Presentation on theme: "The Story of Russia: Before and After WWI Chapter 27, Section 3 and Chapter 28, Section 5."— Presentation transcript:

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Keep these in mind! Essential Questions What are the foundations of economic theories? Why do nations adopt different economic policies? How do individuals gain and maintain power?

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Russia in WWI 1.How did WWI show Russia’s economic weaknesses? – Not enough food, appropriate armaments, or reliable roads to supply the army – Russian people lose confidence in their government and the czar (Nicholas II) by 1917 Thought Tickler? – What were the people of Russia looking for?

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Struggle for New Leadership: Russian Revolution 2. The Russia monarchy served for 350 years. When Czar Nicholas II and his family fled out of fear, what two groups of people starting fighting for power? – Mensheviks (moderates) – Bolsheviks (radical) 3. Which group eventually won and what was their winning slogan? – Bolsheviks, “peace, bread, and land”

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Results of the Russian Revolution 4. Who was the leader of the winners of the Russian Revolution? Whose ideas was he inspired by? – Vladimir Lenin-Karl Marx 5. What did the Bolsheviks rename themselves in 1918? – The Communist Party

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Communists Flex their Muscles 6. What drastic step did the communists take in July of 1918 to stop the monarchy from coming back to power? – Executed the imprisoned czar and his entire family 7. What broke out for three years in Russia? What were the two armies of this conflict? – civil war, Reds vs Whites 8. Who did the U.S. (the Allies) support in this civil war? Who eventually won anyway in 1921? – U.S. supported the Whites with arms, money, troops – The Communist won

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A New Russia 9. What did the Communists change the name of the country to in 1922? – Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) – Better known as the Soviet Union

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“Workers of the world, unite!” 1. What was “War Communism”? – Policy of nationalizing Russian industries between 1918-1921 a. Did it help? NO!!! Less grain and far less factory production than before war

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2. How did the New Economic Policy change Russia? – Major industries (heavy industry, communications, transportation, credit) still under government control – Some free enterprise allowed, especially with farm products – Farmers encouraged to produce more to become kulaks (wealthier people who got to employ others) – Small businessmen (Nepmen) traded some 3. What is a collective farm? – Land pooled into large farms where people worked together as a group, sharing supplies, machinery, etc.

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Women 4. How did women’s roles change during the start of the Communist reign? – More equality (army, etc.) – Women could get maternity leave – Easier to obtain divorce (which was unusual in Europe at the time) – However, few women had high-ranking positions, pay was unequal, female unemployment higher

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Education 5. How did education change during the start of the Communist reign? – Greater emphasis on education – Goal was to increase literacy, teach socialism, train tech workers through Vo-Tech schools (BCIT, anyone?) – But didn’t work because of limited funds (pencils, notebooks, heat in winter) – Also, greater emphasis on higher education over elementary education – By 1925, Soviet students averaged fewer than 3 years in school

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Trotsky and Stalin 6. Contrast the views of Leon Trotsky and Joseph Stalin. – Trotsky believed that for socialism to succeed, revolution should take place all over the world – Stalin believed that for socialism to succeed, the Soviet Union needed to serve as a model a. Who ended up taking control of the Soviet Union, and why? – Stalin won an internal power struggle, took over in 1928 (Lenin had died in 1924) b. What happened to the other guy? – Trotsky was exiled, later murdered in Mexico on Stalin’s orders

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Under Stalin 7. Did Stalin increase or decrease government control over the economy? Why? – Increased (he thought economy was not growing quick enough, peasants weren’t charging gov’t-recommended low prices on wheat) – Created a command economy, in which government controlled all economic decisions

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Under Stalin 8. What was Stalin’s Five-Year Plan, and how did it affect Soviet life? – Plan for economic growth and industry; collective farming would produce enough food for Soviets plus enough to export, which would pay for modern machinery, which would grow industry – Government forced collective farms (execution, exile, prison were possible alternatives) – Decreased agricultural production; millions died of famine and crop failure – However, economy grew overall (especially steel production) – Second five-year plan gave more gov’t control, more focus on industry, less on goods for people (not rewarded for good economy)

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Religion and Art 9. How did religion and art in the Soviet Union change during Stalin’s rule? – Soviets discouraged worship, seized property of Orthodox Church – Churches and synagogues destroyed or converted to public buildings – Ministers, priests, rabbis imprisoned, executed – Artists, musicians, writers were censored… ordered to produce works of “socialist realism” to prove loyalty to state

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Dealing with the Opposition 10. How did Stalin react when an important Communist Party official was assassinated in 1934? – He ordered purge of party members who were supposedly disloyal to him – This spread to army, and then ordinary people

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Dealing with the Opposition 11. How many people were arrested, imported, imprisoned in labor camps or executed by 1939? – 5 million – "The investigators began to use force on me, a sick 65-year-old man. I was made to lie face down and beaten on the soles of my feet and my spine with a rubber strap... For the next few days, when those parts of my legs were covered with extensive internal hemorrhaging, they again beat the red-blue-and-yellow bruises with the strap and the pain was so intense that it felt as if boiling water was being poured on these sensitive areas. I howled and wept from the pain. I incriminated myself in the hope that by telling them lies I could end the ordeal. When I lay down on the cot and fell asleep, after 18 hours of interrogation, in order to go back in an hour's time for more, I was woken up by my own groaning and because I was jerking about like a patient in the last stages of typhoid fever." – a theatre director accused of “spying”

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Foreign Policy and Gulags 12. How did the Soviet Union’s foreign policy change during the 1920s and 1930s? – They tried to get other countries to accept them – However, they also supported Comintern, which was founded to spread revolutions throughout the world 13. What were gulags, and why were people sent there? – Labor camps, many in Siberia, for those who spoke out against Stalin’s rule – Had to work in mines, on building projects, many died, others executed

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Answers please! Essential Questions What are the foundations of economic theories? Why do nations adopt different economic policies? How do individuals gain and maintain power?