Solid Waste Disposalhttp://www.climatetechwiki.org/taxonomy/term/126/all
enIncreased glass recyclinghttp://www.climatetechwiki.org/technology/glass
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Energy research Centre of the Netherlands (ECN) </div>
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<a href="/technology/glass" class="imagefield imagefield-nodelink imagefield-field_teaser_image"><img class="imagefield imagefield-field_teaser_image" width="329" height="201" title="Flame in a glass furnace (ICG, 2010)" alt="Flame in a glass furnace (ICG, 2010)" src="http://www.climatetechwiki.org/sites/climatetechwiki.org/files/images/teaser/glass_recycling.png?1290509060" /></a> </div>
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<p>Over half of the energy consumption of the glass industry is used for melting in order to form the glass. Adding recycled glass to the raw materials reduces energy use and CO<sub>2</sub> emissions. Another advantage is that less raw material is needed. Currently, the world-average glass recycling rate is about 50%. Higher recycling rates are possible, especially in regions where the recovery rate is still low.</p><div class="field field-type-text field-field-introduction">
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<p>The virgin raw materials for glass production are mainly silica sand, soda ash and limestone. Glass is produced by melting these materials in glass furnaces (See Figure 1 for a typical process scheme). After the melting process, the glass is formed and annealed. Broken or waste glass (also called cullet) can partly replace the mineral raw materials. Cullet can consist of process losses as well as recycled glass.[media:image:1] Over half of the energy consumption in the glass production process is used for melting. This commonly takes place in continuously operated furnaces. Most furnaces use natural gas or fuel oil, but electrical heating is sometimes applied as well.</p> <p>Adding cullet reduces energy use and CO<sub>2</sub>-emissions, because the melting point of cullet is lower than that of the mineral raw materials. As a general rule, 10% extra cullet results in a 2.5 to 3% reduction of furnace energy consumption. Figure 2 shows the relation between the energy consumption and the share of cullet found in a benchmarking study of 130 furnaces (Beerkens, 2001).[media:image:2] An additional advantage of an increased share of recycled glass is that less soda is required for the production process. About 18% of soda is added to sand in order to reduce the melting temperature. Soda production requires about 10 GJ/ton. Using 10% extra cullet results in 1,0 GJ/ton additional savings due to reduced soda production (IEA, 2007).</p> </div>
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<p>Beerkens, R.G.C.,van Limpt, J. (2001), <em>Energy Efficiency Benchmarking of Glass Furnaces</em>, Proceedings of the 62. Conference on Glass Problems at University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 16.-17. October 2001.</p><p>DANIDA (2005), <em>National Waste Management Strategy Implementation South Africa, Recycling, Waste Stream Analysis and Prioritisation for Recycling</em>, Danisch International Development Agency, Department of Environmental Affairs and Tourism, Denmark, 2005.</p> <p>Ecofys, Fraunhofer Institute for Systems and Innovation Research, Öko-Institut (2009), <em>Methodology for the free allocation of emission allowances in the EU ETS post 2012, Sector report for the glass industry, 2009</em>. <a href="http://ec.europa.eu/environment/climat/emission/pdf/bm/BM%20study%20-%20Glass.pdf" target="_blank" rel="nofollow">http://ec.europa.eu/environment/climat/emission/pdf/bm/BM%20study%20-%20Glass.pdf</a></p> <p>Environmental Protection Agency (2008), <em>BAT Guidance Note on Best Available Techniques for the Manufacture of Glass including Glass Fibre (1<sup>st</sup> Edition)</em>, EPA , 2008. <a href="http://www.epa.ie/downloads/advice/bat/name,25503,en.html" target="_blank" rel="nofollow">http://www.epa.ie/downloads/advice/bat/name,25503,en.html</a>.</p> <p>Environmental Protection Agency (1995), <em>AP 42, Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission Factors</em>, Fifth Edition, Volume I, Chapter 11: Mineral Products Industry, 1995. <a href="http://www.epa.gov/ttnchie1/ap42/ch11/final/c11s15.pdf" rel="nofollow"><cite>http://www.epa.gov/ttnchie1/ap42/ch11/final/c11s15.pdf.</cite></a></p> <p>Glass Packaging Institute (GPI) (2002). Glass Packaging Institute Environmental Policy, 2002</p> <p>International Commission on Glass, <a href="http://www.icg.group.shef.ac.uk/" rel="nofollow">http://www.icg.group.shef.ac.uk/</a></p> <p>International Energy Agency (2007), <em>Tracking industrial energy efficiency and CO<sub>2</sub> emissions</em>, OECD/IEA, Paris, 2007.&nbsp; <a href="http://www.iea.org/textbase/nppdf/free/2007/tracking_emissions.pdf" target="_blank" rel="nofollow">http://www.iea.org/textbase/nppdf/free/2007/tracking_emissions.pdf</a></p> <p>Van Santen, E., R. Beerkens (2005), <em>Recycling in container glass production: present problems in European glass industry,</em> Glass 05, 66<sup>th</sup> Conference on Glass Problems, October 24-26, Krannert Center for the Performing Arts, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 2005. <a href="http://online.engineering.illinois.edu/glassproblems/pdf/GlassRecycling.pdf" target="_blank" rel="nofollow">http://online.engineering.illinois.edu/glassproblems/pdf/GlassRecycling.pdf</a></p> <p>Worrell, E., C. Galitsky, E. Masanet, W. Graus (2008), <em>Energy Efficiency Improvement and Cost Saving Opportunities for the Glass Industry</em>, An ENERGY STAR Guide for Energy and Plant Managers, Ernest Orlando Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 2008. <a href="http://www.energystar.gov/ia/business/industry/Glass_Manufacturing_Energy_Guide.pdf" target="_blank" rel="nofollow">http://www.energystar.gov/ia/business/industry/Glass_Manufacturing_Energy_Guide.pdf</a></p><p><strong>Author affiliation: <br /></strong></p><p><a href="http://www.ecn.nl/units/ps/" target="_blank" rel="nofollow">Energy research Centre of the Netherlands (ECN), Policy Studies</a></p> </div>
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http://www.climatetechwiki.org/technology/glass#commentsLarge scale - short termMineral industrySolid Waste DisposalGlass ProductionIndustry: energy consumption, industrial processes, and product useWaste managementEnergy savingWasteQuality AssuranceTue, 23 Nov 2010 11:34:38 +00005482 at http://www.climatetechwiki.orgRecycling of Waste Electronic and Electrical Equipment (WEEE)http://www.climatetechwiki.org/node/5472
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Joint Implementation Network (JIN) </div>
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<p>According to the EC (19 November, 2008) “waste means any substance or object which the holder discards or intends or is required to discard.” Recycling materials and products – that are considered waste - is an ancient practice which shows that in times of resource scarcity (i.e. shortage of virgin materials) societies attach more economic and societal value to their own waste. This implies that throughout time the definition of waste can change as well. Generally speaking longer use or re-use of materials and products this is often mainly to cover a society’s needs.</p><div class="field field-type-text field-field-introduction">
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<p>The main components of WEEE, in terms of weight, are iron and steel followed by plastics (EEA, no date). As can be seen, iron and steel are the most common materials found in electrical and electronic equipment and account for almost half of the total weight of WEEE. Plastics are the second largest component by weight representing approximately 21% of WEEE. Non-ferrous metals including precious metals represent approximately 13% of the total weight of WEEE and glass around 5%.&nbsp;</p><p>[media:image:1]</p><p><strong>Transboundary shipment of WEEE - Criticism of inadequate disposal</strong></p><p>The Basel Convention on the Control of Transboundary movements of Hazardous Wastes and their Disposal of the UN governs imports and exports of hazardous wastes, which includes WEEE (Basel, 2009). Importantly, the convention underlines that shipment of such waste to developing countries does not constitute environmentally sound management as required by the Convention and specifically prohibits the export of hazardous wastes from OECD countries to non-OECD countries. However, the disposal of WEEE is often criticized by environmental organizations, which claim that a significant portion of the WEEE is transported to developing countries (BAN, 2002, Greenpeace, 2008) In these countries, processing of WEEE is often inadequate and hazardous, as is illustrated in video 1. The inability to follow e-waste streams is a serious problem in the enforcement of the policy prohibiting export of certain hazardous waste types to non-OECD countries (EEA, 2009).&nbsp;Knowledge of the final destination of a substantial part of used electrical and electronic equipment and e-waste is very limited (EEA, 2009).</p><p>[media:video:1]</p> </div>
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<p>When looking at the CDM project <a href="http://www.cdmpipeline.org/" rel="nofollow">pipeline</a>, there are few project activities that involve some form of waste recovery or recycling. Waste related projects in the pipeline include waste-to-energy projects by means of <a href="http://www.climatetechwiki.org/technology/msw-wte">incineration</a> or <a href="http://www.climatetechwiki.org/technology/msw">gasification</a> or methane capture at landfill sites. Other CDM project activities relate to the use of either biomass from virgin sources or secondary biomass waste streams, generally for the production of bio-energy. The associated methodologies of these waste management technologies/processes can be used for quantifying the GHG-impact. Standard methods or protocols for quantifying the GHG-impact of recycling projects and practices are scarcer, although they almost by no exception follow the guiding principles of a life cycle assessment (<a href="http://media.leidenuniv.nl/legacy/part2a.pdf" rel="nofollow">LCA</a>).</p><p>However, no CDM projects are currently registered concerning&nbsp;WEEE recycling. Certain methodologies are in place to support recycling projects. However, these methodologies are not fully suitable for&nbsp;WEEE recycling projects as the methodologies concern other sectors.&nbsp;For example,&nbsp;the CDM methodology&nbsp;<a href="http://cdm.unfccc.int/methodologies/DB/SJ6MQUCXYCKHTIAS69J967LYQD8J5K/view.html" target="_blank" title="CDM methodology" rel="nofollow">Recovery and recycling of materials from solid wastes</a>&nbsp;AMS-III.AJ.:&nbsp; Version 1 which is developed to support the recycling process of specific plastics.&nbsp;The methodology does indicate the possibilities for WEEE recycling under the CDM. This methodology's GHG reduction calculations are based on the difference in energy use for the production of the plastics from virgin inputs versus production from recycled material. The emissions reductions accrue to the recycling facility. Currently, no CDM projects are in the pipeline that use this methodology.</p><p>There is a small scale methodology that has been proposed and that currently awaits approval that would be suitable for&nbsp;WEEE recycling projects. That methodology is&nbsp;<a href="http://cdm.unfccc.int/methodologies/SSCmethodologies/pnm/byref/SSC-NM043" target="_blank" title="CDM methodology" rel="nofollow">Emission reductions by using recycling material instead of raw material </a>SSC-NM043. While this methodology is specifically proposed to cover more general recycling options, the methodology still needs to be approved before it can be used.&nbsp;</p><div></div><div><p><span><span>General information about how to apply CDM methodologies for GHG accounting can be found at:&nbsp;<a href="http://cdm.unfccc.int/methodologies/PAmethodologies/approved.html" rel="nofollow">http://cdm.unfccc.int/methodologies/PAmethodologies/approved.html</a>.</span></span></p></div> </div>
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<p>BAN, 2002. Exporting Harm: the High-Tech Trashing of Asia. Prepared by: the Basel Action Network (BAN) and the Sillicon Valley Toxics Coalition (SVTC). Document retrieved November 10th 2010 from: <a href="http://www.ban.org/index.html#ToOrderExportingHarmTheVideo" rel="nofollow">http://www.ban.org/index.html#ToOrderExportingHarmTheVideo</a></p><p align="left">Basel, 2009. The Basel Convention on the Control of Transboundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes and Their Disposal. Document retrieved 10th of November 2010 from: <a href="http://www.basel.int/text/con-e-rev.doc" rel="nofollow">http://www.basel.int/text/con-e-rev.doc</a></p><p align="left">DTI, 2003. Study into European WEEE schemes. Prepared&nbsp;for the Department of Trade and Industry (DTI) by Future Energy Solutions in November 2003. Document retrieved November 10th 2010 from: <a href="http://bis.ecgroup.net/Publications/BusinessSectors/EnvironmentalRegsRoHS+WEEE.aspx" rel="nofollow">http://bis.ecgroup.net/Publications/BusinessSectors/EnvironmentalRegsRoHS+WEEE.aspx</a></p><p>ETC/SCP, 2010. Europe as a Recycling&nbsp;Society - Recycling Policies for selected waste streams in EEA member countries. Prepared by: Tojo, N., and the European Topic Centre on Sustainable Consumption and Production. Document retrieved November 10th 2010 from:&nbsp;<a href="http://scp.eionet.europa.eu/publications/Rec.%20Soc.%20Policies" rel="nofollow">http://scp.eionet.europa.eu/publications</a></p><p>EEA, 2009. Waste without borders in the EU? Transboundary shipments of waste. European Environment Agency EEA Report No 1/2009. Document retrieved November 10th 2010 from: <a href="http://www.eea.europa.eu/publications/waste-without-borders-in-the-eu-transboundary-shipments-of-waste" rel="nofollow">http://www.eea.europa.eu/publications/waste-without-borders-in-the-eu-transboundary-shipments-of-waste</a></p><p>Greenpeace 2008.Chemical contamination at e-waste recycling and disposal sites in Accra and Korforidua, Ghana. Greenpeace Research Laboratories, Technical Note 10/2008, August 2008. Available at: http://www.greenpeace.org/raw/content/international/press/reports/chemical-contamination-at-e-wa.pdf.<span>&nbsp;</span></p><p>EEA, 2003. Waste from Electrical and Electronic Equipment (WEEE) - quantities, dangerous substances, and treatment methods. Prepared by: Crowe, M., Elser, A., Gopfert, B., Mertins, L., Schmid, J., Spillner, A., &amp; Strobel, R. European Environment Agency. Document retrieved November 10th 2010 from: <a href="http://scp.eionet.europa.eu/publications" rel="nofollow">http://scp.eionet.europa.eu/publications</a></p><p>OTP, 2006. Recycling Technology Products - An Overview of E-waste policy issues. U.S. Department of Commerce -&nbsp;Office of Technology Policy. Document retrieved November 10th 2010 from: <a href="http://www.epa.gov/osw/conserve/materials/ecycling/pubs.htm" rel="nofollow">http://www.epa.gov/osw/conserve/materials/ecycling/pubs.htm</a></p> </div>
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<p><a href="http://www.climatetechwiki.org/node/5472" target="_blank">read more</a></p>http://www.climatetechwiki.org/node/5472#commentsLarge scale - long termLarge scale - short termSolid Waste DisposalWaste managementWasteWasteQuality AssuranceWed, 10 Nov 2010 11:18:21 +00005472 at http://www.climatetechwiki.orgAdvanced paper recyclinghttp://www.climatetechwiki.org/technology/jiqweb-apr
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JI Network - JIN </div>
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<p>Recycling is a process which reconsiders the current life cycle of creating products and materials and associated process and final waste. Specifically, paper recycling is the process of recovering waste paper and remaking it into new products. Recycling provides several socio-economic development benefits as well as environmental benefits.</p><div class="field field-type-text field-field-introduction">
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<p>According to the European Commission (19 November, 2008) “waste means any substance or object which the holder discards or intends or is required to discard.” Recycling materials and products – that are considered waste - is an ancient practice which shows that in times of resource scarcity (i.e. shortage of virgin materials) societies attach more economic and societal value to their own waste. This implies that throughout time the definition of waste can change as well. Generally speaking longer use or re-use of materials and products this is often mainly to cover a society’s needs. To put it differently, recycling is a process which reconsiders the current life cycle of creating products and materials and associated process and final waste. Ideally, products and materials should be designed, produced, used and disposed in such a way that they can be completely re-used and/or recycled effectively and efficiently. There are many waste <a href="http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CONSLEG:2000D0532:20020101:EN:PDF" rel="nofollow">types</a>, such as basic materials (i.e. glass, paper, steel, aluminum, construction minerals and plastic but also water), hazardous and chemical wastes, but also end-of-use waste products (i.e. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E-waste" rel="nofollow">e-waste</a>, furniture, cars and textiles) that can be re-used or recycled.</p><p>A hierarchy of waste management options exists, giving preference to certain measures and pplacing other measures as a last-resort fall back option. The European Union maintains a hierarchy of waste management in which it illustrated the preferences over waste prevention, re-use, recycling, recovery of energy and the use of landfills to dispose of wastes from which no further value can be recovered (Smith et al., 2001). This hierarchy is illustrated in Figure 1. The hierarchy positions waste prevention at the top of measures of waste management. After all, preventing the waste all together is an effective measure waste management. After waste prevention, the European Union outlines that re-use of the product in its current form is the preffered measure. This is based on the notion that&nbsp;minimum waste management is required if the product can be directly re-used without undergoing any processes (only collecting of the product and transporting it back to the producer). After that, recycling is seen as an important waste management measure. Recycling allows for efficient use of waste, but does require an extensive waste management process to convert the product back into use-able components for other products. The lower two waste management measures do not require an extensive waste management process, primarily limited to collection and separation of the waste, but do result in negative environmental consequences.&nbsp;&nbsp;</p><p>[media:image:1]</p><p>More specifically, the process of paper recycling is the recovery of waste paper products and reprocessing these into new products. For example, paper waste products can be recycled into lower-quality bathroom paper. With recycling, it is not possible to deliver a same quality product as the original waste paper product. In other words, quality losses are inevitably incurred within the recycling process. In the case of paper products, this primarily means that fiber strength and length are reduced.</p><p>Considerable energy savings are possible within the pulp and paper sector through effective and efficient recycling practices. The paper and pulp sector is the fourth-largest industrial sector in terms of energy use worldwide, consuming approximately 164 Mtoe of energy in 2007 which correlates to about 5 % of the total global industrial energy consumption (IEA, 2010).</p><p>The general process of paper making combined with the recycling process is illustrated in Figure 2. As can be seen, the paper recycling process consists of essentially five key steps.</p><p>a) After product usage and disposal, it is important to collect the material.<br />b) For proper recycling, it is critical to sort the waste products into a variety of categories. The sorting of the waste products prevents contamination of the recycling process.<br />c) Pulping of the waste paper products, in which the solid waste paper products are processed into a pulp, allows the process stream to feed back into the paper making process.<br />d) Before the recycled product can be transported back into the paper making process, in which it will combine with raw material to result in new paper products, it is important to de-ink, clean and screen the recycled product. Contamination by inks at the start of the paper making process can result in a lower quality end-product.</p><p>[media:image:2]</p> </div>
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<p>When looking at the CDM project <a href="http://www.cdmpipeline.org/" rel="nofollow">pipeline</a>, there are few project activities that involve some form of waste recovery or recycling. Waste related projects in de pipeline include waste-to-energy projects by means of <a href="http://www.climatetechwiki.org/technology/msw-wte">incineration</a> or <a href="http://www.climatetechwiki.org/technology/msw">gasification</a> or methane capture at landfill sites. Other CDM project activities relate to the use of either biomass from virgin sources or secondary biomass waste streams, generally for the production of bio-energy. The associated methodologies of these waste management technologies/processes can be used for quantifying the GHG-impact. Standard methods or protocols for quantifying the GHG-impact of recycling projects and practices are scarcer, although they almost by no exception follow the guiding principles of a life cycle assessment (<a href="http://media.leidenuniv.nl/legacy/part2a.pdf" rel="nofollow">LCA</a>).</p><p>However, no CDM projects are currently registered concerning paper recycling. Certain methodologies are in place to support recycling projects. However, these methodologies are not suitable for paper recycling projects as the methodologies concern other sectors. For instance, the CDM methodology <a href="http://cdm.unfccc.int/methodologies/DB/9YGTI34RIUKP67M87C4J5OOQ4KOGPP/view.html" target="_blank" title="CDM methodology" rel="nofollow">Avoided emissions from biomass wastes through use as feed stock in pulp and paper production or in bio-oil production</a>&nbsp;AM0057 Version 3 does cover the pulp and paper sector but only addresses agricultural wastes and not municipal solid wastes or wood and paper production wastes. Another example is the CDM methodology&nbsp;<a href="http://cdm.unfccc.int/methodologies/DB/SJ6MQUCXYCKHTIAS69J967LYQD8J5K/view.html" target="_blank" title="CDM methodology" rel="nofollow">Recovery and recycling of materials from solid wastes</a>&nbsp;AMS-III.AJ.:&nbsp; Version 1 which is developed to support the recycling process of specific plastics.&nbsp;</p><p>There is a small scale methodology that has been proposed and that currently awaits approval that would be suitable for paper recycling projects. That methodology is&nbsp;<a href="http://cdm.unfccc.int/methodologies/SSCmethodologies/pnm/byref/SSC-NM043" target="_blank" title="CDM methodology" rel="nofollow">Emission reductions by using recycling material instead of raw material </a>SSC-NM043. While this methodology is specifically proposed to cover more general recycling options, the methodology still needs to be approved before it can be used.&nbsp;</p><div></div><div><p><span><span>General information about how to apply CDM methodologies for GHG accounting can be found at:&nbsp;<a href="http://cdm.unfccc.int/methodologies/PAmethodologies/approved.html" rel="nofollow">http://cdm.unfccc.int/methodologies/PAmethodologies/approved.html</a>.</span></span></p></div> </div>
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<p align="left">Smith, A., K. Brown, S. Ogilvie, K. Rushton, and J. Bates, 2001: Wastemanagement options and climate change. Final Report ED21158R4.1 to the European Commission, DG Environment, AEA Technology,&nbsp; Oxfordshire, 205 pp. retrieved 2nd of November from: <a href="http://ec.europa.eu/environment/waste/studies/climate_change.htm" rel="nofollow">http://ec.europa.eu/environment/waste/studies/climate_change.htm</a><br /><br />IEA, 2010. Energy Technology Perspectives 2010: Scenarios and Strategies to 2050. International Energy Agency. Paris, France. Retrieved 2nd of November 2010 from: <a href="http://www.iea.org/techno/etp/index.asp" rel="nofollow">http://www.iea.org/techno/etp/index.asp</a><br /><br />Pimenteira, C. A., Pereira, A.S., Oliveira, L.B., Rosa, L.P., Reis, M.M., Henriques, R.M., 2004. Energy conservation and CO2 emission reductions due to recycling in Brazil. Waste Management 24 (2004) pp. 889-897.</p><p align="left">CEPI, 2009. Key Statistics 2009: European Paper and Pulp industry. Confederation of European Paper Industries. Retrieved 2nd of November from: <a href="http://www.cepi.org/content/Default.asp?PageID=100" rel="nofollow">http://www.cepi.org/content/Default.asp?PageID=100</a>&nbsp;</p><p align="left">IPCC, 2007. Bogner, J., M. Abdelrafie Ahmed, C. Diaz, A. Faaij, Q. Gao, S. Hashimoto, K. Mareckova, R. Pipatti, T. Zhang, Waste Management, In Climate Change 2007: Mitigation. Contribution of Working Group III to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [B. Metz, O.R. Davidson, P.R. Bosch, R. Dave, L.A. Meyer (eds)], Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA. Retrieved 2nd of November from: <a href="http://www.ipcc.ch/publications_and_data/ar4/wg3/en/ch10.html" rel="nofollow">http://www.ipcc.ch/publications_and_data/ar4/wg3/en/ch10.html</a></p><p align="left">CEPI, 2003. Summary of the study on non-collectable and non-recyclable paper products. Brussels, Belgium, 28 May 2003. Retrieved 3rd of November 2010 from <a href="http://www.paperrecovery.org/facts/erpc_facts_facts.asp?FolderID=526&amp;PageID=1264" rel="nofollow">http://www.paperrecovery.org/facts/erpc_facts_facts.asp?FolderID=526&amp;PageID=1264</a></p><p align="left">EEA, 2007. Europe's Environment the Fourth Assessment - State of Environment Report 2007.European Environment Agency Report No. 1/2007. Document retrieved November 3rd 2010 from: <a href="http://www.eea.europa.eu/publications/state_of_environment_report_2007_1" rel="nofollow">http://www.eea.europa.eu/publications/state_of_environment_report_2007_1</a></p><p align="left">ERPC, no date. European Recovered Paper Council website. Information from this website retrieved 3rd of November 2010 from: <a href="http://www.paperrecovery.org/" rel="nofollow">http://www.paperrecovery.org/</a></p><p align="left">ERPC, paperloop, no date. European Recovered Paper Council paper loop information. Information retrieved from this website on November 3rd 2010 from: <a href="http://www.paperrecovery.org/publications/erpc_publications_positions.asp?folderid=513" rel="nofollow">http://www.paperrecovery.org/publications/erpc_publications_positions.asp?folderid=513</a>#</p><p align="left">ERPC, 2006. European Declaration on Paper Recycling 2006 -2010. European Recovered Paper Council. Document retrieved 3rd of November 2010 from: <a href="http://www.paperrecovery.org/" rel="nofollow">http://www.paperrecovery.org/</a></p><p align="left">EPA, 2008.&nbsp;Municipal Solid Waste Generation, Recycling, and Disposal in the United States: Facts and Figures for 2008. United States Environmental Protection Agency. Document retrieved 3rd of November 2010 from: <a href="http://www.epa.gov/osw/nonhaz/municipal/msw99.htm#links" rel="nofollow">http://www.epa.gov/osw/nonhaz/municipal/msw99.htm#links</a></p><p align="left">REI, 2001. U.S. Recycling Economic Information Study prepared for the National Recycling Coalition. Document retrieved November 3rd 2010 from: <a href="http://www.epa.gov/osw/conserve/rrr/rmd/rei-rw/index.htm" rel="nofollow">http://www.epa.gov/osw/conserve/rrr/rmd/rei-rw/index.htm</a></p> </div>
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<a href="http://reeep.org">Example REEEP Case Study</a> </div>
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http://www.climatetechwiki.org/technology/jiqweb-apr#commentsLarge scale - short termSolid Waste DisposalWaste managementWasteWasteQuality AssuranceThu, 28 Oct 2010 16:29:06 +0000wytzegaast5469 at http://www.climatetechwiki.orgBioplasticshttp://www.climatetechwiki.org/technology/bioplastics
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<a href="/technology/bioplastics" class="imagefield imagefield-nodelink imagefield-field_teaser_image"><img class="imagefield imagefield-field_teaser_image" width="2186" height="1111" title="Technology Teaser Image (source: icis.com)" alt="&amp;copy; ClimateTechWiki and respective owners" src="http://www.climatetechwiki.org/sites/climatetechwiki.org/files/images/teaser/bioplastics.jpg?1383580047" /></a> </div>
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<p>Bioplastics have much in common with conventional plastics. Two main characteristics separate bioplastics from conventional plastics: 1) The use of renewable biomass materials in the manufacture of bioplastics. Bioplastics are manufactured from sources such as starch and vegetable oil rather than fossil fuel based plastics which are derived from petroleum. 2) the biodegradability and compostability of bioplastics. Some, but not all, bioplastics are biodegradable or compostable.</p><div class="field field-type-text field-field-introduction">
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<p>Most biodegradable bioplastics are used for disposable items such as packaging or organic waste bags. Nondisposable applications include items such as mobile phone casings, carpet fibres and car interiors. In these areas, the goal is not biodegradability, but to create items from sustainable resources.&nbsp;<br /><br />Initial research into bioplastics started several decades ago. Novel biodegradable bioplastic products have been on the market in Europe for about a decade (European Bioplastics, no date). Mostly, these products are compostable biowaste bags and loose fill. The expansion of production plants for bioplastics resulted in the dynamic development of the market for packaging film since around 2002 (European Bioplastics, no date).</p><p>[media:image:1]</p> </div>
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<p>Barker, M., &amp; Safford,&nbsp;S., (2009). Industrial uses for crops: Markets for bioplastics. Project report 450: HGCA. Retrieved on 16 July 2010 from: <a href="http://hgca.co.uk/publications/documents/cropresearch/PR450_Final_Project_Report.pdf" rel="nofollow">http://hgca.co.uk/publications/documents/cropresearch/PR450_Final_Project_Report.pdf</a><br /><br />European Bioplastics, no date. The association European Bioplastics, based in Berlin,&nbsp;website: <a href="http://www.european-bioplastics.org/index.php?id=189" rel="nofollow">http://www.european-bioplastics.org/index.php?id=189</a><br /><br />PRO-BIP, (2009). Product overview and market projection of emerging bio-based plastics. Authors: Shen, L., Haufe, J., &amp; Partel, M., Copernicus Institute for sustainable development and Innovation at the University of Utrecht. Commissioned by European Bioplastics and the European Polysaccharide Network of Excellence. Retrieved on 9th of July from: <a href="http://www.european-bioplastics.org/index.php?id=191" rel="nofollow">http://www.european-bioplastics.org/index.php?id=191</a></p> </div>
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<p><a href="http://www.climatetechwiki.org/technology/bioplastics" target="_blank">read more</a></p>http://www.climatetechwiki.org/technology/bioplastics#commentsLarge scale - long termSolid Waste DisposalPlasticsBiomassIndustrial subsectors otherIndustry: energy consumption, industrial processes, and product useWaste managementWasteQuality AssuranceWed, 14 Jul 2010 11:25:11 +0000wytzegaast5220 at http://www.climatetechwiki.orgGasification of Municipal Solid Waste for Large-Scale Electricity/Heathttp://www.climatetechwiki.org/technology/msw
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<a href="/technology/msw" class="imagefield imagefield-nodelink imagefield-field_teaser_image"><img class="imagefield imagefield-field_teaser_image" width="290" height="154" title="Schematic gasification MSW" alt="&amp;copy; ClimateTechWiki and respective owners" src="http://www.climatetechwiki.org/sites/climatetechwiki.org/files/images/teaser/teaser_image_15.png?1277289744" /></a> </div>
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<p>Thermal gasification of municipal solid waste (MSW) is a chemical process that generates a gaseous, fuel-rich product. This product can then be combusted in a boiler, producing steam for power generation. Just as with combustion of MSW, thermal MSW gasification does not necessarily compete with recycling programmes, but should be considered complementary in any generically constructed MSW plan.<br /></p><div class="field field-type-text field-field-introduction">
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<p>Within MSW gasification, two processes must take place in order to produce a useable fuel gas (Klein, 2002). First, through pyrolysis the volatile components of the fuel are released at temperatures below 600°C. As a side benefit from this process, char is produced which consists mainly of fixed carbon and ash. Second, the carbon remaining after pyrolysis is either reacted with steam or hydrogen or combusted with air or pure oxygen at temperatures between 760 and 1,650° C under high pressure. Gasification with air results in a nitrogen-rich, low-Btu fuel gas. Gasification with pure oxygen results in a higher quality mixture of CO and hydrogen and virtually no nitrogen. Gasification with steam is generally called ‘reforming’ and results in a hydrogen- and CO<sub>2</sub>-rich ‘synthetic’ gas (syngas). Cleaned from contaminants, the syngas can be combusted in a boiler, producing steam for power generation (Jenkins, 2007). Figure 1 illustrates the process of MSW gasification.<br /><br />[media:image:1]</p> </div>
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<p align="left">AES, 2004. Investigation into Municipal Solid Waste Gasification for Power Generation, Advanced Energy Strategies.<br /><br />Boyle, G., 2004. Renewable Energy Power for a Sustainable Future, Oxford University Press, Oxford, United Kingdom.<br /><br />Jenkins, S.D., 2007. Conversion technologies: A new alternative for MSW management, Earthscan.</p> <p align="left">Klein, A., 2002. Gasification: An Alternative Process for Energy Recovery and Disposal of Municipal Solid Wastes, Earth Engineering Center, Colombia University.<br /><br />Kleis, H. and Dalager, S., 2004. 100 Years of Waste Incineration in Denmark: From Refure Destruction Plants to High-technology Energy Works, Babcock &amp; Wilcox Vølund/Ramboll, Denmark.</p> </div>
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<p><a href="http://www.climatetechwiki.org/technology/msw" target="_blank">read more</a></p>http://www.climatetechwiki.org/technology/msw#commentsEnergy supplyEnergy supply and consumption (excl. industry)Large scale - long termSolid Waste DisposalUse of primary energy sourcesBiological Treatment of Solid WasteClimate control: heating and coolingElectricityWasteWasteQuality AssuranceThu, 17 Jun 2010 08:56:39 +0000wytzegaast421 at http://www.climatetechwiki.org