Sweep spilled substance into containers; if appropriate, moisten first to prevent dusting. Do NOT let this chemical enter the environment. (Extra personal protection: P2 filter respirator for harmful particles.)

【Transport】

UN 2588/3077

【Fire Fighting Procedures】

Powder, water spray, foam, carbon dioxide.

【Fire Potential】

Combustible.

【Formulations/Preparations】

Disulfiram is available in US for rubber processing with following specifications: ... Ash, 0.5% max; moisture, 1.0% max; available sulfur, 10.8%. It is also avail in dispersion containing 25-30% binder and in 50:50 mixt with thiram (methyl tuads).Disulfiram, USP (antabuse), is available in form of oral tablets that contain 250 or 500 mg of drug.

【Exposure Standards and Regulations】

The Approved Drug Products with Therapeutic Equivalence Evaluations List identifies currently marketed prescription drug products, incl disulfiram, approved on the basis of safety and effectiveness by FDA under sections 505 of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act.Tetraethylthiuram disulfide is an indirect food additive for use only as a component of adhesives.

The worker should immediately wash the skin when it becomes contaminated.Work clothing that becomes wet or significantly contaminated should be removed and replaced.Workers whose clothing may have become contaminated should change into uncontaminated clothing before leaving the work premises.SRP: Local exhaust ventilation should be applied wherever there is an incidence of point source emissions or dispersion of regulated contaminants in the work area. Ventilation control of the contaminant as close to its point of generation is both the most economical and safest method to minimize personnel exposure to airborne contaminants.SRP: Contaminated protective clothing should be segregated in such a manner so that there is no direct personal contact by personnel who handle, dispose, or clean the clothing. Quality assurance to ascertain the completeness of the cleaning procedures should be implemented before the decontaminated protective clothing is returned for reuse by the workers. Contaminated clothing should not be taken home at end of shift, but should remain at employee's place of work for cleaning.SRP: The scientific literature for the use of contact lenses in industry is conflicting. The benefit or detrimental effects of wearing contact lenses depend not only upon the substance, but also on factors including the form of the substance, characteristics and duration of the exposure, the uses of other eye protection equipment, and the hygiene of the lenses. However, there may be individual substances whose irritating or corrosive properties are such that the wearing of contact lenses would be harmful to the eye. In those specific cases, contact lenses should not be worn. In any event, the usual eye protection equipment should be worn even when contact lenses are in place.First rinse with plenty of water for several minutes (remove contact lenses if easily possible), then take to a doctor.Rinse mouth. Give a slurry of activated charcoal in water to drink. Refer for medical attention.

Uses of?Disulfiram :?This product has been used as?a drug to cure chronic alcoholism. It is first discovered in 1948. At present, it has been found that?it may be?used?in cancer therapy and?cocaine dependence.

When you are using this chemical, please be cautious about it as the following:
The Disulfiram is harmful if swallowed and very toxic to aquatic organisms, may cause long-term adverse effects in the aquatic environment. So, remember wear suitable gloves and avoid contact with skin. After use it,keep it in the container and avoid release to the environment. Its?container must be disposed of as hazardous waste.

You can still convert the following datas into molecular structure:
(1) SMILES:S=C(SSC(=S)N(CC)CC)N(CC)CC ;
(2) InChI:InChI=1/C10H20N2S4/c1-5-11(6-2)9(13)15-16-10(14)12(7-3)8-4/h5-8H2,1-4H3;
(3) InChIKey:AUZONCFQVSMFAP-UHFFFAOYAF

Uses of?Disulfiram :?This product has been used as?a drug to cure chronic alcoholism. It is first discovered in 1948. At present, it has been found that?it may be?used?in cancer therapy and?cocaine dependence.

When you are using this chemical, please be cautious about it as the following:
The Disulfiram is harmful if swallowed and very toxic to aquatic organisms, may cause long-term adverse effects in the aquatic environment. So, remember wear suitable gloves and avoid contact with skin. After use it,keep it in the container and avoid release to the environment. Its?container must be disposed of as hazardous waste.

You can still convert the following datas into molecular structure:
(1) SMILES:S=C(SSC(=S)N(CC)CC)N(CC)CC ;
(2) InChI:InChI=1/C10H20N2S4/c1-5-11(6-2)9(13)15-16-10(14)12(7-3)8-4/h5-8H2,1-4H3;
(3) InChIKey:AUZONCFQVSMFAP-UHFFFAOYAF

SRP: The most favorable course of action is to use an alternative chemical product with less inherent propensity for occupational exposure or environmental contamination. Recycle any unused portion of the material for its approved use or return it to the manufacturer or supplier. Ultimate disposal of the chemical must consider: the material's impact on air quality; potential migration in soil or water; effects on animal, aquatic, and plant life; and conformance with environmental and public health regulations.

Use and Manufacturing

【Use and Manufacturing】

Methods of Manufacturing

A cold soln of diethylamine and carbon disulfide in alc is treated with an alcoholic soln of iodine. Ice water may be added to hasten separation of the disulfiram.

U.S. Production

This chemical is listed as a High Production Volume (HPV) (65FR81686; http://www.epa.gov/opptintr/chemrtk/hpvchmlt.htm). Chemicals listed as HPV were produced in or imported into the U.S. in >1 million pounds in 1990. The HPV list is based on the 1990 Inventory Update Rule. (IUR) (40 CFR part 710 subpart B; 51FR21438; http://www.epa.gov/oppt/iur/index.htm).

Alcohol Deterrents; Enzyme InhibitorsDisulfiram is used to help maintain sobriety in the treatment of chronic alcoholism in conjunction with supportive and psychotherapeutic measures.Case reports suggest that disulfiram may be useful for the treatment of nickel dermatitis. However, small double-blind placebo-controlled study of patients with hand eczema and nickel allergy did not find a clinically significant difference between those treated with disulfiram and those treated with placebo. Because some patients worsen with this therapy and because patients treated for nickel dermatitis have developed disulfiram induced hepatitis, this therapy is not generally indicated.The oral efficacy of several chelating drugs, incl disulfiram, was studied in relation to their ability to prevent lethality due to acute inhalation exposure to nickel carbonyl. Disulfiram resulted in very high, but transient, plasma levels. Small, repeated oral doses of disulfiram would be just as effective in nickel carbonyl poisoning as a single large dithiocarb dose. However, disulfiram increase the nickel retained in brain tissue, possibly accounting for its limited efficacy. Caution in the use of oral disulfiram in human nickel carbonyl intoxication is recommended. [Baselt RC, Hanson VW; Res Commun Chem Pathol Pharmacol 38 (1): 113-24 (1982)]

【Biomedical Effects and Toxicity】

Absorption /of disulfiram is/ slow. Eighty to ninety percent of an oral dose is absorbed. /Its/ biotransformation /is predominately/ hepatic /and/ a single dose will begin to affect ethanol metabolism within 1 to 2 hours.Disulfiram is ... completely absorbed from the human GI tract. However, a period of 12 hr is required for its full action, perhaps because, being highly sol in lipid, it is initially localized in fat. Elimination is relatively slow, and about 1/5 still remains in body at end of a week. The greater part of the absorbed drug is ... excreted in the urine as the sulfate, partly free and partly esterified.After a single oral dose of 50, 100, 200, or 400 mg/kg, disulfiram was found in dose-dependent quantities in blood, liver, kidney, spleen, brain, muscle, and peri-epididymal adipose tissue of rats. After a 2-mo treatment, accumulation was not dose-dependent, suggesting a saturation point for various organs.The human plasma protein binding characteristics of disulfiram and its therapeutically active metabolite, diethylthiocarbamic acid methyl ester were investigated. Both compounds were bound principally to albumin over the ranges 200-800 and 345-2756 nM, respectively. The average number of binding sites was approximately one for both substances, whereas the average association constants were 7.1X10+4 and 6.1X10+3/M, respectively. [Johansson B; J Pharm Pharmacol 42 (Nov): 806-7 (1990)] PubMed AbstractAfter admin of 50 mg of (14)C, (35)S-disulfiram dissolved in corn oil to rats by stomach tube, 95% of the radioactivity was recovered in urine, feces, and expired air at 144 hr. The major portion of activity was in urine (75%). Feces and expired air contained 13 and 6% of the dose, respectively. Pretreatment of rats with unlabeled disulfiram for 20 days prior to admin of (14)C, (35)S-disulfiram led to more rapid catabolism of the drug and more rapid excretion of radioactivity in the urine during the first 12 hr after dosing.Elimination is primarily renal, as metabolites. Some metabolites are also exhaled as carbon disulfide. Up to 20% of a dose may remain in the body for 1 week or longer. About 5 to 20% of a dose is eliminated unchanged in the feces.It is not known whether this drug is excreted in human milk. Since many drugs are so excreted, disulfiram should not be given to nursing mothers.

Environmental Fate and Exposure Potential

【Environmental Fate/Exposure Summary】

TERRESTRIAL FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 3,100(SRC), determined from a log Kow of 3.88(2) and a regression-derived equation(3), indicates that disulfiram is expected to have slight mobility in soil(SRC). Volatilization of disulfiram from moist soil surfaces is expected to be an important fate process(SRC) given an estimated Henry's Law constant of 8.3X10-5 atm-cu m/mole(SRC), using a fragment constant estimation method(4). Disulfiram is not expected to volatilize from dry soil surfaces(SRC) based upon an estimated vapor pressure of 8.7X10-4 mm Hg(SRC), determined from a fragment constant method(5). Biodegradation data were not available(SRC, 2005).AQUATIC FATE: Based on a classification scheme(1), an estimated Koc value of 3,100(SRC), determined from a log Kow of 3.88(2) and a regression-derived equation(3), indicates that disulfiram is expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment(SRC). Volatilization from water surfaces is expected(3) based upon an estimated Henry's Law constant of 8.3X10-5 atm-cu m/mole(SRC), developed using a fragment constant estimation method(4). Using this Henry's Law constant and an estimation method(3), volatilization half-lives for a model river and model lake are 14 hours and 12 days, respectively(SRC). Volatilization is expected to be attenuated by adsorption; the half-life for a model pond is 120 days when adsorption is considered(5). According to a classification scheme(6), an estimated BCF of 280(SRC), from its log Kow(2) and a regression-derived equation(7), suggests the potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is high(SRC). Hydrolysis is not expected to be an important environmental fate process since this compound is expected undergo very slow hydrolysis at environmental conditions(SRC). Biodegradation data were not available(SRC, 2005).ATMOSPHERIC FATE: According to a model of gas/particle partitioning of semivolatile organic compounds in the atmosphere(1), disulfiram, which has an estimated vapor pressure of 8.7X10-4 mm Hg at 25 deg C (SRC), determined from a fragment constant method(2), is expected to exist solely as a vapor in the ambient atmosphere. Vapor-phase disulfiram is degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically-produced hydroxyl radicals(SRC); the half-life for this reaction in air is estimated to be 0.04 days(SRC), calculated from its rate constant of 3.9X10-10 cu cm/molecule-sec at 25 deg C(SRC) that was derived using a structure estimation method(3). Disulfiram has a low absorption of light >290 nm(4), therefore, disulfiram is not expected to be susceptible to direct photolysis(SRC).