Download link updated.
[Admin note for newcomers to this thread: You'll always find the updated link in the first post of this thread, including information on which version of Evernote to use, as well as details on how to use the workflow ]

Evernote 6.10: make sure to download from Evernote site (not from AppStore) and if the workflow is not working try to uninstall if from Alfred preferences then download the latest version of the workflow and install it again.
Evernote 6.11 beta: I'll have to wait a final version

It's not possible because Finder does not have an AppleScript command for that.
I have made a test with the current version for Alfred 3 (4.2) and it seems to be working fine.
I'll make more tests but note that the workflow depends on Spotlight and, sometimes, it may be a good idea to delete the workflow and install it again. Note, however, that you will lose your customization.
Finally, make sure to update Alfred 3 and use version 4.2 of the workflow.
There is not easy way to do that. I'd have to change some scripts.

I have tested with a jpg from Safari and it worked.
It seems the image, for some reason, caused the error.
Can you please test with another image?
You could also send me the image or link so I can make some tests here.
Thank you again for your feedback.
I have updated the link.
Here it is: Evernote workflow for Alfred 2