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by
Prof. AlfredoSegura (Universidad de Valencia)

Tuesday, 11 April 2017
from
12:30
to
13:30
(Europe/Madrid)
at
Universe

Description

The 2016 Nobel Prize in Physics of 2016 was awarded to David J. Thouless, F. Duncan M. Haldane and J. Michael Kosterlitz, for their "theoretical discoveries on topological phase transitions and topological phases of matter." The aim of the talk is presenting a simplified version of the main innovations introduced by the laureates and showing the vast influence that their ideas have had in different fields of condensed matter physics.
After introducing some basic notions of topology, we will discuss in what context they can be applied to the description of the electronic structure of solids. In addition to quantum numbers derived from fundamental symmetries, the Nobel laureates have shown that it is possible to introduce topological quantum numbers: while the former are extremely sensitive to defects in materials, the latter are "robust" and hardly affected by defects. They give rise to phenomena such as the quantum Hall effect in which, regardless of the device design and defects, the physical response is controlled by a universal constant (the von Klitzing resistance).
The concept of phase transition associated with the breaking of a given symmetry, applies to transitions between "ordinary" states of condensed matter. It cannot encompass some physical effects that occur in low dimensional systems (electronic, magnetic, superfluid, etc.), associated to changes in topological structure of defects or elementary excitations of the system. This seminal idea, introduced by Thouless, Haldane and Kosterlitz can describe and systematize the great variety of exotic states discovered in low dimensional systems (melting of 2D solids, superfluid or superconducting thin films, 2D networks of Josephson junctions, 1D and 2D spin systems, etc).