During the past 30 years, floods have resulted in over 200,000 fatalities and
affected more than 2.8 billion others worldwide. Flood victims are vulnerable to
long-term physical and psychological health effects, which persist for an
undefined time period in the aftermath of a flood event. Following a flood event,
secondary stressors, which are indirectly related to the event, can potentially
prolong and intensify the health impacts on affected individuals and communities.
These secondary stressors consist of economic stressors, including loss of income,
but also social stressors such as isolation due to prolonged flooding. A significant
gap in the research to date is in relation to repeated flooding and its impact on the
extent to which individuals are affected by these secondary stressors. This review
examined studies focusing on repeated flooding, concentrating on the secondary
stressors resulting from repeated flood events. It also considered the awareness,
preparedness and resilience of the study populations in order to determine the
potential for these communities to be impacted by secondary stressors. This review
indicated that both rural and urban communities in developed and developing
countries are significantly affected by economic, social and psychological
secondary stressors. The majority of communities do have a basic awareness of
flood risk; however, many residents do not take flood risk seriously and thus take
little preventative action. Community resilience was higher in urban and rural
areas in developing countries, but also in rural areas in developed countries. Future
work should take into consideration the secondary stressors that affect different
communities and how to minimise their impact in order to increase resilience.