How to Refloat a Capsized Liner

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View Caption+#1: Jan. 26, 2012

-- As the Titanic-like image of the stricken Costa Concordia cruise ship continues to haunt the landscape off the Tuscany island of Giglio, unanswered questions remain about what really happened on the dark night of January 13.
Here is an account of the disaster, based on leaked police transcripts, secret recordings and eyewitness reports.
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Sailing for a Mediterranean cruise, the Concordia left the port of Civitavecchia, near Rome, on Friday, Jan. 13 at 7:00 p.m.
There were 4,229 people aboard, including a crew of more than 1,000 and over 3,000 tourists from 60 countries -- mostly Italians, French, Germans and Spaniards.
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Giancarlo Matteuzzi. Picture taken eight week

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Shining with lights, the ship's five restaurants and 13 bars welcomed families, honeymooners and couples.
At about 9 p.m., passengers saw Francesco Schettino, the Concordia's captain, in the exclusive Club Concordia restaurant. He was having dinner in the company of Antonello Tievoli, the restaurant's head waiter, and a woman, believed to be Domnica Cemortan, a 25-year-old Moldovan who had previously worked on the Concordia.
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Giancarlo Matteuzzi. Picture taken eight week

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According to third officer Silvia Coronika, Captain Schettino arrived on the bridge at about 9:30 p.m., when the ship was about four nautical miles from the Giglio island.
He switched to manual navigation in order to perform a close-up "salute" to a retired captain, Mario Palombo.
Coronika recalled that the restaurant's head waiter Tievoli, a native of the island, was on the bridge, as well as purser Manrico Giampetroni. Giampetroni was found trapped on the stricken vessel with a broken leg 36 hours after the disaster.
"There were people asking what island it was, the purser was chatting away, in short they were disturbing the navigation of the ship, with a consequent impact on concentration," Coronika told investigators.
At about 9.40 p.m., Schettino phoned Palombo to let him know he would sound the siren for him. Palombo just had time to tell Schettino he wasn't on the island when the disaster occurred.
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Manrico Giampetroni (left) and Capt. Francesc

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Schettino was still on the phone with Palombo when the 114,500-ton, 17-deck ship, traveling at about 15 knots, hit a rocky outcrop called Le Scole.
Like a can opener, the rock gouged a 230-foot gash into the port-side hull. A chunk of granite remains embedded in the ship's hull.
"I was navigating by sight because I knew the depths well and I had done this maneuver three or four times," Schettino told the prosecutor. "But this time I ordered the turn too late and I ended up in water that was too shallow. I don't know why it happened...I was convinced that passing within 0.28 of a mile there wouldn't be any problem."
The electricity went off, and passengers, who heard a loud bang, began to panic.

The rock called Le Scole hit by the Concordia

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At 9:57 p.m., as water began flooding into the engine rooms, Captain Schettino made the first of his many calls to Costa operations manager Roberto Ferrarini.
"I've gotten myself into a mess, there was contact with the seabed. I am telling you the truth, we passed by Giglio and there was an impact," Schettino told Ferrarini, according to court documents.
According to Ferrarini, Schettino asked him to make up a distorted version of the accident, by saying that the rock collision occurred because of a blackout. Ferrarini refused.
Schettino told Valeria Montesarchio, the magistrate in charge of preliminary inquiries, that after the rock collision he made an emergency maneuver to bring the ship alongside the coast, thus preventing the vessel from heading out to sea and sinking.
"The hole was immense. There was a spike of rock. But everything that happened from that moment on, I performed to the utmost extent of my professionalism and this can help me alleviate or at least give me the illusion to be at peace with my conscience," Schettino told a friend in a wiretapped conversation.
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A chunk of granite remains embedded in the s

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After the collision, loudspeakers announced in many languages that there was nothing to worry about, that it was just a blackout. But the ship began listing, dinnerware was crashing off tables -- it was hard to believe that all that was caused by a problem to one generator.
A passenger called relatives on shore who notified police, while panicked people, wearing life vests, rushed to the fourth deck where the lifeboats were located.
At 10:12 p.m., there was a radio exchange between a Livorno Port official and an unidentified Costa Concordia officer, who reported "a blackout on board":
"What type of problem, only generators? Because a relative of a passenger said that during the dinner everything fell on her head," asked a worried Livorno Port official.
"I repeat, we are verifying the conditions of the blackout," replied the Concordia officer.
Meanwhile, water began flooding various areas of the ship. The cruise was turning into a nightmare.

Operatori del Gos (Gruppo Operativo Subacquei

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At 10:58 p.m., with a huge delay of 70 minutes, the "abandon ship" signal -- seven short whistles and one long -- was finally sounded. Passengers began to board lifeboats amid chaos and panic. Many jumped into the chilly waters.
Captain Schettino boarded the first lifeboat he could get into.
"When I realized that the ship was listing, I left and got off it," he told a friend in a wiretapped phone conversation.
He later told the investigators that left the liner because he "slipped on a lifeboat."
Around midnight, rescue helicopters saw many people on board still trying to escape the listing ship.

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"It was a dark and apocalyptic scene, only lighted by the scanning spotlights of the helicopters. I saw many passengers facing immense difficulties and witnessed some of them jumping into the sea," Roberto Vongher, a chief engineer on a boat which organizes daily trips of the Tuscan Archipelago, told Discovery News. Vongher was among the first rescuers.
According to the log compiled by the Harbor Master at the port of Livorno, at 12:34 a.m., Schettino told the coastguard he was in a lifeboat and could see three people in the water.
At 1:46 a.m., Livorno Port Authority Chief Gregorio De Falco called Schettino and ordered him to go back on board using the rope ladder.
"It's dark..." cried Schettino.
"And so what? You want go home, Schettino? It is dark and you want to go home? Get back on board! Now!" ordered De Falco.
Schettino would never return to the Concordia. Once on dry land, he took a taxi to the Hotel Bahamas and asked the owner if could he borrow some socks since he had wet feet.
Meanwhile, hundreds of passengers clambered along a rope ladder, strapped to the side of the ship, to make their way to a life raft.
At 4:46 a.m. the evacuation of more than 4,200 passengers and crew was complete.

Roberto Vongher

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The disaster is not yet over. The Concordia, holding some 2,300 tons of fuel oil, is an environmental time bomb that threatens a marine sanctuary home to more than 700 plant and animal species.
Although it would take a miracle to find any of the 16 missing people alive, rescue divers of the Marina Militare (Italian Navy) continue to explore the submerged areas of the wreck. More than 150 cabins have yet to be opened.
The divers often swim in eerie settings, such as the frescoed halls, which were once the ship's pride, and floating furniture, champagne bottles, lamps and carpets.
They have to rely on a rope attached at one end to their wetsuits and at the other to dinghies on the surface. Only in this way can they find their way out of the murky wreck.
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Lying like a beached whale, the Costa Concordia remains the focus of many unanswered questions. Most likely, we will not know what really happened until the voyage data recorder (VDR), or black box, is analyzed.
But Beniamino Deidda, the chief prosecutor of Tuscany who is overseeing the inquiry into the Costa Concordia disaster, urged investigators to look beyond the behavior of Captain Schettino, who is currently under house arrest with charges of manslaughter, shipwreck and abandoning ship.
"For the moment, attention is generally concentrated on the responsibility of the captain, who showed himself to be tragically inadequate. But who chooses the captain?" Deidda said.
Mentioning "lifeboats that did not come down, crew who did not know what to do and scant preparation in crisis management," Deidda remarked that the ship's owner "is the guarantor and is responsible."
Talking to a parliament committee, the head of Italy's Coast Guard corps, Admiral Marco Brusco, said that Capt. Schettino lost a precious hour after the collision. Without that waste of time, "it would have been possible to lower the lifeboats with calm, put the people at ease," and possibly save all passengers, Brusco said.
The sinking of Carnival's Costa Concordia could be the biggest loss in maritime history, reaching $1 billion once environmental damage and liability claims are filed on behalf of those who were injured and killed in the crash.
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THE GIST

- Authorities worry that rough weather may push the ship out to deeper water.

- Diesel fuel must be removed from the ship, a process that will take at least several weeks, before it will become buoyant.

- A series of chains and pulleys in a winching system called "parbuckling" may finally right the ship.

How do you turn over a 952-foot cruise ship that's capsized on a rocky shoreline?

Marine engineers around the world are speculating on the best way to refloat the Costa Concordia, an operation that will begin as soon as authorities account for all the missing passengers.The Italian ship with 4,200 passengers and crew ran aground Friday in 45 feet of water as it was passing the island of Giglio off the coast of Tuscany. As of Tuesday, 11 people had been killed and more than a dozen were still missing.

Although the ship lies on its starboard side and is in shallow water just offshore, Italian coast guard authorities fear that worsening weather is pushing it into deeper water which could make the rescue and salvage operation more difficult. Italian environmental officials have also asked the ship's owner, Miami-based Carnival Cruise Cruise Lines, to come up with a plan to remove 2,000 metric tons of diesel fuel that remain in the hull of the stricken liner.

"Nobody wants a wreck removal where you have to chop it up," said Joe Farrell III, a marine salver and naval architect at Resolve Marine Group in Fort Lauderdale, Fla. "You want to take enough weight off it so it will float off the bottom. The thing is on its side. You'd need to roll it right side up and you would need a crazy amount of force to do that."

Farrell recently returned from Sri Lanka where he salvaged a group of four ships, and also rescued a stranded cruise ship in the Arctic Canadian waters last year. Once the diesel fuel is removed from the ship, a process that will take at least several weeks, it will become more buoyant.