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<a href="http://www.on-this-day.com/onthisday/thedays/alldays/feb17.htm">February 17</a> ...<br />
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<b>In 1621</b> Myles Standish was appointed as the first commander of Plymouth colony. <b>In 1801</b> the US House of Representatives broke an electoral tie between Thomas Jefferson and Aaron Burr, electing Jefferson president; Burr became vice president. <b>In 1817</b> a street in Baltimore became the first to be lighted with gas from America's first gas company. <b>In 1843</b> Aaron Montgomery Ward, creator of the mail-order business, was born in Chatham, NJ. <b>In 1864</b> the Confederate vessel <i>H. L. Hunley</i> became the first submarine to engage and sink a warship, the Union's <i>USS Housatonic</i>. <b>In 1865</b> Columbia, SC, burned as the Confederates evacuated and Union forces moved in. (It's not known which side set the blaze.) <b>In 1924</b> swimmer Johnny Weissmuller set a world record in the 100-yard freestyle, with a time of 52-2/5 seconds in Miami, FL. <b>In 1933</b> the Blaine Act, which would repeal Prohibition, passed the US Senate, and was later ratified as the 21st Amendment in December of that same year; also on this day, <i>Newsweek</i> was first published. <b>In 1944</b> the World War II Battle of Eniwetok Atoll began. US forces won the battle on February 22, 1944. <b>In 1947</b> the <i>Voice of America</i> began broadcasting to the Soviet Union. <b>In 1964</b> the Supreme Court ruled that congressional districts within each state had to be roughly equal in population. <b>In 1972</b> President Nixon departed on his historic trip to China. <b>In 2005</b> President Bush named John Negroponte, the US ambassador to Iraq, as the government's first national intelligence director; also on this day, Iraq's electoral commission certified the results of the Jan. 30 elections and allocated 140 of 275 National Assembly seats to the United Iraqi Alliance, giving the Shiite-dominated party a majority in the new parliament.
The New Editortpelia@yahoo.com (Tom Elia)
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<a href="http://www.on-this-day.com/onthisday/thedays/alldays/feb16.htm">February 16</a> ...<br />
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<b>In 1804</b> US Lieutenant Stephen Decatur led a raid into Tripoli harbor and destroyed the captured American vessel <i>USS Philadelphia</i>, which was in the hands of the Barbary pirates. <b>In 1838</b> historian, journalist, and novelist Henry Adams was born in Boston. <b>In 1862</b> during the Civil War, some 14,000 Confederate soldiers surrendered at Fort Donelson, TN. (Union Gen. Ulysses S. Grant's victory earned him the nickname "Unconditional Surrender Grant.") <b>In 1883</b> the <i>Ladies Home Journal</i> was published for the first time. <b>In 1914</b> the first airplane flight between Los Angeles and San Francisco took place. <b>In 1941</b> 10,000 Jews were deported from Vienna, Austria. <b>In 1944</b> the US Marines destroyed Japanese bases in the Marshall Islands, including Ponape and Truk in the Caroline Islands. <b>In 1945</b> US paratroopers landed on Corregidor in the Philippines, taking the island ten days later. <b>In 1959</b> Fidel Castro became premier of Cuba after the overthrow of Fulgencio Batista. <b>In 1996</b> former California Gov. Edmund G. "Pat" Brown died in Beverly Hills, at age 90. <b>In 2001</b> the US and Britain staged air strikes against radar stations and air defense command centers in Iraq.
The New Editortpelia@yahoo.com (Tom Elia)
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<a href="http://www.on-this-day.com/onthisday/thedays/alldays/feb15.htm">February 15</a> ...<br />
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<b>In 1564</b> Galileo Galilei was born in Pisa, Italy. <b>In 1764</b> the city of St. Louis was established. <b>In 1809</b> farmer, inventor, businessman, and newspaper editor Cyrus McCormick was born in Rockbridge County, VA. <b>In 1820</b> American suffragist Susan B. Anthony was born in Adams, MA. <b>In 1898</b> the <i>USS Maine</i> blew up in Havana harbor, killing 260 officers and enlisted men. <b>In 1933</b> President-elect Franklin Roosevelt escaped an assassination attempt in Miami. Chicago Mayor Anton J. Cermak was shot in the attack and died March 6. <b>In 1941</b> Duke Ellington made his first recording of the jazz classic, <i>Take the A Train</i>. <b>In 1942</b> Japanese troops captured Singapore. <b>In 1946</b> ENIAC (for "Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer"), the first general-purpose electronic computer, was unveiled at the University of Pennsylvania. <b>In 1965</b> Canada's new maple-leaf flag was unfurled in ceremonies in Ottawa. <b>In 1989</b> the Soviet Union announced that the last of its troops had left Afghanistan, after more than nine years of military intervention. <b>In 1996</b> Russian President Boris N. Yeltsin announced he would run for re-election. <b>In 2005</b> the video-sharing Web site YouTube was founded.
The New Editortpelia@yahoo.com (Tom Elia)
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<a href="http://www.on-this-day.com/onthisday/thedays/alldays/feb14.htm">February 14</a> ...<br />
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<b>In 270 AD</b> St. Valentine was martyred by Roman Emperor Claudius II. <b>In 1778</b> the American ship <em>Ranger</em> carried the recently adopted Star and Stripes to a foreign port for the first time as it arrived in France. <b>In 1817</b> Frederick Douglass was born near Easton, MD (this was the date Douglass adopted as his birth date, as there was no definitive record). <b>In 1849</b> President James Polk had his photograph taken by Matthew Brady in New York City, becoming the first US president to have his picture taken. <b>In 1859</b> Oregon was admitted to the Union as the 33rd state. <b>In 1876</b> Alexander Graham Bell applied for his patent for the telephone. <b>In 1891</b> Union Civil War general William Tecumseh Sherman died at age 70. <b>In 1894</b> comedian Jack Benny was born Benjamin Kubelsky in Waukegan, IL. <b>In 1895</b> Oscar Wilde's final play, <i>The Importance of Being Earnest</i>, opened at the St. James' Theatre in London. <b>In 1903</b> the Department of Commerce and Labor was established. (It was divided into separate departments of Commerce and Labor in 1913.) <b>In 1912</b> Arizona became the 48th state in the Union. <b>In 1920</b> the League of Women Voters was founded in Chicago. The first president of the organization was Maude Wood Park. <b>In 1929</b> Al Capone's hit men lured the members of the Moran gang to a Chicago garage on North Clark Street and murdered them in what is known as "The St. Valentine's Day Massacre." <b>In 1949</b> Chaim Weizmann was elected as the first president of modern Israel. <b>In 1956</b> Nikita Khrushchev denounced the policies of Joseph Stalin at the 20th Congress of the Soviet Communist Party. <b>In 1979</b> Adolph Dubs, the US ambassador to Afghanistan, was kidnapped in Kabul by Muslim extremists and killed in a shootout between his abductors and police. <b>In 1989</b> the Ayatollah Khomeini issued a fatwa edict calling on Muslims to kill Salman Rushdie for his novel <i>The Satanic Verses</i>; also on this day, the first of the 24 satellites of the Global Positioning System was placed into orbit. <b>In 2005</b> former Lebanese Prime Minister Rafik Hariri was assassinated.
The New Editortpelia@yahoo.com (Tom Elia)
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<a href="http://www.on-this-day.com/onthisday/thedays/alldays/feb13.htm">February 13</a> ...<br />
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<b>In 1542</b> the fifth wife of England's King Henry VIII, Catherine Howard, was executed for adultery. <b>In 1633</b> Galileo arrived in Rome for his trial before the inquisition for professing his belief that the Earth revolved around the sun. <b>In 1635</b> the Boston Public Latin School was established. It was the first public school building in the United States. <b>In 1741</b> Pennsylvanian Andrew Bradford published the first American magazine, called <em>The American Magazine</em>, or <i>A Monthly View of the Political State of the British Colonies</i>. Bradford introduced his <i>American Magazine</i> just days before Benjamin Franklin founded his periodical called <i>General Magazine</i> in Philadelphia. <b>In 1795</b> the University of North Carolina became the first US state university to admit students with the arrival of Hinton James, who was the only student on campus for two weeks. <b>In 1883</b> German composer Richard Wagner died of a heart attack in the Palazzo Vendramin on the Grand Canal, Venice, Italy. <b>In 1892</b> painter Grant Wood was born in Anamosa, IA. <b>In 1920</b> the League of Nations recognized the perpetual neutrality of Switzerland. <b>In 1923</b> Chuck Yeager was born in Myra, WV. <b>In 1935</b> a jury in Flemington, NJ, found Bruno Richard Hauptmann guilty of first-degree murder in the kidnap-death of the son of Charles and Anne Lindbergh. (Hauptmann was later executed.) <b>In 1945</b> the Soviet Army captured Budapest, Hungary, from the Germans; also on this day, Allied planes began bombing the German city of Dresden. <b>In 1960</b> France exploded its first atomic bomb. <b>In 1974</b> dissident Russian novelist Alexander Solzhenitsyn was expelled from the USSR. <b>In 1984</b> Konstantin Chernenko was chosen to be general secretary of the Soviet Communist Party's Central Committee, succeeding the late Yuri Andropov. <b>In 1990</b> at a conference in Ottawa, the US and its European allies forged agreement with the Soviet Union and East Germany on a two-stage formula to reunite Germany. <b>In 2000</b> Charles M. Schulz's last original Sunday <i>Peanuts</i> comic strip appeared in newspapers. Schulz had died the day before.
The New Editortpelia@yahoo.com (Tom Elia)
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<a href="http://www.on-this-day.com/onthisday/thedays/alldays/feb12.htm">February 12</a> ...<br />
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<b>In 1541</b> the city of Santiago, Chile, was founded. <b>In 1554</b> Lady Jane Grey, who'd claimed the throne of England for nine days, and her husband, Guildford Dudley, were beheaded after being condemned for high treason. <b>In 1733</b> Savannah, GA, was founded by English colonist James Oglethorpe. <b>In 1809</b> Abraham Lincoln was born in Hardin (now Larue) County, KY; also on this day, Charles Darwin was born in Shewsbury, England. <b>In 1870</b> women in the Utah Territory gained the right to vote. <b>In 1893</b> Omar Bradley, American commander of the US 12th Army Group in Europe, and later the first official Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, was born in Clark, MO. <b>In 1909</b> the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) was founded. <b>In 1912</b> the last emperor of China Pu Yi abdicated, marking the end of the Qing Dynasty. <b>In 1915</b> the cornerstone of the Lincoln Memorial was laid in Washington, DC. <b>In 1924</b> George Gershwin performed his <i>Rhapsody In Blue</i> for the first time in public in front of bandleader Paul Whiteman and his Orchestra; also on this day, President Calvin Coolidge made the first presidential political speech on radio. It originated from New York City and was broadcast on five radio stations, with some five million people tuned in. <b>In 1934</b> basketball Hall of Famer Bill Russell was born in Monroe, LA. <b>In 1941</b> Erwin Rommel was made commander of the German Afrika Korps; also on this day, the first injection of penicillin into a human test subject was conducted on a patient who had scratched his face on a rose bush. <b>In 1950</b> Senator Joseph McCarthy (R-WI) announced that he had a list of 205 communist government employees -- the list underestimated the number according to documents since unearthed after the fall of the Soviet Union; also on this day, Albert Einstein warned against the hydrogen bomb. <b>In 1964</b> <i>The Beatles</i> played two concerts at New York City's Carnegie Hall. <b>In 1999</b> the Senate acquitted President Clinton of perjury and obstruction of justice. <b>In 2000</b> <i>Peanuts</i> creator Charles M. Schulz died in Santa Rosa, CA, at age 77. <b>In 2001</b> the <i>NEAR</i> spacecraft touched down on Eros, completing the first landing on an asteroid; also on this day, scientists published their first examinations of nearly all the human genetic code.
The New Editortpelia@yahoo.com (Tom Elia)
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<a href="http://www.on-this-day.com/onthisday/thedays/alldays/feb11.htm">February 11</a> ...<br />
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<b>In 1531</b> King Henry VIII was recognized as the supreme head of the Church in England. <b>In 1765</b> wig makers petitioned King George III of England for financial relief as the male fashion of wearing wigs came to an end. <b>In 1766</b> the Stamp Act was declared unconstitutional in the state of Virginia. <b>In 1768</b> a Samuel Adams letter opposing Townshend Act taxes was circulated among the American colonies. <b>In 1790</b> American Quakers presented a petition to Congress calling for the abolition of slavery. <b>In 1805</b> Sacajawea, the Shoshoni guide for Lewis and Clark, gave birth to a son, Jean Baptiste. <b>In 1812</b> Massachusetts Gov. Elbridge Gerry signed a redistricting law favoring his party, the Democratic-Republicans, giving rise to the term "gerrymandering." <b>In 1815</b> news of the Treaty of Ghent, that ended the War of 1812, finally reached the United States. <b>In 1847</b> Thomas Alva Edison was born in Milan, OH. <b>In 1858</b> a French girl, Bernadette Soubirous, claimed for the first time to have seen a vision of the Virgin Mary near Lourdes. <b>In 1861</b> President-elect Lincoln departed Springfield, IL, for Washington. <b>In 1937</b> a sit-down strike against General Motors ended, with the company agreeing to recognize the United Automobile Workers Union. <b>In 1945</b> President Franklin Roosevelt, British Prime Minister Winston Churchill, and Soviet leader Josef Stalin signed the Yalta Agreement during World War II. <b>In 1953</b> President Eisenhower refused a clemency appeal for Russian spies Ethel and Julius Rosenberg. <b>In 1964</b> <i>The Beatles</i> performed their first live concert in the US, at the Coliseum in Washington, DC. <b>In 1966</b> San Francisco Giants Hall of Fame outfielder Willie Mays became the highest-paid player in either league when he signed a two-year contract with the team for a salary of $130,000 a year. <b>In 1975</b> Margaret Thatcher became the first female leader of a UK political party after she defeated Edward Heath for the Conservative Party leadership. <b>In 1978</b> China announced the ending of a 10-year ban on 70 renowned classical and modern international writers including Aristotle, Plato, Shakespeare, Honore de Balzac, Jonathon Swift, Victor Hugo, Charles Dickens, and Mark Twain. <b>In 1979</b> followers of Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini seized power in Iran, nine days after the religious leader returned to his home country following 15 years of exile. <b>In 1986</b> Soviet dissident Natan Sharansky was released by the Soviet Union after nine years of captivity as part of an East-West prisoner exchange. <b>In 1990</b> Nelson Mandela was freed after 27 years in a South African prison. <b>In 2005</b> CNN chief news executive Eason Jordan quit amid a furor over remarks he'd made about journalists being targeted by the US military in Iraq.
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<a href="http://www.on-this-day.com/onthisday/thedays/alldays/feb10.htm">February 10</a> ...<br />
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<b>In 1763</b> France ceded Canada to England under the Treaty of Paris, which ended the French and Indian War. <b>In 1775</b> English writer Charles Lamb was born in London, England. <b>In 1837</b> Russian poet and novelist Alexander S. Pushkin was killed in a duel at age 37. <b>In 1840</b> Britain's Queen Victoria married Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha. <b>In 1846</b> members of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints, the Mormons, began an exodus to the west from Illinois. <b>In 1890</b> writer Boris Pasternak was born in Moscow, Russia. <b>In 1893</b> comedian Jimmy Durante was born in New York City. <b>In 1942</b> RCA Victor presented Glenn Miller and his Orchestra with a "gold record" for their recording of <i>Chattanooga Choo Choo</i>, which had sold more than 1 million copies. <b>In 1949</b> Arthur Miller's <i>Death of a Salesman</i> opened at the Morocco Theatre in New York City. <b>In 1962</b> the Soviet Union exchanged American U-2 pilot Francis Gary Powers for Rudolph Ivanovich Abel, a Soviet spy held by the United States. <b>In 1967</b> the 25th Amendment to the Constitution, dealing with presidential disability and succession, went into effect. <b>In 1989</b> Ron Brown was elected chairman of the Democratic National Committee, becoming the first black man to head a major US political party. <b>In 2005</b> North Korea boasted publicly for the first time that it possessed nuclear weapons; also on this day, playwright Arthur Miller died in Roxbury, CT, at age 89 on the 56th anniversary of the Broadway opening of his <i>Death of a Salesman</i>.
The New Editortpelia@yahoo.com (Tom Elia)
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<a href="http://www.on-this-day.com/onthisday/thedays/alldays/feb09.htm">February 9</a> ...<br />
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<b>In 1773</b> ninth President of the US William Henry Harrison was born in Charles City County, VA. <b>In 1775</b> the English Parliament declared the Massachusetts colony to be in rebellion. <b>In 1797</b> John Adams won the US's first contested presidential election over Thomas Jefferson, who became vice president. <b>In 1814</b> future New York Governor Samuel Tilden, the Democratic Party's nominee for president in 1876 (though he won more than 50% of the vote that year, he lost the election to Rutherford B. Hayes) was born in New Lebanon, NY. <b>In 1825</b> in a disputed election, John Quincy Adams was elected the 6th President of the US in the House of Representatives. <b>In 1861</b> the Provisional Congress of the Confederate States of America elected Jefferson Davis as its president. <b>In 1870</b> the US Weather Bureau was established. <b>In 1909</b> the first US federal legislation prohibiting narcotics was enacted -- against opium. <b>In 1914</b> baseball owner and famed promoter Bill Veeck was born in Chicago, IL. <b>In 1933</b> the Oxford Union, Oxford University's debating society, endorsed a motion stating, "that this House will in no circumstances fight for its King and Country," by a vote of 275-153; this pacifist stand was widely denounced by Britons. <b>In 1941</b> British Prime Minister Winston Churchill, in his classic war-time speech to the United States of America, said, "Put your confidence in us, give us the tools and we will finish the job." <b>In 1942</b> the US Joint Chiefs of Staff held its first formal meeting to coordinate military strategy during World War II; also on this day, singer and songwriter Carole King was born in Brooklyn, NY. <b>In 1943</b> the battle of Guadalcanal in the southwest Pacific ended with an American victory over the Japanese. <b>In 1950</b> in a speech in Wheeling, WV, Sen. Joseph McCarthy, R-WI, charged that the State Department was riddled with Communists. <b>In 1964</b> <i>The Beatles</i> appeared on the <em>Ed Sullivan Show</em>. <b>In 1969</b> the Boeing 747-100 jumbo jet made its first commercial flight. <b>In 1971</b> the <i>Apollo 14</i> spacecraft returned to Earth after man's third landing on the moon. <b>In 1975</b> the Russian <i>Soyuz 17</i> returned to Earth. <b>In 1984</b> Soviet leader Yuri V. Andropov died at age 69, less than 15 months after succeeding Leonid Brezhnev; he was succeeded by Konstantin U. Chernenko, who himself died in March 1985 at age 73. <b>In 1990</b> the <i>Galileo</i> satellite flew by Venus.
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<a href="http://www.on-this-day.com/onthisday/thedays/alldays/feb08.htm">February 8</a> ...<br />
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<b>In 1587</b> Mary, Queen of Scots, was beheaded at Fotheringhay Castle in England after she was implicated in a plot to murder her cousin, Queen Elizabeth I. <b>In 1693</b> a charter was granted for the College of William and Mary in Williamsburg, VA. <b>In 1820</b> Union general William Tecumseh Sherman was born in Lancaster, OH. <b>In 1828</b> science fiction writer Jules Verne was born in Nantes, France. <b>In 1851</b> novelist and short story writer Kate Chopin was born in St. Louis, MO. <b>In 1861</b> the southern states that had seceded from the Union agreed to set up the Confederate States of America. <b>In 1896</b> the Western Conference was formed by representatives of Midwestern universities. The group changed its name to the Big 10 Conference. <b>In 1904</b> the Russo-Japanese War, a conflict over control of Manchuria and Korea began when Japanese forces attacked Port Arthur. <b>In 1910</b> William D. Boyce of Chicago, IL, incorporated the Boy Scouts of America. <b>In 1915</b> D.W. Griffith's groundbreaking as well as controversial silent movie (many would say racist) epic about the Civil War, <i>The Birth of a Nation</i>, premiered in Los Angeles. <b>In 1922</b> President Warren Harding had a radio installed in the White House. <b>In 1926</b> the Walt Disney Studio was formed. <b>In 1942</b> Congress advised Franklin D. Roosevelt that Americans of Japanese descent should be interned. <b>In 1969</b> the last issue of the <i>Saturday Evening Post</i> was published; the magazine started in 1821. <b>In 1973</b> Senate leaders named seven members of a select committee to investigate the Watergate scandal, including the chairman, Sam J. Ervin Jr., (D-NC). <b>In 1974</b> the three-man crew of the <i>Skylab</i> space station returned to Earth after spending 84 days in space. <b>In 1996</b> in a ceremony at the Library of Congress, President Clinton signed legislation revamping the telecommunications industry, saying it would "bring the future to our doorstep."
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<a href="http://www.on-this-day.com/onthisday/thedays/alldays/feb07.htm">February 7</a> ...<br />
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<b>In 1478</b> English lawyer, writer, and politician Sir Thomas More was born in London. <b>In 1804</b> manufacturer John Deere was born in Rutland, Vermont. <b>In 1812</b> novelist Charles Dickens was born in Hampshire, England; also on this day a massive earthquake struck the Midwest along the New Madrid fault line. The quake, the last in a series of four beginning the preceding December, was so strong it was felt all the way to the East coast and changed the course of Mississippi River in many places. <b>In 1817</b> Frederick Douglass was born into slavery in Talbot County, MD. <b>In 1867</b> writer Laura Ingalls Wilder was born in Pepin, WI. <b>In 1883</b> jazz great James Hubert "Eubie" Blake was born in Baltimore, MD. <b>In 1885</b> writer Sinclair Lewis was born in Sauk Centre, MN. <b>In 1904</b> a fire began in Baltimore that raged for about 30 hours and destroyed more than 1,500 buildings. <b>In 1906</b> Pu Yi, the last emperor of China, was born in Beijing. <b>In 1940</b> Walt Disney's <i>Pinocchio</i> premiered. <b>In 1944</b> the Germans launched a WWII counteroffensive at Anzio, Italy. <b>In 1945</b> General Douglas MacArthur returned to Manila, Philippines. <b>In 1949</b> the New York Yankees' Joe DiMaggio became the first baseball player to earn $100,000 a year. <b>In 1958</b> the Brooklyn Dodgers' move to Los Angeles became official. <b>In 1964</b> more than 3,000 fans jammed New York's Kennedy Airport to greet <i>The Beatles</i> as they arrived for their first US visit (including an appearance on <em>The Ed Sullivan Show</em>); also on this day, world heavyweight champion Cassius Clay changed his name to Muhammad Ali. <b>In 1973</b> the US Senate voted to set up a committee to investigate the break-in at the Democratic National Headquarters at the Watergate complex. <b>In 1974</b> Mel Brooks' <i>Blazing Saddles</i> opened in movie theaters. <strong>In 1980</strong> the first Sony Walkman went on sale. <b>In 1984</b> space shuttle astronauts Bruce McCandless II and Robert L. Stewart went on the first untethered space walk. <b>In 1999</b> Jordan's King Hussein died of cancer at age 63; he was succeeded by his eldest son, Abdullah.
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<a href="http://www.on-this-day.com/onthisday/thedays/alldays/feb06.htm">February 6</a> ...<br />
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<b>In 1564</b> playwright Christopher Marlowe was born in Canterbury, England. <b>In 1756</b> Aaron Burr was born in Newark, NJ. <b>In 1693</b> a charter was granted to the College of William and Mary, in Williamsburg, VA. <b>In 1778</b> France and America signed the Treaty of Amity and Commerce and the Treaty of Alliance in Paris -- the first American treaty. <b>In 1788</b> Massachusetts became the sixth state to ratify the US Constitution. <b>In 1895</b> baseball great Babe Ruth was born in Baltimore, MD. <b>In 1899</b> the Treaty of Paris was ratified by one vote in the US Senate, ending the Spanish-American War. <b>In 1911</b> 40th president of the US Ronald Reagan was born in Tampico, IL. <b>In 1929</b> Germany accepted the Kellogg-Briand pact, which outlawed war. <b>In 1935</b> the board game Monopoly first went on sale. <b>In 1939</b> the Spanish government fled to France. <b>In 1943</b> General Dwight D. Eisenhower was appointed commander-in-chief of the Allied Expeditionary Forces in North Africa; also on this day Frank Sinatra made his debut as vocalist on radio's <i>Your Hit Parade</i>. <b>In 1952</b> Elizabeth II of England becomes Queen upon the death of her father King George VI. <b>In 1958</b> George Harrison joined a Liverpool group called <i>The Quarrymen</i>. <b>In 1959</b> Jack Kilby of Texas Instruments filed the first patent for an integrated circuit. <b>In 1976</b> jazz pianist Vince Guaraldi died of a heart attack at age 47. <b>In 1981</b> Paul McCartney, Ringo Starr, and George Harrison teamed up once again to record a musical tribute to John Lennon. <b>In 1990</b> West German Chancellor Helmut Kohl proposed unifying the currencies of East and West Germany. <b>In 1995</b> the US House approved the line-item veto by a vote of 294-134.
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<a href="http://www.on-this-day.com/onthisday/thedays/alldays/feb05.htm">February 5</a> ....<br />
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<b>In 1881</b> Phoenix was incorporated. <b>In 1914</b> writer William Burroughs was born in St Louis, MO. <b>In 1917</b> Mexico's constitution was adopted. <b>In 1922</b> <i>Reader's Digest</i> magazine was first published. <b>In 1934</b> Baseball Hall of Famer and <em>real</em> all-time home-run champ Hank Aaron was born in Mobile, AL. <b>In 1937</b> President Franklin Roosevelt attempted to "pack" the Supreme Court by increasing the number of justices. <b>In 1952</b> the first "Don't Walk" sign was installed in New York City. <b>In 1967</b> the <em>Smothers Brothers Comedy Hour</em> premiered on CBS. <b>In 1971</b> the <i>Apollo 14</i> Lunar Module <i>Antares</i>, the third US manned Moon expedition, landed on the Moon with Alan B. Shepard, Jr., commander; Stuart A. Roosa, command module pilot; and Edgar D. Mitchell, lunar module pilot. Shepard and Mitchell walked on the Moon for four hours. <b>In 1990</b> Soviet Premier Mikhail Gorbachev proposed the Communist Party give up its monopoly on power in the Soviet Union. Two days later, the party's Central Committee agreed. <b>In 2001</b> four disciples of Osama bin Laden went on trial in New York for the 1998 bombings of two US embassies in Africa. (The four were convicted and sentenced to life in prison without parole.) <b>In 2003</b> US Secretary of State Colin Powell presented evidence to the UN concerning Iraq's material breach of UN Resolution 1441.
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<a href="http://www.on-this-day.com/onthisday/thedays/alldays/feb04.htm">February 4</a> ...<br />
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<b>In 1783</b> Britain declared a formal cessation of hostilities with its former colonies, the United States of America. <b>In 1789</b> General George Washington was unanimously elected the first president of the United States by all 69 presidential electors casting their votes. <b>In 1801</b> John Marshall was sworn in as chief justice of the United States. <b>In 1822</b> free American blacks settled Liberia, West Africa and founded Monrovia, the colony's capital city, named in honor of President James Monroe. <b>In 1861</b> delegates from six southern states met in Montgomery, AL, to form the Confederate States of America. <b>In 1904</b> the Russo-Japanese War began when Japan attacked Port Arthur. <b>In 1938 </b>Adolf Hitler became Germany's war minister and Joachim von Ribbentrop took over foreign affairs; also on this day, Thornton Wilder's play <i>Our Town</i>, opened in New York City. <b>In 1945</b> Roosevelt, Churchill, and Stalin met at Yalta to discuss plans for the defeat of the Axis powers and to decide on the post-war future. <b>In 1957</b> Smith-Corona began selling portable electric typewriters -- weighing 19 pounds. <b>In 1974</b> Patricia Hearst was kidnapped by the Symbionese Liberation Army from her apartment in Berkeley, CA; she later joined her kidnappers in an armed robbery. <b>In 1976</b> more than 22,000 people died when a severe earthquake struck Guatemala and Honduras.
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<a href="http://www.on-this-day.com/onthisday/thedays/alldays/feb03.htm">February 3</a> ...<br />
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<b>In 1468</b> inventor of the printing press Johann Gutenberg died at age 67. <b>In 1690</b> the first paper money in America was issued by the Massachusetts colony. The currency was used to pay soldiers that were fighting in the war against Quebec. <b>In 1783</b> Spain recognized the independence of the United States. <b>In 1787</b> Shays' Rebellion was defeated, ending an uprising that would prompt negotiations that would result in the drafting of the Constitution of the United States. <b>In 1809</b> the territory of Illinois was created; also on this day, composer Felix Mendelssohn was born in Hamburg, Germany. <b>In 1811</b> newspaper editor and publisher Horace Greeley was born in Amherst, NY. <b>In 1836</b> the Whig Party held its first national convention, in Albany, NY. <b>In 1870</b> the 15th Amendment, granting blacks the right to vote, was ratified. <b>In 1894</b> painter Norman Rockwell was born in New York City. <b>In 1907</b> writer James Michener was born in New York City. <b>In 1913</b> the Sixteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution ratified, authorizing the federal income tax. <b>In 1916</b> Canada's original Parliament Buildings, in Ottawa, burned down. <b>In 1917</b> the US broke off diplomatic relations with Germany, which had announced a policy of unrestricted submarine warfare. <b>In 1924</b> former President Woodrow Wilson died in Washington, DC, at age 67. <b>In 1930</b> the chief justice of the United States, William Howard Taft, resigned for health reasons. <b>In 1941</b> the Nazis forcibly restored Pierre Laval to office in occupied Vichy, France. <b>In 1943</b> during World War II, the US transport ship <i>Dorchester</i>, which was carrying troops to Greenland, sank after being hit by a torpedo. (Four Army chaplains gave their life belts to four other men, and went down with the ship.) <b>In 1945</b> the Soviet Union agreed to enter World War II against Japan. <b>In 1959</b> a plane crash near Clear Lake, IA, claimed the lives of rock 'n roll stars Buddy Holly, Ritchie Valens, and J.P. "The Big Bopper" Richardson. <b>In 1966</b> the first rocket-assisted controlled landing on the Moon was made by the Soviet space vehicle <i>Luna IX</i>. <b>In 1969</b> the Palestine National Congress appointed Yasser Arafat head of the Palestine Liberation Organization. <b>In 1994</b> the space shuttle <i>Discovery</i> lifted off, carrying Sergei Krikalev, the first Russian cosmonaut to fly aboard a US spacecraft. <b>In 1995</b> the space shuttle <i>Discovery</i> blasted off with a woman, Air Force Lt. Colonel Eileen Collins, in the pilot's seat for the first time in NASA history.
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<a href="http://www.on-this-day.com/onthisday/thedays/alldays/feb02.htm">February 2</a> ...<br />
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<b>In 1536</b> the Argentine city of Buenos Aires was founded by Pedro de Mendoza of Spain. <b>In 1653</b> New Amsterdam, later re-christened New York in 1664, was incorporated. <b>In 1848</b> the Mexican-American War formally ended with the signing of the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo. As part of the accord Mexico sold Arizona and New Mexico and parts of California, Utah, Nevada, and Colorado to the US for $15 million. <b>In 1863</b> Samuel Langhorne Clemens used the pseudonym 'Mark Twain' for the first time. <b>In 1876</b> Major League Baseball's National League was formed; the eight original teams were in Boston, Chicago, Cincinnati, New York, Philadelphia, St. Louis, Louisville, and Hartford. <b>In 1882</b> author James Joyce was born in Dublin, Ireland. <b>In 1887</b> the first Groundhog Day was observed in Punxsutawney, PA. <b>In 1893</b> the first-ever movie close-up was filmed (showing comedian Fred Ott sneezing) at Thomas Edison's studio in West Orange, NJ. <b>In 1895</b> one of the founders of the NFL, Chicago Bears Hall of Fame player, coach, and owner George Halas was born in Chicago. Halas, MVP of the 1919 Rose Bowl, also played right field for the New York Yankees. <b>In 1905</b> Ayn Rand was born in St. Petersburg, Russia. <b>In 1927</b> jazz great Stan Getz was born in New York City. <b>In 1932</b> Al Capone was sent to prison at Atlanta, GA, for tax evasion. <b>In 1933</b> Adolf Hitler dissolved the German Parliament. <b>In 1940</b> Frank Sinatra debuted with the Tommy Dorsey orchestra. <b>In 1943</b> the remainder of Nazi forces from the Battle of Stalingrad surrendered in a major victory for the Soviets in World War II. <b>In 1945</b> President Roosevelt and British Prime Minister Winston Churchill departed Malta for the summit in Yalta with Soviet leader Josef Stalin. <b>In 1963</b> <i>The Beatles</i> began their first British tour, supporting Helen Shapiro. <b>In 1971</b> Idi Amin assumed power in Uganda after a coup that ousted President Milton Obote. <b>In 1996</b> dancer, actor, and choreographer Gene Kelly died at his Beverly Hills, CA, home at age 83. <b>In 1998</b> UN Secretary General Kofi Annan recommended that the Security Council more than double the amount of oil that Iraq was allowed to sell under the Oil-For-Food program. <b>In 2003</b> Vaclav Havel stepped down after 13 years as president of the Czech Republic. <b>In 2005</b> the German heavyweight boxer and former world champion Max Schmeling died in Hollenstedt, Germany, at age 99.
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<a href="http://www.on-this-day.com/onthisday/thedays/alldays/feb01.htm">February 1</a> ...<br />
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<b>In 1790</b> the US Supreme Court met for the first time in New York's Royal Exchange Building, a year after it was established under the Judiciary Act. <b>In 1793</b> France declared war on Britain and Holland. <b>In 1861</b> Texas became the seventh state to secede from the Union. <b>In 1862</b> <i>The Battle Hymn of the Republic</i>, by Julia Ward Howe, was first published in the <i>Atlantic Monthly</i>. <b>In 1865</b> Illinois became the first state to ratify the Thirteenth Amendment, abolishing slavery throughout the US. <b>In 1884</b> the first volume of the Oxford English Dictionary, covering words from "A" through "Ant," was published. <b>In 1893</b> Thomas Edison completed the construction of the world's first motion picture studio at the Edison Laboratories in West Orange, NJ. <b>In 1895</b> director John Ford was born in Maine. <b>In 1901</b> actor Clarke Gable was born in Cadiz, OH. <b>In 1902</b> Langston Hughes was born in Joplin, MO. <b>In 1943</b> the traitor Vidkun Quisling became prime minister of Norway; he was arrested and shot at the end of WWII; also on this day, one of America's most highly decorated military units of World War II, the 442d Regimental Combat Team, made up almost entirely of Japanese-Americans, was authorized. <b>In 1946</b> a press conference was held at the University of Pennsylvania to discuss what is considered the first computer, the Electronic Numerical Integrator and Calculator (ENIAC). The machine took up an entire room, weighed 30 tons and used more than 18,000 vacuum tubes. Designed by the US Army during World War II to make artillery calculations, it cost $450,000. Today's average calculator possesses more computing power than ENIAC did. <b>In 1959</b> Texas Instruments requested a patent for the integrated circuit. <b>In 1960</b> four black students staged the first civil rights sit-in, at the segregated Greensboro, NC lunch counter of F.W. Woolworth. <b>In 1965</b> Martin Luther King Jr. and 770 others were arrested in protest against voter discrimination in Selma, AL. <b>In 1979</b> Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini received a tumultuous welcome in Tehran as he ended nearly 15 years of exile; also on this day, newspaper heiress Patricia Hearst, whose prison sentence for bank robbery had been commuted by President Carter, left a federal prison near San Francisco. <b>In 1996</b> both houses of Congress voted overwhelmingly to rewrite the 61-year-old Communications Act, freeing the exploding television, telephone, and home computer industries to jump into each other's fields. <b>In 2003</b> the space shuttle <i>Columbia</i> broke up during its re-entry trajectory as it passed over East Texas. The seven astronauts aboard were lost.
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<a href="http://www.on-this-day.com/onthisday/thedays/alldays/jan31.htm">January 31</a> ...<br />
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<b>In 1606</b> Guy Fawkes was executed after being convicted for his role in the "Gunpowder Plot" against the English Parliament and King James I. <b>In 1797</b> Franz Shubert was born just outside of Vienna, Austria, in a town called Himmelpfortgrund. <b>In 1865</b> Congress approved the Thirteenth Amendment to the Constitution, abolishing slavery. The amendment was ratified on December 6, 1865. <b>In 1876</b> the United States ordered all Native Americans to move into reservations. <b>In 1902</b> actress Tallulah Bankhead was born in Huntsville, AL. <b>In 1919</b> Brooklyn Dodger Hall of Famer Jackie Robinson, the first black man to play in the Major Leagues, was born in Cairo, GA. <b>In 1923</b> author and pompous ass extraordinaire Norman Mailer was born in Long Branch, NJ. <b>In 1929</b> the USSR exiled Leon Trotsky. He found asylum in Mexico, where he was later murdered. <b>In 1931</b> Chicago Cubs Hall of Famer "Mr. Cub" Ernie Banks was born in Dallas, TX; it should be a national holiday. <b>In 1940</b> the very first monthly Social Security retirement check was issued to Ida May Fuller of Ludlow, VT. <b>In 1947</b> Hall of Famer Nolan Ryan was born in Refugio, TX. <b>In 1958</b> <i>Explorer I</i> was put into orbit around the earth. It was the first US earth satellite. <b>In 1971</b> astronauts Alan B. Shepard Jr., Edgar D. Mitchell, and Stuart A. Roosa blasted off aboard <i>Apollo 14</i> on a mission to the moon. <b>In 2003</b> the Mars rover <i>Opportunity</i> rolled off its landing pad onto the surface of Mars. <b>In 2006</b> Samuel A. Alito Jr. was sworn in as the 110th US Supreme Court Justice.
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<a href="http://www.on-this-day.com/onthisday/thedays/alldays/jan30.htm">January 30</a> ...<br />
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<b>In 1649</b> England's King Charles I was beheaded. <b>In 1798</b> the first brawl in the US House occurred when Rep. Matthew Lyon (DR-VT) and Rep. Roger Griswold (F-CT) fought each other on the House floor after Lyon spat in Griswold's face. Lyon later served in the House from both Kentucky and Arkansas, and is the only person in history to represent three different states in the US House of Representatives. <b>In 1815</b> President James Madison approved an act of Congress appropriating $23,950 to purchase Thomas Jefferson's library of 6,487 volumes in order to replace the Library of Congress, which was destroyed by the British during the War of 1812. <b>In 1835</b> the first assassination attempt against a US president in history occurred when a mentally ill man named Richard Lawrence attempted to assassinate President Andrew Jackson in the United States Capitol. Both of Lawrence's pistols misfired, and a crowd including Rep. Davy Crockett subdued Lawrence. It is reported that Jackson assisted in subduing his attempted assassin, striking him several times with his cane. The prosecuting attorney at Lawrence's trial was Francis Scott Key. <b>In 1862</b> the US Navy's first ironclad warship, the <i>USS Monitor</i>, was launched. <b>In 1882 </b>32nd president of the US Franklin D. Roosevelt was born in Hyde Park, NY. <b>In 1901</b> female Prohibitionists smashed 12 saloons in Kansas. <b>In 1909</b> radical writer Saul Alinsky was born in Chicago, IL. <b>In 1933</b> Adolf Hitler was appointed German Chancellor by President von Hindenburg; on the same day, Hitler told the Reichstag that Germany was withdrawing its signature from the Versailles Treaty. Also on this day, the first episode of the <i>Lone Ranger</i> radio program was broadcast on station WXYZ in Detroit. The program ran for 2,956 episodes and ended in 1955. <b>In 1941</b> Vice President Dick Cheney was born in Lincoln, NE. <b>In 1948</b> Indian political and spiritual leader Mahatma Gandhi was murdered by a Hindu extremist. <b>In 1964</b> the United States launched <i>Ranger 6</i>. The unmanned spacecraft carried television cameras and was intentionally crash-landed on the moon. The cameras did not return any pictures to Earth. <b>In 1965</b> Winston Churchill's state funeral was held in London. <b>In 1968</b> the Tet Offensive began as Communist forces launched surprise attacks against South Vietnamese provincial capitals. <b>In 1969</b> the <i>Beatles</i> played publicly for the last time at a free concert in London on the roof of their Apple corporate headquarters. <b>In 1979</b> the civilian government of Iran announced it had decided to allow Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini, who'd been living in exile in France, to return. <b>In 1981</b> an estimated two million New Yorkers turned out for a ticker-tape parade honoring the freed American hostages from Iran. <b>In 2004</b> Iraqis voted in their country's first free election in a half-century.
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<a href="http://www.on-this-day.com/onthisday/thedays/alldays/jan29.htm">January 29</a> ...<br />
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<b>In 1737</b> Thomas Paine was born in Thetford, England. <b>In 1820</b> King George III of England died at Windsor Castle at age 81, ending a reign that began in 1760, one including both the American and French revolutions. <b>In 1839</b> Charles Darwin married his cousin Emma Wedgwood. <b>In 1843</b> 25th president of the US William McKinley was born in Niles, OH. <b>In 1845</b> the <i>New York Evening Mirror</i> published Edgar Allan Poe's poem <i>The Raven</i>. <b>In 1850</b> Senator Henry Clay introduced in the US Senate what would come to be known the Compromise of 1850, which included the admission of California into the Union as a free state. <b>In 1860</b> short story writer and playwright Anton Chekhov was born in Taganrog, Russia. <b>In 1861</b> Kansas became the 34th state in the Union. <b>In 1863</b> General Ulysses S Grant was named the Union's Commander of the Army of the West. <b>In 1880</b> W.C. Fields was born in Darby, PA. <b>In 1936</b> the first members of the Major League Baseball Hall of Fame were inducted, including Ty Cobb, Walter Johnson, Christy Mathewson, Babe Ruth, and Honus Wagner. <b>In 1956</b> H. L. Mencken died in Baltimore, MD. <b>In 1963</b> poet Robert Frost died in Boston at age 88. <b>In 2002</b> President Bush made his first State of the Union address, declaring that the "war against terror is only beginning." Bush also singled out Iran, Iraq, and North Korea as an "axis of evil."
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<a href="http://www.on-this-day.com/onthisday/thedays/alldays/jan28.htm">January 28</a> ...<br />
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<b>In 1521</b> the Diet of Worms began, at which Protestant reformer Luther was declared an outlaw by the Roman Catholic Church. <b>In 1547</b> England's King Henry VIII died at age 55. He was succeeded by his 9 year-old son, Edward VI. <b>In 1561</b> the Edict of Orleans suspended the persecution of French Huguenots. <b>In 1807</b> London's Pall Mall became the first street lit by gaslight. <b>In 1851</b> Northwestern University was chartered. <b>In 1855</b> the inventor of the first practical adding and listing machine, William Seward Burroughs, was born in Auburn, NY. <b>In 1871</b> France surrendered in the Franco-Prussian War. <b>In 1878</b> the first telephone switchboard was installed in New Haven, CT; the phone company that owned the switchboard had 21 subscribers. <b>In 1887</b> Artur Rubinstein was born in Lodz, Poland. <b>In 1912</b> abstract painter Jackson Pollock was born in Cody, WY. <b>In 1916</b> Louis D. Brandeis was appointed to the US Supreme Court by President Wilson; he was the Court's first Jewish member. <b>In 1918</b> Leon Trotsky became leader of the Russian Communists. <b>In 1932</b> the Japanese Navy bombed Shanghai, China, in response to protests over Japanese military action in Manchuria; the Japanese later occupied Manchuria. <b>In 1935</b> Iceland became the first country to legalize abortion on medical-social grounds. <b>In 1939</b> poet William Butler Yeats died in Menton, France. <b>In 1958</b> Brooklyn Dodger's catcher Roy Campanella suffered a broken neck in an early morning auto accident on Long Island. <b>In 1980</b> comedian Jimmy Durante died in New York City. <b>In 1986</b> the space shuttle <i>Challenger</i> exploded 73 seconds after liftoff from Cape Canaveral, killing all seven crew members: Flight Commander Francis R. "Dick" Scobee; Pilot Michael J. Smith; Ronald E. McNair; Ellison S. Onizuka; Judith A. Resnik; Gregory B. Jarvis; and schoolteacher Christa McAuliffe. <b>In 2004</b> NFL Hall of Famer Elroy "Crazy Legs" Hirsch died of natural causes at age 80.
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<a href="http://www.on-this-day.com/onthisday/thedays/alldays/jan27.htm">January 27</a> ...<br />
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<b>In 1756</b> composer Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart was born in Salzburg, Austria. <b>In 1823</b> President James Monroe appointed the US's first ambassadors to South America. <b>In 1832</b> mathematician and <i>Alice's Adventures in Wonderland</i> author Charles Lutwidge Dodgson (Lewis Carroll) was born in Daresbury, England. <b>In 1880</b> Thomas Edison received a patent for his electric incandescent lamp. <b>In 1888</b> the National Geographic Society was founded in Washington, DC. <b>In 1900</b> Admiral Hyman G. Rickover was born in Makow, Russia. His family moved to the US when he was six. <b>In 1901</b> opera composer Giuseppe Verdi died in Milan, Italy, at age 87. <b>In 1921</b> actress Donna Reed was born in Denison, IA, proving again that there is a God. <b>In 1924</b> the body of Vladimir Ilyich Lenin was placed in a mausoleum in Red Square, Moscow. <b>In 1927</b> United Independent Broadcasters Inc. started a radio network of 16 stations. The company later became Columbia Broadcasting System (CBS). <b>In 1943</b> some 50 bombers struck Wilhelmshaven in the first all-American air raid against Germany during World War II. <b>In 1944</b> Leningrad was liberated from Germany after 880 days and 600,000 killed. <b>In 1945</b> the Soviet Army liberated the concentration camp at Auschwitz and Birkenau in Poland. <b>In 1959</b> NASA selected 110 candidates for the first US space flight. <b>In 1967</b> America's first manned Apollo spacecraft (<em>Apollo 1</em>) ended in tragedy when astronauts Roger Chaffee, Virgil "Gus" Grissom, and Edward White were killed when a flash fire during a test swept through the Command Module; White was the first US astronaut to walk in space. <b>In 1968</b> Otis Redding released his hit <i>Sittin' On the Dock of the Bay</i>. <b>In 1973</b> the Vietnam peace accords were signed in Paris. <b>In 1978</b> the Illinois State Supreme Court ruled that Nazis could display the Swastika in a march in Skokie, IL; this fueled the desire of those who wished to throw bottles and rocks at the marchers' empty heads. <b>In 1981</b> President Reagan greeted the 52 former American hostages released by Iran. <b>In 2004</b> John Kerry won the New Hampshire Democratic primary with 39% of the vote. Howard Dean had 26%, Wesley Clark had 12%, John Edwards had 12%, and Joe Lieberman had 9%. <strong>In 2009</strong> writer John Updike died at age 76 in Danvers, MA.
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<a href="http://www.on-this-day.com/onthisday/thedays/alldays/jan26.htm">January 26</a> ...<br />
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<b>In 1788</b> the first European settlers in Australia, led by Captain Arthur Phillip, landed in what became known as Sydney. The group had first settled at Botany Bay eight days before. This day is celebrated as Australia Day. <b>In 1802</b> Congress passed an act calling for a library to be established within the US Capitol. <b>In 1837</b> Michigan became the 26th state. <b>In 1841</b> Britain formally occupied Hong Kong, which the Chinese had ceded to the British. <b>In 1861</b> Louisiana became the 6th state to secede from the Union. <b>In 1870</b> the state of Virginia rejoined the Union. <b>In 1880</b> Douglas MacArthur was born in Little Rock, AR. <b>In 1932</b> William K. Wrigley, owner of the Chicago Cubs, died; he also made gum. <b>In 1942</b> the first American forces to arrive in Europe during World War II went ashore in Northern Ireland. <b>In 1945</b> Soviet forces liberated the Auschwitz concentration camp. <b>In 1964</b> <i>The Beatles'</i> hit, <i>I Want To Hold Your Hand</i>, went to No. 1 on the US charts. <b>In 1978</b> Einstein's theory of relativity was officially reinstated in China. <b>In 1986</b> the Chicago Bears beat the New England Patriots 46-10 in the NFL Championship Game; it was the team's ninth world championship. <b>In 1993</b> Vaclav Havel became the first president of the new Czech Republic. <b>In 2005</b> Condoleezza Rice was sworn in as US Secretary of State, becoming the first African American woman to hold the post.
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<a href="http://www.on-this-day.com/onthisday/thedays/alldays/jan25.htm">January 25</a> ...<br />
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<b>In 1533</b> England's King Henry VIII secretly married his second wife Ann Boleyn at Whitehall. <b>In 1579</b> The Treaty of Utrecht was signed marking the beginning of the Dutch Republic. <b>In 1759</b> Robert Burns was born in Alloway, South Ayrshire, Scotland. <b>In 1787</b> in what became known as Shay's Rebellion, small farmers in Springfield, Massachusetts led by Captain Daniel Shays unsuccessfully revolted against tax laws. <b>In 1874</b> writer Somerset Maugham was born in the British Embassy in Paris, France. <b>In 1890</b> the <i>New York World's</i> Nellie Bly completed a round-the-world journey in 72 days, 6 hours, 11 minutes; also on this day, the United Mine Workers of America was founded. <b>In 1915</b> Alexander Graham Bell spoke from New York to his assistant in San Francisco, inaugurating the first transcontinental telephone service. <b>In 1918</b> famed announcer Ernie Harwell was born in Washington, Georgia. <b>In 1924</b> the first-ever Winter Olympics opened in Chamonix, France. <b>In 1928</b> former leader of Georgia Eduard Shevardnadze was born in the village of Mamati, Lanchkhuti region, in the Republic of Georgia. <b>In 1947</b> mobster Al Capone died. <b>In 1959</b> American Airlines scheduled the first transcontinental jet flight, a Boeing 707 from LA to NY. <b>In 1961</b> President Kennedy held the first presidential news conference carried live on radio and television. <b>In 1971</b> Maj. Gen. Idi Amin led a coup that deposed Milton Obote and became president of Uganda. <b>In 1999</b> a Louisville, KY, man received the first hand transplant in the US. <b>In 2004</b> NASA's second Mars Exploration Rover, called <i>Opportunity</i>, successfully sent signals back to Earth.
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<a href="http://www.on-this-day.com/onthisday/thedays/alldays/jan24.htm">January 24</a> ...<br />
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<b>In 76 AD</b> the Roman emperor Hadrian was born in Seville, Spain. <b>In 1712</b> Prussian King Frederick the Great was born in Berlin. <b>In 1848</b> gold was discovered by James Wilson Marshall at Sutter's sawmill near Coloma, CA, on the South Fork of the American River, sparking the Gold Rush of 1849. <b>In 1862</b> novelist Edith Wharton was born in New York City. <b>In 1888</b> Jacob L. Wortman of Philadelphia, PA, patented the typewriter ribbon. <b>In 1916</b> broadcaster Jack Brickhouse was born in Peoria, IL. <b>In 1924</b> the Russian city of St. Petersburg was renamed Leningrad. The name has since been changed back to St. Petersburg. <b>In 1942</b> a special court of inquiry into the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor placed most of the blame for America's unpreparedness on Rear Adm. Husband E. Kimmel and Lt. Gen. Walter C. Short, the Navy and Army commanders there. This judgment was later found to be grossly unfair. <b>In 1943</b> President Roosevelt and British Prime Minister Churchill concluded a wartime conference in Casablanca, Morocco; also on this day, Adolf Hitler ordered his Nazi troops at Stalingrad to fight to death. <b>In 1962</b> Jackie Robinson became the first African-American player to be elected to baseball's Hall of Fame. <b>In 1965</b> Winston Churchill died in London from a cerebral thrombosis at age 90. <b>In 1966</b> Nehru's daughter Indira Gandhi was sworn in as Indian prime minister. <b>In 1972</b> Japanese soldier Shoichi Yokoi was discovered on Guam, having spent 28 years hiding in the jungle thinking World War II was still going on. <b>In 1976</b> British Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher was dubbed "The Iron Lady" by the Soviet newspaper <i>Red Star</i>, after a speech about the Communist threat. <b>In 1983</b> director George Cukor died in Los Angeles. <b>In 1984</b> Apple Computer launched the Macintosh, containing virtually unknown features, including simple icons, and the now ubiquitous mouse. <b>In 1986</b> the <i>Voyager 2</i> space probe flew past Uranus. The probe came within 50,679 miles of the seventh planet of the solar system. <b>In 1998</b> <i>Drums Along the Mohawk</i> author Walter D. Edmonds died at age 94. <b>In 2000</b> former Soviet spy Stanislav Lunev testified at a congressional hearing that Soviet operatives had placed weapons and communications caches in California and other states during and after the Cold War in order to destabilize the US in the event of war. <b>In 2002</b> Cuba ordered a ban on sales of any computer equipment unless otherwise authorized by government officials. <b>In 2003</b> the US Department of Homeland Security officially became the government's 15th Cabinet department.
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<a href="http://www.on-this-day.com/onthisday/thedays/alldays/jan23.htm">January 23</a> ...<br />
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<b>In 1556</b> the Shaanxi earthquake, the deadliest earthquake in history, hit Shaanxi province, China. The death toll may have been as high as 830,000. <b>In 1783</b> the writer Stendhal (Marie-Henri Beyle) was born in Grenoble, France. <b>In 1832</b> painter Edouard Manet was born in Paris. <b>In 1845</b> Congress decided all national elections would be held on the first Tuesday after the first Monday in November. <b>In 1907</b> Sen. Charles Curtis (R-KS) became the first American Indian to serve in the US Senate; he went on to become Senate Majority Leader and later became vice president under President Herbert Hoover. <b>In 1920</b> the Dutch government refused demands from the victorious Allies to hand over the ex-kaiser of Germany. <b>In 1930</b> American astronomer Clyde Tombaugh photographed the planet Pluto. <b>In 1932</b> New York Gov. Franklin D. Roosevelt announced his candidacy for the Democratic presidential nomination. <b>In 1941</b> Charles Lindbergh testified before Congress and recommended that the US negotiate a neutrality pact with Adolf Hitler. <b>In 1943</b> the British captured Tripoli from the Germans; also on this day, Duke Ellington played at New York's Carnegie Hall for the first time. <b>In 1964</b> ratification of the 24th Amendment to the US Constitution, eliminating the poll tax in federal elections, was completed; also on this day, the Milwaukee Braves' Warren Spahn signed a contract worth $85,000, making him the highest paid pitcher in baseball. <b>In 1968</b> North Korea seized the US Navy ship <i>Pueblo</i>, charging it had intruded into the nation's territorial waters on a spying mission. The crew was released 11 months later. <b>In 1969</b> NASA unveiled its moon-landing craft. <b>In 1973</b> President Nixon announced an accord had been reached to end the Vietnam War. <b>In 1976</b> Paul Robeson died in Philadelphia. <b>In 1977</b> the first segment of the mini-series <i>Roots</i> aired on ABC. <b>In 1985</b> debate in Britain's House of Lords was carried on live television for the first time. <b>In 1989</b> surrealist artist Salvador Dali died in his native Spain at age 84. <b>In 2002</b> American born Taliban fighter John Walker Lindh was returned to the US to face criminal charges that he had conspired to kill fellow Americans; also on this date, <i>Wall Street Journal</i> reporter Daniel Pearl was kidnapped in Karachi, Pakistan. <b>In 2005</b> former <i>Tonight Show</i> host Johnny Carson died in Malibu, CA, at age 79. <strong>In 2015</strong> Chicago Cubs great Ernie Banks died in Chicago.
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<a href="http://www.on-this-day.com/onthisday/thedays/alldays/jan22.htm">January 22 ...</a><br />
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<b>In 1561</b> philosopher and essayist Sir Francis Bacon was born in London, England. <b>In 1666</b> Shah Jahan, a descendant of Genghis Khan and Timur, died at the age of 74. He was the Mogul emperor of India that built the Taj Mahal as a mausoleum for his wife Mumtaz-i-Mahal. <b>In 1788</b> poet Lord Byron was born in London, England. <b>In 1901</b> Queen Victoria of England, the longest-reigning monarch in British history, died at age 82 after ruling for almost 64 years. Edward VII, her son, succeeded her. <b>In 1905</b> thousands of demonstrating Russian workers were fired on by Imperial army troops in St. Petersburg on what became known as "Red Sunday" or "Bloody Sunday." <b>In 1917</b> President Wilson pleaded for an end to war in Europe, calling for "peace without victory." (By April, America also was at war.) <b>In 1922</b> Pope Benedict XV died; he was succeeded by Pius IX. <b>In 1924</b> Ramsay MacDonald became Britain's first Labour Prime Minister. <b>In 1938</b> Thornton Wilder's play <em>Our Town</em> was performed publicly for the first time, in Princeton, NJ. <b>In 1941</b> the first mass killing of Jews took place in Romania; also that day, Australian and British forces captured Tobruk. <b>In 1944</b> Allied forces began landing at Anzio, Italy. <b>In 1947</b> KTLA, Channel 5, in Hollywood, CA, began operation as the first commercial television station west of the Mississippi River. <b>In 1968</b> <em>Rowan &amp; Martin's Laugh-In</em> premiered on NBC. <b>In 1970</b> the first regularly scheduled commercial flight of the Boeing 747 began in New York City and ended in London about 6 1/2 hours later. <b>In 1973</b> former president Lyndon B. Johnson died at his Texas ranch at age 64; also on this day, the Supreme Court handed down its <em>Roe v. Wade</em> decision, which legalized abortion using a trimester approach. <b>In 1980</b> Soviet dissident physicist Dr. Andrei Sakharov was arrested and exiled to Gorky from Moscow. <b>In 1995</b> Rose Fitzgerald Kennedy died at the Kennedy compound at Hyannis Port, MA, at age 104. <b>In 1998</b> Theodore Kaczynski pleaded guilty in Sacramento, CA, to being the Unabomber in return for a sentence of life in prison without parole. <b>In 2003</b> it was reported that scientists in China had found fossilized remains of a dinosaur with four feathered wings.
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<a href="http://www.on-this-day.com/onthisday/thedays/alldays/jan21.htm">January 21</a> ...<br />
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<b>In 1793</b> during the French Revolution, King Louis XVI, condemned for treason, was guillotined. <b>In 1861</b> future president of the Confederacy Jefferson Davis of Mississippi and four other Southerners resigned from the US Senate. <b>In 1880</b> the US saw the first sewage disposal system separate from storm drains constructed in Memphis, TN. <b>In 1924</b> Vladimir Ilyich Lenin died at age 54. <b>In 1940</b> golfing legend Jack Nicklaus was born in Columbus, OH. <b>In 1941</b> the US lifted the ban on the sale of arms to the Soviet Union. <b>In 1950</b> George Orwell died in London at age 46; also on this day, Alger Hiss who was accused of being part of a Communist spy ring, was found guilty in New York of lying to a grand jury. (It has later been proven that Hiss was a Soviet spy.) <b>In 1954</b> the first atomic submarine, the <i>USS Nautilus</i>, was launched at Groton, CT, (however, the <i>Nautilus</i> did not make its first nuclear-powered run until nearly a year later). <b>In 1970</b> a Boeing 747 made its first commercial flight for Pan American Airlines. <b>In 1976</b> Western newspapers went on sale in the Soviet Union for the first time; also on this day, Leonid Brezhnev and Henry Kissinger met to discuss the Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty; and also on this day, the supersonic Concorde jet was put into service by Britain and France. <b>In 1977</b> President Carter pardoned almost all Vietnam War draft evaders. <b>In 2003</b> the US Census Bureau announced that estimates showed the Hispanic population was larger than the black population for the first time.
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<a href="http://www.on-this-day.com/onthisday/thedays/alldays/jan20.htm">January 20</a> ...<br />
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<b>In 1265</b> the first English parliament met in Westminster Hall. <b>In 1649</b> King Charles I of England went on trial for treason and other "high crimes." He was later executed. <b>In 1801</b> John Marshall was appointed chief justice of the US. <b>In 1841</b> the island of Hong Kong was ceded to Great Britain; the island returned to Chinese control in July 1997. <b>In 1896</b> comedian George Burns was born Nathan Birnbaum in New York City. <b>In 1887</b> the US Senate approved an agreement to lease Pearl Harbor in Hawaii as a naval base. <b>In 1891</b> James Hogg took office as the first native-born governor of Texas. <b>In 1924</b> country singer Slim Whitman was born in Tampa, FL. <b>In 1930</b> the second man to walk on the moon, Edwin "Buzz" Aldrin was born in Glen Ridge, NJ. <b>In 1936</b> Britain's King George V died; he was succeeded by Edward VIII. <b>In 1937</b> President Franklin D. Roosevelt was inaugurated for his second term in office, becoming the first president to be sworn in on January 20 in accordance with the 20th Amendment to the Constitution. <b>In 1941</b> President Roosevelt was sworn in for an unprecedented 3rd term. <b>In 1942</b> Nazi officials held the Wannsee conference, during which they arrived at their "final solution" that called for exterminating Europe's Jews. <b>In 1945</b> President Roosevelt was inaugurated for an unprecedented fourth term. <b>In 1949</b> President Harry S. Truman was inaugurated as the 33rd president of the US, the first inauguration to be televised. <b>In 1953</b> President Dwight D. Eisenhower was inaugurated as the 34th president of the US. <b>In 1957</b> President Eisenhower was sworn in for his second term in office. <b>In 1961</b> President John F. Kennedy was inaugurated as the 35th president of the US. <b>In 1964 </b> the <i>Beatles</i> released <i>Meet the Beatles</i>, their debut album in the US. <b>In 1965</b> President Lyndon B. Johnson was inaugurated as the 36th president of the US. As a result of President Kennedy's assassination, a bullet-proofed, closed limousine was used for the first time. <b>In 1969</b> President Richard M. Nixon was inaugurated as the 37th president of the US. <b>In 1973</b> President Nixon was sworn in for a second term. <b>In 1977</b> Jimmy Carter was inaugurated as the 39th president of the US. <b>In 1980</b> President Carter announced the US's boycott of the 1980 Olympic Games in Moscow. <b>In 1981</b> President Ronald Wilson Reagan was inaugurated as the 40th president of the US; it was the first inaugural held on the West Terrace of the Capitol. Also on this day, Iran released 52 Americans that had been held hostage for 444 days. <b>In 1985</b> President Reagan was sworn in for his second term; it was held indoors due to the extremely cold weather. <b>In 1986</b> Britain and France announced plans to build the Channel Tunnel. <b>In 1987</b> while attempting to negotiate the release of Western hostages, Anglican Church envoy Terry Waite was kidnapped in Beirut, Lebanon. He was not freed until November 1991. <b>In 1989</b> President George H. W. Bush was inaugurated as the 41st President of the US. <b>In 1993</b> President William Jefferson Clinton was sworn in as the 42nd President of the US. <b>In 1997</b> President Clinton was sworn in for his second term; also on this day, the oldest survivor of the <i>Titanic</i>, Edith Haisman, died at age 100. <b>In 2001</b> President George W. Bush was inaugurated as the nation's 43rd president. <b>In 2005</b> President George W. Bush was inaugurated for a second term; Chief Justice William H. Rehnquist, ill with thyroid cancer, delivered the oath of office.
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<a href="http://www.on-this-day.com/onthisday/thedays/alldays/jan19.htm">January 19</a> ...<br />
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<b>In 1419</b> Rouen surrendered to Henry V, completing Henry's conquest of Normandy. <b>In 1736</b> James Watt, inventor of the steam engine, was born in Scotland. <b>In 1764</b> John Wilkes was expelled from the British House of Commons for seditious libel. <b>In 1783</b> William Pitt at age 24 became the youngest Prime Minister of England. <b>In 1793</b> King Louis XVI was tried by the French Convention, found guilty of treason and sentenced to the guillotine. <b>In 1807</b> Robert E. Lee was born in Stratford, VA. <b>In 1809</b> Edgar Allan Poe was born in Boston, MA. <b>In 1839</b> French impressionist Paul Cezanne was born in Aix-en-Provence, France. <b>In 1861</b> Georgia became the 5th state to secede from the Union. <b>In 1903</b> Marconi broadcast the first transatlantic radio message from his station on Cape Cod, beaming a message to King Edward of England from President Theodore Roosevelt. <b>In 1915</b> more than 20 people were killed when German zeppelins bombed England for the first time. The bombs were dropped on Great Yarmouth and King's Lynn. <b>In 1920</b> the US Senate voted against membership in the League of Nations. <b>In 1942</b> the Japanese invaded Burma (later Myanmar). <b>In 1943</b> singer Janis Joplin was born in Port Arthur, TX. <b>In 1944</b> the federal government relinquished control of the nation's railroads following settlement of a wage dispute. <b>In 1945</b> Soviet forces liberated the ghetto of Lodz, Poland from the Nazis. Out of 230,000 inhabitants in 1940, less than 900 had survived Nazi occupation. <b>In 1955</b> President Eisenhower's news conference was filmed and broadcast on television (and in movie newsreels) for the first time. <b>In 1966</b> following in the footsteps of her father Jawaharlal Nehru, Indira Ghandi became India's Prime Minister. <b>In 1974</b> Notre Dame men's basketball team ended UCLA's 88-game winning streak. <b>In 1975</b> artist Thomas Hart Benton died in Kansas City, MO, at age 85. <b>In 1977</b> President Gerald Ford pardoned Iva Toguri D'Aquino ("Tokyo Rose"), and restored her citizenship. <b>In 1981</b> the US and Iran signed an agreement paving the way for the release of 52 Americans held hostage for more than 14 months. <b>In 1983</b> notorious SS officer Klaus Barbie was arrested in Bolivia.
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<a href="http://www.on-this-day.com/onthisday/thedays/alldays/jan18.htm">January 18</a> ...<br />
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<b>In 1644</b> perplexed pilgrims in Boston reported America's first UFO sighting. <b>In 1777</b> San Jose, CA, was founded. <b>In 1778</b> Captain James Cook discovered the Hawaiian Islands, which he dubbed the "Sandwich Islands." <b>In 1782</b> lawyer and statesman Daniel Webster was born in Salisbury, NH. <b>In 1788</b> the first English settlers arrived in Australia's Botany Bay to establish a penal colony. <b>In 1836</b> Jim Bowie arrived at the Alamo to assist its Texas defenders. <b>In 1861</b> Georgia seceded from the US. <b>In 1862</b> the 10th president of the United States, John Tyler, died in Richmond, VA, at age 71. <b>In 1871</b> Wilhelm, King of Prussia from 1861, was proclaimed the first German Emperor. <b>In 1882</b> A. A. Milne, author of <i>Winnie the Pooh</i>, was born in London, England. <b>In 1904</b> actor Cary Grant was born in Bristol, England. <b>In 1911</b> pilot Eugene B. Ely flew onto the deck of the <i>USS Pennsylvania</i> in San Francisco harbor, the first time an aircraft landed on a ship. <b>In 1919</b> the World War I Peace Congress opened in Versailles, France. <b>In 1936</b> Rudyard Kipling died in Burwash, England at age 70. <b>In 1939</b> Louis Armstrong and his orchestra recorded <i>Jeepers Creepers</i>. <b>In 1943</b> the Soviets announced it had broken the Nazi siege of Leningrad, which began in September of 1941. <b>In 1952</b> Curly Howard (Jerome Lester Horwitz), best known as one of the <i>Three Stooges</i>, died in San Gabriel, CA. <b>In 1969</b> University of Arizona astronomers first identified pulsars. <b>In 1991</b> Eastern Airlines shut down after 64 years in business. <b>In 1995</b> a network of caves were discovered near the town of Vallon-Pont-d'Arc in southern France. The caves contained paintings and engravings that were 17,000 to 20,000 years old.
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<a href="http://www.on-this-day.com/onthisday/thedays/alldays/jan17.htm">January 17</a> ...<br />
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<b>In 1377</b> the Papal See was transferred from Avignon in France back to Rome. <b>In 1562</b> French Huguenots were recognized under the Edict of St. Germain. <b>In 1691</b> English physician and physiologist Richard Lower died -- he made the first direct transfusion of blood from one animal to the veins of another (in dogs, 1665). <b>In 1706</b> Benjamin Franklin was born in Boston, MA. <b>In 1806</b> Thomas Jefferson's daughter, Martha, gave birth to James Madison Randolph, the first child born in the White House. <b>In 1860</b> short story writer and playwright Anton Chekhov was born in Taganrog, Russia. <b>In 1863</b> British Prime Minister David Loyd George was born in Manchester, England. George, the only Welshman to serve as Prime Minister, led Britain from 1916-1922. <b>In 1893</b> the 19th president of the United States, Rutherford B. Hayes, died in Fremont, Ohio, at age 70. <b>In 1899</b> Al Capone was born in Brooklyn, NY. <b>In 1900</b> Mormon Brigham Roberts was denied a seat in the US House of Representatives for his practicing of polygamy. <b>In 1939</b> the Nazis issued an order forbidding Jews to practice as dentists, veterinarians, and chemists. <b>In 1942</b> three-time heavyweight champion Muhammad Ali was born in Louisville, Kentucky. <b>In 1945</b> Soviet and Polish forces liberated Warsaw, Poland; on the same day the Nazis evacuated Auschwitz, forcing prisoners to began "death marches" toward Germany; also on the same day, Swedish diplomat Raoul Wallenberg, credited with saving tens of thousands of Jews, disappeared in Hungary while in Soviet custody. <b>In 1946</b> the United Nations Security Council held its first meeting. <b>In 1961</b> in his farewell address, President Dwight Eisenhower warned against the rise of "the military-industrial complex." <b>In 1991</b> in the first day of Operation Desert Storm, US-led forces hammered Iraqi targets in an effort to drive Iraq out of Kuwait. <b>In 1995</b> more than 6,000 people were killed when an earthquake with a magnitude of 7.2 devastated the city of Kobe, Japan. <b>In 1996</b> former Rep. Barbara Jordan (D-TX) died in Austin, TX, at age 59.
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<a href="http://www.on-this-day.com/onthisday/thedays/alldays/jan16.htm">January 16</a> ...<br />
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<b>In 1547</b> Ivan the Terrible crowned himself the new Czar of Russia, becoming the first Russian ruler to assume that title. <b>In 1599</b> English poet Edmund Spencer, author of <i>The Faerie Queene</i>, died in London. <b>In 1776</b> the Continental Congress approved the enlistment of free blacks, leading to the all-black First Rhode Island Regiment. <b>In 1868</b> Detroit fish dealer William Davis patented the refrigerated railroad car. <b>In 1883</b> the United States Civil Service Commission was established when the Pendleton Act went into effect. <b>In 1911</b> baseball Hall of Famer Dizzy Dean was born in Lucas, AR. <b>In 1919</b> Nebraska, Wyoming, and Missouri became the 36th, 37th, and 38th states to ratify Prohibition, which went into effect a year later. It was later repealed by the 21st Amendment. <b>In 1920</b> the 18th Amendment to the US Constitution took effect and Prohibition began. <b>In 1925</b> Leon Trotsky was dismissed as Chairman of the Revolutionary Council of the USSR. <b>In 1938</b> in what was quite possibly the most famous jazz concert in history, Benny Goodman performed at Carnegie Hall along with Count Basie, Harry James, Lionel Hampton, Lester Young, Johnny Hodges, Cootie Williams, Harry Carney, and Gene Krupa, among others -- they ripped the roof off the joint, as people were literally dancing in the aisles. <b>In 1939</b> the comic strip hero Superman appeared for the first time. <b>In 1942</b> actress Carole Lombard, her mother, and 20 other people killed in a plane crash near Las Vegas while returning from a tour to promote war bonds. <b>In 1944</b> General Dwight D. Eisenhower took command of the Allied invasion force in London. <b>In 1957</b> Little Richard recorded the rock classic <i>Lucille</i>. <b>In 1964</b> the musical <i>Hello, Dolly!</i> opened on Broadway, beginning a run of almost 3,000 performances. <b>In 1973</b> the last new episode of <i>Bonanza</i> aired on NBC. <b>In 1979</b> the Shah of Iran was forced into exile by Ayatollah Khomeini. <b>In 1991</b> the White House announced the start of Operation Desert Storm to drive Iraqi forces out of Kuwait. <b>In 2003</b> the space shuttle <i>Columbia</i> was launched, starting its ill-fated mission.
The New Editortpelia@yahoo.com (Tom Elia)
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<a href="http://www.on-this-day.com/onthisday/thedays/alldays/jan15.htm">January 15</a> ...<br />
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<b>In 1559</b> England's Queen Elizabeth I was crowned in Westminster Abbey. <b>In 1662</b> Moliere was born in Paris, France. <b>In 1790</b> Fletcher Christian and eight fellow sailors landed on Pitcairn Island in the Pacific after their famous mutiny on the <i>HMS Bounty</i>. <b>In 1823</b> Civil War photographer Mathew Brady was born in Warren County, NY. <b>In 1833</b> <i>HMS Beagle</i> anchored at Goeree, Tierra del Fuego. <b>In 1844</b> the University of Notre Dame was chartered. <b>In 1861</b> Elisha G. Otis patented the steam elevator. <b>In 1870</b> a cartoon by Thomas Nast titled "A Live Jackass Kicking a Dead Lion" appeared in <i>Harper's Weekly</i>, marking the first time a cartoon used the donkey to symbolize the Democratic Party. <b>In 1880</b> the first British telephone directory, containing 255 names, was published by the London Telephone Company. <b>In 1896</b> Civil War photographer Matthew Brady died at age 72. <b>In 1908</b> physicist Edward Teller was born in Budapest, Hungary. <b>In 1909</b> jazz drummer Gene Krupa was born in Chicago, IL. <b>In 1918</b> Egyptian President Gamal Abdel Nasser was born in Alexandria, Egypt. <b>In 1920</b> Prohibition began in the US. <strong>In 1926</strong> Chuck Berry was born in St. Louis, MO. <b>In 1929</b> Martin Luther King Jr. was born in Atlanta, Georgia; also on this day, the US Senate ratified the Kellogg-Briand Act, which outlawed war. <b>In 1942</b> Jawaharlal Nehru succeeded Mohandas K. Gandhi as head of India's National Congress Party. <b>In 1943</b> construction of the Pentagon was completed. <b>In 1944</b> General Dwight Eisenhower became Supreme Commander of the Allied Expeditionary Force. <b>In 1953</b> Harry S. Truman became the first US President to use radio and television to give his farewell as he left office. <b>In 1965</b> Sir Winston Churchill suffered a severe stroke. <b>In 1987</b> Ray Bolger, who played The Scarecrow in <i>The Wizard of Oz</i>, died at age 82.
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<a href="http://www.on-this-day.com/onthisday/thedays/alldays/jan14.htm">January 14</a> ...<br />
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<b>In 1639</b> Connecticut's first constitution, the "Fundamental Orders," was adopted. <b>In 1690</b> the clarinet was invented in Nurnberg, Germany, by a German instrument maker named Denner. <b>In 1741</b> Benedict Arnold was born in Norwich, Connecticut. <b>In 1784</b> the Revolutionary War officially ended when the US Congress ratified the Treaty of Paris with England. <b>In 1814</b> Denmark ceded Norway to Sweden under the Treaty of Kiel. <b>In 1875</b> 1954 Nobel Prize winner Albert Schweitzer was born in Alsace-Lorraine. <b>In 1898</b> <i>Alice in Wonderland</i> author Lewis Carroll died in Guildford, England at age 65. <b>In 1900</b> Puccini's <em>Tosca</em> opened in Rome. <b>In 1938</b> Walt Disney's <i>Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs</i> opened in the US. <b>In 1943</b> President Roosevelt and British Prime Minister Winston Churchill opened a wartime conference in Casablanca. <b>In 1953</b> Josip Broz Tito was elected president of Yugoslavia by the country's Parliament. <b>In 1954</b> the Hudson Motor Car Company merged with Nash-Kelvinator; the new company was called the American Motors Corporation. Also on this day, Marilyn Monroe and Joe DiMaggio were married; the marriage only lasted nine months. <b>In 1957</b> actor Humphrey Bogart died. <b>In 1963</b> at his swearing-in ceremony newly elected Alabama Governor George C. Wallace pledged he would enforce "segregation forever." <b>In 1965 </b>for the first time in 43 years the prime ministers of Northern Ireland and Ireland met. <b>In 1967</b> the great 'Human Be-In' was held in Golden Gate Park, drawing national attention to the Haight-Asbury scene. <b>In 1990</b> <i>The Simpsons</i> premiered. <b>In 2004</b> President Bush proposed that the US send humans back to the moon by 2015 and establish a base for a further manned mission to Mars. <b>In 2005</b> a probe from the Cassini-Huygens mission sent back pictures during and after landing on Saturn's moon Titan. The mission was launched on October 15, 1997.
The New Editortpelia@yahoo.com (Tom Elia)
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<a href="http://www.on-this-day.com/onthisday/thedays/alldays/jan13.htm">January 13</a> ...<br />
<br />
<strong>In 1610</strong> Galileo discovered Callisto, the 4th satellite of Jupiter. <strong>In 1785</strong> John Walter published the first issue of the <em>London Times</em>. <strong>In 1832</strong> Horatio Alger, Jr., was born in Revere, MA. <strong>In 1888</strong> The National Geographic Society was founded in Washington, DC. <strong>In 1898</strong> Emile Zola's <em>J'accuse</em> was published in Paris. <strong>In 1910</strong> Enrico Caruso and Emmy Destinn were broadcast from the Metropolitan Opera House in New York City by a telephone transmitter that was rigged by DeForest Radio-Telephone Company. <strong>In 1915</strong> Winston Churchill presented the plan for the assault on the Dardanelles during WWI. <strong>In 1919</strong> future Brooklyn Dodger Hall of Famer Jackie Robinson was born in Cairo, Georgia. <strong>In 1920</strong> a <em>New York Times</em> editorial ridiculed Robert Goddard for his belief that rockets would be able to fly in space, saying that it would never happen. <strong>In 1928</strong> Ernst F. W. Alexanderson gave the first public demonstration of television. <strong>In 1929</strong> Wyatt Earp died in Los Angeles at age 80. <strong>In 1941</strong> Irish novelist James Joyce died in Zurich, Switzerland at age 58. <strong>In 1957</strong> the first Frisbee, originally called the Pluto Platter, was produced. <strong>In 1964</strong> Karol Wojtyla became archbishop of Krakow, Poland. He would later become Pope John Paul II. <strong>In 1966</strong> Robert C. Weaver became the first black Cabinet member when he was appointed Secretary of Housing and Urban Development by President Lyndon Johnson. <strong>In 1978</strong> former Vice President Hubert H. Humphrey died in Waverly, MN, at age 66. <strong>In 1982</strong> an Air Florida Boeing 737 crashed into Washington, DC's 14th St Bridge and fell into the Potomac River, killing 78 people. <strong>In 2000</strong> Bill Gates stepped down as CEO of Microsoft, handing the leadership over to Steve Ballmer; Gates remained as chairman of the board. <strong>In 2002</strong> Japan and Singapore signed a free trade pact that would remove tariffs on almost all goods traded between the two countries.
The New Editortpelia@yahoo.com (Tom Elia)
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<a href="http://www.on-this-day.com/onthisday/thedays/alldays/jan12.htm">January 12</a> ...<br />
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<b>In 1588</b> the first Governor of the Massachusetts Bay colony, John Winthrop, was born in Suffolk, England. <b>In 1628</b> Charles Perrault, the French author of <i>Little Red Riding Hood</i>, <i>Sleeping Beauty</i>, and <i>Puss in Boots</i>, was born in Paris, France. <b>In 1729</b> Edmund Burke was born in Dublin, Ireland. <b>In 1737</b> John Hancock was born in Braintree (now in Quincy), MA. <b>In 1773</b> America's first public museum was organized in Charleston, SC. <b>In 1781</b> a British naval expedition led by Benedict Arnold burned Richmond, VA. <b>In 1856</b> painter John Singer Sargent was born in Florence, Italy. <b>In 1876</b> author Jack London was born in San Francisco. <b>In 1906</b> comedian Henny Youngman was born Liverpool, England. <b>In 1907</b> Sergei Korolyov, the head Soviet rocket engineer and designer during the Space Race in the 1960s, was born in Zhytomyr, Ukraine. <b>In 1915</b> the US House rejected a proposal to give women the right to vote. <b>In 1932</b> Ed Sullivan started his radio program on CBS; he later became the host of television's <i>The Ed Sullivan Show</i>. Also on this day, Arkansas Democrat Mrs. Hattie W. Caraway became the first woman elected to the US Senate. <b>In 1944</b> Allied troops attacked Monte Casino, Italy; also on this day, former world heavyweight boxing champion Joe Frazier was born in Beufort, SC. <b>In 1945</b> German forces in Belgium retreated in Battle of Bulge; also on this day, Soviet forces began a huge offensive against the Germans in Eastern Europe. <b>In 1948</b> the US Supreme Court ruled that states could not discriminate against law-school applicants because of race. <b>In 1957</b> Elvis Presley recorded <i>All Shook Up</i>. <b>In 1960</b> <em>Scent of Mystery</em>, the only film made in 'Smell-O-Vision,' opened in Chicago. <b>In 1964</b> founder of Amazon.com Jeff Bezos was born in Albuquerque, NM. <b>In 1966</b> television series Batman premiered on ABC TV. <b>In 1971</b> President Nixon ordered development of the NASA space shuttle; also on this day, <i>All In the Family</i> debuted on CBS-TV. <b>In 1976</b> mystery writer Agatha Christie died in Wallingford, England at age 85. <b>In 1991</b> the US Congress passed a resolution authorizing President Bush to use military power to force Iraq out of Kuwait. <b>In 1993</b> memorial services were held in Paris for ballet dancer Rudolf Nureyev and in New York for jazz trumpeter Dizzy Gillespie, both of whom had died on January 6. <b>In 2001</b> Hewlett-Packard Corp. co-founder William Hewlett died in Palo Alto, CA at age 87. <b>In 2005</b> NASA launched <i>Deep Impact</i>. The spacecraft was planned to impact on Comet Tempel 1 after a six-month, 268 million-mile journey. <strong>In 2010</strong> an earthquake struck Haiti, killing over 300,000 people and destroying most of the country's capital, Port-au-Prince.
The New Editortpelia@yahoo.com (Tom Elia)
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<a href="http://www.on-this-day.com/onthisday/thedays/alldays/jan11.htm">January 11</a> ...<br />
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<b>In 1757</b> Alexander Hamilton was born in Nevis, British West Indies. <b>In 1787</b> American astronomer William Herschel discovered Titania &amp; Oberon, moons of Uranus. <b>In 1797</b> Francis Lightfoot Lee, a signer of the Declaration of Independence and relative of Robert E. Lee, died at 62. <b>In 1805</b> the Michigan Territory was created. <b>In 1807</b> founder of Western Union Telegraph and Cornell University (NY) Ezra Cornell was born in Westchester, New York. <b>In 1815</b> US General Andrew Jackson achieved victory at the Battle of New Orleans. The War of 1812 had officially ended on December 24, 1814, with the signing of the Treaty of Ghent. The news of the signing had not reached British troops in time to prevent their attack on New Orleans. Also on this day, the first Prime Minister of Canada Sir John Alexander MacDonald was born in Glasgow, Scotland. <b>In 1842</b> American philosopher William James was born in Newport, Rhode Island. <b>In 1843</b> author of <i>The Star-Spangled Banner</i> Francis Scott Key died in Baltimore at age 63. <b>In 1861</b> Alabama seceded from the Union. <b>In 1867</b> Benito Juarez returned to the Mexican presidency, following the withdrawal of French troops and the execution of Emperor Maximilian. <b>In 1878</b> milk was delivered in glass bottles for the first time in New York by Alexander Campbell. <b>In 1913</b> the first sedan-type car, manufactured by Hudson Motor Company, was unveiled at the National Automobile Show in New York City. <b>In 1914</b> writer Ambrose Bierce died at age 71. <b>In 1922</b> 14-year-old Canadian boy Leonard Thompson became the first person in history to have diabetes successfully treated using insulin. Also on this day, <i>Popular Mechanics</i> magazine was published for the first time. <b>In 1935</b> Amelia Earhart Putnam became the first woman to fly solo from Hawaii to California. <b>In 1942</b> Japan declared war against the Netherlands. The same day, Japanese forces invaded the Dutch East Indies. Also on this day, "The Big Man," Clarence Clemons, the saxophonist in Bruce Springsteen's <i>E Street Band</i>, was born. <b>In 1963</b> Whisky a Go Go opened on Sunset Strip in LA. The club helped to launch <i>The Doors</i>, <i>Buffalo Springfield</i>, and <i>The Byrds</i>. <b>In 1964</b> US Surgeon General Luther Terry issued the first report linking cigarette smoking to disease. <b>In 1973</b> owners of American League baseball teams voted to adopt the designated-hitter rule on a trial basis. <b>In 1977</b> France released Abu Daoud, a Palestinian suspected in the murders of Israeli athletes at the 1972 Munich Olympics. <b>In 1989</b> President Reagan bade the nation farewell in an address from the Oval Office. <b>In 1996</b> Ryutaro Hashimoto become Japan's prime minister. He replaced Tomiichi Murayama who had resigned on January 5, 1996. Also on this day, the space shuttle <i>Endeavour</i> blasted off on a nine-day mission. <b>In 1997</b> director and actor Sheldon Leonard died at age 89. While he was best known as the producer of <i>The Dick Van Dyke Show</i>, many people remember Leonard for his role as Nick the bartender in <i>It's a Wonderful Life</i>.
The New Editortpelia@yahoo.com (Tom Elia)
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<a href="http://www.on-this-day.com/onthisday/thedays/alldays/jan10.htm">January 10</a> ...<br />
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<b>In 49 BC</b> Julius Caesar led his army across the Rubicon River, which separated his jurisdiction (Cisalpine Gaul) from that of the Senate (Italy), thus initiating a civil war. <b>In 1776</b> Thomas Paine published his pamphlet <i>Common Sense</i>. <b>In 1811</b> a slave rebellion was violently put down in New Orleans. <b>In 1861</b> Florida seceded from the United States. <b>In 1863</b> the first section of the London Underground Railway system opened, from Paddington to Farringdon Street. <b>In 1864</b> George Washington Carver was born. <b>In 1870</b> John D. Rockefeller incorporated Standard Oil. <b>In 1901</b> oil was discovered at the Spindletop oil field near Beaumont, TX. <b>In 1911</b> Major Jimmie Erickson took the first photograph from an airplane while flying over San Diego, CA. <b>In 1918</b> the US House passed women's suffrage. <b>In 1920</b> the League of Nations ratified the Treaty of Versailles, officially ending World War I with Germany; it then held its first meeting in Geneva. <b>In 1923</b> the US withdrew its last troops from Germany, more than four years after WWI had ended. <b>In 1926</b> Fritz Lang's film <i>Metropolis</i> was first shown, in Berlin. <b>In 1928</b> the Soviet Union ordered the exile of Leon Trotsky. <b>In 1943</b> the Soviet Union's offensive at Stalingrad began. Also on this day, President Franklin D. Roosevelt sailed from Miami, FL, to Trinidad thus becoming the first American President to visit a foreign country during wartime. <b>In 1944</b> Congress passed the GI Bill of Rights. <b>In 1946</b> the first meeting of the United Nations General Assembly took place with 51 nations represented. Also on this day, the US Army sent the first radar signal to moon (from Belmar, New Jersey). <b>In 1951</b> UN Headquarters opened in New York. <b>In 1957</b> Harold Macmillan became prime minister of Britain, following the resignation Anthony Eden. <b>In 1967</b> Sen. Edward W. Brooke III (R-MA) took his seat, becoming the first black senator elected by popular vote in US history. <b>In 1969</b> the final issue of <i>The Saturday Evening Post</i> appeared after 147 years of publication. <b>In 1971</b> <i>Masterpiece Theatre</i> premiered on PBS with host Alistair Cooke; the introduction drama series was <i>The First Churchills</i>. <b>In 1978</b> the Soviet Union launched two cosmonauts aboard a <i>Soyuz</i> capsule for a rendezvous with the <i>Salyut VI</i> space laboratory. <b>In 1984</b> the United States and the Vatican established full diplomatic relations for the first time in more than a century. <b>In 1990 </b>China lifted the martial law that was imposed after the Tiananmen Square massacre in June 1989. Also on this day, Time Inc. and Warner Communications Inc. completed a $14 billion merger; the new company, Time Warner, became the world's largest entertainment company. <b>In 1994</b> Uzbekistan and Kazakhstan agreed to abolish trade tariffs and form a common market. <strong>In 2000</strong> it was announced that Time-Warner had agreed to buy AOL. The largest-ever corporate merger, it was priced at $162 billion. <b>In 2001</b> American Airlines agreed to acquire most of TWA's assets for about $500 million. The deal brought an end to the financially troubled TWA. <b>In 2002</b> the US started flying hundreds of al Qaeda prisoners captured on the battlefields of Afghanistan to Guantanamo Bay, Cuba. <b>In 2003</b> North Korea announced that it was withdrawing from the global nuclear arms control treaty.
The New Editortpelia@yahoo.com (Tom Elia)
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<a href="http://www.on-this-day.com/onthisday/thedays/alldays/jan09.htm">January 9</a> ...<br />
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<b>In 1788</b> Connecticut became the fifth state to join the United States. <b>In 1799</b> British Prime Minister William Pitt the Younger introduced an income tax, at two shillings (10p) in the pound, to raise funds for the Napoleonic Wars. <b>In 1861</b> the state of Mississippi seceded from the United States. <b>In 1902</b> New York state introduced a bill to outlaw flirting in public. <b>In 1905</b> Russian civil disturbances known as the Revolution of 1905 forced Czar Nicholas II to grant some civil rights. <b>In 1913</b> thirty-seventh President of the US Richard Milhous Nixon was born in Yorba Linda, CA. Nixon is the only US president to resign from office. <b>In 1934</b> Green Bay Packer Hall-of-Fame quarterback Bart Starr was born in Montgomery, AL. <b>In 1936</b> the US Army adopted the semi-automatic rifle. <b>In 1944</b> <i>Led Zeppelin</i> guitarist Jimmy Page was born in Heston, England. <b>In 1951</b> United Nations headquarters officially opened in New York City. <b>In 1969</b> the supersonic airplane <i>Concorde</i> made its first trial flight, at Bristol, England. <b>In 1972</b> the ocean liner <i>RMS Queen Elizabeth</i> was destroyed by fire in Hong Kong harbor. <b>In 1991</b> US Secretary of State James Baker and Iraqi Foreign Minister Tariq Aziz met for 6 1/2 hours in Geneva, but failed to reach any agreement that would forestall war in the Persian Gulf. <b>In 1995</b> Russian cosmonaut Valeri Poliakov, 51, completed his 366th day in outer space aboard the <i>Mir</i> space station, breaking the record for the longest continuous time spent in outer space. <b>In 2002</b> the US Justice Department announced that it was pursuing a criminal investigation of Enron Corp. The company had filed for bankruptcy on December 2, 2001. <b>In 2003</b> archaeologists announced that they had found five more chambers in the tomb of Qin Shihuang, China's first emperor. The rooms were believed to cover about 750,000 square feet.
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<a href="http://www.on-this-day.com/onthisday/thedays/alldays/jan08.htm">January 8</a> ...<br />
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<b>In 1642</b> astronomer Galileo Galilei died in Arcetri, Italy. <b>In 1790</b> President George Washington delivered the first State of the Union address. Starting with President Thomas Jefferson, all subsequent presidents sent written messages until President Woodrow Wilson in his first term convened Congress in 1913 to hear his address. <b>In 1815</b> though the War of 1812 had officially ended on December 24, 1814 with the signing of the Treaty of Ghent, the Battle of New Orleans began -- the news of the signing had not reached British troops in time to prevent their attack on New Orleans. US forces led by Gen. Andrew Jackson defeated the British. <b>In 1877</b> Crazy Horse (Tashunca-uitco) and his warriors fought their final battle against the US Cavalry in Montana. <b>In 1889</b> the tabulating machine was patented by Dr. Herman Hollerith. His firm, Tabulating Machine Company, later became International Business Machines Corporation (IBM). <b>In 1900</b> President William McKinley placed Alaska under military rule. <b>In 1916</b> during World War I, the final withdrawal of Allied troops from Gallipoli took place. <b>In 1918</b> President Wilson announced his Fourteen Points as the basis for peace upon the end of World War I. <b>In 1935</b> Elvis Presley was born in Tupelo, MS. <b>In 1959</b> Charles De Gaulle was inaugurated as president of France's Fifth Republic. <b>In 1962</b> Leonardo da Vinci's Mona Lisa was exhibited in America for the first time at the National Gallery of Art in Washington, DC. The next day the exhibit opened to the public. <b>In 1964</b> President Lyndon Johnson declared a "War on Poverty." <b>In 1973</b> secret peace talks between the United States and North Vietnam resumed near Paris, France; also on this day, the trial of seven men accused of bugging Democratic Party headquarters in the Watergate apartment complex in Washington, DC, opened. <b>In 1975</b> Ella Grasso became the governor of Connecticut, becoming the first woman to become a governor of a state without a husband preceding her in the governor's chair. <b>In 1976</b> Chinese premier Chou Enlai died at the age of 78. <b>In 1982</b> AT&T settled the Justice Department's antitrust lawsuit against it by agreeing to divest itself of the 22 Bell System companies. <b>In 1987</b> the Dow Jones industrial average closed over the 2000 mark for the first time at 2,002.25. <b>In 1998</b> Ramzi Yousef was sentenced to life in prison for his role of mastermind behind the World Trade Center bombing in New York; also on this day, scientists announced that they had discovered that galaxies were accelerating and moving apart and at faster speeds than previously thought. <strong>In 2011</strong> a shooting at a Casas Adobes, AZ, grocery store killed 6 people and wounded 13, including Rep. Gabrielle Giffords (D-AZ).
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<a href="http://www.on-this-day.com/onthisday/thedays/alldays/jan07.htm">January 7</a> ...<br />
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<b>In 1610</b> Galileo Galilei sighted four of Jupiter's moons, naming them Io, Europa, Ganymede, and Callisto. <b>In 1782</b> The Bank of North America opened in Philadelphia, becoming the first commercial bank in the United States. <b>In 1785</b> French aeronaut/balloonist Jean-Pierre Blanchard successfully made the first air-crossing of the English Channel from the English coast to France. <b>In 1789</b> Americans voted for the electors that would choose George Washington to be the first president of the US. <b>In 1800</b> the 13th president of the United States, Millard Fillmore, was born in Summerhill, NY. <b>In 1887</b> Thomas Stevens completed the first worldwide bicycle trip; he started his trip in April 1884 traveling 13,500 miles in almost three years time. <b>In 1926</b> comedians George Burns and Gracie Allen were married. <b>In 1927</b> transatlantic telephone service Service began between New York and London; also on this day, the Harlem Globetrotters played their first game, in Hinckley IL. <b>In 1932</b> Chancellor Heinrich Bruning declared that Germany would not resume reparations payments. <b>In 1935</b> French Foreign Minister Pierre Laval and Italian Prime Minister Benito Mussolini signed the Italo-French agreements. <b>In 1942</b> the World War II siege of Bataan began. <b>In 1949</b> the first photograph of genes was shown at the University of Southern California in Los Angeles. <b>In 1953</b> President Harry Truman announced the development of the hydrogen bomb. <b>In 1959</b> the US recognized Fidel Castro's new government in Cuba. <b>In 1972</b> Lewis F. Powell Jr. and William H. Rehnquist were sworn in as the 99th and 100th members of the US Supreme Court. <b>In 1975</b> OPEC agreed to raise crude oil prices by 10%, which began a time of world economic inflation. <b>In 1979</b> Vietnamese forces captured the Cambodian capital of Phnom Penh, overthrowing the Khmer Rouge government. <b>In 1980</b> President Jimmy Carter signed legislation that authorized $1.5 billion in loans for the bail out of Chrysler Corp. <b>In 1989</b> Crown Prince Akihito became the emperor of Japan following the death of his father, Emperor Hirohito. <b>In 1999</b> President Clinton went on trial before the Senate, only the second time in US history that an impeached president had gone to trial; Clinton was later acquitted of perjury and obstruction of justice charges.
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<a href="http://www.on-this-day.com/onthisday/thedays/alldays/jan06.htm">January 6</a> ...<br />
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<b>In 1540</b> King Henry VIII of England was married to Anne of Cleves, his fourth wife. (The marriage lasted about six months.) <b>In 1720</b> the Committee of Inquiry on the South Sea Bubble published its findings. <b>In 1759</b> George Washington and Martha Dandridge Custis were married. <b>In 1838</b> Samuel Morse demonstrated the telegraph for the first time. <b>In 1878</b> poet, historian, and novelist Carl Sandburg was born in Galesburg, IL. <b>In 1900</b> it was reported that millions of people were dying from starvation in India. <b>In 1912</b> New Mexico became the 47th US state. <b>In 1919</b> 26th president of the United States Theodore Roosevelt died in Oyster Bay, NY, at age 60. <b>In 1931</b> Thomas Edison executed his last patent application. <b>In 1942</b> the first commercial around-the-world airline flight took place, when a Pan American Airlines flight landed in New York. <b>In 1945</b> future president George Herbert Walker Bush married Barbara Pierce in Rye, NY. <b>In 1950</b> Britain recognized the Communist government of China. <b>In 1952</b> <i>Peanuts</i> debuted in Sunday papers across the United States. <b>In 1963</b> <i>Wild Kingdom</i> premiered on NBC. <b>In 1993</b> jazz trumpeter Dizzy Gillespie died in Englewood, NJ, at age 75; also on this day, ballet dancer Rudolf Nureyev died in Paris at age 54. <b>In 1994</b> figure skater Nancy Kerrigan was clubbed on the right leg by an assailant at Cobo Arena in Detroit, MI. Four men were later sentenced to prison for the attack, including Tonya Harding's ex-husband. <b>In 1998</b> the spacecraft <i>Lunar Prospect</i> was launched into orbit around the moon. The craft was crashed into the moon, in an effort to find water under the lunar surface, on July 31, 1999. <b>In 2001</b> with the Vice President Al Gore presiding, Congress formally certified George W. Bush the winner of the close and bitterly contested 2000 presidential election. <b>In 2005</b> former Ku Klux Klan leader Edgar Ray Killen was arrested 41 years after three civil rights workers were slain in Mississippi. (Killen was later convicted of manslaughter.)
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<a href="http://www.on-this-day.com/onthisday/thedays/alldays/jan05.htm">January 5</a> ...<br />
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<b>In 1781</b> Richmond, VA, was burned by a British naval expedition led by Benedict Arnold. <b>In 1885</b> the Long Island Railroad Company became the first to offer piggy-back rail service which was the transportation of farm wagons on trains. <b>In 1896</b> it was reported by an Austrian newspaper that Wilhelm Roentgen had discovered the type of radiation that became known as X-rays. <b>In 1900</b> Irish Nationalist leader John Edward Redmond called for a revolt against British rule. <b>In 1914</b> Ford Motor Company announced that there would be a new daily minimum wage of $5 and an eight-hour workday. <b>In 1925</b> Mrs. Nellie Taylor Ross succeeded her late husband as governor of Wyoming, becoming the first female governor in the US. <b>In 1933</b> the 30th president of the US, Calvin Coolidge, died in Northampton, MA, at age 60; also on this day, construction of the Golden Gate Bridge began. <b>In 1940</b> the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) got its very first demonstration of FM radio. <b>In 1948</b> Warner Brothers-Pathe showed the first color newsreel. The footage was of the Tournament of Roses Parade and the Rose Bowl football classic. <b>In 1949</b> in his State of the Union address, President Truman labeled his administration the Fair Deal. <b>In 1957</b> Brooklyn Dodger Hall of Famer Jackie Robinson retired. <b>In 1970</b> Joseph A. Yablonski, an unsuccessful candidate for the presidency of the United Mine Workers of America, was found murdered with his wife and daughter at their Clarksville, PA, home; UMWA President Anthony Boyle and three others were convicted of the killings. <b>In 1972</b> President Richard M. Nixon ordered the development of the space shuttle. <b>In 1987</b> President Ronald Reagan underwent prostate surgery. <b>In 1994</b> former Speaker of the House Thomas P. "Tip" O'Neill, died in Boston at age 81. <b>In 1998</b> US Representative Sonny Bono died in a skiing accident.
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<a href="http://www.on-this-day.com/onthisday/thedays/alldays/jan04.htm">January 4</a> ...<br />
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<b>In 1821</b> the first native-born American saint, Elizabeth Ann Seton, died in Emmitsburg, MD. <b>In 1896</b> Utah became the 45th US state. <b>In 1928</b> NBC Radio debuted <i>The Dodge Victory Hour </i>which starred Will Rogers, Paul Whiteman and his Orchestra, and singer Al Jolson. <b>In 1935</b> Bob Hope was heard for the first time on network radio as part of <i>The Intimate Revue</i>. <b>In 1936</b> the first pop music chart based on national sales was published by <i>Billboard</i> magazine. <b>In 1944</b> the attack on Monte Cassino was launched by the British Fifth Army in Italy. <b>In 1948</b> Britain granted independence to Burma. <b>In 1951</b> North Korean and Communist Chinese forces captured the city of Seoul during the Korean War. <b>In 1957</b> <i>Collier's</i> magazine was published for the last time. The periodical was published for 69 years. <b>In 1958</b> the Soviet satellite Sputknik I fell to the earth from its orbit. The craft had been launched on October 4, 1957. <b>In 1960</b> French author Albert Camus died in an automobile accident at age 46. <b>In 1962</b> New York City introduced a train that operated without conductors and motormen. <b>In 1965</b> Poet T.S. Eliot died at age 76; also on this day, President Lyndon Johnson proclaimed the building of the "Great Society" in his State of the Union address. <b>In 1970</b> <i>The Beatles</i> recorded as a band for the last time. <b>In 1974</b> President Richard Nixon refused to hand over tape recordings and documents subpoenaed by the Senate Watergate Committee. <b>In 1995</b> the 104th Congress convened, the first entirely under Republican control since the Eisenhower era. <b>In 1999</b> 16 people were killed and 25 injured when gunmen opened fire on Shiite Muslim worshippers at a mosque in Islamabad, Pakistan; also on this day, former professional wrestler Jesse Ventura was sworn in as Minnesota's 37th governor. <b>In 2004</b> the NASA Mars Rover <i>Spirit</i> landed successfully on the Red Planet. <b>In 2006</b> Israeli Prime Minister Ariel Sharon suffered a second, more serious stroke. His authority was transferred to Acting Prime Minister Ehud Olmert.
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<a href="http://www.on-this-day.com/onthisday/thedays/alldays/jan03.htm">January 3</a> ...<br />
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<b>In 1496</b> references in Leonardo da Vinci's notebooks suggested that he tested his flying machine. The test didn't succeed and he didn't try to fly again for several years. <b>In 1521</b> Pope Leo X excommunicated Martin Luther.<b> In 1777</b> Gen. George Washington defeated Gen. Charles Cornwallis at the Battle of Princeton in the Revolutionary War. <b>In 1815</b> by secret treaty, Austria, Britain, and France formed a defensive alliance against Prusso-Russian plans to solve the Saxon and Polish problems. <b>In 1823</b> Stephen F. Austin received a grant from the Mexican government and began colonization in the region of the Brazos River in Texas. <b>In 1825</b> the first engineering college in the US, Rensselaer School (now now known as Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute) opened in Troy, NY. <b>In 1868</b> the Shogunate was abolished in Japan and Meiji dynasty was restored. <b>In 1871</b> Henry W. Bradley patented oleomargarine (known as margarine). <b>In 1892</b> author J.R.R. Tolkien was born in Bloemfontein, South Africa. <b>In 1924</b> English explorer Howard Carter discovered the sarcophagus of Tutankhamen (King Tut) in the Valley of the Kings, near Luxor, Egypt. <b>In 1925</b> Italy's Benito Mussolini announced that he would take dictatorial powers in the country. <b>In 1947</b> US Congressional proceedings were televised for the first time as viewers in Washington, Philadelphia, and New York City saw some of the opening ceremonies of the 80th Congress. <b>In 1953</b> Ohioans Frances Bolton and her son, Oliver, became the first mother-son combination to serve at the same time in the US Congress. <b>In 1959</b> Alaska became the 49th state. <strong>In 1961</strong> the US severed diplomatic relations with Cuba. <b>In 1962</b> Pope John XXIII excommunicated Cuban prime minister Fidel Castro. <b>In 1973</b> CBS sold the New York Yankees to a 12-man syndicate headed by George Steinbrenner for $10 million. <b>In 1988</b> Great Britain's Margaret Thatcher became the country's longest-serving prime minister in the 20th century. <b>In 1990</b> ousted Panamanian leader Manuel Noriega surrendered to US forces, 10 days after taking refuge in the Vatican's diplomatic mission. <b>In 1991</b> the British government announced that seven Iraqi diplomats, another embassy staff member, and 67 other Iraqis were being expelled from Britain. <b>In 1993</b> President George H. W. Bush and Russian President Boris Yeltsin signed the second Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty (START) in Moscow. <b>In 2000</b> Charles M. Schulz's final original <i>Peanuts</i> comic strip appeared in newspapers. <b>In 2004</b> NASA's <i>Spirit</i> rover landed on Mars. The craft was able to send back black and white images three hours after landing.
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<a href="http://www.on-this-day.com/onthisday/thedays/alldays/jan01.htm">January 1</a> ...<br />
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<b>In 404 AD</b> the last gladiator competition was held in Rome. <b>In 1622</b> the Papal Chancery adopted January 1st as the beginning of the New Year (instead of March 25th). <b>In 1735</b> Paul Revere was born in Boston, MA. <b>In 1752</b> Betsy Ross was born in Philadelphia, PA. <b>In 1772</b> the first traveler's checks were issued in London. <b>In 1785</b> London's oldest daily paper <i>The Daily Universal Register</i> (later renamed <i>The Times</i> in 1788) was first published. <b>In 1797</b> Albany became the capital of New York state, replacing New York City. <b>In 1801</b> Italian astronomer Giuseppe Piazzi became the first person to discover an asteroid; he named it Ceres. <b>In 1804</b> Haiti gained its independence. <b>In 1808</b> the US prohibited import of slaves from Africa. <b>In 1863</b> President Abraham Lincoln signed the Emancipation Proclamation, which declared that all slaves in the rebel states were free. <b>In 1879</b> author E.M. Forster was born in London, England. <b>In 1892</b> Ellis Island Immigrant Station formally opened in New York; also on this day, Brooklyn and New York merged to form the single city of New York. <b>In 1898</b> Manhattan, the Bronx, Brooklyn, Queens, and Staten Island were consolidated into New York City. <b>In 1901</b> the Commonwealth of Australia was founded. <b>In 1902</b> the first Tournament of Roses (later the Rose Bowl) collegiate football game was played in Pasadena, CA. <b>In 1909</b> the first payments of old-age pensions were made in Britain, with people over 70 receiving five shillings a week. <b>In 1919</b> J.D. Salinger was born in New York City; also on this day, George Halas was named the MVP of the Rose Bowl. <b>In 1926</b> the Rose Bowl was carried coast to coast on network radio for the first time. <b>In 1937</b> the First Cotton Bowl football game was played in Dallas, TX, with TCU beating Marquette, 16-6. <b>In 1939</b> the Hewlett-Packard partnership was formed. <b>In 1942</b> President Franklin D. Roosevelt and British Prime Minister Winston Churchill issued a declaration called the "United Nations"; it was signed by 26 countries that vowed to create an international postwar World War II peacekeeping organization. <b>In 1945</b> France was admitted to the United Nations. <b>In 1953</b> country singer Hank Williams, 29, died of a drug and alcohol overdose while en route to a concert date in Canton, OH. <b>In 1956</b> Sudan gained its independence. <b>In 1959</b> Fidel Castro overthrew the government of Fulgencio Batista, and seized power in Cuba. <b>In 1975</b> the magazine <i>Popular Electronics</i> announced the invention of a personal computer called Altair. MITS, using an Intel microprocessor, developed the computer. <b>In 1984</b> AT&T was broken up into 22 Bell System companies under terms of an antitrust agreement with the Justice Department. <b>In 1987</b> a pro-democracy rally took place in Beijing's Tiananmen Square (China). <b>In 1993</b> Czechoslovakia split into two separate states, the Czech Republic and Slovakia. The peaceful division had been engineered in 1992. <b>In 1994</b> the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) went into effect. <b>In 1995</b> the World Trade Organization came into existance. The group of 125 nations monitors global trade. <b>In 1999</b> the euro became currency for 11 Member States of the European Union. Coins and notes were not available until January 1, 2002. <b>In 2004</b> Shirley Chisholm, the first black woman elected to the US Congress, died at age 80; also on this day, California Congressman Robert T. Matsui died at age 63.
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<a href="http://www.on-this-day.com/onthisday/thedays/alldays/jan02.htm">January 2</a> ...<br />
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<b>In 1492</b> the leader of the last Arab stronghold in Spain surrendered to Spanish forces loyal to King Ferdinand II and Queen Isabella I. <b>In 1788</b> Georgia became the 4th state to ratify the US Constitution. <b>In 1872</b> Brigham Young, the 71-year-old leader of the Mormon Church, was arrested on a charge of bigamy; he had 25 wives. <b>In 1879</b> Thomas Edison began construction on his first generator. <b>In 1890</b> Alice Sanger became the first female White House staffer. <b>In 1900</b> US Secretary of State John Hay announced the Open Door Policy to prompt trade with China. <b>In 1920</b> science fiction author Isaac Asimov was born near Smolensk, Russia. <b>In 1929</b> the United States and Canada reached an agreement on joint action to preserve Niagara Falls. <b>In 1935</b> Bruno Hauptmann went on trial in Flemington, NJ, on charges of kidnapping and murdering the 20-month-old son of Charles and Anne Lindbergh. (Hauptmann was found guilty, and executed.) <b>In 1942</b> the Philippine capital of Manila was captured by Japanese forces during World War II. <b>In 1955</b> Panamanian President Jose Antonio Remon was assassinated. <b>In 1960</b> Massachusetts Sen. John F. Kennedy announced his candidacy for the Democratic presidential nomination. <b>In 1968</b> Dr. Christian Barnard performed the first successful heart transplant. <b>In 1971</b> a federally imposed ban on television cigarette advertisements went into effect in the US. <b>In 1974</b> President Richard M. Nixon signed a bill requiring all states to lower the maximum speed limit to 55 MPH. The law was intended to conserve gasoline supplies during an embargo imposed by Arab oil-producing countries; federal speed limits were abolished in 1995. <b>In 1986</b> former baseball owner Bill Veeck, known for his innovative promotions with the St. Louis Browns and the Chicago White Sox, died in Chicago at age 71.
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<a href="http://www.on-this-day.com/onthisday/thedays/alldays/dec31.htm">December 31</a> ...<br />
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<b>In 1687</b> the first Huguenots set sail from France for the Cape of Good Hope, where they would later create the South African wine industry with the vines they took with them on the voyage. <b>In 1695</b> a 'window tax' was imposed in Britain, which 'unexpectedly' resulted in many windows being bricked up. After many permutations, the tax was finally repealed July 24, 1851, just 155-plus years later. <b>In 1775</b> the British repulsed an attack by Continental Army generals Richard Montgomery and Benedict Arnold at Quebec; Montgomery was killed in the battle. <b>In 1862</b> President Abraham Lincoln signed an act admitting West Virginia to the Union. <b>In 1879</b> Thomas Edison gave his first public demonstration of incandescent lighting to an audience in Menlo Park, NJ. <b>In 1891</b> New York's new Immigration Depot was opened at Ellis Island. <b>In 1929</b> Guy Lombardo and his Royal Canadians played <i>Auld Lang Syne</i> as a New Year's Eve song for the first time. <b>In 1946</b> President Harry Truman officially proclaimed the end of hostilities in World War II. <b>In 1955</b> General Motors became the first US corporation to earn more than one billion dollars in a single year. <b>In 1960</b> the farthing coin, which had been in use in Great Britain since the 13th century, ceased to be legal tender. <b>In 1961</b> the Marshall Plan expired after distributing more than $12 billion in foreign aid. <b>In 1979</b> at year end oil prices were 88% higher than at the start of 1979. <b>In 1999</b> Russian President Boris Yeltsin resigned. Prime Minister Vladimir Putin was designated acting president.
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<a href="http://www.on-this-day.com/onthisday/thedays/alldays/dec30.htm">December 30</a> ...<br />
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<b>In 1853</b> the US signed a treaty with Mexico to purchase about 30,000 square miles of land in present-day Arizona and New Mexico in a deal known as the Gadsden Purchase. The treaty was ratified by the US Senate and officially signed into law by President Pierce in 1854. <b>In 1865</b> author and poet Rudyard Kipling was born in Bombay, India. <b>In 1879</b> Gilbert and Sullivan's <i>The Pirates of Penzance</i> was first performed, at Paignton, Devon, England. <b>In 1922</b> the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) was formed. <b>In 1924</b> Edwin Hubble announced his discovery of the existence of other galactic systems. <b>In 1936</b> the United Auto Workers union staged its first sit-down strike, at the Fisher Body Plant in Flint, MI. <b>In 1944</b> King George II of Greece proclaimed a regency to rule his country, virtually renouncing the throne. <b>In 1947</b> King Michael of Romania abdicated in favor of a Communist Republic, claiming he was forced from his throne. <b>In 1953</b> the first color TV sets went on sale for about $1,175. <b>In 1972</b> the US halted its heavy bombing of North Vietnam. <b>In 1978</b> Ohio State University fired head football coach Woody Hayes, one day after Hayes punched Clemson University player Charlie Bauman during the Gator Bowl after Bauman had intercepted an Ohio State pass. <b>In 1980</b> <i>The Wonderful World of Disney</i> was cancelled by NBC after more than 25 years on the TV; it was the longest-running series in prime-time television history. <b>In 1993</b> Israel and the Vatican established diplomatic relations. <b>In 1997</b> more than 400 people were massacred in four villages in the single worst incident during Algeria's insurgency.
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