Lists of Nobel Prizes and Laureates

Lists of Nobel Prizes and Laureates

Celebrating Nobel

by Stig Ramel
Executive Director of the Nobel Foundation, 1972-1992

Every year since 1901, Alfred Nobel has been celebrated on
the 10th of December, the date of his death. Simultaneously, the
year's Nobel Laureates are honored. Without giving expression to
it, one feels here traces of western cultural roots in Greece and
Jerusalem. Death and Resurrection are the chief themes in Greek
mystery plays and in the Christian religion. December 10 is the
day Nobel died, but also the day of his resurrection through five
Nobel Prizes, which represent the core of his life. For most of
the audience at a Nobel Prize ceremony - researchers and
scientists, educated and trained in rational thinking - it
probably would seem rather shocking if someone pointed out that
they actually are participating in a mystery play.

During almost 100 years that the Nobel Foundation has been
responsible for the festival, certain years have been especially
glittering. In 1950, a fiftieth anniversary was celebrated: it
was 50 years since the Nobel Foundation's beginning - a child of
the new century. Similarly, a jubilee was celebrated in 1975. The
90th anniversary was not celebrated in 1990, but instead in 1991,
shifting the focus from the Foundation's beginning 1900 to the
awarding of the first prizes in 1901. At the same time, it was
decided that a special celebration should be held each decade,
and it is therefore that 2001 is going to be the centennial
jubilee.

This shifting of focus from the Foundation to the prizes is a
logical adaptation to reality. It is not the Nobel Foundation's
capital of around 3 billion Swedish crowns which is its biggest
asset, but instead the 700 individuals who have won prizes during
the 20th century. The Nobel Laureates, their contributions to
mankind, and the meaning the prize has had in their lives
constitute the basis for the Foundation's enormous
goodwill-capital and explains the unique standing of the Nobel
Foundation today.

Prize Competition

The following story illustrates what I
mean. While I was serving as Executive Director of the Foundation
in 1984, I was contacted by a Japanese organization that
represented both the government and the industry in the country.
It had in mind launching a new scientific prize of considerable
magnitude. They were anxious to learn how the Nobel Prize
organization functioned and what regulations and criteria we
followed. Over several months, the Foundation was visited by no
less than three delegations from Japan, representing what was to
become the Japan Prize. Each question was analyzed in minutest
detail, and then my colleagues and I answered all the intricate
queries, both orally and in writing. So when the last delegation,
led by a venerable former Foreign Minister, was about to leave
the Nobel building, and we were politely bowing our farewells,
the Minister apologized for the intrusive and possibly impolite
questions he had been obliged to pose. Members of his delegation,
he continued, were exceedingly surprised by the openness we had
shown and the generosity with which we responded to all their
questions and desires. Then, precisely to the point, he asked if
we were not worried about competition from the Japan Prize.

After a deep bow, I answered "No - there can never be a question
of competition. We are, and will continue to be, 84 years ahead
of you! Nothing can instantaneously create a tradition like
Nobel's. The Nobel Prize is part of our time's history - of
science, of literature, and of peace".

The old Foreign Minister traveled home to Tokyo with his
delegation, and when the first Japan Prize was awarded in the
following year, the prize went to the Nobel Foundation as thanks
for what Nobel means to science. It was a great honor and
encouragement to have been able to receive the prize in a festive
ceremony in Tokyo, a ceremony which was a beautiful Japanese
version of our own. It seemed as well a reward of having been so
open and willing to receive the delegations from Japan. The moral
is: openness and friendliness pay off - at least if one
represents Nobel!

President Mitterrand Plays Politics

Nonetheless, a few years later, we
maintained a somewhat lower pitch. Before his reelection in 1988,
France's President, François Mitterrand, in collaboration
with the Nobel Peace Prize winner, Elie Wiesel, invited the
world's Nobel Laureates to Paris for a conference to discuss the
world's big questions. The Nobel Foundation was invited to play
the role of co-host, but we politely turned down the invitation.
The conference took place in the Elysée Palace with great
media attention. The domestic political overtones were obvious.
Some years later, plans were begun for a new conference in Paris
under the President's and Wiesel's leadership. I then flew to New
York to meet with Wiesel and explained to him that a general
mustering of all Nobel Laureates ought to occur under the
auspices of the Nobel Foundation so as to avoid their being drawn
into politics. I told him that the Nobel Foundation planned to
invite Laureates to Stockholm and Oslo in 1991 and begged him to
support the Foundation's plans so as not to proliferate this sort
of meeting. Wiesel understood the request and promised instead to
organize a smaller conference on specific peace questions in
Oslo. And so it came to pass. Mitterrand also adapted himself to
the new plans. This event was the pivotal argument for going
forward with a big celebration of the 90th anniversary and to
repeat the arrangements each decade thereafter. Thanks to
Mitterrand, we saw the danger in leaving the initiative to
others.

1991 Nobel Jubilee

The Nobel celebration in 1991 was a
magnificent festival in the Laureates' honor. 128 of them came to
Stockholm and 17 to Oslo. They gave generously of their time and
knowledge. An important part of the jubilee, the most important
part so far as I am concerned, was the prize-winners'
participation during the Nobel Week in a large number of
lectures, symposia, and discussions in Stockholm, Oslo, Uppsala,
Gothenburg, and Lund. Through these, thousands of students,
teachers, and research colleagues had the chance to be stimulated
in their work by direct contacts with the world's leading experts
in their fields. But at least equally important was the
opportunity for the various Nobel Prize committees to renew their
contacts with the Laureates. Specifically, the prize-winners play
an important role in suggesting new candidates for future prizes.
For the committees, these persons are outstanding advisors.

However, the large number of invited guests from all corners of
the world, in addition to the 128 Nobel Laureates of the previous
years, meant that the prize-awarding ceremony at Stockholm could
not be held in its traditional venue, Stockholm Concert Hall,
which can accommodate only 1,800 guests. Instead, the ceremonies
were moved to the Globe Arena, Stockholm's enormous arena for
grand occasions. It can hold 16,000 spectators. Overnight, the
gigantic sports arena was transformed into a festival hall, where
just two nights earlier ice hockey pucks had thumped against the
rink's rim. Now, on the evening of the awarding ceremony, 6,000
persons sat with all Laureates from former years and witnessed
the initiation of the six new prize-winners into the circle. The
thousands of spectators in festive costumes, men in black and
white tails and women in all colors on the palette, framed
together by the Nobel Prize-winners' ancient academic robes from
the world's great universities, the flower-bedecked podium, where
the King and Queen, and the six new prize-winners were the focus
of attention, not only for the 6,000 attendees, but also for
millions of TV spectators from around the world.

Because it is so connected with sports events and pop shows, it
was not an easy decision to choose the Globe Arena as the setting
for Nobel ceremonies. The decision was made only after hard
discussions. But when the awarding of prizes was over, everyone
was of one mind. The magic had worked. Nobel had transformed the
Globe Arena into a cathedral for science and art. As the public
streamed out of the building, a huge mobile crane drove into the
arena where the Laureates waited on the stage for the historic
photo to be taken. It was a remarkable picture of the
prize-winners: just as the whole world looks up to them as the
pinnacles of culture and science, now they looked up at the
photographer who floated above them on the top of the crane.
Those who count heads in the picture will find the number is one
too many! One non-prize-winner had blended into the mass of Nobel
Laureates. Who it was shall remain my secret!

The concluding festival banquet in the City Hall of Stockholm was
also different. Only 1,300 persons had room there, so two
additional festival dinners took place in Stockholm that evening.
One was in the Grand Hôtel Hall of Mirrors, where the first
Nobel dinner had been held in 1901. Then, the Nobel family served
as host. The second was at the Globe Arena serving the general
public which for the first time had had a chance to participate
in the awarding of prizes. Through direct transmission on TV
screens, everyone could follow the festival events at the City
Hall. And they were even more spectacular than usual.

The Nobel Foundation had decided that the celebration should in
some way place all branches of art on the highest level. So the
evening became an homage to the Arts and Crafts, Music, and
Dance. The four courses of the banquet were served by hundreds of
servers, musicians, and singers in a sequence of festive
processions that exploited a resplendency of color and flowers
and made the cold of a midwinter's night outside seem remarkably
remote. The banquet tables were set with a Nobel service of
glass, porcelain, and cutlery that had been crafted in great
secrecy by some of Sweden's outstanding artists, all set on
specially woven pearl gray table cloths. They shimmered in the
lumination of TV floodlights. No one who was there will ever
forget the fantastic atmosphere of fairy tales and dreams which
that evening swept into The Blue Hall - which otherwise has seen
practically everything. Subsequently, there has been world-wide
an enormous increase in sales of Nobel table place-setting,
mementos for years to come of the most splendid Nobel festival so
far.

However, the year 2001 will soon be upon us, the Centennial
Anniversary of the Nobel Prizes. How will Nobel be celebrated
this time? Those who survive will tell.