Why do migrants face obstacles?

Immigration Policies of Host Countries-Countries have developed two main policies for immigranrts. -The United States has a quota system that prevents to many immigrants from coming in. -Other countries, many of which are located in Western Europe and the middle east, allow guest workers to work temporataely in the country. U.S Quota Laws- Congress passed the Quota Act in 1924 and the National Origins act in 1924-Quotasare maximum limits on the amount of people who can immigrtae into the U.S. in a year.-These laws were designed to make sure most of the immigrants were european.- These laws were used untill the 1960's-Shortly after the Immigration Act of 1965 the quotas for specific countries were eliminated.-This happened in 1968. Thw quotas for countries were replaced with heisphere quotas.-Around 1978 the hemisphere quotas were replaced with a global quota of 290,000, with about 20,00 people per country immigrteing into the United States.-The amount of applicants is much larger than the quotas so congress has to set "preferences"-About 3/4th's of immigrants are let into the country to reunify families, spouses, or children with people already living in the U.S.-These quotas do NOT apply to refugees-The number of immigrants vary from year to year because of refugees and reunited familiesBrain drain-Many people all over the world are drawn to economically growing countries, exspecially those who are well-educated- Brain drain occurs when talented people all move to a location-3/4th's of immigrants from India-The United Kingdom have college degrees, while less the 5% of the non-immigrants do

Temporary Migration for work

-Citizens of poor countries who get jobs in other countries are called guest workers.-In Eurpoe, they are protected by minimum wage laws, labor union contracts, and other support programs- 1/2 of workers in Luxemburg are forigen- 1/6 in Switzerland- 1/10 in Austria, Belgium, and Germany- About 70,000 immigrants enter Europe legally, plus and estimated 500,00 illeagally- Guest workers take lower paying jobs such as dishwashers or busdrivers-Guest workers earn much more than they could at home-Guest workers help to stimulate their home countries economy because of money neimg sent home to families- Most guest workers come from North Africa, The Middle East, Eastern Europe, and Asia

Time-Contract workers

-Asians migrated in the 19th century as time-contract workers-They were recruited to work in mines and around plantations-When their time contract was up, many of them stayed and settled in the country-Today, more that 29 million Chinese permanentally live in other countries-Indianswent as time-contract workers to, Burma, Malaysia, British Guiana, eastern and southern Africa, and the islands of Fuji, Mauritius, and Trinidad-THe Japanese amd Pillipeans went to Hawii and Brazil-Recently more people are immigrating illeagally in Asia to find better work/work

Distinguishing Between Economic Immigrants and Refugees

Economic Immigrants

-Move for economic oppurtunities-Generally not admitted into countries without special skills or if they have a close relative in the country-Have to compete for entrance with other applicants

Refugees

-Fleeing from persecution or from an undemocratic govenment(for example communism)-Get special priority for admisson, -Immeadlatly alloud in rather than the aplication process likeeconimic immigrants

Emigrants from Cuba

- The U.S. has considered emigrants from Cuba refugees since the 1959 revolution-The 1959 revolution brought in a communist govenment and Fidel Castro into power-Castro and the government took privately owned land, and jailed anyone who opposed their views-Following the revolution, 600,000 Cubans were admitted into the U.S.-The 2nd flood of Cubans was in 1980 and had about 125,000 people- To reach the U.S. many passed through the 200 km straits of Florida-In 1987 the U.S. started allowing 20,000 Cubans a year to migrate

Emigrants from Haiti

-Under the dictatorship of Francois (Papa Doc) Duvalier (1957-71) and his son Jean-Claude Duvalier(Baby Doc) (1971-86) the Hatian government persecuted its political opponents-These people were treated just as harshly as Cubam Emigrants-At first the Hatians were not allowed into the country, but after a lawsuit in which the Hatians claimed that if the Cuban people were allowed to be admited then they should be as well,

Emigrants from Vietnam

-Shortly after the Vietnam War ended in 1975, the U.S. evacuated thousands of people from Saigon that were pro U.S.-Those pro-U.S. people who couldn't get space on a helicopeter tried to escape by boat traveling into Cambodia, China, and Laos- A second surge of Vietnamese came in the late 1980's-A total of 800,000 Vietnamese people have reached the U.S. since the end of the Vietnam War

Cultural problems living in other countries

Attitudes toward immigrants

-Americans tend to be rather suspicious of new arrivals-During the 19th century the tension was not as great because immigrants helped to settle new land-Opposition to immigration started to pick back up again when immigrants from Northern and Western Europe started to decline-Recent laws that are trying to be voted through would not allow undocumented immigrants to be abble to obtain public servises

Attitudes toward guest workers

-In Europe many guest workers are in poor soical conditions-Guest workers are ususally young men who's only goal is to make money to send back home to his family-Some guest workers end up staying in the country they work in and are later joined by family membersMany Western Europeans dislike guest workers-Many countries have extremely specific laws pertaining to guest workers