The new deep-sea vehicle Nereus successfully reached the deepest part of the ocean on May 31, 2009—more than 4,000 meters farther than any other current deep-sea vehicle can go. First conceived in 2000 by engineers at Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, it took nine years to design and build. (Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution)

The
Challenger Deep in the Mariana Trench is located near the island of
Guam
in the west Pacific. It is the deepest abyss on Earth at 11,000 meters.
At that depth, pressures reach 1,100 times the pressure at the
surface.
(Courtesy of Karl Musser, self-made using data from NOAA)

The newly developed hybrid vehicle Nereus is launched from the research vessel Kilo Moana during a test cruise in 2007 off Hawaii. On May 31, 2009, Nereus dove to the Challenger Deep in the Mariana Trench. The dive makes Nereus the world’s deepest-diving vehicle and the first vehicle to explore the Mariana Trench since 1998.
(Photo by Matt Heintz, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution)

A specialized manipulator arm of the newly built hybrid remotely operated vehicle Nereus samples sediment from the deepest part of the world's ocean—the Mariana Trench.
(Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution)

Nereus Soars to the Ocean's Deepest Trench

New hybrid deep-sea vehicle descends 6.8 miles in the Challenger Deep

It took a village of engineers to build a completely new type of unmanned deep-sea robot that can reach the deepest part of the ocean. On May 31, 2009, a team of engineers at Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution (WHOI) celebrated as the unique vehicle called Nereus dove to 10,902 meters (6.8 miles) in the western Pacific Ocean’s Mariana Trench.

“Until now, exploring below 6,500 meters (4 miles) with any vehicle was impossible or impractical,” said Andy Bowen, a WHOI engineer and project manager for Nereus. “In 2000, we began to conceive a vehicle capable of reaching those final 4,000 meters of the ocean, which are virtually unexplored.”

To build Nereus to withstand the crushing pressures at such depths—especially at the relatively inexpensive cost of $8 million—the engineering team “pushed the envelope on a lot of fronts of technology,” WHOI engineer Matt Heintz said.

“Every square inch of Nereus is designed to withstand about a thousand times the pressure that we are exposed to right here on Earth’s surface,” Bowen said. “Each square inch of Nereus is loaded with about 15,000 pounds; that's equivalent to having three SUVs stacked on your big toe. That’s a shocking amount of energy that is trying to squeeze Nereus and cause it to implode.”

Different engineers spearheaded different components of the vehicle: batteries for power, materials for flotation, a robotic manipulator arm, new lighting and camera systems, a fiber-optic cable to connect the unmanned Nereus to pilots aboard a ship. Yet each component had to be compensated for to make the whole package work.

“If any one thing is overdone, then it impacts everything else,” WHOI engineer Daniel Gomez-Ibañez said. “So it was finding a balance of many things”—power, weight, size, materials, durability, safety, and cost.

For example, Gomez-Ibañez said, “You can’t just solve the problem (of supplying enough power) by putting in more batteries, because that would make the vehicle too heavy.”

“And then you need more flotation, so you need to have a bigger vehicle,” said WHOI engineer Jon Howland. “It quickly becomes an intractable problem.”

A different sort of ‘hybrid’ vehicle

“Nereus is a hybrid—a combination of two types of vehicles in a single platform,” Bowen said. It can operate as a free-swimming autonomous underwater vehicle (AUV), flying through the ocean like an aircraft to survey and map large areas with sonar, sensors, and cameras.

But it can then be converted aboard ship into a remotely operated vehicle (ROV) connected to a surface ship via a lightweight, micro-thin fiber-optic tether. In ROV mode, Nereus can hover like a helicopter over a targeted seafloor site while shipboard pilots use the umbilical tether to receive images from the seafloor and to control a manipulator arm in real time to collect samples and conduct experiments.

“The idea behind the hybrid system is that we launch Nereus first as an AUV and cover a lot of ground fast,” Heintz said. “It would be too time-consuming to do that with the ROV. Once we download the sonar data and images, we can make maps and figure out points of interest. Then we reconfigure Nereus as an ROV to do discrete work in specific places.”

“By combining both of these capabilities in a single platform, we don’t have to mount two separate tools to the same place, “ Bowen said. “Nereus can also operate from smaller ships, so we realize cost savings to conduct expeditions.”

Reflecting its dual nature, the vehicle was named Nereus (rhymes with “serious”), a mythical Greek god with a fish tail and a man’s torso.

Thin as a hair, but 25 miles long

The tethering system presented one of the greatest challenges in developing a cost-effective ROV capable of reaching extreme depths. Traditional robotic systems use heavy, steel-reinforced cables containing copper wires to power the vehicle and optical fibers to transmit information between the ship and the vehicle. Such a cable, extended to reach the seafloor in the Mariana Trench, would snap under its own weight.

To solve this challenge, the Nereus team adapted fiber-optic technology developed by the Navy’s Space and Naval Warfare Systems Center Pacific to carry real-time video and other data between Nereus and the surface crew. The tether is composed of a glass fiber core with a very thin protective jacket of plastic. It is about as wide as a human hair, weighs less than a kilogram, and will break if a force of only 4 kilograms (8.8 pounds) is applied. As Nereus descends, it spools out up to 40 kilometers (25 miles) of micro-fiber tether from two canisters the size of large coffee cans.

“Now, if that little fiber breaks, it doesn't mean we lose the vehicle, because the vehicle turns back into an AUV and comes home,” Heintz said. (In fact, the tether broke twice on Nereus’s recent cruise without repercussions). Nereus’s dual capabilities also make it suitable for use in polar oceans covered by ice that poses risks to tethers.

Unlike traditional cables to ROVs, however, the micro-fiber tether cannot supply power, so Nereus has to rely on batteries. More than 4,000 lithium-ion batteries, similar to those used in laptop computers and cell phones, are packed into Nereus. It was Gomez-Ibañez’s task to carefully test the batteries to ensure they could be used safely and reliably under the intense pressure.

Louis Whitcomb of The Johns Hopkins University and Dana Yoerger of WHOI were co-principal investigators of the Nereus project and were responsible for development of the vehicle’s navigation and control system. Heintz worked on a hydraulically operated robotic manipulator arm that could operate under intense pressure and use the vehicle's limited battery power efficiently. WHOI engineer Jon Howland led efforts to create efficient lighting and camera systems.

WHOI engineer Don Peters oversaw a major advance: using hollow ceramic spheres—precisely designed and fabricated to withstand pressure—to provide flotation. About 1,500 of the 9-centimeter (3.5-inch) spheres are packed into Nereus’s two hulls, instead of the much heavier and more expensive syntactic foam traditionally used in deep-sea vehicles operated by WHOI, such as the human-occupied submersible Alvin or the ROV Jason. Ceramics were also used for pressure-resistant housings, replacing heavier and expensive titanium.

Talk about pressure!

On May 24, the team left Guam aboard the research vessel Kilo Moana to begin a two-week engineering test cruise. They headed 210 southwest to the Challenger Deep, the deepest part of the Mariana Trench, which at about 11,000 meters (36,000 feet) is the deepest part of the ocean. The tallest point on Earth, Mount Everest, rises 8,850 meters (29,035 feet) above sea level.

“So the Mariana Trench represents sort of the inverted pinnacle to demonstrate a robot’s capability to explore the depths,” Bowen said.

Only two other vehicles have succeeded in reaching the Mariana Trench: the U.S. Navy-built bathyscaphe Trieste, which carried Jacques Piccard and Don Walsh there in 1960, and the Japanese-built robot Kaiko, which made three unmanned expeditions to the trench between 1995 and 1998. Trieste was retired in 1966, and Kaiko was lost at sea in 2003.

Before leaving for Guam, Bowen said: “We’re very nervous about the prospects of taking Nereus into the deep trenches, even though all the systems have been exhaustively tested. You never really know until you get there whether you've done your job properly, so I think all of us will be probably not sleeping well up until the point where we get the vehicle down to the very deepest part of the trench.”

On May 31, the team could relax: Nereus made it down and back.

“We have a tremendous group involved in the development of Nereus,” Bowen said. “We had the benefit of being able to draw on a long and very strong tradition of developing underwater technology—from the early days when the Alvin submersible first came on the scene and set the Institution on a path of attracting engineers with specialized skills, to more recently, with WHOI’s experience developing tethered and autonomous vehicles.”

“I think it would difficult to imagine another organization being able to bring together the range of skills and expertise that were necessary to undertake a completely new design like this.”

—Lonny Lippsett and Amy E. Nevala

Funding to develop Nereus was provided by the National Science Foundation, the Office of Naval Research, the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, the Russell Family Foundation, and WHOI.

Originally published: June 4, 2009

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