Candidates demonstrate an understanding of the foundations of waves as contained in the Science Content Standards for California Public Schools (1998) and outlined in the Science Framework for California Public Schools (2002) from an advanced standpoint.To ensure a rigorous view of waves and their underlying structures, candidates have a deep conceptual knowledge of the subject matter. Candidates understand that all waves have a common set of characteristic properties. They apply their knowledge of these properties to describe and predict the behavior of waves, including light waves, sound waves, and seismic waves. Candidates apply the simple principles of optics to explain how various lenses work.