Website visitor Tom A.
wrote to ask me to post this "Baby Biplane" article from the October 1971 edition of American Aircraft Modeler.
It was one of the For the Tenderfoot models that the magazine published almost monthly for many years.
The Baby Biplane uses a very simple structure but as with any biplane of any size, the extra work of building
a second wing and adjusting it to fly properly take a little more work. Using the modern trick of printing a colored
patter on the Jap tissue prior to attaching it would make Baby Biplane look really spiffy.

9/17/2012 Update: Tom Akeryas was kind enough to send photos of the two versions of the Baby Biplane
that he built. Ironically (or not), Tom actually implemented the inkjet printing method that I mentioned. One
model is covered in the F11C Goshawk
(Navy)color and marking scheme, and the other is the
P-6E Hawk II (Army). A very detailed
documentation of the entire process is posted on his
StickAndTissue.comwebsite.
Note the attention to panel lines, hardware, pilot, etc. Does that pilot look anything like Tom?. Note the attention
to panel lines, hardware, pilot, etc.

Baby Biplane

By
George Wilson

This stick and tissue job is designed for learning and flying. Clear step-by-step instructions and building
sequence photos make construction most enjoyable.

The Baby Biplane is an "advanced beginner's" project. Simple to build, stable in flight and possessing more
than its share of eye appeal, it should attract many of our more experienced builders as well as the novices.
It's a great change-of-pace project and shouldn't take an experienced builder more than four hours to build. We
did Biplane No. 2 in two evenings and a Saturday morning, taking pictures as we built.

If any of you were active in the early 1930's, you may remember a model that looks like the Baby Biplane. For
many years your author has been looking for the plans of a model, kitted by Comet in the thirties, called the
C-1 Pursuit. We finally gave up and decided to do our best to come up with a similar design, with hopes that memory
will serve us well after more than thirty years.

The C-1 Pursuit flew well in the thirties and its modern counterpart at least duplicates its performance. The
Baby Biplane, designed to fly stably, has lots of dihedral and generous fin/rudder area to make up for its short
tail length. The upper wing has considerably more incidence than the lower one; the result is a gentle stall.
For my novice readers, this means the front wing loses its lift (stalls) when the model tries to climb too steeply.
The nose drops as a result, and the tendency to climb too much is automatically controlled. In monoplanes and
poorly designed biplanes, violent stalls can lead to disaster.

Personally, your author has another reason for liking biplanes. In the mid-thirties, Clarence Chamberlain "barnstormed"
a Curtiss Condor into Squantumirport at Quincy, Massachusetts and sold airplane rides on a Sunday afternoon. That
afternoon I had my first airplane ride-in a biplane capable of carrying about ten passengers. It had two engines,
one on each of its lower wings; it vibrated so badly you had to keep your teeth clenched or they chattered as
if you had a bad case of the chills! Airport at Quincy, Massachusetts and sold airplane rides on a Sunday afternoon.
That afternoon I had my first airplane ride-in a biplane capable of carrying about ten passengers. It had two
engines, one on each of its lower wings; it vibrated so badly you had to keep your teeth clenched or they chattered
as if you had a bad case of the chills!

Construction

Step 1) The plan is covered with waxed paper to prevent glue. The gentle stalling characteristic
and the ability to crowd a lot of wing area into a small space were two of the most important biplane characteristics.
These factors made the biplane design the overwhelming choice for fighter and aerobatic airplanes for many years.

The Baby Biplane is easy to build. A simple three-strut cab and structure and a jig arrangement make mounting
the upper wing a simple task. You'll need a single-edged razor blade or hobby knife like X-actoakes, a pair of
pointed-nose pliers, a ruler, a brush for applying dope, fine sandpaper, a razor saw or jeweler's file and some
fine pins (we like the ones with glass bead heads). The materials are described in the material list and can be
obtained in most hobby stores. Ask your dealer to help you select medium-weight straight grain balsa.makes, a
pair of pointed-nose pliers, a ruler, a brush for applying dope, fine sandpaper, a razor saw or jeweler's file
and some fine pins (we like the ones with glass bead heads). The materials are described in the material list
and can be obtained in most hobby stores. Ask your dealer to help you select medium-weight straight grain balsa.

Step 2) More wing parts are made and fuselage side is assembled. Wheels are made of balsa
with brass tubing for the bearing. A drop of glue retains them on the gear wire.

With the exception of mounting the windshield, propeller and wheel bearings, we prefer building with Titebond
glue. However, any white glue (Sig, Ambroid, Elmer's, etc.) will work well. Conventional model cements will also
work, but they tend to take longer to develop working strength. The propeller and wheel bearings should be installed
with epoxy cement if available. Otherwise, for all areas use a good model cement like Ambroid or Aerogloss.

Step 3) Fuselage sides are assembled upside down over the plan. Four sets of cross braces are
glued in place; top Is assembled with half bulkheads and stringers.

Step 4) The flimsy skeleton of a Baby Biplane gains from sticking to it. Wing ribs and
other parts were cut out considerable strength when covered. At this stage, all parts with templates described
In text. Parts are now being must be given final sanding and one coat of clear dope. assembled.

The first step in building is to make templates of the wing ribs, fuselage formers, rear motor support, and
the jig for mounting the top wing. Bond paper makes a good template. It is sufficiently translucent so that with
a good light you can trace the ribs, formers, motor supports and jig from the plan. (A glass-topped table with
a light underneath is a helpful arrangement for tracing.) Cut the templates out with scissors; glue them to a
piece of cardboard and cut out again.

Step 5) With all parts covered, bottom wings may be glued to the fuselage and blocked
for proper dihedral. Rudder/stab unit is mounted and aligned. Rear cabane strut is also glued in place.

The wings, tail surfaces and fuselage sides are built directly over the plans, using waxed paper to prevent
the structures from sticking. Construct the rudder, one left wing panel with the leading edge missing, the top
right wing panel with the leading edge projecting to the left' for later use by the left wing panel, and the right
half of the stabilizer with the center spar projecting to the left for later use by the left hand stabilizer panel.
Allow these parts to dry before unpinning them; the cardboard template. Note use of pins to hold alignment before
gluing in the struts. Windshield also braces the rear strut. Titebond-glued work can be unpinned in about an hour.

The plan is now free to complete the top wing and stabilizer and to construct one fuselage side and the lower
left wing. Tilt rib R-3 to allow for the wing's dihedral angle. Put dihedral in the top wing by cracking the leading
and trailing edges (nick them on the bottom with your razor first) and bending up one side. Using waxed paper
to prevent sticking, apply glue to the center joints, pin one side to the work surface, block the other tip up
one in. and let the assembly dry.

Step 6) Top wing mounting is quite easy and accurate using the cardboard template. Note
use of pins to hold alignment before gluing in the struts. Windshield also braces the rear strut.

The lower right wing is built over the plan for the top right wing - both top and bottom wing panels are, of
course, alike. Don't forget to tilt rib R-3 for the dihedral angle. The second side of the fuselage can also be
built at this time.

While waiting for the glue to dry, bend the wire parts and cut the brass tube bearings. The landing gear is
bent using the layout on the plan as a guide. Then, the top is bent to be flat with the bottom of the fuselage
at the two points marked on the plan. Bend an "L" on the front end of the skid where it bridges across the fuselage
for easy gluing. Use 1/32" wire for the tail skid if 1/64" wire is not easily available. The brass tube is cut
with a razor saw or by filing a notch in it and breaking it at the notch. File or saw the ends of the bearing
tube flat and square.

The fuselage is put together upside down over the plan. The cabane and interplane struts are cut from 1/16"
x 1/8" balsa using the full-size layout on the plan. Don't forget the 1/16" x 1/8" balsa pieces on the lower sides
of the fuselage, where the root ribs of the lower wings will be attached to the fuselage. Remove the fuselage
from the plan and add the top formers and stringers.

Step 7) A pair of Baby Biplanes. Note that plane at right has light balsa prop but Williams
plastic wheels. All color is in the tissue. (One can buy some wildly colored tissue, too.)

Rough cut the nose block and lightly glue it (a tiny dab will do) to the front of the fuselage. Give it a final
sanding along with the rest of the fuselage; then remove it, attach Former F-3 and mount the propeller bearing.
The down and right thrust angles are not critical but about 3 degrees each way is about right for a two-strand
1/8" flat rubber motor. To get the side and down thrust, just angle the bearing in the nose block.

The landing gear is attached using a few turns of thin thread to bind it, in addition to a generous coat of
cement. It's best to omit the tail skid until the bottom wings are attached.

At this stage, all the structures should have been completed and are now ready for covering. Use light tissue
which tears easily when wet or doped (while the dope is wet).

Cut out tissue to fit each area to be covered and give yourself an extra 1/2 in. all the way around for trimming
off later. Starting with the stabilizer, carefully put a coat of clear dope on the side of the structure to be
covered and let dry. Lay the tissue on the waxed paper, re-dope the stab and immediately lay the frame over the
tissue, pulling out any big wrinkles. (Incidentally, if the tissue won't lie flat because of creases or wrinkles,
you can have Mom iron the tissue before beginning the covering job.) When dope is dry, trim the excess with scissors
or razor blade.

Repeat same process for the rudder. Remember, cover only one side of the stab and rudder. You will use the
covered stab with the tissue on top, and the rudder with the tissue at the right side. Don't dope the tissue between
the spars and ribs.

The fuselage is covered similarly. Pre-dope the entire structure first. Start with one side, redo ping the
frame, carefully laying the tissue over the still-wet dope and smooth out. Pull out only the big wrinkles. Trim
excess tissue when dry. Repeat the same process for the other three sides of the fuselage. Now spray a very light
mist of water on the tissue on the fuselage, trying not to soak it. Hang it up to dry. The dampness will cause
the tissue to shrink, pull tight, and any wrinkles will disappear. Dope the open frame areas of fuselage tissue
with thinned dope (half thinner and half clear dope). Do all sides at the same time, then hang up to dry. This
coat of dope adds a lot of strength, so one coat is enough.

Having gained some covering experience while working on the stab, rudder and fuselage, it is now time to cover
the wings - they are more difficult but the process is the same. Start with bottom wings first; dope the structures
and let dry. Lay the tissue on the waxed paper. Re-dope one wing panel, then immediately ease it accurately over
the tissue, touching the trailing edge, the ribs and leading edge. Pull out any wrinkles. If you need more time
to ease the wrinkles out, use thinner on the doped spars to release the dope. With a small airfoiled wing, a beginner
is bound to have some wrinkles in the covering, so don't worry about them too much-only the most experienced modeler
can avoid the wrinkles.

The top wing, with its dihedral, will be the most difficult. Dope the structure and let dry. Cover the right
wing panel first, then the left. Re-dope the right wing structure and immediately take the tissue and gently place
it over the wing frame. Pull out wrinkles, carefully handling the center rib. When dope has dried, trim the edges
and the left side of the center rib. When covering the left side of the top wing, you must carefully align the
tissue; overlay the tissue of the right panel at the center rib by 1/8 in. Try this a few times without dope.
Trim the tissue for uniform fit. Now proceed with the dope and cover. Touch at the center rib, first observing
the required overlay. When dry, trim around the wing structure; it is almost certain that you will have some wrinkles,
especially around the center of the wing.

The final step in the assembly of your Baby Biplane begins with gluing the stabilizer incidence shim to the
very top rear of the stabilizer mount platform. It may overhang the fuselage sides a bit. This piece provides
the angular difference between the wings and stabilizer to make the plane fly.

Glue the rudder to the stabilizer. Remember, tissue-side up on the stabilizer. Rudder must be straight and
vertical.

Attach the lower wings to the fuselage by pinning the fuselage to the edge of the work bench as shown. (Be
sure to have waxed paper under the wing mounting area. Glue the area of the joint on both sides and mount the
wings. Block up the wing tips 7/8 in. each. Let this dry completely. While the wing is drying, glue the stabilizer/rudder
assembly to the stabilizer mount. Align it so that the stabilizer' is level with the wing.

While this assembly is still drying, glue the windshield and rear cabane strut, and pin the wing front jig
in place. After these parts have dried and while the assembly is still in place on the edge of your bench, start
mounting the top wing. The wing should sit in place, accurately aligned with the fuselage, bottom wing and stab
sitting on the template and rear cabane strut. Adjust wherever necessary to achieve proper alignment, as shown
on the plans and in the pictures. Glue the rear cabane strut joint and the front struts; add the interplane struts
very carefully-be sure they don't cause any misalignments.

When all joints are dry, make up the loop. of 1/8 in. flat rubber for the motor. It should be an inch longer
than the distance from the rear hook to the nose hook. Wash the rubber with a' non-detergent soap to remove the
preservative, dry and tie the knot. (A simple square knot will do.) When you install the rubber in the plane,
locate the knot at the rear hook and attach rubber to propeller hook.

The completed plane must balance levelly when held by two fingers just under the leading edge spar of the bottom
wing. If not, add a dab of modeling clay to the nose or tail to achieve balance.

Baby Biplane Plans<click for larger version>

FLYING

Glide test with a gentle, slightly downward launch in calm air. Correct (1) stalling, by warping the elevators
down; (2) diving, by warping the elevators up; (3) turning, by warping the rudder right or left as needed. When
properly trimmed for initial flights, glide should be straight ahead and slightly flared to achieve a flat two-point
handling.

Wind fifty turns in the motor and launch the same way. The model should fly out in a gentle left turn. If this
works smoothly, add more turns with each progressive flight. A pretty left turn under power and gentle left glide
should result; add a bit of left rudder, if not.

From here on, it's a matter of your gaining experience in trimming out the model. Be patient-fifteen to twenty
second flights can be expected from novice-built Baby Biplanes. However, the Baby Biplane was not intended to
be an endurance record breaker. Its light weight, small and relatively strong construction make it an ideal sport
model that will provide many thrilling flights in local Dark or school gymnasium.

Notice:

The AMA Plans Service offers a full-size
version of many of the plans show here at a very reasonable cost. They will scale the plans any size for you. It is always
best to buy printed plans because my scanner versions often have distortions that can cause parts to fit poorly. Purchasing
plans also help to support the operation of the Academy of Model
Aeronautics - the #1 advocate for model aviation throughout the world. If the AMA no longer has this plan on file, I
will be glad to send you my higher resolution version.