or reporters covering the insurance industry many things have changed since the Insurance Information Institute (I.I.I.) published its first Handbook for Reporters in 1993. Stories about insurance, once relegated to the back pages of the business section, now often appear prominently, even on the front page, as readers become more concerned about personal finance issues and about having enough insurance in the event of a major hurricane or other catastrophe. Readers are also more sophisticated today. They want to know what’s behind current events and trends. They also are increasingly savvy in accessing their news in a variety of ways, from newspapers to Web sites to podcasts. Over the past 15 years insurers have become part of a much broader industry—financial services—and many companies have expanded their product lines. Long a primary source of information, analysis and referral on property/ casualty insurance issues, the I.I.I. has broadened its reach. Today, the I.I.I. is also a leading source for clear, comprehensive information on annuities, retirement and other life/health insurance concerns. To make the reporter’s job easier, we have greatly expanded the Handbook. We have added a section with basic information on the various types of insurance, including auto, home, life, annuities and long-term care. The glossary section contains over 500 entries, including over 100 life insurance definitions provided by LOMA, a worldwide association of life and financial services companies. The directory of organizations section provides a comprehensive listing of sources for information on a wide variety of topics and issues, ranging from disaster mitigation to insurance fraud to workers compensation. The Handbook is designed to be used in conjunction with the Institute’s other information resources: our Web site (www.iii.org), which provides comprehensive information on all aspects of insurance, and our various publications, including the Insurance Fact Book, the Financial Services Fact Book and A Firm Foundation: How Insurance Supports the Economy. Media representatives may obtain free copies of all three books by calling the I.I.I. at 212-346-5500.

There are three main types of insurance. Property/casualty consists mainly of auto, home and commercial insurance. Life/health consists mainly of traditional life insurance and annuity products. Both of these sectors include some health insurance. The third sector, health insurance, includes products from private health insurers, as well as government programs.

Regulation
Insurance is regulated by the states, with each state having its own set of statutes and rules. State insurance departments oversee insurer solvency, review market conduct, rule on requests for rate increases for coverage, among other things. The National Association of Insurance Commissioners develops model rules and regulations for the industry, many of which must be approved by state legislatures before they can be implemented. The McCarran-Ferguson Act, passed by Congress in 1945, provides the insurance industry with a limited exemption to federal antitrust laws, allowing certain activities such as joint development of common insurance forms. The act confirms state regulation of the insurance industry as being in the public interest. However, there have been challenges to state regulation, including proposals for a federal role in creating a more uniform system and allowing insurers the choice of a federal or state charter similar to banks.

Accounting
Insurers are required to use statutory accounting principles (SAP) when filing annual financial reports with state regulators and the Internal Revenue Service. The SAP system is more conservative than generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP), as defined by the Financial Accounting Standards Board. GAAP standards are widely used by most other industries in the United States.

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INSURANCE BASICS

Auto Insurance Basics

Auto insurance is a contract between the policyholder and the insurance company. The policyholder agrees to pay the premium and the insurance company agrees to pay losses as defined in the policy. Auto insurance provides property, liability and medical coverage: • Property coverage pays for damage to, or theft of, the car. • Liability coverage pays for the policyholder’s legal responsibility to others for bodily injury or property damage. • Medical coverage pays for the cost of treating injuries, rehabilitation and sometimes lost wages and funeral expenses. Most states require drivers to have auto liability insurance before they can legally drive a car. (Liability insurance pays the other driver’s medical, car repair and other costs when the policyholder is at fault in an auto accident.) All states have laws that set the minimum amounts of insurance or other financial security drivers have to pay for the harm caused by their negligence behind the wheel if an accident occurs. Most auto policies are for six months to a year. A basic auto insurance policy is comprised of six different kinds of coverage, each of which is priced separately (see below). 1. Bodily Injury Liability This coverage applies to injuries that the policyholder and family members listed on the policy cause to someone else. These individuals are also covered when driving other peoples’ cars with permission. As motorists in serious accidents may be sued for large amounts, drivers can opt to buy more than the state-required minimum to protect personal assets such as homes and savings. 2. Medical Payments or Personal Injury Protection (PIP) This coverage pays for the treatment of injuries to the driver and passengers of the policyholder’s car. At its broadest, PIP can cover medical payments, lost wages and the cost of replacing services normally performed by someone injured in an auto accident. It may also cover funeral costs. 3. Property Damage Liability This coverage pays for damage policyholders (or someone driving the car with their permission) may cause to someone else’s property. Usually, this means damage to someone else’s car, but it also includes damage to lamp posts, telephone poles, fences, buildings or other structures hit in an accident. 4. Collision This coverage pays for damage to the policyholder’s car resulting from a collision with another car, object or as a result of flipping over. It also covers damage caused by potholes. Collision coverage is generally sold with a deductible of $250 to $1,000—the higher the deductible, the lower the premium. Even if policyholders are at fault for an accident, collision coverage will reimburse them for the costs of repairing the car, minus the deductible. If the policyholder is not at fault, the insurance
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company may try to recover the amount it paid from the other driver’s insurance company. If the company is successful, policyholders will also be reimbursed for the deductible. 5. Comprehensive This coverage reimburses for loss due to theft or damage caused by something other than a collision with another car or object, such as fire, falling objects, missiles, explosions, earthquakes, windstorms, hail, flood, vandalism and riots, or contact with animals such as birds or deer. Comprehensive insurance is usually sold with a $100 to $300 deductible, though policyholders may opt for a higher deductible as a way of lowering their premium. Comprehensive insurance may also reimburse the policyholder if a windshield is cracked or shattered. Some companies offer separate glass coverage with or without a deductible. States do not require the purchase of collision or comprehensive coverage, but lenders may insist borrowers carry it until a car loan is paid off. 6. Uninsured and Underinsured Motorist Coverage Uninsured motorist coverage will reimburse the policyholder, a member of the family or a designated driver if one of them is hit by an uninsured or a hit-and-run driver. Underinsured motorist coverage comes into play when an at-fault driver has insufficient insurance to pay for the other driver’s total loss. This coverage will also protect a policyholder who is hit while a pedestrian.

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Homeowners Insurance Basics

Homeowners insurance is a package policy. This means that it covers both damage to property and liability or legal responsibility for any injuries and property damage policyholders or their families cause to other people. This includes damage caused by household pets. Damage caused by most disasters is covered but there are exceptions. Standard homeowners policies do not cover flooding, earthquakes or poor maintenance. Flood coverage is provided by the federal government’s National Flood Insurance Program, although it is purchased from an insurance agent. Earthquake coverage is available either in the form of an endorsement or as a separate policy. Most maintenancerelated problems are the homeowners’ responsibility. A standard homeowners insurance policy includes four essential types of coverage. They include: 1. Coverage for the structure of the home This part of a policy pays to repair or rebuild a home if it is damaged or destroyed by fire, hurricane, hail, lightning or other disaster listed in the policy. It will not pay for damage caused by a flood, earthquake or routine wear and tear. Most standard policies also cover structures that are not attached to a house such as a garage, tool shed or gazebo. 2. Coverage for personal belongings Furniture, clothes, sports equipment and other personal items are covered if they are stolen or destroyed by fire, hurricane or other insured disaster. Most companies provide coverage for 50 to 70 percent of the amount of insurance on the structure of a home. This part of the policy includes off-premises coverage. This means that belongings are covered anywhere in the world, unless the policyholder has decided against off-premises coverage. Expensive items like jewelry, furs and silverware are covered, but there are usually dollar limits if they are stolen. To insure these items to their full value, individuals can purchase a special personal property endorsement or floater and insure the item for its appraised value. Trees, plants and scrubs are also covered under standard homeowners insurance—generally up to about $500 per item. Perils covered are theft, fire, lightning, explosion, vandalism, riot and even falling aircraft. They are not covered for damage by wind or disease. 3. Liability protection Liability covers against lawsuits for bodily injury or property damage that policyholders or family members cause to other people. It also pays for damage caused by pets. The liability portion of the policy pays for both the cost of defending the policyholder in court and any court awards—up to the limit of the policy. Coverage is not just in the home but extends to anywhere in the world. Liability limits generally start at about $100,000. An umbrella or excess liability policy, which provides broader coverage, including claims for libel and slander, as well as higher liability limits, can be added to the policy.
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4. Additional living expenses This pays the additional costs of living away from home if a house is inhabitable due to damage from a fire, storm or other insured disaster. It covers hotel bills, restaurant meals and other living expenses incurred while the home is being rebuilt. Coverage for additional living expenses differs from company to company.

Types of Homeowners Insurance Policies
The different types of homeowners policies are fairly standard throughout the country. However, individual states and companies may offer policies that are slightly different or go by other names such as “standard” or “deluxe.” The one exception is the state of Texas, where policies vary somewhat from policies in other states. The Texas Insurance Department (http://www.tdi.state.tx.us ) has detailed information on its various homeowners policies. People who own the home they live in have several policies to choose from. The most popular policy is the HO-3. It provides coverage for the structure of the home and personal belongings as well as personal liability coverage. It also provides the broadest coverage, protecting against 16 disasters or perils listed below. • Fire or lightning • Windstorm or hail • Explosion • Riot or civil commotion • Damage caused by aircraft • Damage caused by vehicles • Smoke • Vandalism or malicious mischief • Theft • Volcanic eruption • Falling object • Weight of ice, snow or sleet • Accidental discharge or overflow of water or steam from within a plumbing, heating, air conditioning, or automatic fire-protective sprinkler system, or from a household appliance • Sudden and accidental tearing apart, cracking, burning, or bulging of a steam or hot water heating system, an air conditioning or automatic fire-protective system • Freezing of a plumbing, heating, air conditioning or automatic, fire-protective sprinkler system, or of a household appliance • Sudden and accidental damage from artificially generated electrical current (does not include loss to a tube, transistor or similar electronic component)

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Owners of multifamily homes generally purchase an HO-3 with an endorsement to cover the risks associated with having renters live in their houses. Other types of policies for home owners are the HO2, which provides more limited coverage, the HO-1, a bare bones policy that is not widely available, and the HO-8, designed for older homes. There is also a version of the HO-2 designed for mobile homes. The HO4-policy was created specifically for those who rent the home they live in. It covers a policyholder’s belongings against all 16 perils. It also provides personal liability coverage for damage the policyholder or dependents may cause to third parties. The HO-6 policy was designed for owners of condominium and cooperative units. It provides coverage for belongings and the structural parts of the condominium or co-op that the policyholder owns. It protects against all 16 perils and provides personal liability coverage. Both cover additional living expenses.

Levels of Coverage
There are three coverage options. 1. Actual Cash Value This policy pays to replace the home or possessions minus a deduction for depreciation. 2. Replacement Cost This policy pays the cost of rebuilding or repairing the home or replacing possessions without a deduction for depreciation. 3. Guaranteed/Extended Replacement Cost This policy offers the highest level of protection. A guaranteed replacement cost policy pays whatever it costs to rebuild the home as it was before the fire or other disaster—even if it exceeds the policy limit. This gives protection against sudden increases in construction costs due to a shortage of building materials after a widespread disaster or other unexpected situations. It generally won’t cover the cost of upgrading the house to comply with current building codes. However, an endorsement (or an addition to) the policy called Ordinance or Law can help pay for these additional costs. Some insurance companies offer an extended, rather than a guaranteed, replacement cost policy. An extended policy pays a certain percentage over the limit to rebuild the home. Generally, it is 20 to 25 percent more than the limit of the policy. For example, if homeowners take out a policy for $100,000, they can get up to an extra $20,000 or $25,000 of coverage. Guaranteed and extended replacement cost policies are more expensive; but they offer the best financial protection against disasters for a home. These coverages, however, may not be available in all states or from all companies. Replacement cost coverage is available for the structure of the home, but only actual cash value coverage is available for possessions.

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Small Business Insurance Basics

Insurers often combine a number of insurance coverages into a package that is sold as a single contract. The most common policy for small businesses is the Businessowners Policy (BOP). The BOP combines coverage for all major property and liability insurance risks as well as many additional coverages into one package policy suitable for most small businesses. The term “BOP” specifically refers to insurance policy language developed (and revised as needed) by experts at ISO. ISO provides sample insurance policy language, research and a variety of other products to insurance companies. The BOP includes business income insurance, sometimes called business interruption insurance. This compensates a business owner for income lost following a disaster. Disasters typically disrupt operations and may force a business to vacate its premises. Business income insurance also covers the extra expense that may be incurred if a business must operate out of a temporary location. To cover specific risks associated with a business, a variety of additional coverages may be added to the basic BOP. For example, if a business has an outdoor sign, the BOP doesn’t cover it unless coverage is specifically added for an additional premium. If a business relies on electronic commerce, the owner can add coverage for lost income and extra expenses in the event the ability of the business to conduct e-commerce is slowed down or stopped due to a computer virus or hacker. Only small- to medium-sized businesses that meet certain criteria are eligible for a BOP. Factors insurers consider include the size of the premises, the required limits of liability, the type of business and the extent of offsite activity. Premiums for BOP policies are based on those factors plus business location, financial stability, building construction, security features and fire hazards.

Major Coverages
Most small businesses need to purchase at least the following four types of insurance. 1. Property Insurance Property insurance compensates a business if the property used in the business is lost or damaged as the result of various types of common perils, such as fire or theft. Property insurance covers not just a building or structure but also what insurers refer to as personal property, meaning office furnishings, inventory, raw materials, machinery, computers and other items vital to a business’s operations. Depending on the type of policy, property insurance may include coverage for equipment breakdown, removal of debris after a fire or other destructive event, some types of water damage and other losses. It may also provide operating funds during a period when the business is trying to get back on track after a catastrophic loss. 2. Liability Insurance Any enterprise can be sued. Customers may claim that the business caused them harm as the result of, for example, a defective product, an error in a service or disregard for
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another person’s property. Or a claimant may allege that the business created a hazardous environment. Liability insurance pays damages for which the business is found liable, up to the policy limits, as well as attorneys’ fees and other legal defense expenses. It also pays the medical bills of any people injured by, or on the premises of, the business. 3. Business Auto Insurance A business auto policy provides coverage for autos owned by a business. The insurance pays any costs to third parties resulting from bodily injury or property damage for which the business is legally liable, up to the policy limits. 4. Workers Compensation Insurance In all states but Texas an employer must have workers compensation insurance when there are more than a certain number of employees, varying from three to five, depending on the state. Workers comp insurance, as this coverage is generally called, pays for medical care and replaces a portion of lost wages for an employee who is injured in the course of employment, regardless of who was at fault for the injury. When a worker dies as a result of injuries sustained while working, the insurance provides compensation to the employee’s family. An extremely small business, such as one operated by one or two people out of a home, may not need workers compensation insurance. But it often needs more property and liability insurance than is provided in a typical homeowners policy.

Other Types of Business Coverages
1. Errors and Omissions Insurance/Professional Liability Some businesses involve services such as giving advice, making recommendations, designing things, providing physical care or representing the needs of others, which can lead to being sued by customers, clients or patients claiming that the business’s failure to perform a job properly has injured them. Errors and omissions or professional liability insurance covers these situations. The policy will pay any judgment for which the insured is legally liable, up to the policy limit. It also provides legal defense costs, even when there has been no wrongdoing. 2. Employment Practices Liability Insurance Employment practices liability insurance covers (up to the policy limits) damages for which an employer is legally liable such as violating an employee’s civil or other legal rights. In addition to paying a judgment for which the insured is liable, it also provides legal defense costs, which can be substantial even when there has been no wrongdoing.

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3. Directors and Officers Liability Insurance Directors and officers liability insurance protects directors and officers of corporations or not-for-profit organizations if there is a lawsuit claiming they managed the business or organization without proper regard for the rights of others. The policy will pay any judgment for which the insured is legally liable, up to the policy limit. It also provides for legal defense costs, even where there has been no wrongdoing. 4. Key Employee Insurance Life or disability income insurance can compensate a business when certain key employees die or become disabled. These coverages cushion some of the adverse financial impact that results from losing a key employee’s participation. 5. Umbrella Policies As the name implies, an umbrella liability policy provides coverage over and above a business’s other liability coverages. It is designed to protect against unusually high losses. It provides protection when the policy limits of one of the underlying policies have been used up. For a typical business, the umbrella policy would provide protection beyond the general liability and auto liability policies. If a company has employment practices liability insurance, directors and officers liability, or other types of liability insurance, the umbrella could provide protection beyond those policy limits as well.

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Life Insurance Basics

Many financial experts consider life insurance to be the cornerstone of sound financial planning. It can be an important tool in the following situations: 1. Replace income for dependents If people depend on an individual’s income, life insurance can replace that income if the person dies. The most common example of this is parents with young children. Insurance to replace income can be especially useful if the government- or employersponsored benefits of the surviving spouse or domestic partner will be reduced after their companion dies. 2. Pay final expenses Life insurance can pay funeral and burial costs, probate and other estate administration costs, debts and medical expenses not covered by health insurance. 3. Create an inheritance for heirs Even those with no other assets to pass on, can create an inheritance by buying a life insurance policy and naming their heirs as beneficiaries. 4. Pay federal “death” taxes and state “death” taxes Life insurance benefits can pay for estate taxes so that heirs will not have to liquidate other assets or take a smaller inheritance. Changes in the federal “death” tax rules between now and January 1, 2011 will likely lessen the impact of this tax on some people, but some states are offsetting those federal decreases with increases in their state-level estate taxes. 5. Make significant charitable contributions By making a charity the beneficiary of their life insurance policies, individuals can make a much larger contribution than if they donated the cash equivalent of the policy’s premiums. 6. Create a source of savings Some types of life insurance create a cash value that, if not paid out as a death benefit, can be borrowed or withdrawn on the owner’s request. Since most people make paying their life insurance policy premiums a high priority, buying a cash-value type policy can create a kind of “forced” savings plan. Furthermore, the interest credited is tax deferred (and tax exempt if the money is paid as a death claim).

Types of Life Insurance
There are two major types of life insurance—term and whole life. 1. Term Life Term insurance is the simplest form of life insurance. It pays only if death occurs during the term of the policy, which is usually from one to 30 years. Most term policies have no other benefit provisions. There are two basic types of term life insurance policies—level
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term and decreasing term. Level term means that the death benefit stays the same throughout the duration of the policy. Decreasing term means that the death benefit drops, usually in one-year increments, over the course of the policy’s term. 2. Whole Life/Permanent Life Whole life or permanent insurance pays a death benefit whenever the policyholder dies. There are three major types of whole life or permanent life insurance—traditional whole life, universal life, and variable universal life, and there are variations within each type. In the case of traditional whole life, both the death benefit and the premium are designed to stay the same (level) throughout the life of the policy. The cost per $1,000 of benefit increases as the insured person ages, and it obviously gets very high when the insured lives to 80 and beyond. The insurance company keeps the premium level by charging a premium that, in the early years, is higher than what is needed to pay claims, investing that money, and then using it to supplement the level premium to help pay the cost of life insurance for older people. By law, when these “overpayments” reach a certain amount, they must be available to the policyholder as a cash value if he or she decides not to continue with the original plan. The cash value is an alternative, not an additional, benefit under the policy. 3. Universal Life Universal life, also known as adjustable life, allows more flexibility than traditional whole life policies. The savings vehicle (called a cash value account) generally earns a money market rate of interest. After money has accumulated in the account, the policyholder will also have the option of altering premium payments—providing there is enough money in the account to cover the costs. 4. Variable Life Variable life policies combine death protection with a savings account that can be invested in stocks, bonds and money market mutual funds. The value of the policy may grow more quickly, but involves more risk. If investments do not perform well, the cash value and death benefit may decrease. Some policies, however, guarantee that the death benefit will not fall below a minimum level. Another variant, universal variable life, combines the features of variable and universal life policies. It has the investment risks and rewards characteristic of variable life insurance, coupled with the ability to adjust premiums and death benefits that is characteristic of universal life insurance.

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Annuities Basics

Annuities are financial products intended to enhance retirement security. An annuity is an agreement for one person or organization to pay another a series of payments. Usually the term “annuity” relates to a contract between an individual and a life insurance company. There are many categories of annuities. They can be classified by: • Nature of the underlying investment – fixed or variable • Primary purpose – accumulation or pay-out (deferred or immediate) • Nature of payout commitment – fixed period, fixed amount or lifetime • Tax status – qualified or nonqualified • Premium payment arrangement – single premium or flexible premium An annuity can be classified in several of these categories at once. For example, an individual might buy a nonqualified single premium deferred variable annuity. In general, annuities have the following features: 1. Tax deferral on investment earnings Many investments are taxed year by year, but the investment earnings—capital gains and investment income—in annuities aren’t taxable until the investor withdraws money. This tax deferral is also true of 401(k) s and IRAs; however, unlike these products, there are no limits on the amount one can put into an annuity. Moreover, the minimum withdrawal requirements for annuities are much more liberal than they are for 401(k)s and IRAs. 2. Protection from creditors People who own an immediate annuity (that is, who are receiving money from an insurance company), are afforded some protection from creditors. Generally the most that creditors can access is the payments as they are made, since the money the annuity owner gave the insurance company now belongs to the company. Some state statutes and court decisions also protect some or all of the payments from those annuities. 3. An array of investment options Many annuity companies offer a variety of investment options. For example, individuals can invest in a fixed annuity that credits a specified interest rate, similar to a bank Certificate of Deposit (CD). If they buy a variable annuity, their money can be invested in stocks, bonds or mutual funds. In recent years, annuity companies have created various types of “floors” that limit the extent of investment decline from an increasing reference point. 4. Taxfree transfers among investment options In contrast to mutual funds and other investments made with aftertax money, with annuities there are no tax consequences if owners change how their funds are invested. This can be particularly valuable if they are using a strategy called “rebalancing,”

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which is recommended by many financial advisors. Under rebalancing, investors shift their investments periodically to return them to the proportions that represent the risk/return combination most appropriate for the investor’s situation. 5. Lifetime income A lifetime immediate annuity converts an investment into a stream of payments that last until the annuity owner dies. In concept, the payments come from three “pockets”: The original investment, investment earnings and money from a pool of people in the investors group who do not live as long as actuarial tables forecast. The pooling is unique to annuities, and it’s what enables annuity companies to be able to guarantee a lifetime income. 6. Benefits to heirs There is a common apprehension that if an individual starts an immediate lifetime annuity and dies soon after that, the insurance company keeps all of the investment in the annuity. To prevent this situation individuals can buy a “guaranteed period” with the immediate annuity. A guaranteed period commits the insurance company to continue payments after the owner dies to one or more designated beneficiaries; the payments continue to the end of the stated guaranteed period—usually 10 or 20 years (measured from when the owner started receiving the annuity payments). Moreover, annuity benefits that pass to beneficiaries don’t go through probate and aren’t governed by the annuity owner’s will.

Types of Annuities
Fixed annuities In a fixed annuity, the insurance company guarantees the principal and a minimum rate of interest. In other words, the money in a fixed annuity will grow and will not drop in value. The growth of the annuity’s value and/or the benefits paid may be fixed at a dollar amount or by an interest rate, or may grow by a specified formula. The growth of the annuity’s value and/or the benefits paid does not depend directly or entirely on the performance of the investments the insurance company makes to support the annuity. Some fixed annuities credit a higher interest rate than the minimum, via a policy dividend that may be declared by the company’s board of directors, if the company’s actual investment, expense and mortality experience is more favorable than was expected. Fixed annuities are regulated by state insurance departments. An equity indexed annuity is a type of fixed annuity, but looks like a hybrid. It credits a minimum rate of interest, just as a fixed annuity does, but its value is also based on the performance of a specified stock index—usually computed as a fraction of that index’s total return. A market-value adjusted annuity is one that combines two desirable features— the ability to select and fix the time period and interest rate over which the annuity will grow, and the flexibility to withdraw money from the annuity before the end of the time period selected. This withdrawal flexibility is achieved by adjusting the
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annuity’s value, up or down, to reflect the change in the general level of interest rates from the start of the selected time period to the time of withdrawal. Variable annuities Money in a variable annuity is invested in a fund—like a mutual fund but one open only to investors in the insurance company’s variable life insurance and variable annuities. The fund has a particular investment objective, and the value of the money in a variable annuity—and the amount of money to be paid out—is determined by the investment performance (net of expenses) of that fund. Most variable annuities are structured to offer investors many different fund alternatives. Variable annuities are regulated by state insurance departments and the federal Securities and Exchange Commission. The following annunities are available in fixed or variable form. 1. Deferred annuities A deferred annuity is designed to collect premiums and accrue investment income over an extended period for payout at a later time—for example, when an individual retires. Deferred annuities, also referred to as investment annuities, are available in fixed or variable forms. 2. Immediate annuities An immediate annuity is designed to start paying an income one time period after the immediate annuity is bought. The time period depends on how often the income is to be paid. For example, if the income is monthly, the first payment comes one month after the immediate annuity is bought. Immediate annuities are also available in fixed or variable forms 3. Fixed period annuities A fixed period annuity pays an income for a specified period of time, such as ten years. The amount that is paid doesn’t depend on the age (or continued life) of the person who buys the annuity; the payments depend instead on the amount paid into the annuity, the length of the payout period, and (if it’s a fixed annuity) an interest rate that the insurance company believes it can support for the length of the payout period. 4. Lifetime annuities A lifetime annuity provides income for the remaining life of a person (called the “annuitant”). A variation of lifetime annuities continues income until the second one of two annuitants dies. No other type of financial product can promise to do this. The amount that is paid depends on the age of the annuitant (or ages, if it’s a two-life annuity), the amount paid into the annuity, and (if it’s a fixed annuity) an interest rate that the insurance company believes it can support for the length of the expected payout period.

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5. Qualified annuities A qualified annuity is one used to invest and disburse money in a tax-favored retirement plan, such as an IRA or Keogh plan or plans governed by Internal Revenue Code sections 401(k), 403(b) or 457. Under the terms of the plan, money paid into the annuity is not included in taxable income for the year in which it is paid. All other tax provisions that apply to nonqualified annuities also apply to qualified annuities. 6. Nonqualified annuities A nonqualified annuity is one purchased separately from, or “outside of,” a taxfavored retirement plan. Investment earnings of all annuities, qualified and nonqualified, are tax-deferred until they are withdrawn; at that point they are treated as taxable income (regardless of whether they came from selling capital at a gain or from dividends). 7. Single premium annuities A single premium annuity is an annuity funded by a single payment. The payment might be invested for growth for a long period of time—a single premium deferred annuity—or invested for a short time, after which the payout begins—a single premium immediate annuity. Single premium annuities are often funded by rollovers or from the sale of an appreciated asset. 8. Flexible premium annuities A flexible premium annuity is an annuity that is intended to be funded by a series of payments. Flexible premium annuities are only deferred annuities; that is, they are designed to have a significant period of payments into the annuity plus investment growth before any money is withdrawn from them.

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Long-Term Care Insurance Basics

Long-term care insurance pays for services to help individuals who are unable to perform certain activities of daily living without assistance, or require supervision due to a cognitive impairment such as Alzheimer’s disease.

Features of long-term care policies
The best policies pay for care in a nursing home, assisted living facility, or at home. Benefits are typically expressed in daily amounts, with a lifetime maximum. Some policies pay half as much per day for at-home care as for nursing home care. Others pay the same amount, or have a “pool of benefits” that can be used as needed.

Criteria for the beginning of payments
The policy should state the various conditions that must be met. They can include: 1. The inability to perform two or three specific “activities of daily living” without help These include bathing, dressing, eating, toileting and “transferring” or being able to move from place to place or between a bed and a chair. 2. Cognitive impairment Most policies cover stroke and Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s disease, but other forms of mental incapacity may be excluded. 3. Medical necessity, or certification by a doctor that long-term care is necessary Most policies have a “waiting period” or “elimination” period. This is a period that begins when an individual first needs long-term care and lasts as long as the policy provides. During the waiting period, the policy will not pay benefits. The policy pays only for expenses that occur after the waiting period is over, if the policyholder continues to need care. In general, the longer the waiting period, the lower the premium for the long-term care policy. Benefit periods for long term care may range from two years to lifetime. Premiums can be kept down by electing coverage for three to four years—longer than the average nursing home stay—instead of lifetime. Most long-term care policies pay on a reimbursement (or expense-incurred) basis, up to the policy limits. In other words, if the policy has a $150 per day benefit, but the policyholder spends only $130 per day for a home long-term care provider, the policy will pay only $130. The “extra” $20 each day will, in some policies, go into a “pool” of unused funds that can be used to extend the length of time for which the policy will pay benefits. Other policies pay on an indemnity basis. Using the same example as above, an indemnity policy would pay $150 per day as long as the insured needs and receives long-term care services, regardless of the actual outlay.

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Long-Term Care Insurance Basics

Inflation protection is an important feature, especially for people under the age of 65, who are buying benefits that they may not use for 20 years or more. A good inflation provision compounds benefits at 5 percent a year. Without inflation protection, even 3 percent annual inflation will, over 24 years, reduce the purchasing power of a $150 daily benefit to the equivalent of $75.

Six other important policy provisions
1. Elimination period Under some policies, if the insured has qualifying long-term care expenses on one day during a seven-day period, he or she will be credited with having satisfied seven days toward the elimination period. This type of provision reflects the way home care is often delivered—some days by professionals and some days by family members. 2. Guaranteed renewable policies These must be renewed by the insurance company, although premiums can go up if they are increased for an entire class of policyholders. 3. Waiver of premium This provision ensures that no further premiums are due once the policyholder starts to receive benefits. 4. Third-party notification This provision stipulates that a relative, friend or professional adviser will be notified if the policyholder forgets to pay a premium. 5. Nonforfeiture benefits These benefits keep a lesser amount of insurance in force if the policyholder lets the coverage lapse. This provision is required by some states. 6. Restoration of benefits This provision ensures that maximum benefits are put back in place if the policyholder receives benefits for a time, then recovers and goes for a specified period (typically six months) without receiving benefits.

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INSURANCE BASICS

Disability Insurance Basics

Forty-three percent of all people age 40 will have a long-term disability (lasting 90 days or more) by age 65. Disability income insurance, which complements health insurance, can replace lost income if a worker becomes disabled and unable to work as a result of an accident or illness. There are three basic ways to replace income. 1. Employer-paid disability insurance This is required in most states. Most employers provide some short-term sick leave. Many larger employers provide long-term disability coverage as well, typically with benefits of up to 60 percent of salary lasting for a period of up to five years until the age of 65, and in some cases extended for life. 2. Social Security disability benefits This is paid to workers whose disability is expected to last at least 12 months and is so severe that no gainful employment can be performed. 3. Individual disability income insurance policies Other limited replacement income is available for workers under some circumstances from workers compensation (if the injury or illness is job-related), auto insurance (if disability results from an auto accident) and the Department of Veterans Affairs. For most workers, even those with some employer-paid coverage, an individual disability income policy is the best way to ensure adequate income in the event of disability. Workers who buy a private disability income policy can expect to replace from 50 percent to 70 percent of income. Disability benefits paid out on individual disability policies are not taxed; benefits from employer-paid policies are subject to income tax.

Types of Disability Insurance
There are two types of disability policies: Short-Term Disability (STD) and LongTerm Disability (LTD). STD policies have a waiting period of 0 to 14 days with a maximum benefit period of no longer than two years. LTD policies have a waiting period of several weeks to several months with a maximum benefit period ranging from a few years to the rest of the policyholder’s life. Disability policies have two different protection features. Noncancelable means the policy cannot be canceled by the insurance company, except for nonpayment of premiums. This gives the policyholder the right to renew the policy every year without an increase in the premium or a reduction in benefits. Guaranteed renewable gives the policyholder the right to renew the policy with the same benefits and not have the policy canceled by the company. However, the insurer has the right to increase premiums as long as it does so for all other policyholders in the same rating class.

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There are several options that can be added to a traditional disability policy. 1. Additional purchase options The insurance company gives the policyholder the right to buy additional insurance at a later time. 2. Coordination of benefits The amount of benefits policyholders receive from their insurance companies is dependent on other benefits they receive because of the disability. The policy specifies a target amount the policyholder will receive from all the policies combined and will make up the difference not paid by other policies. 3. Cost of living adjustment (COLA) The COLA increases disability benefits over time based on the increased cost of living measured by the Consumer Price Index. Policyholders will pay a higher premium if they select the COLA. 4. Residual or partial disability rider This provision allows workers to return to work part-time, collecting part of their salaries and receiving a partial disability payment if they are still partially disabled. 5. Return of premium This provision requires the insurance company to refund part of the premium if no claims are made for a specific period of time declared in the policy. 6. Waiver of premium provision This clause means that the policyholder does not have to pay premiums on the policy after he or she is disabled for 90 days.

Factors Affecting the Choice of a Disability Policy
1. The definition of disability Some policies pay benefits if workers are unable to perform the customary duties of their own occupations. Others pay only if workers are unable to perform any job suitable for their education and experience. Some policies define disability in terms of workers’ own occupation for an initial period of two or three years and then continue to pay benefits only if they are unable to perform any occupation. “Own occupation” policies are more desirable, but more expensive. 2. Benefit period The benefit period is the amount of time policyholders will receive monthly benefits during their lifetimes. Experts usually recommend that the policy pay benefits until at least age 65, at which point Social Security disability will take over.

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Disability Insurance Basics

3. Replacement percentage Many policies will replace from 60 to 70 percent of total taxable earnings. A higher replacement percentage, if available, is more expensive. 4. Coverage for disability resulting from either accidental injury or illness An “accident-only” policy is less expensive but provides very limited protection. 5. Transition benefits This provision can offset financial loss during a post-disability period of rebuilding a business or professional practice.

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ry

401(K) PLAN An employer-sponsored retirement savings plan funded by employee contributions, which may or may not be matched by the employer. Federal laws allow employees to invest pretax dollars, up to a stated maximum each year. *403(B) PLAN In the United States, an arrangement that allows not-for-profit employers and their employees to make contributions to a tax-deferred retirement savings plan established for the benefit of employees. 529 SAVINGS PLANS State-administered plans designed to encourage households to save for college education. Named after a part of the Internal Revenue tax code, these saving plans allow earnings to accumulate free of federal income tax and sometimes to be withdrawn to pay for college

costs taxfree. There are two types of plans: savings and prepaid tuition. Plan assets are managed either by the state’s treasurer or an outside investment company. Most offer a range of investment options. A A-SHARE VARIABLE ANNUITY A form of variable annuity contract where the contract holder pays sales charges up front rather than eventually having to pay a surrender charge. *ABSOLUTE ASSIGNMENT An irrevocable transfer of complete ownership of a life insurance policy or an annuity from one party to another. Contrast with collateral assignment. (See Assignment)

ACCELERATED DEATH BENEFITS A life insurance policy option that provides policy proceeds to insured individuals over their lifetimes, in the event of a terminal illness. This is in lieu of a traditional policy that pays beneficiaries after the insured’s death. Such benefits kick in if the insured becomes terminally ill, needs extreme medical intervention, or must reside in a nursing home. The payments made while the insured is living are deducted from any death benefits paid to beneficiaries. ACCIDENT AND HEALTH INSURANCE Coverage for accidental injury, accidental death, and related health expenses. Benefits will pay for preventative services, medical expenses and catastrophic care, with limits. *ACCIDENTAL DEATH BENEFIT (ADB) A supplementary life insurance policy benefit that provides a death benefit in addition to the policy’s basic death benefit if the insured’s death occurs as the result of an accident. (See Double indemnity benefit) *ACCIDENTAL DEATH AND DISMEMBERMENT (AD&D) BENEFIT A supplementary life insurance policy benefit that provides for an amount of money in addition to the policy’s basic death benefit. This additional amount is payable if the insured dies as the result of an accident or if the insured loses any two limbs or the sight in both eyes as the result of an accident.

ACTUAL CASH VALUE A form of insurance that pays damages equal to the replacement value of damaged property minus depreciation. (See Replacement cost) ACTUARY An insurance professional skilled in the analysis, evaluation and management of statistical information. Evaluates insurance firms’ reserves, determines rates and rating methods, and determines other business and financial risks. ADDITIONAL LIVING EXPENSES Extra charges covered by homeowners policies over and above the policyholder’s customary living expenses. They kick in when the insured requires temporary shelter due to damage by a covered peril that makes the home temporarily uninhabitable. *ADDITIONAL TERM INSURANCE OPTION An option available to owners of participating insurance policies under which the insurer uses a policy dividend as a net single premium to purchase one-year term insurance on the insured’s life. Also known as fifth dividend option. (See Dividend; Policy dividend options) *ADJUSTABLE LIFE INSURANCE A form of life insurance that allows policy owners to vary the type of coverage provided by their policies as their insurance needs change.

ADJUSTER An individual employed by a property/casualty insurer to evaluate losses and settle policyholdACCOUNT RECEIVABLES er claims. These adjusters differ from public See Receivables. adjusters, who negotiate with insurers on behalf *ACCUMULATION AT INTEREST of policyholders, and receive a portion of a DIVIDEND OPTION claims settlement. Independent adjusters are An option, available to the owners of participat- independent contractors who adjust claims for ing insurance policies, that allows a policy owner different insurance companies. to leave policy dividends on deposit with the ADMITTED ASSETS insurer and earn interest. (See Dividends) Assets recognized and accepted by state insurance laws in determining the solvency of insurers and reinsurers. To make it easier to assess an insurance company’s financial position,
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state statutory accounting rules do not permit *ALEATORY CONTRACT certain assets to be included on the balance A contract in which one party provides somesheet. Only assets that can be easily sold in the thing of value to another party in exchange for event of liquidation or borrowed against, and a conditional promise, which is a promise that receivables for which payment can be reasonthe other party will perform a stated act upon ably anticipated, are included in admitted assets. the occurrence of an uncertain event. Insurance (See Assets) contracts are aleatory because the policyowner pays premiums to the insurer, and in return the ADMITTED COMPANY insurer promises to pay benefits if the event An insurance company licensed and authorized insured against occurs. Contrast with commutato do business in a particular state. tive contract. ADVERSE SELECTION ALIEN INSURANCE COMPANY The tendency of those exposed to a higher risk An insurance company incorporated under the to seek more insurance coverage than those at laws of a foreign country, as opposed to a a lower risk. Insurers react either by charging “foreign” insurance company which does higher premiums or not insuring at all, as in the business in states outside its own. case of floods. (Flood insurance is provided by the federal government but sold mostly through ALLIED LINES the private market.) In the case of natural Property insurance that is usually bought in disasters, such as earthquakes, adverse selection conjunction with fire insurance; it includes concentrates risk instead of spreading it. Insurwind, water damage and vandalism coverage. ance works best when risk is shared among ALTERNATIVE DISPUTE RESOLUTION/ADR large numbers of policyholders. An alternative to going to court to settle disAFFINITY SALES putes. Methods include arbitration, where disSelling insurance through groups such as proputing parties agree to be bound to the decision fessional and business associations. of an independent third party, and mediation, where a third party tries to arrange a settlement AFTERMARKET PARTS between the two sides. See Crash parts; Generic auto parts. ALTERNATIVE MARKETS AGENCY COMPANIES Nontraditional mechanisms used to finance Companies that market and sell products via risk. This includes captives, which are insurers independent agents. owned by one or more non-insurers to provide owners with coverage. Risk-retention groups, AGENT formed by members of similar professions or Insurance is sold by two types of agents: indebusinesses to obtain liability insurance and selfpendent agents, who are self-employed, repreinsurance, are also included. sent several insurance companies and are paid on commission; and exclusive or captive agents, ANNUAL ANNUITY CONTRACT FEE who represent only one insurance company and Covers the cost of administering an annuity are either salaried or work on commission. Incontract. surance companies that use exclusive or captive agents are called direct writers. ANNUAL STATEMENT Summary of an insurer’s or reinsurer’s financial operations for a particular year, including a balance sheet. It is filed with the state insurance
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department of each jurisdiction in which the company is licensed to conduct business. ANNUITANT The person who receives the income from an annuity contract. Usually the owner of the contract or his or her spouse. ANNUITIZATION The conversion of the account balance of a deferred annuity contract to income payments. ANNUITY A life insurance product that pays periodic income benefits for a specific period of time or over the course of the annuitant’s lifetime. There are two basic types of annuities: deferred and immediate. Deferred annuities allow assets to grow tax-deferred over time before being converted to payments to the annuitant. Immediate annuities allow payments to begin within about a year of purchase. ANNUITY ACCUMULATION PHASE OR PERIOD The period during which the owner of a deferred annuity makes payments to build up assets. ANNUITY ADMINISTRATIVE CHARGES Covers the cost of customer services for owners of variable annuities. ANNUITY BENEFICIARY In certain types of annuities, a person who receives annuity contract payments if the annuity owner or annuitant dies while payments are still due.

ANNUITY CONTRACT OWNER The person or entity that purchases an annuity and has all rights to the contract. Usually, but not always, the annuitant (the person who receives incomes from the contract). *ANNUITY COST A monetary amount that is equal to the present value of future periodic income payments under an annuity. (See Gross annuity cost; Income date; Net annuity cost) *ANNUITY DATE See Income date. ANNUITY DEATH BENEFITS The guarantee that if an annuity contract owner dies before annuitization (the switchover from the savings to the payment phase) the beneficiary will receive the value of the annuity that is due. ANNUITY INSURANCE CHARGES Covers administrative and mortality and expense risk costs. ANNUITY INVESTMENT MANAGEMENT FEE The fee paid for the management of variable annuity invested assets. ANNUITY ISSUER The insurance company that issues the annuity. ANNUITY PROSPECTUS Legal document providing detailed information about variable annuity contracts. Must be offered to each prospective buyer. ANNUITY PURCHASE RATE The cost of an annuity based on such factors as the age and gender of the contract owner.

*ANNUITY CERTAIN A type of annuity contract that pays periodic income benefits for a stated period of time, *ANTISELECTION regardless of whether the annuitant lives or dies. The tendency of individuals who suspect or Also known as period certain annuity. Contrast know they are more likely than average to with straight life annuity. (See Payout options) experience loss to apply for or renew insurance to a greater extent than people who lack ANNUITY CONTRACT such knowledge of probable loss. Also known An agreement similar to an insurance policy for other insurance products such as auto insurance.

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as adverse selection and selection against the company. ANTITRUST LAWS Laws that prohibit companies from working as a group to set prices, restrict supplies or stop competition in the marketplace. The insurance industry is subject to state antitrust laws but has a limited exemption from federal antitrust laws. This exemption, set out in the McCarranFerguson Act, permits insurers to jointly develop common insurance forms and share loss data to help them price policies. APPORTIONMENT The dividing of a loss proportionately among two or more insurers that cover the same loss. APPRAISAL A survey to determine a property’s insurable value, or the amount of a loss. ARBITRATION Procedure in which an insurance company and the insured or a vendor agree to settle a claim dispute by accepting a decision made by a third party. ARSON The deliberate setting of a fire. ASSET-BACKED SECURITIES Bonds that represent pools of loans of similar types, duration and interest rates. Almost any loan with regular repayments of principal and interest can be securitized, from auto loans and equipment leases to credit card receivables and mortgages. ASSETS Property owned, in this case by an insurance company, including stocks, bonds and real estate. Insurance accounting is concerned with solvency and the ability to pay claims. State insurance laws therefore require a conservative valuation of assets, prohibiting insurance companies from listing assets on their balance sheets whose values are uncertain, such as

furniture, fixtures, debit balances and accounts receivable that are more than 90 days past due. (See Admitted assets) ASSIGNED RISK PLANS Facilities through which drivers can obtain auto insurance if they are unable to buy it in the regular or voluntary market. These are the most well-known type of residual auto insurance market, which exist in every state. In an assigned risk plan, all insurers selling auto insurance in the state are assigned these drivers to insure, based on the amount of insurance they sell in the regular market. (See Residual market) *ASSIGNMENT An agreement under which one party—the assignor—transfers some or all of his ownership rights in a particular property, such as a life insurance policy or an annuity contract, to another party—the assignee. (See Absolute assignment; Collateral assignment) *ASSOCIATION GROUP A type of group that generally is eligible for group insurance and that consists of members of an association of individuals formed for a purpose other than to obtain insurance coverage, such as teachers’ associations and physicians’ associations. AUTO INSURANCE POLICY There are basically six different types of coverages. Some may be required by law. Others are optional. They are: 1. Bodily injury liability, for injuries the policyholder causes to someone else. 2. Medical payments or Personal Injury Protection (PIP) for treatment of injuries to the driver and passengers of the policyholder’s car. 3. Property damage liability, for damage the policyholder causes to someone else’s property. 4. Collision, for damage to the policyholder’s car from a collision.

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5. Comprehensive, for damage to the policyholder’s car not involving a collision with another car (including damage from fire, explosions, earthquakes, floods, and riots), and theft. 6. Uninsured motorists coverage, for costs resulting from an accident involving a hit-and-run driver or a driver who does not have insurance. AUTO INSURANCE PREMIUM The price an insurance company charges for coverage, based on the frequency and cost of potential accidents, theft and other losses. Prices vary from company to company, as with any product or service. Premiums also vary depending on the amount and type of coverage purchased; the make and model of the car; and the insured’s driving record, years of driving and the number of miles the car is driven per year. Other factors taken into account include the driver’s age and gender, where the car is most likely to be driven and the times of day—rush hour in an urban neighborhood or leisure time driving in rural areas, for example. Some insurance companies may also use credit history related information. (See Insurance score) AVIATION INSURANCE Commercial airlines hold property insurance on airplanes and liability insurance for negligent acts that result in injury or property damage to passengers or others. Damage is covered on the ground and in the air. The policy limits the geographical area and individual pilots covered. B B-SHARE VARIABLE ANNUITY A form of variable annuity contract with no initial sales charge but if the contract is cancelled the holder pays deferred sales charges (usually from 5 to 7 percent the first year, declining to zero after from 5 to 7 years). The most common form of annuity contract.

BALANCE SHEET Provides a snapshot of a company’s financial condition at one point in time. It shows assets, including investments and reinsurance, and liabilities, such as loss reserves to pay claims in the future, as of a certain date. It also states a company’s equity, known as policyholder surplus. Changes in that surplus are one indicator of an insurer’s financial standing. BANK HOLDING COMPANY A company that owns or controls one or more banks. The Federal Reserve has responsibility for regulating and supervising bank holding company activities, such as approving acquisitions and mergers and inspecting the operations of such companies. This authority applies even though a bank owned by a holding company may be under the primary supervision of the Comptroller of the Currency or the FDIC. BASIS POINT 0.01 percent of the yield of a mortgage, bond or note. The smallest measure used. BEACH AND WINDSTORM PLANS State-sponsored insurance pools that sell property coverage for the peril of windstorm to people unable to buy it in the voluntary market because of their high exposure to risk. Seven states (AL, FL, LA, MS, NC, SC, TX) offer these plans to cover residential and commercial properties against hurricanes and other windstorms. Georgia and New York provide this kind of coverage for windstorm and hail in certain coastal communities through other property pools. Insurance companies that sell property insurance in the state are required to participate in these plans. Insurers share in profits and losses. (See Fair access to insurance requirements plans/FAIR plans; Residual market) *BENEFICIARY The person or legal entity the owner of an insurance policy names to receive the policy benefit if the event insured against occurs.

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(See Annuity beneficiary; Contingent beneficiary; Irrevocable beneficiary) BINDER Temporary authorization of coverage issued prior to the actual insurance policy. BLANKET INSURANCE Coverage for more than one type of property at one location or one type of property at more than one location. Example: chain stores. BODILY INJURY LIABILITY COVERAGE Portion of an auto insurance policy that covers injuries the policyholder causes to someone else. BOILER AND MACHINERY INSURANCE Often called Equipment Breakdown, or Systems Breakdown insurance. Commercial insurance that covers damage caused by the malfunction or breakdown of boilers, and a vast array of other equipment including air conditioners, heating, electrical, telephone and computer systems. BOND A security that obligates the issuer to pay interest at specified intervals and to repay the principal amount of the loan at maturity. In insurance, a form of suretyship. Bonds of various types guarantee a payment or a reimbursement for financial losses resulting from dishonesty, failure to perform and other acts. BOND RATING An evaluation of a bond’s financial strength, conducted by such major ratings agencies as Standard & Poor’s and Moody’s Investors Service. BOOK OF BUSINESS Total amount of insurance on an insurer’s books at a particular point in time. BROKER An intermediary between a customer and an insurance company. Brokers typically search the market for coverage appropriate to their

clients. They work on commission and usually sell commercial, not personal, insurance. In life insurance, agents must be licensed as securities brokers/dealers to sell variable annuities, which are similar to stock market-based investments. BURGLARY AND THEFT INSURANCE Insurance for the loss of property due to burglary, robbery or larceny. It is provided in a standard homeowners policy and in a business multiple peril policy. BUSINESS INCOME INSURANCE Commercial coverage that reimburses a business owner for lost profits and continuing fixed expenses during the time that a business must stay closed while the premises are being restored because of physical damage from a covered peril, such as a fire. Business income insurance also may cover financial losses that may occur if civil authorities limit access to an area after a disaster and their actions prevent customers from reaching the business premises. Depending on the policy, civil authorities coverage may start after a waiting period and last for two or more weeks. Also known as business interruption insurance. BUSINESSOWNERS POLICY/BOP A policy that combines property, liability and business interruption coverages for small- to medium-sized businesses. Coverage is generally cheaper than if purchased through separate insurance policies. C C-SHARE VARIABLE ANNUITIES A form of variable annuity contract where the contract holder pays no sales fee up front or surrender charges. Owners can claim full liquidity at any time. CAPACITY The supply of insurance available to meet demand. Capacity depends on the industry’s financial ability to accept risk. For an

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individual insurer, the maximum amount of risk it can underwrite based on its financial condition. The adequacy of an insurer’s capital relative to its exposure to loss is an important measure of solvency. A property/casualty insurer must maintain a certain level of capital and policyholder surplus to underwrite risks. This capital is known as capacity. When the industry is hit by high losses, such as after the World Trade Center terrorist attack, capacity is diminished. It can be restored by increases in net income, favorable investment returns, reinsuring more risk and or raising additional capital. When there is excess capacity, usually because of a high return on investments, premiums tend to decline as insurers compete for market share. As premiums decline, underwriting losses are likely to grow, reducing capacity and causing insurers to raise rates and tighten conditions and limits in an effort to increase profitability. Policyholder surplus is sometimes used as a measure of capacity. CAPITAL Shareholder’s equity (for publicly traded insurance companies) and retained earnings (for mutual insurance companies). There is no general measure of capital adequacy for property/casualty insurers. Capital adequacy is linked to the riskiness of an insurer’s business. A company underwriting medical device manufacturers needs a larger cushion of capital than a company writing Main Street business, for example. (See Risk-based capital; Solvency; Surplus) CAPITAL MARKETS The markets in which equities and debt are traded. (See Securitization of insurance risk) CAPTIVE AGENT A person who represents only one insurance company and is restricted by agreement from submitting business to any other company, unless it is first rejected by the agent’s captive company. (See Exclusive agent)

CAPTIVES Insurers that are created and wholly owned by one or more non-insurers, to provide owners with coverage. A form of self-insurance. CAR YEAR Equal to 365 days of insured coverage for a single vehicle. It is the standard measurement for automobile insurance. CASE MANAGEMENT A system of coordinating medical services to treat a patient, improve care and reduce cost. A case manager coordinates health care delivery for patients. *CASH DIVIDEND OPTION For participating insurance policies, a dividend option under which the insurer sends the policy owner a check in the amount of the policy dividend. (See Dividend; Policy dividend options) *CASH PAYMENT OPTION One of several nonforfeiture options included in life insurance policies and some annuity contracts that allows a policy owner to receive the cash surrender value of a life insurance policy or an annuity contract in a single payment. Also known as cash surrender option. (See Cash surrender value; Nonforfeiture options) *CASH SURRENDER VALUE (1) For life insurance, the amount, before adjustments for factors such as policy loans, that the owner of a permanent life insurance policy is entitled to receive if the policy does not remain in force until the insured’s death. (2) For annuities, the amount of a deferred annuity’s accumulated value, less any surrender charges, that the contract holder is entitled to receive if the policy is surrendered during its accumulation period. Also known as cash value and surrender value. *CASH VALUE See Cash surrender value.

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CATASTROPHE Term used for statistical recording purposes to refer to a single incident or a series of closely related incidents causing severe insured property losses totaling more than a given amount, currently $25 million. CATASTROPHE BONDS Risk-based securities that pay high interest rates and provide insurance companies with a form of reinsurance to pay losses from a catastrophe such as those caused by a major hurricane. They allow insurance risk to be sold to institutional investors in the form of bonds, thus spreading the risk. (See Securitization of insurance risk) CATASTROPHE DEDUCTIBLE A percentage or dollar amount that a homeowner must pay before the insurance policy kicks in when a major natural disaster occurs. These large deductibles limit an insurer’s potential losses in such cases, allowing it to insure more property. A property insurer may not be able to buy reinsurance to protect its own bottom line unless it keeps its potential maximum losses under a certain level. CATASTROPHE FACTOR Probability of catastrophic loss, based on the total number of catastrophes in a state over a 40-year period. CATASTROPHE MODEL Using computers, a method to mesh long-term disaster information with current demographic, building and other data to determine the potential cost of natural disasters and other catastrophic losses for a given geographic area. CATASTROPHE REINSURANCE Reinsurance for catastrophic losses. The insurance industry is able to absorb the multibillion dollar losses caused by natural and man-made disasters such as hurricanes, earthquakes and terrorist attacks because losses are spread among thousands of companies

including catastrophe reinsurers who operate on a global basis. Insurers’ ability and willingness to sell insurance fluctuates with the availability and cost of catastrophe reinsurance. After major disasters, such as Hurricane Andrew and the World Trade Center terrorist attack, the availability of catastrophe reinsurance becomes extremely limited. Claims deplete reinsurers’ capital and, as a result, companies are more selective in the type and amount of risks they assume. In addition, with available supply limited, prices for reinsurance rise. This contributes to an overall increase in prices for property insurance. CELL PHONE INSURANCE Separate insurance provided to cover cell phones for damage or theft. Policies are often sold with the cell phones themselves. CHARTERED FINANCIAL CONSULTANT/ChFC A professional designation given by The American College to financial services professionals who complete courses in financial planning. CHARTERED LIFE UNDERWRITER/CLU A professional designation by The American College for those who pass business examinations on insurance, investments and taxation, and have life insurance planning experience. CHARTERED PROPERTY/CASUALTY UNDERWRITER/CPCU A professional designation given by the American Institute for Chartered Property Casualty Underwriters. National examinations and three years of work experience are required. CLAIMS MADE POLICY A form of insurance that pays claims presented to the insurer during the term of the policy or within a specific term after its expiration. It limits liability insurers’ exposure to unknown future liabilities. (See Occurrence policy)

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COBRA Short for Consolidated Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act. A federal law under which group health plans sponsored by employers with 20 or more employees must offer continuation of coverage to employees who leave their jobs and their dependents. The employee must pay the entire premium. Coverage can be extended up to 18 months. Surviving dependents can receive longer coverage. COINSURANCE In property insurance, requires the policyholder to carry insurance equal to a specified percentage of the value of property to receive full payment on a loss. For health insurance, it is a percentage of each claim above the deductible paid by the policyholder. For a 20 percent health insurance coinsurance clause, the policyholder pays for the deductible plus 20 percent of his covered losses. After paying 80 percent of losses up to a specified ceiling, the insurer starts paying 100 percent of losses. COLLATERAL Property that is offered to secure a loan or other credit and that becomes subject to seizure on default. Also called security. *COLLATERAL ASSIGNMENT A temporary transfer of some of the ownership rights in a particular property, such as a life insurance policy or an annuity contract, as collateral for a loan. The transfer is made on the condition that upon payment of the debt for which the contract is collateral, all transferred rights shall revert back to the original owner. Contrast with absolute assignment. COLLATERAL SOURCE RULE Bars the introduction of information that indicates a person has been compensated or reimbursed by a source other than the defendant in civil actions related to negligence or other liability.

COLLISION COVERAGE Portion of an auto insurance policy that covers the damage to the policyholder’s car from a collision. COMBINED RATIO Percentage of each premium dollar a property/ casualty insurer spends on claims and expenses. A decrease in the combined ratio means financial results are improving; an increase means they are deteriorating. COMMERCIAL GENERAL LIABILITY INSURANCE/CGL A broad commercial policy that covers all liability exposures of a business that are not specifically excluded. Coverage includes product liability, completed operations, premises and operations, and independent contractors. COMMERCIAL LINES Products designed for and bought by businesses. Among the major coverages are boiler and machinery, business income, commercial auto, comprehensive general liability, directors and officers liability, fire and allied lines, inland marine, medical malpractice liability, product liability, professional liability, surety and fidelity, and workers compensation. Most of these commercial coverages can be purchased separately except business income, which must be added to a fire insurance (property) policy. (See Commercial multiple peril policy) COMMERCIAL MULTIPLE PERIL POLICY Package policy that includes property, boiler and machinery, crime and general liability coverages. COMMERCIAL PAPER Short-term, unsecured, and usually discounted promissory note issued by commercial firms and financial companies often to finance current business. Commercial paper, which is rated by debt rating agencies, is sold through dealers or directly placed with an investor.

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COMMISSION Fee paid to an agent or insurance salesperson as a percentage of the policy premium. The percentage varies widely depending on coverage, the insurer, and the marketing methods. COMMUNITY RATING LAWS Enacted in several states on health insurance policies. Insurers are required to accept all applicants for coverage and charge all applicants the same premium for the same coverage regardless of age or health. Premiums are based on the rate determined by the geographic region’s health and demographic profile. *COMMUTATIVE CONTRACT An agreement under which the contracting parties specify the values that they will exchange; moreover, the parties generally exchange items or services that they think are of relatively equal value. Contrast with aleatory contract. COMPETITIVE REPLACEMENT PARTS See Crash parts; Generic auto parts. COMPETITIVE STATE FUND A facility established by a state to sell workers compensation in competition with private insurers. COMPLAINT RATIO A measure used by some state insurance departments to track consumer complaints against insurance companies. Generally, it is stated as the number of complaints upheld against an insurance company, as a percentage of premiums written. In some states, complaints from medical providers over the promptness of payments may also be included. COMPLETED OPERATIONS COVERAGE Pays for bodily injury or property damage caused by a completed project or job. Protects a business that sells a service against liability claims.

COMPREHENSIVE COVERAGE Portion of an auto insurance policy that covers damage to the policyholder’s car not involving a collision with another car (including damage from fire, explosions, earthquakes, floods and riots), and theft. COMPULSORY AUTO INSURANCE The minimum amount of auto liability insurance that meets a state law. Financial responsibility laws in every state require all automobile drivers to show proof, after an accident, of their ability to pay damages up to the state minimum. In compulsory liability states this proof, which is usually in the form of an insurance policy, is required before you can legally drive a car. *CONTESTABLE PERIOD The time during which an insurer has the right to cancel or rescind an insurance policy if the application contained a material misrepresentation. (See Incontestability provision) *CONTINGENT BENEFICIARY The party designated to receive the proceeds of a life insurance policy following the insured’s death if the primary beneficiary predeceased the insured. Also known as secondary beneficiary and successor beneficiary. (See Primary beneficiary) CONTINGENT LIABILITY Liability of individuals, corporations, or partnerships for accidents caused by people other than employees for whose acts or omissions the corporations or partnerships are responsible. *CONVERTIBLE TERM INSURANCE POLICY A term life insurance policy that gives the policy owner the right to convert the policy to a permanent plan of insurance. COVERAGE Synonym for insurance. CRASH PARTS Sheet metal parts that are most often damaged in a car crash. (See Generic auto parts)

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CREDIT The promise to pay in the future in order to buy or borrow in the present. The right to defer payment of debt. CREDIT DERIVATIVES A contract that enables a user, such as a bank, to better manage its credit risk. A way of transferring credit risk to another party. CREDIT ENHANCEMENT A technique to lower the interest payments on a bond by raising the issue’s credit rating, often through insurance in the form of a financial guarantee or with standby letters of credit issued by a bank. CREDIT INSURANCE Commercial coverage against losses resulting from the failure of business debtors to pay their obligation to the insured, usually due to insolvency. The coverage is geared to manufacturers, wholesalers and service providers who may be dependent on a few accounts and therefore could lose significant income in the event of an insolvency. CREDIT LIFE INSURANCE Life insurance coverage on a borrower designed to repay the balance of a loan in the event the borrower dies before the loan is repaid. It may also include disablement and can be offered as an option in connection with credit cards and auto loans. CREDIT RATING See Bond rating. CREDIT SCORE The number produced by an analysis of an individual’s credit history. The use of credit information affects all consumers in many ways, including getting a job, finding a place to live, securing a loan, getting telephone service and buying insurance. Credit history is routinely reviewed by insurers before issuing a commercial policy because businesses in poor financial condition tend to cut back on safety, which can
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lead to more accidents and more claims. Auto and home insurers may use information in a credit history to produce an insurance score. Insurance scores may be used in underwriting and rating insurance policies. (See Insurance score) CRIME INSURANCE Term referring to property coverages for the perils of burglary, theft and robbery. *CRITICAL ILLNESS (CI) INSURANCE A type of individual health insurance that pays a lump-sum benefit when the insured is diagnosed with a specified illness. Also known as critical diagnosis insurance. Contrast with specified disease coverage. CROP-HAIL INSURANCE Protection against damage to growing crops from hail, fire or lightning provided by the private market. By contrast, multiple peril crop insurance covers a wider range of yield reducing conditions, such as drought and insect infestation, and is subsidized by the federal government. *CURRENT ASSUMPTION WHOLE LIFE INSURANCE See Interest-sensitive insurance. D *DEATH BENEFIT (1) For a life insurance contract, the amount of money paid by an insurer to a beneficiary when a person insured under the life insurance policy dies. (2) For an annuity contract, the amount of money paid to a beneficiary if the contract owner dies before the annuity payments begin. DECLARATION Part of a property or liability insurance policy that states the name and address of policyholder, property insured, its location and description, the policy period, premiums and supplemental information. Referred to as the “dec page.”

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*DECLINED RISK CLASS In insurance underwriting, the group of proposed insureds whose impairments or anticipated extra mortality are so great that an insurer cannot provide insurance coverage to them at an affordable cost. Also known as uninsurable class. Contrast with preferred risk class, standard risk class and substandard risk class. *DECREASING TERM LIFE INSURANCE Term life insurance that provides a death benefit that decreases in amount over the policy term. Contrast with increasing term life insurance. DEDUCTIBLE The amount of loss paid by the policyholder. Either a specified dollar amount, a percentage of the claim amount, or a specified amount of time that must elapse before benefits are paid. The bigger the deductible, the lower the premium charged for the same coverage. DEFERRED ANNUITY An annuity contract, also referred to as an investment annuity, that is purchased either with a single tax-deferred premium or with periodic tax-deferred premiums over time. Payments begin at a predetermined point in time, such as retirement. Money contributed to such an annuity is intended primarily to grow tax-deferred for future use. DEFINED BENEFIT PLAN A retirement plan under which pension benefits are fixed in advance by a formula based generally on years of service to the company multiplied by a specific percentage of wages, usually average earnings over that period or highest average earnings over the final years with the company. DEFINED CONTRIBUTION PLAN An employee benefit plan under which the employer sets up benefit accounts and contributions are made to it by the employer and by the employee. The employer usually matches the employee’s contribution up to a stated limit.

DEMAND DEPOSIT Customer assets that are held in a checking account. Funds can be readily withdrawn by check, “on demand.” DEMUTUALIZATION The conversion of insurance companies from mutual companies owned by their policyholders into publicly traded stock companies. DEPENDENT LIFE INSURANCE See Family benefit coverage. DEPOSITORY INSTITUTION Financial institutions that obtain their funds mainly through deposits from the public. They include commercial banks, savings and loan associations, savings banks and credit unions. DEREGULATION In insurance, reducing regulatory control over insurance rates and forms. Commercial insurance for businesses of a certain size has been deregulated in many states. DERIVATIVES Contracts that derive their value from an underlying financial asset, such as publicly traded securities and foreign currencies. Often used as a hedge against changes in value. DIFFERENCE IN CONDITIONS Policy designed to fill in gaps in a business’s commercial property insurance coverage. There is no standard policy. Policies are specifically tailored to the policyholder’s needs. DIMINUTION OF VALUE The idea that a vehicle loses value after it has been damaged in an accident and repaired. DIRECT PREMIUMS Property/casualty premiums collected by the insurer from policyholders, before reinsurance premiums are deducted. Insurers share some direct premiums and the risk involved with their reinsurers.

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DIRECT SALES/DIRECT RESPONSE Method of selling insurance directly to the insured through an insurance company’s own employees, through the mail, by telephone or via the Internet. This is in lieu of using captive or exclusive agents. DIRECT WRITERS Insurance companies that sell directly to the public using exclusive agents or their own employees, through the mail, by telephone or via the Internet. Large insurers, whether predominately direct writers or agency companies, are increasingly using many different channels to sell insurance. In reinsurance, denotes reinsurers that deal directly with the insurance companies they reinsure without using a broker. DIRECTORS AND OFFICERS LIABILITY INSURANCE/D&O Directors and officers liability insurance (D&O) covers directors and officers of a company for negligent acts or omissions and for misleading statements that result in suits against the company. There are a variety of D&O coverages. Corporate reimbursement coverage indemnifies directors and officers of the organization. Side-A coverage provides D&O coverage for personal liability when directors and officers are not indemnified by the firm. Entity coverage, for claims made specifically against the company, is also available. D&O policies may be broadened to include coverage for employment practices liability. *DISABILITY In disability insurance, the inability of an insured person to work due to an injury or sickness. Each disability policy has a definition of disability that must be satisfied in order for the insured to receive the policy’s benefits. (See Residual disability; Total disability) *DISABILITY INCOME INSURANCE A type of health insurance designed to compensate an insured person for a portion of the income lost because of a disabling injury

or illness. Benefit payments are made either weekly or monthly for a specified period during the continuance of an insured’s disability. (See income protection insurance) *DIVIDEND ACCUMULATIONS OPTION See Accumulation at interest option. DIVIDENDS Money returned to policyholders from an insurance company’s earnings. Considered a partial premium refund rather than a taxable distribution, reflecting the difference between the premium charged and actual losses. Many life insurance policies and some property/casualty policies pay dividends to their owners. Life insurance policies that pay dividends are called participating policies. DOMESTIC INSURANCE COMPANY Term used by a state to refer to any company incorporated there. *DOUBLE INDEMNITY BENEFIT An accidental death benefit that is equal to the face amount of a life insurance policy’s basic death benefit and is paid when the insured’s death is the result of an accident as defined in the policy. (See Accidental death benefit/ADB) DREAD DISEASE COVERAGE See Specified disease coverage. E EARLY WARNING SYSTEM A system of measuring insurers’ financial stability set up by insurance industry regulators. An example is the Insurance Regulatory Information System (IRIS), which uses financial ratios to identify insurers in need of regulatory attention. EARNED PREMIUM The portion of premium that applies to the expired part of the policy period. Insurance premiums are payable in advance but the insurance company does not fully earn them until the policy period expires.

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EARTHQUAKE INSURANCE Covers a building and its contents, but includes a large percentage deductible on each. A special policy or endorsement exists because earthquakes are not covered by standard homeowners or most business policies. ECONOMIC LOSS Total financial loss resulting from the death or disability of a wage earner, or from the destruction of property. Includes the loss of earnings, medical expenses, funeral expenses, the cost of restoring or replacing property and legal expenses. It does not include noneconomic losses, such as pain caused by an injury. ELECTRONIC COMMERCE/E-COMMERCE The sale of products such as insurance over the Internet. ELIMINATION PERIOD A kind of deductible or waiting period usually found in disability policies. It is counted in days from the beginning of the illness or injury. EMPLOYEE DISHONESTY COVERAGE Covers direct losses and damage to businesses resulting from the dishonest acts of employees. (See Fidelity bond) EMPLOYEE RETIREMENT INCOME SECURITY ACT/ERISA Federal legislation that protects employees by establishing minimum standards for private pension and welfare plans. EMPLOYER’S LIABILITY Part B of the workers compensation policy that provides coverage for lawsuits filed by injured employees who, under certain circumstances, can sue under common law. (See Exclusive remedy) EMPLOYMENT PRACTICES LIABILITY COVERAGE Liability insurance for employers that covers wrongful termination, discrimination and other violations of employees’ legal rights.

ENDORSEMENT A written form attached to an insurance policy that alters the policy’s coverage, terms, or conditions. Sometimes called a rider. *ENDOWMENT INSURANCE Life insurance that provides a policy benefit payable either when the insured dies or on a stated date if the insured is still alive on that date. ENVIRONMENTAL IMPAIRMENT LIABILITY COVERAGE A form of insurance designed to cover losses and liabilities arising from damage to property caused by pollution. EQUITY In investments, the ownership interest of shareholders. In a corporation, stocks as opposed to bonds. EQUITY INDEXED ANNUITY Nontraditional fixed annuity. The specified rate of interest guarantees a fixed minimum rate of interest like traditional fixed annuities. At the same time, additional interest may be credited to policy values based upon positive changes, if any, in an established index such as the S&P 500. The amount of additional interest depends upon the particular design of the policy. They are sold by licensed insurance agents and regulated by state insurance departments. ERRORS AND OMISSIONS COVERAGE/E&O A professional liability policy covering the policyholder for negligent acts and omissions that may harm his or her clients. ESCROW ACCOUNT Funds that a lender collects to pay monthly premiums in mortgage and homeowners insurance, and sometimes to pay property taxes. EXCESS AND SURPLUS LINES Property/casualty coverage that isn’t available from insurers licensed by the state (called

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admitted insurers) and must be purchased from a nonadmitted carrier. EXCESS OF LOSS REINSURANCE A contract between an insurer and a reinsurer, whereby the insurer agrees to pay a specified portion of a claim and the reinsurer to pay all or a part of the claim above that amount. EXCLUSION A provision in an insurance policy that eliminates coverage for certain risks, people, property classes, or locations. EXCLUSIVE AGENT A captive agent, or a person who represents only one insurance company and is restricted by agreement from submitting business to any other company unless it is first rejected by the agent’s company. (See Captive agent) EXCLUSIVE REMEDY Part of the social contract that forms the basis for workers compensation statutes under which employers are responsible for work-related injury and disease, regardless of whether it was the employee’s fault and in return the injured employee gives up the right to sue when the employer’s negligence causes the harm. EXPENSE RATIO Percentage of each premium dollar that goes to insurers’ expenses including overhead, marketing and commissions. EXPERIENCE Record of losses. EXPOSURE Possibility of loss. EXTENDED COVERAGE An endorsement added to an insurance policy, or clause within a policy, that provides additional coverage for risks other than those in a basic policy.

EXTENDED REPLACEMENT COST COVERAGE Pays a certain amount above the policy limit to replace a damaged home, generally 120 percent or 125 percent. Similar to a guaranteed replacement cost policy, which has no percentage limits. Most homeowner policy limits track inflation in building costs. Guaranteed and extended replacement cost policies are designed to protect the policyholder after a major disaster when the high demand for building contractors and materials can push up the normal cost of reconstruction. (See Guaranteed replacement cost coverage) *EXTENDED TERM INSURANCE OPTION One of several nonforfeiture options included in life insurance policies that allows the owner of a policy with a cash value to discontinue premium payments and to use the policy’s net cash value to purchase term insurance for the full coverage amount provided under the original policy for as long a term as the net cash value can provide. (See Nonforfeiture options) F For definitions of 401(k) Plan, 403(b) Plan, and 529 Savings Plans, see page 21. *FACE AMOUNT For a fixed-amount whole life insurance policy, the amount of the death benefit payable if the insured person dies while the policy is in force. FACULTATIVE REINSURANCE A reinsurance policy that provides an insurer with coverage for specific individual risks that are unusual or so large that they aren’t covered in the insurance company’s reinsurance treaties. This can include policies for jumbo jets or oil rigs. Reinsurers have no obligation to take on facultative reinsurance, but can assess each risk individually. By contrast, under treaty reinsurance, the reinsurer agrees to assume a certain percentage of entire classes of business, such as various kinds of auto, up to preset limits.

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FAIR ACCESS TO INSURANCE REQUIREMENTS PLANS/FAIR PLANS Insurance pools that sell property insurance to people who can’t buy it in the voluntary market because of high risk over which they may have no control. FAIR Plans, which exist in 28 states and the District of Columbia, insure fire, vandalism, riot and windstorm losses, and some sell homeowners insurance which includes liability. Plans vary by state, but all require property insurers licensed in a state to participate in the pool and share in the profits and losses. (See Residual market) *FAMILY BENEFIT COVERAGE A type of supplementary benefit rider offered in conjunction with a life insurance policy that insures the lives of the insured’s spouse and children. Also known as dependent life insurance and spouse and children’s insurance rider. FARMOWNERS-RANCHOWNERS INSURANCE Package policy that protects the policyholder against named perils and liabilities and usually covers homes and their contents, along with barns, stables and other structures. FEDERAL FUNDS Reserve balances that depository institutions lend each other, usually on an overnight basis. In addition, Federal funds include certain other kinds of borrowing by depository institutions from each other and from federal agencies. FEDERAL INSURANCE ADMINISTRATION/FIA Federal agency in charge of administering the National Flood Insurance Program. It does not regulate the insurance industry. FEDERAL RESERVE BOARD Seven member board that supervises the banking system by issuing regulations controlling bank holding companies and federal laws over the banking industry. It also controls and oversees the U.S. monetary system and credit supply.

FIDELITY BOND A form of protection that covers policyholders for losses that they incur as a result of fraudulent acts by specified individuals. It usually insures a business for losses caused by the dishonest acts of its employees. FIDUCIARY BOND A type of surety bond, sometimes called a probate bond, which is required of certain fiduciaries, such as executors and trustees, that guarantees the performance of their responsibilities. FIDUCIARY LIABILITY Legal responsibility of a fiduciary to safeguard assets of beneficiaries. A fiduciary, for example a pension fund manager, is required to manage investments held in trust in the best interest of beneficiaries. Fiduciary liability insurance covers breaches of fiduciary duty such as misstatements or misleading statements, errors and omissions. FILE-AND-USE STATES States where insurers must file rate changes with their regulators, but don’t have to wait for approval to put them into effect. FINANCIAL GUARANTEE INSURANCE Covers losses from specific financial transactions and guarantees that investors in debt instruments, such as municipal bonds, receive timely payment of principal and interest if there is a default. Raises the credit rating of debt to which the guarantee is attached. Investment bankers who sell asset-backed securities, securities backed by loan portfolios, use this insurance to enhance marketability. (See Municipal bond insurance) FINANCIAL RESPONSIBILITY LAW A state law requiring that all automobile drivers show proof that they can pay damages up to a minimum amount if involved in an auto accident. Varies from state to state but can be met by carrying a minimum amount of auto liability insurance. (See Compulsory auto insurance)

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FINITE RISK REINSURANCE Contract under which the ultimate liability of the reinsurer is capped and on which anticipated investment income is expressly acknowledged as an underwriting component. Also known as financial reinsurance because this type of coverage is often bought to improve the balance sheet effects of statutory accounting principles. FIRE INSURANCE Coverage protecting property against losses caused by a fire or lightning that is usually included in homeowners or commercial multiple peril policies. FIRST-PARTY COVERAGE Coverage for the policyholder’s own property or person. In no-fault auto insurance it pays for the cost of injuries. In no-fault states with the broadest coverage, the personal injury protection (PIP) part of the policy pays for medical care, lost income, funeral expenses and, where the injured person is not able to provide services such as child care, for substitute services. (See No-fault; Third-party coverage) FIXED ANNUITY An annuity that guarantees a specific rate of return. In the case of a deferred annuity, a minimum rate of interest is guaranteed during the savings phase. During the payment phase, a fixed amount of income, paid on a regular schedule, is guaranteed. *FLEXIBLE PREMIUM A premium payment method sometimes offered in connection with annuities and with some types of life insurance that allows the contract owner or policy owner to alter the amount and the frequency of payments, within specified boundaries defined by the insurer and the law. FLOATER Attached to a homeowners policy, a floater insures movable property, covering losses wherever they may occur. Among the items

often insured with a floater are expensive jewelry, musical instruments and furs. It provides broader coverage than a regular homeowners policy for these items. FLOOD INSURANCE Coverage for flood damage is available from the federal government under the National Flood Insurance Program but is sold by licensed insurance agents. Flood coverage is excluded under homeowners policies and many commercial property policies. However, flood damage is covered under the comprehensive portion of an auto insurance policy. (See Adverse selection) FORCED PLACE INSURANCE Insurance purchased by a bank or creditor on an uninsured debtor’s behalf so if the property is damaged, funding is available to repair it. FOREIGN INSURANCE COMPANY Name given to an insurance company based in one state by the other states in which it does business. FRAUD Intentional lying or concealment by policyholders to obtain payment of an insurance claim that would otherwise not be paid, or lying or misrepresentation by the insurance company managers, employees, agents and brokers for financial gain. *FRATERNAL BENEFIT SOCIETY See Fraternal insurer. *FRATERNAL INSURER A nonprofit organization that is operated solely for the benefit of its members and that provides its members with social and insurance benefits. Also known as fraternal benefit society. FREE-LOOK PERIOD A period of up to one month during which the purchaser of an annuity can cancel the contract with no penalty. Rules vary by state.

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FREQUENCY Number of times a loss occurs. One of the criteria used in calculating premium rates. FRONTING A procedure in which a primary insurer acts as the insurer of record by issuing a policy, but then passes the entire risk to a reinsurer in exchange for a commission. Often, the fronting insurer is licensed to do business in a state or country where the risk is located, but the reinsurer is not. The reinsurer in this scenario is often a captive or an independent insurance company that cannot sell insurance directly in a particular country. FUTURES Agreement to buy a security for a set price at a certain date. Futures contracts usually involve commodities, indexes or financial futures. G GAP INSURANCE An automobile insurance option, available in some states, that covers the difference between a car’s actual cash value when it is stolen or wrecked and the amount the consumer owes the leasing or finance company. Mainly used for leased cars. (See Actual cash value) *GENERAL ACCOUNT An undivided investment account in which insurers maintain funds that support contractual obligations for guaranteed insurance products such as whole life insurance or fixed-rate annuities. Contrast with separate account. GENERALLY ACCEPTED ACCOUNTING PRINCIPLES/GAAP Generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP) accounting is used in financial statements that publicly held companies prepare for the Securities and Exchange Commission. (See Statutory accounting principles/SAP)

GENERIC AUTO PARTS Auto crash parts produced by firms that are not associated with car manufacturers. Insurers consider these parts, when certified, at least as good as those that come from the original equipment manufacturer (OEM). They are often cheaper than the identical part produced by the OEM. (See Crash parts; Aftermarket parts; Competitive replacement parts; Original equipment manufacturer parts/OEM) GLASS INSURANCE Coverage for glass breakage caused by all risks; fire and war are sometimes excluded. Insurance can be bought for windows, structural glass, leaded glass and mirrors. Available with or without a deductible. *GRACE PERIOD (1) For insurance premium payments, a specified length of time following a premium due date within which the renewal premium may be paid without penalty. The length of the grace period is specified in a grace period provision that is found in a life insurance, health insurance, or annuity policy. (2) For purchases made on credit, a period of time between the date of a purchase and the date the lender begins to charge interest during which no interest accrues. *GRADED PREMIUM POLICY A type of modified-premium whole life policy that calls for three or more levels of annual premium payment amounts, increasing at specified points in time—such as every three years— until reaching the amount to be paid as a level premium for the rest of the life of the policy. GRADUATED DRIVER LICENSES Licenses for younger drivers that allow them to improve their skills. Regulations vary by state, but often restrict nighttime driving. Young drivers receive a learner’s permit, followed by a provisional license, before they can receive a standard driver’s license.

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GRAMM-LEACH-BLILEY ACT Financial services legislation, passed by Congress in 1999, that removed Depression era prohibitions against the combination of commercial banking and investment banking activities. It allows insurance companies, banks and securities firms to engage in each others’ activities and own one another. *GROSS ANNUITY COST A monetary amount equal to the present value of future periodic income payments under an annuity contract, calculated on a gross basis, with a specific provision for expense loading. Contrast with net annuity cost. GROUP INSURANCE A single policy covering a group of individuals, usually employees of the same company or members of the same association and their dependents. Coverage occurs under a master policy issued to the employer or association. GUARANTEE PERIOD Period during which the level of interest specified under a fixed annuity is guaranteed. GUARANTEED DEATH BENEFIT Basic death benefits guaranteed under variable annuity contracts. GUARANTEED INCOME CONTRACT/GIC Often an option in an employer-sponsored retirement savings plan. Contract between an insurance company and the plan that guarantees a stated rate of return on invested capital over the life of the contract. *GUARANTEED INSURABILITY (GI) BENEFIT A supplementary life insurance policy benefit often provided through a policy rider that gives the policy owner the right to purchase additional insurance of the same type as the life insurance policy that provides the GI benefit on specified option dates. Also known as guaranteed insurability option (GIO).

GUARANTEED LIVING BENEFIT A guarantee in a variable annuity that a certain level of annuity payment will be maintained. Serves as a protection against investment risks. Several types exists. *GUARANTEED RENEWABLE POLICY An individual health insurance policy that requires the insurer to renew the policy—as long as premium payments are made—at least until the insured attains a specified age. The insurer can change premium rates for broad classes of insureds but not for an individual insured. Contrast with noncancellable and guaranteed renewable policy. GUARANTEED REPLACEMENT COST COVERAGE Homeowners policy that pays the full cost of replacing or repairing a damaged or destroyed home, even if it is above the policy limit. (See Extended replacement cost coverage) GUARANTY FUND The mechanism by which solvent insurers ensure that some of the policyholder and thirdparty claims against insurance companies that fail are paid. Such funds are required in all 50 states, the District of Columbia and Puerto Rico, but the type and amount of claim covered by the fund varies from state to state. Some states pay policyholders’ unearned premiums—the portion of the premium for which no coverage was provided because the company was insolvent. Some have deductibles. Most states have no limits on workers compensation payments. Guaranty funds are supported by assessments on insurers doing business in the state. GUN LIABILITY A legal concept that holds gun manufacturers liable for the cost of injuries caused by guns. Several cities have filed lawsuits based on this concept.

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H HACKER INSURANCE A coverage that protects businesses engaged in electronic commerce from losses caused by hackers. HARD MARKET A seller’s market in which insurance is expensive and in short supply. (See Property/casualty insurance cycle) HOMEOWNERS INSURANCE POLICY The typical homeowners insurance policy covers the house, the garage and other structures on the property, as well as personal possessions inside the house such as furniture, appliances and clothing, against a wide variety of perils including windstorms, fire and theft. The extent of the perils covered depends on the type of policy. An all-risk policy offers the broadest coverage. This covers all perils except those specifically excluded in the policy. Homeowners insurance also covers additional living expenses. Known as Loss of Use, this provision in the policy reimburses the policyholder for the extra cost of living elsewhere while the house is being restored after a disaster. The liability portion of the policy covers the homeowner for accidental injuries caused to third parties and/or their property, such as a guest slipping and falling down improperly maintained stairs. Coverage for flood and earthquake damage is excluded and must be purchased separately. (See Flood insurance; Earthquake insurance) HOUSE YEAR Equal to 365 days of insured coverage for a single dwelling. It is the standard measurement for homeowners insurance. HURRICANE DEDUCTIBLE A percentage or dollar amount added to a homeowners insurance policy to limit an insurer’s exposure to loss from a hurricane. Higher deductibles are instituted in higher risk areas, such as coastal regions. Specific details, such

as the intensity of the storm necessary for the deductible to be triggered and the extent of the high risk area, vary from insurer to insurer and state to state. I IDENTITY THEFT INSURANCE Coverage for expenses incurred as the result of an identity theft. Can include costs for notarizing fraud affidavits and certified mail, lost income from time taken off from work to meet with law enforcement personnel or credit agencies, fees for reapplying for loans and attorney’s fees to defend against lawsuits and remove criminal or civil judgments. IMMEDIATE ANNUITY A product purchased with a lump sum, usually at the time retirement begins or afterwards. Payments begin within about a year. Immediate annuities can be either fixed or variable. *INCOME DATE The date on which an insurer begins or is scheduled to begin making annuity benefit payments under an annuity contract. Also known as maturity date and annuity date. *INCOME PROTECTION INSURANCE A type of disability income coverage that provides an income benefit both, while the insured is totally disabled and unable to work and while he is able to work, but because of a disability, is earning less than he earned before being disabled. Also known as residual disability insurance. *INCONTESTABILITY PROVISION An insurance and annuity policy provision that limits the time within which an insurer has the right to avoid the contract on the ground of material misrepresentation in the application for the policy. Also known as incontestable clause. (See Contestable period; Time limit on certain defenses provision)

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*INCREASING TERM LIFE INSURANCE A type of term life insurance that provides a death benefit that increases by some specified amount or percentage at stated intervals over the policy term. Contrast with decreasing term life insurance. INCURRED BUT NOT REPORTED LOSSES/IBNR Losses that are not filed with the insurer or reinsurer until years after the policy is sold. Some liability claims may be filed long after the event that caused the injury to occur. Asbestos-related diseases, for example, do not show up until decades after the exposure. IBNR also refers to estimates made about claims already reported but where the full extent of the injury is not yet known, such as a workers compensation claim where the degree to which work-related injuries prevents a worker from earning what he or she earned before the injury unfolds over time. Insurance companies regularly adjust reserves for such losses as new information becomes available. INCURRED LOSSES Losses occurring within a fixed period, whether or not adjusted or paid during the same period. INDEMNIFY Provide financial compensation for losses. INDEPENDENT AGENT Agent who is self-employed, is paid on commission, and represents several insurance companies. (See Captive agent) *INDETERMINATE PREMIUM LIFE INSURANCE POLICY A type of nonparticipating whole life policy that specifies two premium rates—both a maximum guaranteed rate and a lower rate. The insurer charges the lower premium rate when the policy is purchased and guarantees that rate for at least a stated period of time, after which the insurer uses its actual mortality, interest, and expense experience to establish a new premium rate that may be higher or lower than the previous
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premium rate. Also known as nonguaranteed premium life insurance policy and variable premium life insurance policy. INDEXED LIFE INSURANCE CONTRACT An arrangement similar to a universal life contract. Death benefit amounts are based on the amount selected by the policyholder plus the account value. The policyholder’s account value is linked to cumulative returns based on the S&P 500 index or some other tied index. An essential component of the contract is that the cash surrender value is also linked to a tied index. Typically, the tied index doesn’t include dividends. There may be additional constraints on the amount that the insurance company will credit as interest under this policy. INDIVIDUAL RETIREMENT ACCOUNT/IRA A tax-deductible savings plan for those who are self-employed, or those whose earnings are below a certain level or whose employers do not offer retirement plans. Others may make limited contributions on a tax-deferred basis. The Roth IRA, a special kind of retirement account created in 1997, may offer greater tax benefits to certain individuals. INFLATION GUARD CLAUSE A provision added to a homeowners insurance policy that automatically adjusts the coverage limit on the dwelling each time the policy is renewed to reflect current construction costs. INLAND MARINE INSURANCE This broad type of coverage was developed for shipments that do not involve ocean transport. Covers articles in transit by all forms of land and air transportation as well as bridges, tunnels and other means of transportation and communication. Floaters that cover expensive personal items such as fine art and jewelry are included in this category. (See Floater)

GLOSSARY

INSOLVENCY Insurer’s inability to pay debts. Insurance insolvency standards and the regulatory actions taken vary from state to state. When regulators deem an insurance company is in danger of becoming insolvent, they can take one of three actions: place a company in conservatorship or rehabilitation, if the company can be saved, or in liquidation, if salvage is deemed impossible. The difference between the first two options is one of degree—regulators guide companies in conservatorship but direct those in rehabilitation. Typically the first sign of problems is inability to pass the financial tests regulators administer as a routine procedure. (See Liquidation; Risk-based capital) INSTITUTIONAL INVESTOR An organization such as a bank or insurance company that buys and sells large quantities of securities. *INSURABLE INTEREST In insurance, a person exhibits an insurable interest in a potential loss if that person will suffer a genuine economic loss if the event insured against occurs. Without the presence of insurable interest, an insurance contract is not formed for a lawful purpose and, thus, is not a valid contract. INSURABLE RISK Risks for which it is relatively easy to get insurance and that meet certain criteria. These include being definable, accidental in nature, and part of a group of similar risks large enough to make losses predictable. The insurance company also must be able to come up with a reasonable price for the insurance. INSURANCE A system to make large financial losses more affordable by pooling the risks of many individuals and business entities and transferring them to an insurance company or other large group in return for a premium.

INSURANCE POOL A group of insurance companies that pools its assets, enabling them to provide an amount of insurance substantially more than can be provided by individual companies to ensure large risks such as nuclear power stations. Pools may be formed voluntarily or mandated by the state to insure risks that cannot be covered in the voluntary market such as coastal properties subject to hurricanes. (See Beach and windstorm plans; Fair access to insurance requirements plans/FAIR plans; Joint underwriting association/JUA) INSURANCE REGULATORY INFORMATION SYSTEM/IRIS Uses financial ratios to measure insurers’ financial strength. Developed by the National Association of Insurance Commissioners. Each individual state insurance department chooses how to use IRIS. INSURANCE SCORE Insurance scores are confidential rankings based on credit information. This includes whether the consumer has made timely payments on loans, the number of open credit card accounts and whether a bankruptcy filing has been made. An insurance score is a measure of how well consumers manage their financial affairs, not of their financial assets. It does not include information about income or race. Studies have shown that people who manage their money well tend also to manage their most important asset, their home, well. And people who manage their money responsibly also tend to drive a car responsibly. Some insurance companies use insurance scores as an insurance underwriting and rating tool. INSURANCE-TO-VALUE Insurance written in an amount approximating the value of the insured property.

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INTEGRATED BENEFITS Coverage where the distinction between jobrelated and non-occupational illnesses or injuries is eliminated and workers compensation and general health coverage are combined. Legal obstacles exist, however, because the two coverages are administered separately. Previously called twenty-four hour coverage. *INTEREST-ADJUSTED COST COMPARISON INDEX A cost comparison index used to compare life insurance policy costs that takes into account the time value of money. By comparing the index numbers derived for similar life insurance policies, a consumer has some basis on which to compare the costs of the policies. (See Net payment cost comparison index; Surrender cost comparison index) *INTEREST-SENSITIVE INSURANCE A general category of insurance products in which the face amount and/or the cash value vary according to the insurer’s investment earnings. INTERMEDIATION The process of bringing savers, investors and borrowers together so that savers and investors can obtain a return on their money and borrowers can use the money to finance their purchases or projects through loans. INTERNET INSURER An insurer that sells exclusively via the Internet. INTERNET LIABILITY INSURANCE Coverage designed to protect businesses from liabilities that arise from the conducting of business over the Internet, including copyright infringement, defamation and violation of privacy. INVESTMENT ANNUITY See Deferred annuity.

INVESTMENT INCOME Income generated by the investment of assets. Insurers have two sources of income, underwriting (premiums less claims and expenses) and investment income. The latter can offset underwriting operations, which are frequently unprofitable. *IRREVOCABLE BENEFICIARY A life insurance policy beneficiary who has a vested interest in the policy proceeds even during the insured’s lifetime because the policy owner has the right to change the beneficiary designation only after obtaining the beneficiary’s consent. Contrast with revocable beneficiary. J JOINT AND SURVIVOR ANNUITY An annuity with two annuitants, usually spouses. Payments continue until the death of the longest living of the two. JOINT UNDERWRITING ASSOCIATION/JUA Insurers that join together to provide coverage for a particular type of risk or size of exposure, when there are difficulties in obtaining coverage in the regular market, and which share in the profits and losses associated with the program. JUAs may be set up to provide auto and homeowners insurance and various commercial coverages, such as medical malpractice. (See Assigned risk plans; Residual market) JUNK BONDS Corporate bonds with credit ratings of BB or less. They pay a higher yield than investment grade bonds because issuers have a higher perceived risk of default. Such bonds involve market risk that could force investors, including insurers, to sell the bonds when their value is low. Most states place limits on insurers’ investments in these bonds. In general, because property/casualty insurers can be called upon to provide huge sums of money immediately after a disaster, their investments must be liquid.

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Less than 2 percent are in real estate and a similarly small percent are in junk bonds. JOINT AND SURVIVOR ANNUITY An annuity with two annuitants, usually spouses. Payments continue until the death of the longest living of the two. K KEY PERSON INSURANCE Insurance on the life or health of a key individual whose services are essential to the continuing success of a business and whose death or disability could cause the firm a substantial financial loss. KIDNAP/RANSOM INSURANCE Coverage up to specific limits for the cost of ransom or extortion payments and related expenses. Often bought by international corporations to cover employees. Most policies have large deductibles and may exclude certain geographic areas. Some policies require that the policyholder not reveal the existence of the coverage. L L-SHARE VARIABLE ANNUITIES A form of variable annuity contract usually with short surrender periods and higher mortality and expense risk charges. LADDERING A technique that consists of staggering the maturity dates and the mix of different types of bonds. *LAPSE The termination of an insurance policy because a renewal premium is not paid by the end of the grace period. LAW OF LARGE NUMBERS The theory of probability on which the business of insurance is based. Simply put, this mathe-

matical premise says that the larger the group of units insured, such as sport-utility vehicles, the more accurate the predictions of loss will be. *LEVEL PREMIUM POLICIES Premiums paid for a life insurance policy or for a deferred annuity that remain the same each year that the contract is in force. Contrast with modified premium policies and single premium policies. LIABILITY INSURANCE Insurance for what the policyholder is legally obligated to pay because of bodily injury or property damage caused to another person. *LIFE ANNUITY A type of annuity contract that guarantees periodic income payments throughout the lifetime of a named individual—the annuitant. If a life annuity provides no further benefits after the death of the annuitant, the annuity is known as a straight life annuity. However, some life annuities provide that income payments will be paid either for the life of the annuitant or for a guaranteed period—life income with period certain—or at least until a guaranteed amount has been paid—life income with refund annuity. (See Life annuity with period certain; Life income with refund annuity; Straight life annuity) *LIFE ANNUITY WITH PERIOD CERTAIN A type of annuity contract that guarantees periodic income payments throughout the lifetime of a named individual—the annuitant—and guarantees that the payments will continue for at least a specified period. If the annuitant dies before the end of that specified period, the payments will continue to be paid until the end of the period to a beneficiary designated by the annuitant. (See Life annuity) *LIFE INCOME WITH REFUND ANNUITY A type of annuity contract that guarantees specified periodic income payments throughout the lifetime of a named individual—the annuitant— and guarantees that a refund will be made if the annuitant dies before the total of the periodic
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payments made equals the amount paid for the annuity. Also known as refund annuity. (See Life annuity) LIFE INSURANCE Protection against the death of a policyholder in the form of a payment to a beneficiary. (See Ordinary life insurance; Term insurance; Variable life insurance; Whole life insurance) LIMITED PAYMENT LIFE INSURANCE Life insurance policy with premiums that are fully paid up within a stated period of time, such as 20 years. LIMITS Maximum amount of insurance that can be paid for a covered loss. LINE Type or kind of insurance. LIQUIDATION Enables the state insurance department as liquidator or its appointed deputy to wind up the insurance company’s affairs by selling its assets and settling claims upon those assets. After receiving the liquidation order, the liquidator notifies insurance departments in other states and state guaranty funds of the liquidation proceedings. Such insurance company liquidations are not subject to the Federal Bankruptcy Code but to each state’s liquidation statutes. LIQUIDITY The ability and speed with which a security can be converted into cash. LIQUOR LIABILITY Coverage for bodily injury or property damage caused by an intoxicated person who was served liquor by the policyholder. LIVING BENEFIT RIDER An addition to a policy that enables early payout of anticipated death benefits. The rider affords terminally ill policyholders an additional source of funds to pay medical bills and maintain their lifestyle.
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LLOYD’S OF LONDON A marketplace where underwriting syndicates, or mini-insurers, gather to sell insurance policies and reinsurance. Each syndicate is managed by an underwriter who decides whether or not to accept the risk. The Lloyd’s market is a major player in the international reinsurance market as well as a primary market for marine insurance and large risks. Originally, Lloyd’s was a London coffee house in the 1600s patronized by shipowners who insured each other’s hulls and cargoes. As Lloyd’s developed, wealthy individuals, called “Names,” placed their personal assets behind insurance risks as a business venture. Increasingly since the 1990s, most of the capital comes from corporations. LLOYDS Corporation formed to market services of a group of underwriters. Does not issue insurance policies or provide insurance protection. Insurance is written by individual underwriters, with each assuming a part of every risk. Has no connection to Lloyd’s of London, and is found primarily in Texas. LONG-TERM CARE INSURANCE Long-term care (LTC) insurance pays for services to help individuals who are unable to perform certain activities of daily living without assistance, or require supervision due to a cognitive impairment such as Alzheimer’s disease. LTC is available as individual insurance or through an employer-sponsored or association plan. *LONG-TERM DISABILITY INCOME INSURANCE A type of disability income insurance that provides disability income benefits after shortterm disability income benefits terminate and continues until the earlier of the date when the insured person returns to work, dies, or becomes eligible for pension benefits. Contrast with short-term disability income insurance.

GLOSSARY

LOSS A reduction in the quality or value of a property, or a legal liability. LOSS ADJUSTMENT EXPENSES The sum insurers pay for investigating and settling insurance claims, including the cost of defending a lawsuit in court. LOSS COSTS The portion of an insurance rate used to cover claims and the costs of adjusting claims. Insurance companies typically determine their rates by estimating their future loss costs and adding a provision for expenses, profit and contingencies. LOSS OF USE A provision in homeowners and renters insurance policies that reimburses policyholders for any extra living expenses due to having to live elsewhere while their home is being restored following a disaster. LOSS RATIO Percentage of each premium dollar an insurer spends on claims. LOSS RESERVES The company’s best estimate of what it will pay for claims, which is periodically readjusted. They represent a liability on the insurer’s balance sheet. M MALPRACTICE INSURANCE Professional liability coverage for physicians, lawyers, and other specialists against suits alleging negligence or errors and omissions that have harmed clients. MANAGED CARE Arrangement between an employer or insurer and selected providers to provide comprehensive health care at a discount to members of the insured group and coordinate the financing and delivery of health care. Managed care uses

medical protocols and procedures agreed on by the medical profession to be cost effective, also known as medical practice guidelines. MANUAL A book published by an insurance or bonding company or a rating association or bureau that gives rates, classifications and underwriting rules. MARINE INSURANCE Coverage for goods in transit, and for the commercial vehicles that transport them, on water and over land. The term may apply to inland marine but more generally applies to ocean marine insurance. Covers damage or destruction of a ship’s hull and cargo and perils include collision, sinking, capsizing, being stranded, fire, piracy and jettisoning cargo to save other property. Wear and tear, dampness, mold, and war are not included. (See Inland marine; Ocean marine) *MATURITY DATE (1) For endowment in insurance, the date on which an insurer will pay the face amount of an endowment policy to the policy owner if the insured is still living. (2) In investing, the date on which a bond issuer must repay to the bondholder the amount originally borrowed. (3) For an annuity, the date on which the insurer begins to make annuity payments. Also known as income date. McCARRAN-FERGUSON ACT Federal law signed in 1945 in which Congress declared that states would continue to regulate the insurance business. Grants insurers a limited exemption from federal antitrust legislation. MEDIATION Nonbinding procedure in which a third party attempts to resolve a conflict between two other parties. MEDICAID A federal/state public assistance program created in 1965 and administered by the states for

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people whose income and resources are insufficient to pay for health care. *MEDICAL INFORMATION BUREAU See MIB, Inc. MEDICAL MALPRACTICE INSURANCE See Malpractice insurance. MEDICAL PAYMENTS INSURANCE A coverage in which the insurer agrees to reimburse the insured and others up to a certain limit for medical or funeral expenses as a result of bodily injury or death by accident. Payments are without regard to fault. MEDICAL UTILIZATION REVIEW The practice used by insurance companies to review claims for medical treatment. MEDICARE Federal program for people 65 or older that pays part of the costs associated with hospitalization, surgery, doctors’ bills, home health care and skilled nursing care. MEDIGAP/MEDSUP Policies that supplement federal insurance benefits particularly for those covered under Medicare. *MIB, INC. A nonprofit organization established to provide information to insurers about impairments that applicants have admitted to, or that other insurers have detected, in connection with previous applications for insurance. Formerly known as Medical Information Bureau. MINE SUBSIDENCE COVERAGE An endorsement to a homeowners insurance policy, available in some states, for losses to a home caused by the land under a house sinking into a mine shaft. Excluded from standard homeowners policies, as are other forms of earth movement.

*MISREPRESENTATION A false or misleading statement. (1) In insurance sales, a false or misleading statement made by a sales agent to induce a customer to purchase insurance is a prohibited sales practice. (2) In insurance underwriting, a false or misleading statement by an insurance applicant may provide a basis for the insurer to avoid the policy. *MISSTATEMENT OF AGE OR SEX PROVISION A life insurance, health insurance, and annuity policy provision that describes how policy benefits will be adjusted if the age or sex of the insured has been misstated in the insurance application. Typically, the benefits payable will be those that the premiums paid would have purchased for the correct age or sex. *MODIFIED PREMIUM POLICIES An insurance policy for which the policy owner first pays a lower premium than she would for a similar level premium policy for a specified initial period and then pays a higher premium than she would for a similar level premium policy. Contrast with level premium policies and single premium policies. MONEY SUPPLY Total supply of money in the economy, composed of currency in circulation and deposits in savings and checking accounts. By changing the interest rates the Federal Reserve seeks to adjust the money supply to maintain a strong economy. *MORAL HAZARD The possibility that a person may act dishonestly in an insurance transaction. *MORBIDITY RATE The rate at which sickness and injury occur within a defined group of people. Insurers base health insurance premiums in part on the morbidity rate for a proposed insured’s age group. Contrast with mortality rate.

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MORTALITY AND EXPENSE (M&E) RISK CHARGE A fee that covers such annuity contract guarantees as death benefits. *MORTALITY RATE A percentage rate at which death occurs among a defined group of people of a specified age and sometimes of a specified gender. Insurers base the premiums for life insurance in part on the mortality rate for a proposed insured’s age group. Contrast with morbidity rate. MORTGAGE GUARANTEE INSURANCE Coverage for the mortgagee (usually a financial institution) in the event that a mortgage holder defaults on a loan. Also called private mortgage insurance (PMI). MORTGAGE INSURANCE A form of decreasing term insurance that covers the life of a person taking out a mortgage. Death benefits provide for payment of the outstanding balance of the loan. Coverage is in decreasing term insurance, so the amount of coverage decreases as the debt decreases. A variant, mortgage unemployment insurance pays the mortgage of a policyholder who becomes involuntarily unemployed. (See Term insurance) MORTGAGE-BACKED SECURITIES Investment grade securities backed by a pool of mortgages. The issuer uses the cash flow from mortgages to pay interest on the bonds. MULTIPLE PERIL POLICY A package policy, such as a homeowners or business insurance policy, that provides coverage against several different perils. It also refers to the combination of property and liability coverage in one policy. In the early days of insurance, coverages for property damage and liability were purchased separately. MUNICIPAL BOND INSURANCE Coverage that guarantees bondholders timely payment of interest and principal even if the

issuer of the bonds defaults. Offered by insurance companies with high credit ratings, the coverage raises the credit rating of a municipality offering the bond to that of the insurance company. It allows a municipality to raise money at lower interest rates. A form of financial guarantee insurance. (See Financial guarantee insurance) MUNICIPAL LIABILITY INSURANCE Liability insurance for governments and government agencies. Coverages range from general liability to public officials errors and omissions to environment liability. MUTUAL HOLDING COMPANY An organizational structure that provides mutual companies with the organizational and capital raising advantages of stock insurers, while retaining the policyholder ownership of the mutual. MUTUAL INSURANCE COMPANY A company owned by its policyholders that returns part of its profits to the policyholders as dividends. The insurer uses the rest as a surplus cushion in case of large and unexpected losses. N NAMED PERIL Peril specifically mentioned as covered in an insurance policy. NATIONAL FLOOD INSURANCE PROGRAM Federal government-sponsored program under which flood insurance is sold to homeowners and businesses. (See Adverse selection; Flood insurance) *NET ANNUITY COST A monetary amount equal to the present value of future periodic payments under an annuity contract, calculated on a net basis, without any specific provision for expense loading. Contrast with gross annuity cost. (See Annuity cost)

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*NET PAYMENT COST COMPARISON INDEX A cost comparison index used to compare life insurance policies that takes into account the time value of money and that measures the cost of a policy over a 10- or 20-year period assuming the policy owner pays premiums over the entire period. Contrast with surrender cost comparison index. NET PREMIUMS WRITTEN See Premiums written. NO-FAULT Auto insurance coverage that pays for each driver’s own injuries, regardless of who caused the accident. No-fault varies from state to state. It also refers to an auto liability insurance system that restricts lawsuits to serious cases. Such policies are designed to promote faster reimbursement and to reduce litigation. NO-FAULT MEDICAL A type of accident coverage in homeowners policies. NO-PAY, NO-PLAY The idea that people who don’t buy coverage should not receive benefits. Prohibits uninsured drivers from collecting damages from insured drivers. In most states with this law, uninsured drivers may not sue for noneconomic damages such as pain and suffering. In other states, uninsured drivers are required to pay the equivalent of a large deductible ($10,000) before they can sue for property damages and another large deductible before they can sue for bodily harm. NONADMITTED ASSETS Assets that are not included on the balance sheet of an insurance company, including furniture, fixtures, past-due accounts receivable, and agents’ debt balances. (See Assets) NONADMITTED INSURER Insurers licensed in some states, but not others. States where an insurer is not licensed call that insurer nonadmitted. They sell coverage that is

unavailable from licensed insurers within the state. *NONCANCELLABLE AND GUARANTEED RENEWABLE POLICY An individual health insurance policy, which stipulates that, until the insured reaches a specified age (usually age 65), the insurer will not cancel the coverage, increase the premiums, or change the policy provisions as long as the premiums are paid when due. Also known as noncancellable policy. Contrast with guaranteed renewable policy. *NONFORFEITURE OPTIONS The various ways in which a contract owner may apply the cash surrender value of an insurance or an annuity contract if the contract lapses. In the United States, the typical nonforfeiture options for life insurance are the cash payment option, the extended term insurance option and the reduced paid-up insurance option. (See Cash payment option; Cash surrender value; Extended term insurance option; Reduced paid-up insurance option) NONFORFEITURE VALUES The benefits, as printed in a life insurance policy, that the insurance guarantees to the insured if the insured stops paying premiums. NOTICE OF LOSS A written notice required by insurance companies immediately after an accident or other loss. Part of the standard provisions defining a policyholder’s responsibilities after a loss. NUCLEAR INSURANCE Covers operators of nuclear reactors and other facilities for liability and property damage in the case of a nuclear accident and involves both private insurers and the federal government. NURSING HOME INSURANCE A form of long-term care policy that covers a policyholder’s stay in a nursing facility.

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O OCCUPATIONAL DISEASE Abnormal condition or illness caused by factors associated with the workplace. Like occupational injuries, this is covered by workers compensation policies. (See Workers compensation) OCCURRENCE POLICY Insurance that pays claims arising out of incidents that occur during the policy term, even if they are filed many years later. (See Claims made policy) OCEAN MARINE INSURANCE Coverage of all types of vessels and watercraft, for property damage to the vessel and cargo, including such risks as piracy and the jettisoning of cargo to save other property. Coverage for marine-related liabilities. War is excluded from basic policies, but can be bought back. OPEN COMPETITION STATES States where insurance companies can set new rates without prior approval, although the state’s commissioner can disallow them if they are not reasonable and adequate or are discriminatory. OPERATING EXPENSES The cost of maintaining a business’s property, includes insurance, property taxes, utilities and rent, but excludes income tax, depreciation and other financing expenses. OPTIONS Contracts that allow, but do not oblige, the buying or selling of property or assets at a certain date at a set price. ORDINANCE OR LAW COVERAGE Endorsement to a property policy, including homeowners, that pays for the extra expense of rebuilding to comply with ordinances or laws, often building codes, that did not exist when the building was originally built. For example, a building severely damaged in a hurricane may have to be elevated above the flood line when it

is rebuilt. This endorsement would cover part of the additional cost. ORDINARY LIFE INSURANCE A life insurance policy that remains in force for the policyholder’s lifetime. ORIGINAL EQUIPMENT MANUFACTURER PARTS/OEM Sheet metal auto parts made by the manufacturer of the vehicle. (See Generic auto parts) OVER-THE-COUNTER/OTC Security that is not listed or traded on an exchange such as the New York Stock Exchange. Business in over-the-counter securities is conducted through dealers using electronic networks. P PACKAGE POLICY A single insurance policy that combines several coverages previously sold separately. Examples include homeowners insurance and commercial multiple peril insurance. *PAID-UP ADDITIONAL INSURANCE OPTION An option, available to the owners of participating life insurance policies, that allows the policy owner to use policy dividends to purchase additional insurance on the insured’s life; the paid-up additional insurance is issued on the same plan as the basic policy and in whatever face amount the dividend can provide at the insured’s attained age. (See Dividend; Participating policy; Policy dividend options) *PAID-UP POLICY An insurance policy that requires no further premium payments but continues to provide coverage. *PARTIAL DISABILITY See Residual disability. *PARTICIPATING POLICY A type of insurance policy that allows policy owners to receive policy dividends. Also known as par policy. (See Dividend)
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PAY-AT-THE-PUMP A system proposed in the 1990s in which auto insurance premiums would be paid to state governments through a per-gallon surcharge on gasoline. *PAYOUT OPTIONS The methods available to an annuity contract owner for the distribution of the annuity’s accumulated value. (1) The lump sum distribution method allows the contract owner to receive the balance of his account in a single payment. (2) The fixed period option provides that the annuity’s accumulated value will be paid out over a specified period of time. (3) The fixedamount option provides that the annuity’s accumulated value will be paid out in a pre-selected payment amount until the accumulated value is exhausted. (4) A life annuity option provides that periodic income payments will be tied in some manner to the life expectancy of a named individual. (See Life annuity) PENSION BENEFIT GUARANTY CORPORATION An independent federal government agency that administers the Pension Plan Termination Insurance program to ensure that vested benefits of employees whose pension plans are being terminated are paid when they come due. Only defined benefit plans are covered. Benefits are paid up to certain limits. PENSIONS Programs to provide employees with retirement income after they meet minimum age and service requirements. Life insurers hold some of these funds. Since the 1970s responsibility for funding retirement has increasingly shifted from employers (defined benefit plans that promise workers a specific retirement income) to employees (defined contribution plans financed by employees that may or may not be matched by employer contributions). (See Defined benefit plan; Defined contribution plan)

*PER CAPITA BENEFICIARY DESIGNATION A type of life insurance policy beneficiary designation in which the life insurance benefits are divided equally among the designated beneficiaries who survive the insured. For example, if the policy specifies two beneficiaries, but only one is surviving at the time of the insured’s death, then the remaining beneficiary receives the entire policy benefit. Contrast with per stirpes beneficiary designation. *PER STIRPES BENEFICIARY DESIGNATION A type of life insurance policy beneficiary designation in which the life insurance benefits are divided among a class of beneficiaries; for example, children of the insured. The living members of the class and the descendants of any deceased members of the class share in the benefits equally. Contrast with per capita beneficiary designation. PERIL A specific risk or cause of loss covered by an insurance policy, such as a fire, windstorm, flood, or theft. A named-peril policy covers the policyholder only for the risks named in the policy in contrast to an all-risk policy, which covers all causes of loss except those specifically excluded. *PERIOD CERTAIN The stated period over which an insurer makes periodic benefit payments under an annuity certain. (See Annuity certain) PERSONAL ARTICLES FLOATER A policy or an addition to a policy used to cover personal valuables, like jewelry or furs. PERSONAL INJURY PROTECTION COVERAGE/PIP Portion of an auto insurance policy that covers the treatment of injuries to the driver and passengers of the policyholder’s car. PERSONAL LINES Property/casualty insurance products that are designed for and bought by individuals, includ-

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ing homeowners and automobile policies. (See Commercial lines) POINT-OF-SERVICE PLAN Health insurance policy that allows the employee to choose between in-network and outof-network care each time medical treatment is needed. POLICY A written contract for insurance between an insurance company and a policyholder stating details of coverage. *POLICY DIVIDEND OPTIONS Ways in which the owner of a participating insurance policy may receive policy dividends. (See Additional term insurance option; Cash dividend option; Dividend accumulations option; Paid-up additional insurance option; Premium reduction option) POLICYHOLDERS’ SURPLUS The amount of money remaining after an insurer’s liabilities are subtracted from its assets. It acts as a financial cushion above and beyond reserves, protecting policyholders against an unexpected or catastrophic situation. POLITICAL RISK INSURANCE Coverage for businesses operating abroad against loss due to political upheaval such as war, revolution, or confiscation of property. POLLUTION INSURANCE Policies that cover property loss and liability arising from pollution-related damages, for sites that have been inspected and found uncontaminated. It is usually written on a claims-made basis so policies pay only claims presented during the term of the policy or within a specified time frame after the policy expires. (See Claims made policy) POOL See Insurance pool.

*PRE-EXISTING CONDITION (1) According to most group health insurance policies, a condition for which an individual received medical care during the three months immediately prior to the effective date of her coverage. (2) According to most individual health insurance policies, an injury that occurred or a sickness that first appeared or manifested itself within a specified period—usually two years—before the policy was issued and that was not disclosed on the application for insurance. PREFERRED PROVIDER ORGANIZATION Network of medical providers which charge on a fee-for-service basis, but are paid on a negotiated, discounted fee schedule. *PREFERRED RISK CLASS In insurance underwriting, the group of proposed insureds who represent a significantly lower than average likelihood of loss within the context of the insurer’s underwriting practices. Contrast with declined risk class, standard risk class and substandard risk class. PREMISES The particular location of the property or a portion of it as designated in an insurance policy. PREMIUM The price of an insurance policy, typically charged annually or semiannually. (See Direct premiums; Earned premium; Unearned premium) *PREMIUM REDUCTION OPTION An option, available to the owners of participating insurance policies, that allows the insurer to apply policy dividends toward the payment of renewal premiums. (See Dividend; Policy dividend options) PREMIUM TAX A state tax on premiums paid by its residents and businesses and collected by insurers.

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PREMIUMS IN FORCE The sum of the face amounts, plus dividend additions, of life insurance policies outstanding at a given time. PREMIUMS WRITTEN The total premiums on all policies written by an insurer during a specified period of time, regardless of what portions have been earned. Net premiums written are premiums written after reinsurance transactions. *PRIMARY BENEFICIARY The party designated to receive the proceeds of a life insurance policy following the death of the insured. Also known as first beneficiary. (See Contingent beneficiary) PRIMARY COMPANY In a reinsurance transaction, the insurance company that is reinsured. PRIMARY MARKET Market for new issue securities where the proceeds go directly to the issuer. PRIME RATE Interest rate that banks charge to their most creditworthy customers. Banks set this rate according to their cost of funds and market forces. PRIOR APPROVAL STATES States where insurance companies must file proposed rate changes with state regulators, and gain approval before they can go into effect. PRIVATE MORTGAGE INSURANCE See Mortgage guarantee insurance. PRIVATE PLACEMENT Securities that are not registered with the Securities and Exchange Commission and are sold directly to investors. PRODUCT LIABILITY A section of tort law that determines who may sue and who may be sued for damages when a defective product injures someone. No uniform federal laws guide manufacturer’s liability, but

under strict liability, the injured party can hold the manufacturer responsible for damages without the need to prove negligence or fault. PRODUCT LIABILITY INSURANCE Protects manufacturers’ and distributors’ exposure to lawsuits by people who have sustained bodily injury or property damage through the use of the product. PROFESSIONAL LIABILITY INSURANCE Covers professionals for negligence and errors or omissions that injure their clients. PROOF OF LOSS Documents showing the insurance company that a loss occurred. PROPERTY/CASUALTY INSURANCE Covers damage to or loss of policyholders’ property and legal liability for damages caused to other people or their property. Property/casualty insurance, which includes auto, homeowners and commercial insurance, is one segment of the insurance industry. The other sector is life/health. Outside the United States, property/ casualty insurance is referred to as nonlife or general insurance. PROPERTY/CASUALTY INSURANCE CYCLE Industry business cycle with recurrent periods of hard and soft market conditions. In the 1950s and 1960s, cycles were regular with three year periods each of hard and soft market conditions in almost all lines of property/casualty insurance. Since then they have been less regular and less frequent. PROPOSITION 103 A November 1988 California ballot initiative that called for a statewide auto insurance rate rollback and for rates to be based more on driving records and less on geographical location. The initiative changed many aspects of the state’s insurance system and was the subject of lawsuits for more than a decade.

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PURCHASING GROUP An entity that offers insurance to groups of similar businesses with similar exposures to risk. PURE ENDOWMENT A life insurance contract that pays a periodic income benefit for the life of the owner of the annuity. The payment can be monthly, quarterly, semiannually or annually. PURE LIFE ANNUITY A form of annuity that ends payments when the annuitant dies. Payments may be fixed or variable. Q QUALIFIED ANNUITY A form of annuity purchased with pretax dollars as part of a retirement plan that benefits from special tax treatment, such as a 401(k) plan. R RATE The cost of a unit of insurance, usually per $1,000. Rates are based on historical loss experience for similar risks and may be regulated by state insurance offices. RATE REGULATION The process by which states monitor insurance companies’ rate changes, done either through prior approval or open competition models. (See Open competition states; Prior approval states) *RATED POLICY An insurance policy that is classified as having a greater-than-average likelihood of loss, usually issued with special exclusions, a premium rate that is higher than the rate for a standard policy, a reduced face amount, or any combination of these.

RATING AGENCIES There are several major credit agencies that determine insurers’ financial strength and viability to meet claims obligations. They include A.M. Best Co.; Fitch, Inc.; Moody’s Investors Services; Standard & Poor’s Corp.; and Weiss Ratings, Inc. Factors considered include company earnings, capital adequacy, operating leverage, liquidity, investment performance, reinsurance programs, and management ability, integrity and experience. RATING BUREAU The insurance business is based on the spread of risk. The more widely risk is spread, the more accurately loss can be estimated. An insurance company can more accurately estimate the probability of loss on 100,000 homes than on ten. Years ago, insurers were required to use standardized forms and rates developed by rating agencies. Today, large insurers use their own statistical loss data to develop rates. But small insurers, or insurers focusing on special lines of business, with insufficiently broad loss data to make them actuarially reliable depend on pooled industry data collected by such organizations as ISO, which provides information to help develop rates such as estimates of future losses and loss adjustment expenses like legal defense costs. REAL ESTATE INVESTMENTS Investments generally owned by life insurers that include commercial mortgage loans and real property. RECEIVABLES Amounts owed to a business for goods or services provided. REDLINING Literally means to draw a red line on a map around areas to receive special treatment. Refusal to issue insurance based solely on where applicants live is illegal in all states. Denial of insurance must be risk-based.

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*REDUCED PAID-UP INSURANCE OPTION One of several nonforfeiture options included in life insurance policies that allows the owner of a policy with cash values to discontinue premium payments and to use the policy’s net cash value to purchase paid-up insurance of the same plan as the original policy. (See Nonforfeiture options) *REGISTERED PRINCIPAL An officer or manager of a National Association of Securities Dealers (NASD) member, who is involved in the day-to-day operation of the securities business, has qualified as a registered representative, and has an NASD Series 24 or 26 registration. *REGISTERED REPRESENTATIVE A sales representative or other person who has registered with the National Association of Securities Dealers (NASD), disclosed the required background information, and passed one or more NASD examination. A registered representative engages in the securities business on behalf of a NASD member by soliciting the sale of securities or training securities salespeople. *REINSTATEMENT The process by which an insurer puts back into force an insurance policy that has either been terminated for nonpayment of premiums or continued as extended term or reduced paid-up coverage. REINSURANCE Insurance bought by insurers. A reinsurer assumes part of the risk and part of the premium originally taken by the insurer, known as the primary company. Reinsurance effectively increases an insurer’s capital and therefore its capacity to sell more coverage. The business is global and some of the largest reinsurers are based abroad. Reinsurers have their own reinsurers, called retrocessionaires. Reinsurers don’t pay policyholder claims. Instead, they

reimburse insurers for claims paid. (See Treaty reinsurance; Facultative reinsurance) RELATION OF EARNINGS TO INSURANCE CLAUSE A clause included in some individual disability policies that limits the amount of benefits that an insurer will pay when the total amount of disability benefits from all insurers exceeds the individual’s usual earnings. *RENEWABLE TERM INSURANCE POLICY A term life insurance policy that gives the policy owner the option to continue the coverage at the end of the specified term without presenting evidence of insurability, although typically at a higher premium based on the insured’s attained age. RENTERS INSURANCE A form of insurance that covers a policyholder’s belongings against perils such as fire, theft, windstorm, hail, explosion, vandalism, riots, and others. It also provides personal liability coverage for damage the policyholder or dependents cause to third parties. It also provides additional living expenses, known as loss-of-use coverage, if a policyholder must move while his or her dwelling is repaired. It also can include coverage for property improvements. Possessions can be covered for their replacement cost or for their actual cash value, which includes depreciation. REPLACEMENT COST Insurance that pays the dollar amount needed to replace damaged personal property or dwelling property without deducting for depreciation but limited by the maximum dollar amount shown on the declarations page of the policy. REPURCHASE AGREEMENT/‘REPO’ Agreement between a buyer and seller where the seller agrees to repurchase the securities at an agreed upon time and price. Repurchase agreements involving U.S. government securities are utilized by the Federal Reserve to control the money supply.

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RESERVES A company’s best estimate of what it will pay for claims. *RESIDUAL DISABILITY In disability income insurance, a condition in which the insured is not totally disabled, but is still unable to function as before the sickness or injury, and therefore suffers a reduction in income of at least the percentage—typically 20 percent to 25 percent—specified in the disability income plan. Also known as partial disability. *RESIDUAL DISABILITY INSURANCE See Income protection insurance. RESIDUAL MARKET Facilities, such as assigned risk plans and FAIR Plans, that exist to provide coverage for those who cannot get it in the regular market. Insurers doing business in a given state generally must participate in these pools. For this reason the residual market is also known as the shared market. RETENTION The amount of risk retained by an insurance company that is not reinsured. RETROCESSION The reinsurance bought by reinsurers to protect their financial stability. RETROSPECTIVE RATING A method of permitting the final premium for a risk to be adjusted, subject to an agreed upon maximum and minimum limit based on actual loss experience. It is available to large commercial insurance buyers. RETURN ON EQUITY Net income divided by total equity. Measures profitability by showing how efficiently invested capital is being used. *REVOCABLE BENEFICIARY A life insurance policy beneficiary whose right to the policy’s proceeds can be cancelled or

reduced by the policy owner at any time before the insured’s death. Contrast with irrevocable beneficiary. RIDER An attachment to an insurance policy that alters the policy’s coverage or terms. RISK The chance of loss or the person or entity that is insured. RISK MANAGEMENT Management of the varied risks to which a business firm or association might be subject. It includes analyzing all exposures to gauge the likelihood of loss and choosing options to better manage or minimize loss. These options typically include reducing and eliminating the risk with safety measures, buying insurance, and self-insurance. RISK-RETENTION GROUPS Businesses that band together to self-insure and form an organization, which is chartered and licensed as an insurer in at least one state, to handle liability insurance. RISK-BASED CAPITAL The need for insurance companies to be capitalized according to the inherent riskiness of the type of insurance they sell. Higher risk types of insurance, liability as opposed to property business, generally necessitate higher levels of capital. *ROLLOVER A direct transfer of retirement funds from one qualified plan to another plan of the same type or to an individual retirement arrangement (IRA) that does not pass through the hands of the owner and thus does not incur any tax liability for the owner. Also known as direct rollover and direct transfer.

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S SALVAGE Damaged property an insurer takes over to reduce its loss after paying a claim. Insurers receive salvage rights over property on which they have paid claims, such as badly damaged cars. Insurers that paid claims on cargoes lost at sea now have the right to recover sunken treasures. Salvage charges are the costs associated with recovering that property. SCHEDULE A list of individual items or groups of items that are covered under one policy or a listing of specific benefits, charges, credits, assets or other defined items. SECOND-TO-DIE LIFE INSURANCE See Survivorship Life insurance. SECONDARY MARKET Market for previously issued and outstanding securities. *SECTION 1035 EXCHANGE In the United States, a taxfree replacement of an insurance policy for another insurance contract covering the same person that is performed in accordance with the conditions of Section 1035 of the Internal Revenue Code. SECTION 415 A section of the Internal Revenue Code that provides for dollar limitations on benefits and contributions under qualified retirement plans. Section 415 also requires that the Internal Revenue Service annually adjust these limits for cost-of-living increases. SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION/SEC The organization that oversees publicly held insurance companies. Those companies make periodic financial disclosures to the SEC, including an annual financial statement (or 10K) and a quarterly financial statement (or 10-Q).

Companies must also disclose any material events and other information about their stock. SECURITIES OUTSTANDING Stock held by shareholders. SECURITIZATION OF INSURANCE RISK Using the capital markets to expand and diversify the assumption of insurance risk. The issuance of bonds or notes to third-party investors directly or indirectly by an insurance or reinsurance company or a pooling entity as a means of raising money to cover risks. (See Catastrophe bonds) *SEGREGATED ACCOUNT In Canada, an investment account that insurers maintain separately from a general account to help manage the funds placed in variable insurance products such as variable annuities. (See Separate account) SELF-INSURANCE The concept of assuming a financial risk oneself, instead of paying an insurance company to take it on. Every policyholder is a self-insurer in terms of paying a deductible and co-payments. Large firms often self-insure frequent, small losses such as damage to their fleet of vehicles or minor workplace injuries. However, to protect injured employees state laws set out requirements for the assumption of workers compensation programs. Self-insurance also refers to employers who assume all or part of the responsibility for paying the health insurance claims of their employees. Firms that self insure for health claims are exempt from state insurance laws mandating the illnesses that group health insurers must cover. *SEPARATE ACCOUNT In the United States, an investment account maintained separately from an insurer’s general account to help manage the funds placed in variable insurance products such as variable annuities. Contrast with general account. (See Segregated account)

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*SETTLEMENT OPTIONS Choices given to the owner or beneficiary of a life insurance policy regarding the method by which the insurer will pay the policy’s proceeds when the policy owner does not receive the benefits in one single payment. Typically, the owner can elect (1) to leave the proceeds with the insurer and earn a specified interest rate, (2) to have the proceeds paid in a series of installments for a pre-selected period, (3) to have the proceeds paid in a pre-selected sum in a series of installments for as long as the proceeds last, or (4) to have the insurer tie payment of the proceeds to the life expectancy of a named individual through a life annuity. Also known as optional modes of settlement. (See Life annuity) SEVERITY Size of a loss. One of the criteria used in calculating premiums rates. SEWER BACKUP COVERAGE An optional part of homeowners insurance that covers sewers. SHARED MARKET See Residual market. *SHORT-TERM DISABILITY INCOME INSURANCE A type of disability income coverage that provides disability income benefits for a maximum benefit period of from one to five years. Contrast with long-term disability income insurance. *SINGLE PREMIUM POLICIES A type of life insurance or annuity contract that is purchased by the payment of one lump sum. (1) A single-premium deferred annuity (SPDA) is an annuity contract purchased with a single premium payment whose periodic income payments generally do not begin until several years in the future. (2) A single premium immediate annuity (SPIA) contract is an annuity contract that is purchased with a single premium payment and that will begin making periodic

income payments one annuity period after the contract’s issue date. SOFT MARKET An environment where insurance is plentiful and sold at a lower cost, also known as a buyers’ market. (See Property/casualty insurance cycle) SOLVENCY Insurance companies’ ability to pay the claims of policyholders. Regulations to promote solvency include minimum capital and surplus requirements, statutory accounting conventions, limits to insurance company investment and corporate activities, financial ratio tests and financial data disclosure. *SPECIFIED DISEASE COVERAGE A type of health insurance coverage that provides benefits for the diagnosis and treatment of a specifically named disease or diseases, such as cancer. Also known as dread disease coverage. Contrast with critical illness (CI) insurance. SPENDTHRIFT TRUST CLAUSE Life insurance provision that protects policy payouts from the beneficiary’s creditors. *SPLIT-DOLLAR LIFE INSURANCE PLAN An agreement under which a business provides individual life insurance policies for certain employees, who share in paying the cost of the policies. SPREAD OF RISK The selling of insurance in multiple areas to multiple policyholders to minimize the danger that all policyholders will have losses at the same time. Companies are more likely to insure perils that offer a good spread of risk. Flood insurance is an example of a poor spread of risk because the people most likely to buy it are the people close to rivers and other bodies of water that flood. (See Adverse selection) STACKING Practice that increases the money available to pay auto liability claims. In states where this

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practice is permitted by law, courts may allow policyholders who have several cars insured under a single policy, or multiple vehicles insured under different policies, to add up the limit of liability available for each vehicle. *STANDARD RISK CLASS In insurance underwriting, the group of proposed insureds who represent average risk within the context of the insurer’s underwriting practices and therefore pay average premiums in relation to others of similar insurability. Contrast with declined risk class, preferred risk class and substandard risk class. STATUTORY ACCOUNTING PRINCIPLES/SAP More conservative standards than under GAAP accounting rules, they are imposed by state laws that emphasize the present solvency of insurance companies. SAP helps ensure that the company will have sufficient funds readily available to meet all anticipated insurance obligations by recognizing liabilities earlier or at a higher value than GAAP and assets later or at a lower value. For example, SAP requires that selling expenses be recorded immediately rather than amortized over the life of the policy. (See Admitted assets; GAAP accounting) STOCK INSURANCE COMPANY An insurance company owned by its stockholders who share in profits through earnings distributions and increases in stock value. *STRAIGHT LIFE ANNUITY A type of life annuity contract that provides periodic income payments for as long as the annuitant lives but provides no benefit payments after the annuitant’s death. (See Life annuity) STRUCTURED SETTLEMENT Legal agreement to pay a designated person, usually someone who has been injured, a specified sum of money in periodic payments, usually for his or her lifetime, instead of in a single lump sum payment. (See Annuity)

SUBROGATION The legal process by which an insurance company, after paying a loss, seeks to recover the amount of the loss from another party who is legally liable for it. *SUBSTANDARD PREMIUM RATES The premium rates charged insureds who are classified as substandard risks. Also known as special class rates. *SUBSTANDARD RISK CLASS In insurance underwriting, the group of proposed insureds who represent a significantly greater-than-average likelihood of loss within the context of the insurer’s underwriting practices. Also known as special class risk. Contrast with declined risk class, preferred risk class and standard risk class. *SUICIDE EXCLUSION PROVISION A life insurance policy provision stating that policy proceeds will not be paid if the insured dies as the result of suicide as defined within the policy within a specified period following the date of policy issue. SUPERFUND A federal law enacted in 1980 to initiate cleanup of the nation’s abandoned hazardous waste dump sites and to respond to accidents that release hazardous substances into the environment. The law is officially called the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act. *SUPPLEMENTAL COVERAGE An amount of coverage that adds to the amount of coverage specified in a basic insurance policy. SURETY BOND A contract guaranteeing the performance of a specific obligation. Simply put, it is a threeparty agreement under which one party, the surety company, answers to a second party, the owner, creditor or “obligee,” for a third party’s debts, default or nonperformance. Contractors

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are often required to purchase surety bonds if they are working on public projects. The surety company becomes responsible for carrying out the work or paying for the loss up to the bond “penalty” if the contractor fails to perform. SURPLUS The remainder after an insurer’s liabilities are subtracted from its assets. The financial cushion that protects policyholders in case of unexpectedly high claims. (See Capital; Risk-based capital) SURPLUS LINES Property/casualty insurance coverage that isn’t available from insurers licensed in the state, called admitted companies, and must be purchased from a nonadmitted carrier. Examples include risks of an unusual nature that require greater flexibility in policy terms and conditions than exist in standard forms or where the highest rates allowed by state regulators are considered inadequate by admitted companies. Laws governing surplus lines vary by state. SURRENDER CHARGE A charge for withdrawals from an annuity contract before a designated surrender charge period, usually from five to seven years. *SURRENDER COST COMPARISON INDEX A cost comparison index, used to compare insurance policies, which takes into account the time value of money and measures the cost of a policy over a 10- or 20-year period assuming the policy owner surrenders the policy for its cash value at the end of the period. Contrast with net payment cost comparison index. SURVIVORSHIP LIFE INSURANCE A form of insurance that covers more than one person and pays a benefit after all of the insureds die. It can be used to help pay estate taxes after the deaths of a husband and wife or as a form of business continuation insurance. Also known as second-to-die life insurance.

SWAPS The simultaneous buying, selling or exchange of one security for another among investors to change maturities in a bond portfolio, for example, or because investment goals have changed. T *TAX-DEFERRED BASIS Accumulation of investment income on which income taxes are not payable until money is withdrawn from the investment vehicle. *TAX SHELTERED ANNUITY (TSA) In the United States, a retirement annuity sold only to organizations offering qualified retirement plans under section 403(b) of the U.S. Internal Revenue Code. (See 403(b) plan) *TEN-DAY FREE LOOK PROVISION See Free-look period. TERM CERTAIN ANNUITY A form of annuity that pays out over a fixed period rather than when the annuitant dies. TERM INSURANCE A form of life insurance that covers the insured person for a certain period of time, the “term” that is specified in the policy. It pays a benefit to a designated beneficiary only when the insured dies within that specified period which can be one, five, 10 or even 20 years. Term life policies are renewable but premiums increase with age. TERRITORIAL RATING A method of classifying risks by geographic location to set a fair price for coverage. The location of the insured may have a considerable impact on the cost of losses. The chance of an accident or theft is much higher in an urban area than in a rural one, for example. TERRORISM INSURANCE Included as a part of the package in standard commercial insurance policies before September 11 virtually free of charge. Terrorism

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coverage is now generally offered separately at a price that more adequately reflects the risk. The Terrorism Risk Insurance Act (TRIA) was created by Congress in 2002, and renewed for two years in December 2005, to provide a temporary backstop for incurred losses resulting from certain acts of terrorism. THIRD-PARTY ADMINISTRATOR Outside group that performs clerical functions for an insurance company. THIRD-PARTY COVERAGE Liability coverage purchased by the policyholder as a protection against possible lawsuits filed by a third party. The insured and the insurer are the first and second parties to the insurance contract. (See First-party coverage) TIME DEPOSIT Funds that are held in a savings account for a predetermined period of time at a set interest rate. Banks can refuse to allow withdrawals from these accounts until the period has expired or assess a penalty for early withdrawals. *TIME LIMIT ON CERTAIN DEFENSES PROVISION An individual health insurance policy provision that limits the time during which the insurer may contest the validity of the contract on the ground of misrepresentation in the application or may reduce or deny a claim on the ground it results from a preexisting condition. (See Incontestability provision) TITLE INSURANCE Insurance that indemnifies the owner of real estate in the event that his or her clear ownership of property is challenged by the discovery of faults in the title. TORT A legal term denoting a wrongful act resulting in injury or damage on which a civil court action, or legal proceeding, may be based.

TORT LAW The body of law governing negligence, intentional interference, and other wrongful acts for which civil action can be brought, except for breach of contract, which is covered by contract law. TORT REFORM Refers to legislation designed to reduce liability costs through limits on various kinds of damages and through modification of liability rules. *TOTAL DISABILITY For disability insurance purposes, an insured’s disability that meets the requirements of the definition of total disability included in the disability insurance policy or policy rider and that qualifies for payment of the specified disability benefits. When a disability begins, total disability is usually the complete and continuous inability of an insured to perform the essential duties of his regular occupation. After a disability has existed for a specified period, total disability usually exists only if the insured is prevented from working at any occupation for which he is reasonably fitted by education, training or experience. (See Disability; Residual disability) TOTAL LOSS The condition of an automobile or other property when damage is so extensive that repair costs would exceed the value of the vehicle or property. TRANSPARENCY A term used to explain the way information on financial matters, such as financial reports and actions of companies or markets, are communicated so that they are easily understood and frank. TRAVEL INSURANCE Insurance to cover problems associated with traveling, generally including trip cancellation due to illness, lost luggage and other incidents.

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TREASURY SECURITIES Interest-bearing obligations of the U.S. government issued by the Treasury as a means of borrowing money to meet government expenditures not covered by tax revenues. Marketable Treasury securities fall into three categories— bills, notes and bonds. Marketable Treasury obligations are currently issued in book entry form only; that is, the purchaser receives a statement, rather than an engraved certificate. TREATY REINSURANCE A standing agreement between insurers and reinsurers. Under a treaty each party automatically accepts specific percentages of the insurer’s business. *TWISTING An illegal insurance sales practice, in which a sales agent misrepresents the features of a contract in order to induce the contract owner to replace his current contract, often to the disadvantage of the contract owner. (See Misrepresentation) U UMBRELLA POLICY Coverage for losses above the limit of an underlying policy or policies such as homeowners and auto insurance. While it applies to losses over the dollar amount in the underlying policies, terms of coverage are sometimes broader than those of underlying policies. UNBUNDLED CONTRACTS A form of annuity contract that gives purchasers the freedom to choose among certain optional features in their contract. UNCLAIMED LIFE INSURANCE BENEFITS Life insurance benefits that are unclaimed and unpaid because the beneficiaries aren’t aware that the policies exist or can’t locate the policies because they don’t know which insurance company wrote them. If an insurance company knows that an insured died and cannot find the

beneficiary, the money is transferred to the state where the insured bought the policy. UNDERINSURANCE The result of the policyholder’s failure to buy sufficient insurance. An underinsured policyholder may only receive part of the cost of replacing or repairing damaged items covered in the policy. UNDERWRITING Examining, accepting, or rejecting insurance risks and classifying the ones that are accepted, in order to charge appropriate premiums. UNDERWRITING INCOME The insurer’s profit on the insurance sale after all expenses and losses have been paid. When premiums aren’t sufficient to cover claims and expenses, the result is an underwriting loss. Underwriting losses are typically offset by investment income. UNEARNED PREMIUM The portion of a premium already received by the insurer under which protection has not yet been provided. The entire premium is not earned until the policy period expires, even though premiums are typically paid in advance. UNINSURABLE RISK Risks that do not meet the criteria of an insurable risk. (See Insurable risk) UNINSURED MOTORISTS COVERAGE Portion of an auto insurance policy that protects a policyholder from uninsured and hit-and-run drivers. UNIVERSAL LIFE INSURANCE A flexible premium policy that combines protection against premature death with a type of savings vehicle, known as a cash value account, that typically earns a money market rate of interest. Death benefits can be changed during the life of the policy within limits, generally subject to a medical examination. Once funds accumulate in the cash value account, the

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premium can be paid at any time but the policy will lapse if there isn’t enough money to cover annual mortality charges and administrative costs. UTILIZATION REVIEW See Medical utilization review. V VALUED POLICY A policy under which the insurer pays a specified amount of money to or on behalf of the insured upon the occurrence of a defined loss. The money amount is not related to the extent of the loss. Life insurance policies are an example. VANDALISM The malicious and often random destruction or spoilage of another person’s property. VARIABLE ANNUITY An annuity whose contract value or income payments vary according to the performance of the stocks, bonds and other investments selected by the contract owner. VARIABLE LIFE INSURANCE A policy that combines protection against premature death with a savings account that can be invested in stocks, bonds and money market mutual funds at the policyholder’s discretion. *VARIABLE PREMIUM LIFE INSURANCE POLICY See Indeterminate premium life insurance policy. VIATICAL SETTLEMENT COMPANIES Insurance firms that buy life insurance policies at a steep discount from policyholders who are often terminally ill and need the payment for medications or treatments. The companies provide early payouts to the policyholder, assume the premium payments, and collect the face value of the policy upon the policyholder’s death.

*VARIABLE UNIVERSAL LIFE (VUL) INSURANCE A form of permanent life insurance that combines the premium and death benefit flexibility of universal life insurance with the investment flexibility and risk of variable life insurance. With this type of policy, the death benefit and the cash value fluctuate according to the contract’s investment performance. Also known as universal life II. VOID A policy contract that for some reason specified in the policy becomes free of all legal effect. One example under which a policy could be voided is when information a policyholder provided is proven untrue. VOLATILITY A measure of the degree of fluctuation in a stock’s price. Volatility is exemplified by large, frequent price swings up and down. VOLCANO COVERAGE Most homeowners policies cover damage from a volcanic eruption. VOLUME Number of shares a stock trades either per day or per week. W *WAITING PERIOD For a health insurance policy, the period of time that must pass from the date of policy issue before benefits are payable to an insured. Also known as elimination period and probationary period. WAIVER The surrender of a right or privilege. In life insurance, a provision that sets certain conditions, such as disablement, which allow coverage to remain in force without payment of premiums.

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*WAIVER OF PREMIUM FOR DISABILITY (WP) BENEFIT A supplementary life insurance policy or annuity contract benefit under which the insurer promises to give up its right to collect premiums that become due while the insured is disabled according to the policy or rider’s definition of disability. WAR RISK Special coverage on cargo in overseas ships against the risk of being confiscated by a government in wartime. It is excluded from standard ocean marine insurance and can be purchased separately. It often excludes cargo awaiting shipment on a wharf or on ships after 15 days of arrival in port. WATER-DAMAGE INSURANCE COVERAGE Protection provided in most homeowners insurance policies against sudden and accidental water damage, from burst pipes for example. Does not cover damage from problems resulting from a lack of proper maintenance such as dripping air conditioners. Water damage from floods is covered under separate flood insurance policies issued by the federal government. WEATHER DERIVATIVE An insurance or securities product used as a hedge by energy-related businesses and others whose sales tend to fluctuate depending on the weather. WEATHER INSURANCE A type of business income insurance that compensates for financial losses caused by adverse weather conditions, such as constant rain on the day scheduled for a major outdoor concert. WHOLE LIFE INSURANCE The oldest kind of cash value life insurance that combines protection against premature death with a savings account. Premiums are fixed and guaranteed and remain level throughout the policy’s lifetime.

WORKERS COMPENSATION Insurance that pays for medical care and physical rehabilitation of injured workers and helps to replace lost wages while they are unable to work. State laws, which vary significantly, govern the amount of benefits paid and other compensation provisions. WRAP-UP INSURANCE Broad policy coordinated to cover liability exposures for a large group of businesses that have something in common. Might be used to insure all businesses working on a large construction project, such as an apartment complex. WRITE To insure, underwrite, or accept an application for insurance. WRITTEN PREMIUMS See Premiums written. X XXX Regulation The National Association of Insurance Commissioner’s current model valuation law for life insurance policies, adopted in March 1999. The law tells insurance companies how much they should hold as a reserve for each term life insurance policy. The model has been adopted by most of the states. Y *YEARLY RENEWABLE TERM (YRT) INSURANCE One-year term life insurance that is renewable at the end of the policy term. Also known as annually renewable term (ART) insurance. (See Term life insurance)

Statistical, rating, development and advisory organization for surety companies. Membership includes insurance companies licensed to write fidelity or surety insurance in one or more states and foreign affiliates.

INSURANCE INSTITUTE OF AMERICA, INC. 720 Providence Rd., PO Box 3016 Malvern , PA 19355-0716 Tel: 800-644-2101 Fax: 610-640-9576 Web: http://www.aicpcu.org Provides educational programs and professional certification to people in property and liability insurance. Offerings range from entry-level to advanced, specialized programs. Certification is determined through the administration of national exams. INSURANCE LIBRARY ASSOCIATION OF BOSTON 156 State St. Boston, MA 02109 Tel: 617-227-2087 Fax: 617-723-8524 Web: http://www.insurancelibrary.org A nonprofit, independent membership library serving the research and education interests of all branches of the insurance industry. SCHOOL OF RISK MANAGEMENT, INSURANCE AND ACTUARIAL SCIENCE OF THE TOBIN COLLEGE OF BUSINESS AT ST. JOHN’S UNIVERSITY (FORMERLY THE COLLEGE OF INSURANCE) 101 Murray St. New York, NY 10007 Tel: 212-277-5193 Fax: 212-277-5189 Web: http://www.stjohns.edu/academics/ graduate/tobin/srm Insurance industry-supported college providing a curriculum leading to bachelor’s and master’s degrees in business administration, financial management of risk, insurance finance and actuarial science. The Kathryn and Shelby Cullom Davis Library (212-217-5135) provides services, products and resources to its members.

SOCIETY OF ACTUARIES 475 North Martingale, #600 Schaumburg, IL 60173 Tel: 847-706-3500 Fax: 847-706-3599 Web: http://www.soa.org An educational, research and professional organization dedicated to serving the public and its members. The Society’s vision is for actuaries to be recognized as the leading professionals in the modeling and management of financial risk and contingent events.

COMITÉ EUROPÉEN DES ASSURANCES Blvd. Haussmann, 26 Paris, France 75009 Tel: (33) 1-44-83-11-83 Fax: (33) 1-47-70-03-75 Web: http://www.cea.assur.org/ Membership organization of 30 national associations representing the common interests of European insurers. Publishes European Insurance Data, an annual statistical review of the European market. GENEVA ASSOCIATION 53 Route de Malagnou Geneva, Switzerland CH-1208 Tel: (41) 22-707-66-00 Fax: (41) 22-736-75-36 Web: http://www.genevaassociation.org/ World organization formed by some 80 chief executive officers of leading insurance companies in Europe, North America, South America, Asia, Africa and Australia. Its main goal is to research the growing economic importance of worldwide insurance activities in the major sectors of the economy. Produces The Geneva Papers and other publications. GROUP OF NORTH AMERICAN INSURANCE ENTERPRISES 40 Exchange Place, Suite 1707 New York, NY 10005 Tel: 212-480-0808 Fax: 212-480-9090 Web: http://www.insuranceaccounting.com Group whose goals are to promote high quality international accounting standards for insurance companies and to increase communication between insurers doing business in North America and the International Accounting Standards Board and the U.S. Financial Accounting Standards Board.

Web: http://www.oecdwash.org Markets the publications of the OECD in the United States and serves as an information center for the U.S. market. The Center is engaged in public outreach activities and acts as a liaison office to the U.S. legislative and executive branches. OVERSEAS PRIVATE INVESTMENT CORPORATION 1100 New York Ave., NW Washington, DC 20527 Tel: 202-336-8400 Fax: 202-336-7949 Web: http://www.opic.gov Self-sustaining U.S. government agency providing political risk insurance and finance services for U.S. investment in developing countries. SIGMA c/o Swiss Re Mythenquai 50/60, PO Box 8022 Zurich, Switzerland Tel: (41) 43-285-2121 Fax: (41) 43-285-2999 Web: http://www.swissre.com The sigma publication series provides comprehensive information on international insurance markets and in-depth analyses of economic trends and strategic issues in insurance, reinsurance and financial services. TOPICS c/o Munich Re Munich, Germany 80802 Tel: (49) 89-38-91-0 Web: http://www.munichre.com This annual publication presents a detailed account of the natural catastrophes that occurred in the past year and also examines long-term trends.

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WORLD FACT BOOK c/o Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) Washington, DC 20505 Tel: 703-482-0623 Fax: 703-482-1739 Web: http://www.cia.gov/cia/publications/ factbook/index.html Produced by the CIA’s Directorate of Intelligence, the fact book is a comprehensive resource of facts and statistics on more than 250 countries and other entities.

NATIONAL INSURANCE ASSOCIATION 411 Chapel Hill DR., Suite 663 Durham, NC 27701 Tel: 919-683-5328 An association established in 1973 to help promote the advancement of minority professionals within the insurance industry and to provide a forum for the exchange of ideas and information

State specific associations are not included in this alphabetical index; for these, look under individual state listings starting on page 99. A.M. Best Company Inc., 96 Acord, 85 The Actuarial Foundation, 83 Advantage Group, 72 Advocates for Highway and Auto Safety, 93 Air Worldwide Corporation, 96 America’s Health Insurance Plans (AHIP), 71 American Academy of Actuaries, 83 American Association of Crop Insurers, 87 American Association of Insurance Services, 97 American Association of Managing General Agents, 80 American Bankers Association, 72 American Bankers Insurance Association, 72 The American College, 81 American Council of Life Insurers (ACLI), 71 American Financial Services Association, 72 American Institute for Chartered Property Casualty Underwriters, 81 American Institute of Marine Underwriters, 90 American Insurance Association (AIA), 67 American Land Title Association, 95 American Nuclear Insurers, 91 American Prepaid Legal Services Institute, 90 American Tort Reform Association, 90 APIW: A Professional Association of Women in Insurance, 91

EVENT First insurance legislation in the United Kingdom was enacted. Modern insurance has its roots in this law, which concerned coverage for merchandise and ships. Great Fire of London demonstrated destructive power of fire in an urban environment, leading entrepreneur Nicholas Barbon to form a business to repair houses damaged by fire. Participants in the Friendly Society in England formed a mutual insurance company to cover fire losses. Edward Lloyd’s coffee house, the precursor of Lloyd’s of London, became the central meeting place for ship owners seeking insurance for a voyage. Hand in Hand mutual fire company was formed. Aviva, the world’s oldest continuously operating insurance company, traces its origins to this company. Charles Povey formed the Sun, the oldest insurance company in existence which still conducts business in its own name. It is the forerunner of the Royal & Sun Alliance Group. The Friendly Society, the first insurance company in the United States, was established in Charleston, South Carolina. This mutual insurance company went out of business in 1740. The Philadelphia Contributionship for the Insurance of Houses from Loss by Fire, the oldest insurance carrier in continuous operation in the United States, was established. Presbyterian Ministers Fund, the first life insurance company in the United States, was founded. Equitable Life Assurance Society, the world’s oldest mutual life insurer, was formed in England. Charleston Insurance Company and the South Carolina Insurance Company, the first two United States marine insurance companies, were formed in South Carolina. Lloyd’s of London introduced the first uniform ocean marine policy.

1666

1684

1688

1696

1710

1735

1752

1759 1762 1776

1779

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YEAR 1792

EVENT Insurance Company of North America, the first stock insurance company in the United States, was established. Eagle Fire Insurance Company of New York assumed all outstanding risks of the Union Insurance Company, in the first recorded fire reinsurance agreement in the United States. New York passed the first general insurance law in the United States. Franklin Health Assurance Company of Massachusetts offered the first accident and health insurance.

1813

1849 1850

1851 1861

New Hampshire created the first formal agency to regulate insurance in the United States. First war-risk insurance policies were issued, written by life insurance companies during the Civil War. National Board of Fire Underwriters was formed in New York City, marking the beginning of insurance rate standardization. Hartford Steam Boiler Inspection and Insurance Company, the first boiler insurance company, was established in Hartford, Connecticut.

1866

1873 1878 1885 1890 1894

The Massachusetts Legislature adopted the first standard fire insurance policy. Fidelity and Casualty Company of New York began providing fidelity and surety bonds. Liability protection was first offered with the introduction of employers liability policies. First policies providing benefits for disabilities from specific diseases were offered. National Board of Fire Underwriters established Underwriters’ Laboratories to investigate and test electrical materials to ensure they meet fire safety standards. Travelers Insurance Company issued the first automobile insurance policy in the United States. First pedestrian killed by an automobile, in New York City. New York passed the first United States workers compensation law. It was later found to be unconstitutional. Wisconsin enacted the first permanent workers compensation law in the United States. Lloyd’s of London introduced aviation insurance coverage. Massachusetts passed the first compulsory automobile insurance legislation. Connecticut passed the first financial responsibility law for motorists.

1898 1899 1910

1911 1912 1925

1938 1945

Federal Crop Insurance Act created the first federal crop insurance program. McCarran-Ferguson Act (Public Law 15) was enacted. It provided the insurance industry with a limited exemption to federal antitrust law, assuring the pre-eminence of state regulation of the industry.

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YEAR 1947

EVENT New York established the Motor Vehicle Liability Security Fund to cover auto insurance company insolvencies. This organization was a precursor of the state guaranty funds established by insurers in all states to absorb the claims of insolvent insurers. First package insurance policies for homeowners coverage were introduced. Boston Plan was established to address insurance availability problems in urban areas in Boston. First state-run Fair Access to Insurance Requirements (FAIR) Plans were set up to ensure property insurance availability in high-risk areas. The federal flood insurance program was established with the passage of the National Flood Insurance Act. It enabled property owners in communities that participate in flood reduction programs to purchase insurance against flood losses.

1950 1960 1968

1971 1981

Massachusetts became the first state to establish a true no-fault automobile insurance plan. Federal Risk Retention Act of 1981 was enacted. The law fostered the growth of risk retention groups and other nontraditional insurance mechanisms. The Illinois Legislature created the Illinois Insurance Exchange, a cooperative effort of individual brokers and risk bearers operating as a single market, similar to Lloyd’s of London.

1985

Mission Insurance Group failed. The insolvency incurred the largest payout by state guaranty funds for a single property/casualty insurance company failure at that time. This and other insolvencies in the 1980s led to stricter state regulation of insurer solvency. Montana became the first state to forbid discrimination by sex in the setting of insurance rates.

1992

European Union’s Third Nonlife Insurance Directive became effective, establishing a single European market for insurance. Florida enacted rules requiring insurers to offer separate deductibles for hurricane losses, marking a shift to hurricane deductibles based on a percentage of loss rather than a set dollar figure. World Trade Organization agreement to dismantle barriers to trade in financial services, including insurance, banking and securities, was signed by the United States and some 100 other countries. Travelers became first insurer to sell auto insurance on the Internet. Financial Services Modernization Act (Gramm-Leach-Bliley) enacted, allowing insurers, banks and securities firms to affiliate under a financial holding company structure. Terrorist attacks upon the World Trade Center in New York City and the Pentagon in Washington, DC caused about $40 billion in insured losses. Terrorism Risk Insurance Act enacted to provide a federal backstop for terrorism insurance losses. In a landmark ruling, upheld in 2004, the U.S. Supreme Court placed limits on punitive damages, holding in State Farm v. Campbell that punitive damages awards should generally not exceed nine times compensatory awards.

1996

1997

1998 1999

2001

2002 2003

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YEAR 2004

EVENT New York Attorney General Eliot Spitzer and a number of state regulators launched investigations into insurance industry sales and accounting practices. Citigroup sold off its Travelers life insurance unit, following the spin-off of its property/casualty business in 2002. This dissolved the arrangement that led to the passage of Gramm-Leach-Bliley in 1999. The federal Class Action Fairness Act moved most class-action lawsuits to federal courts, offering the prospect of lower defense costs and fewer and less costly verdicts. A string of hurricanes, including Hurricane Katrina, hit the Gulf Coast, making 2005 the costliest year on record in terms of insured losses.

2005

2006

Massachusetts became the first state to pass a universal health insurance law. Congress passed legislation extending the Terrorism Risk Insurance Act to December 2007. The act, originally passed in 2002 to provide a federal backstop for terrorism insurance losses, had been set to expire at the end of 2005.

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. I.I.Ices r esou R

In addition to the Insurance Handbook for Reporters, the Insurance Information Institute produces a number of online and print publications. To order, call 212-346-5500 or email publications@iii.org. THE I.I.I. INSURANCE FACT BOOK The almanac of the insurance industry with thousands of facts, figures, tables and graphs designed for quick and easy reference. Covers the dollars and cents of the business, factors affecting costs, losses by category, laws effecting motorists, premiums by line and much more. THE FINANCIAL SERVICES FACT BOOK Unique and comprehensive guide with more than 350 graphs and charts on insurance, banking, securities and on financial services as a whole. Published jointly with The Financial Services Roundtable. Online version available at www.financialservicesfacts.org A FIRM FOUNDATION: HOW INSURANCE SUPPORTS THE ECONOMY Shows the myriad ways in which insurance provides economic support—from offering employment and fueling the capital markets, to providing financial security and income to individuals and local businesses through the payment of claims. The resource includes a wide array of charts and tables. The online version has a special tool that generates state specific compilations. Online version available at www.economicinsurancefacts.org INTERNATIONAL INSURANCE FACT BOOK Facts and statistics on the property/casualty and life insurance industries of dozens of countries. No print edition. Available in CD ROM format. Online version available at www.internationalinsurance.org

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INSURING YOUR BUSINESS A comprehensive insurance guide for small business owners. Online at www.iii.org/smallbusiness COMMERCIAL INSURANCE A comprehensive guide to the business of commercial insurance—its 20-plus major coverages and dozens of specialty products. The resource provides clear, concise explanations of all aspects of the sector, including distribution, surplus lines and reserving. No print edition. Online version available at www.commercialinsurancefacts.org I.I.I. INSURANCE DAILY Keeps thousands of readers up-to-date on important events, issues and trends in the insurance industry each business morning. This unique electronic newsletter contains abstracts of insurancerelated articles from newspapers and magazines from across the U.S. and abroad. Transmitted early each business day via email. I.I.I. INSURANCE ISSUES UPDATES Frequently updated background papers on key insurance issues. Online at www.iii.org/media/hottopics REINSURANCE: FUNDAMENTALS AND NEW CHALLENGES Reinsurance experts explain the fundamentals of the business, including facultative reinsurance, constructing catastrophe and liability reinsurance programs, loss development and the role of the intermediary, as well as the different markets. The new challenges discussed range from catastrophe modeling and the securitization of risk and other alternative risk management techniques to changes in the reinsurance environment and the nature of risk itself. BASIC CONCEPTS OF ACCOUNTING AND TAXATION OF PROPERTY/CASUALTY INSURANCE COMPANIES Basic principles behind the statutory accounting system used by property/casualty insurers and of the federal taxation of insurance companies. IMPACT Semi-annual magazine that highlights the insurance industry’s contributions to community development. CONSUMER BROCHURES Various brochures offering helpful advice on types of insurance, such as auto and home, and aspects of insurance, such as settling a claim. A full list of brochures is posted on the I.I.I. Web site at www.iii.org/media/publications/

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I.I.I. WEB CONTENT
Thousands of Web sites presently use I.I.I. content on their pages or link to I.I.I. Web sites. Some of the following content is available as automated content feeds: I.I.I. Wire The latest insurance-related news, studies and issues papers. Facts & Statistics The latest insurance industry facts and statistics. Latest Studies The latest insurance industry reports and studies. Know Your Stuff An easy-to-use free home inventory program that can be downloaded by consumers. My Financial House An easy-to-use free financial inventory program that can be downloaded by consumers. Disaster Insurance Information Web site posting information on major disasters within the United States. Online at www.disasterinformation.org Publications/Web contact persons Andréa C. Basora, Vice President - Web and Editorial Services Mary-Anne Firneno, Research Ruth Gastel, Insurance Issues Updates editor Daphne Gerardi, Inventory and orders Charlene Lewis, Production Assistant Shorna Lewis, Director - Technology and Web Production Neil Liebman, Senior Editor - Publications/Insurance Daily editor Madine Singer, Vice President - Publications and Information Services

The I.I.I. Insurance Handbook for Reporters
• Concise explanations of auto, home, life, disability and business insurance. • A key to locating insurance experts and spokespersons. • Directories of hundreds of insurance-related organizations. • Comprehensive glossary, with over 500 insurance property/casualty and life insurance terms, produced in conjunction with LOMA, a worldwide association of life and financial services companies. To learn more about LOMA and its resources, contact the group at 2300 Windy Ridge Parkway, Suite 600, Atlanta, GA 30339, call 770-951-1770 or visit www.loma.org.

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