Let’s talk about Proprioception – our hidden sixth sense!

Let’s talk about Proprioception – our hidden sixth sense!

So what is proprioception?

Proprioception is often called our hidden sixth sense. The cells of our body that sense proprioception are called proprioceptors. These are located in our muscles and joints and they process sensory information when our body moves. The stretch on our muscles and the position changes of our joints, that occur when we move, is called proprioceptive feedback. This lets our brain know where our arms, legs, and body are at any given moment, which is important for our coordination.

Proprioception is different to touch sensory input. This is because the sensory information is coming from our muscles and joints and not our skin. This can be a bit tricky to understand at first. The main thing to remember is that proprioceptive feedback comes from special receptors in the muscles and joints which respond to body position and movement. Our touch system, however, responds to anything that touches our skin. You can read our post on the touch sense if you needed more clarification on this sense.

What does our proprioceptive sense help us to do?

Our proprioceptive system helps us to:

Know where our limbs (arms and legs) are. For example, when we take a sip of our drink, we don’t have to look at the cup as it goes to our mouth. We can move it there with our eyes closed if need be. Our proprioceptors send the information about where our hand, and therefore the cup is, through to the brain for us.

Grade our force and speed of movement. If we think to the cup, we typically don’t crash the cup into our mouth. Our proprioceptive sense makes sure our hand moves smoothly and slowly enough to reach our mouth, without hitting ourselves in the face or spilling water. (In theory at least if they are working well!)

Maintain our muscle tone. We talk more about muscle tone below but it’s the resting tension in our muscles.

Maintain our balance. This is super important. If you stand on one foot and close your eyes, you should feel some movement at the ankle. These are your proprioceptors telling your brain what’s happening with your leg. They’re also helping to your vestibular sense to make sure you don’t fall over.

Why is proprioception so important?

The first reason, as I mentioned above, is that our proprioceptive sense lets our brain know where our body is in space. Another example of this is walking. You don’t need to look down at your feet to know where they are. You don’t need to look to lift your foot up, move it forward and then place it down again. These movements just happen because your proprioceptors send constant sensory information to your brain about the position of your hip, knee, ankle, and toes. This ensures they move into the right place.

Each time we move the propriocepetive feedback from our muscles and joints tells our brain where our body is. This includes any time we move our arms, legs, hands, feet, neck, or spine. Even when we are still, the stretch of the muscles, or lack of stretch, and the joint position tell our brain where we are.

When you’re watching TV you can reach over to the controller and find it, if needed, without looking. It is your proprioceptive system that sends your arm to the right place. Your touch sense might feel around to locate the controller but your proprioceptive system then opens your hand and helps you to pick it up, direct it towards the TV and press the button.

Grading of force and speed of limb movement

When you press that button on the controller you need to press it with enough force to make it work. It’s important to not press it too firmly however as it might slide out of your hand or break. This is called grading your force. We do this all the time quite naturally and without thinking about it. Our proprioceptors are doing the thinking for us.

You also need to move the controller with the right speed so that you don’t crash your hand into yourself or another person. It’s the same with the cup we mentioned earlier. This is your speed of limb movement.

If we use too much force or speed we break things. If we use too little then we might not be successful. When hammering in a nail, for example, if you hit too hard you might bend the nail, but if you hit too softly it won’t go in. Cracking an egg is another great example, if you tap too lightly it won’t open, but if you crack it too quickly or with too much force you will be cleaning up a mess!

Proprioception is what allows our limbs to move into the right position, with the right speed and the right amount of force required for the activity.

Muscle tone

Muscle tone refers to the constant partial contraction our muscles are making when we are still. It allows our bodies to increase or decrease tension as required when moving. Our proprioceptive system helps our vestibular sense to support this tension. Some children with Sensory Processing Disorder might have lower than average muscle tone and this can affect their postural control and stability.

Balance

Finally, our proprioceptive sense helps to support our balance. It again works with the vestibular sense, which is primarily responsible for balance. Our proprioceptors give our brains even more information about where our body is and this helps with our balance. For example, if you step on an unstable surface, you receive vestibular information from your inner ear about the change in head position and you receive proprioceptive information about the position that your ankle, knee, and hip are in. The combination of this information helps your body keep upright and not fall over.

What might it look like if our proprioceptive sense isn’t working well?

When the proprioceptive system doesn’t process the information it receives very well, there are two typical responses. If you would like to learn more about responses to sensory inputs you might find our free introductory course on Sensory Processing Disorder interesting.

Some children and adults are slower to respond to the input, which means they need more proprioceptive input to understand where their body is in space. These children and adults could either respond by seeking out more input or they might be slower to respond to the input. The literature currently doesn’t give examples of sensitivity to proprioception. Some typical traits seen for each type of response are listed below:

Seeking out proprioception:

Jumping and crashing – with a preference for the crash

Chewing items

Hanging off things

Pushing

Slow response to proprioception:

Using too much force, and may break things accidentally

Described as having ‘weak muscles’ and may use too little pressure

Leaning or slumping on walls, furniture or others

Becoming tired easily

Why is proprioception important for learning and work?

In order to be successful with learning, you need to be able to sit in your chair and focus and attend to the teacher. If you’re not quite sure where your body is in that chair, you might need to move and seek out extra proprioceptive feedback. This can often get children and adults in trouble when all they are really trying to do is concentrate!

If you’re not really sure where your body is, you’re also likely to run into your peers more frequently. You might accidentally step on them as you aren’t quite sure where your foot is. Or bump them when reaching for the glue as you just aren’t judging the distance correctly. Or you might lean into them during carpet time or when you’re at the table as this gives you more feedback about where you are. Whilst this helps you, it can be annoying for your peers!

Why is grading of force important at school and home?

Grading of force is essential for all fine motor and gross motor activities at school and home. When you write you need to be able to use enough pressure on the pencil: use too little and the teacher can’t see your work; use too much, and your hand will become tired quite quickly (you might even constantly need to sharpen your pencil!).

If you can’t hold toys with the correct amount of force, you might not be able to make them work, or you could break them.

At lunch, if you pull too hard when opening your snack packet, you could drop your snack over the ground. If you’re too gentle though, it just won’t open and you’ll have to ask for help. When you’re trying to have that drink, moving your cup too quickly might lead to spilling its contents.

In the playground and at PE your proprioceptors make sure that you throw or kick the ball with the right amount of force to reach the target. Too little and you miss, too much and you may break something. Also, if you use too much force when playing in the playground you might accidentally hurt your friends.

There are few movement tasks at school and home that don’t rely on proprioception for success. If the body is not processing proprioceptive input well, then movements are often uncoordinated and can take a lot more effort. This can be frustrating for children and adults as, even though they are trying their best, their body just responds differently to others.

For more information you might like these videos on proprioception:

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