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THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES PRESS 500 Fifth Street, N.W. Washington, DC 20001
NOTICE: The project that is the subject of this report was approved by the Governing
Board of the National Research Council, whose members are drawn from the councils of
the National Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering, and the Institute
of Medicine. The members of the committee responsible for the report were chosen for
their special competences and with regard for appropriate balance.
This study was supported by a grant from the Russell Family Foundation to the National
Academy of Sciences. Any opinions, findings, conclusions, or recommendations expressed
in this publication are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of the
organizations or agencies that provided support for the project.
International Standard Book Number-13: 978-0-309-12761-5
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A limited number of copies are available from the Office for Central Europe and Eur-
asia, National Research Council, 500 Fifth Street, N.W., Washington, DC 20001; (202)
334-2376.
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(in the Washington metropolitan area); Internet, http://www.nap.edu
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www.national-academies.org

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NATIONAL RESEARCH COUNCIL
COMMITTEE ON CLEANING UP OF RADIOACTIVE
CONTAMINATION: RUSSIAN CHALLENGES AND U.S. EXPERIENCE
Frank L. Parker, Chair, Vanderbilt University
Brian B. Looney, Savannah River National Laboratory
Dieter K. Rudolph, Science Applications International Corporation
Staff
Glenn E. Schweitzer, Program Director, National Research Council
A. Chelsea Sharber, Senior Program Associate, National Research Council
Kelly Robbins, Senior Program Officer, National Research Council

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Preface
The National Academies and the Russian Academy of Sciences, with the
support of the Russell Family Foundation and the International Science and
Technology Center, organized an international workshop in Moscow on June
4-6, 2007, on Cleaning Up Sites Contaminated with Radioactie Materials. The
emphasis was on sites in Russia, although experiences in cleaning up sites in
the United States, Belarus, and Kazakhstan added an important dimension to
the discussions. The purposes of the workshop were to exchange information
on approaches and problems in addressing contaminated sites, to review recent
progress and next steps in cleaning up some of the worst polluted sites in Russia,
and to stimulate greater attention within Russia to the severity of the problems
and the urgency in cleaning up a number of sites that are of concern to nearby
populations and to the international community.
More than 100 officials and specialists participated in the workshop. The
Russian participants were from important organizations that have been playing
key roles in site remediation activities. The specialists from the United States, Be-
larus, and Kazakhstan also have had extensive experience in addressing closely
related problems in their countries.
The initial sessions of the workshop were devoted to general overviews of
site remediation challenges in Russia and the United States. Subsequent Rus-
sian presentations were directed to case studies of contaminated sites in Russia.
xi

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xii PREFACE
American specialists responded to each of these presentations from their per-
spectives and experiences in addressing similar problems. Other presentations
highlighted persistent problems in the former Soviet Union (e.g., the aftermath of
the Chernobyl accident) and opportunities offered by new technologies that can
assist in cleanup activities (e.g., geographic information systems). Collectively,
these presentations provide a strong basis for urging Russian organizations to
devote greater resources to cleanup activities in the near term.
In addition to the formal presentations set forth in this report, additional
papers and extended abstracts on directly related topics were prepared by the
participants and made available during the workshop. Identified in Appendix B,
they may be obtained by contacting the authors directly at the indicated e-mail
addresses.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The workshop and this publication were supported by a grant from the Rus-
sell Family Foundation. Since 2002, the foundation has been a strong supporter
of the joint activities of the National Academies and the Russian Academy of
Sciences directed to reducing problems associated with radioactive waste. The
International Science and Technology Center, which has supported many cleanup
activities in the former Soviet Union for more than a decade, provided supple-
mental funds for the workshop.
The statements made in the enclosed papers are those of the individual au-
thors and do not necessarily represent positions of the Russell Family Foundation,
the National Academies, the Russian Academy of Sciences, or other organiza-
tions where the authors are employed.
This volume has been reviewed in draft form by individuals chosen for their
technical expertise, in accordance with procedures approved by the National
Research Council’s Report Review Committee. The purpose of this independent
review is to provide candid and critical comments that will assist the institution
in making its published report as sound as possible and to ensure that the report
meets institutional standards for quality. The review comments and draft manu-
script remain confidential to protect the integrity of the process.
We wish to thank the following individuals for their review of selected
papers: Ann Clarke, ANC Associates; Keith Compton, Nuclear Regulatory Com-
mission; Ken Czerwinski, University of Nevada, Las Vegas; Rodney Ewing,
University of Michigan; Loren Habegger, Argonne National Laboratory; Milton
Levenson, Bechtel International (Retired); and Bruce Napier, Pacific North West
National Laboratory.
Although the reviewers listed above have provided constructive comments
and suggestions, they were not asked to endorse the content of the individual
papers. Responsibility for the final content of the papers rests with the individual
authors.

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xiii
PREFACE
Special thanks are extended to Kelly Robbins for her translation of some of
the Russian language papers into English and to Jan Dee Summers for editing
the proceedings.
Frank L. Parker, Chair
National Research Council Committee on Cleaning Up of Radioactive
Contamination: Russian Challenges and U.S. Experience
Glenn E. Schweitzer, Director
Office for Central Europe and Eurasia, National Research Council