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Major tax expenditures — such as lower rates on capital gains and dividends, deductions for charitable contributions, deductions for state and local taxes, and the mortgage interest deduction — tend to benefit high-income taxpayers more than lower income groups.

The Congressional Budget Office estimates that the top quintile of taxpayers receive 51% — around $445 billion — of the value of major tax expenditures, while only 8% — around $70 billion — goes to the bottom twenty percent.