Old and Stupid/Funny Pennsylvania Laws

A special cleaning ordinance bans housewives from hiding dirt and dust under a rug in a dwelling.

All fire hydrants must be checked one hour before all fires.

Any motorist driving along a country road at night must stop every mile and send up a rocket signal, wait 10 minutes for the road to be cleared of livestock, and continue.

Every outlet or switch (which can be purchased for 59 cents) that is installed requires an electrical inspection fee of 1 dollar and 33 cents.

Fireworks stores may not sell fireworks to Pennsylvania residents.

If a motorist sees a horse coming down the road, the driver must pull off to the side of the road and cover the vehicle with canvas. If the horse is still scared the driver must get out of his car and take it apart until the horse isn't scared any more.

In Morrisville,Pennsylvania a woman needs a permit to wear make-up.

In Philadelphia, you can't put pretzels in bags (based on an Act of 1760).

In Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania it is illegal to bring a burro onto a streetcar.

In Tarentum,Pennsylvania it is illegal to tie horses to parking meters.

In the Mount Pocono region any group of 5 or more Native Americans are to be considered a raiding party and may be killed on the spot.

Old and Stupid/Funny Ohio Laws

A police office can write you a ticket for leaving your keys in your car. But relax he will leave you a note when you can come get your keys back so long as you can prove it's your car and your keys.

Bay Village - It is illegal to walk a cow down Lake Road.

Bexley - Ordinance number 223, of 09/09/19 prohibits the installation and usage of slot machines in outhouses.

Breast feeding is not allowed in public.

Canton - Electric fences are banned.

Canton - It is a misdemeanor to play any game in a public park without the Superintendent's permission.

Cincinnati - Anal intercourse is banned.

Cleveland - It's illegal to catch mice without a hunting license.

Clinton County - Any person who leans against a public building will be subject to fines.

Fairview Park - Items left on a tree lawn become city property. A young man was fined for removing an item from a tree lawn even though he had the owner's permission.

Fairview Park - It's against the law to honk your horn "excessively". A grandmother was fined for honking her horn twice at her neighbour.

Females are forbidden from doing their own hair without being licensed by the state.

If you ignore an orator on Decoration day to such an extent as to publicly play croquet or pitch horseshoes within one mile of the speaker's stand, you can be fined $25.00.

In Columbus, Ohio it is illegal to sell cornflakes on Sunday.

In Marysville, Ohio it is illegal for a dog to urinate on a parking meter. (There are no parking meters in Marysville.)

Ironton - Cross-dressing is against the law.

It is illegal for more than five women to live in a house.

It is illegal for women to wear footwear of any kind with an open toe.

It is illegal to fish for whales on Sundays.

It is illegal to get a fish drunk.

It is illegal to mistreat anything of great importance.

It is legal to throw a snake at someone but it is illegal to shake a snake at someone.

It's against the law to kill a housefly within 160 feet of a church without a licence.

Lima - Any map that does not have Lima clearly stated on the map cannot be sold.

Lowell - It is unlawful to run a horse over five miles per hour.

Marion - You cannot eat a doughnut and walk backwards on a city street.

McDonald - Your goose may not paraded down Main Street.

No one may be arrested on Sunday or on the Fourth of July.

No person while operating a motor vehicle shall fail to slow down and stop said vehicle when signalled to do so upon meeting or overtaking a horse-drawn vehicle or person on horseback and to remain stationary until such vehicle or person has passed, provided such signal to stop is given in good faith, under circumstances of necessity, and only as often and for such length of time as is required of such vehicle or person to pass, whether it is approaching from the front or rear.

North Canton - It is against the law to roller skate without notifying the police.

Owners of tigers must notify authorities within one hour if the tiger escapes.

Oxford - It is unlawful for a woman to appear in public while unshaven. This includes legs and face.

Oxford - It's illegal for a woman to strip off her clothing while standing in front of a man's picture.

Participating in or conducting a duel is prohibited.

Paulding - A policeman may bite a dog to quiet him. However, the reverse is not true, even if it's a police dog.

Riding on the roof of a taxi cab is not allowed.

Strongsville - Catch 22 is banned.

The Ohio driver's education manual states that you must honk the horn whenever you pass another car.

Old and Stupid/Funny North Carolina Laws

A marriage can be declared void if either of the two persons is physically impotent.

All couples staying overnight in a hotel must have a room with double beds that are at least two feet apart. Making love in the space between the beds is strictly forbidden.

Elephants may not be used to plough cotton fields.

If a man and a woman who aren't married go to a hotel/motel and register themselves as married then, according to state law, they are legally married. [

If a man and woman who are not married to each other live together "lewdly and lasciviously" they can be fined $1,000 and be sentenced to up to 60 days in gaol. This 200 year old law is still actually enforced!

In Barber, North Carolina fights between cats and dogs are prohibited.

In Chapel Hill, North Carolina it is a misdemeanor to urinate or defecate publicly.

In Charlotte, NC, women must have their bodies covered with at least 16 yards of cloth at all times.

Old and Stupid/Funny Michigan Laws

A woman isn't allowed to cut her own hair without her husband's permission.

All bathing suits must have been inspected by the head of police.

Alligators may not be tied to fire hydrants.

Any person over the age of 12 may have a license for a handgun as long as he/she has not been convicted of a felony.

Anyone can keep their cow on Main Street downtown at a cost of 3 cents per day.

Couples are banned from making love in an automobile unless the act takes place while the vehicle is parked on the couple's own property.

It is against the law to serenade your girlfriend.

It is illegal for a man to scowl at his wife on Sunday.

It is illegal to kill a dog using a decompression chamber.

It is illegal to let your pig run free in Detroit unless it has a ring in its nose. According to history and animal husbandry, it prevents them from "rooting" in the ground for their food.

It is illegal to paint sparrows to sell them as parakeets.

It is legal for a robber to file a law suit, if he or she got hurt in your house.

It is legal for the blind to hunt, and they don't need anyone with them.

No person shall throw an abandoned hoop skirt into any street or on any sidewalk, under penalty of a five- dollar fine for each offense.

Security guards at Joe Louis Arena will confiscate any item they feel might be thrown onto the ice. Furthermore, any person seen throwing an octopus onto the ice at a Red Wings game will be taken to jail.

Smoking while in bed is illegal

There is a 10 cent bounty for each rat's head brought into a town office.

There is a law that makes it legal for a farmer to sleep with his pigs, cows, horses, goats, and chickens.

"The discovery and decipherment of this Code is the greatest event inBiblical Archaeology for many a day. A translation of the Code, done byMr. Johns of Queens' College, Cambridge, the highest living authority onthis department of study, has just been published by Messrs. T. & T.Clark in a cheap and attractive booklet. Winckler says it is the mostimportant Babylonian record which has thus far been brought tolight."--The Expository Times.

INTRODUCTION

The Code of Hammurabi is one of the most important monuments in thehistory of the human race. Containing as it does the laws which wereenacted by a king of Babylonia in the third millennium B.C., whose ruleextended over the whole of Mesopotamia from the mouths of the riversTigris and Euphrates to the Mediterranean coast, we must regard it withinterest. But when we reflect that the ancient Hebrew tradition ascribedthe migration of Abraham from Ur of the Chaldees to this very period, andclearly means to represent their tribe father as triumphing over thisvery same Hammurabi (Amraphel, Gen. xiv. 1), we can hardly doubt thatthese very laws were part of that tradition. At any rate, they must haveserved to mould and fix the ideas of right throughout that great empire,and so form the state of society in Canaan when, five hundred yearslater, the Hebrews began to dominate that region.

Such was the effect produced on the minds of succeeding generations bythis superb codification of the judicial decisions of past ages, whichhad come to be regarded as 'the right,' that two thousand years and morelater it was made a text-book for study in the schools of Babylonia,being divided for that purpose into some twelve chapters, and entitled,after the Semitic custom, Ninu ilu sirum, from its opening words. InAssyria also, in the seventh century B.C., it was studied in a differentedition, apparently under the name of 'The Judgments of Righteousnesswhich Hammurabi, the great king, set up.' These facts point to it ascertain to affect Jewish views before and after the Exile, in a way thatwe may expect to find as fundamental as the Babylonian influence incosmology or religion.

For many years fragments have been known, have been studied, and frominternal evidence ascribed to the period of the first dynasty of Babylon,even called by the name Code Hammurabi. It is just cause for pride thatAssyriology, so young a science as only this year to have celebrated thecentenary of its birth, is able to emulate astronomy and predict thediscovery of such bright stars as this. But while we certainly shouldhave directed our telescopes to Babylonia for the rising of this lightfrom the East, it was really in Elam, at Susa, the old Persepolis, thatthe find was made. The Elamites were the great rivals of Babylonia forcenturies, and it seems likely that some Elamite conqueror carried offthe stone from a temple at Sippara, in Babylonia.

However that may be, we owe it to the French Government, who have beencarrying on explorations at Susa for years under the superintendence ofM. J. de Morgan, that a monument, only disinterred in January, has beencopied, transcribed, translated, and published, in a superb quartovolume, by October. The ancient text is reproduced by photogravure in away that enables a student to verify word by word what the able editor,Father V. Scheil, Professeur a l'Ecole des Hautes-Etudes, has given ashis reading of the archaic signs. The volume, which appears as TomeIV., Textes Elamites-Semitiques, of the Memoires de la Delegation enPerse (Paris, Leroux, 1902), is naturally rather expensive for theordinary reader. Besides, the rendering of the eminent French savant,while distinguished by that clear, neat phrasing which is so charming afeature of all his work, is often rather a paraphrase than a translation.The ordinary reader who desires to estimate for himself the importance ofthe new monument will be forced to wonder how and why the same word inthe original gets such different renderings. Prolonged study will beneeded to bring out fully the whole meaning of many passages, and it mayconduce to such a result to present the public with an alternativerendering in an English dress. Needless to say, scholars will continueto use Scheil's edition as the ultimate source, but for comparativepurposes a literal translation may be welcome as an introduction.

The monument itself consists of a block of black diorite, nearly eightfeet high, found in pieces, but readily rejoined. It contains on theobverse a very interesting representation of the King Hammurabi,receiving his laws from the seated sun-god Samas, 'the judge of heavenand earth.' Then follow, on the obverse, sixteen columns of writing with1114 lines. There were five more columns on this side, but they havebeen erased and the stone repolished, doubtless by the Elamite conqueror,who meant to inscribe his name and titles there. As we have lost thosefive columns we may regret that he did not actually do this, but there isnow no trace of any hint as to who carried off the stone. On the reverseside are twenty-eight columns with more than 2500 lines of inscription.

A great space, some 700 lines, is devoted by the king to setting out histitles, his glory, his care for his subjects, his veneration of his gods,and incidentally revealing the cities and districts under his rule, withmany interesting hints as to local cults. He also invokes blessing onthose who should preserve and respect his monument, and curses those whoshould injure or remove it. A translation of this portion is not given,as it is unintelligible without copious comment and is quite foreign tothe purpose of this book, which aims solely at making the Codeintelligible.

I desire to express my obligations to Dr. F. Carr for his many kindsuggestions as to the meaning of the Code.

The Index will, it is hoped, serve more or less as a digest of the Code.One great difficulty of any translation of a law document must always bethat the technical expressions of one language cannot be rendered interms that are co-extensive. The rendering will have implicationsforeign to the original. An attempt to minimise misconceptions is madeby suggesting alternative renderings in the Index. Further, by labellinga certain section, as the law of incest, for example, one definitelyfixes the sense in which the translation is to be read. Hence it ishoped that the Index will be no less helpful than the translation ingiving readers an idea of what the Code really meant.

No doubt this remarkable monument will be made the subject of manyvaluable monographs in the future, which will greatly elucidate passagesnow obscure. But it was thought that the interest of the subjectwarranted an immediate issue of an English translation, which would placethe chief features of the Code before a wider public than those who couldread the original. The present translation is necessarily tentative inmany places, but it is hoped marks an advance over those alreadypublished.

Dr. H. Winckler's rendering of the Code came into my hands after thiswork was sent to the publishers, and I have not thought it necessary towithdraw any of my renderings. In some points he has improved uponProfessor Scheil's work, in other points he is scarcely so good. But anydiscussion is not in place here. I gratefully acknowledge my obligationsto both, but have used an independent judgment all through. I hopeshortly to set out my reasons for the differences between us in a largerwork. A few of Dr. Winckler's renderings are quoted in the Index, andmarked--Winckler's tr.

C. H. W. JOHNS.

CAMBRIDGE,January 31, 1903.

THE TEXT OF THE CODE

section 1. If a man weave a spell and put a ban upon a man, and has notjustified himself, he that wove the spell upon him shall be put to death.

section 2. If a man has put a spell upon a man, and has not justifiedhimself, he upon whom the spell is laid shall go to the holy river, heshall plunge into the holy river, and if the holy river overcome him, hewho wove the spell upon him shall take to himself his house. If the holyriver makes that man to be innocent, and has saved him, he who laid thespell upon him shall be put to death. He who plunged into the holy rivershall take to himself the house of him who wove the spell upon him.

section 3. If a man, in a case pending judgement, has uttered threatsagainst the witnesses, or has not justified the word that he has spoken,if that case be a capital suit, that man shall be put to death.

section 4. If he has offered corn or money to the witnesses, he shallhimself bear the sentence of that case.

section 5. If a judge has judged a judgement, decided a decision,granted a sealed sentence, and afterwards has altered his judgement, thatjudge, for the alteration of the judgement that he judged, one shall puthim to account, and he shall pay twelvefold the penalty which was in thesaid judgement, and in the assembly one shall expel him from hisjudgement seat, and he shall not return, and with the judges at ajudgement he shall not take his seat.

section 6. If a man has stolen the goods of temple or palace, that manshall be killed, and he who has received the stolen thing from his handshall be put to death.

section 7. If a man has bought silver, gold, manservant or maidservant,ox or sheep or ass, or anything whatever its name, from the hand of aman's son, or of a man's slave, without witness and bonds, or hasreceived the same on deposit, that man has acted the thief, he shall beput to death.

section 8. If a man has stolen ox or sheep or ass, or pig, or ship,whether from the temple or the palace, he shall pay thirtyfold. If he bea poor man, he shall render tenfold. If the thief has nought to pay, heshall be put to death.

section 9. If a man who has lost something of his, something of his thatis lost has been seized in the hand of a man, the man in whose hand thelost thing has been seized has said, 'A giver gave it me,' or 'I boughtit before witnesses,' and the owner of the thing that is lost has said,'Verily, I will bring witnesses that know my lost property,' the buyerhas brought the giver who gave it him and the witnesses before whom hebought it, and the owner of the lost property has brought the witnesseswho know his lost property, the judge shall see their depositions, thewitnesses before whom the purchase was made and the witnesses knowing thelost property shall say out before God what they know; and if the giverhas acted the thief he shall be put to death, the owner of the lostproperty shall take his lost property, the buyer shall take the money hepaid from the house of the giver.

section 10. If the buyer has not brought the giver who gave it him andthe witnesses before whom he bought, and the owner of the lost propertyhas brought the witnesses knowing his lost property, the buyer has actedthe thief, he shall be put to death; the owner of the lost property shalltake his lost property.

section 11. If the owner of the lost property has not brought witnessesknowing his lost property, he has lied, he has stirred up strife, heshall be put to death.

section 12. If the giver has betaken himself to his fate, the buyershall take from the house of the giver fivefold as the penalty of thatcase.

section 13. If that man has not his witnesses near, the judge shall sethim a fixed time, up to six months, and if within six months he has notdriven in his witnesses, that man has lied, he himself shall bear theblame of that case.

section 14. If a man has stolen the son of a freeman, he shall be put todeath.

section 15. If a man has caused either a palace slave or palace maid, ora slave of a poor man or a poor man's maid, to go out of the gate, heshall be put to death.

section 16. If a man has harboured in his house a manservant or amaidservant, fugitive from the palace, or a poor man, and has notproduced them at the demand of the commandant, the owner of that houseshall be put to death.

section 17. If a man has captured either a manservant or a maidservant,a fugitive, in the open country and has driven him back to his master,the owner of the slave shall pay him two shekels of silver.

section 18. If that slave will not name his owner he shall drive him tothe palace, and one shall enquire into his past, and cause him to returnto his owner.

section 19. If he confine that slave in his house, and afterwards theslave has been seized in his hand, that man shall be put to death.

section 20. If the slave has fled from the hand of his captor, that manshall swear by the name of God, to the owner of the slave, and shall gofree.

section 21. If a man has broken into a house, one shall kill him beforethe breach and bury him in it (?).

section 22. If a man has carried on brigandage, and has been captured,that man shall be put to death.

section 23. If the brigand has not been caught, the man who has beendespoiled shall recount before God what he has lost, and the city andgovernor in whose land and district the brigandage took place shallrender back to him whatever of his was lost.

section 24. If it was a life, the city and governor shall pay one minaof silver to his people.

section 25. If in a man's house a fire has been kindled, and a man whohas come to extinguish the fire has lifted up his eyes to the property ofthe owner of the house, and has taken the property of the owner of thehouse, that man shall be thrown into that fire.

section 26. If either a ganger or a constable, whose going on an errandof the king has been ordered, goes not, or hires a hireling and sends himin place of himself, that ganger or constable shall be put to death; hishireling shall take to himself his house.

section 27. If a ganger or a constable, who is diverted to thefortresses of the king, and after him one has given his field and hisgarden to another, and he has carried on his business, if he returns andregains his city, one shall return to him his field and his garden, andhe shall carry on his business himself.

section 28. If a ganger or a constable who is diverted to the fortressesof the king, his son be able to carry on the business, one shall give himfield and garden and he shall carry on his father's business.

section 29. If his son is young and is not able to carry on his father'sbusiness, one-third of the field and garden shall be given to his mother,and his mother shall rear him.

section 30. If a ganger or a constable has left alone his field, or hisgarden, or his house, from the beginning of his business, and has causedit to be waste, a second after him has taken his field, his garden, orhis house, and has gone about his business for three years, if he returnsand regains his city, and would cultivate his field, his garden, and hishouse, one shall not give them to him; he who has taken them and carriedon his business shall carry it on.

section 31. If it is one year only and he had let it go waste, and heshall return, one shall give his field, his garden, and his house, and heshall carry on his business.

section 32. If a ganger or a constable who is diverted on an errand ofthe king's, a merchant has ransomed him and caused him to regain hiscity, if in his house there is means for his ransom, he shall ransom hisown self; if in his house there is no means for his ransom, he shall beransomed from the temple of his city; if in the temple of his city thereis not means for his ransom, the palace shall ransom him. His field, hisgarden, and his house shall not be given for his ransom.

section 33. If either a governor or a magistrate has taken to himselfthe men of the levy, or has accepted and sent on the king's errand ahired substitute, that governor or magistrate shall be put to death.

section 34. If either a governor or a magistrate has taken to himselfthe property of a ganger, has plundered a ganger, has given a ganger tohire, has stolen from a ganger in a judgement by high-handedness, hastaken to himself the gift the king has given the ganger, that governor ormagistrate shall be put to death.

section 35. If a man has bought the cattle or sheep which the king hasgiven to the ganger from the hand of the ganger, he shall be deprived ofhis money.

section 36. The field, garden, and house of a ganger, or constable, or atributary, he shall not give for money.

section 37. If a man has bought the field, garden, or house of a ganger,a constable, or a tributary, his tablet shall be broken and he shall bedeprived of his money. The field, garden, or house he shall return toits owner.

section 38. The ganger, constable, or tributary shall not write off tohis wife, or his daughter, from the field, garden, or house of hisbusiness, and he shall not assign it for his debt.

section 39. From the field, garden, and house which he has bought andacquired, he may write off to his wife or his daughter and give for hisdebt.

section 40. A votary, merchant, or foreign sojourner may sell his field,his garden, or his house; the buyer shall carry on the business of thefield, garden, or house which he has bought.

section 41. If a man has bartered for the field, garden, or house of aganger, constable, or tributary, and has given exchanges, the ganger,constable, or tributary shall return to his field, garden, or house, andshall keep the exchanges given him.

section 42. If a man has taken a field to cultivate and has not causedthe corn to grow in the field, and has not done the entrusted work on thefield, one shall put him to account and he shall give corn like itsneighbour.

section 43. If he has not cultivated the field and has left it toitself, he shall give corn like its neighbour to the owner of the field,and the field he left he shall break up with hoes and shall harrow it andreturn to the owner of the field.

section 44. If a man has taken on hire an unreclaimed field for threeyears to open out, and has left it aside, has not opened the field, inthe fourth year he shall break it up with hoes, he shall hoe it, andharrow it, and return to the owner of the field, and he shall measure outten GUR of corn per GAN.

section 45. If a man has given his field for produce to a cultivator,and has received the produce of his field, and afterwards a thunderstormhas ravaged the field or carried away the produce, the loss is thecultivator's.

section 46. If he has not received the produce of his field, and hasgiven the field either for one-half or for one-third, the corn that is inthe field the cultivator and the owner of the field shall share accordingto the tenour of their contract.

section 47. If the cultivator, because in the former year he did not setup his dwelling, has assigned the field to cultivation, the owner of thefield shall not condemn the cultivator; his field has been cultivated,and at harvest time he shall take corn according to his bonds.

section 48. If a man has a debt upon him and a thunderstorm ravaged hisfield or carried away the produce, or the corn has not grown through lackof water, in that year he shall not return corn to the creditor, he shallalter his tablet and he shall not give interest for that year.

section 49. If a man has taken money from a merchant and has given tothe merchant a field planted with corn or sesame, and said to him,'Cultivate the field, reap and take for thyself the corn and sesame whichthere is,' if the cultivator causes to grow corn or sesame in the field,at the time of harvest the owner of the field forsooth shall take thecorn or sesame which is in the field and shall give corn for the moneywhich he took from the merchant, and for its interests and for thedwelling of the cultivator, to the merchant.

section 50. If the field was cultivated or the field of sesame wascultivated when he gave it, the owner of the field shall take the corn orsesame which is in the field and shall return the money and its intereststo the merchant.

section 51. If he has not money to return, the sesame, according to itsmarket price for the money and its interest which he took from themerchant, according to the standard fixed by the king, he shall give tothe merchant.

section 52. If the cultivator has not caused corn or sesame to grow inthe field, he shall not alter his bonds.

section 53. If a man has neglected to strengthen his bank of the canal,has not strengthened his bank, a breach has opened out itself in hisbank, and the waters have carried away the meadow, the man in whose bankthe breach has been opened shall render back the corn which he has causedto be lost.

section 54. If he is not able to render back the corn, one shall givehim and his goods for money, and the people of the meadow whose corn thewater has carried away shall share it.

section 55. If a man has opened his runnel to water and has neglectedit, and the field of his neighbour the waters have carried away, he shallpay corn like his neighbour.

section 56. If a man has opened the waters, and the plants of the fieldof his neighbour the waters have carried away, he shall pay ten GUR ofcorn per GAN.

section 57. If a shepherd has caused the sheep to feed on the greencorn, has not come to an agreement with the owner of the field, withoutthe consent of the owner of the field has made the sheep feed off thefield, the owner shall reap his fields, the shepherd who without consentof the owner of the field has fed off the field with sheep shall giveover and above twenty GUR of corn per GAN to the owner of the field.

section 58. If from the time that the sheep have gone up from themeadow, and the whole flock has passed through the gate, the shepherd haslaid his sheep on the field and has caused the sheep to feed off thefield, the shepherd who has made them feed off the field one shall watch,and at harvest time he shall measure out sixty GUR of corn per GAN tothe owner of the field.

section 59. If a man without the consent of the owner of the orchard hascut down a tree in a man's orchard, he shall pay half a mina of silver.

section 60. If a man has given a field to a gardener to plant a gardenand the gardener has planted the garden, four years he shall rear thegarden, in the fifth year the owner of the garden and the gardener shallshare equally, the owner of the garden shall cut off his share and takeit.

section 61. If the gardener has not included all the field in theplanting, has left a waste place, he shall set the waste place in theshare which he takes.

section 62. If the field which has been given him to plant he has notplanted as a garden, if it was corn land, the gardener shall measure outcorn to the owner of the field, like its neighbour, as produce of thefield for the years that are neglected, and he shall do the ordered workon the field and return to the owner of the field.

section 63. If the field was unreclaimed land, he shall do the orderedwork on the field and return it to the owner of the field and measure outten GUR of corn per GAN for each year.

section 64. If a man has given his garden to a gardener to farm, thegardener as long as he holds the garden shall give to the owner of thegarden two-thirds from the produce of the garden, and he himself shalltake one-third.

section 65. If the gardener does not farm the garden and has diminishedthe yield, he shall measure out the yield of the garden like itsneighbour.

NOTE.--Here five columns of the monument have been erased, only thecommencing characters of column xvii. being visible. The subjects ofthis last part included the further enactments concerning the rights andduties of gardeners, the whole of the regulations concerning houses letto tenants, and the relationships of the merchant to his agents, whichcontinue on the obverse of the monument. [See page 58.] Scheil estimatesthe lost portion at 35 sections, and following him we recommence with

section 100. . . . the interests of the money, as much as he took, heshall write down, and when he has numbered his days he shall answer hismerchant.

section 101. If where he has gone he has not seen prosperity, he shallmake up and return the money he took, and the agent shall give to themerchant.

section 102. If a merchant has given to the agent money as a favour, andwhere he has gone he has seen loss, the full amount of money he shallreturn to the merchant.

section 103. If while he goes on his journey the enemy has made him quitwhatever he was carrying, the agent shall swear by the name of God andshall go free.

section 104. If the merchant has given to the agent corn, wool, oil, orany sort of goods, to traffic with, the agent shall write down the priceand hand over to the merchant; the agent shall take a sealed memorandumof the price which he shall give to the merchant.

section 105. If an agent has forgotten and has not taken a sealedmemorandum of the money he has given to the merchant, money that is notsealed for, he shall not put in his accounts.

section 106. If an agent has taken money from a merchant and hismerchant has disputed with him, that merchant shall put the agent toaccount before God and witnesses concerning the money taken, and theagent shall give to the merchant the money as much as he has takenthreefold.

section 107. If a merchant has wronged an agent and the agent hasreturned to his merchant whatever the merchant gave him, the merchant hasdisputed with the agent as to what the agent gave him, that agent shallput the merchant to account before God and witnesses, and the merchantbecause he disputed the agent shall give to the agent whatever he hastaken sixfold.

section 108. If a wine merchant has not received corn as the price ofdrink, has received silver by the great stone, and has made the price ofdrink less than the price of corn, that wine merchant one shall put herto account and throw her into the water.

section 109. If a wine merchant has collected a riotous assembly in herhouse and has not seized those rioters and driven them to the palace,that wine merchant shall be put to death.

section 110. If a votary, a lady, who is not living in the convent, hasopened a wine shop or has entered a wine shop for drink, that woman oneshall burn her.

section 111. If a wine merchant has given sixty KA of best beer atharvest time for thirst, she shall take fifty KA of corn.

section 112. If a man stays away on a journey and has given silver,gold, precious stones, or treasures of his hand to a man, has caused himto take them for transport, and that man whatever was for transport,where he has transported has not given and has taken to himself, theowner of the transported object, that man, concerning whatever he had totransport and gave not, shall put him to account, and that man shall giveto the owner of the transported object fivefold whatever was given him.

section 113. If a man has corn or money upon a man, and without consentof the owner of the corn has taken corn from the heap or from the store,that man for taking of the corn without consent of the owner of the cornfrom the heap or from the store, one shall put him to account, and heshall return the corn as much as he has taken, and shall lose all that hegave whatever it be.

section 114. If a man has not corn or money upon a man and levies adistraint, for every single distraint he shall pay one-third of a mina.

section 115. If a man has corn or money upon a man and has levied adistraint, and the distress in the house of his distrainer dies a naturaldeath, that case has no penalty.

section 116. If the distress has died in the house of his distrainer, ofblows or of want, the owner of the distress shall put his merchant toaccount, and if he be the son of a freeman (that has died), his son oneshall kill; if the slave of a free-man, he shall pay one-third of a minaof silver, and he shall lose all that he gave whatever it be.

section 117. If a man a debt has seized him, and he has given his wife,his son, his daughter for the money, or has handed over to work off thedebt, for three years they shall work in the house of their buyer orexploiter, in the fourth year he shall fix their liberty.

section 118. If he has handed over a manservant or a maidservant to workoff a debt, and the merchant shall remove and sell them for money, no onecan object.

section 119. If a debt has seized a man, and he has handed over for themoney a maidservant who has borne him children, the money the merchantpaid him the owner of the maid shall pay, and he shall ransom his maid.

section 120. If a man has heaped up his corn in a heap in the house of aman, and in the granary a disaster has taken place, or the owner of thehouse has opened the granary and taken the corn, or has disputed as tothe total amount of the corn that was heaped up in his house, the ownerof the corn shall recount his corn before God, the owner of the houseshall make up and return the corn which he took and shall give to theowner of the corn.

section 121. If a man has heaped up corn in the house of a man, he shallgive as the price of storage five KA of corn per GUR of corn perannum.

section 122. If a man shall give silver, gold, or anything whatever, toa man on deposit, all whatever he shall give he shall shew to witnessesand fix bonds and shall give on deposit.

section 123. If without witness and bonds he has given on deposit, andwhere he has deposited they keep disputing him, this case has no remedy.

section 124. If a man has given silver, gold, or anything whatever to aman on deposit before witnesses and he has disputed with him, one shallput that man to account, and whatever he has disputed he shall make upand shall give.

section 125. If a man has given anything of his on deposit, and where hegave it, either by housebreaking or by rebellion, something of his hasbeen lost, along with something of the owner of the house, the owner ofthe house who has defaulted all that was given him on deposit and hasbeen lost, he shall make good and render to the owner of the goods, theowner of the house shall seek out whatever of his is lost and take itfrom the thief.

section 126. If a man has lost nothing of his, but has said thatsomething of his is lost, has exaggerated his loss, since nothing of hisis lost, his loss he shall recount before God, and whatever he hasclaimed he shall make up and shall give to his loss.

section 127. If a man has caused the finger to be pointed against avotary, or a man's wife, and has not justified himself, that man theyshall throw down before the judge and brand his forehead.

section 128. If a man has married a wife and has not laid down herbonds, that woman is no wife.

section 129. If the wife of a man has been caught in lying with anothermale, one shall bind them and throw them into the waters. If the ownerof the wife would save his wife or the king would save his servant (hemay).

section 130. If a man has forced the wife of a man who has not known themale and is dwelling in the house of her father, and has lain in herbosom and one has caught him, that man shall be killed, the woman herselfshall go free.

section 131. If the wife of a man her husband has accused her, and shehas not been caught in lying with another male, she shall swear by Godand shall return to her house.

section 132. If a wife of a man on account of another male has had thefinger pointed at her, and has not been caught in lying with anothermale, for her husband she shall plunge into the holy river.

section 133. If a man has been taken captive and in his house there ismaintenance, his wife has gone out from her house and entered into thehouse of another, because that woman has not guarded her body, and hasentered into the house of another, one shall put that woman to accountand throw her into the waters.

section 134. If a man has been taken captive and in his house there isno maintenance, and his wife has entered into the house of another, thatwoman has no blame.

section 135. If a man has been taken captive and in his house there isno maintenance before her, his wife has entered into the house of anotherand has borne children, afterwards her husband has returned and regainedhis city, that woman shall return to her bridegroom, the children shallgo after their father.

section 136. If a man has left his city and fled, after him his wife hasentered the house of another, if that man shall return and has seized hiswife, because he hated his city and fled, the wife of the truant shallnot return to her husband.

section 137. If a man has set his face to put away his concubine who hasborne him children or his wife who has granted him children, to thatwoman he shall return her her marriage portion and shall give her theusufruct of field, garden, and goods, and she shall bring up herchildren. From the time that her children are grown up, from whatever isgiven to her children they shall give her a share like that of one son,and she shall marry the husband of her choice.

section 138. If a man has put away his bride who has not borne himchildren, he shall give her money as much as her dowry, and shall pay herthe marriage portion which she brought from her father's house, and shallput her away.

section 139. If there was no dowry, he shall give her one mina of silverfor a divorce.

section 140. If he is a poor man, he shall give her one-third of a minaof silver.

section 141. If the wife of a man who is living in the house of herhusband has set her face to go out and has acted the fool, has wasted herhouse, has belittled her husband, one shall put her to account, and ifher husband has said, 'I put her away,' he shall put her away and sheshall go her way, he shall not give her anything for her divorce. If herhusband has not said 'I put her away,' her husband shall marry anotherwoman, that woman as a maidservant shall dwell in the house of herhusband.

section 142. If a woman hates her husband and has said 'Thou shalt notpossess me,' one shall enquire into her past what is her lack, and if shehas been economical and has no vice, and her husband has gone out andgreatly belittled her, that woman has no blame, she shall take hermarriage portion and go off to her father's house.

section 143. If she has not been economical, a goer about, has wastedher house, has belittled her husband, that woman one shall throw her intothe waters.

section 144. If a man has espoused a votary, and that votary has given amaid to her husband and has brought up children, that man has set hisface to take a concubine, one shall not countenance that man, he shallnot take a concubine.

section 145. If a man has espoused a votary, and she has not granted himchildren and he has set his face to take a concubine, that man shall takea concubine, he shall cause her to enter into his house. That concubinehe shall not put on an equality with the wife.

section 146. If a man has espoused a votary, and she has given a maid toher husband and she has borne children, afterwards that maid has madeherself equal with her mistress, because she has borne children hermistress shall not sell her for money, she shall put a mark upon her andcount her among the maidservants.

section 147. If she has not borne children her mistress may sell her formoney.

section 148. If a man has married a wife and a sickness has seized her,he has set his face to marry a second wife, he may marry her, his wifewhom the sickness has seized he shall not put her away, in the home sheshall dwell, and as long as she lives he shall sustain her.

section 149. If that woman is not content to dwell in the house of herhusband, he shall pay her her marriage portion which she brought from herfather's house, and she shall go off.

section 150. If a man to his wife has set aside field, garden, house, orgoods, has left her a sealed deed, after her husband her children shallnot dispute her, the mother after her to her children whom she lovesshall give, to brothers she shall not give.

section 151. If a woman, who is dwelling in the house of a man, herhusband has bound himself that she shall not be seized on account of acreditor of her husband's, has granted a deed, if that man before hemarried that woman had a debt upon him, the creditor shall not seize hiswife, and if that woman before she entered the man's house had a debtupon her, her creditor shall not seize her husband.

section 152. If from the time that that woman entered into the house ofthe man a debt has come upon them, both together they shall answer themerchant.

section 153. If a man's wife on account of another male has caused herhusband to be killed, that woman upon a stake one shall set her.

section 154. If a man has known his daughter, that man one shall expelfrom the city.

section 155. If a man has betrothed a bride to his son and his son hasknown her, and he afterwards has lain in her bosom and one has caughthim, that man one shall bind and cast her into the waters.

section 156. If a man has betrothed a bride to his son and his son hasnot known her, and he has lain in her bosom, he shall pay her half a minaof silver and shall pay to her whatever she brought from her father'shouse, and she shall marry the husband of her choice.

section 157. If a man, after his father, has lain in the bosom of hismother, one shall burn them both of them together.

section 158. If a man, after his father, has been caught in the bosom ofher that brought him up, who has borne children, that man shall be cutoff from his father's house.

section 159. If a man who has brought in a present to the house of hisfather-in-law, has given a dowry, has looked upon another woman, and hassaid to his father-in-law, 'Thy daughter I will not marry,' the father ofthe daughter shall take to himself all that he brought him.

section 160. If a man has brought in a present to the house of hisfather-in-law, has given a dowry, and the father of the daughter hassaid, 'My daughter I will not give thee,' he shall make up and returneverything that he brought him.

section 161. If a man has brought in a present to the house of hisfather-in-law, has given a dowry, and a comrade of his has slandered him,his father-in-law has said to the claimant of the wife, 'My daughter thoushalt not espouse,' he shall make up and return all that he brought him,and his comrade shall not marry his wife.

section 162. If a man has married a wife and she has borne him children,and that woman has gone to her fate, her father shall have no claim onher marriage portion, her marriage portion is her children's forsooth.

section 163. If a man has married a wife, and she has not granted himchildren, that woman has gone to her fate, if his father-in-law hasreturned him the dowry that that man brought to the house of his father-in-law, her husband shall have no claim on the marriage portion of thatwoman, her marriage portion belongs to the house of her father forsooth.

section 164. If his father-in-law has not returned him the dowry, heshall deduct all her dowry from his marriage portion and shall return hermarriage portion to the house of her father.

section 165. If a man has apportioned to his son, the first in his eyes,field, garden, and house, has written him a sealed deed, after the fatherhas gone to his fate, when the brothers divide, the present his fathergave him he shall take, and over and above he shall share equally in thegoods of the father's house.

section 166. If a man, in addition to the children which he haspossessed, has taken a wife, for his young son has not taken a wife,after the father has gone to his fate, when the brothers divide, from thegoods of the father's house to their young brother who has not taken awife, beside his share, they shall assign him money as a dowry and shallcause him to take a wife.

section 167. If a man has taken a wife, and she has borne him sons, thatwoman has gone to her fate, after her, he has taken to himself anotherwoman and she has borne children, afterwards the father has gone to hisfate, the children shall not share according to their mothers, they shalltake the marriage portions of their mothers and shall share the goods oftheir father's house equally.

section 168. If a man has set his face to cut off his son, has said tothe judge 'I will cut off my son,' the judge shall enquire into hisreasons, and if the son has not committed a heavy crime which cuts offfrom sonship, the father shall not cut off his son from sonship.

section 169. If he has committed against his father a heavy crime whichcuts off from sonship, for the first time the judge shall bring back hisface; if he has committed a heavy crime for the second time, the fathershall cut off his son from sonship.

section 170. If a man his wife has borne him sons, and his maidservanthas borne him sons, the father in his lifetime has said to the sons whichthe maidservant has borne him 'my sons,' has numbered them with the sonsof his wife, after the father has gone to his fate, the sons of the wifeand the sons of the maidservant shall share equally in the goods of thefather's house; the sons that are sons of the wife at the sharing shallchoose and take.

section 171. And if the father in his lifetime, to the sons which themaidservant bore him, has not said 'my sons,' after the father has goneto his fate the sons of the maid shall not share with the sons of thewife in the goods of the father's house, one shall assign the maidservantand her sons freedom; the sons of the wife shall have no claim on thesons of the maidservant for servitude, the wife shall take her marriageportion and the settlement which her husband gave her and wrote in a deedfor her and shall dwell in the dwelling of her husband, as long as livesshe shall enjoy, for money she shall not give, after her they are hersons' forsooth.

section 172. If her husband did not give her a settlement, one shall payher her marriage portion, and from the goods of her husband's house sheshall take a share like one son. If her sons worry her to leave thehouse, the judge shall enquire into her reasons and shall lay the blameon the sons, that woman shall not go out of her husband's house. If thatwoman has set her face to leave, the settlement which her husband gaveher she shall leave to her sons, the marriage portion from her father'shouse she shall take and she shall marry the husband of her choice.

section 173. If that woman where she has entered shall have bornechildren to her later husband after that woman has died, the former andlater sons shall share her marriage portion.

section 174. If she has not borne children to her later husband, thesons of her bridegroom shall take her marriage portion.

section 175. If either the slave of the palace or the slave of the poorman has taken to wife the daughter of a gentleman, and she has bornesons, the owner of the slave shall have no claim on the sons of thedaughter of a gentleman for servitude.

section 176. And if a slave of the palace or the slave of a poor man hastaken to wife the daughter of a gentleman and, when he married her, witha marriage portion from her father's house she entered into the house ofthe slave of the palace, or of the slave of the poor man, and from thetime that they started to keep house and acquired property, after eitherthe servant of the palace or the servant of the poor man has gone to hisfate, the daughter of the gentleman shall take her marriage portion, andwhatever her husband and she from the time they started have acquired oneshall divide in two parts and the owner of the slave shall take one-half,the daughter of a gentleman shall take one-half for her children. If thegentleman's daughter had no marriage portion, whatever her husband andshe from the time they started have acquired one shall divide into twoparts, and the owner of the slave shall take half, the gentleman'sdaughter shall take half for her sons.

section 177. If a widow whose children are young has set her face toenter into the house of another, without consent of a judge she shall notenter. When she enters into the house of another the judge shall enquireinto what is left of her former husband's house, and the house of herformer husband to her later husband, and that woman he shall entrust andcause them to receive a deed. They shall keep the house and rear thelittle ones. Not a utensil shall they give for money. The buyer thathas bought a utensil of a widow's sons shall lose his money and shallreturn the property to its owners.

section 178. If a lady, votary, or a vowed woman whose father hasgranted her a marriage portion, has written her a deed, in the deed hehas written her has not, however, written her 'after her wherever is goodto her to give,' has not permitted her all her choice, after the fatherhas gone to his fate, her brothers shall take her field and her garden,and according to the value of her share shall give her corn, oil, andwool, and shall content her heart. If her brothers have not given hercorn, oil, and wool according to the value of her share, and have notcontented her heart, she shall give her field or her garden to acultivator, whoever pleases her, and her cultivator shall sustain her.The field, garden, or whatever her father has given her she shall enjoyas long as she lives, she shall not give it for money, she shall notanswer to another, her sonship is her brothers' forsooth.

section 179. If a lady, a votary, or a woman vowed, whose father hasgranted her a marriage portion, has written her a deed, in the deed hewrote her has written her 'after her wherever is good to her to give,'has allowed to her all her choice, after the father has gone to his fate,after her wherever is good to her she shall give, her brothers have noclaim on her.

section 180. If a father to his daughter a votary, bride, or vowed womanhas not granted a marriage portion, after the father has gone to hisfate, she shall share in the goods of the father's house a share like oneson, as long as she lives she shall enjoy, after her it is her brothers'forsooth.

section 181. If a father has vowed to God a votary, hierodule, or NU-BAR, and has not granted her a marriage portion, after the father hasgone to his fate she shall share in the goods of the father's house one-third of her sonship share and shall enjoy it as long as she lives, afterher it is her brothers' forsooth.

section 182. If a father, to his daughter, a votary of Marduk, ofBabylon, has not granted her a marriage portion, has not written her adeed, after the father has gone to his fate, she shall share with herbrothers in the goods of the father's house, one-third of her sonshipshare, and shall pay no tax; a votary of Marduk, after her, shall givewherever it is good to her.

section 183. If a father to his daughter, a concubine, has granted her amarriage portion, has given her to a husband, has written her a deed,after the father has gone to his fate, she shall not share in the goodsof the father's house.

section 184. If a man to his daughter, a concubine, has not granted amarriage portion, has not given her to a husband, after the father hasgone to his fate, her brothers according to the capacity of the father'shouse, shall grant her a marriage portion and shall give her to ahusband.

section 185. If a man has taken a young child 'from his waters' tosonship, and has reared him up, no one has any claim against thatnursling.

section 186. If a man has taken a young child to sonship, and when hetook him his father and mother rebelled, that nursling shall return tohis father's house.

section 187. The son of a NER-SE-GA, a palace warder, or the son of avowed woman no one has any claim upon.

section 188. If an artisan has taken a son to bring up, and has causedhim to learn his handicraft, no one has any claim.

section 189. If he has not caused him to learn his handicraft, thatnursling shall return to his father's house.

section 190. If a man the child whom he took to his sonship and hasbrought him up, has not numbered him with his sons, that nursling shallreturn to his father's house.

section 191. If a man, after a young child whom he has taken to hissonship and brought him up, has made a house for himself and acquiredchildren, and has set his face to cut off the nursling, that child shallnot go his way, the father that brought him up shall give to him from hisgoods one-third of his sonship, and he shall go off; from field, garden,and house he shall not give him.

section 192. If a son of a palace warder, or of a vowed woman, to thefather that brought him up, and the mother that brought him up, has said'thou art not my father, thou art not my mother,' one shall cut out histongue.

section 193. If a son of a palace warder, or of a vowed woman, has knownhis father's house, and has hated the father that brought him up or themother that brought him up, and has gone off to the house of his father,one shall tear out his eye.

section 194. If a man has given his son to a wet nurse, that son hasdied in the hand of the wet nurse, the wet nurse without consent of hisfather and his mother has procured another child, one shall put her toaccount, and because, without consent of his father and his mother, shehas procured another child, one shall cut off her breasts.

section 195. If a man has struck his father, his hands one shall cutoff.

section 196. If a man has caused the loss of a gentleman's eye, his eyeone shall cause to be lost.

section 197. If he has shattered a gentleman's limb, one shall shatterhis limb.

section 198. If he has caused a poor man to lose his eye or shattered apoor man's limb, he shall pay one mina of silver.

section 199. If he has caused the loss of the eye of a gentleman'sservant or has shattered the limb of a gentleman's servant, he shall payhalf his price.

section 200. If a man has made the tooth of a man that is his equal tofall out, one shall make his tooth fall out.

section 201. If he has made the tooth of a poor man to fall out, heshall pay one-third of a mina of silver.

section 202. If a man has struck the strength of a man who is greatabove him, he shall be struck in the assembly with sixty strokes of a cow-hide whip.

section 203. If a man of gentle birth has struck the strength of a manof gentle birth who is like himself, he shall pay one mina of silver.

section 204. If a poor man has struck the strength of a poor man, heshall pay ten shekels of silver.

section 205. If a gentleman's servant has struck the strength of a free-man, one shall cut off his ear.

section 206. If a man has struck a man in a quarrel, and has caused hima wound, that man shall swear 'I do not strike him knowing' and shallanswer for the doctor.

section 207. If he has died of his blows, he shall swear, and if he beof gentle birth he shall pay half a mina of silver.

section 208. If he be the son of a poor man, he shall pay one-third of amina of silver.

section 209. If a man has struck a gentleman's daughter and caused herto drop what is in her womb, he shall pay ten shekels of silver for whatwas in her womb.

section 210. If that woman has died, one shall put to death hisdaughter.

section 211. If the daughter of a poor man through his blows he hascaused to drop that which is in her womb, he shall pay five shekels ofsilver.

section 212. If that woman has died, he shall pay half a mina of silver.

section 213. If he has struck a gentleman's maidservant and caused herto drop that which is in her womb, he shall pay two shekels of silver.

section 214. If that maidservant has died, he shall pay one-third of amina of silver.

section 215. If a doctor has treated a gentleman for a severe wound witha bronze lancet and has cured the man, or has opened an abscess of theeye for a gentleman with the bronze lancet and has cured the eye of thegentleman, he shall take ten shekels of silver.

section 216. If he (the patient) be the son of a poor man, he shall takefive shekels of silver.

section 217. If he be a gentleman's servant, the master of the servantshall give two shekels of silver to the doctor.

section 218. If the doctor has treated a gentleman for a severe woundwith a lancet of bronze and has caused the gentleman to die, or hasopened an abscess of the eye for a gentleman with the bronze lancet andhas caused the loss of the gentleman's eye, one shall cut off his hands.

section 219. If a doctor has treated the severe wound of a slave of apoor man with a bronze lancet and has caused his death, he shall renderslave for slave.

section 220. If he has opened his abscess with a bronze lancet and hasmade him lose his eye, he shall pay money, half his price.

section 221. If a doctor has cured the shattered limb of a gentleman, orhas cured the diseased bowel, the patient shall give five shekels ofsilver to the doctor.

section 222. If it is the son of a poor man, he shall give three shekelsof silver.

section 223. If a gentleman's servant, the master of the slave shallgive two shekels of silver to the doctor.

section 224. If a cow doctor or a sheep doctor has treated a cow or asheep for a severe wound and cured it, the owner of the cow or sheepshall give one-sixth of a shekel of silver to the doctor as his fee.

section 225. If he has treated a cow or a sheep for a severe wound andhas caused it to die, he shall give a quarter of its price to the ownerof the ox or sheep.

section 226. If a brander without consent of the owner of the slave hasbranded a slave with an indelible mark, one shall cut off the hands ofthat brander.

section 227. If a man has deceived the brander, and has caused him tobrand an indelible mark on the slave, that man one shall kill him andbury him in his house, the brander shall swear, 'Not knowing I brandedhim,' and shall go free.

section 228. If a builder has built a house for a man and has completedit, he shall give him as his fee two shekels of silver per SAR ofhouse.

section 229. If a builder has built a house for a man and has not madestrong his work, and the house he built has fallen, and he has caused thedeath of the owner of the house, that builder shall be put to death.

section 230. If he has caused the son of the owner of the house to die,one shall put to death the son of that builder.

section 231. If he has caused the slave of the owner of the house todie, he shall give slave for slave to the owner of the house.

section 232. If he has caused the loss of goods, he shall render backwhatever he has caused the loss of, and because he did not make strongthe house he built, and it fell, from his own goods he shall rebuild thehouse that fell.

section 233. If a builder has built a house for a man, and has notjointed his work, and the wall has fallen, that builder at his own costshall make good that wall.

section 234. If a boatman has navigated a ship of sixty GUR for a man,he shall give him two shekels of silver for his fee.

section 235. If a boatman has navigated a ship for a man and has notmade his work trustworthy, and in that same year that he worked that shipit has suffered an injury, the boatman shall exchange that ship or shallmake it strong at his own expense and shall give a strong ship to theowner of the ship.

section 236. If a man has given his ship to a boatman, on hire, and theboatman has been careless, has grounded the ship, or has caused it to belost, the boatman shall render ship for ship to the owner.

section 237. If a man has hired a boatman and ship, and with corn, wool,oil, dates, or whatever it be as freight, has freighted her, that boatmanhas been careless and grounded the ship, or has caused what is in her tobe lost, the boatman shall render back the ship which he has grounded andwhatever in her he has caused to be lost.

section 238. If a boatman has grounded the ship of a man and hasrefloated her, he shall give money to half her price.

section 239. If a man has hired a boatman, he shall give him six GURof corn per year.

section 240. If a ship that is going forward has struck a ship at anchorand has sunk her, the owner of the ship that has been sunk whatever hehas lost in his ship shall recount before God, and that of the ship goingforward which sunk the ship at anchor shall render to him his ship andwhatever of his was lost.

section 241. If a man has taken an ox on distraint, he shall pay one-third of a mina of silver.

section 242. If a man has hired a working ox for one year, he shall payfour GUR of corn as its hire.

section 243. If a milch cow, he shall give three GUR of corn to itsowner.

section 244. If a man has hired an ox or sheep and a lion has killed itin the open field, that loss is for its owner forsooth.

section 245. If a man has hired an ox and through neglect or by blowshas caused it to die, ox for ox to the owner of the ox he shall render.

section 246. If a man has hired an ox and has crushed its foot or hascut its nape, ox for ox to the owner of the ox he shall render.

section 247. If a man has hired an ox and has caused it to lose its eye,he shall pay half its price to the owner of the ox.

section 248. If a man has hired an ox, and has crushed its horn, cut offits tail, or pierced its nostrils, he shall pay a quarter of its price.

section 249. If a man has hired an ox, and God has struck it and it hasdied, the man who has hired the ox shall swear before God and shall gofree.

section 250. If a wild bull in his charge has gored a man and caused himto die, that case has no remedy.

section 251. If the ox has pushed a man, by pushing has made known hisvice, and he has not blunted his horn, has not shut up his ox, and thatox has gored a man of gentle birth and caused him to die, he shall payhalf a mina of silver.

section 252. If a gentleman's servant, he shall pay one-third of a minaof silver.

section 253. If a man has hired a man to reside in his field and hasfurnished him seed, has entrusted him the oxen and harnessed them forcultivating the field--if that man has stolen the corn or plants, andthey have been seized in his hands, one shall cut off his hands.

section 254. If he has taken the seed, worn out the oxen, from the seedwhich he has hoed he shall restore.

section 255. If he has hired out the oxen of the man or has stolen thecorn and has not caused it to grow in the field, that man one shall puthim to account and he shall measure out sixty GUR of corn per GAN ofland.

section 256. If his compensation he is not able to pay, one shall removethe oxen from that field.

section 257. If a man has hired a harvester, he shall give him eightGUR of corn per year.

section 258. If a man has hired an ox-driver, he shall give him sixGUR of corn per year.

section 259. If a man has stolen a watering machine from the meadow, heshall give five shekels of silver to the owner of the watering machine.

section 260. If he has stolen a watering bucket or a harrow, he shallpay three shekels of silver.

section 261. If a man has hired a herdsman for the cows or a shepherdfor the sheep, he shall give him eight GUR of corn per annum.

section 262. If a man, ox, or sheep to [this section is defaced].

section 263. If he has caused an ox or sheep which was given him to belost, ox for ox, sheep for sheep, he shall render to their owner.

section 264. If a herdsman who has had cows or sheep given him toshepherd, has received his hire, whatever was agreed, and his heart wascontented, has diminished the cows, diminished the sheep, lessened theoffspring, he shall give offspring and produce according to the tenour ofhis bonds.

section 265. If a shepherd to whom cows and sheep have been given him tobreed, has falsified and changed their price, or has sold them, one shallput him to account, and he shall render cows and sheep to their ownertenfold what he has stolen.

section 266. If in a sheepfold a stroke of God has taken place or a lionhas killed, the shepherd shall purge himself before God, and the accidentto the fold the owner of the fold shall face it.

section 267. If a shepherd has been careless and in a sheepfold caused aloss to take place, the shepherd shall make good the fault of the losswhich he has caused to be in the fold and shall pay cows or sheep andshall give to their owner.

section 268. If a man has hired an ox, for threshing, twenty KA ofcorn is its hire.

section 269. If he has hired an ass, for threshing, ten KA of corn isits hire.

section 270. If he has hired a calf (goat?), for threshing, one KA ofcorn is its hire.

section 271. If a man has hired oxen, a wagon, and its driver, he shallgive one hundred and eighty KA of corn per diem.

section 272. If a man has hired a wagon by itself, he shall give fortyKA of corn per diem.

section 273. If a man has hired a labourer, from the beginning of theyear till the fifth month, he shall give six SE of silver per diem;from the sixth month to the end of the year, he shall give five SE ofsilver per diem.

section 274. If a man shall hire an artisan--

(a) the hire of a . . . five SE of silver

(b) the hire of a brickmaker five SE of silver

(c) the hire of a tailor . five SE of silver

(d) the hire of a stone-cutter . SE of silver

(e) the hire of a . . . SE of silver

(f) the hire of a . . . SE of silver

(g) the hire of a carpenter four SE of silver

(h) the hire of a . . . four SE of silver

(i) the hire of a . . . SE of silver

(j) the hire of a builder. . . SE of silver per diem he shall give.

section 275. If a man has hired a (boat?) per diem, her hire is threeSE of silver.

section 276. If a man has hired a fast ship, he shall give two and ahalf SE of silver per diem as her hire.

section 277. If a man has hired a ship of sixty GUR, he shall give one-sixth of a shekel of silver per diem as her hire.

section 278. If a man has bought a manservant or a maidservant, and hehas not fulfilled his month and the bennu sickness has fallen upon him,he shall return him to the seller, and the buyer shall take the money hepaid.

section 279. If a man has bought a manservant or a maidservant and has acomplaint, his seller shall answer the complaint.

section 280. If a man has bought in a foreign land the manservant or themaidservant of a man, when he has come into the land, and the owner ofthe manservant or the maidservant has recognised his manservant or hismaidservant, if the manservant or maidservant are natives without pricehe shall grant them their freedom.

section 281. If they are natives of another land the buyer shall tellout before God the money he paid, and the owner of the manservant or themaidservant shall give to the merchant the money he paid, and shallrecover his manservant or his maidservant.

section 282. If a slave has said to his master 'Thou art not my master,'as his slave one shall put him to account and his master shall cut offhis ear.

* * * * *

The judgements of righteousness which Hammurabi the mighty king confirmedand caused the land to take a sure guidance and a gracious rule.

The following three sections, which are known to belong to the Code fromcopies made for an Assyrian king in the seventh century B.C., are givenhere for the sake of completeness. They obviously come within the spaceonce occupied by the five erased columns.

section X. If a man has taken money from a merchant and has given aplantation of dates to the merchant, has said to him, 'The dates that arein my plantation take for thy money,' that merchant shall not agree, thedates that are in the plantation the owner of the plantation shall take,and he shall answer to the merchant for the money and its interestsaccording to the tenour of his bond. The dates that are over, which arein the plantation, the owner of the plantation shall take forsooth.

section Y. . . . the man dwelling (in the house) has given to the owner(of the house) the money of its rent in full for the year, the owner ofthe house has ordered the dweller to go out when his days are not full,the owner of the house, because he has ordered the dweller to leave whenhis days are not full, (shall give) of the money which the dweller gavehim. . . .

section Z. If a man has to pay, in money or corn, but has not money orcorn to pay with, but has goods, whatever is in his hands, beforewitnesses, according to what he has brought, he shall give to hismerchant. The merchant shall not object, he shall receive it.

INDEX

The numbers refer to the sections of the Code.

Abatement, of rent, for loss of crop, 45, 46. of interest, 48.

Accidental loss, by storm or deluge, falls on tenant, 45. shared by landlord, if before rent is paid, 46. by drought, storm, or deluge, postpones payment of debt, 48.

Adjournment, for production of witnesses, 13. not to exceed six months, 13.

Adoption, of natural son, 185. of child of living parents, 186. parents may object, 186. votary or palace official cannot object, 187. by artisan, 188. no one can reclaim child, if he has been taught handicraft, 188. otherwise can be reclaimed, 189. adopted son must be formally acknowledged, 190. if not, returns to real parents on death of adoptive father, 190. adopted son cannot be cut off without legal process, 191. has one-third child's share, 191. but no part of estate, 191. repudiation by adopted son severely punished, 192 ff.

Assessment of damages-- by sheep to growing crops, 57. ,, to ripe crops, 58. for cutting down tree in orchard, 59. for not carrying out terms of lease, 42, 44. for assault. See Fines. for carelessness. See Neglect. for culpable lack of skill. See Doctor.

Assignment for debt-- of bare field, 49. of corn field, 50. of date plantation, X. of crop, Y. of wife, child, or slave, to work off debt, 115.

Average yield, assessed damages, 42, 43, 44, 55, 62, 65.

Backbiting, 161.

Bailiff. See Reeve, Ganger, Constable, Benefice.

Bailment, without witness or deed-- from domestic inferior=theft, 7.

Banishment. See Exile.

Bearing sentence sought to be obtained. See Retaliation.

Benefice, the land, house, garden, and stock-- assigned by king to ganger, constable, or tributary, 30. inalienable, 32, 36, 37. sale, or purchase, forbidden, 35. price paid forfeited, 35. not to be exchanged, 41. not to be devised to females, 38. may be deputed, 27. hereditary, 28. forfeited, by disuse, 30. may not be pledged, 38. saleable to other official (?), 40.

Bride-price, a present to prospective father-in-law-- usually returned with wife to bridegroom, 163. given back by husband to divorced wife, if not a mother, 138. returned to suitor, if not accepted, 160, 161. forfeited if suitor changes his mind, 159. if not given back to bridegroom with wife, deducted from marriageportion repaid to father-in-law, on death of wife, without children, 164. assessed at one mina of silver, for gentleman, 139. ,, one-third mina, for poor man, 139. to be set aside for unmarried son, by his brothers, on division offather's property, 166.

Children. See Custody, Mother, Remarriage, Widow. born of wife remarried, uuder impression her husband was dead, staywith second husband, 135. not to dispute mother's settlement, 150. share equally at father's death, 165. reserving settlements by deed, 165. of second marriage to be furnished with bride-price, or portion, 166. of different mothers, share separately own mother's portions, 167. but father's property equally, 167. of bride and maid share equally, if latter acknowledged as sons infather's lifetime, former having preference, 170. otherwise, children of maid do not share, 171. of slave woman and free father are free, 171. of slave man and free mother are free, 175. these take half father's goods at death, 175.

Collision, 241.

Commission, trade on, 100-105. See Agent, Merchant.

Compensation, for eviction of tenant, Y. for highway robbery, 23.

Composition, for loss of life, 224. for bride-price, 139.

Concubine, divorced, 137. not allowed, if wife provides maid, 144. allowed, if votary wife has no children, 145. not to rival wife, 145. father may give daughter as, 183. and give marriage portion, 183. if so, she has no share of his goods at his death, 183. otherwise, brothers must give her a portion, 184.

Conjugal rights, denial of, 142.

Conscript. See Militia.

Constable, or bailiff, runner, 36-41. not to depute duty, 26. in enforced absence on royal business, 27. may depute, and resume on return, 27. son may be deputy, 28. provision for child, in absence, 29. neglect of benefice, 30. three years' limit, 30. one year does not forfeit, 31. captured abroad on king's business, 32. to be ransomed, 32. benefice inalienable, 33. benefice protected, 34. not to be hired out, 35. plundered, 35. oppressed, 35. sale of benefice illegal, 35. benefice not to be exchanged, 41.

Contract. See Bond.

Corn land, 62.

Corporate liability, 23, 32.

Corvee. See Militia.

Courtship, 159, 161.

Cow, in milk, hire of, 243.

Creditor. See also Merchant. must not ill treat pledge for debt, 116. must release at end of three years, 117. may sell pledged slave, on removal, 118. may not repay himself from debtor's goods, 113.

Crop, assigned for debt, 51. sold at king's price, 51.

Crown, man's. See Strength.

Cultivation of fields-- operations needful, 43.

Custody of child, in mother, 29.

Cutting down trees-- assessment of damage, half mina of silver per tree, 59.

Damage to crops, by sheep-- assessed at twenty GUR per GAN, 57. to ripe crops, at sixty GUR per GAN, 58. by flooding field, 56. by cutting down trees, assessed at half mina of silver per tree, 59.

Damages, for breach of contract, 42, 44. for eviction from purchase, 12. for eviction from house, Y.

Debt, abatement for damage by storm, deluge, and drought, 48. not to be repaid from debtor's goods, without his consent, 113. hostages for, 117. to be well treated, 118. released after three years, 117. of man before marriage, not binding on wife, 151. of woman before marriage, not binding on husband, 151. of both after marriage, binding on both, 151.

Freedom, of hostage for debt, after three years, 117. to marry, as she chooses, on part of divorced wife, after bringing upchildren, 137. daughter-in-law, seduced before marriage, 158. widow, leaving settlement to children, 172.

Free-men sold into slavery, to pay fine, 54.

Fugitive, slave, 16, 17. poor man, 16.

Ganger, associated with constable, q.v.

Gentleman, one of three estates, contrasted with poor man and slave, 196,197, 199, etc.

Incest, 154-158. of man and daughter, 154. of man and daughter-in-law, 155, 156. of man and mother, 157. of man and stepmother, 158.

Inheritance. See Share.

Innocent wife, separation from bad husband, 142. See Separation.

Interest on loan, etc., 49, 50, 100, X. abatement, 48.

Intimidation of witnesses, 3.

Jilting, 159.

Judge, duties and liabilities, 5, 9, 127, 167, 168, 172, 177.

Judgement, false. See False. by default, 10.

Kidnapping, 14.

King's standard, 44, 51. See Hire, Scale.

Lancet, bronze, used in surgical operations, 215, 218, 220.

Landlord's risks, 46.

Lease, of house, Y. field to cultivate, 42. ,, to reclaim, three years, 44. ,, to plant as garden, five years, 60. garden to till, 64. terms, not invalidated by neglect, 52. damages for not carrying out terms, 63. See Metayer.

Loss, by burglary or rebellion, 125. of hired animal, by lion, 244. ,, by neglect, 245. ,, by blows, 245. ,, by hand of God, 249. of flock or herd, by hand of God, 266. ,, by lion, 226. of crop, when shared by landlord, 45. of interest. See Abatement.

Lost property, recovery by owner, 9. sale by finder=theft, 9.

Lying, 11, 12.

Magistrate, over township, 23, 24.

Maid, female slave-- given by wife to husband, to bear children, 144. not to rival mistress, 146. if so, reckoned slave again, 146. not sold, if a mother, 146. may be sold, if not, 146. children, acknowledged by husband, in his lifetime, share equally withwife's children, 170. otherwise, free, but not heirs, 171.

Maintenance, of wife in absence, 133-135. of divorced wife, 137. or concubine, 137.

Malice prepense 206.

Malicious abuse of process, 12.

Mancipium, hostage to work off debt-- natural death, 115. done to death, 116. free after three years, if free born, 117. slave, can be sold, by creditor on removal, 118. but not if mother of debtor's children, 119. redeemed by debtor, 119.

Marriage portion, given by father to bride-- returned on divorce, 137. not to bad wife, 141. returned to injured wife, 142. ,, to invalid wife, who leaves husband, 149. property of wife's children, 162. father of bride cannot reclaim, if she has children of the marriage,162. returned, if wife dies childless, 163. less bride-price, if not repaid to husband, 164. if wife re-marry, shared by children of both marriages, 173. taken by children of first marriage, if none of second, 174. free wife of slave, takes her marriage portion, if any on his death,for self and children, 175.

Master's right over married slave's property, 175, 176. pays for slave's cure, 217, 223. See Slave.

Mutilation, as penalty. See Branding, Ear, Eye, Hands, Breasts,Tongue. of hired ox, 248. either punishment of offending member, or retaliation formutilation. See Retaliation.

Neglect, to cultivate field leased, 42, 43. to reclaim field leased, 44. to set up dwelling, 47. to strengthen dyke, 53. to plant garden leased, 61-63. to till garden, 65. to build house properly, 232. to cultivate on metayer, 253. to confine vicious ox, 251, 252.

Oath, in legal process. See Sworn Deposition, 9. for purgation, 20, 131, 227, 266. as to loss, 23, 103, 126, 240, 249. as to deposit, 120. as to injury, 206.

Settlement, or pin-money, estate, or goods settled on wife-- by husband, in lifetime, by written deed, 150. children not to dispute, 150. wife has freedom of testamentary devise, 150. among her children of that marriage, 150. wife may not leave to brothers, 150. widow enjoys for life, if she remains in husband's house, 171. widow bequeaths to children, 171. ,, resigns if she re-marries, 172. compare gift to favourite child.

Share, of father's property, on his death-- equally by all children, 165. divorced wife, as one child, 137. with reservation apart, of gift to favourite, 165. ,, ,, of wife's settlement, 150. ,, ,, bride-price for unmarried son, 166. ,, ,, portion for votary sister, 178. of mother's marriage portion, on her death, 167. all her children equally, 167. children of second wife share own mother's portion, 167. children of both mothers share equally in father's property, 167. children of maid, if acknowledged, share equally with children ofwife, latter taking precedence, 170.

Votary, not to open or enter wine shop, 110. protected from slander, 127. as wife, 145. gives maid to husband, to bear children, 146. not to be rivalled by maid, 147. dowered as for marriage, 178. free to leave her portion, if allowed by father's deed, 178, 179. otherwise, brothers assume charge of her estate and maintain her, 178. or if they do not content her, she farms it out, 178. if father gives her no portion, entitled on his death to one child'sshare, 180. but must leave to brothers, 180. if dedicated by father, and not portioned, entitled to one-third shareat his death, 181. must leave this to brethren, 181. if dedicated by father to Marduk of Babylon, and not portioned,entitled to one-third share at his death, 182. pays no taxes, 182. leaves property as she likes, 182. her child may be adopted, without her consent, 193. ,, if adopted, severely punished for repudiating adopted parents,193. usually lived in convent, 110. cannot alienate or mortgage estate, 178. unless power granted by father's deed, 179. when brothers cannot interfere, 179.

Widow, on husband's death-- stays in his house, 171. takes her portion and settlement, 171. may not alienate them from children, 171. if no settlement, takes portion, and one child's share, 172. children cannot turn her out without legal process, 172. if she wishes to leave and re-marry, resigns settlement to children,but takes portion, 172. on her death, children of both marriages divide her portion equally,172. with young children, may marry, but she and husband are bound trusteesfor the children, 177.

Wife, of free-man, not to be slandered, 127. not legally married, without bonds, 128. adultery by, drowned, 129. falsely accused, 131. slandered, 132. of captive husband, 133-135. bound to preserve fidelity if provided for, 133. otherwise, may re-marry, 134. but must rejoin husband, on return, 135. children, of second marriage, if any, stay with father, 135. deserted, 136. divorce of, who has borne children, 137. divorced, takes marriage portion, usufruct of field, garden, andproperty, only leaves house, has custody and education of children, thentakes one child's share, and is free to re-marry, 137. ,, and if not a mother, takes marriage portion and bride-price,138. ,, or in lieu of bride-price, fixed sum, 139, 140. may seek divorce, 141. bad, divorced without compensation, 141. ,, reduced to status of slave, 141. denies conjugal rights, 142. if bad, drowned, 143. if justified by husband's cruelty, separated, 142. good, stays at home, is not quarrelsome, economical, does not belittleher husband, has no vice, 142. may give maid to husband to bear children, 144. husband then may not take concubine, 144. maid may not rival, 145. childless, does not give maid, husband can take concubine, 145. concubine not to rival, 145. invalid, to be maintained, not divorced, 148. ,, husband can marry second wife, 148. ,, may leave husband, taking portion, 149. second wife only allowed, if first be invalid, or divorced, 137-141,148. can leave settlement to any child she prefers, 150. liability for husband's debts, 151. procuring death of husband, for love of another, impaled, 153. of official, no claim on benefice, 38. deserted, free to marry, 136.

Wine seller, duties and liabilities, 108-110. not to sell drink cheaper than corn, 108. relaxation of this rule, 111. not to suffer brawling or seditious talk, 109. bound to hale brawlers to palace, 109. votary not to be, 110.