War Crime
A WAR CRIME is an act that constitutes a serious violation of the law
of war that gives rise to individual criminal responsibility.
Examples of war crimes include intentionally killing civilians or
prisoners, torture , destroying civilian property, taking hostages ,
perfidy , rape , using child soldiers , pillaging , declaring that no
quarter will be given, and serious violations of the principles of
distinction and proportionality , such as strategic bombing of
civilian populations. The concept of war crimes emerged at the turn of the twentieth
century when the body of customary international law applicable to
warfare between sovereign states was codified. Such codification
occurred at the national level, such as with the publication of the
Lieber Code in the United States, and at the international level with
the adoption of the treaties during the Hague Conventions of 1899 and
1907
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Berlin
BERLIN (/bɜːrˈlɪn/ , German: ( listen )) is the capital and the
largest city of
GermanyGermany as well as one of its 16 constituent states .
With a steadily growing population of approximately 3.7 million,
BerlinBerlin is the second most populous city proper in the European Union
behind
LondonLondon and the seventh most populous urban area in the European
Union. Located in northeastern
GermanyGermany on the banks of the rivers
Spree and
HavelHavel , it is the centre of the Berlin-Brandenburg
Metropolitan Region , which has roughly 6 million residents from more
than 180 nations. Due to its location in the
European Plain ,
BerlinBerlin is influenced by a temperate seasonal climate. Around one-third
of the city's area is composed of forests, parks, gardens, rivers,
canals and lakes
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Gau (territory)
GAU (Dutch : gouw, Frisian : gea or goa) is a Germanic term for a
region within a country, often a former or actual province . It was
used in medieval times, when it can be seen as roughly corresponding
to an English shire . The administrative use of the term was revived
as a subdivision during the period of
Nazi GermanyNazi Germany in 1933–1945. It
still appears today in regional names, such as the
RheingauRheingau or Allgäu
. CONTENTS* 1 Middle Ages * 1.1 Etymology
* 1.2 Conceptual history * 2 Nazi period * 2.1 Reichsgaue * 3 Legacy in topography
* 4 References
* 5 External links MIDDLE AGESETYMOLOGYThe Germanic word is reflected in Gothic gavi (neuter; genitive
gaujis) and early
Old High GermanOld High German gewi, gowi (neuter) and in some
compound names still -gawi as in Gothic (e.g
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Koppa (letter)
KOPPA or QOPPA (Ϙ, ϙ; as a modern numeral sign: ) is a letter that
was used in early forms of the
Greek alphabet , derived from
Phoenician qoph . It was originally used to denote the /k/ sound, but
dropped out of use as an alphabetic character in favor of
Kappa (Κ).
It has remained in use as a numeral symbol (90) in the system of Greek
numerals , although with a modified shape. Koppa is the source of
Latin Q , as well as the Cyrillic numeral sign of the same name (Koppa
). CONTENTS * 1 Alphabetic
* 2 Numeric
* 3 Typography
* 4 Computer encoding
* 5 References
* 6 Further reading
* 7 External links ALPHABETIC Corinthian stater . Obverse:
Pegasus with koppa beneath, for
Corinth. Reverse:
Athena wearing a
Corinthian helmet .
Corinthian hemiobol . Obverse:
Pegasus with koppa beneath, for
Corinth. Reverse:
Aphrodite wearing a sakkos headband
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Crimes Against Humanity
CRIMES AGAINST HUMANITY are certain acts that are deliberately
committed as part of a widespread or systematic attack or individual
attack directed against any civilian or an identifiable part of a
civilian population. The first prosecution for crimes against humanity
took place at the
Nuremberg trials .
Crimes against humanity have
since been prosecuted by other international courts – such as the
International Court of
Justice and the International Criminal Tribunal
for the former Yugoslavia and the International Criminal Court, as
well as in domestic prosecutions. The law of crimes against humanity
has primarily developed through the evolution of customary
international law.
Crimes against humanity are not codified in an
international convention, although there is currently an international
effort to establish such a treaty, led by the Crimes Against Humanity
Initiative
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Jesuits
The SOCIETY OF JESUS (S.J. – from
LatinLatin : Societas Iesu) is a
religious congregation of the
Catholic ChurchCatholic Church which originated in
Spain. The members are called JESUITS. The society is engaged in
evangelization and apostolic ministry in 112 nations on six
continents.
JesuitsJesuits work in education (founding schools, colleges,
universities, and seminaries), intellectual research, and cultural
pursuits.
JesuitsJesuits also give retreats, minister in hospitals and
parishes, sponsor direct social ministries , and promote ecumenical
dialogue .
Ignatius of Loyola , a Basque nobleman from the
PyreneesPyrenees area of
northern Spain, founded the society after discerning his spiritual
vocation while recovering from a wound sustained in the Battle of
Pamplona
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Warsaw Ghetto Uprising
The WARSAW GHETTO UPRISING (Yiddish : אױפֿשטאַנד אין
װאַרשעװער געטאָ‎; Polish : powstanie w getcie
warszawskim; German : Aufstand im Warschauer Ghetto) was the 1943 act
of Jewish resistance that arose within the
Warsaw GhettoWarsaw Ghetto in
German-occupied Poland during
World War IIWorld War II , and which opposed Nazi
Germany 's final effort to transport the remaining Ghetto population
to Treblinka . The uprising started on 19 April when the Ghetto
refused to surrender to the police commander
SS-Brigadeführer Jürgen
Stroop , who then ordered the burning of the Ghetto, block by block,
ending on 16 May. A total of 13,000 Jews died, about half of them
burnt alive or suffocated. German casualties are not known, but were
not more than 300. It was the largest single revolt by Jews during
World War II
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Paramilitary
A PARAMILITARY is a semi-militarized force whose organizational
structure, tactics, training, subculture, and (often) function are
similar to those of a professional military , but which is not
included as part of a state\'s formal armed forces . Under the law of war , a state may incorporate a paramilitary
organization or armed agency (such as a national police , a private
volunteer militia ) into its combatant armed forces . The other
parties to a conflict have to be notified thereof. The use of the term paramilitary can be debated, but the general
consensus being of a combatant force or organization, more
military-like than civilian . Organizations that have been described
as paramilitary are as diverse as the
Minutemen ,
Black Panthers , SS
, youth groups (from scouting to the
Pioneer movement ), and even
military-themed boarding schools
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Teutonic Knights
The ORDER OF BROTHERS OF THE GERMAN HOUSE OF SAINT MARY IN JERUSALEM
(official names:
LatinLatin : Ordo domus Sanctæ Mariæ Theutonicorum
Hierosolymitanorum, German : Orden der Brüder vom Deutschen Haus der
Heiligen Maria in Jerusalem), commonly the TEUTONIC ORDER (Deutscher
Orden, Deutschherrenorden or Deutschritterorden), is a Catholic
religious order founded as a military order c. 1190 in Acre , Kingdom
of
JerusalemJerusalem . Purely religious since 1929, it still confers limited
honorary knighthoods . The order was formed to aid
ChristiansChristians on their pilgrimages to the
Holy LandHoly Land and to establish hospitals
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