Life’s Link to Lost City

Lost City is located about 2,300 miles east of Florida on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge, one of the world’s largest undersea mountain ranges.Credit: U of Washington

Hydrocarbons — molecules critical to life — are being generated by the simple interaction of seawater with the rocks under the Lost City hydrothermal vent field in the mid-Atlantic Ocean.

Being able to produce building blocks of life makes Lost City-like vents even stronger contenders as places where life might have originated on Earth, according to Giora Proskurowski and Deborah Kelley, two authors of a paper in the Feb. 1 issue of the journal Science. Researchers have ruled out carbon from the biosphere as a component of the hydrocarbons in Lost City vent fluids.

Hydrocarbons, molecules with various combinations of hydrogen and carbon atoms, are key to cellular life. For instance, cell walls can be built from simple hydrocarbon chains and amino acids are short hydrocarbon chains hooked up with nitrogen, oxygen or sulfur atoms.

“The generation of hydrocarbons was the very first step, otherwise Earth would have remained lifeless,” says lead author Proskurowski, who conducted the research while earning his doctorate from the University of Washington and during post-doctoral work at Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution.

Some researchers believe the first building blocks of life made their way from outer space while others hypothesize that the right ingredients were generated by geological process on Earth, perhaps at hydrothermal vent systems where seawater seeps into the seabed and picks up heat and minerals until the water is so hot it vents back into the ocean.

The carbonate structures at the Lost City Field include these spires stretching 90 feet tall. The white, sinuous spine is freshly deposited carbonate material. Added digitally to this image are the remotely operated vehicles Hercules and Argus that were used to explore the hydrothermal vent field during an expedition in 2005 funded by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.Credit: Kelley, University of Washington, IFE, URI-IAO, NOAA

The Lost City hydrothermal vents, discovered by Kelley and others during a National Science Foundation expedition in 2000, are formed in a very different way than the black smoker vents scientists have known about since the 1970s. Black smokers are so named because it can appear as if smoke is billowing from them. In fact the smoke is actually dark iron- and sulfur-rich minerals precipitating when scalding vent waters — as hot as 760 F — meet the icy cold depths. The spires and mounds that form are darkly mottled mixes of sulfide minerals.

In contrast, structures at the Lost City hydrothermal vent field are nearly pure carbonate, the same material as limestone in caves, and they range in color from white to cream to gray. The structures drape the cliffs at Lost City and range from the size of tiny toadstools to the 18-story column, named Poseidon, that dwarfs most known black smoker vents by at least 100 feet. The field was named Lost City in part because it is on top of a submerged mountain named Atlantis and was discovered by chance during an expedition on board the research vessel Atlantis.

Water venting at Lost City is generally 200 F. The fluids do not get as hot as the black smokers because the water is not heated by magma but rather by heat released during serpentinization, a chemical reaction between seawater and mantle rock.

That’s also the reason for all the hydrocarbons.

Naturally occurring carbon dioxide is locked in mantle rock. At Lost City, the reaction between the rock and seawater produces 10 to 100 times more hydrogen and the hydrocarbon methane than a typical black smoker system found along mid-ocean ridges, the Science co-authors found.

The Lost City system forms hydrocarbons in higher concentrations and with more complexity than do typical black smoker systems on mid-ocean ridges, says Kelley, a University of Washington professor of oceanography who was the principal investigator for a 2005 National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration’s expedition that gathered the samples analyzed for the Science paper.

The hydrocarbons being produced at Lost City are not formed from atmospheric carbon dioxide dissolved in seawater because none of the carbon carries the radioisotopic signature that would be present if they had been exposed to sunlight, Proskurowski says.

Analysis of rock from Lost City shows that the hydrocarbons are not coming from the living biosphere. Rock in contact with seawater has a very consistent ratio of carbon dioxide to helium. But the rock at Lost City had a strikingly different ratio. It turns out that the depleted amount of carbon dioxide in the rocks roughly equals the amount of hydrocarbons being produced in the fluids, he says.

Gases are collected from the top of one of the hydrothermal vents that make up Lost City. This closeup, showing an area of the vent about a foot wide, reveals the delicate texture of newly formed carbonate minerals and –- in the upper right –- filaments of bacteria wafting in the warm vent fluids. As the carbonate ages it becomes hard as concrete, one reason the tallest vent at Lost City has grown to be 18-stories tall.Credit: University of Washington/IFE/URI-IAO/NOAA

"The detection of these organic building blocks from a non-biological source is possible evidence in our quest to understand the origin of life on this planet and other solar bodies," Proskurowski says.

Lost City is exceptional, Kelley says, because chemical reactions in the seafloor produce acetate, formate, hydrogen and alkaline fluids. All these substances may have been key to the emergence of life, according to work published recently by Michael Russell and A.J. Hall of Glasgow and William Martin of Germany. In addition, acetate and formate found in Lost City fluids may have been an important energy source for the ancestors of methanogens, microorganisms that live off the methane at places like Lost City. It’s perhaps one more bit of evidence about where life may have originated, Kelley says.

The Lost City hydrothermal vent field is about 2,300 miles east of Florida, on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge, at a depth of 2,600 feet. Microorganisms there thrive in alkaline vent fluids, some nearly as caustic as liquid drain cleaner. This contrasts to the previously studied black-smoker vents where organisms have adjusted to acidic water. Lost City microbes live off methane and hydrogen instead of the carbon dioxide that is the key energy source for life at black-smoker vents.

Although nobody has found another field like Lost City, Kelley says she’s sure others exist because there are so many other places where mantle rock has been thrust up through the seafloor, exposing it to seawater and serpentinization. It is likely that even more mantle rock was present in the oceans of early Earth, Kelley says.