The global trend towards smaller families is a reflection of people making reproductive choices to have as few or as many children as they want, when they want. When people lack choice, it can have a long-term impact on fertility rates, often making them higher or lower than what most people desire, according to The State of World Population 2018, publishedtoday by UNFPA, the United Nations sexual and reproductive health agency.

Family size is closely linked with reproductive rights, which, in turn, are tied to many other rights, including the right to adequate health, education, and jobs. Where people can exercise their rights, they tend to thrive. Where these rights are stifled, people often fail to achieve their full potential, impeding economic and social progress, according to the new report , entitled, " The Power of Choice: Reproductive Rights and the Demographic Transition."

When a woman has the power and means to prevent or delay a pregnancy, for example, she has more control over her health and can enter or stay in the paid labour force and realize her full economic potential.

The report found that no country can claim that all of its citizens enjoy reproductive rights at all times. Most couples cannot have the number of children they want because they either lack economic and social support to achieve their preferred family size, or the means to control their fertility. The unmet need for modern contraception prevents hundreds of millions of women from choosing smaller families.

Since the 1994 International Conference on Population and Development, reproductive health and rights have substantially improved around the world. People have more information about their reproductive rights and choices, and a greater capacity to claim their rights. "The historic transition to lower fertility," says the report, "has emerged through people claiming their right to make choices about their reproductive lives, and to have as few, or as many, children as they want, when they want."

The report classifies all countries in the world by the current dynamics of their populations' fertility. It makes specific recommendations for policies and programmes that would help each country increase reproductive choices.

T o makefreedom of choice a reality, says the report , countries can prioritize universal access to quality reproductive health care, including modern contraceptives; ensure better education, including age-appropriate sexuality education; advocate for a change in men's attitudes to be supportive of the rights and aspirations of women and girls ; and make it easier for couples to have more children, if they want them, by enabling greater work-life balance through measures such as affordable child care.

"The way forward is the full realization of reproductive rights, for every individual and couple, no matter where or how they live, or how much they earn," says the Dr. Kanem. "This includes dismantling all the barriers—whether economic, social or institutional—that inhibit free and informed choice."

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UNFPA is the lead UN agency for delivering a world where every pregnancy is wanted, every childbirth is safe and every young person's potential is fulfilled. UNFPA reaches millions of women and young people in 155 countries and territories.

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