American physicist Maurice Goldhaber studied under Lise Meitner, Erwin Schrödinger, and Max von Laue at the University of Berlin, until fleeing Nazi Germany in 1933. He then came to Cambridge, where he studied under Ernest Rutherford. With James Chadwick he discovered that the neutron is a distinct particle (not merely a compound of proton and electron) and showed that certain nuclei can be broken up by bombardment with slow neutrons. With his wife, physicist Gertrude Scharff-Goldhaber, he showed that electrons and beta rays are the same. With Edward Teller he developed the concept that coherent oscillations of the protons and neutrons in nuclei lead to a giant dipole resonance. With physicist Lee Grodzins he showed the leftward spin of neutrinos. And with Kenneth Bainbridge he showed that isomeric decay probability can be affected by an atom's electronic environment. His study of slow-neutron scattering led to the development of nuclear reactors. His wife discovered that spontaneous fission is associated with the emission of neutrons, and the couple's students included Norman F. Ramsey and Rosalyn Sussman Yalow.