Inhibition of Ceramide Metabolism Sensitizes Human Leukemia Cells

The malignant glioma is the most common primary human brain tumor,

Posted on February 11, 2018 at 1:09 am.

The malignant glioma is the most common primary human brain tumor, and its migration and invasiveness away from the primary tumor mass are considered a leading cause of tumor recurrence and treatment failure. survival rate. Interestingly, Rac activity was decreased and Rho activity was increased in CD99 overexpressing glioma cells, and the proportion of amoeboid cells to mesenchymal cells was significantly increased. Taken together, our findings suggest that CD99 may play an important role in the migration and invasion of human gliomas independent of Akt, ERK, or JNK signaling pathways. Moreover, CD99 might be involved in amoeboid-mesenchymal transition in glioma migration. CD99 may be an important future target to NR2B3 inhibit migration and invasion, especially in CD99-expressing gliomas. encodes 2 distinct proteins by alternative S/GSK1349572 splicing of the gene transcript.20 Compared with the wild-type full-length form (CD99wt), the minor splicing variant (CD99sh) of molecular weight 28 kDa has a shortened intracytoplasmic fragment.15 Several papers suggest that the CD99sh favors oncogenesis, including anchorage-independent growth, anoikis resistance, migration, and invasion, whereas the CD99wt inhibits these phenomena in a few sarcomas.15,17 To the best of our knowledge, there are no published reports showing the expression and functional significance of CD99 in human gliomas. Accordingly, in the present study, we have examined the role played by CD99 in human glioma cells. Results CD99 expression in glioma cell lines and glioblastoma tissue samples Western blot was performed on the different glioma cell lines, including U343, U251, U118, U87, SNB19, and T98, as well as on normal human astrocytes (NHAs). T98, SNB19, and U343 glioma cell lines expressed CD99 (Fig. 1A), whereas NHAs, U251, U118 and U87 did not. From these results, we selected U87 for CD99 overexpression experiments because it expressed almost no CD99; we selected T98 and SNB19 glioma cells for gene silencing because these 2 cell lines demonstrated high levels of CD99 expression. Five of 6 glioblastoma tissue samples showed high expression of CD99, whereas all 5 nonneoplastic brain specimens did not express this protein (Fig. 1B). To determine whether either of CD99 isoforms was expressed, we used 12% SDS-PAGE as previously described15,17; however, only CD99wt was expressed in S/GSK1349572 the cell lines and tissues. Figure 1. Western blots show variable amounts of CD99 expression in different glioma cell lines, and NHA does not show the expression of CD99 (A). Five of 6 glioblastoma tissue samples show relatively high expression of CD99, whereas all the 5 normal brains do … On the basis of the Western blot results for glioma cell lines, U343, T98, and SNB19 were selected for gradient RT-PCR analysis at different annealing temperatures using 2 sets of primers that are specific for the CD99 isoforms. Consistent with the Western blot experiment, only CD99wt was expressed in these cell lines (Fig. 1C). CD99 immunohistochemical detection using tissue microarray analysis The comparison of CD99 expression in different grades of glioma revealed higher levels of expression in all grades of glioma compared with nonneoplastic brain (= 0.004). In addition, Fig. 1D shows a S/GSK1349572 representative tissue microarray result in which the tumors and a nonneoplastic brain are scored. Quantification and statistical analysis demonstrate that CD99 expression is higher in tumor versus normal but is not significant between grades of glioma tumors (Fig. 1E) (< 0.05). CD99 localizes mainly to membrane of dynamic cells as well as motile cells S/GSK1349572 CD99 was expressed in both the membrane S/GSK1349572 and the cytoplasm of glioma cells. In T98 and SNB19 cell lines, the leading edge of the cells or regions demonstrating cell-to-cell-contact showed enhanced expression of CD99 (Fig. 2A). Figure 2. Immunofluorescence shows that CD99 localizes mainly to membrane. In T98 and SNB19 cell lines, the leading edge or cell-to-cell-interacting membrane shows strong expression (A). Expression of CD99wt in the resultant stable transfectant clone of U87 cells ... Expression of CD99wt in stable transfectants of U87 cells was.