The Twentieth-Century World and Beyond An International History since 1900

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The Twentieth-Century World and Beyond: An International History Since 1900, Fifth Edition, explores the history of modern relations between the U.S., Europe, Africa, Asia, Latin America, and the Middle East. The book's unique analytical framework--which focuses on the relationships betweenthese countries rather than on their individual histories--helps readers to easily examine how the nations of the world have interacted since the beginning of the last century. Extensively revised in this fifth edition, The Twentieth-Century World and Beyond reflects the latest scholarship and alsofeatures photographs for the first time--more than fifty throughout the text. The new edition addresses such issues as refugees and stateless persons, human rights, the environment, and the events of September 11, 2001. Updated to include the war on terrorism, military action in Iraq, and the causesand consequences of globalization, this edition also explores the expanding role of nongovernmental organizations, the threat of AIDS to world order, narcotics trafficking, and environmental degradation. Examining a wide range of countries, The Twentieth-Century World and Beyond, Fifth Edition, isideal for undergraduate and graduate courses in twentieth-century international history, twentieth-century world history, and international relations.

Maps

xi

Preface

xiii

Prologue: The Global Context of International Relations at the Beginning of the Twentieth Century

1

(1)

The Europeanization of the World

1

(9)

The Rise of Japanese Power in East Asia

10

(6)

The Rise of American Power in the Western Hemisphere and the Pacific

16

(9)

A Shrinking Earth and the Geopolitical Worldview

25

(6)

The Development of an International Economy

31

(8)

PART ONE THE THIRTY YEARS' WAR (1914--1945)

Germany's Bid for European Dominance (1914--1918)

39

(26)

The Road to Armageddon

39

(10)

The Domestic Consequences of Total War

49

(1)

Stalemate, Slaughter, and the War of Words

50

(5)

The Significance of the Russian Withdrawal

55

(5)

The Significance of the American Intervention

60

(5)

The Peace of Paris and the New International Order

65

(19)

The Western World in the Twenties: The Era of Illusions

84

(33)

The Illusion of Economic Restoration

84

(13)

The Illusion of Continental Security

97

(20)

The Western World in the Thirties: The Illusions Dispelled

117

(40)

The Collapse of the World Economic Order

117

(8)

The Collapse of the European Security System

125

(32)

Germany's Second Bid for European Dominance (1939--1945)

157

(22)

The Confirmation of United States Supremacy in Latin America

179

(22)

The Era of Direct Domination (1914--1932)

179

(11)

The Era of Indirect Hegemony (1933--1945)

190

(11)

The Confirmation of Japan's Supremacy in East Asia

201

(32)

The Period of Peaceful Penetration (1914--1930)

201

(10)

The Period of Military Expansion (1931--1941)

211

(12)

The War in Asia (1941--1945)

223

(10)

PART TWO THE COLD WAR BETWEEN THE SUPERPOWERS (1945--1985)

The Formation of the Bipolar World in the Truman-Stalin Era (1945--1953)

233

(29)

The Political Division of Europe

233

(21)

The Rearmament of the West

254

(8)

Coexistence and Confrontation (1953--1962)

262

(33)

Eisenhower's ``New Look''

262

(5)

The Era of Peaceful Coexistence

267

(14)

The Anomaly of Berlin

281

(6)

The United States and Latin America in the Crisis Years

287

(8)

Detente and Multipolarity (1962--1975)

295

(28)

Arms Control and Strategic Parity

296

(7)

France's Assault on the Bipolar World

303

(7)

The Political Settlement in Europe

310

(5)

The Middle East as Perennial Hot Spot

315

(8)

The Rise of China and the Cold War in Asia

323

(29)

The Communist Victory in the Chinese Civil War

323

(4)

The Korean War and America's Reengagement in the Far East

327

(6)

The U.S.S.R. and China: From Partnership to Rivalry

333

(4)

The United States and Indochina

337

(11)

The Development of the Sino-American Rapprochement (1969--1975)

348

(4)

The Resurgence of East-West Tension (1975--1985)

352

(13)

The Prospects for Pluralism and Interdependence

352

(1)

The Renewal of the Arms Race

353

(3)

Turmoil in South Asia

356

(3)

Peace and War in the Middle East

359

(6)

Latin America's Quest for Development and Independence

365

(11)

Africa: From Independence to Dependency

376

(16)

The Far East: The Road to the New Co-Prosperity Sphere

392

(15)

The Miracle of Japan

392

(3)

The Rise of the East Asian Tigers

395

(2)

The Deng Revolution in China

397

(10)

PART THREE FROM COLD WAR TO NEW WORLD DISORDER (1985--2005)

Moscow, Washington, and the End of the Soviet Empire

407

(16)

Europe: Integration and Disintegration

423

(15)

The Resurrection of the European Idea

423

(9)

The Balkan Tragedy

432

(6)

Asia at the Crossroads

438

(15)

Economic Growth and Security Dilemmas in East Asia

438

(10)

Tensions in South Asia

448

(5)

Africa on Its Own: Ethnic Conflict, Autocracy, and Underdevelopment

453

(15)

The Middle East: The Elusive Quest for Peace, Prosperity, and Stability