Andrea Turkalo sketched the ears and other details of the elephants she studied to help identify them.

The Elephant Listening Project

Ivory poachers are killing some 22,000 African elephants a year. Among the recent casualties was a group of rare forest elephants in the Central African Republic.

Those elephants were featured in an NPR program, Radio Expeditions, in 2002, when former NPR host and correspondent Alex Chadwick and sound engineer Bill McQuay went to central Africa to record them.

The Central African Republic was peaceful back then. We were expecting to find an amazing new world of sound to record, and the experience lived up to its reputation — the insects, the tropical downpours, and of course the cacophony of the elephants themselves.

But we also discovered field biologist Andrea Turkalo, who's now a conservation scientist with the Wildlife Conservation Society. At that point she'd already dedicated more than a decade of her life to studying forest elephants, which for centuries had remained hidden within the dense canopy of the rain forest.

Turkalo is back in the U.S. now, living near Providence, R.I. She had to flee Africa last year because of the civil war in the country that is home to the elephants she shared a life with.

So we — Bill McQuay and Chris Joyce, who've worked together on stories from the mountains of China to the copper mines of Michigan — recently decided to go see Turkalo and find out what happened.

We meet in a busy coffee shop full of students from nearby Brown University. Turkalo is compact and direct, and wears her dark hair pulled back in a bun. She's bundled in a heavy coat – rarely needed during her years in the African bush.

Turkalo's pretty famous in the world of elephant research, as one of the first to study forest elephants. She had gone to Africa to do aid work, but was drawn to the intricate lives of these elephants. She turned her life around to be near them, settling in a rough camp in the rainforest and building an observation platform where she could safely watch the animals that congregate there. It's called the Dzanga bai — a clearing the size of several football fields that's rich in the mineralized mud that the elephants depend on. It was to become her home, and her life's work.

"We didn't know anything about (the forest elephants) in terms of their social structure, numbers, genetics, communication," Turkalo explained back in 2002 when the NPR team visited. "All that was wide open to me ... I didn't go looking for this. It sort of found me."

To identify the elephants, Turkalo learned to draw the animals' ears — each ear's shape and markings are unique to each individual. She and other scientists also recorded their calls. "Not only do they recognize each other's calls, but the calls go far," she told NPR correspondent Alex Chadwick, who spent days with her back then, observing the elephants with Bill McQuay. "I could hear the call and say, 'Yeah, that's a juvenile being pushed out of a hole by its mother; it's protesting.' Or you hear a rumble, and you know it's probably an adult female, rumbling for a family — either saying, 'I'm here,' or 'Let's go.' "

But Turkalo's 22 years with those elephants came to a disastrous end last year, when civil war in the republic found its way to the Dzanga bai. Turkalo had lived through civil strife before, but this time, she tells us, it was much worse. "This time they covered most of country," she says, "pillage, rape and kill."

They were the Seleka — the Muslim rebels who had overthrown the national government in the spring of 2013. As she sips her tea in the Providence coffee shop, Turkalo is the picture of calm. But last year at the bai, she says, she feared for her life. It was just impossible to stay. She well remembers the day when the war came to the bai. "It was the 24th of March," she says. "I heard they were on their way."

"We got into a boat; we went downriver," Turkalo says. "We were all women — five women." The women motored downriver toward the Democratic Republic of Congo. Andrea says all she was able to rescue were electronic copies of her research data. That evening, they floated by a village. "The people on the shore, they started discharging their automatic weapons in the air," she remembers. "So we heard this 'rat-a-tat-tat.' " Turkalo and the other women stopped their boat, afraid they'd be fired on if they kept going. "And they were yelling at us," she says. " 'Everybody out, everybody out.' "

Turkalo says she walked up to the man in charge and saw he had an AK-47 assault rifle. "And there was moonlight and I could see he had a revolver and he might have been drinking. So I said to myself, 'I better go into a very passive mode.' "

To her relief, the men turned out to be local. One of them knew one of the women in the boat. The tension broke. "We gave them a little money and said the Seleka were coming," says Turkalo. "They were terrified. They had nowhere to run." The women pushed on downriver. After six hours on the dark river, they got to safety, to a campsite in the Congo.

But Turkalo decided not to leave the region right away. In fact, she tells us, two weeks later she went back to the bai — something we found pretty astonishing given the circumstances of the civil war. There were armed combatants roaming the countryside. It was still too dangerous, Turkalo decided, so she made her escape by boat a second time.

It was several weeks after that, that she heard that poachers — taking advantage of the chaos in the country — had invaded the bai. They shot 26 elephants and cut out their tusks.

That's painful to imagine, especially for anyone who's had the chance to watch these animals. The NPR team had spent hours on that platform with Andrea, seeing these huge animals in a way few people in the world have a chance to do, and with someone who could "translate" what they were doing. "They recognize each other's voices," she told us in 2002, "just like women recognize their babies' cries. It's nothing extraordinary for humans. But seeing it in front of you, and knowing those individuals are related, that makes my day."

Now, a year later, Andrea is stoic about the loss. "I can never get too emotionally attached to things there," she says of central Africa, "because otherwise you set yourself up for a lot of disappointment. I mean, I've been through a lot of poaching."

We ask if she recognized any of the elephants in the photos taken of their carcasses after the poachers fled. "I don't know which ones they killed," she replies.

"But I'm certain I knew a few of the elephants they killed," she says — including some that the NPR team had recorded.

Turkalo clearly would rather be back in Africa than in a coffee house in Rhode Island. But she knew she had to leave; she's a researcher for a non-governmental wildlife organization, not some kind of soldier-of-fortune. "You know, a lot of the NGOs, we just cut and run," she tells us matter-of-factly. "When it gets bad we leave."

But that's not the end of the story. Turkalo is now part of an extraordinary operation to protect the surviving forest elephants. It's run by a band of men who, if not exactly soldiers-of-fortune, certainly are trained warriors who can deal not just with poachers, but with civil war, too.

We'll tell you more about them — Friday, on NPR's Morning Edition.

Bill McQuay now works as a sound engineer with theNational Public Radio - National Geographic Society Radio Expeditions Sound Collection at the Cornell Lab of Ornithology's Macaulay Library. You can hear the original field recordings and interviews from Radio Expedition's 2002 elephant story, and see photos and night-vision video from the elephant bai, on the archive's website.

Copyright 2014 NPR. To see more, visit http://www.npr.org/.

Transcript

STEVE INSKEEP, HOST:

This is unbelievable, no matter how many times you hear it. Every year, ivory poachers kill some 22,000 African elephants. Recent casualties included a group of rare forest elephants in the Central African Republic, and long-time listeners to this program may have heard some of them. Back in 2002, we broadcast the story of a researcher with a wildlife conservation society who lived among them. More recently, the story changed. A civil war spread across the country, and the researcher had to save herself, returning to the United States. Two people who worked on that 2002 story went to visit her. One is NPR's Christopher Joyce. The other is sound engineer Bill McQuay, who recorded some of the amazing sounds you're about to hear.

BILL MCQUAY, BYLINE: I went to the Central African Republic when it was still peaceful. I was expecting to find an amazing new world of sound to record for NPR's Radio Expeditions program, and I did that, but I also discovered researcher Andrea Turkalo. She had dedicated more than a decade of her life to studying forest elephants, which for centuries, had remained hidden within the dense canopy of the rainforest. When I heard she had to flee the CAR because of civil war there, I knew I had to track her down and find out what happened.

CHRISTOPHER JOYCE, BYLINE: I was the editor of those stories in 2002. I didn't get to go to Africa, but I've never forgotten what my friend and colleague Bill told me about Andrea and her elephants. So we decided to go see here in Providence, Rhode Island, near where she lives. All right, we're off.

MCQUAY: We're off.

JOYCE: Take a right on Post Road.

MCQUAY: OK.

JOYCE: So, what was your impression when you first rolled into the Dzanga, the camp?

MCQUAY: It was hot, it was humid.

(SOUNDBITE OF RAIN FALLING AND ANIMAL SOUNDS)

MCQUAY: We walked through - it was then called the Elephant Swamp...

(SOUNDBITE OF WATER SPLASHING)

MCQUAY: ...which led us to a path through the rain forest, where we ended up at the bai, this large clearing in the center of the rainforest, which is a gathering ground for elephants.

(SOUNDBITE OF ELEPHANTS)

JOYCE: Andrea Turkalo had this platform that she'd built to observe elephants, but I guess at a height where she was safe.

MCQUAY: The platform was about 15 feet off the ground. It was large enough for a group of people to stand or sit and observe the elephants.

(SOUNDBITE OF ELEPHANTS)

JOYCE: Turn left on Fair Street. Fair.

MCQUAY: OK. Fair.

JOYCE: Do you want to try to park on Hope Street?

MCQUAY: Yeah.

JOYCE: Let's go find Andrea.

MCQUAY: OK.

JOYCE: We meet in a coffee shop. Andrea wears her dark hair pulled back in a no-nonsense bun. She's compact and direct. She's famous in the world of elephant behavior. She was one of the first people to study forest elephants. She explains they're not like elephants that live out in the savanna.

ANDREA TURKALO: We didn't know anything about them in terms of their social structure, the numbers in the area, their genetics, their communication, so all that was wide open to me. I didn't go looking for this. It sort of found me.

MCQUAY: Unfortunately, a year ago, civil war in the CAR eventually found her, too. She lived through civil strife before, but this time, she told us, it was much worse.

TURKALO: This time they were able to cover most of country and pillage, rape and kill.

MCQUAY: They were the Seleka, the Muslim rebels who had overthrown the government.

TURKALO: It was the 24th of March. We had heard that these people were on their way.

JOYCE: As she sips her tea now, Andrea is the picture of calm. But in the chaos of the civil war, she says she feared for her life. It was just impossible to stay.

TURKALO: We got into a boat. We went downriver. We were all women - five women.

JOYCE: They were heading toward the Democratic Republic of Congo. Andrea said all she was able to rescue were electronic copies of her research data. After several hours, they floated by a village.

TURKALO: The people on the shore, they started discharging their automatic weapons in the air. So, we heard this rat-a-tat-tat. We stopped their boat, and they were yelling at us everybody out, everybody out. And I walked up to the one man in charge, and he had an AK-47. There was moonlight and I could see he had a revolver, and he might have been drinking. So, I said to myself, I better go into a very passive mode.

JOYCE: To her relief, the men turned out to be local, and knew one of the women in the boat. The tension broke.

TURKALO: We gave them a little money, and we said the Seleka are coming. And they were terrified, because they had nowhere to run. We left just before 6 PM, and we got to the campsite in Congo at midnight.

JOYCE: Andrea did go back to the bai two weeks later, but there were armed combatants roaming everywhere. She fled once more. And it was several weeks after that when she heard that poachers had invaded the bai. They shot 26 elephants and cut out their tusks.

MCQUAY: It's so painful to imagine that scene. I spent hours on that platform with Andrea, listening to those elephants.

(SOUNDBITE OF ELEPHANTS)

MCQUAY: She told me what they were doing, and how they were communicating with each other.

(SOUNDBITE OF ELEPHANTS)

TURKALO: When they get together, groups that have not seen each other for a while, they're elated. There is an emotional thing that goes on between them. They start ear flapping and vocalizing, and the whole recognition thing.

(SOUNDBITE OF ELEPHANTS)

JOYCE: Now, a year later, Bill and I are a bit surprised at how stoic Andrea is about that loss.

TURKALO: I can never get too emotionally attached to things there, because otherwise, you set yourself up for a lot of disappointment. I mean, I've been through a lot of poaching.

JOYCE: You knew these elephants.

TURKALO: Well, I don't know which ones they killed, but I'm certain that I knew a few of the elephants that they killed.

JOYCE: And I assume some of the elephants that Bill recorded might be among those.

TURKALO: Yeah, very possible.

JOYCE: Andrea would rather be back in Africa, instead of a coffee house in Rhode Island. But she knew she had to leave. She's a researcher for a non-governmental wildlife organization. She's not a warrior.

TURKALO: You know, a lot of the NGOs, we just cut and run. When it gets bad, we leave.

JOYCE: But now she's part of an extraordinary operation to protect the surviving forest elephants. It's run by a band of men who are warriors, and who can deal with civil war, as well as poachers.

MCQUAY: We'll get to that story tomorrow.

JOYCE: I'm Christopher Joyce, NPR News, with Bill McQuay.

INSKEEP: McQuay is with the Cornell Lab of Ornithology, where the Radio Expeditions archive is located. And for more information about the archive and a glimpse of night vision video from the elephant bai, go to npr.org. Transcript provided by NPR, Copyright NPR.