This has to do with research data manipulation with the aim of giving a false notion. This includes images manipulation (to make image elements vague, delete image elements or add new image elements), altering results to suit convenience, to change of data figure, adding or removing from data figures, and more.

In such a case, the editorial board will try to verify suspected data fabrication and demand the original data from the authors. The Editorial Board of Greener Journals will employ the recommended actions of COPE for the equivalent cases listed below.

Plagiarism refers to a situation where someone duplicates/delivers part or the complete work (data, figures, text, or theories) of another person as if it were his/her own without proper acknowledgment and reference to the true owner. Further information has been provided by theOffice of Research Integrity on plagiarism

This is the submission of the same manuscript to more than one journal at the same time or publishing the same study in more than one journal.

“Authors should not submit the same manuscript, in the same or different languages, simultaneously to more than one journal. The rationale for this standard is the potential for disagreement when two (or more) journals claim the right to publish a manuscript that has been submitted simultaneously to more than one journal, and the possibility that two or more journals will unknowingly and unnecessarily undertake the work of peer review, edit the same manuscript, and publish the same article” -Committee of Medical Journal Editors (ICMJE).

The authors have received approval from the editors of both journals (the editor concerned with secondary publication must have access to the primary version).

The priority of the primary publication is respected by a publication interval negotiated by both editors with the authors.

The paper for secondary publication is intended for a different group of readers; an abbreviated version could be sufficient.

The secondary version faithfully reflects the data and interpretations of the primary version.

The secondary version informs readers, peers, and documenting agencies that the paper has been published in whole or in part elsewhere—for example, with a note that might read, "This article is based on a study first reported in the [journal title, with full reference]"—and the secondary version cites the primary reference.

The title of the secondary publication should indicate that it is a secondary publication (complete or abridged republication or translation) of a primary publication. Of note, the NLM does not consider translations to be "republications" and does not cite or index them when the original article was published in a journal that is indexed in MEDLINE.

Duplicate Publication

“Authors who submit a manuscript for publication containing data, reviews, conclusions, etc., that have already been disseminated in some significant manner (e.g., published as an article in another journal, presented at a conference, posted on the internet) must clearly indicate to the editors and readers the nature of the previous dissemination” –Office of Research Integrity.

Authors can use only citations that are relevant to the study. It is unethical to cite irrelevant works of others or employ irrelevant self-citation.

Copyright Infringement

“Copyright infringementis the use of works protected by copyright law without permission, infringing certain exclusive rights granted to the copyright holder, such as the right to reproduce, distribute, display or perform the protected work, or to make derivative works” -Wikipedia.

Non-compliance with regulatory standards affecting research

This includes the violations of related local/international regulations and law governing the use of funds, animals subjects, human subjects, untested drugs, new devices, radioactive, biological and chemical materials.

Greener Journals will retract already published articles with discovered unethical issues that escaped notice. Greener Journals may also review and update the content of this page when necessary.