In the quarter century since Abraham Maslow’s death in 1970, his concept of peak experience has remained important to personality theory and such applied fields as counseling, psychotherapy, and education. However, it is little known that Maslow became interested in the topic of childhood peak experiences at the end of his life. In this exploratory study, Maslow’s biographer conducted oral and written interviews–phenomenologically based–with more than 250 adult men and women who could recall enduring “peak” episodes experienced before age 14. The results were supportive of Maslow’s hypothesis that even young children are capable of peak moments of lasting impact. After presenting an overview of Maslow’s general approach to peak experiences, a typology (with specific examples) is presented of nine distinct categories of childhood epiphanies, including uplifting experiences in places of scenic grandeur, near-death or crisis episodes, spontaneous moments of bliss, and unforgettable dreams. Directions for future research are suggested.

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Among Abraham Maslow’s most intriguing theoretical constructs was that of peak experience. This concept has strongly affected the fields of religious psychology, pastoral counseling, and contemporary theology; generated the specialty known as transpersonal psychology (a term popularized by Maslow); and penetrated the everyday English language as well.

In this article, I first provide a brief overview of Maslow’s peak experience concept and then highlight my own exploratory research on the “peak” moments of childhood and their enduring impact on adult personality.

MASLOW’S APPROACH TO PEAK EXPERIENCES

Although Maslow had been studying religious experience since the mid-1940s with his interest in emotionally healthy, “self-actualizing” people, he published nothing on the topic for years due to his fear of professional ridicule. Not since the days of William James at the turn of the 20th century had academic psychologists shown much respect for the topic of religious psychology, and in the post-World War II era, it had certainly not become intellectually acceptable. Indeed, as a self-proclaimed atheist who grew up in a nonobservant Brooklyn-Jewish household, Maslow found himself uneasy about the exotic narratives of history’s great mystics and sages. But committed to scientific truth wherever it might lead, he persisted in careful investigation.

Finally, in mid-1954, while still struggling to establish fledgling Brandeis University’s Psychology Department, Maslow felt ready to share his findings with colleagues. Fearing rejection of his unorthodox paper, he did not submit it for formal publication to a journal but rather read it aloud at the American Psychological Association’s annual convention that year.

Titling his address “Cognition of Being in the Peak Experiences,” Maslow (1959) began by asserting that

Self-actualizing people, those who have come to a high level of

maturation, health, and self-fulfillment, have so much to teach us

that sometimes they seem almost like a different breed of human

beings. But because it is so new, the exploration of the highest

reaches of human nature and of its ultimate possibilities…is a

difficult and tortuous task. (p. 43)

Maslow went on to describe nearly 20 common features of the peak experience, which he associated with superb inner health. Based on his research sample’s phenomenological reports, these features included temporary disorientation with respect to time and space, feelings of wonder and awe, great happiness, and a complete though momentary loss of fear and defense before the grandeur of the universe. People typically mentioned that polar opposites-like good and evil, free will and destiny–seemed transcended in such instants; everything in the cosmos appeared connected to everything else in dazzling and ineffable splendor.

To what extent do such peaks reflect real perceptions of the world and not merely the regressive, infantile fantasies Sigmund Freud and his supporters had pronounced them to be? Maslow (1959) answered this question by declaring,

If self-actualizing people can and do perceive reality more efficiently,

fully, and with less motivational contamination than others do, then

we may possibly use them as biological assays. Through their

greater sensitivity and perception, we may get a better report of

what reality is really like.., just as canaries can be used to detect

gas in mines before less sensitive creatures can. (p. 64)

Finally, and perhaps constituting the most important aspect of his article, Maslow noted that peak experiences often leave profound and transformative effects in their wake. He alluded to two more or less contemporary reports, one from a psychologist and one from an anthropologist, of mystic experiences so intense “as to remove certain neurotic symptoms forever.” Generally, Maslow (1959) suggested, “the person is more apt to feel that life… is worthwhile, even if it is usually drab, pedestrian, painful, or ungratifying, since beauty, truth, and meaningfulness have been demonstrated.., to exist” (p. 65).

Such conversion experiences, Maslow (1959) declared, “are of course plentifully recorded in human history but so far as I know have never received the attention of psychologists or psychiatrists” (p. 66). He ended his address by emphasizing the need for further study into this highly intriguing but little understood phenomenon of healthy emotional functioning. Pleased with his presentation, Maslow plunged ahead in this scientifically uncharted realm, but 3 years would elapse before the article received professional publication in the Journal of Genetic Psychology.

Over the tumultuous years of the 1960s, Maslow devoted considerable attention to the topic of peak experience. Relying on phenomenological reports of college students and colleagues, he became convinced of two key findings. First, that ordinary people may undergo genuine peaks in the seemingly most commonplace events and surroundings–while waiting for an afternoon bus on a sunlit street, listening to a romantic song on the radio, or preparing dinner for one’s family. Maslow found it astounding that some of his own undergraduates at Brandeis University unknowingly described their peak experiences in language of rapture similar to those of famous spiritual teachers, East and West. The implication appeared clear: We need not be great religious mystics or even practitioners to undergo an unforgettable epiphany during daily living. Nor, as a corollary, Maslow (1970) concluded, is it necessary to meditate in a Tibetan monastery or travel exotically to gain such a wondrous encounter. As he poetically observed in Religions, Values, and Peak-Experiences, “The great lesson from the true mystics… [is that] the sacred is in the ordinary, that it is to be found in one’s daily life, in one’s neighbors, friends, and family, in one’s backyard” (p. x).

Second, Maslow eventually felt sure that the more emotionally healthy we are, the greater the likelihood of a peak experience and also the more frequent such episodes become in the course of day-to-day events. Maslow also suggested that as we physically age, the white-hot intensity of peak moments gives way to a gentler, more sustained state of inner serenity that he called the plateau-experience. Unlike peak experiences, he suggested, such plateaus can be cultivated through conscious, diligent effort. Shortly before Maslow’s death 25 years ago, he began developing exercises to help people attain the plateau state of consciousness, such as gazing at a tiny flower intently and with undivided attention or at a familiar family member or friend, and imagining “that you (or he/she) is going to die soon.” Such methods, Maslow proposed, can serve to break the dull, habit-worn way we relate to others and help us see the world once more with freshness and delight.

It is interesting that Maslow, as a rather private person, almost never discussed his own peak moments. From the reports of family members and friends, he seemed to have found greatest peace when listening to classical music, especially the Romantic composers, or when bird-watching on Audubon Society nature walks in pastoral New England. Sometimes, at night, to reach a desired inner state, he listened to recordings of birdcalls. Lovemaking with his wife, Bertha, was another source of revelatory joy for him, as he sometimes told her.

Unfortunately, Maslow as an experimentally trained psychologist had almost no formal background in theology or comparative religion with which to gain additional conceptual ground in his “reconnaissance” regarding transcendental or numinous experience. Since childhood, he had regarded organized religion as a historical force promoting intolerance, superstition, and vindictive persecution. There was almost nothing in his own secularist and socialist-minded upbringing that had induced him to feel respectful toward theological or metaphysical thinkers.

Maslow’s unpublished diaries during the 1940s, 1950s, and 1960s certainly reveal a keen intellect whose favorite thinkers included Martin Buber, Mircia Eliade, Viktor Frankl, Paul Tillich, and Alan Watts. But Maslow’s reading was haphazard and undisciplined, and he lacked both a conceptual framework and a vocabulary for delving more deeply into the heady currents of mysticism. Indeed, in Maslow’s final years, he increasingly turned his attention to decidedly less introspective subjects, such as humanistic management, alternative education, and political-economic theory.

Nevertheless, after the birth of Maslow’s granddaughter, Jeannie, in 1968, he gained renewed interest in peak experiences–especially pertaining to childhood. Intuitively, he felt sure even young children possess the capacity for epiphanies and numinous moments but lack the vocabulary to articulate these. Maslow hoped to begin empirical research once his serious heart condition improved. But he died before starting any systematic exploration on this intriguing topic.

EXPLORING THE PEAKS OF CHILDHOOD

Soon after I completed my biography of Maslow (Hoffman, 1988), our second child was born in early 1989. I felt inspired to undertake something new and decided to follow up Maslow’s interest in peak experiences during childhood. For more than a decade of educational and clinical practice, I had become steadily convinced that even young children are sometimes capable of aesthetic, moral, and spiritual feelings almost completely ignored by mainstream psychology.

Initially, I tried interviewing children but found them unable to describe well their most exalted or ecstatic moments. Then, I interviewed men and women interested in the topic, through placing “author’s queries” in dozens of different newspapers and periodicals. Each individual was asked,

Can you recall any experiences from your childhood–before the age

of 14–that could be called mystical or intensely spiritual? Or, to

put it another way: Can you recall any childhood moments in which you

seemed to experience a different kind of reality–perhaps involving

a sense of rapture or great harmony? As a child, you may not have

recognized the experience as extraordinary or unusual, but think

now from your current vantage point. I am especially interested in

childhood experiences or perceptions that have endured in your

memory and may have permanently affected your view of life or

death, God, the universe, or the nature of human existence.

All those who responded were also asked to provide personal information: present age and occupation, birth order, where and what age each experience occurred, and childhood religious affiliation, if any. Like Maslow and other psychologists interested in real life (rather than laboratory) situations, I adopted a phenomenological approach, allowing people to speak in their own words about the most uplifting experiences of childhood.

Certainly, I recognized that adults may not always recall with total accuracy events that happened many decades ago. Yet, I hoped that a clear enough pattern might emerge to provide new information on this important topic. Eventually, I received more than 250 wide-ranging accounts from men and women in the United States and abroad.

What were my findings? First, it now appears undeniable that some of us (perhaps far more than we suspect) have undergone tremendous peak–even mystical—experiences during our early years. In this respect, conventional psychology and its allied disciplines have painted a badly incomplete picture of childhood, and by extrapolation, of adulthood as well.

Second, after considerable trial and error, I was able to establish a typology of nine distinct (but inevitably overlapping) categories of childhood epiphanies:

* Uplifting experiences in places of scenic grandeur

* Inspiring encounters with nature in one’s own backyard

* Near-death or crisis episodes

* Peak moments during intense and personalized prayer

* Spontaneous moments of bliss or ecstasy

* Profound insights about self-identity, life and death, and related topics

* Exalted experiences in formal religious settings

* Uncanny perceptions with lasting import

* Unforgettable dreams

Space limitations preclude my discussing each category in detail. But certainly these reports indicate that many different kinds of numinous experience are possible during childhood.

Confirming the results of earlier investigators, I have found that near-death encounters (NDEs) can be very powerful and transformative, even for young children. As an Australian woman reported about her near drowning at 9 years of age:

Afterward, I realized that I had to take charge of my own life. I

stopped taking things for granted, and instead started appreciating

my surroundings more. Through my experience, I know that life is

short. But I also realized how precious life is. Death can come at any

time, but I don’t fear death. I was given a second chance at life, and

at that age, I felt it was my duty to learn why and to do the best I

could with my second chance.

Such narratives are important for our understanding of inner transformation. Yet, as psychologist Ken Ring (1984) suggested in Heading Toward Omega, we need not undergo a close brush with death to acquire such an outlook. From the reports of many respondents, one major trigger to youthful ecstasy clearly involves exposure to the natural world’s splendor: the sun, moon, and stars; oceans and lakes; forests and meadows; and even deserts.

As a Canadian woman commented after describing her visionary, childhood perception of the sun as radiantly pulsating and breathing,

Ever since that day, I’ve always sought the sun’s life-giving light and

have delighted in sitting or standing within it. As each day begins,

I find myself looking for signs of the sun: the light playing upon our

bedroom wall, the shadows of leaves dancing along the windowsill.

I’ve even come to regard the sun and the earth as living beings.

In a similar vein, a Swiss man described how he entered a forest clearing on a spring day and “was suddenly overwhelmed by the greenness of the overhanging young leaves and the lush meadow shining under a brilliant sun. I experienced an indescribable state of happiness, with an intense feeling of beauty, tidiness, and perfection.” Such reports validate the viewpoint of Romantic poets like William Blake and William Wordsworth, who contended nearly 200 years ago that childhood is a time of particular sensitivity to nature’s grandeur. Thus, in his memorable poem “Ode on Intimations of Immortality,” Wordsworth (Gill, 1988) declared,

There was a time when meadow, grove and stream,

The earth, and every common sight,

To me did seem

Apparelled in celestial light,

The glory and the freshness of a dream. (p. 312)

Moreover, my findings show that ineffable experiences can be evoked by far more ordinary, natural surroundings. In particular, the backyard of childhood is often a place of wonder For some of us, it had a coziness that helped us to feel at home in the world. For others, it became a true refuge, or sanctuary, where quiet and peacefulness reigned in an otherwise untrustworthy existence.

“One day, when I was about four, I was standing alone in our Peoria backyard,” recalls one elderly woman.

It held eight large silver-leaf poplars, with bark that was

black-and-white. I held a tiny china doll in my hand, and then

placed the doll on a piece of the bark. Suddenly, in a way that

I still can’t explain, I experienced the most wonderful, blazing

feeling of happiness. I felt a euphoric awareness that “this

world is wonderful!” Seventy years have passed. Though I’ve

certainly had sadness in my life, this experience was like a beam

of sunshine that seemed to be within everything: a joyful place

to which I could always return.

The childhood doorway to transcendence may thus lie hidden with a flowering garden, a grove of trees, the scampering play of squirrels, or even a pebbled plot of grass with insects.

Most narratives, however, were wholly independent of nature. For some people, the trigger was an act of heartfelt, spontaneous prayer or a formalized religious moment that catapulted them into a timeless and transcendent state. For others, deep contemplation about serf-identity, or life and death, had a powerfully uplifting effect.

“The mystical experiences I now recall always involved getting myself into a `state’–which I consciously achieved–where I would think about infinity, and then actually be infinite,” a young female publisher recalled.

I could connect intensely to the thought that my sense of “I” would

never end: because I had been born just this once, “I” would continue

to exist forever. I would imagine I would see–I would experience–going

on and on–and never ending, or stopping, or dying. I would

imagine myself and my place in the infinite. I never felt pressured

by anyone to experience this inner state, but I always felt renewed

after I did.

Strikingly, there is almost no research in mainstream psychology/ education to suggest that children can become absorbed–let alone uplifted–by such key philosophical or metaphysical questions.

For still other persons, the catalyst for inner awakening involved an uncanny perception or a dream experience. A young artist who grew up in New York City described a repetitive dream in which her waking-life neighborhood was replaced by

mind’s eye, I feel assured that I’m centered, and living and responding

from my higher self.

For still others among us, the entry point to bliss was a seemingly ordinary moment of daily life. For instance, a retired governmental meteorologist related how

One spring afternoon, when I was about 10, I was walking home

from school alone. Suddenly I experienced an unsurpassed feeling

of happiness and understanding. Everything seemed to fall into

place and possess the greatest significance. Although I still saw the

same, usual surroundings, they were now unbelievably vivid. I

stared entranced at my feet and the fuzzy little yellow flowers that

the acacia trees had dropped on the sidewalk. There was no outward

change in my behavior, but I wanted intensely to be alone and

undisturbed, so I could experience my sudden new feeling to the

fullest. I walked on home, and of course, the insight began to

dim–although it lasted perhaps several hours with diminishing

intensity.

Clearly, many pathways exist by which we as children–and surely, as adults too–may reach a higher awareness. One catalyst seems to be aesthetics. We are certainly familiar with tales of remarkably precocious composers like Mozart and Beethoven. Obviously, to write a sonata at the age of 4 requires an awesome talent. But in a different sense, it may be that many of us, as children, are far more stirred by music and art than is generally recognized.

Public schools in the United States and elsewhere have generally regarded such activities as mere frills. Yet, as far back as the turn of the 20th century, iconoclastic educators like Rudolf Steiner (founder of the international network of Waldorf schools) strongly argued for the centrality of aesthetics in all aspects of education. With the recent emergence of art and music therapy as legitimate professional fields, perhaps this situation will change for the better.

SUGGESTIONS FOR FUTURE RESEARCH

Although my research on childhood peak experiences offers a variety of intriguing findings, I hardly view these as definitive. Rather, they are intended to build upon earlier, preliminary studies such as those by Armstrong (1985), who presented accounts of children’s transpersonal experiences and a developmental model that depicted prepersonal and transpersonal states as occurring parallel to transpersonal stages. Specifically in my own study, limitations in the makeup of the sample group raise several issues that can be resolved only through further empirical work. Perhaps most striking, more than two thirds of the respondents to my author’s query were women. This result may partly reflect a gender (and ethnic) difference among the readership composition of those periodicals in which my author’s query had initially appeared. Yet, because American men are generally recognized to be uncomfortable about gazing inward, this result was certainly not surprising. Nevertheless, it immediately raises the question, Are girls more likely to undergo peak experiences than boys? If so, is this difference due primarily to the influence of biology, upbringing, or a combination of the two? Or, conversely, are boys just as apt to have such uplifting episodes but more prone to suppress them afterward (Davis, Lockwood, & Wright, 1991)?

My own hunch tends toward the latter hypothesis, for a simple reason. Major gender differences in how we communicate with one another indicate that by elementary school age, girls spend far more time sharing feelings than do boys. If so, then the old adage “out of sight, out of mind” may well explain the relative paucity of numinous childhood memories for men: Things we don’t talk about, we tend to forget. A related hypothesis is that men in the United States may be less likely to divulge such unconventional experiences to psychological researchers.

At any rate, only additional exploration will tell. It will also be interesting to discover if boys are more prone to certain types of peak experiences than are girls. Certainly, considerably more information is needed on cross-cultural differences with regard to inspirational moments of childhood. For instance, very few of my cases represented African American, Asian, Caribbean, Hispanic, or Native American backgrounds. Nor were there significant numbers involving upbringing in non-Western religions like Buddhism, Hinduism, or Islam. In follow-up work, it will undoubtedly be fascinating to compare the accounts of such individuals with those interviewed in my study.

Finally, it will also be important to learn whether numinous or blissful episodes during our early years are related to specific patterns of family life. For example, several respondents explicitly commented that their victimization through abuse or incest somehow led them to find uplifting inner resources that might not have emerged in more pleasant circumstances. Does a parallel therefore exist to near-death experiences and their transformative power? More evidence is definitely needed on this and many other matters pertaining to youthful peaks.

In the quarter century since Maslow’s demise, we have entered a new global era. There is special urgency now in finding those aspects of human experience that transcend the ethnic and nationalistic differences that can divide us. By understanding more fully the nature of our highest moments of life, we can help create a more peaceful and harmonious world.

EDWARD Hoffman, Ph.D., is a licensed clinical psychologist in the New York City area. A longtime member of AHP, he is the author of more than 60 articles and 10 books in the fields of psychology and spirituality. These include major biographical works about Wilhelm Reich, Abraham Maslow, and, most recently, Alfred Adler. The latter incorporated extensive interviews with Adler’s surviving family members and archival research on several continents. Dr. Hoffman has also written several books on the psychological relevance of Hasidism and Kabbalah. These include The Way of Splendor (Jason Aronson) and Despite All Odds (Simon & Schuster). His most recent book is titled Opening the Inner Gates: New Paths in Kabbalah and Psychology (Shambhala).

“several respondents explicitly commented that their victimization through abuse or incest somehow led them to find uplifting inner resources that might not have emerged in more pleasant circumstances. ”

This doesn’t surprise me, and also makes me wonder how much people experience the presence of God without naming it as such…. just thinking how he says he is with the one in distress.

Maslow talks about “transcenders” verses constitutionally healthy people, and how their analysis and experience of peaks differ, because the former have been “prodigal”, have been to hell, or walked the dark path. It is a different experience for them (I’ve editorialized a bit on Maslow…clearly)

there are complementary but distinct categories in nature. Our experience could never be all experience or everyone’s experience, without an infinite (or very long) timeline. Our shelf-life is dinky-small. (:

True. Generalizations can make differences seem bigger, when in fact the differences between each of us could be seen as infinite. The experience of one abused person and one not-abused person could be as big a difference as between two abused people.

“ordinary people may undergo genuine peaks in the seemingly most commonplace events and surroundings–while waiting for an afternoon bus on a sunlit street, listening to a romantic song on the radio, or preparing dinner for one’s family. ”

So true! It is not necessary to travel miles, and pay exorbitant fees to experience ‘genuine peaks.’ Sometimes it can happen while blogging – I call it feeling connected.

exactly. You got the point. It merges the secular and the sacred in a way. Illumination, divine peace, and overwhelming love are human experiences that happen in ordinary “human” situations, to humans. (:

What is amazing is to find those qualities in a 25 year old, know what I mean? I always wanted that, but inside I felt more like a lost kid. I consider myself a late bloomer. (: My love interest is younger, and very mature (:

Even if late, you are blooming on time. As for a good match, “Every good gift and every perfect present is from above, for it comes down from the Father of the [celestial] lights,…”
(James 1:17) Bless you both. 🙂

Funny..!
Weak in presence, contemptible in speech – and powerful in words, powerful in action. That was when I felt an appreciation for Paul more than any time before. I’m better on paper and action than speaking and being around people.

You know, JIm,, you’re the first person I’ve come across on WP, or anywhere really, that has an interest and knowledge of the Bible without pushing something in conversation. It is very soothing and refreshing!

I met 2 or 3 in my life that pushed their biblical understanding in the spirit of literature, rather than prescription, weaving rich biblical metaphor into their stories and common speech. I thought it was refreshing as well, and I think they served as a wonderful model for the attractiveness of attraction, rather than promotion of an idea.

Attraction rather than promotion – never thought of the difference before. I remember now how your add-a-line poems were rich with biblical pictures… partly why I came to check out your blog – you didn’t stop 🙂
Not everyone speaks freely in ordinary contact with others about their spiritual beliefs. I had to come and see…

There’s not going to be another ‘best time’ for the love poetry – might as well exoress it to its fullest… 🙂
I’m embarking on a Revelation mission – to somehow put the thing in words, and link bits together. Think it might scare some people away from the bigarmchair…

used to be many different “denominations”, from Lutheran to Reformed Baptist, and later Orthodox Christianity. Sorry to hear you were a Jehovah’s Witness. I like many of the earnest soldiers among Witnesses, but have little tolerance for the church. ):

Not scary – intense, and fascinating. Could take my eyes off your photo for quite some time. Dunno. Something there. I’ll paint it. 🙂 I’ve got the paper out on the desk now, have had my brekky, and ran out of cream so I am having coffee with coconut cream which really isn’t so bad… surprising. Not scary 😉

I really needed to read this stuff today – without knowing I did. It has helped put things into better perspective for me. Thanks for writing about these things, and going to all the trouble of compiling all of this info. I will be reading through it bit by bit. Having trouble sleeping lately so it’s good to have something to read, and some company – thank you for being you and being here. What time is it over in Cali? (5.37am tomorrow, here!)

sometimes. Of course, when a family member is sick, it is natural. But the meditative spirit he talks about, or the simultaneous sense of “timelessness” and the realization of time in a meditative peak state… very special.

Dealing with reality is a big part of spiritual growth, in my humble opinion… Seems like it would be nice to be in a field of flowers and sunshine plucking fruit from the trees when feeling a little peckish along the way… I think that is in our future, though, and there is a lot to learn and do and suffer in the now… o.O

““the person is more apt to feel that life… is worthwhile, even if it is usually drab, pedestrian, painful, or ungratifying, since beauty, truth, and meaningfulness have been demonstrated.., to exist” (p. 65).”

I like this – about truth, beauty and meaningfulness…
Also – “peak experiences” is a pretty cool name for what he describes it as 🙂

Maslow is a Genius. His study of Peak Experience is priceless. It puts mystical experience into context, but more importantly, it frames a goal state for all humans: growth toward more occurrences of expansive peaceful states.