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3.
What do you mean by upstream & downstream process?
The upstream processing in biotechnology involves identifying and extracting the
raw materials. This forms the initial process of fermentation.
Upstream process-it deals with the:
• Inoculum preparation which includes screening or microorganisms and selection of
suitable strain and genetic modification of the organism if needed.
• Preparation of culture media having suitable growth parameters at laboratory scale
• Scale up of the entire process.
• Inoculation.
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4.
Downstream process-
When the products are subjected to a series of processes including separation and
purification which are collectively known as Downstream processing.
It is also known as product recovery.
Materials –upstream-finished products
The downstream processing deals with:
• Solid-liquid separation
• Release of intracellular products
• Concentration
• Purification
• Formulation
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6.
Antibiotics:-it is a chemical drug used to treat bacterial
infections.
A medicine (such as penicillin or its derivatives) that inhibits the
growth of or destroys microorganisms.
Originally, an antibiotic was a substance produced by one
microorganism that selectively inhibits the growth of another.
Eg: penicillin, streptomycin, etc.
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8.
Hormones-A chemical substance produced in the body that controls
and regulates the activity of certain cells or organs.
 it act like messenger molecules in the body.
It is carried out by blood.
Hormones are essential for every activity of life, including the
processes of digestion, metabolism, growth, reproduction, and mood
control.
Eg: thyroid hormone,insulin,GSH.
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9.
Vaccines-A vaccine is a biological preparation that improves immunity to a
particular disease.
a preparation of killed microorganisms, living attenuated organisms,
or living fully virulent organisms that is administered to produce or
artificially increase immunity to a particular diseases.
 Eg: Diphtheria vaccine, Polio vaccine, etc.
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19.
PURIFICATION:
Purification-
To obtain product in purest form
i. Gel permeation: separation is on basis of size gels used are cross
linked dextran (sephadex and sephacryl) cross linked
agarose(sepharose).
i. Adsorption chromatography: In this the stationary phases or column
is packed with the mixture and followed by mobile phase.
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24.
CONCLUSION
• This is a type of sequence process, that are involved in extraction,
separation & purification to get a desired product.
• Upstream & downstream process ensures the efficiency of finished
product.
• By upstream & downstream process a fine biopharmaceutical
products are obtained by using of some microbial organisms
through different steps involved in it.
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