Full Text Available El linfoma no Hodgkin primario de la mama es una patología poco frecuente, constituye menos del 0,5% de todos los tumores mamarios malignos. Debido a que carecen de características propias, tanto clínicas, mamográficas y ultrasonográficas, resulta muy difícil establecer el diagnóstico preoperatorio, confundiéndose con el carcinoma mamario, incluso en el análisis histológico contemporáneo. Presentamos el caso de un linfoma no Hodgkin primario de la mama en una paciente de 57 añosPrimary non-Hodgkin lymphoma of the breast is a rare entity. They represent less than 0.5% of all breast cancer malignancies. No features at clinical presentation distinguish patients with lymphoma from those with carcinoma of the breast. There are both mammographic and sonographic difficulties to establish the preoperative diagnosis. Contemporary frozen sections can be mistaken with breast carcinoma. In this article we present a case of a primary non-Hodgkin lymphoma of the breast in a 57 years old women

Full Text Available El linfomaprimario de hueso es una enfermedad infrecuente, que tiene una presentación y evolución diferente a los linfomas de otras localizaciones. Se presenta un caso de linfomaprimario de hueso de localización craneana y esternal de rápido crecimiento. En su evolución, realizada la exéresis de l [...] a lesión primaria de calota, presentó aparición de nuevas lesiones de rápido crecimiento a nivel craneano y fémur y progresión de lesión preesternal que, con anatomía patológica de linfoma no Hodgkin difuso de células grandes B, inició R-CHOPP (ciclofosfamida, doxorrubicina, vincristina, prednisona y rituximab) con rápida disminución de todas las lesiones sin evidencia de progresión al cabo de los seis ciclos. Abstract in english Primary bone lymphoma is a rare disease, which usually has a different presentation and evolution than lymphomas of other locations. We are presenting a case of primary bone lymphoma of rapid growth, in cranial and sternal locations. In its evolution, once the excision of the primary lesion of the s [...] kull was performed, the patient presented new lesions of rapid growth at the skull and femur level, and progression of pre-sternal lesion. With large B-cell diffuse non-Hodgkin lymphoma pathology, the patient initiated R-CHOPP (cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine, prednisone and rituximab) with rapid reduction of all lesions without evidence of progression after the six cycles.

Full Text Available INTRODUCCIÓN: el linfomaprimario del sistema nervioso central (LPSNC) corresponde a una causa de importante mortalidad dentro de los tumores primarios del sistema nervioso central, además existen pocos datos epidemiológicos actualmente, razón por la cual se decide hacer un reporte de casos en el gr [...] upo de neuropatología de la Universidad de Antioquia. OBJETIVO: describir el comportamiento de esta patología en un grupo de pacientes. MATERIALES Y MéTODOS: se revisaros los estudios patológicos e historias clínicas de 12 pacientes con diagnóstico de LPSNC en el servicio de neuropatología de la Universidad de Antioquia 2004 el 2011. RESUTADOS: se encontraron 12 pacientes que cumplían el criterio de inclusión. De estos pacientes el 61.5% fueron hombres y el 38.5% mujeres. La edad promedio al momento del diagnóstico fue de 42.6 años (1- 77 años). El Linfoma B no hodking de células gigantes con patrón difuso fue el tumor más frecuente con un 83.3 %, 8.35% corresponde a linfoma de células T, 8.35% a Linfoma de Burkitt; 33.3 % corresponden a pacientes inmunode-ficientes. CONCLUSIóN: en esta serie de pacientes con linfoma del sistema nervioso central se encontraron características clínicas similares a las encontradas en la literatura, quizás el único hallazgo disímil fue la mayor cantidad de pacientes sin aparente alteración en el sistema inmune. Abstract in english INTRODUCTION: primary lymphoma of the central nervous system (PCNSL) is a major cause of mortality in primary tumors of the central nervous system, plus there are only a few epidemiological data today, these are the reasons why it was decided to make a report of cases in the group of neuropathology [...] at the University of Antioquia. OBJETIVES: to describe the behavior of this disease in group of patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS: we reviewed the pathological studies and clinical records of 12 patients diagnosed with PCNSL in the service of neuropathology at the University of Antioquia from the years of 2004 to 2011. RESULTS: there were 12 patients who met the inclusion criteria. Of these patients, 61.5% were male and 38.5% women. The average age at diagnosis was 42.6 years (1 - 77 years). The giant cell, diffuse pattern B non-Hodgkin lymphoma was the most frequent tumor with 83.3%,T- cell lymphoma with 8.35%, Burkitt lymphoma 8.35%; 33.3% of the patients were immunodeficient. CONCLUSION: in this series of patients with central nervous system lymphoma similar clinical characteristics were found to those in the medical literature, perhaps the only different finding was a higher rate of patients without an apparent alteration in the immune system.

Full Text Available El linfoma testicular primario es un tumor testicular infrecuente, suponiendo no más del 9% de los tumores testiculares en las series con mayor incidencia; a su vez el linfoma testicular como tumor hematopoyético es infrecuente, con una incidencia del 1% de los linfomas, pero debido a su histopatolo [...] gía en la mayoría de los casos de alta malignidad, les hace ser de los tumores testiculares más agresivos. La edad de aparición es por encima de los 60 años, convirtiéndose en el tumor más frecuente para este grupo de edad. La falta de series amplias, hace que no exista un protocolo establecido para el tratamiento de esta patología. Presentamos un nuevo caso, realizando revisión de la bibliografía presentando las tendencias terapéuticas actuales para este tipo de patología. Abstract in english Primary testicular lymphoma is an uncommon testicular tumour that accounts for no more than 9% of all testicular tumours in those series with higher incidence; testicular lymphoma as haematopoietic tumours are also rare accounting for just 1% of all lymphomas; but due to their highly malignant histo [...] pathology they may become highly aggressive tumours. Patient age at presentation is over 60 years old which makes it the most frequent tumour for this age group. There is no standard protocol to treat this malignancy due to lack of extensive series. We contribute one case and make a literature review discussing the current therapeutic trends for this disease.

Full Text Available El hiperaldosteronismo primario se caracteriza por una hiperproducción de aldosterona por la glándula suprarrenal, con supresión de la actividad de la renina plasmática. Los hallazgos clínicos son poco específicos y en algunos pacientes cursan de forma asintomática aunque en casi todos los casos se [...] encuentra una HTA moderada o grave difícil de controlar y síntomas neuromusculares como astenia y parestesias. Presentamos el caso de una paciente de 33 años que consulta en el servicio de urgencias por dolor torácico y cortejo vegetativo. Abstract in english Primary hyperaldosteronism is characterised by an excessive production of aldosterone by the adrenal gland, with suppression of plasma renin activity. Clinical findings are not very specific and in some patients it is asymptomatic although in almost all cases there is moderately to severely high blo [...] od pressure that is difficult to control and neuromuscular symptoms such as asthenia and paresthesia. We present the case of a 33 year old patient who came to the emergency department due to chest pain and symptoms related to the parasympathetic nervous system.

Full Text Available Los mielolipomas son tumoraciones benignas poco frecuentes con mayor localización en las glándulas suprarrenales. Su tamaño puede variar desde unos pocos milímetros hasta varias decenas de centímetros y dependiendo del tamaño pueden llegar a ser sintomáticos. Se presenta el caso de un paciente mascu [...] lino de 49 años al que incidentalmente se le diagnostica un mielolipoma suprarrenal derecho gigante de 22 x 15 x 10 cm. Abstract in english Myelolipomas are rare benign tumors mostly located in the adrenal glands. They are usually asymptomatic with just a few millimeters in size, but they can grow over 30 cm becoming a life threat for the patient. This is a case of a 49 years old male patient who was diagnosed with a giant myelolipoma o [...] f the right adrenal gland while being studied for other reasons.

Full Text Available Los mielolipomas son tumoraciones benignas poco frecuentes con mayor localización en las glándulas suprarrenales. Su tamaño puede variar desde unos pocos milímetros hasta varias decenas de centímetros y dependiendo del tamaño pueden llegar a ser sintomáticos. Se presenta el caso de un paciente masculino de 49 años al que incidentalmente se le diagnostica un mielolipoma suprarrenal derecho gigante de 22 x 15 x 10 cm.Myelolipomas are rare benign tumors mostly located in the adrenal glands. They are usually asymptomatic with just a few millimeters in size, but they can grow over 30 cm becoming a life threat for the patient. This is a case of a 49 years old male patient who was diagnosed with a giant myelolipoma of the right adrenal gland while being studied for other reasons.

Full Text Available El linfoma de Burkitt es un tipo de linfoma no Hodgkin, no frecuente en Cuba, pues es endémico de África Central. Diagnosticar uno en nuestro país siempre es significativo, por lo que conocerlo es importante. [...] Abstract in english The Burkitt lymphoma is a type of non-Hodgkin lymphoma infrequent in Cuba since it is endemic of Central Africa. The diagnosis of one in our country always is significant, thus it is important to know it. [...

Th primary thyroid lymphoma is a rare neoplasm, above all in children. We present a case of a child with Burkitt's thyroid lymphoma as the only manifestation of this disease, associated to lymphocytic thyroiditis. Clinically, it initiated as a rapidly growing goiter with compressive symptomatology. The X-ray findings are described: hypoechoic and hypodense multiple nodes that affect the right thyroid lobe and isthmus, with extraglandular extension to the vascular space and to the mediastinum. The differential diagnosis is considered with other more frequent thyroid pathologies in this age group. (Author) 14 refs.

Full Text Available A par dos extraordinários avanços obtidos no tratamento do linfoma de Hodgkin, diversos desafios persistem na compreensão da biologia da doença, e na determinação de alternativas que maximizem a eficácia terapêutica e minimizem as toxicidades imediatas e tardias. O objetivo deste artigo é apresentar [...] informações recentes que têm relevância imediata para aqueles que cuidam de pacientes com linfoma de Hodgkin (LH). Abstract in english Knowing the extraordinary advances obtained in the treatment of Hodgkin's lymphoma, several challenges persist related to the biology of the disease and to the determination of alternatives that maximize the therapeutic efficacy and minimize immediate and long-term toxicity. The aim of this article [...] is to present recent information that has immediate relevance for those who care for patients with Hodgkin's lymphoma.

Full Text Available Los linfomas cutáneos resultan modelos útiles para el estudio de los mecanismos patogénicos de las enfermedades linfoproliferativas dado que para el diagnóstico y el seguimiento, las muestras de tejido se obtienen a través de métodos no invasivos. Aunque los linfomas T cutáneos se desarrollan a partir de los linfocitos T residentes en la piel, otras células y diversos factores asociados al tejido linfoide participan en la linfomagénesis. La aparición de estos linfomas en la piel no excluye la presencia de células malignas en la circulación y su desarrollo en otros órganos. Actualmente, la posibilidad de detectar las lesiones en estadios tempranos y la precisión de alteraciones en el receptor de células T permite ampliar el estudio de esta enfermedad.The cutaneous lymphomas are useful models for studying the etiopathogenic mechanisms of the lymphoproliferative diseases, since the samples of tissue are obtained through non invasive methods for the diagnosis and follow-up. Although the cutaneous T-cell lymphomas are developed from the T lymphocytes existing in the skin, other cells and diverse factors associated with the lymphoid tissues take part in the lymphomagenesis. The appearance of these lymphomas in the skin does not exclude the presence of malignant cells in the circulation and their development in other organs. Nowadays, the possibility of detecting the injuries in early stages and the accuracy of alterations in the T-cell receptor allows to extend the study of this disease.

Full Text Available Se expone el caso clínico de un paciente de 60 años de edad, de piel blanca y procedencia urbana, que acudió a consulta por presentar, desde hacía 6 meses, dolor lumbar de moderada intensidad, de carácter terebrante que se irradiaba al flanco derecho, además de anorexia y pérdida de peso, lo cual em [...] peoró progresivamente. En el examen físico se palpó una masa tumoral confusa, no dolorosa y con bordes mal definidos. Los resultados de los exámenes complementarios, incluida biopsia del riñón derecho y de la glándula suprarrenal, se correspondieron con las alteraciones características de un incidentaloma o carcinoma de dicha glándula. Abstract in english The clinical case of a 60 year-old white skin patient of urban origin who went to the out-patient department for 6 months, as he suffered from a gloomy lumbar pain of moderate intensity, which was irradiated to the right flank and, in occasions, to the leg of the same side is exposed. Besides, he su [...] ffered from anorexy and weight loss which worsened progressively. In the physical examination a confused unpainful tumoral mass, with undefined borders was palpated. The results of other examinations, including biopsy of the right kidney and of the adrenal gland, were in correspondance with the characteristic changes of an incidentaloma or carcinoma of this gland.

Full Text Available Se expone el caso clínico de un paciente de 60 años de edad, de piel blanca y procedencia urbana, que acudió a consulta por presentar, desde hacía 6 meses, dolor lumbar de moderada intensidad, de carácter terebrante que se irradiaba al flanco derecho, además de anorexia y pérdida de peso, lo cual empeoró progresivamente. En el examen físico se palpó una masa tumoral confusa, no dolorosa y con bordes mal definidos. Los resultados de los exámenes complementarios, incluida biopsia del riñón derecho y de la glándula suprarrenal, se correspondieron con las alteraciones características de un incidentaloma o carcinoma de dicha glándula.The clinical case of a 60 year-old white skin patient of urban origin who went to the out-patient department for 6 months, as he suffered from a gloomy lumbar pain of moderate intensity, which was irradiated to the right flank and, in occasions, to the leg of the same side is exposed. Besides, he suffered from anorexy and weight loss which worsened progressively. In the physical examination a confused unpainful tumoral mass, with undefined borders was palpated. The results of other examinations, including biopsy of the right kidney and of the adrenal gland, were in correspondance with the characteristic changes of an incidentaloma or carcinoma of this gland.

Full Text Available Os linfomas cutâneos compreendem um grupo heterogêneo de desordens linfoproliferativas que envolvem a pele e são classificados como um subgrupo dos linfomas não Hodgkin. No período de 1981 a 2007, 100 casos de linfomas em crianças foram admitidos no Serviço de Hematologia, do Hospital das Clínicas da Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, sendo que nove apresentaram manifestação cutânea inicial. Três pacientes foram classificados como linfoma cutâneo primário e seis como sistêmicos. Sete pacientes apresentaram linfoma de células T, um, linfoma linfoblástico B e um, imunofenótipo indefinido. Nenhum óbito ocorreu nos pacientes com linfoma cutâneo primárioCutaneous lymphomas comprise a heterogeneous group of lymphoproliferative disorders with skin involvement and are classified as a subgroup of non-Hodgkin lymphomas. From 1981 to 2007, 100 children with non-Hodgkin lymphomas were admitted to the Hematology Unit of the Federal University of Minas Gerais Teaching Hospital. In nine of these children, the skin was involved at the onset of the disease. Three patients were classified as having primary cutaneous lymphoma, while in six the disease was systemic with cutaneous involvement. In seven patients, the immunophenotype was T-cell, in one it was B-cell, and in the remaining case the immunophenotype was indefinable. No deaths occurred in any of the children with primary cutaneous lymphoma

Full Text Available Os linfomas cutâneos compreendem um grupo heterogêneo de desordens linfoproliferativas que envolvem a pele e são classificados como um subgrupo dos linfomas não Hodgkin. No período de 1981 a 2007, 100 casos de linfomas em crianças foram admitidos no Serviço de Hematologia, do Hospital das Clínicas d [...] a Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, sendo que nove apresentaram manifestação cutânea inicial. Três pacientes foram classificados como linfoma cutâneo primário e seis como sistêmicos. Sete pacientes apresentaram linfoma de células T, um, linfoma linfoblástico B e um, imunofenótipo indefinido. Nenhum óbito ocorreu nos pacientes com linfoma cutâneo primário Abstract in english Cutaneous lymphomas comprise a heterogeneous group of lymphoproliferative disorders with skin involvement and are classified as a subgroup of non-Hodgkin lymphomas. From 1981 to 2007, 100 children with non-Hodgkin lymphomas were admitted to the Hematology Unit of the Federal University of Minas Gera [...] is Teaching Hospital. In nine of these children, the skin was involved at the onset of the disease. Three patients were classified as having primary cutaneous lymphoma, while in six the disease was systemic with cutaneous involvement. In seven patients, the immunophenotype was T-cell, in one it was B-cell, and in the remaining case the immunophenotype was indefinable. No deaths occurred in any of the children with primary cutaneous lymphoma

Full Text Available Para la introducción terapéutica del preparado total de Petiveria alliacea es necesario demostrar la ausencia de efectos dañinos en órganos endocrinos tan importantes como las cápsulas suprarrenales, que intervienen de forma relevante en el mantenimiento de la presión arterial, y del equilibrio hidr [...] omineral. Para conseguir tales propósitos se realizó un estudio morfométrico de la corteza suprarrenal y se determinaron los valores séricos de sodio y potasio en ratas SHR de 3 meses de edad tratadas con preparado total de Petiveria alliacea, así como a sus controles respectivos. Se observó una disminución significativa en el tamaño de la capa glomerular en los animales tratados que pudiera provocar una disminución en los niveles de aldosterona en sangre. El aumento significativo de la corteza suprarrenal en estos animales pudiera estar relacionado con un aumento en la secreción del cortisol y esto a su vez favorecer la función renal Abstract in english For the therapeutic introduction of the total preparation of Petiveria alliacea it is necessary to prove the absence of harmful effects in endocrine organs as important as the suprarenal capsules that play an important role in the maintenance of arterial pressure and of the hydromineral balance. To [...] accomplish these objects a morphometric study of the suprarenal cortex was conducted and the serum values of sodium and potasium in SHR rats of 3 months of age treated with a total preparation of Petiveria alliacea and in their respective controls were determined. It was observed a signifcant reduction in the size of the glomerular layer among the treated animals that could provoke a decrease of the levels of aldosterone in blood. The considerable increase of the suprarenal cortex in these animals may be connected with a rise in the secretion of cortisol, which may favor at the same time the renal function

Full Text Available Para la introducción terapéutica del preparado total de Petiveria alliacea es necesario demostrar la ausencia de efectos dañinos en órganos endocrinos tan importantes como las cápsulas suprarrenales, que intervienen de forma relevante en el mantenimiento de la presión arterial, y del equilibrio hidromineral. Para conseguir tales propósitos se realizó un estudio morfométrico de la corteza suprarrenal y se determinaron los valores séricos de sodio y potasio en ratas SHR de 3 meses de edad tratadas con preparado total de Petiveria alliacea, así como a sus controles respectivos. Se observó una disminución significativa en el tamaño de la capa glomerular en los animales tratados que pudiera provocar una disminución en los niveles de aldosterona en sangre. El aumento significativo de la corteza suprarrenal en estos animales pudiera estar relacionado con un aumento en la secreción del cortisol y esto a su vez favorecer la función renalFor the therapeutic introduction of the total preparation of Petiveria alliacea it is necessary to prove the absence of harmful effects in endocrine organs as important as the suprarenal capsules that play an important role in the maintenance of arterial pressure and of the hydromineral balance. To accomplish these objects a morphometric study of the suprarenal cortex was conducted and the serum values of sodium and potasium in SHR rats of 3 months of age treated with a total preparation of Petiveria alliacea and in their respective controls were determined. It was observed a signifcant reduction in the size of the glomerular layer among the treated animals that could provoke a decrease of the levels of aldosterone in blood. The considerable increase of the suprarenal cortex in these animals may be connected with a rise in the secretion of cortisol, which may favor at the same time the renal function

Full Text Available [...] Abstract in english Primary central nervous system lymphoma (PCNSL) is a rare tumor. It occurs mainly in people aged 50 year-old or older and is more common among men. Immunodeficiency is the only established risk factor for PCNSL. We report a 35 year-old, immunocompetent woman who presented with a two weeks history of [...] persistent headache. Computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) showed an expansive lesion in the right thalamus area. Immunohistochemical studies were consistent with the diagnosis of a difuse large B-cell non-Hodgkin 's lymphoma. The patient was treated with chemotherapy and whole brain radiotherapy, achieving complete remission of the tumor. This case is ilustrative of PCNSL and contributes to update its diagnosis, management and prognosis

Full Text Available Los linfomas MALT de cérvix son de muy rara presentación. Se reporta el caso de una paciente de 38 años con neoplasia linfoproliferativa detectada incidentalmente en los cortes de rutina, durante el estudio anátomo-patológico de espécimen de resección producto de histerectomía total, motivada por hallazgos ecográficos compatibles con miomatosis en cuerpo uterino. La etiología de esta neoplasia está asociada a procesos infecciosos o autoinmunes, se ha descrito alta radiosensibilidad y quimiosensibilidad a la biotera-pia contra anticuerpos CD20.The MALT-lymphomas of cervix are of very rare presentation. This is the case of a 38 years old patient in which this linfoproliferative disorder was detected incidentally in the routine cuts, during the anatomo-pathological study of a resection specimen product of total hysterectomy motivated by ecographic findings that were compatible with myomatosis of the uterine corpus. The etiology of these tumors is associated with infectious or autoimmune processes, and high radiosensitivity and chemosensitivity to biotherapy against antibodies CD20 (rituximab has been described.

Full Text Available Los linfomas MALT de cérvix son de muy rara presentación. Se reporta el caso de una paciente de 38 años con neoplasia linfoproliferativa detectada incidentalmente en los cortes de rutina, durante el estudio anátomo-patológico de espécimen de resección producto de histerectomía total, motivada por ha [...] llazgos ecográficos compatibles con miomatosis en cuerpo uterino. La etiología de esta neoplasia está asociada a procesos infecciosos o autoinmunes, se ha descrito alta radiosensibilidad y quimiosensibilidad a la biotera-pia contra anticuerpos CD20. Abstract in english The MALT-lymphomas of cervix are of very rare presentation. This is the case of a 38 years old patient in which this linfoproliferative disorder was detected incidentally in the routine cuts, during the anatomo-pathological study of a resection specimen product of total hysterectomy motivated by eco [...] graphic findings that were compatible with myomatosis of the uterine corpus. The etiology of these tumors is associated with infectious or autoimmune processes, and high radiosensitivity and chemosensitivity to biotherapy against antibodies CD20 (rituximab) has been described.

Full Text Available The steel reinforcement by means of the addition of primary carbides via liquid metallurgy needs to fulfill two essential requirements to be technically viable: the development of a solid reinforcing product which is appropriate to be mixed with the steel and the optimization of the metallurgic addition of these reinforcing particles into the liquid steel. Besides, the improvement of the reinforced alloy characteristics is directly related to the particles' nature of reinforcing particles, their homogeneous and uniform distribution in the matrix and their size and morphology. The manufacture of these carbides by SHS ('Self propagating High temperature Synthesis' and their addition before steel is poured into moulds allows achieving the above-mentioned conditions.

Full Text Available Nos últimos anos o tratamento do linfomas não Hodgkin apresentou um grande avanço no diagnóstico, classificação, quimioterapia com altas doses e o transplante de células percursoras hematopoiéticas. Simultaneamente houve o desenvolvimento de novas drogas e no tratamento de suporte o que possibilita [...] um avanço na evolução e sobrevida dos pacientes. A idéia do emprego de anticorpos monoclonais no tratamento do câncer é antiga e neste relato são apresentados os resultados e o papel do anti-CD20-Rituximab nos linfomas. Abstract in english Over the last years the treatment of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma underwent a great advance in relation to the diagnosis, classification, high-dose chemotherapy, and hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Simultaneously with this, there was the development of new drugs and support therapy which enabled [...] an improvement in the evolution and survival of the patients. The use of monoclonal antibodies against cancer cells is an old idea and in this report the results of the role of the anti-CD20-Rituximab in lymphomas is discussed.

Full Text Available O linfoma difuso de grandes células B (LDGCB é uma entidade clínico-patológica heterogênea que corresponde de 30% a 35% dos casos de linfoma não-Hodgkin (LNH. É considerado como agressivo porque a sobrevida é curta na ausência de tratamento adequado. Desde 1993 o tratamento deste linfoma passou a ser direcionado pelo índice internacional de prognóstico (IPI validado em vários estudos. Entretanto, diante das diferentes respostas à mesma terapêutica para pacientes de mesmo IPI houve necessidade de se instituírem novos marcadores de prognóstico para pacientes com LDGCB. Com os avanços do conhecimento biológico destes linfomas, outras variáveis começam a ser utilizadas na estratificação de risco destes linfomas. Nesta revisão abordamos os principais marcadores biológicos utilizados como fatores de prognóstico para o tratamento de pacientes com LDGCB.Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma is a heterogeneous clinical pathological entity which accounts for about 30% to 35% of all non-Hodgkin's lymphoma cases. It is considered to be aggressive due to the patient's short survival time when incorrect treatment is provided. Since 1993, treatment has been carried out according to IPI, which has been validated in several studies. However, since there are different responses from patients with the same IPI submitted to similar therapies, new prognostic markers are needed for these patients. As the biological nature of such lymphomas is becoming better known, other variables are starting to be used in order to stratify risk. In this review we will approach the key biological markers used as prognostic factors to treat diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma patients.

Full Text Available La coexistencia de síndrome de Cushing y embarazo es rara. El diagnóstico es difícil, ya que la gestación produce síntomas y signos de hipercortisolismo. Su tratamiento idealmente es quirúrgico, pero conlleva un importante incremento de la morbimortalidad materna y fetal debido a complicaciones como [...] hipertensión, preeclampsia, diabetes gestacional, aborto y parto pretérmino. Presentamos el caso de una primigestante de 32 semanas con síndrome de Cushing secundario a un adenoma suprarrenal funcional programada para cesárea. Abstract in english The coexistence of Cushing syndrome and pregnancy is rare. Diagnosis is difficult because pregnancy can be accounted for signs and symptoms of hypercortisolism. Ideally, the treatment is surgical, though it implies a significant rise in morbidity and mortality for both the mother and the fetus. This [...] is due to the increased number of complications such as hypertension, preeclampsia, gestational diabetes, abortion and preterm delivery. We present the case of a primiparous patient with a 32 week gestation and Cushing syndrome secondary to a functional adrenal adenoma who's been scheduled for a caesarean section.

Full Text Available O linfoma não-Hodgkin primariamente intra-ocular é raro, e caracterizado por uma forma extranodal que pode envolver retina, espaço sub-retiniano, vítreo e nervo óptico. Ocorre independente ou associado ao linfoma do sistema nervoso central e freqüentemente na forma de uveíte de difícil tratamento. Esta forma de linfoma é um dos tumores intra-oculares mais desafiantes de se diagnosticar. Relatamos um caso de linfoma não-Hodgkin intra-ocular difuso de células grandes tipo B numa paciente de 47 anos e cuja manifestação inicial foi uma uveíte posterior; enfatizamos a importância de investigação detalhada e da avaliação sistêmica; pois esta é a forma mais freqüente de acometimento ocular. Com esse relato esperamos abordar os principais aspectos desde quadro clínico até diagnóstico chamando a atenção para essa doença que muitas vezes aparece inicialmente com sintomas vagos e inespecíficos.Ocular non-Hodgkin's lymphoma is a rare condition that can involve the retina, the vitreous and the optic nerve. It can occur alone or can be associated with lymphoma of the central nervous system and a frequent manifestation is a posterior uveitis of difficult treatment. This kind of ocular tumor is difficult and a challenge to diagnosis. We describe a case of non-Hodgkin's intraocular B-cell lymphoma in a 47-year-old woman who had a posterior uveitis as the first manifestation. We emphasize the importance of a careful investigation and of the general clinical examination since this is the most common type in the eye. We expect to call the attention to this disease that many times appears in an unspecific form with unspecific symptoms.

Full Text Available Se presenta el caso de una mujer de 43 años quien consulta por galactorrea, cefalea e hiperprolactinemia, con hallazgos de lesión selar con compromiso de la vía óptica en la resonancia magnética nuclear e hipotiroidismo primario severo. Después de cuatro meses de suplencia con levotiroxina se produj [...] o mejoría de los síntomas, normalización de los niveles de TSH y prolactina y marcada reducción y posterior desaparición de la lesión selar descrita inicialmente. Los campos visuales se normalizaron. El caso corresponde a hiperplasia hipofisiaria secundaria a hipotiroidismo primario. Abstract in english This is a 43 years old woman, complaining of galactorhea, headache and hyperprolactinemia. A large macroadenoma of the pituitary with extensive suprasellar extension and displacement of the optic chiasm was detected on MRI and primary hypothyroidism was found. After treatment with levothyroxine for [...] four months, her TSH and prolactin levels returned to normal, her symptoms improved and a marked shrinkage of the selar lesion was observed. The visual fields returned to normal. This is a case of pituitary hyperplasia due to primary hypothyroidism.

Full Text Available Se presenta el caso de una mujer de 43 años quien consulta por galactorrea, cefalea e hiperprolactinemia, con hallazgos de lesión selar con compromiso de la vía óptica en la resonancia magnética nuclear e hipotiroidismo primario severo. Después de cuatro meses de suplencia con levotiroxina se produjo mejoría de los síntomas, normalización de los niveles de TSH y prolactina y marcada reducción y posterior desaparición de la lesión selar descrita inicialmente. Los campos visuales se normalizaron. El caso corresponde a hiperplasia hipofisiaria secundaria a hipotiroidismo primario.This is a 43 years old woman, complaining of galactorhea, headache and hyperprolactinemia. A large macroadenoma of the pituitary with extensive suprasellar extension and displacement of the optic chiasm was detected on MRI and primary hypothyroidism was found. After treatment with levothyroxine for four months, her TSH and prolactin levels returned to normal, her symptoms improved and a marked shrinkage of the selar lesion was observed. The visual fields returned to normal. This is a case of pituitary hyperplasia due to primary hypothyroidism.

The authors describe two cases of cutaneous B-cell lymphoma where correct staging, treatment and follow-up could be achieved through a combination of conventional imaging studies and gallium-67 scintigraphy. (author)

Full Text Available El linfoma nasal de células T/ natural killer (NK) (LNT/NK), tras haber recibido múltiples denominaciones, ha sido definido y caracterizado en el año 2001 por la Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS), basándose en una clasificación previa de la Revised European-American Lymphoma Classification (REA [...] L), de la manera en que se le conoce actualmente. Su incidencia en el mundo occidental es baja, mientras que en Asia supone el segundo grupo de linfomas más frecuente, tras los gastrointestinales. Se localiza preferentemente en las fosas nasales y senos maxilares, mostrando un curso clínico agresivo, definido por una destrucción de los tejidos circundantes. Su diagnóstico definitivo se realiza por medio de técnicas de hibridación in situ, llegando a la determinación de su inmunofenotipo. Se ha observado una frecuente asociación con el virus de Epstein-Barr (VEB). El pronóstico de esta enfermedad viene definido por el índice pronóstico internacional (IPI) y por el volumen alcanzado por el tumor. A pesar de ser radiosensible, su pronóstico es infausto, aconteciendo la muerte del paciente poco tiempo después del diagnóstico, generalmente como consecuencia de las complicaciones del tratamiento. Abstract in english Nasal T-cell and Natural Killer cell lymphoma (NT/NKL), having been given many names, was defined and described in the year 2001 by the World Health Organization (WHO), on the basis of a previous classification by the Revised European-American Lymphoma Classification (REAL) as it is known today. Its [...] incidence in the western world is low, while in Asia it represents the second most frequent group of lymphomas, followed by the gastrointestinal [lymphoma]. It is typically located in the nasal cavity and maxillary sinuses. It is associated with an aggressive clinical course, characterized by the destruction of surrounding tissue. The definitive diagnosis is made by means of in situ hybridization techniques, in order to determine the immunophenotype. Its association with the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) has frequently been observed. The prognosis of this disease is determined by the International Prognosis Index (IPI) and by the size of the tumor. In spite of being responsive to irradiation therapy, its prognosis is gloomy, and the death of the patient occurs shortly after the diagnosis, generally as a result of treatment complications.

Full Text Available El linfoma nasal de células T/ natural killer (NK (LNT/NK, tras haber recibido múltiples denominaciones, ha sido definido y caracterizado en el año 2001 por la Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS, basándose en una clasificación previa de la Revised European-American Lymphoma Classification (REAL, de la manera en que se le conoce actualmente. Su incidencia en el mundo occidental es baja, mientras que en Asia supone el segundo grupo de linfomas más frecuente, tras los gastrointestinales. Se localiza preferentemente en las fosas nasales y senos maxilares, mostrando un curso clínico agresivo, definido por una destrucción de los tejidos circundantes. Su diagnóstico definitivo se realiza por medio de técnicas de hibridación in situ, llegando a la determinación de su inmunofenotipo. Se ha observado una frecuente asociación con el virus de Epstein-Barr (VEB. El pronóstico de esta enfermedad viene definido por el índice pronóstico internacional (IPI y por el volumen alcanzado por el tumor. A pesar de ser radiosensible, su pronóstico es infausto, aconteciendo la muerte del paciente poco tiempo después del diagnóstico, generalmente como consecuencia de las complicaciones del tratamiento.Nasal T-cell and Natural Killer cell lymphoma (NT/NKL, having been given many names, was defined and described in the year 2001 by the World Health Organization (WHO, on the basis of a previous classification by the Revised European-American Lymphoma Classification (REAL as it is known today. Its incidence in the western world is low, while in Asia it represents the second most frequent group of lymphomas, followed by the gastrointestinal [lymphoma]. It is typically located in the nasal cavity and maxillary sinuses. It is associated with an aggressive clinical course, characterized by the destruction of surrounding tissue. The definitive diagnosis is made by means of in situ hybridization techniques, in order to determine the immunophenotype. Its association with the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV has frequently been observed. The prognosis of this disease is determined by the International Prognosis Index (IPI and by the size of the tumor. In spite of being responsive to irradiation therapy, its prognosis is gloomy, and the death of the patient occurs shortly after the diagnosis, generally as a result of treatment complications.

Full Text Available Se describe el caso clínico de una paciente de 53 años de edad con antecedente de sangrado vaginal por posible fibroma uterino. Se realizó histerectomía total con doble anexectomía. Los resultados de los exámenes complementarios, incluida la biopsia, confirmaron la presencia de un carcinoma primario [...] de la trompa uterina derecha. Se indicó radioterapia y seguimiento en el Hospital Oncológico "Conrado Benítez" de Santiago de Cuba. Abstract in english The clinical case of a 53 year old patient with history of vaginal bleeding for possible uterine fibroma is described. A total hysterectomy with doble anexectomy was performed. The complementary tests results, including the biopsy, confirmed the presence of a primary carcinoma of the right Fallopian [...] tube. A radiotherapy and follow up were indicated in "Conrado Benítez" Oncology Hospital from Santiago de Cuba.

Full Text Available Introducción: la magnitud del costo asociado al glaucoma primario de ángulo abierto deriva de la atención sanitaria y de la disminución de la calidad de vida del paciente. Objetivos: estimar los costos del glaucoma primario de ángulo abierto en los pacientes atendidos durante el 2010 en el servicio [...] de glaucoma del hospital "Dr. Salvador Allende." Métodos: se realizó un estudio retrospectivo, en el campo de la Evaluación Económica en Salud es un estudio del tipo de descripción de costos, que aplicó el enfoque metodológico del costo de la enfermedad. El universo de estudio estuvo constituido por el total de casos con diagnóstico de glaucoma primario de ángulo abierto que acudieron a la consuñlta seleccionada de glaucoma del citado hospital, durante el primer trimestre del 2011 y que habían sido atendidos durante el 2010. Los costos fueron expresados en pesos cubanos del 2010. El estudio se realizó a partir de las perspectivas de la institución y la del paciente. Resultados: el estudio incluyó 110 pacientes con edad promedio de 60,3 años de edad. El costo promedio de la atención a un paciente en la institución fue de 230,99 pesos cubanos. El costo promedio para los pacientes fue de 290,10 pesos cubanos. Conclusiones: el servicio de glaucoma cuenta con los recursos científico técnicos imprescindibles para la atención de los pacientes. Los costos de la enfermedad para el paciente son cubiertos con los ingresos monetarios que estos perciben. Abstract in english Introduction: the magnitude of the cost of open angle primary glaucoma stems from the health care and the reduction of the patient's quality of life. Objectives: to estimate the open angle primary glaucoma costs in those patients seen at the glaucoma service of "Salvador Allende" hospital during 201 [...] 0. Methods: a retrospective cost description-type study, which applied the methodological approach to the disease costs, was carried out in the field of health economic assessment. The universe of study was the total number of cases diagnosed as open angle primary glaucoma and seen at the glaucoma service during the first quarter of 2011 and those which had been treated during 2010. The costs were given in Cuban pesos, according to the 2010 rate. The study was conducted on the basis of the perspectives of the institution and those of the patients. Results: the study comprised 110 patients aged 60.3 years. The average cost of assistance to a patient at the hospital was 230.99 Cuban pesos. The average cost for the patients was 290.10 Cuban pesos in the analyzed period. Conclusions: the glaucoma service has the indispensable scientific and technical resources for the care of patients. The costs of the disease for the patients are afforded by their own incomes.

Full Text Available Con el propósito de satisfacer la necesidad pedagógica determinada por la inexistencia de una metodología, para el adecuado cumplimiento de las reuniones docentes de "Discusión de Fallecidos Adultos", lo cual repercute negativamente en la formación docente-educativa de los profesionales en el nivel primario de salud y en la calidad de los servicios que prestan a la población que atienden, desarrollamos una investigación en el Policlínico Docente "13 de Marzo", donde aplicamos una "Metodología para el Análisis en el Nivel Primario de Salud de Casos Adultos Fallecidos" en un total de 30 de estas reuniones docentes para organizar y conducir el desarrollo de estas actividades y evaluar la competencia y el desempeño de los profesionales. Esta metodología estimuló la realización y sistematización de estas reuniones y contribuyó a elevar la calidad y por tanto su eficiencia. Por su integralidad, su objetividad y su contribución al desarrollo del pensamiento científico y la aplicación del método clínico y de los principios didácticos, la metodología que proponemos se presenta como un valioso instrumento para la docencia, la asistencia médica y la investigación y como un complemento del sistema evaluativo en Medicina General Integral; en síntesis: un instrumento para el perfeccionamiento de la competencia y el desempeño de los profesionalesIn order to meet the pedagogical need determined by the non-existance of a methodology that guarantees the adecuate fulfilment of the teaching meetings where the cases of dead adults are discussed, and taking into consideration that this influences negatively on the teaching and educative training of the professionals at the primary health care level and on the quality of the services they render to the population, we made an investigation at the "13 de Marzo" Teaching Polyclinic, where we applied the "Methodology for the Analysis at the Primary Health Care Level of the Dead Adult Cases" to a total of 30 of these meetings so as to organize and direct the development of these activities and to evaluate the competence and performance of the professionals. This methodology encouraged the accomplishment and systematization of these meetings and contributed to improve their quality and efficiency. Due to its integrality, objectivity and contribution to the scientific thought and to the application of the clinical method and of the didactic principles, the methodology we propose is considered as a valuable tool for teaching, medical assistance and research and as a complement of the evaluative system in Comprehensive General Medicine. This is, in short, a tool for improving the competence and performance of professionals

Full Text Available We emphasize home and hamlet to be life's basic spaces in traditional society and the way, which everybody knows reality. We make reference to the identities of the community's members and their socialization habits through their activities and behaviours. Many of these activities and behaviours take place in the home and hamlet and provide us with an outline of the community's mentality. We also point out the changes and differences between traditional and present society, which are caused by modernity, including changes in the physical structure of the home and hamlet.

Full Text Available La enfermedad terminal es posiblemente el evento que con mayor frecuencia desencadena crisis en la familia, ya que produce sufrimiento en el enfermo y la familia. Los cuidados continuos deben ser administrados por todos los profesionales de la salud relacionados con el paciente y también por sus familiares, para poder mantener su carácter integral. En la atención a la familia del enfermo en fase terminal continúan siendo poco tratados aspectos relacionados con la evaluación e intervención psicológica durante el período de crisis familiar, así como la evaluación de su calidad de vida durante la crisis. Es necesario buscar un equilibrio que ayude a cada miembro de la familia a buscar la mayor calidad de vida posible a la hora de brindar cuidados. El objetivo del presente trabajo es reflexionar a partir de una revisión bibliográfica acerca de la calidad de vida de los cuidadores primarios de pacientes con cáncer.Terminally ill is probably the term that more frequently raises a crisis in a family, because it produces suffering to the patient and to the family. Continuous health care must be provided by all the Health Care professionals related to the patient, and also by the relatives, to be able to maintain its integrative nature. There are still little investigation about the attention to the terminally ill attended by the family, particularly those aspects related to familiar crisis, therefore the evaluation of the quality of life during this period. The objective of the present work is to make a reflection about from the basis of a bibliographic revision, of the quality of life of the primary health care for the terminally ill.

Full Text Available La enfermedad terminal es posiblemente el evento que con mayor frecuencia desencadena crisis en la familia, ya que produce sufrimiento en el enfermo y la familia. Los cuidados continuos deben ser administrados por todos los profesionales de la salud relacionados con el paciente y también por sus fam [...] iliares, para poder mantener su carácter integral. En la atención a la familia del enfermo en fase terminal continúan siendo poco tratados aspectos relacionados con la evaluación e intervención psicológica durante el período de crisis familiar, así como la evaluación de su calidad de vida durante la crisis. Es necesario buscar un equilibrio que ayude a cada miembro de la familia a buscar la mayor calidad de vida posible a la hora de brindar cuidados. El objetivo del presente trabajo es reflexionar a partir de una revisión bibliográfica acerca de la calidad de vida de los cuidadores primarios de pacientes con cáncer. Abstract in english Terminally ill is probably the term that more frequently raises a crisis in a family, because it produces suffering to the patient and to the family. Continuous health care must be provided by all the Health Care professionals related to the patient, and also by the relatives, to be able to maintain [...] its integrative nature. There are still little investigation about the attention to the terminally ill attended by the family, particularly those aspects related to familiar crisis, therefore the evaluation of the quality of life during this period. The objective of the present work is to make a reflection about from the basis of a bibliographic revision, of the quality of life of the primary health care for the terminally ill.