Hidalgo and Morelos

Soon after being named parish priest in the small town of Dolores,
Hidalgo began to promote the establishment of various small
manufacturing concerns. He realized the need for diversification of
industrial activities in an area that had the mines of Guanajuato as its
major business. At the same time, during his seven years at Dolores,
Hidalgo promoted discussion groups at his house, where Indians,
mestizos, criollos, and peninsulares were welcomed. The themes
of these discussions were current events, to which Hidalgo added his own
input of social and economic concerns. The independence movement was
born out of these informal discussions and was directed against Spanish
domination of political and economic life in New Spain. December 8,
1810, was set for the beginning of the uprising.

The plans were disclosed to the central government, and the
conspirators were alerted that orders had been sent for their arrest.
Pressed by this new development, on September 16, 1810, Hidalgo decided
to strike out for independence without delay (this date is celebrated as
Mexico's independence day). The church bells summoned the people, and
Hidalgo asked them to join him against the Spanish government and the peninsulares
in the famous Grito de Dolores (Cry of Dolores): "Long live Our
Lady of Guadalupe! Death to bad government! Death to the gachupines
!" The crowd responded enthusiastically, and soon an angry mob was
marching toward the regional capital of Guanajuato. The miners of
Guanajuato joined with the native workers of Dolores in the massacre of
all peninsulares who resisted them, including the local intendente
.

From Guanajuato, the independence forces marched on to Mexico City
after having captured Zacatecas, San Luis Potosí, and Valladolid. On
October 30, 1810, they encountered resistance at Monte de las Cruces
and, despite a rebel victory, lost momentum and did not take Mexico
City. After a few more victories, the revolutionary forces moved north
toward Texas. In March of the following year, the insurgents were
ambushed and taken prisoner in Monclova (in the present-day state of
Coahuila). Hidalgo was tried as a priest by the Holy Office of the
Inquisition and found guilty of heresy and treason. He was later
condemned to death. On July 31, 1811, Hidalgo was executed by firing
squad. His body was mutilated, and his head was displayed in Guanajuato
as a warning to other would- be insurgents.

After the death of Hidalgo, José María Morelos Pavón assumed the
leadership of the revolutionary movement. Morelos took charge of the
political and military aspects of the insurrection and further planned a
strategic move to encircle Mexico City and to cut communications to the
coastal areas. In June 1813, Morelos convoked a national congress of
representatives from all of the provinces, which met at Chilpancingo in
the present-day state of Guerrero to discuss the future of Mexico as an
independent nation. The major points included in the document prepared
by the congress were popular sovereignty, universal male suffrage, the
adoption of Roman Catholicism as the official religion, abolition of
slavery and forced labor, an end to government monopolies, and an end to
corporal punishment. Despite initial successes by Morelos's forces,
however, the colonial authorities broke the siege of Mexico City after
six months, captured positions in the surrounding areas, and finally
invaded Chilpancingo. In 1815 Morelos was captured and met the same fate
as Hidalgo.

From 1815 to 1821, most of the fighting by those seeking independence
from Spain was done by isolated guerrilla bands. Out of these bands rose
two men, Guadalupe Victoria (whose real name was Manuel Félix Fernández)
in Puebla and Vicente Guerrero in Oaxaca, both of whom were able to
command allegiance and respect from their followers. The Spanish
viceroy, however, felt the situation was under control and issued a
general pardon to every rebel who would lay down his arms.

After ten years of civil war and the death of two of its founders, by
early 1820 the independence movement was stalemated and close to
collapse. The rebels faced stiff Spanish military resistance and the
apathy of many of the most influential criollos. The violent excesses
and populist zeal of Hidalgo's and Morelos's irregular armies had
reinforced many criollos' fears of race and class warfare, ensuring
their grudging acquiescence to conservative Spanish rule until a less
bloody path to independence could be found. It was at this juncture that
the machinations of a conservative military caudillo coinciding with a
successful liberal rebellion in Spain, made possible a radical
realignment of the proindependence forces.