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1 6(2): (2012) DOI: /jfscom Journal of FisheriesSciences.com E-ISSN X RESEARCH ARTICLE ARAŞTIRMA MAKALESİ THE ROTIFERA FAUNA OF TURKISH THRACE (EDIRNE, TEKIRDAĞ, KIRKLARELI) Sevil Erdoğan 1, Hüseyin Güher 2 1 Trakya University, Keşan Vocational College, Fisheries Programme, Keşan/Edirne, Turkey. 2 Trakya University, Science Faculty, Department of Biology, Edirne, Turkey. Abstract: This study was carried out to determine freshwater Rotifera species of Turkish Thrace (Edirne, Tekirdağ, Kırklareli) between September 2007-April Rotifera samples were collected by using a plankton net (55µm mesh size) from 126 different localities. At 65 of 126 localities, water temperature, ph, conductivity, dissolved oxygen were measured during the field survey, in terms of showing general character of surface waters of Turkish Thrace. As a result of this study, a total of 115 Rotifera species belonging to 22 families were identified in Turkish Thrace. 47 of these species were new records for Turkish Thrace. The number of species in Edirne which had formerly been determined as 97, increased to 114 with this study. 72 species which were identified in this study in Tekirdağ were accepted as the first records for Tekirdağ, because it had not been done any former studies concerning Rotifera in Tekirdağ. 99 species identified in this study in Kırklareli were also accepted as the first records for Kırklareli because the taxons found in the former study, which had been performed in Kırklareli, were in genus level.the result of this and former studies shows that Turkish Thrace has 138 species. Keywords: Rotifera, Fauna, Taxonomy, Turkish Thrace This paper was produced from the Ph.D. thesis of S.Erdoğan which was financially supported by the Scientific Research Fund of the Trakya University. Correspondence to: Sevil ERDOĞAN, Trakya University, Keşan Vocational College, Fisheries Programme, TR-22800, Keşan/Edirne -TURKEY Tel: ( ) Fax: ( ) and 132

2 Özet: Trakya Bölgesi (Edirne, Tekirdağ, Kırklareli) Rotifera Faunası Bu çalışma Eylül 2007 Nisan 2009 tarihleri arasında Trakya bölgesi (Edirne, Tekirdağ, Kırklareli) tatlı su Rotifera türlerini belirlemek amacıyla gerçekleştirildi. Rotifer örnekleri 126 farklı lokaliteden 55 mm göz açıklığına sahip plankton kepçesi ile toplandı. Arazi çalışması esnasında Trakya bölgesinin ve üç ilin yüzey sularının genel karakterini yansıtması bakımından örnekleme yapılan 126 lokaliteden 65 tanesinde ph, çözünmüş oksijen, elektrik iletkenliği, su sıcaklığı ve hava sıcaklığı gibi fizikokimyasal parametreler de ölçüldü. Bu çalışma sonucunda Trakya Bölgesinde Rotifera filumundan 22 familyaya ait toplam 115 tür tespit edildi. Tespit edilen türlerin 47 si Trakya bölgesi için yeni kayıttır. Daha önceki çalışmalarda 97 tür tespit edilen Edirne ilinin tür sayısı bu çalışma ile birlikte 114 e ulaştı. Tekirdağ ilinde daha önceden Rotifera ile ilgili yapılmış çalışma bulunmadığı için, Tekirdağ ilinde tespit edilen 72 tür Tekirdağ için yeni kayıttır. Kırklareli ilinde daha önceden yapılan çalışmalarda bulunan taksonlar cins düzeyinde olduğu için bu çalışmada tespit edilen 99 tür de Kırklareli için yeni kayıttır. Trakya bölgesinde daha önce yapılan çalışmalarda dikkate alındığında Trakya bölgesinin 138 türle temsil edildiği görülmektedir. Anahtar Kelimeler: Rotifera, Fauna, Taksonomi, Trakya bölgesi Introduction Rotifera has an important role in the continuity of matter and energy cycle in the aquatic ecosystem and abundance of rotifera species in an aquatic habitat give clues in determining productivity level of this aquatic habitat (Demir et al., 2007). Besides, Rotifera is used as indicator for pollution and eutrophication because of their high reproduction rate and sensitivity to any ecological change in the waterbody (Lucinda et al., 2004). Turkish Thrace which is located in Northwest of Turkey has borders to Balkan countries. Meriç and Tunca Rivers from Bulgaria and Arda River from Greece pour into Aegean Sea crossing the region. Besides, wetlands located in this region provide resting and staging area for birds that migrate from Europea to Asia or vice versa. Turkish Thrace is expected to have a high biodiversity because it includes species from Balkan fauna because of its geological location. In addition, agricultural activities are carried out by using modern technologies in Turkish Thrace, due to its vast lowlands and productive plains. Pollution caused by agriculture, industry and excessive population growth destroys a huge amount of freshwater ecosystems and causes more pollution at the wetlands in the region especially by expanding via Meriç and Ergene rivers. Therefore many living organisms disappear or migrate to other regions. There were limited number of researches done concerning Rotifera fauna of Turkish Thrace up to now and as a result of these studies, 82 species were identified in Turkish Thrace (Segers et al., 1992; Güher, 2003; Güher et al., 2004; Erdoğan and Güher, 2005; Güher and Erdoğan, 2008). But, when reasons pointed out above are considered, there may be the possibility of new species arrivals or extinction, the studies performed seems insufficient. So, biological diversity have to be brought to light at once, in order to keep track of the possible alterations that might occur and take the necessary precautions in wetlands in Turkish Thrace. Materials and Methods This study was done between September 2007 April 2009, to determine freshwater rotifera species of Turkish Thrace (Edirne, Tekirdağ, Kırklareli). Samples were collected from 126 different localities including all kinds of freshwater ecosystems like lakes, ponds, rivers and streams by using plankton net (55µm mesh size) (Figure 1). Not only horizontal sampling by using simple plankton net but also vertical sampling by using Hensen type plankton net were done in big and deep lakes like Altınyazı and Kadıköy dams. Furthermore, it was carried out by using small hand nets in shallow densely planted ecosystems. The names of the localities, sampling dates, coordinates and the numbers of the localities are given in Table 1. Samples were fixed in 4% formalin. Rotifera species were examined under the microscope of Olympus brand. By using diluted sodium hypo- 133

3 chlorite, Trophi were isolated from some specimen, and were prepared for light microscope. In identification of rotifer species, utilized by Kolisko (1974); Koste (1978a,b); Pontin (1978); Koste and Shiel (1989, 1990); Segers (1995); Jersabek et al. (2003). Also during field survey physicochemical parameters like ph, dissolved oxygen, electric conductivity, and water temperature were measured at 65 localities in Turkish Thrace in order to indicate the general characteristics of three cities. These localities are given at Table 2. *Numbers in figure show the locality numbers in the Table 1. Figure 1. The sampling localities in Turkish Thrace 134

14 Filinia terminalis (Plate, 1886): Locs. 1, 4, 5, 7, 11, 12, 14, 16, 17, 18, 23, 26, 25, 29, 30, 32, 33, 37, 39, 40, 41, 43, 44, 46, 48, 54, 55, 57, 58, 60, 66, 68, 70, 71, 73, 74, 75, 76, 80, 86, 89, 92, 95, 98, 105, 116, 122, 125. *Conochilus dossuarius Hudson, 1875: Locs. 1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 10, 11, 13, 15, 16, 17, 18, 20, 21, 24, 25, 26, 29, 30, 32, 33, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 54, 55, 60, 61, 63, 64, 67, 68, 69, 70, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 78, 88, 89. *Conochilus unicornis Rousselet, 1892: Locs. 40, 121. Hexarthra fennica (Levander, 1892): Locs. 28, 37, 41, 45, 48. *Hexarthra mira Hudson, 1871: Locs. 33, 65, 73. *Collotheca ornata (Ehrenberg, 1832): Locs. 1, 3, 5, 6, 7, 9, 13, 14, 15, 20, 21, 26, 29, 35, 39, 54, 60, 61, 63, 64, 66, 70, 72, 74, 75, 77. It was found on Thypa sp., Potamogeton sp., Myriophyllum sp. and Trapa natans. ph: ; Water temp.: o C; DO: mg L -1 ; EC: µs cm -1. At 65 of 126 localities physicochemical parameters such as water temperature, ph, conductivity, and dissolved oxygen were also measured during the field study to show the overall characteristics of Turkish Thrace and the three provinces (Table 2). When the distribution of species identified in Turkish Thrace is examined, it is seen that Brachionus angularis, Asplanchna priodonta, Polyarthra remata, Synchaeta pectinata and Keratella cochlearis are the most common species in the region. These are cosmopolite species with wide distribution. They can tolerate low and high ranges of temperature and salinity and are seen in waterbody throughout the year. So, they can be found in every kind of aquatic ecosystem (Koste, 1978a; De Manuel Barrabin, 2000; Fontenato et al., 2008). Two rare species in the region, Mytilina ventralis and Mytilina mucronata, inhabit in littoral and benthic region and rarely in plankton. Lecane lamellata prefers saline habitats (Segers et al., 1992; Fontenato et al., 2008). So, it was found only in lake Mert which is a lagoon in this study. The distribution of T.bicristata, T.longiseta, T.tenuior and T.insignis is limited with lakes Hamam and Pedina. These species are periphytic (Pejler and Berzins, 1993a). These species are found less in number in the region because sampling was done specifically for planktonic species. When the distribution of 115 species which were identified according to provinces is examined, it is seen that Kırklareli has the highest number in species richness with 99. Edirne is the second with 97 species and Tekirdağ is the third with 72 species. 82 species have been recorded in Edirne as result of former studies done in Turkish Thrace, (DSİ., 1986; Segers et al., 1992; Erdoğan and Güher, 2005; Güher and Erdoğan, 2008). 65 of these species are found in this study as well, 17 of them could not be found and 32 new species discovered in this study. Although, some rotifer species exist throughout the year, some exist in spesific seasons of the year or disappear for a long time and appear again (Kolisko, 1974; Pennak, 1989). It is thought that this is the reason why 17 species identified in the former studies could not be identified in this study. 72 species which were identified in this study are evaluated as first records for Tekirdağ because there weren t any former studies concerning Rotifera in Tekirdağ. In Kırklareli, Güher (2003) had examined zooplanktonic organisms of Mert, Erikli, Hamam and Pedina lakes and had recorded 17 genuses belonging to Rotifera. One of these, genus Ascomorpha, could not be found in this study. 99 species in this study are evaluated as first records for Kırklareli, because there is no record on rotifera in species level in the region. Edirne is rich in wetlands, especially with ponds, and has the highest number of sampling locality (78 localities). Edirne is expected to have much more species because rotifera species are more common in shallow waters. In Tekirdağ and Kırklareli, number of localities are equal where samplings are done (24 localities). But when the number of species identified is considered, it is seen that Kırklareli is superior to other provinces in terms of species richness. Kırklareli and especially İğneada is a region that hosts specific habitats such as lagoons, containing high diversity of species. Besides, there are streams sourcing from Istranca Mountains feeding lakes and ponds in Kırklareli. Tekirdağ has wide and flat agricultural lands and a limited number of water reservoirs which are built for agricultural irrigation. In addition, pollution caused by intensive industrial areas limit species diversity in Tekirdağ. The physicochemical parameters measured in Turkish Thrace vary as follows: ph , 145

15 Conductivity µs cm -1 and Dissolved oxygen mg L -1 (Tablo 2). When measured ph values are considered, it is seen that freshwaters in Turkish Thrace are alkaline. ph is higher in Edirne than other provinces. This situation is supported by Brachionus, Filinia and Polyarthra species which are characteristic for the alkaline waters and which widely distribute in Edirne (Emir, 1989; Koste, 1978a; Kaya and Altındağ, 2007a). Although electrical conductivity is lower in Tekirdağ, it was found quite high in Mert and Erikli lagoons located in İğneada region of Kırklareli. The extensive existance of Brachionus plicatilis, Synchaeta sp. and Hexartra species in these lakes, which are usually common in saline water, supports this view (Altındağ and Sözen, 1996). When measured dissolved oxygen values are examined it is seen that, the amount of dissolved oxygen in ponds and small lakes, is related to the increase in phytoplankton density due to the increase in water temperature in spring. Polyarthra vulgaris and Keratella quadrata are found in oxygen-rich waters (Koste, 1978a; Emir and Demirsoy, 1996; Pennak, 1989). These species are found commonly in ponds and small lakes in this study, too. The distribution of Rotifera species is directly proportional to water temperature. Branco et al. (2002) stated that the existence of E.dilatata. and B.calyciflorus is closely related to the increase in water temperature. Most of the species identified in the region, appear due to the increase in water temperature, especially in spring and summer. Of these species identified in Turkish Thrace, Rotaria neptunia, Anuraeopsis coelata, A.fissa, Brachionus angularis, B.calyciflorus, B.leydigi, B.plicatilis, Keratella quadrata, K. tecta, Euchlanis dilatata, Mytilina mucronata, Trichotria pocillum, Lecane lunaris, Pleurotrocha petromyzon, Trichocerca capucina, T.cylindrica, T.pusilla, T.porcellus, Polyarthra dolichoptera, P.vulgaris, P.euryptera, Synchaeta pectinata, S.oblonga, Asplanchna girodi, Pompholyx sulcata, Filinia longiseta and F.terminalis are indicators of eutrophycation (Kolisko, 1974; Koste, 1978a; Berzins and Pejler, 1989; Pejler and Berzins, 1993a; Altındağ and Sözen 1996; Michaloudi et al.,1997; Altındağ and Özkurt, 1998; Bekleyen, 2001, 2003; De Manuel Barrabin, 2000; Koste and Terlutter, 2001; Bekleyen and Taş, 2008; Kehayıas et al., 2008). In addition, Lopocharis salpina is indicator of dystrophy, Kellicottia longispina, Keratella cochlearis, Asplanchna priodonta, Conochilus unicornis are indicators of oligotrophy (Kolisko, 1974; Koste, 1978a; Emir and Demirsoy, 1996; De Manuel Barrabin, 2000). Whereas the species which are indicator of eutrophy distribute widespreadly, species which are indicator of oligotrophy have limited distribution. This situation shows that most of the wetlands in the region are eutrophic. Besides, distribution of rotifer species identified gives information about pollution degree of wetlands in Turkish Thrace. Asplanchna priodonta, Keratella cochlearis, Trichocerca bicristata and T.porcellus are indicator of Oligosaprobi, Asplanchna girodi, A.sieboldi, Philodina megalotrocha, Dissotrocha aculeata, Trichotria pocillum, T.tetractis, Mytilina ventralis, Lepadella patella, Lecane luna, L.closterocerca, L.lunaris, L.bulla, Platyias quadricornis, Colurella adriatica, Euchlanis dilatata, E.incisa, Notommata copeus, Cephalodella gibba, Trichocerca rattus, T.bicristata, T.longiseta and Polyarthra vulgaris are indicator of Oligo-Beta saprobi, Testudinella patina, Pompholyx sulcata and Filinia longiseta are indicator of Beta mesosaprobi, Brachionus angularis, B.calyciflorus and Dicranophoroides caudatus is indicator of Alfa-Beta mesosaprobi and Lepadella patella is indicator of Alfa-mesosaprobi. However, Rotaria neptunia is indicator of polimesosaprobi (Kolisko, 1974; Koste, 1978a; Berzins and Pejler, 1989; Pejler and Berzins, 1993a; De Manuel Barrabin, 2000; Tasevska et al., 2004; Shumka and Miho, 2006). The majority of the species commonly found in Turkish Thrace, inhabit in less and moderately polluted waters. But, some of these species like Brachionus angularis and Brachionus calyciflorus which are widely distributed in the region inhabit critically polluted waters. This situation indicates that wetland in Turkish Thrace is gradually polluted, when we consider whole Turkish Thrace. 70 of the Rotifera species identified in Turkish Thrace are also seen in Balkan countries. (Zarfdjian and Economidis 1989; Zarfdjian et al., 1990; Michaloudi et al., 1997; Zarfdjian et al., 2000; Michaloudi and Kostecka 2004; Tasevska et al., 2004; Djurkovic et al., 2008; Kozuharov et 146

WEEK 11 CME323 NUMERIC ANALYSIS Lect. Yasin ORTAKCI yasinortakci@karabuk.edu.tr 2 INTERPOLATION Introduction A census of the population of the United States is taken every 10 years. The following table

Republic of Turkey Ministry of Food Agriculture and Livestock General Directorate of Plant Production ORGANIC FARMING IN TURKEY By Vildan KARAARSLAN Head of Department Agronomist and Food Science Expert

ERROR Unlike analytical solutions, numerical methods have an error range. In addition to this input data may have errors. There are 5 basis source of error: The Source of Error 1. Measuring Errors Data