Background. Individuals with Alzheimer’s disease are more likely to suffer from osteoporosis (the loss of bone mass and strength) than age-matched individuals; significantly contributing to the frailty associated with dementia.

Ageing is associated with bone loss, osteoporosis and fragility fractures, which impact on health and quality of life. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying age-related bone loss are currently largely unknown.

Osteoarthritis (OA) and osteoporosis (OP) are the most common age-related skeletal diseases. They seriously affect patient’s quality of life and represent a significant healthcare burden to the UK society.

Calcium phosphates bone cements are widely used for bone-replacement materials due to their chemical similarity to natural bone but also their ability to set and harden in situ and their ability to be injected as a paste.

Bone fracture affects millions of people’s life worldwide. In UK alone, there are approximately more than 850,000 new fractures each year, and the estimated annual cost for bone fracture related treatment reached more than £2 billion.

Breast cancer is the most frequently diagnosed cancer and leading cause of death in women worldwide. Up to 75% of patients with advanced breast cancer develop bone metastases and patients with this condition have a median survival of around 2-3 years.