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States Patent 0 "
3,031,442
Patented Apr. 24-, 1962
2
1
hydrohalides are the source of geraniol and linalool while
compounds of the Spearmint series may be obtained from
carvyl chloride and compounds of the peppermint series
3,031,442
NITROGEN BASE CATALYZED DISPLACEMENT
REACTIONS OF ALLYLIC TERPENE HALIDES ,
from 5-chloro-3-p-menthene.
Unfortunately, although terpenic allylic chlorides are
relatively reactive compared‘ with terpenic non-allylic
Robert L. Webb, Jacksonville, Fla., assignor to The Glid
den Company, Cleveland, Ohio, a corporation of Ohio
No Drawing. Filed Sept. 15, 1958, Ser. No. 760,855
chlorides, their conversion to the corresponding esters‘ by
heating them with salts of carboxylic acids according to
prior art procedures leaves much to be desired. The
This invention is concerned with converting organic
halides derived from terpenes to the corresponding acyloxy 10 reactions to form esters are relatively slow and yields are
compounds by treatment of the chlorides with ‘salts of _ poor. Many of the allylic chlorides are relatively un
stable thus leading to dehydrohalogenation during treat
carboxylic acids. It is more particularly concerned with
ments according to the prior art. Attempts to speed up
improvements in the conversion of terpenic allylic chlo
the reaction between the halide and the salt of ‘the car
rides to the corresponding esters by treating them with
salts of carboxylic acids in the presence of nitrogen bases 15 boxylic acid by heating intensi?es the vproblem of dehy
'
27 Claims.
(Cl. 260—97.5)
and/ or their salts.
.
I
drohalogenation. Further, linalyl/geranyl/neryl chlo
rides tend to cyclize readily to terpinyl chloride. Further,
'
It is known to produce terpenic allylic chlorides in sev
eral ways such as:
linalyl/geranyl/neryl esters are not very stable and tend
yield allylic chlorides onvtreatment with hydrogen chlo-V ’
ride as do a-terpinene, phellandrenes, the pyronenes and
with salts of carboxylic acids to produce terpenic allylic,
to cyclize and split out the carboxylic acid under the
(A) Addition of hydrogen chloride to the conjugate sys
tem of a terpene. Myrcene thus yields linalyl and geranyl 20 vigorous reaction conditions which must be applied using
prior art methods to force the allylic chloride to react com
chloride when treated with one mole of hydrogen chloride
petely with the carboxylic acid salt in a reasonable length
and further treatment with a second mole of HCl yields
2-chloro-dihydro linalyl and Z-chloro-dihydro geranyl 1 of time.
It is, accordingly, an object of this invention to provide
chlorides. See copending appication Serial No. 760,854,
?led September 15, 1958. Alloocimene and ocimene also 25 an improved method for reacting terpenic allylicw halides
esters.
Another object is to provide catalysts for reacting ter
penic allylic halides with salts of carboxylic acids.
p-menthdiene-2,4(8). Also dehydroterpenes containing
a conjugate system of double bonds such as verbenene,
dehydrophellandrenes and dehydromyrcene readily add
hydrogen chloride (bromide) to yield allylic terpenic
chlorides (bromides).
30
In conducting the process of my invention, an allylic
terpene halide is treated with a salt of a carboxylic acid in
I
(B) Terpenes can be chlorinated to produce allylic
chlorides. Thus a-pinene yields pinocarvyl chloride,
linionene yields carvyl chloride, carvomenthene ‘yields
Another object is to provide a method for ‘obtaining
high yields of terpenic allylic esters and alcohols.
the presence of a nitrogen base catalyst or its salt which '
35 also'acts as catalyst. By a nitrogen base, I mean a com
pound containing nitrogen which can add an HX, where
X is a halide, and can be regenerated by removal of the
HX group. The nitrogen base salt can also be used.
chloro-3-menthene. Alloocimene yields an allylic chlo
Also, ‘I can use as the displacement reagent and catalyst,
ride, 3-chloro-2,6-dimethyl-1,4,6-octatriene. Dihydro and
tetrahydro myrcene and alloocimene likewise yield allylic 40 the reaction product of an organic carboxylic acid and a
carvotanacetyl
chloride,
myrcene] ' yields _ v3-chloiro-2
methyl-6-methylene-1, 7-octadiene, 3~menthene yields ‘5
chlorides as do m~terpinene, gamma-terpinene, terpinolene
and the pyronenes and dihydro pyrones and other cyclo
hexadienes resulting from cyclization of alloocimene.
Eromides are analogously produced through brominations
of the hydrocarbons. In general, any terpene, dihydro 45
nitrogen-containing compound, e.g. triethylammonium
acetate or ammonium acetate, the amine salt of a car
boxylic'acid, etc. The term “N-substituted compound”
can be used for a nitrogen atom containing at least one
organic radical attached thereto.
'
or tetrahydroterpene, containing one or more double bonds
As an example of the process of my invention, geranyl
may be chlorinated or brominated to yield a reactive al
chloride is treated with a slight molar excess of sodium .
acetate at 85 to 90° C. for eight hours in the presence of
lylic halide. For the purpose of this speci?cation, a
at least a catalytic quantity of a nitrogen base such as 1%
terpene is de?ned as a hydrocarbon containing 10 carbon
atoms in an unbroken chain. A terpenic allylic halide 50 triethylamine (based on the weight of geranyl chloride)
whereupon geranyl acetate is produced in high yield, as
is intended to mean a terpenic allylic chloride, bromide or
high, say, as 75-95% of theory. In the absence of the
nitrogen base catalyst, and otherwise under the same con
Terpenic allylic chlorides can, of course, also be pre
iodide.
'
'
pared by treatment of substituted hydrocarbons. Thus,
alpha terpineol, which can be considered 8-hydroXy
carvomenthene halogenates to S-hydroxy-carvotanacetyl
chloride, and alpha terpinyl chloride chlorinates to form
S-chloro-carvotanacetyl chloride. The terpenic allylic
ditions, the yield of geranyl acetate would be only 15 to
55 25% at best and would never approach the yield of/the
catalyzed reaction even when treated for much longer
periods. More
hydrocarbons
would
be produced
through dehydrochlorination and also more undesired
chloride can contain two allylic ‘groups such as the product
cyclization products would result when the treatment is
resulting from chlorination of geranyl chloride or geraniol. 60 made in absence of the nitrogen base/ salt catalysts.
Allylic terpenic halides are therefore readily available
- The terpenic allylic chloride canbe acylic, monocyclic
?‘orn a wide choice of terpene and hydroterpene raw ma
or bicyclic. Each type is subject to catalysis by nitrogen
terials. These allylichalides are valuable intermediates
bases and their salts in their reaction with carboxylic
for producing allylic esters and alcohols of the terpenic
acid salts.
class and which ?nd use as valuable Perfumery ingredients 65
The molar ratio of terpenic allylic halide to the salt of
and for ?avor. Thus, allylic chlorides mentioned above
the
carboxylic acid is not critical, but I prefer to employ
will yield, when treated with salts of carboxylicv acids,
esters of terpene alcohols which are valuable per 'se and
as the tree alcohols produced on saponi?cation. Myrcene
about one to two equivalents of the carboxylic acid salt
per mole of allylic halide.
3,031,442
3
4
Solvents are not required except to the extent that
they facilitate agitation of the halide with a solid salt.
duced prior to mixing with the halide or the halide plus
Any inert hydrocarbon solvent such as napthas, lower
metallic salt is used the metal may be of the alkali or
alkali earth group or even lead, nickel, copper, manga
aromatics or saturated halide solvents are suitable as
acid can be treated with ammonia or an amine.
If a
Would be ethers, ketones, lower fatty acids correspond
nese, etc.
ing to the ester desired, etc. The lower fatty acids
are not truly inert solvents, however, as large propor
pric acetate and nickelous formate may yield only poly
tions depress the catalyst activity to the extent shown by
their halides formed on reaction act as polymerization
catalysts for the allylic chloride or its esters but in the
the examples.
Certain salts such as aluminum acetate, cu
mer in absence of the nitrogen base, perhaps because
Agitation is not essential but is preferred to maintain 10 presence of su?icient nitrogen base, this undesirable
good contact where two phases are present as is usually
catalytic effect can be suppressed. While expensive
the case though not necessarily.
metal salts can be used, it is not necessary to employ
The nitrogen-base catalyzed reaction of the halide and
them and to contend with the special problems that may
the salt takes place slowly even at room temperature, but
result from their use such as the polymerization effect
I prefer to use somewhat higher temperatures such as 15 described, or with the special recovery problems gener
60 to 110° C. Higher temperatures provide faster reac
ated through their use. Sodium, potassium and am
tion rates, but at temperatures over 120° C. undesirable
monium and'alkyl ammonium salts work well and are
dehydrochlorination may take place if the allylic chlo
ride is an unstable one, and since reaction rates are good
cheap and, therefore, I like to employ them. An im
portant consideration in choosing the salt is related to
at temperatures of 80 to 100° C., I frequently choose 20 the recovery problem. Thus, if I wish to produce an
this temperature range without speci?cally investigating
alcohol, I can choose to react sodium acetate with the
the thermalstability of the allylic halide. As a rough
alkyl halide so that the ester produced can be washed
estimate of order of reaction rates, the time required
to remove sodium halide and sodium acetate excess and
for the reaction may vary from, say 40 or 50 hours at
50 to 60° C. to less than one hour at 110 to 120° C.
Under such conditions the undesirable dehydrohalogena
tion reaction is kept to a minimum and ester yields are
high. These are, of course, only general considerations
then can be saponi?ed with caustic soda solution. The
saponi?ed oil may be separated from the aqueous alka—
. line sodium acetate solution by decantation or by steam
distillation. The aqueous sodium acetate solution can
be crystallized or excess alkali may simply be neutral
since reaction kinetics would di?er from compound to
compound within the classes under discussion and with
the identity and quantity of catalyst also.
As catalysts I employ nitrogen bases or their salts.
The nitrogen base can be ammonia, amines, amidines,
ized with acetic acid and evaporated to dryness. Such
recovery of the salt of the carboxylic acid is obviously
simple and economic where‘ sodium acetate is the salt
amides, oximes, hydroxyl amine, hydrazones, semicar
other salts, for example, potassium chloracetate, where
in question. Alternate and more expensive recovery
methods would have to be applied to recovery of certain
bazides, imines and the like. The amines can be pri 35 the carboxylic acid is unstable with respect to saponi?
mary, secondary or tertiary and can be alkyl, aryl or
cation and evaporation or to say lead salts where the
heterocyclic. In the course of the reaction they may be
metal hydroxide is not readily water soluble.
alkylated by the reactive allylic halides to some unknown
All carboxylic acid salts I have tested in studying my
degree. They can be relatively volatile or non-volatile.
invention, are operable to yield the desired allylic ter
They can consist of the elements carbon, hydrogen and 40 penic ester and all these reactions are catalyzed by nitro
nitrogen only or can contain other elements such as oxy~
gen bases. I have employed salts of the lower and high
gen or chlorine.
They can be added as such to the“ ter
penic allylic chloride and salt of the carboxylic acid or
er fatty acids, aromatic acids, polycarboxylic acids,
heterocyclic acids, hydroxy acids, chloracids, and amino
can even be generated in-situ as by reduction of a nitro
acids to show that the identity of the carboxylic acid is
compound or by thermal decomposition of unstable 45 not critical. I can employ partly neutralized or fully
quaternaries. They can be added as free amines or as
neutralized acids, thus, potassium acid phthalate or di
their salts. The salt, if a salt of a mineral acid, pre
potassium phthalate or lower fatty acids can be partly
sumably reacts with the salt of the carboxylic acid pres
neutralized as with ammonia. It is necessary only to
ent to produce the amine salt of the carboxylic acid
have sufficient salt present to furnish carboxylic groups
but regardless of the true mechanism even salts such as 50 for reaction with the halide. Since. sodium acetate is
ammonium chloride or ammonium acetate are etfective
catalysts. It may also be that the allylic chloride alkyl
cheap, effective, readily available and easily recoverable,
I may prefer to employ it if my object is consistent with
ates ammonia or the other nitrogen base to form a nitro
its use. Thus, if I wish to produce geraniol or geranyl
gen base containing the allylic group corresponding to
acetate, I will react geranyl chloride with sodium ace-v
the allylic halide undergoing reaction and that this new 55 tate in the presence of the nitrogen base or its salt. If,
allylic nitrogen base also acts as catalyst. I have found,
however, I wish to produce ‘geranyl isovalerate, I can
however, that when an amine such as triethylamine is
choose to employ sodium isovalerate and obtain pure
used as catalyst, it can be recovered in good yield, if
geranyl isovalerate by fractionation of the crude reac
desired, from the reaction mixture when the reaction’
tion product rather than to produce the acetate, saponify,
mixture is saponi?ed to convert the ester to alcohol.
60 fractionate the geraniol, esterify it with isovaleric acid
In this case, the amine can be recovered by distillation.
and ?nally fractionate it.
Although rare and expensive nitrogen bases can be
Also, if I wish to produce a choride-free alcohol, I can
used as catalysts it is not necessary to do so and a suit
choose to react the terpenic allylic halide with a higher
able base can be chosen from those which are readily
fatty or other acid salt which will produce a relatively
available, inexpensive, easy to handle and safe to handle. 65 non-volatile ester from which the undesirable by-product
Among these effective and economic nitrogen bases are
organic halides in the crude reaction product can be
the inexpensive aliphatic amines, notably triethylamine,
stripped by dry or steam distillation. The non-volatile
triethanolamine and the like. Triethylamine is readily
ester thus freed of halides can then be saponi?ed to yield
recovered while the ethanolamines are less conveniently
halide-free alcohol. .Alternatively, I can employ say, so
recoverable.
dium acid phthalate, thereby producing a terpenic allylic
Any carboxylic acid salt can be employed to form the 70
half ester of a polycarboxylic acid whose salts are water
corresponding ester of the allylic terpenic alcohol. The
soluble and are therefore separable from the water~
insoluble impurities in the crude reaction products. The
necessary to add a separate catalyst as the amine salt
so puri?ed half ester on saponi?cation yields the pure
reagent acts as catalyst. The amine salt can be pro 75 alcohol. Also, certain half esters are crystalline and re~
reagent salt can be an amine salt in which case it is not
I
3,031,442
5
Crystallization of the half ester a?ords an additional
method of puri?cation. Thus, trans-3-menthene-5-yl acid
phthalate is crystalline and readily recrystallizable. I
have prepared halogen-free 3-menthene-5-ol by saponi?ca
tion of the half ester and have hydrogenated it easily to
isomenthol whereas, when the-crude ester was saponi?ed
and the alcohol puri?ed only by careful distillation, I
found the hydrogenation catalyst poisoned by accompany
the presence of cuprous chloride; Here, ammonium ace= .
tate plays both a catalytic role as a nitrogen base salt in
favoring geranyl ester formation and the role of a reagent
as a salt of a carboxylic acid. However, the basicity of
the ammonium acetate is‘ such that the cuprous chloride,
if present, is not inactivated and catalyzes the formation
of linalyl ester so that the reaction product contains both
the linalyl and geranyl ester. Also, depending on its
preparation, the myrcene hydrochloride may contain more
ing traces of chlorides.
It is evident then that there exist various reasons for" 10 or less free hydrogen chloride and it is evident that such
free mineral acid will cause liberation of carboxylic acid
choosing one carboxylic acid salt over the other depend
ing upon the ultimate utility of the product produced.
The choice is Very largely to be made on the overall eco
nomics that obtain both with respect to reagent cost and
when added to. a salt of a carboxylic acid and if cuprous
chloride is‘ also'present, then linalyl ester formation will
be encouraged unless the nitrogen base added to catalyze '
geranyl ester formation is present in quantity su?icient
overall processing'cost, to provide the ?nal ester or the
to greatly reduce or overcome the acidity engendered
corresponding alcohol.
and/ or destroy the effectiveness of cuprous chloride
Linalyl chloride does not undergo displacement reac
present.
tion as readily as geranyl (or neryl) chloride, catalyzed
As little as 0.1% of triethylamine will‘cause the ca~
or not. The present invention is, therefore, concerned
talysis
responsible for formation of a high ratio of
20
primarily with production of the primary alcohol esters,
geranyl/linalyl compounds if cuprous chloride isabsent
geranyl and neryl, rather than with linalyl esters, though
as shown in the examples, appreciable and valuable quan
tities of linalyl esters are produced. Also, it is evident
from this that I prefer to employ myrcene hydrochloride
and the hydrochloride is free of a substantial amount of
acidity. To achieve maximum yield of geranyl ester and
-to avoid formation of much linalyl esters, the hydro
rich in geranyl/neryl chloride. In copending application, .25 chloride, whether produced using cuprous chloride accord
Serial No. 760,875, ?led September 15, 1958, it is shown
that geranyl (neryl) chloride is produced in high yield
by hydrochlorinating myrcene in the presence of cuprous
chloride and isomerizing the linalyl chloride produced to
geranyl (neryl) chloride. In copending application,
Serial No. 760,844, ?led September 15, 1958, it is shown
that linalyl or geranyl (neryl) chloride is converted in
high yield to esters which are predominately linalyl when
ing to copending application, Serial No. 760,875, or not,
may be washed with dilute soda ash solution to remove
free hydrogen chloride and if cuprous chloride is present,
to destroy its activity as a linalyl ester catalyst for the sub
sequent conversion as described herein. In general, how
ever, it_ sut?ces to remove most of the free hydrogen
chloride from the crude hydrochloride by airblowing or
by application of vacuum, say 25 inches of mercury, and
then proceed to add the nitrogen base or salt catalyst, say
these chlorides are reacted in acid systems with cuprous
chloride as catalyst and in the presence of a base capable 35 triethyl amine, and the salt of the carboxylic acid, say
sodium acetate. After the reaction mixture is heated, the
of neutralizing the hydrogen chloride produced on hy
ester content will then be predominantly in favor of the
drolysis. Thus, geranyl or neryl or linalyl chlorides or
geranyl ester, providing geranyl rich chloride is used, that
mixtures of .these can be dissolved in an organic acid
such as acetic along with a small amount, say 0.5%, of 40 cuprous chloride is absent and there is free nitrogen base.
Factors governing the ratio of the isomeric ester produc
cuprous chloride and hydrogen chloride will be formed
tion
are explained more fully elsewhere in this applica
in solution. The reaction does not go to completion,
tion.
’
however, until su?cient base, say sodium acetate or am
monium acetate or other carboxylic acid salt is added to
neutralize the liberated HCl at which time the reaction
tive to acidic conditions in presence of cuprous halides
No. 760,844, also referred to above.
puri?cation costs for the geranyl compound are mini- '
Since amines are cheap and since the reaction is sensi
continues to completion to give a high yield of linalyl 45 and since the amine is readily recoverable, I can use 1.0
to 3.0% amine or mo-reas catalyst thus insuring rapid
ester.
reaction, a suitably non-acidic system and thereby a good
I have found that if I hydrochlorinate myrcene in the
yield of‘geranyl ester. Alternatively I can remove any
presence of cuprous chloride in practicing the invention
' cuprous compound from the system, if it is present, and
of copending application, Serial No. 760,875, referred to
above, there may remain suspended or dispersed in the 50 then I can operate in an acidic system without fear of
producing much linalyl ester. Of course, the linalyl ester
resulting crude hydrochloride enough cuprous chloride to
is also valuable and saleable but I prefer to produce pre
effect the solvolytic production of linalyl ester according
dominantly geranyl compounds if only for the reason that
to the invention described in copending application, Serial
Since cuprous
chloride can thus be present in myrcene hydrochloride 55 mized when I process crudes rich in the geranyl com
pound, and since I have discovered a superior process
and is a catalyst for linalyl ester production, and whereas
for producing linalyl esters as described in copending
the present invention, with respect to myrcene hydro
application Serial No. 760,844.
. .
,
chloride, is concerned chie?y with geranyl ester produc
Geranyl esters are produced in good yields and good
tion through amine catalysis, it is evident that these reac
tions may compete with each other in‘ a reaction system 60 quality if an amine such as triethylarnine is partially neu
tralized With the carboxylic acid then treated with
where conditions are favorable for both types of catalysis.
Thus, while in acetic. acid solution, cuprous chloride >
causes dominately linalyl ester production, even if a little
myrcene hydrochloride or puri?ed geranyl chloride. The
amine is recovered substantially quantitatively if the re
action mixture is treated with a ?xed alkali and distilled
nitrogen base salt is present and while in a de?nitely basic
system, such as is present ‘when myrcene hydrochloride is 65 to separate the amine as distillate. The still residue is
geranyl ester plus ?xed alkali‘ chloride or geraniol plus
treated with sodium acetate and an amine, the nitrogen
alkalichloride plus alkali carboxylic acid salt depending
base causes preponderately geranyl ester formation even
on the proportion of alkali used and conditions of the
if a little cuprous chloride is present, there are reaction
reaction as would be expected.
conditions whereby both types of catalysis take place so
that the ester produced is rich in both linalyl and geranyl 70 I ?nd that the amount of nitrogen base catalyst re
quired to provide good to optimum catalysis can vary
esters. These intermediate reaction conditions, between
somewhat with respect to the acidity of the system. Thus,
de?nite basicity and de?nite acidity, and which are diffi
. apparently when small amounts of catalyst are employed,
cult to de?ne‘ since pH is not measurable in such- non
say 0.1 to 1%, the maximum rate of reaction will occur
aqueous reaction systems, can be illustrated by reactions
of myrcene hydrochlorides with ammonium acetate in 75 when the carboxylic acid present, say acetic acid, is fully
3,031,442
7
8
neutralized, i.e., when it is a neutral salt and when the
nitrogen base is free. Addition of acetic acid to this
system tends to retard the reaction somewhat though this
terns. 'Thus, alpha terpinyl chloride is not appreciably
may be overcome by addition of more catalyst or other
base to neutralize the added acidity. This depression of
chlorination of unsaturated terpenes, as for examples, 3,4
dichloro-p-menthane produced as a byproduct of 5‘-chloro
rate of reaction on adding free acid is much less notice!
able when larger quantities of catalyst are used and as
rated chlorides may be separated unchanged from the
affected. Neither are saturated dichlorides affected such
as those present in crude allylic chlorides produced by
B-menthene on chlorination of 3~menthene.
Such satu
crude reaction mixtures rich in allylic terpenic ester.
_
shown in the examples, large quantities of acid may be
While I can employ pure allylic terpenic chlorides, I
present if substantial quantities of nitrogen base salts are
present and good results will be obtained.
10 prefer usually for reasons of economy, to employ cruder
products from hydrohalogenations or halogenations With
The total quantity of acid present is not alone the de
termining factor, but the character of the excess acid is
also important as to the amount of nitrogen base salt re
quired for good reaction rates. For example, a weak acid
may tend to depress the catalytic effect of the nitrogen 15
base to a lesser extent than would a corresponding amount
of stronger acid. Thus, a reaction system one molar in
acetic acid and containing say_5% triethylamine and so
out puri?cation of the relatively unstable halides and then
purify their oxygenated derivatives which are more stable
and less corrosive.
The following examples illustrate my invention further.
EXAMPLE 1
Five hundred (500) grams of myrcene hydrochloride
prepared by adding 1 mole of anhydrous HCl to one mole
dium acetate should react somewhat faster than a like
system but one molar in chloracetic acid. Also, strong
acids such as oxalic or chloracetic may cause hydrocar
presence of 0.5% of cuprous chloride at 10 to 20° 0.,
bon formation, polymerization and undesirable cyclization
(about 75-80% geranyl + neryl chloride, 5-10% linalyl
of myrcene (95 +% by ultraviolet spectroanalysi-s) in the
chloride, 10-15% terpinyl chloride plus traces of other
to terpineol esters. Most organic acids such as the al
chlorides and hydrocarbons), 310 grams of anhydrous
kanoic acids are not troublesome in this respect. Quite
weak acids may show even less tendency to ‘depress the 25 sodium acetate and 10 grams of triethylamine were stirred
at 85-90° C. for 8 hours. The reaction mixture was then
catalytic e?ect. For example, in treatment of salts of
washed with water to remove the unreacted sodium acetate
dibasic acids such as phthalic, I ?nd that the acid may be
and sodium chloride to yield 515 grams of crude ester.
only partly neutralized since the dissociation constant
Chemical analysis of the crude ester indicated that it con
of the second carboxyl is so small that the acidity of the
tained 8-10% chlorides and 85-90% ester. Fractionation
system is not sufficient to depress the activity of the
of the crude ester through an efficient column at 1-2 mm.
amine catalyst. Thus, in this case K1 is about 13x10-3
of mercury followed by infrared spectroanalysis of the
while K2 is about 3.9><_10~6 (Lange’s Handbook of Chem
‘fractions indicated that the crude ester was 3-5% hydro
istry, ninth edition, page 1201).. Triethylamine is about
carbons, 8-10% alpha terpinyl chloride, 8-10% linalyl
5.56><10-4 (same reference page 1204). The amine is
therefore weak compared to the ?rst dissociation constant, 35 acetate and 75-80% geranyl acetate-l-neryl acetate.
strong compared to the second. Unfortunately, these data
EXAMPLE 2
are not subject to quantitative interpretation in the non
A large batch of crude myrcene hydrochloride was pro
aqueous reaction system I employ, and I can only general
duced by adding to each 136 grams of pyrolyzed beta
ize that the weak acidity represented by the second car
boxyl group of a polycarboxylic acid is not ordinarily suf 40 pinene taken (2-4% beta pinene, 75% myrcene, 8-10%
limonene and 3-5 % polymeric material) one’ mole of
?cient to depress the catalytic e?ect of small quantities
anhydrous HCl at 15-20° C. in the presence of 0.5%
of nitrogen base catalyst to an appreciable extent. The
of ‘cu-prous chloride based on the beta pinene pyrolysate.
strength of the nitrogen base might also be expected to
The hydrochlorination product was 1-3 % bornyl chloride,
play an important role where free acid is present. Ob
viously, an enormous number of amine-carboxylic acid 45 5-10% linalyl chloride, 55-60% geranyl chloride, 15-20%
alpha terpinyl chloride, 3-5% hydrocarbons and 1-2%
systems could be investigated but such an effort would
dichlorides. Five hundred gram portions of the hydro
not be economically justi?able. lt'will also be appre
chlorination product were reacted with various metal salts
ciated that I can add more amine or other base to any par
of carboxylic acids in the presence of various amines. The
ticular system if I wish to make that system more alka
line or less acidic and increase the reaction rate or sup 50 conditions used and the compositions of the reaction prod—
nets ‘are listed in the following table. The reaction mix
press the catalytic eifect of cuprous chloride if this cata
tures were all washed with water to remove the unreacted
lyst is present in the starting allylic chloride, and I can
carboxylic acid salt and sodium chloride before analysis.
do so without much concern as to the increased cost of
All of the crude esters contained small ‘amounts of hydro
the system since I can choose an amine such as triethyl
amine which is easily and economically recoverable from 55 carbons, bornyl chloride and polymeric material.
The total saponi?able chlorides and esters were deter
the crude reaction product.
mined by re?uxing the sample (one gram) for one hour
In general, I prefer to operate in the ‘absence of much
water as solvolysis of the allylic terpenic halide or ester
will take place with production of alcohols to the extent
that solvolysis reactions compete with the amine catalyzed
displacement reaction.
This is not particularly objec
t-ionable when small amounts of water are present such
as those customarily present in chemicals of commercial
purities. The object of my present invention is not to
with about 25 cc. of 0.5 N-KO‘H.
Excess alkali was
titrated with standard 0.1 normal nitric acid to determine
the saponi?cation value for the sample, then the neutral
solution was titrated with standard silver nitrate to deter
mine saponi?ed chloride. The total saponi?cation num-'
ber less the chloride saponi?cation number‘ equals the
ester saponi?cation number. Geranyl chloride in the
ester was calculated from infrared analysis of the
produce alcohols by solvolysis of halides, however, and 65 crude
ester. Saponi?ca-tion of larger samples followed by co
therefore, I prefer to employ commercially anhydrous
hobation of the volatile oils yielded a crude mixture of
products containing not more than a few percent of
hydrocarbons, bornyl chloride (unaffected by saponi?ca
moisture.
tion) ‘and alcohols. This was analyzed by vapor phase
It is to be appreciated that the nitrogen base catalysis 70 chromatography to determine bornyl chloride, linallol and
described herein applies only to the treatment of the allylic
geraniol. From these data, the analysis of the crude ester
chlorides present in the reaction system and does not
as shown in‘Table I was calculated.
catalyze to any extent the displacement of saturated
Comparable analytical methods were used in analyzing
tertiary chlorides present as impurities in crude ‘allylic
crude reaction mixtures whose formation is described in
‘
‘ ‘
~
'
chlorides produced by hydrochlorination of conjugate sys 75 the other examples.
3 , 03 1,442
Table I
Analysis of Crude Ester
Percent Catalyst Used 1
Reaction Reaction
Temp,
Time,
Oarboxylic Acid Salt
° 0.
hrs.
Crude
Ester
Wt.
Percent
Total 2
Percent
Percent
' Saponi- Geranyl
?able Chloride
Chloride
1.0 Triethylamine ___________ ._
Sodium Acetate ..... _.
Percent Geranyl+
Linalyl
Ester
Neryl
Ester
85-90
8
518
12-15
1-2
85-90
8
514
15-20
5-8
5-10
45-50
.0 Pyridine ________________ __
85-90
8
516
15-20
5-8
5-10
45-50
.0 Diethylcyclohexylamine. _
_0 Diigoamylamine
_____dn
5-10
50-55
85-90
8
515
15-20
,5-8
5-10
45-50
.0 Piperidine _______________ ._
85-90
8
515
15-20
5-8
5-10
40-45
.0 Triethannlamine
.0
.0
.5 Triethylamine
85-90
85-90
85-90
85-90
8
8
8
12
513
515
515
515
12-15
12-15
15-20
15-20
1-2
1-2
5-8
5. 8
5-10
5-10
5-10
5-10
45-50
45-50
40-45
40-45
85-90
85-90
8
8
515
655
12-15.
10-15
1-2
2-3
5-10
10-15
50-55
55-60
55-60
55-60
.0 Triethylamine
_
_
.0 Triethylarnine ........... _- Potassium Acid
Phthalate.
.0 Triethylaruine ..... ._
.0 Triethylamine- _ _
Sodium Benzoate. . .-.
Sodium Lactate _____ __
85-90
85-90
8
8
603
558
10-12
10-12
2-3
1-2
10-15
10-15
.0 Triethylarnine. __
Sodium Acetate _____ - _
60-65
40
- 515
10-12
1-2
5-10
50-55
85-90
8
1-3
12-15
None
__ _____rio
_
! Based on weight of halide.
________ __
60-65
________ __
'
‘l The chlorides that are saponi?ed by re?uxing one hour with an excess of .5 N KOH in methanol (bornyl chloride is not saponi
?ed using these conditions).
25 was 20-25% bornyl chloride, 65-70% pinocarvyl chlo
ride and 1'0-l5% dichlorides. - Five hundred (500) grams
EXAMPLE 3
Five hundred (500) grams of alpha terpinyl chloride,
prepared by hydrochlorinating limonene at 15-25° C.,
of this chlorination product, 310 grams of anhydrous so
dium acetate and 10 grams of triethylamine Were stirred
at 75-80° C. for 15 hours. The reaction mixture was
then washed with water to yield 509 grams of crude ace
tate. Infrared spectroanalysis of the crude acetate
310 grams of anhydrous sodium acetate and 10 grams of
tricthylamine were stirred at 85-90° C. for 10 hours. The
reaction mixture was washed with water and dried to give
495 grams of product. Infrared spectroanalysis indicated
that the product was 5-10% limonene, 5-10% alpha
terpinyl acetate and 80-85% unchanged alpha-terpinyl
showed that it contained 10-15% hydrocarbons and di
chlorides, 20-25% bornyl chloride, 55-60% pinocarvyl
acetate.
chloride. (Note: alpha-terpinyl chloride is not an allylic "
chloride.)
EXAMPLE 7
35
7
Myrcene dihydrochloride was prepared by passing two
moles of HCl into myrcene containing 0.5% by Weight of
EXAMPLE 4
Myrcene hydrobromide rich in geranyl (and neryl)
vcuprous chloride, at 20-25 ° C. (see cop/ending applica
bromide was prepared by bubbling one equivalent of
tion Serial No. 769,854, ?led September 15, 1958). In
anhydrous hydrogen bromide into myrcene (95+ %) con- - 40 frared spectroanalysis of the dihydrochlorination product
taining 0.5% by weight of cuprous chloride. The hydro-p. '
indicated that it was 15-20% alpha-terpinyl chloride plus
bromination was carried out at 15-25° C.
The hydro- H
dichloro-paramenthane and 80-85% 2,8-dichloro-2,6-di
bromination product was 1-2% unchanged myrcenc,
vrnethyl-6-octene. Five hundred (500) grams of the di
5-10% linalyl bromide, 10-15 % alpha terpinyl bromide,
Vhydrochloride, 600 grams of anhydrous sodium acetate
75-80% geranyl bromide plus neryl bromide. Six hundred
and 10 grams of triethylamine were diluted with 500 ml.
and thirty (630) grams of myrcene hydro‘bromide, 310 45 of benzene so that the mixture could be agitated easily.
grams of anhydrous sodium acetate and 7 grams of tri
The reaction mixture was stirred at 75—80° C. for 10
hours. The reaction mixture was then Washed with water
ethylamine were stirred at 85-90“ C. for six hours. The
reaction mixture was washed with water to yield 520 ~
grams of crude acetate. Fractionation of the crude acetate
through an e?icient column at 1-2
of mercury ‘fol
lowed by infrared spectroanalysis of the fractions indicated
sure to yield 503 grams of crude ester. Fractionation of
the crude ester through an e?icient column at 1 mm. of
mercury followed by infrared spectroanalysis of the frac
that the crude acetate was 2-4% hydrocarbons, 10-12%
alpha terpinyl bromide, 5-8% linalyl acetate and 78-80%
geranyl acetate plus neryl acetate.
. and the benzene removed by distillation at reduced pres
50 ,
tions showed that the crude ester was 2—4% hydrocar
bons, 5-10% alpha geranyl acetate plus alpha neryl ace
55 tate, 65-70% Z-chloro-dihydrogeranyl acetate plus 2
chloro-dihydroneryl acetate and 15-20% other chlorides
EXAMPLE 5
(alphaterpinyl chloride plus 2,S-dichloro-parameuthane).
One mole of chlorine was reacted with 3-p-menthene
at 85—90° C. to give a chlorination product that was
The Z-chloro-dihydrogeranyl acetate plus 2-chlor0di
hydroneryl acetate fractions were combined, and stirred
90-92% 5-chloro-3-para-menthene and 8—10% 3,4-di
chloro-para-menthane. Five hundred (500) grams of 60 with an equal Weight of water and 1.5 moles of calcium
hydroxide at 85-90° C. for 24 hours. The mixture was
this chlorination product, 310 grams of anhydrous so
dium acetate and 10 grams of triethylamine were agitated
at 85-90" C. for 8 hours. The reaction product was
washed with water to give 508 grams of crude acetate.
The crude acetate was fractionated through an efficient 65
column at 5-7 mm. of mercury and the fractions were
70-75% 3-para-menthenyl-S-acetate and 8-10% 3,4-di
chloro-para-menthane.‘
'
EXAMPLE 6
extracted with ether. Removal of ether followed by
fractionation of the ether extract at one to two'mm. of
mercury and infrared spectroanalysis of the fractions in
dicated that the ether extract was 5-10% alpha geraniol
plus alpha nerol and 85-90% 2,6-dimethyl-6-octene-2,8
analyzed by infrared spectroanalysis. The analysis indi
cated that the crude acetate was 15-20% hydrocarbons,
then ?ltered to remove unreacted lime and the ?ltrate was
diol (hydroxy-dihydro-geraniol plus hydroxy-dihydro
nerol). The hydroxy-dihydro-geraniol and hydroxy-di
70 hydro-nerol were identi?ed by catalytically hydrogenat
ing them to the known compound hydroxy-dihydro-citro
nellol.
One mole of chlorine was added to one mole alpha
pinene at 20-25” C. in the presence of 1.25 moles of
sodium bicarbonate to yield a chlorination product that 75
~
EXAMPLE 8
d-Limonene was chlorinated at 55-60° C. in the-pres
3,031,442
12
11
ence of 1.25 moles of sodium bicarbonate. The chlorina
dimethyl glyoxime as nitrogen base catalyst. A yield
tion product was 5-10% alpha terpinyl chloride, 80-85%
carvyl chloride and lO-15% dichlorides. Most of the
dichloride is 8-chloro-carvotanacetyl chloride. Five hun
of 50% B-menthenyl chloracetate was produced. Ratio
dred (500) grams of the chlorination product, 310 grams
gave "6% ester with sodium acetate under the same con
of trans/cis alcohols obtained on saponi?cation was 74/26.
Similarly prepared menthenyl bromide without catalyst
ditions and 20% ester in the presence of 3% triethylamine
of sodium acetate and 10 grams of triethylamine were
based on the weight of the bromide taken. The ratio of
stirred at 85-90° C. for 5 hours. The reaction mixture
trans/cis alcohols in the two reactions was 78/22 and
was washed with water to remove sodium chloride and
65/35 respectively.
.
unreacted sodium acetate to give‘513 grams of crude ace
tate. Fractionation of the crude acetate followed by in 10' Carvyl bromide agitated with 1.25 moles sodium ace
frared spectroanalysis of the fractions indicated that it
contained 5-10% hydrocarbons, 5-8% alpha terpinyl
chloride, 75-80% carvyl acetate (mixture of cis and
tate and no catalyst at 90-95 ° C. gave 5% ester and
under the same conditions but in the presence of 3% tri
ethylamine based on the weight of the bromide gave 50%
carvyl acetate.
Carvyl chloride treated like the bromide above gave
acetates. Most of the latter 10-12% fraction is 8~chloro 15
10% ester with no catalyst and 26% ester when 10% by
carvotanacetyl acetate.
weight phenylsemicarbazide was used based on the
EXAMPLE 9
weight of the starting chloride.
3-menthene (76%, remainder largely Z-menthene) was
EXAMPLE l0‘
chlorinated with about 0.75 moles chlorine to produce a 20
Crude
myrcene
(beta
pinene pyrolysate containing
product rich in 5-chloro-3-rnenthene. The Z-menthene
about 75% myrcene) was hydrochlorinated with one mole
was largely unaffected. Portions of this crude product
of hydrogen chloride per 136 grams of pyrolysate in the
containing about 70-75% of the allylic chloride was
presence of 0.5% cuprous chloride. Portions of this prod
treated with 1.25 moles of sodium acetate per mole of
halide and 10% of a nitrogen base calculated on the 25 uct were reacted with good agitation with 1.25 equivalents
of various salts of carboxylic acids for 8 hours at 90
weight of the crude chloride. The mixtures were heated
95° C. ‘in the presence or absence of catalysts. After
with agitation for eight hours at 90-95° C. Analyses of
washing out the water-soluble materials, the crude esters
the reaction products were made by chemical and instru
were analyzed by chemical and instrumental means. The
mental means on the crude Water washed product and
showed the percent ester in the crude product. Also, the 30 crude esters were saponi?ed and the oils were cohobated
then analyzed for the identity and quantity of the alcohols.
crude esters were saponi?ed to the corresponding .alco
Individual alcohol composition is expressed as percent of
hols, the cis and trans forms of 3-menthene-5-ol and the
that alcohol to total alcohols in Table 111 below. Analysis
percent of each of these in the total alcohol mixture was
trans-forms) and 10-12% dichlorides plus chloro terpene .
analyzed by vapor phase chromatography. The results
was by vapor phase chromatography.
Table 111
Percent Composition of Alcohols
_
_
Salt of Carboxylic Acid
Percent
Percent and Identity
of Catalyst
N
Ester In
Washed Oil
Product
Linalool
_ _ . . . . . . .-
41
87
0110..T ....... __. _ _ . . . .
-
Remarks
Lead Acetate Tnhydrate """"""" " {10% Triethylamine____ 1 76 ........ .-
.
I 57
Produced on Saponi?cation
Nerol
Geraniol
56
26
27 ('Jonsiderablef solvtolyti? l‘eacléit?li dttle to
31
22
.
10
Terpi
neol
presence
.
None
4
one ........... ._
, 11
21
65
0
mine im roves res
ery su s an 1a
sodlum Oxalate (Neutral) ----- " {13% Triethylamina...
one _
_
Sodmm mmamte--------------- " 10% Tr1ethylam1ne____
43
33
57
51
crys a
za ion.
None ________________ .-
5
9
b t
ts
u
'
improvemen
ul
res
ts
t ttr b
a
i -
1 0 }Eutalble to amine.
h
0
xce ent improvement wit
amine
ikggiitch alsfo suppresges cyclization. '
.
-
er
Vpoor. b tp t_ 1 _
one____
.
we
ue 0 amino cata ys .
Astantial improvemer?.
__
Nlckel Format?’ ----------- '1 ----- " {13% Triethylamin --_ 7
.
yie
Poor results, but amine causes sub
Cupnc Acetate M°n°hYdIate~~~ N
.
0
Nopietgieletss, much improtvement in
.
6
i ion 0 amine s ows strong e?ect
of amine catalysis on the composition
sodlum Salt °i Crude T511011---- -- {10% Triethylamina-.-
23
as
17 i of the groduct. tBioézhd fatty and
Aluminum Acetate ______________ _- 10% Triethylamine_.-_
41
45
5 }Poor1 yield bult‘5 without amine only
27
35
rosm aci s were es er
.
.
None
salt of Tall o‘l Fatty {10% Triethylamine_-._ 22 _________ __
16
e .
po yrner resu s.
In absence of amine there is little re
22 } action. Amine very bene?cial.
1 Alcohol plus ester (hydrolysis during reaction).
5 Percent alcohols recovered on sapom?cation.
EXAMPLE 11
are shown in Table II below.
Table II
'
N‘tmgen Base or Salt
The same myrcene hydrochloride used in Example 10
Percent Ester
Percent
was washed free of cuprous chloride. It was then agitated
M32201
~
W§§,,S§“§§,,.
“1°11 Pwd‘m
12
74
65 with 1.25 moles ammonium acetate at 90-95° C. for 8
hours. (See copending application Serial No. 760,833,
26
?led September 15, 1958.) A duplicate experiment was
215
28
(g
(75:1)
2%
run, but 10% triethylann'ne was. added, based on the
:35 70 weight of the starting washed hydrochloride. Still an
65
64
35
22
it
prous chloride (see copending application Serial No.
65
35
760,844, ?led September 15, 1958) was added instead of
hydroxylamme _______ __
acetamidine ---------------- --
Percent
4°
other experiment was run in the same way, but 5% cu
triethylamine. The samples were washed up after the re
sodium chloracetate instead of sodium acetate and with 75 action andanalyzed as in Example 10.
In addition, the same reaction was carried out but using
3,031,442
Percent
Ester
Catalyst
Percent
Lina-
Percent
N erol
1001
None ______________________ __
4.3
Percent
Gera-
Per
cent
Terpi
niol
neol
14
ence or absence of 10% triethylamine. 'Ihese capsules
were not agitated and apparently this was responsible for
the somewhat unsatisfactory yields though the experi
ments were successful in showing the utility of the cat
alyst. Table IV shows the results.
19
22
48
11
10% Amine _________ __'___V____
50
5
41
49
5
5% Cuprous Chioride...-.__
70
81
11
v7
1
It is evident that while ‘ammonium acetate gives good
results alone and acts both ‘as catalyst and reagent, that
Table IV
Composition of Alcohols in
10'
addition of free amine increases the yield appreciably,
suppresses linalyl ester formation, increases neryl ester
substantially and suppresses terpineol formation. The
experiment using the amine catalyst was repeated exactly 15
except that triethylammonium acetate was used as re
agent. The ester yield was 55% and the alcohols pro
duced on saponi?cation were 6% linalool, 44% nerol,
46% geraniol, 5% terpineol, very similar to the results
from ammonium acetate plus free amine.
20
It is evident from the cuprous chloride catalyzed ex
periment that this catalyst is capable of producing very
Saponi?ed Product
Per-
Salt
Cayalyst
cent
Ester
7
Per-
Per-
cent
cent
Lina-
Nerol
lool
Per-
Per
cent
cent
Gera- Terpin
niol
eol
Sodium
2-Furoate _____ __ No
25
35
10
25
60
14
29
47
8
67
30
Sodium
2-Furoate ..... .. Yes
10
Trisodium
Citrate ....... -_
No
______________ __
33
Trisodium
Citrate _______ _.
Yes
25
Sodium Tartrate.
Sodium Tartrate.
No
Yes
3
8
Sodium
high yields of linalyl ester even in the presence of much
Phthalate ____ __
ammonium salt and should not be present in myrcene
Sodium
hydrochloride used in amine catalyzed systems unless the 25 Phthalate ____ __
20
29
42
9
65 ______________ __
63 ______ ._
9
35
28
No
21
35
11
28
26
Yes
35
32
19
36
13
system is very strongly amine catalyzed by use of large
quantities of amine and/or unless a salt such as sodium
EXAMPLE 15
‘carbonate is present that is capable of destroying the
One
hundred
and
thirty-six (136) grams of‘ alpha
cuprous chloride in nonacidic systems. The whole cat
alysis problem may be avoided best by destroying the 30 terpinene (95%) was reacted with 36.5 grams of anhy
drous HCl at 15-25" 0. Infrared spectroanalysis of the
cuprous chloride in the crude hydrochloride by washing,
?ltering or adding sodium carbonate and the like, then . hydrochlorination product indicated that it was a mixture
of 1-chloro-2-menthene and 4-chloro-2-menthene.
removing the cooper compound.
EXAMPLE l2
Myrcene hydrochloride produced as in Example 10
The
hydrochlorination product (85 grams), 50 grams of an
35 hydrous sodium acetate and 2.5 grams of triethylamine
were stirred at 75-80“ C. for 8 hours. The reaction mix
ture was washed to yield 75 grams of crude ester. In
was washed to remove cuprous chloride used in its pro
frared spectroanalysis of the crude ester indicated that
it was 50-55 % hydrocarbons (a mixture of menthadienes)
and 20-25% ester (mixture of piperityl acetate and
duction. It was then agitated with 1.25 moles sodium
acetate plus 3% triethylamine and 5% acetic acid, based
on the weight of hydrochloride taken, for eight hours at
90-95“ C. The washed crude product was 55% ester
and the alcohols obtained on saponi?cation were 5%
carvenyl acetate).
1 Eighty-?ve (85) grams of the above hydrochlorination
product and 50 grams of anhydrous sodium acetate and
no nitrogen base catalyst were stirred at 75-80“ C. for
8 hours to give a product that analyzed 75-80% hydro
_ Myrcene hydrochloride was prepared according to the 45 carbons and only 5-10% esters.
prior art and in the absence of .cuprous chloride. Such
linalool, 36% nerol, 49% geraniol and 10% terpineol.
EXAMPLE 1,3
myrcene hydrochloride contains the unwanted 2-chloro-2
methyl-6-methylene-7-octene because in the absence of
cuprous chloride during hydrochlorination, the addition
of HCl takes place both at the conjugate system and at
the isolated double bond. This myrcene hydrochloride
is much richer in linalyl chloride and poorer in geranyl
‘chloride than when cuprous chloride is added and linalyl
is isomerized to geranyl chloride. Portions of this hydro
'
EXAMPLE 16
Four hundred and eight (408) gram portions of alpha
50
pyronene and beta pyronene Were each reacted with
109.5 grams of anhydrous HCl at 15-25° C. Infrared
spectro-analysis of the hydrochlorination products showed
that alpha and beta pyronene gave the same hydrochlori
chloride were treated with 1.25 moles sodium acetate.
nation product. Dehydrochlorination of the hydrochlori
nation products by re?uxing with 50% KOH in methanol
gave 1,1,2-trimethyl-3-methylene-4-cyclohexene contain
with agitation and with and without 10% triethylamine
catalyst. The following are the results obtained.
‘data it is evident that the hydrochlorination products were
ing a small amount of a and B pyronene. From the above
predominately 3-chloro-1,1,2,3-tetramethyl-4-cyclohexene.
Catalyst
Percent
Ester
Percent
Lina1001
Percent
Nerol
PerGeraniol
PerPercent
cent 2-hydroxy
'l‘erpi- 2-methy1-6_
neol methylene
7-octene
Yes ___________ __
45 .
25
15
31
24
5
No ___________ __
26
37
8
32
18
5
One hundred and sevently-four (174) grams of the
6.0 above hydrochloride, 103 grams of anhydrous sodium
acetate and 4 grams of triethylamine were stirred at
85-90" C. for 8 hours. The reaction mixture was washed
with water to remove the sodium chloride and unreacted
sodium acetate. One hundred eighty-two (182) grams of
crude ester (SO-55% ester) ‘was obtained. Infrared
spectronanalysis of, the product obtained by saponifying
The higher proportions of linalool in the total alcohols
the crude ester indicated that it was predominantly va
is indicative of the higher linalyl chloride content of the
secondary alcohol as shown by the intensity of the char
hydrochloride. The amine not only catalyzes the reac
acteristic secondary alcohol absorption at about 9.8 n.
70
tion, but suppresses neryl chloride/neryl acetate loss.
The alcohol was probably 5-hydroxy-1,1,2,3-tetramethyl
EXAMPLE 14
3-cyclohexene. When the chloride is reacted in the ab
sence of amine, the yield of ester is very poor and if
Small capsule reactions were run using myrcene hydro
the reaction is forced at higher temperatures, dehydro
chloride prepared in the presence of 0.5% cuprous chlo
ride with 1.25 equivalents of various salts and in the pres 75 chlorination becomes the major reaction.
3,031,442
10
15
1.25 moles of sodium bicarbonate. The chlorination prod
' EXAMPLE 17
uct was ?ltered to remove inorganic salts. One hundred
Eight tenths of a mole of hydrogen chloride is passed
into 136 grams of beta pinene pyrolysate containing. about
able chlorides, chie?y geranyl and neryl, along with some
and seventy-two grams of the ?ltered chlorination prod
uct, 102 grams of anhydrous sodium acetate and 7 grams
of triethylamine were stirred at 90-95° C. for 8 hours.
The reaction mixture was then washed with water to
yield 174 grams of crude ester. Analysis of the crude
ester showed that it was 46% allylic acetates. When the
fraction of hydrocarbons (rich in limonene), linalyl
chlorination product, 102 grams of anhydrous‘ sodium
74-76% by weight myrcene and in the presence of one
gram cuprous bromide as the reaction mixture is‘ held
at 20-25° C. by cooling. There results a crude hydro
chlorination product containing about 75-80% saponi?
reaction was repeated without using triethylamine, the
linalyl chloride and traces of terpinyl chloride. The re
mainder of the product is largely limonene and other 10 crude ester obtained contained only 26% allylic acetates.
hydrocarbons which are inert solvents. The crude hy
EXAMPLE 21
drochloride is treated with 2% soda ash and washed. It
‘One
mole
of
beta
pyronene
(92+%)
was
chlorinated
is then added to one mole of sodium butyrate and 5
with one mole of chlorine at 25-30” C. in the presence
grams triethylamine and the whole is agitated at 60 to
70° C. for two hours, then at 100-110" C. for four 15 of 1.25 moles of sodium bicarbonate. The chlorination
mixture was ?ltered to remove inorganic salts. One
hours. The product is cooled, washed with water and
hundred and seventy-two (172) grams of the ?ltered
fractionated at 2 to 5 mm. pressure to remove successive
acetate and 7 grams of triethylamine were stirred at
butyrate, terpinyl butyrate and ?nally geranyl/neryl
butyrate. The yield of linalyl butyrate is about 10%, 20 90-95° C. for 8 hours. The reaction product was
washed with water to yield 175 grams of crude ester.
terpinyl butyrate is about 1 to 3% and genanyl/neryl
Analysis of the crude ester showed that it contained 37%
butyrate about 75 to 80%, based on the theoretical yield
allylic acetates. When the reaction was repeated without
from the myrcene in the crude pyrolysate. The amine
triethylamine, the crude ester obtained contained 18%
catalyst may be recovered partly from the ?rst fraction of
'
the distillation, partlyfrom the aqueous wash of the crude 25 allylic acetates.
EXAMPLE 22
reaction product. The aqueous wash is made alkaline
and distilled to collect the amine-water azeotrope which
One mole of a terpene fraction (boiling range 170
can be reused in the next batch as catalyst.
190° C., a mixture of menthadienes resulting from acid
If it is desired merely to produce alcohols, the crude
isomerization of pinenes and containing alpha terpinene,
cohobated and fractions of distillate collected. Most
of the amine used can be recovered from fractionation of
the early steam distillate cuts and useful separations are
of chlorine in the presence of 1.25 moles of sodium bi
ester can be saponi?ed with aqueous alkali at about 90 30 2,4(8)p-menthadiene, limonene, gamma terpinene and
to 105° C. and the whole saponi?cation mixture can be
terpinolene) was chlorinated at 25-30° C. with one mole
carbonate.
The chlorination product was ?ltered to re
move inorganic salts. One hunded and seventy-two (172)
made by cohobation of hydrocarbons (early cuts) to 35 grams of the ?ltered mono-chlorination product, 102
geraniol/nerol rich cuts (90 to 95% geraniol/nerol in
‘grams of anhydrous sodium acetate and 7 grams of tri
the last 10 to 15% of oils distilled).
ethylamine were stirred at 90-95“ C. for 8 hours. The
reaction‘ mixture was then washed with water to yield 173
grams of crude ester. Analysis of the crude ester showed
EXAMPLE 1'8
Myrcene hydrochloride produced in presence of cuprous 40 that it contained 45% secondary allylic acetates. When
chloride and rich in geranyl chloride was treated with 1.25
moles sodium acetate and in the presence or absence of
0.1% triethylamine for 88 hours at 90-95° C. with agita
tion.
the above reaction was repeated without triethylamine,
the crude ester obtained contained 17% secondary allylic
acetates.
EXAMPLE 23
45
Composition of Alcohols From
Percent
Catalyst
Ester
Saponi?ed Ester
Llna1001
Nerol
Gera- Terpin
11101
e01
50
None _______ -.,............. _.
55
31
17
36
16
0.1% Triethylamine ....... ..
62
17
28
43
12
One mole of dihydromyrcene (2,6-dimethyl-2,6-octa
diene) was chlorinated with one mole of chlorine at 25
30" C. in the presence of 1.25 moles of sodium bicar
bonate. The chlorination product was ?ltered to remove
inorganic, salts.
One hundred and seventy-four (174)
grams of the ?ltered product, 102 grams of anhydrous
sodium acetate and 7 grams of triethylamine were stirred
at 90-95° C. for 8 hours. The reaction mixture was then
washed with water to yield 173 grams of crude ester.
Analysis of the crude ester showed that it contained 24%
EXAMPLE 19
55 2,6 - dimethyl - 1,6-octadienyl - 3 - acetate and 9% 2,6-di
One mole of alpha terpineol (96+%) was chlorinated
methyl-2,6-octadienyl-l-acetate. Saponi?cation of the
with one mole of chlorine at 35-40“ C. in the presence
acetates yields the corresponding alcohols which are de
.of 1.25 moles of sodium bicarbonate. The chlorination
scribed in copending application Serial No. 743,022, ?led
mixture was ?ltered to remove inorganic salts. Infrared
June 19, 1958. When the above reaction was repeated
spectroanalysis of the chlorination product showed that 60 without triethylamine, the crude ester obtained contained
it was 85-90% 6-chloro-8-hydroxy-l-menthene. One
12% acetates.
hundred and ninety (190) grams of the chlorination prod
EXAMPLE 24
uct, 102 grams of anhydrous sodium acetate and 10 grams
One mole of beta pinene pyrolysate (75% myrcene)
of triethylamine were stirred at 90-95° C. for 8 hours.
,The reaction mixture was washed with water to yield 65 containing 0.5% by weight of cuprous chloride was
chlorinated with one mole chlorine at 20-25° C. The
190 1grams of crude ester. Analysis of the crudeester
chlorination product was ?ltered and washed to remove
showed that it was 61% S-hydroxy-l-menthenyl-6-acetate.
cuprous chloride. Infrared spectroanalysis of the ?ltered
.When the above reaction was repeated without triethyl
amine present, the crude ester obtained contained 24%
chlorination product showed that it was 55-60% 3,8
Two hundred and
six (206) grams of the washed chlorination product, 206
grams of anhydrous sodium acetate and 6 grams of
8-hydroxy-1-menthenyl-6-acetate. Saponi?cation of the 70 dichloro-2,6-dimethyl-1,6-octadiene.
, ester yields sobrerol.
EXAMPLE ‘20
triethylamine were stirred at 90-95" C. for 8 hours. The
reaction mixture was washed to yield 209 grams of crude
with one mole of chlorine at 25-30° C. in the presence of 75 ester. Analysis of the crude ester indicated that it con
One mole otalpha pyronene (90+%) was chlorinated
3,031,442
,
17
18
the catalyst vabout 65% diacetate ‘is present in the ‘crude
ester. . Some chloro acetate will also result from incom
plete reaction of the diallylic chloride ‘and-also some
vicinal dichlorides will be present.
tained 5-10% 2,6-dimethy1 -'1,7-octadienyh3,G-diac'etate
.and 35-40% 2,6-dimethyl-l,6-octadienyl—3,8-diacetate. It
is likely that small quantities of the two possible allylic
isomers of'the speci?ed esters are? also present. When
the above reaction was repeated without an amine pres
cut, the crude ester obtained 15% di'acet'ates.
In this example, ‘the chlorine is shown vto attack the
Resort can ‘be ‘had ‘to ‘modifications falling within the
spirit of my invention and the scope of the appended
claims.
Having thus described my invention, I vhereby ‘claim:
3-position of myrcene (2-methyl-6-methylene-2,7¥octa
1. An improved process for preparing terpene allylic
diene) and in the addition of the disengaged hydrogen
chloride to the conjnngate portion of the molecule to pro 10 esters which comprises subjecting a terpene allylic halide,
other than a mycenehydrohalide, in which the halogen
duce the diallylic chloride which is converted then to the
is selected ‘from the class consisting of chlorine and bro
mixture of diallylic terpenic diacetates.
mine, 'to a displacement reaction by treatment with a
EXAMPLE 25
carboxyllic acid salt ‘under nonaqueous conditions ‘in the
One mole of alloocirnene '('97—l—%) was chlorinated 15 presence of a nitrogen base catalyst, ,sa-id catalyst being
a nitrogen containing compound capable of adding ~HX
with one mole of chlorine at 20-25° C. in the presence
of 1.5 moles of sodium bicarbonate. The chlorination
product was ?ltered to remove inorganic salts. Infrared
where X is a halide radical.
2. The process of claim 1 in which the nitrogen base
catalyst has an organic radical'attached to a nitrogen atom
spectroanalysis of the chlorination product showed that it
was 3-chloro-2,6-dirnethyl-1,4,6-octatriene. One hundred 20 of the base through a carbon atom of said organic radical.
3. The process of claim 1 in which the terpene allylic
and seventy-two '(172) ‘grams "of the ?ltered chlorination
halide is a chloride and the nitrogen base is an amine.
product, l02'g'r'a'ms ‘of anhydrous sodium acetate and 7
4. The process of claim 1 in which the carboxylic acid
grams of triethylamine were stirred ‘at 90—95° C. for 8
salt is a metal salt.
,
hours. The reaction mixture was then washed to yield
5. In a process for preparing esters of terpene com
172 grams of crude ester. Analysis of the crude ester 25
pounds wherein an allylic terpene ‘halide, in which the
indicated that it was 40-45% 2,6-dimethyl—l,4,6-octa
halogen is selected from the group consisting ‘of chlorine
trienyl-3-acetate and 8-10% other allylic acetates. When
and bromine, is subjected to a displacement reaction by
the reaction was repeated without an amine catalyst, the
treatment with a carboxylic acid salt 'under nonaqueous
crude ester obtained contained only 15-18% allylic ace
tates and contained much polymeric materials.
30
conditions, the improvement which consists essentially in
e?ecting said displacement reaction in the presence of a
nitrogen base catalyst, said catalyst being a nitrogen com-,
pound capable of adding HX, where X is a halide radical,
and possessing an organic radical attached to the ‘nitrogen
EXAMPLE 26
An ocimene rich fraction (75% ocimene, 15% myrcene
and 10% limonene) was reacted with anhydrous I-lCl at
0-10° C. in the presence of 0.5% cuprous chloride (based 35 atom of the base through a carbon atom of said radical.
6. The process of claim 1 in which the nitrogen base
on the ocimene rich fraction). Thirty-six (36) grams of
anhydrous HCl was used for each 136 grams of ocimene
rich fraction. The resulting hydrochloride was ?ltered
catalyst is an amine.
and washed to remove the cuprous chloride.
acid salt is a metal salt.
7. The process of claim 1 in which the carboxylic
One hun
dred (100) grams of the above hydrochlorination product,
60 grams ofanhydrous sodium acetate, and 5 grams of
triethylamine were stirred at 90—95° C. for 8 hours. The
reaction mixture was then washed with water to yield 104
. grams of crude ester. Aanalysis of the crude ester showed
4.0
8. The process of claim 1 in which the carboxylic acid
salt is an alkyl ammonium salt.
9. The process of claim 1 in which the salt is a metal
salt and the nitrogen base catalyst is an amine.
10. In a process for preparing esters of terpene com
that it contained 54% allylic acetates (a mixture of linalyl 45. pounds wherein an allylic terpene halide, in which the
halogen is selected from‘ the class consisting of chlorine
acetate, geranyl acetate, neryl acetate) and other allylic
acetates. When the reaction was repeated without an
and bromine, is subjected to a displacement reaction by
amine catalyst, the crude ester obtained contained 15%
treatment with a carboxylic acid salt under nonaqueous
conditions, the improvement which consists essentially in
allylic acetates.
EXAMPLE 27
50 effecting said displacement reaction in the presence of a
nitrogen base catalyst, said catalyst being a different com
One mole of 2,6=dimethyl-2,6-octadiene was chlorinated I
pound than said carboxylic acid salt and being a com
with two moles of chlorine at 25—35° 'C. and in the pres
pound capable of adding HX where X is a halide radical.
ence of two and a half moles sodium bicarbonate. The
11. The process‘ of claim 10 in which the carboxylic
crude dichloride was ?ltered to remove inorganics, then
treated with three moles sodium acetate and ten grams 55 acid salt is a metal salt.
12. The process of claim 10 in which the nitrogen
triethylam-ine. The mixture was heated at l20—130° C.
base
catalyst is an amine.
with agitation for 4 hours. The crude ester was saponi
13. 'In a process for preparing esters of acyclic terpene
' compounds wherein an acyclic allylic terpene chloride
methylene-1-octenyl-3,7-diol. When the chlorination is 80 is. subjected to, a displacement reaction by treatment with
a carboxylic acid salt under nonaqueous conditions, the
conducted at 80—90° C. there is produced a diiferent mix
improvement.which consists essentially in elfecting the
ture of diallylic chloridesso that the alcohols resulting
from the described process are rich in cis- trans isomers ‘ displacement in the presence of a nitrogen base catalyst,
said catalyst being a different compound than a carboxylic
of the named glycol. These include 2-methyl-6-methyl
ene-2-octeny1-l,7-diol; 2-methyl-6-methylol-l,6~octadienyl 65 acid salt and being a compound capable of adding HX
?ed with excess alcoholic potassium hydroxide to yield
a mixture of alcohols which was largely 2-methyl-6
3-01; 2,6-dimethyl-2,5-octadienyl-l-ol; 2,6-dimethyl-2,5~
octadienyl-3,7-diol; 2,6-dimethyl-2,5~octadienyl-1, 7-dio1;
2,6-_dimethyl-1,6-octadienyl-3,5-diol; 2,6-dimethyl-2, 6
octadienyl-1,5-diol.
where X is a halide radical.
14. ‘In a process for producing geranyl esters wherein
myrcene monohydrochloride is subjected to a displace
ment reaction by treatment with a carboxylic acid salt
These compounds and their hydrogenated derivatives 70 under nonaqueous conditions, the improvement which con~
sists essentially in effecting the displacement reaction in
have s ecial values for further ‘synthesis of products use
the presence of a nitrogen base catalyst, said catalyst
ful for emulsi?ers, plasticizers, and terpenic oxygenated
being
a different compound than said carboxylic acid vsalt
products valuable in perfumery.
and being a compound capable of adding HX where X is
When no amine catalyst is present poor yields, about
10-15 % diacetates are produced whereas in presence of 75 a halide radical.
3,031,442
20
1a
15. ,The process of claim 13 in which the nitrogen base
23. The process of claim 20 in which the chloride is
is an amine. .
carvyl chloride.
16. The process of claim 13 in which the salt is a metal
salt.
17. The process of claim 13 in which the salt is a metal
salt and the nitrogen base is an amine.
18. In a process for producing geranyl esters wherein
myrcene monohydrobrornide is subjected to a displace
ment reaction by treatment with a carboxylic acid salt
under nonaqueous conditions the improvement, which con 10
24. An improved process for preparing cyclic terpene
allylic esters which comprises subjecting a cyclicjterpene
sists essentially in effecting the displacement in the pres
ence of a nitrogen base catalyst, said catalyst being a dif
1
'
allylic bromide to a, displacement reaction by treatment
with a carboxylic acid salt under nonaqueous conditions
in the presence of a nitrogen base catalyst, said catalyst
being a nitrogen compound capable of adding HX where
X is a halide radical.
25. The process of claim 24 in which the bromide is
carvyl bromide.
26. The process of claim 20 in which the chloride is
ferent compound than said carboxylic acid salt and being
an allylic chloride derivative of l,1,2,3-tetramethyl cyclo
a compound capable of adding HX where X is a halide
hexane.
radical.
27. The process of claim 20 in which the chloride is
15
19. An improved process ‘for preparing acyclic terpene
a pinene chloride.
allylic esters which comprises subjecting an acyclic terpene
References-Cited in the ?le of this patent
allylic chloride other than a myrcene hydrochloride, to a
displacement reaction by treatment with a carboxylic acid
UNITED STATES PATENTS
salt under nonaqueous conditions in the presence of a 20
nitrogen base catalyst, said catalyst being a nitrogen con—
taining compound capable of adding HX where X is a
halide radical.
Y
2,062,917
Knappet a1. __________ __ )Sept. 2, 1952
2,794,826
Bell et al. ____________ __ June 4, 1957
544,032
Canada ______________ __ July 23, 1957
20. An improved process for preparing cyclic terpene
allylic esters which comprises subjecting a cyclic terpene 25
allylic chloride to a displacement vreaction by treatment
with a carboxylic acid salt under nonaqueous conditions
‘in the presence of a nitrogen base catalyst, said catalyst
FOREIGN PATENTS
monocyclic compound.
22. The process of claim 20 in which the chloride is
a derivative of p-menthane.
'
OTHER REFERENCES
being a nitrogen containing compound capable of adding
HX where X is a halide radical.
30
21. The process of claim 20 in which the chloride is a
Lawson ______________ __ Dec. 1, 1936
2,609,388
Roberts et al.: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 64, 2157-2164
(1942).
Goering et al.: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 77, 4042-4048
(1955).
De Wolfe et al.: Chem. Rev. 56, 833-846 (1956).