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2 Find out about the everyday life of the ancient Egyptians. Learn about writing in ancient Egypt. Discover advances made by the Egyptians in science and medicine.

3 hieroglyphs pictures and other written symbols that stand for ideas, things, or sounds papyrus an early form of paper made from a reed plant found in the marshy areas of the Nile delta astronomer a scientist who studies the stars and other objects in the sky

4 Most of what we know about the everyday life of the Egyptians is based on paintings that cover the walls of tombs and temples. Egyptian paintings and carvings show royalty and ordinary people involved in all aspects of life.

5 Egyptian society itself resembled a pyramid. At the very top stood the pharaoh. Beneath him was a small upper class. This group included priests, members of the pharaoh s court, and nobles who held the large estates.

6 The next level was the middle class, made up of merchants and skilled workers. At the base of the pyramid was by far the largest class, the peasants. Mostly, the peasants did farm labor, but they also built roads and temples. A person could rise to a higher class.

7 Prisoners captured in war were made slaves. Slaves formed a separate class. Slaves had rights. They could own personal items, inherit land from their masters, and even be set free.

8 Although peasants could own land, most worked the land of wealthier people. During the flood season, the peasants worked on roads, temples, and other buildings. As soon as the water left the land, they had to plant the fields.

9 Egyptian woman were looked upon as living models of Isis, the wife of the god Osiris. They had most of the rights that men had. They could own property, run businesses, and enter into legal contracts. For the most part, women traveled about freely.

10 Noble women held a special position in Egyptian society. Sometimes they were in charge of temples and religious rites. Some women acted as regents until the pharaoh was old enough to rule on his own.

11 How was Egypt society organized? Egyptian society was organized by a class structure that resembled a pyramid. At the top was the pharaoh. Next was a small upper class made up of priests, nobles, and members of the pharaoh s court. The middle class was made up of merchants and skilled workers. The largest and lowest class was the peasants.

12 The records and writings left by the ancient Egyptians show us that they possessed an amazing amount of knowledge.

13 In ancient Egypt, as in Mesopotamia, ideas were written down in picture-like symbols called hieroglyphs. In this script, some pictures stand for ideas or things. The Egyptians began to use hieroglyphs because they needed a way to keep track of the kingdom s growing wealth.

14 At first, the Egyptians wrote on clay and stone, as the Sumerians did. But they needed a more convenient writing surface. They found it in papyrus, an early form of paper made from a reed found in the marshy areas of the Nile delta.

15 To make the paper, the inner stalks of the plant were cut into narrow strips. The strips were cut to the same length and placed side by side in one layer. Another layer of strips was placed crosswise on top to form a sheet. Papyrus makers wet the sheet, pressed it flat, and dried it in the sun. Sap from the plant glued the strips together. Pasted side by side, the sheets formed a long strip that could be rolled up.

16 The meaning of ancient Egypt s hieroglyphic writing was lost after the A.D. 400s until 1799 when a soldier digging near the Nile found a large black stone, now called the Rosetta Stone. The upper part showed hieroglyphics, the middle part showed a later Egyptian script called demotic, and the lower part showed Greek letters. In the 1820 s, a French scholar named Jean Francois Champollion eventually figured it out.

17 What was the significance of the Rosetta Stone? The Rosetta Stone was important because it translated hieroglyphs into other languages so modern people could learn what the hieroglyphs meant.

18 Egyptian astronomers were able to predict when the Nile would flood because it was about the time they could see Sirius, the Dog Star, in the sky shortly before sunrise. They worked out that the average time between the appearances of the star was 365 days. This became the length of their year.

19 They used geometry to measure area so they could figure out the amount of taxes for a plot of land. The Egyptians knew how to add, subtract, multiply, and divide, and also use simple fractions. Mathematics helped Egyptians measure stone so that it could be cut to the proper size to build pyramids.

20 They wrote much of their medical knowledge down on papyrus; centuries later the Greeks and Romans used these records. Doctors were priests who used religious practices and their knowledge of illnesses to heal the sick, perform surgery, set broken bones, and heal minor injuries. The Egyptians also used natural remedies to help ease everyday illnesses such as stomachaches and headaches.

21 Why was it important for the Egyptians to figure out the length of their year? They needed to know when the waters of the Nile would flood.

22 1a. Describe How were the lives of Egypt s peasants ruled by the season? During the flood season, the peasants worked on roads, temples, and buildings. After the flood, they planted crops and later harvested them.

23 1b. Draw Conclusions How did the seasons affect all of Egyptian society? Since the Egyptian economy was largely based on farming and trade, the flood season influenced the prosperity of the people. The harvest season was the busiest for peasants.

24 2a. Recall Describe how the Egyptians used hieroglyphs to communicate. Hieroglyphs were picture-like symbols that represented sounds or ideas. Egyptians used hieroglyphs as their system of writing.

25 2b. Analyze Information What was the importance of writing in Egyptian society? Writing enabled the people to keep track of their economy through written records and, later, enabled them to communicate more complicated ideas.

26 3a. List What areas of science and medicine did the ancient Egyptians study? Astronomy, herbalism, and the human body

27 3b. List Past and Present How did the learning achievements of the Egyptians affect later civilizations? Future civilizations used the information Egyptians learned about medicine and astronomy.

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