The Medici family governed after 1421. A revolt deposet them
in 1502 but Alexander Medici retook the power in 1512. in 1527
another revolt expelled the Medici family but Charles V restored
Alexander in 1531 and give him the title of duke of Florence. He
was succeeded by his son Cosm, in 1537, who took the title of
Duke of Tuscany after the conquest of Siena in 1557; Cosm died in
1574 and succeeded by his son Francis I, and after him
Ferdinand.,Cosm II (1608-1621), Ferdinand II (1621-1670) Cosm III
(1670-?) and John Gaston (?-1737) . By a treatry the duchy pass
to Francis, duke of
Austria-Lorraine.
The Medici used white flag with shield. The shield wasn't always
the same exactly but always has the five red balls. This is the
flag of 1574-1586. Proportions unknown.Jaume Ollé, 2 November 1998

The cover of [sie63] shows what
the book describes as approximately a quarter of a flagchart, one
of many to roll of the, mostly Dutch, presses for the use of
seafarers: "Tableau des Pavillons que la Plupart des Nations
arborent a` la Mer. Faitau de'po^t des cartes et plans de la
marine pour le service des vaisseaux du Roy par ordre de M. de
Machault, Garde de se'aux de France. Par le Sr. Bellin Inge'nieur
de la marine. 1756." [beL56]
On the 4th row from the bottom there is "Pavillon de
Toscane" - A white flag (16 unit hoist), with a red cross
with two unit wide arms and a one unit wide gold fringe. The
cross is slightly asymmetrical: The lower edge of the flywise
arms of the red cross follow the middle line of the flag.Peter Hans van den Muijzenberg, 4 January 2001

In 1765 Tuscany adopted the austrian colors with the shield of
the Austria-Lorena house (probably near to hoist). Towards 1815
the shield has three flags on each side, in different order but
the three on the right side are the same of three of left side.
One flag is red, another red-white-red, and the last one blue
with three (?) white bars. I don't know these last flags but
perhaps they could be attribued to the ducal standard (red flag,
with shield ,I assume) and merchant flag (blue white flag). Of
course the R-W-R flag is the national one. Jaume Ollé, 5 November 1998

At J.W Norie - J.S. Hobbs: Flaggen aller seefahrenden
Nationen, 1971[ nor71] (original
print 1848):
228 Tuscany War - The flag in N/H has the arms centered, what
apparently is intended as the same shield, a similar yellow
"ornament" around it (though not as Italian), but the
cross is not below the shield, but rather under it, that is: It
is mostly covered by the shield with the double tips black,
fimbriated light, stick out from behind the ornamentation, and
between shield and crown (as on the upper side the ornamentation
merely curls around the corners then stops, leaving the centre
top free). The crown is of the type where the 2nd and 4th arc
also arc wide enough to slightly descend near the middle of the
crown, as are most crowns we represent as up-arced, making it
wider. The objects around the shield appear to be, on the dexter
side: A spear with a yellow over red flag of at least six
stripes, lower and behind a halbard, blade downward, etc. a spear
with a a mono-coloured flag of at least three yellow flywise
stripes, another such halbard, all staffs sticking in the red, a
barrel of a (hand) gun, a horn (like a post horn), a drum, all in
the white, and in the lower red what appear like the lower end of
the two spears from the other side, appearing from under the
flags and placed together, though the angles don't allow for
this, with a cross on a chain hanging from one end (A rosary
wound around them? This is probably something completely
different, but I have no idea what they are!). Sinister is a
mirror image, except the fore- and up-most flag is red over
yellow, the one behind it blue over yellow. Hanging from the
sideways arms of the cross is the Order of the Golden Fleece
around the lower half of the shield. And over it a vertical
pennant with the hoist just the arms, at least, the shield, the
crown, something beside it and the order hanging below it, white
outlined in black, and the fly red before white before red. I
don't know about the yellow and white bits of the flags, or the
details of where the red should have been, but the blue was most
definitely placed there on purpose. What are all these flags?
229 Tuscany Merchant - As 228, but only the ornamented shield,
the crown, the cross and the Order of the Golden Fleece, slightly
off-set, and without pennant.Peter Hans van den Muijzenberg, 12 November 2001

Though it would not be very easily visible on the flag of this
size, the Hungary Moderne should include a crown, ie. the
double-cross should be issuing from a golden crown standing on
the triple hill. At least I think it should, even if such a
small detail would really be sometimes left out.
What's the idea of having Hungary in the coat of arms at all?
I know that Tuscany was at the time ruled by Habsburgs - but did
the rulers have any actual connection to Hungary?Željko Heimer, 5 May 2003