This was taken from Pearson's Human Anatomy & Physiology, 8th Edition to help me study for the tests in the class, it is all of the key bold terms. We have an extremely hard teacher who believes that we should know our science inside and out to be good in the medical world so he tests very hard. I hope this helps everyone to study a little bit better

immunity

innate defense system

adaptive defense system

Is aquired immunity due to infection or vaccination: Third line of defense mounts attack against particular foreign substances (Takes longer to react than innate system, Workds in conjunction with the innate system)

opsonization

respiratory burst

metabolic change accompanied by a transient increase in oxygen consumption that occurs in neutrophils and macrophages when they have taken up opsonized particles. It leads to the generation of toxic oxygen metabolites and other anti-bacterial substances that attack the phagocytosed material.

kinins

prostaglandins

A group of bioactive, hormone-like chemicals derived from fatty acids that have a wide variety of biological effects including roles in inflammation, platelet aggregation, vascular smooth muscle dilation and constriction, cell growth, protection of from acid in the stomach, and many more.

pus

interferons

antimicrobial proteins

are short peptides that have a broad spectrum of antimicrobial activity. Besides killing a wide range of microbes, AMPs can attract dendritic cells and mast cells, which participate in immune responses. aka AMPs

antigenic determinants

self-antigens

A term used to describe all the normal constituents of the body to which the immune system would respond were it not for the mechanisms of tolerance that destroy or inactivate self-reactive B and T cells.

MHC proteins

Major histocompatibility complex; A family of genes that encode a large set of cell surface proteins. Class I and class II molecules function in antigen presentation to T cells. Foreign molecules on transplanted tissue can trigger T cell responses that may lead to rejection of the transplant.

secondary immune response

immunological memory

The capacity of the immune system to make quicker and stronger adaptive immune responses to successive encounters with an antigen. Immunological memory is specific for a particular antigen and is long-lived.

active humoral immunity

vaccines

dose of a disabled or destroyed pathogen used to stimulate a long-term immune defense against the pathogen. A weakened form of the virus is given to the person so their immune system can build up immunity to the virus.

antibody monomer

H chains

heavy polypeptide chains of antibodies that pair with L chains to form a functional immunoglobulin molecule. The constant end binds to an isotype-specific receptor site of T cells at one end and the variable end on the opposite pole of the immunoglobulin molecule pairs with L chains and binds specifically to antigen on target cells

L chains

V region

the extracellular amino-terminal region of an immunoglobulin heavy or light chain or a T-cell receptor that contains variable amino acid sequences that are different between every clone of a lymphocyte and that are responsible for specificity for antigen; antigen-binding variable sequences are localized to hypervariable segments; aka variable region

C region

The portion of immunoglobulin (Ig) or T cell receptor (TCR) polypeptide chains that does not vary in sequence among different clones of B and T cells and is not involved in antigen binding. Encoded by DNA sequences in the Ig and TCR gene loci that are spatially separate from the sequences that encode the variable regions.

antigen-binding site

secretory IgA

A protein of 70,000 molecular weight fragment of the poly-Ig receptor produced by epithelial cells and attached to the dimer of IgA. It facilitates the passage of IgA through cells and also inhibits the effects of degradative enzymes

immune complexes

neutralization

The mechanism by which antibodies binding to sites on pathogens prevent growth of the pathogen and/or its entry into cells. The toxicity of bacterial toxins can similarly be neutralized by bound antibody.

monoclonal antibodies

hybridomas

Hybrid cell lines that make monoclonal antibodies of defined specificity. They are formed by fusing a specific antibody-producing B lymphocyte with a myeloma cell that grows in tissue culture and does not make any immunoglobulin chains of its own.

CD8 cells

cytotoxic T cells

T cells that can kill other cells. Almost all cytotoxic T cells are CD8 T cells. Cytotoxic T cells are important in host defense against viruses and other cytosolic pathogens, because they recognize and kill the infected cells.

Antigen Binding

co-stimulation

Antigen recognition by helper T cell induces the expression of CD40L. CD40L binds to CD40 on the APC and stimulates the expression of B7 molecules which bind to CD28 on the helper T cell and the secretion of cytokines that activate the helper T-Cell

T cell-dependent antigens

cytotoxic T cells

T cells that can kill other cells. Almost all cytotoxic T cells are CD8 T cells. Cytotoxic T cells are important in host defense against viruses and other cytosolic pathogens, because they recognize and kill the infected cells.

perforins

granzymes

a protein-degrading enzyme secreted by the bound NK cell which enters the pore made by the perforins. Inside the enemy cell, the granzymes destroy cellular enzymes and induce apoptosis (programmed cell death)

immediate hypersensitivities

allergies

allergen

anaphylactic shock

a severe and rapid and sometimes fatal hypersensitivity reaction to a substance (especially a vaccine or penicillin or shellfish or insect venom) to which the organism has become sensitized by previous exposure