Geology

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What kinds of faults generate earthquakes?

Normal faults, Reverse, Thrust, and Strike-Slip

In what shape does a fault rupture grow

They strain

When are rocks under greatest stress and stored elastic strain

Rocks are under greatest stress during a slip and Earthquake, they return to their unstrained shape during post-slip faulting

Where on Earth do Earthquakes occur

Most earthquakes occur alonge plate boundaries

What happens to arrival times on seismograms at different distances from an earthquake

the delay between the P and S wave depends on the distance. The longer the distance from the earthquake the greater the delay

Difference between the P and S wave movement

P movement-- the primary wave -- compresses the rock in the same direction it propogates, like a sound wave which compresses the air through the air which it travels. they can travel through solids and liquids because these materials can be compressed and then released. It is the fastest seismic wave.

S movement-- secondary waves -- shear the rock side to side or up and down perpndicular to the direction of travel. Cannot travel through liquids because they cant be sheared. If Earth doesnt let it pass it may be molten. they are slower.

"XII"-"XI" indicates complete destructionof buildings, with visible surface waves throwing objects into the air. the clower to where the center is the more it was felt, the further, the less its felt.

How are earthquake epicenters and hypocenters determined

the distance from each station to the earthquake can be plotted as a circle on the map to find the epicenter. Radius is equal to distance from P-S interval.

Epicenter-- Intersection of three or more circles

Hypocenter-- is found by using interval between P-wave and another compressional wave that forms when the P-wave reflects off Earths surface near te epicenter

What causes the P and S wave shadow zones

Body waves travel through the fluid layers of the Earth interior, but P-waves are refracted slightly when they pass throught the transition between the semisolid mantle and the liquid outer core. As a result there is a P-wave "shadow zone" in contrast S-waves do not travel through liquids they are attenuated

How do Coriolis winds rotate in different pressure and global positions

A low pressure system L has a relatively low atmospheric pressure. In the northern hemisphere, winds,andclouds flow counterclockwise around a low-pressure system

A high pressure system H has a relatively high pressure. In the northern hemisphere, air circulates clockwise around the center, and winds diverge from its center.Southern hemisphere circulation directions are reversed

What is the relationship between atmospheric pressue and altitude

Pressure decreases with altitude

What causes global belts of atmoshperic winds

Sun warms equatoial regions of earth more than poles, setting up a flow of warm air toward the poles, which is balanced by a cold flow of air from the poles toward the equator.

What happens to cause a low pressure system

Low atmospheric pressure- counterclockwise around low pressure system because of Coriolis effect. Areas of pressure lift and cool moist air causes rain and unsettled weather

As temperature increases under constand pressure what happens to water

Raising temperatures caused by sunlight cause the water to evaporate and mix with the air

Rain shadow and the climate change that accompanies it

Rain shadow is when vapor condenses and precipitates on the windward side of a mountain range a dry region. Is formed on the downside of the range forming a desert to the far right.

What causes hurricanes to grow and be sustained

If hurricanes encounters additional warm, evaporating water as it moves, more heat is added, wind increases, and the hurricane grows in strength and size

What states compose "tornado alley"

in the central and eastern parts of the U.S

What is the Gulf Stream

A western boundary current, they are warm, and flow from the equator towards high latitudes and polar regions. Brings waters heated from the tropics to the North atlantic, helping warm the region

What is the Thermohaline conveyor

A deep-water current that takes deep water on a long journey. Is driven by variations in density caused by differences in temp and salinity.

What causes droughts

A persistent weather pattern or change in ocean currents can cause an unusual shift in wind direction. can be caused by weather pattern that are a typical for an area

Explain trough, crest, wave height, wave length, wavebase

trough- the lowest part of the wave

crest- highest part of the wave

wave height- the vertical distance between the two

wavelength- the horizontal distance between two adjacent crests in a set of waves

wavebase- wher the wave ceases to have any effect, about half the wavelength

What shoreline features can be used to interpret the movement direction of longshore currents

Current flowing along the coast, a lonshore current, transports sediment parallel to the coast

What is a wave cut platform

continued erosion at sea level can bevel off bedrock forming a flat wave-cut platform. may be covered by water at high tide but fully exposed at low-tide

What causes oceans to be salty

most of the oceans salts are derived from weathering and th dissolution of rocks on the land

What common rock is easily dissolved by water and weak acids

Limestone

What is the angle of repose

the steepest angle at which a pile of unconsolidated grains remai stable. This angle is controlled by frictional contact between grains

Where in the U.S are you most likely to experience a landslide

highest near steep mountains such as in colorado, the apps, and other mountain areas that have weak, heavily weathered materials

Where is most of Earths fresh water stored

most is in ice and snow or in groundwater below the surface with a smaller amount in lakes, wetlands, and rivers. Glaciers have nearly 69%, groundwater has 30%

Hydrologic Cycle

is the circulation of water fro one part of this water system to another, is driven by energy from the Sun. beg.- end. Evaporation, condensation, precipitation, sublimation, infiltration, groundwater flow, transpiration, surface runoff.

What kind of sediment likely has the highest porosity

Porosity is the proportion of the volume of rock that is open space.

Well rounded and well sorted sediment has higher porosity than angular or poorly sorted sediment because round grains do not fit together as tightly

What kind of sediment has lowest permeability

permeabililty is a measure of the ability of a material to transmit a fluid. Materials with low permeability usually have low porosity. Clay particles such as Shale and similar rocks have very low or perhaps no permeability