► Monitoring training load and training responses in professional football continues to inform athlete management, injury prevention and player welfare. Maximising fitness and minimizing fatigue…
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▼ Monitoring training load and training responses in professional football continues to inform athlete management, injury prevention and player welfare. Maximising fitness and minimizing fatigue are finely balanced and differ within phases of the periodised year. It is possible that submaximal exercise tests are more useful than maximal exercise testing to regularly monitor individual training responses in a team environment.
The overarching aim of this thesis was to demonstrate the effectiveness of using heart rate measured during a novel submaximal intermittent running test to monitor training responses throughout a season in elite Australian rules football players. The thesis comprised systematic and narrative reviews of the literature, focussing on advances in athlete monitoring within professional football codes. Findings informed the next three studies of original research.

► INTRODUCTION: While strengthening and aerobic exercise have been shown to decrease chronic knee and hip pain, little is known about the effectiveness of Egoscue corrective…
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▼ INTRODUCTION: While strengthening and aerobic exercise have been shown to decrease chronic knee and hip pain, little is known about the effectiveness of Egoscue corrective exercises, which are intended to reduce musculoskeletal pain by bringing the body into postural alignment. PURPOSE: An experimental study to determine the acute effect following one treatment and the short-term effect after a 2 week program of Egoscue corrective exercises on knee pain, hip pain, and whole-body postural alignment. METHODS: Forty participants with chronic knee and/or hip pain (defined as pain on most days of the week for at least the previous 12 weeks) were randomly assigned and equally divided between an exercise group (n = 20) and a control group (n = 20). The exercise group completed a corrective exercise routine, as per the Egoscue Method, at least 5 d/wk for two weeks. The control group simply maintained their current lifestyle for the 2-week duration of the study. All participants kept a daily log of their average pain levels at rest and during movement using a Visual Analog Scale (VAS). Standing posture was assessed using PostureScreen Mobile® and pain and function were recorded using the Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Arthritis Index (WOMAC) at baseline and at the end of week 1 and 2. RESULTS: The exercise group experienced a significant decrease in pain during everyday movement as reported in daily VAS logs (p = 0.019). After controlling for age, BMI, past surgeries, arthritis status, and location of pain, there was a significant group x time interaction in WOMAC scores (p = 0.015). At week 2, WOMAC scores were significantly lower in the exercise group (p = 0.001) but not the control group (p > 0.05). Pain was not significantly different after one treatment. No significant changes in posture were observed in this study. CONCLUSION: Two weeks of corrective exercises significantly decreased knee and hip pain and improved function. Although an observable change in posture was not detected, further research is warranted to investigate the effects of Egoscue corrective exercises on posture over longer periods of time.

► Children diagnosed with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) often have increased levels of stress, leading to dysregulated production of cortisol. Elevated levels of cortisol have numerous…
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▼ Children diagnosed with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) often have increased levels of stress, leading to dysregulated production of cortisol. Elevated levels of cortisol have numerous known adverse health consequences, and therefore, interventions should be established to help attenuate cortisol production. As judo combines physical activity and mindfulness practice, it may aid in stress reduction and decreased levels of cortisol. Purpose: To examine the effects of a 10-week judo program on stress reactions and salivary cortisol levels in youth with ASD. Methods: 20 children with ASD participated in the 10-week judo program. Changes in acute (before and after one judo session) and chronic salivary cortisol levels were assessed at baseline and post intervention. Parents of participants were asked to complete the Stress Survey Schedule (SSS) to determine severity of stress reactions. The SSS consists of 10 subscales: changes, anticipation, unpleasant, positives, food related, rituals, social/environmental, sensory/personal, fears, and life stressors. Sleep quality was assessed via Actigraph GT9X accelerometers over a 7-day period at baseline and post-intervention. Paired samples t-tests were used to determine differences SSS pre/post-intervention. Repeated measures ANOVA was conducted to determine differences and in cortisol levels before and after one judo session and pre and post-intervention. Spearman correlations were used to determine correlations between sleep quality and subscales of the SSS. Results: Although not statistically significant, a trend was noted indicating a decrease in cortisol levels following one judo session (p=.057). Nonsignificant reductions in the subscales "changes (p=.14)" and "unpleasant (p=.12)" of the SSS were also observed. Conclusion: Acute changes in cortisol levels may be seen following one session of judo. Subscales of parent-reported questionnaire may also show improvements following 10 weeks of participation in a judo program.
Advisors/Committee Members: Garcia, Jeanette.

Renziehausen, J. (2019). The Effects of a 10-week Judo Program on Cortisol and Stress in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder. (Masters Thesis). University of Central Florida. Retrieved from https://stars.library.ucf.edu/etd/6358

Chicago Manual of Style (16th Edition):

Renziehausen, Justine. “The Effects of a 10-week Judo Program on Cortisol and Stress in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder.” 2019. Masters Thesis, University of Central Florida. Accessed June 07, 2020.
https://stars.library.ucf.edu/etd/6358.

MLA Handbook (7th Edition):

Renziehausen, Justine. “The Effects of a 10-week Judo Program on Cortisol and Stress in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder.” 2019. Web. 07 Jun 2020.

Vancouver:

Renziehausen J. The Effects of a 10-week Judo Program on Cortisol and Stress in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder. [Internet] [Masters thesis]. University of Central Florida; 2019. [cited 2020 Jun 07].
Available from: https://stars.library.ucf.edu/etd/6358.

Council of Science Editors:

Renziehausen J. The Effects of a 10-week Judo Program on Cortisol and Stress in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder. [Masters Thesis]. University of Central Florida; 2019. Available from: https://stars.library.ucf.edu/etd/6358

University of Central Florida

5.
Rivera, Paola.
The Impact of Judo on Aggressive Behaviors in Youth with Autism Spectrum Disorder.

► The aim of this study was to examine the effects of an 8-week judo program on lifestyle habits and behavior in children with Autism Spectrum…
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▼ The aim of this study was to examine the effects of an 8-week judo program on lifestyle habits and behavior in children with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD). METHODS: Participants included 25 children (ages 8-17), with a formal diagnosis of ASD. The sample participated in an 8-week judo program (45 minutes, 1x week), with measures taken at baseline and at the end of the 8-weeks. In order to assess activity levels and sleep quality, participants were instructed to wear Actigraph GT9X Accelerometers for 7 days and nights. In order to assess behavioral changes, parents were given the ABC survey to fill out at baseline and post-intervention. Non-parametric paired t-tests were conducted to compare differences in behaviors, MVPA, SB, and sleep quality (i.e. sleep efficiency, total sleep time, number of awakenings, and wake after sleep onset) pre and post judo. RESULTS: Results indicated there was a strong negative correlation (r= -0.632) with inappropriate behaviors and the number of classes attended. Participants also spent a significantly greater percentage of time in daily MVPA (8% vs 4%, p=0.05) following the program. There was a significant increase in total minutes of sleep duration (572.56 vs 333.8, p=0.008) following the program, and although not statistically significant, a trend existed for improved sleep efficiency (92% vs 88%, p=0.1). CONCLUSION: Despite no significant differences in ABC scores pre and post-judo, a strong association between class attendance and lower ABC scores were observed, along with improvements in MVPA and sleep quality. Future studies should include larger samples of youth with ASD, over a longer intervention period.
Advisors/Committee Members: Garcia, Jeanette.

Rivera, P. (2019). The Impact of Judo on Aggressive Behaviors in Youth with Autism Spectrum Disorder. (Masters Thesis). University of Central Florida. Retrieved from https://stars.library.ucf.edu/etd/6359

Rivera P. The Impact of Judo on Aggressive Behaviors in Youth with Autism Spectrum Disorder. [Masters Thesis]. University of Central Florida; 2019. Available from: https://stars.library.ucf.edu/etd/6359

6.
Bean, Ryan.
The Effects Of Depth Jump Implementation Of Sprint Performance In Collegiate And Club Sport Athletes.

▼ Introduction; Depth jumps (DJ) are popular high-intensity plyometric exercises typically reserved for highly-trained individuals. DJs cause an individual to undergo high amounts of stress during the eccentric and concentric phase. This extreme loading allows individuals to increase lower body strength and power output. Muscular strength and power have a transfer effect to sprint speed; however, few have examined if implementing DJs into training can increase sprint speed. Purpose; The purpose of this study was to determine if the implementation of DJs into a sprint training program would increase sprint speed more so than sprinting alone. Methods; 5 collegiate level and 13 club level athletes participated in this study (6 males and 13 females). Subjects performed 3 maximal 40-yard sprints with 3 to 5 minutes of rest between sprints. Subjects were randomized into either a control group, a sprint training group, or a DJ group. The DJ and sprint group performed 2 training sessions/week, with both groups performing the same sprint training protocol. The DJ group had DJs of varying intensities. Following 6 weeks of implementation, subjects were retested on the 40-yard sprints in the same manner as before. Results; One-way ANOVA were conducted using paired comparisons to determine significance. Significant differences were observed after implementation for the 40-yard sprint (-.24±.43s) (P<.01), 20-30yard split (-.13 ± .11s) (P<.05), and a 20-40yard split (-.20 ± .18s) (P<.01). No differences were observed between groups. The DJ group changes showed the largest effect sizes of any group in these measures; 1.12, 1.6, and 2.5 respectively. Discussion; The effect sizes of the changes in sprint speed demonstrate that DJs may benefit sprint speed. It can be concluded from this study that maximal sprint speed was improved more so than acceleration due to the improvements observed from 20-30yards and 20-40yards. These indicate the maximal speed phase of sprinting. Further research is needed to determine if DJs can improve sprint performance in highly-trained athletes.

► The central governor model (CGM) proposes that muscle recruitment is regulated by the brain through subconscious homeostatic control of afferent feedback. It has been suggested…
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▼ The central governor model (CGM) proposes that muscle recruitment is regulated by the brain through subconscious homeostatic control of afferent feedback. It has been suggested that the dopaminergic system plays a key role in the CGM, with dopaminergic activation leading to lower fatigue thresholds. Key neural circuits, including the central autonomic network (CAN), may also play a role in altering thresholds by reducing conscious bodily awareness, known as interoception. However, few studies have directly examined the dopaminergic neurotransmitter system and CAN connectivity, during exercise-induced fatigue. Although there is reason to suspect that subjects with high activity (HA) and low activity (LA) levels have different fatigue thresholds, potential differences in dopaminergic function and related circuity have not been compared across these groups. In this thesis, I was therefore interested in examining the impact of a dopaminergic agent, methylphenidate (MPH) on: a) brain connectivity at rest before exercise and during exercise, b) on heart rate (HR) at rest before exercise and during exercise. Furthermore, c) I was interested in whether the effect of MPH administration (MA) on HR and functional connectivity (FC), between CAN regions, pre-exercise impacted HR and FC during exercise and whether this differed between HA and LA subjects. In order to measure the effect of MA on brain connectivity at rest and during exercise I used a functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) scanner. To measure the effect of MA on fatigue thresholds, I used a MRI compatible handgrip device which recorded grip force output during a fatiguing handgrip task. To measure HR before and during handgrip exercise I used a MRI compatible electrocardiogram (ECG) machine. My first study aimed to determine the effect of MA on resting state (R-fMRI) FC between CAN regions and its correlation with HR before exercise. My second study aimed to see the effect of MA on task HR, force output and, FC and EC between CAN regions, during a fatiguing handgrip task. My third study aimed to see the effect of MA on the relationship between HR and FC pre-exercise and HR and FC during exercise and whether this differed between LA and HA subjects. I found that: 1.) MA decreased R-fMRI FC between CAN regions, and that this was associated with an increase in HR during resting state 2.) MA decreased FC between CAN regions with an associated increase in task HR and force output during a fatiguing handgrip task 3.) After MA, R-fMRI FC determines task FC independent of HR 4.) MA significantly increased task HR in LA but not HA subjects 5.) After MA, R-fMRI FC determines task FC independent of HR in LA but not HA subjects. Taken together, the functional uncoupling of CAN regions and increased HR after MA suggests that MA increases the fatigue threshold by diverting attention away from interoceptive cues, such as HR. However, this finding may be more relevant in LA subjects, where MA is also associated with increased HR during exercise.
Advisors/Committee Members: Rauch, Laurie (advisor), Stein, Dan J (advisor), King, Michael (advisor), Jankiewicz, Marcin (advisor).

► Barefoot running is a subject of significant interest, both in scientific publications and in the lay media as a result of its alleged benefits for…
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▼ Barefoot running is a subject of significant interest, both in scientific publications and in the lay media as a result of its alleged benefits for runners. These benefits include the potential to reduce injury risk, more economical running and broadly speaking, a better understanding of running biomechanics. Although there are numerous scientific publications describing differences between barefoot and shod running, there is a dearth in understanding whether all runners are able to adapt to the proposed benefits and how this may affect long-term injury risk. Thus, we sought to investigate the biomechanical, neuromuscular and metabolic changes associated with habitually shod runners during the transition to pure barefoot running over an 8- week progressive training programme. This thesis begins with a critical review of the literature, which evaluates the theories and evidence for barefoot running, as well as describing the necessary future research to confirm or refute the barefoot running hypotheses. Our first study aimed to describe acute changes occurring in habitually shod runners when first exposed to barefoot running. We were particularly interested in the variability in response, and whether we could identify factors that predicted potentially favourable changes in kinematic and kinetic outcomes. Fifty-one runners were recruited and assessed using a 3-D motion capture system and integrated force platforms using conventional methods. We found that loading rate was significantly greater in the barefoot condition, but that high individual variability existed, particularly in the barefoot trials. We found that an increase in ankle dorsiflexion is associated with an increase in initial loading rate when in the barefoot condition, supporting previous findings in this regard. We then performed a supervised, pure barefoot running training programme, over 8 weeks, to determine whether the biomechanics of barefoot running would adapt gradually to habituation. Twenty-three runners were recruited for participation, and performed comprehensive biomechanical and neuromuscular assessments before and after the 8-week programme. The first finding was runners do not adapt similarly to barefoot training, and that biomechanics do not change significantly over the 8-week period. High variability in ankle kinematics and loading rate were found, with three sub-groups identified, namely positive responders (reduced loading rate after training), non-responders (no change in loading rate) and negative responders (increase in loading rate after training). We found significant associations between initial loading rate the changes in ankle flexion angle at initial ground contact, presumably as a result of its influence on footstrike. This finding suggests that conscious instruction might be necessary in order to achieve reductions in collision forces during barefoot running. With respect to neuromuscular variables, a persistently higher gastrocnemii muscle preactivation was found in the barefoot condition before and after the training…
Advisors/Committee Members: Tucker, Ross (advisor), Astephen Wilson, Janie L (advisor), Noakes, Tim (advisor).

Tam, N. (2014). Towards an improved understanding of the biomechanical implications and risk of injury of barefoot running. (Thesis). University of Cape Town. Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/11427/12998

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

Chicago Manual of Style (16th Edition):

Tam, Nicholas. “Towards an improved understanding of the biomechanical implications and risk of injury of barefoot running.” 2014. Thesis, University of Cape Town. Accessed June 07, 2020.
http://hdl.handle.net/11427/12998.

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

Council of Science Editors:

Tam N. Towards an improved understanding of the biomechanical implications and risk of injury of barefoot running. [Thesis]. University of Cape Town; 2014. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/11427/12998

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

► Several studies have found that the expression of skeletal muscle glucose transporter 4 (GLUT4) is decreased by high fructose consumption but increased by exercise. However,…
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▼ Several studies have found that the expression of skeletal muscle glucose transporter 4 (GLUT4) is decreased by high fructose consumption but increased by exercise. However, the amounts of fructose used in these studies were extremely high and the effects of moderate feeding protocols are not known. While it is known that exercise enhances GLUT4 expression via increased histone H3 acetylation and binding of the myocyte enhancer factor- 2A (MEF2A) transcription factor to its binding domain on the Glut4 gene promoter, the impact of fructose consumption on this interaction has not been studied. Moreover, there is no direct evidence that an increase in MEF2 binding is due to increased accessibility of the MEF2 binding domain to transcription factors. This study tested the hypothesis that both exercise and high fructose consumption affect GLUT4 expression by altering the accessibility of the MEF2 binding domain on the Glut4 gene promoter via remodelling of chromatin in that region. Male Wistar rats (n=30) were randomly assigned to three dietary groups: a) standard Chow, b) Chow + 10% fructose drink and c) Chow + 10% maltodextrin drink. All rats had access to drinking water and chow ad libitum for a period of 13 days. In the last 6 days of the experiment 5 animals in each group performed 3 x 17 min daily bouts of intermittent swimming, with a load equivalent to 5% bodyweight attached to their tails. The remaining 5 rats from each group were untrained. Animals were fasted overnight on the last day of the experiment, anaesthetized and sacrificed on the morning of day 14. Triceps muscle were harvested and used: (a) for measurement of total GLUT4 content by western blot, (b) to obtain nuclei for assessment of accessibility of a 350bp region encompassing the MEF2 element on the Glut4 gene using nuclease digestion assay, and (c) to measure the acetylation of histones H3 and bound MEF2A in the region above using chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assay. Blood was also collected and assayed for fasting serum glucose, insulin and free fatty acids.
Advisors/Committee Members: Ojuka, Edward O (advisor).

► Submaximal step tests are used to predict maximal oxygen consumption and work capacity. However, if the external workload is not controlled the interpretation of the…
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▼ Submaximal step tests are used to predict maximal oxygen consumption and work capacity. However, if the external workload is not controlled the interpretation of the test results may be inaccurate. The purpose of the research was to develop a submaximal test of cardiorespiratory fitness using a novel step test designed specifically to overcome the weaknesses of the previously published step tests. A series of studies contributed to the theoretical development of the submaximal step protocol, piloting the protocol, reliability studies, validation of the protocol and finally a cross-validation of the protocol. The first study tested the hypothesis that stepping tests configured for the same external workload, but varying in stepping frequency, elicit the same physiological stress. Participants (n = 31) performed three step tests at 16, 20 and 24 steps per minutes in random order. External workload was standardised at 45 kJ. Energy expenditure, heart rate recovery, rating of perceived exertion, maximum heart rate and total heart beats were significantly different between tests (p < 0.05) with the biggest differences occurring between 16 and 24 steps per minute. Maximum heart rate as a percentage of age predicted heart rate increased from 70% at 16 steps per minute to 81% at 24 steps per minute. The study concluded that standardisation of external workload with different exercise intensities does not result in the same physiological responses. The second study tested the reliability of the step test. Participants (n = 34) performed a step test three times in a week at a cadence of their choice (16, 20 or 24 steps per minute). The study showed that the step test is repeatable for most variables measured and therefore is a reliable test of fitness. The third study used the outcome variables measured during the step test to develop equations which predicted VO₂max measured directly in a maximal test on a treadmill. A diverse sample of participants (n = 273), differing in sex, level of habitual physical activity and age were recruited for the study. Several models for predicting VO₂max were determined. The most parsimonious equation was: VO₂max (ml.kg⁻¹.min⁻¹) = -0.10911 (age) - 0.06178 (body mass) - 0.75481 (body fat %) +0.00208 (METS) + 0.11636 (HRR) - 0.019551 (MHR) + 0.07955 (Av HR) + 83.34846 (R² = 0.75, standard error of estimate = 5.51 ml.kg.min⁻¹) where METS is metabolic equivalent, HRR is heart rate recovery, MHR is maximum heart rate and Av HR is average heart rate. Cross validation was done (n = 50) to test the accuracy of the prediction equation. The relationship between the predicted VO₂max and the measured VO₂max was r = 0.87. In conclusion the standardised step test can predict VO₂max in a heterogeneous population of males and females, varied ages (20 to 60 years), physical activity levels and fitness levels.
Advisors/Committee Members: Lambert, Michael I (advisor).

Huchu, L. (2016). The association between cardiorespiratory fitness and performance in a submaximal stepping test standardised for external workload. (Thesis). University of Cape Town. Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/11427/22962

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

Council of Science Editors:

Huchu L. The association between cardiorespiratory fitness and performance in a submaximal stepping test standardised for external workload. [Thesis]. University of Cape Town; 2016. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/11427/22962

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

► The batting technique in cricket consists of various elements such as the grip, stance, backlift, downswing, impact with the ball and follow through. Whilst there…
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▼ The batting technique in cricket consists of various elements such as the grip, stance, backlift, downswing, impact with the ball and follow through. Whilst there has been an extensive amount of research into these batting elements, there is little research specifically on the backlift technique. Therefore, we aimed to investigate and provide a scientific understanding of the batting backlift technique (BBT) in cricket. We aimed to investigate the BBT of the most successful batsmen (n = 65) in the last 120 years as well as players in the Indian Premier League (IPL) (n = 30). It was found that these batsmen did not conform to the current cricket coaching method that advocates a straight batting backlift technique (SBBT). Instead, 77% of successful batsmen and 90% of IPL batsmen employed a lateral batting backlift technique (LBBT) in which they lifted their bats in the direction of second slip or beyond with the bat face towards the off-side. Using this technique, both the toe of the bat and face of the bat points directly towards the off-side (usually between slips and point). The number of players using the LBBT was significantly greater than those using the SBBT (χ2 = 19.2, df = 1, p < 0.001). Given these findings, we were curious to determine whether this finding was similar at other levels of cricket. The second study therefore employed biomechanical and video analyses to evaluate the BBT of current semi-professional, professional and international cricketers (n = 155) from South Africa and the United Kingdom. The backlift of these batsmen was then compared to their career statistics. It was found that a LBBT is more prevalent at the highest levels of the professional game and a likely contributor factor for successful batting at the highest level (p≤0.05). The LBBT was also found to positively affect other components of the batting technique such as the stance and scoring areas. We then proceeded to investigate the BBT amongst the lower levels of cricket (junior and adolescent cricketers). The third study consists of an intervention study that employed a biomechanical analysis of coached and uncoached cricketers (n = 80). It was found that more than 70% of uncoached cricketers adopted a LBBT, whereas more than 70% of coached cricketers adopted the SBBT. Having found that the LBBT is a likely contributing factor for past and current successful batsmen, it was then important to understand what BBT the current cricket coaches are teaching at various proficiency levels. The fourth study explored the teachings of the BBT among international cricket coaches (n = 161) using a mixed methods approach through an online evaluation survey. This study was able to show that a majority of cricket coaches teach what is advocated in coaching manuals and mostly coach the SBBT as opposed to the LBBT at various levels of the game. In the fifth and sixth studies, this thesis further describes two innovative coaching tools that can improve and assist with the coaching of the LBBT. Firstly, a novel coaching cricket bat was investigated…
Advisors/Committee Members: Noakes, Timothy (advisor).

► Rugby union is a popular sport worldwide, and due to the professional nature of the sport the demands on players continues to increase, resulting in…
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▼ Rugby union is a popular sport worldwide, and due to the professional nature of the sport the demands on players continues to increase, resulting in acute and chronic fatigue. The aims of the study were to investigate the tools used to monitor and predict changes in training status and determine the effectiveness of these to: (i) measure the subjective nature of coaches and their selection relating to the players’ performance, and (ii) to use performance indicators to correlate to team performance. The University of Cape Town Rugby Varsity Cup Team (First XV squad) were monitored from their pre-pre-season until the end of their competitive season. Players completed a testing battery (anthropometry, strength, muscular endurance, speed and aerobic fitness) during the season, along with Rating of Perceived Exertion and body mass was recorded every practice. Players also completed the HIMs test (measure of heart rate recovery) weekly. Coaches rated players every practice on three variables and the matches were recorded and video analysis performed to determine key performance variables. Most of the players improved in their testing battery between pre-pre-season and pre-season. Average session load varied across the phases of the season and was highest in the pre-preseason. Change in load however, was not reflected by changes in heart rate recovery which remained relatively stable across the season. The players’ body mass varied throughout the tournament, with certain players having a larger coefficient of variation compared to others. There was no relationship between performance in the testing battery and selection for matches. The coaches all had different ratings for the players, with no correlation between players selected and those not selected. There was a correlation between the subjective rating of players in the week leading up to the match and the match ratings of Coach 3 (head coach). The Varsity Cup rugby union players followed similar trends described in previous literature in physiological testing batteries, training loads and player management. The novel aspect of this study was the collection of data from the coaches involved. This qualitative data provides insight into the coaches’ selection process or lack thereof within a team environment. The data also illustrates the differences between the coaches’ interpretation of the players’ “performance”. The Varsity Cup is a relatively young tournament and should be further investigated to properly understand the differences between it and professional and amateur rugby union.
Advisors/Committee Members: Lambert, Michael I (advisor).

► A single governing body to govern South African rugby was formed in 1992. This allowed for changes to governmental policies to South African sport, resulting…
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▼ A single governing body to govern South African rugby was formed in 1992. This allowed for changes to governmental policies to South African sport, resulting in South African sport being fully representative of the population. The South African Rugby Union (SARU) therefore has a continual challenge to make rugby fully representative at both provincial and national levels. Previously rugby has been dominated by white players at all levels. The SARU has implemented various programmes in order to accelerate the development of players of colour. Previously the success of these programmes has not been evaluated because the players representing different ethnic groups have not been quantified in a systematic way. The aim was to quantify playing time and playing numbers of South African professional rugby players of different ethnic groups from 2007 to 2012 at all professional levels (Springboks, Super Rugby, Currie Cup and Vodacom Cup). Quantifying playing time and playing numbers was done to establish changes in profile of South African rugby players across the given time period. Thus the efficacy of the SARU programmes to accelerate transformation was indirectly evaluated. A further aim was to determine if there had been a change in ethnic profiles between the various rugby unions from 2007 to 2012.
Advisors/Committee Members: Lambert, Michael (advisor).

Du Toit, J. (2014). Playing time of professional senior rugby players across all levels of South African rugby, 2007 -2012: implications for transformation. (Thesis). University of Cape Town. Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/11427/5927

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

Chicago Manual of Style (16th Edition):

Du Toit, Jacques. “Playing time of professional senior rugby players across all levels of South African rugby, 2007 -2012: implications for transformation.” 2014. Thesis, University of Cape Town. Accessed June 07, 2020.
http://hdl.handle.net/11427/5927.

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

Du Toit J. Playing time of professional senior rugby players across all levels of South African rugby, 2007 -2012: implications for transformation. [Internet] [Thesis]. University of Cape Town; 2014. [cited 2020 Jun 07].
Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/11427/5927.

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

Council of Science Editors:

Du Toit J. Playing time of professional senior rugby players across all levels of South African rugby, 2007 -2012: implications for transformation. [Thesis]. University of Cape Town; 2014. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/11427/5927

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

► The studies described in this thesis were the first to investigate in - depth body composition, exercise performance and neuromuscular characteristics of elite Paralympic athletes…
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▼ The studies described in this thesis were the first to investigate in - depth body composition, exercise performance and neuromuscular characteristics of elite Paralympic athletes with cerebral palsy (CP). In the first study, in - depth whole body and site specific body composition was investigated in six athletes with CP using dual - energy x - ray absorptiometry. There were no differences between non - affected and affected sides with respect to bone mineral density and fat mass. Fat free soft tissue mass was lower on the affected side in bot h upper and lower limbs of the athletes. The novel findings of this study provided the first insight into anthropometric and bone physiology of elite Paralympic athletes with CP, and the possible residual effect of CP in these individuals. In the second study, five athletes with CP and 16 able - bodied (AB) age and performance matched controls performed a 30 second Wingate sprint cycle test. Power output was significantly higher in the AB group, although fatigue indices were statistically similar between groups. Muscle activity changed similarly in all muscle groups tested, in both affected and non - affected sides, in both CP and AB groups. However, certain neuromuscular irregularities were identified in the CP group. The similarity in fatigue profile was a novel finding. It was proposed that this similarity in fatigue was the result of long term high level athletic training required for Paralympic competition. Study three tested the similarity in fatigue between CP and AB athletes (that was described in the second study), using an externally paced fatiguing running trial. Six athletes with CP and 12 AB athletes performed one 40 m sprint test and vertical jump tests off both legs, the affected leg individually and the non - affected leg individually, before and after an adapted multistage shuttle run test to exhaustion. The 40 m sprint test, vertical jump off both legs and vertical jump off the affected leg were significantly compromised in the CP group, while vertical jump off the non - affected leg was similar between groups. Both groups fatigued similarly with regard to performance and muscle activity. The third study's finding s generally supported those of the second study. However, it was shown that although athletes with CP may represent a group of individuals who have achieved maximal physiological adaptation toward AB levels, the activity generated by both legs was performed towards the capacity of the affected leg. Study four attempted to elucidate explanations for the novel findings in studies 2 and 3 through investigation of pacing strategies employed by these athletes. Six athletes with CP and 13 AB athletes performed two trials of eight sets of ten shuttles (totalling 1600 m). One trial was distance deceived and the other was non distance deceived. The CP group ran slower than the AB group in both trials, and differences in pacing were observed in the deceived trial in the CP group. This novel study provided evidence for a possible pacing strategy underlying…
Advisors/Committee Members: Derman, Wayne (advisor), Tucker, Ross (advisor), Ferreira, Suzanne (advisor), Albertus-Kajee, Yumna (advisor).

► Introduction Rugby Union (hereinafter referred to as ‘rugby’) is a contact sport with players being exposed to repetitive collisions throughout a match. As the risk…
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▼ Introduction
Rugby Union (hereinafter referred to as ‘rugby’) is a contact sport with players being exposed to repetitive collisions throughout a match. As the risk of injury is relatively high, incidence surveillance studies within rugby has become popular. However most of the studies have focussed on senior players. The data on injuries among youth rugby players are limited. This makes it difficult to develop the game to make it safer for youth of all ages.
Objectives
The first objective of this study was to establish if any injury trends exist across different ages of youth rugby players (13 to 18 years). The second objective was to determine the patterns of injuries changed over four years (2011 to 2014).
Methods
The South African Rugby Union (SA Rugby) hosts four local youth tournaments annually to for local rugby talent: Craven Week under-13, Grant Khomo under-16, Academy Week under-18 and Craven Week under-18. Injury data were collected from the four SARU Youth Week Tournaments between 2011 and 2014. These data were compiled into one central SARU injury surveillance database. Injury categories were used to group data: ‘Type’, ‘Location’, ‘Event’ and ‘Severity’ of injury were assessed. Injuries were defined as either ‘Time-loss’ (those injuries that prevented a player from match participation for one or more days), or ‘Medical attention’ (injuries that required the player to seek medical attention at the time of or after injury but were not required to miss a match). Injury rates were represented by injury incidence densities (IIDs) (corresponding 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs) for IID were calculated for the number of injuries regardless of whether one person was injured more than once) per 1000 hours of match play. Incidence densities were considered to be significantly different from each other if their 95% CIs did not overlap and using Poisson regression analysis.
Results
The ‘overall’ combined IID across all four years was 54.6 injuries per 1000 hours of match play (95%CI: 51.0-58.2). The combined ‘time-loss’ IID was 18.9 injuries per 1000 hours of match play (95%CI: 16.8-21.0). ‘Time-loss’ injuries were greatest in 2011 (23.2 per 1000 match hours (95% CI: 18.5-28.0)). However, ‘time-loss’ injuries rates were significantly reduced in 2013, when compared to these injury rates in 2011 (13.3 (9.7-17.0). Craven Week under-13 presented significantly greater ‘overall’ injury incidence densities when compared to the older age groups (71.9 per 1000 match hours (95% CI: 62.4-81.4)). Overall, joint/ligament/tendon injuries were most common ‘overall’ and ‘time-loss’ injury sustained by players between 2011 and 2014 (30% and 33% respectively). This was followed closely by concussion injuries, which accounted for 29% of ‘time-loss’ and 12% of ‘overall’ injuries. A large proportion of both ‘overall’ (57%) and ‘time-loss’ (55%) injuries occurred during the tackle event, with the tackler being injured more often than the ball-carrier (37% and 18% respectively). However, there were no statistically…
Advisors/Committee Members: Lambert, Michael I (advisor), Brown, James (advisor).

Marsh, J. (2018). Injury incidence and severity at the South African Rugby Union (SARU) Youth Weeks Tournaments: a four year study. (Thesis). University of Cape Town. Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/11427/29198

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

Chicago Manual of Style (16th Edition):

Marsh, Jarred. “Injury incidence and severity at the South African Rugby Union (SARU) Youth Weeks Tournaments: a four year study.” 2018. Thesis, University of Cape Town. Accessed June 07, 2020.
http://hdl.handle.net/11427/29198.

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

Council of Science Editors:

Marsh J. Injury incidence and severity at the South African Rugby Union (SARU) Youth Weeks Tournaments: a four year study. [Thesis]. University of Cape Town; 2018. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/11427/29198

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

University of Cape Town

17.
Bakkum, Amanda.
A randomised control trial for the restoration of functional ability in patients post total knee arthroplasty: a comparison of eccentric versus concentric cycling ergometry.

► Purpose: The predominant impairment to function following a total knee arthroplasty (TKA) is a distinctive reduction in quadriceps muscle strength. It has been suggested that…
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▼ Purpose: The predominant impairment to function following a total knee arthroplasty (TKA) is a distinctive reduction in quadriceps muscle strength. It has been suggested that eccentric rehabilitation may be more beneficial than traditional concentric only rehabilitation at improving muscle strength, physical functioning and quality of life in this population. The aim of this study was therefore to determine if an eccentric cycling ergometry rehabilitation intervention (a) was feasible in participant's early after TKA surgery (Study 1), (b) resulted in greater improvements in muscle strength and endurance, as well as muscle activity and muscle volume (Study 2) and, (c)resulted in greater knee functional ability, health related quality of life and physical activity levels (Study 3), when compared to an concentric cycling ergometry rehabilitation intervention. Finally, knee and hip kinematics, ground reaction force and muscle activity was described during the sit-to-stand transfer within this population (Study 4). Methods: Eighteen age- and sex-matched participants', three to nine month's post-TKA were recruited and randomly divided into either an eccentric or concentric cycling rehabilitation intervention. The participants were required to perform three exercise sessions a week, over a period of eight weeks. Isokinetic strength and muscle activity of the quadriceps and hamstring muscles, sit-to-stand motion capture analysis and knee functional ability and health related quality of life questionnaires (Knee Injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score, SF-36Health Survey and Tegner Activity Scale) were assessed pre and post- rehabilitation intervention. Data Analysis: Two-way repeated-measures analysis of variance were used to analyse the effects of time and the ECC and CON intervention groups and the group/time interaction for each of the dependent variables. Results: The eccentric rehabilitation intervention was well tolerated with regards to pain levels in participants' as early as three months post-TKA, the peak level of pain perceived per session, never exceeding a "mild" classification. The eccentric intervention resulted in greater power (P= 0.029) and work output (P ≤ 0.001) with a reduced overall heart rate (P= 0.014) ; moderate decreases in biceps femoris (BF) muscle activity (-3.2%) and increases in the lean thigh volume (+807.32) of the uninvolved limb; as well as improvements in the physical fun ctioning (+12.2%) and physical role functioning SF-36 scores (+22.2%) and the level of physical activity (+0.9) (Tegner activity scale). The concentric intervention resulted in decreases in vastus lateralis (VL) muscle activity (-8.17%) and work fatigue (-7.34%) and increases in the lean thigh volume (+677.49) and the hip abduction angle (+ 2.67°) (sit-to-stand) of the involved limb. Conclusion: The eccentric rehabilitation intervention is well tolerated with regards to pain and is characterised by significantly greater power output produced and work performed at significantly lower heart rates. Eccentric cycling…
Advisors/Committee Members: Posthumus, Michael (advisor), Albertus, Yumna (advisor), Collins, Malcolm (advisor).

Bakkum, A. (2015). A randomised control trial for the restoration of functional ability in patients post total knee arthroplasty: a comparison of eccentric versus concentric cycling ergometry. (Thesis). University of Cape Town. Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/11427/16477

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

Bakkum A. A randomised control trial for the restoration of functional ability in patients post total knee arthroplasty: a comparison of eccentric versus concentric cycling ergometry. [Internet] [Thesis]. University of Cape Town; 2015. [cited 2020 Jun 07].
Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/11427/16477.

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

Council of Science Editors:

Bakkum A. A randomised control trial for the restoration of functional ability in patients post total knee arthroplasty: a comparison of eccentric versus concentric cycling ergometry. [Thesis]. University of Cape Town; 2015. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/11427/16477

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

▼ Previous findings have suggested that functional variants within collagen encoding genes are associated with several musculoskeletal soft tissue injuries and other exercise-related phenotypes. Specifically variants within the functional COL5A1 3’- untranslated region (UTR) have previously been associated with (1) chronic Achilles tendinopathy, (2) Anterior Cruciate Ligament (ACL) ruptures in females, (3) endurance running performance and (4) range of motion (ROM). Since this gene encodes for an important structural component of the collagen fibril it has been hypothesised that variants within other collagen fibril encoding genes, such as COL3A1, COL6A1 and COL12A1, will also be associated with these and/or other musculoskeletal soft tissue injuries and exercise-related phenotypes. The COL5A1 rs12722 and COL12A1 rs970547 gene variants have been previously associated with risk of ACL ruptures in females [153;154] and/or chronic Achilles tendinopathy [131;181]. The first aim of this thesis was therefore to investigate the COL3A1 rs1800255 and COL6A1 rs35796750 gene variants as risk factors for these musculoskeletal soft tissue injuries.
Advisors/Committee Members: Collins, Malcolm (advisor), Posthumus, Michael (advisor).

► Introduction: In recent years, there has been a move to understand the environment and context in which athletes develop. South Africa’s unique context provides an…
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▼ Introduction: In recent years, there has been a move to understand the environment and context in which athletes develop. South Africa’s unique context provides an opportunity to understand how environmental factors could influence talent development in cricket. Since democracy, there has been limited representation of Black African cricketers at the elite levels in South Africa. Therefore, the aim of this thesis was to determine the role that socio-ecological factors may play in the development of cricket talent in a diverse society. Methods: Qualitative research methods were used to explore the experiences and perceptions of South Africa’s male cricketers as they progressed through the talent pathway from exposure to the game to the elite level. The perceived effectiveness of the introduction of an ethnic target policy was also explored. Seventy-one semi-structured interviews were conducted with a purposive sample of players from all ethnic groups (n=43), and with knowledgeable and experienced key informants (n=16). A thematic analysis of the data resulted in the identification of themes which are presented using a multi-level socio-ecological framework. Results: All players progressed to the elite level; however, their access points to and routes through the pathway varied. This progress was influenced by the inter-relationship of distal and proximal socio-ecological factors that they experienced during their cricketing careers. These influences can be summarised into five talent development components that acted either as barriers or enablers to progress: (1) access to opportunities and competition, (2) holistic player development, (3) effective support networks, (4) inclusive team environments, and (5) adaptive mind-sets. In addition, various intrapersonal characteristics were identified that further affect a player’s ability to achieve elite cricketing success. Finally, it was determined that an ethnic target policy alone is not an effective intervention for developing cricket talent in a diverse society undergoing transition. Conclusion: A socio-ecological framework to talent development lends additional support to the idiosyncratic, multifactorial, dynamic and complex way in which cricket expertise is achieved, particularly in diverse societies. It provides stakeholders involved in the talent development process with evidence to inform policy and practice, as well as design effective interventions.
Advisors/Committee Members: Draper, Catherine E (advisor), Gray, Janine (advisor), Taliep, Sharhidd (advisor).

Dove, M. A. (2018). Socio-ecological factors in talent development in cricketers in a diverse society. (Doctoral Dissertation). University of Cape Town. Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/11427/29800

Chicago Manual of Style (16th Edition):

Dove, Mary Ann. “Socio-ecological factors in talent development in cricketers in a diverse society.” 2018. Doctoral Dissertation, University of Cape Town. Accessed June 07, 2020.
http://hdl.handle.net/11427/29800.

► Rugby union has rich tradition in South Africa with the national team having won the Rugby World Cup in 1995 and 2007. The major rugby…
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▼ Rugby union has rich tradition in South Africa with the national team having won the Rugby World Cup in 1995 and 2007. The major rugby nations South Africa competes against have clearly defined rugby talent identification (TID) and development (TDE) pathways. These pathways are not as well described in South Africa where the South African Rugby Union (SARU) has adopted a model of identifying talent at an early age through competition. For example, national competitions occur at U13 (Craven Week), U16 (Grant Khomo Week) and U18 (Craven Week and Academy Week) levels. Previous research on talent identification has highlighted the pitfalls of early talent identification. In particular different rates of maturation can influence the manifestation of talent. In a collision sport such as rugby the early maturers have a distinct advantage. An added complexity in the South African context is the need to provide an appropriate development environment within which transformation can take place. At all levels in South African professional rugby, white players dominate team selection. One of the reasons suggested for this dominance is the physical size of white players compared to their black and mixed race (coloured) counterparts. Rugby is a contact sport and physical size is associated with success, so the need to quantify physical difference between racial groups at a junior level over time is important. The first objective of the thesis was to examine the profiles of U18 Craven Week rugby players to gain insight into the development pathway from U13 to U18. A second aim was to understand factors influencing transformation by measuring the physical profiles of the various racial groups over time. The thesis consists of two studies. The specific objective of the first study was quantify how many players in the 2005 U13 Craven Week (n=349) participated in the subsequent U16 Grant Khomo and U18 Craven Week. The study showed that 31.5% of the players who played in the U13 Craven Week, were selected to play at U16 Grant Khomo Week and 24.1% were selected for the U18 Craven Week tournaments. Another interpretation is that 76% of the players selected for the U13 tournament did not play at the U18 Craven Week tournament. The objective of the second study was to determine whether there are differences in body mass, stature and body mass index (BMI) between racial groups in U18 Craven Week players. Another objective was to determine whether these measurements changed between 2002-2012. Self-reported body mass and stature were obtained from U18 players (n=4007) who attended the national tournament during this period. BMI was calculated for each player. The body mass, stature and BMI of these players in South Africa were significantly different between racial groups. For example, white players were 9.8 kg heavier than black players, who were 2.3 kg heavier than coloured players (p<0.0001). The body mass of all groups increased from 2002-2012 (p < 0.0001). White players were 7.0 cm taller than black players, who were 0.5 cm taller than…
Advisors/Committee Members: Lambert, Mike (advisor).

Durandt, J. (2018). A description of the profiles of U18 rugby players who attended the Craven Week tournament between 2002-2012. (Thesis). University of Cape Town. Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/11427/29657

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

Chicago Manual of Style (16th Edition):

Durandt, Justin. “A description of the profiles of U18 rugby players who attended the Craven Week tournament between 2002-2012.” 2018. Thesis, University of Cape Town. Accessed June 07, 2020.
http://hdl.handle.net/11427/29657.

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

Durandt J. A description of the profiles of U18 rugby players who attended the Craven Week tournament between 2002-2012. [Internet] [Thesis]. University of Cape Town; 2018. [cited 2020 Jun 07].
Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/11427/29657.

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

Council of Science Editors:

Durandt J. A description of the profiles of U18 rugby players who attended the Craven Week tournament between 2002-2012. [Thesis]. University of Cape Town; 2018. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/11427/29657

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

Eastern Illinois University

21.
Streif, Victoria.
The Effects of Aerobic and Muscular Endurance Based Resistance Exercises on the Cardiorespiratory System in College Age Females.

► The purpose of this study was to evaluate the cardiorespiratory response in college age females, between the ages of 19 and 24, before and…
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▼ The purpose of this study was to evaluate the cardiorespiratory response in college age females, between the ages of 19 and 24, before and after participating in a six week moderate-vigorous aerobic exercise program compared to a six week moderate-vigorous aerobic exercise program combined with a muscular endurance based resistance training program. Specifically, which mode of exercise has the most significant effect on cardiorespiratory fitness? Methods: Twelve sedentary college age females between the ages of 19 to 24 years, with a mean age of 20.9 years, participated in the study. Eligible participants were randomly assigned to one of three groups: an aerobic exercise only group (n=5), a combination of aerobic exercise and muscular endurance based resistance training group (n=3), and a control group (n=4). Subjects in the aerobic exercise only group participated in a six week program of moderate-vigorous aerobic exercise at 60-75% of their measured target heart rate reserve for a total of 50 minutes, three days per week. Subjects in the combination exercise group participated in a six week program of aerobic exercise at 60-75% of their measured target heart rate reserve for 30 minutes, in addition to a muscular endurance based resistance training program, three days per week. Subjects in the control group were asked to refrain from exercise during the six week period. Anthropometric measurements and cardiorespiratory fitness were assessed pre- and post-training period. Cardiorespiratory fitness was assessed through graded exercise testing (Bruce protocol) and continuous pulmonary gas exchange and indirect calorimetry. Results: A mixed ANOVA analysis (p<0.05) showed no significant difference between maximal VO2 measurements in regard to time and group (p=0.50). A paired samples t-test further showed no significant difference between the pre- and post-training measurements in maximal VO2 (p=0.162). A second mixed ANOVA analysis (p<0.05) showed no significant difference between measured HRmax in regard to time and the experimental group (p=0.113). A paired samples t-test further showed no significant difference between the pre- and post-training measurements in maximal heart rate (p=0.892). Conclusion: In sedentary females, between the ages of 19 and 24, six weeks of moderate-vigorous aerobic exercise plus muscular endurance resistance training elicited no significant difference from six weeks of moderate-vigorous aerobic exercise alone, in regard to the effects on cardiorespiratory fitness. The findings of this study were not in agreement with the suggestion that combination training has a greater impact on the components of cardiorespiratory endurance than aerobic exercise alone. However, the suggestion that no significant change would occur over an extended period of time within sedentary females who had no alteration in physical activity level was supported. Furthermore, in order to elicit a change in cardiorespiratory fitness,…
Advisors/Committee Members: Stacey L. Ruholl.

Streif, V. (2014). The Effects of Aerobic and Muscular Endurance Based Resistance Exercises on the Cardiorespiratory System in College Age Females. (Masters Thesis). Eastern Illinois University. Retrieved from https://thekeep.eiu.edu/theses/1321

Chicago Manual of Style (16th Edition):

Streif, Victoria. “The Effects of Aerobic and Muscular Endurance Based Resistance Exercises on the Cardiorespiratory System in College Age Females.” 2014. Masters Thesis, Eastern Illinois University. Accessed June 07, 2020.
https://thekeep.eiu.edu/theses/1321.

MLA Handbook (7th Edition):

Streif, Victoria. “The Effects of Aerobic and Muscular Endurance Based Resistance Exercises on the Cardiorespiratory System in College Age Females.” 2014. Web. 07 Jun 2020.

Vancouver:

Streif V. The Effects of Aerobic and Muscular Endurance Based Resistance Exercises on the Cardiorespiratory System in College Age Females. [Internet] [Masters thesis]. Eastern Illinois University; 2014. [cited 2020 Jun 07].
Available from: https://thekeep.eiu.edu/theses/1321.

Council of Science Editors:

Streif V. The Effects of Aerobic and Muscular Endurance Based Resistance Exercises on the Cardiorespiratory System in College Age Females. [Masters Thesis]. Eastern Illinois University; 2014. Available from: https://thekeep.eiu.edu/theses/1321

► Those athletes who run at high speeds require eccentric strength when the hamstring muscles are in a lengthened state in order to absorb the…
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▼ Those athletes who run at high speeds require eccentric strength when the hamstring muscles are in a lengthened state in order to absorb the increased forces, decreasing injury rate and performance deficits (Schmitt, Tyler & McHugh 2012). The purpose of this study was to determine if the intervention of an eccentric hamstring strengthening program would increase peak torque production in eccentric and concentric hamstring and quadriceps movements in Division I Men and Women Varsity soccer players.
Participants included 8 Division I soccer athletes (3 men, 5 women, mean age = 19.3 years (men) and 19.4 years (women), mean height = 71in (men) and 67.4in (women), mean weight = 166lbs (men) and 139.8lbs (women)). A W-Critical (One-Tail) test was run on the peak torque extension and flexion for eccentric and concentric movements comparing pre-test measurements to post-test measurements. A significant mean difference was found for concentric flexion of the non-dominant leg with a mean difference of -9.46. Other significant differences were found for peak torque where the pre-test had higher measurements. This included dominant extension at 150ft/lbs (mean difference = 9.42), dominant eccentric flexion at 60ft/lbs (mean difference = 15.28), non-dominant eccentric flexion at 150ft/lbs (mean difference = 4.74), dominant concentric flexion at 180ft/lbs (5.38) and non-dominant concentric flexion at 180ft/lbs (mean difference = 2.74).
Prior to completing the eccentric hamstring strengthening program, participants self-reported having a total of 63 lower leg injuries. During the spring season, no lower leg injuries were recorded for either men or women. It was concluded from the findings of this study that an eccentric hamstring strength training program had no effect on eccentric peak torque. An increase in non-dominant peak torque for concentric flexion at 60ft/lbs was found.
Advisors/Committee Members: John R. Storsved.

► The purpose of this study was to determine and compare the influence of three different pre-exercise routines (jogging, proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation in addition to…
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▼ The purpose of this study was to determine and compare the influence of three different pre-exercise routines (jogging, proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation in addition to jogging (PNFJ), and whole body vibration (WBV)) on vertical jump (VJ) performance. Twelve physically active, collegiate males between the ages of 18-24 years were recruited to participate. The subjects performed four VJ tests on four nonconsecutive days with a control VJ being performed on the first day and the three remaining VJ performed after each of the pre-exercise routines that were conducted in random order. The jogging pre-exercise routine lasted 5 minutes at light to moderate intensity of 11-13 on a 6-20 RPE scale). The PNF pre-exercise routine consisted of 10 seconds of maximal isometric contraction of the hamstring muscles followed by relaxation and 10 second passive stretch. The WBV pre-exercise routine was performed on a vibration plate in a half squat isometric position for 30 seconds with a frequency of 50 Hz. For each VJ test, three counter movement jumps (CMJ) were performed. Each CMJ was performed at 15 seconds, 75 seconds, and 135 seconds following each of the pre-exercise routines. The highest CMJ jump was recorded as the VJ for that test. There were no significant differences in VJ performance following jogging, PNF, and WBV routine when compared to the control condition. There were also no significant differences between VJ following the jogging and WBV pre-exercise routines. However VJ performance was significantly higher following jogging (p < 0.018) and WBV (p < 0.042) pre-exercise routines compared to PNFJ.
Advisors/Committee Members: John D. (Jake) Emmett.

► The purpose of this study was to test multiple jump performance subsequent to glute bridges performed with and without whole body vibration (WBV). Multiple…
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▼ The purpose of this study was to test multiple jump performance subsequent to glute bridges performed with and without whole body vibration (WBV). Multiple jump performance was assessed via a four-hop test to examine average jump height, ground contact time, and the explosive leg power factor. Twenty recreationally active subjects, ages 18-42, with more than one year of consistent recreational resistance training experience participated. Prior to testing, one familiarization session took place that involved explanation of procedures. This included practice of glute bridging on the vibration plate and the multiple hop performance test. After the familiarization session, two testing sessions then took place 72 hours apart to allow for proper recovery. In each testing session, a pre-test of 4 countermovement jumps (CMJs) were performed, followed by a rest time of 2 minutes, followed by glute bridging, followed by a rest time of 4 minutes, and then a post-test of 4 CMJs were again performed. All subjects performed glute bridges in both conditions: on the vibration plate (experimental) and on a bench step (control). Subjects were randomly assigned to a condition for the 1st testing session, and then participated in the other condition for the second testing session. The results indicated no significant differences between the vibration and control conditions in ground contact time, explosive leg power factor, and jump height (p > 0.05). Furthermore, there were no significant differences in ground contact time and the explosive leg power factor from the pre-test to the post-test, irrespective of whether the condition was vibration or control (p > 0.05). However, there was a significant difference decrease in jump height from the pre-test to the post-test across the vibration and control conditions (p = 0.037). The findings suggest performing 4 sets of glute bridges with WBV preceding 4 countermovement jumps (CMJs) did not increase jump height, ground contact time, and explosive leg power factor compared to not using WBV.
Advisors/Committee Members: Jeffrey M. Willardson.

▼ Introduction: Our circadian rhythms are internal biological rhythms of approximately (circa) 24 - hours (dies) allowing us to synchronize our internal biological “clock” with external time cues. Many innate biological functions are dependent on time-of-day, such as secreting adrenaline and cortisol in the mornings and melatonin in the evenings. The time-of-day at which these and other physiological functions are active, change or reach a certain level may influence a person’s diurnal preference, i.e. preference for mornings (morning-types) or evenings (evening-types), and is referred to as ‘chronotype’. Many different factors may affect a person’s chronotype, including age, sex, physical activity, ethnicity and geographical location. Certain clock-related genotypes have also been shown to be associated with chronotype. For example, some studies have found that the 5-repeat allele of the PER3 variable number tandem repeat (VNTR) polymorphism (PER35) is associated with a preference for mornings. Recent research has shown a high prevalence of morning-types and PER35VNTR allele carriers in trained South African runners, cyclists and triathletes. It was proposed that the early morning start-times of these endurance events might select people with a preference for mornings, since morning-types may cope better with rising early and being physically active in the early morning. Alternatively, the habitual early waking for training or endurance events may have conditioned the athletes to adapt to become morning-types. However, the geographical location of South Africa (i.e. climate and day length) and the fact that each group was physically active may also have contributed to this finding. Comparison of South African and Dutch runners would allow us to explore the effects of race start time and geography on this observation, since marathons in The Netherlands on average start at 11:41, and since the two countries differ significantly in latitude and as such have noticeable differences in daylight exposure. Aims: The aims of this study were 1) to compare the PER3VNTR genotype and chronotype distribution of South African and Dutch recreational marathon runners and active but non-competitive controls; 2) to investigate the relationship between the PER3VNTR genotype and chronotype in both the Dutch and South African samples; and 3) to determine whether marathon race time is associated with chronotype and PER3VNTR genotype in Dutch and South African marathon Methods: Ninety-five trained South African male marathon runners, 97 South African male active but non-competitive controls, 90 trained Dutch male marathon runners and 98 Dutch male active but non-competitive controls completed a questionnaire capturing demographics, training and race history, including personal best and most recent full and half-marathon race time (if applicable) and the Horne-Östberg morningness-eveningness personality questionnaire (HÖ-MEQ, a tool to assess a…
Advisors/Committee Members: Rae, Dale (advisor), Roden, Laura (advisor).

Henst, R. (2014). The role of chronotype in the participation and performance of South African and Dutch marathon runners. (Thesis). University of Cape Town. Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/11427/13131

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

Chicago Manual of Style (16th Edition):

Henst, Rob. “The role of chronotype in the participation and performance of South African and Dutch marathon runners.” 2014. Thesis, University of Cape Town. Accessed June 07, 2020.
http://hdl.handle.net/11427/13131.

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

MLA Handbook (7th Edition):

Henst, Rob. “The role of chronotype in the participation and performance of South African and Dutch marathon runners.” 2014. Web. 07 Jun 2020.

Vancouver:

Henst R. The role of chronotype in the participation and performance of South African and Dutch marathon runners. [Internet] [Thesis]. University of Cape Town; 2014. [cited 2020 Jun 07].
Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/11427/13131.

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

Council of Science Editors:

Henst R. The role of chronotype in the participation and performance of South African and Dutch marathon runners. [Thesis]. University of Cape Town; 2014. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/11427/13131

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

► The primary objectives of this dissertation were to investigate the behavioural and neurophysiological factors related to overweight and obesity, as well as to weight loss…
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▼ The primary objectives of this dissertation were to investigate the behavioural and neurophysiological factors related to overweight and obesity, as well as to weight loss maintenance versus weight relapse in a purposively sampled group of healthy South African women. The battery of investigations was designed to explore two central hypotheses: First, weight loss induces several behavioural compensations related to habitual eating behaviour and daily physical activity (PA) practices which facilitate the generation of a chronic positive energy balance, thereby increasing the risk of weight regain in reduced-overweight and reduced-obese women. Second, overweight and obese women as well as those at risk of undergoing relapse exhibit heightened indices of visual food cue-reactivity in various regions of the brain associated with obesogenic eating and reward-seeking tendencies. The novelty of this thesis lies in that we ascertained dietary, PA and psychobehavioural variables through both subjective accounts and objective measurement. Moreover, we employed electroencephalography to objectively evaluate high resolution temporal changes in visual food cue processing to test our second hypothesis. Overweight and obesity treatments focus, for the most part, on dietary- and/or exercise-centred interventions to facilitate weight loss. Our data suggest that certain interaction effects exist between the perception of environmental food cues and variables such as dietary restraint, habitual fat intake, body shape dissatisfaction and total body adiposity
[Note: this thesis is embargoed until 30 November 2016]
Advisors/Committee Members: Lambert, Vicki (advisor).

► Static stretching is commonly performed by athletes and clinicians on the assumption that it increases joint range of motion (ROM). However, observations from our laboratory…
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▼ Static stretching is commonly performed by athletes and clinicians on the assumption that it increases joint range of motion (ROM). However, observations from our laboratory indicate that there is an apparent inter-individual variance in the change in ROM in response to static stretching. Furthermore, prolonged repetitive loading has also been shown to affect ROM of a joint or series of joints. In particular, runners have a significantly decreased hamstring ROM. The aim of this study was to investigate the factors which are associated with a change in ROM in response to 1) a static stretch session and 2) prolonged repetitive loading. The findings showed that there is a variable response in the change in ROM following both a SSS intervention and in response to participation in a 42.2 or 56 km road race. More specifically, about 10% of the participants had a reduction in ROM after the SSS while the majority of participants had a reduced ROM after completing the marathon or ultra marathon.
Advisors/Committee Members: Collins, Malcolm (advisor), Schwellnus, Martin (advisor).

Miller, C. (2011). Intrinsic and extrinsic factors associated with change in range of motion (ROM) after a single stretch session and repeated loading following an endurance run. (Thesis). University of Cape Town. Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/11427/10688

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

Chicago Manual of Style (16th Edition):

Miller, Caron-Jayne. “Intrinsic and extrinsic factors associated with change in range of motion (ROM) after a single stretch session and repeated loading following an endurance run.” 2011. Thesis, University of Cape Town. Accessed June 07, 2020.
http://hdl.handle.net/11427/10688.

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

MLA Handbook (7th Edition):

Miller, Caron-Jayne. “Intrinsic and extrinsic factors associated with change in range of motion (ROM) after a single stretch session and repeated loading following an endurance run.” 2011. Web. 07 Jun 2020.

Vancouver:

Miller C. Intrinsic and extrinsic factors associated with change in range of motion (ROM) after a single stretch session and repeated loading following an endurance run. [Internet] [Thesis]. University of Cape Town; 2011. [cited 2020 Jun 07].
Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/11427/10688.

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

Council of Science Editors:

Miller C. Intrinsic and extrinsic factors associated with change in range of motion (ROM) after a single stretch session and repeated loading following an endurance run. [Thesis]. University of Cape Town; 2011. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/11427/10688

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

University of Cape Town

28.
Webster, Christopher Charles.
Endogenous glucose production and gluconeogenesis during exercise in athletes on either a low-carbohydrate or mixed diet.

▼ INTRODUCTION. The LCHF diet produces major changes in whole-body substrate metabolism and energy stores such as reduced muscle and liver glycogen content, increased rates of fat oxidation and decreased rates of carbohydrate (CHO) oxidation. Despite reduced CHO availability, the rate of CHO oxidation that can be sustained during exercise in LCHF athletes is surprisingly high. The most probable source of this glucose is via the process of gluconeogenesis (GNG). However, endogenous glucose production (EGP) and GNG has not been studied during exercise in athletes on a LCHF diet. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine if there are differences in EGP, GNG and glycogenolysis (GLY) during exercise in endurance-trained athletes who habitually eat either a mixed or LCHF diet. METHODS. Fourteen (7 LCHF, 7 Mix) endurance-trained male cyclists (VO₂max 61 ± 5 ml/kg/min LCHF; 6 3 ± 8 ml/kg/min Mix), matched for age (36 ± 6 y LCHF; 32 ± 5 y Mix), body composition (BMI 23.6 ± 1.8 LCHF; 23.4 ± 2.0 Mix) and relative peak power output (4.8 ± 0.4 W/kg LCHF; 5.0 ± 0.4 W/kg Mix), were recruited. Diets were analysed using the Automated Self-Administered 24-hour Recall (ASA24) analysis software. Participants cycled for 2 h at 55% of peak power output during which EGP was measured by infusion of [6,6- ²H₂ ]glucose, and fractional gluconeogenesis was measured by ingestion of ²H₂O. Blood samples were collected at regular intervals for isotope enrichment analysis. R ESULTS. Rates of GNG were similar during exercise in both the LCHF and mixed diet groups (2.8 ± 0.4 mg/kg/min LCHF; 2.5 ± 0.3 mg/kg/min Mix). The rates of GLY during exercise were significantly higher in the mixed diet group than the LCHF group (3.2 ± 0.7 mg/kg/min LCHF; 5.3 ± 0.9 mg/kg/min Mix) which resulted in significantly higher rates of EGP in the mixed diet group (6.0 ± 0.9 mg/kg/min LCHF; 7.8 ± 1.1 mg/kg/min Mix). There were significant differences in the mean fat oxidation rates (1.2 ± 0.2 g/min LCHF; 0.5 ± 0.2 g/min Mix) and CHO oxidation rates (1.3 ± 0.5 g/min LCHF; 3.1 ± 0.5 g/min Mix). Blood beta-hydroxbutyrate (βHB) concentrations were significantly higher in the LCHF group than in the mixed diet group throughout exercise but there were no differences in plasma glucose, plasma lactate, serum insulin or serum FFA concentrations. The diets of the two groups differed only in fat and CHO intake (%Protein / %Fat / %CHO: 21/72/7 LCHF; 16/33/51 Mix). DISCUSSION. Rates of fat oxidation and CHO oxidation were not associated with the rates of GNG. Apart from βHB, the precursor, substrate and insulin concentrations were remarkably similar in both groups and may have influenced GNG similarly in both groups. We conclude that rates of GNG are relatively stable across a broad range of habitual diets that can significantly alter substrate utilisation, and that dietary CHO modulates the rates of EGP via alterations in rates of GLY, both at rest and during exercise.
Advisors/Committee Members: Noakes, Timothy (advisor), Smith, James (advisor).

Webster, C. C. (2015). Endogenous glucose production and gluconeogenesis during exercise in athletes on either a low-carbohydrate or mixed diet. (Thesis). University of Cape Town. Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/11427/19948

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

Chicago Manual of Style (16th Edition):

Webster, Christopher Charles. “Endogenous glucose production and gluconeogenesis during exercise in athletes on either a low-carbohydrate or mixed diet.” 2015. Thesis, University of Cape Town. Accessed June 07, 2020.
http://hdl.handle.net/11427/19948.

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

MLA Handbook (7th Edition):

Webster, Christopher Charles. “Endogenous glucose production and gluconeogenesis during exercise in athletes on either a low-carbohydrate or mixed diet.” 2015. Web. 07 Jun 2020.

Vancouver:

Webster CC. Endogenous glucose production and gluconeogenesis during exercise in athletes on either a low-carbohydrate or mixed diet. [Internet] [Thesis]. University of Cape Town; 2015. [cited 2020 Jun 07].
Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/11427/19948.

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

Council of Science Editors:

Webster CC. Endogenous glucose production and gluconeogenesis during exercise in athletes on either a low-carbohydrate or mixed diet. [Thesis]. University of Cape Town; 2015. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/11427/19948

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

University of Cape Town

29.
Wulfsohn, Jason.
The agreement, reliability and accuracy of a subjective-rating for technique measurement in rugby union after video-based training.

▼ Background: Rugby union is a high-intensity, intermittent sport, characterised by numerous contact events, such as rucks, mauls, scrums, and tackles. Specifically, the tackle is the most common action to occur during a rugby game. Subsequently, the tackle (tackler and ballcarrier) is responsible for the highest number of total injuries during a season. The most effective tackle technique is associated with a lower risk of injury than poorly executed tackles. Considering the prevalence of tackles, their propensity to cause injury, and the link between safety and proper tackle technique, a tool for assessing individual tackling and ball-carrying technique would be useful for rugby union researchers and practitioners. In particular, the assessment of tackling and ball-carrying technique would aid in monitoring adaptations to training, evaluating training programs and the prescription of training, assessing player qualities, and predicting performance and identifying future talent.
Objectives: The primary objectives of this study were 1) to determine if undergoing videobased training would improve the agreement, reliability, and accuracy of raters using a subjective-rating measure to assess contact technique in rugby union, and 2) to establish if a self-selected viewing pace resulted in improved agreement, reliability, and criterion-validity over a real-time pace.
Methods: Data were collected from 30 participants, with no prior experience in rugby union, who were randomly divided into training and non-training groups. After completing the training or non-training visits, all participants conducted tackling and ball-carrying technique assessments in 4 subsequent visits. Participants viewed video footage of players tackling and carrying the ball into contact during a full contact rugby drill on a laptop computer. Participants assessed tackling and ball-carrying technique using the standardised list of technical criteria. Technical proficiency scores were calculated out of 12 for tackling technique and out of 10 for ball-carrying technique, respectively. Agreement and reliability of the assessments were measured using the proportion of observed agreement (Po) and Kappa statistics (K). Criterion validity (accuracy) was measured using the proportion of observed agreement (Po) by comparing the raters’ assessments to a criterion. Between groups comparisons for technical proficiency scores and accuracy were done with hypothesis testing and effect sizes.
Results: Over the real-time and self-selected paces, the training group produced 61-73% (K=0.24-0.38, Fair) and 63-73% (K=0.12-0.17, Poor) inter-rater agreement for tackling and ball-carrying technique, respectively. The non-training group produced 61-72% (K=0.26-0.38, Fair) and 59-71% (K=0.15-0.19, Poor) inter-rater agreement for tackling and ball-carrying technique, respectively. Including both real-time and self-selected paces, the within session intra-rater agreement for the training group ranged from 71-84% (K=0.43-0.65, Moderate-Substantial) and 74-83% (K=0.39-0.48,…
Advisors/Committee Members: Hendricks, Sharief (advisor), Lambert, Michael (advisor).

Wulfsohn, J. (2018). The agreement, reliability and accuracy of a subjective-rating for technique measurement in rugby union after video-based training. (Masters Thesis). University of Cape Town. Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/11427/29227

Wulfsohn J. The agreement, reliability and accuracy of a subjective-rating for technique measurement in rugby union after video-based training. [Masters Thesis]. University of Cape Town; 2018. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/11427/29227

University of Cape Town

30.
Pienaar, Paula Roxana.
Microvascular endothelial function in a multi-ethnic group of apparently healthy South African men and women: Implications for testing and the relationship between insulin resistance and microvascular reactivity.

▼ Endothelial dysfunction is associated with cardiovascular disease risk factors and precedes structural changes in the blood vessels that occur prior to clinical manifestations. Measuring ethnic differences in microvascular endothelial function will provide insight into the disparate cardio-metabolic disease profiles that exist within a multi-ethnic South African population. Moreover, it has been shown that insulin resistance is associated with microvascular endothelial dysfunction in obese persons4, but it is unclear whether this relationship is mediated by body fat in apparently healthy individuals with and without insulin resistance. To our knowledge this has not been done in a South African population. Aims: The overall aim of this thesis was to measure microvascular endothelial function using Laser Doppler Imagery (LDI) and iontophoresis of acetylcholine (ACh) and sodium nitroprusside (SNP) in a multi-ethnic, apparently healthy group to determine whether: 1) there are ethnic differences in microvascular endothelial function and 2) whether the association between microvascular endothelial function and insulin resistance (IR) is independent of body fat in women with and without IR.
Advisors/Committee Members: Lambert, Estelle V (advisor), Micklesfield, Lisa K (advisor).

Pienaar, P. R. (2014). Microvascular endothelial function in a multi-ethnic group of apparently healthy South African men and women: Implications for testing and the relationship between insulin resistance and microvascular reactivity. (Thesis). University of Cape Town. Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/11427/13967

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

Chicago Manual of Style (16th Edition):

Pienaar, Paula Roxana. “Microvascular endothelial function in a multi-ethnic group of apparently healthy South African men and women: Implications for testing and the relationship between insulin resistance and microvascular reactivity.” 2014. Thesis, University of Cape Town. Accessed June 07, 2020.
http://hdl.handle.net/11427/13967.

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

MLA Handbook (7th Edition):

Pienaar, Paula Roxana. “Microvascular endothelial function in a multi-ethnic group of apparently healthy South African men and women: Implications for testing and the relationship between insulin resistance and microvascular reactivity.” 2014. Web. 07 Jun 2020.

Vancouver:

Pienaar PR. Microvascular endothelial function in a multi-ethnic group of apparently healthy South African men and women: Implications for testing and the relationship between insulin resistance and microvascular reactivity. [Internet] [Thesis]. University of Cape Town; 2014. [cited 2020 Jun 07].
Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/11427/13967.

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation

Council of Science Editors:

Pienaar PR. Microvascular endothelial function in a multi-ethnic group of apparently healthy South African men and women: Implications for testing and the relationship between insulin resistance and microvascular reactivity. [Thesis]. University of Cape Town; 2014. Available from: http://hdl.handle.net/11427/13967

Note: this citation may be lacking information needed for this citation format:Not specified: Masters Thesis or Doctoral Dissertation