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At first glance, water filling machines application involving the transportation of a liquid product into a solid vessel may seem simple. However what few people realise is the high accuracy and feed rates required for such high-precision and high-speed applications. The complex requirements of transporting the vessels, usually in the form of bottles, inserting the filling nozzle and controlling the flow rate of the liquid product, requires a highly capable function controller to handle the speed of the process. Finding the right automation solution to meet these requirements is a challenge for most engineers that CBI solves by providing a Mitsubishi solution that is simple and cost effective.Advanced control using electronic cammingEnsuring that the control of the filling nozzle is synchronised with the rotational conveyor and flow controller is the challenge for most bottle filling machine . applications.

The controller has to ensure that the liquid is fed accurately into the bottle filling machine. opening. The flow rate and the nozzle height also have to be precisely controlled so as to eliminate the risk of frothing and overflow of the liquid. By using Mitsubishi Electric’s motion controller CPU (based on the Q series automation platform), cam profile can be controlled intelligently with a software camming system that replaces hardware-based methods. The system is very flexible; when the bottle filling machines . type has to be changed, the cam profile software can be simply exchanged eliminating the need for a system overhaul.Linking high-speed networksIn addition to the motion controller, the actual transfer and conveyor aspect of the application can be controlled using Mitsubishi Electric’s intelligent and energy saving inverters FR-A700 via the open device level network CC-Link, centralised on the Q series controller.

The fast rate bottle feed into the machine can be controlled by the Q series together with CC-Link network offering high-speed transmission of 10ﾠMbps with program execution in milliseconds. The Q series also enable connectivity to higher level systems via its Ethernet option module allowing real-time production data to be fed into ERP and MES systems. This continuous monitoring allows factory managers to report on actual bottling performance in real time without having to rely on statistical data. The high-speed servo drives are controlled directly by the motion controller on the Q series platform via high-speed SSCNET III, fibre-optic network. The network achieves speeds of up to 50ﾠMbps ensuring high speed and high accuracy. The cam profiles can be easily switched using the GOT1000 human machine interface touch screen, providing a user friendly interface to the bottle filling machine .

At the front of the barrel, the molten plastic leaves the screw and travels through a screen pack to remove any contaminants in the melt. The screens are reinforced by a breaker plate (a thick metal puck with many holes drilled through it) since the pressure at this point can exceed 5000 psi (34 MPa). The screen pack/breaker plate assembly also serves to create back pressure in the barrel. Back pressure is required for uniform melting and proper mixing of the polymer, and how much pressure is generated can be 'tweaked' by varying screen pack composition (the number of screens, their wire weave size, and other parameters). This breaker plate and screen pack combination also does the function of converting "rotational memory" of the molten plastic into "longitudinal memory".

After passing through the breaker plate molten plastic enters the die. The die is what gives the final product its profile and must be designed so that the molten plastic evenly flows from a cylindrical profile, to the product's profile shape. Uneven flow at this stage would produce a product with unwanted stresses at certain points in the profile. These stresses can cause warping upon cooling. Almost any shape imaginable can be created so long as it is a continuous profile.

The product must now be cooled and this is usually achieved by pulling the extrudate through a water bath. Plastics are very good thermal insulators and are therefore difficult to cool quickly. Compared with steel, plastic conducts its heat away 2000 times more slowly. In a tube or pipe extrusion line , a sealed water bath is acted upon by a carefully controlled vacuum to keep the newly formed and still molten tube or pipe from collapsing. For products such as plastic sheeting, the cooling is achieved by pulling through a set of cooling rolls.

Sometimes on the same line a secondary process may occur before the product has finished its run. In the manufacture of adhesive tape, a second pipe production line melts adhesive and applies this to the plastic sheet while it’s still hot. Once the product has cooled, it can be spooled, or cut into lengths for later use.

In accordance with a first aspect of the present invention there is provided anAluminum Rampcomprising two elongate ladder sections having feet at one end and an upper end, the upper end of each section being hinged to an upper rail, a platform pivotally secured to one ladder section below the upper end and adapted to interconnect with the other ladder section, and stays interconnecting each side of the ladder sections whereby when the ladder is in an operative position with the ladder sections assuming an erect A shaped profile with the platform extending between the ladder sections to define a standing platform, the ladder sections, upper rail and stays, define a four bar linkage.The ladder is preferably foldable for transportation whereby the frame sections rest one against the other. Preferably in the folded configuration the platform and upper safety rail folds within the plane defined by the ladder sections.

Preferably, the platform is coupled to the other ladder section by at least one platform stay whereby as theAluminum step laddersections are parted from the folded configuration the platform stay controls a lowering movement of the platform until it engages the other ladder section when the sections are fully parted to assume an operative position. The ladder of the subject application is preferably manufactured in composite materials of fiberglass and aluminium,The Products such asfiberglass ladders. The elongate components such as the stiles and feet are constructed of fiberglass whilst the rungs and platform of the ladder are constructed in aluminium. The method of construction of a ladder of composite material is described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,427,198 the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference. Fiberglass is a particularly useful material in ladder construction due to its lightness and strength and lack of electrical conductivity.

In the illustrated embodiment the elongate fiberglass styles use aluminium capping members at the end and pop rivets are used throughout theAluminium ladderto join the various componentry. It is however understood that other fasteners can be used in the assembly of the ladder.It is understood that the invention is applicable to platform ladders of differing dimensions so that a variety of effective heights are envisaged, usually with the platform being between 600 mm and 3600 mm above the ground.