Suprarenal cortex:- Cortisol, Corticosterone, - Aldosterone, Androgens and dehydroepiandrosterone(DHEA). Glucocoids are essential for life, they are produced by the adrenal cortex. The main Glucocoids is cortisol.

What hormones are produced by the Suprarenal Glands?

Erythropoietin (EPO)Calcitriolrenin

What hormones are produced by the Kidney?

Leptin

What hormones are produced by the Adipose Tissue?

Numerous hormones (in Chapter 25) Digestive enzymes are enzymes that break down polymeric macromolecules into their smaller building blocks

All of these are examples of interaction between the nervous system and the immune system

Which of these is an example of interaction between the nervous system and the immune system?

1. Stress suppresses immune function.2. Cytokines affect the hypothalamus.3. CNS innervates dendritic cells in the skin.4. All of these are examples of interaction between the nervous system and the immune system.

plasma

The cells responsible for the production of circulating immunoglobulins are ________ cells.

the right jugular, right subclavian, and right bronchomediastinal trunks

The merging of ________ forms the right lymphatic duct.

1. the left jugular, right subclavian, and right bronchomediastinal trunks2. the right jugular, right subclavian, and right bronchomediastinal trunks3. two great vessels4. the thoracic and mediastinal ducts5. superior and inferior lymphatic ducts

1. are found on all nucleated cells2. allow the body to differentiate its own cells from foreign cells3. fall into two major classes4. bind complement5. function in antigen presentation

exposure to a specific antigen at a specific site in a plasma membrane.

T cells and B cells can be activated only by

1. exposure to a specific antigen at a specific site in a plasma membrane.2. interleukins, interferons, and colony-stimulating factors.3. pathogens.4. cells infected with viruses, bacteria, or cancer cells.5. disease-causing agents.

IgG

Immunoglobulins that are most abundant and are responsible for resistance against many viruses, bacteria, and bacterial toxins are

1. IgD.2. IgM.3. IgA.4. IgE.5. IgG.

IgA.

Immunoglobulins that are primarily found in glandular secretions such as saliva and tears are

1 the pressure and volume of a gas are equal.2 as the temperature goes up, the pressure goes up.3 if the volume goes up, the pressure goes down.4 the concentration of dissolved gas is proportional to its partial pressure.5 the total gas pressure is equal to the sum of the partial pressures

1 movement of air into and out of the lungs.2 movement of dissolved gases from the blood to the interstitial space.3 utilization of oxygen.4 movement of dissolved gases from the alveoli to the blood.5 movement of dissolved gases from the interstitial space to the cells.

Tidal volume

________ is the amount of air that moves into the respiratory system during a single respiratory cycle.

he difference in partial pressure of carbon dioxide between venous and arterial blood is about __________.

40 mmHg5 mmHg60 mmHg0.3 mmHg

increased thickness of the respiratory membrane

Which of these changes will decrease the effectiveness of gas exchange across the respiratory membrane?

1 increased number of alveoli2 increased thickness of the respiratory membrane3 increased difference in partial pressures4 All of these changes will decrease the effectiveness of gas exchange across the respiratory membranes.

in a mixture of gases such as air, the total pressure is the sum of the individual partial pressures of the gases in the mixture.

Dalton's law states that

1 gas volume and temperature are directly proportional.2 the volume of gas that will dissolve in a solvent is proportional to the solubility of the gas and the gas pressure.3 gas volume and pressure are inversely proportional.4 in a mixture of gases such as air, the total pressure is the sum of the individual partial pressures of the gases in the mixture.5 gas pressure is inversely proportional to gas volume.

25%

If the hemoglobin molecules in a blood sample each had a single oxygen molecule bound to it on average, the saturation is __________.

50%25%100%10%

Both statements are true.

As blood flows through a capillary, the pH drops as carbon dioxide enters; this, in turn, leads the hemoglobin to release some of its oxygen. Are these two statements true or false?

1 The first statement is true; the second is false.2 The first statement is false; the second is true.3 Both statements are false.4 Both statements are true.

bound to hemoglobin.

MOST of the oxygen transported by the blood is

1 bound to the same protein as carbon dioxide.2 carried by white blood cells.3 bound to hemoglobin.4 dissolved in plasma.5 in ionic form as solute in the plasma.

dorsal respiratory group; medulla oblongata

The basic pattern of breathing is established by the __________ located in the __________.

1 mechanoreceptors2 nociceptors3 chemoreceptors4 All of these sensory receptors can modify respiratory reflexes

Both statements are true

As a percentage of a young adult's capacity, smokers lose 25% of their respiratory capacity by age 48; non-smokers don't reach that level of loss until about age 75. Are these two statements true or false?

1 Both statements are false.2 The first statement is false; the second is true.3 The first statement is true; the second is false.4 Both statements are true.

cardiovascular

In order for the respiratory system to maintain homeostatic tissue levels of oxygen and carbon dioxide, it must coordinate constantly with the __________ system.

1 cardiovascular2 urinary3 digestive4 integumentary

tonsils

Which of these is NOT an accessory organ of digestion?

1 gall bladder2 salivary glands3 tonsils4 liver

greater omentum

A fatty apron known as the __________ protects the abdominal viscera anteriorly.

1 rectus abdominis2 greater omentum3 mucosa4 lamina propria

Both statements are true.

The epithelium lining the stomach, small intestine, and most of the large intestine is simple columnar; the epithelium in the oral cavity, esophagus, and pharynx is stratified squamous. Are these two statements true or false?

1 The first statement is true; the second is false.2 The first statement is false; the second is true.3 Both statements are true.4 Both statements are false.

decreased acid secretion

Which of these effects on digestion is NOT produced by the parasympathetic nervous system?

The saclike structure that joins the ileum at the ileocecal valve is the

1 haustra.2 appendix.3 cecum.4 sigmoid colon.5 rectum.

Both statements are true.

During digestion of triglycerides, fatty acids enter the intestinal mucosa by diffusion; then, they are then re-synthesized into triglycerides that enter the lymph as chylomicrons. Are these two statements true or false?

1 Both statements are false.2 The first statement is false; the second is true.3 Both statements are true.4 The first statement is true; the second is false.

pancreas

The enzyme alpha-amylase that digests polysaccharides is secreted by the __________.

In glycolysis, each molecule of glucose that is catabolized gives a net yield of how many molecules of ATP?

3830 3642

fatty acids are converted into molecules of acetyl-coA

During beta-oxidation, __________.

1 triglycerides are hydrolyzed to fatty acids and glycerol2 fatty acids are converted to glucose molecules3 fatty acids are converted into molecules of acetyl-coA4 All of these processes occur during beta-oxidation

acetyl-CoA

Synthesis of fatty acids starts with __________.

1 monoglycerides2 acetyl-CoA3 amino acids4 pyruvic acid

B6

The enzyme that removes the amino group from amino acids requires a co-enzyme derived from vitamin __________.

DB6AC

glycogen synthesis

Which of these processes is NOT characteristic of the postabsorptive state?

1 glycogen synthesis2 gluconeogenesis3 glycogenolysis4 lipolysis

Both statements are true.

The postabsorptive state can be maintained for a while; long-term homeostasis, however, requires a balanced diet. Are these two statements true or false?

1 Both statements are false.2 The first statement is false; the second is true.3 Both statements are true.4 The first statement is true; the second is false

All the following hormones are secreted by the adenohypophysis: ACTH, FSH, and LH.

True or False ?

True

Leukopenia is an abnormally low number of leukocytes.

True or False ?

True

White blood cells are produced through the action of colony-stimulating factors.

True or False ?

True

Each heme contains an atom of iron and can transport one molecule of oxygen.

True or False ?

True

the myocardium receives its blood supply from the coronary arteries.

True or False ?

True

The left side of the heart pumps the same volume of blood as the right.

True or False ?

False

Cardiac muscle has more mitochondria and depends less on a continual supply of oxygen than does skeletal muscle.

b) thymus gland

Normal development of the immune response is due in part to hormones produced by the _____.

a) adrenal medullab) thymus glandc) thyroid glandd) pancreas

d) second messengers

Virtually all of the protein or amino acid-based hormones exert their effects through intracellular ______.

a) nucleotidesb) ionsc) deactivatorsd) second messengers

a) is partly contained within the infundibulum

The hypothalamic-hypopyseal tract ____.

a) is partly contained within the infundibulumb) connects the hypophysis to the pituitary glandc) conducts aldosterone to the hypopysisd) is the site of prolactin synthesis

d) release is an example of a positive feedback control mechanism

Oxytocin _______.

a) exerts its most important effects during menstruationb) is an adenohypophyseal secretionc) controls milk productiond) release is an example of a positive feedback control mechanism

a) The presence of the appropriate receptors on the cells of the target tissue or organ

The ability of a specific tissue or organ to respond to the presence of a hormone is dependent on ________.

a) The presence of the appropriate receptors on the cells of the target tissue or organb) The membrane potential of the cells of the target organ.c) nothing--all hormones of the human body are able to stimulate any and all cell types because hormones are powerful and nonspecificd) the location of the tissue or organ with respect to the circulatory path

b) enzyme

Which of the following is NOT a category of endocrine gland stimulus?

a) neuralb) enzymec) hormonald) humoral

d) the heart

Which organ is responsible for synthesizing ANP?

a) the spleenb) the kidneyc) the skind) the heart

d) binding to specific receptors and employing the services of G proteins and cAMP.

The second-messenger mechanism of hormone actin operates by _______.

a) not responding to a feedback mechanismb) synthesizing more of the hormone than is actually neededc) increasing the basal metabolic rate in the target organd) binding to specific receptors and employing the services of G proteins and cAMP.

a) hypophyseal portal system

Several hormones are synthesized in the hypothalamus and transported to the anterior pituitary gland. The mechanism of transportation from hypothalamus to anterior pituitary glad is through the ________.

c) entering some cells and binding to intracellular receptors within the nuclei

Thyroid hormone exerts its influence by________.

a) causing a reduction in the number of blood vessel adrenergic receptors, and therefore decreasing blood pressureb)exerting only a minor effect on body metabolismc) entering some cells and binding to intracellular receptors within the nucleid) acting to decrease basal metabolic rate

c) The AV valves are supported by chordae tendineae so that regurgitation of blood into the atria during ventricular contraction does not occur.

Select the correct statement about the heart valves.

a) The tricuspid valve divides the left atrium from the left ventricle.b) Aortic and pulmonary valves control the flow fo blood into the heart.c) The AV valves are supported by chordae tendineae so that regurgitation of blood into the atria during ventricular contraction does not occur.d) The mitral valve separates the right atrium from the right ventricle.

c) pumps blood against a greater resistance

The fact that the left ventricle of the heart is thicker that the right ventricle reveals that it ____.

a) sends blood through a smaller valveb) pumps a greater volume of bloodc) pumps blood against a greater resistanced) expands the thoracic cage

The source of blood carried to capillaries in the myocardium would be the _____.

a) coronary veinsb) fossa ovalisc) coronary sinusd) coronary arteries

c) decreased delivery of oxygen

If cardiac muscle is deprived of its normal blood supply, damage would primarily result from ____.

a) a lack of nutrients to feed into metabolic pathwaysb) a decrease in the number of available mitochondria for energy productionc) decreased delivery of oxygend) an inadequate supply of lactic acid

a) the heart rate would increase by about 25 beats per minute

If the vagal nerves to the heart were cut, the result would be that _____.

a) the heart rate would increase by about 25 beats per minuteb) parasympathetic stimulation would increase, causing a decrease in heart ratec) the AV node would become the pacemaker of the heartd) the heart would stop, since the vagal nerves trigger the heart to contract

b) pulmonary trunk

Which vessel of the heart receives blood during right ventricular systole?

a) venae cavaeb) pulmonary trunkc) pulmonary veinsd) aorta

b) nitric acid

Which of the followingchemicals does NOT help regulate blood pressure?

a) ADHb) nitric acidc) atrial natriuretic peptided) angiotension II

b) capillaries

Permitting the exchange of nutrients and gases between the blood and tissue cells is the primary function of _______.

A thrombus (blood clot) in the first branch of the arch of the aorta would affect the flow of blood to the _____.

a) right side of the head and neck and right upper armb) left upper armc) left side of the head and neckd) myocardium of the haert

d) changes in arterial pressure

the baroreceptors in the carotid sinus and aortic arch are sensitive to which of the following?

a) an increase in oxygen levelsb) a decrease in oxygen levelsc) a decrease in carbon dioxided) changes in arterial pressure

a) lymph nodes

Small organs associated with lymphatic vessels are termed _____.

a) lymph nodesb) axillary nodesc) lymph folliclesd) cisterna chylib)

b) pancreas

Which of the following would NOT be classified as a lymphatic structure?

a) tonsilsb) pancreasc) Peyer's patches of the instestined) spleen

a) skeletal muscle contrations and differences in thoracic pressures due to respiratory movement

Both lymph and venous blood flow are heavily dependent on ______.

a) skeletal muscle contrations and differences in thoracic pressures due to respiratory movementb) contraction of the vessels themselvesc) the pumping action of the heartd) two-way valves

c) plasma cells

Antibodies that act against a particular foreign substance are released by ______.

a) lymph nodesb) medullary cordsc) plasma cellsd) T lymphocytes

d) severe localized edema distal to the blockage

When the lymphatic structures are blocked due to tumors, the result is ______.

a) increased pressure in the lymphatics proximal to the blockageb) abnormally high lymph drainage from the distal regionc) shrinkage of tissues distal to the blockage due to inadequate delivery of lymphd) severe localized edema distal to the blockage

a) exposure to an antigenb) booster shot of vaccinec) passage of IgG antibodies from a pregnant mother to her fetusd) infusion of weakened viruses

a) Macrophages

________ predominate at the sites of chronic infections.

a) Macrophagesb) B cellsc) Eosinophilsd) Basophils

c) protects cells that have not yet been infected by viruses

what is the role of the interferon in defense against disease?

a) activates the complement mechanismb) protects cells that have not yet been infected by bacteriac) protects cells that have not yet been infected by virusesd) activates the inflammatory process

a) function in the adaptive immune system activation

Helper T cells _____.

a) function in the adaptive immune system activationb) often function to decrease the immune responsec) release B7 proteinsd) bind tightly to target cells and release a lymphotoxin called perforin

a) natural killer cells

Cancer cells and virus-infected body cells can be killed before activation of adaptive immunity by _____.

a) natural killer cellsb) T lymphocytesc) pinocytosisd) B lymphocytes

d) Antigens only come from microbes

Which of the statements below does NOT describe antigens?

a) antigrens exhibit immunogenicity and reactivity.b) antigens can include proteins, nucleic acids, lipoproteins, glycoproteins, and certain large polysaccharides.c) the parts of antigen molecules that initiate immune responses are called epitopes or antigenic determinantsd) Antigens only come from microbes

foreman ovule

What structure in the fetal heart allows blood to flow from the right atrium directly to the left atrium?

tri-cuspid

The ____ valve of the heart has three valves with chordae tendineae.

left subclavin

the third major branch of the aortic _____ artery.

pulse

____ pressure is the difference between systolic and diastolic pressure.

aortic value

Prevents backflow into the left ventricle.

mitral valve

Prevents backflow into the left atrium.

Tricuspid valve

Prevents backflow into the right atrium.

pulmonary semilunar valves

Prevents backflow into the right ventricle.

b) greater than the pressure in the atmosphere

Air moves out of the lungs when the pressure inside the lungs is

a) greater than the intra-alveolar pressureb) greater than the pressure in the atmospherec) equal to the pressure in the atmosphered) less than the pressure in the atmosphere

b) interfering with the cohesiveness of water molecules, thereby reducing the surface tension of alveolar fluid

Surfactant helps to prevent the alveoli from collapsing by _____.

a) warming the air before it entersb) interfering with the cohesiveness of water molecules, thereby reducing the surface tension of alveolar fluidc) humidifying the air before it entersd) protecting the surface of alveoli from dehydration and other environmental variations

d) increase of carbon dioxide

The most powerful respiratory stimulus for breathing in ta healthy person is _______.

a) about equal to the oxygen combined with hemoglobinb) not present except where it is combined with carrier moleculesc) greater than the oxygen combined with hemoglobin d) only about 1.5% of the oxygen carried in dissolved from

the amount of air that can in inspired above the tidal volume is called ______.

a) tracheab) oropharynxc) nasal cavityd) larynxe) nasopharynx

a) respiratory exchanges are made through the placenta.

Because the lungs are filled with fluid during fetal life, which of the following statements is true regarding respiratory exchange?

a) respiratory exchanges are made through the placenta.b) because the lungs develop later in gestation, fetuses do not need a mechanism for respiratory exchangec) respiratory exchanges are not necessaryd) respiratory exchanges are made through the ductus arteriosus

b) as the bicarbonate ion in the plasma after first entering the red blood cells

How is the majority of carbon dioxide carried in blood?

a) chemically combined with the heme portion of hemoglobinb) as the bicarbonate ion in the plasma after first entering the red blood cellsc) chemically combined with the amino acids of hemoglobin as carbaminohemoglobin in the red blood cellsd) as carbonic acid in the plasma

b) diffusion

Oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged in the lungs and through all cell membranes by _____.

a) osmosisb) diffusinod) active transportd) filtration

d) as the initiator of the cough reflex

The nose serves all the following functions EXCEPT ______.

a) cleansing the airb) as a passageway for air movementc) warming and humidifying the aird) as the initiator of the cough reflex

c) collect absorbed nutrients for metabolic processing or storage

The function fo the hepatic portal circulation is to ______.

a) distribute hormonesb) return glucose to the general circulation when blood sugar is lowc) collect absorbed nutrients for metabolic processing or storaged) carry toxins to the venous system for disposal through the urinary tract

a) mesenteries

The sheets of peritoneal membrane that hold the digestive tract in place are called ______.

a) mesenteries b) mucosal liningc) lamina propriad) serosal lining

c) mucosa, submucosa, muscularis externa, and serosa

From the esophagus to the anal canal, the walls of every organ of the alimentary canal are made up of the same four basic layers. Arrange them order from the lumen.

a) moistens food and aids in compacting of the bolusb) contains enzymes that begin the breakdown of proteinsc) cleanses the mouthd) dissolves food chemicals so they can be tasted

a) stomach

Chyme is created in the _______.

a) stomachb) small intestine c) esophagusd) mouth

d) produce mucus that protects parts of the digestive organs from the effects of powerful enzymes needed for food digestion

The function of the goblet cells is to ______.

a) absorb nutrients from digested food and store them for future useb) provide protection against invading bacteria and other disease-causing organisms that enter the digestive tract in food c) secrete buffers in the order to keep the pH of the digestive tract close to neutral d) produce mucus that protects parts of the digestive organs from the effects of powerful enzymes needed for food digestion

c) catabolism

Chemical digestion reduces large complex molecules to simpler compounds by the process of ____.

a)masticationb) fermentationc) catabolismd) anabolism

a) B12

Which vitamin requires intrinsic factor in order to be absorbed?

a) B12b) Cc) Kd) A

b) amylase

You have just eaten a meal high in carbohydrates. Which of the following enzymes will help to digest the meal?

The layer of the digestive tube that contains blood vessels, lymphatic nodes, and a rich supply of elastic fibers is the _____.

a) muscularis externab) serosac) mucosad) submucosa

d) fat

Although other nutrients can feed into the citric acid cycle, ______ yields energy the quickest.

a) glycogenb) glucosec) proteind) fate) All of the above have the same rate.

c) triglycerides are broken down into glycerol and fatty acids

During lipolysis ________.

a) lipids are metabolized to yield ATP.b) lipids are converted into glucose molecules.c) triglycerides are broken down into glyceol and fatty acidsd) lipids are formed from excess carbohydrates.e) triglycerides are converted into molecules of acetyl-CoA.

c) the mitochondria

Reactions within ______ provide most of the energy needed by a typical cell.

a) cytoplasmb) the plasma membranec) the mitochondriad) the endoplasmic reticulume) none of the above

a) the citric acid cycle

The carbon dioxide of respiration is formed during

a) the citric acid cycleb) electron transportc) the formation of pyruvic acidd) glycolysise) the formation of water

c) fats

The nutrients that yield the most energy per gram when metabolize are

a) proteinsb) carbohydratesc) fatsd) vitaminse) nucleic acids

pancreas

Produces enzymes that break down all categories of foodstuffs.

stomach

Only digestive structure with three muscle layers

Liver

Receives blood via the hepatic portal system.

epiglottis

The cartilaginous flap that closes the trachea during swallowing is called the ______.

a) an increase in both urine volume and solute concentrationb) a decrease in urine volume but a increase in solute concentrationc) an increase in urine volume but a decrease in solute concentrationd) a decrease in both urine volume and solute concentration

renal pelvis to the urinary bladder

TGhe ureters extend from the _______

a) urinary bladder to the urethrab) renal pelvis to the urinary bladderc) minor calyces to the major calycesd) nephrons to the renal pelvis

increased sensitivity to ADH

With advancing years ,the urinary system developes all of these problems EXCEPT _____

a) water will move from the ECF to the ICF and cells will swellb) water will move from the ECF to the ICF and cells will shrinkc) water will move from the ICF to the ECF and cells will shrinkd) water will move from the ICF to the ECF and cells will swell

amount of sodium in the diet

The rate of uptake of sodium ion across the digestive membrane is directly proportional to the ________

a) loss of sodium in the fecesb) loss of sodium in the sweatc) amount of sodium in the dietd) loss of sodium in the urine

Sexual arousal and orgasm in males and females are similar in all of these aspects.

Sexual arousal and orgasm in males and females share a number of similarities including __________.

a) rhythmic contraction of the bulbospongiosus musclesb) control by the autonomic nervous systemc) engorgement of erectile tissued) Sexual arousal and orgasm in males and females are similar in all of these aspects.

a decrease in estradiol

The hormonal change most responsible for the tissue changes seen in menopause is _________.

a) a decrease in estradiolb) an increase in LHc) a decrease in LHd) an increase in estradiol

a drop in testosterone but a rise in LH

At about age 50 to 60, men commonly experience __________.

a) a drop in testosterone but a rise in LHb) a drop in both testosterone and LHc) a rise in testosterone but a drop in LHd) a rise in both testosterone and LH

conception to maturity

Development is the gradual modification of body form and function from __________.

a) conception to birthb) conception to senescencec) birth to maturityd) conception to maturity

The contents block polyspermy.

Which of these statements about the contents of the acrosomal cap is FALSE?

a) The contents assist in fertilization.b) The contents include hydrolases.c) The contents digest the zona pellucida.d) The contents block polyspermy.

adjusting the volume of water lost in urine, releasing erythropoietin, and releasing renin.

The urinary system regulates blood volume and pressure by

a) releasing erythropoietin.b) releasing renin.c) adjusting the volume of water lost in urine.d) adjusting the volume of water lost in urine, releasing erythropoietin, and releasing renin.e) none of the above

a) attached to the collecting duct.b) the horseshoe-shaped segment of the nephron.c) the source of erythropoietin.d) the expanded end of a nephron.e) a knot of capillaries within the renal corpuscle.

It is opposed by the vasa recta.

Which of these is NOT a property of the renal counter-current multiplier?

a) It creates a hyperosmotic interstitial fluid in the kidney medulla.b) It depends on active ion transport to function.c) It is opposed by the vasa recta.d) It exploits the structure of the nephron loop.

Both statements are false.

The proximal convoluted tubule recovers sodium from the glomerular filtrate by active transport; then it releases sodium into the peritubular fluid through passive channels. Are these two statements true or false?

a) Both statements are false.b) The first statement is true; the second is false.c) Both statements are true.d) The first statement is false; the second is true.

bundles of tissue that extend between pyramids from the cortex.

Renal columns are

a) the basic functional units of the kidney.b) expanded ends of the ureters.c) internal cavities lined by the fibrous capsule.d) bundles of tissue that extend between pyramids from the cortex.e) conical structures that are located in the renal medulla.

decreased sensitivity to ADH

Which of these age-related changes most increases the risk of dehydration?