MEASUREMENT

Measurement - it is a process of comparing one quantity with a certain standard. In measurement, we give two things: 1. number 2. unit of measurement

A. SHORT HISTORY:
In early times, the bases of measurement are the human body and objects such as seeds, sticks, shells and stones. Among the body parts are the following ancient measures: a. Cubit – the distance from the elbow to the tip of the middle finger. b. Span - the distance from the tip of the little finger to the tip of the thumb of an outstretched arm. c. Palm – the distance between the base of the four fingers and the wrist. d. Digit – the thickness or width of the middle finger e. Inch – the thickness or width of the thumb f. Foot – the distance from the heel to the tip of the big toe. g. Fathom – is the length of the two arms stretched horizontally. h. Pace – the distance from the heel of a person’s foot to the heel o his other foot while walking. i. Yard – the distance from the tip of the nose to the end of the thumb with the outstretched hand of England’s King Henry I.

B. THE FUNDAMENTAL QUANTITIES:
The original fundamental quantities: 1. Length – is the measure of the distance from one point to another. The SI unit of length is meter (m). 2. Mass – is the measure of the quantity of a body. The SI unit of mass is gram (g) or Kilogram (Kg). 3. Time – is the measurement of duration or the interval between two events or phenomena. The SI unit of time is second (s). The following are the new and additional fundamental quantities: 4. Temperature – is the measure of the average kinetic energy per molecule of a substance. The units used are °C, °F, and °K. 5. Luminous Intensity – is the measure of radiant intensity in a given direction. It pertains to the brightness of light. Its unit is in candela (cd). 6. Electric Current – is the measure of the flow of electrical charges. The unit of electric current is Ampere (A). 7. Amount of Substance – is the amount of substance which includes the number o entities in a system. It is defined by mole (mol). It is defined in the Avogadro’s number whose value is 6.02 x 1023 molecule/mol Units taken from fundamental quantities can be: 1. Fundamental or Base Units – units taken from the fundamental quantities It can be: a. Conceptual Unit - units based on natural phenomena or things b. Standard Unit - units based on some physical quantities and then derived other units from it. 2. Derived Units – units obtained by mathematical operations using the fundamental units. Ex. area, volume, density, speed, etc.

Sphere . How many tiles are needed to cover a rectangular floor measuring 4 dm by 2 m.3.it is expressed in cubic units.25 cm? 5. where: l = length w = width V = lwh h = height or h thickness V = volume
l w b. A study table has a triangular frame on its sides. FORMULA: a. Cube – a solid having six equal sides. If its base is 0. What is the largest area of a circle that can be cut from a square sheet whose sides measures 15 cm each? What is the total area of the remaining sheet? VOLUME: the total amount of space that the object is occupying. where: π = pi r = radius 6
. What is the area of a circular plate whose diameter is 86. What is the area of the lot? 4. d h V = π r2 h where: V = volume π = pi r = radius h = height d = diameter
d.5 m and a height of 40 cm. A lot measures 12 m by length and 10 m wide. What is its area in cm2 and the length of its longest side? 6. 15.00? 7. where: s = sides V = volume s V = s x s x s or s3 s s c. . if the tiles to be used is measuring 20 cm on its sides? How much will its owner spend if a tile cost Php.closed curved figure with all ends are equidistant from its center. Cylinder – a closed plane figure with 2 parallel sides and circular ends. Rectangular Solids – a regular three dimensional figure having six rectangular faces meeting each other at right angle.

with water up to 90% of its height. Determine: a. c. 10
. the mass of the water inside the caisson. the amount of water inside the caisson. A graph enables us to see how variables and numbers are related and helps us to understand the facts better allowing us to make reliable conclusion. If there are 4 pumps pumping the water out of the caisson.
GRAPHICAL ANALYSIS: The easiest way to understand and see the relationship between variables or quantities in an experiment or in a set of data is to make a pictorial representation of these which can be done through a graph. b. how long does it take for the pumps to remove the water if each pump can deliver water 100 L per minute.

Steps in making a graph: 1. Determine which of the given quantities are dependent variable and independent variable. Dependent variable is the variable whose value depends on the independent variable
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