"Just over two months ago, Chrome sponsored the Pwnium browser hacking competition. We had two fantastic submissions, and successfully blocked both exploits within 24 hours of their unveiling. Today, we'd like to offer an inside look into the exploit submitted by Pinkie Pie." A work of pure art, this. Also, this is not the same person as the other PinkiePie. Also also, you didn't think I'd let a story with a headline like this go by unnoticed, did you?

So, say, Delphi, would prevent someone from making a mistake doing a subtraction and then a division, knowing what the calculation would be used for, would it?

I don't know about Delphi specifically, but for most of the languages that are considered "safe" in this respect, you're not allowed to pass around raw blocks of memory without any type safety/control. As a consequence, the language's runtime always knows and tracks the size of any currently allocated arrays. Given this knowledge, the runtime effectively converts any instance of array[x] to something analogous to:

Obviously this incurs some overhead compared to the raw C version, but it does indeed prevent these kinds of problems. So yes, it really is possible to handle in a safe/high level language, if the logic error in question is confined to the level of the language. However, if the logic error is actually in the instructions passed to the GPU itself, and the latter is able to access arbitrary areas of memory, then that's a different story.