THE SOLIFTEC LIBRARY
External documents relating to small-scale solid fuel heating. For global data, try the World Energy Council website:

SOLIFTEC PUBLICATIONS

The Soliftec reprint of Prof. Charles Tomlinson's 1864 Treatise on Warming and Ventilation. Written when the mechanical theory of heat was a new science, but just as relevant today with its fascinating illustrations of forgotten and wonderful stoves and fireplaces.

Communal biofuel burning for district heating: Emissions and immissions from medium-sized facilities
A USA/German investigation comparing emissions from domestic wood stoves against district heating boilerhouse - "immission is not necessarily lower in an area where heat demand is covered with a central facility instead of individual household appliances."http://sci-hub.tw/https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1352231018301523

Indoor exposure to particles emitted by biomass-burning heating systems and evaluation of dose and lung cancer risk received by population
Italian reserach shows that the equivalent lifetime extra risk due to the exposure to indoor particles from, in particuilar, open fires is "not negligible" https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0269749117329299

Research of factors influencing the burnout quality inside a biomass combustion chamber
Useful analysis of how tertiary air holes on small stoves work - from the Lithuanian Energy InstituteBurnout Chamber13960-52259-1-PB.pdf

Health impacts of anthropogenic biomass burning in the developed world
"A conservative estimate of the current contribution of biomass smoke to premature mortality in Europe amounts to at least 40?000 deaths per year... Biomass combustion emissions, in contrast to emissions from most other sources of air pollution, are increasing. More needs to be done to further document the health effects of biomass combustion in Europe, and to reduce emissions of harmful biomass combustion products to protect public health."http://erj.ersjournals.com/content/early/2015/09/24/13993003.01865-2014

Particulate emissions from residential wood combustion in Europe-revised estimates and an evaluation
A re-evaluation of the many papers and reports on smoke, with the general conclusion that, it is really rather difficult to tell. Suggests that smoke from domestic stoves is typically between 150 and 800g GJ, depending on how you measure it.http://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/15/6503/2015/acp-15-6503-2015.pdf

Sources and contributions of wood smoke during winter in London
Shows that "Mean wood smoke mass at the sites was estimated to range from 0.78 to 1.0 µg m" "At all the sites, biomass burning was found to be the smallest of the major sources of primary OC and EC, with the largest source of EC found to be traffic emissions."http://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/15/3149/2015/acp-15-3149-2015.pdf

Household Environmental Monitoring tools and protocols
As developed by the Kirk Smith Group and the University of California-Berkeley, including the Water Boiling Test (WBT) Protocol for evaluating small cooking stoveshttp://ehs.sph.berkeley.edu/hem/

An evaluation of some issues regarding the use of Aethalometers to measure Woodsmoke concentrations (2013)
Paper by Harrisona, Beddowsa, Jonesa, Calvob, Alvesb, Piob
Argues that identifying woodsmoke in the atmosphere from the colour of smoke spots is more-or-less impossiblehttp://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1352231013006353

Comparison of Methods for Evaluation of Wood Smoke and Estimation of UK Ambient Concentrationshttp://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/12/8271/2012/acp-12-8271-2012.pdf
Report by Roy M. Harrison and others showing that pollution attributable to wood smoke (by levoglucosan to potassium) are well below concentrations typical of other northern European urban areas.

Inventorying PM emissions - Advances of Atmospheric Aerosol Research in Austriahttp://www.oeaw.ac.at/krl/publikation/documents/KRL_compendium_PM.pdf
Tries to separate wood smoke from other biological sorces of PM10s such as fungal spores and concludes that wood smoke odour is likely for many communities with traditional wood stove use. W Winiwarter - 2011

Investigations of primary and secondary particulate matter of different wood combustion appliances with a high-resolution time-of-flight aerosol mass spectrometerhttp://www.atmos-chem-phys-discuss.net/11/8081/2011/acpd-11-8081-2011.pdf
Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions, 2011.
A very useful comparison of emissions from older and modern log stoves and a pellet stove.

ENERGY CHALLENGE REPORT For UK Government 2006http://www.dti.gov.uk/files/file31890.pdf
The UK Government review of energy supply and use over the next fifty years. Mainly concerned with large-scale energy production and consumption - electricity distribution, road transport etc - but also notes that the part to be played by "Biomass stoves and boilers provide space and/or water heating from a variety of fuels such as wood pellets, woodchips, logs and non-wood fuels."

STERN REVIEW ON THE ECONOMICS OF CLIMATE CHANGE For UK Government by Sir Nicholas Stern 2006The full report: www.hm-treasury.gov.uk/stern_review_report.htm
Possible economic consequences of climate change, suggests could shrink the global economy by a fifth unless drastic action is taken - including a move towards renewable energy sources. KEY POINTS: Taking action now would cost about 1% of global gross domestic product. Without action up to 200 million people could become refugees through drought or flood. Unless the world, including USA and China, tackles climate change it is heading for the worst global recession ever seen. 1% of global gross domestic product (GDP) must be spent on tackling climate change immediately. If no action is taken, floods could displace up to 100 million people, melting glaciers could cause water shortages for 1 in 6 of the world's population, 40% of species could become extinct, droughts may create tens or even hundreds of millions of refugees. Failure to act early could cost 5% to 20% of global GDP and render large parts of the planet uninhabitable with poor nations, especially in Africa, hit worst. Switching to cleaner energy sources, like wind and solar, can help avoid the worst of the damage. Support for energy R+D should at least double and support for deployment should increase five-fold. Green taxes and changing behaviour will help - but schemes must be international. If the UK shut down all of its power stations tomorrow, the reduction in global emissions would be wiped out in just over a year by increased emissions from China. Action now will still take 30 yrs to show benefit. (also Comments on Stern Review by Patrick J. Michaels, University of Virginia, http://www.hm-treasury.gov.uk/d/patrick.pdf presents an alternative, less pessimistic, view.)

UK Government 'The Energy Efficiency of Dwellings' Report UK Department of Communities and Local Government November 2006http://www.communities.gov.uk/pub/373/TheEnergyEfficiencyofDwellingsInitialAnalysis_id1504373.pdf
Shows that millions of homes across the country could benefit from cost effective improvements which cut both carbon emissions and fuel bills. Widespread implementation of such improvements could save around 7M tonnes of carbon a year. KEY POINTS: implementing measures with the fastest pay back and replacing boilers over time could save 7MtC a year and make householders better off; cavity wall insulation has increased from 20pc of homes in 1996 to 36pc in 2003; the number of homes with over 150mm of loft insulation increased by 4 million between 2001 and 2004; a further 8.5m homes could benefit from cavity wall insulation saving 2.1MtC a year; cavity wall insulation typically costs £340 to fit and pays for itself within 2.6 years. (Over a 5 year period householders would get a 200 per cent return on their investment). In practice, these costs and the payback period can be reduced through grants and subsidies, with some householders, on qualifying benefits, being eligible for free installation; increasing loft insulation could help 6.1m homes and deliver carbon savings of 1.2m a year. Pay back time for loft insulation is 2.7 years and householders get a 180 per cent return over 5 years. Again grants and subsidies are available; reaching the 60 per cent target by 2050 will require high take up of microgeneration including emerging technologies such as heat pumps and micro CHP (combined heat and power); research suggests that costs of low and zero carbon technologies could be reduced significantly for each doubling of installed capacity; and social housing is on average more energy efficient than private housing.

EU Action Plan for Energy Efficiency European Commisson 2006http://ec.europa.eu/energy/action_plan_energy_efficiency/doc/com_2006_0545_en.pdf
Outlines a framework of policies and measures with a view to realising over 20% savings in EU annual primary energy consumption by 2020. This is considered to be technically and economically feasible. KEY POINTS: The document outlines a series of Priority Actions, expected to be backed-up by legislation. 1: Appliance and equipment labelling and minimum energy performance standards. The Commission will begin, in 2007, the process of adopting minimum energy performance standards for priority product groups including boilers, water heaters by the end of 2008 2: Building performance requirements and very low energy buildings ("passive houses"), including zero-energy houses- houses not requiring heating. 3: Making power generation and distribution more efficient 4: Achieving fuel efficiency of cars 5: Facilitating appropriate financing of energy efficiency investments for small and medium enterprises and Energy Service Companies 6: Spurring energy efficiency in the new Member States 7: A coherent use of taxation 8: Raising energy efficiency awareness 9: Energy efficiency in built-up areas 10: Foster energy efficiency worldwide

A Round robin test of a wood stove: The influence of standards, test procedures and calculation procedures on the emission levelhttp://www.soliftec.com/Skreibergtests.pdf
By O. Skreiberg, E. Karlsvik, J. E. Hustad, O. K. Sonju 1997. Comparison of results from same stove tested at six different national laboratories.

The Dynamics of Domestic Open Fireshttp://heatkit.com/docs/rosin.PDF
by Prof. P.O. Rosin, 1939, A significant founding document, one of the first modern scientiic surveys of open fires. Highly recommended

The Flow of Gases in Furnaces (1923)http://www.archive.org/details/TheFlowOfGasesInFurnaces
by W.E. Groume-Grjimailo. Russian classic on applying gas buoyancy laws to furnace design, as currently embodied in double bell heater construction. Complete text, 399 pages translated by The Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore

Very Low Emissions Cordwood Combustion in High Burn Rate Appliances - Early Results with Possible Implicationshttp://heatkit.com/html/papers-n/awma02/p-awma2.PDF
Norbert Senf, presented at the 88th Annual Meeting of the Air and Waste Management Association, San Antonio, 1995.

Flue Gas Emissions in Wood Burning Stoveshttp://heatkit.com/docs/pah-aus.PDF
Translation of 1985 Austrian study of PAH emissions from a Grundofen (masonry heater) and a conventional stove. Includes PAH analyses. Done by the government test lab for the Austrian stovemasons guild.