Helen Of Troy was one of the most popular and successful of the
"Sword and Sandal" epics of
the fifties. Directed by Robert Wise, and shot on a lavish scale in CinemaScope,
with the proverbial "cast of thousands", it was released by Warner Bros. in
1956. This is the story of that production.

The Director

The
film career of Robert Wise had been as diverse as it was distinguished. Born on
10th September 1914 in Winchester, Indiana, Robert E. Wise was the youngest of
three brothers. He first entered the film industry at the age of 19 when one of
those elder brothers, who was working in the accounting department at RKO, got
him a job in the studio's sound department. A head sound effects man, realizing
the potential of young Wise, made him his protégé, and he worked on many films
at the studio, until, tiring of editing sound effects and music, he began to
edit film as well, notably; The Hunchback of Notre Dame (1939); My Favorite Wife(1940) and The Devil and Daniel Webster(1941) Also in
1941, Orson Welles, impressed with his body of work, asked Wise to cut his
masterpiece; Citizen Kane, which earned him an Oscar nomination for Best
Editor. After editing The Magnificent Ambersons(1942), he was given his first
chance behind the camera, as co-director, on Val Lewton's The Curse of the
Cat People(1944). He followed this with The Body Snatcher(1945), also for
Lewton. For the next four years, Wise toiled in RKO's B-picture department,
consolidating his reputation, until he was assigned to Blood on the Moon(1948),
and turned in a first-rate, atmospheric western. He followed this with The
Set-Up(1949), a prizefight drama that took place in "real time", and it was
this film that proved to be the turning point in Wise's career. Moving on to
other studios, he directed such films as; Two Flags West; The House on
Telegraph Hill; the classic science fiction drama, The Day the Earth
Stood Still; The Captive City, and Destination Gobi,
for Warner Bros. and Twentieth Century-Fox, and then he moved to MGM in 1953 for
Executive Suite. It was at this point in his career that Wise was
approached by Warner Bros again, and was asked to direct Helen of Troy,
which would be his first feature in CinemaScope.

A challenge

Wise
directs Jack Sernas and Brigitte Bardot

Wise
was on holiday in San Francisco, after completing Executive Suite, when
his agent informed
him of Warner's offer. Intrigued by the idea and curious as to whether he could
pull off an "epic" - a complete change of direction from his usual style, Wise
agreed to do it . He had seen the CinemaScope process demonstrated at Fox a year
or two prior to his involvement with Helen and he had realized that CinemaScope
was seen as the sort of thing where you point the camera at the actors head-on,
and do a ten-minute scene in one shot; no cuts; no angles; no over-the-shoulder
stuff. Wise saw this as a challenge; feeling that there was no real reason why
he couldn't shoot Helen of Troy in the same way he'd shot his
black and white films, and to hell with the frame size! In fact, with the help
of Harry Stradling, the cinematographer who would be assigned to the film, Wise
was proved right, and Helen was probably one of the first 'Scope films to be
shot that way.

Cinecitta

The
vast Cinecitta Studios in Rome, built in 1937 on the orders of Mussolini to
"rival the biggest and best of Hollywood" (after sending his son there to see
what the studios looked like) was enjoying something of a revival when Wise and
his crew of thirty Warner Studio technicians arrived in 1954. Business was
booming, and several costume epics were in various stages of production.
Paramount had gone there to shoot Ulysses with Kirk Douglas and Sylvana Mangana.
Anthony Quinn had just completed Attila the Hun with Irene Pappas and a young
Sophia Loren; and Howard Hawks was wading half-heartedly into Land of the
Pharaohs, with Jack Hawkins and Joan Collins, after completing exteriors in
Egypt. Wise was also slightly perturbed to find that a "home grown" Helen of
Troy film had just been completed, starring Hedy Lamarr. Planned as a major
production, this aborted spectacular emerged as a modest 73 minute film entitled
LAmante di Paride (US title: The Face that Launched a Thousand Ships), that,
thankfully for Warner Bros, came and went so fast that nobody really noticed.

Casting

Casting the role of Helen - "The most
beautiful woman in the world" - was no small problem for Wise. Most of the
current Hollywood "love goddesses" had been considered, including Lana Turner;
Elizabeth Taylor; Rhonda Fleming; Yvonne de Carlo; Ava Gardner, and - Warner's
preferred choice - Virginia Mayo. Wise felt that using relative "unknowns" for
the principle leads would be more effective, and he most definitely did not want
Virginia Mayo under any circumstances!

Rossana
Podesta as Helen

Eventually the part went to Rossana Podesta, an established star, who'd
had a small part in Ulysses and had appeared in a number of mediocre and
non too successful Italian films, but was the requisite "unknown"
outside Italy. The one problem was that Podesta didn't speak any English
at that time. Wise wanted to avoid a clash of accents or dialects
amongst characters who were supposed to be speaking the same language,
and the rest of his cast were largely British, classically trained
actors, such as Cedric Hardwick; Stanley Baker; Harry Andrews and Niall
MacGinnes for the male characters, and Janette Scott and Nora Swinburne
for the females.

The
meeting in the fisherman's hut. Helen advises
Paris to return to Troy before he's discovered.

The
only way around this was to have Podesta learn her lines by rote, and Wise
employed a voice coach to help her, with remarkable effectiveness. Another
member of the female cast had the same problem - and endured the same solution -
the part of Helen's handmaiden had gone to newcomer Brigitte Bardot! French
actor, Jacques (Jack) Sernas, had been cast as Paris, the son of Priam, king of
Troy, and he could speak English. Unfortunately, although he had a fine speaking
voice, the timbre didn't match the rest of the cast, and his voice was dubbed,
as were the parts of other Italian speaking actors.

The
Production

Wise
ran into problems almost from day one. There is no Producer credit on
Helen of Troy, so there was no one person responsible for getting the
show on the road. Wise, arriving in October of 1954 to carry out an initial
survey of facilities and locations, found that an English executive was in
charge of "European Production". This man was appointed "Administrator", not
"Producer", and it soon became apparent to Wise that he was not going to be
particularly helpful. Realizing the complications of the huge production that he
had taken on, Wise attempted to get a Producer credit from the studios, but they
refused. He also found that this "Administrator" had appointed two Production
Managers for the film; Maurizio Lodi-fe and Giuseppi De Blasio, whom Wise found,
thankfully, to be both amiable and competent. But the obstructive attitude of
the Administrator would continue to be a millstone round Wise's neck from the
time of his return to Italy the following April to commence shooting, and for
the subsequent ten months of production. Wise now had his complete crew, which
was a pretty mixed bag, consisting of his key Americans; some English and
Italian, and also a few French.

Stanley
Baker, as Achilles, arrives to take charge, assisted by Terence
Longdon (left) as Patroclus

On-set language problems turned out to minimal, though, as Wise found
out that there would be at least one crew member on each team who could
act as interpreter. One thing that hadn't been realized though was the
amount of time that would be required to build the sets and stock them
with props. All the sets on Helen of Troy were built from scratch; there
was to be no re-using of existing ones. The walls of Troy were built
from the same type of stone and mortar that the ancients used. The
Trojan palace, the shops, houses and streets of Troy were designed and
built as they originally were, and then stocked with period furniture.
And, in addition to the laborious construction of ancient Troy, circa
1200 B.C.- the period of Helen and Paris - several full-sized ships were
built, to be manned by dozens of rowers. Working replicas of Greek war
machines were constructed, along with the thousands of weapons that
would be needed to re-create the Siege of Troy: swords; shields; spears;
bows and arrows, and hundreds of sets of body armour and helmets. Even
two pairs of authentic cesti - mailed and studded boxing gloves, used by
Greeks and Trojans in personal combat - were made, such was the
attention to detail.

The
Trojans are none to pleased to see what Paris has brought back
from his peace mission.

Visually, Helen of Troy is a far more ambitious production
than most of its contempories. The spectacular "look" of the film is due
to the combined efforts of the four men responsible for the various
aspects of production and costume design. Maurice Zuberano's continuity
sketches coupled with Edward Carrère's production design gave Helen its
spectacular sets, and also enabled cinematographer, Harry Stradling, to
overcome CinemaScope's depth of field problems which had concerned Wise
from the start. An uncredited Ken Adam - later to design Dr
Strangelove for Stanley Kubrick, and several of the famous James
Bond sets - was brought in for his expertise on period ships. And
finally, the beautiful and extremely accurate costumes were the work of
Roger Furse, who would go on to create the impressive costumes for
Cleopatra and Camelot.

It took roughly six months to build the big exterior sets, and these were the
first that Edward Carrère started on as it was realized that they would take the
most time to construct. Even then, Wise wasn't able to start shooting on them
when he wanted to, but had to begin filming on some of the interior sets first,
(with their real marble floors!) until the exterior sets were ready. In fact,
the painters were still putting the finishing touches to the exterior set on the
day that they actually began filming on it.

With the production under way, Wise was able to concentrate on the main dialogue
scenes, while second unit directors Gus Agosti, and the inestimable Yakima
Canutt, handled minor scenes and the spectacular action sequences respectively.
For the action scenes, a crew of around eighteen stuntmen were recruited from
England, as the Italians, at that time, were not renowned for their proficiency.
The English crew would perform the key stunts, and would also train the Italians
to do the simpler stuff. In addition, a construction manager, also from England,
was brought over to supervise the construction work involved. Apart from the
usual sprains and bruises these sequences were generally accident-free,
although, sadly, an electrician lost his life when he fell from a parallel (a
platform for cameras or lighting rigs) forty feet to the ground.

Harry
Andrews as Hector unsuccessfully
tries to give Helen back to the Spartans.

Great care was also taken to avoid injury to any of the animals in Helen, as the film industry had had a miserable reputation in
the past for cruelty inflicted on unknowing animals used in filming, a
notorious example being the deaths of over a hundred horses during the
filming of MGM's 1925 version of Ben Hur. Another
depressing example would be Warner's 1936 Errol Flynn vehicle, The Charge of the Light Brigade, where horses were driven over rocky
ground in which pits and trenches had been blasted by dynamite to
accommodate low angle filming. Many horses, tripped by wires, tumbled
into these jagged holes and died horrendously. After members of the
local SPCA visited the Sonora location, charges were filed against the
studio. (Several years after Helen of Troy, another
production, Solomon and Sheba, filmed by a different studio in
Spain, would achieve similar notoriety by driving horses over a "cliff"
for the climactic battle scene, with predictable results).

On a less somber note, one of the shots that would be required was the dragging
of Hector's corpse behind the chariot of the victorious Achilles. This was
considered too dangerous even for a stuntman, so the only alternative was to use
a dummy. "These are the most miserable things to work with in films", said Wise.
Nevertheless, special effects supervisor Louis Lichtenfield, began tests on
various types of dummy, in an attempt to get some kind of realistic movement out
of the "body", rather than have it bounce all over the place like the rubber man
it essentially was. The end result was, well, adequate. And though it's only
seen briefly, Wise still considers it to look fake, and thinks of it in much the
same terms as the robot Gort's foam rubber suit in his earlier film, The Day the
Earth Stood Still. Of course this brings to mind a certain giant shark in a much
later film, proving that money and technology don't always deliver the goods.

And on the subject of props, no film about the siege of Troy would be complete
without a wooden horse. Initially, there had been some concern as to how "This
great damn thing", as Wise called it, could be made reasonably cheaply and still
be able to be moved. Here's how a studio hand-out described its construction:

"The tremendous beast consumed more than thirty full-grown trees in the building
- fir, beech and poplar. More than a thousand pounds of nails and a wagon load
of screws, wooden pegs and iron rings went in to the construction. The wheels
for the platform were eight feet in diameter and two feet thick. The platform
itself was sixty feet long. It had built-in benches and an air-conditioning
system, otherwise the players who occupied its interiors might have suffered
heat-stroke in the broiling Italian summer. Twenty five men occupied the horse's
interior. The horse was forty feet high, and weighed, complete, more than eighty
tons."

The
Trojans drag the wooden horse into the city

One
of the biggest props ever built for a film

In actual fact it was built mostly from balsa wood, and moved quite
easily on its wheels - so much so, in fact, that the extras who were
dragging it into the city had to be told to look as if they were
struggling with it, as it moved too easily. Hyperbole aside, though, it
was the largest prop ever built for a movie. Another essential for a
historical epic - and no less unpredictable - are the extras! Not quite
the 30,000 claimed in some of the publicity hand-outs, but several
thousand anxious-to-please Italians nonetheless. Obviously the first
problem with a huge number of people in a period piece is getting them
costumed and on set, so this chore would begin early. Back then there
were people that the studio could call who would each bring in another
twenty five prospective Greeks and Trojans from their neighborhood. They
were known as "Capo gruppo", or group captains, and they would be given
a section number by the assistant directors, and a map of where their
section would be on the set. There would also be a core of experienced,
professional extras. These trained people would be given proper
costumes, and would be placed in the foreground of any particular scene.
The rest of them would be given what Wise describes as "Half-ass"
costumes, and were used in the crowd shots, where they wouldn't be
noticed. Occasionally, though, in their enthusiasm, they would push
themselves down past the properly made up and costumed extras and appear
right in front of the camera with askew wigs and modern shoes instead of
sandals. Wise found that many of the Italians showed a keenness far
above the call of duty, and recalled that Orson Welles had once remarked
that: "All Italians are actors - only the worst of them are on the
stage".

A
quick kiss before Paris returns to
battle the Greeks

Meanwhile, back at the ranch, the Administrator - or Mr. X as we'll call
him, seemed to be doing his best to undermine Wise at every opportunity.
As the huge production began to slip, not surprisingly, behind schedule,
Mr. X began to criticize and complain about Wise's decisions. Not to
Wise directly, but via a series of cables to Jack Warner and the
executives back in Burbank. The result of this would be a telephone call
to Wise in the middle of the night from Hollywood, with the studio
wanting to know what was going wrong. Wise would then have to explain
what he was doing and why - and would invariably receive the backing of
the studio, in spite of some of the unforeseen expenditures that were
being incurred. Nevertheless, Mr. X continued with his sinister
activities, much to the outrage of the secretaries who had to send his
nefarious cables for him. So incensed were they that they began to keep
copies of them to show to Wise. He, in turn, sent all his cables via Mr.
X's office so that he would know exactly what the director was doing,.
This went on all through the last half of the production, and no
director needs that kind of pressure. Wise found it extremely wearing,
but, as he says, "We got through it."

Disaster

With
most of the big Troy scenes shot, the main unit moved to a small town on the sea
shore for some location work. One evening, when the shooting there had been
completed - ahead of schedule - several of the key crew members had gone up to
cinematographer Harry Stradling's hotel room, for drinks on the terrace
overlooking the ocean. You can probably picture a very convivial scene as they
relax, no doubt feeling quite pleased with themselves to be back on course after
a difficult and sometimes complex shoot. Then the telephone rang. Edward de
Blasio took the call, and sat listening, the colour draining from his face. The
room suddenly went quiet. "That was the studio," he said. "The set's just burned
down."

They all piled into cars and headed back to Rome, but on the way, they managed
to persuade themselves that perhaps this was just a case of the usual Italian
overstatement; sure, there was a fire, and maybe a little damage, but nothing
too serious. Panic receded, and so they made a detour back to the coast to check
out the boat they would be using for some scenes in a couple of weeks. But once
at the seashore, they met some of the crew who had been at the studio in Rome
the day before, when the fire had started. The second unit had been shooting
some scenes of the Battle of Piraeus, and had broken for lunch, leaving some
Italian firemen to keep an eye on the burning siege towers. Apparently
everything looked quiet so they decided to have some lunch as well. They were
happily enjoying their meal when somebody looked up and saw that the fires were
spreading everywhere! Someone described the firemen as being like the Keystone
Cops; pulling out hoses that were full of holes and leaking all over the place,
and a couple of firemen grabbing opposite ends of the same hose and running
towards the flames with it. It would be funny if it wasn't so serious- to the
tune of the half million dollars that went up in smoke with the set.

The major problem was that the sacking of Troy had yet to be filmed, and there
wasn't much of it left. Maurice Zuberano proved to be godsend; making revised
sketches, rearranging moveable fronts that had survived the blaze, and masking
off damaged areas. The ingenuity of Wise and his crew paid off, and it is to
their credit that, watching these scenes in the completed film, you would never
know how close they had come to losing the film.

Epilogue

The
end of Troy

Released in 1956, Helen of Troy was a hit for Warners. And while the
script and some of the performances may not compare favorably with, say,
Robert Rossen's Alexander the Great, the visuals easily surpass most of
its contemporaries. Every dollar is up there on the screen. Would Wise
do it any differently today? With hindsight, he says he would probably
have taken more time in preparation and perhaps used bigger names in the
lead roles of Helen and Paris, but generally he is satisfied with the
film. It did his career no harm at all and he still occasionally
receives letters from people who've seen it and loved it! He would go on
to direct such classics as West Side Story, The Sound of Music , The
Sand Pebbles, and, of course, many others-but never another "epic".
"They're just not my cup of tea," he says.

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