1.
1888
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As of the start of 1888, the Gregorian calendar was 12 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923. In Germany,1888 is known as the Year of the Three Emperors, currently, it is the year that, when written in Roman numerals, has the most digits. This will be surpassed as late as 2888, january 3 – The 91-centimeter telescope is first used at Lick Observatory in California. January 12 – The Schoolhouse Blizzard hits Dakota Territory, the states of Montana, Minnesota, Nebraska, Kansas, january 13 – The National Geographic Society is founded in Washington, D. C. January 21 –– Amateur Athletic Union is founded by William Buckingham Curtis in the United States, january 26 –– The Lawn Tennis Association is founded in England. February 6 –– Gillis Bildt becomes Prime Minister of Sweden, february 27 – In West Orange, New Jersey, Thomas Edison meets with Eadweard Muybridge, who proposes a scheme for sound film. March 8 – The Agriculture College of Utah, is founded in Logan, march 9 – Frederick III becomes German Emperor and King of Prussia. March 11 – The Great Blizzard of 1888 begins along the seaboard of the United States, shutting down commerce. March 13 – De Beers Consolidated Mines Ltd. is founded in Kimberley, march 15 – Start of the Sikkim Expedition, a British military expedition to expel the Tibetans from northern Sikkim. March 16 – Foundation stone for a new National Library of Greece is laid in Athens, march 20 – The very first Romani language operetta premieres in Moscow, Russia. March 23 – A meeting called by William McGregor to discuss establishment of The Football League is held in London, march 27 – The Rescue of the Renown, Dorus Rijkers saves the 30-man crew of the Renown off the Netherlands coast, risking his own life. March 29 – Death of French-Jewish composer Charles-Valentin Alkan, march – International Council of Women formed, a key event in the international womens movement. April 3 The Brighton Beach Hotel in Coney Island is moved 520 feet using six steam locomotives by civil engineer B. C. Miller to save it from ocean storms. April 6 – First New Years Day of the solar calendar adopted by Siamese King Chulalongkorn with the 106th anniversary of Bangkoks founding in 1782 as its epoch, April 11 – The Concertgebouw in Amsterdam is inaugurated. April 16 – The German Empire annexes the island of Nauru, April 21 – The Texas State Capitol building, completed at a cost of 3 million dollars, opens to the public in Austin. May 1 – The United States Congress establishes the Fort Belknap Indian Reservation, may 8 – Royal opening of the International Exhibition of Science, Art and Industry in Kelvingrove Park, Glasgow. May 12 – The North Borneo Chartered Companys territories become the British protectorate of North Borneo, may 13 – In Brazil, the Lei Áurea abolishes the last remnants of slavery. May 28 – In Scotland, Celtic F. C. plays its first official match winning 5–2 against Rangers F. C, may 30 – Hong Kongs Peak Tram begins operation

2.
2002
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2002 was designated as, International Year of Ecotourism International Year of Mountains January 1 The Open Skies mutual surveillance treaty, initially signed in 1992, officially enters into force. The Euro is officially introduced in the Eurozone countries, the former currencies of all the countries that use the Euro ceased to be legal tender on February 28. January 3 – The Israeli Navy seizes a cargo ship trafficking 50 tons of weapons to the Palestinian National Authority, January 18 – The Sierra Leone Civil War comes to a conclusion with the defeat of the Revolutionary United Front by government forces. February 6 – Queen Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom celebrates her Golden Jubilee, February 8–24 – The 2002 Winter Olympics are held in Salt Lake City, Utah. February 12 – The trial of Slobodan Milošević, the former President of Yugoslavia, February 19 – NASAs 2001 Mars Odyssey space probe begins to map the surface of Mars using its thermal emission imaging system. February 22 – UNITA guerilla leader Jonas Savimbi is killed in clashes against government troops led by Angolan President José Eduardo dos Santos in Moxico Province and his death leads to the end of the Angolan Civil War on April 4. March 1 – The Envisat environmental satellite is launched, with its purpose being the recording of information on environmental change, April 2 – Israeli forces besiege the Church of the Nativity in Bethlehem, when militants took shelter there. The siege would last for 38 days, April 15 – Air China Flight 129 crashes into a hillside during heavy rain and fog near Busan, South Korea, killing 129 people. April 25 – South African Mark Shuttleworth blasts off from the Baikonur Cosmodrome on the Soyuz TM-34, may 9 – A remote-control bomb explodes during a holiday parade in Kaspiysk, Russia, killing 44 people and injuring at least 130 more. May 20 – East Timor regains its independence after 26 years of occupation by Indonesia since 1975, may 31–June 30 – The 2002 FIFA World Cup begins in South Korea and Japan, which is won by Brazil. June 6 – An object with a diameter of 10 meters collides with Earth over the Mediterranean. June 10 – The first direct electronic communication experiment between the systems of two humans, is carried out by Kevin Warwick in the United Kingdom. June 24 – A passenger train collides with a train in Dodoma Region, Tanzania, killing 281 people. July 1 The Rome Statute comes into force, thereby establishing the International Criminal Court, a Russian passenger jet and cargo plane collide over the town of Überlingen, Germany, killing 71 people. July 9 – The Organization of African Unity is disbanded and replaced by the African Union, august 26 – Earth Summit 2002 begins in Johannesburg, South Africa, aimed at discussing sustainable development by the United Nations. September 10 – Switzerland joins the United Nations as the 190th member state after rejecting a place in 1986, september 19 – General Robert Guéï leads an army mutiny in an attempt to overthrow Ivory Coast President Laurent Gbagbo, plunging the country in to civil war. September 25 – The Vitim event, a bolide impact, occurs in Irkutsk Oblast. September 26 – The Senegalese passenger ferry Joola capsizes in a storm off the coast of the Gambia, september 27 – East Timor is admitted to the United Nations as the 191st member state

3.
Nederland
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The Netherlands, also informally known as Holland is the main constituent country of the Kingdom of the Netherlands. It is a densely populated country located in Western Europe with three territories in the Caribbean. The European part of the Netherlands borders Germany to the east, Belgium to the south, and the North Sea to the northwest, sharing borders with Belgium, the United Kingdom. The three largest cities in the Netherlands are Amsterdam, Rotterdam and The Hague, Amsterdam is the countrys capital, while The Hague holds the Dutch seat of parliament and government. The port of Rotterdam is the worlds largest port outside East-Asia, the name Holland is used informally to refer to the whole of the country of the Netherlands. Netherlands literally means lower countries, influenced by its low land and flat geography, most of the areas below sea level are artificial. Since the late 16th century, large areas have been reclaimed from the sea and lakes, with a population density of 412 people per km2 –507 if water is excluded – the Netherlands is classified as a very densely populated country. Only Bangladesh, South Korea, and Taiwan have both a population and higher population density. Nevertheless, the Netherlands is the worlds second-largest exporter of food and agricultural products and this is partly due to the fertility of the soil and the mild climate. In 2001, it became the worlds first country to legalise same-sex marriage, the Netherlands is a founding member of the EU, Eurozone, G-10, NATO, OECD and WTO, as well as being a part of the Schengen Area and the trilateral Benelux Union. The first four are situated in The Hague, as is the EUs criminal intelligence agency Europol and this has led to the city being dubbed the worlds legal capital. The country also ranks second highest in the worlds 2016 Press Freedom Index, the Netherlands has a market-based mixed economy, ranking 17th of 177 countries according to the Index of Economic Freedom. It had the thirteenth-highest per capita income in the world in 2013 according to the International Monetary Fund, in 2013, the United Nations World Happiness Report ranked the Netherlands as the seventh-happiest country in the world, reflecting its high quality of life. The Netherlands also ranks joint second highest in the Inequality-adjusted Human Development Index, the region called Low Countries and the country of the Netherlands have the same toponymy. Place names with Neder, Nieder, Nether and Nedre and Bas or Inferior are in use in all over Europe. They are sometimes used in a relation to a higher ground that consecutively is indicated as Upper, Boven, Oben. In the case of the Low Countries / the Netherlands the geographical location of the region has been more or less downstream. The geographical location of the region, however, changed over time tremendously

4.
Nederlands
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It is the third most widely spoken Germanic language, after English and German. Dutch is one of the closest relatives of both German and English and is said to be roughly in between them, Dutch vocabulary is mostly Germanic and incorporates more Romance loans than German but far fewer than English. In both Belgium and the Netherlands, the official name for Dutch is Nederlands, and its dialects have their own names, e. g. Hollands, West-Vlaams. The use of the word Vlaams to describe Standard Dutch for the variations prevalent in Flanders and used there, however, is common in the Netherlands, the Dutch language has been known under a variety of names. It derived from the Old Germanic word theudisk, one of the first names used for the non-Romance languages of Western Europe. It literarily means the language of the people, that is. The term was used as opposed to Latin, the language of writing. In the first text in which it is found, dating from 784, later, theudisca appeared also in the Oaths of Strasbourg to refer to the Germanic portion of the oath. This led inevitably to confusion since similar terms referred to different languages, owing to Dutch commercial and colonial rivalry in the 16th and 17th centuries, the English term came to refer exclusively to the Dutch. A notable exception is Pennsylvania Dutch, which is a West Central German variety called Deitsch by its speakers, Jersey Dutch, on the other hand, as spoken until the 1950s in New Jersey, is a Dutch-based creole. In Dutch itself, Diets went out of common use - although Platdiets is still used for the transitional Limburgish-Ripuarian Low Dietsch dialects in northeast Belgium, Nederlands, the official Dutch word for Dutch, did not become firmly established until the 19th century. This designation had been in use as far back as the end of the 15th century, one of them was it reflected a distinction with Hoogduits, High Dutch, meaning the language spoken in Germany. The Hoog was later dropped, and thus, Duits narrowed down in meaning to refer to the German language. g, in English, too, Netherlandic is regarded as a more accurate term for the Dutch language, but is hardly ever used. Old Dutch branched off more or less around the same time Old English, Old High German, Old Frisian and Old Saxon did. During that period, it forced Old Frisian back from the western coast to the north of the Low Countries, on the other hand, Dutch has been replaced in adjacent lands in nowadays France and Germany. The division in Old, Middle and Modern Dutch is mostly conventional, one of the few moments linguists can detect somewhat of a revolution is when the Dutch standard language emerged and quickly established itself. This is assumed to have taken place in approximately the mid-first millennium BCE in the pre-Roman Northern European Iron Age, the Germanic languages are traditionally divided into three groups, East, West, and North Germanic. They remained mutually intelligible throughout the Migration Period, Dutch is part of the West Germanic group, which also includes English, Scots, Frisian, Low German and High German

5.
Dagblad van het Noorden
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The Dagblad van het Noorden, abbreviated as DvhN, is a Dutch regional daily newspaper that is published and circulated in the provinces of Groningen and Drenthe in the northeastern Netherlands. The newspaper is owned by NDC Mediagroep, pieter Sijpersma has been editor-in-chief since 2004. It had a circulation of 96,515 copies in 2015, the Dagblad van het Noorden is a merger of the Nieuwsblad van het Noorden, the Groninger Dagblad, and the Drentse Courant. Its first edition was published on 2 April 2002, jan Bonjer, who had been the editor-in-chief of the Drentse Courant, was the first editor-in-chief from 2002 to 2003. Pieter Sijpersma has been editor-in-chief since 2004, the newspaper circulation started around 180,000 subscribers in 2002 and diminished to less than 100,000 subscribers in 2015. Dagblad van het Noorden, official website De krant van toen, digital archive

6.
Journalist
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A journalist is a person who collects, writes, or distributes news or other current information. A journalists work is called journalism, a journalist can work with general issues or specialize in certain issues. However, most journalists tend to specialize, and by cooperating with other journalists, for example, a sports journalist covers news within the world of sports, but this journalist may be a part of a newspaper that covers many different topics. A reporter is a type of journalist who researches, writes, and reports on information in order to present in sources, conduct interviews, engage in research, and make reports. The information-gathering part of a job is sometimes called reporting. Reporters may split their time working in a newsroom and going out to witness events or interviewing people. Reporters may be assigned a beat or area of coverage. Depending on the context, the term journalist may include various types of editors, editorial writers, columnists, Journalism has developed a variety of ethics and standards. While objectivity and a lack of bias are of concern and importance, more liberal types of journalism, such as advocacy journalism and activism. This has become prevalent with the advent of social media and blogs, as well as other platforms that are used to manipulate or sway social and political opinions. These platforms often project extreme bias, as sources are not always held accountable or considered necessary in order to produce a written, nor did they often directly experience most social problems, or have direct access to expert insights. These limitations were made worse by a media that tended to over-simplify issues and to reinforce stereotypes, partisan viewpoints. As a consequence, Lippmann believed that the public needed journalists like himself who could serve as analysts, guiding “citizens to a deeper understanding of what was really important. ”Journalists sometimes expose themselves to danger. Organizations such as the Committee to Protect Journalists and Reporters Without Borders publish reports on press freedom, as of November 2011, the Committee to Protect Journalists reports that 887 journalists have been killed worldwide since 1992 by murder, crossfire or combat, or on dangerous assignment. The ten deadliest countries for journalists since 1992 have been Iraq, Philippines, Russia, Colombia, Mexico, Algeria, Pakistan, India, Somalia, Brazil and Sri Lanka. The Committee to Protect Journalists also reports that as of December 1st 2010,145 journalists were jailed worldwide for journalistic activities. The ten countries with the largest number of currently-imprisoned journalists are Turkey, China, Iran, Eritrea, Burma, Uzbekistan, Vietnam, Cuba, Ethiopia, apart from the physical harm, journalists are harmed psychologically. This applies especially to war reporters, but their offices at home often do not know how to deal appropriately with the reporters they expose to danger

7.
Nederland in de Tweede Wereldoorlog
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The direct involvement of the Netherlands in World War II began with its invasion by Nazi Germany on 10 May 1940. The Netherlands had proclaimed neutrality when war broke out in September 1939, just as it had in World War I, on 15 May 1940, one day after the bombing of Rotterdam, the Dutch forces surrendered. The Dutch government and the family escaped and went into exile in London. Following the defeat, the Netherlands was placed under German occupation, active resistance was carried out by a small minority, which grew in the course of the occupation. The occupiers deported the majority of the countrys Jews to Nazi concentration camps, with the cooperation of much of the Dutch police, in fact, the Netherlands saw one of the highest levels of collaboration during the Holocaust of any occupied country. However, the city of Amsterdam organized the only action in protest to the persecution of their Jewish fellow citizens ever in all of the Nazi occupied areas. Most of the south of the country was liberated in the half of 1944. The rest, especially the west and north of the still under occupation, suffered from a famine at the end of 1944. On 5 May 1945, the country was finally liberated by the total surrender of all German forces. Dutch governments between 1929 and 1943 were dominated by Christian and center-right political parties, from 1933, the Netherlands were hit by the Great Depression, which had begun in 1929. Eventually, in 1936, the government was forced to abandon the gold standard, numerous fascist movements emerged in the Netherlands during the Great Depression era, inspired by Italian Fascism or German Nazism. Nazi-style racial ideology had limited appeal in the Netherlands, as did its calls to violence, during World War I, the Dutch government under Pieter Cort van der Linden had managed to preserve the Dutch neutrality throughout the conflict. In the inter-war period, the Netherlands had continued to pursue its Independence Policy, the Dutch government believed it would be able to rely on its neutrality, or at least the informal support of foreign powers, to defend its interests in case of war. The government did, however, begin to work on plans for the defence of the country, in late 1939, with war already declared between the British Empire, France and Nazi Germany, the German government issued a guarantee of neutrality to the Netherlands. Nevertheless, the Dutch military was mobilized from August 1939. Despite its policy of neutrality, the Netherlands was invaded on the morning of 10 May 1940, without a declaration of war, by German forces moving simultaneously into Belgium. The attackers meant to draw Allied forces away from the Ardennes and to lure British and French forces deeper into Belgium, the Luftwaffe also needed the Dutch airfields on the Dutch coast to launch air raids against the United Kingdom. The Dutch military, with insufficient and outdated weapons and equipment, was largely unprepared

8.
Nationaal-Socialistische Beweging
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The National Socialist Movement in the Netherlands was a Dutch fascist and later national socialist political party. As a parliamentary party participating in elections, the NSB had some success during the 1930s. It remained the legal party in the Netherlands during most of the Second World War. The NSB was founded in Utrecht in 1931 during a period when several nationalist, fascist, the founders were Anton Mussert, who became the partys leader, and Cornelis van Geelkerken. The party based its program on Italian fascism and German national socialism, however unlike the latter before 1936 the party was not anti-semitic and even had Jewish members. In 1933, after a year of building an organization, the party organized its first public meeting, after that the partys support began to grow. In the same year the government forbade civil servants to be members of the NSB, in the provincial elections of 1935 the party gained 8 percent of the votes and two seats in the Senate. This result was achieved against the background of the hardship of the Great Depression. Musserts image as a politician and his pragmatism allowed him to unite the different types of fascism. This was bolstered by the strong organization and its political strategy. In 1936, under influence of Meinoud Rost van Tonningen the party became openly anti-semitic, Rost van Tonningen began to question Musserts leadership with support of the German Nazi Party, raising internal divisions within the party. This led to decreased support for the party and a strong anti-fascist reaction of the parties, trade unions. In the 1937 general elections the party gained only 4 percent of the votes and four seats in the House of Representatives, in parliament the NSB MPs showed little respect for parliamentary procedures and rules. Many NSB MPs were called to order by the chairman of parliament for physical and verbal violence, in the provincial election of 1939 the party also gained 4 percent of the votes. After the Second World War broke out, the NSB sympathized with the Germans, in May 1940,800 NSB members and sympathizers were put in custody by the Dutch government, after the German invasion. Soon after the Dutch defeat on 14 May 1940, they were set free by German troops, in June 1940, Mussert delivered a speech in Lunteren in which he called for the Netherlands to embrace the Germans and renounce the Dutch Monarchy, which had fled to London. In 1940 the German occupation government had outlawed all socialist and communist parties, in 1941 it forbade all parties, the NSB openly collaborated with the occupation forces. Its membership grew to about 100,000, the NSB played an important role in lower government and civil service, every new mayor appointed by the German occupation government was a member of the NSB

9.
Jugendstil
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Art Nouveau is an international style of art, architecture and applied art, especially the decorative arts, that was most popular between 1890 and 1910. A reaction to the art of the 19th century, it was inspired by natural forms and structures, particularly the curved lines of plants. English uses the French name Art Nouveau, according to the philosophy of the style, art should be a way of life. For many well-off Europeans, it was possible to live in an art nouveau-inspired house with art nouveau furniture, silverware, fabrics, ceramics including tableware, jewellery, cigarette cases, artists desired to combine the fine arts and applied arts, even for utilitarian objects. By 1910, Art Nouveau was already out of style and it was replaced as the dominant European architectural and decorative style first by Art Deco and then by Modernism. Art Nouveau took its name from the Maison de lArt Nouveau, in France, Art Nouveau was also sometimes called by the British term Modern Style due to its roots in the Arts and Crafts Movement, Style moderne, or Style 1900. It was also sometimes called Style Jules Verne, Le Style Métro, Art Belle Époque, in Belgium, where the architectural movement began, it was sometimes termed Style nouille or Style coup de fouet. In Britain, it was known as the Modern Style, or, because of the arts and crafts movement led by Charles Rennie Mackintosh in Glasgow, as the Glasgow style. In Italy, because of the popularity in Italy of designs from Londons Liberty & Co department store, in the United States, due to its association with Louis Comfort Tiffany, it was often called the Tiffany style. In Germany and Scandinavia, a style emerged at about the same time, it was called Jugendstil. In Catalonia the related style was known as Modernisme, in Spain as Modernismo, Arte joven, in Russia, it was called Modern, and Jugendstil, and Nieuwe Kunst in the Netherlands. Some names refer specifically to the forms that were popular with the Art Nouveau artists, Stile Floreal in France, Paling Stijl in the Netherlands. The new art movement had its roots in Britain, in the designs of William Morris. Early prototypes of the include the Red House of Morris. In France, the style combined several different tendencies, in architecture, it was influenced by the architectural theorist and historian Eugène Viollet-le-Duc, a declared enemy of the historical Beaux-Arts architectural style. For each function its material, for each material its form and this book influenced a generation of architects, including Louis Sullivan, Victor Horta, Hector Guimard, and Antoni Gaudí. The French painters Maurice Denis, Pierre Bonnard and Édouard Vuillard played an important part in integrating fine arts painting with decoration, I believe that before everything a painting must decorate, Denis wrote in 1891. The choice of subjects or scenes is nothing and it is by the value of tones, the colored surface and the harmony of lines that I can reach the spirit and wake up the emotions

10.
1903
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As of the start of 1903, the Gregorian calendar was 13 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923. January 1 – Edward VII is proclaimed Emperor of India, January 19 – The first west–east transatlantic radio broadcast is made from the United States to England. February 11 – The Oxnard strike of 1903 becomes the first time in U. S. history that a union is formed from members of different races. February 15 – Morris and Rose Michtom introduce the first teddy bear in the United States, february 17 – El Yunque National Forest in Puerto Rico becomes part of the United States National Forest System as the Luquillo Forest Reserve. February 23 – Cuba leases Guantánamo Bay to the United States in perpetuity, march 2 – In New York City, the Martha Washington Hotel, the first hotel exclusively for women, opens. March 3 – The British Admiralty announces plans to build a base at Rosyth. March 4 – Beşiktaş J. K. founded, march 5 – The Ottoman Empire and the German Empire sign an agreement to build the Constantinople–Baghdad Railway. March 12 – The University of Puerto Rico is founded, march 14 – The Hay–Herrán Treaty, granting the United States the right to build the Panama Canal, is ratified by the United States Senate. The Colombian Senate later rejects the treaty, april 26 – Atletico Madrid, as well known for professional football club in Spain, officially founded. April 29 – A 30-million-m3 landslide kills 70-90 in Frank, Alberta, april 29 – The 7.0 Ms Manzikert earthquake affects eastern Turkey, leaving 3,500 dead. May 4 – The leading Macedonian Bulgarian revolutionary Gotse Delchev is killed in a skirmish with the Turkish army, may 18 – The port of Burgas, Bulgaria opens. May 24 – The Paris–Madrid race for automobiles begins, during which at least eight people are killed, june 11 – Serbian King Alexander Obrenović and Queen Draga are assassinated in Belgrade by the Black Hand organization. June 14 – The town of Heppner, Oregon, is destroyed by a cloud burst that resulted in a flash flood that kills an estimated 238 people. July 1–July 19 – First Tour de France bicycle race, won by Maurice Garin, july 7 – The British take over the Fulani Empire. July 23 – Dr. Ernst Pfenning of Chicago becomes the first owner of a Ford Model A, july 29 – Explosion of a United States Cartridge Company magazine destroys 70 homes killing 22 residents of Tewksbury, Massachusetts. July 30–August 23 – Second Congress of the All-Russian Social Democratic Labour Party held in exile in Brussels, august 2 – The Ilinden–Preobrazhenie Uprising, organized by the Secret Macedonian-Adrianople Revolutionary Organization, breaks out in the Ottoman provinces of Macedonia and Adrianople. August 4 – Pope Pius X succeeds Pope Leo XIII as the 257th pope, august 10 – Paris Métro train fire takes place. August 25 – The Judiciary Act is passed in the Australian parliament, september – Texas State University in San Marcos, TX opens its doors as Southwest Texas Normal School