any overt manifestation of life evidenced by an animal, especially one that takes the form of movements

orientation behavior

a sequence of movements that can be characterized by a specific configuration in time and space

behavior pattern

the process that animals use to organize their behavior with respect to spacial features

orientation

a movement that does not involve orientation with reference to the source of the stimulus

kinesis

orienting the animal's body in some manner relative to the stimulus

taxis

If the stimulus is light, it is known as _____.

phototaxis

when the movement is directed towards the light

positive phototaxis

when the movement is directed away from the light

negative phototaxis

Animal used in the orientation behavior experiment

planaria

groups of photoreceptor cells in the planaria that allow the animal to sense the light levels in its environment

eye spots, eye cups

two types of hypotheses

null and alternative

there will be no effect

null hypothesis

there will be an effect

alternative hypothesis

animals are exposed to the light in what part of the orientation behavior experiment?

control experiment

animals can move under a dark cover in what part of the orientation behavior experiment?

treatment

The Chi-square test is used to test the _______.

null hypothesis

If the sample Chi-square is greater than the critical Chi-square, the _______ can be rejected.

null hypthesis

Cells are organized into _____.

tissues

a group of cells that have similar structures and functions

tissue

An _____ is composed of several different types of tissues integrated in such a way that the _____ can carry out its particular function.

organ (x2)

composed of several organs working together to accomplish a set of body functions

organ system

study of tissues

histology

4 types that vertebrate tissues are generally grouped into:

epithelial, connective, muscle, nervous

_____ tissue lines external and internal surfaces for protection and may be modified for secretion.

Epithelial

_____ tissue cells secrete extracellular materials to fill, bind, and support the body.

Connective

_____ tissue is composed of contractile cells that aid in movement and pumping blood.

Muscle

_____ tissue is composed of cells specialized for receiving, filtering, and transmitting stimuli as electrochemical impulses.

Nervous

An _____ surrounds the outer surface of the body, lines the digestive tract, the circulatory system, and the body cavity and organs.

epithelium

2 ways of classifying epithelia:

1. by the number of cell layers
2. the shape of the cells

A _____ epithelium has a single layer of cells

simple

A _____ epithelium has multiple tiers of cells

stratified

A _____ epithelium is single-layered, but appears to be stratified because the cells vary in length.

pseudostratified

For epithelial tissues, the shape of the cells exposed on the free surface may be _____, _____, or _____.

cuboidal (square), columnar (rectangular), squamous (flattened)

_____ _____ epithelia have cells that are flattened and irregular in shape; forms the gas exchange surface lining the lungs, the walls of capillaries, ad the peritoneal lining surrounding the organs and body cavity

simple squamous

_____ _____ epithelia line outer surfaces that are constantly abraded such as the skin and esophagus. These cells are continually soughed off and undergo rapid replacement from cells near the basement membrane.

stratified squamous

_____ _____ epithelia line kidney tubules and make up salivary glands

simple cuboidal

_____ _____ epithelia have tall and narrow cells that form the inner cell layer lining of the intestine

simple columnar

_____ epithelia have tapered cells that appear to be stratified but are not; line the upper respiratory tract

Besides just a dermal skeleton, Echinodermata have a ______ skeleton also.

internal

The most unique organ system in echinodermata is derived from the coelem, provides locomotion, excretion, respiration and food gathering functions

water-vascular system

The water-vascular system opens to the outside of the organism through a small pore called the ______ and powers the tentacle-like projections called ______.

madreporite, tube feet

In echinodermata, the gametes are usually released into the water, and ______ is external

fertilization

most ecologically important and familiar group of echinoderms

asteroidea

Many groups of the phylum echinodermata have the ability to regenerate ______.

lost body parts

Starfish have another type of symmetry called ______ (five arms projecting from the center disc)

pentaradial

away from the mouth

aboral

At the tip of each arm, starfish have ______.

eyespots

the entrance to the water-vascular system, located at the spot where two of the arms meet

madreporite

grooves running down the center of each arm on the starfish's oral side

ambulacral groove

digestive glands in the starfish

pyloric cecum

long tube that extends down the center of the pyloric cecae

pyloric duct

carries material from the pyloric stomach out to the extremities

pyloric duct

under the pyloric cecum, is the ______

gonads

rows of tiny thin-walled bulb-like structures in the starfish

ampullae

muscle contraction by the ______ forces water into the tube feet

ampullae

a delicate structure lying just below the surface of the central disc

pyloric stomach

From the madreporite, a small curved white tube that extends toward the interior of the animal

stone canal

The stone canal leads to the ______, which encircles the central disc

ring

The perch are in what group of embryonic development?

deuterostomes

The perch possess a dorsal solid cartilaginous rod called a ______

notochord

The perch belongs to the phylum ______

Chordata

The perch has lung-like derivatives known as ______

gas-bladder

The perch has a ______ circulatory system.

closed

blood is enclosed within vessels

closed circulatory system

The perch has a ______ chambered heart.

2

Water flowing in the mouth and out the gills flows in the ______ direction from the blood in the capillaries near the surface of the gills and allows a ______ exchange of gases dissolved in the water and the blood.

opposite, counter-current

towards the front/rear

anterior/posterior

towards the head/tail (used for most vertebrate anatomy)

cephalic, caudal

towards the head/tail (used for the human anatomy)

superior/inferior

towards the top [backbone] / bottom [belly]

dorsal/ventral

towards the middle/outside

medial/lateral

away from/near to

distal/proximal

in the rat, an organ which is generally gray or reddish brown, nearly fills the abdomen and has four lobes that must be lifted to expose the some of the internal organs

liver

the intestines of the rat are sheathed and connected to other organs and blood vessels within a membrane called the ______

mesentery

mainly reabsorbs water and stores undigested fecal material

large intestine or colon

the terminal end of the colon

rectum

the rectal orifice that opens to the outside

anus

where bile is stored

gall bladder

an organ that produces many digestive enzymes that are released into in the the digestive tract to break down proteins, lipids, carbs, and nucleic acids; a long thin gland that is attached to the mesentery between the stomach and small intestine and often is brownish in color

pancreas

the system that includes the excretory and reproductive organs

urogenital system

a lymphoid organ located in the neck region ventral to the esophagus

thymus

a transverse muscle separating the thoracic cavity from the abdominal cavity

diaphragm

tube connecting seed

finiculus

a ______ pine cone catches pollen, closes up

female

a ______ pine cone is fleshy and releases pollen

male

The shell of the peanut is the ______.

pericarp

2 halfs of the peanut

cotyledons

papery part on the outside of the peanut

seed coat

The cardiac stomach of the starfish which is averted at the mouth is located on the ______ side.

ventral

The pyloric stomach of the starfish is located on the ______ side.

dorsal

cover that goes over gills

operculum

In the perch, under the air bladder is the ______.

kidney

The liver of the perch has ______ lobes.

2

If there's a pin in the back region of the perch, it's probably the ______.