This is cfdisk.info, produced by makeinfo version 4.13 from cfdisk.texi.
Copyright (C) 2006 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
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under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.1 or
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Texts. A copy of the license is included in the section entitled "GNU
Free Documentation License".
INFO-DIR-SECTION GNU partitioning software
START-INFO-DIR-ENTRY
* cfdisk: (cfdisk). GNU cfdisk User Manual
END-INFO-DIR-ENTRY
File: cfdisk.info, Node: Top, Next: About, Up: (dir)
GNU cfdisk User Manual
**********************
This document describes the use of GNU Cfdisk, a curses-based program
for creating, destroying, resizing, checking and copying hard drive
partitions, and the file systems on them.
* Menu:
* About::
* Using cfdisk::
* Bugs::
* See also::
* Copying this manual::
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1 About
*******
* Menu:
* Name::
File: cfdisk.info, Node: Name, Up: About
1.1 Name
========
GNU cfdisk - curses-based partition table manipulator (clone of Linux
cfdisk)
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2 Using cfdisk
**************
* Menu:
* Invoking cfdisk::
* Overview::
* Options::
* Units::
* Usage::
* Flags::
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2.1 Invoking cfdisk
===================
cfdisk [options] [device]
File: cfdisk.info, Node: Overview, Next: Options, Prev: Invoking cfdisk, Up: Using cfdisk
2.2 Overview
============
Hard disks can be divided into logical disks called partitions (or disk
slices in the BSD world), which are described in a partition table,
which is also called a disklabel.
For ordinary use, like file storage or operation system
installation, you will most likely need at least one partition,
although with most modern operating system, you might also want to
create several partitions, including one for swap space. For example,
you usually create a seperate partition for home directories. For more
information on what partitions you need for your operating system, look
at its installation manual.
GNU cfdisk is a menu-driven program for creating and editing
partition tables. It has support for DOS and MAC type partition tables,
BSD and SUN type disklabels and others.
If you don't specify the device of the disk, cfdisk tries to look
for devices and opens the first device available. On most GNU/Linux
distributions device is usually one of the following:
/dev/hda /dev/hdb /dev/sda /dev/sdb
IDE disks are usually using /dev/hd[a-h] for device names, SCSI
disks - /dev/sd[a-p]. The partitions will take the device name followed
by the partition number, e.g. /dev/hda1. If you are using a GNU/Linux
operating system, you can see /usr/src/linux/Documentation/devices.txt
for more infomation on device naming.
A DOS type partition table can have up to four `primary' partitions,
which get numbers 1-4. One of the primary partitions may be used as an
`extended' partition, which is used as a container for more partitions,
which are called `logical' and take numbers starting from 5.
A BSD/SUN type disklabel can hold up to 8 partitions, and an
IRIX/SGI type disk label, called `dvh' in cfdisk can hold up to 16.
File: cfdisk.info, Node: Options, Next: Units, Prev: Overview, Up: Using cfdisk
2.3 Options
===========
`-h, --help'
Displays a help message.
`-v, --version'
Displays the program's version.
`-a, --arrow-cursor'
Use an arrow cursor, instead of reverse video highlighting, in
case your terminal doesn't support it.
`-z, --new-table'
Create a new partition table on the disk. This is useful if you
want to change the partition table type or want to repartition
you entire drive. Note that this does not delete the old table
on the disk until you commit the changes.
`-u, --units=UNIT'
Sets the default display units to UNIT. A list of possible units
is given below.
`-t, --list-partition-types'
Displays a list of supported partition types and features.
File: cfdisk.info, Node: Units, Next: Usage, Prev: Options, Up: Using cfdisk
2.4 Units
=========
You can choose in what unit cfdisk should display quantities like
partition sizes. You can choose from sectors, percents, bytes,
kilobytes, etc. Note that one kilobyte is equal to 1,000 bytes, as this
is consistent with the SI prefixes and is used by hard disk
manufacturers. If you prefer to see the sizes in units with binary
prefixes, you should instead select one kilo binary byte (kibibyte),
which is equal to 1,024 bytes. Whatever display unit you have chosen,
you can always enter the quantities in the unit of your choice, for
example 1000000B or 1000kB.
`compact'
Display each size in the most suitable unit from B, kB, MB, GB and
TB.
`B'
One byte
`kB '
One kilobyte (1,000 bytes)
`MB'
One megabyte (1,000,000 bytes)
`GB'
One gigabyte (1,000,000,000 bytes)
`TB'
One terabyte (1,000,000,000,000 bytes)
`KiB'
One kilo binary byte (1,024 bytes)
`MiB'
One mega binary byte (1,048,576 bytes)
`GiB'
One giga binary byte (1,073,741,824 bytes)
`TiB'
One tera binary byte (1,099,511,627,776 bytes)
`s'
One sector. It depends on the sector size of the disk. You can use
it if you want to see or choose the exact size in sectors.
`%'
One percent from the size of the disk
`cyl'
One cylinder. It depends on the cylinder size.
`chs'
Use CHS display units.
File: cfdisk.info, Node: Usage, Next: Flags, Prev: Units, Up: Using cfdisk
2.5 Usage
=========
GNU cfdisk uses a simple menu driven interface, which attempts to be
clear and easy to use. It shows a list of the partitions, showing basic
information about them, such as number, size, type and filesystem. If
the partition contains no filesystem, on certain partition table types
the partition system type is displayed in brackets. You to navigate
through the partitions using the up and down arrow keys on your
keyboard. You can perform actions on the selected partition either by
pressing their shortcut key, or by navigating through the menu of
actions with the left and right arrow and launching it by pressing the
enter key. Other choice menus are also usable with both shortcut keys
and direct selection, and the Esc key is usually used to cancel the
choice. The actions are not performed immediately, but only after you
decide to commit the changes to the disk. Here is a list of the
possible actions and their shortcut keys.
`n'
If you have selected a free space, creates a new partition
residing on it. The possible types of the new partition, such as
Primary, Extended and Logical are shown in the type column in the
partition list. For example if the free space is part of the
extended partition, its type will be displayed as Logical. If
multiple types are possible, a choice menu will appear. You can
select primary partition with the `p' key and extended partition
with `e', or alternatively you can cancel the creation with `c'.
You will be asked in which part of the free space you want to
place the partition. You can place it in the beginning with `s',
at the end with `e'. If you want to select a custom region and
specify exact start and end of the partition, you should press
`c'. You will then prompted about the size of the partition, the
default choice creates a partition on the entire free space.
Please note that you can enter the size in any of the units given
above. If you don't specify a unit after the number, the default
unit is used. At this point, you will be asked about the
filesystem type. If you don't know what partition type suits you,
check operating system documentation about supported filesystems,
ext3 is usually a safe choice. The partition will be created at
the close as possible to your choice and you will be warned if it
is too small or too large for the filesystem you have selected.
`d'
Delete the selected partition so you can use it to create another
partition on the free space left by it.
`f'
Creates a new file system on the selected partition. You will be
asked to choose from a list of the filesystem types that are
supported for creation. Please note that this requires that all
changes you made so far are commited to the disk. If there is
already a filesystem on the partition, it is destroyed.
`c'
Checks the consistency of the filesystem. It is useful to see
whether it is safe to perform operations like resize on the
partitions. It performs a very basic check on the filesystem, so
if you want to make a more thorough test or fix the errors on the
filesystem, you should an external utility like e2fsck for ext2 or
reiserfsck for reiserfs. Please note that the check is limited on
some filesystem types (ext2, ext3 and reiserfs at the time of
writing of the manual), but if the partition contains errors
resize will gracefully fail without destroying the filesystem.
`r'
Resizes the partition without destroying the data on it, or just
changes the partition size. The latter is useful if you want to
resize the partition with external utilities or if you want to
create a new filesystem on it. Don't use it if you don't know what
you are doing. If resizing of the filesystem on the partition is
supported you will be asked what to do. Pressing `r' resizes,
while pressing `c' just changes the partition size. Then like when
creating a new partition you will be asked to choose among the
possible places and sizes to place the partition. The choices are
between placing it at the beginning of the free space before it
with `b', leaving its starting point fixed with `s' and placing it
at end of the free space after it with `e'. You are adviced to
check the partition before performing resize, and backup the data
if possible. Resizing requires that all changes you made so far
are commited to the disk.
`o'
Moves the partition to another place on the hard disk. You will be
asked to select on which free space to put the partition and then
prompted for a position and size, in the same manner as when
creating a new partition. The new place of the partition can't
overlap with the old one. If this is what you need, you should try
using the resize function, instead. Moving the partition requires
that all changes you made so far are commited to the disk.
`y'
Copies another partition over the selected one. This destroys all
data on the current partition and requires all changes to be
commited to the disk. You are not limited to select a partition
only from the device you are currently editing. You will be asked
about device and partition. You can't copy an extended partition.
`s'
Run a filesystem rescue by looking for deleted partitions within a
free space. It requires that everything is commited to the disk
immediately. Looking for partitions over the existing partitions
is not supported and doesn't seem much meaningful, but if you need
it, you can try deleting the partitions. You can select the range
where to look for partitions by pressing `c', or if you want to
check the whole free space, you should press `g'.
`b'
Shows a list of the flags allowing you to change them. You will
most likely need this to make the partition bootable. It is not
recommended to touch any flags other than the bootable flag. Do
not do it, unless you know what they are for, and have in mind
that changing certain flags is known not to work. You change the
flag by pressing space or enter, and you leave the list with Esc.
See the next section a description of all possible flags.
`t'
Changes the system type on the partition. This does not convert
the filesystem, it just changes the information stored in the
partition. This is useful for cases where the system type on the
partition doesn't match the filesystem type, for example you have
an fat32 partition on an DOS type partition table, having an ext2
filesystem on it. Changing the system type is not really
meaningful on all partition table types. The default is to
automatically determine the system type from the current
filesystem with `a'. You can also select a custom filesystem by
pressing `c', but this is not recommended. Direct choosing a
specific system type is not supported.
`m'
If the partition table type supports partition names, this allows
you to change it. This is not working on all partition table
types, as the partition names could be used for other purposes,
like identifying the partition type or filesystem.
`x'
If you have selected the extended partition, this makes it as big
as possible, so you have more place for partitions inside it. It
should expand the partition up to the beginning of the first
partition after it.
`z'
If you have selected the extended partition, this makes it as
small as possible. You should need this, if you want to create
more primary partitions after the logical partitions contained in
the extended. If the extended partition contains no partitions,
this deletes it.
`u'
This allows you to select the display units. This changes the
units used to display the sizes in the partition list and the
default unit that is used on size prompts, though you are not
limited to it when entering sizes. See the "Units" section for
more information. The shortcuts are `b', `k', `m', `g', `t' for
bytes, decimal kilobytes, megabytes, etc., `K', `M', `G' and `T'
for the binary equivalents, `c' for percents, `a' to automatically
choose the most suitable (`Compact'), `s' for sectors, `y' for
cylinders, `C' for C/H/S values.
`i'
Displays a short info about the partition, like its device (or at
least what cfdisk believes that should be its device), the system
type of the partition in the partition table (most useful if you
are editing a DOS type partition table), the exact start and end
of the partition.
`w'
Writes the changes in the partition to the disk and notifies the
operating system to reread it. Do this after you have completed
editing your partition table. This might destroy data on your
disk, if you have deleted partitions, and so on, so be careful. If
the partition table is not re-read correctly by the operating
system, you should reboot your computer.
`q'
Quits the program. If you have made changes and you haven't
commited them to the disk, they will be lost.
`h'
Displays a short help. If you have reached this point, it is
highly unlikely that you need it.
File: cfdisk.info, Node: Flags, Prev: Usage, Up: Using cfdisk
2.6 Flags
=========
`boot'
(Mac, MS-DOS, PC98) - should be enabled if you want to boot off the
partition. The semantics vary between disk labels. For MS-DOS
disk labels, only one partition can be bootable. If you are
installing LILO on a partition that partition must be bootable.
For PC98 disk labels, all ext2 partitions must be bootable (this is
enforced by Parted).
`lba'
(MS-DOS) - this flag can be enabled to tell MS DOS, MS Windows 9x
and MS Windows ME based operating systems to use Linear (LBA) mode.
`root'
(Mac) - this flag should be enabled if the partition is the root
device to be used by Linux.
`swap'
(Mac) - this flag should be enabled if the partition is the swap
device to be used by Linux.
`hidden'
(MS-DOS, PC98) - this flag can be enabled to hide partitions from
Microsoft operating systems.
`raid'
(MS-DOS) - this flag can be enabled to tell linux the partition is
a software RAID partition.
`LVM'
(MS-DOS) - this flag can be enabled to tell linux the partition is
a physical volume.
`PALO'
(MS-DOS) - this flag can be enabled so that the partition can be
used by the Linux/PA-RISC boot loader, palo.
`PREP'
(MS-DOS) - this flag can be enabled so that the partition can be
used as a PReP boot partition on PowerPC PReP or IBM RS6K/CHRP
hardware.
File: cfdisk.info, Node: Bugs, Next: See also, Prev: Using cfdisk, Up: Top
3 Bugs
******
There are no known bugs. We are in early stages for development, so be
careful.
File: cfdisk.info, Node: See also, Next: Copying this manual, Prev: Bugs, Up: Top
4 See also
**********
fdisk(8), mkfs(8), parted(8)
File: cfdisk.info, Node: Copying this manual, Prev: See also, Up: Top
Appendix A Copying this manual
******************************
* Menu:
* GNU Free Documentation License:: License for copying this manual
File: cfdisk.info, Node: GNU Free Documentation License, Up: Copying this manual
A.1 GNU Free Documentation License
==================================
Version 1.1, March 2000
Copyright (C) 2000 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301, USA
Everyone is permitted to copy and distribute verbatim copies
of this license document, but changing it is not allowed.
0. PREAMBLE
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8. TRANSLATION
Translation is considered a kind of modification, so you may
distribute translations of the Document under the terms of section
4. Replacing Invariant Sections with translations requires special
permission from their copyright holders, but you may include
translations of some or all Invariant Sections in addition to the
original versions of these Invariant Sections. You may include a
translation of this License provided that you also include the
original English version of this License. In case of a
disagreement between the translation and the original English
version of this License, the original English version will prevail.
9. TERMINATION
You may not copy, modify, sublicense, or distribute the Document
except as expressly provided for under this License. Any other
attempt to copy, modify, sublicense or distribute the Document is
void, and will automatically terminate your rights under this
License. However, parties who have received copies, or rights,
from you under this License will not have their licenses
terminated so long as such parties remain in full compliance.
10. FUTURE REVISIONS OF THIS LICENSE
The Free Software Foundation may publish new, revised versions of
the GNU Free Documentation License from time to time. Such new
versions will be similar in spirit to the present version, but may
differ in detail to address new problems or concerns. See
`http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/'.
Each version of the License is given a distinguishing version
number. If the Document specifies that a particular numbered
version of this License "or any later version" applies to it, you
have the option of following the terms and conditions either of
that specified version or of any later version that has been
published (not as a draft) by the Free Software Foundation. If
the Document does not specify a version number of this License,
you may choose any version ever published (not as a draft) by the
Free Software Foundation.
A.1.1 ADDENDUM: How to use this License for your documents
----------------------------------------------------------
To use this License in a document you have written, include a copy of
the License in the document and put the following copyright and license
notices just after the title page:
Copyright (C) YEAR YOUR NAME.
Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document
under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.1
or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation;
with the Invariant Sections being LIST THEIR TITLES, with the
Front-Cover Texts being LIST, and with the Back-Cover Texts being LIST.
A copy of the license is included in the section entitled ``GNU
Free Documentation License''.
If you have no Invariant Sections, write "with no Invariant Sections"
instead of saying which ones are invariant. If you have no Front-Cover
Texts, write "no Front-Cover Texts" instead of "Front-Cover Texts being
LIST"; likewise for Back-Cover Texts.
If your document contains nontrivial examples of program code, we
recommend releasing these examples in parallel under your choice of
free software license, such as the GNU General Public License, to
permit their use in free software.
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