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DOI: 10.18502/kls.v4i10.3786

Abstract

Community participation to join the national health insurance in Kuantan Singingi until December 2014 was 30% from all population, and 4% from them were the participant from the informal sectors. The Participant from informal sectors was still little, but the government effort to cover all population before 2019. Many factors related to community participation from informal sectors to join the national health insurance, such as knowledge, attitude, health status, income, cost, and education. This research purposed to determine factors related to community participation from informal sectors to join the national health insurance. This research was quantitative analytical with cross-sectional study design. The population of the research was the informal sector workforce and the sample size was 211 households. Data analysis with univariate, bivariate with Chi-Square test, and multivariate with Multiple Logistic Regression tests. The results showed the informal participants of NHI that did not join the national health insurance about 67.3%. The factors related with community participation from informal sectors to join the national health insurance consist of Knowledge (POR=14.887), Attitude (POR=4.626), Health Status (POR=172.823), Cost (POR=21.594), and Education (7.495). The most dominant factor related to the community participation from informal sectors to join the national health insurance is Health Status after being controlled by knowledge, attitude, cost, and education. Be recommended to the Department of Health in District order to improve knowledge about the importance of NHI programs, assure people to participate in the Membership of NHI informal sectors programs with involving cross sectors; health center, head of village, BPJS Health, and community leaders, the Health Center to cooperate with authorized institutions in conducting the data collection of the poor to be included as participants NHI assisted by the Regional Government.

1. Introduction

Indonesia is one of the countries that implement Universal Health Coverage (UHC), which began in 2014. In Indonesia, UHC was known as the National Health Insurance (NHI) or Jaminan Kesehatan Nasional (JKN). NHI is organized by the Agency for Providing Health Insurance (BPJS). NHI is part of the National Social Security System (SJSN) with mechanisms of social health insurance. NHI is compulsory (mandatory) from the Law Number 40/2004 on National Social Security System in Indonesia. The aim is to meet the basic needs of decent public health that is given to every person who has paid contributions or dues paid by the Government. The people who pay contributions coming from self-workers for NHI was called informal participants of NHI (JKN Mandiri). The goal gives the protective Indonesian people in the insurance system and meet the basic needs of decent public health (Kemenkes RI 2013). Although according to the legislation into NHI participant was required in 2019, the Government of Riau Province to seek the entire community in Riau Province has been a participant NHI early, before 2019.

According to BPJS, in Indonesia until January 2015 there were 9.8 million participant informality or self-workers pay dues alone. This number increased from the targeted (BeritaSatu.com 2015). Based on data in May 2015 from BPJS Regional Division II Pekanbaru, there are 1.02798 million people as participant NHI from informal sectors in Riau Province, but they are participants are partly a sick society. The healthy society is still many do not register as a participant (Murti 2014).

Based on the reports from Online Media about participantNHIfrom informal sectors in Kuantan Singingi said that people who follow as participantNHIfrom informal sector still a little than the total population. The participant NHI from informal sectors was 3531 people from 300060 people in 2014. This implies that the knowledge of society in Kuantan Singingi about the importance of health insurance has not been uniformly good. So that, this issue should certainly to study more deeply to purpose the community participation from informal sectors join to the NHI.

Many factors influence a person to guaranteed health care costs. In addition to health status factors, other factors are the level of education, knowledge, attitude, income, and cost (Maharani 2015; Henni 2007).

Based on the early survey to five participants who did not follow participant NHI, there are three people said if they cannot pay dues every month and two people said already have other health insurance so they do not need to be a participant NHI. The results from the survey to five people into a participant NHI informal sectors said that they enter into the participantNHIbecause of the ailing family members and cared.

It is necessary to study the participation of informal sector workers/self-workers joins NHI, so it will find the factors are most influential in increasing the participation of the informal sector to join NHI programs. So the government's target for all the people involved in the membership NHI can be achieved.

The purpose of this study was to determine the factors related participation of informal sectors to join NHI programs in Teluk Kuantan, Riau, Indonesia.

2. Methods

This research is a quantitative analytical with cross-sectional study design. This design can analyze the relationship between several independent variables (knowledge, attitudes, health status, income, cost, and education) with the dependent variable (participation of informal sectors).

The population in this study are the households not classified as civil servants/police/ military and private sector employees who receive the salary from the company or who have their own income in Kuantan Singingi totaling 5.700 households that represented by the head of a family.

The determination of the samples by the formula Lemeshow to see a table size for one sample test of proportion to the level of significance of 5% and a power of 90% on one-sided alternative hypothesis (Lemeshow et al. 1990), from the education variable is gotten minimum samples are 211 samples. The sampling procedure is carried out by Systematic Random Sampling in two subdistricts, namely subdistricts highest coverage of NHI informal sector workforce (District of Kuantan Tengah) and the lowest coverage of participant of NHI informal sector workforce (District of Kuantan Hilir Seberang).

The data collected comes from questionnaires that had been developed by researcher. So, the questionnaire was tested the validity and reliability. Primary data were collected by interviews with respondents followed the questionnaire format. Variable of participation of informal sectors collected by directly asking respondents about membership. For the participants of NHI programs, the data collected by observing to the participant of NHI card to classified as participant informal sector or others. Variable knowledge, attitudes, health status, income, cost, and education are collected by filling in questionnaires by respondents.

Data analysis consisted of univariate, bivariate, and multivariate analysis. Univariate analysis performed to obtain the frequency distribution of each variable research both independent variables and the dependent variable. In addition, to determine the data relatively homogeneous when the proportion is <15%. Bivariate analysis to find out the significance of the relationship between the independent variables and the dependent variable. The bivariate analysis was done by using test χ² test. If the result p <0.05, it is said that there is a significant relationship between the dependent and independent variables. Multivariate Analysis to determine the effect of independent variables (knowledge, attitudes, social economy, health status, cost, and education) of the dependent variable (participation of informal sectors). Multivariate analysis used in this research is the multiple logistic regression analysis. To determine the level of risk then calculated the results of Prevalence Odd Ratio (POR), namely: POR> 1 means a risk factor, POR = 1 means, not a risk factor, POR <1 means a protective factor (Lapau 2011).

3. Results and Discussion

The results of the univariate dependent variables showed that respondents who did not participate in the NHI programs were 67.3%. For the independent variable showed that respondents with not good knowledge level were 67.3%; respondents with negative attitudes were 61.1%; respondents with not good health status were 44.1%, respondents with low-income levels were 65.9%; respondents with perception expensive cost were 45.5%, and respondents with low education level were 49.8%.

Having obtained the results of the bivariate analysis, the next test was followed by multiple logistic regression test by selecting variables to be included in the model (p value ≤ 0.25). In bivariate analysis, variables that have obtained p value ≤ 0.25 is variable knowledge, attitudes, health status, income, cost, and education. Multivariate analysis after modeling was done by issuing a variable one by one and see the changes in the value of POR. The end of modelling could be seen in Table 2.

Table 2

The end modelling of multivariate.

Variable

p value

POR

95% CI

Lower

Upper

Knowledge

0.000

14.887

3.423

64.745

Attitude

0.013

4.626

1.379

15.520

Health Status

0.000

172.823

32.331

923.917

Income

0.092

2.774

0.846

9.095

Cost

0.000

21.594

5.700

81.817

Education

0.001

7.495

2.346

23.940

The result multivariate analysis in Table 3 could be concluded that the variables were significantly associated with the participation of informal sectors were knowledge, attitude, health status, cost, and education. Income variable was confounder variable to the health status and cost. The results of analysis showed that the most dominant variable related to participation of informal sectors was the health status with POR = 172.823. It means the people with the health status of good more risky not to participate as the participant of NHI programs compared with people with not good status after being controlled by variable knowledge, attitude, cost, and education.

Related of the health status for the participation of the informal sector to join the NHI programs

The health status-related with the participation of informal sectors to join HNI programs. The people opinion with not good health status will risk 172 times to reject into participating in the membership NHI compared with people with good health status.

Healthy living is a basic need element that always strived to be met regardless of one's ability to pay. People are more inclined to get good health insurance, when they ill and effort to get assurance to be paid individuals or by the government (Henni 2007).

Based on the Maharani research in 2015 about "Analysis of the Factors that Affect the Community in Singaraja Have Unit link Insurance Program” states that health status about healthy and ill would affect someone in realizing the importance of health insurance. When the disease was more growing and strike a person regardless of age, occupation, place and time. Even critical illness such as stroke, kidney failure, cancer, heart, were not experienced by the elderly but also young people. Not to mention the risk on the road, no one could know. The health status was related to people's interests have Unit link Insurance Program (Maharani 2015).

Health status has confounded with income variable, it means the people with not good health status and had low income would risk being reject into the participation of NHI programs. Therefore, people with not good health status with low income should be given the understanding by health centers and across sectors such as a head village or head subdistrict to join NHI programs. In addition, the government must be surveyed again to determining the beneficiary community (Penerima Bantuan Iuran/PBI). So that the informal sector workers who are still low income can be covered in the PBI.

Related of cost for participation of the informal sector to join the NHI programs

The cost variable related with the participation of informal sectors to join NHI programs. The people opinion with expensive cost will risk 22 times to reject into participating in the membership NHI compared with people with low cost.

According to Henni, the monthly dues affects a person/heads family to join the health insurance or choosing health insurance in accordance with their wishes. It depends on a perception of individuals in responding. Fees affordable could make people join the health insurance but the people feel fee of expensive could make them for unfollow the Health Insurance Program (Henni 2007). Yandrizal et al. (2015) research results also get the result that people did not want to pay NHI's dues because of insufficient income. Dartanto et al. (2014) research results concerning about "Expanding universal health Coverage in The Presence of Informal in Indonesia: Challenges and implications" indicate that the Indonesian people have a desire to join the NHI programs by paying lower premiums. The premium currently seems to be less affordable for them. So, it could create a barrier for the informal sector to work with a new health insurance system.

Cost variable has confounded with income variable, it means the people with high-cost perception and had low income would risk rejecting the NHI programs. For the people who feel cost be expensive must be given the contributions by the local governments so every family gets protection through NHI programs.

Related of knowledge for the participation of the informal sector to join the NHI programs

The knowledge related with participation informal sector to join NHI programs. The people opinion with not good knowledge will risk 15 times to reject into participating in the membership NHI compared with people with good knowledge.

Knowledge is the result of the idea, and this occurs after a person performs sensing on a specific object. A person without the knowledge does not have a basis for making decisions and decisive action on the problems encountered. Knowledge can be gained from direct experience or from others who come to someone (Notoatmodjo 2007).

In Maslow's Needs contexts said that health is part of the most basic physiological needs in addition to other physiological needs such as eating, drinking, and housing. So, the individual requires a guarantee for their health status. We must give knowledge to people about the NHI program provided through the provision of information. If the information on the product clearly defined, it can attract the consumer's interest to buy it (Pradipta 2014).

Based on Lukiono research's results about the influence of knowledge and attitudes to use the Health Insurance on Poor Pregnant Women in Kota Blitar showed that there is a significant correlation between the poor pregnant women knowledge against to use of financing childbirth assurance (Lukiono 2010).

The results from Dartanto et al's research about Expanding Universal Health Coverage in The Presence of Informal in Indonesia: Challenges and implications, with the results most important finding, is someone joining BPJS Health is literate insurance, which has a positive effect on willingness to join BPJS Health. If respondents have a basic knowledge of insurance and NHI programs, the probability to participate in this program will be increased about 0.465 points (Dartanto et al. 2014).

To increase public knowledge about NHI programs, the health workers need to disseminate and communicate information to the public about the importance of health insurance to anticipate costs that arise later when the community sick and require health services. Information can also be done through the newspaper, leaflets, brochures, and other media.

Related of education for the participation of the informal sector to join the NHI programs

The education related with participation informal sector to join NHI programs. The people opinion with low education will risk 7.5 times to reject into participating in the membership NHI compared with people with high education.

According to Noviansyah et al. (2016), the level of formal education has affected a person's thinking process. Formal education affects health importance. A person with higher education has a higher demand. Higher education will increase awareness of the importance of health insurance. Higher educated society considers important health value, so that will ensure their health to managed by public institutions compared lower educated society (Noviansyah et al. 2016).

The above statement is consistent with Maharani research's results about "Analysis of the Factors that Affect the Community in Singaraja Have Unit link Insurance Program", the findings that there is a significant relationship between education interests have Unit link Insurance Program (Health Insurance). Education is measured by observations of the last diploma owned by individuals (Maharani 2015).

Education is a difficult factor to be modified, so the health workers should actively and continuously provide counseling, especially to the community with low education to think rationally. Health workers can involve community leaders, BPJS Health, the Head of Village and the Head of Subdistrict to actively communicate information about NHI programs. They must feel responsible for the success of participation of informal sectors to join the NHI programs. If the all-sector can support increasing membership participation of NHI programs, so the people with low education can be protected with this health insurance.

Related of attitude for participation of the informal sector to join the NHI programs

The attitude related to participation informal sector to join NHI programs. The people opinion with a negative attitude will risk 4,6 times to reject into participating in the membership NHI compared with people with a positive attitude.

Attitude is a reaction or response was still closed from a person to a stimulus or object. The attitude reflects a person's pleasure or displeasure about something. The attitude comes from experience or from other people familiar with us. They can familiarize us with something or cause us to reject it. If there is a health program that favored the response tends positive attitude and a not good health program make the response tends to reject the program (Notoatmodjo 2007).

Based on Purwandari & Maharani research's result said that the average non PBI informal sector workers support the program NHI (Purwandari & Maharani 2015). Research Lukiono about the influence of knowledge and attitudes to use the Health Insurance on Poor Pregnant Women in Kota Blitar showed that there was a significant correlation between the negative attitude pregnant women against to use of financing childbirth assurance (Lukiono 2010).

Attitude is a factor that can be modified, so the health workers should continue to motivate households and families in order to become a participant of NHI programs through counseling by giving examples of the impact to a family. They must pay expensive if they do not guarantee health to cover disease.

4. Conclusions

From the results of this study concluded that people who are not participating in the membership NHI informal sectors are about 67.3%. This is caused by the factors of health status, cost, knowledge, education, and attitude. People with good health status assumed cost NHI expensive, not good knowledge, low education, and have a negative attitude, they have risky to reject in NHI program.

5. Suggestions

Suggestions for this study are expected for the Department of Health in District order to improve knowledge about the importance of NHI programs as protective of health and also can assure people to participate in the Membership of NHI informal sectors programs with involving cross sectors; health center, head of village, BPJS Health, and community leaders. Also expected the Department of Health in District through the Health Center to cooperate with authorized institutions in conducting the data collection of the poor to be included as participants NHI assisted by the Regional Government.

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