Copper is a trace mineral that is essential for human health. It works with enzymes, which are proteins that aid in the biochemical reactions of every cell. Copper assists these enzymes in many crucial reactions in the body.

Functions

Copper’s functions include:

Assisting in energy production

Protecting cells from free radical damage

Helping lysyl oxidase, an enzyme that strengthens connective tissue

Assisting the brain neurotransmitters, norepinephrine, and dopamine

Helping your body make hemoglobin, which is needed to carry oxygen to red blood cells

Copper Deficiency

Many studies show that Americans consume less than adequate amounts of dietary copper. However, copper deficiency in adults is rare. A deficiency may occur, though, due to certain genetic problems, long-term shortages of dietary copper, or excessive intakes of zinc and iron. In addition, premature
infants and infants suffering from malnutrition may have deficiencies of copper.
People who have had gastric surgery or have conditions that affect how their bodies absorb nutrients are also at risk for copper deficiency.

If you are unable to meet your copper needs through dietary sources, copper supplements may be necessary. Copper supplements are usually taken by mouth, but in some cases are given by injection. Your doctor should determine if you need such supplementation.

Copper Toxicity

Cases of toxicity from copper are rare.

Excess copper intake may lead to liver and kidney damage. Symptoms of copper toxicity may include:

Major Food Sources

Foods high in copper include:

Beef liver

Shellfish

Cashews

Sunflower seeds

Almonds

Hazelnuts

Lentils

Chocolate

Health Implications

If you have a condition that impairs your body’s ability to absorb, use, and excrete copper, your doctor may recommend changing your dietary intake of copper. For example,
Wilson’s disease
is a genetic condition in which the body cannot excrete copper resulting in increased copper levels in the body.
Another genetic disease,
Menkes syndrome, prevents copper absorption in the intestine and produces symptoms of copper deficiency.

Taking certain medications or supplements may also affect your copper levels. Zinc supplements, for instance, can interfere with how your body absorbs copper. If you are concerned about how much copper you are getting in your diet, talk to your doctor.

This content is reviewed regularly and is updated when new and relevant evidence is made available. This information is neither intended nor implied to be a substitute for professional medical advice. Always seek the advice of your physician or other qualified health provider prior to starting any new treatment or with questions regarding a medical condition.