This report results from a research project, commissioned by the German Federal Environment Agency (Umweltbundesamt), and with the subject of 'water protection and energy crops' examines an aspect that has not been in the focus of the discussions around the cultivation of energy crops so far. In this study the relevant chains for the energetic use of agricultural biomass in Germany are assessed with regard to their potential imapacts on water. Possible negative impacts are often as well relevant for climate protection. As well options for water-friendly cultivation are presented. The analysis is based on a review of literature as well as a questionnaire and interviews of different experts. According to this, challenges exist especially concerning the storage and application of fermentation residues as well as the monitoring of nutrients in relation to biogas plants. The protection of grassland and the implementation of water-friendly cultivation practices are to be pursued as well independently of the cultivation of energy crops. Moreover, in view of the current general tendency for intensification of agricultural land use, the existing standards for land use should be reassessed. Separate standards only for energy crops are not recommendable. In this context, existing incentive and steering instruments within agricultural, environmental and energy policy are discussed and selected options for adaptation presented.