Land of the Pharaohs

The word Egypt conjures up in most minds evocative images of the pyramids of Giza but this country, which is the cradle of one of the oldest civilisations in the world has a lot more to offer to the intrepid traveller. A cruise down the Nile is one such experience. This is the simplest and most convenient way to see Upper Egypt (southern Egypt) home to many of the treasures of the age of the Pharaohs. There are many tour companies which arrange such cruises which include trips to the monuments on the banks of the river.

The cruise ship I travelled on, Cheops III was comfortable with spacious cabins, modern amenities and friendly and efficient staff. The wood panelled dining hall had an old-world charm that reminded me of Agatha Christie’s Death on the Nile. Thankfully nobody died on board. The large sundeck had a swimming pool and plenty of room for people to sit and watch the placid river and glimpses of rural life on the banks.

I boarded the cruise at Aswan. At Aswan before commencing our voyage I went to the Philae Temple. This temple was moved and re-assembled in order to prevent it from getting submerged by the Nile after the construction of the Aswan Dam, an engineering feat by all accounts. Now situated on the island of Aglika, this picturesque temple presents a striking picture against the deep vivid blue of the Nile. Dedicated to the goddess Isis (the protective goddess) it was built during the Ptolemaic period. The reliefs in the temple show Ptolemy XII in various traditional Egyptian poses with Egyptian gods and goddesses, reflecting the syncretic culture of the early Greeks in Egypt. There are also the remains of a temple dedicated to the goddess Hathor (also a protective goddess) nearby. The Trajan’s kiosk one of the most attractive monuments of the island with colonnades with beautifully carved lotus capitals.

If you have time in Aswan, a trip to the bustling and colourful local spice market would be due. Like in all markets in Egypt, even here you will be greeted with calls of ‘India- Amitabh Bacchan’, if the vendors spot that you are Indian. Of course this is just a prelude to the process of cajoling you into buying something from their shops. I never realised that Bollywood was such a draw in Egypt! I picked up some dry hibiscus petals which are used to make karkady, a very refreshing local beverage.

The visit to the market should ideally be followed by a cup of Turkish coffee (if you are a tea lover I would recommend the mint tea) savoured at one of the quaint roadside cafés that dot the streets. These roadside cafes are a ubiquitous feature of Egyptian streets, where at all times of the day and night one can see men (I use the word deliberately as I never saw a woman in one of these cafes) languorously sipping tea of coffee and smoking shisha.

Abu Simbel Temple

A trip to the temple of Abu Simbel was scheduled for the next morning for which I had to wake up very early and leave in a convoy for security reasons. I was rewarded with the sight of a spectacular sunrise which bathed in the desert hillocks in the desert in yellow and orange and set off some frenetic clicking of cameras in the bus. Sightseeing during the early hours of day is de rigeur in Egypt in order to avoid the unforgiving midday heat. There are two temples at Abu Simbel, the large one for Egypt’s most powerful pharaoh Rameses II and the other smaller one for his favourite wife Nefartari (not to be confused with Nefertiti whose bust has defined Egyptian beauty). These temples were also transported block-by-block and re-assembled to avoid inundation in the waters of the Lake Nasser.

The façade of the larger temple, dedicated to the gods Ra-Horakhty (the god of the rising sun), Ptah (the god of craftsmen) and Amun (the god of creation), is carved on a cliff face and has four towering statues of Rameses II 65 feet tall, wearing the double crown representing the unification of Upper and Lower Egypt. There are several much smaller figures that surround these statues representing various members of the pharaoh’s family and gods. The halls inside the temple have reliefs depicting various battles fought by the pharaoh and celebrations of his victories.

The temple was built with such precise orientation that twice a year (on the pharaoh’s birthday and coronation day) the sun’s rays penetrate into the innermost sanctuary of the temple illuminating the statue of the pharaoh and the gods placed there. A smaller temple nearby is dedicated to the goddess Hathor and Nefertari. The façade of this temple has six statues, two of Nefartari and four of Rameses II.

The temple at Kom-Ombo was the next stop. This temple was dedicated to the gods Horus (the god of the sky) and Sobek (the crocodile god). The walls of the temple have engravings of early medical instruments. In a chamber outside are kept of few mummified crocodiles, which I must confess made for a slightly gruesome sight.

The temple at Edfu where I went next also dates from the Greek period. Ptolemy III started this construction of this temple, which was dedicated to Horus. An unusual feature of this temple is that it was built on the west bank of the Nile since traditionally only funerary temples were built on the west bank. The reliefs in the temple depict the story of Horus avenging his father’s death by killing his uncle Set and Hathor’s visit from Dendorah to be reunited with Horus. One of the chambers in the temple was used as a library which contained sacred manuscripts.

Our last stop on the cruise was Luxor which is a city soaked in history. Luxor is situated where the ancient city of Thebes, the capital during the New Kingdom was. The day began with an exhilarating hot air balloon ride. Contrary to my expectations the hot air balloon turned out to be quite huge, with the capacity for 20 people. The balloon soared over the West Bank giving us a panoramic view of the Ramessum Temple, Hatshepsut’s temple and the undulating sands of the desert.

Later in the morning we visited the Valley of the Kings. The Valley of Kings is a complex of tombs of the pharaohs of the later dynasties. This is where the famous tomb of Tutankhamun was discovered by Howard Carter. The later pharaohs abandoned the practice of building pyramids and instead built tombs inside mountains presumably to make the job of the grave robbers a little more challenging. We visited the tombs of Rameses III, IV and IX. The reliefs on the walls of the tombs depicted scenes from the Book of Gates and the Book of the Dead. The paint on the reliefs on the walls of these tombs is quite well-preserved having survived the ravages of time quite remarkably and looking at these one can imagine how beautiful the reliefs on the temple walls and colonnades would have looked when they were painted.

Hot air balloon, Luxor

We went to the temple of Queen Hashepsut next. Hatshepsut was a co-regent along with Tuthmose III who was a minor when his father died. She was a prolific temple builder and commissioned the construction of many temples during her reign. This beautifully proportioned temple with three colonnaded levels was built into a mountain. Reliefs show Hashepsut’s expedition to Punt (in modern Somalia). The statues of the queen show her with the ceremonial false beard worn by the male pharaohs.

Our next stop was the complex of temples of Karnak. Karnak is one of the largest and most awe-inspiring temple complexes in Egypt. Part of its charm is due to the fact that it incorporates myriad styles since different structures in the complex were constructed at different times ranging from 2040 B.C. to 1640 B.C. Although a lot of the complex is in ruins it is still an impressive sight. An avenue of ram-headed sphinxes lead to the first pylon. Outside the second pylon are two massive statues of Rameses II flanking the entrance. The hypostyle hall has an impressive number of colonnades with papyrus capitals rising up into the sky. The walls and colonnades are decorated with intricate reliefs.

The far side of the complex is the oldest part and is worth a look if you have time. Here I saw ruins of chambers and colonnades on which remnants of the original reliefs were still visible. The complex contains two obelisks built by Hashepsut and Tuthmose II. The best time to visit this temple is in the evening because it gives you an opportunity to see the statues and reliefs floodlit. The beautiful lighting from below sets off the temple architecture beautifully, bathing it in a warm orange glow.

The last Egyptian temple we saw was the Luxor temple. Like the Karnak Temple an avenue of sphinxes line a causeway leading to the temple. The entrance to the temple is guarded by two statues of Rameses II and an obelisk made of red granite. The courtyard inside is flanked by colonnades with papyrus capitals.

Sadly Luxor was my final stop in Egypt, marking the end of a memorable and delightful holiday. On the way to Luxor airport I took one last look at the pylons of the Luxor Temple, happy that my vacation turned out to be so magical but gloomy at the thought I would probably never visit this enchanted land again.

The Egypt Hatshepsut Temple lies on the west bank of the Nile river to the south of the valley of Kings and Queens necropolis. It is carved into the rock and consists of three terraces.

parag.rikhav17 May 2010

Abu Simbel Temples is worth seeing, unlike other temples in Egypt, it is in phenomenal shape and it truly awes. This temple is what visitors to Egypt dream of seeing when they go there to see the wonders of Ancient Egypt. The Temple epitomizes all the Egyptians are capable of.