5月5日、日本の子供の日に、バンダジェフスキー博士の新たな論文が「チェルノブイリ国際連帯」のページに発表されました！

On May 5th, on the Children's Day in Japan, Dr. Bandazhevsky's new article was released in the Chernobyl International Solidarity webpage.

I got aware of this since I had sent him mails asking for his safety under current Ukranian situation along with the song of Bandazhevsky sung by me. Then he gave me a reply telling me his safety and also his compliment on my way of disseminating scientific information along with his French comrades!

これがちょっと恥ずかしい私の動画サイト(期間限定公開なので見るなら今のうちですよ)The following is my scientific information song sung by me in costumes.

I am very touched by your story. Thank you very much. My colleagues from France also welcomed this form of dissemination of scientific information among the population. 貴方の話を聞いて感動しました。ありがとう。僕のフランスの同僚もこのような形で一般大衆に科学的な情報を広めるのはよいことだと褒めていました。

I hope that you all will be well. 貴方のされることすべてがうまくいくことを願っています。

I keep my job. To confirm this I send you my new article, which is placed today 僕は仕事をしています。証拠に、今日発表された僕の新しい記事を送ります。

Online Chernobyl-today.org in Russian and English languages. I hope that it will be interesting to you and all who are concerned about the health of people affected by nuclear accidents of Chernobyl and Fukushima. ネットでChernobyl-today.orgを見ると、ロシア語と英語で書かれてあります。貴方と、チェルノブイリと福島の原発事故で影響を受けた人々の健康を憂慮する方々がご興味を持って読んでくださることを願っています。

Human Health and Incorporated Radionuclides.

The population of the Republic of Belarus, Ukraine and the Russian Federation
living in areas affected by the accident at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant
has been exposed to adverse effects of long-living radionuclides for 28 years,
and primarily of 137Cs (radiocesium), given the amount released into
the biosphere in 1986 [1]. チェルノブイリ事故で影響を受けたベラルーシ、ウクライナ、ロシアの地域に住む人々は28年間もの間、生物圏に放出されたセシウム１３７を主とする長寿命核種の悪影響にさらされてきた[1]. Immediately following the accident, radiocesium had
been on the surface of the soil, and naturally could not have been available to
the root system of plants, unless the upper layers of the soil were inverted
while ploughing. For the same reason, the mushrooms just after the Chernobyl
accident could not have contained Chernobyl cesium in high concentrations. It
takes several years for them to accumulate significant quantities of
radionuclides. 事故直後は、放射性セシウムは土壌の表面にあり、表土を耕やしてしまわない限りは、植物の根に自然に到達することはなかった。同様の理由でチェルノブイリ事故の直後は、キノコ類は高い濃度で汚染はされていなかった。数年かかってかなりの量の放射性核種を蓄積していったのである。However, the mushrooms that grew in the affected area in 1986,
had contained high concentrations of radiocesium. This situation may be
explained by the findings of the studies carried out by the Institute of
Biophysics of the Ministry of Health in the Russian Soviet Federated Socialistic
Republic, which prove that a large part of the Republic of Belarus had been
contaminated with radiocesium in the 60s of the last century, for which reason
this radionuclide had been detected in meat and dairy products in high
concentrations [2].ただし、1986年に汚染された地域で生育したきのこ類は放射性セシウムを高い濃度で蓄積していた。このことは、旧ソ連の保健省の生物理学研究所が行った研究結果により説明がつく。すなわち、ベラルーシのかなりの地域で1960年代に既に放射性セシウムによる汚染があり、それにより肉や乳製品まで放射性核種が検出されていたのである。[2].

Radiocesium contamination maps for the Belarussian-Ukrainian
territory Polessye before and after the Chernobyl accident are practically
identical [3].ベラルーシとウクライナにまたがるPolessye地域では、チェルノブイリ事故の前と後で放射性セシウムによる汚染マップが事実上、重なっている。[3].So what did the specialists that carried out radiometric
measurements in areas affected by the Chernobyl accident in 1986
find?では1986年のチェルノブイリ事故で影響を受けた地域で放射性物質の分析をした専門家はなにを見出したのだろうか？This raises the question relating to the calculation of radiation
doses absorbed by the population living in these areas. At the official level,
it was decided to calculate doses received by the population from affected
territories starting from April 26, 1986 - the date of the Chernobyl accident.
The health of the population has been assessed and continue to be assessed also
beginning from this date. この問題はこれら汚染地域に住む住民の吸収線量の計算へとつながる。公式レベルでは、チェルノブイリ事故の起きた1986年4月26日から計算した線量となっている。住民の健康はこの日からのものを評価しているし、今現在もこの日を基準として評価が継続して行われている。But what about radiation doses received by the same
population over a 20-year period prior to the Chernobyl accident?しかし、同じ地域に住む住民がチェルノブイリ事故の20年前から受けていた線量に関してはどうなっているのだろうか？

Based on the above, we can conclude that the results of Belarus’s
population health assessment do not conform to radiation doses that have been
officially presented, including data related to such radionuclides as
137Cs.上記を鑑みれば、ベラルーシの住民の健康評価は、セシウム１３７に関するデータを含め、公式発表されている線量に合致していないと我々は結論付けている。Research institutions in the USSR and CIS countries
have for many decades studied and continue to study effects on the living
organism mainly caused by external radiation, while in reality the population
receives 80% of the radiation load due to internal irradiation. 旧ソ連および独立国家共同体の国々は、何十年もの間、外部被曝からを主な原因とした生物への放射線の影響を研究してきたし、今もそれを続けている。しかし現実には、人々は被曝の８０％を内部被曝から受けているのだ。The
absence of full data on the impact of incorporated radionuclides on the human
body did not allow to carry out an effective policy of protection of health of
the population affected by the Chernobyl accident at the state level, which led
to serious medical and demographic consequences [3].人体に取り込まれた放射性核種の影響の十分なデータが存在しないことで、チェルノブイリ事故による影響から住民の健康を守る効果的な政策が国家レベルで実行されないできた。このことが、医学的影響、そして人口統計上に深刻な影響をもたらした。[3]The radiation load
of no more than 1 mSv per year corresponding to the specific activity of
radionuclides in the organism of 400 Bq/kg is currently accepted to be safe for
the human health in the Republic of Belarus, Ukraine and the Russian Federation. 現在、ベラルーシ共和国、ウクライナ共和国、ロシア連邦において、特定の放射性核種の1mSvを超えない線量、すなわち体内レベル４００Bq/kgまでが、生体において安全であると認められている。
However, the studies conducted by Gomel State Medical University in 1991-1999
had shown that the incorporation of even smaller amounts of 137Cs
negatively affect the human health (see below).しかしゴメリ医科大学での1991年から1999年の研究では、それよりも少ないセシウム１３７の体内接種が人間の健康に悪影響をもたらすことが示されている。（以下を参照）Most radionuclides are
transferred from soil to the human body mainly through the food chain, thus
regular radiological monitoring of foodstuffs is required to protect the health
of the population. The institutions that carry out monitoring have been and are
still guided by the food radiation standards, the so-called permissible
radiation limit values, established by the government.ほとんどの放射性核種は主に食物を通して土壌から人体へ移行するので、住民の健康を守るには常に食物の放射線測定を行う必要がある。モニタリングを行っているところでは、今までも現在も政府が打ち立てた、いわゆる許容線量に従っている。In determining
permissible radiation limit values for food, the government applied the
principle of economic viability and therefore it was allowed to produce
agricultural products in vast areas affected by the Chernobyl nuclear power
plant accident. In addition, the threshold limit values for radionuclides in
food for the population were calculated not on the basis of the danger that may
be posed to the organism by specific amounts of radionuclides, but based on the
level of contamination of major farm products by these agents. 食物の許容線量を決定する際、政府は経済的な実現性の原則を適用するため、チェルノブイリ事故で汚染された広大な地域の農作物の生産を許容することとなった。さらには、住民への放射性核種の許容線量は、生体への危険性に基づいたものではなく、多くの農作物の実際の汚染度合いから、これらの機関により策定された。Once the level of
contamination of the major part of products of vegetable and animal origin has
fallen, the maximum permissible levels can be toughened, i.e. the permissible
limit values can be lowered.野菜や家畜の汚染レベルが低下した時、最大許容線量は厳しくされうるようになる。つまり、許容値は低くされうるのである。According to applicable radiation limit
values, the population living in territories affected and not affected by the
Chernobyl accident may regularly consume food products containing high
concentrations of 137Cs and 90Sr [4].適用されている許容値によると、チェルノブイリ事故では汚染されていなくとも、もともと汚染地帯に暮らしている住民たちはセシウム１３７やストロンチウム９０などが高濃度に蓄積されている食物を常食している可能性がある。 As a result of consumption of
these products, radionuclides are accumulated in the bodies of children and
adults.このような食物を摂取した結果、子供も大人も放射性核種を体内に蓄積しているのである。The effects of incorporated 137Cs as the most
widespread radioactive element in the environment on vital organs and systems of
the human body were studied by Gomel State Medical University in 1991-1999. 環境に広範に拡散され体内接種されたセシウム１３７の重要臓器や人体に対する影響は、ゴメリ医科大学において1991年から1999年にかけて研究された。The
study took into account the real life situation in which millions of people
permanently residing in areas affected by the Chernobyl accident had been.
Clinical observations and pathomorphological analysis of deceased individuals
were performed along with experiments on laboratory animals. The obligatory part
of these studies was the determination of 137Cs levels in human and
animal bodies, internal organs, food products used for feeding laboratory
animals.研究はチェルノブイリ事故で影響のあった地域に定住していた何百万もの人々の現実の生活を考慮して行われた。動物を用いた実験と共に、臨床による観察と亡くなった人々の病理形態学的な分析が行われた。これらの研究では人間と動物、そして臓器、および実験動物に与える食物のセシウム濃度の測定は必須項目とした。It was concluded that the degree of the 137Cs
accumulation in the body depends on a number of factors:セシウム１３７の体内濃度は多くの要素が絡んでいると結論付けられた1.
Concentrations in food. The highest levels of radionuclides were found in the
body of people resided in areas with the highest rate of contamination with
radionuclides and consumed mushrooms and berries [3,5,7].１．食物の濃度について。放射性核種の汚染濃度が最も高く、キノコやベリー類を消費する地域の住民に最も高い放射性物質の濃度が検出された。[3,5,7].2. Sex. Females
accumulate 137Cs in their body in considerably lower concentrations
than males, living in the same conditions [6,7,8].同じ条件で暮らしている場合、男性に比べ女性はセシウム１３７の濃度はかなり低い。[6,7,8]3. Age.
137Cs concentrations in children’s organs significantly exceed the
ones in adults [8,9].年齢について：子供の臓器におけるセシウム１３７の濃度は、大人に比べて顕著に高い。 [8,9]4. Rhesus blood group. Individuals with rhesus
negative blood accumulate 137Cs in lower concentrations in comparison
with individuals who have rhesus positive blood [7,10].血液型について：Rh‐の人はRh⁺の人に比べ、セシウムの濃度が低い。[7,10]5. Physiological
condition of the body. The 137Cs accumulation by the female body is
sharply increasing during pregnancy [6,11].生理学的な条件：女性は妊娠中、セシウム１３７の蓄積が顕著に増加する。6. Action of agents affecting
incorporation of radionuclides in the digestive tract or their elimination.
Enterosorbents including organic and nonorganic components can bind and remove
radionuclides from the body. Clay and pectin compounds are the most promising in
this regard [6,7].放射性核種の体内接種に作用したり除去したりする製剤の働き：有機、無機を含む、体内の放射性核種と結合し取り除く経口摂取の合成製剤では、粘土質とペクチンを合成したものが最も効果がある。[6,7].However, the question on the long-term use of
enterosorbents to reduce incorporation of radioactive elements in the organism
now remains open. It is due to the fact that during enterosorption, not only
137Cs radionuclides but other essential micro-nutrients can be
eliminated from the body.ただし、生体への放射性物質の蓄積を減らすための経口摂取の製剤の長期にわたる使用は、未解決の問題である。というのも、経口摂取により、放射性核種のセ氏宇う１３７のみならず、その他の必要不可欠な微栄養素が生体から除去されてしまうからである。7. Structural and functional peculiarities of
organs and tissues.臓器や組織における構造的、機能的な特異性についてFor many years research papers devoted to
incorporation of 137Cs into the human and animal body stated that the
above radionuclide is accumulated mainly by the muscular system
[12].長年の間、セシウム１３７の人体及び動物への体内蓄積に関する研究論文では、主に筋肉に蓄積するとされていた。[12]Radiometric measurements performed by Gomel State Medical
University in 1996-1997 during autopsies of inhabitants of areas contaminated
with radioactive elements found high levels of 137Cs in the heart,
thyroid, adrenal and pancreatic glands, small and large intestine, stomach,
kidneys, spleen, brain, lung and skeletal muscles [8,9]. ゴメリ医科大学における1996年から1997年の汚染地帯に居住した居た人々の遺体解剖での放射線測定では、高いレベルのセシウム１３７が心臓、甲状腺、副腎、すい腺、小腸、大腸、胃、腎臓、脾臓、脳、肺、骨格筋に検出された。[8,9]The obtained data was
proved by results of experimental studies where 137Cs was introduced
into the body of laboratory animals. In 10 days after introduction of
radiocesium into the body, its highest concentrations were registered in the
heart, kidneys, spleen and liver [6]. このように得たデータは、実験動物へのセシウム１３７接種の実験結果において検証することができた。セシウムを摂取してから10日後に、心臓、腎臓、脾臓、肝臓で最も高い濃度が確認されたのである。[6]Only after intragastric introduction of large quantities of this isotope as a part of aqueous solutions, its high concentrations were observed in skeletal muscles [10].胃内にセシウムの水溶物の形で大量にセシウム137を投与した後のみ、骨格筋への高い濃度が確認された。 [10].Thus,
137Cs radionuclides simultaneously enter vital organs. This should be
taken into account to understand what pathological changes may occur in the body
due to this.このように、セシウム１３７は同時に複数の重要臓器に入り込む。このことを人体へどのような病理変化が起こるかを理解するには考慮に入れなければならない。The results of post mortem studies and experiments with
laboratory animals enabled to establish a relation between 137Cs
concentration and pathological changes arising in organs and systems [3,10]. 実験動物を用いた遺体解剖では、セシウム１３７の体内濃度と臓器やシステムにおける病理変化の相関関係を得ることができた。[3,10].
These findings are in line with results of clinical observations and laboratory
examination of children of different ages. The complex approach to the study of
effects of incorporated 137Cs radionuclides on the human body allowed
to determine key phases in the initiation of pathological processes.これらの実験結果は、臨床学的な観察や年齢の異なる子どもたちの実験室での検査と同時並行して行われた。体内接種された放射性核種のセシウム１３７の人体への影響における複雑なアプローチは、病理学のプロセスにあたり、カギとなるフェーズを決定することから始まったのである。With
incorporation of 137Cs into the body, cell structures are exposed
to:セシウム１３７を体内に摂取すると、細胞構造は以下のものに晒される1. Gamma and beta radiation occurring as a result of the decay of
137Cs incorporated into the body.１．体内接種されたセシウム１３７の崩壊の結果生じるガンマ線とベータ線2. Undecayed
137Cs radionuclides [13]. ２．未崩壊のセシウム１３７ [13].

3. Barium (Ba) resulted from the
137Cs decay in the body [14-16].３. セシウム１３７の崩壊で発生するバリウム（Ba）4 Radiocesium
incorporation leads to the disruption of energy and constructive metabolism in
highly differentiated cells, causing the development of dystrophic and
necrobiotic processes. Radiocesium interferes with metabolic processes affecting
membrane cell structures and so an effect of metabolic dysfunction occurs
[8,10]. ４．放射性セシウムが体内接種されると高分化細胞内のエネルギーと構造的な代謝作用が阻害され、異栄養症や生理的組織変性が起きる。放射性セシウムは細胞膜の構造に影響する代謝プロセスを阻害するため、代謝不全が起きるのである。[8,10]. The degree of disruption depends upon the concentration of incorporated
radiocesium. The more intense the process of incorporation, the higher the
degree of disruption can be stated. The multi-organ nature of the action should
be particularly emphasised.阻害の度合いは放射性セシウムの濃度による。体内接種が高度になれば、高度な阻害が起きる。この作用において、複数の臓器が同時に起きることは、特に強調すべきである。Depending on 137Cs concentration
incorporated into the body, the following groups of pathological conditions may
be determined:体内接種されたセシウム１３７の濃度に応じて、病理学的なコンディションが以下のグループに分かれると考えられる。Group 1. 137Cs incorporation of up to 20 Bq/kg
– Multifactorial congenital defects; metabolic, electrophysiological and
functional changes in organs and tissues if there is a genetic predisposition
(based on insufficient gene activity);グループ１ セシウム１３７の濃度が２０Bq/kg以上の場合 遺伝的な素質（遺伝子活動が不十分である場合）の多因子性先天性欠陥；臓器や組織における代謝、電気生理学的、機能的変化Group 2. 137Cs
incorporation of 20-50 Bq/kg - Conditions peculiar to those of Group 1, as well
as dystrophic changes in cells, tissues and organs leading to their
failure;グループ2 セシウム１３７の体内濃度が２０－５０Bq/kgの場合 グループ１に加えて、細胞、組織、臓器が機能不全に陥るような異栄養への変化Group 3. 137Cs incorporation of more than 50 Bq/kg –
Conditions specific to those of Groups 1 and 2, as well as dystrophic,
necrobiotic and sclerotic changes in vitally important organs substantially
disrupting their function and leading, in some cases, to death of the organism
or its disability.グループ３ セシウム体内濃度が５０Bq/kg以上の場合 グループ1と2の状態や異栄養、組織変性、硬化の他に、生命維持に不可欠な重要臓器の機能が相当に阻害され、場合によっては生体の死や障害を招くIn cases of combined action of radiocesium and toxic
agents of different origin having a negative effect on metabolic processes,
irreversible pathological changes may occur in vital organs and systems even
with a low content of radiocesium in the body.放射性セシウムと別由来の毒性物質が相乗作用した場合、重要臓器やシステムには、低い放射性セシウム濃度であっても、回復不能な病理変化をもたらす場合もある。In our opinion, one of the
main reasons for the increase in cardiovascular diseases in the European part of
the former USSR over past decades [17] is incorporated radioactive elements,
primarily 137Cs. 過去数十年の旧ソ連の欧州側での循環器系疾患の増加の原因は[17]、主にセシウム１３７をはじめとする体内に取り込まれた放射性核種によるものと我々は考える。 The directly proportional correlation between
137Cs concentration in the child’s body and the cardiac abnormality
rate was established. Moreover, cardiac arrhythmias were registered in a large
number of children with a relatively low specific activity of radiocesium in
their body (up to 20 Bq/kg) [18-21].子供の体におけるセシウム１３７の体内濃度と心臓における異変の率は、比例の相関関係があることが見いだされた。さらに、心臓の不整脈は、（２０Bq/kg以下の）体内放射性セシウムが比較的低い子供たちの間でも多数見られ、登録されている。[18-21].The occurrence of arrhythmias is
associated, in our opinion, with radiocesium involvement in the phenotypic
implementation of genetic defects of the system of proteins participating in
processes of ion permeability of the cytoplasmic membrane leading to impaired
electrical impulse conduction through the heart’s conduction system.我々の考えでは、不整脈が起こるのは以下であると考えている。細胞膜におけるイオン透過のプロセスに寄与するたんぱく質の遺伝子発現において、放射性セシウムが介入することにより、欠陥が生じ、これが心臓の伝導システムにつながる電気信号の伝導を阻害するのではないかと。The
evidence of this hypothesis were results of the studies carried out by IRSN that
had revealed the 137Cs ability to change gene expression in heart
cells of experimental animals [22].この仮説のエビデンスはIRSNによる研究結果でもあらわされている。実験動物において、セシウム１３７は心臓細胞の遺伝子発現を変化させるのである。[22].With increasing specific activity of
137Cs in the child’s body, disturbances of metabolic processes in the
myocardium based on its radiotoxic effects may occur.子供の体内でセシウム137の特異的な活動が増加すると、放射性毒性を基盤にした影響により、心筋における代謝プロセスが阻害される。These disturbances
are mostly expressed in neonates and children aged up to 1 year
[23,24].このような阻害作用は、新生児や1歳までの赤ん坊において最も顕著に発現する。 [23,24].The energetic system of the cardiomyocytes is disrupted, and, in
particular, of mitochondria where deep structural and metabolic changes occur,
including creatine phosphokinase activity supression [6].セシウムにより心筋細胞におけるエネルギー代謝システムは阻害される。特に顕著な構造的・代謝的な変化が起こるミトコンドリアでは顕著であり、これにはクレアチン・ホスキナーゼの活動性の阻害も含まれる。[6].With
137Cs specific activity in the body of over 50 Bq/kg, cell structures
of the heart and other vital organs undergo necrobiotic changes. The effect of
such widespread external factors as alcohol and nicotine worsens the situation
sharply.５０Bq/kg以上の生体におけるセシウム１３７の影響により、心臓その他の重要臓器には生理的組織変性が起こる。一般に広がっているアルコールやニコチンなどの外部要因は、この状態を激しく悪化させる。According to results of medicolegal autopsies, myocardial injury
was registered in 99% of all deaths of inhabitants of areas contaminated with
radiation. In addition, diffuse cardiac muscle cell injury, manifesting itself
as contractures or overcontractions of muscle fibers, primary cluster
disintegration of myofibrils, dystrophic processes with varying degrees of
severity and necrosis was found in all cases [8]. 法医学的な解剖結果によれば、放射能に汚染された住民の全ての死亡者のうち９９％に心筋の傷害が登録されている。さらには、すべてのケースにおいて、筋肉繊維の拘縮もしくは超収縮を示すびまん性の心筋細胞の傷害や筋原線維のプライマリークラスターにおける崩壊、様々な程度の異栄養プロセスや病理形態変化が見られたのである。The detection of
137Cs in the heart proves its participation in the occurrence of this
pathology. The negative role of 137Cs in damaging the cardiovascular
system was confirmed by experiments on laboratory animals, to whom radiocesium
was given as a part of food or in the aqueous solution [10,25].セシウム１３７が心臓に検出されたことそのものが、この病理変化の発生にセシウムが関与していることを証明するものである。セシウム１３７の循環器システムを害する悪影響は、放射性セシウムをエサや水に入れた動物実験でも確認された。[10,25]The
revealed myocardium pathology can be classified as 137Cs related
cardiomyopathy [20] that completely corresponds to the definition given by the
WHO Experts Committee that recommends to define cardiomyopathy as a myocardium
disease of various origin, but not an inflammatory one according to morphology
and a coronary one according to origin [26].発見された心筋の病理はセシウム１３７関連の心筋疾患に分類される。[20] これはWHOの専門家委員会が様々な原因からの心筋の病気のひとつとして心筋疾患を定義するように勧告した定義にまったく沿うものであり、形態的に炎症性のものでも冠血管由来のものでもない。[26].137Cs induced
cardiomyopathy can be a direct cause of death of people, as well as complicate
the course of other diseases and promote to death. It should be considered in
undertaking treatment and prevention measures for the population living in areas
contaminated with radioactive elements.セシウムが誘引した心筋疾患は、他の疾患の合併症を引き起こしたり、死期を早めたり、人々の直接の死因ともなる。放射性物質に汚染された地域で済む住民には治療や予防的措置を施すことを考慮しなければならない。Arterial hypertension was
observed in 41,6% of children of school age lived in the territory with
137Cs contamination above 15 Ci/km2 [7].セシウム１３７が15 Ci/km2以上の汚染地帯では、４１．６％の学童に動脈の高血圧が観察された。 [7].In our opinion, the
root cause of the disease is related to direct or indirect effects of
incorporated radionuclides on muscle elements of the blood vessel wall resulting
in their overcontractions and spasm. The spasm of muscle elements of arterial
vessels induced by radiocesium may be the reason for the development of
classical myocardial infarctions. 疾病の原因は血管の筋肉質に取り込まれた放射性核種の直接的・間接的な影響に関与しており、これが超収束や攣縮につながると考えられる。放射性セシウムによる動脈血管の筋肉質の攣縮は、一般的な心筋梗塞の発症の原因ともなり得る。At the same time, the reduction of
antithrombogenic activity of vessel walls and activation of the platelet,
coagulation and fibrinolysis phases of hemostasis occur showing that
intravascular blood clotting takes place [27].同時に血管壁の抗血栓作用や血小板の活性、止血のフェーズにおける凝固や繊維素溶解の低下が起き、静脈の血栓を呈する。[27]Pathological changes in
the vascular system along with the direct toxic action of radiocesium lead to
damaging the cell structures of kidneys, heart, brain and other
organs.放射性セシウムの毒性作用による直接的な作用と血管システムにおける病理変化は、腎臓、心臓、脳、その他の臓器において細胞構造の損傷につながる。The kidneys excrete radiocesium from the body [12]. Because of
that, the vascular system of the nephron becomes damaged, resulting in the death
of structural and functional elements of the latter, and primarily of glomeruli,
with the presence of a specific histologic pattern called a “melting
icicle” phenomenon [8].腎臓は放射性セシウムを体外に排出する。[12]. そのためネフロンの循環器システムが障害を受け、構造的・機能的な死がもたらされる。特に主に糸球体では、「溶ける氷柱」と呼ばれる特異的な組織の現象が見られる。[8].Renal damage is one of the main reasons for the
accumulation of radiocesium and metabolic waste products in the body and their
toxic effects on vital organs, including the heart, and development of arterial
hypertension. Significant pathomorphological changes in the kidneys were
registered in 89% of cases of sudden death, and in individuals died in inpatient
hospitals in Gomel [8]. The above state was not diagnosed during their life time
in most cases.腎臓破壊は放射性セシウムと代謝老廃物が体内に蓄積する主な理由となり、心臓を含む重要臓器へのそれらが毒性効果を表し、動脈の高血圧にもつながる。腎臓における顕著な病理形態学的な変化が突然死の８９％で見られ、またゴメリで死亡した入院患者らに観察された[8].上記の状態はほとんどの場合、彼らが生きている間に診断されたことのない病状であった。The clinical presentation of the radiation-induced renal
pathology has its own specific features. The disease is seldom accompanied with
a nephrotic syndrome, but is more quicker and severe in character. It is
characterised by a frequent and early development of arterial hypertension
becoming a malignant one. Due to this, already after a couple of years chronic
renal failure may occur with the development of hyperazotemia, cerebral and
cardiac complications.放射線起因の腎臓の病変は、特異的な臨床形態を呈する。この病変にはネフローゼの症状はほとんど伴わないが、性質的に早く進行し、重症となりやすい。しばしば早い段階での動脈の高血圧を伴い、悪性のものとなるのが特徴である。そのため、慢性腎不全が2年も続くと窒素過剰血症や脳や心臓の合併症を伴う事がある。Serious pathological changes in the liver are also
observed with 137Cs incorporation. It is characterised by the
development of toxic dystrophy with prevailing destruction of the cellular
protein and metabolism transformation resulting in formation of fat-like
substances, fatty hepatosis and cirrhosis. In addition, disturbances occur in
all phases of metabolism.セシウム１３７が体内に取り込まれると深刻な病理変化が肝臓でも観察される。特徴的なのは細胞のたんぱく質の破壊が広がるとともに有害な形成異常が生じ、その結果脂肪のような物質が生成されたり、脂肪肝となったり肝硬変になったりするのである。さらに代謝の全工程にわたって阻害が起きる。The liver is involved in all vitally important
processes of the human body, and is closely connected with vital organs and
systems. In particular, direct concurrent effects of radionuclides on liver
cells and immune system should be examined. Damage to the latter may be
manifested by the disruption of protective and integrative functions of the
organism directly affecting the liver.肝臓というのは人体において声明に重要なプロセスに関与しており、その他の必須臓器やシステムと密接につながっている。特に放射性核種の肝細胞および免疫システムへの併発する影響を検査する必要がある。免疫系への傷害は、生体への保護的また体系的な機能が阻害することで現れ、肝臓の機能に影響する。In the protective function
analysis schedule, it should be noted that a reduction in phagocytic activity of
neutrophilic leukocytes of peripheral blood [7] was observed in children living
in the area with high level of 137Cs contamination, testifying that
the disruption of the protective function of the immune system facilitating the
occurrence of such infectious diseases as tuberculosis and viral hepatitis
occurred. 生体防護作用の分析では、セシウム137の汚染の高いレベルに住む子供たちの間で末梢血細胞における好中球性の白血球における食細胞作用の低下[7] が見られ、これは免疫システムの防護機能の阻害を証明するものであり、肺炎やウィルス性の肝炎の発生がしやすくなっている。An increased prevalence of chronic hepatitis C contributes to the
increase in the number of hepatic failure and tumorous diseases of the
liver.慢性のC型肝炎の蔓延の増加で肝臓障害の増加や肝臓における腫瘍の病気が増えている。In the integrative function analysis schedule, correlations
between a series of metabolism indices directly associated with the liver and
indices of humoral immunity in children from areas affected by the Chernobyl
nuclear accident were determined. Correlations are changed depending on specific
activity of 137Cs in the body. 統合的な機能分析において、代謝関係は肝臓やチェルノブイリ事故の影響を受けた地域の子供たちの液性免疫と直接に相関関係があることが示された。この相関関係は、体内のセシウム137の特別な活動性によって変化することがわかった。It was established that in children
lived in the middle of 90 - ies of the last century in the territory
contaminated by radiocesium with a level of 1-5 Ci/km2, unlike in children from
radiation-free areas, negative correlations between IgG and most metabolic
indices of the blood serum associated with the liver, including with
triiodothyronine were lost. At the same time, there were positive correlations
between the content of IgG and IgM and thyroid hormones [29,30].1-5 Ci/km2のセシウム汚染が見られた地域に90年代中ごろ住んでいた子供たちは、非汚染地帯の子供達とは違い、IgGと、肝臓に関連する血清でのほとんどの代謝指標との間に負の相関関係が見られた。同時に、IgGとIgM,そして甲状腺ホルモンの間には正の相関関係が見られた。[29,30]Taking
into account the ability of immunoglobulins of different types to bind thyroid
hormones [31], we may say about the disruption of immune-endocrine relations
under the influence of 137Cs.甲状腺ホルモンに様々なタイプの免疫グロブリンが結合する性質を考慮すると[31]、免疫ー内分泌の阻害関係はセシウム１３７の影響下にあると言える。

The removal of thyroid hormones
from the metabolism chain, in particular of triiodothyronine, leads to
disruption of the pituitary – thyroid gland system and overproduction of
thyroid-stimulating hormone that has stimulating effects upon the thyroid gland
causing increased proliferation of the follicular epithelium that contributes to
neoplastic transformations. The disruption of triiodothyronine formation may
also occur when the processes of thyroxine deiodination both in the thyroid
gland and other organs are weakened.代謝系統から甲状腺ホルモン、特にトリヨードサイロニンが欠如することは、脳下垂体ー甲状腺のシステムの阻害につながり、悪性形質転換となる小胞上皮の増加の原因となる甲状腺への刺激を生じさせる甲状腺刺激ホルモンの過剰生産につながる。チロキシン脱ヨウ素のプロセスが甲状腺および他の臓器で弱まった時に、トリヨードサイロニン形成の阻害が起こることがある。There is every reason to believe
that 137Cs takes an active part in neoplastic processes in the
thyroid gland in view of its ability to incorporate radiocesium
[8,9].セシウム１３７が甲状腺における異形成プロセスにおいてアクティブな役割を果たしていることは、セシウムの体内取り込みの観点からよくわかることである。 [8,9]Radiocesium incorporated by the thyroid gland induces in its cells
the energy shortage that does not allow reparative processes to occur properly,
disturbs cell differentiation and allows that cell structural components become
antigens to the immune system [8,10].甲状腺に取り込まれた放射性セシウムは細胞におけるエネルギー不足を引き起こし、修復プロセスがきちんとなされなくなり、細胞の分化を阻害し、免疫システムに対して細胞構成組織が抗体となる事も生じる。 [8,10]The immunological reaction appears,
then the thyroid gland becomes damaged by autoantibodies and immunocompetent
cells resulting in the development of autoimmune thyroiditis and thyroid cancer
against its background. In this connection, we think that the action of
radiocesium on the thyroid gland may be regarded from the position of disruption
of immune regulation of organ and tissue activities, as well as considering the
nature of cellular element injury.免疫系の反応があらわれ、甲状腺は自己抗体と免疫担当制細胞によって損傷を受け、それが自己免疫甲状腺炎や甲状腺がんの発症につながる。この関連で、我々は甲状腺における放射性セシウムの振る舞いは、臓器や組織の活動における免疫統制の阻害および、細胞構成物の損傷と両方があると考える。The correlation between the thyroid
cancer rate and area radiocesium contamination density was found
[32,33].甲状腺がんの割合と放射性セシウム汚染密度との間に相関関係が見られた。[32,33].Adrenal glands incorporate radiocesium intensively [8,9],
changing their hormone-producing function. In children lived in Gomel region of
the Republic of Belarus in 1992-1993, the blood level of cortisol was decreasing
as specific activity of 137Cs in the body was increased [19]. In
neonates, whose placentas contained considerable quantities of radiocesium,
cortisol production was also modified [7].副腎は放射性セシウムを大量に取り込み[8,9]、ホルモン生成機能を変化させる。①992-1993年にゴメリに住んでいた子供たちについていうと、血液中のコルチゾールがセシウム１３７の体内での特別な活動が増加すると共に減少していた。[19]。胎盤に多くの放射性セシウムを含有していた新生児においては、コルチゾールの生成がやはり変化していた。[7] The effect of incorporated
137Cs leads to serious disturbances of hormonogenesis in the female
organism.体内に取り込まれたセシウム１３７は、女性の体内におけるホルモン生成に深刻な阻害をもたらす。In women of reproductive age lived in the area contaminated by
radioactive substances, the inversion of the endocrine profile during the
different phases of the menstrual cycle was observed with specific activity of
137Cs in the body over 40 Bq/kg. 放射性物質に汚染された地域に住む生殖年齢の女性では、体内セシウム濃度が40Bq/kgを超えると、月経サイクルの様々なフェーズにおいて、内分泌系プロファイルにおける逆位（？）が観察された。In addition, during the first phase
of the cycle there was an increase in progesterone levels and decrease in
estradiol levels, during the second phase there was recorded a decrease in
progesterone levels and increase in estradiol levels [6]. The revealed imbalance
of the progesterone to estrogen ratio is one of the main reasons for disruption
of the reproductive function in women.さらに、周期の第一期にはプロゲステロンのレベルが上昇し、エストラジオールのレベルが低下、第二期にはプロゲステロンのレベルが減少しエストラジオールのレベルの上昇が記録された。[6]プロゲステロンとエストロゲンの比率のアンバランスが、女性の生殖機能を阻害している主な原因である。In young women with
137Cs concentration in the organism over 50 Bq/kg, increased blood
levels of testosterone were registered. Every sixth woman among them had no
ovulation [34]. セシウム１３７の臓器濃度が５０Bq/kgwo超える若い女性は、テストステロンの血中濃度が増加していた。そして6人に1人は排卵がなかった。[34]In girls from areas with 137Cs contamination of 15-40
Ci/km2, a delay in development of internal genital organs and retarded
development of secondary sexual characteristics were observed in 37% of cases,
disruption of the menstrual cycle was recorded in 81% of cases. セシウム汚染が15-40 Ci/km2の地域に住む少女は、内部の生殖器の発達に遅れが見られ、37%に第二次性成長期の遅れが見られ、81%に月経サイクルの阻害が見られた。Disruption of
the gonadotropic function of the pituitary gland was found in 39% of
examined girls, along with the disruption of biosynthesis of glucocorticoid
hormones in 31,5% of cases [35]. 39%の少女に脳下垂体における生殖腺刺激機能の阻害が起こり、31.5%で糖質コルチコイドの生合成阻害が伴っていた。[35]Radiocesium may cause negative effects on the
prenatal development of the embryo. Radiometric measurements of human foetuses
with congenital defects and their placentas with a gestation period of 15 to 25
weeks aborted due to medical indications in patient care institutions in Gomel
region in 1995-1998 detected a high specific activity of 137Cs in
them. 放射性セシウムは出生前の胎児の発達に悪影響を及ぼす可能性がある。1995年から1998年、ゴメリ地域で、医学的な知見により、施設で中絶手術をした妊娠15週から25週の患者における先天性欠陥を持った胎児及び胎盤を放射線測定をしたところ、特に高いセシウム137の活動性が検知された。

Furthermore, this value was higher in placentas compared with foetuses
amounting to 61,50±13,50 Bq/kg and 25,40±3,20 Bq/kg respectively. In embryos
with congenital defects of the central nervous system the level of radiocesium
in placentas was even higher 85,40±32,70 Bq/kg [36]. さらには、この値は25,40±3,20 Bq/kg という胎児に比べ、胎盤の方が61,50±13,50 Bq/kgと高かった。中枢神経系の先天性欠陥を持っている胎児の胎盤はさらに高く、85,40±32,70 Bq/kg であった。[36]High specific activity of
137Cs was observed in internal organs of the neonates from Gomel
region died in the first few days after the birth [8,9]. The presence of
radiocesium was registered in the tissue of dysplastic lungs of foetuses from
mothers lived in the radiation contaminated territory [37]. 出産後2，3日のうちに亡くなった新生児の臓器においても高い濃度のセシウム１３７が見つかった。[8,9] 放射能汚染地域に住んでいた母親の肺形成不全の胎児からは放射性セシウムが検出された。 [37]Thus, the placenta
limits the penetration of 137Cs into embryonic structures. In
addition, significant structural and functional changes occur in the placenta
that are of compensatory and adaptive nature.このように、胎盤は胎児へのセシウム１３７の侵入を制限する。さらに、胎盤では代償的、適応的な構造的および機能的な変化が起こっていた。 In particular, with
137Cs content of over 100 Bq/kg in the above provisional organ the
number of intermediate villi increases, and the number of terminal villi
decreases having considerable aggregation of cytotrophoblast cells on their
surfaces [38]. 特にセシウム１３７の濃度が上記の臓器で１００Bq/kgを超えている場合は、中間にある繊毛が増加しており、表層における細胞栄養芽層は相当悪化し、最も奥にある繊毛は減少している。With increasing concentrations of 137Cs in placenta,
there is an increase in the thyroid hormone and cortisol content in the mother’s
blood, while cortisol concentration is decreased and testosterone concentration
is increased in the foetus’s blood [38]. セシウム１３７が胎盤で増加すると、母体の血液中の甲状腺ホルモンとコルチゾール濃度が増加し、胎児の血液中のコルチゾール濃度とテストステロン濃度は減少する。[38] Changes of the endocrine status in the
developing organism occurring with 137Cs incorporation can be one of
the main reasons for disorders of sexual maturation, adaptation to environmental
conditions after the birth, and are the root causes of many diseases of the
mature organism. 発達中の生体におけるセシウム１３７による内分泌系の変化は、性的な成熟を阻害する主な理由の一つであり、出生後の環境への適応力の阻害にもなり、成熟した臓器における多くの病気の根源的な原因となる。After the childbirth, during breast-feeding radiocesium can be
transferred from mother to child having an adverse effect on developing organs
and systems of the latter. The determination of 137Cs role in human
and animal teratogenesis is of great scientific and practical
importance.出生後、母乳中の放射性セシウムは母体から赤ん坊に移行し、発達中の臓器やシステムに悪影響を及ぼす。人間と動物の奇形形成に際してのセシウム１３７の決定的な役割は、非常に大事な科学的、実践的な事項である。Among children born in 1987-1998 in areas with the level of
137Cs contamination of 15 Ci/km2, an excess of frequency of isolated
and multiple congenital defects was registered in comparison with the control
area. 15 Ci/km2以上のセシウム１３７の汚染地帯に生まれた子供は対照群の子供と比べ、一つもしくは複数の先天性欠陥が過剰な頻度で登録されている。Across Belarus, there was a rise in the number of birth defects, to a
greater extent, associated with increased incidence of multiple developmental
abnormalities, limb reduction defects and polydactyly, i.e. developmental
defects with a major contribution of de novo dominant mutations [39,40]. ベラルーシ中で、出生欠陥の数が増加し、さらにはそれをしのぐ割合で、同時多発的な発達異常、四肢欠損や多指症、すなわち新規優性突然変異の主なものとしてあげられている現象が見られる。[39,40]
Attention should be drawn to the increased number of children with congenital
defects of the central nervous system, facial skull, cardiovascular system, i.e.
defects belonging to multifactorial congenital anomalies [36,41,42]. These
abnormalities can occur in the presence of certain genetic defects and
due to the action of provoking environmental factors [43]頭蓋骨、循環器系、すなわち複数の要素を含んだ先天性異常に属する欠陥など、中枢神経の先天性欠陥を持った子供の数が増えていることは注目されねばならない。 [36,41,42]. これらの異常はある遺伝的欠陥と、環境要因による誘発で引き起こされる。 [43]

Experiments on
Syrian hamsters showed that 137Cs can induce multifactorial
congenital anomalies with its intake during pregnancy [44]. These laboratory
animals unlike albino rats have a genetic predisposition to above congenital
abnormalities. In embryos and newborns of albino rats under the influence of
incorporated 137Cs, hypoplasia of ossification anlages of the
majority of skeletal bones, dystrophic and necrobiotic changes in cells of
internal organs were observed [11]. A constant increase in the 137Cs
content in the maternal body leads to progressive deterioration of synthetic
processes in embryonic tissues, at the same time anlages of hind limb bones
forming in the late embryogenesis stage suffer more than anlages of fore limb
bones that are formed earlier. This effect is similar to that observed in
vitamin B1 deficiency modeling using an antimetabolite – oxythiamine
[45].Thus, 137Cs can contribute to congenital defects if
there is a genetic predisposition, acting as a provoking environmental
factor.Radiocesium in considerable concentrations may have an
embryotoxic effect.The haematopoietic system is generally considered to
be a marker for the effect of radiation upon the human body. In real-world
conditions of the post-Chernobyl period, a significant decline in the number of
erythrocytes in children from areas of strict control (15-40 Ci/km2) with
considerable accumulation of 137Cs in their bodies (70 Bq/kg and
more) was registered [28]. It is in line with results of experiments on
laboratory animals fed by oats grown 5 years after the Chernobyl accident and
contained significant amounts of 137Cs and 90Sr radionuclides
[6].The nervous system can also be exposed to effects of incorporated
radionuclides. This is because 137Cs radionuclides can enter the
brain. During autopsies, significant amounts of radiocesium were registered in
the brain of adults and children lived in areas affected by the Chernobyl
nuclear accident [8,9]. In cells of the large cerebral hemispheres of
experimental animal brains with radiocesium concentration of 40-60 Bq/kg in the
body, major changes in the neurotransmitter metabolism compared with a control
group expressed by the increased glutamate content and reduced glycine
concentration were observed, which is comparable with the effect of average
lethal and supralethal external radiation doses [6]. It can be assumed that such
effects may be manifested by various neurological and autonomic disturbances in
humans. However, no one compared values of specific activity of 137Cs
in the body and the state of the central and peripheral nervous system. Research
studies were mainly devoted to nervous system disorders in liquidators of the
Chernobyl accident exposed to external radiation.Ocular pathology
reflects adverse effects of incorporated 137Cs on highly specialized
cells of the central nervous system.After ophthalmologic examination
cataract was found in children of school age continuously resided in 1996 – 1997
in Vetka district of Gomel region in the Republic of Belarus with soil
137Cs contamination of 5 to 40 Ci/km2. The incidence of this
pathology was directly proportional to the amount of radioactive
elementsin the body. In children with specific activity of
137Cs above 50 Bq/kg cataract was registered in 22% of cases [7]. In
most cases, it was combined with cardiovascular, hematopoietic and endocrine
system disorders.Thus, we can talk about a complex change in clinical
and laboratory indices in the child’s body under chronic exposure to
incorporated radioactive elements in areas affected by the Chernobyl accident.
Long-living radionuclides of 137Cs when entered the body have a
simultaneous adverse effect on its vital organs and systems, causing damage to
cell structures, primarily due to the destruction of energy mechanisms
accompanied by the degradation of protein structures and necrobiotic
changes.The pathological changes in the human and animal body caused by
137Cs may be joined together into a syndrome of long-living
incorporated radioisotopes (SLIR) [46]. The syndrome appears in the cases of
long-term radiocesium incorporation in the organism and is characterised by the
combined metabolic pathology caused by the structural and functional changes in
all vital organs and systems. The quantity of radiocesium inducing SLIR may vary
depending on age, sex and the functional condition of the
organism.Serious pathological changes in organs and systems are
registered in children with radiocesium incorporation over 50 Bq/kg. However,
metabolic discomfort in the individual organs and systems, primarily in the
myocardium, is observed with an incorporation level of over 20
Bq/kg.Even with relatively low specific activity in the body,
137Cs promotes to phenotypic implementation of genetic pathological
conditions which include disturbances of the electrical impulse conduction in
the heart muscle and occurrence of congenital abnormalities belonging to the
group of multifactorial congenital defects. Taking into account the on-going
decay of 137Cs, it is worth to note that radiocesium may affect the
genetic apparatus of somatic and germ cells and act as a mutation
inductor.In some cases, the negative impact of 137Cs can be
worsened by the action of other radioactive elements, metals, chemical and
bacterial agents, alcohol, nicotine and drugs.In view of the wide-spread
occurrence of 137Cs and other radionuclides in the environment, a
system of measures for the protection of health of the population continuously
living in areas affected by the Chernobyl nuclear accident, should include, in
our opinion, the following provisions:1. Revision at the state level of
existing radiation permissible limit values to tighten requirements as to
radioactive agent contents in foodstuffs.2. Strict radiological
monitoring of food, water and air, thus preventing radioactive elements from
entering the human body.3. Development and introduction of medications
and methods facilitating the elimination of radionuclides from the body with the
help of harmless compounds (based on natural constituents) through the
gastrointestinal tract.4. Use of physical and therapeutic methods for
the removal of metabolic toxic waste products from the body formed as a result
of action of radionuclides.5. Regular radiometric control of the
population, identification of groups with high specific activity of radiocesium
in the body and further clinical and laboratory examination of those
individuals.6. Constant monitoring of health of the child and adult
population with obligatory registration of indices of vital organ functions,
overall assessment of the body condition and identification of at-risk
groups.7. Regular correction of metabolism and the function of vital
systems of adults and children through preventive and therapeutic medicated
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