Citation Manager

Below are the first 10 and last 10 pages of uncorrected machine-read text (when available) of this chapter, followed by the top 30 algorithmically extracted key phrases from the chapter as a whole.Intended to provide our own search engines and external engines with highly rich, chapter-representative searchable text on the opening pages of each chapter.
Because it is UNCORRECTED material, please consider the following text as a useful but insufficient proxy for the authoritative book pages.

Do not use for reproduction, copying, pasting, or reading; exclusively for search engines.

OCR for page 463
DRI DIETARY REFERENCE INTAKES FOR Vitamin C, Vitamin E, Selenium, and Carotenoids
LOAEL
Lowest-observed-adverse-effect level—lowest intake (or experimental dose) of a nutrient at which an adverse effect has been identified
LPL
Lipoprotein lipase
Lycopenodermia
Deep orange discoloration of the skin resulting from high intakes of lycopene-rich food
MHC
Major histocompatibility complex
MONICA Project
Monitoring Trends and Determinants in Cardiovascular Disease Project
MPOD
Macular pigment optical density
MUFA
Monounsaturated fatty acid
NADH
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide
NADPH
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate
NEC
Necrotizing enterocolitis
NHANES
National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey—survey conducted periodically by the National Center for Health Statistics of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
NHIS
National Health Interview Survey
NO
Nitric oxide
NOAEL
No-observed-adverse-effect level—highest intake (or experimental dose) of a nutrient at which no adverse effect has been observed
NRC
National Research Council
ORAC
Oxygen radical absorbance capacity
Oxidative stress
Imbalance between the production of various reactive species and the ability of the organism's natural protective mechanisms to cope with these reactive compounds and prevent adverse effects
OxLDL
Oxidized low-density lipoprotein
8-OxodG
8-Oxo-7,8-dihydro-2′-deoxyguanosine—a product of oxidative DNA damage

OCR for page 463
DRI DIETARY REFERENCE INTAKES FOR Vitamin C, Vitamin E, Selenium, and Carotenoids
PHS
Physicians' Health Study
Provitamin A carotenoids
α-Carotene, β-carotene, and β-cryptoxanthin
PUFA
Polyunsaturated fatty acid
RBC
Red blood cell
RDA
Recommended Dietary Allowance
Risk assessment
Organized framework for evaluating scientific information, which has as its objective a characterization of the nature and likelihood of harm resulting from excess human exposure to an environmental agent (in this case, a nutrient); it includes the development of both qualitative and quantitative expressions of risk
Risk characterization
Final step in a risk assessment, which summarizes the conclusions from steps 1 through 3 of the risk assessment (hazard identification, dose-response, and estimates of exposure) and evaluates the risk; this step also includes a characterization of the degree of scientific confidence that can be placed in the UL
Risk management
Process by which risk assessment results are integrated with other information to make decisions about the need for, method of, and extent of risk reduction; in addition, risk management considers such issues as the public health significance of the risk, the technical feasibility of achieving various degrees of risk control, and the economic and social costs of this control
RNA
Ribonucleic acid
RNI
Recommended Nutrient Intake
RNS
Reactive nitrogen species
ROS
Reactive oxygen species
SD
Standard deviation
SE
Standard error

OCR for page 463
DRI DIETARY REFERENCE INTAKES FOR Vitamin C, Vitamin E, Selenium, and Carotenoids
Selenite and selenate
Inorganic selenium, the forms found in many dietary supplements
Selenomethionine and selenocysteine
Major dietary forms of selenium
Selenosis
Selenium toxicity characterized by hair loss and nail sloughing
SEM
Standard error of the mean
SOD
Superoxide dismutase
TBARS
Thiobarbituric acid reactive substances, a nonspecific measure of lipid peroxidation
TD
Tardive dyskinesia
α-TE
α-Tocopherol equivalent
TEAC
Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity
α-Tocopherol
The only form of vitamin E that is maintained in human plasma and thus it is the only form utilized to estimate the vitamin E requirement.
TRAP
Total radical-trapping antioxidant capability
α-TTP
α-Tocopherol transfer protein
UF
Uncertainty factor—number by which the NOAEL (or LOAEL) is divided to obtain the UL; the size of the UF varies depending on the confidence in the data and the nature of the adverse effect
UL
Tolerable Upper Intake Level
USDA
U.S. Department of Agriculture
USP
U.S. Pharmacopeia
VCAM-1
Vascular cell adhesion molecule
Vitamin E
The 2R-stereoisomeric forms of α-tocopherol (RRR-, RSR-, RRS-, and RSS-α-tocopherol)
VLDL
Very low density lipoproteins
WHO
World Health Organization