Persons using assistive technology might not be able to fully access information in this file. For assistance, please send e-mail to: mmwrq@cdc.gov. Type 508 Accommodation and the title of the report in the subject line of e-mail.

Diabetes Prevalence Among American Indians and Alaska
Natives and the Overall Population --- United States, 1994--2002

Diabetes affects American Indians/Alaska Natives (AI/ANs) disproportionately compared with other
racial/ethnic populations (1) and has been increasing in prevalence in AI/AN populations during the past 16 years
(1,2). To examine trends in diabetes prevalence among AI/ANs and the overall U.S. population and to describe disparities among these
two populations, CDC analyzed data from the Indian
Health Service (IHS) and the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance
System (BRFSS). This report summarizes the results
of that analysis, which indicate that diabetes continues to affect
AI/ANs disproportionately and is becoming more common among younger populations. To combat this epidemic, knowledge
and interventions from clinical trials and best-practice models should be translated to community-based
prevention programs within AI/AN communities.

IHS operates a health-services system delivered directly through IHS facilities, purchased by IHS through
contractual agreements with private providers, or delivered
through tribally operated programs and urban Indian health programs
(3). Approximately 60% of the estimated 2.5 million AI/ANs living in the United States are eligible to receive IHS services and
use IHS medical facilities (3). Diabetes cases among AI/ANs aged
>20 years were identified by using the
International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, Clinical
Modification (ICD-9-CM) diagnostic codes 250.0--250.9 from the
IHS's ambulatory patient care computerized system for 1994--2002. The ambulatory patient care database includes unduplicated case reports for persons who attended an IHS service unit one or more times during each of the years studied. Ambulatory care data were reported from 123 (79%) of 156 service units; 33 service units (representing 5% of the AI/AN population using IHS services) were excluded because of incomplete
reporting. Prevalence was calculated by using the
AI/AN population that received health-care services at IHS, tribal, or
urban facilities at least once during the preceding 3
years. Prevalence of self-reported diabetes among persons of similar age was obtained from BRFSS for the same period.

BRFSS is a state-based, random-digit--dialed telephone survey of the U.S. civilian, noninstitutionalized population
aged >18 years. Surveys are conducted in all 50 states, the District of Columbia, and three U.S. territories; in 2002, the median response rate was 58.3% (range: 42.2%--82.6%). Persons with diabetes were defined as respondents who answered "yes" to the question, "Has a doctor ever told you that you have diabetes?" Women who were told that they had diabetes only
during pregnancy were not included. BRFSS data were weighted to reflect the age, sex, and racial/ethnic distribution of the U.S. population. Data were analyzed by using SAS (version 8) software with SUDAAN to estimate standard errors.
Taylor
approximations were used to estimate 95% confidence intervals (CIs) on the relative increase of diabetes prevalence
during 1994--2002 (4). Prevalence was age-adjusted by using
the direct method based on the 2000 U.S. standard population.

During 1994--2002, the age-adjusted prevalence of diabetes increased 54.0% (95% CI = 46.7%--61.4%) among U.S. adults, from 4.8% to 7.3%, and increased 33.2% among
AI/AN adults, from 11.5% to 15.3% (Figure). Throughout
the surveillance period, the overall age-adjusted prevalence for AI/AN adults was
more than twice that of U.S. adults overall.

Across all sex and age groups in both the AI/AN and overall U.S. adult populations, the prevalence of diagnosed
diabetes was higher in 2002 than in 1994 (Table). In 1994 and 2002, diabetes prevalence
increased with age for U.S. adults and increased up to age
>65 yearsfor AI/AN adults. Overall, the age-specific prevalence of diagnosed diabetes was two to
three times higher for AI/AN adults than for U.S. adults. In 2002, approximately 30% of AI/ANs aged
>55 years had diabetes. Although prevalence was lowest among younger persons in both populations, the larger relative increases during 1994--2002 were 73.7% for AI/ANs aged 20--34 years, from 1.8% to 3.1%, and 86.8% (95% CI = 60.5%--113.1%) for U.S. adults
aged 35--44 years, from 2.0% to 3.7%.

Editorial Note:

Diabetes is associated with severe and costly complications (e.g., blindness, kidney failure, lower-extremity amputation, and cardiovascular disease), disability, decreased quality of life, and premature death
(5) that continue to affect AI/ANs disproportionately. In addition, diabetes is becoming more common in both the AI/AN and overall U.S. populations, and the larger increase in diabetes prevalence among young adults during 1994--2002 presents an
additional public health concern. Earlier onset increases the lifetime duration of the disease, the risk for costly and disabling diabetes-related complications, and health concerns for young women of child-bearing age because both women who had
diabetes during pregnancy and their offspring might be at increased risk for developing the disease
(5).

The findings in this report are subject to at least five limitations. First, prevalence of diabetes probably was
underestimated because the data did not represent persons with undiagnosed disease. Second, IHS data accounted only for those persons who used IHS or tribal health facilities. The higher age-specific prevalence of diabetes among AI/AN women might be
attributable to women seeking health care at IHS or tribal health facilities more frequently than men
(3). Third, 5% of the IHS population was excluded from this
analysis because of incomplete data. Fourth, information on diabetes prevalence is missing
for approximately 40% of the AI/AN population who do not reside on or near reservations and who do not receive care from
IHS or tribal health facilities (3). Whether they are more or less likely to have diabetes is unknown. Finally, data are not available for U.S. persons without telephones (who are likely to be of low socioeconomic status) who have had diabetes diagnosed (5). Despite these limitations, IHS data are sufficiently consistent to estimate trends over time
(1), and BRFSS survey data have minimal bias compared with census data (BRFSS data quality report; available at
http://www.cdc.gov/brfss). In addition, research has demonstrated agreement between administrative and
survey data in identifying persons with diabetes
(6).

Although the increase in diabetes prevalence might, in part, reflect better case ascertainment, population-based
studies suggest that it might represent a true increase in disease incidence caused, in part, by the increasing prevalence of obesity
(7). The prevalence of diabetes will likely continue to increase as the U.S. population ages and as the prevalence of risk factors (e.g., obesity) increases (5). Interventions that promote exercise, improve nutrition by reducing fat and calorie intake, and reduce body weight have been shown to prevent or delay onset of disease among persons at risk for developing type 2
diabetes (8). Among persons with diabetes, appropriate health-care practices (e.g., aggressive control of hyperglycemia and hypertension) can prevent or delay diabetes-related
complications (e.g., eye disease, kidney disease, or nerve damage, which
is a precursor to foot disease and lower-extremity amputation)
(9).

In 1997, the Balanced Budget Act provided $150 million in grants to the IHS for diabetes-prevention and
treatment programs. Through national consultation and close partnership with tribal leadership, the IHS has used these funds to establish approximately 350 new diabetes programs in AI/AN communities. The majority of these programs focus
on diabetes prevention and health promotion, particularly among AI/AN youth
(10). In December 2002, the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services awarded $150 million in
annual grants to continue support for these programs through
2008. In 1998, CDC and IHS established the National Diabetes Prevention Center in Gallup, New Mexico, to provide
guidance and technical support to AI/AN communities throughout the United States and to develop, evaluate, and
disseminate culturally appropriate interventions. In 1999, in collaboration with IHS and other partners, the National Diabetes Education
Program (NDEP) launched a diabetes awareness campaign, called "Control Your Diabetes for Future Generations," targeted to AI/ANs (available at
http://ndep.nih.gov/conduct/psa-amerind.htm). More recently, NDEP launched the "Move It!" campaign to promote physical activity among AI/AN teens. Through a longstanding collaboration with IHS, CDC
provides technical assistance on public health surveillance of diabetes among AI/ANs to the IHS National Diabetes Program. The continued surveillance of diabetes and its complications will be an important tool for monitoring the effectiveness of ongoing and future prevention strategies.

Use of trade names and commercial sources is for identification only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Department of
Health and Human Services.References to non-CDC sites on the Internet are
provided as a service to MMWR readers and do not constitute or imply
endorsement of these organizations or their programs by CDC or the U.S.
Department of Health and Human Services. CDC is not responsible for the content
of pages found at these sites. URL addresses listed in MMWR were current as of
the date of publication.

DisclaimerAll MMWR HTML versions of articles are electronic conversions from ASCII text
into HTML. This conversion may have resulted in character translation or format errors in the HTML version.
Users should not rely on this HTML document, but are referred to the electronic PDF version and/or
the original MMWR paper copy for the official text, figures, and tables.
An original paper copy of this issue can be obtained from the Superintendent of Documents,
U.S. Government Printing Office (GPO), Washington, DC 20402-9371; telephone: (202) 512-1800.
Contact GPO for current prices.

**Questions or messages regarding errors in formatting should be addressed to
mmwrq@cdc.gov.