Civilization in the West, Volume II (Chapters 14-30)

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Civilization in the West blends social and political history into a fascinating narrative that brings history to life. The authors tell a compelling story of Western Civilization that is enhanced by an image-based approach. Pictorial chapter openers draw students in by illustrating a dominant theme of the chapter and exploring the dramatic impression each image makes in reinforcing that theme. the presentation of geography guides students around the changing contours of the West through both standard maps and Geographic Tours of Europe. Discovering Western Civilization Online end-of-chapter website URLs make this the first Western Civilization book to date to include these resources.

Documents

xv

Maps and Geographical Tours

xvii

Chronologies, Genealogies, and Figures

xix

Preface

xxi

Supplements

xxix

About the Authors

xxxiii

Europe at War, 1555--1648

437

(32)

The Visual Record: The Massacre of the Innocents: War and European Society

438

(2)

The Crises of the Western States

440

(13)

The French Wars of Religion

440

(4)

One King, Two Faiths

444

(3)

The World of Philip II

447

(2)

The Burgundian Inheritance

449

(1)

The Revolt of the Netherlands

450

(3)

The Struggles in Eastern Europe

453

(5)

Kings and Diets in Poland

454

(1)

Muscovy's Time of Troubles

455

(1)

The Rise of Sweden

456

(2)

The Thirty Years' War, 1618--1648

458

(11)

Bohemia Revolts

458

(2)

The War Widens

460

(3)

The Long Quest for Peace

463

(2)

Questions for Review

465

(1)

Discovering Western Civilization Online

465

(1)

Suggestions for Further Reading

466

A Closer Look

The Monstrous Regiment of Women

442

(3)

Documents

Catholics and Huguenots

445

(6)

Cannibals

451

(9)

War Is Hell

460

(2)

Fire and Sword

462

(7)

The Experiences of Life in Early Modern Europe, 1500--1650

469

(36)

The Visual Record: Haymaking: Agriculture in a European Community

470

(2)

Economic Life

472

(9)

Rural Life

472

(3)

Town Life

475

(2)

Economic Change

477

(4)

Social Life

481

(8)

Social Constructs

481

(1)

Social Structure

482

(3)

Social Change

485

(1)

Peasant Revolts

486

(3)

Private Life

489

(16)

The Family

489

(3)

Communities

492

(3)

Popular Beliefs

495

(5)

Questions for Review

500

(1)

Discovering Western Civilization Online

501

(1)

Suggestions for Further Reading

501

A Closer Look

Sex and the Married Man

496

Documents

Living by One's Wits

474

(14)

The Peasants' Revolt

488

(2)

A Feminine Perspective

490

(8)

The Devil's Due

498

(7)

The Royal State in the Seventeenth Century

505

(34)

The Visual Record: Fit for a King: The Grandeur of the European Monarchy

506

(2)

The Rise of the Royal State

508

(7)

Divine Kings

508

(1)

The Court and the Courtiers

509

(3)

The Drive to Centralize Government

512

(1)

The Taxing Demands of War

513

(2)

The Crises of the Royal State

515

(11)

The Need to Resist

516

(1)

The Right to Resist

517

(2)

The English Civil War

519

(2)

The English Revolutions

521

(5)

The Zenith of the Royal State

526

(13)

The Nature of Absolute Monarchy

527

(1)

Absolutism in the East

528

(3)

The Origins of French Absolutism

531

(1)

Louis le Grand

532

(3)

Questions for Review

535

(1)

Discovering Western Civilization Online

535

(1)

Suggestions for Further Reading

536

A Closer Look

``King Charles's Head''

524

Documents

A Glimpse of a King

510

(12)

A Short, Sharp Shock

522

(6)

The Nature of Man

528

(3)

A Close Shave

531

(8)

Science and Commerce in Early Modern Europe

539

(34)

The Visual Record: Rembrandt's Lessons: Anatomy and the New Science

540

(2)

The New Science

542

(8)

Heavenly Revolutions

542

(3)

The Natural World

545

(4)

Science Enthroned

549

(1)

Empires of Goods

550

(13)

The Marketplace of the World

551

(2)

Consumption Choices

553

(3)

Dutch Masters

556

(4)

Mercantile Organization

560

(3)

The Wars of Commerce

563

(10)

The Mercantile Wars

563

(2)

The Wars of Louis XIV

565

(3)

The Colonial Wars

568

(1)

Questions for Review

569

(1)

Discovering Western Civilization Online

569

(1)

Suggestions for Further Reading

570

A Closer Look

The Dutch Tulip Mania of the Seventeenth Century

558

Documents

Stargazing

544

(2)

The Telescope

546

(15)

Encountering Pirates

561

(3)

Defining Commerce

564

(9)

The Balance of Power in Eighteenth-Century Europe

573

(32)

The Visual Record: A Dashing Officer: The Rise of Militarism

574

(2)

Geographical Tour: A Grand Tour of Europe in 1714

576

(5)

Expansion of Western Europe

577

(3)

Realignment in Eastern Europe

580

(1)

The Rise of Russia

581

(7)

The Reforms of Peter the Great

582

(1)

Life in Rural Russia

583

(1)

The Enlightened Empress Catherine

584

(4)

The Two Germanies

588

(8)

The Rise of Prussia

588

(3)

Austria Survives

591

(2)

The Politics of Power

593

(3)

The Greatness of Great Britain

596

(9)

The British Constitution

596

(1)

Parties and Ministers

597

(2)

America Revolts

599

(2)

Questions for Review

601

(1)

Discovering Western Civilization Online

601

(1)

Suggestions for Further Reading

602

A Closer Look

Catherine Before She Was Great

586

Documents

Childhood Traumas

584

(5)

A King's-Eye View

589

(2)

Military Discipline

591

(10)

Unalienable Rights

601

(4)

Culture and Society in Eighteenth-Century Europe

605

(34)

The Visual Record: Happy Families: An Enlightenment Institution

606

(2)

Eighteenth-Century Culture

608

(8)

The Enlightenment

608

(1)

The Spirit of the Enlightenment

609

(5)

The Impact of the Enlightenment

614

(2)

Eighteenth-Century Society

616

(23)

The Nobility

616

(2)

The Bourgeoisie

618

(7)

The Masses

625

(10)

Questions for Review

635

(1)

Discovering Western Civilization Online

635

(1)

Suggestions for Further Reading

635

A Closer Look

Giving Birth in the Eighteenth Century

628

Documents

The All-Knowing

609

(1)

The Human Condition

610

(4)

The Good of All

614

(9)

Love and Marriage

623

(16)

The French Revolution and the Napoleonic Era, 1789--1815

639

(32)

The Visual Record: Eighteenth-Century Revolution

640

(2)

The Crisis of the Old Regime in France, 1715--1788

642

(5)

The Financial Crisis

642

(1)

The Political Crisis

643

(1)

The Attempt at Reform

643

(4)

The First Stage of the French Revolution, 1789--1792

647

(9)

Taking Politics to the People

647

(3)

Converning the Estates-General

650

(2)

The Storming of the Bastille

652

(1)

The Revolution of the Peasantry

652

(2)

Women on the March

654

(1)

The Trials of Constitutional Monarchy

655

(1)

Experimenting with Democracy: The Revolution's Second Stage, 1792--1799

656

(5)

Declaring Political Rights

657

(1)

The Second Revolution: The Revolution of the People

658

(1)

``Terror Is the Order of the Day''

658

(2)

The End of the Revolution

660

(1)

The Reign of Napoleon, 1799--1815

661

(10)

Bonaparte Seizes Power

661

(1)

Napoleon at War with the European Powers

662

(1)

The First Empire and Domestic Reforms

663

(1)

Decline and Fall

664

(3)

Questions for Review

667

(1)

Discovering Western Civilization Online

667

(1)

Suggestions for Further Reading

668

A Closer Look

``Let Them Eat Cake''

644

(4)

Documents

Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen

648

(1)

Declaration of the Rights of Woman and Citizen

649

(2)

``What Is the Third Estate?''

651

(14)

The Civil Code of the Code Napoleon

665

(6)

Industrial Europe

671

(38)

The Visual Record: An Iron Forge: Machinery and Industrialization

672

(2)

The Traditional Economy

674

(6)

Farming Families

674

(1)

Rural Manufacture

675

(2)

The Agricultural Revolution

677

(3)

The Industrial Revolution in Britain

680

(18)

Britain First

680

(2)

Minerals and Metals

682

(3)

Cotton Is King

685

(3)

The Iron Horse

688

(2)

Entrepreneurs and Managers

690

(2)

The Wages of Progress

692

(6)

The Industrialization of the Continent

698

(11)

France: Industrialization Without Revolution

699

(3)

Germany: Industrialization and Union

702

(2)

The Lands That Time Forgot

704

(2)

Questions for Review

706

(1)

Discovering Western Civilization Online

706

(1)

Suggestions for Further Reading

707

A Closer Look

Industry and the Environment

694

Documents

The Wealth of Britain

687

(6)

The Sin of Wages

693

(5)

Exploiting the Young

698

(5)

The Slavery of Labor

703

(6)

Political Upheavals and Social Transformations, 1815--1850

709

(34)

The Visual Record: Potato Politics: The Plight of the Poor in European Societies

710

(2)

Geographical Tour: Europe in 1815

712

(6)

The Congress of Vienna

713

(3)

The Alliance System

716

(2)

The New Ideologies

718

(8)

The New Politics of Preserving Order

718

(1)

Romanticism and Change

719

(4)

Reshaping State and Society

723

(3)

Protest and Revolution

726

(17)

Causes of Social Instability

727

(2)

The Revolutions of 1830

729

(3)

Reform in Great Britain

732

(1)

Workers Unite

733

(1)

Revolutions Across Europe, 1848--1850

734

(6)

Questions for Review

740

(1)

Discovering Western Civilization Online

740

(1)

Suggestions for Further Reading

741

A Closer Look

The Birth of the Prison

720

(4)

Documents

Young Italy (1832)

724

(2)

The Communist Manifesto

726

(9)

Flora Tristan and the Rights of Working Women

735

(8)

State Building and Social Change in Europe, 1850--1871

743

(34)

The Visual Record: The Birth of the German Empire: Otto von Bismarck's Role

744

(2)

Building Nations: The Politics of Unification

746

(8)

The Crimean War

746

(4)

Unifying Italy

750

(2)

Unifying Germany

752

(2)

Nationalism and Force

754

(1)

Reforming European Society

754

(10)

The Second Empire in France, 1852--1870

754

(3)

The Victorian Compromise

757

(3)

Reforming Russia

760

(3)

The Politics of Leadership

763

(1)

Changing Values and the Force of New Ideas

764

(13)

The Politics of Homemaking

765

(2)

Realism in the Arts

767

(2)

Charles Darwin and the New Science

769

(1)

Karl Marx and the Science of Society

770

(1)

A New Revolution?

771

(4)

Questions for Review

775

(1)

Discovering Western Civilization Online

775

(1)

Suggestions for Further Reading

776

A Closer Look

A Working Woman

748

(13)

Documents

The Russian Emancipation Proclamation, 1861

761

(7)

On the Origin of Species, 1859

768

(5)

Red Women in Paris

773

(4)

The Crisis of European Culture, 1871--1914

777

(32)

The Visual Record: Speeding to the Future: Mass Society and the Rejection of Tradition

778

(2)

European Economy and the Politics of Mass Society

780

(8)

Regulating Boom and Bust

780

(1)

Challenging Liberal England

781

(2)

Political Struggles in Germany

783

(2)

Political Scandals and Mass Politics in France

785

(2)

Defeating Liberalism in Austria

787

(1)

Outsiders in Mass Politics

788

(7)

Feminists and Politics

788

(4)

The Jewish Question and Zionism

792

(2)

Workers and Minorities on the Margins

794

(1)

Shaping the New Consciousness

795

(14)

The Authority of Science

796

(1)

Establishing the Social Sciences

797

(2)

The ``New Woman'' and the New Consciousness

799

(4)

The New Consumption

803

(2)

Questions for Review

805

(1)

Discovering Western Civilization Online

805

(1)

Suggestions for Further Reading

806

A Closer Look

Sigmund Freud, Explorer of Dreams

800

Documents

``J'Accuse''

787

(4)

Constance Lytton

791

(8)

``Angel'' or Woman?

799

(10)

Europe and the World, 1870--1914

809

(30)

The Visual Record: The Politics of Mapmaking: The First Standardized Map of the World

810

(2)

The European Balance of Power, 1870--1914

812

(3)

The Geopolitics of Europe

812

(1)

The Instability of the Alliance System

813

(2)

The New Imperialism

815

(5)

The Technology of Empire

815

(2)

Motives for Empire

817

(3)

The European Search for Territory and Markets

820

(9)

The Scramble for Africa: Diplomacy and Conflict

821

(3)

Gold, Empire Building, and the Boer War

824

(2)

Imperialism in Asia

826

(3)

Results of a European-Dominated World

829

(10)

A World Economy

829

(1)

Race and Culture

830

(1)

Women and Imperialism

831

(4)

Ecology and Imperialism

835

(1)

Critiquing Capitalism

836

(1)

Questions for Review

836

(1)

Discovering Western Civilization Online

836

(1)

Suggestions for Further Reading

837

A Closer Look

The Power of Words

832

Documents

Leopold II of Belgium, Speech to an International Conference of Geographers, 12 September 1876

818

(3)

Joseph Chamberlain's Speech to the Birmingham Relief Association

821

(13)

Karl Pearson and the Defense of Eugenics

834

(5)

War and Revolution, 1914--1920

839

(36)

The Visual Record: Selling the Great War

840

(2)

The War Europe Expected

842

(4)

Separating Friends from Foes

843

(1)

Military Timetables

843

(1)

Assassination at Sarajevo

844

(2)

A New Kind of Warfare

846

(8)

Technology and the Trenches

846

(2)

The German Offensive

848

(1)

War on the Eastern Front

849

(1)

War on the Western Front

850

(2)

War on the Periphery

852

(2)

Adjusting to the Unexpected: Total War

854

(5)

Mobilizing the Home Front

854

(2)

Silencing Dissent

856

(1)

Turning Point and Victory, 1917--1918

857

(2)

Reshaping Europe: After War and Revolution

859

(16)

Settling the Peace

859

(2)

Revolution in Russia, 1917--1920

861

(9)

Questions for Review

870

(1)

Discovering Western Civilization Online

870

(1)

Suggestions for Further Reading

871

A Closer Look

The Women Who Started the Russian Revolution

864

Documents

All Quiet on the Western Front

848

(7)

War at Home

855

(12)

War Communism

867

(2)

Proclamation of the ``Whites,'' 8 July 1918

869

(6)

The European Search for Stability, 1920--1939

875

(38)

The Visual Record: The Hard Lessons of Inflation

876

(2)

Geographical Tour: Europe after 1918

878

(4)

New Nation-States, New Problems

879

(1)

German Recovery

880

(1)

France's Search for Security

881

(1)

The United States in Europe

881

(1)

Crisis and Collapse in a World Economy

882

(4)

International Loans and Trade Barriers

882

(2)

The Great Depression

884

(2)

The Soviet Union's Separate Path

886

(8)

The Soviet Regime at the End of the Civil War

886

(1)

The New Economic Policy, 1921--1928

887

(2)

Stalin's Rise to Power

889

(1)

The First Five-Year Plan

889

(1)

The Comintern, Economic Development, and the Purges

890

(2)

Women and the Family in the New Soviet State

892

(2)

The Rise of Fascist Dictatorship in Italy

894

(3)

Mussolini's Italy

895

(1)

Mussolini's Plans for Empire

896

(1)

Hitler and the Third Reich

897

(5)

Hitler's Rise to Power

897

(1)

Nazi Goals

898

(2)

Propaganda, Racism, and Culture

900

(2)

Democracies in Crisis

902

(11)

The Failure of the Left in France

902

(1)

Muddling Through in Great Britain

903

(3)

The Spanish Republic as Battleground

906

(2)

Questions for Review

908

(1)

Discovering Western Civilization Online

908

(2)

Suggestions for Further Reading

910

A Closer Look

The Screams from Guernica

904

Documents

The Depression for Women

885

(5)

The Results of the First Five-Year Plan

890

(3)

The Law on the Abolition of Legal Abortion, 1936

893

(8)

Adolf Hitler on ``Racial Purity''

901

(12)

Global Conflagration: Hot War and Cold War

913

(40)

The Visual Record: Precursor of War: The Annexation of Austria

914

(2)

Aggression and Conquest

916

(5)

Hitler's Foreign Policy and Appeasement

916

(1)

Hitler's War, 1939--1941

917

(4)

Collaboration and Resistance

921

(1)

Racism and Destruction

921

(7)

Enforcing Nazi Racial Policies

922

(1)

The Destruction of Europe's Jews

923

(5)

Allied Victory

928

(14)

The Soviet Union's Great Patriotic War

928

(3)

The United States Enters the War

931

(3)

Winning the War in Europe

934

(1)

Japanese War Aims and Assumptions

935

(1)

Winning the War in the Pacific

936

(1)

The Fate of Allied Cooperation: 1945

936

(6)

Regulating the Cold War

942

(11)

The Two Superpowers

942

(3)

The Two Germanys and the World in Two Blocs

945

(4)

Questions for Review

949

(1)

Discovering Western Civilization Online

949

(2)

Suggestions for Further Reading

951

A Closer Look

The Atomic Wasteland

940

Documents

Manifesto of the Jewish Resistance in Vilna, September 1943

927

(5)

President Franklin Roosevelt's Request for a Declaration of War on Japan, 8 December 1941

932

(1)

Japan's Declaration of War on the United States and Great Britain, 8 December 1941

933

(5)

``Glittering Fragments''

938

(5)

The Iron Curtain

943

(10)

Postwar Recovery and the New Europe to 1989

953

(28)

The Visual Record: Europe in Ruins: Warsaw, 1946

954

(2)

Reconstructing Europe

956

(5)

The Economic Challenge

956

(1)

The Solutions of the Soviet Union and the United States

956

(3)

Administering the Marshall Plan

959

(1)

Western European Economic Integration

960

(1)

Creating the Welfare State

961

(9)

Prosperity and Consumption in the West

964

(1)

The Eastern Bloc and Recovery

965

(1)

Family Strategies

966

(4)

Youth Culture and the Generation Gap

970

(3)

Prosperity and Protest

970

(1)

The Protests of 1968

971

(2)

Toppling Communism in the Soviet Union

973

(8)

Soviet Dissent

973

(1)

Detente: The Soviets and the West

974

(2)

The End of the Soviet Union

976

(2)

Questions for Review

978

(1)

Discovering Western Civilization Online

978

(1)

Suggestions for Further Reading

979

A Closer Look

Dismantling Empires

962

Documents

The Marshall Plan

958

(7)

Report to the Twentieth Party Congress

965

(3)

The Second Sex

968

(4)

``Subterranean Homesick Blues''

972

(9)

The West Faces the New Century, 1989 to the Present

981

(1)

The Visual Record: Lost in Space: New National Borders, New Political Identities