History of Counani, alias Independent Guiana

Someone asked what was the flag of Cunani, which formed an independent (?)
republic south of Cayenne in present-day French Guyana. This republic was
established in current Brazilian territory. The capital was the little town of
Cunani. The flag was red with a vertical black band at hoist.Jaume Ollé, 23 March 1998

Cunani is on the northern coast of the current Brazilian state of Amapá. The
flag discribed by Jaume is very similar to the current flag of the not-so-neighbouring state of
Paraíba. Just a coincidence? António Martins, 2 April 1998

On 8 July 1888, the Gros family left Vanves (near Paris)
for Calais, Southampton, Barbados, and Counani, capital city of the "Republic
of Independent Guiana (Guyane indépendante). Jules Gros, who only knew
this country from books, had been president-for-life of the republic for two years.
He was an little known writer and journalist, member of the French Société de
Géographie, when in 1883 he met M. Franconie, who was deputy for Cayenne
(French Guiana) in the French National Assembly. Franconie asked
Gros to be the secretary of a lobby to promote the economy of French Guiana.
That is the way he met Jean Ferréol Guigues, who said he was an
explorer and that he had just came back from Dutch and French Guiana, where he said
he had discovered gold mines. With a Swiss friend, Paul Quartier,
he formed a company, of which Gros became the secretary, and thanks to
subscriptions, discovered that it was easier to become rich by collecting money
from investors than by looking for gold in Guyana.

Back in Guiana, Guigues and Quartier spent the money they got in France and
settled in Counani, a village on the coast between the estuaries of the Oyapock
and Araguary Rivers, which was founded in 1788 by Jesuits. The chief of Counani was
known as Captain Trajane. The village, like those of Carsevenne,
Cachipour, Ouassa, Rocaoua, Couripi, and Amapá, had a black population that
wished to be administered by France (where slavery had been abolished)
rather than by Brazil.

In fact, there had been a problem with this region since the 1713 Treaty of Utrecht.
The eighth article of the treaty is unclear, talking of "Japoc", which the Brazilians said to be
the Oyapock, but which the French said only means "river" in Indian languages.
(Vincent Yanez Pinçon, quoted in the Utrecht treaty, gave this name to another river,
the Araguary.) The other treaties all referred back to the Utrecht
treaty, and the status of the region between the two rivers remained
unclear. There were discussions between France and Brazil in 1841 and 1856
without result, and nothing more after 1867--the Amazon having become legally an
international river, the Oyapock and Araguary were of no more interest to France.

Let's come back to Captain Trajane. Brazil wanted to affirm its sovereignty
over Counani and supported there a rebellion against Trajane. Trajane asked
France to protect Counani, but France did not think it was worth having
problems with Brazil. That is the reason why Trajane began having problems
with the population of Counani. His lieutenant was Nunato de Marced, whose
daughter married Paul Quartier, who suggested to his father-in-law to
let the area of Counani become an independent state. Quartier and Guigues hoped that
they would be able to sell stock in the non-existent gold mines of Counani in France and
get more money if they could control such a puppet state. The republic was proclaimed
on 23 July 1886 with Guigues as
President of the Council and Quartier as minister for public works. Olivier Touzeau, 26 April 2001

First Flag of "Independent Guiana," 1886-1887

image by Joseph McMillan

They adopted
a motto (Freedom and Justice) and a flag: green field, with
French tricolor in the canton. And they named as president-for-life Jules Gros,
who was still secretary of their
company in France. Gros was rather successful in this role; Counani became
known in Paris, and Gros even said everywhere that he had met with the Brazilian Emperor
Pedro II, when the Emperor came to Paris.
Gros was a good advertiser for his republic and said everywhere it was an El Dorado.
He even opened a legation (18, rue du Louvre), and created the Order of the Star of
Counani.

Guigues came back to Paris, but his lack of discretion raised the attention
of the French Government, which stated in its Journal Officiel on
11 September 1887
that there had been a modus vivendi between France and Brazil since 1862 about
this territory, and that nobody could say there was a Republic of Counani.
Guigues said Gros was responsible for everything, that there was no more president,
and affirmed that Counani was only a free colony, asking for the protection
of France. Olivier Touzeau, 26 April 2001

Fuligni writes exactly: "The new state [...] flies a strange flag mixing
French and Brazilian colors: green with French tricolor in the canton."Olivier Touzeau, 20 August 2002

Second Flag of "Independent Guiana," 1887-1891

Variant 1

image by António Martins

Variant 2

image by Joseph McMillan

Gros, disappointed by this decision, wanted the Counani Republic
to stay alive, and for "his" state to be sovereign.

So Gros drew a new flag, red and black, with,
in the center, a white
five-pointed star. (According to Bruno Fuligni, the flag was made, and was not
just an imaginary one.) At the same time, Quartier, still in Counani, had been banned
and Trajane, who did not want independence, regained some influence.

Is this the end of the Republic? No! In January 1888, Gros and Guigues were again
together for Counani, because some English businessmen, who did not know much about
the story, agreed to found the Guiana Syndicate Ltd. and to give money to our Counanians for
the exploitation, during 99 years, of the soil, infrastructures and about
everything in the territory of the republic territory. The most important man in the
syndicate was Alexander McDonald.

Thanks to the money of the syndicate, Gros and his family left Paris for
Counani on 8 July 1888. In British Guiana (in Demerara), Gros discovered that
Amazonia was not the El Dorado he hoped to find. And in Cayenne, MacDonald discovered
that France did not recognize any Counani Republic and that his trust had been abused.
Gros went back to France and died in 1891, still thinking he was the
president of a Counani Republic.

In 1893, there was a gold rush and Brazilians were in Counani. Trajane was
kidnapped in 1895. France, strangely enough, sent a gunboat to Amapá. After 40
people were
killed, Brazil and France decided to submit the problem to the President of
Switzerland. In 1900, he declared that Counani belonged to Brasil, but it had really
already been so in fact for years.

I should add that there is a drawing of the arms of Counani (Gros' version,
I suppose) in Fuligni's book: black chief, red field, with a white
5-pointed star in the center of the shield (that is, on the top of the red
field), and laurel around the star and a motto on the red field, Liberté
et Justice. Some tools are under the shield, and written above it République de
la Guyane indépendante. On the sides of the shield are two flags: black (1/3
near the hoist) and apparently red (2/3 of the fly).Olivier Touzeau, 26 April 2001

Jaume Ollé reports this flag as only red
and black.
I would assume that this judgment is based on the coat of arms of Independent
Guiana, which appears to show a flag on each side of the shield just as Jaume describes,
red with a black hoist, as mentioned by Olivier and shown in
Fuligni's article, "The Four Flags of Counani," Flag Bulletin, No. 183 (1998).
Fuligni appears to conclude that a white star should be on the fly from two pieces of evidence:
the existence of a star on the coat of arms itself (surrounded by a wreath with the motto
below it), and the fact that a later flag was the same minus the black hoist (see below).
The case for simple red
and black seems to be the flags on the coat of arms. But much of their fields are hidden
by the shield,
so they could or could not have a star on the fly. Unless someone has more evidence
to resolve
this, we'll have to leave it as two hypothetical possibilities.Joseph McMillan, 19 August 2002

In fact, looking again at the coat of arms, the way the flags are displayed does not
show them as 2:3 but as 1:2, and the black hoist is about 1/4 of the flag.
It looks rather possible that the star might be hidden behind the shield.
On the other hand, a 1:2 ratio seems rather strange for a French-born flag.
At the end of the chapter, Fuligni quotes Jean Galmot, who wrote an article
about Gros in 1911, with a rather romantic death for Gros; at the end of
his agony, Gros "wrapped himself in the folds of his red and black flag …."
No star quoted here.Olivier Touzeau, 20 August 2002

Jean Galmot was a famous reporter/adventurer/businessman/deputy for French Guiana,
where he died in 1928, most probably poisoned by a "Creole bouillon". Another adventurer,
Blaise Cendrars (1887-1961), related Galmot's life in Rhum--L'aventure de Jean Galmot (1933).
The romantic death of Gros seems to be too romantic to be true. The famous soldier Chauvin,
the eponymous model of French chauvinisme, was also said to have died and been buried wrapped
in the French tricolor flag. It is also worth mentioning that Jean Raspail, in his "dreamed
biography" of the King of Araucania and Patagonia, related the last years of the overthrown
king in his small French village, alone in his miserable house with his flag packed in a coffer.Ivan Sache, 21 August 2002

Free State of Counani, 1904-1912

image by Joseph McMillan

In the mean time, another Frenchman,
Adolphe Brezet, proclaimed himself president of the Free State of Counani.
He made stamps, a constitution, a new flag--square with a red field and a white
five-pointed star--but he had more fraudulent business between Cayenne, Paris, and London
than a real presidency, between 1904 and 1912.Olivier Touzeau, 26 April 2001

The constitution of Brezet's "state" said "the flag of the Free State of the
Counani remains square, red, charged in the center with a five-rayed white star," i.e.,
the same flag Fuligni attributes to Gros's state minus the black hoist. Brezet's coat
of arms was likewise the same as Gros's, minus the black chief. Fuligni attributes the
change to the public's identification of black with the then-rampant anarchist movement
that was terrorizing much of Europe at the time. Joseph McMillan, 19 August 2002

Fulgni says exactly: "Adolphe Brezet, who once was was a military man,
signed his decrees with the indian name Uayana Assu. Just after the Boer War, he renamed the
Independent Guiana Republic the Free State of Counani, probably in tribute
to the Orange Free State. The flag was changed too, becoming square with red field, but keeping the white star."
So, if the star could be "kept", it must have existed on the previous flag.Olivier Touzeau, 20 August 2002

I recently unearthed a newspaper article regarding this country and its
flag. The article appeared in "The Tacoma [Washington] Times" on 29 January 1916
under the title "South American Republic At War With Germany". The article
states that Counani's "... independence dates from 1886".

The gist of the
article states the "Republic" declared War on Germany in September 1914 and that
its President, Adolph Bresset Beaufort, and the entire 300-man
army of the "Republic" had gone to France to fight with the Allies and that they
participated in the charge of the Foreign Legion at Bois Sabot. Beaufort is
described as "a French colonel banished to Guiana many years ago for a political
crime".

The article pictured the National flag and a map of the location
of the country. Attached is a scan of the flag. If anyone wants a scan of the
full article, email me off-list.Dave Martucci, 10 August 2014

This appears to show the flag as a rectangle. That would in a way match the
constitution that said that the shape of the flag remained the same, as previous
flags appear to have been rectangular as well. But then, it also seems to have
said that the flag was square, and for flags that's unlikely to express that
it's not a circle or a triangle, as rectangularness is already the default for
flags. I wonder what that constitution really said, in what language?

Anyway, I kept the ratio of the depiction of the previous rectangular flag: 2:3.
I wonder, though, whether there couldn't be an argument for 3:5. In a curious
twist of events, at Amazon a "magFlags Free State of Counani between 1904 -
1912" is on offer. It's said to be both 90x150 cm and 3x5 ft, which are both 3:5
ratios. Its illustration, however, shows a square flag.
http://www.amazon.com/Flag-State-Counani-1904-1912-90x150cm/dp/B00G7N36MI

In
http://issuu.com/scduag/docs/gad12009 it's claimed the 19th and 20th century
nation are one and the same, I think, and was formally called Counani already
much earlier. The way navigation is implemented on this site makes it very hard
for me to read it, though, so I may have missed proof of dubiousness, or
otherwise missed relevant information.

Peter Hans van den Muijzenberg,
11 September 2014

Free State of the Counani, 1990s

image by Joseph McMillan

Fuligni goes on to note the revival of the Counani idea in
Paris in the 1990s with a self-described "Constitutional Executive in Exile of the Free
State of the Counani," a pseudo-state ostensibly intended to challenge Brazilian treatment
of the Indians of Amapa' and environmental damage. This group's flag is the same as the
first flag of Independent Guiana--green with the French tricolor in the hoist--with the
addition of the white star from the later flags on the center. Joseph McMillan, 19 August 2002