Severe Thunderstorms and Tornadoes in Victoria

Tornadoes occur more commonly in Victoria than most people would
expect. The Bureau of Meteorology's severe thunderstorm database for Victoria has 160 tornado reports dating from 1918. It is most likely that many tornadoes have gone unsighted or unreported. Tornadoes range in size from a few tens of metres across, up
to around one kilometre in diameter. Because of this, damage is
normally restricted to a small area, but is very intense.

Tornadoes are thought to be formed by the interaction between
regions of strong updrafts and downdrafts of air within severe
thunderstorm clouds. As a thunderstorm becomes stronger and develops an organised inflow, its main
updraught may begin to rotate slightly. This is sometimes seen as broad rotation
of the cloud base beneath the main updraught or in the circular nature of the
wall cloud

Weaker tornadoes are formed primarily by "tightening-up" of a rotating
updraught. They occur as the storm intensifies to a maximum and are found right
under the updraught core, sometimes without a significant wall cloud. Weaker
tornadoes are most likely during mid-summer storms but may also accompany squall
lines and wintertime thunderstorms, mainly in southern parts of Australia. They are still significant
events as they may produce narrow strips of severe wind damage.This example from Dimboola, Victoria occurred in December 1992. (Photograph courtesy K. Reynolds)

Stronger tornadoes typically occur with late spring/early summer severe storms
and have a more complex cause. It is speculated that at a certain stage in the
storms life-cycle, a particularly intense updraught pulse partially blocks the
prevailing wind aloft and deflects air down toward the surface. The downward
surge interacts with the updraught to produce a tight rotational motion (in much
the same way as rolling a pencil between your hands). This "spinning motion" is
then tilted into an upright position and enhanced as it moves torwards the ground
as a tornado.

This photograph of a strong tornado, accompanied by a well developed wall
cloud, killed two people near Sandon in Victoria in 1976. The point of contact
with the ground is marked by a cloud of dust and debris. The large "prong"
attached to the left of the wall cloud later formed a second funnel (Photograph courtesy by I. Kuiper)

Tornadoes are ranked using the Fujita F-scalewhich estimates wind speed based on the extent and severity of damage. Below is the Fujita scale with respective approximate wind speeds.

F-Scale rating

F0

F1

F2

F3

F4

F5

Wind speed (km/h)

62-117

118-178

179-250

251-333

334-419

420-511

Tornadoes seldom exceed F2 in Australia, but these are still quite damaging and dangerous. One of the highest wind speeds ever actually recorded in a tornado (using Doppler radar) was over 450 km/h in Oklahoma, USA in 1999. Stronger winds are evident from the examination of the impact of many tornadoes, particularly in the USA.

In Victoria, tornadoes can occur any time of the year, although in Victoria tornadoes are more frequent in February, November and December. In winter in Victoria, tornadoes tend to be of the F0 and F1 size and are still quite destructive. Two examples of such destructive wintertime tornadoes were the Bendigo tornado in May 2003 and most recently the Noble park tornado in June 2004.

Recent examples of tornadoes in Victoria include:

09 Jun 2004: In Noble Park/ Mulgrave tree damage, tiles off roofs, signs blown down and pergolas lifted next door late in the evening. From a damage assessment it is likely that a F1 tornado with winds of 115 to 150km/h occurred. The damage path was 3.2km long and from 50 to 200 metres wide.

21 Dec 2003: Just south of Inverleigh, 20km west of Geelong, there was severe wind damage to farm buildings and trees. A narrow damage path 30m wide and 1km long suggests a possible tornado. Damage includes steel girders 150mm thick being bent, concrete blocks 1m by 450cm blown up to 10m away and a trailer ripped from a tractor and deposited 10m away.

18 May 2003: Bendigo. F2 tornado causing major structural damage to 7 houses with 44 other houses suffering some damage, all in the California Gully region. Damage path approx 500m wide and 7km long, starting at northern part of Maiden Gully.