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Quakerism

The term “quakerism” is believed to be a term of derision given to 17th-century Friends because they “quaked” before the Spirit. Like many religious groups, they were persecuted because they rejected the standard structures of the established church and forms of worship.

George Fox and other important early Friends, including Margaret Fell (who would marry Fox) and James Nayler, believed that a priestly class, vestments and religious symbols stood in the way of true worship. Referring to John 15:15, early Quakers saw themselves as “friends” to that of God in all.

The seminal Quaker writing from this period is the Journal or Autobiography of George Fox, which describes the spiritual journey of a young man who, failing to discover answers in the existing (state) religion, found solace in silent worship, replacing theological questions with personal experience and continuing revelation.

18th century Friends were led to see the inherent contradiction between the freedom of the Spirit and the ownership of human beings, and to begin questioning all moral argumens for slavery. Leaders like John Woolman, who, in The Journal of John Woolman (1774), recounted his 40-year campaign to persuade slave-owning Friends to free their slaves, emphasized that the fact that God was within us all was inconsistent with the ownership of slaves. Woolman also saw dress as a socioeconomic statement. He refused to wear cotton and eliminated collars and dyed fabric from his wardrobe, not in order to create a Quaker aesthetic, but because cotton and buttons and dyes were produced with slave labor and wearing those products validated the system of slavery.

In the 19th century Friends experienced a period of Quietism in which they ceased any activity in the political arena and struggled to establish a shared identity. In the end Friends split into two sects largely along economic and social lines. That schism between evangelical and non-evangelical Friends continues to this day.

In the 20th Century writers such as Rufus Jones reinvigorated Quakerism by framing it as simultaneously mystical and practical. Jones was one of the founders, in 1917 of the American Friends Service Committee (AFSC), to provide alternative service programs for conscientious objectors in World War I. His combination of mysticism and service has come to define Quakerism today. An excellent collection of digitized works of Jones and other Quakers is available at HathiTrush.org. In 1943, a group of Friends founded the Friends Committee on National Legislation (FCNL) in order to lobby for changes in national legislation to make the nation's laws more consistent with Quaker testimonies and values, especially the peace testimony. FCNL is a “nonpartisan, multi-issue advocacy that connects historic Quaker testimonies on peace, equality, simplicity, and truth with peace and social justice issues.”