1.
1877 in architecture
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The year 1877 in architecture involved some significant events. Galleria Vittorio Emanuele II in Milan, designed by Giuseppe Mengoni, is completed, galleria dellIndustria Subalpina in Turin, designed by Pietro Carrera, is completed. Manchester Town Hall in Manchester, England, designed by Alfred Waterhouse, is completed, trinity Church in the United States, designed by Henry Hobson Richardson, is consecrated. New railway stations for the North Eastern Railway are completed at York, largely designed by Thomas Prosser, maria Pia Bridge in Porto, Portugal, built by Gustave Eiffel, is completed. Rebuilt Ardverikie House in Scotland, designed by John Rhind, is completed, march 22 - Society for the Protection of Ancient Buildings established by William Morris and others meeting in Bloomsbury, London. Richard Norman Shaw appointed architect to Bedford Park, London, RIBA Royal Gold Medal - Charles Barry

2.
1878 in architecture
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The year 1878 in architecture involved some significant events. Work begins on the Herrenchiemsee in Bavaria, designed by Georg Dollman, the Semperoper in Dresden, designed by Gottfried Semper, is completed. The Tower House, Kensington, designed by William Burges for himself, is completed, the White House and No.1 Tite Street, Chelsea, London, designed by Edward William Godwin, are completed. The Michigan State Capitol in Lansing, Michigan is completed, construction begins on the Indiana Statehouse Indianapolis, Indiana Royal Gold Medal - Alfred Waterhouse. Grand Prix de Rome, architecture, Victor Laloux, thaddeus Hyatt introduces a patent for reinforced concrete to the United States

3.
1879 in architecture
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The year 1879 in architecture involved some significant events. The Linderhof Palace in Bavaria, designed by Georg Dollman is completed, st. Patricks Cathedral in New York City, designed by James Renwick, Jr. is dedicated. The Votive Church, Vienna, Austria, designed by Heinrich von Ferstel, is dedicated, Connecticut State Capitol in Hartford, Connecticut, designed by Richard M. Upjohn, is completed. Healy Hall at Georgetown University in Washington, D. C. designed by Paul J. Pelz, provident Life & Trust Company in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, designed by Frank Furness, is completed

4.
1880 in architecture
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The year 1880 in architecture involved some significant architectural events and new buildings. Casa Vicens in Barcelona, designed by Antoni Gaudí is completed, the Natural History Museum in London, designed by Alfred Waterhouse and Francis Fowke is completed. Cologne Cathedral in Cologne, Germany, is completed after 632 years, rajabai Clock Tower in South Mumbai, India is opened. Berlin Anhalter Bahnhof in Berlin, Germany, rebuilt by Franz Heinrich Schwechten, is opened, Manchester Central railway station in Manchester, England is completed. Royal Exhibition Building, Melbourne is completed, royal Gold Medal - John Loughborough Pearson. Grand Prix de Rome, architecture, Louis Girault, january 27 - Edward Middleton Barry, English architect May 25 - Richard Lane, English architect August 22 - Benjamin Ferrey, English architect

5.
1882 in architecture
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The year 1882 in architecture involved some significant architectural events and new buildings. June 29 - Russian Monument, Sofia, unveiled, september 8 - St. Marys Basilica, Bangalore, India, designed by Rev. L. E. Kleiner, consecrated. October 10 - Selwyn College, Cambridge, England, designed by Arthur Blomfield, december 25 - Hotel Roanoke, a luxury hotel in Roanoke, Virginia, United States, built by the Norfolk and Western Railway. Hotel Gaillard, Paris, designed by Jules Février, pro-Cathedral of St. Vincent de Paul in Tunis. Thomas Crane Public Library in Quincy, Massachusetts, designed by Henry Hobson Richardson, a six-story architectural folly, Elephant Bazaar, later renamed as Lucy the Elephant, constructed by James V. Lafferty in Margate City, New Jersey, United States. Royal Gold Medal - Baron von Ferstel

6.
1883 in architecture
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The year 1883 in architecture involved some significant events. May 1 - The Examination Schools of the University of Oxford, may 24 - Brooklyn Bridge, designed by John A. Roebling, is completed. May 26 - Cathedral of Christ the Saviour in Moscow, designed by Konstantin Thon, is dedicated, Albany City Hall in Albany, New York, designed by Henry Hobson Richardson in Richardsonian Romanesque style, is completed. The Home Insurance Building in Chicago designed by William LeBaron Jenney, the Kuhns Building in Dayton, Ohio, is constructed. Hotel Windsor, Australia, designed by Charles Webb, is completed, cane Hill Hospital in Coulsdon, London, is completed. Waddesdon Manor in Buckinghamshire, England, designed by Gabriel-Hippolyte Destailleur, is opened for guests, billings Memorial Library at the University of Vermont in Burlington, designed by Henry Hobson Richardson, is built. Royal Gold Medal - Francis Cranmer Penrose, grand Prix de Rome, architecture, Gaston Redon

7.
1884 in architecture
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The year 1884 in architecture involved some significant architectural events and new buildings. Antoni Gaudí begins work on the Sagrada Família church in Barcelona, Washington Monument in Washington, D. C. designed by Robert Mills, is completed. Hungarian Royal Opera House in Budapest, designed by Miklós Ybl, is opened, garabit viaduct in France, engineered by Gustave Eiffel and Maurice Koechlin, is completed. The Dakota apartment building on the Upper West Side of Manhattan in New York City, cornerstone of Statue of Liberty laid in New York Harbor. Royal Gold Medal - William Butterfield, grand Prix de Rome, architecture, Hector dEspouy

8.
1885 in architecture
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The year 1885 in architecture involved some significant architectural events and new buildings. May - The original wooden structures of Hobson Block, West Union, Iowa, USA, are destroyed by fire, W. D. Caröe is appointed architect to the Ecclesiastical Commissioners for England. Construction of the Altare della Patria in Rome, designed by Giuseppe Sacconi, begins, july 13 - New building for the Rijksmuseum in Amsterdam, designed by Pierre Cuypers. November 30 - London Pavilion variety theatre, designed by Robert Worley, december 27 - Church of St. Peter, Leipzig, designed by August Hartel and Constantin Lipsius. Church of Saint Anthony of Padua, Busovača, Bosnia-Herzegovina, metropole Hotel, London, designed by Francis Fowler and James Ebenezer Saunders. Autumn - The Home Insurance Building in Chicago, Illinois, designed by William Le Baron Jenney, with ten floors and a fireproof weight-bearing metal frame, it is regarded as the first skyscraper. Holloway Sanatorium near Virginia Water in England, designed by William Henry Crossland, sway Tower in Hampshire, England, designed by Andrew Peterson using concrete made with Portland cement. It remains the worlds tallest non-reinforced concrete structure, house for Kate Greenaway, Frognal, London, designed by Richard Norman Shaw. Rebuilt Framingham Railroad Station in Framingham, Massachusetts, designed by H. H. Richardson, royal Gold Medal - Heinrich Schliemann. Grand Prix de Rome, architecture, François Paul André

9.
1886 in architecture
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The year 1886 in architecture involved some significant architectural events and new buildings. Patrick Manogue, Sacramentos first bishop, acquires the land to build the Cathedral of the Blessed Sacrament in the United States, june 30 - Founders Building at Royal Holloway College for women, Egham, near London, designed by William Henry Crossland. July - Neuschwanstein Castle in Bavaria, designed by Christian Jank and realized by Eduard Riedel, is opened to the public, october 28 - Statue of Liberty in New York Harbor, United States, designed by Frédéric Auguste Bartholdi with engineering by Gustave Eiffel and Maurice Koechlin. October 31 - Dom Luís Bridge in Porto, designed by Téophile Seyrig, iowa State Capitol in Des Moines, designed by John C. Cochrane and Alfred H. Piquenard National Assembly building in Sofia, hotel Cecil, London, United Kingdom, designed by Perry & Reed. Oulu City Hall, Finland, designed by Johan Erik Stenberg, Royal Gold Medal - Charles Garnier. Grand Prix de Rome, architecture, Albert Louvet, W. Godwin, English architect and designer November 4 - George Devey, English country house architect

10.
1888 in architecture
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The year 1888 in architecture involved some significant architectural events and new buildings. Roof and dome of Seville Cathedral collapse in an earthquake, january 5 - The Neues deutsches Theater, Prague, designed by Fellner & Helmer with Baron Karl von Hasenauer and Alfons Wertmüller. April 11 - The Concertgebouw in Amsterdam, designed by Adolf Leonard van Gendt, may - Victoria Terminus station building, designed by Frederick William Stevens for the Great Indian Peninsula Railway, in Bombays Bori Bunder district. August 12 - Plaza de Toros de El Bibio, Gijón, Asturias, august 17 - Castle of the Three Dragons for 1888 Barcelona Universal Exposition, Spain, designed by Lluís Domènech i Montaner. August 18 - Frankfurt Hauptbahnhof, designed by Hermann Eggert and Johann Wilhelm Schwedler, october 2 - Annunciation Cathedral, Kharkiv, Ukraine, designed by Mikhail Lovtsov. October 14 - Burgtheater, Ringstraße, Vienna, designed by Gottfried Semper, autumn - Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, USA, with Tech Tower used for classrooms. St. Annes Church, Bukit Mertajam, Malaysia, conquest Plantation, Pointe Coupee, Louisiana, USA, built in Victorian style. Illinois State Capitol, Springfield, Illinois, USA, ponce de León Hotel, St. Augustine, Florida, USA, designed by John Carrere and Thomas Hastings. Texas State Capitol, Austin, Texas, USA, designed by Elijah E. Myers, allegheny County Courthouse, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, designed by H. H. Richardson. High Royds Hospital near Leeds, England, designed by J. Vickers Edwards, several buildings for the International Exhibition of Science, Art and Industry held in Glasgow, key architect being James Sellars. Elizabeth Plankinton House, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA, designed by E. Townsend Mix, royal Gold Medal - Theophil Freiherr von Hansen. Grand Prix de Rome, architecture, Albert Tournaire

11.
1889 in architecture
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The year 1889 in architecture involved some significant events. March 31 - Eiffel Tower in Paris, designed by Gustave Eiffel, is inaugurated, at 300 m, its height exceeds the previous tallest structure in the world by 130 m. May 6–October 31 - Exposition Universelle in Paris, with the Eiffel Tower as its entrance arch, the Galerie des machines, designed by architect Ferdinand Dutert and engineer Victor Contamin, at 111 m, spans the longest interior space in the world at this time. July 12 - Cathedral of the Blessed Sacrament, designed by Bryan J. Klinch, is completed, october 15 - Amsterdam Centraal railway station in the Netherlands, designed by Pierre Cuypers with roof engineered by L. J. Eijmer, is opened. December 9 - Auditorium Building in Chicago, designed by Louis Sullivan, custom House designed by Charles McLay in Brisbane, Australia is completed. Georgia State Capitol in Atlanta, designed by Edbrooke and Burnham, is completed, first Presbyterian Church, designed by George D. Mason and Zachariah Rice, is built. Mole Antonelliana in Turin, Italy, designed by Alessandro Antonelli, is completed, palau Güell in Barcelona, designed by Antoni Gaudí, is completed. Science Hall in University of Minnesota Old Campus Historic District, Minneapolis, designed by Leroy Buffington, germania Bank Building in Saint Paul, Minnesota, designed by J. Walter Stevens assisted by Harvey Ellis, is built. Royal Gold Medal - Charles Thomas Newton, may 10 - Mihran Mesrobian, Armenian-born American May 21 - R

12.
1890 in architecture
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The year 1890 in architecture involved some significant events. February 3 - Ypsilanti Water Tower, Ypsilanti, Michigan, designed by William R. Coats, is completed, winner of Most Phallic Building contest. March 4 - The Forth Bridge across the Firth of Forth from South Queensferry to North Queensferry in Scotland, designed by Sir John Fowler, september 29 - St Jamess Roman Catholic Church, Spanish Place, Westminster, designed by Edward Goldie, is opened. Memorial Day - The James A. Garfield Memorial at Lake View Cemetery in Cleveland, Ohio, parish church of Holy Trinity, Sloane Street, London, designed by J. D. Sedding, is completed. The Arcade in Cleveland, Ohio, designed by John Eisenmann, the Demarest Building, a commercial building on Fifth Avenue in New York City, designed by Renwick, Aspinwall & Russell, is completed as the first with an electric elevator. Edwin Lutyens first commission, Crooksbury, a house near Farnham. Construction of the village of Fortingall on Sir Donald Curries Glenlyon Estate in Perthshire, Scotland, royal Gold Medal - John Gibson. Grand Prix de Rome, architecture, Emmanuel Pontremoli, february 9 - J. J. P. Mullett, American architect

13.
1891 in architecture
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The year 1891 in architecture involved some significant architectural events and new buildings. Ludington Building - Chicago, designed by William Le Baron Jenney, earliest surviving steel-framed building in the city, manhattan Building - Chicago, designed by William Le Baron Jenney, completed, worlds earliest surviving steel-framed building to use a purely skeletal supporting structure. Second Leiter Building - Chicago, designed by William Le Baron Jenney, monadnock Building - Chicago, tallest masonry load-bearing wall building when built. Sacred Heart Cathedral - Davenport, Iowa, designed by James J. Egan, St. Ambrose Cathedral - Des Moines, Iowa, designed by James J. Egan. Wainwright Building - St. Louis, Missouri, designed by Dankmar Adler, university of Pennsylvania Library - Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, designed by Frank Furness. Several buildings constructed for the General Land Centennial Exhibition world fair - Prague, victoria Hall, Switzerland, a concert hall designed by Marc Camoletti. Stadttheater Zürich, designed by Fellner & Helmer, opened, house of the Estates in Helsinki, Finland, built. General Post Office, Birmingham, England, designed by Henry Tanner, Palace Theatre, Manchester, England, designed by Alfred Darbyshire. Royal Gold Medal - Arthur Blomfield, grand Prix de Rome, architecture, Henri Eustache. D. Sedding, English ecclesiastical architect May 7 - John Hayward, English Gothic Revival architect

14.
1892 in architecture
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The year 1892 in architecture involved some significant events. July 8 - Great Fire of 1892 destroys many buildings in St. Johns, october 21 - The World Columbian Exposition is dedicated in Chicago. Many of the worlds best and brightest architects design what will be known as the White City, françois Hennebique patents his system of reinforced concrete. Heinävesi Church, the largest wooden church in Finland, designed by Josef Stenbäck, cathedral of St Michael and St George, Aldershot, England, designed by military engineers. West front of All Saints, Ennismore Gardens, south London, masonic Temple, designed by Burnham and Root. Regional parliament of Alsace-Lorraine, Strasbourg, designed by August Hartel, buenos Aires City Hall, designed by Juan Cagnoni. Palace of Justice Building, Rosario, Argentina, designed by Herbert Boyd Walker, courthouse and Jail, Esbjerg, Denmark, designed by Hans Christian Amberg. Government House, Bermuda, designed by William Cardy Hallet, soldiers and Sailors Arch, Brooklyn, New York, designed by John H. Duncan. Toronto Board of Trade Building, designed by James & James, natural History Building, University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign, designed by Nathan Clifford Ricker. Theater Unter den Linden, Berlin, designed by Fellner & Helmer, provincial Theatre, Ljubljana, Slovenia, designed by Jan Vladimír Hráský and Anton Hruby. Teatro de Cristóbal Colón, Bogotá, Colombia, designed by Pietro Cantini, madrid Atocha railway station, Spain, designed by Alberto Palacio with Gustave Eiffel. Mills Building, designed by D. H. Burnham & Company, general Post Office, Leeds, England, designed by Henry Tanner. Youths Companion Building, Boston, Massachusetts, designed by Henry W. Hartwell, page Belting Company Mills, Concord, New Hampshire. Templetons Carpet Factory, Glasgow, Scotland, designed by William Leiper, royal Gold Medal - César Daly. Grand Prix de Rome, architecture, Guillaume Tronchet, april 8 - Richard Neutra, Austrian American modernist architect June 19 - Ejnar Mindedal Rasmussen, Danish Neoclassical architect January 27 - Philip Charles Hardwick, English architect

15.
1893 in architecture
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The year 1893 in architecture involved some significant architectural events and new buildings. May 1 - The Worlds Columbian Exposition, including 600 temporary buildings, opens to the public in Chicago, juliusz Słowacki Theatre, Kraków, Poland, designed by Jan Zawiejski, opened as the Teatr Miejski on October 21. Museum for the Macedonian Struggle Refinery for Pacific Coast Borax Company, Salt Lake Temple in Salt Lake City, Utah, United States. St. Marys Cathedral in Glasgow, Scotland, UK, st. Michael the Archangel Church in Kaunas, Lithuania. Broad Street Station, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA, designed by Frank Furness, royal Gold Medal - Richard Morris Hunt. Grand Prix de Rome, architecture, François-Benjamin Chaussemiche

16.
1894 in architecture
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The year 1894 in architecture involved some significant events. In the United States, the Society of Beaux-Arts Architects is founded, april 21 - Quatro de Setembro Theater, Teresina, Brazil. May 14 - Blackpool Tower in Blackpool, England, completed to a design by Maxwell and Tuke, june 30 - Tower Bridge in London, designed by Horace Jones and John Wolfe-Barry. July - Dalen Hotel in Norway, designed by Haldor Børve, october 16 - Hessisches Staatstheater Wiesbaden, designed by Fellner & Helmer. Mary, Queen of the World Cathedral, Montreal, Canada, reformed Church, Dresden, designed by Harald Julius von Bosse. Sacred Heart Church, designed by Ludwig Schöne, colegio de Santa Maria de Jesús in Barcelona, Spain, designed by Antoni Gaudí. Antiguo Cuartel Militar Español de Ponce, Puerto Rico, sisters of Charity Hospital, Zagreb, Croatia. Reichstag in Berlin, designed by Paul Wallot, royal Museum of Fine Arts, Antwerp, designed by Jacob Winders and Frans van Dijk. Guaranty Building, Buffalo, New York, designed by Louis Sullivan, hôtel Tassel, Brussels, designed by Victor Horta. Hurlbut Memorial Gate, Detroit, Michigan, USA, lululaund, a house for Hubert von Herkomer at Bushey, England, based on a design by Henry Hobson Richardson. Rebuilt Köln Hauptbahnhof railway station in Cologne, Germany, designed by E. Grüttefie, royal Gold Medal - Frederic Leighton. Grand Prix de Rome, architecture, Alfred-Henri Recoura

17.
1895 in architecture
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The year 1895 in architecture involved some significant events. William Alexander Harvey, aged 20, is appointed architect for the newly laid-out model village of Bournville in Birmingham, kaiser Wilhelm Memorial Church, Berlin, Germany, by Franz Heinrich Schwechten, is consecrated. Milwaukee City Hall in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States is completed, Biltmore House on Biltmore Estate in Asheville, North Carolina, United States, by Richard Morris Hunt is opened. Refuge Assurance Building in Manchester, England, by Alfred Waterhouse, is opened, bishopsgate Institute in London, England, by Charles Harrison Townsend, is opened. New offices for The Glasgow Herald in Scotland, designed by John Keppie, royal Gold Medal - James Brooks. Grand Prix de Rome, architecture, René Patouillard-Demoriane

18.
1896 in architecture
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The year 1896 in architecture involved some significant events. April 16 - The The National Trust in England acquires its first building for preservation, Alfriston Clergy House, a History of Architecture by Sir Banister Fletcher is published. April 16 -1896 Summer Olympics, the first modern international Olympic Games, open at the Panathinaiko Stadium, Athens, reconstructed to designs by architects Anastasios Metaxas, may 14 - Garth Pier, Bangor, Wales, designed by J. J. Webster. October 1 - Theater des Westens, Berlin, designed by Bernhard Sehrings, annesley Lodge, Hampstead, designed by Charles Voysey. Church of SantAnselmo allAventino, Rome, Italy, by Francesco Vespignani, marseille Cathedral, France, principally by Léon Vaudoyer and Henri-Jacques Espérendieu. National Gallery of Slovenia, Ljubljana, designed by František Škabrout, Temple Building, Canada, designed by George W. Gouinlock Temple of Human Passions, Cinquantenaire Park, Brussels, Belgium, designed by Victor Horta. Royal Gold Medal - Ernest George, grand Prix de Rome, architecture, Louis-Charles-Henri Pille

19.
1897 in architecture
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The year 1897 in architecture involved some significant events. May 1 Ny Carlsberg Glyptotek art museum, designed by Wilhelm Dahlerup, tennessee Centennial Exposition opens in Nashville, with a temporary pyramid for Memphis, TN and a copy of the Parthenon, which will be rebuilt of permanent materials in the 1920s. May 12 - The new Oxford Town Hall, designed by Henry Hare, is opened in England. May 16 - The Teatro Massimo is inaugurated in Palermo, it is the largest opera theatre in Italy, november 1 - The Library of Congress Building in Washington, D. C. designed by Paul J. Pelz, is opened. Christmas - The Cathedral of St. Vincent de Paul, Tunis, is completed, the Secession Building, Vienna, designed by Joseph Maria Olbrich is completed in Austria. Glasgow School of Art, designed by Charles Rennie Mackintosh, is begun in Scotland, the Arts and Crafts movement house Munstead Wood, designed by Edwin Lutyens for Gertrude Jekyll, is begun in England. The Flatiron Building of Atlanta, Georgia, United States is completed, the Battenberg Mausoleum, Sofia, designed by Hermann Mayer, is completed. The Weaver building, a mill at Swansea in Wales, becomes the first building in the United Kingdom to be constructed from reinforced concrete, dresden Hauptbahnhof railway station in Germany, designed by Ernst Giese and Paul Weidner, is completed. Restoration and remodelling of Castelldefels Castle in Spain by Enric Sagnier is completed, april 3 - Vienna Secession group founded by Otto Wagner, Joseph Maria Olbrich and Josef Hoffmann among others. David Ewart succeeds Thomas Fuller as Chief Dominion Architect of the Government of Canada, james Knox Taylor becomes Supervising Architect of the United States Department of the Treasury. RIBA Royal Gold Medal - Pierre Cuypers, english architect June 22 - William Mason, New Zealand architect William Lang, American architect

20.
1887 in art
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The year 1887 in art involved some significant events. February – Fourth annual exhibition of Les XX, at the Musées royaux des Beaux-Arts de Belgique in Brussels, artists invited to show in addition to members of the group include Walter Sickert, Camille Pissarro, Berthe Morisot and Georges-Pierre Seurat. The major work shown is Seurats A Sunday Afternoon on the Island of La Grande Jatte, march 26 – June 8 – Third exhibition by the Société des Artistes Indépendants in Paris. November 14 – Paul Gauguin and Charles Laval return to Paris from Martinique, december – Vincent van Gogh arranges an exhibition of paintings by himself, Émile Bernard, Louis Anquetin, and Toulouse-Lautrec in the Restaurant du Chalet,43 Avenue de Clichy, Montmartre, Paris. Bernard and Anquetin sell their first painting, van Gogh exchanges work with Gauguin, Vincent van Gogh begins his first Sunflowers series of paintings in Paris. Walter Crane illustrates The Architecture of Art, Charles Lang Freers first Asian art purchase is a painted Japanese fan. Sir John Everett Millais painting Bubbles is acquired for advertising purposes by Pears soap, february 5 – Albert Paris Gütersloh, Austrian painter and writer. March 23 – Juan Gris, Spanish painter and sculptor, march 25 – Josef Čapek, Czech painter. April 29 – Stanley Cursiter, Scottish painter and curator, may – Jacob Steinhardt, German-born Israeli painter and woodcut artist. May 12 – Leo Michelson, Latvian-American painter and sculptor, may 21 Barker Fairley, English-born Canadian painter, writer, and educator. May 30 – Alexander Archipenko, Ukrainian sculptor, June 20 – Kurt Schwitters, German Dadaist painter and writer. July 7 – Marc Chagall, Russian-Belarusian-French painter, july 28 – Marcel Duchamp, influential French artist. September 24 – Frank Newbould, English poster artist, october 6 – Le Corbusier, French architect and painter. October 9 – Manuel Ortiz de Zárate, Chilean painter, october 13 – Kate Lechmere, English painter associated with the Vorticists and milliner. November 1 – L. S. Lowry, English painter, november 15 – Georgia OKeeffe, American painter

21.
1887 in science
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The year 1887 in science and technology involved many significant events, listed below. April – Carte du Ciel project initiated by Paris Observatory director Amédée Mouchez, theodor von Oppolzers Canon der Finsternisse, a compilation of the 8,000 solar and 5,200 lunar eclipses from 1200 BC until 2161 AD, is published posthumously. Jean Pierre Mégnin publishes Faune des Tombeaux, the work of modern forensic entomology. Sergei Winogradsky discovers the first known form of lithotrophy during his research with Beggiatoa, Guyou hemisphere-in-a-square projection developed by Émile Guyou. January 28 – In a snowstorm at Fort Keogh, Montana, in the United States and they are 15 inches wide and 8 inches thick. September 28 – Start of the Yellow River floods in China,900,000 dead, june 23 – The Rocky Mountains Park Act becomes law in Canada, creating that nations first national park, Banff National Park. February 23 – The French Riviera is hit by a large earthquake, in Hawaii, the Mauna Loa volcano eruptions subside, having begun in 1843. During the 1887 eruption, about 2½ million tons of lava per hour pours out, march 3 – Anne Sullivan begins to teach language to the deaf and blind Helen Keller. July 26 – L. L. Zamenhof publishes Lingvo internacia under the pseudonym Doktoro Esperanto, Joseph Louis François Bertrand rediscovers Bertrands ballot theorem. Henri Poincaré provides a solution to the three-body problem, january 11 – Louis Pasteurs anti-rabies treatment is defended in the French Academy of Medicine by Dr. Joseph Grancher. August – The U. S. National Institutes of Health is founded at the Marine Hospital, Staten Island, NY, october 1 – Hong Kong College of Medicine for Chinese founded by Patrick Manson. Franz König publishes Über freie Körper in den Gelenken in the journal Deutsche Zeitschrift für Chirurgie, the Hospitals Association establishes the first register of nurses in the United Kingdom. November – The Michelson-Morley experiment is performed, indicating that the speed of light is independent of motion, heinrich Hertz discovers the photoelectric effect on the production and reception of electromagnetic waves in radio, an important step towards the understanding of the quantum nature of light. November – G. Stanley Hall founds The American Journal of Psychology, richard Hodgson and S. J. Davey, in the course of investigations into popular belief in parapsychology, publish one of the first descriptions of eyewitness unreliability. March 8 – Everett Horton of Connecticut patents a fishing rod of telescoping steel tubes, march 13 – Chester Greenwood patents earmuffs. June 8 – Herman Hollerith receives a U. S. patent for his punched card calculator, july – James Blyth operates the first working wind turbine at Marykirk in Scotland. July 19 – Dorr Eugene Felt receives the first U. S. patent for his comptometer, august – Anna Connelly patents the fire escape. November 8 – Emile Berliner is granted a U. S. patent for his Gramophone, adolf Gaston Eugen Fick invents the contact lens, made of a type of brown glass

22.
Cathedral Basilica of Our Lady of the Rosary
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The Cathedral Basilica Shrine of Our Lady of the Rosary is a minor basilica and cathedral dedicated to the local Virgin of the Rosary, in the city of Rosario, province of Santa Fe, Argentina. It is the church of the Archdiocese of Rosario. The basilica faces Plaza 25 de Mayo, also bordered by the Central Post Office, the first parish was built in this site in 1731, at a time when Rosario was no more than a small scattered village on the shore of the Paraná River. The image of the Virgin of the Rosary was brought from Cádiz, the basilica dates from the last part of the 19th century, it was first projected in 1882 and its construction started in 1887. Its altar is of Italian origin, and it was made of Carrara marble, the mother church was officially named a cathedral at the canonical erection of the Diocese of Rosario, on 20 April 1934, and it became a basilica on 7 October 1966. Roman Catholic Marian churches Catedral de Rosario, works and sites of patrimonial value, Municipality of Rosario. La Virgen del Rosario at Rosario. com. ar, works and sites of patrimonial value of the municipality of Rosario

23.
Rosario, Santa Fe
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Rosario is the largest city in the province of Santa Fe, in central Argentina. It is located 300 km northwest of Buenos Aires, on the shore of the Paraná River. Rosario is the third most populous city in the country, and is also the most populous city in Argentina that is not a provincial capital, with a growing and important metropolitan area, Greater Rosario has an estimated population of 1,276,000 as of 2012. One of its main attractions includes the architecture that has been retained over the centuries in hundreds of residences, houses. Rosario is the city of the Rosario Department and is located at the heart of the major industrial corridor in Argentina. The city is a railroad terminal and the shipping center for north-eastern Argentina. Ships reach the city via the Paraná River, which allows the existence of a 10-metre-deep port, the Port of Rosario is subject to silting and must be dredged periodically. Exports include wheat, flour, hay, linseed and other oils, corn, sugar, lumber, meat, hides. Manufactured goods include flour, sugar, meat products, and other foodstuffs, the Rosario-Victoria Bridge, opened in 2004, spans the Paraná River, connecting Rosario with the city of Victoria, across the Paraná Delta. Because it plays a role in agricultural commerce, the city finds itself at the center of a continuing debate over taxes levied on big-ticket agricultural goods such as soy. Along with Paraná, Rosario is one of the few Argentine cities that cannot point to an individual as its founder. The citys patron is the Virgin of the Rosary, whose feast day is October 7, the asteroid 14812 Rosario was named in its honor. In 1689, captain Luis Romero de Pineda received part of the lands of the Pago de los Arroyos by royal decree, before that, the area was originally inhabited by Calchaquí tribes in reducciones, a kind of missions founded by Franciscans. These missions were attacked and destroyed by hostile tribes of the Chaco region. Romero de Pineda established the first permanent settlement, an estancia — intended as farmland, in 1719 the Jesuits bought another part and established Estancia San Miguel. The area was still so scarcely populated that it had no authority, it was ruled from the provincial capital. In 1724, another settlement was initiated by Santiago de Montenegro, who set up a mill, drew plans for the future town, built a chapel. The area of control of local government extended northward from todays Rosario

24.
Provinciaal Hof
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The Provinciaal Hof is a Neogothical building on the market place in Bruges, Belgium. It is the meeting place for the provincial government of West Flanders. In 1294, the Waterhalle, 95m long and about 30m high, was built as the point of the port of Bruges. When the boats no longer could reach the hall, it was demolished in 1787, from 1850 on, part of this was used to house the provincial government meetings, until it burned down in 1878. A replacement in neogothical style, intended to house the province, the post office was opened in 1891, and the first part of the Provinciaal Hof in 1892. The last parts of the buildings were finished in 1920, the building was used as the government meeting hall until 1999, and is now mainly a ceremonial building, and also used for exhibitions. In 2012, the government, which owns the building, was considering to sell it, but the provincial government. Both the exterior and the interior are in the Gothic Revival style, the central meeting room has ten sculptures of royalty by Hendrik Pickery, and mural paintings of famous people from West Flanders. The rest of the building is decorated with sculptures by Hendrik and his son Gustaaf Pickery, stained glass windows by Jules Dobbelaere. A number of paintings can be found as well, including work by Joos de Momper, Jan Van de Putte, Jan Baptist van Meunincxhove, and paintings from the Romantic era

25.
Bruges
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Bruges is the capital and largest city of the province of West Flanders in the Flemish Region of Belgium, in the northwest of the country. The area of the whole city amounts to more than 13,840 hectares, including 1,075 hectares off the coast, the historic city centre is a prominent World Heritage Site of UNESCO. It is oval and about 430 hectares in size, the citys total population is 117,073, of whom around 20,000 live in the city centre. The metropolitan area, including the commuter zone, covers an area of 616 km2 and has a total of 255,844 inhabitants as of 1 January 2008. Along with a few other canal-based northern cities, such as Amsterdam and Stockholm, Bruges has a significant economic importance thanks to its port and was once one of the worlds chief commercial cities. Bruges is well known as the seat of the College of Europe, the name probably derives from the Old Dutch for bridge, brugga. Also compare Middle Dutch brucge, brugge, and modern Dutch bruggehoofd, the form brugghe would be a southern Dutch variant. The Dutch word and the English bridge both derive from Proto-Germanic *brugjō-, Bruges was a location of coastal settlement during prehistory. This Bronze Age and Iron Age settlement is unrelated to medieval city development, in the Bruges area, the first fortifications were built after Julius Caesars conquest of the Menapii in the first century BC, to protect the coastal area against pirates. The Franks took over the region from the Gallo-Romans around the 4th century. The Viking incursions of the century prompted Count Baldwin I of Flanders to reinforce the Roman fortifications, trade soon resumed with England. Bruges received its city charter on 27 July 1128, and new walls and canals were built, in 1089 Bruges became the capital of the County of Flanders. Since about 1050, gradual silting had caused the city to lose its access to the sea. A storm in 1134, however, re-established this access, through the creation of a channel at the Zwin. The new sea arm stretched all the way to Damme, a city became the commercial outpost for Bruges. Bruges had a location at the crossroads of the northern Hanseatic League trade. They developed, or borrowed from Italy, new forms of merchant capitalism, whereby several merchants would share the risks and profits and they employed new forms of economic exchange, including bills of exchange and letters of credit. The city eagerly welcomed foreign traders, most notably the Portuguese traders selling pepper and other spices, the citys entrepreneurs reached out to make economic colonies of England and Scotlands wool-producing districts

26.
Louis Delacenserie
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Louis Delacenserie was a Belgian architect from Bruges. The spelling of his name differs greatly, De la Censerie, Delasencerie and his father was a merchant and building contractor from Tournai. Delacenserie studied architecture at the Académie of his city under Jean-Brunon Rudd. He was a laureate of the Prix de Rome in 1862 and this prize enabled him to travel to Paris, Italy and Greece where he could admire masterpieces of antique architecture. After his studies he worked for a while in the office of Louis Roelandt, in his early career Delacenserie adopted the Neo-Classical style of his teachers. After he was appointed architect to the city of Bruges he became involved in the Belgian Gothic Revival movement and he led many restorations of the rich Gothic architectural heritage of his native city. This made him familiar with the Gothic brick and sandstone architecture of medieval Flanders, at the pinnacle of his career Delacenserie made the designs for the central station in Antwerp. In this design he made use of a rather eclectic Neo-Renaissance style that refers to the economic and artistic prime of the city in the 16th century, some aspects of this edifice, like the use of colours and materials, were clearly influenced by Art Nouveau architecture. Some restoration projects in Bruges, Basilica of the Holy Blood Tolhuis Hof van Gruuthuse Town hall, some of his new original projects, City hall of Diksmuide Castle Bloemendale, Beernem Palace of the Provincial Council in Bruges. School in Bruges Nieuw Sint-Janshospitaal in Bruges, buildings of Louis Delacenserie on www. belgiumview. com

27.
Ponce de Leon Hotel
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The Ponce de Leon Hotel was an exclusive hotel in St. Augustine, Florida, built by millionaire developer and Standard Oil co-founder Henry M. Flagler and completed in 1888. The Hotel Ponce de Leon was designed in the Spanish Renaissance style by the New York architects John Carrère, the hotel also was wired for electricity at the onset, with the power being supplied by D. C. generators supplied by Flaglers friend, Thomas Edison. When electricity was first put in Henry M. Flagler hired staff to power on and off for his residents, because the people staying at the hotel were too afraid to turn the switches on. The building and grounds of the hotel are today a part of Flagler College, the Ponce de Leon Hotel was built on land that was part of a former orange grove and partially salt marsh belonging to Dr. Andrew Anderson, owner of the Markland house. Construction began in 1885 by contractors and former New England shipbuilders James McGuire and Joseph McDonald, interior elements of the hotel are credited to Louis Comfort Tiffany, with Pottier and Stymus responsible for the furnishings. Bernard Maybeck, whose designs include the Palace of Fine Arts in San Francisco. Architect Emmanuel Louis Masqueray, who had arrived from Paris. Noted Italian artist Virgilio Tojetti prepared the ceiling murals in the Grand Parlor, the murals at the Ponce were well known at the time. We walked all over the place without recognizin nobody from our set, four or five o them was thrillers, at that. Their names was Adventure, Discovery, Contest, and so on, the hotels named after the fella that built it. He come from Spain and they say he was huntin for some water that if hed drunk it hed feel young, I dont see myself how you could expect to feel young on water. —Gullibles Travels Originally, the towers of the hotel were water storage tanks which contained 8,000 gallons each. One member of the team, Frank Grant, was elected to the Baseball Hall of Fame, noted personalities including Mark Twain, Theodore Roosevelt, Somerset Maugham, Babe Ruth and Babe Didrikson stayed. The Hotel Ponce de Leon was one of the few Flagler Hotels to survive the Great Depression, Flagler established an artist colony with studios to the rear of the Ponce de Leon Hotel. The painting is in the National Gallery of Art in Washington, D. C. others of his works are in the White House and significant galleries. During the Great Depression, the government had implemented several of its direct aid programs to revitalizing the communitys tourism economy. During World War II the Hotel was used as a Coast Guard Training Center, St. Augustine is considered by many to be the birthplace of the Coast Guard Reserve. One of the first classes to graduate from Reserve officer training did so at St. Augustine in May 1941 at the converted Hotel Ponce de Leon

28.
St. Augustine, Florida
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St. Augustine is a city in the Southeastern United States, on the Atlantic coast in northeastern Florida. It is the oldest continuously occupied European-established settlement within the borders of the continental United States, the county seat of St. Johns County, it is part of Floridas First Coast region and the Jacksonville metropolitan area. According to the 2010 census, the city population was 12,975, the United States Census Bureaus 2013 estimate of the citys population was 13,679, while the urban area had a population of 69,173 in 2012. Saint Augustine was founded on September 8,1565, by Spanish admiral Pedro Menéndez de Avilés, Floridas first governor. He named the settlement San Agustín, as his ships bearing settlers, troops, and supplies from Spain had first sighted land in Florida eleven days earlier on August 28, the feast day of St. Augustine. The city served as the capital of Spanish Florida for over 200 years, since the late 19th century, St. Augustines distinct historical character has made the city a major tourist attraction, and it is also the headquarters for the Florida National Guard. Founded in 1565 by the Spanish conquistador, Pedro Menéndez de Avilés, in 1562, a group of Huguenots led by Jean Ribault arrived in Spanish Florida to establish a colony in the territory claimed by Spain. They explored the mouth of the St. Johns River, calling it la Rivière de Mai, then sailed northward, Spain learned of this French expedition through its spies at ports on the Atlantic coast of France. The Huguenot nobleman René de Laudonnière, who had participated in the expedition and he arrived at the mouth of the River May on June 22,1564, sailed up it a few miles, and founded Fort Caroline. He was ordered as well to drive away any intruders who were not subjects of the Spanish crown. On July 28, Menéndez set sail from Cádiz with a led by his 600-ton flagship, the San Pelayo, accompanied by several smaller ships, and carrying over 1,000 sailors, soldiers. On the feast day of St. Augustine, August 28, Menéndez then sailed north and confronted Ribaults fleet outside the bar of the River May in a brief skirmish. On September 6, he returned to the site of his first landfall, naming it after the Catholic saint, disembarked his troops, and quickly constructed fortifications to protect his people and supplies. Menéndez then marched his soldiers overland for an attack on Fort Caroline. Jean Ribault had already put out to sea with his ships for an assault on St. Augustine, there they were confronted by the Spaniard and his men on the opposite side. After several parleys with the Spanish, Jean Ribault and the Frenchmen with him surrendered, almost all of them were executed in the dunes near the inlet, in 1572, the settlement was relocated to the mainland, in the area just south of the future town plaza. Confident that he had fulfilled the conditions of his contract with the King, including the building of forts along the coast of La Florida. After several more transatlantic crossings, Menéndez fell ill and died on September 17,1574, succeeding governors of the province maintained a peaceful coexistence with the local Native Americans, allowing the isolated outpost of St. Augustine some stability for a few years

29.
St. Paul's Church, Aarhus
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St Pauls Church is a parish church in Aarhus, Denmark. It was completed in 1887 to a design by Vilhelm Theodor Walther in the Neo-Romanesque style, located at the end of the slightly inclined M. P. As a result, the robust, red building with twin towers bearing pyramidal spires has a facade facing north rather than west. The design is based on that of a Romanesque basilica with a high nave, slightly lower aisles. The round-arched windows and doors are indicative of the Romanesque approach, in 1978, a parish hall was attached to the church in a manner similar to that of the Oude Kerk in Amsterdam which also has buildings attached to its structure. It was designed by Inger and Johannes Exner as an attachment with a meeting room, confirmation classrooms. It is connected to the apse by means of a foyer with a glazed roof, built of sharp-edged brick matching the masonry of the church, it is covered with a saddle roof. The altar painting depicting Paul on the road to Damascus is the work of Herman Siegumfeldt, since the churchs completion, a gallery was added in 1900. A baptismal bowl, from the half of the 16th century, is in silver-plated brass. Crafted in the south of Germany, the centre of the bowl presents a scene of the Annunciation, the rim is decorated with stars and pomegranates. The church choir, known as Sct, Pauls Cantori, consists mainly of young singers studying at the Royal Academy of Music in Aarhus or at Aarhus University. They have frequently performed with orchestras including the Randers Chamber Orchestra. St Pauls Church from Dansk Architektur Guide with illustrations

30.
Peebles Old Parish Church
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The Old Parish Church of Peebles is one of several Christian churches in Peebles, Borders, Scotland. It is a congregation of the Church of Scotland, dedicated on 29 March 1887, it lies at the end of the High Street. The church was constructed between 1885 and 1887 at a cost of £9,500 and it includes some features from an earlier parish church built on the site in 1784. The architect was William Young of London who designed the church in a Gothic style, the church is a member of Peebles Churches Together

31.
Scotland
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Scotland is a country that is part of the United Kingdom and covers the northern third of the island of Great Britain. It shares a border with England to the south, and is surrounded by the Atlantic Ocean, with the North Sea to the east. In addition to the mainland, the country is made up of more than 790 islands, including the Northern Isles, the Kingdom of Scotland emerged as an independent sovereign state in the Early Middle Ages and continued to exist until 1707. By inheritance in 1603, James VI, King of Scots, became King of England and King of Ireland, Scotland subsequently entered into a political union with the Kingdom of England on 1 May 1707 to create the new Kingdom of Great Britain. The union also created a new Parliament of Great Britain, which succeeded both the Parliament of Scotland and the Parliament of England. Within Scotland, the monarchy of the United Kingdom has continued to use a variety of styles, titles, the legal system within Scotland has also remained separate from those of England and Wales and Northern Ireland, Scotland constitutes a distinct jurisdiction in both public and private law. Glasgow, Scotlands largest city, was one of the worlds leading industrial cities. Other major urban areas are Aberdeen and Dundee, Scottish waters consist of a large sector of the North Atlantic and the North Sea, containing the largest oil reserves in the European Union. This has given Aberdeen, the third-largest city in Scotland, the title of Europes oil capital, following a referendum in 1997, a Scottish Parliament was re-established, in the form of a devolved unicameral legislature comprising 129 members, having authority over many areas of domestic policy. Scotland is represented in the UK Parliament by 59 MPs and in the European Parliament by 6 MEPs, Scotland is also a member nation of the British–Irish Council, and the British–Irish Parliamentary Assembly. Scotland comes from Scoti, the Latin name for the Gaels, the Late Latin word Scotia was initially used to refer to Ireland. By the 11th century at the latest, Scotia was being used to refer to Scotland north of the River Forth, alongside Albania or Albany, the use of the words Scots and Scotland to encompass all of what is now Scotland became common in the Late Middle Ages. Repeated glaciations, which covered the land mass of modern Scotland. It is believed the first post-glacial groups of hunter-gatherers arrived in Scotland around 12,800 years ago, the groups of settlers began building the first known permanent houses on Scottish soil around 9,500 years ago, and the first villages around 6,000 years ago. The well-preserved village of Skara Brae on the mainland of Orkney dates from this period and it contains the remains of an early Bronze Age ruler laid out on white quartz pebbles and birch bark. It was also discovered for the first time that early Bronze Age people placed flowers in their graves, in the winter of 1850, a severe storm hit Scotland, causing widespread damage and over 200 deaths. In the Bay of Skaill, the storm stripped the earth from a large irregular knoll, when the storm cleared, local villagers found the outline of a village, consisting of a number of small houses without roofs. William Watt of Skaill, the laird, began an amateur excavation of the site, but after uncovering four houses

32.
William Young (architect)
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William Young was a Scottish architect, the designer of Glasgow City Chambers. He was born in Paisley, Scotland in 1843, the son of James Young, about 1857 he was articled to James Jamieson Lamb of Paisley, but moved in 1859 to the Glasgow office of William Nairne Tait. He then spent time in Manchester before settling in London in 1865 as an assistant in the office of Charles Henry Howell and this move gave him the chance to study at the South Kensington School in preparation for starting up in independent practice in 1869. In 1870 he was commissioned by Lord Elcho to erect a 50,000 square feet timber marquee at Wimbledon Common for the National Rifle Brigade. This was followed by a commission in 1873 from Lord Elchos brother-in-law, William Wells, MP, to him a large Tudor Gothic style country house, Holmewood Hall. He set up in premises in the Strand and received a stream of commissions, including Haseley Manor, Warwick, Peebles Parish Church and new wings for Gosford House. In London he designed Chelsea House, Cadogan Place for Earl Cadogan, with the help of Lord Elcho, however, he was given the commission for the new War Office in Whitehall. In 1881 he won the competition for Glasgow City Chambers in George Square and this building, built between 1881 and 1890, features the largest set of sculptures in the city, symbolizing aspects of the citys industrial, commercial and cultural achievement. He was admitted FRIBA in 1891 and he died in 1900 at 23 Oakhill Road, his home in Putney, London, and was buried at Putney Vale Cemetery. His practice was continued after his death by his son Clyde, who completed the work in progress of his father, including the extensive alterations to Elveden Hall, Suffolk

33.
Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus railway station
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Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Terminus, is a historic railway station and a UNESCO World Heritage Site in Mumbai, Maharashtra, India which serves as the headquarters of the Central Railways. The stations name was changed to Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus in March 1996, Bori Bunder was one of the areas along the Eastern shore line of Mumbai, India which was used as a storehouse for goods imported and exported from Mumbai. In the areas name, Bori means sack and Bandar means port or haven, in the 1850s, the Great Indian Peninsular Railway built its railway terminus in this area and the station took its name as Bori Bunder. The train between Bori Bunder and Thane took 57 minutes at a distance of 35 km apart, the station was designed by the consulting British architect Frederick William Stevens. He received ₹1,614,000 as the payment for his services, Stevens earned the commission to construct the station after a masterpiece watercolour sketch by draughtsman Axel Haig. The final design bears resemblance to St Pancras railway station in London. GG Scotts plans for Berlins parliament building had been published four years before, crawford market is also located near CSTM. The station took ten years to complete, the longest for any building of that era in Bombay and this famous architectural landmark in a Gothic-revival style was built as the headquarters of the Great Indian Peninsular Railway. Since then, the station came to be known as Bombay VT, the original platforms were from 1–9. The original building is still in use to handle traffic and is used by over three million commuters daily. It is also the headquarters of the Central Railway. In 1996, the Minister of Railways, Suresh Kalmadi, changed the name of the station to Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus in honour of Great King Chhatrapati Shivaji, on 26 November 2008, two terrorists entered the passenger hall of the CST, opened fire and threw grenades at people. The terrorists were armed with AK-47 rifles, One of the terrorists, Ajmal Kasab, was later caught alive by the police and identified by eyewitnesses. This despite the fact that Central Railway RPF Hq being located near Platform 13 overlooking the central passenger hall. The CCTV captured the attack but was not completely made public to hide Railway police inaction. The CCTV evidence was used to identify and indict Kasab, in 2010, Kasab was sentenced to death for his role in the attack, and in 2012 he was hanged. The station building is designed in the High Victorian Gothic style of architecture, the building exhibits a fusion of influences from Victorian Italianate Gothic Revival architecture and classical Indian architecture. The skyline, turrets, pointed arches, and eccentric ground plan are close to classical Indian palace architecture, the station stands as an example of 19th century railway architectural marvels for its advanced structural and technical solutions. The CST was constructed using high level of engineering both in terms of engineering and civil engineering

34.
Great Indian Peninsula Railway
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The Great Indian Peninsula Railway was a predecessor of the Central Railway, whose headquarters was at the Boree Bunder in Mumbai. The Great Indian Peninsula Railway was incorporated on August 1,1849 by an act of the British Parliament and it had a share capital of 50,000 pounds. The Court of Directors of the East India Company appointed James John Berkeley as Chief Resident Engineer, kar and R. W. Graham as his assistants. It was Indias ever first railway, the original 21 mile section opening in 1853, on July 1,1925 its management was taken over by the Government. On November 5,1951 it was incorporated into the Central Railway and it was meant for the purpose of increasing the export of cotton, silk, opium, sugar and spices. The management committee consisted of 25 British men, including officials of the East India company and banks in London, most of whom resided in Britain and some who had resided in India. It was originally meant to connect the towns of Poonah, Nassuek, Aurungabad, Ahmednuggur, Sholapoor, Nagpur, Oomrawutty, and Hyderabad. On April 16,1853 at 3,35 pm, the first passenger train of the Great Indian Peninsula Railway left Boree Bunder station in Bombay for Tannah The train took fifty-seven minutes to reach Tannah and it covered a distance of 21 miles. Three locomotives named Sultan, Sindh and Sahib pulled the 14 carriages carrying 400 passengers on board, the railway bridge over Thane creek, first in India, was completed in 1854. The portion of the line from Tannah to Callian was opened on May 1,1854, the construction of this portion was difficult as it involved a two-line viaduct over the estuary and two tunnels. On May 12,1856 the line was extended to Campoolie via Padusdhurree, the Padusdhurree-Khandala section involved the difficult crossing of the Bhore Ghat and it took another five years for completion. During this period, the 21 km gap was covered by palanquin, the Kassarah line was opened on January 1,1861 and the steep Thull ghat section up to Egutpoora was opened on January 1,1865 and thus completed the crossing of the Sahyadri. The south-east main line proceeded over Bhor Ghat to Poonah, Sholapore and Raichore, by 1868, route kilometerage was 888 km and by 1870, route kilometerage was 2,388. Beyond Callian, the north-east main line proceeded over the Thull ghat to Bhosawal near Nusseerabad, from Bhosawal, there was a bifurcation. One passed through great cotton district of Oomravuttee and was extended up to Nagpore, the other was extended up to Jubbulpore to connect with the Allahabad-Jubbulpore branch line of the East Indian Railway which had been opened in June 1867. Hence it became possible to directly from Bombay to Calcutta. The Howrah-Allahabad-Mumbai line was opened on 7 March 1870 and it was part of the inspiration for French writer Jules Vernes book Around the World in Eighty Days

35.
Mumbai
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Mumbai is the capital city of the Indian state of Maharashtra. It is the most populous city in India and the ninth most populous agglomeration in the world, Mumbai lies on the west coast of India and has a deep natural harbour. In 2008, Mumbai was named a world city. It is also the wealthiest city in India, and has the highest GDP of any city in South, West, Mumbai has the highest number of billionaires and millionaires among all cities in India. The seven islands that came to constitute Mumbai were home to communities of fishing colonies, during the mid-18th century, Bombay was reshaped by the Hornby Vellard project, which undertook reclamation of the area between the seven islands from the sea. Along with construction of roads and railways, the reclamation project, completed in 1845. Bombay in the 19th century was characterised by economic and educational development, during the early 20th century it became a strong base for the Indian independence movement. Upon Indias independence in 1947 the city was incorporated into Bombay State, in 1960, following the Samyukta Maharashtra movement, a new state of Maharashtra was created with Bombay as the capital. Mumbai is the financial, commercial and entertainment capital of India and it is also home to some of Indias premier scientific and nuclear institutes like BARC, NPCL, IREL, TIFR, AERB, AECI, and the Department of Atomic Energy. The city also houses Indias Hindi and Marathi film and television industry, Mumbais business opportunities, as well as its potential to offer a higher standard of living, attract migrants from all over India, making the city a melting pot of many communities and cultures. The oldest known names for the city are Kakamuchee and Galajunkja, in 1508, Portuguese writer Gaspar Correia used the name Bombaim, in his Lendas da Índia. This name possibly originated as the Old Portuguese phrase bom baim, meaning good little bay, in 1516, Portuguese explorer Duarte Barbosa used the name Tana-Maiambu, Tana appears to refer to the adjoining town of Thane and Maiambu to Mumbadevi. Other variations recorded in the 16th and the 17th centuries include, Mombayn, Bombay, Bombain, Bombaym, Monbaym, Mombaim, Mombaym, Bambaye, Bombaiim, Bombeye, Boon Bay, and Bon Bahia. After the English gained possession of the city in the 17th century, Ali Muhammad Khan, imperial diwan or revenue minister of the Gujarat province, in the Mirat-i-Ahmedi referred to the city as Manbai. By the late 20th century, the city was referred to as Mumbai or Mambai in the Indian statewise official languages of Marathi, Konkani, Gujarati, Kannada and Sindhi, the Government of India officially changed the English name to Mumbai in November 1995. According to Slate magazine, they argued that Bombay was a corrupted English version of Mumbai, Slate also said The push to rename Bombay was part of a larger movement to strengthen Marathi identity in the Maharashtra region. A resident of Mumbai is called mumbaikar in the Marathi language, the term has been in use for quite some time but it gained popularity after the official name change to Mumbai. Mumbai is built on what was once an archipelago of seven islands, Bombay Island, Parel, Mazagaon, Mahim, Colaba, Worli and it is not exactly known when these islands were first inhabited

36.
Raffles Hotel
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Raffles Hotel is a colonial-style luxury hotel in Singapore. It was established by Armenian hoteliers, the Sarkies Brothers, in 1887, the hotel was named after British statesman Sir Thomas Stamford Raffles, the founder of Singapore. It is the property of Raffles Hotels & Resorts, a subsidiary of Fairmont Raffles Hotels International. Raffles Hotel Singapore started as a privately owned beach house built in the early 1830s and it first became Emersons Hotel when Dr. Charles Emerson leased the building in 1878. Upon his death in 1883, the closed, and the Raffles Institution stepped in to use the building as a boarding house until Dr. Emersons lease expired in September 1887. Almost immediately after the first lease expired, the Sarkies Brothers leased the property with the intention of turning it into a high-end hotel, just a few months later, on December 1,1887, the ten-room Raffles Hotel opened. Its proximity to the beach, and its reputation for high standards in services, within the hotels first decade, three new buildings were added on to the original beach house. First, a pair of wings were completed in 1890. Soon afterward, the Sarkies Brothers leased a building at No.3 Beach Road, renovated it, and in 1894. The new additions brought the total guest rooms to 75. A few years later, a new building was constructed on the site of the original beach house. Designed by architect Regent Alfred John Bidwell of Swan and Maclaren, the new main building offered numerous state-of-the-art features, including powered ceiling fans and electric lights. In fact, the Raffles Hotel was the first hotel in the region to have electric lights. The hotel continued to expand over the years with the addition of wings, a veranda, a ballroom, a bar, the Great Depression spelled trouble for Raffles Hotel and, in 1931, the Sarkies Brothers declared bankruptcy. In 1933, the troubles were resolved, and a public company called Raffles Hotel Ltd. was established. Upon the start of the Japanese occupation of Singapore on February 15,1942, meanwhile, staff buried the hotel silver—including the silver beef trolley—in the Palm Court. During World War II, Raffles Hotel was renamed Syonan Ryokan, incorporating Syonan, the Japanese name for occupied Singapore, and ryokan, in 1987, a century after it first opened, the Raffles Hotel was declared a National Monument by the Singapore government. In 1989, the closed to undergo an extensive renovation that lasted two years, and cost $160 million

37.
Singapore
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Singapore, officially the Republic of Singapore, sometimes referred to as the Lion City or the Little Red Dot, is a sovereign city-state in Southeast Asia. It lies one degree north of the equator, at the tip of peninsular Malaysia. Singapores territory consists of one island along with 62 other islets. Since independence, extensive land reclamation has increased its size by 23%. During the Second World War, Singapore was occupied by Japan, after early years of turbulence, and despite lacking natural resources and a hinterland, the nation developed rapidly as an Asian Tiger economy, based on external trade and its workforce. Singapore is a global commerce, finance and transport hub, the country has also been identified as a tax haven. Singapore ranks 5th internationally and first in Asia on the UN Human Development Index and it is ranked highly in education, healthcare, life expectancy, quality of life, personal safety, and housing, but does not fare well on the Democracy index. Although income inequality is high, 90% of homes are owner-occupied, 38% of Singapores 5.6 million residents are permanent residents and other foreign nationals. There are four languages on the island, Malay, Mandarin, Tamil. English is its language, most Singaporeans are bilingual. Singapore is a multiparty parliamentary republic, with a Westminster system of unicameral parliamentary government. The Peoples Action Party has won every election since self-government in 1959, however, it is unlikely that lions ever lived on the island, Sang Nila Utama, the Srivijayan prince said to have founded and named the island Singapura, perhaps saw a Malayan tiger. There are however other suggestions for the origin of the name, the central island has also been called Pulau Ujong as far back as the third century CE, literally island at the end in Malay. In 1299, according to the Malay Annals, the Kingdom of Singapura was founded on the island by Sang Nila Utama and these Indianized Kingdoms, a term coined by George Cœdès were characterized by surprising resilience, political integrity and administrative stability. In 1613, Portuguese raiders burned down the settlement, which by then was part of the Johor Sultanate. The wider maritime region and much trade was under Dutch control for the following period, in 1824 the entire island, as well as the Temenggong, became a British possession after a further treaty with the Sultan. In 1826, Singapore became part of the Straits Settlements, under the jurisdiction of British India, prior to Raffles arrival, there were only about a thousand people living on the island, mostly indigenous Malays along with a handful of Chinese. By 1860 the population had swelled to over 80,000, many of these early immigrants came to work on the pepper and gambier plantations