In this study, design theory and analysis for the class E power amplifier (PA), considering the metal oxide semiconductor field effect transistor (MOSFET) parasitic input and output capacitances, are proposed. The input resistance and capacitances cause non-ideal input voltage at gate terminal, which affect the specifications of the class E PA. In the proposed study, non-linear drain...
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Graphene (GN), a single layer two-dimensional structure nanomaterial, exhibits exceptional physical, electrical and chemical properties that lead to many applications from electronics to biomedicine. The unique parameters of GN, notably its considerable electron mobility, thermal conductivity, high surface area and electrical conductivity, are bringing heightened attention into biomedical applicat...
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An ultra-low-power fast-transient output-capacitor-less low-dropout regulator (LDO) with advanced adaptive biasing (AAB) circuit is presented in this study. At light load, the AAB circuit only delivers 0.1 μA bias current to the amplifier to maintain the stability and reduce the quiescent current. At medium load to heavy load, the AAB circuit increases bias current to 2.5 μA for perf...
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This paper presents a phase-error cancellation (PEC) technique that can be employed to achieve fast lock in analogue phase-locked loops (PLLs). The PLL works in fast-lock mode during phase and frequency tracking, and is switched to normal mode after it is almost locked. Unstable system topology is introduced in this system for fast locking. This PEC technique is proposed to cancel the phase error ...
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A low noise, low power, single-ended to differential switched-capacitor variable gain amplifier (SC-VGA) is designed and fabricated in 0.18 μm complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor technology for a 2-6 MHz second harmonic cardiac ultrasound imaging system. The SC-VGA has 10-bit dB-linear gain steps from -14 to 32 dB which are distributed into two stages, and each stage has a single-stage ...
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A self-powered convertor for thermoelectric energy harvesting in body sensor nodes (BSNs) is designed to boost extremely low voltage to the typical supply voltage of BSNs. An adaptive maximum power point tracking (MPPT) based on digitally controlled oscillator (DCO) is achieved by adjusting the switching frequency according to the relation between the half open-circuit voltage of thermoelectric ge...
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A novel single-radiator card-type tag is proposed which is constructed using a series Hilbert-curve loop and matched stub for high frequency (HF)/ultra high frequency (UHF) dual-band radio frequency identification (RFID) positioning applications. This is achieved by merging the series Hilbert-curve for implementing the HF coil antenna, and square loop structure for implementing the UHF antenna to ...
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This paper presents low-power circuits to implement ternary full adder (TFA) using carbon nanotube field-effect transistors (CNTFETs). Besides the unique characteristics of the CNTs, the threshold voltage simple control is the best property to implement ternary logic circuits. Low-complexity, low-power consumption and low-power delay product (PDP) are the benefits of the proposed circuits in compa...
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A bipolar gate drive circuit considering the mitigation of the turn-off losses (Eoff) and the overshoot of the collector voltage (VOV) for the insulated gate bipolar transistor (IGBT) is proposed with 600 V bulk-silicon bipolar-complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor double-diffused metal-oxide-semiconductor technology. Feature of this study is that a differenti...
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The authors present a practical design process that considers the power noise problem in CPU blocks for application processors used in smart TVs. The target impedance is determined by modelling the RLC circuit of a system-on-chip power net. The target impedance of a power delivery network is then determined by applying the extracted chip current profile for finalising the design budget. The author...
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The current standard material used for transparent electrodes in displays, touch screens and solar cells is indium tin oxide (ITO) which has low sheet resistance (10 Ω/□), high optical transmission in the visible wavelength (85%) and does not suffer of optical haze. However, ITO is mechanically rigid and incompatible with future demands for flexible applications. Graphene materials s...
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This paper presents a low-power complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) clock and data recovery (CDR) integrated circuit (IC) with dynamic voltage scaling (DVS) technique. When DVS is adopted, the power efficiency can be improved by selecting the low supply voltage as possible for a given bit rate. However, the supply voltage generated from a switching regulator such as a buck converter has...
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A power generation method based fast start-up analysis of resonator based oscillators is presented. The power generation analysis uses a small-signal two-port based approach and is design oriented. The analysis has been validated with detailed circuit level simulations. Several metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistor oscillator architectures have been analysed and the start-up times comp...
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To qualify as a memristor, the pinched hysteresis loop of a dynamical system corresponding to a sinusoidal excitation signal must be pinched at the origin, for any amplitude, and for any frequency, as well as for any initial condition of the state variable. The above conditions can be checked by the simulations which should be repeated as many times as possible. However, the times of simulation ar...
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This paper proposes two generalised instrumentation amplifier topologies which can operate in voltage, current, transadmittance, and transimpedance mode. Each topology is a two stage structure, wherein an amplifier is used as first stage in the first topology and a converter is employed in the second one. The second stage is difference amplifier for both the structures. The theoretical proposition...
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In this paper, the performance of asymmetric self-cascode (A-SC) fully depleted silicon-on-insulator n-channel metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistors configuration applied to common-source current mirrors (CMs) have been analysed through experimental measurements, comparing with symmetric self-cascode configuration as well as with standard uniformly doped transistor. The mirroring prec...
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The previously proposed charge-sharing symmetric adiabatic logic (CSSAL) in an 8-bit S-box circuit is implemented in this paper using a multi-stage positive polarity Reed-Muller representation with a composite field technique. The CSSAL and other conventional dual-rail adiabatic logics are evaluated from the view point of the transitional power fluctuation and the peak current traces in the 8-bit ...
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The binary coded decimal (BCD) system is suitable for digital communication, which can be designed by field programmable gate array (FPGA) technology, where look up table (LUT) is one of the major components of FPGA. In this study, the authors proposed a low power and area efficient LUT-based BCD adder which is constructed basically in three steps: First, a new technique is introduced for the BCD ...
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The clock distribution network primarily comprises of the clock tree and the flip-flops. The resonant clocking, which drives a clock tree possesses a large potential for a sweeping power minimisation in the clock network. In addition, the clocked flip-flops, being the crucial timing elements, have become a major contributor to the total power dissipation. Thus, this study proposes a novel `self-ga...
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The authors present a sub-Nyquist analog-to-digital converter of wideband inputs. The circuit realises the recently proposed modulated wideband converter, which is a flexible platform for sampling signals according to their actual bandwidth occupation. The theoretical work enables, for example, a sub-Nyquist wideband communication receiver, which has no prior information on the transmitter carrier...
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An improved flipped voltage follower (FVF) and its application to a low-dropout (LDO) voltage regulator are presented. The proposed FVF improves most weaknesses of the classical one, namely its poor time response to the output current change from low to high value and poor stability for large capacitive load. The most important parameters of the modified FVF are analysed and described by analytica...
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A frequency compensation technique improving characteristic of power supply rejection ratio (PSRR) for two-stage operational amplifiers is presented. This technique is applicable to most known two-stage amplifier configurations. The detailed small-signal analysis of an exemplary amplifier with the proposed compensation and a comparison to its basic version reveal several benefits of the technique ...
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A defect-oriented built-in self-test (BIST) structure of charge-pump phase-locked loop (CP-PLL) for high fault coverage and low area overhead test solution is proposed. It employs a new structure of phase/frequency detector, a D flip-flop and some existing blocks in the PLL as the input stimulus generator and fault feature extracted devices for testing evaluation. Thus, no extra test stimulus or h...
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Electronic sensors based on graphene have a high potential in many applications, due to the unique properties of the graphene material. This study is a review where the authors discuss the properties of graphene which are useful to sensing applications and they report and describe different types of graphene electronic sensors: biological, mechanical, gas and chemical sensors. They also discuss th...
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In this study, the Class-E/F3 power amplifier with linear gate-to-drain and nonlinear drain-to-source capacitance is proposed. The analysis for the effect of the parasitic capacitance in the mixed mode Class-E/F3 with square and sinusoidal gate-to-source voltage has been done. Most of the design equations in this study do not have analytical solutions, and the numerical analy...
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Design of ultrasonic signal processing systems requires a paradigm shift to fully utilise the benefits of recent advancements in the field of integrated circuits. It is necessary to design a standardised common platform that provides the flexibility to develop both software and hardware solutions. This enables the user to explore the full design space including software only, hardware only, and ha...
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This study presents a two-switch continuous conduction mode pulse width modulation flyback converter that employs an LC snubber circuit. The snubber circuit is used to achieve zero voltage switching (ZVS) operation for the main switches during the turn-off transition and soft switching for power diodes. With the proposed LC snubber, the magnetic energy in the transformer leakage inductance can be ...
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This study is a step forward to introduce the new fundamentals of LC infinite rectangle circuit network in the fractional domain. The authors first derive the general formula of the impedance between two arbitrary nodes of the fractional-order infinite rectangle circuit network by using Fourier transform in a coordinate system. Then, two properties (relevance and symmetry) of the fractional-order ...
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The synchronous buck converter (SBC) with traditional pulse-width modulation has several disadvantages, such as poor efficiency at light loads. Therefore, this study proposes a new control technique for the SBC that allows power switches to operate with quasi-resonant valley switching in light load conditions. The voltage ripple produced during the capacitor charging and discharging processes is u...
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This study presents a new low-voltage (LV) supply and low-power consumption bulk-driven quasi-floating-gate fully differential current conveyor (BD-QFG-FDCCII) active element which is suitable for LV signal processing applications. The bulk-driven technique is used to achieve LV supply as low as a 0.5 V and extended input voltage swing. On the other hand, the quasi-floating-gate technique is used ...
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An ultra-low power amplitude shift keying (ASK) demodulator for radio frequency identification (RFID) tags is presented. On the basis of a fast averaging stage, the proposed ASK-demodulator uses a current domain switching envelope amplifier which yields low-power operation. More importantly, it removes the need for a conventional voltage comparator. Designed and fabricated in a 0.18 μm comp...
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The last main stage in an automatic number plate recognition system (ANPRs) is optical character recognition (OCR), where the number plate characters on the number plate image are converted into encoded texts. In this study, an artificial neural network-based OCR algorithm for ANPR application and its efficient architecture are presented. The proposed architecture has been successfully implemented...
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Charge pumps (CPs) represent the most common solution for the implementation of fully integrated DC-DC converters. In fact, as opposed to buck/boost DC-DC converters, that need at least an external inductor, charge pump circuits do not require any external component. However, the achievable power efficiency of these circuits is typically significantly lower than power efficiency of buck/boost DC-D...
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In ultrasound systems synthetic transmit aperture and phased array imaging are widely used for obtaining the high quality images. These imaging systems require dynamic focusing of the multi-element transducer array at large number of scan points during transmission and reception. The array can be focused at any point by applying proper delay values to the signals, received or transmitted by each e...
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With the recent growth in wireless industry, and changes that occur at a faster pace in radio standards, software defined radio (SDR) provides a flexible solution when compared with hardware radios. Channelisation and sample rate conversion (SRC) are two computational intensive tasks to be carried out in SDR receivers. Reconfigurable anti-aliasing filter and channeliser with minimum reconfiguratio...
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Analytical device models for disordered organic Schottky diodes and thin-film transistors are presented. The models are developed taking into consideration the strong dependency of the charge mobility on carrier concentration. The drain current expressions are consequently developed in terms of the essential device parameters and applied voltages, to a power exponent of the characteristic temperat...
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This study introduces an architecture for motion estimation block of the video encoder using adaptive rood pattern search (ARPS) algorithm. The architecture has been designed for field programmable gate array (FPGA) as well as application specific integrated circuit (ASIC) implementations. Experimental results show that the speed of ARPS algorithm is ahead of several existing fast motion estimatio...
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Capacitive transduction is ubiquitously employed at macro- and especially micro-scales due to their simple structure and stability. This study proposes a topology for a low-power readout circuit for differential capacitive sensors. The circuit includes two switched-capacitor blocks that produce signals that are proportional to the difference and sum of the sense capacitors. Outputs of these two bl...
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This study presents the design of current-mode full-wave rectifier circuits using single active component. The first proposed circuit uses only one operational transconductance amplifier (OTA), two diodes and two resistors. Its current gain can be electronically controlled using the transconductance gain of the OTA. The second proposed circuit uses only one differential voltage current conveyor (D...
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In this paper, the authors present a polarisation dependent analytical model for DC, radio frequency (RF) and linearity characteristics of a proposed lattice-matched AlInN/AlN/GaN metal-oxide-semiconductor high electron mobility transistor (MOSHEMT). The developed model includes charge controlled analysis derived from triangular potential well approximation along with the spontaneous and piezoelec...
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This study presents the detailed design and analysis of a new memristor-based look-up table (LUT) for field programmable gate arrays (FPGAs). The proposed memory utilises memristors as storage elements with N-type metal-oxide-semiconductor transistors for row access. New WRITE and READ operations are proposed; the proposed LUT requires no additional circuit to handle the WRITE 1 (0) operation. The...
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This study presents a full methodological approach to designing and verifying differential sample and hold switched-capacitor circuits generally used in analogue-to-digital converters (ADCs). It provides a step-by-step process for translating system requirements such as signal-to-noise ratio and sampling frequency into ADC requirements and subsequently into operational amplifier topology and speci...
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This study proposes a spintronic based compact tunable nano-sized RF oscillator. The proposed design provides parametric performance improvement as compared with the designs already reported in literature. This design also offers higher operating frequency up to range of several GHz, which can be tuned by a DC bias current. The proposed magnetic tunnel junction-spin torque oscillators (MTJ-STO) mo...
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A simple and robust self-healing technique for millimetre-wave (mm-wave) amplifiers is proposed. The self-healing technique can correct the operation frequency shifting of the amplifier (including its input and output impedance matching shifting) due to process, voltage, and temperature variations and modelling inaccuracy. A mm-wave amplifier with digitally controlled artificial dielectric transmi...
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The low- and mid-frequency model of the transformer with resistive load is analysed for different values of coupling coefficients. The model comprising of coupling-dependent inductances is used to derive the following characteristics: voltage gain, current gain, bandwidth, input impedance, and transformer efficiency. It is shown that in the low- and mid-frequency range, the turns ratio between the...
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This study presents a novel short-circuit protection technique for DC-DC buck converters. The required short-circuit operating frequency is derived in order to avoid the effect of inherent propagation delay in the controller and power transistors. In this design, the short-circuit switching frequency is approximately 31% of the normal value. Simultaneously, the peak current limit is decreased to a...
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