Modeling the policy making process is a complex task. The policy making process can be modeled at individual and global level. At individual level, public bodies use agent-based simulation, where each agent represents an individual entity (citizen, company, stake-holder, house holder). The agent behavior is observed and taken into account in the policy making process. At global level, the model takes into account objectives, constraints, impacts on environment, economy and society. The integration of individual and global levels is a big challenge.

An Integrated Policy System (IPS) is a multi-disciplinary approach focusing on integration of global models, individual models and e-Participation model of decision process. The IPS uses simulation techniques, social networks, automatic text analysis and opinion formation methods to facilitate integrated e-governance. The citizens are involved in each step of the policy design process and informed about the impact of envisaged decisions.

generating scenarios, simulating the scenarios for selecting the best scenarios, publishing the best scenarios.

Opinions can be extracted from text analysis or using model for opinion formation on a governmental decisions.

The model for opinion formation on a governmental decisions considers a group of agents (individuals) among whom a process of opinion formation takes place. The opinions of an agent will be influenced by opinions of others. These influences are modeled by weights which the agents put on opinions of other agents.

The ANFIS approach learns the rules and membership functions from data. The ANFIS is an adaptive network of nodes and directional links. Associated with the network is a learning rule – for example, back propagation rule. The network is learning a relationship between inputs and output.

In addition to agent-based simulation models (individual level models), policy planning needs a global perspective that faces problem at a global level and should tightly interact with individual level. There are two methods concerning integration of global level models with individual level models:

global level models are used for taking decisions and individual level models are used to understand the impact of taken decisions;

global level models cooperate with individual level models to take decisions and to assess the impact of decisions.

ePolicy project, it is a FP7 project, based on game theory to integrate optimization models with simulation models;

[Gavanelli 2012] uses Benders decomposition – he decomposes the policy making problem in two components:

Master component that defines objectives and constraints;

Detail component that defines the strategic action plan to achieve objectives. The detail component communicates with an agent based simulator for generating training data. objectives. The detail component communicates with an agent based simulator for generating training data. His learning method is based on Regression model.

CARVALHO, P., L. SARMENTO, J. TEIXEIRA, M. J. SILVA. Liars and Saviors in a Sentiment Annotated Corpus of Comments to Political Debates, in Proceedings of the 49th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics: short-papers. 2011