U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Ecological Services Division, The Nature Conservancy of Hawaii, Division of Forestry and Wildlife, Hawaii Department of Land and Natural Resources, U.S. Department of Defense

Research: Population Surveys

Graduate Student, Species Expert, Contract, Internal Field Assistance

This is an ongoing action, as the status of the species and their threats change constantly.

Recovery Plan for Oahu Plants

F

1

Pacific Islands Fish and Wildlife Office (808) 792-9400

Haha

Cyanea superba

1

12

Delineate management units

Ongoing Not Current

Prior to FY 1995

U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service

U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Ecological Services Division, The Nature Conservancy of Hawaii, Division of Forestry and Wildlife, Hawaii Department of Land and Natural Resources, U.S. Department of Defense, U.S. Geological Survey, Biological Resources Division, Private landowners

This task is complete for DOD Army lands, and partilally complete for areas to be managed by DOD on state and private lands, including but not limited to The Nature Conservancy's Honouliuli Preserve, which will change hands at the end of 2006. This task is also complete for Mt. Kaala, Kaena Point, Pahole, and Manuka Natural Area Reserves; watershed partnerships for Koolau Mountains, Kauai, West Maui, Leeward Haleakala; and complete or planned for Oahu Genetic Safety Net agreements with private landowners

Recovery Plan for Oahu Plants

F

1

Pacific Islands Fish and Wildlife Office (808) 792-9400

Haha

Cyanea superba

1

1411

Construct and maintain fencing

Ongoing Not Current

Prior to FY 1995

Other

U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Ecological Services Division, The Nature Conservancy of Hawaii, Division of Forestry and Wildlife, Hawaii Department of Land and Natural Resources, U.S. Department of Defense, Private landowners

Management: Habitat Maintenance and Manipulation, Management: Predator and Competitor Control

Volunteer, Contract, Internal Field Assistance

This task is complete for Kaena Point Natural Area Reserve; partially complete for the other Natural Area Reserves, The Nature Conservancy lands, DOD Army lands, the watershed partnerships, and small-scale fencing in complete or in the planning stage for two genetic safety net-private landowner agreements.

Recovery Plan for Oahu Plants

F

1

Pacific Islands Fish and Wildlife Office (808) 792-9400

Haha

Cyanea superba

1

1412

Evaluate the potential for controlling ungulates through eradication programs or establishment of game preserves

Discontinued

FY 1995 - FY 1999

Other

U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Ecological Services Division, Division of Forestry and Wildlife, Hawaii Department of Land and Natural Resources, U.S. Department of Defense, Private landowners

Management: Habitat Maintenance and Manipulation, Management: Predator and Competitor Control

This task has been discontinued because the political climate in Hawaii at this time will not support island-wide eradication of nonnative ungulates, which are hunted for food.

Recovery Plan for Oahu Plants

F

1

Pacific Islands Fish and Wildlife Office (808) 792-9400

Haha

Cyanea superba

1

142

Control alien plants

Ongoing Not Current

FY 1995 - FY 1999

Other

U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Ecological Services Division, Division of State Parks, Hawaii Department of Land & Natural Resources, Hawaii Department of Agriculture, Division of Forestry and Wildlife, Hawaii Department of Land and Natural Resources, U.S. Department of Agriculture, U.S. Department of Defense, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Law Enforcement Division, Private landowners

Management: Habitat Maintenance and Manipulation, Management: Predator and Competitor Control

Volunteer, Contract, Internal Field Assistance

Control of alien plants is an ongoing task that may be reduced to low maintenance and monitoring levels, but will never be completely eradicated, especially as new pest plant species are continually introduced to Hawaii and can become established in natural areas. Effective control methods are continually being developed by the Invasive Species Committees on each island and the results are applied to other natural areas.

Recovery Plan for Oahu Plants

F

1

Pacific Islands Fish and Wildlife Office (808) 792-9400

Haha

Cyanea superba

1

143

Provide necessary fire protection

Ongoing Not Current

Prior to FY 1995

Other

U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Ecological Services Division, Division of State Parks, Hawaii Department of Land & Natural Resources, Division of Forestry and Wildlife, Hawaii Department of Land and Natural Resources, U.S. Department of Defense

Management: Habitat Maintenance and Manipulation

Contract, Internal Technical Assistance, Internal Field Assistance

Recovery Plan for Oahu Plants

F

1

Pacific Islands Fish and Wildlife Office (808) 792-9400

Haha

Cyanea superba

1

144

Control rodents, if necessary

Ongoing Not Current

FY 1995 - FY 1999

Other

Division of Forestry and Wildlife, Hawaii Department of Land and Natural Resources, U.S. Department of Defense, U.S. Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Wildlife Services (formerly Animal Damage Control)

Management: Predator and Competitor Control

Contract, Internal Technical Assistance, Internal Field Assistance

Rodent control is currently only conducted within the immediate vicinity of those species which are known to be impacted by rodents, including species of the genera Clermontia, Cyanea, Melicope and Pritchardia. Large-scale rodent control will not be possible until aerial pesticide application is registered for use in the state of Hawaii.

Recovery Plan for Oahu Plants

F

1

Pacific Islands Fish and Wildlife Office (808) 792-9400

Haha

Cyanea superba

1

145

Propagate and maintain genetic stock ex situ

Ongoing Not Current

Prior to FY 1995

Other

U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Ecological Services Division, Botanical Gardens, Division of Forestry and Wildlife, Hawaii Department of Land and Natural Resources, U.S. Department of Defense

Management: Propagation

Contract, Internal Technical Assistance, Internal Field Assistance

The existing ex situ collections of most of these species are genetically inadequate. The Oahu genetic safety net program, initiated in 2004, is collecting for full genetic representation of all species with fewer than 50 individuals remaining in the wild on Oahu.

Recovery Plan for Oahu Plants

F

1

Pacific Islands Fish and Wildlife Office (808) 792-9400

Haha

Cyanea superba

1

146

Ensure availability of natural pollination vectors

Ongoing Not Current

Prior to FY 1995

Other

U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Ecological Services Division, Division of Forestry and Wildlife, Hawaii Department of Land and Natural Resources, U.S. Department of Defense

Management: Other

Graduate Student, Species Expert, Contract, Internal Field Assistance

For most species in this recovery plan, the pollinator still needs to be determined.

Recovery Plan for Oahu Plants

F

1

Pacific Islands Fish and Wildlife Office (808) 792-9400

Haha

Cyanea superba

1

147

Protect areas from human disturbance

Ongoing Not Current

Prior to FY 1995

Other

U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Ecological Services Division, Division of State Parks, Hawaii Department of Land & Natural Resources, Division of Forestry and Wildlife, Hawaii Department of Land and Natural Resources, U.S. Department of Defense, Private landowners

Management: Habitat Maintenance and Manipulation

Volunteer, Contract, Internal Field Assistance

Recovery Plan for Oahu Plants

F

1

Pacific Islands Fish and Wildlife Office (808) 792-9400

Haha

Cyanea superba

1

148

Control insects, slugs, and snails, if necessary

Ongoing Not Current

Prior to FY 1995

Other

U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Ecological Services Division, The Nature Conservancy of Hawaii, Division of Forestry and Wildlife, Hawaii Department of Land and Natural Resources, U.S. Department of Defense, U.S. Geological Survey, Biological Resources Division, Private landowners

Most invertebrates and diseases are only controllable at a small scale immediately surrounding the endangered species. Additional research is needed on the impacts of these invertebrates to the species, as well as efficient, broadscale methods of control.

Recovery Plan for Oahu Plants

F

1

Pacific Islands Fish and Wildlife Office (808) 792-9400

Haha

Cyanea superba

1

149

Control all other identified threats

Not Started

Other

U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Ecological Services Division, Division of Forestry and Wildlife, Hawaii Department of Land and Natural Resources, U.S. Department of Defense, Private landowners

Management: Predator and Competitor Control

Species Expert, Contract, Internal Field Assistance

This task has not started because no other threats have been identified.

Recovery Plan for Oahu Plants

F

1

Pacific Islands Fish and Wildlife Office (808) 792-9400

Haha

Cyanea superba

1

21

Select populations for expansion

Ongoing Not Current

Prior to FY 1995

Other

U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Ecological Services Division, Division of Forestry and Wildlife, Hawaii Department of Land and Natural Resources, U.S. Department of Defense, U.S. Geological Survey, Biological Resources Division, Private landowners

This task is limited based on the material available in ex situ collections. CyaAcu, CyaCri, CyaTru, GarMan, SchKaa at Kualoa Ranch planned for 2007.

Recovery Plan for Oahu Plants

F

1

Pacific Islands Fish and Wildlife Office (808) 792-9400

Haha

Cyanea superba

1

22

Prepare sites and plant

Ongoing Not Current

FY 1995 - FY 1999

Other

U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Ecological Services Division, Division of Forestry and Wildlife, Hawaii Department of Land and Natural Resources, U.S. Department of Defense, Private landowners

Management: Reintroduction

Graduate Student, Species Expert, Contract, Internal Field Assistance

This task is limited based on the material available in ex situ collections. CyaAcu, CyaCri, CyaTru, GarMan, SchKaa at Kualoa Ranch planned for 2007.

Recovery Plan for Oahu Plants

F

1

Pacific Islands Fish and Wildlife Office (808) 792-9400

Haha

Cyanea superba

2

31

Collect diagnostic data on crucial associated ecosystem components

Ongoing Not Current

Prior to FY 1995

Other

U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Ecological Services Division, The Nature Conservancy of Hawaii, Division of Forestry and Wildlife, Hawaii Department of Land and Natural Resources, U.S. Geological Survey, Biological Resources Division

Research: Habitat Requirements

Graduate Student, Species Expert, Contract, Internal Field Assistance

Critical habitat, and the suitable habitat from which critical habitat was derived, has been identified for all species in this recovery plan. Additional studies are needed to develop more precise microclimate needds for each species.

Recovery Plan for Oahu Plants

F

1

Pacific Islands Fish and Wildlife Office (808) 792-9400

Haha

Cyanea superba

2

32

Map alien vegetation

Ongoing Not Current

FY 1995 - FY 1999

Other

U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Ecological Services Division, The Nature Conservancy of Hawaii, Division of Forestry and Wildlife, Hawaii Department of Land and Natural Resources, U.S. Department of Defense, U.S. Geological Survey, Biological Resources Division

This task is being conducted for some alien species by the vaious island based Invasive Species Committees and BRD's Hawaii Ecosystems at Risk, but a more concerted effort is needed.

Recovery Plan for Oahu Plants

F

1

Pacific Islands Fish and Wildlife Office (808) 792-9400

Haha

Cyanea superba

2

33

Study various aspects of growth

Ongoing Not Current

Prior to FY 1995

Other

U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Ecological Services Division, Division of Forestry and Wildlife, Hawaii Department of Land and Natural Resources, U.S. Geological Survey, Biological Resources Division

Research: Demographic Studies, Research: Genetics

Graduate Student, Species Expert, Contract, Internal Field Assistance

The current knowledge has been gathered mainly from incidental observations during propagation, field surveys, and monitoring. More detailed experimental research is needed to fully understand this aspect of the species.

Recovery Plan for Oahu Plants

F

1

Pacific Islands Fish and Wildlife Office (808) 792-9400

Haha

Cyanea superba

2

34

Study reproductive viability

Ongoing Not Current

Prior to FY 1995

Other

U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Ecological Services Division, Division of Forestry and Wildlife, Hawaii Department of Land and Natural Resources, U.S. Geological Survey, Biological Resources Division

The current knowledge has been gathered mainly from incidental observations during propagation, field surveys, and monitoring. More detailed experimental research is needed to fully understand this aspect of the species.

Recovery Plan for Oahu Plants

F

1

Pacific Islands Fish and Wildlife Office (808) 792-9400

Haha

Cyanea superba

2

35

Determine parameters of viable populations

Not Started

Other

U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Ecological Services Division, Division of Forestry and Wildlife, Hawaii Department of Land and Natural Resources, U.S. Geological Survey, Biological Resources Division

This task is considered for any species with fewer than 50 individuals remaining in the wild. The Oahu GSN program has conducted small-scale management and reintroduction for Cyanea truncata and is planning similar actions for other species on Oahu.

Recovery Plan for Oahu Plants

F

1

Pacific Islands Fish and Wildlife Office (808) 792-9400

Haha

Cyanea superba

2

52

Develop and implement specific plans for reestablishment

Ongoing Not Current

FY 1995 - FY 1999

Other

U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Ecological Services Division, Division of Forestry and Wildlife, Hawaii Department of Land and Natural Resources, U.S. Department of Defense, U.S. Geological Survey, Biological Resources Division, Private landowners