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occurs when you slow or stop responding to an event that has become familiar through repeated presentation.

Sensitization

occurs when our response to an event increases rather than decreases with repeated exposure.

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Example of Habituation

Most birds will startle and become agitated when the shadow of a hawk asses overhead, but their level of alarm will rapidly decline if the object is presented repeatedly with no subsequent attack. This is an example of what?

Example of Sensitization

if you are exposed to a loud noise, your reactions become more intense and prolonged with repeated exposure. This is an example of what?

Conditioned Stimulus

becomes a signal for the unconditioned stimulus when it provides information about the delivery to the unconditioned stimulus.

Stimulus Generalization

a new stimulus produces a response similar to the one produced by the conditioned stimulus.

Stimulus Discrimination

response to a new stimulus is different from your response to the original conditioned stimulus.

Extinction

the conditioned stimulus is presented repeatedly, after conditioning, but is not longer followed by the unconditioned stimulus. Happens when CS is presented repeatedly without US.

Spontaneous Recovery

Recovery of an extinguished response when the conditioned is presented again, after a delay.

Example of extinction

If a dog drools to a bell that predicts food, and the food suddenly stops being delivered after the striking of the bell, the dog will eventually stop drooling. This is an example of what?

Example of Spontaneous Recovery

In Pavlov's case, his dogs stopped drooling if a bell signaling food was repeatedly presented alone, but when the bell was rung the day after extinction, the conditioned response reappeared.

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Operant Conditioning

Learning that our own actions, rather than conditioned stimuli, leads to consequences and outcomes.

Law of effect

if an animal's response to a stimulus is followed by a pleasant consequence, it is more likely that the animal will repeat the behavior.

reinforcement

means behavior increases.

Example of Positive Reinforcement

Giving a pet a treat when he behaves well

positive reinforcement

Consequence that increases the likelihood that behavior will be repeated when presented after the behavior.

negative reinforcement

consequences that, when removed after a response, increase the likelihood that the behavior will be repeated

example of negative reinforcement

when you don't have to wash the dishes because you made good grades

conditioned reinforcers

if a stimulus or event predicts the absence or removal of something negative then the presentation is likely to be reinforcing.

positive punishment

presented after a response and lowers the likelihood of that behavior being repeated

example of positive punishment

adding extra chores because your child failed a test

negative punishment

removal after a response and lowers the likelihood of that behavior happening again

example of negative punishment

taking a child's video game due to bad behavior

Fixed-Ratio Reinforcement

Reinforcement at steady intervals; Fixed number of responses necessary for reinforcement. low resistance to extinction

Variable-Ratio Reinforcement

One gets rewarded after varying numbers of tries; Number of responses change. high resistance to extinction

Example of Fixed-Ratio Reinforcement

When you get a bonus for every 10 sales made in a business, this is an example of what?

Example of variable-ration reinforcement

Gambling is an example of what?

post reinforcement pause

delay in response after completing ratio (fixed-ration reinforcement)

continuous reinforcement

reinforcement after every response

partial reinforcement

reinforcement occasionally after response.

fixed-interval reinforcement

reinforcement that happens after a specific amount of time. low resistance to extinction

example of fixed interval reinforcement

calling a radio station and winning a CD., but you can't win again for 30 days. In this case, calling the radio station is controlled by an example of what type of reinforcement?

variable interval reinforcement

reinforcement that happens after a period of time that varies. high resistance to extinction

example of variable interval reinforcement

waiting on the phone while on hold or being rewarded every 3 minutes, 5 minutes, and 4 minutes, is an example of what type of reinforcement?

shaping

developed by Skinner. rewarding small signs of progress along the way

example of shaping

while training a dog to sit, you reward small progress toward reaching the ultimate desired behavior is an example of what?

learning

process of acquiring new knowledge; change in behavior resulting from experience.

orienting response

tendency to notice and respond to novel events

classical conditioning

learning of the relationship between 2 events. Outside of our control. Developed by Ivan Pavlov.

Unconditioned stimulus

automatically leads to a response (stimulus)

unconditioned response

unlearned, automatic response from US

example of unconditioned response

salivating to food is and example of what?

conditioned stimulus

neutral stimulus + unconditioned stimulus

conditioned response

response from CS in anticipation of US

forward conditioning

CS before US

simultaneous conditioning

CS and US at the same time

Backward conditioning

CS after US; Us before CS

blocking

adding a 2nd stimulus but not being conditioned to it. CS+new stimulus= CR

second-order conditioning

adding another stimulus and conditioning it. CS+new stimulus+ new stimulus leading to CR

evolutionary adaptive

ways to prepare for other ways of stimulus showing

BF Skinner

who performed shaping with pigeons?

observational learning

also called "social learning"; people and animals learn by example and overseeing the experiences of others.

example of observational learning

the Bobo doll experiment is and example of what?

Modeling

tendency to imitate behavior of significant others, family, and friends

vicarious reinforcement

observing reinforcement in others

example of vicarious reinforcement

if your sister gets money for making good grades, you will more than likely try to get good grades for money. this is an example of what?

vicarious punishment

observing punishment in others

example of vicarious punishment

watching a friend go to jail is an example of what?

self-efficacy

guided by strength rather than passion

example of self-efficacy

wanting to be a pilot, but you can't because of bad vision is an example of what?