The work in microeconomics theory for which Oliver Hart and Bengt Holmström have received this year’s Economics Nobel Prize goes back to the 1970s and 1980s when the foundations of contract theory were being firmed up(पुष्टि). Their work has provided economists the tools to understand interactions between entities in a range of fields, such as the design of performance incentives in firms and schools, corporate governance, privatization, constitutional law, and entrepreneur-investor relationships. The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences highlighted that their contributions to understanding “real-life contracts and institutions, as well as the pitfalls(नुकसान/चूक/गुप्तसंकट) when designing new contracts” were crucial(महत्वपूर्ण/निर्णायक). Mr. Holmström, in 1979, published a theoretical model and result that significantly enhanced the understanding of risk and incentives in employer-employee relationships. This was called the informativeness principle, which said performance should be linked to all variables or outcomes that provide information on the actions taken by an agent, such as a firm’s manager, and not just the outcomes she can effect. Remunerating(पुरस्कारदेना/पारिश्रमिकदेना) a manager based on just the share price of her firm will reward and punish her for factors beyond her control, and a better contract would therefore link managerial compensation to the firm’s share price relative to the share prices of other comparable firms. Mr. Hart’s key contribution to contract theory has been the notion(धारणा/अभिप्राय) of incomplete contracts. Not all information is available ex ante(प्रत्याशित); how does a contract allow principals (such as employers) and agents (such as employees) to negotiate(सुलझाना/हलकरना) unforeseen situations? The work by Mr. Hart and his colleagues in this area was cited(उद्धरणदेना) by the Academy for its breakthrough nature.

The Economics Nobel raises larger questions given the high-profile nature of the subject and the fact that it is the only social science for which a prize is awarded. Analysis from The Economist and the Nobel organization shows that of the 77 laureates who shared the 48 economics prizes awarded between 1969 and 2016, all of 38 were U.S. residents and 10 were British. Economic historians Avner Offer and Gabriel Söderberg recently pointed out that while the prize may not have a significant liberal(उदार) or conservative(रूढ़िवादी/ अपरिवर्तनवादी/ अनुदारपंथी)bias(झुकाव/ढाल), only one person has been awarded a prize for ‘social democracy’ — how governments provide for their people — as opposed to ‘hard economics’ despite social democratic principles governing how 30 per cent of GDP is allocated in developed countries. Why this has happened is perhaps less important than pointing out that it has happened, so there is an awareness of what the economics prize is, and what it is not.

(Courtesy: The Hindu)

1. Firm up (v)To make something more definite. (पुष्टिकरना)

Synonyms:Sustain, Preserve, Confirm, Make Sure

Antonyms: Vary, Wobble, Neglect

Example: Negotiators will meet later this week to firm up the deal.

Verb Forms: Firm Up, Firmed Up, Firmed Up

2. Pitfall (n)A hidden or unsuspected danger or difficulty, a problem that is likely to happen in a particular situation. (नुकसान/चूक/गुप्तसंकट)

Synonyms: Hazard, Danger, Peril, Entanglement

Antonyms: Security, Safety

Example: She was well aware of the potential pitfalls of running a business.