PT - JOURNAL ARTICLE
AU - Kramer, Adam D. I.
AU - Guillory, Jamie E.
AU - Hancock, Jeffrey T.
TI - Experimental evidence of massive-scale emotional contagion through social networks
AID - 10.1073/pnas.1320040111
DP - 2014 Jun 17
TA - Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
PG - 8788--8790
VI - 111
IP - 24
4099 - http://www.pnas.org/content/111/24/8788.short
4100 - http://www.pnas.org/content/111/24/8788.full
SO - Proc Natl Acad Sci USA2014 Jun 17; 111
AB - We show, via a massive (N = 689,003) experiment on Facebook, that emotional states can be transferred to others via emotional contagion, leading people to experience the same emotions without their awareness. We provide experimental evidence that emotional contagion occurs without direct interaction between people (exposure to a friend expressing an emotion is sufficient), and in the complete absence of nonverbal cues.Emotional states can be transferred to others via emotional contagion, leading people to experience the same emotions without their awareness. Emotional contagion is well established in laboratory experiments, with people transferring positive and negative emotions to others. Data from a large real-world social network, collected over a 20-y period suggests that longer-lasting moods (e.g., depression, happiness) can be transferred through networks [Fowler JH, Christakis NA (2008) BMJ 337:a2338], although the results are controversial. In an experiment with people who use Facebook, we test whether emotional contagion occurs outside of in-person interaction between individuals by reducing the amount of emotional content in the News Feed. When positive expressions were reduced, people produced fewer positive posts and more negative posts; when negative expressions were reduced, the opposite pattern occurred. These results indicate that emotions expressed by others on Facebook influence our own emotions, constituting experimental evidence for massive-scale contagion via social networks. This work also suggests that, in contrast to prevailing assumptions, in-person interaction and nonverbal cues are not strictly necessary for emotional contagion, and that the observation of others’ positive experiences constitutes a positive experience for people.