A gluten-free diet alleviates symptoms, and symptoms reappear on exposure to gluten.

Celiac disease and allergies have been ruled out.

Many scientists have speculated that gluten sensitivity is a misnomer – that it is caused by substances other than gluten.

Some researchers even believe that it’s all in the minds of people. No matter what kind of sickness people suffer from, it’s all blamed on wheat and gluten.

Aim of the Study

The aim of the current study was to find out how many of those with self-reported gluten intolerance actually had celiac disease, non-celiac gluten sensitivity or wheat allergy.

Methods and Results

A total of 392 participants, both men and women, were included in the study.

They had one thing in common – they all complained of various general symptoms and believed them to be caused by gluten.

First, the researchers thoroughly tested all of the participants for celiac disease and wheat allergy.

Only 26 participants (6.6%) were positively diagnosed with celiac disease, and two (0.5%) turned out to be allergic to wheat.

This left 364 people who believed they reacted adversely to gluten, without a positive diagnosis of celiac disease or wheat allergy.

To investigate if any of the remaining participants had gluten sensitivity, they were put on a gluten-free diet for 6 months.

Then, those who experienced benefits while on the gluten-free diet were submitted to a “gluten re-challenge”. The gluten re-challenge involved going on a gluten-containing diet for a month.

To increase compliance, all participants were interviewed by a nutritionist on a monthly basis.

The diagnosis criteria of gluten sensitivity were the following:

The participant had to experience benefits on the 6-month gluten-free diet.

Going back on a gluten-containing diet caused the symptoms to return.

According to the study results, only 27 (7%) of the participants fulfilled these criteria, and were identified as “gluten sensitive”.

For this reason, the researchers concluded that only 14.5% of those who complained of gluten intolerance actually had issues with gluten or wheat.

On the other hand, 86% of people were wrong in their suspicions. Their symptoms were not relieved on a gluten-free diet, and their symptoms did not worsen when they started eating gluten again.

Here is an overview of the results:

Conclusions

The main conclusions of this study are:

The majority of people who complain of gluten intolerance do not suffer from gluten intolerance. Their symptoms have other causes.

Gluten sensitivity is about as common as celiac disease in people who claim that they are gluten intolerant.

Limitations

The study had several limitations.

First, there was no control group in the study. All participants were submitted to the same treatment.

It is impossible to know whether it was actually the gluten-free diet that caused improvements in symptoms among those 27 people who reported a positive change.

The improvement could simply have been due to chance. Symptoms tend to change naturally over time and are influenced by various lifestyle factors.

Second, the participants knew they were on a gluten-free diet. They also knew when they were submitted to a gluten re-challenge.

It can’t be ruled out that changes in symptoms were due to a placebo effect.

Third, self-reported symptoms are difficult to quantify, and there may be high variability in how people perceive and report symptoms.

In short, the study had several major design flaws, so the results should be taken with a grain of salt.

What Do Other Studies Say?

Randomized controlled trials are the gold standard in nutrition research.

So far, three randomized controlled trials have investigated gluten or wheat sensitivity.

Two of these studies have shown that people with irritable bowel syndrome (IBS – a common digestive disorder) but not celiac disease experience improvements on a gluten-free diet (3, 4).

These studies support gluten sensitivity as a real condition, and indicate that a gluten-free diet can be beneficial in people who don’t have celiac disease.

However, other researchers believe that these benefits are not caused by removing gluten, but other problematic substances in wheat, mostly FODMAPs.

FODMAPs are short-chain carbohydrates that are poorly absorbed and cause digestive problems in many people.

One study fed isolated gluten to people who were not eating any FODMAPs. This study found no consistent adverse effects from gluten (5).

The study indicated that the benefits of gluten-free diets may be because these diets also remove wheat, which is a major source of FODMAPs.

As a result, some people claim that “wheat sensitivity” may be a more accurate term than “gluten sensitivity”. In those that do not have celiac disease, the benefits of removing wheat probably do not have anything to do with gluten.

Summary

The main message of this study review is that the great majority of people who think they are intolerant to gluten don’t actually benefit from a gluten-free diet.

The study indicates that non-celiac gluten sensitivity is about as common as celiac disease. The prevalence of celiac disease is around 0.7-1%.

However, the study has some major limitations so it cannot really provide any firm conclusions.

Given the body of evidence, non-celiac gluten sensitivity still probably exists, but it may be relatively rare.

The debate of gluten sensitivity is still up in the air, and we will review new studies as they come.

Real Life Applications

All this being said, if you consistently feel bad after eating gluten-containing cereals, you should definitely go on a gluten-free diet and see if your symptoms improve.

Even if you don’t have celiac disease, a gluten-free diet may be worth trying. In fact, there is no nutrient in wheat, barley and rye that can’t be provided by other foods.

Gluten- and wheat-free diets may have benefits for some people, but there is currently no evidence that warrants prescribing them to the general population.

In fact, the current study suggests that the majority of people would not benefit from such a diet, even people who believe that gluten causes them problems.