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New research suggests that high performance of the human brain is possible when the inner medium of a microtubules cylinder possesses the characteristics of a "metamaterial", with negative refractive index and tunneling photons that will propagate inside the neuron's microtubules.

M.Jibu et al. claimed that human consciousness could be understood as arising from creation-annihilation dynamics of a finite number of superluminal evanescent photons in brain microtubules.

Recent research also shows on the one hand that the theoretical existence of superluminal motion without violating any causal principle and on the other the fundamental role played by the quantum vacuum in the physiology of living organisms and transmission of information in particular in regards to brain functions.

However, Dr. D.Georgiev concluded that this mechanism cannot be used for the manipulation of the qubits inside microtubule cavities, or centrioles, because the photon wavelength is two orders of magnitude longer than the size of these centrioles; super radiant photons in the microtubule cavities could have wavelength of λ=100 nm or more suggested by T. Smith, incompatible with the length of a moderate-sized microtubule cavity, which is about 1 nm. Therefore, super-radiant emissions could not be used to signal qubits in a fashion similar to standing wave lasers in an ion trap computation.

Lead author Takaaki Musha studied the possibility of quantum computation in microtubules of biological systems, which utilize superluminal photons, based on a novel model of brain mechanism, involving superluminal particles and able to explain their generation and dynamics.

To resolve this problem, Musha and Caliguiri presented the hypothesis that the substance in the microtubule cylinder has the characteristics of a metamaterial composed of sub-wavelength structures. Metamaterials are artificial material engineered to have property that may not be found in nature. They are assemblies of multiple individual elements fashioned from conventional microscopic materials. They gain their properties not from their composition but from their arranged structures with repeating patterns. If microtubules have similar properties as a metamaterial, evanescent waves inside the microtubule cavity waveguide can propagate below the cutoff frequency.

Figure.1 Similarity between the metamaterial (left figure) and the cross-section of an axoneme composed of microtubules (right figure).

If the microtubules are composed of a metamaterial, the supperradiant emission can be used similar to the use of standing wave lasers in ion trap computation and they can be applied for the manipulation of the qubits inside the microtubules. Therefore it seems highly plausible that macroscopic quantum ordered dynamic systems of evanescent photons in the brain could play an essential role for quantum computations to exist in the brain.