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2Clear-and-present-danger testA legal interpretation that reconciled two views of the First Amendment right of free speech, the first that Congress could not pass any law to restrict speech and the second that it could punish harms caused by speech. Proposed by Supreme Court justice Oliver Wendell Holmes in1919, it held that Congress could punish only speech that created a “clear and present danger” of bringing about the actions that Congress is authorized to prevent.

3Communist Control Act1954 Legislation that outlawed the Communist Party of the United States and prohibited communists from being an official of any labor organization.

4Due Process Clause of 14th Amendmentthe principle that the government must respect all of a person's legal rights instead of just some or most of those legal rights when the government deprives a person of life, liberty, or property. Due process has also been frequently interpreted as placing limitations laws and legal proceedings, in order for judges instead of legislators to guarantee fundamental fairness, justice, and liberty.

5Espionage and Sedition ActsEspionage Act:1917, made it a crime for a person to convey information with intent to interfere with the operation or success of the armed forces of the United States or to promote the success of its enemies.

6Continued: Sedition Act:The passing of this act forbade Americans to use "disloyal, profane, scurrilous, or abusive language" about the United States government, flag, or armed forces during war. The act also allowed the Postmaster General to deny mail delivery to dissenters of government policy during wartime.

7Establishment ClauseFrom first amendment, generally been interpreted to prohibit1) the establishment of a national religion by Congress,or 2) the preference of one religion over another or the support of a religious idea with no identifiable secular purpose.

8Exclusionary rule of freedom of expressionA rule that hold evidence gathered in violation of the Constitution cannot be used in trial.

9Freedom of Religionis the freedom of an individual or community, in public or private, to manifest religion or belief in teaching, practice, worship, and observance. It is generally recognized to also include the freedom to change religion or to not follow any religion.

10Free Exercise Clauseis the accompanying clause with the Establishment Clause of the first amendment. It reads:“Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof.

11Good Faith ExceptionGiving the police greater freedom to their investigating because they are authority figures.

12Hate Crimea crime that violates the victim's civil rights and that is motivated by hostility to the victim's race, religion, creed, national origin, sexual orientation, or gender

13Internal Security Act1950 is a law that required the registration of Communist organizations with the Attorney General in the United States and established the Subversive Activities Control Board to investigate persons thought to be engaged in "un-American" activities, including homosexuals. Members of these groups could not become citizens, and in some cases, were prevented from entering or leaving the country. Citizen-members could be denaturalized in five years.

14Libeldefamation by written or printed words, pictures, or in any form other than by spoken words or gestures.

15McCarthyismthe practice of making accusations of disloyalty, esp. of pro-Communist activity, in many instances unsupported by proof or based on slight, doubtful, or irrelevant evidence.

16Obscenitythe character or quality of being obscene; indecency; lewdness.an obscene word or expression, esp. when used as an invective.

18Probable Cause Also see “Search warrant”When police have a persuadable reason [to a judge] to search without a real warrant to find evidence.

19Public Figure A famous person whose life and behavior are the focus of intense public interest and scrutiny.

20Search WarrantAn order from a judge authorizing the search of a place; the order must describe what is to be searched and seized, and the judge can issue it only if he or she is persuaded by the police that good reason (probable cause) exists that a crime has been committed and that the evidence bearing on the crime will be found at a certain location.

21Sedition ActSedition Act of 1918" was an amendment to the Espionage Act of 1917 passed at the urging of President Wilson, who was concerned that dissent, in time of war, was a significant threat to morale. The passing of this act forbade Americans to use "disloyal, profane, scurrilous, or abusive language" about the US Government, flag, or armed forces during war. The act also allowed the Postmaster General to deny mail delivery to dissenters of government policy during wartime.

22Smith Actis a federal statute that makes it a criminal offense for anyone to knowingly or willfully advocate, abet, advise or teach the duty, necessity, desirability or propriety of overthrowing the Government of the United States or of any State by force or violence, or for anyone to organize any association which teaches, advises or encourages such an overthrow, or for anyone to become a member of or to affiliate with any such association.

23Symbolic SpeechAn act that conveys a political message, such as burning a draft card to protest the draft.

24Wall of separation principleA Supreme Court interpretation of the establishment clause in the First Amendment that prevents government involvement with religion, even on a non-preferential basis.

25Affirmative actionThe requirement, imposed by law or administrative regulation, that an organization (business firm, government agency, labor union, school, or college) take positive steps to increase the number or proportion of women, African Americans, or other minorities in its membership.

26Aliena resident born in or belonging to another country who has not acquired citizenship by; a foreigner.

27Brown v Board of EducationHanded down on May 17,1954, the Warren Court's unanimous (9-0) decision stated that "separate educational facilities are inherently unequal." As a result, dejure racial segregation was ruled a violation of the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment.

28Civil Rights Act of 1964was a landmark legislation that outlawed segregation in the US schools and public places.

29Compensatory actionAn action designed to help members of disadvantage groups, especially minorities and women, catch up, usually by giving them extra education training, or services.

30De facto segregationsegregation (especially in schools) that happens in fact although not required by law

31segregation that is imposed by lawDe jure segregationsegregation that is imposed by law

32Equality of opportunitysituation in which every person has an equal chance, especially in areas such as education, employment and political participation.

33Equality of resultsto reduce or eliminate differences in material condition between individuals or households in a society. This usually means equalizing income and/or total wealth to a certain degree.

34Fourteenth Amendmentfirst intended to secure rights for former slaves. It includes the due process and equal protection clauses among others.

35Hyde Amendmentis a provision barring the use of federal funds to pay for abortions for low-income women, first passed by Congress in It was so named because its chief sponsor was Republican Congressman Henry Hyde of Illinois. The measure was introduced in response to the Supreme Court’s 1973 Roe v Wade decision legalizing abortion, and represented the first major legislative success by abortion opponents in the US.

36Jim Crowa practice or policy of segregating or discriminating against blacks, as in public places, public vehicles, or employment.

37National Association for the Advancement of Colored People.NAACPNational Association for the Advancement of Colored People.is one of the oldest and most influential civil rights organizations in the US.

38Non-violent civil disobedienceis the active refusal to obey certain laws, demands and commands of a government, or of an occupying power, without resorting to physical violence.

39Plessy v Fergusonwas a landmark Supreme Court decision in the jurisprudence [study of the law] of the US, upholding the constitutionality of racial segregation even in public accommodations (particularly railroads), under the doctrine of “separate but equal".

40Preferential treatmentTo give preference to one class of workers or applicants over another class of workers or applicants because of their disability, sex or race. Most often used as it relates to affirmative action efforts to bring about parity.

41Reverse discriminationDiscrimination against a privileged group in order to correct previous discrimination against a disadvantaged group. The accusation of ‘reverse discrimination’ is often directed against those favoring equity programs or affirmative action programs.

42Roe v WadeSupreme Court case that resulted in a landmark decision regarding abortion. According to the Roe decision, most laws against abortion in the US violated a constitutional right to privacy under the Due Process Clause of the 14th Amendment. The decision overturned all state and federal laws outlawing or restricting abortion that were inconsistent with its holdings.

43Rostker v Goldbergwas a decision of the Supreme Court holding that the Congress could require the Selective Service system to adopt a policy of requiring only men to register for the draft.

44Separate but Equal Doctrineis a set phrase denoting the system of segregation that justifies giving different groups of people separate facilities or services with the declaration that the quality of each group's public facilities remain equal.

45Strict Scrutinythe highest level of judicial scrutiny that is applied esp. to a law that allegedly violates equal protection in order to determine if it is narrowly tailored to serve a compelling state interest

46Suspect Classificationsa classification of groups which meet a series of criteria suggesting they are likely the subject of discrimination.

47Swann v Charlotte-Mecklenburgwas an important Supreme Court case dealing with the busing of students to promote integration in public schools.