Note: Citations are based on reference standards. However, formatting rules can vary widely between applications and fields of interest or study. The specific requirements or preferences of your reviewing publisher, classroom teacher, institution or organization should be applied.

Remark- ably so, it is the difference in scale which characterizes the difference between poly- electrolyte solutions and gels and membranes: the colloidal solution of macro- molecules is heterogeneous only on the microscopic level, whereas the gel-solution system is a macroscopically heterogeneous one.Read more...

I. Opening Lectures.- The Early Developments of the Electrochemistry of Polymer Membranes.- The Development of the Modern Membrane Concepts and the Relations to Biological Phenomena.- II. Equilibria.- The Nature of the Selective Binding of Ions by Polyelectrolyte Gels: Volume and Entropy Change Criteria.- Swelling of Polyelectrolyte Gels and Thermodynamic Parameters of Solvation.- III. Irreversible Thermodynamics.- Some Uses for Membrane Transport Coefficients.- Interaction in Ion Exchangers. Ionic Interactions in a Polyelectrolyte Gel System with Counter-Ions of Different Valence Types and Varying Dielectric Constants.- Interpretation of Membrane Phenomena, using Irreversible Thermodynamics. Comparison of Observed Transport Properties with Those Predicted from a Salt Model Calculation.- Measurement of Fluxes and Forces at the Surface of Cation Exchange Membranes under Conditions of Controlled Polarization. I: Methodology.- Measurement of Fluxes and Forces at the Surface of Cation-Exchange Membranes under Conditions of Controlled Polarization. II: Application of Measurement - Use of Phenomenological Coefficients.- Transconformation Surface Reaction and Hydrodynamic Stability.- IV. Ultra- and Hyper-Filtration Membranes.- Fixed-Charge Ultrafiltration Membranes.- Osmosis and Ion Transport in Charged Porous Membranes: A Macroscopic, Mechanistic Model.- Membrane Potentials of Asymmetric Cellulose Acetate Membranes.- Polarization at Membrane-Solution Interfaces in Reverse Osmosis (Hyperfiltration).