Abstract

Background

Bone morphogenetic protein 2 (BMP-2) is a member of the TGF-β superfamily that is closely correlated with many malignancies, particularly lung cancer. However, the effects of silenced BMP-2 on lung cancer cell proliferation and migration are not clear.

Methods

Using quantitative real-time RT-PCR, BMP-2 mRNA expression was detected in 61 non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) samples. Survival curves were generated using follow-up data. Relationships between clinical or pathological characteristics and prognosis were analyzed. Cell viability assays and transwell migration assays were used to evaluate the effects of BMP-2 silencing on cell proliferation and migration of A549 and H460 cells.

Results

BMP-2 mRNA expression was higher in NSCLC tissues compared to matched adjacent normal tissues (P < 0.01). High BMP-2 expression levels were significantly associated with the occurrence of lymph node metastases and tumor stage (P < 0.05). There were significant differences in survival curves between groups with metastatic lymph nodes and non-metastatic lymph nodes, as well as between groups with low BMP-2 expression and groups with high BMP-2 expression. In addition, we observed decreased proliferation and migration rates of the NSCLC-derived cell lines A549 and H460 that were transfected with siBMP-2 (P < 0.05).

Conclusion

BMP-2 mRNA is overexpressed in NSCLC samples and is a risk factor for survival in patients with NSCLC. BMP-2 silencing can significantly inhibit A549 and H460 cell proliferation and migration.

Virtual slides

Keywords

Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC)BMP-2siRNAProliferationMigration

Background

Lung cancer is one of the most common causes of cancer-related deaths, and its incidence is increasing [1–3]. Approximately 80% of diagnosed lung cancer cases are non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) [4, 5]. Despite improvements in diagnosis and treatment, the long-term survival rate has only marginally improved.

Bone morphogenetic protein 2 (BMP-2) was originally identified as an osteoinductive cytokine, and was subsequently reported to have an important role in cell migration, proliferation, and differentiation [6, 7]. Serum BMP-2 levels from NSCLC samples were higher compared to healthy controls, and positively correlated with poor prognosis, stage, and metastatic burden [8, 9]. BMP-2 protein expression in human NSCLC is higher than in normal lung tissue, and recombinant BMP-2 promotes cell migration and invasiveness [10]. Additionally, tumor growth was promoted in nude mice that were injected with A549 cells that were transfected with recombinant BMP-2 [11]. Finally, BMP-2 is overexpressed in the majority of lung carcinomas and stimulates the growth and progression of lung tumors [12]. However, the effects of silencing BMP-2 on lung cancer cell proliferation and migration were not clear.

In this study, we used siRNA to silence BMP-2 to observe the effect on proliferation and migration of the lung cancer cell lines A549 and H460. Moreover, we analyzed the correlation between BMP-2 mRNA expression and the clinicopathological characteristics of 61 patients with NSCLC.

Methods

Clinical sample collection

In this study, 61 patients with NSCLC from the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University were enrolled between 2003 and 2008. Patients who had recurrent or primary NSCLC but received chemoradiotherapy before surgery were excluded. Of the 61 patients, 32 were female and 29 were male. Twenty-eight cases had lymph node metastases, whereas 33 cases did not. We obtained paired NSCLC and adjacent non-tumor lung tissues (located more than 5 cm away from the tumors) from 61 patients who underwent primary surgical resection of NSCLC. All patients provided informed consent. Both tumor and non-tumor samples were confirmed as such by pathological examinations. These samples were snap-frozen in liquid nitrogen after resection. The Human Research Ethics Committee of Zhengzhou University approved this study (Table 1).

Cell counting kit-8 assays

We used the Cell Counting Kit-8 (Dojindo Laboratories, Japan) according to the manufacturer’s instructions to determine cell viability. Briefly, cells were seeded at a density of 2 × 103 cells/well in 96-well plates (in three replicate wells) and treated daily for 4 consecutive days with 10 μl/well of Cell Counting Kit-8 solution. Optical density was measured at 450 nm to estimate the number of viable cells.

Transwell migration assays

We assayed the migration ability of cells using 6.5 mm diameter transwell chambers with 8 μm membranes (Corning, USA). Twenty-four hours post-transfection, A549 and H460 cells were seeded in the upper chambers, and the bottom wells were coated with 1 mg/ml matrigel for migration assays. Media containing 10% FBS were added to the bottom chambers. After 24 h at 37°C in a 5% CO2 humidified atmosphere, cells in the upper chamber were carefully scraped off using a cotton swab, and cells that had migrated to the basal side of the membrane were fixed in methanol, stained with hematoxylin, and counted. Each test was performed in triplicate.

RNA extraction and quantitative real-time RT-PCR

We isolated total RNA from tissue samples and transfected cells using Trizol, and cDNAs were generated using AMV reverse transcriptase. BMP-2 primers were designed using Oligo 7.0 software according to the BMP-2 mRNA sequence (NM_001200). Sequences were as follows: BMP-2 forward 5′-ATAGCAGTTTCCATCACCGAA-3′, reverse 5′-ACTTCCACCACGAAT CCAT-3′; β-actin forward 5′-AAAGACCTGTACGCCAACACA-3′, reverse 5′-CGATCCACACGGAGTACTTGC-3′. Primers were synthesized by Sangon Biotech (Shanghai) Co., Ltd. Real-time RT-PCR was performed in triplicate on the ABI 7500 Fast Real-time PCR system. Cycling parameters were 35 denaturation cycles of 95°C for 15 s, annealing at 55°C for 30 s, and elongation at 72°C for 30 s. Gene expression was quantified using the comparative CT method, normalizing CT values to the housekeeping gene β-actin. After amplification, melting curve analyses were performed to ensure the specificity of the products.

Western blotting

Total protein was extracted from transfected cells, and protein concentrations were measured using Bradford assays. Protein lysates (25 μg) were subjected to SDS-PAGE. Electrophoresed proteins were transferred to nitrocellulose membranes (Whatman, USA). After blocking in 5% non-fat milk, membranes were washed at room temperature and incubated with the following primary antibodies: BMP-2 (1:1000; Santa Cruz Biotechnology, USA) and β-actin (1:1000; Santa Cruz Biotechnology). Following extensive washing, membranes were incubated for 1 h with the goat anti-rabbit horseradish peroxidase-labeled secondary antibody (1:3000; Bio-Rad, USA). An enhanced chemiluminescence substrate kit (Amersham, USA) was used to detect signals with autoradiography film (Amersham).

Statistical analyses

Statistical analyses were performed using SPSS 17.0 software (SPSS Inc., USA). Data are expressed as the mean ± standard deviation (SD). Student’s t-tests were used to compare the mean between two samples. Logistic analyses were used in the correlation of lymph node metastasis with BMP-2 mRNA expression. Follow-up data were analyzed using the Kaplan–Meier method and log-rank tests. P-values less than 0.05 were considered statistically significant.

Effects of siRNA-BMP-2 on cell proliferation

RT-PCR results showed that the mRNA expression of BMP-2 in A549 and H460 cells transfected with siBMP-2 was decreased compared to cells transfected with NC and blank control (P < 0.05, Figure 2A). Further, we examined BMP-2 protein expression using western blot analyses and found the results were consistent with the mRNA data (P < 0.05, Figure 2B). These results demonstrate the silencing effect of BMP-2 siRNA. According to the CCK-8 assay results, the absorbance of A549 and H460 cells transfected with siBMP-2 was significantly reduced after 2, 3, and 4 days compared with the control cells (NC and blank) (P < 0.05, Figure 3). These results demonstrate that silencing BMP-2 significantly inhibits A549 and H460 cell proliferation.

Figure 2

Effects of siBMP-2onBMP-2mRNA and protein expression in A549 and H460 cells. A549 and H460 cells were transfected with siBMP-2 or NC. A: BMP-2 mRNA expression in cells transfected with siBMP-2 decreased significantly compared to untransfected cells. B: BMP-2 protein expression in siBMP-2- transfected cells was lower compared to control groups (NC and blank).

Figure 3

Cell proliferation was assessed using CCK-8 assays. A549 and H460 cells were transfected with siBMP-2 or NC. Data are presented as the mean of four experiments. Compared with control groups (blank and NC), BMP-2 silencing significantly decreases proliferation of the lung carcinoma cell lines A549 (A) and H460 (B) after 2, 3, and 4 days (P < 0.05).

Effects of siBMP-2 expression on cell migration

In order to explore the effect of BMP-2 siRNA on cell migration, we performed transwell migration assays. We found that the number of siBMP-2-transfected A549 or H460 cells that traveled through the micropore membrane was lower compared to the control groups (NC and blank) (P < 0.05; Figure 4A, B). This result indicates that downregulation of BMP-2 inhibits the migratory ability of A549 and H460 cells in vitro.

Figure 4

siBMP-2inhibits cells migration. A549 and H460 cells were transfected with siBMP-2 or NC. Histograms show significantly fewer migrating cells upon transfection with siBMP-2 compared to the control groups (NC and blank) in A549 (A) and H460 (B) cells.

Discussion

Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) are members of the TGF-β superfamily and are aberrantly expressed in many types of carcinoma cells, including prostate, lung, breast, gastric, and ovarian [13–16]. BMP-2 is known to stimulate proliferation, differentiation, and migration during embryonic development [6, 17–21]. BMP-2 abrogated the fibrogenic function of TGF-β in pancreatic stellate cells via the Smad1 signaling pathway [22]. Moreover, high concentrations of BMP-2 strongly enhanced gastric cancer cell motility and invasiveness [23]. BMP-2 upregulation caused epithelial dysfunction and hyperpermeability [24], and enhanced the neovascularization of developing lung tumors. BMP-2 is aberrantly expressed in approximately 98% of lung carcinomas [25]. BMP-2 is highly overexpressed in human NCSLC compared with normal lung tissue and benign lung tumors, and high BMP-2 levels enhanced tumor cell migration and invasion, thereby promoting tumor growth [10, 11, 26, 27]. Thus, these data indicate that BMP-2 has important biological activity in lung carcinomas and a potential marker of lung carcinomas. Up to now, several lung carcinomas potential markers had reported, such as Tiam1, MAT3, DNA methylome [28–30].

In this study, we observed that the mRNA expression of BMP-2 in tumor tissue was significantly higher than in matched adjacent normal tissues (P < 0.01). Furthermore, we found that BMP-2 expression was related to lymph node metastasis, tumor stage, and survival time. These results suggest that BMP-2 may play a role in tumor metastasis.

High levels of BMP-2 promote tumorigenesis. However, downregulation of BMP-2 reduced tumor growth. For example, inhibition of BMP-2 activity using either recombinant Noggin or a BMP-2 antibody caused a reduction in lung tumor growth [10]. Blocking BMP signaling with the inhibitor DMH1 reduced lung cell proliferation, promoted cell death, and decreased cell migration and invasion in NSCLC cells [31]. BMP-2 knockdown by adenovirus inhibited growth and invasion of human lung adenocarcinoma cells by blocking PI3K/AKT signaling [32]. In this study, we suppressed BMP-2 activity by siRNA. These data show that suppressing BMP-2 expression significantly inhibited lung tumor cell proliferation and migration (Figures 3 and 4). This outcome is in accordance with previous studies and further confirms the biological function of BMP-2 in lung cancer.

Previous studies of BMP-2 have focused on the expression of BMP-2 in tumor tissues and its function in tumor cell proliferation, invasion, and migration. However, for the first time, we investigated and assessed the relationship between BMP-2 expression and clinicopathological characteristics. Our analyses found significant correlations between BMP-2 expression and lymph node metastasis, TNM stage, tumor stage, and survival time (Figure 1). Transwell migration assays also showed that the number of siBMP-2-transfected cells that migrated decreased. This result suggests that BMP-2 expression is closely related to lung tumor metastasis.

Conclusion

In summary, our data show that BMP-2 silencing in the lung cancer cell lines A549 and H460 suppressed their proliferation and migration, thereby suggesting that BMP-2 might be a novel therapeutic strategy for human NSCLC.

Abbreviations

NSCLC:

Non-small-cell lung cancers

BMP-2:

Bone morphogenetic protein 2.

Declarations

Competing interests

The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

Authors’ contributions

GJZ, HYC and GQZ: conceived of the study, and participated in its design and coordination and helped to draft the manuscript. HYC, HLL, YB, FRZ, RRC, SSC and YYW: collected the samples. HYC, HLL, HQW, XNC and PL: carried out part of experiments and wrote the manuscript. HYC, YYW, GJZ and GQZ performed the statistical analysis. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

Authors’ Affiliations

(1)

Department of Respiratory Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China

Copyright

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