Genome of blue-fronted Amazon parrot compared with 30 other bird species

Parrots are famously talkative and a Blue-fronted Amazon parrot named Moises — or at least its genome — is telling scientists volumes about the longevity and highly developed cognitive abilities that give parrots so much in common with humans.

And, perhaps someday, it will give up clues about how parrots learn to vocalize so well.

Morgan Wirthlin, a BrainHub postdoctoral fellow in Carnegie Mellon University's Computational Biology Department and first author of a report to appear in the Dec. 17 issue of the journal Current Biology, said she and her colleagues sequenced the genome of the Blue-fronted Amazon and used it to perform the first comparative study of parrot genomes.

By comparing the Blue-fronted Amazon with 30 other long- and short-lived birds, including four additional parrot species, Wirthlin and colleagues at Oregon Health and Science University (OHSU), the Federal University of Rio de Janeiro and other entities were able to identify a suite of genes previously not known to play a role in longevity that deserve further study. Also, they identified genes that have previously been associated with longevity in fruit flies and worms.

"In many cases, this is the first time we've connected those genes to longevity in vertebrates," she said.

Wirthlin, who began the study while a Ph.D. student in behavioral neuroscience at OHSU, said parrots are known to live up to 90 years in captivity — a lifespan that would be equivalent to hundreds of years for humans. The genes associated with longevity include telomerase, responsible for DNA repair of telomeres — the ends of chromosomes, which are known to shorten with age. It appears that changes in DNA repair genes in long-lived birds, which potentially could turn cells malignant, appear to be balanced with changes in genes that control cell proliferation and cancer.

The researchers also discovered changes in gene regulatory regions of the genome that appear to be specific to parrots that were situated near genes associated with neural development. Those same genes also are linked with cognitive abilities in humans, suggesting that both humans and parrots evolved similar methods for developing higher cognitive abilities.

"Unfortunately, we didn't find as many speech-related changes as I had hoped," said Wirthlin, whose research is focused on the evolution of vocal behaviors, including speech. Animals that learn songs or speech are relatively rare — parrots, hummingbirds, songbirds, whales, dolphins, seals and bats — which makes them particularly interesting to scientists such as Wirthlin who hope to gain a better understanding of how humans evolved this capacity.

"If you're just analyzing genes, you hit the end of the road pretty quickly," she said. That's because learned speech behaviors are thought to be more of a function of gene regulation, than of changes in genes themselves. Doing comparative studies of these "non-coding" regulatory regions, she added, is difficult, but she and Andreas Pfenning, assistant professor of computational biology, are working on the computational and experimental techniques that may someday reveal more of their secrets.

This work was supported through the Brazilian Avian Genome Consortium and by the National Institutes of Health/National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders.

Researchers have sequenced the genome of the blue-fronted Amazon and used it to perform the first comparative study of parrot genomes. Photo by Glaucia Seixas