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major reference

Since at least as early as the Shang dynasty, the Chinese had been accustomed to acknowledging the temporal and spiritual authority of a single leader and its transmission within a family, at first from brother to brother and later from father to…

development of hsien

…of territories created by the Western Han dynasty (206 bc–ad 25), several hsien, or counties, were grouped into a larger unit called a commandery (chün), several of which were in turn grouped into a prefecture (chou) that was based in a large city. Each hsien was governed by a magistrate…

history of Xinjiang

…for the region under the Xi (Western) Han dynasty in 60 bce, with its headquarters at Wulei (now Luntai, in the northern Tarim Basin). Later, an extension of the Great Wall was built 300 miles (480 km) west of the present Gansu-Xinjiang border. The Han capital of Chang’an (near present-day…

visual arts

The Xi (Western) Han (206 bce–25 ce), with its capital at Chang’an (near modern Xi’an), reached a climax of expansive power under Wudi (ruled 141/140–87/86 bce), who established colonies in Korea and Indochina and sent expeditions into Central Asia, which made Chinese arts and crafts known abroad…