Tamerlane

Late medieval Hungary: Mongols kill Hungarians at the Battle of Mohi (1241 AD) The Mongols invade Hungary Hungary fell on hard times in 1241 AD, when the Mongols invaded Eastern Europe from Central Asia. The Mongols brought with them a new invention - gunpowder from China. Earlier history of Hungary Who were the Mongols? Who invented gunpowder? Many Jewish [...]

Sultan Mehmed II (by the Venetian painter Gentile Bellini, 1479 AD) After the old Seljuk kingdom in Anatolia (Turkey) fell apart, one of these Seljuks, a man named Osman, started in 1299 AD to build a new kingdom - the Ottoman Empire. At this time, the Byzantine Empire was very weak from the Fourth Crusade. In 1347 AD, the Black Death weakened the [...]

Mongke Khan Starting in the 400s AD, Turkic and Mongol people had been expanding out of the northern part of Central Asia. They spread all over Europe and Asia. The Huns came first, then the Avars, the Ghaznavids, and the Seljuks. About 1000 AD, the Turkish Ghaznavids invaded northern India from what is now Afghanistan. India was so rich that the Ghaznavids [...]

Muhammed Ghor, who started the Delhi Sultanate The Mamluks conquer northern India Around 1100 AD, with the Ghaznavids out of the picture, the Mamluks (who had already conquered Iran and what is now Pakistan) succeeded in conquering the rest of northern India as well. They built a rich kingdom that was the center of the Silk Road. Wait who [...]

Mughal Empire - Babur, first Mughal ruler Timur's descendants: the Mughal Empire Timur's empire collapsed when he died in 1405 AD. Then the Mongols lost control of India for a while. Local Muslim leaders formed small states in northern India. But a generation later, Mongol leaders invaded India again and forced the Indians into a new empire, the Mughal Empire. [...]

Coin of Toregene Toregene ruled the Mongol Empire for five years. By then she was not in good health - she was about 55 years old. She passed on her power to her son Guyuk in 1246 AD and went into retirement, where she died less than two years later. Mongke Khan [...]

Uzbek ruler in his yurt (1509, probably at Samarkand) After the collapse of the Mongol Tamerlane's empire in the 1400s AD, many smaller states replaced the one big empire of the Middle Ages. One of the most powerful was the Uzbek empire of Bukhara, north of the Caspian Sea. The Uzbeks were Turkic [...]

A melon stall in Central Asia After Tamerlane died in 1405, his Altaic people kept on ruling Central Asia, but not as one big empire. There were lots of little countries all across Central Asia. These countries did well at first, but the collapse of the Mongol Empire soon brought sad changes to [...]

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