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The 1000th year of accession of the great Tamil Chola Emperor the Rajendra Chola - 1

The 1000th year of accession (A.D.1014-2014) of the great Tamil Chola Emperor the Rajendra Chola - 1 on Chola throne - Part 3

(Under Construction)

(28) The second Chola trade delegation to China

In the year A.D.1020 (in the fourth reign year 'tien-hi' of Emperor Cheng Sung) a second trade delegation was sent to China by Rajendra Chola - 1 which was lead by the chief ambassodor Pa-lan-te-molie.

On the arrival of the delegation at the port of Kouang-Tcheou, Pa-lan-te-molie died of the disease of exhaustion. However the other members of the delegation were sent to the Chinese court to present the credentials he carried with him to the Chinese Emperor. He treated the other members of the delegation with due respect, and confered the title of "Podre of Traitor" on the deceased Pa-lan-e-molie as in the case of all foreigners who met the same fate, and all members of the delegation were provided with rich presents and sent were back to Chola country.

In the year A.D.1022 the Chinese Emperor Cheng Sung demised and was succeeded on the Chinese throne by Emperor Jen Sung (A.D.1023-1064)

(2) Rajendra Chola's war expeditions in the Indian Mainland

Rajendra Cholan - 1 commenced his war expeditions in the Indian Mainland when he was yet a co-regent of his father, with the capture of Iddaithurai Naadu the central Karnataka, bordering Andhra Pradesh, Vanavaasi of west Karnataka, in one expedition in the year A.D.1012. He therafter directed his attention on Kollipaakkai of north Andhra Pradesh, and captured same in the year A.D.1013. The above two expeditions were carried our by Rajendra Chola - 1 on behalf of his father Rajaraja Chola - 1.

In the year A.D.1014 he lead an expedition against the Irrataipaadi Elaraillakam the north Karnataka & south Maharashtra, and captured its capital city the Mannaikadakkam the Maleked, also on behalf of his father, which met the reverse after its intial capture by Rajaraja Cholan in the year A.D.1006.

With the death of Rajaraja Cholan - 1 in the year A.D.1014, and with the accension of Rajendra Cholan - 1 in the same year as the next emperor of the Chola empire, there was a lapse of two years in the latter continuing with his war expeditions.

In the year A.D.1016 he first sent an expedition overseas to Elamandalamthe Sri Lanka, and brought the entire island under his rule. This was followed by an expedition of Rajendra Cholan to east Kerala in the yearA.D.1017 which captured the Kudamalai Nadu.

Rajendra Cholan's forces crossed seas again, in the year A.D.1018, and captured the Pal Palanthivam the many islands of Maldives & Lakshadweep. This was followed by the capture of Sandimaaththivu the Mangalore Island overseas west of Kerala, in the same year A.D.1018.

In the year A.D.1019 Rajendra Cholans sent another expedition against the Irrataipaadi Elaraiillakam the north Karnataka & south Maharashtra - now with its new capital at Kalyani, in the northmost Karnataka which the Cholas lost again but re-captured after a battle at Musangi of east Karnataka.

Rajendra Cholan - 1 with his capture of many regions in the Indian mainland after a lapse of two years he became more ambitious in conquering the northern and north-western regions of India.

He commenced his war expedition in this direction in the year A.D.1021 with his capture of Sakkarakkoattam the south Chhattisgarh.

From here he split his forces in to two and sent one in the direction of Ganges river in the north and the other in the north-western direction while he stationed himself at Sakkarakkoattam until the two expeditions were complete.

The first expedition went towards the north-west of India from Sakkarakkoattam direct to the Mathuramandalam crossing the Kalachuria, Chandella and Paramara kingdoms in between, enabled by the friendly ties the Cholas had with these countries. Chola forces thus captured the kingdoms of Mathuramandalam the west Uttar Pradesh, Namanaikkonam of north Haryana, Panchappalli of east Punjab (of Pakistan)Maasunidesamof north Punjab (of Pakistan) and Athinagar (the Purvadesam - Purva means ancient) of south Kashmir.

This expedition of the forces of Rajendra Cholan - 1 towards the north-west of India, was to assist his ally Paramara Bhoja of Malawa of south Madya Pradesh to fight the invasion of Mahumad of Gazni of west Afghanistan, and also relieve the kingdoms that already fell victims to his invasions, namely the Kanyakubja, Mathura, Namanaikkonam, Panchappalli, Masunidesam and Athinagar.

The Chola Indian Mainland expedition ended in A.D.1022 and details of the countries conquered by his forces in this single expedition was included in his Meikeerthi's from the year A.D.1023

Evidences on the above references

The Standard "Meikeerththi" or 'Prasaththi' (True Glory) of Rajendra Chola - 1, seen as a mandatory prologue to the texts of many of his Inscriptions on the walls, the pillars and elsewhere in the Chola Temples of granite structure, found in Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh & Sri Lanka which is as follows:

(30) Kingdoms in the Indian mainland and 'near' overseas

English Transcription of the above

".......Idaithurainadu, Vanavaasi whose unbroken hedge of forest (trees) was extending,Kollippaakkai whose walls were surrounded with brushwood,Mannaikkadakkam whose fortification was unapproahable,
the crown of the king of Elam who came to close quarters fighting the exceedingly fine
crowns of the queens of that (king) the beautiful crown and Indra's pearl necklace which
the king of south (Paandiya) had previously deposited with that (king of Elam)the whole ofElamandalam (on) the transparent sea, the crown praised
by many and the garland emitting beautiful rays family treasures which the (kings of) Kerala whose armies possessing missile weapons rightfully wore,Pal Palanthivum (Maldive Islands) whose old great guard was the ocean
which resounds with its conches, the crown of pur gold worthy of Tiru (Lakshmi) which
Parasurama wore having considered the fortifications of Saanththimaaththivu impregnable had deposited (there) when in
anger (he) bound the kings twenty-one times in battle, the Irattaipaadi Elaraiyillakkam (which was) strong by nature
(and which he took) together with immeasurable fame (from) Jayasimha who out
of fear turned his back at Musangi and hid himself (thus earning) great fame,
the principal great mountains (which) contained the nine treasures (of Kubera), Sakkarakkokottam (guraded by) brave warriors,
the ancient and strong northern Mathuramandalam, Naamanaikkonam, which was surrounded by dense grooves, Panchappalli (protected by ) warriors (who bore) cruel bows, the moth (grown) ancient Masunidesam a large heap of family treasures together with many (other) treasures
(which he carried away) after having captured Indraratha of the old race of the moon together
with (his) family in a flight which took place in the beautiful city of Athinagar filled with unceasing abundance, Ottavishayam which was difficult to appraoch (and which he subdued) in) close fight, the good Kosalainadu where Brahmanas abounded, Thandabuththi in whose gardens beetles abounded (and which he acquired)
after having destroyed Dharmapala (in) a hot battle, Thakkanaladam whose fame reached (all) directions (and which he occupied)
after having forcebly attacked Ranasura, Vangaladesam where the rain-wind never stopped (and from which) Govichandra
fled having decended (from its) male elephant , elephants of rare strength and treasures
of women (which he seized) after having been pleased to put to flight on a hot battlefield,
Mahipala decked (as he was) with ear-rings, slippers and bracelets, Uttaraladam in the neighbourhood of the expansive ocean abounding in pearls and the Ganga (river) whose waters dashed against the bank filled with fragrant flowers ......"
............maa perum thandaatkonda Ko Parakesaripanmaraana Udaiyaar Sri Rajendra Chola Thevarkku aandu....." Inscription of Rajendra Chola - 1
South Indian Inscription Vol 1, Inscription No: 66, page 98.

The above Inscription of Rajendra Chola - 1 very positively confirms that his forces have won over the the kings of Uththarapatham.
The last four regions towards North-West India namely Naamanaikkonam, Panchappalli, Masunidesam, and Athinagar were the regions of Uttarapatham. Rajendra Cholan - 1 claims in one of his inscription from Kulampandal that he also won the "kings of Uttarapatham". Dharmasastra of Manu states Uttarapatham lies to the west of the place where river Sarawathi disappears. Great Indian Epic Mahabharata states ".....the Yavanas, Kambojas, Gandaras, Kiratas, and Barbarahs who were born in Uttarapatham......", which were all situated in north-western India. Nepali Manuscripts says "....Purushapuram territory in Uttarapatham.....". Purushapura is the present Peshawar in the upper Sind valley region of present Pakistan. Kaviya Mimansa states the Uttarapatha lay on the western side of Prthudaka. The Prthudaka was formerly situated north of present Delhi. The great Kerala Tamil Epic - Manimekalai specifically states that "Purvadesam - was in the Gandhara country" which encompassed the south Kashmir region. Further Al-Beruni states "....Udunpur in Purvadesa.....". Udunpur is undoubtedly the present Udhampur of south Jammu & Kashmir - a derivation from Udunpur to Udhumpur and then to Udhampur. The foregoing indicates to us somewhat accurately the regions covered by Uttarapatham, which was conquered by Rajendra Cholan - 1

The confedaracy that existed between the Bhoja king of Malawa and Rajendra Chola - 1 is 'confirmed' by an inscription from Balagamve in south Maharashtra which refers to Cholas "as the greatest of kings". Another inscription from Kulenur in Karnataka confirms this confederacy was not only between Bhoja of Malawa and Rajendra Chola, but also inclusive of Gangeya of Kalachuria.

Evidence on the above References:

"......Bhojadeva - together with the moon of Kalachuris - worshiped full of fear like a pupil, (this) master of warfare (the Vidyadhara) who has caused the destruction of the king of Kanyakubja......" (inscription dated Saka 941)Inscription of Vidyadhara the Chandella king, on slab from Mahaboba, presently at Lucknow Museum in Allahabad in Uttar Pradesh, India.
Epigraphia Indica - Vol 1, Page 219.

".......O Kundiga when they name thee in respect of courage what further praise can others give? Is it not what is said by the troops of elephants of the Chola, Gangeya and king Bhoja with open mouths as they flee away in the battle where they are pressed by (thy) elephants.....in the cyclic year Vibava the 950th (Year) of Saka......"Inscription of Jayasimha-2 the Westeren Chalukiya king, on stone behind Hanuman temple at Kulenur in Dharwar district, Karnataka state, India.
Epigraphia Indica - Vol 15, Page 333.

"......that famous king Jayasimha - a moon to the lotus which was king Bhoja glorious as sun, a very lion to the elephant which was Chola the greatest of kings - was esteemed the supreme king of kings.....having searched out , beset and pursued ground down and put to flight the confederacy of Malava......Kundama the chieftain .....(in the year of the Saka era 941 repaired the temple of God Nandikesvaradeva......"Inscription of Kadamba Chieftain Kundama on stone slab at Balagamve in the extreme lower Maharastra State, India.
Indian antiquary - Vol 5, Page 17/18

(31) Some of the War trophies brought to Chola country after the North Indian expedition of Chola Forces

With the defeat of king Mahipala of the Pala Dynasty and capture of his country the Uttara Ladam located on the north of then Vangaladesam by the victorious forces of Rajendra Chola - 1 brought as a war trophy a bronze idol of God Siva in the form of Rishaba Thaandavamurththi peculiar of the Bengal style of bronze images of Siva into Tamil Nadu and was placed at Melaikadambur temple. There is also a bronze image at Melaikadambur temple at Kumbakonam (Kudanthai) of God Ganesha apparently brought in after the North Indian expedition by Rajendra Chola's forces. Further there is a a stone image of Vinayagar finely carved seen at the Nageswara Temple at Kumbakonam (Kudanthai) which is called as Gangaikonda Vinayagar which was too was brought in as a trophy after the Gangetic expedition of the Chola forces.

(32) Commemoration of Chola victory in the Purvadesam and Gangetic region expedition

With the return of the of the Chola forces of Rajendra Cholan - 1 to Chola capital, from their victorius expedition to Uttarapatham and Gangetic region countries in A.D.1022, the Royal Guru of Rajendra Cholan - 1 the Isaanasiva Pandithar built a temple at Kulampandel in Tamil Nadu named as Gangaikonda Cholaeswarer temple.

With his return Rajendra Cholan - 1 claimed a new title as "Gangaikondaan" and gave the title "Gangaikonda Cholan" (the Chola who captured Gangai) to his younger brother who lead the Gangetic expedition.

Rajendra Cholan - 1 commenced the construction of a new city named the "Gangaikonda Cholapuram", with a new Siva Temple named "Gangaikonda Cholaeswarem", and a big 'temple water tank' named the "Chola Gangam" where the holy water brought in from the Ganges River was mixed.

The Essalam Copper Plates of Rajendra Cholan - 1 specifically states that with the conquest of the Gangetic region, it was Rajendra Cholan - 1 who constructed the new city the Gangaikonda Cholapuram, the great Gangaikonda Choleswarer temple, and the sacred Cholagangam Tank at the Udaiyar Palaiyam region of Ariyalur district.

(33) Rajendra Chola - 1 built a new City, Temple and Tank after his war expeditions

After the Gangetic expedition of Rajendra Chola - 1's he and his forces returned to their capital city Thanjavur. He decided to commemorate his conquer of the Gangetic river region in North India beyond present Bihar, and built a new capital city named Gangaikonda Cholapuram in the present Ariyalur district of Tamil Nadu. In this new city he built his new Royal Palace named Mudikondasolan with a open sheltered terrace (Kalluri) surrounding a flower garden on it's northern side. He also built a granite temple to God Siva represented in his aru-uruvam form as Sivalingam in the karuvarai of this temple named as Gangaikonda Cholaeswarer, and the temple in turn was known as Gangaikonda Cholaeswarem. The Bronze Icons of Siva and Sakthi were represented in their uruvam form being the next principal deities of the temple taken in processions on religious occasions were known as Peruvudaiyaar and Periyanayaki (in Tamil).

He also built a temple tank named Cholagangam closer to this temple into which Kudams (Containers) of Holy Water collected from the Gangetic river by the returning Chola forces after their victorious expedition beyond this river, were mixed with the waters of the Cholagangam tank with the intention of purifying same.

The construction of the new city Gangaikonda Cholapuram and the Royal Palace

With his victory the Northeren & North-West regions of India Rajendra Chola-1 Rajendra Chola built a new city named as Gangaikonda Cholapuram at the present Ariyalur district in Tamil Nadu, and named it as "Mudikonda Cholan" not far from the Gangaikonda Choleswaer temple.

Evidence on the above References:

"......in the 'open sheltered terrace' (kalluri)[wrongly interpreted in the South Indian Inscription volume as 'college'], which surrounds the king’s flower-garden (aram) on the northern side of the royal hall (tiru-maligai) of Mudikonda-Soran within the palace (koyil) at Gangaikonda-Solapuram, the lord Sri-Rajendra-Sola-deva vouched to order......"South Indian Inscriptions - Vol 1, Inscription No -
Inscription of Rajendra Chola - 1 on the Rajarajaeswarem temple, Thanjavur.

(34)The construction of the Gangaikonda Cholaeswarer Temple at Gangaikonda Cholapuram

Rajendra Chola - 1 commenced the construction of the Gangaikonda Cholaeswarer at his new capital city built named Gangaikonda Cholaouram temple (at the present Ariyalur district) immediately after his outstanding victory of his Gangetic region (eri punal Gangaiyum kondu) and Purvadesam (Uththarapathathu poopathiyarai ventru) expedition. He was very ambitious to start construction on the great monument dedicated to God Sive in dedication and commemoration of his outstanding victories which necessiated the removal of the master stonecraftman (Silpis = Kalthatchars) from doing the finishing touches in the subsidiary buildings in the Rajarajeswarem temple at Thanjavur, and assigning them to commence the construction of his ambitious project the Gangaikonda Cholaeaswarer temple.

Discussion

Though the main temple structure of the Rajarajeswarem temple at Thanjavur built by Rajaraja Chola - 1 was fully complete some subsidiary sections of the temple complex were in it's final stages and needed the final touches at the time of his death, even though the Kudamullukku Peru Villa was held in A.D. 1011. The Inscriptions on the donations made by various personal of the Royal Family too were only partly carved out and the balance were executed after accession Rajendra Chola - 1 following Rajaraja - Chola - 1.

With Rajaraja Chola - 1 falling ill in his final stages of life around A.D.1014, the completion of construction work on the outer Thiruchuttru Malikai built riight round the temple was left in charge to one of his army general namely the Mumuddichola Brahmmarayer which were in need of final carving and dressing. Inside the main temple too in the first tier corridor where the 108 Karnas (dancing poses) of Baratha Naatiyam were carved only 86 poses have been completed and the balance remained to be carved and the final finishing touches to the subsidiary complex were continued even during the period of Rajendra Chola - 1 possibly in a slow pace due to Rajendra Chola's war pre-occupation with many of his ambitious war expeditions.

Even the view held by many Scholars that the so called Painting of Rajaraja Chola - 1 and Karuvur Thevar at Rajarajeswarem temple could be disputed. Due to the delay in completion of subsidiary portion of Rajarajeswarem temple at the time of demise of Rajaraja Chola as seen above there is a good possibilty that the Paintings in the first tier of the Vimanam of Rajarajewarem too

(36) The construction of the temple tank the Chola Gangam at Gangaikonda Cholapuram

(37) Further commemoration of Rajendra Chola - 1 victory of his capture of Gangetic region

The step-brother of Rajendra Chola - 1 who lead the war expedition towards the Gangetic region was given the title Gangaikonda Cholan by Rajendra Chola. He himself assumed the title Gangaikondaan. The royal guru of Rajendra Chola - 1 namely the Esaana Siva Pandithar built another temple at Kulampandal in Ennaayiram and named as (vadakku) Gangaikonda Choliswarem.

There had been yet another temple by the name Gangaikonda Cholapuram. Further another temple by the name Gangaikonda Choliswarem was built in the Nigarili Cholamandam alias Thadikaipaadi the present Mulbagel region of Karanataka state which was under the Chola rule during that time.

There had been on the periphery of this garden there had been a college where religious studies had been conducted by (his Guru) the Saiva Aachariya - Sarvasiva Pandithar, which provided provisions of food to the deserving among his pupils, (and in turn) their pupils who have come (to learn under them the faith of Saivaism) who were natives of Aryadesa, Madhyadesa or Gaudadesa in North India.

Evidence on the above References:

"......having been pleased to make gifts in the college (kalluri), which surrounds the king’s flower-garden (aram) on the northern side of the royal hall (tiru-maligai) of Mudikonda-Solan within the palace (koyil) at Gangaikonda-Sorapuram, the lord Sri-Rajendra-Sola-deva vouched to order, that two thousand kalam of paddy, fully measured by the marakkal (preserved) in the temple of this god (and) called (after) Adavallan, should be supplied every year, as long as the moon and the sun endure, to the treasury in the city, to be enjoyed (bhoga) by the priests (acharya) of the temple of the lord Sri-Rajaraja-Isvara, (viz.) by our lord, the [Sai]vacharya Sarvasiva-pandita, and by those who shall deserve it among the pupils (sishya) of this lord and the pupils of his pupils (prasishya), who are natives of Aryadesa, Madhyadesa or Gaudadesa. (The above order) was written by the royal minister (who writes the king’s) orders, Sembiyan Virupparaiyan, (and) engraved on stone, as heard from the mouth of the king. Let the saiva-acharyas of this (spiritual) line (vamsa) protect this charity (dharma)!South Indian Inscriptions - Vol 1, Inscription No -
Inscription of Rajendra Chola - 1 on the Rajarajaeswarem temple, Thanjavur.

Rajendra Chola - 1 to commemorate his victory over the Gangetic region in North India issued a gold coin bearing the writing in it as "Gangaikonda Chola". This coin have the emblem arrow of Cheras, double fish of Pandiyas on its both sides who were tributory to Cholas.

At Sri Vijaya Emperor Sangirama Vijayotungavarman unlike during the period of his predecessors the good hostilities that existed between these two empires broke. This probably occured due to him not withstanding to see the flourishing Chola trade in the South-East Asian region and with China, as against the trade of Sri Vijaya empire in these regions. He imposed some drastic trade laws and heavy taxes detrimental to the already flourishing Chola trade especially in the in the kingdom of Kadarem among the Indian colony of traders in the Bujang valley region which was under the sway of the Sri Vijaya empire.

The above course of action would have been instituted by the Emperor Sangirama Vijayotungavarman of Sri Vijaya through his viceroy at Kadarem namely the king Linggi Johan, which would have caused much damages to the flourishing Chola trade at Kadarem and caused much anger to the already aggressive and imperialistic Cholas.

(41) The great Chola war expedition sent overseas to South-East Asia

The imense strain in the Chola - Sri Vijaya relationship caused Rajendra Chola - 1to send a large naval expedition excessively powerfull in arms with a large fleet of ships to South - East Asia in the year A.D.1022 lead by his grandson and many kingdoms in Andaman & Nicobar Islands, Malaysia, Sumatra of Indonesia, Thailand, Singapore, and lower Miyanmar (former Burma) (i.e. his son Rajendra Chola - 2's son)

Further he sent many ships overseas and first captured Andaman & Nicobar Islands then the Sri Vijaya capital city of the Sri Vijaya Empire of South-East Asia of tis region in South Sumatra Island of Indonesia, the neighbouring kingdom of Malaiyur in central Sumatra of Sri Vijaya kingdom, Pane in the north-east of Sumatra Island, Lamuri kingdom in the north of mainland Sumatra. His Chola forces further captured Kedah kingdom in Malaysia, Lankasuka north-east of Kedah, the Valaipanjura kingdom east of Kedah in the mainland Malaysia,

The mighty Chola forces crossed seas and reached Nakkavarem the present Nicobar island which was captured and brought under their rule. It appears this island was made the centre of their operations for their capture of Kadarem and Sri Vijaya.

It further appears the Chola naval fleet was divided into three units from here, and one expedition headed towards Kadarem under the command of the grandson of Rajendra Chola - 1 (son of Rajendra Chola - 2). The second expedition headed direct to the kingdom of Sri Vijaya in the south-east direction around Sumatra of Indonesia under the Chola General Chola Brammaraayer, and the third expedition direct to Talaitakkolam under another Chola General direct to South Thailand

The valiant Chola fleet reached the kingdom of Sri Vijaya also known as Sri Vijayapura in the island of Suvarnadvipa alias Suvarnapura - the island Sumatra, and defeated the (overlord) king of Kadarem (Kataka) - who was the Emperor of the mighty Sri Vijaya empire the Sangirama Vijayotungavarman (A.D.1020-1023) of the Sailendra dynasty. The Chola forces captured his fortress Malayagiri at his capital city the Vijayanagara.

He was taken captive along with the elephants of his glorious army, large heaps of treasures and the Vidyaadhara Thoranam (arch) at the war-gate of his extensive capital city the Sri Vijaya (nagara) with the jewelled-wicket gate adorned with great splendour and the gate of large jewels. His extensive kingdom of Sri Vijaya which covered approximately the present South Sumatra, Lampung and Benkulu provinces of the island Sumatra came under the fold of the mighty Chola empire, and a Chola Prince was appointed as the viceroy of this kingdom. However the family members and daughter of Sangramavijayotungvarman went to West Java for safety. The forces now directed their attention on territories which were under the sway of the Sri Vijaya empire.

The Chola forces next crossed over and captured Mevilibankam the present Banka island neighbouring the south-east coastel region of Sumatra opposite the Sri Vijaya kingdom. The ruling king of this region is not known. However the Mevilibankam too was under th sway of Sri Vijaya empire duing this period.

The forces from here moved into Malaiyur (Melayuu) in the mainland of Sumatra, a mountainous region approximately comprising the present Jambi and Perkanbaru states of central Sumatra which too they captured and brought under their control. The city fortress of Malaiyur was located at the Jambi proper adjacent to the river Batanghari.

They continued with their naval expedition and captured Pannai (Pane). in the north of Sumatra. Here they set a garrison probably for the protetion of the interests of the numerous Chola traders in this region. The Chola army thereafter crossed seas.

From here they proceeded to Ilamuridesam (Lemuri) approximatly covering the present Acheh province in the extreme north of the island Sumatra, conquered the territory and brought that too under their rule.

The Chola army thereafter crossed seas and reached Kadarem to join the earlier division of their army lead by the grandson of Rajendra Chola - 1.

The above are confirmed by the following References:

Chola forces capture the great Kadaaram in north-west peninsular Malaysia

The Cholas fleet lead by the grandson of Rajendra Chola - 1, reached the kingdom of Kadaaram and landed at the estuary of Perak River and reached the Ganganagar (Kataka-nagara) it's capital city. They defeated the ruling king of Kadarem the Linga Yohan (Linggi Johan) the viceroy of the Emperor Sangiraama Vijayotungavarman of Sri Vijaya, who met his death in this war, captured and his city the Ganga Nagar. Later he appointed a Chola viceroy at Kadaaram to rule the kingdom which now became a part of the Chola empire. The grandson of Rajendra Chola - 1 married Putri Gangga the daughter of the king of Kadaaram the Linga Yohan. This war appears not to have disturbed the Indian colony of traders in the Bujang valley region in th present Kedah province, but strengthened their position more in the kingdom of Kadarem.

".......To him was born the son, the king named Mathuranthaha who was the punisher of the insubordinate and who.....with (the help) of his forces which crossed seas, which were excessively powerful in arms and which had scattered away the armies of all his enemies he burnt Kataha that could not be set on fire by others what is impossible for this Rajendra Chola!...."