Kriegspiel is a chess variant invented by Henry Michael Temple in 1899 and based upon the original Kriegsspiel (German for war game) developed by Georg von Reiswitz in 1812.[1][2] In this game each player can see their own pieces, but not those of their opponent. For this reason, it is necessary to have a third person (or computer) act as a referee, with full information about the progress of the game. When it is a player's turn he or she will attempt a move, which the referee will declare to be 'legal' or 'illegal'. If the move is illegal, the player tries again; if it is legal, that move stands. Each player is given information about checks and captures. They may also ask the referee if there are any legal captures with a pawn. Since the position of the opponent's pieces is unknown, Kriegspiel is not a game with perfect information. Chess Kriegspiel derives from a war game which was used in 19th century Germany to train military officers. As each player cannot see his or her opponents pieces, the game is sometimes referred to as blind chess.

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There are several different rule sets for Kriegspiel. The most widespread rules are those used on the Internet Chess Club, where Kriegspiel is called Wild 16. The rules are as follows.[3]

The game is played with three boards, one for each player; the third is for the umpire (and spectators). Each opponent knows the exact position of just their pieces, and does not know where the opponent's pieces are (but can keep track of how many there are). Only the umpire knows the position of the game. The game proceeds in the following way:

The umpire announces:

White (or black) to move.

Pawn tries, when it is possible for one's pawn to capture an opponent's pawn or piece. The umpire also indicates the square on which the capture is possible to the player who can make the capture. This gives extra information, but saves both players the bother of beginning every turn by trying all possible pawn captures. This is possible at no risk because pawns do not move the same way they capture. Hence, if no capture is possible, then the move is illegal (see below for penalty on attempting an illegal move). A pawn try is not announced if the pawn is pinned; that is, if completing the capture would expose the king to check. En-passant pawn tries are announced, but not the fact that they are en-passant captures.

Pawn gone, when a pawn is captured.

Piece gone, when a piece is captured.

No, when the attempted move is illegal, given the opponent's position. For example: moving the king into check; moving a queen, rook, bishop, or pawn through squares occupied by the opponent's pieces; advancing a pawn into a square occupied by the opponent's pieces.

Hell no (or Impossible), when the attempted move is always illegal regardless of the opponent's position. For example, moving a bishop as if it were a knight.

Check on the vertical.

Check on the horizontal.

Check on the long diagonal (the longer of the two diagonals, from the king's point of view).

Kriegspiel, mate in 8. Black has a bishop somewhere on dark squares, not exactly known where.

Kriegspiel is sometimes used in chess problems. In these, usual variations introduced by different black moves are replaced by variations introduced by different announcements.

An example of a Kriegspiel problem is shown at the right. White must checkmate Black in 8 moves, no matter where the black bishop initially is (it is somewhere on dark squares) and no matter what black plays. (Note that in a real Kriegspiel game, black would not see white's moves, but for a problem in which white is to force a win, one must assume the worst-case scenario in which black guesses correctly on each move.) For example, 1. Ra1?? is a draw by stalemate if the black bishop was initially on a1. 1. Nf2 Bxf2 2. Kxf2 (or Rxf2) is stalemate as well. So, white should not move either the knight or the bishop, because either might capture the black bishop by accident. For the same reason, the white rook should move only to light squares -- but only half of the light squares are reachable without visiting a dark square along the way.

The solution is the following: White tries to play 1. Rg2.

If this move is not possible (umpire says No), then the black bishop must be on b2, d2 or f2. In this case white can instead play 1. N(x)f2# (checkmate).

If the move is possible, it is made and then black moves the bishop. White still does not know where the bishop is.

If possible, white continues 3. Rh8. (This is safe -- the black bishop cannot be on h8 to be captured, because it was not on g7 on the previous turn.) 4. Rh5 5. Rb5 (if not possible, 5. Rh3 and 6.Be5). 6. Rb1 7. Nf2+ Bxf2 8. Kxf2#.

Edward Nathan Frankenstein suggested in 1903 a variation of the game where one player sees the board and another plays Kriegspiel. To make the game fair, one player starts with fewer pieces. Frankenstein proposed two variants:

Pickle pot - the player who sees the board plays with king, queen, one bishop, and pawns; a total of 11 pieces.

One-eye - the player who sees the board plays with king, two rooks, one bishop, and pawns; a total of 12 pieces.

In both versions, it should be announced which bishop is used (on c-file or f-file).

The Semi-kriegspiel, suggested by David Silverman in 1971, is similar to these variations. In this game the "sighted" side has only king and queen, which he/she can place on any legal square before the beginning of the game. In Modern kriegspiel by Bruce Trone in 1986, after each move the player calls seven squares, which must be opened by umpire. Otherwise the rules are as in usual kriegspiel.