Which of the following best describes the concept of "prehistory?
a. The time before history existed.
b. A stage of primitive development.
c. The time when evolution was occurring.
d. A time period before written records.

What do proponents of the hydraulic hypothesis for the origin of the state argue?
a. Irrigation began in China and spread along ancient trade routes.
b. States were the by-products of the organizational requirements of large irrigation systems.
c. Irrigation systems favored democracy.
d. Irrigation provided the advantage that allowed anatomically modern humans to displace the Neandertals.
e. Mesolithic states developed so that they could build irrigation systems.

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of states?
a. They control specific regional territories.
b. They have productive farming economies.
c. They have record-keeping systems.
d. They are stratified into social classes.
e. They lack hereditary inequality

An archaeological "site" is
a. anything an archaeologist finds interesting to look at.
b. any place can be a site.
c. any spot on the landscape with detectable traces of human activity.
d. a place where humans stayed for at least a month.
e. none of the above.

Which of the following is true?
a. Food production allowed most people to work less.
b. Food production reduced warfare.
c. Food production yielded more nutritious diets. d. Food producers work harder than foragers. e. Food producing societies are more democratic than foraging societies.

A small blade of flint or similar stone, that could be hafted along with others in a wooden handle is called a
a. monolith.
b. stone point.
c. megalith.
d. microlith.
e. none of the above.

Natufian culture was
a. a Neolithic culture in Mesoamerica between about 18,000 and 15,000 years ago.
b. a Mesolithic culture living in the lands that are now Israel, Lebanon, and western Syria, between about 12,500 and 10,200 years ago.
c. a Paleolithic culture living in Western Europe between 25,000 and 19,000 years ago.
d. a Microlithic culture living in the area of the Solomon Islands between about 5,500 and 4,000 years ago.

One of the major advances in understanding how tools were used is in the analysis of
a. how tools much have been made.
b. how tools fit in the hand of the user.
c. the crystal structure of stone.
d. the microwear of the tool, using powerful microscopes to observe the striations and wear patterns on the tool.

Who, in accepting the concept of evolution, was the first to actually attempt to describe a mechanism by which species change?
a. Carolus Linnaeus b. Jean-Baptiste Lamarck c. Charles Lyell d. Charles Darwin e. Erasmus Darwin

The term evolution refers to
a. changes in the genetic make-up of a population from one generation to the next.
b. the process of speciation.
c. ongoing biological processes, including genetic changes within populations and the appearance of new species.
d. all of these.

What is the name of the Irish archbishop who argued that the world was created in 4004 B.C.?
a. Copernicus b. Linnaeus
c. uniformitarianism d. Ussher
e. Lyell

A group of organisms that can interbreed and produce fertile offspring is called
a. the Hominidae. b. a species. c. a family. d. a hominid. e. a species and family only.

Well into the 19th century in Europe, there were widely held beliefs inhibiting the acceptance of biological evolution. What did these concepts include?
a. the notion that species did not change
b. a recent origin of life on earth
c. the concept that species were continuously changing
d. all of these
e. A and B only

In formulating his theory of natural selection, Darwin ____.
a. recognized the importance of biological variation within a population
b. applied his knowledge of domesticated species to undomesticated ones
c. appreciated the fact that population size is limited by availability of food
d. all of these
e. none of these

The initial step in the scientific method is
a. the formation of a theory.
b. the formation of a hypothesis.
c. to perform an experiment.
d. to publish a scientific article.
e. to collect data and establish facts.

A scientific theory is
a. an untested hypothesis.
b. a hypothesis that has yet to be falsified.
c. a provisional explanation for a phenomenon. d. none of these
e. an untested hypothesis, AND a provisional explanation for a phenomenon.

Several events had combined to alter Western Europeans' ideas about the earth by the 18th century. These included
a. the circumnavigation of the globe.
b. the discovery of the New World.
c. the discovery of the heliocentric universe.
d. all of these

Who first recognized that species were groups of organisms that were distinguished from other such groups by their ability to reproduce?
a. John Ray
b. Charles Darwin
c. Carolus Linnaeus
d. Alfred Russel Wallace
e. Jean-Baptiste Lamarck

Mary Anning is credited with
a. the principle of uniformitarianism.
b. being the co discoverer of natural selection. c. finding numerous important fossils during the 19th century.
d. being married to Charles Darwin.
e. none of these

Charles Darwin
a. grew up in modest circumstances.
b. began to doubt the fixity of species during a voyage around the world in the 1830s.
c. received no formal education.
d. spent two years in Africa where he developed the theory of natural selection.
e. was a physician who studied natural history as a hobby.

The fact that individuals who possess favorable traits are more likely to survive and reproduce than those who possess less favorable traits is the basis for the theory of
a. uniformitarianism.
b. natural selection.
c. the inheritance of acquired characteristics.
d. catastrophism.
e. the fixity of species

Darwin based his evolutionary ideas on
a. the religious views of the time of a very young earth. b. the reality of the concept of fixity of species. c. an understanding of modern genetic principles. d. all of these e. none of these

Selective pressures
a. remain constant, regardless of the environment. b. are unimportant in the evolutionary process. c. can change if environmental conditions change. d. are directionless and random. e. are not related to adaptation.

Primate
a. teeth are generalized because primates are omnivorous. b. teeth are specialized for processing one type of food. c. premolars and molars are indistinguishable from those found in carnivores. d. tooth form is not correlated with their diet. e. none of these

The primate emphasis on the visual sense is reflected in
a. the reduction in the size of structures related to the sense of smell. b. the presence of color vision in most species. c. a more forward facing position of the eyes relative to most other mammals. d. all of these