Contents

Gate area inside the North Terminal, showing flight information screens

Several options to expand Gatwick have been considered, including a third terminal and a second runway to the south of the existing runway. This would allow Gatwick to handle more passengers than Heathrow does today. If a second, wide-spaced (as opposed to close parallel) runway is approved, a new terminal could be sited between the two runways. This could either complement or replace the current South Terminal, depending on expected future traffic developments.[1]

In its original consultation document published on 23 July 2002[3] the Government decided to expand Stansted and Heathrow, but not Gatwick. However, Medway Council, Kent County Council and Essex County Council sought a judicial review of this decision. The judge reviewing the lawfulness of the Government's decision ruled that excluding Gatwick from the original consultation was irrational and/or unfair.[3] Following the judge's ruling and the Secretary of State for Transport's decision not to appeal, BAA published new consultation documents.[3] These included an option of a possible second runway at Gatwick to the south of the existing airport boundary, leaving the villages Charlwood and Hookwood to the north of the airport intact. This led to protests about increased noise and pollution, demolition of houses and destruction of villages.[4]

On 2 December 2009, the House of CommonsTransport Select Committee published a report entitled The future of aviation. With regard to Gatwick, it calls on the Government to reconsider its decision to build a second runway at Stansted, in the light of growing evidence that the business case is unconvincing and that Gatwick is a better location.[5]

Speaking at the first Gatwick Airport Consultative Committee (Gatcom) meeting since GIP's takeover of the airport (held on 28 January 2010 at Crawley's Arora Hotel), Gatwick's chairman Sir David Rowlands ruled out building a second runway for the foreseeable future, citing the high cost of the associated planning application – estimated to be between £100 million and £200 million – as the main reason for the new owners' lack of interest. At that meeting, Gatwick chief executive Stewart Wingate stressed GIP's preference for increasing the existing runway's capacity and confirmed GIP's plans to request an increase in the current limit on the permitted number of take-offs and landings.[6] However, in 2012, Gatwick's new owners reversed their initial lack of interest in building a second runway at the airport for the foreseeable future. On 3 December 2012, chief executive Stewart Wingate argued in front of the House of Commons Transport Select Committee that allowing Gatwick to add a second runway to relieve the growing airport capacity shortage in the South East of England once the agreement with West Sussex County Council preventing it from doing so had expired in 2019 served the interests of the 12 million people living in its catchment area better than building a third runway at Heathrow or a new four-runway hub airport in the Thames Estuary. In support of his argument, Wingate stated that expanding Heathrow or building a new hub in the Thames Estuary was more environmentally damaging, more expensive, less practical and risked negating the benefits of ending common ownership of Gatwick, Heathrow and Stansted by the erstwhile BAA. Wingate contrasted this with the greater range of flights and improved connectivity including to hitherto un-/underserved emerging markets that would result from a second runway at Gatwick by the mid-2020s as this would enable it to compete with Heathrow on an equal footing to increase consumer choice and reduce fares. In this context, Wingate also accused his counterpart at Heathrow, Colin Matthews, of overstating the importance of transfer traffic by pointing to research by the International Air Transport Association (IATA).[nb 1] This counts the number of air travel bookings made by passengers passing through the IATA-designated London area airports[nb 2] and shows that only 7% of these passengers actually change flights there. Wingate believes this to be a more accurate measure of the share of passengers accounted for by transfer traffic at these airports than the more widely used alternative based on survey data collated by the Civil Aviation Authority (CAA). The CAA survey data relies on the number of passengers changing flights at these airports as reported by the airlines to the airport authorities and shows that fewer than 20% of all passengers actually change flights there.[nb 3][7][8][9][10]

On 23 July 2013, Gatwick unveiled its proposals for a second runway to the south of the existing runway and airport boundary. If approved, the new runway could open by 2025 and cost between £5 billion and £9 billion, depending on the option chosen – i.e., a new runway 3,395 ft (1,035 m) south of the existing runway, a new runway less than 3,395 ft (1,035 m) but more than 2,493 ft (760 m) south of the existing runway or a new runway less than 2,493 ft (760 m) south of the existing runway.[11] The first option would allow both runways to be simultaneously used for takeoffs and landings and increase total runway capacity by more than 80% to up to 100 aircraft movements per hour. It would also increase the airport's annual maximum passenger capacity from the present 45 to 87 million. The second option would allow both runways to be used simultaneously as well, with one handling takeoffs and the other landings. This would increase total runway capacity by ca. 36% to about 75 aircraft movements per hour and result in an increase in annual maximum passenger capacity to 82 million. The third option would allow only one runway to be used at a time but would still increase total runway capacity by over 20% to at least 67 aircraft movements per hour and annual maximum passenger capacity to 66 million.[12][13] Regardless of the option chosen, the total projected cost includes the cost of a third terminal next to the existing railway line.[14]

On 17 December 2013, the Airports Commission chaired by Sir Howard Davies published its shortlist of which Southeast airports should be considered for additional runways. In addition to two alternatives at Heathrow, it recommended an option for an additional wide-spaced, 10,000 ft (3,000 m) runway at Gatwick as first proposed by Gatwick Airport Limited on 23 July 2013 for further examination ahead of publishing its final report by summer 2015.[11][15] The commission estimates the cost to be around £9.3 billion; £2 billion higher than Gatwick's own estimate.[16]

On 2 June 2016, Birmingham Airport declared support for a second runway at Gatwick rather than Heathrow. Birmingham Airport CEO Paul Kehoe said that a second runway at Gatwick would allow Birmingham to continue to prosper, and that Heathrow expansion could inhibit the growth of other airports, including Birmingham.[17]

A less ambitious alternative would extend the North Terminal further south, with another passenger bridge to an area currently occupied by aircraft stands without jet bridges (Pier 7).[1] However, figure A.12 in Gatwick's new draft master plan released for consultation on 13 October 2011 seems to discard the earlier-mooted Pier 7 option in favour of a mid-field satellite adjacent to the control tower that would be linked to the North Terminal if built as part of an expanded single-runway, two-terminal airport scenario around 2030.[18] There are also plans to extend Pier 6.[19]

In October 2009, BAA submitted planning applications for Gatwick to handle an extra six million passengers a year by 2018 and for an extension to the North Terminal to provide new check-in facilities and additional baggage reclaim hall capacity, along with a 900 space short-stay car park.[20]Crawley Borough Council's decision to approve these plans was upheld in November 2009 by the Government's refusal to hold a public inquiry despite objections from local environmental protesters.[21]

In October 2010, Gatwick Airport Limited (GAL) received planning permission from Crawley Borough Council to adapt both terminals to handle the Airbus A380 on a regular, commercial basis.[22] At the Gatcom meeting held on 26 January 2012 at Crawley's Arora Hotel, GAL announced that its board had approved construction of A380 pier infrastructure comprising new three-bridge gates at the North Terminal's Pier 6.[23][24] The first of these became operational on 26 March 2013.[25]

In late-2011 the Department for Transport began studying the feasibility of a high-speed rail link between Gatwick and Heathrow Airport. This rail link would form part of a plan to combine the UK's two biggest airports into a "collective" or "virtual hub" dubbed Heathwick. The scheme envisages a 35-mile high-speed rail route linking the two airports in 15 minutes, with trains travelling at a top speed of 180 mph parallel to the M25 and passengers passing through immigration or check-in only once.

A 2018 proposal for a high-speed railway link to Heathrow, HS4Air, is currently[when?] being considered by the DfT. The proposal is part of a scheme to link the High Speed 1 and High Speed 2 railway lines and connect regional cities in Britain to the Channel Tunnel.[26] The DfT will respond to the HS4Air plans in the autumn of 2018.[27][28]

^Heathrow: 24 million transfer passengers (35%) of 69 million passengers in 2011; Gatwick: 2.4 million transfer passengers (7%) of 34 million passengers in 2011; Stansted: insignificant number of transfer passengers (0%) of 18 million passengers in 2011; Luton: insignificant number of transfer passengers (0%) of 9.5 million passengers in 2011; City: 0.06 million transfer passengers (2%) of 3 million passengers in 2011

1.
Gatwick Airport
–
Gatwick Airport is a major international airport in south-east England,29.5 miles south of Central London and 2.7 nautical miles north of Crawley. It is the second-busiest airport by passenger traffic in the United Kingdom. Gatwick is the eighth-busiest airport in Europe, Gatwick opened as an aerodrome in the late 1920s, and has been in use for commercial flights since 1933. The airport has two terminals, the North Terminal and the South Terminal, which areas of 98,000 m2 and 160,000 m2 respectively. It operates as a airport, using a main runway with a length of 3,316 m. A secondary runway is available but, due to its proximity to the main runway, in 2016,43.1 million passengers passed through the airport, a 7. 1% increase compared with 2015. The land on which Gatwick Airport stands was first developed as an aerodrome in the late 1920s, the Air Ministry approved commercial flights from the site in 1933, and the first terminal, The Beehive, was built in 1935. Scheduled air services from the new terminal began the following year, major development work at the airport took place during the 1950s. The airport buildings were designed by Yorke Rosenberg Mardall between 1955 and 1988, further rapid growth of charter flights at Gatwick was encouraged by the Ministry of Aviation, which instructed airlines to move regular charter flights from Heathrow. Following the takeover of BUA by Caledonian Airways at the beginning of the following decade, while continuing to dominate scheduled operations at Gatwick for most of the 1980s, BCal was also one of the airports major charter airlines until the end of the 1970s. Following the demise of Air Europe and Dan-Air in the early 1990s and these moves resulted in BA becoming Gatwicks dominant airline by the turn of the millennium. BAs subsequent decision to de-hub Gatwick provided the space for EasyJet to establish its biggest base at the airport, BAA Limited and its predecessors, BAA plc and the British Airports Authority, owned and operated Gatwick from 1 April 1966 to 2 December 2009. From 1978 to 2008, many flights to and from the United States used Gatwick because of restrictions on the use of Heathrow implemented in the Bermuda II agreement between the UK and the US. US Airways, Gatwicks last remaining US carrier, ended service from Gatwick on 30 March 2013 and this leaves Gatwick without a scheduled US airline for the first time in nearly 40 years. On 17 September 2008, BAA announced it would sell Gatwick after the Competition Commission published a report about BAAs market dominance in London, the sale was completed on 3 December. The sales were part of GIPs strategy to syndicate the equity portion of the acquisition by issuing bonds to refinance bank debt. Although this entails bringing additional investors into the airport, GIP aims to retain management control, the Californian state pension fund CalPERS acquired a 12. 7% stake in Gatwick Airport for about $155 million in June 2010. This transaction completed GIPs syndication process for the airport, reducing its stake to 42%, the airport is owned and operated by Gatwick Airport Limited, a wholly owned subsidiary of Ivy Holdco Limited

2.
Heathrow Airport
–
Heathrow Airport is a major international airport in London, United Kingdom. In 2016, it handled a record 75.7 million passengers, Heathrow lies 14 miles west of Central London, and has two parallel east–west runways along with four operational terminals on a site that covers 12.27 square kilometres. London Heathrow is the hub for British Airways and the primary operating base for Virgin Atlantic. In September 2012, the UK government established the Airports Commission, in July 2015, the commission backed a third runway at Heathrow and the government approved a third runway in October 2016. Heathrow is 14 mi west of central London, near the end of the London Borough of Hillingdon on a parcel of land that is designated part of the Metropolitan Green Belt. The airport is surrounded by the areas of Harlington, Harmondsworth, Longford and Cranford to the north and by Hounslow. To the south lie Bedfont and Stanwell while to the west Heathrow is separated from Slough in Berkshire by the M25 motorway, Heathrow falls entirely under the TW postcode area. As the airport is west of London and as its runways run east–west, for a chronicled history of Heathrow Airport, see History of Heathrow Airport. Heathrow Airport originated in 1929 as an airfield on land south-east of the hamlet of Heathrow from which the airport takes its name. At that time there were farms, market gardens and orchards there, there was a Heathrow Farm about where Terminal 1 is now, a Heathrow Hall and a Heathrow House. This hamlet was largely along a lane which ran roughly along the east. Development of the whole Heathrow area as a much larger airport began in 1944. But by the time the airfield was nearing completion, World War II had ended, the government continued to develop the airport as a civil airport, it opened as London Airport in 1946 and was renamed Heathrow Airport in 1966. Heathrow Airport is used by over 80 airlines flying to 185 destinations in 84 countries, the airport is the primary hub of British Airways and is a base for Virgin Atlantic. It has four terminals and a cargo terminal. Of Heathrows 73.4 million passengers in 2014, 93% were international travellers, the busiest single destination in passenger numbers is New York, with over 3 million passengers flying between Heathrow and JFK Airport in 2013. As the required length for runways has grown, Heathrow now has two parallel runways running east–west. These are extended versions of the two east–west runways from the original hexagram, from the air, almost all of the original runways can still be seen, incorporated into the present system of taxiways

3.
West Sussex County Council
–
West Sussex County Council is the authority that governs the non-metropolitan county of West Sussex. The county also contains 7 district and borough councils, and 159 town, parish, the county council has 71 elected councillors. The Chief Executive and her/his team of Executive Directors are responsible for the running of the council. The county elects 8 MPs, and is part of the South East England constituency which returns ten members to the European Parliament, West Sussex County Council is currently controlled by the Conservative Party. With the exception of the three county boroughs of Brighton, Hastings and Eastbourne, the three eastern rapes of Lewes, Pevensey and Hastings came under the control of East Sussex County Council. Until 1898 it existed alongside the Urban and Rural Sanitary Districts, the Local Government Act 1972 abolished the previous structure of local government in England and Wales. At this time West Sussex became a county, divided into districts. This act created the system of government that exists in West Sussex to this day. The council is responsible for services such as education, transport, strategic planning, emergency services, social services, public safety. Its 71 members meet six times a year, the County Council reserves to itself decisions on key policy plans, questions members of the Cabinet, debates major pieces of work by Select Committees and notices of motion. It appoints the Leader who decides the composition and areas of competence of the Cabinet and it also appoints the Select Committees which examine and review decisions and actions of the Cabinet and Cabinet Members, as well as some non-Executive committees and a Standards Committee. The West Sussex Cabinet has eight members selected from the Conservative majority, the Cabinet proposes the key policy decisions of the Council, which are subject to agreement by the full County Council of 71 members. Each member has a portfolio of work for which they take personal responsibility, communities and Public Protection Provides the following services, Community Services, Fire & Rescue Service, Infrastructure, Resources & Performance and Wastes Management. Customer Services Provides the following services, Customer Services, Operations Support Services, People Management, Policy & Partnerships Provides the following services, Communications, Democratic Services, Emergency Management, Legal Services, Policy & Partnerships. County council elections took place on 2 May 2013, the next elections are due in 2017. For detailed results for each electoral division see West Sussex County Council election,2013

4.
London Stansted Airport
–
London Stansted currently serves over 170 destinations across Europe, North Africa, Central and North America and more scheduled European destinations than any other airport in the UK. Stansted is a base for a number of major European low-cost carriers, being the largest base for low-cost airline Ryanair, in 2015 it was the fourth busiest airport in the United Kingdom after Heathrow, Gatwick and Manchester. The airport is owned and operated by the Manchester Airports Group, MAG agreed to buy the airport from Heathrow Airport Holdings, formerly BAA, on 18 January 2013, and the sale was completed for £1.5 billion on 28 February 2013. BAA had been required to sell the following a ruling originally made by the Competition Commission in March 2009. In 2016 Stansted handled a record 24.3 million passengers, London Stansted Airport has one main passenger terminal, near the village of Stansted Mountfitchet. The base of each structure is a utility pillar, which provides indirect uplighting illumination and is the location for air-conditioning, water, telecommunications. Passenger totals have since risen, and in 2016 recorded an increase of 8. 0% to 24.3 million. Although the official name was Stansted Mountfitchet, the base was known as simply Stansted in both written and spoken form, the station was first allocated to the USAAF Eighth Air Force in August 1942 as a heavy bomber airfield. As well as a bomber base, Stansted was also a Air Technical Services Command maintenance and supply depot concerned with major overhauls. After D-Day, these activities were transferred to France, but the base was used as a supply storage area for the support of aircraft on the continent. After the withdrawal of the Americans on 12 August 1945, Stansted was taken over by the Air Ministry and used by No.263 Maintenance Unit, in addition, between March 1946 and August 1947, Stansted was used for housing German prisoners of war. The Ministry of Civil Aviation finally took control of Stansted in 1949, the US military returned in 1954 to extend the runway for a possible transfer to NATO. The transfer to NATO was never realised, however, and the airport continued in civil use, the school was responsible for the training of all aviation fire crews for British airfields as well as those of many overseas countries. From the outset, however, BAA and the British government planned to develop Stansted into Londons third airport, to relieve Heathrow, the airports first terminal building opened in 1969 and was expanded the next year to handle the growing number of passengers. The current terminal building was designed by architect Norman Foster, construction was undertaken by John Laing and took place between 1988 and March 1991, costing £100 million. In 1990 it was awarded the European Union Prize for Contemporary Architecture / Mies van der Rohe Award, continental Airlines also operated services in the late 1990s from Newark, but this service was stopped shortly after the 11 September 2001 attacks. Long-haul services to the USA returned in late 2005, when Eos Airlines, in 2006, MAXjet expanded their service with flights to Washington, D. C. American Airlines began daily flights to Stansted in October 2007 from New York–JFK and was expected to operate a second daily flight from April 2008

5.
Medway
–
Medway is a conurbation and unitary authority in South East England. It had a population in 2014 of 274,015, over half of the unitary authority area is rural in nature. The main towns in the conurbation are, Strood, Rochester, Chatham, Gillingham and these are traditionally known as the Medway Towns. Many smaller towns and villages such as Frindsbury, Brompton, Walderslade, Luton, outside the urban area, the villages retain parish councils. Cuxton, Halling and Wouldham are in the Medway Gap region to the south of Rochester, Hoo St Werburgh, Cliffe, High Halstow, St Mary Hoo, Allhallows, Stoke and Grain are on the Hoo Peninsula to the north. Frindsbury Extra including Upnor borders Strood, Medway includes parts of the North Kent Marshes, an environmentally significant wetlands region with several Sites of Special Scientific Interest. Other similar areas of conservation include Ranscombe Farm on chalk grassland and woodland between Strood and Cuxton, with rare woodland flowers and orchids, Medway is one of the boroughs included in the Thames Gateway development scheme. The Medway area has a long and varied history dominated originally by the city of Rochester and later by the naval, Rochester was established on an Iron Age site by the Romans, who called it Durobrivae, to control the point where Watling Street crossed the River Medway. Rochester later became a town and, under later Saxon influence. The first cathedral was built by Bishop Justus in 604 and rebuilt under the Normans by Bishop Gundulf, Rochester was also an important point for people travelling the Pilgrims Way, which stretches from Winchester to the shrine of Thomas Becket at Canterbury. The Pilgrims Way crossed the Medway near Cuxton, in Medway there are 82 scheduled ancient monuments,832 Listed buildings and 22 conservation areas. The Royal Navy opened a dockyard during the reign of Henry VIII, although it is called Chatham dockyard two-thirds of the dockyard lie within Gillingham. It was protected by a series of forts including Fort Amherst, the majority of surviving buildings in the Historic Dockyard are Georgian. It was here that HMS Victory, Admiral Lord Nelsons flagship at Trafalgar, was built, Sir Francis Drake learned his seamanship on the Medway, Sir John Hawkins founded a hospital in Chatham for seamen, and Nelson began his Navy service at Chatham at the age of 12. Another warship built at Chatham that still exists is HMS Unicorn laid down in February 1822 and she never saw active service and has been restored and is preserved afloat in Dundee, Scotland. There have also other naval disasters in Medway other than the Raid on the Medway. On 25 November 1914 the battleship HMS Bulwark was moored at buoy number 17 at Kethole Reach on the River Medway and she was taking on coal from the airship base at Kingsnorth, on the Isle of Grain when an internal explosion ripped the ship apart. In all, the explosion killed 745 men and 51 officers, five of the 14 men who survived died later of their wounds, and almost all of the others were seriously wounded

6.
Kent County Council
–
Kent County Council is a county council that governs most of the county of Kent in England. It is the tier of elected local government, below which are 12 district councils. The county council has 84 elected councillors, the chief executive and chief officers are responsible for the day-to-day running of the council. Paul Carter is the leader of the council, Kent County Council is currently controlled by the Conservative Party and the official opposition is the UK Independence Party with 17 seats. It is one of the largest local authorities in England in terms of population served, the council is responsible for public services such as education, transport, strategic planning, emergency services, social services, public safety and waste disposal. The full council meets seven times a year to agree the councils Constitution and amendments to it, appoint the Leader, cabinet The cabinet is made up of ten county councillors. The cabinet is responsible for the thinking and decisions that steer how the council is run. The cabinet meets monthly and take decisions collectively, Local Boards Local boards are local community groups that hold regular public meetings across Kent so that the people of Kent to voice issues that affect their community. They also allocate funding to local projects, there are 12 local boards in Kent, and every county councillor is required to be a member of one local board. The work of the Council is organized into departments and divisions, business Strategy and Support This department is responsible for running the council. Also manages finance, value for money, external funding, audit and procurement under Finance, customer and Communities The role of this department is to encourage people of all ages and backgrounds to play active roles in their communities. This encompasses the Kent Youth County Council which provides the people of the county to have a voice on the issues that matter to young people aged 11–18. Successes of the council include the introduction of the Kent Freedom Pass. The Youth County Council holds its elections every November, and four people from each of the 12 districts are elected to a two-year term. The Kent Youth County Council is also affiliated with the UK Youth Parliament, education and Learning Skills provides education to Kents children, young people, their families and communities. Families and Social Care provides social services for Kents children. Also provides services for people and adults with physical disabilities, learning disabilities. Enterprise and Environment Kent highway services, environment and waste, change and development, resources strategy and planning, regeneration, the most recent Kent County Council elections were held in 2013

7.
Essex County Council
–
Essex County Council is the county council that governs the non-metropolitan county of Essex in England. It has 75 councillors, elected from 70 divisions, and is controlled by the Conservative Party. The council meets at County Hall in the centre of Chelmsford and it is a member of the East of England Local Government Association. At the time of the 2011 census it served a population of 1,393,600, as a non-metropolitan county council, responsibilities are shared between districts and in many areas also between civil parish councils. The county council was formed in 1889, governing the administrative county of Essex, west Ham, otherwise part of Essex at the time, was a county borough and therefore outside the area of responsibility for the county council. Southend-on-Sea and East Ham were also removed, in 1965 Barking, Chingford, Dagenham, Hornchurch, Ilford, Leyton, Romford, Walthamstow, and Wanstead and Woodford were transferred to Greater London. For certain services the three authorities co-operate through joint arrangements, such as the Essex fire authority, following the 2013 County Council elections the Conservative Party retained overall control of the council, but their majority fell from twenty-two to four councillors. UKIP, Labour and the Liberal Democrats all won nine seats, of the three second-placed parties who won nine seats, UKIP gained the largest share of the county-wide vote, more than 10% ahead of the Labour party. The Liberal Democrats remain as the official Opposition, despite winning fewer votes, the Green Party gained two seats on the Council, despite its overall share of the vote falling. The Independent Loughton Residents Association and the Canvey Island Independent Party both returned one member and an Independent candidate was also elected, the next election will be in 2017. The county of Essex is divided into 12 district and borough councils with 2 unitary authorities, the 12 councils manage housing, local planning, refuse collection, street cleaning, elections and meet in their respective civic offices. The local representatives are elected in parts in local elections, held every year, in regards to the 2 unitary authorities, the county council isn’t used to conduct business, but works closely with the unitary authorites to deliver the “best value service” to all residents. The Essex County Council also has a Youth Assembly,75 members aged between 11 and 19 who aim to represent all people in their districts across Essex. They decide on the priorities for young people and campaign to make a positive difference, with this, some district and unitary authorities may have their own youth councils, such as Epping Forest, Uttlesford and Harlow. The elections to the Young Essex Assembly occur in the schools in which the candidates are standing. These young people then go on to represent their school. 12 of the members will then be voted for by the remaining youth councilors to go to the UK Youth Parliament to represent Essex

8.
Secretary of State for Transport
–
Her Majestys Principal Secretary of State for Transport is the member of the cabinet responsible for the British Department for Transport. The office used to be called the Minister of Transport and has merged with the Department for the Environment at various times. The current Secretary of State for Transport is Chris Grayling, the Secretary of State is supported by a small team of junior Ministers. Each Minister is a Member of Parliament from either the House of Commons or the House of Lords, the number of Ministers supporting the Secretary of State for Transport vary from time to time, but is usually about 3. The titles given to these Ministers also vary, currently the positions are held by one Minister of State for Transport and two Parliamentary Under-Secretaries of State for Transport. From 2003 until June 2007 the role of Secretary of State for Transport was combined with the role of Secretary of State for Scotland, the names provided in the sections below are those who have served in a position equivalent to the Secretary of State for Transport. The Ministry of Civil Aviation was created by Winston Churchill in 1944 to look at ways of using aircraft. The new Conservative Government in 1951 appointed the same Minister to Transport and Civil Aviation, Colour key, Conservative Labour National Liberal Colour key, Conservative The Ministry was renamed back to the Ministry of Transport on 14 October 1959. Colour key, Labour Not an official member of the cabinet, Colour key, Conservative Colour key, Conservative The Department of the Environment, Transport and the Regions was created in 1997 for Deputy Prime Minister John Prescott. Critics argued from the outset that this was a mistake and that a post of Secretary of State for Transport was needed in its own right. Colour key, Labour After Byers resignation, such a division was made, with the portfolios of Local Government, during the lifetime of DTLGR, John Spellar served as Minister of State for Transport with a right to attend Cabinet. John Spellar Colour key, Conservative Labour Ministry of Civil Aviation Aerodrome Fire Service Track record, Transport secretaries

9.
Heathrow Airport Holdings
–
Heathrow Airport Holdings Limited, formerly BAA is the United Kingdom-based operator of London Heathrow Airport. The company also operated London Gatwick and Stansted airports, plus several other UK airports under its former name, in March 2009 the company was required to sell Gatwick and Stansted airports, and over the following years sold all its airports other than Heathrow. The company was renamed Heathrow Airport Holdings in 2012 to reflect its main business, the companys head office is located in The Compass Centre on the grounds of London Heathrow Airport in the London Borough of Hillingdon. The company makes money from charging landing fees to airlines and increasingly from ancillary operations within those airports such as retail, in the following few years, the authority acquired responsibility for Glasgow International Airport, Edinburgh Airport, Southampton Airport and Aberdeen Airport. The Authority took on the Ministry of Civil Aviation Constabulary in 1966, which was renamed to become the British Airports Authority Constabulary, the initial capitalisation of BAA plc was £1,225 million. In the early 1990s, the company sold Prestwick International Airport, in July 2006, BAA was taken over by a consortium led by Ferrovial, following a bid which valued the company at £10.1 billion. As a result, the company was delisted from the London Stock Exchange on 15 August 2006. Following the take-over, the decision was made to sell the stake in Ferihegy and this was completed in June 2007, when a consortium led by Hochtief AirPort of Germany purchased the stake. After an inquiry from August 2008 – March 2009, the UK Competition Commission announced that BAA would be required to sell three of the seven UK airports it owned at the time, the sales were forecast to raise between £3. 5bn and £4bn. BAA announced plans to sell Gatwick Airport on 17 September 2008, at that time, Gatwick Airport was valued at £1. Ferrovial and its partners had been seeking £1. 8bn- £2bn when they opened the bidding process, eventually, the sale was confirmed on 21 October 2009 and formally completed on 3 December 2009, for a fee of £1.51 billion. This was almost 25 per cent less than BAA had expected Gatwick would fetch when the sale was announced a year previously, BAA sold the airport to Global Infrastructure Partners, the fund backed by Credit Suisse and General Electric, who also operate London City Airport. Ferrovial, the majority holder in BAA, said that it expected to make a loss of around 142 million euros against its consolidated earnings following the sale. On 19 October 2011, BAA announced that Edinburgh Airport would be put up for sale in early 2012 with an aim to handing over the running of the site to a new owner by summer 2012, the airport was sold to Global Infrastructure Partners in 2012. On 18 January 2013, Heathrow Airport Holdings Limited announced the sale of Stansted to the Manchester Airports Group, in May 2014, Heathrow Airport Holdings announced the appointment of John Holland-Kaye, current Development Director, as chief executive officer, succeeding Colin Matthews on 1 July 2014. As BAA, the company was adamant that its name did not officially stand for anything and it was still widely referred to as the British Airports Authority by both the media and the public – even though the Authority was dissolved following the 1986 privatisation. The companys former logo, composed of three triangles, was created by John Lloyd and Jim Northover of the design consultancy, Lloyd Northover. The original BAA plc was acquired in 2006 by Airport Development and Investment Limited, in October 2008 ADI changed its name to BAA Limited, and on 15 October 2012, the company announced that it had changed its name to Heathrow Airport Holdings

10.
House of Commons of the United Kingdom
–
The House of Commons of the United Kingdom is the lower house of the countrys parliament. Like the upper house, the House of Lords, it meets in the Palace of Westminster, officially, the full name of the house is, The Honourable the Commons of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland in Parliament assembled. The House is a body consisting of 650 members known as Members of Parliament. Members are elected to represent constituencies by first-past-the-post and hold their seats until Parliament is dissolved, under the Parliament Act 1911, the Lords power to reject legislation was reduced to a delaying power. The Government is primarily responsible to the House of Commons and the prime minister stays in office only as long as he or she retains the support of a majority of its members. Although it does not formally elect the prime minister, the position of the parties in the House of Commons is of overriding importance, by convention, the prime minister is answerable to, and must maintain the support of, the House of Commons. Since 1963, by convention, the minister is always a member of the House of Commons. The Commons may indicate its lack of support for the Government by rejecting a motion of confidence or by passing a motion of no confidence, confidence and no confidence motions are sometimes phrased explicitly, for instance, That this House has no confidence in Her Majestys Government. Many other motions were considered confidence issues, even though not explicitly phrased as such, in particular, important bills that form a part of the Governments agenda were formerly considered matters of confidence, as is the annual Budget. Parliament normally sits for a term of five years. Subject to that limit, the minister could formerly choose the timing of the dissolution of parliament. By this second mechanism, the government of the United Kingdom can change without a general election. In such circumstances there may not even have been a party leadership election, as the new leader may be chosen by acclaim. A prime minister may resign if he or she is not defeated at the polls. In such a case, the premiership goes to whoever can command a majority in the House of Commons, in practice this is usually the new leader of the outgoing prime ministers party. Until 1965, the Conservative Party had no mechanism for electing a new leader, when Anthony Eden resigned as PM in 1957 without recommending a successor and it fell to the Queen to appoint Harold Macmillan as the new prime minister, after taking the advice of ministers. By convention, all ministers must be members of the House of Commons or of the House of Lords, a handful have been appointed who were outside Parliament, but in most cases they then entered Parliament either in a by-election or by receiving a peerage. Since 1902, all ministers have been members of the Commons

11.
Southgate, West Sussex
–
Southgate is one of the 13 residential neighbourhoods in Crawley, a town and borough in West Sussex, England. Crawley was planned and laid out as a New Town after the Second World War, based on the principle of self-contained neighbourhoods surrounding a town centre of civic and commercial buildings. Southgate was one of the four in the inner ring closest to the town centre and it was built in two stages between the 1950s and the 1970s, but retains some older buildings from before the New Town era and has significant areas of pre-New Town character. The area was settled by people, and industrial and other artefacts from that era were found during construction of the neighbourhood. In the 19th century, after Crawley was connected to the railway network, housing developed south of the line around the Brighton Road. The population at the time of the United Kingdom Census 2001 was 8,016, in the century before the Romans arrived in Britain, the area now covered by West Sussex was ruled by the Atrebates, a Belgic tribe led by Commius. They were found to have present in the area now covered by Southgate when building work took place in 1969. The Southgate West development was underway on land covered by Hogs Hill Farm, land clearance revealed two ditches filled with debris such as bones and pieces of pottery. The remains of crucibles, slag and other ironworking materials were discovered, these were confirmed as being from the same era. It was later confirmed that the Hogs Hill Farm remains dated from the Roman era, by the time the excavations and investigation finished, evidence of three iron bloomeries, a small flint mine, roof tiles and many pieces of pottery had been found and catalogued. These discoveries confirmed for the first time the existence of Iron Age, pre-Roman ironmaking, despite this, investigation and analysis were initially discouraged. Workers on the site were expressly forbidden from doing so, although the first discovery had in fact made by one. By the time the site was developed in 1970, attitudes had changed. Crawley began to develop slowly from the 13th century, when it was granted a charter for a market. Its ecclesiastical parish, centred on St John the Baptists Church, was tiny in comparison to neighbouring Worth, the parish had an unusual shape, very narrow, long from north to south, and gradually widening to the north until it met the county boundary with Surrey. This directed development northwards along the High Street, part of the ancient London to Brighton road which had provided the impetus for development to begin, the road was partly turnpiked after an Act of Parliament in 1696, and became fully turnpiked in 1770. By this time the distinction between the name London Road and Brighton Road had been made, and tollgates were built north and south of the town, Crawley was connected to the railway network in 1848 when a line was built from Three Bridges to Horsham. It crossed the High Street at a crossing at the south end of the built-up area

12.
Planning permission
–
Planning permission or developmental approval refers to the approval needed for construction or expansion in some jurisdictions. It is usually given in the form of a building permit, generally, the new construction must be inspected during construction and after completion to ensure compliance with national, regional, and local building codes. Planning is also dependent on the sites zone – for example, one cannot obtain permission to build a nightclub in an area where it is inappropriate, such as a high-density suburb. Failure to obtain a permit can result in fines, penalties, house building permits, for example, are subject to local housing statutes. The criteria for planning permission is a part of planning and construction law. Since building permits usually precede outlays for construction, employment, financing and furnishings and this type of permit is issued by a national broadcasting authority, but does not imply zoning any other permission that must be given by local government. The permit itself also does not necessarily imply permission to operate the station once constructed, in the U. S. a construction permit is valid for three years. Afterwards, the station must receive a license to operate. This is provided by a separate broadcast license, also called a license to cover by the Federal Communications Commission in the United States, further permission or registration for towers may be needed from aviation authorities. In the U. S. construction permits for commercial stations are now assigned by auction, rather than the former process of determining who would serve the community of license best

13.
Thames Estuary Airport
–
A new Thames Estuary Airport has been proposed at various times since the 1940s. In the case of Heathrow, the growth of air traffic has meant that the airport is operating at 98% capacity, several locations for a new airport have been proposed in the Thames Estuary, to the east of London. Economic considerations have so far ruled out a new airport, while political considerations have ruled out a new inland airport. On 17 December 2013 the Airports Commission, interim report was published, the proposal for an Isle of Grain airport underwent further study in 2014 before the final report was delivered in Summer 2015. In October 2016, the go-ahead for a runway at Heathrow was given meaning that the idea of a Thames Estuary airport is now unlikely. Before World War II, Croydon Airport was Londons principal airport, in 1943 the government built a new heavy military transport airfield on a rural site to the west of London near the village of Heathrow. It was converted to use after the war and went into service as London Airport, later London Heathrow Airport. Another airport already existed at Gatwick and had used since 1930 as a relief airport for Croydon. A rapid growth in air traffic during the 1950s led to Gatwick becoming Londons official second airport in 1954 to accommodate the overspill from Heathrow, intended to serve 8 million passengers per year, the cost of the scheme was estimated at £20 million. It was planned with a central Terminus, three runways each two and a half miles long and was intended to operate 24 hours a day. By 1960, it was becoming apparent that further air capacity was needed, stansted, a former military airfield in Essex, was proposed as a third airport in 1963. Cublington in the Vale of Aylesbury was its chosen site and it was seen offering the best access, as it was situated on the key London-Birmingham axis, it would be away from built-up areas and it would cost less than most of the alternatives. The proposal met strong opposition from local people and more broadly from politicians. One influential member of the Roskill Commission, Colin Buchanan, dissented on environmental and planning grounds and proposed a site at Maplin Sands, Foulness. In due course the Maplin Development Act received Royal Assent in October 1973. The new town would eventually cover 82 square miles, with a population of 600,000 people, while the route to the airport would require a corridor 100 yards wide. The cost would be a then-astronomical £825 million, which many – particularly in the Labour Party, the Maplin airport project was abandoned in July 1974 when Labour came to power. In 2002 a Department for Transport study identified a site at Cliffe on the Hoo Peninsula in north Kent as the leading contender among potential sites for a new airport for London

14.
Airline hub
–
Airline hubs or hub airports are used by one or more airliners to concentrate passenger traffic and flight operations at a given airport. They serve as points to get passengers to their final destination. It is part of the hub-and-spoke system, an airline operates flights from several non-hub cities to the hub airport, and passengers traveling between spoke cities need to connect through the hub. This paradigm creates economies of scale that allow an airline to serve city-pairs that could not be economically served on a non-stop basis. This system contrasts with the point-to-point model, in there are no hubs. Hub airports also serve origin and destination traffic, the hub-and-spoke system allows an airline to serve fewer routes, so fewer aircraft are needed. The system also increases passenger loads, a flight from a hub to a spoke carries not just passengers originating at the hub, additional employees and facilities are needed to cater to connecting passengers. To serve spoke cities of varying populations and demand, an airline requires several aircraft types, in addition, airlines may experience capacity constraints as they expand at their hub airports. For the passenger, the system offers one-stop air service to a wide array of destinations. However, having to make connections en route to their final destination increases travel time. Additionally, airlines can come to monopolise their hubs, allowing them to increase fares. Airlines may operate banks of flights at their hubs, in several flights arrive. The banks may be known as peaks of activity at the hubs, banking allows for short connection times for passengers. In addition, banking could result in inefficient aircraft utilisation, with aircraft waiting at spoke cities for the next bank, instead, some airlines have debanked their hubs, introducing a rolling hub in which flight arrivals and departures are spread throughout the day. This phenomenon is known as depeaking. While costs may decrease, connection times are longer at a rolling hub, American Airlines was the first to depeak its hubs, trying to improve profitability following the September 11 attacks. It rebanked its hubs in 2015, however, feeling the gain in connecting passengers would outweigh the rise in costs, the hub-and-spoke system is also used by some cargo airlines. FedEx Express established its main hub in Memphis in 1973, prior to the deregulation of the air industry in the United States

15.
Emerging markets
–
An emerging market is a country that has some characteristics of a developed market, but does not meet standards to be a developed market. This includes countries that may become developed markets in the future or were in the past, the term frontier market is used for developing countries with slower economies than emerging. The economies of China and India are considered to be the largest, according to The Economist, many people find the term outdated, but no new term has gained traction. Emerging market hedge fund capital reached a new level in the first quarter of 2011 of $121 billion. The four largest emerging and developing economies by either nominal or PPP-adjusted GDP are the BRIC countries, the next five largest markets are South Korea, Mexico, Indonesia, Turkey, and Saudi Arabia. Iran is also considered an emerging market, in the 1970s, less developed countries was the common term for markets that were less developed than the developed countries such as the United States, Western Europe, and Japan. These markets were supposed to provide potential for profit. This term was thought by some to be politically incorrect so the emerging market label was created, emphasizing the fluid nature of the category, political scientist Ian Bremmer defines an emerging market as a country where politics matters at least as much as economics to the markets. The research on emerging markets is diffused within management literature, more critical scholars have also studied key emerging markets like Mexico and Turkey. Julien Vercueil recently proposed a definition of the emerging economies. Catching-up growth, during at least the last decade, it has experienced an economic growth that has narrowed the income gap with advanced economies. Hence, emerging economies appears to be a by-product of the current globalization, at the beginning of the 2010s, more than 50 countries, representing 60% of the worlds population and 45% of its GDP, matched these criteria. The term rapidly developing economies is being used to denote emerging markets such as The United Arab Emirates, Chile and these countries do not share any common agenda, but some experts believe that they are enjoying an increasing role in the world economy and on political platforms. It is difficult to make an exact list of emerging markets, the best guides tend to be investment information sources like EMIS and these sources are well-informed, but the nature of investment information sources leads to two potential problems. One is an element of historicity, markets may be maintained in an index for continuity, possible examples of this are South Korea and Taiwan. In an Opalesque. TV video, hedge fund manager Jonathan Binder discusses the current, Binder says that in the future investors will not necessarily think of the traditional classifications of G10 versus emerging markets. Instead, people should look at the world as countries that are fiscally responsible, whether that country is in Europe or in South America should make no difference, making the traditional blocs of categorization irrelevant. Guégan et al. also discuss the relevance of the emerging country comparing the credit worthiness of so-called emerging countries to so-called developed countries

16.
International Air Transport Association
–
The International Air Transport Association is a trade association of the world’s airlines. Consisting of 268 airlines, primarily major carriers, representing 117 countries, IATA supports airline activity and helps formulate industry policy and standards. It is headquartered in Montreal, Canada with Executive Offices in Geneva, IATA was formed in April 1945 in Havana, Cuba. It is the successor to the International Air Traffic Association, which was formed in 1919 at The Hague, at its founding, IATA consisted of 57 airlines from 31 countries. The Chicago Convention couldn’t resolve the issue of who flies where, however, the benchmark standard for the early bilaterals was the 1946 United States-United Kingdom Bermuda Agreement. IATA was also charged by the governments with setting a coherent fare structure that avoided cut-throat competition, the first Traffic Conference was held in 1947 in Rio de Janeiro and reached unanimous agreement on some 400 resolutions. Aviation grew rapidly over the decades and IATA’s work duly expanded. Safety is the number one priority for IATA, the main instrument for safety is the IATA Operational Safety Audit. IOSA has also been mandated at the level by several countries. In 2012, aviation posted its safest year ever, the global Western-built jet accident rate was 0.20, the equivalent of one accident every 5 million flights. Future improvements will be founded on data sharing with a database fed by a multitude of sources, in June 2014 the IATA set up a special panel to study measures to track aircraft in flight in real time. The move was in response to the disappearance without trace of Malaysia Airlines Flight 370 on 8 March 2014, security has become increasingly important following the September 11 attacks in 2001. Following a series of uncoordinated rules by different countries, the industry has developed a Checkpoint of the Future, simplifying the Business was launched in 2004. This initiative has introduced a number of concepts to passenger travel, including the electronic ticket. Many other innovations are being established as part of the Fast Travel initiative, an innovative program, launched in 2012 is New Distribution Capability. This will replace the pre-Internet EDIFACT messaging standard that is still the basis of the distribution system /travel agent channel. This will enable the same choices to be offered to high street travel shoppers as are offered to those who book directly through airline websites, a filing with the US Department of Transportation brought over 400 comments. At the 69th IATA annual general meeting in Cape Town, South Africa, IATA provides consulting and training services in many areas crucial to aviation

17.
Civil Aviation Authority (United Kingdom)
–
The Civil Aviation Authority is the statutory corporation which oversees and regulates all aspects of civil aviation in the United Kingdom. The CAA head office is located in CAA House on Kingsway in Holborn, the CAA Safety Regulation Group is in Aviation House in Gatwick Airport in Crawley, England. The CAA is a corporation of the Department for Transport. From 1 April 2014, the CAA took over a number of security functions from the Department for Transport. The CAA also manages all national security vetting for the aviation industry, Air Safety Support International, a subsidiary of the CAA, is responsible for air safety in the British Overseas Territories. The CAA directly or indirectly regulates all aspects of aviation in the UK, representatives from the CAA sit on EASAs advisory bodies, taking part in the Europe-wide regulation process. The UK government requires that the CAAs costs are met entirely from its charges on those whom it regulates, unlike many other countries, there is no direct government funding of the CAAs work. It is classed as a corporation, established by statute. The connection it has with the government is via the Machinery of government, by law, every UK travel company which sells air holidays and flights is required to hold an ATOL, which stands for Air Travel Organisers Licence. If a travel company with an ATOL ceases trading, the ATOL scheme protects customers who had booked holidays with the firm and it ensures they do not get stranded abroad or lose money. The scheme is designed to reassure customers that their money is safe, the CAA was established in 1972, under the terms of the Civil Aviation Act 1971, following the recommendations of a government committee chaired by Sir Ronald Edwards. Previously, regulation of aviation was the responsibility of the Air Registration Board, the current main Act of Parliament regulating aviation in the UK is the Civil Aviation Act 1982. Responsibility for air traffic control in the UK passed to NATS in the run-up to the establishment of its partnership in 2001. In 2013 the CAA announced a new approach to regulating GA which will be more proportionate, the history of the Civil Aviation Flying Unit can be traced back to the Air Ministrys Civil Operations Fleet founded in 1944. g. A two-to-three-year locally domiciled apprenticeship trained technicians who were posted to airports or en-route centres for on-going employment. STE also provided training facilities for existing technicians to keep up to date with technological developments or to enhance their skills on a range of equipments. Apprentices had exclusive use of the AT Club and also to the Bletchley Park Radio Shack with a call-sign of G4BWD – Golf Four Building Works Department, able to access the 2-metre band. In 1974, STE developed a training course, reducing training to a one-to-two-year period for higher-qualified entrants, nicknamed Super-ATs, by some

18.
Airports Commission
–
Alongside the proposal to build HS2, the question of how to make best use of and expand airport capacity has become the UKs most significant infrastructure issue over the last few years. London, with six commercial airports in its area, has the world’s busiest airports system. However the question of how to expand the capacity of the system to cope with growing air travel demand is an issue that successive governments have failed to address since the 1950s. A member of the commission, Colin Buchanan, wrote a dissenting report, the Government accepted Buchanan’s report and an Act of Parliament was passed – the Maplin Development Act 1973 – that paved the way for a Thames Estuary Airport at Maplin. However the project was cancelled in 1974 in the wake of the 1973 oil crisis, the provision of additional capacity at major point to point airports, such as Gatwick or Stansted, would not address the UK’s shortage of hub airport capacity. In 1978 the Traffic Distribution Rules were introduced to try and encourage British Airways to make use of Gatwick Airport as a second hub. However, in 1991, having incurred significant financial losses, BA ceased most of its operations from the airport, Heathrow has been unable to expand to meet the rapid growth in demand for air travel and in particular from transfer passengers on which hub airports depend. These factors result in significant noise and air quality impacts for local residents, as a result, there is widespread local opposition to the expansion of the airport even though many local people benefit from it in terms of employment. A number of proposals and projects have been proposed over the years. Heathrow’s inability to expand means that the airport has been operating its two runways at about 98% capacity since 2003, the publication of specific plans for the extra runway was delayed until 2009 because of the public inquiry into the construction of a fifth terminal. Analysis proves the outcome of the 2010 election was influenced by the rejection of Heathrows 3rd runway, conservatives formed a Coalition Government with the Liberal Democrats, who opposed all airport expansion, and R3 was immediately cancelled. The evidence suggests that another runway would increase fatalities by pollution 3 times the current amount, in addition the management of Heathrow and business groups have started to campaign for additional runway capacity, whether at Heathrow or elsewhere. The government hoped that by establishing an independent commission it would be able to secure cross-party political consensus over the issue of how to expand London’s airports and it should maintain a UK-wide perspective, taking appropriate account of the national, regional and local implications of any proposals. It should engage openly with interested parties and members of the public, providing opportunities to submit evidence and proposals and to set out views relevant to its work. It should seek to engage with a range of stakeholders, including local and devolved government as well as the opposition, to build consensus in support of its approach. Its assessments of potential immediate actions should take into account their economic, social and environmental costs and benefits and it should also be informed by an initial high-level assessment of the credible long-term options which merit further detailed development. Muirhead resigned from the commission in September 2013, on 1 February 2013 the commission invited submissions for proposals to make best use of existing capacity in the short and medium term and to provide additional capacity in the longer term. Proponents had to confirm their intention to submit proposals by 28 February 2013, short and medium term proposals had to be submitted to the commission by 17 May 2013

19.
Howard Davies (economist)
–
Sir Howard John Davies teaches courses on the regulation of financial markets and central banking at the Paris School of International Affairs at Sciences Po. He previously served as the first chairman of the Financial Services Authority and its final report was published on 1 July 2015. In February 2015 he was appointed Chairman of The Royal Bank of Scotland from September 2015 and he edited the Cherwell newspaper in 1972. In 1979 he was awarded a Harkness Fellowship to attend the Stanford Graduate School of Business from where he obtained an MS degree in management sciences, from 1985–86 he was Special Advisor to Chancellor of the Exchequer Nigel Lawson. From 1987–92 he was Controller of the Audit Commission, in 1992 he was appointed Director General of the Confederation of British Industry, a position he held until 1995, when he was appointed Deputy Governor of the Bank of England. In 1997 Davies was appointed Chairman of the newly established Financial Services Authority, from 2003 to 2011 Davies served as Director of the London School of Economics and Political Science. Davies was a director of GKN between 1989 and 1995, and a member of the International Advisory Board of NatWest Bank from 1991-95. From 1995–2004 he was founder Chairman of Employers Forum on Age, from 2002–10 he was a Trustee of the Tate Gallery, and was a member of the governing body of the Royal Academy of Music from 2004–13. He is Patron of Working Families, a charity which supports the rights of parents in the workplace. In 2004 he was elected to an Honorary Fellowship of Merton College, Oxford and became an independent Director of Morgan Stanley, from 2006–10, Davies served as a non-executive Director of Paternoster Ltd. Since 2003, he has held membership in the board of the China Banking Regulatory Commission. He has been chairman of the Royal Bank of Scotland since September 2015, in 2009 Davies was appointed as advisor to the Investment Strategy Committee of GIC Private Limited, formerly known as Government Investment Corporation of Singapore. Two years later he joined its International Advisory Board, Davies resigned from both positions in September 2012, on appointment to the chair of the Airports Commission. In 2010 he became a non-executive Director of Prudential plc, also in 2011 he joined the board of the Royal National Theatre. From 2012 to 2015 Davies was a member of the Advisory Board of the SWIFT Institute, Davies is a Council Member of the Asian Bureau of Finance and Economic Research in Singapore. Davies chaired the judges of the Man Booker Prize for fiction in 2007 and he was appointed Chairman of the Trustees of the London Library in November 2015. He features as a character in the David Hare play The Power of Yes which premiered at the London National Theatre in October 2009, Davies was appointed Knight Bachelor in 2000. Davies writes regularly for The Financial Times, Times Higher Education, Project Syndicate, Davies is married to Prue Keely and has two sons

20.
Birmingham Airport
–
It has a CAA Public Use Aerodrome Licence that allows flights for the public transport of passengers or for flying instruction. Passenger throughput in 2016 was over 11.6 million, making Birmingham the seventh busiest UK airport, the airport offers both domestic flights within the UK, and international flights to destinations in Europe, the Middle East, the Indian subcontinent, North America and the Caribbean. Birmingham Airport is a base for BMI Regional, Flybe, Jet2. com, Monarch, Ryanair, Thomas Cook Airlines. Birmingham Airport is 5.5 NM east-south-east of Birmingham city centre and it is connected by the elevated AirRail Link with Birmingham International railway station on the West Coast Main Line. The relatively short north-east – south-west runway is not operational, and has incorporated into the taxiway for aircraft departing the end of runway 33. In 1928, the Birmingham City Council decided that the city required a municipal airport, Plans were submitted in 1933, identifying Elmdon as the site for the airport, delayed by the Great Depression. On 8 July 1939 the Duchess of Kent, Princess Marina of Greece, the airport was owned and operated by Birmingham City Council. Initial services flew to Croydon, Glasgow, Liverpool, Ryde, Shoreham, Manchester and Southampton. During World War II the airport was requisitioned by the Air Ministry and was used by the RAF and the Royal Navy as RAF Elmdon, an Elementary Flying School and a base for the Fleet Air Arm. During this time, the grass strip was replaced by two hard runways, 06/24 at 2,469 feet and 15/33 at 4,170 feet. Avro Lancaster and Stirling bombers manufactured at the Austin Aero Companys shadow factory at Cofton Hackett could not take off from the runways at Longbridge. Instead they were transported by road, minus the wings that would be attached at Elmdon and they were test flown from the aerodrome, and once declared airworthy they were flown to their operational units. On 8 July 1948, the returned to civilian use. During the post-war years, public events, such as air fairs,1961, An additional terminal building to handle international traffic was opened, called The International Building. 1967, The main runway was extended to 7,400 feet to allow jet operations,1984, Opening of the Maglev rail link train between the airport terminal and nearby railway station. 1993, The Government limited public sector borrowing and this meant that the airport could only expand by using private sector finance. 51% of the local council shares were sold to restructure the airport into a private sector company,1995, Closure of the Maglev rail link after 11 years, following a string of breakdowns. 20 October 2003, The Concorde made her final visit to Birmingham Airport on as part of her farewell tour, November 2007, The airport published a master plan for its development up to 2030, called Towards 2030, Planning a Sustainable Future for Air Transport in the Midlands

21.
Crawley
–
Crawley is a town and borough in West Sussex, England. It is 28 miles south of Charing Cross,18 miles north of Brighton and Hove, Crawley covers an area of 17.36 square miles and had a population of 106,597 at the time of the 2011 Census. The area has been inhabited since the Stone Age, and was a centre of ironworking in Roman times, Crawley developed slowly as a market town from the 13th century, serving the surrounding villages in the Weald. Its location on the road from London to Brighton brought passing trade. A rail link to London opened in 1841, Gatwick Airport, nowadays one of Britains busiest international airports, opened on the edge of the town in the 1940s, encouraging commercial and industrial growth. After the Second World War, the British Government planned to move large numbers of people and jobs out of London, the New Towns Act 1946 designated Crawley as the site of one of these. The town contains 13 residential neighbourhoods radiating out from the core of the old market town, the nearby communities of Ifield, Pound Hill and Three Bridges were absorbed into the new town at various stages in its development. In 2009, expansion was being planned in the west and north-west of the town, economically, the town has developed into the main centre of industry and employment between London and the south coast. Its large industrial area supports manufacturing and service companies, many of them connected with the airport, the commercial and retail sectors continue to expand. The area may have been settled during the Mesolithic period, locally manufactured flints of the Horsham Culture type have been found to the southwest of the town. Tools and burial mounds from the Neolithic period, and burial mounds, Crawley is on the western edge of the High Weald, which produced iron for more than 2,000 years from the Iron Age onwards. Goffs Park—now a recreational area in the south of the town—was the site of two late Iron Age furnaces, ironworking and mineral extraction continued throughout Roman times, particularly in the Broadfield area where many furnaces were built. In the 5th century, Saxon settlers named the area Crows Leah—meaning a crow-infested clearing and this name evolved over time, and the present spelling appeared by the early 14th century. By this time, nearby settlements were established, the Saxon church at Worth, for example. Although Crawley itself is not mentioned in the Domesday Book of 1086, the first written record of Crawley dates from 1202, when a licence was issued by King John for a weekly market on Wednesdays. Crawley grew slowly in importance over the few centuries, but was boosted in the 18th century by the construction of the turnpike road between London and Brighton. When this was completed in 1770, travel between the fashionable seaside resort and London became safer and quicker, and Crawley prospered as a coaching halt. By 1839 it offered almost an hourly service to both destinations, the George, a timber-framed house dating from the 15th century, expanded to become a large coaching inn, taking over adjacent buildings

22.
Airbus A380
–
The Airbus A380 is a double-deck, wide-body, four-engine jet airliner manufactured by European manufacturer Airbus. It is the worlds largest passenger airliner, and the airports at which it operates have upgraded facilities to accommodate it and it was initially named Airbus A3XX and designed to challenge Boeings monopoly in the large-aircraft market. The A380 made its first flight on 27 April 2005 and entered service on 25 October 2007 with Singapore Airlines. The A380s upper deck extends along the length of the fuselage. The A380-800 has a range of 8,500 nautical miles, serving the second- and third-longest non-stop scheduled flights in the world. As of February 2017, Airbus had received 317 firm orders and delivered 208 aircraft, mcDonnell Douglas unsuccessfully offered its smaller, double-deck MD-12 concept for sale. Roeder was given approval for further evaluations of the UHCA after a presentation to the President. The megaproject was announced at the 1990 Farnborough Air Show, with the goal of 15% lower operating costs than the 747-400. Airbus organised four teams of designers, one each of its partners to propose new technologies for its future aircraft designs. The designs were presented in 1992 and the most competitive designs were used and this joint study was abandoned two years later, Boeings interest having declined because analysts thought that such a product was unlikely to cover the projected $15 billion development cost. Despite the fact only two airlines had expressed public interest in purchasing such a plane, Airbus was already pursuing its own large-plane project. In June 1994, Airbus announced its plan to develop its own very large airliner, Airbus considered several designs, including an unusual side-by-side combination of two fuselages from its A340, the largest Airbus jet at the time. The A3XX was pitted against the VLCT study and Boeings own New Large Aircraft successor to the 747. From 1997 to 2000, as the East Asian financial crisis darkened the market outlook, Airbus refined its design, the A380 designation was a break from previous Airbus families, which had progressed sequentially from A300 to A340. It was chosen because the number 8 resembles the double-deck cross section, the aircraft configuration was finalised in early 2001, and manufacturing of the first A380 wing-box component started on 23 January 2002. The development cost of the A380 had grown to €11-14 billion when the first aircraft was completed, major structural sections of the A380 are built in France, Germany, Spain, and the United Kingdom. A380 components are provided by suppliers from around the world, the four largest contributors, by value, are Rolls-Royce, Safran, United Technologies, for the surface movement of large A380 structural components, a complex route known as the Itinéraire à Grand Gabarit was developed. The front and rear sections are shipped on one of three RORO ships from Hamburg in northern Germany to the United Kingdom

23.
Jet bridge
–
Depending on building design, sill heights, fueling positions, and operational requirements, a jet bridge may be fixed or movable, swinging radially and/or extending in length. The jetway was invented by Frank Der Yuen, before the introduction of jet bridges, passengers normally boarded an aircraft by walking along the ground-level ramp and climbing a set of movable stairs, or up airstairs on aircraft so equipped. Mobile staircases or ramp stairs are employed at many airports around the world, particularly smaller airports, united Airlines tested an early prototype Air Dock in 1954. The first operational jet bridges were installed in 1959, although sources disagree as to which airport installed jet bridges first, jet bridges provide all-weather dry access to aircraft and enhance the security of terminal operations. They are often attached at one end by a pivot to the terminal building and have the ability to swing left or right. The cabin, at the end of the bridge, may be raised or lowered, extended or retracted. These motions are controlled by a station in the cab. The cab is provided with a canopy, which allows the bridge to dock with aircraft with differing shapes. Some airports with international gates have two or three bridges for larger aircraft with multiple entrances, faster loading can lead to lower airport charges, less delays and more passenger throughput for the airport, all factors which impact an airlines bottom line. King Shaka International Airport and Edmonton International Airport have A380 jet bridges, though loading bridges are usually permanently attached at their terminal-building end, leaving only the cab free to move, this is not always the case. Loading bridges restrict aircraft parking to spots immediately adjacent to the terminal, thus, airports use mobile staircases to facilitate disembarking at hardstands. Loading bridges may pose hazards to aircraft if handled improperly, if the bridge is not retracted fully before departure, it may contact protruding parts of the taxiing aircraft, requiring repair and delays. Furthermore, during cold weather, the bridge may become frozen to the aircraft. In this case, when the jet bridge retracts, it could damage the aircraft if that area has not been properly de-iced, loading bridges usually cost more to use than remote stands, so many low cost carriers prefer not to use them. When regional jets are used, jet bridges have another disadvantage, several airlines have removed jet bridges at regional jet gates at airports such as Atlanta which are short on gates. When having passengers disembark on the tarmac or the ramp, airlines can fit two or more regional jets per gate. In many other places like Beijing Capital Airport and Paris Charles de Gaulle Airport, several incidents of jet bridges collapsing include Sydney, Hong Kong Chep Lap Kok, Seattle and Los Angeles. Jet bridges are used at smaller, single-story airports

24.
Miles per hour
–
Miles per hour is an imperial and United States customary unit of speed expressing the number of statute miles covered in one hour. Miles per hour is the also used in the Canadian rail system. In some countries mph may be used to express the speed of delivery of a ball in sporting events such as cricket, tennis, road traffic speeds in other countries are indicated in kilometres per hour, while occasionally both systems are used. For example, in Ireland, a considered a speeding case by examining speeds in both kilometres per hour and miles per hour. The judge was quoted as saying the speed seemed very excessive at 180 km/h but did not look as bad at 112 mph, nautical and aeronautical applications, however, favour the knot as a common unit of speed. 1 Mph =0.000277778 Mps Example, Apollo 11 attained speeds of 25,000 Mph, if Apollo 11 were to travel at 25,000 Mph from New York to Los Angeles it would reach Los Angeles in under 6 minutes

25.
M25 motorway
–
The M25 or London Orbital Motorway is a 117-mile motorway that encircles almost all of Greater London, England, in the United Kingdom. An ambitious concept to build four concentric ring roads around London was first mooted in the 1960s, further widening is in progress of minor sections with plans for managed motorways in many others. To the east of London the two ends of the M25 are joined to complete a loop by the non-motorway A282 Dartford Crossing of the River Thames between Thurrock and Dartford and this crossing, which consists of twin two-lane tunnels and the four-lane QE2 bridge, is named Canterbury Way. Passage across the bridge or through the tunnels is subject to a toll, in the opposite direction, to the east of the point where the M25 diverges from the main east–west carriageway, that carriageway become the M26 motorway. The radial distance from London varies from 12.5 miles in Potters Bar to 19.5 miles in Byfleet.8 miles, major towns listed as destinations, in various counties, adjoin the M25. North Ockendon is the settlement of Greater London situated outside the M25. In 2004, following a poll, the London Assembly mooted for consultation alignment of the Greater London boundary with the M25. Inside the M25 and outside/beyond the M25 are colloquial, looser alternatives to Greater London sometimes used in haulage, the Communications Act 2003 explicitly uses the M25 as the boundary in requiring a proportion of television programmes to be made outside the London area. Two motorway service areas are on the M25, and two others are accessible from it. Those on the M25 are Clacket Lane between junctions 5 and 6 and Cobham between junctions 9 and 10 and those directly accessible from it are South Mimms off junction 23 and Thurrock off junction 31. Cobham services opened on 13 September 2012, originally, the M25 was unlit except for sections around Heathrow, major interchanges and Junctions 23–30. By 2014 only one significant stretch was still SOX-lit and the units were removed the same year, the motorway passes through five counties. Junctions 1A–5 are in Kent, 6–14 are in Surrey, 15–16 are in Buckinghamshire, 17–25 are in Hertfordshire, policing of the road is carried out by an integrated policing group made up of the Metropolitan, Thames Valley, Essex, Kent, Hertfordshire and Surrey forces. The M25 is one of Europes busiest motorways, in 2003, a maximum of 196,000 vehicles a day were recorded on the motorway just south of London Heathrow Airport between junctions 13 and 14. A precursor of the M25 was the North Orbital Road, the idea of an orbital road around London was first proposed early in the 20th century and then re-examined in Sir Charles Bresseys and Sir Edwin Lutyens The Highway Development Survey,1937. Sir Patrick Abercrombies County of London Plan,1943 and Greater London Plan,1944 proposed a series of five roads encircling the capital, the northern sections of the M25 follow a similar route to the World War II Outer London Defence Ring. Little was done to progress these plans until the 1960s when the Greater London Council developed its London Ringways plan consisting of four rings around the capital. Sections of the two outer rings – Ringway 3 and Ringway 4 – were constructed in the early 1970s and were integrated into the single M25 orbital motorway, but the Ringways plan was hugely controversial owing to the destruction required for the inner two ring roads

26.
High Speed 1
–
High Speed 1, legally the Channel Tunnel Rail Link, is a 109-kilometre high-speed railway between London and the United Kingdom end of the Channel Tunnel. The line crosses the River Medway, and under the River Thames and it cost £5.8 billion to build and opened on 14 November 2007. Trains reach speeds of up to 300 kilometres per hour on section 1, intermediate stations are at Stratford International in London and Ebbsfleet International and Ashford International in Kent. International passenger services are provided by Eurostar, with times of London St Pancras to Paris Gare du Nord in 2 hours 15 minutes. As of November 2015, Eurostar has used a fleet of 27 Class 373/1 multi-system trains capable of 300 kilometres per hour and 320 kilometres per hour Class 374 trains, domestic high-speed commuter services serving the intermediate stations and beyond began on 13 December 2009. The fleet of 29 Class 395 passenger trains reach speeds of 225 kilometres per hour, DB Cargo UK run freight services on High Speed 1 using adapted Class 92 locomotives, enabling flat wagons carrying continental-size swap body containers to reach London for the first time. The CTRL project saw new bridges and tunnels built, with a combined length nearly as long as the Channel Tunnel itself, in 2002, the CTRL project was awarded the Major Project Award at the British Construction Industry Awards. The line was transferred to government ownership in 2009, with a 30-year concession for its operation being put up for sale in June 2010. The concession was awarded to a consortium of Borealis Infrastructure and Ontario Teachers Pension Plan in November 2010, a high-speed rail line, LGV Nord, has been in operation between the Channel Tunnel and the outskirts of Paris since the Tunnels opening in 1994. This has enabled Eurostar rail services to travel at 300 km/h for this part of their journey, a similar high-speed line in Belgium, from the French border to Brussels, HSL1, opened in 1997. In Britain, Eurostar trains had to run at a maximum of 160 km/h on existing tracks between London Waterloo and the Channel Tunnel and these tracks were shared with local traffic, limiting the number of services that could be run, and jeopardising reliability. The next plan for the Channel Tunnel Rail Link involved a tunnel reaching London from the south-east, and this opened the possibility of reusing the underused St Pancras station as the terminus, with access via the North London Line that crosses the throat of the station. The idea of using the North London line proved illusory, and it was rejected in 1994 by the then Transport Secretary, John MacGregor, as too difficult to construct and environmentally damaging. The idea of using St Pancras station as the core of the new terminus was retained, the original LCR consortium members were National Express Group, Virgin Group, S. G. Warburg & Co, Bechtel and London Electric. While the project was development by British Rail it was managed by Union Railways. On 14 November 2006, LCR adopted High Speed 1 as the name for the completed railway. Official legislation, documentation and line-side signage have continued to refer to CTRL, as the 1987 Channel Tunnel Act made government funding for a Channel tunnel rail link unlawful, construction did not take place as it was not financially viable. Construction was delayed until passage of the Channel Tunnel Rail Link Act 1996 which provided construction powers that ran for the following 10 years, the chief executive of the time Rob Holden stated that it was the largest land acquisition programme since the Second World War

27.
High Speed 2
–
High Speed 2 is a planned high-speed railway in the United Kingdom linking London, Birmingham, the East Midlands, Leeds and Manchester. It would be the second high-speed rail line in Britain, after High Speed 1 which connects London to the Channel Tunnel. The line is to be built in a Y configuration, with London on the bottom of the Y, Birmingham at the centre, Leeds at the top right and Manchester at the top left. Work on the first phase is scheduled to begin in 2017, reaching Birmingham by 2026, Crewe on the leg of the Y by 2027. Carlisle, Edinburgh, Glasgow, Liverpool, Newcastle, Preston, Sheffield, the HS2 project is being developed by High Speed Two Ltd, a company limited by guarantee established by the UK government and has a projected cost of £56 billion. Peak hour capacity leaving Euston will more than triple once HS2 is running, increasing from 11,300 to 34,900, the project is to be built in two phases. Phase 1 is from London to the West Midlands and phase 2 from the West Midlands to Leeds, Phase 2 is split into two sub-phases. Phase 2a is from the West Midlands to Crewe, Phase 2b will extend the project from Crewe to Manchester, and the West Midlands to Leeds. The government’s decision will go through the process for approval. Although Parliament has approved the first two phases of construction, precise details of the plan and route have not been formalised, and are still open to negotiation and change. For example, the spur to Heathrow airport was dropped from the scheme in 2015, as was the HS1 to HS2 link. The sections either side of the Pennines are open to amended design to accommodate HS3 using sections of HS2 track. In 2009 there were reportedly 5,600 km of high-speed line in operation in Europe, High-speed rail arrived in the United Kingdom with the opening in 2003 of the first part of High Speed 1 between London and the Channel Tunnel. Most of the network in Britain consists of lines constructed during the Victorian era. The government report suggested that the line could be extended to reach Scotland, for the HS2 report, a route was investigated to an accuracy of 50 centimetres. In December 2009 HS2 presented its report to the government, the study investigated the possibility of links to Heathrow Airport and connections with Crossrail, the Great Western Main Line, and the Channel Tunnel Rail Link, as displayed in the map shown. On 11 March 2010 the HS2 report and supporting studies were published, the Conservative–Liberal Democrat coalition, on taking office in May 2010, undertook a review of HS2 plans inherited from the previous government. In March 2010 Theresa Villiers had stated The idea that kind of Wormwood Scrubs International station is the best rail solution for Heathrow is just not credible

28.
Channel Tunnel
–
At its lowest point, it is 75 m deep below the sea bed, and 115 m below sea level. The speed limit for trains in the tunnel is 160 kilometres per hour, the tunnel carries high-speed Eurostar passenger trains, the Eurotunnel Shuttle for road vehicles—the largest such transport in the world—and international freight trains. The tunnel connects end-to-end with the LGV Nord and High Speed 1 high-speed railway lines, ideas for a cross-Channel fixed link appeared as early as 1802, but British political and press pressure over the compromising of national security stalled attempts to construct a tunnel. An early attempt at building a Channel Tunnel was made in the late 19th century, the eventual successful project, organised by Eurotunnel, began construction in 1988 and opened in 1994. At £5.5 billion, it was at the time the most expensive project ever proposed. The cost finally came in at £9 billion, well over its predicted budget, since its construction, the tunnel has faced several problems. Both fires and cold weather have temporarily disrupted its operation, illegal immigrants have attempted to use the tunnel to enter the UK, causing a minor diplomatic disagreement over the siting of the refugee camp at Sangatte, which was eventually closed in 2002. Migrants have also died attempting to cross through the tunnel, in 1839, Aimé Thomé de Gamond, a Frenchman, performed the first geological and hydrographical surveys on the Channel, between Calais and Dover. In 1865, a deputation led by George Ward Hunt proposed the idea of a tunnel to the Chancellor of the Exchequer of the day, around 1866, William Low and Sir John Hawkshaw promoted ideas, but apart from preliminary geological studies none were implemented. An official Anglo-French protocol was established in 1876 for a railway tunnel. On the English side a 2. 13-metre diameter Beaumont-English boring machine dug a 1, on the French side, a similar machine dug 1,669 m from Sangatte. The project was abandoned in May 1882, owing to British political and these early works were encountered more than a century later during the TML project. The French did not take the idea seriously and nothing came of Lloyd Georges proposal, in 1929 there was another proposal but nothing came of this discussion and the idea was shelved. Proponents estimated construction to be about US$150 million, the engineers had addressed the concerns of both nations military leaders by designing two sumps—one near the coast of each country—that could be flooded at will to block the tunnel. This design feature did not override the concerns of both military leaders, and other concerns about hordes of undesirable tourists who would disrupt English habits of living. Military fears continued during World War II, the estimate caused rumours that Germany had already begun digging. In 1935, a British film from Gaumont Studios, The Tunnel and it referred briefly to its protagonist, a Mr. McAllan, as having completed a British Channel tunnel successfully in 1940, five years into the future of the films release. By 1955, defence arguments had become less relevant due to the dominance of air power, in 1958 the 1881 workings were cleared in preparation for a £100,000 geological survey by the Channel Tunnel Study Group

29.
Flightglobal
–
Flightglobal is an online news and information website related to the aviation and aerospace industries. It also provides a community area for numerous distinct communities within the aviation, flightglobal is a resource for aviation history with a picture library of over 1 million images going back to the foundation of Flight in 1909. Thousands of images and back copies of Flight are searchable online, flightglobal won the prize for of Business Website of the Year at the Association of Online Publishers Digital Publishing Awards 2010. According to the contest judges, The site uses the spectrum of digital tools, with a special focus on engagement

30.
International Standard Serial Number
–
An International Standard Serial Number is an eight-digit serial number used to uniquely identify a serial publication. The ISSN is especially helpful in distinguishing between serials with the same title, ISSN are used in ordering, cataloging, interlibrary loans, and other practices in connection with serial literature. The ISSN system was first drafted as an International Organization for Standardization international standard in 1971, ISO subcommittee TC 46/SC9 is responsible for maintaining the standard. When a serial with the content is published in more than one media type. For example, many serials are published both in print and electronic media, the ISSN system refers to these types as print ISSN and electronic ISSN, respectively. The format of the ISSN is an eight digit code, divided by a hyphen into two four-digit numbers, as an integer number, it can be represented by the first seven digits. The last code digit, which may be 0-9 or an X, is a check digit. Formally, the form of the ISSN code can be expressed as follows, NNNN-NNNC where N is in the set, a digit character. The ISSN of the journal Hearing Research, for example, is 0378-5955, where the final 5 is the check digit, for calculations, an upper case X in the check digit position indicates a check digit of 10. To confirm the check digit, calculate the sum of all eight digits of the ISSN multiplied by its position in the number, the modulus 11 of the sum must be 0. There is an online ISSN checker that can validate an ISSN, ISSN codes are assigned by a network of ISSN National Centres, usually located at national libraries and coordinated by the ISSN International Centre based in Paris. The International Centre is an organization created in 1974 through an agreement between UNESCO and the French government. The International Centre maintains a database of all ISSNs assigned worldwide, at the end of 2016, the ISSN Register contained records for 1,943,572 items. ISSN and ISBN codes are similar in concept, where ISBNs are assigned to individual books, an ISBN might be assigned for particular issues of a serial, in addition to the ISSN code for the serial as a whole. An ISSN, unlike the ISBN code, is an identifier associated with a serial title. For this reason a new ISSN is assigned to a serial each time it undergoes a major title change, separate ISSNs are needed for serials in different media. Thus, the print and electronic versions of a serial need separate ISSNs. Also, a CD-ROM version and a web version of a serial require different ISSNs since two different media are involved, however, the same ISSN can be used for different file formats of the same online serial

31.
West Sussex
–
West Sussex is a county in the south of England, bordering East Sussex to the east, Hampshire to the west and Surrey to the north, and to the south the English Channel. Chichester in the southwest is the county town and only city in West Sussex, with the largest towns being Crawley, Worthing, West Sussex has a range of scenery, including wealden, downland and coastal. The highest point of the county is Blackdown, at 280 metres and it has a number of stately homes including Goodwood, Petworth House and Uppark and also castles such as Arundel Castle and Bramber Castle. Over half the county is protected countryside, offering walking, cycling, although the name Sussex, derived from the Old English Sūþsēaxe, is from the Saxon period between AD477 to 1066, the history of human habitation in Sussex goes back to the Old Stone Age. The oldest hominin remains known in Britain were found at Eartham Pit, Sussex has been occupied since those times and has succumbed to various invasions and migrations throughout its long history. Prehistoric monuments include the Devils Jumps, a group of Bronze Age burial mounds, the Romans used the Weald for iron production on an industrial scale. The foundation story is regarded as somewhat of a myth by most historians, the Kingdom of Sussex was absorbed into Wessex as an earldom and became the county of Sussex. With its origins in the kingdom of Sussex, the county of Sussex was traditionally divided into six units known as rapes. By the 16th century, the three western rapes were grouped together informally, having their own separate Quarter Sessions and these were administered by a separate county council from 1888, the county of Sussex being divided for administrative purposes into the administrative counties of East and West Sussex. In 1974, West Sussex was made a ceremonial county with the coming into force of the Local Government Act 1972. At the same time a part of the eastern rape of Lewes was transferred into West Sussex. Until 1834 provision for the poor and destitute in West Sussex was made at parish level, from 1835 until 1948 eleven Poor Law Unions, each catering for several parishes, took on the job. Most settlements in West Sussex are either along the south coast or in Mid Sussex, the town of Crawley is the largest in the county with an estimated population of 106,600. The coastal settlement of Worthing closely follows with a population of 104,600, the seaside resort of Bognor Regis and market town Horsham are both large towns. Chichester, the county town, has a cathedral and city status, much of the coastal town population is part of the Brighton/Worthing/Littlehampton conurbation. Rustington and Southwater are the next largest settlements in the county, there are several more towns in West Sussex, although they are of similar size to other villages. The smaller towns of the county are Arundel, Midhurst, Petworth, Selsey, the larger villages are Billingshurst, Copthorne, Crawley Down, Cuckfield, Henfield, Hassocks, Hurstpierpoint, Lindfield, Pulborough and Storrington. The current total population of the county makes up 1. 53% of Englands population, West Sussex is bordered by Hampshire to the west, Surrey to the north and East Sussex to the east

32.
Crawley (UK Parliament constituency)
–
Crawley is a constituency represented in the House of Commons of the UK Parliament since 2010 by Henry Smith of the Conservative Party. 1983-1997, The Borough of Crawley, and the District of Mid Sussex wards of Balcombe, Copthorne and Worth, Crawley Down, Slaugham, the constituency covers the whole of the town and borough of Crawley in West Sussex which includes London Gatwick Airport. Crawley borders Horsham in the county on all sides other than the north. The Boundary Commission analysed population increase and recommended no changes to the constituency were made for the 2010 general election so the seat remains coterminous with the borough. Before the 1983 General Election, Crawley had been part of the Horsham & Crawley, Horsham, labour had a majority of 37 votes in the 2005 election, making this seat the most marginal in the UK. The 2010 election saw Henry Smith win the seat at the attempt, beating Labours Chris Oxlade by 5,928. The Christian Peoples Alliance announced Katherine Mills as candidate, but she did not stand and this constituency underwent boundary changes between the 1992 and 1997 general elections and thus change in share of vote is based on a notional calculation

33.
Henry Smith (British politician)
–
Henry Edward Millar Smith is a Conservative Party politician in the UK who was Leader of West Sussex County Council from 2003 to 2010. He is the Member of Parliament for Crawley, having been elected in the 2010 general election, Smith was educated at Frensham Heights School, a co-educational independent school in Farnham in Surrey, followed by University College London, where he obtained a B. A. in Philosophy. Smith was elected as a West Sussex County Councillor in 1997 and he became Leader of the Council in 2003 at the age of 34, becoming the youngest county council leader in the country. He was a Crawley Borough Councillor from 2002 to 2004, in 2001 and 2005 he stood against Laura Moffatt, the second time achieving the highest national swing from Labour to the Conservatives, reducing the majority to 37, the smallest in the country. Smith was the Chairman of the South East Counties Leaders Group from 2007 to 2010, and has served as a Governor at The Oaks, The Brook. He co-authored the 2005 publication Direct Democracy and he was elected to Parliament at the 2010 general election. Following his election as Crawley MP he resigned as a West Sussex County Councillor on 1 September 2010, Smith serves on the European Scrutiny Committee and is Vice-Chair of the Trans Atlantic & International Security APPG. Smith is a Eurosceptic who supported backbench calls for an referendum on exiting the EU. His parliamentary candidacy at the 2015 general election was endorsed by Queen guitarist Brian May on the grounds of his animal welfare record. May had worked with him in opposing the governments badger culling, in the UK Parliament Register of Members Financial Interests 24 January 2011 Smith declared he employed his wife Jennifer Millar-Smith as a secretary

34.
Public services in Crawley
–
Revenue to fund these services comes principally from Council Tax. Some of Crawleys utilities and infrastructure are provided by outside parties, such as utility companies and West Sussex County Council, rather than by the borough council. Originally a quiet, prosperous area with a population of a few thousand people, Crawley Development Corporation was formed in 1947 to establish, administer and control the towns development, including the provision of services. Sewerage, drainage, and the supply of water, gas and electricity were all planned and laid out for the town as a whole, because work focused on the provision of services at first, housebuilding in the new town was slow in the first few years. Crawley police station is at the junction of Woodfield Road and Northgate Road in Northgate on the edge of the town centre and its front desk is open to the public 11 hours per day except on Sundays, until 2011 it was open daily from 8. 00am until midnight. There is also a station on the perimeter road at Gatwick Airport. Both are operated by the West Sussex Division of Sussex Police, in January 2013, a community hub was established at Broadfield Library to provide a full-time police presence in that neighbourhood. In July 2013, the announced that Crawley police station would not be closed during a forthcoming rationalistion of buildings. Crawleys first police station opened in 1883 on Station Road, the 1960s police station was itself replaced in the late 1990s by the present building on the opposite side of Woodfield Road. The new building was designed by the architects and cost £7 million. Tully DeAth Consultants were the civil engineers. The five-storey concrete-framed building was designed to resemble an office block and has a car park. A tunnel was built under Woodfield Road to allow people to walk between the building and the court opposite. The site covers 6,150 square metres, the project was first put out to tender in August 1994. The courthouse remains in use as Crawley Magistrates Court, refurbishment work was undertaken in 2012, but only the ground floor is accessible to disabled people as there is no lift access to the first floor, where two of the courtrooms are situated. There are two stations in the borough. Crawley fire station on Ifield Avenue opened in 1957, although building work started in 1955 and it is operated by the West Sussex Fire and Rescue Service, a council body, under the provisions of the Fire and Rescue Services Act 2004. The five-bay station has immediate response and retained firefighters, and its equipment includes three water tenders and a rescue tender

35.
New towns in the United Kingdom
–
The new towns in the United Kingdom were planned under the powers of the New Towns Act 1946 and later acts to relocate populations in poor or bombed-out housing following the Second World War. They were developed in three waves, later developments included the expanded towns, existing towns which were substantially expanded to accommodate what was called the overspill population from densely populated areas of deprivation. Designated new towns were removed from local authority control and placed under the supervision of a development corporation and these corporations were later disbanded and their assets split between local authorities and, in England, the Commission for New Towns. Out-county London County Council housing developments, of which Becontree, Dagenham, was the largest and it was built in the 1920s and 1930s. Wythenshawe was built on what used to be Cheshire land in the 1920s as a Manchester overspill estate, other Manchester overspill estates include Hattersley, Gamesley, and Haughton Green. Castlemilk, Drumchapel, Easterhouse and Pollok in Glasgow, castle Vale in Birmingham, which was built in the 1960s in the extreme north-east of the city. The first wave was intended to alleviate the housing shortages following the Second World War. A couple of sites in County Durham were also designated and these designations were made under the New Towns Act 1946. Two of the locations below are situated near the West Midlands conurbation, dawley New Town was redesignated as Telford New Town, with a much larger area, as overspill for Birmingham and nearby towns including Wolverhampton. About halfway between Birmingham and London was the new town of Milton Keynes, while nearer to Birmingham, in East Anglia, the existing town of Peterborough was designated as a new town to accommodate overspill from London. The development is built on land owned by the Duchy of Cornwall and it is built according to the principles of Prince Charles, who is known for holding strong views challenging the post-war trends in town planning that were suburban in character. On 13 May 2007, chancellor Gordon Brown, who became Prime Minister of the United Kingdom the following month, the towns, around 20,000 population each — at least 5,000 homes — are planned to be carbon-neutral and will use locally generated sustainable-energy sources. Only one site was identified in the announcement, the former Oakington Barracks in Cambridgeshire - the already planned Northstowe development, Local councils will be invited to provide sites for the remaining four towns. The Town and Country Planning Association is advising the government on the criteria, in September 2014 the CBI called for all political parties to commit to building 10 new towns and garden cities to get to grips with the countrys housing shortage. Cwmbran Newtown Coed Darcy Tircoed Six new towns in Scotland were designated between 1955 and 1973, mostly for the population of Glasgow. Cumbernauld East Kilbride Glenrothes Irvine Livingston Stonehouse Ravenscraig Chapelton of Elsick Tweedbank, erskine and Inchinnan, small new town developed in the 1970s and 1980s in Renfrewshire. Dalgety Bay, small new town developed in the 1970s and 1980s in Fife and this was done in the case of Craigavon. On 3 April 1969, the development commission took over the functions of the two councils, the area becoming Londonderry Urban District

36.
Crawley Development Corporation
–
A master plan supplied by planning consultant Anthony Minoprio would guide the Corporations work. The energy and enthusiasm of its chairman Thomas Bennett helped it meet many of its targets early and its assets passed to the Commission for New Towns in that year, they are now owned privately or by the local authority, Crawley Borough Council. The Corporation was based at Broadfield House, a 19th-century villa in the south of the town, professionals and specialists from many fields were employed, architects, engineers, designers, legal and financial experts were all involved during its 15-year existence. A committee headed by Bennett took overall charge and this was of great concern to West Sussex and East Sussex county councils, and the national government was also aware of the problem. Meanwhile, the government was making several proposals which together paved the way for the concept of New Towns. Patrick Abercrombies Greater London Plan of 1944 proposed taking 1 1⁄2 million residents out of London, one third were to be rehoused in ten new towns in a ring about 25 miles from the city. In 1945, Lord Reith and his committee described how these towns would be developed, they were intended to be self-contained and balanced communities for work, on 10 July 1946, Silkin met officers from the various local authorities that governed the Crawley area. In October 1946, Lewis Silkin set up a committee to run the affairs of the proposed Crawley New Town. In February 1947, shortly after the designation of New Town status. The national government would finance it as required through 60-year loans and it would be responsible for all the houses it built, in terms of both maintenance and finance, it could provide subsidies and charge rents as it saw fit. Governance was outside the Corporations remit, Crawley Urban District Council, when the Corporation was created in February 1947, its chairman was Sir Wilfred Lindsell. He asked town planner Thomas Wilfred Sharp to prepare a master plan. Within months, both men had left the Corporation, Lindsell was considered not dynamic enough by Lewis Silkin, local historian Peter Gwynne described this as an extraordinary decision which was never properly explained. Anthony Minoprio was appointed as consultant planner instead, by June 1947 he had prepared a new plan and Silkin had taken on a new chairman. Also in 1947, the Corporation acquired Broadfield House, originally a 19th-century villa in extensive grounds, the building was used as a country club until its closure in that year. The Corporation had already decided to operate temporarily from London while searching for suitable premises in Crawley, when the building came on the market in late 1947, the Corporation bought it, refitted it and on 23 August 1948 opened it as its headquarters. Ancillary buildings were put up in the grounds in mid-1949. W, passold, D. Bolton, Mr Lewis and Alderman James Marshall. Dame Caroline Haslett, educated locally, was an electrical engineer and writer

37.
Anthony Minoprio
–
Sir Charles Anthony Minoprio was a British architect and town planner. Much of his work was in partnership with Hugh Spencely. Later he worked more as a planner, particularly the New Town of Crawley. His Beaux-Arts training informed his work on designing visually striking town plans. His architectural training came in Liverpool under Charles Herbert Reilly. This influenced his views on the importance of architecture being an integral part of the town planning process. He worked for a few months at a firm in New York. He went into practice in 1928 and initially worked on commissions for country houses. In 1932, Minoprio and Spencely designed an extension to the Royal School for the Blind, Liverpool, four years later, they designed Fairacres, Roehampton, a Grade II listed four-storey apartment block at Roehampton Lane, Roehampton, London. It was built for the property developer Charles Kearley, the block of 64 flats in a semi-elliptical arc is modern in style with 1930s curved walls, but traditional in construction. It has been little altered since being built. The two architects worked together again between 1944 and 1946 when they produced a plan for the postwar redevelopment of Worcester. Their plans showed extensive areas of space and parkland, especially around the cathedral. Minoprio was heavily involved with town planning after World War II, in September 1944 he prepared a survey and plan for the redevelopment of part of the Essex county town, Chelmsford. The somewhat grandiose vision was completed by two new roads and ten residential neighbourhood units. Nothing came of the plan, but elements of it made their way into the 1952 Development Plan for the County of Essex which guided Chelmsfords later development, by June 1947 Minoprio had prepared a new draft plan, and this was approved and published in December 1947. Crawley is now larger than originally anticipated, the plans target population of 50,000 was exceeded within 13 years of work beginning. Nevertheless, the design and layout remain substantially similar to Minoprios plan

38.
Bewbush
–
Bewbush is a neighbourhood of Crawley in West Sussex, England and is one of the towns 13 designated neighbourhoods. Bewbush is located in south west Crawley and is bordered by Broadfield to the south, Ifield to the north, the neighbourhood has a population of approximately 9,000. A park was recorded at Bewbush as early as 1295 and it was a manor which later became known as the Holmbush Estate. The manor belonged for most of the century to the Clifton Brown family. In 1973, some 300 acres were purchased by Crawley Borough Council, the manor house was first mentioned in the early 14th century, although this no longer remains. A building with some 17th-century elements remains, although it was clad in brick in the 19th century, the building now stands amid modern developments in the neighbourhood. The borough council began development of the new neighbourhood of Bewbush in 1974, with a centre opening in 1984. Additional land was brought into the borough of Crawley from Lower Beeding in 1983 to see the extension of the neighbourhood to reach its capacity population of 9000, development of the neighbourhood continued into the 1990s. Bewbush neighbourhood is a co-terminus with the local government ward of Bewbush in the Borough of Crawley and it is also a ward of the upper-tier authority of West Sussex County Council. The neighbourhood forms part of the constituency of Crawley. As at the 2001 census, the ward had a population of 9081, the neighbourhood has a younger population than the national average, with some 77% of residents being aged under 45, compared to 60% nationally. This is also reflected in the age of the residents at 29. Around 90% of the properties in the neighbourhood are terraced properties or flats, the vast majority of the properties were originally council-owned, with over one-third remaining owned by the local authority of other social landlords. There is a diverse population in the neighbourhood, with a large proportion of black. This is reflected in the areas large Hindu and Muslim populations which are well above the national averages at 9% and 5% respectively. In terms of classification, the neighbourhood is made up of approximately 45% in the ABC1 grouping. Bewbush is served by two Primary schools, the first school to open in the neighbourhood was Bewbush First School in 1978. This was shortly followed by Bewbush Middle School in 1982, with Waterfield First School opening officially in 1985, at the same time, Waterfield First School was extended to become Waterfield Primary School

Medway is a conurbation and unitary authority in Kent in the region of South East England. It had a population in 2014 …

View ENE from Merrall's Shaw, Cuxton over the riverside parts and higher slopes of the Medway Towns

The Chatham naval memorial commemorates the 18,500 officers, ranks and ratings of the Royal Navy who were lost or buried at sea in the two World Wars. It stands on the Great Lines between Chatham and Gillingham.

The old Chamber of the House of Commons built by Sir Charles Barry was destroyed by German bombs during the Second World War. The essential features of Barry's design were preserved when the Chamber was rebuilt.

Another picture of the old House of Commons chamber. Note the dark veneer on the wood, which was purposely made much brighter in the new chamber.

The Speaker presides over debates in the House of Commons, as depicted in the above print commemorating the destruction of the Commons Chamber by fire in 1834.

Crawley Development Corporation was set up in February 1947 by the Government of the United Kingdom to establish, …

Crawley Development Corporation used Broadfield House, a 19th-century villa, as its headquarters

The public inquiry into Crawley's New Town designation took place at the Montefiore Institute in November 1946; meanwhile, the committee which became the Development Corporation had already been formed.