WEBVTT
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Caroline Guay: Good morning. I'll be speaking
about space age and architecture, what influenced
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space-age design, how it impacted our lives,
the development of space age materials that
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came out of the space program, and, ultimately,
how we are now tasked with having to conserve
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those materials. The influence of the machine
age on architecture and design is well documented,
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as seen in the streamlining of art-deco and
modernist styles. By contrast, the space age
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is typically understood as more of a cliche
or stylistic fad than an academic architectural
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influence. While there is a visual progression
from the streamlined locomotives of the 1930's
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to the scenic cruiser coach of the 50's through
to the Avanti automobile of the 1960's, that
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design influence did not continue into Skylab
of the 1970's, although all were designed
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by Raymond Loewy. An interesting anecdote
is that NASA did approach Loewy and gave him
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a stage three of a Saturn 5 rocket and basically
said, "Make it fit." He did advise on the
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arrangement, size, and even color scheme of
the living quarters for the astronauts aboard
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the space station.
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Aircraft design in the late 20's and into
the 30's became more aerodynamic and made
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use of advancing technologies to increase
speed and reduce drag. Industrial designers
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were heavily influenced by the new, streamlined
aircraft design, cylindrical forms, and long,
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horizontal windows, horizontal lines and curves
all conveying motion and speed were successfully
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scaled down for use in locomotives and automobiles,
even scooters. These design elements appeared
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in all forms of transportation, no matter
how simple. This look was also incorporated
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into the design and manufacture of consumer
goods. Toasters, fans, clocks, radios and
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vacuum cleaners. The possibilities were endless.
Leading innovators, like Buckminster Fuller,
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gave us futuristic designs like Dymaxion car,
Dymaxion house and the Geodesic Dome.
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Post World War II America was a period of
optimism. The country was experiencing vigorous
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economic growth, a baby boom, and saw great
advances in science and technology. With the
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construction of highways across America and
the growing car culture of southern California,
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businesses were trying to attract the attention
of passing motorists. A new style of roadside
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architecture developed appearing as drive-ins,
diners, bowling alleys, and particularly influenced
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the design of signage and, in the bottom right
hand corner is Googies. The term was coined
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in 1952 by architectural critic Douglas Haskell
when describing architect John Lautner's Googie's
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Coffee Shop in Los Angeles. A new design was
emerging featuring aerodynamic elements such
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as up-swept and cantilevered roof lines, geometric,
boomerang, amoebic, starburst, atoms and parabolic
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shapes came to characterize this style. In
addition to the use of large expanses of glass,
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bright colors, neon lights and plastic paneling,
Googie reflected the optimism of the time
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and how society was embracing technology and
science and moving towards the future, but
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at the same time, remaining accessible to
the middle class. While not considered seriously
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as an architectural movement, Googie design
represented a lighthearted and whimsical aesthetic
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that helped to launch the space age style
that ultimately grew out of it.
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The beginning of the space age could be marked
by the Soviet Union launching the satellite
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Sputnik 1 in 1957 and the subsequent decision
by the U.S. government not to be surpassed
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by the Soviets. The impact on popular culture
was immediate and pervasive. In television
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and film, The Jetsons, 2001: A Space Odyssey,
and Barbarella perpetuated the Googie visual
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style combined with space race themes. The
60's brought increasing momentum to the space
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race and, with it, increasingly futuristic
design employing new materials and experimenting
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with new shapes, masses, and volumes. It's
influences could be seen throughout all aspects
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of American culture, in movies, TV, furniture,
fashion, and music. And while Googie began
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as a fanciful marking concept, the futuristic
design of the 60's became more purposeful,
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studied, and academic. World fairs have always
been a showcase of innovation, technology
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science, and culture and this was exemplified
in the pavilion architecture and the use of
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modern building materials to create new forms.
The Automium in the 1958 World's Fair in Belgium,
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the Space Needle at the 1962 Seattle World's
Fair, Tent of Tomorrow and the United States
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Space Park at the 1964 New York World's Fair
and Buchminster Fuller's Geodesic Dome at
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Expo 67 in Montreal. Attractions at Disneyland
even embrace space age movement and futurism
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with Tomorrowland introduced in '55 and the
Monsanto House of the Future built in '57.
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The space age eventually inspired higher forms
of architecture. Far from the kitsch of Googie,
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but clearly influenced by space themes, a
great number of architects were highly successful
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in creating designs that still stand the test
of time. Neimeyer's designs for the new civic
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buildings for Brasilia, including the National
Congress and the Cathedral of Brasilia. Also,
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his contemporary art museum in Niteroi overlooking
the city of Rio de Janeiro. The same can be
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said about Saarinen's works. His work at the
campus at MIT, Kresge Audotorium and the chapel
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with the stunning interior showcasing the
Bertoia sculpture cascading above the alter,
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the North Christian Church and, of course,
the Arch.
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A few other examples include the two towers
on the upper left. Ten towers were built by
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the architect Gerard Grandval in the Paris
suburb called Creteil. These ten towers are
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called Les Choux or cabbages. Vilgio Revell's
design for 1965 Toronto City Hall features
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two curved towers with a saucer shaped council
chamber and John Lautner's designs for the
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Chemosphere, built on what was deemed to be
an un-buildable sight, and the Bob Hope residence
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in Palm Springs built in 1973. Appropriately,
the stylist influence of technology and flight
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is evident in airport design such as the 1961
theme building at LAX and Saarinen's Washington
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Dulles Airport, and the former TWA Flight
Center JFK.
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Important elements of modern material science
are the product of the space race and the
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government's desire to make these advancements
transferable to the development of commercial
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products and services for the public. As a
result of a 1958 congressional mandate, NASA
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created the Technology Utilization Program.
This accomplished several goals. Justification
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for the continued expenditure of NASA funds,
it served as a tool to educate the media and
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the general public about benefits and dispelling
the myth of wasted taxpayer dollars and it
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reinforced interest in space exploration.
Since the mid-70's, the number of spin off
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technology exceeds 1800. These developments
have been applied to numerous fields; transportation,
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communications, medicine, natural resources,
energy, but also architecture. The understanding
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and engineering of lightweight materials and
metals that have made space exploration possible
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also allow these materials to be effectively
appropriated into building construction materials.
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Some of these follow. After the Apollo 1 fire,
NASA developed fireproof astronaut suits,
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which led to improved firefighting suits on
Earth. Self-righting life rafts against the
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downdraft of rescue helicopters are being
used today. Cordless tools for moonwalks,
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Black and Decker developed cordless drills
and the dust buster. Then there was memory
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foam, water filters, smoke detectors, and
the original Apollo moon boots revolutionized
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the design of shoes.
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My colleagues have the unique experience of
assessing, studying, testing, researching
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and conserving several significant space age
artifacts including space shuttle Atlantis,
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Saturn V rockets, Skylab and an A-12 Spy Plane
and a Corona spy satellite. Through this,
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they have gained knowledge on the preservation
of these exotic materials that can influence
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the larger sphere for the use of these materials
in architecture. The first case study is the
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A-12 Spy Plane, which was produced from '62
to '64 and was in operation until 1968. This
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was developed by Lockheed's famous Skunk Works.
The A-12 was developed for the CIA to spy
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on the Soviet Union. The plane's design required
titanium in order to resist intense heat created
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by supersonic flight speeds. Lockheed's supplier
for titanium had only limited reserves, so
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the CIA conducted a worldwide search and,
by using third parties and dummy companies,
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managed to quietly purchase the base metal
from one of the world's leading exporters,
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the Soviet Union. The Russians never realized
how they actually contributed to the creation
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of the airplane that was being constructed
to spy on their own homeland.
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Prior to the development of the A-12, titanium
was a little used and virtually unknown material.
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The metal was initially refined in the early
19th century, but was not in common use due
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to the scarcity of the sources until the third
quarter of the 20th century. Titanium is a
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low density material, 60% the density of steel,
and can be strengthened by alloying it to
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suit various purposes. It has an extremely
low rate of thermal expansion and has excellent
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strength-to-weight properties. Although the
Russians had used the metal for smaller components
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on aircraft, they had not developed the techniques
to use the material effectively. It was not
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until the A-12 program that engineers were
able to figure out how to effectively work
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the material into sheets which then allowed
them to completely sheet the aircraft. This
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helped paved the way for titanium later being
used in bold architectural statements such
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as those being created by Frank Gehry.
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In researching the preservation of the CIA
spy plane, CSI conservators encountered the
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following oddities associated with the preservation
of titanium. Although titanium is thought
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to be an indestructible material, it was found
that this metal exhibits extreme sensitivity
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to contaminants such as chlorine, fluorine,
and cadmium. For example, during fabrication,
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it was discovered that the chlorine based
ink of a Pentel marker used to layout the
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titanium sheets caused them to fail after
exposure to heat. Working with the metal was
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always a challenge. The biggest issue was
how to roll the sheets. The Soviets never
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figured it out. They used blocks of metal
that were milled down. Titanium is extremely
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hard and trying to drill it resulted in breaking
bits all the time. Cadmium plated hand tools
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has an adverse effect on fasteners, which
would fail after exposure to heat and spot
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wells would break. For this particular aircraft,
the biggest problem was peeling paint related
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to poor adhesion between the top coat layer
and what remains of the original paint. The
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wings had been cut off when the plane was
shipped to CIA headquarters in Langley in
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2007. The siliconized paint was applied after
reattachment would fail. The decals were wrong
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and, all in all, a very poor restoration,
but with a new understanding of this material,
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the aircraft will be appropriately specified
for proper treatment.
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Our second case study, or the two Saturn V
rockets in Houston and in Huntsville. Just
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as NASA and DARPA encouraged the spin off
of innovations and materials, technology transfer
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from their weaponry and space programs for
commercial uses, conservators have used a
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similar technology transfer from the aerospace
corrosion engineering and coding industries
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to better understand the deterioration processes
and the means and methods available to treat
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many of the iconic technological wonders of
the space age. The Saturn V rockets were unknown
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territory for CSI. While they had worked on
aluminum sculpture and smaller types of artifacts,
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it wasn't until they went to Houston to bid
the rocket that the task of figuring out how
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to conserve all of these relatively unknown
materials became evident. They went through
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everything one at a time. They created a bibliography
of industry wide aircraft restoration articles
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to understand what was being done and then
culling the information. They approached experts
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in the field, corrosion engineers, urethane
foam experts and, yes, there is a urethane
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foam institute, water jetting industry people.
The specifications had originally called for
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abrasive media blasting, but through research,
they would that water jetting was the accepted
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practice in the aerospace industry.
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This slide shows the range of either metal
or nonmetal materials in the Saturn V. The
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Saturn V's are significant for the numerous
and exotic array of metals and nonmetal materials
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that were used in its construction; aluminum,
titanium, urethane foam, and even cork. The
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first stage was even fabricated of asbestos
panels. It was important to understand what
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there was and how the materials were fabricated-
extrusions, sheets, and so forth. Saturn V
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rocket was built primarily of aluminum. Interestingly,
stage one of the rocket fired for just 168
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seconds, a little over 2 1/2 minutes, before
being jettisoned and dumped into the Atlantic.
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The other two components of the launch vehicle
experienced similarly short service lives
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and none of these stages were ever intended
to be recovered. Imagine all this work to
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conserve something that was meant to last
a few minutes. In spite of the disposability,
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chemical surface treatments to the aluminum
and durable protective coatings that were
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used during manufacture had proven to be quite
effective at preserving much of the historic
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aluminum of the two rockets.
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This is a photo of some of the various metals
on the Saturn V, as you can see listed. All
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the metals were selected for the high strength,
low weight characteristics and in the case
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of engine metals, high heat and sulfur resistance;
however, none of the aluminum alloys have
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corrosion resistance normally associated with
aluminum. They are high copper and high zinc
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content and the key to their short term durability
was the application of coropon, the zinc chromate
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primer, which you will see later. It's a green
finish. The primers provided better protection
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than the finished coats.
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These are examples of material deterioration
and it is what you would expect when you have
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various metals that were only meant to last
2 1/2 minutes. Unlike the space shuttle, these
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components were disposable. The causes of
deterioration included a combination of high
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humidity, heavy pollution, high UV, high salt
aerosol off the coast, and sitting next to
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a farm, so they were exposed to fertilizers
and herbicides. You have galvanic reactions
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between different metals, collection points
where moisture and water collect, and UV breaks
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down coatings and foams. An earlier attempt
to restore finishes was carried out by unknowledgeable
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people and their intervention likely caused
greater deterioration. Early sand blasting
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spread the salts and then removed the passivating
layer from the aluminum. Since the rocket
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wasn't meant to last, NASA was not concerned
about galvanic reaction, nor do they care
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about the paint finish; however they were
concerned with weight and they still are.
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The selection of lightweight materials sometimes
meant other properties were affected such
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as corrosion resistance and NASA has since
learned their lesson about storing these vehicles.
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They must be kept in an enclosed facility,
not left out to the elements.
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Some of the nonmetal materials used include
tedlar, which is a plastic finish, mylar,
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velcro, a variety of plastics and synthetic
rubbers were all developed in the early to
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mid 20th century, some specifically for NASA,
and all were found on the Saturn V. In contrast,
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a simple material such as natural cork was
selected for it's high level of heat resistance
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and it was lightweight. It was also so popular
they were concerned that they were actually
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going to deplete the world's supply of cork.
The Huntsville foam insulation system of partial
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foam-filled honeycomb with a nylon phenolic
skin and a tedlar seal, is a version that
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was not used on any man-flight missions. It
was replaced with a spray-on foam insulation
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that we have on the Houston Saturn V. This
is the same foam used on the fuel tanks of
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the space shuttle and my colleagues, unfamiliar
with the differences heading into the Huntsville
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project, it was just another item that required
special research and treatment development
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time.
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Early attempts to provide adequate insulation
to prevent freezing of cryogenic fuels used
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to power the stage two of the Saturn V rocket
had included the use of polyurethane foam
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filled phenolic resin honeycomb which was
then encased in a thin film of tedlar. The
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tedlar facing mirrors a typical installation
of sprayed on, closed cell polyurethane foam
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in a building construction, which is then
applied to a flat roof or walls prior to the
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application of a waterproof membrane. In attempting
to preserve both the tedlar skin and the foam
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substrate of the Saturn V, my colleagues found
that after 35 years of outdoor exposure, that
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the foam actually had become fully saturated
with water through infiltration and condensation.
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Substantial inactive biogrowth was found in
these areas where the tedlar was removed.
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By the way, tedlar is still used today.
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A few photos showing the deteriorated finishes
on the stage two. The spray urethane foam
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insulating the Houston tank on the left was
extensively cracked, damaged, blistered, trapping
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water and concealing corrosion of aluminum
tank. While what seemed to be a better preserved
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version in Huntsville with the tedlar appearing
to be intact, actually turned out to be far
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more complicated. Trapped moisture within
the honeycomb cell and foam structure and
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large losses and damage to the tedlar were
uncovered after paint removal. The tedlar
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remained in relatively good condition and
most was saved with some repaired areas and,
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as I said, tedlar is still used today. But,
what is interesting, is that closed cell foam
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isn't perfectly closed cell. It does have
a perm rating and under solar gain, there
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are pressures that form moistures into the
cell and urethane does not bond well to a
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wet surface. This is just some spec information
on tedlar and cross sections of the foam.
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Another material is mylar. The rocket's used
different colors and each one had it's only
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properties for reflectivity. So, in this particular
case, the mylar is acting as a reflecting
00:20:59.869 --> 00:21:06.529
insulator to keep cryogenic fuels from overheating.
Of the Saturn V's mylar survived in only a
00:21:06.529 --> 00:21:12.929
few instances, it isn't UV stable and it deteriorated.
Mylar is another one of these products that
00:21:12.929 --> 00:21:18.659
had a spin off application. As you can see
on the right, it is used as a wall covering.
00:21:18.659 --> 00:21:27.100
This is just a quick slide to show the previous
attempt to restore the rocket in '84. Research
00:21:27.100 --> 00:21:30.980
into previous treatments show that these were
misguided attempts at repairing the problems
00:21:30.980 --> 00:21:37.200
without first understanding the cause of deterioration
and this caused more problems down the road.
00:21:37.200 --> 00:21:41.519
But we learned from these mistakes and, more
importantly, utilizing the most current techniques
00:21:41.519 --> 00:21:47.039
by borrowing from corrosion and coating industries.
The main problems stemmed from overly aggressive
00:21:47.039 --> 00:21:51.309
coating and corrosion techniques that were
not effective in dealing with the main problem
00:21:51.309 --> 00:21:56.669
being soluble salts. Previous sand blasting
spreads salts over the surface then seals
00:21:56.669 --> 00:22:01.730
them with the new coating system. Catastrophic
failure of the coating was visible in a few
00:22:01.730 --> 00:22:04.409
short years.
00:22:04.409 --> 00:22:12.669
CSI tested the appropriateness of ultra high
pressure water jetting on aluminum test coupons
00:22:12.669 --> 00:22:18.440
and original tunnel covers from both Saturn
V's as a method for removing coatings, corrosion,
00:22:18.440 --> 00:22:25.919
and surface contaminants such as soluble salts.
Automotive and aerospace companies have cleaned
00:22:25.919 --> 00:22:33.830
manufacturing components and removed thermal
coatings with UHP water for many years. As
00:22:33.830 --> 00:22:38.690
you can see in the photograph, the water jetting
technique could be tailored to take it down
00:22:38.690 --> 00:22:44.590
to bare metal or just to remove the top coats,
leaving the original coropon primer and fabrication
00:22:44.590 --> 00:22:54.850
stamps below intact. Just a photo of the technique.
Once the proper testing and analysis was complete,
00:22:54.850 --> 00:22:58.940
the work moved to full scale treatment and
it was decided that it was more important
00:22:58.940 --> 00:23:06.809
to remove soluble salts from corrosion pits,
so it was cleaned to bare metal. Unlike NASA,
00:23:06.809 --> 00:23:13.399
the city of Houston has very strict VOC regulations,
which prompted CSI to use a waterborne coating
00:23:13.399 --> 00:23:18.279
system. In addition, the client wanted a coating
system that could be touched up with minimal
00:23:18.279 --> 00:23:25.169
preparation and touch ups that would visually
integrate with the existing finish.
00:23:25.169 --> 00:23:29.659
And the final product. This is the space and
rocket center in Huntsville, but both Saturn
00:23:29.659 --> 00:23:34.440
V rockets were treated the same way. The decals
are actually recreated by the company that
00:23:34.440 --> 00:23:42.200
produces bus wraps. So, we have provided a
few examples of space age materials and how
00:23:42.200 --> 00:23:46.029
we have attempted to solve problems, but there
are other materials that have been used in
00:23:46.029 --> 00:23:50.749
architecture and we will need to learn how
to deal with. The following are but a cursory
00:23:50.749 --> 00:23:55.549
look at other technologies developed by NASA
for space flight and landings that have been
00:23:55.549 --> 00:24:01.169
applied to consumer and commercial building
products and processes. Nastran, a finite
00:24:01.169 --> 00:24:06.159
element analysis program was developed by
NASA and is used today throughout the world
00:24:06.159 --> 00:24:12.379
in aerospace, automotive, and maritime industries.
Software was also developed for architecture
00:24:12.379 --> 00:24:21.470
permitting these exotic designs such as Frank
Gehry and others but, initially, Nastran was
00:24:21.470 --> 00:24:29.609
used by PPG to develop new technology to create
glass walls. NASA created all kinds of protective
00:24:29.609 --> 00:24:37.239
coatings. The Statue of Liberty restoration,
a zinc silicate primer based on a 1970 NASA
00:24:37.239 --> 00:24:42.330
patent was specifically developed to provide
superior corrosion protection for the iron
00:24:42.330 --> 00:24:48.190
armature. Fiberglass and teflon tension fabric
roofs are an outgrowth of the material formulated
00:24:48.190 --> 00:24:57.539
by NASA from 1967 for new spacesuit fabric.
A recent development that I found is an open
00:24:57.539 --> 00:25:02.999
lattice composite design allowing for lightweight,
stronger structures that don't corrode or
00:25:02.999 --> 00:25:08.440
rot. The strength comes from the efficient
geometry, isosceles triangles that form a
00:25:08.440 --> 00:25:13.669
truss of pyramids which is what gives the
truss it's unique strength and stiffness.
00:25:13.669 --> 00:25:19.529
The space age represents monumental technology
and human achievements whose influence ultimately
00:25:19.529 --> 00:25:26.019
extended far beyond the space program itself.
In many ways, technical innovations and materials
00:25:26.019 --> 00:25:30.700
that are synonymous with this period for exploration
were disseminated to the public through a
00:25:30.700 --> 00:25:37.450
variety of consumer goods, building technologies
and processes. From new alloys born out of
00:25:37.450 --> 00:25:44.779
improved mining, refining, and alloying processes
to synthetic materials, engineers and labs,
00:25:44.779 --> 00:25:50.909
American design directly benefitted from the
increased variety and range of properties
00:25:50.909 --> 00:25:57.429
afforded by these new materials. The architectural
expression and innovative construction that
00:25:57.429 --> 00:26:02.869
resulted is increasingly becoming the charge
of preservationist and conservators and we
00:26:02.869 --> 00:26:07.830
need to work with industries outside of conservation
to find solutions to preserve the space age.
00:26:07.830 --> 00:26:08.590
Thank you.