1Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA; 2Department of Community and Preventive Medicine, Mt. Sinai School of Medicine, New York, USA; 3Department of Epidemiology, Joseph L. Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, USA; 4Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Medicine, State University of New York, Stony Brook, NY, USA; 5Department of Medicine, College of Physicians & Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, USA