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During planar polarity patterning of the wing, a core group of

During planar polarity patterning of the wing, a core group of planar polarity genes has been identified which acts downstream of global polarity cues to locally coordinate cell polarity and specify trichome production at distal cell edges. of polarity, most likely by promotion of intracellular asymmetry. Interestingly, both local polarity propagation and trichome placement occur normally in mutant backgrounds where asymmetry of polarity protein distribution is undetectable, suggesting such asymmetry is not an absolute requirement 857064-38-1 manufacture for any of the functions of the core complex. wing, which provides a simple model in which each cell becomes coordinately polarised and produces a single distally pointing trichome (Fig. 1A). It is widely considered that this pattern is produced by three tiers of gene activity (Tree et al., 2002a; Klein and Mlodzik, 2005; Strutt and Strutt, 2005). At the top of the hierarchy the type II transmembrane protein Four-jointed (Fj) and the atypical cadherins Dachsous (Ds) and Fat (Ft) act (probably with other unidentified factors) to provide a long-range (or global) patterning cue across the axis of the tissue (Adler et al., 1998; Zeidler et al., 2000; Strutt and Strutt, 2002; Ma et al., 2003). In a manner which is not understood, but is possibly dependent on gene function (Hannus et al., 2002), this long-range cue is thought to be GYPA interpreted 857064-38-1 manufacture by the middle tier of genes which include and a number of other factors known as the core polarity genes (Shulman et al., 1998). The final tier consists of tissue-specific effectors, which modulate cellular behaviours such as polarisation of the cytoskeleton and transcription, in response to activity of 857064-38-1 manufacture components of the core. Fig. 1 Temporal rescue of and phenotypes in the wing and eye. All wings are shown in this and subsequent figures distal right, anterior up. Eye sections are posterior right, dorsal up. (A) Trichome polarity on the surface of a wild-type wing. (B) … The definition of the core polarity proteins is somewhat fluid, but was originally used to refer to factors that act together with Fz in all tissues examined in gene may also be regarded as a component of the core (Katanaev et al., 2005), but this requires further investigation. Fz is thought to perform at least three functions in planar polarity patterning. The first is to receive long-range pattering information from upstream cues, for instance provided by the activities of Fj/Ds/Ft. Experiments analysing the temporal requirements of and suggest that such coupling may occur around 6 to 24?h of pupal life (Strutt and Strutt, 857064-38-1 manufacture 2002; Matakatsu and Blair, 2004). Recent models have suggested that this information could be provided either by generation of a gradient of Fz activity across the whole axis of the wing or alternatively via generation of a gradient of Fz activity across the axis of individual cells (Lawrence et al., 2004; Amonlirdviman et al., 2005). Notably, there is currently no evidence that other components of the core are involved in this coupling. Second, Fz is involved in a process of cellCcell communication that locally coordinates cell polarity (Adler et al., 2000; Ma et al., 2003; Lawrence et al., 2004) and also occurs after 6?h of pupal life (Strutt and Strutt, 2002). Historically, models to explain this coordination have invoked the production of a diffusible ligand for Fz (Park et al., 1994; Zheng et al., 1995; Adler et al., 1997). However, more recent models based on the observation of core polarity protein localisation to cell junctions have suggested that cellCcell signalling is contact-dependent (Tree et al., 2002b; Lawrence et al., 2004; Amonlirdviman et al., 2005; Klein 857064-38-1 manufacture and Mlodzik, 2005; Le Garrec et al., 2006). Generally,.