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This picture shows sand dunes in a desert. Deserts are very dry. They are one kind of extreme environment. It is hard for most living creatures to survive with so little water. Some deserts are hot, like the Sahara in Africa. Others are cold, like the Dry Valleys in Antarctica.
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Extreme Environments - Temperature and Moisture

This page describes environments that are very hot or very cold, extremely dry, or both. Extreme environments are places where "normal" life finds it hard to survive. That doesn't mean that there isn't any life in extreme environments. Certain creatures can live and grow in extreme environments. Scientists have a special name for creatures that live in extreme environments. They are called "extremophiles".

Many environments are too hot or too cold for most living creatures. The heat in deserts like the Sahara in Africa and Death Valley in North America makes it hard for life to survive there. What are some other hot environments that you may not know about? Hydrothermal vents in the ocean floor spew out very, very hot water. Geysers and hot springs in places like Yellowstone National Park in the USA also contain water that is too hot for most living creatures.

Really cold environments are tough on life too. The ice caps, snow fields, and sea ice found in the Arctic and Antarctic are examples of cold environments. High mountaintops around the world are also usually quite chilly. The deep oceans are not quite frozen, but they are still pretty cold, too. About 90% of ocean water is below a level called the thermocline. Water below the thermocline has a temperature between 0° and 4° C (32° and 39° F).

Places that are very dry are also extreme environments. The lack of water in deserts is hard on life. Many deserts are both very hot and very dry. Did you know that some deserts are cold instead of hot? Antarctica is actually Earth's largest desert! The Dry Valleys in Antarctica are some of the driest places on our planet. How dry can deserts be? Some places in the Atacama Desert in Chile get an average of less than 1 millimeter (0.04 inch) of rainfall a year! Sometimes many years go by there with no rain at all.

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