This relic from the early Universe is busily devouring material at the centre of a galaxy – marking it out as a so-called quasar.

Matter, such as gas, falling onto the black hole will form an ultra-hot mass of material around it known as an accretion disk.

“Quasars are among the brightest and most distant known celestial objects and are crucial to understanding the early Universe,” said co-author Bram Venemans of the Max Planck Institute for Astronomy in Germany.

This quasar is interesting because it comes from a time when the Universe was just 5% of its current age.

At this time, the cosmos was beginning to emerge from a period known as the dark ages – just before the first stars appeared.

Image copyrightSPL

Image caption
The Gemini North observatory was among several involved in the discovery

“Gathering all this mass in under 690 million years is an enormous challenge for theories of supermassive black hole growth,” said co-author Eduardo Bañados, from the Carnegie Institution for Science.

The quasar’s distance is described by a property called its redshift – a measurement of how much the wavelength of its light is stretched by the expansion of the Universe before reaching Earth.

The newly discovered black hole has a redshift of 7.54. The higher the redshift, the greater the distance, and the farther back astronomers are looking in time when they observe the object.

“Despite extensive searches, it took more than half a decade to catch a glimpse of something this far back in the history of the Universe,” said Dr Bañados.

The discovery of a massive black hole so early on may provide key clues on conditions that abounded when the Universe was young.

“This finding shows that a process obviously existed in the early Universe to make this monster,” Dr Bañados explained.

“What that process is? Well, that will keep theorists very busy.”

The unexpected discovery is based on data amassed from observatories around the world. This includes data from the Gemini North observatory on Hawaii’s Maunakea volcano and a Nasa space telescope called the Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer (Wise).