Your Digestive System

So there you are, sitting at lunch, enjoying some grilled-chicken pizza and a few
orange wedges. When you're finished, you take a last drink of milk, wipe your mouth,
and head to your next class. In a few minutes you're thinking about the capital of
Oregon or your science fair project. You've completely forgotten about that pizza
lunch you just ate. But it's still in your stomach — sort of like a science
experiment that happens all the time!

The Mouth Starts Everything Moving

Your digestive (say: dye-JES-tiv) system started
working even before you took the first bite of your pizza. And the digestive system
will be busy at work on your chewed-up lunch for the next few hours — or sometimes
days, depending upon what you've eaten. This process, called digestion,
allows your body to get the nutrients and energy it needs from the food you eat. So
let's find out what's happening to that pizza, orange, and milk.

Even before you eat, when you smell a tasty food, see it, or think about it, digestion
begins. Saliva (say: suh-LYE-vuh), or spit,
begins to form in your mouth.

When you do eat, the saliva breaks down the chemicals in the food a bit, which
helps make the food mushy and easy to swallow. Your tongue helps out, pushing the
food around while you chew with your teeth. When you're ready to swallow, the tongue
pushes a tiny bit of mushed-up food called a bolus (say: BO-luss)
toward the back of your throat and into the opening of your esophagus, the second
part of the digestive tract.

On the Way Down

The esophagus (say: ih-SOF-eh-guss) is like a stretchy pipe that's
about 10 inches (25 centimeters) long. It moves food from the back of your throat
to your stomach. But also at the back of your throat is your windpipe, which allows
air to come in and out of your body. When you swallow a small ball of mushed-up food
or liquids, a special flap called the epiglottis (say: ep-ih-GLOT-iss) flops down
over the opening of your windpipe to make sure the food enters the esophagus and not
the windpipe.

If you've ever drunk something too fast, started to cough, and heard someone say
that your drink "went down the wrong way," the person meant that it went down your
windpipe by mistake. This happens when the epiglottis doesn't have enough time to
flop down, and you cough involuntarily (without thinking about it) to clear your windpipe.

Once food has entered the esophagus, it doesn't just drop right into your stomach.
Instead, muscles in the walls of the esophagus move in a wavy way to slowly squeeze
the food through the esophagus. This takes about 2 or 3 seconds.

See You in the Stomach

Your stomach, which is attached to the end of the esophagus, is a stretchy sack
shaped like the letter J. It has three important jobs:

to store the food you've eaten

to break down the food into a liquidy mixture

to slowly empty that liquidy mixture into the small intestine

The stomach is like a mixer, churning and mashing together all the small balls
of food that came down the esophagus into smaller and smaller pieces. It does this
with help from the strong muscles in the walls of the stomach and gastric
(say: GAS-trik) juices that also come from the stomach's walls. In addition to breaking
down food, gastric juices also help kill bacteria that might be in the eaten food.

Onward to the small intestine!

22 Feet Isn't Small at All

The small intestine (say: in-TESS-tin) is a long tube that's about
1½ inches to 2 inches (about 3.5 to 5 centimeters) around, and it's packed
inside you beneath your stomach. If you stretched out an adult's small intestine,
it would be about 22 feet long (6.7 meters) — that's like 22 notebooks lined
up end to end, all in a row!

The small intestine breaks down the food mixture even more so your body can absorb
all the vitamins, minerals, proteins, carbohydrates,
and fats. The grilled chicken on your pizza is full of proteins — and a
little fat — and the small intestine can help extract them with a little help
from three friends: the pancreas
(say: PAN-kree-uss), liver, and gallbladder.

Those organs send different juices to the first part of the small intestine. These
juices help to digest food and allow the body to absorb nutrients. The pancreas makes
juices that help the body digest fats and protein. A juice from the liver called bile
helps to absorb fats into the bloodstream. And the gallbladder serves as a warehouse
for bile, storing it until the body needs it.

Your food may spend as long as 4 hours in the small intestine and will become a
very thin, watery mixture. It's time well spent because, at the end of the journey,
the nutrients from your pizza, orange, and milk can pass from the intestine into the
blood. Once in the blood, your body is closer to benefiting from the complex carbohydrates
in the pizza crust, the vitamin C in your orange, the protein in the chicken, and
the calcium in your milk.

Next stop for these nutrients: the liver! And the leftover waste — parts
of the food that your body can't use — goes on to the large intestine.

Love Your Liver

The nutrient-rich blood comes directly to the liver
for processing. The liver filters out harmful substances or wastes, turning some of
the waste into more bile. The liver even helps figure out how many nutrients will
go to the rest of the body, and how many will stay behind in storage. For example,
the liver stores certain vitamins
and a type of sugar your body uses for energy.

That's One Large Intestine

At 3 or 4 inches around (about 7 to 10 centimeters), the large intestine is fatter
than the small intestine and it's almost the last stop on the digestive tract. Like
the small intestine, it is packed into the body, and would measure 5 feet (about 1.5
meters) long if you spread it out.

The large intestine has a tiny tube with a closed end coming off it called the
appendix (say: uh-PEN-dix). It's part of the digestive tract, but
it doesn't seem to do anything, though it can cause big problems because it sometimes
gets infected and needs to be removed.

Like we mentioned, after most of the nutrients are removed from the food mixture
there is waste left over — stuff your body can't use. This stuff needs to be
passed out of the body. Can you guess where it ends up? Well, here's a hint: It goes
out with a flush.

Before it goes, it passes through the part of the large intestine called the colon
(say: CO-lun), which is where the body gets its last chance to absorb the water and
some minerals into the blood. As the water leaves the waste product, what's left gets
harder and harder as it keeps moving along, until it becomes a solid. Yep, it's poop (also called stool or a bowel movement).

The large intestine pushes the poop into the rectum (say: REK-tum),
the very last stop on the digestive tract. The solid waste stays here until you are
ready to go to the bathroom. When you go to the bathroom, you are getting rid of this
solid waste by pushing it through the anus (say: AY-nus). There's
the flush we were talking about!

Dig That Digestive System

You can help your digestive system by drinking
water and eating a healthy diet that includes foods rich in fiber. High-fiber
foods, like fruits, vegetables, and whole grains, make it easier for poop to pass
through your system.

The digestive system is a pretty important part of your body. Without it, you couldn't
get the nutrients you need to grow properly and stay healthy. And next time you sit
down to lunch, you'll know where your food goes — from start to finish!