Kenyas economy has undergone a significant process of structural transformation over the last decade. Since 2002, the economy has shown an accelerating trend with GDP growth increasing steadily from below 1 percent in 2002 to 7 percent in 2007.
... 更多显示 After a slowdown in GDP growth to 1.5 percent and 2.7 percent in 2008 and 2009 respectively, economic growth started to rebound in 2010. Amidst this positive growth context, in October 2013, the Kenyan Government launched the Second Medium-Term Plan (MTP-2) of the Vision 2030. The aim of Kenyas Vision 2030 is to create a globally competitive and prosperous country with a high quality of life by 2030 and to shift the countrys status to upper-middle income level.
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This assessment concludes that individual nation as well as regional and transnational organizations now have severely limited to nonexistent capacities to effectively respond to growing threat levels.
... 更多显示 It proposes a networked intelligence-led strategy at national, regional, and transnational levels to more effectively control, reduce, and, more importantly, prevent the wholesale slaughter into extinction of the African elephant population within the next decade. It concludes by outlining the requirements for designing and implementing a long-term sustainable elephant crime intelligence system, including the required governance arrangements, and proposes the roles and functions that key organizations could play at the national, regional, and transnational levels. Currently, a robust intelligence system addressing elephant poaching and illegal trade of ivory at all phases within the intelligence process is either nonexistent or seriously limited in capacity (the key phases in the intelligence process are planning and direction; collection; evaluation; collation; analysis; reporting/dissemination/action). Therefore, the project examines the need for designing and implementing a long-term sustainable elephant crime intelligence system and governance model as well as assessing the roles and functions that key organizations could play at the national, regional, and international levels within such an intelligence system and accompanying governance model.
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Self-evaluation systems are mechanisms for learning and mid-course correction that can help the WBG deliver its strategic goals and become a Solutions Bank that is focused on addressing complex development problems.
... 更多显示 This is an opportune time to take stock of the World Bank Groups self-evaluation given the new strategic directions and the strong focus being placed on results, learning, and innovation. This proposed evaluation will review the World Bank Groups self-evaluation systems against the objectives of the system and good practice standards and benchmarks and recommend improvements where necessary. Focus will be on (a) systems covering investment, knowledge, and advisory services; (b) integrity of the self-evaluation architecture, including achievement of accountability, performance management, and learning objectives; and (c) behaviors, incentives, and organizational norms and practices that shape how self-evaluation information is produced and used. By appraising the WBGs self-evaluation systems, IEG is fulfilling a core part of its mandate and work program, intending to enhance operational and organizational effectiveness and building a learning culture in support of the Solutions Bank.
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Kenya's new Constitution and supportive legal framework contain multiple provisions requiring both national government and counties to make information publicly available and consult with citizens in planning and budgeting.
... 更多显示 Citizen participation affords county governments an opportunity to empower citizens on their operations and to deliberate, debate, and influence the allocation of public resources. This working paper presents practical approaches for Kenyan counties to implement public participation in their systems that encourage meaningful public engagement.
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This paper tests experiential learning as a debiasing tool against gambling and lottery behavior in South Africa. The study implemented a simple, interactive dice game that simulates worsening winning odds of rolling sixes as more dice are added to the game.
... 更多显示 The analysis exploits two levels of exogenous variation, first from random assignment into the debiasing game, and second from the number of rolls it takes to obtain the sixes. Treated individuals who needed above-median number of rolls to obtain simultaneous sixes are significantly less likely than the control group to gamble or play the lottery in the following year. The converse is true for individuals who needed below-median number of rolls, suggesting a perverse treatment effect among this group. The analysis also finds suggestive evidence that the debiasing affected the sensitivity to varying winning odds. Changes in entertainment utility or risk preferences cannot explain these findings, rather the results are consistent with changes in risk beliefs.
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One of the most fruitful advances in modern economics has been the introduction of psychological realism into the model of "economic man." The World Development Report 2015 organizes the evidence about how humans actually think and make decisions into a coherent framework useful for designing development policy.
... 更多显示 This paper elaborates on the three principles of human thinking that constitute the report's intellectual framework: Human thinking is dual process -- automatic as well as deliberative (thinking automatically); it is conditioned by social context and the salience of social identities (thinking socially); and it is shaped by mental models that are socially constructed (thinking with mental models). Behavioral insights create scope for policy interventions that produce "miracles" from the perspective of traditional economics.
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Behavioral economics recognizes that mental models -- intuitive sets of ideas about how things work -- can bias an individual's perceptions of himself and the world.
... 更多显示 By representing an ascriptive category of people as unworthy, a mental model can foster unjust social exclusion of, for example, a race, gender, caste, or class. Since the representation is a social construction, shouldn't society be able to control it? But how? This paper considers three interventions that have had some success in developing countries: (1) Group deliberation in Senegal challenged the traditional mental model of female genital cutting and contributed to the abandonment of the practice; (2) political reservations for women and low castes in India improved the way men perceived women, the way parents perceived their daughters, and the way women perceived themselves, but have not generally had positive effects on the low castes; and (3) reductions in the salience of identity closed performance gaps between dominant and stigmatized groups in experiments in India and China. Spoiled collective identities need to be changed or made less prominent in order to overcome social exclusion.
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The development objective of the Dedicated Grant Mechanism (DGM) for Indigenous Peoples and Local Communities (IPLCs) including, a Global Learning and Knowledge Exchange Project for the World is to strengthen the capacity of IPLCs to participate in the forest investment program and other Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation (REDD+) programs at local, national, and global levels.
... 更多显示 Forests comprise the largest terrestrial carbon pool and balance the global carbon budget storing nearly 247gigatons of carbon (45 percent of terrestrial carbon) in their biomass for decades or longer, releasing it to the atmosphere only when burned or cleared for other land uses. Deforestation and forest degradation, however, continue to mobilize greenhouse gases (GHGs) into the atmosphere, disturbing the carbon cycle and contributing to global warming. REDD has emerged as a promising approach that can tackle forest-based emissions and contribute to development outcomes. Greater voice and role for IPLCs will make REDD+ more effective in achieving its goals. The DGM program objective will be achieved by: (i) establishing and strengthening representative IPLC-led governing bodies for DGM decision-making in forest investment program (FIP) pilot countries and at the global level; (ii) providing grants to IPLCs in FIP pilot countries for initiatives consistent with DGM and FIP criteria; (iii) providing training and capacity development in leadership, management, and technical skills to IPLCs at country and global levels; (iv) facilitating knowledge exchange and learning on REDD+ and climate change issues between and among IPLCs at regional and global levels; (v) strengthening networks and alliances of IPLC organizations within and across regions; and (vi) enabling scale up of successful local solutions for forest and landscape management. The program has two parts - the first part comprises the DGM country projects and the second, the global learning and knowledge exchange project which serves as an umbrella to the entire program.
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The paper investigates determinants of civic participation in local budget processes in rural areas in the Kyrgyz Republic by using data from the Life in Kyrgyzstan survey, conducted in 2012.
... 更多显示 The analysis of the data suggests that although civic awareness and interest in local budget processes is relatively high, the participation rate in local budgeting processes is low. The paper also shows that interest, awareness, and participation are positively associated with the age, education, employment, risk-taking attitudes, trust, and social capital of respondents. The paper documents that unawareness and lack of participation are largely related to being female, of non-Kyrgyz ethnic origin, inactive in the labor market, recent internal migrants, and residents of communities with poor infrastructure.
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Providing transparent services through a local Citizen Service Center mechanism requires process re-engineering and the development of new management systems.
... 更多显示 This learning note describes the various systems and processes that were put in place for the One Window Service Office (OWSO) initiative in Cambodia and how they have fared in reaching the objective of delivering accountable and transparent administrative services to citizens. This is an important model for improved service delivery, not only for district government but also for other government offices providing services to the people of Cambodia.
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Learning lessons from demand-side governance or social accountability initiatives is no different in principle than learning lessons in other development projects.
... 更多显示 Evidence from Cambodia however, suggests that a range of disincentives affect the learning process. Capacity, financing, competition, a desire to be seen to succeed and a lack of willingness to do things differently, all curtail the lesson learning process. This note sets out some of the issues encountered in the Demand for Good Governance (DFGG) project and makes recommendations for innovative projects to be cast as learning initiatives that address disincentives and create space for learning about what works, what doesnt work and why.
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In the Demand for Good Governance (DFGG) project in Cambodia, it was agreed at project appraisal that grants to non-state actors would be selected through an independent, multi-stakeholder grant making committee.
... 更多显示 After three rounds of grants, and the commitment of $3.2 million to non-state actors for social accountability activities, it is useful to reflect on the relevance and effectiveness of this selection mechanism. This note presents a brief summary of the objectives of the grant making committee, how it was set up, how it worked in practice, and the strengths and weaknesses of the approach.
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It is widely recognized that broadband is of fundamental importance to the social and economic development of a nation. The focus of the paper is on infrastructure-related actions; measures to stimulate demand for broadband are, therefore, only marginally addressed.
... 更多显示 This paper aims to provide a platform for debate with the Russian counterparts in the sector, and to discuss the measures needed to develop broadband in support of actions aimed at economic growth. This paper examines the broadband market in Russia and preconditions for its sustainable development. It begins by presenting arguments demonstrating the importance of broadband to the overall economic development of Russia, including from the perspective of diversification of the economy and new job creation. The paper benchmarks Russias broadband performance with Organization of Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) comparators, as well as with other nations leading the way in broadband diffusion. The paper takes stock of the existing broadband market structure in Russia and its main players as they stand today, including the regulatory and legal environment of the market for both fixed and mobile broadband. Finally, the paper provides a set of recommendations that addresses the issue of sustainability in Russian broadband delivery, and how it can continue its acceleration in the years to come.
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The paper investigates determinants of civic participation in local budget processes in rural areas in the Kyrgyz Republic by using data from the Life in Kyrgyzstan survey, conducted in 2012.
... 更多显示 The analysis of the data suggests that although civic awareness and interest in local budget processes is relatively high, the participation rate in local budgeting processes is low. The paper also shows that interest, awareness, and participation are positively associated with the age, education, employment, risk-taking attitudes, trust, and social capital of respondents. The paper documents that unawareness and lack of participation are largely related to being female, of non-Kyrgyz ethnic origin, inactive in the labor market, recent internal migrants, and residents of communities with poor infrastructure.
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The Board of Audit and Inspection of Korea (hereinafter referred to as BAI) has gradually expanded the dimensions of its cooperative relationship with the citizenry since its establishment.
... 更多显示 The BAI has gone through the information and consultation stages and has now reached the stage of partnership for decision-making with citizens.1 The BAI takes advice on its audit direction and formally receives audit requests from the citizens. In addition it takes tips on fraud, waste, or mismanagement of public funds along with civil petitions and complaints from the citizens. The BAI also makes all audit reports available to the citizenry through its website. The fact that the BAI annually receives over ten thousand petitions or complaints from the citizenry and the business community well reflects the significance of this cooperative relationship. The BAI also receives about 200 audit requests per year from Koreas citizens. This paper addresses three key issues associated with the Supreme Audit Institution (SAI)s engagement with citizens based on the BAIs varied cooperation experiences with citizens: i) the values and benefits of SAIs engagement with citizens; ii) the potential risks; and iii) practical approaches to ensure the identified values and benefits while controlling the risks.
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This focus note highlights where and how potential benefits can be realized, recognizing there are challenges and risks. Some hold that digital data are not a full substitute for the richness of an in-person interaction to gather data on clients.
... 更多显示 Uses of digital data also raise challenging questions around data privacy and protection. Moreover, it is difficult to predict how use of a clients digital data may change client behavior or sense of privacy. This focus note does not attempt to comprehensively address all questions or risks. Instead, the aim is to sharpen assessments of potential benefits and contribute one piece to a wider assessment of digital data. This focus note draws from three sources. One is case examples of emerging applications. This is combined with interviews with industry experts of varying perspectives. The third source is a deep look at the impact of digital data on costs of delivery from a joint exercise.
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This focus note highlights where and how potential benefits can be realized, recognizing there are challenges and risks. Some hold that digital data are not a full substitute for the richness of an in-person interaction to gather data on clients.
... 更多显示 Uses of digital data also raise challenging questions around data privacy and protection. Moreover, it is difficult to predict how use of a clients digital data may change client behavior or sense of privacy. This focus note does not attempt to comprehensively address all questions or risks. Instead, the aim is to sharpen assessments of potential benefits and contribute one piece to a wider assessment of digital data. This focus note draws from three sources. One is case examples of emerging applications. This is combined with interviews with industry experts of varying perspectives. The third source is a deep look at the impact of digital data on costs of delivery from a joint exercise.
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This focus note highlights where and how potential benefits can be realized, recognizing there are challenges and risks. Some hold that digital data are not a full substitute for the richness of an in-person interaction to gather data on clients.
... 更多显示 Uses of digital data also raise challenging questions around data privacy and protection. Moreover, it is difficult to predict how use of a clients digital data may change client behavior or sense of privacy. This focus note does not attempt to comprehensively address all questions or risks. Instead, the aim is to sharpen assessments of potential benefits and contribute one piece to a wider assessment of digital data. This focus note draws from three sources. One is case examples of emerging applications. This is combined with interviews with industry experts of varying perspectives. The third source is a deep look at the impact of digital data on costs of delivery from a joint exercise.
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This newsletter includes the following headings: international comparison program (ICP) in the media; ICP workshops; publications; 46th United Nations Statistical Commission (UNSC) session; and ICP video tutorials.
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