2 Shortwave uses a combination of AM, VSB, USB and LSB, with some NBFM and CW/morse code (in the case of time signal stations) as well as numerous frequencies, depending on the time of day/night, season, and solar activity level. A reasonably full list from 16 kHz to 27MHz can be found at [1]

3 Regions 1 and 3 also use Region 2's frequencies as well, with 50 to 100 kHz spacing.

1.
Radio broadcasting
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Radio broadcasting is a unidirectional wireless transmission over radio waves intended to reach a wide audience. Stations can be linked in radio networks to broadcast a radio format. Audio broadcasting also can be done via radio, local wire television networks, satellite radio. The signal types can be either analog audio or digital audio, the earliest radio stations were simply radiotelegraphy systems and did not carry audio. For audio broadcasts to be possible, electronic detection and amplification devices had to be incorporated, the thermionic valve was invented in 1904 by the English physicist John Ambrose Fleming. He developed a device he called an oscillation valve, the heated filament, or cathode, was capable of thermionic emission of electrons that would flow to the plate when it was at a higher voltage. Electrons, however, could not pass in the direction because the plate was not heated. Later known as the Fleming valve, it could be used as a rectifier of alternating current and this greatly improved the crystal set which rectified the radio signal using an early solid-state diode based on a crystal and a so-called cats whisker. However, what was required was an amplifier. The triode was patented on March 4,1906, by the Austrian Robert von Lieben independent from that, on October 25,1906 and it wasnt put to practical use until 1912 when its amplifying ability became recognized by researchers. By about 1920, valve technology had matured to the point where radio broadcasting was quickly becoming viable, however, an early audio transmission that could be termed a broadcast may have occurred on Christmas Eve in 1906 by Reginald Fessenden, although this is disputed. Charles Herrold started broadcasting in California in 1909 and was carrying audio by the next year, in The Hague, the Netherlands, PCGG started broadcasting on November 6,1919, making it, arguably the first commercial broadcasting station. In 1916, Frank Conrad, an engineer employed at the Westinghouse Electric Corporation, began broadcasting from his Wilkinsburg. Later, the station was moved to the top of the Westinghouse factory building in East Pittsburgh, Westinghouse relaunched the station as KDKA on November 2,1920, as the first commercially licensed radio station in America. The commercial broadcasting designation came from the type of broadcast license, the first licensed broadcast in the United States came from KDKA itself, the results of the Harding/Cox Presidential Election. In 1920, wireless broadcasts for entertainment began in the UK from the Marconi Research Centre 2MT at Writtle near Chelmsford, England. A famous broadcast from Marconis New Street Works factory in Chelmsford was made by the famous soprano Dame Nellie Melba on 15 June 1920 and she was the first artist of international renown to participate in direct radio broadcasts. The 2MT station began to broadcast regular entertainment in 1922, the BBC was amalgamated in 1922 and received a Royal Charter in 1926, making it the first national broadcaster in the world, followed by Czech Radio and other European broadcasters in 1923

2.
FM broadcasting
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FM broadcasting is a method of radio broadcasting using frequency modulation technology. Invented in 1933 by American engineer Edwin Armstrong, it is used worldwide to provide high-fidelity sound over broadcast radio, FM broadcasting is capable of better sound quality than AM broadcasting, the chief competing radio broadcasting technology, so it is used for most music broadcasts. FM radio stations use the VHF frequencies, the term FM band describes the frequency band in a given country which is dedicated to FM broadcasting. Throughout the world, the FM broadcast band falls within the VHF part of the radio spectrum. Usually 87.5 to 108.0 MHz is used, or some portion thereof, with few exceptions, In the former Soviet republics, and some former Eastern Bloc countries, assigned frequencies are at intervals of 30 kHz. This band, sometimes referred to as the OIRT band, is slowly being phased out in many countries, in those countries the 87. 5–108.0 MHz band is referred to as the CCIR band. In Japan, the band 76–95 MHz is used, the frequency of an FM broadcast station is usually an exact multiple of 100 kHz. In most of South Korea, the Americas, the Philippines, in some parts of Europe, Greenland and Africa, only even multiples are used. In the UK odd or even are used, in Italy, multiples of 50 kHz are used. There are other unusual and obsolete FM broadcasting standards in countries, including 1,10,30,74,500. Random noise has a triangular spectral distribution in an FM system and this can be offset, to a limited extent, by boosting the high frequencies before transmission and reducing them by a corresponding amount in the receiver. Reducing the high frequencies in the receiver also reduces the high-frequency noise. These processes of boosting and then reducing certain frequencies are known as pre-emphasis and de-emphasis, the amount of pre-emphasis and de-emphasis used is defined by the time constant of a simple RC filter circuit. In most of the world a 50 µs time constant is used, in the Americas and South Korea,75 µs is used. This applies to both mono and stereo transmissions, for stereo, pre-emphasis is applied to the left and right channels before multiplexing. They cannot be pre-emphasized as much because it would cause excessive deviation of the FM carrier, systems more modern than FM broadcasting tend to use either programme-dependent variable pre-emphasis, e. g. dbx in the BTSC TV sound system, or none at all. Long before FM stereo transmission was considered, FM multiplexing of other types of audio level information was experimented with. Edwin Armstrong who invented FM was the first to experiment with multiplexing and these original FM multiplex subcarriers were amplitude modulated

3.
Aspen
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Aspen is a common name for certain tree species, some, but not all, are classified by botanists in the section Populus, of the Populus genus. They are all medium-sized deciduous trees reaching 15–30 m tall, each individual tree can live for 40–150 years above ground, but the root system of the colony is long-lived. In some cases, this is for thousands of years, sending up new trunks as the older trunks die off above ground, for this reason, it is considered to be an indicator of ancient woodlands. One such colony in Utah, given the nickname of Pando, is estimated to be 80,000 years old, some aspen colonies become very large with time, spreading about 1 m per year, eventually covering many hectares. They are able to survive forest fires, because the roots are below the heat of the fire, aspens do not thrive in the shade, and it is difficult for seedlings to grow in an already mature aspen stand. Fire indirectly benefits aspen trees, since it allows the saplings to flourish in open sunlight in the burned landscape, young aspen bark is an important seasonal forage for the European hare and other animals in early spring. Aspen is also a tree of choice of the European beaver, aspen wood is white and soft, but fairly strong, and has low flammability. It has a number of uses, notably for making matches, shredded aspen wood is used for packing and stuffing, sometimes called excelsior. It is also a popular animal bedding, since it lacks the phenols associated with pine and juniper, heat-treated aspen is a popular material for the interiors of a sauna. Trees portal Fox, Mark, Linda E. Tackaberry, Pascal Drouin, Yves Bergeron, Robert L. Bradley, microbial community structure of soils under four productivity classes of aspen forests in Northern British Columbia

4.
ABC Classic FM
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ABC Classic FM is a classical music radio station available in Australia, and internationally online. It is operated by the Australian Broadcasting Corporation, ABC Classic FM was established in 1976 as ABC-FM, and later for a short time was known as ABC Fine Music, before adopting its current name. It was the ABCs first experiment in FM broadcasting – which had become a necessity in Australia as broadcasters ran out of AM frequencies on which to transmit, ABC Classic FM was inspired partly by the example of BBC Radio 3. ABC Classic FMs studios were established at the ABC studios in Collinswood, the ABCs decision to establish ABC Classic FM in Adelaide was significant because most of the ABCs radio and television national program origination infrastructure is located in Sydney. ABC Classic FM broadcasts classical music, operas, recitals and live concerts, live music is a major feature of ABC Classic FM schedule. Concerts are broadcast from around Australia and Internationally, via the European Broadcasting Union, since 2001, ABC Classic FM has organised a number of Classic 100 Countdown surveys. The results of survey are decided by votes cast by the listeners of the radio station. The works are broadcast in order of popularity over seven to ten days. The countdown culminates in the broadcast of a concert featuring the most popular pieces and finishes with the number one listener choice. A feature of the countdown is that piece is kept secret until just before its broadcast. Each November on ABC Classic FM is Australian music month, where Australian artists are heavily promoted and this includes more Australian composition broadcast every day, some free, limited-entry concerts around the country, all-Australian albums of the week, and lots of live Australian concerts. In common with all ABC Radio stations, it also carries news bulletins produced by ABC News, on 19 December 2005, in line with the policy applied at every ABC Radio network, these news bulletins became state-based rather than national. On weekdays, ABC Classic FMs news bulletins are broadcast hourly from 06,00 until 19.00 AEST/AEDT, at weekends, news bulletins are broadcast hourly from 05,00 till 10,00, then at 12,00,17,00 and 19,00. All news broadcasts, other than an extended 10-minute bulletin at 07,00, ABC Classic 2, a music-only talk-free streaming station, was established in June 2014. It broadcasts only via a stream and is available on the ABCs Android. Classic 2 specialises in streaming popular styles of classical music, the music on Classic 2 is performed exclusively by leading Australian orchestras, ensembles and soloists. No opera or vocal works are included in the playlist, during daytime and evenings Classic 2 typically broadcasts short excerpts from the classical repertoire, for example single movements from full symphonies. Between midnight and 06,00, longer works are included, ABC Classic 2 is managed and programmed by the ABC Classic FM team

5.
Mix 102.3
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Mix 102.3 is a commercial radio station in Adelaide, Australia, owned by The Australian Radio Network. Mix 102.3 plays current hits and a variety of 1970s, 1980s and 1990s music, primarily targeted at the 25-54 age group. Adelaides Mix 102.3 is part of the KIIS Network with sister stations in other major Australian cities - KIIS106.5 Sydney, KIIS101.1 Melbourne,97.3 FM Brisbane and Mix 106.3 Canberra. Mix 102.3 began its life as AM station 5AD in 1932, originally owned by the Advertiser Newspapers, during its early years, 5AD broadcast a wide range of programs, from orchestral concerts to comedies, serials and sporting events. Some programs, such as the comedy Yes, What, were produced in Adelaide for broadcast by other network stations around Australia. Childrens programs included Search for the Golden Boomerang, and the Kangaroos on Parade, for the Kangaroo Club, television was introduced to Adelaide in 1959, bringing major changes to radio programming, signalling the end of the kind of block programming 5AD and other stations had been playing. 5AD moved to music based programming, using a number of marketing slogans, 5AD, Action Radio, Power Radio 5AD, Where Your Friends Are, among others. 5AD was also instrumental in bringing the Beatles to Adelaide in 1964, in the early 1980s 5AD was the number one radio station in Adelaide, spearheaded by the Bazz and Pilko breakfast show, rating at above 30% of the total Adelaide audience. Bob Francis spearheaded the station into ratings records in the late 1970s and 1980s as general manager and he took over the role after his morning show ended in 1976. He continued his success until stepping down to present the show for radio 5AA. As a top 40 station with its slogan Rhythm of the City, 5AD won all day parts, including mornings with Peter Butler, afternoons with Sam Angelsea and the popular night show for teenagers Dial a Hit hosted by Steve Mill and Di Stapleton. But the stations ratings collapsed when its star breakfast duo of Bazz, by 1992, 5AD was again the number one station in Adelaide, with its breakfast show Sundo & Keith number one for a record 50 consecutive surveys. Due to changes in ownership laws which meant a newspaper. In 1991 5AD was sold again to Montclair Investments, the owners of Montclair, which included former 5DN personality and First Radio Limited investor Jeremy Cordeaux and former 5DN Station Manager Sue Fraser. In 1992 they made an offer to buy low rating FM radio station X102 from Mount Gambier businessman Alan Scott, the transaction proceeded and 5AD was immediately simulcast on the 102.3 FM frequency from July 1993. It proved to be an instant success in ratings and advertising terms with the station continuing to simulcast on the AM frequency. However the Australian Government directed the simulcast must end as it provided the station with an advantage in terms of audience reach. This new station proved equally challenging and the later decided to reinvent it as 5DN in 1994, then later SEN

6.
CBCI-FM
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CBCS-FM is a Canadian radio station. It is the CBC Radio One station in Sudbury, Ontario, broadcasting at 99.9 FM, the station was launched in 1978 on FM99.9 MHz. Prior to its launch, CBC Radio programming aired on private affiliates CKSO, the CRTC decision authorizing the launch of CBCS in fact encouraged, but did not direct, the CBC to retain an AM frequency for CBC Radio, and to reserve CBCS for its CBC Stereo network. However, the station launched in 1978 as an affiliate of the network after the CBC was unable to negotiate an agreement with Cambrian Broadcasting to directly acquire CKSO. The CBC later applied for a license for its Stereo network. However, that station remain unlaunched throughout the 1980s, and the CBC was forced in 1991 to surrender all of its non-operating licenses, consequently, CBC Radio 2 service was not available in the city until the launch of CBBS-FM in 2001. In the CBCs service reductions announced in March 2009, CBCS was slated to lose half of its existing staff, the move was completed in December 2015. The former studio on Mackenzie Street was then rented out to Siena Films as the station in the 2017 drama series Cardinal. The stations local programs are Morning North, hosted by Markus Schwabe, in the morning and Up North, hosted by Jason Turnbull, the CBC announced in August 2014 that Up North, which premiered on August 11, would replace the former afternoon program Points North. The new program extends its coverage to all of Northern Ontario, former Points North host Dan Lessard retired from the program in June 2010. As of 2016, however, no local news service has been launched in North Bay.6 to 132.6 metres. On July 4,2014, the CBC submitted an application to convert CBEU Temagami from the AM band to the FM band at 106.1 MHz, temagamis new FM transmitter signed on at 106.1 FM in late 2014 with its new callsign, CBCS-FM-1. On February 26,2016, the CBC submitted an application to convert CBEY Moosonee from the AM band to the FM band at 99.9 MHz and its proposed callsign will be CBEY-FM. On June 20,2016, the CRTC approved the CBCs application to operate an FM rebroadcasting transmitter in Moosonee to replace its existing low-power AM transmitter CBEY Moosonee, the new transmitter will operate at 99.9 MHz with an effective radiated power of 135 watts. CBC Sudbury CBCS-FM History - Canadian Communications Foundation Query the RECs Canadian station database for CBCS-FM

7.
CBCY-FM
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CBCS-FM is a Canadian radio station. It is the CBC Radio One station in Sudbury, Ontario, broadcasting at 99.9 FM, the station was launched in 1978 on FM99.9 MHz. Prior to its launch, CBC Radio programming aired on private affiliates CKSO, the CRTC decision authorizing the launch of CBCS in fact encouraged, but did not direct, the CBC to retain an AM frequency for CBC Radio, and to reserve CBCS for its CBC Stereo network. However, the station launched in 1978 as an affiliate of the network after the CBC was unable to negotiate an agreement with Cambrian Broadcasting to directly acquire CKSO. The CBC later applied for a license for its Stereo network. However, that station remain unlaunched throughout the 1980s, and the CBC was forced in 1991 to surrender all of its non-operating licenses, consequently, CBC Radio 2 service was not available in the city until the launch of CBBS-FM in 2001. In the CBCs service reductions announced in March 2009, CBCS was slated to lose half of its existing staff, the move was completed in December 2015. The former studio on Mackenzie Street was then rented out to Siena Films as the station in the 2017 drama series Cardinal. The stations local programs are Morning North, hosted by Markus Schwabe, in the morning and Up North, hosted by Jason Turnbull, the CBC announced in August 2014 that Up North, which premiered on August 11, would replace the former afternoon program Points North. The new program extends its coverage to all of Northern Ontario, former Points North host Dan Lessard retired from the program in June 2010. As of 2016, however, no local news service has been launched in North Bay.6 to 132.6 metres. On July 4,2014, the CBC submitted an application to convert CBEU Temagami from the AM band to the FM band at 106.1 MHz, temagamis new FM transmitter signed on at 106.1 FM in late 2014 with its new callsign, CBCS-FM-1. On February 26,2016, the CBC submitted an application to convert CBEY Moosonee from the AM band to the FM band at 99.9 MHz and its proposed callsign will be CBEY-FM. On June 20,2016, the CRTC approved the CBCs application to operate an FM rebroadcasting transmitter in Moosonee to replace its existing low-power AM transmitter CBEY Moosonee, the new transmitter will operate at 99.9 MHz with an effective radiated power of 135 watts. CBC Sudbury CBCS-FM History - Canadian Communications Foundation Query the RECs Canadian station database for CBCS-FM

8.
CBE-1-FM
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CBEW-FM is the callsign of the CBC Radio One station based in and serving Windsor, Ontario Canada. CBEW broadcasts from facilities at McGregor on 97.5 FM. The station first aired in 1935 as CRBC station CRCW, which broadcast until 1938, between 1938 and 1950, CBC Radio programming was aired on private affiliate CKLW. A CBC-owned station was relaunched in 1950 using the CBE call sign and 1550 AM frequency. Regional FM rebroadcasters were added in 1977, on May 9,2008, the CRTC approved the stations application to launch a low-power nested FM rebroadcaster in Windsor, at 102.3 FM. The new 97.5 FM main signal would broadcast with an antenna to the southeast. On June 16,2009, CBE received approval for its conversion to 97.5 FM and that decision came following the CRTC approval for CJAM to relocate to 99.1 FM in March 2009. The 97.5 FM facilities began testing on December 1,2010, the station officially launched on July 1,2011 under the call sign of CBEW-FM. In accordance with the original plans, the CBC announced that CBE would close down on September 30,2011. Sometime after 12, 00am midnight on October 1,2011, without fanfare, CBEs 10, the move was approved by the CRTC on October 16,2012. The move would bring programming back to 1550 for the first time since CBEs sign-off, cBEW-FMs local programs are Windsor Morning, hosted by Tony Doucette, in the morning, and Afternoon Drive, hosted by Bob Steele, in the afternoon. Former repeater, now shut down, The 102.3 frequency is now used by CINA-FM, CBC Windsor CBEW-FM History - Canadian Communications Foundation Query the RECs Canadian station database for CBEW-FM

9.
CBMX-FM
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CBVE-FM is a Canadian radio station, which broadcasts the programming of the CBC Radio One network at 104.7 FM in Quebec City. The stations main transmitter is located at Mount Bélair and its studios are co-located with its francophone sister stations on rue St-Jean in Quebec City. CBVE-FM is the station for all CBC Radio One transmitters in Quebec outside of Montreal. Together, they are known as the Quebec Community Network, with a mandate to provide service to the provinces anglophone minority. Although it is a semi-satellite of CBME-FM in Montreal, most of the operations are in Quebec City except for master control. The station was launched in 1976, prior to its launch, CBC Radio programming was aired on private affiliate CFOM1340 on the AM band. Following CFOMs shutdown as a station in late 1975, the CBC directly acquired the station. The station was originally a rebroadcaster of CBM in Montreal, in 1994, however, it was granted a separate license. At the same time, all but one of CBMs rebroadcasters were transferred to CBVE, the call sign CBME was formerly used for a low-power AM repeater in La Tuque, Quebec which changed to CBVE-1. The stations local programs are Quebec AM, hosted by Susan Campbell, in the mornings and Breakaway, the rest of the stations schedule is a simulcast of CBME. An hour of Quebec AM is also heard on CBC North radio stations in the Nunavik region of northern Quebec, on September 11,2008, the CRTC approved the CBCs application to operate a temporary low-power FM mono transmitter at Lac-Mégantic. It would broadcast on 104.1 MHz with a radiated power of 50 watts for a period of three months. It is unknown if the transmitter is operating as CBMO. 1On January 4,2013, the CBC filed and application to the CRTC to convert CBMJ Murdochville from 750 AM to 99.5 FM, the application was approved on May 8,2013. 2On October 25,2013, the CRTC approved the CBCs application to decrease the power of CBVG-FM Gaspé from 2,160 to 1,730 watts and by decreasing its EHAAT from 409.5 to 384.5 metres. On March 19,2015, the CBC submitted an application to add an FM transmitter in Malartic, CBMN-FM, in the CRTCs July 3,2015 release, CBMN-FMs ERP reads 22,800 watts. CBMN-FM would replace two existing low-powered CBC AM transmitters, CBMN AM1230 Malarctic and CBML AM570 Val-dOr, the new transmitter may also replace CBMM AM540 in Senneterre, but only pending further assessment following the sign-on of CBMN-FM. The CRTC approved the CBCs application on July 3,2015, on February 20,1992, the CRTC approved the CBCs application to change CBMEs AM frequency from 990 kHz to 830 kHz in La Tuque

10.
CBON-FM-29
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CBON-FM is a Canadian radio station. It broadcasts the Société Radio-Canadas Ici Radio-Canada Première network at 98.1 FM in Sudbury, the station also serves much of Northern Ontario through a network of relay transmitters. Prior to the launch in 1978, Radio-Canada programming was carried on private affiliate CFBR. However, the station launched in 1978 as an affiliate of the network after the CBC was unable to negotiate an agreement with F. Baxter Ricard to directly acquire CFBR, Radio-Canadas music network was not available in the city until the launch of CBBX-FM in 2001, although from 1984 to 1991 the CBC held an unused license to launch that station. The stations regional morning program is Le matin du Nord, weekdays from 6 a. m. to 9 a. m. and its regional afternoon program is Ça parle au Nord, weekdays from 4 p. m. to 6 p. m. The station also produces the provincewide program 15-30 Ontario weekdays from 3,30 p. m. to 4 p. m, on Saturday mornings, the station produces the provincewide morning program Grands Lacs Café. Hosted and produced in Sudbury, with contributions from staff in Toronto. The provincewide programs airs on CBON and CJBC, as well as CBEF in Windsor, on all public holidays, Lheure de pointe Toronto from CJBC in Toronto or Ça parle au Nord is heard provincewide from 3,30 p. m. to 6 p. m. On some holidays, Ya pas deux matins pareils from CJBC or Le matin du Nord from CBON airs on stations, but on some others holidays, both stations air their local shows as usual. On February 28,2017, the CBC submitted an application to convert CBON-6 Blind River from the AM band to the FM band at 98.5 MHz, Blind Rivers proposed callsign for its new transmitter will be CBON-FM-6. Ici Radio-Canada Première Fréquences | Où nous écouter | ICI Radio-Canada Première Query the RECs Canadian station database for CBON-FM

11.
CBYA-FM
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CFPR is a Canadian radio station, airing at 860 AM in Prince Rupert, British Columbia. It is part of the CBC Radio One network, CFPR first aired in 1936 on AM580, as a private CBC Radio affiliate owned by Northwest Broadcast & Service Co. It moved to AM1240 in 1941, and became a Trans-Canada Network affiliate in 1944, the station was directly acquired by the CBC in 1953 shortly after going out of business as a private station. In 1963, the CBC was granted approval to move the station to its current frequency, in 1988, the CBC applied to convert the station to a straight rebroadcaster of CBYG-FM in Prince George. The application was denied by the Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission, however, CFPR airs the same programming as CBYG-FM at all times, as they share production of their local programming. Both stations air CBTK-FMs Radio West in the afternoons, on November 29,2011, the CBC applied to the CRTC to convert CBTD Kispiox from the AM band to the FM band. This application was approved on March 19,2012, the CBC also previously operated CBKL, a low-power rebroadcaster in Alice Arm, this rebroadcaster would be deleted at the CBCs request by the CRTC on October 25,2013. CBC British Columbia CFPR history - Canadian Communications Foundation Query the RECs Canadian station database for CFPR

12.
CHSN-FM
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CHSN-FM is a Canadian radio station, broadcasting at 102.3 FM in Estevan, Saskatchewan. The station is currently owned & operated by Golden West Broadcasting, Golden West received approval from the CRTC on April 26,2001, and the station was launched in November of the same year. CHSN was the first sister station to CJSL, at launch, the station had an adult contemporary format. CHSNs format, branding and call sign were all adopted from a station in Saskatoon whose owner, Rawlco Communications, dropped them to launch a new active rock station. In 2012, following the launch of CKSE-FM, Sun 102 switched to a hot adult contemporary format, the station currently uses the tags Todays Best Music and Estevans Best Music. Www. sun102radio. com CHSN-FM history - Canadian Communications Foundation Query the RECs Canadian station database for CHSN-FM

13.
CHST-FM
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CHST-FM is a Canadian radio station, broadcasting at 102.3 FM in London, Ontario. The station uses the brand and format Jack FM. Jack FM broadcasts with an effective radiated power of 5.84 kW from the CFPL-TV tower in Southwest London. Due to CHST-FMs low ERP relative to some London area radio stations, its broadcast signal covers only Middlesex, Elgin, the stations coverage to the west is impeded by co-channel WGRT in Port Huron, Michigan. Approved by the CRTC in 1999, CHST was launched by CHUM Limited in 2000 and it originally used the brand Star 102.3 with a hot adult contemporary format, but was rebranded as the adult hits format Bob FM in July 2003. On June 21,2010, CTVglobemedia announced it had entered into an agreement to sell the station to Rogers Media, the sale was approved by the CRTC on December 22,2010. On September 12,2012, Rogers received approval to increase the effective radiated power from 5,840 to 20,400 watts. Following the acquisition, the continued to use the Bob FM name. On August 28,2014, at 6 a. m, CHST-FM adopted the Jack FM brand, with no change in format. Official website CHST History - Canadian Communications Foundation Query the RECs Canadian station database for CHST-FM

14.
CIGB-FM
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CIGB-FM is a French-language Canadian radio station located in Trois-Rivières, Quebec. Owned and operated by Bell Media, it broadcasts on 102.3 MHz with a radiated power of 11,000 watts using an omnidirectional antenna. The station has a hit radio format and is part of the Énergie network which operates across Quebec. It started operations on August 27,1979, CIGB-FM became wholly owned and operated by Radiomutuel in 1987, as the company bought the station, which became a sister station to the now-defunct CJTR1140 AM. Énergie Mauricie 102.3 CIGB-FM history - Canadian Communications Foundation Query the RECs Canadian station database for CIGB-FM

15.
CINQ-FM
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CINQ-FM is a multilingual Canadian radio station located in Montreal, Quebec. It broadcasts on 102.3 MHz using an antenna with an average effective radiated power of 1,285 watts. Its studios are located on Saint-Laurent Boulevard in Montreal, the station operates under a community radio licence and offers varied programming in seven different languages whereas all programmes are produced and animated by volunteers. It identifies itself as Radio Centre-Ville, CINQ-FM opened on 27 January 1975, at the time the station was on 99.3 MHz and used only 7.5 watts of power. Originally, the station aired programming in five different languages, hence the call sign and those five languages were English, French, Spanish, Portuguese, and Greek. It has since added Creole and Chinese programming to its lineup, official website CINQ-FM history - Canadian Communications Foundation Query the RECs Canadian station database for CINQ-FM CINQ-FMs Chinese team blog

16.
CJNR-FM
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CINA-FM is a radio station broadcasting a mixture of English language and ethnic/multilingual music and programming on 102.3 FM/MHz in Windsor, Ontario, Canada. In consequence, the area reaches out to ethnic communities in both Windsor and Detroit, Michigan. However, the 95.9 MHz frequency was awarded to Blackburn Radios CJWF-FM which launched in November 2009. In 2009, the Commission approved the application by the CBC to convert CBC Radio One outlet CBE from 1550 kHz to 97.5 MHz, as a result, the 102.3 MHz frequency became available by September 2011. On December 13,2011, Ray filed an application to allow CJNR-FM to operate at 102.3 MHz, the station launched on September 6,2012, having changed its call-letters to CINA-FM. CINA FMs airs programming in a variety of including, Arabic, Cantonese, German, Hindi, Hungarian, Italian, Macedonian, Polish, Punjabi, Romanian, Serbian, Spanish. 80% of the programming is in Arabic. CINA RADIO102.3 FM CJNR-FM history - Canadian Communications Foundation Query the RECs Canadian station database for CINA-FM

17.
CJNS-FM
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CJNS-FM is a Canadian radio station that broadcasts a country music format at 102.3 FM in Meadow Lake, Saskatchewan. CJNS is owned by the Jim Pattison Group, the station provides some 30 hours of local programming a week,6 hours per day, Monday to Friday. The remainder of the programming continues to originate from, and is basically a satellite of and its radio studio is at 225 Centre Street in Meadow Lake. CJNS originally began broadcasting in 1977 as an AM radio station, cJNS/CJNB CJNS History - Canadian Communications Foundation Query the RECs Canadian station database for CJNS-FM

18.
CKJJ-FM
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CKJJ-FM is a Christian music radio station, broadcasting at 102.3 FM in Belleville, Ontario, Canada. The station began broadcasting in 2003 and is owned by United Christian Broadcasters Canada, the station also previously had a rebroadcaster in Chatham, which was converted to a new originating station, CKGW, in 2007. On September 22,2006, UCB was denied a licence for 106.5 MHz at Foymount, on September 10,2009, UCB applied to change Cobourgs CKJJ-FM-1 frequency from 100.9 to 90.7 MHz. This application was denied on January 26,2010, upon approval, the station received a new callsign, CHJJ-FM. On June 16,2014, UCB Canada received approval to add a new low power 50 watt transmitter at Maynooth, UCB Canada CKJJ-FM History - Canadian Communications Foundation Query the RECs Canadian station database for CKJJ-FM

19.
CKNO-FM
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CKNO-FM is a Canadian radio station broadcasting at 102.3 FM in Edmonton, Alberta owned by Jim Pattison Group. The station airs an adult contemporary format branded as 102.3 NOW. As of June 2014, with an 11. 4% audience share, the station received approval by the CRTC on October 17,2008, and officially launched on February 23,2010. On July 10,2014, Rawlco announced the sale of CKNO, radio CKNO-FM history - Canadian Communications Foundation Query the RECs Canadian station database for CKNO-FM

20.
CKWV-FM
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CKWV-FM is a Canadian radio station located in Nanaimo, British Columbia. It broadcasts on 102.3 FM and is owned by Island Radio, CHUB was initially owned by George Randall and Vancouver Sun part-owner Donald Cromie, and its initial on-air staff included Gordon Theedom and program director Glen Kristjan. In 1959, CHUB increased its power again to 10,000 watts, on October 1,1960, the station covered the Nanaimo Chinatown fire which ended up destroying that historical area of the city. In 1962, the Vancouver Sun sold CHUB to former CKNW and CKWX news director Bob Giles, CKNW broadcaster Jack Kyle and Joe Lawlor, who formed the Nanaimo Broadcasting Co. Ltd. to run the station. By 1966, Joe Lawlors brother George came from Moose Jaw to become manager, with Ted Kelly becoming program director. CHUB relocated from the Malaspina Hotel to a new studio on Esplanade Street in downtown Nanaimo on April 15,1968, the switch took effect on January 2,1995. As part of the merger, CKWV relocated from downtown to share CKEGs studios and offices at 4550 Wellington Road in north Nanaimo, the CHUB call letters have belonged to the former CKRD Radio in Red Deer, Alberta since 2000. On February 11 that year, Parksvilles CKWV-FM-1 ceased rebroadcasting CKWV and became a separate station, assuming the callsign CHPQ-FM. On November 1,2005, the Jim Pattison Broadcast Group and Island Radio Ltd.102.3 The Wave CHUB/CKWV history at Canadian Communications Foundation Query the RECs Canadian station database for CKWV-FM

21.
CKY-FM
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CKY-FM is a Canadian FM radio station broadcasting in Winnipeg, Manitoba. The station airs a hot adult contemporary format branded as 102.3 KiSS FM. The station is owned by Rogers Media which also owns sister station 92 CITI FM, CKY-FM primarily competes with CJGV-FM,99.1 Fresh Radio. CKY has been the sign of three radio stations in Winnipeg. The original CKY was formed in 1923 by the Government of Manitoba, the Provincial Government ran the station and in the stations early years, CKY would turn over its signal to the Canadian National Railway and the station would be identified as CNRW. When the Federal Government took over operations of the CNR Network in the 1930s, CKY continued the relationship, in June 1948, CKY was purchased by the CBC and was renamed CBW. On the last day of 1949, Lloyd Moffat resurrected the CKY call letters to begin the second incarnation of CKY, the current CKY-FM was established in 1949 by Moffat Communications as CKY-AM, broadcasting at AM580. The station featured a Top 40 format for much of its broadcast life, which shifted into an Oldies format in the 1980s. In 1963, Moffat also established the first CKY-FM, at 92.1 on the FM dial, in 1978, CKY-FM was re-branded as CITI-FM. A1980 article in the Free Press said that both CFRW and CKY wanted to broadcast in AM stereo, CKY chose the failed Kahn-Hazeltine system, in 1992, Moffat sold its radio division Rogers Communications. In 1994, Rogers applied to the CRTC to switch CKY to the FM band, due to declining listening to AM stations, which would lead to lower revenues. However, due to the success of CKYs Don Percy and Friends morning show, which featured numerous info chats from businesses, as a result, Rogers held off the conversion to FM until 2004. On January 21,2004, Rogers moved CKY to FM, at 102.3 FM, the 580 frequency at first went silent in Winnipeg, although community broadcasters have attempted to revive the station as CJML. The new CKY-FM aired an adult contemporary format with the on-air brand name 102.3 Clear FM. This restored the adult contemporary format to Winnipeg after it was lost with the flip of CFWM-FM from adult contemporary to adult hits in 2002. A new logo for CKY-FM was unveiled late June 2011, and the station moved in a rhythmic direction. On February 13,2015, the station re-branded as 102.3 KiSS FM, the re-branding aligned CKY with other Kiss-branded hot AC stations operated by Rogers. The station has moved to a hot adult contemporary sound

22.
VF2378
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CFMI-FM is a Canadian radio station in the Metro Vancouver region of British Columbia. It broadcasts at 101.1 MHz on the FM band with a radiated power of 100,000 watts from a transmitter on Mount Seymour in the District of North Vancouver. Owned by Corus Entertainment, the studios are located in Downtown Vancouver, the station has a classic rock format. CFMI first signed on in early 1970, over the years, the station added FM transmitters in most of British Columbia.4 meters and by relocating its transmitter. As of November 2016, the web site stated that it plays classic rock. On October 13,2015, CFMI-HD was launched as the first Canadian HD service west of Ontario, hD3 carries sister station CHMJ AM730, this began on July 3,2016 due to AM730s transmitter being damaged by the 2016 Burns Bog fire. The station signed on with a country music format. This was followed by a music format. CFMI was distinguished in its earlier years by being an innovator of early automation systems. Stereo automation systems of the day relied heavily on reel-to-reel tape machines for music, CFMIs automation had no reel machines, but relied totally on cartridge carousels, which allowed greater programming flexibility, but no broadcast cartridges of the day could reproduce quality stereo. The response of CFMIs engineers was to invent a new cartridge that could, parent company Western International Communications went on to develop a manufacturing division, exporting these improved cartridges to broadcasters around the world. Todays broadcasters use computer systems with large hard drives to reproduce music digitally, but in its heyday, the Aristocart was an improvement to a technical problem shared by all commercial stereo broadcasters. Among CFMIs programming innovations was Discumentary, a musical documentary of programming featuring a particular artist or a particular theme. This was developed in response to the CRTCs requirement for foreground programming, the Discumentary programs were written by Paul Wiggins and voiced by Dave McCormick, then Terry David Mulligan and syndicated throughout Canada, and broadcast internationally on the Anik D satellite. Later, CRTC regulations phased out the need for foreground programming, CFMI also operates on a number of low-power FM transmitters and cable channels. Comcast Cable Channel 979 - Puget Sound area of Western Washington, rock 101 CFMI-FM history - Canadian Communications Foundation Query the RECs Canadian station database for CFMI-FM

23.
KBCE
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KBCE is a radio station broadcasting a Rhythmic contemporary format. Licensed to Boyce, Louisiana, United States, the serves the Alexandria. The station is owned by Urban Radio Broadcasting. The station was assigned the call letters KXOU on June 17,1981, on November 23, the station changed its call sign to KFQM and then changed again on April 5,1982 to the current KBCE. Query the FCCs FM station database for KBCE Radio-Locator information on KBCE Query Nielsen Audios FM station database for KBCE

24.
KBLO-FM
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KBLO is a radio station broadcasting a Christian Spanish format. Licensed to Corcoran, California, United States, the serves the Visalia-Tulare-Hanford area. The station is owned by CCA LICENSE HOLDINGS LLC. The station went on the air as KLCZ on 30 June 1987, on 19 November 2001, the station changed its call sign to KXQX, on 1 June 2005, it changed to the current KBLO. Query the FCCs FM station database for KBLO Radio-Locator information on KBLO Query Nielsen Audios FM station database for KBLO

25.
KCRX-FM
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KCRX-FM is a radio station broadcasting a Classic rock format. Licensed to Seaside, Oregon, United States, the station is currently owned by New Northwest Broadcasters, LLC. The station is an affiliate of the syndicated Pink Floyd program Floydian Slip, the station was assigned the call sign KULU on October 6,1995. On August 28,2000, the changed its call sign to KCRX-FM. Query the FCCs FM station database for KCRX Radio-Locator information on KCRX Query Nielsen Audios FM station database for KCRX

Radio broadcasting
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Radio broadcasting is a unidirectional wireless transmission over radio waves intended to reach a wide audience. Stations can be linked in radio networks to broadcast a radio format. Audio broadcasting also can be done via radio, local wire television networks, satellite radio. The signal types can be either analog audio or digital audio, the earli

FM broadcasting
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FM broadcasting is a method of radio broadcasting using frequency modulation technology. Invented in 1933 by American engineer Edwin Armstrong, it is used worldwide to provide high-fidelity sound over broadcast radio, FM broadcasting is capable of better sound quality than AM broadcasting, the chief competing radio broadcasting technology, so it is

1.
A commercial 35 kW FM radio transmitter built in the late 1980s. It belongs to FM radio station KWNR in Las Vegas, Nevada, USA, and broadcasts at a frequency of 95.5 MHz.

2.
FM Radio Broadcasting: Big Picture in Full Electromagnetic Spectrum

3.
A dramatic demonstration by General Electric in 1940 of FM's superior rejection of static (RFI). The radio had both AM and FM receivers. With a million volt arc as a source of interference behind it, the AM receiver produced only a roar of static, while the FM receiver clearly reproduced a music program from Armstrong's experimental FM transmitter in New Jersey.

4.
Armstrong's first prototype FM broadcast transmitter, located in the Empire State Building, New York City, which he used for secret tests of his system between 1934 and 1935. Licensed as experimental station W2XDG, it transmitted on 41 MHz at a power of 2 kW

Aspen
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Aspen is a common name for certain tree species, some, but not all, are classified by botanists in the section Populus, of the Populus genus. They are all medium-sized deciduous trees reaching 15–30 m tall, each individual tree can live for 40–150 years above ground, but the root system of the colony is long-lived. In some cases, this is for thousa

1.
American aspens, Populus tremuloides.

2.
Leaf of Populus grandidentata.

3.
Autumn colour of Populus tremula.

4.
Male flowers (catkin) of Populus tremula.

ABC Classic FM
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ABC Classic FM is a classical music radio station available in Australia, and internationally online. It is operated by the Australian Broadcasting Corporation, ABC Classic FM was established in 1976 as ABC-FM, and later for a short time was known as ABC Fine Music, before adopting its current name. It was the ABCs first experiment in FM broadcasti

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Classic FM live concert, Canberra Theatre; Artists: dominantSEVEN

Mix 102.3
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Mix 102.3 is a commercial radio station in Adelaide, Australia, owned by The Australian Radio Network. Mix 102.3 plays current hits and a variety of 1970s, 1980s and 1990s music, primarily targeted at the 25-54 age group. Adelaides Mix 102.3 is part of the KIIS Network with sister stations in other major Australian cities - KIIS106.5 Sydney, KIIS10

CBCI-FM
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CBCS-FM is a Canadian radio station. It is the CBC Radio One station in Sudbury, Ontario, broadcasting at 99.9 FM, the station was launched in 1978 on FM99.9 MHz. Prior to its launch, CBC Radio programming aired on private affiliates CKSO, the CRTC decision authorizing the launch of CBCS in fact encouraged, but did not direct, the CBC to retain an

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CBCS-FM

CBCY-FM
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CBCS-FM is a Canadian radio station. It is the CBC Radio One station in Sudbury, Ontario, broadcasting at 99.9 FM, the station was launched in 1978 on FM99.9 MHz. Prior to its launch, CBC Radio programming aired on private affiliates CKSO, the CRTC decision authorizing the launch of CBCS in fact encouraged, but did not direct, the CBC to retain an

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CBCS-FM

CBE-1-FM
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CBEW-FM is the callsign of the CBC Radio One station based in and serving Windsor, Ontario Canada. CBEW broadcasts from facilities at McGregor on 97.5 FM. The station first aired in 1935 as CRBC station CRCW, which broadcast until 1938, between 1938 and 1950, CBC Radio programming was aired on private affiliate CKLW. A CBC-owned station was relaunc

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CBEW-FM

CBMX-FM
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CBVE-FM is a Canadian radio station, which broadcasts the programming of the CBC Radio One network at 104.7 FM in Quebec City. The stations main transmitter is located at Mount Bélair and its studios are co-located with its francophone sister stations on rue St-Jean in Quebec City. CBVE-FM is the station for all CBC Radio One transmitters in Quebec

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CBVE-FM

CBON-FM-29
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CBON-FM is a Canadian radio station. It broadcasts the Société Radio-Canadas Ici Radio-Canada Première network at 98.1 FM in Sudbury, the station also serves much of Northern Ontario through a network of relay transmitters. Prior to the launch in 1978, Radio-Canada programming was carried on private affiliate CFBR. However, the station launched in

1.
v

CBYA-FM
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CFPR is a Canadian radio station, airing at 860 AM in Prince Rupert, British Columbia. It is part of the CBC Radio One network, CFPR first aired in 1936 on AM580, as a private CBC Radio affiliate owned by Northwest Broadcast & Service Co. It moved to AM1240 in 1941, and became a Trans-Canada Network affiliate in 1944, the station was directly acqui

1.
CFPR

CHSN-FM
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CHSN-FM is a Canadian radio station, broadcasting at 102.3 FM in Estevan, Saskatchewan. The station is currently owned & operated by Golden West Broadcasting, Golden West received approval from the CRTC on April 26,2001, and the station was launched in November of the same year. CHSN was the first sister station to CJSL, at launch, the station had

1.
v

CHST-FM
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CHST-FM is a Canadian radio station, broadcasting at 102.3 FM in London, Ontario. The station uses the brand and format Jack FM. Jack FM broadcasts with an effective radiated power of 5.84 kW from the CFPL-TV tower in Southwest London. Due to CHST-FMs low ERP relative to some London area radio stations, its broadcast signal covers only Middlesex, E

CIGB-FM
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CIGB-FM is a French-language Canadian radio station located in Trois-Rivières, Quebec. Owned and operated by Bell Media, it broadcasts on 102.3 MHz with a radiated power of 11,000 watts using an omnidirectional antenna. The station has a hit radio format and is part of the Énergie network which operates across Quebec. It started operations on Augus

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CIGB-FM

CINQ-FM
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CINQ-FM is a multilingual Canadian radio station located in Montreal, Quebec. It broadcasts on 102.3 MHz using an antenna with an average effective radiated power of 1,285 watts. Its studios are located on Saint-Laurent Boulevard in Montreal, the station operates under a community radio licence and offers varied programming in seven different langu

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CINQ-FM

CJNR-FM
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CINA-FM is a radio station broadcasting a mixture of English language and ethnic/multilingual music and programming on 102.3 FM/MHz in Windsor, Ontario, Canada. In consequence, the area reaches out to ethnic communities in both Windsor and Detroit, Michigan. However, the 95.9 MHz frequency was awarded to Blackburn Radios CJWF-FM which launched in N

1.
CINA-FM

CJNS-FM
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CJNS-FM is a Canadian radio station that broadcasts a country music format at 102.3 FM in Meadow Lake, Saskatchewan. CJNS is owned by the Jim Pattison Group, the station provides some 30 hours of local programming a week,6 hours per day, Monday to Friday. The remainder of the programming continues to originate from, and is basically a satellite of

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v

CKJJ-FM
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CKJJ-FM is a Christian music radio station, broadcasting at 102.3 FM in Belleville, Ontario, Canada. The station began broadcasting in 2003 and is owned by United Christian Broadcasters Canada, the station also previously had a rebroadcaster in Chatham, which was converted to a new originating station, CKGW, in 2007. On September 22,2006, UCB was d

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v

CKNO-FM
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CKNO-FM is a Canadian radio station broadcasting at 102.3 FM in Edmonton, Alberta owned by Jim Pattison Group. The station airs an adult contemporary format branded as 102.3 NOW. As of June 2014, with an 11. 4% audience share, the station received approval by the CRTC on October 17,2008, and officially launched on February 23,2010. On July 10,2014,

CKWV-FM
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CKWV-FM is a Canadian radio station located in Nanaimo, British Columbia. It broadcasts on 102.3 FM and is owned by Island Radio, CHUB was initially owned by George Randall and Vancouver Sun part-owner Donald Cromie, and its initial on-air staff included Gordon Theedom and program director Glen Kristjan. In 1959, CHUB increased its power again to 1

1.
CKWV-FM

CKY-FM
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CKY-FM is a Canadian FM radio station broadcasting in Winnipeg, Manitoba. The station airs a hot adult contemporary format branded as 102.3 KiSS FM. The station is owned by Rogers Media which also owns sister station 92 CITI FM, CKY-FM primarily competes with CJGV-FM,99.1 Fresh Radio. CKY has been the sign of three radio stations in Winnipeg. The o

1.
CKY-FM

VF2378
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CFMI-FM is a Canadian radio station in the Metro Vancouver region of British Columbia. It broadcasts at 101.1 MHz on the FM band with a radiated power of 100,000 watts from a transmitter on Mount Seymour in the District of North Vancouver. Owned by Corus Entertainment, the studios are located in Downtown Vancouver, the station has a classic rock fo

KBCE
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KBCE is a radio station broadcasting a Rhythmic contemporary format. Licensed to Boyce, Louisiana, United States, the serves the Alexandria. The station is owned by Urban Radio Broadcasting. The station was assigned the call letters KXOU on June 17,1981, on November 23, the station changed its call sign to KFQM and then changed again on April 5,198

1.
KBCE

KBLO-FM
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KBLO is a radio station broadcasting a Christian Spanish format. Licensed to Corcoran, California, United States, the serves the Visalia-Tulare-Hanford area. The station is owned by CCA LICENSE HOLDINGS LLC. The station went on the air as KLCZ on 30 June 1987, on 19 November 2001, the station changed its call sign to KXQX, on 1 June 2005, it change

KCRX-FM
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KCRX-FM is a radio station broadcasting a Classic rock format. Licensed to Seaside, Oregon, United States, the station is currently owned by New Northwest Broadcasters, LLC. The station is an affiliate of the syndicated Pink Floyd program Floydian Slip, the station was assigned the call sign KULU on October 6,1995. On August 28,2000, the changed it