Alfred Chandler’s contribution to the field of management in general, and to the discipline of business history in particular, is profound and lasting. Widely considered to have been the world’s leading historian of the industrial corporation. The purposes of chandler’s studies are not to theorize but to provide an explanation regarding the evolution of business; theories are developed by others using information pertaining to his research. However, his monumental works, such as “Pierre S. Du Pont and the making of the Modern Corporation”, Strategy and Structure, The Visible Hand, and Strategy and Scope have not only set standards for business and economic history but have also provided insight into theories from various economist. His studies discern into the success of companies during the managerial revolution and how business evolved into the 21st century. Born on the 15th of September 1918, Alfred Du Pont Chandler, Jr., was son of Alfred Du Pont and Carol Remsay Chandler. As his names suggests the relation to the Du Pont empire, presents the families prominence in the American economy. It is important to realize Chandler’s family liaison with the du Ponts, a family who successfully founded the gunpowder industry. In 1915 Pierre S. du Pont took over the family firm and transformed it into one of the largest gunpowder manufacturer and later he took control of General Motors. His work at GM has persuaded others to consider him on the best leaders during the big-business era. Chandler did his undergraduate degree at Harvard followed by a graduate study in History. While doing his graduate degree he crosses disciplines with sociology where his professor Talcott Parsons proved to have influenced Chandlers views. This decision proved to be exceptionally instrumental toward the corpus of Chandler’s studies, which embody many sociological principles. Chandler’s PhD thesis was focused on his great-grandfather Henry Varnum Poor’s undisclosed research papers, which lead him into the study of the US railroads as the nation’s first “big business”. Chandler began his teaching career at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, where he remain until 1963 when he took up a professorship at John Hopkins University (JHU). It wasn’t until 1971 that Chandler left JHU to assume the position of chair in business history at Harvard University. Chandler taught an elective course at Harvard entitled The Coming of Managerial Capitalism, which revolved around his research and his analysis of the late 19th and 20th century market, entitled Managerial Capitalism. Chandler remained at Harvard until 1989 when he retired from the teaching profession but continued his research on modern capitalism. Some people who interpret Chandler’s work tend to have an exaggeratedly parsimonious view. It is questionable whether opportunism is indeed the best explanation for the behaviour of characters that populate Chandlers’ business history, and whether it is a key factor that necessitated organization transformation. Chandler, it seems, has a broader perspective of the human nature, and may be sending a different message through his careful and rich description in all his works. Chandler’s interpretation of the loosely run family businesses to giant modern enterprises, firms such as Du Pont and General Motors are bound to encounter challenges and conflicts, and many of these challenges are bound to have a human dimension. Chandler’s perspective may also be challenged due to his family ties to the company. The modern business enterprise is defined by two major characteristics. The first being, it contains distinct operating units, controlled by an administration and management separate from the main larger enterprise. Secondly an enterprise employs a hierarchy of salaried managers who make the executives decisions, forming a new class of businessmen. The managerial revolution was a shift in power, partnerships became...

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...ALFREDCHANDLER, THE VISIBLE HAND BACKGROUND AND STUDY POINTS The US valorizes the free market and entrepreneurial skill, but capitalism is not the same in every country. Each nation has had its own path to industrial development. The American path was distinctive. First, the size of the country provided an opportunity to entrepreneurs simply unavailable to their competitors in England, France, Germany, or Belgium. The challenge was to develop the means to deliver products to customers all across the US. Once that could be achieved, the volume of production would lead to a rapid decline in unit prices and high profits based on quality goods becoming more affordable. Second, family ownership proved to be less important in the overall than the development of a management cadre. A national economy in the US encouraged the development of large-scale firms that far exceeded the ability of any one person or any family to run. An administrative sector emerged that looked at the firms within which they worked from a different perspective of the owners. The key question was: How to develop predictability? The answer seemed to be to increase the scale and scope of production and marketing, both possible within US boundaries with a relatively large population earning relatively high wages. The managerial revolution was backed up by development of a national government in which courts and regulatory agencies became the most powerful instruments of economic...

...Chandler Research Paper
The Big Sleep
Movie vs. Novel (revision)
The Big Sleep written by Raymond Chandler and published in 1939 gives us a look into a hard-boiled detective story. The novel encompasses all the subjects of a great fictional work such as thrill, sex, drama, action, romance, and corruption all the while leading us on a journey narrated by the lead character Philip Marlowe. In 1946 seven years after the release of The Big Sleep, director Howard Hawks attempted to recreate the detective’s tale in a version made for the silver screen.
Throughout this essay I will show the reader the fundamental differences between the novel and the film, the influences that were responsible for the differences, as well as the impact that these differences have on the quality of both works. I will also write about the effect that the addition or removal of substance had on both productions of the story. My process of analysis for this research paper consisted of reading the novel and watching the movie concurrently in order to recognize the differences between the two accurately.
On first inspection of the novel the reader notices a few things rather quickly. First the story unravels at a tepid pace; secondly the writer has made the main character and “hero” of the novel as the voice of the story and the narrator. Chandler helps the reader develop a mental picture of Phillip Marlowe by giving him a voice and giving the reader a...

..."The Big Sleep" is about a private detective that is trying to solve a blackmailing case for a dying millionaire. The detective, Philip Marlowe, finds that the case not only involves blackmail, but also murder. This book was Raymond Chandler's first novel and it explores the oppressive and corrupt society of 1930's America. Chandler uses Philip Marlowe as the immoral yet heroic protagonist.
The corruption of 1930's society is present in the government of Los Angeles. Throughout the novel Chandler brings to question the credibility of the police. Vivian Sternwood is the daughter of General Sternwood, the man Marlowe is working for. She says this about the police system: "He didn't know the right people. That's all a police record means in this rotten crime-ridden country." She obviously implies that one could ignore the law if he or she was influential, powerful, or rich. When Vivian says this statement, she shows the reader how corrupt the police are. Another example of how the police are corrupt in the novel is how they allowed Geiger, an illegal pornography vendor, to continue his immoral and illegal business for their own personal gain. This crooked action shows the unethical and unprincipled manner of the police. In this instance the misconduct the police show proves the corruption of the society as a whole in the 1930's.
The newspapers in the city of Los Angeles show how the people of the city are corrupt. A person uses a newspaper to...

...Introduction
«One of the distinguishing marks of all crime fiction is its emphasis on a sense of “atmosphere”, “decorum”, and “verisimilitude”. »
The aim of this work is to identify whether the sentence above is true or not. It would be pretty hard to agree or disagree with this phrase without referring to any book, written in this genre. However, not every crime novel can be chosen for this purpose. For example, nowadays not every detective story, written among popular press can be worth paying attention at. Thus, it would be more secure to refer to more proper crime fiction book.
The Big Sleep by Raymond Chandler is a hardboiled crime novel, which is included in "TIME's List of the 100 Best Novels."[1] Moreover, it has an honorable place in several other lists of top 100 books. Such figures speak for themselves. Therefore, The Big Sleep by Raymond Chandler will be used in this work as an example of crime fiction novels.
In the main body of the work attention will be paid to “atmosphere”, “decorum”, and “verisimilitude”. Each of these terms will be defined and studied. In case if those distinguishing marks are in The Big Sleep, examples will be given. In the conclusion of work everything will be summed up and the agreement (or disagreement) with the statement will be given along with the feedback.
2. Main body
1. Sense of “atmosphere”
The sense of atmosphere has a great role almost in every book. It helps...

...The film ‘Rear Window’, directed by Alfred Hitchcock in 1954, enthralled worldwide audiences through its clever and original depiction of a suburban murder. It is a widely renowned crime thriller that employs many conventions of the genre, while subverting others, in order to portray a realistic environment that collapses into tension and mistrust.
The depiction of protagonist L.B Jefferies as the ‘everyman’ is an important subversion of the conventional detective, piquing the audiences curiosity and interest in the film. From behind Hitchcock’s camera we are invited the compassionately view the world of a ‘normal’ man who is plucked from his ordinary life through the extraordinary events that he witnesses. By playing with the idea of a ‘normal’ guy getting caught in threatening circumstances, Hitchcock suggests that crime can infiltrate any part of society, and affect anyone.
Hitchcock’s inventive camerawork, in showing us the apartment complex from Jefferies’ point of view, is an interesting technique used to involve the viewer in the films action. By watching the other apartments through Jefferies’ binoculars and camera lens, we are incriminated in his voyeuristic pursuits. Later in the film Jefferies echoes the viewers sentiments, questioning the ‘ethics’ of ‘watching someone even if they’re not guilty’. Yet he continues to observe, and there is a certain ‘guilty thrill’ in that for both him and the audience.
A subversion of the crime fiction...

...Write an essay describing the contribution to economics of each of the following:
• Adam Smith
• Thomas Malthus
• David Ricardo
• Karl Marx
• Alfred Marshall
• John Maynard Keynes
• Milton Friedman
“Many Economists have tried to establish why the economy performs as it does and want to have a basis for predicting how the economy will perform when circumstances change”. (Nagel, S pg 1 1999) Economists are just people after all, who have lived through different times and experiences in their lives, thus leading to different values and views. George Bernard Shaw once said that “If all economists were laid end to end they would not reach a conclusion”,(cited in Mankin, Taylor 2006) In this essay we will look at what contributions each of the above economists have made, keeping in mind the era in which they lived .
Reputed to be the father of “The Classical School” of economics, the Scottish born Adam Smith (1772-1790) was a supply side economist. “He attributed economic expansion to expanding production and trade with expanding demand as a by-product and consequence”(Jacobs, J 1985 p12) He promoted the invisible hand of free enterprise, which showed that individuals in pursuing their own selfish interest could benefit society. In other words, if people wish to sell, they must produce what others require at a price that they are prepared to pay. (Palmer. N, 1990). He also advocated the “Laissez-faire” approach, which means that the government should...

...﻿Alfred Sisley was born on October 30th 1839 in Paris, France. Sisley was a landscape impressionist artist. Sisley’s original works when he was a student are all lost however his earliest recorded painting; Lane near a Small Town, is thought to be painted around 1864. Some of Sisley’s most famous works are Street in Moret & Sand Heaps. Another one of his paintings The Lane of Poplars at Moret was stolen 3 times once in 1978, again in august of 2007 and another time on the 4th of June is 2008. In 2008 it was recovered along with 5 other paintings. Very large amounts of fake Sisley’s have been discovered all around the world. He produced over 1000 paintings; 900 of them being oil paintings and about 100 pastel paintings, even thought the artist only lived to be 59 years old. Alfred Sisley Biography[edit]
Sisley was born on 30 October 1839 in Paris to affluent British parents. His father, William Sisley, was in the silk business, and his mother Felicia Sell was a cultivated music connoisseur.
In 1857 at the age of 18, Sisley was sent to London to study for a career in business, but he abandoned it after four years and returned to Paris in 1861. From 1862, he studied at the Paris École des Beaux-Arts within the atelier of Swiss artist Marc-Charles-Gabriel Gleyre, where he became acquainted with Frédéric Bazille, Claude Monet, and Pierre-Auguste Renoir. Together they would paint landscapes en plein air rather than in the studio, in order to...

...﻿Alfred Nobel's Life and Work
Born in Stockholm
On October 21, 1833 a baby boy was born to a family in Stockholm, Sweden who was to become a famous scientist, inventor, businessman and founder of the Nobel Prizes. His father was Immanuel Nobel and his mother was Andriette Ahlsell Nobel. They named their son Alfred.
Alfred's father was an engineer and inventor. He built bridges and buildings and experimented with different ways of blasting rocks.
The same year that Alfred was born, his father's business suffered losses and had to be closed. In 1837, Immanuel Nobel decided to try his business somewhere else and left for Finland and Russia. Alfred's mother was left in Stockholm to take care of the family. At this time, Alfred had two older brothers, Robert born in 1829, and Ludvig born in 1831.
The house where Alfred Nobel was born.
Andriette Nobel, who came from a wealthy family, started a grocery store. The store had a modest income that helped in supporting the family.
Immanuel Nobel
Andriette Nobel
The Family Moves to Russia
After a time, Immanuel Nobel's business in St. Petersburg, Russia started doing well. He had opened a mechanical workshop that provided equipment for the Russian army. He also made the Russian Tsar and his generals believe that sea mines could be used to stop enemy ships from entering and attacking St. Petersburg. The mines stopped the British Royal Navy...