This video shows how to determine the socially efficient quantity of a public good. The efficient level is the quantity where the marginal social benefit equals the marginal social cost. Individuals do not purchase public goods, however, so the marginal benefit must be determined by: (1) asking how much each individual would hypothetically pay for an additional unit of the good, (2) using this informaiton to plot a demand curve for each individual, and (3) summing the individual demand curves to create the collective demand curve (marginal social benefit). The intersection of the collective demand curve and the marginal cost curve yields the socially optimal quantity of the public good that should be provided. The video uses an example to illustrate how this can be done to determine the optimal number of street lights for a neighborhood.
Edspira is your source for business and financial education. To view the entire video library for free, visit http://www.Edspira.com
To like us on Facebook, visit https://www.facebook.com/Edspira
Edspira is the creation of Michael McLaughlin, who went from teenage homelessness to a PhD. The goal of Michael's life is to increase access to education so all people can achieve their dreams. To learn more about Michael's story, visit http://www.MichaelMcLaughlin.com
To follow Michael on Facebook, visit
https://facebook.com/Prof.Michael.McLaughlin
To follow Michael on Twitter, visit
https://twitter.com/Prof_McLaughlin
This video was funded by a Civic Engagement Fund grant from the Gephardt Institute for Civic and Community Engagement at Washington University in St. Louis.

published:20 Nov 2016

views:15825

From transportation to energy, and everything in between, should the government invest money in as many promising projects as possible? Or would that actually doom many of those ventures to failure? Burt Folsom, historian and professor at Hillsdale College, answers those questions by drawing on the fascinating history of the race to build America's railroads and airplanes.
Donate today to PragerU! http://l.prageru.com/2ylo1Yt
Joining PragerU is free! Sign up now to get all our videos as soon as they're released. http://prageru.com/signup
Download Pragerpedia on your iPhone or Android! Thousands of sources and facts at your fingertips.
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Script:
In 2011, a solar power company called Solyndra declared bankruptcy. A company going bankrupt is not news. But Solyndra was not just any company. Its biggest “investor” was the federal government which had given it $500 million dollars. That was news.
But, really, it shouldn’t have been. If history is any guide, it was quite predictable. The government is a very poor investor. And always has been. There are countless examples, but two should serve our purpose here.
After the Civil War, American leaders were anxious to bind the country’s North, South, East, and West regions together with transcontinental railroads. Congress therefore gave massive federal aid to build the Union Pacific, the Central Pacific, and later the Northern PacificRailroads. But all three of these roads had huge financial problems. The UnionPacific, for example, was mired in financial scandal from its inception, went bankrupt several times, and had to rebuild large sections of track thanks to shoddy construction practices.
At that same time, James J. Hill, with no federal aid whatsoever, built a railroad from St. Paul to Seattle -- the Great Northern. How was Hill able to do with private funds what the Union Pacific failed to do with a gift of tens of millions of federal dollars?
The starting point is incentives. The Union Pacific was paid by the government for each mile of road it built. It was in the railroad’s interest not to build the road straight. The more miles it took the UP to cross Nebraska, for example, the more money it made.
Hill, by contrast, used his own capital. To make a profit, he had to build his Great Northern Railroad sturdy and straight. Hill’s company remained in business for almost a hundred years until 1970 when it merged with other railroads. The original Union Pacific, riddled with corruption and numerous other financial misdeeds, including the wholesale bribery of public officials, went broke within ten years.
The story of the airplane is even more stark. By the opening of the twentieth century, the major nations of Europe and America were frantically at work trying to invent a flying machine. The first nation to do so would have a huge military and commercial advantage.
In fact, leading American politicians of the day, such as Teddy Roosevelt, President William McKinley, and others argued that building an airplane was a national emergency. There was no time, they argued, to wait for private industry to get the job done. The government needed to pick the best aeronautics expert and give him the money he needed.
That expert was Samuel Langley, the president of the prestigious Smithsonian Institution and holder of honorary degrees from Harvard, Yale, Oxford, and Cambridge. Langley was already an accomplished inventor and he had written a highly praised book Experiments in Aerodynamics. Federal officials gave Langley funds for two trial flights. He immediately set to work. His theory was that his plane needed to be thrust into the air from a houseboat on the Potomac River. The big engine on the plane would then propel it through air for several minutes.
For the complete script, visit https://www.prageru.com/videos/why-private-investment-works-govt-investment-doesnt

Taxpayers should not be asked to support political parties, who, if they had sufficient support should be able to fund their own campaigning
Please feel free to like, comment and subscribe.

published:20 Feb 2015

views:206

Renowned legal luminary and activist, Femi Falana, has said Western nations comprising US, United Kingdom, Switzerland, Germany among others would not help Nigeria in her prolonged fight against looting of public funds and their transfer to the Western countries by looters.
Falana stated this in Abuja on Tuesday September 11 at the InternationalConference on Combating Illicit Financial Flows and Enhancing Asset Recovery for Sustainable Development.
The event was organized by the PresidentialAdvisory CommitteeAgainstCorruption, PACAC.
It seeks among others to proffer ways to improve sanctions and enforcement mechanisms for perpetrators of illicit financial lows and other acts of corruption; to improve international cooperation in enhancing asset recovery and asset return.
The two-day event was the second in its series, bringing economic and other experts from across the world.
He said the fight against illicit financial flow should be fought by the nation itself.
This is even as he appealed to government of Nigeria to desist from funding international organizations that only choose to criticize it, add nothing meaningful to its existence.
His words: "If you are talking of illicit flow of wealth from Africa, we have to take up the battle ourselves. There is no way the Western countries that are benefitting from the proceeds will help us. We have to do it ourselves.'
"Please, as Africans, and I plead all the time that we must not be on the defensive when we are discussing illicit flow of our wealth. It takes two to tango.
"What happens to those people up there? That is why we must join issues with Transparent International all the time and must not be funding agency that points accusing fingers at us.
"I think President Buhari made the point in United Kingdom when Prime Minister Cameron said Nigeria is fantastically corrupt, and the president was asked. He said he was not going to join issues. 'But, I'm simply asking our Prime Minister, please, return our looted wealth in your country."

published:12 Sep 2018

views:605

What's the difference between a private school and a public school? Which kids are more successful? Who will go on to make more money in life? Let's find out in this episode of The Infographics Show: Private School vs Public School
🐻 SUBSCRIBE TO OUR NEW CHANNEL: Fuzzy & Nutz 🐿️ ►►► http://bit.ly/fuzzyandnutz
WEBSITE (You can suggest a topic):
http://theinfographicsshow.com
SUPPORT US:
Patreon.......► https://www.patreon.com/theinfographicsshow
CHAT:
DISCORD.....►https://discord.gg/theinfographicsshow
SOCIAL:
Facebook...► https://facebook.com/TheInfographicsShow
Instagram..► https://www.instagram.com/theinfographicsshow
Twitter........► https://twitter.com/TheInfoShow
Subreddit...► http://reddit.com/r/TheInfographicsShow
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
Sources for this episode:
https://pastebin.com/rQhsWt9u

published:01 Dec 2017

views:2198996

The billions poured into Australian schools since the dawn of the “education revolution” in 2008 carried with it a vision to tackle lagging student achievement through more equitable funding.
But an analysis of school finance data compiled by ABC News shows that rather than closing the equity gap, successive government policies have made matters worse.
Read more here: https://www.abc.net.au/news/2018-11-22/counting-the-cost-of-the-education-revolution/10495756
For more from ABC News, click here: http://www.abc.net.au/news/
Follow us on Twitter: http://twitter.com/abcnews
Like us on Facebook: http://facebook.com/abcnews.au
Subscribe to us on YouTube: http://ab.co/1svxLVE
Follow us on Instagram: http://instagram.com/abcnews_au

This video accompanies the GSDRC Professional DevelopmentReading pack on Public Financial Management, available at: http://www.gsdrc.org/professional-dev/public-financial-management/
What is Public Financial Management (PFM)?
PFM refers to the set of laws, rules, systems and processes used by sovereign nations (and sub-national governments), to mobilise revenue, allocate public funds, undertake public spending, account for funds and audit results. It encompasses a broader set of functions than financial management and is commonly conceived as a cycle of six phases, beginning with policy design and ending with external audit and evaluation (Figure 1). A large number of actors engage in this “PFM cycle” to ensure it operates effectively and transparently, whilst preserving accountability.
Andrew Lawson is Co-Director of Fiscus Limited and was previously the Director of the Centre for Aid and Public Expenditure (CAPE) at the Overseas Development Institute, London. He is an economist, with an extensive experience of PFM issues, having worked in ministries of finances in Europe, Latin America, Africa and the South Pacific and having supported PFM reform processes in many countries in development and in transition. He runs capacity development initiatives on PFM for governments and development agencies, and he is a signatory of the Doing DevelopmentDifferently manifesto, which advocates a more context-sensitive, locally owned and problem-driven approach to development.

Free and open-source software

Free and open-source software (FOSS) is computer software that can be classified as both free software and open-source software. That is, anyone is freely licensed to use, copy, study, and change the software in any way, and the source code is openly shared so that people are encouraged to voluntarily improve the design of the software. This is in contrast to proprietary software, where the software is under restrictive copyright and the source code is usually hidden from the users.

History

Open source

In production and development, open source as a development model promotes universal access via a free license to a product's design or blueprint, and universal redistribution of that design or blueprint, including subsequent improvements to it by anyone. Before the phrase open source became widely adopted, developers and producers used a variety of other terms. Open source gained hold with the rise of the Internet, and the attendant need for massive retooling of the computing source code. Opening the source code enabled a self-enhancing diversity of production models, communication paths, and interactive communities. The open-source software movement arose to clarify the environment that the new copyright, licensing, domain, and consumer issues created.

Generally, open source refers to a computer program in which the source code is available to the general public for use and/or modification from its original design. Open-source code is meant to be a collaborative effort, where programmers improve upon the source code and share the changes within the community. Typically this is not the case, and code is merely released to the public under some license. Others can then download, modify, and publish their version (fork) back to the community. Today you find more projects with forked versions than unified projects worked by large teams.

Schedule

Open Source airs twice a week on WBUR, Thursday night at 9pm and Sunday afternoon at 2pm. The Open Source podcast reaches listeners in over 150 countries each week. Open Source also produces ongoing series on its website, including "Reading Chekhov," a reading of Anton Chekhov's short stories by Boston actors and academics, and "Parachute Radio," international conversations from Ghana, India, Pakistan, Egypt, Jamaica, Singapore and Cuba.

Union Pacific Railroad

The Union Pacific Railroad(reporting markUP) is a Class I line haul freight railroad that operates nearly 8,500 locomotives over 32,000 route-miles in 23 states west of Chicago, Illinois and New Orleans, Louisiana. The Union Pacific Railroad network is the largest in the United States and is serviced by more than 47,000 employees.

Union Pacific Corporation's main competitor is the BNSF Railway, the nation's second largest freight railroad, which also primarily services the Continental U.S. west of the Mississippi River. Together, the two railroads have a duopoly on all transcontinental freight rail lines in the U.S.

The series follows the exploits of Bart McClelland, played by Morrow, as he supervises the construction and extension of the Union Pacific Railroad west of Omaha, Nebraska, to Promontory, northwest of Salt Lake City, Utah. McClelland was mostly concerned with right-of-way issues, which could be affected by stubborn landowners, ranchers, Indians, outlaws, and other factors. Helping McClelland with his work was surveyor Billy Kincaid, played by Pratt. Susan Cummings rounded out the cast as Georgia, proprietor of the Golden Nugget Saloon, the rolling bar that followed the railroad workers along the tracks. Union Pacific never developed a following and was cancelled after a single season.

History

Until the mid-1990s, the Uniform CPA Exam was 19.5 hours in duration and administered over two and one-half days. It consisted of four subject areas (sections) which were tested in five sittings: Auditing (3.5 hours); Business Law (3.5 hours); Accounting Theory (3.5 hours); and Accounting Practice (Part I & Part II; 4.5 hours each). Although Accounting Practice Parts I and II were given in separate sittings, the two scores were combined for grading purposes. The exam was administered twice per year: on the first consecutive Wednesday, Thursday and Friday in May and November of each year. Test takers were allowed to use only paper and pencil (no electronic calculators or computers of any kind were allowed at that time).

The Efficient Provision of Public Goods

This video shows how to determine the socially efficient quantity of a public good. The efficient level is the quantity where the marginal social benefit equals the marginal social cost. Individuals do not purchase public goods, however, so the marginal benefit must be determined by: (1) asking how much each individual would hypothetically pay for an additional unit of the good, (2) using this informaiton to plot a demand curve for each individual, and (3) summing the individual demand curves to create the collective demand curve (marginal social benefit). The intersection of the collective demand curve and the marginal cost curve yields the socially optimal quantity of the public good that should be provided. The video uses an example to illustrate how this can be done to determine the optimal number of street lights for a neighborhood.
Edspira is your source for business and financial education. To view the entire video library for free, visit http://www.Edspira.com
To like us on Facebook, visit https://www.facebook.com/Edspira
Edspira is the creation of Michael McLaughlin, who went from teenage homelessness to a PhD. The goal of Michael's life is to increase access to education so all people can achieve their dreams. To learn more about Michael's story, visit http://www.MichaelMcLaughlin.com
To follow Michael on Facebook, visit
https://facebook.com/Prof.Michael.McLaughlin
To follow Michael on Twitter, visit
https://twitter.com/Prof_McLaughlin
This video was funded by a Civic Engagement Fund grant from the Gephardt Institute for Civic and Community Engagement at Washington University in St. Louis.

5:54

Why Private Investment Works & Govt. Investment Doesn't

Why Private Investment Works & Govt. Investment Doesn't

Why Private Investment Works & Govt. Investment Doesn't

From transportation to energy, and everything in between, should the government invest money in as many promising projects as possible? Or would that actually doom many of those ventures to failure? Burt Folsom, historian and professor at Hillsdale College, answers those questions by drawing on the fascinating history of the race to build America's railroads and airplanes.
Donate today to PragerU! http://l.prageru.com/2ylo1Yt
Joining PragerU is free! Sign up now to get all our videos as soon as they're released. http://prageru.com/signup
Download Pragerpedia on your iPhone or Android! Thousands of sources and facts at your fingertips.
iPhone: http://l.prageru.com/2dlsnbG
Android: http://l.prageru.com/2dlsS5e
Join Prager United to get new swag every quarter, exclusive early access to our videos, and an annual TownHall phone call with Dennis Prager! http://l.prageru.com/2c9n6ys
Join PragerU's text list to have these videos, free merchandise giveaways and breaking announcements sent directly to your phone! https://optin.mobiniti.com/prageru
Do you shop on Amazon? Click https://smile.amazon.com and a percentage of every Amazon purchase will be donated to PragerU. Same great products. Same low price. Shopping made meaningful.
VISIT PragerU! https://www.prageru.com
FOLLOW us!
Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/prageru
Twitter: https://twitter.com/prageru
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PragerU is on Snapchat!
JOIN PragerFORCE!
For Students: http://l.prageru.com/29SgPaX
JOIN our Educators Network! http://l.prageru.com/2c8vsff
Script:
In 2011, a solar power company called Solyndra declared bankruptcy. A company going bankrupt is not news. But Solyndra was not just any company. Its biggest “investor” was the federal government which had given it $500 million dollars. That was news.
But, really, it shouldn’t have been. If history is any guide, it was quite predictable. The government is a very poor investor. And always has been. There are countless examples, but two should serve our purpose here.
After the Civil War, American leaders were anxious to bind the country’s North, South, East, and West regions together with transcontinental railroads. Congress therefore gave massive federal aid to build the Union Pacific, the Central Pacific, and later the Northern PacificRailroads. But all three of these roads had huge financial problems. The UnionPacific, for example, was mired in financial scandal from its inception, went bankrupt several times, and had to rebuild large sections of track thanks to shoddy construction practices.
At that same time, James J. Hill, with no federal aid whatsoever, built a railroad from St. Paul to Seattle -- the Great Northern. How was Hill able to do with private funds what the Union Pacific failed to do with a gift of tens of millions of federal dollars?
The starting point is incentives. The Union Pacific was paid by the government for each mile of road it built. It was in the railroad’s interest not to build the road straight. The more miles it took the UP to cross Nebraska, for example, the more money it made.
Hill, by contrast, used his own capital. To make a profit, he had to build his Great Northern Railroad sturdy and straight. Hill’s company remained in business for almost a hundred years until 1970 when it merged with other railroads. The original Union Pacific, riddled with corruption and numerous other financial misdeeds, including the wholesale bribery of public officials, went broke within ten years.
The story of the airplane is even more stark. By the opening of the twentieth century, the major nations of Europe and America were frantically at work trying to invent a flying machine. The first nation to do so would have a huge military and commercial advantage.
In fact, leading American politicians of the day, such as Teddy Roosevelt, President William McKinley, and others argued that building an airplane was a national emergency. There was no time, they argued, to wait for private industry to get the job done. The government needed to pick the best aeronautics expert and give him the money he needed.
That expert was Samuel Langley, the president of the prestigious Smithsonian Institution and holder of honorary degrees from Harvard, Yale, Oxford, and Cambridge. Langley was already an accomplished inventor and he had written a highly praised book Experiments in Aerodynamics. Federal officials gave Langley funds for two trial flights. He immediately set to work. His theory was that his plane needed to be thrust into the air from a houseboat on the Potomac River. The big engine on the plane would then propel it through air for several minutes.
For the complete script, visit https://www.prageru.com/videos/why-private-investment-works-govt-investment-doesnt

Renowned legal luminary and activist, Femi Falana, has said Western nations comprising US, United Kingdom, Switzerland, Germany among others would not help Nigeria in her prolonged fight against looting of public funds and their transfer to the Western countries by looters.
Falana stated this in Abuja on Tuesday September 11 at the InternationalConference on Combating Illicit Financial Flows and Enhancing Asset Recovery for Sustainable Development.
The event was organized by the PresidentialAdvisory CommitteeAgainstCorruption, PACAC.
It seeks among others to proffer ways to improve sanctions and enforcement mechanisms for perpetrators of illicit financial lows and other acts of corruption; to improve international cooperation in enhancing asset recovery and asset return.
The two-day event was the second in its series, bringing economic and other experts from across the world.
He said the fight against illicit financial flow should be fought by the nation itself.
This is even as he appealed to government of Nigeria to desist from funding international organizations that only choose to criticize it, add nothing meaningful to its existence.
His words: "If you are talking of illicit flow of wealth from Africa, we have to take up the battle ourselves. There is no way the Western countries that are benefitting from the proceeds will help us. We have to do it ourselves.'
"Please, as Africans, and I plead all the time that we must not be on the defensive when we are discussing illicit flow of our wealth. It takes two to tango.
"What happens to those people up there? That is why we must join issues with Transparent International all the time and must not be funding agency that points accusing fingers at us.
"I think President Buhari made the point in United Kingdom when Prime Minister Cameron said Nigeria is fantastically corrupt, and the president was asked. He said he was not going to join issues. 'But, I'm simply asking our Prime Minister, please, return our looted wealth in your country."

6:53

Private School vs Public School - How Do The Students Compare?

Private School vs Public School - How Do The Students Compare?

Private School vs Public School - How Do The Students Compare?

What's the difference between a private school and a public school? Which kids are more successful? Who will go on to make more money in life? Let's find out in this episode of The Infographics Show: Private School vs Public School
🐻 SUBSCRIBE TO OUR NEW CHANNEL: Fuzzy & Nutz 🐿️ ►►► http://bit.ly/fuzzyandnutz
WEBSITE (You can suggest a topic):
http://theinfographicsshow.com
SUPPORT US:
Patreon.......► https://www.patreon.com/theinfographicsshow
CHAT:
DISCORD.....►https://discord.gg/theinfographicsshow
SOCIAL:
Facebook...► https://facebook.com/TheInfographicsShow
Instagram..► https://www.instagram.com/theinfographicsshow
Twitter........► https://twitter.com/TheInfoShow
Subreddit...► http://reddit.com/r/TheInfographicsShow
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
Sources for this episode:
https://pastebin.com/rQhsWt9u

3:22

How public funding left public schools behind | ABC News

How public funding left public schools behind | ABC News

How public funding left public schools behind | ABC News

The billions poured into Australian schools since the dawn of the “education revolution” in 2008 carried with it a vision to tackle lagging student achievement through more equitable funding.
But an analysis of school finance data compiled by ABC News shows that rather than closing the equity gap, successive government policies have made matters worse.
Read more here: https://www.abc.net.au/news/2018-11-22/counting-the-cost-of-the-education-revolution/10495756
For more from ABC News, click here: http://www.abc.net.au/news/
Follow us on Twitter: http://twitter.com/abcnews
Like us on Facebook: http://facebook.com/abcnews.au
Subscribe to us on YouTube: http://ab.co/1svxLVE
Follow us on Instagram: http://instagram.com/abcnews_au

Public Financial Management - Andrew Lawson

This video accompanies the GSDRC Professional DevelopmentReading pack on Public Financial Management, available at: http://www.gsdrc.org/professional-dev/public-financial-management/
What is Public Financial Management (PFM)?
PFM refers to the set of laws, rules, systems and processes used by sovereign nations (and sub-national governments), to mobilise revenue, allocate public funds, undertake public spending, account for funds and audit results. It encompasses a broader set of functions than financial management and is commonly conceived as a cycle of six phases, beginning with policy design and ending with external audit and evaluation (Figure 1). A large number of actors engage in this “PFM cycle” to ensure it operates effectively and transparently, whilst preserving accountability.
Andrew Lawson is Co-Director of Fiscus Limited and was previously the Director of the Centre for Aid and Public Expenditure (CAPE) at the Overseas Development Institute, London. He is an economist, with an extensive experience of PFM issues, having worked in ministries of finances in Europe, Latin America, Africa and the South Pacific and having supported PFM reform processes in many countries in development and in transition. He runs capacity development initiatives on PFM for governments and development agencies, and he is a signatory of the Doing DevelopmentDifferently manifesto, which advocates a more context-sensitive, locally owned and problem-driven approach to development.

2:23

Thatcher: There is no such thing as public money

Thatcher: There is no such thing as public money

Thatcher: There is no such thing as public money

Public Money? Public Code!

Why is software created using taxpayers’ money not released as Free Software?
We want legislation requiring that publicly financed software developed for the public sector be made publicly available under a Free and Open Source Software licence. If it is public money, it should be public code as well.
https://publiccode.eu/openletter/
Code paid by the people should be available to the people!
PublicMoney? Public Code!
Digital services offered and used by our public administrations are the critical infrastructure of 21st century democratic nations. In order to establish trustworthy systems, public bodies must ensure they have full control over the software and the computer systems at the core of our state digital infrastructure. However, right now, this is rarely the case due to restrictive software licences that:
Forbid sharing and exchanging publicly funded code. This prevents cooperation between public administrations and hinders further development.
Support monopolies by hindering competition. As a result, many administrations become dependent on a handful of companies.
Pose a threat to the security of our digital infrastructure by forbidding access to the source code. This makes fixing backdoors and security holes extremely difficult, if not completely impossible.
We need software that fosters the sharing of good ideas and solutions. Like this we will be able to improve IT services for people all over Europe. We need software that guarantees freedom of choice, access, and competition. We need software that helps public administrations regain full control of their critical digital infrastructure, allowing them to become and remain independent from a handful of companies. That is why we call our representatives to support Free and Open Source Software in public administrations, because:
Free and Open Source Software is a modern public good that allows everybody to freely use, study, share and improve applications we use on a daily basis.
Free and Open Source Software licences provide safeguards against being locked in to services from specific companies that use restrictive licences to hinder competition.
Free and Open Source Software ensures that the source code is accessible so that backdoors and security holes can be fixed without depending on one service provider.
Public bodies are financed through taxes. They must make sure they spend funds in the most efficient way possible. If it is public money, it should be public code as well!
That is why we, the undersigned, call our representatives to:
“Implement legislation requiring that publicly financed software developed for public sector must be made publicly available under a Free and Open Source Software licence.”
from https://publiccode.eu/openletter/

2:53

Other sources of government funds

Other sources of government funds

Other sources of government funds

Watch to know more about the other sources of government funds aside from tax. Created by powtoons.-- Created using PowToon -- Freesign up at http://www.powtoon.com/youtube/ -- Create animated videos and animated presentations for free. PowToon is a free tool that allows you to develop cool animated clips and animated presentations for your website, office meeting, sales pitch, nonprofit fundraiser, product launch, video resume, or anything else you could use an animated explainer video. PowToon's animation templates help you create animated presentations and animated explainer videos from scratch. Anyone can produce awesome animations quickly with PowToon, without the cost or hassle other professional animation services require.

The Efficient Provision of Public Goods

This video shows how to determine the socially efficient quantity of a public good. The efficient level is the quantity where the marginal social benefit equals the marginal social cost. Individuals do not purchase public goods, however, so the marginal benefit must be determined by: (1) asking how much each individual would hypothetically pay for an additional unit of the good, (2) using this informaiton to plot a demand curve for each individual, and (3) summing the individual demand curves to create the collective demand curve (marginal social benefit). The intersection of the collective demand curve and the marginal cost curve yields the socially optimal quantity of the public good that should be provided. The video uses an example to illustrate how this can be done to determine th...

published: 20 Nov 2016

Why Private Investment Works & Govt. Investment Doesn't

From transportation to energy, and everything in between, should the government invest money in as many promising projects as possible? Or would that actually doom many of those ventures to failure? Burt Folsom, historian and professor at Hillsdale College, answers those questions by drawing on the fascinating history of the race to build America's railroads and airplanes.
Donate today to PragerU! http://l.prageru.com/2ylo1Yt
Joining PragerU is free! Sign up now to get all our videos as soon as they're released. http://prageru.com/signup
Download Pragerpedia on your iPhone or Android! Thousands of sources and facts at your fingertips.
iPhone: http://l.prageru.com/2dlsnbG
Android: http://l.prageru.com/2dlsS5e
Join Prager United to get new swag every quarter, exclusive early access to o...

Private School vs Public School - How Do The Students Compare?

What's the difference between a private school and a public school? Which kids are more successful? Who will go on to make more money in life? Let's find out in this episode of The Infographics Show: Private School vs Public School
🐻 SUBSCRIBE TO OUR NEW CHANNEL: Fuzzy & Nutz 🐿️ ►►► http://bit.ly/fuzzyandnutz
WEBSITE (You can suggest a topic):
http://theinfographicsshow.com
SUPPORT US:
Patreon.......► https://www.patreon.com/theinfographicsshow
CHAT:
DISCORD.....►https://discord.gg/theinfographicsshow
SOCIAL:
Facebook...► https://facebook.com/TheInfographicsShow
Instagram..► https://www.instagram.com/theinfographicsshow
Twitter........► https://twitter.com/TheInfoShow
Subreddit...► http://reddit.com/r/TheInfographicsShow
------------------------------------------------------------...

published: 01 Dec 2017

How public funding left public schools behind | ABC News

The billions poured into Australian schools since the dawn of the “education revolution” in 2008 carried with it a vision to tackle lagging student achievement through more equitable funding.
But an analysis of school finance data compiled by ABC News shows that rather than closing the equity gap, successive government policies have made matters worse.
Read more here: https://www.abc.net.au/news/2018-11-22/counting-the-cost-of-the-education-revolution/10495756
For more from ABC News, click here: http://www.abc.net.au/news/
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Public Financial Management - Andrew Lawson

This video accompanies the GSDRC Professional DevelopmentReading pack on Public Financial Management, available at: http://www.gsdrc.org/professional-dev/public-financial-management/
What is Public Financial Management (PFM)?
PFM refers to the set of laws, rules, systems and processes used by sovereign nations (and sub-national governments), to mobilise revenue, allocate public funds, undertake public spending, account for funds and audit results. It encompasses a broader set of functions than financial management and is commonly conceived as a cycle of six phases, beginning with policy design and ending with external audit and evaluation (Figure 1). A large number of actors engage in this “PFM cycle” to ensure it operates effectively and transparently, whilst preserving accountability.
...

published: 07 Jul 2015

Thatcher: There is no such thing as public money

Public Money? Public Code!

Why is software created using taxpayers’ money not released as Free Software?
We want legislation requiring that publicly financed software developed for the public sector be made publicly available under a Free and Open Source Software licence. If it is public money, it should be public code as well.
https://publiccode.eu/openletter/
Code paid by the people should be available to the people!
PublicMoney? Public Code!
Digital services offered and used by our public administrations are the critical infrastructure of 21st century democratic nations. In order to establish trustworthy systems, public bodies must ensure they have full control over the software and the computer systems at the core of our state digital infrastructure. However, right now, this is rarely the case due to res...

published: 25 Nov 2017

Other sources of government funds

Watch to know more about the other sources of government funds aside from tax. Created by powtoons.-- Created using PowToon -- Freesign up at http://www.powtoon.com/youtube/ -- Create animated videos and animated presentations for free. PowToon is a free tool that allows you to develop cool animated clips and animated presentations for your website, office meeting, sales pitch, nonprofit fundraiser, product launch, video resume, or anything else you could use an animated explainer video. PowToon's animation templates help you create animated presentations and animated explainer videos from scratch. Anyone can produce awesome animations quickly with PowToon, without the cost or hassle other professional animation services require.

The Efficient Provision of Public Goods

This video shows how to determine the socially efficient quantity of a public good. The efficient level is the quantity where the marginal social benefit equal...

This video shows how to determine the socially efficient quantity of a public good. The efficient level is the quantity where the marginal social benefit equals the marginal social cost. Individuals do not purchase public goods, however, so the marginal benefit must be determined by: (1) asking how much each individual would hypothetically pay for an additional unit of the good, (2) using this informaiton to plot a demand curve for each individual, and (3) summing the individual demand curves to create the collective demand curve (marginal social benefit). The intersection of the collective demand curve and the marginal cost curve yields the socially optimal quantity of the public good that should be provided. The video uses an example to illustrate how this can be done to determine the optimal number of street lights for a neighborhood.
Edspira is your source for business and financial education. To view the entire video library for free, visit http://www.Edspira.com
To like us on Facebook, visit https://www.facebook.com/Edspira
Edspira is the creation of Michael McLaughlin, who went from teenage homelessness to a PhD. The goal of Michael's life is to increase access to education so all people can achieve their dreams. To learn more about Michael's story, visit http://www.MichaelMcLaughlin.com
To follow Michael on Facebook, visit
https://facebook.com/Prof.Michael.McLaughlin
To follow Michael on Twitter, visit
https://twitter.com/Prof_McLaughlin
This video was funded by a Civic Engagement Fund grant from the Gephardt Institute for Civic and Community Engagement at Washington University in St. Louis.

This video shows how to determine the socially efficient quantity of a public good. The efficient level is the quantity where the marginal social benefit equals the marginal social cost. Individuals do not purchase public goods, however, so the marginal benefit must be determined by: (1) asking how much each individual would hypothetically pay for an additional unit of the good, (2) using this informaiton to plot a demand curve for each individual, and (3) summing the individual demand curves to create the collective demand curve (marginal social benefit). The intersection of the collective demand curve and the marginal cost curve yields the socially optimal quantity of the public good that should be provided. The video uses an example to illustrate how this can be done to determine the optimal number of street lights for a neighborhood.
Edspira is your source for business and financial education. To view the entire video library for free, visit http://www.Edspira.com
To like us on Facebook, visit https://www.facebook.com/Edspira
Edspira is the creation of Michael McLaughlin, who went from teenage homelessness to a PhD. The goal of Michael's life is to increase access to education so all people can achieve their dreams. To learn more about Michael's story, visit http://www.MichaelMcLaughlin.com
To follow Michael on Facebook, visit
https://facebook.com/Prof.Michael.McLaughlin
To follow Michael on Twitter, visit
https://twitter.com/Prof_McLaughlin
This video was funded by a Civic Engagement Fund grant from the Gephardt Institute for Civic and Community Engagement at Washington University in St. Louis.

Why Private Investment Works & Govt. Investment Doesn't

From transportation to energy, and everything in between, should the government invest money in as many promising projects as possible? Or would that actually d...

From transportation to energy, and everything in between, should the government invest money in as many promising projects as possible? Or would that actually doom many of those ventures to failure? Burt Folsom, historian and professor at Hillsdale College, answers those questions by drawing on the fascinating history of the race to build America's railroads and airplanes.
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Script:
In 2011, a solar power company called Solyndra declared bankruptcy. A company going bankrupt is not news. But Solyndra was not just any company. Its biggest “investor” was the federal government which had given it $500 million dollars. That was news.
But, really, it shouldn’t have been. If history is any guide, it was quite predictable. The government is a very poor investor. And always has been. There are countless examples, but two should serve our purpose here.
After the Civil War, American leaders were anxious to bind the country’s North, South, East, and West regions together with transcontinental railroads. Congress therefore gave massive federal aid to build the Union Pacific, the Central Pacific, and later the Northern PacificRailroads. But all three of these roads had huge financial problems. The UnionPacific, for example, was mired in financial scandal from its inception, went bankrupt several times, and had to rebuild large sections of track thanks to shoddy construction practices.
At that same time, James J. Hill, with no federal aid whatsoever, built a railroad from St. Paul to Seattle -- the Great Northern. How was Hill able to do with private funds what the Union Pacific failed to do with a gift of tens of millions of federal dollars?
The starting point is incentives. The Union Pacific was paid by the government for each mile of road it built. It was in the railroad’s interest not to build the road straight. The more miles it took the UP to cross Nebraska, for example, the more money it made.
Hill, by contrast, used his own capital. To make a profit, he had to build his Great Northern Railroad sturdy and straight. Hill’s company remained in business for almost a hundred years until 1970 when it merged with other railroads. The original Union Pacific, riddled with corruption and numerous other financial misdeeds, including the wholesale bribery of public officials, went broke within ten years.
The story of the airplane is even more stark. By the opening of the twentieth century, the major nations of Europe and America were frantically at work trying to invent a flying machine. The first nation to do so would have a huge military and commercial advantage.
In fact, leading American politicians of the day, such as Teddy Roosevelt, President William McKinley, and others argued that building an airplane was a national emergency. There was no time, they argued, to wait for private industry to get the job done. The government needed to pick the best aeronautics expert and give him the money he needed.
That expert was Samuel Langley, the president of the prestigious Smithsonian Institution and holder of honorary degrees from Harvard, Yale, Oxford, and Cambridge. Langley was already an accomplished inventor and he had written a highly praised book Experiments in Aerodynamics. Federal officials gave Langley funds for two trial flights. He immediately set to work. His theory was that his plane needed to be thrust into the air from a houseboat on the Potomac River. The big engine on the plane would then propel it through air for several minutes.
For the complete script, visit https://www.prageru.com/videos/why-private-investment-works-govt-investment-doesnt

From transportation to energy, and everything in between, should the government invest money in as many promising projects as possible? Or would that actually doom many of those ventures to failure? Burt Folsom, historian and professor at Hillsdale College, answers those questions by drawing on the fascinating history of the race to build America's railroads and airplanes.
Donate today to PragerU! http://l.prageru.com/2ylo1Yt
Joining PragerU is free! Sign up now to get all our videos as soon as they're released. http://prageru.com/signup
Download Pragerpedia on your iPhone or Android! Thousands of sources and facts at your fingertips.
iPhone: http://l.prageru.com/2dlsnbG
Android: http://l.prageru.com/2dlsS5e
Join Prager United to get new swag every quarter, exclusive early access to our videos, and an annual TownHall phone call with Dennis Prager! http://l.prageru.com/2c9n6ys
Join PragerU's text list to have these videos, free merchandise giveaways and breaking announcements sent directly to your phone! https://optin.mobiniti.com/prageru
Do you shop on Amazon? Click https://smile.amazon.com and a percentage of every Amazon purchase will be donated to PragerU. Same great products. Same low price. Shopping made meaningful.
VISIT PragerU! https://www.prageru.com
FOLLOW us!
Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/prageru
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PragerU is on Snapchat!
JOIN PragerFORCE!
For Students: http://l.prageru.com/29SgPaX
JOIN our Educators Network! http://l.prageru.com/2c8vsff
Script:
In 2011, a solar power company called Solyndra declared bankruptcy. A company going bankrupt is not news. But Solyndra was not just any company. Its biggest “investor” was the federal government which had given it $500 million dollars. That was news.
But, really, it shouldn’t have been. If history is any guide, it was quite predictable. The government is a very poor investor. And always has been. There are countless examples, but two should serve our purpose here.
After the Civil War, American leaders were anxious to bind the country’s North, South, East, and West regions together with transcontinental railroads. Congress therefore gave massive federal aid to build the Union Pacific, the Central Pacific, and later the Northern PacificRailroads. But all three of these roads had huge financial problems. The UnionPacific, for example, was mired in financial scandal from its inception, went bankrupt several times, and had to rebuild large sections of track thanks to shoddy construction practices.
At that same time, James J. Hill, with no federal aid whatsoever, built a railroad from St. Paul to Seattle -- the Great Northern. How was Hill able to do with private funds what the Union Pacific failed to do with a gift of tens of millions of federal dollars?
The starting point is incentives. The Union Pacific was paid by the government for each mile of road it built. It was in the railroad’s interest not to build the road straight. The more miles it took the UP to cross Nebraska, for example, the more money it made.
Hill, by contrast, used his own capital. To make a profit, he had to build his Great Northern Railroad sturdy and straight. Hill’s company remained in business for almost a hundred years until 1970 when it merged with other railroads. The original Union Pacific, riddled with corruption and numerous other financial misdeeds, including the wholesale bribery of public officials, went broke within ten years.
The story of the airplane is even more stark. By the opening of the twentieth century, the major nations of Europe and America were frantically at work trying to invent a flying machine. The first nation to do so would have a huge military and commercial advantage.
In fact, leading American politicians of the day, such as Teddy Roosevelt, President William McKinley, and others argued that building an airplane was a national emergency. There was no time, they argued, to wait for private industry to get the job done. The government needed to pick the best aeronautics expert and give him the money he needed.
That expert was Samuel Langley, the president of the prestigious Smithsonian Institution and holder of honorary degrees from Harvard, Yale, Oxford, and Cambridge. Langley was already an accomplished inventor and he had written a highly praised book Experiments in Aerodynamics. Federal officials gave Langley funds for two trial flights. He immediately set to work. His theory was that his plane needed to be thrust into the air from a houseboat on the Potomac River. The big engine on the plane would then propel it through air for several minutes.
For the complete script, visit https://www.prageru.com/videos/why-private-investment-works-govt-investment-doesnt

Renowned legal luminary and activist, Femi Falana, has said Western nations comprising US, United Kingdom, Switzerland, Germany among others would not help Nigeria in her prolonged fight against looting of public funds and their transfer to the Western countries by looters.
Falana stated this in Abuja on Tuesday September 11 at the InternationalConference on Combating Illicit Financial Flows and Enhancing Asset Recovery for Sustainable Development.
The event was organized by the PresidentialAdvisory CommitteeAgainstCorruption, PACAC.
It seeks among others to proffer ways to improve sanctions and enforcement mechanisms for perpetrators of illicit financial lows and other acts of corruption; to improve international cooperation in enhancing asset recovery and asset return.
The two-day event was the second in its series, bringing economic and other experts from across the world.
He said the fight against illicit financial flow should be fought by the nation itself.
This is even as he appealed to government of Nigeria to desist from funding international organizations that only choose to criticize it, add nothing meaningful to its existence.
His words: "If you are talking of illicit flow of wealth from Africa, we have to take up the battle ourselves. There is no way the Western countries that are benefitting from the proceeds will help us. We have to do it ourselves.'
"Please, as Africans, and I plead all the time that we must not be on the defensive when we are discussing illicit flow of our wealth. It takes two to tango.
"What happens to those people up there? That is why we must join issues with Transparent International all the time and must not be funding agency that points accusing fingers at us.
"I think President Buhari made the point in United Kingdom when Prime Minister Cameron said Nigeria is fantastically corrupt, and the president was asked. He said he was not going to join issues. 'But, I'm simply asking our Prime Minister, please, return our looted wealth in your country."

Renowned legal luminary and activist, Femi Falana, has said Western nations comprising US, United Kingdom, Switzerland, Germany among others would not help Nigeria in her prolonged fight against looting of public funds and their transfer to the Western countries by looters.
Falana stated this in Abuja on Tuesday September 11 at the InternationalConference on Combating Illicit Financial Flows and Enhancing Asset Recovery for Sustainable Development.
The event was organized by the PresidentialAdvisory CommitteeAgainstCorruption, PACAC.
It seeks among others to proffer ways to improve sanctions and enforcement mechanisms for perpetrators of illicit financial lows and other acts of corruption; to improve international cooperation in enhancing asset recovery and asset return.
The two-day event was the second in its series, bringing economic and other experts from across the world.
He said the fight against illicit financial flow should be fought by the nation itself.
This is even as he appealed to government of Nigeria to desist from funding international organizations that only choose to criticize it, add nothing meaningful to its existence.
His words: "If you are talking of illicit flow of wealth from Africa, we have to take up the battle ourselves. There is no way the Western countries that are benefitting from the proceeds will help us. We have to do it ourselves.'
"Please, as Africans, and I plead all the time that we must not be on the defensive when we are discussing illicit flow of our wealth. It takes two to tango.
"What happens to those people up there? That is why we must join issues with Transparent International all the time and must not be funding agency that points accusing fingers at us.
"I think President Buhari made the point in United Kingdom when Prime Minister Cameron said Nigeria is fantastically corrupt, and the president was asked. He said he was not going to join issues. 'But, I'm simply asking our Prime Minister, please, return our looted wealth in your country."

Private School vs Public School - How Do The Students Compare?

What's the difference between a private school and a public school? Which kids are more successful? Who will go on to make more money in life? Let's find out in...

What's the difference between a private school and a public school? Which kids are more successful? Who will go on to make more money in life? Let's find out in this episode of The Infographics Show: Private School vs Public School
🐻 SUBSCRIBE TO OUR NEW CHANNEL: Fuzzy & Nutz 🐿️ ►►► http://bit.ly/fuzzyandnutz
WEBSITE (You can suggest a topic):
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SUPPORT US:
Patreon.......► https://www.patreon.com/theinfographicsshow
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--------------------------------------------------------------------------
Sources for this episode:
https://pastebin.com/rQhsWt9u

What's the difference between a private school and a public school? Which kids are more successful? Who will go on to make more money in life? Let's find out in this episode of The Infographics Show: Private School vs Public School
🐻 SUBSCRIBE TO OUR NEW CHANNEL: Fuzzy & Nutz 🐿️ ►►► http://bit.ly/fuzzyandnutz
WEBSITE (You can suggest a topic):
http://theinfographicsshow.com
SUPPORT US:
Patreon.......► https://www.patreon.com/theinfographicsshow
CHAT:
DISCORD.....►https://discord.gg/theinfographicsshow
SOCIAL:
Facebook...► https://facebook.com/TheInfographicsShow
Instagram..► https://www.instagram.com/theinfographicsshow
Twitter........► https://twitter.com/TheInfoShow
Subreddit...► http://reddit.com/r/TheInfographicsShow
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
Sources for this episode:
https://pastebin.com/rQhsWt9u

How public funding left public schools behind | ABC News

The billions poured into Australian schools since the dawn of the “education revolution” in 2008 carried with it a vision to tackle lagging student achievement ...

The billions poured into Australian schools since the dawn of the “education revolution” in 2008 carried with it a vision to tackle lagging student achievement through more equitable funding.
But an analysis of school finance data compiled by ABC News shows that rather than closing the equity gap, successive government policies have made matters worse.
Read more here: https://www.abc.net.au/news/2018-11-22/counting-the-cost-of-the-education-revolution/10495756
For more from ABC News, click here: http://www.abc.net.au/news/
Follow us on Twitter: http://twitter.com/abcnews
Like us on Facebook: http://facebook.com/abcnews.au
Subscribe to us on YouTube: http://ab.co/1svxLVE
Follow us on Instagram: http://instagram.com/abcnews_au

The billions poured into Australian schools since the dawn of the “education revolution” in 2008 carried with it a vision to tackle lagging student achievement through more equitable funding.
But an analysis of school finance data compiled by ABC News shows that rather than closing the equity gap, successive government policies have made matters worse.
Read more here: https://www.abc.net.au/news/2018-11-22/counting-the-cost-of-the-education-revolution/10495756
For more from ABC News, click here: http://www.abc.net.au/news/
Follow us on Twitter: http://twitter.com/abcnews
Like us on Facebook: http://facebook.com/abcnews.au
Subscribe to us on YouTube: http://ab.co/1svxLVE
Follow us on Instagram: http://instagram.com/abcnews_au

This video accompanies the GSDRC Professional DevelopmentReading pack on Public Financial Management, available at: http://www.gsdrc.org/professional-dev/public-financial-management/
What is Public Financial Management (PFM)?
PFM refers to the set of laws, rules, systems and processes used by sovereign nations (and sub-national governments), to mobilise revenue, allocate public funds, undertake public spending, account for funds and audit results. It encompasses a broader set of functions than financial management and is commonly conceived as a cycle of six phases, beginning with policy design and ending with external audit and evaluation (Figure 1). A large number of actors engage in this “PFM cycle” to ensure it operates effectively and transparently, whilst preserving accountability.
Andrew Lawson is Co-Director of Fiscus Limited and was previously the Director of the Centre for Aid and Public Expenditure (CAPE) at the Overseas Development Institute, London. He is an economist, with an extensive experience of PFM issues, having worked in ministries of finances in Europe, Latin America, Africa and the South Pacific and having supported PFM reform processes in many countries in development and in transition. He runs capacity development initiatives on PFM for governments and development agencies, and he is a signatory of the Doing DevelopmentDifferently manifesto, which advocates a more context-sensitive, locally owned and problem-driven approach to development.

This video accompanies the GSDRC Professional DevelopmentReading pack on Public Financial Management, available at: http://www.gsdrc.org/professional-dev/public-financial-management/
What is Public Financial Management (PFM)?
PFM refers to the set of laws, rules, systems and processes used by sovereign nations (and sub-national governments), to mobilise revenue, allocate public funds, undertake public spending, account for funds and audit results. It encompasses a broader set of functions than financial management and is commonly conceived as a cycle of six phases, beginning with policy design and ending with external audit and evaluation (Figure 1). A large number of actors engage in this “PFM cycle” to ensure it operates effectively and transparently, whilst preserving accountability.
Andrew Lawson is Co-Director of Fiscus Limited and was previously the Director of the Centre for Aid and Public Expenditure (CAPE) at the Overseas Development Institute, London. He is an economist, with an extensive experience of PFM issues, having worked in ministries of finances in Europe, Latin America, Africa and the South Pacific and having supported PFM reform processes in many countries in development and in transition. He runs capacity development initiatives on PFM for governments and development agencies, and he is a signatory of the Doing DevelopmentDifferently manifesto, which advocates a more context-sensitive, locally owned and problem-driven approach to development.

Public Money? Public Code!

Why is software created using taxpayers’ money not released as Free Software?
We want legislation requiring that publicly financed software developed for the ...

Why is software created using taxpayers’ money not released as Free Software?
We want legislation requiring that publicly financed software developed for the public sector be made publicly available under a Free and Open Source Software licence. If it is public money, it should be public code as well.
https://publiccode.eu/openletter/
Code paid by the people should be available to the people!
PublicMoney? Public Code!
Digital services offered and used by our public administrations are the critical infrastructure of 21st century democratic nations. In order to establish trustworthy systems, public bodies must ensure they have full control over the software and the computer systems at the core of our state digital infrastructure. However, right now, this is rarely the case due to restrictive software licences that:
Forbid sharing and exchanging publicly funded code. This prevents cooperation between public administrations and hinders further development.
Support monopolies by hindering competition. As a result, many administrations become dependent on a handful of companies.
Pose a threat to the security of our digital infrastructure by forbidding access to the source code. This makes fixing backdoors and security holes extremely difficult, if not completely impossible.
We need software that fosters the sharing of good ideas and solutions. Like this we will be able to improve IT services for people all over Europe. We need software that guarantees freedom of choice, access, and competition. We need software that helps public administrations regain full control of their critical digital infrastructure, allowing them to become and remain independent from a handful of companies. That is why we call our representatives to support Free and Open Source Software in public administrations, because:
Free and Open Source Software is a modern public good that allows everybody to freely use, study, share and improve applications we use on a daily basis.
Free and Open Source Software licences provide safeguards against being locked in to services from specific companies that use restrictive licences to hinder competition.
Free and Open Source Software ensures that the source code is accessible so that backdoors and security holes can be fixed without depending on one service provider.
Public bodies are financed through taxes. They must make sure they spend funds in the most efficient way possible. If it is public money, it should be public code as well!
That is why we, the undersigned, call our representatives to:
“Implement legislation requiring that publicly financed software developed for public sector must be made publicly available under a Free and Open Source Software licence.”
from https://publiccode.eu/openletter/

Why is software created using taxpayers’ money not released as Free Software?
We want legislation requiring that publicly financed software developed for the public sector be made publicly available under a Free and Open Source Software licence. If it is public money, it should be public code as well.
https://publiccode.eu/openletter/
Code paid by the people should be available to the people!
PublicMoney? Public Code!
Digital services offered and used by our public administrations are the critical infrastructure of 21st century democratic nations. In order to establish trustworthy systems, public bodies must ensure they have full control over the software and the computer systems at the core of our state digital infrastructure. However, right now, this is rarely the case due to restrictive software licences that:
Forbid sharing and exchanging publicly funded code. This prevents cooperation between public administrations and hinders further development.
Support monopolies by hindering competition. As a result, many administrations become dependent on a handful of companies.
Pose a threat to the security of our digital infrastructure by forbidding access to the source code. This makes fixing backdoors and security holes extremely difficult, if not completely impossible.
We need software that fosters the sharing of good ideas and solutions. Like this we will be able to improve IT services for people all over Europe. We need software that guarantees freedom of choice, access, and competition. We need software that helps public administrations regain full control of their critical digital infrastructure, allowing them to become and remain independent from a handful of companies. That is why we call our representatives to support Free and Open Source Software in public administrations, because:
Free and Open Source Software is a modern public good that allows everybody to freely use, study, share and improve applications we use on a daily basis.
Free and Open Source Software licences provide safeguards against being locked in to services from specific companies that use restrictive licences to hinder competition.
Free and Open Source Software ensures that the source code is accessible so that backdoors and security holes can be fixed without depending on one service provider.
Public bodies are financed through taxes. They must make sure they spend funds in the most efficient way possible. If it is public money, it should be public code as well!
That is why we, the undersigned, call our representatives to:
“Implement legislation requiring that publicly financed software developed for public sector must be made publicly available under a Free and Open Source Software licence.”
from https://publiccode.eu/openletter/

Other sources of government funds

Watch to know more about the other sources of government funds aside from tax. Created by powtoons.-- Created using PowToon -- Freesign up at http://www.powtoo...

Watch to know more about the other sources of government funds aside from tax. Created by powtoons.-- Created using PowToon -- Freesign up at http://www.powtoon.com/youtube/ -- Create animated videos and animated presentations for free. PowToon is a free tool that allows you to develop cool animated clips and animated presentations for your website, office meeting, sales pitch, nonprofit fundraiser, product launch, video resume, or anything else you could use an animated explainer video. PowToon's animation templates help you create animated presentations and animated explainer videos from scratch. Anyone can produce awesome animations quickly with PowToon, without the cost or hassle other professional animation services require.

Watch to know more about the other sources of government funds aside from tax. Created by powtoons.-- Created using PowToon -- Freesign up at http://www.powtoon.com/youtube/ -- Create animated videos and animated presentations for free. PowToon is a free tool that allows you to develop cool animated clips and animated presentations for your website, office meeting, sales pitch, nonprofit fundraiser, product launch, video resume, or anything else you could use an animated explainer video. PowToon's animation templates help you create animated presentations and animated explainer videos from scratch. Anyone can produce awesome animations quickly with PowToon, without the cost or hassle other professional animation services require.

The Efficient Provision of Public Goods

This video shows how to determine the socially efficient quantity of a public good. The efficient level is the quantity where the marginal social benefit equals the marginal social cost. Individuals do not purchase public goods, however, so the marginal benefit must be determined by: (1) asking how much each individual would hypothetically pay for an additional unit of the good, (2) using this informaiton to plot a demand curve for each individual, and (3) summing the individual demand curves to create the collective demand curve (marginal social benefit). The intersection of the collective demand curve and the marginal cost curve yields the socially optimal quantity of the public good that should be provided. The video uses an example to illustrate how this can be done to determine the optimal number of street lights for a neighborhood.
Edspira is your source for business and financial education. To view the entire video library for free, visit http://www.Edspira.com
To like us on Facebook, visit https://www.facebook.com/Edspira
Edspira is the creation of Michael McLaughlin, who went from teenage homelessness to a PhD. The goal of Michael's life is to increase access to education so all people can achieve their dreams. To learn more about Michael's story, visit http://www.MichaelMcLaughlin.com
To follow Michael on Facebook, visit
https://facebook.com/Prof.Michael.McLaughlin
To follow Michael on Twitter, visit
https://twitter.com/Prof_McLaughlin
This video was funded by a Civic Engagement Fund grant from the Gephardt Institute for Civic and Community Engagement at Washington University in St. Louis.

Why Private Investment Works & Govt. Investment Doesn't

From transportation to energy, and everything in between, should the government invest money in as many promising projects as possible? Or would that actually doom many of those ventures to failure? Burt Folsom, historian and professor at Hillsdale College, answers those questions by drawing on the fascinating history of the race to build America's railroads and airplanes.
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Script:
In 2011, a solar power company called Solyndra declared bankruptcy. A company going bankrupt is not news. But Solyndra was not just any company. Its biggest “investor” was the federal government which had given it $500 million dollars. That was news.
But, really, it shouldn’t have been. If history is any guide, it was quite predictable. The government is a very poor investor. And always has been. There are countless examples, but two should serve our purpose here.
After the Civil War, American leaders were anxious to bind the country’s North, South, East, and West regions together with transcontinental railroads. Congress therefore gave massive federal aid to build the Union Pacific, the Central Pacific, and later the Northern PacificRailroads. But all three of these roads had huge financial problems. The UnionPacific, for example, was mired in financial scandal from its inception, went bankrupt several times, and had to rebuild large sections of track thanks to shoddy construction practices.
At that same time, James J. Hill, with no federal aid whatsoever, built a railroad from St. Paul to Seattle -- the Great Northern. How was Hill able to do with private funds what the Union Pacific failed to do with a gift of tens of millions of federal dollars?
The starting point is incentives. The Union Pacific was paid by the government for each mile of road it built. It was in the railroad’s interest not to build the road straight. The more miles it took the UP to cross Nebraska, for example, the more money it made.
Hill, by contrast, used his own capital. To make a profit, he had to build his Great Northern Railroad sturdy and straight. Hill’s company remained in business for almost a hundred years until 1970 when it merged with other railroads. The original Union Pacific, riddled with corruption and numerous other financial misdeeds, including the wholesale bribery of public officials, went broke within ten years.
The story of the airplane is even more stark. By the opening of the twentieth century, the major nations of Europe and America were frantically at work trying to invent a flying machine. The first nation to do so would have a huge military and commercial advantage.
In fact, leading American politicians of the day, such as Teddy Roosevelt, President William McKinley, and others argued that building an airplane was a national emergency. There was no time, they argued, to wait for private industry to get the job done. The government needed to pick the best aeronautics expert and give him the money he needed.
That expert was Samuel Langley, the president of the prestigious Smithsonian Institution and holder of honorary degrees from Harvard, Yale, Oxford, and Cambridge. Langley was already an accomplished inventor and he had written a highly praised book Experiments in Aerodynamics. Federal officials gave Langley funds for two trial flights. He immediately set to work. His theory was that his plane needed to be thrust into the air from a houseboat on the Potomac River. The big engine on the plane would then propel it through air for several minutes.
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Renowned legal luminary and activist, Femi Falana, has said Western nations comprising US, United Kingdom, Switzerland, Germany among others would not help Nigeria in her prolonged fight against looting of public funds and their transfer to the Western countries by looters.
Falana stated this in Abuja on Tuesday September 11 at the InternationalConference on Combating Illicit Financial Flows and Enhancing Asset Recovery for Sustainable Development.
The event was organized by the PresidentialAdvisory CommitteeAgainstCorruption, PACAC.
It seeks among others to proffer ways to improve sanctions and enforcement mechanisms for perpetrators of illicit financial lows and other acts of corruption; to improve international cooperation in enhancing asset recovery and asset return.
The two-day event was the second in its series, bringing economic and other experts from across the world.
He said the fight against illicit financial flow should be fought by the nation itself.
This is even as he appealed to government of Nigeria to desist from funding international organizations that only choose to criticize it, add nothing meaningful to its existence.
His words: "If you are talking of illicit flow of wealth from Africa, we have to take up the battle ourselves. There is no way the Western countries that are benefitting from the proceeds will help us. We have to do it ourselves.'
"Please, as Africans, and I plead all the time that we must not be on the defensive when we are discussing illicit flow of our wealth. It takes two to tango.
"What happens to those people up there? That is why we must join issues with Transparent International all the time and must not be funding agency that points accusing fingers at us.
"I think President Buhari made the point in United Kingdom when Prime Minister Cameron said Nigeria is fantastically corrupt, and the president was asked. He said he was not going to join issues. 'But, I'm simply asking our Prime Minister, please, return our looted wealth in your country."

Private School vs Public School - How Do The Students Compare?

What's the difference between a private school and a public school? Which kids are more successful? Who will go on to make more money in life? Let's find out in this episode of The Infographics Show: Private School vs Public School
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How public funding left public schools behind | ABC News

The billions poured into Australian schools since the dawn of the “education revolution” in 2008 carried with it a vision to tackle lagging student achievement through more equitable funding.
But an analysis of school finance data compiled by ABC News shows that rather than closing the equity gap, successive government policies have made matters worse.
Read more here: https://www.abc.net.au/news/2018-11-22/counting-the-cost-of-the-education-revolution/10495756
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Public Financial Management - Andrew Lawson

This video accompanies the GSDRC Professional DevelopmentReading pack on Public Financial Management, available at: http://www.gsdrc.org/professional-dev/public-financial-management/
What is Public Financial Management (PFM)?
PFM refers to the set of laws, rules, systems and processes used by sovereign nations (and sub-national governments), to mobilise revenue, allocate public funds, undertake public spending, account for funds and audit results. It encompasses a broader set of functions than financial management and is commonly conceived as a cycle of six phases, beginning with policy design and ending with external audit and evaluation (Figure 1). A large number of actors engage in this “PFM cycle” to ensure it operates effectively and transparently, whilst preserving accountability.
Andrew Lawson is Co-Director of Fiscus Limited and was previously the Director of the Centre for Aid and Public Expenditure (CAPE) at the Overseas Development Institute, London. He is an economist, with an extensive experience of PFM issues, having worked in ministries of finances in Europe, Latin America, Africa and the South Pacific and having supported PFM reform processes in many countries in development and in transition. He runs capacity development initiatives on PFM for governments and development agencies, and he is a signatory of the Doing DevelopmentDifferently manifesto, which advocates a more context-sensitive, locally owned and problem-driven approach to development.

Public Money? Public Code!

Why is software created using taxpayers’ money not released as Free Software?
We want legislation requiring that publicly financed software developed for the public sector be made publicly available under a Free and Open Source Software licence. If it is public money, it should be public code as well.
https://publiccode.eu/openletter/
Code paid by the people should be available to the people!
PublicMoney? Public Code!
Digital services offered and used by our public administrations are the critical infrastructure of 21st century democratic nations. In order to establish trustworthy systems, public bodies must ensure they have full control over the software and the computer systems at the core of our state digital infrastructure. However, right now, this is rarely the case due to restrictive software licences that:
Forbid sharing and exchanging publicly funded code. This prevents cooperation between public administrations and hinders further development.
Support monopolies by hindering competition. As a result, many administrations become dependent on a handful of companies.
Pose a threat to the security of our digital infrastructure by forbidding access to the source code. This makes fixing backdoors and security holes extremely difficult, if not completely impossible.
We need software that fosters the sharing of good ideas and solutions. Like this we will be able to improve IT services for people all over Europe. We need software that guarantees freedom of choice, access, and competition. We need software that helps public administrations regain full control of their critical digital infrastructure, allowing them to become and remain independent from a handful of companies. That is why we call our representatives to support Free and Open Source Software in public administrations, because:
Free and Open Source Software is a modern public good that allows everybody to freely use, study, share and improve applications we use on a daily basis.
Free and Open Source Software licences provide safeguards against being locked in to services from specific companies that use restrictive licences to hinder competition.
Free and Open Source Software ensures that the source code is accessible so that backdoors and security holes can be fixed without depending on one service provider.
Public bodies are financed through taxes. They must make sure they spend funds in the most efficient way possible. If it is public money, it should be public code as well!
That is why we, the undersigned, call our representatives to:
“Implement legislation requiring that publicly financed software developed for public sector must be made publicly available under a Free and Open Source Software licence.”
from https://publiccode.eu/openletter/

Other sources of government funds

Watch to know more about the other sources of government funds aside from tax. Created by powtoons.-- Created using PowToon -- Freesign up at http://www.powtoon.com/youtube/ -- Create animated videos and animated presentations for free. PowToon is a free tool that allows you to develop cool animated clips and animated presentations for your website, office meeting, sales pitch, nonprofit fundraiser, product launch, video resume, or anything else you could use an animated explainer video. PowToon's animation templates help you create animated presentations and animated explainer videos from scratch. Anyone can produce awesome animations quickly with PowToon, without the cost or hassle other professional animation services require.

Free and open-source software

Free and open-source software (FOSS) is computer software that can be classified as both free software and open-source software. That is, anyone is freely licensed to use, copy, study, and change the software in any way, and the source code is openly shared so that people are encouraged to voluntarily improve the design of the software. This is in contrast to proprietary software, where the software is under restrictive copyright and the source code is usually hidden from the users.