Geography

Kiribati, formerly the Gilbert Islands, consists
of three widely separated main groups of southwest Pacific islands: the
Gilberts on the equator, the Phoenix Islands to the east, and the Line
Islands farther east. Ocean Island, producer of phosphates until it was
mined out in 1981, is also included in the 2 million square miles of
ocean. Most of the islands of Kiribati are low-lying coral atolls built on
a submerged volcanic chain and encircled by reefs.

Government

Republic.

History

Kiribati was first settled by early
Austronesian-speaking peoples long before the 1st century A.D. Fijians and Tongans arrived about the 14th
century and subsequently merged with the older groups to form the
traditional I-Kiribati Micronesian society and culture. The islands were
first sighted by British and American ships in the late 18th and early
19th centuries, and the first British settlers arrived in 1837. A British
protectorate since 1892, the Gilbert and Ellice Islands became a Crown
colony in 1915–1916. Kiritimati (Christmas) Atoll became a part of
the colony in 1919; the Phoenix Islands were added in 1937.

Tarawa and others of the Gilbert group were
occupied by Japan during World War II. Tarawa was the site of one of the
bloodiest battles in U.S. Marine Corps history when marines landed in Nov.
1943 to dislodge the Japanese defenders. The Gilbert Islands and Ellice
Islands (now Tuvalu) were separated in 1975 and granted internal
self-government by Britain. Kiribati became independent on July 12,
1979.

Kiribati Enacts Controversial Legislation

Kiribati's 1995 act of moving the international
date line far to the east, so that it encompassed Kiribati's Line Islands
group, courted controversy. The move, which fulfilled one of President
Tito's campaign promises, was intended to enable Kiribati to become the
first country to see the dawn on Jan. 1, 2000, and welcome the new
millennium—an event of significance for tourism. In 1999, Kiribati
gained UN membership.

In 2002, Kiribati passed a controversial law
enabling it to shut down newspapers. The legislation followed the
launching of Kiribati's first successful nongovernment-run newspaper.
Anote Tong of the opposition party, Boutokaan Te Koaua, was elected
president in 2003. He was reelected in 2007 and again in 2012.

Climate change and rising sea levels have threatened the very existence of Kiribati, which consists of 32 low-lying islands that are only about 10 feet above sea level and a mere 1.2 miles wide, leaving little room for residents to retreat from the eroding shoreline. A rise in temperatures, drought, and the attendant depletion of freshwater have put a strain on the economy and the well-being of residents.

As part of a plan for "migration with dignity," President Tong finalized the purchase of 6,000 acres on the Fiji island of Vanua Levu for more than $8 million during the summer of 2014.