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After 1 h incubation, the +UVA plate was irradiated for 50 min wi

After 1 h incubation, the +UVA plate was irradiated for 50 min with 1.7 mW/cm2 (=5 J/cm2) of UVA radiation from UV-sun simulator, type SOL-500 (Dr. Hönle, Germany). The −UVA plate was kept in a dark box for 50 min. The test solutions were replaced by culture medium and plates were incubated overnight. Neutral Red medium was added in each well and after an incubation period, cells were washed with EBSS and a desorb (ethanol/acetic acid) click here solution was added. Then, neutral red extracted from viable cells formed a homogeneous solution and the +UVA and −UVA plates were analyzed in a microliter plate reader

at 540 nm. For concentration–response analysis Phototox Version 2.0 software (obtained from ZEBET, Germany) was employed. Selleckchem Talazoparib A test substance is predicted as having a potential phototoxic hazard if the photoirritation factor (PIF), calculated as the ratio of toxicity for each substance with and without UV light, is higher than 5 (Spielmann et al., 1998). Using the Phototox software, a second predictor of phototoxicity, the mean photoeffect (MPE) was also calculated. The MPE is a statistical comparison of the dose–response curves obtained withand without UV and a test substance is predicted as phototoxic

if MPE is higher than 0.1 (Holzhütter, 1997). According to the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) Test Guideline 432, a test substance with a PIF >2 and <5 or an MPE >0.1 and <0.15 is predicted as ‘‘probably phototoxic’’ (OECD, 2004 and Kejlová RAS p21 protein activator 1 et al., 2007). Results are the mean of at least two independent experiments ± SEM. Chlorpromazine was used as positive control for phototoxicity test in cell culture. According to the validation procedures, the test meets acceptance criteria, if for chlorpromazine EC50 (+UVA), i.e. the concentration inhibiting cell viability by 50% of untreated

controls, is within the range of 0.1–2.0 μg/mL, and the chlorpromazine EC50 (−UVA) is within the range of 7.0–90.0 μg/mL (OECD, 2004). The EpiDerm Skin Phototoxicity Test was conducted according to Liebsch et al. (1999) and Kejlová et al. (2007). 3D skin models, Epi-Derm EPI-200 (0.63 cm2), were supplied by MatTek, USA. Before dosing, the tissues were preincubated in fresh medium for 1 h to release transport stress related compounds and debris. After that, the medium was replaced by fresh medium and the tissue was incubated over night (18–24 h) (37 °C, 5% CO2). The test formulations and substances were applied overnight (16–20 h) in a volume of 15 μL of each formulation per tissue or 25 μL of each combination diluted in C12–C15 alkyl benzoate per tissue. One set of tissues was irradiated with a nontoxicdose of 6 J/cm2 (as measured in the UVA range). One day after the treatment and UVA exposure the cytotoxicitywas detected as reduction of mitochondrial conversion of MTT to formazan.