Grand Unification Theory of Cold Fusion (and a few other things)

August 14, 2012

Ok, so here is my theory about cold fusion, which actually might answer questions about a few other things in nature. I am refining my theory continuously so please be patient and make comments if you would like! I am still adding references to publications so I will not leave anyone out and I did not come up with this theory without a lot of input from other’s publishings. This includes but is not limited to publications from Dr. Storms, Dr. Celani, Dr. Hagelstein, Dr. Ahern, Dr. Widom and Mr. Larsen and others. I would like to thank the crew at Vortex; Jed, Terry, Axil, David, JoJo, Abd etc. for keeping me interested in this subject. All of the documents posted by Jed Rothwell at http://lenr-canr.org and http://www.newenergytimes.com by Steven Krivit have been helpful as well as the group at the CMNS Google group, especially Peter Gluck who is a wise soul. Lastly, please realize that I may be wrong so if you do read this hopefully you will walk away with a net gain in useful knowledge compared to your initial state of mind…

“Some say the world will end in fire,
Some say in ice.
From what I’ve tasted of desire
I hold with those who favor fire.
But if it had to perish twice,
I think I know enough of hate
To know that for destruction ice
Is also great
And would suffice.”

Since Pons & Fleishmann identified anomalous heat effects in 1989 (at the time labeled “Cold Fusion”), determined scientists have studied the effect in earnest in order to discover the fundamental cause(s). Identifying the cause and optimizing the effect could possibly lead to a worldwide clean source of energy and help solve our climate change crisis. Published theories outlining the primary causes include, but are not limited to: Cold Fusion, Low Energy Nuclear Reactions (LENRs), Hydrinos, Deep Dirac Levels, Beta Decays and the production of Ultra Low Momentum Neutrons, Sonofusion, Crackfusion as well as others. It is generally believed that the effect is nuclear in nature due to the wide results produced by many independent laboratories and companies researching the subject. Some common traits seen in many of these reactions are as follows:

In general, the field suffers from a few too many theories to try and satisfy all of the above witnessed anomalous heat events. I recognize that this is ANOTHER ONE. Up until now, most theories have considered these effects to be primarily based on nuclear fusion related processes (cold or hot) and/or low energy nuclear reactions but are baffled by why these reactions are not emitting large quantities of deadly radiation.

This paper summarizes a NEW theory for this anomalous heat effect which utilizes one of the only other known nuclear processes to exist in the universe, the birth, existence and evaporation of collapsed or dark matter. In extreme cases, the gravitational pull of the dark matter can absorb light rays or photons and these are widely known in culture as “black holes”. Macro scale dark matter is predicted to be at the center of our Milky Way Galaxy and exist in many others galaxies and areas within the universe. It is also believed that micro or quantum black holes and/or dark matter may exist throughout the universe. Dark matter or micro/quantum scale black holes are less known due to an incomplete theory of quantum gravity at Planck level scales. It is however believed that dark matter persists in nature and may actually account for a larger part of the overall mass within the universe along with dark energy. I believe that Dark Energy is the kinetic energy of Dark Matter along with the radiation that it gives off. Dark matter can be quantified using the same properties as atomic particles – mass, angular momentum and charge.

It is known that stars above a certain mass can collapse into a “black hole” at the end of their life. The black hole description merely means that they are so dense that their gravitational pull is strong enough to bend and absorb visible radiation (light rays) in their vicinity. It is believed that stars also collapse into other levels of dense matter referred to as brown dwarfs, white dwarfs or neutron stars. It is also recently discovered that black holes actually evaporate over time through the exchange of matter and ions at their surface or event horizon. As most things in nature, they prefer to be in equilibrium with their environment. The largest black holes exist in the coldest parts of space. The smallest black holes happen to be the hottest. Hawking predicted that in the vacuum of space, quantum particles and anti-particles will trigger evaporation at the surface of a black hole as one of the pairs are “trapped” by the black hole and the other is emitted as radiation. As the ions pass the event horizon the black hole in turn will radiate as a black body a spectrum of primarily low energy nuclear particles such as photons, quarks and gluons, etc. Much of this radiation will manifest itself as HEAT.

It is theorized that the minimum size of a micro black hole is the Planck mass, or approx. 22 micrograms. Below this mass it is thought that dark matter may be unstable and evaporate instantly. Above this mass, the dark matter may be of sufficient mass to take on the properties of any other particle with mass, angular momentum and charge. Since dark matter and/or micro-black holes are very hot, it is believed that they may evaporate very quickly within their environment. If they do persist in nature, one theory suggests they may take on the properties of a weakly interacting massive particle, or WIMP

Why does the radiation from dark matter emit itself to the observer as primarily low level radiation? To explain that you must understand that the pull of gravity at the surface of collapsed matter is large. In order for radiation to escape from dark matter or a black hole’s event horizon it must overcome this gravity and in doing so it loses much of its energy. This is because the velocity of electromagnetic radiation is always emitted at the speed of light and therefore for this to hold constant there has to be a shift in wavelength at a given frequency. This is a good thing else we would all be subject to harmful radiation.

Recently, at CERN’s Large Hadron Collider, a concern was made public that the collider might create micro black holes from high energy particle collisions. This work was done by Chan and others and listed on reference at the bottom of this paper. It was worried that these black holes might in turn cause destruction through further collapse of matter or emission of high energy particles. Studies were done to show that based upon some assumptions of quantum gravities’ effects and assuming additional dimensions of space and time all wrapped up at quantum scales that indeed the Collider imparts enough energy to create micro black holes or collapsed matter. It has been estimated that a collision energy of between 1-4 TeV between particles could create a micro black hole but that they would either instantly evaporate completely or evaporate down to a stable mass and cause no harm to the surroundings other than releasing some low level radiation, mostly as HEAT. In other words, collapsed matter may settle down within our environment into thermodynamic and spatial equilibrium.

Penrose showed in 1974 that a black hole can be formed in classical high energy head-on collisions. In 1987 Hooft claimed graviton dominance and black hole formation at the Planck level, which has been further clarified. The production of black holes during particle collisions can be easily understood based upon the hoop conjecture suggested by Thorne in 1972. The hoop conjecture states that a micro black hole forms if and only if a large amount of energy is packed into a small region that can be surrounded by a hoop with the Schwarzschild radius of the energy. Voids within a lattice can provide an idealistic environment for this phenomenon as a large amount of energy can be concentrated at the moment of particle collision. The voids also maximize the graviton potential based upon the radius of the void. In addition to voids, ions can be focused into a concentrated area using the flux from a magnetic coil and then subject to a high voltage charge from electrodes.

Since the 1990’s scientists have witnessed unexpected behavior within Bose Einstein Condensates at temperatures near absolute zero. These condensates, when subject to a certain magnetic field, are triggered to collapse further into a vortex within the condensate resulting in a “bosanova” which is basically a quantum scale explosion or emission of radiation and heat. It was also witnessed and measured that some of the bosons and/or matter seemed to disappear afterwards. Inverted Rydberg matter is a type of matter which exhibits properties similar to a “Super Atom” or Bose Einstein Condensate, only at elevated temperatures.

The table below calculates the quantity of inverted Rydberg matter that would be required to be collapsed within a void to result in a micro black hole based upon theory:

Inverted Rydberg Matter Density

1.00E+29

ions/cm3

Hydrogen Ion Weight

1.01E-27

kg

Hydrogen Ion Weight

1.01E-24

g

Planck Mass(Minimum Mass Required)

2.20E-02

g

Number of hydrogen Ions

2.18E+22

ions

Void/Crack Volume

2.18E-07

cm3

Void radius (spherical)

0.003735221

cm

Planck Length

1.62E-35

m

Planck Length

1.6162E-33

cm

Schwarzschild radius=Planck Radius

3.26E-29

cm

The collision energy can be maximized by heating a gas within a confined volume in addition to electrical stimulation made to the lattice or particles. In quantum models with large or highly warped extra dimensions, gravity becomes strong at a low scale in a TeV range so that one can conclude that a reactor that provides TeV level collision energies can produce dark matter with TeV~1 sized event horizons. As I stated before, dark matter can also carry a charge. This charge can possibly be exploited in order to maximize the ionization potential of the singularity. Negatively charged dark matter would feed preferentially from positively charged particles and vice versa. My theory, based upon evidence is that hot dark matter may occur at the sub TeV level as evidenced by current “Cold Fusion” devices.

It is also believed that any voltage potential across a void or crack may trigger magnetic alignment of the matter contained within. This alignment of charge ends up creating less repulsion of atoms within the ultra-high density matter.

It is the combination of ultra-high dense matter, high concentrated energy, magnetic alignment and compression of matter within a void, along with the magnified effects of quantum gravity which then trigger a collapse into hot dark matter.

Nature seeks equilibrium. If collapsed matter forms within a crack or void the hot dark matter immediately seeks thermodynamic and spatial equilibrium within its local environment. In other words it will “flash” or burst Hawking Radiation until it reaches a stable level similar to when hot condensate of water flashes down in temperature when external pressure is relieved. Hot dark matter is believed to trigger Beta Decay. If the mass of collapsed matter is below 22 micrograms it will most likely evaporate completely according to theory. This evaporation will release a burst of energy and in turn may generate further instabilities within the lattice. If the collapsed matter is above 22 micrograms in mass it may create a micro black hole and/or collapse additional matter nearby or take in additional energy during this transition. It will do whatever necessary to come into equilibrium with its local position in space time. Once formed dark matter will be sensitive to all external stimulation. Hot dark matter has the potential of transmitting various levels of radiation to its environment due to secondary reactions from fission, fusion and chemical as they “tear apart” their surroundings and literally vaporize matter leaving beta decay, fission and fusion by-products.

Particle waves approaching hot dark matter will be blue-shifted in radiation spectrum resulting in the highest energies at the surface of the dark matter. Particles waves leaving the surface will be red-shifted in energy levels resulting in lower level radiation seen by outside observers. It is the blue shifting of this radiation that maximizes the energy levels at the surface of the dark matter and allows them to break down the coulomb barrier of other atoms pulled into the vicinity.

Based upon the background theory above and weighing heavily upon recent research of potential quantum black hole production at the CERN LHC I theorize the following:

A new potential source of energy and matter transmutation can and has been realized based upon the creation and evaporation of hot dark matter. The reaction includes the following steps:

1) Packing of ultra-high density matter such as inverted Rydberg matter within a void/crack in the size range given above

2) Addition of energy across the voids/cracks to create both charge concentration & accumulation and magnetic alignment of the matter

3) Further compression of void due to thermal expansion

4) Repulsion of the matter contained within from the atoms within the walls of the crack or void.

5) Collapse of the matter due to enhanced strength of quantum gravity.

It is also believed by the author that a strong enough localized magnetic and energetic impulse might also trigger a collapse of gaseous matter within a void that contains less dense matter, such as air or noble gasses as witnessed by such devices as the Papp engine and other magnetic impulse motors.

Predictions

Any good theory should fit observation as well as make predictions. Below is a short summary of my theory’s predictions to be further developed.

Ed Storms, well respected in the field for years predicts based upon observations the anomalous effect occurs in the cracks and voids of the lattice. Hot dark matter matter from hydrogen ion collapse will occur under the right conditions in these locations due to concentrated energy charges and high energy collisions aided by the hoop effect. Prof. Celani has witnessed similar effects within his metals.

Once hot dark matter forms it will seek thermodynamically and spatially stable states within its surroundings. Hot dark matter above may remain in equilibrium within a collapsed void of a lattice until that void itself expands or is decayed or destroyed through collapse. Once the void’s properties change in any way the hot dark matter will instantly evaporate down to a new stable thermodynamic and spatial state within their environment instantly, creating a burst of energy (Hawking Radiation). Prof. Celani has witnessed that once his metal lattice had been loaded with hydrogen and had previously shown anomalous heat generation he could shut the system down, transport it and it would immediately show further anomalous heat upon excitation without additional loading. This theory supports the idea that the dark matter possibly remained within compressed voids within the lattice during transportation.

Conductivity inversion effects in a metal wire/lattice. It is well understood that a dark matter carries charge, angular momentum and a radius like any other particle. It is also understood that when it evaporates it will emit charged particles. This can have a direct effect on the conductivity of a metal as this collapsed matter fills up voids within a lattice.

Temperature Inversion. Dr. Brian Ahern mentioned temperature inversion within samples in the nanometer range. It is well understood that dark matter can consume matter and energy from their environment, cooling their surroundings. Eventually, they will evaporate that energy and entropy back to their surroundings through Hawking radiation.

Hawking Radiation should emit RELATIVELY low energy level radiation due to quantum gravity red shifting of the radiation as it escapes. This has been witnessed in most all anomalous heat events.

The amount of energy released can be great. This has been witnessed at times during demonstrations of the Intelligently/Papp Engine as well as claimed by Rossi, DGT and Dr. Celani. Since Hawking Radiation obeys e=mc2, very high levels of energy may be released as the newly formed hot dark matter seeks thermodynamic and spatial equilibrium within its environment. Some of this radiation will include sub atomic particles. Higher levels of radiation will also be seen during future upsets of the thermodynamic and spatial upset conditions of the hot dark matter’s environment.

Dark matter evaporation may create secondary Beta Decay reactions and products within the near vicinity of the collapsed matter. It does this by blue-shifting any radiation near its surface. This collective, high-energy blue-shifted energy can take down local coulomb barriers as atoms collapse nearby. The temperature of a micro black holes can be as high as 5.6×1032 K!

The “heat after death” syndrome is caused by the ongoing evaporation over time of the dark matter as it continues to seek a thermodynamically stable state in its immediate environment as well as emit Hawking black body radiation. This has been witnessed in many cold fusion situations. Since hot dark matter emits charged particles it should aid in sustaining the birth, evolution and evaporation of more dark matter in the vicinity.

Number of extra dimensions of space-time at the quantum level can be predicted since this will have a direct impact on the estimation of quantum gravity scales.

Embrittlement. Hot Dark Matter can pass through any matter, slowly collapsing it. On-going surface radiation within any known structure will gradually decay its integrity due to local heat effects as well as further collapse and transmutations of local atomic structures. This has been witnessed in Dr. Celani’ s wire.

Ultra Low Momentum Neutrons (ULMNs) and other radiation: Due to the fact that any radiation escaping the locality of the micro black hole has undergone a shift in energy due to the effect of quantum gravity, one would expect any particles formed would carry reduced momentum.

Eruptions within metal lattices or other structures: Hot dark matter can give off heat as high as 5.6×1032 K. Hawking evaporation of dark matter, depending upon the initial size of its event horizon can result in an explosion due to the instant and intense radiation and heat. Explosions have been witnessed in some labs and possibly in nature with lightning balls, etc. According to my theory, even if hot dark matter does not completely evaporate and based upon the instantaneous attempt by hot dark matter to reach new thermodynamic steady-state conditions after upset, explosions are possible. Hot dark matter collisions may also end up in annihilation.

Additional understanding of the hidden dark matter and energy within the universe: My theory postulates dark collapsed matter will be annihilated by other dark matter particles on their way to the earth’s core.

Additional understanding of the source of energy within the Sun’s corona from collapsed matter. My theory postulates that the intense heat radiated from the suns Corona is actually from these micro black holes consuming matter and radiating high temperature heat.

Additional understanding of the cause of heat generated at the center of the earth’s core. My theory postulates that this collapsed matter will seek its way over long periods of time to the center of any gravitational body such as the earth. This dark matter will either annihilate itself or coalesce, releasing heat from the core.

They are one of the the primary sources of heat radiation at the earth’s core. Since black holes have mass and are pulled by the earth’s gravity it makes sense that they would annihilate at the earths core with other dark matter particles.

Ability to transmute matter and energy. This has been witnessed in recent DGT data at ICCF-17 and by others.

Any stable structure in nature may be “deteriorated” over time by passing dark matter

Any living organism in nature may be adversely affected over time by dark matter entering their body due to localized nuclear, chemical and thermodynamic effects. Since it is weakly interacting it should pass through although it may cause damage on its way.

Uncertainty. Based upon Heisenberg’s Uncertainty Principal the creation of dark matter, which is a quantum mechanical construct, will create additional uncertainty in its surroundings. It is therefore theorized that any location in the universe that has a large mass of dark matter either residing or being created will have an increase in this uncertainty. Within a piece of equipment this uncertainty will manifest itself as equipment failures and reliability issues as the dark matter created over time takes up residence and/or passes through the structure of the equipment and gradually destroy it from further collapse, low level Hawking radiation, Fission, Fusion and Chemical Reactions. Dark matter may escape from devices and may pass through biological organisms. Although it may instantly find a stable state, over time as it is excited by outside excitation from any energy in the environment, it may become unstable and trigger radiation, fission, fusion and chemical reactions within any organism. Due to gravity, it should find its way over long periods of time to the earth’s core, where it should be annihilated by other dark matter particles. My theory predicts that any humans developing this technology, unless they find a way to isolate the dark matter from the outside environment, will succumb to this uncertainty, which has manifested itself over the past 50 years of cold fusion research.

If this anomalous heat effect is basically collapsing and evaporating matter under relatively normal conditions that tells us that all of the regular matter in the universe will collapse over time. And since Hawking showed that matter and anti-matter particles pop out of the vacuum and either destroy each other or the anti-matter particle might get sucked into a black hole to aid in its evaporation and leave a particle of matter that escapes into space then the universe might be stuck in sort of a do-loop of matter creation and evaporation to and from the quantum field.

This effect explains the increasing rate of expansion of the universe. The universe is filled with collapsed dark matter with dark kinetic energy. The dark matter is collapsing additional ordinary matter and evaporating it over time, increasing dark kinetic energy. Dark matter with high kinetic dark energy is also “racing through” regular matter, expanding the universe at an increasing rate. At some point dark matter may release all of its entropy back to the environment through hawking radiation. The mass of dark matter is also decreasing due to the annihilation at the center of gravitational bodies.

Superconductivity. Since hot dark matter can carry a charge and also react immediately to any external electrical stimulation, it should increase the conductivity of any matter it resides within, such as a lattice.

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1. Does your theory provide guidance on the nature, shape, structure and size of the voids that you theorize would be needed to form these Microsingularities. I don’t suppose just any size or shape would work. Any guidance on the nature of these voids would help us focus on “engineering” such voids in various materials. I’m thinking “functionalized” nanostructures like functionalized graphene or Carbon nanohorns can be engineered to the right size and structure.

2. Does your theory provide a mathematical framework for computing the rates of formation and evaporation for these microsingularities based on conditions in and around these voids. ie. temps, pressure, gas mixture, etc.

3. Does your theory explain why a microsingularity is formed by ion collisions in the voids instead of their fusion. It seems to me that fusion would be energitically more favorable compared to matter collapse into a singularity. I asked this question before but never got an answer.

3) In laymen’s terms. By collapsing a particle you are using the effect of quantum gravity in your favor, which is aiding in it’s collapse. If you are trying to split or fuse you have to add extra energy to break the coloumb barrier. Why not let the strong forces of quantum gravity do the work for you. If you are in an enclosed void of a lattice it is also pushing down on the atom also aiding in its collapse. This study discusses particle collisions and rates of collapse http://arxiv.org/abs/1203.4683

Agreed, mathematical framework is most important. Speculation without depth hides possible treasures of incredible theoretical advancement. It would be deplorable if your friend fails to enumerate the structural foundation and have a promising birth relegated to the scrapheap of junk science.

Please help and encourage him to move forward in developing the equations we all await.

The founder of Nanospire Inc Mark LeClair believes he knows what is happening on a more fundamental level than all other cold fusion researchers. He believes it all has to do with cavitation. When cold fusion or LENR happens it’s cavitation. He seems to more fully understand what is going on since he can transmute and create many different elements in the periodic table. He says he has made around 100 different elements. Including radioactive ones. So this seems pretty comprehensive. He has some compelling evidence. But he has not posted his version of the E = MC2 version of cavitation that he says he has found. Cavitation damage to industries costs many billions of dollars to fix and figure out. So it’s a ubiquitous phenomena.

I talked with Mark on the phone as I am from Maine too. I believe his process definetely created nuclear radiation. It is unclear to me whether it was fission, fusion or hawking radiation. I can visualize how a bubble collapse might create a singularity/collapse. I would expect that if it was a singularity it would reduce the energy of the radiation through redshifting. He did mention gravity waves and singularities in space can create those although I would expect them to be much smaller in intensity at this scale.

I have a proposal. The E-Cat and others have produced a residue of iron, copper and other elements. The E-Cat produced 10% fe and 11% cu. in one published case. Some think it contamination. Note, producing fe would create heat while cu production would absorb heat.
I believe that the fe is a result of electron capture by the ni 58 isotope. Some of the energy produced could produce cu from some convoluted chain.
The electron capture must be facilitated by an AC field.(ni is ferromagnetic) electron capture and ferromagnetic behavior are related by the K and L shell. The atom absorbs it’s own electron.This puts it in a class by itself since other nuclear reactions require outside forces.

PROPOSAL: Separate the ni 58 isotope from the natural mix. Perform the basic h / ni 58 experiment. Note that there is no material to produce other nuclear reactions.Therefore, all the heat generated would be available for conventional use. This would require very well designed heat exchanger since the ni 58 would be in powder form to expose the largest area to the hydrogen.

No. But the energy it adds to the mix could produce such reactions. The ni 58 to fe 58 adds energy and it the most likely nuclear reaction which could start the extra heat process. It could be the source of high energy particles required for the fusion and fusion reactions you mention.
Something is happening; ni 58 capturing a pair of its own electrons is that something.
Jack O’Neill

On the subject of Nuclear Theory regarding the role of Hydride Ions (H-) influenced by metallic lattices, the mathematically structured proofs are clearly given in this reference: http://arxiv.org/pdf/nucl-th/0608059 . You may wish to both include it in your bibliography and use it as a guide to your own proof of theory based on mathematical analysis. The comment by Zhuangzi is undeniably pertinent and appropriate.

If there is any possiblity of truth in your claim of black holes being created by LENR then I suppose these black holes are in fact naked singularities created by the spin of the compressed particles.(e.g. protons in case of a hydrogen nucleus. Could this be right? Just an idea.

A Kerr black hole could also be true (with an inner and outer event horizon existing. The energy “burst” would then be created by the jetstreams of material from the poles of the micro-black hole
(this one would be the effect if the black hole rotates slower so the singularity still has an event horizon). .

I think we are witnessing radiation from collapsed matter within the voids. Micro black holes are the extreme case and yes there are a few different flavors. Similar events have been recently witnessed in Bose Einstein Condensates albeit at much lower temperatures with the lab.

Uh oh! That might explains the earthquakes Bologna had a few months ago. Bologna hasn’t had earthquakes on over 500 years. Remember, Bologna is the center of Rossi’s e-cat and Hot Cat experiments.
Actually, I think the quakes are coincidental. But when you present a hypothesis as controversial as yours, then other observations in the world can’t be excluded. I don’t think black holes have anything to do with LENR.
I think the experiments and theories presented by LeClair, Godes, and Randall Mills makes more sense, because the mechanism and tools for manipulation are right there. In all cases, the hydrogen under various stimulations behaves as a neutron or virtual neutron. Thus, the Coulomb barrier is no longer an issue. They provide a much more simpler explanation for a simple reaction.

Radiation has been observed before and during earthquakes. Ghodes believes it is electron capture, Leclair believes it is fusion and Mills believes it is collapsed hydrogen or hydrinos. Funny it also also works with Rydberg matter(Miley) and helium(Papp) and probably in the atmosphere after lightning. Take your pick

I do consider all of the ideas you’ve offered on your post. They’re very convincing and will definitely work. Nonetheless, the posts are too short for starters. Could you please lengthen them a bit from subsequent time? Thanks for the post.

Thanks for the support. I run a couple of small businesses, have two young kids, a wife and I coach. I am trying to research as much as possible in my spare time, write a couple of research papers and write this blog. I am not complaining though and I will do my best.

Reblogged this on Laura Daltry's Astronomy & Physics Blog and commented:
The elusive eternal energy source, cold fusion from water! Everyone could be beaqueated a little vial to snap onto their belt and have everlasting energy source.