The committee set out its recommendations in a report published in January.

They called for the government to:

Set a target of 45% for representation of women in Parliament and local government by 2030

Introduce a statutory minimum proportion of female parliamentary candidates in general elections for each political party, with sanctions for parties that fail to comply with this target

Extend the Sex Discrimination Act to allow political parties to use all-women shortlists beyond 2030 and in elected mayor and police and crime commissioner posts

The government’s response, published in September, rejected all the recommendations.

Westminster culture

The government agreed increasing women’s representation was “an important issue” but it said political parties “have primary responsibility for ensuring that women come forward to represent them and are put in positions from which they can win seat”.

Ms Miller’s committee agreed political parties had “primary responsibility” in this area but also called on government to do more.

MPs said the “culture” of Westminster was putting women off politics.

Tulip Siddiq, Labour MP for Hampstead and Kilburn, said late-night votes were a barrier for young mothers while other members “barking like dogs at women while they speak in debates” was deterring women from standing as MPs.

All-women shortlists

Jess Phillips, Labour MP for Birmingham Yardley, said all-women shortlists were “the single biggest reason for progress” in representation in Parliament.

All-women shortlists were adopted by Labour in the run-up to the 1997 General Election. In 2016 the Liberal Democrats also voted to adopt them in some seats, while the SNP did the same in 2015.

The 2017 general election saw a record number of women elected to parliament but there was significant variation between parties – 45% of Labour MPs are women but only 21% of Conservatives MPs are.

The government said it did not believe legislation was the right approach and it would not be appropriate to “dictate” what parties should do.

It said parties were in the best position select women candidates with “the best possible chance of election”.

Responding to the debate on behalf of the government, Cabinet Office Minister Caroline Nokes said the equalities office was commissioning a review of approaches to increase women’s representation to provide parties with a range of possible solutions to draw on.