The hip-hop star, who recently served time in prison, plans two albums, an autobiography, clothing line, movie and concert tour next year

On Friday, the rapper Gucci Mane will release his third album in six months, not counting the two mixtapes and 30-plus collaborative songs he’s put out during the same period. His output seems especially prodigious when you consider that he sat out the first half of 2016 in a federal prison.

The vocalist, born Radric Davis, served two-and-a-half years there for possession of a firearm by a felon. Now the 36-year-old, who helped shape the kaleidoscopic and commercially dominant rap scene of Atlanta, is sprinting through an...