Albert Murray, the influential novelist and critic who celebrated black culture, scorned black
separatism and was once praised by Duke Ellington as the "unsquarest man I know," died yesterday.
He was 97.

Murray died at home in his sleep, according to Lewis Jones, a family friend and Murray's
guardian.

Few authors so forcefully bridged the worlds of words and music. Like his old friend and
intellectual ally Ralph Ellison, Murray believed that blues and jazz were not primitive sounds, but
sophisticated art, finding kinships among Ellington and Louis Armstrong and novelists such as
Thomas Mann and Ernest Hemingway.

He argued his case in a series of autobiographical novels, a nonfiction narrative ("South to
a Very Old Place"), an acclaimed history of music ("Stomping the Blues") and several books of
criticism. Although slowed by back trouble, Murray continued to write well into his 80s, and also
helped Wynton Marsalis and others stage the acclaimed Jazz at Lincoln Center concerts. Millions of
television viewers came to know him as a featured commentator in Ken Burns' documentary series
"Jazz."

An amiable counterpart to the aloof Ellison, Murray was many men: friend of Ellington and
artist Romare Bearden (whose paintings hung in Murray's Harlem apartment); foe of Marxists,
Freudians, academics, black nationalists and white segregationists; and mentor and inspiration to
Ernest J. Gaines, Stanley Crouch, James Alan McPherson and many others.

Marsalis, in the book "Moving to Higher Ground," remembered visiting Murray in Harlem amid
not just Bearden paintings, but decades-worth of "books and recordings of the most meaningful ideas
in the history of humanity."

"He was asking you to pull down this book and that one and go to chapter so-and-so and page
so-and-so, and on that page what he was talking about, and it was everything from Plato to John
Ford to Frederick Douglass to thermonuclear dynamics to James Brown," explained Marsalis, who cited
"Stomping the Blues" as a profound influence on his music and his life.

Murray often wrote, and spoke, in a jazzy, mock-professorial style, not unlike Ellington's
stylized stage introductions. One Murray book was titled "The Blue Devils of Nada: A Contemporary
American Approach to Aesthetic Statement." He declared that blacks should not be regarded as
transplanted Africans, but quintessential Americans, practiced in the art of "I-ma-gi-na-tive
ex-al-ta-tion."

Interviewed by The Associated Press in 1998, the raspy-voiced Murray defined the blues as
"the extension, improvisation and ritualization of the stylization of the beliefs and the feelings
and emotions of the lifestyle of a particular culture."

"People want to say the blues is an ailment," Murray said, waving his hand. "Any fool can
tell you the blues is good-time music. It's entertainment. It ain't for no church. `Kill the white
folks,' that's not what the blues is about. You see the blues with that stuff, it means some
Marxist got hold of that."

Ellington once referred to him "the unsquarest person I know."

Born in 1916, Murray grew up in Magazine Point, Ala., a hamlet not far from Mobile. Like his
fictional alter ego, Scooter, he was a boy who simultaneously knew and did not know who he was. At
age 11, he learned, accidentally, that the couple raising him was not his parents; his mother had
given him up for adoption out of shame for conceiving him out of wedlock. His real parents were
educated and middle-class, his adopted ones common folk.

Murray, bright, self-confident and a born improviser, came to see himself as the
adventurer-hero of his own life, a "prince among paupers." He left his hometown to study at the
Tuskegee Institute in Alabama, where Ellison was an upperclassman, a music major with two-tone
shoes who seemed to check out the same library books as Murray did. Murray graduated in 1939,
served in the Air Force during World War II and received a master's degree from New York University
after returning to the U.S.

While Ellison attained instant fame in the early 1950s with his first novel, "Invisible Man,"
Murray's turn came more than a decade later, when he was well into middle age. Before publication
came the prelude: books read, records remembered, paintings appraised, experiences experienced,
what Murray called "the also and the also" of constructing an identity that would reconstruct the
identity of American culture.

"I was figuring out what kind of a writer I was going to be," he said. "I didn't have it
together."

He finally broke through in the late 1960s, at the peak of the Black Arts Movement, which
regarded art as an outlet for protest. Murray ridiculed this and other political art as "social
science fiction." Like Ellison, he believed conflict was a given, that life was not a formula to be
solved but a dance to be danced.

"(E)ven the most exuberant stomp rendition is likely to contain some trace of sadness as a
sobering reminder that life is at bottom, for all the very best of good times, a never-ending
struggle," Murray once wrote.

Murray's belated success had one apparent casualty: his bond with Ellison. The two drifted
apart in later years, with friends speculating that Ellison, who never completed another novel
after "Invisible Man," resented Murray's good fortune, while Murray tired of being labeled
Ellison's protege.

In 2000, the Modern Library released "Trading Twelves," a collection of letters between
Murray and Ellison, who died in 1994.

Murray was married to Mozelle Menefee Murray, whom he met at Tuskegee in 1941. They had a
daughter, Michele, who performed with the Alvin Ailey dance troupe. Albert Murray wrote the program
notes, about which Ailey joked, "Now I understand better what I've been trying to do all these
years."