* Deterrence Singapore's deterrence policy is based on being prepared for any form of threats while developing diplomatic relationships with as many countries as possible. Deterrence refers to the measures to prevent and protect a country from various threats such as other countries and terrorists. Deterrence is necessary to protect a country and to give people a sense of security. * 7. Means of deterrence: Military Defence Citizen armed force: Singapore cannot afford a large professional army. NS was introduced to build a citizen armed force. All able-bodied male citizens were called up to serve full-time NS. Helps Singaporean men learn to defend their country. Helps in terms of bonding as they share a common experience during their training. Continue to serve as reservists for a maximum of 40 days per year for 10 years and attend constant training and re-training. Develop sense of loyalty, patriotism and a shared destiny for Singapore. * 8. Means of Deterrence: Military Defence 3rd Generation SAF: Warfare has become more complex in recent years. SAF needs to stay current and enhance its abilities. SAF started a project with research institutes and local universities to develop the third generation SAF. Aim: To create an intelligent defence force whether surveillance and strike systems of the SAF operate together to provide early intelligence in order to help destroy the enemy before they can locate us. * 9. Means of Deterrence: Military Defence Defence Industry: An army needs the latest technology and equipment. Singapore has built up its own defence industries through: Chartered Industries of Singapore (CIS) in 1967. It is now a successful defence company. Defence Science and Technology Agency (DSTA) in 2000. Focuses on buying and upgrading weapons and also conducts defence-related research. Allows Singapore to build up the capabilities and effectiveness of the SAF by developing a powerful defence force. This helps Singapore to overcome its constraints by self-sufficiency and its own innovations. * 10. Means of Deterrence: Military Defence Having a strong military which is highly trained, well equipped and self-sufficient allows Singapore to protect itself from foreign threats. The strong military will serve as a deterrence against potential enemies as it will either defeat the aggressor or at least be able inflict heavy casualties to the aggressor to cause the aggressor to think twice about invading Singapore. * 12. Means of Deterrence: Total Defence Introduced in 1984 to involve everyone in the defence of singapore. 5 aspects: Military Civil Defence Economic Defence Social Defence Psychological Defence. Helps Singaporeans believe that Singapore is worth defending. Involving the people in the defence of the country through everyday things helps to strengthen the people's resilience as a nation. Deters potential aggressors as they face the entire nation and not just the armed forces. * 13. Means of Deterrence: Multi-agency Co-ordination National Security Co-ordination Secretariat (NSCS) was setup to co-ordinate the work of various ministries, Ministry of Defence, Ministry of Home Affairs and Ministry of Foreign Affairs: Meets regularly to plan national security strategies and policies. Facilitates close networking and co-ordination to strengthen and enhance Singapore's national security. Prevent, protect and respond to any threats by sharing intelligence and resources. Leads to an integrated response to any threats which is more effective than a singular response by individual ministries. * 14. Means of Deterrence: Military co-operation with other countries Singapore fosters friendly ties with armed forces from other countries through the use of: Bilateral military agreements and exercises: Singapore has military agreements with various counties to allow Singapore troops to train in their countries, e.g. Australia and New Zealand. Singapore conducts regular military exercises and training with...

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...﻿Managing Peace and Security
Deterrence and Diplomacy
Causes of conflict among countries
1. Conflict over territory/border
Countries try to take over land/territories which do not belong to them.
India inherited border drawn by the British when they gained independence - China protested that it did not agree
Difficult to draw a border due to Himalayan Mountains. China began to protest against India's claim on border.
China further went on to build a road on the Akai Chin Plateau - India protested claiming it violated territorial rights.
Led to war as tension broke out between India and China.
The refusal of both countries to agree on the border resulted in war and conflict when China violated India's rights by building on Indian land.
India and China signed an agreement in 2005 to address the border issue in a fair and reasonable manner.
2. Conflict over scarce natural resources
Countries with less resources such as land, water, oil and fish might use force to gain more, especially when these resources are necessary for survival and economic growth.
Iceland and Britain had a conflict over fishing grounds - Iceland has few economic resources and depends on fish for economic survival. However, fishermen from other European countries were over-fishing.
Iceland then extended its territorial zone from 50 nautical miles to 200 nautical miles according to UN Law of the Sea.
Britain refused to acknowledge the boundary....

...Diplomacy & Deterrence
CONFLICTS:
[1] Ideological Differences
- Different values and beliefs
- E.g North Korea – Communism (as occupied by Russia, USSR)
South Korea – Democracy (as occupied by USA)
They have conflict over ideological differences.
They were afraid that the other country may threaten their ideological beliefs.
[2] Territory
- Having control over land, especially if the land is important for defence and national pride.
- E.g China and India have conflicts over territory as both wanted the Aksai Chin Plateau and the North East Frontier Agency (NEFA), as these two territories were difficult to draw a clear border because of the Himalaya Mountains.
[3] Scarce Resource
- Natural resources are usually distributed unequally. Some have more, some have less, and some have none.
- Countries with less resources will use force to obtain it for their survival and economic growth.
- E.g Iceland and Britain had a conflict over scare resource as Iceland felt that Britain is threatening Iceland when Britain overfished near Iceland even after Iceland had a boundary of 200 Nautical Miles, which was neglected by Britain.
DETERRENCE
[1] Citizens Armed Forces
- Consist of the Army, Republic of Singapore Navy [RSN], Republic of Singapore Air Force [RSAF]
- NS was compulsory for able-bodied male citizens...

...just to mention a few. All these components of the environment have a maximum contribution to the teaching and learning of SocialStudies. School stakeholders often forget how much can be learnt by children by interacting with neighbours, friends and family members, by critically observing and exploring the social reality around them while simultaneously enabling them to experience human values like freedom, mutual respect and respect for diversity. Text books should be used to open up avenues for further enquiry based on observation and exploration. It is therefore the essence of this write up to analyse the use of environment in teaching SocialStudies with reference to specific topics. These topics include food, Living Together, Rules and Laws, Transport and Communication and Shelter. Key terms such as SocialStudies and environment will be defined.
Defined by Preston (1955) cited in Kochhar (1998) SocialStudies are the portions of History, Geography, Civics and other Social Sciences that are selected for use in teaching. According to this definition, SocialStudies is seen as a subject that combines aspects from a number of the traditional and other subject areas which include inter-alia History, Geography, Civics, Anthropology, Archeology, Economics, Philosophy, Political Science, Religious and...

...Deterrence
Citizen Armed Force
1) Due to manpower and economic constraints, Singapore could not afford a large professional army.
2) Government enlists able-bodied man to serve full time NS(national service) learning how to defend the country.
3) Help bonding as it develop a sense of loyalty, patriotism and a shared destiny for Singapore.
4) Continue to serve as Operationally Ready NS men and 3rd generation Singapore armed force(SAF).
5) Through the programmes they under refresher courses to maintain their competency in handling new weapons.
6) They learn new tactics and force maximizes with the technology to create an intelligent defence force.
Link: With capable, modern and equipped citizen armed force, Singapore become self-reliant and a force to deter any possible enemies.
Singapore’s Defence Industry
1) Build it own to ensure essential supply of weapons to its soldiers by developing and producing the latest and suitable weapons.
2) Besides saving costs and time, it prevent over reliant of weapon supplies from other countries which might not share their latest weapon.
Link: This ensure that soldiers are safe and fight effectively with the latest technology and equipment.
Total Defence
1) Includes psychological, economic, social, civil and military defence(S P E C M).
2) Prepare the nation in various ways for defending country during war or emergency during peace time.
3) SD is ability for all...

...Diplomacy is the way countries manage or conduct relations with one another. Its main aim is to resolve conflicting interests in a peaceful manner. Diplomacy is necessary because countries in the world rarely exist alone. Countries are connected to one another through political, historical and cultural relations. International trade and tourism have also enhanced the inter-connectedness among countries. Diplomacy enables countries to cooperate together to solve common problems such as transnational terrorism, SARS and the avian flu. It also helps to resolve conflicts, differences and disagreements peacefully. Diplomacy also allows countries to help each other in times of crisis. Diplomacy is conducted mainly through bilateral, regional and international relations.
Deterrence refers to measures taken by countries to prevent and protect themselves from threats. These threats may be carried out by countries or non-state aggressors such as transnational terrorists. Some deterrence measures to deter aggressors include maintaining military installations, carrying out military exercises, installing CCTV cameras at train stations and sharing information among countries. Deterrence is necessary to give the citizens of a country a sense of security and to attract and retain foreign investors. It is essential for the survival of a small state like Singapore.
In recent...

...COERCIVE AND PREVENTIVE DIPLOMACY
STRATEGY AND DIPLOMACY
Contents
 Introduction
 Aim
 Definition
 Coercive Diplomacy
o Background
o Framework for coercive diplomacy
o Requirements for success
o Coercive diplomacy case studies
 Preventive Diplomacy
o What is preventive diplomacy?
o Why is preventive diplomacy coming increasingly to the foe as option?
o How exactly does UN practice preventive diplomacy?
o What are some recent cases in which the UN used preventive diplomacy to ease tensions?
o What are new areas of the focus for preventive diplomacy?
o What are the key of increasingly successful use of preventive diplomacy?
 Conclusion
 References
Introduction
After the end of Cold War, the conflict between states have move from conventional to internal conflict. The large scale of violence had occurred and difficult to gather political wills and resources need for effective resolution and peacemaking. The deterrence and coercive diplomacy strategies and preventive diplomacy strategies are irrelevant for dealing with most intrastate conflicts but difficult to implement effectively. Better use of a variety of techniques for conflict avoidance and conflict resolution techniques such as mediation,...

...Socialstudies is defined by the Board of Director of the National Council for the socialstudies as, the integrated study of the social sciences and humanities to promote civic competence. Within the school program, socialstudies provides coordinated, systematic study drawing upon such disciplines as anthropology, archeology, economics, geography, history, law, philosophy, political science, psychology, religion, and sociology, as well as appropriate content from the humanities, mathematics, and neutral sciences. The primary purpose of socialstudies is to help young people develop the ability to make informed and reasoned decisions for the public good as citizens of a culturally diverse, democratic society in an interdependent world.
There are two main characteristics of socialstudies as a field of study. First is socialstudies promoting civic competence, the knowledge, skill, and attitudes of a student needed to assume "the office of citizen" in our democratic republic. The National Council for the SocialStudies considers civic competence as a main goal for socialstudies. The NCSS says, students who learn these skills in socialstudies will help shape...

...SOCIALSTUDIES
ASSIGNMENT: FINAL ESSAY
ZAHRA HUSEINI
110031338
Foundation in Communication
Semester 2
SOCIALSTUDIES ESSAY
How has mass media in your country educated the expatriates and foreigners about your culture and traditions? How the mass media enlightens them about people’s behavior and social norms?
Pakistan is a liberal country with a population of 180 million. Although it is a Muslim state with a Muslim majority of 90% yet the country is governed by the principles of the First Amendment and hence practices the Five Basic Freedoms; Freedom of Assembly, Freedom of Petition, Freedom of Religion, Freedom of Speech and even Freedom of Press.
In Pakistan although the censorship board is active and effective but following the Freedom of Press and Freedom of Speech, it gives everyone, especially mass media rights to publish, print and broadcast anything and everything.
Since the introduction of internet and television, print media has suffered a little and has lost its place amongst its audience but nonetheless, it still remains to be vital source of information especially in the rural areas of Pakistan.
A major event in the history of Pakistani media occurred when in 2000 General Parvez Musharraf introduced the Freedom of press Act and thereby gave private companies permission to operate their private TV channels and hence compete with the national TV channel...