Sample records for discussion pipeline development from the National Library of Energy Beta (NLEBeta)

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Pipelinesk > Development & Expansion Pipelinesk > Development & Expansion About U.S. Natural Gas Pipelines - Transporting Natural Gas based on data through 2007/2008 with selected updates Natural Gas PipelineDevelopment and Expansion Timing | Determining Market Interest | Expansion Options | Obtaining Approval | Prefiling Process | Approval | Construction | Commissioning Timing and Steps for a New Project An interstate natural gas pipeline construction or expansion project takes an average of about three years from the time it is first announced until the new pipe is placed in service. The project can take longer if it encounters major environmental obstacles or public opposition. A pipelinedevelopment or expansion project involves several steps: Determining demand/market interest

Clean Development Mechanism Pipeline Clean Development Mechanism Pipeline Jump to: navigation, search Tool Summary LAUNCH TOOL Name: Clean Development Mechanism Pipeline Agency/Company /Organization: UNEP-Risoe Centre, United Nations Environment Programme Sector: Energy, Land Topics: Finance, Implementation, Background analysis Resource Type: Dataset Website: www.cdmpipeline.org/overview.htm Clean Development Mechanism Pipeline Screenshot References: CDM Pipeline[1] Overview "The CDM/JI Pipeline Analysis and Database contains all CDM/JI projects that have been sent for validation/determination. It also contains the baseline & monitoring methodologies, a list of DOEs and several analyses. This monthly newsletter shows a sample of the analysis in the Pipeline. If you want more information, then look into the left column and click on the

To future production from southern republics of the former Soviet Union (FSU), construction and revitalization of pipelines are as important as the supply of capital. Export capacity will limit production and slow development activity in the region until new pipelines are in place. Plenty of pipeline proposals have come forward. The problem is politics, which for every proposal so far complicates routing or financing or both. Russia has made clear its intention to use pipeline route decisions to retain influence in the region. As a source of external pressure, it is not alone. Iran and Turkey also have made strong bids for the southern FSU`s oil and gas transport business. Diplomacy thus will say as much as commerce does about how transportation issues are settled and how quickly the southern republics move toward their potentials to produce oil and gas. The paper discusses possible routes and the problems with them, the most likely proposal, and future oil flows.

Pipeline morphing is a simple but effectivetechnique for reconfiguring pipelined FPGA designs at run time. By overlapping computation and reconfiguration, the latency associated with emptying and refilling a pipeline can be avoided. Weshowhow morphing can be applied to linear and mesh pipelines at both word-level and bit-level, and explain how this method can be implemented using Xilinx 6200 FPGAs. We also present an approach using morphing to map a large virtual pipeline onto a small physical pipeline, and the trade-offs involved are discussed.

The AEO2007 reference case projects that an Alaska natural gas pipeline will go into operation in 2018, based on EIAs current understanding of the projects time line and economics. There is continuing debate, however, about the physical configuration and the ownership of the pipeline. In addition, the issue of Alaskas oil and natural gas production taxes has been raised, in the context of a current market environment characterized by rising construction costs and falling natural gas prices. If rates of return on investment by producers are reduced to unacceptable levels, or if the project faces significant delays, other sources of natural gas, such as unconventional natural gas production and LNG imports, could fulfill the demand that otherwise would be served by an Alaska pipeline.

The program, entitled â??Development of Protective Coatings for Co-Sequestration Processes and Pipelinesâ?, examined the sensitivity of existing coating systems to supercritical carbon dioxide (SCCO2) exposure and developed new coating system to protect pipelines from their corrosion under SCCO2 exposure. A literature review was also conducted regarding pipeline corrosion sensors to monitor pipes used in handling co-sequestration fluids. Research was to ensure safety and reliability for a pipeline involving transport of SCCO2 from the power plant to the sequestration site to mitigate the greenhouse gas effect. Results showed that one commercial coating and one designed formulation can both be supplied as potential candidates for internal pipeline coating to transport SCCO2.

Additions in 2008 and Projects through 2011 - This report examines new natural gas pipeline capacity added to the U.S. natural gas pipeline system during 2008. In addition, it discusses and analyzes proposed natural gas pipeline projects that may be developed between 2009 and 2011, and the market factors supporting these initiatives.

Expansion of the U.S. Natural Gas Pipeline Network: Expansion of the U.S. Natural Gas Pipeline Network: Additions in 2008 and Projects through 2011 This report examines new natural gas pipeline capacity added to the U.S. natural gas pipeline system during 2008. In addition, it discusses and analyzes proposed natural gas pipeline projects that may be developed between 2009 and 2011, and the market factors supporting these initiatives. Questions or comments on this article should be directed to Damien Gaul at damien.gaul@eia.doe.gov or (202) 586-2073. Robust construction of natural gas infrastructure in 2008 resulted in the completion of 84 pipeline projects in the lower 48 States, adding close to 4,000 miles of natural gas pipeline. These completions of new natural gas pipelines and expansions of existing pipelines in the United States

A practical analytical model for predicting temperature development of incompressible flow inside an aboveground pipeline has been constructed and presented in this research work. The outer surface of the pipeline is exposed to solar radiation and wind stream. The radiation heat exchange with ambient is also taken into account. The effects of exterior surface paint color represented by emissivity and absorptivity, have been studied. The model has been developed to study crude oil flow temperature development through a specific pipeline. The results obtained by the model show that the bulk temperature inclined to a limiting value in some distance which affected mainly by Reynolds numbers. It is found that emissivity and absorptivity of surface are predominant parameters in temperature development in an aboveground pipeline flow which can increase or decrease pipe surface and fluid temperature especially for low Reynolds number flow. Based on the results which indicated significantly of exterior surface paint color, one should choose the paint color by considering its effects on temperature development. (author)

The deposit is built up in the pipeline of the steelworks by the chemical reaction among COG (coke oven gas), BFG (blast furnace gas), moisture, and steel in the high temperature environment and obstructs the smooth gas flow. In this study a gamma-ray system is developed to detect the deposit accumulated in pipelines and calculate the accumulation rate with respect to the cross section area of pipes. Cs-137 is used as the gamma-ray source and the system is designed to apply to pipes of various diameters. This system also includes the DB for storage and display of the measurement results so that it can be used for the efficient management of the pipelines.

Managing the integration of technology is a complex task in any industry, but especially so in the highly competitive automotive industry. Automakers seek to develop plans to integrate technology into their products such ...

Sample records for discussion pipeline development from the National Library of Energy Beta (NLEBeta)

Note: This page contains sample records for the topic "discussion pipeline development" from the National Library of EnergyBeta (NLEBeta).
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The Analog Pipeline Chip (APC) is a low noise, low power readout chip for silicon micro strip detectors with 128 channels containing an analog pipeline of 32 buffers depth. The chip has been designed for operation at HERA with a power dissipation of 300-400 muW per channel and has been used also in several other particle physics experiments. In this paper we describe the development of a radiation hard version of this chip that will be used in the H1 vertex detector for operation at the luminosity upgraded HERA machine. A 128 channel prototyping chip with several amplifier variations has been designed in the radiation hard DMILL technology and measured. The results of various parameter variations are presented in this paper. Based on this, the design choice for the final production version of the APC128-DMILL has been made.

We discuss the design of energy-efficient pipelines for asynchronous VLSI architectures. To maximize throughput in asynchronous pipelines it is often necessary to insert buffer stages, increasing the energy overhead. Instead of optimizing pipelines for minimum energy or maximum throughput, we consider a joint energy-time metric of the form ? ?,where?is the energy per operation and ? is the time per operation. We show that pipelines optimized for the ? ? energy-time metric may need fewer buffer stages and we give bounds when such stages can be removed. We present several common asynchronous pipeline structures and their energy-time optimized solutions. 1.

The phenomenon of wear is a major challenge in transportation through slurry pipeline system. A predictive software tool has been devised using Fuzzy Logic for predicting the erosive wear rate in slurry pipeline system. It is based on published experimental ... Keywords: Java, erosive wear, fuzzy logic, slurry pipeline system, software

This special report looks at the use of natural gas pipeline compressor stations on the interstate natural gas pipeline network that serves the lower 48 States. It examines the compression facilities added over the past 10 years and how the expansions have supported pipeline capacity growth intended to meet the increasing demand for natural gas.

The paper presents a scientific perspective on the global climate change issue and establishes a comprehensive framework for efficient response to the implications for natural resource conservation and economic development. It has benefitted from extensive comment and review within the international scientific community, as well as within the World Bank. It comprises an extensive summary and critique, from a development viewpoint, of the sometimes conflicting scientific literature and opinion on the greenhouse effect, the related theoretical and empirical evidence, and prospects for global climate change. Finally, it presents a set of conclusions which are worthy of serious consideration by everyone concerned with the enlightened stewardship of the global environment.

The SSC has recommended revising the purpose and need statement to explicitly emphasize that the FEP should consider aggregate, cumulative impacts on the Aleutian Islands ecosystem. One of the ways that a FEP might provide added value to the Council, in addition to the many ecosystem-based analyses that are already produced for each Council action, is to focus on the Aleutian Islands and look cumulatively at impacts from all fisheries and non-fishing impacts. The cumulative impact analysis in other documents, such as the Groundfish PSEIS, does look at cumulative fishing and external effects, but from the perspective of the groundfish fisheries rather than the Aleutian Islands ecosystem. A FEP for the AI would provide an opportunity for fishery management to coordinate actions across fisheries. A revision to the purpose statement to reflect such a change might take the form of the bolded text below: The Council recognizes that an explicit Ecosystem Approach to Fisheries (EAF) is a desirable process for future management of the marine fishery resources in the Alaskan EEZ and therefore is a concept that it wishes to pursue and further implement. A primary component of an EAF is the development of ecosystem-based fishery planning documents, and the Council intends to move forward with such development on a pilot basis. The Council recognizes that the Aleutian Islands ecosystem is a unique environment that supports

Additions to Capacity on the U.S. Natural Gas Pipeline Network: 2005 Additions to Capacity on the U.S. Natural Gas Pipeline Network: 2005 This report examines the amount of new natural gas pipeline capacity added to the U.S. natural gas pipeline system during 2005 and the areas of the country where those additions were concentrated. In addition, it discusses and analyzes proposed natural gas pipeline projects that may be developed between 2006 and 2008 and the market factors supporting these initiatives. Questions or comments on the contents of this article should be directed to James Tobin at james.tobin@eia.doe.gov or (202) 586-4835. The addition to natural gas pipeline capacity in 2005 exceeded that of 2004 (Figure 1) although fewer miles of pipeline were installed (Figure 2). Miles of new natural gas pipeline (1,152) were 21 percent less than in 2004, even

Work completed under this program advances the goal of demonstrating Western Research Institute's (WRI's) WRITE{trademark} process for upgrading heavy oil at field scale. MEG Energy Corporation (MEG) located in Calgary, Alberta, Canada supported efforts at WRI to develop the WRITE{trademark} process as an oil sands, field-upgrading technology through this Task 51 Jointly Sponsored Research project. The project consisted of 6 tasks: (1) optimization of the distillate recovery unit (DRU), (2) demonstration and design of a continuous coker, (3) conceptual design and cost estimate for a commercial facility, (4) design of a WRITE{trademark} pilot plant, (5) hydrotreating studies, and (6) establish a petroleum analysis laboratory. WRITE{trademark} is a heavy oil and bitumen upgrading process that produces residuum-free, pipeline ready oil from heavy material with undiluted density and viscosity that exceed prevailing pipeline specifications. WRITE{trademark} uses two processing stages to achieve low and high temperature conversion of heavy oil or bitumen. The first stage DRU operates at mild thermal cracking conditions, yielding a light overhead product and a heavy residuum or bottoms material. These bottoms flow to the second stage continuous coker that operates at severe pyrolysis conditions, yielding light pyrolyzate and coke. The combined pyrolyzate and mildly cracked overhead streams form WRITE{trademark}'s synthetic crude oil (SCO) production. The main objectives of this project were to (1) complete testing and analysis at bench scale with the DRU and continuous coker reactors and provide results to MEG for process evaluation and scale-up determinations and (2) complete a technical and economic assessment of WRITE{trademark} technology to determine its viability. The DRU test program was completed and a processing envelope developed. These results were used for process assessment and for scaleup. Tests in the continuous coker were intended to determine the throughput capability of the coker so a scaled design could be developed that maximized feed rate for a given size of reactor. These tests were only partially successful because of equipment problems. A redesigned coker, which addressed the problems, has been build but not operated. A preliminary economic analysis conducted by MEG and an their engineering consultant concluded that the WRITE{trademark} process is a technically feasible method for upgrading bitumen and that it produces SCO that meets pipeline specifications for density. When compared to delayed coking, the industry benchmark for thermal upgrading of bitumen, WRITE{trademark} produced more SCO, less coke, less CO{sub 2} per barrel of bitumen fed, and had lower capital and operating costs. On the other hand, WRITE{trademark}'s lower processing severity yielded crude with higher density and a different product distribution for naphtha, light gas oil and vacuum oil that, taken together, might reduce the value of the SCO. These issues plus the completion of more detailed process evaluation and economics need to be resolved before WRITE{trademark} is deployed as a field-scale pilot.

Over the past three decades, seismic fragility fonnulations for buried pipeline systems have been developed following two tendencies: the use of earthquake damage scenarios from several pipeline systems to create general pipeline fragility functions; and, the use of damage scenarios from one pipeline system to create specific-system fragility functions. In this paper, the advantages and disadvantages of both tendencies are analyzed and discussed; in addition, a summary of what can be considered the new challenges for developing better pipeline seismic fragility formulations is discussed. The most important conclusion of this paper states that more efforts are needed to improve the estimation of transient ground strain -the main cause of pipeline damage due to seismic wave propagation; with relevant advances in that research field, new and better fragility formulations could be developed.

The MMS prepared this environmental impact statement (EIS) on Chevron`s plan to drill 20 new wells within the Destin Dome (DD) 56 Unit, to produce up to 450 trillion cubic feet of natural gas per day, and to transport the gas through pipelines to processing plants in Alabama. Volume 1---Section 1 states the reasons for the proposed development of the DD 56 Unit and describes the plan and pipeline in detail. Section 2 describes the proposal, the alternatives, and the mitigation measures. Section 3 describes the physical, biological, and social resources within the DD 56 Unit and in areas from Pascadoula, Mississippi, to Cape San Blas, Florida, that might be affected if Chevron is allowed to go ahead with the plan. This descriptive background information gives the status of these reasons as they are now. Section 4 analyzes the environmental effects that could be anticipated from Chevron`s plan, and a separate analysis of possible and expected effects is done for the resources described in Section 3. Section 5 discusses how the Draft EIS was developed and distributed. Section 6 lists the references cited in the main text. Section 7 lists the people who wrote and worked on the EIS. Section 8 is a glossary of terms used. Section 9 (Appendices) contains technical information, including descriptions of the geology and physical oceanography of the DD 56 Unit.

7 Hydrogen Pipeline Working Group Workshop 7 Hydrogen Pipeline Working Group Workshop The Department of Energy (DOE) Hydrogen Pipeline Working Group met Sept. 25-26, 2007, to review the progress and results of DOE-sponsored pipeline research and development (R&D) projects. More than 30 researchers and industry representatives shared their research results and discussed the current challenges and future goals for hydrogen pipeline R&D. One of the Pipeline Working Group's near-term goals involves developing standardized test methods and procedures and a round-robin testing plan to ensure consistent results. The workshop featured a review of the draft plan, presentations about the DOE-funded pipeline research projects, and facilitated discussion sessions. The DOE Fuel Cell Technologies Office sponsored the workshop. It was held at the Center for Hydrogen Research in conjunction with the Materials and Components for Hydrogen Infrastructure Codes and Standards Workshop, a joint venture between the American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME) and Savannah River National Laboratory.

This information product provides the interested reader with a broad and non-technical overview of how the U.S. natural gas pipeline network operates, along with some insights into the many individual pipeline systems that make up the network. While the focus of the presentation is the transportation of natural gas over the interstate and intrastate pipeline systems, information on subjects related to pipelinedevelopment, such as system design and pipeline expansion, are also included.

The use of hydrogen in the energy sector of the United States is projected to increase significantly in the future. Current uses are predominantly in the petroleum refining sector, with hydrogen also being used in the manufacture of chemicals and other specialized products. Growth in hydrogen consumption is likely to appear in the refining sector, where greater quantities of hydrogen will be required as the quality of the raw crude decreases, and in the mining and processing of tar sands and other energy resources that are not currently used at a significant level. Furthermore, the use of hydrogen as a transportation fuel has been proposed both by automobile manufacturers and the federal government. Assuming that the use of hydrogen will significantly increase in the future, there would be a corresponding need to transport this material. A variety of production technologies are available for making hydrogen, and there are equally varied raw materials. Potential raw materials include natural gas, coal, nuclear fuel, and renewables such as solar, wind, or wave energy. As these raw materials are not uniformly distributed throughout the United States, it would be necessary to transport either the raw materials or the hydrogen long distances to the appropriate markets. While hydrogen may be transported in a number of possible forms, pipelines currently appear to be the most economical means of moving it in large quantities over great distances. One means of controlling hydrogen pipeline costs is to use common rights-of-way (ROWs) whenever feasible. For that reason, information on hydrogen pipelines is the focus of this document. Many of the features of hydrogen pipelines are similar to those of natural gas pipelines. Furthermore, as hydrogen pipeline networks expand, many of the same construction and operating features of natural gas networks would be replicated. As a result, the description of hydrogen pipelines will be very similar to that of natural gas pipelines. The following discussion will focus on the similarities and differences between the two pipeline networks. Hydrogen production is currently concentrated in refining centers along the Gulf Coast and in the Farm Belt. These locations have ready access to natural gas, which is used in the steam methane reduction process to make bulk hydrogen in this country. Production centers could possibly change to lie along coastlines, rivers, lakes, or rail lines, should nuclear power or coal become a significant energy source for hydrogen production processes. Should electrolysis become a dominant process for hydrogen production, water availability would be an additional factor in the location of production facilities. Once produced, hydrogen must be transported to markets. A key obstacle to making hydrogen fuel widely available is the scale of expansion needed to serve additional markets. Developing a hydrogen transmission and distribution infrastructure would be one of the challenges to be faced if the United States is to move toward a hydrogen economy. Initial uses of hydrogen are likely to involve a variety of transmission and distribution methods. Smaller users would probably use truck transport, with the hydrogen being in either the liquid or gaseous form. Larger users, however, would likely consider using pipelines. This option would require specially constructed pipelines and the associated infrastructure. Pipeline transmission of hydrogen dates back to late 1930s. These pipelines have generally operated at less than 1,000 pounds per square inch (psi), with a good safety record. Estimates of the existing hydrogen transmission system in the United States range from about 450 to 800 miles. Estimates for Europe range from about 700 to 1,100 miles (Mohipour et al. 2004; Amos 1998). These seemingly large ranges result from using differing criteria in determining pipeline distances. For example, some analysts consider only pipelines above a certain diameter as transmission lines. Others count only those pipelines that transport hydrogen from a producer to a customer (e.g., t

Past pipeline failure reports have typically focused on corrosion and third party related events. However, natural disasters pose a substantial risk to pipeline integrity as well. Therefore, it was the objective of this thesis to analyze the risks and consequences of pipelines being seriously affected by natural disasters and propose potential measures to prevent leaks or spills and to mitigate the consequences of leaks and spills resulting from natural disasters. A risk assessment method has been developed for ranking the risks associated with pipelines in natural disaster areas and prevention and mitigation concepts have been recommended and discussed for reducing the risks.

Sample records for discussion pipeline development from the National Library of Energy Beta (NLEBeta)

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A survey of coal slurry pipeline projects, discussed at the 4th Annual International Slurry Transportation Conference showed that Energy Transportation Systems Inc. has effectively solved the right-of-way problem for its 1400 mi line from Wyoming's Powder River Basin and expects to have an environmental impact statement completed within 30 mo and have the pipeline in operation by 1983. San Marco Pipeline Co., is developing a source of water from wells drilled near Alamosa, Colo., for use in a proposed line from Walsenburg, Colo., to Houston. The Alton pipeline from the Alton coal field in southern Utah to power stations in southern Nevada is delayed by right-of-way needs through federal land and by changing environmental requirements. Florida Gas Co., is working on alternative projects to bring coal to Florida by pipeline. Northwest Energy Co.'s proposed slurry line from Gillette, Wyo., to Boise, Idaho, and Boardman, Oreg., is in a holding position. Texas Eastern Transmission Co. hopes to have a 1300 mi 38 in. line in operation in 1985 from Wyoming's Powder River Basin to the Houston area.

Deliverability on the Interstate Natural Gas Pipeline System examines the capability of the national pipeline grid to transport natural gas to various US markets. The report quantifies the capacity levels and utilization rates of major interstate pipeline companies in 1996 and the changes since 1990, as well as changes in markets and end-use consumption patterns. It also discusses the effects of proposed capacity expansions on capacity levels. The report consists of five chapters, several appendices, and a glossary. Chapter 1 discusses some of the operational and regulatory features of the US interstate pipeline system and how they affect overall system design, system utilization, and capacity expansions. Chapter 2 looks at how the exploration, development, and production of natural gas within North America is linked to the national pipeline grid. Chapter 3 examines the capability of the interstate natural gas pipeline network to link production areas to market areas, on the basis of capacity and usage levels along 10 corridors. The chapter also examines capacity expansions that have occurred since 1990 along each corridor and the potential impact of proposed new capacity. Chapter 4 discusses the last step in the transportation chain, that is, deliverability to the ultimate end user. Flow patterns into and out of each market region are discussed, as well as the movement of natural gas between States in each region. Chapter 5 examines how shippers reserve interstate pipeline capacity in the current transportation marketplace and how pipeline companies are handling the secondary market for short-term unused capacity. Four appendices provide supporting data and additional detail on the methodology used to estimate capacity. 32 figs., 15 tabs.

The SINFONI data reduction pipeline, as part of the ESO-VLT Data Flow System, provides recipes for Paranal Science Operations, and for Data Flow Operations at Garching headquarters. At Paranal, it is used for the quick-look data evaluation. For Data Flow Operations, it fulfills several functions: creating master calibrations; monitoring instrument health and data quality; and reducing science data for delivery to service mode users. The pipeline is available to the science community for reprocessing data with personalised reduction strategies and parameters. The pipeline recipes can be executed either with EsoRex at the command line level or through the Gasgano graphical user interface. The recipes are implemented with the ESO Common Pipeline Library (CPL). SINFONI is the Spectrograph for INtegral Field Observations in the Near Infrared (1.1-2.45 um) at the ESO-VLT. SINFONI was developed and build by ESO and MPE in collaboration with NOVA. It consists of the SPIFFI integral field spectrograph and an adaptive optics module which allows diffraction limited and seeing limited observations. The image slicer of SPIFFI chops the SINFONI field of view on the sky in 32 slices which are re-arranged to a pseudo slit. The latter is dispersed by one of the four possible gratings (J, H, K, H+K). The detector thus sees a spatial dimension (along the pseudo-slit) and a spectral dimension. We describe in this paper the main data reduction procedures of the SINFONI pipeline, which is based on SPRED - the SPIFFI data reduction software developed by MPE, and the most recent developments after more than a year of SINFONI operations.

This report describes prototypes, measurements, and results for a project to develop a prototype pipeline in-line inspection (ILI) tool that uses electromagnetic acoustic transducers (EMATs) to detect and grade stress corrosion cracking (SCC). The introduction briefly provides motivation and describes SCC, gives some background on EMATs and guided ultrasonic waves, and reviews promising results of a previous project using EMATs for SCC. The experimental section then describes lab measurement techniques and equipment, the lab mouse and prototypes for a mule, and scan measurements made on SCC. The mouse was a moveable and compact EMAT setup. The prototypes were even more compact circuits intended to be pulled or used in an ILI tool. The purpose of the measurements was to determine the best modes, transduction, and processing to use, to characterize the transducers, and to prove EMATs and mule components could produce useful results. Next, the results section summarizes the measurements and describes the mouse scans, processing, prototype circuit operating parameters, and performance for SH0 scans. Results are given in terms of specifications--like SNR, power, insertion loss--and parametric curves--such as signal amplitude versus magnetic bias or standoff, reflection or transmission coefficients versus crack depth. Initially, lab results indicated magnetostrictive transducers using both SH0 and SV1 modes would be worthwhile to pursue in a practical ILI system. However, work with mule components showed that SV1 would be too dispersive, so SV1 was abandoned. The results showed that reflection measurements, when normalized by the direct arrival are sensitive to and correlated with SCC. This was not true for transmission measurements. Processing yields a high data reduction, almost 60 to 1, and permits A and C scan display techniques and software already in use for pipeline inspection. An analysis of actual SH0 scan results for SCC of known dimensions showed that length and depth could be determined for deep enough cracks. Defect shadow and short length effects were apparent but may be taken into account. The SH0 scan was done with the mule prototype circuits and permanent magnet EMATs. These gave good enough results that this hardware and the processing techniques are very encouraging for use in a practical ILI tool.

This report describes progress, experiments, and results for a project to develop a pipeline inline inspection tool that uses electromagnetic acoustic transducers (EMATs) to detect and grade stress corrosion cracking (SCC). There is a brief introduction that gives background material about EMATs and relevant previous Tuboscope work toward a tool. This work left various choices about the modes and transducers for this project. The experimental section then describes the lab systems, improvements to these systems, and setups and techniques to narrow the choices. Improvements, which involved transducer matching networks, better magnetic biasing, and lower noise electronics, led to improved signal to noise (SNR) levels. The setups permitted transducer characterizations and interaction measurements in plates with man-made cracks, pipeline sections with SCC, and a full pipe with SCC. The latter were done with a moveable and compact EMAT setup, called a lab mouse, which is detailed. Next, the results section justifies the mode and transducer choices. These were for magnetostrictive EMATs and the use of EMAT launched modes: SH0 (at 2.1 MHz-mm) and SV1 (at 3.9 MHz-mm). This section then gives details of measurements on these modes. The measurements consisted of signal to noise ratio, insertion loss, magnetic biasing sensitivities crack reflection and transmission coefficients, beam width, standoff and tilt sensitivities. For most of the measurements the section presents analysis curves, such as reflection coefficient versus crack depth. Some notable results for the chosen modes are: that acceptable SNRs were generated in a pipe with magnetostrictive EMATs, that optimum bias for magnetostrictive transmitters and receivers is magnetic saturation, that crack reflection and transmission coefficients from crack interactions agree with 2 D simulations and seem workable for crack grading, and that the mouse has good waveform quality and so is ready for exhaustive measurement EMAT scans of SCC interactions. This section also reviews further coil optimization and implementation requirements. These involve transmitter and receiver power, acquisition parameters, and magnetic configuration. At this time all these seem reasonable for an ILI tool.

A fully autonomous data reduction pipeline has been developed for FRODOSpec, an optical fibre-fed integral field spectrograph currently in use at the Liverpool Telescope. This paper details the process required for the reduction of data taken using an integral field spectrograph and presents an overview of the computational methods implemented to create the pipeline. Analysis of errors and possible future enhancements are also discussed.

Fundamental astronomical questions on the composition of the universe, the abundance of Earth-like planets, and the cause of the brightest explosions in the universe are being attacked by robotic telescopes costing billions of dollars and returning vast pipelines of data. The success of these programs depends on the accuracy of automated real time processing of the astronomical images. In this paper the needs of modern astronomical pipelines are discussed in the light of fuzzy-logic based decision-making. Several specific fuzzy-logic algorithms have been develop for the first time for astronomical purposes, and tested with excellent results on data from the existing Night Sky Live sky survey.

We present the data reduction pipeline for the Hi-GAL survey. Hi-GAL is a key project of the Herschel satellite which is mapping the inner part of the Galactic plane (|l| pipeline relies only partially on the Herschel Interactive Standard Environment (HIPE) and features several newly developed routines to perform data reduction, including accurate data culling, noise estimation and minimum variance map-making, the latter performed with the ROMAGAL algorithm, a deep modification of the ROMA code already tested on cosmological surveys. We discuss in depth the properties of the Hi-GAL Science Demonstration Phase (SDP) data.

The VIMOS VLT Deep Survey (VVDS), designed to measure 150,000 galaxy redshifts, requires a dedicated data reduction and analysis pipeline to process in a timely fashion the large amount of spectroscopic data being produced. This requirement has lead to the development of the VIMOS Interactive Pipeline and Graphical Interface (VIPGI), a new software package designed to simplify to a very high degree the task of reducing astronomical data obtained with VIMOS, the imaging spectrograph built by the VIRMOS Consortium for the European Southern Observatory, and mounted on Unit 3 (Melipal) of the Very Large Telescope (VLT) at Paranal Observatory (Chile). VIPGI provides the astronomer with specially designed VIMOS data reduction functions, a VIMOS-centric data organizer, and dedicated data browsing and plotting tools, that can be used to verify the quality and accuracy of the various stages of the data reduction process. The quality and accuracy of the data reduction pipeline are comparable to those obtained using well known IRAF tasks, but the speed of the data reduction process is significantly increased, thanks to the large set of dedicated features. In this paper we discuss the details of the MOS data reduction pipeline implemented in VIPGI, as applied to the reduction of some 20,000 VVDS spectra, assessing quantitatively the accuracy of the various reduction steps. We also provide a more general overview of VIPGI capabilities, a tool that can be used for the reduction of any kind of VIMOS data.

Sample records for discussion pipeline development from the National Library of Energy Beta (NLEBeta)

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The United States relies on natural gas for one-quarter of its energy needs. In 2001 alone, the nation consumed 21.5 trillion cubic feet of natural gas. A large portion of natural gas pipeline capacity within the United States is directed from major production areas in Texas and Louisiana, Wyoming, and other states to markets in the western, eastern, and midwestern regions of the country. In the past 10 years, increasing levels of gas from Canada have also been brought into these markets (EIA 2007). The United States has several major natural gas production basins and an extensive natural gas pipeline network, with almost 95% of U.S. natural gas imports coming from Canada. At present, the gas pipeline infrastructure is more developed between Canada and the United States than between Mexico and the United States. Gas flows from Canada to the United States through several major pipelines feeding U.S. markets in the Midwest, Northeast, Pacific Northwest, and California. Some key examples are the Alliance Pipeline, the Northern Border Pipeline, the Maritimes & Northeast Pipeline, the TransCanada Pipeline System, and Westcoast Energy pipelines. Major connections join Texas and northeastern Mexico, with additional connections to Arizona and between California and Baja California, Mexico (INGAA 2007). Of the natural gas consumed in the United States, 85% is produced domestically. Figure 1.1-1 shows the complex North American natural gas network. The pipeline transmission system--the 'interstate highway' for natural gas--consists of 180,000 miles of high-strength steel pipe varying in diameter, normally between 30 and 36 inches in diameter. The primary function of the transmission pipeline company is to move huge amounts of natural gas thousands of miles from producing regions to local natural gas utility delivery points. These delivery points, called 'city gate stations', are usually owned by distribution companies, although some are owned by transmission companies. Compressor stations at required distances boost the pressure that is lost through friction as the gas moves through the steel pipes (EPA 2000). The natural gas system is generally described in terms of production, processing and purification, transmission and storage, and distribution (NaturalGas.org 2004b). Figure 1.1-2 shows a schematic of the system through transmission. This report focuses on the transmission pipeline, compressor stations, and city gates.

As part of an on-going effort to simplify the data analysis path for VLBI experiments, a pipeline procedure has been developed at JIVE to carry out much of the data reduction required for EVN experiments in an automated fashion. This pipeline procedure runs entirely within AIPS, the standard data reduction package used in astronomical VLBI, and is used to provide preliminary calibration of EVN experiments correlated at the EVN MkIV data processor. As well as simplifying the analysis for EVN users, the pipeline reduces the delay in providing information on the data quality to participating telescopes, hence improving the overall performance of the array. A description of this pipeline is presented here.

This report presents the results of an investigation into two methods of using the natural gas pipeline as a communication medium. The work addressed the need to develop secure system monitoring and control techniques between the field and control centers and to robotic devices in the pipeline. In the first method, the pipeline was treated as a microwave waveguide. In the second method, the pipe was treated as a leaky feeder or a multi-ground neutral and the signal was directly injected onto the metal pipe. These methods were tested on existing pipeline loops at UMR and Batelle. The results reported in this report indicate the feasibility of both methods. In addition, a few suitable communication link protocols for this network were analyzed.

This article is a progress and development update of new prospects for the utilization of geothermal energy. The city of San Bernadino, California uses high-quality geothermal fluids for laundry processes without the need for water softening or heating. Four geothermal prospects in Oregon including exploration work by Amadarko, CE Exploration Company, Trans-Pacific Geothermal Corporation, and Vulcan Power Company are also reviewed.

www.ifpri.org IFPRI Division Discussion Papers contain preliminary material and research results. They have not been subject to formal external reviews managed by IFPRIs Publications Review Committee, but have been reviewed by at least one internal or external researcher. They are circulated in order to stimulate discussion and critical comment.

This paper describes NGfast, the new simulation and impact-analysis tool developed by Argonne National Laboratory for rapid, first-stage assessments of impacts of major pipeline breaks. The methodology, calculation logic, and main assumptions are discussed. ...

This report summarizes technical progress achieved during the cooperative agreement between Concurrent Technologies Corporation (CTC) and U.S. Department of Energy to address the need for a for low-cost monitoring and inspection sensor system as identified in the Department of Energy (DOE) National Gas Infrastructure Research & Development (R&D) Delivery Reliability Program Roadmap.. The Instrumented Pipeline Initiative (IPI) achieved the objective by researching technologies for the monitoring of pipeline delivery integrity, through a ubiquitous network of sensors and controllers to detect and diagnose incipient defects, leaks, and failures. This report is organized by tasks as detailed in the Statement of Project Objectives (SOPO). The sections all state the objective and approach before detailing results of work.

A study was made of the following aspects of the High Temperature Gas Reactor (HTGR) Closed Loop Chemical Energy Pipeline (CEP) concept: pipeline transmission and storage system design, pipeline and storage system cost, methane reformer interface, and system safety and environmental aspects. This paper focuses on the pipeline and storage system concepts. Pipeline size, compressor power, and storage facility requirements were developed for four different types of pipeline systems to obtain system cost estimates. Each pipeline system includes a synthesis-gas pipeline from the reformer to the methanator, a methane-rich gas pipeline from the methanator to the reformer, a water return line from the methanator to the reformer, and storage for the synthesis gas, methane-rich gas and water.

Under contract to the General Electric Co. as a part of a DOE-sponsored program, the Energy Systems Analysis Group at the Institute of Gas Technology examined the following aspects of the high temperature gas reactor closed loop chemical energy pipeline concept: (1) pipeline transmission and storage system design; (2) pipeline and storage system cost; (3) methane reformer interface; and (4) system safety and environmental aspects. This work focuses on the pipeline and storage system concepts, pipeline size, compressor power, and storage facility requirements were developed for 4 different types of pipeline systems to obtain system cost estimates. Each pipeline system includes a synthesis-gas pipeline from the reformer to the methanator, a methane-rich gas pipeline from the methanator to the reformer, a water return line from the methanator to the reformer, and storage for the synthesis gas, methane-rich gas and water.

The INEEL has developed and successfully tested a real-time pipeline damage detection and location system. This system uses porous metal resistive traces applied to the pipe to detect and locate damage. The porous metal resistive traces are sprayed along the length of a pipeline. The unique nature and arrangement of the traces allows locating the damage in real time along miles of pipe. This system allows pipeline operators to detect damage when and where it is occurring, and the decision to shut down a transmission pipeline can be made with actual real-time data, instead of conservative estimates from visual inspection above the area.

The Data Processing Pipeline ('Pipeline') has been developed for the Gamma-Ray Large Area Space Telescope (GLAST) which launched June 11, 2008. It generically processes graphs of dependent tasks, maintaining a full record of its state, history and data products. The Pipeline is used to automatically process the data down-linked from the satellite and to deliver science products to the GLAST collaboration and the Science Support Center and has been in continuous use since launch with great success. The pipeline handles up to 2000 concurrent jobs and in reconstructing science data produces approximately 750GB of data products using 1/2 CPU-year of processing time per day.

The US Department of Transportation (DOT) Pipeline Safety: Qualification of Pipeline Personnel Rule, commonly termed the Operator Qualification (OQ) Rule, became law on October 26, 1999. The rule requires operators to develop a qualification program for pipeline personnel. Personnel must demonstrate proficiency and be able to react to abnormal operating conditions. the intent is to reduce pipeline incidents caused by human error by ensuring that pipeline personnel are qualified. This paper describes different perspectives on the need for the rule, constraints to its implementation, and options and resources available to pipeline operators.

Scientists commonly describe their data processing systems metaphorically as software pipelines. These pipelines input one or more data sources and apply a sequence of processing steps to transform the data and create useful results. While conceptually simple, pipelines often adopt complex topologies and must meet stringent quality of service requirements that place stress on the software infrastructure used to construct the pipeline. In this paper we describe the MeDICi Integration Framework, which is a component-based framework for constructing complex software pipelines. The framework supports composing pipelines from distributed heterogeneous software components and provides mechanisms for controlling qualities of service to meet demanding performance, reliability and communication requirements.

This presentation provides analytical results of ongoing research at the Natural Gas Division, Office of Oil and Gas, on the role of natural gas pipelines in the marketplace. The presentation also includes the latest market developments for pipeline expansion and new construction.

In the context that Chinese energy shortage is beginning to emerge and China is constructing an economical society, much attention is paid to building energy consumption by the Chinese government and common people. Therefore, Building Energy Efficiency (BEE) is becoming one of the most fashionable terms in China in recent years. Although some specifications, standards and technologies have been developed, some problems worthy of note in BEE have appeared. Through introducing the current status of BEE in China, some serious problems existing in the development of Chinese BEE are pointed out in this paper. In this way, the author wishes Chinese leaders, researchers and designers in this field could think earnestly about the above problems in BEE. At the same time, the authors give some advice and reference solutions for the problems in the paper, and it is hoped that they are thoughtfully considered.

. OPUS is the platform on which the telemetry pipeline at the Hubble Space Telescope Science Institute is running currently. OPUS was developed both to repair the mistakes of the past, and to build a system which could meet the challenges of the future. The production pipeline inherited at the Space Telescope Science Institute was designed a decade earlier, and made assumptions about the environment which were unsustainable. While OPUS was developed in an environment that required a great deal of attention to throughput, speed, e#ciency, flexibility, robustness and extensibility, it is not just a "big science" machine. The OPUS platform, our baseline product, is a small compact system designed to solve a specific problem in a robust way. The OPUS platform handles communication with the OPUS blackboard; individual processes within this pipeline need have no knowledge of OPUS, of the blackboard, or of the pipeline itself. The OPUS API is an intermediate pipeline product. In addition to t...

The two broad categories of fiber-reinforced composite liner repair and deposited weld metal repair technologies were reviewed and evaluated for potential application for internal repair of gas transmission pipelines. Both are used to some extent for other applications and could be further developed for internal, local, structural repair of gas transmission pipelines. Principal conclusions from a survey of natural gas transmission industry pipeline operators can be summarized in terms of the following performance requirements for internal repair: (1) Use of internal repair is most attractive for river crossings, under other bodies of water, in difficult soil conditions, under highways, under congested intersections, and under railway crossings. (2) Internal pipe repair offers a strong potential advantage to the high cost of horizontal direct drilling when a new bore must be created to solve a leak or other problem. (3) Typical travel distances can be divided into three distinct groups: up to 305 m (1,000 ft.); between 305 m and 610 m (1,000 ft. and 2,000 ft.); and beyond 914 m (3,000 ft.). All three groups require pig-based systems. A despooled umbilical system would suffice for the first two groups which represents 81% of survey respondents. The third group would require an onboard self-contained power unit for propulsion and welding/liner repair energy needs. (4) The most common size range for 80% to 90% of operators surveyed is 508 mm (20 in.) to 762 mm (30 in.), with 95% using 558.8 mm (22 in.) pipe. Evaluation trials were conducted on pipe sections with simulated corrosion damage repaired with glass fiber-reinforced composite liners, carbon fiber-reinforced composite liners, and weld deposition. Additional un-repaired pipe sections were evaluated in the virgin condition and with simulated damage. Hydrostatic failure pressures for pipe sections repaired with glass fiber-reinforced composite liner were only marginally greater than that of pipe sections without liners, indicating that this type of liner is only marginally effective at restoring the pressure containing capabilities of pipelines. Failure pressures for larger diameter pipe repaired with a semi-circular patch of carbon fiber-reinforced composite lines were also marginally greater than that of a pipe section with un-repaired simulated damage without a liner. These results indicate that fiber reinforced composite liners have the potential to increase the burst pressure of pipe sections with external damage Carbon fiber based liners are viewed as more promising than glass fiber based liners because of the potential for more closely matching the mechanical properties of steel. Pipe repaired with weld deposition failed at pressures lower than that of un-repaired pipe in both the virgin and damaged conditions, indicating that this repair technology is less effective at restoring the pressure containing capability of pipe than a carbon fiber-reinforced liner repair. Physical testing indicates that carbon fiber-reinforced liner repair is the most promising technology evaluated to-date. In lieu of a field installation on an abandoned pipeline, a preliminary nondestructive testing protocol is being developed to determine the success or failure of the fiber-reinforced liner pipeline repairs. Optimization and validation activities for carbon-fiber repair methods are ongoing.

Sample records for discussion pipeline development from the National Library of Energy Beta (NLEBeta)

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Motivation Motivation * What priorities should be given for instrument development, procurement or testing (wind tunnel or flights) given money is likely to be available for a 1-year period? * Can we reach consensus on what are most pressing in-situ cloud/aerosol instrument priorities? How to Summarize Workshop * Develop recommendations on both short- term & long-term priorities for aircraft instrumentation - ARM-centric? Probably should keep our discussions broad due to hope for inter- agency coordination, but focus on applications to human-induced climate change Recommendations * Things to consider - Calibration facilities, standards or manuals - How to reduce & better define error bars - Comparison of data processing methods - Closure studies, when/where techniques work

The intelligent pig based on the magnetic flux leakage (MFL) is frequently used for inline inspection of gas and liquid transportation pipelines. The tool is capable of reliably detecting and characterizing several commonly occurring pipeline defects including metal loss due to corrosion and gouges, dents, and buckles, which tend to threaten the structural integrity of the pipeline. The defect detection and characterization capabilities of the tool are directly dependent upon the type of critical hardware components and systems selected for the tool assembly. This article discusses the key components of an advanced or high resolution MFL tool.

The World Bank is expected to play a key role in a proposed $3 billion development of oil fields in Chad and an export pipeline through Cameroon to the Atlantic Ocean. The project, which has been at least 4 years in the making, could see a breakthrough later this year. Esso Exploration and production Chad Inc. is operator for the consortium proposing the project. It holds a 40% interest, Ste. Shell Tchadienne de Recherches et d`Exploitation has 40%, and Elf Hydrocarbures Tchad has a 20% share it purchased from Chevron Corp. in 1993 (OGJ, February 1, 1993, p 25). The governments of Chad and Cameroon, which had approved a framework agreement for the pipeline in 1995, now are studying an assessment of the pipeline`s environmental impact. If they approve the plans, they are expected to apply to the World Bank for financing. The paper describes the Chad fields, the export pipeline, background information, and the Banks role.

Transient radio phenomena and pulsars are one of six LOFAR Key Science Projects (KSPs). As part of the Transients KSP, the Pulsar Working Group (PWG) has been developing the LOFAR Pulsar Data Pipelines to both study known pulsars as well as search for new ones. The pipelines are being developed for the Blue Gene/P (BG/P) supercomputer and a large Linux cluster in order to utilize enormous amounts of computational capabilities (50Tflops) to process data streams of up to 23TB/hour. The LOFAR pipeline output will be using the Hierarchical Data Format 5 (HDF5) to efficiently store large amounts of numerical data, and to manage complex data encompassing a variety of data types, across distributed storage and processing architectures. We present the LOFAR Known Pulsar Data Pipeline overview, the pulsar beam-formed data format, the status of the pipeline processing as well as our future plans for developing the LOFAR Pulsar Search Pipeline. These LOFAR pipelines and software tools are being developed as the next gen...

Pipelining is a well understood and often used implementation technique for increasing the performance of a hardware system. We develop several SystemC/C++ modeling techniques that allow us to quickly model, simulate, and evaluate pipelines. We employ a small domain specific language (DSL) based on resource usage patterns that automates the drudgery of boilerplate code needed to configure connectivity in simulation models. The DSL is embedded directly in the host modeling language SystemC/C++. Additionally we develop several techniques for parameterizing a pipeline's behavior based on policies of function, communication, and timing (performance modeling).

The NOAO NEWFIRM Pipeline produces instrumentally calibrated data products and data quality measurements from all exposures taken with the NOAO Extremely Wide-Field Infrared Imager (NEWFIRM) at the KPNO Mayall 4-meter telescope. We describe the distributed nature of the NEWFIRM Pipeline, the calibration data that are applied, the data quality metadata that are derived, and the data products that are delivered by the NEWFIRM Pipeline.

A unique pipeline end module (PLEM) functioning as an intermediate underwater tie-in point is planned for use in the Gulf of Thailand to permit new connections without disruption of flow. In March 1983, the Petroleum Authority of Thailand (PTT) contracted with PLT Engineering Inc. to do the preliminary design for a 43-km, 24-in. gas pipeline from Union Oil's newly developed Platong field in the Gulf of Thailand. The assigned task was to tie the new pipeline into an existing 34-in. trunkline that carries gas from Erawan field to shore at Sattahip, Thailand.

Sample records for discussion pipeline development from the National Library of Energy Beta (NLEBeta)

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Intrastate Natural Gas Pipeline Segment Intrastate Natural Gas Pipeline Segment About U.S. Natural Gas Pipelines - Transporting Natural Gas based on data through 2007/2008 with selected updates Intrastate Natural Gas Pipeline Segment Overview Intrastate natural gas pipelines operate within State borders and link natural gas producers to local markets and to the interstate pipeline network. Approximately 29 percent of the total miles of natural gas pipeline in the U.S. are intrastate pipelines. Although an intrastate pipeline system is defined as one that operates totally within a State, an intrastate pipeline company may have operations in more than one State. As long as these operations are separate, that is, they do not physically interconnect, they are considered intrastate, and are not jurisdictional to the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC). More than 90 intrastate natural gas pipelines operate in the lower-48 States.

Operating frequency of a pipelined circuit is determined by the delay of the slowest pipeline stage. However, under statistical delay variation in sub-100nm technology regime, the slowest stage is not readily identifiable and the estimation of the pipeline yield with respect to a target delay is a challenging problem. We have proposed analytical models to estimate yield for a pipelined design based on delay distributions of individual pipe stages. Using the proposed models, we have shown that change in logic depth and imbalance between the stage delays can improve the yield of a pipeline. A statistical methodology has been developed to optimally design a pipeline circuit for enhancing yield. Optimization results show that, proper imbalance among the stage delays in a pipeline improves design yield by 9% for the same area and performance (and area reduction by about 8.4% under a yield constraint) over a balanced design.

A mooring riser and flow lines along with a 67-km, 8-in., gas-export pipelines have been installed offshore Australia for BHP Petroleum's Griffin field development. The 66-km gas line will carry Griffin field gas to an onshore gas-processing plant. Completing the projects ahead of schedule was Clough Stena Joint Venture (Asia), Perth. BHP awarded the contracts in early 1993; the project was completed in January this year. The paper describes the contractor, pipeline installation, and handling equipment.

Computer systems in the pipeline oil transporting that the greatest amount of data can be gathered, analyzed and acted upon in the shortest amount of time. Most operators now have some form of computer based monitoring system employing either commercially available or custom developed software to run the system. This paper presented the SCADA systems to oil pipeline in concordance to the Romanian environmental reglementations.

The two broad categories of fiber-reinforced composite liner repair and deposited weld metal repair technologies were reviewed and evaluated for potential application for internal repair of gas transmission pipelines. Both are used to some extent for other applications and could be further developed for internal, local, structural repair of gas transmission pipelines. Principal conclusions from a survey of natural gas transmission industry pipeline operators can be summarized in terms of the following performance requirements for internal repair: (1) Use of internal repair is most attractive for river crossings, under other bodies of water, in difficult soil conditions, under highways, under congested intersections, and under railway. (2) Internal pipe repair offers a strong potential advantage to the high cost of horizontal direct drilling when a new bore must be created to solve a leak or other problem. (3) Typical travel distances can be divided into three distinct groups: up to 305 m (1,000 ft.); between 305 m and 610 m (1,000 ft. and 2,000 ft.); and beyond 914 m (3,000 ft.). All three groups require pig-based systems. A despooled umbilical system would suffice for the first two groups which represents 81% of survey respondents. The third group would require an onboard self-contained power unit for propulsion and welding/liner repair energy needs. (4) The most common size range for 80% to 90% of operators surveyed is 508 mm (20 in.) to 762 mm (30 in.), with 95% using 558.8 mm (22 in.) pipe. Evaluation trials were conducted on pipe sections with simulated corrosion damage repaired with glass fiber-reinforced composite liners, carbon fiber-reinforced composite liners, and weld deposition. Additional un-repaired pipe sections were evaluated in the virgin condition and with simulated damage. Hydrostatic failure pressures for pipe sections repaired with glass fiber-reinforced composite liner were only marginally greater than that of pipe sections without liners, indicating that this type of liner is only marginally effective at restoring the pressure containing capabilities of pipelines. Failure pressures for larger diameter pipe repaired with a semi-circular patch of carbon fiber-reinforced composite lines were also marginally greater than that of a pipe section with un-repaired simulated damage without a liner. These results indicate that fiber reinforced composite liners have the potential to increase the burst pressure of pipe sections with external damage Carbon fiber based liners are viewed as more promising than glass fiber based liners because of the potential for more closely matching the mechanical properties of steel. Pipe repaired with weld deposition failed at pressures lower than that of un-repaired pipe in both the virgin and damaged conditions, indicating that this repair technology is less effective at restoring the pressure containing capability of pipe than a carbon fiber-reinforced liner repair. Physical testing indicates that carbon fiber-reinforced liner repair is the most promising technology evaluated to-date. Development of a comprehensive test plan for this process is recommended for use in the field trial portion of this program.

The two broad categories of fiber-reinforced composite liner repair and deposited weld metal repair technologies were reviewed and evaluated for potential application for internal repair of gas transmission pipelines. Both are used to some extent for other applications and could be further developed for internal, local, structural repair of gas transmission pipelines. Principal conclusions from a survey of natural gas transmission industry pipeline operators can be summarized in terms of the following performance requirements for internal repair: (1) Use of internal repair is most attractive for river crossings, under other bodies of water, in difficult soil conditions, under highways, under congested intersections, and under railway crossings. (2) Internal pipe repair offers a strong potential advantage to the high cost of horizontal direct drilling when a new bore must be created to solve a leak or other problem. (3) Typical travel distances can be divided into three distinct groups: up to 305 m (1,000 ft.); between 305 m and 610 m (1,000 ft. and 2,000 ft.); and beyond 914 m (3,000 ft.). All three groups require pig-based systems. A despooled umbilical system would suffice for the first two groups which represents 81% of survey respondents. The third group would require an onboard self-contained power unit for propulsion and welding/liner repair energy needs. (4) The most common size range for 80% to 90% of operators surveyed is 508 mm (20 in.) to 762 mm (30 in.), with 95% using 558.8 mm (22 in.) pipe. Evaluation trials were conducted on pipe sections with simulated corrosion damage repaired with glass fiber-reinforced composite liners, carbon fiber-reinforced composite liners, and weld deposition. Additional un-repaired pipe sections were evaluated in the virgin condition and with simulated damage. Hydrostatic failure pressures for pipe sections repaired with glass fiber-reinforced composite liner were only marginally greater than that of pipe sections without liners, indicating that this type of liner is only marginally effective at restoring the pressure containing capabilities of pipelines. Failure pressures for larger diameter pipe repaired with a semi-circular patch of carbon fiber-reinforced composite lines were also marginally greater than that of a pipe section with un-repaired simulated damage without a liner. These results indicate that fiber reinforced composite liners have the potential to increase the burst pressure of pipe sections with external damage Carbon fiber based liners are viewed as more promising than glass fiber based liners because of the potential for more closely matching the mechanical properties of steel. Pipe repaired with weld deposition failed at pressures lower than that of un-repaired pipe in both the virgin and damaged conditions, indicating that this repair technology is less effective at restoring the pressure containing capability of pipe than a carbon fiber-reinforced liner repair. Physical testing indicates that carbon fiber-reinforced liner repair is the most promising technology evaluated to-date. The first round of optimization and validation activities for carbon-fiber repairs are complete. Development of a comprehensive test plan for this process is recommended for use in the field trial portion of this program.

Natural Gas Pipeline Co. of America has developed an integrity program. NGPL operates approximately 13,000 miles of large-diameter parallel gas pipelines, which extend from traditional supply areas to the Chicago area. Line Number 1, the 24-in. Amarillo-to-Chicago mainline, was built in 1931, and parts of it are still in operation today. More than 85% of the NGPL systems is more than 25 years old, and continues to provide very reliable service. The company operated for many years with specialized crews dedicated to pipeline systems, and a corrosion department. Under this organization, employees developed an intimate knowledge of the pipeline and related integrity issues. NGPL relied on this knowledge to develop its integrity program. The risk assessment program is a very valuable tool for identifying areas that may need remedial work. However, it is composed of many subjective evaluations and cannot predict failure nor ensure good performance. The program is an excellent data management tool that enables a pipeline operator to combine all available information needed to make integrity decisions. The integrity of a pipeline is continually changing, and any program should be updated on a regular basis.

Petroleum pipelines have long been a critical component in the distribution of crude and refined products in the U.S. Pipelines are typically the most cost efficient mode of transportation for reasonably consistent flow rates. For obvious reasons, inland refineries and consumers are much more dependent on petroleum pipelines to provide supplies of crude and refined products than refineries and consumers located on the coasts. Significant changes in U.S. distribution patterns for crude and refined products are reshaping the pipeline infrastructure and presenting challenges and opportunities for domestic refiners. These changes are discussed.

Construction of the Centro Oriente Gas Pipeline represents a major step in Colombia`s goal to strengthen the emerging natural gas business. With construction beginning in 1995, the Centro Oriente is scheduled to begin operation early this year transporting 150 MMcf/d. The 779-kilometer (484-mile) pipeline ranging in diameter from 22-inch to 12-inches, provides the central transportation link between major gas suppliers in both the northern and western regions of Colombia and new markets throughout their immediate regions as well as in the central and eastern regions. TransCanada, operating company for the Centro Oriente pipeline, will develop and manage the support organizations required to operate and maintain the system. The central control system for the CPC is the Gas SCADA system, ADACS, provided by Bristol Babcock Inc. (BBI). This control system provides the data acquisition and control capabilities necessary to operate the entire pipeline safely and efficiently from Burcaramanga.

The continued growth of the world s developing countries has placed an ever increasing demand on traditional fossil fuel energy sources. This development has lead to increasing research and development of alternative energy sources. Hydrogen gas is one of the potential alternative energy sources under development. Currently the most economical method of transporting large quantities of hydrogen gas is through steel pipelines. It is well known that hydrogen embrittlement has the potential to degrade steel s mechanical properties when hydrogen migrates into the steel matrix. Consequently, the current pipeline infrastructure used in hydrogen transport is typically operated in a conservative fashion. This operational practice is not conducive to economical movement of significant volumes of hydrogen gas as an alternative to fossil fuels. The degradation of the mechanical properties of steels in hydrogen service is known to depend on the microstructure of the steel. Understanding the levels of mechanical property degradation of a given microstructure when exposed to hydrogen gas under pressure can be used to evaluate the suitability of the existing pipeline infrastructure for hydrogen service and guide alloy and microstructure design for new hydrogen pipeline infrastructure. To this end, the 2 Copyright 2010 by ASME microstructures of relevant steels and their mechanical properties in relevant gaseous hydrogen environments must be fully characterized to establish suitability for transporting hydrogen. A project to evaluate four commercially available pipeline steels alloy/microstructure performance in the presences of gaseous hydrogen has been funded by the US Department of Energy along with the private sector. The microstructures of four pipeline steels were characterized and then tensile testing was conducted in gaseous hydrogen and helium at pressures of 800, 1600 and 3000 psi. Based on measurements of reduction of area, two of the four steels that performed the best across the pressure range were selected for evaluation of fracture and fatigue performance in gaseous hydrogen at 800 and 3000 psi. This paper will describe the work performed on four commercially available pipeline steels in the presence of gaseous hydrogen at pressures relevant for transport in pipelines. Microstructures and mechanical property performances will be compared. In addition, recommendations for future work related to gaining a better understanding of steel pipeline performance in hydrogen service will be discussed.

In-line inspection equipment is commonly used to examine a large portion of the long distance transmission pipeline system that transports natural gas from well gathering points to local distribution companies. A piece of equipment that is inserted into a pipeline and driven by product flow is called a ''pig''. Using this term as a base, a set of terms has evolved. Pigs that are equipped with sensors and data recording devices are called ''intelligent pigs''. Pipelines that cannot be inspected using intelligent pigs are deemed ''unpigable''. But many factors affect the passage of a pig through a pipeline, or the ''pigability''. The pigability pipeline extend well beyond the basic need for a long round hole with a means to enter and exit. An accurate assessment of pigability includes consideration of pipeline length, attributes, pressure, flow rate, deformation, cleanliness, and other factors as well as the availability of inspection technology. All factors must be considered when assessing the appropriateness of ILI to assess specific pipeline threats.

The U.S. Department of Transportation's Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration (PHMSA) is responsible for ensuring the safe, reliable, and environmentally sound operation of the nation's natural gas and hazardous liquid pipelines. Regulations adopted by PHMSA for gas pipelines are provided in 49 CFR 192, and spacing requirements for valves in gas transmission pipelines are presented in 49 CFR 192.179. The present report describes the findings of a scoping study conducted by Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) to assist PHMSA in assessing the safety impact of system valve spacing. Calculations of the pressures, temperatures, and flow velocities during a set of representative pipe depressurization transients were carried out using a one-dimensional numerical model with either ideal gas or real gas properties for the fluid. With both ideal gas and real gas properties, the high-consequence area radius for any resulting fire as defined by Stevens in GRI-00/0189 was evaluated as one measure of the pipeline safety. In the real gas case, a model for convective heat transfer from the pipe wall is included to assess the potential for shut-off valve failures due to excessively low temperatures resulting from depressurization cooling of the pipe. A discussion is also provided of some additional factors by which system valve spacing could affect overall pipeline safety. The following conclusions can be drawn from this work: (1) Using an adaptation of the Stephens hazard radius criteria, valve spacing has a negligible influence on natural gas pipeline safety for the pipeline diameter, pressure range, and valve spacings considered in this study. (2) Over the first 30 s of the transient, pipeline pressure has a far greater effect on the hazard radius calculated with the Stephens criteria than any variations in the transient flow decay profile and the average discharge rate. (3) Other factors besides the Stephens criteria, such as the longer burn time for an accidental fire, greater period of danger to emergency personnel, increased unavoidable loss of gas, and possible depressurization cooling of the shut-off valves may also be important when deciding whether a change in the required valve spacing would be beneficial from a safety standpoint. (4) The average normalized discharge rate of {lambda}{sub avg} = 0.33 assumed by Stephens in developing his safety criteria is an excellent conservative value for natural gas discharge at the pressures, valve spacings, and pipe diameter used in this study. This conclusion remains valid even when real rather than ideal gas properties are considered in the analysis. (5) Significant pipe wall cooling effects (T{sub w} pipeline rupture accident.

Pipelines tubes are part of vital mechanical systems largely used in petrochemical industries. They serve to transport natural gases or liquids. They are cylindrical tubes and are submitted to the risks of corrosion due to high PH concentrations of the transported liquids in addition to fatigue cracks due to the alternation of pressure-depression of gas along the time, initiating therefore in the tubes body micro-cracks that can propagate abruptly to lead to failure. The development of the prognostic process for such systems increases largely their performance and their availability, as well decreases the global cost of their missions. Therefore, this paper deals with a new prognostic approach to improve the performance of these pipelines. Only the first mode of crack, that is, the opening mode, is considered.

Pipelines tubes are part of vital mechanical systems largely used in petrochemical industries. They serve to transport natural gases or liquids. They are cylindrical tubes and are submitted to the risks of corrosion due to high PH concentrations of the transported liquids in addition to fatigue cracks due to the alternation of pressure-depression of gas along the time, initiating therefore in the tubes body micro-cracks that can propagate abruptly to lead to failure. The development of the prognostic process for such systems increases largely their performance and their availability, as well decreases the global cost of their missions. Therefore, this paper deals with a new prognostic approach to improve the performance of these pipelines. Only the first mode of crack, that is, the opening mode, is considered.

Diversity Diversity Message from the Lab Director Diversity & Inclusion Advisory Council Workforce Pipeline Mentoring Leadership Development Policies & Practices Business Diversity Outreach & Education In the News High school workshop invites girls to explore STEM possibilities Daily Herald EcoCAR 2 competition drives auto engineers to excel Yuma (Ariz.) Sun Mississippi universities collaborate with national labs Mississippi Public Radio Workforce Pipeline Argonne seeks to attract, hire and retain a diverse set of talent in order to meet the laboratory's mission of excellence in science, engineering and technology. In order for Argonne to continue to carry out world-class science, the lab needs to seek out the best talent. Today, that talent is increasingly diverse. Argonne fosters an environment that welcomes and values a diverse

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Pipelined SRAM-based algorithmic solutions have become competitive alternatives to TCAMs (ternary content addressable memories) for high throughput IP lookup. Multiple pipelines can be utilized in parallel to improve the throughput further. However, several challenges must be addressed to make such solutions feasible. First, the memory distribution over different pipelines as well as across different stages of each pipeline must be balanced. Second, the traffic among these pipelines should be balanced. Third, the intra-flow packet order should be preserved. In this paper, we propose a parallel SRAM-based multi-pipeline architecture for IP lookup. A two-level mapping scheme is developed to balance the memory requirement among the pipelines as well as across the stages in a pipeline. To balance the traffic, we propose a flow pre-caching scheme to exploit the inherent caching in the architecture. Our technique uses neither a large reorder buffer nor complex reorder logic. Instead, a payload exchange scheme exploiting the pipeline delay is used to maintain the intra-flow packet order. Extensive simulation using real-life traffic traces shows that the proposed architecture with 8 pipelines can achieve a throughput of up to 10 billion packets per second (GPPS) while preserving intra-flow packet order.

We present the design of a high-performance, highly pipelined asynchronous FPGA. We describe a very ne-grain pipelined logic block and routing interconnect architecture, and show how asynchronous logic can eciently take advantage of this large amount of pipelining. Our FPGA, which does not use a clock to sequence computations, automatically \\selfpipelines " its logic without the designer needing to be explicitly aware of all pipelining details. This property makes our FPGA ideal for throughput-intensive applications and we require minimal place and route support to achieve good performance. Benchmark circuits taken from both the asynchronous and clocked design communities yield throughputs in the neighborhood of 300-400 MHz in a TSMC 0.25m process and 500-700 MHz in a TSMC 0.18m process.

In a circuit environment that is becoming increasingly sensitive to dynamic power dissipation and noise, and where cycle time available for control decisions continues to decrease, locality principles are becoming paramount in controlling advancement of data through pipelined systems. Achieving fine grained power down and progressive pipeline stalls at the local stage level is therefore becoming increasingly important to enable lower dynamic power consumption while keeping introduced switching noise under control as well as avoiding global distribution of timing critical stall signals. It has long been known that the interlocking properties of asynchronous pipelined systems have a potential to provide such benefits. However, it has not been understood how such interlocking can be achieved in synchronous pipelines. This paper

In a circuit environment that is becoming increasingly sensitive to dynamic power dissipation and noise, and where cycle time available for control decisions continues to decrease, locality principles are becoming paramount in controlling advancement of data through pipelined systems. Achieving fine grained power down and progressive pipeline stalls at the local stage level is therefore becoming increasingly important to enable lower dynamic power consumption while keeping introduced switching noise under control as well as avoiding global distribution of timing critical stall signals.

An Integrated Docking Pipeline for the Prediction of Large-Scale Protein-Protein Interactions Xin. In this study, we developed a protein-protein docking pipeline (PPDP) that integrates a variety of state studies. In this study, we developed a protein-protein docking pipeline by integrat

Large volumes of CCD imaging data that will become available from wide-field cameras at telescopes such as the CFHT, SUBARU, VST, or VISTA in the near future are highly suitable for systematic distance surveys of early-type galaxies using the Surface Brightness Fluctuation (SBF) method. For the efficient processing of such large data sets, we are developing the first semi-automatic SBF analysis pipeline named SAPAC. After a brief description of the SBF method we discuss the image quality needed for a successful distance measurement and give some background information on SAPAC

The largest construction project in North America this year and next--the Alliance Pipeline--marks some advances for the US pipeline industry. With the Alliance Pipeline system (Alliance), mechanized welding and ultrasonic testing are making their debuts in the US as primary mainline construction techniques. Particularly in Canada and Europe, mechanized welding technology has been used for both onshore and offshore pipeline construction for at least 15 years. However, it has never before been used to build a cross-country pipeline in the US, although it has been tested on short segments. This time, however, an accelerated construction schedule, among other reasons, necessitated the use of mechanized gas metal arc welding (GMAW). The $3-billion pipeline will delivery natural gas from northwestern British Columbia and northeastern Alberta in Canada to a hub near Chicago, Ill., where it will connect to the North American pipeline grid. Once the pipeline is completed and buried, crews will return the topsoil. Corn and other crops will reclaim the land. While the casual passerby probably won't know the Alliance pipeline is there, it may have a far-reaching effect on the way mainline pipelines are built in the US. For even though mechanized welding and ultrasonic testing are being used for the first time in the United States on this project, some US workers had already gained experience with the technology on projects elsewhere. And work on this pipeline has certainly developed a much larger pool of experienced workers for industry to draw from. The Alliance project could well signal the start of a new era in US pipeline construction.

Purpose of investigations conducted by Battelle Columbus Laboratories was to develop a research data base applicable to the problem of hydrogen degradation in pipeline steels. The findings would provide pipeline designers and operators with insight for developing specifications and procedures in the event available natural gas transmission/distribution systems are used for hydrogen transport. Fundamental investigations and data derived from sophisticated analytical and test procedures have been equated to practical field conditions and experiences as may be encountered should the hydrogen energy storage/transport option become an economic reality.

We define operation chaining (op-chaining) as an optimization problem to determine the optimal pipeline depth for balancing performance against energy demands in pipelined asynchronous designs. Since there are no clock period requirements, asynchronous ...

As regulatory agencies encourage construction of transmission lines and gas pipelines along shared utility corridors, the likelihood of voltage and current coupling increases. Development of equations that determine the electrical characteristics of pipeline coatings will help utility engineers to accurately predict induced voltages and currents.

The spiral notch torsion test (SNTT) has been utilized to investigate the crack growth behavior of X52 steel base and welded materials used for hydrogen infrastructures. The X52 steel materials are received from a welded pipe using friction stir welding techniques. Finite element models were established to study the crack growth behavior of steel SNTT steel samples, which were assumed to be isotropic material. A series SNTT models were set up to cover various crack penetration cases, of which the ratios between crack depth to diameter (a/D ratio) ranging from 0.10 to 0.45. The evolution of compliance and energy release rates in the SNTT method have been investigated with different cases, including different geometries and materials. Indices of characteristic compliance and energy release rates have been proposed. Good agreement has been achieved between predictions from different cases in the same trend. These work shed lights on a successful protocol for SNTT application in wide range of structural materials. The further effort needed for compliance function development is to extend the current developed compliance function to the deep crack penetration arena, in the range of 0.55 to 0.85 to effectively determine fracture toughness for extremely tough materials.

Sample records for discussion pipeline development from the National Library of Energy Beta (NLEBeta)

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As described in this report, the past year has seen several significant developments in the field of oil pipeline regulation. Foremost among those developments was the passage of the Energy Policy Act of 1992 which, among other things, requires substantial reforms in the way that the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC) regulates oil pipelines. Other 1992 legislative developments include the amendment and reauthorization of the Hazardous Liquid Pipeline Safety Act of 1979 (HLPSA). The amendments, implemented pursuant to the Pipeline Safety Act of 1992, impose additional pipeline inspection and reporting duties upon the Department of Transportation (DOT). On the administrative front, the FERC issued its Policy Statement on Incentive Regulation, which establishes an alternative to the traditional cost of service approach to setting rates for oil pipelines, as well as for natural gas pipelines and electric utilities that have market power. Finally, in two cases, Bonito Pipe Line Co. and Oxy Interstate Commerce Act (ICA) over oil pipelines operating on the outer Continental Shelf (OCS).

A USSR-developed method for transporting natural gas in the form of hydrates increases pipeline transmission capacity by at least 3-4 times as compared to a conventional pipeline and reduces the specific capital investment since thin-walled carbon-steel pipes can be used instead of cryogenic-resistant ones. In the approach, natural gas in hydrate form is loaded into wheeled containers or capsules which are then propelled through a pipeline by compressed and cooled natural gas. The physical state of the gas hydrates is preserved during their transport by keeping the pressure between 715 and 285 psi (50 and 20 kg/sq cm) and the temperature between -40/sup 0/ and +14/sup 0/F (-40/sup 0/ and -10/sup 0/C).

Power Sources for Power Sources for Inspection Robots in Natural Gas Transmission Pipelines By Shreekant B. Malvadkar and Edward L. Parsons Office of Systems & Policy Support INTRODUCTION Strategic Center of Natural gas's (SCNG) Natural Gas Infrastructure Reliability Product Team has undertaken the development of a prototype robot that would inspect and possibly repair transmission pipelines. NETL has granted a contract for this purpose to New York Gas Group (NYGAS) and Carnegie Mellon University's (CMU) National Robotics Engineering Consortium (NREC). The purpose of this study is to analyze various onboard power supply options for such a commercially viable robot that can operate in a transmission pipeline for extended period. The primary power sources considered are wind turbines, rechargeable batteries,

This paper presents preliminary findings from six vegetational surveys of gas pipeline rights-of-way (ROW) through wetlands and quantifies the impacts of a 20-year-old pipeline ROW through a boreal forest wetland. Six sites of various ages were surveyed in ecosystems ranging from coastal marsh to forested wetland. At all sites except one, both the number and the percentage of wetland species on the Row approximated or exceeded those in the adjacent natural area. The boreal forest study showed that (1) adjacent natural wetland areas were not altered in type; (2) water sheet flow restriction had been reversed by nature; (3) no nonnative plant species invaded the natural area; (4) three-quarters of the ROW area was a wetland, and (5) the ROW increased diversity.

This paper presents preliminary findings from six vegetational surveys of gas pipeline rights-of-way (ROW) through wetlands and quantifies the impacts of a 20-year-old pipeline ROW through a boreal forest wetland. Six sites of various ages were surveyed in ecosystems ranging from coastal marsh to forested wetland. At all sites except one, both the number and the percentage of wetland species on the Row approximated or exceeded those in the adjacent natural area. The boreal forest study showed that (1) adjacent natural wetland areas were not altered in type; (2) water sheet flow restriction had been reversed by nature; (3) no nonnative plant species invaded the natural area; (4) three-quarters of the ROW area was a wetland, and (5) the ROW increased diversity.

This thesis develops analytical solutions for estimating the bending moments and axial loads in a buried pipeline due to ground movements caused by tunnel construction in soft ground. The solutions combine closed-form, ...

Internal inspection of pipelines is an important tool for ensuring safe and reliable delivery of fossil energy products. Current inspection systems that are propelled through the pipeline by the product flow cannot be used to inspect all pipelines because of the various physical barriers they encounter. Recent development efforts include a new generation of powered inspection platforms that crawl slowly inside a pipeline and are able to maneuver past the physical barriers that can limit inspection. At Battelle, innovative electromagnetic sensors are being designed and tested for these new pipeline crawlers. The various sensor types can be used to assess a wide range of pipeline anomalies including corrosion, mechanical damage, and cracks. Battelle has completed the second year of work on a projected three-year development effort. In the first year, two innovative electromagnetic inspection technologies were designed and tested. Both were based on moving high-strength permanent magnets to generate inspection energy. One system involved translating permanent magnets towards the pipe. A pulse of electric current would be induced in the pipe to oppose the magnetization according to Lenz's Law. The decay of this pulse would indicate the presence of defects in the pipe wall. This inspection method is similar to pulsed eddy current inspection methods, with the fundamental difference being the manner in which the current is generated. Details of this development effort were reported in the first semiannual report on this project. The second inspection methodology is based on rotating permanent magnets. The rotating exciter unit produces strong eddy currents in the pipe wall. At distances of a pipe diameter or more from the rotating exciter, the currents flow circumferentially. These circumferential currents are deflected by pipeline defects such as corrosion and axially aligned cracks. Simple sensors are used to detect the change in current densities in the pipe wall. The second semiannual report on this project reported on experimental and modeling results. The results showed that the rotating system was more adaptable to pipeline inspection and therefore only this system will be carried into the second year of the sensor development. In the third reporting period, the rotating system inspection was further developed. Since this is a new inspection modality without published fundamentals to build upon, basic analytical and experimental investigations were performed. A closed form equation for designing rotating exciters and positioning sensors was derived from fundamental principles. Also signal processing methods were investigated for detection and assessment of pipeline anomalies. A lock in amplifier approach was chosen as the method for detecting the signals. Finally, mechanical implementations for passing tight restrictions such as plug valves were investigated. This inspection concept is new and unique; a United States patent application has been submitted. In this fourth reporting period, the rotating system inspection was further developed. A multichannel real-time data recorder system was implemented and fundamental experiments were conducted to provide data to aid in the design of the rotating magnetizer system. An unexpected but beneficial result was achieved when examining the separation between the rotating magnet and the pipe wall; separations of over an inch could be tolerated. Essentially no change in signal from corrosion anomalies could be detected for separations up to 1.35 inches. The results presented in this report will be used to achieve the next deliverable, designs of components of the rotating inspection system that will function with inspection crawlers in a pipeline environment.

Pipelines (Minnesota) Pipelines (Minnesota) Pipelines (Minnesota) < Back Eligibility Utility Fed. Government Commercial Agricultural Investor-Owned Utility State/Provincial Govt Industrial Construction Municipal/Public Utility Local Government Residential Installer/Contractor Rural Electric Cooperative Tribal Government Low-Income Residential Schools Retail Supplier Institutional Multi-Family Residential Systems Integrator Fuel Distributor Nonprofit General Public/Consumer Transportation Program Info State Minnesota Program Type Siting and Permitting This section regulates pipelines that are used to carry natural or synthetic gas at a pressure of more than 90 pounds per square inch, along with pipelines used to carry petroleum products and coal. Special rules apply to pipelines used to carry natural gas at a pressure of more than 125

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Twin oil (20 and 24 inch) and gas (20 and 48 inch) pipeline systems stretching 800 km are being constructed to connect offshore hydrocarbon deposits from the Sakhalin II concession in the North to an LNG plant and oil export terminal in the South of Sakhalin island. The onshore pipeline route follows a regional fault zone and crosses individual active faults at 19 locations. Sakhalin Energy, Design and Construction companies took significant care to ensure the integrity of the pipelines, should large seismic induced ground movements occur during the Operational life of the facilities. Complex investigations including the identification of the active faults, their precise location, their particular displacement values and assessment of the fault kinematics were carried out to provide input data for unique design solutions. Lateral and reverse offset displacements of 5.5 and 4.5 m respectively were determined as the single-event values for the design level earthquake (DLE) - the 1000-year return period event. Within the constraints of a pipeline route largely fixed, the underground pipeline fault crossing design was developed to define the optimum routing which would minimize stresses and strain using linepipe materials which had been ordered prior to the completion of detailed design, and to specify requirements for pipe trenching shape, materials, drainage system, etc. Detailed Design was performed with due regard to actual topography and to avoid the possibility of the trenches freezing in winter, the implementation of specific drainage solutions and thermal protection measures.

07 07 1 September 2007 Short-Term Energy Outlook Supplement: Natural Gas in the Rocky Mountains: Developing Infrastructure 1 Highlights * Recent natural gas spot market volatility in the Rocky Mountain States of Colorado, Utah, and Wyoming has been the result of increased production while consumption and pipeline export capacity have remained limited. This Supplement analyzes current natural gas production, pipeline and storage infrastructure in the Rocky Mountains, as well as prospective pipeline projects in these States. * Natural gas reserves in the Rocky Mountain States account for nearly 22 percent of the total natural gas reserves in the United States, and are

percent increase in capacity additions (see percent increase in capacity additions (see Box, "Capacity Measures," p. 4). Indeed, less new natural gas pipeline mileage was added in 2005 than in any year during the past decade. 1 Energy Information Administration, Office of Oil and Gas, August 2006 1 In 2005, at least 31 natural gas pipeline projects of varying profiles 2 were completed in the lower 48 States and the Gulf of Mexico (Figure 3, Table 1). Of these, 15 were expansions (increases in capacity) on existing natural gas pipelines while the other 16 were 9 system extensions or laterals associated with existing natural gas pipelines, 5 new natural gas pipeline systems, and 2 oil pipeline conversions. Expenditures for natural gas pipelinedevelopment amounted to less than $1.3

The goal of this project is to develop a Virtual Pipeline System Testbed (VPST) for natural gas transmission. This study uses a fully implicit finite difference method to analyze transient, nonisothermal compressible gas flow through a gas pipeline system. The inertia term of the momentum equation is included in the analysis. The testbed simulate compressor stations, the pipe that connects these compressor stations, the supply sources, and the end-user demand markets. The compressor station is described by identifying the make, model, and number of engines, gas turbines, and compressors. System operators and engineers can analyze the impact of system changes on the dynamic deliverability of gas and on the environment.

Changes in U.S. Natural Gas Transportation Infrastructure in 2004 Changes in U.S. Natural Gas Transportation Infrastructure in 2004 Energy Information Administration, Office of Oil and Gas, June 2005 1 This report looks at the level of growth that occurred within the U.S. natural gas transportation network during 2004. In addition, it includes a discussion and an analysis of recent gas pipelinedevelopment activities and an examination of additional projects proposed for completion over the next several years. Questions or comments on the contents of this article should be directed to James Tobin at james.tobin@eia.doe.gov or (202) 586-4835. Expansion of the U.S. natural gas transmission network slowed in 2004, both in terms of added transportation capacity and new pipeline mileage. Only about 1,450 miles

This paper addresses the problem of Time-Constrained Loop Pipelining, i.e. given a fixed throughput, finding a schedule of a loop which minimizes resource requirements. This paper proposes a methodology, called TCLP, based on dividing the problem into ... Keywords: loop pipelining, scheduling, timing and resource contraints, register optimization

Estimates are developed of the energy consumption and energy intensity (EI) of five categories of U.S. pipeline industries: natural gas, crude oil, petroleum products, coal slurry, and water. For comparability with other transportation modes, it is desirable to calculate EI in Btu/Ton-Mile, and this is done, although the necessary unit conversions introduce additional uncertainties. Since water and sewer lines operate by lift and gravity, a comparable EI is not definable.

In addition to analyzing trends in wellhead purchases over the past year, this study also presents information and analysis of natural gas purchases from other pipeline companies, and sales to several types of customers. Activities of 20 major interstate pipeline companies were analysed in response to market developments over the past 4 years and over the past year in particular. This study includes an analysis of trends in natural gas sales and of the effects of increasing prices since 1979. It includes separate analyses of direct industrial sales, sales to major pipeline companies, and other sales for resale, as well as analyses of the volumes transported for sale to others. It also reports on purchase patterns in general since 1979 and on purchase projection patterns for particular types of gas since 1981. The differing behavior of pipeline companies in purchasing high-cost gas in the current market is also analyzed. (PSB)

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The objectives are: (1) develop advanced materials and coatings for hydrogen pipeline compressors; (2) achieve greater reliability, greater efficiency, and lower capital in vestment and maintenance costs in hydrogen pipeline compressors; and (3) research existing and novel hydrogen compression technologies that can improve reliability, eliminate contamination, and reduce cost. Compressors are critical components used in the production and delivery of hydrogen. Current reciprocating compressors used for pipeline delivery of hydrogen are costly, are subject to excessive wear, have poor reliability, and often require the use of lubricants that can contaminate the hydrogen (used in fuel cells). Duplicate compressors may be required to assure availability. The primary objective of this project is to identify, and develop as required, advanced materials and coatings that can achieve the friction, wear, and reliability requirements for dynamically loaded components (seal and bearings) in high-temperature, high-pressure hydrogen environments prototypical of pipeline and forecourt compressor systems. The DOE Strategic Directions for Hydrogen Delivery Workshop identified critical needs in the development of advanced hydrogen compressors - notably, the need to minimize moving parts and to address wear through new designs (centrifugal, linear, guided rotor, and electrochemical) and improved compressor materials. The DOE is supporting several compressor design studies on hydrogen pipeline compression specifically addressing oil-free designs that demonstrate compression in the 0-500 psig to 800-1200 psig range with significant improvements in efficiency, contamination, and reliability/durability. One of the designs by Mohawk Innovative Technologies Inc. (MiTi{reg_sign}) involves using oil-free foil bearings and seals in a centrifual compressor, and MiTi{reg_sign} identified the development of bearings, seals, and oil-free tribological coatings as crucial to the successful development of an advanced compressor. MiTi{reg_sign} and ANL have developed potential coatings for these rigorous applications; however, the performance of these coatings (as well as the nickel-alloy substrates) in high-temperature, high-speed hydrogen environments is unknown at this point.

PipelinePipeline Working Group Workshop August 31, 2005 Augusta, Georgia Hydrogen Pipeline Experience Presented By: LeRoy H. Remp Lead Project Manager Pipeline Projects ppt00 3 Hydrogen Pipeline - Scope of Presentation Only those systems that are regulated by DOT in the US, DOT delegated state agency, or other federal regulatory authority. Cross property of third party and/or public properties for delivery to customers. Does not include in-plant or in-house hydrogen piping. Does not include piping (aboveground or underground) that delivers to a customer if all property is owned and controlled by Air Products and the customer. ppt00 4 Pipeline Photos ppt00 5 Pipeline Photos ppt00 6 Pipeline Photos ppt00 7 Pipeline Photos ppt00 8 Pipeline Photos ppt00 9 Overview of North American

A Pipeline Analytical Program and Dredging Knowledge{Base Expert{System
(DKBES) determines a pipeline dredge's production and resulting cost and schedule.
Pipeline dredge engineering presents a complex and dynamic process necessary to
maintain navigable waterways. Dredge engineers use pipeline engineering and slurry
transport principles to determine the production rate of a pipeline dredge system.
Engineers then use cost engineering factors to determine the expense of the dredge
project.
Previous work in engineering incorporated an object{oriented expert{system to
determine cost and scheduling of mid{rise building construction where data objects
represent the fundamental elements of the construction process within the program
execution. A previously developed dredge cost estimating spreadsheet program which
uses hydraulic engineering and slurry transport principles determines the performance
metrics of a dredge pump and pipeline system. This study focuses on combining
hydraulic analysis with the functionality of an expert{system to determine the performance
metrics of a dredge pump and pipeline system and its resulting schedule.
Field data from the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers pipeline dredge, Goetz, and
several contract daily dredge reports show how accurately the DKBES can predict
pipeline dredge production. Real{time dredge instrumentation data from the Goetz compares the accuracy of the Pipeline Analytical Program to actual dredge operation.
Comparison of the Pipeline Analytical Program to pipeline daily dredge reports
shows how accurately the Pipeline Analytical Program can predict a dredge project's
schedule over several months. Both of these comparisons determine the accuracy
and validity of the Pipeline Analytical Program and DKBES as they calculate the
performance metrics of the pipeline dredge project.
The results of the study determined that the Pipeline Analytical Program compared
closely to the Goetz eld data where only pump and pipeline hydraulics a ected
the dredge production. Results from the dredge projects determined the Pipeline Analytical
Program underestimated actual long{term dredge production. Study results
identi ed key similarities and di erences between the DKBES and spreadsheet program
in terms of cost and scheduling. The study then draws conclusions based on
these ndings and o ers recommendations for further use.

VNG's Hampton Roads Pipeline Crossing VNG's Hampton Roads Pipeline Crossing FUPWG Conference Fall 2008 Williamsburg, Virginia Connection to DTI at Quantico Columbia Limitations South Hampton Roads served by a single pipeline Southside dependent on back up systems LNG Propane/air Two supply sources to VNG What if we connected pipelines? It would take Two Water Crossings Two Compressor Stations Construction in densely populated cities It could Deliver over 200,000 Dth of incremental supply Serve VNG, Columbia and Dominion customers ...we would get... Hampton Roads Crossing - HRX Hampton / Newport News Craney Island Norfolk 21 miles of 24" pipe 7 miles in Hampton/Newport News 4 miles in Norfolk 10 miles of water and island crossing 4 mile harbor crossing 4.5 miles on Craney

We propose a generalized approach to decoupling shading from visibility sampling in graphics pipelines, which we call decoupled sampling. Decoupled sampling enables stochastic supersampling of motion and defocus blur at ...

This manuscript presents a novel, tightly integrated pipeline for estimating a connectome, which is a comprehensive description of the neural circuits in the brain. The pipeline utilizes magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) data to produce a high-level estimate of the structural connectivity in the human brain. The Magnetic Resonance Connectome Automated Pipeline (MRCAP) is efficient and its modular construction allows researchers to modify algorithms to meet their specific requirements. The pipeline has been validated and over 200 connectomes have been processed and analyzed to date. This tool enables the prediction and assessment of various cognitive covariates, and this research is applicable to a variety of domains and applications. MRCAP will enable MR connectomes to be rapidly generated to ultimately help spur discoveries about the structure and function of the human brain.

The pipeline software architecture pattern is commonly used in many application domains to structure a software system. A pipeline comprises a sequence of processing steps that progressively transform data to some desired outputs. As pipeline-based systems are required to handle increasingly large volumes of data and provide high throughput services, simple scripting-based technologies that have traditionally been used for constructing pipelines do not scale. In this paper we describe the MeDICI Integration Framework (MIF), which is specifically designed for building flexible, efficient and scalable pipelines that exploit distributed services as elements of the pipeline. We explain the core runtime and development infrastructures that MIF provides, and demonstrate how MIF has been used in two complex applications to improve performance and modifiability.

This paper analyzes the evolution over the past three decades of seismic damage estimation for buried pipelines and identifies some challenges for future research studies on the subject. The first section of this paper presents a chronological description of the evolution since the mid-1970s of pipeline fragility relations - the most common tool for pipeline damage estimation - and follows with a careful analysis of the use of several ground motion parameters as pipeline damage indicators. In the second section of the paper, four gaps on the subject are identified and proposed as challenges for future research studies. The main conclusion of this work is that enhanced fragility relations must be developed for improving pipeline damage estimation, which must consider relevant parameters that could influence the seismic response of pipelines.

Prediction of functions of genes in a genome is a key step in all genome sequencing projects. Sequences that carry out important functions are likely to be conserved between evolutionarily distant species and can be identified using cross-species comparisons. In the absence of completed genomes and the accompanying high-quality annotations, expressed sequence tags (ESTs) from random cDNA clones are the primary tools for functional genomics. EST datasets are fragmented and redundant, necessitating clustering of ESTs into groups that are likely to have been derived from the same genes. EST clustering helps reduce the search space for sequence homology searching and improves the accuracy of function predictions using EST datasets. This dissertation is a case study that describes clustering of Bos taurus and Sus scrofa EST datasets, and utilizes the EST clusters to make computational function predictions using a comparative genomics approach. We used a novel EST clustering method, TAMUClust, to cluster bovine ESTs and compare its performance to the bovine EST clusters from TIGR Gene Indices (TGI) by using bovine ESTs aligned to the bovine genome assembly as a gold standard. This comparison study reveals that TAMUClust and TGI are similar in performance. Comparisons of TAMUClust and TGI with predicted bovine gene models reveal that both datasets are similar in transcript coverage. We describe here the design and implementation of an annotation pipeline for predicting functions of the Bos taurus (cattle) and Sus scrofa (pig) transcriptomes. EST datasets were clustered into gene families using Ensembl protein family clusters as a framework. Following clustering, the EST consensus sequences were assigned predicted function by transferring annotations of the Ensembl vertebrate protein(s) they are grouped to after sequence homology searches and phylogenetic analysis. The annotations benefit the livestock community by helping narrow down the gamut of direct experiments needed to verify function.

Pipeline Safety (Pennsylvania) Pipeline Safety (Pennsylvania) Pipeline Safety (Pennsylvania) < Back Eligibility Utility Investor-Owned Utility Industrial Municipal/Public Utility Rural Electric Cooperative Program Info State Pennsylvania Program Type Safety and Operational Guidelines Provider Pennsylvania Public Utilities Commission The Pennsylvania legislature has empowered the Public Utility Commission to direct and enforce safety standards for pipeline facilities and to regulate safety practices of certificated utilities engaged in the transportation of natural gas and other gas by pipeline. The Commission is authorized to enforce federal safety standards as an agent for the U.S. Department of Transportation's Office of Pipeline Safety. The safety standards apply to the design, installation, operation,

World pipeline construction planned in 1994 and beyond has fallen in the past year, reflecting uncertainties in energy markets. Still, significant expansions are under way or planned for Latin America, Asia and the Pacific regions, and Europe. Latest Oil and Gas Journal data, derived from its survey of world pipeline operators, industry sources, and published information, show more than 55,000 miles of crude oil, product, and natural gas pipeline planned for 1994 and beyond. The data include projections for pipeline construction in Russia and former republics of the Soviet Union. Western Russia and all countries west of the Ural Mountains are included under totals for Europe, eastern Russia and countries east of the Urals under totals for the Asia-Pacific region. The paper discusses the following: European gas lines; North Sea projects; Gulf of Thailand; Yacheng subsea pipeline; Australian gas lines; other Asian lines; Russian activity; Algeria-Europe gas lines; Southeast US; Gulf gathering systems; Western US; South America; Trans-Ecuadorian expansion; Chilean gas network; and Bolivia-Brazil gas line.

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In order to develop a Failure Analysis Expert System (FAES), with application for onshore pipeline transporting oil and gas products, the work was split in two parts. Previously failure database and knowledge acquisition method were described in the ... Keywords: Artificial neural network, Expert system, Failure analysis, Knowledge acquisition, Onshore pipelines

National Labs to Strengthen Natural Gas Pipelines' Integrity, Reliability National Labs to Strengthen Natural Gas Pipelines' Integrity, Reliability DOE Receives 24 Proposals, Valued at Half Billion Dollars, For Technologies to Improve Power Plants, Cut Emissions MORGANTOWN, WV - To identify and develop advanced technology for the nation's natural gas pipelines, the Energy Department is calling upon the national labs to assist private industry in developing innovative technologies that establish a framework for future natural gas transmission and distribution systems. The laboratories will help 11 government-industry cost-shared projects, many of which center around detection devices designed to prevent pipeline damage, DOE selected earlier this year (see May 31, 2001, announcement). DOE estimates that natural gas consumption will increase by 60 percent by 2020, placing an unaccustomed demand on the U.S.'s aging natural gas infrastructure. The already-selected 11 projects address that need by demonstrating robotics and other sophisticated ways of bolstering strength, and, therefore, the integrity and reliability of the pipelines the crisscross the country.

We model micro-architectures with non-pipelined instruction processing and pipelined instruction processing using Maurer machines, basic thread algebra and program algebra. We show that stored programs are executed as intended with these micro-architectures. ...

In this paper we propose CO-Scheduling, a framework for simultaneous design of hardware pipelines struc-tures and software-pipelined schedules. Two important components of the Co-Scheduling framework are: (1) An extension to the analysis of hardware pipeline design that meets the needs of periodic (or software pipelined) schedules. Reservation tables, forbidden la-tencies, collision vectors, and state diagrams from classical pipeline theory are revisited and extended to solve the new problems. (2) An efficient method, based on the above extension of pipeline analysis, to perform (a) software pipeline scheduling and (b) hardware pipeline reconfiguration which are mutually compatible . The proposed method has been implemented and pre-liminary experimental results for 1008 kernel loops are reported. Co-scheduling successfully obtains a sched-ule for 95 % of these loops. The median time to obtain these schedules is 0.25 seconds on a Sparc-20. Keywords:

A pipeline communication system and method includes a pipeline having a surface extending along at least a portion of the length of the pipeline. A conductive bus is formed to and extends along a portion of the surface of the pipeline. The conductive bus includes a first conductive trace and a second conductive trace with the first and second conductive traces being adapted to conformally couple with a pipeline at the surface extending along at least a portion of the length of the pipeline. A transmitter for sending information along the conductive bus on the pipeline is coupled thereto and a receiver for receiving the information from the conductive bus on the pipeline is also couple to the conductive bus.

This dissertation defines the operational problems of, and develops solution methodologies for, a distribution of multiple products into oil pipeline subject to delivery time-windows constraints. A multiple-product oil pipeline is a pipeline system composing of pipes, pumps, valves and storage facilities used to transport different types of liquids. Typically, products delivered by pipelines are petroleum of different grades moving either from production facilities to refineries or from refineries to distributors. Time-windows, which are generally used in logistics and scheduling areas, are incorporated in this study. The distribution of multiple products into oil pipeline subject to delivery time-windows is modeled as multicommodity network flow structure and mathematically formulated. The main focus of this dissertation is the investigation of operating issues and problem complexity of single-source pipeline problems and also providing solution methodology to compute input schedule that yields minimum total time violation from due delivery time-windows. The problem is proved to be NP-complete. The heuristic approach, a reversed-flow algorithm, is developed based on pipeline flow reversibility to compute input schedule for the pipeline problem. This algorithm is implemented in no longer than O(T*E) time. This dissertation also extends the study to examine some operating attributes and problem complexity of multiple-source pipelines. The multiple-source pipeline problem is also NP-complete. A heuristic algorithm modified from the one used in single-source pipeline problems is introduced. This algorithm can also be implemented in no longer than O(T*E) time. Computational results are presented for both methodologies on randomly generated problem sets. The computational experience indicates that reversed-flow algorithms provide good solutions in comparison with the optimal solutions. Only 25% of the problems tested were more than 30% greater than optimal values and approximately 40% of the tested problems were solved optimally by the algorithms.

Pipeline Safety Program Oak Ridge National Laboratory managed by UT-Battelle, LLC for the U support to the U.S. Department of Transportation's Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration (PHMSA). As a federal regulatory authority with jurisdiction over pipeline safety, PHMSA is responsible

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US water utilities are faced with mounting operational and maintenance costs as a result of aging pipeline infrastructures. Leaks and ruptures in water supply pipelines and blockages and overflow events in sewer collectors cost millions of dollars a ... Keywords: Intel mote platforms, pipeline monitoring, water supply systems, wireless sensor networks

Capacity data as of December 31, 1978, are presented for common carrier crude lines, refined petroleum product lines, and liquified petroleum gas/natural gas liquids (LPG/NGL) lines in the form of maps and tables. The maps include: a United States map, including all lines, for crude lines, petroleum product lines, and LPG/NGL lines, each separately; and Petroleum Administration for Defense (PAD) maps for crude and petroleum product lines, each separately. Tables presenting more detailed information than contained on the maps and intended to be used as a supplement to them are included in the Appendices. Several significant trends have developed in the years since the 1967 report was published. The United States has imported increasing amounts of foreign crude oil to supplement its declining domestic production. This foreign crude oil is imported through water terminals and their associated facilities and distributed through petroleum pipelines to inland refineries. Major amounts of imported crude oil are transported by pipeline from the Gulf Coast to the Central and upper Midwest refineries. The trend at the present time is to mix these individual crude oils having similar qualities and deliver the mixes to the refineries. Also, it has become common to batch various combinations of crude oil, refined product, LPG, and petrochemicals through a single pipeline. This ability to ship various petroleum materials in a single pipeline has enhanced the flexibility of the pipeline network.

Third-party contact with pipelines (typically caused by contact with a digging or drilling device) can result in mechanical damage to the pipe, in addition to coating damage that can initiate corrosion. Because this type of damage often goes unreported and can lead to eventual catastrophic failure of the pipe, a reliable, cost-effective method is needed for monitoring the pipeline and reporting third-party contact events. The impressed alternating cycle current (IACC) pipeline monitoring method developed by Southwest Research Institute (SwRI) consists of impressing electrical signals on the pipe by generating a time-varying voltage between the pipe and the soil. The signal voltage between the pipe and ground is monitored continuously at receiving stations located some distance away. Third-party contact to the pipe that breaks through the coating (thus resulting in a signal path to ground) changes the signal received at the receiving stations. The IACC method was shown to be a viable method that can be used to continuously monitor pipelines for third-party contact. Electrical connections to the pipeline can be made through existing cathodic protection (CP) test points without the need to dig up the pipe. The instrumentation is relatively simple, consisting of (1) a transmitting station with a frequency-stable oscillator and amplifier and (2) a receiving station with a filter, lock-in amplifier, frequency-stable oscillator, and remote reporting device (e.g. cell phone system). Maximum distances between the transmitting and receiving stations are approximately 1.61 km (1 mile), although the length of pipeline monitored can be twice this using a single transmitter and one receiver on each side (since the signal travels in both directions). Certain conditions such as poor pipeline coatings or strong induced 60-Hz signals on the pipeline can degrade IACC performance, so localized testing should be performed to determine the suitability for an IACC installation at a given location. The method can be used with pipelines having active CP systems in place without causing interference with operation of the CP system. The most appropriate use of IACC is monitoring of localized high-consequence areas where there is a significant risk of third-party contact (e.g. construction activity). The method also lends itself to temporary, low-cost installation where there is a short-term need for monitoring.

Transmission Pipeline Intrastate Regulatory Act Transmission Pipeline Intrastate Regulatory Act (Florida) Natural Gas Transmission Pipeline Intrastate Regulatory Act (Florida) < Back Eligibility Commercial Construction Developer Fuel Distributor Industrial Investor-Owned Utility Municipal/Public Utility Retail Supplier Rural Electric Cooperative Systems Integrator Utility Program Info State Florida Program Type Safety and Operational Guidelines Provider Florida Public Service Commission The regulation of natural gas intrastate transportation and sale is deemed to be an exercise of the police power of the state for the protection of the public welfare. The Public Service Commission is empowered to fix and regulate rates and services of natural gas transmission companies, including, without limitation, rules and regulations for determining the

Detection of encroachment on pipeline right-of-way is important for pipeline safety. An effective system can provide on-time warning while reducing the probability of false alarms. There are a number of industry and academic developments to tackle this problem. This thesis is the first to study the use of a wireless sensor network for pipeline right-of-way encroachment detection. In the proposed method, each sensor node in the network is responsible for detecting and transmitting vibration signals caused by encroachment activities to a base station (computer center). The base station monitors and analyzes the signals. If an encroachment activity is detected, the base station will send a warning signal. We describe such a platform with hardware configuration and software controls, and the results demonstrate that the platform is able to report our preliminary experiments in detecting digging activities by a tiller in the natural and automotive noise.

Network Configuration & System Design Network Configuration & System Design About U.S. Natural Gas Pipelines - Transporting Natural Gas based on data through 2007/2008 with selected updates Network Configuration and System Design Overview | Transmission/Storage | Design Criteria | Importance of Storage| Overall Pipeline System Configuration Overview A principal requirement of the natural gas transmission system is that it be capable of meeting the peak demand of its shippers who have contracts for firm service. To meet this requirement, the facilities developed by the natural gas transmission industry are a combination of transmission pipelines to bring the gas to the market areas and of underground natural gas storage sites and liquefied natural gas (LNG) peaking facilities located in the market areas.

December 04, 2007 December 04, 2007 DOE-Funded Pipeline Robot Revolutionizes Inspection Process Explorer II Demonstrates Huge Potential for Hard-to-Reach Gas Line Inspections The Explorer II robot with remote field eddy current sensor deployed. The Explorer II robot with remote field eddy current sensor deployed. MORGANTOWN, W. Va. - Testing of a new, robotic pipeline inspection tool, developed with funding from the U.S. Department of Energy, has shown that it could revolutionize the pipeline inspection process. The wireless, self-propelled Explorer II proved its worth in September when it was put through its paces in a live 8-inch distribution main pressurized at 100 pound per square inch. The robot was launched and retrieved multiple times as it inspected-with cameras and sensors-a section of the Northwest

Digital Access to a Sky Century @ Harvard (DASCH) is a project to digitize the collection of approximately 525,000 astronomical plates held at the Harvard College Observatory. This paper presents an overview of the DASCH data processing pipeline, with special emphasis on the processing of multiple-exposure plates. Such plates extended the dynamic range of photograph emulsions and improved photometric accuracy by minimizing variations in plate development procedures. Two approaches are explored in this paper: The repetitive use of astrometry.net (Lang et al. 2010) and local correlation searches. Both procedures have yielded additional quality control checks useful to the pipeline.

The Strasbourg Astronomical Observatory is member of the Survey Science Centre (SSC) of the XMM-Newton satellite. Among other responsibilities, we provide a database access to the 2XMMi catalogue and run the part of the data processing pipeline performing the cross-correlation of EPIC sources with archival catalogs. These tasks were all developed in Strasbourg. Pipeline processing is flawlessly in operation since 1999. We describe here the work load and infrastructure setup in Strasbourg to support SSC activities. Our nine year long SSC experience could be used in the framework of the Simbol-X ground segment.

Given the extreme precision attainable with the Kepler Space Telescope, the mitigation of instrumental artefacts is very important. In an earlier paper (Murphy 2012), the characteristics of Kepler data were discussed in light of their effect on asteroseismology. We continue this discussion now that data processed with the new PDC-MAP pipeline are publicly available; users should use the latest data reductions available at the Mikulski Archive for Space Telescopes (MAST), not just for PDC, but also for improvements in the attached meta-data. We discuss the injection of noise in the frequency range 0-24 c/d (up to ~277 {\\mu}Hz) by the PDC-LS pipeline into ~15 per cent of light-curves.

The technical and economic feasibility of applying bottoming cycles to the prime movers that drive the compressors of natural gas pipelines was studied. These bottoming cycles convert some of the waste heat from the exhaust gas of the prime movers into shaft power and conserve gas. Three typical compressor station sites were selected, each on a different pipeline. Although the prime movers were different, they were similar enough in exhaust gas flow rate and temperature that a single bottoming cycle system could be designed, with some modifications, for all three sites. Preliminary design included selection of the bottoming cycle working fluid, optimization of the cycle, and design of the components, such as turbine, vapor generator and condensers. Installation drawings were made and hardware and installation costs were estimated. The results of the economic assessment of retrofitting bottoming cycle systems on the three selected sites indicated that profitability was strongly dependent upon the site-specific installation costs, how the energy was used and the yearly utilization of the apparatus. The study indicated that the bottoming cycles are a competitive investment alternative for certain applications for the pipeline industry. Bottoming cycles are technically feasible. It was concluded that proper design and operating practices would reduce the environmental and safety hazards to acceptable levels. The amount of gas that could be saved through the year 2000 by the adoption of bottoming cycles for two different supply projections was estimated as from 0.296 trillion ft/sup 3/ for a low supply projection to 0.734 trillion ft/sup 3/ for a high supply projection. The potential market for bottoming cycle equipment for the two supply projections varied from 170 to 500 units of varying size. Finally, a demonstration program plan was developed.

When developing real-time systems, the worst-case execution time (WCET) is a commonly used measure for predicting and analyzing program and system timing behavior. Such estimates should preferrably be provided by static WCET analysis tools. Their analysis is made difficult by features of common processors, such as pipelines and caches.

The project concept originated in 1990 with the convergence of two problems: (1) a need for augmented injection to mitigate declining reservoir productivity at the Geysers; and (2) a need for a new method of wastewater disposal for Lake County communities near the The Geysers. A public/private partnership of Geysers operators and the Lake County Sanitation District (LACOSAN) was formed in 1991 to conduct a series of engineering, environmental, and financing studies of transporting treated wastewater effluent from the communities to the southeast portion of The Geysers via a 29-mile pipeline. By 1994, these evaluations concluded that the concept was feasible and the stakeholders proceeded to formally develop the project, including pipeline and associated facilities design; preparation of an environmental impact statement; negotiation of construction and operating agreements; and assembly of $45 million in construction funding from the stakeholders, and from state and federal agencies with related program goals. The project development process culminated in the system`s dedication on October 16, 1997. As of this writing, all project components have been constructed or installed, successfully tested in compliance with design specifications, and are operating satisfactorily.

This article outlines regulations addressing the sale, transportation, storage, and distribution of natural gas in Mexico. The regulations were issued in November 1995 by the Comision Reguladora de Energia. The major policy decisions of the regulations are summarized. The current role of Petroleos Mexicanos (PEMEX), the state owned oil and gas entity, which formerly monopolized the Mexican industry, is discussed.

Energy Information Administration, Office of Oil and Gas, July 2008 1 U.S. natural gas pipeline construction activity accelerated in 2007 with capacity additions to the grid totaling nearly 14.9 billion cubic feet (Bcf) of daily deliverability (Figure 1). These additions were the largest of any year in the Energy Information Administration's (EIA) 10-year database of pipeline construction activity. The increased level of natural gas pipeline construction activity in 2007 conformed to a growth trend that began slowly in 2005 and intensified in 2006. In 2007, about 1,700 miles of pipeline were installed, which was greater than in any year since 2003 (Figure 2). The expansion cycle for natural gas pipeline construction is occurring at the same time as the development of the

Energy Information Administration, Office of Oil and Gas, July 2008 1 U.S. natural gas pipeline construction activity accelerated in 2007 with capacity additions to the grid totaling nearly 14.9 billion cubic feet (Bcf) of daily deliverability (Figure 1). These additions were the largest of any year in the Energy Information Administration's (EIA) 10-year database of pipeline construction activity. The increased level of natural gas pipeline construction activity in 2007 conformed to a growth trend that began slowly in 2005 and intensified in 2006. In 2007, about 1,700 miles of pipeline were installed, which was greater than in any year since 2003 (Figure 2). The expansion cycle for natural gas pipeline construction is occurring at the same time as the development of the

This paper reports that there will be considerable development of the oil and gas industry in the former USSR in the near future. Concurrent with this development will be the need to repair, upgrade and extend existing pipeline systems to carry more products from an increasingly wider production base. Considerable activity in pipeline construction is envisaged in the near future in Russia and its neighboring states. Western participation will continue to grow and the CIS will become a key market for pipeline service companies and construction contractors in the closing years of the 20th century.

Since October 1, 2006, spectroscopic data from the two FORS instruments have been reduced with a new pipeline, which is based on a bottom-up calibration approach. I give a short description of the pipeline and discuss first experiences with automatic data reduction using this software, which has significantly increased the percentage of processed data for both instruments. I will also describe possible new options for Quality Control.

Sample records for discussion pipeline development from the National Library of Energy Beta (NLEBeta)

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Since October 1, 2006, spectroscopic data from the two FORS instruments have been reduced with a new pipeline, which is based on a bottom-up calibration approach. I give a short description of the pipeline and discuss first experiences with automatic data reduction using this software, which has significantly increased the percentage of processed data for both instruments. I will also describe possible new options for Quality Control.

Benchmarking Emerging Pipeline Inspection Technologies To Department of Energy National Energy Technology Laboratory (NETL) DE-AP26-04NT40361 and Department of Transportation Research and Special Programs Administration (RSPA) DTRS56-02-T-0002 (Milestone 7) September 2004 Final Report on Benchmarking Emerging Pipeline Inspection Technologies Cofunded by Department of Energy National Energy Technology Laboratory (NETL) DE-AP26-04NT40361 and Department of Transportation Research and Special Programs Administration (RSPA) DTRS56-02-T-0002 (Milestone 7) by Stephanie A. Flamberg and Robert C. Gertler September 2004 BATTELLE 505 King Avenue Columbus, Ohio 43201-2693 Neither Battelle, nor any person acting on their behalf: (1) Makes any warranty or representation, expressed or implied, with respect to the

This paper addresses the problem of Time-Constrained Loop Pipelining, i.e. given a fixed throughput, finding a schedule of a loop which minimizes resource requirements. We propose a methodology, called TCLP, based on dividing the problem into two simpler and independent tasks: retiming and scheduling. TCLP explores different sets of resources, searchingfor a maximum resource utilization. This reduces area requirements. After a minimum set of resourceshas been found, the execution throughput is increased and the number of registers required by the loop schedule is reduced. TCLP attempts to generate a schedule which minimizes cost in time and area (resources and registers). The results show that TCLP obtains optimal schedules in most cases. 1 Introduction This paper presents TCLP, a methodology to solve TimeConstrained Loop Pipelining. TCLP is NP-complete [3]. Two types of timing constraints (TCs) have been considered in the literature: local TCs to specify minimum and/or maximum TCs ...

This joint-effort project between Pipeline Research Committee of the A.G.A. and EPRI was initiated to develop analytical techniques for determining the induced potential on pipelines that parallel electric transmission lines. Its purpose was to develop analytical methods for prediction and mitigation of voltages induced on pipelines by nearby ac transmission lines. Required analytical techniques were developed and supported by field test results. New mitigation methods were developed and old ones evaluat...

An injection system for injecting capsules into a hydraulic capsule pipelining system, the pipelining system comprising a pipeline adapted for flow of a carrier liquid therethrough, and capsules adapted to be transported through the pipeline by the carrier liquid flowing through the pipeline. The injection system comprises a reservoir of carrier liquid, the pipeline extending within the reservoir and extending downstream out of the reservoir, and a magazine in the reservoir for holding capsules in a series, one above another, for injection into the pipeline in the reservoir. The magazine has a lower end in communication with the pipeline in the reservoir for delivery of capsules from the magazine into the pipeline.

We consider a given set of offshore platforms and onshore wells producing known (or estimated) amounts of oil to be connected to a port. Connections may take place directly between platforms, well sites, and the port, or may go through connection points ... Keywords: Algorithms: interactive branch-and-bound with valid inequalities. industries, Applications: design problem-formulation and analysis. programming, Integer, Networks/graphs, Petroleum/natural gas: oil pipeline network design

In this paper we propose a new provenance model which is tailored to a class of workflow-based applications. We motivate the approach with use cases from the astronomy community. We generalize the class of applications the approach is relevant to and propose a pipeline-centric provenance model. Finally, we evaluate the benefits in terms of storage needed by the approach when applied to an astronomy application.

This thesis presents the design and implementation of a 3D graphics pipeline, built on top of the "Raw" processor developed at MIT. The Raw processor consists of a tiled array of CPUs, caches, and routing processors connected ...

Western Region Western Region About U.S. Natural Gas Pipelines - Transporting Natural Gas based on data through 2007/2008 with selected updates Natural Gas Pipelines in the Western Region Overview | Transportation South | Transportation North | Regional Pipeline Companies & Links Overview Ten interstate and nine intrastate natural gas pipeline companies provide transportation services to and within the Western Region (Arizona, California, Idaho, Nevada, Oregon, and Washington), the fewest number serving any region (see Table below). Slightly more than half the capacity entering the region is on natural gas pipeline systems that carry natural gas from the Rocky Mountain area and the Permian and San Juan basins. These latter systems enter the region at the New Mexico-Arizona and Nevada-Utah State lines. The rest of the capacity arrives on natural gas pipelines that access Canadian natural gas at the Idaho and Washington State border crossings with British Columbia, Canada.

KINDER MORGAN CENTRAL FLORIDA PIPELINE ETHANOL PROJECT ï· In December 2008, Kinder Morgan began transporting commercial batches of denatured ethanol along with gasoline shipments in its 16-inch Central Florida Pipeline (CFPL) from Tampa to Orlando, making CFPL the first transmarket gasoline pipeline in the United States to do so. The 16-inch pipeline previously only transported regular and premium gasoline. ï· Kinder Morgan invested approximately $10 million to modify the line for ethanol shipments which involved chemically cleaning the pipeline, replacing pipeline equipment that was incompatible with ethanol and expanding storage capacity at its Orlando terminal to handle ethanol shipments. ï· Kinder Morgan is responding to customer interest in ethanol blending. Our Florida

The first buried asbestos-cement (Transite) pipeline used in high temperature (approximately 300/sup 0/F) service for transport of geothermal fluids was installed in the fall of 1975, and has seen 1/sup 1///sub 2/ years of service. The line is 4000 ft long, between the deep geothermal wells No. 1 and No. 2, in the Raft River Valley of Idaho. The experience in using this pipeline has been satisfactory, and methods have been developed for minimizing the thermal expansion/thermal shock breakage problems. Recommendations on improved design and construction practices for future pipelines are given. The substantially reduced cost (factor of 2) of an asbestos-cement pipeline compared to the conventional steel pipeline, plus the esthetically desirable effect of a buried pipeline dictate adoption of this type as standard practice for moderate temperature geothermal developments. The Raft River Geothermal Project intends to connect all future wells with pipelines of asbestos-cement, insulated with 1 to 2-inches of urethane, and buried between 2 and 3 ft. Total cost will be approximately $110,000/mile for 10-inch diameter pipe, $125,000/mile for 12-inch diameter.

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A system for communication in a pipe, or pipeline, or network of pipes containing a fluid. The system includes an encoding and transmitting sub-system connected to the pipe, or pipeline, or network of pipes that transmits a signal in the frequency range of 3-100 kHz into the pipe, or pipeline, or network of pipes containing a fluid, and a receiver and processor sub-system connected to the pipe, or pipeline, or network of pipes containing a fluid that receives said signal and uses said signal for a desired application.

The tables provide information on line pipe sizes, walls, grades, and manufacturing processes. Data are presented by manufacturer within each country. Also tabulated are engineering and construction service companies, crude oil pipeline companies, products pipeline companies, natural gas pipeline companies, gas distribution companies, and municipal gas systems in the US. There is also a Canadian and an international directory.

In October 1994, a 16 in. welded branch was installed without interruption to production onto Wintershall Noordzee BV`s 36-in. gas pipeline from the K13-A platform in the Dutch sector of the North Sea to Den helder, The Netherlands. The procedure is the first successfully to combine hyperbaric welding and subsea hot tapping without interruption to production. Developers of new fields can now consider exporting product without interrupting existing production and through existing infrastructure even if no convenient tie-in locations exist. Unocal evaluated export options and established that the most attractive alternative was to export gas into the Wintershall 36-in. K13-A to Den Helder pipeline. Various options for installing a branch included the following: flooding the pipeline and installing a conventional tee; stopping production and installing a welded branch followed by hot tapping; and continuing production and installing a welded branch followed by hot tapping. The chosen scheme was to retrofit a subsea side-tap assembly. This was achieved by installation of a welded branch followed by hot tapping into the 36-in. pipeline. The paper describes location determination, schedules, onshore preparation, and offshore work.

Natural Gas Pipeline Research: Best Practices in Monitoring Technology Energy Systems Research pipelines from outofstate supply basins located in the southwestern United States, the Rocky Mountains, and Canada. These pipelines run throughout the state, including underneath high population areas

The effects of current and impending governmental regulations on US pipeline operations occupied much of April's API Pipeline Conference in Houston. Entire sessions were devoted to ramifications of the Oil Pollution Act of 1990 and governmentally mandated rules for reformulated gasoline. Other papers discussed how the US Federal Energy Regulatory Commission may regulate oil-pipeline rates in the future and what issues individual state legislatures may be examining. If pipeline operators weren't hearing what governments planned, they were hearing what their own industry wanted them to do, mostly in the form of standards, such as API 2610 for terminal and tank facilities, or recommended practices, as for ensuring crude oil quality at terminal and tank sites. The paper discusses the Oil Pollution Act rules; contingency plans proposed by the EPA; NOAA proposals for natural-resource damage assessments; major regulatory issues that will affect pipelines in the future; liabilities and documentation associated with RFG in pipelines; product codes; transfer documentation; operation; oversight programs; and unanswered questions.

We develop a computer aided design (CAD) tool for the simulation and testing of a color image printing pipeline. True color images typically have three color planes (red, green and blue) with eight bits of resolution per pixel per image plane. Printing these images involves a binarization process called halftoning which converts each color plane into a binary image for rendering on binary devices such as printers. While the halftoning algorithm is the heart of the printer pipeline, several preprocessing methods are often required to perform basic image manipulations. These include printer dependent color transformations, image scaling/resizing, and image compression. Thus images at various stages in the printer pipeline are subjected to various types of distortions. Simulation of the printer pipeline is of key importance for end-to-end performance optimization. We model the printer pipeline using the synchronous data ow (SDF) model of computation in the Ptolemy design environment. We simulate typical tradeo s in a color printer pipeline using JBIG2 compliant image compression. We also provide an interactive high level interface to key pipeline parameters via MATLAB and/or the Ptolemy graphical user interface (GUI).

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The increasing use of explosives over the past several years for strip mining and urban development calls for some method to predict the effects of blasting within 100 ft of buried natural gas pipelines; previous methods applied only to greater standoff distances or to aboveground pipelines. Consequently, A.G.A.'s Pipeline Research Committee hired Southwest Research Institute to develop an analytical approach, a test program, and several techniques for defining the maximum blasting stresses on a pipeline and predicting the pipe's response under a wide variety of conditions. A review of this research includes a synopsis of the theoretical approach, the experimental methods used, and a basic procedure for handling blasting encroachment, from the initial notification through the post-blast activities.

ROUTING ISSUES RELATED TO ROUTING ISSUES RELATED TO U.S. DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY RADIOACTIVE MATERIALS TRANSPORTATION: DISCUSSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS PREPARED BY THE ROUTING TOPIC GROUP OF THE TRANSPORTATION EXTERNAL COORDINATION WORKING GROUP APRIL 1998 (a) Routing Issues Related to U.S. Department of Energy Radioactive Materials Transportation: Discussion and Recommendations Table of Contents I. Introduction ........................................................................................................................................ 1 II. Assumptions for Planning Purposes..................................................................................................... 1 III. The Current Routing Regulatory Structure and Its Implications...........................................................

The backers of railroad and pipeline transport for coal clashed at hearings on the proposed Coal Pipeline Act. Slurry-pipeline advocates, claiming that high rail rates discourage industry and are counter to national energy goals, are seeking the eminent domain they need to secure rights-of-way for pipeline construction. Railroad lobbyists have successfully fought the idea so far and will continue to oppose a competing transport system. Proponents of several pipeline routes see them as a way to lower transport prices, while handling only about five percent of the nation's coal. The economics of pipelines appear to be a factor of distance and volume, with no hard evidence available. Arguments of both sides of the controversy are cited. Water rights are a major problem in transporting Western coal by pipeline and, in some states, are a larger issue than eminent domain. (DCK)

Rio Grande Pipeline, a joint venture between Mid-America Pipeline Co., Amoco Pipeline Co. and Navajo Pipeline Co., has broken new ground in the energy industry as the first LPG pipeline to cross the US-Mexico border. Plans for the project were announced in November 1995 and first deliveries started three months ago on March 21, 1997. The 8-inch, 265-mile pipeline originates near Odessa, TX, where it receives an 85-15 propane-butane mix via a connection to Mid-America Pipeline. From Odessa, product moves west through the Texas desert and crosses the Rio Grande River about 15 miles south of El Paso near Clint, TX and extends 20 miles into Mexico. Capacity of the line is 24,000 bpd and it has been averaging about 22,000 bpd since line-fill. All in all, it sounded like a reasonably feasible, routine project. But perceptions can be deceiving, or at least misleading. In other words, the project can be summarized as follows: one river, two cultures and a world of difference. The official border crossing for pipeline construction took place on Dec. 2, 1996, with a directional drill under the Rio Grande River, but in actuality, the joint venture partners were continually bridging differences in language, laws, customs and norms with Pemex and contracted workers from Mexico.

Natural gas transmission pipelines have proven to be a safe and efficient means for transporting the trillions of cubic feet of natural gas used annually in the United States. Since the peak of construction of these pipelines occurred between 1950 and the mid-1960s, their average age is now over thirty years. However, replacement of these pipelines because of age would be prohibitively expensive and unnecessary. Preventive maintenance and rehabilitation programs put into practice by the pipeline industry provides the key to ensuring the continued integrity of the transmission pipeline system. This article reviews the preventive maintenance practices commonly used by the gas industry. These practices include right-of-way patrols, corrosion control procedures, in-line inspection with intelligent or smart pigs that inspect the pipe while traveling through the inside of the pipe, direct access inspection of the pipe from bellhole excavations, and hydrostatic retesting of pipelines. When pipelines are properly maintained, these practices can ensure the integrity and long-term serviceability of transmission pipelines well into the 21st Century. 11 refs., 5 figs., 1 tab.

The construction of the 313 mile long, 24 in. LPG pipeline from Hassi R'Mel to Arzew, Algeria is described. The pipeline was designed to deliver 6 million tons of LPG annually using one pumping station. Eventually an additional pumping station will be added to raise the system capacity to 9 million tons annually.

This analysis assesses the amount of capacity that may be turned back to pipeline companies, based on shippers' actions over the past several years and the profile of contracts in place as of July 1, 1998. It also examines changes in the characteristics of contracts between shippers and pipeline companies.

This special report examines recent expansions tothe North American natural gas pipeline networkand the nature and type of proposed pipeline projects announced or approved for construction during the next several years in the United States. It includes those projects in Canada and Mexico that tie in with U.S. markets or projects.

Southwest Region Southwest Region About U.S. Natural Gas Pipelines - Transporting Natural Gas based on data through 2007/2008 with selected updates Natural Gas Pipelines in the Southwest Region Overview | Export Transportation | Intrastate | Connection to Gulf of Mexico | Regional Pipeline Companies & Links Overview Most of the major onshore interstate natural gas pipeline companies (see Table below) operating in the Southwest Region (Arkansas, Louisiana, New Mexico, Oklahoma, and Texas) are primarily exporters of the region's natural gas production to other parts of the country and Mexico, while an extensive Gulf of Mexico and intrastate natural gas pipeline network is the main conduit for deliveries within the region. More than 56,000 miles of natural gas pipeline on more than 66 intrastate natural gas pipeline systems (including offshore-to-onshore and offshore Gulf of Mexico pipelines) deliver natural gas to the region's local natural gas distribution companies and municipalities and to the many large industrial and electric power facilities located in the region.

The 2-m Liverpool Telescope (LT), owned by Liverpool John Moores University, is located in La Palma (Canary Islands) and operates in fully robotic mode. In 2005, the LT began conducting an automatic GRB follow-up program. On receiving an automatic GRB alert from a Gamma-Ray Observatory (Swift, INTEGRAL, HETE-II, IPN) the LT initiates a special override mode that conducts follow-up observations within 2-3 min of the GRB onset. This follow-up procedure begins with an initial sequence of short (10-s) exposures acquired through an r' band filter. These images are reduced, analyzed and interpreted automatically using pipeline software developed by our team called "LT-TRAP" (Liverpool Telescope Transient Rapid Analysis Pipeline); the automatic detection and successful identification of an unknown and potentially fading optical transient triggers a subsequent multi-color imaging sequence. In the case of a candidate brighter than r'=15, either a polarimetric (from 2006) or a spectroscopic observation (from 2007) will be triggered on the LT. If no candidate is identified, the telescope continues to obtain z', r' and i' band imaging with increasingly longer exposure times. Here we present a detailed description of the LT-TRAP and briefly discuss the illustrative case of the afterglow of GRB 050502a, whose automatic identification by the LT just 3 min after the GRB, led to the acquisition of the first early-time (< 1 hr) multi-color light curve of a GRB afterglow.

Samples of soil and other materials adhering to the outer and inner surfaces of pipeline coatings, and pieces of rupture pipe were studied to investigate causes of gas-carrying pipeline failures in Pakistan. Chemical analysis of the ruptured pipe shows the pipeline steel had no material flaw. X-ray diffraction studies of the soil reveal that it contains clay and nonclay minerals normally found. The material adhering to the coating facing the pipeline surface contains carbonates and bicarbonates of sodium, namely, nahcolite and trona. This study shows that nahcolite and trona, as products of cathodic protection that were then synthesized in the vicinity of the pipeline surface, could have attacked the pipe surface over the years and caused corrosion.

We have developed PGPG (Pipeline Generator for Programmable GRAPE), a software which generates the low-level design of the pipeline processor and communication software for FPGA-based computing engines (FBCEs). An FBCE typically consists of one or multiple FPGA (Field-Programmable Gate Array) chips and local memory. Here, the term "Field-Programmable" means that one can rewrite the logic implemented to the chip after the hardware is completed, and therefore a single FBCE can be used for calculation of various functions, for example pipeline processors for gravity, SPH interaction, or image processing. The main problem with FBCEs is that the user need to develop the detailed hardware design for the processor to be implemented to FPGA chips. In addition, she or he has to write the control logic for the processor, communication and data conversion library on the host processor, and application program which uses the developed processor. These require detailed knowledge of hardware design, a hardware description language such as VHDL, the operating system and the application, and amount of human work is huge. A relatively simple design would require 1 person-year or more. The PGPG software generates all necessary design descriptions, except for the application software itself, from a high-level design description of the pipeline processor in the PGPG language. The PGPG language is a simple language, specialized to the description of pipeline processors. Thus, the design of pipeline processor in PGPG language is much easier than the traditional design. For real applications such as the pipeline for gravitational interaction, the pipeline processor generated by PGPG achieved the performance similar to that of hand-written code. In this paper we present a detailed description of PGPG version 1.0.

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This document describes the Nondestructive Evaluation (NDE) technologies that are currently available or under development to help quantify the corrosion state of service water pipelines. The report classifies the technologies into above-ground and below-ground service. Further, it divides the techniques into those that require the pipe to be bare (lightly coated) and those that can measure through insulation or liners. Finally it presents the techniques that are best suited to perform a local metal loss...

Several techniques are available to determine the integrity of in situ metal pipeline but very little is available in the literature to determine the integrity of plastic pipelines. Since the decade of the 1970s much of the newly installed gas distribution and transmission lines in the United States are fabricated from polyethylene or other plastic. A probe has been developed to determine the in situ integrity of plastic natural gas pipelines that can be installed on a traversing mechanism (pig) to detect abnormalities in the walls of the plastic natural gas pipeline from the interior. This probe has its own internal power source and can be deployed into existing natural gas supply lines. Utilizing the capacitance parameter, the probe inspects the pipe for flaws and records the data internally which can be retrieved later for analysis.

State Regulatory Framework Will Most Likely Result in Robust CO2 State Regulatory Framework Will Most Likely Result in Robust CO2 Pipeline System, New Study Says State Regulatory Framework Will Most Likely Result in Robust CO2 Pipeline System, New Study Says February 1, 2011 - 12:00pm Addthis Washington, DC - A private sector model with a state rather than Federal-based regulatory framework is the approach that will "most likely result in a robust CO2 [carbon dioxide] pipeline system" in the United States, according to a new report developed with funding from the U.S. Department of Energy's National Energy Technology Laboratory (DOE/NETL). However, a Federal role that "includes incentives to encourage the private construction of CO2 pipelines" would be an important factor in moving the concept forward, the study says.

The leading cause of incidents on transmission pipelines is damage by third-party construction equipment. A single incident can be devastating, causing death and millions of dollars of property loss. This damage would be prevented if potentially hazardous construction equipment could be detected, identified, and an alert given before the pipeline is hit. Currently there is no method for continuously monitoring a pipeline right-of-way. Instead, companies periodically walk or fly over the pipeline to find unauthorized construction activities. Gas Technology Institute (GTI) is developing a system to solve this problem by using an optical fiber buried above the pipeline as a distributed sensor. A custom optical time domain reflectometer (OTDR) is used to interrogate the fiber. Key issues in the development of this technology are the ability to detect encroachment and the ability to discriminate among potentially hazardous and benign encroachments. Advantages of the reflectometry technique are the ability to accurately pinpoint the location of the construction activity and the ability to separately monitor simultaneously occurring events. The basic concept of using OTDR with an optical fiber buried above the pipeline to detect encroachment of construction equipment into the right of way works. Sufficiently rapid time response is possible; permitting discrimination between encroachment types. Additional work is required to improve the system into a practical device.

Evaluation of Natural Gas Pipeline Materials and Infrastructure for Hydrogen/Mixed Gas Service Retrofitting Existing NG Pipelines fro Hydrogen/Hythane Service New Pipeline Installation and ROW Lower South Carolina Electric and Gas University of South Carolina Praxair Hydrogen Pipeline Working Group

Coal-derived medium btu gas can be safely transported by pipeline over moderate distances, according to this survey of current industrial pipeline practices. Although pipeline design criteria will be more stringent than for natural gas pipelines, the necessary technology is readily available.

We propose a systematic pipelining method for a linear system to minimize power and maximize throughput, given a constraint on the number of pipeline stages and a set of resource constraints. Unlike most existing pipelining approaches, our method takes ... Keywords: common operand, linear system, operand sharing, pipelining, power

Texas Gas Transmission Corp. has supplemented the findings of Southwest Research Institute's study of detonation-induced stresses on pipelines by applying SwRI's equations to actual field problems. Texas Gas used the blasting-stress equations to fix the minimum allowable stand-off distance and maximum particle velocities for strip-mining operations planned along a transmission line right-of-way. The ultimate goal was to ensure that the combined stresses of blasting and operating pressures would not exceed 72% of the pipe's specified minimum yield strength. These stress calculations enabled Texas Gas to maintain normal operating conditions throughout the time that overburden blasting was taking place 100-500 ft from the line.

Carriers (Montana) Carriers (Montana) Pipeline Carriers (Montana) < Back Eligibility Utility Investor-Owned Utility Industrial Construction Municipal/Public Utility Rural Electric Cooperative Retail Supplier Institutional Systems Integrator Fuel Distributor Program Info State Montana Program Type Siting and Permitting Provider State of Montana Public Service Commission Pipeline carriers transporting crude petroleum, coal, the products of crude petroleum or coal, or carbon dioxide produced in the combustion or gasification of fossil fuels are required to abide by these regulations. The regulations address construction permits and the use of eminent domain by pipeline carriers, records and reporting, connection and interchange facilities, and the prohibition of discrimination in rates and service

The recently released Reflex scientific workflow environment supports the interactive execution of ESO VLT data reduction pipelines. Reflex is based upon the Kepler workflow engine, and provides components for organising the data, executing pipeline recipes based on the ESO Common Pipeline Library, invoking Python scripts, and constructing interaction loops. Reflex will greatly enhance the quick validation and reduction of the scientific data. In this paper we summarize the main features of Reflex, and demonstrate as an example its application to the reduction of echelle UVES data.

LA-UR-05-6025 LA-UR-05-6025 Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited. Title: Acoustic Sensor for Pipeline Monitoring: Technology Report Author(s): Dipen N. Sinha Submitted to: Gas Technology Management Division Strategic Center for Natural Gas and Oil National Energy Technology Laboratory 2 Acoustic Sensor for Pipeline Monitoring: Technology Report Dipen Sinha Los Alamos National Laboratory July 20, 2005 Executive Summary This report presents detailed information on the effort to develop acoustic sensing technologies for natural gas pipe line monitoring. It starts with a historical evolution of the project and ends with the current status. The various technical accomplishments during this effort are pointed out. The latest technique involves the use of Lamb wave propagation in the wall of a pipe generated in a stand-off manner for defect detection. The report presents

This book illustrates the major advantages of synthetic pipeline gas from coal. Progress on many of the coal gasification projects envisioned over the past decade has been thwarted by regulatory, permitting, and financing delays. The rationale for developing a synthetic pipeline gas industry remains as strong as ever from the nation's viewpoint, and the pioneer US commercial scale high-Btu coal gasification plant is now under construction-the Great Plains coal gasification plant in North Dakota. Also, the US Synthetic Fuels Corporation is now operational and can move forward to provide the guarantees which are necessary to overcome the financial barriers to a commercial synfuels capability in the United States. Compared to other principal means of utilizing America's vast coal reserves, coal gasification uses coal and land more efficiently, uses less water, emits less air pollutants, requires less capital and results in a lower cost of energy to consumers. (DP)

The primary objective of this program is to evaluate the technical feasibility and, in a preliminary fashion, the economic viability of transmitting and storing energy by an open-loop modification of the reversible chemical energy pipeline system known as EVA/ADAM. The work designed to achieve this objective includes: (1) the preliminary design of a nuclear (HTGR) and methane-based open-loop system; (2) evaluation of energy sources as alternatives to those in the preliminary design (e.g., coal gasification and HTGR/LNG); (3) assessment of the feasibility of using existing natural gas pipelines and storage systems for the synthesis gas; (4) assessment of existing methanation technologies and interchangeability of the SNG with natural gas; (5) evaluation of the various alternative energy end-uses for heat, SNG, and electricity; and (6) development of two conceptual designs and evaluation of their economics and environmental impacts.

22, 2004 22, 2004 Robot Successfully Inspects Live Natural Gas Pipeline in New York Field Test is a First for Natural Gas Industry BROCKPORT, NY - In a recent field demonstration filled with "firsts," a self-powered robot developed by the Northeast Gas Association, Carnegie Mellon University, and the Department of Energy's National Energy Technology Laboratory successfully inspected a mile of a live natural gas distribution main in Brockport, New York. Known as EXPLORER, the remote-controlled robot was launched and retrieved four times on October 8 with no interruption in customer service. The system successfully made its way through an 8-inch diameter pipeline owned and operated by Rochester Electric & Gas, and maneuvered several 70- to 90-degree bends.

Work performed for the design and development of an organic Rankine-cycle engine for automobile propulsion is reported. An automotive power plant using an organic Rankine-cycle system with a reciprocating expander has been designed, built, and tested on an engine dynamometer in a preprototype configuration. The system is designed to provide performance approximately equivalent to that of a 351-CID internal combustion engine in the reference car, a 1972 Ford Galaxie 500. A description of the preprototype system, major components, and results from component and system testing are presented. The fuel economy based on steady-state measurements is estimated to be 10.2 mpg over the federal driving cycle with a maximum of 16 mpg at 30 mph. Projections of steady-state emission measurements show compliance with the 1970 Clean Air Act standards for 1978 vehicle emissions. The levels for unburned hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide, and oxides of nitrogen were 41 percent, 6 percent, and 69 percent of the standards, respectively. At the conclusion of the preprototype phase of the program, a prototype design effort was initiated to upgrade and improve the performance of the preprototype system. The reference vehicle for this prototype design is a compact car in the weight class of a 1974 Ford Pinto. The results of this design study, including performance projections, are also presented.

Study and Study and Criteria for Designation of National Interest Electric Transmission Corridors March 29, 2006 Discussion of Process Issues David Meyer Office of Electricity Delivery and Energy Reliability US Department of Energy 2 Two Basic, Interdependent Issues Geographic Scope of National Corridors Appropriate Timing for Designation of a National Corridor Interdependent because route becomes more predictable as a proposed project is refined 3 New Term: Electric Transmission Constraint Area "Constraint Area" would refer to a problem in the transmission infrastructure Usually would not have a precise locus or boundaries By designating a Constraint Area, DOE could flag an important problem - and remain agnostic about how to solve it 4 Relationship of Constraint Areas

Sample records for discussion pipeline development from the National Library of Energy Beta (NLEBeta)

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This paper reports that construction is well under way on a pipeline to transport gas form the North Sea and Russia into the heart of Germany. Mitte Deutchland Anbindungs Leitung (Midal) gas pipeline, under construction for Winershall AG and partner Gazprom, the Russian state gas company, will extend more than 640 km from the North Sea coast to Ludwigshafen in Southwest Germany. en route, the line will make more than 100 river crossings. Midal will connect with the joint ventures' Sachesen-Thurigen-Erdgas Leitung (Stegal) pipeline, which moves Russian gas into eastern Germany and Wintershall's gas storage site at Rehden. Wintershall Erdgas Handelshaus GmbH, set up to manage the joint venture project, divided the pipeline route into six parts, hiring different contractors to lay each section.

This paper describes NGfast, the new simulation and impact-analysis tool developed by Argonne National Laboratory for rapid, first-stage assessments of impacts of major pipeline breaks. The methodology, calculation logic, and main assumptions are discussed. The concepts presented are most useful to state and national energy agencies tasked as first responders to such emergencies. Within minutes of the occurrence of a break, NGfast can generate an HTML-formatted report to support briefing materials for state and federal emergency responders. Sample partial results of a simulation of a real system in the United States are presented.

The combination of hardware acceleration and flexibility make FPGAs important to image processing applications. There is also a need for efficient, flexible hardware/software codesign environments that can balance the benefits and costs of using FPGAs. Image processing applications often consist of a pipeline of components where each component applies a different processing algorithm. Components can be implemented for FPGAs or software. Such systems enable an image analyst to work with either FPGA or software implementations of image processing algorithms for a given problem. The pipeline assignment problem chooses from alternative implementations of pipeline components to yield the fastest pipeline. Our codesign system solves the pipeline assignment problem to provide the most effective implementation automatically, so the image analyst can focus solely on choosing components which make up the pipeline. However, the pipeline assignment problem is NP complete. An efficient, dynamic solution to the pipeline assignment problem is a desirable enabler of codesign systems which use both FPGA and software implementations. This paper is concerned with solving pipeline assignment in this context. Consequently, we focus on optimal and heuristic methods for fast (fixed time limit) runtime pipeline assignment. Exhaustive search, integer linear programming and local search methods for pipeline assignment are investigated. We present experimental findings for pipelines of 20 or fewer components which show that in our environment, optimal runtime solutions are possible for smaller pipelines and nearly optimal heuristic solutions are possible for larger pipelines.

A method and apparatus are disclosed for laying a submerged pipeline, such as a submarine pipeline, on the bed of a body of water along a path which crosses a ditch in the bed in which there is a current transverse to the pipeline, the depth of the body of water being at a maximum in the ditch and the pipeline being drawn along the bed from a shore towards open water, wherein at least one ballast tube is integrally associated with the pipeline so that a portion of the pipeline with the associated ballast tube takes up a position within the ditch in substantially U-form, the ballast tube being filled partly with air and partly with water which collects in the portion of the ballast tube of substantially U-form whereby the apparent weight of the pipeline is increased solely with respect to the portion thereof located in the ditch, the water remaining in position in the portion of the ballast tube temporarily located within the ditch as the pipeline and the associated ballast tube move forward during the laying operation. An air circulation pipe may be associated with the ballast tube, being preferably located inside the ballast tube, the pipe placing the part of the space within the ballast tube near the front end thereof into communication with a source of air located on land.

PipelinesPipelines About U.S. Natural Gas Pipelines - Transporting Natural Gas based on data through 2007/2008 with selected updates Natural Gas Import/Export Pipelines As of the close of 2008 the United States has 58 locations where natural gas can be exported or imported. 24 locations are for imports only 18 locations are for exports only 13 locations are for both imports and exports 8 locations are liquefied natural gas (LNG) import facilities Imported natural gas in 2007 represented almost 16 percent of the gas consumed in the United States annually, compared with 11 percent just 12 years ago. Forty-eight natural gas pipelines, representing approximately 28 billion cubic feet (Bcf) per day of capacity, import and export natural gas between the United States and Canada or Mexico.

Design of new cheap aerial pipelines, a large flexible tube deployed at high altitude, for delivery of natural (fuel) gas, water and other payload over a long distance is delineated. The main component of the natural gas is methane which has a specific weight less than air. A lift force of one cubic meter of methane equals approximately 0.5 kg (1 pound). The lightweight film flexible pipeline can be located in air at high altitude and, as such, does not damage the environment. Using the lift force of this pipeline and wing devices payloads of oil, water, or other fluids, or even solids such as coal, cargo, passengers can be delivered cheaply at long distance. This aerial pipeline dramatically decreases the cost and the time of construction relative to conventional pipelines of steel which saves energy and greatly lowers the capital cost of construction. The article contains a computed project for delivery 24 billion cubic meters of gas and tens of million tons of oil, water or other payload per year.

Design of new cheap aerial pipelines, a large flexible tube deployed at high altitude, for delivery of natural (fuel) gas, water and other payload over a long distance is delineated. The main component of the natural gas is methane which has a specific weight less than air. A lift force of one cubic meter of methane equals approximately 0.5 kg (1 pound). The lightweight film flexible pipeline can be located in air at high altitude and, as such, does not damage the environment. Using the lift force of this pipeline and wing devices payloads of oil, water, or other fluids, or even solids such as coal, cargo, passengers can be delivered cheaply at long distance. This aerial pipeline dramatically decreases the cost and the time of construction relative to conventional pipelines of steel which saves energy and greatly lowers the capital cost of construction. The article contains a computed project for delivery 24 billion cubic meters of gas and tens of million tons of oil, water or other payload per year.

Sample records for discussion pipeline development from the National Library of Energy Beta (NLEBeta)

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The U.S. liquid petroleum pipeline industry is large, diverse, and vital to the nation's economy. Comprised of approximately 200,000 miles of pipe in all fifty states, liquid petroleum pipelines carried more than 40 million barrels per day, or 4 trillion barrel-miles, of crude oil and refined products during 2001. That represents about 17% of all freight transported in the United States, yet the cost of doing so amounted to only 2% of the nation's freight bill. Approximately 66% of domestic petroleum transport (by ton-mile) occurs by pipeline, with marine movements accounting for 28% and rail and truck transport making up the balance. In 2004, the movement of crude petroleum by domestic federally regulated pipelines amounted to 599.6 billion tonmiles, while that of petroleum products amounted to 315.9 billion ton-miles (AOPL 2006). As an illustration of the low cost of pipeline transportation, the cost to move a barrel of gasoline from Houston, Texas, to New York Harbor is only 3 cents per gallon, which is a small fraction of the cost of gasoline to consumers. Pipelines may be small or large, up to 48 inches in diameter. Nearly all of the mainline pipe is buried, but other pipeline components such as pump stations are above ground. Some lines are as short as a mile, while others may extend 1,000 miles or more. Some are very simple, connecting a single source to a single destination, while others are very complex, having many sources, destinations, and interconnections. Many pipelines cross one or more state boundaries (interstate), while some are located within a single state (intrastate), and still others operate on the Outer Continental Shelf and may or may not extend into one or more states. U.S. pipelines are located in coastal plains, deserts, Arctic tundra, mountains, and more than a mile beneath the water's surface of the Gulf of Mexico (Rabinow 2004; AOPL 2006). The network of crude oil pipelines in the United States is extensive. There are approximately 55,000 miles of crude oil trunk lines (usually 8 to 24 inches in diameter) in the United States that connect regional markets. The United States also has an estimated 30,000 to 40,000 miles of small gathering lines (usually 2 to 6 inches in diameter) located primarily in Texas, Oklahoma, Louisiana, and Wyoming, with small systems in a number of other oil producing states. These small lines gather the oil from many wells, both onshore and offshore, and connect to larger trunk lines measuring 8 to 24 inches in diameter. There are approximately 95,000 miles of refined products pipelines nationwide. Refined products pipelines are found in almost every state in the United States, with the exception of some New England states. These refined product pipelines vary in size from relatively small, 8- to 12-inch-diameter lines, to up to 42 inches in diameter. The overview of pipeline design, installation, and operation provided in the following sections is only a cursory treatment. Readers interested in more detailed discussions are invited to consult the myriad engineering publications available that provide such details. The two primary publications on which the following discussions are based are: Oil and Gas Pipeline Fundamentals (Kennedy 1993) and the Pipeline Rules of Thumb Handbook (McAllister 2002). Both are recommended references for additional reading for those requiring additional details. Websites maintained by various pipeline operators also can provide much useful information, as well as links to other sources of information. In particular, the website maintained by the U.S. Department of Energy's Energy Information Administration (EIA) (http://www.eia.doe.gov) is recommended. An excellent bibliography on pipeline standards and practices, including special considerations for pipelines in Arctic climates, has been published jointly by librarians for the Alyeska Pipeline Service Company (operators of the Trans-Alaska Pipeline System [TAPS]) and the Geophysical Institute/International Arctic Research Center, both located in Fairbanks (Barboza and Trebelhorn 2001)

The photometric calibration of the Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS) is a multi-step process which involves data from three different telescopes: the 1.0-m telescope at the US Naval Observatory (USNO), Flagstaff Station, Arizona (which was used to establish the SDSS standard star network); the SDSS 0.5-m Photometric Telescope (PT) at the Apache Point Observatory (APO), New Mexico (which calculates nightly extinctions and calibrates secondary patch transfer fields); and the SDSS 2.5-m telescope at APO (which obtains the imaging data for the SDSS proper). In this paper, we describe the Monitor Telescope Pipeline, MTPIPE, the software pipeline used in processing the data from the single-CCD telescopes used in the photometric calibration of the SDSS (i.e., the USNO 1.0-m and the PT). We also describe transformation equations that convert photometry on the USNO-1.0m u'g'r'i'z' system to photometry the SDSS 2.5m ugriz system and the results of various validation tests of the MTPIPE software. Further, we discuss the semi-automated PT factory, which runs MTPIPE in the day-to-day standard SDSS operations at Fermilab. Finally, we discuss the use of MTPIPE in current SDSS-related projects, including the Southern u'g'r'i'z' Standard Star project, the u'g'r'i'z' Open Star Clusters project, and the SDSS extension (SDSS-II).

Software pipelining (or modulo scheduling) is a powerful back-end optimization to exploit instruction and vector parallelism. Software pipelining is particularly popular for embedded devices as it improves the computation throughput without increasing ...

Optical systolic pipeline processors for polynomial evaluation can be built using horner's rule. With integrated optics techniques, it will be possible to fabricate large order pipelines operating at very high speeds. 10 references.

Oil companies often rely on scheduling algorithms to increase the throughput of oil derivatives and other products which are transported through pipeline networks. This work presents an architecture for a scheduling simulator for pipeline networks, and ...

Regulatory Authorities Regulatory Authorities About U.S. Natural Gas Pipelines - Transporting Natural Gas based on data through 2007/2008 with selected updates U.S. Natural Gas Regulatory Authorities Beginning | Regulations Today | Coordinating Agencies | Regulation of Mergers and Acquisitions Beginning of Industry Restructuring In April 1992, the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC) issued its Order 636 and transformed the interstate natural gas transportation segment of the industry forever. Under it, interstate natural gas pipeline companies were required to restructure their operations by November 1993 and split-off any non-regulated merchant (sales) functions from their regulated transportation functions. This new requirement meant that interstate natural gas pipeline companies were allowed to only transport natural gas for their customers. The restructuring process and subsequent operations have been supervised closely by FERC and have led to extensive changes throughout the interstate natural gas transportation segment which have impacted other segments of the industry as well.

The Hanford Site includes 149 single-shell tanks, organized in 12 'tank farms,' with contents managed as high-level mixed waste. The Hanford Federal Facility Agreement and Consent Order requires that one tank farm, the Waste Management Area C, be closed by June 30, 2019. A challenge to this project is the disposition and closure of Waste Management Area C underground pipelines. Waste Management Area C contains nearly seven miles of pipelines and 200 separate pipe segments. The pipelines were taken out of service decades ago and contain unknown volumes and concentrations of tank waste residuals from past operations. To understand the scope of activities that may be required for these pipelines, an evaluation was performed. The purpose of the evaluation was to identify what, if any, characterization methods and/or closure actions may be implemented at Waste Management Area C for closure of Waste Management Area C by 2019. Physical and analytical data do not exist for Waste Management Area C pipeline waste residuals. To develop estimates of residual volumes and inventories of contamination, an extensive search of available information on pipelines was conducted. The search included evaluating historical operation and occurrence records, physical attributes, schematics and drawings, and contaminant inventories associated with the process history of plutonium separations facilities and waste separations and stabilization operations. Scoping analyses of impacts to human health and the environment using three separate methodologies were then developed based on the waste residual estimates. All analyses resulted in preliminary assessments, indicating that pipeline waste residuals presented a comparably low long-term impact to groundwater with respect to soil, tank and other ancillary equipment residuals, but exceeded Washington State cleanup requirement values. In addition to performing the impact analyses, the assessment evaluated available sampling technologies and pipeline removal or treatment technologies. The evaluation accounted for the potential high worker risk, high cost, and schedule impacts associated with characterization, removal, or treatment of pipelines within Waste Management Area C for closure. This assessment was compared to the unknown, but estimated low, long-term impacts to groundwater associated with remaining waste residuals should the pipelines be left "as is" and an engineered surface barrier or landfill cap be placed. This study also recommended that no characterization or closure actions be assumed or started for the pipelines within Waste Management Area C, likewise with the premise that a surface barrier or landfill cap be placed over the pipelines.

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We encourage you to perform a real-time search of NLEBeta
to obtain the most current and comprehensive results.

Ophir Corporation was awarded a contract by the U. S. Department of Energy, National Energy Technology Laboratory under the Project Title ''Airborne, Optical Remote Sensing of Methane and Ethane for Natural Gas Pipeline Leak Detection'' on October 14, 2002. This six-month technical report summarizes the progress for each of the proposed tasks, discusses project concerns, and outlines near-term goals. Ophir has completed a data survey of two major natural gas pipeline companies on the design requirements for an airborne, optical remote sensor. The results of this survey are disclosed in this report. A substantial amount of time was spent on modeling the expected optical signal at the receiver at different absorption wavelengths, and determining the impact of noise sources such as solar background, signal shot noise, and electronic noise on methane and ethane gas detection. Based upon the signal to noise modeling and industry input, Ophir finalized the design requirements for the airborne sensor, and released the critical sensor light source design requirements to qualified vendors. Responses from the vendors indicated that the light source was not commercially available, and will require a research and development effort to produce. Three vendors have responded positively with proposed design solutions. Ophir has decided to conduct short path optical laboratory experiments to verify the existence of methane and absorption at the specified wavelength, prior to proceeding with the light source selection. Techniques to eliminate common mode noise were also evaluated during the laboratory tests. Finally, Ophir has included a summary of the potential concerns for project success and has established future goals.

We describe the software requirement and design specifications for all-sky panoramic astronomical pipelines. The described software aims to meet the specific needs of super-wide angle optics, and includes cosmic-ray hit rejection, image compression, star recognition, sky opacity analysis, transient detection and a web server allowing access to real-time and archived data. The presented software is being regularly used for the pipeline processing of 11 all-sky cameras located in some of the world's premier observatories. We encourage all-sky camera operators to use our software and/or our hosting services and become part of the global Night Sky Live network.

Mapping workflow applications onto parallel platforms is a challenging problem, even for simple application patterns such as pipeline graphs. Several antagonist criteria should be optimized, such as throughput and latency (or a combination). In this paper, we study the complexity of the bi-criteria mapping problem for pipeline graphs on communication homogeneous platforms. In particular, we assess the complexity of the well-known chains-to-chains problem for different-speed processors, which turns out to be NP-hard. We provide several efficient polynomial bi-criteria heuristics, and their relative performance is evaluated through extensive simulations.

In order to provide a reliable corrosion detection system for the Trans-Alaska Pipeline System (TAPS), a distributed wireless self-powered sensor array is needed to monitor the entire length of the pipeline at all times. ...

A Genetic Algorithm (GA) is used in this paper for the optimal operation, result in better solution than the existing one, of the pipeline systems under transient conditions caused by valve closure. Simulation of pipeline system is carried out here by ... Keywords: genetic algorithm, implicit method of characteristic, pipeline system, transient flow, water hammer

PSPP: A Protein Structure Prediction Pipeline for Computing Clusters Michael S. Lee1,2,3 , Rajkumar. Methodology/Principal Findings: The pipeline consists of a Perl core that integrates more than 20 individual-delimited, and hypertext markup language (HTML) formats. So far, the pipeline has been used to study viral and bacterial

This paper explores the effectiveness of pipelining as a power saving tool, where the reduction in logic depth per stage is used to reduce supply voltage at a fixed clock frequency. We examine power-optimal pipelining in deep submicron technology, both ... Keywords: pipelining, power scaling, supply voltage reduction

A system for sensing and communicating in a pipeline that contains a fluid. An acoustic signal containing information about a property of the fluid is produced in the pipeline. The signal is transmitted through the pipeline. The signal is received with the information and used by a control.

Ophir Corporation was awarded a contract by the U. S. Department of Energy, National Energy Technology Laboratory under the Project Title ''Airborne, Optical Remote Sensing of Methane and Ethane for Natural Gas Pipeline Leak Detection'' on October 14, 2002. This second six-month technical report summarizes the progress made towards defining, designing, and developing the hardware and software segments of the airborne, optical remote methane and ethane sensor. The most challenging task to date has been to identify a vendor capable of designing and developing a light source with the appropriate output wavelength and power. This report will document the work that has been done to identify design requirements, and potential vendors for the light source. Significant progress has also been made in characterizing the amount of light return available from a remote target at various distances from the light source. A great deal of time has been spent conducting laboratory and long-optical path target reflectance measurements. This is important since it helps to establish the overall optical output requirements for the sensor. It also reduces the relative uncertainty and risk associated with developing a custom light source. The data gathered from the optical path testing has been translated to the airborne transceiver design in such areas as: fiber coupling, optical detector selection, gas filters, and software analysis. Ophir will next, summarize the design progress of the transceiver hardware and software development. Finally, Ophir will discuss remaining project issues that may impact the success of the project.

Twin oil (20 and 24 inch) and gas (20 and 48 inch) pipeline systems stretching 800 km are being constructed to connect offshore hydrocarbon deposits from the Sakhalin II concession in the North to an LNG plant and oil export terminal in the South of Sakhalin island. The onshore pipeline route follows a regional fault zone and crosses individual active faults at 19 locations. Sakhalin Energy, Design and Construction companies took significant care to ensure the integrity of the pipelines, should large seismic induced ground movements occur during the Operational life of the facilities. Complex investigations including the identification of the active faults, their precise location, their particular displacement values and assessment of the fault kinematics were carried out to provide input data for unique design solutions. Lateral and reverse offset displacements of 5.5 and 4.5 m respectively were determined as the single-event values for the design level earthquake (DLE)--the 1000-year return period event. Within the constraints of a pipeline route largely fixed, the underground pipeline fault crossing design was developed to define the optimum routing which would minimize stresses and strain using linepipe materials which had been ordered prior to the completion of detailed design, and to specify requirements for pipe trenching shape, materials, drainage system, etc. This Paper describes the steps followed to formulate the concept of the special trenches and the analytical characteristics of the Model.

Natural gas transmission companies mark the right-of-way areas where pipelines are buried with warning signs to prevent accidental third-party damage. Nevertheless, pipelines are sometimes damaged by third-party construction equipment. A single incident can be devastating, causing death and millions of dollars of property loss. This damage would be prevented if potentially hazardous construction equipment could be detected, identified, and an alert given before the pipeline was damaged. The Gas Technology Institute (GTI) is developing a system to solve this problem by using an optical fiber as a distributed sensor and interrogating the fiber with a custom optical time domain reflectometer. Key issues are the ability to detect encroachment and the ability to discriminate among potentially hazardous and benign encroachments. The work performed in the 1st quarter of 2003 included fine-tuning and debugging of the custom Optical Time Domain Reflectometer being constructed for data collection and analysis. The detector was redesigned reducing the noise floor by over a factor of ten. While GTI's OTDR was being improved, a new, commercial OTDR was used to verify that the technique is capable of measuring one pound continuous force applied to the Hergalite. Optical fibers were installed at the ANR Pipeline test site along an operating pipeline.

Expansion and Change on the U.S. Natural Gas Pipeline Network 2002 Expansion and Change on the U.S. Natural Gas Pipeline Network 2002 EIA Home > Natural Gas > Natural Gas Analysis Publications Expansion and Change on the U.S. Natural Gas Pipeline Network 2002 Printer-Friendly Version Expansion and Change on the U.S. Natural Gas Pipeline Network - 2002 Text Box: This special report looks at the level of new capacity added to the national natural gas pipeline network in 2002 and the current capability of that network to transport supplies from production areas to U.S. markets. In addition, it examines the amount of additional capacity proposed for development during the next several years and to what degree various proposed projects will improve the deliverability of natural gas to key market areas. Questions or comments on the contents of this article should be directed to James Tobin at james.tobin@eia.doe.gov or (202) 586-4835. james.tobin@eia.doe.gov

Sample records for discussion pipeline development from the National Library of Energy Beta (NLEBeta)

Note: This page contains sample records for the topic "discussion pipeline development" from the National Library of EnergyBeta (NLEBeta).
While these samples are representative of the content of NLEBeta,
they are not comprehensive nor are they the most current set.
We encourage you to perform a real-time search of NLEBeta
to obtain the most current and comprehensive results.

Natural gas transmission companies mark the right-of-way areas where pipelines are buried with warning signs to prevent accidental third-party damage. Nevertheless, pipelines are sometimes damaged by third-party construction equipment. A single incident can be devastating, causing death and millions of dollars of property loss. This damage would be prevented if potentially hazardous construction equipment could be detected, identified, and an alert given before the pipeline was damaged. The Gas Technology Institute (GTI) is developing a system to solve this problem by using an optical fiber as a distributed sensor and interrogating the fiber with an custom optical time domain reflectometer. Key issues are the ability to detect encroachment and the ability to discriminate among potentially hazardous and benign encroachments. The work performed in the third quarter of the project (2nd quarter of 2002) includes design of the diode laser driver and high-speed detector electronics and programming of the custom optical time domain reflectometer.

We have run two completely independent weak lensing analysis pipelines on a set of realistic simulated images of a massive galaxy cluster with a singular isothermal sphere profile (galaxy velocity dispersion sigma_v=1250 km/ sec). The suite of images was constructed using the simulation tools developed by the Dark Energy Survey. We find that both weak lensing pipelines can accurately recover the velocity dispersion of our simulated clusters, suggesting that current weak lensing tools are accurate enough for measuring the shear profile of massive clusters in upcoming large photometric surveys. We also demonstrate how choices of some cuts influence the final shear profile and sigma_v measurement. Analogously to the STEP program, we make all of these cluster simulation images publically available for other groups to analyze through their own weak lensing pipelines.

Ophir Corporation was awarded a contract by the U. S. Department of Energy, National Energy Technology Laboratory under the Project Title ''Airborne, Optical Remote Sensing of Methane and Ethane for Natural Gas Pipeline Leak Detection'' on October 14, 2002. The scope of the work involved designing and developing an airborne, optical remote sensor capable of sensing methane and, if possible, ethane for the detection of natural gas pipeline leaks. Flight testing using a custom dual wavelength, high power fiber amplifier was initiated in February 2005. Ophir successfully demonstrated the airborne system, showing that it was capable of discerning small amounts of methane from a simulated pipeline leak. Leak rates as low as 150 standard cubic feet per hour (scf/h) were detected by the airborne sensor.

The US Bureau of Mines and the State of Indiana cooperated with AMAX Coal Co. and its consultants to determine the effects of coal mine overburden blasting on nearby pipelines. Five pressurized 76-m pipeline sections were installed on the Minnehaha Mine highwall near Sullivan, IN, for testing to failure. Four 17- to 51-cm-diameter welded steel pipes and one 22-cm PVC pipe were monitored for vibration, strain, and pressure for a period of 6 months while production blasting advanced up to the test pipeline field. In contrast to previous studies of small-scale, close-in blasting for construction, these tests involved overburden blasts of up to 950 kg per delay in 31-cm blastholes. Analyses found low pipe responses, strains, and calculated stresses from even large blasts. Ground vibrations of 120 to 250 mm/s produced worst case strains that were about 25 pcts of the strains resulting from normal pipeline operations and calculated stresses of only about 10 to 18 pct of the ultimate tensile strength. No pressurization failures or permanent strains occurred even at vibration amplitudes of 600 mm/s.

We propose a set of modeling rules and a synthesis method for the design of asynchronous pipelines. To keep the circuit area and power dissipation of the asynchronous control network small, the proposed approach avoids the conventional syntaxdirected ... Keywords: asynchronous, low power

Both IP lookup and packet classification in IP routers can be implemented by some form of tree traversal. SRAM-based Pipelining can improve the throughput dramatically. However, previous pipelining schemes result in unbalanced memory allocation over the pipeline stages. This has been identified as a major challenge for scalable pipelined solutions. This paper proposes a flexible bidirectional linear pipeline architecture based on widely-used dual-port SRAMs. A search tree is partitioned, and then mapped onto pipeline stages by a bidirectional fine-grained mapping scheme. We introduce the notion of inversion factor and several heuristics to invert subtrees for memory balancing. Due to its linear structure, the architecture maintains packet input order, and supports non-blocking route updates. Our experiments show that, the architecture can achieve a perfectly balanced memory distribution over the pipeline stages, for both trie-based IP lookup and tree-based multi-dimensional packet classification. For IP looku...

Complex information extraction (IE) pipelines assembled by plumbing together off-the-shelf operators, specially customized operators, and operators re-used from other text processing pipelines are becoming an integral component of most text processing frameworks. A critical task faced by the IE pipeline user is to run a post-mortem analysis on the output. Due to the diverse nature of extraction operators (often implemented by independent groups), it is time consuming and error-prone to describe operator semantics formally or operationally to a provenance system. We introduce the first system that helps IE users analyze pipeline semantics and infer provenance interactively while debugging. This allows the effort to be proportional to the need, and to focus on the portions of the pipeline under the greatest suspicion. We present a generic debugger for running post-execution analysis of any IE pipeline consisting of arbitrary types of operators. We propose an effective provenance model for IE pipelines which cap...

Overview and Links Overview and Links About U.S. Natural Gas Pipelines - Transporting Natural Gas based on data through 2007/2008 with selected updates Regional Overviews and Links to Pipeline Companies Through a series of interconnecting interstate and intrastate pipelines the transportation of natural gas from one location to another within the United States has become a relatively seamless operation. While intrastate pipeline systems often transports natural gas from production areas directly to consumers in local markets, it is the interstate pipeline system's long-distance, high-capacity trunklines that supply most of the major natural gas markets in the United States. Of the six geographic regions defined in this analysis, the Southwest Region contains the largest number of individual natural gas pipeline systems (more than 90) and the highest level of pipeline mileage (over 106,000).

associated with oxidative stress resistance and found several candidates. We then developed a bioinformatics expressing the shRNA coupled to a fluorescent protein, which allows control cells to be used as an internal associated with oxidative stress resistance, as a proof-of-concept of our pipeline we demonstrate

Hydrogen gas has been widely recognized as an environmentally clean and renewable energy fuel, and it provides a way to reduce greenhouse gas and air pollution emission. A great deal of effort has been made to develop new techniques in the field of hydrogen ... Keywords: contact stress analyses, finite element model (FEM), hydrogen pipelines, metallic gasket, pipe joint

The purpose of this work is the proposal of a 10-Bit / 1 MSPS Analog to Digital Converter (ADC) with error correction to match the requirements of a CMOS wavefront sensor for ophthalmic applications. The developed ADC is a combination of different techniques ... Keywords: ADC, error correction, pipelined SAC

The Helioseismic and Magnetic Imager onboard the Solar Dynamics Observatory (SDO/HMI) provides continuous full-disk observations of solar oscillations. We develop a data-analysis pipeline based on the time-distance helioseismology method to measure acoustic travel times using HMI Doppler-shift observations, and infer solar interior properties by inverting these measurements. The pipeline is used for routine production of near-real-time full-disk maps of subsurface wave-speed perturbations and horizontal flow velocities for depths ranging from 0 to 20 Mm, every eight hours. In addition, Carrington synoptic maps for the subsurface properties are made from these full-disk maps. The pipeline can also be used for selected target areas and time periods. We explain details of the pipeline organization and procedures, including processing of the HMI Doppler observations, measurements of the travel times, inversions, and constructions of the full-disk and synoptic maps. Some initial results from the pipeline, includin...

This patent describes a process for converting a metals-contaminated heavy crude oil characterized by an API gravity less than about 20{degrees} and a substantial Conradson Carbon Residue to a pipelineable and substantially upgraded syncrude with concomitant recovery of blown asphalt. It comprises: air-blowing at least the 650{degrees} F.{sup +} fraction of the heavy crude oil at a temperature of 390{degrees} to 600{degrees} F. under conditions effective to increase its combined oxygen content by at least 0.5 weight percent; deasphalting the air-blown crude oil with solvent whereby separately recovering a blown asphalt and an intermediate syncrude having a substantially lower concentration of metals and less Conradson Carbon residue than the heavy crude oil; and, visbreaking the intermediate syncrude at 800{degrees} to 950{degrees} F. and at a severity effective to impart to it pipelineable viscosity characteristics.

September 1982 marked the completion of the 395-mile eastern leg of the Alaska Highway Gas Pipeline project; the western leg went into service in October 1981. The design capacities are, respectively, 1.075 billion and 240 million CF/day. Phase 11 of the project will consist of installing the northern, large-diameter sections in Alberta, British Columbia, the Yukon, and Alaska, along with additional facilities on the two completed legs.

The present research presents procedures for exploitation of level sensitive latches in wire pipelining. The user gives a Steiner tree, having a signal source and set of destination or sinks, and the location in rectangular plane, capacitive load and required arrival time at each of the destinations. The user also defines a library of non-clocked (buffer) elements and clocked elements (flip-flop and latch), also known as synchronous elements. The first procedure performs concurrent repeater and synchronous element insertion in a bottom-up manner to find the minimum latency that may be achieved between the source and the destinations. The second procedure takes additional input (required latency) for each destination, derived from previous procedure, and finds the repeater and synchronous element assignments for all internal nodes of the Steiner tree, which minimize overall area used. These procedures utilize the latency and area advantages of latch based pipelining over flip-flop based pipelining. The second procedure suggests two methods to tackle the challenges that exist in a latch based design. The deferred delay padding technique is introduced, which removes the short path violations for latches with minimal extra cost.

This paper reports that burgeoning demand for gas is fueling pipeline construction in Eastern and Western hemispheres. In the East, the North Sea is the focal point for activity. And in the West, the U.S. gas market is the power behind construction. As predictions of U.S. gas demand increase, Canadian pipeliners adjust expansion plans to be ready to capture greater shares of markets. Canada's TransCanada Pipelines Ltd. is racing to step up its share of the U.S. market. TransCanada's Western Gas Marketing Ltd. sold 242.3 bcf of gas in the 3 months ended last June 30, a 9.8% increase from last year. TransCanada reported lower volumes sold into Canadian markets, while exports into the U.S. continued to rise. Gas Research Institute (GRI) projects Canadian gas exports to the U.S. by 2000 will reach 2 tcf/year and LNG exports 800 bcf/year. U.S. gas supplies could increase to 23.9 tcf/year by 2010, mostly from Lower 48 production. GRI says supplies from Canada will make up the balance. In the past 2 years, TransCanada has spent about $1 billion expanding its interprovincial main line system.

Sample records for discussion pipeline development from the National Library of Energy Beta (NLEBeta)

Note: This page contains sample records for the topic "discussion pipeline development" from the National Library of EnergyBeta (NLEBeta).
While these samples are representative of the content of NLEBeta,
they are not comprehensive nor are they the most current set.
We encourage you to perform a real-time search of NLEBeta
to obtain the most current and comprehensive results.

The European Large Area ISO Survey (ELAIS) will provide Infrared observations of 4 regions in the sky with ISO. Around 2000 Infrared sources have been detected at 7 and 15 microns (with ISOCAM), 90 and 175 microns (with ISOPHOT)) over 13 square degrees of the sky. We present the source extraction pipeline of the 90 microns ISOPHOT observations, describe and discuss the results obtained and derive the limits of the ELAIS observational strategy.

The publication provides information on the total reserves, production, and deliverability capabilities of the 90 interstate pipeline companies. The gas supplies of interstate pipeline companies consist of the certificated, dedicated, recoverable, salable natural gas available from domestic in-the-ground reserves; gas purchased under contracts with other interstate pipeline companies; domestically produced coal gas, liquefied natural gas (LNG), and synthetic natural gas (SNG); and imported natural gas and LNG. The domestic in-the-ground reserves consist of company-owned reserves including natural gas in underground storage, reserves dedicated to or warranted under contracts with independent producers, and supplemental or short-term supplies purchased from independent producers and intrastate pipeline companies. To avoid duplicate reporting of domestic in-the-ground reserves, the volumes of gas under contract agreement between jurisdictional pipelines have been excluded in summarizing State and national reserves. Volumes contracted under agreements with foreign suppliers include pipeline imports from Canada and Mexico. 7 figs., 18 tabs.

The pipeline is a simple and intuitive structure to speed up many problems. Novice parallel programmers are usually taught this structure early on. However, expert parallel programmers typically eschew using the pipeline in coarsegrained applications because it has three serious problems that make it difficult to implement efficiently. First, processors are idle when the pipeline is not full. Second, load balancing is crucial to obtaining good speedup. Third, it is difficult to incrementally incorporate more processors into an existing pipeline. Instead, experts recast the problem as a master/slave structure which does not suffer from these problems. This paper details a transformation that allows programs written in a pipeline style to execute using the master/slave structure. Parallel programmers can benefit from both the intuitive simplicity of the pipeline and the efficient execution of a master/slave structure. This is demonstrated by performance results from two applications. 1.

Illinois Gas Pipeline Safety Act (Illinois) Illinois Gas Pipeline Safety Act (Illinois) Illinois Gas Pipeline Safety Act (Illinois) < Back Eligibility Commercial Utility Program Info State Illinois Program Type Safety and Operational Guidelines Provider Illinois Commerce Commission Standards established under this Act may apply to the design, installation, inspection, testing, construction, extension, operation, replacement, and maintenance of pipeline facilities. Whenever the Commission finds a particular facility to be hazardous to life or property, it may require the person operating such facility to take the steps necessary to remove the hazard. Each person who engages in the transportation of gas or who owns or operates pipeline facilities shall file with the Commission a plan for inspection and maintenance of each pipeline facility owned or operated by

Installation of 240 miles of 6, 10, and 12-in. LPG pipelines from Mont Belvieu to Tyler, Tex., has provided greater feedstock-supply flexibility to a petrochemical plant in Longview, Tex. The project, which took place over 18 months, included tie-ins with metering at four Mont Belvieu suppliers. The new 10 and 12-in. pipelines now transport propane while the new and existing parts of a 6-in. pipeline transport propylene.