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Friday, October 25, 2013

The Unsung Trapdoor Rifle

In terms of American military long arms very little attention is given to a predecessor of the much heralded M1903 and M1 Garand, the Springfield Trapdoor. The Springfield Trapdoor was produced for over 20 years and would experience many changes throughout its life. The rifle would take its place in history just after the Civil War, despite the justifiable hesitation of many military personnel who were all too aware about the superiority of repeaters and magazine fed rifles. It would kill buffalo by the thousands as America expanded westward and would also play a role in the wars against the Native Americans. Militarily it represents the watershed transition for U.S. forces from the musket to the rifle. Today we find out a little bit more of this rifle, its origins, the question of its performance, and its role in history.

Origins
After the Civil War, the War Department wanted a breech-loading rifle. To be specific, they wanted a breech-loading rifle that would chamber a self-primed, metallic cartridge. This led to the formation of an Army Board who, in 1865, would host trials of different rifles by makers both foreign and domestic. The idea of the Master Armorer at the U.S Armory at Springfield, Mr. Erskine S. Allin, was to take the existing Civil War muzzle-loaders, of which there were thousands, and convert them by adding the now well known "trap door" to the receiver.

The Springfield Model 1861 percussion rifled musket was the most used rifle by the Union in the Civil War. It is not difficult to see its relation to the Model 1873.

The Board adopted the National Armory's (a.k.a. the U.S. Armory at Springfield, later just "Springfield") design, now referred to as the "First Allin." However, this "adoption" was more of a test drive than a final acceptance. As reports came in from the field in subsequent years, the rifle would be adapted, redesigned, replaced in the field in small numbers. This went on for about 5 years from National Armory's Model 1865 to their Model 1870, until on September 3, 1872, the Board of Army Officers held another trial. This trial was designed to find a rifle with more in line with their preference toward range and power than the Model 1870 being "test driven" by soldiers in the field. The Board, now known as the "Terry Board," was headed by Brigadier General A.H. Terry and requested roughly 100 different breech-loading rifles from various makers to put through trials. They again received both foreign and domestic submissions from some of the most prominent firearms manufacturers of the day such as: Winchester, Remington, Springfield, Sharps, Spencer, Whitney, and others. All but 21 were rejected almost immediately and only two of those were modifications of the current .50 caliber trap door

At this point, a "sidebar" study was held by the Terry Board. It was a separate, yet related, study to determine which combination of caliber, powder charge, and bullet weight would provide the best performance. They tested .40, .42, and .45 caliber bullets, powder amounts from 65-80 grains, several rifling variations, and bullet weights from 350-450 grains. Each variation had its own barrel and was tested with 20 shots at 6 targets 500 yards away. The winner would be barrel #16 with the #58 ammunition, which would be the 45-70-405 cartridge. We know it better as the .45-70 Government. The round was deemed so effective that Colt would be making Gatling guns to utilize that round later that same year. It is surprising that both government and private manufacturers took so long to realize that by increasing powder and lessening bullet weight, they could produce rifles with much greater range. The development of this round and its subsequent rifle, literally made for each other, would mark the American shift from muskets to longer range rifles.

By the time the .45-70 was decided upon, the Terry Board had further narrowed the field of long arms to six possible candidates. Each was altered to use this new cartridge and tested further. In the end, their bias to an older style of warfare and rifle won out and the trap door action was selected. The preference for a powerful rifle that would be accurate at long distances also implies interesting things about the state of American conflict at that time. The Civil War having ended a short 7 years earlier, the thought was to again select a weapon that would perform nobly in a similar type of conflict. The thought of fast-moving battles against Native Americans may have been a secondary priority at that time, hence the lack of urgency to adopt repeating and magazine based rifles.

It is known that trapdoor rifles were not developed until after the Civil War and through Springfield's manufacturing records one will find that the first 1,940 Model 1873 carbines and 2 rifles were not made until the final months of 1873 with an additional 6,521 weapons ready by March 31, 1874. The Model 1873 was the fifth improvement of the Allin design.

The Spanish-American War would not start for another 24 years. Until that time the Allin System longarms would be used in the American plains for two purposes: killing buffalo and fighting American Indians. As a buffalo killer, the weapon was apt. Its muzzle velocity of 1,350 feet/second would allow it to penetrate 17 inches of white pine at 100 yards, certainly enough to kill a buffalo. This power when combined with its long range accuracy also made it an excellent hunting rifle for other large game of the prairie and coyotes. The classic cowboy song "Home On the Range," was first published in 1873 with its now well-known lyrics of buffalo roaming while deer and antelope play. Little could author Brewster M. Higley have known how much the Springfield, developed that same year, would affect those animals.

The Allin System's performance in the Indian Wars is much debated. Often cited are the "large number" of empty cartridges found at the Battle of Little Big Horn which exhibited signs of malfunction. Such examples were found, however, they are a small percentage (2.7 - 3.4% by some counts) of the thousands rounds that were fired in that conflict. The concern over jamming weapons in the Indian Wars is not a modern one. Even at the time, it was a known concern among soldiers. This was due in large part to the use of a copper alloy ("Bloomfield Gilding Metal") in the manufacture of the ammunition's case. Copper was prone to expanding in the breech upon firing and could also prevent the extractor from properly functioning. This often required the user to pry the cartridge from the breech or to push it out by using the ramrod. Such a remedy was not an option on the carbine version which did not include that valuable tool. This brought about the use of brass cases to reduce expansion, a material still in use to this day.

The Springfield Model 1873 carbine was the standard issue longarm of all U.S. Cavalry units from 1874 to 1896, but the rifle would be switched out in 1886 for the improved Springfield Model 1884. The Allin system would not be replaced as the standard U.S. rifle until the adoption of the Krag-Jørgensen (a.k.a. Springfield Model 1892-99) which would also be produced by the Springfield Armory from 1894 to 1904. For those paying close attention to dates, thismeans that the Krag, using its smokeless ammunition, was the primary rifle used in both the Spanish-American War as well as the Philippine-American War, though the sheer number of available trap doors inevitably meant that the outdated black powder guns would still see use.

Variations
It's hard to see how any troops could complain about the Springfield trap door. With a new variation out almost every year of its production, any issues could be dealt with rapidly and remedied in subsequent variations. The only issues that could not be fixed were those of its relatively low rate of fire, a quality inherent to its loading method, and its black powder propellant. I will not cover the vast number of variations here. For an exhaustive list of the changes and varieties in all their minutia, please consult what many consider to be the Bible of Springfield Trapdoors, Robert Frasca's The .45-70 Springfield. With his list of all the parts that were altered from 1873-1894, it is difficult to imagine one piece remaining throughout all 20 years of production.

Not only did the Model 1873 miss the major conflicts of the 17th and 18th centuries, it was also vastly overshadowed by the iconic Winchester repeater and Colt revolver released that same year. It was a rifle languishing in the past by a population in the throes of the Industrial Revolution and hungry to adopt the new technologies that accompanied it. The Model 1873 was relegated to ill-chosen government contracts, slaughtering buffalo, and killing Native Americans. Racks full of the model even inspired a less than flattering poem from poet Henry Wadsworth Longfellow entitled, "The Arsenal at Springfield." Outdated in both propellant and loading system even before it was adopted by the government and lacking the celebrity of a military conflict, the Springfield Trapdoor plays a quiet role in the story of U.S. military arms, yet remains a highly desirable collector's piece with its unique loading system, endless varieties to collect, and aesthetically pleasing components like the lockplate, hammer, and sweeping breech block. Even a highly dedicated collector would stay busy for decades happily collecting this long arm of the American plains.

In fact, one collector did just that, Dr. Richard Branum. Our upcoming December 2013 Premiere Firearms Auction will have over 50 trapdoor rifles at all levels of collecting! Dr. Branum's collection represents a lifetime of collecting and has resulted in the most comprehensive and academic collection of trapdoors. Represented will be rare, experimental variations, extremely high condition models, unusual calibers, accouterments, and many different years of production. The collection possesses every caliber of manufacture: .58 rimfire, .50-70 government, .45.70 government, the rare .45-80 long range cartridge, and .30-40. It also contains every barrel length and every variation of the ramrod bayonet. It is a living history lesson to view all the chronological variations in this fantastic collection.

If early American militaria and rifles are your passion, the Springfield Trapdoors alone will be enough to get you champin' at the bit. There will also be nearly 70 Civil War pieces that help make up the nearly 1,000 antiques available in this auction. And we all know why antiques can be so nice. Stay tuned each and every week for more fascinating and laudable firearms.

7 comments:

I enjoy shooting my trapdoors, which continue to go up in value. In the early 1900's the military and militias were finally selling off their outdated stock, which created a market glut with so little demand that in an American Rifleman magazine there was an ad for trapdoors at the price of .75 cents; and with the shipping costs of .25 cents each, your rifle could arrive at your home for a total cost of $1.00. I bought good and very good quality trapdoors, with excellent barrels in 1960 for $60 and $80. Today a common model in very good condition that we all could enjoy shooting, can cost from $700 to $2,000, but the highly collectible ones can be $5,000 to $12,000 or more, especially with custom engraving and elaborate checkering and carving. This was more common in officers' carbines because most officers ordered and paid for their own carbine, and were able to afford the cost of hiring artists to add such unique features.

If a basic equation assumed that you could double your invested money every nine years; eleven decades that included high returns and economic depressions and recessions would mean that investing your $1 in a trapdoor 110 years ago, compared with reinvesting your $1 in the market, would result in a rifle worth $800 to $1,000 today versus about $1,000 in cash or much less if you lost everything during the depression. The trapdoor would have held its value, while cash, stock and bonds could have been repeatedly at risk during the 20th Century.

I've only recently started getting interested in Trapdoors and currently only own one, a very nice Cadet with bayonet that walked up to my table at a gun show.If I may ask, what do you shoot in yours? I'd like to shoot this one but I don't want to risk damage. Is there a factory smokeless round that you've had experience with?

In case our other reader does not respond, here are some helpful tips.

1. Make sure your Trapdoor does shoot the .45-70 round. Obviously, most are designed for this cartridge, but as this collection shows there are guns that shoot other calibers. Best to be sure.

2. Avoid jacketed bullets and use only lead to take it easy on that barrel. The rifling is shallow enough in these rifles even when they were new. Besides, you'll actually get better accuracy in a Trapdoor using lead.

3. You're right about not using modern ammo. We hear that Blackhills makes a nice round with an all lead bullet and a smokeless powder that maintains the lower (safe) pressures of blackpowder rounds minus the blackpowder cleanup. Though you should be able to buy modern ammo AS LONG AS IT AS MARKED "COWBOY ACTION SHOOTING." Pressures should be well below 20,000 CUP. Do not put standard smokeless ammo in this rifle!

4. Check with a competant gunsmith that this gun is safe to fire. He'll want to check for a sound action/receiver and a smooth, round firing pin (no punctured primers).

5. If you really want some solid information, check out "Loading Cartridges for The Original Springfield Rifle and Carbine" by J.S. & Pat Wolf, which is readily available on Amazon.

6. Please take all this with a grain of salt. Only a competent gunsmith can inspect your weapon and tell you what is OK and SAFE for your weapon. Be safe and have fun!

Not a bad article but if it is aimed at collectors why would you ignore the book that identifies each part of the Springfield "trapdoor" and any changes to it by serial number range through its run of four variations in eight models---The .45-70 Springfield by Joe Poyer and Craig Riesch. The 5th edition was published in 2011, making it the most up-to-date and authoritative book available. See Amazon.com.

Lovely page you've got here, but you are 110% wrong about Longfellow and the rifle organ. Just for fun, look at your own picture of the thing, and you'll see it is filled with model 1861 Springfields, the gun used in the Civil War. Next, look at the poem and do a fast search, and you'll find that Longfellow visited the armory in 1843 and had the poem completed by 1845. Not only is this nearly 30 years before the Trapdoor rifle existed, it's even before the Mexican American War. It's even before the era of percussion rifles; the guns Longfellow saw on his visit were model 1816 flintlock muskets. Well, to get really precise, the models 1816, 1822, 1835, 1840, and 1842 muskets were all just improvements on the original model, and while the model 1842 was actually built as a percussion firearm, it didn't enter into actual production until 1844. After Longfellow had visited.

Poem or not, Trapdoor Springfields, models 1873-1884, probably never slept in the famous organ, since it was built to hold the 58" long musket. The 56" long 1861 Springfield rifles in there now only fit because a spacer board was slipped underneath. The 52" long Trapdoors are way too short.

The Trapdoor Springfield used the same"outdated" black powder propellant every other firearm of it's day did; smokeless powder didn't come about until the late 1880s. And while it may have been a less than cutting edge breech design, the .45-70-405 and later .45-70-500 cartridge was far more powerful than the anemic .44 Henry or .45 Colt cartridges that the sturdiest repeaters of the day could shoot. The .45-70 was designed to kill horses and their riders at long range, and it did that just fine, sometimes at distances of 1000 yards or more. Using it to hunt deer or buffalo would be a no-brainer. There were no repeating rifle large enough or sturdy enough to handle that kind of power until about 12 years after the round was invented. And today, 141 years after it's invention, the .45-70 is still hugely popular for short range hunting of any animal in the Western Hemisphere, from deer right up to the most giant bears. Think how "outdated" it must be at this point, and yet it still does the job with authority.

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