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It is easy to look at all the frenzy around Bitcoin and cryptocurrencies (I prefer using crypto tokens or simply “crypto” instead) and wonder – why is this all a big deal? We are never far away from talk of a decentralized, government-less world. If that all seems far fetched, that’s understandable.
The crypto boom is not a function of idealist technologists chasing some fictional future. Instead, when you boil it down, it comes down to two reasons – databases and incentives. Let’s work through 2 questions.
First, what do Oracle, SAP, PeopleSoft and Salesforce have in common?
Aside from being worth billions of dollars ($300B in market cap), each of these companies are/were database companies. There’s a lot of money to be made in databases.
We also know there’s a lot more money to be made by having the right kind of data. Google, by virtue of its near monopoly on American and, to a large extent, global search data is worth $750+ Billion Dollars. Facebook is worth in excess of $500B thanks to the fact that it knows more about the world’s adult population than any institution in history.
Next, what do stock prices, bonuses and taxes have in common?
Each of these are economic incentive systems. They drive hundreds of millions of people to work every day and ensure we have the means to fund the infrastructure to do so.
This combination of the value of databases and the data they hold and the power of incentive systems to drive behavior are why we expect crypto to be a big deal.
The challenge with a decentralized database.
I like revisiting the technological innovation underpinning the blockchain.
Until the blockchain came along, it wasn’t possible to have a decentralized database. So, we’ve always had central database owners – typically large corporations or governments – who held tremendous power because of the value of the data in them. (In rare cases, these databases are owned by foundations, e.g. Wikipedia. The challenge is that there are very few foundations because such foundations need to constantly fight for financial survival. The allure of making lots of money with the data is too strong for most. Automatic hat tip to the founders of large open source projects!)
Financial incentives aside, it made sense to have centralized database owners because decentralization, on the face of it, would present a few challenging problems. What if the folks maintaining the database changed records?
Enter the “crypto” part of the blockchain. Satoshi Nakamoto’s famous white paper laid out the design for decentralized databases with cryptographic security. That, in turn, has 3 characteristics (H/T Alex Rampell from a16z) –
Records can’t be faked / No alchemy
Records are immutable / No alteration
Owner/signer is unique / No impersonation
Now that we’ve solved the security problem, there are two other issues with managing creating and valuable databases. First, maintaining a database costs a lot of money. Facebook pays massive infrastructure costs to hold all its data. (Of course, it turns out that the value of all data far exceeds the costs.)
And, second, how do you get the sort of data that Facebook has managed to accumulate anyway? Facebook’s strength comes from the network of users within Facebook and the current regulatory regime around user data.
Let’s talk about the latter for a second. We live in a regulatory regime where corporations own user data. If this changed to a regime where users own their data, users could, in theory, take all their data and port it to a new social network they wanted to participate in with their friends.
The bootstrap problem. In the absence of user focused regulation, Facebook’s network strength is nearly impregnable. And, every network that attempts to compete faces what is known as the bootstrap problem. The bootstrap problem illustrates the challenge of starting a new network. Networks become valuable when you have more users. But, how do you get to critical mass?
This is particularly critical where blockchains are concerned as it takes a lot of work (computing power, energy) to maintain these cryptographically secure databases. So, why would people do it?
This is where Chris Dixon’s excellent illustration comes in.
As Chris illustrates, crypto tokens (or “currencies” in popular language) provide financial utility to the early adopters of the network and help it get to critical mass.
Image you start Bitbook – the blockchain version of Facebook. You could imagine an incentive system that looks something like this –
There will only be a total of 100 BitTokens.
10 BitTokens will be given to early investors for a cash value of $10M to build the network. This, in turn, will be used to pay for servers and compensate employees.
10 BitTokens will be saved for employee incentives.
10 BitTokens will be kept aside for developers who add value to the system.
10 BitTokens will be owned by the founders.
Out of the remaining 60 BitTokens, 20 will be awarded to the first 2000 early adopters as an incentive to try the network.
The remaining 40 will be paid out over time to new users and users who bring value to the network.
What could you use the token for? Well, you could imagine a small entry fee, a small fee for the ability to send messages to people you don’t know and a small fee to buy and sell in the marketplace.
So, even if the token may not be worth much now, it could be worth a lot once the network has grown to a few million users.
Imagine executing a contract like the one above – you need a large group of lawyers and will need to sort through a multitude of contractual details. But, thanks to the blockchain, you can just trust the code.
We also know that these systems can work. Bitcoin is the proof-of-concept of this combination of an incentive system and decentralized database that has worked. Now, of course, there are multiple other blockchains that have followed suit.
Blockchains without a token/currency make little sense. Most big finance companies talking about the block chain are really talking about tamper proof databases. But, as you can probably tell from the above illustration, it makes no sense to have a blockchain without a token/currency. In the absence of this, there is no incentive for participants to maintain this cryptographically secure database.
(The reason “token” is more accurate than “currency” is because “currency” assumes general purpose use. But, a token in a blockchain tends to be constrained for use within that network.)
It feels good to contribute to the body of open source/creative commons work. But, we also want to be paid.
In a sense, the blockchain makes open source objects financially viable by converting networks into peer-to-peer marketplaces.
Tokens/currencies need good governance systems. Now that we understand how central tokens are to the blockchain, it is easy to understand why good governance systems matter. In a nutshell, this is what good ICOs /initial coin offerings are about – experimenting with governance systems to ensure the sustainable growth of their network.
2017 saw a crypto investment frenzy. While 95+% of the ICOs will end up having zero value, we will likely learn a ton about good governance systems from the 5% that do succeed.
It is also unclear to me whether the completely decentralized model will work broadly. Large open source projects still tend to have influential founders (Linux, Wikipedia, etc.). We’ll need more experimentation to find out.
A brief note about the experiment that is Bitcoin. Bitcoin is an example of one use case of the blockchain. It is the star of the crypto show right now. This may continue to be the case in the future – it is hard to say. But, it is worth noting that Bitcoin is also an experiment that was designed to test if we might be able to create a cryptographic currency.
However, that experiment seems to be failing. Instead, it is emerging as a potential “store of value” – to replace gold.
For people who find the it weird to attach value to a virtual concept, take a moment to consider that we picked a random shiny looking metal from the ground and assigned tremendous value to it. Then, there’s also the fact that this storage and transport of this arbitrary metal is hard. It is also hard to track.
Just like digital photos replaced their analog counterparts because they were easier to store, transport and track, what if Bitcoin was a digital upgrade?
I’m not positing that it is. But, it just might be. And, that option value is worth something to many people.
That said, it won’t matter a great deal if Bitcoin fails. For those who see the power of these decentralized database and incentive systems, Bitcoins rise has just spurred some much needed investment. There are numerous problems to be solved – chief among them are scalability and energy use. But, with the amount of venture capital funding the sector has attracted, it is only a matter of time before top engineering talent figures solutions that work. In the spirit of discussing incentives, money is a powerful motivator.
If Bitcoin doesn’t work, we’ll design the next cryptocurrency that works.
Or, as Nassim Taleb eloquently puts it
Bitcoin will go through hick-ups (hiccups). It may fail; but then it will be easily reinvented as we now know how it works. In its present state, it may not be convenient for transactions, not good enough to buy your decaffeinated expresso macchiato at your local virtue-signaling coffee chain. It may be too volatile to be a currency, for now. But it is the first organic currency.
But its mere existence is an insurance policy that will remind governments that the last object establishment could control, namely, the currency, is no longer their monopoly. This gives us, the crowd, an insurance policy against an Orwellian future.
Wrapping up. It is hard to discuss the potential of crypto without encountering ideas like the importance of decentralization, democratization and permissionless innovation. The believers will tell you that this is important – to make the world a better place and win back the internet.
But, solving climate change is important too. So is figuring out what happens to jobs in a post AI world.
But, as human beings, our behavior is driven by incentives. Currently, there isn’t a clear financial incentive to go work on climate change. So, there isn’t venture capital money pouring in and neither are undergrads hooking up computers in their dorm rooms to solve math problems to fix carbon emissions.
But, the world of crypto has that figured out.
And, when you combine powerful financial incentives with the inherent value in databases and the data they hold, you begin to understand why we expect crypto to be a big deal.
—
Links for additional reading
Beyond the Bitcoin Bubble by Stephen Johnson – on NYT (one the best long reads on crypto)
Chris Dixon’s post on a breakthrough in network design – on Medium
In code we trust – on NYT
The Blockchain man – on RibbonFarm (Fascinating)
Crypto boom funded by MIT – on Quartz
Trends in Cryptocurrency – on a16z
Alex Rampell on Cryptocurrencies at the a16z summit – on a16z (great overview)
Satoshi’s famous whitepaper – on Bitcoin.org
Nassim Taleb on Bitcoin – on Medium
A 3+ hour comprehensive podcast on how to think about crypto – on InvestorFieldGuide
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https://alearningaday.com/2018/02/11/why-we-expect-crypto-to-be-a-big-deal/

I am not opposed to regulation. I think that industry needs to play by a set of rules that ensures things like public safety, fair dealing, etc.
But I do think that regulating an industry or a company too early in its life can be very damaging to innovation and the development of new technologies and new industries.
So I am a big fan of Safe Harbors.
A safe harbor is a stipulation in a given rule that certain entities or certain situations will not be deemed in violation of it.
In general, I like the idea that small companies or nascent industries are given safe harbors until they are at a size where compliance becomes affordable and/or possible.
My partner Albert wrote a post last week proposing some safe harbors for the crypto token sector.
Crypto tokens seem like an ideal technology/sector for safe harbors. Clearly this sector needs some rules and regulations. But subjecting projects and technologies to these rules too early in their life or subjecting projects and technologies to inappropriate rules and regulations would be devastating.
http://avc.com/2018/02/safe-harbors-2/

I am not opposed to regulation. I think that industry needs to play by a set of rules that ensures things like public safety, fair dealing, etc.
But I do think that regulating an industry or a company too early in its life can be very damaging to innovation and the development of new technologies and new industries.
So I am a big fan of Safe Harbors.
A safe harbor is a stipulation in a given rule that certain entities or certain situations will not be deemed in violation of it.
In general, I like the idea that small companies or nascent industries are given safe harbors until they are at a size where compliance becomes affordable and/or possible.
My partner Albert wrote a post last week proposing some safe harbors for the crypto token sector.
Crypto tokens seem like an ideal technology/sector for safe harbors. Clearly this sector needs some rules and regulations. But subjecting projects and technologies to these rules too early in their life or subjecting projects and technologies to inappropriate rules and regulations would be devastating.
http://avc.com/2018/02/safe-harbors-2/

I am not opposed to regulation. I think that industry needs to play by a set of rules that ensures things like public safety, fair dealing, etc.
But I do think that regulating an industry or a company too early in its life can be very damaging to innovation and the development of new technologies and new industries.
So I am a big fan of Safe Harbors.
A safe harbor is a stipulation in a given rule that certain entities or certain situations will not be deemed in violation of it.
In general, I like the idea that small companies or nascent industries are given safe harbors until they are at a size where compliance becomes affordable and/or possible.
My partner Albert wrote a post last week proposing some safe harbors for the crypto token sector.
Crypto tokens seem like an ideal technology/sector for safe harbors. Clearly this sector needs some rules and regulations. But subjecting projects and technologies to these rules too early in their life or subjecting projects and technologies to inappropriate rules and regulations would be devastating.
http://avc.com/2018/02/safe-harbors-2/