6 The Ford Foundation has made grants in West Africa for over 50 years. In West Africa, with a focus primarily on Nigeria, the Foundation aims to improve governance systems and improve livelihood opportunities for the poor. Ford Foundation The Ford Foundation is a private US-based foundation, which was established in It has assets valued at over US$ 10.3 billion as of 2011 and has distributed more than US$ 16.3 billion in grants, globally. The Foundation is focused on the following issues: democratic and accountable governance; economic fairness; educational opportunity and scholarship; freedom of expression; human rights; gender, sexuality, and reproductive justice; metropolitan opportunity; and sustainable development. The Ford Foundation has made grants in West Africa for over 50 years. In West Africa, with a focus primarily on Nigeria, the Foundation aims to improve governance systems and improve livelihood opportunities for the poor. ii

7 In Nigeria, Dalberg has worked closely with international and local private sector actors, federal and state governments, multilateral agencies, and non-government organizations in a range of sectors including education, agriculture/ FMCG, and health. Dalberg Global Development Advisors Dalberg Global Development Advisors is a strategy and policy advisory firm exclusively dedicated to global development and innovation. Our mission is to mobilize effective responses to the world s most pressing issues and to raise living standards in developing countries. Our approach combines rigorous business analytics with on-the-ground experience to help governments, foundations, international agencies, NGOs and corporations. Our services include a broad offering including developing innovative strategies, approaches and market mechanisms, reforming internal organizational processes and structures, analyzing trends and developing market-entry strategies, and coordinating and facilitating large, multi-stakeholder initiatives. Dalberg has a global network of offices, including four in Africa - in Dakar, Lagos, Johannesburg and Nairobi, as well as in Abu Dhabi, Copenhagen, Geneva, London, Mumbai, New Delhi, New York, San Francisco, Singapore, and Washington, D.C. In Africa, we have worked in 45 countries, and carried out over 40 projects in Nigeria, in the past few years. In Nigeria, Dalberg has worked closely with international and local private sector actors, federal and state governments, multilateral agencies, and non-government organizations in a range of sectors including education, agriculture/fmcg, and health. More broadly in education, Dalberg has completed numerous education sector landscape studies globally focusing on identifying key issues, finding investment opportunities, and developing programs and partnerships for a range of actors. TRANSFORMING SECONDARY EDUCATION IN NIGERIA PAGE iii

8 Acknowledgements Dalberg Global Development Advisors would like to thank the individuals and organizations which have shared their time, experiences and knowledge with us for this report. This report would not have been possible without the generous contributions of the individuals who participated in interviews, shared data and anecdotes for case studies, and provided general input and guidance. The full list of contributors and interviewees is included at the end of this document. We would also like to thank the Ford Foundation and Innocent Chukwuma, in particular, for sponsoring this report. We sincerely thank all of our colleagues at the Ford Foundation, Dalberg Global Development Advisors, and The Education Partnership Centre who contributed to the fieldwork and case study development. This report was written by Nneka Eze, an Associate Partner, and Nguhi Mwaura and Munalula Ngenda, Associate Consultants, at Dalberg Global Development Advisors. iv

9 Executive summary Nigeria has introduced 34 trade subjects as part of the Senior Secondary Education Curriculum reform in order to make secondary school education functional, equipping students for employment and entrepreneurship. This report was commissioned by the Ford Foundation to provide a rigorous understanding of the vocational education landscape in Nigeria, particularly within the formal secondary school space, and with the aim to define the gaps and opportunities in vocational education at the secondary level. Over the course of three months, Dalberg has conducted research and stakeholder interviews to better understand the current state of vocational education in formal secondary schools in Nigeria. The study includes a review of available literature on vocational education at the secondary level, a scan of existing initiatives globally, interviews with private and public sector actors, and visits to four states across Nigeria. Based on this research and analysis, we have identified a core set of issues affecting the vocational education space beyond those teacher quality and numbers, education finance / data, outcomes including educational attainment, tertiary / job readiness affecting the broader education sector. These issues must be addressed for effective rollout of the curriculum at the secondary level in Nigeria. The underlying issue pertains to challenges with policy planning, with resulting effects on implementation in Nigeria s states and Federal Capital Territory (FCT). The issues below stem directly from inadequacies in planning for the inclusion of vocational subjects in Nigerian schools. A disconnect between the subjects taught and labor market needs: Given the other challenges, there is little employability- or market-driven consideration given to the selection of subjects offered by schools. Schools are selecting subjects based on what they can offer with the teachers and resources they already have access to, without recourse to the needs of the labor market in their localities. Need for quality curriculum development: While the new senior secondary curriculum has been developed at a high-level, the tools required for implementation of these curricula at school level - lesson plans, detailed teaching guides, etc. - have not been developed. There is a concern about whether the curriculum will match the private sector requirements in the field, e.g., could a secondary school course lead to a certificate? Limited teacher readiness and availability: Nigeria does not have the right (qualified) teachers for vocational education. Whether due to misaligned financial incentives, lack of professional vocational practitioners, or preparedness to conduct teacher training, qualified teachers are lacking. As a stop-gap measure, schools are selecting subjects related to existing curricular offerings to expand the offering without expanding the workforce. Limited resources: The resource- and equipment-intensive nature of vocational training requires funds for the running costs of curricular offerings. For example, students need brick making materials to learn block making and brick-laying. In the absence of earmarked funds for these resources, some donor programs have filled the gap, but schools are also teaching subjects without adequate materials. The enormity of the funding gap - nearly double the existing federal budget allocation to education - is unlikely to be filled without concerted effort and innovation in curriculum delivery. Need for sensitization and awareness: Beyond the curriculum itself, there are concerns about the applicability of the subjects beyond secondary school, the realization of the gap between the number of youth and available jobs, and a lack of awareness or interest in vocational education as a means of economic empowerment. In addition, a range of actors are working in silos on vocational training/education issues, with potential to share learning items and resources. TRANSFORMING SECONDARY EDUCATION IN NIGERIA PAGE v

10 These issues remained relatively consistent regardless of the state/geographic zone. Stakeholders in the private sector and public sector (state government and public schools) in the states visited and reviewed generally concur on the core set of issues. Underlying each of these challenges or opportunities is the limited funding available for vocational education at the secondary level. While education finance is obscured by politics and decentralized implementation, the funding available is not sufficient for effective rollout. Based on these challenges, global case studies, and analysis of the key issues and current context, a number of opportunities for intervention have been identified: Get buy-in from state governments and private sector actors; Incentivize private sector inclusion in the curriculum development and roll-out; Focus on teachers and material resources; Bring together the vast number of stakeholders on the relevant issues; and Sensitize the public to the possibilities that vocational training can provide students Each of these recommendations suggest that the there is a role for a convener - bringing together the right set of parties to share knowledge and experiences - and a catalyst - providing data or funding to support changes or have scaling effects. Given the significant funding required for one year of curriculum roll-out - approximately billion NGN (US$ 2.7 billion) - the social sector s most effective role is unlikely to be that of a large-scale funder of state-level initiatives, but should rather focus on sustainability of interventions along the following axes: sustainable financing, leadership and accountability, PPPs with industry, economic and social impact. vi

13 Introduction Context In Nigeria, the reported youth unemployment rate has grown from 41 per cent in 2009 to over 50 per cent in and is growing at a rate of 16 per cent per annum 6. Africa s youth 1 - aged account for over 20 per cent of the population, making Africa the continent with the largest global youth population. 2 Since the 1970s, the African youth population has remained at around 20 per cent of the total population, the youth populations of Latin America and the Caribbean and Asia have remained at around 15 per cent, and those of North America and Europe have declined to approximately 13 per cent of the population. By 2050, however, estimates suggest a continued decline in the youth population with Africa s youth population reducing to 16 per cent, and the other regions youth populations dropping to approximately per cent of their total population. 3 In Africa, youth make up 38 per cent of the workforce. 4 However, the majority of African youth are highly unemployed, underemployed, or inactive formal contributors to the rising GDP - youth unemployment was reported as 20 per cent in Africa in The specific unemployment rates vary by country, with a variety of methodologies making cross-country comparison difficult. In Nigeria, the reported youth unemployment rate has grown from 41 per cent in 2009 to over 50 per cent in and is growing at a rate of 16 per cent per annum. 6 While data sources vary greatly depending on the inclusion of technically out of work populations (see figure, below), Nigeria s large population size is a significant multiplier and results in between 5-12 million unemployed youth in Nigeria. In comparison, at the low end of the spectrum, Ghana reports a 10 per cent youth unemployment rate, and at the high end, Namibia reports a 60 per cent youth unemployment rate. 7 Beyond the global figures, youth unemployment varies significantly when explored via gender, education, and poverty lenses. 8 The figure below illustrates the comparison across countries. 1 Youth may be defined in terms of the individuals in a specific age range. While this report focuses on secondary education and thus youth between the ages of approximately 15-24, some African countries consider youth as young as 12 and as old as 35 years old. 2 UN Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Regional Overview: Youth in Africa according to 2010 data. In the same year, 70% of the population was under the age of 30; New York Times, Africa s Daunting Challenge, 5 May United Nations Secretariat, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division, World Population Prospects: The 2008 Revision. 4 Working age (15-64) population. 5 International Labour Organisation (ILO). 6 Salami, CGE. Youth unemployment in Nigeria: A time for creative intervention. July International Labour Organisation (ILO), Ghana and Namibia country Profiles. Latest available data, African Development Bank, Accelerating the AfDB s Response to the Youth Unemployment Crisis in Africa, 2013 TRANSFORMING SECONDARY EDUCATION IN NIGERIA PAGE 1

14 Figure 1: Comparison of youth and adult unemployment rates in Africa Note: For Kenya, comparison is to national unemployment rate SOURCE: ILO, KILM, latest data available ; Nigeria data from National Bureau of Statistics; Kenya data from KIPPRA, Kenya Economic Report, 2013, and UNDP Kenya s Youth Employment Challenge 2013; Dalberg analysis Key drivers of these concerning statistics include a weak educational system, which features outdated curricula that do not adequately train youth for the realities of the 21 st century labor market. In addition, inefficient labor markets do not operate at equilibrium with appropriate talent matched to open (and enough) opportunities. In addition, youth often do not have the soft skills and technical skills to match the existing demand. In addition, the cost of education and the limited return on investment serve as a vicious circle that leads to up to 80 per cent of students dropping out of secondary school in some countries. Even for those students who stay in the education system, the gap between the supply of and demand for talent means most students are destined to search for employment in the informal sector or to start new businesses as entrepreneurs. The future employees and entrepreneurs whom have been trained in the formal education system often lack the skills needed to earn significant wages or to build financially sustainable businesses. In West Africa, political and socioeconomic factors - increasing inequality, food insecurity, religious extremism, etc. - suggest that youth development and education are important for the region s economic growth and development. In order to take advantage of the huge demographic dividend, with a larger working-age population fuelling economic and social growth, the youth population needs to be properly equipped with the education and opportunities to do so. Beyond the socioeconomic rationale for addressing youth education and employment, continued youth unemployment will have large and lasting impacts on the region s security. The challenges of youth unemployment and education are linked, and these are not only national challenges but ones with regional implications and causes. In an effort to address the education-employment challenge, the West African Examination Council (WAEC) launched the Senior Secondary Education Curriculum (SSEC), a new initiative which focuses on skills acquisition and entrepreneurship. In Nigeria, Africa s economic and demographic powerhouse, the Nigerian Educational Research and Development Council (NERDC) and the federal government developed a curriculum framework for the new SSEC, with design beginning in These institutions proposed a range of trade subjects which have been rolled out since then at the senior secondary level, with 2014 being the first year that students could be examined on these subjects. Given the financial and human resource requirements for technical and vocational curricula, and the low level of preparedness of schools and state governments to adopt the new subjects, a number of concerns have been raised about the implementation of the new curriculum. 2

15 Scope While there is a large spectrum of youth-focused activities in Nigeria, the challenge of effective delivery of secondary education especially vocational/technical training at that level was selected because of its relative novelty in presentday Nigeria, the immense education-employment gap, and the practicality of covering the full spectrum With this context, the Ford Foundation s Office for West Africa identified the potential to support the rollout of the new curriculum in Nigeria - or across the region. While there was clear need for a regional focus, one country was chosen as a testing ground and to learn from given the potential for applicability of approach to other countries in the region and given the available funding. Nigeria was chosen as this baseline country based on the size of its youth education-employment challenge, complexities of sub-national operations, and the Ford Foundation s presence and depth of past experience. The initial focus would be to identify potential areas of support for impactful change to transform secondary education level. The Ford Foundation engaged Dalberg Global Development Advisors to produce a report that lay out the secondary education landscape. The report focuses on investigating the following areas: Understanding the current situation: identifying the proposed curricula changes compared to the existing curriculum, availability of teachers, and availability of market opportunities for trained graduates; outlining successes and failures from other global initiatives; and identifying Nigeria s overall performance compared to the broader region; Assessing the potential to deliver on the new curriculum: identifying the gaps between current capacity and proposed delivery; and Designing and validating a program to support effective curriculum roll-out: developing recommendations in partnership with key government stakeholders, leading to on-going activities within the new initiative. This report includes six sections and appendices following this Introduction. The first four chapters of the report provide learning from global initiatives in vocational/technical education programs (Chapter I), identify Nigeria in the regional context and assess the performance of states on broader education criteria and highlight the depth and variances of poor educational outcomes at the state level (Chapter II), discuss the history of vocational/ technical curricula in Nigeria and the associated challenges (Chapter III), and identify a range of existing interventions in Secondary Education in Nigeria (Chapter IV). The final chapters of the report identify potential opportunities where interested organizations may support given the state of curriculum roll-out, existing programs and gaps that still remain, and state-level analysis (Chapter V), and recommendations on where to focus based on the analysis and engagement with national stakeholders (Chapter VI). TRANSFORMING SECONDARY EDUCATION IN NIGERIA PAGE 3

16 While there is a large spectrum of youth-focused activities in Nigeria, the challenge of effective delivery of secondary education especially vocational/technical training at that level was selected because of its relative novelty in present-day Nigeria, the immense education-employment gap, and the practicality of covering the full spectrum. 8 Given the Ford Foundation s interest in the new rollout of the trade and entrepreneurship subjects curriculum in Nigeria, this report does not focus on primary education, post-secondary education, private vocational/technical training centers, or technical colleges unless directly relevant to existing interventions targeted at secondary-level students in Nigeria. Methodology During the course of the engagement, over 70 interviews were conducted at the state level and federal government level, and with stakeholders with a view across Nigeria, including with donor and private sector organizations. In gathering the data sources for this report, Dalberg used qualitative and quantitative desk research and primary stakeholder interviews. Primary interviews were particularly important both to gather national and state-level stakeholder insights into the key challenges in secondary education and the new curriculum roll-out in Nigeria, and to serve as a further point of data collection. During the course of the engagement, over 70 interviews were conducted at the state level and federal government level, and with stakeholders with a view across Nigeria, including with donor and private sector organizations. A complete list of stakeholders interviewed is included in the Annex D. List of stakeholders interviewed. Interviewees were selected based on qualitative and desk research, with a focus on representation across the education value chain: policy, curriculum development, delivery, results and outcomes, and depending on ability to connect with individual stakeholders through , phone, and inperson outreach. Given the currently limited (online) education data availability, initial assumptions were developed based on quantitative and qualitative research, for example, the appropriate states to visit, the gaps in program interventions, etc., which were then tested in stakeholder interviews. For the state-level analysis in particular, given the age of the available data - five to seven-year-old datasets - including metrics that required stakeholder inputs, closer to the ground information collection was required. To further support desk research and interviews, the Dalberg team conducted state-level visits and interviews with a range of stakeholders to better understand state-level preparedness. Using a diagnostic tool, the team was able to map the state s strategies, the level of preparedness and ability to roll-out the new trade subjects in addition to private sector demand for certain types of training. By drawing on a variety of sources, including statistics from local governments and international organizations where available, previous Dalberg engagements, specialized databases and targeted interviews with public, social and private sector experts, the report provides insights into the readiness to implement the new curricula particularly around financial resources, teacher capacity and development and curriculum development, and where opportunities exist to support the roll-out. 8 Beyond these initial reasons, desk research and interviews have suggested a limited number of focused initiatives targeting secondary education in Nigeria (or vocational training at that level), for example as compared to initiatives focused on primary education. In addition, there is a sense that challenges with providing the right basis for skills at the secondary level is leading to significant employment challenges further down the line. 4

17 Chapter I Technical and vocational education: A global perspective Given global demographic and economic trends - with both population shares and unemployment figures on the rise for youth in a large part of the world - a renewed focus on better preparing young people to secure opportunities in employment and entrepreneurship has become necessary. In several countries, e.g., United States of America, Singapore, Colombia, etc., the potential of technical and vocational training is being examined for this purpose. (Case studies are included below) There has been a push by several governments to re-evaluate secondary school curricula in the recognition that there is a gap between what is being taught and what skills students will eventually need to enter the job market. In Nigeria, a trade subject curriculum (vocational/technical subjects) is being introduced across the country at the senior secondary level. Likewise, another African country, Zambia has also recently begun to roll out a new secondary school curricula, piloting a dual track for upper secondary school which offers either general education or vocational training. The first phase of Zambia s curriculum rollout will take place in the 2014 school-year. While the Zambia roll-out may be too recent to gather significant learning points for Nigeria, an overview of programs in the global education landscape provides a number of trends to keep in mind while analyzing the situation in Nigeria. 9 Formulating a clear bridge from school to work is crucial to changing the youth unemployment landscape. While millions of young people are leaving school and are unable to find work, conversely business are facing a shortage of talent with appropriate skills levels. It is estimated that by 2020 there will be around 45 million jobs for workers with secondary school education globally that will go unfilled. 10 In many regions, this skills mismatch represents a drag on economic growth, but offers a significant opportunity for youth employment. There are different ways to make this link, including apprenticeships and formal on-the-job training. These models have been particularly successful in Ghana, where there are attempts to make the traditional apprenticeship role more formalized. Master craftsmen are paid by an apprentice s family to teach the skills required for the trade. This model has traditionally been applied in artisanal occupations (carpentry, masonry, etc.). Although there have been issues about the adaptability of this way of teaching - e.g., the master craftsmen would only be able to teach those methods they have had exposure to given limited continuing education and training, whereas with technological advances there may be more newer, more efficient methods - it does ensure that there is a steady stream of new artisans joining the labor market. The apprenticeship approach allows youth to overcome the experience trap that can be a barrier to getting their first job and ensures that systems of education and labor market intersect rather than operate in parallel. Alternatively in 2009, the Government of India established the National Skill Development Corporation (NSDC) as a public private partnership to facilitate the development and upgrading of the skills of the growing Indian workforce through skill training programs. NSDC makes financial investments in for-profit companies, such as IL&FS, that are focused on providing vocational training. India also has a government scheme that pays certified vocational service providers a fixed fee for any students who undergo their program, receive a job placement, and are retained in their jobs for at least three months. This job placement and retention requirement has ensured that the subjects and curriculum reflect labor-market needs. 9 Case study reviews and broader takeaways are drawn from a review of publicly available scholarly articles, press, and program evaluations or impact assessments as well as Dalberg s past experience working with a range of organizations globally. 10 World Economic Forum Education and skills 2.0: New targets and approaches. January TRANSFORMING SECONDARY EDUCATION IN NIGERIA PAGE 5

18 Further, financial infusions have enabled service providers to make upfront investments in teacher readiness and the purchase of resources, which earn a return through the government payment scheme. Finally, the for-profit providers are naturally incentivized to increase their customer base through sensitization and awareness. This approach very clearly involves all players and gives each a stake in ensuring that the partnerships are successful. The focus of education authorities is increasingly moving towards equipping students with skills that will lead to clear paths of employment. In the United States, while emphasis had been placed on four-year college degree attainment, there are now approximately 450,000 vacancies in the trade, utilities and transportation industries, which do not require these degrees, despite the country s current job deficit 11. In order to fill the gap, where there are available jobs, but not available skills, a number of programs have been launched across the country. In Chicago, there has been a push towards vocational education which led to the launch of Career and Training schools in a seven-year roll-out meant to end in 2017 (see case studies, below). In Singapore, the country has developed a low-skilled work force in line with multinational corporation entry. Skills development training centers - typically located in the center of business and manufacturing parks - trained students to the specifications the multinationals would require in their production lines. In addition, special funds were set aside for local companies that wanted to upgrade the skills of their workforce. Both the American and Singaporean programs push for acquisition of specific skills rather than just the attainment of general milestone qualifications such as a secondary school completion certificate. The definition between secondary and vocational education is blurring. The traditional model, in which students complete secondary education and then progress into vocational/technical or tertiary education is being challenged. The evolving thinking is that there is some level of primary education ideal for all learners, after which learning skills for employability and livelihood returns are increasingly important, rather than gaining a general education degree. In economies where there are a limited number of jobs available to absorb highly-skilled labor, balancing the pipeline of academically and vocationally oriented labor pool entrants is increasingly important, and diversification occurs earlier in the education system. However, society perceives vocational/technical training as inferior to formal, academic education or that it must be pursued to the exclusion of the more desired academic curriculum. As a result people are often discouraged from looking into vocational training as a viable entry way into a career. Changing this perception, particularly of parents, plays a crucial role in attracting the appropriate type of talent and allowing vocational training to thrive. In cases where state funding may be insufficient to support sequential secondary and vocational training programs, there is an additional pressure and argument for combining the two programs. In South Africa, for instance, 100 students will enter ninth grade, but only 13 students will pass twelfth grade exams, and only four of those students will pass with a grade required to enter university. The other 96 students will need other options beyond tertiary education to enable them to join the labor market. In the context of budget constraints, and the dire situation of the education system, vocational training is one potential solution. Vocational training programs are being put in place that start at the tenth grade level. For example, in South Africa, Further Education and Training (FET) colleges do not require any schooling beyond ninth grade for enrolment. While there is increased focus on training students for employment and to be economically active citizens, globally, the approaches vary significantly. Based on a review of past programs, a few models stand out: post-secondary technical institutions, parallel-path academic and vocational curricula in formal secondary school settings, informal schools for out-ofschool youth, whether through private, social sector, or government channels. These models are reviewed below. 11 Statistic quoted by Mike Rowe to the US Senate Committee on Commerce, Science and Transportation on June 8,

19 Case studies of vocational programs globally Overview Chicago Career and Training Schools: Formal Secondary Program with Parallel-Path Academic and Vocational Training Location: United States of America Scale: 25,000 students Time period: A revamped vocational training program in seven Chicago schools was rolled out in The program is expected to provide 25,000 students the skills they need to land well-paying jobs after graduating from secondary school Lessons for vocational/technical program design Budget constraints. Teaming up to share resources can help address budgetary and infrastructure constraints, e.g., with students travelling between centers to take specific classes Student choice. Giving students a choice in which path they take and not pigeonholing them according to standardized test scores was found to be a big driver of students later success Market driven approaches. Having a market-driven curriculum looking at where the jobs are and tailoring the curriculum to provide the skills necessary - support strong employment outcomes. Going beyond traditional vocational training into more high-tech areas such as medical and electrical fields allowed student to go into middle- skill careers - as electricians, auto mechanics, medical technicians or licensed practical nurses - following graduation Overview Institute of Technical Education: Post-Secondary Vocational Training Location: Singapore Scale: 25,800 full-time students and 20,000 part time students per annum Time period: Launched in 1992 Institute of Technical Education (ITE) is a top-tier post-secondary, government-funded and run institution. The Institution provides career-based education to full-time students and working adults through part-time programs. They have also managed to change mind-sets about vocational training as an option only for those with less academic prowess Lessons for vocational/technical program design Student (and parent) choice. Helping parents and students understand the full spectrum of available options including vocational training is important to program success Government support. Having buy-in and commitment of the program from the government, e.g., a clear understanding of the impact that a successful vocational training program can have on the labor market, supports sustainability (financial support, etc.) Perceptions of vocational education. Changing perceptions on technical and polytechnic education may support uptake. For example, in Singapore this type of education is not only a terminal, industry-ready exit qualification but is also seen as a viable alternative to a junior college education for progression to university TRANSFORMING SECONDARY EDUCATION IN NIGERIA PAGE 7

20 Overview Subsidizing Vocational Training for Disadvantaged Youth in Colombia Informal School for Out-of- School (or post-school) Youth Location: Colombia Scale: 80,000 students with a budget of US$ 60 million Time period: Jóvenes en Acción (Youth in Action), an NGO, provides three months of in-classroom training and three months of on-the-job training to youth (aged 18-25) in the two lowest socioeconomic strata in Colombia. This program, funded by International Youth Foundation, includes practical and hands-on training to ensure knowledge is applicable directly to workplaces of its students. Lessons for vocational / technical program design Budget per student. Spending for an impactful program costs between $750- $1000 per trainee Impact. Training increases wage and salaried earnings and probability of having paid employment. Salaried earnings increased by 12% for all individuals (and by 18% for women) Market-driven approaches. Large number of courses were offered in administrative work such as sales, secretarial work, marketing, warehouse and inventory work, and archival work and lead to increase chances of finding work in the formal sector Overview Lifelong Learning Project was designed to enable people, at any stage of their life, to take part in stimulating learning experiences, as well as developing education and training across Europe. The program is run by the EU Commission. Lifelong Learning Project: Post-Secondary Vocational Training Location: Across 25 European Union (EU) countries Scale: approximately 4 million students with budget of 7 billion Euro Time period: Lessons for vocational/technical program design Tailor-made programs. Given the diversity of populations and needs across the EU states, a number of programs were designed under the umbrella of the lifelong learning project. As an example, the Leonardo da Vinci program focused on vocational training and work placement opportunities generally, while the Pathways to Work program targeted young immigrants. Tailoring the programs to specific groups was key for success and uptake Inputs from specialists and stakeholders. In the Pathway to Work program the Commission used Technical and Vocational Education and Training (TVET) specialists, universities, immigrant advocacy groups and universities to come up with relevant interventions. Using a variety of stakeholder inputs in the design of the interventions and curriculum support successful implementation 8

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