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Lesson 20

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8.4 FramesFrames are descriptions of conceptual individuals. Frames can exist for ``real objectssuch as ``The Watergate Hotel, sets of objects such as ``Hotels, or more ``abstractobjects such as ``Cola-Wars or ``Watergate.A Frame system is a collection of objects. Each object contains a number of slots. A slotrepresents an attribute. Each slot has a value. The value of an attribute can be anotherobject. Each object is like a C struct. The struct has a name and contains a bunch ofnamed values (which can be pointers)Frames are essentially defined by their relationships with other frames. Relationshipsbetween frames are represented using slots. If a frame f is in a relationship r to a frame g,then we put the value g in the r slot of f.For example, suppose we are describing the following genealogical tree:The frame describing Adam might look something like:Adam: sex: Male spouse: Beth child: (Charles Donna Ellen)where sex, spouse, and child are slots. Note that a single slot may hold several values(e.g. the children of Adam).The genealogical tree would then be described by (at least) seven frames, describing thefollowing individuals: Adam, Beth, Charles, Donna, Ellen, Male, and Female.A frame can be considered just a convenient way to represent a set of predicates appliedto constant symbols (e.g. ground instances of predicates.). For example, the frame abovecould be written: sex(Adam,Male) spouse(Adam,Beth) child(Adam,Charles) child(Adam,Donna) child(Adam,Ellen) Version 2 CSE IIT, Kharagpur

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More generally, the ground predicate r(f,g) is represented, in a frame based system, byplacing the value g in the r slot of the frame f : r(f,g)Frames can also be regarded as an extension to Semantic nets. Indeed it is not clear wherethe distinction between a semantic net and a frame ends. Semantic nets initially we usedto represent labelled connections between objects. As tasks became more complex therepresentation needs to be more structured. The more structured the system it becomesmore beneficial to use frames. A frame is a collection of attributes or slots and associatedvalues that describe some real world entity. Frames on their own are not particularlyhelpful but frame systems are a powerful way of encoding information to supportreasoning. Set theory provides a good basis for understanding frame systems. Each framerepresents: • a class (set), or • an instance (an element of a class).Consider the example below.Person isa: Mammal Cardinality:Adult-Male isa: Person Cardinality:Rugby-Player isa: Adult-Male Cardinality: Height: Weight: Version 2 CSE IIT, Kharagpur

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Note • The isa relation is in fact the subset relation. • The instance relation is in fact element of. • The isa attribute possesses a transitivity property. This implies: Robert-Howley is a Back and a Back is a Rugby-Player who in turn is an Adult-Male and also a Person. • Both isa and instance have inverses which are called subclasses or all instances. • There are attributes that are associated with the class or set such as cardinality and on the other hand there are attributes that are possessed by each member of the class or set.DISTINCTION BETWEN SETS AND INSTANCESIt is important that this distinction is clearly understood.Cardiff-RFC can be thought of as a set of players or as an instance of a Rugby-Team.If Cardiff-RFC were a class then • its instances would be players • it could not be a subclass of Rugby-Team otherwise its elements would be members of Rugby-Team which we do not want.Instead we make it a subclass of Rugby-Player and this allows the players to inherit thecorrect properties enabling us to let the Cardiff-RFC to inherit information about teams.This means that Cardiff-RFC is an instance of Rugby-Team.BUT There is a problem here: • A class is a set and its elements have properties. • We wish to use inheritance to bestow values on its members. • But there are properties that the set or class itself has such as the manager of a team.This is why we need to view Cardiff-RFC as a subset of one class players and an instanceof teams. We seem to have a CATCH 22. Solution: MetaClassesA metaclass is a special class whose elements are themselves classes.Now consider our rugby teams as: Version 2 CSE IIT, Kharagpur

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The basic metaclass is Class, and this allows us to • define classes which are instances of other classes, and (thus) • inherit properties from this class.Inheritance of default values occurs when one element or class is an instance of a class. Version 2 CSE IIT, Kharagpur