enemies:

reproduction:

Mussel

Mussels are found in large quantities along the Dutch coastline. People collect the mussels from natural beds or farm them for consumption on mussel lots in the Wadden SeaÂ and delta region. In addition to people, shorebirds such as herring gulls and eider ducks also like to eat mussels.Â Mussels attach themselves to stones or shells with the help of strong threads, known as the mussel's 'beard'. For man and animal alike, it can be quite a job loosening a mussel from a stone. The threads keep the mussel in place so that it isn't affected by movement in the water.

Mussel larvae can live in huge numbers in areas where there is sufficient food. This is how a mussel bank eventually forms. Many other marine animals live among the mussels, such as sea anemones, polyps and gobies. Mussel banks are vulnerable. In the Wadden Sea, most of the old banks were fished up by mussel fishermen. They scraped the banks in order to collect young mussels. This is what they call mussel seed and they use them to cultivate this shellfish on the mussel plots. According to the fishermen, storms are also the cause of the disappearanceÂ of the banks. Nowadays, fishing mussel seed is no longer permitted everywhere.

The arrival of the Pacific oyster in the Wadden Sea used to be seen as a threat for mussel banks. Pacific oysters eat lots of plankton, including larvae from other shellfish. Furthermore, they take up a lot of space. In just a few years, many of the mussel banks in the Wadden Sea were overgrown with Pacific oysters.

Biologists were concerned that the mussel would become much rarer due to competition with Pacific oysters. Consequently, shellfish-consuming birds, such as eidersÂ and oystercatchers, would run into food shortages. However, it now appears that older oyster reefs have become very suitable underground for mussels and that the two species have no problem living together. We now see mixed shellfish banks in many areas.