Performance Measurement can be best understood through considering the definitions of the words 'performance' and 'measurement' according to the Baldrige Criteria:

Performance refers to output results and their outcomes obtained from processes, products, and services that permit evaluation and comparison relative to goals, standards, past results, and other organisations. Performance can be expressed in non-financial and financial terms.

Measurement refers to numerical information that quantifies input, output, and performance dimensions of processes, products, services, and the overall organisation (outcomes). Performance measures might be simple (derived from one measurement) or composite.

The challenge for organisations today is how to match and align performance measures with business strategy, structures and corporate culture, the type and number of measures to use, the balance between the merits and costs of introducing these measures, and how to deploy the measures so that the results are used and acted upon.

All organisations measure performance to some extent. However, there is a large disparity among organisations in terms of which performance measures are used with many primarily focussing on financial measures. There has however, been a general move away from financial measurement since the early 1980's. This was accelerated in the 1990's and 2000’s by the worldwide acceptance of business excellence models and performance measurement frameworks that address all stakeholders' needs.

Performance measurement is one of the cornerstones of business excellence. Business excellence models encourage the use of performance measures, but in addition and more importantly, they consider the design of performance measurement systems to ensure that measures are aligned to strategy, and that the system is working effectively in monitoring, communicating, and driving performance.

A recent report presented by the Performance Measurement Association (PMA) on one of the new performance measurement frameworks, the Balanced Scorecard, demonstrated the popularity of this particular method. The PMA presented evidence that 39% of FTSE 100 companies were actively using the scorecard, and other researchers have reported that between 40% and 60% of Fortune 1000 companies have attempted to implement the Balanced Scorecard. With the movement away from financially based measurement systems only gaining momentum in the early 1990’s this represents a significant change in organisational practices in such a short space of time.

What are the common challenges associated with the Performance Measurement approach?

The performance measurement revolution has seen a move away from the problems of past measurement systems. Five common features of out-dated performance measurements systems were:

Dominant financial or other backward-looking indicators

Failure to measure all the factors that create value

Little account taken of asset creation and growth

Poor measurement of innovation, learning and change

A concentration on immediate rather than long-term goals

The focus in performance measurement is now on achieving a balanced framework that addresses the issues described above. Examples of these new frameworks are Kaplan and Norton’s Balanced Scorecard, Skandia’s navigator model and the Performance Prism. Others recommend that the results sections of business excellence models should be used to generate a balanced set of performance measures.

There are a number of challenges that are faced when designing an effective Performance Measurement System, these include the following:

How to measure non-financial performance

What measures to choose and why

How to use them - what to do with the results

Who should be responsible for using the results

How and to whom, to communicate the results

The resources needed to consider the above and design and deploy the measurement system

There are other major requirements that an organisation needs to consider before an effective performance measurement system can be designed or installed. Apart from lower level measures that may be vital for the operation of processes, all measures need to be chosen to support the attainment of specific performance or behaviour identified by the organisation's leaders as important or necessary to work towards the organisational goals. This being the case, there must be clearly defined goals/objectives and strategies chosen to reach them before measures can be chosen to support their attainment. Similarly the key processes, drivers of performance, and the core competencies required by employees need to be identified before effective performance measurement can be achieved.

The BPIR will help you to understand and select the most appropriate performance measures for your organisation.

The BPIR's database, accessible to members only, contains almost ONE THOUSAND financial and non-financial measures. However, do not be daunted! - you can sort these by commonly used processes and the categories of business excellence models. This means that you will be able to quickly select appropriate ones for your organisation. Not only do we provide examples of the measures but for the most popular we provide a commentary on how to use them and for all measures we provide examples of formulae used to calculate performance.

In addition, linked to most measures we provide performance benchmarking data showing how organisations perform relative to the measure. Such data will help your organisation to improve once you have established a Performance Measurement System.

Performance measurement is fundamental to organisational improvement. The importance of performance measurement has increased with the realisation that to be successful in the long-term requires meeting (and therefore measuring performance against) all stakeholders' needs including customers, consumers, employees, suppliers, local community stakeholders, and shareholders. While the importance of performance measurement is difficult to quantify it is evident that in virtually all texts, research, and case studies on organisational improvement, that performance measurement plays a central role. It is worth noting that performance measurement is a requirement for benchmarking and business excellence.