UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
FOR THE SOUTHERN DISTRICT OF NEW YORK
PEARSON EDUCATION, INC.; CENGAGE
LEARNING, INC.; and BEDFORD,
FREEMAN & WORTH PUBLISHING GROUP,
LLC, D/B/A MACMILLAN HIGHER
EDUCATION,
Case No. 1:12-cv-01986-ALC
Plaintiffs,
v.
BOUNDLESS LEARNING INC. and Does 1-10,
Defendants.
COMPLAINT
Plaintiffs Pearson Education, Inc. (“Pearson”), Cengage Learning, Inc. (“Cengage”), and
Bedford, Freeman & Worth Publishing Group, LLC d/b/a MacMillan Higher Education
(“MacMillan Higher Ed”) (collectively, “Plaintiffs”), for their Complaint against Defendant
Boundless Learning Inc. (“Boundless” or “Defendant”) and Does 1-10 (“Does”), allege, on
personal knowledge as to matters relating to themselves, and on information and belief as to all
other matters, as follows:
NATURE OF ACTION
1.
Plaintiffs are among the most well-known and respected educational publishers in
the world. Working with authors who are both experts in their fields of study and teachers,
Plaintiffs create and publish extremely valuable and highly-regarded textbooks. The process of
creating textbooks does not stop when a textbook is first released. The Plaintiffs, working with
their authors, continuously edit the material they include in their textbooks and hone the manner
1
in which they teach it for subsequent editions. With this process, textbooks continually change
and improve, ultimately becoming the highly-evolved pedagogical tools that they are today.
2.
Defendant is a recently-founded Internet company with a web site located at
www.boundlessnow.com (the “Boundless Web Site”).
Defendant is in the business of
distributing online textbooks that it claims serve as “substitutes” for Plaintiffs’ textbooks. Rather
than produce its own textbooks, however, Defendant steals the creative expression of others,
willfully and blatantly violating Plaintiffs’ intellectual property rights in several of their highest
profile, signature textbooks. Defendant exploits and profits from Plaintiffs’ successful textbooks
by making and distributing the free “Boundless Version” of those books, in the hope that it can
later monetize the user base that it draws to its Boundless Web Site.
In short, Defendant seeks
to build its business upon Plaintiffs’ intellectual property rights.
3.
The Boundless textbooks copy the distinctive selection, arrangement, and
presentation of Plaintiffs’ textbooks, along with other original text, imagery, and protected
expression of Plaintiffs and their authors, all in violation of the Copyright Act. Defendant
markets its unauthorized Boundless editions of Plaintiffs’ textbooks in a false or misleading
manner in violation of the Lanham Act.
Defendant tries to cloak its actions in a veil of
legitimacy by pretending that it simply distributes “open source educational content.” Yet in
reality, Defendant operates a business built on brazen infringement that whittles away at
Plaintiffs’ and their authors’ incentive to create and perfect their works, misleads students, and
has a corrosive effect on learning.
4.
Notwithstanding whatever use it claims to make of “open source educational
content,” Defendant distributes “replacement textbooks” that are created from, based upon, and
overwhelmingly similar to Plaintiffs’ textbooks.
2
Defendant generates these “replacement
textbooks” by hiring individuals to copy and paraphrase from Plaintiffs’ textbooks. Defendant
boasts that they copy the precise selection, structure, organization and depth of coverage of
Plaintiffs’ textbooks and then map-in substitute text, right down to duplicating Plaintiffs’
pagination.
Defendant has taken hundreds of topics, sub-topics, and sub-sub-topics that
comprise Plaintiffs’ textbooks and copied them into the Boundless texts, even presenting them in
the same order, and keying their placement to Plaintiffs’ actual pagination. Defendant has
engaged in similar copying or paraphrasing with respect to the substance of hundreds of
photographs, illustration, captions, and other original aspects of Plaintiffs’ textbooks.
5.
Whether in the lecture hall or in a textbook, anyone is obviously free to teach the
subjects biology, economics or psychology, and can do so using, creating and refining the
pedagogical materials they think best, whether consisting of “open source educational content”
or otherwise. But by making unauthorized “shadow-versions” of Plaintiffs’ copyrighted works,
Defendant teaches only the age-old business model of theft.
6.
Notwithstanding its spin about being on the cutting edge, Boundless gets an “F”
in originality for deliberately copying the creative, scholarly and aesthetic expression of
Plaintiffs and their authors. Plaintiffs and their authors express countless creative choices as they
write, publish and continuously revise and improve their textbooks over many years. Different
books, and indeed even different editions of a single book title, resolve these choices in different
ways. Those differences reflect, among other things, how authors and editors express their
developing vision and expertise, along with their interpretation of years and in some cases
decades of feedback from reviewers and users in the field, and changes and developments in
knowledge respecting the subject areas.
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7.
Defendant Boundless chose to bypass the creative process necessary to produce a
legitimate textbook of its own by simply copying the original selection, arrangement and other
protected expression that is the essence of Plaintiffs’ textbooks.
Such infringement by
Defendant, along with its confusing and misleading marketing, damages Plaintiffs’ businesses
and investments in their copyrighted works. Accordingly, Plaintiffs hereby bring these claims
for injunctive relief and damages, in order to stop the infringing activity and to seek
compensation for the violation of their intellectual property rights.
THE PARTIES
8.
Plaintiff Pearson is a Delaware corporation with its principal place of business
located at One Lake Street, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458. Pearson is one of the
world’s leading learning companies, with global reach and market-leading businesses in
education, business information and consumer publishing. Along with publishing some of the
world’s great textbooks under such well-known imprints as “Prentice Hall,” “Longman,” and
“Addison Wesley,” Pearson also provides innovative print and digital education materials,
including personalized learning programs; education services such as custom publishing and
international educational and vocational training; and digital and distance learning through
various online platforms.
9.
Plaintiff Cengage, formerly Thomson Learning, Inc., is a Delaware corporation
with its principal place of business located at 200 First Stamford Place, 4th Floor, Stamford,
Connecticut 06902. Cengage is among the world’s largest providers of tailored learning
solutions.
In the academic marketplace, Cengage serves secondary, post-secondary and
graduate-level students, teachers, and learning institutions in both traditional and distance
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learning environments. Cengage products and services are sold throughout the world, through
direct channels and via a worldwide network of distributors.
10.
Plaintiff Macmillan Higher Ed is a New York limited liability company with its
principal place of business at 41 Madison Avenue, New York, New York 10010. Macmillan
Higher Ed is a leading publisher of textbooks, educational content and resources used by
colleges and universities in the United States and worldwide. Macmillan Higher Ed’s imprints
include “Bedford/St. Martins,” “W.H. Freeman and Company,” and “Worth Publishers.”
Macmillan Higher Ed is a part of Macmillan, a group of America’s leading book publishers and
educational content companies.
11.
Defendant Boundless is a Delaware corporation with its principal place of
business located at 164 Kneeland Street, Boston, Massachusetts 02111.
12.
Defendant Does 1 through 10 are fictitious names used to refer to certain
individuals or entities whose true identities are not currently known to Plaintiffs. Once Plaintiffs
ascertain their identities, Plaintiffs will seek leave of the Court to amend the Complaint to
include such individuals or entities as named defendants. The Doe defendants are the individuals
and/or entities responsible for the creation and distribution of the “Boundless Version” of
Plaintiffs’ textbooks. The Doe defendants also include those individuals and/or entities that
financially benefit from the infringement of Plaintiffs’ copyrighted works and fail to exercise
their right and ability to control the infringement, and/or that have knowledge of the
infringement of Plaintiffs’ copyrighted works and encourage or materially contribute to it. Each
Doe Defendant acted in concert with, as agent or representative for, or at the request or on the
behalf of Defendant Boundless.
Thus, the allegations of wrongful conduct by Defendant
Boundless set forth herein are also applicable to and alleged against each Doe Defendant.
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JURISDICTION AND VENUE
13.
This is an action arising under the Copyright Act, 17 U.S.C. § 101, et al., and
under the Lanham Act § 43, 15 U.S.C. § 1125(a). This Court has jurisdiction over the subject
matter of this action pursuant to 28 U.S.C. §§ 1331 and 1338(a).
14.
This Court has personal jurisdiction over Defendant Boundless because it does
systematic and continuous business in New York, and has performed acts directly aimed at and
causing harm in New York which give rise to this Complaint, including by distributing the
infringing copies of its “replacement textbooks,” also known as the “Boundless Version” of
Plaintiffs’ textbooks, into New York.
This Court has personal jurisdiction over the Doe
Defendants because in the course of making and distributing the infringing “Boundless
Versions” of Plaintiffs’ copyrighted works, they have performed acts directly aimed at New
York and caused harm in New York.
15.
Venue is proper in this district under 28 U.S.C. §§ 1391.
GENERAL ALLEGATIONS
Plaintiffs’ Businesses
16.
Plaintiffs each publish a variety of educational textbooks, among other works.
Their textbooks are used worldwide at educational institutions and in other learning
environments.
17.
Plaintiffs each invest substantial sums of money, time, expertise, and talent to
develop their textbooks and subsequent editions of those textbooks. Plaintiffs, for example,
work closely with their authors to select, plan, create, write, edit, organize, and arrange the
content within each textbook, including as to subject matter, text, photographs, illustrations, and
other areas. Each new edition adopts and incorporates not only changes to the underlying
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substantive content, but also adopts new and improved pedagogy to teach the substantive
content.
Of course, Plaintiffs also pay the author advances and royalties that underwrite the
creation of these extremely beneficial works of pedagogy.
18.
Plaintiffs each invest significant resources annually in the worldwide
advertisement and promotion of their goods and services. Plaintiffs and/or their predecessors
have invested decades of effort in building a reputation of superior quality in the publishing
industry.
19.
In writing and updating and revising their textbooks, Plaintiffs and their authors
repeatedly decide, what material to include, in what order, and in what manner to present it. Not
only do they decide the general topics to discuss in their books and the order of those topics, but
within each topic they must decide what sub-topics and sub-sub-topics to include, and in what
order and at what depth those sub-topics and sub-sub-topics should be discussed.
This
distinctive selection, coordination, arrangement and emphasis-of-content within their textbooks
is the direct result of subjective choices made by the authors and editors, leveraging inter alia
their many years of teaching and comprehensive expertise in the material, as well as their
considerable understanding of the needs of the scholastic community. The text, illustrations,
problems, and questions that Plaintiffs and their authors create for and select to use in their books
are also Plaintiffs’ original creative work
20.
In their textbooks, Plaintiffs make extensive use of figures, photographs, diagrams
and other carefully chosen illustrative art to exemplify and communicate the matters taught
within the textbooks. Such figures, photographs, diagrams and other art is yet another aspect of
the myriad creative decisions that Plaintiffs and their authors make to express their unique views
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and understandings of how to best teach the material, illustrate and reinforce difficult concepts,
test the reader’s comprehension, and engage and inspire.
21.
The choices made by Plaintiffs and their authors, including as to the works
identified below, are by no means basic, mechanical, routine, obvious, standard, or necessary for
textbooks on those subjects. Indeed, those many choices represent expressions of creativity of
the highest order, and the end-result of those choices reflects Plaintiffs' and their authors'
expression of their unique and highest pedagogical aspirations.
22.
The revenues from Plaintiffs’ sales of textbooks are important to their financial
health. Among other things, a substantial decline in revenue from textbook sales could cause
Plaintiffs to cease publication and/or reinvestment in one or more deserving books. This would
have an adverse impact on the creation of new works, on scholarly endeavor, and on scientific
and educational progress by making it more difficult to publish deserving works.
Plaintiff Pearson
23.
Plaintiff Pearson is the copyright owner and publisher of one of the world’s best-
known textbooks entitled, Biology, authored by Neil Campbell and Jane Reece, among others. It
is commonly referred to as Campbell’s Biology.
24.
Dr. Campbell, who passed away in 2004 to great mourning by and universal
acknowledgement within the academic community of the accomplishment represented by his
innovative Biology textbook, was a scientist who had taught biology at the collegiate level for
more than thirty years. He earned his M.A. in Zoology from University of California, Los
Angeles, and his Ph.D. in Plant Biology from the University of California, Riverside. It is safe to
say that Campbell’s Biology represents the culmination of Professor Campbell’s academic
career. Dr. Reece, who had worked with Professor Campbell for years as a co-author before his
8
death, is a scientist with an A.B. in Biology from Harvard University, an M.S. in Microbiology
from Rutgers University, and a Ph.D. in Bacteriology from the University of California,
Berkeley. She has also worked as a post-doctoral fellow in genetics at Stanford University, and
serves as the primary author on the current editions of Campbell’s Biology.
25.
First published in 1987, the Biology textbook is now in its tenth edition. Believed
to be the most successful science college textbook in the world, it is estimated to have been used
by over 6.5 million students. Some sixty percent of Americans under the age of forty in the
fields of biology, biotechnology, biology education, medicine, and other health careers began
their college studies with the Biology textbook. Researching, writing and updating the Biology
textbook has involved herculean creative input, including as to the textual content, design, art,
figures, and photographs.
26.
Campbell’s Biology is organized into eight (8) separate units. Those units are
then segregated into fifty-six (56) individual chapters. Within the fifty-six (56) chapters, the
textbook segregates into two hundred sixty-two (262) key concepts. Within those key concept
sections, there are well over one hundred photographs and figures. Each photograph and figure
is selected and placed to help elucidate the key concepts around it. In each key concept section,
the textbook emphasizes certain key terms by using a bold typeface for them. These key terms
are selected to single out certain words and concepts from within the vast field that is the subject
of biology. At the end of each chapter, the textbook contains test questions to help students
measure their understanding of the material in the chapter.
27.
Plaintiff Pearson has duly registered with the United States Copyright Office its
copyright in the Biology book, both for the initial book and as to subsequent editions. The most
recent registration is as follows: U.S. Copyright Registration Number 7-304-625 (9th edition).
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Plaintiff Cengage
28.
Plaintiff Cengage is the copyright owner and publisher of a textbook entitled,
Principles of Economics, authored by N. Gregory Mankiw. It is sometimes referred to as
Mankiw’s Principles of Economics.
29.
Dr. Mankiw is a professor of economics at Harvard University. He earned his
Bachelor of Arts in economics from Princeton University, and his Ph.D. at the Massachusetts
Institute of Technology. He began teaching at Harvard University in 1985. In May 2003,
President George W. Bush appointed Dr. Mankiw as the Chairman of the Council of Economic
Advisors, on which he served until 2005. He currently serves as an economic advisor to
presidential candidate Mitt Romney. The Research Papers in Economics project has ranked Dr.
Mankiw as the 25th most influential economist in the world based on his academic contributions.
30.
Mankiw’s Principles of Economics was first published in 1998. Since that time,
the textbook has sold more than one million copies and has been translated into 17 languages.
Principles of Economics, Sixth Edition, became a best seller after its introduction and is believed
to be the most popular and widely used text in the economics classroom. The sixth edition
features a strong revision of content in all thirty-six chapters. Dozens of new applications
emphasize the real-world relevance of economics for today’s students through interesting news
articles, realistic case studies, and engaging problems. In addition to teaching the fundamental
principles of economics, a number of the chapters describe Professor Mankiw’s considered
opinions and philosophies of those fundamental principles.
31.
Plaintiff Cengage has duly registered with the United States Copyright Office its
copyright in the Principles of Economics book, both for the initial textbook and as to subsequent
10
editions. The most recent registration is as follows: U.S. Copyright Registration Number TX 7349-956 (9th edition), registered March 23, 2011.
Plaintiff Macmillan Higher Ed
32.
Plaintiff Macmillan Higher Ed is the copyright owner and publisher of a textbook
entitled, Psychology, authored by David G. Myers.
It is commonly referred to as Myers’
Psychology.
33.
Dr. Myers has taught or written about psychology at the collegiate level for more
than forty years. For many years, he the John Dirk Werkman Professor of Psychology at Hope
College in Michigan. He earned his Bachelor of Arts in chemistry from Whitworth College, and
his M.A. and Ph.D. in Psychology from the University of Iowa. Dr. Myers has received grants
from the National Science Foundation, among others. Dr. Myers has authored seventeen books.
His research has been published in more than two dozen scientific periodicals, including Science,
American Scientist, Psychological Science, Psychonomic Science, Journal of Psychology,
Journal of Social Psychology, British Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, and the
American Psychologist, among others.
34.
Myers’ Psychology was first published in 1986. It is currently studied by students
at hundreds of colleges and universities. It has been translated into twelve languages, and is used
worldwide. Each new edition of the textbook is used as a fresh opportunity to communicate
psychology’s enduring principles and pivotal research in terms that captivate students and
connect with their lives. The Ninth Edition adjusted its approach to make it more accessible for
teaching by refocusing and combining chapters in order to streamline its presentation of the
issues. The ninth edition contains sixteen (16) chapters (as well as a prologue and appendices),
eighty-four (84) sub-chapters, and two hundred sixty-five (265) sub sub-chapters; as well as
11
hundreds of images and figures. The textbook also adopted a new inquiry-based pedagogy
whereby it includes learning objectives and questions for the students in order to enhance a
student’s mastery of the subject.
35.
Plaintiff Macmillan Higher Ed has duly registered with the United States
Copyright Office its copyright in the Psychology book, both for the initial textbook and as to
subsequent editions. The most recent registrations are for the 9th edition, TX 7-068-827, and the
10th edition, filed January 24, 2012.
Defendant and Its Infringing Conduct
36.
Defendant is a for-profit company founded in 2010 by three individuals, Ariel
Diaz, Aaron White, and Brian Balfour. Referred to on the Boundless Web Site as “technology
entrepreneurs,” these individuals do not appear to have any significant background in education,
the publishing business, or as to the subjects in which they publish Boundless Versions of
“Plaintiffs’ Authentic Works.” (As used herein, the term “Plaintiffs’ Authentic Works” refers to
the three titles referred to in the preceding paragraphs.)
37.
Defendant does not develop its own textbooks. Defendant’s business consists of
distributing various textbooks that it proudly styles the “Boundless Versions” of Plaintiffs’
Authentic Works. Defendant uses these unauthorized editions of Plaintiffs’ textbooks to divert
Plaintiffs’ respective customers to itself.
Defendant has raised significant venture capital
funding to finance its copyright infringement business. This funding has financed the copying
and distribution of the Boundless Versions of Plaintiffs’ Authentic Works, which, in turn,
Defendant uses to draw in potential customers for pay services.
38.
Defendant has “created” unauthorized editions of the following textbooks, among
others: Biology 9th Edition by Neil Campbell; Principles of Economics 6th Edition by N.
12
Gregory Mankiw; and Psychology 9th Edition by David Myers. It has indicated that more titles
are on the way.
39.
The Boundless Versions of Plaintiffs’ Authentic Works derive whatever value
they have wholly from Plaintiffs’ Authentic Works.
40.
Defendant advertises its free textbooks as “alternatives” and “replacements” to
“expensive assigned textbooks.” When Defendant explains the purpose of what it provides, it
indicates “[y]ou can choose to complement the original or use only the Boundless version.”
Defendant’s marketing explains that the Boundless Version will not read “word-for-word the
same” as Plaintiffs’ Authentic Works but that the Boundless Version “covers 100% of the same
concepts in the same order and depth as your assigned text.” Defendant Boundless goes so far as
to advertize that it can “instantly show you all of the concepts” from specific pages your
professor might assign. Defendant Boundless boasts that their “Boundless text is mapped to
[Plaintiffs’ Authentic Version.]” With respect to practice problems from Plaintiffs’ Authentic
Works, Defendant Boundless makes clear that the “Boundless text contains links to other
websites that have the questions and/or solutions to your assigned text.”
41.
Defendant has copied or paraphrased substantial portions of Plaintiffs’ Authentic
Works. Defendant Boundless does not hide this fact. On the contrary, it openly brags that it is
making and distributing textbooks that are based on, prepared from, and substantially similar to
Plaintiffs’ leading textbooks.
42.
Defendant overtly touts that it copied “100%” of what Plaintiffs and their authors
selected to include in the book and how they chose to arrange it. Going even further, Defendant
expressly claims that it has calculated the actual depth of coverage that Plaintiffs have accorded
each topic, boasting that its copying replicates Plaintiffs’ depth-of-coverage, topic-by-topic.
13
Defendant explained that it does this by “curating” academic content from various universities
(which it refers to as Open Educational Resources) and then “map[ping] this content to cover
100% of the same material in the same order and depth” as Plaintiffs’ textbooks.
43.
In its online marketing, Defendant visually depicts its copying of the original
selection, coordination and arrangement from Plaintiffs’ Authentic Works, as follows:
Align
The
Content
To
Your
Class.
Boundless aligns the content to your class based on
your assigned text creating the Boundless alternative.
You don't have to adopt a new text since the Boundless
alternative covers the same content in the same order as
the text you are already using.
http://www.boundlessnow.com/professors
44.
Defendant has also engaged in widespread copying of Plaintiffs’ original
expression concerning photographs, illustrations, and figures. Throughout Plaintiffs Authentic
Works, there are photographs, illustrations and figures that Plaintiffs’ selected, arranged and
even created to emphasize, test and teach the text within the book. Overwhelmingly, in its
textbooks Defendant has opted to include photographs where Plaintiffs’ Authentic Works do and
has also opted to include photographs which mimic or paraphrase the photographs in Plaintiffs’
textbooks.
The same is true for figures and illustrations.
The copying is so blatant that
Defendant has gone so far as to replicate the numbering taxonomy for illustrations used by one
of the Plaintiffs.
45.
An example of the obvious nature of Defendant’s photographic paraphrasing can
be found in Chapter 8 of the authentic version of Campbell’s Biology where Plaintiff Pearson
and its authors describe the First and Second Laws of Thermodynamics. To exemplify those
laws, Plaintiff Pearson and its authors included two photographs, one of a bear catching and
14
eating a fish, and another of a bear running. Plaintiff Pearson and its authors could have used
any one of a universe of possible photographic subjects to demonstrate the laws of
thermodynamics, but, based on the manner in which they wished to express their aesthetic and
scholarly judgments, they opted for the bear engaged in these activities. In Chapter 8 of the
Boundless Version of Cambell’s Biology, Defendant also discusses the first and second laws of
thermodynamics. Defendant also includes two photographs to exemplify these laws, but instead
of basing its selection and ordering on their own aesthetic and scholarly judgments, the two
photographs Defendant includes are also of a bear eating a fish and a bear running, reflecting
only the previously made creative, scholarly and aesthetic judgments of the authors and editors
of Campbell’s Biology.
Defendant has copied such subjective, creative details that reflect
Plaintiffs’ and their authors’ original expression on a widespread basis, and in a number of ways,
rather than developing its own creative material (and of course those copied selections and
paraphrased photographs are numbered identically to their numbering in Campbell).
46.
By way of further example, in the authentic version of Myers’ Psychology, the
sub-topic of "Sleep Disorders" could be illustrated in myriad ways, and using any of a number of
disorders. Plaintiff Macmillan Higher Ed and its authors use the disorder of sleep apnea, and a
photograph of Johannes Brahms, with a caption, "Cranky, overweight, and nap-prone, Johannes
Brahms exhibited common symptoms of sleep apnea." In the Boundless Version, Defendant
copied protected expression from Plaintiff Macmillan Higher Ed’s copyrighted work. Defendant
illustrated the sub-topic by also using the disorder of sleep apnea, also using a photograph of
Brahms, and also using a caption that mentioned his sleep apnea and being overweight. The
copying and paraphrasing in Defendant’s Boundless Versions is undeniable and pervasive.
15
47.
In some instances, Defendant chose not to include problem and question sets
directly into the Boundless Versions. At the same time, Defendant also chose to do indirectly
that which it may not do directly. Namely, Defendant proceeded to induce and encourage others
to copy the problems and answers from other infringing sources without authorization. A pop-up
on the “How it Works” page of the Boundless Web Site states, among other things, that the text
of its books “contains links to other websites that have the questions and/or solutions to your
assigned text.”
48.
To add insult to injury, Defendant’s marketing is confusing, misleading and false.
Defendant markets its books as “free Boundless Version” to Plaintiffs’ Authentic Works.
Defendant has even included on the Boundless Web Site an image of the Plaintiffs’ textbooks.
These statements and images make it appear that the Boundless Version is associated with
Plaintiffs and Plaintiffs’ Authentic Works, and cause confusion over the origin or source of
Defendant’s goods or services. They also convey that Defendant is authorized to produce its
edition of the textbooks published by Plaintiffs, even though it is not authorized to do so.
Consumers are further deceived about the nature, characteristics and qualities of the “Boundless
Version,” led to believe that it will be equivalent to or an authorized version of Plaintiffs’
Authentic Works, when it is not.
FIRST CLAIM FOR RELIEF
Direct Copyright Infringement - 17 U.S.C. §§ 106 (2)
Unauthorized Derivative Work
49.
Plaintiffs re-allege and incorporate by reference each of the preceding paragraphs
as if fully set forth herein.
50.
Plaintiffs’ Authentic Works constitute original works and copyrightable subject
matter pursuant to the Copyright Act, 17 U.S.C. § 101, et seq., and they have been duly
16
registered by Plaintiffs with the United States Copyright Office. At all relevant times, Plaintiffs
have been and still are the owners of all rights, title and interest in and to their respective
copyrights in Plaintiffs’ Authentic Works, which have never been assigned, licensed, or
otherwise transferred to Defendant.
51.
As detailed above, Defendant, without permission or consent of Plaintiffs, has
prepared unauthorized derivative works based on Plaintiffs’ Authentic Works. Such activity
constitutes infringement of Plaintiffs’ registered copyrights and exclusive rights under copyright
in violation of the Copyright Act, 17 U.S.C. §§ 106(2) and 501.
52.
As a result of Defendant’s unlawful and deliberate conduct as set forth above,
Plaintiffs have been, and will continue to be, damaged. Defendant’s unlawful conduct, as set
forth above, was deliberate, intentional, knowing, malicious and willful.
53.
Defendant’s actions described above have caused and will continue to cause
irreparable damage to Plaintiffs, for which Plaintiffs have no remedy at law. Unless Defendant
is restrained by this Court from continuing its infringement of Plaintiffs’ copyrights, these
injuries will continue to occur in the future. Plaintiffs are accordingly entitled to injunctive relief
restraining Defendant from further infringement.
SECOND CLAIM FOR RELIEF
Direct Copyright Infringement - 17 U.S.C. §§ 106(1) and (3)
Unauthorized Reproduction and Distribution
54.
Plaintiffs re-allege and incorporate by reference each of the preceding paragraphs
as if fully set forth herein.
55.
Plaintiffs’ Authentic Works constitute original works and copyrightable subject
matter pursuant to the Copyright Act, 17 U.S.C. § 101, et seq., and they have been duly
registered by Plaintiffs with the United States Copyright Office. At all relevant times, Plaintiffs
17
have been and still are the owners of all rights, title and interest in and to their respective
copyrights in Plaintiffs’ Authentic Works, which have never been assigned, licensed, or
otherwise transferred to Defendant.
56.
As detailed above, Defendant, without permission or consent of Plaintiffs, makes
unauthorized reproductions and distributions of Plaintiffs’ Authentic Works. Such reproduction
and distribution constitutes infringement of Plaintiffs’ registered copyrights and exclusive rights
under copyright in violation of the Copyright Act, 17 U.S.C. §§ 106(1), 106(3), and 501.
57.
As a result of Defendant’s unlawful and deliberate conduct as set forth above,
Plaintiffs have been, and will continue to be, damaged. Defendant’s unlawful conduct, as set
forth above, was deliberate, intentional, knowing, malicious and willful.
58.
Defendant’s actions described above have caused and will continue to cause
irreparable damage to Plaintiffs, for which Plaintiffs have no remedy at law. Unless Defendant
is restrained by this Court from continuing its infringement of Plaintiffs’ copyrights, these
injuries will continue to occur in the future. Plaintiffs are accordingly entitled to injunctive relief
restraining Defendant from further infringement.
THIRD CLAIM FOR RELIEF
Secondary Copyright Infringement
59.
Plaintiffs incorporate by reference each of the preceding paragraphs as if fully set
forth herein.
60.
Defendant is liable as a contributory copyright infringer for the infringing acts of
those persons tasked by it with preparing and distributing derivative works based on Plaintiffs’
Authentic Works. Defendant knows or has reason to know of the above-described infringement
of Plaintiffs’ Authentic Works. Defendant knowingly causes, enables, facilitates, encourages
18
and otherwise materially contributes to this unauthorized copying and creation of derivative
works.
61.
Defendant is vicariously liable for the infringing acts of users of the Boundless
Web Site, along with the infringing acts of those persons tasked by it with preparing and
distributing derivative works based on Plaintiffs’ Authentic Works. Defendant has the right and
ability to supervise and control the infringing activities that occur through and as a result of the
Boundless Web Site and at all relevant times has derived a direct financial benefit from the
infringement of Plaintiffs’ copyrights, including but not limited to Plaintiffs’ Authentic Works.
Defendant has refused to take any meaningful action to prevent such direct infringement of
Plaintiffs’ copyrighted works, including but not limited to Plaintiffs’ Authentic Works, and is
therefore liable for it.
62.
As a result of Defendant’s unlawful and deliberate conduct as set forth above,
Plaintiffs have been, and will continue to be, damaged. Defendant’s unlawful conduct, as set
forth above, was deliberate, intentional, knowing, malicious and willful.
63.
Defendant’s actions described above have caused and will continue to cause
irreparable damage to Plaintiffs, for which Plaintiffs have no remedy at law. Unless Defendant
is restrained by this Court from continuing its infringement of Plaintiffs’ copyrights, these
injuries will continue to occur in the future. Plaintiffs are accordingly entitled to injunctive relief
restraining Defendant from further infringement.
FOURTH CLAIM FOR RELIEF
15 U.S.C. § 1125(a)(1)(A)
Unfair Competition and False Designation of Origin
64.
Plaintiffs re-allege and incorporate by reference each of the preceding paragraphs
as if fully set forth herein.
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65.
Through the actions described above, including calling its textbooks “versions” of
Plaintiffs’ Authentic Works and using images of Plaintiffs’ Authentic Works in its advertising,
Defendant Boundless is knowingly and intentionally misrepresenting and falsely designating to
the general public the affiliation, connection, association, origin, or source of the Boundless
books, which causes confusion on these issues among the general public and constitutes unfair
competition and false designation of origin in violation of 15 U.S.C. § 1125(a)(1)(A).
66.
Defendant undertook its conduct with the intent to trade on the reputation and
goodwill of Plaintiffs and their respective textbooks.
67.
As a direct and proximate result of Defendant’s conduct, Plaintiffs have suffered
irreparable harm. Unless Defendant is restrained from its unlawful activities, Plaintiffs will
continue to be irreparably harmed. Plaintiffs’ remedy at law is inadequate to compensate them
for injuries inflicted and threatened by Defendant.
68.
Because of Defendant’s conduct in violation of Section 43(a) of the Lanham Act,
Publishers are being injured and damaged, and are entitled to recover damages, Defendant’s
profits, and costs under 15 U.S.C. §1117(a).
FIFTH CLAIM FOR RELIEF
15 U.S.C. § 1125(a)(1)(B)
False Advertising
69.
Plaintiffs re-allege and incorporate by reference each of the preceding paragraphs
as if fully set forth herein.
70.
Through the actions described above, including calling its textbooks “versions” of
Plaintiffs’ Authentic Works and using images of Plaintiffs’ Authentic Works in its advertising,
Defendant is knowingly and intentionally misrepresenting the nature, characteristics, and
qualities of the textbooks it offers, so as to create a likelihood of confusion by the public as to the
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nature, characteristics and qualities of its books. These acts constitute false advertising in
violation of 15 U.S.C. § 1125(a)(1)(B).
71.
Defendant undertook its conduct with the intent to trade on the reputation and
goodwill of Plaintiffs and their respective textbooks.
72.
As a direct and proximate result of Defendant’s conduct, Plaintiffs have suffered
irreparable harm. Unless Defendant Boundless is restrained from further, Plaintiffs will continue
to be irreparably harmed. Plaintiffs’ remedy at law is inadequate to compensate them for injuries
inflicted and threatened by Defendant.
73.
Because of Defendant’s conduct in violation of Section 43(a) of the Lanham Act,
Publishers are being injured and damaged, and are entitled to recover damages, Defendant’s
profits, and costs under 15 U.S.C. §1117(a).
PRAYER FOR RELIEF
By reason of the acts and circumstances alleged above, Plaintiffs seek relief from this
Court as follows:
1.
Damages and/or restitution according to proof at trial, including exemplary
damages where authorized by statute;
2.
An accounting and disgorgement of Defendant’s profits, gains, and advantages
realized from its unlawful conduct;
3.
That Defendant be required to pay to Plaintiffs such damages as Plaintiffs have
sustained as a consequence of Defendant’s unlawful acts as alleged above, including actual
damages or statutory damages, at Plaintiffs’ election, pursuant to 17 U.S.C. § 504;
4.
An order enjoining Defendant from further infringing upon Plaintiffs’ respective
copyrights, pursuant to 17 U.S.C. § 502;
5.
That Defendant be required to pay Plaintiffs such damages as Plaintiffs have
sustained as a consequence of Defendant’s unlawful acts as alleged above, including statutory
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damages or treble damages, pursuant to 15 U.S.C. § 1117;
6.
That Defendant be required to deliver up for destruction all products, packaging,
labels, literature, advertising and other material bearing imitations or reproductions, including
confusingly similar variations of, Plaintiffs’ respective copyrights;
7.
An order preventing the further unfairly competitive or otherwise unlawful acts
by Defendant complained of herein.
8.
Prejudgment interest at the applicable rate;
9.
Attorneys’ fees and costs of suit; and
10.
Such other and further relief as the Court deems proper.
Respectfully submitted,
/s/
________________________________
Matthew J. Oppenheim (NY. Bar No. 4314605)
Scott A. Zebrak
Oppenheim + Zebrak, LLP
1325 G Street, NW
Suite 500
Washington, DC 20005
Counsel for Plaintiffs
Dated: March 16, 2012
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