Doctoring The Numbers

Historic Walk Rates in Montreal

Last week, the Montreal Expos lost six games in a row. Before the season began, such an event would not have been at all
surprising. What would have been surprising is that, despite the losing streak, the Expos are still over .500 and just a game
out of first place.

When a team exceeds expectations to the degree that the Expos has, it's usually quite difficult to credit this phenomenon on a
single aspect of the team's play. In this particular instance, however, it's dead simple. As Rob Neyer has waxed eloquent on two
separate occasions, it's all about the walks:

In 2001, the Expos walked just 478 times in 162 games, just 2.95 walks a game. That was no one-year blip, either. In fact,
Those 478 walks were the Expos' highest total since 1996.

In 2002, the Expos have walked 153 times in 37 games, or 4.14 walks a game.

The 2001 Expos finished 13th in the NL in walks, and were only 11 walks out of last place.

The 2002 Expos are leading the league in bases on balls.

Not coincidentally, whereas the 2001 Expos finished 14th in the NL in runs scored, this year's version ranks third in the senior
circuit.

This is an improvement of historic proportions. By improving their walk rate by 1.18 free passes a game, the Expos currently
rank 11th on the all-time list of improvements. Here are the top five:

Surprisingly, the five teams on this list improved their record by an average of just four games, and the Dodgers actually
dropped four games from 1902 to 1903.

Actually, it's not so surprising, because each of the other teams on the list owes their position, at least in part, to the
changing offensive conditions of their era. The Astros, for instance, benefited from the re-definition of the strike zone
between 1968 and 1969, a change so significant that the average NL team increased their walk total by 105. The 1902-03 Dodgers,
1908-09 Cardinals, and 1940-41 Browns all benefited to lesser degrees; in all three cases, the average team increased their walk
total by at least 30.

Only the 1923 Red Sox did not benefit from a big increase in the average walk totals around the league; their improvement can be
traced to essentially fielding a new team. Of the nine players who appeared in 90+ games for the Red Sox in 1924, only three
suited up at all the year before, and one of those (Ike Boone) played in just five games.

To correct for that, the following chart compares a team's year-to-year improvement in walks per game with the overall change in
walks for their entire league. This adjustment doesn't affect the Expos that much, since walks are up slightly throughout the
National League. The average NL team is drawing 3.50 walks per game this year, compared to 3.31 in 2001.

Only ten teams since 1900 have improved their walk rate, relative to their league, by more than one walk per game. The Expos are
trying their damndest to become the 11th.

A couple of teams on this list also took quantum leaps forward in the standings. The 1926 Yankees, bolstered by a return to
health of Babe Ruth (who played just 98 games in 1925) and strong rookie seasons from Tony Lazzeri and Mark
Koenig, improved from 69-85 to 91-63. The emergence of George Sisler helped the 1916 Browns vault 16 games into
rarefied territory for them: a winning season. The most impressive story, though, belongs to the Reds, who after finishing a
pedestrian 79-83 in 1971, exploded in 1972, improving by 20 games to finish 95-59 and win the first of four NL West titles they
would grab over the next five years.

The Reds' improvement was directly attributable to their off-season acquisition of Joe Morgan, who led the NL with 115
walks in 1972, and would finish no lower than third in that category for the next five years. (As an aside: would someone remind
Joe that walks are good? Listening to him ramble on about small ball is like listening to Billy Joel try to play classical
music. Dance with what brung 'ya, I say.)

For the most part, each of these teams owed their improvement to a change in personnel, whether by trade, the emergence of young
talent, or the return to health of old ones. Not so the Expos, who are wearing down opposing pitchers with much the same lineup
they had last year. The only significant change to the Expos offense is the addition of Chris Truby at third base, and
more playing time for Brad Wilkerson in the outfield.

Here are the walk rates (defined as BB/AB) for the seven players who have batted at least 100 times for the Expos in both 2001
and 2002:

All seven have improved. Four of them have improved dramatically, "dramatically" being defined as at least 0.05 walks
per at-bat. And none of the four are part-timers; all four had at least 400 plate appearances last season, and all four are on
pace to do so again this year (although Bergeron's job has slipped out of his hands).

How many teams have had four everyday players improve their walk rates dramatically? Try zero, unless you count the 1888 Boston
Braves, who no doubt were helped by rule changes that worked to lessen the number of pitches need for a free pass from nine
(originally) to four. Since 1900, only three other teams have had even three such players: