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Ladies liberated Europe in the eyes of Russian soldiers and officers (1944-1945 gg.)

In the development of the theme and in addition to the paperLena Sieniawska"The Red Army in Europe in 1945: an old and new patterns of perception in Russia and in the West",
posted on the website May 10, 2012, we offer our readers the latest
article of the same creator, placed in the magazine "Proceedings of the
Petrozavodsk municipal university," May, 2012. Number 3 (124). Pp.
13-19.

At
the end with a step majestically Russian war, liberating the occupied
Germans and their satellites of the Soviet countryside and pursuing the
retreating enemy army ran across the reddish municipal borders of the
USSR. From now begun its triumphant way for Europe — and those 6 years
of languishing under the Nazi occupation, and those who have spoken in
this war ally of the III Reich, and most areas of Nazi Germany. During
this promotion to the West and the inevitable various contacts with the
local population, Russian servicemen had never happens outside their own
country, have received a lot of new, very contradictory memories of the
members of other nations and cultures, of which evolved in the upcoming
ethnopsychological stereotypes of them Europeans . In the middle of
these memories important place occupied by the images of European
ladies. Mentions, and even detailed stories about them can be found in
the letters and diaries, memoirs on the pages of many participants in
the war, where most of the alternate lyric and mercantile evaluation and
intonation.

The first European country in which in August 1944 entered Reddish
Army, was Romania. In "Notes on the War" war poet Boris Slutsky, we
find a very frank line: "A sudden, almost collide at sea, reveals
Constanta. It is almost identical to the average dream of happiness and
the "post-war". Restaurants. Bathrooms. Bed linen with an
unblemished. Stalls with reptilian traders. And — ladies dressed
ladies of the town — girls in Europe — the first tribute, taken us to
the losers … "[1] Then he describes his first memories of" abroad ":"
European hair salons, where lather your fingers and do not wash the
brushes, lack of baths, washing of the pelvis, "which at first gryazyuka
with it remains, and later face wash", duvets instead of blankets — out
of disgust caused by everyday life, made immediate generalization … In
Constanta we first met the brothels … first of our ecstasies before the
fact of the existence of free love pass swiftly. Affects not only the
horror of infection before and overhead, and contempt for the very
ability to buy … Many people were proud of true stories such as:
Romanian husband complained to the commandant that our officer has not
paid his wife concerted half thousand lei. We all had a clear
conscience: "It Can not Happen" … For sure, our soldiers will be
remembered as the country of Romania syphilitic … "[2]. And concludes
that it is in Romania, this European backwater, "our fighter is most
felt his elevation over Europe" [3].

Another Russian officer, Air Force Lt. Col. Theodore Smolnikov
September 17, 1944 wrote in his diary recollections of Bucharest,
"Ambassador Hotel, restaurant, first floor. I can see how the audience
walks idle, it has nothing to do, she waits. Staring at me as unique.
"Russian officer!" I'm very shy dressed, more than timid. Let them.
We'll still be in Budapest. This is as well as what I have in
Bucharest. The upscale restaurant. The audience dressed, most beautiful Romanian woman climb eyes defiantly{Here and further highlighted the creator of Article}.
We spend the night in an upscale hotel. Seething streets of the
capital. There is no music, the audience expects. The capital, devil
take it! I will not give in advertising … "[4]

In Hungary, the Russian army faced not only with the armed
opposition, and with the dangerous blows to the back part of the
population when 'killed on farms and intoxicated individuals stragglers
"and drowned in silos. But "women are not so perverse as Romanian woman
gave way easily to be ashamed of … A little love, a little debauchery,
and most of all, of course, has promoted fear" [5]. Citing the words of
the 1st Hungarian lawyer, "Very well, so that the Russian adore
children. Too bad they are so adored by women, "Boris Slutsky says:" It
does not take into account that women also adored the Russian
Hungarian, which, together with the dark horror Spreading knees matrons
and mothers of families were desperate affection and tenderness of women
soldiers', to give the killers their husbands "[6].

Gregory wins and in his own memoirs, described such a case in
Hungary. His unit is housed in one location. Owners of the house,
where he placed himself with the soldiers, during a party "under the
influence of Russian vodka relaxed and admitted that they are hiding in
the attic of his daughter." Russian officers were indignant: "Who do
you think we are? We are not fascists! ". "The owners were ashamed,
and soon the table appeared gaunt girl named Marika, who grudgingly
accepted to food. Later, the master, she began to flirt and even ask us
questions … By the end of dinner, all were set up favorably and drank
"borotshaz" (friendship). Marika realized that toast really very
straightforward. When we went to bed, she came into my room at the
bottom of a shirt. I am a Russian officer immediately realized:
preparing a provocation. "They expect me to stumble on beauty Marika,
and would lift noise. But I will not give in to provocation "- I
thought about it. What a beauty Marika did not entice me — I showed her
the door.

On the subsequent morning hostess, putting food on the table,
crockery rattled. "Nervous. Failed provocation "- I loaf. I shared
this idea with our Hungarian translator. He burst out laughing.

- It's not a provocation! For you have expressed a friendly
accommodation, and you ignored them. Now you in this house for a man
not think so. For you have to cross to another apartment!

- And what are they hiding in the attic of a daughter?

- They feared violence. We decided that the woman, before enter into
marriage with the approval of the parents can experience intimacy with
many men. We said: cat in a bag tied in no gain … "[7]

In young, healthy on a physical level, the guys had a natural
attraction to the ladies. But the ease of the European character of any
of corrupting the Russian fighters, and anyone, however, assured that
the matter should not be limited to the normal physiology. Sergeant
Alexander Rodin recorded his memories of visiting — out of curiosity! —
Public house in Budapest, where he was part of for a while after the
war: "… After leaving there was vile, shameful feeling of heresy and
hypocrisy, the head of the pattern was not obvious, outright hypocrisy
ladies … It is interesting that a similar nasty aftertaste of the
public visiting the house was not just me, a young boy, brought up to
the same on the principles of the "do not give a kiss without love, and
most of our soldier, who had to talk … At about the same days are I had
to talk to one krasivenko Magyar (she somehow knew the Russian
language). When she asked whether I liked in Budapest, I replied that I
liked, but that's confused public house.
"But — why?" — Asked the woman. Since it is not natural, wild, —
explained to me: — a woman takes money, and after that, here he begins
to "love!" Woman loaf some time later nodded and said, "You're right: to
take money ahead ugly" … "[8]

Other memories left about yourself Poland. According to the poet
David Samoilov, "… in Poland kept us in severity. From the location of
escape was difficult. A prank angrily punished "[9]. And this brings
memories of the country, where the only positive thing acted beauty of
Polish women. "I can not say that Poland is very attracted to us — he
wrote. — Then it did not occur to me nothing noble and chivalrous. On
the contrary, it was middle-class, Khutoryanskaya — and the concepts and
interests. Oh, and for us in eastern Poland and poluvrazhdebno watched
warily, trying to grab as liberators, that can be. In general, ladies
were beautiful and comforting flirtatious, they captivated us manners,
speech coo, where everything suddenly became clear, and bringing into
captivity themselves sometimes gruff male power or a soldier's uniform. And palely emaciated their former fans, gritting his teeth, until the time left in the shade … "[10].

But not all of the estimates of the Polish ladies looked so romantic.
October 22, 1944 Lieutenant Vladimir Gelfand wrote in his diary: "In
the distance loomed I left the city with the Polish title [Vladov] with beautiful Polish girl, proud to disgust.
… I knew of Polish women: those lured our soldiers and officers in his
arms, and when it came to bed, cut off the penises razor, strangled her
hands behind larynx, scratched eye. Crazy, wild, nasty female! With
them, you have to be careful and not get carried away by their beauty. A
Polish woman beautiful merzavki "[11]. In general, there is in his
writings and other mood. October 24, he captures such a meeting, "Today
I companions to one of the villages were beautiful Polish woman-girl.
They complained about the lack of women in Poland. Also called me a
"Pan", but were inviolable. I am one of them patted gently on the
shoulder, in response to her remark about the peasants, and comforted
the idea of an open road for her in Russia — there are a lot of de Man.
She hurried back to the side and said to my words, that here a man for
her there. Goodbye handshake. So we have agreed and nice girl, though
Polechka "[12]. A month later, on November 22, he recorded his memories
of the first to meet him large Polish town of Minsk Mazowiecki, and in
the midst of building the description of the beauty of it and hit the
bike in all categories of the population pays special place townswomen:
"Noisy idle weight, ladies, as one, in particular white-caps, apparently worn by the wind, which makes them similar to the 40 and hit his own novel. Men in the triangular hats in hats — thick, cautious, empty. How many of them! … Painted lips, penciled eyebrows, affectation, excessive delicacy.
As it does not look like the natural life of a human. It seems that
people will live and move specifically only for the sake of them looked
at the others, and all will be lost when the last of the town will take
the viewer … "[13]

Not only Polish city woman, and rural women left about yourself
strong, yet contradictory memory. "Amazed joyous Poles who survived the
war and fears of German occupation, — says Alexander Rodin. — Sunday
day in the Polish countryside. Beautiful, stylish, dresses in silk
stockings and women polka, which in everyday life — ordinary peasant
woman, shoveling manure, barefoot, tirelessly working on the farm.
Older ladies also look fresh and young. Although there is a dark border
around the eyes …"[14] Then he quotes his diary entry of
November 5, 1944:" Sunday, residents of all spick and span. Going to
each other's homes. The men in fedoras hats, ties, jumpers. Ladies
in silk dresses, the brightest, unworn stockings. Cheeked girl —
"Panenka". Perfectly curled blonde hair … The
fighters in the corner of the hut too busy. But who are astute will
see that it is — a painful recovery. All raised loudly laugh, to show
that they transcend it even does not hurt and is not jealous in any way.
And what we are worse than them? Hell knows what happiness it — a
peaceful life! It is absolutely not beheld it in the civilian world!
"[15] His brother-sergeant Nikolai Nesterov on the same day wrote in his
diary:" Today is a day off, Poles, well-dressed, going to the same hut
and sits couples. Even as something not for yourself becomes. Did not I
would be able to sit right? .. "[16]

Where are ruthless in their own assessment of the "European manners,"
reminding "feast in time of plague", the soldiers Galina Yartseva.
February 24, 1945 she wrote to her friend from the front: "… If I had
the opportunity, can be used to send the magic was sending them trophy
things. There is something. It would be our barefoot and naked. What
I beheld the town, which guys and ladies. And looking at them, you
hold of such evil, such hatred! Walk, love, live, and they go and
liberate. They laugh at the Russian — "Swine!" Yes, yes!
Bastards … I do not like anyone, except the USSR, not counting those
people who live with us. Do not believe in any friendship with the
Poles and Lithuanians other … "[17].

In Austria, where Russian troops stormed the spring of 1945, they
faced the "rampant surrender": "Entire villages oglavlyalis crisp white
cloths. The old lady lifted up his hands at a meeting with a man in a
Red Army uniform ". [18] It was here, according to B.Slutskogo,
fighters "to Dorval blond women". With all of this "is not an Austrian
were extremely inappeasable. The vast majority of peasant women to
marry "spoiled." Soldiers vacationers feel themselves like in clover.
In Vienna, our guide, bank bureaucrat wondered Russian assertiveness and
impatience. He believed that chivalry is enough to achieve a wreath at
all, it would be desirable "[19]. In other words, it was not only in
horror, and some features of public mindset and standard of conduct.

And in the end Germany. And ladies enemy — mothers, wives,
daughters, sisters, who from 1941 to 1944-the year mocked the civilian
population in the occupied areas of the USSR. What, then, they have
seen the Russian military? The appearance of the German women going to
the mass of refugees, described in his diary Vladimir Bogomolov: "Women —
an old and young — in hats, scarves in a turban and a shed, like our
women, dressed in coats with fur collars and scutching of unknown breed
clothes . Many ladies are wearing dark glasses, not to squint from the cast of the May sun and that protect the face from wrinkles…"[20]
Leo Kopelev recalled meeting with evacuees Allenstein BERLIN:" On the
sidewalk, the two ladies. Zamudrennye hats, even at one with a veil.
Benign coat themselves are smooth, sleek "[21]. And the soldiers led
them to the address in the comments, "chicken", "turkey", "That would be
a smooth …"

How to behave when meeting with German women by Russian troops? In
his report the deputy. Chief of the Head of the Political Directorate
of the Red Army Shikin in the CPSU (b) G.F.Aleksandrovu on 30 April 1945
against a civilian population of Berlin to the personnel of the forces
of the Red Army, said: "As soon as our troops occupy one or another area
of the town, the inhabitants begin evenly to the streets, almost all of
them have white armbands on their sleeves. When meeting with our
troops, many ladies raise their hands up, sobbing and shaking with fear,
but make sure that the soldiers and officers of the Red Army's totally
not the same as it draws them fascist propaganda, the horror takes place
rap
idly, it's more and more much of the population to the streets and
offers its services in every way trying to differentiate their priklnnoe
related to the Red Army ". [22]

The greatest memory on the favorites made humility and prudence of
the German women. In this connection it should lead story N.A.Orlova
mortar man, shocked the behavior of German women in 1945: "No one in
minbate Germans did not kill civilians. Our NKVD was "Germanophile."
If this happens, the reaction of the secret police for a similar excess
would be frisky. The violence of the German ladies. It seems to me
that some, talking about the phenomenon, the small "exaggerate." I have
the memory of an example of a different kind. We went to a German
city, housed in homes. There is a "Frau", about 45 years old and asks
"ger commandant." Led her to Marchenko. She claims it is responsible
for the quarter and collected 20 German for sexy ladies (!) Service
Russian fighter. Marchenko was aware of the German language, and who
was standing next to me commissar Dolgoborodovu I translated the meaning
of the spoken German. The reaction of our officers was abusive and
violent. German woman drove off with her ready for service
"detachment." In general the German submissive us stunned. Expected
from the Germans guerrilla warfare, sabotage. But this order of
civilization — "Ordnung" — are most important. If you have a favorite —
they are "on their hind legs", while deliberately and not forced.
That's the psychology … "[23].

A similar incident leads to its own military notes David Samoilov,
"In Arendsfelde where we had just settled down, was a little weight
women with kids. They chaired the tremendous whiskered germanka fifties
— Frau Friedrich. She said it is a representative of the civilian
population, and requests to register the remaining inhabitants. We are
told that it can be done, as will the commandant.

- This is unrealistic — Frau Friedrich said. — Here ladies and kids. They need to be registered.

The civilian population and cry tears confirmed her words.

Not knowing what to do, I suggested they take a house's basement,
where we settled. And they quieted down to the basement and began to
settle there in anticipation of the authorities.

- Herr Commissioner — good-naturedly said to me Frau Friedrich (I was
wearing a leather jacket). — We are aware that there are small fighter
needs. They are ready — continued Frau Friedrich — to provide them
with some ladies for younger …

I did not continue the conversation with Frau Friedrich "[24].

After talking to a citizen of Berlin 2 May 1945 Vladimir Bogomolov
wrote in his diary: "We go to one of the surviving buildings. All is
quiet, dead. Knock, ask to open. One can hear that in the hallway
whispering and muffled chatter excitedly. In the end door opening.
Tangled tight fit without the age group of ladies frightened, smallish
and bowing obsequiously. German ladies are afraid of us, they were that
Russian fighters, especially Asians, they will rape and kill … Fear,
and hatred on their faces. But at times it seems that they like to be
defeated — so helpful to their behavior, their grins sweetly and sweet
words. In these days of run stories about how our warrior went to a
German apartment, asked for a drink, and germanka, just caught sight of
him, lay down on the sofa and pulled tights "[25].

"All Germans are vicious. They have nothing against the fact that sleeping with them "[26]
— a world existed in the Russian army and was reinforced not only many
nice examples, and their nasty consequences, which soon found military
doctors.

Directive of the Military Council of the 1st Belorussian Front number
00343 / N of 15 April 1945 said: "During my stay the enemy troops on
the ground rose sharply cases of sexually transmitted diseases in the
middle of the military. Investigating the circumstances of such
provision indicates that among the Germans extensively vserasprostraneny
venereal disease. Before the retreat of the Germans, as at
present, on the area occupied by us and have started to artificial of
infection with gonorrhea and syphilis German ladies in order to make
more pockets for spread of sexually transmitted diseases in the middle
of the Red Army soldiers"[27].

The Military Council of the 47th Army April 26, 1945 reported that "…
In March, the number of sexually transmitted diseases in the middle of
the military has increased in comparison with February of this year
four times. … The female part of the German population in the surveyed areas hit by 8-15%. There
are cases where the enemy specifically retained unhealthy sexually
transmitted diseases for women Germans soldiers of infection "[28].

In order to implement the Resolution of the Military Council of the
1st Belorussian Front number 056 of 18 April 1945 on the prevention of
sexually transmitted diseases in the Army 33th Army was released later
leaflet read:

"Comrades, soldiers!

You lured Germans whose spouse walked all the public houses of
Europe have been infected themselves and their own German women were
infected.

In front of you and those Germans who intentionally left enemies to
spread venereal disease and this output soldiers of the Red Army out of
action.

We need to realize that our close victory over the enemy, and soon you'll be able to return to their families.

What, then, will be to look into the eyes of my eyes close the one who will bring contagious disease?

Can we, heroic warriors of the Red Army, to be a source of contagious
diseases in our country? NO! For moral view of the Red Army fighters
must be as clean as the sight of his homeland and family! "[29]

Germans are most comfortable troubled question of food supply for the
sake of it, they were ready to just about everything. For example,
some MD Kalisturh in communicating with their staff on the case of the
Red Army to the German population, said: "We can not hide the fact that I
personally beheld poor attitude of some Russian fighter for our ladies,
but I have read that the blame for this war, and the most the main
thing is that our soldiers and especially the SS behaved in relation to
Russian ladies even worse. — And there is no transition added — I was
very disturbed by the food question … "[30].

Even in the memoirs of Leo Kopeleva, angrily describing the violence
and looting Russian troops in East Prussia, there are lines that reflect
the other side of the "relationship" with the local population: "The
story of the submission, servility, fawning Germans Behold, they say,
what they are, for a loaf of bread, and the wives and daughters sold ".
[31] Squeamish tone in which Kopelev transmits these "stories" suggests
their unreliability. But they are confirmed by many sources.

Vladimir Gelfand outlined in his diary his courtship of the German
woman (recording is made within six months after the end of the war,
October 26, 1945, but still very characteristic): "I wanted plenty to
enjoy a good petting Margot — some kisses and hugs were not enough.
Waiting for more, but did not dare to seek and insist. Mom was pleased
with my girls. Of course! On the altar of trust and goodwill on the
part of my family were brought candy and butter, sausage, German
expensive cigarettes. Already half of these goods is enough to have the
full reasons and the right to do anything with his daughter at the
sight of my mother, and she will not say anything against it. For food
now even more life and even that of a young and cute chuvstvennitsy the
warm krosotka Margot "[32].

Notable diary entries left Australian war correspondent Osmar White,
who in 1944-1945. was in Europe in the ranks of the 3rd U.S. Army,
under the command of George Paton. Here is wha
t he wrote in Berlin in May 1945, almost a few days after the raid: "I
walked through the night cabaret, starting with the" Femina "about
Potsdammerplatts. It was a warm evening and mokrovaty. The air smelled
of sewage and rotting corpses. Facade "Femina" was covered with
pictures of naked futuristic nature and announcements in 4 languages.
Dance hall and restaurant were filled with Russian, British and South
American officers who accompanied the ladies (or hunting for them). A
bottle of wine cost 25 bucks, hamburger horse meat and potatoes — $ 10, a
pack of American cigarettes — an amazing 20 bucks. Cheeks Berlin
ladies were narumyaneny and sponges are made up in such a way that it
seemed like it Hitler had won the war. Many of the ladies were in silk
stockings. Lady-hostess of the evening opened the concert in the
German, Russian, British, and French. This provoked taunts from
Russian artillery captain, who was sitting next to me. He leaned over
to me and said to a respectable UK: "This high-spirited transition from
the state to the international! Bombs RAF — a good doctor, is not it?
"[33]

The total memory of European ladies, formed in Russian servicemen —
groomed and dressed (in comparison to the war-torn half-starved
compatriots in the rear, on the liberated lands, well dressed in a faded
shirt front-line friends) available, greedy, cowardly, or loose
devotees. Exceptions were Yugoslav and grinders. Formidable and
ascetic Yugoslav guerrillas were perceived as comrades-in-arms, and were
considered untouchable. And taking into account the severity of the
characters in the Yugoslav army, the "guerrilla girls, for sure, looking
at the LVP [outdoorsy field wives], as being special, vile class" [34].
About The Bulgarian Boris Slutsky remembered this: "… After the
Ukrainian geniality, after the Romanian debauchery formidable
inaccessibility Bulgarian'll hit our people. Virtually no one boasted
victories. It was the only country where the officers on the parade
accompanied the men very often, almost never — the ladies. Later, the
Bulgarians were proud when they know what they are going to go back to
Russia Bulgaria for their wives — the only ones in the world, which
remained untainted and intact "[35].

Afterglow left about yourself Czech krosotki, encouraging meets
Russian soldiers-liberators. Embarrassed tankers covered with butter
and dust of combat vehicles, crowned with wreaths and flowers, a voice
among themselves: "… Something tank wife to be put away. And their
girls, know for myself, fasten. Good people. Such spiritual people
have long not seen … "The friendliness and hospitality of the Czechs was
sincere. "… — If only it were possible, I would have kissed all the
soldiers and officers of the Red Army for the fact that they let my
Prague — a total of praise and friendly laughter uttered the Prague tram
worker …" [36] — described the atmosphere of the newly freed Czech
capital and the mood of local residents 11 May 1945 Boris Polevoy.

But in other countries through which the army passed the favorites,
the female part of the population did not cause a reverence for itself.
"In Europe, the lady gave up all changed earlier … — wrote B.Slutsky. —
I have always been terrific, baffled, disoriented lightness, ease
shameful to love relationships. Decent ladies, of course,
disinterested, were like prostitutes — hasty availability, eagerness to
avoid crotch steps to uninteresting reasons, a man pushing a
rapprochement with them. Like humans, all of the lexicon of love lyrics
Learn about the three obscene words, they drove the whole thing to a
few body movements, causing resentment and contempt in the most
inexperienced of our officers … Constraining motives were not entirely
ethics and fear of contracting, the horror of publicity, pre-pregnancy "
[37] — and added that in the criteria for the conquest of "universal
depravity covered and hid the special women's depravity made it
unobtrusive and nestydno" [38].

In general, among the motives that contributed to the spread of
"International Love", in spite of all prohibitions and orders formidable
Russian command had a few more: a woman's curiosity about the "exotic"
fancy man and unprecedented generosity of Russian sympathies to the
object of their own, profitable distinguish them from the niggardly
European guys.

Lieutenant Daniel Zlatkin at the very end of the war was in Denmark
on the peninsula of Bornholm. In his own interview, he said that the
enthusiasm of Russian and European guys give each other was mutual: "We
beheld the ladies, and it was necessary … and when to Denmark came …
it's free, please. They want to test, to test, to test the Russian
people, what really it is, how it came out and it seemed better than the
Danes. Why? We were unselfish and kind … I gave a box of chocolates
in polstola, I gave 100 roses strange lady … to the days of birth …
"[39]

If all this is not enough who thought of the harsh relationship,
marriage, due to the fact that the Russian administration signaled its
true position in this matter. The judgment of the Military Council of
the 4th Ukrainian Front on April 12, 1945 stated: "1. Explain to all
officers and all personnel of the troops that marriage to foreign women
is illegal and strictly prohibited. 2. All cases of soldiers coming
into the marriage with foreign women, as well as the links of our people
with the aggressive elements of foreign countries to inform immediately
the command to verbovaniya guilty shall be responsible for the loss of
care and violation of Russian law "[40]. Guideline Chief of Political
Department of the 1st Belorussian Front on April 14, 1945 to say:
"According to the chief of the Head of the Personnel NCO, in the address
of the Center continues to receive statements from the officers of the
army to authorize marriages with women of foreign countries (polkas,
Bulgarians, Cheshkov etc.). These facts should be considered as
blunting of care and blunting of patriotic emotion. Because you need a
political education to direct attention to the most profound explanation
of the inadmissibility of similar acts by officers of the Red Army.
Explain the entire officer corps, did not realize the futility of such
marriages, wedding on the unreasonableness of foreign women, right to
direct interdiction, and not to allow any one of the first case "[41].

And the ladies are not amused themselves with illusions regarding the
objectives of their own admirers. "In early 1945, even the silly
Hungarian peasant girl did not believe our promises. Evropeyanki were
already aware of the fact that we forbid to marry foreign women, and
suspected that there is a similar order also co-occur in a restaurant,
cinema, etc. This did not prevent them adore our ladies' men, but
appropriated this love purely "ouaydumny" [fleshly] character "[42] —
wrote B.Slutsky.

In general, it should be recognized that the image of European
ladies, which was formed from the soldiers of the Red Army in
1944-1945., With very few exceptions, was very far from being a martyr
figure with his hands shackled in chains, with the hope of stares from
Russian Poster "Europe will be free!"