3. Impact of Tariff (Tax) Barriers Tariff Barriers tend to Increase : Inflationary pressures Special interests privileges Government control and political considerations in economic matters The number of tariffs they beget via reciprocity Tariff Barriers tend to Weaken : Balance-of-payments positions Supply-and-demand patterns International relations (they can start trade wars)

4. Non Tariff - Trade Barriers Non Tariff barriers - are another way for an country to control the amount of trade that it conducts with another country, either for selfish or altruistic purposes. Any barrier to trade creates an economic loss, which means it does not allow the markets to function properly.

Import credit discriminations Variable levies Border taxes 6) Others: Voluntary export restraints Orderly marketing agreements 8. New Zealand's apples account for a third of its agricultural exports but have been banned from Australia since 1921 due to fears about the spread of fire blight, a crop pest. Apples Banned - Non Tariff Barrier By Doug Latimer in Sydney Published: 1:00AM BST 13 Apr 2010 9. Mangoes Philippines Restrictions It is a common practice in many countries to use non-tariff barriers to control the entry of imports. For instance, Philippine mangoes and bananas have to meet strict phytosanitary requirements from the US and Australia. 10. McDonald France Big Beef McDonalds France in 1998, ran a print ad campaign featuring overweight cowboys complaining about the fact that McDonald's France refuses to buy American beef but uses only French, to &quot;guarantee maximum hygienic conditions&quot; an unsubtle effort to identify the Global Arches with European efforts to block the import of hormone-laced American beef. (Karon, 2002) 11. General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade Paved the way for the first effective worldwide tariff agreement. Basic Elements of the GATT : Trade shall be conducted on a non-discriminatory basis. Protection shall be afforded domestic industries through customs tariffs, not through such commercial measures as import quotas. Consultation shall be the primary method used to solve global trade problems. Eliminating barriers to international trade (Uruguay Round): The General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS) Trade-Related Investment Measures (TRIMs) TradeRelated Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPs) 12. Summary Although tariffs have significantly reduced over the last twenty years in global trade. Bigger concern is the dismantling of non-tariff barriers that restrict trade from less developed countries. The agricultural sector has had its high share of discriminatory trade practices to protect inefficient producers. Tariffs distort trade flows

3. Impact of Tariff (Tax) Barriers Tariff Barriers tend to Increase : Inflationary pressures Special interests privileges Government control and political considerations in economic matters The number of tariffs they beget via reciprocity Tariff Barriers tend to Weaken : Balance-of-payments positions Supply-and-demand patterns International relations (they can start trade wars)

4. Non Tariff - Trade Barriers Non Tariff barriers - are another way for an country to control the amount of trade that it conducts with another country, either for selfish or altruistic purposes. Any barrier to trade creates an economic loss, which means it does not allow the markets to function properly.

Import credit discriminations Variable levies Border taxes 6) Others: Voluntary export restraints Orderly marketing agreements 8. New Zealand's apples account for a third of its agricultural exports but have been banned from Australia since 1921 due to fears about the spread of fire blight, a crop pest. Apples Banned - Non Tariff Barrier By Doug Latimer in Sydney Published: 1:00AM BST 13 Apr 2010 9. Mangoes Philippines Restrictions It is a common practice in many countries to use non-tariff barriers to control the entry of imports. For instance, Philippine mangoes and bananas have to meet strict phytosanitary requirements from the US and Australia. 10. McDonald France Big Beef McDonalds France in 1998, ran a print ad campaign featuring overweight cowboys complaining about the fact that McDonald's France refuses to buy American beef but uses only French, to &quot;guarantee maximum hygienic conditions&quot; an unsubtle effort to identify the Global Arches with European efforts to block the import of hormone-laced American beef. (Karon, 2002) 11. General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade Paved the way for the first effective worldwide tariff agreement. Basic Elements of the GATT : Trade shall be conducted on a non-discriminatory basis. Protection shall be afforded domestic industries through customs tariffs, not through such commercial measures as import quotas. Consultation shall be the primary method used to solve global trade problems. Eliminating barriers to international trade (Uruguay Round): The General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS) Trade-Related Investment Measures (TRIMs) TradeRelated Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPs) 12. Summary Although tariffs have significantly reduced over the last twenty years in global trade. Bigger concern is the dismantling of non-tariff barriers that restrict trade from less developed countries. The agricultural sector has had its high share of discriminatory trade practices to protect inefficient producers. Tariffs distort trade flows