Statistics N 48. European Insurance in Figures

Transcription

1 Statistics N 48 European Insurance in Figures February 2014

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3 Insurance Europe is the European insurance and reinsurance federation. Through its 34 member bodies the national insurance associations Insurance Europe represents all types of insurance and reinsurance undertakings, eg pan-european companies, monoliners, mutuals and SMEs. Insurance Europe, which is based in Brussels, represents undertakings that account for around 95% of total European premium income. Insurance makes a major contribution to Europe s economic growth and development. European insurers generate premium income of more than 1 100bn, employ almost one million people and invest almost 8 400bn in the economy. European Insurance in Figures 3

6 Methodological note This report is based on yearly data collected by Insurance Europe from its member associations (see list opposite). The figures represent more than 90% of the market for most countries. For data on worldwide premiums, the source is Swiss Re. Macroeconomic data, ie population, GDP and exchange rates, have been taken from Eurostat, the statistical office of the European Union, and from national statistical offices. The monetary unit used for the financial data is the euro. For the periods prior to the introduction of the euro, and for the countries that are not part of the euro area, the figures are converted into euro using the annual average exchange rate. Unless otherwise stated, premiums are gross written premiums (direct business) on home territory underwritten by companies with their head office in the country concerned. Year-on-year changes have been calculated by subtracting from the total the data for those countries for which there is no information for the previous or subsequent year. The average growth over time represents the average of the past year-onyear changes. The growth rates are calculated in nominal terms, ie non-inflation adjusted. Unless otherwise stated, they are based on 2012 exchange rates. Abbreviations bn EU GDP m n.a. pp SMEs billion European Union gross domestic product million not available percentage point small and medium-sized enterprises 6 Insurance Europe

8 Executive summary The economic environment in which European insurers operate remained a challenging one in 2012, despite visible improvements in financial markets. Continued low interest rates and the limited capacity of households to allocate funds to discretionary spending remained the two most significant headwinds faced by the industry. Gross written premiums Total gross written premiums amounted to 1 093bn in 2012, corresponding to a slight decrease year-on-year of 0.3%, which followed a decrease of 2.4% in European life premiums, which accounted for 59% of all premiums written in Europe, fell by 1.2% in 2012 to 643bn. This followed a drop of 6% in the previous year. The four largest markets continued to be the UK, France, Germany and Italy, which together accounted for around 70% of all life premiums written in Europe in In the UK, premiums rose by 8.3% year-on-year to 173bn. German life premiums started to grow again but increased just 0.6% in 2012 to 87bn, after a fall of 3.9% in On the other hand, a decline in life premiums was recorded in both France and Italy for the second consecutive year, of 9% and 5.6% respectively. European non-life premiums amounted to 451bn in 2012, which constitutes an increase of 1.1% compared to Even during periods of economic uncertainty, people still buy insurance to protect the things that matter to them, such as their health, their homes or their cars, and this is reflected in the largely stable flow of premiums. Health premiums amounted to 113bn, which represents a marginal increase of 0.1% over At 134bn, European premium income in the motor insurance sector in 2012 was only marginally higher (+0.5%) than in the previous year. Motor insurance remains the main property & casualty (P&C) and accident business line, accounting for 30% of overall non-life premiums. Finally, total property premiums amounted to 89bn in 2012, which represented a 2.6% increase compared to 2011 figures. Benefits and claims paid Total benefits and claims paid by insurers to their customers amounted to 948bn in 2012, a 1.4% increase year-on-year. This was primarily due to the increase in life insurance benefits paid in Europe: up 3% in 2012 to 647bn, following a more significant increase of 11% in The UK, Germany, France and Italy continued to account for three quarters of European life benefits paid. Total benefits and claims paid in non-life insurance remained largely stable in 2012, amounting to 302bn, with higher property claims balanced out by lower motor claims. As far as the largest markets are concerned, in Germany and France the level of non-life claims paid increased by 1.5% and 2.8% respectively but decreased in the UK (-3.9%), the Netherlands (-8.6%) and Italy (-4.4%). Health benefits paid amounted to 84bn, 80% of which were paid in three countries: the Netherlands (40%), Germany (28%) and France (9%). European motor insurers paid 97bn in claims in 2012, which corresponds to a decrease of 2.9%. Property claims paid in 2012 amounted to 55bn, which represents a 3.6% increase on Insurance density and penetration 2 In 2012 an average of per capita was spent on insurance in Insurance Europe s full member countries. Of this, was spent on life insurance (less than the spent in 2011) and the remaining 760 on non-life insurance, of which 190 was on health. These figures were broadly stable compared to the previous year. 1 At constant exchange rates 2 Insurance penetration is a commonly recognised indicator of insurance activity. It is expressed here by showing total gross written premiums as a percentage of GDP. 8 Insurance Europe

9 Average insurance penetration fell slightly from 7.7% in 2011 to 7.6% in A review of life and non-life business shows that average penetration rates in Europe decreased for both in 2012, amounting to 4.5% (4.6% in 2011) and 3.12% (3.14% in 2011) respectively. Insurers investment portfolio The challenging economic and low interest rate environment, together with uncertainties over the regulatory framework, encouraged European insurers to continue to invest in fixed-income instruments offering attractive yields, not yet returning to equities. The total assets held by Europe s insurance companies increased by 8.6% in 2012, from 7.6trn to 8.4trn, mainly due to the generally positive performance of financial markets (both equities and debt-like assets). More than 60% ( 5.2trn) of European insurance assets were held in portfolios in France, the UK and Germany. At the end of 2012 these three countries registered quite significant increases in their assets under management (7.7% in the UK, 11.6% in France and 10.8% in Germany). To cover long-term liabilities, the structure of European insurers portfolios reflects a significant exposure to fixed income instruments, such as government bonds, corporate bonds, covered bonds and also direct loans to SMEs, which in total accounted for more than 50% of the portfolio. In 2012 insurers investment portfolios had a performance superior to GDP growth in most European countries. The average ratio of insurers investment to GDP (in nominal terms and at constant exchange rates) was 58%, a slight increase compared to the 2011 level of 55%. Companies The negative trend in the number of companies operating in Europe that began in 2010 continued in 2012, with a 1.4% decrease to slightly more than firms. The key drivers of this overall decline were reductions in the number of insurance companies in some of the larger European markets (-2% in Germany and -7% in France and Sweden), although this was somewhat offset by 3% growth in the biggest market, the UK. Distribution channels The main distribution channel for the life insurance market in Europe remained bancassurance, followed by brokers, agents and direct writing. Bancassurance accounted for more than 70% of premiums in Portugal and in Italy, more than 60% in France and more than 50% in Austria. On the other hand, it remained limited as a distribution channel in the UK and Germany, where it has never taken off. For the non-life market, agents continued to be the main distribution channel in Europe followed by brokers, direct writing and bancassurance. Agents continued to be the largest suppliers of non-life insurance products in Germany, Italy and Spain. Brokers predominated in the UK and Belgium, whereas direct writing prevailed in the Netherlands, Finland and Croatia. 3 Using 2011 data for Bulgaria European Insurance in Figures 9

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11 Introduction Main trends affecting the insurance sector in 2012 Despite improving financial conditions, especially in the second half of the year, the European economic environment remained broadly unfavourable in While economic performance varied from country to country, the total GDP of the 27 EU member states fell by 0.4%, after growth of 1.7% in 2011 and 2% in Financial markets showed signs of recovery, against the background of a challenging macroeconomic environment. Both equity and bonds markets in Europe performed well during 2012, even though they continued to be characterised by high volatility throughout the year. The most notable trend observed in the financial markets in 2012 was decreasing pressure on prices in the bond markets compared to 2010 and 2011, when sovereign and bank-issued corporate bonds were under significant stress. The banking sector benefited from liquidity provided by European Central Bank (ECB) interventions. Market pressure in sovereign bond markets diminished significantly, as a result of both the ECB s measures and reforms in a number of EU countries designed to stabilise levels of public debt and budget deficits and to restore competitiveness. During 2012 European interest rates were at their lowest levels since the ECB took control of monetary policy in The ECB reference rates were set at 1% in the first half of the year and at 0.75% from July for refinancing operations, 1.75% in the first half of the year and 1.5% from July for the lending facility and at 0.25% in the first half of the year and 0% from July for the deposit facility. These rates are likely to remain at very low levels for an extended period of time, given the absence of any discernible upward pressure on prices in the eurozone. Indeed, at the time of writing, the ECB repo rate was set at 0.25%. European Insurance in Figures 11

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13 A. Insurance business trends Insurance enables households and corporations to live and operate in a stable environment. It not only facilitates economic transactions by providing risk transfer and indemnification, it can also promote financial stability, mobilise savings, enable risks to be managed more efficiently, encourage loss mitigation and foster efficient capital allocation. With a share of 33% of the global market, the European insurance industry is the largest in the world, followed by North America (30%) and Asia (29%). Key insurance indicators bn Total European premiums 643bn European life premiums 948bn Total benefits and claims paid 647bn Life benefits paid 451bn European non-life premiums 302bn Non-life claims paid Distribution of insurance premiums North America 4 South America & Caribbean 33 Europe 29 4 Asia Oceania & Africa Source: Swiss Re Sigma Note: Europe includes Russia and Ukraine (which together account for less than 1% of worldwide premiums) European Insurance in Figures 13

14 I. Overview I.1 Total premiums and claims paid Total European premiums 1 093bn Premiums In 2012 the economic environment in which European insurers operate remained a challenging one, despite visible improvements in financial markets. Given the significant headwinds faced by the industry (the most important of which were continued low interest rates and the limited capacity of households to allocate funds to discretionary spending), total gross written Chart 1: Total European premiums ( bn) bn Life Non-life premiums decreased by 0.3% year-on-year to 1 093bn in 2012 at constant exchange rates. At global level, premiums grew by 0.3% in nominal terms in 2012, after a 6% increase in the previous year; to a record total of $4 613bn ( 3 590bn). Broken down by region, the highest growth was in North America, at 5% year-on-year, while Asia grew by 3.7%. Chart 2 shows the regional breakdown of worldwide premiums over the last 11 years. Between 2002 and 2007, Europe s share of the global market rose from 32% to 43% as the region s premium growth exceeded the worldwide average. During this period, Asia and North America experienced a decline in their respective market shares. In the aftermath of the financial crisis, Europe s share started to decline, mostly to the benefit of Asia, and North America also experienced a decline until Europe remained the largest insurance market in the world in 2012, with a 33% share, followed by North America at 30% and Asia at 29%. Chart 2: Worldwide premiums ($bn) $bn Europe Asia North America Other Europe Asia North America Other Source: Swiss Re Sigma Note: Europe includes Russia and Ukraine (which together account for less than 1% of worldwide premiums) 14 Insurance Europe

15 Table 1: European premiums and growth Gross written premium ( bn) Nominal growth (at current exchange rates) Nominal growth (at constant exchange rates) / / / /12 Life % 0.7% -5.9% -1.2% Non-life % 2.3% 3.0% 1.1% Motor % 1.7% 5.8% 0.5% Health % 0.6% 3.1% 0.1% Property % 4.2% 2.0% 2.6% Other nonlife % 3.1% 0.5% 1.4% Total % 1.3% -2.4% -0.3% Benefits and claims paid Total benefits and claims paid by insurers to their customers amounted to 948bn in 2012, a 1.4% increase year-on-year. This was primarily due to the increase in life insurance benefits paid in Europe: up 3% in 2012, to 647bn, following a more significant increase of 11% in The UK, France, Germany, and Italy continue to account for three quarters of European life benefits paid. Total benefits and claims paid in non-life insurance remained largely stable in 2012, amounting to 302bn, with higher property claims balanced out by lower motor claims. A look back at the last few years shows that the total claims and benefits paid have constantly increased since 2010 after a significant drop in This is a reversion to the trend of constant increase that prevailed before the crisis. Chart 3: Total European benefits and claims paid ( bn) bn Life Non-life Note: Figures exclude Liechtenstein and Luxembourg Total European benefits and claims paid grew to 948bn Table 2: European benefits and claims paid and growth Benefits & claims paid ( bn) Nominal growth (at current exchange rates) Nominal growth (at constant exchange rates) / / / /12 Life % 5.2% 10.7% 3.0% Non-life % -0.8% -1.8% -1.9% Motor % -1.9% -3.5% -2.9% Health % -3.1% 10.1% -3.5% Property % 4.7% -1.7% 3.6% Total % 3.2% 6.2% 1.4% European Insurance in Figures 15

16 I.2 Overall density and penetration per person spent on insurance Density In 2012 an average of per capita was spent on insurance in the 32 full member countries of Insurance Europe. Of this, was spent on life insurance (a small decline compared to the spent in 2011) and the remaining 760 on non-life insurance, of which 190 was on health insurance. These figures are broadly stable compared to the previous year. Insurance density figures differ significantly around Europe, ranging from less than 100 in Romania to almost in Switzerland (Liechtenstein is the exception, since the huge amount of cross-border life business explains its total of more than of premiums per capita). Chart 4: Total European premiums per capita ( ) > > Notes: Calculated at constant exchange rates Finland includes pension funds Germany includes Pensionskassen and pension funds Liechtenstein includes cross-border business Chart 4 shows that density is highest in large financial centres and Scandinavian countries, where the life insurance sector dominates. The only exception to this rule is the Netherlands, where the high levels of density are driven primarily by private health insurance. At the other end of the spectrum we find central and eastern European countries, where the average amount consumers dedicate to insurance products is significantly lower than the Insurance Europe average. Slovenia is still the best performer in the region, with a level of density of 982 per capita. The high-density markets that experienced an increase in 2012 are Luxembourg (14.3%), Belgium (9.1%), Finland (8.9%), Norway (8%), UK (4.6%) and Switzerland (1%). The first four countries, along with Turkey (14%), Poland (9.5%) and Latvia (8.8%), experienced the most noticeable yearon-year increases among Insurance Europe members. Conversely, the most noticeable drops were seen in Sweden (-15.5%), Malta (-13.8%) and Greece (-11.4%), mainly as a result of life insurance. If private health insurance is excluded from the total, the average density in Europe in 2012 is 1 649, which corresponds to a slight decline of 1% (or 17) less than in Insurance Europe

17 Penetration Insurance penetration is a commonly recognised indicator of insurance activity, expressed by showing gross written premium volumes as a percentage of GDP. Average insurance penetration in Europe fell slightly from 7.7% in 2011 to 7.6% in A review of life and non-life business shows that both average penetration rates in Europe decreased in 2012, amounting to 4.5% (4.6% in 2011) and 3.12% (3.14% in 2011) respectively. Chart 5: Ratio of total European premiums to GDP % 89% 77% 7.6% average insurance penetration 18% 16% 14% 12% 10% 8% 6% 4% 2% 0% Notes: Calculated at constant exchange rates Finland includes pension funds Germany includes Pensionskassen and pension funds Liechtenstein includes cross-border business Significant disparities can be seen between European countries when it comes to insurance penetration, as Chart 5 shows. Excluding Liechtenstein, the countries with the highest penetration levels are the UK and the Netherlands (around 12.5%). High levels of penetration can also be found in Finland (10.3%) and Switzerland (9.6%). Conversely, Latvia (0.9%), Romania (1.3%) and Turkey (1.4%) are still experiencing low levels of insurance penetration. Slovenia has the highest penetration rate in central and Eastern Europe (5.7%), placing it above Spain and Austria. A number of countries experienced a slight increase in their penetration rate between 2011 and 2012, but this was limited to a couple of decimal points (Turkey, Slovenia, Poland, Luxembourg). More consistent increases occurred in Belgium (+0.6%) and the UK (+0.3%). Significant drops occurred in Sweden (-1.2%), Malta (-0.7%) and France (-0.6%). European Insurance in Figures 17

18 II. Life insurance The European life insurance industry continued to operate in a difficult macroeconomic environment in A significant proportion of Europe s consumers found it increasingly difficult to commit part of their income to long-term investments, with short-term priorities such as day-to-day expenses or paying back debt generally taking precedence. Consumers also seemed to have a greater preference for liquidity in their products, partially due to a lack of confidence in financial markets. Demand for life insurance was further affected in a number of countries by factors such as a reduction in the tax incentives for life insurance investments and competition with other (more liquid) savings products. Despite this difficult environment, European life insurers continued to play their important social role of providing long-term financial stability and security for policyholders savings. Another factor that put pressure on life business and ultimately the profitability of insurers was the prolonged low interest rate environment (see also introduction, p11). Even though insurers can cope with reasonably long periods of low interest rates because they hold their investments long-term, prolonged periods of low interest can become problematic, as they can lead to a higher valuation of liabilities and to lower returns. To mitigate the impact of a prolonged period of low interest rates, life insurers may have to allocate a larger part of their investment portfolio to alternative, higher-yielding but riskier assets. Life insurers involved in annuity and with-profit savings products with defined benefits, which invest the bulk of their funds in fixed-income instruments, find it increasingly difficult in such an environment to offer attractive guaranteed investment returns to consumers. These products therefore become less appealing when interest rates are low. The likely rebalancing of risk-sharing in new contracts between policyholders and insurers, with policyholders required to take more of the risk, also makes the contracts less attractive. II.1 Life premiums and benefits paid Life premiums totalled 643bn Life premiums European life premiums, which account for 59% of all premiums written in Europe, amounted to 643bn in 2012 compared to 639bn in the previous year. National differences in legal and tax regimes, competition from Chart 6: European life premiums ( bn) other products and methods bn of reserving all affect the 800 business strategy of life insurers and hence contribute to the heterogeneity in the results of Europe s life markets. The four 400 largest markets continued to be the UK, France, Germany and Italy, which together accounted for around 70% of all life premiums written in Europe in Growth in the UK drove the overall improvement in Europe, as premiums rose by 8.3% year-on-year to 173bn. This positive performance can be largely attributed to a rise in new, single premium 18 Insurance Europe

19 Chart 7: Nominal growth in life premiums 2010/11 and 2011/12 (at constant exchange rates) 30% 25% 20% 15% 10% 5% 0% -5% -10% -15% -20% -25% -30% -35% -40% -51% 2010/ /12 Notes: Denmark includes life insurance and multi-employer 2010/11 pension 2011/12 funds under Danish supervision. Company pension funds are not covered, but only make up 3% of the market and do not write new contracts Finland includes pension funds Germany includes Pensionskassen and pension funds Liechtenstein includes cross-border business business, in particular individual pensions. In 2012, in 5.3m households in the UK at least one person had whole life insurance and in 2.7m households at least one person had a personal pension. Life was the largest segment of the UK insurance industry in 2012, accounting for more than 70% of total premiums. Growth in Germany, meanwhile, was considerably lower. After a fall of 3.9% in 2011, Germany s total life premiums increased just 0.6% in 2012 to 87.3bn. This result in a sector that accounts for half of all premiums nevertheless exceeded forecasts. Single premium business reached the third highest level ever recorded, at 22.7bn, slightly below 2011 s 22.9bn. However, challenges remain given the low interest rate environment, particularly for existing with-profit savings products that promise high return rates of above 3% on average. A decline in life premiums was recorded in both France and Italy for the second consecutive year, of 9% and 5.6% respectively. This nevertheless represents an improvement compared to the 13% and 18% drops recorded in In France, this latest decline was partly caused by the uncertainty surrounding possible changes in tax regimes for life insurance products, although the key driver of the decrease was competition from other financial products. In 2012 life insurance products registered net outflows for the first time ever, to a large extent due to competition from fully liquid and government-sponsored savings instruments (such as the Livret A tax-free, instant-access savings accounts 4 ). The progressive 4 The Livret A is a fully-liquid savings account that is exempt from tax and social security contributions, with an interest rate set by the State according to a pre-defined mathematical formula based on European reference interest rates and inflation European Insurance in Figures 19

20 decline of the interest rate associated with these savings products, due to its link to Euribor 5, Eonia 6 and inflation, is likely to shift a significant part of consumer demand back to life insurance in In Italy, the reduction in premiums primarily reflects a decrease in traditional life insurance policies. Direct premiums written amounted to 69.7bn in 2012, which represents a 5.6% year-on-year decrease. The overall negative trend is to a large extent due to disposable incomes being eroded by the continuing economic crisis. This is demonstrated by the fact that more and more contracts are being signed for much lower amounts. Life insurance products are now sold in Italy more for their savings than their protection or annuity characteristics. 647bn paid in life benefits Life benefits paid Life insurance benefits paid in Europe increased by 3% in 2012 to 647bn. This followed a more significant increase of 11% in The UK, Germany, France and Italy continue to account for three quarters of European life benefits paid. Chart 8: European life benefits paid ( bn) bn Benefits paid increased by 11.2% year-on-year in the UK to reach 212bn. In France the increase was 2.6% year-on-year to 119bn. In contrast, benefits paid by German life insurers fell 10.9% year-on-year, after an increase of around 18% in A total of 75.7bn was paid in claims in Germany in Almost the same amount was paid out by Italian insurers, representing a year-on-year decrease of 0.5%. II.2 Life density and penetration per person spent on life insurance An average of per person was spent on life insurance in Europe in 2012, which represents a reduction compared to the spent in Countries vary considerably in terms of the amount spent on life products, with spent in Switzerland and just 16 in Turkey and Romania. The most noticeable changes in life insurance density in 2012 were the declines in the Netherlands (-14%), Denmark (-13%), Sweden (-12.5%) and France (-9%) and the increases in Luxembourg (+17%), Norway (+13%), Belgium (+13%), the UK (+7%) and Finland (+10%). Average life insurance penetration 7 fell slightly from 4.6% in 2011 to 4.5% in Here the national rates are also very diverse, ranging from under 0.5% in Latvia, Iceland, Turkey and Romania to 8.3% in Finland and 9.0% in the UK. Noticeable decreases in life insurance penetration occurred 5 The Euro Interbank Offered Rate (Euribor) is a daily reference rate based on the averaged interest rates at which eurozone banks offer to lend unsecured funds to other banks in the euro wholesale money market (or interbank market) 6 The Euro Overnight Index Average (Eonia) is an overnight interest rate computed as a weighted average of all overnight unsecured lending transactions in the interbank market in euros 7 See p8 for definition 20 Insurance Europe

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