Download Advances in Computers, Vol. 29 by Marshall C. Yovits PDF

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P r i n c i p l e s . A development of a description of a phenomenon or concept may be either hierarchical or compositional. • P r i n c i p l e s . Development and Presentation: Development of a description of a phenomenon or concept may be performed in one way, and it may be presented in the "reverse" way. • P r i n c i p l e s . Hierarchical development can take place only if the developers already have a good grasp of the development universe of discourse: Overall concepts to be decomposed must already be basically understood before decomposition can take place.

1, Chap. 15, Sect. 2. ,am)(i)=ai 18 1 Introduction (a,b,c)~(a,b,d) = (a,b,c,a,b,d) (a,b,c) = (a,b,c) (a,b,c) 7^ (a,b,d) • • • • • • • • • hd: Head gives the first element in a nonempty list. tl: Tail gives the remaining list of a nonempty list when Head is removed. len: Length gives the number of elements in a finite list. inds: Indices gives the set of indices from 1 to the length of a nonempty list. For empty lists, this set is the empty set as well. elems: Elements gives the possibly infinite set of all distinct elements in a list.

By a phenomenological concept we mean a concept that directly abstracts a phenomenon. , is a value. , the phenomenological concept) is the type of all the intended values being described. 2 suggests the four different kinds of rail units as mentioned above. Fig. 2. 3 shows simple line drawing abstractions of t h e four different kinds of rail units used in Fig. 1 and individually detailed in Fig. 2. ^ Linear Unit Legend: rail: Junction, Switch, Turnout X X connector: Crossover Switch Simple Crossover • units can be switched: Fig.