Abstract

Due to fire suppression policies, timber harvest, and other management practices over the last century, many low‐ to mid‐elevation forests in semiarid parts of the western United States have accumulated high fuel loads and dense, multi‐layered canopies that are dominated by shade‐tolerant and fire‐sensitive conifers. To a great extent, the future status of western US forests will depend on tree species’ responses to patterns and trends in fire activity and fire behavior and postfire management decisions. This is especially the case ...

Abstract

Climate change could increase fire risk across most of the managed boreal forest. Decreasing this risk by increasing the proportion of broad-leaved tree species is an overlooked mitigation–adaption strategy with multiple benefits. ...

Abstract

Most models project warmer and drier climates that will contribute to larger and more frequent wildfires. However, it remains unknown how repeated wildfires alter post-fire successional patterns and forest structure. Here, we test the hypothesis that the number of wildfires, as well as the order and severity of wildfire events interact to alter forest structure and vegetation recovery and implications for vegetation management. In 2014, we examined forest structure, composition, and tree regeneration in stands that burned 1–18 yr before a ...

Abstract

Several highly effective fire-adaptive traits first evolved among modern plants during the mid-Cretaceous, in response to the widespread wildfires promoted by anomalously high atmospheric oxygen (O2) and extreme temperatures. Serotiny, or long-term canopy seed storage, is a fire-adaptive strategy common among plants living in fire-prone areas today, but evidence of this strategy has been lacking from the fossil record. Deposits of abundant fossil charcoal from sedimentary successions of the Chatham Islands, New Zealand, record wildfires in the south polar regions (75°–80°S) ...

Abstract

Risks can generally be described as the combination of hazard, exposure and vulnerability. Using this framework, we evaluated the historical and future development of risk of fire and wind damage in European forestry at the national level. Fire risk is expected to increase, mainly as a consequence of an increase in fire hazard, defined as the Fire Weather Index in summer. Exposure, defined as forest area, is expected to increase slightly as a consequence of active afforestation and abandonment of marginal ...

Abstract

[Summary] [::1] Historical reference conditions have long been used to guide the restoration of degraded ecosystems. However, a rapidly changing climate and altered disturbance regimes are calling into question the usefulness of this approach. As a consequence, restoration goals are increasingly focused on creating communities that are resilient to novel environmental stressors and emphasis is being placed on defining functional targets through the use of plant traits. While changes in forest structure and composition have received much attention, long-term changes in stand-level ...

Abstract

Tree mortality is an important process causing forest structural and compositional change. In this study, we investigate the influence of drought and topography on recent patterns of tree mortality in old-growth mixed conifer forests in Yosemite National Park, located in the Sierra Nevada Mountains of northern California, USA. The surveyed stands have experienced a century of fire exclusion and are dominated by associations of Pinus ponderosa, Calocedrus decurrens and Abies concolor. The average age of trees in the stands was 88 ...

Abstract

Plant traits responsible for shade tolerance are controversial. An important feature of shade-tolerant trees is the ability to maintain a positive whole-plant carbon balance [i.e. positive relative growth rate (RGRplant)] in low-light environments, but a positive RGRplant does not always ensure continuous growth. To grow successfully in shaded environments, a plant must increase its leaf biomass with time. However, because RGRplant is determined by whole-plant biomass change, RGRplant can be positive without any increment of leaf mass. Therefore, we developed a ...

Abstract

Of the world’s 615 conifer species, 211 or 34% are listed by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) as being threatened. This web resource will eventually include global and national assessments of all the threatened conifers using the 2001 IUCN Categories & Criteria (version 3.1). The global assessments, which have been compiled by members of the IUCN/SCC Conifer Specialist Group, have been published on the IUCN website (http://www.iucnredlist.org). For some taxa the taxonomic treatment will differ from ...

Abstract

Biomes are areas of vegetation that are characterized by the same life-form. Traditional definitions of biomes have also included either geographical or climatic descriptors. This approach describes a wide range of biomes that can be correlated with characteristic climatic conditions, or climatic envelopes. The application of remote sensing technology to the frequent observation of biomes has led to a move away from the often subjective definition of biomes to one that is objective. Carefully characterized observations of life-form, by satellite, have been used to reconsider biome ...

Abstract

In this study, we assess the climate mitigation potential from afforestation in a mountainous snow-rich region (Switzerland) with strongly varying environmental conditions. Using radiative forcing calculations, we quantify both the carbon sequestration potential and the effect of albedo change at high resolution. We calculate the albedo radiative forcing based on remotely sensed data sets of albedo, global radiation and snow cover. Carbon sequestration is estimated from changes in carbon stocks based on national inventories. We first estimate the spatial pattern of ...

Abstract

Until now, the world's temperate conifers have never in a single publication, in a standardized format, been depicted in photographs taken from natural habitats. The authors traveled the world over 4 decades to document temperate woody plants for a planned Dendrological Atlas. The 2-volume Conifers Around the World will appeal to a wide range of readers, from scholars to armchair travelers. The conifers are presented by geographical region, offering an account of their natural distribution. Starting in Europe (including North Africa, ...

Abstract

Outcrossing rates were estimated in a natural Yugoslavian and in a cultivated Finnish population of Serbian spruce [Picea omorika (Pani) Purk.]. The outcrossing rates in the cultivated stand in two years were 0.98 0.03 and 1.02 0.04, and in the natural stand 0.84 0.05. The relative self-fertility was estimated in seven trees in the cultivated population. The results indicate high self-fertility, which agrees with the earlier information. The high self-fertility combined with high outcrossing rate shows that Serbian spruce, in contrast ...

Abstract

This extensive work is based on the author’s belief that conifers should be presented in terms of their evolution and variation, including variation arising through breeding and selection by man. The book covers over 2150 species, lower taxa, cultivars and hybrids. Information is provided on morphology, anatomy, physiology and geo-graphic distribution. The book is intended for students and experts in forestry, horticulture, botany and biology, and all lovers of nature and ornamental plants. The ...

Abstract

To control and use wildland fires safely and effectively depends on creditable assessments of fire potential, including the propensity for crowning in conifer forests. Simulation studies that use certain fire modelling systems (i.e. NEXUS, FlamMap, FARSITE, FFE-FVS (Fire and Fuels Extension to the Forest Vegetation Simulator), Fuel Management Analyst (FMAPlus®), BehavePlus) based on separate implementations or direct integration of Rothermel’s surface and crown rate of fire spread models with Van Wagner’s crown fire transition and propagation models are shown to have ...

Abstract

As an introduction to the present book I would like to explain how it was, that I, a commercial nurseryman, became so keenly interested in Conifers and their nomen­ clature. In August 1924 the Dutch Dendrological Society was founded and at the same time a Committee for Nomenclature of woody plants was set up and I served on this committee as one of the members. Our first activity was to bring the catalogues of the various leading nurserymen in the Netherlands ...

Abstract

[::] The feeding preference of the adult pine weevil Hylobius abietis (L.) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) for Betula pendula Roth was studied in no-choice and paired-choice feeding experiments. [::] In the first no-choice test, large quantities of silver birch bark in Petri dishes were consumed; on average, the daily consumption of each weevil was 67 mm2. [::] In the second no-choice test, the weevils were offered 1-year-old silver birch seedlings for 6 days. Initially, the weevils fed mostly on the stem bases; later, ...

Abstract

Elwes in conjunction with the botanist Henry described every species of tree then grown outdoors in the British Isles, and recorded the finest specimens then to be seen. Henry's contribution to the book was unique insofar as he devised a system of identification based on leaves and twigs and on the position of buds to aid identification even in the absence of fruit and flowers. Most of these were visited and recorded personally, a process which caused Elwes to wear out ...

Abstract

This volume Coniferous Forests is the last in the series Ecosystem of the World. Conifers and coniferous forests are an important element around us and attract our interest. This volume starts with an account of the history and distribution of the conifers. In six chapters the most important areas in Asia, Europe, North and South America with conifers forest are described covering boreal, temperate, tropical as well as mountainous regions. The descriptions are made out from a biome and an ecosystem ...

Abstract

Turkey possesses all types of parent materials or bedrocks like metamorphic, sedimentary and volcanic belonging to different geological era and periods. Some parent materials contain evaporitic sediments with salt, gypsum and high contents of alkaline materials which mostly prevent the growth of climax vegetation. The country has a rugged and high topography, related to tectonic movements, and volcanic activities which mainly occurred in Tertiary and Quaternary eras. The mountains are divided into three groups in terms of formation and ecological importance ...

Abstract

[Summary] Conifers are long-lived organisms, and part of their success is due to their potent defense mechanisms. This review focuses on bark defenses, a front line against organisms trying to reach the nutrient-rich phloem. A major breach of the bark can lead to tree death, as evidenced by the millions of trees killed every year by specialized bark-invading insects. Different defense strategies have arisen in conifer lineages, but the general strategy is one of overlapping constitutive mechanical and chemical defenses overlaid ...

Abstract

The current chapter describes the ecological context and post-fire management practices for the most important and fire-prone coniferous tree species in the Mediterranean Basin, the serotinous pine trees. The state of art about evolution, habitat and adaptive strategies of Pinus halepensis Mill, Pinus brutia Ten. and Pinus pinaster Aiton are included. The management of burned areas, from emergency to long-term actions, are included but also the influence of climate change and the changing fire dynamics are discussed. To illustrate it, we ...

Abstract

Elwes in conjunction with the botanist Henry described every species of tree then grown outdoors in the British Isles, and recorded the finest specimens then to be seen. Henry's contribution to the book was unique insofar as he devised a system of identification based on leaves and twigs and on the position of buds to aid identification even in the absence of fruit and flowers. Most of these were visited and recorded personally, a process which caused Elwes to wear out ...

Abstract

Non-native trees have been introduced to Britain and native trees have been redistributed for over 2000 years, but most species were introduced in the last 400 years, and the ecological consequences have not yet been fully manifested. Introduction has been followed by various forms of adaptation to British conditions: (i) genetic changes in the trees themselves, (ii) assimilation into forest communities, (iii) colonisation by native plants, animals and fungi and (iv) gradual cultural acceptance. Nevertheless, some naturalised shrubs are widely regarded ...

Abstract

Elwes in conjunction with the botanist Henry described every species of tree then grown outdoors in the British Isles, and recorded the finest specimens then to be seen. Henry's contribution to the book was unique insofar as he devised a system of identification based on leaves and twigs and on the position of buds to aid identification even in the absence of fruit and flowers. Most of these were visited and recorded personally, a process which caused Elwes to wear out ...

Abstract

The coniferous part of the classical Mastixioideae-flora from Wiesa near Kamenz, Saxony (Lower Miocene) is described, partly revised and supplemented. The detailed investigation of the leaves by cuticular analysis is a central aim of this study. The leaf morphospecies Abies cf. resinosa, Cathaya roseltii, Nothotsuga protogaea sp. nova, Tsuga schneideriana sp. nova, Pityophyllum wiesaensis sp. nova, Sequoia abietina, Taxus engelhardtii and Torreya bilinica, and female cones of Quasisequoia couttsiae and Tetraclinis salicornioides are described for the first time from this locality. ...

Abstract

An Atlas of the World's Conifers is the first ever atlas of all known conifer species. It is based on locality information of ca. 37,000 collected herbarium specimens held in scientific institutions. As well as providing natural distribution maps for each species, Farjon and Filer give the reader comprehensive insight into the biogeography, diversity and conservation status of conifers on all continents, dispelling the widely held view that they are primarily a northern boreal plant group. Conifer diversity is analysed and ...

Abstract

Welcome to the Gymnosperm Database, the web's premier source of information on conifers and their allies. Since we went online on 1997, the Database has attracted worldwide attention as a readily accessible, scientifically accurate source of information on the classification, description, ecology and uses of this culturally and ecologically important group of plants. This home page gives some hints about how to navigate the Database, as well as providing background information for the curious. ...

Abstract

Uncertainties in the age and phylogenetic position of Pinaceae fossils present significant obstacles to our understanding of the timing of diversification in the family. We demonstrate that simultaneous phylogenetic analyses of chloroplast DNA (matK and rbcL) and nonmolecular characters that include both extant genera and a limited number of fossil taxa provide useful hypotheses for calibrating molecular trees. Root placements varied for Pinaceae, with Bayesian analyses recovering mutually monophyletic subfamilies Pinoideae and Abietoideae and parsimony analyses recovering Abietoideae as paraphyletic by placing the root between Cedrus ...

Abstract

We used chloroplast DNA sequences from matK and rbcL to infer the phylogeny for 101 of the approximately 111 species of Pinus (Pinaceae). At the level of subsection and above, the cpDNA tree is congruent with phylogenies based on nuclear DNA with one notable exception: cpDNA sequences from subsect. Contortae are sister to all other North American hard pines rather than occupying a more derived position in the same clade. We used the cpDNA tree plus evidence from nuclear ribosomal DNA ...

Abstract

Recent diversification followed by secondary contact and hybridization may explain complex patterns of intra- and interspecific morphological and genetic variation in the North American hard pines (Pinus section Trifoliae), a group of approximately 49 tree species distributed in North and Central America and the Caribbean islands. We concatenated five plastid DNA markers for an average of 3.9 individuals per putative species and assessed the suitability of the five regions as DNA bar codes for species identification, species delimitation, and phylogenetic reconstruction. ...

Abstract

Researched for more than three decades, this definitive work provides up-to-date descriptions of all the true conifers of the world, including 545 species of trees and shrubs. Written for accessibility to both horticultural and botanical audiences, it is the first comprehensive update of conifer taxonomy in nearly a century. Noted conifer taxonomist James E. Eckenwalder also discusses the relationships among the groups, practical usages, champion trees, fossil occurrences, and biology. New identification guides for the families and genera are based whenever possible on ...

Abstract

Conifer dominated plantations in central and northern Europe are associated with relatively low ecological values, and in some cases, may be vulnerable to disturbances caused by anthropogenic climate change. This has prompted the consideration of alternative tree species compositions for use in production forestry in this region. Here we evaluate the likely biodiversity costs and benefits of supplanting Norway spruce ( Picea abies ) monocultures with polycultures of spruce and birch ( Betula spp.) in southern Sweden. This polyculture alternative has ...

Abstract

Conifers are known to everyone as a conspicuous kind of evergreen trees or shrubs that feature prominently in gardens and parks as well as in many managed forests in the cool to cold temperate regions of the Northern Hemisphere. Numerous books have been written about them and continue to appear, mostly with a bias towards these uses in Europe and North America. This new handbook of the conifers is departing from this traditional approach in that it includes all the world's ...

Abstract

The distribution of plants is well correlated with climate. For example, Köppen’s (1936) climate classification is based on major biomes which are subdivided with respect to various relationships between temperature and precipitation, whilst Thornthwaite’s (1948) classification is based on potential evapo-transpiration. The distribution of major vegetation types is explained and even predicted by such classifications. Resistance to low temperatures, however, operates at the species level, and the distribution of species is strongly related to their resistance to winter frosts (Sakai and ...

Abstract

List of indexed keywords within the transdisciplinary set of domains which relate to the Integrated Natural Resources Modelling and Management (INRMM). In particular, the list of keywords maps the semantic tags in the INRMM Meta-information Database (INRMM-MiD). [\n] The INRMM-MiD records providing this list are accessible by the special tag: inrmm-list-of-tags ( http://mfkp.org/INRMM/tag/inrmm-list-of-tags ). ...

This page of the database may be cited as: Integrated Natural Resources Modelling and Management - Meta-information Database. http://mfkp.org/INRMM/tag/conifers

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