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Abstract

Purpose: The technical efficacy of, and clinical benefits from using Computer Aided Design (CAD) and Additive Manufacturing (AM) in the production of patient-specific devices (implants and guides) has been established. Despite this, they are still not in routine clinical use. With AM equipment and CAD tool costs largely outside of the clinician’s or designer’s control, the opportunity exists to explore design
process improvement routes to facilitate routine health service implementation. This paper identifies the key design process factors acting as drivers or barriers to this aim.
Methodology / approach: A literature review, new data from three separate clinical case studies, and experience from an institute
working on collaborative research and commercial application of CAD/AM in the maxillofacial specialty were analysed to extract a list and formulate models of design process factors.
Findings: A semi-digital design and fabrication process is currently the lowest cost and shortest duration for cranioplasty implant production. The key design process factor to address is the fidelity of the device design specification.
Implications / limitations: Further research into the relative value of, and best methods to address the key factor is required; in order to work towards the development of new design tools. A wider range of benchmarked case studies is required to better generalise findings beyond one implant type.
Originality / value: Design process factors are identified (building on previous work largely restricted to technical and clinical efficacy). Additionally, three implant design and fabrication workflows are directly compared for costs and time. Unusually, a design process failure is detailed. A new model is proposed – describing design process factor relationships and the desired impact of future design tools.

This article compared the accuracy of producing patient-specific cranioplasty implants using four different approaches. Benchmark geometry was designed to represent a cranium and a defect added simulating a craniectomy. ...

Additive manufacturing (AM) technologies enable greater geometrical design freedom compared with subtractive processes. This flexibility has been used to manufacture patient-matched implants. Although the advantages of AM ...

The aim of this study was to critically evaluate the nature and reporting fidelity of literature about applications of computer aided design (CAD) and metal additive manufacture (AM) to surgical guides and implants. ...