Data Pooling in a Chemical Kinetics Experiment: The Aquation of a Series of Cobalt(III) ComplexesRichard S. Herrick, Kenneth V. Mills, and Lisa P. NestorDescribes an experiment that introduces students to integrated rate laws, the search for a mechanism that is consistent with chemical and kinetic data, and the concept of activation barriers and their measurement in a curriculum whose pedagogical philosophy makes the laboratory the center of learning for undergraduates in their first two years of instruction.Herrick, Richard S.; Mills, Kenneth V.; Nestor, Lisa P. J. Chem. Educ.2008, 85, 1120.

NetorialsRebecca Ottosen, John Todd, Rachel Bain, Mike Miller, Liana Lamont, Mithra Biekmohamadi, and David B. ShawNetorials is a collection of about 30 online tutorials on general chemistry topics designed as a supplement for high school or college introductory courses. Each Netorial contains several pages of interactive instruction that includes animated mouse-overs, questions for students to answer, and manipulable molecular structures.Ottosen, Rebecca; Todd, John; Bain, Rachel; Miller, Mike; Lamont. Liana; Biekmohamadi, Mithra; Shaw, David B. J. Chem. Educ.2008, 85, 463.

Hydration of Acetylene: A 125th AnniversaryDmitry A. Ponomarev and Sergey M. ShevchenkoThe discovery the hydration of alkynes catalyzed by mercury ions by Mikhail Kucherov made possible industrial production of acetaldehyde from acetylene and had a profound effect on the development of industrial chemistry in the 1920th centuries.Ponomarev, Dmitry A.; Shevchenko, Sergey M. J. Chem. Educ.2007, 84, 1725.

Addition Reactions |

Aldehydes / Ketones |

Alkynes |

Catalysis |

Industrial Chemistry |

Reactions

Carbon Dioxide FountainSeong-Joo Kang and Eun-Hee RyuThis article presents the development of a carbon dioxide fountain that, unlike the traditional ammonia fountain, is odorless and uses consumer chemicals. This experiment also allows students to see evidence of a gaseous reagent being consumed when a pressure sensor is available.Kang, Seong-Joo; Ryu, Eun-Hee. J. Chem. Educ.2007, 84, 1671.

Acids / Bases |

Consumer Chemistry |

Gases |

Laboratory Equipment / Apparatus |

Reactions

Incomplete Combustion of Hydrogen: Trapping a Reaction IntermediateBruce Mattson and Trisha HoetteIn this demonstration, a hydrogen flame is played across the face of an ice cube and the combustion is quenched in an incomplete state. The resulting solution contains a stable side-product, hydrogen peroxide, whose presence can be verified with two simple chemical tests.Mattson, Bruce; Hoette, Trisha. J. Chem. Educ.2007, 84, 1668.

Descriptive Chemistry |

Free Radicals |

Gases |

Molecular Properties / Structure |

Reactions |

Reactive Intermediates

The A1c Blood Test: An Illustration of Principles from General and Organic ChemistryRobert C. KerberThe glycated hemoglobin blood test is a key measure of the effectiveness of glucose control in diabetics. The chemistry of glucose in the bloodstream, which underlies the test and its impact, provides an illustration of the importance of chemical equilibrium and kinetics to a major health problem.Kerber, Robert C. . J. Chem. Educ.2007, 84, 1541.

A Student Laboratory Experiment Based on the Vitamin C Clock ReactionEd VitzDescribes an adaptation of the vitamin C clock reaction to a student laboratory experiment in which the orders with respect to peroxide and iodide, the rate constant, and the activation energy are determined by the method of initial rates.Vitz, Ed. J. Chem. Educ.2007, 84, 1156.

Applications of Reaction RateKevin CunninghamThis article presents an assignment in which students are to research and report on a chemical reaction whose increased or decreased rate is of practical importance. The assignment is designed to develop and assess a number of valuable skills and understandings, including the ability to write effectively.Cunningham, Kevin. J. Chem. Educ.2007, 84, 430.

Let Us Give Lewis Acid–Base Theory the Priority It DeservesAlan A. ShafferThe Lewis concept is simple yet powerful in its scope, and can be used to help beginning students understand reaction mechanisms more fully. However, traditional approaches to acid-base reactions at the introductory level ignores Lewis acid-base theory completely, focusing instead on proton transfer described by the Br?nsted-Lowry concept.Shaffer, Alan A. J. Chem. Educ.2006, 83, 1746.

Two "Gas-in-a-Bag" Reactions To Show the Predictive Power of the Relative AcidBase Strength ChartBrett CriswellDescribes a demonstration in which two different pairs of solid chemicals mixed in two different Ziploc bags in the presence of a small quantities of water react to produce gases. Students are informed that the reactions are BrnstedLowry acidbase type reactions and must determine which member in each pair will act as the acid and which as the base.Criswell, Brett. J. Chem. Educ.2006, 83, 1167.

Acids / Bases |

Aqueous Solution Chemistry |

Descriptive Chemistry |

Gases |

Reactions |

Brønsted-Lowry Acids / Bases

Was Markovnikov's Rule an Inspired Guess?Peter HughesA study of 19th century literature shows that neither Markovnikov nor any of his contemporaries carried out the reactions often attributed to himthe addition of hydrogen bromide or hydrogen chloride to propene. Since there is little evidence for Markovnikov's rule in his 1870 article, it is likely that it was more of an inspired guess than a rational conclusion.Hughes, Peter. J. Chem. Educ.2006, 83, 1152.

Using Jmol To Help Students Better Understand Fluxional Processes William F. Coleman and Edward W. FedoskyThis new WebWare neatly combines instructional text and Jmol interactive, animated illustrations to teach mechanisms that need to be clearly visualized in order to be well understood.Coleman, William F.; Fedosky, Edward W. J. Chem. Educ.2006, 83, 336.

Laboratory Experiments on the Electrochemical Remediation of the Environment. Part 7: Microscale Production of OzoneJorge G. Ibanez, Rodrigo Mayen-Mondragon, M. T. Moran-Moran, Alejandro Alatorre-Ordaz, Bruce Mattson, and Scot EskestrandOzone, a powerful oxidizing and disinfecting agent, is produced electrochemically in the undergraduate laboratory with simple equipment and under very mild conditions. Tests are given to characterize it, to observe its action in simulated environmental applications, and to measure its rate of production. Ibanez, Jorge G.; Mayen-Mondragon, Rodrigo; Moran-Moran, M. T.; Alatorre-Ordaz, Alejandro; Mattson, Bruce; Eskestrand, Scot. J. Chem. Educ.2005, 82, 1546.

Aqueous Solution Chemistry |

Descriptive Chemistry |

Electrochemistry |

Electrolytic / Galvanic Cells / Potentials |

Laboratory Equipment / Apparatus |

Microscale Lab |

Oxidation / Reduction |

Reactions

Mass Relationships in a Chemical Reaction: Incorporating Additional Graphing Exercises into the Introductory Chemistry LaboratoryStephen DeMeoThe purpose of this article is to increase student involvement with graph construction specifically in the context of introductory laboratory activities that involve mass relationships between reacting substances and products. In this regard, five massmass plots derived from a synthesis of a binary compound from its elements are presented as well as a set of questions to focus learners on the significance of each plot. The benefit of providing learners with these types of graphing activities include the use of higher-order cognitive processes as well as the elucidation of fundamental chemical knowledge such as the law of the conservation of mass, the law of constant composition, limiting and excess reactants, and empirical formula.DeMeo, Stephen. J. Chem. Educ.2005, 82, 1219.

Stoichiometry |

Oxidation / Reduction |

Reactions |

Quantitative Analysis

Chemistry Comes Alive!, Volume 7Abstract of Special Issue 32, a CD-ROM of Flames and ExplosionsRachel Bain, Jerrold J. Jacobsen, James H. Maynard, and John W. MooreA visual library containing more than 230 QuickTime movies and more than 6700 still images, Chemistry Comes Alive! Volume 7: Flames and Explosions features the kind of chemistry that is sure to spark an interest. Organized using both the periodic table and type of reaction, CCA! 7 makes it easy for you to find the movie or image you seek to add that spark of interest to your presentation. CCA! 7 covers a broad range of spectacular chemical reactions while also offering a depth of coverage that encourages discussions that compare and contrast particular reactions.Bain, Rachel; Jacobsen, Jerrold J.; Maynard, James H.; Moore, John W. J. Chem. Educ.2005, 82, 1102.

Reactions |

Mechanisms of Reactions

Kinetics of Alcohol Dehydrogenase-Catalyzed Oxidation of Ethanol Followed by Visible SpectroscopyKestutis Bendinskas, Christopher DiJiacomo, Allison Krill, and Ed VitzA two-week biochemistry experiment was introduced in the second-semester general chemistry laboratory to study the oxidation of ethanol in vitro in the presence of the enzyme alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH). This reaction should pique student interest because the same reaction also occurs in human bodies when alcoholic drinks are consumed. Procedures were developed to follow the biochemical reaction by visible spectroscopy and to avoid specialized equipment. The effect of substrate concentration on the rate of this enzymatic reaction was investigated during the first week. The effects of temperature, pH, the specificity of the enzyme to several substrates, and the enzyme's inhibition by heavy metals were explored during the second week. Bendinskas, Kestutis; DiJiacomo, Christopher; Krill, Allison; Vitz, Ed. J. Chem. Educ.2005, 82, 1068.

Enzymes |

Kinetics |

Oxidation / Reduction |

Reactions |

UV-Vis Spectroscopy |

Alcohols |

Biophysical Chemistry |

Food Science

The Addition of Bromine to 1,2-Diphenylethene Judith C. Amburgey-Peters and LeRoy W. HaynesWe investigated the reaction of (Z)-1,2-diphenylethene (cis-stilbene) with various brominating reagents and solvents following directions in standard organic chemistry manuals. We were particularly interested in learning which combination of brominating reagent and solvent gave the best yield of (d,l)-1,2-dibromo-1,2-diphenylethane without the formation of significant amounts of meso-1,2-dibromo-1,2-diphenylethane, which is essentially the sole product from the reaction of bromine with (E)-1,2-diphenylethene (trans-stilbene). Based on the results from the standard preparatory methods, some permutations of solvent and brominating reagent were tried.Amburgey-Peters, Judith C.; Haynes, LeRoy W. J. Chem. Educ.2005, 82, 1051.

Procedure for Decomposing a Redox Reaction into Half-ReactionsIlie Fishtik and Ladislav H. BerkaThe principle of stoichiometric uniqueness provides a simple algorithm to check whether a simple redox reaction may be uniquely decomposed into half-reactions in a single way. For complex redox reactions the approach permits a complete enumeration of a finite and unique number of ways a redox reaction may be decomposed into half-reactions. Several examples are given. Fishtik, Ilie; Berka, Ladislav H. J. Chem. Educ.2005, 82, 553.

The Determination of the Percent of Oxygen in Air Using a Gas Pressure SensorJames Gordon and Katherine ChanceyA new detection method is applied to a classic experiment in which gaseous atmospheric oxygen in a test tube is reacted with the iron in steel wool to produce rust. A gas pressure sensor interfaced to a calculator-based data collection system was used to measure the percent of oxygen in the air as the reaction proceeded. The results from the calculator-based experiment were compared to the results from a more traditional water-measurement experiment. The average percent of oxygen obtained using the calculator system was 19.4  0.4%. Gordon, James; Chancey, Katherine. J. Chem. Educ.2005, 82, 286.

Atmospheric Chemistry |

Gases |

Oxidation / Reduction |

Reactions

A Methane Balloon Inflation ChamberCurtis J. Czerwinski and Tanya J. CordesWhile several lecture demonstrations are possible using methane-filled balloons, it is often inconvenient to prepare these balloons since the pressure from standard laboratory and lecture hall gas nozzles is too low. As a solution to this problem, a methane balloon inflation chamber, prepared from a translucent 3.5-gallon pail and an aspirator or house-vacuum, provides an inexpensive and convenient method for inflating balloons in laboratories or lecture halls. Prepared in this way, methane-filled balloons can be used to demonstrate the effects of vacuum, the lifting power of low-density gases, and the explosive combustion of methane. Czerwinski, Curtis J.; Cordes, Tanya J. J. Chem. Educ.2005, 82, 248.

Alkanes / Cycloalkanes |

Calorimetry / Thermochemistry |

Gases |

Oxidation / Reduction |

Reactions

A Substitute for “Bromine in Carbon Tetrachloride”Joshua M. Daley and Robert G. LandoltBenzotrifluoride (BTF) is a suitable solvent substitute for carbon tetrachloride in experiments requiring application of bromine (Br2) in free radical or addition reactions with organic substrates. A 1 M solution of Br2 in BTF may be used to distinguish hydrocarbons based on the ease of abstraction of hydrogen atoms in thermally or light-induced free radical substitutions. Efficacy of minimization of solvent use, by aliquot addition to neat samples, has been established.Daley, Joshua M.; Landolt, Robert G. J. Chem. Educ.2005, 82, 120.

Alkenes |

Free Radicals |

Green Chemistry |

Qualitative Analysis |

Reactions

Old Nassau Demonstration with Wilkinson ModificationLawrence E. WilkinsonA modification of the Old Nassau Reaction demonstration is presented, wherein a 0.025 M silver nitrate solution is used in place of the mercury(II) chloride solution employed in the original demonstration. Wilkinson, Lawrence E. J. Chem. Educ.2004, 81, 1474.

Why Chemical Reactions Happen (James Keeler and Peter Wothers)John KrenosBy concentrating on a limited number of model reactions, this book presents chemistry as a cohesive whole by tying together the fundamentals of thermodynamics, chemical kinetics, and quantum chemistry, mainly through the use of molecular orbital interpretations. Krenos, John. J. Chem. Educ.2004, 81, 201.

Reactions (→) vs Equations (=)S. R. LoganA recent chemical kinetics text uses an equals sign for an overall reaction, whereas an arrow is used in each of the reaction steps that are proposed to constitute the mechanism, and for any elementary process. Logan, S. R. J. Chem. Educ.2003, 80, 1258.

Kinetics |

Nomenclature / Units / Symbols |

Reactions |

Mechanisms of Reactions

Dynamic Visualization in ChemistryAbstract of Special Issue 31, a CD-ROM for Mac OS and WindowsJames P. Birk, Debra E. Leedy, Rachel A. Morgan, Mark Drake, Fiona Lihs, Eleisha J. Nickoles, and Michael J. McKelvyEach presentation is designed to help chemistry students acquire a dynamic, three-dimensional, atomic-level visualization of matter and to use this view to explain and ultimately predict the behavior of materials. It integrates video of experiments and animations of theoretical models. Students zoom in on physical and chemical processes at resolutions as high as the atomic level. Birk, James P.; Leedy, Debra E.; Morgan, Rachel A.; Drake, Mark; Lihs, Fiona; Nickoles, Eleisha J.; McKelvy, Michael J. J. Chem. Educ.2003, 80, 1095.

Organic Functional Group Playing Card DeckMichael J. WelshOrganic functional group playing card deck used for review of the name and structure of organic functional groups that can be used to play any game that a normal deck of cards is used for.Welsh, Michael J. J. Chem. Educ.2003, 80, 426.

Tick Tock, a Vitamin C ClockStephen W. WrightUses supermarket chemicals to perform a clock reaction; students vary the concentration of reactants and observe the effect on the time required for the reaction to reach its endpoint.Wright, Stephen W. J. Chem. Educ.2002, 79, 40A.

Teaching about Flame Retardants. A Joint Israeli-Dutch ProjectMiri Kesner and Wobbe de VosFlame retardants make interesting chemistry and moreover, the chemistry is highly relevant from an everyday life point of view. This article reports on a joint Israeli-Dutch project aimed at teaching the production, properties, and applications of some bromine-containing flame retardants, including their environmental aspects, in secondary education. Kesner, Miri; de Vos, Wobbe. J. Chem. Educ.2001, 78, 41.

Industrial Chemistry |

Oxidation / Reduction |

Reactions |

Applications of Chemistry

A Simple Method for Demonstrating Enzyme Kinetics Using Catalase from Beef Liver ExtractKristin A. JohnsonA simple visual method of demonstrating enzyme kinetics using beef liver catalase. Filter paper is saturated with beef liver extract and placed into a solution of hydrogen peroxide. The catalase in the extract decomposes the hydrogen peroxide to water and oxygen. Oxygen forms on the filter paper, and the filter paper rises to the top of the beaker. Catalase activity is measured by timing the rise of the enzyme-soaked filter paper to the top of beakers containing different concentrations of hydrogen peroxide. Johnson, A. Kristin. J. Chem. Educ.2000, 77, 1451.

Enzymes |

Kinetics |

Proteins / Peptides |

Reactions

Combustion Demonstration Using Updated Flame TornadoEdward G. SenkbeilThis demonstration uses the combustion of different forms of cellulose and an updated version of the "flame tornado" as an ignition source to illustrate the factors affecting the combustion process. The objectives of the experiment are to illustrate the factors affecting the rate of a combustion reaction and to demonstrate the factors affecting the production of a flame by using the flame tornado. Senkbeil, Edward G. J. Chem. Educ.2000, 77, 1449.

When A + B B + AErling Antony, Lindsay Mitchell, and Lauren NettenstromMany acid-base chemistry demonstrations and laboratory manuals include the "baking soda volcano". Others use the formation of calcium carbonate from calcium hydroxide and carbon dioxide in human breath. This demonstration uses principles from both as well as stoichiometry to answer the question "Does the order of mixing of reagents make a difference?" Antony, Erling; Mitchell, Lindsay; Nettenstrom, Lauren. J. Chem. Educ.2000, 77, 1180.

Acids / Bases |

Stoichiometry |

Reactions

Simulating Dynamic Equilibria: A Class ExperimentJohn A. Harrison and Paul D. BuckleyA first-order reversible reaction is simulated on an overhead projector using small coins or discs. Results illustrate how dynamic equilibria are established and allow the introduction of the concept of an equilibrium constant. Le Chtelier's principle is illustrated by further simulations. Harrison, John A.; Buckley, Paul D. J. Chem. Educ.2000, 77, 1013.

The Blue Bottle Reaction as a General Chemistry Experiment on Reaction MechanismsSteven C. Engerer and A. Gilbert CookUsing the scientific method (observe, question, hypothesize, experiment, repeat) students propose and test possible reaction mechanisms for the methylene blue-catalyzed oxidation of dextrose with its dramatic color change. Students are led to discover the three-step mechanism through a series of questions.Engerer, Steven C.; Cook, A. Gilbert. J. Chem. Educ.1999, 76, 1519.

The Persistence of the Candle-and-Cylinder MisconceptionJames P. Birk and Anton E. LawsonThere is a persistent misconception that when a lighted candle is supported in a container of water and a closed cylinder is lowered over the candle, the candle is extinguished after a time by complete consumption of the oxygen in the cylinder, with a volume change corresponding to the amount of oxygen in the air. This misconception has appeared in the literature periodically for many years. Here, we present a number of experiments that refute this misconception.Birk, James P.; Lawson, Anton E. J. Chem. Educ.1999, 76, 914.

Gases |

Atmospheric Chemistry |

Quantitative Analysis |

Reactions

The Methane BalloonWalter H. Corkern and Elvin Hughes Jr.The objectives are (i) to describe a novel method of inflating a balloon with methane, (ii) to show that methane is lighter than air, and (iii) to demonstrate the flammability of methane. Corkern, Walter H.; Hughes, Elvin, Jr. J. Chem. Educ.1999, 76, 794.

Gases |

Oxidation / Reduction |

Reactions

Using Large Glass Cylinders To Demonstrate Chemical ReactionsWobbe de VosThis article describes a simple laboratory experiment that aims at pedagogic as well as aesthetic aspects of chemical reactions. Experiments of this type have a high educational potential as students have the opportunity to observe the actual formation of a precipitate instead of just being able to see the result. The experiment is also suitable for demonstrating some of the fascinating beauty of chemical reactions to the general public.de Vos, Wobbe. J. Chem. Educ.1999, 76, 528.

The Ammonia Smoke Fountain: An Interesting Thermodynamic AdventureM. Dale AlexanderThe ammonia smoke fountain demonstration utilizes a modification of the apparatus used in the standard ammonia fountain. The modification allows for the introduction of hydrogen chloride gas into a flask of ammonia rather than water. The flow rate of hydrogen chloride gas into the flask in the smoke fountain is not constant, but periodic; that is, the smoke puffs from the end of the tube. This unexpected behavior elicits an interesting thermodynamic explanation.Alexander, M. Dale. J. Chem. Educ.1999, 76, 210.

Acids / Bases |

Gases |

Thermodynamics |

Reactions |

Stoichiometry |

Precipitation / Solubility

Replace Double ReplacementR. Bruce MartinReactions described as double replacements in high school texts are poorly described by this designation. The driving force for such reactions is precipitation of a solid derived from ions in solution or the production of water in acid-base reactions. Martin, R. Bruce. J. Chem. Educ.1999, 76, 133.

Stoichiometry |

Reactions |

Precipitation / Solubility

The Design and Synthesis of a Large Interactive ClassroomLaurel L. Clouston and Mark H. KleinmanThe use of group learning techniques in large classes has been used to effectively convey the central concepts of SN1 and SN2 reactions in an introductory organic chemistry class. The activities described are best used as an introduction to these mechanisms. Clouston, Laurel L.; Kleinman, Mark H. J. Chem. Educ.1999, 76, 60.

Mechanisms of Reactions |

Learning Theories

Microscale Thermite ReactionsFrancisco J. Arnáiz, Rafael Aguado, and Susana ArnáizThe reaction of aluminum with the oxides of a variety of elements illustrates exothermic reactions that require a high activation energy. It is also an appropriate experiment with regard to the discussion of Ellingham diagrams. When drama is not the main objective, conducting these reactions at microscale level offers numerous advantages over the usual scale. Arnáiz, Francisco J.; Aguado, Rafael; Arnáiz, Susana. J. Chem. Educ.1998, 75, 1630.

Microscale Lab |

Reactions |

Oxidation / Reduction

Synthesis of Aspirin: A General Chemistry ExperimentJohn A. Olmsted IIIAn experiment is described that is suitable for the early portion of the laboratory in a general chemistry course and integrates organic examples. It is the two-step synthesis of aspirin starting from oil of wintergreen. The mechanism for this synthesis provides examples of three major classes of chemical reactions: hydrolysis, condensation, and proton transfer.Olmsted, John A., III. J. Chem. Educ.1998, 75, 1261.

Drugs / Pharmaceuticals |

Medicinal Chemistry |

Mechanisms of Reactions |

Aromatic Compounds |

Carboxylic Acids |

Aldehydes / Ketones

Slide Projector Corrosion CellSilvia Tejada, Estela Guevara, and Esperanza OlivaresThe process of corrosion can be demonstrated in a slide projector, since the cell is in the shape of a slide, or on the stage of an overhead projector by setting up a simple galvanic cell. Corrosion occurs as the result of a galvanic cell reaction, in which the corroding metal acts as the anode. Several simple demonstrations relating to corrosion are described here.Tejada, Silvia; Guevara, Estela; Olivares, Esperanza. J. Chem. Educ.1998, 75, 747.

Electrochemistry |

Microscale Lab |

Oxidation / Reduction |

Reactions |

Electrolytic / Galvanic Cells / Potentials |

Applications of Chemistry

Audience-Appropriate Analogies: Collision TheoryKent W. PiepgrassThis article presents two new analogies for collision theory based on arcade games and on the interactions between salesclerks and customers in a store. The uses, limitations, and possible extensions of the analogies are discussed. Piepgrass, Kent W. J. Chem. Educ.1998, 75, 724.

Learning Theories |

Mechanisms of Reactions |

Kinetics

Chemical Domino DemonstrationM. Dale AlexanderThe Chemical Domino Demonstration is both educational and entertaining. It provides an excellent means for a review of chemical concepts at the conclusion of a general chemistry course. This demonstration consists of a number of different chemical reactions occurring in sequence in a Rube Goldberg-type apparatus.M. Dale Alexander. J. Chem. Educ.1998, 75, 490.

Reactions |

Acids / Bases |

Oxidation / Reduction

Mechanism Templates: Lecture Aids for Effective Presentation of Mechanism in Introductory Organic ChemistryBrian J. McNelisTo promote active student learning of mechanism in introductory organic chemistry, hand-outs have been developed with incomplete structures for reaction processes depicted, which are called mechanism templates. The key to these lecture aids is to provide only enough detail in the diagram to facilitate notetaking, ensuring that these templates are dynamic learning tools that must be utilized by an engaged and alert student.Brian J. McNelis. J. Chem. Educ.1998, 75, 479.

Learning Theories |

Mechanisms of Reactions |

Reactions |

Addition Reactions |

Acids / Bases |

Electrophilic Substitution |

Nucleophilic Substitution

A Closer Look at the Addition of Equations and ReactionsDamon DiementeChemists occasionally find it convenient or even necessary to express an overall reaction as the sum of two or more component reactions. A close examination, however, reveals that the resemblance between chemical algebraic equations is entirely superficial, and that the real meaning of addition in chemical equations is subtle and varies from case to case. In high-school courses, students are likely to encounter the addition of equations in thermochemistry, in electrochemistry, and in kinetics. Diemente, Damon. J. Chem. Educ.1998, 75, 319.

SIRS: Simulations and Interactive Resources, IIIMartin, John S.Simulations and Interactive Resources (SIRs) are designed to support interactive lectures in introductory chemistry. This third issue of SIRs includes five new SIRs as well as updated and final versions of all previously published SIRs.Martin, John S. J. Chem. Educ.1996, 73, 722.

Periodicity / Periodic Table |

Equilibrium |

Gases |

Thermodynamics |

Reactions |

Electrochemistry |

Kinetics

An Approach to Reaction Thermodynamics through Enthalpies, Entropies, and Free Energies of AtomizationJames N. Spencer, Richard S. Moog, and Ronald J. GillespieAn alternative to the conventional method of calculating enthalpies of reaction is presented, using enthalpies of atomization in place of enthalpies of formation. This allows the student to see directly that the reaction enthalpies are determined by the difference in bond strengths in the reactants and products.James N. Spencer, Richard S. Moog, and Ronald J. Gillespie. J. Chem. Educ.1996, 73, 631.

Calorimetry / Thermochemistry |

Thermodynamics |

Equilibrium |

Reactions |

Atomic Properties / Structure |

Stoichiometry

A Novel Approach to Teaching Electrochemical PrinciplesPaul Krause and Jerry ManionTo demonstrate that work may be done by a chemical reaction, a reaction producing a gas is carried out in a large, closed syringe. As the gas is generated, the syringe plunger is forced out.Krause, Paul; Manion, Jerry. J. Chem. Educ.1996, 73, 354.

Reactions |

Gases |

Thermodynamics

Anthocyanins: Model Compounds for Learning about More than pHRobert Curtright, James A. Rynearson, and John MarkwellIn recent years it has become common to use anthocyanins as pH indicators. We believe that chemistry teachers can capitalize further on the natural interest of students in anthocyanin pigments to design meaningful lessons involving chromatography and hydrolysis. This article focuses on the use of anthocyanins in chromatography and hydrolysis. Curtright, Robert; Rynearson, James A.; Markwell, John. J. Chem. Educ.1996, 73, 306.

Chemistry NavigatorKotz, John C.; Young, SusanChemistry Navigator is a hyperbook-database of information in the form of descriptive text, numerical values of properties, full color photos of chemicals and reactions, three dimensional molecular structures, QuickTime animations of structural features, and graphs showing periodic trends, relative elemental abundances, and other properties.Kotz, John C.; Young, Susan J. Chem. Educ.1994, 71, 941.

Reactions |

Molecular Properties / Structure |

Periodicity / Periodic Table

Pictorial Analogies XIII: Kinetics and MechanismFortman, John J.Pictorial analogies for first order kinetics, the effect of concentration and temperature on reaction rate, and the requirement for proper molecular orientation for reaction.Fortman, John J. J. Chem. Educ.1994, 71, 848.

Is This Reaction a Substitution, Oxidation-Reduction, or Transfer?Imyanitov, Naum S.Author argues that separation of chemical reaction types based on convention do not always follow objective and consistent rules. This leads to confusion among students and artificial borders within the various sub-disciplines in chemistry.Imyanitov, Naum S. J. Chem. Educ.1993, 70, 14.

Reaction dynamicsLacks, DanielSoftware that simulates collisions of an atom with a diatomic molecule, allowing students to set the initial conditions and the type of atom or molecule involved.Lacks, Daniel J. Chem. Educ.1992, 69, 1010.

Enzyme activity: The ping-pong ball torture analogyHelser, Terry L.The author uses this analogy to help students visualize and understand the effect of reaction conditions on the initial rate of an enzyme-catalyzed reaction.Helser, Terry L. J. Chem. Educ.1992, 69, 137.

Enzymes |

Reactions

The conversion of chemical energy: Part 1. Technological examplesWink, Donald J.When a chemical reaction occurs, the energy of the chemical species may change and energy can be released or absorbed from the surroundings. This can involve the exchange of chemical energy with another kind of energy or with another chemical system.Wink, Donald J. J. Chem. Educ.1992, 69, 108.

Use of liquid oxygen to support combustion Sullivan, Dan M.Production, procedure, and safety of demonstrations involving liquid nitrogen in order to demonstrate: Charles' Law, production and properties of liquid oxygen, effects of concentration on reactions and reaction rates, liquefaction and boiling of oxygen kindling temperature, reactions between substances in two different states of matter, and comparison of partial and complete combustion.Sullivan, Dan M. J. Chem. Educ.1991, 68, 1036.

Reaction of bromine with hydrocarbons on the overhead, real or simulatedSolomon, Sally; Gregory, Michael; Padmanabhan, Sandeep; Smith, KurtA simulation that looks like the addition of bromine to hydrocarbons but is not (the bromine is simulated using a mixture of food colorings).Solomon, Sally; Gregory, Michael; Padmanabhan, Sandeep; Smith, Kurt J. Chem. Educ.1990, 67, 961.

A catalog of reactions for general chemistryTykodi, R. J.A catalog of chemical reactions intended to help students understand what kinds of chemical reactions commonly occur and why.Tykodi, R. J. J. Chem. Educ.1990, 67, 665.

A small scale equilibrium experiment Flash, PatrickAn alternative method for the experiment in which the equilibrium constant for the iron-thiocyanate complex is determined.Flash, Patrick J. Chem. Educ.1990, 67, 341.

On a Reaction Involving Oxygen and Metal SulfidesHill, William D., Jr.The role of iron(III) oxide as a catalyst in the production of oxygen by the thermal decomposition of potassium chlorate promoted the idea to use this oxide to repeat the reactions involving oxygen and the metal sulfides described in an earlier article.Hill, William D., Jr. J. Chem. Educ.1989, 66, 448.

In pursuit of chemical literacy: A place for chemical reactionsBond, DouglasThe author has described one method of implementing a course for nonscience majors in which an early and repeated exposure to chemical reactions in tandem with a set of scientific values is the key to approaching scientific literacy.Bond, Douglas J. Chem. Educ.1989, 66, 157.

A new road to reactions. Part 5. The elements and their atomsde Vos, Wobbe; Verdonk, Adri H.It is worthwhile considering introductory students' concepts of chemical reactions and the significance of these concepts for a strategy for teaching the conservation of elements.de Vos, Wobbe; Verdonk, Adri H. J. Chem. Educ.1987, 64, 1010.

The arsenic(III) sulfide clock reactionWatkins, Kenneth W.Two colorless solutions, one containing sodium arsenite and acetic acid and the other containing sodium thiosulfate are mixed in a beaker; after about 20 seconds, the mixture turns a brilliant yellow color. This clock reaction is well suited for determining the order of reaction and the activation energy.Watkins, Kenneth W. J. Chem. Educ.1987, 64, 255.

Reactions

A new method to balance chemical equationsGarcia, ArcesioA simple method, applicable to any kind of reaction, that does not require the knowledge of oxidation numbers.Garcia, Arcesio J. Chem. Educ.1987, 64, 247.

A multipurpose, dramatic combustion effectFenster, Ariel E.; Harpp, David N.; Dore, Marcel; Schwarcz, Joseph A.A powerful demonstration on combustion that has been used in and out of the classroom is described in this note.Fenster, Ariel E.; Harpp, David N.; Dore, Marcel; Schwarcz, Joseph A. J. Chem. Educ.1986, 63, 349.

The catalytic function of enzymesSplittgerber, Allan G.Review of the structure, function, and factors that influence the action of enzymes.Splittgerber, Allan G. J. Chem. Educ.1985, 62, 1008.

Catalysis |

Enzymes |

Mechanisms of Reactions |

Proteins / Peptides |

Molecular Properties / Structure

Interstellar chemistryCarbo, R.; Ginebreda, A.Surveys some of the features that characterize interstellar chemistry, particularly the composition of the interstellar medium and the nature of the changes that occur there.Carbo, R.; Ginebreda, A. J. Chem. Educ.1985, 62, 832.

A new road to reactions. Part 1de Vos, Wobbe; Verdonk, Adri H.Suggestions on how to carry out discovery learning as a teaching method in chemistry; recommends several specific reactions for use in activities.de Vos, Wobbe; Verdonk, Adri H. J. Chem. Educ.1985, 62, 238.

IndigoFernelius, W. Conard; Renfrew, Edgar E.A brief history of the uses and origins of indigo as well as a look at the molecular structure of this molecule.Fernelius, W. Conard; Renfrew, Edgar E. J. Chem. Educ.1983, 60, 633.

Estimating energy outputs of fuelsBaird, N. ColinWhich is the best fuel in terms of heat energy output: coal, natural gas, fuel oil, hydrogen, or alcohol? It is possible to obtain a semi quantitative estimate of the heat generated by combustion of a fuel from the balanced chemical equation alone.Baird, N. Colin J. Chem. Educ.1983, 60, 356.

Reactions |

Green Chemistry |

Thermodynamics |

Alcohols |

Alkanes / Cycloalkanes |

Geochemistry |

Stoichiometry |

Quantitative Analysis

Treat 'em to TchaikovskyWhitman, MarkThe author shares a demonstration that attracts great student attention. Students are highly successful when answering questions about the phenomenon in this demonstration on ensuing exams.Whitman, Mark J. Chem. Educ.1983, 60, 229.

Notation for order of additionNiewahner, J. H.The notation described here will enable a student to include in the chemical equation an implied statement regarding the order of addition.Niewahner, J. H. J. Chem. Educ.1981, 58, 461.

An experimental introduction to stoichiometry Webb, Michael J.A procedure for an experiment with the purpose: To show via experiment that the quantities of materials used in chemical reactions are related to balanced chemical equations.Webb, Michael J. J. Chem. Educ.1981, 58, 192.

What is the rate-limiting step of a multistep reaction?Murdoch, Joseph R.The purpose of this paper is to point out the circumstances where analogies can be used successfully and to develop a generalization which can be used for all reactions, including those with polymolecular steps.Murdoch, Joseph R. J. Chem. Educ.1981, 58, 32.

Bent thermometerSmith, Douglas D.Reducing the breakage of thermometers, using CO2 as an insecticide, and improving the demonstration of the reaction between sodium and water.Smith, Douglas D. J. Chem. Educ.1979, 56, 742.

Thermodynamics and solubilities of salts of dipositive ionsRiley, Gary F.; Eberhardt, William H.Used to illustrate the application of the principle that a decrease in free energy is a criterion for the spontaneity of a chemical reaction.Riley, Gary F.; Eberhardt, William H. J. Chem. Educ.1979, 56, 206.

The chemical equation. Part I: Simple reactionsKolb, DorisA chemical equation is often misunderstood by students as an "equation" that is used in chemistry. However, a more accurate description is that it is a concise statement describing a chemical reaction expressed in chemical symbolism.Kolb, Doris J. Chem. Educ.1978, 55, 184.

Vitalizing the lecture. Lap-dissolve projectionHarpp, David N.; Snyder, James P.Describes and provides examples of the lap-dissolve effect, a technique that uses two 35mm slide projectors to convey changing images in a large lecture setting.Harpp, David N.; Snyder, James P. J. Chem. Educ.1977, 54, 68.

An experiment for introductory college chemistry. How to establish a chemistry equationMasaguer, J. R.; Coto, M. Victoria; Casas, J. S.The stoichiometry of the reaction between potassium chromate and barium chloride in an aqueous state is determined by using the height of of the precipitate formed when different amounts of both solutions are mixed in a graduated cylinder.Masaguer, J. R.; Coto, M. Victoria; Casas, J. S. J. Chem. Educ.1975, 52, 387.

Stoichiometry |

Precipitation / Solubility |

Reactions |

Aqueous Solution Chemistry

What is oxidation?Herron, J. DudleyWhy do most teachers continue to define oxidation and reduction in terms of a gain and loss of electrons rather than in terms of a change in oxidation number? [Debut]Herron, J. Dudley J. Chem. Educ.1975, 52, 51.

A computer program for balancing chemical equationsBrown, John P.; Brown, L. Pearl; Redd, Robert M.Availability of a Fortran IV program that uses the matrix method for balancing chemical equations.Brown, John P.; Brown, L. Pearl; Redd, Robert M. J. Chem. Educ.1972, 49, 754.

Stoichiometry |

Reactions

Pseudo first-order kineticsCorbett, John F.A kinetic study of second-order reactions under first-order conditions can yield accurate second-order rate constants provided an empirical allowance is made for the depletion of the reactant in excess.Corbett, John F. J. Chem. Educ.1972, 49, 663.

The chemistry of winemaking. An unique lecture demonstrationChurch, L. B.This paper shows that a very complex series of reactions present in the preparation of wine can be used as the focal point to illustrate many other general classes of chemical reactions and physical processes.Church, L. B. J. Chem. Educ.1972, 49, 174.

Illustrating the laws of chemistry without chemicalsSchlegel, James M.; Chin, AnnaThe authors share an experiment designed to stress by analogy the observations which led to an understanding of the law of chemical combinations.Schlegel, James M.; Chin, Anna J. Chem. Educ.1971, 48, 334.

Reactions

A study of the physical and chemical rates of CaCO3 dissolution in HClBassow, Herbert; Hamilton, Doug; Schneeberg, Ben; Stad, BenThe authors describe the experimental procedure and a discussion of results for a study of the physical and chemical rates of CaCO3 dissolution in HCl.Bassow, Herbert; Hamilton, Doug; Schneeberg, Ben; Stad, Ben J. Chem. Educ.1971, 48, 327.

MiscellaneousAlyea, Hubert N.These twelve overhead projection demonstrations include rates of reactions, clock reactions, the effect of temperature and the presence of a catalyst on the decomposition of hydrogen peroxide, the relationship between viscosity and temperature, equilibria, solubility product, and the common ion effect.Alyea, Hubert N. J. Chem. Educ.1970, 47, A437.

Catalysis demonstrations with Cr2O3Briggs, Thomas S.Cr2O3 is used as a catalyst in the oxidation of nonflammable substances such as glycerine and glacial acetic acid.Briggs, Thomas S. J. Chem. Educ.1970, 47, A206.

Hydrolysis of the carbonate ionWalker, Noojin; Mintz, JamesPredicting and testing the product of the reaction between aqueous Cu(NO3)2 and Na2CO3.Walker, Noojin; Mintz, James J. Chem. Educ.1970, 47, A119.

Precipitation / Solubility |

Reactions |

Aqueous Solution Chemistry

Hydrolysis of the carbonate ionWalker, Noojin; Mintz, JamesPredicting and testing the product of the reaction between aqueous Cu(NO3)2 and Na2CO3.Walker, Noojin; Mintz, James J. Chem. Educ.1970, 47, A119.

Precipitation / Solubility |

Reactions |

Aqueous Solution Chemistry

Autoxidation of benzoinChen, Philip S.Benzoin in its enediol form undergoes autoxidation in alkaline solution in the presence of air.Chen, Philip S. J. Chem. Educ.1970, 47, A67.

Oxidation / Reduction |

Reactions

Computer evaluation of rates experimentKrieger, Albert G.Notes the availability of a Fortran IV computer program for the numerical evaluation of the "Oxidation of Iodide Ion by Persulfate Ion."Krieger, Albert G. J. Chem. Educ.1970, 47, 839.

Interpretation of oxidation-reductionGoodstein, Madeline P.Presents an interpretation of the oxidation number system based upon the electronegativity principle, thus removing the adjective "arbitrary" frequently found in the descriptions of oxidation number.Goodstein, Madeline P. J. Chem. Educ.1970, 47, 452.

Energy of activationIdoux, John P.Spinning a half sphere until it comes to a rest on its flat side serves as an analogy to a system of molecules that must acquire a certain amount of energy until they become products.Idoux, John P. J. Chem. Educ.1969, 46, A547.

An improved equivalent weight apparatusBrown, Oliver L.Presents an improved apparatus for the reaction of weighed samples of metals with hydrochloric acid and the measurement of the volume of hydrogen evolved.Brown, Oliver L. J. Chem. Educ.1969, 46, 617.

Laboratory Equipment / Apparatus |

Metals |

Laboratory Management |

Reactions |

Gases |

Stoichiometry

Thermochemistry of hypochlorite oxidationsBigelow, M. JeromeStudents mix various proportions of aqueous sodium hypochlorite and sodium sulfite and plot the change in temperature to determine the stoichiometry of the reaction.Bigelow, M. Jerome J. Chem. Educ.1969, 46, 378.

Bimolecular nucleophilic displacement reactionsEdwards, John O.The bimolecular nucleophilic displacement reaction is important and should be included in any detailed discussion of kinetics and mechanism at an early undergraduate level.Edwards, John O. J. Chem. Educ.1968, 45, 386.

Reactions |

Nucleophilic Substitution |

Kinetics |

Mechanisms of Reactions

From stoichiometry and rate law to mechanismEdwards, John O.; Greene, Edward F.; Ross, JohnExamines the rules used by chemists as guidelines in developing mechanisms from stoichiometric and rate law observations. Edwards, John O.; Greene, Edward F.; Ross, John J. Chem. Educ.1968, 45, 381.

Stoichiometry |

Rate Law |

Kinetics |

Mechanisms of Reactions |

Equilibrium |

Reactive Intermediates

The revolution in elementary kinetics and freshman chemistryWolfgang, RichardNew developments in kinetics so fundamentally affect our most elementary conception of chemical change that they must inevitably be reflected in beginning courses in chemistry; includes an outline for freshmen on elementary chemical dynamics.Wolfgang, Richard J. Chem. Educ.1968, 45, 359.

Group 1. The Alkali Metals. The Copper Group Mancuso, Carl J.; Alyea, Hubert N.Demonstrations include the density and melting point of copper versus sodium, the conductivity of sodium, the reactivity with water of groups IA vs IB, and the stability of CO3--, HCO3-, and hydroxides of groups IA vs IB.Mancuso, Carl J.; Alyea, Hubert N. J. Chem. Educ.1967, 44, A919.

The stoichiometry of an oxidation-reduction reactionLatimer, George W., Jr.A short note on the titration of hydrazine sulfate with standard bromate in the presence of sodium molybdate that requires students to identify the products through the use of some elementary qualitative analysis.Latimer, George W., Jr. J. Chem. Educ.1967, 44, 537.

Combustion versus biological oxidationAsenjo, Conrado F.Describes a simple toy that can be used to illustrate the difference between combustion and biological oxidation.Asenjo, Conrado F. J. Chem. Educ.1965, 42, 558.

Oxidation / Reduction |

Reactions

Teaching principles of quantitative analysis with "qual" reactionsO'Donnell, T. A.A series of test-tube reactions using semi-micro techniques has been devised to precede each section of the course in quantitative analysis designed to illustrate qualitatively or semi-qualitatively the chemical reactions or principles that are the basis of each quantitative exercise.O'Donnell, T. A. J. Chem. Educ.1965, 42, 434.

Principles of chemical reactionSanderson, R. T.The purpose of this paper is to examine the nature of chemical change in the hope of recognizing and setting forth the basic principles that help us to understand why they occur.Sanderson, R. T. J. Chem. Educ.1964, 41, 13.

Alkali metal-water reactionsMarkowitz, Meyer M.The typical open-air demonstration of sodium reacting with water does not in reality represent the typical reaction of an alkali metal with liquid water; the article goes on to consider other factors that may influence these reactions.Markowitz, Meyer M. J. Chem. Educ.1963, 40, 633.

The formation of acetone from acetatesYoung, Jay A.; Taylor, John K.Suggests some research activities based on an article published previously in the Journal.Young, Jay A.; Taylor, John K. J. Chem. Educ.1962, 39, A962.

Undergraduate Research |

Aldehydes / Ketones |

Reactions

The preparation of magnesium nitrideYoung, Jay A.; Taylor, John K.Suggests some research activities based on an article published previously in the Journal.Young, Jay A.; Taylor, John K. J. Chem. Educ.1962, 39, A960.

Heat of reaction and H2SO4 concentration: A general chemistry experimentWolthuis, Enno; Leegwater, Arie; Ploeg, John VanderThis procedure measures the heat of reaction between water and sulfuric acid of various concentrations; this information is used to determine the concentration of an unknown acid sample.Wolthuis, Enno; Leegwater, Arie; Ploeg, John Vander J. Chem. Educ.1961, 38, 472.

The principle of minimum bending of orbitalsStewart, George H.; Eyring, HenryThe authors present a theory of valency that accounts for a variety of organic and inorganic structures in a clear and easily understood manner.Stewart, George H.; Eyring, Henry J. Chem. Educ.1958, 35, 550.

A "clock reaction" for a beginning course in college chemistryBlack, Arthur H.; Dodson, Vance H.The reduction of the cerium(IV) ion in aqueous sulfuric acid to the cerium(III) ion with oxalate ion can be followed visually and without special colorimetric devices.Black, Arthur H.; Dodson, Vance H. J. Chem. Educ.1956, 33, 562.

Simple generalized reaction schemesEstok, George K.In the early development of a student's background in chemistry it seems desirable to encourage an integrated understanding of the types of chemical particles and the formal ways in which they may react.Estok, George K. J. Chem. Educ.1956, 33, 115.

Le Châtelier's principle and the equilibrium constantMiller, Arild J.Many students of chemistry have difficulty in understanding how the position of equilibrium in a gaseous reaction can change when the pressure is altered, in accordance with Le Châtelier's principle, without causing a corresponding variation in the equilibrium constant.Miller, Arild J. J. Chem. Educ.1954, 31, 455.

Equilibrium |

Reactions |

Gases

Ammonia and "ammonium hydroxide"Davis, John B.One of several reactions that needs reevaluation in the light of the modern theory of valence is the reaction between ammonia and water and the fiction of the ammonium hydroxide molecule.Davis, John B. J. Chem. Educ.1953, 30, 511.

Qualitative adequacy of phlogistonScott, John HoweThe author illustrates the phlogiston theory and the reasoning of those who used it historically (particularly Scheele) by applying them to several simple chemical reactions.Scott, John Howe J. Chem. Educ.1952, 29, 360.

Reactions

An ammonium dichromate "volcano"Deloach, Will S.; McHugh, John W.; Black, JerryDescribes a model volcano with a mechanism for igniting and disposing of ammonium dichromate.Deloach, Will S.; McHugh, John W.; Black, Jerry J. Chem. Educ.1951, 28, 649.

Reactions

On accenting observations in chemistryCampbell, J. A.A chemical equations is, for many a student, such a complete abstraction that he would be hard put to describe the actual observations that would be made in a process for which he was supplied the complete equation.Campbell, J. A. J. Chem. Educ.1951, 28, 634.

Making water gas by cracking methanolViertel, William K.Methanol vapor decomposes very readily at about 1000C into carbon monoxide and hydrogen; presents an apparatus for collecting the hydrogen gas generated through this process.Viertel, William K. J. Chem. Educ.1951, 28, 220.