All pertain to topics that are related to the general engineering and science theme
of RF Cafe.

Skyrocketing costs for college tuition have been an issue for a long time. Reports published lately show
how the price of a semester of college has exploded in the last few decades. Those same investigations have determined that a big part of the
increase has been due to the ease at which school loans can be obtained - very similar to the way housing costs have increased with easy access
to mortgage money. As students were more able to pay the rate, supply and demand allowed costs to go up accordingly. For instance, the above
chart shows that from 1982 to 2007 the cost of tuition, fees, room, and board increased by an average of about 450%. During the same period
the median family income increased 150% and the CPI was up 100%. Even medical care "only" increased by 250%. To illustrate the oblivion nature
of far too many students, at the behest of professors and administrators who are themselves part of "the 1%," from an
income and privilege standpoint,
the students attend Occupy Wall Street (OWS) demonstrations to rail against the 1%. Ivory Tower pontificators blasting Capitalism while profiting
from it are not limited to universities; their names are in the news on a daily basis.1/26/2012

If you had to guess, what would you say this image
represents? Part of a printed spiral inductor? How about a printed antenna for near field communications (NFC)? Need a hint? OK, the object
is part of a project that Alexander Graham Bell, his cousin Chichester Bell, and Charles Sumner Tainter worked on in their Volta Laboratory
Associates labs. No, it's not a neatly wound coil of telephone cable. It is a section of an audio recording etched on a glass platter in November
of 1884. After being stored at the Smithsonian Museum for 130 years, this and a few other recording media was lent to the scientists at Lawrence
Berkeley National Laboratory with hopes that they could apply newly invented noninvasive, non-contact techniques to scan the disc and use software
algorithms to recover the data. Thomas Edison had introduced his phonograph to the world in 1877, after which many people attempted to improve
on his system both for recording and playback. About 200 of the Volta Lab recordings are in the Smithsonian's collection of around 400 of the
earliest recordings ever made on a variety of materials.Per National Museum of American History curator Carlene Stephens, "These
recordings were made using a variety of methods and materials such as rubber, beeswax, glass, tin foil and brass, as the inventors tried to
find a material that would hold sound. We don't know what is recorded, except for a few cryptic <more>12/15/2011

Gray market electronics components have been a problem
for a long time. An extensive article appeared recently in EE Times reporting on a case based on a small operation in south Florida that was
importing and re-selling counterfeit parts to military, aerospace, medical, and other product manufacturers. The Feds charged them "with conspiracy,
trafficking in counterfeit goods and mail fraud for knowingly importing more than 3,200 shipments of suspected or confirmed counterfeit semiconductors
into the United States, marketing some of the products as “military grade” and selling them to customers that included the U.S. Navy and defense
contractors." The good news might be that this particular scam operation was caught and stopped, but the bad news is, according to the story,
that many more are never prosecuted - largely because of typical bureaucratic SNAFUs in government procedures.A couple years ago I wrote
a short piece on the gray market problem, and surely it has only gotten
worse. Much of the blame can be placed squarely on the shoulders of our own production equipment vendors, manufacturers (almost a misnomer anymore)
and the technology export laws. The U.S. has been shipping know-how and machinery overseas for decades, but in the 1990s, the pace accelerated
significantly. Now, in 2011, there are almost no significant restrictions on what kind of intellectual property (IP) or hardware can be sold
or given away to other countries. The first time I remember really being alerted to the gravity of the problem was when reading <more>11/3/2011

The case for domestic exploration and extraction
of elements has been documented extensively in the last couple decades. Tragic exploitation of desperately poor people occurs throughout the
world for the purpose of providing the "civilized" world with an endless supply of creature comforts. Most of us are aware of the god-awful
conditions under which men, women, and children labor to bring us lithium for our iPhone and laptop computer batteries, niobium for super strong
magnets in motors and medical imaging machines, phosphor for our curly-Q "green" compact fluorescent light (CFL) bulbs, mercury for those same
bulbs and for processing rock ore to extract the metals. Oh, and don't forget about all the precious metals used in jewelry and high-end decorative
artifacts The list of applications is extensive, as is the list of human suffering from death, grotesque physical and mental injury, and pathetic
living conditions. A little while back, I wrote about our troops providing cover for private company exploration missions in Afghanistan for
rare earth metals. As usual, the very people who make the most noise about
the... <more>2/13/2012

It might be a little late to bring this advice to you in time for Christmas presents, but better late
than never. In case you don't know, there are websites like Decide.com that attempt to
predict when the next model of electronics devices are likely to be released or if prices are due to drop, by tracking retail activity and various
"rumors" from industry insiders. News related to the products are available as well. Prognostications are based on educated guesses based on
statistical analysis of historical trends. Decide.com claims 77% accuracy on their predictions, and an average savings of $54.
retrevo.com provides the same type service. If you are a Mac type, then the Buyer's Guide
tab on MacRumors.com might be your best bet. In general, smartphones and tablets
are usually updated on roughly a yearly basis. Microprocessors and nextgen computer hardware are on roughly a two-year cycle, as are OSes. One
sure sign of a new model appearing on the shelves is a major price drop - like car dealers clearing the lot to make room for next year's models.
12/22/2011

If you have been thinking about starting your own business,
Inc. magazine has some suggestions for where the best place to do that would be. The USA doesn't even make the top 10 list. With a predatory
government and accomplices in the media that daily attack successful people and business, it is no wonder. The full force of the government
is used to regulate everything from farms to pharmaceuticals to furniture makers out of business. Lawmakers dream up new taxes so fast nobody
can keep track of them or mount campaigns against them. Just a few days ago we learned of a new tax on Christmas trees (withdrawn over
public outcry). We're always told each one is only the equivalent to a cup of coffee or a Big Mac per week, but pile on hundreds of them
and soon it's overwhelming. Business owners are afraid to make investments in capital and personnel because there is no telling what new government
mandate might finally break their backs. So where is the #1 spot for starting a business? New Zealand. I'd gladly relocate there if I could
afford the move - the glider flying there is famously excellent! #2 is Australia. My neighbor just across Lake Erie, Canada, is #3 (now
there's a real possibility depending on next year's election). Rawanda is #8, but I'll leave that to those with a death wish. USA is
#13 - quite sad. Here is the World Bank's
data used for the report.11/10/2011

Fast Company just released its list of the World's 50 Most Innovative Companies,
those whose products and/or services are having the largest impact on all of us. A short explanation is given for the reason. Of course this
is just Fast Company's opinion. At first, I thought OK, seems reasonable: Apple at #1, Facebook #2, etc. Then I got to #7, The Occupy Movement.
Is that the "movement" left on the
police car or one of the many "movements" left on sidewalks? Shouldn't OM have been ranked #2? I figured the list was purely
political at that point. Lost on them (or not) is that their own company and all of the companies in their list are part of the "1%" railed
against by the OWS'ers. Hypocrites/

Rank

Company

1

Apple

2

Facebook

3

Google

4

Amazon

5

Square

6

Twitter

7

Occupy Movement

8

Tencent

9

Life Technologies

10

Solar City

2/17/2012

"The National Electric Code (NEC)
has its own unique logic. Totally humorless, rigorously honest and forthright, Aristotelian rather than Platonic, it undergoes revision after
revision, always looking to keep up with innovations. It is scrupulously aware of its mandate to promote safety and yet not be afraid to spin
out into new regions of electronics knowledge." Those are the opening sentences of chapter 3 of a new book by Master Electrician David Herres,
titled, "2011 NEC Chapter-by-Chapter." Call me a nerd for actually enjoying a book like this, and call me a highbrow for appreciating the profundity
of such insightful prose. I make no apology. Would you normally expect to experience writing like that from an electrician? Not to denigrate
electricians or other tradesmen (after all, I began my career as an electrician), but comparisons between Aristotelian and Platonic philosophical
bents are the realm of literature students. To that end, I wrote to Mr. Herres to delicately probe his background beyond that of electrical
work. In fact, he has a Bachelor's Degree in English literature - no surprise there. Far from what you might expect of a book bearing this title,
the text is very readable in its goal of explaining the overall strategy of chapter order and structure, while delving deep into the details
as necessary to make notoriously difficult concepts understandable. Far from being a rote regurgitation of chapter and verse, David effectively
combines his obvious mastery <more>1/5/2012

Somewhere in the last couple months
I saw an advertisement on one the those newfangled LED billboards that was pitching energy conservation. It caused me to wonder just how much
power a giant array of LEDs consumed compared to the old world paper type. Paper billboards are not energy-free by any account. They require
energy for facilities where the artwork is printed, energy for a truck to transport a crew to the billboard for hanging the new advertisement,
and then energy for illumination at night. The average energy consumption for halide lighting the standard paper billboard is around 7,000 kWh
(580 kWh per month, my house used 375 kWh last month by comparison). By comparison, a typical 14' x 48' LED billboard that uses
around 10,000 "green" LEDs (each using 2-10 watts), lit 24 hours a day, uses about 160 kWh. Less efficient LED billboards can use
300,000 kWh or more. That makes them 20 - 40 times more energy hogging than a paper billboard. One feature in favor of the LED billboards is
that they require only a desktop computer for designing the advertisement, and changing the display is done wirelessly via a modem. However,
the pollution generated during manufacturing the LEDs, driver electronics, and cooling fans are much greater than for paper billboards. The
cost for installing a full-color LED billboard, not including the real estate, is <more>11/17/2011

Energy harvesting is a popular topic these days. We read often about piezo and thermal transducers that
convert vibrational and impact mechanical energy to electrical energy in vehicles, machinery, and clothing. The idea is to recover some of the
energy lost due to system inefficiencies and byproducts of normal usage. With as chock full of electronics as most of the aforementioned objects
are, being able to generate electricity to supplement the line supply or more importantly the battery supply for mobile platforms can make a
significant improvement in how long a charge lasts. Designs for
military boots that recharge batteries
are already in use, and
shock absorbers are in the queue. You might be inclined to think that energy harvesting is a new phenom, but thanks to an article provided
by Paul A. (W2RIA), we see that it has been around for quite a while, especially for RF energy harvesting. The April 1958
(just 4 months before I was born) edition of Popular Science featured a pieced titled, "New Radio Steals Its Power from the Air." A simple
tuned circuit is given that taps the RF energy from a nearby (1 mile away) 500 W AM radio broadcast station to generate "telepower" for powering
a simple receiver with the same energy that creates the sound in the earpiece.3/2/2012

RF Cafe began a makeover on January 1st of this year. It is a long way from being complete.
Since its inception in 1999, RF Cafe has grown rather explosively, and during that time thousands of pages of content have been added. The task
of compiling and presenting all of the information in a useful manner has become daunting, if not impossible. The biggest criticism I get about
RF Cafe is the overall clutter of the pages - way too much stuff crammed into a small area. Trust me, it has bothered me as much as it has you.
I have tried many times to come up with an acceptable alternative for spreading things out that would not cause the page to be 2000 pixels wide
or many pages tall, and still be useful. My options have been limited by a combination of not wanting to send visitors multiple layers deep
into the site in order to locate targeted data, not wanting to implement unreliable dropdown type menus (still not enough standardization to
work consistently across browsers and platforms), and most importantly not having the freedom to reconfigure the entire web page layout because
of commitments to advertisers who were paying hard-earned money to appear in specific locations on the page. At great financial risk, I made
the command decision to change that last restriction at the beginning of 2012. Doing so was key to being able to accomplish everything...<more>RF Cafe began a makeover on January 1st of this year. It is a long way from being
complete. Since its inception in 1999, RF Cafe has grown rather explosively, and during that time thousands of pages of content have been added.
The task of compiling and presenting all of the information in a useful manner has become daunting, if not impossible. The biggest criticism
I get about RF Cafe is the overall clutter of the pages - way too much stuff crammed into a small area. Trust me, it has bothered me as much
as it has you.I have tried many times to come up with an acceptable alternative for spreading things out that would not cause the page to
be 2000 pixels wide or many pages tall, and still be useful. My options have been limited by a combination of not wanting to send visitors multiple
layers deep into the site in order to locate targeted data, not wanting to implement unreliable dropdown type menus (still not enough standardization
to work consistently across browsers and platforms), and most importantly not having the freedom to reconfigure the entire web page layout because
of commitments to advertisers who were paying hard-earned money to appear in specific locations on the page. At great financial risk, I made
the command decision to change that last restriction at the beginning of 2012. Doing so was key to being able to accomplish everything else.
<more>1/19/2012

We seem to have reached a crossroads in America, as well as in a lot
of other similar countries. Over the last few decades government agencies, universities, public schools, and media have convinced many people
that the only way to succeed and be happy and productive is to go to college and earn a Bachelor's (or higher) degree - in anything. Drilled
into us continually is that the average person with at least a 4-year degree will earn up to a million dollars more in his/her lifetime. Sounds
good, right? As anyone with knowledge of statistics will tell you, averages are meaningless without an accompanying figure for standard deviation.
That would be the same as saying if you stand with one foot in a pot of near boiling water and the other in a pot of ice water, on the average
you would feel just right.The propaganda has been so successful that millions of people have been willing to shell out tens of thousands
of dollars (largely through loans that they don't think should have to be paid back) to get degrees in anything - literally. People graduate,
discover there are no jobs paying high of a wage to live on while also servicing loans, then go back for a Master's degree on more borrowed
(well, more like embezzled than borrowed these days) money. With a freshly minted diploma in Women's Studies, Equality <more>12/1/2011

RF Cafe began life in 1996 as "RF Tools" in an AOL screen name web space totaling
2 MB. Its primary purpose was to provide me with ready access to commonly needed formulas
and reference material while performing my work as an RF system and circuit design engineer.
The Internet was still largely an unknown entity at the time and not much was available
in the form of WYSIWYG
...

All trademarks, copyrights, patents, and other rights of ownership to images and text
used on the RF Cafe website are hereby acknowledged.