The film tells the story of Charlie Bucket (Peter Ostrum) as he receives a Golden Ticket and visits Willy Wonka's chocolate factory with four other children from around the world. Filming took place in Munich in 1970, and the film was released by Paramount Pictures on June 30, 1971. With a budget of just $3 million, the film received generally positive reviews and earned $4 million by the end of its original run. Paramount distributed the film until 1977, and beginning in the 1980s, Warner Bros. assumed control of the rights for home entertainment purposes. The film then made an additional $21 million during its re-release by Warner Bros. under its Family Entertainment banner in 1996. The film became highly popular in part through repeated television airings and home entertainment sales.[6] In 1972, the film received an Academy Award nomination for Best Original Score, and Wilder was nominated for a Golden Globe as Best Actor in a Musical or Comedy, but lost both to Fiddler on the Roof. The film also introduced the song "The Candy Man", which went on to become a popular hit when recorded by Sammy Davis Jr. In 2014, the film was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry by the Library of Congress as being "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant".

In a small town, Charlie Bucket, a poor paperboy, watches a group of children visit a candy shop. Walking home, he passes Willy Wonka's chocolate factory. A mysterious tinker recites the first lines of William Allingham's poem "The Fairies", and tells Charlie, "Nobody ever goes in, and nobody ever comes out." Charlie rushes home to his widowed mother and bedridden grandparents. After telling Grandpa Joe about the tinker, Joe reveals that Wonka locked the factory because other candy makers, including rival Mr. Slugworth, sent in spies to steal his recipes. Wonka disappeared, but after three years resumed selling candy; the origin of Wonka's labor force is unknown.

The next day, Wonka announces that he hid five "Golden Tickets" in chocolate Wonka Bars. Finders of the tickets will receive a factory tour and a lifetime supply of chocolate. The first four tickets are found by the gluttonous Augustus Gloop, the spoiled Veruca Salt, the gum-chewing Violet Beauregarde, and the television-obsessed Mike Teevee. As each winner is announced on TV, a man whispers to them. Charlie opens two Wonka Bars but finds no Golden Ticket. The newspapers announce the fifth ticket was found by a millionaire in Paraguay causing Charlie to lose hope. The next day, Charlie finds money in a sewer and uses it to buy a Scrumdiddlyumptious bar. With the change, he buys another Wonka Bar for Joe. Walking home, as Charlie hears people reading the newspapers; revealing that the Paraguayan millionaire's ticket is a fake, he opens the Wonka Bar and finds the fifth golden ticket. While rushing home, he encounters the same man seen whispering to the other winners, who introduces himself as Arthur Slugworth and offers a reward for a sample of Wonka's latest creation, the Everlasting Gobstopper.

Returning home with the Golden Ticket, Charlie chooses Joe as his chaperone. The next day, Wonka greets the ticket winners and leads them inside where each signs a contract before the tour. The factory includes a river of chocolate, edible mushrooms, lickable wallpaper, and other sweets and inventions. As the visitors sample these, they see Wonka's workers, small men known as Oompa-Loompas. Augustus falls into the chocolate river and is sucked up a pipe to the Fudge Room. In the Inventing Room, everyone receives an Everlasting Gobstopper. Violet becomes a large blueberry after chewing an experimental gum containing a three-course meal, over Wonka's warnings. The group reaches the Fizzy Lifting Drinks Room, where Charlie and Joe ignore Wonka's warning and sample the drinks. They float and have a near-fatal encounter with an exhaust fan before burping back to the ground. In the Chocolate Eggs Room, Veruca demands a golden goose for herself before falling into a garbage chute leading to the furnace, with her father falling in trying to rescue her. The group tests out Wonka's Wonkavision, only for Mike to teleport himself and become a few inches tall.

With Charlie and Joe remaining, Wonka says they are not getting anything because they violated the contract by stealing the Fizzy Lifting Drinks. Infuriated by this, Joe suggests to Charlie that he should give Slugworth the Gobstopper in revenge, but Charlie returns the candy back to Wonka. With this selfless act, Wonka declares Charlie as the winner. He reveals that Slugworth is actually Mr. Wilkinson, a fellow employee of Wonka, and the offer to buy the Gobstopper was a morality test which only Charlie passed. The trio enter the "Wonkavator", a multi-directional glass elevator that flies out of the factory. Soaring over the city, Wonka reveals that his actual prize is the factory; Wonka created the contest to find an heir worthy enough, and so Charlie and his family can immediately move in. Wonka then reminds Charlie not to forget about the man who suddenly received everything he ever wanted. Charlie asks, "What happened?" to which Wonka replies, "He lived happily ever after."

The idea for adapting the book into a film came about when director Mel Stuart's ten-year-old daughter read the book and asked her father to make a film out of it, with "Uncle Dave" (producer David L. Wolper) producing it. Stuart showed the book to Wolper, who happened to be in the midst of talks with the Quaker Oats Company regarding a vehicle to introduce a new candy bar from its Chicago-based Breaker Confections subsidiary (since renamed the Willy Wonka Candy Company and sold to Nestlé). Wolper persuaded the company, which had no previous experience in the film industry, to buy the rights to the book and finance the picture for the purpose of promoting a new Quaker Oats Wonka Bar.[7]

It was agreed that the film would be a children's musical, and that Dahl himself would write the screenplay.[7] However, the title was changed to Willy Wonka and the Chocolate Factory.

When I make my first entrance, I'd like to come out of the door carrying a cane and then walk toward the crowd with a limp. After the crowd sees Willy Wonka is a cripple, they all whisper to themselves and then become deathly quiet. As I walk toward them, my cane sinks into one of the cobblestones I'm walking on and stands straight up, by itself; but I keep on walking, until I realize that I no longer have my cane. I start to fall forward, and just before I hit the ground, I do a beautiful forward somersault and bounce back up, to great applause.

The reason why Wilder wanted this in the film was that "from that time on, no one will know if I'm lying or telling the truth."[12]

Jean Stapleton turned down the role of Mrs. Teevee.[13][14]Jim Backus was considered for the role of Sam Beauregarde.[15]Sammy Davis, Jr. wanted to play Bill, the candy store owner, but Stuart did not like the idea because he felt that the presence of a big star in the candy store scene would break the reality.[8] Nevertheless, Davis' recording of the film's opening musical number, "The Candy Man," would top the Billboard magazine record charts in 1972, despite the fact that Davis initially hated the song. Anthony Newley also wanted to play Bill, but Stuart also objected to this for the same reason.[15]

Principal photography commenced on August 31, 1970, and ended on November 19, 1970. The primary shooting location was Munich, Bavaria, West Germany, because it was significantly cheaper than filming in the United States and the setting was conducive to Wonka's factory; Stuart also liked the ambiguity and unfamiliarity of the location. External shots of the factory were filmed at the gasworks of Stadtwerke München (Emmy-Noether-Straße 10); the entrance and side buildings still exist. The exterior of Charlie Bucket's house, which was only a set constructed for the film, was filmed at Quellenstraße in Munich, Bavaria. Charlie's school was filmed at Katholisches Pfarramt St. Sylvester, Biedersteiner Straße 1 in Munich. Bill's Candy Shop was filmed at Lilienstraße, Munich. The closing sequence when the Wonkavator is flying above the factory is footage of Nördlingen in Bavaria.

Production designer Harper Goff centered the factory on the massive Chocolate Room. According to Paris Themmen, who played Mike Teevee, "The river was made of water with food coloring. At one point, they poured some cocoa powder into it to try to thicken it but it didn't really work. When asked this question, Michael Böllner, who played Augustus Gloop, answers, 'It vas dirty, stinking vater.'"[16]

When interviewed for the 30th anniversary special edition, Gene Wilder stated that he enjoyed working with most of the child actors, but said that he and the crew had some problems with Paris Themmen, claiming that he was "a handful".[17]

Before its release, the film received advance publicity though TV commercials offering a "Willy Wonka candy factory kit" for sending $1.00 and two seals from boxes of Quaker cereals such as King Vitaman, Life and any of the Cap'n Crunch brands.[18]

Willy Wonka was released on June 30, 1971. The film was not a big success, being the 53rd highest-grossing film of the year in the U.S., earning just over $2.1 million on its opening weekend.[19] It received positive reviews from critics such as Roger Ebert who gave the film a four out of four stars, while comparing it to The Wizard of Oz. Ebert said, "All of this is preface to a simple statement: Willy Wonka and the Chocolate Factory is probably the best film of its sort since The Wizard of Oz. It is everything that family movies usually claim to be, but aren't: Delightful, funny, scary, exciting, and, most of all, a genuine work of imagination. “Willy Wonka” is such a surely and wonderfully spun fantasy that it works on all kinds of minds, and it is fascinating because, like all classic fantasy, it is fascinated with itself."[20]

By the mid-1980s, Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory had experienced a spike in popularity thanks in large part to repeated television broadcasts and home video sales. Following a 25th anniversary theatrical re-release in 1996, it was released on DVD the next year, allowing it to reach a new generation of viewers. The film was released as a remastered special edition on DVD and VHS in 2001 to commemorate the film's 30th anniversary. In 2003, Entertainment Weekly ranked it 25th in the "Top 50 Cult Movies" of all time.

As of 2017, the film holds a 91% "Fresh" rating on Rotten Tomatoes with an average rating of 7.7/10 based on 42 reviews. The site's critical consensus states: "Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory is strange yet comforting, full of narrative detours that don't always work but express the film's uniqueness".[22]

Dahl disowned the film, the script of which was partially rewritten by David Seltzer after Dahl failed to meet deadlines. Dahl said he was "disappointed" because "he thought it placed too much emphasis on Willy Wonka and not enough on Charlie", as well as the casting of Gene Wilder instead of Spike Milligan.[23] Dahl was also "infuriated" by the deviations in the plot Seltzer devised in his draft of the screenplay, including the conversion of Slugworth, a minor character in the book, into a spy (so that the movie could have a villain) and the "fizzy lifting drinks" scene along with music other than the original Oompa Loompa compositions (including "Pure Imagination" and "The Candy Man"), and the ending dialogue for the movie.[24] In 1996, Dahl's second wife Felicity commented on her husband's objections towards the film saying "they always want to change a book's storyline. What makes Hollywood think children want the endings changed for a film, when they accept it in a book?"[23]

The film made its television debut on November 23, 1975, on NBC. There was some controversy with the showing as the Oakland Raiders vs Washington Redskins (26–23) football game went into overtime, and the first 40 minutes of the movie were cut.[25] The film placed 19th in the TV Ratings for the week ending Nov 23, beating out The Streets of San Francisco and Little House on the Prairie.[26] The next TV showing of the film was on May 2, 1976,[27] where it placed 46th in the ratings.[28] Some TV listings indicate the showing was part of the World of Disney time slot.

The film was first released on DVD in 1997/1999 in a "25th anniversary edition"[29] as a double sided disc containing a widescreen and "standard" version. The "standard" version is an open matte print, where the mattes used to make the image widescreen are removed, revealing information originally intended to be hidden from viewers.[30]VHS and Betamax copies were also available, but only containing the "standard" version.

A special edition DVD was released, celebrating the film's 30th anniversary, on August 28, 2001, but in fullscreen only. Due to the lack of a letterboxed release, fan petitioning eventually led Warner Home Video to issue a widescreen version on November 13, 2001. It was also released on VHS, with only one of the special features (a making-of feature). Several original cast members reunited to film documentary footage for this special edition DVD release. The two editions featured restored sound, and better picture quality. In addition to the documentary, the DVD included a trailer, a gallery, and audio commentary by the cast.

In 2007, Warner Home Video released the film on HD DVD with all the bonus features from the 2001 DVD.[31] The film was released on Blu-ray on October 20, 2009.[32] It includes all the bonus features from the 2001 DVD and 2007 HD-DVD as well as a 38-page book.

In 2011, a new deluxe-40th-anniversary edition Blu-ray/DVD set was released on November 1, consisting of the film on Blu-ray Disc and DVD as well as a bonus features disc. The set also included a variety of rarities such as a Wonka Bar-designed tin, four scented pencils, a scented eraser, a book detailing the making of the film, original production papers and a Golden Ticket to win a trip to Los Angeles. The set is now out of print.[33]

^Because Paramount Pictures decided not to renew distribution rights, the film rights were transferred to Warner Bros. in 1977, when Wolper Pictures, Ltd. was bought by the company and Quaker Oats sold its share of the film

^ abBishop, Tom (July 11, 2005). "Willy Wonka's Everlasting Film Plot". BBC News. Retrieved January 29, 2014. He thought it placed too much emphasis on Willy Wonka and not enough on Charlie," said Liz Attenborough, trustee of the Roald Dahl Museum and Story Centre in Buckinghamshire. "For him the book was about Charlie.

^Pure Imagination: The Story of "Willy Wonka and the Chocolate Factory". Two Dog Productions Inc. 2001.

1.
Charlie and the Chocolate Factory (film)
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Charlie and the Chocolate Factory is a 2005 musical fantasy film directed by Tim Burton and written by John August, based on the 1964 British book of the same name by Roald Dahl. The film stars Johnny Depp as Willy Wonka and Freddie Highmore as Charlie Bucket. The storyline concerns Charlie, who wins a contest and is, along with four other contest winners, subsequently led by Wonka on a tour of his chocolate factory, providing the Dahl Estate with total artistic control. Burton immediately brought regular collaborators Depp and Danny Elfman aboard, Charlie and the Chocolate Factory represents the first time since The Nightmare Before Christmas that Elfman contributed to a film score using written songs and his vocals. Filming took place from June to December 2004 at Pinewood Studios in the United Kingdom, Charlie and the Chocolate Factory was released to critical praise and was a box office success, grossing $475 million worldwide. Charlie Bucket is a kind and loving boy living in poverty with his parents and they all rely on his father for income, employed at a toothpaste factory, responsible for putting the caps on the tubes. Down the street is Willy Wonkas chocolate factory, which reopened after industrial espionage forced him into seclusion, Charlies Grandpa Joe worked for Wonka before the termination. Wonka announces a contest whereby children that find Golden Tickets hidden in five Wonka bars will be given a tour of the factory, all hope is crushed when the last ticket is apparently claimed in Russia. Charlie, on finding money in the street, just intends to enjoy one chocolate bar when news breaks that the Russian ticket was fake. Charlie finds the bar he just bought has the last Golden Ticket, bystanders attempt to separate him from it, only for the shopkeeper to see that he keeps the ticket and gets back home with it. Grandpa Joe offers to accompany Charlie on the tour, but Charlie explains how he was offered money for the ticket, Grandpa George reminds Charlie that money is far more common than the tickets, and convinces Charlie to keep it. The visitors find Wonka to be peculiar, lonely and acting odd at the mention of parents, the tour shows how the fantastical factory operates under the efforts of the short humans called Oompa-Loompas. Charlie is congratulated as the remaining child and the winner of the grand prize. Unfortunately, Wonka stipulates that Charlies family has to stay behind, therefore, when Charlie rejects the offer, Willy Wonka flies back to the factory in his great glass elevator. Charlie learns that Wonka had a troubled past with his father, Wilbur Wonka, Willy was forbidden from eating candy of any type or quantity and had torture device-like braces affixed to his teeth, and was met with severe punishment when he was caught eating the candy. But once Willy got a taste, he wanted to become a confectioner, against his fathers wishes, Wonka later returned to find his father and home completely gone. When they visit, it appears that despite his strict avoidance of candy, Wonka allows Charlies family to move into the factory while he and Charlie plan new product lines to produce. Author Roald Dahl disapproved of the 1971 film adaptation and declined the film rights to produce the sequel, Charlie and the Great Glass Elevator

2.
Charlie and the Chocolate Factory
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Charlie and the Chocolate Factory is a 1964 childrens book by British author Roald Dahl. The story features the adventures of young Charlie Bucket inside the factory of eccentric chocolatier Willy Wonka. Charlie and the Chocolate Factory was first published in the United States by Alfred A. Knopf, Inc. in 1964, the book has been adapted into two major motion pictures, Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory in 1971, and Charlie and the Chocolate Factory in 2005. The books sequel, Charlie and the Great Glass Elevator, was written by Roald Dahl in 1971, Dahl had also planned to write a third book in the series but never finished it. The story was inspired by Roald Dahls experience of chocolate companies during his schooldays. Cadbury would often send test packages to the schoolchildren in exchange for their opinions on the new products. At that time, Cadbury and Rowntrees were Englands two largest chocolate makers and they often tried to steal trade secrets by sending spies, posing as employees. Because of this, both became highly protective of their chocolate-making processes. It was a combination of secrecy and the elaborate, often gigantic. An 11-year-old boy named Charlie Bucket lives in poverty in a house with his parents. His grandparents share the bed in the house, located in the only bedroom. Charlie and his parents sleep on a mattress on the floor, once a year, on his birthday, Charlie gets one Wonka Bar, which he keeps for many months. In order to choose who enter the factory and also receive a lifetime supply of chocolate. The search for the five golden tickets is fast and furious, each ticket find is a media sensation and each finder becomes a celebrity. The first four golden tickets are found by the gluttonous Augustus Gloop, the spoiled and petulant Veruca Salt, the gum-addicted Violet Beauregarde, one day, Charlie sees a fifty-pence coin buried in the snow. He decides to use a little of the money to buy some chocolate before turning the rest over to his mother. He buys two bars, and after unwrapping the second bar, Charlie finds the fifth golden ticket. The next day is the date that Mr. Wonka has set for his guests to enter the factory, the other kids are ejected from the factory in comical, mysterious and painful fashions

3.
David L. Wolper
–
Wolper directed the 1959 documentary The Race for Space, which was nominated for an Academy Award. His 1971 film about the study of insects, The Hellstrom Chronicle, Wolper was born in New York City, the son of Anna and Irving S. Wolper. For his work on television, he had received his star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame, the pre-1968 library is owned by Cube Entertainment, the post-1970 library is owned by Warner Bros. The filmed segment was recovered in the wreckage and was broadcast in the television series Primal Man, the cause of the crash remains unsolved. In 1988, Wolper was inducted into the Television Hall of Fame, Wolper died on August 10,2010, of congestive heart disease and complications of Parkinsons disease at his Beverly Hills home. He was survived by his wife of 36 years, Gloria Hill, Wolper was also survived by ten grandchildren. His company was involved in the following productions and he was a distributor of the early shows, and became an executive producer with The Race for Space in 1958. Official website David L. Wolper at the Internet Movie Database David L. Wolper interview video at the Archive of American Television

4.
Roald Dahl
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Roald Dahl was a British novelist, short story writer, poet, screenwriter, and fighter pilot. His books have more than 250 million copies worldwide. He rose to prominence in the 1940s with works for children and adults and he became one of the worlds best-selling authors. He has been referred to as one of the greatest storytellers for children of the 20th century and his awards for contribution to literature include the 1983 World Fantasy Award for Life Achievement, and the British Book Awards Childrens Author of the Year in 1990. In 2008, The Times placed Dahl 16th on its list of The 50 greatest British writers since 1945 and his books champion the kind-hearted, and feature an underlying warm sentiment. Dahls works for children include James and the Giant Peach, Charlie and his adult works include Tales of the Unexpected. Roald Dahl was born in 1916 at Villa Marie, Fairwater Road, in Llandaff, Cardiff, Wales, to Norwegian parents, Harald Dahl, Dahls father had emigrated to the UK from Sarpsborg in Norway, and settled in Cardiff in the 1880s. His mother came over and married his father in 1911, Dahl was named after the Norwegian polar explorer Roald Amundsen. His first language was Norwegian, which he spoke at home with his parents and his sisters Astri, Alfhild, Dahl and his sisters were raised in the Lutheran faith, and were baptised at the Norwegian Church, Cardiff, where their parents worshipped. In 1920, when Dahl was three years old, his sister, Astri, died from appendicitis. Weeks later, his father died of pneumonia at the age of 57, Dahl first attended the Cathedral School, Llandaff. This was known among the five boys as the Great Mouse Plot of 1924, a favourite sweet among British schoolboys between the two World Wars, Dahl would later refer to gobstoppers in his literary creation, Everlasting Gobstopper. Thereafter, he transferred to a school in England, St Peters in Weston-super-Mare. Roalds parents had wanted him to be educated at an English public school and, because of a regular ferry link across the Bristol Channel. His time at St Peters was an unpleasant experience for him and he was very homesick and wrote to his mother every week but never revealed to her his unhappiness. Only after her death in 1967 did he find out that she had saved every single one of his letters, in 2016, to mark the centenary of Dahls birth, his letters to his mother were abridged and broadcast as BBC Radio 4s Book of the Week. Dahl wrote about his time at St Peters in his autobiography Boy, from 1929, he attended Repton School in Derbyshire. There are echoes of these experiences in Dahls writings and his hatred of cruelty

5.
Gene Wilder
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Jerome Silberman, known professionally as Gene Wilder, was an American actor, screenwriter, director, producer, singer-songwriter and author. Wilder began his career on stage, and made his debut in an episode of the TV series The Play of the Week in 1961. Wilder directed and wrote several of his own films, including The Woman in Red and his third wife was actress Gilda Radner, with whom he starred in three films, the last two of which he also directed. After his last contribution to acting in 2003 – a guest role on Will & Grace for which he received an Emmy Award for Outstanding Guest Actor – Wilder turned his attention to writing. Wilder was born Jerome Silberman on June 11,1933, in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, the son of Jeanne and William J. Silberman and his father was a Russian Jewish immigrant, as were his maternal grandparents. Wilder first became interested in acting at age 8, when his mother was diagnosed with rheumatic fever, at the age of 11, he saw his sister, who was studying acting, performing onstage, and he was enthralled by the experience. He asked her if he could become his student. The day after Wilder turned 13, he called the teacher and he adopted Gene Wilder for his professional name at the age of 26. After an unsuccessful short stay at Black-Foxe, Wilder returned home and became involved with the local theatre community. At age 15, he performed for the first time in front of an audience, as Balthasar in a production of Shakespeares Romeo. Gene Wilder graduated from Washington High School in Milwaukee in 1951, Wilder was raised Jewish, but he held only the Golden Rule as his philosophy. In a book published in 2005, he stated, I have no other religion, I feel very Jewish and I feel very grateful to be Jewish. But I dont believe in God or anything to do with the Jewish religion, Wilder studied Communication and Theatre Arts at the University of Iowa, where he was a member of the Alpha Epsilon Pi fraternity. Following his 1955 graduation from Iowa, he was accepted at the Bristol Old Vic Theatre School in Bristol, after six months of studying fencing, Wilder became the first freshman to win the All-School Fencing Championship. Desiring to study Stanislavskis system, he returned to the U. S. living with his sister and her family in Queens, Wilder enrolled at the HB Studio. Wilder was drafted into the Army on September 10,1956, at the end of recruit training, he was assigned to the medical corps and sent to Fort Sam Houston for training. In November 1957, his mother died from ovarian cancer and he was discharged from the army a year later and returned to New York. A scholarship to the HB Studio allowed him to become a full-time student, at first living on unemployment insurance and some savings, he later supported himself with odd jobs such as a limousine driver and fencing instructor

6.
Jack Albertson
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Jack Albertson was an American actor, comedian, dancer and singer who also performed in vaudeville. For his contributions to the industry, Albertson was honored with a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame at 6253 Hollywood Boulevard. Jack Albertson was born on June 16,1907, in Malden, Massachusetts and his older sister was actress Mabel Albertson. Albertsons mother, an actress, supported the family by working in a shoe factory. Until at least the age of 22, Albertson was known as Harold Albertson, Albertson worked in burlesque as a hoofer and straight man to Phil Silvers on the Minskys Burlesque Circuit. Albertson appeared in more than thirty films and he had an early minor role in Miracle on 34th Street as a postal worker who redirects dead letters addressed to Santa Claus to the courthouse where Kris Kringle is on trial. He won an Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor for his role in the 1968 film The Subject Was Roses and he later apologized to Jack Wild for winning the award, Wild was also nominated and Albertson expected Wild to win. Albertson appeared as Charlie Buckets Grandpa Joe in Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory, and in The Poseidon Adventure, Albertson said that his one regret was that he did not reprise his role in the movie version of The Sunshine Boys. Albertson was a radio performer early in his career was known for appearing on two programs, Just Plain Bill and The Jack Albertson Comedy Show, later, he was for a time a regular on the Milton Berle Show in the late 1940s. Albertson appeared in television series, such as Hey, Jeannie. With Jeannie Carson, the western series Frontier Doctor with Rex Allen, Rod Camerons syndicated crime drama State Trooper. He guest-starred on the David Janssen crime drama series Richard Diamond, from 1960–1961, Albertson was cast in three episodes of Pete and Gladys, with Harry Morgan and Cara Williams. On January 2,1961, Albertson was cast as Sampson J. Binton, with DeForest Kelley as Alex Jeffords, in Listen to the Nightingale, the series finale of Riverboat, starring Darren McGavin. Albertson had a role as the neighbor Walter Burton in eight episodes of the 1962 ABC sitcom Room for One More, with Andrew Duggan. He had recurring roles in Ensign OToole and Run, Buddy, other 1960s series on which Albertson appeared were NBCs sitcom, Happy starring Ronnie Burns, and Glynis, starring Glynis Johns and Keith Andes, which aired for 13 weeks in the fall of 1963. Albertson appeared in two episodes of The Twilight Zone, in a 1967 episode of The Andy Griffith Show, he played the ner-do-well cousin, Bradford J. Taylor, of series character Aunt Bee. He co-starred as The Man Ed Brown in Chico and the Man, with Freddie Prinze and he resided for many years in West Hollywood, California. In 1978, he was diagnosed with cancer, but kept this information private

7.
Peter Ostrum
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Peter Gardner Ostrum is an American veterinarian and former child actor whose only film role was as Charlie Bucket in the 1971 motion picture Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory. A native of Cleveland, Ostrum was 12 years old when selected by talent agents for Willy Wonka, though he enjoyed the experience of shooting the film, he opted not to sign a three-film contract when it was over. After eschewing a career in film and theatre, Ostrum became reluctant to speak about his one starring role. In 1990, he began a tradition of speaking to schoolchildren about the film, and he became a subject of interest again when 2005s Charlie. Ostrum became interested in horses when he returned from shooting Willy Wonka, the agents took Polaroid photos of Ostrum and recorded him reading from the original novel, then returned to New York. Two months later Ostrum was called to New York for a screen test where he sang My Country, Tis of Thee, in 2000, Ostrum recalled that shooting Willy Wonka in Munich was sort of like being an exchange student for five months. Fond memories of his five months in West Germany included watching the construction of Olympiapark, Munich, for the 1972 Summer Olympics, and working with Gene Wilder and Jack Albertson. Though in his audition he had assured that his singing would probably be cut and dubbed. In a 2011 interview, Ostrum told the story of how director Mel Stuart gave him a clapperboard from the film, in his senior year, Ostrum was involved in film class and, at the interest of one of his instructors, looked back into theatre and acting. After auditioning for, but not landing, several roles, Ostrum decided not to pursue it further. After putting his short career behind him, Ostrum declined reporters and interviews, preferring not to speak on the subject, I wanted people to judge me on who I was. For some time, Ostrum even lied and told people that his brother, Ostrum has been called the most famous man in Lowville, where the local video rental shop has twice worn out its VHS copy of Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory. In October 2000, Ostrum and some of his co-stars from the film were scheduled to record a commentary for a special edition DVD. On the new film, Ostrum quoted fellow Wonka actor Julie Dawn Cole, saying that Its sort of going back to a house that you once lived in. Ultimately, the attention was so pervasive that Ostrum stopped answering his phone. The promotion also gave out one golden ticket, worth unlimited rides on MBTA, in a 2010 interview, Wonka co-star Denise Nickerson revealed that Ostrum had agreed to join her and Paris Themmen for a reunion commemorating the 40th anniversary of the films release in 2011. Taking a hiatus from school between high school and college, Ostrum groomed horses and worked at the Delaware Equine Center in Pennsylvania, Ostrum contemplated a return to Hollywood, and even visited California for a week to test the waters there. He ultimately decided to pursue a degree in medicine instead

8.
Roy Kinnear
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Roy Mitchell Kinnear was a British actor. He is known for his roles in films directed by Richard Lester, clapper in How I Won the War, and Planchet in The Three Musketeers, reprising the latter role in the 1974 and 1989 sequels. He is also known for playing Henry Salt in the 1971 film Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory, Kinnear made his stage debut in 1955, and came to prominence in the BBC satirical comedy series That Was the Week That Was in 1962. He went on to appear in numerous British television comedy programmes, including The Dick Emery Show, Kinnear was born in Wigan, Lancashire, the son of Annie Smith and Roy Kinnear. Scotland Rugby League have named their Student Player of the Year Award after him, Kinnear was educated at George Heriots School in Edinburgh. At the age of 17 he enrolled in the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art, in the 1950s Kinnear began a career in repertory theatre when he appeared in a show at Newquay. In 1959 he joined Joan Littlewoods Theatre Workshop at the Theatre Royal Stratford East, prior to joining Littlewoods workshop, he was a member of the cast of Perth Repertory Theatre. The cast also included Valerie Lush, Jane Cain and Russell Hunter and he continued to work on stage and radio before gaining national attention as a participant in the television show That Was The Week That Was. Kinnear was Stanley Bakers original choice to play VC recipient Frederick Hitch in the film Zulu, Kinnear later appeared in many films and television shows, including Help. Doctor at Large, Man About the House, George and Mildred, The Dick Emery Show and he starred in Cowboys, a sitcom about builders. His best-known films are those he made with director and close friend Richard Lester, a Funny Thing Happened On the Way to the Forum, How I Won the War, The Bed-Sitting Room and the Musketeer series of the 1970s and 1980s. He appeared with Christopher Lee in the Hammer horror film Taste the Blood of Dracula, also in 1970 he played Mr. Perkins, Melodys father in Waris Husseins Melody, a puppy love story. He played the father of spoiled rich girl Veruca Salt in the film Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory, an adaptation of Roald Dahls childrens novel Charlie and the Chocolate Factory. He guest-starred in The Goodies episode Rome Antics as the Roman Emperor and he narrated and provided voices for the stop-motion childrens television show Bertha. He appeared in two videos for Mike + The Mechanics as the bands manager, in the former. He narrated Towser and Bertha, voiced Pipkin in the 1978 film Watership Down, Kinnear appeared regularly on the stage. In later life he appeared in such as The Travails of Sancho Panza. In 1987, Kinnear starred in the ITV sitcom Hardwicke House, following his death, the Casualty episode was postponed

9.
Leonard Stone
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Leonard Stone was an American character actor who played supporting roles in over 120 television shows and 35 films. Stone was born Leonard Steinbock in Salem, Oregon, the son of Mr. and Mrs. Mike Steinbock, he was a graduate of Salem High School. He majored in speech and drama at Willamette University, graduating cum laude, Stone was a midshipman in the U. S. Navy, serving as skipper on a minesweeper in Japanese waters. Stone started his career as an actor studying at the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art in London He performed in the West End, on Broadway. He traveled for eight years in Australia and New Zealand with the musical South Pacific and he was nominated for a Tony Award in 1959 for Best Supporting Actor in Redhead, a Bob Fosse musical. He also was in the Tony Award-nominated cast of Look Homeward, Angel in 1957, based on the Thomas Wolfe novel, it won a Pulitzer Prize. In 1961 and 1962, he was twice cast in different roles on ABCs The Real McCoys in the episodes Money from Heaven and You Cant Beat the Army. Between 1962 and 1966, Stone made four guest appearances on CBSs Perry Mason and he appeared twice on ABCs The Donna Reed Show, as Mr. Trestle in The Good Guys and the Bad Guys and as Harlan Carmody, Jr. in Joe College. In the 1965-1966 season, he appeared as Doc Joslyn in Camp Runamuck on NBC and he was the last surviving adult character who toured the factory in the movie, however, Diana Sowle, who played Mrs. Bucket, is still alive. In 1981, he appeared on Barney Miller in the episode The Rainmaker, between 1988 and 1994, he was cast as Judge Paul Hansen in 10 episodes of the NBC legal drama L. A. Law. Stones final role came in 2006 at the age of 83, Stone died on November 2,2011 in Encinitas, California, after a brief bout with cancer, one day shy of his 88th birthday. Stone married Carole Kleinman in 1964, and together raised four children and had eight grandchildren. In 1983, Stone moved to San Diego from his home in Los Angeles. In 1996, he and his moved to a new, gated community in Carlsbad. In the early 2000s, he and his moved to Encinitas. Stone was a contestant on an episode of Wheel of Fortune which aired September 22,2000 and he placed second, winning $4,250 in cash and a trip to Bermuda valued at $5,310. In the early 1950s, Stone began writing a story about a kangaroo who never grew. In 2011, Keepy was published on Kindle and Nook

10.
Paris Themmen
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Paris Themmen is an American actor, commercial casting director and entrepreneur. He performed on Broadway in Mame with Ann Miller in 1967, declaring a hiatus from acting at age 14 to just be a kid, Themmen went on to receive a B. F. A. in theatre from New York University. Themmens adult acting appearances include Virtuoso, a 2000, sixth-season episode of the TV series Star Trek, Voyager and he also played a contestant billed as a former child star in two 2008 episodes of the American game show Duel. They made an additional 40th reunion appearance on NBCs Today Show eleven days later, on January 23,2015 Themmen appeared on Ken Reids TV Guidance Counselor Podcast. The episode was recorded live in Wilmington, Massachusetts during North East ComicCon, on October 28–30,2015, his wife appeared on Jeopardy. as a contestant, returning twice as a champion before being defeated on her third appearance. Paris Themmen at the Internet Movie Database Official website

11.
Anthony Newley
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Anthony Newley was an English actor, singer and songwriter. Newley achieved success as a performer in such fields as rock and roll and stage. As a recording artist he enjoyed a dozen Top 40 entries on the UK Singles Chart between 1959 and 1962, including two number one hits, Bricusse and Newley received an Academy Award nomination for the film score of Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory. The Guinness Book of British Hit Singles & Albums described Newley as among the most innovative UK acts of the early years before moving into musicals. Newley was inducted into the Songwriters Hall of Fame in 1989, Newley was born in the London district of Hackney, the son of Frances Grace Newley and George Kirby, a shipping clerk. He had five siblings, Maxene, John, Joanne, Linda and Belinda and he was Jewish through his maternal grandmother. His parents, who had never married, separated during his early childhood, during the Second World War he was evacuated to a foster home in the country area safe from the Blitz aerial bombing attacks on London. Although recognised as very bright by his teachers, he was uninterested in school, and by the age of fourteen was working as an office boy for an insurance company. When he read an ad in the Daily Telegraph, headed Boy Actors Urgently Wanted he applied to the advertisers, nevertheless, after a brief audition, he was offered a job as an office boy on a salary of 30 shillings a week plus tuition at the school. While serving tea one afternoon he caught the eye of producer Geoffrey de Barkus and he made a successful transition from child star to actor in British films of the 1950s, broken by his national service. During the 1950s he appeared in many British radio programmes and for a time appeared as Cyril in Floggits starring Elsie, but it was probably the film Idol on Parade that most changed his career direction. In the film he played a singer called up for national service. The 1958 film No Time to Die cemented Newleys position as a screen actor. This was quickly followed by his number 6 hit Personality and then two number-one hits in early 1960, Why and Do You Mind, the 1960 ATV series, The Strange World of Gurney Slade, which Newley devised and starred in, ran for one series. A comedy series of six half-hour programmes, it rejects the sitcom format. It has a premise, Newleys character is trapped inside a television programme which is Gurney Slade itself. As a songwriter, he won the 1963 Grammy Award for Song of the Year for What Kind of Fool Am I. He wrote songs that others made hits including Goldfinger, and Feeling Good, which became a hit for Nina Simone and it was featured in a jam recorded live at the Fillmore West for Traffics 1969 LP, Last Exit

12.
Quaker Oats Company
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The Quaker Oats Company, known as Quaker, is an American food conglomerate based in Chicago. It has been owned by PepsiCo since 2001 and he held the key positions of general manager, president and chairman of the company from 1888 until late 1943. He was called the cereal tycoon and he donated more than 70% of his wealth to the Crowell Trust. American Oats and Barley Oatmeal Corporation, formally known as Good For Breakfast instant oatmeal mix. The company expanded into areas, including other breakfast cereals and other food and drink products. Quaker Oats in Cedar Rapids, Iowa, was photographed during the 1930s by Theodor Horydczak, who documented the building, operations, and factory workers at the plant. During the World War II the company, through its subsidiary, the Q. O. Ordnance Company, operated the Cornhusker Ordnance Plant, in 1968, a plant was built in Danville, Illinois. In 1969, Quaker acquired Fisher-Price, a toy company and spun it off in 1991, in 1982 Quaker Oats formed US Games, a company that created games for the Atari 2600. It went out of business one year. That same year, Quaker Oats acquired Florida-based orange juice plant Ardmore Farms, in 1983, Quaker bought Stokely-Van Camp, Inc. makers of Van Camps and Gatorade. Quaker bought Snapple for $1.7 billion in 1994 and sold it to Triarc in 1997 for $300 million, Triarc sold it to Cadbury Schweppes for $1.45 billion in September 2000. It was spun off in May 2008 to its current owners, in 1996, Quaker spun off its frozen food business, selling it to Aurora Foods. In August 2001, Quaker was bought out by Pepsico because Pepsi wanted to add Gatorade to its arsenal of beverages, the merger created the fourth-largest consumer goods company in the world. The major Canadian production facility for Quaker Oats is located in Peterborough, the factory was first established as the American Cereal Company in 1902 on the shores of the Otonabee River during that citys period of industrialization. On 11 December 1916, the all but completely burned to the ground. When the smoke had settled,23 people had died and Quaker was left with $2,000,000 in damages, Quaker went on to rebuild the facility incorporating the few areas of the structure that were not destroyed by fire. When PepsiCo purchased Quaker Oats in 2001, many brands were consolidated from facilities around Canada to the Peterborough location—which assumed the new QTG moniker, products are easily identified by the manufactured by address on the packaging. The Peterborough facility exports to the majority of Canada and limited portions of the United States, the Quaker plant sells cereal production byproducts to companies that use them to create fire logs, pellets and janks

13.
Paramount Pictures
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Paramount Pictures Corporation is an American film studio based in Hollywood, California, that has been a subsidiary of the American media conglomerate Viacom since 1994. In 1916, film producer Adolph Zukor contracted 22 actors and actresses and these fortunate few would become the first movie stars. Paramount Pictures is a member of the Motion Picture Association of America, in 2014, Paramount Pictures became the first major Hollywood studio to distribute all of its films in digital form only. Paramount is the fifth oldest surviving studio in the world after the French studios Gaumont Film Company and Pathé, followed by the Nordisk Film company. It is the last major film studio headquartered in the Hollywood district of Los Angeles. Paramount Pictures dates its existence from the 1912 founding date of the Famous Players Film Company, hungarian-born founder, Adolph Zukor, who had been an early investor in nickelodeons, saw that movies appealed mainly to working-class immigrants. With partners Daniel Frohman and Charles Frohman he planned to offer feature-length films that would appeal to the class by featuring the leading theatrical players of the time. By mid-1913, Famous Players had completed five films, and Zukor was on his way to success and its first film was Les Amours de la reine Élisabeth, which starred Sarah Bernhardt. That same year, another aspiring producer, Jesse L. Lasky, opened his Lasky Feature Play Company with money borrowed from his brother-in-law, Samuel Goldfish, the Lasky company hired as their first employee a stage director with virtually no film experience, Cecil B. DeMille, who would find a site in Hollywood, near Los Angeles, for his first feature film. Hodkinson and actor, director, producer Hobart Bosworth had started production of a series of Jack London movies, Paramount was the first successful nationwide distributor, until this time, films were sold on a statewide or regional basis which had proved costly to film producers. Also, Famous Players and Lasky were privately owned while Paramount was a corporation, in 1916, Zukor maneuvered a three-way merger of his Famous Players, the Lasky Company, and Paramount. Zukor and Lasky bought Hodkinson out of Paramount, and merged the three companies into one, with only the exhibitor-owned First National as a rival, Famous Players-Lasky and its Paramount Pictures soon dominated the business. It was this system that gave Paramount a leading position in the 1920s and 1930s, the driving force behind Paramounts rise was Zukor. In 1926, Zukor hired independent producer B. P. Schulberg and they purchased the Robert Brunton Studios, a 26-acre facility at 5451 Marathon Street for US$1 million. In 1927, Famous Players-Lasky took the name Paramount Famous Lasky Corporation, three years later, because of the importance of the Publix Theatres, it became Paramount Publix Corporation. In 1928, Paramount began releasing Inkwell Imps, animated cartoons produced by Max, the Fleischers, veterans in the animation industry, were among the few animation producers capable of challenging the prominence of Walt Disney. The Paramount newsreel series Paramount News ran from 1927 to 1957, Paramount was also one of the first Hollywood studios to release what were known at that time as talkies, and in 1929, released their first musical, Innocents of Paris

14.
Musical film
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The musical film is a film genre in which songs sung by the characters are interwoven into the narrative, sometimes accompanied by dancing. The songs usually advance the plot or develop the characters, though in some cases they serve merely as breaks in the storyline. The musical film was a development of the stage musical after the emergence of sound film technology. Typically, the biggest difference between film and stage musicals is the use of background scenery and locations that would be impractical in a theater. Musical films characteristically contain elements reminiscent of theater, performers often treat their song, in a sense, the viewer becomes the diegetic audience, as the performer looks directly into the camera and performs to it. The 1930s through the early 1950s are considered to be the age of the musical film. Musical short films were made by Lee de Forest in 1923–24, beginning in 1926, thousands of Vitaphone shorts were made, many featuring bands, vocalists and dancers. The Jazz Singer, released in 1927 by Warner Brothers, was the first to include a track including non-diegetic music and diegetic music. This feature-length film was also a musical, featuring Al Jolson singing Dirty Hands, Dirty Face, Toot, Toot, Tootsie, Blue Skies and My Mammy. Historian Scott Eyman wrote, As the film ended and applause grew with the houselights and she saw terror in all their faces, she said, as if they knew that the game they had been playing for years was finally over. Still, only isolated sequences featured live sound, most of the film had only a musical score. In 1928, Warner Brothers followed this up with another Jolson part-talkie, The Singing Fool, theaters scrambled to install the new sound equipment and to hire Broadway composers to write musicals for the screen. The first all-talking feature, Lights of New York, included a sequence in a night club. The enthusiasm of audiences was so great that in less than an all the major studios were making sound pictures exclusively. The Broadway Melody had a plot about two sisters competing for a charming song-and-dance man. Advertised by MGM as the first All-Talking, All-Singing, All-Dancing feature film, it was a hit, there was a rush by the studios to hire talent from the stage to star in lavishly filmed versions of Broadway hits. The Love Parade starred Maurice Chevalier and newcomer Jeanette MacDonald, written by Broadway veteran Guy Bolton, Warner Brothers produced the first screen operetta, The Desert Song in 1929. They spared no expense and photographed a large percentage of the film in Technicolor and this was followed by the first all-color, all-talking musical feature which was entitled On with the Show

15.
Fantasy film
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Fantasy films are films that belong to the fantasy genre with fantastic themes, usually involving magic, supernatural events, mythology, folklore, or exotic fantasy worlds. The genre is considered a form of speculative fiction alongside science fiction films and horror films, Fantasy films often have an element of magic, myth, wonder, escapism, and the extraordinary. Several sub-categories of fantasy films can be identified, although the delineations between these subgenres, much as in literature, are somewhat fluid. The most common fantasy subgenres depicted in movies are High Fantasy and Sword, both categories typically employ quasi-medieval settings, wizards, magical creatures and other elements commonly associated with fantasy stories. High Fantasy films tend to feature a more richly developed fantasy world, often, they feature a hero of humble origins and a clear distinction between good and evil set against each other in an epic struggle. Many scholars cite J. R. R, to some, the term Sword and Sandal has pejorative connotations, designating a film with a low-quality script, bad acting and poor production values. Another important subgenre of films that has become more popular in recent years is contemporary fantasy. Such films feature magical effects or supernatural occurrences happening in the world of today. Fantasy films set in the afterlife, called Bangsian Fantasy, are less common, other uncommon subgenres include Historical Fantasy and Romantic Fantasy, although 2003s Pirates of the Caribbean, The Curse of the Black Pearl successfully incorporated elements of both. As noted above, superhero movies and fairy tale films might each be considered subgenres of fantasy films, as a cinematic genre, fantasy has traditionally not been regarded as highly as the related genre of science fiction film. Since the late 1990s, however, the genre has gained new respectability in a way, tolkiens The Lord of the Rings and J. K. Jacksons The Lord of the Rings trilogy is due to its ambitious scope, serious tone. These pictures achieved phenomenal commercial and critical success, and the installment of the trilogy became the first fantasy film ever to win the Academy Award for Best Picture. The Harry Potter series has been a financial success, has achieved critical acclaim. Following the success of ventures, Hollywood studios have greenlighted additional big-budget productions in the genre. These have included adaptations of the first, second, and third books in C. S and this is in contrast to science fiction films, which are often released during the northern hemisphere summer. The huge commercial success of these pictures may indicate a change in Hollywoods approach to fantasy film releases. Fantasy films have a history almost as old as the medium itself, however, fantasy films were relatively few and far between until the 1980s, when high-tech filmmaking techniques and increased audience interest caused the genre to flourish

16.
David Seltzer
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David Seltzer is an American screenwriter, producer and director, perhaps best known for writing the screenplays for The Omen and Bird on a Wire. Seltzers writing credits include the screenplays for The Omen, Prophecy, Six Weeks, My Giant, Dragonfly and Bird on a Wire, starring Mel Gibson and he wrote and directed Lucas, Punchline, Shining Through, and Nobodys Baby. Seltzer was reported to be writing an Untitled Earthquake Project for Hollywood director, abrams, the plot of which is closely guarded, though it has been confirmed that the film is not a remake of 1974s disaster film Earthquake. Seltzer is also working on a UK remake of Alfred Hitchcocks Strangers on a Train. The Dialogue, Learn from the Masters Interview David Seltzer at the Internet Movie Database

17.
Munich
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Munich is the capital and largest city of the German state of Bavaria, on the banks of River Isar north of the Bavarian Alps. Munich is the third largest city in Germany, after Berlin and Hamburg, the Munich Metropolitan Region is home to 5.8 million people. According to the Globalization and World Rankings Research Institute Munich is considered an alpha-world city, the name of the city is derived from the Old/Middle High German term Munichen, meaning by the monks. It derives from the monks of the Benedictine order who ran a monastery at the place that was later to become the Old Town of Munich, Munich was first mentioned in 1158. From 1255 the city was seat of the Bavarian Dukes, black and gold—the colours of the Holy Roman Empire—have been the citys official colours since the time of Ludwig the Bavarian, when it was an imperial residence. Following a final reunification of the Wittelsbachian Duchy of Bavaria, previously divided and sub-divided for more than 200 years, like wide parts of the Holy Roman Empire, the area recovered slowly economically. In 1918, during the German Revolution, the house of Wittelsbach, which governed Bavaria since 1180, was forced to abdicate in Munich. In the 1920s, Munich became home to political factions, among them the NSDAP. During World War II, Munich was heavily bombed and more than 50% of the entire city, the postwar period was characterised by American occupation until 1949 and a strong increase of population and economic power during the years of the Wirtschaftswunder after 1949. The city is home to corporations like BMW, Siemens, MAN, Linde, Allianz and MunichRE as well as many small. Munich is home to national and international authorities, major universities, major museums. Its numerous architectural attractions, international events, exhibitions and conferences. Munich is one of the most prosperous and fastest growing cities in Germany and it is a top-ranked destination for migration and expatriate location, despite being the municipality with the highest density of population in Germany. Munich nowadays hosts more than 530,000 people of foreign background, the year 1158 is assumed to be the foundation date, which is the earliest date the city is mentioned in a document. The document was signed in Augsburg, by that time the Guelph Henry the Lion, Duke of Saxony and Bavaria, had built a bridge over the river Isar next to a settlement of Benedictine monks—this was on the Old Salt Route and a toll bridge. In 1175, Munich was officially granted city status and received fortification, in 1180, with the trial of Henry the Lion, Otto I Wittelsbach became Duke of Bavaria and Munich was handed over to the Bishop of Freising. In 1240, Munich was transferred to Otto II Wittelsbach and in 1255, Duke Louis IV, a native of Munich, was elected German king in 1314 and crowned as Holy Roman Emperor in 1328. He strengthened the position by granting it the salt monopoly

18.
Warner Bros.
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Entertainment Inc. – colloquially known as Warner Bros. or Warner Bros. It is one of the Big Six major American film studios, Warner Bros. is a member of the Motion Picture Association of America. The companys name originated from the four founding Warner brothers, Harry, Albert, Sam, Jack, the youngest, was born in London, Ontario. The three elder brothers began in the theater business, having acquired a movie projector with which they showed films in the mining towns of Pennsylvania. In the beginning, Sam and Albert Warner invested $150 to present Life of an American Fireman and they opened their first theater, the Cascade, in New Castle, Pennsylvania, in 1903. When the original building was in danger of being demolished, the modern Warner Bros. called the current building owners, the owners noted people across the country had asked them to protect it for its historical significance. In 1904, the Warners founded the Pittsburgh-based Duquesne Amusement & Supply Company, in 1912, Harry Warner hired an auditor named Paul Ashley Chase. By the time of World War I they had begun producing films, in 1918 they opened the first Warner Bros. studio on Sunset Boulevard in Hollywood. Sam and Jack produced the pictures, while Harry and Albert, along with their auditor and now controller Chase, handled finance and distribution in New York City. During World War I their first nationally syndicated film, My Four Years in Germany, on April 4,1923, with help from money loaned to Harry by his banker Motley Flint, they formally incorporated as Warner Brothers Pictures, Incorporated. The first important deal was the acquisition of the rights to Avery Hopwoods 1919 Broadway play, The Gold Diggers, however, Rin Tin Tin, a dog brought from France after World War I by an American soldier, established their reputation. Rin Tin Tin debuted in the feature Where the North Begins, the movie was so successful that Jack signed the dog to star in more films for $1,000 per week. Rin Tin Tin became the top star. Jack nicknamed him The Mortgage Lifter and the success boosted Darryl F. Zanucks career, Zanuck eventually became a top producer and between 1928 and 1933 served as Jacks right-hand man and executive producer, with responsibilities including day-to-day film production. More success came after Ernst Lubitsch was hired as head director, lubitschs film The Marriage Circle was the studios most successful film of 1924, and was on The New York Times best list for that year. Despite the success of Rin Tin Tin and Lubitsch, Warners remained a lesser studio, Sam and Jack decided to offer Broadway actor John Barrymore the lead role in Beau Brummel. The film was so successful that Harry signed Barrymore to a contract, like The Marriage Circle. By the end of 1924, Warner Bros. was arguably Hollywoods most successful independent studio, as the studio prospered, it gained backing from Wall Street, and in 1924 Goldman Sachs arranged a major loan

19.
Warner Bros. Family Entertainment
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Family Entertainment was the family film label of Warner Bros. established in 1992. It is best known for producing numerous family films and television series in either live-action or animation, the division was founded in 1992 to produce more family-friendly films. The first theatrical film released under the Family Entertainment label was Dennis the Menace, the film proved to be a huge hit at the box office, grossing over $50 million at the domestic box office. Following it was Free Willy, which was released in the summer of 1993. WBFE made another film in 1993, called George Balanchines The Nutcracker, the last 1993 WBFE theatrical release was Batman, Mask of the Phantasm, and it wasnt a success at the box office, getting only $5 million at the box office compared to its $6 million budget. 1994 was the worst year for WBFE, where it was home to numerous flops, in the early part of 1994, Warner released Thumbelina, which was a major flop at the box office. Another 1994 film was a rendition of the book Black Beauty. Following it was A Troll in Central Park, which garnered less than $1 million at the box office, in 1995, it brought a live-action rendition of the book A Little Princess, which only got over $10 million in its domestic release. Other films include international releases of The Pebble and the Penguin, which was a bomb at the box office, grossing nearly $4 million, and Born to Be Wild, which also garnered nearly $4 million. In 1996, it would bring WBFEs biggest hit yet, Space Jam, in 1997, it would be home to some of Warners least-successful movies yet. The next film was released in 1997, Turner Feature Animations Cats Dont Dance, the next 1997 film was a sequel to The Swan Princess, The Swan Princess, Escape from Castle Mountain, but it performed poorly at the box office mainly because of a limited theatrical release. The final 1997 film was the third Free Willy film, Free Willy 3, The Rescue, in 1998, it released Warner Bros. Animations Quest for Camelot, which would be a flop at the box office, in 1999, it brought two more films from Warner Bros. Animation, the poorly performed The King and I, which grossed nearly $12 million, and Brad Bird’s The Iron Giant. The only 2000 film released under WBFE was My Dog Skip, two family films were released in 2001 through WBFE. Cats & Dogs was proved to be one of the biggest successes of the company’s history, the next film, Osmosis Jones, was hoped to follow the previous two films in the success line-up, but sadly flopped, only grossing nearly $15 million. Warner Bros. continued to release family films later in the 2000s, the last film to have the Family Entertainment banner was their first film to be released in Germany and England only, Lauras Star. In 2006, Warner Bros. released The Ant Bully, which was a box office disappointment, earning only $28 million in the US, Tiny Toon Adventures, How I Spent My Vacation Tweetys High-Flying Adventure Bah, Humduck

20.
Academy Award
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The various category winners are awarded a copy of a golden statuette, officially called the Academy Award of Merit, which has become commonly known by its nickname Oscar. The awards, first presented in 1929 at the Hollywood Roosevelt Hotel, are overseen by AMPAS, the awards ceremony was first broadcast on radio in 1930 and televised for the first time in 1953. It is now live in more than 200 countries and can be streamed live online. The Academy Awards ceremony is the oldest worldwide entertainment awards ceremony and its equivalents – the Emmy Awards for television, the Tony Awards for theater, and the Grammy Awards for music and recording – are modeled after the Academy Awards. The 89th Academy Awards ceremony, honoring the best films of 2016, were held on February 26,2017, at the Dolby Theatre, in Los Angeles, the ceremony was hosted by Jimmy Kimmel and was broadcast on ABC. A total of 3,048 Oscars have been awarded from the inception of the award through the 88th, the first Academy Awards presentation was held on May 16,1929, at a private dinner function at the Hollywood Roosevelt Hotel with an audience of about 270 people. The post-awards party was held at the Mayfair Hotel, the cost of guest tickets for that nights ceremony was $5. Fifteen statuettes were awarded, honoring artists, directors and other participants in the industry of the time. The ceremony ran for 15 minutes, winners were announced to media three months earlier, however, that was changed for the second ceremony in 1930. Since then, for the rest of the first decade, the results were given to newspapers for publication at 11,00 pm on the night of the awards. The first Best Actor awarded was Emil Jannings, for his performances in The Last Command and he had to return to Europe before the ceremony, so the Academy agreed to give him the prize earlier, this made him the first Academy Award winner in history. With the fourth ceremony, however, the system changed, for the first six ceremonies, the eligibility period spanned two calendar years. At the 29th ceremony, held on March 27,1957, until then, foreign-language films had been honored with the Special Achievement Award. The 74th Academy Awards, held in 2002, presented the first Academy Award for Best Animated Feature, since 1973, all Academy Awards ceremonies always end with the Academy Award for Best Picture. The Academy also awards Nicholl Fellowships in Screenwriting, see also § Awards of Merit categories The best known award is the Academy Award of Merit, more popularly known as the Oscar statuette. The five spokes represent the branches of the Academy, Actors, Writers, Directors, Producers. The model for the statuette is said to be Mexican actor Emilio El Indio Fernández, sculptor George Stanley sculpted Cedric Gibbons design. The statuettes presented at the ceremonies were gold-plated solid bronze

21.
Fiddler on the Roof (film)
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Fiddler on the Roof is a 1971 American musical comedy-drama film produced and directed by Norman Jewison. It is an adaptation of the 1964 Broadway musical of the name, with music composed by Jerry Bock, lyrics by Sheldon Harnick. Throughout the film, Tevye breaks the wall by talking directly to the audience or to the heavens. In addition to the difficulties of being poor, Tevye speaks of the Jewish communitys constant fear of harassment from their non-Jewish neighbors, the film was released to critical acclaim and won three Academy Awards, including Best Original Score for arranger-conductor John Williams. It was nominated for more, including Best Picture, Best Actor for Topol as Tevye, and Best Supporting Actor for Frey. Both Topol and Frey had previously performed in productions of the musical, Topol as Tevye in the London production and Frey in a minor part as Mendel. The films plot follows that of the musical from which it is adapted. In town, Tevye meets Perchik, a radical Marxist from Kiev, Tevye invites Perchik to stay with his family, and offers him food in exchange for Perchik tutoring his daughters. Tevye arranges for his oldest daughter, Tzeitel, to marry Lazar Wolf, Tzeitel is in love with her childhood sweetheart, Motel Kamzoil, and begs her father not to make her marry Lazar Wolf. Although he is angry, Tevye realizes that Tzeitel loves Motel. In order to convince his wife Golde that Tzeitel should not be married to Lazar Wolfe and he says that Goldes deceased grandmother told him Tzeitel is supposed to marry Motel, and that Lazar Wolfs late wife, Fruma-Sarah, threatened to kill Tzeitel if the two are married. Golde concludes that the dream was a message from their ancestors, meanwhile, Tevyes second daughter, Hodel, and Perchik begin to fall in love. They argue over the story of Leah and the place of old traditions in a changing world. The two dance together, which is considered forbidden by Orthodox Jewish tradition, Perchik tells Hodel that they just changed an old tradition. At Tzeitel and Motels wedding, an argument breaks out over whether a girl should be able to choose her own husband, Perchik addresses the crowd and says that, since they love each other, it should be left for the couple to decide. He creates further controversy by asking Hodel to dance with him, the crowd gradually warms to the idea and Tevye and Golde, then Motel and Tzeitel, join in dancing. The wedding proceeds with great joy, suddenly, the military presence in the town and the constable arrive and begin a pogrom. The constable stops the attack on the celebration after Perchik is wounded in the scuffle with the Tsars men, however

22.
The Candy Man
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The Candy Man is a song which originally appeared in the 1971 film Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory. It was written by Leslie Bricusse and Anthony Newley specifically for the film, although the original book by Roald Dahl contains lyrics adapted for other songs in the film, the lyrics to The Candy Man do not appear in the book. The soundtrack version of the song was sung by Aubrey Woods, the song is best known through Sammy Davis, Jr. s version, which appears on the Sammy Davis Jr. Billboard ranked it as the No.5 song for 1972, the track featured vocals by the Mike Curb Congregation, who had earlier released their own unsuccessful version of the song. It is recognized as one of Daviss signature songs, and The Candy Man came to be his moniker later in his career, in the 1980s the tune was adapted as a commercial jingle for Sunshine Biscuits. Sloppy Seconds included a cover of the song on their 1989 LP Destroyed, in 2014, Sammy Davis Jr. s lead vocals from the original 1972 recording were sampled to create a virtual duet with singer Barry Manilow, which appeared on Manilows album My Dream Duets. Once he replaced Terry Wogan on the breakfast show in January 2010, he has continued to play the tune every Friday morning, the song was also used on a TV trailer, promoting his new breakfast show. Danny Baker used the song extensively as a theme during his breakfast show for BBC London 94.9 and he would reward listeners who phoned into the show and greeted him as Candy Man. During his time on the show he amassed a number of existing versions of the song. He continued to use the song as a tune for his afternoon show on BBC London 94.9 until its cancellation. In an episode of My Name Is Earl, Randy Hickey finds a coin in a drain, on Krayzie Bones 1999 album Thug Mentality 1999, he uses the melody and meter of Candy Man for the intro to the song Dummy Man. Comedian Tim Hawkins released a parody of the song entitled the Government Can in 2009, the video for the song went viral and has garnered over 5.7 million hits on YouTube. M&M Mars used the song from time to time as a jingle for The M&Ms Man, EDM artist Zedd later released his single Candyman, which samples the original song, to commemorate the 75th anniversary of M&Ms candy. An M&Ms ad featuring the song shows Red and Yellow trying to remix the M&Ms Man jingle with help from Zedd and Aloe Blacc. In an episode of We Bare Bears, Panda sings a parody of the song called Girl Be Selling Sunshine after he falls in love with a girl that saves him from a peanut allergy. In an episode of Malcolm in the Middle entitled New Neighbours, Commandant Spangler makes the cadets sing the song in order to impress his hero, the Kidsongs singers sing this song on their 1987 video, What I Want to Be. In the Dreamworks Animation movie Madagascar, the song was used twice, the first was in normal speed when Alex the lion got tranquilized at Grand Central Station, then it played again in a very fast speed when he got tranquilized again before being boxed up. List of number-one adult contemporary singles of 1972

23.
Sammy Davis Jr.
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Samuel George Sammy Davis Jr. was an American entertainer. Primarily a dancer and singer, he was also an actor of stage and screen, comedian, musician, at the age of 3, Davis began his career in vaudeville with his father and Will Mastin as the Will Mastin Trio, which toured nationally. After military service, Davis returned to the trio, Davis became an overnight sensation following a nightclub performance at Ciros after the 1951 Academy Awards. With the trio, he became a recording artist, in 1954, he lost his left eye in a car accident, and several years later, he converted to Judaism. Daviss film career began as a child in 1933, in 1960, he appeared in the Rat Pack film Oceans 11. After a starring role on Broadway in 1956s Mr Wonderful, he returned to the stage in 1964s Golden Boy, in 1966 he had his own TV variety show, titled The Sammy Davis Jr. Show. Daviss career slowed in the late 1960s, but he had a hit record with The Candy Man in 1972 and became a star in Las Vegas, earning him the nickname Mister Show Business. Davis was a victim of racism throughout his life, particularly during the pre-Civil Rights era, Davis had a complex relationship with the black community, and drew criticism after publicly supporting President Richard Nixon in 1972. One day on a course with Jack Benny, he was asked what his handicap was. This was to become a comment, recounted in his autobiography. After reuniting with Sinatra and Dean Martin in 1987, Davis toured with them and Liza Minnelli internationally and he died in debt to the Internal Revenue Service, and his estate was the subject of legal battles. Davis was awarded the Spingarn Medal by the NAACP and was nominated for a Golden Globe Award and he was the recipient of the Kennedy Center Honors in 1987, and in 2001, he was posthumously awarded the Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award. During his lifetime, Davis stated that his mother was Puerto Rican, as an infant, he was reared by his paternal grandmother. When he was 3 years old, his parents separated and his father, not wanting to lose custody of his son, took him on tour. Davis learned to dance from his father and his uncle Will Mastin, Davis joined the act as a child and they became the Will Mastin Trio. Throughout his career, Davis included the Will Mastin Trio in his billing, Mastin and his father shielded him from racism. Snubs were explained as jealousy, for instance, when Davis served in the United States Army during World War II, however, he was confronted by strong racial prejudice. He later said, Overnight the world looked different and it wasnt one color any more

24.
National Film Registry
–
The National Film Registry is the United States National Film Preservation Boards selection of films for preservation in the Library of Congress. The NFPB, established by the National Film Preservation Act of 1988, was reauthorized by acts of Congress in 1992,1996,2005, and again in October 2008. The NFPBs mission, to which the NFR contributes, is to ensure the survival, conservation, the 1996 law also created the non-profit National Film Preservation Foundation which, although affiliated with the NFPB, raises money from the private sector. To be eligible for inclusion, a film must be at least ten years old, for the first selection in 1989, the public nominated almost 1,000 films for consideration. Members of the NFPB then developed individual ballots of possible films for inclusion, the ballots were tabulated into a list of 25 films which was then modified by Librarian of Congress James H. Billington and his staff at the Library for the final selection. Since 1997, members of the public have been able to nominate up to 50 films a year for the NFPB, the NFR includes films ranging from Hollywood classics to orphan films. A film is not required to be feature-length, nor is it required to have been released in the traditional sense. As of the 2016 listing, there are 700 films preserved in the Registry, currently, the earliest listed film is Newark Athlete, and the most recent is 13 Lakes. Counting the 11 multi-year serials in the NFR once each by year of completion, the years with the most films selected are 1928,1939, the time between a films debut and its selection varies greatly. The longest span is 119 years, Newark Athlete was originally released in 1891, the shortest span is the minimum 10 years, this distinction is shared by Raging Bull, Do the Right Thing, Goodfellas, Toy Story, Fargo and 13 Lakes. For purposes of this list, multi-year serials are counted once by year of completion

25.
Library of Congress
–
The Library of Congress is the research library that officially serves the United States Congress and is the de facto national library of the United States. It is the oldest federal cultural institution in the United States, the Library is housed in three buildings on Capitol Hill in Washington, D. C. it also maintains the Packard Campus in Culpeper, Virginia, which houses the National Audio-Visual Conservation Center. The Library of Congress claims to be the largest library in the world and its collections are universal, not limited by subject, format, or national boundary, and include research materials from all parts of the world and in more than 450 languages. Two-thirds of the books it acquires each year are in other than English. The Library of Congress moved to Washington in 1800, after sitting for years in the temporary national capitals of New York. John J. Beckley, who became the first Librarian of Congress, was two dollars per day and was required to also serve as the Clerk of the House of Representatives. The small Congressional Library was housed in the United States Capitol for most of the 19th century until the early 1890s, most of the original collection had been destroyed by the British in 1814, during the War of 1812. To restore its collection in 1815, the bought from former president Thomas Jefferson his entire personal collection of 6,487 books. After a period of growth, another fire struck the Library in its Capitol chambers in 1851, again destroying a large amount of the collection. The Library received the right of transference of all copyrighted works to have two copies deposited of books, maps, illustrations and diagrams printed in the United States. It also began to build its collections of British and other European works and it included several stories built underground of steel and cast iron stacks. Although the Library is open to the public, only high-ranking government officials may check out books, the Library promotes literacy and American literature through projects such as the American Folklife Center, American Memory, Center for the Book, and Poet Laureate. James Madison is credited with the idea for creating a congressional library, part of the legislation appropriated $5,000 for the purchase of such books as may be necessary for the use of Congress. And for fitting up an apartment for containing them. Books were ordered from London and the collection, consisting of 740 books and 3 maps, was housed in the new Capitol, as president, Thomas Jefferson played an important role in establishing the structure of the Library of Congress. The new law also extended to the president and vice president the ability to borrow books and these volumes had been left in the Senate wing of the Capitol. One of the only congressional volumes to have survived was a government account book of receipts and it was taken as a souvenir by a British Commander whose family later returned it to the United States government in 1940. Within a month, former president Jefferson offered to sell his library as a replacement

26.
William Allingham
–
William Allingham was an Irish poet, diarist and editor. His wife, Helen Allingham, was a well-known water-colorist and illustrator, William Allingham was born on 19 March 1824 in the little port of Ballyshannon, County Donegal, Ireland, and was the son of the manager of a local bank who was of English descent. His younger brothers and sisters were Catherine, John, Jane, Edward, during his childhood his parents moved twice within the town, where the boy enjoyed the country sights and gardens, learned to paint and listened to his mothers piano-playing. When he was nine, his mother died and he obtained a post in the custom-house of his native town, and held several similar posts in Ireland and England until 1870. During this period were published his Poems and Day and Night Songs, lawrence Bloomfield in Ireland, his most ambitious, though not his most successful work, a narrative poem illustrative of Irish social questions, appeared in 1864. He also edited The Ballad Book for the Golden Treasury series in 1864, on 22 August 1874 he married the illustrator, Helen Paterson, who was twenty-four years younger than he. His wife gave up her work as an illustrator and would become known under her married name as a water-colour painter. In 1877 appeared Allinghams Songs, Poems and Ballads, in 1881, after the death of Carlyle, the Allinghams moved to Sandhills near Witley in Surrey, where their third child, Henry William, was born in 1882. At this period Allingham published Evil May Day, Blackberries and Irish Songs, in 1888, because of Williams declining health, they moved back to the capital, to the heights of Hampstead village. But in 1889, on 18 November, William died at Hampstead, according to his wishes he was cremated. His ashes are interred at St. Annes church in his native Ballyshannon, posthumously Allinghams Varieties in Prose was published in 1893. William Allingham A Diary, edited by Mrs Helen Allingham and D. Radford, was published in 1907 and it contains Allinghams reminiscences of Alfred Tennyson, Thomas Carlyle and other writers and artists. Working on a scale, Allingham produced much lyrical and descriptive poetry. His verse is clear, fresh, and graceful and his best-known poem remains his early work, The Faeries. Allingham had a influence on W. B. Yeats, while the Ulster poet John Hewitt felt Allinghams impact keenly, and attempted to revive his reputation by editing, Allinghams wide-ranging anthology of poetry, Nightingale Valley was to be the inspiration for the 1923 collection Come Hither by Walter de la Mare. We darent go a-hunting/For fear of little men, several lines of the poem are quoted by Henry Flyte, a character in issue No.65 of the Supergirl comic book, August 2011. This same poem was quoted in Andre Nortons 1990 science fiction novel Dare To Go A-Hunting

27.
Wonka Bar
–
Varieties of Wonka Bars were subsequently manufactured and sold in the real world, formerly by the Willy Wonka Candy Company, a division of Nestlé. These bars were discontinued in January 2010 due to poor sales, in Roald Dahls novel Charlie and the Chocolate Factory and its film adaptations, a Wonka Bar is a brand of chocolate made by Willy Wonka, and is said to be the perfect candy bar. The wrappers of the 1971 version are brown with an orange and pink border with a top hat over the W in Wonka, in the 2005 version, the wrappers feature different shades of a color and are also more detailed. In the book, Grandpa Joe mentions that Mr. Wonka had invented two hundred kinds of Wonka bars. The consumer product Wonka Bar was a candy bar inspired by the novel and the films Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory and Charlie. The Quaker Oats Company, which financed the 1971 film with US$3 million, in the documentary Pure Imagination, producer David L. Wolper claims the bar was released to stores, but quickly recalled due to a production problem. Made by Nestlé and sold under their Willy Wonka Candy Company brand, Wonka Bars sold in the United States until January 2010 consisted of small, the brand was launched by Chicagos Breaker Confections in 1976, and purchased by Nestle in 1988. Other bars produced included Wonka Xploder, Wonkalate and Wonka Biscuits, to promote the 2005 film adaptation, some real Wonka Bars were packaged with a Golden Ticket, as in the novel and films. A Golden Ticket entitled winners to cash prizes or Nestlé factory tours, a Nestlé factory in Europe began producing Wonka Bars in the flavors and wrappers depicted in the 2005 film, Whipple-Scrumptious Fudgemallow Delight, Nutty Crunch Surprise and Triple Dazzle Caramel. Nestlé Japan also released some Wonka Bars, in two flavours, Whipple Scrumptious Caramel Delight and Mysterious Spit-Spat Bar and these bars feature a wrapper done in the same style as the bars that appear in the Tim Burton film adaptation. Nestlé Japan also released a toy truck containing these bars and these are still being sold as of 2014. In March 2010, Nestlé USA introduced a new line of chocolate bars named Wonka Exceptionals, the Wonka Scrumdiddlyumptious Chocolate Bar consists of bits of toffee, cookie and peanuts in milk chocolate. The Wonka Chocolate Waterfall Bar contains white chocolate swirled with chocolate. Wonka launched the line with an in-package Golden Ticket sweepstakes. Ten Golden Tickets could be found in bars and bags of Wonka Exceptionals chocolates, on 9 August 2013, Nestle UK announced that the Wonka Bar is to return to the UK having not been sold since 2005. The new Wonka Bars are available in individual bars and 100g big block bars. There are currently three flavours, Millionaires Shortbread, Crème Brûlée and Chocolate Nice Cream, Crème Brûlée is not available in small bars and is only available in big block bars. The small individual bars went on sale on 16 September 2013 and it is currently unknown if they will also be sold in the United States

28.
Paraguay
–
Paraguay lies on both banks of the Paraguay River, which runs through the center of the country from north to south. Due to its location in South America, it is sometimes referred to as Corazón de Sudamérica. Paraguay is one of the two landlocked countries that lie outside Afro-Eurasia, Paraguay is the smallest landlocked country in the Americas. The indigenous Guaraní had been living in Paraguay for at least a millennium before the Spanish conquered the territory in the 16th century, Spanish settlers and Jesuit missions introduced Christianity and Spanish culture to the region. Paraguay was a colony of the Spanish Empire, with few urban centers and settlers. Following independence from Spain in 1811, Paraguay was ruled by a series of dictators who generally implemented isolationist and protectionist policies and he was toppled in an internal military coup, and free multi-party elections were organized and held for the first time in 1993. A year later, Paraguay joined Argentina, Brazil and Uruguay to found Mercosur, as of 2009, Paraguays population was estimated to be at around 6.5 million, most of whom are concentrated in the southeast region of the country. The capital and largest city is Asunción, of which the area is home to nearly a third of Paraguays population. In contrast to most Latin American nations, Paraguays indigenous language and culture, Guaraní, in each census, residents predominantly identify as mestizo, reflecting years of intermarriage among the different ethnic groups. Guaraní is recognized as an official language alongside Spanish, and both languages are spoken in the country. There is no consensus for the derivation or meaning of the name Paraguay, the most common interpretations include, Born from water Riverine of many varieties River which originates a sea Fray Antonio Ruiz de Montoya said that it meant river crowned. The Spanish officer and scientist Félix de Azara suggests two derivations, the Payaguas, referring to the tribe who lived along the river. The French-Argentine historian and writer Paul Groussac argued that it meant river that flows through the sea, Paraguayan poet and ex-president Juan Natalicio González said it meant river of the inhabitants of the sea. Indigenous peoples have inhabited this area for thousands of years, pre-Columbian society in the region which is now Paraguay consisted of semi-nomadic tribes that were known for their warrior traditions. These indigenous tribes belonged to five language families, which was the basis of their major divisions. Differing language groups were generally competitive over resources and territories and they were further divided into tribes by speaking languages in branches of these families. Today 17 separate ethnolinguistic groups remain, the first Europeans in the area were Spanish explorers in 1516. The Spanish explorer Juan de Salazar de Espinosa founded the settlement of Asunción on 15 August 1537, the city eventually became the center of a Spanish colonial province of Paraguay

29.
Everlasting Gobstopper
–
The Everlasting Gobstopper is both a fictional brand of candy and an actual confection named after the fictional product. It is implied that they may also be indestructible, Factory owner Willy Wonka explained that they were for children with very little pocket money. According to Slugworth in the 1971 film, the Everlasting Gobstopper would entirely ruin his business, a product called Everlasting Gobstopper was introduced in 1976 by the Chicago candy company Breaker Confections. It had licensed the Willy Wonka name in 1971 so that their candy could be used as merchandising tie-ins for Willy Wonka and the Chocolate Factory film, the Willy Wonka Candy Company brand has since been bought by Nestlé and production has been moved to Itasca, Illinois. The everlasting gobstopper is rather similar to a normal gobstopper or jawbreaker and is composed of discrete layers. The layers allow for the colour and flavour changing effects described in the book and they are available in a variety of different flavour combinations and usually have a chalky centre similar to a cherry-flavoured SweeTart. A version with a centre is also available. They resemble the gobstopper from the book and its 2005 film adaptation far more than the ones in the 1971 film, the version from the 1971 film is a multi-coloured, bumpy, spiky candy and the ones in the book and the 2005 film are round, single-coloured spheres. Seasonal variants such as Gobstopper Snowballs and Gobstopper Heartbreakers are available during holidays and around the time of Valentines Day

Charlie and the Chocolate Factory (film)
–
Charlie and the Chocolate Factory is a 2005 musical fantasy film directed by Tim Burton and written by John August, based on the 1964 British book of the same name by Roald Dahl. The film stars Johnny Depp as Willy Wonka and Freddie Highmore as Charlie Bucket. The storyline concerns Charlie, who wins a contest and is, along with four other contest

1.
Theatrical release poster

Charlie and the Chocolate Factory
–
Charlie and the Chocolate Factory is a 1964 childrens book by British author Roald Dahl. The story features the adventures of young Charlie Bucket inside the factory of eccentric chocolatier Willy Wonka. Charlie and the Chocolate Factory was first published in the United States by Alfred A. Knopf, Inc. in 1964, the book has been adapted into two ma

1.
First American edition, 1964

David L. Wolper
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Wolper directed the 1959 documentary The Race for Space, which was nominated for an Academy Award. His 1971 film about the study of insects, The Hellstrom Chronicle, Wolper was born in New York City, the son of Anna and Irving S. Wolper. For his work on television, he had received his star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame, the pre-1968 library is owne

1.
David L. Wolper

Roald Dahl
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Roald Dahl was a British novelist, short story writer, poet, screenwriter, and fighter pilot. His books have more than 250 million copies worldwide. He rose to prominence in the 1940s with works for children and adults and he became one of the worlds best-selling authors. He has been referred to as one of the greatest storytellers for children of t

1.
Dahl in 1954

2.
Mrs Pratchett's former sweet shop in Llandaff, Cardiff has a blue plaque commemorating the mischief a young Roald Dahl played on her by putting a mouse in the gobstoppers jar.

Gene Wilder
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Jerome Silberman, known professionally as Gene Wilder, was an American actor, screenwriter, director, producer, singer-songwriter and author. Wilder began his career on stage, and made his debut in an episode of the TV series The Play of the Week in 1961. Wilder directed and wrote several of his own films, including The Woman in Red and his third w

1.
Wilder in 1970

2.
Wilder with Gilda Radner, 1986

Jack Albertson
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Jack Albertson was an American actor, comedian, dancer and singer who also performed in vaudeville. For his contributions to the industry, Albertson was honored with a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame at 6253 Hollywood Boulevard. Jack Albertson was born on June 16,1907, in Malden, Massachusetts and his older sister was actress Mabel Albertson. Al

1.
Jack Albertson in 1976

Peter Ostrum
–
Peter Gardner Ostrum is an American veterinarian and former child actor whose only film role was as Charlie Bucket in the 1971 motion picture Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory. A native of Cleveland, Ostrum was 12 years old when selected by talent agents for Willy Wonka, though he enjoyed the experience of shooting the film, he opted not to sign

1.
Peter Ostrum in 2011

Roy Kinnear
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Roy Mitchell Kinnear was a British actor. He is known for his roles in films directed by Richard Lester, clapper in How I Won the War, and Planchet in The Three Musketeers, reprising the latter role in the 1974 and 1989 sequels. He is also known for playing Henry Salt in the 1971 film Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory, Kinnear made his stage debu

1.
Publicity photo of Kinnear possibly taken in the 1980s.

Leonard Stone
–
Leonard Stone was an American character actor who played supporting roles in over 120 television shows and 35 films. Stone was born Leonard Steinbock in Salem, Oregon, the son of Mr. and Mrs. Mike Steinbock, he was a graduate of Salem High School. He majored in speech and drama at Willamette University, graduating cum laude, Stone was a midshipman

Paris Themmen
–
Paris Themmen is an American actor, commercial casting director and entrepreneur. He performed on Broadway in Mame with Ann Miller in 1967, declaring a hiatus from acting at age 14 to just be a kid, Themmen went on to receive a B. F. A. in theatre from New York University. Themmens adult acting appearances include Virtuoso, a 2000, sixth-season epi

1.
Themmen at the Big Apple Convention in Manhattan, October 1, 2010.

Anthony Newley
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Anthony Newley was an English actor, singer and songwriter. Newley achieved success as a performer in such fields as rock and roll and stage. As a recording artist he enjoyed a dozen Top 40 entries on the UK Singles Chart between 1959 and 1962, including two number one hits, Bricusse and Newley received an Academy Award nomination for the film scor

1.
Anthony Newley

Quaker Oats Company
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The Quaker Oats Company, known as Quaker, is an American food conglomerate based in Chicago. It has been owned by PepsiCo since 2001 and he held the key positions of general manager, president and chairman of the company from 1888 until late 1943. He was called the cereal tycoon and he donated more than 70% of his wealth to the Crowell Trust. Ameri

1.
1905 magazine advertisement

2.
Quaker Oats Company logo designed by Saul Bass in 1969. This logo is still used corporately.

3.
Quaker Oats facility in Peterborough

4.
Quaker Oats box, featuring the "Quaker Man" logo

Paramount Pictures
–
Paramount Pictures Corporation is an American film studio based in Hollywood, California, that has been a subsidiary of the American media conglomerate Viacom since 1994. In 1916, film producer Adolph Zukor contracted 22 actors and actresses and these fortunate few would become the first movie stars. Paramount Pictures is a member of the Motion Pic

1.
Logo used as of 2012

2.
Paramount Pictures logo, based on a design by founder William Wadsworth Hodkinson, from 1917 to 1967.

3.
Lasky's original studio, a.k.a.: "The Barn"; as it appeared in the mid-1920s. The Taft building, built in 1923, is visible in the background.

4.
The original Paramount logo seen on its 1930s films and Popeye shorts.

Musical film
–
The musical film is a film genre in which songs sung by the characters are interwoven into the narrative, sometimes accompanied by dancing. The songs usually advance the plot or develop the characters, though in some cases they serve merely as breaks in the storyline. The musical film was a development of the stage musical after the emergence of so

1.
Film poster for Top Hat (1935)

2.
Bollywood dances usually follow or are choreographed to filmi songs.

Fantasy film
–
Fantasy films are films that belong to the fantasy genre with fantastic themes, usually involving magic, supernatural events, mythology, folklore, or exotic fantasy worlds. The genre is considered a form of speculative fiction alongside science fiction films and horror films, Fantasy films often have an element of magic, myth, wonder, escapism, and

1.
Fantasy films

David Seltzer
–
David Seltzer is an American screenwriter, producer and director, perhaps best known for writing the screenplays for The Omen and Bird on a Wire. Seltzers writing credits include the screenplays for The Omen, Prophecy, Six Weeks, My Giant, Dragonfly and Bird on a Wire, starring Mel Gibson and he wrote and directed Lucas, Punchline, Shining Through,

1.
David Seltzer during the 2007 Writers Guild of America strike.

Munich
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Munich is the capital and largest city of the German state of Bavaria, on the banks of River Isar north of the Bavarian Alps. Munich is the third largest city in Germany, after Berlin and Hamburg, the Munich Metropolitan Region is home to 5.8 million people. According to the Globalization and World Rankings Research Institute Munich is considered a

1.
From left to right: The Munich Frauenkirche, the Nymphenburg Palace, the BMW Headquarters, the New Town Hall, the Munich Hofgarten and the Allianz Arena.

2.
Munich city coat of arms

3.
Banners with the colours of Munich (left) and Bavaria (right) with the Frauenkirche in the background

4.
Bombing damage to the Altstadt. Note the roofless and pockmarked Altes Rathaus looking up the Tal. The roofless Heilig-Geist-Kirche is on the right of the photo. Its spire, without the copper top, is behind the church. The Talbruck gate tower is missing completely.

Warner Bros.
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Entertainment Inc. – colloquially known as Warner Bros. or Warner Bros. It is one of the Big Six major American film studios, Warner Bros. is a member of the Motion Picture Association of America. The companys name originated from the four founding Warner brothers, Harry, Albert, Sam, Jack, the youngest, was born in London, Ontario. The three elder

2.
Warner Bros.

3.
Lobby card from Open Your Eyes (1919)

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Lobby card from The Beautiful and Damned (1922)

Warner Bros. Family Entertainment
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Family Entertainment was the family film label of Warner Bros. established in 1992. It is best known for producing numerous family films and television series in either live-action or animation, the division was founded in 1992 to produce more family-friendly films. The first theatrical film released under the Family Entertainment label was Dennis

1.
Warner Bros. Family Entertainment

Academy Award
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The various category winners are awarded a copy of a golden statuette, officially called the Academy Award of Merit, which has become commonly known by its nickname Oscar. The awards, first presented in 1929 at the Hollywood Roosevelt Hotel, are overseen by AMPAS, the awards ceremony was first broadcast on radio in 1930 and televised for the first

Fiddler on the Roof (film)
–
Fiddler on the Roof is a 1971 American musical comedy-drama film produced and directed by Norman Jewison. It is an adaptation of the 1964 Broadway musical of the name, with music composed by Jerry Bock, lyrics by Sheldon Harnick. Throughout the film, Tevye breaks the wall by talking directly to the audience or to the heavens. In addition to the dif

1.
Theatrical release poster

The Candy Man
–
The Candy Man is a song which originally appeared in the 1971 film Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory. It was written by Leslie Bricusse and Anthony Newley specifically for the film, although the original book by Roald Dahl contains lyrics adapted for other songs in the film, the lyrics to The Candy Man do not appear in the book. The soundtrack ve

1.
"The Candy Man"

Sammy Davis Jr.
–
Samuel George Sammy Davis Jr. was an American entertainer. Primarily a dancer and singer, he was also an actor of stage and screen, comedian, musician, at the age of 3, Davis began his career in vaudeville with his father and Will Mastin as the Will Mastin Trio, which toured nationally. After military service, Davis returned to the trio, Davis beca

4.
Sammy Davis Jr., (left) with Walter Reuther (center) and Roy Wilkins (right) at the 1963 March on Washington.

National Film Registry
–
The National Film Registry is the United States National Film Preservation Boards selection of films for preservation in the Library of Congress. The NFPB, established by the National Film Preservation Act of 1988, was reauthorized by acts of Congress in 1992,1996,2005, and again in October 2008. The NFPBs mission, to which the NFR contributes, is

1.
Logo for the National Film Registry

2.
The 47-second long The Kiss (1896) was one of the first films shown commercially to the public.

3.
The Great Train Robbery (1903) used a variety of editing techniques that were becoming popular at the time of its release.

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Although not the first animated film, Gertie the Dinosaur became the first popular cartoon.

Library of Congress
–
The Library of Congress is the research library that officially serves the United States Congress and is the de facto national library of the United States. It is the oldest federal cultural institution in the United States, the Library is housed in three buildings on Capitol Hill in Washington, D. C. it also maintains the Packard Campus in Culpepe

1.
Construction of the Thomas Jefferson Building, from July 8, 1888, to May 15, 1894.

3.
The West façade of the Library of Congress in 1898

4.
The Library of Congress inside the U.S. Capitol Building c. 1890

William Allingham
–
William Allingham was an Irish poet, diarist and editor. His wife, Helen Allingham, was a well-known water-colorist and illustrator, William Allingham was born on 19 March 1824 in the little port of Ballyshannon, County Donegal, Ireland, and was the son of the manager of a local bank who was of English descent. His younger brothers and sisters were

1.
William Allingham

Wonka Bar
–
Varieties of Wonka Bars were subsequently manufactured and sold in the real world, formerly by the Willy Wonka Candy Company, a division of Nestlé. These bars were discontinued in January 2010 due to poor sales, in Roald Dahls novel Charlie and the Chocolate Factory and its film adaptations, a Wonka Bar is a brand of chocolate made by Willy Wonka,

1.
The real Wonka Bar

Paraguay
–
Paraguay lies on both banks of the Paraguay River, which runs through the center of the country from north to south. Due to its location in South America, it is sometimes referred to as Corazón de Sudamérica. Paraguay is one of the two landlocked countries that lie outside Afro-Eurasia, Paraguay is the smallest landlocked country in the Americas. T

1.
José Gaspar Rodríguez de Francia, Paraguay's first president.

2.
Flag (obverse)

3.
Francisco Solano López

4.
The Battle of Tuyutí, May 1866.

Everlasting Gobstopper
–
The Everlasting Gobstopper is both a fictional brand of candy and an actual confection named after the fictional product. It is implied that they may also be indestructible, Factory owner Willy Wonka explained that they were for children with very little pocket money. According to Slugworth in the 1971 film, the Everlasting Gobstopper would entirel

1.
The mariner up on the mast in a storm. One of the wood-engraved illustrations by Gustave Doré of the poem.

2.
Engraving by Gustave Doré for an 1876 edition of the poem. "The Albatross," depicts 17 sailors on the deck of a wooden ship facing an albatross. Icicles hang from the rigging.

3.
A statue of the ancient mariner with the albatross around his neck, at Watchet, Somerset. "Ah! well a-day! what evil looks Had I from old and young! Instead of the cross, the Albatross About my neck was hung."

4.
"The Albatross about my Neck was Hung," etching by William Strang. Poem illustration published 1896.

3.
The headstone of Spike Milligan's grave, formerly in the grounds of St Thomas's Winchelsea, East Sussex. The name of his last wife has since been added along with birth and death dates and an additional epitaph. The epitaph reads Duirt mé leat go raibh mé breoite, Irish for "I told you I was ill."

1.
John Madden (right, shown with Senator Susan Collins) was head coach of the Raiders for 10 seasons. Madden's overall winning percentage including playoff games ranks second in league history. He won a Super Bowl and never had a losing season as a head coach.

3.
Raider's Hall of Famer Marcus Allen is considered one of the greatest goal line and short-yard runners in National Football League history.

4.
Raider's Hall of Famer Tim Brown spent 16 years with the Raiders, during which he established himself as one of the NFL's most prolific wide receivers.

1.
A frame from a 35mm film print. Here, the picture is framed for the intended theatrical aspect ratio (inside the yellow box). Picture outside the yellow box is matted out when the film is shown in widescreen. For 4:3 television versions, a large portion of the picture can be used (inside the red box) with an open matte.