I wish to write a paper about linguistics, so I thought about trying LaTeX. Sadly I couldn't figure out how to write the unique characters I need for my work, for example epsilon with a little tilde above it, i with two dots above it, velar nasal and so on.

I know I can write stuff like ó with \'{o}, but I couldn't figure out how to put the epsilon in there, or how to write more unique characters.

The tag wiki for the linguistics tag summarizes some of the popular packages for use in linguistics.
– Alan MunnNov 29 '11 at 17:17

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there's also a mailing list devoted to linguistics use of (la)tex. archives here, subscribe by sending a message to sympa@ifi.uio.no with the subject "subscribe ling-tex".
– barbara beetonNov 29 '11 at 18:37

2 Answers
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There are two ways to write IPA symbols in LaTeX. One uses regular pdfLaTeX and the tipa package; the other uses XeLaTeX or LuaLaTeX and you can enter the symbols directly into your source, assuming you have the correct fonts.

The SIL Doulos font is an excellent Unicode IPA font that is widely used in Linguistics. You can download it here.. But many other OpenType fonts have a full set of phonetic characters too.

There are advantages and disadvantages to each method. The main advantage of the XeLaTeX/LuaLaTeX route is that your source code becomes much more readable. The downside of this, however, is that you need to develop techniques for entering all the characters, which isn't necessarily fast. However, if you are already used to the TIPA input method (or have existing documents) the xunicode package (which is loaded by fontspec) allows you to use most (but not all) TIPA input methods as well, so for many kinds of input you can have either.

The TIPA method allows for a faster input method at the expense of less readable source.

@smihael Not that I know of. Why would you want to go in that direction? If you're entering IPA you might as well use XeLaTeX or LuaLaTeX and not use TIPA at all.
– Alan MunnAug 21 '15 at 23:56

Sometimes XeLaTeX or LuaLaTeX are not available on target system and you already have copied IPA representation from online dictionaries. Maybe I'll write a simple converter one day :)
– smihaelAug 22 '15 at 0:51

If you need to type characters from the IPA (International Phonetic Alphabet), you can use the package TIPA, whose manual is also available. I found its sources within my installation of TexLive 2011, but haven't tested them yet.