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Financial corporations consist of all resident corporations and quasi corporations that are principally engaged in providing financial services including insurance and pension funding services to other institutional units. The production of financial services is the result of financial intermediation, risk management, liquidity transformation and/or auxiliary financial activities.

In principle, financial services can be provided as a secondary activity. In practice, however, in many countries, the provision of financial services is so strictly regulated that there may be no other unit providing financial services. By convention, even if financial services are provided by non financial corporations, no indirect charges are imputed. On the other hand, financial services provided for explicit charges are recorded as such.

In principle, financial services can be provided as a secondary activity. In practice, however, in many countries, the provision of financial services is so strictly regulated that there may be no other unit providing financial services. By convention, even if financial services are provided by non financial corporations, no indirect charges are imputed. On the other hand, financial services provided for explicit charges are recorded as such.

In principle, financial services can be provided as a secondary activity. In practice, however, in many countries, the provision of financial services is so strictly regulated that there may be no other unit providing financial services. By convention, even if financial services are provided by non financial corporations, no indirect charges are imputed. On the other hand, financial services provided for explicit charges are recorded as such.

Financial intermediation, financial risk management and liquidity transformation are productive activities in which an institutional unit incurs financial liabilities for the purpose of acquiring mainly financial assets. Corporations engaged in these activities obtain funds by taking deposits and issuing bills, bonds or other securities. They use these as well as own funds to acquire mainly financial assets by making advances or loans to others and by purchasing bills, bonds, or other securities.

SNA (6.134): lending of own funds “ (…) is not financial intermediation as [units] do not channel funds from one group of institutional units to another. Lending as such is not a process of production and the interest received from the lending of own funds cannot be identified with the value of any services produced.”

SNA (6.134): lending of own funds “ (…) is not financial intermediation as [units] do not channel funds from one group of institutional units to another. Lending as such is not a process of production and the interest received from the lending of own funds cannot be identified with the value of any services produced.”

The 1993 SNA states that lending own funds does not give rise to production. While it is true that units lending own funds do not engage in financial intermediation, with a broader definition of financial services, units lending own funds may provide a financial service. At a minimum, an incorporated enterprise (thus with a full set of accounts) which, as its main activity, provides loans to a range of clients and incurs the financial risk of the debtor defaulting, should be treated as a financial corporation. Its allocation to the appropriate sub-sector has yet to be determined.

The 1993 SNA states that lending own funds does not give rise to production. While it is true that units lending own funds do not engage in financial intermediation, with a broader definition of financial services, units lending own funds may provide a financial service. At a minimum, an incorporated enterprise (thus with a full set of accounts) which, as its main activity, provides loans to a range of clients and incurs the financial risk of the debtor defaulting, should be treated as a financial corporation. Its allocation to the appropriate sub-sector has yet to be determined.

The 1993 SNA states that lending own funds does not give rise to production. While it is true that units lending own funds do not engage in financial intermediation, with a broader definition of financial services, units lending own funds may provide a financial service. At a minimum, an incorporated enterprise (thus with a full set of accounts) which, as its main activity, provides loans to a range of clients and incurs the financial risk of the debtor defaulting, should be treated as a financial corporation. Its allocation to the appropriate sub-sector has yet to be determined.

In addition, some unincorporated enterprises which provide loans to a range of clients (other than just family and friends) on a regular business basis may also be treated as providing financial services. The advice of experts from countries where this practice is widespread is needed to specify when and how such units are to be identified and whether they are to be treated as unincorporated enterprises in the household sector or quasi-corporate enterprises in the financial sector.

In addition, some unincorporated enterprises which provide loans to a range of clients (other than just family and friends) on a regular business basis may also be treated as providing financial services. The advice of experts from countries where this practice is widespread is needed to specify when and how such units are to be identified and whether they are to be treated as unincorporated enterprises in the household sector or quasi-corporate enterprises in the financial sector.

“(…) not treated as separate institutional units because they can be regarded as artificial units created to avoid taxes, to minimise liabilities in the event of bankruptcy, or to secure other technical advantages under the tax or corporation legislation in force in a particular country’’ (SNA93,paragraph 4.44).

“(…) not treated as separate institutional units because they can be regarded as artificial units created to avoid taxes, to minimise liabilities in the event of bankruptcy, or to secure other technical advantages under the tax or corporation legislation in force in a particular country’’ (SNA93,paragraph 4.44).

An entity providing financial services as specified in Recommendation 1 to only one unit or a group of units is considered to be a separate institutional unit (and a financial corporation) if it keeps a complete set of accounts and is capable of acquiring assets and incurring liabilities on its own account.

An entity providing financial services as specified in Recommendation 1 to only one unit or a group of units is considered to be a separate institutional unit (and a financial corporation) if it keeps a complete set of accounts and is capable of acquiring assets and incurring liabilities on its own account.

An entity providing financial services as specified in Recommendation 1 to only one unit or a group of units is considered to be a separate institutional unit (and a financial corporation) if it keeps a complete set of accounts and is capable of acquiring assets and incurring liabilities on its own account.

A similar entity which does not have a complete set of accounts is treated an institutional unit (and a financial corporation) only if it is resident in a country other than any of the units to which it is providing the services, in accordance with SNA/BPM practice of treating non-resident unincorporated enterprises as quasi-corporations

A similar entity which does not have a complete set of accounts is treated an institutional unit (and a financial corporation) only if it is resident in a country other than any of the units to which it is providing the services, in accordance with SNA/BPM practice of treating non-resident unincorporated enterprises as quasi-corporations

Financial institutions charge for some services explicitly and some implicitly. From an economic perspective, all financial instruments are potentially involved in the production of financial services. Some financial instruments attract only explicit charges but several may attract implicit charges alone or in addition to explicit charges. Deposits and loans attract implicit charges and these instruments are included in the calculations of FISIM. Other instruments may attract FISM but will not be included unless a clear allocation to users is possible. Thus, in practice, FISIM may be limited by convention to loans and deposits.

Financial institutions charge for some services explicitly and some implicitly. From an economic perspective, all financial instruments are potentially involved in the production of financial services. Some financial instruments attract only explicit charges but several may attract implicit charges alone or in addition to explicit charges. Deposits and loans attract implicit charges and these instruments are included in the calculations of FISIM. Other instruments may attract FISIM but will not be included unless a clear allocation to users is possible. Thus, in practice, FISIM may be limited by convention to loans and deposits.

Financial institutions charge for some services explicitly and some implicitly. From an economic perspective, all financial instruments are potentially involved in the production of financial services. Some financial instruments attract only explicit charges but several may attract implicit charges alone or in addition to explicit charges. Deposits and loans attract implicit charges and these instruments are included in the calculations of FISIM. Other instruments may attract FISIM but will not be included unless a clear allocation to users is possible. Thus, in practice, FISIM may be limited by convention to loans and deposits.

When measuring the implicitly valued output of financial institutions, the question arises of whether expected holding gains and losses of financial institutions on their own account should be included in the measure. There is no question of including holding gains and losses as such in a direct measure of output in the SNA. However, for certain financial instruments, expected price changes constitute an important part of expected returns. In principle, therefore, they could be considered when approximating the value of financial services indirectly measured.

When measuring the implicitly valued output of financial institutions, the question arises of whether expected holding gains and losses of financial institutions on their own account should be included in the measure. There is no question of including holding gains and losses as such in a direct measure of output in the SNA. However, for certain financial instruments, expected price changes constitute an important part of expected returns. In principle, therefore, they could be considered when approximating the value of financial services indirectly measured.

When measuring the implicitly valued output of financial institutions, the question arises of whether expected holding gains and losses of financial institutions on their own account should be included in the measure. There is no question of including holding gains and losses as such in a direct measure of output in the SNA. However, for certain financial instruments, expected price changes constitute an important part of expected returns. In principle, therefore, they could be considered when approximating the value of financial services indirectly measured.

When measuring the implicitly valued output of financial institutions, the question arises of whether expected holding gains and losses of financial institutions on their own account should be included in the measure. There is no question of including holding gains and losses as such in a direct measure of output in the SNA. However, for certain financial instruments, expected price changes constitute an important part of expected returns. In principle, therefore, they could be considered when approximating the value of financial services indirectly measured.

Despite this conceptual position, given the empirical difficulties in estimating expected holding gains and losses, it is presently not recommended to include expected holding gains and losses in the measurement of financial services output.

Despite this conceptual position, given the empirical difficulties in estimating expected holding gains and losses, it is presently not recommended to include expected holding gains and losses in the measurement of financial services output.

SNA 93: the reference rate “…represents the pure cost of borrowing funds – that is a rate from which the risk premium has been eliminated to the greatest extent possible and which does not include any intermediation services”.

The reference rate used in the compilation of FISIM should be a risk-free rate that has no service element in it and that reflects the maturity structure of the financial assets and liabilities to which FISIM applies. It is recommended that a single reference rate be used for transactions in the local currency, but different reference rates may be used for transactions in other currencies.

The reference rate used in the compilation of FISIM should be a risk-free rate that has no service element in it and that reflects the maturity structure of the financial assets and liabilities to which FISIM applies. It is recommended that a single reference rate be used for transactions in the local currency, but different reference rates may be used for transactions in other currencies.

The reference rate used in the compilation of FISIM should be a risk-free rate that has no service element in it and that reflects the maturity structure of the financial assets and liabilities to which FISIM applies. It is recommended that a single reference rate be used for transactions in the local currency, but different reference rates may be used for transactions in other currencies.

In practice, virtually all transactions in foreign exchange and securities are carried out via financial corporations. Two prices are quoted for transactions in securities: a bid price and an ask price. The first is the price which the potential buyer is to pay, and the second is the price that the owner receives on sale. The mid-price is by convention taken to be the average of these two prices. The difference between the bid price and the mid price is a margin paid by the buyer to the financial corporation, and the difference between the mid price and the ask price is a margin paid by the seller. The value of securities in the balance sheet is at mid price and excludes theses margins.

In practice, virtually all transactions in foreign exchange and securities are carried out via financial corporations. Two prices are quoted for transactions in securities: a bid price and an ask price. The first is the price which the potential buyer is to pay, and the second is the price that the owner receives on sale. The mid-price is by convention taken to be the average of these two prices. The difference between the bid price and the mid price is a margin paid by the buyer to the financial corporation, and the difference between the mid price and the ask price is a margin paid by the seller. The value of securities in the balance sheet is at mid price and excludes theses margins.

Financial corporations buy and sell securities both on their own account and on behalf of clients. Buying and selling on behalf of clients may be on demand, that is in immediate response to an instruction from the client to buy or sell a specific security. Alternatively, a financial corporation may acquire a stock of securities in order to meet future demand immediately. This activity is called market making and may be undertaken by specialised financial corporations or financial corporations providing a wide range of financial services.

Financial corporations buy and sell securities both on their own account and on behalf of clients. Buying and selling on behalf of clients may be on demand, that is in immediate response to an instruction from the client to buy or sell a specific security. Alternatively, a financial corporation may acquire a stock of securities in order to meet future demand immediately. This activity is called market making and may be undertaken by specialised financial corporations or financial corporations providing a wide range of financial services.

The SNA should measure the margins on the buying and selling of all securities by all financial corporations and attribute these as being paid by the seller and the buyer respectively, regardless of the purpose for which the securities and other instruments are being bought or sold.

When there is a delay between the purchase and sale of a security, in order to avoid including holding gains and losses, the margins are calculated on the basis of the prices prevailing at the time the purchase and sale take place.

The SNA should measure the margins on the buying and selling of all securities by all financial corporations and attribute these as being paid by the seller and the buyer respectively, regardless of the purpose for which the securities and other instruments are being bought or sold.

When there is a delay between the purchase and sale of a security, in order to avoid including holding gains and losses, the margins are calculated on the basis of the prices prevailing at the time the purchase and sale take place.

The SNA should measure the margins on the buying and selling of all securities by all financial corporations and attribute these as being paid by the seller and the buyer respectively, regardless of the purpose for which the securities and other instruments are being bought or sold.

When there is a delay between the purchase and sale of a security, in order to avoid including holding gains and losses, the margins are calculated on the basis of the prices prevailing at the time the purchase and sale take place.

The measurement of output of FISIM is discussed in recommendation 4. Ideally a direct deflator of the output at current prices should be constructed as a PPI that reflects the margin measure of FISIM. However the nature of financial services cannot easily be connected to price and quantity units. Besides, the change in quality is an important issue in financial services. The length of opening hours for bank branches, the proximity of a local branch, the quality of investment advice are some central quality features of financial services.

The measurement of output of FISIM is discussed in recommendation 4. Ideally a direct deflator of the output at current prices should be constructed as a PPI that reflects the margin measure of FISIM. However the nature of financial services cannot easily be connected to price and quantity units. Besides, the change in quality is an important issue in financial services. The length of opening hours for bank branches, the proximity of a local branch, the quality of investment advice are some central quality features of financial services.

The rate of change of the volume indicator can be derived using the rate of change of stocks of loans and deposits deflated by a general price index (e.g. the GDP deflator) on which the base year margin can be applied.

Direct output indicator method. Break down the different characteristics linked to financial services (e.g. numbers and value of loans and deposits). For each of the characteristics an appropriate volume indicator is to be derived. The volume indicators are then weighted together.

The measurement of the output of non-life insurance services at current prices is obtained using a formula based on the difference between premiums (plus adjusted premium supplements) and adjusted claims. Ideally a direct deflator of the output at current price should be constructed as a PPI. However, this margin measure of the output of non life insurance does not lead to any easy interpretation of the nature of the quantity and price and, thus, this ideal index is generally not available.

The measurement of the output of non-life insurance services at current prices is obtained using a formula based on the difference between premiums (plus adjusted premium supplements) and adjusted claims. Ideally a direct deflator of the output at current price should be constructed as a PPI. However, this margin measure of the output of non life insurance does not lead to any easy interpretation of the nature of the quantity and price and, thus, this ideal index is generally not available.

The measurement of the output of non-life insurance services at current prices is obtained using a formula based on the difference between premiums (plus adjusted premium supplements) and adjusted claims. Ideally a direct deflator of the output at current price should be constructed as a PPI. However, this margin measure of the output of non life insurance does not lead to any easy interpretation of the nature of the quantity and price and, thus, this ideal index is generally not available.

Statistical offices do calculate price indices for non-life insurance services included as a PPI or as a CPI. These price indices, called here “premium price indices”, measure the change in the price of insurance policies with fixed characteristics. They are different from the ideal index, and should not be used to deflate the current price output unless there is evidence that the deflator for claims moves with the premium price indices.

Statistical offices do calculate price indices for non-life insurance services included as a PPI or as a CPI. These price indices, called here “premium price indices”, measure the change in the price of insurance policies with fixed characteristics. They are different from the ideal index, and should not be used to deflate the current price output unless there is evidence that the deflator for claims moves with the premium price indices.

Statistical offices do calculate price indices for non-life insurance services included as a PPI or as a CPI. These price indices, called here “premium price indices”, measure the change in the price of insurance policies with fixed characteristics. They are different from the ideal index, and should not be used to deflate the current price output unless there is evidence that the deflator for claims moves with the premium price indices.

In the absence of this ideal deflator, it is recommended to compile a direct volume indicator using one of the methods proposed below, and obtain the price index as the ratio between the current price series and the volume series:

2. In the absence of adequate premium price indices, a volume indicator can be compiled using quantity indicators such as the number of policies, by line of product (house-owner insurance, motor vehicle insurance, third party liability, etc.) appropriately weighted preferably by net premiums or, when not possible, by gross premiums.

Obtain a direct volume measure of the output (and by extension, the consumption) of non-life insurance services by extrapolating the current price measure of the base year by the rate of change of a volume index, which is obtained deflating gross premiums earned by a premium price index (PPI or CPI, depending of the context). When the premium price index covers premium supplements, it is advisable to use the rate of change of a volume index compiled as gross premiums plus adjusted premium supplements deflated by this extended premium price index.

For some countries the data requirements for the above methods cannot be met and so, it may be necessary to resort to simplistic measures; for example, estimating the rate of change of the volume of output as equal to the rate of change of the volume of inputs to the industry. The inputs should cover labour, intermediate consumption, and capital services .

For some countries the data requirements for the above methods cannot be met and so, it may be necessary to resort to simplistic measures; for example, estimating the rate of change of the volume of output as equal to the rate of change of the volume of inputs to the industry. The inputs should cover labour, intermediate consumption, and capital services .