While their tastes are similar, hardy kiwifruits are different
from the kiwifruits you find in the produce aisle at the supermarket.
The hardy kiwifruit (Actinidia arguta) is native to northeastern
Asia, while its commercially available cousin (A. chinensis) is
native to southern China. In the eastern United States, the commercial
kiwifruit grows only as far north as Maryland and then only in protected
spots. Hardy kiwifruit plants tolerate temperatures as low as -25°F or
so, but are sensitive to late spring frosts.

The fruits, which are about the size of a large grape,
aren't covered with fuzz, have small seeds, and can be eaten out of hand
without peeling. They also have excellent flavor, can be dried or made
into wine and are higher in Vitamin C than most citrus fruits. Some people
find they have a strong laxative effect.

Warning: Hardy kiwifruit may become invasive in certain areas of the Northeast – particularly on calcareous soils – smothering neighboring trees and other forest species. Contact your local Cooperative Extension office to see if your location may be at risk before planting.

Kiwifruit invading forest in Massachusetts.

Key Points

Be sure to choose cultivars of
Actinidia aruguta, the hardy kiwifruit, not A. chinensis,
which will not survive New York winters.

Purchase at least one male plant for every nine female
plants to ensure pollination and fruit set.

Avoid planting in frost pockets. Sites with northern
exposure are good because they delay early growth in spring, which can
be damaged by late frosts.

Construct a trellis system or otherwise support vines.

Prune plants at least two or three times during the
growing season and once during winter.

Growing KiwifruitThe hardy kiwifruit plant is a strong-growing perennial vine with
small leaves and bright red stems. It can grow to 40 feet in length. If
not pruned and trained, the vines will grow up trees and over fences.
Most plants are dioecious. They bear either male or female flowers but
not both. For this reason, you need to plant both a male and female plant
if you want to harvest fruit. Some nurseries sell hermaphroditic plants
which bear flowers of both sexes, but their performance has been poor.

In early summer, the vines bear small white flowers with chocolate-colored
centers on the previous season's spur growth. They have a fragrance similar
to lily-of-the-valley and are pollinated by wind or insects. Greenish-yellow
fruits develop in summer and into the fall, and ripen very late in the
season. Plants usually fruit by their fourth year, and bear full crops
after the eighth year. Once established, plants can live for fifty or
more years.

Several cultivars are available through various nurseries. Improved selections
that perform well in New York include 'Ananasnaja', 'Geneva', 'Meader', 'MSU',
and the 74 series.

PropagationKiwifruit can be propagated from cuttings or seeds. Take hardwood
cuttings anytime after the plant has received 500 hours of chilling, or
make softwood cuttings in July. Kiwifruits can also be propagated by layering.
To grow plants from seed, remove the seeds from a mature fruit and let
them dry for two days. Refrigerate them in moist perlite at 40° F for
four months. Then plant the seeds no deeper than 1/8 inch in a sterile
potting mix and cover the container to keep the humidity high. The soil
should be moist but not wet. As soon as the plants germinate, uncover
the container. After the seedlings are up, put a thin layer of clean sand
on top of the medium. When plants have four true leaves, transplant them
to individual pots. At this time, use a low rate of liquid fertilizer.
Transplant the seedlings to where they will grow when they are several
inches tall.

Site selection and soil preparation Kiwifruit can be grown in any garden soil provided
the pH is between 5.5 and 7.0. The plants thrive in moist soils but do
not tolerate poorly drained soils. They benefit from incorporation of
organic matter before planting. While most cultivars are hardy to Zone
4, they require about a 150-day frost free season.

Vines perform best in full sun, but on such sites they tend to break dormancy
too early in the spring, when late frosts can damage new growth. Planting
them with a northern exposure delays early growth and minimizes this risk.
Early fall frosts can also cause damage, so avoid planting in frost pockets.
Plants usually regrow if damaged by spring frost, but this will delay
fruit development. The succulent growth is also susceptible to wind damage
and hot, dry conditions. Protected, moderate microclimates are best, as
kiwi also do not like sudden changes in temperatures.

PlantingPlant kiwifruit 10 feet apart in mid-May, or after the danger of frost
is past. Plant one male for every nine females. Plants require frequent
watering from the time they are transplanted. It is important to select
one or two new canes and train them to grow vertically. Do not allow them
to twist around the support pole or wire.

Trellising Kiwifruit require a trellis or other support structure. Set trellis
posts 10 feet apart. Trellis wire should have 300 pounds of tension. Kiwifruit
trellises are usually in the shape of a T, with the cross-arm about 7
ft. off the ground, and about 7 wires across the 5-foot-long crossarm.
Train the main cane up the pole to the height of the cross-arm, then train
arms along the center wire. Laterals grow from these arms and can be tied
to the outside wires. (Fastening them can help keep them from breaking
off, especially on windy sites.) The fruit hang down through the trellis
wires where they are easy to harvest.

Pruning and mulchingPruning is necessary both during the dormant season and during the
growing season. Two or three times during summer, cut non-flowering laterals
back to the outside wire on the trellis. Trim flowering shoots back to
4 to 6 leaves beyond the last flower. In the dormant -season, remove canes
that fruited last season, as well as dead, diseased or tangled cane. Keep
the best one-year-old lateral canes that haven't fruited, spaced about
a foot apart along the arms. Trim them back to about eight buds. Plants
benefit from a thick layer of organic mulch, which helps control weeds,
adds organic matter to the soil, and aids in moisture retention. Protect
the trunks of young vines from cracking in cold temperatures by wrapping
them with cloth or painting them with white latex paint.

Fertilization Do not fertilize kiwifruit the year of planting. In early spring
of the second year, spinkle 2 ounces of 10-10-10 around each plant. Increase
this amount by 2 ounces each year until the plants are receiving 8 ounces,
then do not exceed this amount.

HarvestKiwifruit will not reach maturity and flower until about their fifth
year. Fruit matures in October, which is -after the date of the first
frost in many northern regions. For this reason it is difficult to harvest
vine-ripened fruit. Fruits will ripen in the refrigerator, but their storage
life is much shorter than that of the commercially available kiwifruit.
Flavor is better, however, in the fuzzless hardy kiwifruit. For more information,
see Oregon State University's
Kiwifruit Production page.