Heinrich Schenker, (born June 19, 1868, Wisniowczyki, Russia—died Jan. 14, 1935, Vienna), Austrian music theorist whose insights into the structural hierarchies underlying much of 18th- and 19th-century music led to a new understanding of the laws of melodic and harmonic construction and form. Schenker was not well known in his time; he worked as a private teacher in Austria. He studied composition with Anton Bruckner and was an accompanist before turning his energies to the exploration of the fundamental principles of musical organization and coherence.

Taking works of the 18th and 19th centuries as models of musical perfection, he based his analyses on the compositions of the masters of tonal harmony (prevalent c. 1650–c. 1900). In this connection he edited works of J.S. Bach and G.F. Handel and the piano sonatas of Ludwig van Beethoven. His theoretical writings include essays on particular works, among them “Beethovens neunte Sinfonie” (1912; “Beethoven’s Ninth Symphony”) and the monumental Neue musikalische Theorien und Phantasien (three sections, 1906–35; “New Musical Theories and Phantasies”). Schenker’s most important theory, expounded in Das Meisterwerk in der Musik (“The Masterpiece in Music”), was that great musical compositions grow from a single idea and that their contrasting themes represent only a different aspect of this one basic thought. His hypotheses greatly influenced 20th-century theoreticians.

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