Diagnosis is the same as with liver flukes: examination of feces or other samples and immunoassay. Praziquantel is used to treat infections caused by intestinal flukes.

How are flukes transmitted?

Helminthic gastrointestinal infections

Numerous helminths are capable of colonizing the GI tract. Many such infections are asymptomatic, but others may cause signs and symptoms ranging from mild GI stress to severe systemic infection. Helminths have complex and unique life cycles that dictate their specific modes of transmission. Most helminthic infections can be treated with medications.

Resolution

Carli’s doctor explained that she had bacterial gastroenteritis caused by
Salmonella bacteria. The source of these bacteria was likely the undercooked egg. Had the egg been fully cooked, the high temperature would have been sufficient to kill any
Salmonella in or on the egg. In this case, enough bacteria survived to cause an infection once the egg was eaten.

Carli’s signs and symptoms continued to worsen. Her fever became higher, her vomiting and diarrhea continued, and she began to become dehydrated. She felt thirsty all the time and had continual abdominal cramps. Carli’s doctor treated her with intravenous fluids to help with her dehydration, but did not prescribe antibiotics. Carli’s parents were confused because they thought a bacterial infection should always be treated with antibiotics.

The doctor explained that the worst medical problem for Carli was dehydration. Except in the most vulnerable and sick patients, such as those with HIV/AIDS, antibiotics do not reduce recovery time or improve outcomes in
Salmonella infections. In fact, antibiotics can actually delay the natural excretion of bacteria from the body. Rehydration therapy replenishes lost fluids, diminishing the effects of dehydration and improving the patient’s condition while the infection resolves.

After two days of rehydration therapy, Carli’s signs and symptoms began to fade. She was still somewhat thirsty, but the amount of urine she passed became larger and the color lighter. She stopped vomiting. Her fever was gone, and so was the diarrhea. At that point, stool analysis found very few
Salmonella bacteria. In one week, Carli was discharged as fully recovered.

Key concepts and summary

Helminths often cause intestinal infections after transmission to humans through exposure to contaminated soil, water, or food. Signs and symptoms are often mild, but severe complications may develop in some cases.

Ascaris lumbricoides eggs are transmitted through contaminated food or water and hatch in the intestine. Juvenile larvae travel to the lungs and then to the pharynx, where they are swallowed and returned to the intestines to mature. These nematode roundworms cause
ascariasis .

Necator americanus and
Ancylostoma doudenale cause
hookworm infection when larvae penetrate the skin from soil contaminated by dog or cat feces. They travel to the lungs and are then swallowed to mature in the intestines.

Strongyloides stercoralis are transmitted from soil through the skin to the lungs and then to the intestine where they cause
strongyloidiasis .

Enterobius vermicularis are nematode pinworms transmitted by the fecal-oral route. After ingestion, they travel to the colon where they cause
enterobiasis .

Trichuris trichiura can be transmitted through soil or fecal contamination and cause
trichuriasis . After ingestion, the eggs travel to the intestine where the larvae emerge and mature, attaching to the walls of the colon and cecum.

Trichinella spp. is transmitted through undercooked meat. Larvae in the meat emerge from cysts and mature in the large intestine. They can migrate to the muscles and form new cysts, causing
trichinosis .

Taenia spp. and
Diphyllobothrium latum are tapeworms transmitted through undercooked food or the fecal-oral route.
Taenia infections cause
taeniasis . Tapeworms use their scolex to attach to the intestinal wall. Larvae may also move to muscle or brain tissue.

Echinococcus granulosus is a cestode transmitted through eggs in the feces of infected animals, especially dogs. After ingestion, eggs hatch in the small intestine, and the larvae invade the intestinal wall and travel through the circulatory system to form dangerous cysts in internal organs, causing
hydatid disease .

Flukes are transmitted through aquatic plants or fish.
Liver flukes cause disease by interfering with the bile duct.
Intestinal flukes develop in the intestines, where they attach to the intestinal epithelium.

what is scale up fermenter ? and whict bectetia is benifited in industrial microbilogy ?

Nadiya

can u explain to me wts the meaning of autoclave,and how it doing and ,wt r the equipment to need to do it?

chandi

stem heat under pressure

Nadiya

thnks

chandi

autoclave is a steam heat under pressure .it is use to sterilize the equipment, agar ,petridish broth liquid and many more things....to kill the microbes.......free from microbes

Nadiya

nadiya
Scale up studies refers to the act of using results obtained from laboratory studies for designing a prototype and a pilot plant process. do you agree or

Norbuqaari

bectetia is benifited in industrial microbilogy is lactobacilli

Norbuqaari

and

Nadiya

chandi.
strong heated container used for chemical reactions and other processes using high pressures and temperatures, e.g. steam sterilization.

Norbuqaari

another

Norbuqaari

who is father of microbiology?

Norbuqaari

anton van leoven hook

chandi

antonie van leeuwenhoek

chandi

thanks

Norbuqaari

what is microbial taxonomy

Ini

what is normal flora

kifayat

normal flora contains the microorganisms which lives on and in our body but can not cause diseases easily....e.g staph. aureus lives on our body they dont cause disease in normal conditions whenever our skin is injured by any cut or wound then they enter into the body and cause diseases

Muhammad

two types of normal flora .... one is the resident normal flora and the other is transient normal flora.....resident normal flora is reside on our body in every condition but transient normal flora changes with the conditions

Muhammad

what is the method used for anaerobic bacteria to grow in the lab other then the candle jar method?

a member of a large group of unicellular microorganisms which have cell walls but lack organelles and on organised nucleus and ,including some which can cause disease

Nadiya

what is a germ

Ibrahim

a microorganisms,speciallay one which causes disease .

Nadiya

bacteria are a type of biological cells. They are unicellular. Bacteria were among the first life forms appear on the earth. they have a number of shapes, typically a few micrometers in length. They are present in of its habitata on earth.

isha

What is Auto clave?

Lovely

Autoclave is a pressure chamber used to sterilize equipments

praveen

hi

Lovely

n

vijaya

hii

chandi

what is a Laminar air flow?

isha

Laminar airflow cabinet is a carefully enclosed bench designed to prevent contamination of semiconductor wafers, biological samples or any particle sensitive materials

praveen

Praveen Deepi.... thnq....

isha

what bacteria causes malaria

Silas

female anaphilis mosquitos!

Nadiya

malaria isn`t caused by a bacteria rather by a digenetic parasite named Plasmodium.

lipids regulate membrane permeability,
lipids are storage compounds, triglycerides serve as reserve energy of the body,
lipids are the important compounds of cell membrane structure in eucaryotic cell,
lipids serve as source of fat soluble vitamins....

isha

what is dry heat

Shahid

C-reactiv proteins is a blood test marker inflammation in the body. It called CRP also. It's produced in the lever and it's level is measured by testing the blood. It is classified as an acute phase reachant, which mean that it's levels will rise in response to inflammation.

isha

what is stlization

Shahid

dry heat is used to kill the microorganisms.using of flame is an example for dry heat

SRUTHI

what is pasteurization

SRUTHI

what is mothed of dry heat

Shahid

the process of making something free from bacteria or other living microorganisms.

Nadiya

is called sterilization.

Nadiya

incineration

SRUTHI

buring

SRUTHI

incineration is a waste treatment process that involves the combustion of organic substance contain in waste material .this method also burns any organisms yo ash!

Nadiya

pasteurization is a process to kill or to finish the pathogenic microorganisms in milk or fruit juice (liquid food) by heat treatment... less than 100 degree Celsius....or 212 degree Fahrenheit temperature...

isha

pasteurization is a process of heating ,and then rapidly cooling ,liquid or food in order to kill microbes that may expedite their spoilage or cause disease .and .....French scientists who invented the process of pasteurization was Louis pasteur.

Nadiya

is the single celled organisms that can existance independent or dependent living