Drawing at the documents of approximately a hundred bishops' councils spanning the centuries, along royal legislation, edicts, and capitularies of an identical interval, this learn info how royal legislations and the very personality of kingship one of the Franks have been profoundly tormented by episcopal traditions of legislations and social order.

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Additional info for A Sacred Kingdom: Bishops and the Rise of Frankish Kingship, 300-850

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By no means was this tradition simply inherited, but it was actively assembled, transposed into a Christian frame of meaning, and expanded. The ideal of conciliar freedom and the mutuality of bishops were sometimes declared to be fundamental values, for in theory the will of God appeared to a council through the miraculous agreement of the attending bishops. Mutual recognition of episcopal power took the form of acquiescence in the exclusivity 28. Hefele-Leclercq, Histoire des conciles 2:102. 29.

Throughout this book, I have given special prominence to a major body of evidence—episcopal law, which has been used only in a limited way by historians. Records of councils are one of the most continuous source-types for the period, reflecting the social ideals, patterns of governance, and political myths of an important group of men. 70 Others have looked to episcopal councils to illuminate historical problems of narrative and chronology, but especially the history of religious doctrine.

The brevity and reticence of council records do not enable us to peer into the actual give and take of debates within the council meetings, but conciliar decisions were always presented as certain and unanimous. While they continued the functionality of regional aristocratic assemblies, the councils possessed a new, distinctive religious dimension, as well. Despite the claim of unanimity, the canons of many councils appear to record the successful arguments made by one victorious side in a dispute.