3mm Weather in Green Bank

Opacity

The GBT is located at a mid-latitude, 2800' elevation site which
nevertheless provides substantial useful 90 GHz observing conditions
in the Fall, Winter, and Spring. We have three main sources of
information to assess the Green Bank weather: site weather station
data; measurements of the 86 GHz sky brightness temperature with an
on-site tipper (2000-2001); and emissivity models that use atmospheric
profile data from the national weather surface (see Ron Maddalena's
weather pages for more information on these). The atmospheric
emissivity models are those of Liebe (1985),
Danese & Partridge (1989),
and Pardo et al. (2001).
The fundamental limit to the amount of useful observing time is set by
water vapor and clouds. From Oct 1 through May 1, weather data plus
atmospheric emissivity models and direct tipper measurements both
indicate that the 86 GHz zenith opacity is 0.12 or less 45 to 55% of
the time. This corresponds to a zenith atmosphere brightness
temperature of roughly 32 Kelvin, and a precipitable water vapor
column of 10mm in the absence of clouds. The opacity numbers quoted
include the contributions both of the "dry" atmosphere, water vapor,
and hydrosols (clouds). The mode of the precipitable water vapor (PWV)
distribution in Green Bank over the high-frequency observing season is
between 5 and 6 mm. Note that due to the proximity of the
pressure-broadened oxygen line there is a significan (~8 K, or tau of
0.03) "dry" 90 GHz sky brightness. Our results are consistent with
measurements of the 90 GHz sky brightness on White Mountain, with PWV
values ranging from 0.2mm to 6mm, by Bersanelli et
al. (1995).

The cumulant of 86 GHz opacity predicted from national weather
service atmospheric profile data for each GBT high frequency
observing season from 2004-2009. (Plot courtesy of Ron Maddalena, NRAO)

The zenith atmospheric brightness temperature determined by
direct 86 GHz tipper measurements (black, year 2000) and from the
atmospheric profile models (red, 2004-2009 high frequency
seasons). Solid lines show the distribution and dash-dot lines the
cumuluant. The inset plot shows the 86 GHz zenith opacity vs
precipitable water vapor in millimeters for the 2004-2009 data. The
scatter to high opacity results from cloud cover. The tail of the
tipper measurements at low sky brightness is due to a few measurements
with large error bars; to avoid biasing the distribution we do not
censor the large-error bar tipper measurements. (Data courtesy of Ron Maddalena, NRAO)

Atmospheric opacities at zenith for a dry atmosphere, with 5mm precipitable water vapor (pwv),
and with 10mm pwv. Values calculated by ATM for the elevation of the Green Bank site.

The distribution of precipitable water vapor (PWV) between Oct 1 and May 1 (2004-2009),
and the cumulant of this distribution.

GBT Structural Limitations

The telescope structure imposes futher limits to 90 GHz observations
with the GBT. At present, reliable 3mm observations can only be
carried out at night with the GBT because the changing solar
illumination gives rise to unacceptable structural changes. For
similar reasons, 90 GHz observations can only be usefully carried out
under reasonably calm wind conditions. For MUSTANG this limit is about
8 miles per hour; because it is a mapping instrument which always
observes "on the fly", the wind constraint is less restrictive than it
would be for a 90 GHz single-pixel, photometric instrument for
example.

Considering the structure and opacity limits together there are on
average about 90 nights of useful MUSTANG observing conditions per
year. Of these, 40 nights-- just under 500 hours-- have excellent
conditions (calm, clear, less than 8mm pwv). The structural (wind,
day/night) limits are not fundamental: they can be improved with
better metrology and modelling, resulting in more useful observing
hours.