6/17/16
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Ch 14: The Outcomes of Evolution: Macroevolution
2
What Is a Species?
Species - many definitions
Must interbreed
groups of actually or potentially interbreeding natural
populations that are reproductively isolated from other
such groups (Ernst

living in the same place at the same time
Populations may be isolated from one another (with little
interbreeding)
Individuals within populations may interbreed
We can measure evolution as a change in heritable traits in a
population over generations
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4

CHMG145 / Fall 2016
Density
OBJECTIVES
Determination of Volume by Geometry The
volume of a solid object can be determined by
geometry if the sample has a regular geometric
shape. See Table 1. This method involves
measuring geometric features of the object

Naman Nanda
CHMG 145-01-19
LAB#2
Report Density LAB#2
Abstract
Objectives of this lab is to determine the density of a given sample using geometry and
displacement Also, to determine the density of an unknown liquid sample with a calibrated pipet.
We will

Naman Nanda
CHMG 145-01-19
LAB#3
Report solubility LAB#3
Abstract
Objectives of this lab is to determine the solubility of potassium nitrate ( KNO3 in distilled
water as a function of temperature. We used five different salt mixtures into a hot water bath

Taylor Zaccarine
Chlorophyll Extraction and Spectrum
Abstract:
The objective of this lab is to extract chlorophyll from spinach and acquire a visible absorbance
spectrum. To do this, I used a volumetric flask to vacuum filter liquid away from pulverized
l

Taylor Zaccarine
Visible Spectroscopy
Abstract:
The objective of this lab was to measure the absorption spectrums of food dyes, aqueous copper
(II) sulfate, and aqueous copper (II) sulfate + ammonium hydroxide. To do this, we used a
Spectronic 200 spectro

Synthesis of Alum
Taylor Zaccarine
Abstract
In this lab, we want to synthesize Alum from aluminum foil. We did this by reacting
aluminum foil with potassium hydroxide.Then we chilled the filtrate. Then we added sulfuric
acid to achieve a white precipitate

Taylor Zaccarine
Week 3
Abstract:
The objective of this lab was to determine the solubility of potassium nitrate in distilled
water as a function of temperature. To do this, we inserted five prepared salt mixtures into a hot
water bath. We then removed it

Taylor Zaccarine
Law of Constant Proportions
Abstract:
The objective of this lab was to confirm the law of constant proportions. To do this, we mixed
calcium carbonate and HCl and observed the reaction. We did this three times for varying
amounts of calci

Taylor Zaccarine
Calorimetry
Abstract
The objectives of this lab were to set up a calorimeter to determine the heat capacity of it, to
determine the molar enthalpy change for neutralization of HCl and NaOH, to determine the
molar enthalpy change for the n

Taylor Zaccarine
Density of Solids and Liquids
Abstract:
The objectives of this lab are to determine the density of a solid sample using geometry
and displacement. Also,to calibrate a volumetric pipet using water. Another objective of this lab
is to deter

Taylor Zaccarine
The Gas Constant, R
Abstract:
The objective of this lab was to experimentally determine the gas constant. To do this,
we dissolved MG in HCl and weighed the displaced water. We did this for three runs and found
the average. We found our e

Some BOD problems
Practice, Practice, Practice
Practice Problem #1
200 mL of Genesee river water was
collected from just below the brewery. 2
mL of river water diluted to 1 L, aerated
and seeded. The dissolved oxygen
content was 7.8 mg/L initially. After

The Ultimate BOD
A much better nickname
Example of a BOD determination
200 mL of waste water was collected, aerated
and seeded with bacteria. The dissolved
oxygen content was 7.6 mg/L initially. After 5
days, the dissolved oxygen content had
dropped to 2.

RedOx Chemistry
When its barely chemistry, its
RedOx Chemistry
1
What is Chemistry?
Chemistry is often defined as making and
breaking bonds; rearranging atoms to
form new substances.
There is one class of molecular reactions
that is incredibly important b

Chemical
Equilbrium
Chemistry in Two Directions
1
Chemical Reactions
Up until now, we have talked about reactions
as though they proceed in one direction:
from left to right, as written in a balanced
equation:
A(aq) + 2 B(aq) 6 C
(aq)
In fact, this is rar

COD
Not Cash on Delivery
Chemical Oxygen Demand
Same principle as BOD but different
execution.
Rather than biologically
decompose/oxidize organic waste, we
chemically decompose/oxidize organic
waste.
It all begins with
a balanced equation!
CnHaObNc + d Cr

The BOD
Not just my nickname
What is BOD?
Biochemical Oxygen Demand
It is just what it sounds like, it is the
oxygen required by biochemical
processes.
What biochemical processes?
Bacteria
In the normal course of an aquatic
ecosystem, there is significant

Residual Chlorine & Chlorine
Demand
It aint chloride!
It is important to keep in mind that there is
a distinct difference between chloride ion
and chlorine.
They are chemically distinct (Cl- vs. Cl2).
They are functionally quite different.
Chlorine and it

Dissolved Oxygen
I cant breath in the water but the
fish can!
Oxygen
Oxygen is one of the fundamental resources
required by life forms on Earth.
Aquatic ecosystems have a wide assortment of
life forms.
Oxygen is also required for some natural
chemical dec

Acid/Base Properties of Salts
Hiding in plain sight
Recognizing Bases
Sometimes it seems that all acids and
bases are labeled with H+ or OHRemember that a base is ANYTHING
that can accept a proton
The salt formed by the dissociation of
an acid is the conj