Stimulus: is a change in the state of a variable which, by acting on a subject or ultimately a sense cell, can have or cannot have effect or a willingness to do so. Stimuli can occur both outside and inside a living system. While in an event that is without effect, one does not speak of a cause, one speaks very well of stimuli, which remain subliminally and thus trigger no reaction. The reason for this is that several levels are involved in the processing of stimuli and inhibitions may occur during processing._____________Annotation: The above characterizations of concepts are neither definitions nor exhausting presentations of problems related to them. Instead, they are intended to give a short introduction to the contributions below. – Lexicon of Arguments.

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Stimulus/response/Pinker: reflexes in humans need much longer than, say, in insects. That is, that any thought processes take place._____________Explanation of symbols: Roman numerals
indicate the source, arabic numerals indicate
the page number. The corresponding books
are indicated on the right hand side.
((s)…): Comment by the sender of the contribution.