Can you please explain to me how a missile turns in flight? I never see rudders on the fins or any small
rockets on the side to push it any direction.- question from name withheld

You are correct in pointing out that most missiles do not have conventional rudders, ailerons, or elevators like
those used on typical airplanes. Nonetheless, missiles do employ similar aerodynamic control surfaces in order to
maneuver the vehicle during flight. To begin our discussion, we need to introduce some terminology used to
describe the major components of a missile.

The heart of a missile is the body, equivalent to the fuselage of an aircraft. The missile body contains the
guidance and control system, warhead, and propulsion system. Some missiles may consist of only the body alone,
but most have additional surfaces to generate lift and provide maneuverability. Depending on what source you look
at, these surfaces can go by many names. In particular, many use the generic term "fin" to refer to any
aerodynamic surface on a missile. Missile designers, however, are more precise in their naming methodology and
generally consider these surfaces to fall into three major categories: canards, wings, and tail fins.

Major components of a missile

The example shown above illustrates a generic missile configuration equipped with all three surfaces. Often
times, the terms canard, wing, and fin are used interchangeably, which can get rather confusing. These surfaces
behave in fundamentally different ways, however, based upon where they are located with respect to the missile
center of gravity. In general, a wing is a relatively large surface that is
located near the center of gravity while a canard is a surface near the missile nose and a tail fin is a surface
near the aft end of the missile.

Most missiles are equipped with at least one set of aerodynamic surfaces, especially tail fins since these
surfaces provide stability in flight. The majority of missiles are also equipped with a second set of surfaces
to provide additional lift or improved control. Very few designs are equipped with all three sets of surfaces.

We have discussed how aircraft use control surfaces to turn the plane in different directions in a number of
previous questions (see parts of an aircraft,
origins of control surfaces, and adverse
yaw). Whereas most aircraft have fixed horizontal and vertical tails with smaller movable rudder and
elevator surfaces, missiles typically use all-moving surfaces, like those illustrated below, to accomplish the
same purpose.

Deflection of a control surface on a missile

In order to turn the missile during flight, at least one set of aerodynamic surfaces is designed to rotate about
a center pivot point. In so doing, the angle of attack of the fin is
changed so that the lift force acting on it changes. The changes in the direction and magnitude of the forces
acting on the missile cause it to move in a different direction and allow the vehicle to maneuver along its path
and guide itself towards its intended target. An example of a control surface deflection on an AIM-9M Sidewinder
model is illustrated below.

Canard deflections on an AIM-9M Sidewinder

Canards, wings, and tails are often lumped together and referred to as aerodynamic controls. A more recent
development in missile maneuvering systems is called unconventional control. Most unconventional control systems
involve some form of thrust vector control (TVC) or jet interaction (JI).

We have now introduced four major categories of missile flight control systems--tail control, canard control,
wing control, and unconventional control--so let's briefly take a closer look at each type.

Four main categories of missile flight controls

Tail Control:

Tail control is probably the most commonly used form of missile control, particularly for longer range air-to-air
missiles like AMRAAM and surface-to-air missiles like Patriot and Roland. The primary reason for this application
is because tail control provides excellent maneuverability at the high angles of attack often needed to intercept
a highly maneuverable aircraft. Missiles using tail control are also often fitted with a non-movable wing to
provide additional lift and improve range. Some good examples of such missiles are air-to-ground weapons like
Maverick and AS.30 as well as surface-to-surface missiles like Harpoon and Exocet. Tail control missiles rarely
have canards, although one such example is AIM-9X Sidewinder. A selection of 23 representative missiles using
tail control is pictured below.

Missiles with tail control

In addition to missiles, some bombs also use tail control. An example is the JDAM series of GPS-guided bombs.

Canard Control:

Canard control is also quite commonly used, especially on short-range air-to-air missiles like AIM-9M Sidewinder.
The primary advantage of canard control is better maneuverability at low angles of attack, but canards tend to
become ineffective at high angles of attack because of flow separation that causes the surfaces to stall. Since
canards are ahead of the center of gravity, they cause a destabilizing effect and require large fixed tails to keep
the missile stable. These two sets of fins usually provide sufficient lift to make wings unnecessary. Shown below
are twelve examples of canard control missiles.

Missiles with canard control

A further subset of canard control missiles is the split canard. Split canards are a relatively new development
that has found application on the latest generation of short-range air-to-air missiles like Python 4 and the
Russian AA-11. The term split canard refers to the fact that the missile has two sets of canards in close
proximity, usually one immediately behind the other. The first canard is fixed while the second set is movable.
The advantage of this arrangement is that the first set of canards generates strong, energetic vortices that
increase the speed of the airflow over the second set of canards making them more effective. In addition, the
vortices delay flow separation and allow the canards to reach higher angles of attack before stalling. This
high angle of attack performance gives the missile much greater maneuverability compared to a missile with single
canard control. Six examples of split canard missiles are shown below.

Missiles with split canard control

Many smart bombs also use canard control systems. Most notable of these are laser guided bombs such as the
Paveway series.

Wing Control:

Wing control was one of the earliest forms of missile control developed, but it is becoming less commonly used on
today's designs. Most missiles using wing control are longer-range missiles like Sparrow, Sea Skua, and HARM. The
primary advantage of wing control is that the deflections of the wings produce a very fast response with little
motion of the body. This feature results in small seeker tracking error and allows the missile to remain locked on
target even during large maneuvers. The major disadvantage is that the wings must usually be quite large in order
to generate both sufficient lift and control effectiveness, which makes the missiles rather large overall. In
addition, the wings generate strong vortices that may adversely interact with the tails causing the missile to
roll. This behavior is known as induced roll, and if the effect is strong enough, the control system may not be
able to compensate. A few examples of wing control missiles are shown below.

Missiles with wing control

Unconventional Control:

Unconventional control systems is a broad category that includes a number of advanced technologies. Most
techniques involve some kind of thrust vectoring. Thrust vectoring is
defined as a method of deflecting the missile exhaust to generate a component of thrust in a vertical and/or
horizontal direction. This additional force points the nose in a new direction causing the missile to turn.
Another technique that is just starting to be introduced is called reaction jets. Reaction jets are usually
small ports in the surface of a missile that create a jet exhaust perpendicular to the vehicle surface and produce
an effect similar to thrust vectoring.

Unconventional control technologies

These techniques are most often applied to high off-boresight air-to-air missiles like AIM-9X Sidewinder and
IRIS-T to provide exceptional maneuverability. The greatest advantage of such controls is that they can function
at very low speeds or in a vacuum where there is little or no airflow to act on conventional fins. The primary
drawback, however, is that they will not function once the fuel supply is exhausted.

Missiles with unconventional controls

Examples of missiles employing unconventional controls are shown above. Note that most missiles equipped with
unconventional controls do not rely on these controls alone for maneuverability, but only as a supplement to
aerodynamic surfaces like canards and tail fins.

Other Options:

Finally, it should be noted that some missiles do exist that use conventional controls similar to those employed
by aircraft. These systems are usually referred to as bank-to-turn controls since the missile banks much like
an airplane would. Most weapons employing such controls are cruise missiles like Tomahawk and ALCM.
- answer by Jeff Scott, 11 January 2004