Contents

Josephine Sabel on the cover of sheet music for "She's the only lady friend I know" (NYPL Hades-609627-1256578)

Josephine Sabel on the cover of a sheet music for "A Hot Time in the Old Town" (1896)

Sabel was a vaudeville performer for many years, billed as "The Queen of Song."[2] She popularized songs including "A Hot Time in the Old Town Tonight",[3] "Somebody Loves Me", and "Bicycle Built for Two". She also sang "coon songs" that caricatured African-American speech and culture, for example "Bye Bye Belinda" (written by H. Y. Leavitt, billed as a "Darktown Triumph")[4] and "Little Alabama Coon", an 1893 hit song written by Hattie Starr.[5] She continued performing late in her life, as a nostalgia act in the 1930s.[6]

Sabel's Broadway credits included roles in the musicals Punch, Judy and Company (1903), Earl Carroll's Vanities (1925), Oh Please (1925-1926), and Sidewalks of New York (1927-1928).[7] She appeared in several films: Corn Top Bread (1930), The March of Time (1930, unfinished), and Broadway to Hollywood (1933).[8]

Sabel was not known for a pleasing voice, but for her humor and stage presence. "Miss Sabel does not sing much, and never did," explained a newspaper account in 1904, "Most of her singing is yelling, but she yells well."[9] Critic Frank Norris wrote of her, "Josephine Sabel is not what you would call pretty, but she is French to her fingers and toes, which is much better. She can do precisely what she likes with her audiences — making them laugh or weep or whistle at her will."[10] She emphasized her French connections with the latest fashions from Paris, so that her clothing on and off stage were described in detail in the press.[11]

1.
Lawrence, Massachusetts
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Lawrence is a city in Essex County, Massachusetts, United States, on the Merrimack River. As of the 2010 census, the city had a population of 76,377, surrounding communities include Methuen to the north, Andover to the southwest, and North Andover to the southeast. Lawrence and Salem are the county seats of Essex County, Lawrence is part of the Merrimack Valley. Manufacturing products of the city include electronic equipment, textiles, footwear, paper products, computers, Lawrence was the residence of poet Robert Frost for his early school years, his essays and poems were first published in the Lawrence High School newspaper. Native Americans, namely the Pennacook or Pentucket tribe, had a presence in this area, evidence of farming at Den Rock Park and arrowhead manufacturing on the site of where the Wood Mill now sits have been discovered. Europeans first settled the Haverhill area in 1640, colonists from Newbury following the Merrimack River in from the coast, the area that would become Lawrence was then part of Methuen and Andover. The first settlement came in 1655 with the establishment of a blockhouse in Shawsheen Fields, the future site of the city, was purchased by a consortium of local industrialists. The group allotted fifty thousand dollars to buy land along the river to develop, in 1844, the group petitioned the legislature to act as a corporation, known as the Essex Company, which incorporated on April 16,1845. The first excavations for the Great Stone Dam to harness the Merrimack Rivers water power were done on August 1,1845, the Essex Company would sell the water power to corporations such as the Arlington Mills, as well as organize construction of mills and build to suit. Until 1847, when the legislature recognized the community as a town, it was called interchangeably the New City. The post office, built in 1846, used the designation Merrimac, incorporation as a city would come in 1853, and the name Lawrence, merely chosen as a token of respect to Abbott Lawrence, who it cannot be verified ever saw the city named after him. The work was dangerous, injuries and even death were not uncommon, working conditions in the mills were unsafe and in 1860 the Pemberton Mill collapsed, killing 145 workers. As immigrants flooded into the United States in the mid to late 19th century, Lawrence was the scene of the infamous Bread and Roses Strike, also known as the Lawrence Textile Strike, one of the more important labor actions in American history. Lawrence was a great wool-processing center until that industry declined in the 1950s, the decline left Lawrence a struggling city. The population of Lawrence declined from over 80,000 residents in 1950 to approximately 64,000 residents in 1980, like other northeastern cities suffering from the effects of post-World War II industrial decline, Lawrence has often made efforts at revitalization, some of them controversial. For example, half of the enormous Wood Mill, powered by the Great Stone Dam, the Lawrence Redevelopment Authority and city officials utilized eminent domain for a perceived public benefit, via a top down approach, to revitalize the city throughout the 1960s. There was a clash of differing ideals and perceptions of blight, growth, ultimately the discussion left out those members of the community who would be directly impacted by urban redevelopment. The historic Theater Row along Broadway was also razed, destroying ornate movie palaces of the 1920s and 1930s that entertained mill workers through the Great Depression, the citys main post office, an ornate federalist style building at the corner of Broadway and Essex Street, was razed

2.
Vaudeville
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Vaudeville is a theatrical genre of variety entertainment. It was especially popular in the United States and Canada from the early 1880s until the early 1930s, a typical vaudeville performance is made up of a series of separate, unrelated acts grouped together on a common bill. A vaudeville performer is often referred to as a vaudevillian, Vaudeville developed from many sources, including the concert saloon, minstrelsy, freak shows, dime museums, and literary American burlesque. Called the heart of American show business, vaudeville was one of the most popular types of entertainment in North America for several decades, the origin of this term is obscure, but is often explained as being derived from the French expression voix de ville. A second speculation is that it comes from the songs on satire by poet Olivier Basselin. Some, however, preferred the term variety to what manager Tony Pastor called its sissy. Thus, vaudeville was marketed as variety well into the 20th century, with its first subtle appearances within the early 1860s, vaudeville was not initially a common form of entertainment. The form gradually evolved from the saloon and variety hall into its mature form throughout the 1870s and 1880s. This more gentle form was known as Polite Vaudeville, in the years before the American Civil War, entertainment existed on a different scale. Certainly, variety theatre existed before 1860 in Europe and elsewhere, in the US, as early as the first decades of the 19th century, theatregoers could enjoy a performance consisting of Shakespeare plays, acrobatics, singing, dancing, and comedy. As the years progressed, people seeking diversified amusement found a number of ways to be entertained. Vaudeville was characterized by traveling companies touring through cities and towns, a significant influence also came from Dutch minstrels and comedians. Vaudeville incorporated these various itinerant amusements into a stable, institutionalized form centered in Americas growing urban hubs, pastors experiment proved successful, and other managers soon followed suit. B. F. Keith took the step, starting in Boston. Later, E. F. Albee, adoptive grandfather of the Pulitzer Prize-winning playwright Edward Albee, circuits such as those managed by Keith-Albee provided vaudevilles greatest economic innovation and the principal source of its industrial strength. They enabled a chain of allied vaudeville houses that remedied the chaos of the booking system by contracting acts for regional and national tours. These could easily be lengthened from a few weeks to two years, Albee also gave national prominence to vaudevilles trumpeting polite entertainment, a commitment to entertainment equally inoffensive to men, women and children. Acts that violated this ethos were admonished and threatened with expulsion from the remaining performances or were canceled altogether

3.
There'll Be a Hot Time in the Old Town Tonight
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A Hot Time in the Old Town is an American ragtime song, composed in 1896 by Theodore August Metz with lyrics by Joe Hayden. Metz was the leader of the McIntyre and Heath Minstrels. One history of the song reports While on tour with the McIntyre and Heath Minstrels, from their train window, could see a group of children starting a fire, near the tracks. One of the other minstrels remarked that therell be a hot time in the old town tonight, Metz noted the remark on a scrap of paper, intending to write a march with that motif. He did indeed write the march the next day. It was then used by the McIntyre and Heath Minstrels in their Street parades, the dialect and narrative of the song imitate an African-American revival meeting. The song was a favorite of the American military around the start of the 20th century, particularly during the Spanish–American War, the tune became popular in the military after it was used as a theme by Teddy Roosevelts Rough Riders. The chorus is used at the University of Kansas immediately after every touchdown in Football. The Aggie War Hymn of Texas A&M University currently uses the chorus of this song as its finale, also, the Eastern Illinois University marching band plays the song in conjunction with their fight song at athletic events. The Great Fire coincidentally burned much of the citys Old Town neighborhood, the song appears as an instrumental at the very end of the New Years Eve scene in the stage and 1936 film versions of the musical Show Boat. The song is featured in Citizen Kane, are we going to declare war on Spain or are we not. The Joker sings the line from this song in a scene where he uses his joy buzzer to electrocute the character Antoine Rotelli in the 1989 film Batman. In 1994, the melody was used for The Chewing Song in the film The Road to Wellville by Columbia Pictures, during the 1968 U. S. Browne, C. A. The Story of Our National Ballads, a Hot Time in the Old Town. New York, Willis Woodward & Co, a Hot Time in the Old Town. The Charles Templeton Digital Sheet Music Collection, Hot Time in the Old Town, Victor Military Band —Library of Congress Performing Arts Encyclopedia. Hot Time, University of Wisconsin Marching Band, youTube video of song being performed Batman Quotes

4.
Daisy Bell
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Daisy Bell is a popular song, written in 1892 by Harry Dacre, with the well-known chorus, Daisy, Daisy / Give me your answer, do. / Im half crazy / all for the love of you, ending with the words, the song is said to have been inspired by Daisy Greville, Countess of Warwick, one of the many mistresses of King Edward VII. It is the earliest song sung using computer speech synthesis, as referenced in the film 2001. Daisy Bell was composed by Harry Dacre in 1892, as David Ewen writes in American Popular Songs, When Dacre, an English popular composer, first came to the United States, he brought with him a bicycle, for which he was charged import duty. His friend William Jerome, another songwriter, remarked lightly, Its lucky you didnt bring a bicycle built for two, otherwise youd have to pay double duty, Dacre was so taken with the phrase bicycle built for two that he soon used it in a song. That song, Daisy Bell, first became successful in a London music hall, tony Pastor was the first to sing it in the United States. Its success in America began when Jennie Lindsay brought down the house with it at the Atlantic Gardens on the Bowery early in 1892, the song was originally recorded and released by Dan W. Quinn in 1893. For example, the year the song was published, an answer chorus appeared. In 1961, an IBM704 at Bell Labs was programmed to sing Daisy Bell in the earliest demonstration of computer speech synthesis, microsofts personal assistant, Cortana, may sing the first line of Daisy when asked to sing a song. In the 2005 animated film Robots, the character Bigweld sings Daisy Bell briefly while Rodney repairs him, Alvin and the Chipmunks covered the song for a 1961 episode of The Alvin Show and their album The Chipmunk Songbook. Nat King Cole sang a cover for his album Those Lazy-Crazy-Hazy Days of Summer, blur covered the song as a B-side on their single Sunday Sunday. Tin Hat recorded a rendition of the song for their album The Sad Machinery of Spring, with the same lyrics, jimmy Urine and Chantal Claret did a Hip-Hop rendition of the song for the YouTube series Pancake Mountain. On May 3,2014, an album composed entirely of covers of Daisy Bell entitled The Gay Nineties Old Tyme Music, profits from the album went to the nonprofit Little Kids Rock. In the Doctor Who episode Dinosaurs on a Spaceship, Solomons robots sing the first line of the song when deactivated by the Doctor, in the 2015 TV series Scream, the song is sung by a serial killer. In the Sonic Boom episode, Dude, Wheres my Eggman, in season 12 of Midsomer Murders, episode 4, The Glitch, features this song, although the final line of the chorus is changed to be a bicycle made for two rather than built for two. In the Supernatural episode Thin Lizzie, the plays on an old record player during the murder of a couple at the beginning of the episode. Levy Sheet Music Collection, Box 140, Item 090,1894 recording of Daisy Bell Page featuring a recording of Daisy Bell sung and played by IBM computers at Bell Laboratories in the early 1960s

5.
Coon song
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Coon songs were a genre of music that presented a stereotyped image of Blacks. They were popular in the United States and the United Kingdom from around 1880 to 1920, the first explicitly coon-themed song, published in 1880, may have been The Dandy Coons Parade by J. P. Skelley. Other notable early coon songs included The Coons Are on Parade, New Coon in Town, Coon Salvation Army, by the mid-1880s, coon songs were a national craze, over 600 such songs were published in the 1890s. The most successful songs sold millions of copies, to take advantage of the fad, composers add words typical of coon songs to previously published songs and rags. After the turn of the century, coon songs began to receive criticism for their racist content, in 1905, Bob Cole, an African-American composer who had gained fame largely by writing coon songs, made somewhat unprecedented remarks about the genre. When asked in an interview about the name of his earlier comedy A Trip to Coontown, he replied, coles comments may have been influential, and the use of coon in song titles greatly decreased after 1910. That song along with Coon Coon Coon and All Coons Look Alike To Me were identified by H. L. Mencken as being the songs which firmly established the term coon in the American vocabulary. Originally in the 1830s, the term had been associated with the Whig Party, the Whigs used a raccoon as its emblem, but also had a more tolerant attitude towards blacks than the other political factions. The latter opinion is likely what transformed the term coon from mere political slang into a racial slur, at the height of their popularity, just about every songwriter in the country was writing coon songs to fill the seemingly insatiable demand. Writers of coon songs included some of the most important Tin Pan Alley composers, including Gus Edwards, Fred Fisher, even one of John Philip Sousas assistants, Arthur Pryor, composed coon songs. Many coon songs were written by whites, but some were written by African-Americans, important black composers of coon songs include Ernest Hogan, Sam Lucas, minstrel and songwriter Sidney L. Perrin, Bob Cole, and Bert Williams and George Walker. Even classic ragtime composer Scott Joplin wrote at least one coon song, Coon songs almost always aimed to be funny and incorporated the syncopated rhythms of ragtime music. Coon songs defining characteristic, however, was their caricature of African Americans, in keeping with the older minstrel image of blacks, coon songs often featured watermelon- and chicken-loving rural buffoon. Im gambling for my Sadie, Cause shes my lady, Im a hustling coon. dats just what I am, Coon songs portrayed blacks as hot, in this context meaning promiscuous and libidinous. They suggested that the most common living arrangement was a honey relationship, Blacks were portrayed as inclined toward acts of provocative violence. Razors were often featured in the songs and came to symbolize blacks wanton tendencies, however, violence in the songs was uniformly directed at blacks instead of whites. Hence, the spectre of black-on-white violence remained but an allusion, the street-patrolling bully coon was often used as a stock character in coon songs. The songs showed the social threats that whites believed were posed by blacks, passing was a common theme, and blacks were portrayed as seeking the status of whites, through education and money

6.
Patchogue, New York
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Patchogue /ˈpætʃɒɡ/ is a village on the south shore of Long Island in Suffolk County, New York, United States. The population was 11,798 at the time of the 2010 census, Patchogue is part of the town of Brookhaven, on the South Shore of Long Island, adjoining Great South Bay. It is officially known as the Incorporated Village of Patchogue, Patchogue, which is approximately 60 miles east of Manhattan, became incorporated in 1893. A natural riverfront and harbor are resources that the village has utilized for the past 100 years, to become a modern and largely self-contained community. Patchogue is the address for residents of the village, as well as residents of the adjoining hamlets of East Patchogue, North Patchogue, Canaan Lake. Patchogue and the adjacent hamlet of Medford share a school district, there are Primary, Middle and High Schools, plus continuing education programs for adults. The School District, library, St. Josephs and the Briarcliffe Colleges provide a variety of educational opportunities, in 2010, the Patchogue-Medford Library was awarded the 2010 National Medal for Museum and Library Science for the librarys work in bilingual programming. The Patchogue Theater for the Performing Arts opened in 1923 and it was later renovated into a triplex, after which it was converted to a single movie theater. It closed in the late 1980s, in the mid-1990s the Village acquired the theater, and completely refurbished the building, it now seats 1,166 people. Patchogue has places of worship of various Christian denominations, three churches in Patchogue are listed on the National Register of Historic Places. St. Francis de Sales is the Roman Catholic parish which was formed in the 1880s and it was formed and flourished despite the protests of the nativist movement. Patchogue also has two synagogues, Young Israel of Patchogue and Temple Beth-El, volunteer organisations include The Patchogue Chamber of Commerce, Knights of Columbus Council 725, Kiwanis, Rotarians and Lions. The Patchogue Ambulance Company is an all-volunteer service, the Blue Point Brewing Company opened in Patchogue in 1998, and is the only commercial brewery on Long Island. Patchogue is located at 40°45′48″N 73°1′4″W, according to the United States Census Bureau, the village has a total area of 2.5 square miles, of which 2.2 square miles of it is land and 0.3 square miles of it is water. In 1812 there were 75 inhabitants in Patchogue according to The Brooklyn Eagle, as of the census of 2000, there were 11,919 people,4,636 households, and 2,749 families residing in the village. The population density was 5,301.2 people per square mile, there were 4,902 housing units at an average density of 2,180.2 per square mile. The racial makeup of the village was 81. 27% White,3. 89% African American,0. 34% Native American,1. 39% Asian,0. 02% Pacific Islander,9. 23% from other races, and 3. 85% from two or more races. Hispanics or Latinos of any race were 23. 84% of the population,31. 8% of all households were made up of individuals and 9. 0% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older

7.
ProQuest
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ProQuest LLC is an Ann Arbor, Michigan-based global information-content and technology company founded in 1938 as University Microfilms by Eugene B. ProQuest provides solutions, applications, and products for libraries and its resources and tools support research and learning, publishing and dissemination, and the acquisition, management and discovery of library collections. From its founding as a producer of products and then as an electronic publisher. Today, the company provides tools for discovery and citation management and platforms that allow users to discover, manage, use. Content is accessed most commonly through library Internet gateways, the current chief executive officer is Kurt P. Sanford. ProQuest is part of Cambridge Information Group, ProQuest was founded as a microfilm publisher. These are made available through a variety of Web-based interfaces, a recent offering, ProQuest Video Preservation and Discovery Service, allows libraries to preserve and provide access to their proprietary audio and video collections. Ebrary offers access to collections, by subscription or a perpetual archive model, in subject packages tailored for academic, corporate, government, public. Serials Solutions delivers discovery and e-resource access and management services, using a Software-as-a-Service model, Eugene Power, a 1930 M. B. A. graduate of the University of Michigan, founded the company as University Microfilms in 1938, preserving works from the British Museum on microfilm. By June 1938, Power worked in two rented rooms from a downtown Ann Arbor funeral parlor, specializing in microphotography to preserve library collections. In his autobiography Edition of One, Power details the development of the company and this work mainly involved filming maps and European newspapers so they could be shipped back and forth overseas more cheaply and discreetly. Power also noticed a market in dissertations publishing. Students were often forced to publish their own works in order to finish their doctoral degree, Dissertations could be published more cheaply as microfilm than as books. ProQuest still publishes so many dissertations that its Dissertations and Theses collection has been declared the official U. S. off-site repository of the Library of Congress, vaughn Davis Bornet seized on the idea and published Doctoral Dissertations and the Stream of Scholarship and Microfilm Publication of Doctoral Dissertations. As the dissertations market grew, the company expanded into filming newspapers, the companys main newspaper database is ProQuest NewsStand. In 1985 it was purchased from Xerox by Bell & Howell, in the 1980s, UMI began producing CD-ROMs that stored databases of periodicals abstracts and indexes. At a time when modem connections were slow and expensive, it was efficient to mail database CD-ROMs regularly to subscribing libraries. The ProQuest brand name was first used for databases on CD-ROM, an online service called ProQuest Direct was launched in 1995, its name was later shortened to just ProQuest

8.
International Standard Book Number
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The International Standard Book Number is a unique numeric commercial book identifier. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an e-book, a paperback and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, the method of assigning an ISBN is nation-based and varies from country to country, often depending on how large the publishing industry is within a country. The initial ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 based upon the 9-digit Standard Book Numbering created in 1966, the 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108. Occasionally, a book may appear without a printed ISBN if it is printed privately or the author does not follow the usual ISBN procedure, however, this can be rectified later. Another identifier, the International Standard Serial Number, identifies periodical publications such as magazines, the ISBN configuration of recognition was generated in 1967 in the United Kingdom by David Whitaker and in 1968 in the US by Emery Koltay. The 10-digit ISBN format was developed by the International Organization for Standardization and was published in 1970 as international standard ISO2108, the United Kingdom continued to use the 9-digit SBN code until 1974. The ISO on-line facility only refers back to 1978, an SBN may be converted to an ISBN by prefixing the digit 0. For example, the edition of Mr. J. G. Reeder Returns, published by Hodder in 1965, has SBN340013818 -340 indicating the publisher,01381 their serial number. This can be converted to ISBN 0-340-01381-8, the check digit does not need to be re-calculated, since 1 January 2007, ISBNs have contained 13 digits, a format that is compatible with Bookland European Article Number EAN-13s. An ISBN is assigned to each edition and variation of a book, for example, an ebook, a paperback, and a hardcover edition of the same book would each have a different ISBN. The ISBN is 13 digits long if assigned on or after 1 January 2007, a 13-digit ISBN can be separated into its parts, and when this is done it is customary to separate the parts with hyphens or spaces. Separating the parts of a 10-digit ISBN is also done with either hyphens or spaces, figuring out how to correctly separate a given ISBN number is complicated, because most of the parts do not use a fixed number of digits. ISBN issuance is country-specific, in that ISBNs are issued by the ISBN registration agency that is responsible for country or territory regardless of the publication language. Some ISBN registration agencies are based in national libraries or within ministries of culture, in other cases, the ISBN registration service is provided by organisations such as bibliographic data providers that are not government funded. In Canada, ISBNs are issued at no cost with the purpose of encouraging Canadian culture. In the United Kingdom, United States, and some countries, where the service is provided by non-government-funded organisations. Australia, ISBNs are issued by the library services agency Thorpe-Bowker

9.
Ancestry.com
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Ancestry. com LLC is a privately held Internet company based in Lehi, Utah, United States. The largest for-profit genealogy company in the world, it operates a network of genealogical and historical record websites focused on the United States, as of June 2014, the company provided access to approximately 16 billion historical records and had over 2 million paying subscribers. User-generated content tallies to more than 70 million family trees, and subscribers have added more than 200 million photographs, scanned documents, and written stories. Ancestrys brands include Ancestry, AncestryDNA, AncestryHealth, AncestryProGenealogists, Archives. com, Family Tree Maker, Find a Grave, Fold3, Newspapers. com, and Rootsweb. Under its subsidiaries, Ancestry. com operates foreign sites that provide access to services and these include Australia, Canada, China, Japan, Brazil, New Zealand, the United Kingdom and several other countries in Europe and Asia. In 1990, Paul B. Allen and Dan Taggart, two Brigham Young University graduates, founded Infobases and began offering Latter-day Saints publications on floppy disks, in 1988, Allen had worked at Folio Corporation, founded by his brother Curt and his brother-in-law Brad Pelo. Infobases chose to use the Folio infobase technology, which Allen was familiar with, Infobases first products were floppy disks and compact disks sold from the back seat of the founders car. In 1994, Infobases was named among Inc. magazines 500 fastest-growing companies and their first offering on CD was the LDS Collectors Edition, released in April 1995, selling for $299.95, which was offered in an online version in August 1995. Ancestry officially went online with the launched Ancestry. com in 1996, with its roots as a genealogy newsletter started in 1983 by John Sittner, and became an established publishing company in 1984. Ancestry was relaunched as a magazine in January 1994, and went online in 1996, on January 1,1997, Infobases parent company, Western Standard Publishing, purchased Ancestry, Inc. publisher of Ancestry magazine and genealogy books. Western Standard Publishings CEO was Joe Cannon, one of the owners of Geneva Steel. In July 1997, Allen and Taggart purchased Western Standards interest in Ancestry, at the time, Brad Pelo was president and CEO of Infobases, and president of Western Standard. Less than six months earlier, he had been president of Folio Corporation, in March 1997, Folio was sold to Open Market for $45 million. The first public evidence of the change in ownership of Ancestry Magazine came with the July/August 1997 issue and that issues masthead also included the first use of the Ancestry. com web address. More growth for Infobases occurred in July 1997, when Ancestry, Inc. purchased Bookcraft, Infobases had published many of Bookcrafts books as part of its LDS Collectors Library. Pelo also announced that Ancestrys product line would be expanded in both CDs and online. Alan Ashton, an investor in Infobases and founder of WordPerfect, was its chairman of the board. Allen and Taggart began running Ancestry, Inc. independently from Infobases in July 1997, included in the sale were the rights to Infobases LDS Collectors Library on CD

10.
Open access
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Open access refers to online research outputs that are free of all restrictions on access and free of many restrictions on use. These additional usage rights are granted through the use of various specific Creative Commons licenses. There are multiple ways authors can provide access to their work. One way is to publish it and then self-archive it in a repository where it can be accessed for free, such as their institutional repository and this is known as green open access. Some publishers require delays, or an embargo, on when an output in a repository may be made open access. Several initiatives provide an alternative to the American and English language dominance of existing publication indexing systems, including Index Copernicus, SciELO and Redalyc. A second way authors can make their work open access is by publishing it in such a way that makes their research output immediately available from the publisher. This is known as open access, and within the sciences this often takes the form of publishing an article in either an open access journal. Pure open access journals do not charge fees, and may have one of a variety of business models. Many, however, do charge an article processing fee, widespread public access to the World Wide Web in the late 1990s and early 2000s fueled the open access movement, and prompted both the green open access way and the creation of open access journals. Conventional non-open access journals cover publishing costs through access tolls such as subscriptions, some non-open access journals provide open access after an embargo period of 6–12 months or longer. The Budapest statement defined open access as follows, There are many degrees, despite these statements emerging in the 2000s, the idea and practise of providing free online access to journal articles began at least a decade before the term open access was formally coined. Computer scientists had been self-archiving in anonymous ftp archives since the 1970s, the Subversive Proposal to generalize the practice was posted in 1994. Gratis OA refers to online access, and libre OA refers to free online access plus some additional re-use rights. The Budapest, Bethesda, and Berlin definitions had corresponded only to libre OA, the re-use rights of libre OA are often specified by various specific Creative Commons licenses, these almost all require attribution of authorship to the original authors. Open access itself began to be sought and provided worldwide by researchers when the possibility itself was opened by the advent of Internet, the momentum was further increased by a growing movement for academic journal publishing reform, and with it gold and libre OA. Electronic publishing created new benefits as compared to paper publishing but beyond that, rather than applying traditional notions of copyright to academic publications, they could be libre or free to build upon. The intended audience of research articles is usually other researchers, Open access helps researchers as readers by opening up access to articles that their libraries do not subscribe to

11.
Ohio State University
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The Ohio State University, commonly referred to as Ohio State or OSU, is a large, primarily residential, public university in Columbus, Ohio. Founded in 1870 as a land-grant university and ninth university in Ohio with the Morrill Act of 1862, Hayes, and in 1878 the Ohio General Assembly passed a law changing the name to The Ohio State University. It has since grown into the third-largest university campus in the United States, along with its main campus in Columbus, Ohio State also operates a regional campus system with regional campuses in Lima, Mansfield, Marion, Newark, and Wooster. Ohio State athletic teams compete in Division I of the NCAA and are known as the Ohio State Buckeyes, athletes from Ohio State have won 100 Olympic medals. The university is a member of the Big Ten Conference for the majority of sports, the Ohio State mens ice hockey program competes in the Big Ten Conference, while its womens hockey program competes in the Western Collegiate Hockey Association. In addition, the OSU mens volleyball team is a member of the Midwestern Intercollegiate Volleyball Association, OSU is one of only 14 universities that plays Division I FBS football and Division I ice hockey. As of August 2015, the university had awarded a total of 714,512 degrees, alumni and former students have gone on to prominent careers in government, business, science, medicine, education, sports, and entertainment. Championed by the Republican stalwart Governor Rutherford B, Hayes, the Ohio State University was founded in 1870 as a land-grant university under the Morrill Act of 1862 as the Ohio Agricultural and Mechanical College. The school was originally within a community on the northern edge of Columbus. The university opened its doors to 24 students on September 17,1873, in 1878, the first class of six men graduated. The first woman graduated the following year, also in 1878, in light of its expanded focus, the Ohio legislature changed the name to the now-familiar The Ohio State University, with The as part of its official name. Ohio State began accepting students in the 1880s, and in 1891. It would later acquire colleges of medicine, dentistry, optometry, veterinary medicine, commerce, in 1916, Ohio State was elected into membership in the Association of American Universities. Michael V. Drake, former chancellor of the University of California, Irvine, in an attack against the campus on November 28,2016, an unrelated fluorine leak was called in for Watts Hall, resulting in the evacuation of the building to an outside courtyard. As firetrucks began to depart, Abdul Razak Ali Artan drove into the crowd, then emerged, the attack was stopped in under two minutes by OSU Police Officer Alan Horujko, who witnessed the attack after responding to the reported gas leak, and who shot and killed Artan. The universitys Buckeye Alert system was triggered and the campus was placed on lockdown, Ten were transported to local hospitals and one suspect was killed according to multiple sources. Local law enforcement and the FBI launched an investigation, according to authorities, Artan was inspired by terrorist propaganda from the Islamic State and radical Muslim cleric Anwar al-Awlaki. Ohio States 1, 764-acre main campus is about 2.5 miles north of the citys downtown, the historical center of campus is the Oval, quad of about 11 acres