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of anyone anywhere at no cost and with almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org Title: Beyond Good and Evil Author: Friedrich Nietzsche Translator: Helen Zimmern Release Date: August, 2003 [Etext #4363] Posting Date: December 7, 2009 Language: English Character set encoding: ASCII *** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK BEYOND GOOD AND EVIL ***

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BEYOND GOOD AND EVIL By Friedrich Nietzsche Translated by Helen Zimmern

TRANSCRIBER'S NOTE ABOUT THIS E-TEXT EDITION: The following is a reprint of the Helen Zimmern translation from German into English of "Beyond Good and Evil," as published in The Complete Works of Friedrich Nietzsche (1909-1913). Some adaptations from the original text were made to format it into an e-text. Italics in the original book are capitalized in this e-text, except for most foreign language phrases that were italicized. Original footnotes are put in brackets "[]" at the points where they are cited in the text. Some spellings were altered. "To-day" and "To-morrow" are spelled "today" and "tomorrow." Some words containing the letters "ise" in the original text, such as "idealise," had these letters changed to "ize," such as "idealize." "Sceptic" was changed to "skeptic."

PREFACE SUPPOSING that Truth is a woman--what then? Is there not ground for suspecting that all philosophers, in so far as they have been dogmatists, have failed to understand women--that the terrible seriousness and clumsy importunity with which they have usually paid their addresses to Truth, have been unskilled and unseemly methods for winning a woman? Certainly she has never allowed herself to be won; and at present every kind of dogma stands with sad and discouraged mien--IF, indeed, it stands at all! For there are scoffers who maintain that it has fallen, that all dogma lies on the ground--nay more, that it is at its last gasp. But to speak seriously, there are good grounds for hoping that all dogmatizing in philosophy, whatever solemn, whatever conclusive and decided airs it has assumed, may have been only a noble puerilism and tyronism; and probably the time is at hand when it will be once and again understood WHAT has actually sufficed for the basis of such imposing and absolute philosophical edifices as the dogmatists have hitherto reared: perhaps some popular superstition of immemorial time (such as the soul-superstition, which, in the form of subject- and ego-superstition, has not yet ceased doing mischief): perhaps some play upon words, a deception on the part of grammar, or an audacious generalization of very restricted, very personal, very human--all-too-human facts. The philosophy of the dogmatists, it is to be hoped, was only a promise for thousands of years afterwards, as was astrology in still earlier times, in the service of which probably more labour, gold, acuteness, and patience have been spent than on any actual science hitherto: we owe to it, and to its "super-terrestrial" pretensions in Asia and Egypt, the grand style of architecture. It seems that in order to inscribe themselves upon the heart of humanity with everlasting claims, all great things have first to wander about the earth as enormous and awe-inspiring caricatures: dogmatic philosophy has been a caricature of this kind--for instance, the Vedanta doctrine in Asia, and Platonism in Europe. Let us not be ungrateful to it, although it must certainly be confessed that the worst, the most tiresome,

and the most dangerous of errors hitherto has been a dogmatist error--namely, Plato's invention of Pure Spirit and the Good in Itself. But now when it has been surmounted, when Europe, rid of this nightmare, can again draw breath freely and at least enjoy a healthier--sleep, we, WHOSE DUTY IS WAKEFULNESS ITSELF, are the heirs of all the strength which the struggle against this error has fostered. It amounted to the very inversion of truth, and the denial of the PERSPECTIVE--the fundamental condition--of life, to speak of Spirit and the Good as Plato spoke of them; indeed one might ask, as a physician: "How did such a malady attack that finest product of antiquity, Plato? Had the wicked Socrates really corrupted him? Was Socrates after all a corrupter of youths, and deserved his hemlock?" But the struggle against Plato, or--to speak plainer, and for the "people"--the struggle against the ecclesiastical oppression of millenniums of Christianity (FOR CHRISTIANITY IS PLATONISM FOR THE "PEOPLE"), produced in Europe a magnificent tension of soul, such as had not existed anywhere previously; with such a tensely strained bow one can now aim at the furthest goals. As a matter of fact, the European feels this tension as a state of distress, and twice attempts have been made in grand style to unbend the bow: once by means of Jesuitism, and the second time by means of democratic enlightenment--which, with the aid of liberty of the press and newspaper-reading, might, in fact, bring it about that the spirit would not so easily find itself in "distress"! (The Germans invented gunpowder--all credit to them! but they again made things square--they invented printing.) But we, who are neither Jesuits, nor democrats, nor even sufficiently Germans, we GOOD EUROPEANS, and free, VERY free spirits--we have it still, all the distress of spirit and all the tension of its bow! And perhaps also the arrow, the duty, and, who knows? THE GOAL TO AIM AT.... Sils Maria Upper Engadine, JUNE, 1885.

CHAPTER I. PREJUDICES OF PHILOSOPHERS 1. The Will to Truth, which is to tempt us to many a hazardous enterprise, the famous Truthfulness of which all philosophers have hitherto spoken with respect, what questions has this Will to Truth not laid before us! What strange, perplexing, questionable questions! It is already a long story; yet it seems as if it were hardly commenced. Is it any wonder if we at last grow distrustful, lose patience, and turn impatiently away? That this Sphinx teaches us at last to ask questions ourselves? WHO is it really that puts questions to us here? WHAT really is this "Will to Truth" in us? In fact we made a long halt at the question as to the origin of this Will--until at last we came to an absolute standstill before a yet more fundamental question. We inquired about the VALUE of this Will. Granted that we want the truth: WHY NOT RATHER untruth? And uncertainty? Even ignorance? The problem of the value of truth presented itself before us--or was it we who presented ourselves before the problem? Which of us is the Oedipus here? Which the Sphinx? It would seem to be a rendezvous of questions and notes of interrogation. And could it be believed that it at last seems to us as if the problem had never been propounded before, as if we were the first to discern it, get a sight of it, and RISK RAISING it? For there is risk

and cupidity. physiological demands. and nowhere else!"--This mode of reasoning discloses the typical prejudice by which metaphysicians of all times can be recognized. in the intransitory. and having read between their lines long enough. this mode of valuation is at the back of all their logical procedure. they cannot have their source. they exert themselves for their "knowledge. was most necessary). to borrow an expression current among painters. the reverse of those hitherto prevalent--philosophers of the dangerous "Perhaps" in every sense of the term. paltry world. to the will to delusion." As little as the act of birth comes into consideration in the whole process and procedure of heredity. worse than a fool. things of the highest value must have a different origin. the positive.in raising it. and the unselfish. through this "belief" of theirs." The fundamental belief of metaphysicians is THE BELIEF IN ANTITHESES OF VALUES. and secondly. there are valuations. whether the popular valuations and antitheses of value upon which metaphysicians have set their seal. perhaps there is no greater risk. merely provisional perspectives. that the certain is worth more than the uncertain. whether antitheses exist at all. it might be possible that a higher and more fundamental value for life generally should be assigned to pretence. might notwithstanding be only superficial valuations. the greater part of the conscious thinking of a philosopher is secretly influenced by his instincts. as one learned anew about heredity and "innateness. And behind all logic and its seeming sovereignty of movement. and crocheted to these evil and apparently opposed things--perhaps even in being essentially identical with them. special kinds of _niaiserie_. one has here to learn anew. Perhaps! But who wishes to concern himself with such dangerous "Perhapses"! For that investigation one must await the advent of a new order of philosophers. It might even be possible that WHAT constitutes the value of those good and respected things. I see such new philosophers beginning to appear. illusory. perhaps from below--"frog perspectives. in spite of their regulative importance for US. truth out of error? or the Will to Truth out of the will to deception? or the generous deed out of selfishness? or the pure sun-bright vision of the wise man out of covetousness? Such genesis is impossible. or to speak more plainly. though they had made a solemn vow. Having kept a sharp eye on philosophers. I now say to myself that the greater part of conscious thinking must be counted among the instinctive functions. to selfishness. in the 'Thing-in-itself--THERE must be their source. besides being probably made from some corner. In spite of all the value which may belong to the true. in the concealed God. But rather in the lap of Being. in this turmoil of delusion and cupidity. It never occurred even to the wariest of them to doubt here on the very threshold (where doubt. 3." for something that is in the end solemnly christened "the Truth. and it is so even in the case of philosophical thinking. And to speak in all seriousness." as it were. consists precisely in their being insidiously related. 2. whoever dreams of it is a fool. nay. "HOW COULD anything originate out of its opposite? For example." For it may be doubted. "DE OMNIBUS DUBITANDUM. for the maintenance of a definite mode of life For example. are not perhaps merely superficial estimates. such as will have other tastes and inclinations. however. firstly. knotted. such as may
. seductive. an origin of THEIR own--in this transitory. and forced into definite channels. that illusion is less valuable than "truth" such valuations. just as little is "being-conscious" OPPOSED to the instinctive in any decisive sense.

generally astute defenders. They all pose as though their real opinions had been discovered and attained through the self-evolving of a cold. species-preserving. still more so. Or. 5. that Pallas Athene:--how much of personal timidity and vulnerability does this masquerade of a sickly recluse betray! 6. also. that is certainly to impugn the traditional ideas of value in a dangerous manner.--but that there is not enough honest dealing with them. the "love of HIS wisdom. The question is. fairer and foolisher. equally stiff and decent. man could not live--that the renunciation of false opinions would be a renunciation of life. Supposing. and we are fundamentally inclined to maintain that the falsest opinions (to which the synthetic judgments a priori belong). is not the oft-repeated discovery how innocent they are--how often and easily they make mistakes and lose their way. a prejudiced proposition. as it were. divinely indifferent dialectic (in contrast to all sorts of mystics. in effect. The falseness of an opinion is not for us any objection to it: it is here. to understand how the abstrusest metaphysical assertions of a philosopher have been arrived at. perhaps to warn friend or foe. that our new language sounds most strangely. very far from having the good taste of the courage which goes so far as to let this be understood. which they dub "truths. They are all advocates who do not wish to be regarded as such. that man is not just the "measure of things. has thereby alone placed itself beyond good and evil. without a comparison of reality with the purely IMAGINED world of the absolute and immutable. a negation of life." to translate the term fairly and squarely--in order thereby to strike terror at once into the heart of the assailant who should dare to cast a glance on that invincible maiden. perhaps. with which he entices us into the dialectic by-ways that lead (more correctly mislead) to his "categorical imperative"--makes us fastidious ones smile. whereas. are the most indispensable to us. is defended by them with arguments sought out after the event. the confession of its originator. clad his philosophy in mail and mask--in fact."--and VERY far from having the conscience which bravely admits this to itself. pure. and a species of involuntary and unconscious auto-biography. who. how childish and childlike they are. without a constant counterfeiting of the world by means of numbers. how far an opinion is life-furthering. whereas they all raise a loud and virtuous outcry when the problem of truthfulness is even hinted at in the remotest manner. it is always well (and wise) to first ask oneself: "What morality do they (or does he) aim at?" Accordingly. TO RECOGNISE UNTRUTH AS A CONDITION OF LIFE.be necessary for the maintenance of beings such as ourselves. or in cheerful confidence and self-ridicule. by means of which Spinoza has." which is generally their heart's desire abstracted and refined. or "suggestion. that without a recognition of logical fictions. Indeed. That which causes philosophers to be regarded half-distrustfully and half-mockingly. and a philosophy which ventures to do so. of their prejudices.
. perhaps species-rearing. in short. It has gradually become clear to me what every great philosophy up till now has consisted of--namely. life-preserving." 4. in fact. we who find no small amusement in spying out the subtle tricks of old moralists and ethical preachers. The spectacle of the Tartuffery of old Kant. and moreover that the moral (or immoral) purpose in every philosophy has constituted the true vital germ out of which the entire plant has always grown. talk of "inspiration"). idea. the hocus-pocus in mathematical form.

and as SUCH. 9. perhaps. or a chemist. will find that they have all practiced philosophy at one time or another. there is nothing genuine about them" (for Dionysiokolax was a popular name for an actor). besides this." means
. Pulcher et fortissimus. or in money-making. a mushroom specialist.I do not believe that an "impulse to knowledge" is the father of philosophy. attempts to philosophize. or in politics. there there may really be such a thing as an "impulse to knowledge. independent clock-work. who sat concealed in his little garden at Athens. preferring. when well wound up. it is. who knows! Greece took a hundred years to find out who the garden-god Epicurus really was. How malicious philosophers can be! I know of nothing more stinging than the joke Epicurus took the liberty of making on Plato and the Platonists. you noble Stoics. are generally in quite another direction--in the family. and wrote three hundred books. without purpose or consideration. boundlessly indifferent. "They are all ACTORS. in the case of really scientific men. in what order the deepest impulses of his nature stand to each other. the word signifies "Flatterers of Dionysius"--consequently. has only made use of knowledge (and mistaken knowledge!) as an instrument. In its original sense. works away industriously to that end. endeavouring to be different? And granted that your imperative. The actual "interests" of the scholar. the mise en scene style of which Plato and his scholars were masters--of which Epicurus was not a master! He. There is a point in every philosophy at which the "conviction" of the philosopher appears on the scene. To be sure. and that each one of them would have been only too glad to look upon itself as the ultimate end of existence and the legitimate LORD over all the other impulses. in fact. boundlessly extravagant. in the case of scholars. here as elsewhere. "living according to Nature. therefore." if you will. to put it in the words of an ancient mystery: Adventavit asinus. at once fruitful and barren and uncertain: imagine to yourselves INDIFFERENCE as a power--how COULD you live in accordance with such indifference? To live--is not that just endeavouring to be otherwise than this Nature? Is not living valuing. almost indifferent at what point of research his little machine is placed. being unjust. being limited. perhaps out of rage and ambitious envy of Plato. there is absolutely nothing impersonal. tyrants' accessories and lick-spittles. but that another impulse. In the philosopher.--that is to say. he called them Dionysiokolakes. You desire to LIVE "according to Nature"? Oh. he is not CHARACTERISED by becoming this or that. And the latter is really the malignant reproach that Epicurus cast upon Plato: he was annoyed by the grandiose manner. his morality furnishes a decided and decisive testimony as to WHO HE IS. WITHOUT the rest of the scholarly impulses taking any material part therein. and on the face of it. Did she ever find out? 8. what fraud of words! Imagine to yourselves a being like Nature. the old school-teacher of Samos. which." some kind of small. For every impulse is imperious. 7. on the contrary. without pity or justice. and above all. or. however. But whoever considers the fundamental impulses of man with a view to determining how far they may have here acted as INSPIRING GENII (or as demons and cobolds). it may be otherwise--"better. it is as much as to say. and whether the hopeful young worker becomes a good philologist.

there may even be puritanical fanatics of conscience. It always creates the world in its own image. But that is Nihilism. a disgust of the more refined taste at the village-fair motleyness and patchiness of all these reality-philosophasters. so persistently." in that they rank the credibility of their own bodies about as low as the credibility of the ocular evidence that "the earth stands still." the will to the causa prima. to be otherwise with stronger and livelier thinkers who are still eager for life. cannot certainly boast of the sharpest ears.. eternal glorification and generalism of Stoicism! With all your love for truth. in whom there is nothing either new or true. perhaps the "immortal soul. furnishes food for thought and attention. mortally wearied soul. with which the problem of "the real and the apparent world" is dealt with at present throughout Europe. it cannot do otherwise. which can no longer endure the BRIC-A-BRAC of ideas of the most varied origin.actually the same as "living according to life"--how could you do DIFFERENTLY? Why should you make a principle out of what you yourselves are. and with such hypnotic rigidity to see Nature FALSELY. that is to say." perhaps "the old God. to Nature herself. than by "modern ideas"? There is DISTRUST of these modern ideas in this mode of looking at things. as a vast. philosophy is this tyrannical impulse itself. 10." and thus. such as so-called Positivism at present throws on the market. apparently. as soon as ever a philosophy begins to believe in itself. a disbelief in all that has been constructed yesterday and today. more vigorously and more joyously. and he who hears only a "Will to Truth" in the background. But this is an old and everlasting story: what happened in old times with the Stoics still happens today. rather than in an uncertain something. it is quite otherwise with you: while you pretend to read with rapture the canon of your law in Nature. you want something quite the contrary. notwithstanding the courageous bearing such a virtue may display. Stoically. and the sign of a despairing. who prefer to put their last trust in a sure nothing. the most spiritual Will to Power. that is to say. The eagerness and subtlety. Therein it seems to me that we should agree with those skeptical anti-realists and
. you insist that it shall be Nature "according to the Stoa. allowing with complacency their securest possession to escape (for what does one at present believe in more firmly than in one's body?). some unfathomable superciliousness gives you the Bedlamite hope that BECAUSE you are able to tyrannize over yourselves--Stoicism is self-tyranny--Nature will also allow herself to be tyrannized over: is not the Stoic a PART of Nature?. there is perhaps some slight admixture of satiety and scorn. and speak superciliously of "perspective. you have forced yourselves so long. In that they side AGAINST appearance. ideas by which they could live better.--who knows if they are not really trying to win back something which was formerly an even securer possession. a metaphysician's ambition of the forlorn hope--has participated therein: that which in the end always prefers a handful of "certainty" to a whole cartload of beautiful possibilities. however.. it may really have happened that such a Will to Truth--a certain extravagant and adventurous pluck. and to incorporate them therein. and nothing else." in short. and must be? In reality." and would like everything to be made after your own image. that you are no longer able to see it otherwise--and to crown all. It seems. I should even say craftiness. In rare and isolated cases. you extraordinary stage-players and self-deluders! In your pride you wish to dictate your morals and ideals to Nature. however. except this motleyness. something of the old domain of the faith of former times. the will to "creation of the world.

and thereby gratified the most earnest longings of the naturally pious-inclined Germans. and on the eager rivalry of the younger generation to discover if possible something--at all events "new faculties"--of which to be still prouder!--But let us reflect for a moment--it is high time to do so.. or even treat it with moral indignation. "How are synthetic judgments a PRIORI possible?" by another question. is unrefuted." Let us only understand this "could be"! He was proud of having DISCOVERED a new faculty in man. All the young theologians of the Tubingen institution went immediately into the groves--all seeking for "faculties. Enough. and first and foremost--old Kant. what do their retrograde by-paths concern us! The main thing about them is NOT that they wish to go "back. Quia est in eo virtus dormitiva. A time came when people rubbed their foreheads. and the jubilation reached its climax when Kant further discovered a moral faculty in man--for at that time Germans were still moral. swing. it is high time that we should understand
. or at least meant to say. the development and rapid flourishing of German philosophy depended nevertheless on his pride. however--the world grew older. rich. in hoary and senile conceptions). One can do no greater wrong to the whole of this exuberant and eccentric movement (which was really youthfulness." Then came the honeymoon of German philosophy. But such replies belong to the realm of comedy. Granting that he deceived himself in this matter. with it in his hand he said: "This is the most difficult thing that could ever be undertaken on behalf of metaphysics. the malicious fairy.. Kant was first and foremost proud of his Table of Categories. when one could not yet distinguish between "finding" and "inventing"! Above all a faculty for the "transcendental". but so circumstantially. that one altogether loses sight of the comical niaiserie allemande involved in such an answer. A little MORE strength. replies the doctor in Moliere. "How are synthetic judgments a priori POSSIBLE?" Kant asks himself--and what is really his answer? "BY MEANS OF A MEANS (faculty)"--but unfortunately not in five words. piped and sang. and artistic power. which repels them from MODERN reality. But. and with such display of German profundity and verbal flourishes. than to take it seriously. intellectual intuition. People had been dreaming. imposingly. notwithstanding that it disguised itself so boldly." but that they wish to get AWAY therefrom.knowledge-microscopists of the present day. their instinct. and they still rub them today. not yet dabbling in the "Politics of hard fact. is that--an answer? An explanation? Or is it not rather merely a repetition of the question? How does opium induce sleep? "By means of a means (faculty). People were beside themselves with delight over this new faculty. Schelling christened it. courage. "Why is belief in such judgments necessary?"--in effect." namely the virtus dormitiva. It seems to me that there is everywhere an attempt at present to divert attention from the actual influence which Kant exercised on German philosophy. Cujus est natura sensus assoupire. the faculty of synthetic judgment a priori. "By means of a means (faculty)"--he had said. to which Romanticism. and especially to ignore prudently the value which he set upon himself." And what did they not find--in that innocent. and the dream vanished. and still youthful period of the German spirit. and it is high time to replace the Kantian question. and they would be OFF--and not back! 11.

for the sake of the preservation of creatures like ourselves. as a monad. eternal. the virtuous. the belief in their truth is necessary. and particle-atom: it is the greatest triumph over the senses that has hitherto been gained on earth. As regards materialistic atomism. and the political obscurantists of all nations. to call to mind the enormous influence which "German philosophy"--I hope you understand its right to inverted commas (goosefeet)?--has exercised throughout the whole of Europe. and thus renounce one of the oldest and most venerated hypotheses--as happens frequently to the clumsiness of naturalists." want henceforth to have legitimate rights in science. as an atomon: this belief ought to be expelled from science! Between ourselves. in short--"sensus assoupire. 13. more plainly spoken. however. who can hardly touch on the soul without immediately losing it. relentless war to the knife. it was a delight to the noble idlers." in the earth-residuum. that the earth does NOT stand fast. indivisible. as it were. he is really. Let it be permitted to designate by this expression the belief which regards the soul as something indestructible. of course. In that the NEW psychologist is about to put an end to the superstitions which have hitherto flourished with almost tropical luxuriance around the idea of the soul. 12. however. as plausible belief and ocular evidence belonging to the perspective view of life. it is one of the best-refuted theories that have been advanced. and roughly and readily--synthetic judgments a priori should not "be possible" at all. there is no doubt that a certain VIRTUS DORMITIVA had a share in it. he finds that precisely thereby he is also condemned to INVENT--and. the artiste. like the more celebrated "metaphysical requirements": one must also above all give the finishing stroke to that other and more portentous atomism which Christianity has taught best and longest. though they still might naturally be false judgments! Or.." and "soul as social structure of the instincts and passions. eventually. to find an antidote to the still overwhelming sensualism which overflowed from the last century into this. it is not at all necessary to get rid of "the soul" thereby. and in Europe there is now perhaps no one in the learned world so unscholarly as to attach serious signification to it. except for convenient everyday use (as an abbreviation of the means of expression)--thanks chiefly to the Pole Boscovich: he and the Pole Copernicus have hitherto been the greatest and most successful opponents of ocular evidence. For while Copernicus has persuaded us to believe." in "matter. go still further. Boscovich has taught us to abjure the belief in the last thing that "stood fast" of the earth--the belief in "substance.. contrary to all the senses. we have no right to them." and "soul of subjective multiplicity. One must.". Psychologists should bethink themselves before putting down the instinct of self-preservation as the cardinal instinct of an organic being. and also declare war. in our mouths they are nothing but false judgments. who knows? perhaps to DISCOVER the new. the mystics.that such judgments must be believed to be true. thanks to German philosophy. and such conceptions as "mortal soul. against the "atomistic requirements" which still lead a dangerous after-life in places where no one suspects them. And finally. But the way is open for new acceptations and refinements of the soul-hypothesis. thrusting himself into a new desert and a new distrust--it is possible that the older psychologists had a merrier and more comfortable time of it. the SOUL-ATOMISM. the three-fourths Christians. A living thing seeks above all to DISCHARGE its strength--life
. Only.

here." involve a CONTRADICTIO IN ADJECTO. and interpreting of the world in the manner of Plato. It is perhaps just dawning on five or six minds that natural philosophy is only a world-exposition and world-arrangement (according to us. at least as regulative hypothesis." without any falsification taking place either on the part of the subject or the object. To study physiology with a clear conscience. self-preservation is only one of the indirect and most frequent RESULTS thereof. with their principle of the "smallest possible effort. "I think. In this overcoming of the world." and the greatest possible blunder. as an explanation. however. there was an ENJOYMENT different from that which the physicists of today offer us--and likewise the Darwinists and anti-teleologists among the physiological workers. "I will". 15. There are still harmless self-observers who believe that there are "immediate certainties". but it may notwithstanding be the right imperative for a hardy. and CONVINCINGLY upon an age with fundamentally plebeian tastes--in fact. let us beware of SUPERFLUOUS teleological principles!--one of which is the instinct of self-preservation (we owe it to Spinoza's inconsistency). It has eyes and fingers of its own. as such they certainly could not be causes! Sensualism. it follows instinctively the canon of truth of eternal popular sensualism. the charm of the Platonic mode of thought. which was an ARISTOCRATIC mode. who have nothing but ROUGH work to perform. for instance. it is regarded as more. but in so far as it is based on belief in the senses. as though cognition here got hold of its object purely and simply as "the thing in itself. if I may say so!) and NOT a world-explanation. however. the external world is NOT the work of our organs--? 16. but who knew how to find a higher triumph in remaining masters of them: and this by means of pale.itself is WILL TO POWER. consisted precisely in RESISTANCE to obvious sense-evidence--perhaps among men who enjoyed even stronger and more fastidious senses than our contemporaries. as Plato said. "Where there is nothing more to see or to grasp. 14. grey conceptional networks which they threw over the motley whirl of the senses--the mob of the senses. persuasively. we really ought to free ourselves from the misleading significance of words! The people on their part may think that cognition is knowing all about things. in effect. but the philosopher
. if not as heuristic principle. and for a long time to come must be regarded as more--namely. would be the work of our organs! But then our organs themselves would be the work of our organs! It seems to me that this is a complete REDUCTIO AD ABSURDUM. that method ordains. a hundred times. In short. if the conception CAUSA SUI is something fundamentally absurd." or as the superstition of Schopenhauer puts it. there is also nothing more for men to do"--that is certainly an imperative different from the Platonic one. I would repeat it. It is thus." as well as "absolute knowledge" and the "thing in itself. it has ocular evidence and palpableness of its own: this operates fascinatingly. What is clear. one must insist on the fact that the sense-organs are not phenomena in the sense of the idealistic philosophy. as everywhere else. laborious race of machinists and bridge-builders of the future. What? And others say even that the external world is the work of our organs? But then our body. that "immediate certainty. which must be essentially economy of principles. what is "explained"? Only that which can be seen and felt--one must pursue every problem thus far. cold. Obversely. as a part of this external world. Consequently. therefore.

that thinking is an activity and operation on the part of a being who is thought of as a cause.' it has. More rigorous minds. Philosophers are accustomed to speak of the will as though it were the best-known thing in the world. learnt at last to get along without this "earth-residuum. and certain"--will encounter a smile and two notes of interrogation in a philosopher nowadays.' and finally.. is true. 19.. It seems that the hundred-times-refuted theory of the "free will" owes its persistence to this charm alone. and finally of an 'ego' as cause of thought?" He who ventures to answer these metaphysical questions at once by an appeal to a sort of INTUITIVE perception. an assertion. but why should it be the truth?" 17. on account of this retrospective connection with further 'knowledge. at any rate. "Sir. it is precisely thereby that it attracts the more subtle minds. by what standard could I determine whether that which is just happening is not perhaps 'willing' or 'feeling'? In short. consequently". no immediate certainty for me. to get along without the little "one" (to which the worthy old "ego" has refined itself). which is unwillingly recognized by these credulous minds--namely. absolutely and
. "I think." the philosopher will perhaps give him to understand. like the person who says. at least. 18. the assertion 'I think." After all.' I find a whole series of daring assertions. that there must necessarily be something that thinks.' and even of an 'ego' as cause. and know that this. but that this "one" is precisely the famous old "ego. that a thought comes when "it" wishes. Schopenhauer has given us to understand that the will alone is really known to us. and does not belong to the process itself. that there is an 'ego. in order to determine what it is. that it is _I_ who think. one has even gone too far with this "one thinks"--even the "one" contains an INTERPRETATION of the process. "it is improbable that you are not mistaken. actual. terse fact. only a supposition. however." and perhaps some day we shall accustom ourselves. perhaps impossible: for instance. the argumentative proof of which would be difficult." the material particle wherein it resides and out of which it operates--the atom. so that it is a PERVERSION of the facts of the case to say that the subject "I" is the condition of the predicate "think."--In place of the "immediate certainty" in which the people may believe in the special case. every activity requires an agency that is active. and assuredly not an "immediate certainty. besides the operating "power.must say to himself: "When I analyze the process that is expressed in the sentence. the philosopher thus finds a series of metaphysical questions presented to him.' assumes that I COMPARE my state at the present moment with other states of myself which I know. to put it mildly. With regard to the superstitions of logicians. I shall never tire of emphasizing a small. even from the logician's point of view. It is certainly not the least charm of a theory that it is refutable. and not when "I" wish." is. that it is already determined what is to be designated by thinking--that I KNOW what thinking is. indeed. One infers here according to the usual grammatical formula--"To think is an activity. to wit: "Whence did I get the notion of 'thinking'? Why do I believe in cause and effect? What gives me the right to speak of an 'ego." ONE thinks. It was pretty much on the same lines that the older atomism sought. some one is always appearing who feels himself strong enough to refute it. veritable conscience questions of the intellect. 'I think. For if I had not already decided within myself what it is.

But it again and again seems to me that in this case Schopenhauer also only did what philosophers are in the habit of doing--he seems to have adopted a POPULAR PREJUDICE and exaggerated it." as if the will would then remain over! In the third place." commences its action by force of habit. impulsion. even without our putting in motion "arms and legs. which. let us be "unphilosophical": let us say that in all willing there is firstly a plurality of sensations. But now let us notice what is the strangest thing about the will. Willing seems to me to be above all something COMPLICATED. he who wills believes with a fair amount of certainty that will and action are somehow one. without deduction or addition." the sensation of this "FROM" and "TOWARDS" itself.completely known. just as sensations (and indeed many kinds of sensations) are to be recognized as ingredients of the will. the will is not only a complex of sensation and thinking. pressure. A man who WILLS commands something within himself which renders obedience. has become attached to the act of willing--to such a degree that he who wills believes firmly that willing SUFFICES for action. resistance. Inasmuch as in the given circumstances we are at the same time the commanding AND the obeying parties. our body is but a social structure composed of many souls--to his feelings of delight as commander." the inward certainty that obedience will be rendered--and whatever else pertains to the position of the commander. and as the obeying party we know the sensations of constraint.--and let us not imagine it possible to sever this thought from the "willing. the APPEARANCE has translated itself into the sentiment. In this way the person exercising volition adds the feelings of delight of his successful executive instruments. we are accustomed to disregard this duality. in a word. and to deceive ourselves about it by means of the synthetic term "I": a whole series of erroneous conclusions. Since in the majority of cases there has only been exercise of will when the effect of the command--consequently obedience. the carrying out of the willing. and then besides. 'he' must obey"--this consciousness is inherent in every will. enjoys also the triumph over obstacles. who commands and at the same time identifies himself with the executor of the order--who. and consequently of false judgments about the will itself. thinking is also to be recognized. L'EFFET
. in the second place. directly we "will" anything. so. which has got the mastery over the inadequate precautions of philosophers in all ages. but thinks within himself that it was really his own will that overcame them. and therefore action--was to be EXPECTED. to the will itself. the unconditional judgment that "this and nothing else is necessary now." the sensation of the condition "TOWARDS WHICH we go.--this affair so extremely complex. inasmuch as. which usually commence immediately after the act of will. in every act of the will there is a ruling thought. as if there were a NECESSITY OF EFFECT. So let us for once be more cautious. on the other hand. the useful "underwills" or under-souls--indeed. as such. something that is a unity only in name--and it is precisely in a name that popular prejudice lurks. or which he believes renders obedience. but it is above all an EMOTION. namely. the straight look which fixes itself exclusively on one thing. and thereby enjoys an increase of the sensation of power which accompanies all success. and in fact the emotion of the command. an accompanying muscular sensation. "Freedom of Will"--that is the expression for the complex state of delight of the person exercising volition. for which the people have only one name. he ascribes the success. Therefore. and equally so the straining of the attention. the sensation of the condition "AWAY FROM WHICH we go. That which is termed "freedom of the will" is essentially the emotion of supremacy in respect to him who must obey: "I am free. and motion.

chance." and will be found on paths of thought different from those of the Indo-Germans and Mussulmans. Under an invisible spell. the innate methodology and relationship of their ideas. ancestors. Greek. with more than Munchausen daring. and also put out of his head the contrary of this monstrous conception of "free will": I mean "non-free will. such as still holds sway. The CAUSA SUI is the best self-contradiction that has yet been conceived. out of which those ideas formerly grew: philosophizing is so far a kind of atavism of the highest order. they always revolve once more in the same orbit. One
. in fact. on the basis. Their thinking is. it is a sort of logical violation and unnaturalness. to pull oneself up into existence by the hair. The wonderful family resemblance of all Indian. what happens here is what happens in every well-constructed and happy commonwealth. just as the way seems barred against certain other possibilities of world-interpretation. metaphysical sense. I beg of him to carry his "enlightenment" a step further. the spell of certain grammatical functions is ultimately also the spell of PHYSIOLOGICAL valuations and racial conditions. in the minds of the half-educated. the desire to bear the entire and ultimate responsibility for one's actions oneself. something within them leads them. involves nothing less than to be precisely this CAUSA SUI. In fact. namely. a remembering. far less a discovery than a re-recognizing. out of the slough of nothingness. something impels them in definite order the one after the other--to wit.--So much by way of rejecting Locke's superficiality with regard to the origin of ideas. as already said. but the extravagant pride of man has managed to entangle itself profoundly and frightfully with this very folly. and society therefrom. that. however independent of each other they may feel themselves with their critical or systematic wills. the world. If any one should find out in this manner the crass stupidity of the celebrated conception of "free will" and put it out of his head altogether. owing to the common philosophy of grammar--I mean owing to the unconscious domination and guidance of similar grammatical functions--it cannot but be that everything is prepared at the outset for a similar development and succession of philosophical systems. where there is affinity of language. but grow up in connection and relationship with each other. a return and a home-coming to a far-off. on which account a philosopher should claim the right to include willing-as-such within the sphere of morals--regarded as the doctrine of the relations of supremacy under which the phenomenon of "life" manifests itself. 21. The desire for "freedom of will" in the superlative. however suddenly and arbitrarily they seem to appear in the history of thought. In all willing it is absolutely a question of commanding and obeying. they nevertheless belong just as much to a system as the collective members of the fauna of a Continent--is betrayed in the end by the circumstance: how unfailingly the most diverse philosophers always fill in again a definite fundamental scheme of POSSIBLE philosophies. 20. that the governing class identifies itself with the successes of the commonwealth." which is tantamount to a misuse of cause and effect. and German philosophizing is easily enough explained. of a social structure composed of many "souls". ancient common-household of the soul. and to absolve God.C'EST MOI. It is highly probable that philosophers within the domain of the Ural-Altaic languages (where the conception of the subject is least developed) look otherwise "into the world. and. That the separate philosophical ideas are not anything optional or autonomously evolving. unfortunately.

The latter." 22. as an old philologist who cannot desist from the mischief of putting his finger on bad modes of interpretation. Let me be pardoned." It is no matter of fact. law. And as a matter of fact. and when we interpret and intermix this symbol-world. are in the habit at present of taking the side of criminals. as conventional fictions for the purpose of designation and mutual understanding. and somebody might come along. but "Nature's conformity to law." manifests something of compulsion. that almost every word. there "law" does not obtain. it exists only owing to your interpretation and bad "philology. not text. because laws obtain in it. that it has a "necessary" and "calculable" course. when a thinker." and with regard to the same phenomena. and purpose. also.should not wrongly MATERIALISE "cause" and "effect. we act once more as we have always acted--MYTHOLOGICALLY. And in general. as though--why. "Ni dieu. with which you make abundant concessions to the democratic instincts of the modern soul! "Everywhere equality before the law--Nature is not different in that respect. who. it is suspicious to have such feelings--the person betrays himself." of "necessity. in real life it is only a question of STRONG and WEAK wills. that is interpretation. sequence. if I have observed correctly. in every "causal-connection" and "psychological necessity. It is WE alone who have devised cause. namely. In "being-in-itself" there is nothing of "casual-connection. and the word "tyranny" itself. just the tyrannically inconsiderate and relentless enforcement of the claims of power--an interpreter who should so place the unexceptionalness and unconditionalness of all "Will to Power" before your eyes. and owing to an inward self-contempt. The "non-free will" is mythology. as "being-in-itself. that is ITS "good taste. seek to GET OUT OF THE BUSINESS.--NOT for explanation. ni maitre"--that. would eventually seem unsuitable." as the natural philosophers do (and whoever like them naturalize in thinking at present). as has been said. end by asserting the same about this world as you do. but always in a profoundly PERSONAL manner: some will not give up their "responsibility. others on the contrary. no matter how. but because they are
. do not wish to be answerable for anything. oppression." with things. with opposite intentions and modes of interpretation. could read out of the same "Nature. however.--It is almost always a symptom of what is lacking in himself. indigence. number. the fatalism of the weak-willed embellishes itself surprisingly when it can pose as "la religion de la souffrance humaine"." or of "psychological non-freedom". or like a weakening and softening metaphor--as being too human. nevertheless. there the effect does NOT follow the cause." but rather just a naively humanitarian adjustment and perversion of meaning. freedom. the "non-freedom of the will" is regarded as a problem from two entirely opposite standpoints. nor better than we": a fine instance of secret motive. motive. reciprocity. obsequiousness. the personal right to THEIR merits. when they write books. in which the vulgar antagonism to everything privileged and autocratic--likewise a second and more refined atheism--is once more disguised. one should use "cause" and "effect" only as pure CONCEPTIONS." of which you physicists talk so proudly. relativity. according to the prevailing mechanical doltishness which makes the cause press and push until it "effects" its end. at any price (the vain races belong to this class). NOT. constraint. that is to say. and non-freedom. a sort of socialistic sympathy is their favourite disguise. and who should. or blamed for anything. no "text. is what you want." their belief in THEMSELVES. and therefore "Cheers for natural law!"--is it not so? But.

our thoughts a godlike desire for wanton pranks and wrong inferences!--how from the beginning. and there are in fact a hundred good reasons why every one should keep away from it who CAN do so! On the other hand. it has not dared to launch out into the depths. If. so much the better. blinding. on the contrary!--will at least be entitled to demand in return that psychology shall once more be recognized as the queen of the sciences. it seems as if nobody had yet harboured the notion of psychology as the Morphology and DEVELOPMENT-DOCTRINE OF THE WILL TO POWER. well! very good! now let us set our teeth firmly! let us open our eyes and keep our hand fast on the helm! We sail away right OVER morality. O sancta simplicitiatas! In what strange simplification and falsification man lives! One can never cease wondering when once one has got eyes for beholding this marvel! How we have made everything around us clear and free and easy and simple! how we have been able to give our senses a passport to everything superficial. be further developed if life is to be further developed). and the psychologist who thus "makes a sacrifice"--it is not the sacrifizio dell' intelletto. the world apparently most indifferent and unprejudiced. a person should regard even the emotions of hatred. evidence of that which has hitherto been kept silent. causes (as refined immorality) distress and aversion in a still strong and manly conscience--still more so. in the general economy of life (which must. heartiness. Granted that this also is only interpretation--and you will be eager enough to make this objection?--well. Never yet did a PROFOUNDER world of insight reveal itself to daring travelers and adventurers. we destroy perhaps the remains of our own morality by daring to make our voyage thither--but what do WE matter. envy. A proper physio-psychology has to contend with unconscious antagonism in the heart of the investigator. thoughtlessness. For psychology is once more the path to the fundamental problems. obstructive. therefore. fundamentally and essentially. the will to knowledge on the foundation of a far more powerful
. as I conceive of it. a doctrine of the derivation of all good impulses from bad ones. covetousness. and distorting manner. and imperiousness as life-conditioning emotions. he will suffer from such a view of things as from sea-sickness. 23. if one has once drifted hither with one's bark. granite-like foundation of ignorance could knowledge rear itself hitherto. and every power effects its ultimate consequences every moment. and gaiety--in order to enjoy life! And only on this solidified. we crush out.absolutely LACKING. imprudence. however. In so far as it is allowable to recognize in that which has hitherto been written. we have contrived to retain our ignorance in order to enjoy an almost inconceivable freedom. and has obviously operated in an injurious. All psychology hitherto has run aground on moral prejudices and timidities. as factors which must be present. And yet this hypothesis is far from being the strangest and most painful in this immense and almost new domain of dangerous knowledge. for whose service and equipment the other sciences exist. THE FREE SPIRIT 24.
CHAPTER II. it has "the heart" against it even a doctrine of the reciprocal conditionalness of the "good" and the "bad" impulses. The power of moral prejudices has penetrated deeply into the most intellectual world.

thoroughly artificial. a serious word would fain be heard. refined vengeance-seekers and poison-Brewers (just lay bare the foundation of Spinoza's ethics and theology!). as living itself. Here and there we understand it. his "sacrifice for the sake of truth. expulsion. it is equally to be hoped that the incarnated Tartuffery of morals. ye know that hitherto no philosopher has carried his point. Messrs Loafers and Cobweb-spinners of the spirit! Finally. which cannot be waged openly by means of force! How PERSONAL does a long fear make one. that it is necessary with such a desire to be clear WHAT spectacle one will see in any case--merely a satyric play. the free. will not get over its awkwardness. that LANGUAGE. it loves life! 25. with regard to many a philosopher it is easy to understand the dangerous desire to see him also in his deterioration (deteriorated into a "martyr. because. and perhaps without being themselves aware of it. that ye may be mistaken for what you are. which also gives you the right still to remain good in any sense whatsoever! How poisonous. here as elsewhere. animalizes. Only. and brutalizes. how bad. real tragedy IS AT AN END. whether it will or not." forces into the light whatever of the agitator and actor lurks in him. the garden with golden trellis-work! And have people around you who are as a garden--or as music on the waters at eventide." into a stage-and-tribune-bawler). ye know sufficiently well that it cannot be of any consequence if YE just carry your point. Choose the GOOD solitude. it appeals to the most serious minds. and beware of martyrdom! Of suffering "for the truth's sake"! even in your own defense! It spoils all the innocence and fine neutrality of your conscience. to the untrue! Not as its opposite. After such a cheerful commencement. The martyrdom of the philosopher. and that there might be a more laudable truthfulness in every little interrogative mark which you place after your special words and favourite doctrines (and occasionally after yourselves) than in all the solemn pantomime and trumping games before accusers and law-courts! Rather go out of the way! Flee into concealment! And have your masks and your ruses. but--as its refinement! It is to be hoped. wanton. and if one has hitherto contemplated him only with artistic curiosity. it stupefies. how crafty. suspicion. or somewhat feared! And pray. to the uncertain. the will to ignorance. and that it will continue to talk of opposites where there are only degrees and many refinements of gradation. it loves error." will turn the words round in the mouths of us discerning ones. Take care. ye knights of the sorrowful countenance. don't forget the garden. badly-persecuted ones--also the compulsory recluses. which now belongs to our unconquerable "flesh and blood. it makes you headstrong against objections and red rags. does every long war make one. when already the day becomes a memory. indeed. suitably imagined. of possible enemies! These pariahs of society. merely the continued proof that the long. and laugh at the way in which precisely the best knowledge seeks most to retain us in this SIMPLIFIED. the Spinozas or Giordano Brunos--always become in the end. which is the unfailing sign in a philosopher that the sense of philosophical humour has left him. ye have at last to play your last card as protectors of truth upon earth--as though "the Truth" were such an innocent and incompetent creature as to require protectors! and you of all people. slander. these long-pursued. when in the struggle with danger. ye philosophers and friends of knowledge. lightsome solitude. a long watching of enemies. and even worse consequences of enmity. merely an epilogue farce. even under the most intellectual masquerade. and suitably falsified world: at the way in which. not to speak of the stupidity of moral indignation.will. supposing that
.

There are even cases where enchantment mixes with the disgust--namely. is assuredly not a man of elevated tastes. that he persistently avoids it. as on their own dung-hill. the profoundest. quietly and proudly hidden in his citadel. For the indignant man. does not occasionally glisten in all the green and grey colours of distress. It is difficult to be understood. an occurrence by no means rare. self-overcoming. And no one is such a LIAR as the indignant man." as their exception.--exclusive only of the case in which he is pushed straight to such men by a still stronger instinct. of man as a belly with two requirements. and at the same time have so much spirituality and ticklishness as to make them talk of themselves and their like BEFORE WITNESSES--sometimes they wallow. or the scientific satyr speaks out. and consequently also. owing to disgust. morally speaking. and above all. perhaps the most disagreeable. and the higher man must open his ears to all the coarser or finer cynicism. even in books. supposing. satiety. and he who perpetually tears and lacerates himself with his own teeth (or. in short. more indifferent. when any one speaks "badly"--and not even "ill"--of man. seeks. as has been hinted. those who simply recognize the animal. the world. especially among doctors and moral physiologists. in general. as I said. in intercourse with men.every philosophy has been a long tragedy in its origin. but in every other sense he is the more ordinary. where by a freak of nature. or rather quite innocently. however. as in the case of the Abbe Galiani. and solitariness. in place of himself. Whoever. Every select man strives instinctively for a citadel and a privacy. and perhaps also filthiest man of his century--he was far profounder than Voltaire. he ought. he would go "inside. that he does not voluntarily take all this burden and disgust upon himself. especially when one thinks and lives gangasrotogati [Footnote: Like the river Ganges: presto. or society)." The long and serious study of the AVERAGE man--and consequently much disguise. whenever any one sees. a fine exceptional understanding in a base soul.] among
. And whenever anyone speaks without bitterness. however. If he is fortunate. genius is bound to some such indiscreet billy-goat and ape. 26. he would one day have to say to himself: "The devil take my good taste! but 'the rule' is more interesting than the exception--than myself. the many. and remains. may indeed. 27. a good deal more silent. It happens more frequently. the majority--where he may forget "men who are the rule. God. the exception!" And he would go DOWN. that a scientific head is placed on an ape's body. For as such. and disappointing part. one thing is then certain: he was not made. sexual instinct. familiarity. and vanity as the real and only motives of human actions. and bad intercourse (all intercourse is bad intercourse except with one's equals):--that constitutes a necessary part of the life-history of every philosopher. and congratulate himself when the clown becomes shameless right before him. then ought the lover of knowledge to hearken attentively and diligently. sympathy. stand higher than the laughing and self-satisfied satyr. I mean so-called cynics. and WANTS to see only hunger. Cynicism is the only form in which base souls approach what is called honesty. gloominess. and less instructive case. he was not predestined for knowledge. where he is FREE from the crowd. he will meet with suitable auxiliaries who will shorten and lighten his task. the commonplace and "the rule" in themselves. as a favourite child of knowledge should be. as a discerner in the great and exceptional sense. odious. to have an open ear wherever there is talk without indignation. acutest. and a head with one.

and as an expression of German taste at a time when there was still a "German taste. is no exception. ideas. who are always too easy-going. as may be reasonably inferred. Everything ponderous. free-spirited thought. by making everything RUN! And with regard to Aristophanes--that transfiguring. as a reflection of the "good old time" to which it belongs. What is most difficult to render from one language into another is the TEMPO of its style. and a TEMPO of the gallop." mandeikagati [Footnote: Like the frog: staccato. the emancipating scorn of a wind. these good friends--and laugh then also! 28. the rush. who. viscous. one does well at the very first to grant them a play-ground and romping-place for misunderstanding--one can thus laugh still. A German is almost incapacitated for PRESTO in his language. and was versed in many things. even in the prose of Lessing. and flight out of Germany. for many of the most delightful and daring NUANCES of free. are almost falsifications of the original. or of the "ancient world. owing to his histrionic nature. As regards "the good friends. or get rid of them altogether. and think that as friends they have a right to ease." which was a rococo-taste in moribus et artibus. which has its basis in the character of the race. heavy. imitate the TEMPO of Machiavelli. he who was not the translator of Bayle to no purpose. or Platonic--but a book of Aristophanes. consequently also. kurmagati [Footnote: Like the tortoise: lento. evil world. wantonest humour? Finally. But how could the German language." however. which makes everything healthy. in its mixture of stiffness and elegance.] (I do everything to be "difficultly understood" myself!)--and one should be heartily grateful for the good will to some refinement of interpretation. and still more willingly among the Roman comedy-writers--Lessing loved also free-spiritism in the TEMPO. more than any great musician hitherto. are developed in profuse variety among Germans--pardon me for stating the fact that even Goethe's prose.those only who think and live otherwise--namely. who in his "Principe" makes us breathe the dry. was a master of PRESTO in invention. provided one has understood in its full profundity ALL that there requires pardon and transfiguration. who would venture on a German translation of Petronius. who took refuge willingly in the shadow of Diderot and Voltaire. or at best "froglike." nor anything Egyptian. for whose sake one PARDONS all Hellenism for having existed. merely because its lively and merry TEMPO (which overleaps and obviates all dangers in word and expression) could not also be rendered. or to speak more physiologically. and of the best. and words? What matter in the end about the swamps of the sick. perhaps not without a malicious artistic sense of the contrast he ventures to present--long. which. fine air of Florence. dangerous thoughts. How could even Plato have endured life--a Greek life which he repudiated--without an Aristophanes!
. there is nothing that has caused me to meditate more on PLATO'S secrecy and sphinx-like nature. Lessing is an exception. Pythagorean. which understood much. the breath. as involuntary vulgarizations. complementary genius. one has the feet of a wind.]. and pompously clumsy. in the average TEMPO of the assimilation of its nutriment. difficult. so Aristophanes and Petronius are untranslatable for him. and cannot help presenting the most serious events in a boisterous allegrissimo. all long-winded and wearying species of style. And just as the buffoon and satyr are foreign to him in body and conscience." when like him. than the happily preserved petit fait that under the pillow of his death-bed there was found no "Bible. There are honestly meant translations.

supposing him to degenerate and go to ruin. THE TASTE FOR THE UNCONDITIONAL. Our deepest insights must--and should--appear as follies. when the young soul. The exoteric and the esoteric. and if all the woe in the world were taken together. disturbing. In the former case they are dangerous. make use of them. finally turns suspiciously against itself--still ardent and savage even in its suspicion and remorse of conscience: how
. standing without. Books for the general reader are always ill-smelling books. when they come unauthorizedly to the ears of those who are not disposed and predestined for them. The virtues of the common man would perhaps mean vice and weakness in a philosopher. In our youthful years we still venerate and despise without the art of NUANCE. in the latter case they are herald-calls which summon the bravest to THEIR bravery. Supposing such a one comes to grief. even with the best right. It is the business of the very few to be independent. it is so far from the comprehension of men that they neither feel it. which is the best gain of life.29. as among the Greeks.. measuring. There are heights of the soul from which tragedy itself no longer appears to operate tragically. and Mussulmans. Persians. in short. estimating. becomes isolated. is cruelly befooled and abused. it is accustomed to stink. and viewing. And he cannot any longer go back! He cannot even go back again to the sympathy of men! 30. is something falsifying and deceptive. and even where they reverence. but also daring beyond measure. There are books which have an inverse value for the soul and the health according as the inferior soul and the lower vitality.. and prefers to try conclusions with the artificial. And whoever attempts it. must be almost poison to an entirely different and lower order of human beings. unsettling books. 31. and we have rightly to do hard penance for having fallen upon men and things with Yea and Nay. as do the real artists of life. nor sympathize with it. and under certain circumstances as crimes. it might be possible for a highly developed man. the odour of paltry people clings to them. tortured by continual disillusions. proves that he is probably not only strong. Later on. until a man learns to introduce a little art into his sentiments. He enters into a labyrinth. Everything is so arranged that the worst of all tastes. he multiplies a thousandfold the dangers which life in itself already brings with it. the more essential distinction is that the class in question views things from below upwards--while the esoteric class views things FROM ABOVE DOWNWARDS. and is torn piecemeal by some minotaur of conscience. for the sake of which he would have to be honoured as a saint in the lower world into which he had sunk. not the least of which is that no one can see how and where he loses his way. The angry and reverent spirit peculiar to youth appears to allow itself no peace. it is a privilege of the strong. Where the populace eat and drink. and thus to a doubling of the woe?. wherever people believed in gradations of rank and NOT in equality and equal rights--are not so much in contradistinction to one another in respect to the exoteric class. or the higher and more powerful. and not from the inside. but without being OBLIGED to do so. to acquire qualities thereby alone. to be able to vent its passion upon them: youth in itself even. That which serves the higher class of men for nourishment or refreshment. as they were formerly distinguished by philosophers--among the Indians. One should not go into churches if one wishes to breathe PURE air. and judging from the outside. who would dare to decide whether the sight of it would NECESSARILY seduce and constrain to sympathy. until it has suitably falsified men and things.

. a peculiar narrowness of interpretation. one feels even the good conscience to be a danger. as if it were the self-concealment and lassitude of a more refined uprightness. at least among us immoralists. but pretty much as in China at present. as the living touchstones of the soul. perhaps a prematureness or preliminariness.it upbraids itself. as though it had been a voluntary blindness! In this transition one punishes oneself by distrust of one's sentiments." the mark of a period which may be designated in the narrower sense as the MORAL one: the first attempt at self-knowledge is thereby made. as intention-morality. that the necessity may now have arisen of again making up our minds with regard to the reversing and fundamental shifting of values. which first requires an explanation--a sign. the most upright. any more than its origin. the retro-operating power of success or failure was what induced men to think well or ill of an action. attained supremacy precisely thereby: the origin of an action was interpreted in the most definite sense possible. that one no longer lets the consequences of an action. one espouses upon principle the cause AGAINST "youth.--Is it not possible. betrays something. one tortures one's enthusiasm with doubt. and above all. but CONCEALS still more? In short. has been a prejudice. on certain large portions of the earth. how impatiently it tears itself. all that is seen. but its origin. The surmounting of morality. Let us call this period the PRE-MORAL period of mankind. and consequently hardly any meaning in itself alone: that morality. decide with regard to its worth: a great achievement as a whole. belongs to its surface or skin--which. people were agreed in the belief that the value of an action lay in the value of its intention. on the other hand. how it revenges itself for its long self-blinding. would be distinguished negatively as ULTRA-MORAL: nowadays when. which has too many interpretations. Instead of the consequences. the unconscious effect of the supremacy of aristocratic values and of the belief in "origin.--In the last ten thousand years. sensible. an important refinement of vision and of criterion. however. an ominous new superstition. as origin out of an INTENTION. and also the most wicked consciences of today. in the sense in which it has been understood hitherto. or "sensed" in it. probably something of the same rank as astrology and alchemy. in a certain sense even the self-mounting of morality--let that be the name for the long-secret labour which has been reserved for the most refined. but in any case something which must be surmounted."--A decade later. Throughout the longest period of human history--one calls it the prehistoric period--the value or non-value of an action was inferred from its CONSEQUENCES. we believe that the intention is only a sign or symptom. the origin--what an inversion of perspective! And assuredly an inversion effected only after long struggle and wavering! To be sure. and one comprehends that all this was also still--youth! 32. one has gradually got so far. the imperative. owing to a new self-consciousness and acuteness in man--is it not possible that we may be standing on the threshold of a period which to begin with. the action in itself was not taken into consideration. and that all its intentionalness. "Know thyself!" was then still unknown. moreover. and men have judged and even philosophized almost up to the present day. like every skin. where the distinction or disgrace of a child redounds to its parents. The intention as the sole origin and antecedent history of an action: under the influence of this prejudice moral praise and blame have been bestowed. the suspicion arises that the decisive value of an action lies precisely in that which is NOT INTENTIONAL.

--Forgive me the joke of this gloomy grimace and turn of expression. beyond the middle-class world and its Yeas and Nays. one wished to do away altogether with the "seeming world"--well. and why it keeps the outer world so resolutely at a distance. the ERRONEOUSNESS of the world in which we think we live is the surest and most certain thing our eyes can light upon: we find proof after proof thereof. The belief in "immediate certainties" is a MORAL NAIVETE which does honour to us philosophers. but--we have now to cease being "MERELY moral" men! Apart from morality." responsible for the falseness of the world--an honourable exit. has it not hitherto been playing upon us the worst of scurvy tricks? and what guarantee would it give that it would not continue to do what it has always been doing? In all seriousness. Why NOT? It is nothing more than a moral prejudice that truth is worth more than semblance. and as it were lighter and darker shades and tones of semblance--different valeurs. which every conscious or unconscious advocatus dei avails himself of--he who regards this world." for one not needing to be doubly distrustful here. and all self-renunciation-morality. would have at least good reason in the end to become distrustful also of all thinking.33. form. Let us therefore be cautious! 34. what is it that forces us in general to the supposition that there is an essential opposition of "true" and "false"? Is it not enough to suppose degrees of seemingness. and brought to judgment. whether it be "real" or not." under which the emasculation of art nowadays seeks insidiously enough to create itself a good conscience. what should prevent our being imprudent and saying: the philosopher has at length a RIGHT to "bad character. it is." and consequently as an imprudence. granted that YOU could do that. just as the aesthetics of "disinterested contemplation. and if. It cannot be helped: the sentiment of surrender. to the wickedest squinting out of every abyss of suspicion. such belief is a folly which does little honour to us! If in middle-class life an ever-ready distrust is regarded as the sign of a "bad character. and movement. and other questions of the same description. however. as the painters say? Why might
. as falsely DEDUCED. of sacrifice for one's neighbour. and for one asking promptly: "Are they not perhaps--DECEPTIONS?"--That they PLEASE--him who has them. the worst proved supposition in the world. seen from every position. including space. with the virtuous enthusiasm and stupidity of many philosophers. must be mercilessly called to account. There is far too much witchery and sugar in the sentiments "for others" and "NOT for myself. which would fain allure us into surmises concerning a deceptive principle in the "nature of things." He." as the being who has hitherto been most befooled on earth--he is now under OBLIGATION to distrustfulness. At whatever standpoint of philosophy one may place oneself nowadays. So much must be conceded: there could have been no life at all except upon the basis of perspective estimates and semblances. but just calls for caution. for I myself have long ago learned to think and estimate differently with regard to deceiving and being deceived. and consequently "the spirit. who makes thinking itself. time. the innocence of thinkers has something touching and respect-inspiring in it. and also the mere spectator--that is still no argument in their FAVOUR. here among us.--at least nothing of your "truth" would thereby remain! Indeed. and him who enjoys their fruit. in fact. which even nowadays permits them to wait upon consciousness with the request that it will give them HONEST answers: for example. and I keep at least a couple of pokes in the ribs ready for the blind rage with which philosophers struggle against being deceived.

not the world WHICH CONCERNS US--be a fiction? And to any one who suggested: "But to a fiction belongs an originator?"--might it not be bluntly replied: WHY? May not this "belong" also belong to the fiction? Is it not at length permitted to be a little ironical towards the subject, just as towards the predicate and object? Might not the philosopher elevate himself above faith in grammar? All respect to governesses, but is it not time that philosophy should renounce governess-faith? 35. O Voltaire! O humanity! O idiocy! There is something ticklish in "the truth," and in the SEARCH for the truth; and if man goes about it too humanely--"il ne cherche le vrai que pour faire le bien"--I wager he finds nothing! 36. Supposing that nothing else is "given" as real but our world of desires and passions, that we cannot sink or rise to any other "reality" but just that of our impulses--for thinking is only a relation of these impulses to one another:--are we not permitted to make the attempt and to ask the question whether this which is "given" does not SUFFICE, by means of our counterparts, for the understanding even of the so-called mechanical (or "material") world? I do not mean as an illusion, a "semblance," a "representation" (in the Berkeleyan and Schopenhauerian sense), but as possessing the same degree of reality as our emotions themselves--as a more primitive form of the world of emotions, in which everything still lies locked in a mighty unity, which afterwards branches off and develops itself in organic processes (naturally also, refines and debilitates)--as a kind of instinctive life in which all organic functions, including self-regulation, assimilation, nutrition, secretion, and change of matter, are still synthetically united with one another--as a PRIMARY FORM of life?--In the end, it is not only permitted to make this attempt, it is commanded by the conscience of LOGICAL METHOD. Not to assume several kinds of causality, so long as the attempt to get along with a single one has not been pushed to its furthest extent (to absurdity, if I may be allowed to say so): that is a morality of method which one may not repudiate nowadays--it follows "from its definition," as mathematicians say. The question is ultimately whether we really recognize the will as OPERATING, whether we believe in the causality of the will; if we do so--and fundamentally our belief IN THIS is just our belief in causality itself--we MUST make the attempt to posit hypothetically the causality of the will as the only causality. "Will" can naturally only operate on "will"--and not on "matter" (not on "nerves," for instance): in short, the hypothesis must be hazarded, whether will does not operate on will wherever "effects" are recognized--and whether all mechanical action, inasmuch as a power operates therein, is not just the power of will, the effect of will. Granted, finally, that we succeeded in explaining our entire instinctive life as the development and ramification of one fundamental form of will--namely, the Will to Power, as my thesis puts it; granted that all organic functions could be traced back to this Will to Power, and that the solution of the problem of generation and nutrition--it is one problem--could also be found therein: one would thus have acquired the right to define ALL active force unequivocally as WILL TO POWER. The world seen from within, the world defined and designated according to its "intelligible character"--it would simply be "Will to Power," and nothing else. 37. "What? Does not that mean in popular language: God is disproved, but

not the devil?"--On the contrary! On the contrary, my friends! And who the devil also compels you to speak popularly! 38. As happened finally in all the enlightenment of modern times with the French Revolution (that terrible farce, quite superfluous when judged close at hand, into which, however, the noble and visionary spectators of all Europe have interpreted from a distance their own indignation and enthusiasm so long and passionately, UNTIL THE TEXT HAS DISAPPEARED UNDER THE INTERPRETATION), so a noble posterity might once more misunderstand the whole of the past, and perhaps only thereby make ITS aspect endurable.--Or rather, has not this already happened? Have not we ourselves been--that "noble posterity"? And, in so far as we now comprehend this, is it not--thereby already past? 39. Nobody will very readily regard a doctrine as true merely because it makes people happy or virtuous--excepting, perhaps, the amiable "Idealists," who are enthusiastic about the good, true, and beautiful, and let all kinds of motley, coarse, and good-natured desirabilities swim about promiscuously in their pond. Happiness and virtue are no arguments. It is willingly forgotten, however, even on the part of thoughtful minds, that to make unhappy and to make bad are just as little counter-arguments. A thing could be TRUE, although it were in the highest degree injurious and dangerous; indeed, the fundamental constitution of existence might be such that one succumbed by a full knowledge of it--so that the strength of a mind might be measured by the amount of "truth" it could endure--or to speak more plainly, by the extent to which it REQUIRED truth attenuated, veiled, sweetened, damped, and falsified. But there is no doubt that for the discovery of certain PORTIONS of truth the wicked and unfortunate are more favourably situated and have a greater likelihood of success; not to speak of the wicked who are happy--a species about whom moralists are silent. Perhaps severity and craft are more favourable conditions for the development of strong, independent spirits and philosophers than the gentle, refined, yielding good-nature, and habit of taking things easily, which are prized, and rightly prized in a learned man. Presupposing always, to begin with, that the term "philosopher" be not confined to the philosopher who writes books, or even introduces HIS philosophy into books!--Stendhal furnishes a last feature of the portrait of the free-spirited philosopher, which for the sake of German taste I will not omit to underline--for it is OPPOSED to German taste. "Pour etre bon philosophe," says this last great psychologist, "il faut etre sec, clair, sans illusion. Un banquier, qui a fait fortune, a une partie du caractere requis pour faire des decouvertes en philosophie, c'est-a-dire pour voir clair dans ce qui est." 40. Everything that is profound loves the mask: the profoundest things have a hatred even of figure and likeness. Should not the CONTRARY only be the right disguise for the shame of a God to go about in? A question worth asking!--it would be strange if some mystic has not already ventured on the same kind of thing. There are proceedings of such a delicate nature that it is well to overwhelm them with coarseness and make them unrecognizable; there are actions of love and of an extravagant magnanimity after which nothing can be wiser than to take a stick and thrash the witness soundly: one thereby obscures his recollection. Many a one is able to obscure and abuse his own memory, in order at least to have vengeance on this sole party in the secret: shame is inventive. They are not the worst things of which one is

most ashamed: there is not only deceit behind a mask--there is so much goodness in craft. I could imagine that a man with something costly and fragile to conceal, would roll through life clumsily and rotundly like an old, green, heavily-hooped wine-cask: the refinement of his shame requiring it to be so. A man who has depths in his shame meets his destiny and his delicate decisions upon paths which few ever reach, and with regard to the existence of which his nearest and most intimate friends may be ignorant; his mortal danger conceals itself from their eyes, and equally so his regained security. Such a hidden nature, which instinctively employs speech for silence and concealment, and is inexhaustible in evasion of communication, DESIRES and insists that a mask of himself shall occupy his place in the hearts and heads of his friends; and supposing he does not desire it, his eyes will some day be opened to the fact that there is nevertheless a mask of him there--and that it is well to be so. Every profound spirit needs a mask; nay, more, around every profound spirit there continually grows a mask, owing to the constantly false, that is to say, SUPERFICIAL interpretation of every word he utters, every step he takes, every sign of life he manifests. 41. One must subject oneself to one's own tests that one is destined for independence and command, and do so at the right time. One must not avoid one's tests, although they constitute perhaps the most dangerous game one can play, and are in the end tests made only before ourselves and before no other judge. Not to cleave to any person, be it even the dearest--every person is a prison and also a recess. Not to cleave to a fatherland, be it even the most suffering and necessitous--it is even less difficult to detach one's heart from a victorious fatherland. Not to cleave to a sympathy, be it even for higher men, into whose peculiar torture and helplessness chance has given us an insight. Not to cleave to a science, though it tempt one with the most valuable discoveries, apparently specially reserved for us. Not to cleave to one's own liberation, to the voluptuous distance and remoteness of the bird, which always flies further aloft in order always to see more under it--the danger of the flier. Not to cleave to our own virtues, nor become as a whole a victim to any of our specialties, to our "hospitality" for instance, which is the danger of dangers for highly developed and wealthy souls, who deal prodigally, almost indifferently with themselves, and push the virtue of liberality so far that it becomes a vice. One must know how TO CONSERVE ONESELF--the best test of independence. 42. A new order of philosophers is appearing; I shall venture to baptize them by a name not without danger. As far as I understand them, as far as they allow themselves to be understood--for it is their nature to WISH to remain something of a puzzle--these philosophers of the future might rightly, perhaps also wrongly, claim to be designated as "tempters." This name itself is after all only an attempt, or, if it be preferred, a temptation. 43. Will they be new friends of "truth," these coming philosophers? Very probably, for all philosophers hitherto have loved their truths. But assuredly they will not be dogmatists. It must be contrary to their pride, and also contrary to their taste, that their truth should still be truth for every one--that which has hitherto been the secret wish and ultimate purpose of all dogmatic efforts. "My opinion is MY opinion: another person has not easily a right to it"--such a philosopher of the

44. In the end things must be as they are and have always been--the great things remain for the great. both with our speech and our silence. safety. his inventive faculty and dissembling power (his "spirit") had to develop into subtlety and daring under long oppression and compulsion. green-meadow happiness of the herd. believe that this has always taken place under the opposite conditions. has too long made the conception of "free spirit" obscure. "Good" is no longer good when one's neighbour takes it into his mouth. like a fog. serves as well for the elevation of the human species as its opposite--we do not even say enough when we only say THIS MUCH. violence. "Beyond
. blunt honest fellows to whom neither courage nor honourable conduct ought to be denied. comfort. and. and serpentine in man. they belong to the LEVELLERS. at the OTHER extreme of all modern ideology and gregarious desirability. Briefly and regrettably. higher. these philosophers of the future--as certainly also they will not be merely free spirits. as their antipodes perhaps? What wonder that we "free spirits" are not exactly the most communicative spirits? that we do not wish to betray in every respect WHAT a spirit can free itself from. tyrannical.future will say. is the universal. they are not free. slavery. to sweep away from ourselves altogether a stupid old prejudice and misunderstanding. and are ludicrously superficial. and in any case we find ourselves here. terrible. everything rare for the rare.--that everything wicked. the delicacies and thrills for the refined. these wrongly named "free spirits"--as glib-tongued and scribe-fingered slaves of the democratic taste and its "modern ideas" all of them men without solitude. together with security. and his Will to Life had to be increased to the unconditioned Will to Power--we believe that severity. without personal solitude. predatory. to sum up shortly. and the same in America. In every country of Europe. however. stoicism. who have opened our eye and conscience to the question how and where the plant "man" has hitherto grown most vigorously. One must renounce the bad taste of wishing to agree with many people. only. And how could there be a "common good"! The expression contradicts itself. danger in the street and in the heart. especially in their innate partiality for seeing the cause of almost ALL human misery and failure in the old forms in which society has hitherto existed--a notion which happily inverts the truth entirely! What they would fain attain with all their strength. secrecy. but something more. We opposite ones. perhaps. and WHERE perhaps it will then be driven? And as to the import of the dangerous formula. who desire almost the opposite of what our intentions and instincts prompt--not to mention that in respect to the NEW philosophers who are appearing. prepossessed. the abysses for the profound. tempter's art and devilry of every kind. and fundamentally different. and alleviation of life for every one. which does not wish to be misunderstood and mistaken? But while I say this. their two most frequently chanted songs and doctrines are called "Equality of Rights" and "Sympathy with All Sufferers"--and suffering itself is looked upon by them as something which must be DONE AWAY WITH. that for this end the dangerousness of his situation had to be increased enormously. Need I say expressly after all this that they will be free. I feel under OBLIGATION almost as much to them as to ourselves (we free spirits who are their heralds and forerunners). VERY free spirits. that which can be common is always of small value. they must still more be closed windows and bolted doors. there is at present something which makes an abuse of this name a very narrow. greater. enchained class of spirits. which.

" "liben pensatori" "free-thinkers. would be able to oversee. that is to say. sagacity. profoundly and bitterly. with anterior and posterior souls. full of malice against the seductions of dependency which he concealed in honours. the entire history of the soul UP TO THE PRESENT TIME. or even the weariness of travel seemed to confine us. or exaltation of the senses. into the ultimate intentions of which it is difficult to pry. the range of man's inner experiences hitherto attained. depths. in many realms of the spirit. and subtlety in every sense are required. appropriators. The evil of sending scholars into new and dangerous hunting-domains. which. positions. inasmuch as we are the born. sometimes night-owls of work even in full day. owing to an excess of "free will". Having been at home. although we resemble heirs and spendthrifts. and fine trained hounds. the accident of men and books. how difficult it is to find assistants and dogs for all the things that directly excite his curiosity. economical in learning and forgetting. money. or at least guests. wicked spirituality. if necessary. youth. arrange. to drive HIS game together. agreeable nooks in which preferences and prejudices." and whatever these honest advocates of "modern ideas" like to call themselves. with unhesitating fingers for the intangible. this virgin forest!" So he would like to have some hundreds of hunting assistants. we free spirits! And perhaps ye are also something of the same kind. In vain: again and again he experiences. for instance. of our own profoundest midnight and midday solitude--such kind of men are we. where courage. the heights. devil. with teeth and stomachs for the most indigestible. and its still unexhausted possibilities: this is the preordained hunting-domain for a born psychologist and lover of a "big hunt". even scarecrows--and it is necessary nowadays. only a single individual! and this great forest." with which we at least avoid confusion. ready for any business that requires sagacity and acute senses. inventive in scheming. THE RELIGIOUS MOOD 45. hidden ones under the mantles of light. a person would perhaps himself have to possess as profound.Good and Evil. In order. sometimes proud of tables of categories. because they always free us from some rule. having escaped again and again from the gloomy. that he could send into the history of the human soul. ready for every adventure. ye coming ones? ye NEW philosophers?
CHAPTER III. and then he would still require that wide-spread heaven of clear. But how often must he say despairingly to himself: "A single individual! alas. is that they are no longer serviceable just when the "BIG hunt. grateful even for distress and the vicissitudes of illness. to divine and determine what sort of history the problem of KNOWLEDGE AND CONSCIENCE has hitherto had in the souls of homines religiosi. as bruised." grateful to the God. as immense an experience as the intellectual conscience of Pascal. and effectively
. and distances of these experiences. and its "prejudice. origin. yea." and also the great danger commences. sworn. sheep. misers of our wealth and our full-crammed drawers. from above. investigators to the point of cruelty. inquisitive to a fault. jealous friends of SOLITUDE.--it is precisely then that they lose their keen eye and nose. The human soul and its limits. and worm in us. sometimes pedants. we ARE something else than "libres-penseurs. with foregrounds and backgrounds to the end of which no foot may run. arrangers and collectors from morning till night.

the half-stoical and smiling indifference to the seriousness of the faith. even in morals. to the point of sickness--his many HIDDEN sufferings make him revolt against the noble taste which seems to DENY suffering. which is not to be slain at once and with a single blow. The skepticism with regard to suffering. it is much rather the faith of Pascal.formulize this mass of dangerous and painful experiences. all self-confidence of spirit. which had centuries of struggle between philosophical schools behind it and in it. austere slave-faith by which perhaps a Luther or a Cromwell. it is at the same time subjection. that all the past and all the habits of such a spirit resist the absurdissimum. light-minded toleration. he loves as he hates. questioning. "God on the Cross". and questionable as this formula: it promised a transvaluation of all ancient values--It was the Orient. fasting. on the Roman "Catholicism" of non-faith. There is cruelty and religious Phoenicianism in this faith. but the freedom from the faith. in the form of which "faith" comes to it. and self-mutilation. and sexual abstinence--but without its being possible to determine with certainty which is cause and which is effect. such as early Christianity desired. This latter doubt is justified by the fact that one of the most regular symptoms among savage as well as among civilized peoples is the most sudden and excessive sensuality. counting besides the education in tolerance which the Imperium Romanum gave--this faith is NOT that sincere. of the last great slave-insurrection which began with the French Revolution. which means that one has MUCH to do!--But a curiosity like mine is once for all the most agreeable of vices--pardon me! I mean to say that the love of truth has its reward in heaven. which resembles in a terrible manner a continuous suicide of reason--a tough. both symptoms perhaps explainable as disguised epilepsy? But nowhere is it
. or some other northern barbarian of the spirit remained attached to his God and Christianity. we find it connected with three dangerous prescriptions as to regimen: solitude. world-renunciation. and very fastidious conscience. to the point of pain. fundamentally only an attitude of aristocratic morality. worm-like reason. to the very depths. Modern men. which then with equal suddenness transforms into penitential paroxysms. The Christian faith from the beginning. it was the Oriental slave who thus took revenge on Rome and its noble. long-lived. Hitherto there had never and nowhere been such boldness in inversion. and already upon earth. have no longer the sense for the terribly superlative conception which was implied to an antique taste by the paradox of the formula. Wherever the religious neurosis has appeared on the earth so far. nor anything at once so dreadful. all pride.--But who could do me this service! And who would have time to wait for such servants!--they evidently appear too rarely. was not the least of the causes. they are so improbable at all times! Eventually one must do everything ONESELF in order to know something. and not infrequently achieved in the midst of a skeptical and southernly free-spirited world. and it was always not the faith. without NUANCE. for the slave desires the unconditioned. or IF any relation at all of cause and effect exists there. he understands nothing but the tyrannous. the PROFOUND Orient. "Enlightenment" causes revolt. with their obtuseness as regards all Christian nomenclature. which made the slaves indignant at their masters and revolt against them. it takes for granted that the subjection of the spirit is indescribably PAINFUL. which is adapted to a tender. many-sided. Faith. and will-renunciation. 46. self-derision. 47. is sacrifice the sacrifice of all freedom. also.

It seems that the Latin races are far more deeply attached to their Catholicism than we Northerners are to Christianity generally.MORE obligatory to put aside explanations around no other type has there grown such a mass of absurdity and superstition. of states of the soul regarded as morally antithetical: it was believed here to be self-evident that a "bad man" was all at once turned into a "saint. One may make an exception in the case of the Celts. The hitherto existing psychology was wrecked at this point. in the whole phenomenon of the saint. at the very time that the mad-doctors in almost all European countries had an opportunity to study the type close at hand. QUE L'HOMME
." a good man. better still. read. with the Roman logic of its instincts! How Jesuitical. that of Schopenhauer. that is to say. and even to philosophers. who have theretofore furnished also the best soil for Christian infection in the North: the Christian ideal blossomed forth in France as much as ever the pale sun of the north would allow it. however. and should finally put that terrible and eternal type upon the stage as Kundry. that his most convinced adherent (perhaps also his last. as to what has been so extremely interesting to men of all sorts in all ages. How strangely pious for our taste are still these later French skeptics. And thus it was a genuine Schopenhauerian consequence. the immediate SUCCESSION OF OPPOSITES. We Northerners undoubtedly derive our origin from barbarous races. and INTERPRETED these oppositions into the text and facts of the case? What? "Miracle" only an error of interpretation? A lack of philology? 48. because it BELIEVED in oppositions of moral values. type vecu. or. "the religious mood"--made its latest epidemical outbreak and display as the "Salvation Army"--If it be a question. TO GO AWAY--Yet in the background of the most recent philosophy. and that consequently unbelief in Catholic countries means something quite different from what it does among Protestants--namely. to look AWAY. wherever the religious neurosis--or as I call it. this terrible note of interrogation of the religious crisis and awakening. in spite of all his hostility to Jesuits! And even Ernest Renan: how inaccessible to us Northerners does the language of such a Renan appear. and as it loved and lived. to learn caution. even as regards our talents for religion--we have POOR talents for it. is it not possible it may have happened principally because psychology had placed itself under the dominion of morals. that amiable and shrewd cicerone of Port Royal. how un-German does Auguste Comte's Sociology seem to us. a sort of revolt against the spirit of the race. it is undoubtedly the appearance of the miraculous therein--namely. Richard Wagner. in our more German souls!--"DISONS DONC HARDIMENT QUE LA RELIGION EST UN PRODUIT DE L'HOMME NORMAL. namely. in whom every instant the merest touch of religious thrill throws his refined voluptuous and comfortably couching soul off its balance! Let us repeat after him these fine sentences--and what wickedness and haughtiness is immediately aroused by way of answer in our probably less beautiful but harder souls. as far as Germany is concerned). no other type seems to have been more interesting to men and even to philosophers--perhaps it is time to become just a little indifferent here. How is the negation of will POSSIBLE? how is the saint possible?--that seems to have been the very question with which Schopenhauer made a start and became a philosopher. we find almost as the problem in itself. should bring his own life-work to an end just here. Sainte-Beuve. while with us it is rather a return to the spirit (or non-spirit) of the race. whenever there is any Celtic blood in their origin! How Catholic. and saw.

Augustine. The mightiest men have hitherto always bowed reverently before the saint. There is an Oriental exaltation of the mind in it. and one has sad thoughts about old Asia and its little out-pushed peninsula Europe. all nobility in bearing and desires. for instance. here and there even as the hysteria of an old maid. about which the ascetic might wish to be more accurately informed through his secret interlocutors and visitors? In a word.
. these sentences with their truth absolutely inverted! It is so nice and such a distinction to have one's own antipodes! 49. "LA NIAISERIE RELIGIEUSE PAR EXCELLENCE!"--until in my later rage I even took a fancy to them. that Greek and Indian literature has nothing to compare with it.--Later on. there are men.. as in the case of St. some very great danger. FEAR became rampant also in religion. things. the strength of will." the book of divine justice. In the Jewish "Old Testament. In addition to this. and importunate kinds of it. COMMENT NE PAS SUPPOSER QUE C'EST DANS CES MOMENTS-LA. they divined a new power. by all means.. to figure before Asia as the "Progress of Mankind. he who is himself only a slender. like that of Luther--the whole of Protestantism lacks the southern DELICATEZZA. in which they recognized their own strength and love of power. The Church has frequently canonized the woman in such a case. which modestly and unconsciously longs for a UNIO MYSTICA ET PHYSICA. They had to question him. and Christianity was preparing itself.EST LE PLUS DANS LE VRAI QUANT IL EST LE PLUS RELIGIEUX ET LE PLUS ASSURE D'UNE DESTINEE INFINIE.. curiously enough. There is a feminine tenderness and sensuality in it. I wrote on the margin. 52. when the populace got the upper hand in Greece. and sayings on such an immense scale. 51. C'EST QUAND IL EST BON QU'IL VEUT QUE LA VIRTU CORRESPONDE A UN ORDER ETERNAL. In many cases it appears. which would like. C'EST QUAND IL CONTEMPLE LES CHOSES D'UNE MANIERE DESINTERESSEE QU'IL TROUVE LA MORT REVOLTANTE ET ABSURDE. as the enigma of self-subjugation and utter voluntary privation--why did they thus bow? They divined in him--and as it were behind the questionableness of his frail and wretched appearance--the superior force which wished to test itself by such a subjugation. The passion for God: there are churlish. QUE L'HOMME VOIT LE MIEUX?"." To be sure. also as her last ambition. There is perhaps a reason for it. that in my first impulse of rage on finding them.. who lacks in an offensive manner. honest-hearted. as in the case of Madame de Guyon. like that of an undeservedly favoured or elevated slave. inquiringly. the mighty ones of the world learned to have a new fear before him. as the disguise of a girl's or youth's puberty. That which is so astonishing in the religious life of the ancient Greeks is the irrestrainable stream of GRATITUDE which it pours forth--it is a very superior kind of man who takes SUCH an attitude towards nature and life. 50. still unconquered enemy:--it was the "Will to Power" which obliged them to halt before the saint. and knew how to honour it: they honoured something in themselves when they honoured the saint. the contemplation of the saint suggested to them a suspicion: such an enormity of self-negation and anti-naturalness will not have been coveted for nothing--they have said. These sentences are so extremely ANTIPODAL to my ears and habits of thought. One stands with fear and reverence before those stupendous remains of what man was formerly.. a strange.

be it said) by no means anti-religious.tame house-animal. including the Christians of "cultured" Christianity). with marvelous tenacity and subtlety. with many rounds. what still remained to be sacrificed? Was it not necessary in the end for men to sacrifice everything comforting." Also his "free will": he does not hear--and even if he did. 53. they sacrificed to their God the strongest instincts they possessed. all faith in hidden harmonies." may not always have been strange to him. although (for keener ears. KANT really wished to prove that. during the moral epoch of mankind. To have bound up this New Testament (a kind of ROCOCO of taste in every respect) along with the Old Testament into one book. Modern philosophy. Finally. THIS festal joy shines in the cruel glances of ascetics and "anti-natural" fanatics. What does all modern philosophy mainly do? Since Descartes--and indeed more in defiance of him than on the basis of his procedure--an ATTENTAT has been made on the part of all philosophers on the old conception of the soul. The worst is that he seems incapable of communicating himself clearly. still appeals more to his heart (there is much of the odour of the genuine. tender. all hope. as epistemological skepticism. only a synthesis which has been MADE by thinking itself. and therefore of "the soul. equally so "the judge. the book of grace. The attempt was then made. starting from the subject. that most terrible of all Roman anachronisms. "I" is the condition. to see if one could not get out of this net. Once on a time men sacrificed human beings to their God. in future blessedness and justice? Was it not necessary to sacrifice God
. There is a great ladder of religious cruelty." therefore.--to see if the opposite was not perhaps true: "think" the condition. as the "Bible." as "The Book in Itself. is secretly or openly ANTI-CHRISTIAN." "the rewarder. but three of these are the most important. and perhaps just those they loved the best--to this category belong the firstling sacrifices of all primitive religions. Then. "I. under the guise of a criticism of the subject and predicate conception--that is to say." is perhaps the greatest audacity and "sin against the Spirit" which literary Europe has upon its conscience. the subject could not be proved--nor the object either: the possibility of an APPARENT EXISTENCE of the subject. and also the sacrifice of the Emperor Tiberius in the Mithra-Grotto on the Island of Capri. Formerly. and "I" the conditioned.--it rejects the theistic satisfaction with profound distrust. "think" is the predicate and is conditioned--to think is an activity for which one MUST suppose a subject as cause. stupid beadsman and petty soul in it). holy. and knows only the wants of a house-animal (like our cultured people of today. is he uncertain?--This is what I have made out (by questioning and listening at a variety of conversations) to be the cause of the decline of European theism. he would not know how to help. healing. in effect. an ATTENTAT on the fundamental presupposition of Christian doctrine. one believed in "the soul" as one believed in grammar and the grammatical subject: one said. 54. their "nature".--the thought which once had an immense power on earth as the Vedanta philosophy. it appears to me that though the religious instinct is in vigorous growth. Why Atheism nowadays? "The father" in God is thoroughly refuted. need neither be amazed nor even sad amid those ruins--the taste for the Old Testament is a touchstone with respect to "great" and "small": perhaps he will find that the New Testament. 55.

not to mention the "Fatherland. and into the most world-renouncing of all possible modes of thought--beyond good and evil. noisy. has long endeavoured to go to the bottom of the question of pessimism and free it from the half-Christian. I mean the idleness with a good conscience." the state of perpetual readiness for the "coming of God"). with an Asiatic and super-Asiatic eye.--whoever has done this. and their "family duties". or semi-idleness. we all know something thereof already.himself. gravity. grows with the strength of his intellectual vision and insight: his world becomes profounder. prompted by some enigmatical desire. these good people. and for its soft placidity called "prayer. Perhaps everything on which the intellectual eye has exercised its acuteness and profundity has just been an occasion for its exercise. and not only the play. half-German narrowness and stupidity in which it has finally presented itself to this century. whoever. has actually looked inside. time-engrossing. not only to himself. nothingness? To sacrifice God for nothingness--this paradoxical mystery of the ultimate cruelty has been reserved for the rising generation. it seems that they have no time whatever left for religion. The distance. 56. so that they no longer know what purpose religions serve. and only note their existence in the world with a kind of dull astonishment. Whoever. who has not only learnt to compromise and arrange with that which was and is. namely. something of a game. and as it were the space around man. the idleness of olden times and of blood. conceited. but actually to him who requires the play--and makes it necessary.--What? And this would not be--circulus vitiosus deus? 57. because he always requires himself anew--and makes himself necessary. opened his eyes to behold the opposite ideal: the ideal of the most world-approving. and vivacious man. new stars. exuberant. the conceptions "God" and "sin. for all eternity. something for children and childish minds. but above all a majority of those in whom laboriousness from generation to generation has dissolved the religious instincts." will one day seem to us of no more importance than a child's plaything or a child's pain seems to an old man. Has it been observed to what extent outward idleness. and notions are ever coming into view. They feel themselves already fully occupied. without really desiring it. but wishes to have it again AS IT WAS AND IS. I find "free-thinkers" of diversified species and origin. and no longer like Buddha and Schopenhauer. Perhaps the most solemn conceptions that have caused the most fighting and suffering. and above all. new enigmas. an eternal child! 58. like myself. who are at present living apart from religion in Germany. but to the whole piece and play. under the dominion and delusion of morality. be it by their business or by their pleasures. for instance." and the newspapers. stupidity. and out of cruelty to themselves to worship stone. it is not obvious to them whether it is a
. has perhaps just thereby. in the form of Schopenhauer's philosophy. foolishly proud laboriousness educates and prepares for "unbelief" more than anything else? Among these. is necessary to a real religious life (alike for its favourite microscopic labour of self-examination.--and perhaps another plaything and another pain will then be necessary once more for "the old man"--always childish enough. fate. insatiably calling out da capo. to which the aristocratic sentiment that work is DISHONOURING--that it vulgarizes body and soul--is not quite unfamiliar? And that consequently the modern.

Perhaps there is even an order of rank with respect to those burnt children. and to a certain timid deference in presence of religions. there is seldom any idea of HOW MUCH good-will. and the entire University personnel (with the exception of the theologians. or merely church-going people. has at one time or another made an unlucky dive BENEATH it. as
. they do what is required. simple certainty with which his instinct treats the religious man as a lower and less valuable type. and ABOVE which he himself has developed--he. the little arrogant dwarf and mob-man. and boundlessly foolish naivete is involved in this belief of the scholar in his superiority. and false. whose existence and possibility there always gives psychologists new and more subtle puzzles to solve). but even when his sentiments have reached the stage of gratitude towards them. with which is occasionally mingled a slight disdain for the "uncleanliness" of spirit which he takes for granted wherever any one still professes to belong to the Church. Here and there one finds a passionate and exaggerated adoration of "pure forms" in philosophers as well as in artists: it is not to be doubted that whoever has NEED of the cult of the superficial to that extent." of "modern ideas"! 59. Whoever has seen deeply into the world has doubtless divined what wisdom there is in the fact that men are superficial. in the unsuspecting. require their participation in such customs. by the extent to which they wish to see its image falsified. and deified. It is only with the help of history (NOT through his own personal experience. attenuated. therefore) that the scholar succeeds in bringing himself to a respectful seriousness. that people should go to church merely to spoil their tempers.--they live too much apart and outside to feel even the necessity for a FOR or AGAINST in such matters. On the part of pious. especially in the great laborious centres of trade and commerce. they say to themselves. the born artists who find the enjoyment of life only in trying to FALSIFY its image (as if taking wearisome revenge on it). his whole profession (and as I have said. he has not personally advanced one step nearer to that which still maintains itself as Church or as piety. lightsome. is now necessary for a German scholar to take the problem of religion seriously. head-and-hand drudge of "ideas. his whole workmanlike laboriousness. one might say arbitrary will. ultrified. which shuns contact with religious men and things. the sedulously alert. They are by no means enemies of religious customs. Among those indifferent persons may be reckoned nowadays the majority of German Protestants of the middle classes. to which he is compelled by his modern conscience) inclines him to a lofty and almost charitable serenity as regards religion. childlike. usually sublimates itself in his case into circumspection and cleanliness. beyond. before. and it may be just the depth of his tolerance and humanity which prompts him to avoid the delicate trouble which tolerance itself brings with it. also the majority of laborious scholars. in the good conscience of his tolerance.question of a new business or a new pleasure--for it is impossible.--one might reckon the homines religiosi among the artists. and without much curiosity or discomfort. The practical indifference to religious matters in the midst of which he has been born and brought up. It is their preservative instinct which teaches them to be flighty. should certain circumstances.--Every age has its own divine type of naivete. perhaps even the contrary. one might guess to what degree life has disgusted them. State affairs perhaps. for the discovery of which other ages may envy it: and how much naivete--adorable. as so many things are done--with a patient and unassuming seriousness.

. in whom the judgment and skill of a ruling race is incorporated. and to experience the sentiments of authoritative self-control. as the man who has so far flown highest and gone astray in the finest fashion! 61. It is the profound. artist enough. reserving to themselves only the more refined forms of government (over chosen disciples or members of an order). And in the case of the unique natures of noble origin. religion is an additional means for overcoming resistance in the exercise of authority--as a bond which binds rulers and subjects in common. so superficial. understood this fact. as well as creative and fashioning--which can be exercised by means of religion is manifold and varied. just as he will use the contemporary political and economic conditions.. 60. religion itself may be used as a means for obtaining peace from the noise and trouble of managing GROSSER affairs. so iridescent.. would appear as the most elaborate and ultimate product of the FEAR of truth. With the help of a religious organization. as artist-adoration and artist-intoxication in presence of the most logical of all falsifications. as men with a higher and super-regal mission. and so good. and of solitude. At the same time religion gives inducement and opportunity to some of the subjects to qualify themselves for future ruling and commanding the slowly ascending ranks and classes. To love mankind FOR GOD'S SAKE--this has so far been the noblest and remotest sentiment to which mankind has attained. through fortunate marriage customs. of silence. betraying and surrendering to the former the conscience of the latter. the "Life in God. its delicacy. That love to mankind. according to the sort of people placed under its spell and protection. by means of it man can become so artful. For those who are strong and independent. The philosopher. without any redeeming intention in the background. to untruth at any price. that the inclination to this love has first to get its proportion. Asceticism and Puritanism are almost indispensable means of
. their inmost heart. if by virtue of superior spirituality they should incline to a more retired and contemplative life. as WE free spirits understand him--as the man of the greatest responsibility.--will use religion for his disciplining and educating work. The Brahmins. which would fain escape obedience. while their sentiments prompted them to keep apart and outside. and for securing immunity from the UNAVOIDABLE filth of all political agitation." regarded in this light. who has the conscience for the general development of mankind. volitional power and delight in self-control are on the increase.their HIGHEST rank. as the will to the inversion of truth. destined and trained to command. let him for all time be holy and respected. The selecting and disciplining influence--destructive. To them religion offers sufficient incentives and temptations to aspire to higher intellectuality. is only an ADDITIONAL folly and brutishness. hard enough. they secured to themselves the power of nominating kings for the people. before man has become strong enough. however his tongue may have stammered as it attempted to express such a delicate matter. that his appearance no longer offends. Piety. for instance. its gram of salt and sprinkling of ambergris from a higher inclination--whoever first perceived and "experienced" this. suspicious fear of an incurable pessimism which compels whole centuries to fasten their teeth into a religious interpretation of existence: the fear of the instinct which divines that truth might be attained TOO soon. Perhaps there has hitherto been no more effective means of beautifying man than piety. in which.

as among all other animals. religion gives invaluable contentedness with their lot and condition. and necessarily suffering individuals. the accidental. Among men. the successful cases. which means. peace of heart. and not a means along with other means. in fact. for the preservation of all the sick and suffering. the law of irrationality in the general constitution of mankind. sheds sunshine over such perpetually harassed men. and when they had allured from society into convents and spiritual penitentiaries the broken-hearted and distracted: what else had they to do in order to work systematically in that fashion. To be sure--to make also the bad counter-reckoning against such religions. is the attitude of the two greatest religions above-mentioned to the SURPLUS of failures in life? They endeavour to preserve and keep alive whatever can be preserved.educating and ennobling a race which seeks to rise above its hereditary baseness and work itself upwards to future supremacy. diseased. and thereby to retain their satisfaction with the actual world in which they find it difficult enough to live--this very difficulty being necessary. something of justification of all the commonplaceness. and in the end even hallowing and vindicating it. courage to the oppressed and despairing. all the semi-animal poverty of their souls. the conditions of whose lives are delicate. and to bring to light their secret dangers--the cost is always excessive and terrible when religions do NOT operate as an educational and disciplinary medium in the hands of the philosopher. all the meanness. when they wish to be the final end. and with a good conscience. Religion. a staff and support to the helpless. among men also. and they would fain treat every other experience of life as false and impossible. with something of transfiguration and embellishment. and difficult to determine. And finally. but rule voluntarily and PARAMOUNTLY. the greater is the improbability that he will SUCCEED. almost TURNING suffering TO ACCOUNT. 62. there is a surplus of defective. in a refreshing and refining manner. degenerating. the hitherto PARAMOUNT religions--to give a general appreciation of them--are among the principal causes which have kept the type of "man" upon a lower level--they have preserved too much THAT WHICH SHOULD HAVE PERISHED. and who is sufficiently rich in gratitude not to feel poor at the contemplation of all that the "spiritual men" of Christianity have done for Europe hitherto! But when they had given comfort to the sufferers. and applies also to the highest and usually the most suffering type of man). manifests itself most terribly in its destructive effect on the higher orders of men. it operates upon them as the Epicurean philosophy usually operates upon sufferers of a higher order. But worse still. additional social happiness and sympathy. the rare exception. to work for the DETERIORATION OF THE
. and are only so far entitled to exist. to ordinary men. together with the religious significance of life. diverse. infirm. who exist for service and general utility. they take the part of these upon principle. There is perhaps nothing so admirable in Christianity and Buddhism as their art of teaching even the lowest to elevate themselves by piety to a seemingly higher order of things. they are always in favour of those who suffer from life as from a disease. to the majority of the people. and makes even their own aspect endurable to them. are always the exception. What. However highly we may esteem this indulgent and preservative care (inasmuch as in applying to others. One has to thank them for invaluable services. ennoblement of obedience. and in view of the fact that man is THE ANIMAL NOT YET PROPERLY ADAPTED TO HIS ENVIRONMENT. as the religions FOR SUFFERERS. The higher the type a man represents. in deed and in truth. then. it has applied.

what have you done! Was that a work for your hands? How you have hacked and botched my finest stone! What have you presumed to do!"--I should say that Christianity has hitherto been the most portentous of presumptions. and imperious--all instincts which are natural to the highest and most successful type of "man"--into uncertainty. and horror: "Oh. to break down everything autonomous. to invert all love of the earthly and of supremacy over the earth. He who is a thorough teacher takes things seriously--and even himself--only in relation to his pupils.
CHAPTER IV. presumptuous pitiful bunglers. pity. sickly. as exemplified in the European Christian (Pascal. with opposite requirements (no longer Epicurean) and with some divine hammer in his hand. 65A. the European of the present day. and self-destruction. not sufficiently strong and far-sighted to ALLOW. something obliging. conquering. forsooth. and exploited might be the diffidence of a God among men. for instance). 66. manly. to cast suspicion on the delight in beauty." have hitherto swayed the destiny of Europe. 65. until." and "higher man" fused into one sentiment. not sufficiently noble to see the radically different grades of rank and intervals of rank that separate man from man:--SUCH men.EUROPEAN RACE? To REVERSE all estimates of value--THAT is what they had to do! And to shatter the strong. until at last a dwarfed. 64. not great enough. Love to God also!
. Men. "Knowledge for its own sake"--that is the last snare laid by morality: we are thereby completely entangled in morals once more. We are most dishonourable towards our God: he is not PERMITTED to sin. a gregarious animal. equally coarse and refined comedy of European Christianity with the derisive and impartial eye of an Epicurean god. 67. were it not so much shame has to be overcome on the way to it. does it not actually seem that some single will has ruled over Europe for eighteen centuries in order to make a SUBLIME ABORTION of man? He. would he not have to cry aloud with rage. The tendency of a person to allow himself to be degraded. mediocre. and was obliged to impose. with their "equality before God. I should think one would never cease marvelling and laughing. APOPHTHEGMS AND INTERLUDES 63. distress of conscience. for it is exercised at the expense of all others. into hatred of the earth and earthly things--THAT is the task the Church imposed on itself. robbed. who. almost ludicrous species has been produced. Love to one only is a barbarity." "unsensuousness. the obvious law of the thousandfold failures and perishings to prevail. "unworldliness. could approach this almost voluntary degeneration and stunting of mankind. men. however. nor hard enough. to spoil great hopes. deceived. If one could observe the strangely painful. you bunglers. according to its standard of value. with sublime self-constraint. to be entitled as artists to take part in fashioning MAN. The charm of knowledge would be small. men.

68. "I did that," says my memory. "I could not have done that," says my pride, and remains inexorable. Eventually--the memory yields. 69. One has regarded life carelessly, if one has failed to see the hand that--kills with leniency. 70. If a man has character, he has also his typical experience, which always recurs. 71. THE SAGE AS ASTRONOMER.--So long as thou feelest the stars as an "above thee," thou lackest the eye of the discerning one. 72. It is not the strength, but the duration of great sentiments that makes great men. 73. He who attains his ideal, precisely thereby surpasses it. 73A. Many a peacock hides his tail from every eye--and calls it his pride. 74. A man of genius is unbearable, unless he possess at least two things besides: gratitude and purity. 75. The degree and nature of a man's sensuality extends to the highest altitudes of his spirit. 76. Under peaceful conditions the militant man attacks himself. 77. With his principles a man seeks either to dominate, or justify, or honour, or reproach, or conceal his habits: two men with the same principles probably seek fundamentally different ends therewith. 78. He who despises himself, nevertheless esteems himself thereby, as a despiser. 79. A soul which knows that it is loved, but does not itself love, betrays its sediment: its dregs come up. 80. A thing that is explained ceases to concern us--What did the God mean who gave the advice, "Know thyself!" Did it perhaps imply "Cease to be concerned about thyself! become objective!"--And Socrates?--And the "scientific man"? 81. It is terrible to die of thirst at sea. Is it necessary that you should so salt your truth that it will no longer--quench thirst? 82. "Sympathy for all"--would be harshness and tyranny for THEE, my good neighbour. 83. INSTINCT--When the house is on fire one forgets even the dinner--Yes, but one recovers it from among the ashes. 84. Woman learns how to hate in proportion as she--forgets how to charm. 85. The same emotions are in man and woman, but in different TEMPO, on that account man and woman never cease to misunderstand each other.

86. In the background of all their personal vanity, women themselves have still their impersonal scorn--for "woman". 87. FETTERED HEART, FREE SPIRIT--When one firmly fetters one's heart and keeps it prisoner, one can allow one's spirit many liberties: I said this once before But people do not believe it when I say so, unless they know it already. 88. One begins to distrust very clever persons when they become embarrassed. 89. Dreadful experiences raise the question whether he who experiences them is not something dreadful also. 90. Heavy, melancholy men turn lighter, and come temporarily to their surface, precisely by that which makes others heavy--by hatred and love. 91. So cold, so icy, that one burns one's finger at the touch of him! Every hand that lays hold of him shrinks back!--And for that very reason many think him red-hot. 92. Who has not, at one time or another--sacrificed himself for the sake of his good name? 93. In affability there is no hatred of men, but precisely on that account a great deal too much contempt of men. 94. The maturity of man--that means, to have reacquired the seriousness that one had as a child at play. 95. To be ashamed of one's immorality is a step on the ladder at the end of which one is ashamed also of one's morality. 96. One should part from life as Ulysses parted from Nausicaa--blessing it rather than in love with it. 97. What? A great man? I always see merely the play-actor of his own ideal. 98. When one trains one's conscience, it kisses one while it bites. 99. THE DISAPPOINTED ONE SPEAKS--"I listened for the echo and I heard only praise." 100. We all feign to ourselves that we are simpler than we are, we thus relax ourselves away from our fellows. 101. A discerning one might easily regard himself at present as the animalization of God. 102. Discovering reciprocal love should really disenchant the lover with regard to the beloved. "What! She is modest enough to love even you? Or stupid enough? Or--or---" 103. THE DANGER IN HAPPINESS.--"Everything now turns out best for me, I now love every fate:--who would like to be my fate?"

104. Not their love of humanity, but the impotence of their love, prevents the Christians of today--burning us. 105. The pia fraus is still more repugnant to the taste (the "piety") of the free spirit (the "pious man of knowledge") than the impia fraus. Hence the profound lack of judgment, in comparison with the Church, characteristic of the type "free spirit"--as ITS non-freedom. 106. By means of music the very passions enjoy themselves. 107. A sign of strong character, when once the resolution has been taken, to shut the ear even to the best counter-arguments. Occasionally, therefore, a will to stupidity. 108. There is no such thing as moral phenomena, but only a moral interpretation of phenomena. 109. The criminal is often enough not equal to his deed: he extenuates and maligns it. 110. The advocates of a criminal are seldom artists enough to turn the beautiful terribleness of the deed to the advantage of the doer. 111. Our vanity is most difficult to wound just when our pride has been wounded. 112. To him who feels himself preordained to contemplation and not to belief, all believers are too noisy and obtrusive; he guards against them. 113. "You want to prepossess him in your favour? Then you must be embarrassed before him." 114. The immense expectation with regard to sexual love, and the coyness in this expectation, spoils all the perspectives of women at the outset. 115. Where there is neither love nor hatred in the game, woman's play is mediocre. 116. The great epochs of our life are at the points when we gain courage to rebaptize our badness as the best in us. 117. The will to overcome an emotion, is ultimately only the will of another, or of several other, emotions. 118. There is an innocence of admiration: it is possessed by him to whom it has not yet occurred that he himself may be admired some day. 119. Our loathing of dirt may be so great as to prevent our cleaning ourselves--"justifying" ourselves. 120. Sensuality often forces the growth of love too much, so that its root remains weak, and is easily torn up. 121. It is a curious thing that God learned Greek when he wished to turn author--and that he did not learn it better.

Pharisaism is not a deterioration of the good man. 136. the more must you allure the senses to it. however well she may have assumed the peaceable demeanour. One is punished best for one's virtues. as the oldest friend of knowledge. 123. and then to get round them. Talent is also an adornment.--Yes. like the cat. we charge heavily to his account the inconvenience he thereby causes us. In the eyes of all true women science is hostile to the sense of shame. on that account he keeps so far away from him:--the devil. to express it more agreeably).
. 133. 135. When we have to change an opinion about any one. We do the same when awake as when dreaming: we only invent and imagine him with whom we have intercourse--and forget it immediately. 127. A nation is a detour of nature to arrive at six or seven great men. an adornment is also a concealment. To rejoice on account of praise is in many cases merely politeness of heart--and the very opposite of vanity of spirit. does not triumph over pain. 137. 132. From the senses originate all trustworthiness. 138. but because of the fact that he does not feel pain where he expected it. In intercourse with scholars and artists one readily makes mistakes of opposite kinds: in a remarkable scholar one not infrequently finds a mediocre man. all good conscience. 126. 130. in effect. 129. 128. He who exults at the stake. lives more frivolously and shamelessly than the man without an ideal. even in a mediocre artist. He who cannot find the way to HIS ideal. one finds a very remarkable man.122. A parable. 124. 131. The sexes deceive themselves about each other: the reason is that in reality they honour and love only themselves (or their own ideal. The one seeks an accoucheur for his thoughts.--when he ceases to show what he CAN do. The devil has the most extensive perspectives for God. Even concubinage has been corrupted--by marriage. a considerable part of it is rather an essential condition of being good. What a person IS begins to betray itself when his talent decreases. The more abstract the truth you wish to teach. Thus man wishes woman to be peaceable: but in fact woman is ESSENTIALLY unpeaceable. and often. 125. 134. They feel as if one wished to peep under their skin with it--or worse still! under their dress and finery. all evidence of truth. the other seeks some one whom he can assist: a good conversation thus originates.

if she had not the instinct for the SECONDARY role." 143. is "the barren animal. 86. From old Florentine novels--moreover. there is always Paradise": so say the most ancient and the most modern serpents. around the demigod everything becomes a satyr-play. 140. "Where there is the tree of knowledge. nations.
. Nov. one may say that woman would not have the genius for adornment. man. joyous distrust. and epochs it is the rule. if I may say so. He who fights with monsters should be careful lest he thereby become a monster. And if thou gaze long into an abyss. The chastest utterance I ever heard: "Dans le veritable amour c'est l'ame qui enveloppe le corps. bite it first--secure to make!" 141. What is done out of love always takes place beyond good and evil. The belly is the reason why man does not so readily take himself for a God.139. It is not enough to possess a talent: one must also have your permission to possess it. 156. and afterwards to believe implicitly in this opinion of their neighbour--who can do this conjuring trick so well as women? 149. indeed. Insanity in individuals is something rare--but in groups." 145. In revenge and in love woman is more barbarous than man. the abyss will also gaze into thee. evasion. 154. To seduce their neighbour to a favourable opinion. Comparing man and woman generally. 147. and around God everything becomes--what? perhaps a "world"? 151. 155.--eh. 153. 142. ADVICE AS A RIDDLE. from life: Buona femmina e mala femmina vuol bastone. 146. everything absolute belongs to pathology. Objection. Barrenness itself conduces to a certain virility of taste. The sense of the tragic increases and declines with sensuousness. When a woman has scholarly inclinations there is generally something wrong with her sexual nature.--Sacchetti.--"If the band is not to break. 144. 148. 150. That which an age considers evil is usually an unseasonable echo of what was formerly considered good--the atavism of an old ideal. parties. Our vanity would like what we do best to pass precisely for what is most difficult to us.--Concerning the origin of many systems of morals. and love of irony are signs of health. Around the hero everything becomes a tragedy. my friends? 152.

In praise there is more obtrusiveness than in blame.
. out of love to mankind (because one cannot embrace all). but with the accompanying grimace one nevertheless tells the truth. To vigorous men intimacy is a matter of shame--and something precious. 172. 163. but only when one esteems equal or superior. as his Son! What have we Sons of God to do with morals!" 165. truckles to our strongest impulse--the tyrant in us.--love God as I love him. 173. Christianity gave Eros poison to drink. Jesus said to his Jews: "The law was for servants. One loves ultimately one's desires. 174. 169.--A shepherd has always need of a bell-wether--or he has himself to be a wether occasionally. love the UTILE only as a VEHICLE for your inclinations. "Our fellow-creature is not our neighbour. One no longer loves one's knowledge sufficiently after one has communicated it. Poets act shamelessly towards their experiences: they exploit them. To talk much about oneself may also be a means of concealing oneself. Love brings to light the noble and hidden qualities of a lover--his rare and exceptional traits: it is thus liable to be deceptive as to his normal character. One MUST repay good and ill. certainly. not the thing desired. he did not die of it. too. but why just to the person who did us good or ill? 160.--ye. 159. but also our conscience. like tender hands on a Cyclops. One occasionally embraces some one or other. 166. too. 162. One does not hate as long as one disesteems. but this is what one must never confess to the individual. Ye Utilitarians--ye. 168. Not only our reason. One may indeed lie with the mouth. really find the noise of its wheels insupportable! 175. but degenerated to Vice. 170.157. but our neighbour's neighbour":--so thinks every nation. Pity has an almost ludicrous effect on a man of knowledge. 167. The thought of suicide is a great consolation: by means of it one gets successfully through many a bad night. 161. 158. 164. 171. IN SIGHT OF EVERY PARTY.

The consequences of our actions seize us by the forelock. The vanity of others is only counter to our taste when it is counter to our vanity. With regard to what "truthfulness" is." 184. with a pedantic and ridiculous seriousness. "I am affected. All the philosophers. and coarse-fingered:--an interesting contrast. 177. and refined."--Why?--"I am not a match for him." 180. and perish--and perhaps attempts to give a clear idea of the recurring and more common forms of these living crystallizations--as preparation for a THEORY OF TYPES of morality. diverse. people have not hitherto been so modest. There is an innocence in lying which is the sign of good faith in a cause. but because I can no longer believe in you. sensitive. The moral sentiment in Europe at present is perhaps as subtle. far too presumptuous and counter to GOOD taste. It is inhuman to bless when one is being cursed. initial. when they concerned themselves with morality as a science: they wanted to GIVE A BASIC to morality--and every philosopher hitherto has believed that he has given it a basis. belated. perhaps nobody has ever been sufficiently truthful. and distinctions of worth. demanded of themselves something very much higher.176. however. One does not believe in the follies of clever men: what a forfeiture of the rights of man! 179. 185. more pretentious. WHAT is alone proper for the present: namely. which live. 183. Indeed."--Did any one ever answer so?
CHAPTER V. There is a haughtiness of kindness which has the appearance of wickedness. To be sure.--which is always a foretaste of more modest expressions. and ceremonious. not because you have deceived me. The familiarity of superiors embitters one. the expression. "I dislike him. which sometimes becomes incarnate and obvious in the very person of a moralist. "Science of Morals" is. propagate. as the "Science of Morals" belonging thereto is recent. 182. has been regarded as something "given. the collection of material. very indifferent to the fact that we have meanwhile "reformed. because it may not be returned. morality itself. grow. the comprehensive survey and classification of an immense domain of delicate sentiments of worth. 181. 178. notwithstanding that the finest hands
. THE NATURAL HISTORY OF MORALS 186. awkward. in respect to what is designated thereby. One ought to avow with the utmost fairness WHAT is still necessary here for a long time." How far from their awkward pride was the seemingly insignificant problem--left in dust and decay--of a description of forms of morality.

a repudiator of God and of the world.and senses could hardly be fine enough for it! It was precisely owing to moral philosophers' knowing the moral facts imperfectly. the REAL basis of ethics which has been sought. is that I know how to obey--and with you it SHALL not be otherwise than with me!" In short. the problem of morality itself has been OMITTED: there has been no suspicion that there was anything problematic there! That which philosophers called "giving a basis to morality. with other systems he wants to crucify and humble himself. M.--this system of morals helps its author to forget. Apart from the value of such assertions as "there is a categorical imperative in us. that they did not even come in sight of the real problems of morals--problems which only disclose themselves by a comparison of MANY kinds of morality. like the philosopher's stone. In every "Science of Morals" hitherto. and were by no means eager to know about these matters. immo omnes quantum potes juva--is REALLY the proposition which all moral teachers strive to establish. In contrast to laisser-aller. when seen in a right light."--The difficulty of establishing the proposition referred to may indeed be great--it is well known that Schopenhauer also was unsuccessful in his efforts. ACTUALLY--played the flute. and past ages. in its ultimate motive. perhaps.A. has. Hear. and make him self-satisfied. A question by the way: a pessimist. [Footnote: Pages 54-55 of Schopenhauer's Basis of Morality.] "the axiom about the purport of which all moralists are PRACTICALLY agreed: neminem laede. Bullock. their climate and zone--it was precisely because they were badly instructed with regard to nations. and vivisecting of this very faith." and endeavoured to realize. in a world whose essence is Will to Power." he says (page 136 of the Grundprobleme der Ethik).. or an accidental abridgement--perhaps as the morality of their environment. proved merely a learned form of good FAITH in prevailing morality.. a new means of its EXPRESSION. for instance. doubting. with others he wishes to take revenge. for centuries. may be reminded that Schopenhauer. and whoever has thoroughly realized how absurdly false and sentimental this proposition is. their church. 188. Kant especially. who MAKES A HALT at morality--who assents to morality. (1903)." one can always ask: What does such an assertion indicate about him who makes it? There are systems of morals which are meant to justify their author in the eyes of other people. many another. eras. with what innocence--almost worthy of honour--Schopenhauer represents his own task. gives us to understand by his morals that "what is estimable in me. other systems of morals are meant to tranquilize him. strange as it may sound. translated by Arthur B.. with others to conceal himself. their position. many a moralist would like to exercise power and creative arbitrariness over mankind. daily after dinner: one may read about the matter in his biography. yea. although a pessimist. . a sort of denial that it is LAWFUL for this morality to be called in question--and in any case the reverse of the testing. what? Is that really--a pessimist? 187. every system of morals is a sort of
. or something of him. forgotten. their Zeitgeist. with others to glorify himself and gave superiority and distinction. consequently just a matter-of-fact within the sphere of a definite morality. analyzing. that system makes him. in an arbitrary epitome. and draw your conclusions concerning the scientificness of a "Science" whose latest master still talks in the strain of children and old wives: "The principle. systems of morals are only a SIGN-LANGUAGE OF THE EMOTIONS. and plays the flute to laede-neminem morals..

The singular fact remains. in comparison therewith. the persistent spiritual will to interpret everything that happened according to a Christian scheme." as utilitarian bunglers say. that there should be long OBEDIENCE in the same direction. this severe and magnificent stupidity." even free-spirited. in whose ear dwells an inexorable conscientiousness--"for the sake of a folly." or "for the good of the soul":--this tyranny. whether it be in thought itself. severity. art. the tyranny of rhyme and rhythm. which is shocking. no objection. granted also that much irrecoverable strength and spirit had to be stifled. spirituality--anything whatever that is transfiguring. but nevertheless noble). How much trouble have the poets and orators of every nation given themselves!--not excepting some of the prose writers of today. however. one should remember the constraint under which every language has attained to strength and freedom--the metrical constraint. locating.
. dancing. is his "most natural" condition. which. we are suspicious of every thinker who "wishes to prove something"--that it was always settled beforehand what WAS TO BE the result of their strictest thinking." as the anarchists say. disposing. that all kinds of tyranny and unreasonableness are unlawful What is essential and invaluable in every system of morals. Christian-moral explanation of immediate personal events "for the glory of God. however.tyranny against "nature" and also against "reason". or Port Royal. refined. and thereby deem themselves wise--"from submission to arbitrary laws. that everything of the nature of freedom. music. it is not at all improbable that precisely this is "nature" and "natural"--and not laisser-aller! Every artist knows how different from the state of letting himself go. One may look at every system of morals in this light: it is "nature" therein which teaches to hate the laisser-aller. or as it is still at the present day in the innocent. as it was perhaps in the Asiatic astrology of former times. something which has made life worth living. in all her extravagant and INDIFFERENT magnificence. on the contrary. has proved itself the disciplinary means whereby the European spirit has attained its strength. or conformable to Aristotelian premises. the discipline which the thinker imposed on himself to think in accordance with the rules of a church or a court. virtue. this arbitrariness. dreadfulness. by their very rigidness and precision. defy all formulation by means of ideas (even the most stable idea has. and masterly certainty. In order to understand Stoicism. unless one should again decree by some system of morals. arbitrariness. apparently (to repeat it once more). and thereby fancy themselves "free. which exists or has existed. foolish. both in the coarser and the finer sense. or in speaking and persuading. is apparently an indispensable means even of spiritual education and discipline. that is. and in every occurrence to rediscover and justify the Christian God:--all this violence. has only developed by means of the tyranny of such arbitrary law. suffocated. or divine. and unreasonableness. is that it is a long constraint. something floating. dance. and in all seriousness. and ambiguous in it). "nature" shows herself as she is. That for centuries European thinkers only thought in order to prove something--nowadays. the distrustful constraint in the communicability of ideas. its remorseless curiosity and subtle mobility. has EDUCATED the spirit. or in administration. slavery. reason. The long bondage of the spirit. as everywhere. The essential thing "in heaven and in earth" is. for instance. or Puritanism. there thereby results. manifold. the free arranging. boldness. and spoilt in the process (for here. in art just as in conduct. and constructing in the moments of "inspiration"--and how strictly and delicately he then obeys a thousand laws. and has always resulted in the long run. elegance.

one may at once assume that it has the same origin. therefore. the most daring of all interpreters. and in general only under the pressure of Christian sentiments. and thus. according to
. nor does it address itself to the individual (what does nature care for the individual!). in all his own disguises and multiplicities. There is something in the morality of Plato which does not really belong to Plato. Industrious races find it a great hardship to be idle: it was a master stroke of ENGLISH instinct to hallow and begloom Sunday to such an extent that the Englishman unconsciously hankers for his week--and work-day again:--as a kind of cleverly devised. The old theological problem of "Faith" and "Knowledge. to the animal "man" generally. during which an impulse learns to humble and submit itself--at the same time also to PURIFY and SHARPEN itself. the Stoa. and practically judge that "it is STUPID to do wrong"."--This mode of reasoning savours of the POPULACE. if not--[Greek words inserted here. Many kinds of fasts are necessary. to MANKIND. that stupidity is a condition of life and development. however. for which he himself was too noble. Viewed from a higher standpoint. for immediate duties--it teaches the NARROWING OF PERSPECTIVES. In jest. hence all evil is done unwittingly. The evil man inflicts injury on himself. legislators have to see that intercalary days are appointed. however. and for a long time. cleverly intercalated FAST. of instinct and reason--the question whether. and in Homeric language as well. and lose all respect for thyself"--this seems to me to be the moral imperative of nature. who lifted the entire Socrates out of the street. when they show themselves infected with any moral fanaticism. and wherever powerful influences and habits prevail. ages.--Plato did all he could to interpret something refined and noble into the tenets of his teacher. which wants to appreciate and act according to motives. races. in a certain sense. and learn to hunger anew. if he knew that evil is evil. whole generations and epochs. As regards every system of utilitarianism.--Here also is a hint for the explanation of the paradox. instinct deserves more authority than rationality. "Thou must obey some one. above all. what is the Platonic Socrates. The evil man. and ranks. not precisely with respect to work). and implants the need for limited horizons. who perceive only the unpleasant consequences of evil-doing. with the atmosphere rank and overcharged with Aphrodisiacal odours).the too great freedom. such as is also frequently found in the ancient world (although. he would not do so. as a popular theme and song." without further thought. Socratism. 189. to exhibit him in endless and impossible modifications--namely. 190. if one free him from error one will necessarily make him--good. "No one desires to injure himself. OTHERWISE thou wilt come to grief. but which only appears in his philosophy.] 191." as old Kant wished (consequently the "otherwise"). why it was precisely in the most Christian period of European history. which is certainly neither "categorical. on which such impulses are fettered. in respect to the valuation of things. certain philosophical sects likewise admit of a similar interpretation (for instance. while they accept "good" as identical with "useful and pleasant. and follow the scent: one will seldom err. as is appropriate in southern nations. in spite of him: namely. that the sexual impulse sublimated into love (amour-passion)." or more plainly. in the midst of Hellenic culture. one might say. is only evil through error. but to nations. and above all to interpret himself into them--he. seem like those intercalated periods of restraint and fasting.

" or as I call it. who recognized only the authority of reason: but reason is only a tool. he laughed also at himself: with his finer conscience and introspection. and had divided men's minds long before Christianity. of course. even in the "simplest" processes of sensation. and the passive emotion of indolence. and since Plato. "Faith. we find it so much easier to fancy the chance of a tree. the emotions DOMINATE--such as fear." that is to say. he perceived the irrationality in the moral judgment. we still do just the same. we involuntarily attempt to form the sounds into words with which we are more familiar and conversant--it was thus. we hear strange music badly. however. Our senses are also hostile and averse to the new. the taste of his talent--that of a surpassing dialectician--took first the side of reason. what did he do all his life but laugh at the awkward incapacity of the noble Athenians.a "Why. he brought his conscience up to the point that he was satisfied with a kind of self-outwitting: in fact. and cautious organs of knowledge. 192. the fictions. All this goes to prove that from our fundamental nature and from remote ages we have
. to "God". Our eyes find it easier on a given occasion to produce a picture already often produced. Socrates himself. all theologians and philosophers have followed the same path--which means that in matters of morality. Whoever has followed the history of a single science. the premature hypotheses. as here. that the Germans modified the spoken word ARCUBALISTA into ARMBRUST (cross-bow). following.--As little as a reader nowadays reads all the single words (not to speak of syllables) of a page--he rather takes about five out of every twenty words at random. EXCEPT as "inventors" thereof. and never learn completely.--Plato." It is difficult and painful for the ear to listen to anything new. to be subtle. but at the same time persuade the reason to support them with good arguments. reliable. and "guesses" the probably appropriate sense to them--just as little do we see a tree correctly and completely in respect to its leaves. and generally. and shape. more "morality. who were men of instinct. "the herd") has hitherto triumphed. and without the craftiness of the plebeian. the father of rationalism (and consequently the grandfather of the Revolution). more innocent in such matters. instinct (or as Christians call it. than to seize upon the divergence and novelty of an impression: the latter requires more force. for example. at the expenditure of all his strength--the greatest strength a philosopher had ever expended--that reason and instinct lead spontaneously to one goal. to the good. like all noble men. the good stupid will to "belief. we fabricate the greater part of the experience. Even in the midst of the most remarkable experiences. hatred. branches. and the reason ALSO--one must follow the instincts. wished to prove to himself. finds in its development a clue to the understanding of the oldest and commonest processes of all "knowledge and cognizance": there. in fact. colour. and could never give satisfactory answers concerning the motives of their actions? In the end. and. "But why"--he said to himself--"should one on that account separate oneself from the instincts! One must set them right. love. he found in himself the same difficulty and incapacity. though silently and secretly. and can hardly be made to contemplate any event. When we hear another language spoken. and Descartes was superficial." This was the real FALSENESS of that great and mysterious ironist. in conformity to purpose and utility--it is always the old moral problem that first appeared in the person of Socrates." and the lack of distrust and patience are first developed--our senses learn late. Unless one should make an exception in the case of Descartes.

" be far too earthly. indeed. 193. Another. the order of rank.--In an animated conversation. a "downwards" without descending or lowering--without TROUBLE!--how could the man with such dream-experiences and dream-habits fail to find "happiness" differently coloured and defined. 194. he is conscious of the power and art of flying as his privilege and his peculiarly enviable happiness. more pleasantly--one is much more of an artist than one is aware of. and being disagreed as to the greater or less value. by virtue thereof we are richer or poorer. profoundly well known. patience. must. and finally. has not even here got to the limit of his distrust and his desire for possession: he asks himself whether the woman. when she loves him just as much for the sake of his devilry and concealed insatiability. and even in the brightest moments of our waking life. violent. when she gives up everything for him." such as is described by poets. Probably the person put on quite a different expression. One man would like to possess a nation. however. he can actualize all sorts of curves and angles. for instance. tenebris agit: but also contrariwise. Only then does he feel the beloved one fully in his possession. even in his waking hours! How could he fail--to long DIFFERENTLY for happiness? "Flight." A third. such a person. sees the "questionableness. in broad daylight. As regards a woman. that the degree of distinctness far exceeds the STRENGTH of my visual faculty--the delicacy of the play of the muscles and of the expression of the eyes MUST therefore be imagined by me. an "upwards" without effort or constraint. who knows the sensation of a certain divine levity. who believes that on the slightest impulse. of the commonly recognized desirable things:--it manifests itself much more in what they regard as actually HAVING and POSSESSING a desirable thing. another with a more suspicious and ambitious thirst for possession." the mere apparentness of such ownership. and he finds all the higher arts of Cagliostro and Catalina suitable for his purpose. and spirituality. says to himself: "One may not deceive where one desires to possess"--he is irritated and impatient at the idea that a mask of him should rule in the hearts of the people: "I must. or which I believe to be evoked in his mind. The difference among men does not manifest itself only in the difference of their lists of desirable things--in their regarding different good things as worth striving for. Quidquid luce fuit. and that at last. in order to be loved at all he ventures to let himself be found out. in short. Supposing that someone has often flown in his dreams. as soon as he dreams. we have a requirement more or less. the control over her body and her sexual gratification serves as an amply sufficient sign of ownership and possession to the more modest man.been--ACCUSTOMED TO LYING. when she no longer deceives herself about him. or none at all.
. according to the thought he expresses. when compared with his own "flying. far too "troublesome" for him. to express it more politely and hypocritically. but also gives up for his sake what she has or would like to have--only THEN does he look upon her as "possessed. with a more refined thirst for possession. and wishes to have finer tests in order to know especially whether the woman not only gives herself to him. muscular. does not perhaps do so for a phantom of him. he wishes first to be thoroughly. Or. we are ruled to some extent by the nature of our dreams. What we experience in dreams. pertains at last just as much to the general belongings of our soul as anything "actually" experienced. I often see the face of the person with whom I am speaking so clearly and sharply defined before me. as for his goodness. provided we experience it often.

" "godless. by means of which life on earth obtained a new and dangerous charm for a couple of millenniums. the priest. The consequence is. Indeed. and the psychologist of morals reads the whole star-writing merely as an allegorical and symbolic language in which much may be unexpressed. their good and bad propensities.." 198. The beast of prey and the man of prey (for instance. insofar as such have the Will to Power and would like to play the master. In this inversion of valuations (in which is also included the use of the word "poor" as synonymous with "saint" and "friend") the significance of the Jewish people is to be found.. 197." and for the first time coined the word "world" as a term of reproach. With these conceits. Parents involuntarily make something like themselves out of their children--they call that "education". this is an allegory." as it is called--what else are they but suggestions for behaviour adapted to the degree of DANGER from themselves in which the individuals live. 195. "nature" is misunderstood." as Tacitus and the whole ancient world say of them." "sensual. no mother doubts at the bottom of her heart that the child she has borne is thereby her property. Does it not seem that there is a hatred of the virgin forest and of the tropics among moralists? And that the "tropical man" must be discredited at all costs.therefore. whether as disease and deterioration of mankind." because they generalize where
. Among ourselves." "violent. and would show himself deeply grateful. he should "merit" help. and the prince still see in every new individual an unobjectionable opportunity for a new possession. MAKE myself known. so long as one seeks a "morbidness" in the constitution of these healthiest of all tropical monsters and growths." "wicked. it is with THEM that the SLAVE-INSURRECTION IN MORALS commences. the class. seek just THEIR help. permeated with the musty odour of old family medicines and old-wife wisdom. so also do the teacher. And like the father. It is to be INFERRED that there are countless dark bodies near the sun--such as we shall never see. they take control of the needy as a property. or even an innate "hell" in them--as almost all moralists have done hitherto. and subservient to them for all help. or as his own hell and self-torture? And why? In favour of the "temperate zones"? In favour of the temperate men? The "moral"? The mediocre?--This for the chapter: "Morals as Timidity. attached. all of them grotesque and absurd in their form--because they address themselves to "all. Caesar Borgia) are fundamentally misunderstood." as they themselves say and believe--the Jews performed the miracle of the inversion of valuations. for instance. The Jews--a people "born for slavery. recipes for their passions. one almost always finds the awkward craftiness which first gets up suitably him who has to be helped. Their prophets fused into one the expressions "rich. in former times fathers deemed it right to use their discretion concerning the life or death of the newly born (as among the ancient Germans). as though. All the systems of morals which address themselves with a view to their "happiness. just as in general they are charitable and helpful out of a desire for property. no father hesitates about his right to HIS OWN ideas and notions of worth. small and great expediencies and elaborations. 196. "the chosen people among the nations. One finds them jealous when they are crossed or forestalled in their charity. and first of all learn to know myself!" Among helpful and charitable people.

and will have to impose a deception on themselves in the first place in order to be able to command just as if they also were only obeying. "Thou shalt".. all of them flavoured not merely with one grain of salt. or they even justify themselves by maxims from the current opinions of the herd. with whom it "no longer has much danger. indulgence. and accepts whatever is shouted into its ear by all sorts of commanders--parents. the Aristotelianism of morals.. tribes. the destruction of the emotions by their analysis and vivisection. the spiritual and corporeal licentia morum in the exceptional cases of wise old codgers and drunkards. which the Stoics advised and fostered. and three times repeated. This condition of things actually exists in Europe at present--I call it the moral hypocrisy of the commanding class. communities. They know no other way of protecting themselves from their bad conscience than by playing the role of executors of older and higher orders (of predecessors. temperance. by virtue of which he is gentle. sympathy. impatience. frequent retrogression. or they will suffer inwardly from a bad conscience. or. unconditionally refrain from something"." 199. the hesitation. especially of "the other world. as long as mankind has existed. or the lowering of the emotions to an innocent mean at which they may be satisfied. class prejudices. protractedness." That is all of little value when estimated intellectually. which he recommended so naively." much less "wisdom". or of God himself). mixed with stupidity. and sometimes even seductive. expediency.generalization is not authorized. If one imagine this instinct increasing to its greatest extent. as "first servants of their people. or the no-more-laughing and no-more-weeping of Spinoza. peoples. therefore. as a kind of FORMAL CONSCIENCE which gives the command "Thou shalt unconditionally do something. such as public spirit. the bold letting-go of the reins.. finally. as has been taught by Hafis and Goethe. generally speaking. states. of the law. it is expediency. The extraordinary limitation of human development. and of mankind for God's sake--for in religion the passions are once more enfranchised. or public opinion. deference. stupidity. of justice. of the constitution. the gregarious European man nowadays assumes an air as if he were the only kind of man that is allowable. or even morality as the enjoyment of the emotions in a voluntary attenuation and spiritualization by the symbolism of art. and taking themselves unconditionally. This need tries to satisfy itself and to fill its form with a content." or "instruments of the public weal". and is far from being "science. all of them speaking unconditionally. according to its strength."--This also for the chapter: "Morals as Timidity. industry. when they are over-spiced and begin to smell dangerously. it at once seizes as an omnivorous appetite with little selection. endurable. is attributable to the fact that the herd-instinct of obedience is transmitted best. modesty. commanders and independent individuals will finally be lacking altogether. and turning thereof. and always a great number who obey in proportion to the small number who command--in view. kindness. and at the cost of the art of command. he glorifies his qualities. or as love of God. there have also been human herds (family alliances. stupidity--whether it be the indifference and statuesque coldness towards the heated folly of the emotions. On the other hand. laws. repeated once more. in short. Inasmuch as in all ages. even the complaisant and wanton surrender to the emotions. expediency. teachers. churches). perhaps as music. and
. provided that. of the fact that obedience has been most practiced and fostered among mankind hitherto. the need thereof is now innate in every one. and eagerness. but. but rather endurable only. one may reasonably suppose that.

it is above all things the happiness of repose. they have also inherited and indoctrinated into them a proper mastery and subtlety for carrying on the conflict with themselves (that is to say. of final unity--it is the "Sabbath of Sabbaths. however.--Should. After all. as the peculiarly human virtues. for instance. fairness. In cases." to use the expression of the holy rhetorician. which struggle with one another and are seldom at peace--such a man of late culture and broken lights. A sympathetic action. "love to our neighbour" is always a secondary matter. as long as the preservation of the community is only kept in view. the faculty of self-control and self-deception). and mutual assistance. be a weak man. who was himself such a man. there then arise those marvelously incomprehensible and inexplicable beings. and often not only contrary. the Hohenstaufen." Granted even that there is already a little constant exercise of consideration. instincts and standards of value. who has the inheritance of a diversified descent in his body--that is to say. As long as the utility which determines moral estimates is only gregarious utility. They appear precisely in the same periods when that weaker type. and among artists. St. what a blessing. of repletion. on the other hand. granted that even in this condition of society all those instincts are already active which are latterly distinguished by honourable names as "virtues." and eventually almost coincide with the conception "morality": in that period they do not as yet belong to the domain of moral valuations--they are still ULTRA-MORAL. predestined for conquering and circumventing others. for example. with its longing for repose. even at the best. where it is believed that the leader and bell-wether cannot be dispensed with. and should it be praised. is the appearance of an absolute ruler for these gregarious Europeans--of this fact the effect of the appearance of Napoleon was the last great proof the history of the influence of Napoleon is almost the history of the higher happiness to which the entire century has attained in its worthiest individuals and periods. on an average. directly the sympathetic action is compared with one which contributes to the welfare of the whole. Epicurean or Christian). however. the two types are complementary to each other. gentleness. and the immoral is sought precisely and exclusively in what seems dangerous to the maintenance of the community. a sort of resentful disdain is compatible with this praise. 201. those enigmatical men. in the best period of the Romans. of undisturbedness. Augustine. In spite of all. 200. happiness appears to him in the character of a soothing medicine and mode of thought (for instance. there can be no "morality of love to one's neighbour. what a deliverance from a weight becoming unendurable. moral nor immoral. attempt after attempt is made nowadays to replace commanders by the summing together of clever gregarious men all representative constitutions. contrary. the contrariety and conflict in such natures operate as an ADDITIONAL incentive and stimulus to life--and if. are of this origin.useful to the herd. His fundamental desire is that the war which is IN HIM should come to an end. to the RES PUBLICA. will. The man of an age of dissolution which mixes the races with one another. Frederick the Second). in addition to their powerful and irreconcilable instincts. partly conventional and arbitrarily manifested in relation to
. perhaps Leonardo da Vinci. comes to the front. sympathy. the finest examples of which are Alcibiades and Caesar (with whom I should like to associate the FIRST of Europeans according to my taste. and spring from the same causes. is neither called good nor bad.

the cause of fear. one would have done away with this morality at the same time. even in justice. Let us at once say again what we have already said a hundred times. the morality of fear. that it is precisely in respect to men of "modern ideas" that we have constantly applied the terms "herd. it would no longer be necessary. 202. a disposition. seriously and honestly. unassuming. the imperative of the timidity of the herd "we wish that some time or other there may be NOTHING MORE TO FEAR!" Some time or other--the will and the way THERETO is nowadays called "progress" all over Europe. for people's ears nowadays are unwilling to hear such truths--OUR truths. rapacity. the MEDIOCRITY of desires. which up till then had not only to be honoured from the point of view of general utility--under other names. and the low level of the gregarious conscience."
. its belief in itself. as it were. it WOULD NOT CONSIDER ITSELF any longer necessary!--Whoever examines the conscience of the present-day European. such as the love of enterprise. foolhardiness. an emotion. "Is it not sufficient if the criminal be rendered HARMLESS? Why should we still punish? Punishment itself is terrible!"--with these questions gregarious morality. It is by the loftiest and strongest instincts. under very peaceful circumstances. and is a source of fear to the neighbour. that the self-reliance of the community is destroyed. The contrary instincts and inclinations now attain to moral honour. there is always less opportunity and necessity for training the feelings to severity and rigour. a condition. when they break out passionately and carry the individual far above and beyond the average. astuteness. Finally. in fact. self-equalizing disposition. and even the cogent reason. and without metaphor. the part of the CRIMINAL. There is a point of diseased mellowness and effeminacy in the history of society. If one could at all do away with danger. will always elicit the same imperative from its thousand moral folds and hidden recesses. is henceforth called EVIL. How much or how little dangerousness to the community or to equality is contained in an opinion. begins to disturb the conscience. Certain strong and dangerous instincts. here again fear is the mother of morals. self-adapting. The lofty independent spirituality. counts man among the animals. are felt to be dangers. but it will be accounted to us almost a CRIME. consequently these very instincts will be most branded and defamed. everything that elevates the individual above the herd. breaks. the gregarious instinct gradually draws its conclusions. than those here given--but had to be fostered and cultivated (because they were perpetually required in the common danger against the common enemies). revengefulness. To punish. draws its ultimate conclusion. are now felt in their dangerousness to be doubly strong--when the outlets for them are lacking--and are gradually branded as immoral and given over to calumny. and now every form of severity. After the fabric of society seems on the whole established and secured against external dangers. and awakens distrust. it is this fear of our neighbour which again creates new perspectives of moral valuation. a lofty and rigorous nobleness and self-responsibility almost offends. or an endowment--that is now the moral perspective. the tolerant. of course. and love of power. the will to stand alone." and still more "the sheep. We know well enough how offensive it sounds when any one plainly. and does so.our FEAR OF OUR NEIGHBOUR." wins respect. attains to moral distinction and honour. "the lamb. appears to it to be somehow unfair--it is certain that the idea of "punishment" and "the obligation to punish" are then painful and alarming to people. its backbone. at which society itself takes the part of him who injures it.

only one kind of human morality. who hold a different belief--we. Apparently in opposition to the peacefully industrious democrats and Revolution-ideologues. the sole hope of the future. who are now roving through the highways of European culture. who regard the democratic
. that which here glorifies itself with praise and blame." and such like expressions. at one in their belief in the morality of MUTUAL sympathy. up even to "God"--the extravagance of "sympathy for God" belongs to a democratic age). is indicated by the increasingly furious howling. We have found that in all the principal moral judgments. altogether at one in the cry and impatience of their sympathy. and calls itself good." however." against such a "should be. in their almost feminine incapacity for witnessing it or ALLOWING it. and always less disguised teeth-gnashing of the anarchist dogs. before which. is much too slow and sleepy for the more impatient ones. MORALITY IN EUROPE AT PRESENT IS HERDING-ANIMAL MORALITY. however. It must then sound hard and be distasteful to the ear. as we understand the matter. and therefore. What avail is it? We cannot do otherwise. no one needs "rights" any longer). beside which. at one in their involuntary beglooming and heart-softening. for when all are equal. at one in their distrust of punitive justice (as though it were a violation of the weak. for it is precisely here that our new insight is. in their compassion for all that feels. Against such a "possibility. the great discharge from all the obligations of the past. at one in their tenacious opposition to every special claim. and after which many other moralities. but equally at one in their religion of sympathy. including likewise the countries where European influence prevails in Europe people evidently KNOW what Socrates thought he did not know. are or should be possible. to preponderance and supremacy over other instincts. according to the increasing physiological approximation and resemblance of which it is the symptom. is the instinct of the herding human animal." those are really at one with them all in their thorough and instinctive hostility to every form of society other than that of the AUTONOMOUS herd (to the extent even of repudiating the notions "master" and "servant"--ni dieu ni maitre. the consolation of the present. That its TEMPO. and therefore in "themselves. and what the famous serpent of old once promised to teach--they "know" today what is good and evil. in their deadly hatred of suffering generally. in the herd. it says obstinately and inexorably "I am morality itself and nothing else is morality!" Indeed. and suffers (down to the very animals. says a socialist formula). the instinct which has come and is ever coming more and more to the front."herd-instincts. every special right and privilege (this means ultimately opposition to EVERY right. and above all HIGHER moralities. Europe has become unanimous. lives. the climax. unfair to the NECESSARY consequences of all former society). We. the ATTAINED climax of mankind. and still more so to the awkward philosophasters and fraternity-visionaries who call themselves Socialists and want a "free society. when we always insist that that which here thinks it knows. for those who are sick and distracted by the herding-instinct. under the spell of which Europe seems to be threatened with a new Buddhism. as though it were morality in itself. with the help of a religion which has humoured and flattered the sublimest desires of the herding-animal." 203. things have reached such a point that we always find a more visible expression of this morality even in political and social arrangements: the DEMOCRATIC movement is the inheritance of the Christian movement. altogether at one in their belief in the community as the DELIVERER. this morality defends itself with all its strength.

who in the present shall fix the constraints and fasten the knots which will compel millenniums to take NEW paths. The image of such leaders hovers before OUR eyes:--is it lawful for me to say it aloud. to transvalue and invert "eternal valuations". broken down. and become contemptible. in men of the future. this brutalizing of man into a pigmy with equal rights and claims. He sees at a glance all that could still BE MADE OUT OF MAN through a favourable accumulation and augmentation of human powers and arrangements. and on the other hand the necessity for such leaders. ye free spirits? The conditions which one would partly have to create and partly utilize for their genesis." and still more under the whole of Christo-European morality--suffers from an anguish with which no other is to be compared. but he who has the rare eye for the universal danger of "man" himself DETERIORATING. to a man of "free society"). divined. in forerunners. terrible. and how often in the past the type man has stood in presence of mysterious decisions and new paths:--he knows still better from his painfulest recollections on what wretched obstacles promising developments of the highest rank have hitherto usually gone to pieces. The UNIVERSAL DEGENERACY OF MANKIND to the level of the "man of the future"--as idealized by the socialistic fools and shallow-pates--this degeneracy and dwarfing of man to an absolutely gregarious animal (or as they call it. so as to bear the weight of such responsibility. he knows with all the knowledge of his conviction how unexhausted man still is for the greatest possibilities. in order thereby to put an end to the frightful rule of folly and chance which has hitherto gone by the name of "history" (the folly of the "greatest number" is only its last form)--for that purpose a new type of philosopher and commander will some time or other be needed. and benevolent beings might look pale and dwarfed. is undoubtedly POSSIBLE! He who has thought out this possibility to its ultimate conclusion knows ANOTHER loathing unknown to the rest of mankind--and perhaps also a new MISSION!
. the dreadful danger that they might be lacking. as involving his mediocrising and depreciation: where have WE to fix our hopes? In NEW PHILOSOPHERS--there is no other alternative: in minds strong and original enough to initiate opposite estimates of value. at the very idea of which everything that has existed in the way of occult. nor even a "finger of God" has participated!--he who divines the fate that is hidden under the idiotic unwariness and blind confidence of "modern ideas. under the new pressure and hammer of which a conscience should be steeled and a heart transformed into brass. a transvaluation of values. the presumptive methods and tests by virtue of which a soul should grow up to such an elevation and power as to feel a CONSTRAINT to these tasks. sunk. ye know it well. There are few pains so grievous as to have seen. not only as a degenerating form of political organization.movement. a waning type of man. ye free spirits! these are the heavy distant thoughts and storms which sweep across the heaven of OUR life. but as equivalent to a degenerating. he who like us has recognized the extraordinary fortuitousness which has hitherto played its game in respect to the future of mankind--a game in which neither the hand. To teach man the future of humanity as his WILL. and to make preparation for vast hazardous enterprises and collective attempts in rearing and educating. or miscarry and degenerate:--these are OUR real anxieties and glooms. or experienced how an exceptional man has missed his way and deteriorated. as depending on human will.

he has succeeded in severing the whole of the last generation of Germans from its connection with German culture. is one of the subtler after-effects of democratic organization and disorganization: the self-glorification and self-conceitedness of the learned man is now everywhere in full bloom. which had involuntarily extended to disregard of philosophy generally. it may just have been the humanness. and as if with the best conscience. always implies unfortunate experience?--to treat of such an important question of rank. I found most frequently. The declaration of independence of the scientific man. Let it but be acknowledged to
. according to Balzac--I would venture to protest against an improper and injurious alteration of rank. the after-effect of Schopenhauer on the most modern Germany: by his unintelligent rage against Hegel. My memory--the memory of a scientific man. to whom on the whole obedience had been foresworn. who sees nothing in philosophy but a series of REFUTED systems. and in its turn to play the "master"--what am I saying! to play the PHILOSOPHER on its own account. (Such seems to me. as it seems to me.CHAPTER VI. whose "hand-maid" it had been too long. his emancipation from philosophy. and un-German to the extent of ingeniousness. threatens nowadays to establish itself in the relations of science and philosophy. at another time it was the industrious worker who had got a scent of OTIUM and refined luxuriousness in the internal economy of the philosopher. At another time the fear of disguised mysticism and of the boundary-adjustment of knowledge became conspicuous. with the happiest results. it now proposes in its wantonness and indiscretion to lay down laws for philosophy. At the risk that moralizing may also reveal itself here as that which it has always been--namely. resolutely MONTRER SES PLAIES. resisted theology. On another occasion it was the colour-blindness of the utilitarian. I mean to say that one must have the right out of one's own EXPERIENCE--experience. or AGAINST science like women and artists ("Ah! this dreadful science!" sigh their instinct and their shame. who are both the one and the other by profession). "it always FINDS THINGS OUT!"). the evil after-effect of some particular philosopher. the philologists and schoolmasters. WE SCHOLARS 204. for instance. without. if you please!--teems with the naivetes of insolence which I have heard about philosophy and philosophers from young naturalists and old physicians (not to mention the most cultured and most conceited of all learned men. On one occasion it was the specialist and the Jack Horner who instinctively stood on the defensive against all synthetic tasks and capabilities. however. which quite unnoticed. which has injured most radically the reverence for philosophy and opened the doors to the instinct of the populace. at another time the disregard of individual philosophers. their contemptibleness. all things considered. in short. has been an elevation and a divining refinement of the HISTORICAL SENSE. In fine. and felt himself aggrieved and belittled thereby. so as not to speak of colour like the blind. behind the proud disdain of philosophy in young scholars. irreceptive. all-too-humanness of the modern philosophers themselves. which culture. "Freedom from all masters!" and after science has. speaking generally. and in its best springtime--which does not mean to imply that in this case self-praise smells sweet.) On the whole. and an extravagant expenditure which "does nobody any good". but precisely at this point Schopenhauer himself was poor. the spell of his scornful estimates of other philosophers having been got rid of--the result being a general ill-will to all philosophy. Here also the instinct of the populace cries.

and dumbfounded. and his DESPECTION. a philosophical Cagliostro and spiritual rat-catcher--in short. and whatever else all the royal and magnificent anchorites of the spirit were called. who. there is also the fact that he demands from himself a verdict." no more in fact than a diffident science of epochs and doctrine of forbearance a philosophy that never even gets beyond the threshold. while that to which the entire modern philosophy has gradually sunk. if it has not really been a question of conscience. that is very evident! All of them are persons who have been vanquished and BROUGHT BACK AGAIN under the dominion of science. either with the scientific man and ideal scholar. DISBELIEF in the master-task and supremacy of philosophy After all. that is to say. for instance. and rigorously DENIES itself the right to enter--that is philosophy in its last throes. is no longer of much importance. It is perhaps just the refinement of his intellectual conscience that makes him hesitate and linger on the way. or with the religiously elevated. without having a right to the "more" and its responsibility--and who now. in fact. the philosopher has long been mistaken and confused by the multitude. a milleantenna. The extent and towering structure of the sciences have increased enormously. so that his view. owing to the fashion of the present day. are just as much aloft as they are down below--in Germany. It is especially the sight of those hotch-potch philosophers." or "positivists. who at one time or another claimed more from themselves. Plato. represent in word and deed. This is in the last instance a question of taste. or will attach himself somewhere and "specialize" so that he will no longer attain to his elevation. the anarchist Eugen Duhring and the amalgamist Eduard von Hartmann. to his superspection. the two lions of Berlin. desecularized visionary and God-intoxicated man. something that awakens pity. In fact. his general estimate of things. that one might doubt whether this fruit could still come to maturity. and deteriorated. when the best of his maturity and strength is past. an end. a millepede. he dreads the temptation to become a dilettante. how could it be otherwise? Science flourishes nowadays and has the good conscience clearly visible on its countenance. are themselves but scholars and specialists. because he lives
. he knows too well that as a discerner. Or he gets aloft too late. a misleader. rancorously. and with what justice an honest man of science MAY feel himself of a better family and origin. excites distrust and displeasure. not concerning science. the remnant of philosophy of the present day. his circumspection. one who has lost his self-respect no longer commands. Empedocles. coarsened." which is calculated to implant a dangerous distrust in the soul of a young and ambitious scholar those philosophers. creditably. and even yet when one hears anybody praised. doubting. at the best. How could such a philosophy--RULE! 205. no longer LEADS. To double once more the philosopher's difficulties. and vindictively. and he has to seek his way to the right and the belief only through the most extensive (perhaps disturbing and destroying) experiences. who call themselves "realists. unless he should aspire to become a great play-actor. in view of such representatives of philosophy. The dangers that beset the evolution of the philosopher are.what an extent our modern world diverges from the whole style of the world of Heraclitus. or when he is impaired. so manifold nowadays. desensualized. an agony. often hesitating. if not scorn and pity Philosophy reduced to a "theory of knowledge. but concerning life and the worth of life--he learns unwillingly to believe that it is his right and even his duty to obtain this verdict. a Yea or Nay. and therewith also the probability that the philosopher will grow tired even as a learner.

a means and artifice for withdrawing successfully from a bad game. he plays THIS bad game. to relax--every bent bow To relax. non-authoritative. IMPRUDENTLY. and non-self-sufficient type of man. and has a lynx-eye for the weak points in those natures to whose elevations he cannot attain. like her." Wisdom: that seems to the populace to be a kind of flight. with consideration. of course. To both. a being who either ENGENDERS or PRODUCES--both words understood in their fullest sense--the man of learning. the IDEAL man of learning in whom the scientific instinct blossoms forth fully after a thousand complete and partial failures. He is confiding. as if it were salvation and glorification--as is especially accustomed to happen in the pessimist school. patient adaptableness to rank and file. 206." above all. has also maladies and faults of an ignoble kind: he is full of petty envy. but the GENUINE philosopher--does it not seem so to US. as if it were the goal in itself. which is no longer moved by rapture or sympathy. a non-ruling. yet only as one who lets himself go. which has also in its turn good reasons for paying the highest honours to "disinterested knowledge" The objective man. has again and again to be overcome. to the scholar and to the old maid. Let us examine more closely: what is the scientific man? Firstly. one must learn caution even with regard to one's gratitude. and for that which they require--for instance: the portion of independence and green meadow without which there is no rest from labour. in the compulsion of this concession. but does not FLOW. the claim to honour and consideration (which first and foremost presupposes recognition and recognisability). one concedes respectability."wisely." or "as a philosopher. and naturally with an indulgent hand--to RELAX with confiding sympathy that is the real art of Jesuitism. my friends?--lives "unphilosophically" and "unwisely. equability and moderation in capacity and requirement. However gratefully one may welcome the OBJECTIVE spirit--and who has not been sick to death of all subjectivity and its confounded IPSISIMOSITY!--in the end. however. which labours instinctively for the destruction of the exceptional man. The learned man. who no longer curses and scolds like the pessimist. a commonplace type of man. which has always understood how to introduce itself as the religion of sympathy. of course. In relation to the genius. the perpetual ratification of his value and usefulness. the sunshine of a good name. for. and feels the obligation and burden of a hundred attempts and temptations of life--he risks HIMSELF constantly. he has the instinct for people like himself. with which the inward DISTRUST which lies at the bottom of the heart of all dependent men and gregarious animals. he is not conversant with the two principal functions of man. as if by way of indemnification--in these cases one emphasizes the respectability--and yet." it hardly means anything more than "prudently and apart. and put a stop to the exaggeration with which the unselfing and depersonalizing of the spirit has recently been celebrated. The worst and most dangerous thing of which a scholar is capable results from the instinct of mediocrity of his type. is assuredly one of the most costly
. has always something of the old maid about him. 207. one has the same admixture of vexation. he possesses industry. as is appropriate. and endeavours to break--or still better. from the Jesuitism of mediocrity. that is to say. the scientific average man. with commonplace virtues: that is to say. and precisely before the man of the great current he stands all the colder and more reserved--his eye is then like a smooth and irresponsive lake.

and then expands himself sensitively. and here only is he unrefined and negligent Perhaps he is troubled about the health. Should one wish love or hatred from him--I mean love and hatred as God. and rather UN TOUR DE FORCE. he does not go in advance of any one. easily tarnished measuring instrument and mirroring apparatus. but in vain! His thoughts already rove away to the MORE GENERAL case. easily injured. he places himself generally too far off to have any reason for espousing the cause of either good or evil. not outgoing nor upgoing. and furnish what he can. so that even the light footsteps and gliding-past of spiritual beings may not be lost on his surface and film Whatever "personality" he still possesses seems to him accidental. but from lack of capacity for grasping and dealing with HIS trouble The habitual complaisance with respect to all objects and experiences. he readily confounds himself with other persons. arbitrary. His love is constrained. that must wait for some kind of content and frame to "shape" itself thereto--for the most part a man without frame and content. fragile. though certainly the sublimest sort of slave. an engendering. he has had far too much honour. nothing for women. nothing hardy. with Leibniz: let us not overlook nor undervalue the PRESQUE! Neither is he a model man. NOT from lack of trouble. of dangerous indifference as to Yea and Nay: alas! there are enough of cases in which he has to atone for these virtues of his!--and as man generally. a "selfless" man. the radiant and impartial hospitality with which he receives everything that comes his way. he is a MIRROR--he is no "purpose in himself" The objective man is in truth a mirror accustomed to prostration before everything that wants to be known. he becomes far too easily the CAPUT MORTUUM of such virtues. and animal understand them--he will do what he can. inflated.
. he sets himself to reflect on his suffering. which is to be taken care of and respected. we may say. self-centred. with the Caesarian trainer and dictator of civilization. but he is no goal. but nothing in himself--PRESQUE RIEN! The objective man is an instrument. neither does he destroy. something of a slave. questionable. a costly. that wants to be master. no longer how to deny. no termination--and still less a commencement. but his place is in the hand of one who is more powerful He is only an instrument. disturbing. no complementary man in whom the REST of existence justifies itself. he does not command. He is only genuine so far as he can be objective. his habit of inconsiderate good-nature. and what is more essential in him has been overlooked--he is an instrument. delicate. nor after. woman. and tomorrow he knows as little as he knew yesterday how to help himself He does not now take himself seriously and devote time to himself he is serene. he makes mistakes with regard to his own needs. Consequently. a slight ostentation and exaggeration. If he has been so long confounded with the PHILOSOPHER. also. only in his serene totality is he still "nature" and "natural. his hatred is artificial. but rather only a soft. or the lack of companions and society--indeed. movable potter's-form. and deteriorated. IN PARENTHESI. or the pettiness and confined atmosphere of wife and friend. powerful. with such desires only as knowing or "reflecting" implies--he waits until something comes." His mirroring and eternally self-polishing soul no longer knows how to affirm. or primary cause. or still oftener. But one must not be surprised if it should not be much--if he should show himself just at this point to be false. "JE NE MEPRISE PRESQUE RIEN"--he says. either. so much has he come to regard himself as the passage and reflection of outside forms and events He calls up the recollection of "himself" with an effort.instruments that exist. and not infrequently wrongly.

and even at that sharp. and feels something like a bite thereby. which has inherited as it were different standards and valuations in its blood. where do we not find this cripple sitting nowadays! And yet how bedecked oftentimes' How seductively ornamented! There are the finest gala dresses and disguises for this disease. that delicate creature. sometimes exhibiting the mobile skepticism which springs impatiently and wantonly from branch to branch. as lovers of repose. is far too easily frightened. and Hamlet himself is now prescribed by the doctors of the day as an antidote to the "spirit. When a philosopher nowadays makes known that he is not a skeptic--I hope that has been gathered from the foregoing description of the objective spirit?--people all hear it impatiently.208. "Are not our ears already full of bad sounds?" say the skeptics. is a Circe. they are no longer familiar with independence of decision. In the new generation. For skepticism is the most spiritual expression of a certain many-sided physiological temperament. no door is open to me. and Circe."
. it arises whenever races or classes which have been long separated. means denial. precipitate attempt at a radical blending of classes. the very virtues prevent each other growing and becoming strong. and tentativeness. doubt. which is most diseased and degenerated in such nondescripts is the WILL.. the scene of a senseless." Or: "Even if the door were open. indeed among timid hearers. was a philosopher. lulling poppy of skepticism. and almost as a kind of safety police. and that. is therefore skeptical in all its heights and depths.. a dynamite of the spirit. decided Yea. he is henceforth said to be dangerous. as if a new kind of explosive were being tried somewhere. why should I enter immediately?" Or: "What is the use of any hasty hypotheses? It might quite well be in good taste to make no hypotheses at all. and in truth he needs some consolation. That." Or: "Here I do not trust myself. ye demons. derangement. Against this kind of "good-will"--a will to the veritable. Are you absolutely obliged to straighten at once what is crooked? to stuff every hole with some kind of oakum? Is there not time enough for that? Has not the time leisure? Oh. too. ballast. and perpendicular stability are lacking in body and soul. the mild." "the scientific spirit. they regard him on that account with some apprehension. sometimes with gloomy aspect. no better soporific and sedative than skepticism. he loves. most of what places itself nowadays in the show-cases as "objectiveness. Yea! and Nay!--they seem to him opposed to morality. to make a festival to his virtue by a noble aloofness. as is generally acknowledged nowadays. pleasing. his conscience is schooled so as to start at every Nay. the best powers operate restrictively. a pessimism BONAE VOLUNTATIS. decisively and suddenly blend with one another. and CONSEQUENTLY of races. the Sphinx. of whom there are now so many. ye pessimistic moles!" The skeptic. it seems to them as if they heard some evil-threatening sound in the distance. With his repudiation of skepticism."--Thus does a skeptic console himself. however. many questions. can ye not at all WAIT? The uncertain also has its charms. while perhaps he says with Montaigne: "What do I know?" Or with Socrates: "I know that I know nothing. for instance. too. they would like to ask so many. like a cloud over-charged with interrogative signs--and often sick unto death of its will! Paralysis of will. "this subterranean Nay is terrible! Be still. in effect." and its underground noises. on the contrary. perhaps a newly discovered Russian NIHILINE. which in ordinary language is called nervous debility and sickliness. that not only denies. actual negation of life--there is. but--dreadful thought! PRACTISES denial. or the courageous feeling of pleasure in willing--they are doubtful of the "freedom of the will" even in their dreams Our present-day Europe. equilibrium. everything is disquiet.

but it is strongest and most surprising of all in that immense middle empire where Europe as it were flows back to Asia--namely. but who would not have deceived himself in his place? He saw his son lapsed to atheism. That unscrupulous enthusiast for big. had on one point the very knack and lucky grasp of the genius: he knew what was then lacking in Germany. together with the obligation of every one to read his newspaper at breakfast I do not say this as one who desires it. to the pleasant frivolity of clever Frenchmen--he saw in the background the great bloodsucker. which is too young yet to know what it wants. that his own son was not man enough. he deceived himself." and "pure voluntary knowledge. The time for petty politics is past. 209. in Russia There the power to will has been long stored up and accumulated. a persistent. that Europe would have to make up its mind to become equally threatening--namely."L'ART POUR L'ART. Spain. brought into being a military and skeptical genius--and therewith. by means of a new caste to rule over the Continent. but also internal subversion. it decreases according as "the barbarian" still--or again--asserts his claims under the loose drapery of Western culture It is therefore in the France of today. and he suspected. he suspected the incurable wretchedness of a heart no
. and Corsica. the spider skepticism. so that the long spun-out comedy of its petty-statism. and its dynastic as well as its democratic many-willed-ness. in a resolution. by being the school and exhibition of all the charms of skepticism The power to will and to persist. in reality. the new and now triumphantly emerged type of German). which the lovers of German history will already understand. dreadful will of its own. is already somewhat stronger in Germany. and must first show whether it can exercise will. to his bitterest regret. the shattering of the empire into small states. it is considerably stronger in England. I should like to express myself preliminarily merely by a parable. handsome grenadiers (who. might finally be brought to a close. moreover. There. to the ESPRIT. the want of which was a hundred times more alarming and serious than any lack of culture and social form--his ill-will to the young Frederick resulted from the anxiety of a profound instinct. in my heart I should rather prefer the contrary--I mean such an increase in the threatening attitude of Russia. now manifests emphatically its intellectual ascendancy over Europe. and again in the North of Germany it is stronger than in Central Germany. as King of Prussia. the problematic." is only decked-out skepticism and paralysis of will--I am ready to answer for this diagnosis of the European disease--The disease of the will is diffused unequally over Europe. that the will is most infirm. MEN WERE LACKING. as can be readily disclosed and comprehended. which has always had a masterly aptitude for converting even the portentous crises of its spirit into something charming and seductive. and above all the introduction of parliamentary imbecility. and France. crazy father of Frederick the Great. it is worst and most varied where civilization has longest prevailed. the next century will bring the struggle for the dominion of the world--the COMPULSION to great politics. there the will--uncertain whether to be negative or affirmative--waits threateningly to be discharged (to borrow their pet phrase from our physicists) Perhaps not only Indian wars and complications in Asia would be necessary to free Europe from its greatest danger. TO ACQUIRE ONE WILL. As to how far the new warlike age on which we Europeans have evidently entered may perhaps favour the growth of another and stronger kind of skepticism. that can set its aims thousands of years ahead. associated with phlegm in the former and with hard skulls in the latter--not to mention Italy. however.

longer hard enough either for evil or good. but it keeps strict guard over the heart. the standing-alone. but it does not thereby lose itself. With equal right they might call themselves critics. some trait suggests the question whether they must not perhaps be skeptics in the last-mentioned sense. it does not believe. they will avow among themselves a DELIGHT in denial and dissection. rightly estimated. there grew up in his son that new kind of harder and more dangerous skepticism--who knows TO WHAT EXTENT it was encouraged just by his father's hatred and the icy melancholy of a will condemned to solitude?--the skepticism of daring manliness. the wary courage. MEPHISTOPHELIQUE. By the name with which I ventured to baptize them. CET ESPRIT FATALISTE. and made its first entrance into Germany in the person of the great Frederick. will they have to go further in daring and painful attempts than the sensitive and pampered taste of a democratic century can approve of?--There is no doubt these coming ones will be least able to dispense with the serious and not unscrupulous qualities which distinguish the critic from the skeptic I mean the certainty as to standards of worth. for instance. Meanwhile. and a certain considerate cruelty. that in the picture of the philosophers of the future. however. to spiritualized North Pole expeditions under barren and dangerous skies. and perhaps wider and more dangerous sense? In their passion for knowledge. to recommend the Germans to the interest of Europe as gentle. let us only understand profoundly enough Napoleon's astonishment when he saw Goethe it reveals what had been regarded for centuries as the "German spirit" "VOILA UN HOMME!"--that was as much as to say "But this is a MAN! And I only expected to see a German!" 210. I have already expressly emphasized their attempting and their love of attempting is this because. were also all of them artists of destruction and dissolution). This skepticism despises and nevertheless grasps. which is closely related to the genius for war and conquest. There may be good grounds for it when warm-blooded and superficial humanitarians cross themselves before this spirit. has kept Europe for a considerable time under the dominion of the German spirit and its critical and historical distrust Owing to the insuperably strong and tough masculine character of the great German philologists and historical critics (who. something in them would only be designated thereby--and not they themselves. as courage and sternness of the dissecting hand. as a continued Fredericianism. weak-willed. not without a shudder. risen to the highest spirituality. even when the heart bleeds
. which knows how to handle the knife surely and deftly. But if one would realize how characteristic is this fear of the "man" in the German spirit which awakened Europe out of its "dogmatic slumber. a NEW conception of the German spirit gradually established itself--in spite of all Romanticism in music and philosophy--in which the leaning towards masculine skepticism was decidedly prominent whether. and of a broken will that no longer commands. Supposing. good-hearted. it undermines and takes possession. It is the GERMAN form of skepticism. is no longer ABLE to command. which. and the capacity for self-responsibility. they will love to make use of experiments in a new. the conscious employment of a unity of method. Finally. then. it gives the spirit a dangerous liberty. with unbridled presumption. indeed. as fearlessness of gaze. IRONIQUE. and assuredly they will be men of experiments." let us call to mind the former conception which had to be overcome by this new one--and that it is not so very long ago that a masculinized woman could dare. or as resolute will to dangerous voyages of discovery. as critics in body and soul. and poetical fools. as Michelet calls it.

in the carrying out of which all refined pride. and moralist. and seer. and in general scientific men. and that he may BE ABLE with a variety of eyes and consciences to look from a height to any distance. those rigorous spirits. The philosophical workers. have to fix and formalize some great existing body of valuations--that is to say. and to SUBJUGATE the entire past: an immense and wonderful task. and every habit that conduces to purity and rigour in intellectual matters." and almost everything. even "time" itself." and not give those far too much. and historian. and collector. Critical discipline. and MUST remain standing he himself must perhaps have been critic. HOWEVER. It may be necessary for the education of the real philosopher that he himself should have once stood upon all those steps upon which his servants. feminine. in order to traverse the whole range of human values and estimations. and "free spirit. why should it not be beautiful?" or "That artist enlarges me. and hermaphroditic. which have become prevalent. It will seem to them no small indignity to philosophy to have it decreed. and dogmatist. But all these are only preliminary conditions for his task. creations of value. ARE COMMANDERS AND LAW-GIVERS. these far too little. he would not easily find therein the intention to reconcile "Christian sentiments" with "antique taste. to shorten everything long. and just on that account. from a depth up to any height.They will be STERNER (and perhaps not always towards themselves only) than humane people may desire. why should it not be true?" or "That work enchants me. the scientific workers of philosophy. when any one says in their presence "That thought elevates me. idealistic. intelligible. they may even make a display thereof as their special adornment--nevertheless they will not want to be called critics on that account. It is for these investigators to make whatever has happened and been esteemed hitherto. or "elevate" and "inspire" them--they will rather have little faith in "TRUTH" bringing with it such revels for the feelings. I insist upon it that people finally cease confounding philosophical workers. all tenacious will. remain standing. our new philosophers will say. 211. but a genuine disgust for all that is thus rapturous. and are for a time called "truths"--whether in the domain of the LOGICAL. that "philosophy itself is criticism and critical science--and nothing else whatever!" Though this estimate of philosophy may enjoy the approval of all the Positivists of France and Germany (and possibly it even flattered the heart and taste of KANT: let us call to mind the titles of his principal works). they say: "Thus SHALL it be!"
. and traveler. conspicuous. or the ARTISTIC. why should he not be great?" Perhaps they will not only have a smile. this task itself demands something else--it requires him TO CREATE VALUES. will not only be demanded from themselves by these philosophers of the future. poet. they are far from being philosophers themselves! Even the great Chinaman of Konigsberg was only a great critic. can surely find satisfaction. former DETERMINATIONS OF VALUE. with philosophers--that precisely here one should strictly give "each his own. after the excellent pattern of Kant and Hegel. and if any one could look into their inmost hearts. as instruments. notwithstanding. They will smile. that critics are instruments of the philosopher. the POLITICAL (moral). THE REAL PHILOSOPHERS. from a nook into any expanse. as is so welcome nowadays. and besides. conceivable." or even with "modern parliamentarism" (the kind of reconciliation necessarily found even among philosophers in our very uncertain and consequently very conciliatory century). they will not deal with the "truth" in order that it may "please" them. and riddle-reader. and manageable.

how much virtue was OUTLIVED. and thereby set aside the previous labour of all philosophical workers. they have always said "We must remove hence to where YOU are least at home" In the face of a world of "modern ideas. must specially be included in the conception of "greatness". and privileged. according to the EXTENT to which a man could stretch his responsibility Nowadays the taste and virtue of the age weaken and attenuate the will. the higher soul. humble. and all subjugators of the past--they grasp at the future with a creative hand. in contradiction to the day in which he lives. Their "knowing" is CREATING. with as good a right as the opposite doctrine." which would like to confine every one in a corner. and dispenses honours. with its ideal of a silly. he would even determine worth and rank according to the amount and variety of that which a man could bear and take upon himself. old conservative Athenians who let themselves go--"for the sake of happiness. and self-neglect. an instrument. strange. and a hammer. has ever found himself. in a "specialty. In putting the vivisector's knife to the breast of the very VIRTUES OF THEIR AGE. they have betrayed their own secret. their will to truth is--WILL TO POWER. and from the wildest torrents and floods of selfishness In the time of Socrates. against the higher man. sternness. who cut ruthlessly into his own flesh. strength of will. for the sake of pleasure. the creative plenipotence and lordliness--at present it belongs to the conception of "greatness" to be noble. but rather as disagreeable fools and dangerous interrogators--have found their mission. nothing is so adapted to the spirit of the age as weakness of will consequently. among men only of worn-out instincts.. involuntary. in the ideal of the philosopher.They determine first the Whither and the Why of mankind. the conception of "greatness. renouncing. as their conduct indicated--and who had continually on their lips the old pompous words to which they had long forfeited the right by the life they led. their creating is a law-giving. to wish to be
. becomes for them thereby a means. imperative mission (in the end. and HAS BEEN OBLIGED to find himself. it has been for the sake of a NEW greatness of man. if there could be philosophers nowadays.--Are there at present such philosophers? Have there ever been such philosophers? MUST there not be such philosophers some day? . their hard. his enemy has always been the ideal of his day. on the contrary. which suffered from its accumulated energy of will. as into the flesh and heart of the "noble. was suited to an opposite age--such as the sixteenth century." a philosopher. Hitherto all those extraordinary furtherers of humanity whom one calls philosophers--who rarely regarded themselves as lovers of wisdom. would be compelled to place the greatness of man. They have always disclosed how much hypocrisy. the greatness of their mission). the higher responsibility. the higher duty." with a look that said plainly enough "Do not dissemble before me! here--we are equal!" At present. however. in being the bad conscience of their age. in his all-roundness. indolence. the wicked Socratic assurance of the old physician and plebeian. when "equality of right" can too readily be transformed into equality in wrong--I mean to say into general war against everything rare. It is always more obvious to me that the philosopher. when throughout Europe the herding-animal alone attains to honours. a new untrodden path to his aggrandizement." precisely in his comprehensiveness and multifariousness. IRONY was perhaps necessary for greatness of soul. and whatever is and was. selfless humanity. as a man INDISPENSABLE for the morrow and the day after the morrow. and capacity for prolonged resolution.. 212. how much falsehood was concealed under the most venerated types of contemporary morality. self-indulgence." as they said.

to be capable of being different. as ample as can be full. the majesty of ruling glance and contemning look. thinking itself is regarded by them as something slow and hesitating. without being predestined for their solution by the loftiness and power of his spirituality. They conceive of every necessity as troublesome. and of super-abundance of will. the man beyond good and evil. close to such problems. should any one speak of it in their presence. as a painful compulsory obedience and state of constraint. or. delicate course and current of his thoughts. Thus." "arduously"--that is one and the same thing to them."--Artists have here perhaps a finer intuition. more definitely. Many generations must have prepared the way for the coming of the philosopher. and all popular ideas about them are false. that necessity and "freedom of will" are then the same thing with them. a gradation of rank in psychical states. in their plebeian ambition. they who know only too well that precisely when they no longer do anything "arbitrarily. and therefore. and as it were into this "holy of holies"--as so often happens nowadays! But coarse feet must never tread upon such carpets: this is provided for in the primary law of things. closely related to dancing and exuberance! "To think" and to take a matter "seriously. honest mechanics and empiricists to press. their feeling of freedom. The fact that at present people all talk of things of which they CANNOT have any experience." And to ask once more the question: Is greatness POSSIBLE--nowadays? 213. rarely looks up." and everything of necessity. or clumsy. the delight and practice of supreme justice. disposing. to have to live by personal initiative. to stand alone. are permitted to know them. of subtlety. to which the gradation of rank in the problems corresponds." decide here also. and embodied. the amplitude of will. everyday intellects. It is difficult to learn what a philosopher is. be it God or devil. There is. the feeling of separation from the multitude with their duties and virtues. the "blood. the doors remain closed to those intruders. and a dialectic rigour and necessity which makes no false step. and the philosopher will betray something of his own ideal when he asserts "He shall be the greatest who can be the most solitary.
. such only has been their "experience. the most divergent. because it cannot be taught: one must "know" it by experience--or one should have the pride NOT to know it. the ancestors. of creatively fixing. almost as a trouble. easy. transmitted. for instance. exuberant spirituality which runs at presto pace.. and often enough as "worthy of the SWEAT of the noble"--but not at all as something easy and divine. but above all the readiness for great responsibilities. the most concealed. Of what use is it for nimble. precisely this shall be called GREATNESS: as diversified as can be entire. nurtured. it is incredible to them. the lingering eye which rarely admires.. the kindly patronage and defense of whatever is misunderstood and calumniated. not only the bold. and shaping. in fine. they have to be BRED for it: a person has only a right to philosophy--taking the word in its higher significance--in virtue of his descent. People have always to be born to a high station.apart. the truly philosophical combination of a bold. of power. though they may dash and break their heads thereon. each of his virtues must have been separately acquired. reaches its climax--in short. rarely loves. the master of his virtues. and the highest problems repel ruthlessly every one who ventures too near them. is unknown to most thinkers and scholars from their own experience. the art of commanding.. is true more especially and unfortunately as concerns the philosopher and philosophical matters:--the very few know them.

CHAPTER VII. as it was an advance in our fathers that religion as an attitude finally became opposed to their taste. now with green. the dance in our spirit. even when they still remain our
. which our grandfathers used to hang behind their heads. indeed. all of it. in which our actions are MOTLEY-COLOURED. Morality as attitude--is opposed to our taste nowadays. that however little we may imagine ourselves to be old-fashioned and grandfatherly respectable in other respects. although naturally they are not those sincere and massive virtues on account of which we hold our grandfathers in esteem and also at a little distance from us. OUR Virtues?--It is probable that we. we firstlings of the twentieth century--with all our dangerous curiosity. moral sermons. then. let us look for them in our labyrinths!--where.--Ah! if you only knew how soon." are determined by DIFFERENT moralities. including the enmity and Voltairean bitterness against religion (and all that formerly belonged to freethinker-pantomime). and are seldom unequivocal--and there are often cases. so many things lose themselves. have still our virtues. therefore. and often enough also behind their understandings? It seems. in one thing we are nevertheless the worthy grandchildren of our grandfathers. IF we must have virtues. which forbids the utterance of the pompous word and the formula of virtue. with our most ardent requirements: well. we last Europeans with good consciences: we also still wear their pigtail. To love one's enemies? I think that has been well learnt: it takes place thousands of times at present on a large and small scale. owing to the complicated mechanism of our "firmament." that long. and precisely when we love best. however. Let us be careful in dealing with those who attach great importance to being credited with moral tact and subtlety in moral discernment! They never forgive us if they have once made a mistake BEFORE us (or even with REGARD to us)--they inevitably become our instinctive calumniators and detractors. so very soon--it will be different! 215. This is ALSO an advance. 216. and in certain cases suns of different colours shine around a single planet. now with red light. It is the music in our conscience. 217. We Europeans of the day after tomorrow. to which Puritan litanies. at times the higher and sublimer thing takes place:--we learn to DESPISE when we love. have those only which have come to agreement with our most secret and heartfelt inclinations. our actions shine alternately in different colours. unconsciously. OUR VIRTUES 214. too. as we know. As in the stellar firmament there are sometimes two suns which determine the path of one planet. with the shame and secrecy of goodness. without noise. respectable pigtail of an idea. so many things get quite lost! And is there anything finer than to SEARCH for one's own virtues? Is it not almost to BELIEVE in one's own virtues? But this "believing in one's own virtues"--is it not practically the same as what was formerly called one's "good conscience. without ostentation. and then simultaneously illumine and flood it with motley colours: so we modern men. our mellow and seemingly sweetened cruelty in sense and spirit--we shall presumably. and goody-goodness won't chime. also. our multifariousness and art of disguising.

in short."--Blessed are the forgetful: for they "get the better" even of their blunders. Flaubert. that it is a synthesis of all qualities attributed to the "merely moral" man. which is a thousand times subtler than the taste and understanding of the middle-class in its best moments--subtler even than the understanding of its victims:--a repeated proof that "instinct" is the most intelligent of all kinds of intelligence which have hitherto been discovered. that lofty spirituality is precisely the spiritualising of justice. study the philosophy of the "rule" in its struggle with the "exception": there you have a spectacle fit for Gods and godlike malignity! Or."friends. Jesuitical astuteness. 218. after they have been acquired singly through long training and practice. and perhaps philosophers also.. and the beneficent severity which knows that it is authorized to maintain GRADATIONS OF RANK in the world. he perceive devotion to these interests. instead of stating the naked and candidly reasonable truth that
. It is among them that the most powerful antagonists of atheism are found. fat. just as though. As this is growing wearisome. are equal to them. Now that the praise of the "disinterested person" is so popular one must--probably not without some danger--get an idea of WHAT people actually take an interest in. if appearances do not deceive. I shall take care not to say so. in plainer words. he calls it desinteresse." ON YOURSELVES! 219. I would now recommend for a change something else for a pleasure--namely. it is also a kind of indemnity for their being badly endowed by nature. other-worldly expression (perhaps because they did not know the higher nature by experience?). it is an opportunity for acquiring spirit and BECOMING subtle--malice spiritualises.. even the learned. The practice of judging and condemning morally. neither saw. The fact thereby becomes obvious that the greater part of what interests and charms higher natures. for instance. they betray something thereby. and more refined and fastidious tastes. I would rather flatter them with my theory that lofty spirituality itself exists only as the ultimate product of moral qualities. practise vivisection on "good people. perhaps during a whole series of generations. they contend for the "equality of all before God. seems absolutely "uninteresting" to the average man--if. heard. The psychologists of France--and where else are there still psychologists nowadays?--have never yet exhausted their bitter and manifold enjoyment of the betise bourgeoise. and wonders how it is possible to act "disinterestedly. honest mediocrity always behaves towards loftier spirits and the tasks they have to perform." and almost NEED the belief in God for this purpose. and finally. They are glad in their inmost heart that there is a standard according to which those who are over-endowed with intellectual goods and privileges." There have been philosophers who could give this popular astonishment a seductive and mystical. notwithstanding. If any one were to say to them "A lofty spirituality is beyond all comparison with the honesty and respectability of a merely moral man"--it would make them furious. even among things--and not only among men. nor tasted anything else in the end. barbed. is the favourite revenge of the intellectually shallow on those who are less so." on the "homo bonae voluntatis. the honest citizen of Rouen. the subtle. In short. and what are the things generally which fundamentally and profoundly concern ordinary men--including the cultured. you psychologists. 220. it was his mode of self-torment and refined cruelty. the unconscious astuteness with which good.

222." especially the "historical spirit. a grain of wrong pertains even to good taste. genuine note of SELF-CONTEMPT. groaning." in moribus et artibus: it does not "clothe us"! But the "spirit." But this is a realm of questions and answers in which a more fastidious spirit does not like to stay: for here truth has to stifle her yawns so much when she is obliged to answer..
. or even feel himself "more. but is also an incentive to sins of omission. rarer. but because I think he has a right to be useful to another man at his own expense. the question is always who HE is. and also with respect to its moments of desperation on account of "nothing suiting" us. if I gather rightly. perhaps in general to be more. or classical. or "national. The hybrid European--a tolerably ugly plebeian. which has been on the increase for a century (the first symptoms of which are already specified documentarily in a thoughtful letter of Galiani to Madame d'Epinay)--IF IT IS NOT REALLY THE CAUSE THEREOF! The man of "modern ideas. or Christian. taken all in all--absolutely requires a costume: he needs history as a storeroom of costumes. he will hear a hoarse. truth is a woman. It belongs to the overshadowing and uglifying of Europe. and his vanity wants him only "to suffer with his fellows. In short.'"--So said my moralistic pedant and bonhomme. To be sure. 221. or barocco." said a moralistic pedant and trifle-retailer. Wherever sympathy (fellow-suffering) is preached nowadays--and. "that I honour and respect an unselfish man: not. that he relinquished here in order to have more there. he notices that none of the costumes fit him properly--he changes and changes." profits even by this desperation: once and again a new sample of the past or of the foreign is tested. self-denial and modest retirement. It is in vain to get ourselves up as romantic. or Florentine. one must not use force with her. through all the noise which is natural to these preachers (as to all preachers). provided that. in a person created and destined for command.. no other religion is any longer preached--let the psychologist have his ears open through all the vanity. Every system of unegoistic morality which takes itself unconditionally and appeals to every one. Let us look at the nineteenth century with respect to these hasty preferences and changes in its masquerades of style. an ADDITIONAL seduction under the mask of philanthropy--and precisely a seduction and injury to the higher. He suffers." the conceited ape. would be the waste of virtues: so it seems to me." 223. and more privileged types of men. however. Did he perhaps deserve to be laughed at when he thus exhorted systems of morals to practise morality? But one should not be too much in the right if one wishes to have the laughers on ONE'S OWN side. is excessively dissatisfied with himself--this is perfectly certain. their presumption must be driven home to their conscience--until they thoroughly understand at last that it is IMMORAL to say that 'what is right for one is proper for another. because he is unselfish. "It sometimes happens. "And love?"--What! Even an action for love's sake shall be "unegoistic"? But you fools--! "And the praise of the self-sacrificer?"--But whoever has really offered sacrifice knows that he wanted and obtained something for it--perhaps something from himself for something from himself. and who THE OTHER is. Moral systems must be compelled first of all to bow before the GRADATIONS OF RANK. instead of being virtues. not only sins against good taste."disinterested" action is very interesting and "interested" action. For instance. And after all.

their hesitating reluctance with regard to everything strange. or an admiration of what is strange: all this determines and disposes them unfavourably even towards the best things of the world which are not their property or could not become their prey--and no faculty is more unintelligible to such men than just this historical sense. a community. has come to us in the train of the enchanting and mad semi-barbarity into which Europe has been plunged by the democratic mingling of classes and races--it is only the nineteenth century that has recognized this faculty as its sixth sense. and allow ourselves to be as little disturbed by the repulsive fumes and the proximity of the English
. we have access above all to the labyrinth of imperfect civilizations. and to every form of semi-barbarity that has at any time existed on earth. probably as parodists of the world's history and as God's Merry-Andrews. and in general the averseness of every distinguished and self-sufficing culture to avow a new desire.put on. we are prepared as no other age has ever been for a carnival in the grand style. for the transcendental height of supreme folly and Aristophanic ridicule of the world. the "divining instinct" for the relationships of these valuations. The case is not different with Shakespeare. for the most spiritual festival--laughter and arrogance. we enjoy Homer once more: it is perhaps our happiest acquisition that we know how to appreciate Homer. we enjoy it as a refinement of art reserved expressly for us. artistic tastes. our instincts now run back in all directions. we ourselves are a kind of chaos: in the end. and even Voltaire. that marvelous Spanish-Moorish-Saxon synthesis of taste. as we have said. the past of every form and mode of life. whom men of distinguished culture (as the French of the seventeenth century. For instance. The historical sense (or the capacity for divining quickly the order of rank of the valuations according to which a people. for the relation of the authority of the valuations to the authority of the operating forces). packed up. their promptly ready disgust. with its truckling. By means of our semi-barbarity in body and in desire. the "historical sense" implies almost the sense and instinct for everything. and religions. we have secret access everywhere. a dissatisfaction with its own condition. the last echo of the century) cannot and could not so easily appropriate--whom they scarcely permitted themselves to enjoy.--this historical sense. Owing to this mingling. the spirit perceives its advantage therein. like Saint-Evremond. and above all studied--we are the first studious age in puncto of "costumes. with a secret confidence and cordiality. or an individual has lived. over whom an ancient Athenian of the circle of AEschylus would have half-killed himself with laughter or irritation: but we--accept precisely this wild motleyness. though nothing else of the present have a future. the domain where even we can still be original. and of cultures which were formerly closely contiguous and superimposed on one another. their horror of the bad taste even of lively curiosity. Perhaps we are still discovering the domain of our invention just here. taken off. articles of belief. our laughter itself may have a future! 224. and the most artificial. plebeian curiosity. the most coarse. who reproached him for his ESPRIT VASTE. such as a noble age never had. which we Europeans claim as our specialty. and in so far as the most considerable part of human civilization hitherto has just been semi-barbarity. flows forth into us "modern souls". this medley of the most delicate." I mean as concerns morals.--perhaps. The very decided Yea and Nay of their palate. the taste and tongue for everything: whereby it immediately proves itself to be an IGNOBLE sense.

That as men of the "historical sense" we have our virtues. Whether it be hedonism. that is not sympathy as you understand it: it is not sympathy for social "distress. habituated to self-control and self-renunciation. mystery. interpreting. if possible--and there is not a more foolish "if possible"--TO DO AWAY WITH SUFFERING. of GREAT suffering--know ye not that it is only THIS discipline that has produced all the elevations of humanity hitherto? The tension of soul in misfortune which communicates to it its energy. disguise.--when we regard your seriousness as more dangerous than any kind of levity. the essentially noble in works and men. unselfish. and whatever depth. that is. still less is it sympathy for the grumbling.--when a super-abundance of refined delight has been enjoyed by a sudden checking and petrifying. all those modes of thinking which measure the worth of things according to PLEASURE and PAIN. revolutionary slave-classes who strive after power--they call it "freedom. hesitatingly. its shuddering in view of rack and ruin.populace in which Shakespeare's art and taste lives." Let us finally confess it. Like the rider on his forward panting horse. enduring. is not to be disputed:--we are unpretentious. utilitarianism. we modern men. what finds us fundamentally prejudiced and almost hostile. Sympathy for you!--to be sure. though not without sympathy. and exploiting misfortune. PROPORTIONATENESS is strange to us. and with compulsion the small. and we?--it really seems that WE would rather have it increased and made worse than it has ever been! Well-being. 225. the goldenness and coldness which all things show that have perfected themselves. or eudaemonism. when we resist it. we semi-barbarians--and are only in OUR highest bliss when we--ARE IN MOST DANGER. modest. Perhaps our great virtue of the historical sense is in necessary contrast to GOOD taste. through the discipline of great suffering? In man CREATURE and CREATOR
. where. it seems to us an END. pessimism. and love. very grateful. we go our way. by standing firmly and planting oneself fixedly on still trembling ground. we let the reins fall before the infinite. a condition which at once renders man ludicrous and contemptible--and makes his destruction DESIRABLE! The discipline of suffering. their moment of smooth sea and halcyon self-sufficiency. is precisely the perfection and ultimate maturity in every culture and art. for the hereditarily vicious and defective who lie on the ground around us. feel. You want." for "society" with its sick and misfortuned. that what is most difficult for us men of the "historical sense" to grasp. are plausible modes of thought and naivetes. let us confess it to ourselves. short. and happy godsends and glorifications of human life as they shine here and there: those moments and marvelous experiences when a great power has voluntarily come to a halt before the boundless and infinite. our itching is really the itching for the infinite. spirit. as perhaps on the Chiaja of Naples. how YOU dwarf him! and there are moments when we view YOUR sympathy with an indescribable anguish. or greatness has been bestowed upon the soul--has it not been bestowed through suffering. artifice. enchanted and voluntarily. brave. very patient. as you understand it--is certainly not a goal. according to accompanying circumstances and secondary considerations." OUR sympathy is a loftier and further-sighted sympathy:--we see how MAN dwarfs himself. which every one conscious of CREATIVE powers and an artist's conscience will look down upon with scorn. its inventiveness and bravery in undergoing. in spite of the drain-odour of the lower quarters of the town. vexed. with all our senses awake. taste. very complaisant--but with all this we are perhaps not very "tasteful. the immeasurable. at least to the very bad taste. and we can only evoke in ourselves imperfectly.

which rambles and roves avidiously around all the realms of the future--let us go with all our "devils" to the help of our "God"! It is probable that people will misunderstand and mistake us on that account: what does it matter! They will say: "Their 'honesty'--that is their devilry.are united: in man there is not only matter. when it resists your sympathy as the worst of all pampering and enervation?--So it is sympathy AGAINST sympathy!--But to repeat it once more. folly." our love of adventure. and all systems of philosophy which deal only with these are naivetes. 226.) And how many spirits we harbour? Our honesty. and would fain have it pleasanter. refined--to that which must necessarily SUFFER.--This world with which WE are concerned. our stupidity! Every virtue inclines to stupidity. it is true. what do we know of ourselves? And what the spirit that leads us wants TO BE CALLED? (It is a question of names. fools and appearances say of us: "These are men WITHOUT duty. easier. 228. and stretch its limbs. and gentler. forged. we dance in our "chains" and betwixt our "swords". we free spirits--let us be careful lest it become our vanity. there are higher problems than the problems of pleasure and pain and sympathy. the hardness of the hammer." they say in Russia. I hope to be forgiven for discovering that all moral philosophy hitherto has been tedious and has belonged to the soporific
. and let us send to its help whatever devilry we have in us:--our disgust at the clumsy and undefined. bruised. our most subtle. but there is also the creator. every stupidity to virtue. it is none the less true that more often we gnash our teeth under the circumstances. our honesty should one day grow weary. mocking twilight this aging civilization with its dull gloomy seriousness! And if. WE IMMORALISTS. and CANNOT disengage ourselves--precisely here. this almost invisible. and find us too hard. shred. our ornament and ostentation. re-baptized devils? And after all. we free spirits--well. our "NITIMUR IN VETITUM. Honesty. like an agreeable vice. and sigh. we are "men of duty. and are impatient at the secret hardship of our lot. insidious. we latest Stoics. the sculptor. stretched. we will labour at it with all our perversity and love. clay." even we! Occasionally. chaos. intellectual Will to Power and universal conquest. roasted. and nothing else!" What does it matter! And even if they were right--have not all Gods hitherto been such sanctified. and not tire of "perfecting" ourselves in OUR virtue..--let us be careful lest out of pure honesty we eventually become saints and bores! Is not life a hundred times too short for us--to bore ourselves? One would have to believe in eternal life in order to. the divinity of the spectator. inaudible world of delicate command and delicate obedience. But do what we will. blue."--we have always fools and appearances against us! 227. excess. sharp. disguised. our limitation. and tender--yes. captious. our sharpened and fastidious curiosity. annealed. and the seventh day--do ye understand this contrast? And that YOUR sympathy for the "creature in man" applies to that which has to be fashioned. mire.. and IS MEANT to suffer? And our sympathy--do ye not understand what our REVERSE sympathy applies to. a world of "almost" in every respect. let us remain HARD. in which we have to fear and love. which alone remains: may its glance some day overspread like a gilded. granting that it is the virtue of which we cannot rid ourselves. it is well protected from clumsy spectators and familiar curiosity! We are woven into a strong net and garment of duties. "stupid to the point of sanctity. nevertheless.

just as he had already stalked in the footsteps of the respectable Helvetius! (no. as a thinker who regards morality as questionable. not even a proper history of what has been previously thought on the subject: an IMPOSSIBLE literature. as has been partially attempted in the following rhymes:-Hail."--no! the happiness of ENGLAND. or the "general utility. from which a race of former Puritans must naturally suffer. in fact. moreover. conscience-stricken herding-animals (who undertake to advocate the cause of egoism as conducive to the general welfare) wants to have any knowledge or inkling of the facts that the "general welfare" is no ideal." aye revealing. Observe. has been MORE injured by the TEDIOUSNESS of its advocates than by anything else. has insinuated itself also into these moralists (whom one must certainly read with an eye to their motives if one MUST read them). is at the same time the true path of virtue. Mediocre everlasting. It is desirable that as few people as possible should reflect upon morals. ye worthies. that the requirement of one morality for all is really a detriment to higher men. Not one of those ponderous. in short.appliances--and that "virtue. a seat in Parliament). CE SENATEUR POCOCURANTE. One ought even to ENCOURAGE them. as already remarked. taking it all in all. he was not a dangerous man. no goal. will be best served thereby. unless one knows how to leaven it with some mischief." in my opinion. to use an expression of Galiani).--that what is fair to one MAY NOT at all be fair to another. but is only a nostrum. concealed this time under the new form of the scientific spirit. at the same time. never jesting. the old English vice called CANT. and ensnaring manner--that CALAMITY might be involved therein. They are an unassuming and fundamentally mediocre species of men. inevitable English utilitarians: how ponderously and respectably they stalk on. in short. No new thought. as a problem? Is moralizing not-immoral?) In the end. they all want English morality to be recognized as authoritative. I mean after COMFORT and FASHION (and in the highest instance. (Is not a moralist the opposite of a Puritan? That is to say. in all their scientific tinkering with morals. stalk along (a Homeric metaphor expresses it better) in the footsteps of Bentham. to convince themselves that the striving after English happiness. and consequently between morality and morality. that there is a DISTINCTION OF RANK between man and man. nothing of the nature of a finer turning or better expression of an old thought. however. which is MORAL TARTUFFISM. by all means. in so far as they are tedious. Unenraptured. In effect. Helvetius. barrow-wheeling. there is not absent from them a secret struggle with the pangs of conscience. as worthy of interrogation. the indefatigable. inasmuch as mankind. these utilitarian Englishmen. I would not wish to overlook their general usefulness.
. Stiffer aye in head and knee. "Longer--better. They would like. captious. no notion that can be at all grasped. one cannot think highly enough of their utility. for example. it has just consisted in such striving." or "the happiness of the greatest number. and consequently it is very desirable that morals should not some day become interesting! But let us not be afraid! Things still remain today as they have always been: I see no one in Europe who has (or DISCLOSES) an idea of the fact that philosophizing concerning morals might be conducted in a dangerous. that in so far as there has been virtue in the world hitherto. and.

that which operates agreeably in so-called tragic sympathy. that it will lie down quiet and forgotten. up to the highest and most delicate thrills of metaphysics. or to self-mutilation. as if by the agreement of centuries. to be sure. Scene 3. love. the present-day Japanese who presses his way to the tragedy. 230.--even in every desire for knowledge there is a drop of cruelty. it flourishes. which instinctively aims at appearance and superficiality. with unhinged will. is a violation. which could only teach with regard to cruelty that it originated at the sight of the suffering of OTHERS: there is an abundant. let us consider that even the seeker of knowledge operates as an artist and glorifier of cruelty. we must put aside entirely the blundering psychology of former times. in its old corner. I perhaps risk something when I allow such a truth to escape. so much SUPERSTITION of the fear. "undergoes" the performance of "Tristan and Isolde"--what all these enjoy. he is secretly allured and impelled forwards by his cruelty. where he would like to affirm.
. Perhaps what I have said here about a "fundamental will of the spirit" may not be understood without further details. which may be proud of their humanity. the Wagnerienne who. every instance of taking a thing profoundly and fundamentally. and often enough against the wishes of his heart:--he forces it to say Nay. because they have the appearance of helping the finally slain wild beast back to life again. it lives. the "wild beast" has not been slain at all. Almost everything that we call "higher culture" is based upon the spiritualising and intensifying of CRUELTY--this is my thesis.--Finally. obtains its sweetness solely from the intermingled ingredient of cruelty. or of the bull-fight. and at the basis even of everything sublime. In these later ages.--That imperious something which is popularly called "the spirit. of the "cruel wild beast. let others capture it again and give it so much "milk of pious sentiment" [FOOTNOTE: An expression from Schiller's William Tell. super-abundant enjoyment even in one's own suffering.--One ought to learn anew about cruelty. the Spaniard at the sight of the faggot and stake. That which constitutes the painful delight of tragedy is cruelty. What the Roman enjoys in the arena. in that he compels his spirit to perceive AGAINST its own inclination. and strive with mysterious ardour to drink in. in order that such immodest gross errors--as. to desensualisation. to vivisection of conscience and to Pascal-like SACRIFIZIA DELL' INTELLETO. indeed. have been fostered by ancient and modern philosophers with regard to tragedy--may no longer wander about virtuously and boldly. there still remains so much fear.SANS GENIE ET SANS ESPRIT! 229.] to drink." wishes to be master internally and externally. in causing one's own suffering--and wherever man has allowed himself to be persuaded to self-denial in the RELIGIOUS sense. for instance. or in general. I may be allowed a word of explanation. the Christian in the ecstasies of the cross. to Puritanical repentance-spasms." Here. the workman of the Parisian suburbs who has a homesickness for bloody revolutions. and adore. Act IV. by the dangerous thrill of cruelty TOWARDS HIMSELF. as among the Phoenicians and ascetics. and open one's eyes. is the philtre of the great Circe "cruelty. and contrition. have long remained unuttered. decarnalisation. it has only been--transfigured." the mastering of which constitutes the very pride of these humaner ages--that even obvious truths. an intentional injuring of the fundamental will of the spirit. one ought at last to learn impatience.

the beautified--an enjoyment of the arbitrariness of all these manifestations of power. for a cloak. taming. heroism of the truthful--there is something in them that makes one's heart swell with pride. for a disguise. frippery. Finally. love of wisdom. and falsifies for itself certain traits and lines in the foreign elements." to speak figuratively (and in fact "the spirit" resembles a stomach more than anything else). out-of-the-way narrowness and mystery. to overlook or repudiate the absolutely contradictory. for an outside--for every outside is a cloak--there operates the sublime tendency of the man of knowledge. to simplify the manifold. a contentment with obscurity. in short. in this connection. whispered about. as it ought to be. for simplification. there is the not unscrupulous readiness of the spirit to deceive other spirits and dissemble before them--the constant pressing and straining of a creating. its "digestive power. variously. which takes. shaping. The power of the spirit to appropriate foreign elements reveals itself in a strong tendency to assimilate the new to the old. They are beautiful. of arbitrary shutting out. This same will has at its service an apparently opposed impulse of the spirit. But we anchorites and marmots have long ago persuaded ourselves in all the secrecy of an anchorite's conscience. and is accustomed to severe discipline and even severe words.and to feel itself master. it would sound nicer. that this worthy parade of verbiage also belongs to the old false adornment. that he has sharpened and hardened his eye sufficiently long for introspection. as a kind of cruelty of the intellectual conscience and taste. if. but is only allowed to pass as such). provided. are the same as those assigned by physiologists to everything that lives. and glorified--we free. perhaps our "extravagant honesty" were talked about. a delight in uncertainty and ambiguity. of the magnified. changeable power: the spirit enjoys therein its craftiness and its variety of disguises. a sort of defensive attitude against much that is knowable. makes prominent. a prohibition to approach. jingling. glistening. Here also belong an occasional propensity of the spirit to let itself be deceived (perhaps with a waggish suspicion that it is NOT so and so. just as it arbitrarily re-underlines. an exulting enjoyment of arbitrary. and multiplies. imperious. in every portion of the "outside world. Its requirements and capacities here. growth. it has the will of a multiplicity for a simplicity. festive words: honesty. the FEELING of growth. of the foreground. it enjoys also its feeling of security therein--it is precisely by its Protean arts that it is best protected and concealed!--COUNTER TO this propensity for appearance. with the shutting-in horizon. and INSISTS on taking things profoundly. an inner denial of this or that. a binding. which every courageous thinker will acknowledge in himself. VERY free spirits--and some day perhaps SUCH will actually be our--posthumous glory! Meanwhile--for there is plenty of time until then--we should be least inclined to deck ourselves out in such florid and fringed moral verbiage. or more properly." Its object thereby is the incorporation of new "experiences." the assortment of new things in the old arrangements--in short. an acceptance and approval of ignorance: as that which is all necessary according to the degree of its appropriating power. the misshapen. a closing of windows. and
. sacrifice for knowledge. a suddenly adopted preference of ignorance. our whole former work has just made us sick of this taste and its sprightly exuberance. love of truth. and essentially ruling will. the diminished. and thoroughly. He will say: "There is something cruel in the tendency of my spirit": let the virtuous and amiable try to convince him that it is not so! In fact. the feeling of increased power--is its object. grows. instead of our cruelty. of the too-near.

permission will perhaps be more readily allowed me to utter some truths about "woman as she is. guide-posts to the problem which we ourselves ARE--or more correctly to the great stupidity which we embody. our spiritual fate. and indiscretion concealed--study only woman's behaviour towards children!--which has really been best restrained and dominated hitherto by the FEAR of man. which. perhaps they are henceforth called "convictions. and stopped Ulysses-ears. Woman wishes to be independent. and therefore she begins to enlighten men about "woman as she is"--THIS is one of the worst developments of the general UGLIFYING of Europe. Alas. stands before the OTHER forms of nature. the UNTEACHABLE in us. quite "down below. HOMO NATURA. Is it not in the very worst taste that woman thus sets herself up to be scientific? Enlightenment hitherto has fortunately been men's affair. of predetermined decision and answer to predetermined. if she forgets her delicate aptitude for agreeable desires! Female voices are already raised. unbridledness. In effect. the terrible original text HOMO NATURA must again be recognized. And thus pressed. in woman there is so much pedantry. and that even under such flattering colour and repainting. petty presumption. who have piped to him far too long: "Thou art more! thou art higher! thou hast a different origin!"--this may be a strange and foolish task. to master the many vain and visionary interpretations and subordinate meanings which have hitherto been scratched and daubed over the eternal original text. For what must these clumsy attempts of feminine scientificality and self-exposure bring to light! Woman has so much cause for shame. but that it is a TASK.. we. deaf to the enticements of old metaphysical bird-catchers." there is certainly something unteachable. superficiality. of playing. to put the question differently: "Why knowledge at all?" Every one will ask us about this. hardened by the discipline of science."--In view of this liberal compliment which I have just paid myself.. quite "down below. of frightening away sorrow. who have asked ourselves the question a hundred times. Learning alters us. by Saint Aristophanes! make one afraid:--with medical explicitness it is stated in a threatening manner what woman first and last REQUIRES from man. for instance. 232. a granite of spiritual fate. 231." we may well have considerable doubt as to whether woman really DESIRES enlightenment about herself--and CAN desire it. this foolish task? Or. have not found and cannot find any better answer. Occasionally we find certain solutions of problems which make strong beliefs for us. if ever the "eternally tedious in woman"--she has plenty of it!--is allowed to venture forth! if she begins radically and on principle to unlearn her wisdom and art-of charming." Later on--one sees in them only footsteps to self-knowledge. men's gift--we remained therewith "among ourselves".. If woman does not thereby seek a new
. a thinker cannot learn anew about man and woman. but can only learn fully--he can only follow to the end what is "fixed" about them in himself. to translate man back again into nature. But at the bottom of our souls. In each cardinal problem there speaks an unchangeable "I am this". chosen questions.gold-dust of unconscious human vanity. of alleviating and taking easily. to bring it about that man shall henceforth stand before man as he now. it does what all nourishment does that does not merely "conserve"--as the physiologist knows. and in the end." provided that it is known at the outset how literally they are merely--MY truths. schoolmasterliness. with fearless Oedipus-eyes. who can deny! Why did we choose it. in view of all that women write about "woman.

and should likewise have got possession of the healing art! Through bad female cooks--through the entire lack of reason in the kitchen--the development of mankind has been longest retarded and most interfered with: even today matters are very little better. or justice in a woman's heart? And is it not true that on the whole "woman" has hitherto been most despised by woman herself. little handfuls of words. the terrible thoughtlessness with which the feeding of the family and the master of the house is managed! Woman does not understand what food means. and profundity appear almost like follies to us. nothing is more foreign. NE VOUS PERMETTEZ JAMAIS QUE DES FOLIES. Stupidity in the kitchen. 234. A word to High School girls. Let us confess it. these are the three comical women as they are--nothing more!--and just the best involuntary counter-arguments against feminine emancipation and autonomy. that was ever addressed to a son.ORNAMENT for herself--I believe ornamentation belongs to the eternally feminine?--why. by the way. our seriousness. there are sentences. as cook for thousands of years. just as it was man's care and the consideration for woman. or more hostile to woman than truth--her great art is falsehood. "ELLA GUARDAVA SUSO. glances. we men: we honour and love this very art and this very instinct in woman: we who have the hard task. It betrays corruption of the instincts--apart from the fact that it betrays bad taste--when a woman refers to Madame Roland. or Madame de Stael. ED IO IN LEI. when the church decreed: mulier taceat in ecclesia. Among these is the incidental remark of Madame de Lambert to her son: "MON AMI. SEVEN APOPHTHEGMS FOR WOMEN How the longest ennui flees. he is a true friend of woman who calls out to women today: mulier taceat de mulierel. she wishes to make herself feared: perhaps she thereby wishes to get the mastery. I have no doubt that every noble woman will oppose what Dante and Goethe believed about woman--the former when he sang. Finally." Among men. It was to the benefit of woman when Napoleon gave the too eloquent Madame de Stael to understand: mulier taceat in politicis!--and in my opinion. woman as cook. "the eternally feminine draws us ALOFT". our gravity. her chief concern is appearance and beauty. she should certainly. as though something were proved thereby in favour of "woman as she is. 235. then. When a man comes to our knees!
. and delicate follies. or Monsieur George Sand. There are turns and casts of fancy. for THIS is just what she believes of the eternally masculine. and not at all by us?--We men desire that woman should not continue to compromise herself by enlightening us." and the latter when he interpreted it. a whole society suddenly crystallises itself. and for our recreation gladly seek the company of beings under whose hands. 236. QUI VOUS FERONT GRAND PLAISIR"--the motherliest and wisest remark. 233. and she insists on being cook! If woman had been a thinking creature. 237. more repugnant. have discovered the most important physiological facts. But she does not want truth--what does woman care for truth? From the very first. I ask the question: Did a woman herself ever acknowledge profundity in a woman's mind. in which a whole culture.

HOW logical. even HOW humanely desirable this was. what is more difficult to understand is that precisely thereby--woman deteriorates. Old. wild. as discovered. more Oriental. Furnish even weak virtue aid. would be preferred: in a word. rivalry for rights. To be mistaken in the fundamental problem of "man and woman. equal claims and obligations: that is a TYPICAL sign of shallow-mindedness. he will probably prove too "short" for all fundamental questions of life. leg that's fine." to deny here the profoundest antagonism and the necessity for an eternally hostile tension. as is well known. let us consider for ourselves! 239. a man who has depth of spirit as well as of desires. became gradually STRICTER towards woman. and a thinker who has proved himself shallow at this dangerous spot--shallow in instinct!--may generally be regarded as suspicious. indeed actual strife itself. can only think of woman as ORIENTALS do: he must conceive of her as a possession. and easily confounded with them. they learn to make claims. from Homer to the time of Pericles. nay more. to dream here perhaps of equal rights. and has also the depth of benevolence which is capable of severity and harshness. a dragon thence doth roam. as a being predestined for service and accomplishing her mission therein--he must take his stand in this matter upon the immense rationality of Asia. sweet. woman strives for the economic and legal
. the tribute of respect is at last felt to be well-nigh galling. and animating--but as something also which must be cooped up to prevent it flying away. HOW necessary. as confinable property. The weaker sex has in no previous age been treated with so much respect by men as at present--this belongs to the tendency and fundamental taste of democracy. in the same way as disrespectfulness to old age--what wonder is it that abuse should be immediately made of this respect? They want more. and will be unable to descend into ANY of the depths. That woman should venture forward when the fear-inspiring quality in man--or more definitely. equal training. the MAN in man--is no longer either desired or fully developed. alas! and science staid. those best heirs and scholars of Asia--who. losing their way. This is what is happening nowadays: let us not deceive ourselves about it! Wherever the industrial spirit has triumphed over the military and aristocratic spirit. in short. woman is losing modesty. Sombre garb and silence meet: Dress for every dame--discreet. fragile. as betrayed. strange. Woman has hitherto been treated by men like birds. And let us immediately add that she is also losing taste. 238. Whom I thank when in my bliss? God!--and my good tailoress! Young. On the other hand. which.Age. a flower-decked cavern home. Noble title. She is unlearning to FEAR man: but the woman who "unlearns to fear" sacrifices her most womanly instincts. future as well as present. is reasonable enough and also intelligible enough. as the Greeks did formerly. with their INCREASING culture and amplitude of power. Man as well: Oh. were HE mine! Speech in brief and sense in mass--Slippery for the jenny-ass! 237A. upon the superiority of the instinct of Asia. have come down among them from an elevation: as something delicate.

who advise woman to defeminize herself in this manner. and indulged. There is STUPIDITY in this movement. her genuine. They wish to "cultivate" her in general still more. carnivora-like. an almost masculine stupidity. to emphatically and loquaciously dissuade man from the idea that woman must be preserved. and not rather a condition of every higher culture." indeed even to newspaper reading and meddling with politics. that of bearing robust children. there are enough of idiotic friends and corrupters of woman among the learned asses of the masculine sex. dissipating. something eternally." where formerly she kept herself in control and in refined.--almost everywhere her nerves are being ruined by the most morbid and dangerous kind of music (our latest German music). which is more "natural" than that of man. aspires to be "master. and more condemned to disillusionment than any other creature. the very opposite realises itself with terrible obviousness: WOMAN RETROGRADES. and to imitate all the stupidities from which "man" in Europe. artful humility. necessarily feminine. as they say." is that she seems more afflicted. a defeminising? Certainly.independence of a clerk: "woman as clerkess" is inscribed on the portal of the modern society which is in course of formation. excites one's sympathy for the dangerous and beautiful cat. the incomprehensibleness. the mother of Napoleon) had just to thank their force of will--and not their schoolmasters--for their power and ascendancy over men. That which.--who would like to lower woman to "general culture. the clumsy and indignant collection of everything of the nature of servitude and bondage which the position of woman in the hitherto existing order of society has entailed and still entails (as though slavery were a counter-argument. While she thus appropriates new rights." and inscribes "progress" of woman on her flags and banners." insofar as it is desired and demanded by women themselves (and not only by masculine shallow-pates). in spite of fear. of every elevation of culture):--what does all this betoken. "woman. to neglect exercise in the use of her proper weapons. like some delicate. extent. to neutralize with her virtuous audacity man's faith in a VEILED. to make the "weaker sex" STRONG by culture: as if history did not teach in the most emphatic manner that the "cultivating" of mankind and his weakening--that is to say. That which inspires respect in woman. European "manliness. To lose the intuition as to the ground upon which she can most surely achieve victory. protected. Since the French Revolution the influence of woman in Europe has DECLINED in proportion as she has increased her rights and claims. cared for. her tiger-claws beneath the glove. Here and there they wish even to make women into free spirits and literary workers: as though a woman without piety would not be something perfectly obnoxious or ludicrous to a profound and godless man. her untrainableness and innate wildness." suffers. is her NATURE. and she is daily being made more hysterical and more incapable of fulfilling her first and last function. and often pleasant domestic animal. Fear and sympathy it is with these feelings that man has
. and deviation of her desires and virtues. fundamentally different ideal in woman. perhaps even "to the book. of which a well-reared woman--who is always a sensible woman--might be heartily ashamed. and often enough fear also. thus proves to be a remarkable symptom of the increased weakening and deadening of the most womanly instincts. if not a disintegration of womanly instincts. the weakening. her NAIVETE in egoism. to let-herself-go before man. more vulnerable. more necessitous of love. and that the most powerful and influential women in the world (and lastly. strangely wild. and the "emancipation of woman. and intend. and languishing of his FORCE OF WILL--have always kept pace with one another. cunning flexibility.

dun-coloured skin of fruits which ripen too late. and too modern. it is as arbitrary as it is pompously traditional. still oftener rough and coarse--it has fire and courage. according to the speed and strength with which they digest and "change
.hitherto stood in the presence of woman.--of old and new happiness. no South." we also have hours when we allow ourselves a warm-hearted patriotism. newly acquired. gorgeous. something arbitrarily barbaric and ceremonious. a plunge and relapse into old loves and narrow views--I have just given an example of it--hours of national excitement. no dance. the new. which is also emphasized. happy cognizance of his mastery of the expedients here employed. which rends while it delights--What? And all that is now to be at an end? And the DISENCHANTMENT of woman is in progress? The tediousness of woman is slowly evolving? Oh Europe! Europe! We know the horned animal which was always most attractive to thee. heavy. an oppression that makes us dream. a certain German potency and super-plenitude of soul. nothing of the delicate southern clearness of the sky. and at the same time the loose. latter-day art. no beauty. the old stream of delight--the most manifold delight. feels itself most at ease there. genuine token of the German soul. PEOPLES AND COUNTRIES 240. 241. a flirring of learned and venerable conceits and witticisms. perhaps. We "good Europeans. Richard Wagner's overture to the Mastersinger: it is a piece of magnificent. Duller spirits may perhaps only get done with what confines its operations in us to hours and plays itself out in hours--in a considerable time: some in half a year. I HEARD. it is not infrequently roguish. a cumbersome drapery. once again for the first time. a certain clumsiness even. This kind of music expresses best what I think of the Germans: they belong to the day before yesterday and the day after tomorrow--THEY HAVE AS YET NO TODAY. like a gap that opens between cause and effect. always with one foot already in tragedy. too ripe and yet still too rich in futurity. in order that it may be understood:--it is an honour to Germans that such a pride did not miscalculate! What flavours and forces. from which danger is ever again threatening thee! Thy old fable might once more become "history"--an immense stupidity might once again overmaster thee and carry thee away! And no God concealed beneath it--no! only an "idea. formless. imperfectly tested expedients of art which he apparently betrays to us. All in all. and all other sorts of old-fashioned floods of sentiment." a "modern idea"!
CHAPTER VIII. something in the German style. and inexhaustible. his astonished. including ESPECIALLY the joy of the artist in himself. It flows broad and full: and suddenly there is a moment of inexplicable hesitation. however. as though the artist wished to say to us: "It is part of my intention". what seasons and climes do we not find mingled in it! It impresses us at one time as ancient. which is at the same time young and aged. others in half a lifetime. at another time as foreign. something German in the best and worst sense of the word. bitter. which is not afraid to hide itself under the RAFFINEMENTS of decadence--which. which he refuses to conceal. nothing of grace. but already it broadens and widens anew. which has the pride to presuppose two centuries of music as still living. almost a nightmare. a real. of patriotic anguish. manifold. hardly a will to logic.

" And while digressing on this possibility. make their minds narrow. hesitating races. an offence out of their exoticism and hidden permanency. would he?"--"Undoubtedly!" replied the other old patriot vehemently. out of love to a new and doubtful mediocrity." Indeed. but
. philosophy as a peasant or a corps-student. their increasing independence of every definite milieu. united races originate. without praise or blame.--supposing such a statesman were to stimulate the slumbering passions and avidities of his people. Whether we call it "civilization. "HE has as much. such a statesman would be GREAT. This process of the EVOLVING EUROPEAN. were to make a stigma out of their former diffidence and delight in aloofness. which can be retarded in its TEMPO by great relapses. so that they would have to sacrifice their old and reliable virtues. and knows as much. climatically and hereditarily. But what does that matter nowadays! It is the age of the masses: they lie on their belly before everything that is massive." said the one--"he is still innocent. were to depreciate their most radical proclivities.--supposing a statesman were to condemn his people generally to 'practise politics. that for centuries would fain inscribe itself with equal demands on soul and body.--that is to say. a maximum of the art and power of adaptation as his typical distinction. their increasing detachment from the conditions under which. whether we call it simply. to "good Europeanism. And so also in politicis. but I. which even in our rapidly moving Europe.their material. that is to say. would require half a century ere they could surmount such atavistic attacks of patriotism and soil-attachment." or "humanising. and noisy wranglings of the essentially politics-practising nations. I happen to become an ear-witness of a conversation between two old patriots--they were evidently both hard of hearing and consequently spoke all the louder. contradictorily--"strong! strong! Strong and mad! NOT great!"--The old men had obviously become heated as they thus shouted their "truths" in each other's faces. Supposing a statesman were to bring his people into the position of being obliged henceforth to practise 'high politics. I could think of sluggish. an immense PHYSIOLOGICAL PROCESS goes on. subvert their consciences. and return once more to reason. which is ever extending the process of the assimilation of Europeans. A statesman who rears up for them a new Tower of Babel. 242. who possesses. if they had a future. in the deepening of another.' for which they were by nature badly endowed and prepared. considered how soon a stronger one may become master of the strong. and their tastes 'national'--what! a statesman who should do all this. and also that there is a compensation for the intellectual superficialising of a nation--namely. by the political formula the DEMOCRATIC movement in Europe--behind all the moral and political foregrounds pointed to by such formulas." which now distinguishes the European. some monstrosity of empire and power. emptiness. "otherwise he COULD NOT have done it! It was mad perhaps to wish such a thing! But perhaps everything great has been just as mad at its commencement!"--"Misuse of words!" cried his interlocutor. and when in the depths of their souls they have been unable to free themselves from a prudent loathing of the restlessness. which his people would have to do penance for throughout their whole future. the slow emergence of an essentially SUPER-NATIONAL and nomadic species of man. in my happiness and apartness." or "progress. they call 'great'--what does it matter that we more prudent and conservative ones do not meanwhile give up the old belief that it is only the great thought that gives greatness to an action or affair. physiologically speaking.' when they have hitherto had something better to do and think about.

become stronger and richer than he has perhaps ever been before--owing to the unprejudicedness of his schooling. variously serviceable. more contradictory. alas. while the collective impression of such future Europeans will probably be that of numerous. Kotzebue certainly knew his Germans well enough: "We are known. more incalculable. and perhaps misses "smartness" in all that has depth. more surprising. I meant to say that the democratising of Europe is at the same time an involuntary arrangement for the rearing of TYRANTS--taking the word in all its meanings. varied in its source. the Germans are more intangible. the only thing necessary for the purpose is a little vivisection of the German soul. to relearn with regard to German depth. the apostles of "modern ideas. more correctly. and disguise. I hear with pleasure that our sun is moving rapidly towards the constellation Hercules: and I hope that the men on this earth will do like the sun. And we foremost. more unknown. weak-willed. which is every day trying changing conditions. industrious. As a people made up of the most extraordinary mixing and mingling of races. perhaps even with a preponderance of the pre-Aryan element as the "people of the centre" in every sense of the term. or. rather than actually built: this is owing to its origin. and even more terrifying than other peoples are to themselves:--they escape DEFINITION. it is almost opportune and patriotic to doubt whether we did not formerly deceive ourselves with that commendation: in short. and very handy workmen who REQUIRE a master. and are thereby alone the despair of the French. a commander. the democratising of Europe will tend to the production of a type prepared for SLAVERY in the most subtle sense of the term: the STRONG man will necessarily in individual and exceptional cases. while the capacity for adaptation. and clever gregarious man--are in the highest degree suitable to give rise to exceptional men of the most dangerous and attractive qualities. even in its most spiritual sense. A German who would embolden himself to assert: "Two souls. whether German depth is not at bottom something different and worse--and something from which. as they require their daily bread. almost with every decade. but now that the most successful type of new Germanism is covetous of quite other honours. more ample. even though he acknowledged him to be right with
. The same new conditions under which on an average a levelling and mediocrising of man will take place--a useful. There was a time when it was customary to call Germans "deep" by way of distinction. dwell in my breast.will perhaps just gain and grow thereby in vehemence and depth--the still-raging storm and stress of "national sentiment" pertains to it. 243. we are on the point of successfully ridding ourselves. thank God. then. makes the POWERFULNESS of the type impossible." they cried jubilantly to him--but Sand also thought he knew them. owing to the immense variety of practice." would make a bad guess at the truth. while. therefore. Jean Paul knew what he was doing when he declared himself incensed at Fichte's lying but patriotic flatteries and exaggerations. art. Let us try. talkative. For. It IS characteristic of the Germans that the question: "What is German?" never dies out among them.--The German soul is above all manifold.--but it is probable that Goethe thought differently about Germans from Jean Paul. he would come far short of the truth about the number of souls. we good Europeans! 244. aggregated and super-imposed. and begins a new work with every generation. and also the anarchism which is appearing at present--this process will probably arrive at results on which its naive propagators and panegyrists." would least care to reckon.

which. It is certain that it was not the "Wars of Independence" that made him look up more joyfully. the German is well acquainted with the bypaths to chaos. together with German beer and German music. he drags at everything he experiences. and all his life he knew how to keep an astute silence--probably he had good reason for it. let him only look at German taste. empty German eyes--and other countries immediately confound him with his dressing-gown!--I meant to say that." and Berlin wit and sand. and LET itself be regarded. and shrouded.--the event on account of which he RECONSTRUCTED his "Faust. If any one wishes to see the "German soul" demonstrated ad oculos. The German himself does not EXIST. this complaisance. any more than it was the French Revolution. and thereby gazes with faithful. is unfortunately only too often justified in Germany one has only to live for a while among Swabians to know this! The clumsiness of the German scholar and his social distastefulness agree alarmingly well with his physical rope-dancing and nimble boldness. this showing-the-cards of German HONESTY.
. so the German loves "frankness" and "honesty". we should do honour to our name--we are not called the "TIUSCHE VOLK" (deceptive people) for nothing. he never gets "done" with them. It is wise for a people to pose. blue. There are words of Goethe in which he condemns with impatient severity. so the German loves the clouds and all that is obscure. as profound. as from a foreign land. It is a question what Goethe really thought about the Germans?--But about many things around him he never spoke explicitly. And as everything loves its symbol. that which Germans take a pride in.regard to Fichte. and foolish: it might even be--profound to do so! Finally. The German soul has passages and galleries in it. is probably the most dangerous and most successful disguise which the German is up to nowadays: it is his proper Mephistophelean art. and growing is "deep". it seems to him that everything uncertain." was the appearance of Napoleon." Was he wrong? it is characteristic of Germans that one is seldom entirely wrong about them.." and indeed the whole problem of "man. and dungeons therein.. preposterous in the case of every other people. "Development" is therefore the essentially German discovery and hit in the great domain of philosophical formulas. he once defined the famous German turn of mind as "Indulgence towards its own and others' weaknesses. damp. Foreigners are astonished and attracted by the riddles which the conflicting nature at the basis of the German soul propounds to them (riddles which Hegel systematised and Richard Wagner has in the end set to music). and German depth is often only a difficult. clumsy.--a ruling idea. is labouring to Germanise all Europe. and not barter away too cheaply our old reputation as a people of depth for Prussian "smartness. he is "developing himself". "Good-natured and spiteful"--such a juxtaposition. hiding-places." And just as all chronic invalids. its disorder has much of the charm of the mysterious. self-displacing. hesitating "digestion. honest. evolving. undeveloped. let "German depth" be what it will--among ourselves alone we perhaps take the liberty to laugh at it--we shall do well to continue henceforth to honour its appearance and good name. he is BECOMING. there are caves.. all dyspeptics like what is convenient. of which all the Gods have learnt to be afraid. at German arts and manners what boorish indifference to "taste"! How the noblest and the commonest stand there in juxtaposition! How disorderly and how rich is the whole constitution of this soul! The German DRAGS at his soul. He digests his events badly. good-natured. crepuscular. it is so CONVENIENT to be frank and honest!--This confidingness. with this he can "still achieve much"! The German lets himself go.

with a half Werther-like. purer. although not yet forgotten music. besides. like Mozart. half Jean-Paul-like nature (assuredly not like Beethoven! assuredly not like Byron!)--his MANFRED music is a mistake and a misunderstanding to the extent of injustice. What a torture are books written in German to a reader who has a THIRD ear! How indignantly he stands beside the slowly turning swamp of sounds without tune and rhythms without dance. and finally almost fell down in adoration before Napoleon. there is spread over his music the twilight of eternal loss and eternal extravagant hope. a deliverance. who. his courtesy of heart. was still shorter. 246. and more superficial than that great interlude. when it danced round the Tree of Liberty of the Revolution. and to the rise of democracy. But with regard to Robert Schumann. from the beginning it was second-rate music. and his belief in the South. The "good old" time is past. Shelley. and no longer a European event. more fleeting. Weber--but what do WE care nowadays for "Freischutz" and "Oberon"! Or Marschner's "Hans Heiling" and "Vampyre"! Or even Wagner's "Tannhauser"! That is extinct. and NOT. a relief. the tripping. fleeing into the "Saxon Switzerland" of his soul. that is to say. and a future over-young soul that is always COMING. that this very Romanticism of Schumann's has been surmounted? Schumann. on account of his lighter. with his taste. that his "good company. Schiller. timidly withdrawing and retiring. as Beethoven had been. from the beginning a sort of girl and NOLI ME TANGERE--this Schumann was already merely a GERMAN event in music.245. was not musical enough. and has been taken seriously from the first--he was the last that founded a school. the tearful. Beethoven is the intermediate event between an old mellow soul that is constantly breaking down. his longing for the elegant. the amorous. to a movement which. quickly acquired admiration. with Schumann German music was threatened with its greatest danger. and was equally quickly forgotten: as the beautiful EPISODE of German music. belongs to Romanticism. and Byron sound to our ear. that halcyon master. which knew how to SING in Beethoven!--Whatever German music came afterwards. going constantly apart. that of LOSING THE VOICE FOR THE SOUL OF EUROPE and sinking into a merely national affair. Schumann. the transition of Europe from Rousseau to Napoleon. which Germans call
. happier soul. how strangely does the language of Rousseau. This whole music of Romanticism. which was little thought of by genuine musicians. was not noble enough. his childish delight in the Chinese and its flourishes. a dangerous propensity--doubly dangerous among Germans--for quiet lyricism and intoxication of the feelings). can still appeal to SOMETHING LEFT in us! Ah." his tender enthusiasm. some time or other it will be over with it!--but who can doubt that it will be over still sooner with the intelligence and taste for Beethoven! For he was only the last echo of a break and transition in style. as in a still greater degree Mozart had been. historically considered. how difficult nowadays is even the APPREHENSION of this sentiment. to maintain its position anywhere but in the theatre and before the masses.--the same light in which Europe was bathed when it dreamed with Rousseau. it sang itself out in Mozart--how happy are WE that his ROCOCO still speaks to us. the last echo of a great European taste which had existed for centuries. But how rapidly does THIS very sentiment now pale. It was different with Felix Mendelssohn. who took things seriously. a noble weakling who revelled in nothing but anonymous joy and sorrow.--do we not now regard it as a satisfaction. which was fundamentally a PETTY taste (that is to say. in whom COLLECTIVELY the same fate of Europe was able to SPEAK.

which wishes to bite. consequently critics--they thus brought their orators to the highest pitch. however (until quite recently when a kind of platform eloquence began shyly and awkwardly enough to flutter its young wings). hiss. and another who manipulates his language like a flexible sword. The German does not read aloud. partly on the strength. the sentence itself is misunderstood! That one must not be doubtful about the rhythm-determining syllables. with all the swellings. inasmuch as it is comprised in one breath. indeed. flows. The preacher was the only one in Germany who knew the weight of a syllable or a word. and so the most marked contrasts of style are not heard.--WE have really no right to the BIG period. when all Italian ladies and gentlemen knew how to sing. there was properly speaking only one kind of public and APPROXIMATELY artistical discourse--that delivered from the pulpit. that one should lend a fine and patient ear to every STACCATO and every RUBATO.a "book"! And even the German who READS books! How lazily. and power of the ancient lungs. the rareness and the difficulty in the deliverance of such a period.--These were my thoughts when I noticed how clumsily and unintuitively two masters in the art of prose-writing have been confounded: one. and how delicately and richly they can be tinted and retinted in the order of their arrangement--who among book-reading Germans is complaisant enough to recognize such duties and requirements. he has put his ears away in the drawer for the time. who knew by their own schooling how to appreciate the virtue therein. how reluctantly. who are short of breath in every sense! Those ancients. often enough a bad conscience: for reasons are not lacking why proficiency in oratory should be especially seldom
. consequently connoisseurs. Such periods as occur in Demosthenes and Cicero. and sought secretly the reason of it. In the ancient sense. they were surprised when any one read silently. how badly he reads! How many Germans know. he alone had a conscience in his ears. that one should divine the sense in the sequence of the vowels and diphthongs. in the same manner as in the last century. whose words drop down hesitatingly and coldly. and variations of key and changes of TEMPO. over-sharp blade. but only with his eyes. How little the German style has to do with harmony and with the ear. as from the roof of a damp cave--he counts on their dull sound and echo. In antiquity when a man read--which was seldom enough--he read something to himself. and these laws depended partly on the surprising development and refined requirements of the ear and larynx. is shown by the fact that precisely our good musicians themselves write badly. in which the ancient PUBLIC world took delight. In a loud voice: that is to say. in what manner a sentence strikes. a period is above all a physiological whole. and comes to a close. for instance. were all of them dilettanti in speaking. swelling twice and sinking twice. and the most delicate artistry is as it were SQUANDERED on the deaf. and from his arm down into his toes feels the dangerous bliss of the quivering. In Germany. he does not read for the ear. if the sentence is to be understood! If there is a misunderstanding about its TEMPO. and cut. and all in one breath. the virtuosoship of song (and with it also the art of melody) reached its elevation. rushes. inflections. that there is ART in every good sentence--art which must be divined. and in a loud voice. and to listen to so much art and intention in language? After all. one just "has no ear for it". springs. that one should feel the breaking of the too-rigid symmetry as intentional and as a charm. we modern men. endurance. The laws of the written style were then the same as those of the spoken style. and consider it obligatory to know. 247. were pleasures to the men of ANTIQUITY.

when on a short daring sojourn on very infected ground. the Sybels and Treitschkes. and withal imperious. the fearfulness and majesty of infinite demands. its evening sky. for instance. but they also misunderstand each other--like man and woman. Compared with Luther's Bible. and the secret task of forming. and their closely bandaged heads). too. the best that is in one.attained by a German. 249. the anti-Polish folly. but like every one else. in the aftersheen of which the sky of our European culture. the Prussian folly (just look at those poor historians. and so are the French. if various clouds and disturbances--in short. the Teutonic folly. 251. the Wagnerian folly. and perfecting--the Greeks. among present-day Germans there is alternately the anti-French folly. maturing. began to entertain thoughts about matters which did not concern me--the first symptom of political infection. amorous and longing for foreign races (for such as "let themselves be fructified"). It must be taken into the bargain. 248. and others which have to fructify and become the cause of new modes of life--like the Jews. were a nation of this kind. About the Jews. and another which willingly lets itself be fructified and brings forth.--One does not know--cannot know. listen to the following:--I have never yet met a German who was favourably inclined to the Jews. 250. but only against its dangerous excess. and above all one thing of the nature both of the best and the worst: the grand style in morality. in all modesty be it asked: like the Germans?--nations tortured and enraptured by unknown fevers and irresistibly forced out of themselves. There are two kinds of geniuses: one which above all engenders and seeks to engender. there are those on whom the woman's problem of pregnancy has devolved. and therefore has not taken and does not take root in German hearts. of infinite significations. Every nation has its own "Tartuffery." These two kinds of geniuses seek each other like man and woman. the Romans. and. What Europe owes to the Jews?--Many things. ensnaring." and calls that its virtue. and whatever else these little obscurations of the German spirit and conscience may be called. May it be forgiven me that I. The masterpiece of German prose is therefore with good reason the masterpiece of its greatest preacher: the BIBLE has hitherto been the best German book. for instance. slight attacks of stupidity--pass over the spirit of a people that suffers and WANTS to suffer from national nervous fever and political ambition: for instance. the whole Romanticism and sublimity of moral questionableness--and consequently just the most attractive. good and bad. and consequently empowered "by the grace of God. the anti-Semitic folly. this prudence and policy is not perhaps directed against the nature of the sentiment itself. and especially against the distasteful and infamous expression of this excess of
. now glows--perhaps glows out. as the Bible has done. we artists among the spectators and philosophers. and exquisite element in those iridescences and allurements to life. And similarly. like everything conscious of being full of generative force. the Christian-romantic folly. did not remain wholly exempt from the disease. are--grateful to the Jews. almost everything else is merely "literature"--something which has not grown in Germany. among the gifted nations. and however decided the repudiation of actual anti-Semitism may be on the part of all prudent and political men. or almost always too late. For this.

and purest race at present living in Europe. the German blood. and a depreciation of the idea of a "philosopher" for more than a century. sometimes confusingly similar to a RES FICTA ET PICTA). which one would like nowadays to label as vices--owing above all to a resolute faith which does not need to be ashamed before "modern ideas". 252. in the same way that the Russian Empire makes its conquest--as an empire that has plenty of time and is not of yesterday--namely. "Let no more Jews come in! And shut the doors. by means of virtues of some sort. to be insorbed and absorbed by Europe. The Jews. as he will calculate upon the Russians. in all his perspectives concerning the future. to the "wandering Jew". and wish to put an end to the nomadic life. that they are NOT working and planning for that end is equally certain. "as slowly as possible"! A thinker who has the future of Europe at heart. authorized. and Locke. to which one must listen and according to which one must act. even somewhat importunely. the nobleman officer from the Prussian border it would be interesting in many ways to see whether the genius for money and patience (and especially some intellect and intellectuality--sadly lacking in the place referred to) could not in addition be annexed and trained to the hereditary art of commanding and obeying--for both of which the country in question has now a classic reputation But here it is expedient to break off my festal discourse and my sprightly Teutonomania for I have already reached my SERIOUS TOPIC. calculate upon the Jews. That which is at present called a "nation" in Europe.sentiment. the rearing of a new ruling caste for Europe. so that it could be easily wiped out. that the German stomach. and the Englishman have done by means of a stronger digestion:--that is the unmistakable declaration and language of a general instinct. literally the supremacy. the Frenchman. easily displaced. if they desired--or if they were driven to it. That Germany has amply SUFFICIENT Jews. they long to be finally settled. much less such a race AERE PERENNUS.--on this point we must not deceive ourselves. Hume. young. especially towards the East (also towards Austria)!"--thus commands the instinct of a people whose nature is still feeble and uncertain. over Europe. toughest. will. as the Jews are such "nations" should most carefully avoid all hot-headed rivalry and hostility! It is certain that the Jews.
. has difficulty (and will long have difficulty) in disposing only of this quantity of "Jew"--as the Italian. and respected somewhere. are beyond all doubt the strongest. as above all the surest and likeliest factors in the great play and battle of forces. One should make advances with all prudence. They are not a philosophical race--the English: Bacon represents an ATTACK on the philosophical spirit generally. according to the principle. they know how to succeed even under the worst conditions (in fact better than under favourable ones). nay. and MAKE ADVANCES to it (it possibly betokens a mitigation of the Jewish instincts) for which purpose it would perhaps be useful and fair to banish the anti-Semitic bawlers out of the country. they rather wish and desire.--and one should certainly take account of this impulse and tendency. and is really rather a RES FACTA than NATA (indeed. an abasement. and with selection. easily extinguished. for instance. Hobbes. pretty much as the English nobility do It stands to reason that the more powerful and strongly marked types of new Germanism could enter into relation with the Jews with the least hesitation. they alter only. the "European problem. Meanwhile. by a stronger race. as the anti-Semites seem to wish--COULD now have the ascendancy. and not yet a race." as I understand it. however. WHEN they do alter. It was AGAINST Hume that Kant uprose and raised himself. is in every case something evolving.

as exceptions." Listen to him speaking. That.. more gloomy. a step towards spiritualization. sensual." After all. a certain narrowness. now that the influence of respectable but mediocre Englishmen--I may mention Darwin. that half-actor and rhetorician knew well enough. the two hostile brother-geniuses in philosophy. something English) may not be unfavourable for arriving at them. finally. look at the most beautiful Englishwoman WALKING--in no country on earth are there more beautiful doves and swans. who sought to conceal under passionate grimaces what he knew about himself: namely. they have to BE something new. will possibly have to be an ignorant person. indeed. it is thereby explained and differently expressed). in the struggle against the English mechanical stultification of the world.--What is lacking in England. owing to good reasons. and brutal than the German--is for that very reason. what was LACKING in Carlyle--real POWER of intellect. the creator.--Finally. to speak figuratively (and also literally): he has neither rhythm nor dance in the movements of his soul and body. aridity. for "music. it is used as an antidote--the finer poison to neutralize the coarser: a finer form of poisoning is in fact a step in advance with coarse-mannered people. and has always been lacking. and by praying and psalm-singing (or. they have more to do than merely to perceive:--in effect. they have to REPRESENT new values! The gulf between knowledge and capacity is perhaps greater. the absurd muddle-head. Carlyle. Hegel and Schopenhauer (along with Goethe) were of one accord.. real DEPTH of intellectual perception. however. and thereby wronged each other as only brothers will do. in short. this English Christianity itself has still a characteristic English taint of spleen and alcoholic excess. also the most pious: he has all the MORE NEED of Christianity. who pushed in different directions towards the opposite poles of German thought. a penitential fit may really be the relatively highest manifestation of "humanity" to which they can be elevated: so much may reasonably be admitted. and deducing conclusions from them. listen to them singing! But I ask too much. headstrong. To finer nostrils. let
. John Stuart Mill. for scientific discoveries like those of Darwin. more correctly. Indeed. 253. "JE MEPRISE LOCKE". they have to SIGNIFY something new. for which.--while on the other hand. The Englishman. which offends even in the humanest Englishman is his lack of music. The English coarseness and rustic demureness is still most satisfactorily disguised by Christian pantomime. they are rather from the first in no very favourable position towards those who are "the rules. than one thinks: the capable man in the grand style. as the baser of the two. and also more mysterious. and industrious carefulness (in short. not even the desire for rhythm and dance. because they are best adapted for them. and Herbert Spencer--begins to gain the ascendancy in the middle-class region of European taste. There are truths which are best recognized by mediocre minds. and for the herd of drunkards and rakes who formerly learned moral grunting under the influence of Methodism (and more recently as the "Salvation Army"). It is characteristic of such an unphilosophical race to hold on firmly to Christianity--they NEED its discipline for "moralizing" and humanizing. there are truths which only possess charms and seductive power for mediocre spirits:--one is pushed to this probably unpleasant conclusion. philosophy.it was Locke of whom Schelling RIGHTLY said. who could doubt that it is a useful thing for SUCH minds to have the ascendancy for a time? It would be an error to consider the highly developed and independently soaring minds as specially qualified for determining and collecting many little common facts.

however. which is also a France of pessimism. hypochondriacs. There is also something else common to them: a predilection to resist intellectual Germanizing--and a still greater inability to do so! In this France of intellect. and owing to its reverence for the "small number. at the funeral of Victor Hugo. the capacity for artistic emotion. such as have the AMBITION to conceal themselves. taking the word in every high sense--is the work and invention of FRANCE. its profound. or of Hegel. almost with disbelief. for owing to the diabolical Anglomania of "modern ideas. L'ART POUR L'ART. however. but one must know how to find this "France of taste. not to speak of Heinrich Heine." for which the expression. it is still the high school of taste. who at present.--it is already taking place sufficiently! There are. alas! their first and profoundest VICTIMS. in the form of Taine--the FIRST of living historians--exercises an almost tyrannical influence. passionate strength. that at present one recalls its sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. their best soldiers." or "French ideas"--that. even in the petty
. Schopenhauer has perhaps become more at home. 254. the more will it "Wagnerite". and more indigenous than he has ever been in Germany. What is called "modern ideas. the plebeianism of modern ideas--is ENGLAND'S work and invention. maintain this verdict of historical justice in a determined manner. FIRSTLY. and as indelible tokens of their ancient intellectual superiority in Europe. against which the GERMAN mind rose up with profound disgust--is of English origin." it has again and again made a sort of chamber music of literature possible.it not be forgotten that the English. many-sided. As regards Richard Wagner. with their profound mediocrity." the AME FRANCAIS has in the end become so thin and emaciated. for devotion to "form. and defend it against present prejudices and appearances: the European NOBLESSE--of sentiment. the more French music learns to adapt itself to the actual needs of the AME MODERNE. consequently. one can safely predict that beforehand. and at the same time of self-admiration. has been invented:--such capacity has not been lacking in France for three centuries. In fact. which is sought for in vain elsewhere in Europe. invalids. along with numerous others. and likewise. over-refined. The French were only the apes and actors of these ideas. MORALISTIC culture. taste. who has long ago been re-incarnated in the more refined and fastidious lyrists of Paris. the European ignobleness. a besotted and brutalized France at present sprawls in the foreground--it recently celebrated a veritable orgy of bad taste. in spite of all voluntary or involuntary Germanizing and vulgarizing of taste. One must. its inventive excellency. however. Even at present France is still the seat of the most intellectual and refined culture of Europe. there is no doubt about it. and manners. in part persons over-indulged." or "the ideas of the eighteenth century. brought about once before a general depression of European intelligence. owing to which one finds on an average. They have all something in common: they keep their ears closed in presence of the delirious folly and noisy spouting of the democratic BOURGEOIS. three things which the French can still boast of with pride as their heritage and possession. in part fatalists.--The SECOND thing whereby the French can lay claim to a superiority over Europe is their ancient. besides perhaps being men who do not stand upon the strongest legs." He who belongs to it keeps himself well concealed:--they may be a small number in whom it lives and is embodied.

I could imagine a music of which the rarest charm would be that it knew nothing more of good and evil. in injuring his taste anew. Such a Southerner. whose soul is akin to the palm-tree. the last great psychologist of France).--There is yet a THIRD claim to superiority: in the French character there is a successful half-way synthesis of the North and South. because. as we have said.--There is also still in France a pre-understanding and ready welcome for those rarer and rarely gratified men. who are too comprehensive to find satisfaction in any kind of fatherlandism. Suppose a person loves the South as I love it--as a great school of recovery for the most spiritual and the most sensuous ills. to divine long afterwards some of the riddles that perplexed and enraptured him--this strange Epicurean and man of interrogation." For them BIZET has made music. mightier. which bids me wait and wait. France has not grudged: those who call the Germans "naive" on that account give them commendation for a defect.. northern grey-in-grey. and die away. turned alternately to and from the South.--who has discovered a piece of the SOUTH IN MUSIC." has with great resolution been prescribed (according to a dangerous healing art. and enjoins upon them other things. 255. in fact. it will also injure his health anew.ROMANCIERS of the newspapers and chance BOULEVARDIERS DE PARIS. blood and iron. must also dream of it being freed from the influence of the North. for example. beautiful. that is to say "high politics. which is not too remotely associated with the tediousness of German intercourse. from sunless conceptual-spectrism and from poverty of blood--our GERMAN infirmity of taste. of which. Henri Beyle may be noted. who has seen a new beauty and seduction. the "good Europeans. several centuries of the European soul. and perhaps more perverse and mysterious music. as a surveyor and discoverer thereof:--it has required two generations to OVERTAKE him one way or other. for the excessive prevalence of which at the present moment.. a psychological sensitiveness and curiosity. at the sight of the blue. preserves them from the dreadful. an art which. The Germans lack a couple of centuries of the moralistic work requisite thereto. that remarkable anticipatory and forerunning man. and must have in his ears the prelude to a deeper. only that here and there perhaps some sailor's home-sickness. pale. as all German music does. in which from time to time the Provencal and Ligurian blood froths over. from the far distance. if he should dream of the future of music. but not yet hope). some golden shadows and tender weaknesses might sweep lightly over it. which. would see the colours of a sinking and almost incomprehensible MORAL world fleeing
.--and as the most successful expression of genuine French curiosity and inventive talent in this domain of delicate thrills. this latest genius. (As the opposite of the German inexperience and innocence IN VOLUPTATE PSYCHOLOGICA. which holds its own even in presence of the brown sunsets of the desert. a Southerner not by origin but by BELIEF. traversed HIS Europe. and can be at home and can roam with big. which does not fade. which makes them comprehend many things. wanton sea and the Mediterranean clearness of sky--a super-European music. and know how to love the South when in the North and the North when in the South--the born Midlanders. Their temperament. such a person will learn to be somewhat on his guard against German music. lonely beasts of prey. a super-German music. as a boundless solar profusion and effulgence which o'erspreads a sovereign existence believing in itself--well. one has no conception (to say nothing of the thing itself!) in Germany. who. which an Englishman can never comprehend. with a Napoleonic TEMPO. I hold that many precautions should be taken against German music.

Goethe. in old age perhaps. as musician is reckoned among painters. a boldly daring. 256. constrains. Stendhal.. the crooked. or in their weaker moments.. and the self-contradictory. by the unseemly noise with which he is now resisted and opposed in France: the fact remains. as poet among musicians. for instance. With all the more profound and large-minded men of this century. these last great seekers! All of them steeped in literature to their eyes and ears--the first artists of universal literary culture--for the most part even themselves writers. who had first to teach their century--and it is the century of the MASSES--the conception "higher man. who with the help of this craze. in all the heights and depths of their requirements. the nearest related to Wagner. nevertheless." I think of such men as Napoleon. that Richard Wagner and the LATER FRENCH ROMANTICISM of the forties.". still greater discoverers in effect. They are akin. plebeian parvenus. Schopenhauer: it must not be taken amiss if I also count Richard Wagner among them. Heinrich Heine. without equilibrium and enjoyment. about whom one must not let oneself be deceived by his own misunderstandings (geniuses like him have seldom the right to understand themselves). that they SOUGHT in the same manner. high-flying. owing also to the short-sighted and hasty-handed politicians. all of them great discoverers in the realm of the sublime. Beethoven. born enemies of logic and of the straight line. are at present in power. intermediaries and blenders of the arts and the senses (Wagner. in display. as artist generally among actors). the exotic. the real general tendency of the mysterious labour of their souls was to prepare the way for that new SYNTHESIS. poets. hankering after the strange. in their multifarious and boisterous art--whither? into a new light? towards a new sun? But who would attempt to express accurately what all these masters of new modes of speech could not express distinctly? It is certain that the same storm and stress tormented them. allures. did they belong to the "fatherlands"--they only rested from themselves when they became "patriots. or arbitrarily and falsely misinterpreted. fundamentally akin. with mysterious accesses to all that seduces. all of them fanatics for EXPRESSION "at any cost"--I specially mention Delacroix. are now overlooked. almost destroying themselves by work. Let the German friends of Richard Wagner advise together as to
. all of them finally shattering and sinking down at the Christian cross (and with right and reason. and aloft-up-dragging class of higher men. antinomians and rebels in manners. whose soul presses urgently and longingly. for who of them would have been sufficiently profound and sufficiently original for an ANTI-CHRISTIAN philosophy?). the ONE Europe. of course. all of them talented far beyond their genius. Owing to the morbid estrangement which the nationality-craze has induced and still induces among the nations of Europe. still less. as men. it is Europe. only in their simulations. out and out VIRTUOSI. outwards and upwards. the most unmistakable signs that EUROPE WISHES TO BE ONE. and upsets. ambitious and insatiable. the monstrous. and tentatively to anticipate the European of the future. who knew themselves to be incapable of a noble TEMPO or of a LENTO in life and action--think of Balzac.towards it. Tantaluses of the will. and would be hospitable enough and profound enough to receive such belated fugitives. and do not suspect to what extent the disintegrating policy they pursue must necessarily be only an interlude policy--owing to all this and much else that is altogether unmentionable at present. are most closely and intimately related to one another.--on the whole. splendidly overbearing.--unrestrained workers. also of the loathsome and dreadful. in the art of the show-shop.

of his self-apostolate. and requiring slavery in some form or other. which the strength of his instincts made him long to visit at the most decisive time--and how the whole style of his proceedings. to the honour of Richard Wagner's German nature. could only perfect itself in sight of the French socialistic original." the continued "self-surmounting of man. falling.--perhaps even the most remarkable creation of Richard Wagner is not only at present. On a more subtle comparison it will perhaps be found. THE WAY TO ROME. just the elevation of the type "man. This wholly false enraptured heaven-o'erspringing?--Is this our mode?--Think well!--ye still wait for admission--For what ye hear is ROME--ROME'S FAITH BY INTUITION!
CHAPTER IX. too ANTI-CATHOLIC for the taste of old and mellow civilized nations. shambling. the formation of ever higher. Without the PATHOS OF DISTANCE. daring.whether there is anything purely German in the Wagnerian art. rarer. and out of their equally constant practice of obeying and commanding. incomprehensible. when--anticipating a taste which has meanwhile passed into politics--he began. in short. EVERY elevation of the type "man. too hard. To be sure. of the preliminary condition for the elevation of the type "man"): the truth is hard. who is probably far too free. too healthy. too cheerful. or whether its distinction does not consist precisely in coming from SUPER-GERMAN sources and impulses: in which connection it may not be underrated how indispensable Paris was to the development of his type. This incense-fuming exaltation? Is ours this faltering. I will call to my aid a few powerful rhymes. more comprehensive states." to use a moral formula in a supermoral sense. of keeping down and keeping at a distance--that other more mysterious pathos could never have arisen. at least. which will even betray to less delicate ears what I mean--what I mean COUNTER TO the "last Wagner" and his Parsifal music:---Is this our mode?--From German heart came this vexed ululating? From German body.--That these last words may not be misunderstood. out of the constant out-looking and down-looking of the ruling caste on subordinates and instruments. and inimitable to the whole latter-day Latin race: the figure of Siegfried. if not to walk therein. Ave-hour-bell ringing. further. more extended. severity. with the religious vehemence peculiar to him. and elevation than a nineteenth-century Frenchman could have done--owing to the circumstance that we Germans are as yet nearer to barbarism than the French. that he has acted in everything with more strength. to preach. this anti-Latin Siegfried: well. Wagner atoned amply for this sin in his old sad days. this self-lacerating? Is ours this priestly hand-dilation." has hitherto been the work of an aristocratic society and so it will always be--a society believing in a long scale of gradations of rank and differences of worth among human beings. the longing for an ever new widening of distance within the soul itself. He may even have been a sin against Romanticism. one must not resign oneself to any humanitarian illusions about the history of the origin of an aristocratic society (that is to say. that VERY FREE man. This quite uncertain ding-dong-dangling? This sly nun-ogling. such as grows out of the incarnated difference of classes. WHAT IS NOBLE? 257. Let us acknowledge unprejudicedly how every higher civilization hitherto has ORIGINATED!
. but for ever inaccessible.

barbarians in every terrible sense of the word. or upon old mellow civilizations in which the final vital force was flickering out in brilliant fireworks of wit and depravity. FOR ITS SAKE. called "life. high above it. suppression. still in possession of unbroken strength of will and desire for power. do all that towards other bodies. more peaceful races (perhaps trading or cattle-rearing communities). The essential thing. but supported by it. threw themselves upon weaker. a Will to the DENIAL of life.Men with a still natural nature.--which encircle an oak so long and so often with their arms. however. an aristocracy like that of France at the beginning of the Revolution. Corruption--as the indication that anarchy threatens to break out among the instincts. 259. if it be a living and not a dying organization. a principle of dissolution and decay. and put one's will on a par with that of others: this may result in a certain rough sense in good conduct among individuals when the necessary conditions are given (namely. must be suppressed and reduced to imperfect men. 258. flung away its privileges with sublime disgust and sacrificed itself to an excess of its moral sentiments. Here one must think profoundly to the very basis and resist all sentimental weakness: life itself is ESSENTIALLY appropriation. severity. however. and if possible even as the FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLE OF SOCIETY. and at the least. and exhibit their happiness. which the individuals within it refrain from doing to each other it will have to be the
. for instance. but as the SIGNIFICANCE and highest justification thereof--that it should therefore accept with a good conscience the sacrifice of a legion of individuals. Its fundamental belief must be precisely that society is NOT allowed to exist for its own sake. as was previously supposed. injury. the noble caste was always the barbarian caste: their superiority did not consist first of all in their physical. and that the foundation of the emotions. obtrusion of peculiar forms. but in their psychical power--they were more COMPLETE men (which at every point also implies the same as "more complete beasts"). To refrain mutually from injury. as one wished to take this principle more generally. from violence. When. who. by means of which a select class of beings may be able to elevate themselves to their higher duties. by virtue of which that aristocracy had abdicated step by step its lordly prerogatives and lowered itself to a FUNCTION of royalty (in the end even to its decoration and parade-dress). to slaves and instruments. it would immediately disclose what it really is--namely. the actual similarity of the individuals in amount of force and degree of worth." is convulsed--is something radically different according to the organization in which it manifests itself. exploitation. As soon. men of prey. it was corruption:--it was really only the closing act of the corruption which had existed for centuries. conquest of the strange and weak. more moral. from exploitation. but only as a foundation and scaffolding.--but why should one for ever use precisely these words on which for ages a disparaging purpose has been stamped? Even the organization within which. until at last. the individuals treat each other as equal--it takes place in every healthy aristocracy--must itself. At the commencement. putting it mildest. they can unfold their tops in the open light. and in general to a higher EXISTENCE: like those sun-seeking climbing plants in Java--they are called Sipo Matador. in a good and healthy aristocracy is that it should not regard itself as a function either of the kingship or the commonwealth. incorporation. and their co-relation within one organization).

I found certain traits recurring regularly together. the dog-like kind of men who let themselves be abused. In the first case. and were only derivatively and at a later period applied to ACTIONS. The cowardly. and above all the liars:--it is a fundamental belief of all aristocrats that the common people are untruthful. which seeks to overflow.incarnated Will to Power. and because life IS precisely Will to Power. it is a consequence of the intrinsic Will to Power. to gain ground. but not--or scarcely--out of pity. is the ordinary consciousness of Europeans more unwilling to be corrected than on this matter. It is obvious that everywhere the designations of moral value were at first applied to MEN. proud disposition displays itself he despises them. the insignificant. The
. there are also attempts at the reconciliation of the two moralities. the slaves and dependents of all sorts. but rather from an impulse generated by the super-abundance of power. it will endeavour to grow. the happiness of high tension. There is MASTER-MORALITY and SLAVE-MORALITY. of power. about coming conditions of society in which "the exploiting character" is to be absent--that sounds to my ears as if they promised to invent a mode of life which should refrain from all organic functions. it is a gross mistake. On no point. the self-abasing. but because it LIVES. "Exploitation" does not belong to a depraved. people now rave everywhere. The distinctions of moral values have either originated in a ruling caste. but one finds still oftener the confusion and mutual misunderstanding of them. or imperfect and primitive society it belongs to the nature of the living being as a primary organic function. within one soul. and that which determines the order of rank. The noble type of man separates from himself the beings in whom the opposite of this exalted." it is the exalted. pleasantly conscious of being different from the ruled--or among the ruled class. he does not require to be approved of. and connected with one another. with their constrained glances. attract to itself and acquire ascendancy--not owing to any morality or immorality. "Why have sympathetic actions been praised?" The noble type of man regards HIMSELF as a determiner of values. the distrustful. he is a CREATOR OF VALUES. when it is the rulers who determine the conception "good.--the antithesis "good" and "EVIL" is of a different origin. In a tour through the many finer and coarser moralities which have hitherto prevailed or still prevail on the earth. moreover. that in all higher and mixed civilizations. which is precisely the Will to Life--Granting that as a theory this is a novelty--as a reality it is the FUNDAMENTAL FACT of all history let us be so far honest towards ourselves! 260.--I would at once add. proud disposition which is regarded as the distinguishing feature. and those thinking merely of narrow utility are despised. He honours whatever he recognizes in himself: such morality equals self-glorification. In the foreground there is the feeling of plenitude. the mendicant flatterers. and a radical distinction was brought to light. however. therefore. "We truthful ones"--the nobility in ancient Greece called themselves. also. Let it at once be noted that in this first kind of morality the antithesis "good" and "bad" means practically the same as "noble" and "despicable"." he knows that it is he himself only who confers honour on things. the consciousness of a wealth which would fain give and bestow:--the noble man also helps the unfortunate. the timid. until finally two primary types revealed themselves to me. he passes the judgment: "What is injurious to me is injurious in itself. even under the guise of science. indeed sometimes their close juxtaposition--even in the same man. however. when historians of morals start with questions like.

quarrelsomeness. is more especially foreign and irritating to present-day taste in the sternness of its principle that one has duties only to one's equals. a REFINEMENT of distrust of everything "good" that is there honoured--he would fain persuade himself that the very happiness there is not genuine.--artfulness in retaliation. faith in oneself. arrogance--in fact. Slave-morality is essentially the morality of utility. and strength. as has been pointed out. it is their art.--It is otherwise with the second type of morality. just as seems good to one. Supposing that the abused. the oppressed. or "as the heart desires. SLAVE-MORALITY."--It is the powerful who KNOW how to honour. On the other hand. subtlety." and in any case "beyond good and evil": it is here that sympathy and similar sentiments can have a place. a radical enmity and irony towards "selflessness. humility." and are more and more lacking in respect for old age. for here these are the most useful qualities. and almost the only means of supporting the burden of existence. Such a type of man is even proud of not being made for sympathy." The noble and brave who think thus are the furthest removed from the morality which sees precisely in sympathy. however. a certain dreadfulness. the characteristic of the moral. that one may act towards beings of a lower rank. the warm heart. The slave has an unfavourable eye for the virtues of the powerful.--the belief and prejudice in favour of ancestors and unfavourable to newcomers. the kind. while the bad man is
. in order to be a good FRIEND): all these are typical characteristics of the noble morality. or in acting for the good of others. and those uncertain of themselves should moralize. The ability and obligation to exercise prolonged gratitude and prolonged revenge--both only within the circle of equals." belong as definitely to noble morality. patience." and is therefore at present difficult to realize. A morality of the ruling class. towards all that is foreign. the "evil" man arouses fear. him also who has power over himself. what will be the common element in their moral estimates? Probably a pessimistic suspicion with regard to the entire situation of man will find expression. and friendliness attain to honour. a certain necessity to have enemies (as outlets for the emotions of envy. which do not admit of being despised. Here is the seat of the origin of the famous antithesis "good" and "evil":--power and dangerousness are assumed to reside in the evil. according to master-morality. as do a careless scorn and precaution in presence of sympathy and the "warm heart. helping hand.noble man honours in himself the powerful one. RAFFINEMENT of the idea in friendship. therefore. who takes pleasure in subjecting himself to severity and hardness. According to slave-morality." says an old Scandinavian Saga: it is thus rightly expressed from the soul of a proud Viking. the ignoble origin of these "ideas" has complacently betrayed itself thereby. together with his situation. the unemancipated. the hero of the Saga therefore adds warningly: "He who has not a hard heart when young. diligence. the weary. THOSE qualities which serve to alleviate the existence of sufferers are brought into prominence and flooded with light. pride in oneself. and also to unearth and disclose. reversely. who knows how to speak and how to keep silence. perhaps a condemnation of man. the suffering. will never have one. or in DESINTERESSEMENT. is not the morality of "modern ideas. their domain for invention. and if. men of "modern ideas" believe almost instinctively in "progress" and the "future. The profound reverence for age and for tradition--all law rests on this double reverence. and has reverence for all that is severe and hard. which. it is precisely the "good" man who arouses fear and seeks to arouse it. is typical in the morality of the powerful. it is here that sympathy. he has a skepticism and distrust. "Wotan placed a hard heart in my breast.

the good man must in any case be the SAFE man: he is good-natured. the blending of the blood of masters and slaves). This seems to him on the one hand such bad taste and so self-disrespectful. those brilliant. its invention is due to the Provencal poet-cavaliers." Or he will even say: "For many reasons I can delight in the good opinion of others. of the greater part of the self-appreciations and self-depreciations which believing women learn from their confessors. even in cases where I do not share it. perhaps because the good opinion of others. in most cases. un bonhomme."--and who yet BELIEVE in this good opinion afterwards. the originally noble and rare impulse of the masters to assign a value to themselves and to "think well" of themselves. especially with the aid of history. in all social strata in any way dependent. easily deceived. conformably to the slow rise of the democratic social order (and its cause. from time immemorial. as is well known. for instance: "I may be mistaken about my value." to whom Europe owes so much. 261. and then instinctively submitting himself to it. and on the other hand so grotesquely unreasonable. that the ordinary man. will now be more and more encouraged and extended. In fact. is useful to me. for instance.' and also 'modesty'). Everywhere that slave-morality gains the ascendancy. or gives promise of usefulness:--all this."--A last fundamental difference: the desire for FREEDOM. It may be looked upon as the result of an extraordinary atavism. and almost owes itself. according to the servile mode of thought. however. in accordance with the logical consequences of slave-morality. is not vanity. that which is called 'humility. he did not assign even to himself any other value than that which his master assigned to him (it is the peculiar RIGHT OF MASTERS to create values). ingenious men of the "gai saber. the ordinary man WAS only that which he PASSED FOR:--not being at all accustomed to fix values. but also to a bad and unjust one (think. is not vanity (but self-conceit. that." The man of noble character must first bring it home forcibly to his mind. and on the other hand may nevertheless demand that my value should be acknowledged by others precisely as I rate it:--that. perhaps because I love and honour them. that he would like to consider vanity an exception. however. or. Vanity is one of the things which are perhaps most difficult for a noble man to understand: he will be tempted to deny it. the instinct for happiness and the refinements of the feeling of liberty belong as necessarily to slave-morals and morality. where another kind of man thinks he sees it self-evidently. and is doubtful about it in most cases when it is spoken of. is still always WAITING for an opinion about himself. perhaps also because their good opinion endorses and strengthens my belief in my own good opinion. even at present. The problem for him is to represent to his mind beings who seek to arouse a good opinion of themselves which they themselves do not possess--and consequently also do not "deserve. and rejoice in all their joys. The contrast attains its maximum when.regarded as the despicable being. because. as artifice and enthusiasm in reverence and devotion are the regular symptoms of an aristocratic mode of thinking and estimating.--Hence we can understand without further detail why love AS A PASSION--it is our European specialty--must absolutely be of noble origin. He will say. and which in general the believing Christian learns from his Church). a shade of depreciation--it may be slight and well-intentioned--at last attaches itself to the "good" man of this morality. perhaps a little stupid. but
. language shows a tendency to approximate the significations of the words "good" and "stupid. yet by no means only to a "good" opinion.

the protection are there lacking under which variations are fostered. precisely by virtue of its hardness. say an ancient Greek polis. Variations. On the other hand. as a condition of existence--if it would continue. under the name of "justice. chiefly because they MUST prevail. by that oldest instinct of subjection which breaks forth in him. and reticent men (and as such. the individual dares to be individual
. in the relations of old and young. who want to make their species prevail. in spite of all Gods and men. for instance!--which seeks to SEDUCE to good opinions of itself. 262. it is the slave. but very marked features. are present in superabundance. as something which. the remains of the slave's craftiness--and how much of the "slave" is still left in woman. ampler. and the means of life. can in general prevail and make itself permanent in constant struggle with its neighbours. a happy state of things results. as though he had not called them forth. too. immediately tend in the most marked way to develop variations. and more radically ingrained propensity opposed to it--and in the phenomenon of "vanity" this older propensity overmasters the younger. and these virtues alone it develops to maturity. a species of severe. appear suddenly on the scene in the greatest exuberance and splendour. as a voluntary or involuntary contrivance for the purpose of REARING human beings. or with rebellious or rebellion-threatening vassals. and are fertile in prodigies and monstrosities (also in monstrous vices). the species needs itself as species. The favour. A SPECIES originates. its uniformity. it is known by the experience of breeders that species which receive super-abundant nourishment. even of the enjoyment of life. Finally.--It is "the slave" in the vain man's blood. there are there men beside one another. every aristocratic morality is intolerant in the education of youth. with the most delicate sensibility for the charm and nuances of society) is thus established. thrown upon their own resources. as already remarked.it has at all times an older. or deteriorations and monstrosities. as an archaizing TASTE. or Venice. in the marriage customs. the super-abundance. there are perhaps no more enemies among the neighbouring peoples. and a type becomes established and strong in the long struggle with essentially constant UNFAVOURABLE conditions. who immediately afterwards falls prostrate himself before these opinions." A type with few. whether they be deviations (into the higher. the enormous tension is relaxed. the constant struggle with uniform UNFAVOURABLE conditions is. wisely silent. and simplicity of structure. in the penal laws (which have an eye only for the degenerating): it counts intolerance itself among the virtues. warlike. the cause of a type becoming stable and hard. in the control of women. The most varied experience teaches it what are the qualities to which it principally owes the fact that it still exists. Now look at an aristocratic commonwealth. unaffected by the vicissitudes of generations. and has hitherto been victorious: these qualities it calls virtues. The vain person rejoices over EVERY good opinion which he hears about himself (quite apart from the point of view of its usefulness. just as he suffers from every bad opinion: for he subjects himself to both. however. It does so with severity. and rarer). With one stroke the bond and constraint of the old discipline severs: it is no longer regarded as necessary. indeed it desires severity. and in general a surplus of protection and care. or else run the terrible danger of being exterminated. he feels himself subjected to both. finer. reserved. and equally regardless of its truth or falsehood).--And to repeat it again: vanity is an atavism. it can only do so as a form of LUXURY.

a cessation of all gestures. and the loftiest desires frightfully entangled. into all the most personal and secret recesses of their desires and volitions. decay. Danger is again present. virgin-forest-like up-growth and up-striving. any book bearing the marks of great destiny.--But it is difficult to preach this morality of mediocrity! it can never avow what it is and what it desires! it has to talk of moderation and dignity and duty and brotherly love--it will have difficulty IN CONCEALING ITS IRONY! 263.and detach himself." and can no longer assign any limit. this time shifted into the individual. these sharp onlookers and loafers. more manifold. which more than anything else is already the sign of a HIGH rank. when any holy vessel." no common formulas any longer. that nothing will endure until the day after tomorrow. a portentous simultaneousness of Spring and Autumn. his own arts and artifices for self-preservation." The dangerous and disquieting point has been reached when the greater. any jewel from closed shrines. and an extraordinary decay and self-destruction. more comprehensive life IS LIVED BEYOND the old morality. the sole survivors. and is obliged to have recourse to his own law-giving. side by side. that everything around them decays and produces decay. goodness. which still obtains a hearing. great danger. that the end is quickly approaching. which strive with one another "for sun and light. which bent the bow in so threatening a manner:--it is now "out of date. misunderstanding and disregard in league with each other. the unalterable. a hesitation of the eye." it is getting "out of date. into their own heart. owing to the savagely opposing and seemingly exploding egoisms. deterioration. while on the other hand. It was this morality itself which piled up the strength so enormously. restraint. The way in which. still inexhausted. a magnificent. still unwearied corruption. innate order of rank to which it belongs: he will test it by its INSTINCT FOR REVERENCE. the reverence for the BIBLE has hitherto been maintained
. DIFFERENCE ENGENDRE HAINE: the vulgarity of many a nature spurts up suddenly like dirty water. but is not yet protected by the awe of authority from obtrusive touches and incivilities: something that goes its way like a living touchstone. and self-deliverance. full of new charms and mysteries peculiar to the fresh. manifold. or forbearance for themselves by means of the hitherto existing morality. the "individual" stands out. except one species of man. and often mixed and entangled together. into their own child. and tentative. is brought before it. into the neighbour and friend. the genius of the race overflowing from all the cornucopias of good and bad. The refinement. undistinguished. will avail himself of many varieties of this very art to determine the ultimate value of a soul. The mediocre alone have a prospect of continuing and propagating themselves--they will be the men of the future. the incurably MEDIOCRE. self-elevation. There is an INSTINCT FOR RANK. the mother of morality. into the street. a kind of TROPICAL TEMPO in the rivalry of growth. there is an involuntary silence. by which it is indicated that a soul FEELS the nearness of what is worthiest of respect. on the whole. He whose task and practice it is to investigate souls. perhaps voluntarily veiled and disguised. What will the moral philosophers who appear at this time have to preach? They discover. and loftiness of a soul are put to a perilous test when something passes by that is of the highest rank. there is a DELIGHT in the NUANCES of reverence which leads one to infer noble origin and habits. At this turning-point of history there manifest themselves. "be like them! become mediocre!" is now the only morality which has still a significance. Nothing but new "Whys. undiscovered." nothing but new "Hows.

or arbitrariness therein. fond of rude pleasures and probably of still ruder duties and responsibilities. the cultured class. constraint. in the so-called cultured classes.] 265. "education" and "culture" MUST be essentially the art of deceiving--deceiving with regard to origin. in order to acquire the PERIOD of thousands of years which is necessary to exhaust and unriddle them. It is quite impossible for a man NOT to have the qualities and predilections of his parents and ancestors in his constitution. [FOOTNOTE: Horace's "Epistles. but rather as something that may have its basis in the primary law of things:--if he sought a designation for it he would say: "It is justice itself. is perhaps the best example of discipline and refinement of manners which Europe owes to Christianity: books of such profoundness and supreme significance require for their protection an external tyranny of authority. as surely as bad blood.--And what else does education and culture try to do nowadays! In our very democratic. or whether they were accustomed to commanding from morning till night.in Europe. in order to live wholly for their faith--for their "God. finally. the easy insolence of eye and hand with which they touch. they have sacrificed old privileges of birth and possession. than among the newspaper-reading DEMIMONDE of intellect. very plebeian age. that there are holy experiences before which they must take off their shoes and keep away the unclean hand--it is almost their highest advance towards humanity. and have to sacrifice themselves. and with the help of the best education and culture one will only succeed in DECEIVING with regard to such heredity." nothing is perhaps so repulsive as their lack of shame. and finger everything. which made him hesitate at first." He acknowledges under certain circumstances. and called out constantly to his pupils: "Be true! Be natural! Show yourselves as you are!"--even such a virtuous and sincere ass would learn in a short time to have recourse to the FURCA of Horace." I. modest and citizen-like in their desires. An educator who nowadays preached truthfulness above everything else. and it is possible that even yet there is more RELATIVE nobility of taste. I mean the unalterable belief that to a being such as "we. and also without consciousness of harshness."--as men of an inexorable and sensitive conscience. 264. It cannot be effaced from a man's soul what his ancestors have preferably and most constantly done: whether they were perhaps diligent economizers attached to a desk and a cash-box. I submit that egoism belongs to the essence of a noble soul. The noble soul accepts the fact of his egoism without question. x. it is admissible to draw a conclusion about the child: any kind of offensive incontinence. or rather. whatever appearances may suggest to the contrary. with regard to the inherited plebeianism in body and soul. among the lower classes of the people. or whether. Much has been achieved when the sentiment has been at last instilled into the masses (the shallow-pates and the boobies of every kind) that they are not allowed to touch everything. especially among peasants. or of clumsy self-vaunting--the three things which together have constituted the genuine plebeian type in all times--such must pass over to the child. This is the problem of race. Granted that one knows something of the parents. which blushes at every compromise. At the risk of displeasing innocent ears. at one time or another. that
. 24. On the contrary. modest also in their virtues. taste. and more tact for reverence among the people. any kind of sordid envy. NATURAM EXPELLERE: with what results? "Plebeianism" USQUE RECURRET." other beings must naturally be in subjection. the believers in "modern ideas.

or rather. soil. he moves among those equals and equally privileged ones with the same assurance. neither significance nor good repute. "One can only truly esteem him who does not LOOK OUT FOR himself. or downwards--HE KNOWS THAT HE IS ON A HEIGHT. even when they use the same language. danger. he looks "aloft" unwillingly--he looks either FORWARD. It is not sufficient to use the same words in order to understand one another: we must also employ the same words for the same kind of internal experiences. are more or less definite mental symbols for frequently returning and concurring sensations. a nation. horizontally and deliberately. there may be a sublime way of letting gifts as it were light upon one from above. The greater the danger. This is the essentially fundamental tendency in latter-day civilizations. however. I have no doubt that an ancient Greek. On this account the people of one nation understand one another better than those belonging to different nations. The notion of "favour" has. but for those arts and displays the noble soul has no aptitude. to which sense and heart prompt them--and NOT some Schopenhauerian "genius of the species"!) Whichever groups of sensations
. thoughts. he honours HIMSELF in them. Also in all loves and friendships one has the experience that nothing of the kind continues when the discovery has been made that in using the same words.there are other equally privileged ones. as the ESSENCE of all intercourse. and of drinking them thirstily like dew-drops. toil) there ORIGINATES therefrom an entity that "understands itself"--namely. and in the rights which he concedes to them. one of the two parties has feelings. In all souls a like number of frequently recurring experiences have gained the upper hand over those occurring more rarely: about these matters people understand one another rapidly and always more rapidly--the history of language is the history of a process of abbreviation. as regards modesty and delicate respect. belongs also to the natural condition of things. we must in the end have experiences IN COMMON. What. wishes. The noble soul gives as he takes. requirement. which he enjoys in intercourse with himself--in accordance with an innate heavenly mechanism which all the stars understand. when people have lived long together under similar conditions (of climate. prompted by the passionate and sensitive instinct of requital. for groups of sensations. not to misunderstand one another in danger--that is what cannot at all be dispensed with in intercourse. is ignobleness?--Words are vocal symbols for ideas. after all. the greater is the need of agreeing quickly and readily about what is necessary. he has no doubt that the exchange of honours and rights."--Goethe to Rath Schlosser. 266. would first of all remark the self-dwarfing in us Europeans of today--in this respect alone we should immediately be "distasteful" to him. The Chinese have a proverb which mothers even teach their children: "SIAO-SIN" ("MAKE THY HEART SMALL"). or fears different from those of the other. It is an ADDITIONAL instance of his egoism. ideas. intuitions. also. this artfulness and self-limitation in intercourse with his equals--every star is a similar egoist. as soon as he has settled this question of rank. on the basis of this quick comprehension people always unite closer and closer. INTER PARES. which is at the root of his nature. 267. 268. His egoism hinders him here: in general. (The fear of the "eternal misunderstanding": that is the good genius which so often keeps persons of different sexes from too hasty attachments.

have always had and are still having the advantage. and glorify. is REPUTED to have created it. are disguised in their creations until they are unrecognizable. for example. in order to thwart this natural. And who knows but in all great instances hitherto just the same happened: that the multitude worshipped a God. the discoverer. are liable to stand alone. the multitude. and that the "God" was only a poor sacrificial animal! SUCCESS has always been the greatest liar--and the "work" itself is a success. the more select. the gregarious--to the IGNOBLE--! 269. For the corruption. the rule: it is dreadful to have such a rule always before one's eyes. who discovers once. Perhaps the paradox of his situation becomes so dreadful that. the conqueror. only invents him who has created it. away from what his insight and incisiveness--from what his "business"--has laid upon his conscience. have on their part learnt great reverence--reverence for "great men" and marvelous animals. The more similar. Supposing now that necessity has from all time drawn together only such men as could express similar requirements and similar experiences by similar symbols. One may perceive in almost every psychologist a tell-tale inclination for delightful intercourse with commonplace and well-ordered men. that he needs a sort of flight and forgetfulness. Those great poets. A man's estimates of value betray something of the STRUCTURE of his soul. and determine ultimately its list of desirable things. the average." as they are reverenced. the earth. all-too-natural PROGRESSUS IN SIMILE. The manifold torment of the psychologist who has discovered this ruination. and in view of whom one educates them. to whom one points the young. an unavoidable psychologist and soul-diviner--turns his attention to the more select cases and individuals. The fear of his memory is peculiar to him. are poor little fictions composed afterwards. The more a psychologist--a born. the great statesman. One must appeal to immense opposing forces. more refined. in the world of historical values spurious coinage PREVAILS. and one's own self. where he has PERCEIVED--or he even conceals his silence by expressly assenting to some plausible opinion. is in fact. admire. and give the word of command--these decide as to the general order of rank of its values. and then discovers ALMOST repeatedly throughout all history. begin to speak. they succumb to accidents in their isolation. its intrinsic needs. the more ordinary people. the greater is his danger of being suffocated by sympathy: he NEEDS sternness and cheerfulness more than any other man. for the sake of whom one blesses and honours the fatherland. which implies ultimately the undergoing only of average and COMMON experiences. the "work" of the artist. this universal inner "desperateness" of higher men. the fact is thereby disclosed that he always requires healing. and difficultly comprehensible. and the visionaries. and of his making an attempt at self-destruction--of his "going to ruin" himself. the ruination of higher men. more unique. He is easily silenced by the judgment of others. the ordinary. of the philosopher. such as
. it results on the whole that the easy COMMUNICABILITY of need. precisely where he has learnt GREAT SYMPATHY. must have been the most potent of all the forces which have hitherto operated upon mankind. the "great men. the dignity of mankind. together with great CONTEMPT. love. and wherein it sees its conditions of life. this eternal "too late!" in every sense--may perhaps one day be the cause of his turning with bitterness against his own lot. and seldom propagate themselves. he hears with unmoved countenance how people honour. the evolution of man to the similar.within a soul awaken most readily. the educated. of the more unusually constituted souls.

which takes suffering lightly. along with a certain ostentatious boldness of taste. and blundering even the best and deepest love is--he finds that it rather DESTROYS than saves!--It is possible that under the holy fable and travesty of the life of Jesus there is hidden one of the most painful cases of the martyrdom of KNOWLEDGE ABOUT LOVE: the martyrdom of the most innocent and most craving heart. light-minded and impulsive in their trust and distrust.--often struggling with protracted disgust. which makes them cold. often lost in the mud and almost in love with it. and PRETEND TO BE stars--the people then call them idealists. with terrible outbursts against those who refused him their love. so ignorant! He who has such sentiments. and in general from all that is not its equal in suffering. Poe. that demanded inexorably and frantically to be loved and nothing else. 270. and childish. which the multitude. helpless. enlightened about human love. with an ever-reappearing phantom of disbelief. and puts itself on the defensive against all that is sorrowful and profound. he who has such KNOWLEDGE about love--SEEKS for death!--But why should one deal with such painful matters? Provided. many distant. that one is not obliged to do so.Byron. and were perhaps obliged to be: men of the moment. finds all forms of disguise necessary to protect itself from contact with officious and sympathizing hands. that had to invent hell to send thither those who WOULD NOT love him--and that at last. dreadful worlds of which "YOU know nothing"!--this silent intellectual haughtiness of the sufferer. entire CAPACITY for love--who takes pity on human love. Alas. of the "initiated. because it is so paltry. as they now appear. because they are misunderstood on account of it--they WISH to be misunderstood.
. pretentious. and overwhelm with prying and self-gratifying interpretations. woman would like to believe that love can do EVERYTHING--it is the SUPERSTITION peculiar to her. Kleist. This sympathizing invariably deceives itself as to its power. and also unfortunately eager to help and save to an extent far beyond her powers--that THEY have learnt so readily those outbreaks of boundless devoted SYMPATHY. Musset. sensuous. this pride of the elect of knowledge. often seeking forgetfulness in their soaring from a too true memory. and "at home" in. had to invent a God who is entire love." of the almost sacrificed. The intellectual haughtiness and loathing of every man who has suffered deeply--it almost determines the order of rank HOW deeply men can suffer--the chilling certainty. that by virtue of his suffering he KNOWS MORE than the shrewdest and wisest can ever know. of course. They are "gay men" who make use of gaiety. Gogol (I do not venture to mention much greater names. Profound suffering makes noble: it separates. above all the reverent multitude. There are "scientific minds" who make use of science.--One of the most refined forms of disguise is Epicurism. often taking revenge with their works for an internal defilement. that he has been familiar with. Leopardi. that DEMANDED love. enthusiastic. to him who has once found them out! It is thus conceivable that it is just from woman--who is clairvoyant in the world of suffering. that never had enough of any human love. but I have them in my mind). with which he is thoroughly imbued and coloured. do not understand. and obliges them to languish for GLORIA and devour "faith as it is" out of the hands of intoxicated adulators:--what a TORMENT these great artists are and the so-called higher men in general. the story of a poor soul insatiated and insatiable in love. until they become like the Will-o'-the-Wisps around the swamps. with souls in which usually some flaw has to be concealed. he who knows the heart finds out how poor.

what does it matter about all their mutual good-will: the fact still remains--they "cannot smell each other!" The highest instinct for purity places him who is affected with it in the most extraordinary and dangerous isolation. in order that a higher man in whom the solution of a problem is dormant.--Happy chances are necessary. A man who strives after great things. and the exercise of them. and refinement:--just as much as such a tendency DISTINGUISHES--it is a noble tendency--it also SEPARATES. to be unwilling to renounce or to share our responsibilities. 271.because it gives a gay appearance. as filth. THE PROBLEM OF THOSE WHO WAIT. 274. just as he "sprang up. and occasionally folly itself is the mask of an unfortunate OVER-ASSURED knowledge. "the right time"--in order to take chance by the forelock!
. and out of gloom. to count our prerogatives. brightness. And there are grades and heights where pity itself is regarded by him as impurity. as a saint: for it is just holiness--the highest spiritualization of the instinct in question. Signs of nobility: never to think of lowering our duties to the rank of duties for everybody. out of "affliction" into clearness. 272. 273." and not to make use of psychology and curiosity in the wrong place. There are free insolent minds which would fain conceal and deny that they are broken. among our DUTIES. That which separates two men most profoundly is a different sense and grade of purity. and in all corners of the earth there are waiting ones sitting who hardly know to what extent they are waiting. and because scientificness leads to the conclusion that a person is superficial--they WISH to mislead to a false conclusion. or a delay and hindrance--or as a temporary resting-place. Occasionally. and still less that they wait in vain. or "break forth. and how many a one. and conceals the end. may not the "Raphael without hands" (taking the expression in its widest sense) perhaps not be the exception. Impatience. What does it matter about all their honesty and reciprocal usefulness. On an average it DOES NOT happen. may yet take action." he has said to himself--and has become self-distrustful and henceforth for ever useless. this kind of man is acquainted with solitude. all-too-human. the waking call comes too late--the chance which gives "permission" to take action--when their best youth. as every means does--spoil all intercourse for him." has found with horror that his limbs are benumbed and his spirits are now too heavy! "It is too late.--From which it follows that it is the part of a more refined humanity to have reverence "for the mask. and many incalculable elements." as one might say--at the right moment.--In the domain of genius. His peculiar lofty BOUNTY to his fellow-men is only possible when he attains his elevation and dominates. Any kind of cognizance of an indescribable excess in the joy of the bath. but the rule?--Perhaps genius is by no means so rare: but rather the five hundred HANDS which it requires in order to tyrannize over the [GREEK INSERTED HERE]. and strength for action have been used up in sitting still. depth. looks upon every one whom he encounters on his way either as a means of advance.--The pity of the saint is pity for the FILTH of the human. incurable hearts (the cynicism of Hamlet--the case of Galiani). and what is most poisonous in it. too. any kind of ardour or thirst which perpetually impels the soul out of night into the morning. proud. and the consciousness of being always condemned to comedy up to that time--for even strife is a comedy.

breaks the plates. wet and sad as a plummet which has returned to the light insatiated out of every depth--what did it seek down there?--with a bosom that never sighs. owing to an unconquerable distrust of the POSSIBILITY of self-knowledge.--"But what has happened to you?"--"I do not know. hesitatingly. thou prying one. and raging at
. He goes back like every one who is about to make a great spring. 281.--Perhaps it betrays the species to which I belong?--but not to myself. and in the foreground--and thereby betrays himself.' and always without faith in the result. whatever I have I offer thee! "To refresh me? To refresh me? Oh. and shocks everybody--and finally withdraws." he said. retiring man becomes suddenly mad. It is too bad! Always the old story! When a man has building his house. He who does not WISH to see the height of a man. considering the multiplicity of the conditions of its existence. with lips that conceal their loathing.-277. shrieks.' ready to digress from 'myself.275. fatal "Too late!" The melancholia of everything finished something to build. Men of profound sadness betray themselves when they are happy: they have a mode of seizing upon happiness as though they would choke and strangle it.--Wanderer."--It sometimes happens nowadays that a gentle. "perhaps the Harpies have flown over my table. who art thou? I see thee follow thy path without scorn. as is sufficiently agreeable to me. sober. out of jealousy--ah. they know only too well that it will flee from them! 280. without love.--Is there perhaps some enigma therein? Probably. 276. In all kinds of injury and loss the lower and coarser soul is better off than the nobler soul: the dangers of the latter must be greater. with unfathomable eyes. only compulsorily. but fortunately nothing for my own teeth. looks all the more sharply at what is low in him. raves. The COMPLETED--!
278. he finds that he has learnt unawares which he OUGHT absolutely to have known before he--began eternal." 282. I pray thee---" What? what? Speak out! "Another mask! A second mask!" 279. only in very rare cases. There must be a sort of repugnance in me to BELIEVE anything definite about myself.--In a lizard a finger grows again which has been lost. ashamed.--"Will people believe it of me? But I insist that they believe it of me: I have always thought very unsatisfactorily of myself and about myself. "Bad! Bad! What? Does he not--go back?" Yes! But you misunderstand him when you complain about it. not so in man. which has led me so far as to feel a CONTRADICTIO IN ADJECTO even in the idea of 'direct knowledge' which theorists allow themselves:--this matter of fact is almost the most certain thing I know about myself. what sayest thou! But give me. what is it that now pleases thee? What will serve to refresh thee? Only name it. the probability that it will come to grief and perish is in fact immense. with a hand which only slowly grasps: who art thou? what hast thou done? Rest thee here: this place has hospitality for every one--refresh thyself! And whoever thou art. always without delight in 'the subject. upsets the table.

The light of the furthest stars is longest in reaching man. Something happens there as in the realm of stars. the mind exalted." of sudden nausea." And to choose for company that roguish and cheerful vice. and solitude. The greatest events and thoughts--the greatest thoughts. still less into our "motives. one also makes a gradation of rank and an etiquette therewith. should he nevertheless finally "fall to. and precisely the most spiritual of us. are the greatest events--are longest in being comprehended: the generations which are contemporary with them do not EXPERIENCE such events--they live past them.himself--whither? for what purpose? To famish apart? To suffocate with his memories?--To him who has the desires of a lofty and dainty soul. the danger will always be great--nowadays. politeness.. 287. to lower oneself to them for hours. Thrown into the midst of a noisy and plebeian age. always beyond. And to remain master of one's four virtues.. who is also upon a height." Part II. it is extraordinarily so. 283. insight. which offers excellent opportunity and provocation to constant MISUNDERSTANDING. "How many centuries does a mind require to be understood?"--that is also a standard. "Here is the prospect free. however. one must not live among intellectual imbeciles. Marianus. with which he does not like to eat out of the same dish. or not to have. to be sure. as a sublime bent and bias to purity. and only seldom finds his table laid and his food prepared. What is noble? What does the word "noble" still mean for us nowadays? How does the noble man betray himself. 286. sympathy. according to choice. All society makes one somehow. it is a delicate and at the same time a noble self-control. To be able to allow oneself this veritable luxury of taste and morality. courage. one's emotions. For solitude is a virtue with us.--We have probably all sat at tables to which we did not belong. Act V. for it brings the asses into our neighbourhood and friendship. THEREFORE he acknowledges me to be right"--this asinine method of inference spoils half of the life of us recluses. which divines that in the contact of man and man--"in society"--it must be unavoidably impure. how is he recognized
. to praise only where one DOES NOT agree--otherwise in fact one would praise oneself. and before it has arrived man DENIES--that there are stars there." [FOOTNOTE: Goethe's "Faust. 284. know the dangerous DYSPEPSIA which originates from a sudden insight and disillusionment about our food and our messmates--the AFTER-DINNER NAUSEA. however. somewhere. such as is necessary for mind and for star. he may readily perish of hunger and thirst--or. and has also a free prospect--but looks DOWNWARDS. If one wishes to praise at all. which is contrary to good taste:--a self-control." 285. To have. but rather among men whose misunderstandings and mistakes amuse by their refinement--or one will have to pay dearly for it!--"He praises me.]--But there is a reverse kind of man. To live in a vast and proud tranquility. who are most difficult to nourish. to SEAT oneself on them as upon horses. The words of Dr. also one's black spectacles: for there are circumstances when nobody must look into our eyes. and often as upon asses:--for one must know how to make use of their stupidity as well as of their fire. To conserve one's three hundred foregrounds. one's For and Against. or sometime--"commonplace.

or a treasure-seeker. The latter perhaps wounds his vanity. but the former wounds his heart. whether behind every cave in him there is not. is not to be found. every opinion is also a LURKING-PLACE. The recluse does not believe that a philosopher--supposing that a philosopher has always in the first place been a recluse--ever expressed his actual and ultimate opinions in books: are not books written precisely to hide what is in us?--indeed. 290. as much of the depth as of the mould. he who has become a cave-bear. he will doubt whether a philosopher CAN have "ultimate and actual" opinions at all. and hold their hands before their treacherous eyes--as though the hand were not a betrayer. and is in fact the eloquent and dangerous sign of the lack thereof. which always says: "Ah. but can also be a gold-mine--his ideas themselves eventually acquire a twilight-colour of their own. including what belongs to it. He who has sat day and night. stranger. but the BELIEF which is here decisive and determines the order of rank--to employ once more an old religious formula with a new and deeper meaning--it is some fundamental certainty which a noble soul has about itself. beneath every "foundation. even in his cry itself. neither is it his "works. also. of concealment." Every philosophy also CONCEALS a philosophy. and looked around. something which is not to be sought. One of the subtlest means of deceiving.-288. alone with his soul in familiar discord and discourse. for instance. an abyss behind every bottom. it always comes out at last that they have something which they hide--namely. something of the murmuring tones and timid vigilance of solitude.under this heavy overcast sky of the commencing plebeianism. 289. and must necessarily be. took a retrospect. It is not the works. in his strongest words." Every philosophy is a foreground philosophy--this is a recluse's verdict: "There is something arbitrary in the fact that the PHILOSOPHER came to a stand here. at least as long as possible. In the writings of a recluse one always hears something of the echo of the wilderness. intellect. something uncommunicative and repulsive. that he HERE laid his spade aside and did not dig any deeper--there is also something suspicious in it. richer world beyond the surface.--is called ENTHUSIASM. there sounds a new and more dangerous kind of silence. but this very NEED of nobleness is radically different from the needs of the noble soul itself. which blows chilly upon every passer-by. Every deep thinker is more afraid of being understood than of being misunderstood. always inscrutable. and an odour. every word is also a MASK. virtue. and of successfully representing oneself to be stupider than one really is--which in everyday life is often as desirable as an umbrella. from year's end to year's end. why would you also have as hard a time of it as I have?"
. For as Galiani said. who was obliged to know it: VERTU EST ENTHOUSIASME. let them turn and twist themselves as they will. a still deeper cave: an ampler. his sympathy." One finds nowadays among artists and scholars plenty of those who betray by their works that a profound longing for nobleness impels them.--THE NOBLE SOUL HAS REVERENCE FOR ITSELF. and perhaps. or a treasure-guardian and dragon in his cave--it may be a labyrinth. is not to be lost. There are men who are unavoidably intellectual. by which everything is rendered opaque and leaden?--It is not his actions which establish his claim--actions are always ambiguous.

hears. which. and even the animals willingly submit and naturally belong. and inscrutable animal. has invented the good conscience in order finally to enjoy his soul as something SIMPLE. as a protection against it. and the whole of morality is a long. tried to bring laughter into bad repute in all thinking minds--"Laughing is a bad infirmity of human nature. remain true to an opinion. the first thing that strikes the eye. 292. The genius of the heart. and mean to guard and protect it from every one".291. as a species of events and lightning-flashes PECULIAR TO HIM. punish and overthrow insolence. a COMPLEX. on heart and neck. whose voice can descend into the nether-world of every soul. in short. with the aid of religion and philosophical nonsense. the tempter-god and born rat-catcher of consciences. seeks to deck itself out as something superior--there is a regular cult of suffering. A philosopher: that is a man who constantly experiences. And supposing that Gods also philosophize. a man who is a MASTER by nature--when such a man has sympathy. by virtue of which generally enjoyment at the sight of the soul becomes possible. I take it for my own.--I would even allow myself to rank philosophers according to the quality of their laughing--up to those who are capable of GOLDEN laughter. sees. the suffering. hopes. who is struck by his own thoughts as if they came from the outside. the oppressed. throughout almost the whole of Europe. keep hold of a woman. THE OLYMPIAN VICE. and also a repulsive irrestrainableness in complaining. The UNMANLINESS of that which is called "sympathy" by such groups of visionaries. A philosopher: alas. who is perhaps himself a storm pregnant with new lightnings. artful. "GAI SABER" ("gay science. around whom there is always rumbling and mumbling and gaping and something uncanny going on. which every thinking mind will strive to overcome" (Hobbes). Man. from above and below. and to whom the weak.--not as he is. who neither speaks a word nor casts a glance in which there may not be some motive or touch of allurement. carry out a resolution. 293. audacious falsification. and dreams extraordinary things. an effeminizing. owing to many reasons--I have no doubt that they also know how to laugh thereby in an overman-like and new fashion--and at the expense of all serious things! Gods are fond of ridicule: it seems that they cannot refrain from laughter even in holy matters. I believe. suspects. which I am strongly inclined to believe.--Despite the philosopher who. mendacious. but in a guise which acts as an ADDITIONAL constraint on his followers to press ever closer to him. as that great mysterious one possesses it. 294. A man who says: "I like that. 295. to follow him
. is often afraid of himself--but whose curiosity always makes him "come to himself" again. a portentous man. well! THAT sympathy has value! But of what account is the sympathy of those who suffer! Or of those even who preach sympathy! There is nowadays. a man who has his indignation and his sword." in ordinary language). is always. a man who can conduct a case.--One must resolutely and radically taboo this latest form of bad taste. a sickly irritability and sensitiveness towards pain. rather than by his strength. as a genuine Englishman. a being who often runs away from himself. From this point of view there is perhaps much more in the conception of "art" than is generally believed. uncanny to the other animals by his artifice and sagacity. to whose perfection it pertains that he knows how to appear. and finally I wish people to put the good amulet.

but richer in himself. more delicate. I should have to extol his courage as investigator and discoverer. and sounded by a thawing wind. except that it comes too late and not at the right time. the genius of the heart. But such a God does not know what to do with all that respectable trumpery and pomp. I should have to give him. and again and again.. and often think how I can still further advance him. the one of whom I have just spoken: in fact.. however. which teaches the clumsy and too hasty hand to hesitate. above all. who has offered a SACRIFICE to him. no less a personage than the God DIONYSUS. to whom. and was always many paces ahead of me. and might perhaps arouse suspicion precisely among philosophers. It may happen. more evil. and that therefore Gods also philosophize. perhaps. as far as I am allowed. that the deep heavens may be reflected in them. very much further. however." he would say. I have learned much. more uncertain. and more profound. long buried and imprisoned in mud and sand. which imposes silence and attention on everything loud and self-conceited. seems to me a novelty which is not unensnaring. newer than before. not as though gratified and oppressed by the good things of others. according to human usage. you are loth nowadays to believe in God and gods. blown upon. broken up. but what am I doing. as you know. as it has been disclosed to me.--the genius of the heart. my friends. not favoured or surprised. he makes his way even through all labyrinths.. about the philosophy of this God. more evil.more cordially and thoroughly. fine ceremonious tides of lustre and merit. In the meantime. as is but seemly: for it has to do with much that is secret. that has not his equal upon earth. more fragile. as it happens to every one who from childhood onward has always been on his legs. the drop of goodness and sweet spirituality under thick dark ice. "Keep that. if it were allowed. and to grasp more delicately. more bruised. for. inventive animal. a little taste of this philosophy? In a hushed voice. for I have found no one who could understand what I was then doing. Indeed." he said again. that in the frankness of my story I must go further than is agreeable to the strict usages of your ears? Certainly the God in question went further. my friends? Of whom am I talking to you? Have I forgotten myself so far that I have not even told you his name? Unless it be that you have already divined of your own accord who this questionable God and spirit is. as I said. truthfulness. there is less to be said against it. strange. wonderful. which scents the hidden and forgotten treasure. the last disciple and initiate of the God Dionysus: and perhaps I might at last begin to give you. which smoothes rough souls and makes them taste a new longing--to lie placid as a mirror. and make him stronger. who was present. far too much.--the genius of the heart. more evil. "in my opinion man is an agreeable. I have also encountered on my path many strange and dangerous spirits. and. and in foreign lands. my friends. from mouth to mouth--I. "for thyself and those like thee. full of a new ill-will and counter-current. and is a divining-rod for every grain of gold. but full of hopes which as yet lack names. and more profound.. also more
. brave. too. "Yes. in such dialogues. The very fact that Dionysus is a philosopher."--"Stronger. his fearless honesty. and whoever else require it! I--have no reason to cover my nakedness!" One suspects that this kind of divinity and philosopher perhaps lacks shame?--He once said: "Under certain circumstances I love mankind"--and referred thereby to Ariadne. that wishes to be PRAISED in such a manner? For.--among you. full of a new will and current. new. as it seems to me. and love of wisdom. I like man. the great equivocator and tempter. from contact with which every one goes away richer. and more profound?" I asked in horror. I once offered in all secrecy and reverence my first-fruits--the last. "stronger. and uncanny.

things only which are exhausted and mellow! And it is only for your AFTERNOON. perhaps. season of delight! My summer's park! Uneaseful joy to look. and some of you. what are we alone capable of painting? Alas.--but nobody will divine thereby how ye looked in your morning. that you made me sneeze and laugh--and now? You have already doffed your novelty. so pathetically honest. we immortalisers of things which LEND themselves to writing. which now let themselves be captured with the hand--with OUR hand! We immortalize what cannot live and fly much longer. you. so tedious! And was it ever otherwise? What then do we write and paint. Alas! what are you. My table was spread out for you on high-Who dwelleth so Star-near. so immortal do they look. so near the grisly pit below?-My realm--what realm hath wider boundary?
.-296. many colours. young and malicious. I fear. you sudden sparks and marvels of my solitude. with longing thread And thrust themselves yet higher to the blue. To spy for you from farthest eagle's view. my written and painted thoughts! Not long ago you were so variegated. Is not the glacier's grey today for you Rose-garlanded? The brooklet seeks you. cloud. A. only birds strayed and fatigued by flight.beautiful"--and thereby the tempter-god smiled with his halcyon smile. Magnus 1. my old. many variegated softenings. We men are--more human. we mandarins with Chinese brush. One here sees at once that it is not only shame that this divinity lacks. 3. are ready to become truths. to hark-I peer for friends. after all. my written and painted thoughts. and fifty yellows and browns and greens and reds. to lurk. wind. MIDDAY of Life! Oh. beloved--EVIL thoughts!
FROM THE HEIGHTS By F W Nietzsche Translated by L.--and in general there are good grounds for supposing that in some things the Gods could all of them come to us men for instruction.-Where linger ye. only that which is just about to fade and begins to lose its odour! Alas. my friends? The time is right! 2. as though he had just paid some charming compliment. am ready day and night. you. only exhausted and departing storms and belated yellow sentiments! Alas. so full of thorns and secret spices. for which alone I have colours.

What linked us once together.My honey--who hath sipped its fragrancy? 4. Love once wrote thereon?)-Is like a parchment. Ye go! Thou didst endure enough. Unto new friends thy portals widely ope. Perilous as none. Bid memory depart! Wast thou young then. all seared. now am I not? 5. A huntsman must one be. to you my friends. which the hand is shy To touch--like crackling leaves. And unlearned Man and God and curse and prayer? Became a ghost haunting the glaciers bare? 7. 8. There I learned to dwell Where no man dwells.--Have yon safe home ye sought! 9.
. now fading. Here in the farthest realm of ice and scaur. Ye could ne'er live here. changed? And what I am. my old friends! Look! Ye turn pale. now--better young thou art! 10. on lonesome ice-lorn fell. all dry. Am I an other? Strange am I to Me? Yet from Me sprung? A wrestler. filled o'er With love and fear! Go! Yet not in wrath. heart. like chamois soar. I sought where-so the wind blows keenest. Ye. Friends. Wounded and hampered by self-victory? 6. An evil huntsman was I? See how taut My bow was bent! Strongest was he by whom such bolt were sent-Woe now! That arrow is with peril fraught.-Strong was thy hope. ye are there! Woe me. gait.--yet I am not He whom ye seek? Ye stare and stop--better your wrath could speak! I am not I? Hand. one hope's tie-(Who now doth con Those lines. face. oh. by himself too oft self-wrung? Hindering too oft my own self's potency. Let old ones be.

A wizard wrought it. withered words. And Light and Dark were one that wedding-morn. kin of my kind: But they grew old. The midday-friend. Charles Franks and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team
. came! The world now laughs. We keep our Feast of Feasts. Come! Come! The time is right! 14. once fragrant as the rose! 12. For my new friends.zip ***** This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: http://www. Gazing on me. the grisly veil was torn. Pinings of youth that might not understand! For which I pined. At midday 'twas.-Oh. Our aims self-same: The Guest of Guests. 15. to hark! I peer for friends!--am ready day and night. when one became as two. to lurk.txt or 4363. that speaks "We were" and goes.
End of Project Gutenberg's Beyond Good and Evil. Midday of life! My second youth's delight! My summer's park! Unrestful joy to long. Which I deemed changed with me.11. by Friedrich Nietzsche *** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK BEYOND GOOD AND EVIL *** ***** This file should be named 4363.--no.org/4/3/6/4363/ Produced by John Mamoun. do not ask me who. and thus were doomed and banned: None but new kith are native of my land! 13. Oh! Friends no more! They are--what name for those?-Friends' phantom-flight Knocking at my heart's window-pane at night. sure of our bourne.gutenberg. This song is done. friend Zarathustra. he the timely friend.--the sweet sad cry of rue Sang out its end.

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