Since the end of the Cold War, the North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO) has been significantly reoriented and retooled across the board. This process of change has been captured under two main ...
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Since the end of the Cold War, the North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO) has been significantly reoriented and retooled across the board. This process of change has been captured under two main labels. Internal adaptation is NATO-speak for looking at how the institution works, and whether it can be made to work better and more effectively. The process has embraced the possibility of creating procedures and structures whereby European member states might undertake military operations without the frontline participation of United States forces. This chapter considers the effectiveness of NATO's integrated military command and planning structures. It examines their performance during Operation Allied Force. The external adaptation of NATO is a term that refers, fairly obviously, to the evolution of relations between NATO and its members, and non-member states in Europe. The most important and controversial element of the external adaptation has been the NATO enlargement process. Other elements include ‘outreach’ programmes such as Partnership for Peace. This chapter looks at the impact of the Kosovo crisis on NATO's external adaptation, with particular reference to its implications for enlargement.Less

Kosovo and NATO’s post-Cold War adaptation

Paul LatawskiMartin A. Smith

Published in print: 2003-07-10

Since the end of the Cold War, the North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO) has been significantly reoriented and retooled across the board. This process of change has been captured under two main labels. Internal adaptation is NATO-speak for looking at how the institution works, and whether it can be made to work better and more effectively. The process has embraced the possibility of creating procedures and structures whereby European member states might undertake military operations without the frontline participation of United States forces. This chapter considers the effectiveness of NATO's integrated military command and planning structures. It examines their performance during Operation Allied Force. The external adaptation of NATO is a term that refers, fairly obviously, to the evolution of relations between NATO and its members, and non-member states in Europe. The most important and controversial element of the external adaptation has been the NATO enlargement process. Other elements include ‘outreach’ programmes such as Partnership for Peace. This chapter looks at the impact of the Kosovo crisis on NATO's external adaptation, with particular reference to its implications for enlargement.

Chapter 9 covers Operation Deliberate Force and Operation Allied Force. Both were successful, but certain air force training exercises proved to have limitations during combat. While air force ...
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Chapter 9 covers Operation Deliberate Force and Operation Allied Force. Both were successful, but certain air force training exercises proved to have limitations during combat. While air force operations continued to demonstrate the merits of the Red Flag exercise, the Blue Flag command and control exercise was seriously tested and found to be wanting in some areas. This chapter also examines a specific combat search and rescue effort, the rescue of a downed F-117 pilot, and ties its success directly back to the long tradition of rescue efforts trained for during peacetime.Less

Deliberate and Allied Force

Brian D. Laslie

Published in print: 2015-05-27

Chapter 9 covers Operation Deliberate Force and Operation Allied Force. Both were successful, but certain air force training exercises proved to have limitations during combat. While air force operations continued to demonstrate the merits of the Red Flag exercise, the Blue Flag command and control exercise was seriously tested and found to be wanting in some areas. This chapter also examines a specific combat search and rescue effort, the rescue of a downed F-117 pilot, and ties its success directly back to the long tradition of rescue efforts trained for during peacetime.

The first part of this chapter analyses the controversy over humanitarian intervention, precipitated by the Operation Allied Force (OAF) NATO campaign in Yugoslavia in 1999. It assesses both the ...
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The first part of this chapter analyses the controversy over humanitarian intervention, precipitated by the Operation Allied Force (OAF) NATO campaign in Yugoslavia in 1999. It assesses both the legal and normative justifications for this intervention and Russia’s outright rejection of such legal and humanitarian claims. The Russian political response was shaped partly by domestic political forces. Ultimately Russian leaders rejected calls to forge an anti-Western alignment, but worried about potential future NATO ‘out of area’ missions. The chapter argues that no norm of humanitarian intervention was established after OAF and Russia continued to reject this possibility. Moscow offered rather qualified support for the new, emerging norm of a Responsibility to Protect and shared this pluralist position with many other states.Less

Humanitarian Intervention, Kosovo, and Beyond: Divergent Norms

Allison Roy

Published in print: 2013-05-09

The first part of this chapter analyses the controversy over humanitarian intervention, precipitated by the Operation Allied Force (OAF) NATO campaign in Yugoslavia in 1999. It assesses both the legal and normative justifications for this intervention and Russia’s outright rejection of such legal and humanitarian claims. The Russian political response was shaped partly by domestic political forces. Ultimately Russian leaders rejected calls to forge an anti-Western alignment, but worried about potential future NATO ‘out of area’ missions. The chapter argues that no norm of humanitarian intervention was established after OAF and Russia continued to reject this possibility. Moscow offered rather qualified support for the new, emerging norm of a Responsibility to Protect and shared this pluralist position with many other states.

This work traces the creation and evolution of air combat training exercises within the U.S. Air Force from Vietnam through Operation Desert Storm and Operation Allied Force. After Vietnam, the USAF ...
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This work traces the creation and evolution of air combat training exercises within the U.S. Air Force from Vietnam through Operation Desert Storm and Operation Allied Force. After Vietnam, the USAF fundamentally changed the way it prepared its combat pilots for air warfare. The creation of the realistic training exercise Red Flag altered the way the air force trained for and executed combat operations. Along the way, the importance of tactical aircraft greatly increased as the importance and contributions of the Strategic Air Command began to wane.Less

The Air Force Way of War : U.S. Tactics and Training after Vietnam

Brian D. Laslie

Published in print: 2015-05-27

This work traces the creation and evolution of air combat training exercises within the U.S. Air Force from Vietnam through Operation Desert Storm and Operation Allied Force. After Vietnam, the USAF fundamentally changed the way it prepared its combat pilots for air warfare. The creation of the realistic training exercise Red Flag altered the way the air force trained for and executed combat operations. Along the way, the importance of tactical aircraft greatly increased as the importance and contributions of the Strategic Air Command began to wane.

The arguments over humanitarian intervention were brought to a head in the Spring of 1999 when, faced with the brutal repression of the ethnic Albanian population in the Serbian province of Kosovo, ...
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The arguments over humanitarian intervention were brought to a head in the Spring of 1999 when, faced with the brutal repression of the ethnic Albanian population in the Serbian province of Kosovo, NATO planes bombed Serbian targets between 24 March 1999 and 10 June 1999. The debates in parliament were intense over the Kosovo intervention. The level of discussion over the international legal basis of the operation both within the House of Commons and the country was unprecedented. The greater reliance on seeking Parliamentary support could be due to the lack of a clear international legal basis for the British decision to contribute air power to the operation (even though it was a NATO operation), but could also be due to the proposed mode of protecting human rights — by bombing from a safe height.Less

Bombing in the Name of Humanity: the RAF over Kosovo

Nigel D. White

Published in print: 2009-06-01

The arguments over humanitarian intervention were brought to a head in the Spring of 1999 when, faced with the brutal repression of the ethnic Albanian population in the Serbian province of Kosovo, NATO planes bombed Serbian targets between 24 March 1999 and 10 June 1999. The debates in parliament were intense over the Kosovo intervention. The level of discussion over the international legal basis of the operation both within the House of Commons and the country was unprecedented. The greater reliance on seeking Parliamentary support could be due to the lack of a clear international legal basis for the British decision to contribute air power to the operation (even though it was a NATO operation), but could also be due to the proposed mode of protecting human rights — by bombing from a safe height.

In the eyes of some observers, the Kosovo crisis posed the greatest threat to relations between Russia and the North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO) since the end of the Cold War. This chapter ...
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In the eyes of some observers, the Kosovo crisis posed the greatest threat to relations between Russia and the North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO) since the end of the Cold War. This chapter first charts the course of Russian policy towards, and involvement in dealing with, the Kosovo crisis. It then examines the longer term impact of the crisis on relations between Russia and NATO. Russia and the leading NATO members were extensively engaged in discussing what to do about the developing crisis in Kosovo in 1997 and 1998. Two main forums were utilised for the conduct of these conversations, which produced a greater degree of agreement than is sometimes supposed. They were the Contact Group and the United Nations Security Council. When Russia and the NATO members began to disagree, it was over the possible use of coercion in order to impose a settlement on President Slobodan Milosevic of the former Yugoslavia. The launch of Operation Allied Force on March 24, 1999 followed the final breakdown of negotiations.Less

Kosovo, NATO and Russia

Paul LatawskiMartin A. Smith

Published in print: 2003-07-10

In the eyes of some observers, the Kosovo crisis posed the greatest threat to relations between Russia and the North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO) since the end of the Cold War. This chapter first charts the course of Russian policy towards, and involvement in dealing with, the Kosovo crisis. It then examines the longer term impact of the crisis on relations between Russia and NATO. Russia and the leading NATO members were extensively engaged in discussing what to do about the developing crisis in Kosovo in 1997 and 1998. Two main forums were utilised for the conduct of these conversations, which produced a greater degree of agreement than is sometimes supposed. They were the Contact Group and the United Nations Security Council. When Russia and the NATO members began to disagree, it was over the possible use of coercion in order to impose a settlement on President Slobodan Milosevic of the former Yugoslavia. The launch of Operation Allied Force on March 24, 1999 followed the final breakdown of negotiations.

This book examines the impact of the Kosovo crisis, which reached its peak of intensity in 1998–1999, on the continuing evolution and development of key issues relating to post-Cold War European ...
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This book examines the impact of the Kosovo crisis, which reached its peak of intensity in 1998–1999, on the continuing evolution and development of key issues relating to post-Cold War European security overall. In measuring this impact, the discussions begin with the North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO). The book considers structural issues as well as the impact of the conduct of Operation Allied Force—the NATO bombing campaign of March–June 1999—on both the internal workings of NATO and the expansion of its geographical areas of interest and remit within Europe. It also offers a detailed account of the difficult, occasionally tortuous, but ultimately essential diplomatic co-operation between Russia and NATO members which accompanied the ongoing air campaign in the spring and early summer of 1999. One of the favourite ‘lessons of Kosovo’ drawn by commentators and observers since 1999 has been to do with the extent to which Operation Allied Force painted up a military ‘capabilities cap’ between the European members of NATO and the United States.Less

Introduction

Paul LatawskiMartin A. Smith

Published in print: 2003-07-10

This book examines the impact of the Kosovo crisis, which reached its peak of intensity in 1998–1999, on the continuing evolution and development of key issues relating to post-Cold War European security overall. In measuring this impact, the discussions begin with the North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO). The book considers structural issues as well as the impact of the conduct of Operation Allied Force—the NATO bombing campaign of March–June 1999—on both the internal workings of NATO and the expansion of its geographical areas of interest and remit within Europe. It also offers a detailed account of the difficult, occasionally tortuous, but ultimately essential diplomatic co-operation between Russia and NATO members which accompanied the ongoing air campaign in the spring and early summer of 1999. One of the favourite ‘lessons of Kosovo’ drawn by commentators and observers since 1999 has been to do with the extent to which Operation Allied Force painted up a military ‘capabilities cap’ between the European members of NATO and the United States.

This chapter discusses the implications of the NATO member states' bombing campaign against the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. The United States contributed the majority of the military hardware and ...
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This chapter discusses the implications of the NATO member states' bombing campaign against the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. The United States contributed the majority of the military hardware and technological capabilities to the air campaign, which was called Operation Allied Force. However, all the most important decisions, including the ones made to threaten air strikes, initiate air strikes, and approve increasingly controversial targets, were taken by the allies collectively through an integrated NATO command structure. This led to the Kosovo air war being labelled as “the most multilateral campaign ever.” Secretary of State Madeleine Albright and her fellow interventionists acknowledged that securing the NAC's approval and channeling the use of force through NATO would be necessary to lock in support and reassure the U.S. military about postwar burden sharing.Less

Kosovo, 1998–99: Reassuring the Generals with Nato’s Buy-In

Stefano Recchia

Published in print: 2015-08-20

This chapter discusses the implications of the NATO member states' bombing campaign against the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. The United States contributed the majority of the military hardware and technological capabilities to the air campaign, which was called Operation Allied Force. However, all the most important decisions, including the ones made to threaten air strikes, initiate air strikes, and approve increasingly controversial targets, were taken by the allies collectively through an integrated NATO command structure. This led to the Kosovo air war being labelled as “the most multilateral campaign ever.” Secretary of State Madeleine Albright and her fellow interventionists acknowledged that securing the NAC's approval and channeling the use of force through NATO would be necessary to lock in support and reassure the U.S. military about postwar burden sharing.

The first case examined in this book involved a ‘wake up call’ that sparked the evolution of the European Security and Defence Policy (ESDP). It was also one of the significant events that prompted a ...
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The first case examined in this book involved a ‘wake up call’ that sparked the evolution of the European Security and Defence Policy (ESDP). It was also one of the significant events that prompted a reconsideration of norms and rules for action in the international system. It was later used as both a negative and a positive example of how conflicts should be handled. This chapter analyses verbal reactions to ‘Operation Allied Force’ in Kosovo, which began on 24 March 1999 and officially ended on 10 June the same year. In spite of severe differences, most notably between Russia and the UK, the conflict in Kosovo also moved EU-Russian relations forward. Above all, the subsequent strengthening of the EU's actorness favoured a gradual rapprochement.Less

Kosovo: a precedent?

Charlotte Wagnsson

Published in print: 2008-09-01

The first case examined in this book involved a ‘wake up call’ that sparked the evolution of the European Security and Defence Policy (ESDP). It was also one of the significant events that prompted a reconsideration of norms and rules for action in the international system. It was later used as both a negative and a positive example of how conflicts should be handled. This chapter analyses verbal reactions to ‘Operation Allied Force’ in Kosovo, which began on 24 March 1999 and officially ended on 10 June the same year. In spite of severe differences, most notably between Russia and the UK, the conflict in Kosovo also moved EU-Russian relations forward. Above all, the subsequent strengthening of the EU's actorness favoured a gradual rapprochement.