1784 Bifocal Glasses by Benjamin Franklin; 1794 Cotton Gin by Eli Whitney patents his machine to comb and deseed bolls of cotton; 1801 Steam-Powered Pumping Station * The Fairmount Water Works harnesses steam power to provide water for the city of Philadelphia; 1803 Spray gun by Dr. Alan de Vilbiss of Toledo, Ohio,.1805 Self Propelled Amphibious vehicle by Oliver Evans' "Orukter Amphibolos" dredges the waters near the Philadelphia docks; 1805 Refrigerator using vapor by Oliver Evans; 1806 Coffee pot - Benjamin Thompson, Count Rumford, invented a coffee pot with a metal sieve to strain away the grounds; 1818 Profile lathe byThomas Blanchard of Middlebury, Connecticut; 1831 Reaping machine by McCormick Reaper; 1833 Lock Stitch Sewing machine by Walter Hunt invents the first lock-stitch sewing machine, but loses interest and does not patent his invention. Later, Elias Howe secures patent on an original lock-stitch machine, but fails to manufacture and sell it. Still later, Isaac Singer infringes on Howe's patent to make his own machine, which makes Singer rich. Hunt also invents the safety pin, which he sells outright for $400; 1834 Threshing machine byJohn Avery and Hiram Abial Pitts; 1836 Combine Harvester by Hiram Moore and J. Hascall in Kalamazoo, Michigan; 1838 Morse code by S.F.B. Morse; 1840 Paint Tube by John Rand invents a collapsible metal squeeze tube. The container immediately hits markets in Europe, where it is used to hold and dispense artists' pigments; 1842 Ether Anesthesia by Crawford Williamson Long, of Jefferson, Georgia; 1843 Mechanical Refrigerator - American John Gorrie produced the first mechanical refrigeration unit in 1842; 1845 Sewing machine (practical) by Elias Howe; 1846 Cylinder Printing Press by Richard M. Hoe creates a revolution in printing by rolling a cylinder over stationary plates of inked type and using the cylinder to make an impression on paper. This eliminated the need for making impressions directly from the type plates themselves, which were heavy and difficult to maneuver; 1851 Bessemer converter by William Kelly; 1835 Condensed milk by ail Borden; 1857 Passenger Elevator Safety System by Elisha Graves Otis; 1858 Burglar Alarm by Edwin T. Holmes of Boston begins to sell electric burglar alarms. Later, his workshop will be used by Alexander Graham Bell as the young Bell pursues his invention of the telephone. Holmes will be the first person to have a home telephone; 1859 Oil Well by "Colonel" Edwin Drake strikes oil at a depth of 69.5 feet (21.2 m). Prior to that, oil, which had been used mostly as a lubricant and lamp fuel, had been obtained only at places where it seeped from the ground. Western Pennsylvania witnesses the world's first oil boom; 1860 Water Tower - The City of Louisville, Kentucky begins using the first modern water tower, to equalize pressure and allow for clean running water. This was the first major advancement in water technology since the fall of the Roman Empire; 1863 Quad Roller Skates by James Plimpton of Medford, Massachusetts; 1865 Web Offset Printing by William Bullock; 1867 Motorcycle(aka Motorbike) - The earliest motorcycle was a coal-powered, two-cylinder, steam-driven motorcycle that was developed in 1867 by the American inventor Sylvester Howard Roper. A gas-powered motorcycle was invented by the German inventor Gottlieb Daimler in 1885. His mostly wooden motorcycle had iron-banded wheels with wooden spokes. This bone-crunching vehicle was powered by a single-cylinder engine; 1867 Barbed Wire by Farmer Henry Rose, invents the product that will close down the open cattle ranges by closing in cattle onto individual plots of privately owned land. I.L. Ellwood and Company's Glidden Steel Barb Wire will dominate the market; by 1890 the open range will be only a memory; 1867 Toilet Paper by Joseph Gayetty invented toilet paper in 1857. His new toilet paper was composed of flat sheets. Before Gayetty's invention, people tore pages out of mail order catalogs - before catalogs were common, leaves were used. Unfortunately, Gayetty's invention failed. In 1867, Thomas, Edward and Clarence Scott (brothers from Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA) were successful at marketing toilet paper that consisted of a small roll of perforated paper . They sold their new toilet paper from a push cart - this was the beginning of the Scott Paper Company; 1870 Pneumatic Subway - Working in secret to hide his operation from Boss Tweed, who opposes it, Scientific American publisher Alfred Ely Beach builds a pneumatic subway under Broadway in New York. Beach's single subway car, which features upholstered chairs and chandeliers is driven along the 300-foot (91 m) tunnel by a 100 horsepower (75 kW) blower; 1873 Car coupler by Eli H. Janney; 1875 Electric Dental Drill - George F. Green of Kalamazoo, Michigan invented an electric powered device to drill teeth; 1873 Blue Jeans - Strauss and Jacob Davis, a Nevada tailor, patented the idea (devised by Davis) of using copper rivets at the stress points of sturdy work pants. Early levis, called "waist overalls," came in a brown canvas duck fabric and a heavy blue denim fabric. The duck fabric pants were not very successful, so were dropped early on. His business became extremely successful (and still is), revolutionizing the apparel industry; 1875 Mimeograph - While using paraffin in an attempt to invent and improve telegraphy tape, Thomas Alva Edison discovers a way to make duplicate copies of documents instead; 1877 Telephone - The early history of the telephone is a confusing morass of claim and counterclaim, which was not clarified by the huge mass of lawsuits which hoped to resolve the patent claims of individuals. The Bell and Edison patents, however, were forensically victorious and commercially decisive; 1877 Phonograph by Thomas Edison; 1878 Microphone by D.E. Hughes; 1879 Cash Register - The mechanical cash register was invented (and patented) in 1879 by James Ritty (1836–1918). Ritty was an American tavern keeper in Dayton, Ohio. He nicknamed his cash register the "Incorruptible Cashier," and started the National Manufacturing Company to sell them. When a transaction was completed, a bell rang on the cash register and the amount was noted on a large dial on the front of the machine. During each sale, a paper tape was punched with holes so that the merchant could keep track of sales (at the end of the day, the merchant could add up the holes). John H. Patterson (1844–1922) bought Ritty's patent and his cash register company in 1884. Patterson renamed the Dayton, Ohio, company the National Cash Register Company. Patterson improved Ritty's cash register by adding a paper tape that kept a printed record of all transactions; 1879 Incandescent lamp by Thomas Edison1880 Hearing Aid - R.G. Rhodes improves on the ear trumpet with another primitive hearing aid. The device is a thin sheet of hard rubber or cardboard placed against teeth which conducts vibrations to the auditory nerve; 1881 Maxim Gun - The first true machine gun was invented in 1881 by Hiram Maxim. The "Maxim gun" used the recoil power of the previously fired bullet to reload rather than being hand powered, enabling a much higher rate of fire than was possible using earlier designs. Maxim's other great innovation was the use of water cooling (via a water jacket around the barrel) to reduce overheating. Maxim's gun was widely adopted and derivative designs were used on all sides during the First World War. The design required less crew, was lighter, and more usable than earlier Gatling guns; 1882 Electric Fan - Dr. Schuyler Skaats Wheeler invented the two-bladed desk fan, which is produced by the Crocker and Curtis electric motor company; 1882 Electric Iron - The electric iron was invented in 1882 by Henry W. Seeley, a New York inventor Seeley patented his "electric flatiron" on June 6, 1882 (patent no. 259,054). His iron weighed almost 15 pounds and took a long time to warm up; 1882 Fountain Pen - Lewis E. Waterman was an American inventor and insurance salesman who developed a relatively leak-proof fountain pen; he patented his new invention in 1884 and revolutionized writing. Before his fountain pen, pen tips had to be tipped into ink after every few words. Waterman put an ink reservoir in the pen above the pen's metal nib (point); 1884 Flexible roll film by George Eastman; 1884 Fountain pen by L.E. Waterman1885 Skyscraper - After the Great Fire of 1871, Chicago has become a magnet for daring experiments in architecture. William Le Baron Jenney completes the 10-story Home Insurance Company Building, the first to use steel-girder construction; more than twenty skyscrapers will be built in Chicago over the next 9 years; 1885 Dr. Pepper - Formulated by German pharmacist Charles Alderton in Morrison's Old Corner Drug Store in Waco, Dr. Pepper was introduced nationally in the United States at the 1904 Louisiana Purchase Exposition as a new kind of cola, made with 23 flavors; 1886 Coca-Cola - Dr. John Stith Pemberton (1830–1888) was an American pharmacist, soldier, and inventor; 1887 "Platter" Record - Edison's tube recording system produces distorted sound because of gravity's pressure on the playing stylus. Emile Berliner, a German immigrant living in Washington, DC, invents a process for recording sound on a horizontal disc. The "platter" record is born; 1888 Revolving Door - The revolving door was invented in 1888 by Theophilus Van Kannel of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. in high-rise buildings, regular doors are hard to open because there is a slight vacuum caused by air flowing upwards through stairwells, elevator shafts, and chimneys. Van Kannel's new type of door was easy to open in tall building (and also saved heat in the winter). Van Kannel patented the revolving door on August 7, 1888; 1888 Electric Motor by Nikola Tesla, a Serb immigrant; 1888 Adding machine (practical) by . Burroughs1891 Escalator by Jesse W. Reno, introduces a new novelty ride at Coney Island; 1891 Ferris wheel - The Ferris wheel was invented by the Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania bridge-builder George Washington Gale Ferris Jr. (1859–1896) . The first Ferris wheel was opened on June 21, 1893 at the Chicago World's Fair; 1891 Radio - Although a contending topic, Nikola Tesla is generally regarded by many, as well as the United States Supreme Court; to be the original inventor of effective radio transmissions and many of the patents concerning radio, such as; reliable radio frequencies, many of the principles of radio, and effective transmission of long-distance signals. 1892 Tractor The first gasoline-powered tractor was made in 1892 by John Froehlich, a blacksmith from Iowa;1893 Movie projector by Thomas Edison; 1895 Volleyball - William G. Morgan invented a game known as Mintonnette in 1895 while studying at a YMCA in Holyoke, Massachusetts. It was later re-named volleyball by Alfred S. Halstead; 1896 Automatic Hat - James Boyle, of Washington, invents a hat that tips automatically. Later died in 1897, because of caused radiation; 1897 Cotton Candy (aka Fairy Floss) - Cotton candy is a soft confection made from sugar that is heated and spun into slim threads that look like a mass of cotton. It was invented in 1897 by William Morrison and John C. Wharton, candymakers from Nashville, Tennessee; 1896 Zipper by Whitcomb L. Judson was an American engineer from Chicago, Illinois; 1901 Safety razor by King Camp Gillette, former traveling hardware salesman of Fond du Lac; 1901 Car Assembly Line Production by Henry Ford. 1902 Air Conditioner -Willis Carrier manufactured the world's first mechanical air conditioning unit in 1902; 1903 Airplane by The Wright brothers are generally credited with building the world's first successful human flight in a powered aeroplane and making the first controlled, powered and heavier-than-air human flight on December 17, 1903;

1903 Crayons by Edwin Binney and Harold Smith; 1904 Bottle-making machinery by Michael J. Owens1905 Windshield Wipers by Mary Anderson in 1903 to help streetcars operate safely in the rain; 1905 Popsicle (aka Icy Pole) by 11-years-old Frank Epperson; 1908 Tea Bags by Thomas Sullivan; 1911 Self Starter by Charles F. Kettering; 1911 Hydroplane by Glenn Curtis; 1921 Wirephoto - The first electronically-transmitted photograph is sent by Western Union. The idea for a facsimile transmission was first proposed by Scottish clockmaker Alexander Bain in 1843; 1921 BAND-AID by Earle Dickson (a cotton buyer at the Johnson & Johnson company); 1922 Sound motion pictures by T.W. Case; 1923 Masking Tape by Richard G. Drew; 1924 Loudspeaker by C.W. Rice + E.W. Kellogg; 1926 Liquid-Fueled Rocket by Professor Robert H. Goddard successfully launched the first liquid fueled rocket in history; 1927 Bread Slicer - The automatic commercial bread slicer was invented in 1927 by Otto Frederick Rohwedder from Iowa, USA (Rohwedder had worked on his machine since 1912). His machine both sliced and wrapped a loaf of bread. In 1928, the bread slicer was improved by Gustav Papendick, a baker from St. Louis, Missouri; 1928 Bubble Gum - Bubblegum was invented by Frank Henry Fleer in 1906, but was not successful; the formulation of Fleer's "Blibber-Blubber," was too sticky. In 1928, Walter E. Diemer invented a superior formulation for bubble gum, which he called " Double Bubble"; 1929 Frozen Food - Clarence Birdseye offers his quick-frozen foods to the public. Birdseye got the idea during fur-trapping expeditions to Labrador in 1912 and 1916, where he saw the natives use freezing to preserve foods; 1930 Scotch Tape (aka Cellotape, sticky tape) - Richard D. Drew's second tape invention was a clear cellulose tape called Scotch (TM) Brand Cellulose Tape. This tape was a clear, all-purpose adhesive tape that was soon adopted worldwide. The first scotch tape dispenser with a built-in cutting edge was invented in 1932 by John A. Borden, another 3M employee; 1930 Bathysphere - A bathysphere is a pressurized metal sphere that allows people to go deep in the ocean, to depths at which diving unaided is impossible. This hollow cast iron sphere with very thick walls is lowered and raised from a ship using a steel cable. The bathysphere was invented by William Beebe and Otis Barton (around 1930). William Beebe (1877–1962), an American naturalist and undersea explorer, tested the bathysphere in 1930, going down to 1,426 feet (435 m) in a 4'9" (1.45 m) diameter bathysphere. Beebe and Otis Barton descended about 3,000 ft (914 m) feet in a larger bathysphere in 1934. They descended off the coast of Nonsuch Island, Bermuda in the Atlantic Ocean. During the dive, they communicated with the surface via telephone; 1930 Chocolate Chip Cookie - Ruth Wakefield invented chocolate chips (and chocolate chip cookies) in 1930. Wakefield ran the Toll House Inn in Whitman, Massachusetts. Her new cookie invention was called the "Toll House Cookie." Her original cookies used broken-up bars of semi-sweet chocolate; 1931 Particle accelerator - First accelerator built at the current Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory site, then known as the Berkeley Radiation Laboratory ("Rad Lab" for short); 1931 Radio Astronomy - While trying to track down a source of electrical interference on telephone transmissions, Karl Guthe Jansky of Bell Telephone Laboratories discovers radio waves emanating from stars in outer space; 1932 Cardiac pacemaker by A.S. Hyman; 1933 Frequency modulation (FM) by E.H. Armstrong; 1935 Parking Meter - The parking meter was invented by Carl C. Magee of Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA. The first parking meter was installed in Oklahoma City. Magee holds a patent (#2,118,318) for a "coin controlled parking meter," filed on May 13, 1935 and issued on May 24, 1938; 1937 Chair Lift - James Curran build a chair lift for the Dollar Mountain resort in Sun Valley, Idaho. Dollar Mountain follows with an order for six more; 1937 Photocopier - Xerography (which means "dry writing" in Greek) by Chester Floyd Carlson; 1938 Nylon - A team of researchers working under Wallace H. Carothers at E.I. du Pont de Nemours & Company invents a plastic that can be drawn into strong, silk-like fibers; 1939 Helicopter by Igor Sikorsky; 1942 Defibrillator - Dr. Claude Beck develops a device for jump-starting the heart with a burst of electricity; 1944 Automatic digital computer by Howard Aiken. 1944 Aerosol Spray Can by Lyle David Goodloe and W.N. Sullivan; 1945 Microwave Oven by Percy Spencer. 1947 Cellular Phones (aka Mobile Phones) by a team of researchers at Bell Labs in 1947, but there were no computers available to do the switching. As small inexpensive computers were developed, cell phones could be produced. Motorola holds the US patents for the cell phone; 1947 Polaroid camera - Dr. Edwin H. Land introduces a new camera that can produce a developed photographic image in sixty seconds. Land will follow in the 1960s with a color model and eventually receive more than 500 patents for his innovations in light and plastics technologies; 1947 Microwave oven by Percy L. Spencer; 1947 Scrabble by Alfred Mosher Butts; 1948 Video Game by Thomas T. Goldsmith Jr. and Estle Ray Mann; 1948 Transistor by William Shockley + John Bardeen; 1949 Radiocarbon dating - Willard F. Libby invented the procedure for carbon-14 dating; 1950 Color television by Peter Carl Goldmark; 1950 Disposable Diaper (aka Nappies) by Marion Donovan. Her first leak-proof diaper was a plastic-lined cloth diaper. Donovan then developed a disposable diaper. She was unsuccessful at selling her invention to established manufacturers, so she started her own company; 1951 Electricity-producing breeder reactor by Atomic Energy Commission; 1953 Heart-lung machine by Dr. John H. Gibbon; 1953 Apgar Scale by Dr. Virginia Apgar; 1953 MASER - Charles H. Townes, J. P. Gordon, and H. J. Zeiger built the first maser at Columbia University in 1953; 1955 Oral contraceptive by Gregory Pincus; 1955 Nuclear Submarine - The Nautilus, the first nuclear submarine, revolutionizes naval warfare. Conventional submarines need two engines: a diesel engine to travel on the surface and an electric engine to travel submerged, where oxygen for a diesel engine is not available. The Nautilus, the first nuclear sub, can travel many thousands of miles below the surface with a single fuel charge; 1956 Videotape by Charles Ginsberg + Ray Dolby; 1957 Polio Vaccine by Dr. Jonas Salk develops a polio vaccine using strains of polio too weak to cause infection but strong enough to activate the human immune system; 1958 Laser by Gordon Gould; 1959 Integrated Circuit by Jack Kilby of Texas Instruments filed a patent for a "Solid Circuit" made of germanium on February 6, 1959; 1960 Combined oral contraceptive pill - On May 9, 1960, the FDA announced it would approve Enovid 10 mg for contraceptive use, which it did on June 23, 1960, by which time Enovid 10 mg had been in general use for three years during which time, by conservative estimate, at least half a million women had used it; 1960 Laser by physicist Theodore H. Maiman creates the first laser; 1964 Operating System - IBM rolls out the OS/360, the first mass-produced computer operating system. Using the OS/360, all computers in the IBM 360 family could run any software program. Already IBM is a giant in the computer industry, controlling 70% of the market worldwide; 1965 Minicomputer - Digital Equipment introduces the PDP-8, the world's first computer to use integrated circuit technology. Because of its relatively small size and its low $18,000 price tag, Digital sells several hundred units; 1964 Liquid-crystal display by George Heilmeier; 1970 Optical Fiber - Corning Glass announces it has created a glass fiber so clear that it can communicate pulses of light. GTE and AT&T will soon begin experiments to transmit sound and image data using fiber optics, which will transform the communications industry; 1971 Microprocessor by Ted Hoff; 1972 Recombinant-DNA technology by Paul Berg + Herbert W. Boyer + Stanley Cohen; 1972 Calculator by Jack St. Clair Kilby (Nobel Prize laureate in physics); 1974 Product Barcode - The first shipments of bar-coded products arrive in American stores. Scanners at checkout stations read the codes using laser technology. The hand-punched keyboard cash register takes one step closer to obsolescence; 1978 Positron emission tomography by Louis Sokoloff; 1979 Parallel computing by Seymour R. Cray, Jr. + David Gelernter; 1981 Space Shuttle by NASA scientists; 1981 Graphic User Interface - Xerox PARC creates the first modern GUI; 1982 Artificial Heart (Jarvik 7) again by Dr. Robert Jarvik; 1983 TCP/IP Protocol - The first TCP/IP-wide area network was operational by January 1, 1983, when the United States' National Science Foundation (NSF) constructed a university network backbone that would later become the NSFNet; 1990 Hubble Telescope - The space shuttle Discovery deploys the Hubble Space telescope 350 miles (560 km) above the Earth. Although initial flaws limit its capabilities, the Hubble will be responsible for numerous discoveries and advances in the understanding of space; 1995 Galileo (spacecraft) - The Galileo spacecraft after 6 years and 2.35 billion miles gains orbit around Jupiter. It will make at least 10 passes of the Galilean moons and act as a relay station for the Galileo probe; 1998 Stem cell line - Researchers announce that they have successfully grown human stem cells in a laboratory, a major advance that could one day help in organ transplantation, gene therapy and treatment of such maladies as paralysis, diabetes and AIDS; 2003 Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe by NASA scientists; 2004 NASA X-43 - NASA builds the X-43, attaining speeds in excess of Mach 9.8, the fastest free flying air-breathing hypersonic flight; 2004 Spirit Rover - Mars Exploration Rover - by NASA scientists; 2006 HPV vaccine - University of Louisville researchers discover a vaccine against major strains of the human papillomavirus, the main cause of genital warts and cervical cancer; the discovery is heralded as effectively being the first vaccine against cancer; 2008 - Obama by the liberal press