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[Source] The source of this record is MEDLINE®, a database of the U.S. National Library of Medicine.

Northern blot experiments and rapid amplification of cDNA ends-PCR with adult worms and larval stages showed that only one gene is expressed, with high variation in transcript levels, as determined by real-time PCR.

Chitinase transcript levels were lowest in the late male stage 4 larva (L4) and peaked in the stage 3 larva (L3), which was corroborated by Western blotting.

[Title] Antigen selection for future anti-Trichuris vaccines: a comparison of cytokine and antibody responses to larval and adult antigen in a primary infection.

Larval stages may contain novel and more relevant antigens which when incorporated in a vaccine induce worm expulsion earlier in infection than the adult worm products.

This study finds negligible difference in the cellular and humoral immune response to T. muris adult and third stage larva(e) (L3) ES during a primary T. muris infection, but identifies high molecular weight proteins in both adult and L3 ES as potential vaccine candidates.

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[Source] The source of this record is MEDLINE®, a database of the U.S. National Library of Medicine.

[Title] Shape of the thecal sac: L3/4 interspace compared with L4/5.

We retrospectively reviewed 60 normal magnetic resonance imaging scans to assess the anatomical shape of the thecal sac at the L3/4 and L4/5 vertebral interspaces.

In all cases the thecal sac was oval at L3/4 but in 26 (43%; 95% CI 31-55%) the thecal sac changed from oval at the L3/4 interspace to triangular at L4/5 (with the apex of the triangle presenting to the posterior epidural space).

[Source] The source of this record is MEDLINE®, a database of the U.S. National Library of Medicine.

Both Ac-slp-1 and slp-2 mRNAs were shown to be expressed in all life stages assessed, with slp-1 predominantly being expressed in third-stage larvae (L3) before and after activation with dog serum.

These antisera were used as probes in fluorescence microscopy to localize the anatomic expression sites of both proteins to small, punctate organelles or vesicles within the intestinal cells of adult worms; weak staining was detected on the microvillar brush border of the intestine.

Using transmission electron microscopy, both proteins were localized to similar vesicles in the intestinal cells of the L3.

Their expression in the gut of the L3 and adult stages suggests a role for these hookworm SAPLIPs in the lysis of host cells during tissue migration and/or feeding.

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Using sequence from the hookworm expressed sequence tag project, specific primers were designed and used to amplify Ac-api-1 from A. caninum infective L3 cDNA by PCR.

The A. ceylanicum api-1 cDNA of 878 bp was cloned from L3 cDNA using the A. caninum primers.

A polyclonal antiserum against Escherichia coli expressed recombinant Ac-API-1 detected the protein in adult A. caninum excretory/secretory products, but not in those from activated infective larvae.

Immunolocalisation experiments using the antiserum indicated that Ac-API-1 is present primarily in the pseudocoelomic fluid in adult hookworms.

Soluble, yeast-expressed Ac-API-1 failed to inhibit pepsin or a hookworm gut aspartyl protease in vitro, but inhibited approximately 30% of the proteolytic activity of adult excretory/secretory products.

The pseudocoleomic location, presence in all life cycle stages, lack of inhibitory activity against pepsin, and inhibitory activity against excretory/secretory products suggest that Ac-API-1 inhibits an unidentified, putative aspartyl protease secreted by adult hookworms, and may be released as an enzyme-inhibitor complex.

[Source] The source of this record is MEDLINE®, a database of the U.S. National Library of Medicine.

The influence of live Brugia malayi parasites and a Sephadex G-200 fraction of the adult parasite extract (BmAFII) on the progression of Leishmania donovani infection was studied.

Inbred hamsters were first infected with B. malayi infective 3rd stage larvae (L3), adult worms or microfilariae (mf), and then with L. donovani amastigotes (Ld), or vice versa or received both the infections simultaneously; a group of animals were first immunized with BmAFII and then infected with Ld. L. donovani parasite burden was determined between 17 and 19 days post amastigote challenge (p.a.c.) and, in case of immunized animals, between 32 and 35 days p.a.c also.

Leishmanial parasite burden was significantly reduced in animals exposed to filarial L3 before amastigote inoculation and in animals given filarial adult worms after or together with amastigotes.

The findings show, for the first time, that B. malayi L3/adult worms or immunization with BmAFII inhibits progression of L. donovani infection in hamsters and this is associated with upregulation of NO and lymphocyte proliferative responses indicating that Th1 response might be responsible for this.

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[Source] The source of this record is MEDLINE®, a database of the U.S. National Library of Medicine.

After an initial rise in proliferative responses against larval and adult worm antigens, the cellular reactivity decreased until the end of pre-patency, rose again during patency, and dropped after chemotherapy.

Before infection and during the course of infection, elevated concentrations of TNF-alpha were detected in supernatants of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) stimulated in vitro with third-stage (L3) or adult worm excretory-secretory (ES) antigens, which dropped off after chemotherapy.

After stimulation with L3 antigen, elevated concentrations of CCL17 were detected in supernatants during pre-patency and patency.

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Immunization with BmAFII reduced the adult worm recovery by 85.7% (P<0.001) and microfilaraemia by 77-95% of unimmunized controls (P<0.05-0.01).

Immunization alone resulted in downregulation of responses of cellular proliferation, IFN-gamma, TNF-alpha and NO production (P<0.01) but increased TGF-beta release (P<0.001) whereas the converse was seen after L3 inoculation in these animals.

In unimmunized+L3 inoculated animals all the above parameters were found downregulated (P<0.01-0.001).

The cell proliferative response of BmAFII immunized+L3 challenged animals was larger for Con A (P<0.001) but not for BmAFII.

[Source] The source of this record is MEDLINE®, a database of the U.S. National Library of Medicine.

OBJECTIVE: To explore the temporospatial changes of IGF-I expression in the spared dorsal root ganglia (DRG, L6) on the operated side and un-operated side, in the spinal lamina II (L3, L5, L6) and Clarke's nucleus (L3) of the adult cats that have undergone partial dorsal rhizotomy, and compare them against those of the normal adult cats so as to unveil the relation between IGF-I and the plasticity of spinal cord.

METHODS: Fifteen male adult cats were divided into three groups.

The bilateral L6 dorsal root ganglia and L3, L5, L6 spinal cord of all groups were made into frozen sections 20 microm thick.

The distribution and the number of IGF-I positive neurons in bilateral spared DRG (L6) on the operated/un-operated side, in spinal lamina I (L3, L5, L6) and in Clarke' nucleus (L3) of each animal were observed and counted.

On the 14th day, the IGF-I expression in neurons of L6 DRG on the operated side was significantly lower than that of normal group and that of L6 spared DRG on the unoperated side (P<0.01), but it was not significantly different from that of the 7th day group (P>0.05). (2) There was no difference in number of IGF-I positive neuron in L3, L5, L6 spinal lamina II between normal group, 7th day post-operation group and 14th day post-operation group (P>0.05).

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[Source] The source of this record is MEDLINE®, a database of the U.S. National Library of Medicine.

The results show that tiny (<3mm in length) third stage larvae (L3) appeared in the liver of opossums around November and December.

Also in the liver, we found large L3 of up to about 10mm in length together with juveniles and mature adults from February to March.

In spite of their length, large L3 have 4 rows of hooklets, and their gonads remained undeveloped.

Morphological features of the small and large L3 of G. turgidum are described including scanning electron microscope images.

The seasonal switching of the several growth stages of G. turgidum from small L3 to adult worms in the liver and eventual migration to the stomach in opossums suggests the unique feature of G. turgidum utilizing the liver as the maturation site.

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[Source] The source of this record is MEDLINE®, a database of the U.S. National Library of Medicine.

[Title] Anisakis simplex: CO(2)-fixing enzymes and development throughout the in vitro cultivation from third larval stage to adult.

The results showed that a high pCO(2), at a suitable temperature, is vital for the optimum development of these nematodes, at least from the third larval stage (L3) to adult.

Throughout the development of the worms studied, PEPCK activity was much higher than that of PEPC (e.g., 305 vs. 6.8 nmol/min.mg protein, respectively, in L3 collected from the host fish).

The activity of these enzymes in the worms cultivated in air + 5% CO(2) was highest during M3, and was also generally higher than that of those cultivated in air only, especially during molting from L3 to L4 (e.g., in recently molted L4, PEPCK activity was 3.7 times greater than that of PEPC 2.9 times greater than when cultivated in air).

[Source] The source of this record is MEDLINE®, a database of the U.S. National Library of Medicine.

Serum IgG1 mean levels against C. punctata antigens were higher in the resistant group, but significant differences between groups were only observed 14 days after the beginning of the experiment against infective larvae (L3) and 14 and 84 days against adult antigens.

The resistant group also presented higher IgA levels against C. punctata (L3 and adult) antigens with significant difference 14 days after the beginning of the trial (P<0.05).

In the small-intestine mucosa, levels of IgA anti-L3 and anti-adult C. punctata were higher in the resistant group, compared with the susceptible group (P<0.05).

A soluble extract from adult helminths obtained from the abomasa of hyperinfected (12,000 infective larvae) female Manchego lambs and treated with a mixture of protease inhibitors was subjected to affinity chromatography (hexylgluthatione) to eliminate the enzyme gluthatione S-transferase.

This allowed the isolation of a single protein, which was expressed in both infective larvae (L3) and the adult stage of the parasite.

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[Source] The source of this record is MEDLINE®, a database of the U.S. National Library of Medicine.

BACKGROUND: Third-stage infective larvae (L3) of hookworms are in an obligatory state of developmental arrest that ends upon entering the definitive host, where they receive a signal that re-activates development.

RESULTS: To determine if hookworm 14-3-3 proteins play a similar role in L3 activation, hookworm FTT-2 was identified and tested for its ability to interact with A. caninum DAF-16 in vitro.

Ac-FTT-2 was undetectable by Western blot in excretory/secretory products from serum-stimulated (activated) L3 or adult A. caninum.

CONCLUSION: The results indicate that Ac-FTT-2 interacts with DAF-16 in a phosphorylation-site dependent manner, and suggests that Ac-FTT-2 mediates activation of L3 by binding Ac-DAF-16 during hookworm infection.

[Source] The source of this record is MEDLINE®, a database of the U.S. National Library of Medicine.

[Title] Influence of the injection site (L2/3 or L3/4) and the posture of the vertebral column on selective spinal anesthesia for ambulatory knee arthroscopy.

BACKGROUND: We tested the hypothesis that selective spinal anesthesia for ambulatory knee arthroscopy can be accomplished with a small dose of bupivacaine at the L3/4 interspace with or without a head-down tilt of 5 degrees when the patients were in the lateral decubitus position.

METHODS: In this double-blind study, 123 patients were randomly allocated to receive spinal anesthesia with 4 mg of hyperbaric bupivacaine inserted at either the L2/3 interspace, while the vertebral column was kept horizontal (L2/3 group), or the L3/4 level, with the vertebral column horizontal (L3/4H) or tilted 5 degrees head-down (L3/4T).

RESULTS: In the L3/4T group the sensory block (Th8) reached a significantly higher level 30 min after spinal injection, compared with both the L2/3 (Th10) and L3/4H (Th11) groups.

In the L3/4H group, 39% of the patients needed an additional tilt for 3 min at 7 min, compared with 10% (P=0.004) in the L3/4T group.

Sacral block developed later and recovered faster (P<0.05) in the L3/4T group compared to the L3/4H group.

A 4-mg dose of hyperbaric bupivacaine at the L3/4 interspace with a 5 degrees head-down tilt of the vertebral column for 6 min is recommended for knee arthroscopy.

[Source] The source of this record is MEDLINE®, a database of the U.S. National Library of Medicine.

The flavoprotein (Fp) and small subunit of cytochrome b (CybS) in adult complex II differ from those of infective third stage larval (L3) complex II.

However, there is no difference in the iron-sulfur cluster (Ip) or the large subunit of cytochrome b (CybL) between adult and L3 isoforms of complex II.

In the present study, to clarify the changes that occur in the respiratory chain of A. suum larvae during their migration in the host, we examined enzymatic activity, quinone content and complex II subunit composition in mitochondria of lung stage L3 (LL3) A. suum larvae.

Interestingly, the results of two-dimensional bule-native/sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis analyses showed that LL3 mitochondria contained larval Fp (Fp(L)) and adult Fp (Fp(A)) at a ratio of 1:0.56, and that most LL3 CybS subunits were of the adult form (CybS(A)).

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The immune responses ranged from 5% to 36% across experimental vaccines for the L3 H44-76 strain (versus 27% for the control), from 0% to 11% for the L3 NZ98/124 strain (versus 23% for the control), and from 0% to 13% for the L2 760676 strain (versus 59% for the control).

[Source] The source of this record is MEDLINE®, a database of the U.S. National Library of Medicine.

In the free-living nematode Caenorhabditis elegans, recovery from the developmentally arrested dauer stage in response to environmental cues is analogous to the resumption of development in invading hookworm L3.

Sequence from a hookworm expressed sequence tag was used to design specific primers for PCR amplification of Ac-daf-7 from Ancylostoma caninum infective L3 cDNA.

Ac-daf-7 mRNA was strongly detected by reverse transcriptase PCR in L3 and serum stimulated L3 cDNA, and weakly in cDNA from L1 and adult life cycle stages.

Antiserum against Escherichia coli expressed recombinant Ac-DAF-7 detected the mature protein in L3 and adult soluble extracts, but not in excretory/secretory products from serum stimulated L3 or adults.

Increased expression in arrested L3 stages suggests that Ac-daf-7 is important for developmental arrest.

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A cDNA representing Tci-mif-1 was isolated following its identification in third-stage larvae (L3)-enriched cDNA population.

Using immunohistochemistry, the Tci-MIF-1 protein was shown to have a diffuse distribution in L3 tissue, and in L4 and adult stages, the protein was localized to the nematode gut.

A recombinant version of Tci-MIF-1 was produced, and enzymic assays indicated that this recombinant protein and a somatic extract of L3 possessed dopachrome tautomerase activity as has been observed previously in other MIF-like molecules.

[Source] The source of this record is MEDLINE®, a database of the U.S. National Library of Medicine.

[Title] Organization and neurochemical properties of intersegmental interneurons in the lumbar enlargement of the adult rat.

Intersegmental interneurons with relatively short axons perform an important role in the coordination of limb movement but surprisingly little is known about their organization and how they contribute to neuronal networks in the adult rat.

The b-subunit of cholera toxin was injected into L1 or L3 segments of seven rats in the vicinity of lateral or medial motor nuclei.

In contrast, 19% of all intra-segmental axons in the L3 contralateral lateral motor nucleus were found to be purely glycinergic and 17% contained a mixture of GABA and glycine.

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[Source] The source of this record is MEDLINE®, a database of the U.S. National Library of Medicine.

BACKGROUND: Response in adultacute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) can be achieved in a majority of patients.

However, unlike pediatric ALL, recurrence is common in adult ALL, and the ability to predict at an early stage which patients are most likely to experience recurrence may help in devising new therapeutic approaches to prevent recurrence.

Positive prediction of L3 morphological classification was achieved in 80% of test cases.

The aim of the study was to find minimal effective dose of spinal hyperbaric bupivacaine for adult anorectal surgery.

Dural puncture was made before surgery in the sitting position at L3-L4 or L4-L5 with 25-26G Tamanho spinal needle (BBraun, Germany) and different volumes of hyperbaric bupivacaine (Marcaine Spinal Heavy 0.5%, AstraZeneca) were injected over 2 minutes: group 1 (n=17) 1.5 ml, group 2 (n=38) 1.0 ml, group 3 (n=38) 0.8 ml.

[Source] The source of this record is MEDLINE®, a database of the U.S. National Library of Medicine.

The objective of this study was to investigate the relationship between the expressions of breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP) gene and drug resistance as well as prognosis in adult patients with acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL).

[Source] The source of this record is MEDLINE®, a database of the U.S. National Library of Medicine.

With disproportionate exposure to violence in poorer areas even in those under 15, early life primary prevention initiatives are required in disadvantaged communities to reduce childhood harm and the development of adult perpetrators and victims of violence.

[Source] The source of this record is MEDLINE®, a database of the U.S. National Library of Medicine.

BACKGROUND & AIMS: The percentage of Lens culinaris agglutinin-reactive (alpha)-fetoprotein (AFP-L3%) is proposed as a diagnostic and prognostic marker for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC).

We evaluated the utility of AFP-L3% for diagnosis of HCC in a US referral population.

The AFP-L3% was measured using a clinical auto-analyzer.

RESULTS: The AFP-L3% is not reported for a total alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) less than 10 ng/mL, and all patients with an AFP greater than 200 ng/mL had HCC; thus the AFP-L3% was noninformative for these patients.

In patients with a total AFP of 10-200 ng/mL, an AFP-L3% greater than 10% had a sensitivity of 71% and a specificity of 63% for diagnosis of HCC.

An AFP-L3% greater than 35% had a reduced sensitivity of 33%, but an increased specificity of 100%.

The high specificity of the AFP-L3% cut-off of 35% allowed the confident diagnosis of an additional 10% of HCCs not diagnosed using an AFP cut-off of 200 ng/mL.

After adjustment for AFP level, no association was observed between AFP-L3% and tumor size, stage, vascular invasion, grade, or survival.

We found that an AFP-L3% greater than 35% has 100% specificity for HCC in these patients.

AFP-L3%, used in combination with AFP, may be a clinically useful adjunct marker for the diagnosis of HCC.

[Source] The source of this record is MEDLINE®, a database of the U.S. National Library of Medicine.

PCR-based methods are preferred over classical dissections but the best protocol so far achieved detection of one L3 Wuchereria bancrofti larva in a pool of 35-50 Anopheles mosquitoes.

Two DNA extraction methods; Bender buffer and phenol/chloroform purification, and DNAeasy Tissue kit (Quaigen Inc) were used on pools of 25, 50, 75 100 and 150 mosquitoes each seeded with one L3 or its quivalent amount of DNA.

Although PCR detection of one L3 in pools of 25, 50 and 75 mosquitoes was consistent irrespective of the extraction method, that of one L3 in 100 was only achieved with the kit-extracted DNA/Dynal bead purification method.

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[Source] The source of this record is MEDLINE®, a database of the U.S. National Library of Medicine.

The kids grazed in a pasture contaminated with L3 larvae of GIN.

Parasitic challenge was assessed by means of faecal egg counts (FEC), pasture larvae and adult nematodes in the GI tract of kids at slaughter.

The parasitic challenge of L3 on pasture reached its highest point at 42days and there were significant (P<0.01) differences between the numbers of Teladorsagia spp., Trichostrongylus spp., Haemonchus contortus, Oesophagostomum spp. and Chabertia spp. found in the GI tract of kids between the three groups; group A had the highest numbers.

Overall, the results showed that the increased protein content in the diet of growing kids grazing on a pasture contaminated with L3 nematode larvae resulted in the production of acceptable carcasses.

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[Source] The source of this record is MEDLINE®, a database of the U.S. National Library of Medicine.

Activation of NK cells was regulated by KIRs, because NK cell degranulation was increased by 1-7F9, a human antibody that binds KIR2DL1/L2/L3 and KIR2DS1/S2, and this effect was most pronounced in KIR haplotype B individuals.

[Source] The source of this record is MEDLINE®, a database of the U.S. National Library of Medicine.

[Title] Indoor air pollution from biomass fuel smoke is a major health concern in the developing world.

One-third of the world's population burn organic material such as wood, dung or charcoal (biomass fuel) for cooking, heating and lighting.

This form of energy usage is associated with high levels of indoor air pollution and an increase in the incidence of respiratory infections, including pneumonia, tuberculosis and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, low birthweight, cataracts, cardiovascular events and all-cause mortality both in adults and children.

The mechanisms behind these associations are not fully understood.

This review summarises the available information on biomass fuel use and health, highlighting the current gaps in knowledge.

[Source] The source of this record is MEDLINE®, a database of the U.S. National Library of Medicine.

Due to the suspected relevance of the sympathetic L2 ganglion, two groups were created: a T12 group, in which instrumentation down to T12 was carried out (n = 12), and an L3 group, in which instrumentation down to L3 was done (n = 12).

In the T12 group, mean temperatures of 29.6 degrees C on the side of the approach versus 29.5 degrees C on the control side were measured (P > 0.05); in the L3 group, the mean temperatures were 33.2 degrees C on the approach side versus 30.5 degrees C on the control side (P = 0.001).

A significant difference between the T12 group and the L3 group (P < 0.001) was observed on the approach side, but not on the control side (P = 0.15).

The ninhydrin sweat test showed reduced perspiration in 11 of 12 patients in the L3 group on the approach side in comparison with the control side (P = 0.002).

In the L3 group, they were found on the approach side only in 4 of 11 analyzable patients versus 11 patients on the control side.

In conclusion, anterior scoliosis instrumentation with a dual-rod system including vertebrae down to L3 regularly leads to lesions in the sympathetic trunk.

The caudal level of instrumentation (T12 vs. L3) has an impact on the extent of impairment, supporting the suspected importance of the L2 ganglion.

Upon necropsy, 10 and 170 adult worms were recovered from the untreated dogs inoculated with 50 and 500 L3, respectively.

Adult worms were also found in two treated dogs, in the absence of L1 or eggs.

Infections starting from 50 L3 of A. vasorum had a massive impact on lung tissues and therefore on the health of affected dogs, particularly after prepatency, although only mild haematological abnormalities were evident.

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[Source] The source of this record is MEDLINE®, a database of the U.S. National Library of Medicine.

A single HRA was fixed superficial to L3/L4 segment to capture motions relative to the center-of-mass, and three-uniaxial accelerometers were fixed on the surface of the dominant leg correspondent to the vastus medialis (VM), vastus lateralis (VL), and soleus (SOL) muscles to record MMG.

[Publication-country] Ireland

[Source] The source of this record is MEDLINE®, a database of the U.S. National Library of Medicine.

Three groups of sera from dogs (Group 1: dogs naturally infected only by U. stenocephala; Group 2: helminth-free dogs at necropsy, and Group 3: dogs parasitized by other helminths) were analyzed by ELISA using U. stenocephala antigens from adult worms (somatic and excretory-secretory antigens) and from L3 larvae (somatic antigens).

However, an analysis to assess the diagnostic value of the different antigens demonstrated that the adult excretory-secretory antigens had a higher diagnostic efficacy (96.7%), indicating that this is the best antigen source for the diagnosis of Uncinaria infection.

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[Source] The source of this record is MEDLINE®, a database of the U.S. National Library of Medicine.

We tested the hypothesis that the age of L2 acquisition has an effect on the cortical representation of a multilingual repertoire in 44 multilinguals with different age of exposure to a L2 (simultaneous or covert simultaneous exposure to L1 and L2, sequential acquisition of L1 and L2 between 1 and 5 years, late learning of L2 after 9 years of age) and all fluent in a late learned L3.

Regional activation in a language production task showed a high in-between-subject variability, which was higher than within-subject variability between L1, L2, and L3.

Using histomorphometry to determine frequency of events, we have now quantified intratrabecular tunneling at L3 and extended it to investigate the effects of PTH(1-84) treatment on trabecular bone at the proximal femur, distal radius and iliac crest of these animals.

At L3, tunneling frequency was low in control sham and OVX animals ( approximately 0.05/mm(2)) but increased significantly in PTH(1-84)-treated animals (0.27, 0.49 and 0.95/mm(2) with the 5, 10 and 25 microg/kg doses, respectively).

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[Source] The source of this record is MEDLINE®, a database of the U.S. National Library of Medicine.

BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to determine the technical success after endovascular treatment of acute type B aortic dissections and to evaluate true and false lumen diameter changes at long-term follow-up.

Taking into account the perfusion status of the false lumen, diameter changes were monitored in the thoracic aorta at the level of the stented segment (L1), distal to the stent graft (L2), and at the level of the celiac trunk (L3).

In L3, the false lumen thrombosed in only 22%, and the mean difference of false lumen diameter increase reached significance at the 2-year follow-up.

[Source] The source of this record is MEDLINE®, a database of the U.S. National Library of Medicine.

Skin markers and lumbar vertebrae L3 and L4 were examined by vertically open magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) within different postures to investigate whether, and to which extent the position and orientation of skin markers represent the corresponding information of assigned underlying vertebra.

[Publication-country] United States

[Source] The source of this record is MEDLINE®, a database of the U.S. National Library of Medicine.

The effects of tannins on adult populations of Haemonchus contortus, Trichostrongylus colubriformis and Teladorsagia circumcincta in goats are characterised mainly by a decrease in egg excretion without any significant changes in worm number.

In contrast, the impact of tannins on T. colubriformis or T. circumcincta third-stage larvae (L3) is associated with a significant reduction in worm establishment.

The objective of the present study was to examine the effects of quebracho extract tannins on H. contortus L3.

All kids received 1500 L3 H. contortus on D0, D1 and D2.

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[Source] The source of this record is MEDLINE®, a database of the U.S. National Library of Medicine.

In group A, there were 51 males and 42 females with an average age of 32.3 years (range, 18-47 years); there were 23 cases of protrusion, 52 cases of prolapse, and 18 cases of sequestration with an average disease duration of 8.5 months (range, 1-18 months), including 8 cases at L2,3 level, 11 cases at L3,4 level, 35 cases at L4,5 level, and 39 cases at L5, S1 level.

In group B, there were 81 males and 67 females with an average age of 31.8 years (range, 16-50 years); there were 37 cases of protrusion, 85 cases of prolapse, and 26 cases of sequestration with an average disease duration of 9.3 months (range, 1-20 months), including 9 cases at L2,3 level, 15 cases at L3,4 level, 63 cases at L4,5 level, and 61 cases at L5, S1 level.

[Source] The source of this record is MEDLINE®, a database of the U.S. National Library of Medicine.

One fracture was located at T2, 1 at T3, 1 at T10, 4 at T11, 6 at T12, 5 at L1, at L2, 7 at L3, 5 at L4, and 2 at L15, with a total of 35 segments including 26 segments with unstable fractures and 9 segments with stable compression fractures.

[Source] The source of this record is MEDLINE®, a database of the U.S. National Library of Medicine.

[Title] Operative treatment of 733 patients with acute thoracolumbar spinal injuries: comprehensive results from the second, prospective, Internet-based multicenter study of the Spine Study Group of the German Association of Trauma Surgery.

The second, internet-based multicenter study (MCSII) of the Spine Study Group of the German Association of Trauma Surgery (Deutsche Gesellschaft für Unfallchirurgie) is a representative patient collection of acute traumatic thoracolumbar (T1-L5) injuries.

65% of patients with thoracic (T1-T10) and 57% with lumbar spinal (L3-L5) injuries were treated with a single posterior approach (POSTERIOR).

In conclusion, comprehensive data of a large patient population with acute thoracolumbar spinal injuries has been obtained and analyzed with this prospective internet-based multicenter study.

[Other-IDs] NLM/ PMC2899605

[Source] The source of this record is MEDLINE®, a database of the U.S. National Library of Medicine.

All 62 parturients received single-dose spinal anesthesia with a 27-gauge pencil-point needle at either the L3-4 or L4-5 intervertebral interspace, with a combination of bupivacaine, 2.5 mg; morphine, 0.25 mg; and clonidine, 45 microg.