Friday, 16 January 2015

A
smartphone (or smart phone) is a mobile phone with an operating
system.[1][2][3] Smartphones typically include the features of a phone
with those of another popular consumer device, such as a personal
digital assistant, a digital camera, a media player or a GPS navigation
unit. Later smartphones include all of those plus a touchscreen
interface, broadband internet, web browsing, Wi-Fi, 3rd-party apps,
motion sensors and mobile payment mechanisms.
iPhone & Android

In
2007, Apple Inc. introduced the iPhone, one of the first mobile phones
to use a multi-touch interface. The iPhone was notable for its use of a
large touchscreen for direct finger input as its main means of
interaction, instead of a stylus, keyboard, or keypad typical for
smartphones at the time.[22] 2008 saw the release of the first phone to
use Android called the HTC Dream (also known as the T-Mobile
G1).[23][24] Android is an open-source platform founded by Andy Rubin
and backed by Google.[25][26] Although Android's adoption was relatively
slow at first, it started to gain widespread popularity in 2010, and
now dominates the market.

Both
of these platforms led to the drop of the previous leading companies.
Microsoft, for instance, started a new OS from scratch, in the form of
Windows Phone, which is now the third largest OS. Nokia abandoned
Symbian and partnered with Microsoft to use Windows Phone on its
smartphones. Palm was bought by Hewlett-Packard, turned into webOS which
became Open webOS and later sold to LG Electronics. BlackBerry also
made a new system from scratch, BlackBerry 10.

The
capacitive touchscreen also had a knock-on effect on smartphone form
factors. Before 2007 it was common for devices to have a numeric keypad
or QWERTY keyboard in either a candybar or sliding form factor. However,
by 2010, there were no top-tier smartphones with numeric keypads. As of
2014, BlackBerry Limited – with a 0.6% share of the market in Q4
2013[27] – is the sole remaining brand of high-end smartphones with
physical keyboards.
The future

In 2013, the Fairphone company launched its first "socially ethical"
smartphone at the London Design Festival to address concerns regarding
the sourcing of materials in the manufacturing.[28]
In late 2013, QSAlpha commenced production of a smartphone designed
entirely around security, encryption and identity protection.[29]
In December 2013, the world's first curved-OLED technology smartphones
were introduced to the retail market with the sale of the Samsung Galaxy
Round and LG G Flex models.[30] Samsung phones with more bends and
folds in the screens are expected this year.[31]
Foldable OLED smartphones could be as much as a decade away because of
the cost of producing them. There is a relatively high failure rate when
producing these screens. As little as a speck of dust can ruin a screen
during production. Creating a battery that can be folded is another
hurdle.[32]
A clear thin layer of crystal glass can be added to small screens like
watches and smartphones that make them solar powered. Smartphones could
gain 15% more battery life during a typical day. The first smartphones
using this technology should arrive in 2015. This screen can also work
to receive Li-Fi signals and so can the smartphone camera.[33] The cost
of these screens per smartphone is between $2 and $3, much cheaper than
most new technology.[34]
Near future smartphones might not have a traditional battery as their
sole source of power. Instead, they may pull energy from radio,
television, cellular or Wi-Fi signals.[35]
In early 2014, smartphones are beginning to use Quad HD (2K) 2560x1440
on 5.5" screens with up to 534 ppi on devices such as the LG G3 which is
a significant improvement over Apple's retina display. Quad HD is used
in advanced televisions and computer monitors, but with 110 ppi or less
on such larger displays.[36]
As of 2014, Wi-Fi networks are much used for smartphones. As Wi-Fi
becomes more prevalent and easier to connect to, Wi-Fi phones service
will start to take off.[37][38][39]
Since 2013, water and dustproofing have made their way into mainstream
high end smartphones instead of specialist models with the Sony Xperia Z
continuing through the Sony Xperia Z3 and also from other manufacturers
with the Samsung Galaxy S5.[40]
One problem with smartphone cameras is still the focus, but LG G3 Beat
with Laser Focus has 8 points of focus. To focus what appears in the
LCD, touch the object on screen to focus on it and the other positions
will be 'bokeh'.[41]
Some smartphones can be categorized as high-end point-and-shoot cameras
with large sensor up to 1" with 20 Megapixels and 4K video. Some can
store their pictures in proprietory raw image format, but the Android
(operating system) 5.0 lollipop serves open source RAW images.[42][43]
Modular smartphones are projected, in which users can remove and replace parts.

Android
is an open-source platform founded in October 2003 by Andy Rubin and
backed by Google, along with major hardware and software developers
(such as Intel, HTC, ARM, Motorola and Samsung) that form the Open
Handset Alliance.[25][26] In October 2008, HTC released the HTC Dream,
the first phone to use Android.[23][24] The software suite included on
the phone consists of integration with Google's proprietary
applications, such as Maps, Calendar, and Gmail, and a full HTML web
browser. Android supports the execution of native applications and
third-party apps which are available via Google Play, which launched in
October 2008 as Android Market. By Q4 2010, Android became the
best-selling smartphone platform.[44]
iOS
Main article: iOS
The original iPhone (2007)

In
2007, Apple Inc. introduced the iPhone, one of the first mobile phones
to use a multi-touch interface. The iPhone was notable for its use of a
large touchscreen for direct finger input as its main means of
interaction, instead of a stylus, keyboard, or keypad as typical for
smartphones at the time.[22] In July 2008, Apple introduced its second
generation iPhone with a much lower list price and 3G support.
Simultaneously, they introduced the App Store, which allowed any iPhone
to install third-party native applications. Featuring over 500
applications at launch,[45] the App Store eventually achieved 1 billion
downloads in the first year, and 15 billion by 2011.[46][47]
Windows Phone
Main article: Windows Phone

In
February 2010, Microsoft unveiled Windows Phone 7 with a User Interface
inspired by Microsoft's "Metro Design Language", to replace Windows
Mobile. Windows Phone 7 integrates with Microsoft services such as
Microsoft SkyDrive, Office, Xbox and Bing, as well as non-Microsoft
services such as Facebook, Twitter and Google accounts. This software
platform runs the Microsoft Mobile smartphones, and has received some
positive reception from the technology press and been praised for its
uniqueness and differentiation.[48][49][50]
Firefox OS
Main article: Firefox OS

Firefox
OS (originally called the boot to gecko project) was demonstrated by
Mozilla in February 2012. It was designed to have a complete community
based alternative system for mobile devices, using open standards and
HTML5 applications. The first commercially available Firefox OS phones
were ZTE Open and Alcatel One Touch Fire. As of 2014 more companies have
partnered with Mozilla including Panasonic (which is making a smart TV
with Firefox OS) and Sony.[51]
Sailfish OS
Main article: Sailfish OS

The
Sailfish OS is based on the Linux kernel and Mer.[52] Additionally
Sailfish OS includes a partially or completely proprietary multi-tasking
user interface programmed by Jolla. This user interface differentiate
Jolla smartphones from others.[53] Sailfish OS is intended to be a
system made by many of the MeeGo team, which left Nokia to form Jolla,
utilizing funding from Nokia's "Bridge" program which helps establish
and support start-up companies formed by ex-Nokia employees.[54][55][56]
Tizen
Main article: Tizen

Tizen
is a Linux-based operating system for devices, including smartphones,
tablets, in-vehicle infotainment (IVI) devices, smart TVs, laptops and
smart cameras. Tizen is a project within the Linux Foundation and is
governed by a Technical Steering Group (TSG) composed of Samsung and
Intel among others. In April 2014, Samsung released the Samsung Gear 2
and the Gear 2 Neo, running Tizen.[57]
Ubuntu Touch
Main article: Ubuntu Touch

Ubuntu
Touch (also known as Ubuntu Phone) is a mobile version of the Ubuntu
operating system developed by Canonical UK Ltd and Ubuntu Community.[58]
It is designed primarily for touchscreen mobile devices such as
smartphones and tablet computers.
BlackBerry
Main article: BlackBerry
BlackBerry Z10 from 2013

In
1999, RIM released its first BlackBerry devices, providing secure
real-time push-email communications on wireless devices. Services such
as BlackBerry Messenger provide the integration of all communications
into a single inbox. There are 80 million active BlackBerry service
subscribers and the 200 millionth BlackBerry smartphone was shipped in
September 2012.[59] Most recently, RIM has undergone a platform
transition, changing its name to BlackBerry and making new devices on a
new platform named "BlackBerry 10."[60]
Symbian
Main article: Symbian

Symbian
was originally developed by Psion as EPOC32. It was the world's most
widely used smartphone operating system until Q4 2010, though the
platform never gained popularity or widespread awareness in the U.S., as
it did in Europe and Asia. The first Symbian phone, the touchscreen
Ericsson R380 Smartphone, was released in 2000,[61][62] and was the
first device marketed as a "smartphone".[63] It combined a PDA with a
mobile phone.[64] In February 2011, Nokia announced that it would
replace Symbian with Windows Phone as the operating system on all of its
future smartphones, with the platform getting abandoned throughout the
following few years.[65]

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