The Evolution of Gold Coast Residential Architecture from the 20th Century until today

Having just paused to remember those fallen in wars across the globe, our Principal Architect, John Lea, has taken a trip down memory lane to put the spotlight on the evolution of architecture on the Gold Coast. His commentary reflects on the changing identity and built form of the Gold Coast, as our city has journeyed through time.

Tourist Hub

The Gold Coast is different to other towns and cities across Australia in that it has grown up primarily as a tourist destination, catering to short term accommodation needs. This tourism-based identity has informed the type of architecture that has been created in our city across history.

The Hotel and boarding house

The Hotel and boarding house

With that in mind, the beginning of the last century showcased the original form of architecture on the Gold Coast – the hotel. Hotels were not just a place to sleep on holiday, but they were a social hub, a place to meet and greet and enjoy leisure time. Featuring the classic historical combination of timber and tin, hotel building materials morphed, due to the risk of fire, to brick and masonry.

Leading on from the hotel history, which was the original visitor accommodation option on the Gold Coast, came the boarding house or guest house, which became very popular in the 1950s and 1960s. The guest house represented fun and frivolity and a place for socialising. Traditionally, these boarding houses and guest houses were timber and corrugated iron, with wide verandahs for shelter from the sun.

The American inspired California Bungalow-Queenslander

The American inspired California Bungalow-Queenslander

The interwar period brought significant change to the Gold Coast, with access to housing loans increasing, the advent of cars and the introduction of the highway to Brisbane. A period of great development, this era was heavily influenced by America following WWI, in particular the California Bungalow. A popular architectural style at the time, the California Bungalow was characterised by a low pitch roof, deep eaves and verandahs, half-timbered or shingled gables and big bay windows.

Because of the Queensland climate and limited access to resources and materials, a hybrid was produced in the Gold Coast between the American influenced California Bungalow and the traditional Queensland house, featuring weatherboards and corrugated iron – the vernacular “timber and tin: style”. This hybrid style of housing became known as the Queenslander and was popular up until the second world war.

The Flats

The Flats

During mid last century, another popular form of housing on the Gold Coast were ‘flats’ – built on standard residential housing blocks. Consequently, these domestic style flats were small, often featuring four flats in a 2-storey building, all with independent access. Land titling restrictions at the time limited ownership of these flats to a single landowner, so these were primarily used for rental accommodation.

The Fibro Beach Shack

The Fibro Beach Shack

During the second world war, nationwide restrictions placed on building new dwellings due to scarce resources lulled the growth in the Gold Coast. Immediately following the war, there were very little materials available for building, which lead to the ‘post-war austerity style’ of architecture and the birth of the iconic fibro beach shack. Simple, plain, compact and unadorned, these shacks cemented a place on the beachside streets of the Gold Coast and a place on the map of our history.

The Gold Coast Beach House

The Gold Coast Beach House

Next came the post war modernist era, a period of great optimism and growth. The late 50s to 60s saw the evolution of the ‘space age’ and as people accumulated a disposable income – affluence returned to the Gold Coast. This saw the introduction of the Gold Coast beach house. Easy to build but elaborate beach houses were developed across the city, stamping their place in history as classic post-war modernist style, featuring fibro, timber and masonry. This was a period of great growth for architecture in our city.

The main characteristics of these beach houses were low pitched gables and flat, skillion or butterfly rooves. Glazing became more prominent due to changes in manufacturing techniques that meant glass became more affordable. Large expanses of glass were included in designs, including glass front doors. This period saw the previously outdoor toilet move inside and showcased the introduction of stainless steel sinks. Other materials reflective of this period included feature stonework, large rounded river stones, slate cladding, abstract art murals with geometric or free form designs and bold, bright colours, enhanced by the ever-present strong Queensland sunshine. Buildings incorporated elaborate adornments such as patios, pergolas, carports, geometric iron balustrading, breeze blocks and tessellated brickwork. The space age influence presented in the form of angled posts and tapering columns, referencing rocket fins and the futurist architectural styles as seen on the popular Jetsons cartoon series.

The US influence continues

The US influence continues

Development of canal estates began around the post-war modernist era, with a strong USA influence, particularly from Florida which shares a very similar geography and climate to the Gold Coast. Waterfront living, once the preserve of the very wealthy, now became more accessible, particularly to retirees moving to the Gold Coast, cashed up after selling their homes in the southern states.

This was also during the time when glamourous American stars such as Frank Sinatra and the rat pack were very popular and building fashionable modernist homes in sunny California’s Palm Springs which Gold Coast residents began to emulate.

The Motel

The Motel

Around this time another iconic style of architecture was growing – the new Motor Hotel or Motel. Cars became more prevalent, as did the great Australian driving holiday. Cars and these types of holidays became more affordable and therefore, mainstream, which lead to an explosion of tourism.

The linear highway running through the collection of various beach settlements that forms the Gold Coast meant that competition amongst motel operators was strong, and there was a need for them to stand out from the rest and draw patrons in. From this, Vegas style signage emerged, evident in iconic Motels such as the Pink Poodle, as well as elaborate architectural facades to attract attention.

Behind these showy frontages however, Motel architecture was typically very basic in its form. Other features were incorporated to create a sense of fantasy and the exotic, offering holiday makers an escape from their traditional pre / post-war homes and everyday lives to experience luxuries they couldn’t normally afford.

These offerings were prominently advertised on the street front signage and included heated swimming pools, springform diving boards, colourful tropical landscaping (influenced strongly by the new Pacific Island resorts that were in vogue at the time), Televisions, ensuite bathrooms, air conditioning, kitchens, modern imported furniture, refrigerators, BBQ facilities, games rooms and the classic precooked Motel breakfast, ordered the night before and delivered on a tray through a special hatch to your room at the time of your choosing.

The Walk-up

The Walk-up

During the mid 60’s, the government introduced strata-titling, which for the first time allowed multiple dwellings to be developed and sold on a single parcel of land. This saw an explosion in the development of apartment buildings as developers could now sell “flats” rather than maintaining them as rentals.

The 3-storey walk-up became popular as they could be developed on a typical single residential lot.

Consequently, they were often long narrow buildings extending back from the street and oriented to the side boundary. Typically 3 stories high (thus avoiding the requirement to install a lift) with carparking at ground level, the apartments above were accessed by “walking up” external staircases and along a common shared verandah. The walk-up was generally constructed of face brickwork with flat metal roofs (due to height restrictions imposed on many residential blocks) and designed in the austere modernist style popular at the time.

The rise of the high-rise

The rise of the high-rise

Enter the late 60s and the 70s; an era which saw the eventual demise of the motel, and the evolution of high rise construction on the Gold Coast. Previously, multi-storey buildings were limited by construction techniques which commonly relied on loadbearing brickwork to support the building weight, and restricted buildings to a maximum of 10 stories. With the advent of affordable concrete construction, height limits were no longer restricted by building techniques, but instead limited by town planning constraints.

This coincided with the popularity of airline travel, bringing even more visitors to our city, and the Gold Coast exploded with a spate of highrise apartment buildings, particularly in Surfers Paradise, the entertainment heart of the city. By the early 70s, over a third of the dwellings on the Gold Coast were apartments.

A mixed bag of international trends

A mixed bag of international trends

From the 80s and 90s, architecture in the Gold Coast was characterised by a mix of architectural styles, heavily influenced by international design trends as the affordability of overseas airline travel has exposed us to diverse cultures from around the world. All over the city, our architecture has been emulating the sunny holiday havens of the Mediterranean, the Americas and Asia.

The current trend is the Hamptons style, characterised by weatherboards, slate roofing, ornate windows and timber balustrades.

The price of growth has been great on the Gold Coast as we continually strive to find our identity as a city.

Our limited architectural heritage is rapidly disappearing as our original dwellings, many less than 50 years old, are demolished to make way for newer bigger grander homes. As a result, iconic Gold Coast suburbs like the Isle of Capri is now dubbed the ‘Isle of Debris’.

Where to from here?

Where to from here?

As the Gold Coast matures, we are slowly forging a new identity not solely reliant on tourism.

Quality timeless, sophisticated architecture is becoming more prevalent, and can be attributed to a diverse range of factors including travel, social media, the internet, and even reality TV which has exposed more of the population to the value and importance of quality design.

Our City Council has also played a key role in transitioning our City from a giant “theme park” into an international metropolis by establishing a City Architect role and developing a town plan that rewards good design and civic responsibility with development bonuses.

Having had the eyes of the world focussed intently on our city during the Commonwealth Games, we are now likely to be entering a period of robust growth and prosperity.

As an Architect who has spent most of his career working in this wonderful city, I have delighted in watching the Gold Coast mature, and am very excited about the future and the role I can continue to play in the practice of architecture, shaping the urban fabric that makes this one of the most liveable cities in the world.