Dalai Lama supporters gather at Dharamsala temple and in New Delhi to commemorate 1959 rebellion against Chinese rule.

Huge crowds have gathered at the Dalai Lama’s temple in India to commemorate 60 years of the failed Tibetan uprising against Chinese rule that drove the spiritual leader into exile.

Supporters of the 83-year-old peace icon chanted and prayed at the Buddhist shrine in mountainous Dharamsala, where the Dalai Lama established a government-in-exile after fleeing a deadly Chinese crackdown in Tibet in 1959.

Devotees in the Indian hill station the Dalai Lama has called home for six decades waved Tibet’s colourful “snow lion” flag, which China has outlawed as a symbol of separatism.

Some had “Free Tibet” painted on their faces along with the colours and distinct golden sun of the iconic flag.

The Dalai Lama himself was not present at the anniversary ceremony, but chief representatives of the exiled Tibetan administration and foreign dignitaries gathered for the solemn occasion.

“Tibet belongs to Tibetans,” Prime Minister-in-exile Lobsang Sangay said in a fiery speech to the gathering.

“Sixty years of the occupation of Tibet and the repression of Tibetans is too long,” he said.

The Tibetan leader claimed that Beijing wanted to eradicate the Tibetan culture with systemic policies and that it was stopping all flow of information into Tibet.

He thanked all those who showed solidarity with the demand for a middle way or autonomy within China, and urged Tibetans across the world to continue “our commitment to struggle for justice”.

Performers dressed in traditional attire danced and recited Tibetan songs at the temple for guests, which organisers said included parliamentarians from 10 nations.

A minute’s silence was observed at the outset to remember those killed when China brutally crushed the fledgeling Tibetan revolt – a crackdown the government-in-exile claimed killed tens of thousands.

Tibetan activists also put up posters and marched in India’s capital, New Delhi, as police in riot gear patrolled the streets.

Thorn in China’s side

Buddhist Tibet, a vast Himalayan area of plateaus and mountains, declared independence from China in the early 20th century but Beijing took back control in 1951, having sent in thousands of troops.

The Dalai Lama, chosen at the age of two in 1937 as the 14th incarnation of Tibetan Buddhism’s supreme religious leader, was enthroned as the head of state after the Chinese invasion.

His co-existence with the Beijing authorities was tense and when the Chinese authorities summoned him to an event without his bodyguards on March 10, Tibetans feared a trap that could endanger their leader.

Thousands of his supporters assembled at his summer palace to prevent him from leaving; thousands more demonstrated in Lhasa to demand the Chinese depart, the Dalai Lama would later say.

Beijing sent more troops into Tibet, and in the bloodshed that followed, refugees poured over the border into Dharamsala, already then a sanctuary for Tibetan exiles fleeing Chinese repression.

The Dalai Lama evaded Chinese authorities and slipped away dressed as a soldier, escaping to India with an entourage of supporters in a gruelling two-week trek through the Himalaya.

There he formed a government-in-exile and demanded autonomy for Tibet, a decades-long quest that would earn him worldwide respect as a figure of non-violence. He won the Nobel Peace Prize in 1989.

He remains a thorn in the side to China, which adamantly rejects any suggestion of Tibetan autonomy and blacklisted the Dalai Lama as a dangerous “separatist”.

Beijing continues to be accused of political and religious repression in the region, but insists Tibetans enjoy extensive freedoms and that it has brought economic growth.

Max Oidtmann, who specialises in modern Chinese history at Georgetown University in Qatar, said China has invested a lot in Tibet and while “life is getting better in many ways”, Tibetans want to be treated as equal citizens.

“They [Tibetans] feel like they don’t have a lot of control or decision-making power over their lives,” Oidtmann told Al Jazeera.

“The primary goal of most Tibetans would be to get more respect from the Chinese state and to actually receive the privileges which are guaranteed to them by the Chinese constitution.”