2015-08-02T22:32:34ZEffects Of Marine Lipid Fraction PCSO-524™ Supplementation On Biochemical And Functional Measures Of Muscle Damage And Soreness In Untrained Menhttp://hdl.handle.net/2022/18627
Effects Of Marine Lipid Fraction PCSO-524™ Supplementation On Biochemical And Functional Measures Of Muscle Damage And Soreness In Untrained Men
Platt, David
Effects of marine lipid fraction PCSO-524™ supplementation on biochemical and functional
measures of muscle damage and soreness in untrained men
INTRODUCTION: Intensive or unaccustomed eccentric exercise is known to cause
exercise-induced muscle damage (EIMD) commonly resulting in delayed onset muscle soreness
(DOMS). EIMD/DOMS can result in decrements in endurance and resistance exercise
performance. Although many treatments have been investigated for the prevention and alleviation
of EIMD/DOMS, success has been limited. PCSO-524™ has been found to attenuate symptoms
of inflammatory diseases such as arthritis and asthma, and thus may be a viable treatment for
EIMD/DOMS and may attenuate related exercise performance decrements.
PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to examine whether or not PCSO-524™
supplementation could attenuate loss of range of motion, force loss, swelling, perceived pain
through algometry and biochemical markers of inflammation, intracellular muscle proteins and
oxidative stress after eccentric muscle damage.
METHODS: Subjects were thirty-two healthy, untrained males aged 18–26 who had
not participated in a resistance training program in the past sixty days and did not exercise for
more than three times per week for 30 minutes each session. Subjects supplemented for four
weeks with either PCSO-524™ (400 mg/day) or placebo, after which time participated in a 20-
minute downhill run (DHR) at -16% grade. Functional measures of DOMS were measured by
algometry, midline thigh girth, and maximal voluntary contraction, following supplementation and
24, 48, 72 and 96 hours following eccentric exercise. Biochemical indicators of muscle damage
such as Creatine Kinase-MM, Myoglobin, Slow skeletal troponin I, Fatty Acid Binding Protein 3,
Interleukin-6, Tumor Necrosis Factor Alpha, 8-hydroxy-2' -deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG), and
Cardiac Troponin I was measured pre-supplementation, post-supplementation and following DHR
at 0, 2, 24, 48, 72 and 96 hours.
RESULTS: PCSO-524™ attenuated maximal voluntary contraction force loss
significantly at 96 hours (F = 8.140 p < .001). PCSO-524™ attenuated loss of range of motion at
96 hours compared to baseline (F = 8.236 p < .05) for the PCSO-524™ group but did not change 5
for the placebo group. There was no significant change in muscle swelling from baseline as
measured by thigh girth for either PCSO-524™ or placebo. There was no significant change in
perceived muscle soreness as measured by algometry for either PCSO-524™ or placebo. There
was significant attenuation of creatine kinase MM in the blood following EMD immediately (t =
4.467, p < .001; 95% CI = 63.0 – 169.2), 2 (t = 5.076, p < .001; 95% CI = 76.1 – 178.6), 24 (t =
12.829, p < .001; 95% CI = 562.5 – 775.6), 48 (t = 11.477, p < .001; 95% CI = 493.2 – 706.7), 72
(t =9.118, p < .001; 95% CI = 359.8 – 567.5), and 96 hours (t = 11.935, p < .001; 95% CI = 574.4
– 811.6). Significant attenuation of myoglobin occurred 24 (t = 4.334, p < .001; 95% CI = 22.9 –
63.7), 48 (t = 6.402, p < .001; 95% CI = 67.7 – 131.1), 72 (t = 5.340, p < .001; 95% CI = 119.0 –
266.3), and 96 hours (t = 3.272, p < .01; 95% CI = 49.0 – 212.3) compared to placebo.
Significant attenuation of skeletal muscle troponin I occurred in the PCSO-524™ group compared
to placebo 2 (t = 2.562, p < .05; 95% CI = 0.9 – 8.0), 24 (t = 3.561, p < .01; 95% CI = 4.4 – 15.4),
48 (t = 4.095, p < .001; 95% CI = 4.7 – 14.0), 72 (T = 3.222, p < .01; 95% CI = 2.5 – 11.2), and 96
hours (T = 2.177, p < .05; 95% CI = 0.3 – 10.4) post EIMD. No significant effect of
supplementation status on fatty acid binding protein appearance in the blood (F = .418 p = .523)
post EMID. Significant attenuation of Interleukin-6 was observed 24 (t = 3.619, p < .01; 95% CI =
3.7 – 13.3), 48 (t = 3.993, p < .001; 95% CI = 5.8 – 17.8), 72 (t = 3.621, p < .01; 95% CI = 5.0 –
17.9), and 96 hours (t = 3.076, p < .01; 95% CI = 3.1 – 15.35) post EMID compared to placebo. A
significant effect of time on TNF alpha concentration in the blood (F = 132.012 p < .001) was
observed 24 (t = 4.633, p < .001; 95% CI = 11.1 – 28.5), 48 (t = 4.942, p < .001; 95% CI = 10.6 –
25.7), 72 (t = 4.747, p < .001; 95% CI = 11.3 – 28.5), and 96 hours (t = 6.349, p < .001; 95% CI =
16.8 – 32.8) post EIMD. No significant effect of time on 8-OHdG concentration in the blood (F =
1.018 p .419) was observed in either the PCSO-524™ group or placebo after EIMD. No
significant effect of time was observed on cTn1 concentration in the blood (F = .420 p = .889) in
either PCSO-524™ or placebo after EIMD.
CONCLUSIONS: Four weeks of PCSO-524™ supplementation does not improve swelling
as determined by thigh girth; perceived pain by the use of algometry; appearance of Fatty Acid
Binding Protein, 8-hydroxy-2' -deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG), and Cardiac Troponin I in the blood in 6
untrained males after downhill running compared to placebo. Four weeks of PCSO-524™
supplementation is effective at attenuating maximal voluntary contraction force loss; loss of range
of motion; and reducing the appearance of creatine kinase-MM; skeletal muscle troponin I;
interleukin-6; and Tumor Necrosis Factor- alpha in the blood in untrained males after downhill
running.
2014-06-01T00:00:00ZALTERED VERTICAL GROUND REACTION FORCES FOUND IN PARTICIPANTS WITH CHRONIC ANKLE INSTABILITY DURING RUNNINGhttp://hdl.handle.net/2022/18410
ALTERED VERTICAL GROUND REACTION FORCES FOUND IN PARTICIPANTS WITH CHRONIC ANKLE INSTABILITY DURING RUNNING
Bigouette, John Paul
Altered gait kinematics and kinetics have been examined in subjects with chronic ankle instability (CAI). Altered vertical ground reaction forces (GRF) have been found in individuals with CAI compared to control subjects, in different movement patterns but not running. Running is a common component of numerous sporting events where ankle sprains occur. The purpose of this investigation was to determine if subjects with CAI produced altered vertical GRF compared to uninjured subjects while running. Specifically, we examined if differences existed in impact peak forces, time to the impact peak force, active peak forces, time to the active peak force and average loading rate between groups. Twenty-four subjects with previous running experience were recruited from a Midwestern community. Subjects were determined to have CAI if they met the following criteria: (1) a history of at least one self-reported lateral ankle sprain that occurred 12 months prior to study enrollment, (2) a history of recurrent sprains or feelings of “giving way” during functional activity, (3) a score of 11 or higher on the Identification of Functional Ankle Instability (IdFAI) Questionnaire. Control subjects had no history of lateral ankle sprains. All subjects were required to be active runners and rear foot strikers. Also, subjects had no previous lower extremity injuries in the last three months besides a lateral ankle sprain for the CAI group. All subjects had no history of fractures or surgeries to the lower extremities. Active runners were defined as consistently running for the past year, running at least three times per week and averaging a minimum of twenty miles per week. Testing took place on an instrumented treadmill. Each subject was given an opportunity to complete his or her pre-run stretching routine following a five minute warm-up and before the testing trial. During the testing trial, subjects ran at a standardized speed trial of 3.3 ms-1 for five minutes. Data was collected during the last 30 seconds of the trial period at 1200 Hz. Five consecutive GRF curves of the test ankle from the last 15 seconds of the data were identified and processed with a fourth order Butterworth filter and a custom written formula in R program to identify the dependent variables.
A total of 13 control subjects and 11 subjects with CAI were included for statistical analysis. We found that subjects with CAI produced significantly higher impact peak forces, active peak forces, average loading rate and a shorter time to the active peak force compared to controls. No significant difference was found in the time to impact peak force between groups. The results of this study indicated that individuals with CAI produced altered kinetic variables compared to control subjects. Improper foot position at heel strike and strength deficits in the tibialis anterior could increase the impact peak force by striking the ground harder. Increased loading rates found in individuals with CAI could predispose individuals to lower extremity stress fractures and long-term complications such as osteoarthritis of the ankle joint. Overall, results of the study found that individuals with subjects with CAI produce altered GRFs than uninjured subjects while running.
2014-05-01T00:00:00ZCYCLING ENDURANCE PERFORMANCE AND PERIPHERAL MUSCLE FATIGUE FOLLOWING MARINE LIPID FRACTION PCSO-524™ SUPPLEMENTATION AND ECCENTRIC EXERCISE IN UNTRAINED MALEShttp://hdl.handle.net/2022/17659
CYCLING ENDURANCE PERFORMANCE AND PERIPHERAL MUSCLE FATIGUE FOLLOWING MARINE LIPID FRACTION PCSO-524™ SUPPLEMENTATION AND ECCENTRIC EXERCISE IN UNTRAINED MALES
Sinex, Jacob
INTRODUCTION: Intensive or unaccustomed eccentric exercise is known to cause exercise-induced muscle damage (EIMD) commonly resulting in delayed onset muscle soreness (DOMS). EIMD/DOMS can result in decrements in endurance and resistance exercise performance. Although many treatments have been investigated for the prevention and alleviation of EIMD/DOMS, success has been limited. PCSO-524™ marine lipid fraction has been found to attenuate symptoms of inflammatory diseases such as arthritis and asthma, and thus may be a viable intervention to reduce inflammation-related EIMD/DOMS. PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of PCSO-524™ supplementation on cycling endurance performance, peripheral muscle fatigue, muscle soreness and muscle damage following eccentric exercise. METHODS: Subjects were thirty-two healthy, untrained men aged 18 – 26 who had not previously exercised for more than three times per week for 30 minutes each session for the past 90 days and had not participated in resistance training during the previous 60 days. Subjects were randomly assigned to consume 8 capsules PCSO-524™ (800 mg olive oil, 400 mg lipid extract) daily or olive oil (1200 mg) placebo for 30 days. Subjects completed three 20 minute cycling time trials (TT), thirty days of PCSO-524™ or placebo supplementation, a 20 minute downhill run (DHR) at -16% grade after 26 days of supplementation and potentiated quadriceps twitch force (Qtw,pot) measures before and after the latter two TT. Each subject completed a familiarization TT, a pre-supplementation TT and a TT 24 hours following DHR. DOMS was measured via 11 point pain scale at baseline, following supplementation and 24, 48, 72 and 96 hours following DHR. Slow skeletal troponin I (sTnI) was measured pre-supplementation, post-supplementation and following DHR at 0, 2, 24, 48, 72 and 96 hours. RESULTS: Cycling time trial performance was not significantly affected by DHR for PCSO-524™ (F = .106, p = .749) or placebo (F = .122, p = .732) groups. No significant differences were found in mean power output between PCSO-524™ and placebo groups. PCSO-524™ attenuated DOMS significantly at 72 hours (T = 2.48, p < .05; 95% CI = 0.3 – 2.6), and 96 hours post-run (T = 2.1, p < .05; 95% CI = 0.04 – 2.7). Qtw,pot decreased for the placebo group following DHR (T = 2.095, p < .05), but did not change significantly for the PCSO-524™ group (T = .38, p > .05). Serum sTnI was significantly (p < .05) lower in the PCSO-524™ group at 2, 24, 48, 72 and 96 hours post-DHR. CONCLUSIONS: Thirty days of PCSO-524™ supplementation does not improve cycling endurance performance in untrained men after eccentric exercise compared to placebo. Thirty days of PCSO-524™ supplementation reduces muscle soreness following eccentric exercise, peripheral quadriceps fatigue in EIMD-affected muscles after endurance exercise and muscle damage following eccentric exercise.
2014-04-01T00:00:00ZAN ANALYSIS OF BOC EXAM FIRST-ATTEMPT PASS RATES IN ATHLETIC TRAINING PROFESSIONAL PROGRAMShttp://hdl.handle.net/2022/17658
AN ANALYSIS OF BOC EXAM FIRST-ATTEMPT PASS RATES IN ATHLETIC TRAINING PROFESSIONAL PROGRAMS
Phegley, Nicole
When assessing athletic training professional programs (PPs) today, the main goal of the
program is to prepare students to join the healthcare profession as certified athletic trainers. The
elimination of the internship route-to-certification in 2004, meant in order to sit for the Board of
Certification examination (BOC exam), a student had to complete an undergraduate professional
program (UPP) or graduate professional program (GPP). Since this change, there has been
minimal research looking at the characteristic differences between UPPs and GPPs. There has
also been little research comparing BOC exam pass rates between candidates from these two
types of PPs. Therefore, the purpose of this investigation was 1) to determine how BOC exam
first-attempt pass rates compare between UPPs and GPPs; and 2) to determine what personnel
differences exist between UPP and GPP’s program directors (PDs), faculty, and athletic training
students. We used entire population, 365 PP (338 UPPs and 27 GPPs), to compare BOC exam
first-attempt pass rates between UPPs and GPPs. We also collected 3-year aggregated BOC
exam first-attempt pass rates for all PP from the Commission on Accreditation of Athletic
Training Education (CAATE) website. We used the Athletic Training Program and Program
Director Survey (ATPPDS) to collect the PP personnel data. 133 program directors (66 females,
67 males; 121 UPPs, 12 GPPs; 36% response rate) from each of the ten NATA districts (districts
1-10 respectively: 5, 13, 22, 28, 15, 6, 6, 9, 22, 7) completed the ATPPDS. The ATPPDS was a
web-based survey (Qualtrics.com), comprised of 26 questions (12 multiple choice—select single
answer, 2 multiple choice—select all answers that apply, and 12 fill-in answer). Data was
collected during two separate, four-week periods allowing more opportunities for the PDs to
complete the survey. We predicted there would be a significant difference between UPPs and
GPPs for 1) BOC exam first-attempt pass rates; 2) program director characteristics; 3) faculty When assessing athletic training professional programs (PPs) today, the main goal of the
program is to prepare students to join the healthcare profession as certified athletic trainers. The
elimination of the internship route-to-certification in 2004, meant in order to sit for the Board of
Certification examination (BOC exam), a student had to complete an undergraduate professional
program (UPP) or graduate professional program (GPP). Since this change, there has been
minimal research looking at the characteristic differences between UPPs and GPPs. There has
also been little research comparing BOC exam pass rates between candidates from these two
types of PPs. Therefore, the purpose of this investigation was 1) to determine how BOC exam
first-attempt pass rates compare between UPPs and GPPs; and 2) to determine what personnel
differences exist between UPP and GPP’s program directors (PDs), faculty, and athletic training
students. We used entire population, 365 PP (338 UPPs and 27 GPPs), to compare BOC exam
first-attempt pass rates between UPPs and GPPs. We also collected 3-year aggregated BOC
exam first-attempt pass rates for all PP from the Commission on Accreditation of Athletic
Training Education (CAATE) website. We used the Athletic Training Program and Program
Director Survey (ATPPDS) to collect the PP personnel data. 133 program directors (66 females,
67 males; 121 UPPs, 12 GPPs; 36% response rate) from each of the ten NATA districts (districts
1-10 respectively: 5, 13, 22, 28, 15, 6, 6, 9, 22, 7) completed the ATPPDS. The ATPPDS was a
web-based survey (Qualtrics.com), comprised of 26 questions (12 multiple choice—select single
answer, 2 multiple choice—select all answers that apply, and 12 fill-in answer). Data was
collected during two separate, four-week periods allowing more opportunities for the PDs to
complete the survey. We predicted there would be a significant difference between UPPs and
GPPs for 1) BOC exam first-attempt pass rates; 2) program director characteristics; 3) faculty
characteristics; and 4) athletic training students characteristics. An independent t-test analysis
revealed a statistically significant difference between the UPPs and GPPs’ BOC exam first-attempt pass rates. GPPs had a higher aggregated pass rate (t(38)=-3.88, p=.01). We identified no significant differences for PD characteristics for education-levels (p=.08) and PD route-to-
certification (p=.64) between UPPs and GPPs. We found that 60% of the PDs from UPPs had a
terminal degree compared to 83% of the PDs from GPPs. The route-to-certification results that
fifty-one percent of UPP PDs and 58% of GPP PDs obtained their credential from the internship
route-to-certification. We identified no significant difference between UPPs and GPPs in
regards to the number of full time faculty, the number of adjunct faculty with no clinical
responsibility, and the number of adjunct faculty with clinical responsibility. We identified a
significant difference between UPPs and GPPs for the number of athletic training students in the
program (t(131)=2.31, p=.02) and graduating cohort average GPA (t(113)=-4.55, p=.01). We
identified no significant difference for the graduating cohort size (t(131)=.464, p=.64). When
students pass the BOC exam it means they are prepared to enter the profession as entry-level
athletic trainers. Based on the single element that GPPs had a larger percentage of students
passing the BOC exam on the first-attempt, these students were better prepared to pass the BOC
exam and better prepared to enter the profession. This finding should provide support to the
current education reform discussions on whether GPPs should be the sole route-to-certification
for the athletic training profession.
2014-05-01T00:00:00Z