limited liability company
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A limited liability company is the United States-specific form of a private limited company. It is a structure that combines the pass-through taxation of a partnership or sole proprietorship with the limited liability of a corporation. An LLC is not a corporation, it is a form of a company that provides limited liability to its owners in many juris

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Basic investment types

Formula Ford
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Formula Ford is an entry-level class of single seater, open-wheel formula racing. The various championships held across the world form an important step for many prospective Formula One drivers, Formula Ford has traditionally been regarded as the first major stepping stone into formula racing after karting. The series typically sees professional ca

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Formula Ford Ecoboost

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Formula Ford Duratec

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FFEA Van Diemen RF01 Chassis

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Reynard Formula Ford 2000 at the Nürburgring in 1985

Formula Three
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Formula Three, also called Formula 3 or F3, is a class of open-wheel formula racing. The various championships held in Europe, Australia, South America, F3 is not cheap, but is regarded as a key investment in a young drivers future career. Success in F3 can lead directly to a GP2 seat or even a Formula One test or race seat, Formula Three evolved f

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Mika Mäki drives a Dallara F308 Formula Three Car in a Formula 3 Euro Series race at Hockenheimring in 2009

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Rudolf Dötsch in a March – Toyota at the Nürburgring 1976

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A typical early car, the Effyh 500 (1947–1952) was built in Malmö, Sweden and was one of the more successful cars. It had a lightweight tube chassis, aluminium bodywork and was powered by a 500cc 1-cylinder JAP engine.

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1949: Monopoletta-BMW

Europe
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Europe is a continent that comprises the westernmost part of Eurasia. Europe is bordered by the Arctic Ocean to the north, the Atlantic Ocean to the west, yet the non-oceanic borders of Europe—a concept dating back to classical antiquity—are arbitrary. Europe covers about 10,180,000 square kilometres, or 2% of the Earths surface, politically, Europ

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Reconstruction of Herodotus ' world map

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A medieval T and O map from 1472 showing the three continents as domains of the sons of Noah — Asia to Sem (Shem), Europe to Iafeth (Japheth), and Africa to Cham (Ham)

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Early modern depiction of Europa regina ('Queen Europe') and the mythical Europa of the 8th century BC.