Only a few inmates actually need to be incarcerated b. The rest should be incorporated into programs that focus on reintegration into the community 57. Co-Correctional Institutes – provide both sexes daily opportunities to interact in order to lessen the dehumanizing aspects of imprisonment a. Studies are still out on the effectiveness 58. Deinstitutionalization Movement – 1960-1980 – a movement that demanded the mentally ill be transferred from the confinement facilities to community-based programs a. Movement supported by court decisions that awarded specific rights to the mentally ill 59. Geriatric Prisoners – the prison population is aging due to long-term sentences a. Assisted living prisons are being built as a result and new diet and health care developments

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60. Half-way House - places of rehabilitation, can be an alternative to imprisonment or an intermediate step from prison to society a. Many require that the criminal have a full time job, stay drug free 61. Integrated Contract Model – attempt at moving corrections away from the punishment ideology to one which focuses more on reintegration a. Offenders are given an option of signing a contract to enter an intensive, comprehensive reintegration program in lieu of prison 62. Social Justice Model – a theory of justice with the establishment of graduated and integrated levels of correctional treatment a. Related less to the offense, more to the individuals problems and needs b. Currently more a dream than reality 63. US Judicial System – a. State and Local Court – under the State government a.i. Trial courts – limited jurisdiction also called “special jurisdiction” – deal with misdemeanors – rarely hold trials and are also known as the lower courts a.ii. Appellant courts – hear appeals from convicted Defendants who ask for review of the decision of the lower court a.ii.1. Appellant courts may uphold judgment (known as Reaffirm) or require the lower court to modify it a.iii. State supreme court b. High Courts – “general jurisdiction” superior courts or circuit courts can hear any criminal case b.i.1. Empowered by law to hear criminal case whether minor or serious b.i.2. Utilized fact-finding foundation known as “Adversarial Process” b.i.2.a. Adversarial process pits the State’s interest (prosecution) against the defendants (defense lawyer) c. Federal Court System – formed by congress and authorized by the Constitution c.i. Article III, Section I of the Constitution c.ii. Handle proceeding that take place in Guam, the Virgin Islands and Canal Zone, and the Mariana Islands c.iii. Four tier system, with courts of each type of jurisdiction c.iii.1. US District Courts – court of general jurisdiction, intended mostly to try federal criminal cases c.iii.2. Federal Appeals court c.iii.3. US Supreme Court – “court of last resort”… know this (appeals court) c.iv. US Magistrates – federal court officials limited jurisdiction and power to misdemeanors, setting bail, and assisting higher federal courts in legal matters …. know what the magistrate does

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