Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05

Not available

Primary

Show Study Outcome Measure Summary

Outcome

Description of Measure

Data Collection Method

Properties of the Outcome Measure

Cooperation

The frequency with which the child attempted to respond to his/her mother's request for an action or verbalization.

Videotaped observation

Interrater reliability = 0.62

Primary

Coordinating attention and words

The frequency with which the child was able to direct his/her mother's attention to an object using words.

Videotaped observation

Interrater reliability = 0.68

Primary

PLS: auditory comprehension

The PLS assesses receptive and expressive language development.

Child assessment

Not reported by author

Primary

Positive affect (of child with mother)

The frequency with which the child displayed smiles or laughter during the interaction with his/her mother.

Videotaped observation

Interrater reliability = 0.85

Primary

PPVT-III receptive vocabulary

The PPVT -III assesses individual's receptive language skill. Raw scores were used in the analysis.

Child assessment

Not reported by author

Primary

Social engagement

The degree to which the child tried to positively engage his/her mother using verbal and non-verbal communication. The interaction was coded on a 5-point scale.

Videotaped observation

Interrater reliability = 0.65

Primary

Use of words

The frequency with which the child communicated verbally with his/her mother during the interaction. Communication included single utterance sound, babbling with sentence like intonation, word approximation-single words, two- to three-word phrases, four- to five-word phrases, and six or more word phrases.

1 Negative coefficient values favor the intervention group.

Show Study Outcome Measure Summary

Outcome

Description of Measure

Data Collection Method

Properties of the Outcome Measure

Cooperation

The frequency with which the child attempted to respond to his/her mother's request for an action or verbalization.

Videotaped observation

Interrater reliability = 0.62

Primary

Coordinating attention and words

The frequency with which the child was able to direct his/her mother's attention to an object using words.

Videotaped observation

Interrater reliability = 0.68

Primary

PLS: auditory comprehension

The PLS assesses receptive and expressive language development.

Child assessment

Not reported by author

Primary

PLS: expressive comprehension

The PLS assesses receptive and expressive language development.

Child assessment

Not reported by author

Primary

Positive affect (of child with mother)

The frequency with which the child displayed smiles or laughter during the interaction with his/her mother.

Videotaped observation

Interrater reliability = 0.85

Primary

PPVT-III receptive vocabulary

The PPVT -III assesses individual's receptive language skill. Raw scores were used in the analysis.

Child assessment

Not reported by author

Primary

Social engagement

The degree to which the child tried to positively engage his/her mother using verbal and non-verbal communication. The interaction was coded on a 5-point scale.

Videotaped observation

Interrater reliability = 0.65

Primary

Use of words

The frequency with which the child communicated verbally with his/her mother during the interaction. Communication included single utterance sound, babbling with sentence like intonation, word approximation-single words, two- to three-word phrases, four- to five-word phrases, and six or more word phrases.

Not statistically significant, p ≥ 0.05

Not available

Primary

Show Study Outcome Measure Summary

Outcome

Description of Measure

Data Collection Method

Properties of the Outcome Measure

Cooperation

The frequency with which the child attempted to respond to his/her mother's request for an action or verbalization.

Videotaped observation

Interrater reliability = 0.62

Primary

Coordinating attention and words

The frequency with which the child was able to direct his/her mother's attention to an object using words.

Videotaped observation

Interrater reliability = 0.68

Primary

PLS: auditory comprehension

The PLS assesses receptive and expressive language development.

Child assessment

Not reported by author

Primary

PLS: expressive comprehension

The PLS assesses receptive and expressive language development.

Child assessment

Not reported by author

Primary

Positive affect (of child with mother)

The frequency with which the child displayed smiles or laughter during the interaction with his/her mother.

Videotaped observation

Interrater reliability = 0.85

Primary

PPVT-III receptive vocabulary

The PPVT -III assesses individual's receptive language skill. Raw scores were used in the analysis.

Child assessment

Not reported by author

Primary

Social engagement

The degree to which the child tried to positively engage his/her mother using verbal and non-verbal communication. The interaction was coded on a 5-point scale.

Videotaped observation

Interrater reliability = 0.65

Primary

Use of words

The frequency with which the child communicated verbally with his/her mother during the interaction. Communication included single utterance sound, babbling with sentence like intonation, word approximation-single words, two- to three-word phrases, four- to five-word phrases, and six or more word phrases.

Behavioral responses

Videotaped observation

Interrater reliability = 0.81

Primary

Comments

The frequency with which the child comments on a book. Responses were coded as (1) orients mother's attention without use of label, (2) labels or describes a picture, or (3) makes a connection involving elements of the story.

Videotaped observation

Interrater reliability = 0.76

Primary

Coordination of gestures and verbalizations

Whether or not children engaged in nonverbal behaviors indicating recognition of appropriate book reading activities in conjunction with verbal responses.

Videotaped observation

Interrater reliability = 0.78

Primary

Engagement in activity

The amount of time in which a child actively participated in the book reading activity.

Videotaped observation

Interrater reliability = 0.78

Primary

Questions and requests

The frequency with which the child requested his/her mother identify a picture or asked his/her mother a more sophisticated question such as, "What is he doing?"

Behavioral responses

Videotaped observation

Interrater reliability = 0.81

Primary

Comments

The frequency with which the child comments on a book. Responses were coded as (1) orients mother's attention without use of label, (2) labels or describes a picture, or (3) makes a connection involving elements of the story.

Videotaped observation

Interrater reliability = 0.76

Primary

Coordination of gestures and verbalizations

Whether or not children engaged in nonverbal behaviors indicating recognition of appropriate book reading activities in conjunction with verbal responses.

Videotaped observation

Interrater reliability = 0.78

Primary

Engagement in activity

The amount of time in which a child actively participated in the book reading activity.

Videotaped observation

Interrater reliability = 0.78

Primary

Questions and requests

The frequency with which the child requested his/her mother identify a picture or asked his/her mother a more sophisticated question such as, "What is he doing?"

Behavioral responses

Videotaped observation

Interrater reliability = 0.81

Primary

Comments

The frequency with which the child comments on a book. Responses were coded as (1) orients mother's attention without use of label, (2) labels or describes a picture, or (3) makes a connection involving elements of the story.

Videotaped observation

Interrater reliability = 0.76

Primary

Coordination of gestures and verbalizations

Whether or not children engaged in nonverbal behaviors indicating recognition of appropriate book reading activities in conjunction with verbal responses.

Videotaped observation

Interrater reliability = 0.78

Primary

Engagement in activity

The amount of time in which a child actively participated in the book reading activity.

Videotaped observation

Interrater reliability = 0.78

Primary

Questions and requests

The frequency with which the child requested his/her mother identify a picture or asked his/her mother a more sophisticated question such as, "What is he doing?"

Secondary outcome measure: For the HomVEE review, most self-reported
data, excluding self-reports based on a standardized (normed) instrument.

Mean Difference
and Odds Ratio

For a uniform approach, HomVEE calculates mean differences as the
program group mean minus the comparison group mean. In some studies, authors did
this calculation in the opposite direction.

The odds ratio is the odds of an event occurring in one group divided
by the odds of an event occurring in another group. If the odds of an event occurring
in group A equals 3 and the odds of an event occurring in group B equals 2, the
odds ratio equals 1.5. In other words, there is a 1.5 times greater likelihood the
event will occur in group A than in group B.

Effect Sizes

HomVEE reports author-calculated effect sizes when available, as labeled in the
table. If the author did not report effect sizes, but sufficient information was
available, HomVEE calculated effect sizes.

Statistical Significance

Statistical significance is an indication of the probability that the observed finding
was obtained by chance (when there is not a real relationship in the population).
If the p-value is equal to or less than a predetermined cutoff (in the
HomVEE review, 0.05), then the finding is considered statistically significant or
probably not obtained by chance.