4 Scientists Search for Human Origins Scientists Discover Clues Archaeologists excavating and studying the traces of early settlements Anthropologists study culture, or people s unique way of life by examine the artifacts at archaeological digs

5 Mary Leakey Finds Footprints Mary Leakey led a scientific expedition to the region of Laetoli in Tanzania in the 1970 s 1978 they found prehistoric footprints that resembled those of modern humans Footprints were made by humanlike beings called australopithecines Humans and other creatures walking upright are called hominids 5

6 Donald Johanson Discovers Lucy Johanson and his team were exploring sites in Ethiopia 1974, Johanson s team found an unusually complete skeleton of an adult female hominid Lucy had lived around 3.5 million years ago

7 Hominids in Motion Lucy and the hominids of East Africa were species of australopithecines They walked upright to travel distances more easily They were able to spot threatening animals and carry food and children These early hominids had already developed the opposable thumb 7

8 Progress During the Old Stone Age The Stone Age Invention of tools, mastery over fire, and the development of language The Old Stone Age or Paleolithic Age, lasted from about 2.5 million to 8000 B.C. The New Stone Age, or Neolithic Age, began about 8000 B.C. and ended as early as 3000 B.C. 8

9 Homo Habilis: The First Toolmaker? Homo Habilis appear in East Africa around 2.5 million years ago 1960, Mary Leakey and her husband, Louis, discovered a hominid fossil in northern Tanzania They named the fossil Homo habilis - man of skill Homo habilis used lava rock tools to cut meat and crack open bones and could butcher elephant meat 9

10 Homo Erectus Is More Intelligent About 1.6 million years ago Homo erectus appeared in East Africa Homo erectus was a more intelligent and adaptable species than Homo habilis Homo erectus people used intelligence to develop technology to meet their needs These hominids became skillful hunters and invented more sophisticated tools for digging, scraping, and cutting 10

11 Homo erectus used fire The bands of hunters may have carried torches to drive herds of animals into marshes The control of fire helped Homo erectus settle new lands Homo erectus might have developed the beginnings of spoken language Teamwork needed to plan hunts and cooperate in other tasks probably relied on language 11

12 12

13 The Dawn of Modern Humans Neanderthals Way of Life The Neanderthals They had heavy slanted brows, well-developed muscles, and thick bones They lived between 200,000 and 30,000 years ago They developed religious beliefs and performed rituals 13

14 The Shanidar Cave Funeral They lived in caves or temporary shelters made of wood and animal skins Neanderthals used stone blades, scrapers, and other tools The Neanderthals about 30,000 years ago 14

15 Cro-Magnons Emerge Cro-Magnons appear 40,000 years ago Their skeletal remains show that they are identical to modern humans Cro-Magnons had superior hunting strategies Cro-Magnons had advanced skill in spoken language 15

16 Recent Findings Add New Knowledge 1994, fossil hunters in Ethiopia found a 2.33 million-year old jaw The oldest fossil belonging to the species that includes modern humans They found stone tools which suggests that the first toolmakers emerged earlier than previously thought In 1996, a team of researchers dated a Neanderthal bone flute - between 43,000 and 82,000 years old 16

19 Early modern humans launched a technological revolution They used stone, bone, and wood to fashion make 100 different tools 19

20 Paleolithic Art Cave paintings in France and Spain In Africa, early artists engraved pictures on rocks or painted scenes in caves or rock shelters In Australia, they created paintings on large rocks 20

21 The Neolithic Revolution Causes of the Agricultural Revolution Change in climate Rising temperatures worldwide provided longer growing seasons and drier land for cultivating wild grasses Grain helped support a population boom Farming offered a alternative to hunting an gathering 21

22 Early Farming Methods Slash-and-burn farming Cutting of trees or grasses and burned them to clear a field The ashes fertilized the soil and farmers planted crops for a year or two Move to another area repeated the process 22

23 Domestication of Animals Hunters were key in the domestication of animals They domesticated horses, dogs, goats, and pigs Nomads tended sheep, goats, camels, or other animals These herders moved their animals to new pastures and watering places 23

24 24

25 Revolution in Jarmo The Zagros Mountains in northeastern Iraq the birthplace of agriculture The environmental conditions favored the development of agriculture Wild wheat and barley, along with wild goats, pigs, sheep, and horses build the foundation for modern life 25

26 Villages Grow and Prosper Farming develops in different regions of the world Africa: The Nile River Valley a important agricultural center for growing wheat, barley, and other crops China: 8,000 years ago, farmers along the Huang He cultivated a grain called millet 1,000 years later, Neolithic farmers domesticated wild rice in the Chang Jiang River delta 26

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