Contents

In English law "buggery" was first used in the Buggery Act 1533, while Section 61 of the Offences against the Person Act 1861, entitled "Sodomy and Bestiality", defined punishments for "the abominable Crime of Buggery, committed either with Mankind or with any Animal". The definition of "buggery" was not specified in these or any statute, but rather established by judicial precedent.[1] Over the years the courts have defined buggery as including either

but not any other form of "unnatural intercourse",[4] the implication being that anal sex with an animal would not constitute buggery. Such a case has not, to date, come before the courts of a common law jurisdiction in any reported decision. In the 1817 case of Rex v. Jacobs, the Crown Court ruled that oral intercourse, even with an underage and/or non-consenting animal, did not constitute buggery or sodomy.[4]

Most common law jurisdictions have now modified the law to permit anal sex between consenting adults.[8]Hong Kong did so retroactively in 1990, barring prosecution for "crimes against nature" committed before the Crimes (Amendment) Ordinance 1990 entered into force except those that would still have constituted a crime if they had been done thereafter. Sir John Wolfenden, of the Departmental Committee on Homosexual Offences and Prostitution in Great Britain, was put in charge to enact legislation which would eventually make it illegal for personal relationships to be regulated by the government in Britain. The legislation eventually took the name The Wolfenden Report.[9] Homosexual buggery was decriminalised in England and Wales in 1967 with an age of consent at 21 years, whereas all heterosexual intercourse had an age of consent at 16 years. The Sexual Offences Act 2003 did not fully remove buggery as a concept in English law, as the previous law is retained for complainants (consensual or "pseudo-consensual")[clarification needed] under the age of 16, or 18 with regards to an adult perceived to be in a position of trust. As the law stands, buggery is still charged, exclusively regarding "pseudo-consensual" anal intercourse with those under 16/18, because children cannot legally consent to buggery although they may appear to do so. Rape is charged when the penetration is clearly not consensual. Buggery with an animal is still unlawful under Section 69 of the Sexual Offences Act 2003.

In the Republic of Ireland, the Criminal Law (Sexual Offences) Act 1993 abolished the offence of "buggery between persons".[10] For some years prior to 1993, criminal prosecution had not been made for buggery between consenting adults. The 1993 Act created an offence of "buggery with a person under the age of 17 years",[11] penalised similar to statutory rape, which also had 17 years as the age of consent. The Criminal Law (Sexual Offences) Act 2006 replaced this offence with "defilement of a child", encompassing both "sexual intercourse" and "buggery".[12] Buggery with an animal is still unlawful under Section 69 of the Sexual Offences Act 2003. In 2012 a man was convicted of this offence for supplying a dog in 2008 to a woman who had intercourse with it and died.[13]

The word bugger and buggery are still commonly used in modern English as a mild exclamation. "Buggery" is also synonymous with anal sex.

The word "bugger" was derived, via the French bougre, from Bulgar, that is, "Bulgarian", meaning the medieval Bulgarian heretical sect of the Bogomils, which spread into Western Europe and was claimed by the established church to be devoted to the practice of sodomy.[14] "Buggery" first appears in English in 1330, though "bugger" in a sexual sense is not recorded until 1555.[15]

1.
Sodomy
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Sodomy is generally anal or oral sex between people or sexual activity between a person and a non-human animal, but it may also mean any non-procreative sexual activity. Originally, the sodomy, which is derived from the story of Sodom. Sodomy laws in many countries criminalized these behaviors, and other disfavored sexual activities as well, in the Western world, many of these laws have been overturned or are not routinely enforced. The term is derived from the Ecclesiastical Latin peccatum Sodomiticum or sin of Sodom, Genesis tells how God wished to destroy the sinful cities of Sodom and Gomorrah. Two angels are invited by Lot to take refuge with his family for the night, the men of Sodom surround Lots house and demand that he bring the messengers out so that they may know them. Lot protests that the messengers are his guests and offers the Sodomites his virgin daughters instead, then the angels strike the Sodomites blind, so that they wearied themselves to find the door. In current usage, the term is used in law. Laws prohibiting sodomy were seen frequently in past Jewish, Christian, and Islamic civilizations, but the term has little modern usage outside Africa, Islamic countries, and these laws in the United States have been challenged and have sometimes been found unconstitutional or been replaced with different legislation. Many cognates in other languages, such as French sodomie, Spanish sodomía, in modern German, the word Sodomie has no connotation of anal or oral sex and specifically refers to bestiality. The same goes for the Polish sodomia, the Norwegian word sodomi carries both senses. In Danish, sodomi is rendered as unnatural carnal knowledge with someone of the sex or with animals. In Arabic and Persian, the word for sodomy, لواط, is derived from the source as in Western culture. Its direct reference is to Lot and a literal interpretation of the word is the practice of Lot. The word sod, a noun or verb used as an insult, is derived from sodomite and it is a general-purpose insult term for anyone the speaker dislikes without specific reference to their sexual behaviour. Sod is used as slang in the United Kingdom and Commonwealth and is mildly offensive. However, in New Zealand and Australia it is not considered offensive at all, but only coarse, because it is assumed, even if incorrect. While religion and the law have had a role in the historical definition and punishment of sodomy, sodomitical texts present considerable opportunities for ambiguity. Sodomy is both a real occurrence and an imagined category, in the course of the eighteenth century, what is identifiable as sodomy often becomes identified with effeminacy, for example, or in opposition to a discourse of manliness

2.
Sodomy law
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A sodomy law is a law that defines certain sexual acts as crimes. The precise sexual acts meant by the term sodomy are rarely spelled out in the law, sodomy typically includes anal sex, oral sex and bestiality. In practice, sodomy laws have rarely been enforced against heterosexual couples, as of August 2016,72 countries as well as five sub-national jurisdictions have laws criminalizing homosexuality, with most of them located in Asia and Africa. In 2006 that number was 92, the Middle Assyrian Law Codes state, If a man has intercourse with his brother-in-arms, they shall turn him into a eunuch. This is the earliest known law condemning the act of male-to-male intercourse in the military, in the Roman Republic, the Lex Scantinia imposed penalties on those who committed a sex crime against a freeborn male minor. The law may also have used to prosecute male citizens who willingly played the passive role in same-sex acts. The law was mentioned in sources but enforced infrequently, Domitian revived it during his program of judicial and moral reform. It is unclear whether the penalty was death or a fine, for adult male citizens to experience and act on homoerotic desire was considered natural and permissible, as long as their partner was a male of lower social standing. Pederasty in ancient Rome was acceptable only when the partner was a prostitute or slave. Most sodomy related laws in Western civilization originated from the growth of Christianity during Late Antiquity, note that today some Christian denominations allow gay marriage and the ordination of gay clergy. Starting in the 12th Century, The Roman Catholic Church launched a campaign against sodomites. Between the years 1250 and 1300, Homosexual activity was radically criminalized in most of Europe, in England, Henry VIII introduced the first legislation under English criminal law against sodomy with the Buggery Act of 1533, making buggery punishable by hanging, a penalty not lifted until 1861. This language led to widely varying rulings about what specific acts were encompassed by its prohibition. In 1786 Pietro Leopoldo of Tuscany, abolishing death penalty for all crimes, became not only the first Western ruler to do so, in 1830, Emperor Pedro I of Brazil signed a law into the Imperial Penal Code. It eliminates all references to sodomy, the death penalty was not lifted in England and Wales until 1861, and in 1917, following the Bolshevik Revolution led by V. I. Lenin and Leon Trotsky, Russia legalized homosexuality, however, when Joseph Stalin came to power in 1920s, these laws were reversed until homosexuality was effectively made illegal again by the government. In June 2003, the U. S. Supreme Court ruled in Lawrence v, there have never been Western-style sodomy related laws in the Peoples Republic of China, Taiwan, North Korea, South Korea, or Vietnam. This trend among Western nations has not been followed in all regions of the world

3.
Age of consent
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The distinguishing aspect of the age of consent laws is that the person below the minimum age is regarded as the victim, and their sex partner as the offender. The term age of consent rarely appears in legal statutes, generally, a law will instead establish the age below which it is illegal to engage in sexual activity with that person. It has sometimes used with other meanings, such as the age at which a person becomes competent to consent to marriage. It should not be confused with the age of majority, age of responsibility, the voting age, the drinking age. Age of consent laws vary widely from jurisdiction to jurisdiction, though most jurisdictions set the age of consent in the range 14 to 18. Charges resulting from a breach of laws may range from a misdemeanor such as corruption of a minor. These factors all make age of consent an often confusing subject, in traditional societies, the age of consent for a sexual union was a matter for the family to decide, or a tribal custom. In most cases, this coincided with signs of puberty, menstruation for a woman, the ancient Greek poet Hesiod in Works and Days suggests that a man should marry around the age of thirty, and that he should take a wife who is five years past puberty. Reliable data for ages at marriage is scarce, in England, for example, the only reliable data in the early modern period comes from property records made after death. Modern historians have shown reluctance to accept evidence of young ages of marriage. There were authorities that said that consent could take place earlier, marriage would then be valid as long as neither of the two parties annulled the marital agreement before reaching puberty, or if they had already consummated the marriage. Judges sometimes honored marriages based on mutual consent at ages younger than 7, in contrast to established canon, the phrase within age was later interpreted by jurist Sir Edward Coke as meaning the age of marriage, which at the time was 12 years of age. The American colonies followed the English tradition, and the law was more of a guide, for example, Mary Hathaway was only 9 when she was married to William Williams. In the 16th century, a number of Italian and German states set the minimum age for sexual intercourse for girls. Towards the end of the 18th century, other European countries also began to enact similar laws, the first French Constitution of 1791 established the minimum age at 11 years. Portugal, Spain, Denmark and the Swiss cantons initially set the age at 10–12 years. In Christian societies, sex outside marriage was forbidden, older children were often punished themselves for being complicit in sexual interaction with an adult. Until the late 18th century, there was understanding of childhood as a concept

4.
Censorship
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Governments, private organizations and individuals may engage in censorship. When an individual such as an author or other creator engages in censorship of their own works or speech, Censorship could be direct or indirect, in which case it is referred to as soft censorship. Direct censorship may or may not be legal, depending on the type, location, there are no laws against self-censorship. In 399 BC, Greek philosopher, Socrates, defied attempts by the Greek state to censor his philosophical teachings and was sentenced to death by drinking a poison, hemlock. Socrates student, Plato, is said to have advocated censorship in his essay on The Republic, in contrast to Plato, Greek playwright Euripides defended the true liberty of freeborn men, including the right to speak freely. In 1766, Sweden became the first country to abolish censorship by law, the rationale for censorship is different for various types of information censored, Moral censorship is the removal of materials that are obscene or otherwise considered morally questionable. Pornography, for example, is often censored under this rationale, especially child pornography, Military censorship is the process of keeping military intelligence and tactics confidential and away from the enemy. This is used to counter espionage, which is the process of gleaning military information, political censorship occurs when governments hold back information from their citizens. This is often done to control over the populace and prevent free expression that might foment rebellion. Religious censorship is the means by which any material considered objectionable by a religion is removed. This often involves a dominant religion forcing limitations on less prevalent ones, alternatively, one religion may shun the works of another when they believe the content is not appropriate for their religion. Strict censorship existed in the Eastern Bloc, throughout the bloc, the various ministries of culture held a tight rein on their writers. Cultural products there reflected the needs of the state. Party-approved censors exercised strict control in the early years, in the Stalinist period, even the weather forecasts were changed if they suggested that the sun might not shine on May Day. Under Nicolae Ceauşescu in Romania, weather reports were doctored so that the temperatures were not seen to rise above or fall below the levels which dictated that work must stop. Independent journalism did not exist in the Soviet Union until Mikhail Gorbachev became its leader, pravda, the predominant newspaper in the Soviet Union, had a monopoly. Foreign newspapers were available if they were published by Communist Parties sympathetic to the Soviet Union. Possession and use of copying machines was tightly controlled in order to hinder production and distribution of samizdat, illegal self-published books, possession of even a single samizdat manuscript such as a book by Andrei Sinyavsky was a serious crime which might involve a visit from the KGB

5.
Miscegenation
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Miscegenation is the mixing of different racial groups through marriage, cohabitation, sexual relations, or procreation. The term miscegenation has been used since the 19th century to refer to marriage and interracial sexual relations. Historically, the term has been used in the context of laws banning marriage and sex. The Latin term entered historical records during European colonialism and the Age of Discovery, in the present day, the word miscegenation is avoided by many scholars, because the term suggests a concrete biological phenomenon, rather than a categorization imposed on certain relationships. The term remains in use among scholars when referring to past practices concerning multiraciality, in Spanish, Portuguese and French, the words used to describe the mixing of races are mestizaje, mestiçagem and métissage. These words, much older than the term miscegenation, are derived from the Late Latin mixticius for mixed, Portuguese also uses miscigenação, derived from the same Latin root as the English word. Today, the mixes among races and ethnicities are diverse, so it is considered preferable to use the term mixed-race or simply mixed, Intermarriage occurred significantly from the very first settlements, with their descendants achieving high rank in government and society. To this day, there are controversies if Brazilian class system would be drawn mostly around socio-economic lines, conversely, people classified in censuses as black, brown or indigenous have disadvantaged social indicators in comparison to the white population. The concept of miscegenation is tied to concepts of racial difference, Mestizo are people of mixed white and indigenous, usually Amerindian ancestry, who do not self-identify as indigenous peoples or Native Americans. Thus the Comte de Montlosier, in exile during the French Revolution, Mixture of all races and of all times. Miscegenation comes from the Latin miscere, to mix and genus, the word was coined in an anonymous propaganda pamphlet published in New York City in December 1863, during the American Civil War. The pamphlet was entitled Miscegenation, The Theory of the Blending of the Races, Applied to the American White Man and Negro. It purported to advocate the intermarriage of whites and blacks until they were mixed, as a desirable goal. There was already much opposition to the war effort, the pamphlet and variations on it were reprinted widely in both the north and south by Democrats and Confederates. Only in November 1864 was the pamphlet exposed as a hoax, the hoax pamphlet was written by David Goodman Croly, managing editor of the New York World, a Democratic Party paper, and George Wakeman, a World reporter. By then, the word miscegenation had entered the language of the day as a popular buzzword in political and social discourse. The issue of miscegenation, raised by the opponents of Abraham Lincoln, in the United States, miscegenation has referred primarily to the intermarriage between whites and non-whites, especially blacks. Before the publication of Miscegenation, the amalgamation, borrowed from metallurgy, had been in use as a general term for ethnic

6.
Red-light district
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A red-light district is a part of an urban area where a concentration of prostitution and sex-oriented businesses, such as sex shops, strip clubs, adult theaters, etc. are found. The term originates from the red lights that were used as signs of brothels, areas in many big cities around the world have acquired an international reputation as red-light districts. According to the Oxford English Dictionary, the earliest known appearance of the red light district in print is in an 1894 article from the Sandusky Register. This has not been proven, but the Dodge City use was responsible for the term becoming pervasive. A widespread folk etymology claims that early railroad workers took red lanterns with them when they visited brothels so their crew could find them in the event of an emergency, however, folklorist Barbara Mikkelson regards this as unfounded. One of the terms used for a red-light district in Japanese is akasen. Japanese police drew a red line on maps to indicate the boundaries of legal red-light districts, in Japanese, the term aosen, literally meaning blue-line, also exists, indicating an illegal district. In the United States during the 19th and early 20th centuries, municipal governments typically defined such districts explicitly to contain and regulate prostitution. Some red-light districts are places which are designated by authorities for legal. Often, these districts were formed by authorities to help regulate prostitution and other related activities. With the confining of such industries to an area, such districts became a destination for originally sailors. Other red-light districts, such as those in Thailand, are areas which are monitored by the authorities. This can help counter illegal forms of prostitution, in areas that do allow regular prostitution to occur. List of red-light districts Media related to Red-light districts at Wikimedia Commons

7.
Reproductive rights
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Reproductive rights are legal rights and freedoms relating to reproduction and reproductive health that vary amongst countries around the world. They also include the right of all to make decisions concerning reproduction free of discrimination, coercion, Reproductive rights began to develop as a subset of human rights at the United Nations 1968 International Conference on Human Rights. States, though, have been slow in incorporating these rights in internationally legally binding instruments, issues related to reproductive rights are some of the most vigorously contested rights issues worldwide, regardless of the populations socioeconomic level, religion or culture. The issue of rights is frequently presented as being of vital importance in discussions. Reproductive rights are a subset of sexual and reproductive health and rights, in 1945, the United Nations Charter included the obligation to promote. Universal respect for, and observance of, human rights and fundamental freedoms for all without discrimination as to race, sex, language, however, the Charter did not define these rights. Three years later, the UN adopted the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, the first international document to delineate human rights. Parents have the right to determine freely and responsibly the number. The 1975 UN International Womens Year Conference echoed the Proclamation of Teheran, the twenty-year Cairo Programme of Action was adopted in 1994 at the International Conference on Population and Development in Cairo. The non-binding Programme of Action asserted that governments have a responsibility to meet individuals reproductive needs, the ICPD also addressed issues such as violence against women, sex trafficking, and adolescent health. Unlike previous population conferences, a range of interests from grassroots to government level were represented in Cairo. 179 nations attended the ICPD and overall eleven thousand representatives from governments, NGOs, international agencies, the ICPD did not address the far-reaching implications of the HIV/AIDS epidemic. The Cairo Programme of Action was adopted by 184 UN member states, the Beijing Platform demarcated twelve interrelated critical areas of the human rights of women that require advocacy. The Platform framed womens reproductive rights as indivisible, universal and inalienable human rights, in relation to reproductive health, Principle 9 on The Right to Treatment with Humanity while in Detention requires that States shall. Nonetheless, African, Caribbean and Islamic Countries, as well as the Russian Federation, have objected to the use of these principles as Human Rights standards. The first legal textbook on reproductive rights law, Cases on Reproductive Rights and Justice by Melissa Murray, State abuses against reproductive rights have happened both under right-wing and left-wing governments. Some governments have implemented policies of forced sterilizations of undesirable population groups. It also includes the right of all to make decisions concerning reproduction free of discrimination, coercion, in the exercise of this right, they should take into account the needs of their living and future children and their responsibilities towards the community

8.
Jurisdiction
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Jurisdiction is the practical authority granted to a legal body to administer justice within a defined area of responsibility, e. g. Michigan tax law. In federations like the U. S. areas of jurisdiction apply to local, state, colloquially it is used to refer to the geographical area to which such authority applies, e. g. the court has jurisdiction over all of Colorado. The legal term refers only to the authority, not to a geographical area. International laws and treaties provide agreements which nations agree to be bound to, supranational organizations provide mechanisms whereby disputes between nations may be resolved through arbitration or mediation. When a country is recognized as de jure, it is an acknowledgment by the de jure nations that the country has sovereignty. However, it is often at the discretion of each nation whether to co-operate or participate, if a nation does agree to participate in activities of the supranational bodies and accept decisions, the nation is giving up its sovereign authority and thereby allocating power to these bodies. The fact that organizations, courts and tribunals have been created raises the difficult question of how to co-ordinate their activities with those of national courts. But, to invoke the jurisdiction in any case, all the parties have to accept the prospective judgment as binding. This reduces the risk of wasting the Courts time, each such group may form transnational institutions with declared legislative or judicial powers. For example, in Europe, the European Court of Justice has been given jurisdiction as the appellate court to the member states on issues of European law. This jurisdiction is entrenched and its authority could only be denied by a member if that member nation asserts its sovereignty. Hence, in the Netherlands, all treaties and the orders of international organizations are effective without any action being required to convert international into municipal law, in nations adopting this theory, the local courts automatically accept jurisdiction to adjudicate on lawsuits relying on international law principles. Otherwise the courts have a discretion to apply international law where it does not conflict with statute or the common law. According to the Supreme Court of the United States, the treaty power authorizes Congress to legislate under the Necessary and this concerns the relationships both between courts in different jurisdictions, and between courts within the same jurisdiction. The usual legal doctrine under which questions of jurisdiction are decided is termed forum non conveniens, to deal with the issue of forum shopping, nations are urged to adopt more positive rules on conflict of laws. In addition, the Lugano Convention binds the European Union and the European Free Trade Association, council Regulation 44/2001 now also applies as between the rest of the EU Member States and Denmark due to an agreement reached between the European Community and Denmark. In some legal areas, at least, the CACA enforcement of judgments is now more straightforward. At a national level, the rules still determine jurisdiction over persons who are not domiciled or habitually resident in the European Union or the Lugano area

9.
Adultery
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Adultery is extramarital sex that is considered objectionable on social, religious, moral, or legal grounds. A single act of intercourse is generally sufficient to constitute adultery. Historically, many cultures have considered adultery to be a serious crime. Adultery often incurred severe punishment, usually for the woman and sometimes for the man, with penalties including capital punishment, mutilation, such punishments have gradually fallen into disfavor, especially in Western countries from the 19th century. In most Western countries, adultery itself is no longer a criminal offense, Adultery is not a ground for divorce in jurisdictions which have adopted a no-fault divorce model. In some societies and among certain religious adherents, adultery may affect the status of those involved. In countries where adultery is an offense, punishments range from fines to caning. A joint statement by the United Nations Working Group on discrimination against women in law and in states that. In Muslim countries that follow Sharia law for justice, the punishment for adultery may be stoning. There are fifteen countries in which stoning is authorized as lawful punishment, though in recent times it has been carried out only in Iran. In some jurisdictions, having sexual relations with the wife or the wife of his eldest son constitutes treason. The term adultery refers to acts between a married person and someone who is not that persons spouse. It may arise in criminal law or in family law, for instance, in the United Kingdom, adultery is not a criminal offense, but is a ground for divorce, with the legal definition of adultery being physical contact with an alien and unlawful organ. Extramarital sexual acts not fitting this definition are not adultery though they may constitute unreasonable behavior, the application of the term to the act appears to arise from the idea that criminal intercourse with a married woman. Tended to adulterate the issue of an innocent husband, and to expose him to support and provide for another mans. Thus, the purity of the children of a marriage is corrupted, the term adultery, rather than extramarital sex, implies a moral condemnation of the act, as such it is usually not a neutral term because it carries an implied judgment that the act is wrong. In the traditional English common law, adultery was a felony, although the legal definition of adultery differs in nearly every legal system, the common theme is sexual relations outside of marriage, in one form or another. Traditionally, many cultures, particularly Latin American ones, had double standards regarding male and female adultery

10.
Zoophilia and the law
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Zoophilia and the law looks at the laws governing humans performing sex acts on animals. Laws against humans performing sex acts on animals, where they exist, are concerned with the actual act, in that case, normal obscenity laws will normally apply. All zoophilic imagery is widely regarded as pornography, the practice of humans having sex with animals sometimes involves animal cruelty or animal abuse, which often involves zoosadism. However, not all sexual activity with animals involves cruelty, for centuries, sexual acts on animals were illegal under sodomy laws or crime against nature laws. Since the 1950s most sodomy laws have been repealed and in some places specific anti-bestiality laws have been enacted, bestiality was outlawed in Norway in 2008, The Netherlands in 2010, Australian Capital Territory in 2011, Sweden in 2013, and Denmark in 2015. In the U. S. as of 2016, bestiality is illegal in 42 states, most state laws banning sex with animals were enacted between 1999 and 2016. A2001 Oregon law had its penalty increased in 2016, laws which prohibit non-abusive sex with animals have been criticized for being discriminatory, unjust and unconstitutional. By contrast, many countries and US states are less precise about the scope of law in that they outlaw sex with animals, even if bestiality is not explicitly prohibited, there are often many other laws which can be used to effectively prosecute cases. For example, most countries have animal cruelty laws, and a prosecutor will argue that all activity is animal abuse. In some U. S. states, a person who engages in bestiality can be charged with animal cruelty, some countries have a range of laws on their books. Sometimes sodomy laws or crime against nature laws are used to people who have sex with animals. The friend was prosecuted for trespassing and that case prompted the Washington State legislature to draw up legislation outlawing sex with animals. In a 2005 Florida case, a man who had sex with his dog was charged with disorderly conduct, on October 1,2011, the state of Florida State Law 828.126, F. S went into effect, banning sex with animals. Aggrawal has discussed extensively on laws against bestiality and it is permitted in a few countries although ordinary animal treatment laws apply. There are also laws against forcing another person to engage in sexual activity with other animals, especially minors. In some jurisdictions, laws against zoophilia conduct also include provisions for seizure of animals where convicted, Sexual handling of an animal for the purposes of veterinary practice, or animal husbandry, is normally exempted where such laws exist. One of the responded by asking if they were trying to outlaw an act. The veterinary and husbandry exemption was left out of Oregons law in the final, because some alterations of animal genitalia are permitted but others are not, concerns have been raised that this may violate due process and equality before the law

11.
Child grooming
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Child grooming is befriending and establishing an emotional connection with a child, and sometimes the family, to lower the childs inhibitions for child sexual abuse. It also regularly lures minors into child-trafficking situations, illicit businesses such as child prostitution, the proscribed traffic was international in nature at that time. The concept of localised grooming, in which gangs of reprobates groom neighbourhood victims, was defined in 2010 by the UK Child Exploitation, a trusting relationship with the family means the childs parents are less likely to believe potential accusations. They might give gifts or money to the child in exchange for sexual contact, commonly, they show pornography to the child, or talk about sexual topics with the child, hoping to make it easy for the child to accept such acts, thus normalizing the behavior. Hugging and kissing or other contact, even when the child does not want it. In the U. S. case law draws a distinction between two and some people accused of grooming have successfully used this defense. Sexual grooming of children also occurs on the Internet, some abusers will pose as children online and make arrangements to meet with them in person. Facebook has been involved in controversy as to whether or not it takes enough precautions, a spokesman for Facebook responded to complaints by meeting Ceop directly in person, and saying, adamantly, We take the issue of safety very seriously. In 2003, MSN implemented restrictions in their chat rooms purportedly intended to protect children from adults seeking sexual conversations with them. Chat rooms were investigated by the New York State attorney generals office for allowing users to create rooms whose names suggested that they were being used for this purpose and that October, Yahoo. agreed to implement policies and procedures designed to ensure that such rooms would not be allowed. Some vigilante organizations use operatives posing as underage teens on the internet to identify potential child molesters and turn the information over to the police, the news program Dateline NBC featured the recurring segment To Catch a Predator, based on documenting such activities. Similar groups include Perverted-Justice, Dark Justice and Creep Catcher, multiple computer programs have been developed to help identify grooming and warn parents. Such software analyses chat rooms and other instant messaging logs for activity that may identify grooming or other suspicious activities. Some of the technologies have been adapted to social networking services, Sexual grooming of children over the internet is most prevalent amongst the 13–17 age group, particularly 13–14 year old children. The majority of them are girls, the majority of the victimization occurs with mobile phone support. Children and teenagers with issues such as high attention seeking have a much higher risk than others. This location is usually in public, such as a park, cinema, offenders often act together, establishing a relationship with a child or children before sexually exploiting them. Abuse may occur at a number of locations within a region and on several occasions, ‘Localised grooming’ was the term used by CEOP in the intelligence requests issued to police forces and other service agencies in order to define the data we wished to receive

12.
Fornication
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Fornication is generally consensual sexual intercourse between two people not married to each other. The significance of sexual acts to which the term is applied varies between religions, societies and cultures, in modern usage, the term is often replaced with a value judgment term like extramarital sex. The first recorded use in English is in the Cursor Mundi,1300, the Oxford English Dictionary records a figurative use as well, The forsaking of God for idols. Fornicated as an adjective is used in botany, meaning arched or bending over. The Pauline epistles contain multiple condemnations of various forms of extramarital sex, First Corinthians and the Epistle to the Galatians also address fornication. The Apostolic Decree of the Council of Jerusalem also includes a prohibition of fornication, throughout history, most theologians have argued that any and all forms of premarital sex are immoral. An historical example is the medieval English monastic, John Baconthorpe, a more contemporary example is the modern-day theologian Lee Gatiss who argues that premarital sex is immoral based on scripture. He states that, from a Biblical perspective, physical union should not take place outside of a one flesh union, in chapter 7 Paul addresses the situation of two unmarried Christians who are burning with passion who should either exercise self-control or be permitted to marry. The underlying assumptions are the same as those in Deuteronomy 22, however, a minority of theologians have argued in more recent times that premarital sex may not be immoral in some limited circumstances. An example is John Witte, who argues that the Bible itself is silent on the issue of consensual, premarital sex between an engaged couple, some of the debate arises from the question of which theological approach is being applied. A deontological view of sex interprets porneia, aselgeia and akatharsia in terms of whether the couple are married or non-married, what makes sex moral or immoral is the context of marriage. Elsewhere in First Corinthians, incest, homosexual intercourse and prostitution are all explicitly forbidden by name, Paul is preaching about activities based on sexual prohibitions laid out in Leviticus in the context of achieving holiness. One theory therefore suggests that it is these behaviours, and only these, however, most mainstream Christian sources believe that porneia encompasses all forms of premarital sex. Likewise, Fribergs Analytical Lexicon to the Greek New Testament defines porneia as being generally, every kind of extramarital, Lee Gatiss also argues that porneia encompasses all forms of premarital sex. He states that the word fornication has gone out of fashion and is not in use to describe non-marital sex. However, it is an excellent translation for porneia, which referred to any kind of sex outside of marriage. But the overwhelming weight of scholarship and all the evidence from the ancient world points firmly in this direction. Flee sexual immorality and pursue self-control was the message to Christians in a sex-crazed world

13.
Indecent exposure
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Social and community attitudes to the exposing of various body parts and laws covering what is referred to as indecent exposure vary significantly in different countries. It ranges from outright prohibition to prohibition of exposure of certain parts, such as the genital area. Decency is generally judged by the standards of the local community, such standards may be based on religion, morality or tradition, or justified on the basis of necessary to public order. Non-sexual exhibitionism or public nudity is considered indecent exposure. If sexual acts are performed, with or without an element of nudity, this can be considered gross indecency, in some countries, exposure of the body in breach of community standards of modesty is also considered to be public indecency. The legal and community standards of what states of undress constitute indecent exposure vary considerably and these standards have also varied over time, making the definition of indecent exposure itself a complex topic. It is generally accepted, at least in countries, that a naked human body is not in itself indecent. That principle is reflected, for example, in depiction of the form in art of various forms. Nevertheless, as a rule, it is also commonly expected that people when they appear in a public place will be appropriately attired. Inappropriateness is viewed in context, so that, for example, what may be appropriate on a beach may be inappropriate in a street, school or workplace. Depending on the context, some degree of inappropriateness may be tolerated, and perhaps described as eccentric, what is an inappropriate state of dress in a particular context depends on the standards of decency of the community where an exposure takes place. There is generally no implication that the state of dress objected to is of a nature, and if such an allegation were to be made. The standards of decency have varied over time, during the Victorian era, for example, exposure of a womans legs and some extent the arms, was considered indecent in much of the Western world. Hair was sometimes required to be covered in formal occasions as in a form a hat or bonnet. As late as the 1930s and to some extent, the 1950s, an adult woman exposing her navel was also considered indecent in the West into the 1960s and 1970s, and even as late as the 1980s. Moral values changed drastically during the 1990s and 2000s, which in turn changed the criteria for indecent exposure, Public exposure of the navel has been accepted during the 1990s, such as in beaches, while in the 2000s, the buttocks can be exposed while wearing a thong. Today, however, it is common for women to go topless at public beaches throughout Europe and South America. The effects may be enhanced by intended or unintended publication of a photograph or film of the act, breastfeeding in public does not constitute indecent exposure under the laws of the United States, Canada, Australia, or Scotland

14.
Laws regarding rape
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Rape is a type of sexual assault initiated by one or more persons against another person without that persons consent. The act may be carried out by force, or where the person is under threat or manipulation. Definitions of rape vary, and though rape is usually dependent upon whether or not consent was present during the act, minors, for example, are often considered too young to consent to sexual relations with older persons. Depending on the jurisdiction, rape may be characterized as an offence or an offence against the person. Rape may also be characterized as a form of aggravated assault or battery, to sustain a conviction, rape might require proof that the defendant had sexual penetration with another person. The essence of the corpus of international humanitarian law as well as human rights law lies in the protection of the human dignity of every person. Countries around the world differ in how they deal with the mens rea element in the law regarding rape, There is not always a requirement that the victim did not consent. In the England and Wales, section 5 of the Sexual Offences Act 2003 creates the offence of rape of a child under 13 and contains no reference to consent. After describing the act the offence prohibits, the explanatory notes to the Act say whether or not the child consented to this act is irrelevant. The issue arises in law as who can legally consent, for example with regard to persons who suffer from mental or physical disability, however, the abuse of the existence of such a disability in order to engage in sexual activities with a child should be criminalised. From the second part of the 20th century onwards, the crime of rape has undergone changes in definition in many countries. This redefinition of rape had the effect of defining male rape, There have also been changes in the legal definition of consent/coercion. This was supported by the laws in many legal systems. Such laws were ended in Mexico in 1991, Colombia in 1997, Peru in 1999, Egypt in 1999, Ethiopia in 2005, Brazil in 2005, Uruguay in 2005, Guatemala in 2006, Costa Rica in 2007, and Morocco in 2014. Throughout much of the history, rape in marriage was not a crime, with a few notable exceptions, it was during the past 30 years when most laws against marital rape have been enacted. The convention came into force in August 2014, furthermore, in many legal systems the consent of the woman to sexual intercourse was not a defense - the act was still a crime if done without the consent of her father. Rape was an offense under the law of England. That offense became an offense under the law of other countries, including Australia and it is discussed at Rape in English law#History

15.
Statutory rape
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Statutory rape is sexual activity in which one of the individuals is below the age required to legally consent to the behavior in some common law jurisdictions. In statutory rape, overt force or threat is not present. Statutory rape laws presume coercion, because a minor or mentally handicapped adult is legally incapable of giving consent to the act, the term statutory rape generally refers to sex between an adult and a sexually mature minor past the age of puberty. Sexual relations with a prepubescent child, generically called child abuse or molestation, is typically treated as a more serious crime. In many jurisdictions, the age of consent is interpreted to mean mental or functional age, as a result, victims can be of any chronological age if their mental age makes them unable to consent to a sexual act. Other jurisdictions, such as Kentucky, eliminate the concept of mental age. Consensual teenage sex is common in the United States, a 1995 study revealed that 50% of U. S. teenagers have had sexual intercourse by the age of sixteen. In fact, it is estimated there are more than 7 million incidents of statutory rape every year. However, it is clear that most incidents are not prosecuted and do not lead to arrests, laws vary in their definitions of statutory rape. It is generally intended to punish heinous cases of an adult taking sexual advantage of a minor, thus, many jurisdictions prohibit allowing a juvenile to be tried as an adult under this law. Some jurisdictions also specify a difference in age in order for the offense to be applicable. Under such terms, if the adult is, for instance and these are called Romeo and Juliet clauses. Statutory rape laws are based on the premise that an individual is legally incapable of consenting to sexual intercourse until that person reaches a certain age, the law mandates that even if he or she willingly engages in sexual intercourse, the sex is not legally consensual. Another rationale comes from the fact that minors are generally economically, socially, by making it illegal for an adult to have sex with a minor, statutory rape laws aim to give the minor some protection against adults in a position of power over the youth. Another argument presented in defense of statutory rape laws relates to the difficulty in prosecuting rape in the courtroom, because forced sexual intercourse with a minor is considered a particularly heinous form of rape, these laws relieve the prosecution of the burden to prove lack of consent. This makes conviction more frequent in cases involving minors, the original purpose of statutory rape laws was to protect young, unwed females from males who might impregnate them and not take responsibility by providing support for the child. In the past, the solution to problems was often a shotgun wedding. This rationale aims to preserve the marriageability of the girl and to prevent unwanted teenage pregnancy, historically, a man could defend himself against statutory rape charges by proving that his victim was already sexually experienced prior to their encounter

16.
Marital rape
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Marital rape is the act of sexual intercourse with ones spouse without consent. It is a form of violence and sexual abuse. Still, in countries, marital rape either remains outside the criminal law, or is illegal. Laws are rarely being enforced, due to ranging from reluctance of authorities to pursue the crime. Marital rape is more widely experienced by women, though not exclusively, Marital rape is often a chronic form of violence for the victim which takes place within abusive relations. It exists in a web of state governments, cultural practices. Most countries criminalized marital rape from the late 20th century onward—very few legal systems allowed for the prosecution of rape within marriage before the 1970s. One of the origins of the concept of an exemption from rape laws is the idea that by marriage a woman gives irrevocable consent for her husband to have sex with her any time he demands it. This view was described by Sir Matthew Hale, in History of the Pleas of the Crown, where he wrote that the wife hath given up herself in this kind unto her husband, which she cannot retract. Given that a wife had no standing of her own. English common law also had a impact on many legal systems of the world through colonialism. For this reason, in many cultures there was a conflation between the crimes of rape and adultery, since both were seen and understood as a violation of the rights of the husband. Rape as a crime was constructed as a property crime against a father or husband not as a crime against the right to self-determination. The property to be withheld in a female was her virginity, following this line of logic, a woman was first the property of her father, then, upon marriage, the property of her husband. Therefore, a man could not be prosecuted for raping his own wife because she was his possession, however, if another man raped someones wife, this was essentially stealing property. In English customs, bride capture was thought to be stealing a fathers property by raping his daughter, therefore, rape laws were created to …protect the property interests men had in their women, not to protect women themselves. This concept of women as property permeates current marital rape ideology, in some cultures, marriage is arranged for the purpose of creating access to procreation. In these situations, the parties do not necessarily consent to marriage, following this logic, if consent is not part of marriage, then it is not necessary for intercourse

17.
Paul Avril
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Édouard-Henri Avril was a French painter and commercial artist. Under the pseudonym Paul Avril, he was an illustrator of erotic literature and his career saw collaboration with influential people like Octave Uzanne, Henry Spencer Ashbee and Friedrich Karl Forberg. Avril was a soldier before starting his career in art and he was awarded with the Legion of Honour for his actions in the Franco-Prussian War. His father was a colonel of the gendarmerie, Avril himself fought and was wounded in Franco-Prussian War before starting his studies in art. He was awarded with the Legion of Honour on 31 May 1871 for injuries sustained during the war, the injuries resulted in retirement from his military career on 23 January 1872. Biographical material of his life is due to obscene nature of his work. His pseudonym can lead to a confusion with his brother, who was named Paul-Victor Avril, Avril studied art in various Paris salons. From 1874 to 1878 he was at the École des Beaux-Arts in Paris and he worked for the illustrated newsmagazine Le Monde illustré in 1882. Having been commissioned to illustrate Théophile Gautiers novel Fortunio, he adopted the pseudonym Paul Avril and his reputation was soon established and he received many commissions to illustrate both major authors and the so-called galante literature of the day, a form of erotica. However, his reputation as an illustrator of novels was established before he began illustrating the more underground erotic literature. These books were sold in small editions on a subscription basis. Erotica of that time received very limited prints and sometimes were limited to only 100 or so copies, because of the obscurity of Avril and his works, it is difficult to assess the real impact that his art might have had on culture. Avril died at Le Raincy in Metropolitan France in 1928, avrils major work was designs for De Figuris Veneris, A Manual of Classical Erotica by the German scholar Friedrich Karl Forberg. The books edition illustrated by Avril includes Les charmes de Fanny exposés that is one of his known pictures. Classicizing works illustrated by Avril include Oeuvres d’Horace, Une nuit de Cléopâtre, Daphnis et Chloé, Avril might be best known for his sapphic, or lesbian, illustrations. Prolific erotica collector Henry Spencer Ashbee commissioned Avril to design a bookplate for him, the Société des Bibliophiles Contemporaines consisted of 160 people from literary circles, including Avril

Sodomy
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Sodomy is generally anal or oral sex between people or sexual activity between a person and a non-human animal, but it may also mean any non-procreative sexual activity. Originally, the sodomy, which is derived from the story of Sodom. Sodomy laws in many countries criminalized these behaviors, and other disfavored sexual activities as well, in the

Sodomy law
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A sodomy law is a law that defines certain sexual acts as crimes. The precise sexual acts meant by the term sodomy are rarely spelled out in the law, sodomy typically includes anal sex, oral sex and bestiality. In practice, sodomy laws have rarely been enforced against heterosexual couples, as of August 2016,72 countries as well as five sub-nationa

1.
Sex and the law

Age of consent
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The distinguishing aspect of the age of consent laws is that the person below the minimum age is regarded as the victim, and their sex partner as the offender. The term age of consent rarely appears in legal statutes, generally, a law will instead establish the age below which it is illegal to engage in sexual activity with that person. It has some

1.
Several articles written by investigative journalist William Thomas Stead in the late 19th century on the issue of child prostitution in London led to public outrage and ultimately to the raising of the age of consent to 16.

Censorship
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Governments, private organizations and individuals may engage in censorship. When an individual such as an author or other creator engages in censorship of their own works or speech, Censorship could be direct or indirect, in which case it is referred to as soft censorship. Direct censorship may or may not be legal, depending on the type, location,

1.
Book burning in Chile following the 1973 coup that installed the Pinochet regime.

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Chinese troops destroyed the statue Goddess of Democracy in Tiananmen Square in 1989, and continue to censor information about those events. This statue, now known as the Victims of Communism Memorial was recreated by Thomas Marsh.

4.
Nikolai Yezhov, standing to the left of Joseph Stalin, was shot in 1940. He was edited out of the photo by Soviet censors after his execution as a form of damnatio memoriae. This policy was commonly applied to high-ranking executed political enemies during Stalin's reign.

Miscegenation
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Miscegenation is the mixing of different racial groups through marriage, cohabitation, sexual relations, or procreation. The term miscegenation has been used since the 19th century to refer to marriage and interracial sexual relations. Historically, the term has been used in the context of laws banning marriage and sex. The Latin term entered histo

1.
Jean Ping the Deputy Prime Minister of Gabon who has a Chinese father and a black Gabonese mother was elected as Chairperson of the Commission of the African Union on 1 February 2008.

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Jerry John Rawlings, the ex-President of Ghana is the son of a Scottish father and a black Ghanaian mother.

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US President Barack Obama is the son of a white American mother and a black Kenyan father.

Red-light district
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A red-light district is a part of an urban area where a concentration of prostitution and sex-oriented businesses, such as sex shops, strip clubs, adult theaters, etc. are found. The term originates from the red lights that were used as signs of brothels, areas in many big cities around the world have acquired an international reputation as red-lig

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A scene in Sonagachi, Kolkata, in 2005

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Soi Cowboy, Thailand

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De Wallen red-light district in Amsterdam, Netherlands

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Red Light district in Frankfurt, Germany

Reproductive rights
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Reproductive rights are legal rights and freedoms relating to reproduction and reproductive health that vary amongst countries around the world. They also include the right of all to make decisions concerning reproduction free of discrimination, coercion, Reproductive rights began to develop as a subset of human rights at the United Nations 1968 In

1.
A classroom in South Africa.

Jurisdiction
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Jurisdiction is the practical authority granted to a legal body to administer justice within a defined area of responsibility, e. g. Michigan tax law. In federations like the U. S. areas of jurisdiction apply to local, state, colloquially it is used to refer to the geographical area to which such authority applies, e. g. the court has jurisdiction

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United States Federal Civil Procedure doctrines

Adultery
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Adultery is extramarital sex that is considered objectionable on social, religious, moral, or legal grounds. A single act of intercourse is generally sufficient to constitute adultery. Historically, many cultures have considered adultery to be a serious crime. Adultery often incurred severe punishment, usually for the woman and sometimes for the ma

1.
Public punishment of adulterers in Venice, 17th century

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Anne Boleyn was found guilty of adultery and treason and executed in 1536. There is controversy among historians as to whether she had actually committed adultery.

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Joan II of Navarre - her paternity and succession rights were disputed her whole life because her mother Margaret of Burgundy was claimed to have committed adultery

Zoophilia and the law
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Zoophilia and the law looks at the laws governing humans performing sex acts on animals. Laws against humans performing sex acts on animals, where they exist, are concerned with the actual act, in that case, normal obscenity laws will normally apply. All zoophilic imagery is widely regarded as pornography, the practice of humans having sex with ani

1.
Sex and the law

Child grooming
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Child grooming is befriending and establishing an emotional connection with a child, and sometimes the family, to lower the childs inhibitions for child sexual abuse. It also regularly lures minors into child-trafficking situations, illicit businesses such as child prostitution, the proscribed traffic was international in nature at that time. The c

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Detective Inspector Kay Wallace surrounded by computers, mobile phones and digital storage devices seized from the homes of suspected paedophiles. Online grooming of youngsters via chat rooms and webcams is an area COST team officers are encountering more and more.

Fornication
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Fornication is generally consensual sexual intercourse between two people not married to each other. The significance of sexual acts to which the term is applied varies between religions, societies and cultures, in modern usage, the term is often replaced with a value judgment term like extramarital sex. The first recorded use in English is in the

2.
Prince William and Kate Middleton on the balcony of Buckingham Palace

Indecent exposure
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Social and community attitudes to the exposing of various body parts and laws covering what is referred to as indecent exposure vary significantly in different countries. It ranges from outright prohibition to prohibition of exposure of certain parts, such as the genital area. Decency is generally judged by the standards of the local community, suc

Laws regarding rape
–
Rape is a type of sexual assault initiated by one or more persons against another person without that persons consent. The act may be carried out by force, or where the person is under threat or manipulation. Definitions of rape vary, and though rape is usually dependent upon whether or not consent was present during the act, minors, for example, a

1.
Sex and the law

Statutory rape
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Statutory rape is sexual activity in which one of the individuals is below the age required to legally consent to the behavior in some common law jurisdictions. In statutory rape, overt force or threat is not present. Statutory rape laws presume coercion, because a minor or mentally handicapped adult is legally incapable of giving consent to the ac

1.
Sex and the law

Marital rape
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Marital rape is the act of sexual intercourse with ones spouse without consent. It is a form of violence and sexual abuse. Still, in countries, marital rape either remains outside the criminal law, or is illegal. Laws are rarely being enforced, due to ranging from reluctance of authorities to pursue the crime. Marital rape is more widely experience

1.
Sex and the law

Paul Avril
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Édouard-Henri Avril was a French painter and commercial artist. Under the pseudonym Paul Avril, he was an illustrator of erotic literature and his career saw collaboration with influential people like Octave Uzanne, Henry Spencer Ashbee and Friedrich Karl Forberg. Avril was a soldier before starting his career in art and he was awarded with the Leg

1.
The British HMS Sandwich fires into the French flagship Bucentaure (completely dismasted) during Trafalgar. The Bucentaure also fights HMS Victory (behind her) and HMS Temeraire (left side of the picture). In fact, HMS Sandwich never fought at Trafalgar, it's a mistake by Auguste Mayer, the painter.

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The execution of guards of the Stutthof concentration camp on July 4th 1946 by short-drop hanging. In the foreground were the female guards: Jenny-Wanda Barkmann, Ewa Paradies, Elisabeth Becker, Wanda Klaff, Gerda Steinhoff (left to right)