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Abstract

Some solutions of tungsten salts and some viologen derivatives undergo transformation from a colorless to a highly colored form, depending on their oxidation state, and thus have been considered for use in electrochemical displays. Other compounds form intense colors when reduced or oxidized.

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United States

Language

English (United States)

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Electrochemical Display through use of a Redox Couple in Solution

Some solutions of tungsten salts and some viologen derivatives undergo
transformation from a colorless to a highly colored form, depending on their
oxidation state, and thus have been considered for use in electrochemical
displays. Other compounds form intense colors when reduced or oxidized.

The color transformation rate is controlled by the rate of diffusion of the
reactant to the electrode (generally slow), and the rate of charge transfer at the
electrode (generally fast compared to diffusion).

The dwell time of a colored species depends on its stability and the strength
of its interaction with the electrode due to physical, electrical, or chemical forces.
If loosely held, it diffuses away from the electrode and slowly imparts color to the
solution. Thus, display contrast is decreased and the colorless form is
consumed. The colorless species can be regenerated at the electrode surface
while it remains there. Once the colored species diffuses away from the
electrode into solution, however, this regeneration becomes diffusion controlled
and is slow.

In systems where color forms by colorless form reduction, addition of an
oxidizing species with a suitable electrochemical potential can result in
considerable color contrast improvement and color-forming species regeneration.
Oxidizing agents used are H(2)O(2), MnO/-/(4), CrO/2-/(4), O(2) Fe(III) and
Ce(IV). Oxidant choice is limited to colorless solu...