Vapor deposited Pt films with a thickness locally varying between one and two atomic layers on Ru(0001) are studied as model surfaces with a well-defined lateral variation of the chemical properties. These are probed by reversible CO adsorption at 300 K and with CO pressures in the range
mbar under real-time STM observation. Upon exposure to 10−5 mbar CO, no densely packed adlayer is formed on the areas with a local thickness of one atomic layer, whereas a c(4×2) adlayer containing 0.5 CO molecules per surface atom is reversibly formed on areas with locally two atomic layers of Pt. Based on experimental and theoretical data points and parameters from the literature we calculate adsorption isotherms for Pt(111) and the two Ru(0001) supported Pt thin films at 300 K. For all three surfaces, STM observations on CO adsorption are found to be fully consistent with the respective isotherms.

The present status and the future prospects of a method for accurate force measurement, the levitation mass method (LMM), is reviewed. The LMM has been proposed and improved by the authors. In the LMM, the inertial force of a mass levitated using an aero-static linear bearing is used as the reference/known force applied to the objects under test, such as force transducers, materials or structures. The inertial force of the levitated mass is measured using an optical interferometer. Since the force is one of the most major physical quantities, the application of the LMM as the most accurate dynamic force measurement method is very wide.

The existence of non-strange partner of pentaquark, the
narrow resonance, has been investigated by utilizing kaon photoproduction off a proton. It is found that the corresponding mass is 1650 MeV and the appropriate observables for investigating the existence of this resonance are the recoiled hyperon
polarization, the beam-recoil double polarization
Cx, and differential cross section at backward angles. Future kaon photoproduction experiments should focus on these observables.

We study the solar wind parameters during the extended minimum phase of solar cycle 24 within period of 2007 to 2009. We used GOES and ACE satellites hourly data to obtain the distribution of solar wind density and speed, solar energetic particles (electron, proton and ion), solar radio flux, interplanetary magnetic field and global geomagnetic variation of DsT index. All parameters did not occur simultaneously that refers to complexity of their sources and interactions along interplanetary medium. The minimum phase of solar cycle depends on the used tracer. Plasma particles and magnetic activities have come later of about 15 months than sunspot minimum. Electron density and proton speed are good solar wind parameters for detecting solar minimum phase. We define the minimum of magnetic environment (MME) as a fluctuation of DsT in ±10 nT, Bz in ±5 nT and Bmag in 5 nT within consecutive 3 months period.

Twilight divided into three categories namely, astronomical twilight, nautical twilight, and civil twilight. The three types of twilight can occur either in the evening or early morning. According to the U.S. Naval Observatory the three types distinguished by the depression (altitude of the sun below the horizon) for the evening or the morning twilight, −180, −120, and −60. Sky brightness measurements usually intended to determine the quality of the sky at some observation site or to determine the quality of the atmosphere by light pollution. Sky brightness data could be use for practical purposes such as to determine prayer times (Morning Prayer). This study describes the measurement of sky brightness using a light meter Sky Quality Meter. The measurements indicate the presence of different values and patterns in the twilight sky brightness. This variability highly determined by the weather conditions. Sky brightness shows a constant value shortly after the evening astronomical twilight and before morning astronomical twilight. Before the evening astronomical twilight and after morning astronomical twilight sky brightness showing continue changing.

Solar Energetic Particle (SEP) is a high-energy particles of protons,
electrons, and ions trapped in magnetic fields in the corona of the Sun. The particles can be ejected into interplanetary space and reach the Earth, through the propagation of magnetic flux tubes, as a result of energetic phenomena such as flares and Coronal Mass Ejection
(CME). SEP-related phenomena that will be discussed in this paper is Southern Atlantic Anomaly (SAA), anomalous distribution of high energy particles trapped in Earth's magnetic field as well as its association with Van Allen radiation belts. Space, Environment, Effects, and Education System (SPENVIS), software developed by European Space Agency (ESA), is capable of displaying data on the distribution of protons (0.1-500 MeV) and electrons (0.1-5 MeV) trapped in Earth's magnetic field. The results show that distribution of electrons and protons depend on altitude (100-36000 km), their energies, and phase of solar cycle maximum and minimum.

Unique and reliable criteria on Hilal visibility is important for determine the beginning of new month in Islamic Calendar. One of possible criteria on Hilal Visibility is Arc of Vision (ARCV). ARCV is defined the different between the altitude of the moon and the sun at the time of sunset. We present our preliminary study possible criteria on Hilal visibility for Aphelion Groups (AG), is defined all Hilal member of Islamic Lunation Variant Number (ILVn) 223, 186 and 087 and Perihelion Groups (PG), is defined all Hilal member of Islamic Lunation Variant Number (ILVn) 217, 155 and 019. We find some ranges of ARCV as follows: (1) Aphelion Groups (AG): ILVn 223: 7°.82 < ARCV < 10°.87, ILVn 186: 7°.82 < ARCV < 10°.52 and ILVn 087: 7°.86 < ARCV < 10°.86. (2) Perihelion Groups (PG): ILVn 217: 7°.73 < ARCV < 10°.71, ILVn 155: 7°.68 < ARCV < 10°.18 and ILVn 019: 7°.79 < ARCV < 10°.82. Those Hilal, in the ARCV range are composed of first lunar crescent visibility after conjunction with fraction of illumination of 1% up to as thin as 0.5%.

Radio astronomical observation is infected by wide range of Radio Frequency Interference (RFI). We will also use information gathered from on-site RFI level measurements on selected 'good' areas generated by this study. After investigating a few suitable sites we will commence to the site and construct the RFI observation. Eventually, the best area we will be deciding from the observations soon. The result of this experiment will support our planning to build the first radio telescope in Malaysia. Radio observatories normally are located in remote area, in order to combat RFI from active spectrum users and radio noise produced in industrial or residential areas. The other solution for this problem is regulating the use of radio frequencies in the country (spectrum management). Measurement of RFI level on potential radio astronomical site can be done to measure the RFI levels at sites. Seven sites are chosen divide by three group, which is A, B and C. In this paper, we report the initial testing
RFI survey for overall spectrum (0-2GHz) for those sites. The averaged RFI level above noise level at the three group sites are 19.0 (±1.79) dBm, 19.5 (±3.71) dBm and 17.0 (±3.71) dBm and the averaged RFI level above noise level for without main peaks are 20.1 (±1.77) dBm, 19.6 (±3.65) dBm and 17.2 (±1.43) dBm respectively.

Apart of monitoring the Sun project, the Radio Frequency Interference (RFI) surveying in the region of (1-1200) MHz has been conducted. The main objective of this surveying is to test and qualify the potential of monitoring a continuous radio emission of Solar in Malaysia. This work is also an initiative of International Space Weather Initiative (ISWI) project where Malaysia is one of the country that participate a e-Callisto Spectrometer network in order to study the behavior of Solar radio burst in frequency of (45-800) MHz region which will be install in this October. Detail results will indicate the potential of monitoring a solar in Malaysia.

We study a nonminimal derivative coupling (NMDC) of scalar field, where the scalar field is coupled to curvature tensor in the five dimensional universal extra dimension (UED) model. We choose an ansatz metric which contain a homogenous extra spatial dimension and solve the Einstein equation in the bulk. Under two assumptions concerning the scalar field and scale factors, we get the de Sitter universe and recover the cosmological constant from the coupling constant of NMDC. We also discuss how the extra dimension evolve in time.

A study on polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) samples had been done to measure the consistency and the apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) value of PVA. For our experiment, PVA hydrogel samples were formed using freezingthawing method with various concentration and number of freezing-thawing cycles. In our study, PVA consistency was measured by using a penetrometer and the ADC value was obtained from diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (DW-MRI). The effects of PVA concentration and number of freezing-thawing cycles on consistency value from penetrometer and ADC value from DW-MRI were also observed.

The state of Penang encompasses an industrial region with a potential for the existence of a variety of industrial pollutants. Such pollutants would certainly have a possible impact effect on the environment and the people. The determination of trace elements levels in hair which is well known as a method for environmental exposure monitoring, evaluation of heavy metal poisoning, assessment of nutrient levels and disease diagnoses, is chosen here as the method to determine the possible exposure to possible pollutants in the form of unwanted trace elements. The natural levels of trace elements in hair are hence monitored first as reference values for the assessment of the possible human contamination levels. In this work the concentrations of Cu,
Zn and Pb in human scalp hair of 50 residents of Penang were determined using XRF. The results of this study were compared with the results obtained in other cities where such measurements have also been carried out.

The head and neck is a challenging anatomical site for intensity-modulated radiation therapy
(IMRT).
Dose distribution of difference field sizes were measured in a semi cylindrical phantom and a flat slab solid water phantom using a 2D array pixel ionization chambers I'mRT MatriXX. Dose verification in 2-dimension was performed on three nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) IMRT plans by comparing measured I'mRT MatriXX dose distributions to treatment planning system calculated dose. A good agreement was found between I'mRT MatriXX measurements and TPS predictions for all the examined plans (γ-index <1 for 93% of pixels) with a maximum difference between both the phantoms being within 3%.

In this paper we report molecular dynamics simulation results of iron
(cladding)
corrosion in interaction with lead coolant of fast nuclear reactor. The goal of this work is to study effect of oxygen injection to the coolant to reduce iron
corrosion. By evaluating diffusion coefficients, radial distribution functions, mean-square displacement curves and observation of crystal structure of iron before and after oxygen injection, we concluded that a significant reduction of corrosion can be achieved by issuing about 2% of oxygen atoms into lead coolant.

A design study of small Gas Cooled Fast Reactor with two region fuel has been performed. In this study, design GCFR with Helium coolant which can be continuously operated by supplying mixed Natural Uranium without fuel enrichment plant or fuel reprocessing plant. The active reactor cores are divided into two region fuel i.e. 60% fuel fraction of Natural Uranium as inner core and 65% fuel fraction of Natural Uranium as outer core. Each fuel core regions are subdivided into ten parts (region-1 until region-10) with the same volume in the axial direction. The fresh Natural Uranium initially put in region-1, after one cycle of 10 years of burn-up it is shifted to region-2 and the each region-1 filled by fresh Natural Uranium. This concept is basically applied to all regions in both cores area, i.e. shifted the core of ith region into i+1 region after the end of 10 years burn-up cycle. For the next cycles, we will add only Natural Uranium on each region-1. The burn-up calculation is performed using collision probability method PIJ (cell burn-up calculation) in SRAC code which then given eight energy group macroscopic cross section data to be used in two dimensional R-Z geometry multi groups diffusion calculation in CITATION code. This reactor can results power thermal 600 MWth with average power density i.e. 80 watt/cc. After reactor start-up the operation, furthermore reactor only needs Natural Uranium supply for continue operation along 100 years. This calculation result then compared with one region fuel design i.e. 60% and 65% fuel fraction. This core design with two region fuel fraction can be an option for fuel optimization.

Spent fuel management is considered to be one of the main problems in energy nuclear utilization. Recycling after reprocessing is one of the options for dealing with nuclear reactor spent fuel. Reprocessing is very costly and needs remote handling since spent fuel is very hazard high level waste. On top of that, only a small number of countries can manage a reprocessing plant. If country likes Indonesia decide to "go nuclear", it should find another way to deal with the nuclear spent fuel. Korea has proposed the DUPIC (Direct Utilization of Spent PWR fuel In CANDU) concept. Nevertheless, DUPIC concept requires two types of nuclear power plants, i.e., pressurized water reactor (PWR) and CANadian Deuterium Uranium reactor (CANDU). In this study, we evaluate a scheme of direct recycling of spent BWR fuel in BWR system, under the concept that we have called as a SUPEL (Straight Utilization of sPEnt LWR fuel in LWR system) scenario. Several spent BWR fuel compositions in loaded BWR fuel has been evaluated to achieve the criticality of reactor.

The uncertainty of commercial operation of fast breeder reactors (FBR) claims for another solution to the plutonium produced in light water reactors (LWR). As one option, recently, the plutonium recycling in LWR becomes an important consideration. A study on the impact of changing void fraction on plutonium recycling in BWR has been performed. Two types of uranium sources in mixed oxide (MOX) fuel, namely the depleted uranium and the natural uranium have been evaluated. The trend is similar for both MOX fuels that BWR can gain its critical condition for the void fraction of less than 42% and it may be operated in critical condition for the void fraction of 42% and 95%.

Migration is important issue for seismic imaging in complex structure. In this decade, depth imaging becomes important tools for producing accurate image in depth imaging instead of time domain imaging. The challenge of depth migration method, however, is in revealing the complex structure of subsurface. There are many methods of depth migration with their advantages and weaknesses. In this paper, we show our propose method of pre-stack depth migration based on time domain inverse scattering
wave equation. Hopefully this method can be as solution for imaging complex structure in Indonesia, especially in rich thrusting fault zones. In this research, we develop a recent advance wave equation migration based on time domain inverse scattering wave which use more natural wave propagation using scattering wave. This wave equation pre-stack depth migration use time domain inverse scattering
wave equation based on Helmholtz equation. To provide true amplitude recovery, an inverse of divergence procedure and recovering transmission loss are considered of pre-stack migration. Benchmarking the propose inverse scattering pre-stack depth migration with the other migration methods are also presented, i.e.: wave equation pre-stack depth migration, waveequation depth migration, and pre-stack time migration method. This inverse scattering pre-stack depth migration could image successfully the rich fault zone which consist extremely dip and resulting superior quality of seismic image. The image quality of inverse scattering migration is much better than the others migration methods.