According to Winger et al. (1992), what are the three stages of alcohol withrawal?

1) within 4-6 hours of withdrawal- shaking, sweating, anxiety, nausea, stomach cramps 2) up to a day of withdrawal- convulsions and seizures 3) up to 2-3 days of withdrawal- hallucinations, delirium tremmens, fever, irregular heartbeat

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What are carcinogens and how many are in a single cigarette?

Cancer causing agents. There are around 4000 in one cigarette.

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What is the main social explanation for substance abusing?

Observing someone taking substance + being rewarded in some way = imitation of behaviour

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In the Observer (2008), what was found to be the no.1 reason people identified for starting to take a substance?

Curiosity (75%). This was above peer pressure at 22%

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How does the UK differ from other cultures in terms of drinking habits?

UK- heavy drinking, associated with aggression,violence France and Italy- drinking small amounts from a young age leads to pleasant relaxation Muslim cultures- alcohol is forbidden

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What did Bricker find in relation to substance abuse?

Peer influence causes someone to initially take the substance but substance use is maintained through parental influence

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What did Perkins et al find in relation to social explanations of substance abuse?

People often overestimate how much of a substance their friends/peers are taking