@article{Canal-Riveroa2018,
title = {Predicting suicidal behaviour after first episode of non-affective psychosis: The role of neurocognitive functioning},
author = {Canal,M. and L\'{o}pez, J.D. and Seti\'{e}n, E. and Ruiz, M. and Ayuso-Mateos, J.L. and Ayesa, R. and Crespo-Facorroa,B.},
url = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2018.06.001},
isbn = {0924-9338},
year = {2018},
date = {2018-09-01},
journal = {European Psychiatry},
volume = {53},
pages = {52-57},
abstract = {Suicide has been recognised as one of the major causes of premature death in psychosis. However, predicting suicidal behaviour (SB) is still challenging in the clinical setting and the association of neurocognition with SB in psychosis remains poorly understood. This study aimed to investigate the role of neurocognitive performance as predictor of SB. Also, we sought to explore differences in the evolution of clinical and neurocognitive functioning between participants with/without history of suicide attempts (SA) over follow-up period.
Methods
The sample of the study is composed by 517 patients. Sociodemographic, clinical, functional and neurocognitive measures were evaluated at baseline as well as 1-year and 3 years after first episode of psychosis. Bivariate and multivariate analyses explored the influence of these variables as putative baseline predictors of SB. Repeated measures analyses of variance tested differences in clinical and neurocognitive outcomes at 1- and 3-year follow-up.
Results
Global cognitive functioning (GCF) (OR = 1.83, 95% CI = 1.25\textendash2.67) and severe depressive symptoms (OR = 1.17, 95% CI = 1.07\textendash1.28) predicted SB. Longitudinal analyses revealed that patients with SB at follow-up presented with higher levels of remission in terms of positive psychotic symptoms and depression. In addition, those with a history of SB had worse GCF and visual memory than those without such antecedents.
Conclusions
GCF was found to be the most robust predictor of SB along with severe depressive symptomatology. Hence, poorer cognitive performance in FEP appears to emerge as a risk factor for suicidal behaviour from early stages of the illness and a comprehensive neurocognitive assessment may contribute to risk assessment},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {forthcoming},
tppubtype = {article}
}

Suicide has been recognised as one of the major causes of premature death in psychosis. However, predicting suicidal behaviour (SB) is still challenging in the clinical setting and the association of neurocognition with SB in psychosis remains poorly understood. This study aimed to investigate the role of neurocognitive performance as predictor of SB. Also, we sought to explore differences in the evolution of clinical and neurocognitive functioning between participants with/without history of suicide attempts (SA) over follow-up period.
Methods
The sample of the study is composed by 517 patients. Sociodemographic, clinical, functional and neurocognitive measures were evaluated at baseline as well as 1-year and 3 years after first episode of psychosis. Bivariate and multivariate analyses explored the influence of these variables as putative baseline predictors of SB. Repeated measures analyses of variance tested differences in clinical and neurocognitive outcomes at 1- and 3-year follow-up.
Results
Global cognitive functioning (GCF) (OR = 1.83, 95% CI = 1.25–2.67) and severe depressive symptoms (OR = 1.17, 95% CI = 1.07–1.28) predicted SB. Longitudinal analyses revealed that patients with SB at follow-up presented with higher levels of remission in terms of positive psychotic symptoms and depression. In addition, those with a history of SB had worse GCF and visual memory than those without such antecedents.
Conclusions
GCF was found to be the most robust predictor of SB along with severe depressive symptomatology. Hence, poorer cognitive performance in FEP appears to emerge as a risk factor for suicidal behaviour from early stages of the illness and a comprehensive neurocognitive assessment may contribute to risk assessment

AbstractBackground Sedentary behavior (SB) is associated with poor cognitive performance. However, the contribution of sedentary time to risk of mild cognitive impairment (MCI) remains unclear. This study assessed the association of SB with MCI in six low- and middle-income countries. Methods The Study on Global Ageing and Adult Health (SAGE) survey included 34,129 adults aged >=50 years [mean (SD) age 62.1 (15.6) years; 51.7% females]. SB was self-reported and expressed as a categorical variable [<8 or >=8 h per day (high SB)]. The definition of MCI was based on the recommendations of the National Institute on Ageing-Alzheimer's Association. Multivariable logistic regression analysis was conducted to assess the association between SB and MCI. Results The overall prevalence (95%CI) of MCI and high SB (i.e., >=8 h/day) were 15.3% (14.4%-16.3%) and 10.1% (9.0%-11.3%), respectively. After adjustment for potential confounders, being sedentary for >=8 h/day was associated with a 1.56 (95%CI = 1.27-1.91) times higher odds for MCI. A one-hour increase in SB was associated with a 1.08 (95%CI = 1.05-1.11) times higher odds for MCI. Conclusion Our study results highlight the need to further explore a sedentary lifestyle as a potential risk factor for MCI or subsequent dementia. Longitudinal and intervention studies are warranted to confirm/refute the current findings.

@article{Reed12018b,
title = {The ICD-11 developmental field study of reliability of diagnoses of high-burden mental disorders: results among adult patients in mental health settings of 13 countries},
author = {G M Reed and J W Keeley and T J Rebello and M B. First and O Gureje and J L Ayuso-Mateos and S Kanba and B Khoury and C S Kogan and V N Krasnov and M Maj and J de Jesus Mari and P Sharan and D J Stein and M Zhao and
T Akiyama and H F Andrews and E Asevedo and M Cheour and T Dom\'{i}nguez-Mart\'{i}nez and J El-Khoury and A Fiorillo and J Grenier and N Gupta and L Kola and M Kulygina and I Leal-Leturia and M Luciano and B Lusu and J. Nicol\'{a}s and I. Mart\'{i}nez-L\'{o}pez and C Matsumoto and M Odunleye and L Umukoro Onofa and S Paterniti and S Purnima and R Robles and M K Sahu and G Sibeko and N Zhong and W Gaebel and A M Lovell and T Maruta and K M Pike and, M C Roberts and M E Medina-Mora},
url = {https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29856568},
doi = {10.1002/wps.20524},
year = {2018},
date = {2018-07-01},
journal = {World Psychiatry},
volume = {17},
number = {2},
pages = {174-186},
abstract = {IReliable, clinically useful, and globally applicable diagnostic classification of mental disorders is an essential foundation for global mental health. The World Health Organization (WHO) is nearing completion of the 11th revision of the International Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems (ICD-11). The present study assessed inter-diagnostician reliability of mental disorders accounting for the greatest proportion of global disease burden and the highest levels of service utilization - schizophrenia and other primary psychotic disorders, mood disorders, anxiety and fear-related disorders, and disorders specifically associated with stress - among adult patients presenting for treatment at 28 participating centers in 13 countries. A concurrent joint-rater design was used, focusing specifically on whether two clinicians, relying on the same clinical information, agreed on the diagnosis when separately applying the ICD-11 diagnostic guidelines. A total of 1,806 patients were assessed by 339 clinicians in the local language. Intraclass kappa coefficients for diagnoses weighted by site and study prevalence ranged from 0.45 (dysthymic disorder) to 0.88 (social anxiety disorder) and would be considered moderate to almost perfect for all diagnoses. Overall, the reliability of the ICD-11 diagnostic guidelines was superior to that previously reported for equivalent ICD-10 guidelines. These data provide support for the suitability of the ICD-11 diagnostic guidelines for implementation at a global level. The findings will inform further revision of the ICD-11 diagnostic guidelines prior to their publication and the development of programs to support professional training and implementation of the ICD-11 by WHO member states.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}

IReliable, clinically useful, and globally applicable diagnostic classification of mental disorders is an essential foundation for global mental health. The World Health Organization (WHO) is nearing completion of the 11th revision of the International Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems (ICD-11). The present study assessed inter-diagnostician reliability of mental disorders accounting for the greatest proportion of global disease burden and the highest levels of service utilization - schizophrenia and other primary psychotic disorders, mood disorders, anxiety and fear-related disorders, and disorders specifically associated with stress - among adult patients presenting for treatment at 28 participating centers in 13 countries. A concurrent joint-rater design was used, focusing specifically on whether two clinicians, relying on the same clinical information, agreed on the diagnosis when separately applying the ICD-11 diagnostic guidelines. A total of 1,806 patients were assessed by 339 clinicians in the local language. Intraclass kappa coefficients for diagnoses weighted by site and study prevalence ranged from 0.45 (dysthymic disorder) to 0.88 (social anxiety disorder) and would be considered moderate to almost perfect for all diagnoses. Overall, the reliability of the ICD-11 diagnostic guidelines was superior to that previously reported for equivalent ICD-10 guidelines. These data provide support for the suitability of the ICD-11 diagnostic guidelines for implementation at a global level. The findings will inform further revision of the ICD-11 diagnostic guidelines prior to their publication and the development of programs to support professional training and implementation of the ICD-11 by WHO member states.

@article{ref1d,
title = {Working definitions, subjective and objective assessments and experimental paradigms in a study exploring social withdrawal in schizophrenia and Alzheimer's disease},
author = {N J A van der Wee and A C Bilderbeck and M Cabello and J L Ayuso-Mateos and I M J Saris and E J Giltay and B WJH Penninx and C Arango and A Post and S Porcelli},
url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0149763417307583},
issn = {0149-7634},
year = {2018},
date = {2018-06-24},
journal = {Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews },
abstract = {Abstract Social withdrawal is one of the first and common signs of early social dysfunction in a number of important neuropsychiatric disorders, likely because of the enormous amount and complexity of brain processes required to initiate and maintain social relationships (Adolphs, 2009). The Psychiatric Ratings using Intermediate Stratified Markers (PRISM) project focusses on the shared and unique neurobiological basis of social withdrawal in schizophrenia, Alzheimer and depression. In this paper, we discuss the working definition of social withdrawal for this study and the selection of objective and subjective rating scales to assess social withdrawal chosen or adapted for this project. We also discuss the MRI and EEG paradigms selected to study the systems and neural circuitry thought to underlie social functioning and more particularly to be involved in social withdrawal in humans, such as the social perception and the social affiliation networks. A number of behavioral paradigms were selected to assess complementary aspects of social cognition. Also, a digital phenotyping method (a smartphone application) was chosen to obtain real-life data.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}

Abstract Social withdrawal is one of the first and common signs of early social dysfunction in a number of important neuropsychiatric disorders, likely because of the enormous amount and complexity of brain processes required to initiate and maintain social relationships (Adolphs, 2009). The Psychiatric Ratings using Intermediate Stratified Markers (PRISM) project focusses on the shared and unique neurobiological basis of social withdrawal in schizophrenia, Alzheimer and depression. In this paper, we discuss the working definition of social withdrawal for this study and the selection of objective and subjective rating scales to assess social withdrawal chosen or adapted for this project. We also discuss the MRI and EEG paradigms selected to study the systems and neural circuitry thought to underlie social functioning and more particularly to be involved in social withdrawal in humans, such as the social perception and the social affiliation networks. A number of behavioral paradigms were selected to assess complementary aspects of social cognition. Also, a digital phenotyping method (a smartphone application) was chosen to obtain real-life data.

@article{pmid29726004,
title = {Factors associated with poor functional outcome in bipolar disorder: sociodemographic, clinical, and neurocognitive variables},
author = {J Sanchez-Moreno and C M Bonnin and A Gonzalez-Pinto and B L Amann and B Sole and V Balanza-Martinez and C Arango and E Jimenez and R Tabares-Seisdedos and M P Garcia-Portilla and A Ibanez and J M Crespo and J L Ayuso-Mateos and A Martinez-Aran and C Torrent and E Vieta and A Alegria and S Al-Halabi and S Alonso-Lana and C Anaya and P Lopez and J Bobes and G Chiclana and E Cerrillo and P Correa and N Custal and P Fernandez and S Garcia and I Fuentes-Dura and G Galvan and I Gonzalez-Ortega and S Isella and R Landin-Romero and M Menchon and J Merchan-Naranjo and J Ortiz-Gil and I Pacchiarotti and R Reyes and M Rapado-Castro and M Reinares and M Rodao and P A Saiz and B Segura and G Selva-Vera and J Saiz-Ruiz and V Soria and I Zorrilla and J Valle and E Valls and C Varo},
url = {https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Factors+associated+with+poor+functional+outcome+in+bipolar+disorder%3A+sociodemographic%2C+clinical%2C+and+neurocognitive+variables},
year = {2018},
date = {2018-05-03},
journal = {Acta Psychiatr Scand},
abstract = {The current investigation aimed at studying the sociodemographic, clinical, and neuropsychological variables related to functional outcome in a sample of euthymic patients with bipolar disorder(BD) presenting moderate-severe levels of functional impairment. Two-hundred and thirty-nine participants with BD disorders and with Functioning Assessment Short Test(FAST) scores equal or above 18 were administered a clinical and diagnostic interview, and the administration of mood measure scales and a comprehensive neuropsychological battery. Analyses involved preliminary Pearson bivariate correlations to identify sociodemographic and clinical variables associated with the FAST total score. Regarding neuropsychological variables, a principal component analysis (PCA) was performed to group the variables in orthogonal factors. Finally, a hierarchical multiple regression was run. The best fitting model for the variables associated with functioning was a linear combination of gender, age, estimated IQ, Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HAM-D), number of previous manic episodes, Factor 1 and Factor 2 extracted from the PCA. The model, including all these previous variables, explained up to 29.4% of the observed variance. Male gender, older age, lower premorbid IQ, subdepressive symptoms, higher number of manic episodes, and lower performance in verbal memory, working memory, verbal fluency, and processing speed were associated with lower functioning in patients with BD.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}

The current investigation aimed at studying the sociodemographic, clinical, and neuropsychological variables related to functional outcome in a sample of euthymic patients with bipolar disorder(BD) presenting moderate-severe levels of functional impairment. Two-hundred and thirty-nine participants with BD disorders and with Functioning Assessment Short Test(FAST) scores equal or above 18 were administered a clinical and diagnostic interview, and the administration of mood measure scales and a comprehensive neuropsychological battery. Analyses involved preliminary Pearson bivariate correlations to identify sociodemographic and clinical variables associated with the FAST total score. Regarding neuropsychological variables, a principal component analysis (PCA) was performed to group the variables in orthogonal factors. Finally, a hierarchical multiple regression was run. The best fitting model for the variables associated with functioning was a linear combination of gender, age, estimated IQ, Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HAM-D), number of previous manic episodes, Factor 1 and Factor 2 extracted from the PCA. The model, including all these previous variables, explained up to 29.4% of the observed variance. Male gender, older age, lower premorbid IQ, subdepressive symptoms, higher number of manic episodes, and lower performance in verbal memory, working memory, verbal fluency, and processing speed were associated with lower functioning in patients with BD.

@article{pmid29143905,
title = {Measurement invariance of the WHOQOL-AGE questionnaire across three European countries},
author = {D Santos and F J Abad and M Miret and S Chatterji and B Olaya and K Zawisza and S Koskinen and M Leonardi and J M Haro and J L Ayuso-Mateos and F F Caballero},
year = {2018},
date = {2018-04-01},
journal = {Qual Life Res},
volume = {27},
number = {4},
pages = {1015--1025},
abstract = {Developing valid and reliable instruments that can be used across countries is necessary. The present study aimed to test the comparability of quality of life scores across three European countries (Finland, Poland, and Spain). Data from 9987 participants interviewed between 2011 and 2012 were employed, using nationally representative samples from the Collaborative Research on Ageing in Europe project. The WHOQOL-AGE questionnaire is a 13-item test and was employed to assess the quality of life in the three considered countries. First of all, two models (a bifactor model and a two-correlated factor model) were proposed and tested in each country by means of confirmatory factor models. Second, measurement invariance across the three countries was tested using multi-group confirmatory factor analysis for that model which showed the best fit. Finally, differences in latent mean scores across countries were analyzed. The results indicated that the bifactor model showed more satisfactory goodness-of-fit indices than the two-correlated factor model and that the WHOQOL-AGE questionnaire is a partially scalar invariant instrument (only two items do not meet scalar invariance). Quality of life scores were higher in Finland (considered as the reference category: mean = 0},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}

Developing valid and reliable instruments that can be used across countries is necessary. The present study aimed to test the comparability of quality of life scores across three European countries (Finland, Poland, and Spain). Data from 9987 participants interviewed between 2011 and 2012 were employed, using nationally representative samples from the Collaborative Research on Ageing in Europe project. The WHOQOL-AGE questionnaire is a 13-item test and was employed to assess the quality of life in the three considered countries. First of all, two models (a bifactor model and a two-correlated factor model) were proposed and tested in each country by means of confirmatory factor models. Second, measurement invariance across the three countries was tested using multi-group confirmatory factor analysis for that model which showed the best fit. Finally, differences in latent mean scores across countries were analyzed. The results indicated that the bifactor model showed more satisfactory goodness-of-fit indices than the two-correlated factor model and that the WHOQOL-AGE questionnaire is a partially scalar invariant instrument (only two items do not meet scalar invariance). Quality of life scores were higher in Finland (considered as the reference category: mean = 0

@article{de2018validity,
title = {Validity of the PARADISE24 questionnaire in people with substance use disorders: A measure to assess psychosocial difficulties},
author = {J de la Fuente and M Cabello and J Levola and F F Caballero and J L Ayuso-Mateos and T Pitk\"{a}nen},
url = {https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29627408},
year = {2018},
date = {2018-03-27},
journal = {Drug & Alcohol Dependence},
publisher = {Elsevier},
abstract = {Psychosocial difficulties (PSDs) are common in people with substance use disorders (SUDs). The PARADISE24 has been shown to be an adequate tool for measuring PSDs in inpatients with SUDs. The aim of this study is to evaluate the psychometric properties of the PARADISE24 in a sample of patients with SUDs.
2637 participants with SUDs completed the PARADISE24 questionnaire during their treatment. The latent structure of the PARADISE24 questionnaire was analyzed in the outpatient sample by means of exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis (EFA and CFA). Metric invariance was then assessed in relation to the inpatient sample using multiple group CFA. Finally, evidences of known-groups validity were checked to test the ability of the questionnaire to differentiate between socio-demographic and clinical groups.
The one-factor model presented an adequate fit in both the EFA (CFI = 0.98; TLI = 0.98; RMSEA = 0.07) and the CFA (CFI = 0.98; TLI = 0.98; RMSEA = 0.07) solutions. The reliability of the scale was found to be high (α = 0.93). Strict metric invariance between inpatients and outpatients was achieved (RMSEA = 0.063; TLI = 0.983; CFI = 0.981). The PARADISE24 was able to discriminate between the inpatients and outpatients at both latent (d = 0.98) and observed levels (d = 0.86).
The PARADISE24 is a unidimensional tool that is reliable for assessing and comparing PSDs in both outpatients and inpatients with SUDs. Further research is required for evaluating the ability of the PARADISE24 to quantify longitudinal changes in PSDs.

Psychosocial difficulties (PSDs) are common in people with substance use disorders (SUDs). The PARADISE24 has been shown to be an adequate tool for measuring PSDs in inpatients with SUDs. The aim of this study is to evaluate the psychometric properties of the PARADISE24 in a sample of patients with SUDs.
2637 participants with SUDs completed the PARADISE24 questionnaire during their treatment. The latent structure of the PARADISE24 questionnaire was analyzed in the outpatient sample by means of exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis (EFA and CFA). Metric invariance was then assessed in relation to the inpatient sample using multiple group CFA. Finally, evidences of known-groups validity were checked to test the ability of the questionnaire to differentiate between socio-demographic and clinical groups.
The one-factor model presented an adequate fit in both the EFA (CFI = 0.98; TLI = 0.98; RMSEA = 0.07) and the CFA (CFI = 0.98; TLI = 0.98; RMSEA = 0.07) solutions. The reliability of the scale was found to be high (α = 0.93). Strict metric invariance between inpatients and outpatients was achieved (RMSEA = 0.063; TLI = 0.983; CFI = 0.981). The PARADISE24 was able to discriminate between the inpatients and outpatients at both latent (d = 0.98) and observed levels (d = 0.86).
The PARADISE24 is a unidimensional tool that is reliable for assessing and comparing PSDs in both outpatients and inpatients with SUDs. Further research is required for evaluating the ability of the PARADISE24 to quantify longitudinal changes in PSDs.

@article{pmid29587433,
title = {What Persons with Chronic Health Conditions Need to Maintain or Return to Work-Results of an Online-Survey in Seven European Countries},
author = {Foitzek, N and \'{A}vila, C and Ivandic, I and Bitenc, C and Cabello, M and Gruber, S and Leonardi, M and Mu\~{n}oz-Murillo, A and Scaratti, C and Tobiasz-Adamczyk, B and Vlachou, A and Esteban, E and Sabariego, C and Coenen, M},
url = {https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29587433},
year = {2018},
date = {2018-03-26},
journal = {Int J Environ Res Public Health},
volume = {15},
number = {4},
abstract = {Chronic health conditions represent the major share of the disease burden in Europe and have a significant impact on work. This study aims to: (1) identify factors that have a negative or positive impact on the work lives of persons with chronic health conditions; (2) explore the needs of these persons to maintain a job or return to work and (3) compare these results with respect to these persons' occupational status. An online survey was performed in seven European countries. Open-ended survey questions were analyzed using qualitative methods. In total, 487 participants with six chronic health conditions participated. The majority of participants named work-related aspects (such as career development, stress at the workplace, work structure and schedule as well as workload), support of others and attitudes of others as being the factors positively and negatively impact their work lives the most. Our study shed light on the importance of changing the attitudes of supervisors and co-workers to counteract stigmatization of persons with chronic health conditions in the workplace. In conclusion, this study provides a basis for developing new strategies of integration and reintegration at work for persons with chronic health conditions in European countries.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}

Chronic health conditions represent the major share of the disease burden in Europe and have a significant impact on work. This study aims to: (1) identify factors that have a negative or positive impact on the work lives of persons with chronic health conditions; (2) explore the needs of these persons to maintain a job or return to work and (3) compare these results with respect to these persons' occupational status. An online survey was performed in seven European countries. Open-ended survey questions were analyzed using qualitative methods. In total, 487 participants with six chronic health conditions participated. The majority of participants named work-related aspects (such as career development, stress at the workplace, work structure and schedule as well as workload), support of others and attitudes of others as being the factors positively and negatively impact their work lives the most. Our study shed light on the importance of changing the attitudes of supervisors and co-workers to counteract stigmatization of persons with chronic health conditions in the workplace. In conclusion, this study provides a basis for developing new strategies of integration and reintegration at work for persons with chronic health conditions in European countries.

Objectives: Despite promising research showing that physical activity (PA) might improve cognitive functioning in people with mild cognitive impairment (MCI), people with MCI are less physically active compared with the general population. Therefore, the aim of this study was to assess PA correlates among community-dwelling older people with MCI in six low- and middle-income countries.

@article{pmid29499372,
title = {Frailty and health status of older individuals in three European countries: The COURAGE cross-sectional study},
author = {S Tyrovolas and N G Escriva and J L Ayuso-Mateos and S Chatterji and A Koyanagi and M Miret and M Victoria and B Olaya and B Tobiasz-Adamczyk and S Koskinen and M Leonardi and J M Haro},
url = {https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29499372},
year = {2018},
date = {2018-02-27},
journal = {Exp. Gerontol.},
abstract = {Frailty is characterized by several deficits in multiple health related domains. Although cognition is among the important components of frailty, there is lack of evidence on the role of specific neuro-cognitive dimensions. The primary aim of the present work was to evaluate the multidimensional definition of frailty, and to assess whether neuro-cognitive function is a constituent of the frailty syndrome among adults aged \^{a}‰¥50 years living in three European countries. As a secondary aim, the construct validity of the created frailty index was tested (with inpatient and outpatient hospitalization), as well as its determinants. Data were obtained from a cross-sectional, community-based, nationally-representative survey conducted in Finland, Poland and Spain (n = 7987 individuals aged \^{a}‰¥50 years). Socio-demographic, clinical, lifestyle and social factors were assessed using validated procedures. Cognitive function was assessed with the following tests: learning and short-term memory, working memory and verbal fluency. A frailty index was constructed based on 31 frailty attributes. Principal component analysis was used to identify the components of the frailty index. Logistic and Poisson regression analysis was also conducted. The factor analysis on the components of the index extracted three main dimensions for frailty (disability and daily functioning, cognitive function, chronic health conditions), confirming the multiple dimensions of frailty. Various socio-demographic (e.g., financial status, education level) and lifestyle habits (alcohol consumption) were related with frailty. The presence of frailty was associated with 3.1 times higher odds for inpatient hospitalization (95%CI 2.75 to 3.51). Frailty was also related with higher frequency of outpatient visits. These findings suggest that frailty is a multidimensional concept with three major dimensions. Neuro-congitive function seems to be a separate dimension of the frailty syndrome. Smoking habits and alcohol intake were positively related with frailty while inpatient and outpatient hospitalization were found to be related to level of frailty.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}

Frailty is characterized by several deficits in multiple health related domains. Although cognition is among the important components of frailty, there is lack of evidence on the role of specific neuro-cognitive dimensions. The primary aim of the present work was to evaluate the multidimensional definition of frailty, and to assess whether neuro-cognitive function is a constituent of the frailty syndrome among adults aged â‰¥50 years living in three European countries. As a secondary aim, the construct validity of the created frailty index was tested (with inpatient and outpatient hospitalization), as well as its determinants. Data were obtained from a cross-sectional, community-based, nationally-representative survey conducted in Finland, Poland and Spain (n = 7987 individuals aged â‰¥50 years). Socio-demographic, clinical, lifestyle and social factors were assessed using validated procedures. Cognitive function was assessed with the following tests: learning and short-term memory, working memory and verbal fluency. A frailty index was constructed based on 31 frailty attributes. Principal component analysis was used to identify the components of the frailty index. Logistic and Poisson regression analysis was also conducted. The factor analysis on the components of the index extracted three main dimensions for frailty (disability and daily functioning, cognitive function, chronic health conditions), confirming the multiple dimensions of frailty. Various socio-demographic (e.g., financial status, education level) and lifestyle habits (alcohol consumption) were related with frailty. The presence of frailty was associated with 3.1 times higher odds for inpatient hospitalization (95%CI 2.75 to 3.51). Frailty was also related with higher frequency of outpatient visits. These findings suggest that frailty is a multidimensional concept with three major dimensions. Neuro-congitive function seems to be a separate dimension of the frailty syndrome. Smoking habits and alcohol intake were positively related with frailty while inpatient and outpatient hospitalization were found to be related to level of frailty.

@techreport{Reed12018,
title = {The ICD-11 developmental field study of reliability of diagnoses of high-burden mental disorders: results among adult patients in mental health settings of 13 countries},
author = {Reed, G.M and Sharan, P and Rebello, T and Keeley, J.W and Medina-Mora, M.E and Gureje, O and Ayuso-Mateos, J.L and Kanba, S and Khoury, B and Kogan, C.S and Krasnov, V and Jair de Jesus Mari, and Stein, D.J and Zhao, M and Akiyama, and Andrews, H.F and Asevedo, E and Cheour, M and Domınguez-Martınez, T and El-Khoury, J and Grenier, J and Gupta, N and Kola, L and Kulygina,M and Leal-Leturia, I and Luciano, M and Lusu, B and Martınez-Lopez, I and Matsumoto, C and Umukoro Onofa, L and Paterniti, S and Urnima, S and Robles, R and Sahu, M.K and Sibeko,G and Na Zhong, and First, M.B and Gaebel, W and Lovell, A.M and Maruta, T and Roberts, M.C and Pike K.M },
url = {https://www.ccomsuam.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/05/Reed-Sharan-et-al-ICD-11-EIFS-Reliability-World-Psychiatry-2018.pdf},
year = {2018},
date = {2018-01-30},
journal = {World Psychiatry},
volume = {17},
number = {17},
pages = {174-186},
address = {World Psychiatry},
abstract = {Reliable, clinically useful, and globally applicable diagnostic classification of mental disorders is an essential foundation for global mental
health. The World Health Organization (WHO) is nearing completion of the 11th revision of the International Classification of Diseases and
Related Health Problems (ICD-11). The present study assessed inter-diagnostician reliability of mental disorders accounting for the greatest
proportion of global disease burden and the highest levels of service utilization \textendash schizophrenia and other primary psychotic disorders, mood
disorders, anxiety and fear-related disorders, and disorders specifically associated with stress \textendash among adult patients presenting for treatment
at 28 participating centers in 13 countries. A concurrent joint-rater design was used, focusing specifically on whether two clinicians, relying on
the same clinical information, agreed on the diagnosis when separately applying the ICD-11 diagnostic guidelines. A total of 1,806 patients
were assessed by 339 clinicians in the local language. Intraclass kappa coefficients for diagnoses weighted by site and study prevalence ranged
from 0.45 (dysthymic disorder) to 0.88 (social anxiety disorder) and would be considered moderate to almost perfect for all diagnoses. Overall,
the reliability of the ICD-11 diagnostic guidelines was superior to that previously reported for equivalent ICD-10 guidelines. These data provide
support for the suitability of the ICD-11 diagnostic guidelines for implementation at a global level. The findings will inform further revision of
the ICD-11 diagnostic guidelines prior to their publication and the development of programs to support professional training and implementation
of the ICD-11 by WHO member states.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {techreport}
}

Reliable, clinically useful, and globally applicable diagnostic classification of mental disorders is an essential foundation for global mental
health. The World Health Organization (WHO) is nearing completion of the 11th revision of the International Classification of Diseases and
Related Health Problems (ICD-11). The present study assessed inter-diagnostician reliability of mental disorders accounting for the greatest
proportion of global disease burden and the highest levels of service utilization – schizophrenia and other primary psychotic disorders, mood
disorders, anxiety and fear-related disorders, and disorders specifically associated with stress – among adult patients presenting for treatment
at 28 participating centers in 13 countries. A concurrent joint-rater design was used, focusing specifically on whether two clinicians, relying on
the same clinical information, agreed on the diagnosis when separately applying the ICD-11 diagnostic guidelines. A total of 1,806 patients
were assessed by 339 clinicians in the local language. Intraclass kappa coefficients for diagnoses weighted by site and study prevalence ranged
from 0.45 (dysthymic disorder) to 0.88 (social anxiety disorder) and would be considered moderate to almost perfect for all diagnoses. Overall,
the reliability of the ICD-11 diagnostic guidelines was superior to that previously reported for equivalent ICD-10 guidelines. These data provide
support for the suitability of the ICD-11 diagnostic guidelines for implementation at a global level. The findings will inform further revision of
the ICD-11 diagnostic guidelines prior to their publication and the development of programs to support professional training and implementation
of the ICD-11 by WHO member states.

Poor housing conditions have been associated with an increased risk of morbidity and mortality in old age. Prospective cohort of 1602 older adults followed from 2012 to 2015. Poor conditions were defined as living in a walk-up building, lacking piped hot water or heating, feeling frequently cold at home, lacking a bathtub/shower, a refrigerator, a washing machine, an own room or a landline. Frailty was assessed with the Fried criteria, lower extremities performance with the Short Physical Performance Battery (SPPB), and disability in instrumental activities of daily living (IADL) with the Lawton and Brody questionnaire. During follow-up, 55 individuals (4.2%) developed frailty and 107 (7.2%) IADL disability. Mean (SD) SPPB values at baseline and at follow-up were 8.5 (2.5) and 8.6 (2.4), respectively. After multivariate adjustment, participants who lived in homes with â‰¥1 poor conditions showed a higher risk of frailty (odds ratio [OR] = 2.02; 95% confidence interval [95% CI]: 1.09-3.75) and transportation disability (OR = 3.50; 95% CI: 1.38-8.88). Lacking heating and feeling frequently cold were associated with an increased risk of exhaustion (OR = 2.34; 95% CI: 1.00-5.48) and transportation disability (OR = 3.31; 95% CI: 1.07-10.2), respectively. Prevention programs targeting functional limitations in older adults should ensure that they live in suitable housing conditions.

@article{pmid29346518,
title = {Determinants of health trajectories in England and the US: an approach to identify different patterns of healthy aging},
author = {J de la Fuente and F F Caballero and A Sanchez-Niubo and D B Panagiotakos and M A Prina and H Arndt and J M Haro and S Chatterji and J L Ayuso-Mateos},
url = {https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29346518},
year = {2018},
date = {2018-01-16},
journal = {J. Gerontol. A Biol. Sci. Med. Sci.},
abstract = {Aging is a multidimensional process with a remarkable inter-individual variability. This study is focused on identifying groups of population with similar aging patterns, and to define the health trajectories of these groups. Socio-demographic and health determinants of these trajectories are also identified. Data from the English Longitudinal Study of Aging (ELSA) and the Health and Retirement Study (HRS) were used. A set of self-reported health items and measured tests were used to generate a latent health metric by means of a Bayesian multilevel IRT model, assessing the ability of the metric to predict mortality. Then, a Growth Mixture Model (GMM) was conducted in each study to identify latent classes and assess health trajectories. Kaplan-Meier survival curves were obtained for each class and a multinomial logistic regression was used to identify determinants of these trajectories. The health score generated showed an adequate ability to predict mortality over ten years in ELSA [AUC=0.74; 95% CI=(0.72,0.75)] and HRS [AUC=0.74; 95% CI=(0.73,0.75)]. By means of GMM, four latent classes were identified in ELSA and five in HRS. Chronic conditions, no qualification and low level of household wealth were associated to the classes which showed a higher mortality in both studies. The method based on the creation of a common metric of health and the use of GMM to identify similar patterns of aging, allows for the comparison of trajectories of health across longitudinal surveys. Multimorbidity, educational level and household wealth could be considered as determinants associated to these trajectories.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}

Aging is a multidimensional process with a remarkable inter-individual variability. This study is focused on identifying groups of population with similar aging patterns, and to define the health trajectories of these groups. Socio-demographic and health determinants of these trajectories are also identified. Data from the English Longitudinal Study of Aging (ELSA) and the Health and Retirement Study (HRS) were used. A set of self-reported health items and measured tests were used to generate a latent health metric by means of a Bayesian multilevel IRT model, assessing the ability of the metric to predict mortality. Then, a Growth Mixture Model (GMM) was conducted in each study to identify latent classes and assess health trajectories. Kaplan-Meier survival curves were obtained for each class and a multinomial logistic regression was used to identify determinants of these trajectories. The health score generated showed an adequate ability to predict mortality over ten years in ELSA [AUC=0.74; 95% CI=(0.72,0.75)] and HRS [AUC=0.74; 95% CI=(0.73,0.75)]. By means of GMM, four latent classes were identified in ELSA and five in HRS. Chronic conditions, no qualification and low level of household wealth were associated to the classes which showed a higher mortality in both studies. The method based on the creation of a common metric of health and the use of GMM to identify similar patterns of aging, allows for the comparison of trajectories of health across longitudinal surveys. Multimorbidity, educational level and household wealth could be considered as determinants associated to these trajectories.

@article{pmid29641485,
title = {Factors Related to Unemployment in Europe. A Cross-Sectional Study from the COURAGE Survey in Finland, Poland and Spain},
author = {M Leonardi and D Guido and R Quintas and F Silvaggi and E Guastafierro and A Martinuzzi and S Chatterji and S Koskinen and B Tobiasz-Adamczyk and J M Haro and M Cabello and A Raggi},
url = {https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29641485},
year = {2018},
date = {2018-01-01},
journal = {Int J Environ Res Public Health},
volume = {15},
number = {4},
abstract = {Background: Research addressing the impact of a large number of factors on unemployment is scarce. We aimed to comprehensively identify factors related to unemployment in a sample of persons aged 18-64 from Finland, Poland and Spain. Methods: In this cross-sectional study, factors from different areas were considered: socio-demographic indicators, health habits, chronic conditions, health state markers, vision and hearing indicators, and social networks and built environment scores. Results: Complete data were available for 5003 participants, mean age 48.1 (SD 11.5), 45.4% males. The most important factors connected to unemployment were health status indicators such as physical disability (OR = 2.944), self-rated health (OR = 2.629), inpatient care (OR = 1.980), and difficulties with getting to the toilet (OR = 2.040), while the most relevant factor related to employment were moderate alcohol consumption (OR = 0.732 for non-heavy drinkers; OR = 0.573 for infrequent heavy drinkers), and being married (OR = 0.734), or having been married (OR = 0.584). Other factors that played a significant role included presence of depression (OR = 1.384) and difficulties with near vision (OR = 1.584) and conversation hearing (OR = 1.597). Conclusions: Our results highlight the importance of selected factors related to unemployment, and suggest public health indications that could support concrete actions on modifiable factors, such as those aimed to promote physical activity and healthy behaviors, tackling depression or promoting education, in particular for the younger.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}

Background: Research addressing the impact of a large number of factors on unemployment is scarce. We aimed to comprehensively identify factors related to unemployment in a sample of persons aged 18-64 from Finland, Poland and Spain. Methods: In this cross-sectional study, factors from different areas were considered: socio-demographic indicators, health habits, chronic conditions, health state markers, vision and hearing indicators, and social networks and built environment scores. Results: Complete data were available for 5003 participants, mean age 48.1 (SD 11.5), 45.4% males. The most important factors connected to unemployment were health status indicators such as physical disability (OR = 2.944), self-rated health (OR = 2.629), inpatient care (OR = 1.980), and difficulties with getting to the toilet (OR = 2.040), while the most relevant factor related to employment were moderate alcohol consumption (OR = 0.732 for non-heavy drinkers; OR = 0.573 for infrequent heavy drinkers), and being married (OR = 0.734), or having been married (OR = 0.584). Other factors that played a significant role included presence of depression (OR = 1.384) and difficulties with near vision (OR = 1.584) and conversation hearing (OR = 1.597). Conclusions: Our results highlight the importance of selected factors related to unemployment, and suggest public health indications that could support concrete actions on modifiable factors, such as those aimed to promote physical activity and healthy behaviors, tackling depression or promoting education, in particular for the younger.

@article{pmid29174864,
title = {A multi-centre, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial of methylphenidate in the initial treatment of acute mania (MEMAP study)},
author = {U Hegerl and R Mergl and C Sander and J Dietzel and I Bitter and K Demyttenaere and R Gusmao and A G Arrillaga and I Zorrilla and A G Alocen and V P Sola and E Vieta and G Juckel and U S Zimmermann and M Bauer and P Sienaert and S Quintao and M A Edel and C Bolyos and J L Ayuso-Mateos and P Lopez-Garcia and M Kluge},
url = {https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29174864},
year = {2018},
date = {2018-01-01},
journal = {Eur Neuropsychopharmacol},
volume = {28},
number = {1},
pages = {185--194},
abstract = {Based on many clinical and preclinical findings the 'vigilance regulation model of mania' postulates that an unstable regulation of wakefulness is a pathogenetic factor in both mania and Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and induces hyperactivity and sensation seeking as an autoregulatory attempt to stabilize wakefulness. Accordingly, stimulant medications with their vigilance stabilizing properties could have rapid antimanic effects similar to their beneficial effects in ADHD. The MEMAP study - a multi-center, double-blind, placebo-controlled and randomized clinical trial (RCT) - assessed the antimanic efficacy and safety of a 2.5-day treatment with methylphenidate (20-40mg/day). Of 157 screened patients with acute mania, 42 were randomly assigned to receive 20-40mg per day of methylphenidate in one or two applications, or placebo. The primary outcome was the change in Young Mania Rating Scale (YMRS) sum scores from baseline to day 2.5 in the methylphenidate group compared to the placebo group. A group sequential design was chosen to justify early RCT termination based on efficacy or futility at an interim analysis after inclusion of 40 patients. In the interim analysis, the change from baseline in the YMRS total score at day 2.5 was not significantly different between both groups (F(1,37)=0.23; p=0.64). Thus, futility was declared for methylphenidate and the RCT was stopped. In summary, although methylphenidate was well tolerated and safe in the full analysis set, it failed to show efficacy in the treatment of acute mania. clinicaltrials.gov (URL: http://www.clinicaltrials.gov; registration number: NCT01541605).},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}

Based on many clinical and preclinical findings the 'vigilance regulation model of mania' postulates that an unstable regulation of wakefulness is a pathogenetic factor in both mania and Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and induces hyperactivity and sensation seeking as an autoregulatory attempt to stabilize wakefulness. Accordingly, stimulant medications with their vigilance stabilizing properties could have rapid antimanic effects similar to their beneficial effects in ADHD. The MEMAP study - a multi-center, double-blind, placebo-controlled and randomized clinical trial (RCT) - assessed the antimanic efficacy and safety of a 2.5-day treatment with methylphenidate (20-40mg/day). Of 157 screened patients with acute mania, 42 were randomly assigned to receive 20-40mg per day of methylphenidate in one or two applications, or placebo. The primary outcome was the change in Young Mania Rating Scale (YMRS) sum scores from baseline to day 2.5 in the methylphenidate group compared to the placebo group. A group sequential design was chosen to justify early RCT termination based on efficacy or futility at an interim analysis after inclusion of 40 patients. In the interim analysis, the change from baseline in the YMRS total score at day 2.5 was not significantly different between both groups (F(1,37)=0.23; p=0.64). Thus, futility was declared for methylphenidate and the RCT was stopped. In summary, although methylphenidate was well tolerated and safe in the full analysis set, it failed to show efficacy in the treatment of acute mania. clinicaltrials.gov (URL: http://www.clinicaltrials.gov; registration number: NCT01541605).

@article{pmid29300743,
title = {Association of loneliness with all-cause mortality: A meta-analysis},
author = {L A Rico-Uribe and F F Caballero and N Martin-Maria and M Cabello and J L Ayuso-Mateos and M Miret},
url = {https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29300743},
year = {2018},
date = {2018-01-01},
journal = {PLoS ONE},
volume = {13},
number = {1},
pages = {e0190033},
abstract = {Loneliness has social and health implications. The aim of this article is to evaluate the association of loneliness with all-cause mortality. Pubmed, PsycINFO, CINAHL and Scopus databases were searched through June 2016 for published articles that measured loneliness and mortality. The main characteristics and the effect size values of each article were extracted. Moreover, an evaluation of the quality of the articles included was also carried out. A meta-analysis was performed firstly with all the included articles and secondly separating by gender, using a random effects model. A total of 35 articles involving 77220 participants were included in the systematic review. Loneliness is a risk factor for all-cause mortality [pooled HR = 1.22, 95% CI = (1.10, 1.35), p < 0.001] for both genders together, and for women [pooled HR = 1.26, 95% CI = (1.07, 1.48); p = 0.005] and men [pooled HR = 1.44; 95% CI = (1.19, 1.76); p < 0.001] separately. Loneliness shows a harmful effect for all-cause mortality and this effect is slightly stronger in men than in women. Moreover, the impact of loneliness was independent from the quality evaluation of each article and the effect of depression.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}

Loneliness has social and health implications. The aim of this article is to evaluate the association of loneliness with all-cause mortality. Pubmed, PsycINFO, CINAHL and Scopus databases were searched through June 2016 for published articles that measured loneliness and mortality. The main characteristics and the effect size values of each article were extracted. Moreover, an evaluation of the quality of the articles included was also carried out. A meta-analysis was performed firstly with all the included articles and secondly separating by gender, using a random effects model. A total of 35 articles involving 77220 participants were included in the systematic review. Loneliness is a risk factor for all-cause mortality [pooled HR = 1.22, 95% CI = (1.10, 1.35), p < 0.001] for both genders together, and for women [pooled HR = 1.26, 95% CI = (1.07, 1.48); p = 0.005] and men [pooled HR = 1.44; 95% CI = (1.19, 1.76); p < 0.001] separately. Loneliness shows a harmful effect for all-cause mortality and this effect is slightly stronger in men than in women. Moreover, the impact of loneliness was independent from the quality evaluation of each article and the effect of depression.

@article{pmid29322199,
title = {The impact of socioeconomic status on the association between biomedical and psychosocial well-being and all-cause mortality in older Spanish adults},
author = {J Domenech-Abella and J Mundo and M V Moneta and J Perales and J L Ayuso-Mateos and M Miret and J M Haro and B Olaya},
url = {https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29322199},
year = {2018},
date = {2018-01-01},
journal = {Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol},
abstract = {The aim of this paper was to analyze the effect of biomedical and psychosocial well-being, based on distinct successful aging models (SA), on time to mortality, and determine whether this effect was modified by socioeconomic status (SES) in a nationally representative sample of older Spanish adults. Data were taken from a 3-year follow-up study with 2783 participants aged 50 or over. Vital status was ascertained using national registers or asking participants' relatives. Kaplan-Meier curves were used to estimate the time to death by SES, and levels of biomedical and psychosocial SA. Cox proportional hazard regression models were conducted to explore interactions between SES and SA models while adjusting for gender, age, and marital status. Lower levels of SES and biomedical and psychosocial SA were associated with low probability of survival. Only the interaction between SES and biomedical SA was significant. Biomedical SA impacted on mortality rates among individuals with low SES but not on those with medium or high SES, whereas psychosocial SA affected mortality regardless of SES. Promoting equal access to health care system and improved psychosocial well-being could be a protective factor against premature mortality in older Spanish adults with low SES.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}

The aim of this paper was to analyze the effect of biomedical and psychosocial well-being, based on distinct successful aging models (SA), on time to mortality, and determine whether this effect was modified by socioeconomic status (SES) in a nationally representative sample of older Spanish adults. Data were taken from a 3-year follow-up study with 2783 participants aged 50 or over. Vital status was ascertained using national registers or asking participants' relatives. Kaplan-Meier curves were used to estimate the time to death by SES, and levels of biomedical and psychosocial SA. Cox proportional hazard regression models were conducted to explore interactions between SES and SA models while adjusting for gender, age, and marital status. Lower levels of SES and biomedical and psychosocial SA were associated with low probability of survival. Only the interaction between SES and biomedical SA was significant. Biomedical SA impacted on mortality rates among individuals with low SES but not on those with medium or high SES, whereas psychosocial SA affected mortality regardless of SES. Promoting equal access to health care system and improved psychosocial well-being could be a protective factor against premature mortality in older Spanish adults with low SES.

@article{pmid29177711,
title = {What makes the difference in people's lives when they have a mental disorder?},
author = {K Kamenov and M Cabello and C S Ballert and A Cieza and S Chatterji and D Rojas and G Ceron and J Bickenbach and J L Ayuso-Mateos and C Sabariego},
url = {https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29177711},
year = {2018},
date = {2018-01-01},
journal = {Int J Public Health},
volume = {63},
number = {1},
pages = {57--67},
abstract = {The objective of this study was to identify which environmental factors are the most responsible for the disability experienced by persons with mental disorders and whether they differ (1) from those in cardiovascular diseases, chronic respiratory conditions, diabetes, and cancer, and (2) depending on the capacity level-a proxy for the impact of health conditions on the health state of individuals. Nationally representative data from 12,265 adults in Chile collected in 2015 with the WHO Model Disability Survey was analyzed. The availability of personal assistance, frequency of receiving personal assistance, and assistive devices for mobility were the most important environmental factors across mental and other non-communicable diseases. Perception of discrimination and use of health services were also prominent factors. There was a huge overlap between the factors found relevant for mental and other non-communicable diseases, but a substantial variability depending on the intensity of difficulties in capacity. This study challenges the appropriateness of disease-specific approaches and suggests that considering intrinsic capacity levels is more informative than focusing on diagnosis alone when comparing needs and barriers that affect the performance in daily life of specific groups of individuals.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}

The objective of this study was to identify which environmental factors are the most responsible for the disability experienced by persons with mental disorders and whether they differ (1) from those in cardiovascular diseases, chronic respiratory conditions, diabetes, and cancer, and (2) depending on the capacity level-a proxy for the impact of health conditions on the health state of individuals. Nationally representative data from 12,265 adults in Chile collected in 2015 with the WHO Model Disability Survey was analyzed. The availability of personal assistance, frequency of receiving personal assistance, and assistive devices for mobility were the most important environmental factors across mental and other non-communicable diseases. Perception of discrimination and use of health services were also prominent factors. There was a huge overlap between the factors found relevant for mental and other non-communicable diseases, but a substantial variability depending on the intensity of difficulties in capacity. This study challenges the appropriateness of disease-specific approaches and suggests that considering intrinsic capacity levels is more informative than focusing on diagnosis alone when comparing needs and barriers that affect the performance in daily life of specific groups of individuals.

@article{pmid28982608,
title = {All-cause mortality and multimorbidity in older adults: The role of social support and loneliness},
author = {Olaya, B. and Domenech-Abella, J. and Moneta, M. V. and Lara, E. and Caballero, F. F. and Rico-Uribe, L. A. and Haro, J. M. },
url = {https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28982608},
year = {2017},
date = {2017-12-01},
journal = {Exp. Gerontol.},
volume = {99},
pages = {120--126},
abstract = {To determine whether the effect of multimorbidity on time to mortality is modified by level of social support and loneliness in a representative sample of 2113 participants aged 60+. Vital status was ascertained through national registers or by asking participants' relatives. Baseline variables included number of illnesses, self-perceived social support (Oslo social support scale) and loneliness (UCLA loneliness scale). Kaplan-Meier survival curves were used to estimate the time to death by multimorbidity, social support and loneliness. Adjusted cox proportional hazards regression models were conducted to explore interactions between multimorbidity and social support and loneliness. Multimorbidity was associated with low probability of survival, whereas high loneliness and low social support were not related with time to death. Only the interaction multimorbidity\^{a}ˆ\textemdashsocial support was significant. Participants with low social support and 2 chronic diseases, compared with none, presented lower probability of survival (HR=2.43, 95%CI=1.14-5.18, p<0.05), whereas the effect of multimorbidity, in comparison with not having chronic conditions, did not affect mortality if participants had high social support. For participants with low social support, there were no differences between having one, two or more than two diseases. When there is high social support, the probability of death is significantly lower if one or two chronic diseases are present, compared with more than two. These findings indicate that having a supportive social environment increases the survival of people with physical illnesses, especially those with one or two. For those with more than two illnesses, survival remains unchanged regardless of the level of social support and other protective factors should be explored in future research. Geriatric health professionals are encouraged to evaluate social relationships and stimulate support given by relatives, friends or neighbors.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}

To determine whether the effect of multimorbidity on time to mortality is modified by level of social support and loneliness in a representative sample of 2113 participants aged 60+. Vital status was ascertained through national registers or by asking participants' relatives. Baseline variables included number of illnesses, self-perceived social support (Oslo social support scale) and loneliness (UCLA loneliness scale). Kaplan-Meier survival curves were used to estimate the time to death by multimorbidity, social support and loneliness. Adjusted cox proportional hazards regression models were conducted to explore interactions between multimorbidity and social support and loneliness. Multimorbidity was associated with low probability of survival, whereas high loneliness and low social support were not related with time to death. Only the interaction multimorbidityâˆ—social support was significant. Participants with low social support and 2 chronic diseases, compared with none, presented lower probability of survival (HR=2.43, 95%CI=1.14-5.18, p<0.05), whereas the effect of multimorbidity, in comparison with not having chronic conditions, did not affect mortality if participants had high social support. For participants with low social support, there were no differences between having one, two or more than two diseases. When there is high social support, the probability of death is significantly lower if one or two chronic diseases are present, compared with more than two. These findings indicate that having a supportive social environment increases the survival of people with physical illnesses, especially those with one or two. For those with more than two illnesses, survival remains unchanged regardless of the level of social support and other protective factors should be explored in future research. Geriatric health professionals are encouraged to evaluate social relationships and stimulate support given by relatives, friends or neighbors.

@article{pmid29210215,
title = {Longitudinal Relationships Between Positive Affect, Loneliness, and Suicide Ideation: Age-Specific Factors in a General Population},
author = {M Bennardi and F F Caballero and M Miret and J L Ayuso-Mateos and J M Haro and E Lara and E Arensman and M Cabello},
url = {https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29210215},
year = {2017},
date = {2017-12-01},
journal = {Suicide Life Threat Behav},
abstract = {The aims of this study were to analyze whether positive and negative affect, social support, and loneliness are factors longitudinally related to suicide ideation in the general population in different age groups. A total of 2,392 individuals from a nationally representative sample of the Spanish general population were evaluated in 2011-2012 and in 2014-2015. After including relevant control variables in the analyses, lower positive affect was prospectively related to ideation in 18- to 59-year-old individuals, whereas feelings of loneliness were related to ideation in 60-year-and-older individuals. Social support was not associated with suicide ideation in any age group. These results are in line with the need for age-tailored suicide prevention programs. The present findings might also suggest that health care professionals should consider feelings of loneliness rather than social support to assess the presence of suicide ideation in older people.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}

The aims of this study were to analyze whether positive and negative affect, social support, and loneliness are factors longitudinally related to suicide ideation in the general population in different age groups. A total of 2,392 individuals from a nationally representative sample of the Spanish general population were evaluated in 2011-2012 and in 2014-2015. After including relevant control variables in the analyses, lower positive affect was prospectively related to ideation in 18- to 59-year-old individuals, whereas feelings of loneliness were related to ideation in 60-year-and-older individuals. Social support was not associated with suicide ideation in any age group. These results are in line with the need for age-tailored suicide prevention programs. The present findings might also suggest that health care professionals should consider feelings of loneliness rather than social support to assess the presence of suicide ideation in older people.

@article{pmid29104092,
title = {Mild cognitive impairment and physical activity in the general population: Findings from six low- and middle-income countries},
author = { D. Vancampfort and B. Stubbs and E. Lara and M. Vandenbulcke and N. Swinnen and A. Koyanagi},
url = {https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29104092},
year = {2017},
date = {2017-11-01},
journal = {Exp. Gerontol.},
volume = {100},
pages = {100--105},
abstract = {Despite the beneficial effects of physical activity (PA) for people with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) on cognition and the acknowledgement that MCI is a critical period for intervening to prevent dementia, little is known about the actual PA levels in people with MCI. This study investigates the relationship between MCI and compliance with PA recommendations. Cross-sectional data from the World Health Organization's Study on Global Ageing and Adult Health (China, Ghana, India, Mexico, Russia, South Africa) (n=32,715; mean age=62.1\^{A}±SD 15.6years; 51.7% female) were analyzed. MCI was ascertained based on the National Institute on Aging-Alzheimer's Association recommendations. PA level was assessed by the Global Physical Activity Questionnaire. Participants were grouped into those who do and do not meet the 150min of moderate-to-vigorous PA/week recommendation. Associations between PA and MCI were examined using multivariable logistic regressions. The overall prevalence [95%CI] of MCI and low PA were 15.3% [14.4%-16.3%] and 22.4% [21.1%-23.7%] respectively. In the model adjusted for sociodemographic factors, MCI was associated with a 1.28 [1.11-1.48] times higher odds for low PA in the overall sample. This association was driven by the particularly strong association observed in individuals aged \^{a}‰¥65years (odds ratio=1.65 [1.34-2.03]). Further adjustment for behavioral and health-related factors made very little difference to the estimates obtained in the model adjusted only for sociodemographic factors. MCI was associated with an increased odds of not meeting the recommended PA levels. If replicated in longitudinal studies, these findings will offer new targets and strategies for prevention and treatment programs in people at risk for MCI and dementia.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}

Despite the beneficial effects of physical activity (PA) for people with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) on cognition and the acknowledgement that MCI is a critical period for intervening to prevent dementia, little is known about the actual PA levels in people with MCI. This study investigates the relationship between MCI and compliance with PA recommendations. Cross-sectional data from the World Health Organization's Study on Global Ageing and Adult Health (China, Ghana, India, Mexico, Russia, South Africa) (n=32,715; mean age=62.1Â±SD 15.6years; 51.7% female) were analyzed. MCI was ascertained based on the National Institute on Aging-Alzheimer's Association recommendations. PA level was assessed by the Global Physical Activity Questionnaire. Participants were grouped into those who do and do not meet the 150min of moderate-to-vigorous PA/week recommendation. Associations between PA and MCI were examined using multivariable logistic regressions. The overall prevalence [95%CI] of MCI and low PA were 15.3% [14.4%-16.3%] and 22.4% [21.1%-23.7%] respectively. In the model adjusted for sociodemographic factors, MCI was associated with a 1.28 [1.11-1.48] times higher odds for low PA in the overall sample. This association was driven by the particularly strong association observed in individuals aged â‰¥65years (odds ratio=1.65 [1.34-2.03]). Further adjustment for behavioral and health-related factors made very little difference to the estimates obtained in the model adjusted only for sociodemographic factors. MCI was associated with an increased odds of not meeting the recommended PA levels. If replicated in longitudinal studies, these findings will offer new targets and strategies for prevention and treatment programs in people at risk for MCI and dementia.

@article{pmid28062261,
title = {Disability multilevel modelling in first episodes of psychosis at 3-year follow-up},
author = {B Mellor-Marsa and F F Caballero and M Cabello and J L Ayuso-Mateos and E Setien-Suero and J Vazquez-Bourgon and B Crespo-Facorro and R Ayesa-Arriola},
url = {https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28062261 },
year = {2017},
date = {2017-07-01},
journal = {Schizophr. Res.},
volume = {185},
pages = {101--106},
abstract = {The description of longitudinal bio-psycho-social profiles in FEP samples may be useful for the prediction of disability trajectories. This study aimed to describe the differences between disability status of FEP patients at baseline and their change over time, analysing how variables associated to the psychological status, and the environment of the patient can affect his or her disability trajectory, once the influence of health condition and socio-demographic variables has been controlled for. Using data from a 3-year follow-up study on early psychosis (PAFIP), a multilevel structure in which the longitudinal measurements (within level) were nested within the individuals (between level), was modeled. The contribution of the different time-varying and time-invariant variables to the patients' disability outcomes was tested through eight nested models. Consecutive models, that successively added health related, socio-demographic, psychological and environmental variables to the unconditional model were estimated, by means of deviance and fit statistics. The present work revealed the importance of psychological and environmental factors in the explanation of disability changes in the context of FEP. We may conclude that longitudinal assessments of time-varying predictors - living situation (b=-0.10, p<0.05), economic support (b=0.11, p<0.01) and insight (b=-0.08, p<0.05) - explain a relevant amount of disability variation over time, independently from symptoms' severity, duration of untreated psychosis, age, gender and years of education. Additionally, the level of premorbid adjustment (b=0.05, p<0.001) was associated to differences in disability outcomes among FEP patients.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}

The description of longitudinal bio-psycho-social profiles in FEP samples may be useful for the prediction of disability trajectories. This study aimed to describe the differences between disability status of FEP patients at baseline and their change over time, analysing how variables associated to the psychological status, and the environment of the patient can affect his or her disability trajectory, once the influence of health condition and socio-demographic variables has been controlled for. Using data from a 3-year follow-up study on early psychosis (PAFIP), a multilevel structure in which the longitudinal measurements (within level) were nested within the individuals (between level), was modeled. The contribution of the different time-varying and time-invariant variables to the patients' disability outcomes was tested through eight nested models. Consecutive models, that successively added health related, socio-demographic, psychological and environmental variables to the unconditional model were estimated, by means of deviance and fit statistics. The present work revealed the importance of psychological and environmental factors in the explanation of disability changes in the context of FEP. We may conclude that longitudinal assessments of time-varying predictors - living situation (b=-0.10, p<0.05), economic support (b=0.11, p<0.01) and insight (b=-0.08, p<0.05) - explain a relevant amount of disability variation over time, independently from symptoms' severity, duration of untreated psychosis, age, gender and years of education. Additionally, the level of premorbid adjustment (b=0.05, p<0.001) was associated to differences in disability outcomes among FEP patients.

@article{pmid28633439,
title = {Mobility difficulties, physical activity and all-cause mortality risk in a nationally-representative sample of older adults},
author = {Olaya, B. and Moneta, M. V. and Demenech-Abella, J. and Miret, M. and Bayes, I. and Ayuso-Mateos, J. L. and Haro, J. M. },
url = {https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28633439},
year = {2017},
date = {2017-06-01},
journal = {J. Gerontol. A Biol. Sci. Med. Sci.},
abstract = {This study sought to determine the association between levels of physical activity and mobility difficulties and time to death while accounting for the effect of several confounders. We also examined the possible interaction between them and how various daily-life mobility difficulties could predict all-cause mortality. A nationally-representative sample of 2,074 non-institutionalized adults aged 60 years and older was analyzed. Vital status over a 3-year follow-up period was ascertained through national registers or by asking participants' relatives. Kaplan-Meier survival curves were stratified by levels of physical activity and mobility difficulties. Unadjusted and adjusted cox proportional hazard regression models (by age, gender, marital status, years of education, multimorbidity, tobacco and alcohol consumption, depression, and memory function) were calculated and interactions between the predictors and the covariates explored. There was a dose-gradient effect of physical activity on time to death, with high levels associated with a 51% lower risk of dying, compared with moderate physical activity. Each unit increase in mobility functioning was associated with a 2% drop in mortality. Difficulties in standing for long periods, getting where one wants to go or extending arms to reach objects were also found to be strong predictors of all-cause mortality. Our results confirm the importance of older adults practicing moderate-to-vigorous physical activity. The assessment of self-reported difficulties in daily-life mobility activities, such as standing for long periods or not being able to move around, could be used in health settings as a screening for mortality risk.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}

This study sought to determine the association between levels of physical activity and mobility difficulties and time to death while accounting for the effect of several confounders. We also examined the possible interaction between them and how various daily-life mobility difficulties could predict all-cause mortality. A nationally-representative sample of 2,074 non-institutionalized adults aged 60 years and older was analyzed. Vital status over a 3-year follow-up period was ascertained through national registers or by asking participants' relatives. Kaplan-Meier survival curves were stratified by levels of physical activity and mobility difficulties. Unadjusted and adjusted cox proportional hazard regression models (by age, gender, marital status, years of education, multimorbidity, tobacco and alcohol consumption, depression, and memory function) were calculated and interactions between the predictors and the covariates explored. There was a dose-gradient effect of physical activity on time to death, with high levels associated with a 51% lower risk of dying, compared with moderate physical activity. Each unit increase in mobility functioning was associated with a 2% drop in mortality. Difficulties in standing for long periods, getting where one wants to go or extending arms to reach objects were also found to be strong predictors of all-cause mortality. Our results confirm the importance of older adults practicing moderate-to-vigorous physical activity. The assessment of self-reported difficulties in daily-life mobility activities, such as standing for long periods or not being able to move around, could be used in health settings as a screening for mortality risk.

@article{pmid28033196b,
title = {The Impact of Subjective Well-being on Mortality: A Meta-Analysis of Longitudinal Studies in the General Population},
author = {N Martin-Maria and M Miret and F F Caballero and L A Rico-Uribe and A Steptoe and S Chatterji and J L Ayuso-Mateos},
url = {https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28033196},
year = {2017},
date = {2017-06-01},
journal = {Psychosom Med},
volume = {79},
number = {5},
pages = {565--575},
abstract = {The aims of the study were to assess whether subjective well-being is a protective factor for mortality in the general population and to analyze the differential impact of evaluative, experienced, and eudaimonic well-being. Systematic review of articles in the PsycINFO, Web of Science, and PubMed databases. Data on the studies' characteristics, quality, and the effects of variables were extracted. A meta-analysis was conducted on the studies included in the systematic review. A total of 62 articles that investigated mortality in general populations, involving 1,259,949 participants, were found, and added to those considered in a previously published review (n = 14). The meta-analysis showed that subjective well-being was a protective factor for mortality (pooled hazard ratio = 0.920; 95% confidence interval = 0.905-0.934). Although the impact of subjective well-being on survival was significant in both men and women, it was slightly more protective in men. The three aspects of subjective well-being were significant protective factors for mortality. The high level of heterogeneity and the evidences of publication bias may reduce the generalizability of these findings. Our results suggest that subjective well-being is associated with a decreased risk of mortality. Longitudinal studies examining changing levels of well-being and their relationship to longevity would be required to establish a cause-effect relationship. Establishing such a causal relationship would strengthen the case for policy interventions to improve the population subjective well-being to produce longevity gains combined with optimizing quality of life.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}

The aims of the study were to assess whether subjective well-being is a protective factor for mortality in the general population and to analyze the differential impact of evaluative, experienced, and eudaimonic well-being. Systematic review of articles in the PsycINFO, Web of Science, and PubMed databases. Data on the studies' characteristics, quality, and the effects of variables were extracted. A meta-analysis was conducted on the studies included in the systematic review. A total of 62 articles that investigated mortality in general populations, involving 1,259,949 participants, were found, and added to those considered in a previously published review (n = 14). The meta-analysis showed that subjective well-being was a protective factor for mortality (pooled hazard ratio = 0.920; 95% confidence interval = 0.905-0.934). Although the impact of subjective well-being on survival was significant in both men and women, it was slightly more protective in men. The three aspects of subjective well-being were significant protective factors for mortality. The high level of heterogeneity and the evidences of publication bias may reduce the generalizability of these findings. Our results suggest that subjective well-being is associated with a decreased risk of mortality. Longitudinal studies examining changing levels of well-being and their relationship to longevity would be required to establish a cause-effect relationship. Establishing such a causal relationship would strengthen the case for policy interventions to improve the population subjective well-being to produce longevity gains combined with optimizing quality of life.

@article{pmid28292282,
title = {Metabolic risk management, physical exercise and lifestyle counselling in low-active adults: controlled randomized trial (BELLUGAT)},
author = {A Ensenyat and G Espigares-Tribo and L Machado and F J Verdejo and R Rodriguez-Arregui and J Serrano and M Miret and G Galindo and A Blanco and J R Marsal and S Sarriegui and X Sinfreu-Bergues and N Serra-Paya},
url = {https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28292282},
year = {2017},
date = {2017-03-01},
journal = {BMC Public Health},
volume = {17},
number = {1},
pages = {257},
abstract = {The primary aim of this study is to evaluate the effectiveness of different doses (intensity) of supervised exercise training - concomitant with lifestyle counselling - as a primary care intervention tool for the management of metabolic syndrome risk factors in low-active adults with one or more such factors (programme name in Catalan: Bellugat de CAP a peus). Three-arm, randomized controlled clinical trial implemented in the primary care setting, with a duration of 40 weeks (16 weeks intervention and 24-week follow-up). Adults aged 30 to 55 years with metabolic risk factors will be randomized into three intervention groups: 1) aerobic interval training (16 supervised training lessons) plus a healthy lifestyle counselling programme (6 group and 3 individual meetings); 2) low-to-moderate intensity continuous training (16 supervised training lessons) plus the same counselling programme; or 3) the counselling- programme without any supervised physical exercise. The main output variables assessed will be risk factors for metabolic syndrome (waist circumference, blood pressure, and levels of plasma triglycerides, high-density lipoproteins and glucose), systemic inflammation, cardiorespiratory fitness, physical activity and sedentary behaviour, dietary habits, health-related quality of life, self-efficacy and empowerment. Economic factors will also be analysed in order to determine the cost-effectiveness of the programme. These variables will be assessed three times during the study: at baseline, at the end of the intervention, and at follow-up. We estimate to recruit 35 participants per group. The results of this study will provide insight into the immediate and medium-term effects on metabolic risk and lifestyle of a combined approach involving aerobic interval training and a multidisciplinary behavioural intervention. If effective, the proposed intervention would provide both researchers and practitioners in this field with a platform on which to develop similar intervention programmes for tackling the repercussions of an unhealthy lifestyle. Clinical trials.gov. NTC02832453 . Registered 6 July 2016 (retrospectively registered).},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}

The primary aim of this study is to evaluate the effectiveness of different doses (intensity) of supervised exercise training - concomitant with lifestyle counselling - as a primary care intervention tool for the management of metabolic syndrome risk factors in low-active adults with one or more such factors (programme name in Catalan: Bellugat de CAP a peus). Three-arm, randomized controlled clinical trial implemented in the primary care setting, with a duration of 40 weeks (16 weeks intervention and 24-week follow-up). Adults aged 30 to 55 years with metabolic risk factors will be randomized into three intervention groups: 1) aerobic interval training (16 supervised training lessons) plus a healthy lifestyle counselling programme (6 group and 3 individual meetings); 2) low-to-moderate intensity continuous training (16 supervised training lessons) plus the same counselling programme; or 3) the counselling- programme without any supervised physical exercise. The main output variables assessed will be risk factors for metabolic syndrome (waist circumference, blood pressure, and levels of plasma triglycerides, high-density lipoproteins and glucose), systemic inflammation, cardiorespiratory fitness, physical activity and sedentary behaviour, dietary habits, health-related quality of life, self-efficacy and empowerment. Economic factors will also be analysed in order to determine the cost-effectiveness of the programme. These variables will be assessed three times during the study: at baseline, at the end of the intervention, and at follow-up. We estimate to recruit 35 participants per group. The results of this study will provide insight into the immediate and medium-term effects on metabolic risk and lifestyle of a combined approach involving aerobic interval training and a multidisciplinary behavioural intervention. If effective, the proposed intervention would provide both researchers and practitioners in this field with a platform on which to develop similar intervention programmes for tackling the repercussions of an unhealthy lifestyle. Clinical trials.gov. NTC02832453 . Registered 6 July 2016 (retrospectively registered).

@article{pmid28320427b,
title = {The role of unhealthy lifestyles in the incidence and persistence of depression: a longitudinal general population study in four emerging countries},
author = {M Cabello and M Miret and F F Caballero and S Chatterji and N Naidoo and P Kowal and C D\'{E}ste and J L Ayuso-Mateos},
url = {https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5358047/},
year = {2017},
date = {2017-03-01},
journal = {Global Health},
volume = {13},
number = {1},
pages = {18},
abstract = {Unhealthy lifestyles and depression are highly interrelated: depression might elicit and exacerbate unhealthy lifestyles and people with unhealthy lifestyles are more likely to become depressed over time. However, few longitudinal evidence of these relationships has been collected in emerging countries. The present study aims i) to analyse whether people with unhealthy lifestyles are more likely to develop depression, and ii) to examine whether depressed people with unhealthy lifestyles are more likely to remain depressed. A total of 7908 participants from Ghana, India, Mexico and Russia were firstly evaluated in the World Health Organization's Study on Global AGEing and Adult Health (SAGE) Wave 0 (2002-2004) and re-evaluated in 2007-2010 (Wave 1). Data on tobacco use, alcohol drinking and physical activity, were collected. Logistic regressions models were employed to assess whether baseline unhealthy lifestyles were related to depression in Wave 1, among people without 12-month depression in Wave 0 and any previous lifetime diagnosis of depression, and to 12-month depression at both study waves (persistent depression). Baseline daily and non-daily smoking was associated with depression in Wave 1. Low physical activity and heavy alcohol drinking were associated with persistent depression. Unhealthy lifestyles and depression are also positively related in emerging countries. Smoking on a daily and non-daily basis was longitudinally related to depression. Depressed people with low physical activity and with heavy drinking patterns were more likely to become depressed over time. Several interpretations of these results are given. Further studies should check whether a reduction of these unhealthy lifestyles leads to lower depression rates and/or to a better clinical prognosis of depressed people.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}

Unhealthy lifestyles and depression are highly interrelated: depression might elicit and exacerbate unhealthy lifestyles and people with unhealthy lifestyles are more likely to become depressed over time. However, few longitudinal evidence of these relationships has been collected in emerging countries. The present study aims i) to analyse whether people with unhealthy lifestyles are more likely to develop depression, and ii) to examine whether depressed people with unhealthy lifestyles are more likely to remain depressed. A total of 7908 participants from Ghana, India, Mexico and Russia were firstly evaluated in the World Health Organization's Study on Global AGEing and Adult Health (SAGE) Wave 0 (2002-2004) and re-evaluated in 2007-2010 (Wave 1). Data on tobacco use, alcohol drinking and physical activity, were collected. Logistic regressions models were employed to assess whether baseline unhealthy lifestyles were related to depression in Wave 1, among people without 12-month depression in Wave 0 and any previous lifetime diagnosis of depression, and to 12-month depression at both study waves (persistent depression). Baseline daily and non-daily smoking was associated with depression in Wave 1. Low physical activity and heavy alcohol drinking were associated with persistent depression. Unhealthy lifestyles and depression are also positively related in emerging countries. Smoking on a daily and non-daily basis was longitudinally related to depression. Depressed people with low physical activity and with heavy drinking patterns were more likely to become depressed over time. Several interpretations of these results are given. Further studies should check whether a reduction of these unhealthy lifestyles leads to lower depression rates and/or to a better clinical prognosis of depressed people.

@article{pmid27780478,
title = {The efficacy of psychotherapy, pharmacotherapy and their combination on functioning and quality of life in depression: a meta-analysis},
author = {K Kamenov and C Twomey and M Cabello and A M Prina and J L Ayuso-Mateos},
url = {https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27780478},
year = {2017},
date = {2017-02-01},
journal = {Psychol Med},
volume = {47},
number = {3},
pages = {414--425},
abstract = {There is growing recognition of the importance of both functioning and quality of life (QoL) outcomes in the treatment of depressive disorders, but the meta-analytic evidence is scarce. The objective of this meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) was to determine the absolute and relative effects of psychotherapy, pharmacotherapy and their combination on functioning and QoL in patients with depression. One hundred and fifty-three outcome trials involving 29 879 participants with depressive disorders were identified through database searches in Pubmed, PsycINFO and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials. Compared to control conditions, psychotherapy and pharmacotherapy yielded small to moderate effect sizes for functioning and QoL, ranging from g = 0.31 to g = 0.43. When compared directly, initial analysis yielded no evidence that one of them was superior. After adjusting for publication bias, psychotherapy was more efficacious than pharmacotherapy (g = 0.21) for QoL. The combination of psychotherapy and medication performed significantly better for both outcomes compared to each treatment alone yielding small effect sizes (g = 0.32 to g = 0.39). Both interventions improved depression symptom severity more than functioning and QoL. Despite the small number of comparative trials for some of the analyses, this study reveals that combined treatment is superior, but psychotherapy and pharmacotherapy alone are also efficacious for improving functioning and QoL. The overall relatively modest effects suggest that future tailoring of therapies could be warranted to better meet the needs of individuals with functioning and QoL problems.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}

There is growing recognition of the importance of both functioning and quality of life (QoL) outcomes in the treatment of depressive disorders, but the meta-analytic evidence is scarce. The objective of this meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) was to determine the absolute and relative effects of psychotherapy, pharmacotherapy and their combination on functioning and QoL in patients with depression. One hundred and fifty-three outcome trials involving 29 879 participants with depressive disorders were identified through database searches in Pubmed, PsycINFO and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials. Compared to control conditions, psychotherapy and pharmacotherapy yielded small to moderate effect sizes for functioning and QoL, ranging from g = 0.31 to g = 0.43. When compared directly, initial analysis yielded no evidence that one of them was superior. After adjusting for publication bias, psychotherapy was more efficacious than pharmacotherapy (g = 0.21) for QoL. The combination of psychotherapy and medication performed significantly better for both outcomes compared to each treatment alone yielding small effect sizes (g = 0.32 to g = 0.39). Both interventions improved depression symptom severity more than functioning and QoL. Despite the small number of comparative trials for some of the analyses, this study reveals that combined treatment is superior, but psychotherapy and pharmacotherapy alone are also efficacious for improving functioning and QoL. The overall relatively modest effects suggest that future tailoring of therapies could be warranted to better meet the needs of individuals with functioning and QoL problems.

@article{pmid28281663,
title = {Advanced analytical methodologies for measuring healthy ageing and its determinants, using factor analysis and machine learning techniques: the ATHLOS project},
author = { F. F. Caballero and G. Soulis and W. Engchuan and A. Sanchez-Niubo and H. Arndt and J. L. Ayuso-Mateos and J. M. Haro and S. Chatterji and D. B. Panagiotakos},
url = {https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28281663},
year = {2017},
date = {2017-01-01},
journal = {Sci Rep},
volume = {7},
pages = {43955},
abstract = {A most challenging task for scientists that are involved in the study of ageing is the development of a measure to quantify health status across populations and over time. In the present study, a Bayesian multilevel Item Response Theory approach is used to create a health score that can be compared across different waves in a longitudinal study, using anchor items and items that vary across waves. The same approach can be applied to compare health scores across different longitudinal studies, using items that vary across studies. Data from the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing (ELSA) are employed. Mixed-effects multilevel regression and Machine Learning methods were used to identify relationships between socio-demographics and the health score created. The metric of health was created for 17,886 subjects (54.6% of women) participating in at least one of the first six ELSA waves and correlated well with already known conditions that affect health. Future efforts will implement this approach in a harmonised data set comprising several longitudinal studies of ageing. This will enable valid comparisons between clinical and community dwelling populations and help to generate norms that could be useful in day-to-day clinical practice.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}

A most challenging task for scientists that are involved in the study of ageing is the development of a measure to quantify health status across populations and over time. In the present study, a Bayesian multilevel Item Response Theory approach is used to create a health score that can be compared across different waves in a longitudinal study, using anchor items and items that vary across waves. The same approach can be applied to compare health scores across different longitudinal studies, using items that vary across studies. Data from the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing (ELSA) are employed. Mixed-effects multilevel regression and Machine Learning methods were used to identify relationships between socio-demographics and the health score created. The metric of health was created for 17,886 subjects (54.6% of women) participating in at least one of the first six ELSA waves and correlated well with already known conditions that affect health. Future efforts will implement this approach in a harmonised data set comprising several longitudinal studies of ageing. This will enable valid comparisons between clinical and community dwelling populations and help to generate norms that could be useful in day-to-day clinical practice.

@article{pmid28835255,
title = {Association of experienced and evaluative well-being with health in nine countries with different income levels: a cross-sectional study},
author = { M. Miret and F. F. Caballero and B. Olaya and S. Koskinen and N. Naidoo and B. Tobiasz-Adamczyk and M. Leonardi and J. M. Haro and S. Chatterji and J. L. Ayuso-Mateos},
url = {https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28835255},
year = {2017},
date = {2017-01-01},
journal = {Global Health},
volume = {13},
number = {1},
pages = {65},
abstract = {It is important to know whether the relationships between experienced and evaluative well-being and health are consistent across countries with different income levels. This would allow to confirm whether the evidence found in high income countries is the same as in low- and middle-income countries and to suggest policy recommendations that are generalisable across countries. We assessed the association of well-being with health status; analysed the differential relationship that positive affect, negative affect, and evaluative well-being have with health status; and examined whether these relationships are similar across countries. In this cross-sectional study, interviews were conducted amongst 53,269 adults from nine countries in Africa, Asia, Europe, and Latin America. Evaluative well-being was measured with a short version of the World Health Organization (WHO) Quality of Life instrument, and experienced well-being was measured with the Day Reconstruction Method. Decrements in health were assessed with the 12-item version of WHO Disability Assessment Schedule 2.0. Block-wise linear regression and structural equation models were employed. Considering the overall sample, evaluative well-being was more strongly associated with health (\^{I}² = -0.35) than experienced well-being (\^{I}² = -0.14), and negative affect was more strongly associated with health (\^{I}² = 0.10) than positive affect (\^{I}² = -0.02). The relationship between health and well-being was similar across countries. Lower scores in evaluative well-being and a higher age were the factors more strongly related with a worse health. The different patterns observed across countries may be related to differences in the countries' gross domestic product, social protection system, economic situation, health care provision, lifestyle behaviours, or living conditions. The fact that evaluative well-being is more predictive of health than experienced well-being suggests that our level of satisfaction with our lives might be more important for our health than the actual emotions than we experience in our day-to-day lives and points out the need of interventions that improve the way people evaluate their lives.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}

It is important to know whether the relationships between experienced and evaluative well-being and health are consistent across countries with different income levels. This would allow to confirm whether the evidence found in high income countries is the same as in low- and middle-income countries and to suggest policy recommendations that are generalisable across countries. We assessed the association of well-being with health status; analysed the differential relationship that positive affect, negative affect, and evaluative well-being have with health status; and examined whether these relationships are similar across countries. In this cross-sectional study, interviews were conducted amongst 53,269 adults from nine countries in Africa, Asia, Europe, and Latin America. Evaluative well-being was measured with a short version of the World Health Organization (WHO) Quality of Life instrument, and experienced well-being was measured with the Day Reconstruction Method. Decrements in health were assessed with the 12-item version of WHO Disability Assessment Schedule 2.0. Block-wise linear regression and structural equation models were employed. Considering the overall sample, evaluative well-being was more strongly associated with health (Î² = -0.35) than experienced well-being (Î² = -0.14), and negative affect was more strongly associated with health (Î² = 0.10) than positive affect (Î² = -0.02). The relationship between health and well-being was similar across countries. Lower scores in evaluative well-being and a higher age were the factors more strongly related with a worse health. The different patterns observed across countries may be related to differences in the countries' gross domestic product, social protection system, economic situation, health care provision, lifestyle behaviours, or living conditions. The fact that evaluative well-being is more predictive of health than experienced well-being suggests that our level of satisfaction with our lives might be more important for our health than the actual emotions than we experience in our day-to-day lives and points out the need of interventions that improve the way people evaluate their lives.

@article{pmid27825839,
title = {Cognitive reserve is associated with quality of life: A population-based study},
author = {E Lara and A Koyanagi and F Caballero and J Domenech-Abella and M Miret and B Olaya and L Rico-Uribe and J L Ayuso-Mateos and J M Haro},
url = {https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27825839},
year = {2017},
date = {2017-01-01},
journal = {Exp. Gerontol.},
volume = {87},
number = {Pt A},
pages = {67--73},
abstract = {To assess the association between cognitive reserve (CR) and quality of life (QoL), as well as the role of depression, cognitive functioning, and disability in this association. Nationally-representative cross-sectional population-based data on 1973 individuals aged \^{a}‰¥50years from the Spanish sample of the Collaborative Research on Ageing in Europe (COURAGE) study were analysed. CR was a composite score ranging from 0 to 25 obtained from the Cognitive Reserve Questionnaire, which is composed of items on training courses, occupation, musical training, languages, reading activities, intellectual games, and level of education of the participants and their parents. QoL, ranging from 0 to 100, was assessed with the WHOQOL-AGE. Multiple linear regression and mediation analyses were performed. Higher levels of CR were associated with higher QoL, after controlling for potential confounders (Coef. 0.53; 95% CI=0.36, 0.70). The strongest mediator in this association was disability, which explained about half of the association, while depression and cognition explained 6-10% of this association. CR is associated with higher QoL in older adults. Interventions targeting determinants of CR that can be modified or trained across the lifespan may lead to successful ageing by prolonging autonomous functioning and enhancing QoL.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}

To assess the association between cognitive reserve (CR) and quality of life (QoL), as well as the role of depression, cognitive functioning, and disability in this association. Nationally-representative cross-sectional population-based data on 1973 individuals aged â‰¥50years from the Spanish sample of the Collaborative Research on Ageing in Europe (COURAGE) study were analysed. CR was a composite score ranging from 0 to 25 obtained from the Cognitive Reserve Questionnaire, which is composed of items on training courses, occupation, musical training, languages, reading activities, intellectual games, and level of education of the participants and their parents. QoL, ranging from 0 to 100, was assessed with the WHOQOL-AGE. Multiple linear regression and mediation analyses were performed. Higher levels of CR were associated with higher QoL, after controlling for potential confounders (Coef. 0.53; 95% CI=0.36, 0.70). The strongest mediator in this association was disability, which explained about half of the association, while depression and cognition explained 6-10% of this association. CR is associated with higher QoL in older adults. Interventions targeting determinants of CR that can be modified or trained across the lifespan may lead to successful ageing by prolonging autonomous functioning and enhancing QoL.

@article{pmid28126401,
title = {Do patients with bipolar disorder and subsyndromal symptoms benefit from functional remediation? A 12-month follow-up study},
author = { J. Sanchez-Moreno and C. Bonnin and A. Gonzalez-Pinto and B. L. Amann and B. Sole and V. Balanza-Martinez and C. Arango and E. Jimenez and R. Tabares-Seisdedos and M. P. Garcia-Portilla and A. Ibanez and J. M. Crespo and J. L. Ayuso-Mateos and E. Vieta and A. Martinez-Aran and C. Torrent},
url = {https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28126401},
year = {2017},
date = {2017-01-01},
journal = {Eur Neuropsychopharmacol},
volume = {27},
number = {4},
pages = {350--359},
abstract = {We analyzed the efficacy of functional remediation, in a sample of patients with bipolar disorder who presented with subsyndromal symptoms. From a total sample of 239 patients with bipolar I and II disorder, according to DSM-IV-TR diagnostic criteria, entering a randomized clinical trial, those patients who presented with subsyndromal symptoms were selected based on a method already described by Berk and colleagues was applied. It consists of using the Clinical Global Impression-Bipolar version (CGI-BP) to establish the scores of the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HAM-D) and of the Young Mania Rating Scale (YMRS) that correspond with 1 in the CGI-BP. Functional outcome and mood symptoms were assessed at 6 and at 12-month follow-up. A total of 99 patients were selected for this post-hoc analysis, allocated as follows: functional remediation (n=33); psychoeducation (n=37) and treatment as usual (TAU},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}

We analyzed the efficacy of functional remediation, in a sample of patients with bipolar disorder who presented with subsyndromal symptoms. From a total sample of 239 patients with bipolar I and II disorder, according to DSM-IV-TR diagnostic criteria, entering a randomized clinical trial, those patients who presented with subsyndromal symptoms were selected based on a method already described by Berk and colleagues was applied. It consists of using the Clinical Global Impression-Bipolar version (CGI-BP) to establish the scores of the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HAM-D) and of the Young Mania Rating Scale (YMRS) that correspond with 1 in the CGI-BP. Functional outcome and mood symptoms were assessed at 6 and at 12-month follow-up. A total of 99 patients were selected for this post-hoc analysis, allocated as follows: functional remediation (n=33); psychoeducation (n=37) and treatment as usual (TAU

@article{pmid28258420b,
title = {Gender-related differences in the multi-pathway effect of social determinants on quality of life in older age-the COURAGE in Europe project},
author = {B Tobiasz-Adamczyk and A Galas and K Zawisza and S Chatterji and J M Haro and J L Ayuso-Mateos and S Koskinen and M Leonardi},
url = {https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28258420},
year = {2017},
date = {2017-01-01},
journal = {Qual Life Res},
volume = {26},
number = {7},
pages = {1865--1878},
abstract = {Gender-related differences in life expectancy, prevalence of chronic conditions and level of disability in the process of ageing have been broadly described. Less is known about social determinants, which may have different impacts on quality of life in men and women. The investigation aims to reveal gender-related differences in social determinants on quality of life assessed by a multi-pathway model including health, social, demographic and living place characteristics. The study group consisted of 5099 participants aged 50+ representing general populations of three different European regions (Finland, Poland, Spain) who participated in COURAGE in EUROPE Project. Standardized tools were used to measure quality of life (WHOQOL-AGE) and social determinants (COURAGE Social Network Index, OSLO-3 Social Support Scale, UCLA Loneliness Scale, participation scale and trust). A multipath model considering exogenous predictors (demographic, economic), mediators (social) and endogenous outcome (QOL) was created to reveal the role of determinants. Gender-related differences were investigated across three age categories: 50-64; 65-79 and 80+. The model (RMSEA = 0.058; CFI = 0.939) showed the effects of all of the investigated determinants. Gender-related differences in the association between social constructs and QOL were observed for social networks in the group of 80+, for social support in the group of 50-64 and 65-79 years, and for social participation in the group of 65-79 years. Males benefited more (in QOL) from social networks and social support, and women from social participation. The research provides valuable knowledge about the role of social determinants in QOL considering complex relations between different social constructs. Additionally, the results showed gender-related differences in the associations between social networks, social support, social participation and QOL, suggesting that men might benefit more from the interventions in the first two. Although our research did not investigate the effects of interventions, the results show directions for future investigations, how to shape social interventions at the population level to improve quality of life of older adults, and thus help achieve successful ageing.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}

Gender-related differences in life expectancy, prevalence of chronic conditions and level of disability in the process of ageing have been broadly described. Less is known about social determinants, which may have different impacts on quality of life in men and women. The investigation aims to reveal gender-related differences in social determinants on quality of life assessed by a multi-pathway model including health, social, demographic and living place characteristics. The study group consisted of 5099 participants aged 50+ representing general populations of three different European regions (Finland, Poland, Spain) who participated in COURAGE in EUROPE Project. Standardized tools were used to measure quality of life (WHOQOL-AGE) and social determinants (COURAGE Social Network Index, OSLO-3 Social Support Scale, UCLA Loneliness Scale, participation scale and trust). A multipath model considering exogenous predictors (demographic, economic), mediators (social) and endogenous outcome (QOL) was created to reveal the role of determinants. Gender-related differences were investigated across three age categories: 50-64; 65-79 and 80+. The model (RMSEA = 0.058; CFI = 0.939) showed the effects of all of the investigated determinants. Gender-related differences in the association between social constructs and QOL were observed for social networks in the group of 80+, for social support in the group of 50-64 and 65-79 years, and for social participation in the group of 65-79 years. Males benefited more (in QOL) from social networks and social support, and women from social participation. The research provides valuable knowledge about the role of social determinants in QOL considering complex relations between different social constructs. Additionally, the results showed gender-related differences in the associations between social networks, social support, social participation and QOL, suggesting that men might benefit more from the interventions in the first two. Although our research did not investigate the effects of interventions, the results show directions for future investigations, how to shape social interventions at the population level to improve quality of life of older adults, and thus help achieve successful ageing.

@article{pmid28029429,
title = {High cognitive reserve in bipolar disorders as a moderator of neurocognitive impairment},
author = {I Grande and J Sanchez-Moreno and B Sole and E Jimenez and C Torrent and C M Bonnin and C Varo and R Tabares-Seisdedos and V Balanza-Martinez and E Valls and I Morilla and A F Carvalho and J L Ayuso-Mateos and E Vieta and A Martinez-Aran},
url = {https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28029429},
year = {2017},
date = {2017-01-01},
journal = {J Affect Disord},
volume = {208},
pages = {621--627},
abstract = {Cognitive reserve (CR) reflects the capacity of the brain to endure neuropathology, minimize clinical manifestations and successfully complete cognitive tasks. The present study aims to determine whether high CR may constitute a moderator of cognitive functioning in bipolar disorder (BD). 102 patients with BD and 32 healthy controls were enrolled. All patients met DSM-IV criteria for I or II BD and were euthymic (YMRS\^{a}‰¤6 and HDRS\^{a}‰¤8) during a 6-month period. All participants were tested with a comprehensive neuropsychological battery, and a Cerebral Reserve Score (CRS) was estimated. Subjects with a CRS below the group median were classified as having low CR, whereas participants with a CRS above the median value were considered to have high CR. Participants with BD with high CR displayed a better performance in measures of attention (digits forward: F=4.554},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}

Cognitive reserve (CR) reflects the capacity of the brain to endure neuropathology, minimize clinical manifestations and successfully complete cognitive tasks. The present study aims to determine whether high CR may constitute a moderator of cognitive functioning in bipolar disorder (BD). 102 patients with BD and 32 healthy controls were enrolled. All patients met DSM-IV criteria for I or II BD and were euthymic (YMRSâ‰¤6 and HDRSâ‰¤8) during a 6-month period. All participants were tested with a comprehensive neuropsychological battery, and a Cerebral Reserve Score (CRS) was estimated. Subjects with a CRS below the group median were classified as having low CR, whereas participants with a CRS above the median value were considered to have high CR. Participants with BD with high CR displayed a better performance in measures of attention (digits forward: F=4.554

@article{pmid28821233,
title = {Latent class analysis of multimorbidity patterns and associated outcomes in Spanish older adults: a prospective cohort study},
author = {Olaya, B. and Moneta, M. V. and Caballero, F. F. and Tyrovolas, S. and Bayes, I. and Ayuso-Mateos, J. L. and Haro, J. M. },
url = {https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5563011/},
year = {2017},
date = {2017-01-01},
journal = {BMC Geriatr},
volume = {17},
number = {1},
pages = {186},
abstract = {This study sought to identify multimorbidity patterns and determine the association between these latent classes with several outcomes, including health, functioning, disability, quality of life and use of services, at baseline and after 3 years of follow-up. We analyzed data from a representative Spanish cohort of 3541 non-institutionalized people aged 50 years old and over. Measures were taken at baseline and after 3 years of follow-up. Latent Class Analysis (LCA) was conducted using eleven common chronic conditions. Generalized linear models were conducted to determine the adjusted association of multimorbidity latent classes with several outcomes. 63.8% of participants were assigned to the "healthy" class, with minimum disease, 30% were classified under the "metabolic/stroke" class and 6% were assigned to the "cardiorespiratory/mental/arthritis" class. Significant cross-sectional associations were found between membership of both multimorbidity classes and poorer memory, quality of life, greater burden and more use of services. After 3 years of follow-up, the "metabolic/stroke" class was a significant predictor of lower levels of verbal fluency while the two multimorbidity classes predicted poor quality of life, problems in independent living, higher risk of hospitalization and greater use of health services. Common chronic conditions in older people cluster together in broad categories. These broad clusters are qualitatively distinct and are important predictors of several health and functioning outcomes. Future studies are needed to understand underlying mechanisms and common risk factors for patterns of multimorbidity and to propose more effective treatments.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}

This study sought to identify multimorbidity patterns and determine the association between these latent classes with several outcomes, including health, functioning, disability, quality of life and use of services, at baseline and after 3 years of follow-up. We analyzed data from a representative Spanish cohort of 3541 non-institutionalized people aged 50 years old and over. Measures were taken at baseline and after 3 years of follow-up. Latent Class Analysis (LCA) was conducted using eleven common chronic conditions. Generalized linear models were conducted to determine the adjusted association of multimorbidity latent classes with several outcomes. 63.8% of participants were assigned to the "healthy" class, with minimum disease, 30% were classified under the "metabolic/stroke" class and 6% were assigned to the "cardiorespiratory/mental/arthritis" class. Significant cross-sectional associations were found between membership of both multimorbidity classes and poorer memory, quality of life, greater burden and more use of services. After 3 years of follow-up, the "metabolic/stroke" class was a significant predictor of lower levels of verbal fluency while the two multimorbidity classes predicted poor quality of life, problems in independent living, higher risk of hospitalization and greater use of health services. Common chronic conditions in older people cluster together in broad categories. These broad clusters are qualitatively distinct and are important predictors of several health and functioning outcomes. Future studies are needed to understand underlying mechanisms and common risk factors for patterns of multimorbidity and to propose more effective treatments.

@article{pmid28154893,
title = {Loneliness and depression in the elderly: the role of social network},
author = {J Domenech-Abella and E Lara and M Rubio-Valera and B Olaya and M V Moneta and L A Rico-Uribe and J L Ayuso-Mateos and J Mundo and J M Haro},
url = {https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28154893},
year = {2017},
date = {2017-01-01},
journal = {Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol},
volume = {52},
number = {4},
pages = {381--390},
abstract = {Loneliness and depression are associated, in particular in older adults. Less is known about the role of social networks in this relationship. The present study analyzes the influence of social networks in the relationship between loneliness and depression in the older adult population in Spain. A population-representative sample of 3535 adults aged 50 years and over from Spain was analyzed. Loneliness was assessed by means of the three-item UCLA Loneliness Scale. Social network characteristics were measured using the Berkman-Syme Social Network Index. Major depression in the previous 12 months was assessed with the Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI). Logistic regression models were used to analyze the survey data. Feelings of loneliness were more prevalent in women, those who were younger (50-65), single, separated, divorced or widowed, living in a rural setting, with a lower frequency of social interactions and smaller social network, and with major depression. Among people feeling lonely, those with depression were more frequently married and had a small social network. Among those not feeling lonely, depression was associated with being previously married. In depressed people, feelings of loneliness were associated with having a small social network; while among those without depression, feelings of loneliness were associated with being married. The type and size of social networks have a role in the relationship between loneliness and depression. Increasing social interaction may be more beneficial than strategies based on improving maladaptive social cognition in loneliness to reduce the prevalence of depression among Spanish older adults.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}

Loneliness and depression are associated, in particular in older adults. Less is known about the role of social networks in this relationship. The present study analyzes the influence of social networks in the relationship between loneliness and depression in the older adult population in Spain. A population-representative sample of 3535 adults aged 50 years and over from Spain was analyzed. Loneliness was assessed by means of the three-item UCLA Loneliness Scale. Social network characteristics were measured using the Berkman-Syme Social Network Index. Major depression in the previous 12 months was assessed with the Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI). Logistic regression models were used to analyze the survey data. Feelings of loneliness were more prevalent in women, those who were younger (50-65), single, separated, divorced or widowed, living in a rural setting, with a lower frequency of social interactions and smaller social network, and with major depression. Among people feeling lonely, those with depression were more frequently married and had a small social network. Among those not feeling lonely, depression was associated with being previously married. In depressed people, feelings of loneliness were associated with having a small social network; while among those without depression, feelings of loneliness were associated with being married. The type and size of social networks have a role in the relationship between loneliness and depression. Increasing social interaction may be more beneficial than strategies based on improving maladaptive social cognition in loneliness to reduce the prevalence of depression among Spanish older adults.

@article{pmid28337167,
title = {Research Recommendations for Improving Measurement of Treatment Effectiveness in Depression},
author = { K. Kamenov and M. Cabello and M. Nieto and R. Bernard and E. Kohls and C. Rummel-Kluge and J. L. Ayuso-Mateos},
url = {https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28337167},
year = {2017},
date = {2017-01-01},
journal = {Front Psychol},
volume = {8},
pages = {356},
abstract = {Background: Despite the steadily escalating psychological and economic burden of depression, there is a lack of evidence for the effectiveness of available interventions on functioning areas beyond symptomatology. Therefore, the main objective of this study was to give an insight into the current measurement of treatment effectiveness in depression and to provide recommendations for its improvement. Materials and Methods: The study was based on a multi-informant approach, comparing data from a systematic literature review, an expert survey with representatives from clinical practice (130), and qualitative interviews with patients (11) experiencing depression. Results: Current literature places emphasis on symptomatic outcomes and neglects other domains of functioning, whereas clinicians and depressed patients highlight the importance of both. Interpersonal relationships, recreation and daily activities, communication, social participation, work difficulties were identified as being crucial for recovery. Personal factors, neglected by the literature, such as self-efficacy were introduced by experts and patients. Furthermore, clinicians and patients identified a number of differences regarding the areas improved by psychotherapeutic or pharmacological interventions that were not addressed by the pertinent literature. Conclusion: Creation of a new cross-nationally applicable measure of psychosocial functioning, broader remission criteria, report of domain-specific information, and a personalized approach in treatment decision-making are the first crucial steps needed for the improvement of the measurement of treatment effectiveness in depression. A better measurement will facilitate the clinical decision making and answer the escalating burden of depression.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}

Background: Despite the steadily escalating psychological and economic burden of depression, there is a lack of evidence for the effectiveness of available interventions on functioning areas beyond symptomatology. Therefore, the main objective of this study was to give an insight into the current measurement of treatment effectiveness in depression and to provide recommendations for its improvement. Materials and Methods: The study was based on a multi-informant approach, comparing data from a systematic literature review, an expert survey with representatives from clinical practice (130), and qualitative interviews with patients (11) experiencing depression. Results: Current literature places emphasis on symptomatic outcomes and neglects other domains of functioning, whereas clinicians and depressed patients highlight the importance of both. Interpersonal relationships, recreation and daily activities, communication, social participation, work difficulties were identified as being crucial for recovery. Personal factors, neglected by the literature, such as self-efficacy were introduced by experts and patients. Furthermore, clinicians and patients identified a number of differences regarding the areas improved by psychotherapeutic or pharmacological interventions that were not addressed by the pertinent literature. Conclusion: Creation of a new cross-nationally applicable measure of psychosocial functioning, broader remission criteria, report of domain-specific information, and a personalized approach in treatment decision-making are the first crucial steps needed for the improvement of the measurement of treatment effectiveness in depression. A better measurement will facilitate the clinical decision making and answer the escalating burden of depression.

@article{pmid28355283,
title = {Streptococcus gallolyticus infection in colorectal cancer and association with biological and clinical factors},
author = {Andres-Franch, M. and Galiana, A. and Sanchez-Hellin, V. and Ochoa, E. and Hernandez-Illan, E. and Lopez-Garcia, P. and Castillejo, A. and Castillejo, M. I. and Barbera, V. M. and Garcia-Dura, J. and Gomez-Romero, F. J. and Royo, G. and Soto, J. L. },
url = {https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28355283},
year = {2017},
date = {2017-01-01},
journal = {PLoS ONE},
volume = {12},
number = {3},
pages = {e0174305},
abstract = {There is an unambiguous association of Streptococcus gallolyticus infection with colorectal cancer, although there is limited information about epidemiology or interaction between molecular and environmental factors. We performed an original quantitative analysis of S. gallolyticus in unselected colorectal cancer patients (n = 190) and their association with clinical, pathological tumor molecular profiles (microsatellite instability, hypermethylator phenotype and chromosomal instability pathways), and other biological factors in colorectal tumor and normal tissues (cytomegalovirus and Epstein-Barr virus infection). We developed a new quantitative method to assess bacterial load. Analytical validation was reached with a very high sensitivity and specificity. Our results showed a 3.2% prevalence of S. gallolyticus infection in our unselected cohort of colorectal cancer cases (6/190). The average S. gallolyticus copy number was 7,018 (range 44-34,585). No previous reports relating to S. gallolyticus infection have been published for unselected cohorts of patients. Finally, and despite a low prevalence of S. gallolyticus in this study, we were able to define a specific association with tumor tissue (p = 0.03) and with coinfection with Epstein-Barr virus (p = 0.042; OR: 9.49; 95% IC: 1.1-82.9). The prevalence data provided will be very useful in the design of future studies, and will make it possible to estimate the sample size needed to assess precise objectives. In conclusion, our results show a low prevalence of S. gallolyticus infection in unselected colorectal cancer patients and an association of positive S. gallolyticus infection with tumor tissue and Epstein-Barr virus coinfection. Further studies will be needed to definitively assess the prevalence of S. gallolyticus in colorectal cancer and the associated clinicopathological and molecular profiles.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}

There is an unambiguous association of Streptococcus gallolyticus infection with colorectal cancer, although there is limited information about epidemiology or interaction between molecular and environmental factors. We performed an original quantitative analysis of S. gallolyticus in unselected colorectal cancer patients (n = 190) and their association with clinical, pathological tumor molecular profiles (microsatellite instability, hypermethylator phenotype and chromosomal instability pathways), and other biological factors in colorectal tumor and normal tissues (cytomegalovirus and Epstein-Barr virus infection). We developed a new quantitative method to assess bacterial load. Analytical validation was reached with a very high sensitivity and specificity. Our results showed a 3.2% prevalence of S. gallolyticus infection in our unselected cohort of colorectal cancer cases (6/190). The average S. gallolyticus copy number was 7,018 (range 44-34,585). No previous reports relating to S. gallolyticus infection have been published for unselected cohorts of patients. Finally, and despite a low prevalence of S. gallolyticus in this study, we were able to define a specific association with tumor tissue (p = 0.03) and with coinfection with Epstein-Barr virus (p = 0.042; OR: 9.49; 95% IC: 1.1-82.9). The prevalence data provided will be very useful in the design of future studies, and will make it possible to estimate the sample size needed to assess precise objectives. In conclusion, our results show a low prevalence of S. gallolyticus infection in unselected colorectal cancer patients and an association of positive S. gallolyticus infection with tumor tissue and Epstein-Barr virus coinfection. Further studies will be needed to definitively assess the prevalence of S. gallolyticus in colorectal cancer and the associated clinicopathological and molecular profiles.

@article{pmid28446189,
title = {Television viewing time as a risk factor for frailty and functional limitations in older adults: results from 2 European prospective cohorts},
author = {E Garcia-Esquinas and E Andrade and D Martinez-Gomez and F F Caballero and E Lopez-Garcia and F Rodriguez-Artalejo},
url = {https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5406978/},
year = {2017},
date = {2017-01-01},
journal = {Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act},
volume = {14},
number = {1},
pages = {54},
abstract = {Sedentariness is an important risk factor for poor health. The main objective of this work was to examine the prospective association between television viewing time and indicators of physical function, mobility, agility, and frailty. Data came from two independent cohorts of community-dwelling older adults: the Seniors-ENRICA (n = 2392, 3.5 year follow-up), and the ELSA (n = 3989, 3.9 year follow-up). At baseline, television viewing and other sedentary behaviors were ascertained using interviewer-administered questionnaires. In the Seniors-ENRICA cohort overall physical function at baseline and follow-up was assessed using the physical component summary (PCS) of the SF-12 Health Survey. Measures for incident mobility and agility limitations in both cohorts were based on standardized questions, and incident frailty was measured with the Fried criteria. Analyses were adjusted for the main confounders, including physical activity at baseline. Results across cohorts were pooled using a random effects model. Lower (worse) scores in the PCS were observed among those in the highest (vs. the lowest) tertile of television viewing time (b-coefficient:-1.66; 95% confidence interval:-2.81,-0.52; p-trend = 0.01). Moreover, the pooled odds ratios (95% CIs) for mobility limitations for the second and third (vs. the lowest) tertile of television viewing were 1.00 (0.84, 1.20) and 1.17 (1.00, 1.38); p-trend = 0.12, respectively. The corresponding results for agility limitations were 1.18 (0.97, 1.44) and 1.25 (1.03, 1.51); p-trend = 0.02. Results for incident frailty were 1.10 (0.80, 1.51) and 1.47 (1.09, 1.97); p-trend = 0.03. No association between other types of sedentary behavior (time seated at the computer, while commuting, lying in the sun, listening to music/reading, internet use) and risk of functional limitations was found. Among older adults, longer television viewing time is prospectively associated with limitations in physical function independently of physical activity.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}

Sedentariness is an important risk factor for poor health. The main objective of this work was to examine the prospective association between television viewing time and indicators of physical function, mobility, agility, and frailty. Data came from two independent cohorts of community-dwelling older adults: the Seniors-ENRICA (n = 2392, 3.5 year follow-up), and the ELSA (n = 3989, 3.9 year follow-up). At baseline, television viewing and other sedentary behaviors were ascertained using interviewer-administered questionnaires. In the Seniors-ENRICA cohort overall physical function at baseline and follow-up was assessed using the physical component summary (PCS) of the SF-12 Health Survey. Measures for incident mobility and agility limitations in both cohorts were based on standardized questions, and incident frailty was measured with the Fried criteria. Analyses were adjusted for the main confounders, including physical activity at baseline. Results across cohorts were pooled using a random effects model. Lower (worse) scores in the PCS were observed among those in the highest (vs. the lowest) tertile of television viewing time (b-coefficient:-1.66; 95% confidence interval:-2.81,-0.52; p-trend = 0.01). Moreover, the pooled odds ratios (95% CIs) for mobility limitations for the second and third (vs. the lowest) tertile of television viewing were 1.00 (0.84, 1.20) and 1.17 (1.00, 1.38); p-trend = 0.12, respectively. The corresponding results for agility limitations were 1.18 (0.97, 1.44) and 1.25 (1.03, 1.51); p-trend = 0.02. Results for incident frailty were 1.10 (0.80, 1.51) and 1.47 (1.09, 1.97); p-trend = 0.03. No association between other types of sedentary behavior (time seated at the computer, while commuting, lying in the sun, listening to music/reading, internet use) and risk of functional limitations was found. Among older adults, longer television viewing time is prospectively associated with limitations in physical function independently of physical activity.

@article{pmid28178703,
title = {The Impact of Depression on the Development of Mild Cognitive Impairment over 3 Years of Follow-Up: A Population-Based Study},
author = {E Lara and A Koyanagi and J Domenech-Abella and M Miret and J L Ayuso-Mateos and J M Haro},
url = {https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28178703},
year = {2017},
date = {2017-01-01},
journal = {Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord},
volume = {43},
number = {3-4},
pages = {155--169},
abstract = {In the absence of effective treatments for dementia, major efforts are being directed towards identifying the risk factors of the prodromal phase of the disease. We report the incidence rates of mild cognitive impairment (MCI) in a Spanish population sample and assess the effect of depression at baseline on incident MCI (or MCI subtypes) at a 3-year follow-up. A total of 1,642 participants (age \^{a}‰¥50 years) were examined as part of a Spanish nationally representative longitudinal study. MCI was defined as the presence of cognitive concerns, objective evidence of impairment in one or more cognitive domains, preservation of independence in functional abilities, and no dementia. Depression was assessed through an adaptation of the Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI 3.0). Binary and multinomial logistic regression analyses were carried out to assess the associations. The overall MCI incidence rate was 33.19 (95% CI = 26.02, 43.04) per 1,000 person-years. Depression at baseline predicted the onset of MCI at follow-up after controlling for sociodemographics, cognitive functioning, and other physical health conditions (OR = 2.79; 95% CI = 1.70, 4.59). The effect of baseline depression on incident MCI subtypes was as follows: amnestic MCI},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}

In the absence of effective treatments for dementia, major efforts are being directed towards identifying the risk factors of the prodromal phase of the disease. We report the incidence rates of mild cognitive impairment (MCI) in a Spanish population sample and assess the effect of depression at baseline on incident MCI (or MCI subtypes) at a 3-year follow-up. A total of 1,642 participants (age â‰¥50 years) were examined as part of a Spanish nationally representative longitudinal study. MCI was defined as the presence of cognitive concerns, objective evidence of impairment in one or more cognitive domains, preservation of independence in functional abilities, and no dementia. Depression was assessed through an adaptation of the Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI 3.0). Binary and multinomial logistic regression analyses were carried out to assess the associations. The overall MCI incidence rate was 33.19 (95% CI = 26.02, 43.04) per 1,000 person-years. Depression at baseline predicted the onset of MCI at follow-up after controlling for sociodemographics, cognitive functioning, and other physical health conditions (OR = 2.79; 95% CI = 1.70, 4.59). The effect of baseline depression on incident MCI subtypes was as follows: amnestic MCI

@article{pmid28646295b,
title = {The role of socio-economic status and neighborhood social capital on loneliness among older adults: evidence from the Sant Boi Aging Study},
author = {J Domenech-Abella and J Mundo and E Lara and M V Moneta and J M Haro and B Olaya},
url = {https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28646295},
year = {2017},
date = {2017-01-01},
journal = {Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol},
volume = {52},
number = {10},
pages = {1237--1246},
abstract = {The aim of the present study is to analyze the role of age in the association between socio-economic status (SES) and loneliness as well as the role of neighborhood social capital (NSC) in the association between individual social capital and loneliness. Data include a representative population-based sample from Sant Boi de Llobregat (a suburb of Barcelona) of 1124 adults aged 50 and over. Logistic regression models were used to analyze the survey data. Interactions between SES and age, and NSC and individual social capital were explored. Among the poorest older adults, older individuals showed a lower likelihood of loneliness (OR 0.09, 95% CI 0.02, 0.30, p < 0.05) compared with the youngest cohort after adjusting for covariates, while among the richest individuals there were no significant differences among age cohorts. Individuals living in an area with high NSC and high individual social capital showed a lower likelihood of loneliness (OR 0.36, 95% CI 0.17, 0.73, p < 0.05) compared with those with low individual social capital after adjusting for covariates. The effect of individual social capital was not significant among individuals living in an area with low NSC. Interventions focusing on low SES middle-aged (50-59 years old) individuals and those aiming to increase NSC could be effective strategies to reduce the prevalence of loneliness in older people.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}

The aim of the present study is to analyze the role of age in the association between socio-economic status (SES) and loneliness as well as the role of neighborhood social capital (NSC) in the association between individual social capital and loneliness. Data include a representative population-based sample from Sant Boi de Llobregat (a suburb of Barcelona) of 1124 adults aged 50 and over. Logistic regression models were used to analyze the survey data. Interactions between SES and age, and NSC and individual social capital were explored. Among the poorest older adults, older individuals showed a lower likelihood of loneliness (OR 0.09, 95% CI 0.02, 0.30, p < 0.05) compared with the youngest cohort after adjusting for covariates, while among the richest individuals there were no significant differences among age cohorts. Individuals living in an area with high NSC and high individual social capital showed a lower likelihood of loneliness (OR 0.36, 95% CI 0.17, 0.73, p < 0.05) compared with those with low individual social capital after adjusting for covariates. The effect of individual social capital was not significant among individuals living in an area with low NSC. Interventions focusing on low SES middle-aged (50-59 years old) individuals and those aiming to increase NSC could be effective strategies to reduce the prevalence of loneliness in older people.

@article{pmid27917731,
title = {The Measurement of Intelligence in the XXI Century using Video Games},
author = {M A Quiroga and F J Roman and J De La Fuente and J Privado and R Colom},
url = {https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27917731 },
year = {2016},
date = {2016-12-01},
journal = {Span J Psychol},
volume = {19},
pages = {E89},
abstract = {This paper reviews the use of video games for measuring intelligence differences and reports two studies analyzing the relationship between intelligence and performance on a leisure video game. In the first study, the main focus was to design an Intelligence Test using puzzles from the video game. Forty-seven young participants played "Professor Layton and the curious village"® for a maximum of 15 hours and completed a set of intelligence standardized tests. Results show that the time required for completing the game interacts with intelligence differences: the higher the intelligence, the lower the time (d = .91). Furthermore, a set of 41 puzzles showed excellent psychometric properties. The second study, done seven years later, confirmed the previous findings. We finally discuss the pros and cons of video games as tools for measuring cognitive abilities with commercial video games, underscoring that psychologists must develop their own intelligence video games and delineate their key features for the measurement devices of next generation.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}

This paper reviews the use of video games for measuring intelligence differences and reports two studies analyzing the relationship between intelligence and performance on a leisure video game. In the first study, the main focus was to design an Intelligence Test using puzzles from the video game. Forty-seven young participants played "Professor Layton and the curious village"® for a maximum of 15 hours and completed a set of intelligence standardized tests. Results show that the time required for completing the game interacts with intelligence differences: the higher the intelligence, the lower the time (d = .91). Furthermore, a set of 41 puzzles showed excellent psychometric properties. The second study, done seven years later, confirmed the previous findings. We finally discuss the pros and cons of video games as tools for measuring cognitive abilities with commercial video games, underscoring that psychologists must develop their own intelligence video games and delineate their key features for the measurement devices of next generation.

@article{pmid27421706,
title = {The influence of the COMT genotype in the underlying functional brain activity of context processing in schizophrenia and in relatives},
author = {P Lopez-Garcia and A Cristobal-Huerta and L Young Espinoza and P Molero and F Ortuno Sanchez-Pedreno and J A Hernandez-Tamames},
url = {https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27421706},
year = {2016},
date = {2016-11-01},
journal = {Prog. Neuropsychopharmacol. Biol. Psychiatry},
volume = {71},
pages = {176--182},
abstract = {Context processing deficits have been shown to be present in chronic and first episode schizophrenia patients and in their relatives. This cognitive process is linked to frontal functioning and is highly dependent on dopamine levels in the prefrontal cortex (PFC). The catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) enzyme plays a prominent role in regulating dopamine levels in PFC. Genotypic variations in the functional polymorphism Val(158)Met COMT appear to have an impact in dopamine signaling in the PFC of healthy subjects and schizophrenia patients. We aimed to explore the effect of the Val(158)Met COMT polymorphism on brain activation during the performance of a context processing task in healthy subjects, schizophrenia spectrum patients and their healthy relatives. 56 participants performed the Dot Probe Expectancy task (DPX) during the fMRI session. Subjects were genotyped and only the Val and Met homozygotes participated in the study. Schizophrenia spectrum patients and their relatives showed worse performance on context processing measures than healthy control subjects. The Val allele was associated with more context processing errors in healthy controls and in relatives compared to patients. There was a greater recruitment of frontal areas (supplementary motor area/cingulate gyrus) during context processing in patients relative to healthy controls. Met homozygotes subjects activated more frontal areas than Val homozygotes subjects. The Val(158)Met COMT polymorphism influences context processing and on its underlying brain activation, showing less recruitment of frontal areas in the subjects with the genotype associated to lower dopamine availability in PFC.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}

Context processing deficits have been shown to be present in chronic and first episode schizophrenia patients and in their relatives. This cognitive process is linked to frontal functioning and is highly dependent on dopamine levels in the prefrontal cortex (PFC). The catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) enzyme plays a prominent role in regulating dopamine levels in PFC. Genotypic variations in the functional polymorphism Val(158)Met COMT appear to have an impact in dopamine signaling in the PFC of healthy subjects and schizophrenia patients. We aimed to explore the effect of the Val(158)Met COMT polymorphism on brain activation during the performance of a context processing task in healthy subjects, schizophrenia spectrum patients and their healthy relatives. 56 participants performed the Dot Probe Expectancy task (DPX) during the fMRI session. Subjects were genotyped and only the Val and Met homozygotes participated in the study. Schizophrenia spectrum patients and their relatives showed worse performance on context processing measures than healthy control subjects. The Val allele was associated with more context processing errors in healthy controls and in relatives compared to patients. There was a greater recruitment of frontal areas (supplementary motor area/cingulate gyrus) during context processing in patients relative to healthy controls. Met homozygotes subjects activated more frontal areas than Val homozygotes subjects. The Val(158)Met COMT polymorphism influences context processing and on its underlying brain activation, showing less recruitment of frontal areas in the subjects with the genotype associated to lower dopamine availability in PFC.

@article{pmid27262638,
title = {Exploring the excess mortality due to depressive symptoms in a community-based sample: The role of Alzheimer's Disease},
author = {E Lara and J M Haro and M X Tang and J Manly and Y Stern},
url = {https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27262638},
year = {2016},
date = {2016-09-01},
journal = {J Affect Disord},
volume = {202},
pages = {163--170},
abstract = {Depression has been associated with increased risk of death. However, there is lack of studies exploring such relationship in the context of dementia. Given the high prevalence of both depression and Alzheimer's Disease (AD), investigating their temporal association with mortality is of public health relevance. Longitudinal data from the WHICAP study were analyzed (1958 individuals aged \^{a}‰¥65 years). Depressive symptoms were assessed with the 10-item Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D). Respondents were identified as having AD if they satisfied the criteria of the National Institute on Aging-Alzheimer's Association workgroups on diagnostic guidelines for Alzheimer's disease. Cox regressions analyses were performed to determine the association between depressive symptoms and risk of all-cause mortality using the overall sample, and by AD status. Depressive symptoms were significantly associated with higher mortality risk after adjusting for all potential covariates in the overall sample (HR=1.22; 95% CI=1.02, 1.46) and in individuals with incident AD (HR=1.88; 95% CI=1.12, 3.18). The CES-D does not measure clinical depression but depressive symptomatology. Since those who were exposed to known risk factors for mortality are likely to die prematurely, our results may have been skewed to the individuals with longer survival. Strategies focusing on prevention and early treatment of depression in the elderly may have a beneficial effect not only on patient quality of life and disability, but may also increase survival in the context of AD.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}

Depression has been associated with increased risk of death. However, there is lack of studies exploring such relationship in the context of dementia. Given the high prevalence of both depression and Alzheimer's Disease (AD), investigating their temporal association with mortality is of public health relevance. Longitudinal data from the WHICAP study were analyzed (1958 individuals aged â‰¥65 years). Depressive symptoms were assessed with the 10-item Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D). Respondents were identified as having AD if they satisfied the criteria of the National Institute on Aging-Alzheimer's Association workgroups on diagnostic guidelines for Alzheimer's disease. Cox regressions analyses were performed to determine the association between depressive symptoms and risk of all-cause mortality using the overall sample, and by AD status. Depressive symptoms were significantly associated with higher mortality risk after adjusting for all potential covariates in the overall sample (HR=1.22; 95% CI=1.02, 1.46) and in individuals with incident AD (HR=1.88; 95% CI=1.12, 3.18). The CES-D does not measure clinical depression but depressive symptomatology. Since those who were exposed to known risk factors for mortality are likely to die prematurely, our results may have been skewed to the individuals with longer survival. Strategies focusing on prevention and early treatment of depression in the elderly may have a beneficial effect not only on patient quality of life and disability, but may also increase survival in the context of AD.

@article{pmid27239412,
title = {Factors associated with skeletal muscle mass, sarcopenia, and sarcopenic obesity in older adults: a multi-continent study},
author = {S Tyrovolas and A Koyanagi and B Olaya and J L Ayuso-Mateos and M Miret and S Chatterji and B Tobiasz-Adamczyk and S Koskinen and M Leonardi and J M Haro},
url = {https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4864288/},
year = {2016},
date = {2016-06-01},
journal = {J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle},
volume = {7},
number = {3},
pages = {312--321},
abstract = {The aim of this study was to evaluate the factors associated with low skeletal muscle mass (SMM), sarcopenia, and sarcopenic obesity using nationally representative samples of people aged \^{a}‰¥65 years from diverse geographical regions of the world. Data were available for 18 363 people aged \^{a}‰¥65 years who participated in the Collaborative Research on Ageing in Europe survey conducted in Finland, Poland, and Spain, and the World Health Organization Study on global AGEing and adult health survey conducted in China, Ghana, India, Mexico, Russia, and South Africa, between 2007 and 2012. A skeletal muscle mass index (SMI) was created to reflect SMM. SMM, SMI, and percent body fat (%BF) were calculated with specific indirect population formulas. These estimates were based on age, sex, weight, height, and race. Sarcopenia and sarcopenic obesity were defined with specific cut-offs. The prevalence of sarcopenia ranged from 12.6% (Poland) to 17.5% (India), and that of sarcopenic obesity ranged from 1.3% (India) to 11.0% (Spain). Higher %BF was associated with lower SMM in all countries, and with sarcopenia in five countries (p < 0.001). Compared to high levels of physical activity, low levels were related with higher odds for sarcopenia [OR 1.36 (95%CI 1.11-1.67)] and sarcopenic obesity [OR 1.80 (95%CI 1.23-2.64)] in the overall sample. Also, a dose-dependent association between higher numbers of chronic diseases and sarcopenic obesity was observed. Physical activity and body composition changes such as high %BF are key factors for the prevention of sarcopenia syndrome.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}

The aim of this study was to evaluate the factors associated with low skeletal muscle mass (SMM), sarcopenia, and sarcopenic obesity using nationally representative samples of people aged â‰¥65 years from diverse geographical regions of the world. Data were available for 18 363 people aged â‰¥65 years who participated in the Collaborative Research on Ageing in Europe survey conducted in Finland, Poland, and Spain, and the World Health Organization Study on global AGEing and adult health survey conducted in China, Ghana, India, Mexico, Russia, and South Africa, between 2007 and 2012. A skeletal muscle mass index (SMI) was created to reflect SMM. SMM, SMI, and percent body fat (%BF) were calculated with specific indirect population formulas. These estimates were based on age, sex, weight, height, and race. Sarcopenia and sarcopenic obesity were defined with specific cut-offs. The prevalence of sarcopenia ranged from 12.6% (Poland) to 17.5% (India), and that of sarcopenic obesity ranged from 1.3% (India) to 11.0% (Spain). Higher %BF was associated with lower SMM in all countries, and with sarcopenia in five countries (p < 0.001). Compared to high levels of physical activity, low levels were related with higher odds for sarcopenia [OR 1.36 (95%CI 1.11-1.67)] and sarcopenic obesity [OR 1.80 (95%CI 1.23-2.64)] in the overall sample. Also, a dose-dependent association between higher numbers of chronic diseases and sarcopenic obesity was observed. Physical activity and body composition changes such as high %BF are key factors for the prevention of sarcopenia syndrome.

@article{pmid26719018,
title = {Cognitive reserve in bipolar disorder: relation to cognition, psychosocial functioning and quality of life},
author = {Anaya, C. and Torrent, C. and Caballero, F. F. and Vieta, E. and Bonnin, C. d. e. l. M. and Ayuso-Mateos, J. L. and Alegria, A. and Amann, B. L. and Al-Halabi, S. and Alonso-Lana, S. and Arango, C. and Balanza-Martinez, V. and Barbeito, S. and Bobes, J. and Diaz-Caneja, C. and Cerrillo, E. and Colom, F. and Correa, P. and Crespo, J. M. and Custal, N. and Fernandez, P. and Fernandez, M. and Fuentes-Dura, I. and Garcia-Portilla, M. P. and Galvan, G. and Gonzalez-Pinto, A. and Ibanez, A. and Isella, S. and Jimenez, E. and Landin-Romero, R. and Martinez-Aran, A. and Mayoral, M. and Menchon, J. M. and Merchan-Naranjo, J. and Ortiz-Gil, J. and Pacchiarotti, I. and Reyes, R. and Rosa, A. R. and Rapado-Castro, M. and Reinares, M. and Rodao, J. M. and Saiz, P. A. and Sanchez-Moreno, J. and Salamero, M. and Segura, B. and Selva-Vera, G. and Saiz-Ruiz, J. and Sole, B. and Soria, V. and Subira, M. and Tabares-Seisdedos, R. and Ugarte, A. and Valle, J. and Vega, P. },
url = {https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26719018},
year = {2016},
date = {2016-05-01},
volume = {133},
number = {5},
pages = {386--398},
abstract = {Cognitive reserve (CR) is a concept that was postulated as a protective factor for some clinical symptoms after the observation that there is not a direct relationship between the degree of brain damage and its clinical manifestation. This study aimed to explore the association between CR and the main outcomes in bipolar disorder (BD): cognitive functions, psychosocial functioning and perceived quality of life. A sample of 224 euthymic bipolar patients was assessed with a neuropsychological battery, the Functioning Assessment Short Test and the Medical Outcomes Study 36-Item Short-Form Health Survey (SF-36). CR was calculated through three proxies: estimated premorbid Intelligent Quotient, educational level and occupational attainment. Relationships between CR and cognitive functions, psychosocial functioning and quality of life were assessed by multiple linear regression models. Higher CR was associated with better cognitive functioning (P < 0.001 in processing speed, working memory, verbal and visual memory, and executive function; P = 0.026 in attention) and better psychosocial functioning (P = 0.008). For quality of life, CR was positively associated with the physical component of the SF-36 (P = 0.016) but negatively associated with the mental component (P = 0.004). The results suggest that CR may play an important role in the course and prognosis of bipolar patients and it should be considered in both clinical and research settings related to BD.},
keywords = {},
pubstate = {published},
tppubtype = {article}
}

Cognitive reserve (CR) is a concept that was postulated as a protective factor for some clinical symptoms after the observation that there is not a direct relationship between the degree of brain damage and its clinical manifestation. This study aimed to explore the association between CR and the main outcomes in bipolar disorder (BD): cognitive functions, psychosocial functioning and perceived quality of life. A sample of 224 euthymic bipolar patients was assessed with a neuropsychological battery, the Functioning Assessment Short Test and the Medical Outcomes Study 36-Item Short-Form Health Survey (SF-36). CR was calculated through three proxies: estimated premorbid Intelligent Quotient, educational level and occupational attainment. Relationships between CR and cognitive functions, psychosocial functioning and quality of life were assessed by multiple linear regression models. Higher CR was associated with better cognitive functioning (P < 0.001 in processing speed, working memory, verbal and visual memory, and executive function; P = 0.026 in attention) and better psychosocial functioning (P = 0.008). For quality of life, CR was positively associated with the physical component of the SF-36 (P = 0.016) but negatively associated with the mental component (P = 0.004). The results suggest that CR may play an important role in the course and prognosis of bipolar patients and it should be considered in both clinical and research settings related to BD.