Contents

February – The Chauri Chaura incident occurs, where a mob of about 3000 kills some policemen. With the Non-cooperation movement (NCM) taking an increasingly violent form, this is the last straw to Gandhi's sense of discipline, he immediately calls for suspension of the NCM, leaving many Congress activists disappointed.

2.
1920 in India
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Events in the year 1920 in India. 8 July - The House of Commons adopts the findings of the Hunter report, founding of the University of Lucknow. Non-cooperation movement was launched on 31 August,1920 by Gandhi,12 February – Pran,16 February – I. S. Johar, actor, writer, producer and director. 7 April – Ravi Shankar, sitar player and composer,1 May – Manna Dey, playback singer. 14 July – Shankarrao Chavan, politician and twice Chief Minister of Maharashtra,1 August – Annabhau Sathe, social reformer and writer. 19 October – Pandurang Shastri Athavale, philosopher, spiritual leader, social reformer,27 October – K. R. Narayanan, politician and 10th President of India. 17 November – Gemini Ganesan, actor,26 April – Srinivasa Ramanujan, mathematician. 1 August – Bal Gangadhar Tilak, nationalist, social reformer and independence fighter

3.
1919 in India
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Events in the year 1919 in India. Emperor of India – George V Viceroy of India - Frederic Thesiger, 1st Viscount Chelmsford April - Disturbances in Delhi and Punjab,11 April - Serious riots in Ahmedabad. 13 April - At the Jallianwala Bagh Massacre in Amritsar, Punjab, British, government of India Act 1919 establishes a dual administration, part Indian and elected, part British and authoritarian. The British ram the repressive Rowlatt Act through Indias Imperial Legislative Council,19 January - Dharam Singh, field hockey player. 7 March - M. N. Nambiar, actor,6 April - Mahatma Gandhi declared an All India Strike against the Rollatt Act. This was the first strike. 191918 July - Jayachamaraja Wodeyar Bahadur, last Maharaja of Mysore, philosopher, musicologist, political thinker,12 August - Vikram Sarabhai, physicist. 31 August - Amrita Pritam, poet, novelist and essayist,7 September – Muhammad Ajmal, academic psychologist. 4 December - Inder Kumar Gujral, 13th Prime Minister of India,9 December - E. K. Nayanar, politician and three times Chief Minister of Kerala. 25 December - Naushad Ali, musician and composer, pratap Chandra Chunder, Minister, educationalist and author

4.
India
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India, officially the Republic of India, is a country in South Asia. It is the seventh-largest country by area, the second-most populous country, and it is bounded by the Indian Ocean on the south, the Arabian Sea on the southwest, and the Bay of Bengal on the southeast. It shares land borders with Pakistan to the west, China, Nepal, and Bhutan to the northeast, in the Indian Ocean, India is in the vicinity of Sri Lanka and the Maldives. Indias Andaman and Nicobar Islands share a border with Thailand. The Indian subcontinent was home to the urban Indus Valley Civilisation of the 3rd millennium BCE, in the following millennium, the oldest scriptures associated with Hinduism began to be composed. Social stratification, based on caste, emerged in the first millennium BCE, early political consolidations took place under the Maurya and Gupta empires, the later peninsular Middle Kingdoms influenced cultures as far as southeast Asia. In the medieval era, Judaism, Zoroastrianism, Christianity, and Islam arrived, much of the north fell to the Delhi sultanate, the south was united under the Vijayanagara Empire. The economy expanded in the 17th century in the Mughal empire, in the mid-18th century, the subcontinent came under British East India Company rule, and in the mid-19th under British crown rule. A nationalist movement emerged in the late 19th century, which later, under Mahatma Gandhi, was noted for nonviolent resistance, in 2015, the Indian economy was the worlds seventh largest by nominal GDP and third largest by purchasing power parity. Following market-based economic reforms in 1991, India became one of the major economies and is considered a newly industrialised country. However, it continues to face the challenges of poverty, corruption, malnutrition, a nuclear weapons state and regional power, it has the third largest standing army in the world and ranks sixth in military expenditure among nations. India is a constitutional republic governed under a parliamentary system. It is a pluralistic, multilingual and multi-ethnic society and is home to a diversity of wildlife in a variety of protected habitats. The name India is derived from Indus, which originates from the Old Persian word Hindu, the latter term stems from the Sanskrit word Sindhu, which was the historical local appellation for the Indus River. The ancient Greeks referred to the Indians as Indoi, which translates as The people of the Indus, the geographical term Bharat, which is recognised by the Constitution of India as an official name for the country, is used by many Indian languages in its variations. Scholars believe it to be named after the Vedic tribe of Bharatas in the second millennium B. C. E and it is also traditionally associated with the rule of the legendary emperor Bharata. Gaṇarājya is the Sanskrit/Hindi term for republic dating back to the ancient times, hindustan is a Persian name for India dating back to the 3rd century B. C. E. It was introduced into India by the Mughals and widely used since then and its meaning varied, referring to a region that encompassed northern India and Pakistan or India in its entirety

6.
1924 in India
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Events in the year 1924 in India. February - Mohandas Gandhi is released prematurely on medical grounds,9 September -11 September -1924 Kohat riots. 4 December - The Gateway of India in Bombay, built to commemorate the visit of King George V and Queen Mary in December 1911, is opened by the Viceroy, reorganization of the Muslim League by Muhammad Ali Jinnah. Great Flood at Kerala - Great flood of 99 Commencement of Vaikam Satyagraham designed by T K Madhavan,27 January - Sabu Dastagir, actor. 21 February - Krishna Prakash Bahadur, writer,2 March - Gulshan Rai, film producer and distributor. 6 June - S. R. Bommai, politician and Chief Minister of Karnataka,14 December - Raj Kapoor, actor and director. 24 December - Narayan Desai, pacifist and writer,24 December - Nissim Ezekiel, poet, playwright and art critic. 24 December - Mohammed Rafi, playback singer, P. K. Venugopalan Nambiar, agricultural scientist. Chattampi Swamikal, Hindu sage and social reformer, kumaran Asan, the GREATEST EVER poet of Malayalam - the language of Kerala - attained eternity in a boat accident at Pallana river, near Thrikkunnappuzha, Harippad, in Kerala, Southern India

7.
1925 in India
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Events in the year 1925 in India. Emperor of India – George V Viceroy of India - The Earl of Reading 3 February - The first ever electric train of India completes its journey from Victoria Terminus to Kurla on the Central Line. 9 March -1 May Pinks War, RAF operations against tribesmen in Waziristan 26 December - Communist Party of India is founded at Kanpur,8 May - G. S. Amur, writer and critic. 9 July - Guru Dutt, film director, producer,22 July - Dasaradhi, poet and political activist. 7 August - M. S. Swaminathan, agricultural scientist,31 August - Aarudhra, author, poet and historian

8.
1st millennium
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The first millennium was a period of time that began on January 1, AD1, and ended on December 31, AD1000, of the Julian calendar. It was the first period of one years in the Anno Domini or Common Era. In Europe and the Mediterranean, the first millennium was a time of great transition, the 1st century saw the peak of the Roman Empire, followed by its gradual decline during the period of Late Antiquity, the rise of Christianity and the Great Migrations. In Arabia, in the century, a man called Muhammad became the leader. After his death, his companions extended the religion, in East Asia, the first millennium was also a time of great cultural advances, notably the spread of Buddhism to East Asia. In China, the Han dynasty is replaced by the Jin dynasty and later the Tang dynasty until the 10th century sees renewed fragmentation in the Five Dynasties, in Japan, a sharp increase in population followed when farmers use of iron tools increased their productivity and crop yields. In South Asia, the Indian subcontinent was divided among numerous kingdoms throughout the first millennium, in Mesoamerica, the first millennium was a period of enormous growth known as the Classic Era. Teotihuacan grew into a metropolis and its empire dominated Mesoamerica, in South America, pre-Incan, coastal cultures flourished, producing impressive metalwork and some of the finest pottery seen in the ancient world. In North America, the Mississippian culture rose at the end of the millennium in the Mississippi, numerous cities were built, Cahokia, the largest, was based in present-day Illinois, and may have had 30,000 residents at its peak about 1250 AD. The circumference of the 10-story-high Monks Mound at Cahokia was larger than that of the Pyramid of the Sun at Teotihuacan or the Great Pyramid in Egypt

9.
2nd millennium
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The second millennium was a period of time that began on January 1,1001 and ended on December 31,2000 of the Gregorian calendar. It was the period of one thousand years in the Anno Domini or Common Era. The Renaissance saw the beginning of the migration of humans from Europe, Africa. The interwoven international trade led to the formation of multi-national corporations, international business ventures reduced the impact of nationalism in popular thought. The world population doubled over the first seven centuries of the millennium, consequently, unchecked human activity had considerable social and environmental consequences, giving rise to extreme poverty, climate change and biotic crisis. The 2nd millennium was a period of time began on January 1,1001. It was the period of one thousand years in the Anno Domini or Common Era. The Julian calendar was used in Europe at the beginning of the millennium, so the end date is always calculated according to the Gregorian calendar, but the beginning date is usually according to the Julian calendar. Stephen Jay Gould argued that it is not possible to decide if the millennium ended on December 31,1999, or December 31,2000. The second millennium is perhaps more popularly thought of as beginning and ending a year earlier, thus starting at the beginning of 1000 and finishing at the end of 1999. Many public celebrations for the end of the millennium were held on December 31,1999 – January 1, the civilizations in this section are organized according to the UN geoscheme. The events in this section are organized according to the UN geoscheme, the people in this section are organized according to the UN geoscheme. See also Lists of people by nationality Category, People by century Category, People by nationality and period Gottlieb, Agnes Hooper, Henry Gottlieb, Barbar Bowers,1,000 Years,1,000 People, Ranking the Men and Women Who Shaped the Millennium

10.
Emperor of India
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The term Emperor of India is also used to refer to pre-British Indian emperors. The new title was proclaimed at the Delhi Durbar of 1877, the title had been eagerly assumed by Victoria in 1876, after she had been pressuring Prime Minister of the United Kingdom Benjamin Disraeli to agree to her assuming the title for some years. The idea of having Victoria proclaimed empress of India was not new as Lord Ellenborough had already suggested it in 1843 on becoming governor-general of India. The Queen, possibly irritated by the sallies of the republicans, the tendency to democracy, by January 1876, the Queens insistence was such that the Prime Minister felt he could procrastinate no more. Another reason Queen Victoria was titled Empress of India was because her daughter Victoria was to be eventually Empress of Germany so she didnt want to be ranked behind her daughter. The new styling would underline the fact that the states were no longer a mere agglomeration. When Victorias successor Edward VII ascended the throne in 1901, he continued to use the title Emperor of India, the title continued after India became independent on 15 August 1947 until it was formally abandoned on 22 June 1948 during the reign of King George VI. When signing off Indian business, the reigning British King-Emperors or queen-empress used the initials R I or the abbreviation Ind, when a male monarch held the title his wife, the queen consort, used the style queen-empress, though she was not herself a reigning monarch. British coins and those of the Empire and Commonwealth routinely included the abbreviated title Ind, imp. although in India itself the coins said Empress, and later King Emperor. When in 1947 India became independent all coining dies had to be changed, canadian coins, for example, were minted well into 1948 stamped 1947, the new years issue indicated by a small maple leaf in one corner. In Great Britain itself the title appeared on coinage through 1948

11.
George V
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George V was King of the United Kingdom and the British Dominions, and Emperor of India, from 6 May 1910 until his death in 1936. He was the son of Albert Edward, Prince of Wales. From the time of his birth, he was third in the line of succession behind his father and his own brother, Prince Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence. From 1877 to 1891, George served in the Royal Navy, on the death of his grandmother in 1901, Georges father became King-Emperor of the British Empire, and George was created Prince of Wales. He succeeded his father in 1910 and he was the only Emperor of India to be present at his own Delhi Durbar. His reign saw the rise of socialism, communism, fascism, Irish republicanism, the Parliament Act 1911 established the supremacy of the elected British House of Commons over the unelected House of Lords. In 1917, George became the first monarch of the House of Windsor, in 1924 he appointed the first Labour ministry and in 1931 the Statute of Westminster recognised the dominions of the Empire as separate, independent states within the Commonwealth of Nations. He had health problems throughout much of his reign and at his death was succeeded by his eldest son. George was born on 3 June 1865, in Marlborough House and he was the second son of the Prince and Princess of Wales, Albert Edward and Alexandra. His father was the eldest son of Queen Victoria and Prince Albert and he was baptised at Windsor Castle on 7 July 1865 by the Archbishop of Canterbury, Charles Longley. As a younger son of the Prince of Wales, there was expectation that George would become king. He was third in line to the throne, after his father and elder brother, George was only 17 months younger than Albert Victor, and the two princes were educated together. John Neale Dalton was appointed as their tutor in 1871, neither Albert Victor nor George excelled intellectually. For three years from 1879, the brothers served on HMS Bacchante, accompanied by Dalton. They toured the colonies of the British Empire in the Caribbean, South Africa and Australia, and visited Norfolk, Virginia, as well as South America, the Mediterranean, Egypt, Dalton wrote an account of their journey entitled The Cruise of HMS Bacchante. Between Melbourne and Sydney, Dalton recorded a sighting of the Flying Dutchman, after Lausanne, the brothers were separated, Albert Victor attended Trinity College, Cambridge, while George continued in the Royal Navy. He travelled the world, visiting many areas of the British Empire, during his naval career he commanded Torpedo Boat 79 in home waters then HMS Thrush on the North America station, before his last active service in command of HMS Melampus in 1891–92. From then on, his rank was largely honorary

12.
Rufus Isaacs, 1st Marquess of Reading
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Rufus Daniel Isaacs, 1st Marquess of Reading, GCB, GCSI, GCIE, GCVO, PC, KC was the Viceroy of India, barrister, jurist and the last member of the official Liberal Party to serve as Foreign Secretary. He was the second practising Jew to be a member of the British cabinet, the first Jew to be Lord Chief Justice of England, and the first, and as yet only, British Jew to be raised to a marquessate. The son of a Jewish fruit merchant at Spitalfields, Rufus Daniel Isaacs was educated at University College School, in 1876–77 he served as a ships boy and later worked as a jobber on the stock-exchange from 1880–84. He entered the Middle Temple to study law, and was called to the Bar in 1887 and he was appointed a QC in 1898. In 1887 he married Alice Edith Cohen, who suffered from a physical disability and died of cancer in 1930. He then married Stella Charnaud, the first Lady Readings secretary and his second marriage lasted until his own death in 1935. His marquessate was the highest rank in the British peerage ever achieved by a Jew and he was knighted in 1910, made a KCVO in 1911, a GCB in 1915, a GCSI and GCIE in 1921 and a GCVO in 1922. Although he had no apparent link with Canada, his eminence was such that the Lord Reading Law Society was named in his honour, Lord Reading died in London in December 1935 aged 75. After cremation at Golders Green Crematorium his ashes were buried at the nearby Jewish cemetery, the house where he died, No.32 Curzon Street in Mayfair, has had a blue plaque on it since 1971. Isaacs garnered fame in the Bayliss v. Coleridge libel suit in 1903, and he entered the House of Commons as Liberal Party Member of Parliament for the Reading constituency on 6 August 1904, a seat he held for nine years until 1913. During this period, he served as both Solicitor General and Attorney-General in the government of Herbert Henry Asquith, becoming the first Attorney-General to sit in the Cabinet in 1912. He led for the prosecution in the Seddon poisoning case in 1912, in 1913, he was made Lord Chief Justice, a position in which he served until 1921. In 1915 he led the Anglo-French Financial Commission to seek assistance for the Allies from the United States. Isaacs was one of several high-ranking members of the Liberal government accused of involvement in the Marconi scandal. The allegations included the fact that Isaacs brother, Godfrey Isaacs, was managing director of the Marconi company at the time that the cabinet, in which Isaacs sat, awarded Marconi the contract. Isaacs and Samuels sued Le Matin for libel, and as a result and it was not made public during the trial that these shares had been made available through Isaacss brother at a favourable price. In 1918, Isaacs was appointed Ambassador to the United States, in 1921, he resigned the chief justiceship to become Viceroy of India. Although he preferred a policy, he ended up using force on several occasions

13.
Chauri Chaura incident
–
In retaliation the demonstrators attacked and set fire to a police station, killing all of its occupants. In the early 1920s, Indians, led by Mahatma Gandhi, were engaged in a nationwide non-violent movement that became known as the non-cooperation movement. The incident Two days before the incident, on 2 February 1922, the demonstrators were beaten back by local police. Several of their leaders were arrested and put in the lockup at the Chauri Chaura police station, in response, a protest against the police was called for 4 February, to be held in the local marketplace. On 5 February, approximately 2,000 to 2,500 protesters assembled and they had gathered to picket a liquor shop in the market place. One of their leaders was arrested, part of the crowd gathered in front of the local police station shouting slogans demanding the release of their leader. Armed police were dispatched to control the situation while the crowd marched towards the market, in an attempt to frighten and disperse the crowd, the police fired warning shots into the air. This only agitated the crowd who began to throw stones at the police, with the situation getting out of control, the Indian sub-inspector in charge ordered the police to open fire on the advancing crowd, killing three and wounding several others. In the ensuing chaos, the outnumbered police fell back to the shelter of the police chowki while the angry mob advanced. Infuriated by the gunfire into their ranks, the set the chowki ablaze, killing the 23 Indian policemen. Most were burned to death though several appear to have killed by the crowd at the entrance to the chowki. The death count is reported variously in the literature as 22 or 23 policemen killed, in response to the killing of the police, the British authorities declared martial law in and around Chauri Chaura. Several raids were conducted and hundreds of people were arrested, appalled at the outrage, Gandhi went on a five-day fast as penance for what he perceived as his culpability in the bloodshed. He decided that the Indian people were ill-prepared and not yet ready to do what was needed to achieve independence, Gandhi was also arrested and sentenced to six years of imprisonment but was later released in February 1924, on grounds of his ill health. On 12 February 1922, the Indian National Congress halted the Non-cooperation Movement on the level as a direct result of the Chauri Chaura tragedy. A total of 228 people were brought to trial on charges of rioting, of these 6 died while in police custody, while 172 were sentenced to death by hanging following conviction in a trial which lasted eight months. A storm of protest erupted over the verdicts, which were characterised as legalised murder by Indian Communist leader M. N, roy, who called for a general strike of Indian workers. A memorial to the policemen was dedicated by the British authorities in 1923

14.
Mahatma Gandhi
–
Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi was the preeminent leader of the Indian independence movement in British-ruled India. Employing nonviolent civil disobedience, Gandhi led India to independence and inspired movements for civil rights, the honorific Mahatma —applied to him first in 1914 in South Africa—is now used worldwide. In India, he is also called Bapu and Gandhiji and he is unofficially called the Father of the Nation. After his return to India in 1915, he set about organising peasants, farmers, Gandhi famously led Indians in challenging the British-imposed salt tax with the 400 km Dandi Salt March in 1930, and later in calling for the British to Quit India in 1942. He was imprisoned for years, upon many occasions, in both South Africa and India. Gandhi attempted to practise nonviolence and truth in all situations, and he lived modestly in a self-sufficient residential community and wore the traditional Indian dhoti and shawl, woven with yarn hand-spun on a charkha. He ate simple food, and also undertook long fasts as a means of both self-purification and social protest. Eventually, in August 1947, Britain granted independence, but the British Indian Empire was partitioned into two dominions, a Hindu-majority India and Muslim-majority Pakistan. As many displaced Hindus, Muslims, and Sikhs made their way to their new lands, religious violence broke out, especially in the Punjab, eschewing the official celebration of independence in Delhi, Gandhi visited the affected areas, attempting to provide solace. In the months following, he undertook several fasts unto death to promote religious harmony, the last of these, undertaken on 12 January 1948 when he was 78, also had the indirect goal of pressuring India to pay out some cash assets owed to Pakistan. Some Indians thought Gandhi was too accommodating, among them was Nathuram Godse, a Hindu nationalist, who assassinated Gandhi on 30 January 1948 by firing three bullets into his chest. Mahatma Gandhis birthday,2 October, is commemorated in India as Gandhi Jayanti, a national holiday and his father, Karamchand Uttamchand Gandhi, served as the diwan of Porbandar state. The Gandhi family originated from the village of Kutiana in what was then Junagadh State, in the late 17th or early 18th century, one Lalji Gandhi moved to Porbandar and entered the service of its ruler, the Rana. In 1831, Rana Khimojiraji died suddenly and was succeeded by his 12-year-old only son, as a result, Rana Khimojirajjis widow, Rani Rupaliba, became regent for her son. She soon fell out with Uttamchand and forced him to return to his village in Junagadh. While in Junagadh, Uttamchand appeared before its Nawab and saluted him with his hand instead of his right. In 1841, Vikmatji assumed the throne and reinstated Uttamchand as his diwan, in 1847, Rana Vikmatji appointed Uttamchands son, Karamchand, as diwan after disagreeing with Uttamchand over the states maintenance of a British garrison. Although he only had an education and had previously been a clerk in the state administration

15.
Mohandas Gandhi
–
Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi was the preeminent leader of the Indian independence movement in British-ruled India. Employing nonviolent civil disobedience, Gandhi led India to independence and inspired movements for civil rights, the honorific Mahatma —applied to him first in 1914 in South Africa—is now used worldwide. In India, he is also called Bapu and Gandhiji and he is unofficially called the Father of the Nation. After his return to India in 1915, he set about organising peasants, farmers, Gandhi famously led Indians in challenging the British-imposed salt tax with the 400 km Dandi Salt March in 1930, and later in calling for the British to Quit India in 1942. He was imprisoned for years, upon many occasions, in both South Africa and India. Gandhi attempted to practise nonviolence and truth in all situations, and he lived modestly in a self-sufficient residential community and wore the traditional Indian dhoti and shawl, woven with yarn hand-spun on a charkha. He ate simple food, and also undertook long fasts as a means of both self-purification and social protest. Eventually, in August 1947, Britain granted independence, but the British Indian Empire was partitioned into two dominions, a Hindu-majority India and Muslim-majority Pakistan. As many displaced Hindus, Muslims, and Sikhs made their way to their new lands, religious violence broke out, especially in the Punjab, eschewing the official celebration of independence in Delhi, Gandhi visited the affected areas, attempting to provide solace. In the months following, he undertook several fasts unto death to promote religious harmony, the last of these, undertaken on 12 January 1948 when he was 78, also had the indirect goal of pressuring India to pay out some cash assets owed to Pakistan. Some Indians thought Gandhi was too accommodating, among them was Nathuram Godse, a Hindu nationalist, who assassinated Gandhi on 30 January 1948 by firing three bullets into his chest. Mahatma Gandhis birthday,2 October, is commemorated in India as Gandhi Jayanti, a national holiday and his father, Karamchand Uttamchand Gandhi, served as the diwan of Porbandar state. The Gandhi family originated from the village of Kutiana in what was then Junagadh State, in the late 17th or early 18th century, one Lalji Gandhi moved to Porbandar and entered the service of its ruler, the Rana. In 1831, Rana Khimojiraji died suddenly and was succeeded by his 12-year-old only son, as a result, Rana Khimojirajjis widow, Rani Rupaliba, became regent for her son. She soon fell out with Uttamchand and forced him to return to his village in Junagadh. While in Junagadh, Uttamchand appeared before its Nawab and saluted him with his hand instead of his right. In 1841, Vikmatji assumed the throne and reinstated Uttamchand as his diwan, in 1847, Rana Vikmatji appointed Uttamchands son, Karamchand, as diwan after disagreeing with Uttamchand over the states maintenance of a British garrison. Although he only had an education and had previously been a clerk in the state administration

16.
Mumbai
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Mumbai is the capital city of the Indian state of Maharashtra. It is the most populous city in India and the ninth most populous agglomeration in the world, Mumbai lies on the west coast of India and has a deep natural harbour. In 2008, Mumbai was named a world city. It is also the wealthiest city in India, and has the highest GDP of any city in South, West, Mumbai has the highest number of billionaires and millionaires among all cities in India. The seven islands that came to constitute Mumbai were home to communities of fishing colonies, during the mid-18th century, Bombay was reshaped by the Hornby Vellard project, which undertook reclamation of the area between the seven islands from the sea. Along with construction of roads and railways, the reclamation project, completed in 1845. Bombay in the 19th century was characterised by economic and educational development, during the early 20th century it became a strong base for the Indian independence movement. Upon Indias independence in 1947 the city was incorporated into Bombay State, in 1960, following the Samyukta Maharashtra movement, a new state of Maharashtra was created with Bombay as the capital. Mumbai is the financial, commercial and entertainment capital of India and it is also home to some of Indias premier scientific and nuclear institutes like BARC, NPCL, IREL, TIFR, AERB, AECI, and the Department of Atomic Energy. The city also houses Indias Hindi and Marathi film and television industry, Mumbais business opportunities, as well as its potential to offer a higher standard of living, attract migrants from all over India, making the city a melting pot of many communities and cultures. The oldest known names for the city are Kakamuchee and Galajunkja, in 1508, Portuguese writer Gaspar Correia used the name Bombaim, in his Lendas da Índia. This name possibly originated as the Old Portuguese phrase bom baim, meaning good little bay, in 1516, Portuguese explorer Duarte Barbosa used the name Tana-Maiambu, Tana appears to refer to the adjoining town of Thane and Maiambu to Mumbadevi. Other variations recorded in the 16th and the 17th centuries include, Mombayn, Bombay, Bombain, Bombaym, Monbaym, Mombaim, Mombaym, Bambaye, Bombaiim, Bombeye, Boon Bay, and Bon Bahia. After the English gained possession of the city in the 17th century, Ali Muhammad Khan, imperial diwan or revenue minister of the Gujarat province, in the Mirat-i-Ahmedi referred to the city as Manbai. By the late 20th century, the city was referred to as Mumbai or Mambai in the Indian statewise official languages of Marathi, Konkani, Gujarati, Kannada and Sindhi, the Government of India officially changed the English name to Mumbai in November 1995. According to Slate magazine, they argued that Bombay was a corrupted English version of Mumbai, Slate also said The push to rename Bombay was part of a larger movement to strengthen Marathi identity in the Maharashtra region. A resident of Mumbai is called mumbaikar in the Marathi language, the term has been in use for quite some time but it gained popularity after the official name change to Mumbai. Mumbai is built on what was once an archipelago of seven islands, Bombay Island, Parel, Mazagaon, Mahim, Colaba, Worli and it is not exactly known when these islands were first inhabited

17.
Sedition
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Sedition is overt conduct, such as speech and organization, that tends toward insurrection against the established order. Sedition often includes subversion of a constitution and incitement of discontent to lawful authority, Sedition may include any commotion, though not aimed at direct and open violence against the laws. Seditious words in writing are seditious libel, a seditionist is one who engages in or promotes the interests of sedition. Typically, sedition is considered an act, and the overt acts that may be prosecutable under sedition laws vary from one legal code to another. Where the history of legal codes has been traced, there is also a record of the change in the definition of the elements constituting sedition at certain points in history. This overview has served to develop a sociological definition of sedition as well, the term sedition in its modern meaning first appeared in the Elizabethan Era as the notion of inciting by words or writings disaffection towards the state or constituted authority. Australias sedition laws were amended in anti-terrorism legislation passed on 6 December 2005, updating definitions, opponents of these laws have suggested that they could be used against legitimate dissent. He had also brushed aside recommendations to curtail new clauses outlawing “urging conduct” that “assists” an “organisation or country engaged in armed hostilities” against the Australian military and these laws were amended in Australia on 19 September 2011. The ‘sedition’ clauses were repealed and replaced with ‘urging violence’, during World War II former Mayor of Montreal Camillien Houde campaigned against conscription in Canada. On 2 August 1940, Houde publicly urged the men of Quebec to ignore the National Registration Act, three days later, he was placed under arrest by the Royal Canadian Mounted Police on charges of sedition. After being found guilty, he was confined in internment camps in Petawawa, Ontario, upon his release on 18 August 1944, he was greeted by a cheering crowd of 50,000 Montrealers and won back his position as the Mayor of Montreal in the election in 1944. A Sedition Ordinance had existed in the territory since 1970, which was consolidated into the Crime Ordinance in 1972. The bill was shelved following massive opposition from the public, in 2010, writer Arundhati Roy was sought to be charged with sedition for her comments on Kashmir and Maoists. Two individuals have been charged with sedition since 2007, binayak Sen, an Indian paediatrician, public health specialist, and activist was found guilty of sedition. He is national Vice-President of the Peoples Union for Civil Liberties and they were sentenced to life imprisonment, but he got bail in Supreme Court on 16 April 2011. On 10 September 2012, Aseem Trivedi, a political cartoonist, was sent to judicial custody till 24 September 2012 on charges of sedition over a series of cartoons against corruption. Trivedi was accused of uploading ugly and obscene content to his website, trivedis arrest under sedition has been heavily criticised in India. The Press Council of India termed it a stupid move, in February 2016, JNU student union president Kanhaiya Kumar was arrested on charges of Sedition under section 124-A of Indian Penal Code

18.
Prince of Wales
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Charles, Prince of Wales is the eldest child and heir apparent of Queen Elizabeth II. Known alternatively in South West England as Duke of Cornwall and in Scotland as Duke of Rothesay, he is the heir apparent in British history. He is also the oldest person to be next in line to the throne since Sophia of Hanover, Charles was born at Buckingham Palace as the first grandchild of King George VI and Queen Elizabeth. After earning a bachelor of degree from Trinity College, Cambridge. In 1981, he married Lady Diana Spencer and they had two sons, Prince William later to become Duke of Cambridge, and Prince Harry, in 1996, the couple divorced, following well-publicised extramarital affairs. Diana died in a car crash in Paris the following year, in 2005, Charles married Camilla Parker Bowles. Charles has sought to raise awareness of the dangers facing the natural environment. As an environmentalist, he has received awards and recognition from environmental groups around the world. His support for alternative medicine, including homeopathy, has been criticised by some in the medical community and he has been outspoken on the role of architecture in society and the conservation of historic buildings. Subsequently, Charles created Poundbury, a new town based on his theories. He has authored a number of books, including A Vision of Britain, A Personal View of Architecture in 1989 and he was baptised in the palaces Music Room by the Archbishop of Canterbury, Geoffrey Fisher, on 15 December 1948. When Prince Charles was aged three his mothers accession as Queen Elizabeth II made him her heir apparent. As the monarchs eldest son, he took the titles Duke of Cornwall, Duke of Rothesay, Earl of Carrick, Baron of Renfrew, Lord of the Isles and Prince. Charles attended his mothers coronation at Westminster Abbey on 2 June 1953, seated alongside his grandmother, as was customary for upper-class children at the time, a governess, Catherine Peebles, was appointed and undertook his education between the ages of five and eight. Buckingham Palace announced in 1955 that Charles would attend school rather than have a private tutor, Charles then attended two of his fathers former schools, Cheam Preparatory School in Berkshire, England, followed by Gordonstoun in the north-east of Scotland. He reportedly despised the school, which he described as Colditz in kilts. Upon his return to Gordonstoun, Charles emulated his father in becoming Head Boy and he left in 1967, with six GCE O-levels and two A-levels in history and French, at grades B and C, respectively. Tradition was broken again when Charles proceeded straight from school into university

19.
Edward VIII
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Edward VIII was King of the United Kingdom and the Dominions of the British Empire, and Emperor of India, from 20 January 1936 until his abdication on 11 December the same year. Edward was the eldest son of George V and Mary of Teck and he was named Prince of Wales on his sixteenth birthday, nine weeks after his father succeeded as king. As a young man, he served in the British Army during the First World War, Edward became king on his fathers death in early 1936. However, he showed impatience with court protocol, and caused concern among politicians by his apparent disregard for established constitutional conventions. Only months into his reign, he caused a crisis by proposing marriage to Wallis Simpson. When it became apparent that he could not marry Wallis and remain on the throne and he was succeeded by his younger brother, George VI. With a reign of 326 days, Edward was one of the monarchs in British history. After his abdication, he was created Duke of Windsor and he married Wallis in France on 3 June 1937, after her second divorce became final. Later that year, the couple toured Germany, after the war, Edward spent the rest of his life in retirement in France. Edward was born on 23 June 1894 at White Lodge, Richmond Park and he was the eldest son of the Duke and Duchess of York. His father was the son of the Prince and Princess of Wales and his mother was the eldest daughter of Francis and Mary Adelaide, Duke and Duchess of Teck. At the time of his birth, he was third in the line of succession to the throne and he was baptised Edward Albert Christian George Andrew Patrick David in the Green Drawing Room of White Lodge on 16 July 1894 by Edward White Benson, Archbishop of Canterbury. The names were chosen in honour of Edwards late uncle, who was known to his family as Eddy or Edward and he was always known to his family and close friends by his last given name, David. As was common practice with children of the time, Edward. One of Edwards early nannies often abused him by pinching him before he was due to be presented to his parents and his subsequent crying and wailing would lead the Duke and Duchess to send him and the nanny away. The nanny was discharged after her mistreatment of the children was discovered, Edwards father, though a harsh disciplinarian, was demonstrably affectionate, and his mother displayed a frolicsome side with her children that belied her austere public image. She was amused by the children making tadpoles on toast for their French master, initially Edward was tutored at home by Helen Bricka. Upon his parents return, Edward was placed under the care of two men, Frederick Finch and Henry Hansell, who brought up Edward and his brothers

20.
Rashtriya Indian Military College
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The Rashtriya Indian Military College is a public school for boys situated in Doon Valley, Dehradun in India. The RIMC is an institution for the National Defence Academy, Indian Naval Academy. Rimcollians, the name by which alumni of the RIMC are usually denoted, have gone on to hold the highest ranks in the Army, Navy and the Air Force of India and Pakistan. RIMC was established in 1922 by the British Empire for training native Indian cadets for an entry into the Royal Military Academy Sandhurst to be trained as officers of the British Indian Army. The Prince Edward, The Prince of Wales, inaugurated the school on 13 March 1922, the name was changed in 1947 when India became independent. It was located on the premises of the Imperial Cadet Corps, RIMC was intended as a feeder institution to Royal Military Academy Sandhurst along the lines of an English public school. The government order appointed a military commandant of the rank of Lt Colonel, the first commandant was Lt Col H. L. Houghton of the Sikh Regiment who took charge of the college on 22 February 1922. JGC Scott was appointed headmaster and the first group of British masters were JM Allen, CA Phillips, the first mess contractors were MS Hazir and Co and the mess staff consisted mostly of Goans. Later the mess was taken over by the Army Service Corps, Hira Lal Atal was the first Cadet Captain and later as Adjutant General of the Indian Union, Major General Hira Lal Atal designed India’s highest award for bravery in combat, the Param Vir Chakra. Among the early cadets were K. S, Thimayya, Asghar Khan and others, who had illustrious military careers. After India gained independence in 1947, the continued to train young men to become a part of the Indian Armed Forces. The major difference is instead of serving as a public school whose boys joined the RMA, RIMC now offers an excellent public school life. To celebrate the 75th anniversary of Rashtriya Indian Military College, Dehra Dun 2.00 Cradle of Excellence stamps were produced, the school is spread over 54 hectares and has an enrollment of 250 cadets. A Hawker Hunter jet aircraft gifted to the college by the Air Chief Marshal N. C, suri is placed in front of the administrative block. RIMC has a 1,12 teacher student ratio, candidates for the school are selected from all over India through a national level competitive exam, the RIMC Entrance Exam that is held twice a year in each state. Successful candidates in the exam have to go through a medical fitness test to be admitted to the school. Every year about 50 students are selected in two intakes from all over India and admitted into Standard VIII at the RIMC, the RIMC in 1922 was run on the lines of an English public school - Wellock College, a feeder to Sandhurst. The 37 cadets forming the first batch were divided into three Houses, called Sections at the RIMC, known as Rawlinson, Roberts and Kitchener after the three Commander-in-Chiefs of India

21.
Dehradun
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Dehradun or Dehra Dun is the capital city of the state of Uttarakhand in the northern part of India. Dehradun is in the Doon Valley on the foothills of the Himalayas nestled between the river Ganges on the east and the river Yamuna on the west, the city is famous for its picturesque landscape and slightly milder climate and provides a gateway to the surrounding region. It hosts training institutions of importance such as the Indian Military Academy, ITBP Academy & Indira Gandhi National Forest Academy. The city population has significant contribution of government servants, Dehradun Municipal Corporation is locally known as Nagar Nigam Dehradun. Dehradun is also known for its Basmati rice and bakery products, Dehradun is made up of two words, Dehra is derived from the word dera, deriving from griha and meaning home. Doon is a term for the valley lies between the Himalayas and the Shivaliks. When Ram Rai Ji, son of Guru Har Rai Ji, came to region with his followers. Around this time, the city of Dehradun started to develop. This is when the word dehra was linked to doon, in Skanda Purana, Dun is mentioned as a part of the region called Kedar Khand, the abode of Shiva. In ancient India during the Mahabharata epic era, Dronacharya the great teacher of Kauravas and Pandavas, lived here hence the name, some historians believe that the word dehra can be regarded as a term for camping. The history of the city of Uttarakhand, Dehradun is linked to the story of Ramayana and it is believed that after the battle between Ravan and Lord Ram, Lord Ram and his brother Laxman visited this site. Dronacharya, the legendary Royal guru to the Kauravas and Pandavas in the epic Mahabharata, is believed to have been born, evidence such as ancient temples and idols have been found in the areas surrounding Dehradun which have been linked to the mythology of Ramayana and Mahabharata. These relics and ruins are believed to be around 2000 years old, furthermore, the location, the local traditions and the literature reflect this regions links with the events of Mahabharata and Ramayana. Even after the battle of Mahabharata, the Pandavas had influence on this region as the rulers of Hastinapur with the descendants of Subahu ruled the region as subsidiaries. Likewise, Rishikesh is mentioned in the pages of history when Lord Vishnu answered the prayers of the saints, slaughtered the demons, sudhnagar later came to be recognised as the name of Kaalsi. Edicts of Ashoka have been found in the region along the banks of river Yamuna in Kaalsi indicating the wealth, gerards map names the place as Dehra or Gooroodwara. Surrounding this original Sikh temple were many villages that are now the names of parts of the modern city. Dehradun itself derives its name from the fact that Shri Ram Rai

22.
Har Gobind Khorana
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Khorana and Nirenberg were also awarded the Louisa Gross Horwitz Prize from Columbia University in the same year. Khorana was born in Raipur, British India and later moved to become an Indian citizen after the partition of 1947 and he served on the faculty of the University of British Columbia from 1952-1960, where he initiated his Nobel Prize winning work. He became a citizen of the United States in 1966. He co-directed the Institute for Enzyme Research, became a professor of biochemistry in 1962 and was named Conrad A. Elvehjem Professor of Life Sciences at University of Wisconsin–Madison. He served as MITs Alfred P. Sloan Professor of Biology and Chemistry, ribonucleic acid with three repeating units produced two alternating amino acids. This, combined with the Nirenberg and Leder experiment, showed that UCU codes for Serine, rNAs with three repeating units produced three different strings of amino acids. RNAs with four repeating units including UAG, UAA, or UGA, produced only dipeptides and tripeptides thus revealing that UAG, UAA and their Nobel lecture was delivered on 12 December 1968. Khorana was the first scientist to chemically synthesize oligonucleotides, khoranas invention have become automated and commercialized so that anyone now can order a synthetic oligonucleotide or a gene from any of a number of companies. One merely needs to send the sequence to one of the companies to receive an oligonucleotide with the desired sequence. Since the middle of the 1970s, his lab has studied the biochemistry of bacteriorhodopsin, later, his lab went on to study the structurally related visual pigment known as rhodopsin. Khorana was elected as Foreign Member of the Royal Society in 1978, the University of Wisconsin-Madison, the Government of India, and the Indo-US Science and Technology Forum jointly created the Khorana Program in 2007. The mission of the Khorana Program is to build a community of scientists, industrialists. In 2009, Khorana was hosted by the Khorana Program and honored at the 33rd Steenbock Symposium in Madison, Khorana died of natural causes on 9 November 2011 in Concord, Massachusetts, aged 89. A widower since 2001, he was survived by his children Julia and Davel

23.
Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
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The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, administered by the Nobel Foundation, is awarded once a year for outstanding discoveries in the fields of life sciences and medicine. It is one of five Nobel Prizes established in 1895 by Swedish chemist Alfred Nobel, Nobel was personally interested in experimental physiology and wanted to establish a prize for progress through scientific discoveries in laboratories. The Nobel Prize is presented to the recipient at a ceremony on 10 December, the anniversary of Nobels death, along with a diploma. The front side of the medal provides the profile of Alfred Nobel as depicted on the medals for Physics, Chemistry. As of 2015,106 Nobel Prizes in Physiology or Medicine have been awarded to 198 men and 12 women. The first Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine was awarded in 1901 to the German physiologist Emil von Behring, for his work on serum therapy and this includes one to António Egas Moniz in 1949 for the prefrontal leucotomy, bestowed despite protests from the medical establishment. Other controversies resulted from disagreements over who was included in the award, the 1952 prize to Selman Waksman was litigated in court, and half the patent rights awarded to his co-discoverer Albert Schatz who was not recognized by the prize. The 1962 prize awarded to James D, since the Nobel Prize rules forbid nominations of the deceased, longevity is an asset, one prize being awarded as long as 50 years after the discovery. Alfred Nobel was born on 21 October 1833 in Stockholm, Sweden into a family of engineers and he was a chemist, engineer and inventor who amassed a fortune during his lifetime, most of it from his 355 inventions of which dynamite is the most famous. He was interested in experimental physiology and set up his own labs in France, in 1888, Nobel was surprised to read his own obituary, titled The merchant of death is dead, in a French newspaper. Though Nobel wrote several wills during his lifetime, the last was written a little over a year before he died at the age of 63, because his will was contested, it was not approved by the Storting until 26 April 1897. After Nobels death, the Nobel Foundation was set up to manage the assets of the bequest, in 1900, the Nobel Foundations newly created statutes were promulgated by Swedish King Oscar II. According to Nobels will, the Karolinska Institutet in Sweden, a medical school, today, the prize is commonly referred to as the Nobel Prize in Medicine. It was important to Nobel that the prize be awarded for a discovery, per the provisions of the will, only select persons are eligible to nominate individuals for the award. Past Nobel laureates may also nominate, until 1977, all professors of Karolinska Institutet together decided on the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine. Therefore, the Nobel Assembly was constituted, consisting of 50 professors at Karolinska Institutet. It elects the Nobel Committee with 5 members who evaluate the nominees, the Secretary who is in charge of the organization, in 1968, a provision was added that no more than three persons may share a Nobel prize. True to its mandate, the Committee has selected researchers working in the sciences over those who have made applied contributions

25.
1998 in India
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Events in the year 1998 in the Republic of India. 11 January – Sonia Gandhi launches her campaign at Sriperumbudur. 21 January – The crime/thriller series, C. I. D. started on SET 14–15 February –1998 Coimbatore bombings,16 February – More than 100 million Indians cast their votes for 222 seats in the first phase of the general election. At least 21 people die in scattered violence,21 February – The Hindu nationalist BJP is ousted from power in Uttar Pradesh State after a coalition ally withdrew its support. On 23 February, a court battle restores the BJP-led government to power. 22 February – The second phase of elections is held for 184 seats. 26 February – The BJP wins a vote of confidence in Uttar Pradesh,28 February – In the third major phase of general elections, the electorate votes for 131 seats. 2 March – The counting of votes begins after elections marred by violence in which at least 150 were killed, the BJP and their allies emerge as the single largest political formation with 251 seats, the Indian National Congress and its allies winning 166 and the United Front 96. 3 March – Congress says it is willing to form a government with the United Fronts support to stop the BJP from ruling,7 March – The BJP crowns Atal Bihari Vajpayee as prime minister-aspirant. 9 March – Sitaram Kesri resigns as Congress president, on 14 March Sonia Gandhi is elected to the post. 10 March – The Election Commission constitutes the lower house with 539 members, the BJP and its allies form the single largest group. 10 March – The president asks Vajpayee whether he is able and willing to form a government,15 March – Sonia Gandhi says Congress does not have the support to stake a claim to rule. The AIADMK agrees to join a BJP-led government, the president invites Vajpayee to form a government and take the oath as prime minister on 19 March and gives him ten more days to prove his parliamentary majority. 19 March – Vajpayee takes office after assembling a diverse cabinet reflecting his 13-party coalition,28 March – The BJP-led coalition wins a parliamentary confidence vote by 13 votes thanks to last-minute backing from the regional Telugu Desam Party. 8 April - Abhilash K was born,14 April – The BJP unanimously elects senior leader Khushabhau Thakre as its new president. Thakre formally takes over in early May from Lal Krishna Advani,19 April – Jayaram Jayalalitha, leader of key coalition partner AIADMK, demands the removal of three ministers facing graft charges. 11 May – India conducts 3 underground nuclear tests in Pokhran,13 May – India carries out 2 more nuclear tests at Pokhran. The United States and Japan impose economic sanctions on India,1 June – Finance Minister Yashwant Sinha presents a budget for 1998–99 which sends stock markets lower

26.
2002 in India
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Events in the year 2002 in the Republic of India. 10 January –800 protesters are arrested in an illegal protest against the Communist government of West Bengal. The authorities there had outlawed disruptive protests at the end of 2001, mid-January – Direct flights to China are set to resume for the first time in 40 years after diplomatic talks between the two countries. 22 January – Five policemen are killed and 20 other people injured when Islamic militants attack an American cultural centre in Kolkata, Police arrest at least 50 suspects in the wake of the incident. The government immediately accuses its Pakistani counterpart of involvement in the attack,3 February – Russia gives its full backing to India over the Kashmir dispute with neighbouring Pakistan. Mid-February – The Cellular Operators Association announces that the ownership of mobile phones in India rocketed by 75% in the previous year, almost 6 million Indians now own mobile phones. 24 February – The Bharatiya Janata Party loses control of governments in Uttar Pradesh, Punjab. The BJP is expected to retain a role in a coalition in Uttar Pradesh, whereas the Punjab,27 February – A series of riots leaves hundreds dead, after 59 Hindu pilgrims die aboard a train burned by a Muslim mob in Godhra. 28 February – Violent sectarian clashes break out in the Gujarati city of Ahmadabad leaving over 500 Muslims, the riots came after the death the previous day of 58 Hindus whose train was deliberately set on fire by Muslim militants in Godhra, near Vadodara. Those victims were said to be supporters of the extremist Hindi group Vishwa Hindu Parishad, VHP has been campaigning for the construction of a Hindu temple on the controversial Ayodhya site following the destruction of an ancient mosque there in 1992. Violence rages on through March, claiming hundreds of lives, most of them Muslim,28 February – Gulbarg Society massacre, During the 2002 Gujarat riots, a mob attacked the Gulbarag Society, a lower middle-class Muslim neighbourhood in Chamanpura, Ahmedabad. 28 February – Finance Minister Yashwant Sinha presents the 2002–03 budget, amongst its major features are a 4. 8% increase in defence spending and a 5% surcharge on income tax to pay for this. 1 March – Continuing violence in Ahmedabad kills 28, police shoot,2 March – J. Jayalalithaa returns to power in Tamil Nadu as chief minister. In December 2001, a court had quashed her October 2000 corruption conviction that disqualified her from standing for election. 3 March – The speaker of the Lok Sabha, Ganti Mohana Chandra Balayogi, is killed in a crash in the southern state of Andhra Pradesh. He was the first low-caste Dalit to be elected to the post,8 March – Presidents rule is imposed on the northern state of Uttar Pradesh as no party could command a majority after the recent elections. 15 March –9,000 suspected Hindu hardliners are arrested, including 8,000 in Mumbai alone, Tensions are high surrounding attempts to construct a new Hindu temple on the site of the Ayodhya mosque, which was destroyed by Hindu extremists in 1992. 15 March – The New Delhi High Court overturns the October 2000 corruption conviction of former prime minister P. V, narasimha Rao.25 March – Police arrest Yasin Malik, leader of the separatist Jammu and Kashmir Liberation Front, in Srinagar

27.
Maharashtra
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Four Maharashtra is a state in the western region of India and is Indias second-most populous state and third-largest state by area. It is the wealthiest Indian state and it is also the worlds second-most populous sub-national entity. It has over 112 million inhabitants and its capital, Mumbai, has a population of approximately 18 million, Nagpur is Maharashtras second capital as well as its winter capital. Maharashtras business opportunities along with its potential to offer a standard of living attract migrants from all over India. Ancient and medieval Maharashtra included the empires of the Satavahana dynasty, Rashtrakuta dynasty, Western Chalukyas, Mughals, the major rivers of the state are Godavari, and Krishna. The Narmada and Tapti Rivers flow near the border between Maharashtra and Madhya Pradesh and Gujarat, Maharashtra is the second most urbanised state in India. The state has several popular Hindu places of pilgrimage including Pandharpur, Dehu and Alandi, other places that attract pilgrims from other parts of India and beyond include Hazur Sahib Gurudwara at Nanded, Sai Baba shrine at Shirdi and Dikshabhumi at Nagpur. Maharashtra is the wealthiest and one of the most developed states in India, as of 2011, the state had a per capita income of ₹1.0035 lakh, more than the national average of ₹0.73 lakh. Its GDP per capita crossed the ₹1.20 lakh threshold for the first time in 2013, however, as of 2014, the GDP per capita reduced to ₹1.03 lakh Agriculture and industries are the largest parts of the states economy. Major industries include chemical products, electrical and non-electrical machinery, textiles, petroleum, Jai Maharashtra The modern Marathi language developed from the Maharashtri Prakrit, and the word Mahratta is found in the Jain Maharashtri literature. The terms Maharashtra, Maharashtri, Marathi and Maratha may have derived from the same root, however, their exact etymology is uncertain. But the Marathas as a people do not seem to be mentioned before the thirteenth or fourteenth century, the most widely accepted theory among the linguistic scholars is that the words Maratha and Maharashtra ultimately derived from a combination of Maha and rashtrika. The word rashtrika is a Sanskritized form of Ratta, the name of a tribe or dynasty of petty chiefs ruling in the Deccan region. Another theory is that the term is derived from Maha and ratha / rathi, an alternative theory states that the term derives from the word Maha and Rashtra. However, this theory has not found acceptance among scholars who believe it to be the Sanskritised interpretation of later writers. Maharashtra was ruled by the Maurya Empire in the 4th and 3rd centuries BCE, around 230 BCE Maharashtra came under the rule of the Satavahana dynasty for 400 years. The greatest ruler of the Satavahana Dynasty was Gautamiputra Satakarni, in 90 CE Vedishri, son of the Satavahana king Satakarni, the Lord of Dakshinapatha, wielder of the unchecked wheel of Sovereignty, made Junnar, thirty miles north of Pune, the capital of his kingdom. The state was ruled by Western Satraps, Gupta Empire, Gurjara-Pratihara, Vakataka, Kadambas, Chalukya Empire, Rashtrakuta Dynasty, and Western Chalukya before finally

28.
2006 in India
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Events in the year 2006 in the Republic of India. Abdul Kalam Prime Minister of India, Manmohan Singh 2 January – Rajnath Singh assumed office as Bharatiya Janata Party chief, 7–9 January – Pravasi Bharatiya Divas was organized in Hyderabad. 26 January – Saudi monarch King Abdullah was chief guest at Republic Day parade in New Delhi, 2–5 March – President of the United States, George W. Bush visited India. The United States signed a nuclear deal with India pending approval from the US Congress. 7 March –2006 Varanasi bombings, A terrorist attack in Varanasi killed at least 15 people,10 April – Fire at Brand India Fair at Meerut Victoria Park in Meerut, Uttar Pradesh, killed 100. May – Medical doctors started a strike against central government decision on reservation for backward classes in Medical Institution. 6 July – The Nathula Pass between India and China, sealed during the Sino-Indian War, re-opened for trade after 44 years. 11 July –11 July 2006 Mumbai train bombings, A series of coordinated bomb attacks struck several commuter trains in Mumbai, India during the evening rush hour. 29 August – A 90% iron meteorite weighing 6.8 kilograms fell in Kanvarpura village in Rajasthan, near Rawatbhata and it came to earth in the middle of the day and was found by two shepherds. Scientists from the Geological Survey of India rushed to the village to recover the object, the Deputy Director-General of the Geological Survey, R. S. Goyal, said that devastation on a scale would have ensued had the meteorite struck the power station. September – The Marthandam College of Engineering and Technology was started,20 November –2006 West Bengal train disaster, A suspected terrorist attack killed five people on a train in a remote area of West Bengal. Sara Arjun, actress 3 January - Vijay Raghunath Pandharipande, physicist,25 March - Chandrakant Bakshi, author. 28 March - Bansi Lal, Haryanas four time chief minister,3 May - Pramod Mahajan, politician. 5 May - Naushad Ali, musician and composer,8 July - Raja Rao, novelist and short story writer. 21 August - Bismillah Khan, shehnai musician and Bharat Ratna winner,27 August - Hrishikesh Mukherjee, film director. 24 September - Padmini, actress and dancer,9 October - Kanshi Ram, politician and founder of Bahujan Samaj Party. 19 October- Srividya, South Indian actress, following days of religious or cultural significance were observed in 2006

29.
Allu Rama Lingaiah
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Dr. Allu Rama Lingaiah was an Indian Telugu comic actor from Palakol, who appeared in over 1000 Tollywood films. Rama Lingaiah began his career in 1953 with Puttillu and his last film Jai was in the year before his death. He was awarded the Padma Shri in 1990 by the Government of India and his comedic timing and his nasal voice distinguished his many comic performances. Allu Rama Lingiah was also a doctor and freedom fighter. Was arrested by the British during Quit India Movement, was featured in dramas for Praja Natya Mandali before joining films and awarded the title Hasya Kala Prapoorna by Nritya Kala Mandali. His social service and concern for others can be seen in his support of the Chiranjeevi Charitable Trust. Posthumously, he had his eyes donated to the Chiranjeevi Eye Bank, Raghupathi Venkaiah Award in the year 2001. Padma Shri award by Government of India for his contribution to Telugu cinema as a comedy actor for the year 1990. He is the second awardee of Padmashri after Relangi in 1970, a statue of Rama Lingaiah stands unveiled at Ramakrishna Beach in Visakhapatnam

30.
2004 in India
–
Events in the year 2004 in the Republic of India. President of India, A. P. J. Abdul Kalam Prime Minister of India, sangma quits the Nationalist Congress Party and decides to ally with the ruling National Democratic Alliance. 28 January – BJP president Venkaiah Naidu elected for three-year term,28 January – The Border Security Force busts a hideout of pro-Pakistan Hizbul Mujahideen in Pulwama District of south Kashmir and recovers a huge quantity of ammunition and explosives. 28 January – Commerce minister Arun Jaitley announced the Cabinet decision to free gold,6 April – The biggest ever Indo-French naval exercise Varuna 2004 gets underway off the coast of Goa.20 April – First phase of polling for fourteenth Lok Sabha elections covering 141 constituencies. 26 April – Second phase of polling for fourteenth Lok Sabha elections covering 137 constituencies,5 May – Third phase of polling for fourteenth Lok Sabha elections covering 83 constituencies. 10 May – Fourth and last phase of polling for fourteenth Lok Sabha elections covering 182 constituencies,13 May – Results for the fourteenth Lok Sabha elections announced, the ruling National Democratic Alliance loses, as the Indian National Congress wins a surprise victory. 20 May – Dr. Manmohan Singh sworn in as the new minister of India. 1 June – Justice Ramesh Chandra Lahoti appointed Chief Justice of India,14 July – Lalu Prasad Yadav, amidst walkouts by the opposition in both houses orders a high-level departmental inquiry into the Godhra tragedy in 2002. 18 July – Uttar Pradesh Bharatiya Janata Party chief Vinay Katiyar resigns from his post on the direction of the party high command,28 July – Maninder Pal Singh Kohli admits to having raped and murdered British teenager Hannah Foster in an interview to a private television channel. 1 August – The senior citizen savings scheme offering a high nine percent taxable return is expected to be launched,31 August – Union minister Ghulam Nabi Azads brother Ghulam Abbas Azad is attacked by terrorists, seriously injuring his security guard in Doda District of Jammu and Kashmir. 22 September – Terrorists in Jammu and Kashmir make an attempt on the life of Jammu. 17 October – Assembly elections Congress and alliance win Maharashtra election Maharashtra,11 November – Shankaracharya of Kanchi Jayendra Saraswathi is arrested on charges of murdering a temple manager. 20 November – Policemen and soldiers recover 300 kg of RDX from a store near Anantnag. 25 November – The Indian political party Congress Jananayaka Peravai merges into the Indian National Congress,27 November – Lieutenant General Joginder Jaswant Singh is named the next Chief of the Army Staff of Indian Army. He will succeed General N C Vij when he retires on 31 January,21 December – Zahira Sheikh, key witness in Best Bakery case is declared hostile by the prosecution after she went back on her police statement during the retrial. More than 18,000 reported killed in India and 280,000 across the globe,12 November – Veer-Zaara is released in Indian cinemas and is a huge blockbuster. 28 January – Former all-rounder Robin Singh appointed coach of the under-19 Indian cricket team for the junior World Cup to be played in Bangladesh in April,24 March – India win the ODI cricket series in Pakistan. 2 April – India win the 1st Test Match,10 October – Australia wins First Test Match between India and Australia by 217 runs

31.
Dilip Kumar
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He debuted as an actor in the film Jwar Bhata in 1944 produced by Bombay Talkies. His career has spanned six decades and with over 60 films. Kumar is known for his roles in such as the romantic Andaz, the swashbuckling Aan, the dramatic Devdas, the comical Azaad, the historical Mughal-e-Azam. He is the winner of nine Filmfare Awards and is the first recipient of Filmfare Best Actor Award and he still holds the record for the most number of Filmfare awards won for that category with eight wins. Critics acclaimed him among one of the greatest actors in the history of Hindi cinema, the Government of Pakistan honoured him with its highest civilian honour, the Nishan-e-Imtiaz, in 1997. His father, Lala Ghulam Sarwar, was a landlord and fruit merchant who owned orchards in Peshawar, Dilip Kumar was schooled at Barnes School, Deolali. In the late 1930s, his family relocated to Bombay, around 1940, while still in his teens and after an altercation with his father, Dilip Kumar left home for Pune. With the help of an Iranian cafe owner, and an elderly Anglo-Indian couple, without letting on his family antecedents, he got the job on the merit of his knowledge of good written and spoken English. He managed to set up a stall at the army club. In 1942, anxious to start some venture to help out his father with finances, he met Dr. Masani at Churchgate Station. Here he met actress Devika Rani, owner of Bombay Talkies, here he met actor Ashok Kumar who was to influence his acting style telling him to act natural. He also met Sashadhar Mukherjee, and both these people very close to Kumar over the years. Initially, Kumar helped out in the story-writing and scripting department because of his proficiency in Urdu language. Devika Rani requested to change his name from Yousuf to Dilip Kumar, and later cast him in a role for the film Jwar Bhata. Dilip Kumars first film was Jwar Bhata in 1944 which went unnoticed, after a few more unsuccessful films, it was Jugnu in which he starred alongside Noor Jehan that became his first major hit at the box office. His next major hits were the 1948 films Shaheed and Mela and he got his breakthrough role in 1949 with Mehboob Khans Andaz in which he starred alongside Raj Kapoor and Nargis. Shabnam also released that year was another box office hit, Kumar went on to have success in the 1950s with playing leading roles in romantic films like Jogan, Babul, Tarana Hulchul Deedar, Daag, Uran Khatola, Devdas, Yahudi and Madhumati. These films established his image as the Tragedy King

32.
Bhimsen Joshi
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Bhimsen Gururaj Joshi was an Indian vocalist from Karnataka in the Hindustani classical tradition. He is known for the form of singing, as well as for his popular renditions of devotional music. In 1998, he was awarded the Sangeet Natak Akademi Fellowship, subsequently, he received the Bharat Ratna, Indias highest civilian honour, in 2009. Bhimsen Gururaj Joshi was born in a Madhwa Brahmin family in a town called Ron, in the Gadag district of Karnataka on 4 February 1922 to Gururaj Joshi and Godavaribai, Bhimsen was the eldest among 16 siblings. He lost his mother at an age and was raised by his stepmother. As a child, Bhimsen was fascinated with music and musical instruments like the harmonium and tanpura and this exercise often tired him and he would curl up somewhere and sleep, forcing his parents to go to the police after efforts to trace him failed. Fed up, his father Gururajacharya Joshi came up with the solution and this worked and those who found the boy sleeping would safely deposit him back to his house. His first music teacher was Agasara Channappa of Kurtakoti, who had trained with the veteran singer Inayat Khan, after learning Ragas Bhairav and Bhimpalasi. The one and only unique vigorous style of rendering he developed along with advanced trainings by other teachers is attributed to the training he received from Channappa. Bhimsen Joshi next went to Pandit Shyamacharya Joshi, who hailed from Bagalkot and was a priest, Pandit Shyamacharya taught him to sing as well as play the harmonium. Shree Shamacharya Joshi was a descendant of Great Haridasa Shree Mahipati Dasaru, Joshi heard a recording of Abdul Karim Khans Thumri Piya Bin Nahi Aavat Chain in Raga Jhinjhoti when he was a child, which inspired him to become a musician. During this time, he also heard Pandit Sawai Gandharva at a performance in Kundgol, in 1933, the 11-year-old Joshi left Dharwad for Bijapur to find a master and learn music. With the help of money lent by his co-passengers in the train, Bhimsen reached Dharwad first, later he moved to Gwalior and got into Madhava Music School, a school run by Maharajas of Gwalior, with the help of famous sarod player Hafiz Ali Khan. He travelled for three years around North India, including in Delhi, Kolkata, Gwalior, Lucknow and Rampur, eventually, his father succeeded in tracking him down in Jalandar and brought young Bhimsen back home. In 1936, Sawai Gandharva, a native of Dharwad, agreed to be his guru, Joshi stayed at his house in the guru-shishya tradition. Joshi continued his training with Sawai Gandharva Joshi first performed live in 1941 at the age 19 and his debut album, containing a few devotional songs in Marathi and Hindi, was released by HMV the next year in 1942. Later Joshi moved to Mumbai in 1943 and worked as a radio artist and his performance at a concert in 1946 to celebrate his guru Sawai Gandharvas 60th birthday won him accolades both from the audience and his guru. The Hindu, in an article written after he was awarded the Bharat Ratna, said, Bhimsen Joshi was ever the wanderer, engendering brilliant phrases, Joshi occasionally employed the use of sargam and tihaais, and often sang traditional compositions of the Kirana gharana

33.
O. Madhavan
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O. Madhavan was an Indian theatre director and actor. He was one of the members of the Communist Party of India in Kerala. He is considered as one of the masters of the theatre. He was the founder of the drama company Kalidasa Kala Kendram. He won the Kerala State Film Award for Best Actor in 2000 for his role in the film Sayahnam and his wife, Vijayakumari, is an actress herself and his son Mukesh an actor. He also has two daughters, Sandhya Rajendran and Jayasree, sandhyas Husband, E. A. Rajendran is also a film and television actor. 2000 Kerala State Film Award for Best Actor - Sayahnam Kalam Marunnu Viyarppinte Vila Doctor Kattupookkal, lonachan Oru Sundariyude Kadha Sayahnam Actor O. Madhavan passes away

34.
2005 in India
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Events in the year 2005 in the Republic of India. The court said that medical policies were liable to be renewed on the same terms, however, insurance companies could load the premium to a limited extent if high payments were sought by a consumer. 25 January – A stampede at the Mandher Devi temple in Mandhradevi during a pilgrimage in India kills at least 215. 29 January – The Bharatiya Janata Party -led government in Goa headed by Manohar Parrikar is reduced to a minority after four BJP MLAs resign from the 40-member house. While the Indian National Congress has staked its claim to form the new government,29 January – Former BJP president Venkaiah Naidus helicopter is set on fire by suspected Maoists during his campaign tour of Gaya, Bihar. 10 March – TRAI slashes tariffs for international bandwidth prices by up to 70% with effect from 1 April,16 March – Ripudaman Singh Malik and Ajaib Singh Bagri, accused of the bombing of Air India Flight 182 in 1985, are found not guilty on all counts. 21 May – International Direct Dialling to countries in the Gulf,30 August – Removal of License Requirements for Exports of Controlled Items to India, Federal Register. 29 October – A train in Andhra Pradesh, derails, killing at least 77 people,29 October – At least 61 people are dead and many others wounded in three powerful blasts in Delhi. 22 November – Nitish Kumar defeated Rashtriya Janata Dal in the Bihar state election,29 December – Firing, possibly a terrorist attack, at IISC, Bangalore campus. 24 November – 20th Kushok Bakula Rinpoche 31 December – Lakshmi Tatma Sonali Majumdar, salsa dancer 3 January – Jyotindra Nath Dixit, diplomat,12 January – Amrish Puri, actor. 20 January – Parveen Babi, actress,3 March – Raveendran also known as Raveendran master, Malayalam and South Indian music composer. 22 March – Gemini Ganesan, actor,25 April – Swami Ranganathananda, President of Ramakrishna Math. 3 May – Jagjit Singh Aurora, military commander,21 May – Subodh Mukherjee, filmmaker. 25 May – Ismail Merchant, film producer,25 May – Sunil Dutt, actor, producer, director and politician. 23 July – C R Irani, journalist and editor,19 August – O. Madhavan, director and actor. 31 October – Amrita Pritam, poet, novelist and essayist,9 November – K. R. Narayanan, politician and 10th President of India. 24 November – Jamuna Baruah, actress,12 December – Ramanand Sagar, film director