First of all, we would like to THANK almighty who gave us the strength to work on and complete this project. We all are grateful to our professor. MISS. NEETA RATH for giving us this opportunity and support to make this project. This report has been enabled to our group mates to acquires very good knowledge about MOTIVATION. This project is submitted with our best efforts. So with utmost pleasure and honor. We owe our depth to you and preserve WARM THANKS from our group members.

VIDYAVARDHINI’S

Annasaheb Vartak College Of Arts
Kedarnath Malhotra College Of Commerce
&
E. S. Andrades College Of Science

VASAI ROAD, DIST. THANE-401 202

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that Kum.______________________________________ Roll No._________ of FIRST YEAR OF BACHELOR OF MANAGEMENT STUDIES has successfully completed project of MOTIVATION, in the academic year 2008-2009.

______________ _________________ Prof. In Charge Head Of Bachelor of management Study.

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...Part A:
Motivation can be considered to comprise an individual’s effort and persistence and the direction of that effort – motivation is the will to perform. (Brooks, 2009) Most managers have to delegate because the job that they have is too big for one person to do. In having to work through other people it is necessary that managers understand what motivates an employee to act positively in the interests of the organization. (Buckley, 2009) Maslow’s theory of needs tends to be treated as classical within the field of organisational behaviour, being referred to as a ‘classic among classics’ (Matteson, Ivancevich, 1989; Wilson, 1999). However I aim to prove that motivationtheory is a much broader topic than the principles of Maslow with the use of two content theories; ‘two-factor theory’ and ‘Theory X &amp; Theory Y’, as well as process theories; Expectancy Theory and Equity Theory. To further prove my point I will use Marx’s theory and Taylor’s scientific approach.
Firstly some background - Maslow suggested individuals are motivated to satisfy a set of five needs which are hierarchically ranked according to their salience (Brooks, 2009). Physiological, safety and social needs (lower-order needs) are satisfied from the context within which the job is...

...Maslow (1908-1970) introduced his theory back in 1954, and became of one of the founding father of motivation after publishing his booked ‘Motivation and Personality’.
His theory is one of the most widely recognised and effectively used in today organisations all around the world.
Maslow’s (1954) theory supports the need for understanding individual human behaviour and that different things motivate different individuals.
For example, a need that needs to be fulfilled by an individual is very significant and valuable to one person, but this need may not have any significance and value to another person. Therefore, Maslow’s (1954) theory can be seen as supporting of his definition of motivation.
Maslow’s (1954) Hierarchy of need model identifies different motivational factors in a hierarchical approach which identifies five levels of motivation within employees, known as the ‘Hierarchy of Needs’.
The ‘Hierarchy of Needs’ consisted of 5 levels of need which were; Physiological needs; Safety needs; Social needs; Esteem Needs; and Self-actualisation.
Today the hierarchy is presented as a triangle, although Maslow himself did not present it in this way (see figure 1).
Fig. 1 Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs (Based on original 5 stage model)
Each level is contained by the other,...

...﻿This section will look at those motivations and examine some theories to help us understand and explain them in more depth. Then we can start to apply them in setting up a new venture.
Maslow
Abraham Maslow (1908-1970) is considered to be the father of motivationtheory. His theories are still held in great esteem and form the basis of any study into the working of human motivation.
His most famous theory revolves around the concept that there is a hierarchy of needs which are common to all people. The manifestations of these needs will differ depending upon culture or age but in essence will remain with us throughout our lives.
The hierarchy moves from the basic needs of any living creature up to higher level needs which would only be found in more sentient beings such as humans.
Motivation can be considered the basis for all study into any workplace situation including self-employment and is not just the remit of large organisations.
In small businesses the motivation and commitment of the staff can be more important where everyone's efforts have a large effect on the overall productivity and success of the organisation.
First-level needs
These are classed as 'physiological' and include such basics as light, correct temperature, food and water. These are things without which we would not survive...

...1) Motivation is the internal and external factors that stimulate effective work and empower employees to be interested in their work. (http://www.businessdictionary.com) There are 5 main motivation theorists: F W Taylor, A Maslow, E Mayo, F Hertzberg, and D McGregor.
Frederick Winslow Taylor’s theory of Scientific Management states that employees are motivated by wages.(www.tutor2u.net) Taylor saw money as a main motivation of work. He thought that employer should pay to employee that amount of money should be linked to the amount that employee has produced. Taylor’s idea is simple- let employees work and managers to manage bаsed оn scientific principles of work.
Abraham Maslow’s hierarchy of needs consists of 2 parts: Classification of human needs and Relationship between classes.( Hall et al(2008), p130)
Each class of need could be placed into hierarchy, in other words pyramid with each level that consists of certain class of needs. The main principle of Maslow’s hierarchy is that person starts from the bottom of the pyramid- Psychological needs. At this stage person’s motivation is to satisfy general needs, such as food, clothing etc. When this stage is satisfied, this is no longer a motivation. Then person goes up to the next stage- safety needs. Safety need includes psychological safety such as being protected from unemployment. The following stage is social needs...

...1.0 INTRODUCTION
Motivation refers to “the reasons underlying behavior” (Guay et al., 2010,). Paraphrasing Gredler, Broussard and Garrison (2004) broadly define motivation as “the attribute that moves us to do or not to do something” (p. 106). Intrinsic motivation is motivation that is animated by personal enjoyment, interest, or pleasure. As Deci et al. (1999) observe, “Intrinsic motivation energizes and sustains activities through the spontaneous satisfactions inherent in effective volitional action. It is manifest in behaviors such as play, exploration, and challenge seeking that people often do for external rewards” (p. 658). Researchers often contrast intrinsic motivation with extrinsic motivation, which is motivation governed by reinforcement contingencies. Traditionally, educators consider intrinsic motivation to be more desirable and to result in better learning outcomes than extrinsic motivation (Deci et al., 1999).
Motivation involves a constellation of beliefs, perceptions, values, interests, and actions that are all closely related. As a result, various approaches to motivation can focus on cognitive behaviors (such as monitoring and strategy use), non-cognitive aspects (such as perceptions, beliefs, and attitudes), or both. For example, Gottfried (1990) defines academic...

...1) What is motivation?
Is an encouragement received from an individual to another individual to do something with the feel of “it is important?” It can be considered a driving force; a psychological drive that compels or reinforces an action toward a desired goal. For example, hunger is a motivation that elicits a desire to eat. Motivation has been shown to have roots in physiological, behavioral, cognitive, and social area
2) List 5 reasons should management motivate workers.
Five reasons management should motivate workers are
* To improve organization morals
* To help personality development
* To encourage the workers to do the job effectively and with willing hearts
* Because it shows that there’s an healthy relationship among staff
* It shows that the manager has a thought in mind for the employees
.
Maslow’s hierarchy of needs:
Is one of the main motivational theories? This theory was developed to suggest to we humans, are motivated to satisfy five basic needs. These needs are arranges in a hierarchy. Maslow suggests that we seek to satisfy the lowest level of needs. Once this is done, we seek to satisfy each higher level of need until we satisfied all five needs .The following gives the levels of hierarchy needs
1) Basic: the requirement for survival
2) Safety: a safe environment, protection against danger
3) Social: friendship...

...represent the hierarchy, Maslow himself never used a pyramid to describe these levels in any of his writings on the subject.
The most fundamental and basic four layers of the pyramid contain what Maslow called "deficiency needs" or "d-needs": esteem, friendship and love, security, and physical needs. If these "deficiency needs" are not met – with the exception of the most fundamental (physiological) need – there may not be a physical indication, but the individual will feel anxious and tense. Maslow's theory suggests that the most basic level of needs must be met before the individual will strongly desire (or focus motivation upon) the secondary or higher level needs. Maslow also coined the term Metamotivation to describe the motivation of people who go beyond the scope of the basic needs and strive for constant betterment.[9]
The human mind and brain are complex and have parallel processes running at the same time, thus many different motivations from various levels of Maslow's hierarchy can occur at the same time. Maslow spoke clearly about these levels and their satisfaction in terms such as "relative," "general," and "primarily." Instead of stating that the individual focuses on a certain need at any given time, Maslow stated that a certain need "dominates" the human organism.[10] Thus Maslow acknowledged the likelihood that the...

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Assignment 6
Motivation is known as the powerful force that causes the change from desire to willpower in life. Hunger is one example of motivation which creates the desire to eat. Motivation can also be defined as the procedure that starts guides and continues goal oriented actions. Motivation is generally used to explain the reason for a person’s actions. Another example of motivation is when a student is really motivated to get into medical school, so he/she studies every night for it. There are many theories of motivation proposed by various psychologists. Instinct theory, drive theory, and humanistic theory are some of the examples of motivationtheories
Motivational studies are very important especially for managers in big companies. These studies deliver insights into the way employees perform at work and this gives the employer or the manager the techniques required to increase worker productivity.
During the summer of year 2012 I worked at a construction site in Colombo Sri Lanka. I was undergoing training for a field supervisor job. We were building a twelve story office complex building in Colombo. The construction company I worked for was called Sierra Construction Company which is one of the leading construction contractors in Sri Lanka. During the time I was working for them,...