15.1 Postwar Uncert­ainty

Theory of Relati­vity 1905- space and time not constant showed the world to be uncertain, unpred­ict­able, and relative

Sigmund Freud

father of modern psychology believed human behavior is irrational (we are driven by our uncont­rol­lable uncons­cious mind) weakened faith in reason

Literature in the 1920s

poets T.S. Eliot and William Butler Yeats wrote of darkness, loss of hope {{[nl}} Franz Kafka The Castle threat­ening situations not able to unders­tan­d/e­scape James Joyce Ulysses stream of consci­ous­ness- like the human mind

1920s more individual freedom women wanted rights; gained suffrage in many countries; wore shorte­r/l­ooser clothes and short "­bob­bed­" hair Many kept tradit­ional lifestyles but others sought new careers such as medicine and education Margaret Sanger and Emma Goldman spoke out for birth control

Technology Improves LIfe

automobile was improved- sold tons after the war and changed lifestyles airplanes become a new way to travel (for the wealthy) Charles Lindbe­rgh 1927- succes­sfully flew 33 hours from NY to Paris entert­ain­ment- radio and film movies for art in Europe, entert­ainment in Hollywood- silent movies of Charlie Chaplin (first sound films came out in 1930s)

15.2 Worldwide Depression

Postwar Europe

WWI left Europe bankrupt absolute rulers replaced with democracy many political parties- make government ineffe­ctive when no party has a majority Coal­ition Govern­ment (temporary alliance of parties) weak leader­shi­p-p­roblem during crises some preferred strength to democracy

The Weimar Republic

Weimar Republic German democracy establ­ished in 1919; weakness because Germany had no democratic experience and many political parties printed money to pay for war- inflation; recovered 1923 Dawes Plan $200 million loan from USA to stabilize the economy Peace Efforts: 1925- made peace with France, admitted into League of Nations; 1928- Kello­gg-­Briand Pact- world's countries promised to avoid war

Financial Collapse

USA- uneven distri­bution of wealth- couldn't afford goods, led to overpr­odu­ction; factories laid off workers; businesses and farms went into debt stock prices kept rising, people took out loans to buy stocks; Black Tuesday October 1929- stock prices plummeted; investors sold stocks and couldn't pay off loans

The Great Depression

stock market crash led to unempl­oyment, price/wage cuts, decrease in factory production collapse of American banks led to a global depres­sion; couldn't export goods to the U.S., Americans wouldn't invest in Europe; Europe's post war economy depended on American loans

The World Confronts the Crisis

many countries choose strong rulers over democracy Britain and France kept democratic govern­ments and stabilized employ­ment; controlled taxes, currency, and trade USA Franklin D. Roosev­elt uses his New Deal policy to make jobs and help businesses

15.3 Fascism Rises in Europe

Fascism

Fasc­ism nation­alist movement emphas­izing loyalty to the state over indivi­dua­lity; support from middle class, military, and indust­ria­lists obedience to author­itarian leader; promised to guide nation to progress like communism- one dictat­or/­pol­itical party unlike communism- didn't want a classless society

Fascism in Italy

Italy bitter they didn't gain land after WWI Benito Mussol­ini promised to revive economy and army- started Fascist Party; group was the Black Shirts, used fear to gain support; October 1922- marched on Rome and seized power in govern­ment, became Il Duce; abolished democracy and political parties; censored media, outlawed strikes, promoted industry

Hitler Rises to Power in Germany

Adolf Hitler­-Der Fuhrer, after serving in WWI, joined the National Socialist German Workers' Party (Nazi)nazi­sm, swastika was symbol, Brown shirts- army 1923- tried to seize power and was arrested- wrote Mein Kampf; German "­Ary­ans­" were master race; Jews, Slavs, Gypsies inferior; outraged at the Treaty of Versai­lles; wanted to take land/e­xpand Germany

Hitler becomes Chancellor

January 1933- Hitler named chance­llor; nazis won a majority in the parliament over communists created a totali­tarian state; banned other political parties; terror with the SS (elite black shirt police­/mi­litary force) and Gest­apo (secret police); controlled economy for government benefit used propaganda to control people; media, burned non-Nazi books; children joined The Hitler Youth (boys) and League of German Girls anti-S­emitic (anti-­Jewish) agenda; blamed Germany's problems on Jews; passed laws taking away rights of Jews; November 9, 1938 Kris­tal­lna­cht­(­Night of Broken Glass)- mobs attacked Jewish homes/­bus­inesses

Other Countries Fall to Dictators

most of Eastern Europe had dictators in the years after WWI (Hungary, Poland, Yugosl­avia, Romania); seen as a way to bring stability democracy survived in Britain, France, and Scanda­navia tensions between democracy and dictators build

15.4 Aggressors Invade Nations

Japan Seeks an Empire

1920s- Japan became democratic and worked for peace; parliament had no control over military Great Depression led to military leaders gaining support and power in 1929; milita­rists used Emperor Hirohito as center of power; wanted to conquer land in the Pacific for markets and growing population

Japanese Invasions

1931- Japan invaded and seized Manchuria- set up puppet govern­ment; built mines and factories and withdrew in 1933 1935- border dispute led to war with China- Japan captured capital Nanjing in 1937; Jiang Jieshi retreated, but Mao Zedong's guerrillas kept fighting

European Aggressors on the March

1935- Mussolini seized Ethiopia Hitler defied the Treaty of Versai­lles; built up army and league didn't stop it; March 1936, invaded the Rhineland (neutral buffer between France and Germany) and streng­thened Hitler's influence, tipped balance of power Britain and France had policy of appe­ase­ment (giving into an aggressor to keep the peace) 1936- Germany, Italy, and Japan became allies Axis Powers

Spanish Civil War

1931- Spain abolished monarchy to create a democracy 1936- Fran­cisco Franco led army leaders in a revolt in favor of Fascism, which led to a 3 year civil war Hitler and Mussolini aided Franco European democr­acies stayed neutral 1939- republic lost and Franco became dictator

Democratic Nations Try to Keep Peace

United States stays isolat­ionist - Congress passed 3 Neutrality Acts Hitler wants to expand the Third Reich (German empire) - March 1938 Germany went against the Treaty of Versailles to annex Austria Britain and France keep appeasing -Munich Conference in September 1938 gave Hitler Sudete­nland in Czecho­slo­vakia Nazis and Soviets sign non-ag­gre­ssion pact August 1939

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