^ On
a 21 June:2003 In Peekskill
NY, late in the day, Willie Williams barges into his ex-mate's 7th-story
apartment intending to persuade her to get back together with him. They
argue and Williams dangles their 10-month-old baby daughter out a window.
The mother calls 911 and Williams drops the girl. “Oh, my God!”
the mother tells the 911 operator, “He killed my baby.” The
infant survives the 24-meter fall, crashing through several tree branches
before landing on the ground with only cuts and bruises. Williams then leaves
the apartment, picks up the baby and drives her to a nearby hospital. Williams
would be arrested on 23 June 2003, charged with attempted murder, assault,
and unlawful imprisonment.2002 The stock of computer
software and programming company Amdocs Limited (DOX) is downgraded by Merrill
Lynch from Long Term Buy to Long Term Neutral, by
JP Morgan from Long Term Buy to Market Perform,
by Robertson Stephens and by Deutsche Securities from Buy to
Market Perform, by USB Piper Jaffray from Outperform
to Market Perform, by Legg Mason from Buy to Hold,
by Salomon Smith Barney from Buy to Neutral, by
Janney Montgomery Scott from Buy to Sell, by CSFB
from Strong Buy to Buy. From the previous close
of $14.56 DOX drops to an intraday low of $8.50 and closes at $8.76. Its
previous all-time low was $8.50 on 31 Aug 1998, not long after its start
on 22 June 1998 at $14. But then it had surged to $89.75 by 20 March 2000.
[4-year price chart >]2001Total
solar eclipse of 4m57s visible first in South Atlantic, then it hits
land in Angola at 12:38 UT, and travels across Zambia, Zimbabwe, Mozambique,
and Madagascar, getting shorter along the way.2000
North Korea promised to refrain from long-range missile tests after the
United States lifted some economic sanctions against it.
1997 Free speech protected on Web
Judges in New York and Georgia overturn state
laws banning indecent and anonymous speech online. The cases foreshadow
the pending Supreme Court case that challenges the constitutionality of
the Communications Decency Act, which made it a crime to provide pornography
to minors on the Web.
1996 European leaders agreed to gradually lift a
global ban on British beef exports imposed nearly three months earlier following
a scare over "mad cow" disease.

^1994 Test version of Windows 95 is shipped Microsoft ships a test version
of Windows 95, code named "Chicago," for user testing by some twenty
thousand customers. Further refinements of the program would keep
it under development for another year.

1991 Congress requires Caller ID blocking
Panels in the
House and Senate passed bills requiring phone companies to offer customers
a way to block Caller ID systems from identifying and displaying their
phone numbers. Requiring the phone company to provide such blocking
services for free, the bills sought to protect consumer privacy from
telemarketers who used Caller ID to capture information about callers
and enhance their mailing lists.

1990 US House of Reps vote 254-177 to stop US flag burning,
doesn't pass 1989 The US Supreme Court rules that
burning the US flag as a form of political protest is protected by the First
Amendment to the Constitution.1985 American, Brazilian
and West German forensic pathologists confirm that skeletal remains exhumed
in Brazil were Nazi Dr Josef Mengele 1983 España
ingresa en el Centro Europeo de Investigación Nuclear.

^1982 Hinckley Not Guilty, by reason of insanity
John W. Hinckley, Jr., who, on 30 March
1981, shot President Ronald Reagan and three others outside a Washington,
D.C., hotel, is found not guilty of attempted murder, by reason of
insanity. Hinckley’s defense attorneys had argued that their client
was schizophrenic, citing medical evidence, and also claimed that
he had a pathological obsession with the 1976 film Taxi Driver, in
which the main character attempts to assassinate a fictional senator.
His attorneys argued that Hinckley saw the movie over a dozen times,
was obsessed with the lead actress, Jodie Foster, and had attempted
to reenact the events of the film in his own life. Thus the movie,
not Hinckley, they argued, was the actual planning force behind the
events that occurred on 30 March 1980.
On that day, in front of the Washington Hilton, Hinckley had fired
six shots toward the president, felling Reagan and three of his attendants,
including Press Secretary James Brady, who was shot in the head and
suffered permanent brain damage. The president was shot in the left
lung, and the .22-caliber bullet just missed his heart. However, he
recovered quickly and completely, and two weeks later returned to
the White House. Hinckley was
immediately arrested and booked. The verdict eventually pronounced
against him, “not guilty by reason of insanity,” aroused widespread
public criticism, and many were shocked that a would-be presidential
assassin could avoid been held accountable for his criminal actions.
However, because of his obvious threat to society, he was placed in
a high security mental hospital. In the late 1990s, Hinckley attorney
began arguing that his mental illness was in remission, and thus he
had he a right to return to a normal life, but under the recommendation
of a judge he remained isolated and under tight security.

^1966 Bombing of North Vietnam
continue US planes
strike North Vietnamese petroleum-storage facilities in a series of
devastating raids. These missions were part of Operation Rolling Thunder,
which had been launched in March 1965 after President Lyndon B. Johnson
ordered a sustained bombing campaign of North Vietnam. The operation
was designed to interdict North Vietnamese transportation routes in
the southern part of North Vietnam and to slow infiltration of personnel
and supplies into South Vietnam. During the early months of this campaign,
there were restrictions against striking targets in or near Hanoi
and Haiphong. In 1966, however, Rolling Thunder was expanded to include
the bombing of North Vietnamese ammunition dumps and oil storage facilities.
In the spring of 1967, it was further expanded to include power plants,
factories, and airfields in the Hanoi and Haiphong area. The White
House closely controlled operation Rolling Thunder and at times President
Johnson personally selected targets. From 1965 to 1968, about 643,000
tons of bombs were dropped on North Vietnam. The operation continued,
with occasional suspensions, until President Johnson halted it on
31 October 1968, under increasing domestic political pressure.

^1963 French withdraw navy from NATO
The French government shocks its allies by
announcing that it is withdrawing its navy from the North Atlantic fleet
of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO). The French action was
viewed in the West as evidence that France would be pursuing an independent
policy regarding its nuclear arsenal. In the months prior to the French
action, the United States had been pushing its NATO allies to accept a plan
whereby the NATO North Atlantic fleet would be armed with Polaris nuclear
missiles. The ships would have crews made up of personnel from various NATO
nations. This plan, however, conflicted with a French plan to base much
of their nation's nuclear arsenal in their navy. Obviously, France wished
to maintain absolute control over its ships to carry out this program. Thus,
French President Charles de Gaulle's government issued a brief statement
indicating that the French ships in the NATO North Atlantic fleet were being
withdrawn. Many NATO members expressed
surprise over the French action. In the United States, surprise was also
mixed with dismay and no small degree of anger. The French announcement
came just as President John F. Kennedy was preparing to go to Europe for
a series of talks with America's allies. Privately, some Kennedy advisors
were quite vocal in condemning de Gaulle's highly nationalistic independence
in moving away from his nation's NATO commitments, thereby threatening the
security of France's European allies. And, although the French withdrawal
from the NATO North Atlantic fleet did not drastically affect the fleet's
military effectiveness, the United States worried that France's action might
set a disturbing precedent. NATO was still considered by US officials as
the first line of defense against communist aggression in Europe, and France's
"defection" was distressing. Kennedy, during his European sojourn, attempted
to persuade the French to rethink their position, but de Gaulle stood firm
in his decision. America's fears were unrealized, however, as no other nations
followed France's example. French naval forces never rejoined the NATO fleet.

^
1956 Arthur Miller refuses to name communists
Playwright Arthur Miller defies the
House Committee on Un-American Activities and refuses to name suspected
communists. Miller's defiance of McCarthyism won him a conviction
for contempt of court, which was later reversed by the Supreme Court.
His passport had already been denied when he tried to go to Brussels
to attend the premiere of his play The Crucible, about the
Salem witch trials. Miller was
born in 1915 to a well-off German-Jewish family with a prosperous
clothing store. However, the store went bankrupt after the stock market
crash in 1929, and the family moved to Brooklyn. Miller finished high
school at 16 and decided to become a writer after reading Dostoyevsky's
The Brothers Karamazov. Miller worked for two years in an
automobile-parts warehouse before he attended the University of Michigan,
where he studied journalism and playwriting. His student plays, largely
studies of Jewish families, won awards.
His first literary success was a novel called Focus (1945),
about anti-Semitism. His first hit Broadway play, All My Sons,
was produced in 1947. In 1949, Death of a Salesman was produced
and won a Pulitzer Prize. In 1956, Miller divorced his first wife
and married glamorous movie star Marilyn Monroe. The couple remained
married until 1961, the same year she starred in the movie he wrote
for her, The Misfits. In 1962, he married his third wife,
photographer Ingeborg Morath, and continued to write hit plays.

^1948 First computer with stored memory
A tiny experimental computer, lacking
a keyboard or printer, successfully tests a memory system developed
at Manchester University in England. The system, based on a cathode-ray
tube, could store programs, whereas previous electronic computers
had to be rewired to execute each new type of problem. The Manchester
computer proved theories set forth by John von Neumann in a report
that proposed modifications to ENIAC, the electronic computer built
at the University of Pennsylvania in the mid-1940s. The report also
proposed the use of binary instead of decimal numbers.

^1942 Tobruk surrenders to Rommel
General Erwin Rommel turns his assault
on the British-Allied garrison at Tobruk, Libya, into victory, as
his panzer division occupies the North African port. Britain had established
control of Tobruk after routing the Italians in 1940. But the Germans
attempted to win it back by reinforcing Italian troops with the Afrika
Korps of Erwin Rommel, who continually charged the British Eighth
Army in battles around Tobruk, finally forcing the Brits to retreat
into Egypt. All that was left to take back the port was the garrison
now manned by the South African Division, which also included the
Eleventh Indian Brigade. With
the use of artillery, dive-bombers, and his panzer forces, Rommel
pushes past the Allies. Unable to resist any longer, South African
General Henrik Klopper orderes his officers to surrender early on
the morning of the 21st. Rommel takos more than 30'000 prisoners,
2000 vehicles, 2000 tons of fuel, and 5000 tons of rations. Adolf
Hitler would award Rommel the field marshal's baton as reward for
his victory. "I am going on to Suez," is Rommel's promise, which he
would not be able to keep.

1864 Christopher Memminger resigns as Confederate Secretary
of the Treasury

^1864 Grant extends the Petersburg
line Union General
Ulysses S. Grant stretches his lines further around Petersburg, Virginia,
accompanied by his commander-in-chief, Abraham Lincoln. After six
weeks of heavy fighting between his Army of the Potomac and Robert
E. Lee's Army of Northern Virginia in a series of battles around Richmond,
Grant chose a different strategy. Now south of Richmond, outside of
Petersburg, he was no longer willing to wage the destructive open-field
battles that had lost so many lives. Grant was content to starve out
Lee and his men. After the disastrous attack at Cold Harbor, he pulled
further south in an attempt to sever Confederate supply lines at the
rail center at Petersburg. On 21 June, Grant moved closer to a siege
when he sent his Second and Sixth Corps to extend the left flank of
his position. The goal was to take control of the Weldon Railroad,
which ran into Petersburg from the south, and run the Union line to
the Appomattox River. This would complete a semicircle around the
city and effectively bottle Petersburg and Richmond. The Confederates,
however, halted this attempt the next day and saved a vital lifeline
into Petersburg.

^1813 Peninsular War ends
At Vitoria, Spain a massive allied
British, Portuguese, and Spanish force under British General Arthur
Wellesley defeats the French under Joseph Bonaparte and Marshal Jean
Jourdan, effectively ending the Peninsula War. The Spanish phase of
the Peninsular War had begun on 16 February 1808, when Napoléon
ordered a large French force into Spain under the pretext of sending
reinforcements to the French army occupying Portugal. Over the next
few weeks, the invading French troops captured Pamplona and Barcelona,
and on 23 March, four days after a palace coup deposed King Charles
IV of Spain, they entered Madrid under Joachim Murat.
Charles and the new Spanish king, Ferdinand VII, were subsequently
called to Bayonne, France, by Napoléon, and in early May, were
forced to abdicate in favor of Napoléon’s brother, Joseph.
Meanwhile, a bloody uprising broke out against the French in Madrid,
and Murat brutally suppressed the Spanish rebels. On 15 June, Joseph
Napoléon was proclaimed king of Spain, leading to a general
anti-French revolt across the Iberian Peninsula.
In August, a British expeditionary force under Arthur Wellesley, later
the Duke of Wellington, landed on the Portuguese coast and by mid
1809 it had driven the French out of the country. Thus began a long
series of seesaw campaigns between the French and British in Spain,
where the British were aided by small bands of Spanish irregulars,
known as guerillas. Finally, on 21 June, 1813, 80'000 allied troops
under Wellesley routed the 66'000-man army of Joseph Bonaparte and
Marshal Jourdan at Vitoria, 280 km northeast of Madrid. By October,
the Iberian Peninsula was liberated, and Wellesley launched an invasion
of France. The allies had penetrated France as far as Toulouse when
news of Napoléon’s abdication reached them in April of 1814,
ending their advance towards Paris.En
Vitoria el ejército francés es derrotado y expulsado definitivamente
de España, lo que supuso el fin de la Guerra de Independencia española.

^1788US
Constitution is ratified
New Hampshire became the ninth and last necessary state to ratify
the new Constitution of the United States, thereby making the document
the law of the land. In 1786, defects in the post-Revolutionary Articles
of Confederation became apparent, such as the lack of central authority
over foreign and domestic commerce. Congress endorsed a plan to draft
a new constitution, and on 25 May 1787, the Constitutional Convention
began its proceedings at Independence Hall.
On 17 September 1787, after three months of debate moderated by convention
president George Washington, the new US constitution, which created
a strong federal government with an intricate system of checks and
balances, was signed by thirty-eight of the forty-one delegates present
at the conclusion of the convention. As dictated by Article VII, the
document would not become binding until it was ratified by nine out
of the thirteen states. Beginning on 07 December, five states 
Delaware, Pennsylvania, New Jersey, Georgia, and Connecticut 
ratified it in quick succession. However, other states, especially
Massachusetts, opposed the document as it failed to reserve powers
not delegated by the Constitution to the states, unless specifically
prohibited, and lacked constitutional protection of basic political
rights, such as freedom of speech, religion, and the press, and the
right to bear arms. In February
of 1788, a compromise was reached under which Massachusetts and other
states would agree to ratify the document with the assurance that
amendments would be immediately proposed. The Constitution was thus
narrowly ratified in Massachusetts, followed by Maryland and South
Carolina. On 21 June, 1788, New Hampshire became the ninth state to
ratify the document and it was subsequently agreed that government
under the US Constitution would begin on 04 March 1789. At the first
session of the US Congress, held in New York City on the appointed
day, only nine of twenty-two senators and thirteen of fifty-nine representatives
showed up to begin negotiations for the Constitution's amendment.
Six months later, the first Congress of the United States adopted
twelve amendments to the US Constitution  the Bill
of Rights  and sent them to the states for ratification.
This action led to the eventual ratification of the Constitution by
the last of the thirteen original colonies: North Carolina and Rhode
Island.

2006 Special Agent William "Buddy" Sentner,
44, of the U.S. Justice Department's Office of the Inspector General, and
Ralph Hill, 43, a guard at the federal women's prison in Tallahassee,
Florida, who shoots Sentner and is then shot by the other special agents
who had come to arrest Hill together with five other guards: Hill, Alfred
Barnes, Gregory Dixon, Alan Moore, and E. Lavon Spence indicted on charges
of having sex with eight prisoners in exchange for contraband (such as drugs,
alcohol, money); and Vincent Johnson, charged with silencing two prisoner
victims by intimidation, showing them a computer system that tracked inmates
in the prison. — (060622)2006 Khamis al-Obeidi,
a lawyer for Saddam
Hussein [28 Apr 1937~] (since 19 October 2005 on
trial for mass murders), abducted at 07:00 from his home in Baghdad,
Iraq, by men wearing police uniforms, and shot at 07:50 (03:50 UT). —
(060621)2005 Train driver Leonid Turek, 49; truck driver Leonid
Galinski, 51; passengers Rabbi Yoseph Derner, 56; First Sgt. Major Nir Sarusi,
33; Olga Akanayev, 20; woman Sgt. Adi Amono, 19; and two other passengers
of a Tel Aviv to Be'er Sheva train which crashes into a 40-ton coal truck
at 15:30 (12:30 UT) at an unguarded crossing near Kibbutz Revadim, Israel.
Some 200 persons are injured. — (060618)2005 George Hawi
(or Georges Haoui) [1938–], former head (1979-1993) of the Lebanese
Communist Party, at 09:30 (06:30 UT), killed by a remote-control bomb under
the front passenger seat of his car, in Beirut. His driver survives with
light injuries. Syrian agents are suspected of the crime. Hawi had turned
against the Syrian occupiers after the assassination of Rafik
Hariri [01 Nov 1944 – 14 Feb 2005].

^2005 Cardinal Jaime Lachica
Sin.[< photo]
He was born on 31 August 1928, the 14th of the 16 children in an ethnic
Chinese family in the Philippines. He was ordained a priest on 03
April 1954 and consecrated as an auxiliary bishop for the Jaro diocese
on 18 March 1967. He succeeded as archbishop of Jaro on 08 October
1972, and was appointed archbishop of Manila on 21 January 1974. Pope
Paul VI [26 Sep 1897 – 06 Aug 1978] made him a cardinal on 24
May 1976. Sin retired as Manila's archbishop on 15 September 2003,
suffering from diabetes and associated kidney problems. Cardinal
Sin was one of the few Catholic prelates who has been allowed to visit
Communist China. During the 1980s he established the Lorenzo Ruiz
Institute in Manila to train priests for service to the Church in
China, for when the government there would allow their entry. For
now, most of the priests trained at that Institute serve in ethnic-Chinese
parishes in the Philippines. In
1986 Cardinal Sin became a leader of the "People Power" revolt against
the dictatorship of Ferdinand Marcos [11 Sep 1917 – 28 Sep 1989],
and in February 1986, he drew together 1 million people to form a
human barricade, blocking the progress of tanks that had been sent
into Manila to suppress a military mutiny. Corazon Aquino [25 Jan
1933~] became president in replacement of Marcos, who had ordered
the murder of her husband Nino Aquino [27 Nov 1932 – 21 Aug
1983]. In 2001, Cardinal Sin was instrumental in the fall of President
Joseph Estrada because of political corruption.
The death of Cardinal Sin leaves 181 cardinals. Of the 115 of them
below the age of 80 and thus entitled to vote in a conclave, the oldest
are Marco Cé [08 Jul 1925~], former Patriarch of Venice, and
Francisco Alvarez Martínez [14 Jul 1925~] former archbishop
of Toledo. — Cardinal Sin
was not related to any cardinal sin
(pride; greed; lust; envy; gluttony; anger; sloth; according to the
Summa
Theologica of Saint Thomas Aquinas), though, like all humans
except Jesus and Mary, he was born affected by original
sin. Nor was he related to Sin, the ancient Mesopotamian god of
the moon.

CARDINAL
SINS, NOT RELATED TO CARDINAL SIN

2003 Abdullah Qawasme, head of the military wing of Hamas
in Hebron, West Bank, shot at 21:15 at the entrance of a mosque in the center
of Hebron, by 15 Israeli policemen who had just jumped out of three unmarked
cars.2003 Leon
Uris, born on 03 August 1924, US Jewish author of Exodus
(1958, a story of European Jewry from the turn of the century to the establishment
of the state of Israel in 1948), Topaz (1967, about Russian espionage
during the Cuban missile crisis), Trinity (story of three Irish
families from the mid-19th century to the Easter Rising of 1916), Battle
Cry (1953, based on his Marine experiences), The Angry Hills
(1955, spy novel based loosely on the diary of an uncle who had fought in
World War II in Greece as a member of the British Army's Palestine Brigade),
Armageddon: A Novel of Berlin" (1964, about its various crises
from the end of WW2 until the airlift); and O'Hara's Choice (October
2003). Uris' other novels include Trinity (about Ireland's 19th-century
struggle for independence) and its sequel Redemption (1995); QBVII,
a courtroom drama based on his legal troubles with the movie adaptation
of Exodus; The Haj (1984, about the birth of Israel as
viewed by a Palestinian); A God in Ruins (1999, about an Irish
Catholic US presidential candidate opposed to guns who turns out to be Jewish);
and Mila 18 (1961, about the Jewish uprising in Warsaw during World
War II). Uris' most personal novel, Mitla Pass (1988) closely follows
the lives of the author and his family. The book begins in Israel in 1956
during the time of the Suez Canal crisis and centers on the experiences
of Gideon Zadok, a writer covering the incident. The novel then traces Zadok's
ancestry back to the 1880s, allowing various relatives to tell their stories.
Uris loaded his novels with excessive exposition and information. He was
not as good a writer as Pynchon, Barthelme, or Nabokov; but he was a better
storyteller.2003 Moshe Kupferman (or Kupperman) Israeli
abstract painter, born in Poland in 1926.  MORE
ON KUPFERMAN AT ART 4 JUNE
with links to images.2002 Adnan Auda, 22, Palestinian,
shot in the chest by Yosef Cohen, one of a group of Jewish settlers rampaging
through Palestinian villages near Nablus, setting fire to homes and cars,
after the funeral of the five Itamar settlers
murdered the previous day by two Palestinian gunmen.2002
Mahmoud Massir, and two innocent Palestinian workers, at the Erez
crossing in the Gaza Strip, by Israeli Border Police officers firing back
at Massir after he throws hand grenades and fires at them. A third Palestinian
worker is seriously injured. 2002 Abed a-Samed Samalah,
10, Palestinian, by Israeli shelling while he was at home in the northern
Gaza strip. A mother and three of her children were wounded. 2002
Ahmed Ghazawi, 6, his brother Jamil Ghazawi, 12, girl Sajedah Famahwi, 6,
and Helal Shetta, 50, deputy director of the department of education
of Jenin, West Bank, by Israeli tank shells fired in a Jenin market where
a group of Palestinian had come to buy food, thinking that the round-the-clock
curfew imposed by the Israeli invaders which is starving them, had been
temporarily lifted.2002 Clifford
Possum Tjapaltjarri, Australian aborigine painter born
in 1932.  MORE
ON POSSUM AT ART 4 JUNE with
links to images.1992 Joan Fuster, escritor y ensayista
español. . 1990 25'000 in Iranian earthquake.1989 Leo E. Edwards, in the Mississippi the gas chamber
for a 1980 robbery and murder.1986 Al menos 200 personas
mueren sepultadas bajo un alud de tierra en una carretera de la
provincia ecuatoriana de Putumayo. 1985 Tage Erlander,
ex-primer ministro sueco.1975 Émile Grau-Sala,
French painter born on 22 June 1911. — links
to two images.1970 Ahmed Sukarno, estadista indonesio.

^
1969 Many Communists attacking US base and a
few US defenders.
Approximately 600 Communist soldiers storm a US base near Tay Ninh,
80 km northwest of Saigon and 20 km from the Cambodian border. The
North Vietnamese had been shelling the base for two days, followed
by six attacks on the city itself and the surrounding villages. About
1000 civilians fled their homes as Allied and Communist troops fought
in the city streets. The US troops eventually prevailed and it was
reported that 146 Communist soldiers were killed in the bitter street
fighting. Ten Americans were killed and 32 were wounded. Total Communist
losses around Tay Ninh during the two-day battle were put at 194 killed.

^
1964 Michael Schwerner, Andrew Goodman, James Chaney,
civil rights activists, shot by a Ku Klux Klan lynch mob near Meridian,
Mississippi. The three young
civil rights workers were working to register black voters in Mississippi,
thus inspiring the ire of the local Klan. The deaths of Schwerner
and Goodman, white Northerners and members of the Congress of Racial
Equality (CORE), causes a national outrage.
When the desegregation movement encountered resistance in the early
1960s, CORE set up an interracial team to ride buses into the Deep
South to help protest. These so-called Freedom Riders were viciously
attacked in May 1961 when the first two buses arrived in Alabama.
One bus was firebombed, the other boarded by KKK members who beat
the activists inside. The Alabama police provided no protection. Still,
the Freedom Riders were not dissuaded, and they continued to come
into Alabama and Mississippi.
Michael Schwerner was a particularly dedicated activist, living in
Mississippi while he registered blacks to vote. Sam Bowers, the local
Klan's Imperial Wizard, decided that Schwerner was a bad influence
and had to be killed. When Schwerner, Goodman, and Chaney, a young
black man who was acting as a liaison to the black community, were
coming back from a trip to Philadelphia, Mississippi, deputy sheriff
Cecil Price, who was also a Klan member, pulled them over for speeding.
He then held them in custody while other KKK members prepared for
their murder. Eventually released,
the three activists were later chased down in their car and cornered
in a secluded spot in the woods where they were shot and then buried
in graves that had been prepared in advance. When news of their disappearance
got out, the FBI converged in Mississippi to investigate. With the
help of an informant, federal agents learned about the Klan's involvement
and found the bodies. Since Mississippi refused to prosecute the assailants
in state court, the federal government charged 18 men with conspiracy
to violate the civil rights of Schwerner, Goodman, and Chaney. Bowers,
Price, and five other men were convicted; eight were acquitted; and
the all-white jury deadlocked on the other three defendants. Setting
a precedent, the verdict against Klan members helped to push Southern
society toward racial equality. —In Neshoba County in central Mississippi, three civil
rights field workers disappear after investigating the burning of
an Black church by the Ku Klux Klan. Michael Schwerner and Andrew
Goodman, both white New Yorkers, had traveled to heavily segregated
Mississippi in 1964 to help organize civil rights efforts on behalf
of the Congress of Racial Equality (CORE). The third man, James Chaney,
was a local Black man who had joined CORE in 1963. The disappearance
of the three young men garnered national attention and led to a massive
FBI investigation that was code-named MIBURN, for "Mississippi Burning."
Michael Schwerner, who arrived in Mississippi as a CORE field worker
in January 1964, aroused the animosity of white supremacists after
he organized a successful black boycott of a variety store in the
city of Meridian and led voting registration efforts for Blacks. In
May, Sam Bowers, the Imperial Wizard of the White Knights of the Ku
Klux Klan of Mississippi, sent word that the 24-year-old Schwerner,
nicknamed "Goatee" and "Jew-Boy" by the KKK, was to be eliminated.
On the evening of 16 June two dozen armed Klansmen descended on Mt.
Zion Methodist Church, an Black church in Neshoba County that Schwerner
had arranged to use as a "Freedom School." Schwerner was not there
at the time, but the Klansmen beat several Blacks present and then
torched the church. On 20 June
1964Schwerner returned from a civil rights training session in Ohio
with 21-year-old James Chaney and 20-year-old Andrew Goodman, a new
recruit to CORE. The next day, 21 June 1964, the three went to investigate
the burning of the church in Neshoba. While attempting to drive back
to Meridian, they were stopped by Neshoba County Deputy Sheriff Cecil
Price just inside the city limits of Philadelphia, the county seat.
Price, a member of the KKK who had been looking out for Schwerner
or other civil rights workers, threw them in the Neshoba County jail,
allegedly under suspicion for church arson. After seven hours in jail,
during which the men were not allowed to make a phone call, Price
released them on bail. After escorting them out of town, the deputy
returned to Philadelphia to drop off an accompanying Philadelphia
police officer. As soon as he was alone, he raced down the highway
in pursuit of the three civil rights workers. He caught the men just
inside county limits and loaded them into his car. Two other cars
pulled up filled with Klansmen who had been alerted by Price of the
capture of the CORE workers, and the three cars drove down an unmarked
dirt road called Rock Cut Road. Schwerner, Goodman, and Chaney were
shot to death and their bodies buried in an earthen dam a few kilometers
from the Mt. Zion Church. The next day, the FBI began an investigation
into the disappearance of the civil rights workers. On 23 June the
case drew national headlines, and federal agents found the workers'
burned station wagon. Under pressure from Attorney General Robert
F. Kennedy, the FBI escalated the investigation, which eventually
involved more than 200 FBI agents and scores of federal troops who
combed the woods and swamps looking for the bodies.
The incident provided the final impetus needed for the 1964 Civil
Rights Act to pass Congress on 02 July, and eight days later FBI Director
J. Edgar Hoover came to Mississippi to open a new Bureau office. Eventually,
Delmar Dennis, a Klansman and one of the participants in the murders,
was paid $30'000 and offered immunity from prosecution in exchange
for information. On 04 August the remains of the three young men were
found. The culprits were identified, but the state of Mississippi
made no arrests. Finally, on 04 December, nineteen men, including
Deputy Price, were indicted by the US Justice Department for violating
the civil rights of Schwerner, Goodman, and Chaney (charging the suspects
with civil rights violations was the only way to give the federal
government jurisdiction in the case). After nearly three years of
legal wrangling, in which the US Supreme Court ultimately defended
the indictments, the men went on trial in Jackson, Mississippi. The
trial was presided over by an ardent segregationist, US District Judge
William Cox, but under federal pressure from federal authorities and
fearing impeachment, he took the case seriously. On 27 October 1967
an all-white jury found seven of the men guilty, including Price and
KKK Imperial Wizard Bowers. Nine were acquitted and the jury deadlocked
on three others. The mixed verdict was hailed as a major civil rights
victory, as no one in Mississippi had ever before been convicted for
actions taken against a civil rights worker. In December, Judge Cox
sentenced the men to prison terms ranging from three to 10 years.
After sentencing, he said, "They killed one nigger, one Jew, and a
white man. I gave them what I thought they deserved." None of the
convicted men served more than six years behind bars. On
06 January 2004, one of the 18 men who were tried on federal conspiracy
charges still alive, klansman Edgar Ray Killen, 79, was arrested for
the murders of Chaney, Goodman, and Schwerner. It was the first time
the state has sought criminal charges in the case that outraged a
nation. Killen was selected “because he was high profile and
we knew where he was.”
Michael Schwerner, born on 06 November 1939, "Goatee"
to the klan of Neshoba and Lauderdale counties, was the most despised
civil rights worker in Mississippi. Klan Imperial Wizard Sam Bowers
ordered Schwerner's "elimination" in May 1964. The Klan
finally got its chance to carry out the elimination order on 21 June
1964. Because James Chaney and Andy Goodman were with Schwerner, and
would know too much if they were not killed, they also had to die.
Twenty-four-year-old Schwerner had
come to Mississippi in January of 1964 with his wife Rita after having
been hired as a CORE field worker. In his application for the CORE
position, Schwerner, a native of New York City, wrote "I have
an emotional need to offer my services in the South." Schwerner
added that he hoped to work for an integrated society for "the
rest of his life" (it was shorter than he had a right to expect,
but he did). On 15 January 1964, Michael and Rita left New York in
their VW Beetle for Mississippi. After talking with civil rights leader
Bob Moses in Jackson, Schwerner was sent to Meridian to organize the
community center and other programs in the largest city in eastern
Mississippi. Schwerner became the first white civil rights worker
to be permanently based outside of the capitol of Jackson.
Once in Meridian, Schwerner quickly earned the hatred of local KKK
by organizing a boycott of a variety store until the store, which
sold mostly to Blacks, hired its first Black. He also came under heavy
attack for his determined efforts to register Blacks to vote. After
a few months in Meridian, despite hate mail and threatening phone
calls and police harassment, Schwerner believed he made the right
decision in coming to Mississippi. Mississippi, he said, “is
the decisive battleground for America. Nowhere in the world is the
idea of white supremacy more firmly entrenched, or more cancerous,
than in Mississippi.”.Andrew
Goodman, born on 23 November 1943, died on what ought
to have been his first full day in Mississippi. Goodman had arrived
in the state early the previous morning after attending a three-day
training session in Ohio for volunteers for the Mississippi Summer
Project. Goodman arrived in Mississippi excited and anxious to get
to work. Andy Goodman was intelligent,
unassuming, happy, and outgoing. He grew up as the second of three
sons in a liberal household on the Upper West Side of Manhattan. Goodman
attended the progressive Walden School, widely known for its anti-authoritarian
approach to learning. While a high school sophomore at Walden, Goodman
had gone to Washington DC to participate in the "Youth March
for Integrated Schools." As a senior, he and a classmate visited
a depressed coal mining region in West Virginia to prepare a report
on poverty in the US. After graduating
from Walden, Goodman enrolled at Queens College in part because of
its strong drama department. Soon, however, his longing for commitment
led him away from his interest in drama and back to politics. In April
1964, Goodman applied for and was accepted into the Mississippi Summer
Project. Although not seeing himself as a professional reformer, Goodman
knew that his life had been somewhat sheltered and thought that the
experience would be educational and useful.James
Earl Chaney was born on 30 May 1943 in Meridian, Mississippi
to Ben and Fannie Lee Chaney. In 1963, he joined the Congress of Racial
Equality (CORE). In 1964, CORE led a massive voter registration and
desegregation campaign in Mississippi called Freedom Summer. As part
of the Freedom Summer activities, Chaney was riding with Schwerner
and Goodman when all three were attacked and killed by the Ku Klux
Klan. Chaney was twenty-one when
he died on Rock Cut Road. Chaney had begun volunteer work at the new
CORE office in Meridian in October, 1963, after a girlfriend introduced
Chaney to Matt Suarez, the office's first director. Chaney soon became
Suarez's chief aide, guide, and companion. His work ranged from constructing
bookshelves at the community center to traveling to rural counties
to set up meetings. Chaney, being black, was able to go places white
CORE members were afraid to go. To Mississippi Whites, Chaney was
"as inconspicuous as an alley cat." When the Schwerners
arrived in January to assume direction of the Meridian office, they
found Chaney to be their most willing volunteer.
Chaney was a native of Meridian and the eldest son in a family of
five children. His mother, a domestic servant, was protective; his
father, a plasterer, left his mother when James was in his mid-teens.
He was slightly built, but athletic. He was described as shy in public,
but a cutup in his home. Chaney
first encountered problems at the Catholic school for Negroes he attended
in 1959, when he was sixteen. Chaney was suspended for a week when
he refused to remove a yellow paper NAACP "button." The
next year he was expelled from school for fighting. Chaney tried to
join the army, but his asthma resulted in a 4-F disqualification.
Unemployed and restless, Chaney joined the Negro plasterer's union,
where he apprenticed with his father. His work as a plasterer ended
in 1963 after a fight with his father.

^1916, 37
Mexican and 17 US soldiers at the battle of Carrizal
The controversial US military expedition
against Mexican revolutionary Pancho Villa brings the US and Mexico
closer to war when Mexican government troops attack US Brigadier General
John J. Pershing’s force at Carrizal, Mexico. The Americans suffer
seventeen casualties, and thirty-eight Mexicans are killed.
Against the protests of Venustiano
Carranza’s government, Pershing had been penetrating deep into Mexico
in pursuit of Villa. After routing the small Mexican force at Carrizal,
the US expedition continued on its southern course. In 1914, following
the resignation of Mexican leader Victoriano Huerta, Pancho Villa
and his former revolutionary ally Venustiano Carranza battled each
other in a struggle for succession.
By the end of 1915, Villa had been driven north into the mountains
and the US government had recognized General Venustiano Carranza as
the president of Mexico. In January of 1916, a group of US citizens
were killed by unknown bandits in Chihuahua, and, on 09 March 1916,
Villa, angered by President Woodrow Wilson’s support for Carranza,
led a band of several hundred guerillas across the border and raided
the town of Columbus, New Mexico, killing seventeen Americans. US
troops pursued the Mexicans, killing fifty on US soil and seventy
more in Mexico. On 15 March 1916,
under orders from President Woodrow Wilson, General Pershing led 6600
soldiers over the border to capture Villa dead or alive. Over the
next eleven months, Pershing, like Carranza, failed to capture the
elusive revolutionary and Mexican resentment over the US intrusion
into their territory led to a diplomatic crisis.
On 21 June 1916, Mexican government troops attacked Pershing’s forces
at Carrizal, but the US troops refused to withdraw. On 28 January
1917, having failed in their mission to capture Villa, and under increasing
pressure from the Mexican government, the Americans were ordered home.
Villa continued his guerilla activities in northern Mexico until Adolfo
de la Huerta took power in Mexico and drafted a reformist constitution.
Villa entered into an amicable agreement with Huerta and agreed to
retire from politics. In 1920, the government pardoned Villa, but
three years later he was assassinated at Parral

1913 Gaston
Tarry, French mathematician born on 27 September 1843. He is
best known for his work on Euler's 36 Officer Problem, proving that two
orthogonal Latin squares of order 6 did not exist. He also published an
algorithm for exploring mazes, which is called after him.1908
Rimsky-Korsakov, compositor ruso.1900 Francesco
Beda, Italian artist born on 29 November 1840.1898
Manuel Tamayo y Baus, dramaturgo español.

^1892 Lot Smith, Mormon soldier,
killed by Amerindians
Lot Smith, one of the leading soldiers in the Mormon's military confrontation
with the United States Army, is killed by Navahos in Utah. Smith was
born into a Mormon family in Oswego, New York. At the age of 16, he
joined a contingent of Latter-day Saints who fought for the United
States in the Mexican War in California. He then moved to Utah, where
he joined Brigham Young's Territorial Militia and saw action in several
campaigns against Native Americans who were hostile to the Mormon
settlers. Though Smith won praise as a loyal defender of the Mormon
settlement in Utah, the precise nature of Brigham Young's theocratic
community was unclear: Was Utah an independent nation or a territory
of the United States? During the 1850s, the ambiguous status of Utah
led to an armed conflict between the United States Army and the Utah
militia in which Smith played a central role. Determined to assert
federal control over Utah, in 1857 President James Buchanan ordered
US soldiers to Utah to ensure Mormon loyalty and acquiescence to federal
authority. That July, a force of soldiers that became known as the
Utah Expedition left Fort Leavenworth, Kansas, and headed for Utah.
Young feared that the soldiers were not a legitimate federal army
but rather an armed mob of anti-Mormon fanatics. He directed his Mormon
militia to impede the progress of the US Army. Fortunately, the Mormon
militia found that the ill-prepared forces under the leadership of
Colonel Albert Sidney Johnston were easily stymied without having
to resort to actual combat.
Now serving as a major in the Utah militia, Smith was able to capture
and burn two of Sidney's provision trains of 52 freight wagons and
drive off most of the oxen and beef. Brutal weather combined with
the Mormon's effective destruction of his supply lines forced Johnston
to retreat to Fort Bridger, Wyoming. Smith's successful efforts, and
those of other leaders of the Mormon militia, may have kept the conflict
from turning into a full-scale war. By the following spring when Johnston's
army again headed toward Salt Lake City, the passion for war on both
sides had cooled. Brigham Young, who claimed he had always been loyal
to the United States, accepted a new gentile governor for Utah Territory.
If the Mormons had indeed once dreamed of creating an independent
theocratic community in Utah, they now abandoned the idea and largely
accepted federal authority. For his part, Smith went on to play an
important role in expanding Mormon settlement in the West, leading
a successful effort to colonize northern Arizona. He became a forceful,
and some said autocratic, leader of the Mormon settlement at Tuba
City, where he established his Circle S Ranch and may have taken as
many as eight wives. In the 1890s, the Arizona Mormons came into increasing
conflict with Navaho Indians who grazed their sheep on land that the
Mormons claimed as their own. Smith apparently angered the Navaho
by shooting several of their sheep he found grazing on land he claimed.
On this day in 1892, a small band of Navaho retaliated by ambushing
Smith and shooting him to death. He was 62 years old.

^1877 ten Molly Maguires,
hanged for murder The nation’s
increasingly embattled coal mines take center stage, as ten members
of the "Molly Maguires" are hung for murder. A strident band of anthracite
miners from Pennsylvania, the "Mollies" had formed a few years earlier
in hopes of improving in the work conditions for their fellow miners.
Indeed, coal miners received scant pay for toiling long hours in hot
and hazardous conditions. The courts and other official channels offered
the miners little refuge: mine operators used well-placed bribes to
skirt around labor regulations and hold government inspectors at bay.
The Mollies, who borrowed their nom
de guerre from a radical Irish mining organization, chucked any notion
of using official channels to effect change. Rather, like their Irish
forebears, they donned women’s clothes and waged a campaign of violence
and intimidation against the mine bosses. At first, the Mollies’ brutal
tactics had their intended impact and struck great fear into the hearts
of Eastern Pennsylvania’s mine officials.
But, management soon fired back and hired an operative from the Pinkerton
Detective Agency to infiltrate the group. The Pinkerton man was able
to marshal enough evidence to bring twenty members of the Mollies
to trial; though some labor historians still dispute the outcome of
the case, ten of the Molly Maguires were nonetheless found guilty
and executed. Duly cowed by this turn of events, the remaining members
of the Molly Maguires swiftly disbanded their organization.

1876 Antonio López de Santa Anna, 82, Mexican general
(took Alamo) 1828 Leandro Fernández de Moratín,
dramaturgo español.1820 Aléxis-Thérèse
Petit, Frenchman mathematical physicist born on 02 October
1791.1812 Johann-Friedrich-August Tischbein, German
painter specialized in Portraits,
born on 09 March 1750. — more
with links to images.

2003
Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix (768 pages)
by J. K. Rawlings, goes on sale at $17.97, with some one million copies
already paid in advance. The 8.5 million copies printed are the largest
first edition in history. The preceding books of the series were Harry
Potter and the Sorcerer's Stone (1997), Harry Potter and the Chamber
of Secrets (1998), Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azbakan
(1999), Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire (July 2000)1966
Washoe
Pan Satyrus is adopted by Drs. Beatrix T. and R. Allen Gardner.
They would raise her in their home as if she were a human child. Washoe
would be the first nonhuman to acquire a human language  American
Sign Language. Washoe moved with Roger and Deborah Fouts to the University
of Oklahoma in 1970 and came to Central Washington University in 1980. There
she lived with fellow chimpanzees Moja Lemsip [18 Nov 1972  06
Jun 2002], Loulis
Yerkes, Dar
es Salaam, and Tatu
Oklahoma  CHCI
chimpcam (M-F 09:00-12:00 and 13:00-15:30  Sa 09:00-12:00 
Su 12:00-15:30 Pacific Time)1957 Berke Breathed
breathed his first breath. He would become a cartoonist.

^1953 Benazir Bhutto
first female leader of a Moslem nation (Pakistan), in Karachi, Pakistan,
into a landowning family prominent in politics. Her
father, Zulfikar Ali Bhutto, was often away from home, serving in
various government posts. Benazir Bhutto was tutored by an English
governess and enjoyed a pampered, upper-class upbringing. When she
was 16 she came to the United States and attended Harvard's Radcliffe
College. Bhutto received a BA cum laude in government in 1973, then
went on to England and studied politics, philosophy and economics
at Oxford. She returned to Pakistan
in mid-1977, but within days of her arrival her father was ousted
from power. He had been elected prime minister in parliamentary elections,
but his opponents charged that the elections were fixed. When demonstrations
occurred and civil order broke down, the military assumed power. Zulfikar
Ali Bhutto was imprisoned in September 1977, charged with conspiring
to murder a party colleague, and in April 1979 was hanged by the military
government of Gen. Zia Ul Haq. Benazir Bhutto was arrested by the
military regime and repeatedly detained between 1977 and 1984. Finally
in 1984, after being held for three years, she was allowed to leave
Pakistan. She settled in London.
After the execution of their father, Benazir Bhutto's brothers, Shahnawaz
and Mir Ghulam Murtaza Bhutto, founded a clandestine anti-Zia resistance
organization called Al-Zulfikar that was linked to terrorist activities.
In 1985 her brother Shahnawaz died under mysterious circumstances
 the French media suggested poisoning. Benazir Bhutto accompanied
his body back to Pakistan for burial, took part in anti-government
political rallies, and was again arrested. She was released in early
November 1985. Martial law ended in Pakistan in December 1985.
Political demonstrations resumed, and
Bhutto returned to Pakistan in April 1986 to a tumultuous welcome
from the public. She demanded that Gen. Zia step down, The following
month she and her mother were elected co-chairwomen of the Pakistan
People's Party. Once again, she was arrested but later released. Bhutto
was elected prime minister in 1988, the first woman elected prime
minister of an Islamic country. Her objective was to return Pakistan
to civilian rule and oust the men who executed her father.
In 1990 President Ghulam Ishaq Khan dismissed her, but she ran on
an anti-corruption campaign and was re-elected prime minister in 1993.
Bhutto's brother Mir Murtaza, from whom Benazir had become estranged
after the death of their father, returned to Pakistan after she was
re-elected, and began publicly charging her with corruption. On 20
September 1996, he and six of his bodyguards were killed in a gun
battle with police in Karachi. Police claimed that Murtaza's bodyguards
had started the fight. His death led to widespread public criticism
of Bhutto, but she claimed to have had no involvement in his death.
Bhutto was dismissed from office for
the second time in late 1996. In October, large street demonstrations
shut down the capital, and Bhutto aroused criticism when she had arrested
several rival party leaders who had participated in the demonstrations.
Bhutto came under pressure from the press and public, who charged
her government with corruption and mismanagement. On 05 November 1996,
President of Pakistan Farooq Leghari dismissed Prime Minister Bhutto
and dissolved the National Assembly.
Bhutto's husband, Asif Ali Zardari, was the focus of much of the criticism.
She had appointed him to the cabinet post of investment minister.
He was accused of taking bribes and pocketing money from government
contracts. President Leghari also charged that Zardari was responsible
for "extrajudicial killings" in Karachi, where Bhutto rivals had been
killed by police. Bhutto's platform
has been leftist, including food for the hungry, health care, jobs,
slum clearance and a monthly minimum wage. She has been opposed by
Islamic fundamentalists who have been suspicious of the PPP because
of its alleged leftist tendencies. There is also the threat of a military
establishment capable of intervening to impose martial law in the
name of preserving order. Bhutto ran in the national elections of
February 1997 and was roundly defeated.

1947 Fernando Savater, filósofo español.1935
Françoise Sagan France, novelist (Bon Jour Tristesse) 1925 Luis Adolfo Siles Salinas, ex presidente de Bolivia.1925 Giovanni Spadolini, politico y escritor italiano 1912 Mary McCarthy US, novelist (Group) 1905
Jean-Paul Sartre (philosopher, writer: Being and Nothingness; playwright:
No Exit, The Flies, The Age of Reason; rejected Nobel Prize for literature
[1964]) 1903 Al Hirschfeld cartoonist (1975 Tony
Award) 1893 First Ferris wheel premieres (Chicago's
Columbian Exposition) 1892 Reinhold Niebuhr US,
theologian (Nature and Destiny of Man) 1882 Rockwell Kent
painter, printmaker, illustrator, who died on 13 March 1971. Kent also wrote
and illustrated books such as Wilderness:
A Journal of Quiet Adventure in Alaska(1920)  Voyaging: Southward from the Strait
of Magellan. (1922)  Salamina (1935)  Greenland
Journal (1960)  his autobiography It's Me, O Lord (1955).
MORE
ON KENT AT ART 4 JUNE with
links to images. 1880 Arnold Lucius Gessell, psicólogo
y pediatra estadounidense.1859 Henry Ossawa Tanner,
Black US Realist
painter born in Pittsburgh PA, who died on 25 May 1937 in Paris, France.
 MORE
ON TANNER AT ART 4 JUNE with
links to images.1858 María Cristina de Austria,
reina de España.1850 Johann Hamza, Austrian artist
who died in 1927.1847 Wilhelm Velten, Russian German
painter who died in 1929. — link
to an image.1845 Luis Jiménez Aranda, Spanish Impressionist
painter who died in 1928. — links
to images.1834 Reaping machine patent obtained by
Cyrus Hall McCormick. 1828 Giuseppe
Bruno, Italian philosopher, engineer, mathematician, who died
on 04 February 18931821 The African Methodist Episcopal (AME)
Zion Church is formally constituted in New York City. Nineteen
clergymen were present, representing six African-American churches from
New York City; Philadelphia; New Haven, CT and Newark, NJ.1819
Jacques Offenbach, compositor francés.1814 Charles-Théodore
Frère  frère Bey, French painter specialized
in Orientalism,
who died on 24 March 1888.  MORE
ON FRÈRE AT ART 4 JUNE
with links to images.1805 José María El Tempranillo,
bandolero español.1781 Siméon
Poisson, mathematician 1774 Daniel D. Tompkins
(D-R), 6th US vice-president (1817-1825) 1773 Jorge Juan
y Santacilia, matemático y físico español.1744 Wybrand
Hendriks, Dutch artist who died on 28 January 1831. — more1640 Abraham Mignon, German painter who died in 1679. 
MORE
ON MIGNON AT ART 4 JUNE with
links to images.1639 Increase Mather, in Dorchester,
Massachusetts, Boston Congregational minister, author, and educator, influential
in the councils of New England during the period when leadership passed
to the first native-born generation. He published nearly 100 books including
, and is credited with helping end executions for witchcraft in colonial
America. He was the son of Richard Mather [1596  22 Apr 1669], son-in-law
of John Cotton, and father of Cotton Mather [12 Feb 1663  13 Feb 1728].
Increase Mather died on 23 August 1723 in Boston.

^1215 The British Parliament
Popular belief holds that the British Parliament began with the signing
of the Magna Carta on 21 June, 1215, when the ineffectual King John
was forced to sign the document that gave the people, especially the
nobles, certain basic rights. Revolution in the seventeenth-century
and reforms in the eighteenth-century guaranteed the primacy of Parliament
and later democracy. The Parliament still consists of the House of
Lords and the House of Commons, and though only a formality, the royal
assent is necessary for every bill to become law.

Thoughts for the day:No one really knows enough to be a pessimist.
No one really knows enough to be an optimist.
No one really knows enough.
No one really knows except really. — {there is no “unreal
knowledge”}No one really knows whether anyone really knows enough.
No one really knows what is a pessimoptimist.
You know enough to be a pessimist if you know you want to be disappointed
by happy events.
You know enough to be an optimist if you know you'll be wrong 90% of the
time.
No one really knows enough optimists.
No one really knows pessimists well enough.
You're a pessimist if you think that they're serving you poison... in too
small portions.
You're an optimist if you think that they're serving you poison which will
kill you before you have to pay the bill.
You're an optimist if the doctor tells you that you have 24 hours to live,
and you think that's good news.
You're a pessimist if the doctor tells you that you have 24 hours to live,
and you think that's yesterday's news.
You're a pessimist if you think that nothing you do can make the future
better.
You're an optimist if you think that you need do nothing to make the future
better.
No one really knows enough to say whether anyone knows enough to be a pessimist
or an optimist.
"Summer makes a silence after spring."  Victoria Sackville-West,
English poet and author [09 Mar 1892 – 02
Jun 1962].— {The kissy birds outside my window don't feel bound by that,
they keep making their loud kissing sounds}.