HEIC1106: EMBARGOED UNTIL 15:00 CEST/09:00 am EDT 12 Apr, 2011
http://www.spacetelescope.org/news/heic1106
News release: First galaxies were born much earlier than expected
12-Apr 2011 Using the amplifying power of a cosmic gravitational lens, astronomers
have discovered a distant galaxy whose stars were born unexpectedly early in
cosmic history. This result sheds new light on the formation of the first galaxies, as
well as on the early evolution of the Universe.
Johan Richard, the lead author of a new study [1] says: “We have discovered a distant galaxy
that began forming stars just 200 million years after the Big Bang. This challenges theories of
how soon galaxies formed and evolved in the first years of the Universe. It could even help
solve the mystery of how the hydrogen fog that filled the early Universe was cleared.”
Richard’s team spotted the galaxy in recent observations from the NASA/ESA Hubble Space
Telescope, verified it with observations from the NASA Spitzer Space Telescope and
measured its distance using W. M. Keck Observatory in Hawaii.
The distant galaxy is visible through a cluster of galaxies called Abell 383, whose powerful
gravity bends the rays of light almost like a magnifying glass [2]. The chance alignment of
the galaxy, the cluster and the Earth amplifies the light reaching us from this distant
galaxy, allowing the astronomers to make detailed observations. Without this gravitational
lens, the galaxy would have been too faint to be observed even with today’s largest
telescopes.
After spotting the galaxy in Hubble and Spitzer images, the team carried out spectroscopic
observations with the Keck-II telescope in Hawaii. Spectroscopy is the technique of
breaking up light into its component colours. By analysing these spectra, the team was
able to make detailed measurements of its redshift [3] and infer information about the
properties of its component stars.
The galaxy’s redshift is 6.027, which means we see it as it was when the Universe was
around 950 million years old [4]. This does not make it the most remote galaxy ever
detected — several have been confirmed at redshifts of more than 8, and one has an
estimated redshift of around 10 (heic1103), placing it 400 million years earlier. However
the newly discovered galaxy has dramatically different features from other distant galaxies
that have been observed, which generally shine brightly with only young stars.
“When we looked at the spectra, two things were clear,” explains co-author Eiichi Egami. “The
redshift placed it very early in cosmic history, as we expected. But the Spitzer infrared
detection also indicated that the galaxy was made up of surprisingly old and relatively faint
stars. This told us that the galaxy was made up of stars already nearly 750 million years old —
pushing back the epoch of its formation to about 200 million years after the Big Bang, much
further than we had expected.”
Co-author Dan Stark continues: “Thanks to the amplification of the galaxy’s light by the
gravitational lens, we have some excellent quality data. Our work confirms some earlier
observations that had hinted at the presence of old stars in early galaxies. This suggests that
the first galaxies have been around for a lot longer than previously thought.”
The discovery has implications beyond the question of when galaxies first formed, and may
help explain how the Universe became transparent to ultraviolet light in the first billion
years after the Big Bang. In the early years of the cosmos, a diffuse fog of neutral hydrogen
gas blocked ultraviolet light in the Universe. Some source of radiation must therefore have
progressively ionised the diffuse gas, clearing the fog to make it transparent to ultraviolet
rays as it is today — a process known as reionisation.
Astronomers believe that the radiation that powered this reionisation must have come
from galaxies. But so far, nowhere near enough of them have been found to provide the
necessary radiation. This discovery may help solve this enigma.
“It seems probable that there are in fact far more galaxies out there in the early Universe than
we previously estimated — it’s just that many galaxies are older and fainter, like the one we
have just discovered,” says co-author Jean-Paul Kneib. “If this unseen army of faint, elderly
galaxies is indeed out there, they could provide the missing radiation that made the Universe
transparent to ultraviolet light.”
As of today, we can only discover these galaxies by observing through massive clusters
that act as cosmic telescopes. In coming years, the NASA/ESA/CSA James Webb Space
Telescope, scheduled for launch later this decade, will specialise in high resolution
observations of distant, highly redshifted objects. It will therefore be in an ideal position to
solve this mystery once and for all.
###
Notes for editors
The Hubble Space Telescope is a project of international cooperation between ESA and
NASA.
[1] The research will appear in a paper entitled “Discovery of a possibly old galaxy at
z=6.027, multiply imaged by the massive cluster Abell 383”, to be published in the Monthly
Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. The international team of astronomers in this
study consists of Johan Richard (CRAL, Observatoire de Lyon, Université Lyon 1, France and
Dark Cosmology Centre, Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Denmark), Jean-
Paul Kneib (Laboratoire d’Astrophysique de Marseille, France), Harald Ebeling (University of
Hawaii, USA), Daniel P Stark (University of Cambridge, UK), Eiichi Egami (University of
Arizona, USA) and Andrew K Fiedler (University of Arizona, USA)
[2] Gravity distorts space-time, the fabric of the cosmos. This means that for extremely
massive objects with very strong gravitational fields, light is visibly bent as it travels
through and around them. Massive galaxy clusters like Abell 383 therefore act like an
enormous lens, concentrating the light from distant objects behind them, in a process
known as gravitational lensing. While the galaxies seen through gravitational lenses are
typically distorted and multiply imaged (this newly discovered galaxy is actually visible twice
in the Hubble observations), using these gravitational lenses multiplies a telescope’s power
and lets it see galaxies that would otherwise be too faint to be visible. Abell 383, the
gravitational lens used in this study, was imaged as part of the CLASH survey (Cluster
Lensing And Supernova survey with Hubble), a Multi Cycle Treasury project to observe a
sample of 25 galaxy clusters using Hubble (PI: Marc Postman). Abell 383 is also one of the
50 clusters imaged with the Spitzer Warm mission large project led by Eiichi Egami.
[3] Because the Universe is expanding, the light from distant objects is stretched and
reddened as it moves towards us, a phenomenon known as redshift. The further an object
is away, the more heavily redshifted it is. For very remote objects, redshift can be used to
quantify their distance.
[4] Because light travels at a finite speed, the further away an object is, the further back in
time we see it. For an object at a redshift of 6, the light has taken around 12.8 billion years
to travel to Earth. Since we know that the Universe is about 13.75 billion years old, this
means we are seeing the object in the state it was in less than a billion years after the Big
Bang. Redshift is therefore a measure of time elapsed since the Big Bang as well as of an
object’s distance.
Image credit: NASA, ESA, J. Richard (CRAL) and J.-P. Kneib (LAM). Acknowledgement: Marc Postman (STScI)
Contacts
Johan Richard
Centre de Recherche Astrophysique de Lyon, Université Lyon 1, Observatoire de Lyon,
France
Tél: +33 478 868 381
E-mail: johan.richard@univ-lyon1.fr
Jean-Paul Kneib
Laboratoire d’Astrophysique de Marseille — CNRS, Université de Provence, France
Tel: +33 685 988 265
E-mail: jean-paul.kneib@oamp.fr
Oli Usher
Hubble/ESA, Garching, Germany
Tel: +49-89-3200-6855
E-mail: ousher@eso.org
Ray Villard
Space Telescope Science Institute, Baltimore, USA
Tel: +1-410-338-4514
Email: villard@stsci.edu
Larry O’Hanlon
W. M. Keck Observatory, Mauna Kea, Hawaii, USA
Tel: +1-808-881-3827
Email: lohanlon@keck.hawaii.edu
Whitney Clavin
NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena, USA
Tel: +1-818-354-4673
Email: whitney.clavin@jpl.nasa.gov