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Ze'ev Jabotinsky MBE (Hebrew:
זאב ז'בוטינסקי‎; Russian: Зеэв Жаботинский, born Vladimir Yevgenyevich
Zhabotinsky on 18 October 1880, died 4 August 1940) was a right-wing Revisionist
Zionist leader, author, orator, soldier, and founder of the Jewish Self-Defense
Organization in Odessa. He also helped form the Jewish Legion of the British
army in World War I, and was a founder and leader of the clandestine Jewish
armed organization Irgun. Born Vladimir Jabotinsky in Odessa in the Russian
Empire (today in Ukraine), he was raised in a Jewish middle-class home and
educated in Russian schools. While he took Hebrew lessons as a child, Jabotinsky
wrote in his autobiography that his upbringing was divorced from Jewish faith
and tradition. Jabotinsky's talents as a journalist became apparent even before
he finished high school. His first writings were published in Odessa newspapers
when he was 16. Upon graduation he was sent to Bern, Switzerland and later to
Italy as a reporter for the Russian press. He wrote under the pseudonym
"Altalena" (the Italian word for 'swing'; see also Altalena Affair). While
abroad, he also studied law at the University of Rome, but it was only upon his
return to Russia that he qualified as an attorney. His dispatches from Italy
earned him recognition as one of the brightest young Russian-language
journalists: he later edited newspapers in Russian, Yiddish, and Hebrew. He
married Anna Markova Gelperin in late 1907. They had one child, Eri who died
after the Six Day War at age 59—the same age as his father. After the Kishinev
pogrom of 1903, Jabotinsky joined the Zionist movement, where he soon became
known as a powerful speaker and influential leader. With more pogroms looming on
the horizon, Jabotinsky established the Jewish Self-Defense Organization, a
Jewish militia, to safeguard Jewish communities throughout Russia. Jabotinsky
became the source of great controversy in the Russian Jewish community as a
result of these actions. Around this time, he set himself the goal of learning
modern Hebrew, and took a Hebrew name - Vladimir became Ze'ev
("wolf"). During the pogroms, he organized self-defense units in Jewish
communities across Russia and fought for the civil rights of the Jewish
population as a whole. That year Jabotinsky was elected as a Russian delegate to
the Sixth Zionist Congress in Basel, Switzerland. After Herzl's death in 1904 he
became the leader of the right-wing Zionists. In 1906 he was one of the chief
speakers at the Russian Zionist Helsingfors Conference in Helsinki, which called
upon the Jews of Europe to engage in Gegenwartsarbeit (work in the
present) and to join the demand for autonomy of the ethnic minorities in Russia.
He remained loyal to this Liberal approach when established scores of years
later with respect to the Arab citizens of the future Jewish State: "Each one of
the ethnic communities will be recognized as autonomous and equal in the eyes of
the law." In 1909 he fiercely criticized leading members of the Russian Jewish
community for participating in ceremonies marking the centennial of the Russian
writer Nikolai Gogol. In view of Gogol's anti-Semitic views, he said, it was
unseemly for Russian Jews to take part in these ceremonies; it showed they had
no Jewish self-respect. During World War I, he
conceived of the idea of establishing a Jewish Legion to fight alongside the
British against the Ottomans who then controlled Palestine. In 1915, together
with Joseph Trumpeldor, a one-armed veteran of the Russo-Japanese War, he
created the Zion Mule Corps, which consisted of several hundred Jewish men,
mainly Russians, who had been exiled from Palestine by the Turks and had settled
in Egypt. The unit served with distinction in the Battle of Gallipoli. When the
Zion Mule Corps was disbanded, Jabotinsky traveled to London, where he continued
in his efforts to establish Jewish units to fight in Palestine as part of the
British Army. Although Jabotinsky did not serve with the Zion Mule Corps,
Trumpeldor, Jabotinsky and 120 V.M.C. did serve in Platoon 16/20th Battalion of
the London Regiment. In 1917, the government agreed to establish three Jewish
Battalions, initiating the Jewish Legion. Jabotinsky soldiered in the Jordan
Valley in 1918 and was decorated for bravery. As an officer in the 38th Royal
Fusiliers, Jabotinsky fought with General Allenby in 1917, and was decorated for
heading the first company to cross the River Jordan into Palestine.After Ze'ev
Jabotinsky was discharged from the British Army in September 1919, he openly
trained Jews in self-defense and the use of small arms. After the 1920 Palestine
riots, at the demand of the Arab leadership, the British searched the offices
and apartments of the Zionist leadership, including Weizmann's and Jabotinsky's
homes, for arms. At Jabotinsky's house they found 3 rifles, 2 pistols, and 250
rounds of ammunition. Nineteen men were arrested, including Jabotinsky. A
committee of inquiry placed responsibility for the riots on the Zionist
Commission, for provoking the Arabs. Jabotinsky was given a 15-year prison term
for possession of weapons. The court blamed 'Bolshevism,' claiming that it
'flowed in Zionism's inner heart' and ironically identified the fiercely
anti-Socialist Jabotinsky with the Socialist-aligned Poalei Zion ('Zionist
Workers') party, which it called 'a definite Bolshevist institution.' Following
the public outcry against the verdict, he received amnesty and was released from
Acre prison After the war, Jabotinsky was elected to the first legislative
assembly in Palestine, and in 1921, he was elected to the executive council of
the World Zionist Organization. He quit the latter group in 1923, however, due
to differences of opinion between him and its chairman, Chaim Weizmann, and
established the new revisionist party called Alliance of Revisionists-Zionists
and its youth movement, Betar (a Hebrew acronym for the "League of Joseph
Trumpeldor"). His new party demanded that the Zionist movement recognize as its
objective the establishment of a Jewish state along both banks of the Jordan
River. His main goal was to establish a modern Jewish state with the help and
aid of the British Empire. His philosophy contrasted with the socialist oriented
Labor Zionists, in that it focused economic and social policy on the ideal of
the Jewish Middle class in Europe. An Anglophile, his ideal for a Jewish state
was a variety of nation state based loosely on the British imperial model, whose
waning self-confidence he deplored.His support base was mostly located in
Poland, and his activities focused on attaining British support to help in the
development of the Yishuv. Another area of major support for Jabotinsky was
Latvia, when his fiery speeches in Russian made an impression on the largely
Russian-speaking Latvian Jewish community. In 1930, when Jabotinsky was visiting
South Africa, he was informed by the British Colonial Office that he would not
be allowed to return to Palestine.The movement he established was not a
monolithic entity, but contained three separate factions, of which Jabotinsky's
was the most moderate. Jabotinsky favored cooperation with the British, while
more irredentistically-minded individuals like David Raziel, Abba Ahimeir, and
Uri Zvi Greenberg focused on independent action in Mandate Palestine, fighting
politically against Labor, the British Authorities, and retaliating against Arab
attacks. During the 1930s, Jabotinsky was deeply concerned with the situation of
the Jewish community in Poland. In 1936, Jabotinsky prepared the so-called
'evacuation plan', which called for the evacuation of the entire Jewish
population of Poland to Palestine. In 1936, Jabotinsky toured Eastern Europe,
meeting with the Polish Foreign Minister Colonel Józef Beck; the Regent of
Hungary, Admiral Miklós Horthy, and Prime Minister Gheorghe Tătărescu of Romania
to discuss the evacuation plan. The plan gained the approval of all three
governments, but caused considerable controversy within Polish Jewry, on the
grounds that it played into the hands of Polish anti-Semites. In particular, the
fact that the 'evacuation plan' had the approval of the Polish government was
taken by many Polish Jews as indicating Jabotinsky had gained the endorsement of
what they considered to be the wrong people. The evacuation of Jewish
communities in Poland, Hungary and Romania was to take place over a ten-year
period. However, the controversy was rendered moot when the British government
vetoed it, and the World Zionist Organization's chairman, Chaim Weizmann,
dismissed it. Two years later, in 1938, Jabotinsky stated in a speech
that Polish Jews 'were living on the edge of the volcano' and warned that a wave
of bloody super-pogroms would be happening in Poland sometime in the near
future. Jabotinsky went to warn Jews in Europe that they should leave for
Palestine as soon as possible. Jabotinsky was a complex personality, combining
cynicism and idealism. He was convinced there was no way for the Jews to regain
any part of Palestine without opposition from the Arabs, but he also believed
that the Jewish state could be home to Arab citizens. In 1934 he wrote a draft
constitution for the Jewish state which declared that the Arab minority would be
on an equal footing with its Jewish counterpart "throughout all sectors of the
country's public life." The two communities would share the state's duties, both
military and civil service, and enjoy its prerogatives. Jabotinsky proposed that
Hebrew and Arabic should enjoy equal rights and that "in every cabinet where the
prime minister is a Jew, the vice-premiership shall be offered to an Arab and
vice versa."Jabotinsky died of a heart attack in New York, on August 4, 1940,
while visiting an armed Jewish self-defense camp run by Betar. He was buried in
New Montefiore cemetery in New York rather than in Palestine, in accordance with
the statement in his will, "I want to be buried outside Palestine, may NOT be
transferred to Palestine unless by order of that country's eventual Jewish
government." After the State of Israel was established, a request by B'nai Brith
that he be reinterred in Israel was turned down by Israeli Prime Minister David
Ben-Gurion, who wrote in a letter dated May 7, 1958 to Judge Joseph Lamm of the
Tel Aviv District Court, vice-president of B'nai Brith in Israel, that: "Israel
does not need dead Jews, but living Jews, and I see no blessing in multiplying
graves in Israel."In 1964, Jewish Legion Veteran Levi Eshkol permitted the
reinterment of Jabotinsky and his wife in Jerusalem at Mount Herzl Cemetery. A
monument to Jabotinsky remains at his original burial site in New York. Ze'ev
Jabotinsky's legacy is carried on today by Israel's Herut party (merged with
other right wing parties to form the Likud in 1973), Herut – The National
Movement (a breakaway from Likud), Magshimey Herut (young adult activist
movement) and Betar (youth movement). In the United States, his call for Jewish
self defense has led to the formation of Americans for a Safe Israel and the
Jewish Defense Organization. In Israel, there are more streets, parks and
squares named after Jabotinsky than any other figure in Jewish or Israeli
history.The Jabotinsky Medal is awarded for distinguished service to the State
of Israel, and most Israeli cities have streets named after him. Jabotinsky is
buried in Israel's Mount Herzl national cemetery. On 11 August 2008 Israeli
Education Minister Yuli Tamir announced plans to remove Jabotinsky's work from
the Israeli national education curriculum. ******** WIKIPEDIA about : The
Betar Movement (בית"ר, also spelled Beitar) is a Revisionist Zionist youth
movement founded in 1923 in Riga, Latvia, by Ze'ev Jabotinsky. Betar members
played important roles in the fight against the British during the Mandate, and
in the creation of Israel. It has been traditionally linked to the original
Herut and then Likud Israeli political parties. The name Betar בית"ר stands for
"Brit Yosef Trumpeldor" ( ברית יוסף תרומפלדור ). Joseph Trumpeldor was a Jewish
fighter who fell in the battle of Tel Hai coining the phrase: "Never mind, it is
good to die for our [own] country" (Hebrew: "לא נורא, טוב למות בעד ארצנו"). (The
name is probably also an allusion to the last Jewish fortress to fall during the
Bar-Kochba rebellion, Betar.) In the post-Versailles Treaty Poland, Betar
became the fighting arm of the disenchanted right-wing Jewish settlers, who felt
victimized by the treaty's anti-German stance which, through the creation of
Poland, deprived them of the Germanic culture and as they spoke Yiddish - the
German language.Whereas in other parts of Poland, that until the Versailles
Treaty belonged to Russia, Jews would express a more leftist sentiment. In the
Polish National Committee's report of 8th December 1919, the then temporary
Polish Governing Body, we find: "In Kielce in the Polish Kingdom, a group of 300
Jewish youths organized a public demonstration on the city streets, shouting:
'Long live Lenin! Long live Trocky! Down with Poland!'. They were confronted by
antagonized populous; in the bloody confrontation that ensued, about 40
demonstrators were killed. They fell victim not because they were Jews, but
because they were Bolsheviks, because they offended Polish national sentiments
and attempted to lead the country towards anarchy."It is in this environment,
that Jews felt a need to create a coherent and strong self defense arm. Latvia,
with its historical and lingual links to German culture and language, offered an
ideal haven.Jabotinsky also wanted to connect the name of the first Jewish
fighter after 2000 years to the name of the last fort of Jewish uprising against
the Roman Empire in the Bar Kokhba's revolt, Betar, showing that Betar was
intent to create a new generation of Jewish warriors. In order to produce the
needed acronym, the normal spelling of Trumpeldor's name in Hebrew was changed -
תרומפלדור instead of טרומפלדור.In 1936 Betar membership in Poland alone numbered
over 50,000 and was in permanent conflict with the polish radical nationalist
movement, National Radical Camp or ONR. ONR had about a tenth of Betar's
membership. During World War II, Betar members, former Polish Army officers,
founded Żydowski Związek Walki (Jewish Fighting Union) which fought in the
Warsaw Ghetto Uprising.In the campaign for Israel's creation in British
controlled Palestine, some Betar members fought in the militant Irgun against
British rule. A few "graduates" from Betar Poland even joined Abraham Stern's
more radical Lehi militant group. Members of Betar were also instrumental in
setting up Israel's navy.Many of Israel's most prominent public figures on the
Right have been "graduates" of Betar, including former Prime Ministers Menachem
Begin and Yitzhak Shamir, current Prime Minister Ehud Olmert, current Foreign
Minister Tzipi Livni, and former Defence Minister Moshe Arens Current Kadima
Member of Knesset Yoel Hasson is a former national head of Betar in
Israel.Today, the Betar Movement is primarily involved in Jewish and Zionist
activism. Tagar, Betar's young adult movement, was active on many university
campuses throughout North America during the 1980s as part of the Revisionist
Zionist Association. Although Betar has suffered a drastic decline in membership
and activities since the 1970s, the movement continues to boast a few strong
branches. The most notable of these are the Betar chapters of Australia and
Cleveland, Ohio. Once a vibrant movement tied to the opposition Herut Party,
Betar's following in Israel has declined since the 1970s as a result of a
changing political situation. One important change was the rise of the religious
right-wing in the 1970s. Though Betar had many of the same political goals as
the rapidly growing Gush Emunim (Believers' Bloc) and Bnei Akiva youth movements
(tied to the National Religious Party), they remained a secular movement and
never took the initiative that their counterparts did in settling the West Bank
and Gaza. During the 1980s as a result of the Camp David Accords negotiated by
Menachem Begin (the leader of Herut and its successor movement, Likud), a
similar effect began with the Secular Right, as more extreme movements appeared
there and drew away youth. As the Likud party, under Benjamin Netanyahu's
leadership, moved away from the traditional values of Revisionist Zionism, Betar
drew criticism from many on the political right. Old-time Herut supporters,
viewing themselves as ideological purists, have claimed that Betar had turned
into a breeding grounds for youth seeking political careers. In the late 1990s,
Benny Begin broke away from Likud to form Herut – The National Movement. This
trend has continued in many countries around the world, and can be seen on
Betar's central website. Betar's chief disadvantage was the predominance of
other youth groups. Belonging to the left wing and the Kibbutz movement,
Hashomer Hatzair ("Young Guard" - Socialist Zionist), HaNoar haOved vehaLomed
("the Working and Learning Youth" - Labor Zionist), and Habonim Dror (Freedom
Builders - Socialist/Labor Zionist), had taken most Israeli youth in throughout
the 1950s-70s. Alongside them were the Tzofim (Scouts) and Bnei Akiva. Today
Betar remains a marginal youth movement in both Israel and the Diaspora, and has
remained far from the power that its parent movement, the Likud, had on the
country. Many Betar members, however, have become important political figures in
both the Likud and Kadima parties.Betar sponsors sports clubs, the most notable
is the popular Beitar Jerusalem (or sometimes spelt Betar Jerusalem) football
(soccer) club.