See also

Kuna people

The Guna, also known as Kuna or Cuna, are an indigenous people of Panama and Colombia. The current preferred and legally recognized spelling is Guna. In the Kuna language, they call themselves Dule or Tule, meaning "people", and the name of the language in Kuna is Dulegaya, literally "people-mouth".

Location

The Kuna live in three politically autonomous comarcas or reservations in Panama, and in a few small villages in Colombia. There are also communities of Kuna people in Panama City, Colón, and other cities. The most Kunas live on small islands off the coast of the comarca of Kuna Yala known as the San Blas Islands. The other two Kuna comarcas in Panama are Kuna de Madugandí and Kuna de Wargandí. They are Chibchan-speaking people who once occupied the central region of what is now Panama and the neighboring San Blas Islands and still survive in marginal areas.

Political and social organization

In Kuna Yala, each community has its own political organization, led by a Saila (pronounced "sai-lah"). The Saila is traditionally both the political and spiritual leader of the community; he memorizes songs which relate the sacred history of the people, and in turn transmits them to the people. Decisions are made in meetings held in the Onmaked Nega, or Ibeorgun Nega (Congress House or Casa de Congreso), a structure which likewise serves both political and spiritual purposes. It is in the Onmaked Nega that the Saila sings the history, legends and laws of the Kuna, as well as administering the day-to-day political and social affairs. The Saila is usually accompanied by one or more voceros who function as interpreters and counselors for the Saila. Because the songs and oral history of the Kuna are in a higher linguistic register with specialized vocabulary, the Saila's recitation will frequently be followed by an explanation and interpretation from one of the voceros in everyday Kuna language.

History and etymology

During Roman times, in the provinces of upper and lower Pannonia (today Hungary and Slavonia), taxes were collected in the then highly valued marten skins. Hence, the Croatian word "marturina" or tax, derived from the Latin word "martus" (Croatian: "kuna"). The kuna was a currency unit in several Slavic states, most notably Kievan Rus and its successors until the early 15th century. It was equal to 1⁄25 (later 1⁄50) gryvna of silver.

It has no relation to the various Slavic currencies named "koruna" (translated as kruna in Croatian) which means "crown".

In the Middle Ages, many foreign monies were used in Croatia, but since at least 1018 a local currency was in use. Between 1260 and 1380, Croatian Viceroys issued a marten-adorned silver coin called the banovac. However, the diminishing autonomy of Croatia within the Croatian-Hungarian Kingdom led to the gradual disappearance of that currency in the 14th century.

Quotes:

Arif: There are four main elements that exist naturally in the world. Fire, Water, Earth, Wood!::Commander Logar: Wood? Shouldn't it be "Air"?::Arif: Wood, for sure! Did it touch you? I said "that exist naturally"!

Arif: Would you mind if I turned on on the music?::Old Villager: What kind of music? I don't listen to foreign music! How can I be sure that ain't swearing at my mother!::Arif: How old is your mother?::Old Villager: She is still alive, 93 by now.::Arif: Don't worry, old timer, this band is new. They cannot know your mom!::Band singing: Motherfucker, oh yeah! Motherfucker!

Tihulu: Commander! We have just detected an unidentified flying object approaching us, sir!::Commander Logar: That's our planet, Jackass! We are approaching it! Who are you anyway?::Kuna: Go away! Leave!

Arif: Faruk! Why is the robot crying?::Bob Marley Faruk: I don't know! Maybe he was programmed to cry!::Arif: Shut up, Jackass! Hey, Robot why are you crying?::216-Robot: I've been punished!::Arif: By who?::216-Robot: Commander Logar.::Arif: Commander Logar? Fuck Commander Logar! What is he interfering for! I have to do something but... What should I do?

Publisher: [explaining that the "UFO" in photo is fake and pointing at the "UFO"] It says Kutahya porcelain on here. Look.::Arif: [looking at photo] Well, I shot this in Kutahya. There's nothing wrong with it.

Arif: [on the alien planet, Gora, along with other humans] Everybody speaks Turkish, I don't understand who is a Turk and who's not.

Arif: [In English] Speaking English? I live in English. It's not a language to me. It's totally best way of expressing my own. You know, sometimes i'm dreaming of a world, all people understand each other perfect. Yes, i would dream. Imagine all the people dancing and touching each other, communicate in a joyful harmony.::Arif: [In Turkish] Son, don't look at me like a cow, go get some tea!

Need Your Loving Tonight

(Album: The Game, 1980)"YeahHey hey heyNo I'll never look back in angerNo I'll never find me an answerYou promised me, you'd keep in touchI read your letter and it hurt me so muchI said I'd never, never be angry with youI don't wanna feel like a stranger (no)'Cos I'd rather stay out of dangerI read your letter so many timesI got your meaning between the linesI said I'd never, never be angry with youI must be strong so she won't know how much I miss herI only hope as time goes on I'll forget herMy body's aching, can't sleep at nightI'm too exhausted to start a fightAnd if I see her with another guyI'll eat my heart out 'cos I love, love, love, love herCome on baby, let's get togetherI'll love you baby, I'll love you foreverI'm trying hard to stay awayWhat made you change, what did I say ?Ooh I need your loving tonightOoh I need your lovingOoh I need your lovingOoh I need your loving babe tonight (Hit me)Ooh I need your loving tonightNo I'll never look back in angerNo I'll never find me an answerGave me no warning, how could I guessI'll have to learn to forgive and forgetOoh I need your lovingOoh I need your loving

KUNA — The recently failed $1.1 million levy increase for the KunaRuralFireDistrict prompted discussion Wednesday about why the levy failed and what the fire district can do to help it pass, possibly in May ... ....

Kuna voters were asked to pass or reject a $1.1 million levy increase for the fire district, re-elect or vote-in a new district senate representative and more on the Nov ...District 22 represents Kuna and parts of Meridian ... KentGoldthorpe was re-elected to serve as commissioner for ACHD zone 4, which represents Kuna, with 38 percent of the vote....

After testimony that council members felt warranted further consideration, the council delayed deciding on approving or denying a 206-house subdivision on KunaRoad near Ten Mile and Black Cat roads ... ....

Do you know what is the most often repeated phrase in the Bible? Want to take a guess? It consists of four words. “Do not be afraid.” I think the reason this phrase is repeated so often is because fear ... ....