The Latin Legacy
337
followed close upon the heels of the adjective, it lost its former inde-
pendence and became a formative element, eventually used without
involving anybody's mental processes, e g sola mente (French settlement}
in place of singulanter (alone) Finally -mente fused with the adjective
i e with its feminine singular form In Spanish it keeps a trace of its
separate identity The Spaniard usually attaches -mmte only to the
IRREGULAR COMPARISON OF ROMANCE ADVERBS
ENGLISH
FRENCH
SPANISH
LAIIN
ITALIAN
well better best
bę
rmeux le mieux
;n mejor lo mejor
bene rnelms (opnme)
bene meglio il meglic
badly, ill worse worst
m plus rnal (j>ts) le plus mal
al peor lo peor
male pejus (pessitMcni)
male peggio il peggio
little less least
peu moms le moins
poco menos lo menos
paucum minus (tttimme)
poco meno il meno
very., much more most
beaucoup plus le plus
mucho mas lo mas
multum plus (plunmitfrti
molto piu ilpiu
final one when several adverbs follow one another, eg habla clara,
concisa y elegantemente (he speaks clearly, concisely, and elegantly) This
was also the custom in Old French, e.g. itmele et dolce mente for humble-
merit et doucement (humbly and quietly)
One striking difference between the Romance languages and their
Teutonic contemporaries is the variety of tense-forms which they
possess. This is not because the flextonal system of the Latin verb
escaped the general process of flexional decay common to other classes
of words m the living language In later Latin verb-forms of the classical
authors were largely superseded by new ones which remain the basis of
conjugation in the Romance languages. The passive flexion disap-
peared, as it is now disappearing in Scandinavian dialects. Its place was
taken partly by the active, partly by a roundabout expression con-
sistently made up of the past participle and the auxiliary esse, to be
Where classical authors had used the present tense of the latter
(traditus est, he has been betrayed) to express completed action, later
authors used it for action in progress (cf the French, il est train = he
j$ being betrayed), and other tenses were used to build up similar