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2 AQA AS Specification Lessons Topics 1 to 3 Newton’s laws of motionKnowledge and application of the three laws of motion in appropriate situations.For constant mass, F = ma.Terminal speed.

3 Newton’s laws of motionNewton’s laws of motion describe to a high degree of accuracy how the motion of a body depends on the resultant force acting on the body.They define what is known as ‘classical mechanics’.They cannot be used when dealing with:speeds close to the speed of light– requires relativistic mechanics.(b) very small bodies (atoms and smaller)– requires quantum mechanics

4 Newton’s first law of motionA body will remain at rest or move with a constant velocity unless it is acted on by a net external resultant force.Notes:‘constant velocity’ means a constant speed along a straight line.The reluctance of a body to having its velocity changed is known as its inertia.

5 Examples of Newton’s first law of motionBox stationaryThe box will only move if the push force is greater than friction.Box movingIf the push force equals friction there will be no net force on the box and it will move with a constant velocity.Inertia TrickWhen the card is flicked, the coin drops into the glass because the force of friction on it due to the moving card is too small to shift it sideways.

6 Newton’s second law of motionThe acceleration of a body of constant mass is related to the net external resultant force acting on the body by the equation:resultant force = mass x accelerationΣF = m a

11 Types of force1. ContactTwo bodies touch when their repulsive molecular forces (due to electrons) equal the force that is trying to bring them together. The thrust exerted by a rocket is a form of contact force.2. Friction (also air resistance and drag forces)When two bodies are in contact their attractive molecular forces (due to electrons and protons) try to prevent their common surfaces moving relative to each other.3. TensionThe force exerted by a body when it is stretched. It is due to attractive molecular forces.4. CompressionThe force exerted by a body when it is compressed. It is due to repulsive molecular forces.5. Fluid UpthrustThe force exerted by a fluid on a body because of the weight of the fluid that has been displaced by the body. Archimedes’ Principle states that the upthrust force is equal to the weight of fluid displaced.

12 6. Electrostatic 7. Magnetic 8. Electromagnetic 9. Weak NuclearAttractive and repulsive forces due to bodies being charged.7. MagneticAttractive and repulsive forces due to moving electric charges.8. ElectromagneticAttractive and repulsive forces due to bodies being charged. Contact, friction, tension, compression, fluid upthrust, electrostatic and magnetic forces are all forms of electromagnetic force.9. Weak NuclearThis is the force responsible for nuclear decay.10. Electro-WeakIt is now thought that both the electromagnetic and weak nuclear forces are both forms of this FUNDAMENTAL force.11. Strong NuclearThis is the force responsible for holding protons and neutrons together within the nucleus. It is one of the FUNDAMENTAL forces.

13 12. Gravitational The force exerted on a body due to its mass.It is one of the FUNDAMENTAL forces.The weight of a body is equal to the gravitational force acting on the body.Near the Earth’s surface a body of mass 1kg in free fall (insignificant air resistance) accelerates downwards with an acceleration equal to g = 9.81 ms-2From Newton’s 2nd law:ΣF = m aΣF = 1 kg x 9.81 ms -1weight = 9.81 NIn general: weight = mg

22 Terminal speed Consider a body falling through a fluid(e.g. air or water)When the body is initially released the only significant force acting on the body is due to its weight, the downward force of gravity.The body will fall with an initial acceleration = gNote: With dense fluids or with a low density body the upthrust force of the fluid due to it being displaced by the body will also be significant.weight

23 As the body accelerates downwards the drag force exerted by the fluid increases.Therefore the resultant downward force on the body decreases causing the acceleration of the body to decrease.ΣF = (weight – drag) = maEventually the upward drag force equals the downward gravity force acting on the body.

24 Skydivers falling at their terminal speedTherefore there is no longer any resultant force acting on the body.ΣF = 0 = maand so: a = 0The body now falls with a constant velocity.This is also known as ‘terminal speed’Skydivers falling at their terminal speed

26 Newton’s third law of motionWhen a body exerts a force on another body then the second body exerts a force back on the first body that:has the same magnitudeis of the same typeacts along the same straight lineacts in the opposite directionas the force exerted by the first body.

27 Examples of Newton’s third law of motion1. Earth – Moon SystemThere are a pair of gravity forces:A = GRAVITY pull of the EARTH to the LEFT on the MOONB = GRAVITY pull of the MOON to the RIGHT on the EARTHBANotes:Both forces act along the same straight line.Force A is responsible for the Moon’s orbital motionForce B causes the ocean tides.

28 2. Rocket in flight There are a pair of contact (thrust) forces:A = THRUST CONTACT pushof the ROCKET ENGINESDOWNon the EJECTED GASESB = CONTACT pushof the EJECTED GASESUPon the ROCKET ENGINESNote: Near the Earth there will also be a pair of gravity forces. If the rocket is accelerating upwards then the upward thrust force A will be greater than the downward pull of gravity on the rocket.AB

29 3. Person standing on a floorThere are a pair of gravity forces:A = GRAVITY pull of the EARTHDOWN on the PERSONB = GRAVITY pull of the PERSONUP on the EARTHAnd there are a pair of contact forces:C = CONTACT push of the FLOORUP on the PERSOND = CONTACT push of the PERSONDOWN on the FLOORNote: Neither forces A & C nor forces D & B are Newton 3rd law force pairs as the areNOT OF THE SAME TYPEalthough all four forces will usually have the same magnitude.ADCBEARTH

30 Tractor and car questionA tractor is pulling a car out of a patch of mud using a tow-rope as shown in the diagram opposite. Identify the Newton third law force pairs in this situation.C1C2T T2G1G2F F2There are three pairs of GRAVITY forces between the tractor, rope, car and the Earth - for example forces G1 & G2.There are two pairs of TENSION forces. The tractor exerts a TENSION force to the LEFT on the rope and the rope exerts an equal magnitude TENSION force to the RIGHT on the tractor. A similar but DIFFERENT magnitude pair exist between the rope and the car, T1 & T2.There are eight pairs of CONTACT forces between the eight tyres and the ground - for example forces C1 & C2.There are eight pairs of FRICTIONAL forces between the eight tyres of the tractor and car and the ground - for example forces F1 & F2.For the tractor to succeed the tension force T1 must be greater than the four frictional forces acting from the ground on the car’s four tyres.

32 Internet LinksForces in 1 Dimension - PhET - Explore the forces at work when you try to push a filing cabinet. Create an applied force and see the resulting friction force and total force acting on the cabinet. Charts show the forces, position, velocity, and acceleration vs. time. View a Free Body Diagram of all the forces (including gravitational and normal forces).Motion produced by a force - linear & circular cases - netfirmsTable Cloth & Other Newton 1st Law Demos - 'Whys Guy' Video Clip (3 mins) (1st of 2 clips)Inertia of a lead brick & Circular motion of a water glass - 'Whys Guy' Video Clip (3 mins) (2nd of 2 clips)Air Track - Explore ScienceForce on a Wing - Explore ScienceSpace Cadet - Control a space ship using Newton's 1st law & turning forces - by eChalkNewton's 2nd Law Experiment - FendtPendulum in an accelerated car - NTNUAcceleration meter - NTNUSailing a boat- NTNUFree-fall Lab- Explore ScienceGalileo Time of Fall Demonstration - 'Whys Guy' Video Clip (3 mins) - Time of fall independent of mass - Leads slug and feather with and without air resistance. (1st of 2 clips)Distance Proportional to Time of Fall Squared Demonstration - 'Whys Guy' Video Clip (3:30 mins) - Falling distance proportional to the time of fall squared. (2nd of 2 clips some microphone problems)Lunar Lander - PhET - Can you avoid the boulder field and land safely, just before your fuel runs out, as Neil Armstrong did in 1969? Our version of this classic video game accurately simulates the real motion of the lunar lander with the correct mass, thrust, fuel consumption rate, and lunar gravity. The real lunar lander is very hard to control.Moonlander Use your thrusters to overcome the effects of gravity and bring the moonlander safely down to earth.BBC KS3 Bitesize Revision: Mass and gravity WeightThe Ramp- PhET- Explore forces, energy and work as you push household objects up and down a ramp. Lower and raise the ramp to see how the angle of inclination affects the parallel forces acting on the file cabinet. Graphs show forces, energy and work. .