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1820-21 Revolutions NAPLES1818: King Ferdinand = greatly increased church's powerto censor books papers & magazines. Middle class ANGRYcos no freedom of speechKing Ferdinand cut back public spending ­· Haltered works e.g. on roads and harbour improvements· Reduced even more education accessibilitySPANISH REVOLUTION ­ January 1820· Encouraged Carbonari and the liberals in Naples to take action· Priest led ­ with 100 junior officers and soldiers and 30 Carbonari members advanced on Avellino· Government attempt to round up troops = half ­heartedJuly ­ King Ferdinand promised to set up constitution:· Vote given to all adult males· Limited Kings power· Abolished many noble and religious privileges…read more

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1820-21 revolutions - SicilyWhilst revolutions in Naples happening ­ another separaterevolution happing in Sicily (Other half of Ferdinand'skingdom)The people wants independence from Naples1815- Sicily + Naples = forcibly unitedSicilians felt that Ferdinand's government wasconcentrating on Naples and neglecting their Islands needs. SEPARATE =· Agricultural prices fell sharply· Peasants got more and more into debt YAY· Riots in Palermo (capital)· Demands for constitution JOINED = NAY· Government offices burnt down· Prisoners released· Neapolitan governor sent home by boat as revolutionaries took over city…read more

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1820-21 revolutions Failure in Naples & SicilyNaples: New constitutional governmentmet October 1820 1921:Members: Middle class, noble men etc ­ King met with Austria, Prussia and RussiaNo peasants or women King said he'd had to grant a constitution out of fear, asked for Metternich's help to gain absoluteDiscussed Sicily's revolution: rule again.· Decided Sicily must remain part of Metternich = happy the Kingdom of Naples AT ALL COSTS March 1821· Island must not be allowed to declare · Austrian army enters Naples independence · Brave resistance by General Pepe· Must be brought to heel ­ by · Arrests, imprisonments & executions = very Napoleonic armed force if needed common · Metternich = shocked by savagery & Metternich = not happy that ordered dismissal of chief of police revolution had apparently Sicily: been so successful · Naples recovered control of Sicily Argued Austria, Prussia and · Made future attempts of Sicily breaking Russia should meet and if away less likely by abolishing trade guilds needed take action to suppress whose members had been leaders of prev such disturbances wherever they happen. revolution…read more

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1820-21 revolutions PiedmontKing = Victor Emmanuel I Liberals turned to Charles AlbertKing = very reactionary since his return (2nd in line to throne) - said Spanish constitution onHe declared old constitution of 1770 1812 was a model to be followed ­ promptlywould remain and could never be appointed a new governmentchanged Problem: he was not the legitimate rulerPiedmont therefore would remain andabsolute monarchy in-spite of continued VE's bro Charles Felix was 1st in line topressure from small group of liberals Piedmontese throne. He had been away but soon issued statement sayingWhen news of what was happening in Charles Albert = rebel.Naples reached Piedmont ­ Carbonari Felix refused any change in governmentmembership rapidly grew. Albert fled ­ liberals defend newRevolutionary group in Alessandria where constitution as much as possthey proclaimed their independence as the`Kingdom of Italy' and declared war on · Felix appealed to MetternichAustria · Austrian troops and those loyal to Felix defeated the forces of the TurinArmy revolt in Turin (state liberals at the Battle of Novara 1821capital) encouraged Victor · 100's of revolutionaries into exileEmmanuel I to abdicate · Piedmont occupied by Austrian army until 1823…read more