2) Calculation of the bubble point of the feed, distillate and bottom product Assumptions:
* the system pressure is taken as the atmospheric pressure 101325 Pa * the system is treated as an ideal systemThe bubble point temperatures of the feed, distillate and bottom product have been calculated by solving the following equation. The equation is solved by trial and error until the sum of partial pressures exerted by each component equals the system pressure. xpropenePpropenesat+xpropanePpropanesat+xbutanePbutanesat=101325 The vapour pressure of each component is calculated using the relationships below: Propene: lnPsat=57.263-3382.4T-5.7707lnT+1.0431×10-5T2

3) Calculation of Minimum Number of Stages at Total Reflux The minimum number of stages is calculated using Fenske equation Nmin=log10xLK, DxLK, BxHK, BxHK, Dlog10αLK,HK
where xLK, D=0.999 – mole fraction of propene in the distillate xLK, B=0.005 – mole fraction of propene in the bottom
xHK, B=0.9567 – mole fraction of propane in the bottom
xHK, D=0.001 – mole fraction of propane in the distillate αLK,HK=3 (αLK,HK)D × (αLK,HK)F × (αLK,HK)B - combination of relative volatilities at the temperature of the distillate, feed and bottom product. Realtive volatiltiy=α=KLKKHK, Ki=yixi-equilibrium constant For vapour liquid equilibrium between an ideal solution and an ideal gas mixture xiPisat=yiP rearranging the equilibrium relationship gives Ki=yixi=PisatP Therefore, αLK,HK=KLKKHK=PLKsatPHKsat

Using the vapour pressures of components calculated for the feed, distillate and bottom product at the bubble point allows finding the volatilities at the temperature of the feed, distillate and bottom product. (αLK,HK)D =PLKsatPHKsat=10134878632=1.289 , (αLK,HK)F =PLKsatPHKsat=11627590505=1.285 , (αLK,HK)B =PLKsatPHKsat=133923104586=1.281

αLK,HK=31.289×1.285×1.281B=1.285
Having substituted all values into Fenske equation gives
Nmin=log100.9990.0050.95670.001log101.285=48.5

4) Calculation of Minimum Reflux RatioPropene and propane are present in both distillate and bottom products, therefore they are distributed components. However, butane is an undistributed component since it is present in the bottom product. As a result of this, not all components are distributed so the system is Class 2. The minimum reflux ratio is estimated using:

i=1Nαi,HKxF,iαi,HK-ϕ=1 ϕ is adjusted to find a solution and its values is limited to 1<ϕ< αLK,HKF
The...

...PLASTIC POLLUTION
Next time you do the shopping and carry home the things in a plastic carry bag, think and realise that you are contributing your share to a deadly plastic pollution whose ill effects are irreversible and capable of reaching out to many generations to come. Plastic is one of the major toxic pollutants of our time. Being composed of toxic chemicals and most importantly a non biodegradable substance,...

...What is plastic??
A material that contains one or more organic polymers of large molecular
weight, solid in its finished state and at some state while manufacturing or
processing into finished articles, can be shaped by its flow.
Types of plastics
1.Thermosets.
2.Elastomers.
3.Thermoplastics.
NATURAL RESINS
solids or semi solid materials
light yellow to darkbrown in colour
carbon, hydrogen and oxygen.
globules on the bark .
SYNTHETIC RESINS...

...﻿Waste management is the collection, transport, processing, recycling or disposal, and monitoring of waste materials. Concern over environment is being seen a massive increase in recycling globally which has grown to be an important part of modern civilization. The consumption habits of modern consumerist lifestyles are causing a huge global waste problem. Industrialization and economic growth has produced more amounts of waste,...

...﻿OCEAN PLASTICS POLLUTION:
A GLOBAL TRAGEDY FOR OUR OCEANS AND SEA LIFE
Plastic never goes away. And it’s increasingly finding its way into our oceans and onto our beaches. In the Los Angeles area alone, 10 metric tons of plastic fragments — like grocery bags, straws and soda bottles — are carried into the Pacific Ocean every day.
Today billions of pounds of plastic can be found in swirling convergences making up about 40 percent of...

...BIGGER AND BETTER IN PLASTICS
Factory-assembled towers boast competitive advantages over those that are field-erected
Cooling towers – bastions of wood, fiberglass, steel or concrete – could someday go the way of galvanized pipe, aluminum cable and other equipment that has been materially altered by plastics. It's not that plastic cooling towers are new; on the contrary, they have been around for more than 30 years. Rather, it is the...

...4 January 2013
Plastics in Modern Society: Excess without Excuse
All around us is plastic, and it plays a major part in our society. Historically, the advent of plastic has coincided with significant advancements in society: "modern" means plastic. For example, it’s an essential component in computers, cars, planes, technology and medicine; they all rely heavily on plastic usage. Plastic is really...