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exposure assessment Articles

A new application of exposure assessment aimed at improving insight into source attribution of human infectious diseases, i.e. estimation of the relative contribution of sources and transmission routes, is developed and explored. Human exposure, calculated as the mean number of Campylobacters ingested per person per day, is used as an indication of the relative importance of Campylobacter ...

The hazard potential of airborne particles is dependent on the mass concentration as well as the particle size. Particle size determines the deposition site within the respiratory tract and the subsequent health effects. Particle-size is considered from two viewpoints: The sizefraction most closely associated with the specific health effect, and the mass concentration within that size fraction. ...

Evaluating organism exposure in the ecosystems is a difficult task and can be carried out measuring or predicting concentrations in the environment. While current regulatory approaches favour a modelling approach, they either use a static representation of the environment and of the chemical discharge or a simplified dynamic approach (e.g. dealing with pesticides). Improving the ecological ...

This paper focuses on the opportunities for using electronic noses for odour exposure assessment purposes, especially in cases where dispersion modelling is not applicable. Such cases include, for instance, those sources where a detailed characterisation and quantification of the odour emissions for every hour of the simulation time domain is particularly difficult, due to the nature of the ...

Because associations between agents and environmental effects are not necessarily causal, it is necessary to assess causation before using such relationships in environmental management. We adapted epidemiological methods to assess general causal hypotheses. General causation establishes that an agent is capable of causing an effect. The method uses all relevant and good‐quality evidence in a ...

Lead levels in different environmental media (soil, grass leaves, water, ceramics, pencil, paint, crayons and cosmetics) were determined to assess the major sources of lead exposure in Thohoyandou, South Africa. Soil and plant leaves were used as indicators of Pb pollution from vehicle exhaust emissions. After digestion with concentrated acids (HNO3, HCl and HClO4) Pb concentrations were ...

The USEPA’s Brownfields Program was developed to facilitate the rehabilitation of contaminated property for re-development. EPA has set forth criteria that must be met for a revitalized property to be used for residential, commercial or industrial purposes. The main thrust of these criteria is the long-term protection of residents or visitors (including shoppers and business employees). As ...

Insecticides are mainly used in the home environment, and most of them are recognised to pose risks for the human health. In particular, pyrethroids are an insecticide category widely used in agriculture and households, and for industrial purposes to get protection from mosquitoes, cockroaches and other insects. In this study, both exposure and risk following the application of insecticides by ...

Evaluating the extent of exposure to chemicals in absence of continuous measurements of their concentration in air and direct measures of personal exposure is crucial for epidemiological studies. Dispersion models can be a useful tool for reproducing spatio-temporal distribution of contaminants emitted by a specific source. However, they cannot easily be applied to short-term epidemiological ...

It was proved that some adverse reproductive outcomes are associated with the exposure to trihalomethanes. We define the exposure as the probability with which the total trihalomethanes concentration in drinking water exceeds the maximum level. We apply the Peaks of Threshold model of Extreme Value Theory into assessing the exposure risk for the drinking water in Japanese distribution systems. ...

Working in hot environments can produce a strain on workers that may lead to discomfort, loss in performance and productivity, heat illness and death. For this reason there has been much research into human responses to hot environments. Although knowledge is not complete, a great deal is known and can be integrated to allow the proposal of practical methods for designing and evaluating working ...

This paper evaluates the exposure of four children to carbon monoxide (CO) in two different classrooms during the time spent in school in a typical school day, using a numerical modelling approach. The study is focused on an area of 550 × 550 m 2 centred at a primary school of the city of Aveiro, in central Portugal, which is located close to a road with moderate traffic and has naturally ...

The iSTREEM® model (“in‐stream exposure model”), a web‐based model made freely available to the public by the American Cleaning Institute, provides a means to estimate concentrations of “down‐the‐drain” chemicals in effluent, receiving waters, and drinking water intakes across national and regional scales under mean annual and low flow conditions. We provide an overview of the evolution and ...

There is a growing need for good environmental risk assessment of engineered nanoparticles (ENPs). Environmental risk assessment of ENPs has been hampered by lack of data and knowledge about ENPs, their environmental fate and their toxicity. This leads to uncertainty in the risk assessment. To effectively deal with uncertainty in the risk assessment, probabilistic methods are advantageous. In ...

Environmental Science & Technology journal recently published the article Exposure Assessment and Risk Characterization for Perfluorooctanoate in Selected Consumer Articles, submitted by several key staff members of ...

Cyanuric acid (CYA) excretion in urine has been used to estimate the volume of water ingested during swimming and other recreational activities in outdoor pools containing this chemical. These estimates of water ingestion are based on the assumption of 100% excretion within 24 hours, but the supporting evidence for this is scant. While adapting this methodology to investigate other water ...

Engineered nanomaterials (ENMs) possess novel properties making them attractive for application in a wide spectrum of fields. These novel properties are not accounted for in the environmental risk assessment methods REACH proposes in their guidance on environmental exposure estimation, although ENMs are already applied in a variety of consumer and industrial products. It is thus necessary to ...

Organisms in the environment experience fluctuating, pulsed, or intermittent exposure to pollutants. Accounting for effects of such exposures is an important challenge for environmental risk assessment, particularly given the simplified design of standard ecotoxicity tests. Dynamic simulation using toxicokinetic‐toxicodynamic (TK‐TD) models describes the processes that link exposure with ...

Margarethe Jaroszewski of 3E Company looks at the extra burden REACH Exposure Scenarios will bring The REACH Regulation went into effect on 1 June 2007, simplifying but also complicating the compliance work for companies manufacturing or importing chemicals in Europe. As a result, all companies manufacturing, importing, distributing or using chemical substances on their own, in mixtures ...

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