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Basic preconditions of anti-corruption strategies The goal of the Anti-Corruption Strategy is to overcome corruption, to eliminate its root causes and the conditions conducive of its proliferation, to build a sound moral and psychological environment, which, in turn, will power the attainment of sustainable democratic institutions, a civil society, and a state based on the rule of law, the enhancement of free economic competition, economic development, and poverty reduction.

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1- At NATIONAL LEVEL Rule of law Transparency Accountability The need for inclusiveness Developing a culture against corruption Use of positive incentives The role of the judiciary The role of the legislatures

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Active Participation of Civil Society Integrity in police and customs Periodic assessment Monitoring public sector contracts Whistleblower Protection Establishing specialized anti-corruption agencies Ombudsmen Mobilizing the public through education and awareness raising The role of mass-media Access to information

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Fighting corruption requires the identification, and then elimination of its underlying causes and/or breeding ground. Moreover, It should be noted that strengths and weaknesses of each of the elements above, relate to the strengths and weaknesses of other elements. Attention may then be focused on setting priorities and addressing significant weaknesses.

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2 - At INTERNATIONAL LEVEL (not excluding regional cooperation) The United Nations Convention against Corruption (Merida Convention) There is no doubt that the fight against corruption has to be high in the agenda of nations and of the international community. The adoption of the UN Convention against Corruption in October 2003 (and its entry into force on 14 december 2005), marked an historical achievement of the international community. The Convention provides a global response to the problem and countries have shown their commitment and acute awareness of the severity of the problem. Till now, More than 140 countries have signed the Convention and 91 of them have already ratified it.

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Preconditions for the effective implementation of the UNCAC Effective implementation of the UN Convention against Corruption depends on the effective implementation of it pillars. In a way, it could be said that the Convention is based on 5 important pillars as follows: Prevention (Chapter 2): Criminalization (Chapter 3): International cooperation (Chapter 4): Asset recovery (Chapter 5): Technical assistance and information exchange (chapter 6):

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The implementation of the Convention relies on the effective implementation of its pillars. Moreover, special attention should be given to the important following elements/preconditions: - A strong and committed political will is necessary for the successful implementation of the measures against corruption and to identify and eliminate corrupt values and behaviour. - Depoliticization of crimes of corruption is a sine qua non element of any successful legal fight against corruption.

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- In fighting corruption Building a shared understanding of the challenges, risks, scope and nature of corruption, is very crucial. - Promoting ethics and developing a cultural against corruption is needed in all sectors of society, Especially to encourage the public to become more involved in fighting the scourge. - In fighting corruption more effectively, especial attention should be given to the prevention and criminalization of the corruption and promoting international cooperation to fight this menace.

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-Preventing corruption is as complex as the phenomenon of corruption itself and a combination of accountability mechanisms and effective law enforcement mechanisms are needed for the success to overcome the menace. - Effective asset-recovery provisions will support the efforts of countries to redress the worst effects of corruption while sending at the same time, a message to corrupt officials that there will be no place to hide their illicit assets. - All states, especially the destination states, should be encouraged to strengthen the national monitoring mechanisms on their financial and monetary institutions in order to prevent laundering of proceeds of crimes and denying safe haven to officials guilty of corruption.

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- The implementation of the Convention needs extensive legal and technical expertise and knowledge. The international community should work on appropriate ways and means to provide developing countries and countries with economies in transition with the necessary technical assistance. Fighting the menace would not be effective without reinforcing the technical and economic cooperation internationally. -Corruption will not be overcome unless international and regional participation and cooperation is warranted. Therefore greater accountability and transparency from States, international organizations, sub-regional and regional institutions and donor partners, is needed to fight the scourge more effectively. - Obviously, no result could be achieved and permanently maintained without addressing the socio-economic roots of the crime of corruption and in this regard, closer cooperation between the members of the international community is needed.