Criminology: Theories, Patterns, And Typologies

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See how criminology relates to criminal justice policy with CRIMINOLOGY: THEORIES, PATTERNS AND TYPOLOGIES! With an in-depth analysis of all areas of criminological theory and crime typologies, this up-to-date criminal justice text provides you with the tools you need to succeed. Studying is made easy with, chapter objectives, end-of-chapter reviews, key concepts, concepts summary tables, and newsworthy examples that help you see how what you are learning applies in the real world.

Preface

xiii

PART ONE CONCEPTS OF CRIME, LAW, AND CRIMINOLOGY

1

(92)

Crime and Criminology

2

(26)

What Is Criminology?

4

(2)

Criminology and Criminal Justice

4

(1)

Criminology and Deviance

5

(1)

Becoming Deviant

5

(1)

A Brief History of Criminology

6

(5)

Classical Criminology

7

(1)

Nineteenth-Century Positivism

7

(2)

The Foundations of Sociological Criminology

9

(1)

The Development of Sociological Criminology

9

(1)

The Development of Social Process Theories

10

(1)

The Roots of Conflict Criminology

10

(1)

Contemporary Criminology

10

(1)

What Criminologists Do: The Criminological Enterprise

11

(3)

Criminal Statistics

11

(1)

The Sociology of Law

12

(1)

Theory Construction

12

(1)

Criminal Behavior Systems

13

(1)

Penology

13

(1)

Victimology

13

(1)

Comparative Criminology: International Crime Trends

14

(1)

How Criminologists View Crime

14

(4)

The Consensus View of Crime

15

(1)

The Conflict View of Crime

16

(1)

The Interactionist View of Crime

16

(2)

Defining Crime

18

(1)

Crime and the Criminal Law

18

(3)

Common Law

18

(1)

Contemporary Criminal Law

19

(1)

The Evolution of Criminal Law

20

(1)

Ethical Issues in Criminology

21

(1)

The Criminological Enterprise: The Elements of Criminal Law

22

(2)

Summary

24

(1)

ThomsonNOW

24

(1)

Thinking Like a Criminologist

25

(1)

Doing Research on the Web

25

(1)

Book Companion Website

25

(1)

Key Terms

25

(1)

Critical Thinking Questions

26

(1)

Notes

26

(2)

The Nature and Extent of Crime

28

(38)

Primary Sources of Crime Data

30

(6)

Official Record Research

30

(3)

Survey Research

33

(2)

The National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS)

35

(1)

Evaluating Primary Crime Data Sources

36

(1)

Secondary Sources of Crime Data

36

(2)

Cohort Research

36

(1)

Experimental Research

37

(1)

Observational and Interview Research

37

(1)

Meta-Analysis and Systematic Review

38

(1)

Data Mining

38

(1)

Crime Mapping

38

(1)

Crime Trends

38

(2)

Trends in Violent Crime

39

(1)

Trends in Property Crime

39

(1)

The Criminological Enterprise: Explaining Crime Trends

40

(4)

Trends in Victimization Data (NCVS Findings)

43

(1)

Trends in Self-Reporting

43

(1)

What the Future Holds

44

(1)

Crime Patterns

45

(3)

The Ecology of Crime

45

(2)

Use of Firearms

47

(1)

Social Class, Socioeconomic Conditions, and Crime

47

(1)

Policy and Practice in Criminology: Should Guns Be Controlled?

48

(10)

Age and Crime

51

(1)

Gender and Crime

52

(2)

Race and Crime

54

(2)

Chronic Offenders/Criminal Careers

56

(2)

Summary

58

(1)

ThomsonNOW

59

(1)

Thinking Like a Criminologist

59

(1)

Doing Research on the Web

59

(1)

Book Companion Website

59

(1)

Key Terms

60

(1)

Critical Thinking Questions

60

(1)

Notes

60

(6)

Victims and Victimization

66

(27)

Problems of Crime Victims

68

(2)

Economic Loss

68

(1)

System Abuse

68

(1)

Long-Term Stress

68

(1)

Fear

69

(1)

The Criminological Enterprise: Adolescent Victims of Violence

70

(1)

Antisocial Behavior

71

(1)

The Nature of Victimization

71

(4)

The Social Ecology of Victimization

72

(1)

The Victim's Household

72

(1)

Victim Characteristics

72

(2)

Victims and Their Criminals

74

(1)

Theories of Victimization

75

(1)

Victim Precipitation Theory

75

(1)

Lifestyle Theory

75

(1)

The Criminological Enterprise: Rape on Campus: Lifestyle and Risk

76

(4)

Deviant Place Theory

77

(1)

Routine Activities Theory

78

(2)

The Criminological Enterprise: Crime and Everyday Life

80

(1)

Caring for the Victim

81

(3)

The Government's Response

81

(1)

Victim Service Programs

82

(1)

Victims' Rights

83

(1)

Comparative Criminology: Victims' Rights in Europe

84

(2)

Victim Advocacy

84

(1)

Self-Protection

85

(1)

Community Organization

86

(1)

Summary

86

(1)

ThomsonNOW

87

(1)

Thinking Like a Criminologist

87

(1)

Doing Research on the Web

87

(1)

Book Companion Website

88

(1)

Key Terms

88

(1)

Critical Thinking Questions

88

(1)

Notes

88

(5)

PART TWO THEORIES OF CRIME CAUSATION

93

(224)

Choice Theories

94

(36)

The Development of Rational Choice Theory

96

(2)

The Classical Theory of Crime

96

(1)

Choice Theory Emerges

97

(1)

The Concepts of Rational Choice

98

(4)

Offense- and Offender-Specific Crimes

98

(1)

Structuring Criminality

99

(1)

Structuring Crime

100

(2)

Is Crime Rational?

102

(1)

Is Theft Rational?

102

(1)

Is Drug Use Rational?

102

(1)

Is Violence Rational?

102

(1)

The Criminological Enterprise: Hector Vega: A Life in the Drug Trade

103

(2)

Eliminating Crime

105

(4)

Situational Crime Prevention

105

(4)

Comparative Criminology: CCTV or Not CCTV? Comparing Situational Crime Prevention Efforts in Great Britain and the United States

109

(5)

General Deterrence

110

(4)

The Criminological Enterprise: Does Capital Punishment Deter Murder?

114

(2)

Specific Deterrence

114

(2)

Race, Culture, Gender, and Criminology: Deterring Domestic Violence

116

(4)

Incapacitation

118

(2)

Public Policy Implications of Choice Theory

120

(2)

Just Desert

120

(2)

Summary

122

(1)

ThomsonNOW

122

(1)

Thinking Like a Criminologist

122

(1)

Doing Research on the Web

123

(1)

Book Companion Website

123

(1)

Key Terms

123

(1)

Critical Thinking Questions

123

(1)

Notes

124

(6)

Trait Theories

130

(44)

Foundations of Trait Theory

132

(2)

Impact of Sociobiology

132

(1)

Modern Trait Theories

133

(1)

Biosocial Trait Theories

134

(2)

Biochemical Conditions and Crime

135

(1)

Comparative Criminology: Diet and Crime: An International Perspective

136

(12)

Neurophysiological Conditions and Crime

140

(2)

Arousal Theory

142

(1)

Genetics and Crime

143

(3)

Evolutionary Theory

146

(1)

Evaluation of the Biosocial Branch of Trait Theory

147

(1)

Psychological Trait Theories

148

(6)

Psychodynamic Theory

149

(3)

Behavioral Theory

152

(1)

Cognitive Theory

153

(1)

The Criminological Enterprise: The Media and Violence

154

(3)

Psychological Traits and Characteristics

157

(3)

Personality and Crime

157

(2)

Intelligence and Crime

159

(1)

The Criminological Enterprise: The Antisocial Personality

160

(3)

Public Policy Implications of Trait Theory

163

(1)

Summary

164

(1)

ThomsonNOW

164

(1)

Thinking Like a Criminologist

164

(1)

Doing Research on the Web

165

(1)

Book Companion Website

165

(1)

Key Terms

165

(1)

Critical Thinking Questions

166

(1)

Notes

166

(8)

Social Structure Theories

174

(38)

Socioeconomic Structure and Crime

176

(3)

Child Poverty

177

(1)

The Underclass

178

(1)

Minority Group Poverty

178

(1)

Social Structure Theories

179

(1)

Race, Culture, Gender, and Criminology: Bridging the Racial Divide

180

(1)

Social Disorganization Theories

180

(6)

Foundations of Social Disorganization Theory

182

(2)

The Social Ecology School

184

(2)

The Criminological Enterprise: Random Family

186

(4)

Strain Theories

190

(8)

The Concept of Anomie

191

(1)

Merton's Theory of Anomie

192

(1)

Structural Level Strain: Institutional Anomie Theory

193

(1)

Individual Level Strain: General Strain Theory

194

(2)

Sources of Strain

196

(1)

Coping with Strain

197

(1)

Evaluating GST

197

(1)

Cultural Deviance Theories

198

(3)

Conduct Norms

198

(1)

Focal Concerns

199

(1)

Theory of Delinquent Subcultures

199

(2)

Race, Culture, Gender, and Criminology: The Code of the Streets

201

(2)

Theory of Differential Opportunity

202

(1)

Evaluating Social Structure Theories

203

(1)

Public Policy Implications of Social Structure Theory

204

(1)

Summary

205

(1)

ThomsonNOW

205

(1)

Thinking Like a Criminologist

205

(1)

Doing Research on the Web

206

(1)

Book Companion Website

206

(1)

Key Terms

206

(1)

Critical Thinking Questions

206

(1)

Notes

207

(5)

Social Process Theories

212

(38)

Socialization and Crime

214

(4)

Family Relations

214

(2)

Educational Experience

216

(1)

Peer Relations

217

(1)

Policy and Practice in Criminology: Keeping Kids in School: The Communities in Schools Program