...unless the environmental information reaching them through the various sense organs offered a perception of space that corresponds to their physical “reality.” Such perception is called veridical perception—the direct perception of stimuli as they exist. Without some degree of veridicality concerning physical space, one cannot seek food, flee from enemies, or even socialize.......

a philosophical doctrine fundamental to the school of Logical Positivism holding that a statement is meaningful only if it is either empirically verifiable or else tautological (i.e., such that its truth arises entirely from the meanings of its terms). Thus, the principle discards as meaningless the metaphysical statements of traditional philosophy as well as other kinds...

a philosophical doctrine fundamental to the school of Logical Positivism holding that a statement is meaningful only if it is either empirically verifiable or else tautological (i.e., such that its truth arises entirely from the meanings of its terms). Thus, the principle discards as meaningless the metaphysical statements of traditional philosophy as well as other kinds...

Frege did not address the problem of how linguistic expressions come to have the meanings they do. A natural, albeit vague, answer is that expressions mean what they do because of what speakers do with them. An example of this approach is provided by the school of logical positivism, which was developed by members of the Vienna Circle discussion group in the 1920s and ’30s. According to the......

Frege did not address the problem of how linguistic expressions come to have the meanings they do. A natural, albeit vague, answer is that expressions mean what they do because of what speakers do with them. An example of this approach is provided by the school of logical positivism, which was developed by members of the Vienna Circle discussion group in the 1920s and ’30s. According to the......

...The Canadian government granted them land on easy terms in Saskatchewan and exemption from conscription. Some settled well, but one group started a series of nudist protest pilgrimages, prompting Peter Verigin, the leader of the “large party” faction of the Dukhobors, to go to Canada to restore order. In 1908 he founded a communal settlement of 6,000 in British Columbia, which......

Musical glasses are considerably older: the tuned metal cups or bowls of Asia (sometimes played in India as friction vessels) were transformed in Europe into tuned glasses and are first seen in the Musica theoretica (1492) of the Italian musical theorist Franchino Gafori. One hears of them intermittently thereafter until they come to the fore in the mid-18th century as......

A resolution was reached in a long-running dispute between the Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN), an Internet oversight group, and VeriSign, the company whose computers controlled much of the flow of traffic destined for Internet addresses that ended in “.com” and “.net.” VeriSign in 2003 created a service that provided Web surfers who......

the semblance of reality in dramatic or nondramatic fiction. The concept implies that either the action represented must be acceptable or convincing according to the audience’s own experience or knowledge or, as in the presentation of science fiction or tales of the supernatural, the audience must be enticed into willingly suspending disbelief and accepting improbable actions as true within the f...

(Italian: “realism”), literary realism as it developed in Italy in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Its primary exponents were the Sicilian novelists Luigi Capuana and Giovanni Verga. The realist movement arose in Europe after the French Revolution and the realist influence reached Capuana and Verga particularly through the writings of Balzac and Zola ...

novelist, literary historian, and critic whose writings in Portuguese and in English on Brazilian literature introduced readers throughout the world both to the literary currents of modern Brazil and to his country’s social order and cultural heritage....

...tragedies, Rotrou, like Corneille, favoured stories about characters who must resolve moral conflicts within themselves; these works are marked by closely knit plots and powerful rhetoric. But in Le Véritable Saint-Genest (1647), for example, Rotrou also showed an interest in illusion and surprisingly violent change, characteristics typical of Baroque drama. Rotrou’s best-known......

...(1895), tells the story of a sensitive young woman who rebels against the drudgery of farm life and goes to Chicago to pursue her talent for literature. Garland’s critical theory of “veritism,” set forth in the essay collection Crumbling Idols (1894), called for the use of socially conscious realism combined with more individualistic and subjective elements....

The company was founded by a group of investors led by George Matthew Verity (1865–1942), the company’s president until 1930 and thereafter chairman of the board. The company’s first steel mill, at Middletown, was completed in January 1901, and production started in February. In 1905 the company bought a second plant, in Zanesville, Ohio, and in 1914 began its first foreign plant......

...buildings most effectively, because that would broaden the area served by a single cellular tower and avoid having customers lose cellular signals when inside buildings. The telephone company Verizon bought wireless spectrum from a group of cable TV companies for $3.6 billion....

English translations from his Verk (14 vol., 1908–14) include Wandering Stars (2009), translated by Aliza Shevrin; The Letters of Menakhem-Mendl and Sheyne-Sheyndl and Motl, the Cantor’s Son (2002), translated by Hillel Halkin; and Stempenyu: A Jewish Romance (1913, reprinted 2007), translated by Hannah Berman. He was the first to write in......

city and capital of Buryatia, east-central Russia. It lies at the confluence of the Selenga and Uda rivers and in a deep valley between the Khamar-Daban and Tsagan-Daban mountain ranges. The wintering camp of Udinskoye, established there in 1666, became the town of Verkhne-Udinsk in 1783; it was renamed Ulan-Ude in 1934....

...the Western (Zapadny) Sayan mountains, reaching 9,613 feet (2,930 metres) in Mount Karagosh, and to the west and northwest are the Abakan and Kuznetsk Alatau mountains, with their highest point at Mount Verkhny Zub (7,146 feet [2,178 metres]). The enclosed basin has a dry, severely continental climate that has produced steppe and forest-steppe vegetation in the lowlands, though a considerable.....

...aspects of the Soviet legal system were effectively subordinate to the leadership of the Soviet Communist Party. Legislation was debated and approved by top party leaders and then transmitted to the Supreme Soviet, the Soviet Union’s legislature, for unanimous rubber-stamp approval. The court system was designed to ensure party control of judicial decisions at all levels. Juries—which had......

town, Sakha (Yakutiya), far northeastern Russia, on the Yana River near its confluence with the Sartang. Founded as a fort in 1638 and today a minor centre of tin and gold mining, Verkhoyansk is noted chiefly for its exceptionally low winter temperatures, with a January average of −56 °F (−49 °C). Its minimum, −89.7 °F (−67.6 °C), is surpassed only by Oymyakon on the Indigirka a...

mountains of Sakha (Yakutiya), far northeastern Russia, extending for 700 miles (1,100 km)—in a huge arc parallel to and east of the lower Lena River—to the Laptev Sea. The range represents a major anticlinal structure, created in a period of folding. Its height generally exceeds 3,300 feet (1,000 metres), reaching a maximum of 7,838 feet (2,389 metres). The mountains support sparse tundra vegetat...

mountains of Sakha (Yakutiya), far northeastern Russia, extending for 700 miles (1,100 km)—in a huge arc parallel to and east of the lower Lena River—to the Laptev Sea. The range represents a major anticlinal structure, created in a period of folding. Its height generally exceeds 3,300 feet (1,000 metres), reaching a maximum of 7,838 feet (2,389 metres). The mountains support sparse tundra vegetat...

string sextet for two violins, two violas, and two cellos by Austrian-born American composer Arnold Schoenberg that dates to 1899, before he adopted the 12-tone method of composition that became his signature. It is a highly romantic piece and, as such, is easily the composer’s most-pe...

...work in a lamp factory. In other novels he treats pressing social problems of the day: prostitution in Die Betrogenen (1882; “The Deceived”); the fate of the urban workers in Die Verkommenen (1883; “The Depraved”); and the destruction of the small independent artisan by rapid industrialization in Meister Timpe (1888; “Master Timpe”),......

...RBIs. Matt Kemp of the Los Angeles Dodgers topped the NL in home runs (39) and RBIs (126), but he lost out to Brewers slugger Ryan Braun (.332 and 33 home runs) in the NL MVP voting. Detroit starter Justin Verlander won 24 games, the most for AL pitchers, and led the league with a 2.40 earned run average (ERA), enough to earn him both the AL Cy Young and MVP awards. Dodgers pitcher Clayton......

Before the end of the 18th century, however, Willem Verhoeven and Jan Baptist Verlooy had started a reaction against this French influence. Like contemporary historical and scientific writers they reverted to the work of the 16th-century humanists but neglected the medieval masterpieces. Revival was helped by the rederijkers (rhetoricians; see......

novel by Heinrich Böll, published in 1974 in the German weekly newsmagazine Der Spiegel as Die verlorene Ehre der Katharina Blum. The novel condemned as irresponsible the coverage of the trial of the Baader-Meinhof group, a German terrorist organization, by the German tabloid newspaper Bild-Zeitung and rebuked official German government at...

...The success of the novel was such that its author was recognized as the leading German writer of his day. He attempted to realize a similar intention with Die verlorene Handschrift (1864; The Lost Manuscript, 1865), which depicts Leipzig university life in the same realistic manner, but the plot is much weaker and the effect less successful. His most ambitious literary work was......

...first work, Villa des roses (1913; Eng. trans. Villa des roses), an exercise in the naturalism of the period, is set in a French boardinghouse. His two subsequent novels, De verlossing (1921; “The Deliverance”) and Lijmen (1924; Soft Soap), went virtually unnoticed; discouraged, he devoted himself to his business career and ceased writing......

...Kuyper, and Monika van Paemel either made their debuts or reached a wider audience, mostly with autobiographically inspired work. Van Paemel went on to write a masterpiece, the fast-paced epic De vermaledijde vaders (1985; “The Accursed Fathers”), a complex novel as much about the workings of memory as about the Second World War and its aftermath as seen from a feminist......

Dutch artist who created paintings that are among the most beloved and revered images in the history of art. Although only about 36 of his paintings survive, these rare works are among the greatest treasures in the world’s finest museums. Vermeer began his career in the early 1650s by painting large-scale biblical and mythological scenes, but most of his later paintings—the ones for which he is mo...

Dutch artist who created paintings that are among the most beloved and revered images in the history of art. Although only about 36 of his paintings survive, these rare works are among the greatest treasures in the world’s finest museums. Vermeer began his career in the early 1650s by painting large-scale biblical and mythological scenes, but most of his later paintings—the ones for which he is mo...

gilded silver produced either by the fire-gilding method or by electrolysis. In the former, earlier method the object is covered with an amalgam of gold and mercury; the mercury evaporates when the piece is fired, leaving a gold deposit. In the latter method, the silver object is wired as the cathode and a bar of gold as the anode, and both are immersed in an electrolytic solution; when an electri...

...the league with 28.25 points per game, and Chicago and Tampa Bay built their improvements on defense, with league-best per-game yields of 12.6 points and 277.8 yd, respectively. Kansas City coach Dick Vermeil retired at 69 after his Chiefs (10–6) led the league with 387 yd per game of total offense but missed the play-offs....

June 22, 1924Mako, Hung.May 8, 2013Oxford, Oxfordshire, Eng.Hungarian-born British religious scholar who was a leading interpreter of the “historical Jesus” as a Jewish holy man and of the Dead Sea Scrolls; Vermes’s volume The Dead Sea Scrolls in English (1962) was...

...which individual feelings would be given universal significance. In his masterly essays and his symbolic novel De wandelende Jood (1906; “The Wandering Jew”), their leader, August Vermeylen, advocated a rationalism infused with idealism. Prosper van Langendonck, on the other hand, interpreted the incurable suffering of the poète......

Australian snake of the cobra family Elapidae, strikingly ringed with black and white or yellowish bands. Adults are about 50–80 cm (20–31 inches) long and are venomous but inoffensive. Five species of Vermicella are recognized....

Among the popular cord forms are spaghetti (“little string”), a finer type called spaghettini, and the very fine vermicelli (“little worms”). Tubular types include macaroni, shaped into tubes of 12-inch (12.7-millimetre) diameter, such variations as the small elbow-shaped pieces called dita lisci, and the large, fluted,......

in masonry, the carving or finishing of building stones with irregular grooves intended to resemble worm tracks. Vermiculation is one form of surface rustication, the intention of which is to create a decorative contrast between the rusticated work, ordinarily confined to the lowest story of a building, and the finely dressed ashlar above....

type of mosaic work frequently used in Hellenistic and Roman times, in which part or all of a figural mosaic is made up of small, closely set tesserae (cubes of stone, ceramic, glass, or other hard material) that permit fine gradations of colour and an exact following of figure contours and outlines. The word vermiculatum (“wormlike”) refers to the undulating rows of tess...

clay mineral similar to montmorillonite in structure and, in some cases, composition. Vermiculite is typically formed by the alteration of biotite, and it occurs both as large pseudomorphs replacing biotite and as small particles in soils and ancient sediments. It is also formed at the interface between acidic intrusive rocks and basic rocks such as pyroxenites and dunites. Large deposits occur i...

in anatomy, a vestigial hollow tube that is closed at one end and is attached at the other end to the cecum, a pouchlike beginning of the large intestine into which the small intestine empties its contents. It is not clear whether the appendix serves any useful purpose in humans. Suspected functions include housing and cultivating beneficial gut flora that can...

...vary considerably in shape, are classified in five forms: eruciform (caterpillar-like), scarabaeiform (grublike), campodeiform (elongated, flattened, and active), elateriform (wireworm-like), and vermiform (maggot-like). The three types of pupae are: obtect, with appendages more or less glued to the body; exarate, with the appendages free and not glued to the body; and coarctate, which is......

any of four species of toothless, insect-eating mammals found in tropical savannas and forests from southern Mexico to Paraguay and northern Argentina. They are long-tailed animals with elongated skulls and tubular muzzles. The mouth opening of the muzzle is small, but the salivary glands are large and secrete sticky ...

...and the chiefs of the various bands had become autonomous. One group moved as far as the Sangamon River and became known as the Prairie band; another pushed east to the Wabash and was called the Vermilion band. In 1809 and 1819, under the pressure of advancing American settlers, the Kickapoo ceded their lands in Illinois to the United States, moving to Missouri and then to Kansas. About 1852......

rugged remote region of cliffs and canyons on the Colorado Plateau in the Arizona Strip, northern Arizona, U.S. It was established in 2000; it covers 458 square miles (1,186 square km) and has a range of elevations from 3,100 to 7,100 feet (945 to 2,165 metres). A large portion of the Paria Canyon–Vermilion Cliffs Wilderness Area, created in 1984, rings the na...

...into savagery. Contrasting with this apocalyptic vision of the future were his almost wistful short stories about the decadent technological utopia Vermilion Sands; these were collected in Vermilion Sands (1971). His short-story collection War Fever (1990) contains humorously nihilistic meditations on such topics as compulsory sex and the oblivious attitudes of a......

city, seat (1862) of Clay county, southeastern South Dakota, U.S. It lies near the confluence of the Vermillion and Missouri rivers, just north of the Nebraska border and about 15 miles (25 km) west of the Iowa border. Fort Vermillion, a trading post, was built on the site in 1835, and a permanent settlement was establishe...

...activities are available for visitors. The park maintains museums in Banff town and information centres at several locations. There are hundreds of archaeological sites in the park, including at Vermilion Lakes, at which some of Canada’s earliest known human remains have been discovered....

mountain range, Imathía nomós (department), west-central Macedonia (Modern Greek: Makedonía), Greece. The range rises west of the broad plain of Kambania, which extends southward to the Gulf of Salonika. The mountains reach a height of 6,732 feet (2,052 m) west of Náousa. The Vérmio range is formed from limestone. Ski resorts, such as Seli and Káto, are locate...

mountain range, Imathía nomós (department), west-central Macedonia (Modern Greek: Makedonía), Greece. The range rises west of the broad plain of Kambania, which extends southward to the Gulf of Salonika. The mountains reach a height of 6,732 feet (2,052 m) west of Náousa. The Vérmio range is formed from limestone. Ski resorts, such as Seli and Káto, are locate...

Like the cerebrum, the cerebellum is divided into two lateral hemispheres, which are connected by a medial part called the vermis. Each of the hemispheres consists of a central core of white matter and a surface cortex of gray matter and is divided into three lobes. The flocculonodular lobe, the first section of cerebellum to evolve, receives sensory input from the vestibules of the ear; the......

any marine snail of the family Vermetidae (subclass Prosobranchia, class Gastropoda). The shell of these snails consists of an irregularly coiled, narrow tube that resembles a worm. Most species of both families live cemented to rock or coral substrates, and many are found in coral reef habitats. They feed on suspended particulate matter in seawater, which they obtain by secreting a mucous net fr...

...as the black, white, and yellow of the myrtle warbler (D. coronata). A common but less-striking species is the blackpoll warbler (D. striata). Some authors merge Dendroica in Vermivora, a less-colourful genus of 11 species, most of them well known in the United States....

constituent state of the United States of America. One of the six New England states lying in the northeastern corner of the country, it was admitted to the union on March 4, 1791, as the 14th state. It is sparsely populated, and its capital, Montpelier, is one of the least-populous U.S. state capitals. Vermont is bordered to the north by ...

...in 1822 and became a part of the university in 1899. In 1825 the marquis de Lafayette laid the cornerstone of the Old Mill, the oldest building on campus. In 1865 the University of Vermont absorbed Vermont Agricultural College, which had been founded the previous year as a land-grant college under the aegis of the Morrill Act of 1862. Women were first enrolled in 1871, and in 1875 Vermont......

public, coeducational institution of higher learning in Burlington, Vt., U.S. It is a land-grant university composed of the Graduate College and colleges of agricultural and life sciences, arts and sciences, education and social services, engineering and mathematics, and medicine, as well as schools of allied health sciences, business administration, natural r...

private, coeducational institution of higher learning in Northfield, Vt., U.S. The university is composed of the largely military college in Northfield and the nonmilitary Vermont College in Montpelier; there is also a branch campus in Brattleboro. All Northfield campus students, whether in the military program (the Corps of Cadets) or not, enroll in the same undergraduate curriculum in......

American journalist and editor of The Wall Street Journal and president (1960–71) of its publishing company, Dow Jones & Company. He was famed for his editorials, which, in the words of a Pulitzer Prize citation (1953), revealed “an ability to discern the underlying moral issue, illuminated by a deep faith and confidence in the people of our country.” He won a second Pulitzer Prize (198...

...the state capital in 1805. It later defeated several attempts by Burlington and other towns to succeed it as state capital, especially in 1857 when fire left the statehouse a mere shell. The present state capitol (the third constructed on the site; completed in 1859) is built of Vermont granite. Within its portico is a marble statue representing Ethan Allen, a hero of the American Revolution....

public, coeducational institution of higher learning in Burlington, Vt., U.S. It is a land-grant university composed of the Graduate College and colleges of agricultural and life sciences, arts and sciences, education and social services, engineering and mathematics, and medicine, as well as schools of allied health sciences, business administration, natural r...

wine-based fortified drink flavoured with aromatic herbs. The name derives from the German Vermut, or “wormwood” (see ), a bitter herb and traditional ingredient of vermouth and absinthe. As many as 40 different herbs and flavourings may be used in vermouth, including juniper, cloves, quinine, orange peel, nutmeg, and coriander; the vermouths of various prod...

Of all specialized dictionaries, the bilingual group are the most serviceable and frequently used. With the rise of the vernacular languages during the Renaissance, translating to and from Latin had great importance. The Welshman in England was provided with a bilingual dictionary as early as 1547, by William Salesbury. Scholars in their analyses of language, as well as practical people for......

Common domestic architecture of a region, usually far simpler than what the technology of the time is capable of maintaining. In highly industrialized countries such as the U.S., for example, barns are still being built according to a design employed in Europe in the 1st millennium bc. Vernacular structures are characterized by inexpensive materials and straightforwardly utilitarian ...

one of three principal kinds of vernacular drama of the European Middle Ages (along with the mystery play and the morality play). A miracle play presents a real or fictitious account of the life, miracles, or martyrdom of a saint. The genre evolved from liturgical offices developed during the 10th and 11th centuries to enhance calendar festivals. By the 13th century they had become......

Of all specialized dictionaries, the bilingual group are the most serviceable and frequently used. With the rise of the vernacular languages during the Renaissance, translating to and from Latin had great importance. The Welshman in England was provided with a bilingual dictionary as early as 1547, by William Salesbury. Scholars in their analyses of language, as well as practical people for......

in British India, law enacted in 1878 to curtail the freedom of the Indian-language (i.e., non-English) press. Proposed by Lord Lytton, then viceroy of India (governed 1876–80), the act was intended to prevent the vernacular press from expressing criticism of British policies—notably, the opposition that had grown with the outset of the Second Anglo-A...

...they became fairly lengthy, connected stories, especially those dealing with fictionalized history. This elevation of the everyday speech of the common people as a medium of story writing of the huaben (“vernacular story”) type was to open up new vistas in prose fiction in later periods....

city, seat (1880) of Uintah county, northeastern Utah, U.S. The city lies along Ashley Creek, a small tributary of Green River, and is located 180 miles (290 km) east-southeast of Salt Lake City, at an elevation of 5,322 feet (1,622 metres) in an area of geologic and fossil interest. Settled in 1878 as Ashley Center (for the fur trader William H. Ashl...

...symptoms include eyelid swelling, itching, eye redness, and a stringy mucoid discharge. Cool compresses and artificial eye lubrication are of benefit, and many antiallergy medications are available. Vernal conjunctivitis is an allergic inflammation that tends to recur in the conjunctivas of susceptible (usually male) children. There are two types of vernal conjunctivitis. In one, the lining of....

...symptoms include eyelid swelling, itching, eye redness, and a stringy mucoid discharge. Cool compresses and artificial eye lubrication are of benefit, and many antiallergy medications are available. Vernal conjunctivitis is an allergic inflammation that tends to recur in the conjunctivas of susceptible (usually male) children. There are two types of vernal conjunctivitis. In one, the lining of....

two moments in the year when the Sun is exactly above the Equator and day and night are of equal length; also, either of the two points in the sky where the ecliptic (the Sun’s annual pathway) and the celestial equator intersect. In the Northern Hemisphere the vernal equinox falls about March 20 or 21, as the Sun crosses the celestial equato...

fall that bridges the Merced River about 4 miles (6 km) above its confluence with Tenaya Creek in Yosemite National Park, east-central California, U.S. It is one of the park’s smaller falls (317 feet [97 metres]) and may be seen from Mist Trail, southeast of Grizzly Peak (6,222 feet [1,896......

fragrant perennial grass in the family Poaceae, native to Eurasia and North Africa. Sweet vernal grass is sometimes grown as a lawn grass or houseplant for its sweet scent; the fragrant coumarin in the leaves is released when the grass is mown or cut....

...twigs that were sometimes used for water-witching or dowsing to locate underground water. The fragrant liniment witch hazel is made from the dried leaves and sometimes from the twigs and bark. Vernal witch hazel (H. vernalis), about two metres tall, blooms in late winter or early spring....

the artificial exposure of plants (or seeds) to low temperatures in order to stimulate flowering or to enhance seed production. By satisfying the cold requirement of many temperate-zone plants, flowering can be induced to occur earlier than normal or in warm climates lacking the requisite seasonal chilling. Knowledge of this process has been used to eliminate the normal two-year growth cycle requ...

In 1918 Gilbert S. Vernam, an engineer for the American Telephone & Telegraph Company (AT&T), introduced the most important key variant to the Vigenère system. At that time all messages transmitted over AT&T’s teleprinter system were encoded in the Baudot Code, a binary code in which a combination of marks and spaces represents a letter, number, or other symbol. Vernam......

type of substitution cipher used for data encryption. The Vernam-Vigenère cipher was devised in 1918 by Gilbert S. Vernam, an engineer for the American Telephone & Telegraph Company (AT&T), who introduced the most important key variant to the Vigenère cipher system, which was invented by the 16th...

The fern leaf, or pteridophyll, differs from the “true leaf” (euphyll) of the flowering plants in its vernation, or manner of expanding from the bud. In most ferns, vernation is circinate; that is, the leaf unrolls from the tip, with the appearance of a fiddlehead, rather than expanding from a folded condition. It also differs in its venation, which usually is free or simply......

handmade Caucasian floor covering that was formerly termed a sileh. It is usually woven in two pieces joined at the middle, with a design composed of squarish compartments, usually in horizonal rows of two per panel. Within the squares are large backward S-shaped figures, representing dragons, filled with smaller Z-shaped figures. Often the field colours of ...

handmade Caucasian floor covering that was formerly termed a sileh. It is usually woven in two pieces joined at the middle, with a design composed of squarish compartments, usually in horizonal rows of two per panel. Within the squares are large backward S-shaped figures, representing dragons, filled with smaller Z-shaped figures. Often the field colours of ...

linguist and formulator of Verner’s law, which provided convincing evidence of the regularity of sound change in the historical development of languages. His findings were a decisive influence in establishing the direction taken by the Neogrammarian school of historical linguists (see Neogrammarians)....

linguist and formulator of Verner’s law, which provided convincing evidence of the regularity of sound change in the historical development of languages. His findings were a decisive influence in establishing the direction taken by the Neogrammarian school of historical linguists (see Neogrammarians)....

...synthesis may lead to peptic ulcers. Prostaglandin action on the digestive tract may also cause severe watery diarrhea and may mediate the effects of vasoactive intestinal polypeptide in Verner-Morrison syndrome, as well as the effects of cholera toxin....

linguistic explanation of the apparent exceptions to Grimm’s law, which first demonstrated the significant role that accent (stress) played in linguistic change in the Germanic languages. It provided further evidence for the important claim of 19th-century linguists that phonetic laws have no exceptions and proved to be a decisive influence in establishing the direction taken by...