Cloning: Cloning and Human Liver Cell Essay

As people begin to recognize the potential of the stem cell, harvesting it and seizing its power is only natural. However, they are difficult to amass and gather them up into one place due to their unavailability during a human’s lifespan. Stem cells are mostly found in bone marrow in an adult. Outside of that, they are found within an embryo as well as inside an umbilical cord for a few days following birth. Over the last 30 years, stem cells have been cloned through a technique called somatic cell nucleic transfer (SCNT). This process involves removing the nucleus of an egg and replacing it with another nucleus from the mother. Since all nuclei contain the same genetic data, the offspring is considered a clone. Destruction of the following embryo yields pluripotent stem cells with the ability to transform into nearly any cell in the body. The single other technique to harvest is to induce pluripotent stem cells (iPSC) by reprogramming parts of the genetic code of a cell within the body. The change in the genetic makeup repurposes the cell from its original function to becoming a stem cell. Until recently, there have been many difficulties with this method as it was extremely inefficient due to the length being approximately 6 months to culture and transform the cells. In addition, a wrong change in the genetic makeup often resulted in the cell becoming cancerous, rendering the biologists to restart their progress with the cells with another makeup change. However, the changes to the genetic makeup were deciphered by Shinya Yamanaka in 2006, and he earned a Nobel Prize in science in 2012. Although growing the cells still takes approximately 6 months, compatibility with the host is guaranteed. This breakthrough allows diseases and malfunctions to be studied much more effectively, organs to be transplanted without rejection as well as drugs and toxins to be tested with safely. Artificially reproducing cells will unlock a massive gate towards understanding the complexity of life and ultimately towards curing all illness and disease. Work on cloning techniques such as somatic cell nuclear transfer and induced pluripotent stem cells are allowing us to increase our understanding on developmental biology. We can observe the short and naturally rarely occurring embryonic stage repeatedly and accurately. We can put several embryos each under separate environments and observe how they react and adapt to them. Studying these cells along with genetic manipulation has the potential to identify and answer many questions regarding developmental diseases. Cloning allows biologists to have a “reset button”, whenever anything doesn’t go according to plan. It also allows biologists to reproduce successes and advancements. By using induced pluripotent stem cells, we could heal many injuries that appear to be non-reversible. We could create organs outside the body to be inserted into said body, and the body would accept it due to having the very same DNA. The external organ would not be considered alien to the body, unlike an organ donated by a donor. This practice in medicine is called regenerative medicine. Although it isn’t practiced clinically, its research has been increased worldwide by an exponential amount in the last few years due to Yamanaka’s discovery. The potential from reverting or inducing a mature cell back into its differentiation stage which occurs in early pregnancies is truly a fantasy. In the long term, this discovery could lead to extending the lifespan of humans and mammals alike. It could be extended by replacing organs as they wear out from old age with younger and unblemished versions of itself. Many people are convinced that cloning is unethical and wrong because it has only worked by destroying many embryos and many potential lives in efforts to create a specific one. Dolly the sheep was the only embryo out of 277 to grow as a clone, and many people use that fact as their argument against cloning.

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Human cloning has been debated, ever since Dolly the sheep was successfully cloned in 1996. However people fear human cloning because they don’t know the impact or consequences cloning may have on society. Society has the misconception that cloning is copying an entire human being, which in fact it is not because there are different methods to cloning. Human cloning can have many different benefits including, eliminating defective genes, creating organs, and solving infertility in couples. It is…

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think of human cloning, they often think of an identical copy of a human being but there are two kinds of human cloning. Human cloning (also known as reproductive cloning) is the manufacturing of a genetically identical copy of a human. In contrast to the goal of reproductive cloning, therapeutic cloning is the cloning of human cells (stem cells) or human tissue. Therapeutic cloning is a phrase for a procedure known as somatic cell nuclear transfer. (Murnaghan 2014) The ethics of human cloning is an…

taking who and
what you are and changing it. It is almost the most dangerous thing to
a human, if done wrong your life can never be the same.
Cloning
There are two main applications of cloning. One is "embryo
cloning," which could be used to create new human parts. For
example, some scientists are working on methods to produce a new
embryo from an existing person's cells and then use the cells
from that embryo to produce replacements for failing body parts
in the original person…

stem cells? They are cells that have the ability to produce different types of body cells. Not specialised for particular roles, capable of repeated division by mitosis. Given right conditions, they can differentiate into specialised cells. Replication of cells many times over = profileration
2 Where are stem cells found in the body? In most body tissues - Adult tissue, embryos formed during blastocyst phase of embryological development - eg liver, skin, nerves.
3 Totipotent - A stem cell which…

a clone of a beloved animal? With the advances in technology this could be biologically possible.
Great right? Well, unfortunately lots of things can go wrong in the process of cloning. Cloning is
unethical because the high risks of defects and complications and the overall abnormality of the
idea.
To start with, cloning is highly experimental and even as there have been successes most
don't live the same as they normally would if they weren't clone. In the article “Animal Clones:
Double Trouble…

Evasco 1
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Cloning: The Process and Perspectives Religion and Ethics
A clone is a genetic replica of a living organism. According to the University of Utah Press, “Cloning is the creation of an organism that is an exact genetic copy of another. This means that every portion of the organism’s DNA is identical in both the organism and its clone. Cloning provides scientists with a way to efficiently mass manufacture organs for patients…

Stem Cell Research
By: Deuchester Mogeni
print 4 copies
The doctor took a cautious step into the room. This was the part of his job he hated the most. He gazed at the ailing man in the bed before him, surrounded by his love one’s. “Well?” the wife inquired. The doctor took in a breath and let it slowly out. He spoke directly to Don, the man with stage 4 mantle cell lymphoma, “You have weeks to a month to live.” He tried to avoid the looks of dismay from the other family…

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