Wakisaka – neurpeptides found in pulp – regulate PBF and precipitate pain; neuropeptides include SP, CGRP, NKA, NPY(sympathetic/vasoconstrictive) & VIP (parasympathetic/vasodilation)
Who studied LPS and what is its role in PA pathology?

Schein & Schilder – pulpless teeth ↑endotoxin (LPS) than vital pulps; symptomatic teeth and those with PARL have ↑LPS than asymptomatic teeth
What are cytokines and which are involved in bone resorption? Any other factors involved?

Huang – stem cells located in the apical papilla are viable following necrosis
Discuss how regenerative endo may be achieved?

Hargreaves –

1. Achieved most predictably in teeth with open apices

2. Instrumentation with NaOCl irrigation is not sufficient to reliably create the conditions necessary for revascularization of the necrotic tooth

3. Ca(OH)2 placement prevents revascularization coronal to paste

4. The use of (3 mix-MP” triple antibiotic paste, developed by Hoshino (consisting of cipro, metronidazole & minocycline) is effective for disinfection of the necrotic tooth, setting the conditions for subsequent revascularization
3 major components of tissue engineering: