Paderewski in Poetry: Master of Harmonies or Poland's Savior?

Poetry is just one of the ways in which the intense public fascination with "the immortal"[1] pianist-composer-statesman,
Ignacy Jan Paderewski (1860-1941) was expressed during his lifetime. Since his triumphant entry onto the international music
stage, Paderewski was the subject of poems, often florid or erudite, always enthusiastic. The "Paderewski-themed" poetry
highlights its authors' responses to various aspects of their subject's multi-faceted career—the pianistic virtuosity, the
compositional talent, and the patriotic zeal. This paper will examine the range of these responses and the image of Paderewski
that was constructed in selected works by
American and Polish poets, including verses by: Waldemar Bakalarski (a poem of 1941); John H. Finley (1863-1940; poems
of 1914 and 1928); Richard Watson Gilder (1844-1909, poem of 1906); Robert Underwood Johnson (1853-1937, poem of 1916);
Henryk Merzbach (poem of 1888); Charles Phillips (1880-1933, poem of 1928); Julian Adolf Święcicki (poem of 1899);
and Marian Gawalewicz with Maryla Wolska (1873-1930; poem of 1899). Of the American writers, only the names of Gilder
and Phillips appear in Paderewski biographies; the former—as a personal friend and supporter, the latter—as a biographer.

An overview of the Paderewski-themed poetry (the list of currently known poems, including their sources, is enclosed in
Appendix I) highlights two transformations of the subject matter, after 1918 and after 1941, as well as characteristic
differences between the images of the great virtuoso presented in Poland and in the U.S. The first turning point marks
the time of Poland's rebirth after World War I when the country regained independence following a period of over
120 years when it was divided between Russia, Prussia, and Austria. It was universally believed this event
would not have been possible without the efforts of Paderewski.[2]
Simultaneously, this historical moment marks
the end of Paderewski's career as a composer: his last work, a patriotic anthem "Hej, orle biały! [Hey, white eagle]
was written as the hymn of the Polish Army in the U.S. in 1917. The text of this hymn, penned by Paderewski, is enclosed in
Appendix II. The second, more obvious, milestone in Paderewski's poetic reception marks the event of
his death, which was commemorated in a series of elegies by his compatriots.

Before Paderewski's intense involvement
in the patriotic campaign on Poland's behalf in the U.S. (1915-1918), ending with the historical event of the country's sovereignty in 1918, poems about him followed three thematic paths: (1) "synaesthetic responses," i.e. attempts to capture in elaborate verbal imagery the fleeting impressions of Paderewski's musical performances (represented by a poem by Richard Watson Gilder), (2) "erudite responses," i.e. venerations of Paderewski's musical genius cast in classical terms, with complex references to Greek antiquity (poems by John H. Finley), and (3) "patriotic responses" connecting Paderewski to Polish musical traditions, expressing his role in Polish culture as a "new Chopin," or an internationally recognized "Master" whose art could raise awareness of Polish history and culture, with the expected result of assisting Poland in its resurrection as an independent state. The third approach connected Paderewski to his musical roots in the achievements of Poland's greatest pianist-composer, Fryderyk Chopin, but simultaneously transformed the artistic goals of composing and performing music into a patriotic mission (poems by Święcicki, Merzbach, and Wolska).

After Poland became an independent country and during the period of Paderewski's increased political prominence in the 1910s and 1920s, numerous laudatory verses appeared, praising the musician as a voice of the nation in elaborate linguistic constructions linking sound, music, patriotism, etc. These poems form a category of politically-oriented (4) "commemorative" or "laudatory responses", praising Paderewski's musical talent in general terms, while emphasizing his dedication to the national cause (including poems by Finley, Johnson, and Phillips). In that period, I have not found additional testimonies to the electrifying power of Paderewski charisma at the piano expressed so eloquently as in Gilder's earlier verse. A 1934 poem, "Immortal Jan Ignace Paderewski", might be an exception, but its text was not available for the present study.[3] This paucity of "synaesthetic" descriptions of the music's impact on its listeners in the inter-war period indicates a change in the tone of public response to Paderewski's persona and the nature of his appearances. This transformation was even more profound after his death—an event to which his Polish compatriots reacted with sorrow in (5) "elegiac responses," i.e. farewells to a great musician-statesman whose art was seen as primarily serving patriotic purposes. Two examples of such mourning poetry by Poles and Polish emigrants are listed below, neither one of particularly hight artistic merit (by Bakalarski and Strakacz-Appleton).

II. Paderewski's Triumphs and Patriotic Hopes

Paderewski's first international triumphs took place in Paris in the spring of 1888.[4]
After the enthusiastic reception of his performances there, he traveled to Belgium, where—invited by Francois-Auguste Gevaert, the director of the Brussels Conservatory—he gave a concert on 14 April 1888. He returned to Brussels in December 1888 for three concerts; at that time, the Polish expatriates in Belgium honored his successes with a reception in a private home.
The event included a performance by Paderewski and violinist Józef Wieniawski. On the same occasion, the vice-president
of the Polish Charitable Society in Brussels [Polskie Towarzystwo Dobroczynności], Henryk Merzbach, a writer and editor,
recited the following poem that he wrote for Paderewski:[5]

Translation:Sail, o young master, on this ocean
Of storms, passions, delights and glory...
Play for us and let the nation resurrect
if only for a moment, believing in ideals...
Your music unites us with heaven and with our country,
So please accept our heartfelt worship.
The world will give you fame, we give you our heart -
you, new Chopin.

This poem, published in Poland in Dziennik Poznański (no. 289 of 16 December 1889), set the tone for the Polish reception of Paderewski, mixing hopes for the nation's resurrection with praise for the "young master", who had inherited the prophetic gifts of Chopin. The nation's resurrection mentioned by Merzbach finds a visual expression in a postcard from the late 19th century, issued by Wydawnictwo Salonu Malarzy [The Publishers of the Salon of Painters] in Kraków (see Figure 1 below).
In this image, a series of ghosts of the Polish kings arise from the mysterious mist surrounding Paderewski playing the piano while a supernatural light emanates from the instrument.

The virtuoso spent the following two years on concert tours in Europe, taking him from Paris, to Vienna, London, Budapeszt, and back to Brussels.[6]
On 3 March 1891 he gave a recital for the "Cercle artistique et littéraire" with eleven pieces on the program:
Beethoven's Sonata Op. 111, Schubert's Impromptu in A-flat Op. 142 no. 2 and a Minuet; Liszt's arrangement of Schubert's
Lied Erlkonig; Chopin's Ballade in F-major Op. 38, a Mazurka,
and Polonaise in B-flat major Op. 71 no. 2; Anton Rubinstein's Barcarolle Op. 93;
his own Humoresques de concert Op. 14; and Liszt's unspecified Hungarian Rhapsody.
In gratitude, a group of Poles from Brussels signed the following poem dedicated to Paderewski and presented it to him on
5 March 1891:[7]

Translation:Again you return to us, you, the poet of music,
As the sun and the nightingales return in the spring.
Modest and poor is our place of exile [lit. "homeless garret"],
But we give you what we have—our longing hearts.

While not more than a florid greeting, this short poem expresses the hopes that Poles attached to Paderewski as a fellow compatriot,
a living connection to their homeland, and a possible harbinger of Poland's freedom.

After triumphant tours in Europe and the U.S. and thirteen years of absence from his native country, Paderewski returned to Warsaw for a series of concerts held in the winter of 1899. The concerts were characterized by an intense fascination with an artist
who rose to international prominence abroad. Musical events were interspersed with various honorary celebrations, award dinners, and tributes. A dinner held on 15 of January 1899 in Warsaw had a most distinguished list of participants.[8] The guests of honor included Poland's most famous novelist, Henryk Sienkiewicz and the founder of the Warsaw Philharmonic, industrialist Leopold Kronenberg.[9] Paderewski was seated between them,
with a watercolor by Stanisław Lentz marking his place at the table.
The image portrayed the virtuoso at the piano from which the spirit of Chopin was emerging—thus expressing, in
a tangible form, the vision of Paderewski as a "new Chopin" articulated earlier by Merzbach. The proceedings
opened with a recitation of another "Paderewski" poem, written by Julian Adolf Święcicki (a poet of little distinction in
Polish literary history). The text was later published in the album, Ignacemu Janowi Paderewskiemu. Album Podpisów preserved in Paderewski Archives in Archiwum Akt Nowych in Warsaw.[10] Besides the poem, the album included signatures and greetings of the most eminent
members of the Polish cultural milieu including: writer Aleksander Głowacki (Bolesław Prus);
playwright Lucjan Rydel; conductor-composer Emil Młynarski; composer Zygmunt Noskowski; music historian
Aleksander Poliński; music historian Ferdynand Hoesick; and music lover and philanthropist Aleksander Rajchman
(co-founder of the Warsaw Philharmonic). Święcicki's poem, though hardly a memorable work of art,
expressed sentiments felt by many Poles upon Paderewski's return to his homeland:

Translation:You flew out as an eaglet from the nest
To experience the power of young wings [...]
You did not ceaselessly travel round the world [lit. "run persistently"]
To live in orgies and bathe in ecstasies [...]
Yet you went on a long and arduous journey,
to bring back, for Poland, your wreath of honor [...]
Now the brightness of your star will not die,
Because your homeland is made famous through your fame.

The mention of "orgies" and "ecstasies" is a reference to the eccentric interests of
Young Poland luminaries, the symbolist writer Stanisław Przybyszewski (preoccupied with intense spirituality and
emotionalism, the demonic world, eroticism and self-expression) and the painter Władysław Podkowiński (1866-1895),
whose monumental and borderline-kitschy painting "Szał uniesień" [The Frenzy of Ecstasy] was displayed amidst great
public controversy in 1894.[11] The painting depicted a raving, naked woman
riding a huge, wild black horse through tumultous blackness. In a fit of rage, Podkowinski tried to
destroy this painting during its exhibition; a year later, in 1895 he committed suicide
leaving on his canvas a bleak interpretation of Chopin's Funeral March from his Sonata in B-flat minor.
No doubt, Poles were relieved that Paderewski, in contrast to his wildly bohemian compatriots such as Podkowiński,
traveled around the world without similar artistic excesses, focusing instead on musical excellence
and increasing the international stature of his country. His personal, artistic and financial achievements
were seen as successes of the whole nation, both in Poland and among Polish émigrés in the
countries that he visited. A Warsaw daily, Kurier Warszawski was supposed to publish Święcicki's
poem, but it was censored by the Russian authorities to such an extent that the cuts deeply changed its meaning.
As a result, the poem's publication was postponed for twenty years: it was issued in no. 15 of 15 January 1919,
two months after Poland regained independence (11 November 1918) and a day before Paderewski started his
official duties as Poland's first prime minister, or "president of the council of ministers" (hence
his subsequent honorific title of "Mr. President").

Another poem, also dating from the period of Paderewski's triumphant return to Poland in January 1899,
was published in no. 19 of Kurier Warszawski, on 19 January 1919, i.e. three days after Paderewski
was inaugurated into office. In the poem, entitled simply Paderewski, odd strophes were penned by
a little-known poet Marian Gawalewicz and even-numbered strophes were written by a well-respected
lyrical poet of the Young Poland movement, Maryla
Wolska (1873-1930).[12] Paderewski's biographer, Andrzej Piber, cites
the following example of Wolska's contribution:[13]

Translation:The fire above his forehead and the mist in his eyes
Spread out the mystic shadows.
Before him a sorrowful elegy walked
And phantoms of lonesome spirits...
Behind him wandered a dreamy crowd
Transfixed with heavenly melodies,
Thus they followed the charm of his song
Through the depths of sonorous waves...
Thus they followed the charm of his words,
Spellbound into longing tones
Thus they called out loud: "Oh, play!, Oh, speak!"
And resurrect the sleeping princess!"

Again we encounter an image of mystical mists and sorrowful spirits that could be (and were) read as references to
the legendary past of Poland's greatness, a nation now awaiting its rebirth into a sovereign country.
Thinly veiled allusions to national matters in Wolska's poem include also the image of the "sleeping princess"
—borrowed from such classic fairy-tales as "Sleeping Beauty" by Charles Perrault (1696)
or "Snow White" by the Brothers Grimm (1812).[14] Both fairy-tale maidens
were saved from their death-sleep
by courageous princes; in Perrault's story this deadly slumber lasted over a hundred years—hence the
parallel to Poland's enforced "sleep" while the country waited for the return of its freedom.
Paderewski, cast in the role of his country's lover and savior, was
to "resurrect" the Polish princess, thus performing a task usually assigned to God himself (but realized by
the "prince charming" in the fairy-tales). This elevation of a musician and composer to the realm of legends and tales is a common thread in subsequent Paderewski-themed poems.

Simultaneously the idea of Poland being
asleep while waiting for its resurrection was widespread at the end of the 19th century.
A Polish folk tale from that period described a legend of the sleeping knights, who—hidden in the caves in the
Tatra Mountains—for a hundred years waited for the call to arms that would wake them from their dreams.[15]
The postcard included below (see Figure 2) presents another version of this patriotic slumber:
the sleeping knight ready for combat, in full armor and with national colors is guarded by an angel who would,
hopefully, awake him at the time of struggle. The image, probably created by Maksymilian Piotrowski (1813-1875), an artist
whose patriotic paintings depicted Polish legends and events from the country's history, was published in Galicia
at the end of the 19th century.[16] The image could have been created after the fall of the January Insurrection (1863), the last, violent attempt at regaining Poland's liberty.

Outside his native country, Paderewski's poetic reception was not limited to occasional tributes filled with praise and
expressions of national hope. His tours of America resulted in several poems of distinct artistic quality written by Richard
Watson Gilder, John H. Finley, Robert Underwood Johnson, and Charles Phillips. These names are not well known to Polish music scholars and Finley and Johnson do not appear in Paderewski biographies. Gilder is mentioned as the composer's
associate and personal friend in Andrzej Piber's study of Paderewski's early years and in Adam Zamoyski's biography, both of 1982.
Phillips is referred to solely as Paderewski's biographer.

According to Andrzej Piber, Paderewski's contacts with Richard Watson Gilder (1844-1909) resulted from the latter's long-lasting friendship with the Polish actress Helena Modrzejewska (known in the U.S. as Modjeska).[17] Adam Zamoyski writes that the Polish pianist soon became a good friend of the poet, considering Gilder's house to be his "real home during those first years in America."[18]
In Gilder's home Paderewski had the opportunity to meet Mark Twain and Andrew Carnegie, among other members
of American society, but the contacts between the two men were not limited to socializing. In the 1890s Gilder served as the
secretary of the Washington Arch Committee gathering funds for this monument; he probably approached Paderewski to ask for donations. According to Andrzej Piber, the pianist decided to designate to this purpose all the income from the final concert of his first, triumphant tour of the U.S. (1891-1892). The fundraiser was held at the Metropolitan Opera on 28 March 1982 with the participation of the Boston Symphony Orchestra. The event included, besides the music (i.e. piano concerti in A minor by Schumann and Paderewski, as well as a solo Hungarian Rhapsody by Liszt), a special ceremony during which Gilder and Parker Goodwin, members of the Washington Arch Committee, offered Paderewski a wreath in national colors of both nations. On the same day, the Washington Arch Committee passed a resolution thanking Paderewski for the greatest individual contribution to the fund ($4300). Gilder was a co-signer of this declaration that also bestowed upon Paderewski a gift of two national flags that were used to decorate the hall during the concert.

This footnote to Polish-American friendship appears in an entirely different light upon realizing that its protagonist,
Richard Watson Gilder, published numerous volumes of poetry and that many of his poems dealt with other arts, painting, acting,
and music. He wrote about actresses Helena Modjeska and Eleonora Duse, composers Beethoven and Chopin, MacDowell and Paderewski.[19] A volume of poetry about music, A Book of Music, was published in 1906; drafts of the poems are held in the Gilder Collection at Princeton Library.[20]

It is clear, just from the range of his artistic subjects, that Gilder's
response to art was of a synaesthetic nature; he attempted to find connection between colors and sounds, shapes and emotions.
Such inter-penetration of multi-sensory experiences is present, for instance, in his definition of the sonnet:

The Sonnet (In Answer to a Question)

What is a sonnet? 'T is the pearly shell
That murmurs of the far-off murmuring sea;
A precious jewel carved most curiously;
It is a little picture—painted well.
What is a sonnet? 'Tis the tear that fell
From a great poet's hidden ecstasy;
A two-edged sword, a star, a song—ah me!
Sometimes a heavy-tolling funeral bell.
This was the flame that shook with Dante's breath;
The solemn organ whereon Milton played,
And the clear glass where Shakespeare's shadow falls:
A sea this is—beware who ventureth!
For like a fjord the narrow floor is laid
Deep as mid-ocean to the sheer mountain walls.

Gilder believed in poetry's capabilities to express hidden emotions and impressions of its author in a perfectly crafted
form; as a poet
he is associated with the "genteel" tradition, the representatives of which avoided erotic or stark subjects, attempting to edify
rather than shock and bewilder their readers. Music, the "wordless art," is a poet's
supreme challenge. Verses that Gilder penned about Paderewski, after having ample opportunities to hear him in public concert halls
and at home, reveal the depth of synaesthetic links in his response to music:[21]

How Paderewski Plays

If words were perfume, color, wild desire
If poet's song were fire
That burned to blood in purple-pulsing veins;
If with a bird-like trill the moments throbbed to hours; If summer's rains
Turned drop by drop to shy, sweet, maiden flowers;

[...]
If melody were tears and tears were starry gleams
That shone in evening's amethystine dreams;
Ah, yes, if notes were stars, each star a different hue,
Trembling to earth in dew;
Or, of the boreal pulsings, rose and white,
Made majestic music in the night;
If all the orbs lost in the light of day
In the deep silent blue began their harps to play;

[...]
If ever art could image (as were the poet's duty)
The grieving, and the rapture, and the thunder
Of that keen hour of wonder,
That light as if of heaven, that blackness as of hell, -
How Paderewski Plays then might I dare to tell.

Gilder's poem about Paderewski's talent as a performer belongs in a cycle of his works celebrating great musicians.
In this extended simile the poet brings up a range of synaesthetic comparisons
of music with natural phenomena and surreal, enchanting imagery. The poem is
sophisticated and richly associative, filled with imagery of nature's power and beauty, from cosmic orbs to dew drops, from
storm-clouds to eclipse and aurora borealis. The complete verse includes no less than eighteen "ifs"
comparing Paderewski's art with natural wonders and emotional states: mortal woe, tears, rapture... The romantic intensity
of this poem is well balanced with its elaborate form. Irregular phrase length piques the interest of listeners or readers
awaiting the unexpected resolution; the poem seems written to be read aloud or recited. Paderewski's musical gifts,
according to Gilder, reach beyond the realm of natural forces and human comprehension.

IV. Finley and Classical Erudition

A different approach to praising Paderewski's musical talents was taken by John Huston
Finley (1863-1940).[22] He wrote two poems for the Polish pianist, separated by
over a decade and expressing different concerns. Both poems, though, betray Finley's life-long preoccupation with classical antiquity and a modern revival of Greek culture. Finley was a professor, writer, and editor of enormous influence on early 20th-century America.[23] With a broad array of interests, ranging from the classics, through modern poetry, American history and politics, Finley was highly successful as a college professor (at Princeton University) and president (at City College of New York, until 1913). The following decade saw him as an administrator, i.e. the Commissioner of Education of the State of New York (until 1921). After resigning from that post, Finley became an associate editor, and then in 1937, the editor-in-chief of the New York Times. During his distinguished career, Finley engaged in a large array of charitable activities, working for the Boy Scouts of America, the Commission for the Blind, the Red Cross in Palestine, and the American Biography project (sponsored by the American Council of Learned Societies). He received thirty-two honorary doctorates from the U.S. and Canada. Finley believed that the study of Greek and Latin provided the best foundation for liberal education, and that good education improved society and increased the personal quality of life. His interests in Greek antiquity extended beyond books—he was one of the leaders in the project of reconstructing the Parthenon in Athens. His list of publications contains a range of titles that speak for themselves:[24]

The French in the Heart of America (New York, C. Scribner's Sons, 1915);

Our Need of the Classics (Princeton?, 1919);

American Democracy from Washington to Wilson:
Addresses and State Papers with James Sullivan (New York : Macmillan Co., 1919);

Duties of Schools When the Nation is at War (New York: National Security League, 1918);

Finley's fascination with ancient Greece is clearly noticeable in his poem written after Paderewski's performance in the
town of Troy, New York on 27 March 1914. This concert was part of an extended tour through the Eastern states that
lasted from 14 March to 22 April 1914 and ended with Paderewski's return to Europe in May that year. The tour alternated between two
programs, one with Paderewski's Piano Concerto in A-minor and another with a range of solo works. [25]
Paderewski performed the concerto: in Boston, Philadelphia, Washington, Baltimore, New York, Brooklyn, Providence, R. I., and Chicago. The solo recital consisted of
the following compositions:

Liszt's arrangement of J. S. Bach's Prelude and Fugue in A minor;

Beethoven's Sonata Op. 27 no. 2 in C-sharp minor;

Schumann's Fantasiestucke Op. 12;

Liszt's arrangements of Schubert's Erlkonig and Soirées de Vienne
in A major;

Chopin's Ballade in A-flat major Op. 47;

Chopin's Nocturne in B major Op. 62 no. 1;

Chopin's Polonaise in A-flat major Op. 53;

Liszt's arrangement of Wagner's Isoldes Liebestod;
and

Liszt's Hungarian Rhapsody (not numbered).

This mammoth program was repeated in Newark, N. J.; Troy, N. Y.; Harrisburg, Pa.; Hartford, Conn.; Rochester, N. Y.; Erie, Pa.;
Kansas City, Mo.; and Wells-Bijou Theatre in an unknown location (on 22 April, the last concert of the tour). Paderewski had
earlier presented the same set of pieces minus the opening Liszt-Bach arrangement at a concert in Madison, Wisconsin, on 13 December 1913, and also during a tour of the West in January 1914 (in Colorado Springs; Boise City, Idaho; and Vancouver, Canada).

While attempting to capture the musical qualities and emotional impact of this concert, Finley decided—instead of describing the music
and its effects on the listener, as Gilder would have done—to elevate Paderewski to the realm of mythical heroes by comparing him
with the Greeks and Trojans from Homer's Illiad. Undoubtedly, the town's name, "Troy," inspired this ode to the
ancient greatness and its modern reincarnation in Paderewski. Finley wrote:[26]

The protagonists of Homer's epic include two arguing brothers, sons of Priam, the king of Troy: the warrior, mighty Hector and
the beautiful and charming musician,
Paris, who seduced Helene and, by doing so started the Trojan wars. If not Paris but Paderewski had been there, with his vastly superior
instrument (the piano invented by Christofori), the Trojan wars would have ended quite differently—or so claims Finley:

I heard brave Hector's taunt again, and then
I heard reply: "Great Paderewski played
Not such a puny lyre as Paris twanged,
But one Christofori designed to sound
The thundering of battle, and, alike,
The peaceful breathings of an oaten pipe;
And hearing, thought: Had this Red Polack stood
Beside old Priam on the Trojan walls
The battle lost immortally were won!"

The poem is a game of sophistication and erudition; Finley's allusions include the names of Christofori, the Italian inventor of the piano, and
of Andrew Lang (1844-1912), the venerated English
translator of the Illiad.[28]
Without a thorough knowledge of the ancient epic, its heroes, stories, and locations, Finley's narrative, effectively replacing
Paris with Paderewski and reversing the course of the whole Trojan war, would be incomprehensible. The poet's choice of substituting
one musical seducer with another one—adored for his physical beauty (including startlingly "red" or "golden" hair) and personal
charisma as much as for his musical talents [29] -
reveals his erudition and insight. It is not only the power of sound emitted by a better instrument that gave Paderewski
an advantage over his ancient predecessor, though obviously the dynamic range of the grand piano far exceeds that of the
ancient lyre or kythara.[30]
It is also the strength of Paderewski's musical talents apparent in the choice and scope of his concert program, lasting well over
three hours, that gave him an advantage over his mythological counterpart, i.e. Paris, and his adversary, i.e. the Greek attacker
of Troy, Achilles.

Thus, in Finley's poem Paderewski entered mythology and became an "immortal." The American author wrote another poem about
the Polish pianist in 1928, again drawing a metaphor from the rich treasury of Greek mythology.
Finley read this poem as a part of his speech during the ceremonial dinner celebrating Paderewski's role in the regaining of Poland's
sovereignty on the occasion of the tenth anniversary of this event. The dinner, organized by the Kosciuszko Foundation,
was commemorated with a book of tributes and greetings to Paderewski, including several poems. Finley's text appeared
on the first page of this collection; his speech including the whole poem is reprinted in Part II of "Paderewski and the
Tenth Anniversary of Poland's Independence" in the current issue of the Journal.

In the 1928 poem, Finley compared Paderewski to a demi-god, Orpheus, attempting to bring back from Hades his wife, Euridice,
who had died and whose spirit was imprisoned in the Underworld. Orpheus failed despite the magic of his music
that enchanted the guardians of Hades and allowed Euridice to pass; he failed because of a lack of self-restraint, or loving her too intently,
or having too much curiosity... Explanations of the immensely popular Orpheus myth differ. Nonetheless, it is clear, to Finley at least,
that Paderewski succeeded in the quest for his Euridice:

You've brought from out the air such symphonies
As God with all His earth-orchestral range
From cataract through soughing wind to lark
Could not produce without the skill of man.

[...]
As ancient Orpheus trod the aisles of hell
To rescue from its thrall Eurydice,
So you for Poland. But though Orpheus failed
You won. Polonia Restituta lives.

In Latin, "Polonia Restituta" means "rebuilt" or "restored" Poland; it is also the name of the new country's most
important state honor, awarded to individuals that assisted the country on its way to freedom. The name of this distinction was
well-known to those present at the New York ceremony where the poem was presented in public: several holders of "Polonia
Restituta" medals were in the audience, including Charles Phillips and Zygmunt Stojowski. Therefore, Finley's casual
use of this Latin phrase did not require extraordinary sophistication of his listeners; neither was the use of the
myth of Orpheus-Paderewski and Euridice-Poland as complex and unintelligible as the references to
the epic of Illiad had been in the earlier poem.

While still recognizing the significance of Paderewski's musical achievements and praising them in extraordinary
similes, Finley described Paderewski's political actions as constituting the most important achievement
of his life. Apparently, not much could compare with restoring a country to the political map of Europe. Besides
Orpheus and Euridice, the poem also mentions two illustrious Poles—the astronomer Nicolaus Copernicus, and the hero
of the American Revolutionary War as well as a fighter for Poland's independence, general Tadeusz Kosciuszko.
The appearances of the names of these two men whose actions profoundly changed the world is not accidental.
By shifting attention from the musical to the political, the poet articulated a hierarchy of human achievements
described later by Hannah Arendt in The Human Condition.[31]

According to the philosopher, whose views were influenced by the bitter experiences of World War II, the Holocaust, and
a personal confrontation with totalitarianism, "action" takes precedence over
"contemplation," or "labor," or "production" as the most worthy
form of human behavior. Arendt described her ideal of a politicized "Vita Activa," pursued by free, fully individualized subjects
in the "agora" of a public space. This active
life contrasted with the lives of the physically productive "Homo Faber" and the merely hard-working
"Animal Laborans." As Arendt wrote:[32]

With word and deed we insert ourselves into the human world, and this insertion is like a second birth, in which
we confirm and take upon ourselves the naked fact of our original physical appearance. [...] To act, in its most general sense, means to take an initiative, to begin (as the Greek word archein, "to begin," "to lead," and eventually, "to rule," indicates), to set something into motion (which is the original meaning of the Latin agere). In acting and speaking, men show who they are, reveal actively their unique personal identities and thus make their appearance in the human world. [...] The political realm rises directly out of acting together, the "sharing of words and deeds." Thus action not only has the most intimate relationship to the public part of the world common to us all, but is the one activity which constitutes it.

It is perhaps not a coincidence that Arendt's theory arose from her study of ancient philosophers and that Finley was so
thoroughly immersed in their writings. While appreciating Paderewski as a man of political action rather than a creative
artist and musician in the 1928 poem, Finley expressed his personal philosophy of liberalism and political involvement.
Similarly to Paderewski, Finley took a path away from academic contemplation of the past towards an active involvement
in the present, including both charity and politics. Another, celebrated instance of such a shift from the realm of
"contemplation" towards "action"—though limited to charitable pursuits—was provided by Dr. Albert Schweitzer,
who abandoned his research of J.S. Bach and a career as a organist and music historian for the sake of medical
studies and working in a leper colony in Africa. Since the choices made by Finley and Paderewski both involved
political motivation, it was harder to view both men as "modern saints." Therefore, their impact on their societies
has been underappreciated.

At present, the figure of John Huston Finley is of great interest to the historians of American literature and education.
The revival of his heritage may be seen in calls to return to the "great books" tradition of liberal education that
he championed for American students. In contrast, Paderewski's generous vision of a large, powerful and multi-ethnic
Poland was destroyed by the Nazis and Soviets. His reputation as a creative artist has also suffered numerous set-backs
and rarely, if ever, is he venerated as an incomparable musical genius and a "modern immortal."

Figure 3: Portrait of Paderewski by H. T. Beckert from Orłowski, 1940.
Based on a popular image of Paderewski lecturing to Americans in 1915.

V. Johnson's Tribute to a Patriot

When Robert Underwood Johnson (1853-1937) wrote his tribute to Paderewski in 1916, the composer's transformation into a statesman,
living a "vita activa", had already begun.[33] Since 1915 Paderewski was involved in an extensive publicity campaign on behalf of Poland: during the years of World War I he gave over 350 speeches about the country's need to become an independent state and preceded every concert with a half-hour talk on this subject. By continually and persistently shaping public opinion, while simultaneously engaging in seeking support in the highest political circles, Paderewski sought to
achieve just one, main goal: the liberty for his country. His efforts were rewarded when President Woodrow Wilson added
Poland's sovereignty to his conditions for peace after World War I; sadly, even this achievement is discounted in the Paderewski
entry in the New Grove II. Some documents pertaining to this area are discussed in "Paderewski and the Tenth
Anniversary of Poland's Independence" in the current issue of the Journal; additional remarks may be found
in the editorial introduction and notes to this article.

The connection between Robert Underwood Johnson and Paderewski was probably established through Richard Watson Gilder:
Johnson worked for the Scribner's Monthly (later transformed into the Century Monthly Magazine) where he served as
associate editor and Gilder was the editor-in-chief. After Gilder's death, Johnson took over his post until retiring in 1913.
A poet, editor, and diplomat, with family roots reaching far back into colonial times, Johnson was a literary celebrity,
often called the unofficial poet laureate of the United States.[34]
He published several volumes of poetry, often commemorating eminent individuals and events; he also co-edited the four-volume
series of Battles and Leaders of the Civil War. Among his other pursuits were: the international copyright movement, the
creation of literary organizations, such as the Academy of Arts and Letters, and the preservation of American land and natural
resources in national parks (with John Muir, the founder of the Sierra Club). Despite his appreciation of
Paderewski's patriotism, Johnson's favorite European country was Italy; he worked for the Italian War Relief Fund of America,
and after the war served as the American ambassador to Italy.

Johnson's poem, To Paderewski, Patriot was hand-written on one page and its photographic reproduction is included in Orłowski's collection of
documents published in 1940.[35] Other publications of this poem are presently not
known; its full text is included in Appendix I of this study. The four strophes of the poem consist of six verses each, with the parallel rhyme structure of aabbcc recurring in each strophe. The poem's awkwardly angular symmetry results also from the identity of rhythmic patterns in each line and the placement of the accents on the last, single syllable. The poet described the composer as:

Son of a martyred race that long
Has honed its sorrow into song
And taught the world that grief is less
when voiced by Music's loveliness.

In Johnson's poem, Paderewski was the "bearer of memories" of his torn and suffering country that survived by cherishing
remembrances of past glory through its "lost century of pride." The poem included references to national travails and defeats;
it concluded with an expression of hope that Paderewski's "God-sent" musical gifts would serve and advance the Polish cause:

Master with whom the world doth sway
Like meadow with the wind at play
May Heaven send thee, at this hour,
Such access of supernal power
that every note beneath thy hand
May plead for thy distracted land.

The date of 13 April 1916 locates the poem's likely origin in Washington, D. C. On that day Paderewski gave
a recital at the National Theatre in the American capital.[36] The simplistic
formal features of Johnson's ode to Paderewski's patriotism do not make his product appear very attractive at
the threshold of the modernist era (it was written in the same year as James Joyce's
first major book, A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man).[37] However,
we should note that Johnson's poetry had at least one prominent musical admirer, i.e. the American father of musical
modernism, Charles Ives (1874-1954). In the 1920s Ives wrote songs to four poems by Johnson, including a
longer excerpt of The Housatonic at Stockbridge, as well as At Sea, Luck and Work, and Premonitions.
In Johnson, Ives found a fellow Transcendentalist; the composer also shared the poet's interests in nature and
its healing power. Paderewski's interests had a different common trait with Johnson's—i.e. classical-romantic aesthetic,
characterized by an emphasis on the profundity of emotion and the comprehensibility of musical (or poetic) form.
Johnson's fascination with the romantic "giants" of English-language poetry active in the first half of the 19th century,
such as Shelley, Tennyson, and Keats, was reflected in Paderewski's belief that the greatest composers belonged to
the early romantic period and included Beethoven, Schumann, Schubert, and Chopin.[38]

VI. Phillips, Paderewski and Poland

The final English-language poem to be considered in this overview was written by Charles Phillips (1880-1933), known to
Paderewski scholars as the author of his popular biography,The Story of a Modern Immortal, published in 1933.[39] Phillips was a writer and poet, working as a professor of English at the University of Notre Dame
(1924-1933), where his archives are now located. The Paderewski poem was penned for the celebration of Poland's tenth
anniversary of its independence and as a tribute to Paderewski's role in this development during the celebratory dinner in New York
in 1928. The same occasion was commemorated in verse by John H. Finley; as mentioned earlier the poems were included in an album of
greetings (selected items are included in Part I of "Paderewski and the Tenth Anniversary of Poland's Independence" in this
issue of the Journal; the full text of the Phillips poem is enclosed in Appendix I to the current study; the first page is
reproduced below or,
a
larger image). In Paderewski and Poland, Phillips described the country's resurrection as resulting from Paderewski's actions:

There was a silence as of death—the nations watched, the righteous mourned,
Where on her bier with hushed breath dear Poland lay—the wept, the scorned.
In all the darkened air no sound save muffled drum and funeral bell:
Deep-chorded Chopin's anthem found refrain but in the tears that fell—
Until the music of your soul, great Master of the Harmonies,
Broke on her listening ear to roll with echoing note across the seas.

[...]
Now mark the mighty chords that run to music of her golden name!
Now mark the hand that strikes the chord—and strikes the shackles off! O, hand
Of filial love, of flashing sword, that lifts and waves with one command!

[...]... She rises, beautiful, renewed! She lifts her golden voice—she sings—
And in her song, sweet plenitude of love, O, son, your bright name rings!

Since Paderewski's first title to fame was his performing talents as a musician, Phillips abundantly draws from musical
imagery in his text. It is Paderewski's "kindling voice" that stirs Poland, his "mother," back to life; it is the sound
of music transcending any other human music that echoes in the breaking of the chains of the imprisoned country.
As an international aid worker for one of the war victims' relief agencies in Poland, Phillips had an opportunity to see the destruction
and rebirth of Poland after World War I. He spent two years (1919-1920) directing the Polish relief efforts and wrote
a book about the country. As a result of his charitable activities he was rewarded with the Polonia Restituta
medal. During the period spent in Poland, Phillips had a chance to witness first-hand Poland's reaction to
Paderewski's arrival and the outpouring of gratitude addressed to the musician-statesman. The first year of Phillips's work
there coincided with the composer's brief sojourn as the president of the Polish council of ministers.

Paderewski's first months in power were filled with public expressions of
support and gratitude; crowds welcomed him during all his public appearances and he was portrayed in the press as Poland's
savior (for instance, two Polish poems discussed earlier by Święcicki and Wolska, both written in 1899, were published at
that time). A detailed review of archival material is likely to increase this number of occasional verse praising Paderewski's achievements.
By the time Phillips wrote his poem though (1928), Paderewski's active role in the Polish government had ended,
and his erstwhile supporters were disappointed with his lack of success in negotiations of Poland's borders
and contentious issues with the country's neighbors, Czecho-Slovakia and Germany. Moreover, in 1926, Paderewski's
main political rival, Józef Piłsudski, orchestrated a coup-d'etat that overturned the legally-elected government
for the sake of a Piłsudski-controlled regime that was supposed to "heal" the disarray in the
country (hence its name "Sanacja").[40] These political
circumstances further diminished the recognition of Paderewski's political achievements in his home country and abroad.
In these circumstances, the excessive praise found in Phillips's poem and other tributes of the 1928
event, seem partly designed to rectify the historical record and recover Paderewski's true significance,
while countering the relentless propaganda of Piłsudski supporters. Needless to say, the portrayal of Piłsudski
in Phillips's biography of the composer (1933) was far from appealing.

Figure 4: The first page of Phillips's "Poland and Paderewski."
New York: Kosciuszko Foundation (1928).
Copy in the collection of the Polish Music Center, USC.

In the laudatory poem, Phillips's statement about Paderewski's voice calling out across the ocean to Poland may seem pure poetic
licence. However, it is far more accurate than it would appear: Paderewski's last composition was an anthem for the Polish Army
in the U.S. that he was organizing in 1917-1918 in order to increase Poland's presence in the battles of the Great War and
to give credence to the country's claim to a seat at the Peace Conference that was to define the new European order after
the war. The composer penned the text for his anthem on a letterhead page from the Gotham Hotel in New York,
his venue of choice during his American tours.[41] The manuscript of the poem's text is not
dated; the music was composed in 1917 and the song immediately
sent out to be performed in the recruitment camps in the U.S. and Canada. According to the catalog of Paderewski's manuscripts by Perkowska
and Pigła, there are two sources for this song, entitled in both Orzeł Biały [White Eagle]: a 1918 edition, New York: T. Wroński (arrangement for male choir
and piano or brass band); and an undated arrangement for mixed choir and brass band, copied by Henryk Opieński.[42]

The four-strophe song, with the incipit "Hej, orle biały" [Hey, white eagle!] which is usually used as a title, is
addressed to Poland's emblem, a proud bird of prey, that is encouraged to soar and lead Poles to valiant action. In the reprint in
Appendix II, the Polish text—transcribed from Paderewski's handwriting—is followed by
an anonymous translation published in the volume by Orłowski (1940), with literal translations inserted in square brackets. The tone of the whole may be inferred from the following fragments:

Translation:
On, white eagle, once so severely wounded!
Too long have rung the mourning chimes [lit. "resounded funereal bells"],
Lasted [lit. this word is not here] the mad despair and crying tunes [lit. "despair's frenzy and mourning tunes"].
Lead us to brave and fearless deeds.

The final two strophes are addressed directly to the Polish troops and present them with their goals.
The soldiers are to fight for freedom, for Polish access to the sea, for the recovery of the past glory of Poland's
two most powerful royal dynasties, the Piasts and the Jagiellons, and for universal liberty:

Translation:
On to fight! to fight! Where liberty is dawning!
On to fight for the Polish shore of sea!
For Poland free from tyrants' fetters [lit. "thrones"]!
[additional line, missed in translation: "For Poland—proud—of Piasts and Jagiellons."]

On to fight! Such is God's will!
On to fight! For Gdańsk and seashore!
For all our land, our native land,
For the liberty of all, for yours and ours!

The last line is a reference to the motto embroidered on national flags since the 1848 Spring of the Nations, when
the Polish troops led by General Józef Bem fought in the Hungarian uprising against the Hapsburgs.
Paderewski's poetic effort follows the conventions of a military song, expected to be simple, easily comprehensible and encouraging.
Nonetheless, the text leaves much to be desired in terms of its literary quality. The rhymes are too obvious,
the elevated language borders on the grotesque (e.g. "rozpaczy szały," i.e. the frenzy of despair).
However, Paderewski's vision of a powerful Poland modeled on the multi-ethnic
kingdoms of Poland's Golden Age, hinted upon in several lines of his anthem, is notable for its far-reaching quality and
political savvy. Paderewski, raised in the eastern part of Poland, where the towns were predominantly Jewish, villages—Ukrainian,
and manors—Polish, was opposed to the notion that Poland could ever become an ethnically-united
"nation-state." He knew that large ethnic minorities were interspersed throughout Poland's territory
and that the country could not have been defined in narrow ethnic terms without serious internal and external problems.[43]
In addition, Paderewski's territorial emphasis on creating Poland with full access to the Baltic Sea and
the inclusion of the port-city of Gdańsk was prescient in the light of the awkward, and ultimately dangerous, construct
that emerged as a result of the Versaille Peace Treaty: a free city of Danzig, and a corridor of Polish land separating
two German enclaves. It was the Polish resolve not to give in to Hitler's demands for a corridor of land that would have connected
both German-held parts of the seashore that provided him with a direct excuse to attack Poland and start World War II in 1939.

Despite the political wisdom apparent in his vision of a large, multi-ethnic and powerful Poland, Paderewski's patriotic song has
not been widely recognized or very popular. It rarely appeared in printed collections of military songs in Poland or abroad.
Of the sources I consulted, Paderewski's hymn of the Polish Army was not included in any currently used anthologies or CD collections.
Yet, it marks a decision that changed the course of Paderewski's career and ultimately influenced his standing as a composer and
statesman: as a Polish national hero he disappeared from the annals of music history, as a piano virtuoso and
an "idol" of the crowds, he was not a typical politician either.
Paderewski's Hej, orle biały, thus occupies a peculiar place among the "last works" by composers,
that have included a series of ninth or tenth symphonies (Beethoven, Bruckner, Mahler), and the unfinished Kunst der Fuge (Bach).

By 1941, Paderewski's own music was nearly forgotten. The war-themed symphonies performed during
World War II included Shostakovich's
Leningrad Symphony and not Paderewski's Symphony in B minor, Polonia
(though Aleksander Tansman's equally patriotic, notably shorter Polish Rhapsody was receiving
performances throughout the U.S.). [44] The aging artist was still highly recognized as the living
symbol of Poland's independence and invited to chair the National Council, the kernel of the Polish government-in-exile.
No wonder then, that Paderewski's death in 1941 resulted in occasional poetry of a patriotic nature.
According to Marian Marek Drozdowski, who studied Paderewski's political career, a poem by Włodzimierz
Bakalarski was often recited in military camps, in Switzerland, Scotland, Wales, and the Near East,
through 1942-43.[45]

Translation:
Let all the willows in the country weep
those by the roads and those by the streams...
when they see you—with their eyes—in the otherworld
as you walk in Chopin's shadow.

[...]
When—with the sounds of the sonata, in the moonlight silence -
Poland will be filled with the tender sorrow,
cast the threads of alarm into heaven!

And then all the states [i.e. classes of society] will rise to arms
and your spirit will again lead your people...
when you will play for the world—you, our Beloved Master—
[will play] Chopin's Revolutionary Etude.

Bakalarski describes Paderewski's most popular pieces as reflections of Poland's landscape and its regions:
the dances resound in the central area of Mazovia, the Tatra Album resounds with echoes in the mountains from which
the music originated, and the waves of the Baltic Sea sway in the gentle rhythm of the ever-popular Minuet (in G major).
There is an allusion to the "moonlight silence" i.e. the Moonlight Sonata—the subtitle of Beethoven's
Piano Sonata Op. 27 no. 2 and the title of the only movie in which Paderewski acted (1936). [46] The grand finale,
though, is reserved for Chopin's music: it is the tones of Chopin's Revolutionary Etude that would result in the
patriotic resurgence, not Paderewski's own Hymn of the Polish Army, or his Symphony Polonia.
For Paderewski, it seems, Chopin's shadow was too large to be cast off.
Despite his repeated efforts at creating a national opera (Manru), symphony (Polonia), or
piano repertoire (various collections of dances and program pieces), Paderewski's presence in the popular
imagination, even among his compatriots was primarily as a performer. It is also
worth noting that his political achievements in securing Poland's independence a quarter century earlier are
not even mentioned in Bakalarski's final tribute to Paderewski, the charismatic patriot and inspired musician.

Personal sentiments about the nature of death and dying witnessed by a child are found in a personal
elegy published by the daughter of Paderewski's
secretary, Sylvan Strakacz, Anne Strakacz-Appleton. The Polish text of this poem is found in Strakacz-Appleton's "Wspomnienie o Paderewskim"
in the anthology of Paderewski studies edited by Wojciech Marchwica and Andrzej Sitarz (1991). [47]
Strakacz-Appleton writes:

Translation:Our last farewell was the man's smile from beyond the threshold.
Everything rested in it: the long way,
the imminent ending, and the cross of the hero
that provides the support for powerless humankind;
the star that is followed by the king chosen
in order to show the way to those dressed more poorly.

While still belonging to the genre of "elegiac poems" about Paderewski and touching upon the mystical themes of religious nationalism (with
veiled references to Christianity and a quotation of a title of Juliusz Słowacki's play, Król Duch [The King Spirit]),
Strakacz-Appleton's expression of personal grief initiates a new
category of poetry dedicated to the pianist-composer. It could be called "personal-sentimental response" for lack of a better label.
Simultaneously, its heart-felt sentiments indicate a return to the earnest devotion of Paderewski's early
listeners, like Polish exiles in Belgium who, in awkwardly-rhymed lines, "gave him their hearts." For his Polish compatriots, Paderewski
was the country's favorite son and its "savior;" this role of the "new Chopin"
was far more important than his engagement in purely musical pursuits—i.e. his image as "Master of Harmonies" praised by
Gilder, Finley, and Phillips. In poetic reception of Paderewski in Polish culture, politics triumphed over art.

NOTES

[1]. The term "modern immortals" was often used in reference to famous people, e.g. Ghandi, Einstein, and Paderewski. In the 1920s and 1930s it did not seem to have the same connotation as at present. Paderewski was listed in studies of such "immortals" and referred to by this term in:
Charles Phillips, Paderewski. The Story of a Modern Immortal. (New York: Macmillan, 1933); and William Kimberly Palmer, Immortal Jan Ignace Paderewski (a poem, Chicopee, Mass., 1934).
[Back]

[2].
This subject has been examined in several dissertations written at American universities:
David J. Morck, Ignace Paderewski and the Re-Birth of the Polish State, 1914-1919, (M.A. thesis,
California State University, Fullerton, 1994); Joseph T. Hapak, Recruiting a Polish Army in the United States, 1917-1919,
(Ph.D. diss., University of Kansas, 1985); Mieczyslaw B. Bienkowski-Biskupski, The United States and the Rebirth of Poland,
1914-1918, (Ph.D. diss., Yale University, 1981). Authors of Paderewski's political biographies wrote about it in Poland: Marian Marek Drozdowski, Ignacy Jan Paderewski. Zarys biografii politycznej [Outline of a political biography] (Warsaw, 1979; Eng. trans., 1981, enlarged 1988); Henryk Przybylski, Paderewski: Między muzyką a polityką
[Paderewski: Between music and politics] (Katowice: Unia, 1992).
[Back]

[3].
There is only one copy of this poem, held in the library of Brown University; it was issued as a pamphlet, or broadside in Chicopee, Massachusetts. Paderewski did not give concerts in the U.S. in 1934, as his wife died that year and he did not travel far; in 1933 he performed in New Haven, Conn.; Boston, Mass; New York, Chicago, Pittsburgh, and Washington, D.C.
See Małgorzata Perkowska,
Diariusz koncertowy Paderewskiego [Paderewski's concert diary] (Kraków: PWM, 1990), 189.
[Back]

[4].
Details about Paderewski's travels and performances are taken from two main sources: Andrzej Piber, Droga do sławy: Ignacy Paderewski
w latach 1860-1902 [The path to fame: I. P. in the years 1860-1902] (Warsaw: Państwowy Instytut Wydawniczy, 1982) and Perkowska, op. cit.
[Back]

[5].
Piber, op. cit., p. 166. Piber's note probably includes a wrong date of publication of this poem in Dziennik Poznański; according to Dr. Barbara Zakrzewska—for whose assistance in this matter I am very grateful— this poem cannot be found in the listed
volume of the Dziennik, as found in the collection of the Library of the Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań.
[Back]

[9].
Henryk Sienkiewicz (1846-1916) wrote a series of popular historical novels, including The Flood and Quo Vadis?;
the latter
received a Nobel Prize for literature. Leopold Julian Kronenberg (1849-1937), a banker, industrialist and composer, heir
to the family fortune, invested in railroads and sponsored the building of the Warsaw Philharmonic.
[Back]

[10].
The Album is located in the Paderewski Archives in Warsaw, Archiwum Akt Nowych, no. 69.
[Back]

[12].
Maryla, or Maria Wolska, née Młodnicki (1873-1930) studied painting in Munich and Paris, but later dedicated all her efforts to poetry.
She held a literary salon in her mansion in Lwów; her poetry draws upon characteristic fin-de-siècle themes of pessimism and misgivings
of death.
[Back]

[13].
Piber cites only one strophe by Wolska from this joint poem; it is found in the notes on p. 583 of his 1982 study.
[Back]

[15].
The Polish tale about sleeping knights under the rocky peak of Giewont may be found in Na Skalnem Podhalu [On the Rocky Foothills]
by Kazimierz Przerwa-Tetmajer (1865-1940), published at the end of the 19th century (Warsaw: Nakł. Gebethnera i Wolffa, 1902, 2nd ed.);
numerous later reprints use a variant of the title caused by changed spelling: Na Skalnym Podhalu.
[Back]

[16].The postcard is signed by A. Piotrowski, the middle name (sometimes used) of Maksymilian Piotrowski
was Antoni; see Dobrowolski, op. cit., 168.
[Back]

[19].
Information based on the entry by Herbert F. Smith, in Dictionary of Literary Biography, Volume 64: American
Literary Critics and Scholars, 1850-1880, John W. Rathburn, Monica M. Grecu, eds. (The Gale Group, 1988. pp. 71-77). See also
R. W. Gilder, The Poems of Richard Watson Gilder (Boston, New York: Houghton Mifflin, 1908); Five Books of Song
(New York: The Century Co., 1894); The Fire Divine (New York: The Century Co., 1907). [Back]

[20].
Richard Watson Gilder, A Book of Music (New York, The Century Co., 1906). [Back]

[21].
The poem, published in A Book of Music was cited by Arthur V. Sewall during the ceremonial dinner for Paderewski in 1928; the full text
of this speech, including an extended fragment of the poem is included in Part II of "Paderewski and the Tenth Anniversary of Poland's Independence,"
in this issue of the Journal.
[Back]

[22].
Biographical data about Finley are based on an entry in
Dictionary of American Biography, Supplements 1-2: To 1940.
(American Council of Learned Societies, 1944-1958. Reproduced in Biography Resource Center. Farmington Hills, Mich.: The Gale Group, 2001; http://www.galenet.com/servlet/BioRC)
[Back]

[23].
See Marvin Gettleman, An Elusive Presence: The Discovery of John H. Finley and His America (Chicago: Nelson-Hall, 1979).
[Back]

[24].
The publications are selected from items found in the OCLC online catalog, WorldCat.
[Back]

[25].Details about the tour are based on information from Perkowska, op. cit., 136, passim.
[Back]

[26].Extended excerpts from this poem are included in Finley's speech at the celebration of Poland's Tenth
Anniversary in 1928; the speech is reprinted in its entirety in Part II of "Paderewski and the Tenth Anniversary of Poland's Independence,"
in the current issue of the Journal.
[Back]

[27].All the references to ancient Greece are explained in notes to Part II of "Paderewski and the Tenth Anniversary..."
The characters, places and actions are those described by Homer in the epic poem, the Illiad.
[Back]

[28].
Andrew Lang's translation of Homer's Illiad was first published in 1905 and repeatedly reprinted with illustrations in the 1930s.
[Back]

[29].
Women's response to Paderewski's performances was so intense and
overwhelming that it foretold the modern cults of Frank Sinatra, Elvis Presley and the Beatles; its examination is an engaging topic
for a feminist musicology project.[Back]

[30].
For an in-depth study of all aspects of Greek music, see Thomas J. Mathiesen, Apollo's Lyre: Greek Music and Music Theory in Antiquity and the Middle Ages
(University of Nebraska Press, 1999). [Back]

[31].
Hannah Arendt, The Human Condition
(Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1958). See also Daniel Mano, Relating Vita Activa and Vita Contemplativa
Hannah Arendt on the Human Condition (Ph. D. diss., University of Waterloo, 1992); H. Arendt and Melvyn A. Hill,
Hannah Arendt, the Recovery of the Public World (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1979).
[Back]

[34].
The American office of "poet laureate" was established by the U.S. Congress only in 1985; the position is temporary and
involves serving as a poetry advisor to the Library of Congress. In the British tradition, the
"poet laureate" had the task of writing verses about the royal family; the first official poet laureate was John Dryden (1668).
[Back]

[39].Charles Phillips, Paderewski, the Story of a Modern Immortal
(New York: MacMillan, 1933; reprinted in New York: Da Capo Press, 1978; reprint
lists the publication date as 1934). This biography is listed in every subsequent book on Paderewski.
[Back]

[43]. While Paderewski's name was used for various political causes, especially by the nationalist faction of Roman Dmowski,
he did not share Dmowski's anti-semitism and was supportive of the role of minorities in the independent country. See Zamoyski, op. cit.,
143-144. [Back]

[44].Aleksander Tansman's Rapsodie polonaise (1940) connected the melodies of the Polish and British national anthems,
as an expression of hope that Britain would come to the rescue of its beleaguered ally. The work was performed in the U.S. through the war years.
[Back]

APPENDIX I: POEMS ABOUT PADEREWSKI

Compiled and translated by Maja Trochimczyk

Anonymous ["Halka"]: The Portrait of Paderewski (1917)

NOTE: This poem was reprinted in The Musical Courier on 22 February 1917; the press clipping was found in the Research Collection, Performing Arts Division, New York Public Library.
The original publication was the Von Ende Bulletin issued by the Von Ende School
of Music, where Zygmunt Stojowski was a faculty member.

King of glorious Poland!
God made him fit to be
A nation's wish (fate willing)
IGNACE JAN PADEREWSKI.

Waldemar Bakalarski: Paderewski (1941)

NOTE: Biographical information about Bakalarski is currently unavailable. The poem was published in numerous ephemeral bulletins, and newsletters, and
widely disseminated during the World War II, but has not been available since. The current version is reprinted from Marian Marek Drozdowski,
"Reakcje świata na śmierć Paderewskiego," in
Wojciech Marchwica and Andrzej Sitarz, eds., Warsztat kompozytorski, wykonawstwo i koncepcje polityczne Ignacego
Jana Paderewskiego [Composers workshop: Performance and political conceptions of Ignacy Jan Paderewski] (Kraków:
Musica Iagiellonica, 1991), 24-25.

Translation:
Let all the willows in the country weep
those by the roads and those by the streams...
when they see you—with their eyes—in the otherworld
as you walk in Chopin's shadow.

Touch lightly with leaves, caress—on the wind's strings -
the chords that sob within your soul.
Let the Spring of the Nations awake in firelight
and let it stir the whole light to its foundations.

Let Mazowsze sing, let it resound
with the beat of the kujawiak, with the ulan mazurka...
and let the echo bow down to the mountains
with the unforgettable Tatra Album.

Then, reflected from the armor of the rocks
let the echo run to a different vignette -
towards the grey Baltic, to the shores of the sea -
and let it move the waves with the Minuet.

When—with the sounds of the sonata, in the moonlight silence -
Poland will be filled with the tender sorrow,
cast the threads of alarm into heaven!

And then all the states [i.e. classes of society] will rise to arms
and your spirit will again lead your people...
when you will play for the world—you, our Beloved Master—
[will play] Chopin's Revolutionary Etude.

Henryetta Teresa Beckert: [Tribute to Paderewski] (n.d. ca. 1916)

Note: This short tribute was inserted into a portrait of Beckert with a picture of Paderewski in hand, cited from Orlowski, op. cit, p. 90. Beckert came from a Silesian noble family, with musical talents and an intense interest in Paderewski. Orlowski writes: "She is convinced that His Genius will resurrect a free Poland for the second time and that this country will be beloved by all—also like Paderewski."

You are a Genius, born of love
Of your Nation, love of your People—
Your life is eternal—you are immortal
In strains of labor, you lead us to a miracle—
Under your guidance we have to win
Because we are Poles, we are your Nation.

NOTE: Extensive fragments of this poem were included in Finley's speech given during the 1928 dinner organized by the
Kosciuszko Foundation in New York and published in the commemorative volume in the same year, To Ignace Jan Paderewski:
Artist, Patriot, Humanitarian
(New York: Kosciuszko Foundation, 1928). The speech is reprinted in Part II of "Paderewski
and the Tenth Anniversary of Poland's Independence," ed. Maja Trochimczyk, Polish Music Journal vol. 4 no. 1 (summer 2001).

Beside Scamander's stream in ancient Ilium
(From whose dim, moon-lit ramparts Troilus
Sighed toward the Grecian tents where Cressid lay)
Brave Hector, so 'tis said, derided him
Whose love for Helen gave to Homer's harp
The timeless Iliad: "O brother mine
The sounding lyre shall n ot avail thee now!"
Meaning, (I translate from forgotten Greek
With aid of Lang), that spear and sword alone
Will serve ascending man...
...(Strange, is it not
That all that's left of arms and men and song
Of that old fray is song?)....
...Last night, in Troy,
(Not Hasselik, all tumultous, but Troy
Which sits beside a new-world Simois)
I heard brave Hector's taunt agian, and then
I heard reply: "Great Paderewski played
Not such a puny lyre as Paris twanged,
But one Christofori designed to sound
The thundering of battle, and, alike,
The peaceful breathings of an oaten pipe;
And hearing, thought: "Had this Red Polack stood
Beside old Priam on the Trojan walls
The battle lost immortally were won!"

John Huston Finley: To Paderewski (1928)

NOTE: Extensive fragments of this poem were included in Finley's speech given during the 1928 dinner organized by the
Kosciuszko Foundation in New York and published in the commemorative volume in the same year, To Ignace Jan Paderewski:
Artist, Patriot, Humanitarian (New York: Kosciuszko Foundation, 1928). The poem was printed in two copies—in calligraphy
with an illustration
on the first page of the volume and in a typewritten transcript of the speech. Finley's text is reprinted in Part II of "Paderewski
and the Tenth Anniversary of Poland's Independence," ed. Maja Trochimczyk, Polish Music Journal 4 no. 1 (summer 2001).

I salute you, Artist, Statesman, Patriot.
You've brought from out the air such symphonies
As God with all His earth-orchestral range
From cataract through soughing wind to lark
Could not produce without the skill of man.
But there's a symphony that you've evoked
From out the hearts of men, more wonderful
Than you have played upon your instrument.
Composed of the praises of mankind
For what you've nobly done to lead again
To its proud place amid earth's greatest States
Your land that gave the world Copernicus,
And for our freedom Kosciuszko gave.

As ancient Orpheus trod the aisles of hell
To rescue from its thrall Eurydice,
So you for Poland. But though Orpheus failed
You won. Polonia Restituta lives.

Richard Watson Gilder: How Paderewski Plays (1906)

NOTE: This poem was published in Gilder's collection entitled A Book of Music (New York, The Century Co.,
1906): 32-36. An extensive fragment was cited by Arthur V. Sewall during his speech at the ceremonial dinner for Paderewski in 1928. The
quoted excerpts appear in the commemorative volume To Ignace Jan Paderewski:
Artist, Patriot, Humanitarian (New York: Kosciuszko Foundation, 1928). These excerpts are reprinted
in Part II
of "Paderewski and the Tenth Anniversary of Poland's Independence," edited
by Maja Trochimczyk, in this issue of the Journal.

I.

If words were perfume, color, wild desire;
If poet's song were fire
That burned to blood in purple-pulsing veins;
If with a bird-like trill the moments throbbed to hours;
If summer's rains
Turned drop by drop to shy, sweet, maiden flowers;
If God made flowers with light and music in them,
And saddened hearts could win them;
If loosened petals touched the ground
With a caressing sound;
If love's eyes uttered word
No listening lover e'er before had heard;
If silent thoughts spake with a bugle's voice;
If flame passed into song and cried, "Rejoice, rejoice!"
If words could picture life's hopes, heaven's eclipse
When the last kiss has fallen on dying eyes and lips;
If all of mortal woe
Struck on one heart with breathless blow by blow;
If melody were tears and tears were starry gleams
That shone in evening's amethystine dreams;
Ah, yes, if notes were stars, each star a different hue,
Trembling to earth in dew;
Or, of the boreal pulsings, rose and white,
Made majestic music in the night;
If all the orbs lost in the light of day
In the deep silent blue began their harps to play;
And when, in frightening skies the lightnings flashed
And storm-clouds crashed,
If every stroke of light and sound were excess of beauty;
If human syllables could e'er refashion
that fierce electric passion;
If ever art could image (as were the poet's duty)
The grieving, and the rapture, and the thunder
Of that keen hour of wonder, -
That light as if of heaven, that blackness as of hell, -
How Paderewski Plays than might I dare to tell.

II.

How the great master played! And was it he
Or some disembodied spirit which had rushed
From silence into singing; and had crushed
Into one startled hour a life's felicity,
And highest bliss of knowledge—that all life, grief, wrong,
Turn at the last to beauty and to song!

Robert Underwood Johnson: To Paderewski, Patriot (13 April 1916)

This poem was handwritten on a page of white paper with the date in the lower left corner; it is reproduced in
Józef Orłowski, Ignacy Jan Paderewski i odbudowa Polski (Chicago: The Stanek Press, 1940), 124.

Son of a martyred race that long
Has honed its sorrow into song
And taught the world that grief is less
When voiced by Music's loveliness
How shall its newer anguish be
Interpreted, if not by thee?

In whose heart dearer doth abide
Thy land's lost century of pride
Since triple tyrants tore in three
That nation of antiquity—
But could not lock with prison keys
The freeman's sacred memories.

Master with whom the world doth sway
Like meadow with the wind at play
May Heaven send thee, at this hour,
Such access of supernal power
That every note beneath thy hand
May plead for thy distracted land.

Henryk Merzbach: To Paderewski (1888)

NOTE: This poem was reprinted in a report from the Brussels celebrations in Dziennik Poznański (no. 289 of 16 December 1889);
the fragment cited in the article comes from the study by Andrzej Piber,
Droga do sławy: Ignacy Paderewski w latach 1860-1902 [The path to fame: I. P. in the years 1860-1902] (Warsaw: Państwowy Instytut Wydawniczy, 1982).

William Kimberly Palmer: Immortal Jan Ignace Paderewski (1934)

NOTE: This poem was published only once as a broadside, in Chicopee, Massachusetts; the only known copy is in
the library of Brown University. Biographical information about Palmer nor the full text of the poem are currently not available.

Incipit: "This great genius—son of Poland..."

Charles Phillips: Poland and Paderewski (1928)

NOTE: The two pages of the handwritten autograph of this poem are reproduced in To
Paderewski: Artist, Patriot, Humanitarian (New York: Kosciuszko Foundation, 1928), without page numbers.
In this volume, all the pages with notes and letters have the same heading: "Greetings to Ignace Jan Paderewski on the Tenth
Anniversary of the Independence of Poland." The following transcription includes the original's signature, date and location.

There was a silence as of death—the nations watched, the righteous mourned,
Where on her bier with hushed breath dear Poland lay—the wept, the scorned.
In all the darkened air no sound save muffled drum and funeral bell:
Deep-chorded Chopin's anthem found refrain but in the tears that fell -
Until the music of your soul, great Master of the Harmonies,
Broke on her listening ear to roll with echoing note across the seas.
Across the seas, across the years, with Oh, what hope renewed she heard
That summoning from night and tears—the voice of your rekindling word!
Mother to son, she called; and son to mother hastening fore came...
Now mark the mighty chords that run to music of her golden name!
Now mark the hand that strikes the chord—and strikes the shackles off! O, hand
Of filial love, of flashing sword, that lifts and waves with one command!
What music ever man hath made is like unto this music now
That rings with challenge unafraid against the breakers of the vow?
What music ever heard of men is sweeter than these chords that wake
Within her prisoned heart again—the sound of yokes that fall and break!
... She rises, beautiful, renewed! She lifts her golden voice—she sings—
And in her song, sweet plenitude of love, O, son, your bright name rings!

Translation:Our last farewell was the man's smile from beyond the threshold.
Everything rested in it: the long way,
The imminent ending, and the cross of the hero
That provides the support for powerless humankind;
The star that is followed by the king chosen
In order to show the way to those dressed more poorly.

I saw his smile raised up to heaven
Like thanksgiving hands streched out in prayer;
In [this smile] the whole came to life: the effort of sowing
And the harvest that ripens so slowly
Or suddenly dries out amidst human drought
When the voice of King Spirit is silenced by evil ghosts.
In [this smile] there was suffering, as there are thorns on a rose,
And the weight of weariness after a long travel,
and a question mark for God and for the Muse:
Why first these summits and then these ruins?
In [this smile] there was a sigh for what passes away
And clear conscience of fulfilling the order
to give away oneself and all the possessions
for the good of the Nation. As a blameless knight,
who does not care about wounds, gives thanks for scars
and pays with his life for the freedom of homeland.

Thus, while looking at him, at his smile—perhaps of a child
at the mountain-top of Golgotha? A lost soul,
this smile is not for me. I knew, in a momentit would disappear for centuries and the eyelids
closed by the hand of my mother, would depart from this agony
of a prophet of the humankind that remains as aimless as the echo.

In the richness of these thoughts
I felt poor.

Julian Adolf Święcicki: Greetings to Paderewski (1899; publ. 1919)

NOTE: This celebratory poem opened a dinner in Paderewski honor, in 1899 in Warsaw; the text was published in
Ignacemu Janowi Paderewskiemu. Album Podpisów preserved
in Paderewski Archives in Archiwum Akt Nowych in Warsaw; a reprint appeared
in the Warsaw daily, Kurjer Warszawski, no. 15 (15 January 1919); information about this poem and the strophe cited in the article
is found in Andrzej Piber, op. cit., 337.

Translation:You flew out as an eaglet from the nest
To experience the power of young wings [...]
You did not ceaselessly travel round the world [lit. "run persistently"]
To live in orgies and bathe in ecstasies [...]
Yet you went on a long and arduous journey,
to bring back, for Poland, your wreath of honor [...]
Now the brightness of your star will not die,
Because your homeland is made famous through your fame.

Maryla Wolska and Marian Gawalewicz: Paderewski (1899; publ. 1919)

NOTE: This joint poem was jointly written by Wolska (odd strophes) and Gawalewicz (even strophes). The whole text appeared
in the Warsaw daily, Kurier Warszawski, no. 19 (19 January 1919); information about this poem and the strophe cited in the article
may be found in Andrzej Piber, op. cit., p. 583.

Translation:The fire above his forehead and the mist in his eyes
Spread out the mystic shadows.
Before him a sorrowful elegy walked
And phantoms of lonesome spirits...
Behind him wandered a dreamy crowd
Transfixed with heavenly melodies,
Thus they followed the charm of his song
Through the depths of sonorous waves...
Thus they followed the charm of his words,
Spellbound into longing tones
Thus they called out loud: "Oh, play!, Oh, speak!"
And resurrect the sleeping princess!"

APPENDIX II: PADEREWSKI'S "HEJ, ORLE BIAŁY!"

Ignacy Jan Paderewski: Hej, Orle Biały (1917)

NOTE: The text of this poem is cited from a reproduction of the manuscript in
Józef Orłowski, Ignacy Jan Paderewski i odbudowa Polski [I.J. Paderewski and the Rebuilding of Poland],(Chicago:
The Stanek Press, 1940), 12.

Anonymous translation published in the volume by Orłowski (1940), with editorial comments
and literal translations inserted in square brackets:

On, white eagle, the dark events [lit: "the darkness of history"] are over,
Rise to-day, you splendid one, in a high flight,
Above the fields of glory, above the clouds of sky [lit. "heavens"],
Above the whole, wide world!

On, white eagle, once so severely wounded [lit. only "wounded"]!
Too long have rung [lit. "resounded"] the mourning [lit. "funereal"] chimes [lit. "bells"],
Lasted [lit. this word is not here] the mad despair and crying [lit. "mourning"] tunes.
Lead us to brave and fearless deeds.

On to fight! to fight! Where liberty is dawning!
On to fight for the Polish shore of sea!
For Poland free from tyrants' fetters [lit. "thrones"]!
[additional line, missed in translation: "For Poland—proud—of Piasts and Jagiellons."]

On to fight! Such is God's will!
On to fight! For Gdańsk and seashore!
For all our land, our native land,
For the liberty of all, for yours and ours!