It is my great honour to introduce the latest 56 (128) issue of Scientific Journals of the Maritime University of Szczecin.
The current issues contains the latest research in the field of marine technology, transport and logistics.
The introductory paper entitled “Practical approach to calculating the hydrodynamic oscillating loads of a ship propeller
under non-uniform wake field” has been written by the world-class expert in fluid mechanics, Prof. Hassan Ghassemi,
professor of marine engineering at the Amirkabir University of Technology. The article presents selected issues
related to hydrodynamic modelling of screw propellers. The publication was prepared in connection with our implementation
of the project funded by the Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Republic of Poland from the fund for
science-popularising activities (grant No. 790/P-DUN/2016). The author’s remuneration and costs of publication were
covered by the Rector of the Maritime University of Szczecin from funds for international cooperation. I hope that the
relevance of the publication will contribute to its attractiveness to all readers interested in optimising the vessel power
systems.
The Marine Technology and Innovation section gathers articles devoted to the studies of austenitic-ferritic steel on
cavitation erosion, modelling of brass/steel ingot structures, determining the properties of composites with glass-recycled
polyester additives and assessing the quality of welding.
In the section on Navigation and Maritime Transport, articles are devoted to communication using the R-Mode
receiver for medium frequency signals and analysing the fairway capacity impacted by LNG carrier transit.
The Transport Engineering section includes articles on marine emergency management digital platforms and analysing
the risk of operating fishing vessels with regard to the possibility of damaging underwater cables.
We are almost at the end of another publishing year which bears the fruit of higher bibliometric indices, denoting the
increasing quality of the quarterly. The annual journal citation chart in the Web of Science Core Collection presented in
Figure 1 indicates a growing recognition of research results published in the Scientific Journals of the Maritime University
of Szczecin.
According to Web of Science statistics for 1132 articles indexed in the Core Collection database, the average citation
of each article is 0.45. This is a very good result, bearing in mind that out of the 507 citations, 388 (76%) citations have
been generated from January 1, 2015 (as of 05.12.2018).
In addition, it is worth emphasising that on September 25 we received a message from the Scientific Journals Evaluation
Team of the Index Copernicus International saying that – based on the information submitted in our journal’s
questionnaire – Index Copernicus experts have calculated the Index Copernicus Value (ICV) for 2017: ICV 1017 = 100.00.
The ICV for 2017 is shown on the full list of indexed journals at the ICI Journals Master List 2017. The values of the indicator
from the previous three years were respectively ICV 2014 = 79.38, ICV 2015 = 87.49 and ICV 2016 = 90.35 (Journals
Master List, 2018).
The above indicators show that the quarterly is constantly improving its prestige (Chybowski 2016a; 2016b; 2017).
I can also say with full confidence that during the four years of my duties as editor-in-chief the assumptions that I set
and promised to fulfil to the former Rector of the Maritime University of Szczecin, Prof. Stanisław Gucma – to whom I am
grateful for the trust granted to me then, have been achieved.
I would like to express my thanks to the authors – we would not be publishing without their contribution and could
not achieve such high and constantly rising bibliometric indicators. Moreover, I would like to highlight that the constant
improvement of our journal’s publishing quality is a result of hard work of the editorial team, members of the Scientific
Board, reviewers and university authorities through their policy supporting the development of our quarterly. I would
like to thank all of those persons. I believe that our journal is on the right track to joining the group of publications
included in the Journal Citation Reports and being finally noted in the Impact Factor® Index, which is a realistic goal for
the next 2–5 years with the right strategy.
I would like to use this opportunity to encourage authors from all over the world to publish the results of their
research in the Scientific Journals of the Maritime University of Szczecin. All readers are welcome to visit our refreshed
website. Going to http://scientific-journals.eu/ grants access to the electronic version of the current issue and archival
volumes of the journal.

Propellers usually operate in the ship’s stern, where the inflow of the non-uniform wake generates oscillating
loads and changes the hydrodynamic performance. Therefore, determination of the forces on propellers and
hydrodynamic performance due to a non-uniform wake field are the challenging problems for naval architects
and hydrodynamists. The main objectives of the present study are to assess the hydrodynamic performance for
a single blade and all the blades. The propeller is a B-series propeller under non-uniform wake field behind the
Seiun-Maru (hereafter SM) ship hull. A practical approach is employed to calculate the hydrodynamic oscillating
loads of the ship propeller under a non-uniform wake field. Results of the computations on the propeller
behind the SM ship, due to a non-uniform wake field, are presented and analyzed using classical mathematical
methods over a single cycle. The results show that a variation of thrust with the discussed parameters is the
same as that shown for torque, also the blade-frequency of the total force, thrust and torque is an increasing
function of radial sections, whereas these parameters decrease with increasing radial blade sections.

Building Information Modelling (BIM) technology is briefly reviewed in this paper in order to demonstrate
the potential application of this methodology in the shipbuilding industry. A properly-created BIM model is
a valuable tool for the designers and future users of a given investment. BIM models improve the design and
execution process and serve as a tool to maintain and manage any asset. The purpose of this article is to propose
to use BIM technology in other construction industries, including the shipbuilding industry. A properly-constructed
BIM model of a ship can be used both by the shipyard, as well as by the ship owner or target users. The
information contained in the BIM model of the ship can be used to optimize the execution phase in the shipyard,
as well as provide valuable assistance to the user of the unit during its operation.

Cavitation is a one of many wear mechanisms which are related to the flow of liquid. It is one of the most
destructive wear methods for stainless materials. The local changes in the pressure of the liquid stream related
to the flow across the metal component cause straightening of the surface area, as well as its erosion and the
formation of pits on the surface layer. The erosion value of cavitation is related to the material’s microstructure,
the geometry of the element, the phase composition of the material and the surface roughness. In this paper the
investigation of the cavitation process for duplex stainless steel has been performed. Samples examined in the
first stages of the experiments were not significantly changed, but after a long time the hardness increase was
very visible. The result of the cavitation was also cracking along the interphase boundaries, which resulted in the
chipping of the material. One of the most important results was a description of the change in the wear mechanisms
and its intensity during the cavitation exposure time. At first plastic micro deformation of the material’s
surface occurred, then the plastic deformation increased significantly and after some time this resulted in erosion
of the material and interfacial boundary decohesion; these two effects increased simultaneously. The last of the
mechanisms was mechanical destabilization of the austenite, but the clear result of the mechanical destabilization
of the austenite was only observed in the last sample. Martensitic transformation of the material changed
the material’s mechanical properties, but for the stainless steels this resulted in electrochemical corrosion of the
material, especially through the formation of an electrochemical potential between austenite and martensite.

Polyester-glass composites are widely used in many industries, in various types of constructions, including
dynamically loaded ones. This article examines the influence of the content of a glass-polyester recycled additive
on the strength properties of layered composites. The recyclate was polyester-glass waste, which was
pre-crushed and then milled into the appropriate fractions. Manual laminating technology was used to make
the materials. The composite materials were made with a waste content of 0%, 10%, 20% and granulations of
≥ 1.2 mm and ≥ 3 mm. Samples for testing were prepared in accordance with the PN-EN ISO 179-1: 2010E
standard (Plastics – Charpy Impact Assessment – Part 1: Non-instrumental impact test). Impact tests of the
samples were performed using the Charpy method with the Zwick Roell RKP450 swinging hammer. The test
results showed that the addition of polyester-glass recyclate, its content %, and its granulation size, have an
impact on the composite resistance to loads in dynamic tests.

The authors of this article have been looking for new parameters and dynamic characteristics which can be
applied to the non-destructive testing of welded joints. All the characteristics have been based on the recorded
data generated during the vibration tests of welded joints both with and without failures. This article has dealt
with the methods of assessing welded joints using either 2D or 3D time-frequency dynamic characteristics. The
calculation procedure that was used for analyzing the simultaneous changes of the response modules, registered
by acceleration sensors, has been presented. The vibration amplitudes were transformed into a function of time
and frequency (simultaneously) and presented over 2D or 3D time-frequency characteristics. The analyses of
the characteristics were performed for a plate without a welded joint, for a plate with a non-defective welded
joint and for a plate with a defective welded joint caused by edge bonding. Having analyzed and registered the
2D or 3D time-frequency dynamic characteristics it could be noticed that by presenting the responses, analyzed
simultaneously against time and frequency, allowed for the evaluation of whether the examined system maintained
non-linearity and, at the same time, allowed for the quality of the welded joint to be indirectly assessed.
The proposed measurement parameters of the quality of a welded joint can be defined as a dispersion of the
colors from the obtained characteristics. The faults (and the vibration nonlinearity) of the welded joints will be
bigger if the dispersion is greater.

Metallographic studies performed on a cross-section of static steel ingot allow the observation of the following
morphological zones: a) columnar grains (treated as austenite single crystals), b) zone of the columnar into
equiaxed grains transformation (CET), and c) equiaxed grains at the ingot axis. These zones are reproduced
theoretically by the numerical simulation. The simulation is based on the calculation of both the temperature
field in a solidifying large steel ingot and the thermal gradient field obtained for the same boundary conditions.
In particular, a new, innovative method based on the mathematical treatment applied to different functions
resulting from both the aforementioned fields, are used in the structural predictions. The method developed,
firstly for the massive steel ingot, has subsequently been applied to theoretically predict the structural zones in
continuously cast brass ingots. In the case of continuously cast brass ingots three different morphologies were
revealed experimentally: a) columnar structures, b) equiaxed structures preceded by the CET (sharp transition),
and c) single crystals situated axially. The above model for the structural zones prediction is useful in plastic
deformation design for: a) steel forging ingots assigned for the crankshafts applied to the ship engines, and
b) continuously cast brass ingots assigned for special applications in the shipbuilding industry.

Signals from Global Navigation Satellite Systems are the primary source for Position, Navigation and Time
(PNT) information onboard any vessel today. As these signals are prone to interference, a maritime backup system
is needed to provide reliable PNT data, R(anging)-Mode is such a system. It utilizes existing maritime radio
beacons or base stations of the Automatic Identification System (AIS) by adding ranging components to the
legacy signals. The first modified radio beacons transmit medium frequency (MF) R-Mode signals in northern
Germany. This paper has described the current state of the authors’ research and development activities at the
receiver level for MF R-Mode signals. The receiver platform has been introduced, which was based on off-theshelf
components and the implemented algorithms for distance estimation have been explained. Furthermore,
the results of the first ranging measurements have been presented, which have shown the general suitability of
the R-Mode technology as a source for maritime positioning and timing data.

Liquefied natural gas (LNG), as one of the main sources of clean energy, has witnessed great growth in marine
transportation in recent years. Due to the potential catastrophic consequences in case of a vessel traffic accident,
the guidelines of the design of an LNG Port and the regulation of traffic management require that a mobile safety
zone be set up for the transit of an LNG carrier, that is, a moving safety area around the carrier that excludes
other ship traffic. To study the impact of a safety zone on channel capacity, this paper has presented a mathematical
model to calculate the impact ratio of a large LNG ship on channel capacity considering different speeds
and sailing modes. As a case study, an approach channel to a new LNG port that was developed in Yueqing
bay, Zhejiang province, East China, has been analyzed during the concept design of the port with the aim of
receiving ships with a capacity of 145,000 m3. Based on the model, the impact ratio on the whole channel and
the segmented channel when a carrier arrives at and leaves the berth has been calculated. The methodology can
support the job of port design and vessel traffic management to improve the capacity, efficiency and safety of
a waterway.

This paper presents human and operational factors related to risk assessment during the operations of crude oil,
petroleum products, and liquefied gas transfer between ships, called Ship to Ship (STS) operations. The lessons
learned from accidents during STS when both ships are underway show that the most frequent accidents occur
due to ship handling errors. Several influencing factors have already been identified, however there is still
a need to investigate the human factor. Both human and operational factors are interrelated as the operational
factors influence the human stress level. This paper identifies the stressors related to the external pressures
imposed on the ship’s staff, which can be limited to improve safety. The preliminary study of the influence of
particular elements of human factors, e.g., personality traits and stress levels, on the probability of ship handling
error is presented.

With the development of tourism in the inland waters, various types of accidents in the waters have posed
a great threat to human life, property, and the environment. This has caused concern in all circles of society.
According to water tourism safety issues, and relying on Internet technology, shipping safety, and public safety
management theory, this paper has proposed the concept and design plan of an Internet + maritime emergency
management platform. This platform includes functions such as the intelligent perception of a ship’s navigation
status, the scientific selection of a maritime emergency rescue site, the emergency rescue scene, the online dynamic
management of maritime emergency resources, and the online production of a maritime emergency rescue
plan. The design scheme has been used in the platform’s development. This paper has taken the application
of the Internet + maritime emergency management platform for the Liujiaxia reservoir in the Gansu Province
of China as an example. The results showed that the design of the platform that has been proposed in this paper
is reasonable and that it can provide scientific, fast and accurate decision information for emergency command
in the Liujiaxia reservoir and improve the effective control of the accident site as well as the use of resources.

Accidental damage to underwater cables caused by ship traffic seems to be a current problem. According to the
statistics more than 44 percent of such damage is caused by fishing vessels. The reason for the next 14 percent
is damage from ships’ anchors. The construction of the underwater installation risk model was based on the
determination of the density of the traffic in the area where the installation is located. There are several models
used to assess the risk of underwater cable damage requiring the implementation of data on the density of traffic
of fishing vessels. For this purpose, they usually use AIS (Automatic Identification System) data or statistical
data on traffic density in the areas called fishing squares. The aim of this article was to compare traffic data that
was based on two independent systems AIS and VMS (Vessel Monitoring System) and verify the reliability of
them. The research was carried out in the area of the Slupsk Bank where an underwater cable has been damaged
several times. The authors have demonstrated the need to verify the data from both systems in order to obtain
reliable information about fishing vessels.

Dear Readers,
I am pleased to present the latest 55(127) issue of the Scientific Journal of the Maritime University in
Szczecin. In the current issue, we publish the results of the latest research from the fields of marine engineering,
transport and logistics, navigation, and career development within the maritime industry.
The introductory article is entitled “TRIZ: Theory of Solving Inventive Problems to support engineering
innovation in maritime industry”. It is written by a world-class specialist in innovation development – Valeri
Souchkov, lecturer at the University of Twente (Enschede, The Netherlands) and lecturer in the TIAS Business
School (Tilburg, the Netherlands). He is a Founding Member and of ETRIA (the European TRIZ Association),
and head of ICG Training & Consulting (Enschede, the Netherlands). The paper presents selected issues relating
to the utilisation of TRIZ methodology in solving novel problems in the marine industry. The publication
was funded by the Ministry of Science and Higher Education of Poland, from funds for science-promoting
activities: grant no 790/P-DUN/2016. I hope that the interdisciplinary nature of this material will make it
attractive to all our readers.
In the Marine Technology and Innovation section we have included articles devoted to the analysis of
hydrodynamic performance of Horizontal Axis Tidal Stream Turbines, a comparative analysis on class inspections
of ship mechanisms, and the experience in the operation of marine engines running on gas.
The Navigation and Maritime Transport section contains articles regarding the navigation safety in the
entry area of the Świnoujście port, and the accuracy of bathymetric data in the electronic navigational charts.
Papers regarding urban transport and optimisation of logistics processes are presented in the Transport
Engineering section.
In Miscellaneous section, the decision-making process concerning a career path in the maritime industry
is given. To solve this decision, a model based on a hierarchical decision-making process (AHP) and fuzzy logic
was applied.
I would like to take this opportunity to encourage authors from around the world to publish their research
results in the Scientific Journals of the Maritime University of Szczecin. All readers are invited to visit our new
website, with its new visual form. This link http://scientific-journals.eu/ will grant you access to electronic
versions of the current and archival issues of this journal.
Assoc. Prof. Leszek Chybowski
Editor-in-Chief
Szczecin, 15.09.2018

The objective of this article is to present an innovative concept of modular reconfigurable trolleys for multifloor
manufacturing that increases the efficiency of the production processes, transport and logistics. The characteristics
of the original concept of modular load units for reconfigurable trolleys are presented, with their
technical and technological description and assembly. This article culminates with the synthetic analysis of
the effectiveness of the proposed solution. The applications contain a description of the possibilities of further
implementation and development of the technology under investigation.

The key ingredient, which provides the strongest impact on success of an innovation process, is the stage of
generating new inventive solution ideas, which requires creativity and out-of-the-box thinking. Until the beginning
of the 2000th, and even still very much today, creative engineering has been random and chaotic as it was
not supported by scientifically based methods. As a result, the process has low effectiveness of dealing with situations
demanding new inventive solutions. Introduction of TRIZ (Theory of Solving Inventive Problems) has
radically changed the situation in many industries. TRIZ provides a structured support to organize engineering
creativity based on many years of studies of innovative development of diverse technical systems and technologies.
These studies helped to extract and formulate generic patterns of inventive solutions, which can be reused
to produce new ideas in a much shorter time period rather than using traditional methods to enhance creative
thinking. Although TRIZ has been successfully used in a number of industries, its use in maritime industry has
been rather limited, most likely due to the low awareness by maritime engineers. This paper discusses modern
TRIZ and presents some of its techniques that can be utilized in maritime engineering.