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Abstract

We demonstrate a single photon compressive imaging system with the image plane up to the entire digital micro-mirror device (DMD) work area. A parallel light source is designed to reduce the influence of light scattering on imaging resolution and a photon counting photomultiplier tube (PMT) with a large photosensitive area is used to effectively collect light reflected from the full screen of DMD. A control and counting circuit, based on Field-Programmable Gate Array (FPGA), is developed to load binary random matrix into the DMD controller for each measurement, and to count single-photon pulse output from PMT simultaneously. To reduce imaging time and huge memory occupation for image reconstruction, a multiple micro-mirrors combination imaging method is proposed. The signal-to-noise ratio and detection limit of the imaging system is theoretically deduced. Theoretical analysis and experimental results show that micro-mirrors combination imaging method is more suitable for faster imaging in a weaker-light-level environment. In order to achieve high imaging quality, the size of the combined pixels and the average time of each measurement should be moderate, so that the impact of Poisson shot noise is minimized.

Fig. 2 Block schematic for the control and counting circuit based on FPGA, including a synchronization control pulse generator, pulse stretching, a gated photon counter, a measurement matrix generator, a measurement matrix loader and two USB interfaces.

Fig. 3 Timing diagram for generating the synchronization control signal. Tn: A period of the sampling frequency signal. TnH: The high-level duration of one period of the sampled frequency signal. Delay t1, t2must satisfy: TnH<t1<Tn and TnH<t2<Tn.

Fig. 4 Schematics of multiple micro-mirrors combination imaging method. (a) The division of the full screen of DMD when the resolution of reconstructed image is P × Q. (b), (c), and (d) is the modulation effect when the sizes of combined pixel are 32 × 24, 16 × 12, and 8 × 6 respectively.

Fig. 5 Imaging results with the same acquisition time but different sizes of combined pixel. (a) Image resolution of 32 × 32 with each combined pixel of 32 × 24 (b) Image resolution of 64 × 64 with each combined pixel of 16 × 12 (c) Image resolution of 128 × 128 with each combined pixel of 8 × 6. All acquisition time is 2048 s and all sampling ratios are 0.5.

Fig. 6 Experimental results with the same acquisition time but different number of measurements. All acquisition time is 600s and the image resolution is 64 × 64 with each combined pixel of 16 × 12. (a) Imaging results with the same acquisition time but different number of measurements. M is the number of measurements, t is the average time of each measurement. (b) MSE, PSNR and MSSIM of reconstructed images versus the number of measurements.