(pag 24) … Digital Output RandomizerInterference from the ADC digital outputs is sometimes unavoidable. Interference from the digital outputs may be from capacitive or inductive coupling, or coupling through the ground plane. Even a tiny coupling factor can result in discernible unwanted tones in the ADC output spectrum.By randomizing the digital output before it is transmitted off chip, these unwanted tones can be randomized, trading a slight increase in the noise floor for a large reduction in unwanted tone amplitude.The digital output is “Randomized” by applying an exclusive-OR logic operation between the LSB and all other data output bits. To decode, the reverse operation is applied; that is, an exclusive-OR operation is applied between the LSB and all other bits. The LSB, OF and CLKOUT output are not affected. The output Randomizer function is active when the RAND pin is high.

(pag 25)... Internal DitherThe LTC2217 is a 16-bit ADC with a very linear transfer function; however, at low input levels even slight imperfections in the transfer function will result in unwanted tones.Small errors in the transfer function are usually a result of ADC element mismatches. An optional internal dither mode can be enabled to randomize the input location on the ADC transfer curve, resulting in improved SFDR for low signal levels.As shown in Figure 15, the output of the sample-and-hold amplifier is summed with the output of a dither DAC. The dither DAC is driven by a long sequence pseudo-random number generator; the random number fed to the dither DAC is also subtracted from the ADC result. If the dither DAC is precisely calibrated to the ADC, very little of the dither signal will be seen at the output. The dither signal that does leak through will appear as white noise. The dither DAC is calibrated to result in typically less than 0.5dB elevation in the noise floor of the ADC as compared to the noise floor with dither off, when a suitable input termination is provided (see Demo Board schematic DC996B).

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I made a sinusoidal generator using an old 10MHz TCXO followed by a ladder quartz filter made with cheap 10MHz quartz.

I calibrated the TCXO at 9.9981 MHz to pass through the quartz filter.Before the filter, an SBF5089Z amplifier allows to obtain after the filter a level of +2dBm on 50 Ohm. Finally, a series of resistive attenuators allows you to adjust the output level.The aim is to obtain a generator with good dynamics and low noise. The result has 2nd and 3rd harmonic level at -50dB.

Here are a few measures

BBRF103 HF antenna is connected to the attenuator output. BBRF103 control panel allows to activate dither and randomize.

With strong and stationary signals the interference of the data bus is evident and the use of dither and randomize is effective.Referring to the ADC datasheet with reference to these approximate measurements, it seems to me that the current layout of the 2-layer PCB and the adc databus, which also continues in the evaluation PCB of the FX3, worsen the spurious performance by 10-15 dB compared to the optimal layout of the PCB.

It would be possible to realize a single multilayer PCB including FX3 and ADC with better performances following the datasheet's layout indications.

These days I assembled a second prototype of BBRF103 receiver. Here are some notes.

Power supply

I made a different power harness. The purpose is to allow the circuit to be powered by the USB cable with VBUS or via a separate 5Volt power connector.

So far in the diagrams of BBRF103 the input of the 5V power supply to the PCB is taken from the VBUS of CYUSB3KIT-003.

I noticed on my two prototypes some problem related to the intervention of the protection circuit (U11 sheet 2 of 8, CYUSB3KIT scheme) on the Cypress plate and caused by the current increase required in some phases of power-up of the PCB BBRF103 and R820T2 use.

I modified the input of the 5Volt and connected it upstream of the protection circuit using the J3 jumper as a connector.

The scheme is as follows:

The current consumption of complete BBRF103 using Tuner R820T2 is about 530mA at 5Vdc.

From left to right

- 5Volt dc external input (optional)

- latched pushbutton VBUS / extenal 5V

- USB3 connector

- ON / OFF

Shielding box

The box used is made of aluminum, it has dimensions 100x76x35mm, currently at Banggood it is available only in a golden color. The surface is brushed and treated with an insulating process so it is necessary to sandpaper the contact surfaces to obtain an electrical contact when it closes.

In the grooves on the long sides I inserted after scratching the rail a strip of Desoldering Copper Wick as a contact gasket.

Heat dissipation

The ADC LTC2217 and the tuner R820T dissipate more than one Watt in heat. To keep the temperature of the chips lower, I tried two passive aluminium heat sinks that lead the heat to the aluminium box, which acts as a heat sink, reducing the temperature of the chips by 20-30° C.

The radiators are fixed with some M2 nylon insulating screws and nuts. I used a slightly modified PCB from BBRF103-2 layout.

Stand alone static current test

Assembling the pcb I have tried a simple method to verify errors of power supply rails.

Each block of the circuit is powered separately through a filter inductor. So not mounting these components it is easy to measure the current absorbed by various blocks on the PCB BBRF103-2 before connecting the CYUSB3KIT-003 board.

Here is a table with the measured power consumption of three blocks in a static way.I have not mounted FL1, FL2, FL3.I connected a 5Volt /500mA power supply to the LDO power supply of the plate and I measured the current at the unassembled inductors by injecting an external voltage, getting:

Block

Current

Measuring point

Oscillator SI5351

15-16 mA

FL3 / external power supply 3.3V

Tuner R820T2

80-85 mA

FL2 / external power supply 3.3V

ADC LTC2217

269-210 mA

FL1 / external power supply 5V (ADC gets 3.3V via LDO)

In case, inspect the component mounting and check the welds with a microscope or lens.

Radek Haša is a shortwave and airband listener living in Czech republic. He decided to redesign the PCB layout and assembled a prototype of the BBRF103-2.Thanks for allowing his project to be published.

While designing the PCB in Eagle 8.x format, he noticed and fixed some bugs in my layout.

- Referring to transformers T1,T2,T3. The Coilcraft WBC4-6TL type is better than the WBC4-1TL. The insertion loss is 0.65 dB instead of 1 dB. (WBC datasheet) Note that terminals 4 and 6 of the primary winding are interchanged in the electric scheme and the SMD footprint used in the PCB. This does not affect performance and will be corrected in the future PCB version to match the original SMD footprint.

- The Q1,Q2,Q3,Q4 SMD footprint is corrected in RC3 PCB.

- C44 and C55 silkscreen locations are swapped in the BBRF103-2 original PCB. Footprint is corrected in RC3 PCB layout.

He made some test of temperature of the ADC and R820T2 in VHF mode.“There are no heatsinks on ADC and R820T2. The temperature of the ADC reached 73 ° C while the R820T2 reached 60 ° C at 100MHz. Room temperature was 27 ° C.“

WARNING: notice that this description is a BETA test version without any warranty and is intended for non-commercial purposes.

Finally please notice that ExtIOsddc.dll ver 0.96 software does not yet control the antenna power via dll panel window and to enable VHF (R820T2) mode you must undefine _NO_TUNER_ in config.h and recompile.

“..If we use the sampling frequency less than twice the maximum frequency component in the signal, then it is called undersampling. Undersampling is also known as band pass sampling, harmonic sampling or super-Nyquist sampling. Nyquist-Shannon Sampling theorem, which is the modified version of the Nyquist sampling theorem, says that the sampling frequency needs to be twice the signal bandwidth and not twice the maximum frequency component, in order to be able to reconstruct the original signal perfectly from the sampled version. If B is the signal bandwidth, then Fs > 2B is required where Fs is sampling frequency. The signal bandwidth can be from DC to B or from f1 to f2 where B = f2 – f1. The aliasing effect due to the undersampling technique can be used for our advantage. When a signal is sampled at a rate less than twice its maximum frequency, the aliased signal appears at Fs – Fin, where Fs is the sampling frequency and Fin in the input signal frequency. “ from Why Use Oversampling when Undersampling Can do the Job? - Texas Instruments.

In an example case looking at FM band we sample the input 98 MHz with Fs = 56MHz and the aliased component will appear at 14 MHz ( 56*2 – 98).As we know in advance that the signal is aliased, we can recover the actual frequency by using the N*Fs – Fin relationship. The undersampling technique allows the ADC to behave like a mixer or a down converter in the receive chain. For a band-limited signal of 98 MHz with a 20-MHz signal bandwidth, the sampling rate (Fs) of 56 Msps, the aliased component referred to 2*Fs will appear between 4MHz to 24 MHz (20 ±10 MHz.An analog band pass filter is required at ADC input to avoid interference from other Nyquist band.

Undersampling Case of 98MHz Signal with 20MHz Bandwidth.

I designed a new breadboard with some modification. The PCB is named BBRF103 ver 0.5.

BBRF103 ver 0.5 - block diagram.

The J1 input uses a band stop filter for the FM Band 88-108 MHz. This input is planned for experimental use within 120-500 MHz frequency range. Some specific band pass filter and LNA will be externally added for 50MHz, 144MHz or 432MHz band.

The FM Band Stop Filter - LTspice simulation.

The J2 input has a band pass filter for the FM band to analyze the full 88-108 MHz band spectrum at once. This filter is quite simpler as the FM signals are very strong versus possible interference.

FM band filter response.

Finally J3 is the HF input. The filter components values are changed from first version of BBRF103.

HF low pass filter.

The connector J4 is an optional input for an external reference signal. A capacitor must be mounted to enable this signal.

J5 and J6 are two programmable clock output from the Si5351 generator. May be used to synchronize external tuner oscillator.

RF switch typeI like to test a bi-stable subminiature DIP relay type HFD2/005-M-L2-D to switch RF instead of active switches. The relay is a 5Volt dual coil latched one. I shielded it using adhesive copper tape that will be soldered to the PCB ground plane.

BBRF103_2 PCB adds a switchable LNA power supply through the antenna cable

I tested it with an Outernet L-band ceramic patch antenna. This antenna requires power and can be connected to BBRF103_2 PCB. The antenna onboard filter helps to reduce problems from interfering signals and restricts reception to 1525 - 1559 MHz.

Ten MHz down there are many other satellite signals. The gap in the spectrogram shows the BBRF103 noise when the antenna power is switched off; two spurious signals are visible on the right.

BBRF103_2 PCB notes

ADC:I mounted the BBRF103_2 prototype with a LTC2208 ADC instead of LTC2217. I wanted to check compatibility and I had not any other LTC2217 sample. The LTC2208 is a little noiser than LTC2217 by some 2 dB. The LTC2208 draws some mA more current.

Antenna power: The scheme uses 2N3906,2N3904 : Q2,Q3,Q4,Q5. The pcb footprint is wrong. Mount them upside down on the pc board.

I mounted R42,R43,R44 = 10 Ohm, it increases the output current.

R820T2: I added some bypass capacitors to the VCT line on the top layer.

Temperature: I made some measure of the temperature of R820T2 and LTC2208 with a small copper radiator.

The temperature of the ADC with a small copper radiator reaches 67 ° C while the R820T2 with the radiator reaches 45 ° C.

Preview: I will use MAX4995 50mA to 600mA Programmable Current-Limit Switch to control the LNA current in a new pcb's revision and some heat radiators will be added to ADC and RT820T2...

I thought of a problem in the firmware of FX3 while the cause was hardware.I decoupled the R820T2 3V3 power supply using a separate LDO from the 5V USB bus tosolve the problem in the prototype.

The R820T can be used to receive frequency band in the range 30MHz -1800MHz. The tuner uses a clock generated by Si5351A at 32.000MHz, the REGDIV bit of reg 4 is set to 1 to divide it by two internally to the nominal 16MHz.The IF output is selected at 5MHz ( I used up to 7.5MHz) and it’s sampled by the ADC at 64Msps and then decimated down to 8Msps or less. The R820T data sheet states that the standard IF filters are implemented for 6/7/8 MHz channel bandwidths.

The LNA, the mixer and the VGA gains can be set manually although their precise values are absent from the datasheet. They can also be set automatically via automatic gain control (AGC) in order to optimize the signal to noise ratio (SNR).

It uses the same USB3 Cypress Explorer Kit Board while the ADC is a LTC2206. Reginald Eisenblatt, gave a presentation on the BooyaSDR ( January 23, 2017, at Linaspace see http://www.amrad.org/ ).Some video at https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uF6y0ETTJFA , notice the Waterfall with multiple rows!

The BooyaSDR application is very clever. It uses gcc compiler with pthreads and fftw library. The FX3 firmware is loaded at run time using the Cypress download protocol.

I decided to use the same software environment and compiler to test a version of ExtIO_sddc.dll for BBRF103 with pthreads lib.

The BBR103 has been updated to version 0.2 with the following patch.- RAND patch: a wire has been added to control the RAND pin of ADC using GPIO20 of FX3.This option allows the control and test of RAND feature of ADC (see pg 14, 24 of http://cds.linear.com/docs/en/datasheet/2217f.pdf).The wire connects RAND (U3-pin 63, R7,R9) to GPIO20 ( BGA K7 = PIN25 J6 FX3 SS kit).

Firmware:

The Firmware source can be found into the archive file of project under \Firmware directory

Status:

The 0.96 version is still a preliminary release with some bugs. It operates in HF mode only.

Problems remain in use of R820T2 tuner, and a post on this argument will follow.

The FFT output is sent to HDSDR with a selectable rate of 32 Msps or a decimated one at 16, 8, 4, 2 Msps.

Filtering and tuning is made using overlap and add with frame of 1024 as 768 +256 samples. The filter time responses are 257 sample long.

When 32Msps is used the local oscillator of HDSDR is fixed to 16 MHz at centre of spectrum and the fine tuning of HDSDR allows reception from 500 kHz to 31500 kHz, while with lower sample rates the local oscillator can be tuned with 125 kHz step while the fine tuning is made by HDSDR.

At this development stage ExtIO_sddc.dll has a GUI dialog with 4 tabs :

During Summer holidays I experimented about decimation scheme of BreadBoard RF103.

The ExtIO_sddc.dll processes the ADC real signal stream. The sampling rate is 64 MHz. The output is a decimated I&Q complex signal stream at 16 MHz, 8MHz, 4MHz or 2MHz.Filtering and tuning are integrated.

The dll uses CyAPI library to connect BBRF103 hardware via USB3.0.A USBthreadProc thread uses 16 buffers queue to receive data chunk of 65536 samples (short).One buffer’s time duration is about 1 ms at 64 MHz.I configured USBthreadProc to run at high priority to be responsive to hardware timing.The USBthreadProc output buffer is processed by the class RFddc that has an own buffer array of 16 elements.The time of a circular turn of 16 buffers queue allows the digital down conversion algorithm of each chunk to complete on a separate thread. The previously computed output vector is returned while the signal processing of the buffer is started. A priority for these threads below normal seems good enough.Frequency domain signal processing is used. An overlap and add FFT scheme processes the buffer 65536 sample frame and overlap and save scheme glues the buffers together.

The following diagram represents the processing of one buffer frame and it is implemented in every thread of the RFddc pool of 16.

notes:

1) It is the input sample array of short. It is a real signal. The frame buffer is a sequence of 65536 samples (it can be seen as a sequence of 64 *1024 slice).

2) The last 1024 slice in the past is copied at the beginning of the array to form a frame of 65 *1024 = 66560 samples. This is the overlap and save scheme.

3) A complex array 66560 samples long is obtained from (2) adding a zero imaginary component.

4) Starting from 0 the array is divided into slices of 768 samples to implement override and add (Overlap and add method) with an overlap of 256 and a fast Fourier transform (FFT) of 1024 sample frame.

5) Every 768 slice is copied into a 1024 one adding a tail of 256 sample zero filled.85 slice of 1024 complex samples.

6) A FFT forward is applied to the every 1024 slice. 85 slices in frequency domain are computed.

7) For every slide a circular shift of the FFT’s bins is used to implement tuning to the IQ carrier frequency.The resolution is 64000000/1024 = 62500 Hz. This coarse step is good enough for HDSDR tuning that uses its own fine adjustment. A phase adjustment is required depending on the tuning bin position.

9) Decimation in frequency is used. The implemented output lengths are 256,128,64,32 that obtains output rate of 16MHz, 8MHz, 4MHz, 2MHz. It is made just copying the decimated FFT bins chunk near zero frequency.

10) The resulting output is a sequence of decimated FFT ( 256,…) bins. Steps (7) (8) (9) are implemented together in a copy and modify loop.

11) The 85 slices of decimated FFT.

12) The FFT inverse is computed.

13) The time output is computed with overlap and add of the 85 slices. The first 256 samples and the latest 512 are dropped using overlap and save (Overlap save method) of the 64 * decimated FFTN samples frames.The function has an array of 65536 samples input and returns an array of 16.384 samples at 16MHz, 8.192 at 8MHz, 4.096 at 4MHz, 2.048 at 2MHz.A separate thread processes the signal from each one buffer.

I made some debug measuring the time jitter of USBthreadProc 16 buffer cycle. The theoretical time is 16 * 1.024 ms = 16.384 ms.Here after a plot of the measured duration time - 16.384 ms.The plot shows that the peak jitter is within +/- 3mS.