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So was Ingmar Bergman four centuries later, in making his movie The Seventh Seal, as we shall learn later. Around 1550 we see Michelangelo, an old man, struggling furiously to give shape to his feelings in the stone of his beautiful Florentine Pietà. The statue is infused with the sorrowing love of an old man, rather than the sensual love of a young woman, as is his better known early Pietà. He would rise in the middle of the night and work, wearing a thick paper cap in which he placed lighted candles made of goat's tallow.

Beliefs in postmortem existence have accompanied the evolution of cultures. As soon as the capacity for identifying permanent and unchanging (''timeless") features in the world was acquired, death came to appear arbitrary. If the stars can go on living in time, why can't people? If the earth does not die, why should she or he whom I love? The knowledge of human time thus made for a double-edged weapon that cut both ways. The ability to use long-term memory in preparing for future actions has conferred upon our species immense advantages in its struggle for survival.

4-million-year mark mentioned above. The Neanderthal man lived as recently as 150,000 to 30,000 years ago; modern H. sapiens appeared 40,000 years before our age. , that of the New Stone Age (the Neolithic) as 10,600 years. C. C. in Spain and northern Europe. During the three stone ages, crude flint and stone scrapers and axes were replaced by refined versions of their kind and were joined by knives, awls, and very small tools called microliths. Needles and thread appeared, as did clothing made of animal skin; pit houses were built and, as if from nowhere, Paleolithic art materialized.