Creating Animation for Presentations

Transcription

1 Creating Animation for Presentations Douglas Zongker A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy University of Washington 2003 Program Authorized to Offer Degree: Computer Science & Engineering

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3 University of Washington Graduate School This is to certify that I have examined this copy of a doctoral dissertation by Douglas Zongker and have found that it is complete and satisfactory in all respects, and that any and all revisions required by the final examining committee have been made. Chair of Supervisory Committee: David H. Salesin Reading Committee: Maneesh Agrawala Brian Curless David H. Salesin Date:

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5 In presenting this dissertation in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Doctoral degree at the University of Washington, I agree that the Library shall make its copies freely available for inspection. I further agree that extensive copying of this dissertation is allowable only for scholarly purposes, consistent with fair use as prescribed in the U.S. Copyright Law. Requests for copying or reproduction of this dissertation may be referred to Bell and Howell Information and Learning, 300 North Zeeb Road, Ann Arbor, MI , to whom the author has granted the right to reproduce and sell (a) copies of the manuscript in microform and/or (b) printed copies of the manuscript made from microform. Signature Date

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7 University of Washington Abstract Creating Animation for Presentations by Douglas Zongker Chair of Supervisory Committee: Professor David H. Salesin Computer Science & Engineering In recent years the use of computer-generated slides to accompany live presentation has become increasingly common. There is a potential for using computer graphics to increase the effectiveness of this type of presentation. The hardware for generating and projecting complex scenes and animation is in place, yet few efforts have been made in creating software to fully utilize these capabilities. This dissertation presents a system, called SLITHY, for giving live presentations accompanied by rich animated slides. This system has been developed and refined through several iterations of creating animated talks, then trying to simplify the authoring process by improving the system itself. We show some examples of presentations we ve created with the system, as well as some from outside users who have used our system to present their own work. As we repeated the design cycle, we were also learning what types of animation were best suited for use in presentation. In this work we summarize our accumulated experience as a set of presentation animation principles. It is certainly possible to use animation poorly, but we believe that having a set of broadly applicable guidelines can assist presentation authors in applying these new tools in ways that enhance rather than detract from their subject matter.

13 3.14UsingtheprototypeGUIanimatedlinecharttool Moving a square with economical motion Usingtransitionstoindicatethetalk sorganization Using camera motion to suggest a large virtual screen Usinganimationtoexpandandcompressdetail Comparing animated zooming to the use of multiple scales without animation Buildingupacomplexdiagramwithaseriesofoverlays Overlappingmotionvs.doingonethingatatime Distinguishing between dynamic and transition animations A SLITHY sequence that illustrates a proof of the Pythagorean Theorem based on shearsandrotations The diagram used to create the Pythagorean Theorem animation of Figure A SLITHY sequence that uses an animated graph to illustrate a set of financial data The parameterized diagrams underlying the animation of Figure Three examples of animation being used to show actual movement in a physical or virtual space Frames from an animation that uses a 3D parameterized diagram implemented in C andopengl A SLITHY sequence that uses animation to connect together a series of system diagrams v

14 5.8 An animated sequence illustrating the steps of image compositing An animated sequence illustrating Bayesian image matting Animatedconstructionofablockdiagramwithinsetdetailimages Usinganimatedzoomingtoplaceslides inside adiagram Aninteractiveobjectthatallowslivemanipulationofadiagram A complex interactive object that lets the user draw Béziercurves Interactive objects being used to make annotations on top of a running animation TheanimationinterfaceofPowerPointXP Restricting a diagram to a subset of its parameter space A.1 Screenshots of the SLITHY objecttester A.2 Thefiveparametersdefiningarectangle A.3 Methods for generating new rectangles from Rect objects A.4 Illustrations of various coordinate system transforms A.5 Primitive drawing shapes available in SLITHY A.6 Controlling horizontal posititon with the justify parameter A.7 The two-character form of the anchor parameter to text() A.8 Comparingopenandclosedpaths A.9 Illustration of path construction methods A.10Decoratingpathswitharrowheads A.11 Using Rect object methods to subdivide the area of the slide vi

15 A.12Animationcommandsapplyingeditstoaparametertimeline A.13 Using parallel() and serial() tooverlapanimationfunctions A.14 Transition styles available in SLITHY A.15 Undulation styles available in SLITHY B.1 PartsofthedeCasteljaucurvedemonstrationdiagram B.2 Steps of the de Casteljau algorithm B.3 Testing the objects created for the interactive Bézierapplet vii

16 LIST OF TABLES A.1 Parametertypesavailablewithinparameterizeddiagrams A.2 Keystroke commands used to control Video elements A.3 Keystroke commands used to control SLITHY during presentations viii

17 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I ve worked on a number of projects during my time at the University of Washington. Dissatisfaction with the tools we had to present these other assorted pieces of work was what led to the creation of SLITHY. I feel privileged to have worked with so many fantastic collaborators on these other projects, including Michael Wong (floral ornament); Yung-Yu Chuang, Brian Curless, Rick Szeliski, Joel Hindorff, and Dawn Werner (environment matting); Geraldine Wade (font hinting); and George Hart (blending polyhedra). In addition, I must thank some early collaborators on SLITHY itself: John Hughes, Tomer Moscovich, and Andy van Dam. Maneesh Agrawala, Michael Cohen, and Marc Levoy provided valuable insights on turning our prototype system into a bona fide research project. Of course, the person I ve worked with most closely at UW has been my incredible advisor, David Salesin. He has been a great teacher not only in the technical aspects of computer graphics, but also in the broader skills of doing research, especially writing and presenting. The computer graphics lab at UW has been a great group to be a part of. I m especially grateful to Brett Allen, Steve Capell, Yung-Yu Chuang, and Karen Liu for risking embarrassment in front of hundreds of SIGGRAPH attendees by using an untested research presentation system for real conference talks. Their experiences and feedback have been invaluable in improving the system (not to mention producing several of the figures in Chapters 4 and 5). Though I never managed to coauthor a paper with either of them, my friends and fellow students ix

18 Craig Kaplan and A.J. Bernheim contributed to both this work and my graduate career in ways I can t begin to enumerate. It s hard to imagine a more fun, exciting, and inspiring place in which to get a PhD than the UW CSE department. I owe a great debt to all the faculty, staff, and students who ve made this happen over the years. Any list of names I give would probably be incomplete, so I won t try. Thanks to you all. Lastly I want to thank my family my parents Earl and Chris and my sister Deirdre for the love, encouragement, and support that they ve given me for the past 27 years. I d never have done any of it without them. x

19 1 Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION As researchers and educators, we give a lot of presentations, and we are part of the audience for even more. Our own lives would be improved if we could give and receive better talks. There are many ways in which one can imagine giving any particular talk, but being in the field of computer graphics, we naturally think of improving the visuals that almost invariably accompany a modern presentation. Despite the fact that communication tools, including word processing, , the Web, etc., have been some of the most successful and widely adopted applications for computers, little work has been done on making effective use of graphics technology for live presentation. Today s presentation software of which Microsoft s PowerPoint, in representing the vast majority of the presentation-software market, is the most prominent example by far is still rooted firmly in the past. Presentations today are being delivered directly from the computer, thanks to the increasingly ubiquitous data projector, but the software is still geared toward producing 35mm slides and overhead transparencies. Even the term slides reflects this way of thinking: one page after another of static information. Slowly, animation features are being added to the software, but even these are mostly limited to simple effects used to draw attention to an otherwise lifeless slide. The hardware in use today is powerful enough to produce complex animated graphics to explain and enlighten, rather than just compete with the speaker for the audience s attention. In this work we describe SLITHY, a system for producing presentations with real, content-rich animations. Our approach to this problem has been iterative: we began by trying to make talks that incorporated animation and interactivity using existing software tools. These attempts led to a wish list of effects

20 2 we wanted to achieve and ways we wished the authoring worked. We began implementing and using our own system, alternately creating talks and improving the system itself. We will recount the history of this effort to motivate some of the design decisions made in SLITHY s development. As we made more and more of these animated talks, we were also learning how best to apply the power of animation in presenting material. We tried to understand why some uses of animation seemed to make information clearer, while others appeared to be simply gratuitous and distracting. For example (and to our own surprise), we found that many of the principles of classical character animation [32] do not work so well for presentations. In this work we will summarize our observations as a set of principles for presentation animation. We believe these principles are broadly applicable across a wide range of presentation subjects, and can provide valuable guidance in using animation effectively. While our own experiences with giving animated presentations have been very positive, it would be nice to be able to show that presentations with animation are better than equivalent static presentations in some objective way. This is a difficult question: to answer it would require precise definitions of what is meant by better and equivalent. There is a great deal of research in the educational psychology field on this subject, where better is determined by testing the learners recall and/or problem-solving abilities on the subject matter. Even if this narrow definition of better is accepted, the conclusions of these studies while tending to fall in favor of animation are still in dispute due to disagreements by researchers over what really constitutes an equivalent presentation. By some estimates, at least thirty million PowerPoint presentations are made every day [46]. Presentation technology is having an impact on the way millions of people communicate. This is not a small problem, and we do not claim to have an ideal solution. Our work in this area has led us to three conclusions: first, that animation can often make for clearer, more engaging presentations. Second, that presentation animation is sufficiently different from character animation that their effectiveness is governed by a different set of principles. Lastly, we believe that a scripting interface is well-suited for the demands of presentation animation. Although we recognize that this style of authoring is not for everyone, we feel that the problem of creating better presentations is

21 3 important enough and hard enough that even a solution that serves only the needs of a more limited community is a worthwhile step. While none of these statements can really be quantitatively proved or disproved, it is the intent of this thesis to argue in support of all three. Overview The next chapter will recount some of the history of SLITHY, from our first pre-slithy animated presentations to the present system, in order to explain and justify some of the design decisions we made. Chapter 3 is a tutorial-style introduction to the system as it stands today. We show how SLITHY can be used to construct parameterized diagrams, animations, and interactive objects. In Chapter 4 we describe and demonstrate our set of principles for making good use of animation in a presentation. Chapter 5 contains samples of more complete examples of animated presentations, including some put together by other users for presenting their own work. Related work is addressed in Chapter 6: we look at psychological research on the effectiveness of animated instruction, as well as comparing SLITHY to existing software systems for animation and presentation. In the final chapter we present conclusions and offer some possibilities for future work.

22 4 Chapter 2 EVOLUTION OF AN ANIMATED PRESENTATION SYSTEM The design of SLITHY 1 was motivated by our own experiences authoring and giving presentations. In this chapter we recount these experiences and use them to justify the various design choices made in building SLITHY. 2.1 PowerPoint The canonical software package for creating presentations is PowerPoint [37], now part of the Office suite from Microsoft. This product predates the use of electronic projectors; it began not as a live presentation tool but as a kind of specialized word processor. It was originally designed for creating static documents to be output to overhead transparencies or 35mm slides. As projector technology advanced, it became more common to use its slide show features to run the presentation directly from the computer. Today this method is the most common mode of showing PowerPoint presentations in business and academia. PowerPoint s animation features started as a way to make the transitions between slides more eye-catching. There was a fixed palette of effects from which authors could select transitions. Effects could also be applied to individual elements (text, images, drawn shapes) on a slide. Each effect could be set to start either a fixed time after the previous effect, or on a mouse click or keypress. Each effect caused an element to enter or exit the slide in some animated way. Many PowerPoint users developed a collection of tricks for using these simple entry/exit effects to simulate motion. To move an element from one place on the slide to another, for instance, it was common to slide on a rectangle matching the background to cover up the element, then add a 1 Pronounced sly thee. The word is a compound of slimy and lithe, taken from the poem Jabberwocky. The author, Lewis Carroll, interprets the word as smooth and active. [10]

23 5 (a) (b) Figure 2.1 Screenshots showing PowerPoint 2000 s animation interface. The Effects tab (part (a)) is used to select which animated effect is used for a graphical object. The Order & Timing tab (part (b)) sets the order in which objects make their animated entrances. copy of the element to the slide, sliding it from offscreen to the new position. It didn t really look like the element was moving between locations on the slide, but it at least gave the impression of movement. 2 The only other way of incorporating animation into a PowerPoint presentation was to create it in some other program, save it as an MPEG or AVI movie, and drop it into the presentation. We had created a number of presentations using one or both of these types of animation, including presentations for papers at SIGGRAPH 99 and SIGGRAPH 2000 [65, 14]. Neither method of incorporating animation was entirely satisfactory. PowerPoint s animated effects were too limited most of the available effects were too flashy to be useful, and if the desired animation couldn t be constructed out of the small set of useful effects there was nothing the user could do. Animations could not modify any of the shapes or text on the screen, only make the whole element appear or disappear. In addition, the user interface consisted of a single cramped dialog box (see Figure 2.1) that made it difficult to manage complex slides with many animated elements. 3 To create video files for use within PowerPoint, we would typically write small, single-use OpenGL-based programs to draw and save each frame. These programs were written in a mixture of C and Tcl C to do the actual OpenGL drawing, Tcl to provide a simple user interface that let us interactively manipulate a few parameters (most commonly the position of the camera, so that the 2 The latest version of PowerPoint [38], which was released when we were well in to developing SLITHY, has added the ability to move elements on the slide. Figure 6.1 illustrates this new motion paths feature. 3 Newer versions of PowerPoint, which we discuss in the chapter on related work, have improved somewhat both the variety and usability of animation, but this was the state of the system in 2000 when our work began.

24 6 animation could be centered in the frame visually). These programs would render a series of still images, saving each frame to disk. We would then use a video encoding package to assemble the frames into a video clip. While this approach gave us the power to display arbitrary animations in our presentations, it was very cumbersome editing the animation required changing the program, dumping out a new set of frames, assembling them into a compressed video, and replacing the video in the presentation document. Obtaining good quality video was also a challenge. Since video codecs were designed with live action, using them to compress line-drawing-style animated illustrations tended to show artifacts or require enormous file sizes. Full-screen high-resolution video wasn t feasible with the technology of the time, so the animated section of the slide tended to be constrained to a small section of the screen. A typical use of video was to show an animated transition from a diagram on one slide to a different diagram on the next, but aligning the video with PowerPoint-drawn elements was difficult and the effect was never very seamless. Overall, the time- and resource-intensive nature of video restricted us to using this type of animation sparingly. PowerPoint s built-in animation was integrated with the rest of the presentation, but it was limited in its capabilities. Video gave us much more power in what we could show, but separated authoring the animation from authoring the rest of the presentation and made integration difficult. Eventually we would seek a solution that incorporated the best aspects of both. 2.2 The hinting talk Initially, we were not pursuing the idea of improving presentation tools as a research project. We were simply trying to give good presentations. The lack of animation features was sometimes irritating, but we made do with what we had. The first truly animated talk we produced was really something of an accident. A paper of ours on hinting for digital typography had been accepted to SIGGRAPH The 4 Hinting is a procedure whereby outline fonts are augmented with extra information that improves rasterization at small sizes. For more information, see Zongker et al. [64].

25 7 SIGGRAPH conference proceedings allowed authors to include four minutes of video in addition to the printed paper, and since our paper was about typography, we didn t need the video to illustrate our results. We decided to use our allotted four minutes to make a short tutorial-style introduction to the problem of hinting, in order to motivate our work. To produce this video we used the same approach we had used in creating videos for use in PowerPoint a small program, written in C and Tcl, that drew frames using OpenGL and saved them to disk. While we were working on this video, we had to give a short presentation about current work to some visitors to the department. We didn t yet have any slides prepared for the hinting work, but we did have this short introductory video. It wasn t complete it was missing a voiceover, for one thing but we decided to use it anyway. We dumped the animation onto videotape, plugged a camcorder into the projector, and gave the presentation, using the pause button on the camcorder to start and stop the video as we talked over it. This ad hoc presentation worked extremely well. Even though our topic was not inherently dynamic typography is, after all, largely concerned with things printed on paper we found that animation was a more natural way to express concepts than static images would have been. Immediately after this short talk, we began thinking about how to do our entire SIGGRAPH talk in the same style. The first option we considered was videotape, but videotape has a number of shortcomings. The picture quality is fairly low, especially for things like line drawings, and the picture is degraded further when the tape is paused. Second, using the pause control to move forward is awkward the presenter has to press buttons to both start and stop each piece of animation, making it difficult to focus on speaking. The pause control is also not very accurate; it is hard to stop the tape at precisely the right point. Lastly, the authoring process is complicated by the fact that the medium is linear, so making any change requires re-recording the entire tape (at least, from that point onward). While these problems had not prevented us from giving a short, informal talk using videotape, we felt that for a full, formal presentation in front of a large audience, videotape would be too cumbersome. The alternative was to use software to render the talk live. Because the diagrams we were using

26 8 were simple, the program we had to generate frames was almost fast enough to run in real time. Our experience giving the talk from videotape convinced us that these simple graphics were enough, and were perhaps even more clear than a more fancily rendered representation would have been. We optimized the program for speed, and added the necessary features to use it as a live presentation tool (full-screen display, keyboard navigation, etc.) We also extended it to produce not just the four minutes of video originally planned, but an entire twenty-minute presentation. The result, a program called hinttalk, was successfully used to deliver a talk at the SIGGRAPH conference. Of course, creating several minutes of animation took a great deal of effort. Very little of the resulting code is reusable, most of it deals specifically with drawing figures related to hinting. The system s overall architecture, though, is worth discussing as it shaped the structure of SLITHY. The hinting talk is divided into 17 sections. For each section there is a single C function that does all the drawing for that section. Here s a piece of the first section s drawing function: int Redraw1Cmd(... ) double xpos, ypos, scale, pix, alpha_mult;... xpos = double_option( interp, "xpos" ); ypos = double_option( interp, "ypos" ); scale = double_option( interp, "scale" ); glmatrixmode( GL_MODELVIEW ); glloadidentity(); draw_background( interp ); gltranslatef( window_width/2.0-xpos*scale, window_height/2.0-ypos*scale, 0.0 ); glscalef( scale, scale, 1.0 ); glpushmatrix(); glscalef( 0.18, 0.18, 1.0 ); gltranslatef( 100, 150, 0 ); alpha_mult = double_option( interp, "fill0" ); if ( alpha_mult > 0.0 )

27 9 color_option( interp, "interior0" ); draw_outline( Book_a, M_SOLID );... pix = double_option( interp, "pixels0" ); if ( pix > 0.0 ) glpushmatrix(); glscalef( /90.0, /90.0, 1.0 ); glcolor3d( 0.0, 0.0, 0.0 ); draw_pixlist( Book_a_big, pix, S_BOX ); glpopmatrix();... (Note that some setup code present in every function has been elided with....) There are a few things to note about this function. First, the drawing is controlled by a number of options. (Note the calls to double_option() and color_option() to access the value of these options.) The values of these options are set in the Tcl code that invokes this drawing function. By exposing as many controls as possible to the Tcl code via this option mechanism, we made it possible to change the appearance of the figure without recompiling the C function. Frequently these options are used to specify graphical parameters like color and opacity of drawn elements and position of the virtual camera, but other options are more abstractly related to how the scene is drawn (such as the pixels0 option above, which controls whether a section of code is executed or not. Option values aren t always used verbatim in drawing sometimes they are inputs to computations (as in the call to gltranslatef().) Another thing to note is that not all of the low-level drawing commands are in this one function. The code makes extensive use of user-defined helper functions (such as draw_pixlist())for portions of the drawing that are used repeatedly. These helper functions are shared between the different section drawing functions. Not all the data for drawing comes from the options or from the code itself. Objects like Book_ a which contains a representation of the outline of one character from a font are loaded from

28 10 files when the presentation begins. This means that the presentation can be edited in some ways without changing the drawing function. To change the character drawn by this function, we need only change the underlying data files referenced by the drawing function. The flexibility that these capabilities provide proved very useful in authoring and editing the presentation, though we didn t fully recognize this at the time. Our first attempt at a general tool for building animated presentations was missing some of these features, but eventually we sought to incorporate them into SLITHY. For the hinting talk, the C drawing functions were driven by animation scripts written in Tcl. Here s a small piece of the script used to drive the previous function: proc script1 set g_options(pixels0) 0.0 set g_options(fill0) 0.0 set g_options(xpos) set g_options(ypos) set g_options(scale) linear_transition 15 partial0_one decasteljau after 500 # draw first bezier segment linear_transition 90 umax0_one after 100 # pause singleframe # draw segment without decastaljau construction linear_transition 20 decasteljau set g_options(partial0) Some details have been removed for clarity, but the essential parts are shown. The script starts by setting initial values for all of the options. (Note that the drawing function actually has more options than are referenced in the short excerpt given above.) The duration of animation commands such as linear_transition are specified in terms of frames, assuming 30 frames per second

29 11 (remember that this application was originally created for offline rendering of animation frames to be assembled into video). The first command linearly interpolates the parameters partial0_one and decasteljau from 0.0 to 1.0 over 15 frames. Option values can be set instantaneously with the set command. The after command is used to insert a pause (specified in milliseconds) and the singleframe command makes the program pause, waiting for the user to press the spacebar before continuing. This script is actually being executed as the animation is playing. For instance, when the linear_transition function is called, the program goes off and draws the specified number of frames on the screen before returning control to the script and proceeding to the next command. We ll call this property live execution. Live execution of the script complicated the development of animation scripts for a number of reasons. First, errors in the script could cause the program to exit halfway through running an animation. Because Tcl is an interpreted language, even simple syntax errors were not discovered until the interpreter tried to execute that line of code. Having to run all the way through an animation to find each error of this kind was slow and often frustrating. Second, even when an animation script was error-free, there was no way to back up while playing an animation. To do so would require backing up the state of the partially executed animation script a difficult if not impossible proposition. The only recourse was to start a script over from the beginning, which meant backing up to the start of the section. Specifying overlapping actions was also awkward with this live execution model. The special case where the actions both start and end simultaneously and use the same interpolation style was straightforward, as illustrated by the first call to linear_transition above. It changes the values of both partial0_one and decasteljau in parallel. If the second action was to start midway through the first, however, the code became substantially trickier: set plan [plan_linear_transition 20 outline ] set plan [execute_plan $plan 5] set plan [merge_plans $plan [plan_linear_transition 20 grid ]] execute_plan $plan

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