Greek/MacedonianNo sooner did Alexander conquer everything, than his generals divided it up and fought with each other.

PtolemaicGreek descendants of Ptolemy, another of Alexander's competing generals, ruled Egypt dressed like Egyptian god-kings. (The famous Cleopatra of western mythology and Hollywood was a Ptolemy.)

SeleucidMore Greek-Macedonian legacies of Alexander.

Hebrew PriestThis guy didn't fight, he just ran the Second Temple re-established by Hebrews in Jerusalem after the Babylonian Exile.

MaccabeeLed by Judah "The Hammer" Maccabee, who fought the Seleucids, saved the Temple, and invented Channukah. Until...

Roman....the Romans destroyed the Second Temple and absorbed the region into the Roman Empire...

Byzantine....which split into Eastern and Western Empires. The eastern part was called the Byzantine Empire. I don't know if "Romans" ever fought "Byzantines" (Eastern Romans) but this is a cartoon.

Arab CaliphSpeaking of cartoon, what did an Arab Caliph look like? This was my best guess.

CrusaderAfter Crusaders went a-killin' in the name of Jesus Christ, they established Crusader states, most notably the Kingdom of Jerusalem.

Mamluk of EgyptWikipedia sez, "Over time, mamluks became a powerful military caste in various Muslim societies...In places such as Egypt from the Ayyubid dynasty to the time of Muhammad Ali of Egypt, mamluks were considered to be "true lords", with social status above freeborn Muslims." And apparently they controlled Palestine for a while.

Ottoman TurkDid I mention this is a cartoon? Probably no one went to battle looking like this. But big turbans, rich clothing and jewelry seemed to be in vogue among Ottoman Turkish elites, according to paintings I found on the Internet.

ArabA gross generalization of a generic 19-century "Arab".

BritishThe British formed alliances with Arabs, then occupied Palestine. This cartoon is an oversimplification, and uses this British caricature as a stand-in for Europeans in general.

PalestinianThe British occupied this guy's land, only to leave it to a vast influx of....

European Jew/ZionistDesperate and traumatized survivors of European pogroms and death camps, Jewish Zionist settlers were ready to fight to the death for a place to call home, but...

PLO/Hamas/Hezbollah....so were the people that lived there. Various militarized resistance movements arose in response to Israel: The Palestinian Liberation Organization, Hamas, and Hezbollah.

State of IsraelBacked by "the West," especially the US, they got lots of weapons and the only sanctioned nukes in the region.

Guerrilla/Freedom Fighter/TerroristSometimes people fight in military uniforms, sometimes they don't. Creeping up alongside are illicit nukes possibly from Iran or elsewhere in the region. Who's Next?

and finally...

The Angel of DeathThe real hero of the Old Testament, and right now too.