INTRODUCTION:The microcontroller incorporates all the features that are found in microprocessor. The microcontroller has built in ROM, RAM, Input Output ports, Serial Port, timers, interrupts and clock circuit. A microcontroller is an entire computer manufactured on a single chip. Microcontrollers are usually dedicated devices embedded within an application. For example, microcontrollers are used as engine controllers in automobiles and as exposure and focus controllers in cameras. In order to serve these applications, they have a high concentration of on-chip facilities such as serial ports, parallel input output ports, timers, counters, interrupt control, analog-to-digital converters, random access memory, read only memory, etc. The I/O, memory, and on-chip peripherals of a microcontroller are selected depending on the specifics of the target application. Since microcontrollers are powerful digital processors, the degree of control and programmability they provide significantly enhances the effectiveness of the application. The 8051 is the first microcontroller of the MCS-51 family introduced by Intel Corporation at the end of the 1970s. The 8051 family with its many enhanced members enjoys the largest market share, estimated to be about 40%, among the various microcontroller architectures.

The microcontroller has on chip peripheral devices. In this unit firstly we differentiate microcontroller from microprocessor then we will discuss about Hardware details of 8051 and then introduce the Assembly level language in brief. Microcontrollers

• Microcontroller (MC) may be called computer on chip since it has basic features of microprocessor with internal ROM, RAM, Parallel and serial ports within single chip. Or we can say microprocessor with memory and ports is called as microcontroller. This is widely used in washing machines, vcd player, microwave oven, robotics or in industries.

8051 Architecture:
Each block is explained as:
ALU — Arithmetic Logical Unit
This unit is used for the arithmetic calculations.
A-Accumulator
This register is used for arithmetic operations. This is also bit addressable and 8 bit register.
B-Register
This register is used in only two instructions MUL AB and DIV AB. This is also bit addressable and 8 bit register.
PC-Program Counter
• Points to the address of next instruction to be executed from ROM

8051 Flag Bits and PSW Register
1. Used to indicate the Arithmetic condition of ACC.
2. Flag register in 8051 is called as program status word (PSW). This special function register PSW is also bit addressable and 8 bit wide means each bit can be set or reset independently.
There are four flags in 8051
•...

YOU MAY ALSO FIND THESE DOCUMENTS HELPFUL

...﻿Summary of effective followers 1
Summary of “how to cultivate effective follower”
April Wang
English Composition Ⅰ
Professor Hampton
October 25th, 2012
Summary of effective followers 2
Summary of “How to cultivate effective followers”
In the article “How to cultivate effective followers”, the writer Christopher Lorenz identifies that followers who could not follow a parade in the past is playing a remarkable role during recent years, that is to say, since the followers are taken into fully account nowadays, they are becoming more efficient and play a key role in the company. However, the author also stressed that he was not going to have a debate with anyone who had great passion for leadership. According to the author, followers are divided into five types in this article: sheep, yes people, alienated followers, survivors, effective followers. In that case, some recommendations are also given to help foster efficient followers.
Truly, most of the time, we do not act as a leader but a follower. Viewing that issue, Kelly, who is an industrial administration in Pittsburgh at Carnegie-Mellon University, did a research about it. Basically, it is separated in to five different sorts...

...There have been many observations regarding the characteristics of a leader, but followership has received less attention. Treister and Schultz (1997) “suggests that a "follower is someone who accepts guidance and, on receiving it, takes the appropriate action." Treister et al (1997) also state followership is “considered a passive or submissive role of lesser importance than leadership. However, the effectiveness of leaders to a large measure depends on the qualities of their followers.” Treister et al (1997) go on to say “good leadership enhances followers, just as good followership enhances leaders." So followers are just as important as leaders are to a leader/follower relationship.
Some have categorized followers in different typologies because not all followers are the same. These typologies are based on the follower’s behavior and engagement. Kellerman (2007) “categorizes all followers according to where they fall along a continuum that ranges from "feeling and doing absolutely nothing" to "being passionately committed and deeply involved." Kellerman (2007) “chose level of engagement because, regardless of context, it's the follower's degree of involvement that largely determines the nature of the superior-subordinate relationship.” Followers may fall into different categories depending on the situation, leader, or organization....

...characteristics that are wanted by followers in their leaders could vary in different jobs for the most part they are the same. It is very important for a leader to possess these four characteristics, which are: Honesty, Forward-thinking, Inspiring, and Competence. With these four, leaders will be able to keep followers on the right path and receive the most production out of them.
Honesty with followers is the most important; this allows a trust and a bond with the followers that the correct information and guidance is being relayed in the workplace for the betterment of the company.
Forward-thinking is looking toward the future and your followers seeing that you do have plans and goals for the future. It is important for the followers to know that the company and their leaders are not only working for today.
The ability to inspire your followers and is also important to motivate them from a production stand point. Leaders are often quick to criticize and talk down to employees; this is often not productive and tells the employees that you do not care about them. Inspiring employees is always a great quality for a leader to possess.
The charactistic of competence is a really a given in the workplace, and is work to work for a leader to does not have this ability. Leaders should not be able to achieve the level of a leader without desire or passion for the...

...In his poem 'Mending Wall', Robert Frost presents to us the ideas of barriers between people, communication, friendship and the sense of security people gain from barriers. His messages are conveyed using poetic techniques such as imagery, structure and humor, revealing a complex side of the poem as well as achieving an overall light-hearted effect. Robert Frost has cleverly intertwined both a literal and metaphoric meaning into the poem, using the mending of a tangiblewall as a symbolic representation of the barriers that separate the neighbors in their friendship.
The theme of the poem is about two neighbors who disagree over the need of a wall to separate their properties. Not only does the wall act as a divider in separating estates, it also acts as a barrier in the neighbors’ friendship, separating them. For the neighbor with the pine trees, the wall is of great significance, as it provides a sense of security and privacy. He believes that although two people can still be friendly neighbors, some form of barrier is needed to separate them and 'wall in' the personal space and privacy of the individual.
The poem itself is a technique Robert Frost uses to convey his ideas. Behind the literal representation of building walls, there is a deeper metaphoric meaning, which reflects people's attitudes towards others. It reflects the social barriers people build, to...

...that illegal migrants will die while trying to enter the country,” says Micah Issist. Unquestionably a wall is not going to stop immigrants and drug dealers, people who commit that kind of felonies are not going to be stopped by a wall. There are other methods to access the country, most of them are risky or not safe at all, but the need is what pushes them to do it. Even though border walls keep drugs and humans traffic to the minimum, thesewalls should not exist because they keep families separated and cause economic disadvantage for two countries.
Border walls keep drugs and humans traffic to the minimum. Border Patrol agents in Naco, Arizona, for example, reported that the wall built there in 1996 cut drug traffic and illegal immigration in half within a year. Clearly, what Alex Rich, a journalist for a local newspaper, is trying to show with this information is that the border wall has decreased the illegal actions that were taking place in the border cities. Another example that shows that border walls keep drugs and humans traffic to the minimum is set in the numbers that border patrol agents have reported along the time that they started building them they have caught one hundred and forty-four thousand aliens an from those illegal immigrants eleven thousand seven hundred and six were drug dealers. Following this further Heather Newton states how the...

..."Mending Wall" by Robert Frost is a poem in which the characteristics of vocabulary, rhythm and other aspects of poetic technique combine in a fashion that articulates, in detail, the experience and the opposing convictions that the poem describes and discusses. The ordinariness of the rural activity is presented in specific description, and as so often is found in Frost's poems, the unprepossessing undertaking has much larger implications. Yet his consideration of these does not disturb the qualities of accessible language and technique, which give the poem its unique flavor and persuasiveness. The poem works on two levels of realism and metaphor, with a balance as poised as the act of mending the all itself.
(themes) Perhaps one of the reasons that Frost remains one the best known and best loved American poets is that his themes are universal and attractive. They offer the reader affirmative resolutions for the conflicts dramatized in his life and his poetry. Readers, whether young or old, waging their own struggles against the constant threat of chaos in their life, find comfort and encouragement in many of Frost's lines which are so cherished that they have become familiar quotations: "Good fences make good neighbors", "Miles to go before I sleep."
(theme) "Mending Wall" is about boundaries. Frost, in a personal evaluation of this poem stated, "Nationality is something I couldn't live without. I played exactly fair in it. Twice I...

...Student Name
Class Details
Date
Wall Street Women
Introduction
The book Wall Street Women is book talking about the first generation women who have been able to establish themselves as professional in Wall Street. It goes back to the 1960’s when women began their careers and were faced by blatant discrimination and challenges in their advancement, they created and formed formal and informal associations with an aim of bolstering each other’s careers. This historical ethnography by Melissa S. Fisher borrows from fieldwork, archival research and extensive interviews with successful women of the first generation in Wall Street. She goes on to describe their professional and political associations most common being the Women’s Campaign Fund and the Financial Women’s Association of New York which were groups formed to promote the election of pro-choice women.
Melissa S. Fisher charts the evolution of women’s careers and how they have grown both politically and economically. She looks at the changes in their perspectives and the cultural climate in Wall Street as well as the 2008 financial collapse. In Wall Street most of the pioneering subjects never participated in the women’s movement that had been happening in the 1960’s and 1970’s. She argues that these women did produce a “market feminism” which was in line with the liberal feminist ideas on meritocracy and gender...

...Tristan turns to his father for help, Tristan’s father has a surprise for him, as he takes him up into the attic and gives Tristan a gift. A gift his father has had for him his whole life, a gift from Tristan’s mother he has never met. Tristan finds out it is a note in a basket addressed from his mother. In the note wrapped up is a Babylon candle from his mother. In the note it explains how he can use the candle his mother gave him, and what it is used for. As it takes one week for Tristan to grow up, he realizes he must cross the wall to get the star the love of his life is asking for. Tristan realizes he cannot cross the wall unless he has some help, as Tristan got his help. Tristan sneaks past the old man and over the wall. Yet, Tristan does not realize what he has in front of him, and what lies ahead of his battle to get the star he has always hoped of getting for the love of his life. First, Tristan grows and matures into a man by crossing the wall, and capturing the star. Second, as Tristan has the star he has always wanted; he realizes his true love is right in front of his eyes, and is not the girl he was capturing the star for. Finally, Tristan gets his wish by capturing the star, and becomes king.
One reason why it takes Tristan a week to mature and grow up because he realizes he has such short time to capture the star that he needs. Tristan only has one week, and he realizes he has competition trying to...