Abstract

Background To date, delirium prevalence and incidence in acute hospitals has been estimated from pooled findings of studies performed
in distinct patient populations.

Objective To determine delirium prevalence across an acute care facility.

Design A point prevalence study.

Setting A large tertiary care, teaching hospital.

Patients 311 general hospital adult inpatients were assessed over a single day. Of those, 280 had full data collected within the study's
time frame (90%).

Measurements Initial screening for inattention was performed using the spatial span forwards and months backwards tests by junior medical
staff, followed by two independent formal delirium assessments: first the Confusion Assessment Method (CAM) by trained geriatric
medicine consultants and registrars, and, subsequently, the Delirium Rating Scale-Revised-98 (DRS-R98) by experienced psychiatrists.
The diagnosis of delirium was ultimately made using DSM-IV (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth
Edition) criteria.

Results Using DSM-IV criteria, 55 of 280 patients (19.6%) had delirium versus 17.6% using the CAM. Using the DRS-R98 total score
for independent diagnosis, 20.7% had full delirium, and 8.6% had subsyndromal delirium. Prevalence was higher in older patients
(4.7% if <50 years and 34.8% if >80 years) and particularly in those with prior dementia (OR=15.33, p<0.001), even when adjusted
for potential confounders. Although 50.9% of delirious patients had pre-existing dementia, it was poorly documented in the
medical notes. Delirium symptoms detected by medical notes, nurse interview and patient reports did not overlap much, with
inattention noted by professional staff, and acute change and sleep-wake disturbance noted by patients.

Conclusions Our point prevalence study confirms that delirium occurs in about 1/5 of general hospital inpatients and particularly in
those with prior cognitive impairment. Recognition strategies may need to be tailored to the symptoms most noticed by the
detector (patient, nurse or primary physician) if formal assessments are not available.