Using a simultaneous equations model, this paper aims to analyse the endogenous relationship among trade liberalisation, inward foreign direct investment and productivity within Australia’s manufacturing sector. Using two-digit quarterly time-series data, from 1988 to 2012, we find empirical support for trade liberalisation as a mechanism for improving productivity within the domestic manufacturing sector. However, we find that inward foreign direct investment has not had a statistically significant impact on productivity within the sector. By drawing on these findings, among others, we make some recommendations for Australia’s international trade, foreign investment and manufacturing industry policies.