He underwent further surgery after cerebral bleeding but died late on Monday local time in Panama City’s Santo Tomas hospital, Secretary of State for Communication Manuel Dominguez announced.

President Juan Carlos Varela tweeted: “The death of Manuel A Noriega closes a chapter in our history; his daughters and relatives deserve a funeral in peace.”

Heavy metal music

Although he was never elected to office, Noriega became the de facto leader of Panama, serving a six-year tenure as military governor in the 1980s.

Noriega asks for forgiveness (2015 interview)

A strong supporter of the United States, he became a key ally in Washington’s attempts to battle the influence of communism in central America.

But the US tired of his increasingly repressive role internally in Panama, and there were indications he was selling his services to other intelligence bodies, not to mention drug-trafficking organisations.

EPA – Noriega was released into house arrest in January to prepare for his operation

Noriega was indicted in a US federal court on drug-trafficking charges in 1988 and, after US observers declared he had stolen the 1989 election, President George HW Bush launched the “Operation Just Cause” invasion, sending in nearly 28,000 troops.

US troops flushed him out by playing deafening pop and heavy metal music non-stop outside.

The life and colourful times of Manuel Noriega

EPA

Born in Panama City on 11 February 1934

Studies at a military academy in Peru. Begins a three-decade relationship with the CIA

Backs Gen Omar Torrijos in the coup that topples President Arnulfo Arias in 1968

Rises in influence after mysterious plane-crash death of Gen Torrijos in 1981, becoming de facto ruler in 1983

Plays key role in mid-1980s Iran-Contra affair, which involves smuggling weapons and drugs to aid US undercover efforts to support forces opposing the Sandinistas government in Nicaragua

Ousted in 1989 after US invasion and jailed in US

US trial reveals he wore red underwear to ward off the “evil eye”

In Panama’s El Renacer prison in 2014, unsuccessfully sues company behind the video game, Call of Duty: Black Ops II for using his image without permission

By 3 January 1990, Noriega surrendered and was flown to the US to face drug-trafficking, money-laundering and racketeering charges, serving 17 years in jail there.

While in prison he was convicted in absentia in France of money-laundering and sentenced to seven years. After the US extradited him to France, a court there approved a request from Panama in December 2010 to send him back home, where he was convicted again.

In an interview on Panamanian TV two years ago, Noriega read out a statement of apology.

He said: “I apologise to anyone who feels offended, affected, harmed or humiliated by my actions or those of my superiors whilst carrying out orders, or those of my subordinates, during the time of my civilian and military government.”

A US Senate sub-committee once described Washington’s relationship with Noriega as one of the United States’ most serious foreign policy failures.