Psychology

Aggresion

Aggression is behaviour that hamrs another, intentional, outside laws or rules of game

Types of Aggression

Hostile: reactive, involved anger, solely to harm

Instrumental: means to a goal, no anger, can be used to provoke aggression in others, i.e. putting someone off their performance

Channeled: positive form, divert feelings into actions, i.e. channel anger into throwing shot putt and end up throwing it further as more force

Assertive: acceptable, physical force, withing rules of sport

Theories of Aggression

Instinct: Freud 1920, posses a negative destructive energy which produces aggression, when released correctly it is known as cartharsis, LIMITATIONS: implies biology, doesn't explain instrumental aggression, and what about those who are never aggressive?

3 of 20

Frustration-Aggression hypothesis:Dollard 1939, Frustration leads to aggressive behaviour, frustrated if prevented from acheiving a goal, closer to the goal=more frustrated, if aggression does occur=carthartic=less frustration LIMITATIONS: not everyones frustration leads to aggression?, aggressive acts are not always consistent, aggression can occur without frustration

Aggresive Cue Theory: For aggressive behaviour to occur, socially learned cues must be present: aggressive role models, reinforcement, coach/parent encouragement, stimuli: sports, people, places BUT LIMITATIONS: does it apply to everyone? can you learn aggression?

Learned Helplessness: when performer thinks going to fail and nothing can be done about it / inevitable expectation of failure / loss of motivation leading to giving up even is success is possible / Global or Specific

Cause: Attibute failure to stable/internal factors, or keep losing to same team/person

Retraining

Work with performer and use methods to change way think, changing reasons for failure

Home-Field advantage - audience energises the home team or inhibits visiting team (travel and taunts from crowd) / can be disadvantage due to pressure to win which results in high arousal levels / ideal situation = supportive large home crowd, close proximity, hostility to visiting team

Affect on anxiety: OC can increase anxiety if result not achieved / PF can reduce anxiety if realistic, PR can influence performance goals

Principles: SMART / Moderate difficulty / write down and monitor regularly / mixture of OC, PF and PR goals / Use ST goals to achieve LT goals / Team as well as individual goals / make sure they are internalised by athlete

14 of 20

Groups

2 or more people interacting with each other - collective identity / shared norms/ common goals/ efforts of one affect others/ hierachy/ task cohesion/ social cohesion/ independence from others

Sociograms can be used to depict relationships on a team - has stars, isolates, pairs and clusters. Useful to chose captain, make sure don't lose a player etc

Formation

Forming - get to know each other

Storming - roles become established

Norming - stability / cohesion

Performing - roles and relationships established / feel part of team (not all teams fet to this stage

15 of 20

Cohesion

Tendency of a group to stick together / resistance to breaking up / forces keeping the group together

Cohesive teams do not spend much time on maintainance / team members who are attracted to group work harder / superior communication / loyal to team

Social Cohesion: interpersonal attraction, socialising with team, liking one another

Losses can be due to co-ordination factors (poor communication or strategies for example) or motivational factors (lack of recognition or no benefit to players when successful. Link to ringleman effect and social loafing)

Ringleman effect: as group size increases, the individual effort decreases

Social Loafing: loss of individual effort due to motivation, less likely to occur in coacting sports like rowing, and more likely in large groups where contirbutions go unnoticed

Improve group performance: use drills that involve interactive play / make sure everyone understands each others roles on team