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PHYSICAL EDUCATION.
VOL. V. JULY, 1896. NO.5.
THE ETHICS OF SPORT.
THE SPIRIT OF THE ASSOCIATION ATH¬
LETIC LEAGUE.
LUTHER GULICK.
It is the purpose of this League to throw emphasis upon those conditions which pro¬duce amateur as contrasted with professional sport. The fundamental difference between the amateur and the professional athlete is that the amateur contends for sport, while the professional contends for material gain. The amateur contends for sport j that is, for the pleasure of contending j the pleasure of winning j the pleasure, of exertion j the pleasure of utilizing and gaining skill; the pleasure of enjoyment of the full exercise of one's own powers; the pleasure of the con¬sciousness of superiority; the pleasure of prominence and of acknowledged leadership before one's fellows: but never for material gain. Material gsin may come to him in
numerous lines, but so soon as it becomes
the object of his endeavors, he is no longer
a true amateur; it is no longer sport but
gain which he pursues.
The professional athlete seeks gain pri~
marily. He will go where the most valuable
considerations are offered for the exercise
of his skill, or strength, or courage, or agility.
He goes in to win these results. He may
enjoy. the sport, but his object is to win
something-to get some material value.
With the amateur the great point is good sport, not primarily either winning or losing, while with the professional the primary con¬sideration is the returns, good sport being an incident. The history of sport teaches us that the amateur aims to secure victory in accord with the spirit as well as letter of the rules which are agreed to, and that he does not wish victory unless it is so won j and that the professional wishes the prize for its own sake whether it is won by fair means or by jockeying or deceit of some kind.
I desire to establish the proposition that upon the maintenance of a genuine amateur basis to sport is dependent its whole future, and that the introduction and prominence of the professional or pot-hunting element is absolutely and unqualifiedly the precursor of its degeneration. The following quota¬tions from the article on physical training, by Mr. James C. Boykin, in the Report of the Comrriissioner of Education, 1891-'92, are much to the point:
"After the pile had been consumed by fire, and the bones of Patroclus had been gathered up and placed in the urn, Achilles detained the multitude there and from his ships brought forth, as'prizes for the funeral games, caldrons, and tripods, and horses and mules, and .st.rong oxen, and fair-girdled women, and shmmg steel. For the first in the chariot race he offered a maid of peerless f?rm and an eared tripod; for the second, a slx-year-old horse, unbroken; for the third, a goodly caldron yet untouched by fire; for the fourth, two talents of gold; and for the fift~, a two-handled urn .. As the prize in the boxmg match he pronused a six-year-old !Dule, and to the vanquished a goblet. Next m orc}er came the wrestling match, in which the VIctor was to be rewarded with a tripod for the hearth, which the Greeks valued at twelve oxen~ and the vanquished was to
receive a damsel, skilled in household arts
whom they esteemed to be worth four oxen'
For the wmner in the foot race there was set
forth a silver-wrought bowl, in beauty by far
the best.in all the earth; for the second an
ox, and for .the third, half. a talent of g~ld.
Then AchIlles brought mto the ring a

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PHYSICAL EDUCATION.
VOL. V. JULY, 1896. NO.5.
THE ETHICS OF SPORT.
THE SPIRIT OF THE ASSOCIATION ATH¬
LETIC LEAGUE.
LUTHER GULICK.
It is the purpose of this League to throw emphasis upon those conditions which pro¬duce amateur as contrasted with professional sport. The fundamental difference between the amateur and the professional athlete is that the amateur contends for sport, while the professional contends for material gain. The amateur contends for sport j that is, for the pleasure of contending j the pleasure of winning j the pleasure, of exertion j the pleasure of utilizing and gaining skill; the pleasure of enjoyment of the full exercise of one's own powers; the pleasure of the con¬sciousness of superiority; the pleasure of prominence and of acknowledged leadership before one's fellows: but never for material gain. Material gsin may come to him in
numerous lines, but so soon as it becomes
the object of his endeavors, he is no longer
a true amateur; it is no longer sport but
gain which he pursues.
The professional athlete seeks gain pri~
marily. He will go where the most valuable
considerations are offered for the exercise
of his skill, or strength, or courage, or agility.
He goes in to win these results. He may
enjoy. the sport, but his object is to win
something-to get some material value.
With the amateur the great point is good sport, not primarily either winning or losing, while with the professional the primary con¬sideration is the returns, good sport being an incident. The history of sport teaches us that the amateur aims to secure victory in accord with the spirit as well as letter of the rules which are agreed to, and that he does not wish victory unless it is so won j and that the professional wishes the prize for its own sake whether it is won by fair means or by jockeying or deceit of some kind.
I desire to establish the proposition that upon the maintenance of a genuine amateur basis to sport is dependent its whole future, and that the introduction and prominence of the professional or pot-hunting element is absolutely and unqualifiedly the precursor of its degeneration. The following quota¬tions from the article on physical training, by Mr. James C. Boykin, in the Report of the Comrriissioner of Education, 1891-'92, are much to the point:
"After the pile had been consumed by fire, and the bones of Patroclus had been gathered up and placed in the urn, Achilles detained the multitude there and from his ships brought forth, as'prizes for the funeral games, caldrons, and tripods, and horses and mules, and .st.rong oxen, and fair-girdled women, and shmmg steel. For the first in the chariot race he offered a maid of peerless f?rm and an eared tripod; for the second, a slx-year-old horse, unbroken; for the third, a goodly caldron yet untouched by fire; for the fourth, two talents of gold; and for the fift~, a two-handled urn .. As the prize in the boxmg match he pronused a six-year-old !Dule, and to the vanquished a goblet. Next m orc}er came the wrestling match, in which the VIctor was to be rewarded with a tripod for the hearth, which the Greeks valued at twelve oxen~ and the vanquished was to
receive a damsel, skilled in household arts
whom they esteemed to be worth four oxen'
For the wmner in the foot race there was set
forth a silver-wrought bowl, in beauty by far
the best.in all the earth; for the second an
ox, and for .the third, half. a talent of g~ld.
Then AchIlles brought mto the ring a