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2 Understanding the Budget Process 2 Acknowledgements The writing of this guide was truly a collaborative effort. A preliminary outline and draft was written by William Liatsis in 2007, with conceptual guidance from Ruth Carlitz and Rakesh Rajani. Further contributions to the text came from Policy Forum members Gemma Akilimali, Rajab Kondo, Moses Kulaba, Albanie Marcossy, Vera Mshana, Gertrude Mugizi, and Ben Taylor. Invaluable feedback and editing was provided by Festa Andrew, Stephen Kirama, Marjorie Mbilinyi, Goodluck Mosha, Emmanuel Mungunasi and Geir Sundet. The cartoons were drawn by Adam Lutta. Ruth Carlitz coordinated the overall editing of the guide. HakiElimu and Policy Forum, 2008 HakiElimu, PO Box 79401, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania Tel: (255 22) /3, Fax: (255 22) Policy Forum, P.O. Box 38486, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania Tel: (255 22) , Fax: (255 22) Any part of this document may be reproduced for education or non-commercial purposes, provided attribution is made to source and two copies are provided to HakiElimu or Policy Forum.

3 Understanding the Budget Process 3 Table of Contents ACRONYMS...5 INTRODUCTION...7 PART I: THE BUDGET PROCESS BUDGET BASICS MAJOR ACTORS IN THE NATIONAL BUDGET PROCESS Tanzania Revenue Authority President and Cabinet Ministry of Finance and Economic Affairs Budget Guidelines Committee Donors Parliament Controller and Auditor General Private Sector Civil Society OVERVIEW OF THE NATIONAL BUDGET PROCESS Budget Formulation Debating and Approval of the Budget Budget Execution Oversight and Control LOCAL GOVERNMENT BUDGET PROCESS Key Actors in the Local Government Budget Process Local Government Revenues The Local Government Budget Cycle Opportunities for Civil Society to Participate Challenges and Limitations of the Local Government Budget Process Where to Access More Information?...42 PART II: FINE PRINT LEGAL AND POLICY FRAMEWORK Legal basis for the budget Policy/Planning Framework ANALYZING REVENUE Domestic Revenue Foreign Aid...61

7 Understanding the Budget Process 7 Introduction The budget has traditionally been considered the exclusive domain of technocrats, economists and accountants. But the Government s decisions about how to raise and spend money affect all citizens. The level of VAT and other taxes affect the price of household items and petrol. Government spending decisions determine teachers salaries and whether dispensaries can be stocked with needed drugs and other supplies. At the same time, budgets provide us with a window through which to understand the real policy commitments of government at both national and district level. Policies without resources to implement them remain pieces of paper. Basically, the budget is about people s money. Unfortunately, the process of deciding how to spend the money and controlling that it goes where it is supposed to go is very difficult for the general public to access. Much of the relevant information is not provided to the public, and much of the information that is available is extremely difficult to understand. Therefore, most citizens do not have the opportunity to engage with the budget. Furthermore, many official processes are closed to the general public. HakiElimu, in collaboration with the Budget Working Group (BWG) of the Policy Forum NGO Network, has prepared this guide in an attempt to bridge this gap in public understanding and allow for more active involvement on the part of citizens in the budget process. The guide builds on previous efforts by the BWG to simplify the budget each year and conduct basic analysis through the annual budget briefs series. We believe that greater public involvement and scrutiny of the budget will improve accountability and limit opportunities for corruption. We hope this guide will be useful to Members of Parliament and local representatives debating the budget, journalists covering budget issues, other civil society organizations looking to get involved in budget tracking or budget analysis, as well as other interested citizens. The guide begins with an overview of the budget process. We discuss the major actors and key steps in the national and local budget processes. In Part II we go into greater detail and present the fine print about the legal and policy framework for preparing and implementing the budget, as well as more information for understanding and analyzing the two main components of the budget revenue and expenditure. Part III discusses alternative views on the budget and the budget process in Tanzania, and offers suggestions for improvement. Finally, a list of relevant resources and a glossary of key budget terms are provided for further reference. We focus mostly on theory (the way things are supposed to work) but also discuss the budget process in terms of practice (the way things actually work), and include some recent budget data. This guide is also available in Kiswahili, and a popular version will be produced in Finally, it is worth noting that the budget process is dynamic, and understanding how it all fits together may be subject to interpretation. We have taken care to cite all sources used and check our facts with experts. However, it is possible that some of the information in this guide may be outdated or inaccurate. Readers are encouraged to contact us about any mistakes or omissions, which we will try to address in future editions.

8 Understanding the Budget Process 8 Part I: The Budget Process

9 Understanding the Budget Process 9 1. Budget Basics The budget is a plan or contract for how the Government will collect and spend the people s money. It explains how money will be collected from the public and allocated - to different levels and components of Government, and according to different priorities. The Government s income is commonly referred to as revenue. In Tanzania, the Government gets money from two main sources domestic revenue and foreign aid. Domestic revenue refers to revenue that is raised within the borders of a country from taxes paid by citizens, duties on imports, profits from privatization, and various other fees. In Tanzania, domestic revenue accounts for about 60% of the total Government budget 1. The rest of the budget is mostly funded by foreign aid - grants and concessionary loans 2 made by foreign governments as well as multilateral institutions Definition of Key Budget such as the World Bank. More details about revenue Terms can be found Key budget terms throughout in Chapter 6. the text are highlighted in bold when first mentioned. Their The other side of the budget is definitions can be found in the expenditure - how the Government spends money. glossary at the end of this Analyzing expenditure is critical for understanding guide. Government s priorities, or choices. Since the amount of money that can be raised from domestic revenue and foreign aid is limited, the Government must choose how and where to spend it. If we look at the budget, we can see what these choices are, and question whether they are the right ones. For instance, how much does the Government plan to spend on workshops or cars, and how does this compare with the amount allocated for teachers salaries or textbooks? We can look at expenditure in a number of different ways, such as who spends the money, what the money is spent on, and the nature of the expenditure (whether funds are being used to pay for wages and salaries, capital projects, or social services). More details about expenditure can be found in Chapter 7. The budget in Tanzania is prepared and implemented on an annual basis. It should be noted that the budget in Tanzania runs according to the financial year (also called the fiscal year), rather than the calendar year. In Tanzania the financial year goes from 1 July 30 June. The financial year is typically cited in terms of the year it began as well as the year it ended. For instance, the financial year that began 1 July 2007 and ended 30 June 2008 is referred to as FY 2007/08. Budget estimates are prepared and presented to the public each June, just before the financial year begins. Although most of the attention around the budget focuses on Budget Day the day when the budget is presented to Parliament and unveiled to the public the budget process is a cyclical process that is ongoing throughout the year. The national budget process is discussed in greater detail in Chapter 3 and the local government budget process is discussed in greater detail in Chapter 4. The budget process is governed by a number of laws, including the Constitution, the Public Finance Act, 2001 (as amended), the Local Government Finance Act, 1982 (as amended), and various taxation statutes. These laws lay out the roles and responsibilities for various key actors in the budget process, including the President and 1 In financial year 2007/08, domestic revenue contributed 58% of the total budget. 2 Loans are not technically considered to be revenue but rather resources.

10 Understanding the Budget Process 10 Cabinet, the Ministry of Finance, the Tanzania Revenue Authority, the Controller and Auditor General, and Parliament. Donors, local officials, the private sector and civil society also play an important role in the budget process. Since the budget authorizes the Government to spend money in order to implement various policies and plans, it is also important to consider the policy framework that guides the budget process each year. Even though the budget is prepared annually, many of the relevant policies and plans span multiple years and outline longer term goals for instance, the Tanzania Development Vision 2025 and MKUKUTA. The legal and policy framework for the budget are discussed in further detail in Chapter 5.

11 Understanding the Budget Process Major Actors in the National Budget Process A number of individuals and public institutions are involved with the annual preparation and implementation of the budget. 3 The way in which these various actors work together is discussed in greater detail in Chapter 3. The major actors in the local government budget process are discussed in Chapter Tanzania Revenue Authority The Tanzania Revenue Authority (TRA) acts as a central body for the assessment and collection of specified revenue, administers and enforces the laws related to such revenue and provides for related matters of revenue in Tanzania mainland and Zanzibar. The TRA became operational in July 1996, replacing the former independent Treasury Departments of Income Tax, Customs, Sales, Inland Revenue and the Institute of Tax Administration. 2.2 President and Cabinet The Cabinet through the Minister for Finance and Economic Affairs (MOFEA) is responsible for presenting the budget before the legislature for approval. The various cabinet ministers also present their respective sectoral budgets for their Ministries, Departments and Agencies (MDAs) for debate and approval by the legislature. The Cabinet has the responsibility of defending the budget and ensuring that it is passed by the legislature. 2.3 Ministry of Finance and Economic Affairs The Ministry of Finance and Economic Affairs (MOFEA) 4 plays a central role in the budget process and justifies separate mention. MOFEA makes projections, sets ceilings for budget allocations, negotiates priorities with all departments, collects revenues, and disburses funds. The Ministry also plays an important controlling function through the Accountant General, who is responsible for ensuring that all financial transactions and reporting is done according to the proper regulations. 2.4 Budget Guidelines Committee The Budget Guidelines Committee includes representatives from MOFEA, Public Service Management, and the Prime Minister s Office - Regional Administration & Local 3 Main data sources for this chapter are CSA (2007), Accountability and Service Delivery in Southern Africa: The Case for Rights-Based Social Accountability Monitoring, Report One: Tanzania and URT (2005), Medium Term Strategic Planning and Budgeting Manual. 4 The Ministry of Finance and Economic Affairs (MOFEA) was previously known as the Ministry of Finance. In February 2008, the former Ministry of Planning and Economic Empowerment (MPEE) was combined with the Ministry of Finance.

12 Understanding the Budget Process 12 Government (PMO-RALG) 5. This committee is responsible for developing the Planning & Budget Guidelines, a process which is discussed in further detail in the next chapter. 2.5 Donors Given the sizeable contribution of foreign aid to Tanzania s budget, donors also have an impact on the way in which the budget is prepared and implemented. Donors (also called development partners or DPs) participate in consultations that inform budget formulation, disburse funds, and monitor public spending and expenditure systems. 2.6 Parliament The main responsibilities of Parliament in relation to the budget process are: scrutinising the budget through various standing committees; adopting or rejecting the budget in Parliament; monitoring the implementation of the budget and the performance of the MDAs; and overseeing the use of public funds. Parliament does not have the power to amend the budget in Tanzania or to reallocate funds. Although Parliament can refuse to adopt the budget presented by the executive, the consequences of this step are profound: the President has the constitutional power to dissolve Parliament in response. 2.7 Controller and Auditor General The Controller and Auditor General (CAG) is the Supreme Audit Institution in Tanzania. The CAG is responsible for, among other things, ensuring that the expenditure of public monies has been properly authorised and applied for the intended purposes. It should also ensure that economy, efficiency and effectiveness have been achieved in the use of public resources. The CAG has extensive powers to subpoena officials and to obtain information. The wilful obstruction of the work of the CAG, or failure by any public official to provide the CAG with access to any item of information, constitutes a criminal offence. 2.8 Private Sector In addition to contributing the majority of domestic tax revenue, the private sector plays a consultative role in the budget process. Most notably, the private sector participates actively in an annual consultation on the revenue framework, which occurs before the budget is formulated each year. Their concerns are often taken on board when designing or revising tax policies. 2.9 Civil Society Civil society plays a number of different roles in the budget process, though its formal role is limited to a consultative one. The formal role of civil society has been participation 5 The Budget Guidelines Committee used to include representatives from the former MPEE. At the time of writing, it was expected that the committee would now include members of a planning commission expected to be formed after MPEE was merged into MOFEA.

13 Understanding the Budget Process 13 in the Public Expenditure Review (PER) and related processes, discussed in further detail in the following chapter. Informal roles include analyzing public budgets, producing simplified and popular versions of the budget and related documents, playing a watchdog role, tracking expenditure at the local level, and advocating for improvements in terms of specific requests and overall transparency and accountability. Civil society s informal roles are arguably more effective, particularly when combined with strategic use of media and citizen engagement.

14 Understanding the Budget Process Overview of the National Budget Process 6 As noted in Chapter 1, the budget process is a cyclical process that is ongoing throughout the year. It is comprised of stages which feed into one another in a circular process. We can think of four main phases: 1. Budget formulation (Planning how to spend the money) 2. Debating and Approval of the Budget 3. Budget Execution (Spending the money) 4. Oversight and Control The various Figure 3.1. Key Stages of the National Budget Process phases of the 1. Budget Formulation (November May) Formulation of budget policy and resource projections Issuance of Planning and Budget Guidelines Estimating revenues and expenditure Scrutiny of estimates by Parliamentary sub-committees and Inter-Ministerial Technical Committee Cabinet approval of budget estimates 4. Oversight and Control (Ongoing) Within-year monitoring External audit conducted by Controller and Auditor General Audit reports tabled in Parliament and follow-up action taken 3. Budget Execution (July June) MDAs prepare action plans (work plans) Budget is executed by cash budget system Central government releases money to districts Services delivered 2. Debating and Approval (June August) Tabling in Legislature Budget speeches presented ( Budget Day ) Debate in full Parliament Budget voted into law budget process overlap. At any given point in the year, there may be multiple phases of the budget process occurring. For instance, while the coming year s budget is being prepared, the current year s budget is being executed, and the previous year s budget is being scrutinized. This means there are multiple opportunities for intervention at any point during the year. 3.1 Budget Formulation The budget formulation stage is when decisions are made about planning to spend the money. This stage may be thought of in terms of three phases: 1. Formulation of Budget Policy and Resource Projections 2. Issuance of Planning and Budget Guidelines 3. Estimating Revenues and Expenditure by MDAs, Regions and LGAs 6 At the time of printing (June 2008) the authors were not able to have this chapter officially reviewed by the Ministry of Finance and Economic Affairs. Rather, we relied on key sources including the CSA (2007) Accountability and Service Delivery in Southern Africa: The Case for Rights-Based Social Accountability Monitoring, Report One: Tanzania and URT (2005), Medium Term Strategic Planning and Budgeting Manual and a description of the budget process on the MOFEA website.

15 Understanding the Budget Process Formulation of Budget Policy and Resource Projections The budget cycle begins each year in November 7 with consultations on the macroeconomic framework. This involves forecasting the size of the economy and expected revenues, in order to determine the budget frame. Forecasting of tax revenues is carried out by the Ministry of Finance and Economic Affairs (MOFEA) in collaboration with the Tanzanian Revenue Authority (TRA) while forecasts of non-tax revenues are undertaken by relevant MDAs and Regions. The Budget Guidelines Committee conducts a macro economic review each year, which involves assessing the performance of previous budget assumptions and targets, the economic growth rate, the rate of inflation and Government finance and sectoral performance, especially those linked MKUKUTA. Formulation of budget policy and resource projections are also meant to be guided by findings and recommendations from the Public Expenditure Review (PER). (See box 3.1.) MDAs begin preparations for the budget with a submission of their priorities and financial requirements for the coming year to the Planning and Budget Guidelines Committee. These requests are linked to MKUKUTA priorities and are typically very detailed. The requests are meant to be guided by projections from previous years, but this is often not done in practice. Thus the submissions are often much higher than what is actually available. 7 The dates of the different phases of the budget cycle are approximate, based on the authors and expert reviewers understanding of the process. It should be noted that in practice the dates are often different than the official schedule.

16 Understanding the Budget Process 16 Box 3.1 PER: An Effective Opportunity for Participation? The Public Expenditure Review (PER) process began an annual assessment conducted by the World Bank to evaluate the Public Expenditure Management systems of Government. The first PER in Tanzania was conducted in 1997 on a very secretive basis, as a condition for getting funds. Over time the PER has become more participatory and integrated into the budget process. The PER process includes annual studies which are supposed to be incorporated into the Planning and Budget Guidelines for the following year. The PER process is meant to facilitate better long term planning and ensure that expenditure is optimally budgeted and fully accounted for within the context of the national budget process. The diagram below outlines how the PER cycle is supposed to work: June July 1. Prepare work programme August 2. Identify sector work programme 3. Finalise Terms of Reference for conducting PER studies Nov - Dec 5. Use findings and recommendations from study to inform the preparation of Budget Guidelines Sept - Oct 4. Conduct analytical work January 6. Finalise Sector PERs and Sector MTEFs February 7. Conduct sector consultations and external PER Evaluation (PEFAR) May 10. Government quiet time to prepare budget for the following year. May 9. Annual PER Consultation March 8. Input into the Budget Frame The PER has revealed some problems related to the budget cycle, which have subsequently been addressed. For example, recent progress with Government audits can be attributed in part to discussions during the 2005 PER. Furthermore, the PER working group is now given the opportunity to comment on the Planning and Budget Guidelines prior to their release. However, a number of challenges related to the PER must still be addressed. The process itself takes a lot of time. Competing priorities within Government mean that they do not always prioritize participation in the PER process to enable it to function efficiently and effectively. This has led some participants to ask whether or not government values this process as a useful tool for improved performance or whether or not it is seen as conditionality for donor funding. There have also been consistent delays in implementation and the timetable has yet to be followed, making it difficult for the PER process to inform the budget cycle as planned. Even when the studies have been done on time, it is not clear how much they have actually informed planning and budgeting. Finally, the PER process still has too many donors in proportion to domestic participants. What s more, only a few civil society participants have access to this process and their participation is upon invitation from the MOFEA. Additionally civil society participants are not provided sufficient information early enough for them to perform their representative role effectively.

17 Understanding the Budget Process Issuance of Budget Guidelines Following the submissions of MDA priorities and subsequent review by the Budget Guidelines Committee, the Planning and Budget Guidelines (PBG) is issued. The PBG are a set of instructions approved annually by Cabinet which are meant to guide MDAs, Regions and Local Government Authorities (LGAs) on how to prepare their annual plans, programmes and budgets. They contain the following information: A summary of macroeconomic performance in the previous year. Policy commitments and strategies. The influence the government intends to exert on the credit system and general liquidity, inflation and employment levels. Forecasted resources envelope and expenditure framework on recurrent and development budget. Expenditure ceilings to guide MDAs, Regions and LGAs in preparing their budgets. Instructions and formats to MDAs, Regions and LGAs that should be adhered to during preparation and implementation of their plans and budgets. The PBG are supposed to be issued in December 8 to inform central government MDAs of key spending priorities, expenditure ceilings and revenue targets for key programmes during the upcoming year. Some CSOs have been successful in working together with the members of the Budget Guidelines Committee in deciding on key priorities, and ensuring that the guidelines incorporate specific cross-cutting issues, such as gender. However, much more needs to be done to open up this stage of the budget process to citizen participation and engagement Estimating Revenues and Expenditure by MDAs, Regions and LGAs Once the Budget Guidelines are approved by Cabinet in January 9 of each year, the Ministry of Finance prepares a consolidated budget overview and distributes the approved budget frame to the MDAs. The MDAs then revise their requested allocations according to the ceilings set in the budget guidelines to produce each Ministry s Medium Term Expenditure Framework (MTEF) and a corresponding action plan. The Accounting Officer, in conjunction with the Budget Committee for each MDA, is then required to submit the MDA s budget to the Ministry of Finance (Treasury) for scrutiny. Additional review of MDA estimates is done by the President s Office - Public Service Management (for PE issues), the President s Office - Planning and Privatisation (for macro policy issues), and the President s Office - Regional Administration and Local Government (for issues related to Regions and Councils). 8 In reality, the PBG are often issued late. For instance, in 2007 and 2008 the PBG were not released until April. 9 This is the suggested timeline; as mentioned above the process of issuing and approving the PBG is often delayed.

18 Understanding the Budget Process 18 Donor and Box 3.2 MTEF: A Way to Look Ahead? Government consultations The MTEF is a projection over 3 years that seeks to: i) cost programs; ii) seek commitments from donors; iii) harmonize foreign aid; and iv) influence facilitate the sector strategies. Overall, the MTEF seeks to establish a link between country policies and the budget. budget process by The MTEF is supposed to set out a prioritised three-year set of integrated confirming estimates for recurrent and development expenditure (whether financed by donor Government or Donors) based on the performance indicators set out in the financial strategic plans of all MDAs. commitments in the coming annual budget In practice, however, implementation of the MTEF has stagnated. Outer year estimates are typically not credible and so each year the budget is usually and MTEF prepared from scratch rather than being a rolling update of the outer years from the previous MTEF. period. These discussions take place between Ministry of Finance or Sector Ministries and Development Partners. In addition, wider consultation is facilitated through the PER, which culminates in an annual public consultation 10. The Ministry of Finance and Economic Affairs (Policy and Research Department) then prepares a consolidated budget document, including Estimates of Revenue and Expenditure, which is scrutinised by Parliamentary Sector Committees in May. MOFEA can incorporate recommendations made by the sector committees into the final budget before it submits the budget to Parliament. The pre-budget session with parliamentary sub-committees is the last opportunity for significant changes in the budget. The sub-committees shape the final budget which is presented to full parliament. Moreover, detailed discussions and readings of sectoral budgets only take place in the committees. The discussions in Parliament on budgets also have an important function in bringing high level political debates into the public domain. Parliamentary plenary sessions are open to the public and key discussions are often >>Accessing Budget Documents The Planning and Budget Guidelines are available on the MOFEA website, or through PER meetings. Approved budget estimates are available on the Parliament (Bunge) website, as well as the Tanzania Governance Notice board. The approved estimates are also available in hard copy in the Budget Volumes, which CSOs can obtain through the PER or upon request from MOFEA. More detail on how to understand and analyze the budget estimates is provided in Chapters 6 and 7. televised live. Many of the important committee sessions are still closed to the public, which is not ideal, but even here can CSOs and other stakeholders have an impact through targeted lobbying. Following approval by the sub-committees, the estimates are then submitted for scrutiny to the Cabinet Secretariat and Inter-Ministerial Technical Committee (IMTC), which is a committee of all Permanent Secretaries. After scrutinising the estimates, the IMTC, advises the Cabinet before they are approved. The MOFEA consolidates the final estimates and prepares printouts of the budget books. The printouts are then sent to the Government Printer for full production. 10 In previous years the PER consultation was always held in May but it now may move to October and be merged with the GBS Annual Review.

19 Understanding the Budget Process 19 While limited, there are real opportunities for interventions on the part of civil society organizations during the formulation stage. Intervention at this stage is particularly critical, since it represents a chance to influence decisions before they are made. CSOs should consider building relationships with Parliamentary subcommittees, and working to understand which institutions or individuals are responsible for decisions affecting allocation of resources to given priorities such as increasing teachers salaries or subsidizing drugs and medical supplies. This can help to make advocacy more targeted and effective. CSOs can also work at this stage to increase the public debate on the budget, and advocate for greater transparency in the process. 3.2 Debating and Approval of the Budget In addition to review and discussion of sectoral plans and budgets by parliamentary committees, this phase of the budget process includes presentation of a public speech on macro-economic performance and projections. This is typically followed by a presentation of the Government Budget Proposals to Parliament by the Minister for Finance and Economic Affairs through the budget speech. Both of these speeches are normally made on the same day, popularly known as Budget Day. Budget Day is normally selected to take place between 12 and 25 June each year. According to the East African Cooperation Framework, national budgets of all East African Community member countries are presented on the same day. Reports by the Sector Parliamentary committees and that of the Economic and Finance Committee are finally debated openly in Parliament during the June-August session (the budget session. ). The level of debate during this session is rather general a contrast to the detailed debate that occurs within the sub-committees. Parliament does not have the power to change budget allocations and the President is empowered to dissolve Parliament in the event the National Assembly refuses to approve the budget proposed by Government. The parliamentary debate is followed by approval of the budget by passing an annual appropriation bill. It is important to note that the appropriation bill is much less detailed than the budget estimates released in June. This gives Government considerable room for shifting funds during the year. The parliament also passes an annual finance bill that empowers the Minister for Finance and Economic Affairs to raise the money and finance the budget. The opportunity for participation at this stage is largely limited to Members of Parliament. Members of the general public or interest groups can participate by lobbying MPs to take positions on specific issues of interest. CSOs can contribute by making the budget estimates more widely accessible and easy to understand, and by conducting some analysis, as the Budget Working Group has done in previous years. This can contribute to a more meaningful public debate on the budget. 3.3 Budget Execution Budget execution (spending the money) begins each year on 1 July and ends on 30 June of the following year. Following the approval of the national budget by Parliament, MDAs are supposed to prepare detailed action plans, or work plans, which explain how they plan to implement

20 Understanding the Budget Process 20 their activities in the coming budget year. The action plan is supported by a procurement plan, which describes when procurement steps are expected to start and finish, and a monthly disbursement or cash flow plan, which describes when funding or disbursement of funds is required by the institution. Budget execution in Tanzania is based on a cash budget system. Under this system, the Government can only spend the money it has. Specifically, the system, which is managed by the Ministry of Finance and Economic Affairs (MOFEA), limits aggregate expenditure in a month to average revenue collection in the previous three months plus programme aid. The MOFEA collects revenues (through the TRA) and allocates money consistent with the approved budget. MOFEA also receives disbursements from Tanzania s many donor countries. The timing of these disbursements varies, as it is subject to the budget cycles and decisions made in the donor countries. The timing of the disbursements depends on the nature of the funding modality i.e. whether GBS, basket or project funds. For GBS, most of the money is usually disbursed during the first quarter of the financial year, where as for baskets and projects, disbursements largely depends on decisions in the donor country Headquarters. The implication of a cash budget system means the Government sometimes cannot spend money as planned in the budget for instance, if domestic revenue collection is lower than projected, or if donor funds come late or are lower than expected. There is a provision for significant budget revisions to be made during the financial year, through virements (transfers within a given sub-vote) which may be approved by the relevant Controlling Officer and reallocation warrants (transfers across sub-votes or votes), that must be approved by MOFEA and must also be authorized by Parliament, although this may be done retrospectively. Given the cash budget system and the various opportunities for shifting funds around, actual spending is often significantly different from the budget estimates presented in June. Actual spending has been less than the budgeted amount across many sectors in recent years. The main factors that contribute to under spending include shortfalls in budget support and low absorption capacity in spending units. During this stage the possibility for formal participation is limited to the MDAs and donors. Ordinary citizens only participate as beneficiaries or consumers of services provided by government. However, CSOs can monitor service delivery and share information about the approved estimates to help people follow the money and make sure it is spent as planned. 3.4 Oversight and Control There are various ways in which budget execution is monitored, controlled and evaluated. These processes are critical for enhancing accountability. Budget monitoring is or should be a continuous process which starts immediately after approval of the budget by parliament and disbursement of funds to the implementing agencies by MOFEA Within-year monitoring There are a variety of monitoring mechanisms, most of which focus on the integrated financial management system (IFMS), through which the Accountant General s Department controls expenditure commitments, executes payments and generates financial reports. In addition, there is a poverty monitoring system which reports on the

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