AGiIIC. DtrTi F
PRINCIPAL TEEE REGIONS OF NORTH AMERICA
North Eastern B North. Western A B North Eastern & North Western
Q South Eastern D Tropical Florida Texas-Mexican Boundary
c Rocky Mountains Q Oregon & California H New Mexico & Arizona
Mexican Boundary
MANUAL OF THE TREES OF
NORTH AMERICA
(EXCLUSIVE OF MEXICO)
BY
CHARLES SPRAGUE SARGENT
Director of the Arnold Arboretum of Harvard University
Author of The Silva of North America
WITH SEVEN HUNDRED AND EIGHTY-THREE ILLUSTRATIONS
FROM DRAWINGS BY
CHARLES EDWARD FAXON
AND
MARY W. GILL
Second Edition
BOSTON AND NEW YORK
HOUGHTON MIFFLIN COMPANY
re$ CambriD0e
1922
^ I
f
COPYRIGHT, 1905 AND 1922, BY CHARLES SPRAGUE SARGENT
ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
AGniC. DEPT,
TO
M. R. S.
THE WISE AND KIND FRIEND OF THERTY YEARS
THIS BOOK IS DEDICATED
WITH GRATITUDE AND AFFECTION
468541
PREFACE TO THE SECOND EDITION
THE studies of the trees of North America (exclusive of Mexico) which have been carried
on by the agents and correspondents of the Arboretum in the sixteen years since the publi-
cation of the Manual of the Trees of North America have increased the knowledge of
the subject and made necessary a new edition of this Manual. The explorations of these
sixteen years have added eighty-nine species of trees and many recently distinguished
varieties of formerly imperfectly understood- species to the silva of the United States, and
made available much additional information in regard to the geographical distribution of
American trees. Further studies have made the reduction of seven species of the first edi-
tion to varieties of other species seem desirable; and two species, Amelanchier obovalis and
Cercocarpus parvifolius, which were formerly considered trees, but are more properly
shrubs, are omitted. The genus Anamomis is now united with Eugenia; and the Arizona
Pinus strobiformis Sarg. (not Engelm.) is now referred to Pinus flexilis James.
Representatives of four Families and sixteen Genera which did not appear in the first
edition are described in the new edition in which will be found an account of seven hundred
and seventeen species of trees in one hundred and eighty-five genera, illustrated by seven
hundred and eighty- three figures, or one hundred and forty-one figures in addition to those
which appeared in the first edition.
An International Congress of Botanists which assembled in Vienna in 1905, and again in
Brussels in 1910, adopted rules of nomenclature which the world, with a few American ex-,
ceptions, has now generally adopted. The names used in this new Manual are based on
the rules of this International Congress. These are the names used by the largest number
of the students of plants, and it is unfortunate that the confusion in the names of American
trees must continue as long as the Department of Agriculture, including the Forest Service
of the United States, uses another and now generally unrecognized system.
The new illustrations in this edition are partly from drawings made by Charles Edward
Faxon, who died before his work was finished; it was continued by the skillful pencil of
Mary W. Gill, of Washington, to whom I am grateful for her intelligent cooperation.
It is impossible to name here all the men and women who have in the last sixteen years
contributed to this account of American trees, and I will now only mention Mr. T. G. Har-
bison and Mr. E. J. Palmer, who as agents ofthe Arboretum have studied for years the
trees of the Southeastern States and of the Missouri- Texas region, Professor R. S. Cocks, of
Tulane University, who has explored carefully and critically the forests of Louisiana, and
Miss Alice Eastwood, head of the Botanical Department of the California Academy of
Sciences, who has made special journeys in Alaska and New Mexico in the interest of this
Manual. Mr. Alfred Rehder, Curator of the Herbarium of the Arboretum, has added to
the knowledge of our trees in several Southern journeys; and to him I am specially indebted
for assistance and advice in the preparation of the keys to the different groups of plants
found in this volume.
This new edition of the Manual contains the results of forty-four years of my continuous
study of the trees of North America carried on in every part of the United States and in
many foreign countries. If these studies in any way serve to increase the knowl-
edge and the love of trees I shall feel that these years have not been misspent.
C. S. SARGENT.
ARNOLD ARBORETUM
September, 1921
PREFACE
IN this volume I have tried to bring into convenient form for the use of students the in-
formation concerning the trees of North America which has been gathered at the Arnold
Arboretum during the last thirty years and has been largely elaborated in my Silva of
North America.
The indigenous trees of no other region of equal extent are, perhaps, so well known as
those that grow naturally in North America. There is, however, still much to be learned
about them. In the southern states, one of the most remarkable extratropical regions in
the world in the richness of its arborescent flora, several species are still imperfectly known,
while it is not improbable that a few may have escaped entirely the notice of botanists; and
in the northern states are several forms of Cratsegus which, in the absence of sufficient in-
formation, it has been found impracticable to include in this volume. Little is known as
yet of the silvicultural value and requirements of North American trees, or of the diseases
that affect ihem; and one of the objects of this volume is to stimulate further investigation
of their characters and needs.
The arrangement of families and genera adopted in this volume is that of Engler &
Prantl's Die Naturlichen Pflanzenfamilien, in which the procession is from a simpler to a
more complex structure. The nomenclature is that of The Silva of North America. De-
scriptions of a few species of Crataegus are now first published, and investigations made
since the publication of the last volume of The Silva of North America, in December, 1902,
have necessitated the introduction of a few additional trees described by other authors, and
occasional changes of names.
An analytical key to the families, based on the arrangement and character of the leaves,
will lead the reader first to the family to which any tree belongs; a conspectus of the genera,
embodying the important and easily discovered contrasting characters of each genus and
following the description of each family represented by more than one genus, will lead him
to the genus he is trying to determine; and a similar conspectus of the species, following the
description of the genus, will finally bring him to the species for which he is looking. Fur-
ther to facilitate the determination, one or more letters, attached to the name of the species
in the conspectus following the description of the genus, indicate in which of the eight re-
gions into which the country is divided according to the prevailing character of the arbores-
cent vegetation that species grows (see map forming frontispiece of the volume). For
example, the northeastern part of the country, including the high Appalachian Mountains
in the southern states which have chiefly a northern flora, is represented by (A), and a per-
son wishing to learn the name of a Pine-tree or of an Oak in that region need occupy him-
self only with those species which in the conspectus of the genus Quercus or Pinus are
followed by the letter (A), while a person wishing to determine an Oak or a Pine-tree in
Oregon or California may pass over all species which are not followed by (G), the letter
which represents the Pacific coast region south of the state of Washington.
The sign of degrees () is used in this work to represent feet, and the sign of minutes (')
inches.
The illustrations which accompany each species and important variety are one half the
size of nature, except in the case of a few of the large Pine cones, the flowers of some of the
Vlll PREFACE
Magnolias, and the leaves and flower-clusters of the Palms. These are represented as less
than half the size of nature in order to make the illustrations of uniform size. These illus-
trations are from drawings by Mr. Faxon, in which he has shown his usual skill and experi-
ence as a botanical draftsman in bringing out the most important characters of each species,
and in them will be found the chief value of this Manual. For aid in its preparation I am
indebted to him and to my other associates, Mr. Alfred Render and Mr. George R. Shaw,
who have helped me hi compiling the most difficult of the keys.
C. S. SARGENT.
ARNOLD ARBORETUM, JAMAICA PLAIN, MASS.
January, 1905.
TABLE OF CONTEXTS
MAP OF NORTH AMERICA (exclusive of Mexico) showing the eight
regions into which the country is divided according to the pre-
vailing character of the trees Frcmtisspiece
SYNOPSIS OF THE FAMILIES OF PLANTS described in this work xi
ANALYTICAL KEY TO THE GENERA OF PLANTS described in this
work, based chiefly on the character of their leaves xvi
MANUAL OF TREES
Gymnospermse 1
Angiospermae 96
Monocotyledons 96
Dicotyledons 118
Apetahe 118
Petalatse 342
Polypetalae 342
Gamopetalae 790
GLOSSARY OF TECHNICAL TERMS 893
INDEX 899
SYNOPSIS
OF THE FAMILIES OF PLANTS DESCRIBED IN THIS BOOK
Class I. GYMNOSPERM.E.
Resinous trees; stems formed of bark, wood, or pith, and increasing in diameter by
the annual addition of a layer of wood inside the bark; flowers unisexual; stamens
numerous; ovules and seeds 2 or many, borne on the face of a scale, not inclosed in an
ovary; embryo with 2 or more cotyledons; leaves straight-veined, without stipules.
I. Pinaceae (p. 1). Flowers usually monoecious; ovules 2 or several; fruit a woody cone (in
Juniperus berry-like); cotyledons 2 or many; leaves needle-shaped, linear or scale-like, per-
sistent (deciduous in Larix and Taxodium).
II. Taxaceae (p. 90). Flowers dioecious, axillary, solitary; ovules 1; fruit surrounded by or
inclosed in the enlarged fleshy aril-like disk of the flower; cotyledons 2; leaves linear, alternate,
persistent.
Class II. ANGIOSPERM.E.
Carpels or pistils consisting of a closed cavity containing the ovules and becoming
the fruit.
Division I. MONOCOTYLEDONS.
Stems with woody fibres distributed irregularly through them, but without pith or
annual layers of growth; parts of the flower in 3's; ovary superior, 3-celled; embryo
with a single cotyledon; leaves parallel -veined, persistent, without stipules.
III. Palmae (p. 96). Ovule solitary; fruit baccate or drupaceous, 1 or rarely 2 or 3-seeded;
leaves alternate, pinnate, flabellate or orbicular, persistent.
IV. Liliaceae (p. 110). Ovules numerous in each cell; fruit 3-celled, capsular or baccate;
leaves linear-lanceolate.
Division II. DICOTYLEDONS.
Stems formed of bark, wood, or pith, and increasing by the addition of an annual
layer of wood inside the bark; parts of the flower mostly in 4's or 5's; embryo with a
pair of opposite cotyledons; leaves netted-veined.
SUBDIVISION 1. APETAL^E. Flowers without a corolla and sometimes without a
calyx.
Section 1. Flowers in unisexual aments (female flowers of Juglans and Que-rcus
solitary or in spikes) ; ovary inferior (superior in Leitneriaceoe) when a calyx is present.
V. Salicaceae (p. 119). Flowers dioecious, without a calyx. Fruit a 2-4-valved capsule.
Leaves simple, alternate, with stipules, deciduous.
VI. Myricaceae (p. 163). Flowers monoecious or dioecious; fruit a dry drupe, covered
with waxy exudations; leaves simple, alternate, resinous-punctate, persistent.
VII. Leitneriaceae (p. 167). Flowers dioecious, the staminate without a calyx; ovary
superior; fruit a compressed oblong drupe; leaves alternate, simple, without stipules, decidu-
ous.
VIII. Juglandacese (p. 168). Flowers monoecious; fruit a nut inclosed in an indehiscent
(Juglans) or 4-valved (Carya) fleshy or woody shell; leaves alternate, unequally pinnate
without stipules, deciduous.
Xll SYNOPSIS OF THE FAMILIES
IX. Betulaceae (p. 200). Flowers monoecious; fruit a nut at the base of an open leaf-like
involucre (Carpinus), in a sack-like involucre (Ostrya), in the axil of a scale of an ament
(Betula), or of a woody strobile (Alnus); leaves alternate, simple, with stipules, deciduous.
X. Fagaceae (p. 227). Flowers monoecious; fruit a nut more br less inclosed in a woody
often spiny involucre; leaves alternate, simple, with stipules, deciduous (in some species of
Quercus and in Castanopsis and Lithocarpus persistent) .
Section 2. Flowers unisexual (perfect in Ulmus) ; calyx regular, the stamens as
many as its lobes and opposite them; ovary superior, 1 -celled; seed 1.
XI. Ulmaceae (p. 308). Fruit a compressed winged samara (Ulmus), a drupe (Celtis and
Trema), or nut-like (Planera), leaves simple, alternate, with stipules, deciduous (persistent in
Trema).
XII. Moraceae (p. 328). . Flowers in ament-like spikes or heads; fruit drupaceous, inclosecT
in the thickened calyx and united into a compound fruit, oblong and succulent (Morus), large,
dry and globose (Toxylon), or immersed in the fleshy receptacle of the flower (Ficus) ; leaves
simple, alternate, with stipules, deciduous (persistent in Ficus).
Section 3. Flowers usually perfect; ovary superior or partly inferior, l-4celled>
leaves simple, persistent in the North American species.
XIII. Olacacese (p. 336). Calyx and corolla 4-6-lobed; ovary 1-4-celled; fruit a drupe
more or less inclosed in the enlarged disk of the flower; leaves alternate or fascicled, without
stipules.
XIV. Polygonaceae (p. 338). Calyx 5-lobed; ovary 1-celled; fruit a nutlet inclosed in the
thickened calyx; leaves alternate, their stipules sheathing the stems.
XV. Nyctaginaceae (p. 340). Calyx 5-lobed; ovary 1-celled; fruit a nutlet inclosed in the
thickened calyx; leaves alternate or opposite, without stipules.
SUBDIVISION 2. PETALAT^. Flowers with both calyx and corolla (without a corolla
in LauracecBj in Liquidainbar in Hamamelidacece, in Cercocarpus in Rosacece, in Euphor-
biacece, in some species of Acer, in Reynosia, Condalia, and Krugiodendron in Rham-
nacece, in Fremontia in Sterculiacece, in Chytraculia in Myrtacece, in Conocarpus in
Combretacece and in some species of Fraxinus in Oleacece).
Section 1. POLYPETAL^E. Corolla of separate petals.
A. Ovary superior (partly inferior in Hamamelidacece; inferior in Mains, Sorbus,
Heteromeles, Cratcsgus, and Amelanchier in Rosaceoe}.
XVI. Magnoliaceae (p. 342). Flowers perfect; sepals and petals in 3 or 4 rows of 3 each;
fruit cone-like, composed of numerous cohering carpels; leaves simple, alternate, their stipules
inclosing the leaf-buds, deciduous or rarely persistent.
XVII. Anonacese (p. 353) . Flowers perfect ; sepals 3 ; petals 6 in 2 series ; fruit a pulpy berry
developed from 1 or from the union of several carpels; leaves simple, alternate, without stip-
ules, deciduous or persistent.
XVIII. Lauraceae (p. 356). Flowers perfect or unisexual; corolla 0; fruit a 1-seeded drupe
or berry; leaves simple, alternate, punctate, without stipules, persistent (deciduous in Sassa-
fras).
XIX. Capparidaceae (p. 365). Flowers perfect; sepals and petals 4; fruit baccate, elon-
gated, dehiscent; leaves alternate, simple, without stipules, persistent.
XX. Hamamelidaceae (p. 366). Flowers perfect or unisexual; sepals and petals 5 (corolla
in Liquidambar) ; ovary partly inferior; fruit a 2-celled woody capsule opening at the summit ;
leaves simple, alternate, with stipules, deciduous.
XXI. Platanaceae (p. 371). Flowers monoecious, in dense unisexual capitate heads; fruit
an akene; leaves simple, alternate, with stipules, deciduous.
XXII. Rosaceae (p. 376). Flowers perfect; sepals and petals 5 (petals in Cercocarpus);
ovary inferior in Malus, Sorbus, Heteromeles, Crateegus, and Amelanchier; fruit a drupe
(Prunus and Chrysobalanus) , a capsule (Vauquelinia and Lyonothamnus) , an akene (Cowania
and Cercocarpus), or a pome (Malus, Sorbus, Heteromeles, Cratsegus, and Amelanchier) ; leaves
simple or pinnately compound, alternate (opposite in Lyonothamnus), with stipules, decidu-
ous or persistent.
XXIII. Leguminosse (p. 585). Flowers perfect, regular or irregular; fruit a legume; leaves
compound, or simple (Dalea) , alternate, with stipules, deciduous or persistent.
SYNOPSIS OF THE FAMILIES Xlll
XXIV. Zygophyllaceae (p. 630). Flowers perfect; calyx 5-lobed; petals 5; fruit capsular.
becoming fleshy; leaves opposite, pinnate, with stipules, persistent.
XXV. Malpigiaceae (p. 631). Flowers usually perfect rarely dimorphous; calyx 5-lobed;
petals 5, unguiculate; fruit a drupe or samara; leaves opposite, simple, entire, persistent;
often with stipules.
XXVI. Rutaceae (p. 633). Flowers unisexual or perfect; fruit a capsule (Xanthoxylum) , a
samara (Ptelea), of indehiscent winged 1-seeded carpels (Helietta), or a drupe (Amyris);
leaves alternate or opposite, compound, glandular-punctate, without stipules, persistent or
rarely deciduous (0 in Canotia).
XXVII. Simaroubaceae (p. 641). Flowers dioecious, calyx 5-lobed; petals 5; fruit drupa-
ceous (Simarouba), baccate (Picramnia), a samara (Alvaradoa); leaves alternate, equally
pinnate, without stipules, persistent.
XXVIII. Burseraceae (p. 645). Flowers perfect; calyx 4 or 5-parted; petals 5; fruit a
drupe; leaves alternate, compound, without stipules, deciduous.
XXIX. Meliaceae (p. 648). Flowers perfect; calyx 5-lobed; petals 5; fruit a 5-celled de-
hiscent capsule; leaves alternate, equally pinnate, without stipules, persistent.
XXX. Euphorbiaceae (p. 649). Flowers perfect; calyx 4-6-parted (Drypetes), 3-lobed
(Hippomane), or (Gymnanthes) ; petals 0; fruit a drupe (Drypetes and Hippomane), or a
3-lobed capsule (Gymnanthes).
XXXI. Anacardiaceae (p. 655). Flowers usually unisexual, dioecious or polygamo-dice-
cious (Pistacia without a calyx, and without a corolla in the North American species) ; fruit a
dry drupe; leaves simple or compound, alternate, without stipules, deciduous (persistent in
Pistacia and in one species of Rhus).
XXXII. Cyrillacese (p. 665). Flowers perfect; calyx 5-8-lobed; petals 5-8; fruit an
indehiscent capsule; leaves alternate, without stipules, persistent (more or less deciduous in
CyriUd).
XXXIII. Aquifoliaceae (p. 668). Flowers polygamo-dicecious ; calyx 4 or 5-lobed; petals
5; fruit a drupe, with 4-8 1-seeded nutlets; leaves alternate, simple, with stipules, persistent or
deciduous.
XXXIV. Celastraceae (p. 674). Flowers perfect, polygamous or dioecious; calyx 4 or
5-lobed ; petals 4 or 5 ; fruit a drupe, or a capsule (Evonymus) ; leaves simple, opposite or al-
ternate, with or without stipules, persistent (deciduous in Evonymus).
XXXV. Aceraceae (p. 681). Flowers dioecious or monoeciously polygamous; calyx usually
5-parted; petals usually 5, or 0; fruit of 2 long-winged samara joined at the base; leaves oppo-
site, simple or rarely pinnate, without or rarely with stipules, deciduous.
XXXVI. Hippocastanaceae (p. 702). Flowers perfect, irregular; calyx 5-lobed; petals 4 or
5, unequal; fruit a 3-celled 3-valved capsule; leaves opposite, digitately compound, long-
petiolate, without stipules, deciduous.
XXXVII. Sapindaceae (p. 711). Flowers polygamous; calyx 4 or 5-lobed; corolla of 4 or
5 petals; fruit a berry (Sapindus and Exothea), a drupe (Hypelate), or a 3-valved capsule
(Ungnadia) ; leaves alternate, compound, without stipules, persistent, or deciduous (Ungna-
dia).
XXXVIII . Rhamnaceae (p. 718) . Flowers usually perfect ; calyx 4 or 5-lobed ; petals 4 or 5
(0 in Reynosia, Condalia, and Krugiodendrori) ; fruit drupaceous; leaves simple, alternate
(mostly opposite in Reynosia and Krugiodendrori), with stipules, persistent (deciduous in some
species of Rhamnus) .
XXXIX. Tiliaceae (p. 732). Flowers perfect; sepals and petals 5; fruit a nut-like berry;
leaves simple, alternate, mostly oblique at base, with stipules, deciduous.
XL. Sterculiaceae (p. 749). Flowers perfect; calyx 5-lobed; petals 0; fruit a 4 or 5-valved
dehiscent capsule; leaves simple, alternate, with stipules, persistent.
XLI. Theaceae (p. 750). Flowers perfect; sepals and petals 5; fruit a 5-celled woody de-
hiscent capsule, loculicidally dehiscent; leaves simple, alternate, without stipules, persistent
or deciduous.
XLII. Canellaceae (p. 753). Flowers perfect; sepals 3; petals 5; filaments united into a
tube; fruit a berry; leaves simple, alternate, without stipules, persistent.
XLIII. Koeberliniaceae (p. 754). Flowers perfect; sepals and petals 4, minute; leaves
bract-like, alternate, without stipules, caducous.
XLIV. Caricaceae (p. 755). Flowers unisexual or perfect; calyx 5-lobed; petals 5; fruit
baccate ; leaves palmately lobed or digitate, alternate, without stipules, persistent.
XIV SYNOPSIS OF THE FAMILIES
B. Ovary inferior (partly inferior in Rhizophora).
XLV. Cactaceae (p. 757). Flowers perfect; petals and sepals numerous; fruit a berry;
leaves usually wanting.
XLVI. Rhizophoraceae (p. 763). Flowers perfect; calyx 4-parted; petals 4; ovary partly
inferior; fruit a 1-celled 1-seeded berry perforated at apex by the germinating embryo; leaves
simple, opposite, entire, with stipules, persistent.
XLVII. Combretaceae (p. 764). Flowers perfect or polygamous; calyx 5-lobed; petals 5
(0 in Conocarpus) ; fruit drupaceous; leaves simple, alternate or opposite, without stipules,
persistent.
XLVIII. Myrtaceae (p. 768). Flowers perfect; calyx usually 4-lobed, or reduced to a
single body forming a deciduous lid to the flower (Chytraculia) ; petals usually 4 (0 in Chytra-
culia); fruit a berry; leaves simple, opposite, pellucid-punctate, without stipules, persistent.
XLIX. Melastomaceae (p. 776). Flowers perfect; calyx and corolla 4 or 5-lobed; stamens
as many or twice as many as the lobes of the corolla ; fruit capsular or baccate, inclosed in the
tube of the calyx; leaves opposite, rarely verticillate, 3-9-nerved, without stipules.
L. Araliaceae (p. 777). Flowers perfect or polygamous; sepals and petals usually 5; fruit a
drupe; leaves twice pinnate, alternate, with stipules, deciduous.
LI. Nyssaceae (p. 779). Flowers dioecious, polygamous, dioecious or perfect; calyx 5-
toothed or lobed; petals 5 or more, imbricate in the bud, or 0; stamens as many or twice as
many as the petals; fruit drupaceous (Nyssa), usually 1-celled and 1-seeded; leaves alternate,
deciduous, without stipules.
LII. Cornaceae (p. 784). Flowers perfect or polygamo-dioecious; calyx 4 or 5-toothed;
petals 4 or 5; fruit a fleshy drupe; leaves simple, opposite (alternate in one species of Cornus),
without stipules, deciduous.
Section 2. GAMOPETAL.E. Corolla of united petals (divided in Elliottia in Erica-
ceae, in some species of Fraxinus in Oleacece).
A. OVARY SUPERIOR (inferior in Vaccinium in Ericaceae, partly inferior in Symplo-
caceae and Styracacece).
LIII. Ericaceae (p. 790). Flowers perfect; calyx and corolla 5-lobed (in Elliottia corolla of 4
petals)', (ovary inferior in Vaccinium); fruit capsular, drupaceous or baccate; leaves simple,
alternate, without stipules, persistent (deciduous in Elliottia and Oxydendrum).
LIV. Theophrastaceae (p. 804). Flowers perfect, with staminodia; sepals and petals 5;
stamens 5; fruit a berry; leaves simple, opposite or alternate, entire, without stipules.
LV. Myrsinaceae (p. 805). Flowers perfect; calyx and corolla 5-lobed; stamens 5; fruit a
drupe; leaves simple, alternate, entire, without stipules, persistent.
LVI. Sapotaceae (p. 808). Flowers perfect; calyx 5-lobed; corolla 5-lobed (6-lobed in Mi-
musops), often with as many or twice as many internal appendages borne on its throat; fruit a
berry; leaves simple, alternate, without stipules, persistent (deciduous in some species of
Bumelia) .
LVII. Ebenaceas (p. 820). Flowers perfect, dioecious, or polygamous; calyx and corolla
4-lobed; fruit a 1 or several-seeded berry; leaves simple, alternate, entire, without stipules,
deciduous.
LVIII. Styraceae (p. 824). Flowers perfect; calyx 4 or 5-toothed; corolla 4 or 5-lobed or
divided nearly to the base, or rarely 6 or 7-lobed; ovary superior or partly superior; fruit a
drupe; leaves simple, alternate, without stipules, deciduous; pubescence mostly scurfy or
stellate.
LIX. Symplocaceae (p. 830). Flowers perfect; calyx and corolla 5-lobed; ovary inferior or
partly inferior; fruit a drupe; leaves simple, alternate, without stipules, deciduous; pubescence
simple.
LX. Oleaceae (p. 832). Flowers perfect or polygamo-dioecious; calyx 4-lobed (0 in some
species of Fraxinus) ; corolla 2-6-parted (0 in some species of Fraxinus) ; fruit a winged samara
(Fraxinus) or a fleshy drupe (Forestiera, Chionanthus and Osmanthus) ; leaves pinnate (Fraxi-
nus) or simple, opposite, without stipules, deciduous (persistent in Osmanthus).
LXI. Borraginaceae (p. 858). Flowers perfect or polygamous; calyx and corolla 5-lobed;
fruit a drupe; leaves simple, alternate, scabrous-pubescent, without stipules, persistent or
tardily deciduous.
LXII. Verbenaceae (p. 864). Flowers perfect; calyx 5-lobed; corolla 4 or 5-lobed; fruit a
drupe or a 1-seeded capsule; leaves simple, opposite, without stipules, persistent.
SYNOPSIS OF THE FAMILIES XV
LXIII. Solanaceae (p. 867). Flowers perfect; calyx campanulate, usually 5-lobed; corolla
usually 5-lobed; fruit baccate, surrounded at base by the enlarged calyx; leaves alternate,
rarely opposite, without stipules.
LXIV. Bignoniaceae (p. 868). Flowers perfect; calyx bilabiate; corolla bilabiate, 5-lobed;
fruit a woody capsule (Catalpa and Chilopsis) or a berry (Enallagma) ; leaves simple, opposite
(sometimes alternate in Chilopsis), without stipules, deciduous (persistent in Enallagma).
B. Ovary inferior (partly superior in Sambucus in Caprifoliacece).
LXV. Rubiaceae (p. 875). Flowers perfect; calyx and corolla 4 or 5-lobed; fruit a capsule
(Exostema and Pinckneya), a drupe (Guettarda), or nut-like (Cephalanthus) ; leaves simple op-
posite, or in verticils of 3 (Cephalanthus), with stipules, persistent (deciduous in Pinckneya
and Cephalanthus).
LXVI. Caprifoliaceae (p. 882). Flowers perfect ; calyx and corolla 5-lobed; fruit a drupe;
leaves unequally pinnate (Sambucus) or simple (Viburnum), opposite, without stipules, decid-
uous in North American species.
ANALYTICAL KEY
TO THE GENERA OF PLANTS INCLUDED IN THIS BOOK,
BASED CHIEFLY ON THE CHARACTER OF THE LEAVES
I. Leaves parallel-veined, alternate, persistent, clustered at the end of the stem or
branches. Monocotyledons.
Stem simple; leaves stalked.
Leaves fan-shaped.
Leaf stalks unarmed.
Rachis short; leaves usually silvery white below.
Leaves 2-4'in diameter (green below in No. 2), their segments undivided at
apex. Thrinax (p. 96).
Leaves 18'-24' in diameter, their segments divided at apex.
Coccothrinax (p. 100).
Rachis elongated ; leaves green below, their segments divided at apex.
Sabal (p. 101).
Leaf stalks armed with marginal teeth or spines.
Leaf stalks furnished irregularly with broad thin large and small, straight or hooked
spines confluent into a thin bright orange-colored cartilaginous margin; leaves
longer than wide, divided nearly to the middle into segments parted at apex and
separating on the margins into thin fibres. Washingtonia (p. 104).
Leaf stalks furnished with stout or slender flattened teeth; leaves suborbicular,
divided to the middle or nearly to the base into segments parted at apex; seg-
ments of the blade not separating on the margin into thin fibres.
Acoelorraphe (p. 105).
Leaves pinnate.
Leaves 10-12 in length, their pinnae 2|-3 long and often 1| wide, deep green.
Roystonea (p. 107).
Leaves 5-6 long, their pinnse 18' long and 1' wide, dark yellow-green above, pale and
glaucous below. Pseudophoenix (p. 109).
Stem simple or branched; leaves sessile, lanceolate, long- and usually sharp-pointed at
apex. Yucca (p. 110).
H. Leaves i-nerved, needle-shaped, linear or scale-like, persistent (deciduous in
Larix and Taxodium). Gymnospermae.
1. LEAVES PERSISTENT.
a Leaves fascicled, needle-shaped, in 1-5-leafed clusters enclosed at base in a membrana-
ceous sheath. Pinus (p. 2) .
aa Leaves scattered, usually linear.
6 Leaves linear, often obtuse or emarginate.
Base of the leaves persistent on the branches.
Leaves sessile, 4-sided, or flattened and stomatiferous above. Picea (p. 34).
Leaves stalked, flattened and stomatiferous below, or angular, often appear-
ing 2-ranked. Tsuga (p. 42) .
Base of the leaves not persistent on the branches; leaves often appearing
2-ranked.
Leaves stalked, flattened, stomatiferous below; winter-buds pointed, not
resinous. Pseudotsuga (p. 47).
Leaves sessile, flattened and often grooved on the upper side, or quadrangular,
rarely stomatiferous above, on upper fertile branches often crowded;
winter-buds obtuse, resinous (except in No. 9). Abies (p. 50).
bb Leaves linear-lanceolate, rigid, 'acuminate, spirally disposed, appearing 2-ranked
by a twist in the petiole.
ANALYTICAL KEY TO THE GENERA XV11
Leaves abruptly contracted at base, long-pointed, with pale bands of stomata
on the lower surface on each side of the mid veins; fruit drupelike.
Torreya (p. 91).
Leaves gradually narrowed at base, short-pointed, paler, and without distinct
bands of stomata on the lower surface; fruit berry-like. Taxus (p. 93).
666 Leaves ovate-lanceolate and scale-like, spreading in 2 ranks or linear on the same
tree, acute, compressed, keeled on the back and closely appressed or spreading
at apex. Sequoia (p. 61).
aaa Leaves opposite or whorled, usually scale-like.
Internodes distinctly longer than broad; branchlets flattened, of nearly equal color
on both sides; leaves eglandular. Libocedrus (p. 65).
Internodes about as long as broad, often pale below, usually glandular.
Branchlets flattened.
Branchlets in one plane, much flattened, T \'-J' broad. Thuya (p. 67).
Branchlets slightly flattened, ^'-jV broad. Chamaecyparis (p. 75).
Branchlets terete or 4-angled.
Branchlets more or less in one plane; fruit a cone. Cupressus (p. 69).
Branchlets not in one plane ; fruit a berry (leaves needle-shaped, in whorls of 3 in
No. 1). . Juniperus (p. 78).
2. LEAVES DECIDUOUS.
Leaves in many-leafed clusters on short lateral spurs. Larix (p. 31).
Leaves spreading in 2 ranks. Taxodium (p. 63).
III. Leaves netted-veined, rarely scale-like or wanting. Dicotyledons.
A. LEAVES OPPOSITE. (B, see p. xxi).
1. LEAVES SIMPLE. (2, see p. xx).
* Leaves persistent.
a Leaves with stipules.
b Leaves entire or occasionally slightly crenate or serrate.
c Leaves emarginate at apex, very short-stalked, l'-2' long.
Leaves obovate, gradually narrowed into the petiole. Gyminda (p. 678).
Leaves oval to oblong, rounded or broad-cuneate (rarely alternate).
Branchlets densely velutinous. Krugiodendron (p. 721).
Branchlets slightly puberulous at first, soon glabrous.
Reynosia (p. 720).
cc Leaves not emarginate at apex.
Leaves obtuse, rarely acutish or abruptly short-pointed.
Leaves elliptic, 3|'-5' long. Rhizophora (p. 763).
Leaves obovate, usually rounded at apex, |'-2' long.
Byrsonima (p. 632).
Leaves acute to acuminate.
Leaves oblong-ovate to lanceolate; branchlets glabrous.
Exostema (p. 877).
Leaves broad-elliptic to oblong-elliptic; branchlets villose.
Guettarda (p. 879).
66 Leaves serrate (often pinnate). Lyonothamnus (p. 378).
an Leaves without stipules.
Petioles biglandular; leaves obtuse or emarginate, l|'-2^' long.
Laguncularia (p. 767).
Petioles without glands.
Leaves furnished below with small dark glands, slightly aromatic; petioles short.
Leaves oblong to oblong-ovate and acuminate or elliptic and bluntly short-
pointed. Calyptranthes (p. 769).
Leaves ovate, obovate or elliptic. Eugenia (p. 770).
Leaves without glands.
XV111 ANALYTICAL KEY TO THE GENERA
Leaves green and glabrous below.
Leaves obtuse or emarginate at apex (rarely alternate), I'-l^' long.
Tomibia (p. 341).
Leaves acute, acuminate, or sometimes rounded or emarginate, 3'-5' long.
Leaves distinctly veined. Citharexylon (p. 864).
Leaves obscurely veined. Osmanthus (p. 856).
Leaves hoary tomentulose or scurfy below.
Leaves strongly 3-nerved, acuminate, densely scurfy oelow.
Tetrazygia (p. 776).
Leaves penniveined, rounded or acute at apex, hoary tomentulose below.
Avicennia (p. 865).
** Leaves deciduous.
a Leaves without lobes.
6 Leaves serrate.
Winter-buds with several opposite outer scales.
Leaves puberulous below, closely and finely serrate; axillary buds solitary.
Evonymus (p. 675).
Leaves glabrous below, remotely crenate-serrulate ; axillary buds several,
superposed. Forestiera (p. 853).
Winter-buds enclosed in 2 large opposite scales. Viburnum (p. 886).
bb Leaves entire.
c Leaves without stipules.
Leaves suborbicular or elliptic to oblong.
Leaves rounded or acutish at apex, l'-2' long, occasionally 3-foliolate,
glabrous; branchlets quadrangular. Fraxinus anomala (p. 837).
Leaves acuminate or acute at apex, 3'-4' long.
Leaf-scars connected by a transverse line, with 3 bundle-traces; branch-
lets slender, appressed-pubescent. Cornus (p. 785).
Leaf-scars not connected, with 1 bundle-trace; branchlets stout, villose,
puberulous or glabrous. Chionanthus (p. 855).
Leaves broad-ovate, cordate, acuminate, 5' 12' long, on long petioles.
Catalpa (p. 870).
Leaves linear to linear-lanceolate, short-stalked or sessile (sometimes alter-
nate). Chilopsis (p. 869).
cc Leaves with persistent stipules, entire.
Leaves oval or ovate; winter-buds resinous, the terminal up to \' in length.
Pinckneya (p. 876).
Leaves ovate to lanceolate; winter-buds minute. Cephalanthus (p. 878).
aa Leaves palmately lobed. Acer (p. 681).
2. LEAVES COMPOUND.
a Leaves persistent, with stipules.
Leaves equally pinnate; leaflets entire. Guaiacum (p. 630).
Leaves unequally pinnately parted into 3-8 linear-lanceolate segments (sometimes
entire). Lyonothamnus (p. 378).
Leaves trifoliate.
Leaflets stalked. Amyris (p. 640).
Leaflets sessile. Helietta (p. 637).
aa Leaves deciduous.
Leaves unequally pinnate or trifoliate.
Leaflets crenate-serrate or entire, the veins arching within the margins; stipules
wanting; winter-buds with several opposite scales. Fraxinus (p. 833).
Leaflets sharply or incisely serrate, the primary veins extending to the teeth.
Leaflets 3-7, incisely serrate; stipules present; winter-buds with 1 pair of obtuse
outer scales. Acer Negundo (p. 699).
Leaflets 5-9, sharply serrate; stipules present; winter-buds with many opposite
acute scales; pith thick. Sambucus (p. 882).
Leaves digitate, with 5-7, sharply serrate leaflets; terminal buds large.
^sculus (p. 702).
ANALYTICAL KEY TO THE GENERA XIX
B. LEAVES ALTERNATE.
1. LEAVES SIMPLE. (2, see p. xxvi).
* Leaves persistent. (** see p. xxiv) .
a Leaves deeply 3-5-lobed, g'-f ' long, with linear lobes, hoary tomentose below. .
Cowania (p. 549).
aa Leaves palmately lobed.
Leaves stellate-pubescent, about l' in diameter, with stipules.
Fremontia (p. 749).
Leaves glabrous, l-2 in diameter, without stipules. Carica (p. 755).
aaa Leaves not lobed or pinnately lobed.
6 Branches spinescent.
Leaves clustered at the end of the branches, at least 2'-3' long.
Bucida (p. 765).
Leaves fascicled on lateral branchlets, obtuse or emarginate, pale and glabrous
beneath. Bumelia angustifolia (p. 816).
Leaves scattered.
Leaves generally obovate, mucronate, not more than \'-V long, glabrous and
green or brownish tomentulose beneath. Condalia (p. 719).
Leaves elliptic-ovate to oblong, obtuse or emarginate, glabrous, 1-2 cm. long.
Ximenia (p. 337).
66 Branches not spinescent.
c Leaves serrate, or lobed (in some species of Quercus), (cc, see p. xxii.)
d Juice watery, (dd, see p. xxii.)
e Stipules present, (ee, see p. xxii.)
/ Primary veins extending straight to the teeth.
Leaves and branchlets glabrous or pubescent to tomentose with
fascicled hairs.
Leaves fulvous-tomentose beneath, repand-dentate, 3'-5'
long. Lithocarpus (p. 236).
Leaves glabrous or grayish to whitish tomentose beneath,
entire, lobed or dentate. Quercus sp. 21-34 (p. 268).
Leaves and branchlets coated with simpled silky or woolly
hairs at least while young, not more than 2|' long.
Cercocarpus (p. 550).
ff Primary veins arching and united within the margin.
Leaves 3-nerved from the base. Ceanothus (p. 726).
Leaves not 3-nerved.
Leaves acute.
Leaves sinuately dentate, with few spiny teeth (rarely en-
tire), glabrous. Ilex opaca (p. 669).
Leaves serrate. '
Leaves tomentose below; branchlets tomentose.
Leaves narrow-lanceolate, glabrous and smooth above.
Vauquelinia (p. 377).
Leaves ovate, cordate, scabrate above. Trema (p. 327).
Leaves glabrous below. Heteromeles (p. 392).
Leaves entire, very rarely toothed.
Leaves elliptic, glabrous. Prunus caroliniana (p. 579) .
Leaves oblanceolate, pubescent beneath when young.
Ilex Cassine (p. 670).
Leaves obtuse, sometimes mucronate.
Leaves spinose-serrate, glabrous.
Leaves broad-ovate to suborbicular or elliptic; branch-
lets dark red-brown, spinescent.
Rhamnus crocea (p. 723).
Leaves ovate to ovate-lanceolate; branchlets yellow or
orange-colored, not spinescent.
Prunus ilicifolia (p. 581).
Leaves crenate (often entire), oval to oblong.
Ilex vomitoria (p. 671).
XX ANALYTICAL KEY TO THE GENERA
ee Stipules wanting.
Leaves resinous-dotted, aromatic, l'-4' long. Myrica (p. 163).
Leaves not resinous-dotted, crenately serrate, 4'-6' long.
Leaves dark green, glabrous below. Gordonia Lasianthus (p. 751).
Leaves yellowish green, pubescent below, sometimes nearly entire.
Symplocos (p. 831).
dd Juice milky.
Petioles 2|'-4' long; leaves broad-ovate. Hippomane (p. 652).
Petioles about \ f long; leaves elliptic to oblong-lanceolate.
Gymnanthes (p. 654).
cc Leaves entire (rarely sparingly toothed on vigorous branchlets).
d Stipules present.
e Stipules connate, at least at first.
Stipules persistent, forming a sheath surrounding the branch above
the node; leaves obtuse. Coccolobis (p. 338).
Stipules deciduous, enveloping the unfolded leaf.
Leaves ferrugineous-tomentose beneath.
Magnolia grandiflora (p. 345).
Leaves glabrous beneath, with milky juice. Ficus (p. 333) .
ee Stipules free.
/Juice milky; leaves oval to oblong, 3'-5' long. Drypetes (p. 650).
ff Juice watery.
g Leaves obtuse or emarginate at apex.
Leaves with ferrugineous scales beneath, their petioles
slender. Capparis (p. 365).
Leaves without ferrugineous scales.
Leaves soft-pubescent on both sides.
Colubrina cubensis (p. 730).
Leaves glabrous at least at maturity.
Leaves rarely 2'-3' long, standing on the branch at
acute angles. Chrysobalanus (p. 583).
Leaves rarely more than 1' long, spreading (sometimes
3-nerved). Ceanothus spinosos (p. 728).
~gg Leaves acute or acutish.
Petioles with 2 glands. Conocarpus (p. 766).
Petioles without glands.
Leaves and branchlets more or less pubescent, at least
while young.
Leaves fascicled except on vigorous branchlets.
Cercocarpus (p. 550).
Leaves not fascicled.
Winter-buds minute, with few pointed scales.
Leaves rounded or nearly rounded at base.
Colubrina sp. 1, 3 (p. 729).
Leaves broad-cuneate at base.
Ilex Cassine (p. 670) .
Winter-buds conspicuous, with numerous scales.
Leaves usually lanceolate, entire, covered below
with yellow scales. Castanopsis (p. 234) .
Leaves oblong or oblong-obovate, repand-dentate,
fibrous tomentose below. Lithocarpus (p. 236) .
Leaves and branchlets glabrous.
Leaf-scar with 1 bundle-trace. Ilex Krugiana (p. 672) .
Leaf-scar with 3 bundle-traces. Cherry Laurels.
Primus sp. 19-22 (p. 579) .
dd Stipules wanting.
e Leaves aromatic when bruised.
Leaves resinous-dotted. Myrica (p. 163).
Leaves not resinous-dotted.
Leaves obtuse, obovate, glabrous. Canella (p. 753).
Leaves acute.
ANALYTICAL KEY TO THE GENERA XXI
Leaves mostly rounded at the narrowed base, ovate to ob-
long, acute, glabrous. Anona (p. 354).
Leaves more or less cuneate at base, elliptic to lanceolate,
usually acuminate.
Leaves abruptly long-acuminate, glabrous, the margin un-
dulate; branchlets red-brown. Misanteca (p. 364).
Leaves gradually acuminate or nearly acute.
Leaves strongly reticulate beneath.
Branchlets glabrous, light grayish brown; leaves gla-
brous, light green beneath. Ocotea (p. 359).
Branchlets pubescent while young, greenish or yellow-
ish; leaves pale beneath, pubescent while young.
Umbellularia (p. 360).
Leaves not or slightly reticulate, glaucous, glabrous or
pubescent beneath. Persea (p. 356).
ee Leaves not aromatic.
/ Leaves acute or acutish.
Leaves obovate, gradually narrowed into short petioles.
Leaves 2'-2i' long. Schaefferia (p. 679).
Leaves at least 6'-8' long. Enallagma (p. 873).
Leaves elliptic to oblong or ovate.
Leaves rough or pubescent above, pubescent below, subcor-
date to cuneate at base.
Leaves stellate-pubescent. Solanum (p. 867).
Leaves scabrous above.
Petiole j '-\' long; leaves oval or oblong, lj'-4' long.
Ehretia (p. 862).
Petiole I'-l^' long; leaves ovate to oblong-ovate, 3'-7'
long. Cordia (p. 858).
Leaves smooth above.
Winter-buds scaly.
Leaves covered below with ferrugineous or pale scales,
l'-3' long. Lyonia (p. 797).
Leaves glabrous or nearly so below.
Leaves ovate-lanceolate or obovate-lanceolate, 4' 12'
long, usually clustered at end of branchlet, veinlets
below obscure. Rhododendron (p. 792).
Leaves elliptic or oval to oblong or lanceolate.
Leaves light yellowish green below and without dis-
tinctly visible veins or veinlets, entire, 3'-4' long.
Kalmia (p. 794).
Leaves pale below and more or less distinctly reticu-
late, occasionally serrate or denticulate, l'-5'
long; bark of branches red. Arbutus (p. 799).
Winter-buds naked.
Leaves pubescent below when unfolding.
Mature leaves nearly glabrous below.
Leaves oblong-lanceolate to narrow-obovate.
Dipholis (p. 810).
Leaves oval. Sideroxylum (p. 809).
Mature leaves covered below with brilliant copper-
colored pubescence.
Leaves glabrous below. Chrysophyllum (p. 817).
Leaves marked by minute black dots, ovate to
oblong-lanceolate. Ardisia (p. 806).
Leaves lepidote, oblong-obovate. Rapanea (p. 807).
ff Leaves obtuse or emarginate at apex.
g Leaves rounded or cordate at base, emarginate, their petioles
slender.
Leaves reniform to broad-ovate, cordate; juice watery.
Cercis (p. 603).
XX11 ANALYTICAL KEY TO THE GENERA
Leaves elliptic to oblong, rounded at base; juice milky or
viscid.
Leaves emarginate; petioles slender, rufous-tomentulose.
Mimusops (p. 819).
Leaves obtuse at apex; petioles stout, grayish-tomentu-
lose or glabrous. Rhus integrif olia (p. 664) .
gg Leaves cuneate at base.
Petioles slender, % long. Beureria (p. 861).
Petioles short and stout.
Leaves coriaceous, with thick revolute margins (some-
times opposite). Jacquinia (p. 804).
Leaves subcoriaceous, slightly revolute.
Leaves reticulate-veined beneath.
Leaves oval to obovate or oblong-oval, more or less
pubescent while young. Vaccinium (p. 802) .
Leaves oblong to oblong-obovate, glabrous.
Cyrilla (p. 666).
Leaves obscurely veined beneath, glabrous.
Leaves oblong-lanceolate, narrowed toward the
emarginate apex, decurrent nearly to base of
petiole. Cliftonia (p. 667) .
Leaves rounded at apex, distinctly petioled.
Maytenus (p. 676).
**Leaves deciduous.
t Leaves conspicuous, (ft. see p. xxvi.)
a Leaves entire, sometimes 3 or 4-lobed. (aa, see p. xxv).
6 Stipules present.
Juice milky. Madura (p. 331).
Juice watery.
Stipules connate, enveloping the young leaves, their scars encircling the
branchlet.
Leaves acute or acuminate, entire; winter-buds pointed, nearly terete.
Magnolia (p. 342) .
Leaves truncate, sinuately 4-lobed; winter-buds obtuse, compressed.
Liriodendron (p. 351).
Stipules distinct.
Branches spinescent; leaves glandular, caducous (crenately serrate on vigor-
ous shoots). Dalea (p. 621).
Branches not spinescent; leaves without glands.
Winter-buds with a single pair of connate scales. Salix (p. 138).
Winter-buds with several pairs of imbricate scales.
Branchlets without a terminal bud; leaves 3-nerved. Celtis (p. 318).
Branchlets with a terminal bud, leaves penniveined.
Quercus sp. 17-20 (p. 262).
bb Stipules wanting.
c Branchlets bright green and lustrous for the first 2 or 3 years; leaves some-
times 3-lobed, aromatic. Sassafras (p. 362).
cc Branchlets brown or gray.
d Leaves acute or acuminate.
Leaves 10'-12' long, obovate-oblong, acuminate, glabrous, emitting a
disagreeable odor. Asimina (p. 353) .
Leaves smaller.
Petioles very slender, l'-2' long; leaves elliptic, acuminate.
Cornus alternifolia (p. 789).
Petioles short.
Branchlets with a terminal bud.
Leaf-scars about as long as broad; branchlets without lenticels,
light reddish brown. Elliottia (p. 791).
Leaf-scars crescent-shaped, broader than long, with 3 distinct
bundle-traces.
ANALYTICAL KEY TO THE GENERA XX1U
Leaves pubescent on both sides, rugulose above; petioles l'-2'
long, like the young branchlet densely pubescent.
Leitneria (p. 167).
Leaves glabrous and smooth above, glabrous or pubescent be-
low ; petioles and branchlets usually glabrous or nearly so at
maturity. Nyssa (p. 779).
Branchlets without a terminal bud.
Pubescence consisting of simple hairs or wanting.
Leaves 4'-6' long, pubescent beneath while young; branchlet
light brown or gray. Diospyros virginiana (p. 821) .
Leaves 1^' 3' long, glabrous; branches light yellowish gray.
Schoepfia (p. 336)
Pubescence stellate; leaves obovate or elliptic, 2'-5' long, pu-
bescent below. Styrax (p. 829).
dd Leaves obtuse or acute.
Branchlets not spinescent.
Leaves glabrous at maturity, their petioles slender. Cotinus (p. 657).
Leaves pubescent below at maturity; their petioles short and thick.
Diospyros texana (p. 823).
Branchlets spinescent; leaves often fascicled on lateral branchlets.
Bumelia (p. 812).
aa Leaves serrate or piunately lobed.
b Stipules present, (bb, see p. xxvi.)
c Winter-buds naked.
Leaves oblique at base, the upper side rounded or subcordate, obovate,
coarsely toothed. Hamamelis (p. 368).
Leaves equal at base, cuneate, finely serrate or crenate.
Rhamnus sp. 2, 3 (p. 724, 725).
cc Winter-buds with a single pair of connate scales.
Primary veins arching and uniting within the margins; leaves simply serrate
or crenate, sometimes entire. Salix (p. 138).
Primary veins extending to the teeth, leaves doubly serrate, often slightly
lobed. Alnus (p. 220).
ccc Winter-buds with several pairs of imbricate scales.
d Terminal buds wanting; branchlets prolonged by an upper axillary bud.
Juice milky; leaves usually ovate, often lobed. Moms (p. 328).
Juice watery; leaves not lobed.
Leaves distinctly oblique at base.
Leaves with numerous prominent lateral veins.
Leaves generally broad-ovate, simply serrate, stellate-pubescent
at least while young, rarely glabrous. Tilia (p. 732).
Leaves never broad-ovate, usually doubly serrate, more or less
pubescent with simple hairs, at least while young.
Winter-buds ovoid, usually acute, \ to nearly as long as peti-
oles; leaves l'-7' long, doubly serrate. Ulmus (p. 309).
Winter-buds subglobose, minute; leaves 2' 2^' long, crenate-
serrate. Planera (p. 316).
Leaves 3 or 4-nerved from the base. C61tis (p. 318).
Leaves slightly or not at all oblique at base.
Leaves 3-nerved from the base, glandular-crenate or glandular-
serrate. Ceanothus (p. 726).
Leaves not or obscurely 3-nerved at base, usually doubly serrate.
Leaves blue-green; petioles \'-%' long; bark smooth, gray-brown.
Carpinus (p. 201).
Leaves yellow-green.
Bark rough, furrowed; petioles \'-\' long; leaves not resinous-
glandular. Ostrya (p. 202).
Bark flaky or cherry-tree like; petioles J'-l' long; leaves often
resinous-glandular while young. Betula (p. 205).
dd Terminal buds present.
Primary veins arching and uniting within the margin (extending to the
margin in the lobed leaves of Mains).
XXIV ANALYTICAL KEY TO THE GENERA
Winter-buds resinous; leaves crenate, usually truncate at base; peti-
oles slender. Populus (p. 119).
Winter-buds not resinous.
Leaf-scars with 3 bundle-traces.
Leaves involute in bud, often lobed on vigorous shoots; winter-
buds obtuse, short, pubescent. Malus (p. 379).
Leaves conduplicate (or in some species of Prunus convolute),
never lobed ; winter- buds acute.
Winter-buds elongated ; branches never spinescent.
Amelanchier (p. 393).
Winter-buds not elongated, ovoid; branches sometimes spi-
nescent. Prunus (p. 555).
Leaf -scars with 1 bundle-trace; leaves simply serrate.
Ilex sp. 5-6 (p. 673) .
Primary veins extending to the teeth or to the lobes.
Leaves lobed. Quercus sp. 1-16, 35-50 (pp. 241, 283).
Leaves serrate-toothed.
Winter-buds with numerous scales.
Leaves lustrous beneath, remotely serrate or denticulate; winter-
buds elongated, acuminate. Fagus (p. 228) .
Leaves pale beneath, coarsely dentate or serrate; winter- buds
acute. Chestnut Oaks. Quercus sp. 51-54 (p. 303).
Winter-buds with 2 pairs of scales. Castanea (p. 230) .
Leaves doubly or simply serrate, or lobed, with serrate lobes; branches
often furnished with spines.
Leaves involute in the bud ; branchlets often ending in blunt spines.
Malus (p. 379) .
Leaves conduplicate in the bud ; branches usually armed with sharp-
pointed single or branched axillary spines. Crataegus (p. 397).
bb Stipules wanting.
c Leaves not lobed.
Leaves subcoriaceous, oblong, sometimes nearly entire, glabrous.
Symplocos (p. 831).
Leaves thin.
Leaves oblong-obovate, acute, pubescent beneath.
Gordonia alatamaha (p. 752).
Leaves oblong or lanceolate, acuminate, glabrous or puberulous while
young, turning scarlet in the autumn. Oxydendrum (p. 796).
Leaves ovate to elliptic, stellate-pubescent or glabrous, turning yellow in
the autumn. Halesia (p. 824).
cc Leaves palmately lobed.
Stipules large, foliaceous, united ; branchlets without a terminal bud.
Platanus (p. 371).
Stipules small, free, caducous; branchlets with a terminal bud.
Liquidambar (p. 367).
tf Leaves inconspicuous or wanting; branches spiny or prickly.
Branches or stems succulent, armed with numerous prickles.
Branches and stems columnar, ribbed, continuous; leaves 0. Cereus (p. 757).
Branches jointed, tuberculate; leaves scale-like. Opuntia (p. 759).
Branches rigid, spinescent.
Leaves minute, narrow-obovate.
Branchlets bright green. Koeberlinia (p. 754).
Branchlets red-brown. Dalea (p. 621).
Leaves scale-like, caducous. Canotia (p. 677).
2. LEAVES COMPOUND.
* Leaves 3-foliolate, without stipules.
Leaves persistent; leaflets obovate, entire, sessile. Hypelate (p. 716)_
Leaves deciduous.
ANALYTICAL KEY TO THE GENERA XXV
Leaflets deltoid to hastate, entire, rounded at apex; branches prickly.
Erythrina (p. 627).
Leaflets ovate to oblong, acuminate, strongly scented and bitter; branches unarmed.
Ptelea (p. 639).
** Leaves twice pinnate; stipules present.
a Leaves unequally twice pinnate, 2-4 long, deciduous; leaflets serrate, 2'-3' in length;
branches and stem armed with scattered prickles. Aralia (p. 778).
aa Leaves equally twice pinnate, usually smaller; branches unarmed or armed with stipu-
lar or axillary spines (in Parkinsonia often apparently simply pinnate) .
b Leaflets crenate; leaves simply or twice-pinnate on the same plant, deciduous,
usually armed with simple or branched axillary spines. Gleditsia (p. 607).
66 Leaflets entire.
Leaflets 2-2^' long; leaves deciduous; branchlets stout, unarmed.
Gymnocladus (p. 605).
Leaflets smaller; leaves usually persistent; branchlets slender.
Branches armed with prickles or spines.
Leaves with 2 or rarely 4 pinnse.
Branches armed with axillary spines or spiny rachises.
Pinnse with 4-8 leaflets; branches with short axillary spines.
Cercidium (p. 613).
Pinnse with 860 leaflets; branches armed with spiny rachises or rigid
branchlets terminating in stout spines. Parkinsonia (p. 611).
Branches armed with stipular prickles; leaves persistent.
Pinnae with many oblong to linear leaflets. Prosopis (p. 599).
Pinnse with 1 pair of orbicular to broad-oblong leaflets.
Pithecolobium unguis-cati (p. 586).
Leaves with 6, or more, rarely 4, pinnse.
Prickles usually spreading, often recurved. Acacia (p. 591).
Prickles usually more or less ascending, straight. Pithecolobium (p. 586).
Branches unarmed.
Branchlets and petioles glabrous; leaves with 2-5 pair of pinnse, each
with 40-80 leaflets. Lysiloma (p. 589).
Branchlets and petioles pubescent while young; leaves with 5-17 pair of
many-foliolate pinnse, or pinnse 2-4 and each with 8-16 leaflets.
Leucaena (p. 596).
*** Leaves simply pinnate.
a Leaves equally pinnate.
Stipules wanting.
Leaflets 2-4, generally oblong-obovate. Exothea (p. 714).
Leaflets 6-12.
Leaflets obtuse, usually oblong-obovate.
Leaflets 8-12, 2'-3' long, pale below; leaves occasionally opposite.
Simarouba (p. 642).
Leaflets 6-8, I'-l^' long, green below. Xanthoxylum coriaceum (p. 637).
Leaflets 6-8, acuminate. Swietenia (p. 648).
Stipules present.
Branches armed with infra-stipular spines in pairs; leaflets 10-15, usually oblong-
obovate, \'-\' long, persistent. Olneya (p. 626).
Branches unarmed; leaflets 20-46, ovals '-' long. Eysenhardtia (p. 620).
aa Leaves unequally pinnate.
6 Stipules present.
Leaflets sharply serrate; leaves deciduous; winter-buds resinous.
Sorbus (p. 390).
Leaflets entire or crenately serrate.
Leaves deciduous.
Leaflets 7-11, 3'-4' long; branches unarmed.
Leaflets usually alternate, thin and glabrous at maturity.
Cladrastis (p. 618).
XXVI ANALYTICAL KEY TO THE GENERA
Leaflets opposite, coriaceous, pubescent beneath at least along the veins.
Ichthyomethia (p. 628).
Leaflets 9-21, 1-2 cm. long.
Branches usually with stipular prickles, sometimes viscid.
Robinia (p. 622).
Branches unarmed, not viscid; leaflets 13-19, elliptic.
Sophora affinis (p. 617).
Leaves persistent.
Leaflets 7-9, oblong-elliptic, l'-25' long; branches unarmed.
Sophora secundiflora (p. 616).
1 Leaflets 10-15; branches prickly. Olneya (p. 626).
bb Stipules wanting.
d Leaves persistent.
Leaflets long-stalked (sometimes nearly sessile in Xanthoxylum flavum).
Leaflets oblong-ovate, cuneate at base.
Leaflets acuminate, glabrous. Picramnia (p. 643).
Leaflets obtuse, tomentose when unfolding.
Xanthoxylum flavum (p. 636).
Leaflets broad-ovate, usually rounded or subcordate at base.
Metopium (p. 658).
Leaflets sessile or nearly so.
Petiole and rachis winged.
Leaflets crenate, obovate, about ^' long; branches prickly.
Xanthoxylum Fagara (p. 634).
Leaflets entire.
Leaflets oblong, usually acute, 3'-4' long.
Sapindus saponaria (p. 712).
Leaflets spathulate, rounded at apex, not more than f ' long.
Pistacia (p. 656).
Petiole and rachis not winged.
Leaflets 7-19, acuminate, 2'-5' long. Sapindus marginatus (p. 713).
Leaflets 21-41, obtuse, |'-f long.' Alvaradoa (p. 644).
dd Leaves deciduous.
Leaflets long-stalked, 3-7, entire, acute. Bursera (p. 645).
Leaflets sessile or nearly so.
Branches prickly; leaflets crenate. Xanthoxylum clava-Herculis (p. 635).
Branches unarmed.
Juice milky or viscid; leaflets serrate or entire; rachis sometimes
winged. Rhus species 1-3 (p. 660).
Juice watery.
Rachis without wings.
Leaflets entire, acuminate, 7-9. Sapindus Drummondii (p. 714).
Leaflets serrate or crenate.
Winter-buds large; leaflets 5-23, aromatic.
Winter-buds naked. Juglans (p. 169).
Winter-buds covered with scales. Carya (p. 176).
Winter-buds minute, globose, scaly; leaflets 5-7, ovate, not
aromatic. Ungnadia (p. 717).
Rachis winged ; leaflets 10-20, entire, rounded at apex, not more than
i' long. Bursera microphylla (p. 647).
TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
(EXCLUSIVE OF MEXICO)
CLASS 1. GYMNOSPERM.E.
OVULES and seeds borne on the face of a scale, not inclosed in an ovary;
resinous trees, with stems increasing in diameter by the annual addition of a
layer of wood inside the bark.
I. PINACE^).
Trees, with narrow or scale-like generally persistent clustered or alternate leaves and
usually scaly buds. Flowers appearing in early spring, mostly surrounded at the base by
an involucre of the more or less enlarged scales of the buds, unisexual, monoecious (dioecious
in Juniperus), the male consisting of numerous 2-celled anthers, the female of scales
bearing on their inner face 2 or several ovules, and becoming at maturity a woody cone
or rarely a berry. Seeds with or without wings; seed-coat of 2 layers; embryo axile in
copious albumen; cotyledons 2 or several. Of the twenty-nine genera scattered over the
surface of the globe, but most abundant in northern temperate regions, thirteen occur in
North America.
CONSPECTUS OF THE NORTH AMERICAN GENERA.
Scales of the female flowers numerous; spirally arranged in the axils of persistent bracts;
ovules 2, inverted; seeds borne directly on the scales, attached at the base in shallow
depressions on the inner side of the scales, falling from them at maturity and usually
carrying away a scarious terminal wing; leaves fascicled or scattered (deciduous in
Larix). ABIETINE^E.
Fruit maturing in two or rarely in three seasons; leaves fascicled, needle-shaped in
axillary 1-5-leaved clusters, inclosed at the base in a membranaceous sheath; cone-
scales thick and woody, much longer than their bracts. 1. Pinus
Fruit maturing in one season.
Leaves in many-leaved clusters on short spur-like branchlets, deciduous; cone-scales
thin, usually shorter than their bracts. 2. Larix.
Leaves scattered, linear.
Cones pendulous, the scales persistent on the axis.
Branchlets roughened by the persistent leaf-bases; leaves deciduous in drying;
bracts shorter than the cone-scales.
Leaves sessile, 4-sided, or flattened and stomatiferous above. 3. Picea.
Leaves stalked, flattened and stomatiferous below, or angular. 4. Tsuga.
Branchlets not roughened by leaf -bases; leaves stalked, flattened; not decidu-
ous in drying; bracts of the cone 2-lobed, aristate, longer than the scales.
5. Pseudotsuga.
Cones erect, their scales deciduous from the axis, longer or shorter than the
bracts; leaves sessile, flat or 4-sided. 6. Abies.
Scales of the female flowers without bracts; ovules and seeds borne on the face of minute
scales adnate to the base of the flower-scales, enlarging and forming the scales of the
cone. Seeds with a narrow marginal wing (wingless in Juniperas).
TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
Scales of the Lmale flj-wers numerous, spirally arranged, forming a woody cone; ovules
erect, 2 or many under each scale; leaves linear, alternate, often of 2 forms (decidu-
ous in Taxodiurri). TAXODI.E.
Ovules and seeds numerous under each scale. 7. Sequoia.
Ovules and seeds 2 under each scale ; leaves mostly spreading in 2 ranks. 8. Taxodium,
Scales of the female flower few, decussate, forming a small cone, or rarely a berry; ovules
2 or many under each scale; leaves decussate or in 3 ranks, often of 2 forms, usually
scale-like, mostly adnate to the branch, the earliest free and subulate. CUPRESSINE.E.
Fruit a cone; leaves scale-like.
Cones oblong, their scales oblong, imbricated or valvate; seeds 2 under each scale,
maturing the first year.
Scales of the cone 6, the middle ones only fertile; seeds unequally 2-winged.
9. Libocedrus.
Scales of the cone 8-12; seeds equally 2-winged. 10. Thuja.
Cones subglobose, the scales peltate, maturing in one or two years; seeds few or
many under each scale.
Fruit maturing in two seasons; seeds many under each scale; branchlets terete or
4-winged. 11. Cupressus.
Fruit maturing in one season; seeds 2 under each scale; branchlets flattened.
12. Chamaecyparis.
Fruit a berry formed by the coalition of the scales of the flower; ovules in pairs or
solitary; flowers dioecious; leaves decussate or in 3's, subulate or scale-like, often of
2 forms. 13. Juniperus.
1. PINUS Duham. Pine.
Trees or rarely shrubs, with deeply furrowed and sometimes laminate or with thin
and scaly bark, hard or often soft heartwood often conspicuously marked by dark bands
of summer cells impregnated with resin, pale nearly white sapwood 5 and large branch-
buds formed during summer and composed of minute buds in the axils of bud-scales,
becoming the bracts of the spring shoot. Leaves needle-shaped, clustered, the clusters
borne on deciduous spurs in the axils of scale-like primary leaves, inclosed in the bud
by numerous scales lengthening and forming a more or less persistent sheath at the base
of each cluster. Male flowers clustered at the base of leafy growing shoots of the year,
each flower surrounded at the base by an. involucre of 3-6 scalelike bracts, composed
of numerous sessile anthers, imbricated in many ranks and surmounted by crest-like
nearly orbicular connectives; the female subterminal or lateral, their scales in the axils of
non-accrescent bracts. Fruit a woody cone maturing at the end of the second or rarely
of the third season, composed of the hardened and woody scales of the flower more or
less thickened on the exposed surface (the apophysis), with the ends of the growth of the pre-
vious year appearing as terminal or dorsal brown protuberances or scars (the urnbo) . Seeds
usually obovoid, shorter or longer than their wings or rarely wingless; outer seed-coat
crustaceous or thick, hard, and bony, the inner membranaceous; cotyledons 3-18, usually
much shorter than the inferior radicle.
Pinus is widely distributed through the northern hemisphere from the Arctic Circle
to the West Indies, the mountains of Central America, the Canary Islands, northern
Africa, the Philippine Islands, and Sumatra. About sixty-six species are recognized. Of
exotic species the so-called Scotch Pine, Pinus sylvestris L., of Europe and Asia, the Swiss
Stone Pine, Pinus cembra L., and the Austrian Pine and other forms of Pinus nigra
Arnold, from central and southern Europe, are often planted in the northeastern states,
and Pinus Pinaster Ait., of the coast region of western France and the Mediterranean
Basin is successfully cultivated in central and southern California. Pinus is the classical
name of the Pine-tree.
The North American species can be conveniently grouped in two sections, Soft Pines
and Pitch Pines.
PINACE.E 3
SOFT PINES.
Wood soft, close-grained, light-colored, the sapwood thin and nearly white; sheaths of
the leaf- clusters deciduous; leaves with one fibro- vascular bundle.
Leaves in 5- leaved clusters.
Cones long-stalked, elongated, cylindric bright green at maturity, becoming light
yellow brown, their scales thin, with terminal unarmed umbos; seeds shorter than
their wings. WHITE PINES.
Leaves without conspicuous white lines on the back.
Leaves slender, flexible; cones 4'-8' long. 1. P. Strobus (A).
Leaves stout, more rigid; cones 5'-ll' long. 2. P. monticola (B, G).
Leaves with conspicuous white lines on the back; cones 12'-18' long.
3. P. Lambertiana (G).
Cones short-stalked, green or purple at maturity, their scales thick.
Cones cylindric or subglobose, their scales with terminal umbos; leaves 2' long or less.
STONE PINES.
Cones 3'-10' long, their scales opening at maturity; seeds with wings.
4. P. flexilis (F, H).
Cones '-3' long, their scales remaining closed at maturity; seeds wingless.
5. P. albicaulis (B, F, G).
Cones ovoid-oblong, their scales with dorsal umbos armed with slender prickles;
seeds shorter than their wings; leaves in crowded clusters, incurved, less than
2' long. FOXTAIL PINES.
Cones armed with minute incurved prickles. 6. P. Balfouriana (G).
Cones armed with long slender prickles. 7. P. aristata (F, G).
Leaves in 1-4-leaved clusters; cones globose, green at maturity, becoming light brown,
their scales few, concave, much thickened, only the middle scales seed-bearing;
seeds large and edible, their wings rudimentary; leaves 2' or less, often incurved.
NUT PINES. 8. P. cembroides (C, F, G, H).
1. Pinus Strobus L. White Pine.
Leaves soft bluish green, whitened on the ventral side by 3-5 bands of stomata, 3 '-5'
long, mostly turning yellow and falling in September in their second season, or persistent
until the following June. Flowers: male yellow; female bright pink, with purple scale
margins. Fruit fully grown in July of the second season, 4 / -8 / long, opening and dis-
charging its seeds in September; seeds narrowed at the ends, \' long, red-brown mottled
with black, about one fourth as long as their wings.
A tree, while young with slender horizontal or slightly ascending branches in regular
whorls usually of 5 branches; at maturity often 100, occasionally 220 high, with a tall
straight stem 3-4 or rarely 6 q in diameter, when crowded in the forest with short branches
forming a narrow head, or rising above its forest companions with long lateral branches
sweeping upward in graceful curves, the upper branches ascending and forming a broad
open irregular head, and slender branchlets coated at first with rusty tomentum, soon
glabrous, and orange-brown in their first winter. Bark on young stems and branches
thin, smooth, green tinged with red, lustrous during the summer, becoming l'-2' thick
on old trunks and deeply divided by shallow fissures into broad connected ridges covered
with small closely appressed purplish scales. Wood light, not strong, straight-grained,
easily worked, light brown often slightly tinged with red; largely manufactured into
lumber, shingles, and laths, used in construction, for cabinet-making, the interior finish
of buildings, woodenware, matches, and the masts of vessels.
Distribution. Newfoundland to Manitoba, southward through the northern states to
Pennsylvania, northern and eastern (Belmont County) Ohio, northern Indiana, valley of
the Rocky River near Oregon, Ogle County, Illinois, and central and southeastern Iowa,
and along the Appalachian Mountains to eastern Kentucky and Tennessee and northern
4 TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
Georgia; forming nearly pure forests on sandy drift soils, or more often in small groves
scattered in forests of deciduous-leaved trees on fertile well-drained soil, also on the banks
of streams, or on river flats, or rarely in swamps.
Fig. 1
Largely planted as an ornament of parks and gardens in the eastern states, and in many
European countries, where it grows with vigor and rapidity; occasionally used in forest
planting in the United States.
2. Pinus monticola D. Don. White Pine.
Leaves blue-green, glaucous, whitened by 2-6 rows of ventral and often by dorsal
stomata, mostly persistent .3 or 4 years. Flowers : male yellow; female pale purple. Fruit
Fig. 2
5'-ll' long, shedding its seeds late in the summer or in early autumn; seeds narrowed at
the ends, $' long, pale red-brown mottled with black, about one third as long as their wings.
A tree, often 100 or occasionally 150 high, with a trunk frequently 4-5 or rarely
7-8 in diameter, slender spreading slightly pendulous branches clothing young stems
to the ground and in old age forming a narrow open often unsymmetrical pyramidal head,
and stout tough branchlets clothed at first with rusty pubescence, dark orange-brown and
puberulous in their first and dark red-purple and glabrous in their second season. Bark
of young stems and branches thin, smooth, light gray, becoming on old trees f'-l|' thick
and divided into small nearly square plates by deep longitudinal and cross fissures, and
covered by small closely appressed purple scales. Wood light, soft, not strong, close,
straight-grained, light brown or red; sometimes manufactured into lumber, used in con-
struction and the interior finish of buildings.
Distribution. Scattered through mountain forests from the basin of the Columbia
River in British Columbia to Vancouver Island ; on the mountains of northern Washing-
ton to the western slopes of the Rocky Mountains of northern Montana; on the coast
ranges of Washington and Oregon; and on the Cascade and Sierra Nevada ranges south-
ward to the Kern River valley, California; most abundant and of its greatest value in
northern Idaho on the bottom-lands of streams tributary to Lake Pend Oreille; reach-
ing the sea-level on the southern shores of the Straits of Fuca and elevations of 10,000 on
the California Sierras.
Often planted as an ornamental tree in Europe, and occasionally in the eastern United
States where it grows more vigorously than any other Pine-tree of western America.
3. Pinus Lambertiana Dougl. Sugar Pine.
Leaves stout, rigid, 3j'-4' long, marked on the two faces by 2-6 rows of stomata; de-
ciduous during their second and third years. Flowers: male light yellow; female pale
green.. Fruit fully grown in August and opening in October, ll'-18' or rarely 21' long;
seeds I'-f ' long, dark chestnut-brown or nearly black, and half the length of their firm
dark brown obtuse wings broadest below the middle and \' wide.
A tree, in early life with remote regular whorls of slender branches often clothing the
stem tc the ground and forming an open narrow pyramid; at maturity 200-220 high,
with a trunk 6-8 or occasionally 12 in diameter, a flat-topped crown frequently 60 or
70 across of comparatively slender branches sweeping outward and downward in grace-
ful curves, and stout branchlets coated at first with pale or rufous pubescence, dark
orange-brown during their first winter, becoming dark purple-brown. Bark on young
stems and branches thin, smooth, dark green, becoming on old trunks 2'-3' thick and deeply
and irregularly divided into long thick plate-like ridges covered with large loose rich
purple-brown or cinnamon-red scales. Wood light, soft, straight-grained, light red-brown;
6
TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
largely manufactured into lumber and used for the interior finish of buildings, woodwork,
and shingles. A sweet sugar-like substance exudes from wounds made in the heart wood.
Distribution. Mountain slopes and the sides of ravines and canons; western Oregon
from the valley of the north branch of the Santiam River southward on the Cascade and
coast ranges; California along the northern and coast ranges to Sonoma County; along
the western slopes of the Sierra Nevada, where it grows to its greatest size at elevations
between 3000 and 7000; reappearing on the Santa Lucia Mountains of the coast ranges;
and on the high mountains in the southwestern part of the state from Santa Barbara
County southward usually at elevations of 5000-7000 above the sea; and on the San
Pedro Martir Mountains in Lower California.
Occasionally planted as an ornamental tree in western Europe and in the eastern states,
the Sugar Pine has grown slowly in cultivation and shows little promise of attaining the
large size and great beauty which distinguish it in its native forests.
4. Pinus flexilis James. Rocky Mountain White Pine.
Pinus strobiformis Sarg., not Engelm.
Leaves stout, rigid, dark green, marked on all sides by 1-4 rows of stomata, I%'-3' long,
deciduous in their fifth and sixth years. Flowers: male reddish; female clustered, bright
red-purple. Fruit subcylindric, horizontal or slightly declining, green or rarely purple at
maturity, 3'-10' long, with narrow and more or less reflexed scales opening at maturity;
seeds compressed, |'-f ' long, dark red-brown mottled with black, with a thick shell pro-
duced into a narrow margin, their wings
about jV wide, generally persistent on
the scale after the seed falls.
A tree, usually 40-50, occasionally 80
high, with a short trunk 2-5 in diameter,
stout long-persistent branches ultimately
forming a low wide round-topped head,
and stout branchlets orange-green and
covered at first with soft fine pubescence,
usually soon glabrous and darker colored;
at high elevations often a low spreading
shrub. Bark of young stems and branches
thin, smooth, light gray or silvery white,
becoming on old trunks l'-2' thick, dark
brown or nearly black, and divided by
deep fissures into broad ridges broken into
nearly square plates covered by small
closely appressed scales. Wood light,
soft, close-grained, pale clear yellow, turning red with exposure; occasionally manufactured
into lumber.
Distribution. Eastern slope of the Rocky Mountains from Alberta to western Texas
and westward on mountain ranges at elevations of 5000 to 12,000 to Montana, and south-
ern California, reaching the western slopes of the Sierra Nevada at the head of King's
River near the summit of San Gorgonio Mountain and in Snow Canon, San Bernardino
Range; usually scattered singly or in small groves; forming open forests on the eastern foot-
hills of the Rocky Mountains of Montana and on the ranges of central Nevada; attaining
its largest size on those of northern New Mexico and Arizona.
5. Pinus albicaulis Engelm. White Pine.
Leaves stout, rigid, slightly incurved, dark green, marked by 1-3 rows of dorsal stomata,
clustered at the ends of the branches, 1|'-2|' long, persistent for from five to eight
years. Flowers opening in July, scarlet. Fruit ripening in August, oval or subglobose, hori-
Fig. 4
PINACE.E
zontal, sessile, dark purple, l^'-S' long, with scales thickened, acute, often armed with stout
pointed umbos, remaining closed at maturity; seeds wingless, acute, subcylindric or flat-
tened on one side, \'-\' long, |' thick, with a thick dark chestnut-brown hard shell.
A tree, usually 20-30 or rarely 60 high, generally with a short trunk 2-4 in diameter,
stout very flexible branches, finally often standing nearly erect and forming an open very
irregular broad head, and
stout dark red-brown or
orange-colored branchlets
puberulous for two years
or sometimes glabrous; at
high elevations often a low
shrub, with wide-spread-
ing nearly prostrate stems.
Bark thin, except near the
base of old trunks and
broken by narrow fissures
into thin narrow brown or
creamy white plate-like
scales. Wood light, soft,
close-grained, brittle, light
brown. The large sweet
seeds are gathered and Fig. 5
eaten by Indians.
Distribution. Alpine slopes and exposed ridges between 5000 and 12,000 elevation,
forming the timber-line on many mountain ranges from latitude 53 north in the Rocky
Mountains and British Columbia, southward to the Wind River and Salt River Ranges,
Wyoming, the mountains of eastern Washington and Oregon, the Cascade Range, the
mountains of northern California and the Sierra Nevada to Mt. W'hitney.
6. Pinus Balfouriana Balf . Foxtail Pine.
Leaves stout, rigid, dark green and lustrous on the back, pale and marked on the ventral
faces by numerous rows of sto-
mata, l'-l|' long, persistent for
ten or twelve years. Flowers : male
dark orange-red; female dark
purple. Fruit 3|'-5' long, with
scales armed with minute incurved
prickles, dark purple, turning after
opening dark red or mahogany
color; seeds full and rounded at
the apex, compressed at the base,
pale, conspicuously mottled with
dark purple, \ f long, their wings
narrowed and oblique at the apex,
about 1' long and J' wide.
A tree, usually 30-40 or rarely
90 high, with a trunk generally
Fig. 6 l-2 or rarely 5 in diameter,
short stout branches forming an
open irregular pyramidal picturesque head, and long rigid more or less spreading puber-
ulous, soon glabrous, dark orange-brown ultimately dark gray-brown or nearly black
branchlets, clothed only at the extremities with the long dense brush-like masses of foliage.
Bark thin, smooth, and milky white on the stems and branches of young trees, becoming
on old trees sometimes
8
TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
broken into nearly square plates separating on the surface into small closely appressed
scales. Wood light, soft and brittle, pale reddish brown.
Distribution. California, on rocky slopes and ridges, forming scattered groves on
Scott Mountain, Siskiyou County, at elevations of 5000-6000; on the mountains at the
head of the Sacramento River; on Mt. Yolo Bally in the northern Coast Range, and on
the southern Sierra Nevada up to elevations of 11,500, growing here to its largest size
and forming an extensive open forest on the Whitney Plateau east of the canon of Kern
River, and at the highest elevations often a low shrub, with wide-spreading prostrate stems.
7. Pinus aristata Engelm. Foxtail Pine. Hickory Pine.
Leaves stout or slender, dark green, lustrous on the back, marked by numerous rows
of stomata on the ventral faces, l'-l' long, often deciduous at the end of ten or twelve
years or persistent four or five years longer. Flowers male dark orange-red; female dark
purple. Fruit 3'-3' long, with scales
armed with slender incurved brittle prick-
les nearly \' long, dark purple-brown on
the exposed parts, the remainder dull red,
opening and scattering their seeds about
the 1st of October; seeds nearly oval,
compressed, light brown mottled with
black, j' long, their wings broadest at the
middle, about f ' long and \f wide.
A bushy tree, occasionally 40-50 high,
with a short trunk 2-3 in diameter,
short stout branches in regular whorls
while young, in old age growing very
irregularly, the upper erect and much
longer than the usually pendulous lower
branches, and stout light orange-colored,
glabrous, or at first puberulous, ulti-
mately dark gray-brown or nearly black
branchlets clothed at the ends with long compact brush-like tufts of foliage. Bark
thin, smooth, milky white on the stems and branches of young trees, becoming on old
trees '-f thick, red-brown, and irregularly divided into flat connected ridges separating
on the surface into small closely appressed scales. Wood light, soft, not strong, light red;
occasionally used for the timbers of mines and for fuel.
Distribution. Rocky or gravelly slopes at the upper limit of tree growth and rarely
below 8,000 above the sea from the outer range of the Rocky Mountains of Colorado to
those of southern Utah, central and southern Nevada, southeastern California, and the
San Francisco peaks of northern Arizona.
8. Pinus cembroides Zucc. Nut Pine. Pinon.
Leaves in 2 or 3-leaved clusters, slender, much incurved, dark green, sometimes marked
by rows of stomata on the 3 faces, l'-2' long, deciduous irregularly during their third and
fourth years. Flowers: male in short crowded clusters, yellow; female dark red. Fruit
subglobose, l'-2' broad; seeds subcylindric or obscurely triangular, more or less com-
pressed at the pointed apex, full and rounded at base, nearly black on the lower side and
dark chestnut-brown on the upper, \'-\' long, the margin of their outer coat adnate to
the cone-scale.
A bushy tree, with a short trunk rarely more than a foot in diameter and a broad round-
topped head, usually 15-20 high, stout spreading branches, and slender dark orange-
colored branchlets covered at first with matted pale deciduous hairs, dark brown and some-
times nearly black at the end of five or six years; in sheltered canons on the mountains of
Arizona and in Lower California occasionally 50 or 60 tall. Bark about \' thick, irregu-
Fig. 7
PINACE.E
larly divided by remote shallow fissures and separated on the surface into numerous large
thin light red-brown scales. Wood light,
soft, close-grained, pale clear yellow. The
large oily seeds are an important article of
food in northern Mexico, and are sold in
large quantities in Mexican towns.
Distribution. Mountain ranges of cen-
tral and southern Arizona, usually only
above elevations of 6500, often covering
their upper slopes with open forests; in an
isolated station on the Edwards Plateau
on uplands and in canons at the head-
waters of the Frio and Nueces Rivers,
Edwards and Kerr Counties, Texas; on
the Sierra de Laguna, Lower California,
and on many of the mountain ranges of Fig. 8
northern Mexico; passing into the follow-
ing varieties differing only in the number of the leaves in the leaf -clusters, and in their
thickness.
Pinus cembroides var. Parryana Voss. Nut Pine. Piiion.
Pinus quadrifolia Sudw.
Leaves in 1-5 usually 4-leaved clusters, stout, incurved, pale glaucous green, marked
on the three surfaces by numerous rows of stomata, lj'-H' long, irregularly deciduous,
mostly falling in their third year.
A tree, 30-40 high, with a short trunk occasionally 18' in diameter, and thick spread-
ing branches forming a compact regu-
lar pyramidal or in old age a low
round-topped irregular head, and stout
branchlets coated at first with soft
pubescence, and light orange-brown.
Bark \ r --f thick, dark brown tinged
with red, and divided by shallow fis-
sures into broad flat connected ridges
covered by thick closely appressed
plate-like scales. Wood light, soft,
close-grained, pale brown or yellow.
The seeds form an important article
of food for the Indians of Lower Cali-
fornia.
Distribution. Arid mesas and low
Fig- 9 mountain slopes of Lower California
southward to the foothills of the San
Pedro Martir Mountains, extending northward across the boundary of California to the
desert slopes of the Santa Rosa Mountains, Riverside County, where it is common at
elevations of 5000 above the sea -level.
Pinus cembroides var. edulis Voss. Nut Pine. Pinon.
Pinus edulis Engelm.
Leaves in 2 or rarely in 3-leaved clusters, stout, semiterete or triangular, rigid, incurved,
dark-green, marked by numerous rows of stomata, t'-l|' long, deciduous during the third
or not until the fourth or fifth year, dropping irregularly and sometimes persistent for eight
or nine years.
A tree often 40-50 high with a tall trunk occasionally 2 in diameter and short erect
10
TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
Fig. 10
branches forming a narrow head, or frequently with a short divided trunk and a low
round-topped head of spreading branches, and thick branchlets orange color during their
first and second years, finally becoming light
gray or dark brown sometimes tinged with red.
Bark |'-f thick and irregularly divided into con-
nected ridges covered by small closely appressed
light brown scales tinged with red or orange color.
Wood light, soft, not strong, brittle, pale brown ;
largely employed for fuel and fencing, and as
charcoal used in smelting; in western Texas occa-
sionally sawed into lumber. The seeds form an
important article of food among Indians and
Mexicans, and are sold in the markets of Colo-
rado and New Mexico.
Distribution. Eastern foothills of the outer
ranges of the Rocky Mountains, from northern
Colorado (Owl Canon, Lorimer County) ; to the
extreme western part of Oklahoma (near Ken-
ton, Cimmaron County, G. W . Stevens') and to
western Texas, westward to eastern Utah, southwestern Wyoming, and to northern and
central Arizona; over the mountains of northern Mexico, and on the San Pedro Martir
Mountains, Lower California; often forming extensive open forests at the eastern base
of the Rocky Mountains, on the Colorado plateau, and on many mountain ranges of
northern and central Arizona up to elevations of 7000 above the sea.
Pinus cembroides var. monophylla Voss. Nut Pine. PiSon.
Pinus monophylla Torr.
Leaves in 1 or 2-leaved clusters, rigid, incurved, pale glaucous green, marked by 18-20
rows of stomata, usually about 1|' long, sometimes deciduous during their fourth and fifth
seasons, but frequently persistent until their twelfth year.
A tree usually 15-20, occasionally 40-50 high, with a short trunk rarely more than a
foot in diameter and often divided near
the ground into several spreading stems,
short thick branches forming while the
tree is young a broad rather compact
pyramid, and in old age often pendulous
and forming a low round-topped often
picturesque head, and stout light orange-
colored ultimately dark brown branch-
lets. Bark about f ' thick and divided
by deep irregular fissures into narrow
connected flat ridges broken on the sur-
face into thin closely appressed light or
dark brown scales tinged with red or
orange color. Wood light, soft, weak,
and brittle; largely used for fuel, and
charcoal used in smelting. The seeds
supply an important article of food to Fig. 1 1
the Indians of Nevada and California.
Distribution. Dry gravelly slopes and mesas from the western base of the Wasatch
Mountains of Utah, westward over the mountain ranges of Nevada to the eastern slopes
of the southern Sierra Nevada, and to their western slope at the head-waters of the Tuo-
lumne, Kings and Kern Rivers, and southward to northern Arizona and to the mountains
PINACE.E 11
of southern California where it is common on the San Beruadino and San Jacinto Moun-
tains between altitudes of 3500 and 7000, and on the Sierra del Final, Lower California;
often forming extensive open forests at elevations between 5000 and 7000.
PITCH PINES.
Wood usually heavy, coarse-grained, generally dark-colored, with pale often thick sap-
wood; cones green at maturity (sometimes purple in 10 and 21) becoming various shades of
brown; cone-scales more or less thickened, mostly armed; seeds shorter than their wings
(except in 17 and 28) ; leaves with 2 fibro- vascular bundles.
Sheaths of the leaf-clusters deciduous; cones |'-2' long, maturing in the third year, leaves
in 3-leaved clusters, slender, 2|'-4' long. 9. P. leiophylla (H).
Sheaths of the leaf-clusters persistent.
Leaves in 3-leaved clusters (3 and 5-leaved in 10, 3-2 leaved in 12).
Cones subterminal, usually deciduous above the basal scales persistent on the branch.
Buds brown; leaves in 2-5-leaved clusters. 10. P. ponderosa (B,F,G,H).
Buds white. 11. P. palustris (C).
Cones lateral.
Cones symmetrical, their outer scales not excessively developed.
Leaves in 2 and 3-leaved clusters, 8'-12' long; cones short-stalked.
12. P. caribaea (C).
Leaves in 3-leaved clusters; cones sessile.
Cones oblong-conic, prickles stout; leaves 6'-9' long. 13. P. taeda (A, C).
Cones ovoid, prickles slender; leaves 3'-5' long. 14. P. rigida (A, C).
Cones unsymmetrical by the excessive development of the scales on the outer side.
Cones 5 '-6' long, their scales not prolonged into stout, straight or curved spines.
Prickles of the cone-scales minute. 15. P. radiata (G).
Prickles of the cone-scales stout. 16. P. attenuata (G).
Cones 6'-14' long, their scales prolonged into stout, straight or curved spines;
leaves long and stout.
Cones oblong-ovoid; seeds longer than their wings. 17. P. Sabiniana (G).
Cones oblong-conic; seeds shorter than their wings. 18. P. Coulteri (G).
Leaves in 2-leaved clusters (2 and 3-leaved in 23).
Cones subterminal.
Cones symmetrical, 2'-2|' long, their scales unarmed; leaves 5 '-6' long.
19. P. resinosa (A).
Cones unsymmetrical by the greater development of the scales on the outer side,
armed with slender prickles; leaves l'-4' long. 20. P. contorta (B, F, G).
Cones lateral.
Cones about 2' long.
Cone-scales very unevenly developed and mostly unarmed; cones incurved; leaves
less than 2' long. 21. P. Banksiana (A).
Cone-scales evenly developed, armed with weak or deciduous prickles; leaves up
to 4' in length.
Bark of the branches and upper trunk smooth. 22. P. glabra (C).
Bark of the branches and upper trunk roughened. 23. P. echinata (A, C).
Cones about 3' long, armed with persistent spines.
Cone-scales armed with slender or stout prickles.
Cone-scales evenly developed, their prickles slender, acuminate, from a broad
base; leaves 3' long or less.
Cones opening at maturity. 24. P. virginiana (A, C).
Cones often remaining closed for many years. 25. P. clausa (C).
Cone-scales unevenly developed and armed with stout prickles; cones 2'- 3^'
long, remaining closed; leaves 4'-6' long. 26. P. muricata.
TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
Cone-scales armed with very stout hooked spines; cones 2^'-3' long; opening
in the autumn or remaining closed for two or three years; leaves 2' long or less.
27. P. pungens.
Leaves in 5-leaved clusters; cones 4/-6' long, unsymmetrical, their scales thick; seeds
longer than their wings; leaves stout, 9'-13' long. 28. P. Torreyana (G)
9. Pinus leiophylla Schlecht. and Cham. Yellow Pine.
Pinus chihuahuana, Erigelm.
Leaves slender, pale glaucous green, marked by 6-8 rows of conspicuous stomata on
each of the 3 sides, 2|'-4' long, irregularly deciduous from their fourth season, their
sheaths deciduous. Flowers: male yellow; female yellow-green. Fruit ovoid, horizon-
tal or slightly declining, long-
stalked, l'-2' long, becoming
light chestnut-brown and lus-
trous, maturing at the end
of the third season, with scales
only slightly thickened, their
ultimately pale umbos armed
with recurved deciduous prickles;
seeds oval, rounded above and
pointed below, about ' long,
with a thin dark brown shell,
their wings f ' long and broadest
near the middle.
A tree, rarely more than 40-50
high, with a tall trunk sometimes
2 in diameter, stout slightly as-
cending branches forming a nar-
'2 row open pyramidal or round-
topped head of thin pale foliage,
and slender bright orange- brown branchlets, soon becoming dull red-brown. Bark of
old trunks f'-H' thick, dark reddish brown or sometimes nearly black, and deeply
divided into broad flat ridges covered w r ith thin closely appressed scales. Wood light,
soft, not strong but durable, light orange color, with thick much lighter colored sapwood.
Often forming coppice by the growth of shoots from the stump of cut trees.
Distribution. Mountain ranges of southern New Mexico and Arizona, usually at eleva-
tions between 6000 and 7000; not common; more abundant on the Sierra Madre of north-
ern Mexico and on several of the short ranges of Chihuahua and Sonora, and of a larger size
in Mexico than in the United States.
10. Pinus ponderosa Laws. Yellow Pine. Bull Pine.
Leaves tufted at the ends of naked branches, in 2 or in 2 and 3-leaved clusters, stout, dark
yellow-green, marked by numerous rows of stomata on the 3 faces, 5 '-11' long, mostly
deciduous during their third season. Flowers: male yellow; female clustered or in pairs,
dark red. Fruit ellipsoidal, horizontal or slightly declining, nearly sessile or short-stalked,
S'-6' long, often clustered, bright green or purple when fully grown, becoming light reddish
brown, with narrow scales much thickened at the apex and armed with slender prickles,
mostly falling soon after opening and discharging their seeds, generally leaving the lower
scales attached to the peduncle; seeds ovoid, acute, compressed at the apex, full and rounded
below, I' long, with a thin dark purple often mottled shell, their wings usually broadest
below the middle, gradually narrowed at the oblique apex, !'-!' long, about 1' wide.
A tree, sometimes 150-230 high, with a massive stem 5-8 in diameter, short thick
many-forked often pendulous branches generally turned upward at the ends and forming
PINACE.E
13
a regular spire-like head, or in arid regions a broader often round-topped head surmount-
ing a short trunk, and
stout orange-colored
branchlets frequently
becoming nearly black
at the end of two or
three years. Bark for
80-100 years broken
into rounded ridges
covered with small
closely appressed
scales, dark brown,
nearly black or light
cinnamon-red, on older
trees becoming 2'-4'
thick and deeply and
irregularly divided in-
to plates sometimes Fig. 13
4-5longandl2'-13'
wide, and separating into thick bright cinnamon-red scales. Wood hard, strong, com-
paratively fine-grained, light red, with nearly white sapwood sometimes composed of
more than 200 layers of annual growth; largely manufactured into lumber used for all
sorts of construction, for railway-ties, fencing, and fuel.
Distribution. Mountain slopes, dry valleys, and high mesas from northwestern Ne-
braska and western Texas to the shores of the Pacific Ocean, and from southern British
Columbia to Lower California and northern Mexico; extremely variable in different parts
of the country in size, in the length and thickness of the leaves, size of the cones, and in the
color of the bark. The form of the Rocky Mountains (var. scopuhrum, Engelm.), ranging
from Xebraska to Texas, and over the mountain ranges of Wyoming, eastern Montana
and Colorado, and to northern New Mexico and Arizona, where it forms on the Colorado
plateau with the species the most extensive Pine forests of the continent, has nearly black
furrowed bark, rigid leaves in clusters of 2 or 3 and 3' -6' long, and smaller cones, with thin
scales armed with slender prickles hooked backward. More distinct is
Pinus ponderosa var. Jeffrey! Vasey.
This tree forms great forests about the sources of the Pitt River in northern California,
Fig. 14
14 TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
along the eastern slopes of the central and southern Sierra Nevada, growing often on the
most exposed and driest ridges, and in southern California on the San Bernardino and
San Jacinto ranges up to elevations of 7000 above the sea, on the Cuyamaca Moun-
tains, and in Lower California on the Sierra del Pinal and the San Pedro Martir Moun-
tains.
A tree, 100 to nearly 200 high, with a tall massive trunk 4-6 in diameter, covered
with bright cinnamon-red bark deeply divided into large irregular plates, stiffer and more
elastic leaves 4 / -9 / long and persistent on the glaucous stouter branchlets for six to nine
years, yellow-green staminate flowers, short-stalked usually purple cones 5'-15' long, their
scales armed with stouter or slender prickles usually hooked backward, and seeds often
nearly \' long with larger wings.
Occasionally planted as an ornamental tree in eastern Europe, especially the variety
Jeffreyi, which is occasionally successfully cultivated in the eastern states.
Pinus ponderosa var. arizonica Shaw. Yellow Pine.
Pinus arizonica Engelm.
Leaves tufted at the ends of the branches, in 3-5-leaved clusters, stout, rigid, dark green,
stomatiferous on tTieir 3 faces, 5 '-7' long, deciduous during their third season. Fruit ovoid,
horizontal, 2'-2|' long, becoming light red-brown, with thin scales much thickened at the
apex and armed with slender
recurved spines; seeds full and
rounded below, slightly com-
pressed towards the apex, f
long, with a thick shell, their
wings broadest above the mid-
dle, about -|' long and J' wide.
A tree, 80-100 high, with
a tall straight massive trunk
3-4 in diameter, thick spread-
ing branches forming a regular
open round-topped or narrow
pyramidal head, and stout
branchlets orange-brown and
pruinose when they first appear,
becoming dark gray-brown.
Bark on young trunks dark
brown or almost black and
deeply furrowed, becoming on old trees 1^-2' thick and divided into large unequally
shaped plates separating on the surface into thin closely appressed light cinnamon-red
scales. Wood light, soft, not strong, rather brittle, light red or often yellow, with thick
lighter yellow or white sapwood; in Arizona occasionally manufactured into coarse
lumber.
Distribution. High cool slopes on the sides of canons of the mountain ranges of southern
Arizona at elevations between 6000 and 8000, sometimes forming nearly pure forests;
more abundant and of its largest size on the mountains of Sonora and Chihuahua.
11. Pinus palustris Mill. Long-leaved Pine. Southern Pine.
Leaves in crowded clusters, forming dense tufts at the ends of the branches, slender,
flexible, pendulous, dark green, 8'-18' long, deciduous at the end of their second year.
Flowers in very early spring before the appearance of the new leaves, male in short dense
clusters, dark rose-purple; female just below the apex of the lengthening shoot in pairs or
in clusters of 3 or 4, dark purple. Fruit cylindric-ovoid, slightly curved, nearly sessile, hori-
zontal or pendant, 6'-10' long, with thin flat scales rounded at apex and armed with small
PINACE.E
15
reflexed prickles, becoming dull brown; in falling leaving a few of the basal scales attached
to the stem; seeds almost triangular, full and rounded on the sides, prominently ridged,
about ~Y long, with a thin pale shell marked with dark blotches on the upper side, and
wings widest near the middle, gradually narrowed to a very oblique apex, about if long and
T 7 B ' wide.
A tree, 100-120 high, with a tall straight slightly tapering trunk usually 2-2^ or
occasionally 3 in diameter, stout slightly branched gnarled and twisted limbs covered
with thin dark scaly bark and forming an open elongated and usually very irregular head
one third to one half the length of the tree, thick orange-brown branchlets, and acute
winter-buds covered by elongated silvery white lustrous scales divided into long spreading
filaments forming a cobweb-like network over the bud. Bark of the trunk iV"!' thick,
light orange-brown, separating on the surface into large closely appressed papery scales.
Fig. 16
Wood heavy, exceedingly hard, strong, tough, coarse-grained, durable, light red to orange
color, with very thin nearly white sapwood; largely used as "southern pine" or "Georgia
pine" for masts and spars, bridges, viaducts, railway-ties, fencing, flooring, the interior
finish of buildings, the construction of railway-cars, and for fuel and charcoal. A large
part of the naval stores of the world is produced from this tree, which is exceedingly rich
in resinous secretions.
Distribution. Generally confined to a belt of late tertiary sands and gravels stretching
along the coast of the Atlantic and Gulf states and rarely more than 125 miles wide, from
southeastern Virginia to the shores of Indian River and the valley of the Caloosahatchee
River, Florida, and along the Gulf coast to the uplands east of the Mississippi River, ex-
tending northward in Alabama to the southern foothills of the Appalachian Mountains and
to central and western Mississippi (Hinds and Adams Counties) ; west of the Mississippi
River to the valley of the Trinity River, Texas, and through eastern Texas and western
Louisiana nearly to the northern borders of this state.
12. Pinus caribsea Morelet. Slash Pine. Swamp Pine.
Pinus heterophylla Sudw.
Leaves stout, in crowded 2 and 3-leaved clusters, dark green and lustrous, marked by
numerous bands of stomata on each face, 8'-12' long, deciduous at the end of their second
season. Flowers in January and February before the appearance of the new leaves, male in
short crowded clusters, dark purple; female lateral on long peduncles, pink. Fruit ovoid or
ovoid-conic, reflexed during its first year, pendant, 2'-6' long, with thin flexible flat
16 TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
scales armed with minute incurved or recurved prickles, becoming dark rich lustrous brown;
seeds almost triangular, full and rounded on the sides, le'-l*' long, with a thin brittle
dark gray shell mottled with black, and dark brown wings f'-l' long, 4' wide, their
thickened bases encircling the seeds and often covering a large part of their lower surface.
A tree, often 100 high, with a tall tapering trunk 2^-3 in diameter, heavy horizontal
branches forming a handsome round-topped head, and stout orange-colored ultimately
dark branchlets. Bark \'-\' thick, and separating freely on the surface into large thin
scales. Wood heavy, exceedingly hard, very strong, durable, coarse-grained, rich dark
orange color, with thick nearly white sapwood; manufactured into lumber and used for
construction and railway-ties. Naval stores are largely produced from this tree.
Distribution. Coast region of South Carolina southward over the coast plain to the
keys of southern Florida and along the Gulf coast to eastern Louisiana (Saint Tammany,
Washington, southern Tangipahoa and eastern Livingston Parishes) ; common on the Ba-
hamas, on the Isle of Pines, and on the lowlands of Honduras and eastern Guatemala:
in the coast region of the southern states gradually replacing the Long-leaved Pine, Pinus
palustris, Mill.
13. Pinus taeda L. Loblolly Pine. Old Field Pine.
Leaves slender, stiff, slightly twisted, pale green and somewhat glaucous, 6'-9' long,
marked by 10-12 rows of large stomata on each face, deciduous during their third year.
Flowers opening from the middle of March to the first of May; male crowded in short
spikes, yellow; female lateral below the apex of the growing shoot, solitary or clustered,
short-stalked, yellow. Fruit oblong-conic to ovoid-cylindric, nearly sessile, 2'-6' long, be-
coming light reddish brown, with thin scales rounded at the apex and armed with short
stout straight or reflexed prickles, opening irregularly and discharging their seeds during
the autumn and winter, and usually persistent on the branches for another year; seeds
rhomboidal, full and rounded, i' long, with a thin dark brown rough shell blotched with
black, and produced into broad thin lateral margins, encircled to the base by the narrow
border of their thin pale brown lustrous wing broadest above the middle, 1' long, about
j' wide.
A tree, generally 80-100 high, with a tall straight trunk usually about 2 but occa-
sionally 5 in diameter, short thick much divided branches, the lower spreading, the upper
ascending and forming a compact round- topped head, and comparatively slender glabrous
branchlets brown tinged with yellow during their first season and gradually growing
darker in their second year. Bark of the trunk f'-l|' thick, bright red-brown, and irreg-
PINACE.E
17
ularly divided by shallow fissures into broad flat ridges covered with large thin closely
appressed scales. Wood weak, brittle, coarse-grained, not durable, light brown, with
orange-colored or often
nearly white sapwood,
often composing nearly
half the trunk; large-
ly manufactured into
lumber, used for con-
struction and the inte-
rior finish of buildings.
Distribution. Cape
May, New Jersey
through southern Del-
aware and eastern
Maryland and south-
ward to the shores of
Indian River and Tam-
pa Bay, Florida, west-
ward to middle North
Carolina and through Fig. 18
South Carolina and
Georgia and the eastern Gulf states to the Mississippi River, extending into southern
Tennessee and northeastern Mississippi; west of the Mississippi River from southern
Arkansas and the southwestern part of Oklahoma through western Louisiana to the shores
of the Gulf of Mexico, and through eastern Texas to the valley of the Colorado River; on
the Atlantic coast often springing up on lands exhausted by agriculture; west of the Mis-
sissippi River one of the most important timber-trees, frequently growing in nearly pure
forests on rolling uplands.
14. Pinus rigida Mill. Pitch Pine.
Leaves stout, rigid, dark yellow-green, marked on the 3 faces by many rows of stomata,
3 '-5' long, standing stiffly and at right angles with the branch, deciduous during their
second year. Flowers: male in
short crowded spikes, yellow or
rarely purple ; female often clustered
and raised on short stout stems,
light green more or less tinged with
rose color. Fruit ovoid, acute at
apex, nearly sessile, often clus-
tered, l'-3' long, becoming light
brown, with thin flat scales armed
with recurved rigid prickles, often
remaining on the branches for ten
or twelve years; seeds nearly tri-
angular, full and rounded on the
sides, I' long, with a thin dark
brown mottled roughened shell and
wings broadest below the middle,
gradually narrowed to the very
^^^ oblique apex, f ' long, ^' wide.
Fig. 19 A tree, 50-60 or rarely 100
high, with a short trunk occasion-
ally 3 in diameter, thick contorted often pendulous branches covered with thick much
roughened bark, forming a round-topped thick head, often irregular and picturesque, and
18 TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
stout bright green branchlets becoming dull orange color during their first winter and dark
gray-brown at the end of four or five years; often fruitful when only a few feet high. Bark
of young stems thin and broken into plate-like dark red-brown scales, becoming ton old
trunks t'-l|' thick, deeply and irregularly fissured, and divided into broad flat connected
ridges separating on the surface into thick dark red-brown scales often tinged with purple.
Wood light, soft, not strong, brittle, coarse-grained, very durable, light brown or red,
with thick yellow or often white sap-wood; largely used for fuel and in the manufacture
of charcoal; occasionally sawed into lumber.
Distribution. Sandy plains and dry gravelly uplands, or less frequently in cold deep
swamps; island of Mt. Desert, Maine, to the northern shores of Lake Ontario, and south-
ward to southern Delaware and southern Ohio (Scioto County) and along the Appalachian
Mountains to northern Georgia and to their w r estern foothills in West ^ 7 irginia, Kentucky,
and Tennessee; very abundant in the coast region south of Massachusetts; sometimes
forming pure forests in New Jersey and Pennsylvania.
Pinus rigida var. serotina Loud. Pond Pine. Marsh Pine.
Pinus serotina Michx.
Leaves in clusters of 3 or occasionally of 4, slender, flexuose, dark yellow-green, 6 '-8'
long, marked by numerous rows of stomata on the 3 faces, deciduous during their third and
fourth years. Flowers: male
in crowded spikes, dark orange
color; female clustered or in
pairs on stout stems. Fruit
subglobose to ovoid, full and
rounded or pointed at apex,
subsessileor short-stalked,hor-
izontal or slightly declining,
2-2V long, with thin nearly
fiat scales armed with slender
incurved mostly deciduous
prickles, becoming light yel-
low-brown at maturity, often
remaining closedfor one or two
years and after opening long-
persistent on the branches;
seeds nearlv triangular, often
20 ridged below, full and rounded
at the sides, ' long, with a
thin nearly black roughened shell produced into a wide border, the wings broadest at the
middle, gradually narrowed at the ends, f ' long, i' wide.
A tree, usually 40-50 or occasionally 70-80' high, with a short trunk sometimes 3
but generally not more than 2 in diameter, stout often contorted branches more or less
pendulous at the extremities, forming an open round-topped head, and slender branchlets
dark green when they first appear, becoming dark orange color during their first winter
and dark brown or often nearly black at the end of four or five years. Bark of the trunk
5'-!' thick, dark red-brown and irregularly divided by narrow shallow fissures into small
plates separating on the surface into thin closely appressed scales. Wood very resinous,
heavy, soft, brittle, coarse-grained, dark orange color, with thick pale yellow sap wood;
occasionally manufactured into lumber.
Distribution. Low wet flats or sandy or peaty swamps; ne'ar Cape May, New Jersey,
and southeastern Virginia southward near the coast to northern Florida and central Ala-
bama.
PINACE^E 19
15. Pinus radiata D. Don. Monterey Pine.
Leaves in 3, rarely in 2-leaved clusters, slender, bright rich green, 4 '-6' long, mostly de-
ciduous during their third season. Flowers: male in dense spikes, yellow; female clustered,
dark purple. Fruit ovoid, pointed at apex, very oblique at base, short-stalked, reflexed,
3'-7' long, becoming deep chestnut-brown and lustrous, with scales much thickened and
mammillate toward the base on the outer side of the cone, thinner on the inner side and
at its apex, and armed with minute thickened incurved or straight prickles, long-per-
sistent and often remaining closed on the branches for many years; seeds ellipsoidal, com-
pressed, j' long, with a thin brittle rough nearly black shell, their wings light brown, longi-
tudinally striped, broadest above the middle, gradually narrowed and oblique at apex, 1'
long, f ' wide.
A tree, usually 40- 60 rarely 100-115 high, with a tall trunk usually l-2 but occa-
sionally 4-2 in diameter, spreading branches forming a regular narrow open round-topped
head, and slender branchlets
light or dark orange color, at
first often covered with a glau-
cous bloom, ultimately dark
red-brown. Bark of the trunk
l|'-2' thick, dark red-brown,
and deeply divided into broad
flat ridges broken on the surface
into thick appressed plate-like
scales. Wood light, soft, not
strong, brittle, close-grained;
occasionally used as fuel.
Distribution. In a narrow
belt a few miles wide on the
California coast from Pescadero
to the shores of San Simeon
Bay ; in San Luis Obispo County Fig- 2 1
near the village of Cambria; on
the islands of Santa Rosa and Santa Cruz of the Santa Barbara group; and on Guada-
loupe Island off the coast of Lower California; most abundant and of its largest size on
Point Pinos south of the Bay of Monterey, California.
Largely planted for the decoration of parks in western and southern Europe, occasionally
planted in the southeastern states and in Mexico, Australia, New Zealand, and other re-
gions with temperate climates, and more generally in the coast region of the Pacific states
from Vancouver Island southward than any other Pine-tree.
16. Pinus attenuata Lemm. Knob-cone Pine.
Leaves slender, firm and rigid, pale yellow or bluish green, marked by numerous rows
of stomata on their 3 f .ices. 3'-7', usually 4'-5' long. Flowers: male orange-brown; female
fascicled, often with se . ral fascicles on the shoot of the year. Fruit elongated, conic,
pointed, very oblique at base by the greater development of the scales on the outer side,
whorled, short-stalked, strongly reflexed and incurved, 3 '-6' long, becoming light yellow-
brown, with thin flat scales rounded at apex, those on the outer side being enlarged into
prominent transversely flattened knobs armed with thick flattened incurved spines, those
on the inner side of the cone slightly thickened and armed with minute recurved prickles,
persistent on the stems and branches for thirty or forty years, sometimes becoming com-
pletely imbedded in the bark of old trunks, and usually not opening until the death of the
tree; seeds ellipsoidal, compressed, acute at apex, |' long, with a thin oblique shell, their
wings broadest at the middle, gradually narrowed to the ends, 1 \' long, f ' wide.
A tree, usually about 20 high, with a trunk a foot in diameter, and often fruitful when
TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
Fig. 22
only 4 or 5 tall; occasionally growing to the height of 80-100, with a trunk 2^ thick,
and frequently divided above the middle into two ascending stems, slender branches ar-
ranged in regular
whorls while the tree
is young, and in old
S^S age forming a narrow
round-topped strag-
gling head of sparse
thin foliage, and
slender dark orange-
brown branchlets
growing darker dur-
ing their second sea-
son. Bark of young
stems and branches
thin, smooth, pale
brown, becoming at
the base of old trunks
|'-f ' thick and dark
brown often tinged with purple, slightly and irregularly divided by shallow fissures and
broken into large loose scales. Wood light, soft, not strong, brittle, coarse-grained, light
brown, with thick sapwood sometimes slightly tinged with red.
Distribution. Dry mountain slopes from the valley of the Mackenzie River in Oregon
over the mountains of southwestern Oregon, where it is most abundant and grows to its
largest size, often forming pure forests over large areas, southward along the western slopes
of the Cascade Mountains; in California on the northern cross ranges, the coast ranges from
Trinity to Sonoma Counties, the western slopes of the Sierra Nevada to Mariposa County,
and over the southern coast ranges from Santa Cruz to the dry arid southern slopes of the
San Bernardino Mountains, where it forms a belt between City and East Twin Creeks at
an altitude of 3500 above the sea.
17. Pinus Sabiniana Dougl. Digger Pine. Bull Pine.
Leaves stout, flexible, pendant, pale blue-green, marked on each face with numerous
rows of pale stomata,
8'-12' long, deciduous
usually in their third
and fourth years. Flow-
ers: male yellow; fe-
male on stout pedun-
cles, dark purple. Fruit
oblong-ovoid, full and
rounded at base, point-
ed, becoming light 'red-
dish brown, 6'- 10' long,
long-stalked, pendu-
lous, the scales nar-
rowed into a stout in-
curved sharp hook,
strongly reflexed to-
ward the base of the
cone and armed with ^ ^ Fig. 23
spur-like incurved
spines; seeds full and rounded below, somewhat compressed toward the apex, \' long,
\' wide, dark brown or nearly black, with a thick hard shell, encircled by their wings much
PINACE.E %\
thickened on the inner rim, obliquely rounded at the broad apex and about T length of
nuts.
A tree, usually 40-50 but occasionally 80 high, with a trunk 3-4 in diameter, divided
generally lo-20 above the ground into 3 or 4 thick secondary stems, clothed with short
crooked branches pendant below and ascending toward the summit of the tree, and forming
an open round-topped head remarkable for the sparseness of its foliage, and stout pale
glaucous branchlets, becoming dark brown or nearly black during their second season.
Bark of the trunk l'-2' thick, dark brown slightly tinged with red or nearly black and
deeply and irregularly divided into thick connected ridges covered with small closely ap-
pressed scales. Wood light, soft, not strong, close-grained, brittle, light brown or red
with thick nearly white sapwood. Abietine, a nearly colorless aromatic liquid with the
odor of oil of oranges, is obtained by distilling the resinous juices. The large sweet slightly
resinous seeds formed an important article of food for the Indians of California.
Distribution. Scattered singly or in small groups over the dry foothills of western Cali-
fornia, ranging from 500 up to 4000 above the sea-level and from the southern slopes of
the northern cross ranges to the Tehachapi Mountains and the Sierra de la Liebre; most
abundant and attaining its largest size on the eastern foothills of the Sierra Nevada near
the centre of the state at elevations of about 2000; here often the most conspicuous feature
of the vegetation.
18. Pinus Coulter! D. Don. Pitch Pine.
Leaves tufted at the ends of the branches, stout, rigid, dark blue-green, marked by
numerous bands of stomata on the 3 faces, 6'-12' long, deciduous during their third and
Fig. 24
fourth seasons.- Flowers: male yellow; female dark reddish brown. Fruit oblong-conic,
short-stalked and pendant, 10'-14' long, becoming light yellow-brown, with thick broad
scales terminating in a broad, flat, incurved, hooked claw %'-\\' long, gradually opening in
the autumn and often persistent on the branches for several years; seeds ellipsoidal, com-
pressed, \' long, Y~ wide, dark chestnut-brown, with a thick shell, inclosed by their wings,
broadest above the middle, oblique at apex, nearly 1' longer than the seed, about f ' wide.
A tree, 40-90 high, with a trunk 1-2| in diameter, thick branches covered with dark
scaly bark, long and mostly pendulous below, short and ascending above, and forming a
loose unsymmetrical often picturesque head, and very stout branchlets dark orange-brown
at first, becoming sometimes nearly black at the end of three or four years. Bark of the
22 TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
trunk l|'-2' thick, dark brown or nearly black and deeply divided into broad rounded
connected ridges covered with thin closely appressed scales. Wood light, soft, not strong,
brittle, coarse-grained, light red, with thick nearly white sapwood; occasionally used for
fuel. The seeds were formerly gathered in large quantities and eaten by the Indians of
southern California.
Distribution. Scattered singly or in small groves through coniferous forests on the dry
slopes and ridges of the coast ranges of California at elevations of 3000-6000 above the
sea, from Mount Diablo and the Santa Lucia Mountains to the San Bernardino and Cuya-
maca Mountains; and on the Sierra del Final, Lower California; most abundant on the
San Bernardino and San Jacinto ranges at elevations of about 5000.
19. Pinus resinosa Ait. Red Pine. Norway Pine.
Leaves slender, soft and flexible, dark green and lustrous, 5' -6' long, obscurely marked
on the ventral faces by bands of minute stomata, deciduous during their fourth and fifth
seasons. Flowers: male in dense spikes, dark purple; female terminal, short-stalked,
scarlet. Fruit ovoid-conic, subsessile, 2'-2|' long, with thin slightly concave scales, un-
Fig. 25
f
armed, becoming light chestnut-brown and lustrous at maturity; shedding their seeds early
in the autumn and mostly persistent on the branches until the following summer; seeds
oval, compressed, f ' long, with a thin dark chestnut-brown more or less mottled shell and
wings broadest below the middle, oblique at apex, f long, ' |' broad.
A tree, usually 70-80 or occasionally 120 high, with a tall straight trunk 2-3 or
rarely 5 in diameter, thick spreading more or less pendulous branches clothing the young
stems to the ground and forming a broad irregular pyramid, and in old age an open round-
topped picturesque head, and stout branchlets at first orange color, finally becoming light
reddish brown. Bark of the trunk f'-l \' thick and slightly divided by shallow fissures into
broad flat ridges covered by thin loose light red-brown scales. Wood light, hard, very
close-grained, pale red, with thin yellow often nearly white sapwood; largely used in the
construction of bridges and buildings, for piles, masts, and spars. The bark is occasion-
ally used for tanning leather.
Distribution. Light sandy loam or dry rocky ridges, usually forming groves rarely
more than a few hundred acres in extent and scattered through forests of other Pines and
deciduous-leaved trees; occasionally on sandy flats forming pure forests; Nova Scotia to
Lake St. John, westward through Quebec and central Ontario to the valley of the Winni-
peg River, and southward to eastern Massachusetts, the mountains of northern Penn-
sylvania, and to central and southwestern (Port Huron) Michigan, Wisconsin, and Min-
nesota, most abundant, and growing to its largest size in the northern parts of these states;
rare and local in eastern Massachusetts and southward.
PINACE^E 23
Often planted for the decoration of parks, and the most desirable as an ornamental tree
of the Pitch Pines which flourish in the northern states.
20. Pinus contorta Loud. Scrub Pine.
Leaves dark green, slender, I'-lV long, marked by 6-10 rows of stomata on each face,
mostly persistent 4-6 years. Flowers orange-red: male in short crowded spikes; female
clustered or in pairs on stout stalks. Fruit ovoid to subcylindric, usually very oblique
at base, horizontal or declining, often clustered, f-2' long, with thin slightly concave
scales armed with long slender more or less recurved often deciduous prickles, and toward
the base of the cone especially on the upper side developed into thick mammillate knobs,
becoming light yellow-brown and lustrous, sometimes opening and losing their seeds as
soon as ripe, or remaining closed on the branches and preserving the vitality of their seeds
for many years; seeds oblique at apex, acute below, about ' long, with a thin brittle
dark red-brown shell mottled with black and wings widest above the base, gradually tap-
ering toward the oblique apex, \' long.
A tree, sometimes fertile when only a few inches high, usually 15-20 or occasionally 30
tall, with a short trunk rarely more than 18' in diameter, comparatively thick branches
forming a round-topped com-
pact and symmetrical or an
open picturesque head, and
stout branchlets light orange
color when they first appear,
finally becoming dark red-
brown or occasionally almost
black. Bark of the trunk
f '-!' thick, deeply and irreg-
ularly divided by vertical
and cross fissures into small
oblong plates covered with
closely appressed dark red-
brown scales tinged with Fig. 26
purple or orange color. Wood
light, hard, strong although brittle, coarse-grained, light brown tinged with red, with
thick nearly white sapwood; occasionally used for fuel.
Distribution. Coast of Alaska, usually in sphagnum-covered bogs southward in the
immediate neighborhood of the coast to the valley of the Albion River, Mendocmo County,
California; south of the northern boundary of the United States generally inhabiting sand
dunes and barrens or occasionally near the shores of Puget Sound the margins of tide pools
and deep wet swamps; spreading inland and ascending the coast ranges and western slopes
of the Cascade Mountains, where it is not common and where it gradually changes its
habit and appearance, the thick deeply furrowed bark of the coast form being found only
near the ground, while the bark higher on the stems is thin, light-colored, and inclined
to separate into scales, and the leaves are often longer and broader. This is
Pinus contorta var. latifolia S. Wats. Lodge-pole Pine.
Pinus conlorta var. Murrayana Engelm.
Leaves yellow-green, usually about 2' long, although varying from l'-3' in length and
from iV to nearly f' in width. Fruit occasionally opening as soon as ripe but usually re-
maining closed and preserving the vitality of the seeds sometimes for twenty years.
A tree, usually 70-80 but often 150 high, with a trunk generally 2-3 but occasionally
5-6 in diameter, slender much-forked branches frequently persistent nearly to the base
of the stem, light orange-colored during their early years, somewhat pendulous below,
ascending near the top of the tree, and forming a narrow pyramidal spire-topped head.
TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
Bark of the trunk rarely more than ' thick, close and firm, light orange-brown and covered
by small thin loosely appressed scales. Wood light, soft, not strong, close, straight-grained
and easily worked, not durable, light yellow or nearly white, with thin lighter colored sap-
wood ; occasionally manufactured
into lumber; also used for railway-
tics, mine-timbers, and for fuel.
Distribution. Common on the
Yukon hills in the valley of the
Yukon River: on the interior pla-
teau of northern British Columbia
and eastward to the eastern foot-
hills of the Rocky Mountains,
covering with dense forests great
areas in the basin of the Columbia
River; forming forests on both
slopes of the Rocky Mountains of
Montana ; on the Yellowstone pla-
teau at elevations of 7000-8000;
Fig, 27 common on the mountains of Wy-
oming, and extending southward
to southern Colorado; the most abundant coniferous tree of the northern Rocky Moun-
tain region; common on the ranges of eastern Washington and Oregon, on the mountains
of northern California, and southward along the Sierra Nevada, where it attains its
greatest size and beauty in alpine forests at elevations between 8000 and 9500; in
southern California the principal tree at elevations between 7000 and 10,000 on the high
peaks of the San Bernardino and San Jacinto Mountains; on the upper slopes of the
San Pedro Martir Mountains, Lower California.
21. Pinus Banksiana Lamb. Gray Pine. Jack Pine.
Pinus divaricata Du Mont de Cours.
Leaves in remote clusters, stout, flat or slightly concave on the inner face, at first light
yellow-green, soon becoming dark green, f'-lj' long, gradually and irregularly deciduous
in their second or third year. Flowers: male in short crowded clusters, yellow; female
Fig. 23
clustered, dark purple, often with 2 clusters produced on the same shoot. Fruit oblong-
conic, acute, oblique at base, sessile, usually erect and strongly incurved, H'-2' long, dull
purple or green when fully grown, becoming light yellow and lustrous, with thin stiff
PINACE.E
scales often irregularly developed, and armed with minute incurved often deciduous
prickles; seeds nearly triangular, full and rounded on the sides, T V long, with an almost
black roughened shell and wings broadest at the middle, full and rounded at apex, ' long,
\' wide.
A tree, frequently 70 high, with a straight trunk sometimes free of branches for 20-30
and rarely exceeding 2 in diameter, long spreading branches forming an open symmetrical
head, and slender tough flexible pale yellow-green branchlets turning dark purple during
their first winter and darker the following year; often not more than 20-30 tall, with a
stem 10'-12' in diameter; generally fruiting when only a few years old; sometimes shrubby
with several low slender stems. Bark of the trunk thin, dark brown slightly tinged with
red, very irregularly divided into narrow rounded connected ridges separating on the sur-
face into small thick closely appressed scales. Wood light, soft, not strong, close-grained,
clear pale brown or rarely orange color, with thick nearly white sapwood; used for fuel
and occasionally for railway-ties and posts; occasionally manufactured into lumber.
Distribution. From Nova Scotia to the valley of the Athabasca River and down the
Mackenzie to about latitude 65 north, ranging southward to the coast of Maine, northern
New Hampshire and Vermont, the Island of Nantucket (Wauwinet, J. W. Harshburger},
northern New York, the shores of Saginaw Bay, Michigan, the southern shores of Lake
Michigan in Illinois, the valley of the Wisconsin River, Wisconsin, and central and
southeastern Minnesota (with isolated groves in Root River valley, near Rushford, Fill-
more County); abundant in central Michigan, covering tracts of barren lands; common
and of large size in the region north of Lake Superior; most abundant and of its greatest
size west of Lake Winnipeg and north of the Saskatchewan, here often spreading over great
areas of sandy sterile soil.
22. Pinus glabra Walt. Spruce Pine. Cedar Pine.
Leaves soft, slender, dark green, l'-3' long, marked by numerous rows of stomata,
deciduous at the end of their second and in the spring of their third year. Flowers: male
in short crowded clusters,
yellow; female raised on
slender slightly ascending
peduncles. Fruit single or
in clusters of 2 or 3, reflexed
on short stout stalks, sub-
globose to oblong-ovoid,
'-2' long, becoming red-
dish brown and rather lus-
trous, with thin slightly
concave scales armed with
minute straight or incurved
usually deciduous prickles;
seeds nearly triangular, full
and rounded on the sides,
I' long, with a thin dark gray
shell mottled with black and
wings broadest below the
middle, f ' long, \' wide.
A tree, usually 80-100 or occasionally 120 high, with a trunk 2-2| or rarely 3 in
diameter, comparatively small horizontal branches, and slender flexible branchlets at first
light red more or less tinged with purple, ultimately dark reddish brown. Bark of young
trees and upper trunks smooth pale gray becoming on old stems '-f ' thick, slightly and
irregularly divided by shallow fissures into flat connected ridges. Wood light, soft, not
strong, brittle, close-grained, light brown, with thick nearly white sapwood; occasionally
used for fuel and rarely manufactured into lumber.
Fig. 29
26 TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
Distribution. Valley of the lower Santee River, South Carolina to middle and north-
western Florida; banks of the Alabama River, Dallas County, Alabama; eastern and
southwestern Mississippi, and sandy banks of streams in northeastern Louisiana; usually
growing singly or in small groves; attaining its largest size and often occupying areas of
considerable extent in northwestern Florida.
23. Pinus echinata Mill. Yellow Pine. Short-leaved Pine.
Leaves in clusters of 2 and of 3, slender, flexible, dark blue-green, 3'-5' long, beginning
to fall at the end of their second season and dropping irregularly until their fifth year.
Flowers: male in short crowded clusters, pale purple; female in clusters of 2 or 3 on
stout ascending stems, pale rose color. Fruit ovoid to oblong-conic, subsessile and nearly
horizontal or short-stalked and pendant, generally clustered, 1|'-2|' long, becoming
dull brown, with thin scales nearly flat below and rounded at the apex, armed with short
straight or somewhat recurved frequently deciduous prickles; seeds nearly triangular, full
and rounded on the sides, about fV long, with a thin pale brown hard shell conspicuously
mottled with black, their wings broadest near the middle, \' long, f ' wide.
Fig. 30
A tree, usually 80-100 occasionally 120 high, with a tall slightly tapering trunk 3-4
in diameter, a short pyramidal truncate head of comparatively slender branches, and stout
brittle pale green or violet-colored branchlets covered at first with a glaucous bloom, be-
coming dark red-brown tinged with purple before the end of the first season, their bark be-
ginning in the third year to separate into large scales. Bark of the trunk f'-l' thick and
broken into large irregularly shaped plates covered with small closely appressed light
cinnamon-red scales. Wood very variable in quality, and in the thickness of the nearly
white sapwood, heavy, hard, strong and usually coarse-grained, orange-colored or yellow-
brown; largely manufactured into lumber.
Distribution. Long Island (near Northport), and Staten Island, New York, and south-
ern Pennsylvania to northern Florida, and westward through the Gulf states to eastern
Texas, through Arkansas to southwestern Oklahoma (near Page, Leflore County, G. W.
Stevens) and to southern Missouri and southwestern Illinois and to eastern Tennessee and
western West Virginia ; most abundant and of its largest size west of the Mississippi River.
24. Pinus virginiana Mill. Jersey Pine. Scrub Pine.
Leaves in remote clusters, stout, gray-green, U'-3' long, marked by many rows of
minute stomata, gradually and irregularly deciduous during their third and fourth years.
Flowers : male in crowded clusters, orange-brown ; female on opposite spreading peduncles
near the middle of the shoots of the year, generally a little below and alternate with 1 or 2
27
lateral branchlets, pale green, 2 '-3' long, the scale-tips tinged with rose color. Fruit ovoid-
conic, often reflexed, dark red-brown and lustrous, with thin nearly flat scales, and stout
or slender persistent prickles, opening in the autumn and slowly shedding their seeds,
turning dark reddish brown and remaining on the branches for three or four years;
seeds nearly oval, full and rounded, \' long, with a thin pale brown rough shell, their
wings broadest at the middle, f long, about f wide.
A tree, usually 30-40 high, with a short trunk rarely more than 18' in diameter, long
horizontal or pendulous branches in remote whorls forming a broad open often flat-topped
pyramid, and slender tough flexible branchlets at first pale green or green tinged with
purple' and covered with a glaucous bloom, becoming purple and later light gray-brown;
toward the western limits of its range a tree frequently 100 tall, with a trunk 2^-3 in
Fig. 31
diameter. Bark of the trunk \'-\' thick, broken by shallow fissures into flat plate-like
scales separating on the surface into thin closely appressed dark brown scales tinged
with red. Wood light, soft, not strong, brittle, coarse-grained, durable in contact with
the soil, light orange color, with thick nearly white sapwood; often used for fuel and
occasionally manufactured into lumber.
Distribution. Middle and southern New Jersey; Plymouth, Luzerne County, and cen-
tral, southern and western Pennsylvania to Columbia County, Georgia, Dallas County,
Alabama (near Selma, T. G. Harbison), and to the hills of northeastern Mississippi
(Bear Creek near its junction with the Tennessee River, E. N. Lowe}, through eastern
and middle Tennessee to western Kentucky and to southeastern and southern (Scioto
County) Ohio, and southern Indiana; usually small in the Atlantic states and only on
light sandy soil, spreading rapidly over exhausted fields; of its largest size west of the
Alleghany Mountains on the low hills of southern Indiana.
25. Firms clausa Sarg. Sand Pine. Spruce Pine.
Leaves slender, flexible, dark green, 2'-3|' long, marked by 10-20 rows of stomata, de-
ciduous during their third and fourth years. Flowers: male in short crowded spikes, dark
orange color; female lateral on stout peduncles. Fruit elongated ovoid-conic, often oblique
at base, usually clustered and reflexed, 2'-3|' long, nearly sessile or short-stalked, with
convex scales armed with short stout straight or recurved prickles, becoming dark yellow-
brown in autumn; some of the cones opening at once, others remaining closed for three or
four years before liberating their seeds, ultimately turning to an ashy gray color; others
still unopened becoming enveloped in the growing tissues of the stem and branches and
finally entirely covered by them; seeds nearly triangular, compressed, ' long, with a
28 TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
black slightly roughened shell, their wings widest near or below the middle, f ' long,
about \' wide.
A tree, usually 15-20 high, with a stem rarely a foot in diameter, generally clothed to
the ground with wide-spreading branches forming a bushy flat-topped head, and slender
tough flexible branchlets, pale yel-
low-green when they first appear,
becoming light orange-brown and
ultimately ashy gray; occasionally
growing to the height of 70-80
with a trunk 2 in diameter. Bark
on the lower part of the trunk
i' I' thick, deeply divided by nar-
row fissures into irregularly shaped
generally oblong plates separating
on the surface into thin closely ap-
pressed bright red-brown scales;
on the upper part of the trunk and
on the branches thin, smooth, ashy
gray. Wood light, soft, not strong,
brittle, light orange color or yel-
low, with thick nearly white sap-
Fig. 32 wood; occasionally used for the
masts of small vessels.
Distribution. Coast of the Gulf of Mexico from southern Alabama to Peace Creek,
western Florida; eastern Florida from the neighborhood of St. Augustine to Xew River,
Dade County, covering sandy wind-swept plains near the coast; growing to its largest
size and most abundant in the interior of the peninsula (Lake and Orange Counties).
26. Pinus muricata D. Don. Prickle-cone Pine.
Leaves in crowded clusters, thick, rigid, dark yellow-green, 4'-6' long, beginning to fall
in their second year. Flowers: male in elongated spikes, orange-colored; female short-
Fig. 33
stalked, whorled, 2 whorls often being produced on the shoot of the year. Fruit ovoid,
oblique at base, sessile, in clusters of 3-5 or sometimes of 7, 2'-3|' but usually about
3' long, becoming light chestnut-brown and lustrous, with scales much thickened on the
PINACE.E
outside of the cone, those toward its base produced into stout incurved knobs sometimes
armed with stout flattened spur-like often incurved spines, and on the inside of the cone
slightly flattened and armed with stout or slender straight prickles; often remaining closed
for several years and usually persistent on the stem and branches during the entire life
of the tree without becoming imbedded in the wood; seeds nearly triangular, j' long,
with a thin nearly black roughened shell, their wings broadest above the middle, oblique
at apex, nearly 1' long, ' wide.
A tree, usually 40-50 but occasionally 90 high, with a trunk 2-3 in diameter, thick
spreading branches covered with dark scaly bark, in youth forming a regular pyramid, and
at maturity a handsome compact round-topped head of dense tufted foliage, and stout
branchlets dark orange-green at first, turning orange-brown more or less tinged with
purple. Bark of the lower part of the trunk often 4'-6' thick and deeply divided into long
narrow rounded ridges roughened by closely appressed dark purplish brown scales. Wood.
light, very strong, hard, rather coarse-grained, light brown, with thick nearly white sap-
wood; occasionally manufactured into lumber.
Distribution. California coast region from Mendocino County southward, usually in
widely separated localities to Point Reyes Peninsula, north of the Bay of San Francisco,
and from Monterey to Coon Creek, San Luis Obispo County; in Lower California on
Cedros Island and on the west coast between Ensenada and San Quentin; of its largest
size and the common Pine-tree on the coast of Mendocino County.
27. Pinus pungens Lamb. Table Mountain Pine. Hickory Pine.
Leaves in crowded clusters, rigid, usually twisted, dark blue-green, \\'-%\' long, decidu-
ous during their second and third years. Flowers: male in elongated loose spikes, yellow;
female clustered, long-stalked. Fruit ovoid-conic, oblique at base by the greater de-
velopment of the scales
on the outer than on
the inner side, sessile,
reflexed, in clusters
usually of 3 or 4, or
rarely of 7 or 8, 2'-3'
long, becoming light
brown and lustrous,
with thin tough scales
armed with stout
hooked curved spines
produced from much
thickened mammillate
knobs, opening as soon
as ripe and gradually
shedding their seeds,
or often remaining
closed for two or three Fig. 34
years longer, and fre-
quently persistent on the branches for eighteen or twenty years; seeds almost triangular,
full and rounded on the sides, nearly \' long, with a thin conspicuously roughened light
brown shell, their wings widest below the middle, gradually narrowed to the ends, 1' long,
\' wide.
A tree, when crowded in the forest occasionally 60 high, with a trunk 2-3 in diameter,
and a few short branches near the summit forming a narrow round- topped head; in open
ground usually 20-30 tall, and often fertile when only a few feet high, with a short thick
trunk frequently clothed to the ground, and long horizontal branches, the lower pendulous
toward the extremities, the upper sweeping in graceful upward curves and forming a flat-
topped often irregular head, and stout branchlets, light orange color when they first appear,.
30 TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
soon growing darker and ultimately dark brown. Bark on the lower part of the trunk f '-!'
thick and broken into irregularly shaped plates separating on the surface into thin loose
dark brown scales tinged with red, higher on the stem, and on the branches dark brown
and broken into thin loose scales. Wood light, soft, not strong, brittle, very coarse-
grained, pale brown, with thick nearly white sapwood; somewhat used for fuel, and in
Pennsylvania manufactured into charcoal.
Distribution. Dry gravelly slopes and ridges of the Appalachian Mountains from south-
ern Pennsylvania to North Carolina, eastern Tennessee and northern Georgia, sometimes
ascending to elevations of 3000, with isolated outlying stations in eastern Pennsylvania,
western New Jersey, Maryland, the District of Columbia and Virginia; often forming
toward the southern limits of its range pure forests of considerable extent.
28. Pinus Torreyana Carr. Torrey Pine.
Leaves forming great tufts at the ends of the branches, stout, dark green, conspicuously
marked on the 3 faces by numerous rows of stomata, 8'-13' long. Flowers from January
to March; male yellow, in short dense heads; female subterminal on long stout peduncles.
Fig. 35
Fruit broad-ovoid, spreading or reflexed on long stalks, 4'- 6' in length, becoming deep
chestnut-brown, with thick scales armed with minute spines; mostly deciduous in their
fourth year and in falling leaving a few of the barren scales on the stalk attached to the
branch; seeds oval, more or less angled, f'-l' long, dull brown and mottled on the lower
side, light yellow-brown on the upper side, with a thick hard shell, nearly surrounded by
their dark brown wings often nearly \' long.
A tree, usually 30-40 high, with a short trunk about 1 in diameter, or occasionally
50-60 tall, with a long straight slightly tapering stem 2| in diameter, stout spreading and
often ascending branches, and very stout branchlets bright green in their first season, be-
coming light purple and covered with a metallic bloom the following year, ultimately nearly
black. Bark \'-V thick, deeply and irregularly divided into broad flat ridges covered by
large thin closely appressed light red-brown scales. Wood light, soft, not strong, coarse-
grained, light yellow, with thick yellow or nearly white sapwood; occasionally used for
fuel. The large edible seeds are gathered in large quantities and are eaten raw or
roasted.
Distribution. Only in a narrow belt a few miles long on the coast near the mouth of
the Soledad River just north of San Diego and on the island of Santa Rosa, California;
the least widely distributed Pine-tree of the United States.
PINACE.E 31
Now planted in the parks of San Diego, California, and in New Zealand, growing rapidly
in cultivation, and promising to attain a much larger size than on its native cliffs.
2. LARK Adans. Larch.
Tall pyramidal trees, with thick sometimes furrowed scaly bark, heavy heartwood,
thin pale sapwood, slender remote horizontal often pendulous branches, elongated leading
branchlets, short thick spur-like lateral branchlets, and small subglobose buds, their in-
ner scales accrescent and marking the lateral branchlets with prominent ring-like scars.
Leaves awl-shapad, triangular and rounded above, or rarely 4-angled, spirally disposed
and remote on leading shoots, on lateral branchlets in crowded fascicles, each leaf in the
axil of a deciduous bud-scale, deciduous. Flowers solitary, terminal, the staminate glo-
bose, oval or oblong, sessile or stalked, on leafless branches, yellow, composed of numerous
spirally arranged anthers with connectives produced above them into short points, the
pistillate appearing with the leaves, short-oblong to oblong, composed of few or many
green nearly orbicular stalked scales in the axes of much longer mucronate usually scarlet
bracts. Fruit a woody ovoid-oblong conic or subglobose short-stalked cone composed of
slightly thickened suborbicular or oblong-obovate concave scales, shorter or longer than
their bracts, gradually decreasing from the centre to the ends of the cone, the small scales
usually sterile. Seeds nearly triangular, rounded on the sides, shorter than their w r ings;
the outer seed-coat crustaceous, light brown, the inner membranaceous, pale chestnut-
brown and lustrous; cotyledons usually 6, much shorter than the inferior radicle.
Larix is widely distributed over the northern and mountainous region of the northern
hemisphere from the Arctic Circle to the mountains of West Virginia and Oregon in the
New World, and to central Europe, the Himalayas, Siberia, Korea western China, and
Japan in the Old World. Ten species are recognized. Of the exotic species the European
Larix decidua, Mill., has been much planted for timber and ornament in the northeastern
states, where the Japanese Larix Kcempferi, Sarg., also flourishes.
Larix is the classical name of the Larch-tree.
CONSPECTUS OF THE NORTH AMERICAN SPECIES.
Cones small, subglobose; their scales few, longer than the bracts, leaves triangular.
l! L. laricina (A, B, F).
Cones elongated; their scales numerous, shorter than the bracts.
Young branchlets pubescent, soon becoming glabrous; leaves triangular.
2. L. occidentalis (B, G).
Young branchlets tomentose; leaves 4-angled. 3. L. Lyallii (B, F).
1. Larix laricina K. Koch. Tamarack. Larch.
Larix americana Michx.
Leaves linear, triangular, rounded above, prominently keeled on the lower surface, f '-1 \'
long, bright green, conspicuously stomatiferous when they first appear; turning yellow and
falling in September or October. Flowers: male subglobose and sessile; female oblong,
with light-colored bracts produced into elongated green tips, and nearly orbicular rose-red
scales. Fruit on stout incurved stems, subglobose, rather obtuse, \'-\' long, composed of
about 20 scales slightly erose on their nearly entire margins, rather longer than broad and
twice as long as their bracts, bright chestnut-brown at maturity; usually falling during
their second year; seeds f long, about one third as long as their light chestnut-brown wings
broadest near the middle and obliquely rounded at apex.
A tree, 50-60 high, with a trunk 18'-20' in diameter, small horizontal branches forming
during the early life of the tree a narrow regular pyramidal head always characteristic of
this tree when crowded in the forest, or with abundant space sweeping out in graceful
32 TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
curves, often becoming contorted and pendulous and forming a broad open frequently
picturesque head, and slender leading branchlets often covered at first with a glaucous
bloom, becoming light orange-brown during their first winter and conspicuous from the
small globose dark red lustrous buds. Bark ,^'-f ' thick, separating into thin closely
appressed rather bright reddish brown scales. Wood heavy, hard, very strong, rather
coarse-grained, very durable, light brown; largely used for the upper knees of small ves-
sels, fence-posts, telegraph-poles, and railway-ties.
Distribution. At the north often on well-drained uplands, southward in cold deep
swamps which it often clothes with forests of closely crowded trees, from Labrador to the
Arctic Circle, ranging west of the Rocky Mountains to latitude 65 35' north, and south-
Fig. 36
ward through Canada and the northern states to northern and eastern Pennsylvania,
Garrett County, Maryland (Oakland to Thayerville), and Preston County, West Virginia
(Cranesville Swamp), northern Indiana and Illinois, and northeartern Minnesota; along
the eastern foothills of {he Rocky Mountains to about latitude 53 and between the Yukon
River and Cook Inlet, Alaska (Larix alaskensis Wight.); very abundant in the interior of
Labrador, where it is the largest tree; common along the margins of the barren lands
stretching beyond the sub-Arctic forest to the shores of the Arctic Sea; attaining its largest
size north of Lake Winnipeg on low benches which it occasionally covers with open forests;
on the eastern slopes of the northern Rocky Mountains usually at elevation from 600-
1700 above the sea; rare and local toward the southern limits of its range.
Occasionally planted as an ornamental tree in the northeastern states, growing rapidly
and attaining in cultivation a large size and picturesque habit.
2. Larix occidentalis Nutt. Tamarack.
Leaves triangular, rounded on the back, conspicuously keeled below, rigid, sharp-
pointed, I'-lf long, about 3 V wide, light pale green, turning pale yellow early in the
autumn. Flowers: male short-oblong; female oblong, nearly sessile, with orbicular scales
and bracts produced into elongated tips. Fruit oblong, short-stalked, l'-lf long, with
numerous thin stiff scales nearly entire and sometimes a little reflexed on their margins,
much shorter than their bracts, more or less thickly coated on the lower surface below the
middle with hoary tomentum, and standing after the escape of the seeds at right angles to
the axis of the cone, or often becoming reflexed; seeds nearly ' long, with a pale brown
shell, one half to two thirds as long as the thin fragile pale wings broadest near the middle
and obliquely rounded at apex.
PINACE.E 33
A tree, sometimes 180 high, with a tall tapering naked trunk 6-8 in diameter, or on
dry soil and exposed mountain slopes usually not more than 100 tall, with a short narrow
pyramidal head of small branches clothed with scanty foliage, or occasionally with a larger
crown of elongated drooping branches, stout branchlets covered when they first appear with
soft pale pubescence, usually soon glabrous, bright orange-brown in their first year, ulti-
mately becoming dark gray-brown, and dark chestnut-brown winter-buds about f in
diameter. Bark of young stems thin, dark-colored and scaly, becoming near the base of
old trunks 5' or 6' thick and broken into irregularly shaped oblong plates often 2 long
and covered with thin closely appressed light cinnamon-red scales. Wood very heavy,
exceedingly hard and strong, close-grained, very durable in contact with the soil, bright
Fig. 37
light red, with thin nearly white sapwood; largely used for railway-ties and fence-posts,
and manufactured into lumber used in cabinet-making and the interior finish of buildings.
Distribution. Moist bottom-lands and on high benches and dry mountain sides gen-
erally at elevations between 2000 and 7000 above sea-level, usually singly or in small
groves, through the basin of the upper Columbia River from southern British Columbia to
the western slopes of the continental divide of northern Montana, and to the eastern slopes
of the Cascade Mountains of Washington and northern Oregon; most abundant and of its
largest size on the bottom-lands of streams flowing into Flat Head Lake in northern Mon-
tana, and in northern Idaho.
Occasionally planted in the eastern states and in Europe, but in cultivation showing
little promise of attaining a large size or becoming a valuable ornamental or timber-tree.
3. Larix Lyallii Parl. Tamarack.
Leaves 4-angled, rigid, short-pointed, pale blue-green, 1'-!$' long. Flowers: male
short-oblong; female ovoid-oblong, with dark red or occasionally pale yellow-green scales
and dark purple bracts abruptly contracted into elongated slender tips. Fruit ovoid,
rather acute, 1%'-%' long, subsessile or raised on a slender stalk coated with hoary tomen-
tum, with dark reddish purple or rarely green erose scales, fringed and covered on their
lower surface with matted hairs at maturity spreading nearly at right angles and finally
much reflexed, much shorter than their dark purple very conspicuous long-tipped bracts;
seeds full and rounded on the sides, f ' long and about half as long as their light red lustrous
wings broadest near the base with nearly parallel sides.
A tree, usually 25-50 high, with a trunk generally 18'-20' but rarely 3-4 in diameter,
and remote elongated exceedingly tough persistent branches sometimes pendulous, devel-
oping very irregularly and often abruptly ascending at the extremities, stout branchlets
34 TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
coated with hoary tomentum usually persistent until after their second winter, ultimately
becoming nearly black, and prominent winter-buds with conspicuous long white matted
hairs fringing the margins of their scales and often almost entirely covering the bud.
Bark of young trees and of the branches thin, rather lustrous, smooth, and pale gray
tinged with yellow 7 , becoming loose and scaly on larger stems and on the large branches of
old trees, and on fully grown trunks i'-f thick and slightly divided by shallow fissures into
irregularly shaped plates covered by thin dark-red brown loosely attached scales. Wood
heavy, hard, coarse-grained, light reddish brown.
Distribution. Near the timber-line on mountain slopes at elevations of 4000-8000,
from southern Alberta on the eastern slope of the Rocky Mountains and from the interior
of southern British Columbia, southward along the eastern slopes of the Cascade Moun-
tains of northern Washington to Mt. Stewart at the head of the north fork of the Yakima
River, and along the continental divide to the middle fork of Sun River, Montana, form-
ing here a forest of considerable size at elevations of 7000-8000, and on the Bitter Root
Mountains to the headwaters of the south fork of the Clearwater River, Idaho.
3. PICEA Dietr. Spruce.
Pyramidal trees, with tall tapering trunks often stoutly buttressed at the base, thin
scaly bark, soft pale wood containing numerous resin-canals, slender whorled twice or
thrice ramified branches, their ultimate divisions stout, glabrous or pubescent, and leaf-
buds usually in 3's, the 2 lateral in the axils of upper leaves. Leaves linear, spirally dis-
posed, extending out from the branch on all sides or occasionally appearing 2-ranked by
the twisting of those on its lower side, mostly pointing to the end of the branch, entire,
articulate on prominent persistent rhomboid ultimately woody bases, keeled above and
below, 4-sided and stomatiferous on the 4 sides, or flattened and stomatiferous on the upper
and occasionally on the lower side, persistent from seven to ten years, deciduous in drying.
Flowers terminal or in the axils of upper leaves, the male usually long-stalked, composed
of numerous spirally arranged anthers with connectives produced into broad nearly circu-
lar toothed crests, the female oblong, oval or cylindric, with rounded or pointed scales,
each in the axis of an accrescent bract shorter than the scale at maturity. Fruit an ovoid
or oblong, cylindric pendant cone, crowded on the upper branches or in some species
scattered over the upper half of the tree. Seeds ovoid or oblong, usually acute at base,
much shorter than their wings; outer seed-coat crustaceous, light or dark brown, the inner
membranaceous, pale chestnut-brown; cotyledons 4-15.
PINACE.E 35
Picea is widely distributed through the colder and temperate regions of the northern hem-
isphere, some species forming great forests on plains and high mountain slopes. Thirty-
seven species are now recognized, ranging from the Arctic Circle to the slopes of the southern
Appalachian Mountains and to those of northern New Mexico and Arizona in the New
World, and to central and southeastern Europe, the Caucasus, the Himalayas, western
China, Formosa and Japan. Of exotic species the so-called Norway Spruce, Picea Abies
Karst., one of the most valuable timber-trees of Europe, has been largely planted for
ornament and shelter in the eastern states, where the Caucasian Picea orientalis Carr.,
and some of the Japanese species also flourish.
Picea was probably the classical name of the Spruce-tree.
CONSPECTUS OF THE NORTH AMERICAN SPECIES.
Leaves 4-sided, with stomata on the 4 sides.
Cone-scales rounded at apex.
Cone-scales stiff and rigid at maturity; branchlets pubescent.
Cones ovoid on strongly incurved stalks, persistent for many years, their scales
erose or dentate; leaves blue-green. 1. P. mariana (A, B, F).
Cones ovoid-oblong, early deciduous, their scales entire or denticulate; leaves dark
yellow-green. 2. P. rubra (A).
Cone-scales soft and flexible at maturity; branchlets glabrojus; cones oblong-cylindric,
slender, their scales entire; leaves blue-green. 3. P. glauca (A, B, F).
Cone-scales truncate or acute at apex, oblong or rhombic; leaves blue-green.
Cones oblong-cylindric or ellipsoidal; branchlets pubescent; leaves soft and flexible.
4. P. Engelmannii (F, B, G).
Cones oblong-cylindric; branchlets glabrous; leaves rigid, spinescent.
5. P. pungens (F).
ves flattened, usually with stomata only on the upper surface; cone-scales rounded.
Cone-scales ovate, entire; branchlets pubescent; cones ellipsoidal, leaves obtuse.
6. P. Breweriana (G).
Cone-scales elliptic, denticulate above the middle; branchlets glabrous; cones oblong-
cylindric, leaves acute or acuminate, with stomata occasionally on the lower surface.
7. P. sitchensis (B, G).
1. Picea mariana B. S. P. Black Spruce.
Leaves slightly incurved above the middle, abruptly contracted at apex into short
callous tips, pale blue-green and glaucous at maturity, j'-f ' long, hoary on the upper sur-
face from the broad bands of stomata, and lustrous and slightly stomatiferous on the lower
surface. Flowers: male subglobose, with dark red anthers; female oblong-cylindric,
with obovate purple scales rounded above, and oblong purple glaucous bracts rounded
and denticulate at apex. Fruit ovoid, pointed, gradually narrowed at the base into
short strongly incurved stalks, '-lf ' long, with rigid puberulous scales rounded or rarely
somewhat pointed at apex and more or less erose on the notched pale margins, turning
as they ripen dull gray-brown and becoming as the scales gradually open and slowly dis-
charge their seeds almost globose; sometimes remaining on the branches for twenty or
thirty years, the oldest close to the base of the branches near the trunk; seeds oblong,
narrowed to the acute base, about f long, very dark brown, with delicate pale brown
wings broadest above the middle, very oblique at the apex, about \' long, \' wide.
A tree, usually 20-30 and occasionally 100 high, with a trunk 6'-12' and rarely 3 in
diameter, and comparatively short branches generally pendulous with upward curves,
forming an" open irregular crown, light green branchlets coated with pale pubescence, soon .
beginning to grow darker, and during their first winter light cinnamon-brown and covered
with short rusty pubescence, their thin brown bark gradually becoming glabrous and be-
ginning to break into small thin scales during their second year; at the extreme north
36
TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
sometimes cone-bearing when only 2-3 high. Winter-buds ovoid, acute, light reddish
brown, puberulous, about |' long. Bark j' |' thick and broken on the surface into thin
rather closely appressed gray-brown scales. Wood light, soft, not strong, pale yellow-
white, with thin sapwood; probably rarely used outside of Manitoba and Saskatchewan,
except in the manufacture of paper pulp. Spruce-gum, the resinous exudations of the
Spruce-trees of northeastern America, is gathered in considerable quantities principally
in northern New England and Canada, and is used as a masticatory. Spruce-beer is
made by boiling the branches of the Black and Red Spruces
Fig. 39
Distribution. At the north on well-drained bottom-lands and the slopes of barren stony
hills, and southward in sphagnum-covered bogs, swamps, and on their borders, from Labra-
dor to the valley of the Mackenzie River in about latitude 65 north, and, crossing the
Rocky Mountains, through the interior of Alaska to the valley of White River; southward
through Newfoundland, the maritime provinces, eastern Canada and the northeastern
United States to central Pennsylvania, and along the Alleghany Mountains to northern
Virginia; and from the eastern foothills of the Rocky Mountains in Alberta, through
northern Saskatchewan and northern Manitoba, and south to northeastern and northern
Minnesota, and central Wisconsin and Michigan; very abundant at the far north and the
largest coniferous tree of Saskatchewan and northern Manitoba, covering here large areas
and growing to its largest size; common in Newfoundland and all the provinces of eastern
Canada except southern Ontario; in the United States less abundant, of small size, and
usually only in cold sphagnum swamps (var. brevifolia Rehd.)
Occasionally planted as an ornamental tree, the Black Spruce is short-lived in cultivation
and one of the least desirable of all Spruce-trees for the decoration of parks and gardens.
2. Picea rubra Link. Red Spruce.
Picea rubens Sarg.
Leaves more or less incurved above the middle, acute or rounded and furnished at the
apex with short callous points, dark green often slightly tinged with yellow, very lustrous,
marked on the upper surface by 4 rows and on the lower less conspicuously by 2 rows of
stomata on each side of the prominent midrib, ^'-f long, nearly iV wide. Flowers: male
oval, almost sessile, bright red; female oblong-cylinojric, with thin rounded scales reflexed
and slightly erose on their margins, and obovate bracts rounded and laciniate above.
Fruit on very short straight or incurved stalks, ovoid-oblong, gradually narrowed from
near the middle to the acute apex.. l'-2' long, with rigid puberulous scales entire or
slightly toothed at the apex; bright green or green somewhat tinged with purple when
PINACE.E
37
fully grown, becoming light reddish brown and lustrous at maturity, beginning to fall a<*
soon as the scales open in the autumn or early winter, and generally disappearing from the
branches the following summer; seeds dark brown, about ' long, with short broad wings
full and rounded above the middle.
A tree, usually 70-80 and occasionally 100 high, with a trunk 2-3 in diameter,
branches long-persistent on the stem and clothing it to the ground, forming a narrow
rather conical head, or soon disappearing below from trees crowded in the forest, stout
pubescent light green branchlets, becoming bright reddish brown or orange-brown during
their first winter, gla-
brous the following
year, and covered in
their third or fourth
year with scaly bark.
Winter-buds ovoid,
acute, ~ long, with
light reddish brown
scales. Bark \'-%'
thick, and broken into
thin closely appressed
irregularly shaped red-
brown scales. Wood
light, soft, close-
grained, not strong,
pale slightly tinged
with red, with paler Fig. 40
sapwood usually about
2' thick; largely manufactured into lumber in the northeastern states, Pennsylvania, and
Virginia, and used for the flooring and construction of houses, for the sounding-boards
of musical instruments, and in the manufacture of paper-pulp.
Distribution. Well-drained uplands and mountain slopes, often forming a large part of
extensive forests, from Prince Edward Island and the valley of the St. Lawrence southward
to the coast of Massachusetts, along the interior hilly part of New England, New York,
and northern Pennsylvania and on the slopes of the Alleghany Mountains at elevations
above 2500 feet from West Virginia to North Carolina and Tennessee.
Occasionally planted in the eastern states and in Europe as an ornamental tree, but
growing in cultivation more slowly than any other Spruce-tree.
3. Picea glauca Voss. White Spruce.
Picea canadensis B. S. P.
Leaves crowded on the upper side of the branches by the twisting of those on the lower
side, incurved, acute or acuminate with rigid callous tips, pale blue and hoary when
they first appear, becoming dark blue-green or pale blue, marked on each of the 4 sides
by 3 or 4 rows of stomata, i'-f long. Flowers: male pale red, soon appearing yellow
from the thick covering of pollen; female oblong-cylindric, with round nearly entire pale
red or yellow-green scales, broader than long, and nearly orbicular denticulate bracts.
Fruit nearly sessile or borne on short thin straight stems, oblong-cylindric, slendef,
slightly narrowed to the ends, rather obtuse at apex, usually about 2' long, pale green
sometimes tinged with red when fully grown, becoming at maturity pale brown and lus-
trous, with nearly orbicular scales, rounded, truncate, and slightly emarginate, or rarely
narrowed at apex, and very thin, flexible and elastic at maturity, usually deciduous in
the autumn or during the following winter; seeds about f long, pale brown, with narrow
wings gradually widened from the base to above the middle and very oblique at the apex.
A treev with disagreeable smelling foliage, rarely more than 60-70 tall, with a trunk
38 TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
not more than 2 in diameter, long comparatively thick branches densely clothed with
stout rigid laterals sweeping out in graceful upward curves, and forming a broad-based
rather open pyramid often obtuse at the apex, stout glabrous branchlets orange-brown
during their first au-
tumn and winter,
gradually growing
darker grayish brown.
Whiter-buds broadly
ovoid, obtuse, cov-
ered by light chest-
nut-brown scales with
thin often reflexed
ciliate margins. Bark
\'-\' thick, separat-
ing irregularly into
thin plate-like light
gray scales more or
less tinged with brown.
Wood light, soft,
Fig. 41 not strong, straight-
grained light yellow,
with hardly distinguishable sapwood; manufactured into lumber in the eastern provinces
of Canada and in Alaska, and used in construction, for the interior finish of buildings,
and for paper-pulp.
Distribution. Banks and borders of streams and lakes, ocean cliffs, and in the north the
rocky slopes of low hills, from Labrador along the northern frontier of the forest nearly
to the shores of the Arctic Sea, reaching Behring Strait in 66 44' north latitude, and south-
ward down the Atlantic coast to southern Maine, northern New Hampshire, Vermont, and
New York, shores of Saginaw Bay, Michigan, northern Wisconsin and Minnesota, and
through the interior of Alaska.
The variety (var. albertiana Sarg.) of the Gaspe Peninsula and the valleys of the Black
Hills of South Dakota and of the Rocky Mountains of northern Wyoming, Montana,
Alberta and northward, is a tree with a narrow pyramidal head, sometimes 150 high, with
a trunk 3 to 4 in diameter, and shorter and rather broader cones than those of the typical
White Spruce of the east, although not shorter or as short as the cones of that tree in the
extreme north.
Often planted in Canada, northern New England, and northern Europe as an orna-
mental tree; in southern New England and southward suffering from heat and dryness.
4. Picea Engelmannii Engelm. White Spruce. Engelmann Spruce.
Leaves soft and flexible, with acute callous tips, slender, nearly straight or slightly in-
curved on vigorous sterile branches, stouter, shorter, and more incurved on fertile branches,
l'-H' long, marked on each face by 3-5 rows of stomata, covered at first with a glaucous
bloom, soon becoming dark blue-green or pale steel-blue. Flowers: male dark purple;
female bright scarlet, with pointed or rounded and more or less divided scales, and oblong
bracts rounded or acute or acuminate and denticulate at apex or obovate-oblong and
abruptly acuminate. Fruit oblong-cylindric to ellipsoidal, gradually narrowed to the
ends,, usually about 2' long, sessile or very short-stalked, produced in great numbers on the
upper branches, horizontal and ultimately pendulous, light green somewhat tinged with
scarlet when fully grown, becoming light chestnut-brown and lustrous, with thin flexible
slightly concave scales, generally erose-dentate or rarely almost entire on the margins,
usually broadest at the middle,wedge-shaped below, and gradually contracted above into
a truncate or acute apex, or occasionally obovate and rounded above; mostly deciduous
in the autumn or early in their first winter soon after the escape of the seeds ; seeds obtuse
PINACE.E
39
at the base, nearly black, about ' long and much shorter than their broad very oblique
wings.
A tree, with disagreeable smelling foliage sometimes 120 high, with a trunk 3 in diam-
eter, spreading branches produced in regular whorls and forming a narrow compact pyram-
idal head, gracefully hanging short lateral branches, and comparatively slender branch-
lets pubescent for three or four years, light or dark orange-brown or gray tinged with brown
during their first winter, their bark beginning to separate into small flaky scales in their
fourth or fifth year; at its highest altitudes low and stunted with elongated branches
pressed close to the ground. Winter-buds conic or slightly obtuse, with pale chestnut-
brown scales scarious and often free and slightly reflexed on the margins. Bark '-'
thick, light cinnamon-red, and broken into large thin loose scales. Wood light, soft, not
strong, close-grained, pale yellow tinged with red, with thick hardly distinguishable sap-
wood; largely manufactured into lumber used in the construction of buildings; also
employed for fuel and charcoal. The bark is sometimes employed in tanning leather.
Fig. 42
Distribution. High mountain slopes, often forming great forests from the mountains
of Alberta, British Columbia and Alaska, southward over the interior mountain systems
of the continent to southern New Mexico (the Sacramento Mountains) and northern
Arizona, from elevations of 5000 at the north up to 11,500 and occasionally to 12,000
at the south, and westward through Montana and Idaho to the eastern slopes of the Cas-
cade Mountains of Washington and Oregon; attaining its greatest size and beauty north
of the northern boundary of the United States.
Occasionally planted as an ornamental tree in the New England states and northern
Europe, where it grows vigorously and promises to attain a large size; usually injured in
western Europe by spring frosts.
5. Picea pungens Englm. Blue Spruce. Colorado Spruce.
Picea Parnjana Sarg.
Leaves strongly incurved, especially those on the upper side of the branches, stout, rigid,
acuminate and tipped with long callous sharp points, l'-lf long on sterile branches, often
not more than half as long on the fertile branches of old trees, marked on each side by 4-7
rows of stomata, dull bluish green on some individuals and light or dark steel-blue or silvery
white on others, the blue colors gradually changing to dull blue-green at the end of three or
four years. Flowers: male yellow tinged with red; female with broad oblong or slightly
obovate pale green scales truncate or slightly emarginate at the denticulate apex, and acute
bracts. Fruit produced on the upper third of the tree, sessile or short-stalked, oblong-
40 TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
cylindric, slightly narrowed at the ends, usually about 3' long, green more or less tinged
with red when fully grown at midsummer, becoming pale chestnut-brown and lustrous,
with flat tough rhombic scales flexuose on the margins, and acute, rounded or truncate
at the elongated erose apex ; seeds |' long or about half the length of their wings, gradually
widening to above the middle and full and rounded at apex.
A tree, usually 80-100 or occasionally 150 high, with a trunk rarely 3 in diameter
and occasionally divided into 3 or 4 stout secondary stems, rigid horizontal branches dis-
posed on young trees in
remote whorls and de-
creasing regularly in length
from below upward, the
short stout stiff branchlets
pointing forward and mak-
ing flat-topped masses of
foliage; branches on old
trees short and remote,
with stout lateral branches
forming a thin ragged py-
ramidal crown; branch-
lets stout, rigid, glabrous,
pale glaucous green, be-
coming bright orange-
brown during the first win-
ter and ultimately light
grayish brown. Winter-
Fig. 43 buds stout, obtuse or rare-
ly acute, j'-^' long, with
thin pale chestnut-brown scales usually reflexed on the margins. Bark of young trees
gray or gray tinged with cinnamon-red and broken into small oblong plate-like scales,
becoming on the lower part of old trunks f'-lf thick and deeply divided into broad
rounded ridges covered with small closely appressed pale gray or occasionally bright cin-
namon-red scales. Wood light, soft, close-grained, weak, pale brown or often nearly
white, with hardly distinguishable sapwood.
Distribution. Banks of streams or on the first benches above them singly or in small
groves at elevations between 6500 and 11,000 above the sea; Colorado and eastern Utah
northward to the northern end of the Medicine Bow Mountains and on the Laramie Range
in southern and on the Shoshone and Teton Mountains in northwestern Wyoming, and
southward into northern New Mexico (Sierra Blanca, alt. 8000-! 1,000, Sacramento
Mountains, Pecos River National Forest).
Often planted as an ornamental tree in the eastern and northern states and in western
and northern Europe, especially individuals with blue foliage; very beautiful in early life
but in cultivation soon becoming unsightly from the loss of the lower branches.
6. Picea Breweriana S. Wats. Weeping Spruce.
Leaves abruptly narrowed and obtuse at apex, straight or slightly incurved, rounded
and obscurely ridged and dark green and lustrous on the lower surface, flattened and con-
spicuously marked on the upper surface by 4 or 5 rows of stomata on each side of the
prominent midrib, |'-lf long, tV-iV wide. Flowers: male dark purple; female oblong-
cylindric, with obovate scales rounded above and reflexed on the entire margins, and ob-
long bracts laciniately divided at their rounded or acute apex. Fruit ellipsoidal, gradually
narrowed from the middle to the ends, acute at apex, rather oblique at base, suspended
on straight slender stalks, deep rich purple or green more or less tinged with purple when
fully grown, becoming light orange-brown, 2' -4' long, with thin broadly ovate flat scales
longer than broad, rounded at apex, opening late in the autumn after the escape of the
PINACE.E
41
seeds, often becoming strongly reflexed and very flexible; usually remaining on the branches
until their second winter; seeds acute at base, full and rounded on the sides, f long,
dark brown, and about one quarter the length of their wings broadest toward the full and
rounded apex.
A tree, usually 80-100 high, with a trunk 2-3 in diameter above the swelling of its
enlarged and gradually tapering base, and furnished to the ground with crowded branches,
those at the top of the tree short and slightly ascending, with comparatively short pendu-
lous lateral branches, those lower on the tree horizontal or pendulous and clothed with
slender flexible whip-like laterals often 7-8 long and not more than \' thick and furnished
with numerous long thin lateral branchlets, their ultimate divisions slender, coated with
fine pubescence persistent until their third season, bright red-brown during their first win-
ter, gradually growing dark gray-brown. Winter-buds conic, light chestnut-brown, |'
Fig. 44
long and |' thick. Bark |'- ' thick, broken into long thin closely appressed scales dull
red-brown on the surface. Wood heavy, soft, close-grained, light brown or nearly white,
with thick hardly distinguishable sapwood.
Distribution. Dry mountain ridges and peaks near the timber-line on both slopes of the
Siskiyou Mountains on the boundary between California and Oregon, forming small groves
at elevations of about 7000 above the sea; on a high peak wrest of Marble Mountain in
Siskiyou County, California; on the coast ranges of southwestern Oregon at elevations of
4000-5000.
7. Picea sitchensis Carr. Tideland Spruce. Sitka Spruce.
Leaves standing out from all sides of the branches and often nearly at right angles to
them, frequently bringing their white upper surface to view by a twist at then* base, straight
or slightly incurved, acute or acuminate with long callous tips, slightly rounded, green,
lustrous, and occasionally marked on the lower surface with 2 or 3 rows of small conspicu-
ous stomata on each side of the prominent midrib, flattened, obscurely ridged and almost
covered with broad silvery white bands of numerous rows of stomata on the upper surface,
i'-l|' long and jV~iV wide, mostly persistent 9-11 years. Flowers: male at the ends of
the pendant lateral branchlets, dark red; female on rigid terminal shoots of the branches of
the upper half of the tree, with nearly orbicular denticulate scales, often slightly truncate
above and completely hidden by their elongated acuminate bracts. Fruit oblong-cylindric,
short-stalked, yellow-green often tinged with dark red when fully grown, becoming lustrous
and pale yellow or reddish brown, 2|'-4' long, with thin stiff elliptic scales rounded toward
the apex, denticulate above the middle, and nearly twice as long as their lanceolate den-
42 TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
ticulate bracts; deciduous mostly during their first autumn and winter; seeds full and
rounded, acute at the base, pale reddish brown, about f ' long, with narrow oblong slightly
oblique wings i'-f ' in length.
A tree, usually about 100 high, with a conspicuously tapering trunk often 3-4 in
diameter above its strongly buttressed and much-enlarged base, occasionally 200 tall,
with a trunk 15-16 in diameter, horizontal branches forming an open loose pyramid and
on older trees clothed
with slender pendant la-
teral branches frequent-
ly 2-3 long, and stout
rigid glabrous branch-
lets pale green at first,
becoming dark or light
orange-brown during
their first autumn and
winter and finally dark
gray-brown; at the ex-
treme northwestern lim-
its of its range occa-
sionally reduced to a
low shrub. Winter-buds
ovoid, acute or conical,
\'-%' long, with pale
Fig- 45 chestnut-brown acute
scales, often tipped with
short points and more or less reflexed above the middle. Bark l'-|' thick and broken
on the surface into large thin loosely attached dark red-brown or on young trees some-
times bright cinnamon-red scales. Wood light, soft, not strong, straight-grained, light
brown tinged with red, with thick nearly white sapwood; largely manufactured into lum-
ber used in the interior finish of buildings, for fencing, boat-building, aeroplanes, cooper-
age, wooden- ware, and packing-cases.
Distribution. Moist sandy, often swampy soil, or less frequently at the far north on
wet rocky slopes, from the eastern end of Kadiak Island, southward through the coast
region of Alaska, British Columbia, Washington, and Oregon to Mendocino County,
California; in Washington, occasionally ranging inland to the upper valley of the Nesqually
River.
Often planted in western and central Europe and occasionally in the middle Atlantic
states as an ornamental tree.
4. TSUGA Carr. Hemlock.
Tall pyramidal trees, with deeply furrowed astringent bark bright cinnamon-red except
on the surface, soft pale wood, nodding leading shoots, slender scattered horizontal often
pendulous branches, the secondary branches three or four times irregularly pinnately rami-
fied, with slender round glabrous or pubescent ultimate divisions, the whole forming grace-
ful pendant masses of foliage, and minute winter-buds. Leaves flat or angular, obtuse
and often emarginate or acute at apex, spirally disposed, usually appearing almost 2-
ranked by the twisting of their petioles, those on the upper side of the branch then much
shorter than the others, abruptly narrowed into short petioles jointed on ultimately woody
persistent bases, with stomata on the lower surface; on one species not 2-ranked, and of
nearly equal length, with stomata on both surfaces. Flowers solitary, the male in the
axils of leaves of the previous year, globose, composed of numerous subglobose anthers,
with connectives produced into short gland-like tips, the female terminal, erect, with
nearly circular scales slightly longer or shorter than their membranaceous bracts. Fruit
PINACE^E
43
an ovoid-oblong, oval, or oblong-cylindric obtuse usually pendulous nearly sessile green
or rarely purple cone becoming light or dark reddish brown, with concave suborbicular or
ovate-oblong scales thin and entire on the margins, much longer than their minute bracts,
persistent on the axis of the cone after the escape of the seeds. Seeds furnished with resin-
vesicles, ovoid-oblong, compressed, nearly surrounded by their much longer obovate-
oblong wings; outer seed-coat crustaceous, light brown, the inner membranaceous, pale
chestnut-brown, and lustrous; cotyledons 3-6, much shorter than the inferior radicle.
Tsuga is confined to temperate North America, Japan, central and southwestern China,
Formosa, and the Himalayas; nine species have been distinguished.
Tsuga is the Japanese name of the Hemlock-tree.
CONSPECTUS OF THE NORTH AMERICAN SPECIES. N,
Leaves flat, obtuse or emarginate at apex, with stomata only on the lower surface;
ovoid, oblong or oblong-ovoid.
Cones stalked.
Cone-scales broad-obovate, about as wide as long, their bracts broad and truncate.
1. T. canadensis (A).
Cone-scales narrow-oval, much longer than wide, their bracts obtusely pointed.
2. T. caroliniana (A).
Cones sessile; cone-scales oval, often abruptly contracted near the middle, then*
bracts gradually narrowed to an obtuse point. *
3. T. heterophylla (B, F, G).
Leaves convex or keeled above, bluntly pointed, with stomata on both surfaces; cones ob-
long-cylindric, their scales oblong-obovate, longer than broad, much longer than their
acwminate short-pointed bracts. 4. T. Mertensiana (B, F, G).
1. Tsuga canadensis Carr. Hemlock.
Leaves, rounded and rarely emarginate at apex, dark yellow-green, lustrous and ob-
scurely grooved especially toward the base on the upper surface, marked on the lower sur-
face by 5 or 6 rows of stomata on each side of the low broad midrib, s'-f ' long, about T V
Fig, 46
wide, deciduous in their third season from dark orange-colored persistent bases. Flowers:
male light yellow; female pale green, with broad bracts coarsely laciniate on the margins
and shorter than their scales. Fruit on slender puberulous stalks often \' long, ovoid,
acute, |'-j' long, with broad-obovate scales almost as wide as long, and broad truncate
bracts slightly laciniate on the margins, opening and gradually losing their seeds during
44 TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
the winter and mostly persistent on the branches until the following spring; seeds T ^'
long, usually with 2 or 3 large oil-vesicles, nearly half as long as their wings broad at
the base and gradually tapering to the rounded apex.
A tree, usually 60-70, and occasionally 100 high, with a trunk 2-4 in diameter,
gradually and conspicuously tapering toward the apex, long slender horizontal or pendu-
lous branches, persistent until overshadowed by other trees, and forming a broad-based
rather obtuse pyramid, and slender light yellow-brown pubescent branchlets, growing
darker during their first winter and glabrous and dark red-brown tinged with purple in
their third season. Winter-buds obtuse, light chestnut-brown, slightly puberulous, about
T V long. Bark \'-\' thick, deeply divided into narrow rounded ridges covered with thick
closely appressed scales varying from cinnamon-red to gray more or less tinged with purple.
Wood light, soft, not strong, brittle, coarse-grained, difficult to work, liable to wind-shake
and splinter, not durable when exposed to the air, light brown tinged with red, with thin
somewhat darker sap wood; largely manufactured into coarse lumber employed for the out-
side finish of buildings. The astringent inner bark affords the largest part of the material
used in the northeastern states and Canada in tanning leather. From the young branches
oil of hemlock is distilled.
Distribution. Scattered through upland forests and often covering the northern slopes
of rocky ridges and the steep rocky banks of narrow river-gorges from Nova Scotia to
eastern Minnesota (Carleton County), and southward through the northern states to New-
castle County, Delaware, cliffs of Tuckahoe Creek, Queen Anne's County, Maryland,
southern Michigan, southern Indiana (bank of Back Creek near Leesville, Laurence
County), southwestern Wisconsin, and along the Appalachian Mountains to northern
Georgia, and in northern Alabama; most abundant and frequently an important element
of the forest in New England, northern New York, and western Pennsylvania ; attaining
its largest size near streams on the slopes of the high mountains of North Carolina and
Tennessee.
Largely cultivated with numerous seminal varieties as an ornamental tree in the northern
states, and in western and central Europe.
2. Tsuga caroliniana Engelm. Hemlock.
Leaves retuse or often emarginate at apex, dark green, lustrous and conspicuously
grooved on the upper surface, marked on the lower surface by a band of 7 or 8 rows of
stomata on each side of
the midrib, \'-\' long,
about T V wide, decidu-
ous from the orange-
red bases during their
fifth year. Flowers:
male tinged with pur-
ple; female purple,
with broadly ovate
bracts, scarious and
erose on the margins
and about as long as
their scales. Fruit on
short stout stalks, ob-
long, I'-l^' long, with
narrow-oval scales
gradually narrowed
Fig. 47 and rounded at apex,
rather abruptly con-
tracted at base into distinct stipes, thiri, concave, puberulous on the outer surface, twice
as long as their broad pale bracts, spreading nearly at right angles to the axis of the cone
PINACE^E
45
at maturity, their bracts rather longer than wide, wedge-shaped, pale, nearly truncate or
slightly pointed at the broad apex; seeds |' long, with numerous small oil-vesicles on
the lower side, and one quarter as long as the pale lustrous wings broad or narrow at the
base and narrowed to the rounded apex.
A tree, usually 40-50, or occasionally 70 high, with a trunk rarely exceeding 2 in
diameter, short stout often pendulous branches forming a handsome compact pyramidal
head, and slender light orange-brown pubescent branchlets, usually becoming glabrous
and dull brown more or less tinged with orange during their third year. Winter-buds
obtuse, dark chestnut-brown, pubescent, nearly ' long. Bark of the trunk f'-lj' thick,
red-brown, and deeply divided into broad flat connected ridges covered with thin closely
appressed plate-like scales. Wood light, soft, not strong, brittle, coarse-grained, pale
brown tinged with red, with thin nearly white sapwood.
Distribution. Rocky banks of streams usually at elevations between 2500 and 3000
on the Blue Ridge from southwestern Virginia to northern Georgia, generally singly or in
small scattered groves of a few individuals.
Occasionally planted as an ornamental tree in the northern states, and in western
Europe.
3. Tsuga heterophylla Sarg. Hemlock.
Leaves rounded at apex, conspicuously grooved, dark green and very lustrous on the
upper surface, marked below by broad white bands of 7-9 rows of stomata, abruptly
contracted at the base into slender petioles, l'-f long and TV- T V wide, mostly persistent
Fig. 48
4-7 years. Flowers: male yellow; female purple and puberulous, with broad bracts grad-
ually narrowed to an obtuse point and shorter than their broadly ovate slightly scarious
scales. Fruit oblong-ovoid, acute, sessile, f '-!' long, with slightly puberulous oval scales,
often abruptly narrowed near the middle, and dark purple puberulous bracts rounded
and abruptly contracted at apex; seeds |' long, furnished with occasional oil- vesicles,
one third to one half as long as their narrow wings.
A tree, frequently 200 high, with a tall trunk 6-10 in diameter, and short slender
usually pendulous branches forming a narrow pyramidal head, and slender pale yellow-
brown branchlets ultimately becoming dark reddish brown, coated at first with long pale
hairs, and pubescent or puberulous for five or six years. Winter-buds ovoid, bright
chestnut-brown, about y 1 / long. Bark on young trunks thin, dark orange-brown, and
46 TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
separated by shallow fissures into narrow flat plates broken into delicate scales, becoming
on fully grown trees l'-l' thick and deeply divided into broad flat connected ridges cov-
ered with closely appressed brown scales more or less tinged with cinnamon-red. Wood
light, hard and tough, pale brown tinged with yellow, with thin nearly white sapwood;
stronger and more durable than the wood of the other American hemlocks; now largely
manufactured into lumber used principally in the construction of buildings. The bark is
used in large quantities in tanning leather; from the inner bark the Indians of Alaska obtain
one of their principal articles of vegetable food.
Distribution. Southeastern Alaska, southward near the coast to southern Mendocino
County, California, extending eastward over the mountains of southern British Columbia,
northern Washington, Idaho and Montana, to the western slopes of the continental divide,
and through Oregon to the western slopes of the Cascade Mountains, sometimes ascend-
ing in the interior to elevations of 6000 above the sea; most abundant and of its largest
size on the coast of Washington and Oregon; often forming a large part of the forests of the
northwest coast.
Frequently planted as an ornamental tree in temperate Europe.
4. Tsuga Mertensiana Sarg. Mountain Hemlock. Black Hemlock.
Leaves standing out from all sides of the branch, remote on leading shoots and crowded
on short lateral branchlets, rounded and occasionally obscurely grooved or on young
plants sometimes conspicuously grooved on the upper surface, rounded and slightly ribbed
Fig. 49
on the lower surface, bluntly pointed, often more or less curved, stomatiferous above and
below, with about 8 rows of stomata on each surface, light bluish green or on some indi-
viduals pale blue, '-1' long, about fa' wide, abruptly narrowed into nearly straight or
slightly twisted petioles articulate on bases as long or rather longer than the petioles;
irregularly deciduous during their third and fourth years. Flowers: male borne on slender
pubescent drooping stems, violet-purple; female erect, with delicate lustrous dark purple
or yellow-green bracts gradually narrowed above into slender often slightly reflexed tips
and much longer than their scales. Fruit sessile, oblong-cylindric, narrowed toward the
blunt apex and somewhat toward the base, erect until more than half grown, pendulous or
rarely erect at maturity, f '-3' long, with thin delicate oblong-obovate scales gradually
contracted from above the middle to the wedge-shaped base, rounded at the slightly
thickened more or less erose margins, puberulous on the outer surface, usually bright
bluish purple or occasionally pale yellow-green, four or five times as long as their short-
pointed dark purple or brown bracts; seeds light brown, |' long, often marked on the
PINACE^E 47
surface next their scales with 1 or 2 large resin-vesicles, with wings nearly \' long, broadest
above the middle, gradually narrowed below, slightly or not at all oblique at the rounded
apex.
A tree, usually 70-100 but occasionally 150 high, with a slightly tapering trunk 4-5
in diameter, gracefully pendant slender branches furnished with drooping frond-like lateral
branches, their ultimate divisions erect and forming an open pyramid surmounted by the
long drooping leading shoot, and thin flexible or sometimes stout rigid branchlets light
reddish brown and covered for two or three years with short pale dense pubescence, becom-
ing grayish brown and very scaly. Winter-buds acute, about ' long, the scales of the
outer ranks furnished on the back with conspicuous midribs produced into slender decidu^
ous awl-like tips. Bark I'-lA' thick, deeply divided into connected rounded ridges broken
into thin closely appressed dark cinnamon scales shaded with blue or purple. Wood light,
soft, not strong, close-grained, pale brown or red, with thin nearly white sap-wood; occa-
sionally manufactured into lumber.
Distribution. Exposed ridges and slopes at high altitudes along the upper border of
the forest from southeastern Alaska, southward over the mountain ranges of British Co-
lumbia to the Olympic Mountains of Washington, and eastward to the western slopes of
the Selkirk Mountains in the interior of southern British Columbia, and along the Bitter
Root Mountains to the headwaters of the Clearwater River, Idaho; along the Cascade
Mountains of Washington and Oregon, on the mountain ranges of northern California,
and along the high Sierra Nevada to the canon of the south fork of King's River, Cali-
fornia; in Alaska occasionally descending to the sea-level, and toward the southern limits
of its range often ascending to elevations of 10,000.
Often planted as an ornamental tree in western and central Europe, and rarely in the
eastern United States.
5. PSEUDOTSUGA Carr.
Pyramidal trees, with thick deeply furrowed bark, hard strong wood, with spirally
marked wood-cells, slender usually horizontal irregularly whorled branches clothed w r ith
slender spreading lateral branches forming broat flat-topped masses of foliage, ovoid acute
leaf-buds, the lateral buds in the axils of upper leaves, their inner scales accrescent and
marking the branchlets with ring-like scars. Leaves petiolate, linear, flat, rounded and
obtase or acuminate at apex, straight or incurved, grooved on the upper side, marked
on the lower side by numerous rows of stomata on each side of the prominent midrib,
spreading nearly at right angles with the branch. Flowers solitary, the male axillary,
scattered along the branches, oblong-cylindric, with numerous globose anthers, their con-
nectives terminating in short spurs, the female terminal or in the axils of upper leaves,
composed of spirally arranged ovate rounded scales much shorter than their acutely 2-lobed
bracts, with midribs produced into elongated slender tips. Fruit an ovoid-oblong acute
pendulous cone maturing in one season, w r ith rounded concave rigid scales persistent on
the axis of the cone after the escape of the seeds, and becoming dark red-brown, much
shorter than the 2-lobed bracts with midribs ending in rigid woody linear awns, those at the
base of the cone without scales and becoming linear-lanceolate by the gradual suppression
of their lobes. Seeds nearly triangular, full, rounded and dark-colored on the upper side
and pale on the lower side, shorter than their oblong wings infolding the upper side of the
seeds in a dark covering; outer seed-coat thick and crustaceous, the inner thin and mem-
branaceous; cotyledons 6-12, much shorter than the inferior radicle.
Pseudotsuga is confined to western North America, southern Japan, southwestern China
and Formosa Four species are recognized.
Pseudotsuga, a barbarous combination of a Greek with a Japanese word, indicates the
relation of these trees with the Hemlocks.
48 TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
CONSPECTUS OF THE NORTH AMERICAN SPECIES.
Leaves usually rounded and obtuse at apex, dark yellow-green or rarely blue-green; cones
2'-4i' long, their bracts much exserted. 1. P. taxifolia (B, E, F, G, H).
Leaves acuminate at apex", bluish gray; cones 4'-6^' long, their bracts slightly exserted.
2. P. macrocarpa (G).
1. Pseudotsuga taxifolia Britt. Douglas Spruce. Red Fir.
Pseudotsuga mucronala Sudw.
Leaves straight or rarely slightly incurved, rounded and obtuse at apex, or acute on
leading shoots, f'-li' long, T y- T V wide, dark yellow-green or rarely light or dark bluish
green, occasionally persistent until their sixteenth year. Flowers: male orange-red; fe-
Fig. 50
male with slender elongated bracts deeply tinged with red. Fruit pendant on long stout
stems, 4'-6^' long, with thin slightly concave scales rounded and occasionally somewhat
elongated at apex, usually rather longer than broad, when fully grown at midsummer
slightly puberulous, dark blue-green below, purplish toward the apex, bright red on the
closely appressed margins, and pale green bracts becoming slightly reflexed above the
middle, '-' wide, often extending \' beyond the scales; seeds light reddish brown and
lustrous above, pale and marked below with large irregular white spots, |' long, nearly \'
wide, almost as long as their dark brown wings broadest just below the middle, oblique
above and rounded at the apex.
A tree, often 200 high, with a trunk 3-4 in diameter, frequently taller, with a trunk
10-12 in diameter, but in the dry interior of the continent rarely more than 80-100
high, with a trunk hardly exceeding 2-3 in diameter, slender crowded branches densely
clothed with long pendulous lateral branches, forming while the tree is young an open
pyramid, soon deciduous from trees crowded in the forest, often leaving the trunk naked
for two thirds of its length and surmounted by a comparatively small narrow head soi
times becoming flap-topped by the lengthening of the upper branches, and slender brand
lets pubescent for three or four years, pale orange color and lustrous during their fir
season, becoming bright reddish brown and ultimately dark gray-brown. Winter-hue
ovoid, acute, the terminal bud often \' long and nearly twice as large as the lateral buds.
Bark on young trees smooth, thin, rather lustrous, dark gray-brown, usually becoming on
old trunks 10'-12' thick, and divided into oblong plates broken into great broad rounded
and irregularly connected ridges separating on the surface into small thick closely ap-
PINACE^E 49
pressed dark red-brown scales. Wood light, red or yellow, with nearly white sapwood;
very variable in density, quality, and in the thickness of the sapwood; largely manu-
factured into lumber in British Columbia, western Washington and Oregon, and used for
all kinds of construction, fuel, railway-ties, arid piles; known commercially as "Oregon
pine." The bark is sometimes used in tanning leather.
Distribution. From about latitude 55 north in the Rocky Mountains and from the
head of the Skeena River in the coast range, southward through all the Rocky Mountain
system to the mountains of western Texas, southern New Mexico and Arizona, and of
northern Mexico, and from the Big Horn and Laramie Ranges in Wyoming and from
eastern base of the Rocky Mountains of Colorado to the Pacific coast, but absent from the
arid mountains in the great basin between the Wahsatch and the Sierra Nevada ranges
and from the mountains of southern California; most abundant and of its largest size
near the sea-level in the coast region of southern British Columbia and of Washington
and Oregon, and on the western foothills of the Cascade Mountains; ascending on the
California Sierras to elevations of 5500, and on the mountains of Colorado to between
6000 and 11,000, above the sea.
Often planted for timber and ornament in temperate Europe, and for ornament in
the eastern and northern states, where only the form from the interior of the continent
flourishes. (P. glauca Mayr.)
2. Pseudotsuga macrocarpa Mayr. Hemlock.
Leaves acute or acuminate, terminating in slender rigid callous tips, apparently 2-
ranked by the conspicuous twist of their petioles, incurved above the middle, f'-lj' long,
about T V wide, dark bluish gray. Flowers: male pale yellow, inclosed for half their length
Fig. 51
in conspicuous involucres of the lustrous bud-scales; female with pale green bracts tinged
with red. Fruit produced on the upper branches and occasionally on those down to the
middle of the tree, short-stalked, with scales near the middle of the cone 1^-2' across, stiff,
thick, concave, rather broader than long, rounded above, abruptly wedge-shaped at the
base, puberulous on the outer surface, often nearly as long as their comparatively short and
narrow bracts with broad midribs produced into short flattened flexible tips; seeds full and
rounded on both sides, rugose, dark chestnut-brown or nearly black and lustrous above,
pale reddish brown below, \' long, f ' wide, with a thick brittle outer coat, and wings broad-
est near the middle, about \' long, nearly \' wide, and rounded at the apex.
A tree, usually 40-50 and rarely 90 high, with a trunk 3-4 in diameter, remote elon-
gated branches pendulous below, furnished with short stout pendant or often erect laterals
forming an open broad-based symmetrical pyramidal head, slender branchlets dark reddish
50 TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
brown and pubescent during their first year, becoming glabrous and dark or light orange-
brown and ultimately gray-brown. Winter buds ovoid, acute, usually not more than '
long, often nearly as broad as long. Bark 3'-6' thick, dark reddish brown, deeply divided
into broad rounded ridges covered with thick closely appressed scales. Wood heavy,
hard, strong, close-grained, not durable; occasionally manufactured into lumber; largely
used for fuel.
Distribution. Steep rocky mountain slopes in southern California at elevations of
3000-5000 above the sea, often forming open groves of considerable extent, from the
Santa Inez Mountains in Santa Barbara County to the Cuyamaca Mountains.
6. ABIES Link. Fir.
Tall pyramidal trees, with bark containing numerous resin-vesicles, smooth, pale, and
thin on young trees, often thick and deeply furrowed in old age, pale and usually brittle
wood, slender horizontal wide-spreading branches in regular remote 4 or 5-branched whorls,
clothed with twice or thrice forked lateral branches forming flat-topped masses of foliage
gradually narrowed from the base to the apex of the branch, the ultimate divisions stout,
glabrous or pubescent, and small subglobose or ovoid winter branch-buds usually thickly
covered with resin, or in one species large and acute, with thin loosely imbricated scales.
Leaves linear, sessile, on young plants and on lower sterile branches flattened and mostly
grooved on the upper side, or in one species 4-sided, rounded and usually emarginate at
apex, appearing 2-ranked by a twist near their base or occasionally spreading from all sides
of the branch, only rarely stomatiferous above, on upper fertile branches and leading
shoots usually crowded, more or less erect, often incurved or falcate, thick, convex on the
upper side, or quadrangular in some species and then obtuse, or acute at apex and fre-
quently stomatiferous on all sides; persistent usually for eight or ten years, in falling
leaving small circular scars. Flowers axillary, from buds formed the previous season on
branchlets of the year, surrounded at the base by conspicuous involucres of enlarged bud-
scales, the male very abundant on the lower side of branches above the middle of the tree,
oval or oblong-cylindric with yellow or scarlet anthers surmounted by short knob-like pro-
jections, the female usually on the upper side only of the topmost branches, or in some
species scattered also over the upper half of the tree, erect, globose, ovoid or oblong, their
scales imbricated in many series, obovate, rounded above, cuneate below, much shorter
than their acute or dilated mucronate bracts. Fruit an erect ovoid or oblong-cylindric
cone, its scales closely imbricated, thin, incurved at the broad apex and generally narrowed
below into long stipes, decreasing in size and sterile toward the ends of the cone, falling at
maturity with their bracts and seeds from the stout tapering axis of the cone long-per-
sistent on the branch. Seeds furnished with large conspicuous resin-vesicles, ovoid or
oblong, acute at base, covered on the upper side and infolded below on the lower side
by the base of their thin wing abruptly enlarged at the oblique apex; seed-coat thin, of
2 layers, the outer thick, coriaceous, the inner membranaceous; cotyledons 4-10, much
shorter than the inferior radicle.
Abies is widely distributed in the New World from Labrador and the valley of the Atha-
basca River to the mountains of North Carolina, and from Alaska through the Pacific and
Rocky Mountain regions to the highlands of Guatemala, and in the Old World from Si-
beria and the mountains of central Europe to southern Japan, central China, Formosa,
the Himalayas, Asia Minor, and the highlands of northern Africa. Thirty-three species
are now recognized. Several exotic species are cultivated in the northern and eastern
states; of these the best known and most successful as ornamental trees are Abies Nord-
manniana, Spach, of the Caucasus, Abies cilicica Carr., of Asia Minor, Abies cepkalonica
Loud., a native of Cephalonia, Abies Veitchii Lindl., and Abies homolepis S. & Z., of
Japan, and Abies pinsapo, Boiss., of the Spanish Sierra Nevada.
Abies is the classical name of the Fir-tree.
PINACE.E
51
CONSPECTUS OF THE NORTH AMERICAN SPECIES.
Winter-buds subglobose, with closely imbricated scales.
Leaves flat and grooved above, with stomata on the lower surface (in Nos. 3 and 5, also
on the upper surface), rounded and often notched, or on fertile branches frequently
acute at apex.
Leaves on sterile branches spreading, not crowded.
Cones purple.
Leaves dark green and lustrous above, pale below.
Bracts of the cone-scales much longer than their scales, reflexed.
1. A. Fraseri (A).
Bracts of the cone-scales shorter or rarely slightly longer than their scales.
2. A. balsamifera (A).
Leaves pale blue-green, stomatose above. 3. A. lasiocarpa (B, F, G).
Cones green (green, yellow, and purple in No. 5).
Leaves dark green and lustrous above, pale below. 4. A. grandis (B, G).
Leaves pale blue or glaucous, often stomatose above on the upper surface.
5. A. concolor (F, G, H).
Leaves on sterile branches pointing forward, densely crowded, dark green and lus-
trous above, pale below. 6. A. amabilis (B, G).
Leaves often 4-sided, with stomata on all surfaces, blue-green, usually glaucous,
bluntly pointed or acute, incurved and crowded on fertile branches; cones purple.
Leaves of sterile branches flattened and distinctly grooved above; bracts of the
cone-scales rounded and fimbriate above, long-pointed, incurved, light green,
much longer than and covering their scales. 7. A. nobilis (G).
Leaves of sterile branches 4-sided; bracts of the cone-scales acute or acuminate
or rounded above, with slender tips shorter or longer than their scales.
8. A. magnifica (G).
Winter-buds acuminate, with loosely imbricated scales; bracts of the cone-scales pro-
duced into elongated ridged flat tips many times longer than the obtusely pointed
scales ; leaves acuminate, dark yellow-green above, white below, similar on sterile and
fertile branches. 9. A. venusta (G).
i. Abies Fraseri Poir., Balsam Fir. She Balsam.
Leaves obtusely short-pointed or occasionally slightly emarginate at apex, dark green
and lustrous on the upper surface, marked on the lower surface by wide bands of 8-12
Fig. 52
52 TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
rows of stomata, \' to nearly 1' long, about -fa' wide. Flowers: male yellow tinged with
red; female with scales rounded above, much broader than long and shorter than their
oblong pale yellow-green bracts rounded at the broad apex terminating in a slender
elongated tip. Fruit oblong-ovoid or nearly oval, rounded at the somewhat narrowed
apex, dark purple, puberulous, about 2|' long, with scales twice as wide as long, at maturity
nearly half covered by their pale yellow-green reflexed bracts; seeds \' long, with dark
lustrous wings much expanded and very oblique at apex.
A tree, usually 30-40 and rarely 70 high, with a trunk occasionally 2| in diameter,
and rather rigid branches forming an open symmetrical pyramid and often disappearing
arly from the lower part of the trunk, and stout branchlets pubescent for three or four
years, pale yellow-brown during their first season, becoming dark reddish brown often
tinged with purple, and obtuse orange-brown winter-buds. Bark \'-\' thick, covered
with thin closely appressed bright cinnamon-red scales, generally becoming gray on
old trees. Wood light, soft, not strong, coarse-grained, pale brown, with nearly white
sap wood; occasionally manufactured into lumber.
Distribution; Appalachian Mountains; Cheat Mountain, near Cheat Bridge, Randolph
County, West Virginia, and from southwestern Virginia to western North Carolina and
eastern Tennessee, often forming forests of considerable extent at elevations between
4000 and 6000 above the sea-level.
Occasionally planted in the parks and gardens of the northern states and of Europe,
but short-lived in cultivation and of little value as an ornamental tree.
2. Abies balsamea Mill. Balsam Fir.
Leaves dark green and lustrous on the upper surface, silvery white on the lower surface,
with bands of 4-8 rows of stomata, \' long on cone-bearing branches to \\ long on the
sterile branches of young trees, straight, acute or acuminate, with short or elongated rigid
Fig. 53
callous tips, spreading at nearly right angles to the branch on young trees and sterile
branches, on the upper branches of older trees often broadest above the middle, rounded
or obtusely short-pointed at apex, occasionally emarginate on branches at the top of the
tree. Flowers: male yellow, more or less deeply tinged with reddish purple; female
with nearly orbicular purple scales much shorter than their oblong-obovate serrulate pale
yellow-green bracts emarginate with a broad apex abruptly contracted into a long slender
recurved tip. Fruit oblong-cylindric, gradually narrowed to the rounded apex, puberu-
lous, dark rich purple, 2'-4' long, with scales usually longer than broad, generally almost
twice as long; rarely not as long as their bracts, (var. phanerolepis Fern.); seeds about \'
long and rather shorter than their light brown wings.
PINACE.E 53
A tree, 50-60 high, with a trunk usually 12'-18', or rarely 30' in diameter, spreading
branches forming a handsome symmetrical slender pyramid, the lower branches soon dying
from trees crowded in the forest, and slender branchlets pale yellow-green and coated with
fine pubescence at first, becoming light gray tinged with red, and often when four or five
years old with purple. Winter-buds nearly globose, '-' in diameter, with lustrous dark
orange-green scales. Bark on old trees often \' thick, rich brown, much broken on the
surface into small plates covered with scales. Wood light, soft, not strong, coarse-grained,
perishable, pale brown streaked with yellow, with thick lighter colored sap wood; occasion-
ally made into lumber principally used for packing-cases. From the bark of this tree oil
of fir used in the arts and in medicine is obtained.
Distribution. From the interior of the Labrador peninsula westward to the shores of
Lesser Slave Lake, southward through Newfoundland, the maritime provinces of Canada,
Quebec and Ontario, northern New England, northern New York, northern Michigan
to the shores of Saginaw Bay, and northern Minnesota and northeastern Iowa, and
along the Appalachian Mountains from western Massachusetts and the Catskills of
New York to the high mountains of southwestern Virginia; common and often forming
a considerable part of the forest on low swampy ground; on well-drained hillsides some-
times singly in forests of spruce or forming small almost impenetrable thickets; in northern
Wisconsin and vicinity occurs a form with longer and more crowded leaves and larger
cones (var. macrocarpa Kent) ; near the timber-line on the mountains of New England and
New York reduced to a low almost prostrate shrub.
Sometimes planted in the northern states in the neighborhood of farmhouses, but usually
short-lived and of little value as an ornamental tree in cultivation; formerly but now
rarely cultivated in European plantations; a dwarf form (var. hudsonica Englm.) growing
only a few inches high and spreading into broad nests is often cultivated.
3. Abies lasiocarpa Nutt. Balsam Fir.'
Leaves marked on the upper surface but generally only above the middle with 4 or 5
rows of stomata on each side of the conspicuous midrib and on the lower surface by 2
broad bands each of 7 or 8 rows, crowded, nearly erect by the twist at their base, on lower
branches I'-lf long, about iV wide, and rounded and occasionally emarginate at apex,
on upper branches somewhat thickened, usually acute, generally not more than \' long,
on leading shoots flattened, closely appressed, with long slender rigid points. Flowers:
male dark indigo-blue, turning violet when nearly ready to open; female with dark violet-
purple obovate scales much shorter than tjieir strongly reflexed bracts contracted into
slender tips. Fruit oblong-cylindric, rounded, truncate or depressed at the narrowed
apex, dark purple, puberulous, 2|'-4' long, with scales gradually narrowed from the broad
rounded or nearly truncate apex to the base, usually longer than broad, about three times
as long as their oblong-obovate red-brown bracts laciniately cut on the margins, rounded,
emarginate and abruptly contracted at the apex into long slender tips; seeds \' long, with
dark lustrous wings covering nearly the entire surface of the scales.
A tree, usually 80-100, occasionally 175, or southward rarely more than 50 high,
with a trunk 2-5 in diameter, short crowded tough branches, usually slightly pendulous
near the base of the tree, generally clothing the trunks of the oldest trees nearly to their
base and forming dense spire-like slender heads, and comparatively stout branchlets coated
for three or four years with fine rufous pubescence, or rarely glabrous before the end of their
first season, pale orange-brown, ultimately gray or silvery white. Winter-buds sub-
globose, \'-\' thick, covered with light orange-brown scales. Bark becoming on old
trees \'-\\' thick, divided by shallow fissures and roughened by thick closely appressed
cinnamon-red scales; on the San Francisco Mountains, Arizona, thicker and spongy (var.
arizonica Lem.). Wood light, soft, not strong, pale brown or nearly white, with light-
colored sapwood; little used except for fuel.
Distribution. High mountain slopes and summits from about latitude 61 in Alaska,
southward along the coast ranges to the Olympic Mountains of Washington, over all the
54
TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
high mountain ranges of British Columbia and Alberta, and southward along the Cas-
cade Mountains of Washington and Oregon to the neighborhood of Crater Lake, over
Fig. 54
the mountain ranges of eastern Washington and Oregon, and of Idaho, Wyoming, Colo-
rado, and Utah to the San Francisco peaks of northern Arizona, and on the Sandia and
Mogollon Mountains of New Mexico.
Occasionally planted as an ornamental tree in the northern United States and in northern
Europe, but of little value in cultivation.
i '
4. Abies grandis Lindl. White Fir.
Leaves thin and flexible, deeply grooved very dark green and lustrous on upper sur-
face, silvery white on lower surface, with two broad bands of 7-10 rows of stomata, on
sterile branches remote, rounded and conspicuously emarginate at apex, l'-2j' long, usu-
Fig.55
ally about |' wide, spreading in two ranks nearly at right angles to the branch, on cone-
bearing branches more crowded, usually l'-lf long, less spreading or nearly erect, blunt-
pointed or often notched at apex, on vigorous young trees |'-f' long, acute or acumi-
PINACE^E 55
nate, usually persistent 4-10 years. Flowers: male pale yellow sometimes tinged with
purple; female light yellow-green, with semiorbicular scales and short-oblong bracts emar-
ginate and denticulate at the broad obcordate apex furnished with a short strongly re-
flexed tip. Fruit cylindric, slightly narrowed to the rounded and sometimes retuse apex,
puberulous, bright green, 2'-4' long, with scales usually about two thirds as long as wide,
gradually or abruptly narrowed from their broad apex and three or four times as long as
their short pale green bracts; seeds f in length, light brown, with pale lustrous wings
s'-f ' long and nearly as broad as their abruptly widened rounded apex.
A tree, in the neighborhood of the coast 250-300 high, with a slightly tapering trunk
often 4 in diameter, long somewhat pendulous branches sweeping out in graceful curves,
and comparatively slender pale yellow-green puberulous branchlets becoming light reddish
brown or orange-brown and glabrous in their second season; on the mountains of the in-
terior rarely more than 100 tall, with a trunk usually about 2 in diameter, often smaller
and much stunted at high elevations. Winter-buds subglobose, '-' thick. Bark becom-
ing sometimes 2' thick at the base of old trees and gray-brown or reddish brown and divided
by shallow fissures into low flat ridges broken into oblong plates roughened by thick closely
appressed scales. Wood light, soft, coarse-grained, not strong nor durable, light brown,
with thin lighter colored sap wood; occasionally manufactured into lumber in western
Washington and Oregon and used for the interior finish of buildings, packing-cases, and
wooden-w T are.
Distribution. Northern part of Vancouver Island southward in the neighborhood of
the coast to northern Sonoma County, California, and along the mountains of northern
Washington and Idaho to the w r estern slopes of the continental divide in northern Montana,
and to the mountains of eastern Oregon; near the coast scattered on moist ground through
forests of other conifers; common in Washington and northern Oregon from the sea up
to elevations of 4000 ; in the interior on moist slopes in the neighborhood of streams from
2500 up to 7000 above the sea; in California rarely ranging more than ten miles inland
or ascending to altitudes of more than 1500 above the sea.
Occasionally planted in the parks and gardens of temperate Europe, where it grows
rapidly and promises to attain a large size; rarely planted in the United States.
5. Abies concolor Lindl. & Gord. White Fir.
Leaves crowded, spreading in 2 ranks and more or less erect from the strong twist at their
base, pale blue or glaucous, becoming dull green at the end of two or three years, with 2
broad bands of stomata on the lower, and more or less stomatiferous on the upper surface,
on lower branches flat, straight, rounded, acute or acuminate at apex, 2'-3' long, about
iV wide, on fertile branches and on old trees frequently thick, keeled above, usually fal-
cate, acute or rarely notched at apex, f'-lj' long, often \' wide. Flowers: male dark red
or rose color; female with broad rounded scales, and oblong strongly reflexed obcordate
bracts laciniate above the middle and abruptly contracted at apex into short points.
Fruit oblong, slightly narrowed from near the middle to the ends, rounded or obtuse at
apex, 3'-5' long, puberulous, grayish green, dark purple or bright canary-yellow, with
scales much broader than long, gradually and regularly narrowed from the rounded apex,
rather more than twice as long as their emarginate or nearly truncate bracts broad at the
apex and terminating in short slender tips; seeds \'-\' long, acute at base, dark dull brown,
with lustrous rose-colored wings widest near the middle and nearly truncate at apex.
A tree, on the California sierras 200-250 high, with a trunk often 6 in diameter or in the
interior of the continent rarely more than 125 tall, with a trunk seldom exceeding 3 in di-
ameter, a narrow spire-like crown of short stout branches clothed with long lateral branches
pointing forward and forming great frond-like masses of foliage, and glabrous lustrous com-
paratively stout branchlets dark orange color during their first season, becoming light
grayish green or pale reddish brown, and ultimately gray or grayish brown. Winter-buds
subglobose, f '-' thick. Bark becoming on old trunks sometimes 5'-6' thick near the
ground and deeply divided into broad rounded ridges broken on the surface into irregularly
56 TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
shaped plate-like scales. Wood very light, soft, coarse-grained and not strong nor durable,
pale brown or sometimes nearly white; occasionally manufactured into lumber, in northern
California used for packing-cases and butter-tubs.
Distribution. Rocky Mountains of southern Colorado, westward to the mountain
ranges of California, extending northward into northern Oregon, and southward over
Fig. 56
the mountains of New Mexico and Arizona into northern Mexico and Lower California
(Mt. San Pedro Martir Mountains) ; the only Fir-tree in the arid regions of the Great Basin,
of southern New Mexico and Arizona, and of the mountain forests of southern California.
Often planted as an ornamental tree in Europe (the California form usually as A.
Lowiana Murr.) and in the eastern states where it grows more vigorously than other Fir-
trees.
6. Abies amabilis Forbes. White Fir.
Leaves deeply grooved, very dark green and lustrous on the upper surface, silvery white
on the lower, with broad bands of 6 or 8 rows of stomata between the prominent midribs
and incurved margins, on sterile branches obtuse and rounded, or notched or occasionally
acute at apex, t'-l|' long, -fa' fa' wide, often broadest above the middle, erect by a
twist at their base, very crowded, those on the upper side of the branch much shorter
than those on the low r er and usually parallel with and closely appressed against it, on
fertile branches acute or acuminate with callous tips, occasionally stomatiferous on the
upper surface near the apex, I'-f long; on vigorous leading shoots acute, with long rigid
points, closely appressed or recurved near the middle, about f ' long and nearly |' wide.
Flowers: male red; female with broad rounded scales and rhombic dark purple lustrous
bracts erose above the middle and gradually contracted into broad points. Fruit oblong,
slightly narrowed to the rounded and often retuse apex, deep rich purple, puberulous, 3|'-6'
long, with scales \'-\\' wide, nearly as long as broad, gradually narrowed from the rounded
apex and rather more than twice as long as their reddish rhombic or oblong-obovate bracts
terminating in long slender tips; seeds light yellow-brown, \' long, with oblique pale brown
lustrous wings about \ ' long.
A tree, often 250 tall, or at high altitudes and in the north usually not more than 70-80
tall, with a trunk 4-6 in diameter, in thick forests often naked for 150, but in open sit-
uations densely clothed to the ground with comparatively short branches sweeping down
in graceful curves, and stout branchlets clothed for four or five years with soft fine pu-
bescence, light orange-brown in their first season, becoming dark purple and ultimately
reddish brown. Winter-buds nearly globose, \'-\' thick, with closely imbricated lus-
trous purple scales. Bark on trees up to 150 years old thin, smooth, pale or silvery white,
PINACE.E 57
becoming near the ground on old trees l^'-i^V thick, and irregularly divided into compara-
tively small plates covered with small closely appressed reddish brown or reddish grayscales.
Wood light, hard, not strong, close-grained, pale brown, with nearly white sap wood; in
Washington occasionally manufactured into lumber used in the interior finish of buildings.
Fig. 57
Distribution. High mountain slopes and benches from southeastern Alaska (Boca de
Quadra Inlet and Sandfly Bay), to Vancouver Island and southward along the coast ranges
to Saddle Mountain near Astoria, Oregon, and on the Cascade Mountains to the slopes
of Old Bailey Mountain, Oregon, ranging from the sea level at the north to elevations of
from 3000-6000 southward; attaining its largest size on the Olympic Mountains of Wash-
ington, where it is the most common Fir-tree.
Occasionally cultivated as an ornamental tree in the eastern states and in western
Europe, but without developing the beauty which distinguishes this species in its native
forests.
7. Abies nobilis Lindl. Red Fir.
Leaves marked on the upper surface with a deep sharply defined groove, rounded and
obscurely ribbed on the lower surface, stomatiferous above and below, dark or light blue-
green, often very glaucous during their first season, crowded in several rows, those on the
lower side of the branch two-ranked by the twisting of their bases, the others crowded,
strongly incurved, with the points erect or pointing away from the end of the branch,
on young plants and on the lower sterile branches of old trees flat, rounded, usually slightly
notched at apex, !'-!' long, about ^V wide, on fertile branches much thickened and
almost equally 4-sided, acuminate, with long rigid callous tips, '-f ' long, on leading shoots
flat, gradually narrowed from the base, acuminate, with long rigid points, about 1' long.
Flowers: male reddish purple; female often scattered over the upper part of the tree, with
broad rounded scales much shorter than their nearly orbicular bracts erose on the margins
and contracted above into slender elongated strongly reflexed tips. Fruit oblong-cylindric,
slightly narrowed but full and rounded at apex, 4 '-5' long, purple or olive-brown, pu-
bescent, with scales about one third wider than long, gradually narrowed from the rounded
apex to the base, or full at the sides, rounded and denticulate above the middle and sharply
contracted and wedge-shaped below, nearly or entirely covered by their strongly reflexed
pale green spatulate bracts full and rounded above, fimbriate on the margins, with broad
midribs produced into short broad flattened points; seeds \' long, pale reddish browrt,
about as long as their wings, gradually narrowed from below to the nearly truncate
slightly rounded apex.
A tree, in old age with a comparatively broad somewhat rounded head, usually 150-
200 and occasionally 250 high, with a trunk 6-8 in diameter, short rigid branches, short
stout remote lateral branches standing out at right angles, and slender reddish brown branch-
58
TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
lets puberulous for four or five years and generally pointing forward. Winter-buds ovoid-
oblong, red-brown, about f ' long. Bark becoming on old trunks l'-2' thick, bright red-
brown, and deeply divided into broad flat ridges irregularly broken by cross fissures and
Fig. 58
covered with thick closely appressed scales. Wood light, hard, strong, rather close-grained,
pale brown streaked with red, with darker colored sapwood; occasionally manufactured
into lumber and used under the name of larch for the interior finish of buildings and for
packing-cases.
Distribution. Slopes of Mt. Baker in northern Washington and southward to the valley
of the Mackenzie River, Oregon, and the Siskiyou Mountains, California, at elevations of
from 2000-5000 above the sea; most abundant and often forming extensive forests on
the Cascade Mountains of Washington; less abundant and of smaller size on the eastern
and northern slopes of these mountains. In Oregon sometimes called Larch.
Often planted in western and central Europe as an ornamental tree, and in the eastern
states hardy in sheltered positions as far north as Massachusetts.
8. Abies magnifica A. Murr. Red Fir.
Leaves almost equally 4-sided, ribbed above and below, with 6-8 rows of stomata on
each of the 4 sides, pale and very glaucous during their first season, later becoming
blue-green, persistent usually for about ten years; on young plants and lower branches
oblanceolate, somewhat flattened, rounded, bluntly pointed, f'-H' long, ^ wide, those
on the lower side of the branch spreading in 2 nearly horizontal ranks by the twist at
their base, on upper, especially on fertile branches, much thickened, with more prominent
Fig. 59
PINACE^E 59
midribs, acute, with short callous tips, \ r long on the upper side of the branch to \\' long on
the lower side, crowded, erect, strongly incurved, completely hiding the upper side of the
branch, on leading shoots f ' long, erect and acuminate, with long rigid points pressed
against the stem. Flowers: male dark reddish purple; female with rounded scales much
shorter than their oblong pale green bracts terminating in elongated slender tips more or
less tinged with red. Fruit oblong-cylindric, slightly narrowed to the rounded, truncate,
or retuse apex, dark purplish brown, puberulous, from 6'-9' long, with scales often 1^'
wide and about two thirds as wide as long, gradually narrowed to the cordate base, some-
what longer or often two thirds as long as their spatulate acute or acuminate bracts slightly
serrulate above the middle and often sharply contracted and then enlarged toward the
base; seeds dark reddish brown, f long, about as wide as their lustrous rose-colored ob-
ovate cuneate wings nearly truncate and often f ' wide at apex.
A tree, in old age occasionally somewhat round-topped, frequently 200 high, with a
trunk 8-10 in diameter and often naked for half the height of the tree, comparatively
short small branches, the upper somewhat ascending, the lower pendulous, and stout light
yellow-green branchlets pointing forward, slightly puberulous during their first season,
becoming light red-brown and lustrous and ultimately gray or silvery white. Winter-
buds ovoid, acute, i'-f ' long, their bright chestnut-brown scales with prominent midribs
produced into short tips. Bark becoming 4'-6' thick near the ground, deeply divided into
broad rounded ridges broken by cross fissures and covered by dark red-brown scales.
Wood light, soft, not strong, comparatively durable, light red-brown, with thick somewhat
darker sapwood; largely used for fuel, and in California occasionally manufactured into
coarse lumber employed in the construction of cheap buildings and for packing-cases.
Distribution. Cascade Mountains of southern Oregon, southward over the mountain
ranges of northern California (summits of the Trinity and Salmon Mountains and on the
inner north coast ranges), and along the western slope of the Sierra Nevada to the divide
between White and Kern Rivers; common in southern Oregon at elevations between 5000
and 7000 above the sea, forming sometimes nearly pure forests; very abundant on the
Sierra Nevada, and the principal tree in the forest belt at elevations between 6000 and
9000; ascending towards the southern extremity of its range to over 10,000. Small
stunted trees from the neighborhood of Meadow Lake, Sierra County, California, with
yellowish cones have been described as var. xancocarpa Lemm.
Often planted as an ornamental tree in western and central Europe, and sometimes
hardy in the United States as far north as eastern Massachusetts.
A distinct form is
Abies magnifica var. shastensis Lemm. Red Fir.
On the mountains of southern Oregon and at high elevations on those of northern Cali-
fornia, and on the southern Sierra Nevada, occurs this form distinguished only by the
Fig. 60
60
TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
longer rounded or obtusely pointed (not acute) bright yellow bracts which sometimes
cover nearly half their scales.
9. Abies venusta K. Koch. Silver Fir.
Abies bracteata D. Don.
Leaves thin, flat, rigid, linear or linear-lanceolate, gradually or abruptly narrowed
toward the base, often falcate, especially on fertile branches, acuminate, with long slender
callous tips, dark yellow-green, lustrous and slightly rounded on the upper surface marked
below the middle with an obscure groove, silvery white or on old leaves pale on the lower
surface, with bands of 8-10 rows of stomata between the broad midrib and the thickened
strongly revolute margins, 2-ranked from the conspicuous twist near their base and spread-
ing at nearly right angles to the branch, or pointing forward on upper fertile branches,
l|'-2j' long, on leading shoots standing out at almost right angles, rounded on the upper
surface, more or less incurved above the middle, l|'-lf' long, about |' wide. Flowers:
male produced in great numbers near the base of the branchlets on branches from the
middle of the tree upward, pale yellow; female near the ends of the branchlets of the
Fig. 61
upper branches only, with oblong scales rounded above and nearly as long as their cuneate
obcordate yellow-green bracts ending in slender elongated awns. Fruit on stout peduncles
sometimes \' long, oval or subcylindric, full and rounded at apex, glabrous, pale pur-
ple-brown, 3'-4' long, with thin scales strongly incurved above, obtusely short-pointed
at apex, obscurely denticulate on the thin margins, about one third longer than their
oblong-obovate obcordate pale yellow-brown bracts terminating in flat rigid tips I'-lf ' long,
above the middle of the cone pointing toward its apex and often closely appressed to its
sides, below the middle spreading toward its base and frequently much recurved, firmly
attached to the cone-scales and deciduous with them from the thick conical sharp-pointed
axis of the cone; seeds dark red-brown, about f long, and nearly as long as their oblong-
obovate pale reddish brown lustrous wings rounded at the apex.
A tree, 100-150 high, with a trunk sometimes 3 in diameter, comparatively short
slender usually pendulous branches furnished with long sinuous rather remote lateral
branches sparsely clothed with foliage, forming a broad-based pyramid abruptly narrowed
15-20 from the top of the tree into a thin spire-like head, and stout glabrous light reddish
brown branchlets covered at first with a glaucous bloom. Winter-buds ovoid, acute, '-!'
long, \-\' thick, with very thin, loosely imbricated, pale chestnut-brown, acute, boat-shaped
scales. Bark becoming near the base of the tree z'-f ' thick, light reddish brown, slightly
PINACE^E 61
and irregularly fissured and broken into thick closely appressed scales. Wood heavy,
not hard, coarse-grained, light brown tinged with yellow, with paler sapwood.
Distribution. In the moist bottoms of canons and on dry rocky summits, usually at
elevations of about 3000 above the sea on both slopes of the outer western ridge of the
Santa Lucia Mountains, Monterey County, California.
Occasionally and successfully grown as an ornamental tree in the milder parts of Great
Britain and in northern Italy; not hardy in the eastern United States.
7. SEQUOIA Endl.
Resinous aromatic trees, with tall massive lobed trunks, thick bark of 2 layers, the outer
composed of fibrous scales, the inner thin, close and firm, soft, durable, straight-grained
red heartwood, thin nearly white sapwood, short stout horizontal branches, terete lateral
branchlets deciduous in the autumn, and scaly or naked buds. Leaves ovate-lanceolate
or linear and spreading in 2 ranks especially on young trees and branches, or linear, acute,
compressed, keeled on the back and closely appressed or spreading at apex, the two
forms appearing sometimes on the same branch or on different branches of the same tree.
Flowers minute, solitary, monoecious, appearing in early spring from buds formed the
previous autumn, the male terminal in the axils of upper leaves, oblong or ovoid, sur-
rounded by an involucre of numerous imbricated ovate, acute, and apiculate bracts, with
numerous spirally disposed filaments dilated into ovoid acute subpeltate denticulate connec-
tives bearing on their inner face 2-5 pendulous globose 2-valved anther-cells; the female
terminal, ovoid or oblong, composed of numerous spirally imbricated ovate scales abruptly
keeled on the back, the keels produced into short or elongated points closely adnate to the
short ovule-bearing scales rounded above and bearing below their upper margin in 2 rows
5-7 ovules at first erect, becoming reversed. Fruit an ovoid or short-oblong pendulous
cone maturing during the first or second season, persistent after the escape of the seeds,
its scales formed by the enlargement of the united flower and ovuliferous scales, becoming
woody, bearing large deciduous resin-glands, gradually enlarged upward and widening
at the apex into a narrow thickened oblong disk transversely depressed through the middle
and sometimes tipped with a small point. Seeds 5-7 under each scale, oblong-ovoid, com-
pressed; seed-coat membranaceous, produced into broad thin lateral wings; cotyledons
4-6, longer than the inferior radicle.
Sequoia, widely scattered with several species over the northern hemisphere during the
cretaceous and tertiary epochs, is now confined to the coast of Oregon and California and
the mountains of California, where two species exist.
The name of the genus is formed from Sequoiah, the inventor of the Cherokee alphabet.
CONSPECTUS OF THE NORTH AMERICAN SPECIES.
Leaves mostly spreading in 2 ranks; cones maturing in one season; buds scaly.
1. S. sempervirens (G).
Leaves slightly spreading or appressed; cones maturing in their second season; buds
naked. 2. S. gigantea (G).
1. Sequoia sempervirens Endl. Redwood.
Leaves of secondary branches and of lower branches of young trees lanceolate, more or
less falcate, acute or acuminate and usually tipped with slender rigid points, slightly thick-
ened on the revolute margins, decurrent at the base, spreading in 2 ranks by a half-turn at
their base, j' |' l n g> about f ' wide, obscurely keeled and marked above by 2 narrow bands
of stomata, glaucous and stomatiferous below on each side of their conspicuous mid-
rib, on leading shoots disposed in many ranks, more or less spreading or appressed, ovate
or ovate-oblong, incurved at the rounded apiculate apex, thickened, rounded, and stoma-
tiferous on the lower surface, concave, prominently keeled and covered with stomata
TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
on the upper surface, usually about \' long; dying and turning reddish brown at least
two years before falling. Flowers opening in December or January; male oblong, obtuse;
female with about 20 broadly ovate acute scales tipped with elongated and incurved or
short points. Fruit ripening in October, oblong, f '-!' long, ' broad, its scales gradually
enlarged from slender
stipes abruptly dilat-
ed above into disks
penetrated by deep
narrow grooves, and
usually without tips;
seeds about ^V long,
light brown, with
wings as broad as
their body.
A tree, from 200-
340 high, with a
slightly tapering and
irregularly lobed
trunk usually free of
branches for 75-
100, usually 10-15,
rarely 28 in diame-
ter at the much but-
tressed base, slender
branches, clothed with branchlets spreading in 2 ranks and forming while the tree is young
an open narrow pyramid, on old trees becoming stout and horizontal, and forming a nar-
row rather compact and very irregular head remarkably small in proportion to the height
and size of the trunk, and slender leading branchlets covered at the end of three or four
years after the leaves fall with cinnamon-brown scaly bark ; when cut producing from the
stump numerous vigorous long-lived shoots. Buds with numerous loosely imbricated
ovate acute scales persistent on the base of the branchlet. Bark 6'-12' thick, divided into
rounded ridges and separated on the surface into long narrow dark brown fibrous scales
often broken transversely and in falling disclosing the bright cinnamon-red inner bark.
Wood light, soft, not strong, close-grained, easily split and worked, very durable in con-
tact with the soil, clear light red; largely manufactured into lumber and used for shingles,
fence-posts, railway-ties, wine-butts, and in buildings.
Distribution. Valley of the Chetco River, Oregon, 8 miles north of the California state
line, southward near the coast to Monterey County, California; rarely found more than
twenty or thirty miles from the coast, or beyond the influence of the ocean fogs, or over
3000 above the sea-level; often forming in northern California pure forests occupying the
sides of ravines and the banks of streams; southward growing usually in small groves scat-
tered among other trees; most abundant and of its largest size north of Cape Mendocino.
Often cultivated as an ornamental tree in the temperate countries of Europe, and occa-
sionally in the southeastern United States.
Fig. 62
2. Sequoia gigantea Decne. Big Tree.
Sequoia Wellingtonia Seem.
Leaves ovate and acuminate, or lanceolate, rounded and thickened on the lower surface,
concave on the upper surface, marked by bands of stomata on both sides of the obscure
midrib, rigid, sharp-pointed, decurrent below, spreading or closely appressed above the
middle, f'-|' or on leading shoots \' long. Flowers opening in late winter and early
spring; male in great profusion over the whole tree, oblong-ovoid, with ovate acute or acumi-
nate connectives; female with 25-40 pale yellow scales slightly keeled on the back and grad-
PINACE.E
63
ually narrowed into long slender points. Fruit maturing in the second year, ovoid-oblong,
2'-3|' long, l'-2j' wide, dark reddish brown, the scales gradually thickened upward from
the base to the slightly dilated apex, f-'-l j' long, and j'-?' wide, deeply pitted in the middle,
often furnished with an elongated reflexed tip and on the upper side near the base with
two or three large deciduous resin-glands; seeds linear-lanceolate, compressed, |'-j' long,
light brown, surrounded by laterally united wings broader than the body of the seed, apicu-
late at the apex, often very unequal.
A tree, at maturity usually about 275 high, with a trunk 20 in diameter near the ground,
occasionally becoming 320 tall, with a trunk 35 in diameter, much enlarged and buttressed
Fig. 63
at base, fluted with broad low rounded ridges, in old age naked often for 150 with short
thick horizontal branches, slender leading branchlets becoming after the disappearance of
the leaves reddish brown more or less tinged with purple and covered with thin close or
slightly scaly bark and naked buds. Bark l-2 thick, divided into rounded lobes 4-5
wide, corresponding to the lobes of the trunk, separating into loose light cinnamon-red
fibrous scales, the outer scales slightly tinged with purple. Wood very light, soft, not
strong, brittle and coarse-grained, turning dark on exposure; manufactured into lumber
and used for fencing, in construction, and for shingles.
Distribution. Western slopes of the Sierra Nevada of California, in an interrupted belt
at elevations of 5000-8400 above the level of the sea, from the middle fork of the Ameri-
can River to the head of Deer Creek just south of latitude 36; north of King's River in
isolated groves, southward forming forests of considerable extent, and best developed on
the north fork of the Tule River.
Universally cultivated as an ornamental tree in all the countries of western and southern
Europe; and occasionally in the middle eastern United States.
8. TAXODIUM Rich. Bald Cypress.
Resinous trees, with furrowed scaly bark, light brown durable heartwood, thin white
sapwood, erect ultimately spreading branches, deciduous usually 2-ranked lateral branch-
lets, scaly globose buds, and stout horizontal roots often producing erect woody projec-
tions (knees). Leaves spirally disposed, pale and marked with stomata below on both
sides of the obscure midrib, dark green above, linear-lanceolate, spreading in 2 ranks, or
scale-like and appressed on lateral branchlets, the two forms appearing on the same or on
different branches of the same tree or on separate trees, deciduous. Flowers unisexual,
from buds formed the previous year; male in the axils of scale-like bracts in long terminal
drooping nanicles, with 6-8 stamens opposite in 2 ranks, their filaments abruptly enlarged
64 TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
into broadly ovate peltate yellow connectives bearing on their inner face in 2 rows 4-9 2-
valved pendulous anther-cells; female scattered near the ends of the branches of the pre-
vious year, subglobose, composed of numerous ovate spirally arranged long-pointed scales,
adnate below to the thickened fleshy ovuliferous scales bearing at their base 2 erect bottle-
shaped ovules. Fruit a globose or obovoid short-stalked woody cone maturing the first
year and persistent after the escape of the seeds, formed from the enlargement and union
of the flower and ovule-bearing scales abruptly dilated from slender stipes into irregularly
4-sided disks often mucronate at maturity, bearing on the inner face, especialh 7 on the
stipes, large dark glands filled with blood-red fragrant liquid resin. Seeds in pairs under
each scale, attached laterally to the stipes, erect, unequally 3-angled; seed-coat light brown
and lustrous, thick, coriaceous or corky, produced into 3 thick unequal lateral wings and
below into a slender elongated point; cotyledons 4-9, shorter than the superior radicle.
Taxodium, widely distributed through North America and Europe in Miocene and Plio-
cene times, is now confined to the southern United States and Mexico. Two species are
distinguished.
The generic name, from rdoj and eidos, indicates a resemblance of the leaves to those
of the Yew-tree.
1. Taxodium distichum Rich. Bald Cypress. Deciduous Cypress.
Leaves on distichously spreading branchlets, apiculate, ^'-f ' long, about iV wide, light
bright yellow-green or occasionally silvery white below; or on the form with pendulous
Fig. 64
compressed branchlets long-pointed, keeled and stomatiferous below, concave above
more or less spreading at the free apex, about \' long; in the autumn turning with the
branchlets dull orange-brown before falling. Flowers: panicles of stamina te flowers
4'-5' long, l^'-2' wide, with slender red-brown stems, obovoid flower-buds nearly f ' long,
pale silvery-gray during winter and purple when the flowers expand in the spring. Fruit
usually produced in pairs at the end of the branch or irregularly scattered along it for several
inches, nearly globose or obovoid, rugose, about 1' in diameter, the scales generally destitute
of tips; seeds with wings nearly \' long, \' wide.
A tree, with a tall lobed gradually tapering trunk, rarely 12 and generally 4-5 in di-
ameter above the abruptly enlarged strongly buttressed usually hollow base, occasionally
150 tall, in youth pyramidal, with slender branches often becoming elongated and slightly
pendulous, in old age spreading out into a broad low rounded crown often 100 across, and
slender branchlets light green when they first appear, light red-brown and rather lustrous
PINACE.E 65
during their first winter, becoming darker the following year, the lateral branchlets de-
ciduous, 3'-4' long, spreading at right angles to the branch, or in the form with acicular
leaves pendulous or erect and often 6' long. Bark l'-2' thick, light cinnamon-red and
divided by shallow fissures into broad flat ridges separating on the surface into long thin
closely appressed fibrous scales. Wood light, soft, not strong, easily worked, light or dark
brown, sometimes nearly black; largely used for construction, railway-ties, posts, fences,
and in cooperage.
Distribution. River swamps usually submerged during several months of the year,
low wet banks of streams, and the wet depressions of Pine-barrens from southern New
Jersey and southern Delaware southward generally near the coast to the Everglade Keys,
southern Florida, and through the Gulf-coast region to the valley of Devil River, Texas,
through Louisiana to southern Oklahoma, through southern and western Arkansas to
southeastern Missouri, and through western and northern Mississippi to Tishomingo County,
and in western Tennessee and Kentucky to southern Illinois and southwestern Indiana;
most common and of its largest size '*n the south Atlantic and Gulf states, often covering
with nearly pure forests great river swamps. From the coast of North Carolina to southern
Florida, southern Alabama and eastern and western Louisiana the form with acicular
leaves (Taxodium distichum var. imbricarium, Sarg.) is not rare as a small tree in Pine-
barren ponds and swamps.
Often cultivated as an ornamental tree in the northern United States, and in the coun-
tries of temperate Europe, especially the var. imbricarium (as Glyptostrobus sinensis Hort.
not Endl.).
9. LIBOCEDRUS Endl.
Tall resinous aromatic trees, with scaly bark, spreading branches, flattened branchlets
disposed in one horizontal plane and forming an open 2-ranked spray and often ultimately
deciduous, straight-grained durable fragrant wood, and naked buds. Leaves scale-like, in
4 ranks, on leading shoots nearly equally decussate, closely compressed or spreading, dying
and becoming woody before falling, on lateral flattened branchlets much compressed,
conspicuously keeled, and nearly covering those of the other ranks; on seedling plants
linear-lanceolate and spreading. Flowers monoecious, solitary, terminal, the two sexes on
different branchlets; male oblong, with 12-16 decussate filaments dilated into broad con-
nectives usually bearing 4 subglobose anther-cells; female oblong, subtended at base by
several pairs of leaf-life scales slightly enlarged and persistent under the fruit, composed
of 6 acuminate short-pointed scales, those of the upper and middle ranks much larger
than those of the lower rank, ovate or oblong, fertile and bearing at the base of a minute
accrescent ovuliferous scale 2 erect ovules. Fruit an oblong cone maturing in one season,
with subcoriaceous scales marked at the apex by the free thickened mucronulate border
of the enlarged flower-scales, those of the lowest pair ovate, thin, reflexed, much shorter
than the oblong thicker scales of the second pair widely spreading at maturity; those of
the third pair confluent into an erect partition. Seeds in pairs, erect on the base of the
scale; seed-coat membranaceous, of 2 layers, produced into thin unequal lateral wings, one
narrow, the other broad, oblique, nearly as long as the scale; cotyledons 2, about as long
as the superior radicle.
Libocedrus is confined to western North America, western South America, where it is
distributed from Chili to Patagonia, New Zealand, New Caledonia, New Guinea, Formosa,
and southwestern China. Eight species are distinguished.
Libocedrus, from Xi/3ds and Cedrus, relates to the resinous character of these trees.
1 . Libocedrus decurrens Torr. Incense Cedar.
Leaves oblong-obovate, decurrent and closely adnate on the branchlets except at the
callous apex, ' long on the ultimate lateral branchlets to nearly \' long on leading shoots,
those of the lateral ranks gradually narrowed and acuminate at apex, keeled and glan-
66
TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
dular on the back, and nearly covering the flattened obscurely glandular-pitted and abruptly
pointed leaves of the inner ranks. Flowers appearing in January on the ends of short lat-
eral brarichlets of the previous year; male tingeing the tree with gold during the winter
and early spring, ovate, nearly \' long, with nearly orbicular or broadly ovate connectives,
rounded, acute or acuminate at the apex and slightly erose on the margins; female sub-
tended by 2-6 pairs of leaf-like scales, with ovate acute light yellow-green slightly spread-
ing scales. Fruit ripening and discharging its seeds in the autumn, oblong, f '-!' long, pen-
dulous, light red-brown; seeds oblong-lanceolate, %'-%' long, semiterete and marked below
by a conspicuous pale basal hilum; inner layer of the seed-coat penetrated by elongated
resin-chambers, filled with red liquid balsamic resin.
A tree, usually 80-100 or rarely 150 high, with a tall straight slightly and irregularly
lobed trunk tapering from a broad base, 3 or 4 or occasionally 6 or 7 in diameter,
Fig. 65
slender branches erect at the top of the tree, below sweeping downward in bold curves,
forming a narrow open feathery crown becoming in old age irregular in outline by the
greater development of a few ultimately upright branches forming secondary stems, and
stout branchlets somewhat flattened and light yellow-green at first, turning light red-brown
during the summer and ultimately brown more or less tinged with purple, the lateral branch-
lets much flattened, 4'-6' long, and usually deciduous at the end of the second or third
season. Bark '-!' thick, bright cinnamon-red, and broken into irregular ridges covered
with closely appressed plate-like scales. Wood light, soft, close-grained very durable in
contact with the soil, light reddish brown, with thin nearly white sapwood; often injured
by dry rot but largely used for fencing, laths and shingles, the interior finish of buildings,
for furniture, and in the construction of flumes.
Distribution. Singly or in small groves from the southeastern slope of Mt. Hood, Ore-
gon, and southward along the Cascade Mountains; on the high mountains of northern
California, on the western slopes of the Sierra Nevada, and in Alpine County on their
eastern slope, on the Washoe Mountains, western Nevada, in the California coast ranges
from the Santa Lucia Mountains, Monterey County to the high mountains in the south-
ern part of the state; on the Sierra del Pimal and the San Pedro Martir Mountains,
Lower California; most abundant and of its largest size on the Sierra Nevada, of central
California at elevations of 5000-7000 above the sea.
Often cultivated as an ornamental tree in western and central Europe, where it grows
rapidly and promises to attain a large size; hardy and occasionally planted in the New
England and middle Atlantic states.
PINACE.E 67
10. THUJA L. Arbor-vitae.
Resinous aromatic trees, with thin scaly bark, soft durable straight-grained heartwood,
thin nearly white sapwood, slender spreading or erect branches, pyramidal heads, flat-
tened lateral pendulous branchlets disposed in one horizontal plane, forming a flat frond-
like spray and often finally deciduous, and naked buds. Leaves decussate, scale-like,
acute, stomatiferous on the back, on leading shoots appressed or spreading, rounded or
slightly keeled on the back, narrowed into long slender points, on lateral branchlets much
compressed in the lateral ranks, prominently keeled and nearly covering those of the other
ranks; on seedling plants linear-lanceolate, acuminate, spreading or reflexed. Flowers
minute, monoecious, from buds formed the previous autumn, terminal, solitary, the two
sexes usually on different branchlets; male ovoid, with 4-6 decussate filaments, enlarged
into suborbicular peltate connectives bearing on their inner face 2-4 subglobose anther-
cells; female oblong, with 8-12 oblong acute scales opposite in pairs, the ovuliferous scales
at their base bearing usually 2 erect bottle-shaped ovules. Fruit an ovoid-oblong erect
pale cinnamon-brown cone maturing in one season, its scales thin (thick in one species),
leathery, oblong, acute, marked near the apex by the thickened free border of the enlarged
flower-scales, those of the 2 or 3 middle ranks largest and fertile. Seeds usually 2, erect
on the base of the scale, ovoid, acute, compressed, light chestnut-brown; seed-coat mem-
branaceous, produced except in one species into broad lateral wings distinct at the apex;
cotyledons 2, longer than the superior radicle.
Thuja is confined to northeastern and northwestern America, to Japan, Korea and
northern China. Five species are recognized. Of the exotic species the Chinese Thuja
orientalis, L., with many varieties produced by cultivation, is frequently planted in the
United States, especially in the south and west, for the decoration of gardens, and is dis-
tinguished from the other species by the thick umbonate scales of the cone, only the 4
lower scales being fertile, and by the thick rounded dark red-purple seeds without wings.
Thuja is the classical name of some coniferous tree.
CONSPECTUS OF THE NORTH AMERICAN SPECIES.
Fruit with usually 4 fertile scales. 1. T. occidentalis (A).
Fruit with usually 6 fertile scales. 2. T. plicate. (B, F, G).
1. Thuja occidentalis L. White Cedar. Arbor-vitae.
Leaves on leading shoots often nearly \' long, long-pointed and usually conspicuously
glandular, on lateral branchlets much flattened, rounded and apiculate at apex, without
glands or obscurely glandular-pitted, about ' long. Flowers opening in April and May,
liver color. Fruit ripening and discharging its seeds in the early autumn, \'-\' long;
seeds f ' long, the thin wings as wide as the body.
A tree, 50-60 high, with a short often lobed and buttressed trunk, occasionally 6
although usually not more than 2-3 in diameter, often divided into 2 or 3 stout secondary
stems, short horizontal branches soon turning upward and forming a narrow compact
pyramidal head, light yellow-green branchlets paler on the lower surface than on the
upper, changing with the death of the leaves during their second season to light cinnamon-
red, growing darker the following year, gradually becoming terete and abruptly enlarged
at the base and finally covered with smooth lustrous dark orange-brown bark, and marked
by conspicuous scars left by the falling of the short pendulous lateral branchlets. Bark '-
\' thick, light red-brown often tinged with orange color and broken by shallow fissures into
narrow flat connected ridges separating into elongated more or less persistent scales. Wood
light, soft, brittle, very coarse-grained, durable, fragrant, pale yellow-brown; largely used
in Canada and the northern states for fence-posts, rails, railway-ties, and shingles. Fluid
extracts and tinctures made from the young branchlets are sometimes used in medicine.
Distribution. Frequently forming nearly impenetrable forests on swampy ground or
68
TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
often occupying the rocky banks of streams, from Nova Scotia and New Brunswick, north-
westward to the mouth of the Saskatchewan, and southward through eastern Canada
to southern New Hampshire, central Massachusetts, New York, central Ohio, northern
Fig. 66
Indiana and Illinois, and Minnesota; occasionally on the high mountains of Virginia,
West Virginia, and northeastern Tennessee, and on the mountains of western Burke
County, North Carolina, at an altitude of 3000 feet; very common at the north, less
abundant and of smaller size southward.
Often cultivated, with many, often dwarf, forms produced in nurseries, as an ornamental
tree and for hedges; and in Europe from the middle of the sixteenth century.
2. Thuja plicata D. Don. Red Cedar. Canoe Cedar.
Leaves on leading shoots ovate, long-pointed, often conspicuously glandular on the
back, frequently \' long, on lateral branchlets ovate, apiculate, without glands or obscurely
glandular-pitted, usually not more than |' long, mostly persistent 2-5 years. Flowers
about iV long, dark brown.
Fruit ripening early in the
autumn, clustered near the
ends of the branches, much
reflexed, \' long, with thin
leathery scales, conspicuously
marked near the apex by the
free border of the flower-scale
furnished with short stout
erect or recurved dark mu-
cros; seeds often 3 under each
fertile scale, rather shorter
than their usually slightly
unequal wings about \' long.
A tree, frequently 200
high, with a broad gradually
taper ing buttressed base some- Fig. 67
times 15 in diameter at the
ground and in old age often separating toward the summit into 2 or 3 erect divisions,
short horizontal branches, usually pendulous at the ends, forming a dense narrow py-
ramidal head, and slender much compressed branchlets often slightly zigzag, light bright
PINACE.E 69
yellow-green during their first year, then cinnamon-brown, and after the falling of the
leaves, lustrous and dark reddish brown often tinged with purple, the lateral branchlets
5'-6' long, light green and lustrous on the upper surface, somewhat paler on the lower sur-
face, turning yellow and falling generally at the end of their second season. Bark bright
cinnamon-red, '-f ' thick, irregularly divided by narrow shallow fissures into broad ridges
rounded on the back and broken on the surface into long narrow rather loose plate-like
scales. Wood light, soft, not strong, brittle, coarse-grained, easily split, dull brown tinged
with red ; largely used in Washington and Oregon for the interior finish of buildings, doors,
sashes, fences, shingles, and in cabinet-making and cooperage. From this tree the Indians
of the northwest coast split the planks used in the construction of their lodges, carved
the totems which decorate their villages, and hollowed out their great war canoes, and
from the fibres of the inner bark made ropes, blankets, and thatch for their cabins.
Distribution. Singly and in small groves on low moist bottom-lands or near the banks
of mountain streams, from the sea-level to elevations of 6000 in the interior, from Baranoff
Island, Alaska, southward along the coast ranges of British Columbia, western Washing-
ton, and Oregon, where it is the most abundant and grows to its largest size, and through
the California-coast region to Mendocino County, ranging eastward along many of the
interior ranges of British Columbia, northern Washington, Idaho, and Montana to the
western slope of the continental divide.
Often cultivated as an ornamental tree in the parks and gardens of western and central
Europe where it has grown rapidly and vigorously, and occasionally in the middle and
north Atlantic states.
11. CUPRESSUS L. Cypress.
Resinous trees, with bark often separating into long shred-like scales, fragrant durable
usually light brown heartwood, pale yellow sapwood, stout erect branches often becoming
horizontal in old age, slender 4-angled branchlets, and naked buds. Leaves scale-like,
ovate, acute, acuminate, or bluntly pointed at apex, with slender spreading or appressed
tips, thickened, rounded, and often glandular on the back, opposite in pairs, becoming
brown and woody before falling; on vigorous leading shoots and young plants needle-shaped
or linear-lanceolate and spreading. Flowers minute, monoecious, terminal, yellow, the two
sexes on separate branchlets; the male oblong, of numerous decussate stamens, with short
filaments enlarged into broadly ovate connectives bearing 2-6 globose pendulous anther-
cells; female oblong or subglocose, composed of 6-10 thick decussate scales bearing in several
rows at the base of the ovuliferous scale numerous erect bottle-shaped ovules. Fruit an
erect nearly globose cone maturing in the second year, composed of the much thickened
ovule-bearing scales of the flower, abruptly dilated, clavate and flattened at the apex,
bearing the remnants of the flower-scales developed into a short central more or less thick-
ened mucro or boss; long-persistent on the branch after the escape of the seeds. Seeds
numerous, in several rows, erect, thick, and acutely angled or compressed, with thin lateral
wings; seed-coat of 2 layers, the outer thin and membranaceous, the inner thicker and
crustaceous; cotyledons 3 or 4, longer than the superior radicle.
Cupressus with ten or twelve species is confined to Pacific North America and Mexico
in the New World and to southeastern Europe, southwestern Asia, the Himalayas, and
China in the Old World. Of the exotic species Cupressus sempercirens L., of southeastern
Europe and southwestern Asia, and especially its pyramidal variety, are often planted
for ornament in the south Atlantic and Pacific states.
Cupressus is the classical name of the Cypress- tree.
CONSPECTUS OF THE NORTH AMERICAN SPECIES
JLeaves dark green.
Leaves eglandular or obscurely glandular on the back.
Leaves obtusely pointed; cones puberulous, !'-!' in diameter; seeds light chestnut-
brown. 1. C. macrocarpa (G).
70
TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
Leaves acutely pointed; cones \'-\' in diameter; seeds dark brown or black.
2. C. Goveniana (G).
Leaves glandular-pitted on the back, acute.
Cones f'-l' in diameter; seeds brown, often glaucous. 3. C. Sargentii (G).
Cones \'-V in diameter, often covered with a glaucous bloom; seeds dark chestnut-
brown. 4. C. Macnabiana (G).
Leaves pale bluish green.
Leaves obtusely pointed, with small gland-pits; bark of the trunk smooth, lustrous,
mahogany brown; branches bright red. 5. C. guadaloupensis (G).
Leaves acute, eglandular or occasionally obscurely glandular (in var. glabra con-
spicuously glandular); bark of the trunk dark brown, separating into long
narrow persistent fibres; branchlets gray. 6. C. arizonica (H).
1. Cupressus macrocarpa Gord. Monterey Cypress.
Leaves dark green, bluntly pointed, eglandular, and j' |' long; deciduous at the end of
three or four years. Flowers opening late in February or early in March, yellow. Fruit
clustered on short stout
stems subglobose, slightly
puberulous, l'-l|' in diam-
eter, composed of 4 or 6
pairs of scales, with broadly
ovoid thickened or occasion-
ally on the upper scales sub-
conical bosses, the scales of
the upper and lower pairs
being smaller than the others
and sterile; seeds about 20
under each fertile scale, an-
gled, light chestnut-brown,
about iV long.
'/ * A tree, often 60-70 high,
with a short trunk 2-3 or
Fig. 68 exceptionally 5-6 in diam-
eter, slender erect brandies
forming a narrow or broad bushy pyramidal head, becoming stout and spreading in old
age into a broad flat-topped crown, and stout branchlets covered when the leaves fall at
the end of three or four years with thin light or dark reddish brown bark separating into
small papery scales. - Bark f'-l' thick and irregularly divided into broad flat connected
ridges separating freely into narrow elongated thick persistent scales, dark red-brown on
young stems and upper branches, becoming at last almost white on old and exposed trunks.
Wood heavy, hard and strong, very durable, close-grained.
Distribution. .Coast of California south of the Bay of Monterey, occupying an area
about two miles long and two hundred yards wide from Cypress Point to the shores of
Carmel Bay, with a small grove on Point Lobos, the southern boundary of the bay.
Universally cultivated in the Pacific states from Vancouver Island to Lower California,
and often used in hedges and for wind-breaks; occasionally planted in the southeastern
states; much planted in western and southern Europe, temperate South America, and in
Australia and New Zealand.
2. Cupressus Goveniana Gord.
Cupressus pygmcea Sarg.
Leaves acutely pointed, dark green. Flowers: male obscurely 4-angled, with broadly
ovate peltate connectives : female with 6-10 ovate pointed scales. Fruit usually sessile>
PINACE^E
71
subglobose \'-\ r in diameter, its scales terminating in small bosses; seeds compressed,
black, or dark brown, papillose, about ' long.
A tree rarely 75 high, with a tall trunk up to 2 10' in diameter, often not more than 25
high, more often a shrub with numerous stems 1-15 tall, ascending branches, and compara-
tively stout bright reddish brown branchlets, becoming purple and ultimately dark reddish
Fig. 69
brown ; often beginning to produce fertile cones when only 1 or 2 tall. Bark bright red-
dish brown, about |' thick, and divided by shallow fissures into flat ridges separating on
the surface into long thread-like scales. Wood soft?, very coarse-grained, pale reddish brown.
Distribution. California: pine barrens on the western slope of Point Pinos Ridge two
miles west of Monterey, and on alkaline soil in a narrow belt beginning about three quar-
ters of a mile from the shore of Mendocino County and extending inland for three or four
miles from Ten Mile Run on the north to the Navarro River on the south; arborescent
and also of its smallest size only in this northern station.
3. Cupressus Sargentii Jeps. Sargent's Cypress.
Cupressus Goveniana Engelm. not Gord. (Silva N. Am. x. 107 t. 527)
Leaves obscurely glandular or without glands, dark green, pungently aromatic, iV~i'
long, turning bright red-
brown in drying and
falling at the end of
three or four years ; on
young plants f'-i' long.
Flowers: male with thin
slightly erose connec-
tives: female of 6 or 8
acute slightly spreading
scales. Fruit often in
crowded clusters, short-
stalked, subglobose, \'-
V in diameter, reddish
brown or purple, lus-
Fig. 70 trous, puberulous, its 6
or 8 scales with broadly
ovoid generally rounded and flattened and rarely short-obconic bosses; seeds brown,
lustrous, often glaucous, with an acute margin, \' long, about 20 under each fertile scale.
72 TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
A tree, shrub, or small bushy tree rarely more than 15 or 16 high, with a short trunk
2 in diameter, slender erect or spreading branches forming a handsome open head, and
thin branchlets covered with close smooth bark, at first orange-colored, becoming bright
reddish brown, and ultimately purple or dark brown. Bark ?'-%' thick, dark grayish
brown, irregularly divided into narrow ridges covered with thin persistent oblong scales.
Wood light, soft, not strong, light brown, with thick nearly white sapwood.
Distribution. California: dry mountain slopes usually between altitudes of 1300 and
2300 in few widely isolated stations, Red Mountain, Mendocino County, to Mt. Tamal-
pais, Marin County; Cedar Mountain, Alameda County; Santa Cruz Mountains, Santa
Cruz County; Santa Lucia Mountains, Monterey County; often covering great areas on
the hills of Marin County with dense thickets only a few feet high.
Occasionally cultivated as C. Goveniana in western and southern Europe as an orna-
mental tree.
4. Cupressus Macnabiana A. Murr. Cypress.
Cupressus Bakeri Jeps.
Cupressus nevadensis Abrams.
Leaves acute or rounded at apex, rounded and conspicuously glandular on the back,
deep green, often slightly glaucous, usually not more than ^y long. Flowers in March
and April, male nearly cylindric, obtuse, with broadly ovate rounded connectives:
female subglobose, with broadly ovate scales short-pointed and rounded at apex.
Fruit oblong, subsessile or raised on a slender stalk, \'-l' long, dark reddish brown more or
less covered with a glaucous bloom, slightly puberulous, especially along the margins of
the 6 or rarely 8 scales, their prominent bosses thin and recurved on the lower scales, and
much thickened, conical, and more or less incurved on the upper scales; seeds dark chest-
nut-brown, usually rather less than ^V long, with narrow wings.
A tree in Oregon occasionally 80 high with a tall trunk sometimes 31 in diameter,
southward rarely more than 30 high, with a short trunk 12'-15' in diameter, slender
branches covered with close smooth compact bark, bright purple after the falling of the
leaves, soon beooming dark brown; more often a shrub with numerous stems 6-12 tall
forming a broad open irregular head. Bark thin, dark reddish brown, broken into brown
flat ridges, and separating
on the surface into elon-
gated thin slightly attached
long-persistent scales. Wood
light, soft, very close-
grained.
Distribution. Rare and
local, usually in small groves;
dry ridges of Mount Steve
and adjacent mountains up
to altitudes of 5300, Jo-
sephine County, southwest-
ern Oregon; California; on
lava beds, southeastern Sis-
kiyou and southwestern Mo-
Fig. 7 1 no Counties (C. Bakeri) ; dry
hills and low slopes, Mt.
jEtna, in central Napa County; through Lake County to Red Mountain on the east side
of Ukiah Valley, Mendocino County; in Trinity County between Shasta and Whiskey-
town; and on the Sierra Nevada (Red Hill, Piute Mountains near Bodfish) Kern County,
at an altitude of 5000 (C. nevadensis).
Occasionally cultivated in western and southern Europe as an ornamental tree.
PINACE^E 73
5. Cupressus guadaloupensis S. Wats. Tecate Cypress.
Leaves acute, rounded and minutely glandular-pitted or eglandular on the back, light
blue-green, about ^V long. Fruit on stout stems j'-jj' in length, subglobose to short-ob-
long, f '-1 j' in diameter, puberulous especially along the margins of the six or eight scales,
with prominent flattened or conic acute often incurved bosses; seeds about 70 under each
scale, short-oblong, nearly square, light chestnut-brown up to \' in length, with a narrow
wing.
A tree in California sometimes 20-25 in height, with a short slender or on exposed
mountain slopes a trunk occasionally 2 or 3 in diameter, few short spreading or as-
Fig. 72
cending branches forming an open head, and light red-brown lustrous branchlets becoming
purplish. Bark smooth, lustrous, without resin or fibres, mahogany brown, the thin scales
in falling leaving pale marks.
Distribution. San Diego County, California, rare and local; valley of the San Luis Rey
River between Valley Centre and Pala; at altitudes between 1100 and 4000 in the gulches
and on the summit of Mtr Tecate on the border between the United States and Lower
California; on a mountain below Descanso and Pine Valley; in Cedar Cafion between El-
nido and Dulzura; in Lower California on San Pedro Martir Mountain and Guadaloupe
Island. The insular form is a larger tree often with larger gland-pits on the leaves, and
now often cultivated in California, western Europe, and in other countries with temperate
climates.
6. Cupressus arizonica Greene. Cypress.
Leaves obtusely pointed, rounded, eglandular or rarely glandular-pitted on the back,
pale green, ^ '' long, dying and turning red-brown in their second season, generally falling
four years later. Flowers: male oblong, obtuse, their 6 or 8 stamens with broadly ovate
acute yellow connectives slightly erose on the margins: female not seen. Fruit on stout
pedicels \'-% in length, subglobose, rather longer than broad, wrinkled, dark red-brown
and covered with a glaucous bloom, the six or eight scales with stout flattened incurved
prominent bosses; seeds oblong to nearly triangular, dark red-brown, iV~i' l n g with a
thin narrow wing.
A conical tree 40 -70 high with a trunk 2-4 in diameter, and stout spreading branches
covered with bark separating into thin plates, leaving a smooth red surface, and branchlets
74
TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
dark gray after the leaves fall. Bark on young trunks separating into large irregular curl-
ing thin scales, on old trees becoming dark red-brown and fibrous.
Distribution. Mountains above Clifton, Greenlee County, eastern Arizona; on the
Fig. 73
San Francisco Mountains, Socorro County, and San Luis Mountains, Grant County, west-
ern New Mexico; and in Chihuahua. Passing into
Cupressus arizonica var. bonita Lemm.
Cupressus glabra Sudw.
Differing from the type in the prominent oblong or circular glandular depressions on the
backs of the leaves.
A tree 30-70 high, with a trunk 18'-24' or rarely 5 in diameter, erect branches forming
a rather compact conical head. Bark of the trunk and large branches thin, smooth, dark
Fig. 74
reddish brown, separating into small curled scale-like plates, becoming on old trees dark
gray and fibrous. Wood heavy, hard, pale straw color with lighter-colored sapwood,
PINACE.E 75
durable in contact with the ground, somewhat used for fence-posts, corral-piles, mine-
timbers and in log cabins.
Distribution. Gravelly slopes and moist gulches often in groups of considerable size
at altitudes between 4000 and 7000, Arizona; near Camp Verde, Tonto Basin; Natural
Bridge, Payson, etc.; on the Chiracahua Mountains (J. W. Tourney, July, 1894); on
the Santa Rita and Santa Catalina Mountains, and in Oak Creek Canon twenty miles
south of Flagstaff (P. Lowell, June, 1911).
Now often cultivated in western Europe as C. arizonica.
12. CHAMJECYPARIS.
Tall resinous pyramidal trees., with thin scaly or deeply furrowed bark, nodding leading
shoots, spreading branches, flattened, often deciduous or ultimately terete branchlets
2-ranked in one horizontal plane, pale fragrant durable heartwood, thin nearly white
sap-wood, and naked buds. Leaves scale-like, ovate, acuminate, with slender spreading or
appressed tips, opposite in pairs, becoming brown and woody before falling, on vigorous
sterile branches and young plants needle-shaped or linear-lanceolate and spreading. Flow-
ers minute, monoecious, terminal, the two sexes on separate branchlets ; the male oblong,
of numerous decussate stamens, with short filaments enlarged into ovate connectives de-
creasing in size from below upward and bearing usually 2 pendulous globose anther-cells;
the female subglobose, composed of usually 6 decussate peltate scales bearing at the base
of the ovuliferous scales 2-5 erect bottle-shaped ovules. Fruit an erect globose cone ma-
turing at the end of the first season, surrounded at the base by the sterile lower scales of
the flowers, and formed by the enlargement of the ovule-bearing scales, abruptly dilated,
club-shaped and flattened at the apex, bearing the remnants of the flower-scales as short
prominent points or knobs; persistent on the branches after the escape of the seeds. Seeds
1-5, erect on the slender stalk-like base of the scale, subcylindric and slightly compressed;
seed-coat of 2 layers, the outer thin and membranaceous, the inner thicker and crustaceous,
produced into broad lateral wings; cotyledons 2, longer than the superior radicle.
Chamsecyparis is confined to the Atlantic and Pacific coast regions of North America,
and to Japan and Formosa. Six species are distinguished. Of exotic species the Japan-
ese Retinosporas, Chamcecyparis obtusa Endl., and Chamcecyparis pisifera Endl., with
their numerous abnormal forms are familiar garden plants in all temperate regions.
Chamcecyparis is from x a /" a ^ n the ground, and KVTrd/Htrcros, cypress.
CONSPECTUS OF THE NORTH AMERICAN SPECIES.
Bark thin, divided into flat ridges;
Branchlets slender, often compressed; leaves dull blue-green, usually conspicuously
glandular. 1. C. thyoides (A, C).
Branchlets stout, slightly flattened or terete; leaves dark blue-green, usually without
glands. 2. C. nootkatensis (B, G).
Bark thick, divided into broad rounded ridges; branchlets slender, compressed; leaves
bright green, conspicuously glandular. 3. C. Lawsoniana (G).
1. Chamaecyparis thyoides B. S. P. White Cedar.
Cupressus thyoides L.
Leaves closely appressed, or spreading at the apex especially on vigorous leading shoots,
keeled and glandular or conspicuously glandular-punctate on the back, dark dull blue-
green or pale below, at the north becoming russet-brown during the winter, iV-i' long,
dying during the second season and then persistent for many years. Flowers: male com-
posed of 5 or 6 pairs of stamens, with ovate connectives rounded at apex, dark brown
below the middle, nearly black toward the apex: female subglobose, with ovate acute
76 TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
spreading pale liver-colored scales and black ovules. Fruit \ r in diameter, sessile on a
short leafy branch, light green, covered with a glaucous bloom when fully grown, later
bluish purple and very glaucous, finally becoming dark red-brown, its scales terminat-
ing in ovate acute, often reflexed bosses; seeds 1 or 2 under each fertile scale, ovoid, acute,
full and rounded at the base, slightly compressed, gray-brown, about \' long, with wings
as broad as the body of the seed and dark red-brown.
A tree, 70-80 high, with a tall trunk usually about 2 and occasionally 3-4 in diam-
eter, or northward much smaller, slender horizontal branches forming a narrow spire-like
head, and 2-ranked compressed branchlets disposed in an open fan-shaped more or less de-
Fig. 75
ciduous spray, the persistent branchlets gradually becoming terete, light green tinged with
red, light reddish brown during their first winter, and then dark brown, their thin close
bark separating slightly at the end of three or four years into small papery scales. Bark
f'-l' thick, light reddish brown, and divided irregularly into narrow flat connected ridges
often spirally twisted round the stem, separating on the surface into elongated loose
or closely appressed plate-like scales. Wood light, soft, not strong, close-grained, slightly
fragrant, light brown tinged with red; largely used in boat-building and cooperage, for
woodenware, shingles, the interior finish of houses, fence-posts, and railway-ties.
Distribution. Cold swamps usually immersed during several months of the year, often
forming dense pure forests; near Concord, New Hampshire, southern Maine, southward
only near the coast to northern Florida, and westward to southwestern Mississippi; most
abundant south of Massachusetts Bay; comparatively rare east of Boston and west of
Mobile Bay.
Occasionally planted as an ornamental tree in the eastern states and in the countries
of temperate Europe.
2. Chamaecyparis nootkatensis Sudw. Yellow Cypress. Sitka Cypress.
Cupressus nootkatensis Lamb.
Leaves rounded, eglandular or glandular-pitted on the back, dark blue-green, closely
appressed, about f long, on vigorous leading branchlets somewhat spreading and often
\' long, with more elongated and sharper points, beginning to die at the end of their second
year and usually falling during the third season. Flowers: male on lateral branchlets of the
previous year, composed of 4 or 5 pairs of stamens, with ovate rounded slightly erose light
yellow connectives: female clustered near the ends of upper branchlets, dark liver color,
the fertile scales each bearing 2-4 ovules. Fruit ripening in September and October,
PINACE.E
- 77
Fig. 76
nearly \' in diameter, dark red-brown, with usually 4 or 6 scales tipped with prominent
erect pointed bosses and frequently covered with conspicuous resin-glands; seeds 2-4
under each scale, ovoid,
acute, slightly flattened,
about \' long, dark red-
brown, with thin light red-
brown wings often nearly
twice as wide as the body
of the seed.
A tree, frequently 120
high, with a tall trunk
5-6 in diameter, hori-
zontal branches forming a
narrow pyramidal head,
stout distichous somewhat
flattened or terete light
yellow branchlets often
tinged with red at first,
dark or often bright red-
brown during their third
season, ultimately paler and covered with close thin smooth bark. Bark \'-\' thick,
light gray tinged with brown, irregularly fissured, and separated on the surface into large
thin loose scales. Wood hard, rather brittle, very close-grained, exceedingly durable,
bright clear yellow, with very thin nearly white sapwood; fragrant with an agreeable
resinous odor; used in boat and shipbuilding, the interior finish of houses, and the manu-
facture of furniture.
Distribution. Islands of Prince William Sound, Alaska, and southward over the coast
mountains of Alaska and British Columbia, and along the Cascade Mountains of Wash-
ington and Oregon to the northeastern slopes of Mt. Jefferson, extending eastward to
the headwaters of the Yakima River on the eastern slope of the range; on Whiskey
Peak of the Siskiyou Mountains in the southeastern corner of Josephine County, Ore-
gon and about two miles from the California line; most abundant and of its largest size
near the coast of Alaska and northern British Columbia, ranging from the sea-level up
to altitudes of 3000; at high elevations on the Cascade Mountains sometimes a low
shrub.
Occasionally cultivated, with its several abnormal forms, as an ornamental tree in the
middle Atlantic states and in California, and commonly in the countries of western and
central Europe.
3. Chamaecyparis Lawsoniana Parl. Port Orford Cedar. Lawson Cypress.
Cupressus Lawsoniana A. Murr.
Leaves bright green or pale below, conspicuously glandular on the back, usually not more
than iV long on lateral branchlets, on leading shoots often spreading at the apex, f to
nearly ' long, usually dying, turning bright red-brown and falling during their third year.
Flowers: male with bright red connectives bearing usually 2 pollen-sacs: female with dark
ovate acute spreading scales, each bearing 2-4 ovules. Fruit clustered on the upper
lateral branchlets and produced in great profusion, ripening in September and October,
about ' in diameter, green and glaucous when full grown, red-brown and often covered
with a bloom at maturity, its scales with thin broadly ovate acute reflexed bosses; seeds
2-4 under each fertile scale, ovoid, acute, slightly compressed, j' long, light chestnut-brown,
with broad thin wings.
A tree, often 200 high, with a tall trunk frequently 12 in diameter above its abruptly
enlarged base, a spire-like head of small horizontal or pendulous branches clothed with
78 TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
remote flat spray frequently 6'-8' long. Bark often 10' thick at the base of old trees and
3'-4' thick on smaller stems, dark reddish brown, with 2 distinct layers, the inner '-$'
thick, darker, more compact, and firmer than the outer, divided into great broad-based
rounded ridges separated on the surface into small thick closely appressed scales. Wood
light, hard, strong, very close-grained, abounding in fragrant resin, durable, easily worked,
Fig. 77
light yellow, or almost white, with hardly distinguishable sapwood; largely manufactured
into lumber used for the interior finish and flooring of buildings, railway-ties, fence-posts,
and boat and shipbuilding, and on the Pacific coast almost exclusively for matches. The
resin is a powerful diuretic.
Distribution. Usually scattered in small groves from the shores of Coos Bay, south-
western Oregon, south to the mouth of the Klamath River, California, ranging inland
usually for about thirty miles; near Waldorf, in Josephine County, Oregon, on the slopes
of the Siskiyou Mountains, and on the southern flanks of Mt. Shasta, California; most abun-
dant north of Rogue River on the Oregon coast and attaining its largest size on the western
slopes of the Coast Range foothills, forming between Point Gregory and the mouth of the
Coquille River a nearly continuous forest belt twenty miles long.
Often cultivated with the innumerable forms originated in nurseries, in the middle
Atlantic states and California, in all the temperate countries of Europe, and in New Zealand.
13. JUNIPERUS L. Juniper.
Pungent aromatic trees or shrubs, with usually thin shreddy bark, soft close-grained
durable wood, slender branches, and scaly or naked buds. Leaves sessile, in whorls of
3, persistent for many years, convex on the lower side, concave and stomatiferous above,
linear-subulate, sharp-pointed, without glands (Oxycedrus) ; or scale-like, ovate, opposite
in pairs or ternate, closely imbricated, appressed and adnate to the branch, glandular or
eglandular on the back, becoming brown and woody on the branch, but on young plants
and vigorous shoots often free and awl-shaped (Sabind). Flowers minute, dioecious,
axillary or terminal on short axillary branches from buds formed the previous autumn on
branches of the year; the male solitary, oblong-ovoid, w r ith numerous stamens decussate
or in 3's, their filaments enlarged into ovate or peltate yellow scale-like connectives bear-
ing near the base 2-6 globose pollen-sacs; the female ovoid, surrounded at the base by many
minute scale-like bracts persistent and unchanged under the fruit, composed of 2-6 op-
posite or ternate pointed scales alternate with or bearing on their inner face at the base
on a minute ovuliferous scale 1 or 2 ovules. Fruit a berry-like succulent fleshy blue, blue-
PINACE.E 79
black, or red strobile formed by the coalition of the flower-scales, inclosed in a membra-
naceous skin covered with a glaucous bloom, ripening during the first, second, or rarely
during the third season, smooth or marked by the ends of the flower-scales, or by the pointed
tips of the ovules, closed, or open at the top and exposing the apex of the seeds. Seeds
1-12, ovoid, acute or obtuse, terete or variously angled, often longitudinally grooved by
depressions caused by the pressure of resin-cells in the flesh of the fruit, smooth or rough-
ened and tuberculate, chestnut-brown, marked below by the large conspicuous usually
2-lobed hilum; seed-coat of 2 layers, the outer thick and bony, the inner thin, membra-
naceous or crustaceous; cotyledons 2, or 4-6, about as long as the superior radicle.
Juniperus is widely scattered over the northern hemisphere from the Arctic Circle to the
highlands of Mexico, Lower California, and the West Indies in the New World, and to the
Azores and Canary Islands, northern Africa, Abyssinia, the mountains of east tropical
Africa, Sikkim, central China, Formosa, Japan and the Bonin Islands in the Old World.
About thirty -five species are now distinguished. Of the exotic species cultivated in the
United States the most common are European forms of Juniperus communis L. with fas-
tigiate branches, and dwarf forms of the European Juniperus Sabina L., and of Juniperus
chinensis L.
Juniperus is the classical name of the Juniper.
CONSPECTUS OF THE NORTH AMERICAN SPECIES.
Flowers axillary; stamens decussate; ovules 3, alternate with the scales of the flower, their
tips persistent on the fruit; seeds usually 3; leaves ternate, linear-lanceolate, prickle-
pointed, jointed at the base, eglandular, dark yellow-green, channeled, -stomatose, and
glaucous above; fruit maturing in the third year, subglobose, bright blue, covered with
a glaucous bloom; buds scaly (Oxycedrus). 1. J. communis.
Flowers terminal on short axiliary branchlets; stamens decussate or in 3's; ovules in the
axils of small fleshy scales often enlarged and conspicuous on the fruit; seeds 1-12;
leaves ternate or opposite, mostly scale-like, crowded, generally closely appressed,
free and awl-shaped on vigorous shoots and young plants; buds naked (Sabina.)
Fruit red or reddish brown.
Bark of the trunk separating into long thin persistent scales; fruit maturing in one
season.
Leaves closely appressed to the branchlet, obtusely pointed.
Leaves conspicuously glandular-pitted, ternate or opposite; fruit red, subglobose,
\' in diameter. 2. J. Pinchotii (C, H).
Leaves eglandular or slightly glandular; fruit reddish brown.
Leaves ternate, rarely opposite; fruit short-oblong, \'-\' in diameter.
3. J. californica (G).
Leaves opposite, rarely ternate; fruit subglobose, i'-j', in one form f in
diameter. 4. J. utahensis (F, G).
Leaves not closely appressed, spreading at the apex, long-pointed, glandular or
eglandular; fruit subglobose, \'-\' in diameter. 5. J. flaccida (L).
Bark of the trunk divided into thick nearly square plates; leaves eglandular or oc-
casionally glandular-pitted; fruit subglobose to short-oblong, \' in diameter, ripen-
ing at the end of its second season. 6. C. pachyphlaea (H).
Fruit blue or blue-black, with resinous juicy flesh, subglobose to short-oblong, iV~i' m
diameter; seeds, 1-4; cotyledons 2.
Leaves denticulately fringed, opposite or ternate; fruit maturing in one season.
Branchlets about -% in diameter; leaves acute, conspicuously glandular; fruit short-
oblong, \'-\' in diameter; seeds 2 or 3. 7. J. occidental's (B. G).
Branchlets not more than % in Diameter; leaves usually ternate; fruit short-oblong.
Seeds 1 or rarely 2, pale chestnut-brown, obtuse, prominently ridged; leaves
acute or acuminate, usually glandular. 8. J. monosperma (F).
80 TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
Seeds 1 or 2, dark chestnut-brown, acute, obscurely ridged; leaves obtusely
pointed, often eglandular. 9. J. mexicana (C).
Leaves naked on the margins, mostly opposite, glandular or eglandular; fruit sub-
globose.
Fruit ripening at the end of the first season.
Fruit '-$' in diameter; seeds 1 or 2, rarely 3 or 4; leaves acute or acuminate;
branches spreading or erect. 10. J. virginiana (A, C).
Fruit iV~e' m diameter; seeds 1 or 2; leaves acute; branches usually pendulous.
11. J. lucayana (C).
Fruit ripening at the end of the second season, j' |' in diameter; seeds 1 or 2;
leaves acute or acuminate. 12. J. scopulorum (B, F).
1. Juniperus communis L. Juniper.
Leaves spreading nearly at right angles to the branchlets, \'-\' long, about gV wide,
turning during winter a deep rich bronze color on the lower surface, persistent for many
years. Flowers : male composed of 5 or 6 whorls each of 3 stamens, with broadly ovate acute
and short-pointed connectives, bearing at the very base 3 or 4 globose anther-cells; female
Fig. 78
surrounded by 5 or 6 whorls of ternate leaf-like scales, composed of 3 slightly spreading ovules
abruptly enlarged and open at the apex, with 3 minute obtuse fleshy scales below and alter-
nate with them. Fruit maturing in the third season, subglobose or short-oblong, about
\' in diameter, with soft mealy resinous sweet flesh and 1-3 seeds; often persistent on the
branches one or two years after ripening; seeds ovoid, acute, irregularly angled or flattened,
deeply penetrated by numerous prominent thin-walled resin-glands, about f ' long, the
outer coat thick and bony, the inner membranaceous.
In America only occasionally tree-like and 10-20 tall, with a short eccentric irregularly
lobed trunk rarely a foot in diameter, erect branches forming an irregular open head, slen-
der branchlets, smooth, lustrous, and conspicuously 3-angled between the short nodes dur-
ing their first and second years, light yellow tinged with red, gradually growing darker,
their dark red-brown bark separating in the third season into small thin scales, and ovoid
acute buds about \' long and loosely covered with scale-like leaves; more often a shrub,
with many short slender stems prostrate at the base and turning upward and forming a
broad mass sometimes 20 across and 3 or 4 high (var. depressa Pursh.) ; at high elevations
and in the extreme north prostrate, with long decumbent stems and shorter and more
crowded leaves (var. montana Ait.) passing into the var. Jackii Rehdr with long trailing
branches and broader incurved leaves. Bark about t y thick, dark reddish brown, sepa-
PINACE.E
81
rating irregularly into many loose papery persistent scales. Wood hard, close-grained,
very durable in contact with the soil, light brown, with pale sapwood. In northern Europe
the sweet aromatic fruit of this tree is used in large quantities to impart its peculiar flavor
to gin; occasionally employed in medicine.
Distribution. Occasionally arborescent in New England, eastern Pennsylvania, and on
the high mountains of North Carolina; the var. depressa, common in poor rocky soil,
Newfoundland to southern New England, and to the shores of the Great Lakes and north-
westward; the var. montana from the coast of Greenland to northern New England, on
the high Appalachian Mountains, North Carolina, and to northern Nebraska, along the
Rocky Mountains from Alberta to western Texas, and on the Pacific coast from Alaska,
southward along mountain ranges to the high Sierras of central California, extending
eastward to the mountains of eastern Washington and Oregon, and on the high peaks of
northern Arizona up to altitudes of 10,000-! 1,500 (P. Lowell); the var. Jackii on the
j coast mountains from northern California to Vancouver Island; in the Old World widely
| distributed in many forms through all the northern hemisphere from arctic Asia and Eu-
j rope to Japan, the Himalayas and the mountains of the Mediterranean Basin.
Often planted, especially in several of its pyramidal and dwarf forms, in the eastern
United States and in the countries of western, central, and northern Europe.
2. Juniperus Pinchotii Sudw.
Leaves ternate, obtusely pointed, rounded and glandular-pitted on the back, T \' long,
dark yellow-green, turning light red-brown before falling; on vigorous shoots and seedling
Fig. 79
plants linear-lanceolate, thin, acuminate, eglandular, \'-\' in length. Fruit ripening in
one season, subglobose, bright red, \' in diameter, with a thin skin and thick dry mealy res-
inous flesh and 1 seed; seed ovoid, bluntly pointed, deeply grooved, irregularly marked by
the usually two-lobed hilum, \'-\' long and 2 cotyledons.
A tree rarely 20 feet high, with a trunk 1 foot in diameter, stout wide-spreading branches
forming an open irregular head and thick branchlets covered with dark gray-brown scaly
bark, their ultimate divisions about ^ in diameter; more often a shrub with several stems
1 to 12 tall. Bark thin, light brown, separating into long narrow persistent scales.
Distribution. Dry rocky slopes and the rocky sides of canons, Panhandle of western
82 TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
Texas (Armstrong, Potter and Hartley Counties), and in Hardaman, Garza, Tom Green,
Kemble, Valverde and Menard Counties; on Comanche Peak near Granbury, Hood County,
Texas; in central and on the mountains of southern Arizona.
3. Juniperus californica Carr. Desert White Cedar. Sweet-berried Cedar.
Leaves usually in 3's, closely appressed, thickened, slightly keeled and conspicuously
glandular-pitted on the back, pointed at apex, cartilaginously fringed on the margins,
light yellow-green, about ' long, dying and turning brown on the branch at the end of two
or three years; on vigorous shoots linear-lanceolate, rigid, sharp-pointed, i'-f long, whitish
on the upper surface.
Flowers from Janu-
ary to March; male
of 18-20 stamens, dis-
posed in 3's, with
rhomboidal short-
pointed connectives;
scales of the female
flower usually 6, ovate,
acute, spreading, ob-
literated or minute on
the fruit. Fruit short-
oblong or ovoid, \'-\'
long, reddish brown,
with a membrana-
ceous loose skin cov-
ered with a thick
Fig. 80 glaucous bloom, thick
fibrous dry sweet flesh,
and 1 or 2 seeds; seeds ovoid, obtusely pointed, irregularly lobed and angled, and 4-6
cotyledons.
A conical tree, occasionally 40 high, with a straight, large-lobed unsymmetrical trunk
l-2 in diameter; more often shrubby, with many stout irregular usually contorted stems
forming a broad open head. Bark thin and divided into long loose plate-like scales ashy
gray on the outer surface and persistent for many years. Wood soft, close-grained, durable
in contact with the soil, light brown slightly tinged with red, with thin nearly white sap-
wood; used for fencing and fuel. The fruit is eaten by Indians fresh or ground into
flour.
Distribution. Dry mountain slopes and hills at altitudes between 400 and 4000, from
Moraga Pass and Mt. Diabolo, Contra Costa County, California, southward on the coast
ranges, spreading inland to their union with the Sierra Nevada, and northward at low alti-
tudes along the western slopes of the Sierras to Kern and Mariposa Counties; on the
desert slopes of the Tehachapi Mountains, the northern foothills of the San Bernardino
Mountains, on the western slopes of the San Jacinto and Cayamaca Ranges, and south-
ward in Lower California to Agua Dulce; arborescent and probably of its largest size on the
Mohave Desert.
4. Juniperus utahensis Lemm. Juniper.
Leaves opposite or in 3's, rounded, usually glandular, acute or often acuminate, light
yellow-green, rather less than \' long, persistent for many years. Flowers: male with
18-24 opposite or tenate stamens, their connectives rhomboidal; scales of the female flower
acute, spreading, often in pairs. Fruit ripening during the autumn of the second season,
subglobose or short-oblong, marked by the more or less prominent tips of the flower-scales,
reddish brown, with a thick firm skin covered with a glaucous bloom and closely in-
PINACE.E
83
vesting the thin dry sweet flesh, J'-f ' long, with 1 or rarely 2 seeds; seeds ovoid, acute, ob-
tusely angled, marked to the middle by the hilum, with a hard bony shell, and 4-6 cotyle-
dons.
A bushy tree, rarely exceeding 20 in height, with a short usually eccentric trunk some-
times 2 in diameter, generally divided near the ground by irregular deep fissures into
broad rounded ridges, many erect contorted branches forming a broad open head, slender
light yellow-green branchlets covered after the falling of the leaves with thin light red-
brown scaly bark; more often with numerous stems spreading from the ground and fre-
quently not more than 8-10 high. Bark about \' thick, ashy gray or sometimes nearly
Fig. 81
white, and broken into long thin persistent scales. Wood light brown, slightly fragrant^
with thick nearly white sap wood; largely used locally for fuel and fencing. The fruit is
eaten by Indians fresh, or ground and baked into cakes.
Distribution. Southwestern Wyoming (J. Knightii A. Nels.), southwestern Idaho (Po-
catello, Bannock County), western Colorado, eastern Utah, and western New Mexico to
northern Arizona and southeastern California at altitudes from 5000 to 8000; the most
abundant and generally distributed tree of the Great Basin, forming in the valleys open
forests of stunted trees and shrubs, and on arid slopes more numerous and of larger size
in dense nearly pure forests.
A variety (var. megalancocarpa Sarg.) occurs in eastern New Mexico and northern
Arizona, with fruit sometimes f ' in diameter. A tree often 40 high with a single erect
stem sometimes 3 in diameter.
5. Juniperus flaccida Schlecht. Juniper.
Leaves opposite, acuminate and long-pointed, spreading at the apex, glandular or
eglandular on the back, light yellow-green, about -' long, turning cinnamon-red and dy-
ing on the branch ; on vigorous young shoots ovate-lanceolate, sometimes \' long, with
elongated rigid callous tips. Flowers: male slender, composed of 16-20 stamens, with
ovate pointed connectives prominently keeled on the back; female with acute or acumin-
ate spreading scales. Fruit subglobose, dull red-brown, more or less covered with a glau-
cous bloom, i' I' in diameter, with a close firm skin and thick resinous flesh; seeds
4-12, pointed at apex, slightly ridged, often abortive and distorted, |'-j' long, with 2
cotyledons.
A tree, occasionally 30 high, with gracefully spreading branches and long slender droop-
ing branchlets, covered after the leaves fall with thin bright cinnamon-brown bark separat-
84
TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
ing into thin loose papery scales; often a shrub. Bark about \' thick, reddish brown, sepa-
rating into long narrow loosely attached scales.
Fig. 82
Distribution. In the United States only on the slopes of the Chisos Mountains, in
Brewster County, southern Texas; common in northeastern Mexico, growing at elevations
of 6000-8000 on the hills east of the Mexican table-lands.
Occasionally cultivated in the gardens of southern France and of Algeria.
6. Juniperus pachyphlaea Ton. Juniper. Checkered-bark Juniper.
Leaves appressed, acute and apiculate at apex, thickened, obscurely keeled and glan-
dular on the back, bluish green, rather less than \ ' long; on vigorous shoots and young
branchlets linear-lanceolate, tipped with slender elongated points, and pale blue-green like
the young branchlets. Flowers opening in February and March: the male stout, \' long,
with 10 or 12 stamens, their connectives broadly ovate, obscurely keeled on the back, short-
F,g. 83
pointed: scales of the female flower, ovate, acuminate, and spreading. Fruit ripening in
the autumn of its second season, subglobose to short-oblong, irregularly tuberculate,
\'-\' in diameter, usually marked with the short tips of the flower-scales, occasionally
opening and discharging the seeds at the apex, dark red-brown, more or less covered with
PINACE.E
85
a glaucous bloom, especially during the first season and then occasionally bluish in color,
with a thin skin closely investing the thick dry mealy flesh, and usually 4 seeds; seeds
acute or obtusely pointed, conspicuously ridged and gibbous on the back, with a thick
shell and 2 cotyledons.
A tree, often oO-60 high, with a short trunk 3-5 in diameter^, long stout spreading
branches forming a broad-based pyramidal or ultimately a compact round-topped head,
and slender branchlets covered after the disappearance of the leaves with thin light red-
brown usually smooth close bark occasionally broken into large thin scales. Bark f '-4'
thick, on young stems reddish brown becoming on old trunks whitish, deeply fissured and
divided into nearly square plates 1'-%' long, and separating on the surface into small thin
closely appressed scales. Wood light, soft, not strong, brittle, close-grained, clear light
red often streaked with yellow, with thin nearly white sap wood; often producing vigorous
shoots from the base of the trunk or from the stumps of felled trees.
Distribution. Dry arid mountain slopes usually at elevations of 4000-6000 above the
sea, from the Eagle and Limpio mountains in southwestern Texas, westward along the
desert ranges of New Mexico and Arizona, extending northward to the lower slopes of
many of the high mountains of northern Arizona, and southward into Mexico.
7. Juniperus occidentalis Hook. Juniper.
Leaves opposite or ternate, closely appressed, acute or acuminate, rounded and con-
spicuously glandular on the back, denticulately fringed, gray-green, about ' long. Flow-
ers: male stout, obtuse, with 12-18 stamens, their connectives broadly ovoid, rounded,
Fig. 84
acute or apiculate and scarious or slightly ciliate on the margins: scales of the female
flower ovate, acute, spreading, mostly obliterated from the fruit. Fruit subglobose or
short-oblong, '-f ' in diameter, with a thick firm blue-black skin coated with a glaucous
bloom, thin dry flesh filled with large resin-glands, and 2 or 3 seeds; seeds ovoid, acute,
rounded and deeoly grooved or pitted on the back, flattened on the inner surface, about
I' long, with a thick bony shell, a thin brown inner seed-coat, and 2 cotyledons.
A tree, occasionally 60 high, with a tall straight trunk 2-3 in diameter, more often
not more than 20 in height, with a short trunk sometimes 10 in diameter, enormous
branches, spreading at nearly right angles and forming a broad low head, and stout
branchlets covered after the leaves fall with thin bright red-brown bark broken into loose
papery scales; frequently when growing on dry rocky slopes and toward the northern
limits of its range a shrub, with many short erect or semi-prostrate stems. Bark about
86 TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
\' thick, bright cinnamon-red, divided by broad shallow fissures into wide flat irregularly
connected ridges separating on the surface into thin lustrous scales. Wood light, soft,
very close-grained, exceedingly durable, light red or brown, with thick nearly white sap-
wood; used for fencing and fuel. The fruit is gathered and eaten by the California Indians.
Distribution. Mountain slopes and high prairies of western Idaho and of eastern Wash-
ington to the eastern slopes of the Cascade Mountains; eastern and southern Oregon up
to altitudes of 4500; along the summits and upper slopes of the Sierra Nevada of Cali-
fornia, and southward to the San Bernardino Mountains, here abundant in Bear and
Holcomb valleys; attaining its greatest trunk diameter on the wind-swept peaks of the
California sierras, usually at altitudes between 6000 and 10,000 above the sea.
8. Juniperus monosperma Sarg. Juniper.
Leaves opposite or ternate, often slightly spreading at apex, acute or occasionally
acuminate, much thickened and rounded on the back, usually glandular, denticulately
fringed, gray-green, rather less than \' long, turning bright red-brown before falling; on
vigorous shoots and young plants ovate, acute, tipped with long rigid points, thin, con-
Fig. 85
spicuously glandular on the back, often \' long. Flowers: male with 8-10 stamens, their
broadly ovate, rounded or pointed connectives slightly erose on the margins: female with
spreading pointed scales. Fruit subglobose or short-oblong, \'-\' long, dark blue or per-
haps occasionally light chestnut-brown with a thick firm skin covered with a thin glau-
cous bloom, thin flesh, and 1 or rarely 2 seeds; seeds often protruding from the top of
the fruit, ovoid, often 4-angled, somewhat obtuse at apex, with a small hilum, and
2 cotyledons.
A tree, occasionally 40-50 high, with a stout much-lobed and buttressed trunk some-
times 3 in diameter, short stout branches forming an open very irregular head, and slen-
der branchlets covered after the falling of the leaves with light red-brown bark spreading
freely into thin loose scales; more often a much branched shrub sometimes only a few feet
high. Bark ashy gray, divided into irregularly connected ridges, separating into long
narrow persistent shreddy scales. Wood heavy, slightly fragrant, light reddish brown,
with nearly white sap wood and eccentric layers of annual growth; largely used for fencing
and fuel. The fruit is ground into flour and baked by the Indians, who use the thin
etrips of fibrous bark in making saddles, breechcloths, and sleeping-mats.
Distribution. Along the eastern base of the Rocky Mountains from the valley of the
flatte River, Wyoming (near Alcova, Natrona County) and the divide between the
PINACE^
87
Platte and Arkansas rivers in Colorado; western Oklahoma (near Kenton, Cimarron
County, common) and western Texas; on the Colorado plateau, northern Arizona; over the
mountain ranges of southwestern Wyoming, Nevada, southern New Mexico and Arizona,
and southward into northern Mexico; often covering, with the Nut Pine, in southern
Colorado and Utah, and in northern and central New Mexico and Arizona, great
areas of rolling hills 6000-7000 above the sea-level; reaching its largest size in northern
Arizona.
9. Juniperus mexicana Spreng. Cedar. Rock Cedar.
Juniperus sabinoides Nees.
Leaves usually opposite or ternate, thickened and keeled on the back, obtuse or acute
at apex, mostly without glands, denticulately fringed, rather more than iV long, dark
blue-green, on vigorous young shoots and seedling plants lanceolate, long-pointed, rigid,
Fig. 86
'-f ' long. Flowers: male with 12-18 stamens, their connectives ovoid, obtuse, or slightly
cuspidate: scales of the female flower ovate, acute, and spreading, very conspicuous when
the fruit is half grown, becoming obliterated at its maturity. Fruit short-oblong to subglo-
bose, j'~j' in diameter, dark blue, with a thin skin covered with a glaucous bloom, sweet
resinous flesh, and 1 or 2 seeds; seeds ovoid, acute, slightly ridged, rarely tuberculate, dark
chestnut-brown, with a small hilum, a thin outer seed-coat, a membranaceous dark brown
inner coat, and 2 cotyledons.
A tree, occasionally 100 but generally not more than 20-30 high, with a short or elon-
gated slightly lobed trunk seldom exceeding a foot in diameter, small spreading branches
forming a wide round-topped open and irregular or a narrow pyramidal head, slender
sharply 4-angled branchlets becoming terete after the falling of the leaves, light reddish
brown or ashy gray, with smooth or slightly scaly bark; often a shrub, with numerous
spreading stems. Bark on old trees j'-|' thick, brown tinged with red, and divided into
long narrow slightly attached scales persistent for many years and clothing the trunk with
a loose thatch-like covering. Wood light, hard, not strong, slightly fragrant, brown
streaked with red; largely used for fencing, fuel, telegraph-poles, and railway-ties.
Distribution. From Brazos County over the low limestone hills of western and south-
ern Texas, and southward into Mexico; forming great thickets and growing to its largest
size on the San Bernardo River; much smaller farther westward, and usually shrubby at the
limits of vegetation on the high mountains of central Mexico.
88 TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
10. Juniperus virginiana L. Red Cedar. Savin.
Leaves usually opposite, acute or acuminate or occasionally obtuse, rounded and glandu-
lar or eglandular on the back, about iV long, dark blue-green or glaucous (var. glaucaCarr.),
at the north turning russet or yellow-brown during the winter, beginning in their third
season to grow hard and woody, and remaining two or three years longer on the branches,
on young plants and vigorous branchlets linear-lanceolate, long-pointed, light yellow-
green, without glands, \'-\' long. Flowers: dioecious or very rarely monoecious: male
with 10 or 12 stamens, their connectives rounded and entire, with 4 or occasionally 5
or 6 pollen-sacs; scales of the female flower violet color, acute and spreading, becoming
obliterated from the fruit. Fruit subglobose, \'-\' in diameter, pale green when fully
grown, dark blue and covered with a glaucous bloom at maturity, with a firm skin, thin
Fig. 87
sweetish resinous flesh, and 1 or 2 or rarely 3 or 4 seeds; seeds acute and occasionally
apiculate at apex, \'-\' long, with a comparatively small 2-lobed hilum, and 2 cotyledons.
A tree, occasionally 100 high, with a trunk 3-4 in diameter, often lobed and eccentric,
and frequently buttressed toward the base, generally not more than 40-50 tall, with short
slender branches horizontal on the lower part of the tree, erect above, forming a narrow
compact pyramidal head, in old age usually becoming broad and round-topped or irregular,
and slender branchlets terete after the disappearance of the leaves and covered with close
dark brown bark tinged with red or gray; on exposed cliffs on the coast of Maine, sometimes
only a few inches high with long branches forming broad dense mats. Bark \'-\' thick,
light brown tinged with red, and separated into long narrow scales fringed on the margins,
and persistent for many years. Wood light, close-grained, brittle, not strong, dull red,
with thin nearly white sapwood, very fragrant, easily worked; largely used for posts, the
sills of buildings, the interior finish of houses, the lining of closets and chests for the preser-
vation of woolens against the attacks of moths, and largely for pails and other small
articles of woodenware. A decoction of the fruit and leaves is used in medicine, and oil of
red cedar distilled from the leaves and wood as a perfume.
Distribution. Dry gravelly slopes and rocky ridges, often immediately on the seacoast,
from southern Nova Scotia and New Brunswick to the coast of Georgia, the interior of
southern Alabama and Mississippi, and westward to the valley of the lower Ottawa River,
southern Michigan, eastern North and South Dakota, Nebraska and Kansas, and eastern
Texas, not ascending the mountains of New England and New York nor the high southern
Alleghanies; in middle Kentucky and Tennessee, and northern Alabama and Mississippi,
PINACEvE 89
covering great areas of low rolling limestone hills with nearly pure forests of small bushy
trees.
Often cultivated, in several forms, in the northern and eastern states as an ornamental
tree and occasionally in the gardens of western and central Europe.
11. Juniperus lucayana Britt. Red Cedar.
Juniperus barbadensis Sarg. not L.
Leaves usually opposite, narrow, acute, or gradually narrowed above the middle and
acuminate, marked on the back by conspicuous oblong glands. Flowers opening in early
March: male elongated, f to nearly j' long, with 10 or 12 stamens, their connectives
rounded, entire, and bearing usually 3 pollen-sacs : female with scales gradually narrowed
above the middle, acute at apex, and obliterated from the ripe fruit. Fruit subglobose
to short-oblong, dark blue, covered when ripe with a glaucous bloom, about ^' in diameter,
with a thin skin, sweet resinous flesh, and 1 or 2 seeds; seeds acute, prominently ridged.
Fig. 88
A tree, sometimes 50 high, with a trunk occasionally 2 in diameter, small branches
erect when the tree is crowded in the forest, spreading when it has grown in open ground
and forming a broad flat-topped head often 30 or 40 in diameter, long thin secondary
branches erect at the top of the tree and pendulous below, and pendulous branchlets
about -^ in diameter, becoming light red-brown or ashy gray at the end of four or five
years after the disappearance of the leaves. Bark thin, light red-brown, separating into
long thin scales. Wood light, close, straight-grained, fragrant, dull red; formerly exclu-
sively used in the manufacture of the best lead pencils.
Distribution. Inundated river swamps from southern Georgia, southward to the shores
of the Indian River, Florida, and on the west coast of Florida from the northern shores
of Charlotte Harbor to the valley of the Apalachicola River, often forming great thickets
under the shade of larger trees; along streams and creeks in low woods near Houston, Harris
County, and Milano, Milano County, Texas (E. J. Palmer} ; common in the Bahamas, San
Domingo, eastern Cuba, and on the mountains of Jamaica and Antigua.
Often planted for the decoration of squares and cemeteries in the cities and towns in
the neighborhood of the coast from Florida to western Louisiana, and now often natural-
ized beyond the limits of its natural range on the Gulf coast; occasionally cultivated in
the temperate countries of Europe, and in cultivation the most beautiful of the Junipers.
90
TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
12. Juniperus scopulorum Sarg. Red Cedar.
Leaves usually opposite, closely appressed, acute or acuminate, generally marked on the
back by obscure elongated glands, dark green, or often pale and very glaucous. Flowers:
male with about 6 stamens, their connectives rounded and entire, bearing 4 or 5 anther-
sacs: scales of the female flower spreading, acute or acuminate, and obliterated from the
mature fruit. Fruit ripening at the end of the second season, nearly globose, \'-\' in
diameter, bright blue, with a thin skin covered with a glaucous bloom, sweet resinous
flesh, and 1 or usually 2 seeds; seeds acute, prominently grooved and angled, about T 3 e '
long, with a thick bony outer coat and a small 2-lobed hilum.
A tree, 30-40 high, with a short stout trunk sometimes 3 in diameter, often divided
near the ground into a number of stout spreading stems, thick spreading and ascending
branches covered with scaly bark, forming an irregular round-topped head, and slender
4-angled branchlets becoming at the end of three or four years terete and clothed with
smooth pale bark separating later into thin scales. Bark dark reddish brown or gray
tinged with red, divided by shallow fissures into narrow flat connected ridges broken on the
surface into persistent shredded scales.
Distribution. Scattered often singly over dry rocky ridges, usually at altitudes of
5000 or 6000 but occasionally ascending in Colorado to 9000 above the sea, from the
eastern foothill region of the Rocky Mountains from Alberta to the Black Hills of South
Dakota, the valley of the Niobrara River, Sheridan County, northwestern Nebraska ( J. M.
Bates) and to western Texas and eastern and northern New Mexico, and westward to
eastern Oregon, Nevada, and northern Arizona; descending to the sea- level in Washing-
ton on the shores of the northern part of Puget Sound and on the islands and mainland
about the Gulf of Georgia, British Columbia.
H. TAXACEJE.
Slightly resinous trees and shrubs, producing when cut vigorous stump shoots, with
fissured or scaly bark, light-colored durable close-grained wood, slender branchlets, linear-
lanceolate entire rigid acuminate spirally disposed leaves, usually appearing 2-ranked
by a twist in their short compressed petioles and persistent for many years, and small
ovoid acute buds. Flowers opening in early spring from buds formed the previous au-
tumn, dioecious or monoecious, axillary and solitary, surrounded by the persistent decus-
sate scales of the buds, the male composed of numerous filaments united into a column,
TAXACE.E 91
each filament surmounted by several more or less united pendant pollen-cells; the female
of a single erect ovule, becoming at maturity a seed with a hard bony shell, raised upon or
more or less surrounded by the enlarged and fleshy aril-like disk of the flower; embryo axile,
in fleshy ruminate or uniform albumen; cotyledons 2, shorter than the superior radicle.
Of the ten genera widely distributed over the two hemispheres, two occur in North America.
CONSPECTUS OF THE NORTH AMERICAN GENERA.
Filaments dilated into 4 pollen-sacs united into a half ring; seeds drupe-like, green or
purple, ripening at the end of the second season; albumen ruminate. 1. Torreya.
Filaments dilated into a globose head of 4-8 connate pollen-sacs; seeds berry-like, scarlet,
ripening at the end of the first season; albumen uniform. 2. Taxus.
1. TORREYA ARN.
Tumion Raf.
Glabrous foetid or pungent aromatic trees, with fissured bark and verticillate or oppo-
site spreading or drooping branches. Leaves thin, long-pointed, abruptly contracted
at base, dark green, lustrous and slightly rounded above, thickened and revolute on the
margins, with pale bands of stomata on each side of the midvein on the lower surface.
Flowers dioecious; the male crowded in the axils of adjacent leaves, on shoots of the
previous year, oval or oblong, composed of 6 or 8 close whorls each of 4 stamens, sub-
verticillately arranged on a slender axis; filaments stout and expanded above into 4 globose
yellow pollen-sacs united into a half ring, their connectives produced above the cells; the
female on shoots of the year less numerous and scattered, sessile, the ovule surrounded by
and finally inclosed in an ovoid urn-shaped fleshy sac, and becoming at the end of the second
season an oblong-ovate yellow-brown seed, rounded and apiculate at apex, acute and
marked at base by the large dark hilum; seed-coat thick and woody, its inner layer folded
into the thick white albumen, surrounded and finally inclosed in the thick green or purple
enlarged disk of the flower composed of thin flat easily separable fibers, splitting longitudin-
ally when ripe into two parts and separating from the basal scales persistent on the
short stout stalk of the seed.
Torreya is now confined to Florida and Georgia, western California, Japan, the island of
Quelpart, and central and northern China. Four species are recognized. Of the exotic
species the Japanese Torreya nucifera S. &Z. is occasionally cultivated in the eastern states.
The genus is named in honor of Dr. John Torrey, the distinguished American botanist.
CONSPECTUS OF THE NORTH AMERICAN SPECIES.
Leaves slightly rounded on the back, pale below; leaves, branches, and wood foetid;
branchlets gray or yellowish green. 1. T. taxifolia (C).
Leaves nearly flat, green below; leaves, branches and wood pungent-aromatic; branchlets
reddish brown. 2. T. calif ornica (G).
1. Torreya taxifolia Am. Stinking Cedar. Torreya.
Tumion taxifolium Greene.
Leaves slightly falcate, 1^' long, about |' wide, somewhat rounded, dark green and lustrous
above, paler and marked below with broad bands of stomata. Flowers appearing in March
and April; male with pale yellow anthers; female broadly ovoid, with a dark purple fleshy
covering to the ovule, |' long, and inclosed at the base by broad thin rounded scales. Seed
fully grown at midsummer, slightly obovoid, dark purple, I'-lJ' long, f ' thick, with a thin
leathery covering, a light red-brown seed-coat furnished on the inner surface with 2 opposite
92 TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
longitudinal thin ridges extending from the base toward the apex, and conspicuously
ruminate albumen.
A tree, occasionally 40 high, with a short trunk l-2 in diameter, whorls of spreading
slightly pendulous branches forming a rather open pyramidal head tapering from a broad
base. Bark \' thick, brown faintly tinged with orange color, and irregularly divided by
Fig. 90
broad shallow fissures into wide low ridges slightly rounded on the back and covered with
thin closely appressed scales. Wood hard, strong, clear bright yellow, with thin lighter
colored sap wood; largely used for fence-posts.
Distribution. On bluffs along the eastern bank of the Apalachicola River, Florida,
from River Junction to the neighborhood of Bristol, Liberty County, and in the south-
western corner of Decatur County, Georgia (R. M. Harper). Rare and local.
Now often planted in the public grounds and gardens of Tallahassee, Florida.
2. Torreya californica Torr. California Nutmeg.
Tumion californicum Greene.
Leaves slightly falcate, nearly flat, dark green and lustrous on the upper, somewhat
paler and marked below with a narrow band of stomata, tipped with slender callous
Fig. 91
TAXACE.E 93
points, l'-3|' long, yV-i' wide. Flowers appearing in March and April; male with broadly
ovate acute scales; female nearly \' long, with oblong-ovate rounded scales. Seed ovoid or
oblong-ovoid, l'-l|' long, light green more or less streaked with purple.
A tree, 50-70 but occasionally 100 high, with a trunk l-2 or rarely 4 in diameter,
and whorls of spreading slender slightly pendulous branches forming a handsome pyram-
idal and in old age a round-topped head. Bark \'-\' thick, gray-brown tinged with
orange color, deeply and irregularly divided by broad fissures into narrow ridges covered
with elongated loosely appressed plate-like scales. Wood light, soft, close-grained, clear
light yellow, with thin nearly white sap wood; occasionally used for fence-posts.
Distribution. Borders of mountain streams, California, nowhere common but widely
distributed from Mendocino County to the Santa Cruz Mountains in the coast region and
along the western slopes of the Sierra Nevada from Eldorado to Tulare Counties at alti-
tudes of 3000-5000 above the sea; most abundant and of its largest size on the northern
coast ranges.
Rarely cultivated as an ornamental tree in California and western Europe.
2. TAXUS L. Yew.
Trees or shrubs, with brown or dark purple scaly bark, and spreading usually horizontal
branches. Leaves flat, often falcate, gradually narrowed at the base, dark green, smooth
and keeled on the upper surface, paler, papillate, and stomatiferous on the lower surface,
their margins slightly thickened and revolute. Flowers dioecious or monoecious: the male
composed of a slender stipe bearing at the apex a globular head of 4-8 pale yellow stamens
consisting of 4-6 conic pendant pollen-sacs peltately connate from the end of a short
filament; the female sessile in the axils of the upper scale-like bracts of a short axillary
branch, the ovule erect, sessile on a ring-like disk, ripening in the autumn into an ovoid-
oblong seed gradually narrowed and short-pointed at apex, marked at base by the much-
depressed hilum, about \' long, entirely or nearly surrounded by but free from the now
thickened succulent translucent sweet scarlet aril-like disk of the flower open at apex;
seed-coat thick, of two layers, the outer thin and membranaceous or fleshy, the inner much
thicker and somewhat woody; albumen uniform.
Taxus with six or seven species, which can be distinguished only by their leaf characters
and habit, is widely distributed through the northern hemisphere, and is found in eastern
North America where two species occur, in Pacific North America, Mexico, Europe, north-
ern Africa, western and southern Asia, China, and Japan. Of the exotic species the Euro-
pean, African, and Asiatic Taxus baccata L., and its numerous varieties, is often cultivated
in the United States, especially in the more temperate parts of the country, and is replaced
with advantage by the hardier Taxus cuspidata S. & Z., of eastern Asia in the northern
states, where the native shrubby Taxus canadensis Marsh, with monoecious flowers is
sometimes cultivated.
Taxus, from rd^'os, is the classical name of the Yew-tree.
CONSPECTUS OF THE NORTH AMERICAN ARBORESCENT SPECIES.
Leaves usually short, yellow-green. 1. T. brevifolia (G).
Leaves elongated, usually falcate, dark green. 2. T. floridana (C).
1. Taxus brevifolia Nutt. Yew.
Leaves |'-1' long, about -jV wide, dark yellow-green above, rather paler below, with
stout midribs, and slender yellow petioles ^V long, persistent for 5-12 years. Flowers
and fruit as in the genus.
A tree, usually 40-50 but occasionally 70-80 high, with a tall straight trunk l-2
or rarely 4^ in diameter, frequently unsymmetrical, with one diameter much exceeding
the other, and irregularly lobed, with broad rounded lobes, and long slender horizontal or
slightly pendulous branches forming a broad open conical head. Bark about \' thick
94
TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
and covered with small thin dark red-purple scales. Wood heavy, hard, strong, bright
red, with thin light yellow sap wood; used for fence-posts and by the Indians of the north-
west coast for paddles, spear-handles, bows, and other small articles.
Fig. 92
Distribution. Banks of mountain streams, deep gorges, and damp ravines, growing usu-
ally under large coniferous trees; nowhere abundant, but widely distributed usually in
single individuals or in small clumps from the extreme southern part of Alaska, southward
along the coast ranges of British Columbia, Washington, and Oregon, where it attains its
greatest size; along the coast ranges of California as far south as the Bay of Monterey, and
along the western slopes of the Sierra Nevada to Tulare County at altitudes between
5000 and 8000 above the sea-level, ranging eastward in British Columbia to the Selkirk
Mountains, and over the mountains of Washington and Oregon to the western slopes of
the continental divide in northern Montana; in the interior much smaller than near the
coast and often shrubby in habit.
Occasionally cultivated in the gardens of western Europe.
2. Taxus floridana Chapm. Yew.
Leaves usually conspicuously falcate, f ' to nearly 1' long, 3^ '-iV wide, dark green above,
pale below, with obscure midribs and slender petioles about iV in length. Flowers ap-
pearing in March. Fruit ripening in October.
Fig. 93
TAXACE.E 95
A bushy tree, rarely 25 high, with a short trunk occasionally 1 in diameter, and numer-
ous stout spreading branches; more often shrubby in habit and 12-15 tall. Bark '
thick, dark purple-brown, smooth, compact, occasionally separating into large thin irregu-
lar plate-like scales. Wood heavy, hard, very close-grained, dark brown tinged with red,
with thin nearly white sap wood.
Distribution. River bluffs and ravines on the eastern bank of the Apalachicola River,
in Gadsden County, Florida, from Aspalaga to the neighborhood of Bristol.
96 TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
CLASS 2. ANGIOSPER1VLE.
Carpels or pistils consisting of a closed cavity containing the ovules and be-
coming the fruit.
DIVISION 1. MONOCOTYLEDONS.
Stems with woody fibres distributed irregularly through them, but without
pith or annual layers of growth. Parts of the flower in 3's; ovary superior;
embryo with a single cotyledon. Leaves parallel-veined, alternate, long-per-
sistent, without stipules.
m. PALMJE.
Trees, growing by a single terminal bud, with stems covered with a thick rind, usually
marked below by the ring-like scars of fallen leaf-stalks, and clothed above by their long-
persistent sheaths; occasionally stemless. Leaves clustered at the top of the stem, plaited
in the bud, fan-shaped or pinnate, their rachis sometimes reduced to a narrow border,
long-stalked, with petioles dilated into clasping sheaths of tough fibres (vaginas}; on fan-
shaped leaves, furnished at the apex on the upper side with a thickened concave body
(ligule). Flowers minute, perfect or unisexual, in the axils of small thin mostly deciduous
bracts, in large compound clusters (spadix) surrounded by boat-shaped bracts (spathes);
sepals and petals free or more or less united; stamens usually 6; anthers 2-celled, introrse,
opening longitudinally; ovary 3-celled, with a single ovule in each cell; styles 1-3. Fruit
a drupe or berry; embryo cylindric in a cavity of the hard albumen near the circumfer-
ence of the seed. Of the 130 genera now usually recognized and chiefly inhabitants of the
tropics, seven have arborescent representatives in the United States.
CONSPECTUS OF THE NORTH AMERICAN ARBORESCENT GENERA.
Leaves fan-shaped.
Leaf -stalks unarmed.
Calyx and corolla united into a short 6-lobed perianth.
Fruit white, drupaceous; albumen even. 1. Thrinax.
Fruit black, baccate; albumen channeled. 2. Coccothrinax.
Calyx and corolla distinct ; fruit baccate. 3. Sabal.
Leaf-stalks armed with marginal spines.
Filaments slender, free; fruit baccate. 4. Washingtonia.
Filaments triangular, united into a cup adnate to the base of the corolla; fruit
drupaceous. 5. Acoelorraphe.
Leaves pinnate.
Flower-clusters produced on the stem below the leaves; fruit violet-blue.
6. Roystonea.
Flower-clusters produced from among the leaves; fruit bright orange-scarlet.
7. Pseudophoenix.
1. THRINAX Sw.
Small unarmed trees, with stems covered with pale gray rind. Leaves orbicular, or
truncate at the base, thick and firm, usually silvery white on the lower surface, divided
PALM.E 97
to below the middle into narrow acuminate parted segments with thickened margins and
midribs; rachis a narrow border, with thin usually undulate margins; ligule thick, con-
cave, pointed, lined while young with hoary tomentum; petioles compressed, rounded above
and below, thin and smooth on the margins, with large clasping bright mahogany-red
sheaths of slender matted fibres covered with thick hoary tomentum. Spadix interfoliar,
stalked, its primary branches short, alternate, flattened, incurved, with numerous slender
rounded flower-bearing branchlets; spathes numerous, tubular, coriaceous, cleft and more or
less tomentose at the apex. Flowers opening in May and June, and occasionally irregularly
in the autumn, solitary, perfect; perianth 6-lobed; stamens inserted on the base of the peri-
anth, with subulate filaments thickened and only slightly united at the base, or nearly trian-
gular and united into a cup adnate to the perianth, and oblong anthers; ovary 1 -celled, grad-
ually narrowed into a stout columnar style crowned by a large funnel-formed flat or oblique
stigma ; ovule basilar, erect. Fruit a globose drupe with juicy bitter ivory-white flesh easily
separable from the thin-shelled tawny brown nut. Seed free, erect, slightly flattened at
the ends, with an oblong pale conspicuous subbasilar hilum, a short-branched raphe, a thin
coat, and uniform albumen more or less deeply penetrated by a broad basal cavity; embryo
lateral.
Thrinax is confined to the tropics of the New World and is distributed from southern
Florida through the West Indies to the shores of Central America. Seven or eight species
are now generally recognized.
The wood of the Florida species is light and soft, with numerous small fibro-vascular
bundles, the exterior of the stem being much harder than the spongy interior. The stems
are used for the piles of small wharves and turtle-crawls, and the leaves for thatch, and in
making hats, baskets, and small ropes.
Thrinax, from dplva.%, is in allusion to the shape of the leaves.
CONSPECTUS OF THE NORTH AMERICAN SPECIES.
Flowers on elongated pedicels; perianth obscurely lobed; stamens much exserted, their
filaments subulate, barely united at base; stigma oblique; cavity of the seed extending
to the apex.
Perianth obscurely lobed; style abruptly enlarged into a large oblique stigma; leaves
silvery white on the lower surface. 1. T. floridana (D).
Perianth deeply lobed; style narrowed gradually into a small oblique stigma; leaves green
on both surfaces. 2. T. Wendlandiana (D).
Flowers on short pedicels; lobes of the perianth ovate, acuminate; filaments nearly trian-
gular, united below into a cup; stigma flat; cavity of the seed extending only to the
middle.
Seeds pale chestnut-brown; spadix about 6 long; leaves 3-4 in diameter.
3. T. keyensis (D).
Seeds dark chestnut-brown; spadix less than 3 long; leaves not over 2 in diameter.
4. T. microcarpa (D).
1. Thrinax floridana Sarg. Thatch.
Leaves 2^-3 in diameter, rather longer than broad, yellow-green and lustrous on the
upper surface, silvery white on the lower surface, with a long-pointed, bright orange-colored
ligule f long and broad; petioles 4-4 long, pale yellow-green or orange color toward
the apex, coated at first with hoary deciduous tomentum, much thickened and to-
mentose toward the base. Flowers: spadix 3-3| long, the primary branches 6'-8' long
and ivory-white, flower-bearing branches l|'-2' in length; flowers on slender pedicels
nearly \' long, ivory-white, very fragrant, with an obscurely-lobed perianth, much ex-
serted stamens barely united at the base, and a large stigma. Fruit f ' in diameter,
somewhat depressed at the ends; seed from f to nearly \' in diameter, dark chestnut-
brown.
98
TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
A tree, with a slightly tapering stem 20-30 high and 4'-6' in diameter, clothed to the
middle and occasionally almost to the ground with the sheaths of dead leaf-stalks.
Fig. 94
Distribution. Florida, dry coral ridges and sandy shores of keys from Long Key to
Torch Key, and on the mainland from Cape Romano to Cape Sable.
2. Thrinax Wendlandiana Becc. Thatch.
Leaves 2|-3 in diameter, orbicular, pale yellow-green, lustrous above, with a thick
concave ligule, acuminate or rarely rounded at apex; petioles 2-4 long, much thick-
Fig. 95
ened and tomentose toward the base. Flowers: spadix stalked, 2-4 long, its primary
branches short, flattened, incurved, with numerous terete flower-bearing branchlets;
flowers on slender pedicels iV"!' long, with a deeply lobed perianth, the lobes nearly
PALM.E 99
triangular, acuminate, and a small stigma. Fruit J'-f ' in diameter, globose; seed from
I'- 1' in diameter, dark chestnut-brown.
A tree, in Florida, with a smooth pale trunk 20-25 high and 3'-4' in diameter.
Distribution. Florida: Dade County, Madeira Hummock, Pumpkin Key, Flamingo,
and northwest of Cape Sable; also in Cuba and on Mugueres Island, Gulf of Honduras.
3. Thrinax keyensis Sarg. Thatch.
Leaves rather longer than broad, 3-4 long, the lowest segments parallel with the
petiole or spreading from it nearly at right angles, light yellow-green and lustrous on the
upper surface, with bright orange-colored margins, below coated while young with decidu-
ous hoary tomentum and pale blue-green and more or less covered with silvery white pu-
bescence at maturity, with a thick pointed ligule 1' long and wide, lined at first with hoary
tomentum; petioles flattened above, obscurely ridged on the lower surface, tomentose
while young, pale blue-green, 3-4 long. Flowers: spadix usually about 6 long, spreading
and gracefully incurved, with spathes more or less coated with hoary tomentum, large
compressed primary branches, and short bright orange-colored flower-bearing branches;
Fig, 96
flowers on short thick disk-like pedicels, about |' long, white, slightly fragrant, with a tu-
bular perianth, the lobes broadly ovate and acute, stamens with nearly triangular filaments
united at the base, and a flat stigma. Fruit iV to nearly ' in diameter; seed brown, iV
in diameter.
A tree, with a stem often 25 high and 10'-14' in diameter, raised on a base of thick
matted roots 2-3 high and 18'-20' in diameter, and a broad head of leaves, the upper erect,
the lower pendulous and closely pressed against the stem.
Distribution. Dry, sandy soil close to the beach on the north side of the largest of the
Marquesas Keys, and on Crab Key, a small island to the westward of Torch Key, one of
the Bahia Honda group, Florida; on the Bahamas.
4. Thrinax microcarpa Sarg. Silvertop Palmetto. Brittle Thatch.
Leaves 2-3 across, pale green above, silvery white below, more or less thickly coated
while young with hoary tomentum, especially on the lower surface, divided near the base
almost to the rachis, with an orbicular thick concave ligule lined with a thick coat of white
tomentum; petioles thin and flexuose. Flowers: spadix elongated, with short, com-
pressed erect branches slightly spreading below, numerous slender pendulous flower-bearing
branches, and long acute spathes deeply parted at the apex, coriaceous and coated above
the middle with thick hoary tomentum; flowers on short thick disk-like pedicels, with a
100 TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
cupular perianth, the lobes broadly ovate and acute, stamens with thin nearly triangular
exserted filaments slightly united at base and oblong anthers becoming reversed and
extrorse at maturity, and a deep orange-colored ovary narrowed above into a short thick
Fig. 97
style dilated into a large funnel-formed stigma. Fruit globose, |' in diameter; seed sub-
globose, bright to dark chestnut-brown, depressed.
A tree, rarely more than 30 high, with a trunk 8'-10' in diameter.
Distribution. Dry coral soil, on the shores of Sugar Loaf Sound, and on No Name and
Bahia Honda keys, Florida; in Cuba.
2. COCCOTHRINAX Sarg.
Small unarmed trees, with simple or clustered stems or rarely stemless. Leaves orbicu-
lar, or truncate at base, pale or silvery white on the lower surface, divided into narrow
obliquely folded segments acuminate and divided at apex; rachis narrow; ligules thin,
free, erect, concave, pointed at the apex; petioles compressed, slightly rounded and
ridged above and below, thin and smooth on the margins, gradually enlarged below into
elongated sheaths of coarse fibres forming an open network covered while young by thick
hoary tomentum. Spadix interfoliar, paniculate, shorter than the leaf-stalks, its primary
branches furnished with numerous short slender pendulous flower-bearing secondary
branches; spathes numerous, papery, cleft at the apex. Flowers solitary, perfect, jointed
on elongated slender pedicels; perianth cup-shaped, obscurely lobed; stamens 9, inserted
on the base of the perianth, with subulate filaments enlarged and barely united at the base,
and oblong anthers; ovary 1 -celled, narrowed into a slender style crowned by a funnel-
formed oblique stigma; ovule basilar, erect. Fruit a subglobose berry raised on the thick-
ened torus of the flower, with thick juicy black flesh. Seed free, erect, depressed-globose,
with a thick hard vertically grooved shell deeply infolded in the bony albumen; hilum
subbasilar, minute; raphe hidden in the folds of the seed-coat; embryo lateral.
Coccothrinax is confined to the tropics of the New World. Two species, of which one is
stemless, inhabit southern Florida, and at least two other species are scattered over several
of the West Indian islands.
Coccothrinax, from K6/ocoy and Thrinax, is in allusion to the berry-like fruit.
1. Coccothrinax jucunda Sarg. Brittle Thatch.
Leaves nearly orbicular, the lower segments usually parallel with the petiole, thin and
brittle, 18'-24' in diameter, divided below the middle of the leaf or toward its base nearly
PAL3VLE
101
to the ligule, with much-thickened bright orange-colored midribs ana margins, pale yellow-
green and lustrous on the upper surface, bright silvery white and coated at first on the
lower surface with hoary deciduous pubescence, with a thin undulate obtusely short-pointed
dark orange-colored rachis, and a thin concave crescent-shaped often oblique slightly un-
dulate short-pointed and light or dark orange-colored ligule f wide, \' deep; petioles
slender, pale yellow-green, 2|-3 long. Flowers: spadix 18'-24' long, with flattened
stalks, slender much-flattened primary branches 8'- 10' long, light orange-colored slen-
der terete flower-bearing branches l|'-3' long, and pale reddish brown spathes coated
toward the ends with pale pubescence; flowers opening in June and irregularly also in
the autumn on ridged spreading pedicels ' long, with an orange-colored ovary surmounted
by an elongated style dilated into a rose-colored stigma. Fruit ripening at the end of six
Fig. 98
months, from |'-f in diameter, bright green at first when fully grown, becoming deep vio-
let color, with succulent very juicy flesh, ultimately black and lustrous; seed light tawny
brown.
A tree, with a stem slightly enlarged from the ground upward, 15-25 high, 4'-6' thick,
covered with pale blue rind, and surmounted by a broad head of leaves at first erect, then
spreading and ultimately pendulous. Wood used for the piles of small wharves and turtle-
crawls. The soft tough young leaves are made into hats and baskets.
Distribution. Dry coral ridges and sandy flats from the shores of Bay Biscayne along
many of the southern keys to the Marquesas group (var. marquesensis Becc.) Florida;
and on the Bahamas (var. macrosperma Becc.).
3. SABAL Adans. Palmetto.
Unarmed trees, with stout columnar stems covered with red-brown rind. Leaves fla-
bellate, tough and coriaceous, divided into many narrow long-pointed parted segments
plicate ly folded at base, often separating on the margins into narrow threads; rachis
extending nearly to the middle of the leaves, rounded and broadly winged toward the
base on the lower side, thin and acute on the upper side; ligule adnate to the rachis,
acute, concave, with thin incurved entire margins; petioles rounded and concave on the
lower side, conspicuously ridged on the upper side, acute and entire on the margins, with
elongated chestnut-brown shining sheaths of stout fibres. Spadix interfoliar, stalked,
decompound, with a flattened stem, short branches, slender densely flowered ultimate
branches, and numerous acuminate spathes, the outer persistent and becoming broad and
102
TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
woody. Mowers solitary, perfect; calyx tabular, unequally lobed, the lobes slightly imbri-
cated in the bud; corolla deeply lobed, with narrow ovate-oblong concave acute lobes
valvate at the apex in the bud; stamens 6, those opposite the corolla lobes rather longer
than the others, with subulate filaments united below into a shallow cup adnate to
the tube of the corolla, and ovoid anthers, their cells free and spreading at the base;
ovary of 3 carpels, 3-lobed, 3-celled, gradually narrowed into an elongated 3-lobed style
truncate and stigmatic at the apex; ovule basilar, erect. Fruit a small black 1 or 2 or 3-
lobed short-stemmed berry with thin sweet dry flesh. Seed depressed-globose, marked on
the side by the prominent micropyle, with a shallow pit near the minute basal hilum, a thin
seed-coat, and a ventral raphe; embryo minute, dorsal, in horny uniform albumen pene-
trated by a hard shallow basal cavity filled by the thickening of the seed-coat.
Sabal belongs to the New World, and is distributed from the Bermuda Islands and the
South Atlantic and Gulf states of North America through the West Indies to Venezuela
and Mexico.
Of the eight species now recognized four inhabit the United States; of these two are small
stemless plants.
The generic name is of uncertain origin.
CONSPECTUS OF THE NORTH AMERICAN ARBORESCENT SPECIES.
Spadix short; fruit subglobose, 1-celled; seed-coat light chestnut color. 1. S. Palmetto (C).
Spadix elongated; fruit often 2 or 3-lobed, with 2 or 3 seeds; seed-coat dark cliestnut-brown.
.2. S. texana (E).
1. Sabal Palmetto R. & S. Cabbage Tree. Cabbage Palmetto.
Leaves 5-6 long and 7-8 broad, dark green and lustrous, deeply divided into narrow
parted recurved segments, with ligules 4' long and more or less unsymmetrical at apex;
petioles 6-7 long and \\' wide at apex. Flowers: spadix 2-2-| long, with slender incurved
Fig. 99
branches, slender ultimate divisions, and thin secondary spathes flushed with red at apex
and conspicuously marked by pale slender longitudinal veins; flowers in the axils of
minute deciduous bracts much shorter than the perianth, opening in June. Fruit
ripening late in the autumn, subglobose or slightly obovoid, gradually narrowed at
base, 1-seeded, about \' in diameter; seed light bright chestnut-colored, \' broad.
A tree, often 40-50 and occasionally 80-90 high, with a tall clear trunk often 2 in
diameter, sometimes branched by the destruction of the terminal bud, divided by shallow
PALM.E
103
irregular interrupted fissures into broad ridges, with a short pointed knob-like under-
ground stem surrounded by a dense mass of contorted roots often 4 or 5 in diameter and
5 or 6 deep, from which tough light orange-colored roots often nearly ' in diameter pene-
trate the soil for a distance of 15 or 20, and a broad crown of leaves at first upright,
then spreading nearly at right angles with the stem, and finally pendulous. Wood light,
soft, pale brown, or occasionally nearly black, with numerous hard fibro-vascular bundles,
the outer rim about 2' thick and much lighter and softer than the interior. In the southern
states the trunks are used for wharf-piles, and polished cross sections of the stem some-
times serve for the tops of small tables; the wood is largely manufactured into canes. From
the sheaths of young leaves the bristles of scrubbing-brushes are made. The large succulent
leaf-buds are cooked and eaten as a vegetable, and coarse hats, mats, and baskets are made
from the leaves. Pieces of the spongy bark of the stem are used as a substitute for
scrubbing-brushes.
Distribution. Sandy soil in the immediate neighborhood of the coast from the neigh-
borhood of Cape Hatteras and Smith Island at the mouth of Cape Fear River, North Caro-
lina, southward near the coast to northern Florida; in Florida extending across the penin-
sula and south to Upper Metacomb Key, and along the west coast to Saint Andrews Bay;
most abundant and of its largest size on the west coast of the Florida peninsula.
Often planted as a street tree in the cities of the southern states.
2. Sabal texana Becc. Palmetto.
Sabal mexicana S. Wats., not Mart.
Leaves dark yellow-green and lustrous, 5-6 long, often 7 wide, divided nearly to the
middle into narrow divided segments, with thickened pale margins separating into long
Fig. 100
thin fibres, with ligules about 6' long; petioles 7-8 long, 1^' wide at the apex. Flowers:
spadix 7-8 long, with stout ultimate divisions; flowers in Texas appearing in March or
April in the axils of persistent bracts half as long as the perianth. Fruit ripening early in
the summer, globose, often 2 or 3-lobed; seeds nearly \' broad and \' wide, dark chestnut-
brown, with a broad shallow basal cavity, and a conspicuous orange-colored hilum.
A tree, with a trunk 30-50 high, often 2 in diameter, and a broad head of erect ul-
timately pendulous leaves. Wood light, soft, pale brown tinged with red, with thick
light-colored rather inconspicuous fibro-vascular bundles, the outer rim 1' thick, soft, and
light colored. On the Gulf coast the trunks are used for wharf -piles, and on the lower
Rio Grande the leaves for the thatch of houses.
104
TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
Distribution. Rich soil of the bottom-lands on the Bernado River, Cameron County,
and near the mouth of the Rio Grande, Texas, and southward in Mexico in the neighbor-
hood of the coast.
Frequently planted as a street tree in the towns in the lower Rio Grande valley.
4. WASHINGTONIA H. Wendl.
Trees, with stout columnar stems and broad crowns of erect and spreading finally pen-
dulous leaves. Leaves flabellate, divided nearly to the middle into many narrow deeply
parted recurved segments separating on the margins into numerous slender pale fibres;
rachis short, slightly rounded on the back, gradually narrowed from a broad base, with
concave margins furnished below with narrow erect wings, and slender and acute above;
ligule elongated, oblong, thin and laciniate on the margins; petioles elongated, broad and
thin, flattened or slightly concave on the upper side, rounded on the lower, armed irregu-
larly with broad thin large and small straight or hooked spines confluent into a thin bright
orange-colored cartilaginous margin, gradually enlarged at base into thick broad con-
cave bright chestnut-brown sheaths composed of a network of thin strong fibres. Spadix
interfoliar, stalked, elongated, paniculate, with pendulous flower-bearing ultimate divisions
and numerous long spathes. Flowers perfect, jointed on thick disk-like pedicels; calyx
tubular, scarious, thickened at base, gradually enlarged and slightly lobed at apex, the
lobes imbricated in the bud; corolla funnel-formed, with a fleshy tube inclosed in the
calyx and about half as long as the lanceolate lobes thickened and glandular on the inner
surface at the base, imbricated in the bud; stamens inserted on the tube of the corolla, with
free filaments thickened near the middle and linear-oblong anthers; ovary 3-lobed, 3-
celled, with slender elongated flexuose styles stigmatic at apex; ovules lateral, erect.
Fruit a small ellipsoidal short-stalked black berry with thin dry flesh. Seed free, erect,
oblong-ovoid, concave above, with a flat base depressed in the centre, a minute sublateral
hilum, a broad conspicuous rachis, a minute lateral micropyle, and a thin pale chestnut-
brown inner coat closely investing the simple horny albumen; embryo minute, lateral, with
the radicle turned toward the base of the fruit.
Three species of Washingtonia are known: one inhabits the interior dry region of south-
ern California and the adjacent parts of Lower California, and the others the mountain
canons of western Sonora and southern Lower California.
The genus is named for George Washington.
1. Washingtonia filamentosa O. Kuntze. Desert Palm. Fan Palm.
Leaves 5-6 long and 4-5 wide, light green, slightly tomentose on the folds; petioles
Fig. 101
PALM.E 105
4-6 long and about 2' broad at apex, with sheaths 16'-18' long and 12'-14' wide, and
ligules 4' long and cut irregularly into long narrow lobes. Flowers: spadix 10-12 long,
3 or 4 being produced each year from the axils of upper leaves, the outer spathe inclosing
the bud, narrow, elongated, and glabrous, those of the secondary branches coriaceous, yel-
low tinged with brown, and laciniate at apex; flowers slightly fragrant, opening late in
May or early in June. Fruit produced in great profusion, ripening in September, J' long;
seed 1' long, f ' thick.
A tree, occasionally 75 high, with a trunk sometimes 50-60 tall and 2-3 in diameter,
covered with a thick light red-brown scaly rind and clothed with a thick thatch of dead
pendant leaves descending in a regular cone from the broad crown of living leaves some-
times nearly to the ground. Wood light and soft, with numerous conspicuous dark orange-
colored fibro- vascular bundles. The fruit is gathered and used as food by the Indians.
Distribution. Often forming extensive groves or small isolated clumps in wet usually
alkali soil in depressions along the northern and northwestern margins of the Colorado
Desert in southern California, sometimes extending for several miles up the canons of the
San Bernardino and San Jacinto mountains; and in Lower California.
Now largely cultivated in southern California, New Orleans, southern Europe, and
other temperate regions.
5. ACCELORRAPHE H. Wendl.
Trees, with tall slender often clustered stems clothed for many years with the sheathing
bases of the petioles of fallen leaves. Leaves suborbicular, divided into numerous two-
parted segments plicately folded at the base; rachis short, acute; ligule thin, concave, fur-
nished with a broad membranaceous dark red-brown deciduous border; petioles slender,
flat or slightly concave on the upper side, rounded and ridged on the lower side, with a broad
high rounded ridge, thickened and cartilaginous on the margins, more or less furnished with
stout or slender flattened teeth; vagina thin and firm, bright mahogany red, lustrous,
closely infolding the stem, its fibres thin and tough. Spadix paniculate, interpetiolar, its
rachis slender, compressed, ultimate branches, numerous, slender, elongated, gracefully
drooping, hoary-tomentose, the primary branches flattened, the secondary terete in the
axils of ovate acute chestnut-brown bracts; spathes flattened, thick and firm, deeply two-
cleft and furnished at apex with a red-brown membranaceous border, inclosing the
rachis of the panicle, each primary branch with its spathe and the node of the rachis below
it inclosed in a separate spathe, the whole surrounded by the larger spathe of the node
next below. Flowers perfect, minute, sessile on the ultimate branches of the spadix,
in the axils of ovate acute chestnut-brown caducous bracts, solitary toward the end of the
branches and in two- or three-flowered clusters near their base; calyx truncate at base,
divided into three broadly ovate sepals dentate on the margins, valvate in aestivation, en-
larged and persistent under the fruit; corolla three-parted nearly to the base, its divisions
valvate in aestivation, oblong-ovate, thick, concave and thickened at apex, deciduous;
stamens six, included; filaments nearly triangular, united below into a cup adnate to the
short tube of the corolla; anthers short-oblong, attached on the back below the middle,
introrse, two-celled, the cells opening longitudinally; ovary obovoid, of three carpels,
each with two deep depressions on their outer face, united into a slender style; stigma
minute, terminal, persistent on the fruit; ovule solitary, erect from the bottom of the cell,
anatropous. Fruit drupaceous, subglobose, one-seeded, black and lustrous; exocarp thin
and fleshy; endocarp thin, crustaceous; seed erect, free, subglobose, light chestnut-brown;
testa thin and hard; hilum small, suborbicular; raphe ventral, oblong, elongated, black,
slightly prominent, without ramifications; embryo lateral; albumen homogeneous.
Two species of Accelorraphe have been distinguished; they inhabit southern Florida,
and one species occurs also in Cuba and on the Bahama Islands.
The generic name, from d priv., KOI \o s and pa<fyf), refers to the character of the seed.
106
TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
CONSPECTUS OF THE NORTH AMERICAN SPECIES.
Petioles furnished with stout marginal teeth throughout their entire length; leaves green
on both surfaces, their primary divisions extending to the middle, secondary divisions
only from 3'-9' long; stems forming large thickets. 1. A. Wrightii (D).
Petioles furnished with thinner teeth, usually unarmed toward the apex; leaves green or
glaucescent on the lower surface, their primary divisions extending nearly to the base,
secondary divisions often 10' long or more; stems often prostrate. 2. A. arborescens (D) .
1. Acoelorraphe Wrightii Becc.
Leaves 30'-36' in diameter, thin, light green, divided only to the middle, the divisions
of the primary lobes 3^'-9' long; petioles thin, gradually tapering from the base, 40'-60'
Fig. 102
in length, armed throughout with stout straight or incurved teeth. Flowers: spadix 4-
6 long; flowers '-' long, with a light chestnut-brown calyx and a pale yellow-green corolla.
Fruit j' in diameter.
A tree with numerous stems, in Florida sometimes 10 metnes high, forming great thickets.
Distribution. Dade County, Florida, from the rear of Madeira Hummock to Cape;
Sable, in swamps of fresh or brackish water at some distance from the coast; also in Cuba
and on the Bahamas.
2. Acoelorraphe arborescens Becc.
Serenoa arborescens Sarg.
Leaves about 2 in diameter, light yellow-green on the upper surface, blue-green or
glaucescent on the lower surface, divided nearly to the base into numerous lobes slightlj
thickened at the pale yellow midribs and margins; petioles 18'-24' long, armed, excepl
toward the apex, with stout flattened curved orange-colored teeth. Flowers: spadi>
PALM^E
107
3-4 long, with a slender much-flattened stalk, panicled lower branches 18'-20' in length,
and 6-8 thick firm pale green conspicuously ribbed spathes dilated^ at apex into a
narrow border; flowers with a light chestnut-brown calyx and a pale yellow-green corolla.
Fruit globose, f ' in diameter; seed somewhat flattened below, with a pale vertical mark
on the lower side, and a hilum joined to the micropyle by a pale band.
A tree, from 30-40 high, with 1 or several clustered erect inclining or occasionally semi-
prostrate stems 3'-4' in diameter, covered almost to the ground by the closely clasping
bases of the leaf-stalks and below with a thick pale rind.
Fig. 103
Distribution. Low undrained soil covered for many months of every year in water
from l'-18' deep, occasionally occupying almost exclusively areas of several acres in ex-
tent or more often scattered among Cypress-trees or Royal Palms, in the swamps and
along the hummocks adjacent to the Chokoloskee River and its tributaries and at the head
of East River, Whitewater Bay, in southwestern Florida.
6. ROYSTONEA Cook. Royal Palm.
Unarmed trees, with massive stems enlarged near the middle, and terminating in long
slender bright green cylinders formed by the densely imbricated sheaths of the leaf-stalks.
Leaves equally pinnate, with linear-lanceolate long-pointed unequally cleft plicately-folded
pinnae inserted obliquely on the upper side of the rachis, folded together at the base, with
thin midribs and margins; rachis convex on the back, broad toward the base of the leaf
and acute toward its apex; petioles semicylindric, gradually enlarged into thick elon-
gated green sheaths. Spadix large, decompound, produced near the base of the green
part of the stem, with long pendulous branches ad 2 spathes, the outer semicylindric and
as long as the spadix, the inner splitting ventrally and inclosing the branches of the spadix.
Flowers monoecious, in a loose spiral, toward the base of the branch in 3-flowered clusters,
with a central staminate and smaller lateral pistillate flowers, higher on the branch the
stamina te in 2-flowered clusters; calyx of the staminate flower of minute broadly ovate
obtuse scarious sepals imbricated in the bud, much shorter than the corolla; petals nearly
equal, valvate in the bud, ovate or obovate, acute, slightly united at the base, coriaceous;
stamens. 6, 9, or 12, with subulate filaments united below and adnate to the base of the
corolla, and large ovate-sagittate anthers, the cells free below; ovary rudimentary, sub-
globose or 3-lobed; pistillate flowers much smaller, ovoid-conic; sepals obtuse; corolla
erect, divided to the middle into acute erect lobes incurved at apex; staminodia 6,
scale-like, united into a cup adnate to the corolla; ovary subglobose, obscurely 2 or 3-lobed,
108
TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
2 or 3-celled, gibbous, the cells crowned with a 3-lobed stigma becoming subbasilar on the
fruit; ovule ascending. Fruit a short-stalked drupe with thin crustaceous flesh. Seed ob-
long-reniform, marked by the conspicuous fibrous reticulate branches of the raphe radiating
from the narrow basal hilum, and covered with a thin crustaceous coat; embryo minute,
cylindric, lateral, in uniform albumen.
Roystonea is confined to the tropics of the New World, where two or three species occur.
The genus as here limited was named for General Roy Stone of the United States army.
1. Roystonea regia Cook. Royal Palm.
Oreodoxa regia H. B. K.
Leaves 10-12 long, closely pinnate, the pinnae, 2-3 long, 1|' wide near the base of
the leaf, and gradually decreasing in size toward its apex, deep green with slender conspicu-
ous veins, and covered below with minute pale glandular dots; petioles almost terete,
concave near the base, with thin edges separating irregularly into pale fibres, and enlarged
into bright green cylindrical clasping bases 8 or 9 long and more or less covered with dark
chaffy scales. Flowers: spadix about 2 long, with a nearly terete stem and slightly
ridged primary and secondary branches compressed above, abruptly enlarged at the base,
and simple slender flexuose long-pointed flower-bearing branchlets 3'-6' long, pendant and
closely pressed against the secondary branches; flowers opening in Florida in January
and February, the staminate nearly \' long and rather more than twice as long as the pis-
tillate. Fruit oblong-obovoid, full and rounded at apex, narrowed at base, violet-blue,
about ' long, with a thin outer coat and a light red-brown inner coat, loose and fibrous on
the outer surface, and closely investing the thin light brown seed.
A tree, 80-100 high, with a trunk rising from an abruptly enlarged base, gradually
tapering from the middle to the ends and often 2 in diameter, covered with light gray rind
tinged with orange color, marked with dark blotches and irregularly broken into minute
plates, the green upper portion 8-10 long, and a broad head of gracefully drooping leaves.
Wood of the interior of the stem spongy, pale brown, much lighter than the hard exterior
rim, containing numerous dark conspicuous fibro-vascular bundles. The outer portion of
the stem is made into canes, and the trunks are sometimes used for wharf -piles and in con-
struction.
Distribution. Florida, hummocks on Rogue River twenty miles east of Caximbas Bay,
on some of the Everglades Keys, Long's Key, and formerly on the shores of Bay Biscayne
near the mouth of Little River; common in the West Indies and Central America.
Largely cultivated as an ornamental tree in tropical countries, and often planted to form
avenues, for which its tall pale columnar stems and noble heads of graceful foliage make it
valuable.
PALM.E
109
7. PSEUDOPHGEN1X H. Wendl.
A tree, with a slender stem abruptly enlarged at the base or tapering from the middle to
the ends, covered with thin pale blue or nearly white rind, and conspicuously marked by
the dark scars of fallen leaf-stalks. Leaves erect, abruptly pinnate, with crowded linear-
lanceolate acuminate leaflets increasing in length and width from the ends to the middle of
the leaf, thick and firm in texture, dark yellow-green above, pale and glaucous below;
rachis convex on the lower side, concave on the upper side near the base of the leaf, with
thin margins, becoming toward the apex of the leaf flat and narrowed below and acute above,
marked on the sides at the base with dark gland-like excrescences; petioles short, concave
above, with thin entire margins separating into slender fibres, gradually enlarged into broad
thick sheaths of short brittle fibres. Spadix interfoliar, compound, pendulous, stalked,
much shorter than the leaves, with spreading primary branches, stout and much flattened
toward the base, slender and rounded above the middle, furnished at the base with a
thickened ear-like body, slender secondary branches, short thin rigid densely flowered
ultimate divisions, and compressed light green double spathes erose on their thin dark
brown margins. Flowers on slender pedicels articulate by an expanded base, widely
scattered on the ultimate branches of the spadix, staminate and bisexual in the same in-
florescence; calyx reduced to the saucer-like rim of the thickened receptacle, undulate on
the margin, the rounded angles alternating with the petals; petals 3, valvate in the bud, ob-
long, rounded at apex, thick conspicuously longitudinally veined, persistent; stamens
6, with short flattened nearly triangular filaments slightly united at the base into a narrow
fleshy disk, and triangular cordate anthers attached at the base in a cavity on their outer
face, 2-celled, the cells opening by lateral slits; styles of the perfect flower 3-lobed at the
apex with obtuse appressed lobes, that of the sterile flower as long or longer than that of the
perfect flower, more slender and tapering into a narrow 3-pointed apex. Fruit a stalked
globose 2 or 3-lobed orange-scarlet thin-fleshed drupe marked by the lateral style and sur-
rounded' below by the withered remnants of the flower; pedicel abruptly enlarged at
base, articulate from a persistent cushion-like body furnished in the centre with a minute
point penetrating a cavity in the base of the pedicel. Seed subglobose, free, erect, with
a basal hilum and a thin light red-brown coat marked by the pale conspicuous ascend-
ing 2 or 3-branched raphe; embryo minute, basal, in uniform horny albumen.
Pseudophcenix with a single species inhabits the keys of southern Florida, and the
Bahamas.
The generic name is in allusion to a fancied resemblance to Phoenix, a genus of Palms.
1. Pseudophrenix vinifera Becc.
Leaves 5-6 long, with pinnae often 18' long and 1' wide near the middle of the leaf,
Fig. 105
110 TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
becoming at its extremities not more than half as long and wide; petioles 6'-8' in length.
Flowers: spadix 3 long and 2| wide. Fruit ripening in May and June, '-f' in diameter
on a peduncle \' long; seed \' in diameter.
Distribution. Florida, east end of Elliot's Key, and east end of Key Largo near the south-
ern shore, here forming a grove of 200 or 300 plants; more common on the Bahamas.
Occasionally cultivated in the gardens of southern Florida.
IV. LILIACEJE.
YUCCLE.
Leaves, alternate, linear-lanceolate. Flowers in terminal panicles; sepals and petals
nearly similar, subequal, withering-persistent; ovary with more or less deeply introduced
dorsal partitions; ovules numerous, 2-ranked in each cell; embryo subulate, obliquely placed
across the seed; cotyledon arched in germination.
Yuccse as here limited consists of two American genera, Hesperaloe, with two species,
low plants of Texas and Mexico, and Yucca.
i. YUCCA L.
Trees with simple or branched stems prolonged by axillary naked buds, dark thick corky
bark, light fibrous wood in concentric layers, and large stout horizontal roots; or often
stemless. Leaves involute in the bud, at first erect, usually becoming reflexed, abruptly
narrowed above the broad thickened clasping base, usually widest near the middle, con-
cave on the upper surface, involute toward the horny usually sharp-pointed apex, convex
and often slightly keeled toward the base on the lower surface, the margins serrulate or
filamentose, light or dull green. Flowers fertilized by insects and opening for a single
night, on slender pedicels in 2 or 3-flowered clusters or singly at the base of the large com-
pound panicle furnished with conspicuous leathery white or slightly colored bracts, those at
the base of the pedicels thin and scarious; perianth cup-shaped, with thick ovate-lanceo-
late creamy white segments more or less united at base, usually furnished with small tufts
of white hairs at the apex, those of the outer rank narrower, shorter, and more colored than
the more delicate petal-like segments of the inner rank; stamens 6, in 2 series, free, shorter
than the ovary (as long in 1), white, with club-shaped fleshy filaments, obtuse and slightly
3-lobed at the apex, and cordate emarginate anthers attached on the back, the cells
opening longitudinally, curling backward and expelling the large globose powdery pollen-
grains; ovary oblong, 6-sided, sessile or stalked, with nectar-glands within the partitions,
dull greenish white, 3-celled, gradually narrowed into a short or elongated 3-lobed ivory-
white style forming a triangular stigmatic tube. Fruit oblong or oval, more or less dis-
tinctly 6-angled, 6-celled, usually beaked at the apex, baccate and indehiscent or capsular
and 3-valved, the valves finally separating at the apex; pericarp of 2 coats, the outer at
maturity thick, succulent and juicy, thin, dry and leathery, or thin and woody. Seeds
compressed, triangular, obovoid, or obliquely ovoid or orbicular, thick, with a narrow
2-edged rim, or thin, with a wide or narrow brittle margin; seed-coat thin, black, slightly
rugose or smooth; embryo in plain or rarely ruminate hard farinaceous oily albumen; coty-
ledon much longer than the short radicle turned toward the small oblong white hilum.
Yucca is confined to the New World and is distributed from Bermuda and the eastern
Antilles, through the south Atlantic and Gulf states to Oklahoma and Arkansas, and
through New Mexico and northward along the eastern base of the Rocky Mountains to
South Dakota, westward to middle California, and southward through Arizona, Mexico,
and Lower California to Central America. About thirty species with many varieties
and probable hybrids are recognized. Of the species which inhabit the territory of the
United States nine assume the habit and attain the size of small trees. The root-stalks
of Yucca are used as a substitute for soap, and ropes, baskets, and mats are made from
the tough fibres of the leaves. Many of the species are cultivated, especially in countries^
of scanty rainfall, for their great clusters of beautiful flowers, or in hedges to protect gar-
dens from cattle.
The generic name is from the Carib name of the root of the Cassava.
LILIACE.E
111
CONSPECTUS OF THE ABORESCENT SPECIES OF THE UNITED STATES.
Flower-clusters usually sessile, or short-stalked.
Fruit pendulous, with thick succulent flesh; seeds thick; albumen ruminate.
Segments of the perianth slightly united at the base.
Panicle glabrous or puberulous.
Ovary stipitate; leaves sharply toothed on their horny margins, smooth, dark
green, slightly concave. 1. Y. aloifolia (C).
Ovary sessile.
Leaves concave, blue-green, rough on the lower surface. 2. Y. Treculeana (E) .
Leaves concave above the middle, light yellow-green, smooth.
Style elongated. 3. Y. macrocarpa (E, H).
Style short. 4. Y. mohavensis (G, H).
Panicle coated with hoary tomentum; leaves concave, smooth, light yellow-green.
5. Y. Schottii (H).
Segments of the perianth united below into a narrow tube; leaves flat, smooth, dark
green. 6. Y. Faxoniana (E).
Fruit erect or spreading, the flesh becoming thin and dry at maturity; seeds thin; albu-
men entire.
Leaves rigid, concave above the middle, blue-green, sharply serrate.
7. Y. brevifolia (F, G).
Leaves thin, flat or concave toward the apex, nearly entire, rough on the lower
surface, dull or glaucous green. 8. Y. gloriosa (C).
Flower-clusters long-stalked; fruit capsular, erect, finally splitting between the carpels
and through their backs at the apex; seeds thin; albumen entire; leaves thin, flat,
filamentose on the margins, smooth, pale yellow-green. 9. Y. elata (E, H).
i. Yucca aloifolia L. Spanish Bayonet.
Leaves 18'-32' long, lj'-2^' wide, erect, rigid, conspicuously narrowed above the light
green base, widest above the middle, slightly concave on the upper surface, smooth, dark
Fig. 106
rich green, with a stiff dark red-brown tip, and horny finely and irregularly serrate mar-
gins; long-persistent. Flowers from June until August on stout pedicels, in nearly sessile
glabrous or slightly pubescent panicles 18'-24' long; perianth l'-l' in length and 3' or 4'
across when fully expanded, the segments ovate, thick and tumid toward the base, those
of the outer rank rounded and often marked with purple at apex, the inner acuminate
112
TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
and short-pointed; stamens as long or sometimes a little longer than the light green ovary
raised on a short stout stipe. Fruit ripening from August to October, elongated, ellipsoidal,
hexagonal, 3'-4' long, 1\'-\%' thick, light green when fully grown, and in ripening turning
dark purple, the outer and inner coats forming a thick succulent mass of bitter-sweet juicy
flesh, finally becoming black and drying on its stalk; seeds \'-\' wide, about iV thick,
with a thin narrow ring-like border to the rim.
A tree, occasionally 25 high, usually much smaller, with an erect or more or less inclining
simple or branched trunk slightly swollen at base, and rarely more than 6' in diameter;
sometimes with numerous clustered stems. Bark near the base of the trunk thick, rough,
dark brown, marked above by scars left by falling leaves.
Distribution. Sand dunes of the coast from North Carolina to eastern Louisiana; west
of the Apalachicola River attaining its largest size and sometimes ranging inland through
Pine-forests for thirty or forty miles; and in Yucatan (var. yucatana Trel.).
A common garden plant in all countries with a temperate climate, and long naturalized
in the southern states far beyond the limits of its natural range, in some of the West Indian
islands and on the Gulf coast of Mexico. Forms with leaves variously striped with white,
yellow, and red or with recurving leaves are frequent in cultivation.
2. Yucca Treculeana Carr. Spanish Bayonet. Spanish Dagger.
Leaves 2^-4 long, 2'-3j' wide, slightly or not at all contracted above the dark red
lustrous base, concave, stiff, rigid, dark blue-green, rough on the lower surface, nearly
smooth on the upper, with a short stout dark red-brown tip, and dark brown margins
roughened by minute deciduous teeth and ultimately separating into slender dark fibres;
Fig. 107
persistent for many years, the dead leaves hanging closely appressed against the trunk
below the terminal crown of closely imbricated living leaves. Flowers in March and April
on slender pedicels, in dense many-flowered glabrous or puberulous panicles 2-4 long and
raised on short stout stalks; perianth l'-2' long, 2'-4' in diameter when fully expanded,
with narrow elongated ovate-lanceolate to ovate segments, \' wide, acute, thin and delicate,
furnished at apex with a conspicuous tuft of short pale hairs; filaments slightly papillose,
about as long as the prismatic ovary gradually narrowed above and crowned by the deeply
divided stigmatic lobes. Fruit ripening in the summer, 3'-4' long, about 1' thick, dark
reddish brown or ultimately black, with thin succulent sweetish flesh; seeds about |'
wide, nearly iV thick, with a narrow border to the rim.
A tree, occasionally 25-30 high, with a trunk sometimes 2 in diameter and numerous
stout wide-spreading branches; usually smaller and often forming broad low thickets 4-
LILIACE.E
113
5 tall. Bark on old trunks |'-' thick, dark red-brown and broken into thin oblong plates
covered by small irregular closely appressed scales. Wood light brown, fibrous, spongy,
heavy, difficult to cut and work.
Distribution. Shores of Matagorda Bay, southward through western Texas into Nuovo
Leon, and through the valley of the Rio Grande to the eastern base of the mountains of
western Texas; forming open stunted forests on the coast dunes at the mouth of the Rio
Grande; farther from the coast often spreading into great impenetrable thickets.
Cultivated as an ornamental plant in the gardens of central and western Texas and
in other southern States, and occasionally in those of southern Europe.
3. Yucca macrocarpa Coville. Spanish Dagger.
Leaves lf-2 long, l'-2' wide, gradually narrowed from the dark red lustrous base to
above the middle, rigid, concave, yellow-green, rough on the lower surface and frequently
also on the upper surface, with a stout elongated dark tip, and thickened margins sep-
Fig. 108
arated into stout gray filaments. Flowers in March and April in densely flowered sessile
or short-stalked glabrous or occasionally pubescent panicles; perianth usually about 2'
long, with acuminate segments, those of the outer and inner rows nearly of the same size;
stamens shorter than the elongated style. Fruit 3'-4' long, about \\' thick, abruptly
contracted at apex into a stout point, nearly black when fully ripe, with sweet succulent
flesh; seeds about \' wide, |' thick, with a narrow border to the rim.
A tree, rarely exceeding 15 in height, with a usually simple stem 6' '-8' in diameter, and
often clothed to the ground with living leaves. Bark dark brown and scaly.
Distribution. Arid plains from western Texas to eastern Arizona and southward in
Chihuahua.
4. Yucca mohavensis Sarg. Spanish Dagger.
Leaves 18'-20' long, about 1^' wide, abruptly contracted above the dark red lustrous
base, gradually narrowed upward to above the middle, thin and concave except toward the
slightly thickened base of the blade, dark green, smooth on both surfaces, with a stout rigid
sharp-pointed tip, and entire bright red-brown margins soon separating into numerous
pale filaments. Flowers from March to May on slender erect ultimately drooping pedicels
l'-l|' long, in densely flowered sessile or short-stemmed panicles 12'-18' in length; perianth
l'-2' long, the segments united at the base into a short tube, thickened and hood-shaped at
the apex, those of the outer rank often deeply flushed with purple, but little longer than the
less prominently ribbed usually wider and thinner segments of the inner rank; stamens
114
TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
with more or less pilose filaments nearly as long as the short style. Fruit ripening in Au-
gust and September, 3'-4' long, about l' thick, usually much constricted near the middle,
abruptly contracted at apex into a short stout point, dark dull brown or nearly black,
with flesh often nearly \' thick; seeds \' wide, rather less than \' thick, with a narrow border
to the rim.
A tree, rarely exceeding 15 in height, with a trunk usually simple or occasionally fur-
nished with short spreading branches, and 6'-8' in diameter, usually surrounded by a clus-
ter of shorter more or less spreading stems and often clothed to the ground with living leaves.
Bark dark brown and scaly. Wood soft, spongy, light brown.
Distribution. Southern Nevada and northwestern Arizona across the Mohave Desert
to the California coast, extending northward to the neighborhood of Monterey, California,
and southward into northern Lower California; common and attaining its largest size
on the Mohave Desert, and sometimes ascending arid mountain slopes to altitudes of 4000
above the sea.
5. Yucca Schottii Engelm. Spanish Dagger.
Leaves 2^-3 long, about \\' wide, gradually narrowed upward from the comparatively
thin lustrous red base to above the middle, flat except toward the apex, smooth, light
Fig. 110
LILIACEJE
115
yellow-green, with a long rigid sharp light red tip, and thick entire red-brown margins
finally separating into short thin brittle threads. Flowers from July to September in erect
stalked tomentose panicles; perianth I'-l-f long, the broad oval or oblong-obovate thin
segments pubescent on the outer surface toward the base and furnished at the apex with
conspicuous clusters of white tomentum; stamens about two thirds as long as the ovary,
with filaments pilose at the base, and only slightly enlarged at the apex. Fruit ripening in
October and November, obscurely angled, 3^'-4' long, about lj' thick, often narrowed
above the middle, with a stout thick point, and thin succulent flesh; seeds \' wide, about
\' thick, with a thin conspicuous marginal rim.
A tree, in Arizona rarely 18-20 high, with a trunk often crooked or slightly inclining
and simple or furnished with 2 or 3 short erect branches, covered below with dark brown
scaly bark, roughened for many years by persistent scars of fallen leaves, and clothed above
by the pendant dead leaves of many seasons.
Distribution. Dry slopes of the mountain ranges, of Arizona near the Mexican boundary
usually at altitudes between 5000 and 6000, and southward into Sonora.
6. Yucca Faxoniana Sarg. Spanish Dagger.
Leaves 2^-4 long, 2^'-3' wide, abruptly contracted above the conspicuously thickened
lustrous base, widest above the middle, flat on the upper surface, thickened and rounded
on the lower surface toward the base, rigid, smooth and clear dark green, with a short stout
Fig. 1 1 1
dark tip, and brown entire margins breaking into numerous stout gray or brown fibres
short and spreading near the apex of the leaf, longer, more remote, and forming a thick
cobweb-like mass at their base. Flowers appearing in April on thin drooping pedicels,
in dense many-flowered glabrous panicles 3-4 long, with elongated pendulous branches;
perianth 2|' long, the segments thin, concave, widest above the middle, narrowed at the ends,
united at base into a short tube, those of the outer rank being about half as wide as those
of the inner rank and two thirds as long; stamens much shorter than the ovary, with slender
filaments pilose above the middle and abruptly dilated at apex; ovary conspicuously
ridged, light yellow marked with large pale raised lenticels, and gradually narrowed into
an elongated slender style. Fruit ripening in early summer, slightly or not at all angled,
abruptly contracted at apex into a long or short hooked beak, 3'-4' long, \'-\\' thick, light
orange-colored and lustrous when first ripe, becoming nearly black, with thick succulent
bitter-sweet flesh; seeds \' long, about \' thick, with a narrow nearly obsolete margin to
the rim.
A tree, often 40 high, with a trunk sometimes 2 in diameter above the broad abruptly
116
TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
enlarged base, unbranched or divided into several short branches, and covered above by a
thick thatch of the pendant dead leaves of many seasons; frequently smaller and until ten or
twelve years old clothed from the ground with erect living leaves. Bark near the base of old
trees dark reddish brown, $'-' thick, broken on the surface into small thin loose scales.
Distribution. Common on the high desert plateau of southwestern Texas.
7. Yucca brevifolia Engelm. Joshua Tree.
Yucca arbor escens Trel.
Leaves 5'-8' or on young plants rarely 10'-12' long, |'-|' wide, rigid, crowded in dense
clusters, lanceolate, gradually tapering from the bright red-brown lustrous base, bluish
green and glaucous, smooth or slightly roughened, concave above the middle, with a sharp
dark brown tip, and thin yellow margins armed with sharp minute teeth; persistent
Fig. 112
for many years. Flowers appearing from March until the beginning of May, the creamy
white closely imbricated bracts of the nearly sessile pubescent panicle forming before
its appearance a conspicuous cone-like bud 8' or 10' long; perianth globose to oblong,
l'-2' long, greenish white, waxy, dull or lustrous, its segments slightly united at the base,
keeled on the back, thin below the middle, gradually thickened upward into the concave
incurved rounded tip, those of the outer rank rather broader, thicker, and more prominently
keeled than those of the inner rank, glabrous or pubescent; stamens about half as long as
the ovary, with filaments villose-papillate from the base; ovary conic, 3-lobed above the
middle, bright green, with narrow slightly developed septal nectar-glands, and a sessile
nearly equally 6-lobed stigma. Fruit ripening in May or June, spreading or more or less
pendant at maturity, oblong-ovoid, acute, slightly 3-angled, 2'-4' long, \\'-% thick, light
red or yellow-brown, the outer coat becoming dry and spongy at maturity; seeds nearly
\' long, rather less than ^' thick, with a broad well-developed margin to the rim, and a
large conspicuous hilum.
A tree, 30-40 high, with a trunk 2-3 in diameter, rising abruptly from a broad thick-
basal disk, thick tough roots descending deeply into the soil, and stout branches spreading
into a broad, often symmetrical head formed by the continued forking of the branches at
the base of the terminal flower-clusters; the stem until 8-10 high simple and clothed to the
ground with leaves erect until after the appearance of the first flowers, then spreading at
right angles and finally becoming reflexed. Bark I'-l^' thick, deeply divided into oblong
plates frequently 2 long. Wood light, soft, spongy, difficult to work, light brown or
nearly white; sometimes cut into thin layers and used as wrapping material or manufac-
tured into boxes and other small articles. The seeds are gathered and eaten by Indians.
LILIACE^E
117
Distribution. Southwestern Utah to the western and northern rim of the Mohave Desert
in California; most abundant and of its largest size on the foothills on the desert slope of
the Tehachapi Mountains, California.
8. Yucca gloriosa L. Spanish Dagger.
Leaves 2-2| long, gradually narrowed above the broad base and then gradually broad-
ened to above the middle, thin, flat or slightly concave toward the apex, frequently
longitudinally folded, dull often glaucous green, roughened on the under surface especially
above the middle, with a stout dark red tip, and pale margins serrulate toward the base
of the leaf, with minute early deciduous teeth, or occasionally separating into thin fibres.
Flowers in October, in pubescent or glabrate panicles, 2-4 long, on stout stalks sometimes
Fig. 113
t
3-4 in length, their large creamy white bracts forming before the panicle emerges a con-
spicuous egg-shaped bud 4'-6' long; perianth when fully expanded 3^'-4' across, its seg-
ments thin, ovate, acute, or lance-ovate, often tinged with green or purple, slightly
united at the base, pubescent at apex; stamens about as long as the ovary, with hispid or
slightly papillose filaments and deeply emarginate anthers; ovary slightly lobed, 6-sided,
light green, gradually narrowed into the elongated spreading stigmatic lobes. Fruit very
rarely produced, prominently 6-ridged, pendulous, 3' long, 1' in diameter, cuspidate, raised
on a short stout stipe, with a thin leathery almost black outer coat; seeds \' wide and about
-$' thick, with a smooth coat and a narrow marginal rim.
A tree, with a trunk occasionally 6-8 high and 4'-6' in diameter, simple or rarely fur-
nished with a few short branches and usually clothed to the base with pendant dead leaves;
in cultivation often becoming much larger, with a stout trunk covered with smooth light
gray bark, and erect or in one form (var. recurvifolia Engelm.) pendulous leaves.
Distribution. Sand dunes and the borders of beaches of the seacoast from North Caro-
lina to northern Florida.
Often cultivated with many forms in the gardens and pleasure-grounds of all temperate
countries.
9. Yucca elata Engelm. Spanish Dagger.
1. Yucca radiosa Trel.
Leaves 20'-30' long, \'-\' wide, rigid, gradually narrowed from the thin base, tapering
toward the apex, or sometimes somewhat broadest at the middle, thin, flat on the upper
surface, slightly thickened and rounded on the lower surface toward the base, smooth, pale
118
TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
yellow-green, with a slender stiff red-brown tip, and thickened entire pale margins soon
splitting into long slender filaments. Flowers in May and June on slender spreading more
or less recurved pedicels, in glabrous much-branched panicles 4-6 long, raised on stout
naked stem 3-7 in length; perianth ovoid and acute in the bud, when fully expanded
3|'-4' across, its segments united at the base into a short slender distinct tube, ovate or
slightly obovate, those of the outer rank usually acute, not more than half as broad as those
of the inner rank; stamens as long or a little longer than the ovary, with slender nearly
terete filaments; ovary sessile, almost terete, pale green, abruptly contracted into the stout
elongated style. Fruit an erect oblong capsule rounded and obtuse at the ends, tipped by
a short stout mucro, conspicuously 3-ribbed, with rounded ridges on the back of the car-
pels, Ij'-Z' long, l'-l' wide, with a thin firm light brown ligneous outer coat closely ad-
Fig. 114
herent to the lustrous light yellow inner coat, in ripening splitting from the top to the
bottom between the carpels, and through their backs at the apex; seeds 3' wide and about
^2' thick, with a smooth coat and a thin brittle wide margin to the rim.
A tree, with a rough much-branched underground stem penetrating deep into the soil
and a trunk often 15-20 high and 7'-8' in diameter, covered above with a thick thatch
of the pendant dead leaves of many years, simple, or branched at the top with a few short
stout branches densely covered with leaves at first erect, then spreading nearly at right
angles, and finally pendulous. Bark dark brown, irregularly fissured, broken into thin
plates, about |' thick. Wood light, soft, spongy, pale brown or yellow.
Distribution. High desert plateaus from southwestern Texas to southern Arizona;
southward into northern Mexico; most abundant and of its largest size on the eastern slope
of the continental divide in southern New Mexico and along the northern rim of the
Tucson Desert in Arizona.
DIVISION II. DICOTYLEDONS.
Stems formed of bark, wood, or pith, and increasing by the addition of an
annual layer of wood inside the bark. Parts of the flower mostly in 4's and
o's; embryo with a pair of opposite cotyledons. Leaves netted-veined.
Subdivision 1. Apetalse. Flowers without a corolla and sometimes with-
out a calyx (with a corolla in Olacacece).
Section 1. Flowers in unisexual aments (female flowers of Juglans and
Quercus solitary or in spikes} ; ovary inferior (superior in Leitneriaceoe) when
calyx is present.
SALIC ACE,E 119
V. SALICACEJE.
Trees or shrubs, with watery juice, alternate simple stalked deciduous leaves with stip-
ules, soft light usually pale wood, astringent bark, scaly buds, and often stoloniferous roots.
Flowers appearing in early spring usually before the leaves, solitary in the axils of the scales
of unisexual aments from buds in the axils of leaves of the previous year, the male and
female on different plants; perianth 0; stamens 1, 2 or many, their anthers introrse, 2-celled,
the cells opening longitudinally; styles usually short or none; stigmas 2-4, often 2-lobed.
Fruit a 1-celled 2-4-valved capsule, with 2-4 placentas bearing below their middle numer-
ous ascending anatropous seeds without albumen and surrounded by tufts of long white
silky hairs attached to the short stalks of the seeds and deciduous with them; embryo
straight, filling the cavity of the seed; cotyledons flattened, much longer than the short
radicle turned toward the minute hilum.
The two genera of this family are widely scattered but most abundant in the northern
hemisphere, with many species, and are often conspicuous features of vegetation.
CONSPECTUS OF THE GENERA.
Scales of the aments laciniate; flowers surrounded by a cup-shaped often oblique disk;
stamens numerous; buds with numerous scales. 1. Populus.
Scales of the aments entire; disk a minute gland-like body; stamens 1, 2 or many; buds with
a single scale. 2. Salix.
1. POPULUS L. Poplar.
Large fast-growing trees, with pale furrowed bark, terete or angled branchlets, resinous
winter-buds covered by several thin scales, those of the first pair small and opposite, the
others imbricated, increasing in size from below upward, accrescent and marking the base
of the branchlet with persistent ring-like scars, and thick roots. Leaves involute in the
bud, usually ovate or ovate-lanceolate, entire, dentate with usually glandular teeth, or
lobed, penni veined, turning yellow in the autumn; petioles long, often laterally com-
pressed, sometimes furnished at the apex on the upper side with 2 nectariferous glands,
leaving in falling oblong often obcordate, elliptic, arcuate, or shield-shaped leaf-scars
displaying the ends of 3 nearly equidistant fibre- vascular bundles; stipules caducous, those
of the first leaves resembling the bud-scales, smaller higher on the branch, and linear-
lanceolate and scarious on the last leaves. Flowers in pendulous stalked aments, the pis-
tillate lengthening and rarely becoming erect before maturity; scales obovate, gradually
narrowed into slender stipes, dilated and lobed, palmately cleft or fimbriate at apex, mem-
branaceous, glabrous or villose, more crowded on the staminate than on the pistillate
ament, usually caducous; disk of the flower broadly cup-shaped, often oblique/ entire,
dentate or irregularly lobed, fleshy or membranaceous, stipitate, usually persistent under
the fruit; stamens 4-12 or 12-60 or more, inserted on the disk, their filaments free, short,
light yellow; anthers ovoid or oblong, purple or red; ovary sessile in the bottom of the disk,
oblong-conical, sub-globose or ovoid-oblong, cylindric or slightly lobed, with 2 or 3 or
rarely 4 placentas; styles usually short; stigmas as many as the placentas, divided into fili-
form lobes or broad, dilated, 2-parted or lobed. Fruit ripening before the full growth of
the leaves, greenish, reddish brown, or buff color, oblong-conic, subglobose or ovoid-oblong,
separating at maturity into 2-4 recurved valves. Seeds broadly obovoid or ovoid, rounded
or acute at the apex, light chestnut-brown; cotyledons elliptic.
Populus in the extreme north often forms great forests, and is common on the alluvial
bottom-lands of streams and on high mountain slopes, ranging from the Arctic Circle to
northern Mexico and Lower California and from the Atlantic to the Pacific in the New
World, and to northern Africa, the southern slopes of the Himalayas, central China, and
120 TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
Japan in the Old World. Of the thirty-four species now generally recognized fifteen are
found in North America. The wood of many of the American species is employed in large
quantities for paper-making, and several species furnish wood used in construction and in
the manufacture of small articles of woodenware. The bark contains tannic acid and is
used in tanning leather and occasionally as a tonic, and the fragrant balsam contained in
the buds of some species is occasionally used in medicine. The rapidity of their growth,
their hardiness and the ease with which they can be propagated by cuttings, make many of
the species useful as ornamental trees or in wind-breaks, although planted trees often suffer
severely from the attacks of insects boring into the trunks and branches. Of the exotic
species, the Abele, or White Poplar, Populus alba L., of Europe and western Asia, and its
fastigiate form, and the so-called Lombardy Poplar, a tree of pyramidal habit and a form
of the European and Asiatic Populus nigra L., and one of its hybrids, have been largely
planted in the United States. .
Populus, of obscure derivation, is the classical name of the Poplar.
CONSPECTUS OF THE NORTH AMERICAN SPECIES.
Stigmas 2, 2-lobed, their lobes filiform; leaf stalks elongated, laterally compressed; buds
slightly resinous.
Leaves finely serrate; winter-buds glabrous. 1. P. tremuloides (A, B, F, G).
Leaves coarsely serrate; winter-buds tomentose or pubescent. 2. P. grandidentata.
Stigmas 2-4, 2-lobed and dilated, their lobes variously divided; buds resinous.
Leaf-stalks round.
Leaves tomentose below early in the season, broadly ovate, acute or rounded at apex.
3. P. heterophylla (A, C).
Leaves glabrous or pilose below.
Leaves dark green above, pale, rarely pilose below.
Ovary and capsule glabrous. 4. P. tacamahacca (A, B, F).
Ovary and capsule tomentose or pubescent. 5. P. trichocarpa (B, F).
Leaves light green on both surfaces, glabrous.
Leaves lanceolate to ovate-lanceolate. 6. P. angustifolia (F).
Leaves rhombic-lanceolate to ovate. 7. P. acuminata (F).
Leaf-stalks laterally compressed.
Leaves without glands at apex of the petiole, coarsely serrate, thick.
Pedicels shorter than the fruit.
Disk cup-shaped.
Branchlets stout; capsule '-' long. 8. P. Fremontii (G, H).
Branchlets slender; capsule not more than \' long. 9. P. arizonica (F, H).
Disk minute.
Branchlets glabrous; leaves broad-ovate to deltoid, long-pointed and acum-
inate at apex. 10. P. texana (C).
Branchlets pubescent; leaves broad-ovate, abruptly short-pointed 'or acute at
apex. 11. P. McDougallii (G, H).
Pedicels 2 or 3 times longer than the fruit; leaves broadly deltoid, abruptly short-
pointed. 12. P. Wislizenii (E, F).
Leaves furnished with glands at apex of the petiole.
Branchlets stout; leaves thick.
Winter-buds puberulous; leaves coarsely serrate; branchlets light yellow.
13. P. Sargentii (F).
Winter-buds glabrous; leaves less coarsely serrate; branchlets gray or reddish
brown. 14. P. balsamifera (A, C).
Branchlets slender; leaves thin, ovate, cuneate or rounded at base, finely serrate.
15. P. Palmeri (E).
SALICACE^E 121
1. Populus tremuloides Michx. Aspen. Quaking Asp.
Leaves ovate to broad-ovate or rarely reniform (var. reniformis Tidestrom) abruptly short-
pointed or acuminate at apex rounded or rarely cuneate at the wide base, closely crenately
serrate with glandular teeth, thin, green and lustrous above, dull green or rarely pale below,
up to 4|' long and broad with a prominent midrib, slender primary veins and conspicuous
reticulate veinlets; petioles slender, compressed laterally, l|'-3' long. Flowers: aments
l|'-2f long, the pistillate becoming 4' in length at maturity; scales deeply divided into
3-5 linear acute lobes fringed with long soft gray hairs; disk oblique, the staminate entire,
the pistillate slightly crenate; stamens 6-12; ovary conic, with a short thick style and erect
stigmas thickened and club-shaped below and divided into linear diverging lobes. Fruit
maturing in May and June, oblong-conic, light green, thin-walled, nearly ' long; seeds
obovoid, light brown, about jz' in length.
A tree, 20-40 high, with a trunk 18'-20' in diameter, slender remote and often con-
torted branches somewhat pendulous toward the ends, forming a narrow symmetrical
Fig. 115
round-topped head, and slender branchlets covered with scattered oblong orange-colored
lenticels, bright red-brown and very lustrous during their first season, gradually turning
light gray tinged with red, ultimately dark gray, and much roughened for two or three
years by the elevated leaf-scars. Winter-buds slightly resinous, conic, acute, often in-
curved, about \' long, narrower than the more obtuse flower-buds, with 6 or 7 lustrous
glabrous red-brown scales scarious on the margins. Bark thin, pale yellow-brown or
orange-green, often roughened by horizontal bands of circular wart-like excrescences, fre-
quently marked below the branches by large rows of lunate dark scars. Wood light
brown, with nearly white sapwood of 25-30 layers of annual growth.
Distribution. Southern Labrador to the southern shores of Hudson's Bay and north-
westerly to the mouth of the Mackenzie River, through the northern states to the moun-
tains of Pennsylvania, northern Ohio, Indiana and Illinois, eastern and central Iowa
and northeastern Missouri; common and generally distributed usually on moist sandy
soil and gravelly hillsides; most valuable in the power of its seeds to germinate quickly in
soil made infertile by fire and of its seedlings to grow rapidly in exposed situations; west-
ward passing into the var. aurea Daniels, with thicker rhombic to semiorbicular or broad-
ovate generally smaller leaves, usually pale on the lower surface, rounded or acute and
minutely short-pointed at apex, rounded or cuneate at base, often entire with slightly
122
TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
thickened margins, or occasionally coarsely crenately serrate, with inconspicuous reticulate
veinlets, turning bright golden yellow in the autumn before falling.
A tree occasionally 100 high with a trunk up to 3 in diameter, with pale often white
bark, becoming near the base of old stems 2' thick, nearly black, and deeply divided into
broad flat ridges broken on the surface into small appressed plate-like scales.
Distribution. Valley of the Yukon River to Saskatchewan, and southward through the
mountain ranges of the Rocky Mountain region to southern New Mexico, the San Francisco
Mountains of Arizona, and westward to the valley of the Skeena River, British Columbia,
western Washington and Oregon, the western slopes of the Sierra Nevada and the high
mountains of southern California, and eastward to North and South Dakota and western
Nebraska; on the mountains of Chihuahua, and on the Sierra de Laguna, Lower California.
Populus tremuloides var. vancouveriana Sarg.
Populus vancouveriana Trel.
Leaves broadly ovate to semiorbicular, abruptly short-pointed or rounded at apex,
rounded or slightly cordate at the broad base, coarsely crenately serrate and sometimes
obscurely crispate on the margins, when they unfold covered below and on the petioles with
Fig. 116
a thick coat of long matted pale hairs, and slightly villose, glabrous or nearly glabrous above,
soon glabrous, and at maturity thick dark green, lustrous and scabrate on the upper surface,
paler on the lower surface, 3'-4^' long and broad, with a prominent midrib and primary
veins; petioles slender, compressed, becoming glabrous, 2'-3' in length. Flowers: stami-
nate aments slightly villose; pedicels pubescent; disk of the flower puberulous toward the
base; flowers as in the species; pistillate aments 2'-2' long, becoming 3-3^' in length at
maturity; the rachis, pedicels and slightly lobed disk of the flower densely villose-pubes-
cent; ovary conic, pubescent, with a short style and stigma divided into narrow divergent
lobes. Fruit on pedicel not more than ^V in length, oblong-conic, pubescent or glabrous,
long.
A tree 30-36 high, with a trunk 12'-16' in diameter, stout spreading branches forming
a round-topped head, stout, reddish brown pubescent or puberulous branchlets often be-
coming glabrous during their first summer. Winter-buds acute, tomentose, pubescent
or glabrous.
SALICACE.E
Coast of Vancouver Island, British Columbia and shores of Puget Sound; Tualitin,
Washington County, and valley of the Willamette River at Corvallis, Benton County,
Oregon.
2. Populus grandidentata Michex. Poplar.
Leaves semiorbicular to broad-ovate, short-pointed at apex, rounded, abruptly cuneate
or rarely truncate at the broad entire base, coarsely repand-dentate above with few stout
incurved teeth, covered like the petioles early in the season with white tomentum, soon
glabrous, thin and firm in texture, dark green above, paler on the lower surface, 2'-3' long,
2'-2^' wide, with a prominent yellow midrib, conspicuously forked veins, and reticulate
veinlets; petioles slender, laterally compressed, l'-2|' long. Flowers: aments pubescent,
1^'-2|' long, the pistillate becoming 4 '-5' long at maturity; scales pale and scarious below,
divided above into 5 or 6 small irregular acute lobes covered with soft pale hairs; disk shal-
low, oblique, the staminate entire, the pistillate slightly crenate; stamens 6-12, with short
slender filaments and light red anthers ; ovary oblong-conic, bright green, puberulous, with
Fig. 117
a short style, and spreading stigmas divided nearly to the base into elongated filiform lobes.
Fruit ripening before the leaves are fully grown, often more or less curved above the mid-
dle, light green and puberulous, thin-walled, 2-valved, about |' long; pedicel slender,
pubescent, about iV in length; seeds minute dark brown.
A tree, often 60-70 high, with a trunk occasionally 2 in diameter, slender rather rigid
branches forming a narrow round-topped head, and stout branchlets marked by scattered
oblong orange-colored lenticels. coated when they first appear with thick hoary deciduous
tomentum, becoming during their first year dark red-brown or dark orange-colored, gla-
brous, lustrous, or covered with a delicate gray pubescence, and in their second year dark
gray sometimes slightly tinged with green and much roughened by the elevated 3-lobed
leaf -scars; generally smaller, and usually not more than 30-40 tall. Winter-buds terete,
broadly ovoid, acute, with light bright chestnut-brown scales, pubescent during the winter
especially on their thin scarious margins, about f long and not more than half the size of
the flower-buds. Bark thin, smooth, light gray tinged with green, becoming near the base
of old trunks f'-l' thick, dark brown tinged with red, irregularly fissured and divided into
broad flat ridges roughened on the surface by small thick closely appressed scales. Wood
light brown, with thin nearly white sapwood of 20-30 layers of annual growth.
Distribution. Rich moist sandy soil near the borders of swamps and streams; Nova
Scotia, through New Brunswick, southern Quebec and Ontario to northern Minnesota,
124
TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
southward through the northern states to Pennsylvania, northern Ohio, and eastern (Mus-
catine County) and central Iowa, and westward to central Kentucky and Tennessee;
passing into the var. meridwnalis Tidestrom with broad-ovate acuminate leaves with more
numerous teeth, often 4'-5' long and 3' wide; the common form in Maryland, northern
Delaware, the piedmont region of Virginia and North Carolina, southern Ohio, and south-
ern Indiana and Illinois; rare northward to northern New England.
3. Populus heterophylla L. Swamp Cottonwood. Black Cottonwood.
Leaves broadly ovate, gradually narrowed and acute, short-pointed or rounded at apex,
slightly cordate or truncate or rounded at the wide base, usually furnished with a narrow
deep sinus, finely or coarsely crenately serrate with incurved glandular teeth, covered as they
unfold with thick hoary deciduous tomentum, becoming thin and firm in texture, dark
deep green above, pale and glabrous below, with a stout yellow midrib, forked veins and
conspicuous reticulate veinlets, 4'-7' long, 3'-6' wide; petioles slender terete tomentose or
nearly glabrous 2'-3| in length. Flowers: staminate aments broad, densely flowered,
1' long, erect when the flowers first open, becoming pendulous and 2'-2f long; scales nar-
rowly oblong-obovate, brown, scarious and glabrous below, divided into numerous elon-
Fig. 118
gated filiform light red-brown lobes; disk oblique, slightly concave; stamens 12-20, with
slender filaments about as long as the large dark red anthers; pistillate aments slender,
pendulous, few-flowered, l'-2' long, becoming erect and 4'-6' long before maturing, their
scales concave and infolding the flowers, linear-obovate, brown and scarious, laterally
lobed, fimbriate above the middle, caducous; disk thin, irregularly divided in numerous
triangular acute teeth, long-stalked; ovary ovoid, terete or obtusely 3-angled, with a short
stout elongated style and 2 or 3 much-thickened dilated 2 or 3-lobed stigmas. Fruit on
elongated pedicels, ripening when the leaves are about one third grown, ovoid, acute, dark
red-brown, rather thick-walled, 2 or 3-valved, about \' long; seeds obovoid, minute, dark
red-brown.
A tree, 80-90 high, with a tall trunk 2-3 in diameter, short rather slender branches
forming a comparatively narrow round-topped head, and stout branchlets, marked by
small elongated pale lenticels, coated at first with hoary caducous tomentum, becoming
dark brown and rather lustrous or ashy gray, or rarely pale orange color and glabrous or
slightly puberulous, or covered with a glaucous bloom in their first winter, growing darker
in their second year and much roughened by the large thickened leaf-scars; usually much
smaller and at the north rarely more than 40 tall. Winter-buds slightly resinous, broadly
ovoid, acute, with bright red-brown scales, about \' long and about one half the size of the
SALICACE^E 125
flower-buds. Bark on young trunks divided by shallow fissures into broad flat ridges sepa-
rating on the surface into thick plate-like scales, becoming on old trunks f'-l' thick, light
brown tinged with red, and broken into long narrow plates attached only at the middle and
sometimes persistent for many years. Wood dull brown, with thin lighter brown sapwood
of 12-15 layers of annual growth; now often manufactured into lumber in the valley of the
Mississippi River and in the Gulf states, and as black poplar used in the interior finish of
buildings.
Distribution. Southington, Connecticut, and Northport, Long Island, southward near
the coast to southern Georgia, and the valley of the lower Apalachicola River, Florida,
through the Gulf states to western Louisiana, and through Arkansas to southeastern Mis-
souri, western Kentucky and Tennessee, southern Illinois and Indiana, and in central and
northern Ohio (Williams, Otta-wa and Lake Counties) ; in the north Atlantic states in low
wet swamps, rare and local; more common south and west on the borders of river swamps;
very abundant and of its largest size in the valley of the lower Ohio and in southeastern
Missouri, eastern Arkansas, and western Mississippi.
4. Populus tacamahacca Mill. Balsam. Tacamahac.
Populus balsamifera Du Roi, not L.
Leaves ovate-lanceolate, gradually narrowed and acuminate at apex, cordate or rounded
at base, or narrow-elliptic and acute or acuminate at the ends, finely crenately serrate, with
slightly thickened revolute margins, coated when they unfold with the gummy secretions
Fig. 119
of the bud, glabrous, or puberulous on the under side of the midrib, becoming thin and firm
in texture, deep dark green and lustrous above, pale green or glaucous and more or less
rusty and conspicuously reticulate- venulose below, 3'-5' long, l^'-3' wide, with thin veins
running obliquely almost to the margins; petioles slender, terete, \\' long, glabrous or
rarely puberulous. Flowers : aments long-stalked, the pistillate becoming 4 '-5' long before
the fruit ripens, glabrous or pubescent; scales broadly obovate, light brown and scarious,
often irregularly 3-parted at apex, cut into short thread-like brown lobes; disk of the
staminate flower oblique, short-stalked; stamens 20-30, with short filaments and large
light red anthers; disk of the pistillate flower cup-shaped; ovary ovoid, slightly 2-lobed,
with two nearly sessile large oblique dilated crenulate stigmas. Fruit ovoid-oblong, acute
and often curved at apex, 2-valved, light brown, about \'-\ r long, nearly sessile or short-
stalked, i' I' in length; seeds oblong-obovoid, pointed at apex, narrowed and truncate at
base, light brown, about tV long.
A tree, often 100 high, with a tall trunk 6-7 in diameter, stout erect branches usually
126 TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
more or less contorted near the ends, forming a comparatively narrow open head, and
glabrous or occasionally pubescent branchlets marked by oblong bright orange-colored
lenticels, much roughened by the thickened leaf-scars, at first red-brown and glabrous or
pubescent, becoming bright and lustrous in their first winter, dark orange-colored in their
second year, and finally gray tinged with yellow-green; usually much smaller toward the
southern limits of its range. Winter-buds saturated with a yellow balsamic sticky exuda-
tion, ovoid, terete, long-pointed; terminal I' long, f broad; axillary about f long, iV
broad, with 5 oblong pointed concave closely imbricated thick chestnut-brown lustrous
scales. Bark light brown tinged with red, smooth or roughened by dark excrescences, be-
coming on old trunks f'-l' thick, gray tinged with red, and divided into broad rounded
ridges covered by small closely appressed scales. Wood light brown, with thick nearly
white sap wood.
Distribution. Low often inundated river-bottom lands and swamp borders; Labrador
to latitude 65 north in the valley of the Mackenzie River, and to the Alaskan coast, south
to northern New England and New York, central Michigan, Minnesota (except in southern
and southwestern counties), Turtle Mountains, Rolette County, North Dakota, the Black
Hills of South Dakota, northwestern Nebraska (basin of Hat Creek), and in Colorado; the
characteristic tree on the streams of the prairie region of British America, attaining its
greatest size on the islands and banks of the Peace, Athabasca, and other tributaries of the
Mackenzie; common in all the region near the northern boundary of the United States
from Maine to the western limits of the Atlantic forests; the largest of the sub-Arctic
American trees, and in the far north the most conspicuous feature of vegetation; passing
into the variety Michauxii Farwell, with more cordate leaves, slightly pilose on the under
side of the midrib and veins; common from Aroostook County, Maine, to the Province of
Quebec, Newfoundland, and the shores of Hudson Bay.
Often planted at the north for shelter or ornament.
Populus candicans Ait., the Balm of Gilead of which only the pistillate tree is known,
lias often been considered a variety of the North American Balsam Poplar. This tree has
been long cultivated in the northeastern part of the country and has sometimes escaped
from cultivation and formed groves of considerable extent, as on the banks of Cullasagee
Creek on the western slope of the Blue Ridge in Macon County, North Carolina. The
fact that only one sex is known suggests hybrid origin but of obscure and possibly partly
of foreign origin.
5. Populus trichocarpa Hook. Black Cottonwood. Balsam Cottonwood.
Leaves broad-ovate, acute or acuminate at apex, rounded or abruptly cuneate at base,
finely crenately serrate, glabrous, dark green above, pale and rusty or silvery white and
conspicuously reticulate- venulose below, 3'-4' long, 2'-2f wide; petioles slender, pubes-
cent, puberulous, pilose or rarely glabrous, l'-2' in length. Flowers: aments stalked,
villose-pubescent, the staminate densely flowered, l'-2' long, $' thick, the pistillate loosely
flowered, 2^'-3' long, becoming 4'-5' long before the fruit ripens; scales dilated at the apex,
irregularly cut into numerous filiform lobes, glabrous or slightly puberulous on the outer
surface; disk of the staminate flower broad, slightly oblique; stamens 40-60, with slender
elongated filaments longer than the large light purple anthers; disk of the pistillate flower
deep cup-shaped, with irregularly crenate or nearly entire revolute margins; ovary sub-
globose, coated with thick hoary tomentum, with 3 nearly sessile broadly dilated deeply
lobed stigmas. Fruit subglobose, nearly sessile, pubescent, thick-walled, 3-valved; seeds
obovoid, apiculate at the gradually narrowed apex, light brown, puberulous toward the
ends, iV long.
A tree, 30-100 high, with a trunk l-3 in diameter, erect branches forming an open
head, and slender branchlets terete or slightly angled while young, marked by many orange-
colored lenticels, glabrous or when they first appear coated with deciduous rufous or pale
pubescence, reddish brown during their first year, gradually becoming dark gray, and
roughened by the greatly enlarged and thickened elevated leaf-scars. Winter-buds resin-
SALICACE.E
ous, fragrant, ovoid, long-pointed, frequently curved above the middle, ' long and \ f
thick, with 6 or 7 light orange-brown slightly puberulous scales scarious on the margins.
Bark %'-%%' thick, ashy gray, deeply divided into broad rounded ridges broken on the
surface into thick closely appressed scales. Wood light, dull brown, with thin nearly
white sap wood.
Fig. 120
Distribution. In California in small groves with widely scattered individuals on the
coast ranges, the western slope of the Sierra Nevada up to elevations of 6000-8000, and
on the southern mountains to Mt. Palomar in San Diego County; on the California islands,
and on the western slopes of the San Pedro Matir Mountains, Lower California.
On the high Sierra Nevada and in northern California passing into the var. hastata A.
Henry, differing in its thicker leaves, usually longer in proportion to their width, often
long-acuminate, rounded or cordate at base, frequently 5' or 6' long and 3' or 4' wide, with
glabrous petioles and larger sometimes nearly glabrous capsules on glabrous or pubescent
aments, sometimes 10'-12' in length, and in its glabrous young branchlets.
A tree sometimes 200 high, with a trunk 7-8 in diameter, and the largest deciduous-
leaved tree of northwestern North America. The wood is largely used in Oregon and
Washington for the staves of sugar barrels and in the manufacture of woodenware.
Distribution. In open groves on rich bottom lands of streams from Siskiyou County,
California, to southern Alaska; eastward in the United States through Oregon and
Washington to western and southern Idaho; and to the mountains of western Nevada;
in British Columbia to the valley of the Columbia River; on the banks of the east fork of
the Kaweah River, Tulare County, California, at 10,000 above the sea.
6. Populus angustifolia James. Narrow-leaved Cottonwood.
Populus fortissimo A. Nels & Macbr.
Leaves lanceolate, ovate-lanceolate, elliptic or rarely obovate, narrowed to the taper-
ing acute or rounded apex, gradually narrowed and cuneate or rounded at base, finely
or on vigorous shoots coarsely serrate, thin and firm, bright yellow-green above,
glabrous or rarely puberulous and paler below, 2'-3' long, |'-1' wide, or on vigorous shoots
occasionally 6'-7' long, and 1-|' wide, with a stout yellow midrib and numerous slender-
oblique primary veins arcuate and often united near the slightly thickened revolute mar-
gins; petioles slender, somewhat flattened on the upper side, and in falling leaving small
nearly oval obcordate scars. Flowers: aments densely flowered, glabrous, short-stalked,
%'-9>\' long, the pistillate becoming 2|'-4' long before the fruit ripens; scales broadly
obovate, glabrous, thin, scarious, light brown, deeply and irregularly cut into numerous
128 TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
dark red-brown filiform lobes; disk of the staminate flower cup-shaped, slightly oblique,
short-stalked; stamens 12-20, with short filaments and large light red anthers; disk of the
pistillate flower shallow, cup-shaped, slightly and irregularly lobed, short-stalked; ovary
ovoid, more or less 2-lobed, with a short or elongated style and 2 oblique dilated irregu-
larly lobed stigmas. Fruit broadly ovoid, often rather abruptly contracted above the
middle, short-pointed, thin-walled, 2-valved; pedicels often \' long; seeds ovoid or obovoid,
rather obtuse, light brown, nearly $' long.
Fig. 121
A tree, 50-60 high, with a trunk rarely more than 18' in diameter, slender erect branches
forming a narrow and usually pyramidal head, and slender glabrous or rarely puberulous
branchlets marked by pale lenticels, at first light yellow-green, becoming bright or dark
orange color in their first season, pale yellow in their second winter, and ultimately ashy
gray. Winter-buds very resinous, ovoid, long-pointed, covered by usually 5 thin concave
chestnut-brown scales; terminal \'-\' long and nearly twice as large as the axillary buds.
Bark f '-!' thick, light yellow-green, divided near the base of old trees by shallow fissures
into broad flat ridges, smooth and much thinner above. Wood light brown, with thin
nearly white sap wood of 10-30 layers of annual growth.
Distribution. Banks of streams usually at altitudes of 5000-10,000 above the sea;
southern Alberta to the Black Hills of South Dakota and northwestern Nebraska (basin
of Hat Creek) westward through Wyoming, Montana and Idaho to Yakima County,
Washington, and southward to central Nevada, southwestern New Mexico (Silver City,
Grant County) and northern Arizona; the common Cottonwood of northern Colorado,
Utah, Wyoming, southern Montana, and eastern Idaho; on the mountains of Chihuahua.
7. Populus acuminata Rydb. Cottonwood.
Leaves rhombic-lanceolate to ovate, abruptly acuminate, gradually or abruptly nar-
rowed and cuneate or concave-cuneate, or rarely broad and rounded at the mostly entire
base, coarsely crenately serrate except near the apex, dark green and lustrous above, dull
green below, 2'-4' long, f '-2' wide, with a slender yellow midrib, thin remote primary veins
and obscure reticulate veinlets; petioles slender, nearly terete, l'-3' long. Flowers:
aments slender, short-stalked, 2'-3' long, the pistillate becoming 4' or 5' long before the
fruit ripens; scales scarious, light brown, glabrous, dilated and irregularly divided into
filiform lobes; disk of the staminate flower wide, oblique, and membranaceous; stamens
numerous, with short filaments and dark red anthers; disk of the pistillate flower deep
cup-shaped; ovary broad-ovoid, gradually narrowed above, with large laciniately lobed
nearly sessile stigmas. Fruit pedicellate, oblong-ovoid, acute, thin-walled, slightly pitted,
SALICACE.E
129
about \' long, 3 or rarely 2-valved; seeds oblong-obovoid, rounded at the apex, light
brown, about T V m length.
A tree, usually about 40 high, with a trunk 12'-18' in diameter, stout spreading and
ascending branches forming a compact round-topped head, and slender terete or slightly
4-angled pale yellow-brown branchlets roughened for two or three years by the elevated
oval horizontal leaf-scars. Winter-buds acuminate, resinous, about ' long, with 6 or 7
light chestnut-brown lustrous scales. Bark on young stems and large branches smooth,
nearly white, becoming on old trunks pale gray-brown, about \' thick, deeply divided
into broad flat ridges.
Fig. 122
Distribution. Banks of streams in the arid eastern foothill region of the Rocky Moun-
tains; Assiniboia to the Black Hills of South Dakota, northwestern Nebraska, eastern
Wyoming, southern Colorado, and southwestern New Mexico (Fort Bayard, Grant
County); in Colorado crossing the Continental Divide to southeastern Utah; passing into
the var. Rehderi Sarg. differing in the larger leaves on longer petioles, and in the pubes-
cent branchlets and winter-buds. Borders of streams southeastern New Mexico.
Sometimes planted as a shade-tree in the streets of cities in the Rocky Mountain region.
X Populus Andrewsii Sarg. intermediate in its character between P. acuminata and P.
'Sargentii and believed to be a natural hybrid of these species has been found growing
naturally near Boulder and Walsenburg, Colorado, and as a street tree in Montrose,
Colorado.
8. Populus Fremontii S. Wats. Cottonwood.
Leaves deltoid or reniform, generally contracted into broad short entire points, or rarely
rounded or emarginate at apex, truncate, slightly cordate or abruptly cuneate at the entire
base, coarsely and irregularly serrate, with few or many incurved gland-tipped teeth,
coated like the petioles when they unfold with short spreading caducous pubescence, at
maturity thick and firm, glabrous bright green and lustrous, 2'-2^' long, 2|'-3' wide, with a
thin yellow midrib and 4 or 5 pairs of slender veins; petioles flattened, yellow, l|'-3' long.
Flowers: staminate aments densely flowered, l|'-2' long, nearly \* thick, with slender
glabrous stems, the pistillate sparsely flowered, with stout glabrous or puberulous stems,
becoming before the fruit ripens 4' or 5' long; scales light brown, thin and scarious, dilated
and irregularly cut at apex into filiform lobes; disk of the staminate flower broad, oblique,
slightly thickened on the entire re volute margin; stamens 60 or more, with large dark red
130
TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
anthers; disk of the pistillate flower cup-shaped; ovary ovoid or ovoid-oblong, with 3 or
rarely 4 broad irregularly crenately lobed stigmas. Fruit ovoid, acute or obtuse,, slightly
Fig. 123
pitted, thick-walled, 3 or rarely 4-valved, \'-%' long; pedicel stout, from ^'-^ long; seeds
ovoid, acute, light brown, nearly \' in length.
A tree, occasionally 100 high, with a short trunk 5-6 in diameter, stout spreading
branches pendulous at the ends and forming a broad rather open graceful head, and slender
terete branchlets light green and glabrous, becoming light yellow before winter, dark or
Fig. 124
light gray more or less tinged with yellow in their second year, and only slightly roughened
by the small 3-lobed leaf-scars. Winter-buds ovoid, acute, with light green lustrous
SALICACE.E 131
scales, the terminal usually about \' long and usually two or three times as large as the
lateral buds. Bark on young stems light gray-brown, thin, smooth or slightly fissured,
becoming on old trees l|'-2' thick, dark brown slightly tinged with red, and deeply and
irregularly divided into broad connected rounded ridges covered with small closely ap-
pressed scales. Wood light brown, with thin nearly white sapwood.
Distribution. Banks of streams; valley of the upper Sacramento River southward
through western California to the San Pedro Martir Mountains, Lower California; most
abundant in the San Joaquin Valley, and ascending the western slopes of the southern
Sierra Nevada to altitudes of 3000.
Often planted in southern California as a shade-tree, and for the fuel produced quickly
and abundantly from pollarded trees.
In San Bernardino and San Diego Counties, California, generally replaced by the var.
pubescens Sarg., differing in its pubescent branchlets and ranging eastward to southwestern
Nevada and southern Utah. In southern Arizona and near Silver City, Grant County,
New Mexico, represented by the var. Thornberii Sarg., differing from the typical P. Fre-
montii in the more numerous serratures of the leaves, in the ellipsoidal not ovoid capsules
with smaller disk and shorter pedicels, and by the var. Toumeyi Sarg., differing from the
type in the shallow cordate base of the leaves, gradually narrowed and cuneate to the in-
sertion of the petiole, and in the larger disk of the fruit (Fig. 124). The var. macrodisca
Sarg. with a broad disc nearly inclosing the ellipsoidal fruit is known only in the neigh-
borhood of Silver City.
X Populus Parryi Sarg., a probable hybrid of P. Fremontii and P. trichocarpa, with char-
acters intermediate between those of its supposed parents, grows naturally along Cotton-
wood Creek on the west side of Owens Lake, Inyo County, and in the neighborhood of
Fort Tejon, Kern County, and as a street tree is not rare in San Bernardino, California.
9. Populus arizonica Sarg. Cottonwood.
Populus mexicana Sarg. not Wesm.
Leaves deltoid or reniform, gradually or abruptly long-pointed at the acuminate entire
apex, truncate or broad-cuneate at the wide base, finely serrate with numerous teeth, as
Fig. 125
they unfold dark red covered below with pale pubescence, pubescent above, ciliate on
the margins, thin, glandular with bright red caducous glands, soon becoming glabrous, at
132
TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
maturity subcoriaceous, bright yellow-green, very lustrous, U'-2' long and broad, with a
slender yellow midrib and obscure primary veins; petioles laterally compressed, sparingly
villose when they first appear, soon glabrous, H'-2' long; leaves on vigorous leading shoots
often rounded at apex, cuneate at base, and often 2' long and 3' w r ide, with petioles often
3' in length. Flowers: stamina te aments dense, cylindric, l'-lf long, the pistillate
slender, many-flowered, l^'-2' long, becoming 3'-4' long before the fruit ripens; disk of the
staminate flower broad-oblong; stamens numerous: disk of the pistillate flower deep cup-
shaped, nearly entire; ovary ovoid, rounded at apex, slightly 3 or 4-angled, short-stalked,
nearly inclosed in the cup-shaped membranaceous disk. Fruit on short stout pedicels,
round-ovoid, buff color, slightly 3 or 4-lobed, deeply pitted, thin-walled, about i' long.
A tree, 50-70 high, with a trunk occasionally 3 in diameter, gracefully spreading and
ascending branches forming a broad open head of wide-spreading branches, and slender often
pendulous branchlets, pale green and glabrous or puberulous when they first appear, soon
becoming glabrous, and light yellow during their first season. Winter-buds narrow, acute,
light orange-brown, puberulous toward the base of the outer scales, the terminal about j'
long, and two or three times as large as the much-compressed oblong lateral buds. Bark
pale gray or rarely white, and deeply divided into broad flat ridges.
Distribution. Banks of mountain streams; southwestern California (Mill Creek, above
Forest Home, San Bernardino Mountains) and southern and central Arizona; widely dis-
tributed through northern Mexico (var. Jonesii Sarg.) ; well distinguished from the other
Cottonwoods of the United States by its small fruit.
Often planted as a street tree in the towns of southern Arizona.
10. Populus texana Sarg.
Leaves thin, glabrous, broadly ovate, gradually narrowed, long-pointed and acuminate
at apex, truncate at base, coarsely crenately serrate below the middle, entire above, 3'-3j'
Fig. 126
long and 2j'-2' wide; petioles slender, compressed, l'-2^' in length. Flowers not seen.
Fruit: aments slender, glabrous, 2^'-3' long; fruit oblong-ovoid, acute, deeply pitted,
glabrous, thin-walled, 3-valved, %' in length; disk slightly lobed; pedicel slender, -rV~f m
length; seeds ovoid, acuminate, T y long.
A tree up to 60 high, with a trunk sometimes 3 in diameter, stout more or less pendu-
lous branches and stout glabrous pale yellow-brown branchlets. Winter-buds acuminate,
glabrous.
In canons and along the streams of northwestern Texas, where it appears to be the
onlv Cottonwood.
SALICACE^E
133
11. Populus McDougallii Rose.
Leaves broadly ovate, abruptly short-pointed or acute at apex, broadly or acutely
cuneate or truncate, or on vigorous shoots rarely slightly cordate at base, finely or often
coarsely crenately serrate, bluish green, thin, pubescent on the under sides of the midrib
and primary veins early in the season, otherwise glabrous, lj'-3' long and broad, with slen-
der midribs and veins; petioles slender, slightly compressed, pubescent early in the season,
becoming glabrous, H'-2' in length. Flowers not seen. Fruit: aments glabrous, short-
stalked, 2'-2|' long; fruit ovoid and acute at apex to ellipsoidal and acute or acuminate at
ends, glabrous, slightly pitted, thin-walled, 3-valved, ^'-\' long; disk not more than \'
in diameter; pedicels glabrous, \'-\' in length; seeds oblong-ovoid, acuminate, \' long.
Fig. 127
A tree rarely 90-110 high, usually much smaller, with erect branches and slender
branchlets pubescent or puberulous when they first appear, sometimes becoming glabrous
during their first season, and sometimes pubescent during two years.
Distribution. Banks of streams and springs, San Bernardino County, California (Cot-
tonwood Springs, Meca, etc.), and eastward to the bottoms of the Colorado River from
Clark County, Nevada, to Yuma, Arizona, and probably the only Cottonwood in this
arid region.
Often planted as a street tree in the towns of southwestern California and of adjacent
Nevada and Arizona.
12. Populus Wislizenii Sarg. Cottonwood.
Leaves broadly deltoid, abruptly short- or long-pointed at apex, truncate or sometimes
cordate at the broad entire base, coarsely and irregularly crenately serrate except toward
the entire apex, coriaceous, glabrous, yellow-green and lustrous, 2'-2|' long, usually about
3' wide, with a slender yellow midrib, thin remote primary veins and conspicuous reticulate
veinlets; petioles slender, glabrous, l|'-2' long; on vigorous shoots often 3^'-4' long and
wide with petioles 3'-4' in length. Flowers: aments 2'-4' long, the pistillate becoming
4'-5' long before the fruit ripens; scales scarious, light red, divided at the apex into elon-
gated filiform lobes; disk of the staminate flower broad and oblique; stamens numerous,
with large oblong anthers and short filaments; disk of the pistillate flower cup-shaped,
134
TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
irregularly dentate, inclosing to the middle the long stalked ovary full and rounded at apex,
with 3 broad crenulate lobed stigmas raised on the short branches of the style. Fruit
oblong-ovoid, thick-walled, acute, 3 or 4-valved, slightly ridged, buff color, |' long; pedi-
cels slender, '-f ' in length and placed rather remotely on the slender glabrous rachis of
the ament.
A large tree, with wide-spreading branches, and stout light orange-colored glabrous branch-
Fig. 128
lets. Winter-buds acute lustrous, puberulous. Bark pale gray-brown, deeply divided
into broad flat ridges. Wood used as fuel, for fence-posts and the rafters of Mexican
houses.
Distribution. Western Texas through New Mexico to the valley of Grand River, west-
ern Colorado (Grand Junction, Mesa County); common in the valley of the Rio Grande
in western Texas and New Mexico, and the adjacent parts of Mexico.
Often planted as a shade tree in New Mexico.
13. Populus Sargentii Dode.
Popidus deltoides var. occidentalis Rydb.
Leaves ovate, usually longer than broad, abruptly narrowed into a long slender entire
acuminate point or rarely rounded at apex, truncate or slightly cordate at base, and
coarsely crenately serrate, as they unfold slightly villose above and tomentose on the mar-
gins, soon glabrous, light green and very lustrous, 3'-3|' long, 3|'-4' wide, with a thin mid-
rib slender primary veins and reticulate veinlets occasionally furnished on the upper side
at the insertion of the petiole with one or two small glands; petioles slender, compressed
laterally, 2'-3' long. Flowers: aments short-stalked, glabrous, the staminate 2,'-ZV in
length, the pistillate becoming 4 '-8' long before the fruit ripens; scales fimbriately divided
at apex, scarious, light brown; disk of the staminate flow r er broad, oblique, slightly thickened
on the margins; stamens 20 or more, with short filaments and yellow anthers; disk of the
pistillate flower cup-shaped, slightly lobed on the margin; ovary subglobose, with 3 or 4
sessile dilated or laciniately lobed stigmas. Fruit oblong-ovoid, gradually or abruptly
narrowed to the blunt apex, thin-walled, about f- ' long and three or four times longer than
the pedicel; seeds oblong-obovoid, rounded at apex, about T V in length.
A tree 60-90 tall with a trunk often 6 or 7 in diameter, erect and spreading branches
forming a broad open head, and stout glabrous light yellow often angular branchlets
conspicuously roughened by the elevated scars of fallen leaf-stalks. Winter-buds ovoid,
SALICACE.E
135
acute, with light orange-brown puberulous scales. Bark pale, thick, divided by deep fissures
into broad rounded ridges broken into closely appressed scales.
Fig. 129
Distribution. The common Cottonwood along the streams in the eastern foothill region
of the Rocky Mountains from Saskatchewan to New Mexico, and ranging east to the Da-
kotas, western Nebraska, Kansas, Oklahoma and Texas.
Often planted as a shade and street tree in the Rocky Mountain states; hardy in Mas-
sachusetts.
14. Populus balsamifera L. Cottonwood.
Populus angulata Michx. f.
Leaves ovate, longer than broad, abruptly* acuminate and often long-pointed at apex,
subcordate or rarely truncate at the wide base, finely crenately serrate with glandular
teeth, furnished on the upper surface at the insertion of the petiole with two glands, thick,
glabrous, green and lustrous on the upper surface, paler below, 5'-7' long and 4 '-5' wide,
with stout midribs and conspicuous primary veins sometimes sparingly pilose below early
in the season; petioles much compressed laterally, often more or less tinged with red, 3'-4'
in length. Flowers: aments glabrous, short-stalked, the staminate densely flowered,
H'-2' long, $'-' in diameter, the pistillate slender, sparsely flowered, 3'-3' in length;
scales scarious, light brown, glabrous, dilated and irregularly divided at apex into filiform
lobes; disk of the staminate flower broad, oblique, slightly thickened and revoliite on
the margins; stamens 60 or more, with short filaments and large dark red anthers; disk
of the pistillate flower broad, slightly crenate, inclosing about \' of the ovoid obtusely
pointed ovary, with 3 or 4 sessile dilated lacinately lobed stigmas. Fruit on aments 8 '-12' in
length, ellipsoidal, pointed, thin-walled, 3 or 4-valved, \' long, the disk little enlarged;
pedicels jy'-|' in length; seeds oblong-obovoid, rounded at apex, light brown, about
T2 r long.
A large tree with massive spreading branches and stout yellow-brown often angular
branchlets. Winter-buds resinous, acute, \' long with light chestnut brown lustrous
scales.
136 TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
Distribution. Shores of Lake Champlain (Shelburne Point, Chittenden County), Ver-
mont; western New York; Island of the Delaware River above Easton, Northampton
County, Pennsylvania; Baltimore County, and Bare Hills, Maryland; northern banks of
Fig. 130
the Potomac River opposite Plummer's Island near Washington, D.C.; Artisia, Lowndes
County, and Starkville, Oktibbeha County, Mississippi; rare and local.
Populus balsamifera var. virginiana Sarg. Cottonwood.
Populus deltoidea Marsh, at least in part.
Populus nigra /3 virginiana Castiglioni.
Leaves deltoid to ovate-deltoid, acuminate with entire points, truncate, slightly cordate
or occasionally abruptly cuneate at the entire base, crenately serrate above, with incurved
glandular teeth, fragrant with a balsamic odor, glabrous, thick and firm, light bright green
and lustrous, paler on the lower than on the upper surface, 3'-5' long and broad, with a stout
yellow midrib often tinged with red toward the base, raised and rounded on the upper
side, and conspicuous primary veins; petioles slender, pilose at first, soon glabrous, com-
pressed laterally, yellow often more or less tinged with red, 2'-3' long. Flowers and
Fruit: as on the type.
A tree, sometimes 100 high, with a trunk occasionally 7-8 in diameter, divided often
20-30 above the ground into several massive limbs spreading gradually and becoming
pendulous toward the ends, and forming a graceful rather open head frequently 100 across,
or on young trees nearly erect above and spreading below almost at right angles with the
stem, and forming a symmetrical pyramidal head, and stout branchlets marked with long
pale lenticels, terete, or, especially on vigorous trees, becoming angled in their second year,
with thin more or less prominent wings extending downward from the two sides and from
the base of the large 3-lobed leaf-scars. Winter-buds very resinous, ovoid, acute, the lateral
much flattened, % long, with 6 or 7 light chestnut-brown lustrous scales. Bark thin,
smooth, light yellow tinged with green on young stems and branches, becoming on old
trunks l'-2' thick, ashy gray, and deeply divided into broad rounded ridges broken into
closely appressed scales. Wood dark brown, with thick nearly white sapwood, warping
badly in drying and difficult to season.
SALICACE^E
137
Distribution. Banks of streams, often forming extensive open groves, and toward the
western limits of its range occasionally in upland ravines and on bluffs; Province of Quebec
and the shores of Lake Champlain, through western New England, western New York,
Pennsylvania west of the Allegheny Mountains, and westward to southern Minnesota,
North and South Dakota, eastern Nebraska, eastern Kansas, Oklahoma and Texas, and
southward through the Atlantic states from Delaware to western Florida, and through the
Gulf states to western Texas (Brown County). In the south Atlantic states and the valley
of the Lower Ohio River and southward sometimes replaced by a variety with leaves covered
above when they unfold with soft white hairs and below with close pubescence more or less
persistent during the season especially on the midribs and veins (var. pUosa Sarg.).
Fig. 131
Often planted for shelter and ornament on the treeless plains and prairies between the
Mississippi River and the Rocky Mountains, and as an ornamental tree in the eastern
United States and largely in western and northern Europe.
X Populus canadensis Moench, believed to be a hybrid between the northern glabrous
form of P. balsamifera and the European P. nigra L., with several varieties, is cultivated in
Europe and occasionally in the United States. The best known of these varieties, X P. cana-
densis var. Eugenie Schelle, the Carolina Poplar of American nurseries, believed to be a
hybrid of the northern Cottonwood with the Lombardy Poplar, has been planted in the
United States in immense numbers.
X Populus Jackii Sarg., believed to be a hybrid of the northern Cottonwood with P.
tacamahacca, with characters intermediate between those of its supposed parents, grows
spontaneously near the mouth of the Chateaugay River and at Beauharnois, Province of
Quebec, and at South Haven, Michigan, and is now occasionally cultivated.
15. Populus Palmeri Sarg.
Leaves thin, ovate, gradually or abruptly contracted at apex into a narrow acuminate
entire point, cutieate or rounded at the broad base, finely serrate with incurved teeth, ciliate
on the margins when they unfold, otherwise glabrous, 2'-5' long and l%'-2\' wide; petioles
slender, glabrous, l|'-2' in length. Flowers not seen. Fruit: aments glabrous, 12-15cm.
long; fruit ovoid, obtuse, slightly pitted, puberulous, thin-walled, 4-valved, '-' long, the
disk deeply lobed; pedicel slender, \'-\' in length.
A tree 60 tall, with a straight trunk 3 in diameter, erect smooth pale branches forming
an open pyramidal head, the lower branches smaller, horizontal or pendulous, and slender
glabrous branchlets light reddish brown early in the season, becoming pale grayish brown
138
TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
in their second year. Bark pale, 3'-4' thick, deeply divided by wide fissures into narrow
ridges.
Distribution. In moist fertile soil near springs, at the base of high chalky bluffs of
Fig. 132
Nueces Canon of the upper Nueces River, Uvalde County, growing with Salix nigra var.
Lindheimeri, Carya pecan, Morus rubra and Ulmus crassifolia, and at Strawn, Palo Pinto
County, Texas.
2. SALIX L. Willow.
Trees or shrubs, with watery juice, scaly bark, soft wood, slender terete tough branchlets
often easily separated at the joints, and winter-buds covered by a single scale of 2 coats,
the inner membranaceous, stipular, rarely separable from the outer, inclosing at its base
2 minute opposite lateral buds alternate with 2 small scale-like caducous leaves coated
with long pale or rufous hairs. Leaves variously folded in the bud, alternate, simple,
lanceolate, obovate, rotund or linear, penniveined ; petioles sometimes glandular at
the apex, and more or less covering the bud, in falling leaving U-shaped or arcuate
elevated leaf-scars displaying the ends of 3 small equidistant fibro- vascular bundles;
stipules oblique, serrate, small and deciduous, or foliaceous and often persistent, generally
large and conspicuous on vigorous young branches, leaving in falling minute persistent
scars. Flowers in sessile or stalked aments, terminal and axillary on leafy branchlets;
scales of the ament lanceolate, concave, rotund or obovate, entire or glandular-dentate,
of uniform color or dark-colored toward the apex, more or less hairy, deciduous or per-
sistent; disk of the flower nectariferous, composed of an anterior and posterior or of a single
posterior gland-like body ; stamens 3-1 2 or I or 2, inserted on the base of the scale, with slender
filaments free or rarely united and usually light yellow, glabrous, or hairy toward the base,
and small ovoid or oblong anthers generally rose-colored before anthesis, becoming orange
or purple; ovary sessile or stipitate, conic, obtuse to subulate-rostrate, glandular at the
base, glabrous, tomentose or villose, with an abbreviated style divided into 2 short re-
curved retuse or 2-parted stigmas; ovules 4-8 on each of the 2 placentas. Fruit an acum-
inate 1 -celled capsule separating at maturity into 2 recurved valves. Seeds minute, nar-
rowed at the ends, dark chestnut-brown or nearly black; cotyledons oblong.
Salix inhabits the banks of streams and low moist ground, the alpine summits of moun-
SALICACE^: 139
tains, and the Arctic and sub- Arctic regions of the northern hemisphere, ranging south
in the New World, with a few species, through the West Indies and Central America to
Brazil, and the Andes of Chili, and in the Old World to Madagascar, southern Africa,
the Himalayas, Burmah, the Malay peninsula, Java, and Sumatra. Of the 160 or 170 species
which are now recognized about seventy are found in North America. Of these twenty-
four attain the size and habit of trees, the others being small and sometimes prostrate
shrubs. Of exotic species, Salix alba, L., and Salixfragilis L., important European timber-
trees, are now generally naturalized in the northeastern states. The flexible tough branches
of several species are used in making baskets; the bark is rich in tannic acid and is used in
tanning leather and yields salicin, a bitter principle valuable as a tonic. Many of the
species are cultivated as ornamental trees.
Salix is the classical name of the Willow-tree.
CONSPECTUS OF THE NORTH AMERICAN ARBORESCENT SPECIES
Scales of the flowers deciduous, pale straw color.
Stamens 3 or more.
Leaves green on both surfaces; petioles without glands at the base of the leaves;
branchlets easily separable.
Branchlets reddish or grayish purple; leaves mostly narrow-lanceolate; capsule
glabrous. 1. S. nigra (A, C, E).
Branchlets yellowish-gray; leaves lanceolate to elliptic-lanceolate; capsule often
more or less pubescent. 2. S. Gooddingii (F, G, H).
Leaves (at least when fully grown) pale or glaucous below.
Petioles without glands.
Branchlets easily separable.
Leaves narrow-lanceolate to lanceolate; petioles less than ' long.
3. S.Harbisonii(C).
Leaves lanceolate to ovate-lanceolate, caudate; petioles '-f ' long.
4. S. amygdaloides (A, B).
Branchlets not easily separable.
Capsules short-stalked (pedicels hardly more than ^' long), ovoid-conic, up
to 5' in length; leaves more or less narrow-lanceolate, petioles glabrous or
nearly so. 5. S. Bonplandiana (H).
Capsules long-stalked (pedicels ri'-e' long), more or less acuminate.
Petioles puberulous; leaves lanceolate to ovate-lanceolate; stipules without
glands on their inner surface; capsules hardly more than \' long.
6. S.laevigata (G, F).
Petioles hairy-tomentose; leaves lanceolate; stipules glandular on their inner
surface; capsules \'-\' long. 7. S. longipes (C, D.)
Petioles glandular; leaves lanceolate to broadly ovate, caudate; branchlets easily
separable.
Leaves distinctly pale or glaucous below, lanceolate to ovate-lanceolate.
8. S. lasiandra (B, G).
Leaves pale green below, ovate to elliptic-lanceolate, abruptly caudate-acu-
minate. 9. S. lucida (A).
Stamens 2.
Stigmas linear, 4 or 5 times longer than broad.
Leaves linear, hardly more than \' long; anthers very small, globose; aments small,
in fruit hardly up to *' in length. 10. S. taxifolia (H).
Leaves linear-lanceolate to elliptic-lanceolate; up to 2' in length; anthers ellipsoid;
aments longer 11. S. sessilifolia (B, G).
Stigmas short, hardly 2 or 3 times longer than broad.
140 TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
Mature leaves covered below with appressed white silky hairs, those of flowering
branchlets entire or barely denticulate. 12. S. exigua (B, F, G).
Mature leaves glabrous below, those of flowering branchlets more or less dis-
tinctly denticulate. 13. S. longifolia (A, F).
Scales of the flowers persistent, dark brown or fuscous, at least toward the apex (in <S.
Bebbiana more or less straw-colored or tawny).
Stamens 2.
Ovaries glabrous.
Leaves more or less denticulate or serrate; styles short.
Base of leaf cuneate or rounded.
Leaves acute, oblanceolate to narrowly lanceolate; filaments mostly united
below. 14. S. lasiolepis (G).
Leaves mostly acuminate; filaments free.
Branchlets glabrous, lustrous; leaves oblanceolate to narrowly obovate,
up to 2' in length; pedicels $'-' long; stipules small.
15. S. Mackenzieana (A, G).
Branchlets pubescent; leaves narrowly lanceolate to ovate-lanceolate, 4'-6'
long; pedicels 1.5-2.5 mm. long. 16. S. missouriensis (A).
Base of leaf mostly more or less cordate; leaves glabrous; filaments free; pedicels
long. 17. S. pyrifolia (A).
Leaves entire, oval to broad-obovate; branchlets villose-pubescent during their first
season. 18. S. amplifolia.
Ovaries pubescent (glabrous often in No. 23).
Leaves covered with a soft dense felt-like tomentum, oblong-lanceolate to elliptic-
lanceolate. 19. S. alaxensis (B).
Leaves glabrous or more or less villose-pubescent below.
Bracts of the flowers pale or tawny, often reddish at the tip; pedicels up to
' in length; leaves elliptic-lanceolate to obovate, reticulate beneath in
age, pubescent or glabrate. 20. S. Bebbiana.
Bracts of the flowers brown or fuscous.
Stipules more or less distinctly developed; pedicels several times longer
than the short styles.
Leaves elliptic-lanceolate to oblong-elliptic; mostly glabrous in age.
21. S. discolor (A, B, F).
Leaves oblanceolate to cuneate-obovate, covered beneath with short
hairs or at maturity with a gray villose-pubescence.
22. S. Scouleriana (A, B).
Stipules usually wanting; pedicels hardly longer than the distinct styles;
leaves broad-elliptic to obovate-oblong, more or less grayish villose
beneath. 23. S. Hookeriana (B, G).
Stamens usually 1; leaves obovate-oblong, densely covered below with lustrous silvery
white silky tomentum. 24. S. sitchensis (B, G).
1. Salix nigra Marsh. Black Willow.
Leaves lanceolate, long-acuminate, often falcate, gradually cuneate or rounded at
base, finely serrate, thin bright light green, rather lustrous, with obscure reticulate veins,
glabrous or often pubescent on the under side of the midribs and veins and on the short
slender petioles, 3'-6' long, |'-f wide; at the north turning light yellow before falling in
the autumn; stipules semicordate, acuminate, foliaceous, persistent, or ovoid, minute,
and deciduous. Flowers: aments terminal on leafy pubescent branches, narrowly cylin-
dric, l'-3' long; scales yellow, elliptic to obovate, rounded at apex and coated on the inner
surface with pale hairs; stamens 3-5, with filaments hairy toward the base; ovary ovoid,
short-stalked, glabrous, gradually narrowed above the middle to the apex, with nearly
sessile slightly divided stigmatic lobes. Fruit ovoid-conic, short-stalked, glabrous, about
' long, light reddish brown.
SALICACE.E 141
A tree, usually 30-40 high, with usually several clustered stout stems, thick spreading
upright branches forming a broad somewhat irregular open head, and reddish brown or
gray-brown branchlets pubescent when they first appear, soon glabrous, and easily separated
at the joints. Winter-buds acute, about ' long. Bark I'-l^' thick, dark brown or
nearly black and deeply divided into broad flat connected ridges separating freely into
Fig. 133
thick plate-like scales and becoming shaggy on old trunks. Wood light, soft, weak, light
reddish brown, with thin nearly white sapwood ; now sawed into lumber in the valley of
the lower Mississippi River and largely used for packing cases, cellar and barn floors, in
furniture, and in the manufacture of toys and other purposes where strength is not im-
portant as it does not warp, check or splinter.
Distribution. Low moist alluvial banks of streams and lakes ; southern New Brunswick
through southern Quebec and Ontario to the region north of Lake Superior, southward to
northern and western North Carolina, through the Piedmont region of South Carolina and
Georgia to eastern and central Alabama, and westward to southeastern North Dakota,
eastern South Dakota, Nebraska, Kansas, the valley of Wichita River, Oklahoma, and
central and western Texas to Valverde County.
In southern Arkansas, in Louisiana and in eastern Texas Salix nigra is often replaced by
var. altissima Sarg., differing from the type in the more pubescent young branchlets, leaves
and petioles, in the more acute base of the leaves and longer petioles, and in its later
flowering. A tree sometimes 120 feet high and the tallest of American Willows.
Salix nigra var. Lindheimeri Schn.
Salix Wrightii Sarg. not Anders.
Leaves lanceolate, often slightly falcate, long-pointed and acuminate at apex, cuneate
at base, finely glandular-serrate, glabrous, light green on the upper surface, paler below,
4 '-5' long, \'-% wide; petioles pubescent early in the season, becoming glabrous, ^' |' in
length. Flowers: aments slender, densely villose, 2'-3' long; scales ovate, acute or rarely
rounded at apex, covered with matted white hairs, more abundant on the inner surface;
stamens 4 or 5; filaments villose below the middle; ovary ovoid, gradually narrowed to the
apex, the 2-lobed stigmas nearly sessile. Fruit ovoid-conic; pedicels about i' long.
Atree,50-70,high with a trunk often 3 in diameter, large erect spreading branches
forming an open irregular head, and slender branchlets light green and slightly pubescent
142
TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
when they first appear, becoming light orange or yellow-brown and lustrous. Bark thick,
pale yellow-brown, deeply furrowed, the surface sometimes separating into long plate-like
scales.
Fig. 134
Distribution. River banks, central and western Texas from Grayson and Dallas Coun-
ties and the lower valley of the Brazos River to the valleys of the San Antonio and upper
Guadalupe Rivers; in Coahuila, Nuevo Leon and Tamaulipas.
2. Salix Gooddingii Ball.
Salix vallicola Britt.
Leaves lanceolate to narrow elliptic-lanceolate, acute or acuminate, acutely cuneate at
base, finely glandular-serrate, often slightly falcate, silky pubescent when they unfold es-
pecially below, glabrous and dull green at maturity, l^'-S' long,~y' |' wide, or on vigorous
shoots 5' or 6' long and f wide; petioles pubescent, usually becoming glabrous, i'-j' in
Fig. 135
SALICACE.E
143
length; stipules orbicular-cordate, coarsely glandular-serrate, pubescent. Flowers: aments
pubescent terminal on leafy pubescent branchlets, narrow-cylindric, l'-2' long; scales
linear-oblanceolate, acute, yellow, hoary tomentose; stamens 3-5; filaments villose toward
the base; ovary ovoid-conic, gradually narrowed to the acuminate apex, pubescent or
glabrous; style distinct, 2-lobed. Fruit ovoid, acute, light reddish brown, glabrous or
pubescent, |' long; pedicels glabrous or rarely pubescent, iV~l' i n length.
A tree, 25-50 high, with slender light orange-colored or grayish glabrous or pubescent
easily separable branchlets. Bark rough, thick, deeply furrowed, sometimes nearly black.
Distribution. River banks; Reed Creek, Shasta County, and Red Bluff, Tehama
County, California, southward in the interior valleys and on the western foothills of the
Sierra Nevada to the mountain valleys in the southern part of the state, and to north-
ern Lower California ; eastward through central and southern Arizona; in southeastern
Nevada; through southern New Mexico to western Texas (El Paso, El Paso County, and
Fort Davis, Jeff Davis County) ; and southward into northern Mexico.
3. Salix Harbisonii Schn.
Leaves linear-lanceolate, narrow-elliptic or rarely obovate-lanceolate, acute or short-
acuminate, obtusely or acutely cuneate at the base, and finely glandular dentate; when the
flowers open more or less pubescent especially below or glabrous, and at maturity green on
Fig. 136
the upper surface, pale on the lower surface, glabrous, 4' or 5' long, f ' broad; petioles villose
early in the season, becoming glabrous, \' in length, minutely glandular at apex; stipules
wanting or minute, semicordate, acute, pubescent on vigorous leading branches and some-
times \' long. Flowers: aments terminal on leafy branchlets, 2|'-3' in length, their rachis
villose-pubescent ; scales ovate or ovate-oblong, obtuse or acute; stamens usually 5-7, rarely
3-9; filaments densely villose; ovary ovoid, long-acuminate, glabrous, long-stalked; style
short, distinct, 2-lobed. Fruit acuminate and long-pointed, acute at base, \ f long and
about, as long as its pedicel.
A tree, 30-50 high, with a trunk 10' or 12' in diameter, with often pendulous branches,
and slender branchlets more or less densely pubescent or tomentose or nearly glabrous
when they first appear, becoming glabrous and dark reddish purple in their second season,
144
TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
and easily separable at the joints; often only a large shrub. Bark thick, deeply furrowed,
dark red-brown, separating on the surface into small appressed scales.
Distribution. River banks and the borders of swamps ; Dismal Swamp, Norfolk County,
Virginia; near Goldsboro, Wayne County, North Carolina; common in the coast region of
South Carolina and Georgia, extending up the Savannah River at least as far as Augusta,
Richmond County, and through southern Georgia to the valley of the Flint River; swamps
near Jacksonville, Duval County, and in the neighborhood of Apalachicola, Florida.
4. Salix amygdaloides Anders. Peach Willow. Almond Willow.
Leaves lanceolate to ovate-lanceolate, frequently falcate, gradually or abruptly nar-
rowed into a long slender point, cuneate or gradually rounded and often unequal at base,
finely serrate, slightly puberulous when they unfold, becoming at maturity thin and firm
in texture, light green and lustrous above, pale and glaucous below, 2|'-4' long, f'-lj'
wide, with a stout yellow or orange-colored midrib, prominent veins and reticulate veinlets;
petioles slender, nearly terete |'-f in length; stipules reniform, serrate, often \' broad on
vigorous shoots, usually caducous. Flowers: aments on leafy branchlets, elongated, cylin-
dric, slender, arcuate, stalked, pubescent or tomentose, 2'-3' long; scales yellow, sparingly
villose on the outer, densely villose on the inner face, the staminate broadly ovate, rounded
Fig. 137
at the apex, the pistillate oblong-obovate, narrower, caducous ; stamens 5-9, with free fila-
ments slightly hairy at the base; ovary oblong-conic, long-stalked, glabrous, with a short
style and emarginate stigmas. Fruit globose-conic, light reddish yellow, about \' in length.
A tree, sometimes 60-70 high, with a single straight or slightly inclining trunk rarely
more than 2 in diameter, straight ascending branches, and slender glabrous or rarely
pilose (f. pilosiuscula Schn.) branchlets marked with scattered pale lenticels, dark orange
color or red-brown and lustrous, becoming in their first winter light orange-brown. Win-
ter-buds broadly ovoid, gibbous, dark chestnut-brown, very lustrous above the middle,
light orange-brown below, $' long. Bark |'-f thick, brown somewhat tinged with red,
and divided by irregular fissures into flat connected ridges separating on the surface into
thick plate-like scales. Wood light, soft, close-grained, light brown, with thick nearly
white sap wood.
Distribution. Banks of streams; Province of Quebec from the neighborhood of Montreal
to Winnipeg, and along the fiftieth degree of north latitude to southeastern British Colum-
bia, and to central New York, along the southern shores of Lake Erie, and through northern
Ohio to northern Indiana, southwestern Illinois, northern and central Missouri, and to
SALICACE.E
145
Kansas, northwestern Oklahoma and northwestern Texas; in Colorado, Utah and Nevada
to central Oregon and southeastern Washington.
>
Salix amygdaloides var. Wrightii Schn.
Salix Wrightii Anders.
Leaves lanceolate, gradually acuminate and long-pointed at apex, cuneate at base, finely
serrate, occasionally slightly falcate, glabrous, yellow-green on the upper surface, pale on
the lower surface, l|'-2' long, \'-\' wide, and on vigorous summer shoots sometimes 4' or 5'
long and %' wide; petioles slender, glabrous, \'-\' in length. Flowers and Fruit as in the
species.
Fig. 138
A small or large tree best distinguished from S. amygdaloides by the distinctly yellow or
yellowish brown glabrous branchlets.
Distribution. Barstow, Ward County, common along the Rio Grande near El Paso
and at Belon, El Paso County, and on Amarillo Creek, Potter County, western Texas;
through southern New Mexico to the Sacramento Mountains, Otero County.
15. Salix Bonplandiana var. Toumeyi Schn.
Salix Toumeyi. Britt.
Leaves 4 '-6' long, ^'-f wide, linear-lanceolate to oblong-lanceolate, acuminate with a
ng slender point at apex, gradually narrowed and often unequal at the cuneate base,
obscurely serrate with glandular teeth, or entire with revolute margins, thick and firm,
reticulate-venulose, yellow-green and lustrous above, silvery white below, with a broad
yellow midrib; falling irregularly during the winter; petioles stout, grooved, reddish;
stipules ovate, rounded, slightly undulate, thin and scarious, \'-\' broad, often persistent
during the summer. Flowers: aments on leafy branchlets, cylindric, erect, slender, short-
stalked, the staminate I'-l^' long and somewhat longer than the pistillate; scales
broadly obovate, rounded at the apex, light yellow, viljose on the outer surface and glabrous
or slightly hairy above the middle on the inner surface; stamens usually 3, with free fila-
ments slightly hairy at the base; ovary slender, oblong-conic, short-stalked, glabrous, with
nearly sessile much- thickened club-shaped stigmas, sometimes nearly encircled below by
the large broad ventral gland. Fruit ovoid-conic, rounded at base, light reddish yellow.
A tree, rarely more than 30 high, with a trunk 12'-15' in diameter, slender erect and
spreading branches often pendulous at the ends, forming a broad round-topped head, and
146
TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
slender glabrous branchlets marked with occasional pale lenticels, light yellow, becoming
light or dark red-brown and lustrous, and paler orange-brown in their second year. Win-
ter-buds narrowly ovoid, long-pointed, more or less falcate, bright red-brown, lustrous,
j' long. Bark |'-f thick, dark brown or nearly black, and deeply divided by narrow
fissures into broad flat ridges separating on the surface into closely appressed scales.
Fig. 139
Distribution. Banks of streams in the canons of the mountains of central and southern
Arizona (Sicamore Canon near Flagstaff and Sabino Canon, Santa Catalina Mountains);
and southwestern New Mexico (canon, Saint Louis Mountains, Grant County); in Chi-
huahua, Sonora and Lower California.
The typical S. Bonplandiana H. B. K. with broader and more coarsely serrate leaves,
and flower-aments appearing from July to January from the axils of mature leaves is
widely distributed in Mexico and ranges to Guatemala.
6. Salix laevigata Bebb. Red Willow.
Leaves obovate, narrowed and rounded or acute and mucronate at apex, cuneate at base,
with slightly revolute obscurely serrate margins, on sterile branches lanceolate or oblong-
Fig. 140
SALICACE^E 147
lanceolate, acute or acuminate, when they unfold light blue-green and coated on the lower
surface with long pale or tawny deciduous hairs, at maturity glabrous, dark blue-green and
lustrous above, paler and glaucous below, S'-Y long, f'-l|' wide, with a broad flat yel-
low midrib; petioles broad, grooved, puberulous, rarely \' long; stipules ovate, acute,
finely serrate, usually small and caducous. Flowers: aments cylindric, slender, lax,
elongated, 2'-4' long, on leafy'branchlets; scales peltate, dentate at apex, covered with
long pale hairs, the staminate obovate, rounded, the pistillate narrower and more or less
truncate; stamens usually 5 or 6, with free filaments hairy at the base; ovary conic, acute,
rounded below, short-stalked, glabrous, with broad spreading emarginate stigmatic lobes.
Fruit elongated, conic, long-stalked, nearly \' in length.
A tree, 40-50 high, with a straight trunk 2 in diameter, slender spreading branches,
and slender light or dark orange-colored or bright red-brown glabrous, or in one form
tomentose or villose (f. araquipa Jeps.) branchlets; often much smaller, with an average
height of 20-30. Winter-buds ovoid, somewhat obtuse, pale chestnut-brown, J'-' long.
Bark f'-l' thick, dark brown slightly tinged with red and deeply divided into irregular
connected flat ridges broken on the surface into thick closely appressed scales. Wood
light, soft, light brown tinged with red, with thick nearly white sapwood.
Distribution. Banks of streams; western California from the Oregon boundary to the
southern borders of the state, ascending to altitudes of 4500 on the western slopes of the
southern Sierra Nevada, and eastward to Mohave and Yavapai Counties, Arizona, south-
eastern Nevada and southwestern Utah.
7. Salix longipes Shuttl.
Salix amphibia Small.
Leaves lanceolate, acuminate or on fertile branches occasionally rounded at the apex,
rounded or cuneate at the base, finely serrate, hoary-tomentose early in the season, becom-
ing glabrous above, and pale and glabrous or pubescent below, 2'-4' long, '-f ' wide; peti-
Fig. 141
oles hoary-tomentose, \'~ long! stipules minute, ovate, acute, hoary-tomentose, caducous,
on vigorous shoots foliaceous, reniform, serrate above the middle, often f ' in diameter.
Flowers: aments terminal on leafy tomentose or glabrous branchlets, narrow-cylindric, 3'
or 4' long; scales ovate, rounded at the apex, yellow, densely villose-pubescent; sta-
mens 3-7, usually 5 or 6, the filaments hairy toward the base; ovary ovoid-conic, acute,
cuneate at the base with a short 2-lobed style, and pedicels up to ' in length. Fruit ovoid,
often rather abruptly contracted above the middle, \' in length.
148
TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
A tree, 20-30, high with a trunk occasionally 12'-18' in diameter, spreading branches,
and glabrous or pubescent red-brown or gray-brown branchlets; or more often a shrub.
Bark dark, sometimes nearly black, deeply divided into broad ridges covered by small
closely appressed scales.
Distribution. Borders of swamps and streams; coast of North Carolina southward to
the Everglade Keys of Florida, ranging westward in Florida to the valley of the Saint
Marks River, Wakulla County; in Cuba.
A variety with narrower summer leaves and longer petioles is var. venulosa Schn.
Distribution. Newbern, Craven County, North Carolina, southward near the coast to
northern and western Florida, ranging inland in Georgia to the banks of the Savannah
River near Augusta, Richmond County, and to Traders Hill, Charlton County; in the
neighborhood of New Orleans, Louisiana (Drummond) ; in southwestern Oklahoma and in
western Texas (Blan,co, Kendall, Kerr, Bandera and Uvalde Counties).
A variety with obtuse stipules, usually glabrous branchlets and lanceolate or narrow
elliptic-lanceolate leaves is distinguished as var. Wardii Schn.
A shrub or small tree.
Distribution. Banks of the Potomac River, District of Columbia, and Alleghany
County, Maryland to Natural, Rockbridge, Fairfax and Elizabeth Counties, Virginia;
northern Kentucky; northern Tennessee; northeastern Mississippi (near luka, Tishamingo
County); St. Clair and Madison Counties, Illinois; more abundant in Missouri from Pike
County southward to southwestern Kansas, western Arkansas and eastern Oklahoma.
8. Salix lasiandra Benth. Yellow Willow.
Leaves lanceolate to ovate-lanceolate, acuminate and long-pointed at apex, cuneate or
rounded at base, often slightly falcate, finely serrate, glabrous, dark green and lustrous
above, pale or glaucous below, l^'-3' long, about \' w r ide, on vigorous summer shoots often
Fig. 142
<>' or 7' long and 1^' wide; petioles slender, glabrous, glandular at apex, \' in length, or on
summer shoots stout and \'-\\' long; stipules reniform, caducous. Flowers: aments ter-
minal on leafy puberulous branchlets, narrow-cylindric, 2f '-3' in length; scales pale pubes-
cent, those of the staminate ament lanceolate-acuminate to obovate and rounded at apex
and entire, those of the pistillate ament obovate and usually dentate near the apex; sta-
mens 5-9 ; filaments hairy below the middle; ovary rather abruptly narrowed above the
middle and acuminate, long-stalked; style short with slightly emarginate lobes. Fruit
light red-brown, \' long; pedicels about tV in length.
SALICACEvE
149
Distribution. Valley of the Yukon River near Dawson, Yukon, Vancouver Island,
and southward near the coast of Washington and Oregon, and on the western slope of
the Sierra Nevada and on the coast ranges to southern California, ranging from the sea-
level to altitudes of 8500 on the southern Sierra Nevada; in New Mexico (Glenwood,
Soccoro County, and Santa Fe, Santa Fe County) ; in Colorado (Buena Vista, Chaff ee
County, Alice Eastwood). Passing into var. caudata Sudw., distinguished by its caudate-
acuminate leaves green on both surfaces, and by its bright yellow or orange-yellow branch-
lets, and ranging from northeastern Oregon and eastern Washington through Idaho, and
from northern Wyoming to southern Colorado, Utah and Nevada.
A variety (var. lancifolia Bebb), differing from the typical S. lasiandra in the gray or
rusty villose pubescence covering the branchlets during their first and sometimes their
second season and the lower surface of the young leaves, is distributed from Dawson in the
valley of the Yukon River southward to the valley of the upper Nesqually River, Wash-
ington, to the valley of the Willamette River (Salem, Oregon), to Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz
County, and to the San Bernardino Mountains, California.
9. Salix lucida Muehl. Shining Willow.
Leaves ovate-lanceolate, or narrow lanceolate (f. angustifolia Anders.), acuminate and
long-pointed at apex, cuneate or rounded at base, finely serrate, 3'-5' long, l'-l' wide,
covered when they unfold with scattered pale caducous hairs, at maturity coriaceous,
smooth and lustrous, dark green above, paler below, with a broad yellow midrib, and slender
Fig. 143
primary veins arcuate and united near the margins; petioles stout, yellow, puberulous,
glandular at the apex, with several dark or yellow conspicuous glands, \'-\' long; stipules
nearly semicircular, glandular-serrate, membranaceous, \'-\' wide, often persistent during
the summer. Flowers: aments erect, tomentose, on stout puberulous peduncles terminal
on short leafy branchlets, the staminate oblong-cylindric, densely flowered, about 1^' in
length, the pistillate slender, elongated, l'-2' long, often persistent until late in the season;
scales oblong or obovate, rounded, entire, erose or dentate at apex, light yellow, nearly
glabrous or coated on the outer surface with pale hairs, often ciliate on the margins; stamens
usually 5, with elongated free filaments slightly hairy at base; ovary narrowly cylindric, long-
stalked, elongated, glabrous, with nearly sessile emarginate stigmas. Fruit: cylindric, lus-
trous, about \' long.
A tree, occasionally 25 high, with a short trunk 6'-8' in diameter, erect branches forming
a broad round-topped symmetrical head, and stout glabrous branchlets dark orange color
150
TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
and lustrous in their first season, becoming darker and more or less tinged with red the
following year; usually smaller and shrubby in habit. Winter-buds narrowly ovoid, acute,
light orange-brown, lustrous, about ' long. Bark thin, smooth, dark brown slightly
tinged with red.
Distribution. Banks of streams and swamps; Newfoundland to the shores of Hudson's
Bay and northwestward to the valley of the Mackenzie River and the eastern base of the
Rocky Mountains, southward to southern Pennsylvania, northeastern Iowa, the Turtle
Mountains, North Dakota, and eastern Nebraska; very abundant at the north, rare south-
ward; a variety from extreme northeastern New England and adjacent New Brunswick and
Quebec (var. intonsa Fernald) is distinguished by its often linear leaves rufous pubescent
during the season on the under side of the veins and by its pubescent branchlets; a shrub
or tree up to 25.
10. Salix taxifolia H. B. K.
Leaves linear-lanceolate, narrowed at the ends, acute, slightly falcate, mucronate at the
apex, entire or rarely obscurely dentate above the middle, coated as they unfold with long
Fig. 144
soft white hairs, at maturity pale gray-green, slightly puberulous, I'-H' long, rV'-l' wide,
with a slender midrib, thin arcuate veins, and thickened slightly re volute margins; petioles
stout, puberulous, rarely yV long; stipules ovate, acute, scarious, minute, caducous. Flow-
ers: aments densely flowered, oblong-cylindric or subglobose, \'-\' long, terminal, or ter-
minal and axillary on the staminate plant, on short leafy branchlets; scales oblong or
obovate, rounded or acute and sometimes apiculate at apex, coated on the outer surface
with hoary tomentum and pubescent or glabrous on the inner; stamens 2, with free fila-
ments hairy below the middle; ovary ovoid-conic, short-stalked or subsessile, villose, with
nearly sessile deeply emarginate stigmas. Fruit cylindric, long-pointed, bright red-brown,
more or less villose, short-stalked, about \' long.
A tree, often 40-50 high, with a trunk 18' in diameter, erect and drooping branches
forming a broad open head, and slender branchlets covered during their first season with
hoary tomentum, becoming light reddish or purplish brown and much roughened by the
elevated persistent leaf-scars. Winter-buds ovoid, acute, dark chestnut-brown, puberu-
lous, about TS' long and nearly as broad as long. Bark of the trunk f '-!' thick, light gray-
brown, and divided by deep fissures into broad flat ridges covered by minute closely ap-
pressed scales.
Distribution. Near El Paso, Texas; southwestern New Mexico, and along mountain
SALICACE.E
151
streams in southern Arizona; southward through Mexico to Guatemala, and on the Sierra
de la Victoria, Lower California.
11. Salix sessilifolia Nutt.
Leaves linear-lanceolate to elliptic-lanceolate, acute or acuminate at apex, cuneate at
base, entire or furnished above the middle with a few remote apiculate glandular teeth,
bluish green and thickly covered with silky white hairs most abundant on the lower side of
the midrib, l'-2' long, '-' wide, or on vigorous summer shoots often 4' long and 1 j' wide;
petioles densely villose-pubescent, yV'-i' in length; stipules ovate to lanceolate, acute, en-
tire or denticulate. Flowers: aments appearing after the leaves, terminal on leafy
branchlets, densely hoary-tomentose, 1|'-2|' long; scales broadly elliptic, acute or rounded
Fig. 145
at apex, cuneate at base, densely villose-tomentose; stamens 2; filaments villose below the
middle; ovary sessile, villose, the stigmas sessile, deeply 2-lobed. Fruit ovoid-acuminate,
densely villose, pubescent.
A shrub or small tree occasionally 20 high, with short hairy tomentose branchlets.
Distribution. River banks, southwestern British Columbia; Whitcomb County, Wash-
ington, and on the TJmpqua and Willamette Rivers, western Oregon. Southward passing
into
Var. Hindsiana Anders., a large shrub with numerous stems often 20 high, differing in its
more linear or narrow lanceolate usually entire leaves on longer petioles, smaller aments
and pubescent, not tomentose, branchlets; and distributed from the valleys of central Cali-
fornia to southwestern Oregon. A shrubby form of S. sessilifolia (var. leucodendroides
Schn.) with longer and broader leaves is common on the banks of streams in southern
California.
12. Salix exigua Nutt.
Leaves lanceolate to oblanceolate, acuminate at the ends, often slightly falcate, minutely
glandular-serrate above the middle, bluish green and glabrous above, covered below with
appressed silky white hairs, l^'-S' long, '-j' wide, or on summer shoots sometimes 4|' long
and 1%' wide; petioles glabrous, iV long or less; stipules minute or wanting Flowers:
aments terminal and solitary or terminal and axillary, on leafy glabrous branchlets, l'-2'
in length; scales hoary pubescent, lanceolate and acute on staminate aments, often wider,
obovate and rounded at the apex on pistillate aments; stamens, 2, filaments hairy
152
TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
below the middle; ovary sessile, villose, the stigmatic lobes sessile. Fruit ovoid, acuminate,
glabrous.
A shrub with stems 10 or 12 tall, or rarely a tree 25 high, with a trunk 5' or 6' in
diameter, thin spreading branches forming a round-topped head, and slender glabrous red-
brown branchlets. Bark of the trunk thin, longitudinally fissured, grayish brown.
Fig. 146
Distribution. Southern Alberta and valley of the Fraser River (Clinton), British Colum-
bia, southward through western Washington and Oregon to San Diego County, California,
and southeastern Nevada, and eastward to southern Idaho, central Nevada and western
Wyoming (Yellowstone National Park).
Apparently only truly a tree on the banks of the Palouse and other streams of eastern
Washington.
Several shrubby forms of S. exigua found in Nevada, Arizona, Colorado, western Ne-
braska and in Lower California are distinguished.
13. Salix longifolia Muehl. Sand Bar Willow.
Salix fluviatalis Sarg. not Nutt.
Leaves linear-lanceolate, often somewhat falcate, gradually narrowed at the ends, long-
pointed, dentate with small remote spreading callous glandular teeth, 2'-6' long, \'~\'
wide, when they unfold coated below with soft lustrous silky hairs, at maturity thin, gla-
brous, light yellow-green, darker on the upper than on the lower surface, with a yellow mid-
rib, slender arcuate primary veins, and slender reticulate veinlets; petioles grooved, f'-y'
long; stipules ovate-lanceolate, foliaceous, about \' long, deciduous Flowers: aments
cylindric on leafy branchlets, pubescent, the stamina te about 1' long, \' broad, terminal and
axillary, the pistillate elongated, 2' or 3' long, about \' broad; scales obovate-oblong, en-
tire, erose or dentate above the middle, light yellow-green, densely villose on the outer
surface, slightly hairy on the inner; stamens 2, with free filaments slightly hairy at the base;
ovary oblong-cylindric, acute, short-stalked, glabrous or pubescent, with large sessile
deeply lobed stigmas. Fruit light brown, glabrous or villose, about \' long.
A tree, usually about 20 high, with a trunk only a few inches in diameter, spreading by
stoloniferous roots into broad thickets, short slender erect branches, and slender glabrous
light or dark orange-colored or purplish red branchlets, growing darker after their first sea-
son; occasionally 60-70 high, with a trunk 2 in diameter; often a shrub not more than
5-6 tall. Winter-buds narrowly ovoid, acute, chestnut-brown, about \' long. Bark
SALICACE^E 153
i'-j' thick, smooth, dark brown slightly tinged with red and covered with small closely
appressed irregularly shaped scales. Wood light, soft, light brown tinged with red, with
thin light brown sapwood.
Distribution. River banks, sand bars and alluvial flats; shores of Lake St. John,
Quebec to Manitoba, and southward through western New England to northeastern Vir-
ginia, southern Ohio, Indiana and Illinois, w r estern Kentucky, south Tennessee, to the
mouth of the Mississippi River, and westward to southwestern South Dakota, southwestern
Wyoming, northeastern Colorado, western Kansas and Oklahoma, and northern Texas.
Fig. 147
From central and northwestern Texas to northeastern Mexico and southern New Mexico
represented by var. angustissima Anders., differing in the absence of a dorsal gland in the
male flowers and in the silky pubescence of the young ovary.
In the northern Rocky Mountains region replaced by var. pedunculata Anders., differ-
ing from the type in its narrower linear leaves, glabrous ovaries and longer pedicels of the
fruit, and ranging from western South Dakota and northwestern Wyoming, through eastern
Montana, Saskatchewan, and Alberta, to the valley of the Yukon River in the neighbor-
hood of Dawson.
A shrubby form with leaves densely covered with silky pubescence (var. Wheeleri Schn.)
is distributed from New Brunswick to North Dakota, Nebraska and Beckham County,
Oklahoma.
14. Salix lasiolepis Benth. Arroyo Willow.
Leaves oblanceolate to lanceolate-oblong, often inequilateral and occasionally falcate,
acute or acuminate or rarely rounded at apex, gradually or abruptly cuneate or rounded at
base, entire or remotely serrate, pilose above and coated below with thick hoary tomentum
when they unfold, at maturity thick and subcoriaceous, conspicuously reticulate-venulose,
dark green and glabrous above, pale or glaucous and pubescent or puberulous below, 3'-6'
long, '-1' wide, with a broad yellow midrib and slender arcuate veins forked and united
within the slightly thickened and re volute margins; petioles slender, f |' long; stipules
ovate, acute, coated with hoary tomentum, minute and caducous, or sometimes folia-
ceous, semilunar, acute or acuminate, entire or denticulate, dark green above, pale below,
persistent. Flowers: aments erect, cylindric, slightly flexuose, densely flowered, nearly
sessile on short tomentose branchlets, 1|' long, the staminate %' thick, and nearly twice as
thick as the pistillate; scales oblong-obovate, rounded or acute at the apex, dark-
colored, clothed with long crisp white hair?, persistent under the fruit; stamens 2, with
elongated glabrous filaments more or less united below the middle; ovary narrow, cylindric
154
TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
acute and long-pointed, dark green, glabrous, with a short style and broad nearly sessile
stigmas. Fruit oblong-cylindric, light reddish brown, about \' long.
A tree, 20-35 high, with a trunk 3'-7' in diameter, slender erect branches forming a
loose open head, and stout branchlets coated at first with hoary tomentum, bright yellow or
dark reddish brown and puberulous or pubescent during their first year, becoming darker
Fig. 148
and glabrous in their second season; or often at the north and at high altitudes a low shrub.
Winter-buds ovoid, acute, compressed, contracted laterally into thin wing-like margins,
light brownish yellow, glabrous or puberulous. Bark on young stems and on the branches
thin, smooth, light gray-brown, becoming on old trunks dark, about f ' thick, roughened
by small lenticels and broken into broad flat irregularly connected ridges. Wood light,
soft, close-grained, light brown, with thick nearly white sapwood; in southern California
often used as fuel.
Distribution. Banks of streams in low moist ground; valley of the Klamath River,
California, southward along the foothills of the Sierra Nevada, the central valley, and on
the Coast Ranges to southern California; on Santa Catalina Island and on the mountains of
southern Arizona; on the Sierra de Laguna, Lower California; occasionally ascending
to altitudes of 4000 above the sea.
15. Salix Mackenzieana Barr.
Leaves lanceolate to oblanceolate, or elliptic, long-pointed at apex, cuneate or rounded
at base, finely crenately serrate, reddish and pilose with caducous pale hairs when they un-
fold, at maturity thin and firm in texture, light green above, pale below, If '-2' long, about
'-' wide, on summer shoots, often 4' long and If wide, with a slender yellow midrib,
arcuate veins, and obscure reticulate veinlets; petioles thin, yellow, about $' long; stipules
reniform, conspicuously veined, about T ^' broad. Flowers: aments densely .flowered, gla-
brous, erect, often more or less curved, about If long, terminal on short leafy branchlets;
scales oblanceolate, acute, dark-colored; stamens 2, with elongated free glabrous filaments;
ovary cylindric, long-stalked, elongated, gradually narrowed into a short style, with spread-
ing emarginate stigmas. Fruit ovoid, acuminate, light brown, about f ' long; pedicels
about ' in length.
A small tree, with a slender trunk, upright branches forming a narrow shapely head,
and slender branchlets marked with scattered lenticels, glabrous or slightly puberulous
and often tinged with red when they first appear, soon becoming yellow and lustrous, grow-
ing lighter colored in their second year. Winter-buds ovoid, rounded on the back, com-
pressed and acute at the apex, bright orange color, about f long.
SALICACE^E 155
Distribution. Borders of streams and swamps; shores of Great Slave Lake southward
through the region at the eastern base of the Rocky Mountains to Saskatchewan, northern
Fig. 149
Idaho, and northwestern Wyoming, and to western Nevada (Lake County; M . S. Bebb), and
on the high Sierra Nevada in Calaveras and Mariposa Counties, California (W. L.Jepsori).
16. Salix missouriensis Bebb.
Leaves lanceolate or oblanceolate, acuminate and long-pointed at apex, gradually nar-
rowed from above the middle to the cuneate or rounded base, finely glandular-serrate,
coated with pale hairs on the lower surface and pilose on the upper surface when they un-
fold, soon becoming nearly glabrous, at maturity thin and firm, dark green above, pale and
often silvery white below, 4'-6' long, l'-l|' wide, with slender veins often united near the
margins and connected by coarse reticulate veinlets; petioles stout, pubescent or tomen-
tose, ^'-f'*long; stipules foliaceous, semicordate, pointed or rarely reniform and obtuse,
serrate with incurved teeth, dark green and glabrous on the upper side, coated on the lower
with hoary tomentum, reticulate-venulqse, often %' long, deciduous or persistent during
156
TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
the season. Flowers: aments oblong-cylindric, densely flowered, appearing early in Feb-
ruary on short leafy brarichlets, the staminate 1^' long and nearly \' wide and rather longer
than the more slender pistillate aments becoming at maturity lax and 3'-4' long; scales
oblong-obovate, light green, and covered on the outer surface with long straight white
hairs; stamens 2, with elongated free glabrous filaments; ovary cylindric, short-stalked,
beaked, glabrous, with a short style and spreading entire or slightly emarginate stigmas.
Fruit narrow, long-pointed, light reddish bro\vn, \' in length; pedicels about half the length
of the scales.
A tree, 40-50 high, with a tall straight trunk 10'-12' or rarely 18' in diameter, rather
slender upright slightly spreading branches forming a narrow open symmetrical head, and
slender branchlets marked by small scattered orange-colored lenticels, light green and
coated during their first year with thick pale pubescence, becoming reddish brown and
glabrous or puberulous in their second winter. Winter-buds ovoid, round, or flattened,
acute at the apex, reddish brown, hoary- to mentose, nearly 1' long. Bark thin, smooth,
light gray, slightly tinged with red, and covered with minute closely appressed plate-like
scales. Wood dark red-brown, with thin pale sap wood; durable, used for fence-posts.
Distribution. Deep sandy alluvial bottom-lands of the Missouri River in southwestern
Nebraska to western Missouri; through northeastern Kansas and eastern Oklahoma to
Cache Creek, Comanche County (G. W. Stevens); and from the neighborhood of St. Louis
to southeastern and western Iowa.
17. Salix pyrifolia Anders.
Scdix balsamifera Barr.
Leaves ovate to oblong-lanceolate, acute at apex, broad and rounded and usually sub-
cordate at base, finely glandular serrulate, balsamic particularly while young, when
they unfold thin, pellucid, red and coated below with long slender caducous hairs, at ma-
turity thin and firm, dark green above, pale and glaucous below, 2'-4' long, l'-l|' wide,
Fig. 151
with a yellow midrib and conspicuous reticulate veinlets; petioles reddish or yellow, %'-%'
long; stipules often wanting or on vigorous shoots foliaceous, broadly ovate and acute.
Flowers: aments cylindric, l'-l|' long, on short leafy branchlets, the staminate l'-lj'
long and f in diameter and shorter and broader than the pistillate ament; scales obovate,
rose-colored, coated with long white hairs; stamens 2, with free filaments and reddish ulti-
mately yellow anthers; ovary narrow-ovoid, long-stalked, gradually contracted above the
middle, with a short style and emarginate stigmas. Fruit ovoid-conic, |' long, dark
orange color; pedicels ' in length.
SALICACE^E
157
Usually a shrub, often making clumps of crowded slender erect stems generally destitute
of branches except near the top, rarely arborescent, with a height of 25, a trunk 12'-14' in
diameter, erect branches, and comparatively stout reddish brown branchlets becoming
olive-green in their second year and marked with narrow slightly raised leaf-scars. Winter-
buds acute, much-compressed, bright scarlet, very lustrous, about j' long. Bark thin,
smooth, dull gray.
Distribution. Cold w r et bogs; Newfoundland and the coast of Labrador to the valley
of the Saskatchewan and the Mackenzie, and British Columbia, and to northern Maine, New
Hampshire, Vermont, New York, Michigan, and northeastern South Dakota; reported to
become arborescent only near Fort Kent on the St. John River, Aroostook, Maine.
18. Salix amplifolia Cov.
Leaves oval to broadly obovate, rounded or broadly pointed at apex, gradually or
abruptly narrowed at the cuneate base, dentate-serrulate or entire, densely villose when
they unfold, with long matted white hairs, at maturity nearly glabrous, pale yellow-green
above, slightly glaucous below, 2'-2|' long, l'-l' wide, with a midrib broad and hoary-
tomentose toward the base of the leaf and thin and glabrous above the middle; petioles
Fig. 152
slender, tomentose. Flowers: aments appearing about the middle of June, stout, peduncu-
late, tomentose, on leafy branchlets, the staminate l^'-2' long and shorter than the pis-
tillate; scales oblanceolate or lanceolate, dark brown or nearly black, covered with long pale
hairs; stamens 2, with slender elongated glabrous filaments; ovary ovoid-lanceolate, short-
stalked, glabrous or slightly pubescent, gradually narrowed into the elongated slender style
crowned with a 2-lobed slender stigma. Fruit ovoid-lanceolate, glabrous, short-stalked,
\' long-
A tree, occasionally 25 high, with a trunk a foot in diameter, and stout branchlets con-
spicuously roughened by the large elevated U-shaped leaf-scars, and marked by occasional
pale lenticels, coated at first with thick villose pubescence, becoming during their second
and third years dark dull reddish purple.
Distribution. Sand dunes on the shores of Yakutat Bay and Disenchantment Bay,
Alaska.
19. Salix alaxensis Cov. Feltleaf Willow.
Leaves elliptic-lanceolate to obovate, acute, acuminate or occasionally rounded at apex,
gradually narrowed into a short thick petiole, coated above as they unfold with thin
pale deciduous tomentum and covered below with a thick mass of snowy white lustrous
158
TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
hairs persistent on the mature leaves, entire, often somewhat wrinkled, dull yellow-green
above, 2'-4' long, l'-lf wide, with a broad yellow midrib; stipules linear-lanceolate to fili-
form, entire, '-f long, usually persistent until midsummer. Flowers: aments appearing
in June when the leaves are nearly fully grown, stout, erect, tomentose, stalked, on leafy
branchlets, the staminate l'-l?' long, much shorter than the pistillate; scales oblong-
ovate, rounded at apex, dark-colored, and coated with long silvery white soft hairs;
stamens 2, with slender elongated filaments; ovary acuminate, short-stalked, covered with
soft pale hairs, gradually narrowed into the elongated slender style, with 2-lobed stigmas.
Fruit nearly sessile, ovoid, acuminate covered with close dense pale tomentum, j' long.
A tree, sometimes 30 high, with a trunk 4'-6' in diameter, and stout branchlets thickly
Fig. 153
coated at first with matted white hairs, becoming in their second year glabrous, dark
purple, lustrous, marked by large elevated pale scattered lenticels and much roughened by
large U-shaped leaf-scars; often shrubby, and in the most exposed situations frequently
only a foot or two high, with semiprostrate stems.
Distribution. Coast of Alaska from the Alexander Archipelago to Cape Lisbourne, and
eastward to the valley of the Mackenzie River and to the shores of Coronation Gulf; the
only arborescent Willow in the coast region west and north of Kadiak Island; attaining its
largest size from the Shumagin Islands eastward.
20. Salix Bebbiana Sarg.
Leaves oblong-obovate to oblong-elliptic or lanceolate, acuminate and short-pointed or
acute at apex, gradually narrowed and cuneate or rounded at base, remotely and irregularly
serrate usually only above the middle, or rarely entire, when they unfold pale gray-green,
glabrous or villose, and often tinged with red on the upper surface and coated on the lower
with pale tomentum or pubescence, at maturity thick and firm, dull green and glabrous
or puberulous above, blue or silvery white and covered with pale rufous pubescence below,
especially along the midrib, veins, and conspicuous reticulate veinlets, l'-3' long, |'-1'
wide; petioles slender, often pubescent, reddish, i'-|' long; stipules foliaceous, semicordate,
glandular-dentate, sometimes nearly \' long on vigorous shoots, deciduous. Flowers:
aments terminal on short leafy branchlets; scales ovate or oblong, rounded at apex, broader
on the staminate than on the pistillate plant, yellow below, rose color at apex, villose with
long pale silky hairs, persistent under the fruit; staminate aments cyhndric, obovoid, nar-
rowed at base, densely flowered, f'-l' long, \'-\' thick; pistillate aments oblong-cylindric,
loosely flowered, l'-l|' long, \' thick; stamens 2, with free glabrous filaments; ovary
SALICACE^E
159
cylindric, villose; with long silky white hairs, gradually narrowed at apex, with broad sessile
entire or emarginate spreading yellow stigmas; pedicel villose, about ' in length, and
about as long as the scale. Fruit elongated-cylindric, gradually narrowed into a long thin
beak, and raised on a slender stalk sometimes |' long.
A bushy tree, occasionally 25 high, with a short trunk 6'-8' in diameter, stout ascending
branches forming a broad round head, and slender branchlets coated at first with hoary
deciduous tomentum, varying during their first winter from reddish purple to dark orange-
brown, marked by scattered raised lenticels and roughened by conspicuous elevated leaf-
scars, growing lighter-colored and reddish brown in their second year; usually much smaller
and often shrubby in habit. Bark thin, reddish or olive-green or gray tinged with red, and
Fig. 154
slightly divided by shallow fissures into appressed plate-like scales. Winter-buds oblong,
gradually narrowed and rounded at apex, full and rounded on the back, bright light chest-
nut-brown, nearly \' long.
Distribution. Borders of streams, swamps, and lakes, hillsides, open woods and forest
margins, usually in moist rich soil; valley of the St. Lawrence River to the shores of Hud-
son's Bay, the valley of the Mackenzie River within the Arctic Circle, Cook Inlet, Alaska,
and the coast ranges of British Columbia, forming in the region west of Hudson's Bay al-
most impenetrable thickets, with twisted and often inclining stems; common in all the
northern states, ranging southward to Pennsylvania and westward to Minnesota and
through the Rocky Mountain region from western Idaho and northern Montana to north-
ern North Dakota, eastern South Dakota, northeastern and central Iowa, and western
Nebraska, and southward through Colorado to northern Arizona; ascending as a low shrub
in Colorado to an altitude of 10,000.
21. Salix discolor Muehl. Glaucous Willow.
Leaves lanceolate to elliptic, gradually narrowed at the ends, remotely crenulate-serrate,
as they unfold thin, light green often tinged with red, pubescent above and coated with a
pale tomentum below, at maturity thick and firm, glabrous, conspicuously reticulate- venu-
lose, bright green above, glaucous or silvery white below, 3'-5' long, f'-l^' wide, with
a broad yellow midrib and slender arcuate primary veins; petioles slender, '-!' long; stip-
ules foliaceous, semilunar, acute, glandular-dentate, about j' long, deciduous. Flowers:
aments appearing late in winter or in very early spring, erect, terminal on short scale-
bearing branchlets coated with thick white tomentum, oblong-cylindric, about 1' long and
j' thick, the staminate soft and silky before the flowers open and densely flowered; scales
160
TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
oblong-obovate, dark reddish brown toward the apex, covered on the back with long silky
silvery white hairs; stamens 2, with elongated glabrous filaments; ovary oblong-cylindric,
narrowed above the middle, villose, with a short distinct style and broad spreading entire
stigmas; pedicel glabrous, about twice the length of the scale. Fruit cylindric, more or
less contracted above the middle, long-pointed, light brown, coated with pale pubescence.
A tree, rarely more than 25 high, with a trunk about 1 in diameter, stout ascending
Fig. 155
branches forming an open round-topped head, and stout branchlets marked by occasional
orange-colored lenticels, dark reddish purple and coated at first with pale deciduous pubes-
cence; more often shrubby, with numerous tall straggling stems. Winter-buds semiterete,
flattened and acute at the apex, about f ' long, dark reddish purple and lustrous. Bark |'
thick, light brown tinged with red, and divided by shallow fissures into thin plate-like
oblong scales. Wood light, soft, close-grained, brown streaked with red, with lighter
brown sap wood.
Distribution. Moist meadows and the banks of streams and lakes; Nova Scotia to
Manitoba, and southward to Delaware, southern Indiana and Illinois, eastern and south-
western Iowa, the Black Hills of South Dakota, and northeastern Missouri; common.
A form of Salix discolor with more densely flowered and more silvery pubescent aments
is described as var. eriocephala Schn. and a form w r ith loosely flowered aments with less
tomentose fruits with longer styles and with narrower leaves as var. prinoides Schn.
22. Salix Scouleriana Barr. Black Willow.
Salix Nuttallii Sarg.
Leaves oblong-obovate to elliptic, acute or abruptly acuminate with a short or long-
pointed apex, gradually narrowed and cuneate at the often unsymmetrical base, entire or
remotely and irregularly crenately serrate, thin and firm, dark yellow-green and lustrous
above, pale or glaucous and glabrous or pilose below, 1 J'-4' long, |'-1|' wide, with a broad
yellow pubescent midrib and slender veins forked and arcuate within the slightly thickened
and revoiute margins and connected by conspicuous reticulate veinlets; petioles slender,
puberulous, \'-\' in length; stipules foliaceous, semilunar, glandular-serrate, \'-\' long, ca-
ducous. Flowers: aments appearing before the leaves, oblong-cylindric, erect, nearly sessile
on short tomentose scale-bearing branchlets, the staminate about 1' long and rather more
than \' thick, the pistillate \\' long, about tV thick; scales oblong, narrowed at the ends,
dark-colored, covered with long white hairs, persistent under the fruit; stamens 2, with free
SALICACE^
161
glabrous filaments; ovary cylindric, short-stalked, with a distinct style and broad emar-
ginate stigmas: pedicels less than half the length of the scale, villose. Fruit oblong-ovoid,
acuminate, light reddish brown, pale pubescent, about $' long.
A tree, occasionally 30 high, with a short trunk rarely exceeding 1 in diameter, slender
pendulous branches forming a rather compact round-topped shapely head, and stout
branchlets marked by scattered yellow lenticels, coated when they first appear with pale
early deciduous pubescence, becoming bright yellow or dark orange color, and in their
second year dark red-brown and much roughened by the conspicuous leaf -scars; or more
often a shrub. Winter-buds ovoid, acute, nearly terete or slightly flattened, with narrow
lateral wing-like margins, light or dark orange color, glabrous or pilose at the base, about
Fig. 156
long. Bark thin, dark brown slightly tinged with red, and divided into broad flat ridges.
Wood light, soft, close-grained, light brown tinged with red, with thick nearly white sap-
wood.
Distribution. Cook's Inlet, coast of Alaska, and valley of the Yukon River near Daw-
son southward through western British Columbia to northern California, ranging eastward
through Washington and northwestern Oregon to northern Idaho and Montana.
From central California to San Bernardino County represented by the variety crassijulis
Andr. (S. brachystachys Benth.) with shorter and broader obovate leaves rounded at apex,
pubescent and tomentose branchlets and larger pubescent winter-buds. A tree sometimes
70 high with a trunk often 2| in diameter.
On the high Sierra Nevada eastward to the eastern ranges of the Rocky Mountains ot
Colorado and to northern New Mexico, northern Wyoming and the Black Hills of South
Dakota represented by the var. flavescens Schn. A shrub or rarely a small tree with obo-
vate rounded yellowish leaves and branchlets.
23. Salix Hookeriana Barr.
Leaves oblong to oblong-obovate, acute or abruptly acuminate, or rarely rounded and
frequently apiculate at apex, gradually narrowed and cuneate or rounded at base, coarsely
crenately serrate, especially those on vigorous shoots, or entire, when they unfold vil-
lose with pale hairs, or tomentose above and clothed below with silvery white tomentum,
at maturity tLin and firm, bright yellow-green and lustrous, nearly glabrous or tomentose
on the upper surface, pale and glaucous and tomentose or pubescent on the lower surface,
especially along the midrib and slender arcuate primary veins and conspicuous reticulate
veinlets, 2'-6' long, I'-l^' wide; petioles stout, tomentose, |' |' long. Flowers: aments
162
TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
oblong-cylindric, erect, rather lax, often more or less curved, about 1|' long, on short
tomentose scale-bearing branchlets, the staminate f thick and rather thicker than the
pistillate; scales oblong-obovate, yellow, coated with long pale hairs, the staminate rounded
above and rather shorter than the more acute scales of the pistillate ament persistent under
the fruit; stamens 2, with free elongated glabrous filaments; ovary conic, glabrous, stalked,
with a slender stalk about one third as long as the scale, gradually narrowed above, with a
slender elongated bright red style and broad spreading entire stigmas. Fruit oblong-
cylindric, narrowed above, about \' long.
Fig. 157
A tree, occasionally 30 high, with a trunk about 1 in diameter, and stout branchlets
marked by large scattered orange-colored lenticels, covered during their first season with
hoary tomentum and rather bright or dark red-brown and pubescent in then* second sum-
mer; more often shrubby, with numerous stems 4'-8' thick and 15-20 high; frequently a
low bush, with straggling almost prostrate stems. Winter-buds ovoid, acute, nearly terete,
dark red, coated with pale pubescence, about \' long. Bark nearly \' thick, light red-
brown, slightly fissured and divided into closely appressed plate-like scales. Wood light,
soft, close-grained, light brown tinged with red, with thin nearly white sapwood.
Distribution. Borders of salt marshes and ponds and sandy coast dunes; Vancouver
Island southward along the shores of Puget Sound and the Pacific Ocean to southern
Oregon.
24. Salix sitchensis Sanson.
Leaves oblong-obovate to oblanceolate, entire or minutely glandular dentate, acute or
acuminate, or rounded and short-pointed, or rounded at apex, gradually narrowed and
cuneate at base, when they unfold pubescent or tomentose on the upper surface, and coated
on the lower with lustrous white silky pubescence or tomentum persistent during the
season or sometimes deciduous from the leaves of vigorous young shoots, at maturity thin
and firm, dark green, lustrous and glabrous above, with the exception of the pubescent
midrib, 2'-5' long, f'-l^' wide, with conspicuous slender veins arcuate and united within
the margins and prominent reticulate veinlets; petioles stout, pubescent, rarely \' long;
stipules rarely produced, foliaceous, semilunar, acute or rounded at apex, glandular-
dentate, coated below with hoary tomentum, often \' long, caducous. Flowers: aments
cylindric, densely flowered, erect on short tomentose leafy branchlets, the staminate
H'-2' long and \' thick, the pistillate 2|'-3' long, and \' thick; scales yellow or tawny, the
staminate oblong-obovate, rounded at the apex, covered with long white hairs, much longer
than the more acute pubescent scales of the pistillate ament: stamen 1, with an elongated
MYRICACE^E
163
glabrous filament, or very rarely 2, with filaments united below the middle or nearly to the
apex; ovary short-stalked, ovoid, conic, acute, pubescent and gradually narrowed into
the elongated style, with entire or slightly emarginate short stigmas. Fruit ovoid, nar-
rowed above, light red-brown, pubescent about \' long.
Fig. 158
A much-branched tree, occasionally 25-30 high, with a short contorted often inclining
trunk sometimes 1 in diameter, and slender brittle branchlets coated at first with hoary
tomentum, pubescent and tomentose and dark red-brown or orange color during then- first
winter, becoming darker, pubescent or glabrous, and sometimes covered with a glaucous
bloom in their second season; more often shrubby and 6-15 tall. Winter-buds acute,
nearly terete, light red-brown, pubescent or puberulous, about \' long. Bark about '
thick and broken into irregular closely appressed dark brown scales tinged with red. Wood
light, soft, close-grained, pale red, with thick nearly white sapwood.
Distribution. Banks of streams and in low moist ground; Cook Inlet and Kadiak Island,
Alaska, southward in the neighborhood of the coast to Santa Barbara, California; on the
Marble Creek of the Kaweah River at 6900 altitude (f. Ralphiana Jeps.)
VI. MYRICACEJE.
Aromatic resinous trees and shrubs, with watery juice, terete branches, and small scaly
buds. Leaves alternate, re volute in the bud, serrate, resinous-punctate, persistent in our
species, in falling leaving elevated semiorbicular leaf -scars showing the ends of three nearly
equidistant fibro- vascular bundles. Flowers unisexual, dioecious or monoecious, usually
subtended by minute bractlets, in the axils of the deciduous scales of unisexual or androgy-
nous simple oblong aments from buds in the axils of the leaves of the year, opening in early
spring, the staminate below the pistillate in androgynous aments; staminate, perianth 0;
stamens 4 or many, inserted on the thickened base of the scales of the ament; filaments
slender, united at the base into a short stipe; anthers ovoid, erect, 2-celled, introrse, open-
ing longitudinally; ovary rudimentary or 0; pistillate flowers single or in pairs; ovary ses-
sile, 1-celled; styles short, divided into 2 elongated filiform stigmas stigmatic on the inner
face; ovule solitary, erect from the base of the cell, orthotropous, the micropyle superior.
Fruit a globose or ovoid dry drupe usually covered with waxy exudations; nut hard, thick-
walled. Seed erect, with a thin coat, without albumen; embryo straight; cotyledons plano-
convex, fleshy; radicle short, superior, turned away from the minute basal hilum.
The family consists of the genus Myrica L., of about thirty or forty species of small
164 TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
trees and shrubs, widely distributed through the temperate and warmer parts of both
hemispheres. Of the seven North American species three are trees. Wax is obtained
from the exudations of the fruit of several species. The bark is astringent, and sometimes
used in medicine, in tanning, and as an aniline dye. Myrica rubra Sieb and Zacc., of
southern Japan and China, is cultivated for its succulent aromatic red fruit.
The generic name is probably from the ancient name of some shrub, possibly the Tam-
arisk.
CONSPECTUS OF THE NORTH AMERICAN SPECIES.
Flowers dioecious.
Leaves oblanceolate, usually acute or rarely rounded at apex, mostly coarsely serrate
above the middle, yellow-green, coated below with conspicuous orange-colored
glands. 1. M. cerifera (A, C).
Leaves usually broadly oblong-obovate, rounded or rarely acute at apex, entire, dark
green and lustrous. 2. M. inodora (C).
Flowers monoecious; leaves oblanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, sharply serrate, dark green
and lustrous. 3. M. califomica (G).
1. Myrica cerifera L. Wax Myrtle.
Leaves oblanceolate or rarely oblong-lanceolate, acute or rarely gradually narrowed
and rounded at apex, cuneate at base, decurrent on short stout petioles, coarsely serrate
above the middle or entire, yellow-green, covered above by minute dark glands and below
Fig. 159
by bright orange-colored glands, l|'-4' long and \'-\' wide, with a slender pale midrib often
puberulous below, and few obscure arcuate veins, fragrant with a balsamic resinous odor;
gradually deciduous at the end of their first year. Flowers in small oblong aments. with
ovate acute ciliate scales, those of the staminate plant |'-f long, about twice as long as
those of the pistillate plant; stamens few, with oblong slightly obcordate anthers at first
tinged with red, becoming yellow; ovary gradually narrowed into 2 slender spreading stig-
mas longer than its scale. Fruit in short spikes, ripening in September and October and
persistent on the branches during the winter, irregularly deciduous in the spring and early
summer, globose, about \' in diameter, slightly papillose, light green, coated with thick
pale blue wax; seed pale, minute.
A tree, occasionally 40 high, with a tall trunk 8'-10' in diameter, slender upright or
slightly spreading branches forming a narrow round-topped head, and slender branchlets
MYRICACE^E
165
marked by small pale lenticels, coated at first with loose rufous tomentum and caducous
orange-colored glands, bright red-brown or dark brown tinged with gray, usually lustrous
and nearly glabrous during their first winter, finally becoming dark brown; generally
smaller, frequently shrubby. Winter-buds oblong, acute, YV~i' l n g> with numerous
ovate acute imbricated scales, the inner scales becoming nearly %' long, and often persistent
until the young branch has completed its growth. Bark of the trunk |' thick, compact,
smooth, light gray. Wood light, soft and brittle, dark brown, with thin lighter-colored
sap wood.
Distribution. In the neighborhood of the coast; Cape May, New Jersey, southern
Delaware and Maryland to the keys of southern Florida, and through the Gulf states to
the shores of Aranzas Pass, San Patricio County, Texas, ranging inland to the neighbor-
hood of Natchez, Jackson County, Mississippi, the valley of the Red River (Natchitoches,
Louisiana and Fulton, Arkansas), and to Cherokee County, Texas, and northward to the
valley of the Washita River, Arkansas; on the Bermuda and Bahama Islands and on several
of the Antilles; most abundant and of its largest size on the south Atlantic and Gulf coasts
in sandy swamps and pond holes; the most common woody plant and forming great thickets
on the Everglades east of Lake Okeechobee, Florida; in the sandy soil of Pine-barrens and
on dry arid hills of the interior, often only a few inches in height, var. pumila Michx.
2. Myrica inodora W. Bartr. Wax Myrtle.
Leaves broadly oblong-obovate or rarely ovate, rounded or sometimes pointed and occa-
sionally apiculate at apex, narrowed at base, decurrent on short stout petioles, entire or
Fig. 160
rarely obscurely toothed toward the apex, thick and coriaceous, glandular-punctate, dark
green and very lustrous above, bright green below, 2'-4' long, f '-1|' wide, with a broad con-
spicuously glandular midrib slightly pubescent on the lower side, and few remote slender
obscure primary veins forked and arcuate near the much-thickened and revolute margins;
gradually deciduous from May until midsummer. Flowers in aments '-!' long, with
ovate acute glandular scales; stamens numerous, with oblong slightly emarginate yellow
anthers; pistillate flowers usually in pairs, with an ovate glabrous ovary and slender bright
red styles. Fruit produced sparingly in elongated spikes, oblong, -^ long, papillose,
black, and covered with a thin coat of white wax: seed oblong-oval, acute at apex, rounded
at base, f ' long, bright orange-brown, with a pale yellow hilum.
Usually a shrub, with numerous slender stems, occasionally arborescent and 18-20
high, with a straight trunk 6-8 tall and 2'-3' in diameter, and stout branchlets roughened
166
TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
by small scattered lenticels, coated at first with dense pale tomentum, soon becoming
bright red-brown, scurfy, and glabrous or pubescent. Winter-buds ovoid, acute, nearly
f ' long, with numerous loosely imbricated lanceolate acute red-brown scurfy-pubescent
scales. Bark thin, smooth, nearly white.
Distribution. Deep swamps, Round Lake, Jackson County, and Appalachicola, and
Saint Andrews Bay, Florida; near Mobile and Stockton, Alabama; near Poplarville, Pearl
County, Mississippi, and Bogalusa, Washington Parish, Louisiana.
3. Myrica californica Cham. Wax Myrtle.
Leaves oblanceolate to oblong-lanceolate, acute at apex, remotely serrate except at the
gradually narrowed base with small incurved teeth, decurrent on a short stout petiole,
thin and firm, dark green and lustrous above, yellow-green, glabrous or puberulous and
Fig. 161
marked by minute black glandular dots below, 2'-4' long, \'-\' wide, with a narrow yellow
midrib and numerous obscure primary veins arcuate near the thickened and revolute
margins, slightly fragrant, gradually deciduous after the end of their first year. Flowers
subtended by conspicuous bractlets, those of the two sexes on the same plant; staminate
in oblong simple aments often 1' long, pistillate in shorter aments in the axils of upper
leaves, androgynous aments occurring between the two with staminate flowers at their base
and pistillate flowers above, or with staminate flowers also mixed with the pistillate at then-
apex; scales of the aments ovate, acute, coated with pale tomentum; stamens numerous,
with oblong slightly emarginate dark red-purple anthers soon becoming yellow; ovary ovoid,
with bright red exserted styles. Fruit in short crowded spikes ripening in the early au-
tumn and usually falling during the winter, globose, papillose, dark purple, covered with
a thin coat of grayish white wax; seed pale reddish brown, minute.
A tree, occasionally 40 high, with a trunk 14'-15' in diameter, short slender branches
forming a narrow compact round-topped head, and stout branchlets coated at first with
loose tomentum, dark green or light or dark red-brown, glabrous or pubescent during their
first season, becoming in their second year much roughened by the elevated leaf -scars, darker
and ultimately ashy gray; usually smaller at the north and toward the northern and south-
ern limits of its range reduced to a low shrub often only 3-4 tall. Winter-buds ovoid,
acute, about \' thick, with loosely imbricated ovate acute dark red-brown tomentose scales
nearly \' long when fully grown and long-persistent on the branch. Bark smooth, compact,
xV~i' thick, dark gray or light brown on the surface and dark red-brown internally. Wood
heavy, very hard and strong, brittle, close-grained, light rose color, with thick lighter
colored sapwood.
LEITNEBIACE^E U)7
Distribution. Ocean sand-dunes and moist hillsides in the vicinity of the coast from the
shores of Puget Sound to the neighborhood of Santa Monica, Los Angeles County, Cali-
fornia; of its largest size on the shores of the Bay of San Francisco.
Occasionally used in California as a garden plant.
VH. LEITNERIACE^:.
A tree or shrub, with pale slightly fissured bark, scaly buds, stout terete pithy branchlets
marked by pale conspicuous nearly circular lenticels and by elevated crescent-shaped
angled or obscurely 3-lobed leaf-scars, very light soft wood, and thick fleshy stoloniferous
yellow roots. Leaves involute in the bud, lanceolate to elliptic-lanceolate, acuminate or
acute and short-pointed at apex, gradually narrowed at base, entire, with slightly revolute
undulate margins, penniveined with remote primary veins arcuate and united near the
margins, and conspicuous reticulate veinlets, petiolate, at first coated on the lower surface
and on the petioles with thick pale tomentum and puberulous on the upper surface, thick
and firm at maturity, bright green and lustrous above, pale and villose-pubescent below,
deciduous. Flowers in unisexual aments, with ovate acute concave tomentose scales, the
male and female on different plants, opening in early spring from buds formed the previous
autumn and covered with acute chestnut-brown hairy scales; the staminate clustered near
the end of the branches, their scales bearing on the thickened stipe a ring of 3-12 stamens,
with slender incurved filaments and oblong light yellow introrse 2-celled anthers opening
longitudinally; perianth 0; pistillate aments scattered, shorter and more slender than the
staminate, their scales bearing in their axils a short-stalked pistil surrounded by a rudi-
mentary perianth of small gland-fringed scales, the 2 larger lateral, the others next the axis
of the inflorescence; ovary superior, pubescent, 1-celled, with an elongated flattened style
inserted obliquely, curving inward above the middle in anthesis, grooved and stigmatic on
the inner face; ovule solitary, attached laterally, ascending, semianatropous; micropyle
directed upward. Fruit an oblong compressed dry drupe thick and rounded on the ventral,
narrowed on the dorsal edge, rounded at base, thin and pointed at apex, chestnut-brown,
rugose, with a thick dry exocarp closely investing the thin-walled light brown crustaceous
rugose nutlet. Seed flattened, rounded at the ends, light brown, marked on the thick
edge with the oblong nearly black hilum; embryo erect, surrounded by thin fleshy albu-
men; cotyledons oblong, flattened; radicle superior, conical, short, and fleshy.
The family consists of a single genus, Leitneria Chapm., with one species of the south-
ern United States, named for a German naturalist killed in Florida during the Seminole
War.
1. Leitneria floridana Chapm. Cork Wood.
Leaves 4'^6' long, 1|'-2|' wide, with petioles l'-2' in length. Flowers opening at the
end of February or early in March; staminate aments I'-lj' long, \' thick, and twice as
long as the pistillate. Fruit solitary or in clusters of 2-4, ripening when the leaves are
about half grown, f long, \' wide.
A shrub or small tree, occasionally 20 high, with a slender straight trunk 4'-5' in diame-
ter above the swollen gradually tapering base, spreading branches forming a loose open
head, and branchlets at first light reddish brown and thickly coated with gradually decidu-
ous hairs, becoming in their first winter glabrous or puberulous, especially toward the ends,
and dark red-brown. Winter-buds: terminal broad, conic, \ r long, covered by 10 or 12
oblong nearly triangular closely imbricated scales coated with pale tomentum and long-
persistent at the base of the branch; lateral scattered, ovoid, flattened. Bark about T V
thick, dark gray faintly tinged with brown, divided by shallow fissures into narrow rounded
ridges. Wood soft, exceedingly light, close-grained, the layers of annual growth hardty
distinguishable, pale yellow, without trace of heartwood; occasionally used for the floats of
fishing-nets.
Distribution. Borders of swamps of the lower Altamaha River, Georgia (C. L. Boyntori)',
168
TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
muddy saline shores on the coast of the Gulf of Mexico near Apalachicola, Florida;
swampy prairies, Velasco (E. J. Palmer), and swamps of the Brazos River near Columbia,
Brazoria County, Texas; Varner, Lincoln County (B. F. Bush), and Moark, Clay County
Fig. 162
(E. J. Palmer) Arkansas; and in Butler and Dunklin Counties, southeastern Missouri, here
sometimes occupying muddy sloughs of considerable extent to the exclusion of other woody
plants.
VIE. JTJGLANDACE^:.
Aromatic trees, with watery juice, terete branchlets, scaly buds, the lateral buds often
superposed, 2-4 together, and alternate unequally pinnate deciduous leaves with elongated
grooved petioles and without stipules, the leaflets increasing in size from the lowest up-
ward, penniveined, sessile, short-stalked or the terminal usually long-stalked. Flowers
monoecious, opening after the unfolding of the leaves, the staminate in lateral aments and
composed of a 3-6-lobed calyx in the axil of and adnate to an ovate acute bract, and numer-
ous stamens inserted on the inner and lower face of the calyx in 2 or several rows, with
short distinct filaments and oblong anthers opening longitudinally; the pistillate in a spike
terminal on a branch of the year and composed ot a 1-3-celled ovary subtended by an in-
volucre free toward the apex and formed by the union of an anterior bract and 2 lateral
bractlets, a 1 or 4-lobed calyx inserted on the ovary, a short style with 2 plumose stigmas
stigmatic on the inner face, and a solitary erect orthotropous ovule. Fruit drupaceous,
the exocarp (husk) indehiscent or 4-valved, inclosing a thick- or thin-shelled nut divided
by partitions extending inward from the shell, and like the shell more or less penetrated
by internal longitudinal cavities often filled with dry powder. Seed solitary, 2-lobed
from the apex nearly to the middle, light brown, its coat thin, of 2 layers, without albumen;
cotyledons fleshy and oily, sinuose or corrugated, 2-lobed; radicle short, superior, filling
the apex of the nut. Of the six genera of the Walnut family two occur in North America.
CONSPECTUS OF THE NORTH AMERICAN GENERA.
Aments of staminate flowers simple; husk of the fruit indehiscent; nut sculptured; pith in
plates. 1. Juglans.
Aments of staminate flowers branched; husk of the fruit 4-valved; nut not sculptured;
pith solid. 2. Carya
JUGLANDACE.E 169
1. JUGLANS L. Walnut.
Trees, with furrowed scaly bark, durable dark-colored wood, stout branchlets, laminate
pith, terminal buds with 2 pairs of opposite more or less open scales often obscurely pinnate
at apex, those of the inner pair more or less leaf-like, and obtuse slightly flattened axillary
buds formed before midsummer and covered with 4 ovate rounded scales, closed or open
during winter. Leaves with numerous leaflets, and terete petioles leaving in falling large
conspicuous elevated obcordate 3-lobed leaf-scars displaying 3 equidistant U-shaped clus-
ters of dark fibro- vascular bundle-scars; leaflets conduplicate in the bud, ovate, acute or
acuminate, mostly unequal at base, with veins arcuate and united near the margins.
Aments of the staminate flowers many-flowered, elongated, solitary or in pairs from lower
axillary buds of upper nodes, appearing from between persistent bud-scales in the autumn
and remaining during the winter as short cones covered by the closely imbricated bracts of
the flowers; calyx 3-6-lobed, its bract free only at the apex; stamens 8-40, in 2 or several
ranks, their anthers surmounted by a conspicuous dilated truncate or lobed connective;
pistillate flowers in few-flowered spikes, their involucre villose, free only at the apex and
variously cut into a laciniate border (cwolla?) shorter than the erect calyx-lobes; ovary
rarely of 3 carpels; stigmas club-shaped, elongated, fimbriately plumose. Fruit ovoid,
globose or pyriform, round or obscurely 4-angled, with a fleshy indehiscent glabrate
or hirsute husk; nut ovoid or globose, more or less flattened, hard, thick-walled, longitu-
dinally and irregularly rugose, the valves alternate with the cotyledons, and more or less
ribbed along the dorsal sutures and in some species also on the marginal sutures. Seed
more or less compressed, gradually narrowed or broad and deeply lobed at base, with con-
spicuous dark veins radiating from the apex and from the minute basal hilum.
Juglans is confined to temperate North America, the West Indies, South America from
Venezuela to Peru, western and northern China, Korea, Manchuria, Japan, and Formosa^
Eleven species are known. Of exotic species Juglans regia L., an inhabitant probably
originally of China, is cultivated in the middle Atlantic and southern states and largely
in California for its edible nuts, which are an important article ot commerce. The wood
of several species is valued for the interior finish of houses and for furniture.
Juglans, from Jupiter and glands, is the classical name of the Walnut-tree.
CONSPECTUS OF THE NORTH AMERICAN SPECIES.
Fruit racemose; nut 4-ribbed at the sutures 'with smaller intermediate ribs, 2-celled at the
base; heartwood light brown; leaflets 11-17, oblong-lanceolate. 1. J. cinera (A, C).
Fruit usually solitary or in pairs; nut without sutural ribs, 4-celled at the base; heartwood
dark brown.
Nuts prominently and irregularly ridged with often interrupted ridges; leaflets 15-23,
ovate-lanceolate. 2. J. nigra (A, C)
Nuts more or less deeply longitudinally grooved.
Nuts up to l' in diameter; leaflets 9-13, rarely 19, oblong-lanceolate to ovate, acumi-
nate, coarsely serrate. 3. J. major (F, H).
Nuts not more than f ' in diameter.
Leaflets 17-23, narrow-lanceolate, long-pointed. 4. J. rupestris (C) .
Leaflets 11-15 or rarely 19, oblong-lanceolate, acute or acuminate, the lower often
rounded at the apex. 5. J. californica (G).
Nuts obscurely or not at all grooved, up to 2' in diameter; leaflets 15-19, ovate-lanceolate
to lanceolate, long-pointed. 6. J. Hindsii (G).
1. Juglans cinerea L. Butternut.
Leaves 15'-30' long, with stout pubescent petioles, and 11-17 oblong-lanceolate acute
or acuminate leaflets 2'-3' long, l'-2' wide, finely serrate except at the unequal rounded
170
TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
base, glandular and sticky as they unfold, at maturity thin, yellow-green and rugose above,
pale and soft-pubescent below; turning yellow or brown and falling early in the autumn.
Flowers: staminate in thick aments 3'-5' long; calyx usually 6-lobed, light yellow-green,
puberulous on the outer surface, f long, its bract rusty-pubescent, acute at apex;
stamens 8-12, with nearly sessile dark brown anthers and slightly lobed connectives;
pistillate in 6-8-flowered spikes, constricted above the middle, about %' long, its bract
and bractlets coated with sticky white or pink glandular hairs and rather shorter than
the linear-lanceolate calyx-lobes; stigmas bright red, \' long. Fruit in 3-5 fruited droop-
ing clusters, obscurely 2 or rarely 4-ridged, ovoid-oblong, coated with rusty clammy
matted hairs, l^'-2^' long with a thick husk; nut ovoid, abruptly contracted and acu-
minate at apex, with 4 prominent and 4 narrow less conspicuous ribs, light brown, deeply
sculptured between the ribs into thin broad irregular longitudinal plates, 2-celled at the
base and 1-celled above the middle; seed sweet, very oily, soon becoming rancid.
A tree, occasionally 100 high, with a tall straight trunk 2-3 in diameter, and some-
times free of branches for half its height; more frequently divided 20 or 30 above the
ground into many stout limbs spreading horizontally and forming a Moad low symmetrical
Ffe. 163
round-topped head, and dark orange-brown or bright green rather lustrous branchlets
coated at first with rufous pubescence, covered more or less thickly with pale lenticels,
gradually becoming puberulous, brown tinged with red or orange in their second year and
marked by light gray leaf-scars with large black fibro-vascular bundle-scars and elevated
bands of pale tomentum separating them from the lowest axillary bud. Winter-buds:
terminal ^'-f long, |' wide, flattened and obliquely truncate at apex, their outer scales
coated with short pale pubescence; axillary buds ovoid, flattened, rounded at apex, ' long,
covered with rusty brown or pale pubescence. Bark of young stems and of the branches
smooth and light gray, becoming on old trees f'-l' thick, light brown, deeply divided into
broad ridges separating on the surface into small appressed plate-like scales. Wood
light, soft, not strong, coarse-grained, light brown, turning darker with exposure, with
thin light-colored sapwood composed of 5 or 6 layers of annual growth ; largely employed
in the interior finish of houses, and for furniture. The inner bark possesses mild cathartic
properties. Sugar is made from the sap, and the green husks of the fruit are used to dye
cloth yellow or orange color.
Distribution. Rich moist soil near the banks of streams and on low rocky hills, southern
New Brunswick to the valley of the St. Lawrence River in Ontario, the northern penin-
sular of Michigan, southern Minnesota, eastern South Dakota, eastern Iowa, southeastern
Nebraska, and southward to central Kansas, northern Arkansas, Delaware, eastern
JUGLANDACE.E
171
Virginia, and on the Appalachian Mountains and their foothills to northern Georgia; in
northern Alabama, southern Illinois and western Tennessee; most abundant northward.
Occasionally cultivated.
X Juglans quadrangulata A. Rehd., a natural hybrid of J. cinerea and the so-called Eng-
lish Walnut (J. regia) is not uncommon in eastern Massachusetts, and a hybrid of /.
cinerea with the Japanese J. Sieboldiana Maxm. has appeared in the United States.
2. Juglans nigra L. Black Walnut.
Leaves l-2 long, with pubescent petioles, and 15-23 ovate-lanceolate leaflets 3'-3'
long, l'-lj' wide, long-pointed, sharply serrate except at the more or less rounded often
unequal base, thin, bright yellow-green, lustrous and glabrous above, soft-pubescent
below, especially along the slender midrib and primary veins; turning bright clear
yellow in the autumn before falling. Flowers: staminate in stout puberulous aments
$'-5' long, calyx rotund, 6-lobed, with nearly orbicular lobes concave and pubescent on the
outer surface, its bract ' long, nearly triangular, coated with rusty brown or pale
tomentum; stamens 20-30, arranged in many series, with nearly sessile purple and trun-
cate connectives; pistillate in 2-5 flowered spikes, ovoid, gradually narrowed at the apex,
j' long, their bract and bractlets coated below with pale glandular hairs and green and
Fig. 164
puberulous above, sometimes irregularly cut into a laciniate border, or reduced to an
obscure ring just below the apex of the ovary; calyx-lobes ovate, acute, light green, puber-
ulous on the outer, glabrous or pilose on the inner surface; stigmas yellow-green tinged
on the margins with red, '-f ' long. Fruit solitary or in pairs, globose, oblong and pointed
at apex, or slightly pyriform, light yellow-green, roughened by clusters of short pale artic-
ulate hairs, l|'-2' in diameter, with a thick husk; nut oval or oblong, slightly flattened,
l'-l^' in diameter, dark brown tinged with red, deeply divided on the outer surface into
thin or thick often interrupted irregular ridges, 4-celled at base and slightly 2-celled at the
apex; seed sweet, soon becoming rancid.
A tree, frequently 100 and occasionally 150 high, with a straight trunk often clear of
branches for 50-60 and 4-6 in diameter, thick limbs spreading gradually and forming
a comparatively narrow shapely round-topped head of mbstly upright rigid branches, and
stout branch lets covered at first with pale or rusty matted hairs, dull orange-brown and
pilose or puberulous during their first winter, marked by raised conspicuous orange-
colored lenticels and elevated pale leaf-scars, gradually growing darker and ultimately
light brown. Winter-buds: terminal ovoid, slightly flattened, obliquely rounded at apex,
coated with pale silky tomentum, long, with usually 4 obscurely pinnate scales; axillary
172 TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
!' long, tomentose, their outer scales opening at the apex during the winter. Bark of
young stems and branches light brown and covered with thin scales, becoming on old trees
2'-3' thick, dark brown slightly tinged with red, and deeply divided into broad rounded
ridges broken on the surface into thick appressed scales. Wood heavy, hard, strong,
rather coarse-grained, very durable, rich dark brown, with thin lighter colored sapwood
of 10-20 layers of annual growth; largely used in cabinet-making, the interior finish of
houses, gun-stocks, air-planes, and in boat and shipbuilding.
Distribution. Rich bottom-lands and fertile hillsides, western Massachusetts to south-
ern Ontario, southern Michigan, southeastern Minnesota, central and northern Nebraska,
central Kansas, eastern Oklahoma, and southward to western Florida, central Alabama and
Mississippi, and the valley of the San Antonio River, .Texas; most abundant in the region
west of the Alleghany Mountains, and of its largest size on the western slopes of the high
mountains of North Carolina and Tennessee, and on the fertile river bottom-lands of
southern Illinois and Indiana, southwestern Arkansas, and Oklahoma; largely destroyed
for its valuable timber, and now rare.
Occasionally cultivated as an ornamental tree in the eastern United States, and in west-
ern and central Europe. X Juglans intermedia Carr., a natural hybrid, of J. nigra with the
so-called English Walnut (J. regia) has appeared in the United States and Europe, and on
the banks of the James River in Virginia has grown to a larger size than any other re-
corded Walnut-tree. In California a hybrid, known as " Royal," between J. nigra and
J. Hindsti has been artificially produced.
3. Juglans major Hell. Nogal.
Juglans rupestris var. major Torr.
Juglans rupestris Sarg., in part, not Engelm.
Leaves 8'-12' long, with slender pubescent petioles and rachis, and 9-13 rarely 19 oblong-
lanceolate to ovate acuminate often slightly falcate coarsely serrate leaflets cuneate or
rounded at base, coated when they first appear with scurfy pubescence, soon becoming
Fig. 165
glabrous, or at maturity slightly pubescent on the midrib below, 3'-4', or those of the lower
pairs H'-2' long, and l'-lf wide, thin, yellow-green, with a thin conspicuous yellow midrib
and primary veins. Flowers: staminate in slender puberulous or pubescent aments 8'-10'
JUGLANDACE^E
173
long; calyx nearly orbicular, long-stalked, pale yellow-green, 5 or 6-lobed, the lobes ovate,
acute, hoary pubescent on the outer surface, their bract acute, coated with thick pale
tomentum; stamens 30-40, with nearly sessile yellow anthers, and slightly divided con-
nectives; pistillate not seen. Fruit subglobose to slightly ovoid or oblong, abruptly con-
tracted at apex into a short point (J. elaeopyren Dode), densely tomentose when half
grown, l'-l-|' in diameter, with a thin husk covered with close rufous pubescence; nut dark
brown or black, slightly compressed, usually rather broader than high, or ovoid, rounded
or bluntly acute at apex, rounded and sometimes depressed at base, longitudinally grooved
with broad deep grooves, thick shelled; seed small and sweet.
A tree sometimes 50 high, with a straight trunk occasionally 3-4 in diameter, or
divided at the ground into several large stems, stout branches forming a narrow head, and
slender branchlets thickly coated when they first appear with rufous pubescence, becoming
red-brown, pubescent or puberulous and marked by many small pale lenticels at the end
of their first season and ashy gray the following year.
Distribution. Banks of streams in the canons of central and southern New Mexico and
Arizona, and on Oak Creek near Flagstaff, Arizona on the Colorado plateau (P. Lowell).
4. Juglans rupestris Engelm. Walnut.
Leaves 9'-12' long, with slender pubescent or puberulous petioles and rachis, and 13-23
narrow lanceolate long-pointed usually falcate finely serrate leaflets entire or nearly entire
on their incurved margins, cuneate or rounded at base, thin, light green, glabrous or pubes-
Fig. 166
cent on the midrib below, 2'-3' long and i'-f wide. Flowers: staminate in slender
aments, 3'-!' long, pubescent when they first appear, becoming glabrous; calyx short-
stalked, nearly orbicular, light yellow-green, puberulous on the outer surface, 3-5-lobed
with rounded lobes, their bracts ovate-lanceolate, coated with hoary tomentum; stamens
about 20, with nearly sessile yellow anthers and slightly lobed connectives; pistillate flowers
oblong, narrowed at the ends, thickly coated with rufous pubescence; bract and bractlets
irregularly divided into a laciniate border rather shorter than the ovate acute calyx-lobes;
stigmas green tinged with red, %' long. Fruit globose or subglobose, tipped with the persis-
tent remnants of the calyx, pubescent or puberulous with rusty hairs, ^'-f in diameter,
with a thin husk; nut subglobose to slightly ovoid, sometimes obscurely 4-ridged from the
apex nearly to the middle (J. subrupestris Dode), deeply grooved with longitudinal sim-
ple or forked grooves, 4-celled at base, 2-celled at apex, thick shelled; seed small and
sweet.
A shrubby round-headed tree occasionally 20-30 high, with a short generally leaning
174
TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
trunk 18'-30' in diameter, usually branching from near the ground, and slender branchlets
coated with pale scurfy pubescence often persistent for two or three years, orange-red and
marked by pale lenticels in their first winter and ultimately ashy gray; often a shrub with
clustered stems only a few feet high. Winter-buds : terminal, \'-%' long, compressed, nar-
rowed and often oblique at apex, covered with pale tomentum; axillary \' long, compressed,
coated with pale pubescence. Wood heavy, hard, not strong, rich dark brown with thick
white sapwood. The beauty of the veneers obtained from the stumps of the large trees is
fast causing their destruction.
Distribution. Limestone banks of the streams of southern, central and western Texas
from the Rio Grande to the mountains in the western part of the state; western Oklahoma
(Kiowa, Greer, Beckham, Rogel, Mills and Ellis Counties); southeastern New Mexico.
Occasionally cultivated in the eastern United States and in Europe, and hardy as far
north as eastern Massachusetts; interesting as producing the smallest nuts of any of the
known Walnut-trees.
5. Juglans calif ornica S. Wats.
Leaves 6'-9' long, with glandular pubescent petioles and rachis, and 11-15, rarely 19,
oblong-lanceolate acute or acuminate glabrous finely serrate leaflets cuneate or rounded
at base, -%%' long and 5' f ' wide, the lower often rounded at apex. Flowers : staminate
in slender glabrous or puberulous aments 2'-3' long; calyx puberulous on the outer surface
with acute or rarely rounded lobes, its bract, puberulous; stamens 30-40, with yellow
anthers and short connectives bifid at apex; the pistillate subglobose, puberulous; stigmas
Fig. 167
yellow, y long. Fruit globose, $'-f ' in diameter, with a thin dark-colored puberulous husk;
nut nearly globose, deeply grooved with longitudinal grooves, thick shelled, 4-celled at base,
imperfectly 2-celled at apex; seed small and sweet.
A shrubby round-headed tree or shrub generally 12-20, rarely 40-50 high, usually
branching from the ground or with a short trunk 1 or rarely 2-3 in diameter, and slender
branchlets coated with scurfy rufous pubescence when they first appear, glabrous, reddish
brown and marked by pale lenticels at the end of their first season and gray the following
year. Winter-buds coated with rufous tomentum.
Distribution. Banks of streams and bottom-lands in the southern California coast
region from Santa Barbara and the Ojai valley to San Fernando and the Sierra Santa
Monica, and along the foothills of the Sierra Madre to the San Bernardino Mountains and
southward to the Sierra Santa Anna.
JUGLANDACE^E
175
A curious seminal variety (var. quercina Babcock) with compound leaves composed of
3 oval leaflets, the terminal long-stalked and 2 or 3 times larger than the lateral leaflets,
is occasionally cultivated in California.
6. Juglans Hindsii Rehxl.
Juglans californica S. Wats., in part.
Juglans californica var. Hindsii Jep.
Leaves 9'-12' long, with slender villose pubescent petioles and rachis, and 15-19, usually
19, ovate-lanceolate to lanceolate long-pointed often slightly falcate leaflets, serrate with
remote teeth except toward the usually rounded cuneate or rarely cordate base, thin,
puberulous above while young, becoming bright green, lustrous and glabrous on the upper
Fig. 168
surface, below furnished with conspicuous tufts of pale hairs, and villose-pubescent along
the midrib and primary veins, 2'-4' long and f '-!' wide. Flowers : staminate in slender
glabrous or sparingly villose aments 3'-5' long; calyx elongated, coated like its bract with
scurfy pubescence, divided into 5 or 6 acute lobes; stamens 30-40, with short connectives
bifid at apex; ovary of the pistillate flower oblong-ovoid, thickly covered with villose pubes-
cence, f ' long, the border of the thin bract and bractlets much shorter than the calyx-lobes;
stigma yellow. Fruit globose, lj'-2' in diameter, with a thin dark-colored husk covered
with short soft pubescence; nut nearly globose, somewhat flattened at the ends, faintly
grooved with remote longitudinal depressions, thick shelled; seed small and sweet.
A tree usually 30-40, occasionally 75 high, with a tall trunk l-2 in diameter, stout
pendulous branches forming a narrow round-topped head, and comparatively slender
branchlets thickly coated when they first appear with villose pubescence, reddish brown and
puberulous, and marked by pale lenticels and small elevated obscurely 3-lobed leaf scars
during their first winter, becoming darker and nearly glabrous in their second year. Win-
ter-buds coated with hoary tomentum; terminal acute, compressed, more or less enlarged
at apex, %'~ l n g' axillary usually solitary, nearly globose, about T y in diameter. Bark
gray-brown, smoothish, longitudinally fissured into narrow plates. Wood heavy, hard,
rather coarse-grained, dark brown often mottled, with thick pale sapwood of from 8 to
10 layers of annual growth.
176 TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
Distribution. Coast region of central California; banks of the lower Sacramento River;
along streams near the western base of Mt. Diabolo, and on eastern slope of the Napa
Range near Atlas Peak east of Napa Valley; near Loyalton in the Sierra Valley.
Often cultivated in California as a shade tree and as stock on which to graft varieties
of Juglans regia L., and rarely in the eastern states and in Europe. In California, a hybrid
known as " Paradox " between J. Hindsii and J. regia has been artificially produced.
2. CARYA NUTT. Hickory.
Hicoria Rafn.
Trees, with smooth gray bark becoming on old trunks rough or scaly, strong hard tough
brown heartwood, pale sapwood and tough terete flexible branchlets, solid pith, buds covered
with few valvate or with numerous imbricated scales, the axillary buds much smaller than
the terminal. Leaves often glandular-dotted, their petioles sometimes persistent on the
branches during the winter, and in falling leaving large elevated oblong or semiorbicular
more or less 3-lobed emarginate leaf-scars displaying small marginal clusters and central
radiating lines of dark fibre-vascular bundle-scars; leaflets involute in the bud, ovate or
obovate, usually acuminate, thick and firm, serrate, mostly unequal at base, with veins
forked and running to the margins; turning clear bright yellow in the autumn. Aments of
the staminate flowers ternate, slender, solitary or fascicled in the axils of leaves of the
previous or rarely of the current year, or at the base of branches of the year from the
inner scales of the terminal bud, the lateral branches in the axils of lanceolate acute per-
sistent bracts; calyx usually 2 rarely 3-lobed, its bract free nearly to the base and usually
much longer than the ovate rounded or acuminate calyx-lobes; stamens 3-10, in 2 or 3
series, their anthers ovate-oblong, emarginate or divided at apex, yellow or red, pilose or
hirsute, as long or longer than their slender connectives; pistillate flowers sessile, in 2-10-
flowered spikes, with a perianth-like involucre, slightly 4-ridged, unequally 4-lobed at apex,
villose and covered on the outer surface with yellow scales more or less persistent on the
fruit, the bract much longer than the bractlets and the single calyx-lobe; stigmas short,
papillose-stigmatic. Fruit ovoid, globose or pyriform, with a thin or thick husk becoming hard
and woody at maturity, 4-valved, the sutures alternate with those of the nut, sometimes
more or less broadly winged, splitting to the base or to the middle; nut oblong, obovoid
or subglobose, acute, acuminate, or rounded at apex, tipped by the hardened remnants of
the style, narrowed and usually rounded at base, cylinclric, or compressed contrary to the
valves, the shell thin and brittle or thick, hard, and bony, smooth or variously rugose or
ridged on the outer surface, 4-celled at base, 2-celled at apex. Seed compressed, variously
grooved on the back of the flat or concave lobes, sweet or bitter.
Carya is confined to the temperate region of eastern North America from the valley
of the St. Lawrence River to the highlands of Mexico, and to southern China where one
species occurs. Of the seventeen species, fifteen inhabit the territory of the United States.
The generic name is from Kapva an ancient name of the Walnut.
CONSPECTUS OF THE SPECIES OF THE UNITED STATES.
Bud-scales valvate, the inner strap-shaped and only occasionally slightly accrescent; fruit
more or less broadly winged at the sutures; the thin partitions of the nut containing
cavities filled with dark astringent powder (absent in 3 and 5).
Shell of the nut thin and brittle; leaflets more or less falcate.
Aments of staminate flowers nearly sessile, usually on branches of the previous year:
lobes of the seed entire or slightly notched at apex.
Leaflets 9-17; nut ovoid-oblong, cylindric; seed sweet. 1. C. pecan (A, C).
Leaflets 7-13; nut oblong, compressed; seed bitter. 2. C. texana (C).
Aments of staminate flowers pedunculate, on branches of the year or of the previous
year; lobes of the bitter seed deeply 2-lobed.
JUGLANDACE^E 177
Leaflets 7-9; nut cylindric or slightly compressed. 3. C. cordiformis (A, C).
Leaflets 7-13; nut compressed, usually conspicuously wrinkled. 4. C. aquatica (C).
Shell of the ellipsoidal cylindric nut thick and hard; lobes of the sweet seed deeply 2-lobed;
leaflets 7-9, occasionally 5, rarely slightly falcate; aments of staminate flowers long-
pedunculate at the base of branches of the year. ' 5. C. myristicaefonnis (C).
Bud-scales imbricated, the inner becoming much enlarged and often highly colored; aments
of staminate flowers on peduncles from the base of branches of the year, rarely from the
axils of leaves; fruit usually without wings; partitions of the nut thick without cavities
filled with astringent powder; seed sweet, its lobes deeply 2-lobed.
Branchlets usually stout (slender in 7); involucre \'-%' in thickness, opening freely
to the base.
Bark on old trunks separating into long, broad, loosely attached plates; nuts pale.
Branchlets light red-brown; shell of the nut thin.
Leaflets 5 or rarely 7, obovate to ovate, acute or acuminate; nut much compressed,
often long-pointed at apex; branchlets glabrous or pubescent. 6. C. ovata (A, C).
Leaflets 5, lanceolate, acuminate; nut little compressed, acute at apex; branchlets
slender, glabrous. 7. C. carolinae-septentrionalis (C).
Branchlets pale orange color, pubescent; leaflets usually 7-9; shell of the nut thick.
8. C. laciniosa (A, C).
Bark not scaly, on old trunks dark, deeply ridged; leaflets 7-9, often subcoriaceous,
pubescent below; nut reddish brown, often long-pointed, thick shelled; branchlets
pubescent. 9. C. alba (A, C).
Branchlets slender; leaves 5-7-foliolate; involucre of the fruit tardily dehiscent to the
middle, indehiscent or opening freely to the base; shell of the nut thick, bark close,
(sometimes scaly in 13).
Branchlets and leaves not covered when they first appear with rusty brown pubescence.
Involucre of the fruit 3-5.5 mm. in thickness, opening freely to the base, leaves
usually 7-foliolate; winter-buds pubescent.
Leaflets hoary tomentose below in early spring, slightly pubescent at maturity;
petioles and rachis glabrous; fruit broad-obovoid; branchlets glabrous.
10. C. leiodermis (C).
Leaflets covered in early spring with silvery scales, pale and pubescent below
during the season; petioles and rachis more or less thickly covered with fasci-
cled hairs; fruit ellipsoidal to obovoid or globose; branchlets glabrous or
slightly pubescent. 11. C. pallida (A, C).
Involucre of the fruit 1-3 mm. in thickness; winter-buds glabrous or puberulous.
Leaves 5, rarely 7-foliolate, glabrous or rarely slightly pubescent; fruit obovoid,
often narrowed below into a stipitate base, the involucre indehiscent or tardily
dehiscent. 12. C. glabra (A, C).
Leaves generally 7-foliolate, glabrous or rarely pubescent; fruit ellipsoidal, sub-
globose or obovoid, the involucre opening freely to the base; bark often more
or less scaly. 13. C. ovalis (A, C).
Branchlets and leaves densely covered when they first appear with rusty brown pubes-
cence; leaflets usually 5-7; winter-buds rusty pubescent.
Fruit obovoid; the involucre 2-3 mm. in thickness; peduncles of the aments of
staminate flowers often from the axils of leaves; branchlets soon becoming
glabrous. 14. C. floridana (C).
Fruit subglobose to broadly obovoid, ellipsoidal or pyriform, the involucre on the
different varieties 2-13 mm. in thickness; branchlets pubescent through their
first season. 15. C. Buckley! (A, C).
1. Carya pecan Asch. & Gr. Pecan.
Leaves 12'-20' long, with slender glabrous or pubescent petioles, and 9-17 lanceolate to
rag-lanceolate more or less falcate long-pointed coarsely often doubly serrate leaflets
178
TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
rounded or cuneate at the unequal base, sessile, except the terminal leaflet, or short-stalked,
dark yellow-green and glabrous or pilose above, and pale and glabrous or pubescent below,
4 '-8' long, l'-3' wide, with a narrow yellow midrib and conspicuous veins. Flowers:
stamina te in slender puberulous clustered aments 3'-5' long, from buds formed in the axils
of leaves of the previous year or occasionally on shoots of the year, sessile or short-stalked,
light yellow-green and hirsute on the outer surface, with broadly ovate acute lobes rather
shorter than the oblong or obovate bract; stamens 5' or 6'; anthers yellow, slightly villose;
pistillate in few or many flowered spikes, oblong, narrowed at the ends, slightly 4-angled
and coated with yellow scurfy pubescence. Fruit in clusters of 3-11, pointed at apex,
rounded at the narrowed base, 4-winged and angled, l'-2^' long, %'-l' broad, dark brown
and more or less thickly covered with yellow scales, with a thin, brittle husk splitting at
maturity nearly to the base and often persistent on the branch during the winter after the
discharge of the nut; nut ovoid to ellipsoidal, nearly cylindric or slightly 4-angled toward
the pointed apex, rounded and usually apiculate at base, bright reddish brown, with irreg-
Fig. 169
ular black markings with a thin shell and papery partitions; seed sweet, red-brown, its
nearly flat lobes grooved from near the base to the apex by 2 deep longitudinal grooves.
A tree, 100-180 high, with a tall massive trunk occasionally 6 or 7 in diameter above
its enlarged and buttressed base, stout slightly spreading branches forming in the forest
a narrow symmetrical and inversely pyramidal head, or with abundant room a broad
round-topped crown, and branchlets at first slightly tinged with red and coated with loose
pale tomentum, becoming glabrous or puberulous in their first winter, and marked by
numerous oblong orange-colored lenticels and by large oblong concave leaf-scars with
a broad thin membranaceous border surrounding the lower axillary bud. Winter-
buds acute, compressed, covered with clusters of bright yellow articulate hairs and pale
tomentum; terminal \' long; axillary ovoid, often stalked, especially the large upper
bud. Bark l'-l|' thick, light brown tinged with red, and deeply and irregularly divided
into narrow forked ridges broken on the surface into thick appressed scales. Wood heavy,
hard, not strong, brittle, coarse-grained, light brown tinged with red, with thin light brown
sap wood; less valuable than that of most Hickories, and used chiefly for fuel, and occa-
sionally in the manufacture of wagons and agricultural implements. The nuts, which
vary in size and shape and in the thickness of their shells and in the quality of the kernels,
are an important article of commerce.
Distribution. Low rich .ground in the neighborhood of streams; in the valley of the Mis-
sissippi River, Iowa (Clinton and Muscatine Counties), southern Illinois, southwestern
JUGLANDACE.E
179
Indiana (Sullivan and Spencer Counties), western Kentucky and Tennessee, western Mis-
sissippi and Louisiana, extreme western and southwestern Missouri (Jackson County south-
ward, common only on the Marias de Cygne River), eastern Kansas to Kickapoo Island
in the Missouri River near Fort Leavenworth, Oklahoma to the valley of the Salt Fork
of the Arkansas River (near Alva Woods County) and to creek valleys near Cache, Co-
manche County (G. W. Stevens), through Arkansas; and in Texas to the valley of the Devil's
River and to that of Warder's Creek, Hardiman County; reappearing on the mountains of
Mexico; most abundant and of its largest size in southern Arkansas and eastern Texas.
Largely cultivated in the Southern States, in many selected varieties, for its valuable
nuts.
2. Carya texana Schn. Bitter Pecan.
Leaves 10'-12' long, with slender petioles, and 7-13 lanceolate acuminate finely serrate
leaflets, hoary-tomentose when they unfold, and more or less villose in the autumn, thin
and firm, dark yellow-green and nearly glabrous above, pale yellow-green and puberulous
below, 3' -5' long, about 1^' wide, the terminal leaflet gradually narrowed to the acute base
and short-stalked, the lateral often falcate, unsymmetrical at the base, subsessile or short-
Fig. 170
stalked. Flowers: staminate in villose aments 2'-3' long, light yellow-green and villose
on the outer surface, with oblong-ovate rounded lobes; pistillate in few fruited spikes,
oblong, slightly 4-angled, villose. Fruit oblong or oblong-obovoid, apiculate at apex,
slightly 4-winged at base, dark brown, more or less covered with yellow scales, l'-2' long,
with a thin husk; nut oblong-ovoid or oblong-obovoid, compressed, acute at the ends,
short-pointed at apex, apiculate at base, obscurely 4-angled, bright red-brown, rough and
pitted, with a thin brittle shell, thin papery walls, and a low basal ventral partition; seed
very bitter, bright red-brown, flattened, its lobes rounded and slightly divided at apex,
longitudinally grooved and deeply penetrated on the outer face by the prominent reticu-
lated folds of the inner surface of the shell of the nut.
A tree, sometimes 100 high on the bottoms of the Brazos River, with a tall straight
trunk 3 in diameter, and ascending branches, or on the borders of prairies in low wet
woods usually 15-25 tall, with a short trunk 8'-10' in diameter, small spreading branches
forming a narrow round-topped head, and slender branchlets coated at first with thick
hoary tomentum sometimes persistent until the autumn, bright red-brown and marked by
occasional large pale lenticels during their first winter and by the large concave obcordate
leaf-scars nearly surrounding the lowest axillary bud, becoming darker in their second
season and dark or light gray-brown in their third year. Winter-buds covered with light
180 TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
yellow articulate hairs; the terminal oblong, acute, or acuminate, somewhat compressed,
about j' long, and rather longer than the upper lateral bud. Bark |'-f ' thick, light reddish
brown, and roughened by closely appressed variously shaped plate-like scales. Wood
close-grained, tough and strong, light red-brown, with pale brown sapwood.
Distribution. Bottom-lands and low wet woods; valley of the lower Brazos River,
Texas; near Lake Charles, Calcasieu Parish, and Laurel Hill, West Feliciana Parish, Lou-
isiana; near Natchez, Adams County, Mississippi; valley of the Arkansas River (Arkansas
Post, Arkansas County, and Van Buren, Crawford County), Arkansas.
3. Carya cordiformis K. Koch. Pignut. Bitternut.
Leaves 6'-10' long, with slender pubescent or hirsute petioles, and 7-9 lanceolate to
ovate-lanceolate or obovate long-pointed sessile leaflets coarsely serrate except at the
equally or unequally cuneate or subcordate base, thin and firm, dark yellow-green and gla-
brous above, lighter and pubescent below, especially along the midrib, 4 '-6' long, f'-li'
wide, or occasionally 2'-4' wide (var. latifolia Sarg.). Flowers: staminate in slightly
Fig. 171
pubescent aments, 3'-4' long, coated with rufous hairs like its ovate acute bract; stamens
4, with yellow anthers deeply emarginate and villose at apex; pistillate in 1 or 2-flowered
spikes, slightly 4-angled, covered with yellow scurfy tomentum. Fruit cylindric or slightly
compressed, f'-U' long, obovoid to subglobose, or oblong and acute at apex (var. elongata
Ashe), 4-winged from the apex to about the middle, with a thin puberulous husk, more or
less thickly coated with small yellow scales; nut ovoid or oblong, often broader than long,
compressed and marked at base with dark lines along the sutures and alternate with them,
depressed or obcordate, and abruptly contracted into a long or short point at apex, gray
tinged with red or light reddish brown, with a thin brittle shell; seed bright reddish brown,
very bitter, much compressed, deeply rugose, with irregular cross-folds.
A tree, often 100 high, with a tall straight trunk 2-3 in diameter, stout spreading
branches forming a broad handsome head, and slender branchlets marked by oblong
pale lenticels, bright green and covered more or less thickly with rusty hairs when they first
appear, reddish brown and glabrous or puberulous during their first summer, reddish
brown and lustrous during the winter and ultimately light gray, with small elevated ob-
scurely 3-lobed obcordate leaf-scars. Winter-buds compressed, scurfy pubescent, bright
yellow; terminal |'-f' long, oblique at apex, with 2 pairs of scales; lateral 2-angled, often
stalked, f'-J' long, with ovate pointed slightly accrescent scales keeled on the back.
Bark \'-\' thick, light brown tinged with red, and broken into thin plate-like scales sepa-
JUGLANDACE^E 181
rating on the surface into small thin flakes. Wood heavy, very hard, strong, tough, close-
grained, dark brown, with thick light brown or often nearly white sapwood; largely used
for hoops and ox-yokes, and for fuel.
Distribution. Low wet woods near the borders of streams and swamps or on high rolling
uplands often remote from streams, southern Maine to Quebec and Ontario, the northern
shores of the Lower Peninsula of Michigan, northern Minnesota, southeastern Nebraska,
eastern Kansas, eastern Oklahoma, and southward to northwestern Florida, Dallas County,
Alabama, and eastern Texas; generally distributed, but not very abundant in all the cen-
tral states east and west of the Appalachian Mountains; ranging farther north than the
other species, and growing to its largest size on the bottom-lands of the lower Ohio basin;
the common Hickory of Iowa, Nebraska, and Kansas.
A natural hybrid, X C. Brownii Sarg. of C. cordif&rmis with C. pecan, with characters
intermediate between those of its supposed parents, occurs on bottom-land of the Ar-
kansas River near Van Buren, Crawford County, Arkansas. Probably of the same parent-
age is the so-called Galloway Nut found in Hamilton County, Ohio. Another hybrid,
X C. Brownii var. varians Sarg., probably of the same parentage also, occurs near Van
Buren. X C. Laneyi Sarg., a natural hybrid evidently of C. cordifarmis with C. ovata, has
been found in Rochester, New York, and trees considered varieties of the same hybrid,
var. chateaugayensis Sarg., occur near the mouth of the Chateaugay River, Province of
Quebec, and at Summertown, Ontario.
4. Carya aquatica Nutt. Water Hickory.
Leaves 9'-15' long, with slender dark red puberulous or tomentose petioles, and 7-13
ovate-lanceolate long-pointed falcate leaflets symmetrical and rounded or cuneate and un-
symmetrical and oblique at base, finely or coarsely serrate, sessile or stalked, 3'-5' long,
Fig. 172
f'-l|' wide, covered with yellow glandular dots, thin, dark green above, brown and lus-
trous or tomentose on the lower surface, especially on the slender midrib and primary
veins, the terminal leaflet more or less decurrent by its wedge-shaped base on a slender
stalk or rarely nearly sessile. Flowers: staminate in solitary or fascicled hirsute aments
2|'-3' long, covered like their bract with yellow glandular pubescence; stamens 6, with
yellow puberulous anthers; pistillate in several flowered spikes, oblong, slightly flat-
tened, 4-angled, glandular-pubescent. Fruit often in 3 or 4-fruited clusters, much com-
pressed, usually broadest above the middle, rounded at the slightly narrowed base, rounded
or abruptly narrowed at apex, conspicuously 4-winged, dark brown or nearly black, covered
182 TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
more or Jess thickly with bright yellow scales, 1^' long, l'-lj' wide, with a thin brittle
husk splitting tardily and usually only to the middle; nut flattened, slightly obovoid,
nearly as broad as long, rounded and abruptly short-pointed at apex, rounded at the nar-
row base, 4-angled and ridged, dark reddish brown, and longitudinally and very irregularly
wrinkled, with a thin shell; seed oblong, compressed, dark brown, irregularly and usually
longitudinally furrowed, very bitter.
A tree, occasionally 80-100 high, with a trunk rarely exceeding 2 in diameter, slender
upright branches forming a narrow head, and slender dark reddish brown or ashy gray
lustrous branchlets marked by numerous pale lenticels, at first slightly glandular and
coated with loose pale tomentum, glabrous or puberulous during the summer, and marked
during the winter by small nearly oval or obscurely 3-lobed slightly elevated leaf-scars,
growing dark red-brown and ultimately gray. Winter-buds slightly flattened, acute,
dark reddish brown, covered with caducous yellow scales; terminal i'-j' long, often
villose; axillary much smaller, frequently nearly sessile, often solitary. Bark \'-\' thick,
separating freely into long loose plate-like light brown scales tinged with red. Wood heavy,
strong, close-grained, rather brittle, dark brown, with thick light-colored or often nearly
white sapwood; occasionally used for fencing and fuel.
Distribution. River swamps often inundated during a considerable part of the year from
southeastern Virginia southward through the coast regions to the shores of Indian River
and the valley of the Suwanee River, Florida, through the maritime portions of the Gulf
states to the valley of the Brazos River, Texas, and northward through western Louisiana
to southeastern Missouri, and to northeastern Louisiana, western Mississippi, and the valley
of the lower Wabash River, Illinois; passing into the var. australis Sarg. with narrower
leaflets, smaller ellipsoidal fruit, pale red-brown nuts without longitudinal wrinkles, and
with close not scaly bark of the trunk. A large tree in dry sandy soil; high banks of the
St. John's River, near San Mateo, Putnam County, near Jupiter, Palm Beach County,
banks of the Caloosahatchie River at Alma, Lee County, and Old Town, Lafayette
County, Florida; near Marshall, Harrison County, Texas.
5. Carya myristicaeformis Nutt. Nutmeg Hickory.
Leaves 7'-14' long, with slender terete scurfy-pubescent petioles, and 7-9, occasionally
5, ovate-lanceolate to broadly obovate acute leaflets usually equally or sometimes un-
equally cuneate or rounded at the narrow base, coarsely serrate, short-stalked or nearly
Fig. 173
sessile, thin and firm, dark green above, more or less pubescent or nearly glabrous and sil-
very white and very lustrous below, 4'-5' long, 1'-!$' wide, with a pale scurfy pubescent
JUGLANDACE^E
183
midrib; changing late in the season to bright golden-bronze color and then very conspicu-
ous. Flowers: staminate in aments 3'-4' long and coated like the ovate-oblong acute
bract and calyx of the flower with dark brown scurfy pubescence; stamens 6, with yellow
anthers; pistillate oblong, narrowed at the ends, slightly 4-angled, covered with thick
brown scurfy pubescence. Fruit usually solitary, ellipsoidal or slightly obovoid, 4-ridge"d
to the base, with broad thick ridges, 1|' long, coated with yellow-brown scurfy pubescence,
the husk not more than ^V thick, splitting nearly ^o the base; nut ellipsoidal or some-
times slightly obovoid, 1' long, f ' broad, rounded and apiculate at the ends, smooth, dark
reddish brown, and marked by longitudinal broken bands of small gray spots covering
the entire surface at the ends with a thick hard and bony shell, a thick partition, and a
low thin dorsal division; seed sweet, small, dark brown; the lobes deeply 2-lobed at apex.
A tree, 80-100 high, with a tall straight trunk often 2 in diameter, stout slightly
spreading branches forming a comparatively narrow rather open head, and slender branch-
lets coated with lustrous golden or brown scales often persistent until the second year,
light brown or ashy gray during their first winter, ultimately dark reddish brown, and
marked by small scattered pale lenticels and small oval emarginate elevated leaf-scars.
Winter-buds covered with thick brown scurvy pubescence; terminal \'-\' long, ovoid,
rather obtuse; axillary much smaller, acute, slightly flattened, sessile or short-stalked,
often solitary. Bark |'-f ' thick, dark brown tinged with red, and broken irregularly into
small thin appressed scales. Wood hard, very strong, tough, close-grained, light brown,
with thick lighter colored sapwood of 80-90 layers of annual growth.
Distribution. Banks of rivers and swamps in rich moist soil or rarely on higher ground;
eastern South Carolina, central Alabama, eastern, and northwestern (bluffs of the Yazoo
River at Yazoo City) Mississippi, southern Arkansas, western Louisiana, southeastern
Oklahoma to Clear Boggy Creek, western Choctaw County, and in Beaumont County,
Texas; on the mountains of northeastern Mexico; rare and local; abundant only in southern
Arkansas.
6. Carya ovata K. Koch. Shellbark Hickory. Shagbark Hickory.
Leaves 8'-14' long, with stout glabrous or pubescent petioles, and 5 or rarely 7 ovate
to ovate-lanceolate or obovate leaflets, acuminate or rarely rounded at apex, more or less
Fig. 174
thickly ciliate on the margins, finely serrate except toward the usually cuneate base, dark
yellow- green and glabrous above, paler, glabrous and lustrous or puberulous below, the
terminal leaflet decurrent on a slender stalk, 5'-7' long, 2'-3' wide, rather larger than the
sessile or short-stalked upper leaflets, and two or three times as large as those of the lowest
184 TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
/
pair. Flowers: staminate opening after the leaves have grown nearly to their full size, in
slender light green glandular-hirsute aments 4'-5' long, glandular-hirsute, their elongated
ovate-lanceolate acute bract two or three times as long as the ovate concave rounded or
acute calyx-lobes; stamens 4, with yellow or red anthers hirsute above the middle; pistillate
in 2-5-flowered spikes, -5' long, clothed with rusty tomentum. Fruit solitary or in pairs,
subglobose, rather longer than broad or slightly obovoid, depressed at apex, dark reddish
brown or nearly black at maturity, roughened by small pale lenticels, glabrous or pilose,
l'-2^' long, the husk, f |' thick, splitting freely to the base; nut oblong, nearly twice as
long as broad, or obovoid and broader than long, compressed, prominently or obscurely
4-ridged and angled, acute and gradually or abruptly narrowed or rounded or nearly
truncate at apex, gradually narrowed and rounded at base, pale or nearly white, with a
usually thin shell; seed light brown, lustrous, sweet, with an aromatic flavor.
A tree, 70-90 and occasionally 120 high, with a tall straight trunk 3-4 in diameter,
in the forest often free of branches for 50-60 above the ground and then divided into a
few small limbs forming a narrow head, or with more space sometimes dividing near the
ground or at half the height of the tree into stout slightly spreading limbs, forming a
narrow inversely conic round-topped head of more or less pendulous branches, and stout
branchlets marked with oblong pale lenticels, covered at first with caducous brown scurf
and coated with pale glandular pubescence, soon bright reddish brown, and lustrous, gla-
brous or pubescent, growing dark gray in their second year and ultimately light gray, and
marked by pale and slightly elevated ovate semiorbicular or obscurely 3-lobed leaf-scars.
Winter-buds: terminal broadly ovoid, rather obtuse, |'-f long, '-' broad, the 3 or 4
outer scales nearly triangular, acute, dark brown, pubescent and hirsute on the outer
surface, the exterior scales often abruptly narrowed into long rigid points and deciduous
before the unfolding of the leaves, the inner scales lustrous, covered with resinous glands,
yellow-green often tinged with red, oblong-obovate, pointed, becoming 2'-3' long and
5' broad, usually persistent until after the fall of the staminate aments; axillary buds
coated at first with thick white tomentum, becoming \'-% long when fully grown. Bark
light gray, f'-l' thick, separating in thick plates often a foot or more long and 6'-8' wide,
and more or less closely attached to the trunk by the middle, giving it the shaggy appear-
ance to which this tree owes its common name. Wood heavy, very hard and strong, tough,
close-grained, flexible, light brown, with thin nearly white sap wood; largely used in the
manufacture of agricultural implements, carriages, wagons, and for axe-handles, baskets,
and fuel. The nut is the common Hickory nut of commerce.
Distribution. Low hills and the neighborhood of streams and swamps in rich deep
moderately moist soil; southern Maine to the valley of the St. Lawrence River near Mon-
treal, along the northern shores of Lakes Erie and Ontario to central Michigan, central
Wisconsin, southeastern Minnesota, eastern Iowa and southeastern Nebraska, and south-
ward to western Florida, northern Alabama and Mississippi, and to eastern Kansas, eastern
Oklahoma, and eastern Texas; ranging further north than other Hickories with the excep-
tion of C. cordiformis ; and in the Carolinas ascending to 3000 above the sea in valleys on
the western slope of the Blue Ridge. Variable in the size and shape of the nut and in the
character and amount of pubescence on the leaves and branchlets. These varieties are
distinguished: var. Nuttallii Sarg., with nuts rounded, obcordate or rarely pointed at
apex, rounded or abruptly pointed at base, much compressed, and only about f ' long and
\'-\' broad; not rare and widely distributed northward. Var. complanata Sarg., with
oblong-obovoid fruit and broadly obovoid much compressed slightly angled nuts cuneate
at base and rounded, truncate or slightly obcordate at apex; a single tree on the Drushel
Farm near Mt. Hope, Holmes County, Ohio. Var. ellipsoidalis Sarg., with ellipsoidal
much compressed nuts abruptly long-pointed at apex, and slender reddish branchlets;
near Hannibal, Marion County, and Oakwood, Rolles County, northeastern Missouri,
and Indian River, Lewis County, and near Rochester, Munroe County, New York. Var.
pubescens Sarg., differing in the dense pubescence of pale fascicled hairs on the young
branchlets, and on the petioles, rachis and under surface of the leaflets; bottoms of the
JUGLANDACE^E
185
Savannah River, Calhoun Falls, Abbeville County, South Carolina, bottom of Little
River, Walker County, Georgia, Chattanooga Creek, Hamilton County, Tennessee,
Valley Head, DeKalb County, Alabama, and Columbus, Lowndes County, Starkville,
Oktibbeha County, and Brookville, Noxubee County, Mississippi. More distinct is
Carya ovata var. fraxinifolia Sarg.
Leaves 7'-9' long, with slender glabrous or puberulous petioles and 5 lanceolate to
slightly oblanceolate acuminate finely serrate leaflets glabrous except on the under side of
the midrib, the terminal leaflet 4 / -7 / long and 1|'-1' wide, the lateral sessile, unsymmetri-
Fig. 175
cal at base, those of the upper pair often larger than the terminal leaflet, those of the lower
pair 2'-2|' long and l'-l|' wide. Flowers as in the species. Fruit obovoid, usually
rounded at apex, compressed, about If long, the husk splitting freely to the base, '-'
in thickness; nut much compressed, rounded at the ends, prominently angled.
A large tree with bark separating in long loose plates, and slender reddish glabrous or
puberulous branchlets.
Distribution. Near Rochester, Munroe County, New York; common; near Kingston,
Ontario, and westward through Ohio and Indiana; at Keosauqua, Van Buren County,
Iowa, and near Myers, Osage County, Oklahoma.
7. Carya carolinae-septentrionalis Schn. Shagbark Hickory.
Leaves 4 '-8' long, with slender glabrous petioles, and usually 5 but occasionally 3 lanceo-
late long-pointed leaflets gradually narrowed at the acuminate symmetrical or unsymmetri-
cal base, coarsely serrate, ciliate with long white hairs as the leaves unfold, thin, dark green
above, pale yellow-green and lustrous below, the upper leaflets 3'-4' long, I'-l^' wide, and
about twice as large as those of the lower pair, turning dull brown or yellow-brown some
time before falling. Flowers: staminate in slightly villose aments, glandular-hirsute on
the outer surface, with linear elongated acuminate villose bracts; stamens 4; anthers
puberulous; pistillate usually in 2-flowered spikes, oblong and covered with clustered golden
hairs, their bract linear and ciliate on the margins. Fruit broader than high, or short-
oblong, slightly depressed at apex, f '-If wide, dark red-brown, roughened by small pale
lenticels, the husk f'-f' thick, splitting freely almost to the base; nut ovoid, compressed,
prominently 4-angled, acute at ends, nearly white or pale brown, with a thin shell; seed
light brown, sweet.
A tree, on moist bottom-lands sometimes 80 tall, with a trunk 2-3 in diameter, and
186
TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
short small branches forming a narrow oblong head, or on dry hillsides usually not more
than 20-30 tall, with a trunk generally not exceeding a foot in diameter, and slender
red-brown branchlets marked by numerous small pale lenticels and by the small low
truncate or slightly obcordate leaf-scars, becoming ultimately dull gray-brown. Winter-
buds: terminal ovoid, gradually narrowed to the obtuse apex, about ' long, with glabrous
bright red-brown and lustrous acute and apiculate strongly keeled spreading outer scales,
the inner scales becoming when fully grown bright yellow, long-pointed, and sometimes 2'
Fig. 176
long; axillary buds oblong, obtuse, not more than T y long. Bark light gray, |'-f ' thick,
separating freely into thick plates often a foot or more long, 3' or 4' wide, and long-persist-
ent, giving to the trunk the shaggy appearance pf the northern Shagbark Hickory. Wood
hard, strong, very tough, light reddish brown, with thin nearly white sapwood.
Distribution. Dry limestone hills, river-bottoms and low flat often inundated woods,
frequently in clay soil; central North Carolina to northern Georgia, and through western
North Carolina to eastern Tennessee, eastern Mississippi, and in Cullman and Dallas
Counties, Alabama.
8. Carya laciniosa Schn. Big Shellbark. King Nut.
Leaves 15'-22' long, with stout glabrous or pubescent petioles often persistent on the
branches during the winter, and 5-9, usually 7, ovate to oblong-lanceolate or broadly
obovate leaflets, the upper 5'-9' long and 3'-5' wide and generally two or three times as
large as those of the lowest pair, usually equilateral and acuminate at apex, equally or un-
equally cuneate or rounded at the often oblique base, finely serrate, sessile or short-stalked,
dark green and lustrous above, pale yellow-green or bronzy brown and covered with soft
pubescence below. Flowers: staminate in aments 5 '-8' long, glabrous or covered with
rufous scurfy tomentum, with linear-lanceolate acute bracts two or three times as long
as the broad rounded calyx-lobes; anthers hirsute, yellow, more or less deeply emarginate;
pistillate in 2-5-flowered spikes, oblong-ovoid, about twice as long as broad, slightly
angled, clothed with pale tomentum, their linear bracts acute much longer than the nearly
triangular bractlets and calyx-lobe. Fruit solitary or in pah's, ellipsoidal, ovoid or sub-
globose, depressed at apex, roughened with minute orange-colored lenticels, downy or
glabrous, light orange-colored or dark chestnut-brown at maturity, If '-2^' long and If '-2'
broad, with a hard woody husk pale and marked on the inside with dark delicate veins, and
\'-\' thick; nut ellipsoidal or slightly obovoid, longer than broad or sometimes broader
than long, flattened and rounded at the ends, or gradually narrowed and rounded at base
JUGLANDACE^E
187
and occasionally acuminate at apex, more or less compressed, prominently 4-ridged and
angled or often 6-ridged, furnished at base with a stout long point, light yellow to reddish
brown, \\'-Z\' long and H'-lf wide, with a hard bony shell sometimes \' thick; seed
light chestnut-brown, very sweet.
A tree, occasionally 120 high, with a straight slender trunk often free of branches for
more than half its height and rarely exceeding 3 in diameter, comparatively small spread-
ing branches forming a narrow oblong head, and stout dark or light orange-colored branch-
lets at first pilose or covered with pale or rufous pubescence or tomentum, roughened by
scattered elevated long pale lenticels, orange-brown and glabrous or puberulous during
their first winter, and marked by oblong 3-lobed emarginate leaf-scars. Winter-buds:
terminal ovoid, rather obtuse, sometimes 1' long and ' wide, and three or four times as
large as the axillary buds, usually covered by 11 or 12 scales, the outer dark brown, puber-
ulous, generally keeled, with a long point at apex, the inner scales obovate, pointed or
rounded at apex, light green tinged with red, or bright red or yellow, covered with silky
pubescence on the outer face, slightly resinous, becoming 2'-3' long and 1' wide. Bark
l'-2' thick, light gray, separating into broad thick plates frequently 3-4 long, sometimes
Fig. 177
remaining for many years hanging on the trunk. Wood heavy, very hard, strong and
tough, close-grained, very flexible,, dark brown, with comparatively thin nearly white
sapwood. The large nuts are often sold in the markets of western cities and commercially
are not often distinguished from those of the Shellbark Hickory.
Distribution. Rich bottom-lands usually inundated during several weeks of every year;
central and western New York and southeastern Ontario, and westward through southern
Ohio, southern Michigan, Indiana and Illinois to southeastern Iowa and southeastern
Nebraska, through Missouri and Arkansas to southeastern Kansas and northeastern Okla-
homa, and southward through eastern Pennsylvania to western West Virginia; in south-
eastern Tennessee; banks of the Alabama River, Dallas County, Alabama, and in West
Feliciana Parish, Louisiana.
X Carya Nussbaumerii Sarg. with leaves like those of C. laciniosa, slender branchlets,
and large fruit of the shape of that of the Pecan but without sutural wings and white or
nearly white nuts, believed to be a hybrid of these species, has been found near Fayette-
ville, St. Clair County, Illinois, at Mt. Vernon, Posey County, Indiana, near Burlington, Des
Moines County, Iowa, and from the neighborhood of Rockville, Bates County, Missouri.
Trees intermediate in character between C. laciniosa and C. ovata growing on the bottoms
of the Genessee River at Golah, Munroe County, New York, and believed to be hybrids
of these species, are X C. Dunbarii Sarg.
188
TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
9. Carya alba K. Koch. Hickory.
Leaves glandular, resinous, fragrant, 8'-12' long, with petioles covered like the rachis
and the under surface of the leaflets with fascicled hairs, and 5 or 7 oblong-lanceolate to ob-
ovate-lanceolate leaflets gradually or abruptly acuminate, mostly equilateral, equally or
unequally rounded or cuneate at base, minutely or coarsely serrate, sessile or short-
stalked, dark yellow-green and rather lustrous above, lustrous, paler or light orange-
colored or brown on the lower surface, the upper leaflets 5' -8' long and 3'-5' wide, and
two or three times as large as those of the lowest pair. Flowers : staminate in aments
4'-5' long, with slender light green stems coated with fascicled hairs, pale yellow-
green, scurfy-pubescent, with elongated ovate-lanceolate bracts ending in tufts of long
pale hairs, and three or four times as long as the calyx-lobes; stamens 4, with oblong
bright red hirsute anthers; pistillate in crowded 2-5-flowered spikes, slightly contracted
above the middle, coated with pale tomentum, the bract ovate, acute, sometimes '
long, about twice as long as the broadly ovate nearly triangular bractlets and calyx-
lobes; stigmas dark red. Fruit ellipsoidal or obovoid, gradually narrowed at the ends,
acute at apex, abruptly contracted toward the base, rarely obovoid with a stipe-like base
Fig. 178
(var. ficoides Sarg.), or ovoid with a long acuminate apex (var. ovoidea Sarg.), pilose or
nearly glabrous, dark red-brown, If '-2' long, with a husk about i' thick splitting to the
middle or nearly to the base; nut nearly globose, ellipsoidal, obo void-oblong or ovoid,
narrowed at ends, rounded at base, acute, and sometimes attenuated and long-pointed at
apex, much or only slightly compressed, obscurely or prominently 4-ridged, light reddish
brown, becoming darker and sometimes red with age, with a very thick hard shell and
partitions; in drying often cracking transversely; seed small, sweet, dark brown, and
lustrous.
A tree, rarely 100 high, usually much smaller, with a tall trunk occasionally 3 in
diameter, comparatively small spreading branches forming a narrow or often a broad round-
topped head of upright rigid or of gracefully pendulous branches, and stout branchlets
clothed at first with pale fascicled hairs, rather bright brown, nearly glabrous or more or
less pubescent, and marked by conspicuous pale lenticels during their first season, be-
coming light or dark gray, with pale emarginate leaf-scars almost equally lobed, or elon-
gated with the lowest lobe two or three times as long as the others. Whiter-buds: ter-
minal broadly ovoid, acute or obtuse, f '-f ' long, two or three times as large as the axillary
buds, the three or four outer bud-scales ovate, acute, often keeled and apiculate, thick and
firm, dark reddish brown and pilose, usually deciduous late in the autumn, the inner scales
JUGLANDACE^
189
ovate, rounded or acute and short-pointed at apex, light green covered with soft silky
pubescence on the outer, and often bright red and pilose on the inner surface, becoming
I'-l^' long and \' broad. Bark |'-f thick, close, slightly ridged by shallow irregular
interrupted fissures and covered by dark gray closely appressed scales. Wood very heavy,
hard, tough, strong, close-grained, flexible, rich dark brown, with thick nearly white sap-
wood; used for the same purposes as that of the Shell bark Hickory.
Distribution. Eastern Massachusetts southward to Lake County, Florida, and east-
ern Texas, and through Ohio, southwestern Ontario, southern Michigan, Illinois and Indi-
ana to southeastern Iowa, and through Missouri to eastern Oklahoma; comparatively rare
at the north, growing on dry slopes and ridges and less commonly on alluvial bottom-
lands; absent from eastern Canada, northern and western New England, and New York
except in the neighborhood of the coast; the most abundant and generally distributed Hick-
ory-tree of the southern states, growing to its largest size in the basin of the lower Ohio
River and in Missouri and Arkansas; commonly in southern Arkansas and eastern Texas,
and occasionally in other southern states represented by var. subcoriacea Sarg., differing
in its larger, thicker, more pubescent leaflets, more prominently angled fruit with a thicker
husk, larger nuts, and in its longer winter-buds often |' long and f ' in diameter.
X Carya Schneckii Sarg., believed to be a hybrid of C. alba and C. pecan, has been
found at Lawrenceville, Lawrence County, Illinois, and near Muscatine, Muscatine
County, Iowa.
10. Carya leiodermis Sarg.
Leaves 12'-14' long, with slender petioles and rachis slightly or densely pubescent with
fascicled hairs, becoming glabrous or nearly glabrous, and 7 or rarely 5 thin finely serrate
leaflets, long-pointed at apex, and gradually narrowed, cuneate and unsymmetrical at base,
Fig. 179
at first hoary tomentose below and pubescent above, becoming dark green and lustrous
on the upper surface and pale and slightly pubescent on the lower surface, especially on
the stout midrib, the terminal oblong-obovate with a stalk ' f ' in length, or nearly ses-
sile, of the same shape and often smaller than the nearly sessile upper leaflets, 4 '-5' long and
2'-2f wide, and much larger than the lanceolate lower leaflets. Flowers: staminate open-
ing after the leaves have grown nearly to their full size, in slender puberulous aments
190
TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
4'-4^' long; bract of the flower ovate, lanceolate, ciliate on the margins with long white
hairs mixed with stipitate glands, a third longer than the ciliate calyx-lobes; stamens 4,
anthers red, covered with long rigid white hairs; pistillate in short spikes, then- involucre
and bracts densely clothed with white hairs. Fruit broadly obovoid, smooth, glabrous or
puberulous, covered with scattered white scales, l^'-lf-' long, about \\' in diameter, the
husk I' to nearly ' thick, opening freely to the base usually only by two sutures; nut el-
lipsoidal or slightly obovoid, little compressed, rounded at the ends, tinged with red, with
a shell '-' thick; seed small and sweet.
A tree 60-75 tall with a trunk occasionally 3 in diameter, stout often pendulous
branches forming a narrow round-topped head, and slender reddish brown lustrous branch-
lets puberulous or pubescent when they first appear, becoming glabrous or nearly gla-
brous by the end of their first season. Winter-buds : terminal acute, about \' long, the
outer scales pubescent, the inner covered with appressed pale hairs and ciliate on the
margins: axillary buds ovoid and rounded at apex or subglobose. Bark close, pale, only
slightly, ridged.
Distribution. Low wet woods; Louisiana to southern Arkansas, and in northwestern
Mississippi (bluffs, Yazoo County) ; most abundant in western Louisiana from the neighbor-
hood of the coast to the valley of Red River, and in Tangipahoa Parish east of the Missis-
sippi River.
Passing into var. callicoma Sarg., differing in the thinner husk of the fruit and hi the
bright red color of the unfolding leaves.
Distribution. Low wet woods; valley of the Calcasieu River (near Lake Charles), west-
ern Louisiana to that of the Neches River (near Beaumont), Texas; in western and
southern Mississippi (Warren, Adams, Hinds, Lafayette, Copiah, Lowndes and Oktibbeha
Counties).
11. Carya pallida Ashe.
Leaves 7'-15' long, with slender petioles and rachis covered, like the under side of the mid-
rib, with prominent persistent clusters of fascicled hairs mixed with silvery scales, and
Fig. 180
usually 7, rarely 9, lanceolate or oblanceolate leaflets, the terminal rarely obovate, finely
serrate, resinous, fragrant, acuminate and long-pointed at apex, cuneate or rounded and
often unsymmetrical at base, covered in spring with small silvery peltate scales, and at ma-
turity light green and lustrous above, pale and pubescent or puberulous below, the terminal
short-stalked or nearly sessile, 4 '-6' long and l'-2' wide, and as large or slightly larger
than the upper lateral leaflets, those of the lower pairs usually not more than 2' long and
JUGLANDACEyE 191
\' wide. Flowers: staminate in aments covered with fascicled hairs and silvery scales,
1\ r'-5' long, pubernlous and glandular on the outer surface, with linear acuminate bracts;
stamens 4, anthers hirsute; pistillate usually solitary, oblong, covered with yellow scales,
their bract ovate-lanceolate, ciliate on the margin. Fruit pubescent and covered with
yellow scales, ellipsoidal to obovoid, broad-obovoid, subglobose to depressed-globose, and
from '-H' in length, with a husk from $'-' in thickness, splitting tardily to the base by 2
or 3 of the sutures, or occasionally remaining unopened until midwinter; nut white, rounded
at the ends, or obcordate or obtusely pointed at apex, compressed, more or less prominently
ridged nearly to the base, with a shell i'- T V thick; seed small and sweet.
A tree occasionally 90-110 high, with a tall trunk 2f-3 in diameter, usually not more
than 30-40 tall, with a trunk 12'-18' in diameter, stout branches, the upper erect, the lower
often pendulous, and slender red-brown glabrous or pubescent branchlets. Winter-buds
acute or obtuse, reddish brown, puberulous and covered with silvery scales, the terminal
|' long with 6-9 scales and rather larger than the lateral buds usually covered with fewer
scales. Bark of large trees grown in good soil pale and slightly ridged, that of trees
on dry ridges, rough, deeply furrowed, dark gray and southward often nearly black. Wood
brown with nearly white sapwood; probably little used except as fuel.
Distribution. Sandy soil in the neighborhood of Cape May, New Jersey, in southern
Delaware, and in the southern part of the Maryland peninsula; common in rich soil in
Gloucester and James City Counties, Virginia, growing here to its largest size, and south-
ward from southeast Virginia through the Piedmont region of North and South Carolina,
ascending to altitudes of 2200 in the mountain valleys of these states; common in north-
ern and central Georgia and southeastern Tennessee, occasionally reaching the Georgia
coast and the southwestern part of that state; in western Florida, through northern and
central Alabama to Dallas County, and through southern Mississippi to northeastern
Louisiana (near Kentwood, Tangipahoa Parish) ; in Mississippi extending northward to
the valley of the Yazoo River in Yazoo County; in northern Tennessee (Lexington,
Henderson County) ; in Alabama the common Hickory on the dry gravelly and poor
soils of the upland table-lands and ridges of the central part of the state.
12. Carya glabra Sweet. Pignut.
Carya porcina Nutt.
Leaves 8'-12' long, with slender glabrous petioles and rachis, and 5 or rarely 7 lanceolate
or oblanceolate finely serrate leaflets acuminate at the ends, yellow-green and glabrous
above, glabrous, or pubescent on the midrib below, the terminal leaflet sometimes obo-
vate, 4 '-4^' long and 5' or 6' wide, and raised on a glabrous or sparingly pubescent stalk,
%'-%' in length, the lateral leaflets sessile, those of the upper pair about the size of the
terminal leaflet, and two or three times larger than those of the lower pair. Flowers: stamin-
ate in short-stalked pubescent aments 2'-2^' long, yellow-green, the bract villose, much
longer than the calyx-lobes; stamens 4, anthers yellow, villose toward the apex; pistillate
in few-flowered spikes, oblong, coated with hoary tomentum like the lanceolate acuminate
bract. Fruit obovoid, compressed, rounded at apex, gradually narrowed below and often
abruptly contracted into a stipe-like base, about 1' long and ' wide, with a husk from
iV-i' in thickness, opening late by one or two sutures or often remaining closed; nut
obovoid, compressed, without ridges, rounded or slightly obcordate at apex, gradually nar-
rowed and rounded below, with a hard thick shell; seed small and sweet.
A tree 60-90 high, with a trunk 2-2^ in diameter, with small spreading often drooping
branches forming a tall narrow head, and slender glabrous reddish branchlets marked by
pale lenticels. Winter-buds ovoid, acute, light brown, glabrous, '-' long and l'-\' in
diameter, the inner scales covered with close pubescence. Bark close, ridged, light gray.
Wood heavy, hard, strong and tough, flexible, light or dark brown, with thick lighter-
colored sapwood; used for the handles of tools and in the manufacture of wagons and agri-
cultural implements, and largely for fuel.
192
TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
Distribution. Hillsides and dry ridges; southwestern Vermont to western New York,
southeastern Ontario, southern Indiana and southwestern Illinois, and southward to Dela-
Fig. 181
ware, the District of Columbia and eastern Virginia, and along the Appalachian Mountains
to North Carolina; in northern, central and eastern Georgia, northern Alabama and eastern
Mississippi.
The name " Pignut " usually applied to this tree and to the forms of C. ovalis Sarg.,
especially in the north, properly belongs to C. cordiformis Schn.
Passing into
Carya glabra var. megacarpa Sarg.
Carya megacarpa Sarg.
Leaves 12'-14' long, with slender glabrous petioles and 5-7 lanceolate to oblanceolate
leaflets long-pointed and acuminate at apex, gradually narrowed and unsymmetrical at
base, finely serrate, glabrous or very rarely pubescent, often furnished below with small
clusters of axillary hairs, the three upper 8'-10' long and 1^'-2|' wide and about twice as
large as those of the lowest pair. Flowers: staminate in slightly villose aments 2^'-3' in
length, villose, their bract long-pointed, acuminate, villose, twice longer than the calyx-
lobes, stamens 4-6, anthers yellow, villose above the middle; pistillate in short-stalked
spikes, their involucre only slightly angled, covered with pale yellow hairs, the bract acu-
minate, twice longer than the bractlets and calyx-lobes. Fruit oblong-obovoid with a stipe-
like base to short-obovate and rounded or abruptly cuneate at base, rarely depressed at
apex, slightly flattened, often covered with bright yellow scales, l'-2' long, l'-l ' in diameter,
with a husk i' 5' in thickness, opening tardily to the middle usually by one or by two su-
tures, or often remaining closed; nut broadest toward the rounded apex or oblong and oc-
casionally acute at apex, gradually narrowed and acute at base, often compressed, slightly
or rarely prominently angled (f. angulata Sarg.), with a shell f '-^' in thickness; seed small
and sweet.
A tree 50-70 high, with a trunk up to 2 in diameter, stout spreading and drooping
branches, and stout or rarely slender glabrous branchlets, reddish brown at the end of their
JUGLANDACILE
193
first season, becoming dark gray-brown. Winter-buds ovoid, acute, glabrous, up to \'
in length, the inner scales puberulous. Bark close, only slightly ridged, light or dark gray.
Distribution. Rochester, Munroe County. New York, through southern Ohio and
Indiana to southern Illinois (Tunnel Hill, Johnson County); coast of New Jersey; District
Fig. 182
of Columbia and southward to the shores of Indian River and the valley of the Callusa-
hatchie River, Florida, and through southern Alabama to western Louisiana; one of the
commonest Hickories in the coast region of the south Atlantic and east Gulf states, occa-
sionally ranging inland to central and northern Georgia and western Mississippi.
13. Carya ovalis Sarg.
Leaves 6'-10' long, with slender petioles often scurfy-pubescent early in the season,
soon glabrous, and 7 or rarely 5 lanceolate to oblanceolate, or occasionally obovate finely
serrate leaflets, long-pointed and acuminate or rarely rounded at apex, cuneate and un-
symmetrical at base, early in the season often scurfy-pubescent and furnished below with
small axillary tufts of pale hairs, soon glabrous, the upper 6' or 7' long and l'-2' wide, and
raised, on a stalk \'-\' in length, the lateral sessile, those of the upper pah's as large or
slightly smaller than the terminal leaflet. Flowers: staminate in puberulous aments 6'-7'
long, pubescent, their bracts twice longer than the ovate acute calyx-lobes; stamens 4, an-
thers yellow, thickly covered with pale hairs; pistillate in 1 or 2-flowered spikes, obovoid,
more or less thickly covered with yellow scales. Fruit ellipsoidal, acute or rounded at apex,
rounded at base, puberulous, \'-\\' long, about f ' in diameter, with a husk T y- T V m thick-
ness, splitting freely to the base; nut pale, oblong, slightly flattened, rounded at base, acute
or acuminate and 4-angled at apex, the ridges extending for one-third or rarely for one-
half of its length, with a shell rarely more than ' in thickness; seed small and sweet.
A tree sometimes 100 high, with a tall trunk occasionally 3 in diameter, small spread-
ing branches forming a narrow often pyramidal head, and slender lustrous red-brown
branchlets marked by pale lenticels, often slightly pubescent when they first appear, soon
glabrous. Winter-buds ovoid, obtuse, acute or acuminate; the terminal often \' long and
twice as large as the lateral, the outer scales red-brown, lustrous and glabrous, the inner cov-
ered with close pale tomentum. Bark slightly ridged, pale gray, usually separating freely
into small plate-like scales, or occasionally close. Wood heavy, hard and tough, flexible,
light or dark brown, with thick lighter-colored sap wood; used for the handles of tools, in the
manufacture of wagons and agricultural implements, and largely for fuel.
194
TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
Distribution. Hillsides and rich woods; western New York, eastern Pennsylvania and
the District of Columbia to southern Illinois and central Iowa (Ames, Story County), and
southward to the mountains of North Carolina and Tennessee, and to central Georgia and
Alabama; usually rare and local; most abundant and generally distributed in Indiana. With
its varieties usually but incorrectly called " Pignut."
The following varieties differing in the shape of their fruit are distinguished:
Carya ovalis var. obcordata Sarg.
Carya microcarpa Darling, in part.
Hicoria microcarpa Britt. in part.
Fruit subglobose to short-oblong or slightly obovoid, I'-lJ' in diameter, with a husk
T y-f in thickness, splitting freely to the base or nearly to the base by often narrow-winged
Fig. 184
sutures; nut much compressed, slightly angled and often broadest above the middle,
rounded and usually more or less obcordate at apex, narrowed and rounded at base.
JUGLANDACE.E
195
Distribution. Southern New England to southern Wisconsin, southwestern Missouri,
western North Carolina, central and eastern Georgia, eastern Mississippi and centra)
Alabama; the common and most widely distributed northern variety of Gary a ovalis; com-
mon in the mountain districts of central Alabama; varying to the f. vestita Sarg. with
stouter branchlets covered during their first year with rusty tomentum and more or less
pubescent in their second and third seasons, leaflets slightly pubescent below, and with
more compressed nuts and puberulous w r inter-buds. A single tree near Davis Pond, Knox
County, Indiana.
Carya ovalis var. odorata Sarg.
Carya microcarpa Darling, in part.
Hicoria microcarpa Britt. in part.
Hicoria glabra var. odorata Sarg. in part.
Fruit subglobose or slightly longer than broad, much flattened, '-f ' in diameter, with a
husk not more than 2 y in thickness, splitting freely to the base by sutures sometimes f ur-
%
Fig. 185
nished with narrow wings; nut compressed, rounded at apex, rounded or acute at base,
slightly or nor at all ridged, pale or nearly white, with a shell T V or less in thickness.
Distribution. Southern New England, eastern Pennsylvania and the District of Colum-
bia to western New York, and southeastern Ontario, and through Ohio and Indiana to
southern Illinois; near Atlanta, Georgia, and Starkville, Oktibbaha County, Mississippi;
less variable in the size and shape of the fruit than the other varieties of C. ovalis.
Carya ovalis var. obovalis Sarg.
Hicoria glabra Sarg. in part.
Fruit more or less obovoid, about 1' long and f ' in diameter, with a husk T y-f thick,
splitting freely to the base. (Fig. 186.)
Distribution. Southern New England to Missouri and northern Arkansas; on the
mountains of North Carolina, on the coast of Georgia and in north central Alabama. The
common " Pignut " in the middle western states, varying to f. acuta Sarg. with nuts
pointed at the ends and closer bark; only near Rochester, Munroe County, New York.
Other forms of C. ovalis are var. hirsuta Sarg. (Hicoria glabra hirsuta Ashe) with obovoid
compressed fruit narrowed into a stipitate base, with a husk |' |' in thickness, scaly
bark, pubescent winter-buds, leaves with pubescent petioles and leaflets pubescent on
the lower surface; a common tree on the mountains of North Carolina up to altitudes of
2000 above the sea; and var. borealis Sarg. (Hicoria borealift Ashe) with pubescent branch-
196
TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
Fig. 186
lets and winter-buds, leaves pubescent early in the season, ellipsoidal or ovoid flattened
fruit with a husk $'-' in thickness, an ovoid nut ridged to the base, and scaly bark; only
in southeastern Michigan.
14. Carya floridana Sarg.
Leaves 6'-8' long, with slender petioles rusty pubescent when they first appear, soon
glabrous, with 5 or rarely 7 lanceolate to oblanceolate leaflets long-pointed and acuminate
at apex, unsymmetrical and rounded or cuneate at base, serrate with remote cartilaginous
teeth, sessile or the terminal leaflet short-stalked, covered when they unfold with rufous
9
I
Fig. 187
pubescence, soon glabrous, at maturity thin, conspicuously reticulate-venulose, yellow-
green above, often brownish below, the upper three 3^'-4' long, 1/-2' wide, and about twice
larger than those of the lowest pair. Flowers: staminate in long-stalked scurfy pubescent
aments l'-l' in length, produced at the base of branchlets of the year from the axils of
JUGLANDACE.E
197
t
bud-scales, and often of leaves, scurfy pubescent, their bract ovate, acuminate, a third
longer than the calyx-lobes; stamens 4 or 5, anthers yellow, slightly villose near the apex;
pistillate in 1 or 2-flowered spikes, obovoid, thickly covered, like their bracts, with yellow
scales. Fruit obovoid, gradually narrowed, rounded and sometimes slightly depressed at
apex, narrowed below into a short stipe-like base, occasionally slightly winged at the sutures,
often roughened by prominent reticulate ridges, puberulous and covered with small yellow
scales, f '-1|' long, f '-!' in diameter with a husk yV~i' thick, splitting freely to the base
by 2 or 3 sutures; nut pale or reddish, subglobose, not more than f ' in diameter, or ovoid
or rarely oblong, acute at base, narrowed and rounded at apex, slightly compressed, with
a shell jV"?' m thickness.
A tree 50-70 high with a trunk up to 20' in diameter, slender spreading branches form-
ing a broad head, and slender branchlets at first coated with rufous pubescence, soon puber-
ulous or glabrous, bright red-brown and marked by pale lenticels during their first winter;
or in dry sand often a shrub producing abundant fruit on stems 3 or 4 high. Winter-
buds ovoid, acute or obtuse, the outer scales covered with thick rusty pubescence and more
or less thickly with yellow or rarely silvery scales, the inner coated with pale pubescence;
the terminal 1'-%' in length and twice as large as the axillary buds. Bark slightly ridged,
close dark gray-brown. Wood dark brown, with pale sapwood; probably used only for fuel.
Distribution. Dry sandy ridges and low hills, Florida; east coast, Volusia County to
Jupiter Island, Palm Beach County; in the interior of the peninsula as a shrub, from
Orange to De Soto Counties, and on the shores of Pensacola Bay.
15. Carya Buckleyi Durand.
Carya texana Buckl., not Le Conte
Leaves 8'-12' long, with slender petioles rusty pubescent and sparingly villose early in
the season, and 5-7, usually 7, lanceolate to oblanceolate acuminate bluntly serrate sessile
Fig. 188
leaflets, the terminal occasionally broadly obovate and abruptly pointed, and sometimes
raised on a winged stalk $'5' in length, when they unfold thickly covered with rusty pubes-
cence mixed with small white scales and villose on the lower side of the midrib and veins,
198 TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
and at maturity dark green, lustrous, glabrous or puberulous along the midrib above,
paler, glabrous or sparingly villose and furnished with small tufts of axillary hairs below,
the upper three leaflets 4'-6' long and 2'-2' wide, and twice the size of those of the lowest
pair. Flowers: staminate in rusty pubescent aments 2'-3' long, their bract slender, long
acuminate, 3 or 4 times longer than the acuminate calyx-lobes; stamens 4 or 5, anthers
yellow, slightly villose toward the apex; pistillate in 1 or 2-flowered short-stalked spikes,
slightly angled, thickly coated with rufous hairs like the bract and bractlets. Fruit sub-
globose, puberulous, Ij'-lf ' in diameter, with a husk T y~i' thick, splitting freely to the base
by slightly winged sutures; nut slightly compressed, rounded at base, abruptly narrowed
and acute at apex, 4-angled above the middle or nearly to the base; dark reddish brown,
conspicuously reticulate- venulose with pale veins, with a shell about ' thick; in drying
often cracking longitudinally between the angles; seed small and sweet.
A tree, usually 30-45 or rarely 60 high, with a trunk 12'-24' in diameter, large spread-
ing often drooping more or less contorted branches forming a narrow head, and slender light
red-brown branchlets marked by pale lenticels, more or less densely rusty pubescent during
their first season and dark gray-brown and glabrous or nearly glabrous the following year.
Winter-buds ovoid, covered with rusty pubescence mixed with silvery scales, furnished at
apex with long pale hairs; the terminal bud abruptly contracted and long-pointed at apex,
f '-%' in length and |' |' in diameter, and 2 or 3 times larger than the flattened acute lateral
buds. Bark thick, deeply furrowed, rough, dark often nearly black. Wood hard, brittle,
little used except for fuel.
Distribution. Dry sandy uplands with Post and Black Jack Oaks; northern and eastern
Texas (Grayson, Cherokee, San Augustine and Atascosa Counties), and in central Okla-
homa (dry sand hills, Muskogee County).
Carya Buckleyi var. arkansana Sarg.
Carya arkansana Sarg.
Differing from Carya Buckleyi in the shape of the fruit and sometimes in the bark of the
trunk. Fruit obovoid, rounded at apex, rounded or gradually narrowed or abruptly COD-
r
Fig. 189
tracted into a more or less developed stipe at base, or ellipsoidal, or ovoid and rounded at the
ends, t'-l^' in length and in diameter, with .a husk T V-y thick, splitting to the middle or
nearly to the base by slightly winged sutures; nut oblong to slightly obovoid, rounded at
JUGLANDACE.E
199
I
the ends, compressed, slightly 4-angled occasionally to the middle, pale brown, with a
shell '5' in thickness; seed small and sweet.
A tree from 60-75 high, with a trunk 2 in diameter; southward usually much smaller.
Bark on some trees dark gray, irregularly fissured, separating into thin scales, and on others
close, nearly black and deeply divided into rough ridges.
Distribution. Dry hillsides, rocky ridges, or southward on sandy upland; southwestern
Indiana (Knox County), southern Illinois, northeastern Missouri and southward through
Missouri and Arkansas to eastern Oklahoma, western Louisiana and northern and eastern
Texas to the valley of the Atascosa River, Atascosa County; the common Hickory of the
Ozark Mountain region, Arkansas, and here abundant on dry rocky ridges at altitudes
of 1200-! 800; in Texas the common Hickory from the coast to the base of the Edwards
Plateau; trees with the smallest fruit northward; those with the largest fruit with thickest
husks in Louisiana, and in southern Arkansas (f. pachylemma Sarg.), a tree with slender
nearly glabrous branchlets, deeply fissured pale gray bark, rusty pubescent winter-buds
and fruit 2|' long and 2' in diameter, with a husk \' in thickness.
Carya Buckleyi var. villosa Sarg.
Hicoria glabra var. villosa Sarg.
Hicoria villosa Ashe.
Carya villosa Schn.
Carya glabra var. villosa Robins.
Leaves 6'-10' long, with slender petioles and rachis pubescent with fascicled hairs early in
the season, generally becoming glabrous, and 5-7, usually 7, lanceolate to oblanceolate finely
serrate leaflets long-pointed and acuminate at apex, cuneate or rounded and often unsym-
metrical at base, sessile or the terminal leaflet sometimes short-stalked, dark green and gla-
Fig. 190
brous above, pale and pubescent below, the low::- side of the midrib often covered with fasci-
cled hairs, the upper leaflets 3'-4>' long and I'-l^' wide, and twice as long as those of the low-
est pair. Flowers : staminate in aments pubescent with fascicled hairs, 4 / -8 / long, pubescent,
their bract acuminate, not much longer than the rounded calyx-lobes; pistillate in 1 or
2-flowered spikes, rusty pubescent, slightly angled. Fruit obovoid to ellipsoidal, rounded
at apex, cuneate and often abruptly narrowed into a stipitate base, rusty pubescent and
covered with scattered yellow scales, about 1' long and f in diameter, with a husk iV in
thickness, splitting tardily to the base by 1 or 2 sutures or indehiscent; nut ovoid, rounded
200 TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
at base, pointed at apex, only slightly angled, faintly tinged with red, with a shell rarely
more than T ^' in thickness; seed small and sweet.
A tree 30-40 high, with a trunk 12'-18' in diameter, stout often contorted branches and
slender branchlets covered at first with rusty pubescence mixed with fascicled hairs and
pubescent or glabrous during their first winter. Winter-buds ovoid, acute, covered with
rusty pubescence mixed with yellow scales, often furnished near the apex with tufts of
white hairs, the terminal \ r long and about twice as large as the compressed axillary
buds.
Distribution. Dry rocky hills, Allenton, Saint Louis County, Missouri. Distinct from
other forms of Carya Buckleyi in the often indehiscent fruit and more numerous and
longer fascicled hairs, and possibly better considered a species.
DC. BETULACE^.
Trees, with sweet watery juice, without terminal buds, their slender terete branchlets
marked by numerous pale lenticels and lengthening by one of the upper axillary buds
formed in early summer, and alternate simple penniveined usually doubly serrate deciduous
stalked leaves, obliquely plicately folded along the primary veins, their petioles in falling
leaving small semioval slightly oblique scars showing three equidistant fibro-vascular
bundle-scars; stipules inclosing the leaf in the bud, fugacious. Flowers vernal, appearing
with or before the unfolding of the leaves, or rarely autumnal, monoecious, the staminate
1-3 together in the axils of the scales of an elongated pendulous lateral ament and composed
of a 2-4-parted membranaceous calyx and 2-20 stamens inserted on a receptacle, with dis-
tinct filaments and 2-celled erect extrorse anthers opening longitudinally, or without a
calyx, the pistillate in short lateral or capitate aments, with or without a calyx, a 2-celled
ovary, narrowed into a short style divided into two elongated branches longer than the
scales of the ament and stigmatic on the inner face or at the apex, and a single anatropous
pendulous ovule in each cell of the ovary. Fruit a small mostly 1-celled 1-seeded nut, the
outer layer of the shell light brown, thin and membranaceous, the inner thick, hard, and
bony. Seed solitary by abortion, filling the cavity of the nut, suspended, without albu-
men, its coat membranaceous, light chestnut-brown; cotyledons thick and fleshy, much
longer than the short superior radicle turned toward the minute hilum.
Of the six genera, all confined to the northern hemisphere, five are found in North
America; of these only Corylus is shrubby.
CONSPECTUS OF THE NORTH AMERICAN ARBORESCENT GENERA.
Scales of the pistillate ament deciduous; nut wingless, more or less inclosed in an involucre
formed by the enlargement of the bract and bractlets of the flower; staminate flowers
solitary in the axils of the scales of the ament; caylx 0; pistillate flowers with a
calyx.
Staminate aments covered during the winter: involucre of the fruit flat, 3-cleft, foli-
aceous. 1. Carpinus.
Staminate aments naked during the winter: involucre of the fruit bladder-like, closed.
2. Ostrya.
Scales of the pistillate ament persistent and forming a woody strobile ; nut without an in-
volucre, more or less broadly winged; staminate flowers 3-6 together in the axils of the
scales of the ament; calyx present; pistillate flowers without a calyx.
Pistillate aments solitary, their scales 3-lobed, becoming thin, brown, and woody, de-
ciduous; stamens 2; filaments 2-branched, each division bearing a half -anther;
winter-buds covered by imbricated scales. 3. Betula.
Pistillate aments racemose, their scales erose or 5-toothed, becoming thick, woody, and
dark-colored, persistent; stamens 1-3 or 4; filaments simple; wings of the nut often
reduced to a harrow border; winter-buds without scales. 4. Alnus.
BETULACE^
201
1. CARPINUS L. Hornbeam.
Trees, with smooth close bark, hard strong close-grained wood, elongated conic buds
covered by numerous imbricated scales, the inner lengthening after the opening of the
buds. Leaves open and concave in the bud, ovate, acute, often cordate; stipules strap-
shaped to oblong-obovate. Flowers: staminate in aments emerging in very early spring
from buds produced the previous season near the ends of short lateral branchlets of the
year and inclosed during the winter, composed of 3-20 stamens crowded on a pilose
receptacle adnate to the base of a nearly sessile ovate acute coriaceous scale longer than
the stamens; filaments short, slender, 2-branched, each branch bearing a 1-celled oblong
yellow half-anther hairy at the apex; pistillate in lax semi-erect aments terminal on leafy
branches of the year, in pairs at the base of an ovate acute leafy deciduous scale, each
flower subtended by a small acute bract with two minute bractlets at its base; calyx adnate
to the ovary and dentate on the free narrow border. Nut ovoid, acute, compressed, con-
spicuously longitudinally ribbed, bearing at the apex the remnants of the calyx, marked
on the broad base by a large pale scar and separating at maturity in the autumn from the
leaf-like 3-lobed conspicuously serrate green involucre formed by the enlargement of the
bract and bractlets of the flower and inclosing only the base of the nut, fully grown at
mid-summer and loosely imbricated into a long-stalked open cluster. (Eucarpinus.)
Carpinus is confined to the northern hemisphere, and is distributed from the Province
of Quebec through the eastern United States to the highlands of Central America in the
New World, and from Sweden to southern Europe, Asia Minor, the temperate Himalayas,
Korea, southern China, Japan and Formosa in' the Old World. Fifteen or sixteen species
are recognized. Of the exotic species, the European and west Asian Carpinus Betulus L.
is frequently planted as an ornamental tree in the northeastern United States, where some
of the species of eastern Asia promise to become valuable.
Carpinus is the classical name of the Hornbeam.
1. Carpinus caroliniana Walt. Hornbeam. Blue Beech.
Leaves often somewhat falcate, long-pointed, sharply doubly serrate with stout spread-
ing glandular teeth, except at the rounded or wedge-shaped often unequal base, pale
Fig. 191
bronze-green, and covered with long white hairs when they unfold, at maturity thin and
firm, pale dull blue-green above, light yellow-green and glabrous or puberulous below, with
small tufts of white hairs in the axils of the veins, 2'-4' long, I'-lf ' wide, with a slender
yellow midrib, numerous slender veins deeply impressed and conspicuous above, and
prominent cross veinlets; turning deep scarlet and orange color late in the autumn;
202 TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
petioles slender, terete, hairy, about $' long, bright red while young; stipules ovate-lanceo-
late, acute, pubescent, hairy on the margins, bright red below, light yellow-green at the
apex, I' long. Flowers: staminate aments 1|' long when fully grown, with broadly ovate
acute boat-shaped scales green below the middle, bright red above; pistillate aments '- |'
long, with ovate acute hairy green scales; styles scarlet. Fruit: nut \' long, its involucre
short-stalked, with one of the lateral lobes often wanting, coarsely serrate, but usually on
one margin only of the middle lobe, I'-l^' long, nearly 1' wide, crowded on slender terete
pubescent red-brown stems 5'-6' in length.
A bushy tree, rarely 40 high, with a short fluted trunk occasionally 2 in diameter,
long slightly zigzag slender tough spreading branches pendulous toward the ends, and
furnished with numerous short thin lateral branches growing at acute angles, and branch-
lets at first pale green coated with long white silky hairs, orange-brown and sometimes
slightly pilose during the summer, becoming dark red and lustrous during their first winter
and ultimately dull gray tinged with red. Winter-buds ovoid, acute, about |' long, with
ovate acute chestnut-brown scales white and scarious on the margins. Bark light gray-
brown, sometimes marked with broad dark brown horizontal bands, T V-f ' thick. Wood
light brown, with thick nearly white sap wood; sometimes used for levers, the handles of
tools, and other small articles.
Distribution. Borders of streams and swamps, generally in deep rich moist soil; Nova
Scotia and southern and western Quebec to the northern shores of Georgian Bay, south-
ward to the shores of Indian River and those of Tampa Bay, Florida, and westward to
central Minnesota, eastern Iowa (Sharpy County), eastern Nebraska (reported), eastern
Kansas, eastern Oklahoma, and eastern Texas; reappearing on the mountains of southern
Mexico and Central America; common in the eastern and central states; most abundant
and of its largest size on the western slopes of the southern Alleghany Mountains and
in southern Arkansas and eastern Texas.
2. OSTRYA Scop. Hop Hornbeam.
Trees, with scaly bark, heavy hard strong close-grained wood, and acute elongated
winter-buds formed in early summer and covered by numerous imbricated scales, the
inner lengthening after the opening of the bud. Leaves open and concave in the bud;
petioles slender, nearly terete, hairy; stipules strap-shaped to oblong-obovate. Flowers:
staminate in long clustered sessile or short-stalked aments developed in early summer
from lateral buds near the ends of short lateral branchlets of the year and coated while
young with hoary tomentum, naked and conspicuous during the winter, and composed of
3-14 stamens crowded on a pilose receptacle adnate to the base of an ovate concave scale
rounded and abruptly short-pointed at the apex, ciliate on the margins, longer than the
stamens; filaments short, 2-branched, each branch bearing a 1-celled half-anther hairy at
the apex; pistillate in erect lax aments terminal on short leafy branches of the year, in pairs
at the base of an elongated ovate acute leaf-like ciliate scale persistent until midsummer,
each flower inclosed in a hairy sack-like involucre formed by the union of a bract and 2
bractlets; calyx adnate to the ovary, denticulate on the free narrow border. Nut ovoid,
acute, flattened, obscurely longitudinally ribbed, crowned with the remnants of the calyx,
marked at the narrow base by a small circular pale scar, inclosed in the much enlarged pale
membranaceous conspicuously longitudinally veined reticulate-venulose involucres of the
flower, short, pointed and hairy at the apex, hirsute at the base, with sharp rigid stinging
hairs, imbricated into a short strobile fully grown at midsummer, and suspended on a
slender hairy stem.
Ostrya is widely distributed in the northern hemisphere from Nova Scotia to Texas,
northern Arizona, and to the highlands of southern Mexico and Guatemala in the New
World, and through southern Europe and southwestern Asia, and in northern Japan and
on the Island of Quelpart in the Old World. Of the four species now recognized two are
North American.
Ostrya is the classical name of the Hop Hornbeam.
BETULACE.E 203
CONSPECTUS OF THE NORTH AMERICAN SPECIES.
Leaves oblong-lanceolate, acuminate or acute at apex. 1. O. virginiana (A, C).
Leaves elliptic or obovate, acute or rounded at apex. 2. O. Knowltonii (F).
1. Ostrya virginiana K. Koch. Hop Hornbeam. Ironwood.
Leaves oblong-lanceolate, gradually narrowed into a long slender point or acute at apex,
narrowed and rounded, cordate, or wedge-shaped at the often unequal base, sharply serrate,
with slender incurved callous teeth terminating at first in tufts of caducous hairs, when they
unfold light bronze-green, glabrous above and coated below on the midrib and primary
veins with long pale hairs, at maturity thin and extremely tough, dark dull yellow-green
above, light yellow-green and furnished with conspicuous tufts of pale hairs in the axils of
the veins below, 3'-5' long, l^'-2' wide, with a slender midrib impressed and puberulous
above, light yellow and pubescent below, and numerous slender veins forked near the
margins; turning clear yellow before falling in the autumn; petioles hairy about i' long;
stipules rounded and often short-pointed at apex, ciliate on the margins with long pale
hairs, hairy on the back, about \' long and ' wide. Flowers: staminate aments about
' long during their first season, with light red-brown rather loosely imbricated scales nar-
Fig. 192
rowed into a long slender point, becoming when the flowers open 2' long, with broadly
obovate scales rounded and abruptly contracted at apex into a short point, ciliate on the
margins, green tinged with red above the middle, light brown toward the base; pistillate
aments slender, about \' long, on thin hairy stems, their scales lanceolate, acute, light
green, often flushed with red above the middle, hirsute at the apex, decreasing in size from
the lowest. Fruit: nuts \' long, about \' wide, rather abruptly narrowed below the apex,
their involucres in clusters l^'-2' long and f '-!' wide, on slender hairy stems about 1' in
length.
A tree, occasionally 50-60 high, with a short trunk 2 in diameter, usually not more than
20-30 tall, with a trunk 18'-20' thick, long slender branches drooping at the ends and
forming a round-topped or open head frequently 50 across, and slender, very tough branch-
lets, light green, coated with pale appressed hairs when they first appear, becoming light
orange color and very lustrous by midsummer, glabrous, dark red-brown and lustrous during
their first winter, and then growing gradually darker brown and losing their lustre; or cov-
ered like the petioles and peduncles with short erect glandular hairs (var. glandulosa Sarg.)-
204 TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
Winter-buds ovoid, light chestnut-brown, slightly puberulous, ' long. Bark about \'
thick, broken into thick narrow oblong closely appressed plate-like light brown scales
slightly tinged with red on the surface. Wood strong, hard, tough, durable, light brown
tinged with red or often nearly white, with thick pale sapwood of 40-50 layers of annual
growth; used for fence-posts., handles of tools, mallets, and other small articles.
Distribution. Dry gravelly slopes and ridges often in the shade of oaks and other large
trees; Island of Cape Breton and the shores of the Bay of Chaleur, through the valley of
the St. Lawrence River, and along the northern shores of Lake Huron to western Ontario,
Manitoba, Minnesota, eastern North Dakota, the foothills of the Black Hills of South Da-
kota, eastern, northern and northwestern Nebraska, eastern Kansas and Oklahoma, and
southward to northern Florida and eastern Texas; most abundant and of its largest size in
southern Arkansas and in Texas. From Quebec and Ontario to western New England,
western New York, Ohio and in Central Michigan, the glandular form prevails: the two
forms occur in New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Indiana, northern Illinois, southwestern Mis-
souri, Oklahoma, and southward on the high Appalachian Mountains.
2. Ostrya Knowltonii Cov. Ironwood.
Leaves elliptic to obovate, acute or round at apex, gradually narrowed and often un-
equal at the rounded cuneate rarely cordate base, sharply serrate with small triangular
callous teeth, covered with loose pale tomentum when they unfold, at maturity dark
yellow-green and pilose above,, pale and soft-pubescent below, l'-2' long, l'-l' wide, with
a slender yellow midrib slightly raised on the upper side, and slender primary veins con-
nected by obscure reticulate veinlets; turning dull yellow in the autumn before falling;
petioles j'-J' long; stipules pale yellow-green, often tinged with red toward the apex,
%' long, about \' wide. Flowers: staminate aments on stout stalks covered with rufous
tomentum and sometimes \' long, rarely sessile, about \' long during their first season, with
Fig. 193
dark brown puberulous scales gradually contracted into a long slender subulate point,
becoming when the flowers open l'-lj' long, with broadly ovate concave scales ab-
ruptly narrowed into a nearly triangular point, yellow-green near the base, bright red
above the middle; pistillate aments about \' long, with ovate-lanceolate light yellow-green
puberulous scales ciliate on the margins- Fruit: nuts \' long, gradually narrowed at the
apex, their involucres 1' long, nearly glabrous at the apex, sometimes slightly stained
with red toward the base, in clusters l'-l|' long and about f broad, on stems \' in
length.
BETULACE.E 205
A tree 20-30 high, with a trunk 12'-18' in diameter, usually divided 1 or 2 above the
ground into 3 or 4 stout upright stems 4'-5' thick, slender pendulous often much contorted
branches forming a narrow round-topped symmetrical head, and slender branchlets dark
green and coated with hoary tomentum when they first appear, dark red-brown and pu-
bescent during their first summer, becoming light cinnamon-brown, glabrous, and lustrous
in the winter, and ultimately ashy gray. Winter-buds ovoid, dark brownish red, about |'
long. Bark internally bright orange color, ' thick, separating into loose hanging plate-
like scales light gray slightly tinged with red, and l'-2' long and wide. Wood light red-
dish brown, with thin sapwood.
Distribution. On the southern slope of the canon of the Colorado River in Coconino
County, Arizona, at altitudes of 6000-7000 above the sea (Hance trail, seventy miles
north of Flagstaff); in the canon of Oak Creek, south of Flagstaff (P. Lowell); and on
Grand River, Utah (Moab, Grant County, M . E. Jones}.
3. BETULA L. Birch.
Trees, with smooth resinous bark marked by long longitudinal lenticels, often separat-
ing freely into thin papery plates, becoming thick, deeply furrowed, and scaly at the base of
old trunks, short slender branches more or less erect and forming on young trees a narrow
symmetrical pyramidal head, becoming horizontal and often pendulous on older trees,
tough branchlets, short stout spur-like 2-leaved lateral branchlets much roughened by
the crowded leaf-scars of many years, and elongated winter-buds covered by numerous
ovate acute scales, and fully grown and bright green at midsummer. Leaves open and
convex in the bud, often incisely lobed; stipules ovate and acute or oblong-obovate, scarious.
Flowers in 3-flowered cymes, the lateral flowers of the cyme subtended by bractlets adnate
to the base of the scale of the ament; staminate aments long, pendulous, solitary or clus-
tered, appearing in summer or autumn in the axils of the last leaves of a branchlet or near
the ends of short lateral branchlets, erect and naked during the winter, their scales in the
spring broadly ovate, rounded, short-stalked, yellow or orange-color below the middle and
dark chestnut-brown and lustrous above it; staminate flowers composed of amembrana-
ceous 4-lobed calyx often 2-lobed by suppression, the anterior lobe obovate, rounded at apex,
as long as the stamens, much longer than the minute posterior lobe, and of 2 stamens in-
serted on the base of the calyx, with short 2-branched filaments, each branch bearing an
erect half-anther; pistillate aments oblong or cylindric, terminal on the short spur-like
lateral branchlets, their scales closely imbricated, oblong-ovate, 3-lobed, light yellow, often
tinged with red above the middle, accrescent, becoming brown and woody at maturity,
and forming sessile or stalked erect or pendulous short or elongated strobiles usually ripen-
ing in the autumn, deciduous with the nuts from the slender rachis; calyx of the pistillate
flower 0; ovary sessile, compressed, with styles stigmatic at apex. Nut minute, oval or
obovoid, compressed, bearing at the apex the persistent stigmas, marked at the base by
a small pale scar, the outer coat of the shell produced into a marginal wing interrupted at
the apex.
Betula is widely distributed from the Arctic circle to Texas in the New World, and to
southern Europe, the Himalayas, China, and Japan in the Old World, some species form-
ing great forests at the north, or covering high mountain slopes. Of the twenty-eight or
thirty species now recognized twelve are found in North America; of these nine are trees.
Of exotic species the European and Asiatic Betula pendula Roth, in a number of forms is a
common ornamental tree in the northern states, where several of the Birch-trees of eastern
Asia also flourish. Many of the species produce wood valued by the cabinet-maker, or used
in the manufacture of spools, shoe-lasts, and other small articles. The thin layers of the
bark are impervious to water and are used to cover buildings, and for shoes, canoes, and
boxes. The sweet sap provides an agreeable beverage.
Betula is the classical name of the Birch-tree.
206 TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
CONSPECTUS OF THE NORTH AMERICAN ARBORESCENT SPECIES.
Strobiles oblong-ovoid, nearly sessile, erect, the lateral lobes of their scales broad and slightly
divergent; wing not broader than the nut; leaves with 9-11 pairs of veins; bark of young
branches aromatic.
Leaves heart-shaped or rounded at base; scales of the strobiles glabrous; bark dark
brown, not separating into thin layers. 1. B. lenta (A, C).
Leaves cuneate or slightly heart-shaped at base; scales of the strobiles pubescent; bark
yellow, or silvery white, rarely dull yellowish brown; separating into thin layers.
2. B. lutea (A).
Strobiles oblong or cylindric, erect, spreading or pendant, on slender peduncles; wing
broader than the nut; leaves with 5-9 pairs of veins.
Strobiles oblong, erect, ripening in May or June, their scales pubescent, deeply lobed, the
lateral lobes erect; leaves rhombic-ovate, glaucescent and more or less silky-pubescent
beneath; bark light reddish-brown, separating freely into thin persistent scales.
3. B. nigra (A, C).
Strobiles cylindric, pendant or spreading.
Scales of the strobiles pubescent, with recurved lateral lobes, the middle lobe triangu-
lar, nearly as broad as long; leaves long-pointed; petioles slender, elongated.
Leaves triangular to rhombic, bright green and lustrous; bark chalky white, not
separable into thin layers. 4. B. populifolia (A).
Leaves ovate, cuneate to truncate or rounded at base, dull blue-green; bark white
tinged with pink, lustrous, not easily separable into thin layers.
5. B. cxfirulea (A).
Scales of the strobiles with ascending or spreading lateral lobes, the middle lobe usu-
ally acuminate, longer than broad; leaves acute or acuminate.
Bark separating freely into thin layers; scales of the strobiles glabrous.
Bark creamy white, or in some forms orange-brown; leaves ovate.
6. B. papyrifera (A, B, C, F).
Bark dull reddish brown or nearly white; leaves rhombic to deltoid-ovate.
7. B. alaskana (A, B).
Bark not separable into thin layers, dark brown; scales of the strobiles glabrous
or puberulous; branchlets glandular.
Leaves ovate, acute or acuminate, truncate or rounded at the broad base.
8. B. fontinalis (B, F, G).
Leaves broad-ovate to elliptic, acute, rounded or abruptly short-pointed, cuneate
at base. 9. B. Eastwoodae'(F).
1. Betula lenta L. Cherry Birch. Black Birch.
Leaves ovate to oblong-ovate, acute or acuminate, gradually narrowed and often un-
equal at the cordate or rounded base, sharply serrate with slender incurved teeth, or very
rarely laciniately lobed (f . laciniata Rehdr.), when they unfold light green, coated on the
lower surface with long white silky hairs, and slightly hairy on the upper surface, at ma-
turity thin and membranaceous, dark dull green above, light yellow-green below, with
small tufts of white hairs in the axils of the veins, 2|'-6' long, l%'-3' wide, with a yellow mid-
rib and primary veins prominent and hairy on the lower surface, and obscure reticulate
cross veinlets; turning bright clear yellow late in the autumn; petioles stout, hairy, deeply
grooved on the upper side, f'-l' long; stipules ovate, acute, light green or nearly white,
scarious and ciliate above the middle. Flowers : staminate aments during the winter about
f ' long, nearly |' thick, with ovate acute apiculate scales bright red-brown above the middle
and light brown below it, becoming 3'-4' long; pistillate aments '-f ' long, about f ' thick,
with ovate pale green scales rounded at the apex; styles light pink. Fruit: strobiles ob-
long-ovoid, sessile, erect, glabrous, I'-l^' long, about %' thick; nut obovoid, pointed at
base, rounded at apex, about as broad as its wing.
BETULACE.E
207
A tree, with aromatic bark and leaves, 70-80 high, with a trunk 2-5 in diameter,
slender branches spreading almost at right angles, becoming pendulous toward the ends
and gradually forming a narrow round-topped open graceful head, and branchlets light
green, slightly viscid and pilose when they first appear, soon turning dark orange-brown,
lustrous during the summer, bright red-brown in their first winter, becoming darker and
finally dark dull brown slightly tinged with red. Winter-buds ovoid, acute, about \'
long, with ovate acute light chestnut-brown loosely imbricated scales, those of the inner
ranks becoming \'-\' long. Bark on young stems and branches close, smooth, lustrous,
dark brown tinged with red, and marked by elongated horizontal pale lenticels, becoming
on old trunks '-' thick, dull, deeply furrowed and broken into large thick irregular plates
Fig. 194
covered with closely appressed scales. Wood heavy, very strong and hard, close-grained,
dark brown tinged with red, with thin light brown or yellow sapwood of 70-80 layers of
annual growth; largely used for floors, in the manufacture of furniture and for fuel, and
occasionally in ship and boatbuilding. Sweet birch-oil distilled from the wood and bark is
used for medicinal purposes and for flavoring as a substitute for oil of wintergreen, and
beer is obtained by fermenting the sugary sap.
Distribution. Rich uplands from southern Maine to northwestern Vermont, and eastern
Ohio and southward to northern Delaware and along the Appalachian Mountains up to al-
titudes of 4000 to northern Georgia; in Alabama, and in eastern Kentucky and Tennes-
see; a common forest tree at the north, and of its largest size on the western slopes of the
southern Alleghany Mountains.
X Betula Jackii Schn., a natural hybrid of B. lenta with B. pumila Michx., has appeared
in the Arnold Arboretum.
2. Betula lutea Michx. Yellow Birch. Gray Birch.
Leaves ovate to oblong-ovate, acuminate or acute at apex, gradually narrowed to the
rounded cuneate or rarely heart-shaped usually oblique base, sharply doubly serrate,
when they unfold bronze-green or red, and pilose with long pale hairs above and on the
under side of the midrib and veins, at maturity dull dark green above, yellow-green below,
4^' long, l|'-2' wide, with a stout midrib and primary veins covered below near the
base of the leaf with short pale or rufous hairs; turning clear bright yellow in the autumn;
petioles slender, pale yellow, hairy, i'-l' long; stipules ovate, acute, light green tinged with
pink above the middle, about \' long. Flowers: staminate aments during the winter f'-l'
long, about ' thick, with ovate rounded scales light chestnut-brown and lustrous above
the middle, ciliate on the margins, becoming 3'-8i' long and \' thick; pistillate aments
TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
about f ' long, with acute scales, pale green below, light red and tipped with clusters of long
white hair at apex, and pilose on the back. Fruit: strobiles erect, sessile, short-stalked,
pubescent, !'-!' long, about f thick; nut ellipsoidal to obovoid, about ' long, rather
broader than its wing.
A tree, with slightly aromatic bark and leaves, occasionally 100 high, with a trunk
3-4 in diameter, spreading and more or less pendulous branches forming a broad round-
topped head, and branchlets at first green and covered with long pale hairs, light orange-
brown and pilose during their first summer, becoming glabrous and light brown slightly
tinged with orange, and ultimately dull and darker. Winter-buds about \' long, some-
what viscid and covered with loose pale hairs during the summer, becoming light chest-
nut-brown, acute, and slightly puberulous in winter. Bark of young stems and of the
branches bright silvery gray or light orange color, very lustrous, separating into thin loose
persistent scales more or less rolled on the margins, becoming on old trees \' thick, reddish
Fig. 195
brown, and divided by narrow irregular fissures into large thin plates covered with minute
closely appressed scales, or sometimes dull yellowish brown (B. alleghaniensi* Britt.).
Wood heavy, very strong, hard, close-grained, light brown tinged with red, with thin nearly
white sapwood; largely used for floors, in the manufacture of furniture, button and tassel
moulds, boxes, the hubs of wheels, and for fuel.
Distribution. Moist uplands, and southward often in swamps; one of the largest decid-
uous-leaved trees of northeastern America; Newfoundland and along the northern shores
of the Gulf of St. Lawrence to the valley of Rainy River, and southward to Long Island
(Cold Spring Harbor) and western New York, Pennsylvania, northern Delaware, south-
eastern Ohio, northern Indiana, southwestern Wisconsin, northern, northeastern and cen-
tral Iowa, and from the mountains of Virginia and West Virginia to the highest peaks of
North Carolina and Tennessee at altitudes between 3000 and 5000; very abundant and
of its largest size in the eastern provinces of Canada and in northern New York and New
England; small and rare in southern New England and southward.
X Betula Purpusii Schn. believed to be a natural hybrid of B. lutea with B. pumila
var. glandulifera Regel has been found in Michigan and in Tamarack Swamps in Hennepin,
Pine and Anoka Counties, Minnesota.
3. Betula nigra L. Red Birch. River Birch.
Leaves rhombic-ovate, acute, abruptly or gradually narrowed and cuneate at base,
doubly serrate, and on vigorous young branches often more or less laciniately cut into acute
BETULACEJE 209
doubly serrate lobes, when they unfold light yellow-green and pilose above and coated
below, especially on the midrib and petioles, with thick white tomentum, at maturity
thin and tough, l'-3' long, l'-2' wide, deep green and lustrous above, glabrescent, pu-
bescent or ultimately glabrous below, except on the stout midrib and remote primary
veins; turning dull yellow in the autumn; petioles slender, slightly flattened, tomentose,
about \' long; stipules ovate, rounded or acute at apex, pale green, covered below with
white hairs. Flowers: staminate aments clustered, during the winter about \' long and
T *g thick, with ovate rounded dull chestnut-brown lustrous scales, becoming 2'-3' long
and ' thick; pistillate aments about \ ' long, with bright green ovate scales pubescent on
the back, rounded or acute at apex, and ciliate with long white hairs. Fruit ripening
in May and June; strobiles cylindric, pubescent, \'-\\' long, \' thick, erect on stout tomen-
Fig. 196
tose peduncles \* long; nut ovoid to ellipsoidal, \' in length, pubescent or puberulous at
apex, about as broad as its thin puberulous wing, ciliate on the margin.
A tree, 80-90 high, with a trunk often divided 15-20 above the ground into 2 or
3 slightly diverging limbs, and sometimes 5 in diameter, slender branches forming in old
age a narrow irregular picturesque crown, and branchlets coated at first with thick pale
or slightly rufous tomentum gradually disappearing before winter, becoming dark red and
lustrous, dull red-brown in their second year, and then gradually growing slightly darker
until the bark separates into the thin flakes of the older branches; or often sending up from
the ground a clump of several small spreading stems forming a low bushy tree. Winter-
buds ovoid, acute, about \' long, covered in summer with thick pale tomentum, glabrous
or slightly puberulous, lustrous and bright chestnut-brown in winter, the inner scales
strap-shaped, light brown tinged with red, and coated with pale hairs. Bark on young
stems and large branches thin, lustrous, light reddish brown or silvery gray, marked by
narrow slightly darker longitudinal lenticels, separating freely into large thin papery scales
persistent for several years, and turning back and showing the light pink-brown tints of
the freshly exposed inner layers, becoming at the base of old trunks from f '-!' thick, dark
red-brown, deeply furrowed and broken on the surface into thick closely appressed scales.
Wood light, rather hard, strong, close-grained, light brown, with pale sapwood of 40-50 lay-
ers of annual growth; used in the manufacture of furniture, woodenware, wooden shoes,
and in turnery.
Distribution. Banks of streams, ponds, and swamps, in deep rich soil often inundated
for several weeks at a time; near Manchester, Hillsboro County, New Hampshire, north-
eastern Massachusetts, Long Island, New York, southward to northern Florida through
the region east of the Alleghany Mountains except in the immediate neighborhood of the
210
TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
coast, through the Gulf states to the valley of the Navasota River, Brazos County, Texas,
and through Arkansas, eastern Oklahoma, southeastern Kansas, and Missouri to Tennessee
and Kentucky, southern and eastern Iowa, southern Minnesota, the valley of the Eau
Claire River, Eau Claire County, Wisconsin, southern Illinois, the valley of the Kankakee
River, Indiana, and southern Ohio; the only semiaquatic species and the only species
ripening its seeds in the spring or early summer; attaining its largest size in the damp
semitropical lowlands of Florida, Louisiana, and Texas; the only Birch-tree of such warm
regions.
Often cultivated in the northeastern states as an ornamental tree, growing rapidly in
cultivation.
4. Betula populifolia Marsh. Gray Birch. White Birch.
Leaves nearly triangular to rhombic, long-pointed, coarsely doubly serrate with stout
spreading glandular teeth except at the broad truncate or slightly cordate or cuneate base,
thin and firm, dark green and lustrous and somewhat roughened on the upper surface early
in the season by small pale glands in the axils of the conspicuous reticulate veinlets, 2|'-3'
long, 1|'-2|' wide, with a stout yellow midrib covered with minute glands, and raised and
rounded on the upper side, and obscure yellow primary veins; turning pale yellow in the
autumn; petioles slender, terete, covered with black glands, often stained with red on the
upper side*, f'-l' long; stipules broadly ovate, acute, membranaceous, light green slightly
tinged with red. Flowers: staminate aments usually solitary or rarely in pairs, 1^'-1'
long, about f ' thick during the winter, becoming 2^'-4' long, with ovate acute apiculate
scales; pistillate aments slender, as long as their glandular peduncles about \' in length,
Fig. 197
with ovate acute pale green glandular scales. Fruit: strobiles cylindric, pubescent, ob-
tuse at apex, about f long and thick, pendant or spreading on slender stems; nut ellip-
soidal to obovoid, acute or rounded at base, a little narrower than its obovate wing.
A short-lived tree, 20-30 or exceptionally 40 high, with a trunk rarely 18' in diameter,
short slender often pendulous more or less contorted branches usually clothing the stem to
the ground and forming a narrow pyramidal head, and branchlets roughened by small
raised lenticels, resinous-glandular when they first appear, gradually growing darker, bright
yellow and lustrous before autumn like the young stems, bright reddish brown during their
first winter, and ultimately white near thee trunk; often growing in clusters of spreading
stems springing from the stumps of old trees. Winter-buds ovoid, acute, pale chestnut-
brown, glabrous, about \' long. Bark about \' thick, dull chalky white on the outer sur-
face, bright orange on the inner, close and firm, with dark triangular markings at the
BETULACE.E
insertion of the branches, becoming at the base of old trees thicker, nearly black, and
irregularly broken by shallow fissures. Wood light, soft, not strong, close-grained, not
durable, light brown, with thick nearly white sap wood; used in the manufacture of spools,
shoe-pegs and wood pulp, for the hoops of barrels, and largely for fuel.
Distribution. Dry gravelly barren soil or on the margins of swamps and ponds; Prince
Edward Island, Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, and the valley of the lower St. Lawrence
River southward to northeastern, central and on South Mountain, Franklin County,
Pennsylvania, and northern Delaware, and westward through northern New England and
New York, ascending sometimes to altitudes of 1800, to the southern shores of Lake
Ontario, and at the foot of Lake Michigan, Indiana; rare and local in the interior, very
abundant in the coast region of New England and the middle states; springing up in great
numbers on abandoned farm-lands or on lands stripped by fire of their original forest cover-
ing; most valuable in its ability to grow rapidly in sterile soil and to afford protection to
the seedlings of more valuable and less rapid-growing trees.
A form with deeply divided leaves (var. laciniata Loud.) and one with purple leaves
(var. purpurea E & B) are occasionally cultivated.
A shrub believed to be a natural hybrid of B. populifolia with B. pumila Michx. has
been found near Mt. Mansfield, Vermont.
5. Betula coerulea Blanch. Blue Birch.
Leaves ovate, long-pointed, broadly or narrowly concave-cuneate at the entire often
unequal base, sharply mostly doubly serrate above with straight or incurved glandular
often apiculate teeth, covered above when they unfold with pale deciduous glands, at
maturity dull bluish green above, pale yellow-green below, and sparingly villose along the
under side of the slender yellow midrib and primary veins, 2'-2|' long, I'-lJ' wide:
Fig. 198
petioles slender, f'-lf long, yellow more or less deeply tinged with red. Flowers: stam-
inate aments usually in pairs, or singly or in 3's, l|'-2' long, about T y thick, with ovate
rounded short-pointed scales; pistillate aments slender, about f ' long, with acuminate pale
green much reflexed scales. Fruit: strobiles cylindric, pubescent, slightly narrowed at the
obtuse apex, about 1' long and \' thick, pendant on slender peduncles \'-\' in length; nut
ellipsoidal, much narrower than its broad wing.
A tree, rarely more than 30 high, with a trunk 8' -10' in diameter, small ascending
finally spreading branches, and slender branchlets marked by numerous small raised pale
lenticels, purplish and sparingly villose when they first appear, soon glabrous, becoming
TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
bright red-brown; often forming clumps of several stems. Bark thin, white tinged with
rose, lustrous, not readily separable into layers, the inner bark light orange color.
Distribution. Moist slopes, Stratton and Windham, Windham County, Vermont, at alti-
tudes of about 1800 (W. H. Blanckard), Haystack Mountain, Aroostook County, Maine
(M. L. Fernald)', the American representative of the European Betula pendula Roth., and
probably widely distributed over the hills of northern New England and eastern Canada.
Perhaps with its variety best considered a natural hybrid between B. papyrifera and B.
populifolia.
Apparently passing into a form with larger leaves often rounded and truncate at the
broad base, 3'-3|' long and 2' wide, stouter staminate aments, and strobiles frequently
l' long and |' thick (var. Blanchardii Sarg. fig. 198 A). This under favorable conditions
is a tree 60-70 high, with a trunk 18' in diameter; common with Betula coerulea at Wind-
ham and Stratton, Vermont (W. H. Blanchard), and on a hill near the coast in Washington
County, Maine (M. L. Fernald).
6. Betula papyrifera Marsh. Canoe Birch. Paper Birch.
Leaves ovate, acute or acuminate with a short broad point, coarsely usually doubly and
often very irregularly serrate except at the rounded abruptly cuneate or gradually nar-
rowed base, bright green, glandular-resinous, pubescent and clothed below on the midrib
and primary veins and on the petioles with long white hairs when they unfold, at maturity
thick and firm, dull dark green and glandless or rarely glandular on the upper surface, light
yellow-green and glabrous or puberulous, with small tufts of pale hairs in the axils of the
primary veins and covered with many black glands on the lower surface, 2'-3' long, l^'-fc 7
wide, with a slender yellow midrib marked, like the remote primary veins, with minute
Fig. 199
black glands, turning light clear yellow in the auutmn; petioles stout, yellow, glandular,
glabrous or pubescent, |'-f long; stipules ovate, acute, ciliate on the margins with pale
hairs, light green. Flowers: staminate aments clustered during the winter, f'-l?' long,
about i' thick, with ovate, acute scales light brown below the middle, dark red-brown
above it, becoming 3'-4' long, and about ' thick; pistillate aments I'-lf ' long, about T V
thick, with light green lanceolate scales long-pointed and acute or rounded at apex; styles
bright red. Fruit: strobiles cylindric, glabrous, about 1|' long and %' thick, hanging on
slender stalks, their scales very rarely entire (var. elobata Sarg.); nut ellipsoidal, about
r \' long, much narrower than its thin wing.
A tree, usually 60-70 tall, with a trunk 2-3 in diameter, becoming in old age, or
when crowded by other trees, branchless below and supporting a narrow open head of
BETULACE.E
short pendulous branches, and branchlets at first light green, slightly viscid, marked by
scattered orange-colored oblong lenticels and covered with long pale hairs, dark orange
color and glabrous or pubescent during the summer, becoming dull red in their first winter,
gradually growing dark orange-brown, lustrous for four or five years and ultimately covered
with the white papery bark of older branches. Winter-buds obovoid, acute, about \' long,
pubescent below the middle and coated with resinous gum at midsummer, dark chestnut-
brown, glabrous and slightly resinous during the winter, their inner scales becoming strap-
shaped, rounded at apex, about \' long and \' wide. Bark on young trunks and large
limbs thin, creamy white or rarely bronze color or orange-brown and lustrous on the outer
surface, bright orange color on the inner, marked by long narrow slightly darker colored
raised lenticels, separating into thin papery layers, pale orange color when first exposed to
the light, becoming on old trunks for a few feet above the ground sometimes \' thick, dull
brown or nearly black, sharply and irregularly furrowed and broken on the surface into
thick closely appressed scales. Wood light, strong, hard, tough, very close-grained, light
brown tinged with red, with thick nearly white sap wood; largely used for spools, shoe-lasts,
pegs, and in turnery, the manufacture of wood-pulp, and for fuel. The tough resinous
durable bark impervious to water is used by all the northern Indians to cover their canoes
and for baskets, bags, drinking-cups, and other small articles, and often to cover their
wigwams in winter.
Distribution. Rich wooded slopes and the borders of streams, lakes, and swamps
scattered through forests of other trees; Labrador to the southern shores of Hudson's Bay,
and southward to Long Island, New York, northern Pennsylvania, central Michigan,
northern Wisconsin, northern-central Iowa, eastern Nebraska, North and South Dakota
and Wyoming; common in the maritime provinces of Canada and North of the Great Lakes,
and in northern New England and New York; small and comparatively rare in the coast
region of southern New England and southward; on the highest mountains of New Eng-
land and northward the var. minor S. Wats and Cov. is common as a small shrub.
Often planted in the northeastern states as an ornamental tree.
X Betula Sandbergii Britt. and its f. maxima Rosend. generally believed to be natural
hybrids of B. papyri/era and B. pumila var. glandulifera Regl. occur in Tamarack swamps
in Hennepin County, Minnesota.
Passing into the following varieties.
Betula papyrifera var. cordifolia Fern.
Leaves ovate, abruptly pointed and acuminate or acute at apex, cordate at base, coarsely
doubly serrate, glabrous or pilose on the under side of the midrib and veins, often furnished
Fig. 200
TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
below with axillary tufts of pale hairs, l|'-3' long, l'-2'wide; petioles glabrous or rarely
villose, ^'-f in length. Fruit: strobiles f '-2' long and f '-|' thick, on villose peduncles up
to f in length; scales glabrous or pubescent.
A tree rarely more than 30 tall, with slender glabrous or pubescent branchlets, and at
high altitudes on the New England mountains reduced to a low shrub. Bark separating
in thin layers, white or dark reddish brown.
Distribution. Labrador and Newfoundland to northern New England, and westward
to the shores of Green Bay, Wisconsin, and those of Lake Superior, Minnesota (Grand
Marais, Cook County); on Mt. Mitchell, North Carolina, at an altitude of 5550 (W. W.
Ashe).
Betula papyrifera var. subcordata Sarg.
Betula subcordata Rydb.
Leaves ovate, acute or acuminate at apex, slightly cordate or rounded at base, rarely
slightly lobed above the middle, finely often doubly serrate with teeth pointing forward or
spreading, glabrous, 2'-2^' long, I'-l^' wide; petioles sparingly villose or glabrous, ^' f'
in length. Fruit: strobiles drooping on slender peduncles 1'-!$' long, about $' thick,
Fig. 201
their scales puberulous, ciliate on the margins, the middle lobe acute, rather longer than the
broad truncate lateral lobes; nut obovoid, cuneate at base, iV long, narrower than its
wings.
A tree 25-40 or occasionally 60 high, with a trunk 12'-18' in diameter, and slightly
glandular glabrous red-brown branchlets. Bark separating freely into thin layers, white or
occasionally dark reddish brown or orange color.
Distribution. Alberta (Crow Nest Pass, neighborhood of Jasper and Cypress Hills),
through northern Montana and Idaho to western Washington, northeastern Oregon
(Minum River Valley) and British Columbia.
Betula papyrifera var. montanensis Sarg.
Betula montanensis Butler.
Leaves broadly ovate, acute at apex, truncate or rounded at base to oblong-ovate or
lanceolate and long-pointed and acuminate at apex, narrowed and rounded at base, coarsely
doubly serrate, thick, dark green above, paler, sparingly pubescent and furnished with
BETULACE^E
215
conspicuous tufts of axillary hairs below, 3'-5' long, 2'-2' wide; petioles puberulous,
f'-l' in length. Flowers unknown. Fruit: strobiles cylindric, If '-2' long, |' thick,
pendent on puberulous peduncles \'-\' in length, their scales puberulous, finely ciliate on
Fig. 202
the margins, the slender base of those below the middle of the ament rather more than
twice as long as the expanded upper portion of the scale.
A tree 40-50 high, with a trunk 12'-18' in diameter, and slender branchlets red-brown,
lustrous, marked by small pale lenticels and puberulous during their first season. Winter-
buds narrow-obovoid, acuminate, dark red-brown, resinous, \' long. Bark white, or dark
gray or brown.
Distribution. Shore of Yellow Bay, Flathead Lake, Flathead County, Montana, and
at Sandpoint, Bonner County, Idaho.
Betula papyrifera var. occidentalis Sarg.
Betula occidentalis Hook.
Leaves ovate> acute, or abruptly acuminate at apex, rounded or occasionally cordate
or rarely cuneate at the broad base, coarsely and generally doubly serrate with straight or
incurved glandular teeth, thin and firm in texture, dull dark green above, pale yellow-green
below, and puberulous on both sides of the stout yellow midrib and slender primary veins,
3'-4' long, If -2' wide; petioles stout, glandular, at first tomentose, ultimately pubescent
or puberulous, about f ' long; stipules oblong-obovate, rounded and acute or apisculate
at apex, ciliate on the margin, puberulous, glandular-viscid. Flowers : staminate aments
during the winter about f ' long and f' thick, with ovate scales rounded or abruptly nar-
rowed and acute at apex, puberulous on the outer surface, ciliate on the margins, becoming
3'-4' long and about \' thick; pistillate aments about 1' long and T V thick, with acuminate
bright green scales. Fruit: strobiles cylindric, puberulous, spreading, \\'-\\' long, \'-\'
thick, on stout peduncles f ' in length, their scales ciliate on the margins; nut oval, about
T V in length, and nearly as wide as its wings.
A tree, 100-120 high, with a trunk 3-^ in diameter, comparatively small branches
often pendulous on old trees, and pale orange-brown branchlets more or less glandular and
coated with long pale hairs when they first appear, becoming bright orange-brown and
nearly destitute of glands during their first winter, and in their second year orange-
brown, glabrous, and very lustrous. Winter-buds acute, bright orange-brown, \'-\' long,
their light brown inner scales sometimes becoming f ' in length. Bark thin, marked by
long oblong horizontal raised lenticels, dark orange-brown or white, very lustrous, sepa-
216 TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
rating freely into thin papery layers displaying in falling the bright orange-yellow inner
bark.
Distribution. Banks of streams and lakes; southwestern British Columbia and north-
western Washington and eastward through eastern Washington and northern Idaho to
Fig. 203
northern Montana west of the continental divide; nowhere common and probably of its
largest size on the alluvial banks of the lower Fraser River, and on the islands of Puget
Sound.
Betula papyrifera var. kenaica A. Henry. Red Birch. Black Birch.
Betula kenaica Evans.
Leaves ovate, acute or acuminate, broadly cuneate or somewhat rounded at the entire
base, irregularly coarsely often doubly serrate, glabrous, dark dull green above, pale yel-
Fig. 204
low-green below, l'-2' long, l'-lf wide, with a slender yellow midrib and 5 pairs of thin
primary veins; petioles slender, f'-l' long. Flowers: staminate aments clustered, 1' long,
BETULACE^E
with ovate acute scales apiculate at apex, puberulous on the outer surface; pistillate aments,
i'-f' long, about iV thick, on slender glandular pubescent peduncles f'-f in length; scales
acuminate light green strongly reflexed; styles bright red. Fruit: strobiles cylindric, gla-
brous, 1' long, their scales ciliate on the margins; nut oval, somewhat narrower than its
thin wing.
A tree, 30-40 high, with a trunk 12'-20' in diameter, wide-spreading branches, stout
branchlets marked by numerous small pale lenticels, bright red-brown during 2 or 3 years,
gradually becoming darker. Bark thin, more or less furrowed, very dark brown or nearly
black near the base of the trunk, grayish white or light reddish brown and separating into
thin layers higher on the stem and on the branches.
Distribution. Coast of Alaska from Cook Inlet southward to the head of the Lynn
Canal.
7. Betula alaskana Sarg. White Birch.
Leaves rhombic to deltoid-ovate, long-pointed, truncate, rounded or broadly cuneate,
or on leading shoots occasionally cordate at the entire base, coarsely and often doubly
glandular-serrate, thin, dark green above, pale and yellow-green below, l|'-3' long, I'-l^'
wide, with a slender midrib and primary veins pubescent or ultimately glabrous be-
low; petioles often bright red, somewhat hairy at first, finally glabrous, about 1' long;
Flowers: staminate aments clustered, sessile, 1' long, |' thick, with ovate acuminate scales
Fig. 205
puberulous on the outer surface, and bright red, with yellow margins; pistillate aments slen-
der, cylindric, glandular, 1' long, f ' thick, on stout peduncles nearly y in length. Fruit:
strobiles glabrous, pendulous or spreading, I'-lj' long, f '-' thick, their scales ciliate on
the margins; nut oval, narrower than its broad wing.
A tree, usually 30-40, occasionally 80, high, with a trunk 6'-12' in diameter, slender
erect and spreading or pendulous branches, and glabrous bright red-brown branchlets more
or less thickly covered during their first year with resinous glands sometimes persistent
until the second or third season. Winter-buds ovoid, obtuse at the gradually narrowed
apex, about \' long, with light red-brown shining outer scales sometimes ciliate on the
margins, and oblong rounded scarious inner scales hardly more than \' long when fully
grown. Bark thin, marked by numerous elongated dark slightly raised lenticels, dull red-
dish brown or sometimes nearly white on the outer surface, light red on the inner surface,
close and firm, finally separable into thin plate-like scales.
Distribution. Valley of the Saskatchewan northwestward to the valley of the Yukon,
218
TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
growing sparingly near the banks of streams in forests of coniferous trees and in large
numbers on sunny slopes and hillsides; the common Birch-tree of the Yukon basin.
X Betula commixta Sarg., a shrub, growing on the tundra near Dawson, Yukon Terri-
tory, is believed to be a hybrid between B. alaskana and B. glandulosa Michx.
8. Betula fontinalis Sarg. Black Birch.
Leaves ovate, acute or acuminate, sharply and often doubly serrate, except at the
rounded or abruptly cuneate often unequal base, and sometimes slightly laciniately
lobed, pale green, pilose above, and covered by conspicuous resinous glands when they
unfold, at maturity thin and firm, dark dull green above, pale yellow-green, rather lus-
trous and covered by minute glandular dots below, l'-2' long, f'-l' wide, with a slender
pale midrib, remote glandular veins, and rather conspicuous reticulate veinlets; turning
dull yellow in the autumn; petioles stout, puberulous, light yellow, glandular-dotted,
flattened on the upper side, often flushed with red, $'-' long; stipules broadly ovate,
acute or rounded at apex, slightly ciliate, bright green, soon becoming pale and scarious.
Flowers: staminate aments clustered, |'-f long and y 1 ^' thick during the winter, with
ovate acute light chestnut-brown scales pale and slightly ciliate on the margins, becoming
2'-2i' long, and about f thick, with apiculate scales; pistillate aments short-stalked,
about f long, with ovate acute green scales; styles bright red. Fruit: strobiles cylindric,
rather obtuse, puberulous or nearly glabrous, l'-l|' long, \' thick, erect or pendulous on
Fig. 206
slender glandular peduncles, J' to nearly f in length; their scales ciliate, puberulous,
the lateral lobes ascending, shorter than the middle lobe; nut ovoid or obovoid, puberulous
at apex, nearly as wide as its wing.
A tree 20-25 high with a short trunk, rarely more than 12' or 14' in diameter, ascending
spreading and somewhat pendulous branches forming a broad open head, and slender
branchlets, when they first appear light green glabrous or puberulous and covered with
lustrous resinous glands persistent during their second season, and dark red-brown in their
first winter; more commonly shrubby, with many thin spreading stems forming open clus-
ters, 15-20 high; often much lower, and frequently , crowded in almost impenetrable
thickets. Winter-buds ovoid, acute, very resinous, chestnut-brown, \' long. Bark about
thick, dark bronze color, very lustrous, marked by pale brown longitudinal lenticels
becoming on old trunks often 6'-8' long and \' wide. Wood soft and strong, light brown,
with thick lighter-colored sapwood; sometimes used for fuel and fencing.
Distribution. Moist soil near the banks of streams usually in mountain canons; gen-
BETULACE^E
219
erally distributed, although nowhere very common: valley of the Saskatchewan (Saska-
toon), Saskatchewan, westward to the basin of the upper Fraser and Pease Rivers, British
Columbia, southward along the Rocky Mountains to eastern Utah, northern New Mexico
and Arizona, the valleys of the Shasta region and the eastern slope of the Sierra Nevada,
Dorthern California, and eastward in the United States to the eastern foothills of the Rocky
Mountains of Colorado, the Black Hills of South Dakota, and northwestern Nebraska.
Passing into
Betula fontinalis var. Piped Sarg.
Betula Piperi Britt.
A tree occasionally 50-60 high with a tall trunk 12'-18' in diameter, short spreading
branches, and usually longer and often narrower strobiles.
Fig. 207
Distribution. Spokane, Spokane County, Almota and Pullman, Whitman County,
eastern Washington.
9. Betula Eastwood Sarg.
Leaves broad-ovate to elliptic, acute, rounded or abruptly short-pointed at apex, coarsely
serrate except at the cuneate base, thick, glabrous, dark green above, pale below, reticulate-
Fig. 208
TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
venulose, the veinlets more conspicuous on the lower surface, I'-lj' long, f'-l^' wide;
petioles slender, glabrous '-$' in length; stipules scarious, ovate-oblong, rounded at apex.
Flowers: staminate aments usually solitary or in pairs, sessile, l'-l|' long, ' thick, with
broadly ovate pubescent dark red scales acute and apiculate at apex; pistillate aments
\' long, about T V thick, with acute light green scales. Fruit: strobiles pendulous on
peduncles \'-\' long, cylindric, f ' in length, about ' thick, their scales glabrous longer
than broad, the lobes narrowed at the rounded apex, ciliate, the lateral slightly spread-
ing, one third shorter than the terminal lobe.
A tree 18-20 high, with a trunk rarely more than 6' in diameter, and slender red gla-
brous branchlets thickly covered with circular white glands. Bark close, chestnut-brown,
marked by conspicuous horizontal white lenticels, about \' thick.
Distribution. Swamps near Dawson, Yukon Territory, forming jungles with Betula
glandulosa Michx., B. alaskana Sarg., and various Willows: as a large shrub in Jasper
Park near Jasper, Alberta.
4. ALNUS L. Alder.
Trees and shrubs, with astringent scaly bark, soft straight-grained wood, naked stipitate
winter-buds formed in summer and nearly inclosed by the united stipules of the first leaf,
becoming thick, resinous, and dark red. Leaves open and convex in the bud, falling
without change of color; stipules of all but the first leaf ovate, acute, and scarious. Flowers
vernal, or rarely opening in the autumn from aments of the year, in 1-3-flowered cymes,
in the axils of the peltate short-stalked scales of stalked aments formed in summer or
autumn in the axils of the last leaves of the year or of those of minute leafy bracts; stamin-
ate aments elongated, pendulous, paniculate, naked and erect during the winter, each
staminate flower subtended by 3-5 minute bractlets adnate to the scales of the ament, and
composed of a 4-parted calyx, and 1-3 or usually 4 stamens inserted on the base of the calyx
opposite its lobes, with short simple filaments; pistillate aments ovoid or oblong, erect,
stalked, produced in summer in the axils of the leaves of a branch developed from the
axils of an upper leaf of the year, and below the staminate inflorescence, inclosed at first
in the stipules of the first leaf, emerging in the autumn and naked during the winter, or
remaining covered until early spring; pistillate flowers in pairs, each flower subtended by
2-4 minute bractlets adnate to the fleshy scale of the ament becoming at maturity thick
and woody, obovate, 3-5-lobed or truncate at the thickened apex, forming an ovoid or
subglobose strobile persistent after the opening of its closely imbricate'd scales; calyx 0;
ovary compressed; nut minute, bright chestnut-brown, ovoid to oblong, flat, bearing at
the apex the remnants of the style, marked at the base by a pale scar, the outer coat of
the shell produced into lateral wings often reduced to a narrow membranaceous border.
Alnus inhabits swamps, river bottom-lands, and high mountains, and is widely and gen-
erally distributed through the northern hemisphere, often forming the most conspicuous
feature of vegetation on mountain slopes, ranging at high altitudes southward in the New
World through Central America to Colombia, Peru, and Bolivia, and to upper Assam and
Japan in the Old World. Of the eighteen or twenty species now recognized nine are North
American; of these, six attain the size and habit of trees. Of the exotic species, Alnus
vulgaris Hill., a common European, north African, and Asiatic timber-tree, was introduced
many years ago into the northeastern states, where it has become locally naturalized.
The wood of Alnus is very durable in water, and the astringent bark and strobiles are used
in tanning leather and in medicine.
Alnus is the classical name of the Alder.
CONSPECTUS OF THE NORTH AMERICAN ARBORESCENT SPECIES.
Flowers opening in spring with or after the leaves; stamens 4; pistillate aments inclosed
during the winter; wing of the nut broad; leaves ovate, sinuately lobed, lustrous on the
lower surface. 1. A. sinuata (B, F, G).
BETULACfi^
Flowers opening in winter or early spring before the unfolding of the leaves; pistillate
aments usually naked during the winter.
Wing of the nut broad; leaves ovate or elliptic, rusty-pubescent on the lower surface;
pistillate aments often inclosed during the winter; stamens 4. 2. A. rubra (B, G).
Wing of the nut reduced to a narrow border.
Stamens 4; leaves oblong-ovate, glabrous or puberulous on the lower surface.
3. A. tenuifolia (B, F, G).
Stamens usually 2, or 3.
Leaves ovate or oval. 4. A. rhombifolia (B, F, G).
Leaves oblong-lanceolate, acute. 5. A. oblongifolia (H).
Flowers opening in autumn from aments of the year; stamens 4; wing of the nut reduced
to a narrow border; leaves oblong-ovate or obovate, dark green and lustrous above,
pale yellow-green below. 6. A. maritima (A).
1. Alnus sinuata Rydb. Alder.
Alnus sitchensis Sarg.
Leaves ovate, acute, full and rounded and often unsymmetrical and somewhat oblique
or abruptly narrowed and cuneate at base, divided into numerous short acute lateral lobes,
sharply and doubly serrate with straight glandular teeth, glandular-viscid as they unfold,
at maturity membranaceous, yellow -green on the upper surface, pale and very lustrous on
Fig. 209
the lower surface, glabrous, or villose along the under side of the stout midrib with short
brown hairs also forming tufts in the axils of the numerous slender primary veins, 3'-6'
long, H'-4' wide; petioles stout, grooved, abruptly enlarged at the base, ^'-f in length;
stipules oblong to spatulate, rounded and apiculate at apex, puberulous, about \' long.
Flowers : staminate aments sessile, in pairs in the axils of the upper leaves sometimes re-
duced to small bracts, and single in the axil of the leaf next below, during the winter about
$' long and \' thick, with dark red-brown shining puberulous apiculate scales, becoming
when the flowers open from spring to midsummer 4' or 5' long, with a puberulous light red
rachis and ovate acute apiculate 3-flowered scales; calyx-lobes rounded, shorter than the
4 stamens; pistillate aments in elongated panicles, inclosed during winter in buds formed
the previous summer in the axils of the leaves of short lateral branchlets, long-peduncu-
late, %' long, y thick. Fruit: strobiles on slender peduncles in elongated sometimes leafy
panicles 4'-6' in length, oblong, |'-f ' long, about $-' thick, their truncate scales thickened
at the apex; nut oval, about as wide as its wings.
TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
A tree, sometimes 40 high, with a trunk 7'-8' in diameter, short small nearly horizontal
branches forming a narrow crown, and slender slightly zigzag branchlets puberulous and
very glandular when they first appear, bright orange-brown and lustrous and marked by
numerous large pale lenticels during their first season, much roughened during their second
year by the elevated crowded leaf-scars, becoming light gray. Winter-buds acuminate,
dark purple, covered especially toward the apex with close fine pubescence, about \' long.
Bark thin bluish gray, with bright red inner bark; often a shrub only a few feet tall spread-
ing into broad thickets.
Distribution. Northwest coast from the borders of the Arctic Circle to the high moun-
tains of northern California; common in the valley of the Yukon and eastward through
British Columbia to Alberta, and through Washington and Oregon to the western slopes
of the Rocky Mountains in Montana; at the north with dwarf Willows, forming great
thickets; in southeastern Alaska often a tall tree on rich moist bottom-lands near the
mouths of mountain streams, and at the upper limits of tree growth a low shrub; very
abundant in the valley of the Yukon on the wet banks of streams and often arborescent in
habit; in British Columbia and the United States generally smaller and a shrub, growing
usually only at altitudes of more than 3000 above the sea, and often forming thickets
on the banks of streams and lakes.
2. Alnus rubra Bong. Alder.
Alnus oregona Nutt.
Leaves ovate to elliptic, acute, abruptly or gradually narrowed and cuneate at base,
crenately lobed, dentate with minute gland-tipped teeth, and slightly revolute on the
margins, covered when they unfold with pale tomentum, at maturity thick dark green and
glabrous or pilose with scattered white hairs above, clothed below with short rusty pubes-
Fig. 210
cence, 3'-5' long, lf-3' wide, or on vigorous branchlets sometimes 8'-10' long, with a
broad midrib and primary veins green on the upper side and orange-colored on the lower,
the primary veins running obliquely to the points of the lobes and connected by con-
spicuous slightly reticulate cross veinlets; petioles orange-colored, nearly terete, slightly
grooved, I'-f in length; stipules ovate, acute, pale green flushed with red, tomentose, I'-J'
long. Flowers: staminate aments in red-stemmed clusters, during the winter lj' long, 5'
thick, with dark red-brown lustrous closely appressed scales, becoming 4'-6' long and
thick, with ovate acute orange-colored glabrous scales; calyx yellow, with ovate rounded
BETULACE.E
lobes rather shorter than the 4 stamens; pistillate aments in short racemes usually in-
closed during the winter in buds formed during the early summer and opening in the early
spring, 3' I' long, about T V thick, with dark red acute scales; styles bright red. Fruit:
strobiles raised on stout orange-colored peduncles sometimes \' in length, ovoid or oblong,
'-!' long, \'-\' thick, with truncate scales much thickened toward the apex; nut orbicular
to obovoid, surrounded by a membranaceous wing.
A tree, usually 40-50, occasionally 90 high, with a trunk sometimes 3 in diameter,
slender somewhat pendulous branches forming a narrow pyramidal head, and slender
branchlets marked by minute scattered pale lenticels, light green and coated at first with
hoary tomentum sometimes persistent until their second year, becoming during the first
winter bright red and lustrous and ultimately ashy gray. Winter-buds about \' long,
dark red, covered with pale scurfy pubescence. Bark rarely more than f thick, close,
roughened by minute wart-like excrescences, pale gray or nearly white, with a thin outer
layer, and bright red-brown inner bark. Wood light, soft, brittle, not strong, close-
grained, light brown tinged with red, with thick nearly white sap wood; in Washington and
Oregon largely used in the manufacture of furniture and for smoking salmon; by the Indians
of Alaska the trunks are hollowed into canoes.
Distribution. Shores of Yakutat Bay, southeastern Alaska, southward near the coast
to the canons of the Santa Inez Mountains, Santa Barbara County, California; common
along the banks of streams, and of its largest size near the shores of Puget Sound; in
California most abundant in Mendocino, Humbolt and Marin Counties, forming groves on
bottom-lands near the coast; often ranging inland for 20 or 30 miles, and occasionally
ascending to altitudes of 2000 above the sea.
3. Alnus tenuifolia Nutt. Alder.
Leaves ovate-oblong, acute or acuminate, broad and rounded or cordate or occasionally
abruptly narrowed and cuneate at base, usually acutely laciniately lobed and doubly ser-
Fig. 211
rate, when they unfold light green often tinged with red, pilose on the upper surface and
coated on the lower with pale tomentum, at maturity thin and firm, dark green and glabrous
above, pale yellow-green and glabrous or puberulous below, 2'-4' long, l^'-2^' wide, with a
stout orange-colored midrib impressed on the upper side, and slender primary veins running
to the points of the lobes; petioles stout, slightly grooved, orange-colored, f '-!' in length;
stipules ovate, acute, thin, and scarious, \' long, about \' wide, covered with pale pubes-
cence. Flowers: staminate aments 3 or 4 in number in slender-stemmed racemes, nearly
sessile or raised on stout peduncles often \' long, during the winter light purple, f '-!' long
TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
and j' thick, becoming l^'-2' in length; calyx-lobes rounded, shorter than the 4 stamens;
pistillate aments naked during the winter, dark red-brown, nearly \' long, with acute apic-
ulate loosely imbricated scales, only slightly enlarged when the flowers open. Fruit:
strobiles obovoid-oblong, \'-% r long, their scales much thickened, truncate and 3-lobed at
apex; nut nearly circular to slightly obovoid, surrounded by a thin membranaceous border.
A tree, occasionally 30 tall, with a trunk 6 '-8' in diameter, small spreading slightly
pendulous branches forming a narrow round-topped head, and slender branchlets marked
at first by a few large orange-colored lenticels and coated with fine pale or rusty caducous
pubescence, becoming light brown or ashy gray more or less deeply flushed with red in their
first winter and ultimately paler; more often shrubby, with several spreading stems, and
at the north and at high altitudes frequently only 4-5 tall. Winter-buds \'-\' long,
bright red, and puberulous. Bark rarely more than \' thick, bright red-brown and broken
on the surface into small closely appressed scales.
Distribution. Banks of streams and mountain canons from Francis Lake in latitude
61 north to the valley of the lower Fraser River, British Columbia, eastward along the
Saskatchewan to Prince Albert, and southward through the Rocky Mountains to northern
New Mexico; on the Sierra Nevada of southern California, and in Lower California; the
common Alder of mountain streams in the northern interior region of the continent; very
abundant on the eastern slopes of the Cascade Mountains, and on the southern California
Sierras; forming great thickets at 6000-7000 above the sea along the head-waters of the
rivers of southern California flowing to the Pacific Ocean; the common Alder of eastern
Washington and Oregon, and of Idaho and Montana; very abundant and of its largest size
in Colorado and northern New Mexico.
4. Alnus rhombifolia Nutt. White Alder. Alder.
Leaves ovate or oval or sometimes nearly orbicular, rounded or acute at apex, especially
on vigorous shoots, gradually or abruptly narrowed and cuneate at base, finely or some-
times coarsely and occasionally doubly serrate, slightly thickened and reflexed on the some-
Fig. 212
what undulate margins, when they unfold pale green and covered with deciduous matted
white hairs, at maturity dark green and lustrous on the upper surface, frequently marked,
especially on the midrib, with minute glandular dots, light yellow-green and slightly puber-
ulous below, 2'-3' long, l|'-2' wide, with a stout yellow midrib and primary veins; peti-
oles slender, yellow, hairy, flattened and grooved on the upper side, f '- f' long; stipules
ovate, acute, scarious, puberulous, about \' in length. Flowers: staminate aments in
slender-stemmed pubescent clusters, usually short-stalked, during the summer dark olive-
BETULACE.E
225
brown and lustrous, -f'-l' long and about T V thick, beginning to lengthen late in the
autumn before the leaves fall, fully grown and 4'-6' long and \' thick in January, with dark
orange-brown scales, and deciduous in February before the appearance of the new leaves;
calyx yellow, 4-lobed, rather shorter than the 2 or occasionally 3 or rarely single stamen;
pistillate aments in short pubescent racemes emerging from the bud in December, their
scales broadly ovate and rounded. Fruit: strobiles oblong, f'-|' long, with thin scales
slightly thickened and lobed at apex, fully grown at midsummer, remaining closed until
the trees flower the following year; nut broadly ovoid, with a thin margin.
A tree, frequently 70-80 high, with a tall straight trunk 2-3 in diameter, long slender
branches pendulous at the ends, forming a wide round-topped open head, and slender
branchlets marked by small scattered lenticels, at first light green and coated with pale
caducous pubescence, soon becoming dark orange-red and glabrous, and darker during the
winter and following summer. Winter-buds nearly \' long, very slender, dark red, and
covered with pale scurfy pubescence. Bark on old trunks 1' thick, dark brown, irregularly
divided into flat often connected ridges broken into oblong plates covered with small closely
appressed scales. Wood light, soft, not strong* brittle, close-grained, light brown, with
thick lighter colored often nearly white sapwood.
Distribution. Banks of streams from northern Idaho to the eastern slope of the Cascade
Mountains of Washington and southeastern Oregon, and southward from the valley of the
Willamette River, Oregon (near Salem, Marion County, J. C. Nelson) over the coast
ranges and along the western slopes of the Sierra Nevada to the mountains of southern Cali-
fornia (San Bernardino, San Jacinto, and Cuyamaca Ranges) ; the common Alder of the
valleys of central California, occasionally ascending on the southern Sierra Nevada to alti-
tudes of 8000, and the only species at low altitudes in the southern part of the state.
5. Alnus oblongifolia Torr. Alder.
Alnus acuminata Sarg., not H. B. K.
Leaves oblong- lanceolate, acute; or rarely obovate and rounded at apex, gradually nar-
rowed and cuneate at base, sharply and usually doubly serrate, more or less thickly covered,
especially early in the season, with black glands, dark yellow-green and glabrous or slightly
Fig. 213
puberulous above, pale and glabrous or puberulous below, especially along the slender
yellow midrib and veins, with small tufts of rusty hairs in the axils of the primary veins,
2'-3' long, about l' wide; petioles slender, grooved, pubescent, ' long; stipules ovate-
TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
lanceolate, brown and scarious, about \' in length. Flowers: staminate aments in short
stout-stemmed racemes, during the winter light yellow, \'-\' long and about iV thick,
becoming when the flowers open at the end of February before the appearance of the leaves
2'-2|' in length, with ovate pointed dark orange-brown scales; calyx 4-lobed; stamens 3 or
occasionally 2, with pale red anthers soon becoming light yellow; pistillate aments naked
during the winter, \' to nearly ' long, with light brown ovate rounded scales; stigmas
bright red. Fruit: strobiles \'-V long, with thin scales slightly thickened and nearly trun-
cate at apex; nut broadly ovoid, with a narrow membranaceous border.
A tree, in the United States rarely more than 20-30 high, with a trunk sometimes 8' in
diameter, long slender spreading branches forming an open round-topped head, and slender
branchlets slightly puberulous when they first appear, light orange-red and lustrous during
their first winter, and marked by small conspicuous pale lenticels, becoming in their second
year dark red-brown or gray tinged with red and much roughened by the elevated leaf-
scars. Winter-buds acute, red, lustrous, glabrous, \' long. Bark thin, smooth, light
brown tinged with red.
Distribution. Banks of streams in camons of the mountains of southern New Mexico
and Arizona at altitudes of 4000-6000 above the sea; in Oak Creek Canon near Flagstaff,
northern Arizona (tree 1 00 X 3, P. Lowell} ; and on the mountains of northern Mexico.
6. Alnus maritima Nutt. Alder.
Leaves oblong-ovate, or obovate, acute, acuminate or rounded at apex, gradually nar-
rowed and cuneate at base, remotely serrate with minute incurved glandular teeth, and
somewhat thickened on the slightly undulate margins, when they unfold, light green tinged
with red, hairy on the midrib, veins, and petioles, and coated above with pale scurfy
Fig. 214
pubescence, at maturity dark green, very lustrous, and covered below by minute pale
glandular dots, 3'-4' long, l|'-2' wide, with a stout yellow midrib and primary veins promi-
nent and glandular on the upper side and slightly puberulous below; petioles stout, yellow,
glandular, flattened and grooved on the upper side, '-f ' in length; stipules oblong, acute,
about f long, dark reddish brown, caducous. Flowers opening in the autumn: aments
appearing in July on branches of the year and fully grown in August or early in Septem-
ber; staminate in short scurfy-pubescent glandular-pitted racemes on slender peduncles
sometimes 1' in length from the axils of upper leaves, covered at first with ovate acute
dark green very lustrous scales slightly ciliate on the margins and furnished at apex with
minute red points, at maturity 1|'-2|' long, \' to nearly \' thick, with dark orange-brown
scales raised on slender stalks, and 4 bright orange-colored stamens; pistillate usually sol-
FAGACE^E
itary from the axils of the lower leaves on stout pubescent peduncles, bright red at apex
and light green below before opening, with ovate acute scales slightly ciliate on the mar-
gins, about I' long when the styles protrude from between the scales, beginning to enlarge
the following spring. Fruit attaining full size at midsummer and then raised on a stout
peduncle, broadly ovoid, rounded and depressed at base, gradually narrowed to the rather
obtuse apex, about f ' long and \' broad, with thin lustrous scales slightly thickened and
crenately lobed at apex, turning dark reddish brown or nearly black and opening late in the
autumn and remaining on the branches until after the flowers open the following year;
nut oblong-obovoid, gradually narrowed and apiculate at apex, with a thin membrana-
ceous border.
A tree, occasionally 30 high, with a tall straight trunk 4 '-5' in diameter, small spreading
branches forming a narrow round-topped head, slender slightly zigzag branchlets, light
green and hairy at first, pale yellow-green, very lustrous, slightly puberulous, marked with
occasional small orange-colored lenticels, and glandular with minute dark glandular dots
during their first summer, becoming dull light orange or reddish brown in the winter, and
ashy gray often slightly tinged with red the following season; more often shrubby, with
numerous slender spreading stems 15-20 tall. Winter-buds acute, dark red, coated with
pale lustrous scurfy pubescence, about |' long. Bark |' thick, smooth, light brown or
brown tinged with gray. Wood light, soft, close-grained, light brown, with thick hardly
distinguishable sapwood.
Distribution. Banks of streams and ponds in southern Delaware and Maryland, and
in south central Oklahoma (Johnson and Bryan Counties).
Occasionally cultivated as an ornamental tree in the eastern states and hardy as far
north as Massachusetts.
X. FAGACE^.
Trees, with watery juice, slender terete branchlets marked by numerous usually pale
lenticels, alternate stalked penniveined leaves, and narrow mostly deciduous stipules.
Flowers monrecious, the staminate in unisexual heads or aments, composed of a 4-8-lobed
calyx, and 4 or 8 stamens, with free simple filaments and introrse 2-celled anthers, the cells
parallel and contiguous, opening longitudinally; the pistillate solitary or clustered, in ter-
minal unisexual or bisexual spikes or heads, subtended by an involucre of imbricated bracts
becoming woody and partly or entirely inclosing the fruit, and composed of a 4-8-lobed
calyx adnate to the 3-7-celled ovary with as many styles as its cells and 1 or 2 pendulous
anatropous or semi-anatropous ovules in each cell. Fruit a nut 1-seeded by abortion, the
outer coat cartilaginous, the inner membranaceous or bony. Seed filling the cavity of
the nut, without albumen; seed-coat membranaceous; cotyledons fleshy, including the min-
ute superior radicle; hilum, basal, minute.
The six genera of this widely distributed family occur in North America with the ex-
ception of Nothofagus, separated from Fagus to receive the Beech-trees of the southern
hemisphere.
CONSPECTUS OF THE NORTH AMERICAN GENERA.
Staminate flowers fascicled in globose-stalked heads; the pistillate in 2-4-flowered clusters.
1. Fagus.
Staminate flowers in slender aments.
Pistillate flowers in 2-5-flowered clusters below the staminate, in bisexual aments.
Nut inclosed in a prickly burr.
Leaves deciduous; ovary 6-celled; nut maturing in one season; branchlets length-
ening by an upper axillary bud; bud-scales 4. 2. Castanea.
Leaves persistent; ovary 3-celled; nut maturing at the end of the second season;
branchlets lengthening by a terminal bud; bud-scales numerous. 3. Castanopsis.
TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
Nut inclosed only partly in a shallow cup covered by slender recurved scales united
only at the base, free above. 4. Lithocarpus.
Pistillate flowers solitary, in few-flowered unisexual spikes; nut more or less inclosed in
a cup covered by thin or thickened scales, closely appressed or often free toward its rim.
5. Quercus.
1. FAGUS L. Beech.
Trees, with smooth pale bark, hard close-grained wood, and elongated acute bright
chestnut-brown buds, their inner scales accrescent and marking the base of the branchlets
with persistent ring-like scars. Leaves convex and plicate along the veins in the bud, thick
and firm, deciduous; petioles short, nearly terete, in falling leaving small elevated semioval
leaf-scars, with marginal rows of minute fibro- vascular bundle-scars; stipules linear-lance-
olate, infolding the leaf in the bud. Flowers vernal after the unfolding of the leaves; stam-
inate short-pedicellate, in globose many-flowered heads on long drooping bibracteolate
stems at base of shoots of the year or from the axils of their lowest leaves, and com-
posed of a subcampanulate 4-8-lobed calyx, the lobes imbricated in aestivation, ovate and
rounded, and 8-16 stamens inserted on the base of and longer than the calyx, with slender
filaments and oblong green anthers; pistillate in 2-4-flowered stalked clusters in the axils of
upper leaves of the year, surrounded by numerous awl-shaped hairy bracts, the outer bright
red, longer than the flowers, deciduous, the inner shorter and united below into a 4-lobed
involucre becoming at maturity woody, ovoid, thick-walled, and covered by stout recurved
prickles, inclosing or partly inclosing the usually 3 nuts, and ultimately separating into
4 valves; calyx urn-shaped, villose, divided into 4 or 5 linear-lanceolate acute lobes, its
3-angled tube adnate to the 3-celled ovary surmounted by 3 slender recurved pilose styles
green and stigmatic toward the apex and longer than the involucre; ovules 2 in each cell.
Nut ovoid, unequally 3-angled, acute or winged at the angles, concave and longitudinally
ridged on the sides, chestnut-brown and lustrous, tipped with the remnants of the styles,
marked at the base by a small triangular scar, with a thin shell covered on the inner surface
with rufous tomentum. Seed dark chestnut-brown, suspended with the abortive ovules
from the tip of the hairy dissepiment of the ovary pushed by the growth of the seed into
one of the angles of the nut; cotyledons sweet, oily, plano-convex.
Fagus as here limited is confined to the northern hemisphere, with a single American
species and seven Old World species; of these one is widely distributed through Europe,
another is found in the Caucasus, and the others are confined to eastern temperate Asia.
Of exotic species, the European Fagus sylvatica L., an important timber- tree, is frequently
planted for ornament in the eastern states in several of its forms, especially those with
purple leaves, and with pendulous branches. The wood of Fagus is hard and close-grained.
The sweet seeds are a favorite food of swine, and yield a valuable oil.
Fagus is the classical name of the Beech-tree.
1. Fagus grandifolia Ehrh. Beech.
Fagus americana Sweet.
Leaves remote at the ends of the branches and clustered on short lateral branchlets,
oblong-ovate, acuminate with a long slender point, coarsely serrate with spreading or
incurved triangular teeth except at the gradually narrowed generally cuneate base, when
they unfold pale green and clothed on the lower surface and margins with long pale lus-
trous silky hairs, at maturity dull dark bluish green above, light yellow-green, very
lustrous, and glabrous or rarely pilose below (f. pubescens Fern. & Rehd.) with tufts of
long pale hairs in the axils of the veins, 2'-5' long, l'-3' wide, with a slender yellow mid-
rib covered above with short pale hairs, and slender primary veins running obliquely
to the points of the teeth; turning bright clear yellow in the autumn; very rarely deeply
laciniate; petioles hairy, '-|' in length; stipules ovate-lanceolate on the lower leaves, strap-
shaped to linear-lanceolate on the upper, brown or often red below the middle, membra-
FAGACE^
naceous, lustrous, I'-l^' long. Flowers opening when the leaves are about one third
grown; staminate in globose heads 1' in diameter, on slender hairy peduncles about 2'
long; pistillate in usually 2-flowered clusters, on short clavate hoary peduncles '- f' long.
Fruit: involucres |'-f in length often shorter than the nuts, on stout hairy club-shaped
peduncles '-f ' long, fully grown at midsummer, and then puberulous, dark orange-green,
and covered by long slender recurved prickles red above the middle, becoming at maturity
in the autumn light brown and tomentose, with crowded much recurved pubescent prickles,
persistent on the branch after opening late into the winter; nut about f ' long.
A tree, usually 70-80 but exceptionally 120 high, sending up from the roots numerous
small stems sometimes extending into broad thickets round the parent tree, in the forest
with a long comparatively slender stem free of branches for more than half its length, and
short branches forming a narrow head, in open situations short-stemmed, with a trunk
often 3-4 in diameter, and numerous limbs spreading gradually and forming a broad corn-
Fig. 215
pact round-topped head of slender slightly drooping branches clothed with short leafy
laterals, and branchlets pale green and coated with long soft caducous hairs when they
first appear, olive-green or orange-colored during their first summer, and conspicuously
marked by oblong bright orange lenticels, gradually growing red, bright reddish brown
during their first winter, darker brown in their second season and ultimately ashy gray.
Winter-buds puberulous, especially toward the apex, f ' to nearly 1' long, about ' broad,
the inner scales hirsute on the inner surface and along the margins and when fully grown
often 1' long, lustrous, brown above the middle, and reddish below. Bark \'-% thick, with
a smooth light steel-gray surface. Wood hard, strong, tough, very close-grained, not dur-
able, difficult to season, dark or often light red, with thin nearly white sapwood of 20-30
layers of annual growth; largely used in the manufacture of chairs, shoe-lasts, plane-stocks,
the handles of tools, and for fuel. The sweet nuts are gathered and sold in the markets of
Canada and of some of the western and middle states.
Distribution. Rich uplands and mountain slopes, often forming nearly pure forests, and
southward on the bottom-lands of streams and the margins of swamps; valley of the Resti-
gouche River, New Brunswick, to the northern shores of Lake Huron and the southern
shores of Lake Superior, and southward to Virginia, Ohio, Michigan, the ravines of Rock
River near Oregon, Ogle County, Illinois, Minnesota and northern Missouri; southward
passing into the var. caroliniana Fern. & Rehd., differing in its ovate to short-ovate
thieker leaves, usually rounded or subcordate at base, and often less coarsely serrate or
230 TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
undulate on the margins, glabrous or rarely densely soft pubescent below (f. mollis Fern.
& Rehd.), in the often shorter involucre of the fruit with shorter and less crowded prickles;
usually on the bottom-lands of streams and the borders of swamps, New Jersey, and south-
ern Ohio and Missouri to western Florida, Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana, eastern Texas,
and northeastern Oklahoma; ascending on the southern Appalachian Mountains to alti-
tudes of 3000; probably growing to its largest size in eastern Louisiana.
The northern form is occasionally planted in the northern states as a shade and park tree.
2. CASTANEA Adans. Chestnut.
Trees or shrubs, with furrowed bark, porous brittle wood, durable in the ground, terete
branchlets without terminal buds, axillary buds covered by 2 pairs of slightly imbricated
scales, the outer lateral, the others accrescent, becoming oblong-ovate and acute and mark-
ing the base of the branch with narrow ring-like scars, and stout perpendicular tap-roots;
producing when cut numerous stout shoots from the stump. Leaves convolute in the bud,
ovate, acute, coarsely serrate, except at the base, with thin veins running to the points of the
slender glandular teeth, deciduous; petioles leaving in falling small elevated semioval leaf-
scars marked by an irregular marginal row of minute fibro- vascular bundle-scars; stipules
ovate to linear-lanceolate, acute, scarious, infolding the leaf in the bud, caducous. Flowers
opening in early summer, unisexual, strong-smelling; the staminate, in 3-7-flowered cymes,
in the axils of minute ovate bracts, in elongated simple deciduous aments first appearing
with the unfolding of the leaves from the inner scales of the terminal bud and from the
axils of the lower leaves of the year, composed of a pale straw-colored slightly puberulous
calyx deeply divided into 6 ovate rounded segments imbricated in the bud, and 10-20
stamens inserted on the slightly thickened torus, with filiform filaments incurved in the
bud, becoming elongated and exserted, and ovoid or globose pale yellow anthers; the pistil-
late scattered or spicate at the base of the shorter persistent androgynous aments from the
axils of later leaves, sessile, 2 or 3 together or solitary within a short-stemmed or sessile
involucre of closely imbricated oblong acute bright green bracts scurfy-pubescent or to-
mentose below the middle, subtended by a bract and 2 lateral bractlets, each flower com-
posed of an urn-shaped calyx, with a short limb divided into 6 obtuse lobes, minute sterile
stamens shorter than the calyx-lobes, an ovary 6-celled after fecundation, with 6 linear
spreading white styles hairy below the middle and tipped by minute acute stigmas, and 2
ovules in each cell, attached on its inner angle, descending, semianatropous. Fruit matur-
ing in one season, its involucre inclosing 1-3 nuts, globose or short-oblong, pubescent or
tomentose and spiny on the outer surface, with elongated ridged bright green ultimately
brown branched spines fascicled between the deciduous scales, coated on the inner surface
with lustrous pubescence, splitting at maturity into 2-4 valves; nut ovoid, acute, crowned
by the remnants of the style, bright chestnut-brown and lustrous, tomentose or pubescent
at apex, cylindrical, or when more than 1 flattened, marked at the broad base by a large
conspicuous pale circular or oval thickened scar, its shell lined with rufous or hoary tomen-
tum. Seed usually solitary by abortion, dark chestnut-brown, marked at apex by the
abortive ovules, with thick and fleshy more or less undulate ruminate sweet farinaceous
cotyledons.
Castanea is confined to the northern hemisphere, and is widely distributed through east-
ern North America, southern Europe, northern Africa, southwestern Asia, and central and
northern 'China, Korea, and Japan. Seven species are distinguished. In the countries of
the Mediterranean Basin much attention has been given to improving the fruit of the native
species Castanea saliva Mill., which is occasionally planted in the middle United States;
in Japan the seeds of Castanea crenata S. & Zucc. in many varieties and in China those of
Castanea mollissima Bl. are important articles of food. Castanea produces coarse-grained
wood very durable in contact with the soil, and rich in tannin. Chestnut-trees suffer in
the eastern United States from the attacks of a fungus, Endothia parasitica Anders, which
has nearly exterminated them in many parts of the country.
Castanea is the classical name of the Chestnut-tree.
FAGACE^E
231
CONSPECTUS OF THE NORTH AMERICAN SPECIES.
Involucre of the fruit containing 2 or 3 flattened nuts. 1. C. dentate (A, C).
Involucre of the fruit containing a single terete nut.
Involucre of the fruit densely covered with spines; branchlets hoary tomentose.
2. C. pumila (A, C).
.Involucre of the fruit covered with scattered spines; branchlets glabrous or sparingly
pilose. 3. C. alnifolia (C).
1. Castanea dentate Borkh. Chestnut.
Leaves oblong-lanceolate, acute and long-pointed at apex, gradually narrowed and
cuneate at base, when they unfold puberulous on the upper surface and clothed on the
lower with fine cobweb-like tomentum, at maturity thin, glabrous, dark dull yellow-green
above, pale yellow-green below, 6'-8' long, about 2' wide, with a pale yellow midrib and
Fig. 216
primary veins; turning bright clear yellow late in the autumn; petioles stout, slightly
angled, puberulous, \' long, often flushed with red; stipules ovate-lanceolate, acute, yellow-
green, puberulous, about \' long. Flowers: staminate aments about \' long when they
first appear, green below the middle and red above, becoming when fully grown 6'-8' long,
with stout green puberulous stems covered from base to apex with crowded flower-clusters;
androgynous aments, slender, puberulous, 2'-5' long, with 2 or 3 irregularly scattered
involucres of pistillate flowers near their base. Fruit: involucre attaining its full size by
the middle of August, 2'-2|' in diameter, sometimes a little longer than broad, some-
what flattened at apex, pubescent and covered on the outer surface with crowded fascicles
of long slender glabrous much-branched spines, opening with the first frost and gradually
shedding their nuts; nuts usually much compressed, \'-V wide, usually rather broader than
long, coated at apex or nearly to the middle with thick pale tomentum, the interior of the
shell lined with thick rufous tomentum; seed very sweet.
A tree, occasionally 100 high, with a tall straight columnar trunk 3-4 in diameter,
or often when uncrowded by other trees with a short trunk occasionally 10-12 in diame-
ter, and usually divided not far above the ground into 3 or 4 stout horizontal limbs forming
a broad low round-topped head of slightly pendulous branches frequently 100 across, and
branchlets at first light yellow-green sometimes tinged with red, somewhat angled, lustrous,
slightly puberulous, soon becoming glabrous and olive-green tinged with yellow or brown
TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
tinged with green and ultimately dark brown. Winter-buds ovoid, acute, about \' long,
with thin dark chestnut-brown scales scarious on the margins. Bark from l'-2' thick,
dark brown and divided by shallow irregular often interrupted fissures into broad flat
ridges separating on the surface into small thin closely appressed scales. Wood light, soft,
not strong, liable to check and warp in drying, easily split, reddish brown, with thin lighter
colored sapwood of 3 or 4 layers of annual growth; largely used in the manufacture of cheap
furniture and in the interior finish of houses, for railway-ties, fence-posts, and rails. The
nuts, which are superior to those of the Old World chestnuts in sweetness were formerly
gathered in great quantities in the forest and sold in the markets of the eastern cities.
Distribution. Southern Maine to Woodstock, Grafton County, New Hampshire (rare)
and to the valley of the Winooski River. Vermont, southern Ontario, and southern
Michigan, southward to Delaware and Ohio, southern Indiana, and southwestern Illinois
(Pulaski County) along the Appalachian Mountains up to altitudes of 4000 to northern
Georgia, and to western Florida (Crestview, Walton County) southeastern (Henry and
Dale Counties) and south central (Dallas County) Alabama, Northern, central and
southeastern Mississippi (Pearl River County), and to central Kentucky and Tennessee;
very common on the glacial drift of the northern states and, except at the north, mostly
confined to the Appalachian hills; attaining its greatest size in western North Carolina and
eastern Tennessee.
Formerly sometimes planted in the eastern states as an ornamental and timber tree,
and for its nuts, of which several varieties have been recognized.
X Castanea neglecta Dode with leaves intermediate between those of C. dentata and C.
pumila and an involucre "containing a single large nut occurs on the Blue Ridge near
Highlands, Macon County, North Carolina.
2. Castanea pumila Mill. Chinquapin.
Leaves oblong-elliptic to oblong-obovate, acute, coarsely serrate, with slender rigid spread-
ing or incurved teeth, gradually narrowed and usually unequal and rounded or cuneate at
ig.217
base, when they unfold tinged with red and coated above with pale caducous tomentum
and below with thick snowy white tomentum, at maturity rather thick and firm in texture,
bright yellow-green on the upper surface, hoary or silvery pubescent on the lower, 3' -5'
long, l^'-2' wide; turning dull yellow in the autumn; petioles stout, pubescent, flattened
on the upper side, \'~V l n g> stipules light yellow-green, pubescent, those of the 2 lowest
leaves broad, ovate, acute, covered at apex by rufous tomentum, on later leaves ovate-
lanceolate, often oblique and acute, becoming linear at the end of the branch. Flowers:
FAGACE^ 233
staminate aments \' long when they first appear, pubescent, green below, bright red at
apex, becoming when fully grown 4 '-6' long, with stout hoary tomentose stems and crowded
or scattered flower-clusters; androgynous aments silvery tomentose, 3'-4' long; involucres
1-flowered, scattered at the base of the ament or often spicate and covering its lower half,
sessile or short-stalked. Fruit: involucre !'-!' in diameter, with thin walls covered with
crowded fascicles of slender spines tomentose toward the base; nut ovoid, terete, rounded
at the slightly narrowed base, gradually narrowed and pointed at apex, more or less coated
with silvery white pubescence, dark chestnut-brown, very lustrous, f'-l' long, \' thick,
with a thin shell lined with a coat of lustrous hoary tomentum, and a sweet seed.
A round-topped tree, rarely 50 high, with a short straight trunk 2-3 in diameter,
slender spreading branches, and branchlets coated at first with pale tomentum, becoming
during iheir first winter pubescent or remaining tomentose at the apex, bright red-brown,
glabrous, lustrous, olive-green or orange-brown during their second season and ultimately
darker; east of the Mississippi River often a shrub spreading into broad thickets by prolific
stolons, with numerous intricately branched stems often only 4 or 5 tall. Winter-buds
ovoid, or oval, about \' long, clothed when they first appear in summer w 7 ith thick hoary
tomentum, becoming red during the winter and scurfy-pubescent. Bark \'-\' thick, light
brown tinged with red, slightly furrowed and broken on the surface into loose plate-like
scales. Wood light, hard, strong, coarse-grained, dark brow r n, with thin hardly distin-
guishable sap wood of 3 or 4 layers of annual growth; used for fence-posts, rails, and railway-
ties. The sweet nuts are sold in the markets of the western and southern states.
Distribution. Dry sandy ridges, rich hillsides and the borders of swamps; southern New
Jersey and Pennsylvania to central (Lake County) and western Florida and westward
through the Gulf States to the valley of the Neches River, Texas, and through Arkan-
sas to eastern Oklahoma and southwestern Missouri; on the Appalachian Mountains as-
cending to altitudes of 4500; most abundant and of its largest size in southern Arkan-
sas and eastern Texas.
3. Castanea alnifolia Nutt. Chinquapin
A low shrub spreading into broad thickets by underground stems, with leaves pale pubes-
cent on the lower surface; and distributed in the neighborhood of the coast from the valley
of the Cape Fear River, North Carolina, to southern Georgia. Passing into
Castanea alnifolia var. floridana Sarg. Chinquapin
Leaves oblong-obovate to elliptic, acute, acuminate or rounded at apex, gradually
narrowed and cuneate or rounded at base, irregularly sinuate-toothed with apiculate teeth.
234 TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
hoary tomentose below when they unfold, soon glabrous with the exception of the last
leaves of vigorous summer shoots, and at maturity thin, glabrous, dark green above, light
green and lustrous below, 3'-4' long and I'-lf ' wide; petioles stout, glabrous, about iV in
length. Flowers: staminate aments pale pubescent, 4'-5' long; androgynous aments
pubescent, as long or rather longer with ten or twelve involucres of pistillate flowers below
the middle, often only the lowest being fertilized. Fruit: involucre 1-seeded, subglobose
to short-oblong, pale tomentose, f to lj' in diameter, covered with stout pubescent scat-
tered spines divided at base into numerous branches; nut ovoid, terete, acute, dark chest-
nut-brown, lustrous, f ' to nearly f in length.
A tree occasionally 40-45 high, with a tall trunk sometimes a foot in diameter, small
irregularly spreading branches forming a narrow head, and slender glabrous or rarely pilose
red-brown branchlets; more often a shrub sometimes with broader obovoid leaves some-
times puberulous on the lower surface.
Dry sandy soil; coast of North Carolina, near Wrightsville, New Hanover County;
Dover, near the Ogechee River, Screven County, Georgia; Jacksonville, Duval County,
and Panama City on Saint Andrew's Bay, Bay County, Florida; near Selma, Dallas
County, Alabama; and Covington, St. Tammany Parish, Louisiana.
A tree only on the shores of Saint Andrew's Bay.
3. CASTANOPSIS Spach.
Trees, with scaly bark, astringent wood, and winter-buds covered by numerous im-
bricated scales. Leaves convolute in the bud, 5-ranked, coriaceous, entire or dentate,
penniveined, persistent; stipules obovate or lanceolate, scarious, mostly caducous. Flow-
ers in 3-flowered cymes, or the pistillate rarely solitary or in pairs, in the axils of minute
bracts, on slender erect aments from the axils of leaves of the year; the staminate on
usually elongated and panicled aments, and composed of a campanulate 5 or 6-lobed or
parted calyx, the lobes inbricated in the bud, usually 10 or 12 stamens inserted on the
slightly thickened torus, with elongated exserted filiform filaments and oblong anthers,
and a minute hirsute rudimentary ovary; the pistillate on shorter simple or panicled aments
or scattered at the base of the staminate inflorescence, the cymes surrounded by an in-
volucre of imbricated scales; calyx urn-shaped, the short limb divided into 6 obtuse lobes;
abortive stamens inserted on the limb of the calyx and opposite its lobes; ovary sessile on
the thin disk, 3-celled after fecundation, with 3 spreading styles terminating in minute
stigmas, and 2 ovules in each cell attached to its interior angle. Fruit maturing at the end
of the second or rarely of the first season, its involucre inclosing 1-3 nuts, ovoid or glo-
bose, sometimes more or less depressed, rarely obscurely angled, dehiscent or indehiscent,
covered by stout spines, tuberculate or marked by interrupted vertical ridges; nut more
or less angled by mutual pressure when more than 1, often pilose, crowned with the rem-
nants of the style, marked at the base by a large conspicuous circular depressed scar, the
thick shell tomentose on the inner surface. Seed usually solitary by abortion, bearing
at apex the abortive ovules; cotyledons plano-convex, fleshy, farinaceous.
Castanopsis inhabits California with two species, and southeastern Asia where it is
distributed with about twenty-five species from southern China to the Malay Archipelago
and the eastern Himalayas. Of the California species one is usually arborescent and
the other Castanopsis sempervirens Dudley is a low alpine shrub of the coast ranges and the
Sierra Nevada.
Castanopsis, from Kaerava and 6\f/ts, in allusion to its resemblance to the Chestnut-tree.
1. Castanopsis chrysophylla A. DC. Chinquapin. Golden-leaved Chestnut.
Leaves lanceolate or oblong-ovate, gradually narrowed at the ends or sometimes ab-
ruptly contracted at apex into a short broad point, entire with slightly thickened revolute
margins, when they unfold thin, coated below with golden yellow persistent scales and
above with scattered white scales, at maturity thick and coriaceous, dark green and
FAGACE.E 235
lustrous above, 2'-6' long, \' to nearly 2' wide, with a stout midrib raised and rounded
on the upper side; turning yellow at maturity and falling gradually at the end of their
second or in their third year; petioles \'-\' in length; stipules ovate, rounded or acute at
apex, brown and scarious, puberulous, \'-\' long. Flowers appearing irregularly from
June until February in the axils of broadly ovate apiculate pubescent bracts on staminate
and androgynous scurfy stout-stemmed aments 2'-2|' long and crowded at the ends of
the branches; calyx of the staminate flower coated on the outer surface with hoary tomen-
tum, divided into broadly ovate rounded lobes much shorter than the slender stamens;
calyx of the pistillate flower oblong-campanulate, free from the ovary, clothed with hoary
tomentum, divided at apex into short rounded lobes, rather shorter than the minute
abortive stamens; anthers red; ovary conic, hirsute, with elongated slightly spread-
ing thick pale stigmas. Fruit ripening at the end of the second season, involucre glo-
bose, dehiscent, irregularly 4-valved, often slightly shorter than the nuts, sessile, solitary,
or clustered, tomentose and covered on the outer surface by long stout or slender rigid
spines, V-\\' in diameter, containing 1 or occasionally 2 nuts; nuts broadly ovoid, acute,
obtusely 3-angled, light yellow-brown and lustrous; seeds dark purple-red, sweet and
edible. "
Fig. 219
A tree, 50-100 high, with a massive trunk 3-6 in diameter, frequently free of branches
for 50, stout spreading branches forming a broad compact round-topped or conic head,
and rigid branchlets coated when they first appear with bright golden-yellow scurfy
scales, dark reddish brown and slightly scurfy during their first winter, and gradually
growing darker in their second season; often much smaller and sometimes reduced to a
shrub, 2-12 high (var. minor A. De Candolle). Winter-buds fully grown at mid-sum-
mer, usually crowded near the end of the branch, ovoid or subglobose, with broadly ovate
apiculate thin and papery light brown scales slightly puberulous on the back, ciliate on
the scarious often reflexed margins, the terminal about \' long and broad and rather larger
than the often stipitate axillary buds. Bark l'-2' thick and deeply divided into rounded
ridges 2'-3' wide, broken into thick plate-like scales, dark red-brown on the surface and
bright red internally. Wood light, soft, close-grained, not strong, light brown tinged with
red, with thin lighter colored sap wood of 50-60 layers of annual growth; occasionally used
in the manufacture of ploughs and other agricultural implements.
Distribution. Skamania County, Washington, valley of the lower Columbia River, Ore-
gon, southward along the western slopes of the Cascade Mountains, and in California along
the western slopes of the Sierra Nevada and through the coast ranges to the elevated val-
leys of the San Jacinto Mountains, sometimes ascending to altitudes of 4000 above the
sea; of its largest size in the humid coast valleys of northern California.
Occasionally cultivated in the gardens of temperate Europe.
236 TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
4. LITHOCARPUS Bl.
Pasania Orst.
Trees, with astringent properties, pubescence of fascicled hairs, deeply furrowed scaly
bark, hard close-grained brittle wood, stout branchlets, and winter-buds covered by few
erect or spreading foliaceous scales. Leaves convolute in the bud, petiolate, persistent,
entire or dentate, with a stout midrib, primary veins running obliquely to the points of
the teeth, or on entire leaves forked and united near the margins, and reticulate veinlets;
stipules oblong-obovate to linear-lanceolate, those of the upper leaves persistent and
surrounding the buds during the winter. Flowers in erect unisexual and in bisexual
tomentose aments from the axils of leaves of the year, from the inner scales of the ter-
minal bud or from separate buds in the axils of leaves of the previous year; staminate in
3-flowered clusters in the axils of ovate rounded bracts, the lateral flowers subtended by
similar but smaller bracts, each flower composed of a 5-lobed tomentose calyx, with nearly
triangular acute lobes, 10 stamens, with slender elongated filaments and small oblong or
emarginate anthers, and an acute abortive hairy ovary; pistillate scattered at the base
of the upper aments below the staminate flowers, solitary in the axils of acute bracts,
furnished with minute lateral bractlets, and composed of a C-lobed ovoid calyx, with
rounded lobes, inclosed in the tomentose involucral scales, 6 stamens, with abortive an-
thers, an ovoid-oblong 3-celled ovary, 3 elongated spreading light green styles thickened
and stigmatic at apex, and 2 anatropous ovules in each cell. Fruit an oval or ovoid nut
maturing at the end of the second season, 1-seeded by abortion, surrounded at base by the
accrescent woody cupular involucre of the flower, marked by a large pale circular basal scar,
the thick shell tomentose on the inner surface. Seed red-brown, filling the cavity of the
nut, bearing at apex the abortive ovules; cotyledons thick and fleshy, yellow and bitter.
Lithocarpus is intermediate between the Oaks and the Chestnuts, and, with the excep-
tion of one California species, is confined to southeastern Asia, where it is distributed with
many species from southern Japan and southern China through the Malay Peninsula to
the Indian Archipelago.
Lithocarpus from X0os and Kap-n-dt, in allusion to the character of the fruit.
1. Lithocarpus densiflora Rehd. Tan Bark Oak. Chestnut Oak.
Quercus densiflora Hook. & Arn.
Pasania densiflora Orst.
Leaves oblong or oblong-obovate, rounded or acute or rarely cordate at base, acute or
occasionally rounded at apex, or rarely lanceolate and acuminate (f. lanceolata Rehdr.) re-
pand-dentate, with acute callous teeth, or entire with thickened revolute margins, coated
when they unfold with fulvous tomentum and glandular on the margins with dark ca-
ducous glands, at maturity pale green, lustrous and glabrous or covered with scattered
pubescence on the upper surface, rusty-tomentose on the lower, ultimately becoming
glabrous above and glabrate and bluish white below, 3'-5' long, f '-3' wide, with a midrib
raised and rounded on the upper side, thin or thick primary veins and fine conspicuous
reticulate veinlets; persistent until the end of their third or fourth year; petioles stout, rigid,
tomentose, J'-f in length; stipules brown and scarious, hirsute on the outer surface.
Flowers in early spring and frequently also irregularly during the autumn; aments stout-
stemmed, 3'-4' long; staminate flowers crowded, hoary-tomentose in the bud, their bracts
tomentose. Fruit solitary or often in pairs, on a stout tomentose peduncle '-!' in length ;
nut full and rounded at base, gradually narrowed and acute or rounded at apex, scurfy-
pubescent when fully grown, becoming light yellow-brown, glabrous and lustrous at ma-
turity, |'-1' long, !'-!' thick, its cup shallow, tomentose with lustrous red-brown hairs on
the inner surface, and covered by long linear rigid spreading or recurved light brown
scales coated with fascicled hairs, frequently tipped, especially while young, with dark red
glands and often tomentose near the base of the cup.
FAGACE.E 237
A tree, usually 70-80 but sometimes 150 high, with a trunk I --* in diameter, stout
branches ascending in the forest and forming a narrow spire-like head, or in open positions
spreading horizontally and forming a broad dense symmetrical round-topped crown, and
branchlets coated at first with a thick fulvous tomentum of fascicled hairs often persistent
until the second or third year, becoming dark reddish brown and frequently covered with
a glaucous bloom; or sometimes reduced to a shrub, with slender stems only a few feet
high (var. montana Rehdr.). Winter-buds ovoid, obtuse, \'-\ r long, often surrounded by
the persistent stipules of the upper leaves, with tomentose loosely imbricated scales, those
of the outer ranks linear-lanceolate, increasing in width toward the interior of the bud,
those of the inner ranks ovate or obovate and rounded at apex. Bark f '-14' thick.
Fig. 220
deeply divided by narrow fissures into broad rounded ridges broken into nearly square
plates covered by closely appressed light red-brown scales. Wood hard, strong, close-
grained, brittle, reddish brown, with thick darker brown sap wood; largely used as fuel.
The bark is exceedingly rich in tannin and is largely used for tanning leather.
Distribution. Valley of the TJmpqua River, Oregon, southward through the coast
ranges to the Santa Inez Mountains, California, and along the western slope of the Sierra
Nevada up to elevations of 4000 above the sea to Mariposa County; very abundant in
the humid coast region north of San Francisco Bay and on the Santa Cruz and Santa Lucia
Mountains, and of its largest size in the Redwood forest of Napa and Mendocino Counties;
southward and on the Sierras less abundant and of smaller size; the form lanceolata in
southern Oregon and in Del Norte and Mendocino Counties, California; the var. montana
at high altitudes on the Siskiyou Mountains, in the region of Mount Shasta and on the
northern Sierra Nevada.
5. QUERCUSL. Oak.
Trees or shrubs, with astringent properties, pubescence of fascicled hairs, scaly or dark and
furrowed bark, hard and close-grained or porous brittle wood, slender branchlets marked
by pale lenticels and more or less prominently 5-angled. Winter-buds clustered at the
ends of the branchlets, with numerous membranaceous chestnut-brown slightly accres-
cent caducous scales closely imbricated in 5 ranks, in falling marking the base of the
branchlet with ring-like scars. Leaves 5-ranked, lobed, dentate or entire, often variable on
the same branch, membranaceous or coriaceous, the primary veins prominent and extend-
ing to the margins or united within them and connected by more or less reticulate vein-
lets, deciduous in the autumn or persistent until spring or until their third or fourth year;
238 TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
petioles in falling leaving slightly elevated semiorbicular more or less obcordate leaf-scars
broader than high, marked by the ends of numerous scattered fibro-vascular bundles;
stipules obovate to lanceolate, scarious, caducous, or those of upper leaves occasionally
persistent through the season. Flowers vernal with or after the unfolding of the leaves:
staminate solitary in the axils of lanceolate acute caducous bracts, or without bracts, in
graceful pendulous clustered aments, from separate or leaf -buds in the axils of leaves of the
previous year, or from the axils of the inner scales of the terminal bud or from those of the
leaves of the year; calyx carnpanulate, lobed or divided to the base into 4-7, usually 6,
membranaceous lobes; stamens 4-6, rarely 2, or 10-12, inserted on the slightly thickened
torus, with free filiform exserted filaments and ovate-oblong or subglobose glabrous or rarely
hairy 2-celled usually yellow anthers; pistillate solitary, subtended by a caducous bract
and 2 bractlets, in short or elongated few-flowered spikes from the axils of leaves of the year;
calyx urn-shaped, with a short campanulate 6-lobed limb, the tube adnate to the incom-
pletely 3 or rarely 4 or 5-celled ovary inclosed more or less completely by an accrescent in-
volucre of imbricated scales, becoming the cup of the fruit; styles as many as the cells of
the ovary, short or elongated, erect or incurved, dilated above, stigmatic on the inner face or
at apex only, generally persistent on the fruit; ovules anatropous or semianatropous, 2 in each
cell. Fruit a nut (acorn) maturing in one or in two years, ovoid, subglobose, or turbinate,
short-pointed at apex, 1-seeded by abortion, marked at base by a large conspicuous cir-
cular scar, with a thick shell, glabrous or coated on the inner surface with pale tomentum,
more or less surrounded or inclosed in the accrescent cupular involucre of the flower (cup),
its scales thin or thickened, loosely or closely imbricated. Seed marked at base or at
apex or rarely on the side by the abortive ovules; cotyledons thick and fleshy, usually
plano-convex and entire.
Quercus inhabits the temperate regions of the northern hemisphere and high altitudes
within the tropics, ranging in the New World southward to the mountains of Colombia
and in the Old World to the Indian Archipelago. Two hundred and seventy-five species
have been described; of the North American species fifty-four are large or small trees.
Of exotic species, the European Quercus Robur L., and Quercus sessiliflora Salisb., have been
frequently cultivated as ornamental trees in the eastern United States, where, however,
they are usually short-lived and unsatisfactory. Many of the species are important
timber-trees; their bark is often rich in tannin and is used for tanning leather, and all pro-
duce wood valuable for fuel and in the manufacture of charcoal.
Quercus is the classical name of the Oak-tree.
CONSPECTUS OF THE NORTH AMERICAN ARBORESCENT SPECIES.
Fruit maturing at the end of the second season (except 22); shell of the nut silky to-
mentose on the inner surface; leaves or their lobes bristle-tipped. BLACK OAKS.
Stamens usually 4-6; styles elongated, finally recurved; abortive ovules apical.
Leaves deciduous in their first autumn or winter.
Leaves pinnately lobed, convolute in the bud.
Leaves green on both surfaces.
Scales of the cup of the fruit closely appressed.
Leaves usually dull on the upper surface, 7-11-lobed; cup of the fruit cup-
shaped or in one variety broad and saucer-shaped, its scales thin.
1. Q. borealis (A).
Leaves lustrous.
Leaves dimorphous, 5-7-lobed, axillary clusters of hairs large and promi-
nent; cup of the fruit saucer-shaped or in one form deep cup-shaped.
2. Q. Shumardii (A, C).
Leaves similar on upper and lower branches.
Cup of the fruit turbinate or deep cup-shaped.
Leaves 5-lobed, the lobes usually entire, rarely furnished with tufts of
axillary hairs below. 3. Q. texana (C).
FAGACE^E 239
Leaves 5-7-lobed, the lobes dentate, furnished with tufts of axillary
hairs below. 4. Q. ellipsoidalis (A).
Cup of the fruit deep cup-shaped to turbinate; leaves 5-9-lobed, the
lobes toothed. 5. Q. coccinea (A, C).
Cup of the fruit saucer-shaped.
Leaves 5-9-lobed. 6. Q. palustris (A, C).
Leaves 3-5-lobed. 7. Q. georgiana (C).
Scales of the cup of the fruit more or less loosely imbricated, forming a free
margin on its rim.
Leaves usually 7-lobed.
Winter-buds tomentose. 8. Q. velutina (A, C).
Winter-buds pubescent only at apex. 9. Q. Kelloggii (G).
Leaves usually 3-5-lobed; winter-buds rusty pubescent. 10. Q. Catesbaei(C).
Leaves whitish or grayish tomentulose below.
Leaves mostly acutely 5-lobed, pale or silvery white below. 1 1 . Q. ilicif olia (A) .
Leaves often dimorphous, 3-11-lobed, the lobes often falcate.
12. Q. rubra(A,C).
Leaves broad-obovate, often abruptly dilated at the wide obscurely lobed apex.
Leaves rounded or cordate at base.
Lower surface of the leaves orange color or brownish, the upper scales of the cup
forming with several rows a thick rim on its inner surface, often reflexed.
13. Q. marilandica (A, C).
Lower surface of the leaves pale, the erect scales on the rim of the cup in a
single row. 14. Q. arkansana (C).
Leaves cuneate at base.
Leaves oblong-obovate. 15. Q. nigra (C).
Leaves rhombic. 16. Q. rhombica (C).
Leaves lanceolate-oblong or lanceolate-obovate, usually entire, involute in the
bud. WILLOW OAKS.
Leaves glabrous.
Leaves lanceolate to oblanceolate, deciduous in autumn. 17. Q. Phellos ( A, C) .
Leaves elliptic or rarely oblong-obovate, deciduous in the late winter.
18. Q. laurifolia (C).
Leaves tomentose or pubescent below, oblong-lanceolate to oblong-obovate.
Leaves pale blue-green, hoary tomentose below. 19. Q. cinerea (C).
Leaves dark green, pubescent below. 20. Q. imbricaria (A).
Leaves not deciduous in the autumn, revolute in the bud (convolute in 23).
Leaves mostly persistent until after the appearance of those of the following year.
Leaves lanceolate, oblong-lanceolate or elliptic, pale and tomentose below.
21. Q. hypoleuca (E, H).
Leaves oval, orbicular to oblong, green and pubescent below; fruit maturing at
the end of the first season. 22. Q. agrifolia (G).
Leaves persistent until their second summer or autumn.
Leaves lanceolate to oval or oblong-lanceolate, entire or serrate; cup of the fruit
turbinate or tubular. 23. Q. Wislizenii (G).
Leaves oval to oblong-obovate; cup of the fruit saucer-shaped or turbinate.
24. Q. myrtifolia (C).
Stamens usually 6-8; styles dilated; abortive ovules basal or lateral; leaves persistent
until their third or fourth season, involute in the bud.
Leaves oblong, entire, dentate, or sinuate-toothed, fulvous-tomentose and ultimately
pale on the lower surface; cup of the fruit usually thick. 25. Q. chrysolepis (G, H).
Leaves oblong-lanceolate, crenate-dentate or entire, pubescent or tomentose below;
cup of the fruit usually thin. 26. Q. tomentella (G).
Fruit maturing at the end of the first season; shell of the nut glabrous on the inner surface
240 TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
(hoary-tomentose in 27); abortive ovules basal; stamens 6-8; styles dilated; lobes of
the leaves not bristle-tipped. WHITE OAKS.
Leaves mostly persistent until the appearance of those of the following year, revolute
in the bud (convolute in 28).
Leaves yellow-green.
Fruit sessile or short-stalked.
Leaves oblong-lanceolate, entire or repand-dentate; inner surface of the nut
hoary tomentose. 27. Q. Emoryi (F, H).
Leaves oblong or obovate, entire, sinuate-toothed or lobed. 28. Q. dumosa (G).
Fruit long-stalked; leaves oblong, elliptic or obovate, pale, glabrous or in one form
densely tomentose below. 29. Q. virginiana (C).
Leaves blue-green.
Fruit usually in many-fruited long-stalked clusters; leaves broad-obovate, coarsely
reticulate-venulose. 30. Q. reticulata (H).
Fruit solitary or in pairs.
Cup of the fruit saucer-shaped; leaves ovate to ovate-oblong, entire.
31. Q. Toumeyi (H).
Cup of the fruit cup-shaped or hemispherical, oblong-lanceolate to broad-obovate,
pubescent below. 32. Q. arizonica (H).
Cup of the fruit usually cup-shaped or turbinate.
Leaves ovate, oval or obovate, usually cordate at base; fruit rather long-
stalked. 33. Q. oblongifolia (E, H).
Leaves oblong to obovate, usually cuneate or rounded or cordate at base.
34. Q. Engelmannii (G).
Leaves deciduous in their first season.
Leaves blue-green.
Arboreous; leaves oblong, lobed, spinescent-dentate or entire, pubescent below; cup
of the fruit shallow cup-shaped. 35. Q. Douglasii (G).
Arborescent or shrubby.
Leaves oblong to oblong-obovate, undulate-lobed; cup of the fruit saucer-shaped
to cup-shaped. 36. Q. Vaseyana (C).
Leaves oblong-obovate to elliptic or lanceolate, undulate, serrate-toothed or irregu-
larly lobed; cup of the fruit hemispheric to cup-shaped. 37. Q. Mohriana (C) .
Leaves oblong to oblong-ovate, slightly lobed or entire; cup of the fruit cup-
shaped or rarely saucer-shaped. 38. Q. Laceyi (C).
Leaves yellow-green.
Leaves entire or slightly lobed.
Leaves different on upper and lower branches, oblong to oblong-obovate, slightly
lobed or entire.
Cup of the fruit cup-shaped. 39. Q. annulata (C).
Cup of the fruit shallow saucer-shaped. 40. Q. Durandii (C).
Leaves similar on upper and lower branches, entire or slightly sinuate-lobed
toward the apex, oblong or oblong-obovate. 41. Q. Chapmanii (C).
Leaves more or less deeply sinuate-lobed.
Leaves white-tomentulose below (sometimes green and pubescent in 43) .
Leaves obovate or oblong, lyrately pinnatifid or deeply sinuate-lobed; cup of
the fruit fringed by the awned scales. 42. Q. macrocarpa (A, C, F).
Leaves obovate-oblong, deeply 5-9-1 obed or pinnatifid; nut often inclosed in
the cup. 43. Q. lyrata (A, C).
Leaves pubescent below.
Leaves usually covered above with fascicled hairs, obovate, 3-5-lobed, their
lobes truncate or rounded. 44. Q. stellata (A, C).
Leaves glabrous above at maturity.
Leaves obovate to oblong; cup of the fruit shallow cup-shaped or slightly
turbinate, its scales usually thin. 45. Q. Garryana (B, G.)
FAGACE^E
Leaves oblcng-obovate; cup of the fruit hemispheric, the scales often much
thickened. 46. Q. utahensis (F).
Leaves oblong-obovate, deeply lobed; nut conic, elongated, inclosed for one-
third its length in the cup-shaped cup. 47. Q. lobata (G).
Leaves glabrate or puberulous below, oblong to oblong-obovate.
48. Q. leptophylk (F).
Leaves glabrous below.
Leaves oblong-obovate, usually 5-lobed. 49. Q. austrina (C).
Leaves oblong-obovate, obliquely pinnatifid or 3-9-lobed. 50. Q. alba (A, C).
Leaves coarsely sinuate- toothed. CHESTNUT OAKS.
Fruit on peduncles much longer than the petioles; leaves obovate or oblong-
obovate, generally sinuate-dentate or lobed, pubescent, and usually hoary on
the lower surface. 51. Q. tricolor (C).
Fruit on peduncles about as long or shorter than the petioles.
Leaves obovate or oblong-obovate, cuneate or rounded at the broad or narrow
base, tomentose or pubescent and often silvery white below.
52. Q. Prinus (A, C).
Leaves obovate or oblong to lanceolate, acuminate, with rounded or acute
teeth. 53. Q. montana (A, C).
Fruit sessile or nearly so; leaves oblong to lanceolate, acute or acuminate or
broadly obovate, puberulous and pale, often silvery white on the lower
surface. 54. Q. Muehlenbergii (A, C).
i. Quercus borealis Michx. Red Oak.
Leaves obovate or oblong, acute or acuminate, abruptly or gradually cuneate or
rounded at the broad or narrow base, usually divided about half way to the midrib by
Fig. 221
wide oblique sinuses rounded at the bottom into 11 or sometimes into 7 or 9 acute oblique
ovate lobes tapering from broad bases and mostly sinuately 3-toothed at apex with elongated
bristle-pointed teeth, or sometimes oblong-obovate, gradually narrowed and cuneate
at base, and sinuately lobed with broad acute usually entire or slightly dentate lobes,
when they unfold pink, covered with soft silky pale pubescence on the upper surface and
242
TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
below with thick white tomentum, soon glabrous, at maturity thin and firm, dark green,
dull and glabrous above, pale yellow-green, glabrous or rarely puberulous and sometimes
furnished with small tufts of rusty hairs in the axils of the veins below, 5'-9' long, 4'-6'
wide; falling early in the autumn after turning dull or sometimes bright orange color or
brown; petioles stout, yellow or red, l'-2' in length. Flowers : staminate in pubescent aments
4 '-5' long; calyx divided into 4 or 5 narrow ovate rounded lobes shorter than the stamens;
pistillate on short glabrous peduncles, their involucral scales broadly ovate, dark reddish
brown, shorter than the conspicuous linear acute bract of the flower and as long as the
lanceolate acute calyx-lobes; stigmas bright green. Fruit solitary or in pairs, sessile or
short-stalked, ovoid, gradually narrowed and acute at apex or cylindric and rounded at
apex, pale brown, lustrous, more or less tomentose toward the ends, '-!' long; %'-\'
in diameter; cup cup-shaped, puberulous on the inner surface, covered with small closely
appressed ovate acute red-brown pubescent scales slightly thickened on the back toward
the base of the cup, with a thin dark-colored tip and margins.
A tree usually not more than 60-70 high, with a trunk 2-3 in diameter, often much
smaller, stout branches forming a narrow head, and slender lustrous branchlets light green
and covered with pale scurfy pubescence when they first appear, dark red during their first
winter and ultimately dark brown. Winter-buds ovoid, gradually narrowed to the acute
apex, about \' long, with thin ovate acute light chestnut-brown scales. Bark on young
stems and on the upper part of the limbs of old trees !'-!' thick, dark brown tinged with
red and divided into small thick appressed plates scaly on the surface. Wood heavy,
hard, strong, close-grained, light reddish brown, with thin lighter-colored sap wood; used
in construction, for the interior finish of houses, and in furniture.
Distribution. Nova Scotia and New Brunswick, through Quebec to southern Ontario,
and southward to northern New England, western New York, northern Pennsylvania
(Presque Isle, Erie County), northern Michigan, southeastern Wisconsin, central Minne-
sota, central Iowa (Winneshick County), and on the Appalachian Mountains of North
Carolina at altitudes of about 4000. Passing with many intermediate forms differing in
the size of the nut and in the depth of the cup into
Quercus borealis var. maxima Ashe. Red Oak.
Quercus rubra Du Roi, not L.
Fruit solitary or in pairs, sessile or short-stalked; nut ovoid to slightly obovoid, gradu-
ally narrowed and rounded at apex, slightly narrowed at base, usually l'-l|' long and
--'-' thick, occasionally not more than ' long and thick, inclosed only at the base in a
thick saucer-shaped cup.
FAGACE^E
243
A tree, usually 70-80, or occasionally 150 high, with a trunk 3-4 in diameter, and
stout spreading and ascending branches forming a broad head.
Distribution. Province of Quebec in the neighborhood of Montreal, and southern
Ontario, westward through southern Michigan to southeastern Nebraska, and southward
to northern Georgia, on the southern Appalachian Mountains up to altitudes of 3000,
southern Kentucky, eastern and central Tennessee, northeastern (Tishomingo County),
northwestern (Yazoo County), and central and southern (Hinds and Union Counties)
Mississippi, northern and southwestern Alabama (Dekalb, Cullman, Jefferson, and Dallas
Counties), northwestern Arkansas, and eastern Kansas and Oklahoma; one of the largest
and most generally distributed trees of the northern states; rare and local in the south;
of its largest size in the region north of the Potomac and Ohio Rivers.
Often planted as a park and shade tree in the northeastern states and in the counties of
western and northern E urope ; generally more successful i n Europe than other American Oaks .
X Quercus Lowellii Sarg., a possible hybrid of Quercus borealis and Q. ilicifolia, has been
found in the neighborhood of Seabury, York County, Maine.
X Quercus Porterii Trel., probably a hybrid of Quercus borealis var. maxima and Q. velu-
tina, has been found on Bowditch Hill, Jamaica Plain, Suffolk County, Massachusetts,
on College Hill, Easton, Northampton County, Pennsylvania, and near Columbus, Frank-
lin County, Ohio.
X Quercus runcinata Engelm., believed to be a hybrid of Quercus borealis var. maxima
and Q. imbricaria first found near St. Louis, occurs also in the neighborhood of Indepen-
dence, Jackson County, and at Williamsville, Wayne County, Missouri, and in Richland
and Wayne Counties, Illinois.
2. Quercus Shumardii Buckl.
Quercus texana Sarg. in part, not Buckl.
Leaves obovate, seven rarely five-lobed, the lobes two or three-lobed and sometimes
dentate at apex, on leaves of lower branches short and broad, and separated by narrow
sinuses pointed or rounded in the bottom, on upper branches deeply divided by broad
rounded sinuses into narrow acuminate lobes, when they unfold often tinged with red
and covered with pale loose tomentum deciduous before they are half grown, at maturity
glabrous, dark green and lustrous above, paler and furnished below with large axillary tufts
Fig. 223
244
TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
of pale hairs, 6'-8' long, 4 '-5' wide, with a thin midrib and slender primary veins running to
the points of the lobes; petioles slender, glabrous, 2'-2|' in length. Flowers: staminate
in slender glabrous aments 6'-7' long; calyx divided into 4 or 5 rounded slightly villose
lobes shorter than the stamens; pistillate on pubescent peduncles, their involucral scales
ovate, light brown, pubescent; stigmas red. Fruit: nut oblong-ovoid, narrowed and
rounded at apex, f'-lj' long, |'-1' in diameter,- inclosed at the base only in the thick
saucer-shaped cup with a slightly incurved rim and covered with closely appressed ovate
pale pubescent or nearly glabrous scales narrowed above the middle, abruptly long-pointed,
thin or often conspicuously tuberculate.
A tree up to 120 high, with a tall trunk occasionally 5 in diameter, stout wide-spreading
branches forming a broad rather open head, and gray or grayish brown glabrous branchlets.
Winter-buds ovoid, acute or acuminate, about f long, with closely imbricated gray glabrous
or rarely pubescent scales. Bark I'-l J-' thick, ridged, broken into small appressed plates
scaly on the surface. Wood heavy, hard, close-grained, light reddish brown, often manu-
factured into lumber in the Mississippi valley and considered more valuable than that of
the northern Red Oak.
Distribution. Borders of streams and swamps in moist rich soil ; coast region of Texas east-
ward from the Colorado River and ranging inland up the valley of that river to Burnet County,
southeastern Oklahoma, through Arkansas, southeastern Kansas and Missouri to Fayette
County, Iowa, southern Illinois and Indiana, the neighborhood of Columbus, Franklin
County, Ohio, and southeastern Michigan (near Portage Lake, Jackson County) ; through
the eastern Gulf States to western and central Florida and northward in the neighborhood
of the coast to the valley of the Neuse River, North Carolina; Chesapeake Beach, Calvert
County, Maryland (W. W. Ashe) ; ranging inland in the south Atlantic States to Rome,
Floyd County, Georgia, Calhoun Falls, Abbeville County, and Columbia, Richland County,
South Carolina, and Chapel Hill, Orange County, North Carolina. Passing into
Quercus Shumardii var. Schneckii Sarg
Quercus texana Sarg. in part, not Buckl.
Quercus Schneckii Britt.
Differing from the type in the deep cup-shaped cup of the fruit covered with thin scales,
rarely much thickened and tuberculate at base (only on river banks near Vicksburg,
Fig. 224
FAGACE.E 245
Warren County, Mississippi), and connected with it by forms with the cups of the fruit dif-
fering from saucer to deep cup-shaped.
Distribution. Growing with Qucrcus Shumardii; more common in Texas and in the
Mississippi valley than the type, and ranging eastward through Louisiana and Mississippi
to central and southern Alabama, central and southeastern Tennessee (neighborhood of
Chattanooga), and central Kentucky; apparently not reaching the Atlantic States.
3. Quercus texana Buckl.
Leaves widest above the middle, broad-cuneate, concave-cuneate or nearly truncate at
base, deeply or rarely only slightly divided by broad sinuses rounded in the bottom into 5 or 7
lobes, the terminal lobe 3-lobed and acute at apex, the upper lateral lobes broad and more
or less divided at apex and much larger and more deeply lobed than those of the lowest
pair, when they unfold densely covered with fascicled hairs and often bright red, soon gla-
brous, thin, dark green and lustrous above, pale and lustrous and rarely furnished below
Fig. 225
with small inconspicuous axillary tufts of pale hairs, 3'-3' long, 2|'-3' wide, with a thin
midrib and slender primary veins running to the points of the lobes; petioles slender, soon
glabrous, \'-\\' in length. Flowers: staminate in slender villose aments 3'-4' long; calyx
thin, villose on the outer surface, divided into 4 or 5 acute lobes shorter than the stamens;
pistillate on short hoary tomentose peduncles, their involucral scales brown tinged with
red; stigmas bright red. Fruit short-stalked, usually solitary; nut ovoid, narrowed and
rounded at apex, light red-brown, often striate, |'-f long and broad, sometimes acute,
nearly 1' in length and not more than \' in diameter; cup turbinate, covered with thin
ovate acuminate slightly appressed glabrous scales, in the small fruit of trees on dry hills
inclosing a third or more of the nut, in the larger fruit of trees on better soil comparatively
less deep.
A tree on dry hills rarely more than 30 tall, with a trunk 8'-10' in diameter, small spreading
or erect branches and slender red or reddish brown glabrous or rarely pubescent branchlets;
often a shrub; on better soil at the foot of hills occasionally 50 high with a trunk 12'-
18' in diameter. Winter-buds ovoid, acute, \'-\ r long and covered with closely imbri-
cated acute slightly or densely pubescent red scales. Bark light brown tinged with red,
f '-!' thick, deeply ridged and broken into plate-like scales.
Distribution. Dry limestone hills and ridges, and in the more fertile soil at their base;
central and western Texas (Dallas, Tarrant County to Travis and Bexar Counties), and
to the Edwards Plateau (San Saba, Kerr, Brown, Coke and Uvalde Counties) ; westward
246 TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
replaced by the var. chesosensis Sarg. differing in the acuminate lobes of the leaves and
smaller cups of the fruit; known only on the dry rocky slopes of the Chesos Mountains,
Brewster County, Texas; and by the var. stellapila Sarg., differing in the presence of fas-
cicled hairs on both surfaces of the mature leaves and on the branchlets of the year; above
Fort Davis, Jeff Davis County, Texas.
4. Quercus ellipsoidalis E. J. Hill. Black Oak.
Leaves elliptic to obovate-orbicular, acute or acuminate, truncate or broadly cuneate at
base, deeply divided by wide sinuses rounded in the bottom into 5-7 oblong lobes re-
pandly dentate at apex, or often, especially those of the upper pair, repandly lobulate,
when they unfold slightly tinged with red and hoary-tomentose, soon becoming glabrous
with the exception of small tufts of pale hairs in the axils of the principal veins, at matur-
ity thin and firm, bright green and lustrous above, paler and sometimes entirely glabrous
below, 3'-5' long, 2|'-4' wide, with a stout midrib and primary veins and prominent re-
ticulate veinlets; late in the autumn turning yellow or pale brown more or less blotched
Fig. 226
with purple; petioles slender, glabrous or rarely puberulous, l|'-2' in length. Flowers:
staminate in puberulous aments l^'-2' long; calyx campanulate, usually tinged with red,
2-5-lobed or parted into oblong-ovate or rounded segments, glabrous or slightly villose,
fringed at apex with long twisted hairs, about as long as the 2-5 stamens, with short fila-
ments and oblong anthers; pistillate on stout tomentose 1-3-flowered peduncles, red, their
involucral scales broad, oblong, acute, hairy; calyx campanulate, 4-7-lobed, ciliate on the
margins. Fruit short-stalked or nearly sessile, solitary or in pairs; nut ellipsoidal to sub-
globose, chestnut-brown, often striate and puberulous, inclosed for one third to one half its
length in a turbinate or cup-shaped cup gradually narrowed at base, thin, light red-brown,
and covered by narrow ovate obtuse or truncate brown pubescent closely appressed scales.
A tree, 60-70 high, with a short trunk rarely 3 in diameter, much forked branches
ascending above and often pendulous low on the stem, forming a narrow oblong head,
and slender branchlets covered at first with matted pale hairs, bright reddish brown during
their first winter, becoming dark gray-brown or reddish brown in their second season. Win-
ter-buds ovoid, obtuse or acute, sometimes slightly angled, about \' long, with ovate
or oval red-brown lustrous slightly puberulous outer scales ciliate on the margins. Bark
thin, light yellow internally, close, rather smooth, divided by shallow connected fissures
into thin plates, dark brown near the base of the tree, dull above, gray-brown and only
slightly furrowed on the large branches.
FAGACE.E 247
Distribution. In the neighborhood of Chicago, Illinois, to southeastern Minnesota
common; often covering large areas of sandy soil with a stunted growth and on the prairies
sometimes a low shrub; eastern Iowa (Muscatine County), and the Lower Peninsular of
Michigan (Montmorency, Arenac, and St. Clair Counties).
5. Quercus coccinea Muench. Scarlet Oak. Spanish Oak.
Leaves oblong-obovate or elliptic, truncate or cuneate at base, deeply divided by wide
sinuses rounded in the bottom into 7 or rarely 9 lobes repand-dentate at apex, the terminal
lobe, ovate, acute, and 3-toothed, the middle division the largest and furnished with 2 small
lateral teeth, the lateral lobes obovate, oblique or spreading, sometimes falcate, usually
broad and oblique at the coarsely toothed apex, when they unfold bright red covered with
loose pale pubescence above and below with silvery white tomentum, green at the end of
a few days, at maturity thin and firm, bright green, glabrous and very lustrous above,
paler and less lustrous and sometimes furnished with small tufts of rusty pubescence in the
axils of the veins below, 3'-6' long, 2|'-4' broad, with a yellow midrib and primary veins,
Fig. 227
late in the autumn turning brilliant scarlet; petioles slender, terete, l|'-2' in length.
Flowers: staminate in slender glabrous aments 3'-4' long; calyx pubescent, bright red be-
fore opening, divided into 4 or 5 ovate acute segments shorter than the stamens; pistillate
on pubescent peduncles sometimes \' long, bright red, their involucral scales ovate, pubes-
cent, shorter than the acute calyx-lobes. Fruit sessile or stalked, solitary or in pairs; nut
oval, oblong-ovate or hemispheric, truncate or rounded at base, rounded at apex, \'-\' long,
i'-f ' thick, light reddish brown and occasionally striate, inclosed for one third to one half
its length in a deep cup-shaped or turbinate thin cup light reddish brown on the inner sur-
face, covered by closely imbricated oblong-ovate acute thin, or rarely much thickened
(var. tuberculata Sarg.) light reddish brown slightly puberulous scales.
A tree, 70-80 high, with a trunk 2-3 in diameter, comparatively small branches
spreading gradually and forming a rather narrow open head, and slender branchlets coated
at first with loose scurfy pubescence, soon pale green and lustrous, light red or orange-
red in their first winter and light or dark brown the following year; usually much smaller.
Winter-buds ellipsoidal or ovoid, gradually narrowed at apex, \'-\' long, dark reddish
brown, and pale-pubescent above the middle. Bark of young stems and branches smooth,
light brown, becoming on old trunks ^'-1' thick and divided by shallow fissures into irregu-
lar ridges covered by small light brown scales slightly tinged with red. Wood heavy,
hard, strong, coarse-grained, light or reddish brown, with thicker darker colored sap wood.
Distribution. Light dry usually sandy soil; valley of the Androscoggin River, Maine,
248
TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
southern New Hampshire and Vermont to southern Ontario, southward to the District
of Columbia and along the Appalachian Mountains to eastern Kentucky and Tennessee,
and northern Georgia; in central Georgia and northeastern Mississippi (near Corinth,
Alcorn County), and westward through New York, Ohio, Indiana, Illinois and southern
Wisconsin to central Missouri (Jerome, Phelps County) ; in eastern Oklahoma (Arkansas
River valley near Fisher, Creek County, G. W. Stevens); ascending to altitudes of nearly
5000 on the southern mountains; the prevailing Oak above iioOO to the summits of the
Blue Ridge of the Carolinas; very abundant in the coast region from Massachusetts Bay
to southern New Jersey; less common in the interior, growing on dry gravelly uplands, and
on the prairies skirting the western margins of the eastern forest.
Occasionally planted in the northeastern states and in Europe as an ornamental tree
valued chiefly for the brilliant autumn color of the foliage.
X Quercus Robbinsii Trel., believed to be a hybrid of Quercus coccinea and Q. illicifolia,
occurs at North Easton, Bristol County, Massachusetts.
X Quercus Benderi Baenitz, a supposed hybrid of Quercus coccinea and Q. borealis
var. maxima, appeared several years ago in Silesia, and a similar tree has been found in
the Blue Hills Reservation near Boston.
6. Quercus palustris Muench. Pin Oak. Swamp Spanish Oak,
Leaves obovate, narrowed and cuneate or broad and truncate at base, divided by
wide deep sinuses rounded in the bottom into 5-7 lobes, the terminal lobe ovate, acute,
Fig. 228
3- toothed toward the apex, or entire, the lateral lobes spreading or oblique, sometimes fal-
cate, especially those of the lowest pair, gradually tapering and acute at the dentate apex,
or obovate and broad at apex, when they unfold light bronze-green stained with red on the
margins, lustrous and puberulous above, coated below and on the petioles with pale scurfy
pubescence, at maturity thin and firm, dark green and very lustrous above, pale below,
with large tufts of pale hairs in the axils of the conspicuous primary veins; 4>'-6' long, 2'-4'
wide, with a stout midrib; late in the autumn gradually turning deep scarlet; petioles
slender, yellow, %'-%' in length. Flowers: staminate in hairy aments 2'-3' long; calyx
puberulous and divided into 4 or 5 oblong rounded segments more or less laciniately cut
on the margins, shorter than the stamens; pistillate on short tomentose peduncles, their
involucral scales broadly ovate, tomentose, shorter than the acuminate calyx-lobes; stig-
mas bright red. Fruit sessile or short-stalked, solitary or clustered; nut nearly hemispheric,
about \' in diameter, light brown, often striate, inclosed only at the base in a thin saucer-
249
shaped cup dark red-brown and lustrous within, and covered by closely appressed ovate
light red-brown thin puberulous scales.
A tree, usually 70-80 high, with a trunk 2-3 in diameter, often clothed with small
tough drooping branches, or when crowded in the forest sometimes 120 high, with a
trunk 60-70 tall and 4-5 in diameter, slender branches beset with short-ridged spur-
like laterals a few inches in length, forming on young trees a broad pyramidal head, be-
coming on older trees open and irregular, with rigid and more pendulous branches often fur-
nished at first with small drooping branchlets, and slender tough branchlets dark red and
covered by short pale silvery tomentum, soon becoming green and glabrous, lustrous dark red-
brown or orange color in their first winter, growing darker in their second year and ultimately
dark gray-brown. Winter-buds ovoid, gradually narrowed and acute at apex, about f '
long, with imbricated light chestnut-brown scales puberulous toward the thin sometimes
ciliate margins. Bark of young trunks and branches smooth, lustrous, light brown fre-
quently tinged with red, becoming on older trunks l'-\\' thick, light gray-brown, gener-
ally smooth and covered by small closely appressed scales. Wood heavy, hard, strong,
coarse-grained, light brown, with thin rather darker colored sap wood; sometimes used in
construction, and for shingles and clapboards.
Distribution. Borders of swamps and river-bottoms in deep rich moist soil; valley of the
Connecticut River in western Massachusetts and Connecticut; on Grand Isle in the Niagara
River, New York to southern Ontario and southwestern Michigan, and westward to eastern
Iowa (Muscatine County), and southward to southern West Virginia (Hardy and Mercer
Counties), southwestern Virginia (Wythe County), central North Carolina (on Bowling's
Creek, near Chapel Hill, Orange County, and on Dutchman's Creek, Forsyth County);
and to southern Kentucky, central Tennessee, southern Arkansas (Fulton, Hempstead
County), and northeastern Oklahoma; rare and of small size in New England; exceedingly
common on the coast plain south of the Hudson River; very abundant on the bottom-lands
of the streams of the lower Ohio River.
Often cultivated as an ornamental tree in the northeastern states and occasionally in
the countries of western and central Europe.
7. Quercus georgiana M. A. Curtis.
Leaves convolute in the bud, elliptic or obovate, gradually narrowed and cuneate at
base, divided generally about half way to the midrib by wide or narrow oblique sinuses
Fig. 229
rounded in the bottom into 3-7 lobes, the terminal lobe ovate, acute, or rounded and en-
tire or frequently furnished with 1 or 2 small lateral teeth, the lateral lobes oblique or
250 TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
spreading, mostly triangular, acute and entire, or those of the upper and of the middle
pair often broad and repand-lobulate at the oblique ends, sometimes gradually 3-lobed at
the broad apex and narrowed and entire below, or equally 3-lobed, with broad or narrow
spreading lateral lobes, or occasionally pinnatifid, when they unfold bright green tinged with
red, ciliate on the margins and coated on the midrib, veins, and petioles with loose pale
pubescence, at maturity thin, bright green and lustrous above, paler below, and gla-
brous or furnished with tufts of hairs 'in the axils of the primary veins, usually about
2^' long and 1|' wide; turning dull orange and scarlet in the autumn; petioles slender,
s'-f' in length. Flowers: staminate in slender glabrous or pubescent aments 2'-3' long;
calyx divided into 4 or 5 broadly ovate rounded segments rather shorter than the stamens;
pistillate on short glabrous slender peduncles; their involucral scales rather shorter than
the acute calyx-lobes, pubescent or puberulous; stigmas bright red. Fruit short-stalked;
nut ellipsoidal or subglobose, $'-' long, light red-brown and lustrous, inclosed for one
third to nearly one half its length in a thick cup-shaped cup light red-brown and lustrous
on the inner surface, and covered by thin ovate bright light red-brown truncate erose
scales.
Distribution. Georgia; on Stone Mountain, and Little Stone Mountain, Dekalb County;
on a few other granite hills between the Yellow and Oconee rivers in the region south and
east of Stone Mountain (Winder, Jackson County, Rockmart, Polk County and at Warm
Springs, Meriwether County).
Occasionally cultivated, and hardy in eastern Massachusetts.
X Quercus Smallii Trel., a possible hybrid of Quercus georgiana and Q. marilandica,
occurs on the slopes and summit of Little Stone Mountain, Dekalb County, Georgia.
8. Quercus velutina Lam. Black Oak. Yellow-bark Oak.
Leaves ovate or oblong, rounded, cuneate or truncate at base, mostly 7-lobed
and sometimes divided nearly to the middle by wide rounded sinuses into narrow obovate
more or less repand-dentate lobes, or into elongated nearly entire mucronate lobes taper-
ing gradually from a broad base, the terminal lobe oblong, elongated, acute, furnished with
small lateral teeth, or broad, rounded, and coarsely repand-dentate, or slightly divided
into broad dentate lobes or sinuate-dentate, bright crimson when they unfold, and covered
above by long loose scattered white hairs and below with thick pale or silvery white tomen-
tum, hoary-pubescent when half grown, and at maturity thick and firm or subcoriaceous,
dark green and lustrous above, below yellow-green, brown or dull copper color and more
or less pubescent or glabrous with the exception of tufts of rusty hairs in the axils of the
principal veins, 3'-12' long and 2'-10' wide, but usually 5 '-6' long and 3'-4' wide, with a
stout midrib and primary veins; late in the autumn turning dull red, dark orange color,
or brown, and falling gradually during the winter; petioles stout, yellow, glabrous or puber-
ulous, 3'-6' in length. Flowers: staminate in tomentose or pubescent aments 4 '-6' long;
calyx coated with pale hairs, with ovate acute lobes; pistillate on short tomentose peduncles,
their involucral scales ovate, shorter than the acute calyx-lobes; stigmas bright red.
Fruit sessile or short-stalked, solitary or in pairs; nut ovoid-oblong, obovoid, oval or hemi-
spheric, broad and rounded at base, full and rounded at apex, light red-brown, often
striate, frequently coated with soft rufous pubescence, '- |' long and broad, or rarely I' long
and broad, inclosed for about half its length or rarely nearly to the apex in the thin deeply
cup-shaped or turbinate cup dark red-brown on the inner surface, covered by thin light
chestnut-brown acute hoary scales closely appressed at the base of the cup, loosely im-
bricated above the middle, with free scarious tips forming a fringe-like border to its rim.
A tree, often 70-80 and occasionally 150 high, with a trunk 3-4 in diameter, slender
branches spreading gradually into a narrow open head, stout branchlets coated at first
with pale or fulvous scurfy tomentum, becoming in their first winter glabrous, dull red or
reddish brown, growing dark brown in their second year or brown slightly tinged with
red. Winter-buds ovoid, strongly angled, gradually narrowed and obtuse at apex, hoary-
tomentose, |'-|' long. Bark of young stems and branches smooth, dark brown, deep
FAGACE^E
251
orange color internally, becoming f'-l|' thick on old trunks, and deeply divided into broad
rounded ridges broken on the surface into thick dark brown or nearly black closely ap-
pressed plate-like scales. Wood heavy, hard, strong, coarse-grained, bright brown tinged
with red, with thin lighter colored sap wood; of little value except as fuel. The bark
abounds in tannic acid and is largely used in tanning, as a yellow dye, and in medicine.
Distribution. Dry gravelly uplands and ridges; coast of southern Maine to northern
Vermont, southern and western Ontario, the southern peninsula of Michigan, north-
western, eastern and southern Iowa, and southeastern Nebraska, and southward to
western Florida, southern Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana, eastern Kansas, northeastern
Oklahoma and eastern Texas to the valley of the Brazos River; one of the commonest
Oaks on the gravelly drift of southern New England and the middle states; ascending
on the southern Appalachian Mountains to altitudes of about 4000, and often forming a
large part of the forest growth on their foothills; abundant in all parts of the Mississippi
Fig. 230
basin, and of its largest size in the valley of the lower Ohio River; the common species
of the Black Oak group reaching the south-Atlantic and Gulf Coast, and here generally
scattered on dry ridges through the maritime Pine belt.
Quercus velutina, which is more variable in the form of its leaves than the other North
American Black Oaks, is easily recognized by the bright yellow color of the inner bark,
in early spring by the deep red color of the unfolding leaves, becoming pale and silvery in
a few days, and by the large tomentose winter-buds. From western Missouri to north-
western Arkansas a form occurs (var. missouriensis Sarg.) with the mature leaves covered
above with fascicled hairs, and coated below and on the petioles and summer branchlets
with rusty pubescence, and with broader more loosely imbricated hoary-tomentose cup-
scales.
9. Quercus Kelloggii Newb. Bkck Oak.
Quercus calif ornica Coop.
Leaves oblong or obovate, truncate, cuneate or rounded at the narrow base, 7 or
rarely 5-lobed by wide and deep or shallow and oblique sinuses rounded in the bottom,
the terminal lobe ovate, 3-toothed at the acute apex, the lateral lobes tapering gradually
from the base or broad and obovate, coarsely repand-dentate with acute pointed teeth,
or rarely entire, when they unfold dark red or purple and pilose above and coated below
and on the petioles with thick silvery white tomentum, at maturity thick and firm,
TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
lustrous, dark yellow-green and glabrous or rarely pubescent above, light yellow-green or
brownish and glabrous or pubescent, or occasionally hoary-tomentose below, 3'-6' long, 2'-4'
wide; turning yellower brown in the autumn before falling; petioles slender, yellow 7 , l'-2'
in length. Flowers: staminate in hairy aments 4 '-5' long; calyx pubescent, divided into
4 or 5 ovate acute segments shorter than the stamens; anthers bright red; pistillate on
short tomentose peduncles, their involucral scales ovate, coated like the acute calyx-lobes
with pale tomentum; stigmas dark red. Fruit short-stalked, solitary or clustered; nut oblong,
ellipsoidal or obovoid, broad and rounded at base, full and rounded or gradually narrowed
and acute at the puberulous apex, l'-l' long, about f ' broad, light chestnut-brown, often
striate, inclosed for one fourth to two thirds of its length in the deep cup-shaped cup
light brown on the inner surface, and covered by thin ovate-lanceolate lustrous light chest-
nut brown scales, sometimes rounded and thickened on the back toward the base of the cup,
their tips elongated, thin and erose on the margins, often forming a narrow fringe-like bor-
der to the rim of the cup.
A tree, occasionally 100 high, with a trunk 3-4 in diameter, stout spreading branches
forming an open round-topped head, and branchlets coated at first with thick hoary ca-
Fig. 231
ducous tomentum, bright red or brown tinged with red, and usually glabrous or pubescent
or puberulous during their first winter, becoming dark red-brown in their second year; fre-
quently much smaller and at high elevations a small shrub (f. cibata Jeps.)- Winter-buds
ovoid, gradually narrowed and acute at apex, about i' long, with closely imbricated pale
chestnut-brown scales ciliate on the thin scarious margins and pubescent toward the point
of the bud. Bark of young stems and branches smooth, light brown, becoming on old
trunks l'-l?' thick, dark brown slightly tinged with red or nearly black, divided into
broad ridges at the base of old trees and broken above into thick irregular oblong plates
covered by minute closely appressed scales. Wood heavy, hard, strong, very brittle, bright
red, with thin lighter colored sapwood; occasionally used as fuel.
Distribution. Valleys and mountain slopes; basin of the Mackenzie River in western
Oregon, southward over the California coast ranges, and along the western slopes of the
Sierra Nevada up to altitudes of 6500 to the Cuyamaca Mountains near the southern
boundary of California; extending across the Sierra Nevada to the foothills of Owens valley
(Jepsori) in eastern California; rare in the immediate neighborhood of the coast; the largest
and most abundant Oak-tree of the valleys of southwestern Oregon and of the Sierra
Nevada, sometimes forming groves of considerable extent in coniferous forests; of its
largest size at altitudes of about 6000 above the sea.
FAGACE^ 253
10. Quercus Catesbaei Michx. Turkey Oak.
Leaves oblong or obovate or nearly triangular, gradually narrowed and cuneate at base,
deeply divided by wide rounded sinuses into 3 or 5 or rarely 7 lobes, the terminal lobe
ovate, elongated, acute and entire or repand-dentate, or obovate and coarsely equally or
irregularly 3-toothed at apex, the lateral lobes spreading, usually falcate, entire and acute,
tapering from the broad base, and broad, oblique, and repand-lobulate at apex, or 3-
toothed at the broad apex and gradually narrowed to the base, coated when they unfold
with rufous fascicled hairs, and when fully grown thick and rigid, bright yellow-green
and lustrous above, paler, lustrous, and glabrous below, with large tufts of rusty hairs in
the axils of the veins, 3'-12' long, 1/-10' wide, but usually about 5' long and wide, with a
broad yellow or red-brown midrib; turning bright scarlet before falling in the late autumn
or early winter; petioles stout, grooved, j'-f in length. Flowers: staminate in slender
hairy red-stemmed aments 4 '-5' long; calyx puberulous and divided into 4 or 5 ovate
acute lobes; pistillate on short stout tomentose peduncles, their involucral scales bright
red, pubescent, hairy at the margins; stigmas dark red. Fruit short-stalked, usually soli-
tary; nut oval, full and rounded at the ends, about I' long and f broad, dull light brown,
Fig. 232
covered at the apex by a thin coat of snow-white tomentum, inclosed for about one third
its length in a thin turbinate cup often gradually narrowed into a stout stalk-like base, light
red-brown and lustrous on the inner surface, covered by ovate-oblong rounded scales
extending above the rim of the cup and down over the upper third of the inner surface,
and hoary-pubescent except their thin bright red margins.
A tree, usually 20-30, or occasionally 50-60 high, with a trunk rarely exceeding 2
in diameter, stout spreading more or less contorted branches forming a broad or narrow
open irregular generally round-topped head, and stout branchlets coated at first with
fascicled hairs, nearly glabrous and deep red when the leaves are half grown, dark red in
their first winter, gradually growing dark brown; generally much smaller and sometimes
shrubby. Winter-buds elongated, acute, \' long, with light chestnut-brown scales erose
on the thin margins, and coated, especially toward the point of the bud, with rusty pubes-
cence. Bark \'-\' thick, red internally, dark gray tinged with red on the surface, and at
the base of old trunks becoming nearly black, deeply and irregularly furrowed and broken
into small appressed scales. Wood heavy, hard, strong, rather close-grained, light brown
tinged with red, with thick lighter colored sapwood; largely used for fuel.
Distribution. Dry barren sandy ridges and sandy bluffs and hummocks in the neighbor-
hood of the coast; southeastern Virginia (near Zuni, Isle of Wight County) to the shores
254 TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
of Indian River and Peace Creek, Florida, and westward to eastern Louisiana; compara-
tively rare toward the western limits of its range, and most abundant and of its largest
size on the high bluff-like shores of bays and estuaries in South Carolina and Georgia; the
prevailing tree with Quercus cinerea in the flat woods of the interior of the Florida penin-
sula as far south as the sandy ridges in the neighborhood of Lake Istokpoga, De Soto
County.
X Quercus Mellichampii Trel. believed to be a hybrid of Quercus Catesbcei and Q. lauri-
folia occurs at Bluffton on the coast of South Carolina, in the neighborhood of Orlando,
Orange County and near San Mateo, Putnam County, Florida.
X Quercus Ashei Trel. believed to be a hybrid of Quercus Catesbcei with Q. cinerea occurs
at Folkston and near Trader's Hill, Charleton County and St. Mary's, Camden County,
Georgia.
X Quercus blufftonensis Trel., a probable hybrid of Quercus Catesbcei and Q. rubra L.,
has been found at Bluffton, South Carolina.
X Quercus Walteriana Ashe, believed to be a hybrid of Quercus Catesbaei and Q. nigra,
is not rare in the immediate neighborhood of the coast of South Carolina and Georgia,
and occurs on sand hills in Sampson County, North Carolina, near Jacksonville, Duval
County, Florida, at Mount Vernon, Mobile County and in the neighborhood of Selma.
Dallas County, Alabama.
11. Quercus ilicifolia Wang. Bear Oak. Scrub Oak.
Quercus nana Sarg.
Leaves obovate or rarely oblong, gradually or abruptly cuneate at base, divided by
wide shallow sinuses into 3-7, usually 5, acute lobes, the terminal lobe ovate, elongated,
rounded and 3-toothed or acute and dentate or entire at apex, the lateral lobes spreading,
Fig. 233
mostly triangular and acute, or those of the upper pair broad, oblique and repand-lobu-
late or broad at apex, slightly 3-lobed and entire below, or deeply 3-lobed above and sinu-
ate below, or occasionally oblong to oblong-obovate and entire, with undulate margins,
when they unfold dull red and puberulous or pubescent on the upper surface and coated
on the lower and on the petioles with thick pale tomentum, with conspicuous tufts of sil-
very white hairs in the axils of the veins, at maturity thick and firm, dark green and lustrous
above, covered below with pale or silvery white pubescence, 2'-5' long, l|'-3' wide,
FAGACE^E 255
with a stout yellow midrib and slender primary veins; turning dull scarlet or yellow in the
autumn; petioles slender, glabrous, or pubescent, l'-l' in length. Flowers: staminate in
hairy aments 4 '-5' long, and often persistent until midsummer; calyx red or green tinged
with red and irregularly divided into 3-5 ovate rounded lobes shorter than the stamens;
anthers bright red ultimately yellow; pistillate on stout tomentose peduncles, their involu-
cral scales ovate, about as long as the acute calyx-lobes, red and tomentose; stigmas
dark red. Fruit produced in great profusion, sessile or stalked, in pairs or rarely solitary;
nut ovoid, broad, flat or rounded at base, gradually narrowed and acute or rounded at
apex, about \' long and broad, light brown, lustrous, usually faintly striate, inclosed for
about one half its length in the cup-shaped or saucer-shaped cup often abruptly enlarged
above the stalk-like base, thick, light reddish brown within, and covered by thin ovate
closely imbricated red-brown puberulous scales acute or truncate at apex, the minute free
tips of the upper scales forming a fringe-like border to the cup.
A tree, occasionally 18-20 high, with a trunk 5'-6' in diameter, with slender spread-
ing branches usually forming a round-topped head, and slender branchlets dark green
more or less tinged with red and hoary-pubescent at first, during their first winter red-
brown or ashy gray and pubescent or puberulous, becoming glabrous and darker in their
second year and ultimately dark brown or nearly black; more frequently an intricately
branched shrub, with numerous contorted stems 3-10 tall. Winter-buds ovoid, obtuse,
about \' long, with dark chestnut-brown rather loosely imbricated glabrous or pilose
scales. Bark thin, smooth, dark brown, covered by small closely appressed scales.
Distribution. Dry sandy barrens and rocky hillsides; coast of eastern Maine south-
ward through eastern and southern New England to southern and southwestern Penn-
sylvania and along the Appalachian Mountains, principally on their eastern slopes, to
southern Virginia; on Crowder and King Mountains, Gaston County, North Carolina;
and westward to the shores of Lake George and the valley of the Hudson River; common
in eastern and southern New Engnlad, in the Pine barrens of New Jersey, and in eastern
Pennsylvania.
X Quercus Brittonii Davis, believed to be a hybrid of Quercus ilicifolia and Q. mari-
landica, has been found on Staten Island, New York, and at Ocean Grove, Monmouth
County, New Jersey.
X Quercus Gijfordii Trel., believed to be a hybrid of Quercus ilicifolia and Q. Phellos,
has been found at May's Landing, Atlantic County, New Jersey.
X Quercus Rehderi Trel., believed to be a hybrid of Quercus ilicifolia and Q. velutina,
is not rare in eastern Massachusetts and occurs on Martha's Vineyard (Chilmark).
12. Quercus rubra L. Red Oak. Spanish Oak.
Quercus digitata Sudw.
Leaves ovate to obovate, narrowed and rounded or cuneate at base, the terminal lobe
long-acuminate, entire or slightly lobed, often falcate, usually longer than the 2 or 4
acuminate entire lateral lobes narrowed from a broad base and often falcate, or oblong-
obovate and divided at the broad apex by wide or narrow sinuses broad and rounded in
the bottom into 3 rounded or acute entire or dentate lobes, and entire and gradually
narrowed below into an acute or rounded base (var. triloba Ashe), the two forms usually
occurring on different but sometimes on the same tree, at maturity thin and firm, dark
green and lustrous above, coated below with soft close pale or rusty pubescence, 6'-7' long
and 4'-5' wide, obscurely reticulate-venulose, with a stout tomentose midrib and primary
veins; turning brown or dull orange color in the autumn; petioles slender, flattened, l'-2' in
length. Flowers: staminate in tomentose aments, 3'-5' long; calyx thin and scarious, pu-
bescent on the outer surface, divided into 4 or 5 ovate rounded segments; pistillate on stout
tomentose peduncles, their involucral scales coated with rusty tomentum, as long or rather
shorter than the acute calyx-lobes; stigmas dark red. Fruit sessile or short-stalked; nut
subglobose to ellipsoidal, full and rounded at apex, truncate and rounded at base, about
256
TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
I' long, bright orange-brown, inclosed only at base or sometimes for one third its length in
a thin saucer-shaped cup flat on the bottom or gradually narrowed from a stalk-like base, or
deep and turbinate, bright red-brown on the inner surface, covered by thin ovate-oblong
reddish scales acute or rounded at apex and pale-pubescent except on the margins.
A tree, usually 70-80 high, with a trunk 2-3 in diameter, large'spreading branches
forming a broad round-topped open head, and stout branchlets coated at first, like the
young leaves, with thick rusty or orange-colored clammy tomentum, dark red or reddish
brown and pubescent or rarely glabrous during their first winter, becoming in their second
year dark red-brown or ashy gray. The var. iriloba usually 20-30 rarely 40-50 high.
Winter-buds ovoid or oval, acute, |'-j' long, with bright chestnut-brown puberulous or
pilose scales ciliate with short pale hairs. Bark f'-l' thick, dark brown or pale, and di-
vided by shallow fissures into broad ridges covered by thin closely appressed scales. Wood
Fig. 234
hard, strong, not durable, coarse-grained, light red, with thick lighter colored sap wood;
sometimes used in construction, and largely as fuel. The bark is rich in tannin, and is
used in tanning leather and occasionally in medicine.
Distribution. Southeastern and southern Pennsylvania and southern New Jersey
southward to central Florida, through the Gulf states to the valley of the Brazos River,
Texas, and through eastern Oklahoma and southwestern Missouri to central Tennessee
and Kentucky, southern Indiana and Illinois, southern Ohio (Black Fork Creek, Lawrence
County), and Kanawha County, West Virginia; in the north Atlantic states only in the
neighborhood of the coast and comparatively rare; very common in the south Atlantic and
Gulf states on dry hills between the coast plain and the Appalachian Mountains; less abund-
ant in the southern maritime Pine belt. The var. triloba: rare and local. Pleasant Grove,
Lancaster County, Pennsylvania and Jefferson County, Indiana, southward to central
and western Florida, southern Alabama and Mississippi, western Arkansas and eastern
Texas; on dry uplands near Milledgeville, Baldwin County, Georgia, the prevailing form.
Quercus rubra var. pagodaefolia Ashe. Swamp Spanish Oak. Red Oak.
Quercus pagoda Rafn.
Quercus pagodcefolia Ashe.
Leaves elliptic to oblong, acuminate, gradually narrowed and cuneate or full and rounded
or rarely truncate at base, deeply divided by wide sinuses rounded in the bottom into 5-1 1
acuminate usually entire repand-dentate lobes often falcate and spreading at right angles
FAGACE.E
257
to the midrib or pointed toward the apex of the leaf, when they unfold coated with pale
tomentum, thickest on the lower surface, and dark red on the upper surface, at maturity
dark green and very lustrous above, pale and tomentose below, 6'-8' long and 5'-6' wide,
with a stout midrib usually puberulous on the upper side, slender primary veins arched to
the points of the lobes, and conspicuous reticulate veinlets; turning bright clear yellow
before falling; petioles stout, pubescent or tomentose, 1^-2' in length. Flowers and Fruit
as in the species.
A tree, sometimes 120 high, with a trunk 4-5 in diameter, heavy branches forming in
the forest a short narrow crown, or in more open situations wide-spreading or ascending
and forming a great open head, and slender branchlets hoary tomentose at first, tomentose
or pubescent during their first winter, and dark reddish brown and puberulous during their
second year. Winter-buds ovoid, acute, often prominently 4-angled, about 3' long, with
Fig. 235
light red-brown puberulous scales sometimes ciliate at the apex. Bark about 1' thick
and roughened by small rather closely appressed plate-like light gray, gray-brown or dark
brown scales. Wood light reddish brown, with thin nearly white sap wood; largely manu-
factured into lumber in the Mississippi valley, and valued almost as highly as white oak.
Distribution. Rich bottom-lands and the alluvial banks of streams; Maryland (Queen
Anne County) and coast of Virginia to northern Florida, and through the Gulf states and
Arkansas to southern Missouri, western Tennessee and Kentucky, and southern Illinois
and Indiana; most abundant and one of the largest and most valuable timber-trees in the
river swamps of the Yazoo basin, Mississippi, and of eastern Arkansas. Differing chiefly
from the type in the more numerous and more acuminate lobes of the usually more elon-
gated leaves usually paler on the lower surface, and in the generally paler bark of the
trunk; passing into Quercus rubravar. leucophylla Ashe with leaves on upper branches
nearly as broad as long thickly covered below with brownish pubescence and deeply
divided into 5-7 lobes, and on lower branches slightly obovate, less deeply divided, thin,
dark green, sometimes pubescent becoming glabrous above and often covered below with
pale or brown pubescence.
A tree sometimes 120 high; in low rich soil; coast region of southeastern Virginia, south-
ward to western Florida and through the Gulf states to the valley of the Neches River,
Texas, and northward to northern Arkansas; in southern Illinois (near Mt. Carmel, Wa-
bash County) and southwestern Indiana (near Hovey Lake, Posey County) ; abundant in
low woods about River Junction, Gadsden County, Florida, and in central Mississippi.
X Quercus Willdenoviana Zabel is believed in Europe to be a hybrid of Quercus rubra
and Quercus velutina.
258 TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
13. Quercus marilandica, Muench. Black Jack. Jack Oak.
Leaves broadly obovate, rounded or cordate at the narrow base, usually 3 or rarely
5-lobed at the broad and often abruptly dilated apex, with short or long, broad or narrow,
rounded or acute, entire or dentate lobes, or entire or dentate at apex, sometimes oblong-
obovate, undulate-lobed at the broad apex and entire below, or equally 3-lobed with
elongated spreading lateral lobes broad and lobulate at apex, when they unfold coated with a
clammy tomentum of fascicled hairs and bright pink on the upper surface, at maturity
thick and firm or subcoriaceous, dark yellow-green and very lustrous above, yellow, orange
color, or brown and scurfy-pubescent below, usually 6'-7' long and broad, with a thick broad
orange-colored midrib; turning brown or yellow in the autumn; petioles stout, yellow, gla-
brous or pubescent, |'-f' in length. Flowers: staminate in hoary aments 2'-4' long;
calyx thin and scarious, tinged with red above the middle, pale-pubescent on the outer
surface, divided into 4 or 5 broad ovate rounded lobes; anthers apiculate, dark red; pistillate
Fig. 236
on short rusty-tomentose peduncles coated like their involucral scales with thick rusty
tomentum; stigmas dark red. Fruit, solitary or in pairs, usually pedunculate; nut oblong,
full and rounded at the ends, rather broader below than above the middle, about f long, light
yellow-brown and often striate, the shell lined with dense fulvous tomentum, inclosed for
one third to nearly two thirds of its length in a thick turbinate light brown cup puberulous
on the inner surface, and covered by large reddish brown loosely imbricated scales often
ciliate and coated with loose pale or rusty tomentum, the upper scales smaller, erect, in-
serted on the top of the cup in several rows, and forming a thick rim round its inner sur-
face, or occasionally reflexed and covering the upper half of the inner surface of the cup.
A tree, 20-30, or occasionally 40-50 high, with a trunk rarely more than 1' in di-
ameter, short stout spreading often contorted branches forming a narrow compact round-
topped or sometimes an open irregular head, and stout branchlets coated at first with
thick pale tomentum, light brown and scurfy-pubescent during their first summer, becom-
ing reddish brown and glabrous or puberulous in the winter, and ultimatey brown or ashy
gray. Winter-buds ovoid or oval, prominently angled, light red-brown, coated with rusty
brown hairs, about long. Bark l'-l|' thick, and deeply divided into nearly square plates
l'-3' long and covered by small closely appressed dark brown or nearly black scales. Wood
heavy, hard, strong, dark rich brown, with thick lighter colored sapwood; largely used as
fuel and in the manufacture of charcoal.
Distribution. Dry sandy or clay barrens; Long Island and Staten Island, New York,
eastern and southern Pennsylvania, and southern New Jersey to the shores of Matanzas
Inlet and Tampa Bay, Florida, and westward through the Gulf states to western Texas
FAGACE.E
259
(Callahan County) and to western Oklahoma (Dewey and Kiowa Counties), Arkansas,
eastern Kansas, southeastern Nebraska and through Missouri to northeastern Illinois, south-
western and southern Indiana, and northeastern Kentucky (South Portsmouth, Greenup
County, R. E. Horsey); rare in the north, very abundant southward; west of the Missis-
sippi River often forming on sterile soils a great part of the forest growth; of its largest
size in southern Arkansas and eastern Texas.
X Quercus Rudkinii Britt., with characters intermediate between those of Quercus
marilandica and Q. Phellos, and probably a hybrid of these species, has been found near
Tottenville, Staten Island, New York, at Keyport, Monmouth County, New Jersey, and
at the Falls of the Yadkin River, Stanley County, North Carolina.
X Quercus sterilis Trel., believed to be a hybrid of Quercus marilandica and Q. nigra
has been found in Bladen County, North Carolina.
X Quercus Hastingsii Sarg., believed to be a hybrid of Quercus marilandica and Q.
texana, occurs near Boerne, Kendall County, and at Brownwood, Brown County, Texas.
X Quercus Bushii Sarg., believed to be a hybrid of Quercus marilandica and Q. velutina,
although not common, occurs in eastern Oklahoma (Sapulpa, Creek County), Mississippi
(Oxford, Lafayette County), Alabama (Dothan, Houston County, near Berlin, Dallas
County, and Daphne, Baldwin County), Florida (Sumner, Levey County), and in Georgia
(Climax, Decatur County).
14. Quercus arkansana Sarg.
Leaves broadly obovate, slightly 3-lobed or dentate at the wide apex, cuneate at base,
on sterile branches often oblong-ovate, acute or rounded at apex, rounded at base, the
lobes ending in long slender mucros, when they unfold tinged with red, thickly covered
with pale fascicled hairs persistent until summer, the midrib and veins more thickly
Fig. 237
clothed with long straight hairs, and at maturity glabrous, with the exception of small
axillary tufts of pubescence on the lower surface, light yellow-green above, paler below,
2'-2f long and broad, with a slender light yellow midrib, thin primary veins and promi-
nent veinlets; on sterile branches often 4|'-5|' long and 2|'-2f wide; petioles slender,
coated at first with clusters of pale hairs, becoming glabrous or puberulous, f -*' in length.
Flowers: s laminate in aments covered with clusters of long pale hairs, 2'-2|' long; calyx
260 TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
usually 4 rarely 3-lobed, thinly covered with long white hairs; stamens usually 4; anthers
ovoid-oblong, apiculate, dark red; pistillate on stout peduncles hoary-tomentose like the
scales of the involucre; stigmas dark red. Fruit solitary or in pairs, on short glabrous
peduncles; nut broad-ovoid, rounded at apex, sparingly pubescent especially below the
middle with fascicled hairs, light brown, obscurely striate, |' |' long, |'-f ' thick, inclosed
only at base in the flat saucer-shaped cup, pubescent on the inner surface, covered with
closely appressed scales obtuse at their narrow apex, red on the margins, pale pubescent,
those of the upper rank smaller, erect, inserted on the top of the cup and forming a thin rim
round its inner surface.
A tree when crowded in the forest often 60-70 high, with a tall trunk, stout ascending
branches forming a long narrow r head, and slender branchlets thickly coated early in the
season with pale fascicled hairs, pubescent or nearly glabrous in their first autumn and
darker and glabrous in their second year, when not crowded by other trees rarely 40 high
with a short trunk occasionally 1 in diameter. Winter-buds ovoid, acute, with thin
light chestnut-brown slightly pubescent or nearly glabrous scales. Bark thick, nearly
black, divided by deep fissures into long narrow ridges covered with thick closely appressed
scales.
Distribution. Low woods and on rolling sand hills four miles north of Fulton, Hemp-
stead County, Arkansas; rare and local.
15. Quercus nigra L. Water Oak.
Leaves oblong-obovate, gradually narrowed and cuneate at base and enlarged often
abruptly at the broad rounded entire or occasionally 3-lobed apex, on vigorous young
branchlets sometimes pinnatifid with acute, acuminate or rounded lobes or broadly oblong-
obovate and rounded at apex with entire or undulate margins, on upper branches occa-
sionally linear-lanceolate, on occasional trees narrowed below to an elongated cuneate
base and gradually widened above into a more or less deeply 3-lobed apex, the lobes
rounded or acute (var. tridentifera Sarg.), or often acute at the ends, and on upper branch-
lets sometimes linear-lanceolate to linear-obovate, acute or rounded at apex, divided
above the middle by deep wide rounded sinuses into elongated lanceolate acute entire
lobes, or pinnatifid above the middle, when they unfold thin, light green more or less tinged
with red and covered by fine caducous pubescence, with conspicuous tufts of pale hairs in
the axils of the veins below, at maturity thin, dull bluish green, paler below than above,
glabrous or with axillary tufts of rusty hairs, usually about %\' long and \\' wide, or on
fertile branches sometimes 6' long and 2^' wide; turning yellow and falling gradually during
the winter; petioles stout, flattened, \'-\' in length; leaves of seedling plants linear-lanceo-
late with entire or undulate margins, or occasionally lobed with 1 or 2 pointed lobes,
often deeply 3-lobed at a wide apex, and occasionally furnished below the middle with a
single acuminate lobe, all the forms often occurring on a plant less than three feet high.
Flowers: staminate in red hairy-stemmed aments 2'-3' long; calyx thin and scarious,
covered on the outer surface with short hairs, divided into 4 or 5 ovate rounded segments;
pistillate on short tomentose peduncles, their involucral scales a little shorter than the
acute calyx-lobes and coated with rusty hairs; stigmas deep red. Fruit usually solitary,
sessile or short-stalked; nut ovoid, broad and flat at base, full and rounded at the pubescent
apex, light yellow-brown, often striate, \'-\ ' long and nearly as thick, usually inclosed only
at the base in a thin saucer-shaped cup, or occasionally for one third its length in a cup-
shaped cup, coated on the inner surface with pale silky tomentum and covered by ovate
acute closely appressed light red-brown scales clothed with pale pubescence except on their
darker colored margins.
A tree, occasionally 80 high, with a trunk 2-3| in diameter, numerous slender
branches spreading gradually from the stem and forming a symmetrical round- topped
head, and slender glabrous branchlets light or dull red during their first winter, becoming
grayish brown in their second season. Winter-buds ovoid, acute, strongly angled, covered
by loosely imbricated dark red-brown puberulous scales slightly ciliate on the thin margins.
FAGACE^E
261
Bark -'-f ' thick, with a smooth light brown surface slightly tinged with red and covered
by smooth closely appressed scales. Wood heavy, hard, strong, close-grained, light
brown, with thick lighter colored sapwood; little valued except as fuel.
Fig. 238
Distribution. High sandy borders of swamps and streams and the rich bottom-lands
of rivers, or northward sometimes in dry woods; southern Delaware, southward to the
shores of the Indian River and Tampa Bay, Florida, ranging inland in the south Atlantic
states through the Piedmont region, and westward through the Gulf states to the valley
of the Colorado River, Texas, and through eastern Oklahoma and Arkansas to south-
eastern Missouri and to central Tennessee and Kentucky. The var. tridentifera Sarg. rare
and local; southwest Virginia to Alabama (near Selma, Dallas County), central and western
Mississippi, eastern Louisiana; valley of Navidad River, Lavaca County, Texas. A form
(f . microcarya Sarg. Quercus microcarya Small) occurs in the dry soil on slopes of Little
Stone Mountain, Dekalb County, Georgia.
The Water Oak is commonly planted as a shade-tree in the streets and squares of the
cities and towns of the southern states.
16. Quercus rhombica Sarg.
Leaves rhombic, rarely oblong-obovate to lanceolate, acute or rounded and apiculate at
apex, cuneate at base, the margins entire or slightly undulate, those on vigorous shoots
occasionally furnished on each side near the middle with a short lobe, when they unfold
deeply tinged with red, covered with short pale caducous pubescence and furnished be-
low with usually persistent tufts of axillary hairs, at maturity thin, dark green and lus-
trous above, pale below, 3^-4' long, l^'-2' wide, with a stout conspicuous yellow midrib
and slender forked primary veins; turning yellow and falling gradually in early winter,
rarely at the ends of branches, obovate and rounded, slightly 3-lobed or undulate at the
broad apex (var. obovatifolia Sarg.); petioles yellow, \'-%' in length. Flowers not seen.
Fruit sessile or short-stalked; nut ovoid, rounded at apex, thickly covered with pale pu-
bescence, f '-' long, f thick; inclosed only at the base in a saucer-shaped cup, rounded
on the bottom, silky pubescent on the inner surface, and covered with slightly pubescent
reddish brown loosely appressed scales rounded at apex, with free tips, those of the upper
rank thin and ciliate on the margins.
A tree often 120-150 high, with a tall trunk 3-4| in diameter, stout, wide-spreading
smooth branches forming a broad open head, and slender glabrous branchlets red-brown
during their first season and dark gray the following year. Bark pale gray, slightly fur-
rowed and covered with closely appressed scales, '-' thick.
TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
Distribution. Borders of swamps and low wet woods of the coast region; southeastern
Virginia (Dismal Swamp) to northern Florida, and through the Gulf states to the valley
of the Neches River (Beaumont, Jefferson County), eastern Texas; in Louisiana northward
Fig. 239
to the valley of the Red River; most abundant in south central Alabama and in Louisiana.
X Quercus beaumontiana Sarg., believed to be a hybrid of Quercus rhombica and Q. rubra
has been found growing by a street in Beaumont, Jefferson County, Texas.
X Quercus Cocksii Sarg., probably a hybrid of Quercus rhombica and Q. velutina, has
been found at Pineville, Rapides Parish, Louisiana.
17. Quercus Phellos L. Willow Oak.
Leaves ovate-lanceolate or rarely obovate-lanceolate, often somewhat falcate, gradu-
ally narrowed and acute at the ends, and entire with slightly undulate margins, when they
fold light yellow-green and lustrous on the upper surface, coated on the lower with pale
Fig. 240
caducous pubescence, at maturity glabrous, light green and rather lustrous above, dull and
paler or rarely hoary-pubescent below, conspicuously reticulate- venulose, 2|'-5' long,
|'-1' wide, with a slender yellow midrib and obscure primary veins forked and united
FAGACE^S 263
about halfway between the midrib arid margins; turning pale yellow in the autumn; petioles
stout, about ' in length. Flowers: staminate in slender-stemmed aments 2'-3' long; calyx-
yellow, hirsute, with 4 or 5 acute segments; pistillate on slender glabrous peduncles, their
involucral scales brown covered by pale hairs, about as long as the acute calyx-lobes;
stigmas bright red. Fruit short-stalked or nearly sessile, solitary or in pairs; nut hemi-
spheric, light, yellow-brown, coated with pale pubescence, inclosed only at the very base
in the thin pale reddish brown saucer-shaped cup silky-pubescent on the inner surface, and
covered by thin ovate hoary-pubescent closely appressed scales rounded at apex.
A tree, often 70-90 high, with a trunk 2 or rarely 4 in diameter, small branches
spreading into a comparatively narrow open or conical round-topped head, and slender
glabrous reddish brown branchlets roughened by dark lenticels, becoming in then* second
year dark brown tinged with red or grayish brown; usually much smaller. Winter-buds
ovoid, acute, about f long, with dark chestnut-brown scales pale and scarious on the mar-
gins. Bark --'-' thick, light red-brown slightly tinged with red, generally smooth but on
old trees broken by shallow narrow fissures into irregular plates covered by small closely
appressed scales. Wood heavy, strong, not hard, rather coarse-grained, light brown tinged
with red, with thin lighter colored sap wood; occasionally used in construction, for clap-
boards and the fellies of wheels.
Distribution. Low wet borders of swamps and streams and rich sandy uplands; Staten
Island, New York, southern New Jersey and southeastern Pennsylvania and southward
to northeastern Florida, through the Gulf states to the valley of the Navasota River,
Brazos County, Texas, and through Arkansas, eastern Oklahoma and southeastern Mis-
souri to central Tennessee and northwestern Kentucky (Ballard County), and in south-
western Illinois (Massac and Pope Counties) ; in the Atlantic states usually confined to the
maritime plain; less common in the middle districts, rarely extending to the Appalachian
foothills.
Occasionally planted as a shade-tree in the streets of southern towns, and rarely in
western Europe; hardy in eastern Massachusetts.
Quercus heterophylla Michx. f.
This has usually been considered a hybrid between Quercus Phellos and Quercus velutina
or Quercus borealis var. maxima; first known in the eighteenth century from an individ-
Fig. 241
ual growing in a field belonging to John Bartram on the Schuylkill River, Philadelphia.
What appears to be the same form has since been discovered in a number of stations
264 TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
from New Jersey to Texas, and it is possible that Quercus heterophylla may, as many
botanists have believed, best be considered a species.
X Quercus subfalcata Trel., believed to be a hybrid of Quercus Phellos and Q. rubra
has been found at Wickliffe, Ballard County, Illinois, at Campbell, Lawrence County,
Mississippi, Fulton, Hempstead County, Arkansas, and Houston, Harris County, Texas;
its var. microcarpa Sarg., probably of the same parentage, originated in a Dutch nursery.
X Quercus ludoviciana Sarg., believed to be a hybrid of Quercus Phellos and Q. rubra
var. pagodoefolia grows in low wet woods ten miles west of Opelousas, St. Landry Par-
ish, Louisiana.
18. Quercus laurifolia Michx. Laurel Oak. Water Oak.
Leaves elliptic or rarely slightly broadest above the middle, acuminate at the ends,
apiculate at apex, occasionally lanceojate or oblong-obovate and rounded at apex (var.
hybrida Michx.) sometimes 3-lobed at apex, the terminal lobe acuminate, much larger
than the others (var. tridentata Sarg.), frequently unequally lobed on vigorous branches of
Fig. 242
young trees, with small nearly triangular lobes, when they unfold in spring yellow-green,
or later in the season often pink or bright red, and slightly puberulous, at maturity thin,
green, and very lustrous above, light green and less lustrous below, usually 3 '-4' long and
f wide, with a conspicuous yellow midrib; falling abruptly in early spring leaving the
branches bare during only a few weeks; petioles stout, yellow, rarely more than \' in
length. Flowers: staminate in red-stemmed hairy aments 2'-3' long; calyx pubescent
on the outer surface, divided into 4 ovate rounded lobes; pistillate on stout glabrous
peduncles, their involucral scales brown and hairy, about as long as the acute calyx-
lobes; stigmas dark red. Fruit sessile or subsessile, generally solitary; nut ovoid to hemi-
spheric, broad and slightly rounded at base, full and rounded at the puberulous apex,
dark brown, about \' long, inclosed for about one fourth its length in a thin saucer-shaped
cup red-brown and silky-pubescent on the inner surface, and covered by thin ovate light
red-brown scales rounded at apex and pale-pubescent except on their darker colored
margins.
A tree, occasionally 100 high, with a tall trunk 3-4 in diameter, and comparatively
slender branches spreading gradually into a broad dense round-topped shapely head, and
slender glabrous branchlets dark red when they first appear, dark red-brown during their
first winter, becoming reddish brown or dark gray in their second season. Winter-buds
broadly ovoid or oval, abruptly narrowed and acute at apex, T y-i' long, with numerous
FAGACE.E
265
thin closely imbricated bright red-brown scales ciliate on the margins. Bark of young
trees \'-\.' thick, dark brown more or less tinged with red, roughened by small closely
appressed scales, becoming at the base of old trees l'-2' thick, nearly black, and divided
by deep fissures into broad flat ridges. Wood heavy, very strong and hard, coarse-grained,
liable to check badly in drying, dark brown tinged with red, with thick lighter colored sap-
wood; probably used only as fuel.
Distribution. Sandy banks of streams and swamps and rich hummocks in the neigh-
borhood of the coast; North Carolina (near Newbern) southward to the shores of Bay
Biscayne and the valley of the Caloosahatchie River, Florida, and in the interior of the
peninsula to the neighborhood of Lake Istokpaga, De Soto County, and westward to
eastern Louisiana, ranging inland to Darlington, Darlington County, South Carolina,
to the neighborhood of Augusta, Richmond County, Mayfield, Hancock County, Albany,
Dougherty County, Cuthbert, Randolph County, and Bainbridge, Decatur County,
Georgia, Georgiana, Butler County, and Berlin, Dallas County, Alabama, Rockport,
Copiah County, Mississippi, and to the neighborhood of Bogalusa, Washington Parish,
Louisiana (R. S. Cocks) ; nowhere abundant, but most common and of its largest size in
eastern Florida.
19. Quercus cinerea Michx. Blue Jack. Upland Willow Oak.
Quercus brevifolia Sarg.
Leaves oblong-lanceolate to oblong-obovate, gradually narrowed and cuneate or some-
times rounded at base, acute or rounded and apiculate at apex, entire with slightly thick-
ened undulate margins, or at the ends of vigorous sterile branches occasionally 3-lobed at
Fig. 243
the apex and variously lobed on the margins (/3 dentato-lobata A. De Candolle), when they
unfold bright pink and pubescent on the upper surface, coated on the lower with thick
silvery white tomentum, at maturity firm in texture, blue-green, lustrous, conspicuously re-
ticulate venulose above, pale-tomentose below, 2'-5' long, $'-!?' wide, with a stout yellow
midrib and remote obscure primary veins forked and united within the margins; turn-
ing red and falling gradually late in the autumn or in early winter; petioles stout, \'-\'
in length. Flowers: staminate in hoary-tomentose aments 2'-3' long; calyx pubescent,
bright red and furnished at apex with a thick tuft of silvery white hairs before opening, di-
vided into 4 or 5 ovate acute lobes, becoming yellow as it opens; stamens 4 or 5; anthers
apiculate, dark red in the bud, becoming yellow; pistillate on short stout tomentose
peduncles, their involucral scales about as long as the acute calyx-lobes and coated with
266 TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
pale tomentum; stigmas dark red. Fruit produced in great profusion, sessile or raised on
a short stalk rarely ' long; nut ovoid, full and rounded at the ends or subglobose, about
\' long, often striate, hoary-pubescent at apex, inclosed only at the base or for one half
its length in a thin saucer-shaped or cup-shaped cup bright red-brown and coated with
lustrous pale pubescence on the inner surface, and covered by thin closely imbricated ovate-
oblong scales hoary-tomentose except on the dark red-brown margins.
A tree on dry hills, usually 15-20 high, with a trunk 5 '-6' in diameter, stout branches
forming a narrow irregular head, and thick rigid branchlets coated at first with a dense
fulvous or hoary tomentum of fascicled hairs, soon becoming glabrous or puberulous,
dark brown sometimes tinged with red during their first winter and darker in their
second year; or in low moist soil often 60-75 high, with a trunk 18'-20' in diameter, and
a broad round-topped shapely head of drooping branches. Winter-buds ovoid, acute, with
numerous rather loosely imbricated bright chestnut-brown scales ciliate on the margins,
often \' long on vigorous branches, frequently obtuse and occasionally much smaller.
Bark f-H' thick, and divided into thick nearly square plates l'-2' long, and covered by
small dark brown or nearly black scales slightly tinged with red. Wood hard, strong,
close-grained, light brown tinged with red, with thick darker colored sap wood; probably
only used as fuel.
Distribution. Sandy barrens and dry upland ridges, and in the rich moist soil of the
pine-covered flats of the Florida peninsula; North Carolina southward to the shores of the
Indian River and Peace Creek, Florida, and along the Gulf coast to the valley of the
Brazos River, Texas; in the Atlantic and middle Gulf states mostly confined to a maritime
belt 40-60 wide, extending across the Florida peninsula as far south as the sand hills in
the neighborhood of Lake Istokpoga, De Soto County, and west of the Mississippi River,
ranging inland to the neighborhood of Dallas, Dallas County, Texas and to southeastern
Oklahoma (near Antlers, Pushmataha County).
X Quercus dubia Ashe, believed to be a hybrid of Quercus cinerea and Q. laurifolia occurs
at Abbottsburg, Bladen County, North Carolina, on the coast of South Carolina, in south-
ern Georgia and northern and central Florida, and at Mississippi City, Lincoln County,
Mississippi.
X Quercus subintegra Trel., a supposed hybrid of Quercus cinera and Q. rubra occurs
at Lumber City, Telfair County, Georgia, Lake City, Columbia County, Florida, and at
Berlin, Dallas County, Alabama.
X Quercus sublaurifolia Trel., a supposed hybrid of Quercus cinerea and Q. laurifolia
occurs at Folkston, Charlton County, Georgia, and at Biloxi, Harrison County, Mississippi.
X Quercus carolinensis Trel., believed to be a hybrid of Quercus cinerea and Q. mari-
landica occurs at Newbern, Craven County, North Carolina, Lumber City, Telfair
County and Climax, Decatur County, Georgia, and near Fletcher, Hardin County, Texas.
X Quercus caduca Trel., believed to be a hybrid of Quercus cinerea and Q. nigra, occurs
at Folkston, Charlton County and Lumber City, Telfair County, Georgia, Jacksonville,
Duval County, and Gainsville, Alachua County, Florida, Mississippi City, Harrison
County, Mississippi, and at Milano, Milano County and Bryan, Brazos County, Texas.
X Quercus oviedoensis Sarg., believed to be a hybrid of Quercus cinerea and Q. myrtifolia,
has been found near Oviedo, Orange County, Florida.
20. Quercus imbricaria Michx. Shingle Oak. Laurel Oak.
Leaves oblong-lanceolate to oblong-obovate, apiculate and acute or rounded at apex,
gradually narrowed and cuneate or rounded at base, entire with slightly thickened, rev-
olute often undulate margins, or sometimes more or less 3-lobed, or on sterile branches
occasionally repand-lobulate, when they unfold bright red, soon becoming yellow-green,
covered with scurfy rusty pubescence on the upper surface and hoary-tomentose on the
lower, at maturity thin, glabrous, dark green, and very lustrous above, pale green or light
brown and pubescent below, 4 '-6' long, f '-2' wide, with a stout yellow midrib, numerous
slender yellow veins arcuate and united at some distance from the margins, and reticulate
FAGACE.E 267
veinlets; late in the autumn turning dark red on the upper surface; petioles stout, pubes-
cent, rarely more than \' in length. Flowers : staminate in hoary-tomentose arnents, 2'-3'
long; calyx light yellow, pubescent, and divided into 4 acute segments; pistillate on slender
tomentose peduncles, their involucral scales covered with pale pubescence and about as
long as the acute calyx-lobes; stigmas greenish yellow. Fruit solitary or in pairs, on stout
peduncles often nearly \' in length; nut nearly as broad as long, full and rounded at the
ends, dark chestnut-brown, often obscurely striate, |'-f long, inclosed for one third to
one half its length in a thin cup-shaped or turbinate cup bright red-brown and lustrous
on the inner surface, and covered by thin ovate light red-ljrown scales rounded or acute at
the apex and pubescent except on their darker colored margins.
A tree, usually 50-60 high, with a trunk rarely exceeding 3 in diameter, or rarely
100 high, with a long naked stem 3-4 in diameter, slender tough horizontal or somewhat
pendulous branches forming a narrow round-topped picturesque head, and slender branch-
Fig. 244
lets dark green, lustrous, and often suffused with red when they first appear, soon gla-
brous, light reddish brown or light brown during their first winter and dark brown in their
second year. Winter-buds ovoid, acute, about \' long, obscurely angled, and covered by
closely imbricated light chestnut-brown lustrous scales erose and often ciliate on the mar-
gins. Bark on young stems and branches thin, light brown, smooth, and lustrous, becom-
ing on old trunks i'-l|' thick, and slightly, divided by irregular shallow fissures into broad
ridges covered by close slightly appressed light brown scales somewhat tinged with red.
Wood heavy, hard, rather coarse-grained, light brown tinged with red, with thin lighter
colored sap wood; occasionally used in construction, and for clapboards and shingles.
Distribution. Rich hillsides and the fertile bottom-lands of streams; Lehigh County
(Allenton to Dorney's Park), Bedford, Huntington, Franklin and Union Counties, Penn-
sylvania, westward through Ohio to southern Michigan, southern Wisconsin and southeast-
ern and southern Iowa (Muscatine to Taylor County), and southward to the District of
Columbia, along the Appalachian Mountains and their foothills, up to altitudes of 2200,
to the valley of the Little Tennessee River, North Carolina, and to northern Georgia
(Wilkes County), and middle Tennessee; through Missouri to northeastern Kansas and
southeastern Nebraska, and in northern and southern Arkansas (Fulton, Hempstead
County); comparatively rare in the east; one of the most abundant Oaks of the lower
Ohio basin; probably growing to its largest size in southern Indiana and Illinois.
Occasionally planted as an ornamental tree in the northern states, and hardy as far
north as Massachusetts.
268 TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
Quercus Leana, Nutt., scattered usually in solitary individuals from the District of
Columbia and western North Carolina to southern Michigan, central and northern Illinois
and southeastern Missouri, is believed to be a hybrid between this species and Quercus
velutina.
X Quercus tridentata Engelm., described as a hybrid of Quercus imbricaria and Q. mari-
landica first found at Allenton, Saint Louis County, Missouri, occurs also near Olney,
Richland County, Illinois.
X Quercus exacta Trel., believed to be a hybrid of Quercus imbricaria and Q. palustris,
occurs near Olney, Richland County, Illinois, and at Crown Point, Lake County, Indiana.
21. Quercus hypoleuca Engelm.
Leaves lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate to elliptic, occasionally somewhat falcate, acute
and often apiculate at apex, cuneate or bounded or cordate at the narrow base, entire
or repandly serrate above the middle with occasionally small minute rigid spinose teeth,
Fig. 245
or on vigorous shoots serrate-lobed with oblique acute lobes, when they unfold light red,
covered with close pale pubescence above and coated below with thick hoary tomentum,
at maturity thick and firm, dark yellow-green and lustrous on the upper surface, covered
on the lower with thick silvery white or fulvous tomentum, 2'-4' long, |'-1' wide, with
thickened revolute margins; turning yellow or brown and falling gradually during the
spring after the appearance of the new leaves^ petioles stout, flattened, pubescent or to-
mentose, f'-J' in length. Flowers: staminate in slender aments 4 '-5' long; calyx slightly
tinged with red, covered with pale hairs and divided into 4 or 5 broadly ovate rounded lobes;
anthers acute, apiculate, bright red becoming yellow; pistillate mostly solitary, sessile OP
short-stalked, their involucral scales thin, scarious, and soft-pubescent; stigmas dark red.
Fruit sessile or borne on a stout peduncle up to \' in length, usually solitary; nut ovoid,
acute or rounded at the narrow hoary-pubescent apex, dark green and often striate when
ripe, becoming light chestnut-brown in drying, '-' long, the shell lined with white to-
mentum, inclosed for about one third its length in a turbinate thick cup pubescent on
the inner surface, and covered by thin broadly ovate light chestnut-brown scales rounded
at apex and clothed, especially toward the base of the cup, with soft silvery pubescence.
A tree, usually 20-30 or sometimes 60 high, with a tall trunk 10'-15' in diameter,
slender branches spreading into a narrow round-topped inversely conic head, and stout
rigid branchlets coated at first with thick hoary tomentum disappearing during the first
winter, becoming light red-brown often covered with a glaucous bloom and ultimately
nearly black; frequently a shrub. Winter-buds ovoid, obtuse, about ' long, with thin
FAGACE.E 269
light chestnut-brown scales. Bark f'-l' thick, nearly black, deeply divided into broad
ridges broken on the surface into thick plate-like scales. Wood heavy, very strong, hard,
close-grained, dark brown, with thick lighter colored sapwood.
Distribution. Scattered but nowhere abundant through Pine-forests on the slopes
of canons and on high ridges usually at altitudes between 6000-7000 above the sea on
the mountains of western Texas, and of southern New Mexico and Arizona; in northern
Chihuahua and Sonora.
22. Quercus agrifolia Nee. Live Oak. Encina.
Leaves oval, orbicular or oblong, rounded or acute and apiculate at apex, rounded
or cordate at base, entire or sinuate-dentate with slender rigid spinose teeth, when they
unfold tinged with red and coated with caducous hoary tomentum, at maturity subcoria-
ceous, convex, dark or pale green, dull and obscurely reticulate above, paler, rather lus-
Fig. 246
trous, glabrous or pubescent below, with tufts of rusty hairs in the axils of the principal
veins, or sometimes covered above with fascicled hairs and coated below with thick
hoary pubescence, f'-4' long and ^'-3' wide, with thickened strongly revolute margins;
falling gradually during the winter and early spring; petioles stout or slender, pubes-
cent or glabrous, '-!' in length. Flowers: staminate in slender hairy aments 3' -4' long;
calyx bright purple-red in the bud, sometimes furnished with a tuft of long pale hairs at
the apex, glabrous or glabrate, divided nearly to the base into 5-7 ovate acute segments
reddish above the middle; pistillate sessile or short-stalked, their involucral scales bright
red and covered with thick hoary tomentum, or glabrous or puberulous; stigmas bright
red. Fruit sessile or nearly so, solitary or in few-fruited clusters; nut elongated, ovate,
abruptly narrowed at base, gradually narrowed to the acute puberulous apex, light chest-
nut-brown, f'-l!' long, i'-f thick, the shell lined with a thick coat of pale tomentum,
inclosed for one third its length or only at the base in a thin turbinate light brown cup
coated on the inner surface with soft pale silky pubescence, and covered by thin papery
scales rounded at the narrow apex, and slightly puberulous, especially toward the base
of the cup.
A tree, occasionally 80-90 high, with a short trunk 3-4 or rarely 6-7 in diameter,
dividing a few feet above the base into numerous great limbs often resting on the ground
and forming a low round-topped head frequently 150 across, and slender dark gray or
brown branchlets tinged with red, coated at first with hoary tomentum persistent until
the second or third year; or with a trunk, rising to the height of 30 or 40, and crowned
by a narrow head of small branches; often much smaller; frequently shrubby in habit,
70 TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
with slender stems only a few feet high. Winter-buds globose and usually about -fa' thick,
or ovoid-oblong, acute, and sometimes on vigorous shoots nearly \' in length, with thin
broadly ovate closely imbricated light chestnut-brown glabrous or pubescent scales.
Bark of young stems and branches thin, close, light brown or pale bluish gray, becoming on
old trunks 2'-3' thick, dark brown slightly tinged with red, and divided into broad rounded
ridges separating on the surface into small closely appressed scales. Wood heavy, hard,
close-grained, very brittle, light brown or reddish brown, with thick darker colored sapwood;
valued and largely used for fuel.
Distribution. Usually in open groves of great extent from Sonoma County, California,
southward over the coast ranges and islands to the San Pedro Martir Mountains, Lower
California; less common at the north; very abundant and of its largest size in the valleys
south of San Francisco Bay and their commonest and characteristic tree; frequently cover-
ing with semiprostrate and contorted stems the sand dunes on the coast in the central part of
the state; in southwestern California the largest and most generally distributed Oak-tree
between the mountains and the sea, often covering low hills and ascending to altitudes of
4500 in the canons of the San Jacinto Mountains.
Occasionally cultivated as an ornamental tree in temperate western, and in southern
Europe.
23. Quercus Wislizenii A. DC. Live Oak.
Leaves narrowly lanceolate to broadly elliptic, generally oblong-lanceolate, acute or
rounded and generally apiculate at apex, rounded or truncate or gradually narrowed and
cuneate at base, entire, serrulate or serrate or sinuate-dentate with spreading rigid spines-
Fig. 247
cent teeth, when they unfold thin, dark red, ciliate, and covered with pale scattered fasci-
cled hairs, at maturity thick and coriaceous, glabrous and lustrous, dark green on the upper
and paler and yellow-green on the lower surface, usually l'-l|' long and about f ' wide, with
obscure primary veins and conspicuous reticulate veinlets, gradually deciduous during their
second summer and autumn; petioles coated at first with hoary tomentum, usually pu-
bescent or puberulous at maturity, |' to nearly 1' in length. Flowers: staminate in hairy
aments 3'-4' long; calyx tinged with red in the bud, divided into broadly ovate ciliate gla-
brous light yellow lobes shorter than the 3-6 stamens; pistillate sessile or short-stalked,
their involucral scales and peduncle hoary-tomentose. Fruit sessile, short-stalked or oc-
casionally spicate; nut slender, oblong, abruptly narrowed at base, pointed and pilose at
the apex, f'-H' long, about $' thick, light chestnut-brown, often striate, the shell lined
with a scanty coat of pale tomentum, more or less inclosed in the thin turbinate sometimes
FAGACE^E 271
tubular cup '-1' deep, or rarely cup-shaped and shallow, light green and puberulous within,
and covered by oblong lanceolate light brown closely imbricated thin scales, sometimes
toward the base of the cup thickened and rounded on the back, usually pubescent or pu-
berulous, especially above the middle, and frequently ciliate on the margins.
A tree, usually 70-80 high, with a short trunk 4-6 in diameter, stout spreading
branches forming a round-topped head, and slender rigid branchlets coated at first with
hoary tomentum or covered with scattered fascicled hairs, puberulous or glabrous and
rather light brown during their first season, gradually growing darker in their second
year; usually much smaller and sometimes reduced to an intricately branched shrub, with
numerous stems only a few feet tall. Winter-buds ovoid or oval, acute, |'-j' long, with
closely imbricated light chestnut-brown ciliate scales. Bark on young trees and large
branches thin, generally smooth and light-colored, becoming on old trunks 2'-3' thick,
and divided into broad rounded often connected ridges separating on the surface into
small thick closely appressed dark brown scales slightly tinged with red. Wood heavy,
very hard, strong, close-grained, light brown tinged with red, with thick lighter colored
sapwood; sometimes used for fuel.
Distribution. Lower slopes of Mt. Shasta southward through the coast region of
California to the Santa Lucia Mountains, and to Santa Rosa and Santa Cruz Islands,
and along the slopes of the Sierra Nevada to Kern County, up to altitudes of 2000 at the
north and of 4500 at the south; as a shrub 4-6 high with small thick leaves (var. fru-
tescens Engelm.) on the desert slopes of the San Bernardino, San Ja^cinto and Cuyamaca
mountains, at altitudes of 5000-7000 above the sea, and on San Pedro Martir in Lower
California; nowhere common as a tree, but most abundant and of its largest size in the
valleys of the coast region of central California at some distance from the sea, and on the
foothills of the Sierra Nevada; very common as a shrub in the canons of the desert
slopes of the mountains of southern California; near the coast and on the islands small and
mostly shrubby.
X Quercus morehus, Kell., a supposed hybrid between Quercus Wislizenii and Q. Kellog-
gii occurs in Lake County, California.
24. Quercus myrtifolia Willd.
Leaves oval to oblong-obovate, acute and apiculate or broad and rounded at apex,
gradually narrowed and cuneate or broad and rounded or cordate at base, entire, with
Fig. 248
much thickened revolute sometimes undulate margins, or on vigorous shoots sinuate-den-
tate and lobed above the middle, when they unfold, thin, dark red, coated below and on the
TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
petioles with clammy rusty tomentum and densely pubescent above, at maturity thick
and coriaceous, lustrous, dark green, glabrous and conspicuously reticulate-venulose
above, paler, yellow-green, or light orange-brown, glabrous or pubescent below, with
tufts of rusty hairs in the axils of the veins, \'-%,' long and \'-\' wide; falling gradually
during their second year; petioles stout, pubescent, yellow, rarely more than \' in length.
Flowers: staminate in hoary pubescent aments \'-\\' long; calyx coated on the outer
surface with rusty hairs and divided into 5 ovate acute segments shorter than the 2 or
3 stamens; pistillate sessile or nearly sessile, solitary or in pairs, their involucral scales
tomentose and tinged with red. Fruit solitary or in pairs, sessile or short-stalked; nut
subglobose or ovoid, acute, |'-|' long, dark brown, lustrous and often striate, puberulous
at apex, the shell lined with a thick coat of rusty tomentum, inclosed for one fourth to
one third its length in a saucer-shaped or turbinate cup light brown and puberulous within,
and covered by closely imbricated broad-ovate light brown pubescent scales ciliate on the
margins and rounded at their broad apex.
A round-topped tree, rarely 40 high, with a trunk 4'-5' or rarely up to 15' in diameter,
short or rarely long spreading branches and slender branchlets coated at first with a
thick pale fulvous tomentum of articulate hairs usually persistent during the summer,
light brown more or less tinged with red or dark gray, and pubescent or puberulous during
their first winter, becoming darker and glabrous in their second season; more often an intri-
cately branched shrub, with slender rigid stems 3-4 or rarely 15-20 high and l'-3'
in diameter. Winter-buds ovoid or oval, gradually narrowed to the acute apex, with closely
imbricated dark chestnut-brown slightly puberulous scales. Bark thin and smooth, be-
coming near the ground dark and slightly furrowed.
Distribution. Dry sandy ridges on the coast and islands of South Carolina to Bay Bis-
cayne, Florida, crossing the central peninsula and from the valley of the Caloosahatchee
River, westward along the coast of Florida, Alabama, and Mississippi; most abundant
on the islands off the coast of east Florida, and of Alabama and Mississippi ; often covering
large areas with low impenetrable thickets; perhaps of its largest size in Orange County,
on Jupiter Island, and on the coast west of the Appalachicola River, Florida.
25. Quercus chrysolepis Liebm. Live Oak. Maul Oak.
Leaves oblong-ovate to elliptic, acute or cuspidate at apex, cordate, rounded or cuneate
at base, mostly entire on old trees, often dentate or sinuate-dentate on young trees with
Fig. 249
1 or 2 or many spinescent teeth, the two forms often appearing together on vigorous shoots,
clothed when they unfold with a thick tomentum of fulvous hairs soon deciduous from the
FAGACE.E 273
upper and more gradually from the lower surface, at maturity thick and coriaceous, bright
yellow-green and glabrous above, more or less fulvous-tomentose below during their first
year, ultimately becoming glabrate and bluish white, 1'-- 1' long, '-2' wide, with thickened
revolute margins; deciduous during their third and fourth years; petioles slender, yellow,
rarely |' in length. Flowers: staminate in slender tomentose aments 2'-4' long; calyx
light yellow, pubescent, divided usually into 5-7 broadly ovate acute ciliate lobes often
tinged with red above the middle; pistillate sessile or subsessile or rarely in short few-
flowered spikes, their broadly ovate involucral scales coated with fulvous tomentum; stig-
mas bright red. Fruit usually solitary, sessile or short-stalked; nut ellipsoidal or ovoid,
acute or rounded at the full or narrow slightly puberulous apex, light chestnut-brown, '-2'
long and about as thick, the shell lined with a thin coat of loose tomentum, with abortive
ovules scattered irregularly over the side of the seed, inclosed only at the base in a thin
hemispheric or in a thick turbinate broad-rimmed cup pale green or dark reddish brown
within, and covered by small triangular closely appressed scales with a short free tip,
clothed with hoary pubescence, or often hidden in a dense coat of fulvous tomentum.
A tree, usually not more than 40-50 high, with a short trunk 3-5 in diameter, di-
viding into great horizontal limbs sometimes forming a head 150 across, and slender rigid
or flexible branchlets coated at first with thick fulvous tomentum, becoming during their
first winter dark brown somewhat tinged with red, tomentose, pubescent, or glabrous,
and ultimately light brown or ashy gray; occasionally in sheltered canons producing
trunks 8-9 in diameter; on exposed mountain sides forming dense thickets 15-20 high.
Winter-buds broadly ovoid or oval, acute, about f long, w r ith closely imbricated light
chestnut-brown usually puberulous scales. Bark f'-l' thick, light or dark gray-brown
tinged with red, and covered by small closely appressed scales. Wood heavy, very
strong, hard, tough, close-grained, light brown, with thick darker colored sap wood; used
in the manufacture of agricultural implements and wagons.
Distribution. Southern Oregon, along the California coast ranges and the western slopes
of the Sierra Nevada to the San Bernardino and San Jacinto mountains; of its largest size
in the canons of the coast ranges of central California and on the foothills of the Sierra
Nevada; ascending to altitudes of 8000-9000 above the sea; near the southern boundary
of California, on the mountains of northern Lower California and Sonora and in Arizona
(Santa Rita and Huachuca Mountains, on Beaver Creek and in Copper Canon near
Camp Verde, and in Sycamore Canon south of Flagstaff), usually shrubby, with rigid
branches, rigid coriaceous oblong or semiorbicular spinose-dentate leaves, subsessile or
pedunculate fruit, with ovoid acute nuts l'-l|' long, their shells lined with thick or thin
pale tomentum, and purple cotyledons (var. Palmeri Engelm. Quercus Wilcoxii Rydb.)
26. Quercus tomentella Engelm.
Leaves oblong-lanceolate, acute, sometimes cuspidate or occasionally rounded at apex,
broad and rounded or gradually narrowed and abruptly cuneate at base, remotely crenate-
dentate with small remote spreading callous tipped teeth, or entire, when they unfold light
green tinged with red, covered above with scattered pale fascicled hairs and below and on
the petioles with thick hoary tomentum, at maturity thick and coriaceous, dark green,
glabrous and lustrous on the upper surface, pale and covered w r ith fascicled hairs on the
lower surface, 2'-4' long, l'-2' wide, with thickened strongly revolute margins, and a
pubescent midrib; gradually deciduous during their third season; petioles stout, pubescent,
about \' in length. Flowers: staminate in pubescent aments 2^'-14' long, calyx light
yellow, pubescent, divided into 5-7 ovate acute lobes; pistillate subsessile or in few-flow-
ered spikes on short or elongated pubescent peduncles, their involucral scales like the calyx
coated with fascicled hairs; stigmas red. Fruit subsessile or short-stalked; nut ovoid,
broad at base, full and rounded at apex, about 1^' long and f ' thick, inclosed only at the
base in a cup-shaped shallow cup thickened below, light brown and pubescent on the inner
surface, and covered by thin ovate acute scales, their free chestnut-brown tips more or less
hidden in a thick coat of hoary tomentum.
274
TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
A tree, 30-40, or occasionally 60 high, with a trunk l-2 in diameter, spreading
branches forming a shapely round-topped head, and slender branchlets coated at first with
hoary tomentum, becoming light brown tinged with red or orange color. Winter-buds
ovoid, acute or obtuse, nearly j' long, with many loosely imbricated light chestnut-brown
Fig. 250
scales more or less clothed with pale pubescence. Bark thin, reddish brown, broken into
large closely appressed scales. Wood heavy, hard, close-grained, compact, pale yellow-
brown, with lighter colored sap wood.
Distribution. Deep narrow canons and high wind-swept slopes of Santa Rosa, Santa
Cruz, and Santa Catalina islands, California; on Guadalupe Island off the coast of Lower
California.
27. Quercus Emoryi Torr. Black Oak.
Leaves oblong-lanceolate, acute and mucronate at apex, cordate or rounded at the
slightly narrowed base, entire or remotely repand-serrate with 1-5 pairs of acute rigid
oblique teeth, when they unfold thin, light green more or less tinged with red and covered
with silvery white tomentum, at maturity thick, rigid, coriaceous, dark green, very lus-
trous and glabrous or coated above with minute fascicled hairs, pale and glabrous or puberu-
lous below, usually with 2 large tufts of white hairs at the base of the slender midrib,
obscurely reticulate-venulose, l'-2|' long, '-!' wide; falling gradually in April with the
appearance of the new leaves; petioles stout, pubescent, about j' in length. Flowers:
staminate in hoary tomentose aments; calyx light yellow, hairy on the outer surface, di-
vided into 5-7 ovate acute lobes; pistillate sessile or short-stalked, their involucral scales
covered with hoary tomentum. Fruit ripening irregularly from June to September, sessile
or short-stalked; nut oblong, oval, or ovate, narrowed at base, rounded at the narrow
pilose apex, '-f long, about f thick, dull light green when fully grown, dark chestnut-
brown or nearly black at maturity, with a thin shell lined with thick white tomentum,
inclosed for from one third to one half its length in the deeply cup-shaped or nearly hemi-
spheric cup light green and pubescent within, and covered by closely imbricated broadly
ovate acute thin and scarious light brown scales clothed with short soft pale pubescence.
A tree, usually 30-40 high, with a short trunk 2-3 in diameter, stout rigid rather
drooping branches forming a round-topped symmetrical head, and slender rigid branch-
lets covered at first with close hoary tomentum, bright red, pubescent or tomentose in
their first winter, ultimately glabrous and dark red-brown or black; sometimes 60-70
high, with a trunk 4-5 in diameter, with a head occasionally 100 across; or at high alti-
FAGACE^E
275
tudes or on exposed mountain slopes a low shrub. Winter-buds ellipsoidal, acute, about '
long, pale pubescent toward the apex, with thin closely imbricated light chestnut-brown
ciliate scales. Bark l'-2' thick, dark brown or nearly black, deeply divided into large
oblong thick plates separating into small thin closely appressed scales. Wood heavy,
strong, brittle, close-grained, dark brown or almost black, with thick bright brown sap-
wood tinged with red. The sweet acorns are an important article of food for Mexicans
and Indians, and are sold in the towns of southern Arizona and northern Mexico.
Distribution. Mountain ranges of western Texas, southern New Mexico, Arizona
south of the Colorado plateau, and of northern Mexico; in Texas common in the can-
ons and on the southern slopes of the Limpio and Chisos mountains; the most abundant
Oak of southern New Mexico and Arizona, forming a large part of the forests covering
the mountain slopes and extending from the upper limits of the mesa nearly to the
highest ridges; attaining its largest size and beauty in the moist soil of sheltered canons.
28. Quercus dumosa Nutt. Scrub Oak.
Leaves oblong, rounded and acute at apex, broad and abruptly cuneate or rounded
at base, usually about f long and %' wide, spinescent with a few minute teeth, or undu-
late and entire or coarsely spinescent, with an obscure midrib and primary veins, con-
spicuous reticulate veinlets, and stout petioles rarely ' long; or sometimes oblong to ob-
long-obovate and divided by deep sinuses into 5-9 oblong acute rounded or emarginate
bristle-tipped lobes, the terminal lobe 3-lobed, rounded or acute, 2'-4' long and I'-l^'
wide, with primary veins running to the points of the lobes, obscure reticulate veinlets,
and petioles sometimes 1' long, thin when they unfold and clothed with scattered fascicled
hairs, or rarely tomentose above and coated below and on the petioles with hoary tomentum,
at maturity thick and firm, dark green and glabrous on the upper surface, paler and more
or less pubescent on the lower surface; mostly deciduous during the winter. Flowers:
staminate in pubescent aments; calyx divided into 4-7 ovate lanceolate hairy segments;
pistillate sessile or stalked, in long many-flowered tomentose spikes, their involucral scales
and calyx hoary-tomentose; stigmas red. Fruit sessile or short-stalked; nut ovoid, broad
at base, broad and rounded or acute at apex, %'-!' long, |'-f thick, inclosed for one half
to two thirds its length in a deep cup-shaped or hemispheric cup light brown and pubescent
within, covered by ovate pointed scales coated with pale or rufous tomentum, usually
much thickened, united and tuberculate, those above with free acute tips forming a fringe
to the rim of the cup, or frequently with basal scales but little thickened and furnished with
long free tips; in var. Alv&rdiana Jeps., with a nut l^'-lf long, j'-|' thick, gradually
narrowed and acute at apex, inclosed only at base in a shallow cup-shaped cup.
276 TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
A tree, rarely 20 high, with a trunk 12'-18' in diameter, small branches forming a
round-topped head, and slender branchlets coated at first with hoary tomentum, becom-
ing in their first winter ashy gray or light or dark reddish brown and usually pubescent
or tomentose; more often an intricately branched rigid shrub, with stout stems covered by
Fig. 252
pale gray bark and usually 6-8 high, often forming dense thickets. Winter-buds ellip-
soidal, generally acute, TV~~i' l n g with thin pale red often pilose and ciliate scales. Bark
of the trunk bright brown and scaly.
Distribution. California; western slopes of the central Sierra Nevada; common on the
coast ranges south of San Francisco Bay and on the islands off the coast of the southern
part of the state, ranging inland to the borders of the Mohave Desert and to the canons
of the desert slopes of the San Bernardino and San Jacinto mountains, and southward into
Lower California; arborescent only in sheltered canons of the islands; the var. Alvordiana y
in the San Emidio Canon of the coast ranges of Kern County and on the San Carlos
Range, Fresno County; north of San Francisco Bay replaced by the variety bullata
Engelm. ranging to Mendocino County and to Napa valley.
X Quercus MacDonaldii Greene, a shrub or small tree with characters intermediate
between those of Quercus dumosa and Q. Engelmannii, is usually considered a hybrid of
these species, it occurs on Santa Cruz and Santa Catalina Islands, and in Santa Barbara,
and Los Angeles Counties, California.
29. Quercus virginiana Mill. Live Oak.
Leaves oblong, elliptic or obovate, rounded or acute at apex, gradually narrowed
and cuneate or Tarely rounded or cordate at base, usually entire with slightly revolute
margins, or rarely spinose-dentate above the middle, thin, dark green and lustrous on the
upper surface, pale and pubescent on the lower surface, 2'-5' long, \'-%\' wide, and in-
conspicuously reticulate-venulose, with a narrow yellow midrib, and few slender obscure
primary veins forked and united at some distance from the margins; gradually turning
yellow or brown at the end of the winter and falling with the appearance of the new leaves
in the spring; petioles stout, rarely more than \' in length. Flowers: staminate in hairy
aments 2'-3' long; calyx light yellow, hairy, divided into 5-7 ovate rounded segments;
anthers hirsute; pistillate in spikes on slender pubescent peduncles l'-3' long, their in-
volucral scales and ovate calyx-lobes coated with hoary pubescence; stigmas bright red.
Fruit usually in 3-5 fruited spikes or rarely in pairs or single on stout light brown puberu-
lous peduncles 1/-5' long; nut ellipsoidal or slightly obovoid, narrowed at base, rounded
or acute at apex, dark chestnut-brown and lustrous, about 1' long and \' thick, inclosed
for about one fourth its length in a turbinate light reddish brown cup puberulous within,
FAGACE^E
277
its scales thin, ovate, acute, slightly keeled on the back, covered by dense lustrous hoary
tomentum and ending in small closely appressed reddish tips; seed sweet, with light yel-
low connate cotyledons.
A tree, 40-50 high, with a trunk 3-4 in diameter above its swollen buttressed base,
usually dividing a few feet from the ground into 3 or 4 horizontal wide-spreading limbs
forming a low dense round-topped head sometimes 130 across, and slender rigid branch-
lets coated at first with hoary tomentum, becoming ashy gray or light brown and pubescent
or puberulous during their first winter and darker and glabrous the following season; occa-
sionally 60-70 tall, with a trunk 6-7 in diameter; often shrubby and occasionally not
more than a foot high. Winter-buds globose or slightly obovoid, about ' long, with thin
light chestnut-brown scales white and scarious on the margins. Bark of the trunk and
large branches %'-l' thick, dark brown tinged with red, slightly furrowed, separating on
Fig. 253
the surface into small closely appressed scales. Wood very heavy, hard, strong, tough,
close-grained, light brown or yellow, with thin nearly white sapwood; formerly largely and
still occasionally used in shipbuilding.
Distribution. Shores of Mobjack Bay, Virginia, southward along the coast and islands
to southern Florida, and along the shores of the Gulf of Mexico to northeastern Mexico,
spreading inland through Texas to the valley of the Red River and to the mountains in
the extreme western part of the state; on the mountains of Cuba, southern Mexico, and
Central America; most abundant and of its largest size on the Atlantic and east Gulf
coasts on rich hummocks and ridges a few feet above the level of the sea; abundant in
Texas in the coast region, near the banks of streams, and westward toward the valley
of the Rio Grande often forming the principal part of the shrubby growth on low moist
soil; in sandy barren soil in the immediate vicinity of the seacoast or on the shores of
salt water estuaries and bays often a shrub, sometimes bearing fruit on stems not more
than a foot high (var. maritima, Sarg., and var. dentata Sarg.).
Occasionally planted as a shade and ornamental tree in the southern United States.
Variable in habit and in the size and thickness of the leaves the different forms of Quercus
virqiniana show little variation in their fruit. The most important of these varieties is
Quercus virginiana var. geminata Sarg.
Quercus geminata Small.
Leaves oblong-obovate to elliptic, rounded or acute at apex, cuneate or narrowed and
rounded at base, occasionally slightly and irregularly dentate above the middle on vigor-
ous shoots, conspicuously reticulate-venulose, hoary tomentose below, l^'-3' long, f'-l'
278 TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
wide, with thickened strongly revolute margins; persistent until after the leaves of the
typical Q. virginiana in the same locality have all fallen; occasionally in Florida with oblong-
elliptic to slightly obovate leaves 4'-5' long and l'-2' wide (f. grandifolia Sarg.). Flowers
and Fruit as in the species.
A tree often 75 high with a trunk 3 in diameter, with the habit, branchlets, winter-
buds and bark of the typical form; often much smaller and occasionally a shrub.
Distribution. Sandy soil; coast region of North Carolina south of the Cape Fear River,
South Carolina and Georgia, and southward in Florida to Jupiter Island on the east coast
and the valley of the Caloosahatchee River on the west coast; abundant and often the
common Live Oak in the central part of the peninsula, at least as far south as Orange
County, and westward through western Florida, southeastern and southern Alabama to
the Gulf coast and islands of Mississippi.
Fig. 254
Other varieties of Quercus virginiana are var. macrophylla Sarg., differing from the
type in its much larger ovate or slightly obovate leaves rounded or acute at base,
entire or occasionally repand-dentate, pale tomentose below, 3|'-4' long and lj'-2|'
wide. Large trees forming groves; sandy bottoms of the Atascosa River and in flat
woods above them, Pleasanton, Atascosa County, Texas: var. virescens Sarg., differ-
ing from the type in the green glabrous or rarely puberulous lower surface of the leaves
and in the glabrous branchlets. A large tree in sandy soil; Gainesville, Alachua County,
Sanford, Seminole County, Sumner, Levey County, Simpson's Hummock, and near Long
Key in the Everglades, Dade County, Florida: var. eximea Sarg., differing from the type
in its narrow elliptic to narrow oblong-obovate leaves and pale bark; a tree rarely 20 high,
with a trunk 8' '-12' in diameter; rarely a shrub; dry sandy open woods, near Springfield,
Livingston Parish and near Hammond, Tangipahoa Parish, eastern Louisiana. The fol-
lowing small shrubby small-leaved forms are recognized: var. fusiformis Sarg., with ob-
long-ovate leaves acute at apex, rounded or cuneate at base, entire or occasionally dentate,
and pale pubescent below, and small fruit; dry limestone ridges and flat-topped hills of the
Edwards Plateau (Kerr and Comal Counties), western Texas: var. dentata Chapm., distinct
in the oblong-obovate repand-dentate lower leaves with large triangular teeth, acute at
the broad apex, often 4' long and 1|' wide at the base of the stems, and much larger than
the oblong-lanceolate entire upper leaves; common in sterile pine-barrens near the coast
of Florida: var. maritima Sarg., with oblong-obovate or rarely lanceolate leaves, acute and
apiculate or rounded at apex, cuneate at base, and entire or slightly and irregularly toothed
above the middle; fruit solitary or in pairs, or rarely in elongated spikes (Quercus succu-
FAGACE^E
279
lenta Small); sandy barrens near the coast, South Carolina to Miami, Dade County,
Florida: var. pygmaea Sarg., with oblong-obovate leaves, cuneate at base, 3-5 lobed at
apex with small acute lobes, or rarely elliptic and entire, and nearly sessile fruit, the nut
inclosed nearly to the apex; a shrub rarely 3 high; Pine- woods in sandy soil; widely
distributed in Florida.
30. Quercus reticulata H. B. K.
Leaves broadly obovate, obtuse and rounded or rarely acute at apex, usually cordate or
occasionally rounded at the narrow base, repandly spinose-dentate above the middle or
only toward the apex with slender teeth, and entire below, when they unfold coated with
dense fulvous tomentum, at maturity thick, firm, and rigid, dark blue and covered with
scattered fascicled hairs above, paler and coated with thick fulvous pubescence below,
l'-5' long, f'-4' broad, with a thick midrib, and primary veins running to the points of the
Fig. 255
teeth or arcuate and united within the slightly revolute margins, and very conspicuous
reticulate veinlets; petioles stout about \' in length. Flowers: staminate in short tomen-
tose aments in the axils of leaves of the year; calyx light yellow, hirsute, with pale hairs,
divided into 5-7 ovate acute segments; pistillate in spikes on elongated peduncles, clothed
like their involucral scales with hoary tomentum; stigmas dark red. Fruit usually in many-
fruited spikes or occasionally in pairs or rarely solitary, on slender hirsute or glabrous
peduncles 2'-5' long; nut oblong, rounded or acute at the pilose apex, broad at base, about
' long, inclosed for about one fourth its length in a shallow cup-shaped cup dark brown
and pubescent within, hoary tomentose without and covered by small ovate acute scales,
with thin free scarious tips, slightly thickened and rounded on the back at the bottom of
the cup.
A tree, rarely more than 40 high, with a trunk 1 in diameter, and stout branchlets
coated at first with thick fulvous tomentum, light orange color and more or less thickly
clothed with pubescence during their first winter, becoming ashy gray or light brown; in
the United States usually shrubby in habit and sometimes only a few feet tall; becoming on
the Sierra Madre of Mexico a large tree. Winter-buds ovoid to oval, often surrounded by
the persistent stipules of the upper leaves, about \' long, with thin loosely imbricated
light red scales ciliate on the margins. Bark about \' thick, dark or light brown, and cov-
ered by small thin closely appressed scales. Wood very heavy, hard, close-grained, dark
brown, with thick lighter colored sapvvood.
Distribution. Near the summits of the mountain ranges of southeastern New Mexico
(Mogollon Mountains) and southeastern Arizona, and southward in Mexico.
280 TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
31. Quercus Toumeyi Sarg.
Leaves ovate or ovate-oblong or oval, acute and apiculate at apex, rounded or cordate
at base, entire with thickened slightly revolute margins, or remotely spinulose-dentate,
often minutely 3-toothed at apex, thin but firm in texture, light blue-green, glabrous and
lustrous above, pale and puberulous below, conspicuously reticulate-venulose; \'-\ long,
\'-\' wide; falling early in spring with the appearance of the new leaves; petioles stout,
Fig. 256
tomentose, about rV m length. Flowers unknown. Fruit sessile, solitary or in pairs,
ripening in June; nut oval or ovoid, \'-\' long, \' thick, light brown and lustrous, furnished
at the acute apex with a narrow ring of pale pubescence, inclosed for about one half its
length in a thin shallow tomentose cup light green and pubescent within, and covered
by thin ovate regularly and closely imbricated light red-brown scales ending in a short
rounded tip and coated on the back with pale tomentum.
A tree, 25-30 high, Avith a short trunk 6'-8' in diameter, dividing not far from the
ground into numerous stout wide-spreading branches forming a broad irregular head, and
slender branchlets bright red-brown more or less thickly coated with pale tomentum at
midsummer, covered during their second and third years with thin dark brown nearly black
bark broken into small thin closely appressed scales. Wood light brown, with thick pale
sapwood.
Distribution. Forming an open forest on the Mule Mountains, Cochise County,
southeastern Arizona.
32. Quercus arizonica Sarg. White Oak.
Leaves oblong-lanceolate to broadly obovate, generally acute or sometimes rounded at
apex, rounded or cordate at base, repandly spinose-dentate usually, except on vigorous
shoots, only above the middle or toward the apex, or entire and sometimes undulate on
the margins, when they unfold light red clothed with bright fulvous tomentum and furnished
with dark dental glands, at maturity thick, firm and rigid, dull dark blue-green and glabrate
above, duller and covered with thick fulvous or pale pubescence below, l'-4' long, -|'-2'
wide, with a broad yellow midrib, slender primary veins, arcuate and united near the thick-
ened revolute margins, and coarsely reticulate veinlets; falling in the early spring just be-
fore the appearance of the new leaves; petioles stout, tomentose, \'-\' in length. Flowers:
staminate in tomentose aments 2'-3' long; calyx pale yellow, ^pubescent, and divided into
4-7 broad acute ciliate lobes; anthers red or yellow; pistillate on short stems tomentose
like their involucral scales. Fruit sessile or on hoary-tomentose stems rarely \' long, usu-
ally solitary, ripening irregularly from September to November; nut oblong, oval or slightly
FAGACE.E
281
obovoid, obtuse and rounded at the puberulous apex, f'-l' long, |' thick, dark chestnut-
brown, lustrous and often striate, soon becoming light brown, inclosed for half its length
in a cup-shaped or hemispheric cup light brown and pubescent within, covered by regu-
larly and closely imbricated scales coated with pale tomentum and ending in thin light red
pointed tips, those below the middle of the cup much thickened and rounded on the back;
seed dark purple, very astringent.
A tree, occasionally 50-60 tall, with a trunk 3-4 in diameter, and thick contorted
branches spreading nearly at right angles and forming a handsome round-topped sym-
metrical head, and stout branchlets clothed at first with thick fulvous tomentum persistent
during their first winter, reddish brown or light orange color and pubescent or puberulous
in their second season, ultimately glabrous and darker; usually not more than 30-40
tall; at high elevations reduced to a low shrub. Winter -buds subglobose, about T 7 tf ' long,
with loosely imbricated bright chestnut-brown puberulous scales ciliate on the margins.
Bark of young stems and branches thin, pale, scaly with small appressed scales, becoming
on old trunks about 1' thick and deeply divided by narrow fissures into broad ridges broken
Fig. 257
into long thick plate-like scales pale or ashy gray on the surface. Wood heavy, strong, hard,
close-grained, dark brown or nearly black, with thick lighter colored sap wood; used only
for fuel.
Distribution. The most common and generally distributed White Oak of southern
New Mexico and Arizona, covering the slopes of canons of mountain ranges at altitudes
of from 5000-10,000 above the sea, often ascending nearly to the summits of the high
peaks; and in northern Mexico.
33. Quercus oblongifolia Torn White Oak.
Leaves ovate, elliptic, or slightly obovate, rounded and occasionally emarginate or acute
at apex, usually cordate or occasionally rounded at base, entire and sometimes undulate
with thickened revolute margins, or remotely dentate with small callous teeth, on vigorous
shoots and young plants oblong, rounded or cuneate at the narrow base, coarsely sinuate
or undulate-toothed or 3-toothed at the broad apex and entire below, when they unfold
bright red and coated with deciduous hoary tomentum, at maturity thin and firm, blue-
green and lustrous above, paler below, l'-2' long, J'-f wide, or on vigorous shoots some-
times 3'-4' long, with a prominent pale midrib, slender primary veins, and conspicuous
reticulate veinlets; persistent during the winter without change of color, gradually turning
yellow in the spring and falling at the appearance of the new leaves; petioles stout, nearly
TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
terete, about 1' in length. Flowers: staminate in short hoary-tomentose araents; calyx
bright yellow, pilose, divided into 5 or 6 laciniately cut or entire acute segments tinged with
red above the middle; pistillate usually sessile, or on peduncles tomentose like the involu-
cral scales; stigmas bright red. Fruit usually solitary and sessile, rarely long-stalked; nut
ovoid, ellipsoidal, or slightly obovoid, full and rounded at apex surrounded by a narrow
ring of white pubescence, dark chestnut-brown, striate, and very lustrous, soon becoming
light brown in drying, '-f ' long, about ' thick, inclosed for about one third its length in a
cup-shaped or rarely turbinate thin cup yellow-green and pubescent on the inner surface
and covered by ovate-oblong scales slightly thickened on the back, coated with hoary
tomentum antl ending in thin acute bright red tips ciliate on the margins and sometimes
forming a minute fringe to the rim of the cup.
Fig. 258
A tree, rarely more than 30 high, with a short trunk 18'-20' in diameter, many stout
spreading often contorted branches forming a handsome round-topped symmetrical head,
and slender rigid branchlets coated at first with pale or fulvous tomentum, light red-
brown, dark brown or dark orange color in their first winter, becoming ashy gray in their
second or third year. Winter-buds subglobose, T V'-i' long, with thin light chestnut-
brown scales. Bark |'-1|' thick, ashy gray, and broken into small nearly square or oblong
close plate-like scales. Wood very heavy, hard, strong, brittle, dark brown or nearly black,
with thick brown sap wood; sometimes used as fuel.
Distribution. Chisos Mountains, western Texas, southeastern New Mexico, southern
Arizona, and southward into northern Mexico; comparatively rare in Texas; abundant
on the foothills of the mountain ranges of southern New Mexico and Arizona at altitudes
of about 5000, and dotting the upper slopes of the mesa where narrow canons open to
the plain.
34. Quercus Engelmannii Greene. Evergreen Oak.
Leaves oblong to obovate, usually obtuse and rounded or sometimes acute at apex,
gradually or abruptly cuneate or rounded or cordate at base, entire, often undulate, or
sinuate-toothed with occasionally rigid teeth, or at the ends of sterile branches frequently
coarsely crenately serrate with incurved teeth, or rarely lobed with acute oblique rounded
lobes, when they unfold bright red and coated with thick pale rufous tomentum, at ma-
turity thick, dark blue-green and glabrous or covered with fascicled hairs above, pale,
usually yellow-green and clothed with light brown pubescence, or puberulous or often
glabrous below, l'-3' long, |'-2' wide; deciduous in the spring with the appearance of the
FAGACE^l
283
new leaves; petioles slender, tomentose, becoming pubescent, j'-|' in length. Flowers:
stamina te in slender hairy aments 2'-3' long; calyx light yellow, pilose, with lanceolate
acute segments; pistillate on slender peduncles, clothed like their involucral scales with
dense pale tomentum. Fruit sessile or on slender pubescent peduncles sometimes f
long; nut oblong, gradually narrowed and acute or broad rounded and obtuse at apex,
broad or narrow at base, dark chestnut-brown more or less conspicuously marked by
darker longitudinal stripes, turning light chestnut-brown in drying, f'-l' long, about \'
thick, inclosed for about half its length in a deep saucer-shaped, cup-shaped or turbinate
cup light brown and puberulous within, and covered by ovate light brown scales coated
with pale tomentum, usually thickened, united and tuberculate at the base of the cup,
and near its rim produced into small acute ciliate tips.
Fig. 259
A tree, 50-60 high, with a trunk 2-3 in diameter, thick branches spreading nearly at
right angles and forming a broad rather irregular head, and stout rigid branchlets coated at
first with hoary tomentum, light or dark brown tinged with red and pubescent during their
first winter, becoming glabrous and light brown or gray in their second or third year.
Winter-buds oval or ovoid, about f long, with thin light red pubescent scales. Bark
l'-2' thick, light gray tinged with brown, deeply divided by narrow fissures and separating
on the surface into small thin appressed scales. Wood very heavy, hard, strong, close-
grained, brittle, dark brown or nearly black, with thick lighter brown sap wood; used only
for fuel.
Distribution. Low hills of southwestern California west of the coast range, occupying
with Quercus agrifolia Nee, a belt about fifty miles wide, and extending to within fifteen
or twenty miles of the coast, from the neighborhood of Sierra Madre and San Gabriel, Los
Angeles County, to the mesa east of San Diego; in northern Lower California.
35. Quercus Douglasii Hook. & Arn. Blue Oak. Mountain White Oak.
Leaves oblong, acute or rounded at apex, gradually narrowed and cuneate or broad
and rounded or subcordate at base, divided by deep or shallow, wide or narrow sinuses acute
or rounded in the bottom into 4 or 5 broad or narrow acute or rounded often mucronate
lobes, 2'-5' long, I'-lf wide, or oval, oblong or obovate, rounded or acute at apex, equally
or unequally cuneate or rounded at base, regularly or irregularly sinuate-toothed with
rounded acute rigid spinescent teeth, or denticulate toward the apex, l'-2' long, J'-l'
wide, when they unfold covered by soft pale pubescence, at maturity thin, firm and rather
rigid, pale blue, with scattered fascicled hairs above, often yellow-green and covered by short
284 TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
pubescence below, with a hirsute or puberulous prominent midrib and more or less con-
spicuous reticulate veinlets; petioles stout, tomentose, \'-% in length. Flowers: staminate
in hairy aments lf'-2' long; calyx yellow-green, coated on the outer surface with pale hairs,
deeply divided into broad acute laciniately cut segments; pistillate in short few-flowered
spikes coated like the involucral scales with hoary tomentum. Fruit sessile or short-
stalked, solitary or in pairs; nut ellipsoidal, sometimes ventricose, with a narrow base,
gradually narrowed and acute at apex, f'-l' long, |'-1' thick, or often ovoid and acute,
green and lustrous, turning dark chestnut-brown in drying, with a narrow ring of hoary
pubescence at apex, inclosed only at base in a thin shallow cup-shaped cup light green
and pubescent on the inner surface, covered on. the outer by small acute and usually
thin or sometimes, especially in the south, thicker tumid scales coated with pale pubes-
cence or tomentum and ending in thin reddish brown tips.
Fig. 260
A tree, usually 50-60, rarely 80-90 high, with a trunk 3-4 in diameter, short
stout branches spreading nearly at right angles and forming a dense round-topped sym-
metrical head, stout branchlets brittle at the joints, coated at first with short dense hoary
tomentum, dark gray or reddish browr and tomentose, pubescent, or puberulous during
their first winter, becoming ultimately ashy gray or dark brown ; frequently not more than
20-30 high, and sometimes, especially southward shrubby, in habit. Winter-buds
ovoid, obtuse, \'-\' long, with light rather bright red pubescent scales. Bark '-!' thick,
generally pale, and covered by small scales sometimes tinged with brown or light red.
Wood hard, heavy, strong, brittle, dark brown, becoming nearly black with exposure, with
thick light brown sap wood; largely used as fuel.
Distribution. Scattered over low hills, dry mountain slopes and valleys; California,
Mendocino County, and the upper valley of the Sacramento River, southward along the
western slopes of the Sierra Nevada up to elevations of 4000, and through valleys of the
coast ranges to the Tehachapi Pass, the borders of the Mohave Desert (Sierra de la Liebre)
and the neighborhood of San Fernando, Los Angeles County; most abundant and of its
largest size in the valleys between the coast mountains and the interior ridges of the coast
ranges south of the Bay of San Francisco.
X Quercus jolonensis Sarg. with characters intermediate between those of Quercus
Douglasii and Quercus lobata and believed to be a hybrid of those species occurs, with a
number of large trees, at Jolon and between Jolon and King City, Monterey County,
California.
FAGACE^E
285
36. Quercus Vaseyana Buckl. Shin Oak.
Quercus undulata var. Vaseyana Rydb.
Leaves oblong, rarely oblong-obovate, acute or rounded at apex, cuneate at base, undu-
Jately lobed with small acute lobes pointing forward, rarely nearly entire, when they unfold
covered above with short fascicled hairs sometimes persistent until midsummer, and
tomentose below, and at maturity thin, pale gray-green, glabrous and lustrous above, pale
pubescent below, I'-l-J' long and |'-f wide; deciduous late in winter or in early spring;
petioles covered with fascicled hairs when they first appear, becoming glabrous, 5' in
length. Flowers: staminate in villose aments l'-l|' long; calyx deeply divided into 4 or
,5 ovate scarious lobes rounded at apex and shorter than the stamens; pistillate on short to-
Fig. 261
mentose peduncles, then- involucral scales ovate, acute, pubescent, shorter than the calyx-
lobes; stigmas red. Fruit solitary or in pairs, sessile or short-stalked; nut ellipsoidal and
only slightly narrowed at the rounded ends to oblong and slightly ovoid or obovoid, i'-J'
in length, Y~ in diameter, pale chestnut-brown and lustrous, the base only inclosed in
the thin, saucer-shaped to cup-shaped cup, puberulous on the inner surface, covered with
closely appressed ovate acute hoary tomentose scales, on some individuals abruptly con-
tracted into short acute red-brown nearly glabrous tips.
A tree, rarely 15-20 high, usually a shrub only l-3 tall, spreading into great thickets,
with slender branchlets thickly covered with matted fascicled hairs during their first sea-
son, and light gray and glabrous or puberulous in their second year. Winter-buds ovoid or
obovoid, about f long, with red-brown scales ciliate on the margins. Bark rough, deeply
furrowed and scaly.
Distribution. Limestone slopes and ridges or in sheltered canons; western Texas;
Kimble, Real, Kendall, Kerr, Uvalda, Edwards, Menard and Valverde Counties.
37. Quercus Mohriana Rydb. Shin Oak.
Leaves oblong-obovate to elliptic or lanceolate, acute, acuminate or rounded at apex,
rounded or cuneate and often unsymmetrical at base, entire, undulate, sinuately toothed
with triangular apiculate teeth, or occasionally irregularly lobed above the middle with
rounded lobes, thick, gray-green, lustrous and covered above with short fascicled hairs,
286 TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
and densely hoary tomentose below, 2-4 long, '-!' wide, with a stout midrib thickly
covered with fascicled hairs, sometimes becoming glabrous, slender primary veins and
reticulate veinlets; petioles stout, hoary tomentose, \'-\' in length. Flowers: staminate
in short hoary tomentose aments; calyx densely villose, deeply divided into broad ovate
lobes rounded at apex; anthers red; pistillate on hoary tomentose peduncles, with hairy
bracts and calyx-lobes. Fruit solitary or in pairs, nearly sessile or raised on a pubescent
peduncle ^' |' in length; nut ellipsoidal or ovoid, broad and rounded at the ends, light
chestnut-brown, lustrous, \'-%' long, i' |' thick, inclosed for from half to two thirds its
length in the hemispheric to cup-shaped cup, hoary tomentose on the inner surface, and
Fig. 262
covered with small closely appressed acute hoary tomentose scales much thickened below
the middle of the cup, thin and much smaller toward its rim.
A tree, rarely 18-20 high, with a trunk rarely 1 in diameter, small spreading and as-
cending branches forming a round-topped head, and slender branchlets thickly coated dur-
ing their first season with fascicled hairs, dark gray-brown and pubescent in their second
season and ultimately gray and glabrous; usually a low shrub spreading into thickets.
Winter-buds broad-ovoid, obtuse, pale pubescent. Bark thin, pale, rough, deeply fur-
rowed.
Distribution. On dry limestone hills, usually not more than 18 high with spreading
branches; on deep sand, often not more than 3 high with more erect stems, often cover-
ing thousands of acres; only a tree in the protection of ledges in deep ravines and on steep
hillsides; northwestern Texas (Tom Green, Coke, Nolan, Howard, Armstrong, and Wheeler
Counties) ; central Texas (Bryan, Brazos County) ; southwestern Oklahoma (Beckham
County).
38. Quercus Laceyi Small.
Leaves oblong to oblong-obovate, usually with two pairs of small rounded lateral lobes,
occasionally 3-lobed toward the apex, rarely nearly entire, narrowed and rounded at apex,
rounded, cuneate or rarely cordate at the gradually narrowed base, coated below when
they unfold with loose white tomentum, soon glabrous, at maturity thin, blue-green above,
yellow-green below, 2'-3' long, f '-2' wide, with a slender midrib and primary veins, and
conspicuous reticulate veinlets; deciduous late in the autumn; on vigorous shoots some-
times 6'-7' long and 3'-4' wide; petioles glabrous or sparingly villose, \'-\' in length.
Flowers: staminate in slightly villose aments 2'-2^' long; calyx deeply divided into 4 or 5
FAGACE.E
287
ovate acuminate lobes shorter than the stamens; pistillate flowers not seen. Fruit solitary
or in pairs, sessile or raised on a stem up to \' in length; nut ellipsoidal or oblong-ovoid,
rounded at apex, slightly narrowed and nearly truncate at base, light chestnut-brown and
lustrous, f'-l' long, \'-\' in diameter, the base inclosed in the thick, cup-shaped to
rarely saucer-shaped cup, tomentose on the inner surface, covered with acute much
thickened pale tomentose scales.
A tree, 30-45 high, with a trunk 20'-30' in diameter, heavy erect and spreading branches
and slender branchlets villose when they first appear, soon becoming glabrous and red-
brown or gray during their second season; often a tall shrub with numerous stems. Win-
ter-buds ovoid, acute, \' long, with chestnut-brown scales ciliate on the margins. Bark
gray, thick, deeply ridged or checkered.
Fig. 263
Distribution. Rocky banks of streams, the steep sides of canons and on limestone
bluffs; common in the southern and southwestern parts of the Edwards Plateau, western
Texas (Kendall, Kerr, Bandera, Uvalde, Menard, Kemble, Real and Edwards Counties);
easily distinguished in the field by the peculiar smoky or waxy appearance of the foliage.
39. Quercus annulate Buckl.
Quercus breviloba Sarg.
Leaves oblong to oblong-obovate or elliptic, rounded or acute at apex, cuneate or
rounded at base, entire, undulate, slightly lobed with rounded or acute lobes, or 3-lobed,
when they unfold covered above with fascicled hairs and tomentose below, and at ma-
turity green, glabrous and lustrous above, green and pubescent below on lower branches,
often pale or hoary tomentose on upper branches, 1|'-2|' long, |'-lj' wide; petioles
covered when they first appear with fascicled hairs, soon glabrous, \'-\' in length; on vig-
orous branchlets sometimes thinner, glabrous, divided into broad rounded lateral lobes,
gradually narrowed and cuneate at the long base, 4' long and 2^' wide. Flowers: stami-
nate in pubescent aments l'-2' long; calyx deeply divided in villose rounded lobes, shorter
than the stamens; anthers red; pistillate on tomentose peduncles, their scales rounded,
tomentose; stigmas red. Fruit solitary or in 2 or 3-fruited clusters, sessile or short-stalked,
oblong-ovoid to ellipsoidal, slightly narrowed and rounded at apex, light yellow-brown and
lustrous, f'-l' long, \'-%' in diameter; inclosed for about a quarter of its length in the
cup-shaped cup, tomentose on the inner surface, covered with acute tomentose scales
somewhat thickened and closely appressed below the middle of the cup, their tips chest-
nut-brown, free and often glabrous.
A tree, 20-30 tall with a trunk rarely more than 1 in diameter, small spreading often
288
TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
slightly pendulous branches forming a round-topped head, and slender branches covered
when they first appear with fascicled hairs, soon becoming glabrous and gray or grayish
brown; the large stems often surrounded by a ring of smaller stems produced from its
roots; more often a shrub than a tree spreading into broad thickets. Winter-buds ovoid
Fig. 264
to ellipsoidal, acute, \'-\' long, with closely imbricated chestnut-brown puberulous scales
ciliate on the margins. Bark thick, rough, deeply ridged.
Distribution. Dry limestone hills and bluffs; central and western Texas, from the
neighborhood of Dallas, Dallas County, and Palo Pinto County to Kendall, Kerr, Brown,
Bandera, Real and Menard Counties.
40. Quercus Durandii Buckl.
Quercus breviloba Sarg. in part.
Leaves thin, obovate to elliptic, entire, 3-lobed toward the rounded or acute apex or
irregularly laterally lobed, the three forms appearing on different branches of the same
tree, on lower branches usually lobed, dark green and lustrous above, often green and
glabrous below, sometimes 6' or 7' long and 3' or 3?' wide, on upper branches mostly
entire, white and pubescent or tomentose below, 2|'-3' long, |'~H' wide; falling late in the
autumn; petioles glabrous, %'-\ r in length. Flowers: staminate in slender villose aments
3'-4' in length; calyx deeply divided into acute villose lobes shorter than the stamens;
pistillate on a short tomentose peduncle, the linear acuminate bract and involucral scales
hoary-tomentose; stigmas red. Fruit solitary or in pairs, short-stalked or nearly sessile;
nut ovoid, or slightly obovoid, rounded or rarely acute at apex, nearly truncate at base,
pale chestnut-brown, lustrous, '-f ' long, %-%' thick, barely inclosed at base in the thin,
shallow saucer-shaped cup, pale tomentose on the inner surface, and covered with small
acuminate closely appressed tomentose scales slightly thickened on the back.
A tree, often 60-90 high with a tall trunk 2-3 in diameter, comparatively small
branches, the lower horizontal, the upper ascending, forming a dense round-topped hand-
some head, and slender pale gray-brown branchlets covered when they first appear with
fascicled hairs, soon glabrous, or puberulous during their first season, and darker in their
second season. Winter-buds ovoid, acute, \'-\' long with dark chestnut-brown rounded
scales ciliate on the margins. Bark thin, light gray or nearly white and broken into thin
loosely appressed scales.
Distribution. East of the Mississippi River scattered on rich limestone prairies; west-
ward on the well drained soil of river bottoms, and often on low hummocks; near Augusta,
FAGACE^E
289
Richmond County, and De Soto, Sampson County, Georgia; West Point, Clay County,
Columbus, Muscogee County, Brookville, Noxubesco County, and near Natchez, Adams
County, Mississippi; McXab, Hempstead County, Arkansas; Natchitoches, Natchi-
Fig. 265
toches Parish, western Louisiana; coast region of eastern Texas to the bottoms of the
Guadalupe River (Victoria, Victoria County), ranging inland to San Saba County and to
the neighborhood of Dallas, Dallas County; on the mountains near Monterey, Nuovo
Leon; rare and local.
41. Quercus Chapmanii Sarg.
Leaves oblong to oblong-obovate, rounded at the narrow apex, narrowed and cuneate
or rounded or broad and rounded at base, entire with slightly undulate margins, or ob-
Fig. 266
scurely sinuate-lobed above the middle, when they unfold coated below with thick bright
yellow pubescence and covered above with pale fascicled deciduous hairs, at maturity
290
TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
thick and firm or subcoriaceous, dark green, glabrous and lustrous above, light green or
silvery white and glabrous below except on the slender often pubescent midrib, usually
2'-3' long and 1' wide, but varying from l'-3' in length and f'-l' in width; falling gradu-
ally during the winter or sometimes persistent until the appearance of the new leaves in
the spring; petioles tomentose, rarely ' in length. Flowers: staminate in short hirsute
aments; calyx hirsute, divided into 5 acute laciniately cut segments; anthers hirsute; pis-
tillate sessile or short-stalked, their involucral 'scales coated with dense pale tomentum.
Fruit usually sessile, solitary or in pairs; nut oval, about f long and f ' thick, pubescent
from the obtuse rounded apex nearly to the middle, inclosed for nearly half its length in
the deep cup-shaped light brown cup slightly pubescent on the inner surface, and covered
by ovate-oblong pointed scales thickened on the back, especially toward the base of the
cup, and coated with pale tomentum except on their thin reddish brown margins.
Occasionally a tree, 50 high, with a trunk 1 in diameter, stout branches forming a
round-topped head, and slender branchlets coated at first with dense bright yellow pubes-
cence, becoming light or dark red-brown and puberulous during their first winter and ulti-
mately ashy gray; more often a rigid shrub sometimes only l-2 tall. Winter-buds ovoid,
acute, obtuse, about \ f long, with glabrous or puberulous light chestnut-brown scales.
Bark dark or pale, separating freely into large irregular plate-like scales.
Distribution. Sandy barrens usually in the neighborhood of the coast; Bluffton,
Beaufort County, South Carolina, Colonels Islands, Liberty County, Georgia, southward
along the east coast of Florida to the shores of Indian River; on the west coast from the
valley of the Caloosahatchee River to the shores of Pensacola Bay, and in the interior of
the peninsular from Lake County to De Soto County (neighborhood of Sebring) ; rare and
local on the Atlantic coast; comparatively rare in the interior of the Florida peninsular;
abundant in western Florida from the shores of Tampa Bay to those of Saint Andrews
Bay.
42. Quercus macrocarpa Michx. Burr Oak. Mossy Cup Oak.
Leaves obovate or oblong, cuneate or occasionally narrow and rounded at base, di-
vided by wide sinuses sometimes penetrating nearly to the midrib into 5-7 lobes, the
terminal lobe large, oval or obovate, regularly crenately lobed, or smaller and 3-lobed at
Fig. 267
the rounded or acute apex, when they unfold yellow-green and pilose above and silvery
white and coated below with long pale hairs, at maturity thick and firm, dark green, lus-
trous and glabrous, or occasionally pilose on the upper surface, pale green or silvery white
and covered on the lower surface with soft pale or rarely rufous pubescence, 6'-12' long,
FAGACE^E 91
3'-6' wide, with a stout pale midrib sometimes pilose on the upper side and pubescent on
the lower, large primary veins running to the points of the lobes, and conspicuous reticulate
veinlets; turning dull yellow or yellowish brown in the autumn; petioles stout, |'-1' in
length. Flowers: staminate in slender aments 4'-6' long,, their yellow-green peduncles
coated with loosely matted pale hairs; calyx yellow-green, pubescent, deeply divided into
4-6 acute segments ending in tufts of long pale hairs; pistillate sessile or stalked, their
involucral scales broadly ovate, often somewhat tinged with red toward the margins and
coated, like the peduncles, with thick pale tomentum; stigmas bright red. Fruit usually soli-
tary, sessile or long-stalked, exceedingly variable in size and shape; nut ellipsoidal or broad-
ovoid, broad at the base and rounded at the obtuse or depressed apex covered by soft pale
pubescence, f' long and f ' thick at the north, sometimes 2' long and 1^' thick in the south,
its cup thick or thin, light brown and pubescent on the inner surface, hoary-tomentose
and covered on the outer surface by large irregularly imbricated ovate pointed scales, at
the base of the cup thin and free or sometimes much thickened and tuberculate, and near
its rim generally developed into long slender pale awns forming on northern trees a short
inconspicuous and at the south a long conspicuous matted fringe-like border, inclosing
only the base or nearly the entire nut.
A tree, sometimes 170 high, with a trunk 6-7 in diameter, clear of limbs for 70-80
above the ground, a broad head of great spreading branches, and stout branchlets coated
at first with thick soft pale deciduous pubescence, light orange color, usually glabrous or
occasionally puberulous during their first winter, becoming ashy gray or light brown and
ultimately dark brown, sometimes developing corky wings often I'-lj' wide; usually not
more than 80 high, with a trunk 3-4 in diameter ; toward the northwestern limits of its
range sometimes a low shrub. Winter-buds broadly ovoid, acute or obtuse, f'-j' long,
with light red-brown scales coated with soft pale pubescence. Bark l'-2' thick, deeply
furrowed and broken on the surface into irregular plate-like brown scales often slightly
tinged with red. Wood heavy, strong, hard, tough, close-grained, very durable, dark or
rich light brown, with thin much lighter colored sapw r ood; used in ship and boatbuilding, for
construction of all sorts, cabinet-making, cooperage, the manufacture of carriages, agricul-
tural implements, baskets, railway-ties, fencing, and fuel.
Distribution. Low rich bottom-lands and intervales, or rarely in the northwest on low
dry hills; Nova Scotia and New Brunswick southward to the valley of the Penobscot River,
Maine, the shore of Lake Champlain, Vermont, western Massachusetts, central, southern
and western Pennsylvania, northern Delaware, northern West Virginia (Hardy and Grant
Counties), prairies of Caswell County, North Carolina, and middle Tennessee, and west-
ward through the valley of the Saint Lawrence River and along the northern shores of
Lake Huron to southern Manitoba, through western New York and Ohio, northern Michi-
gan, to Minnesota (except in the northeastern counties), eastern and northwestern Ne-
braska, the Black Hills of South Dakota, the Turtle Mountains of North Dakota, and
northeastern Wyoming, and to central Kansas, the valley of the north Fork of the Cana-
dian River (Canton, Blaine County, and Seiling, Dewey County), Oklahoma, and the
valley of the San Saba River, (Menard County and Callahan County), Texas; attaining
its largest size in southern Indiana and Illinois; the common Oak of the " oak openings "
of western Minnesota, and in all the basin of the Red River of the North, ranging farther
to the northwest than the other Oaks of eastern America; common and generally distrib-
uted in eastern Nebraska, and of a large size in canons or on river bottoms in the extreme
northwestern part of the state; the most generally distributed Oak in southern Wisconsin,
and in Kansas growing to a large size in all the eastern part of the state.
Occasionally planted as an ornamental tree in the eastern United States and in South
Africa.
X Quercus Andrewsii Sarg., believed to be a hybrid of Quercus macrocarpa and Q. undu-
lata Torr., in habit and characters intermediate between those of its supposed 'parents
with which it grows, occurs at Seiling, Dewey County, western Oklahoma.
X Quercus guadalupensis Sarg., with characters intermediate between those of Quercus
TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
macrocarpa and Q. stellata and evidently a hybrid of these species, occurs at Fredericksburg
Junction in the valley of the Guadalupe River, Kendall County, Texas.
X Quercus Hillii Trel., believed to be a hybrid of Quercus macrocarpa and Q. Muehlen-
bergii, has been found at Roby, Lake County, Indiana, and near Independence, Jackson
County, Missouri.
43. Quercus lyrata Walt. Overcup Oak. Swamp White Oak.
Leaves oblong-obovate, gradually narrowed and cuneate at base, divided into spread-
ing or ascending lobes by deep or shallow sinuses rounded, straight, or oblique on the
bottom, the terminal lobe oblong-ovate, usually broad, acute or acuminate at the elon-
Fig. 268
gated apex, and furnished with 2 small entire nearly triangular lateral lobes, the upper
lateral lobes broad, more or less emarginate, or acuminate and entire or slightly lobed and
much longer than the acute or rounded lower lobes, when they unfold bronze-green and
pilose above with caducous hairs, and coated below with thick pale tomentum, at matur-
ity thin and firm, dark green and glabrous above, silvery white and thickly coated with
pale pubescence, or green and often nearly glabrous below, 7 '-10' long, l'-4' wide; turn-
ing yellow or scarlet and orange in the autumn; petioles glabrous or pubescent, '-!' in
length. Flowers: staminate in slender hairy aments 4'-6' long; calyx light yellow, coated
on the outer surface with pale hairs and divided into acute segments; pistillate sessile or
stalked, their involucral scales covered, like the peduncles, with thick pale tomentum.
Fruit sessile or borne on slender pubescent peduncles sometimes \\' in length; nut subglo-
bose to ovoid or rarely to ovoid-oblong, |'-1' long, usually broader at base than long, light
chestnut-brown, more or less covered above the middle with short pale pubescence, en-
tirely or for two thirds of its length inclosed in the ovoid, nearly spherical or deep cup-
shaped thin cup, bright red-brown and pubescent on the inner surface, hoary-tomen-
tose and covered on the outer by ovate united scales produced into acute tips, much
thickened and contorted at its base, gradually growing thinner and forming a ragged edge
to the thin often irregularly split rim of the cup.
A tree, rarely 100 high, with a trunk 2-3 in diameter, generally divided 15-20 above
the ground into comparatively small often pendulous branches forming a handsome sym-
metrical round-topped head, and slender branchlets green more or less tinged with red
and pilose or pubescent when they first appear, light or dark orange-color or grayish
brown and usually glabrous during their first winter, ultimately becoming ashy gray or
light brown. Winter-buds ovoid, obtuse, about f ' long, with light chestnut-brown scales
covered, especially near their margins, with loose pale tomentum. Bark f'-l' thick, light
FAGACE.E
293
gray tinged with red and broken into thick plates separating on the surface into thin ir-
regular appressed scales. Wood heavy, hard, strong, tough, very durable in contact with
the ground, rich dark brown, with thick lighter colored sapwood; confounded commercially
with the wood of Quercus alba, and used for the same purpose.
Distribution. River swamps and small deep depressions on rich bottom-lands, usually
wet throughout the year; southern New Jersey (Riddleton, Salem County), and valley of
the Patuxent River, Maryland, southward near the coast to western Florida, through the
Gulf states to the valley of the Navasota River, Brazos County, Texas, and through
Arkansas to the valley of the Meramec River (Allenton, St. Louis County), Missouri, and
to central Tennessee and Kentucky, southern Illinois, and southwestern Indiana to Spencer
County; comparatively rare in the Atlantic and east Gulf states; most common and of
its largest size in the valley of the Red River, Louisiana, and the adjacent parts of Texas
and Arkansas.
Occasionally cultivated in the northeastern states and hardy in eastern Massachusetts.
X Quercus Comptonae Sarg., a hybrid of Quercus lyrata and Q. virginiana, with char-
acters intermediate between those of its parents, discovered many years ago on the banks
of Peyton's Creek, Matagorda County, Texas (now gone), occurs with several individuals
near dwellings in Natchez, Adams County, Mississippi, near Selma, Dallas County, Ala-
bama, and in Audubon Park and streets, New Orleans, Louisiana. A tree, sometimes
100 high and one of the handsomest of North American Oaks; also produced artificially
by Professor H. Ness by crossing Quercus lyrata and Q. virginiana.
44. Quercus stellata Wang. Post Oak.
Quercus minor Sarg.
Leaves oblong-obovate, usually deeply 5-lobed, with broad sinuses oblique in the bottom,
and short wide lobes, broad and truncate or obtusely pointed at apex, gradually narrowed
and cuneate, or occasionally abruptly narrowed and cuneate or rounded at base, when
Fig. 269
they unfold dark red above and densely pubescent, at maturity thick and firm, deep dark
green and roughened by scattered fascicled pale hairs above, covered below with gray,
light yellow, or rarely silvery white pubescence, usually 4'-5' long and 3'-4' across the
lateral lobes, with a broad light-colored midrib pubescent on the upper side and tomentose
or pubescent on the lower, stout lateral veins arcuate and united near th margins and
connected by conspicuous coarsely reticulated veinlets; turning dull yellow or brown in
the autumn; petioles stout, pubescent, \' to nearly I/ in length. Flowers: stamina te in
294 TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
aiuents 3'-4' long; calyx hirsute, yellow, usually divided into 5 ovate acute laciniately cut
segments; anthers covered by short scattered pale hairs; pistillate sessile or stalked, their
involucral scales broadly ovate, hirsute; stigmas bright red. Fruit sessile or short-stalked;
nut oval to ovoid or ovoid-oblong, broad at base, obtuse and naked or covered with pale
persistent pubescence at apex, \'-\' long, 'f ' thick, sometimes striate with dark longi-
tudinal stripes, inclosed for one third to one half its length in the cup-shaped, turbinate,
or rarely saucer-shaped cup pale and pubescent on the inner surface, hoary-tomentose on
the outer surface, and covered by thin ovate scales rounded and acute at apex, reddish
brown, and sometimes toward the rim of the cup cilia te on the margins with long pale hairs.
A tree, rarely 100 high, with a trunk 2-3 in diameter, and stout spreading branches
forming a broad dense round-topped head, and stout branchlets coated at first, like the
young leaves and petioles, the stalks of the aments of staminate flowers and the peduncles
of the pistillate flowers, with thick orange-brown tomentum, light orange color to reddish
brown, and covered by short soft pubescence during their first winter, ultimately gray,
dark brown, nearly black or bright brown tinged with orange color; usually not more
than 50-60 tall, with a trunk l-2 in diameter, and at the northeastern limits of its range
generally reduced to a shrub. Winter-buds broadly ovoid, obtuse or rarely acute, \'-\'
long, with bright chestnut-brown pubescent scales coated toward the margins with scat-
tered pale hairs. Bark '-1' thick, red more or less deeply tinged with brown, and divided
by deep fissures into broad ridges covered on the surface with narrow closely appressed
or rarely loose scales. Wood very heavy, hard, close-grained, durable in contact with
the soil, difficult to season, light or dark brown, with thick lighter colored sap wood; largely
used for fuel, fencing, railway-ties, and sometimes in the manufacture of carriages, for
cooperage, and in construction.
Distribution. Dry gravelly or sandy uplands; Cape Cod and islands of southern
Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Long Island, New York, to western Florida and southern
Alabama and Mississippi, and from New York westward to southern Iowa, Missouri,
eastern Kansas, western (Dewey County) Oklahoma, Louisiana and Texas; most abund-
ant and of its largest size in the Mississippi basin; ascending on the southern Appalachian
Mountains to altitudes of 2500; the common Oak of central Texas on limestone hills and
sandy plains forming the Texas "Cross Timbers "; usually shrubby and rare and local in
southern Massachusetts; more abundant southward from the coast of the south Atlantic
and the eastern Gulf states to the lower slopes of the Appalachian Mountains; in western
Louisiana rarely in the moist soil of low lands.
Showing little variation in the shape of the fruit and in the character of the cup scales
Quercus stellata is one of the most variable of North American Oaks in habit, in the nature
of the bark, and in the presence or absence of pubescence. Some of the best marked va-
rieties are var. araniosa Sarg., a large tree differing from the type in the usually smooth
upper surface of the leaves, in the floccose persistent tomentum on their lower surface,
in the less stout usually glabrous yellow or reddish branchlets, and in its scaly bark; dry
sandy soil, southern Alabama, western Louisiana, southern Arkansas, eastern Oklahoma and
eastern Texas. Var. paludosa Sarg., a tree up to 75 in height, differing from the type in its
oblong-obovate leaves 3-lobed above the middle, slightly pubescent branchlets becoming
nearly glabrous, and in its scaly bark; in rich deep soil on the often inundated bottoms of
Kenison Bayou, near Washington, St. Landry Parish, Louisiana. Var. attenuata Sarg.,
a large tree differing from the type in the oblong to oblong-obovate narrow leaves 3-lobed
at apex and gradually narrowed to the long cuneate base; near Arkansas Post on the White
River, Arkansas County, Arkansas. Var. parviloba Sarg., a round-topped tree 25-30
high, differing from the type in the smaller lobes of the leaves with more prominent reticu-
late veinlets; dry sandstone hills near Brownwood, Brown County, Texas. Var. anomala
Sarg., a tree 15-18 high, differing from the type in its broadly obovate subcoriaceous
leaves slightly 3-lobed and rounded at apex; dry sandstone hills near Brownwood, Brown
County, Texas; possibly a hybrid. Var. Palmeri Sarg., a shrub 6-15 high, forming clumps,
differing from the type in its narrow oblong or slightly obovate 5-7-lobed leaves with
FAGACE^E
295
narrow lobes, densely tomentose below, and in the thicker and more tomentose scales of
the cup; sandy uplands, Elk City, Beckham County, Oklahoma. Var. rufescens Sarg., a
shrub 12-15 high, forming large clumps, differing from the type in the rusty brown
pubescence on the lower surface of the polymorphous leaves, in the deeper cups of the
fruit with thicker basal scales; sandy uplands, Big Spring, Howard County, Texas, and Elk
City, Beckham County, Oklahoma. Var. Boyntonii Sarg, a shrub or small tree spreading
into thickets, rarely more than 15 in height, differing from the type in its obovate leaves,
mostly 3-o-lobed toward the apex, with small rounded lobes, and in their yellow-brown
pubescence also found on the branchlets; in glades on the summit of Lookout Mountain,
above Gadsden and Attala, Etowah County, Alabama.
The common and most widely distributed of the varieties of the Post Oak is
Quercus stellate var. Margarette Sarg.
Quercus Margaretta Ashe
Leaves oblong-obovate, rounded at apex, cuneate or rounded at base, 3-5-lobed with
usually narrow rounded, but often broad and truncate lobes, the two forms frequently
occurring on the same branch, usually becoming glabrous on the upper surface early in
the season, slightly pubescent, sometimes becoming nearly glabrous below, 2^'-5 / long and
2'-2|' wide; petioles glabrous or pubescent. Flowers and Fruit as in the species.
A small tree, rarely 40 high, with slender glabrous reddish or reddish brown branchlets.
Winter-buds ovoid, acute, \' long with closely imbricated chestnut-brown scales glabrous,
or ciliate on the margins. Bark thick, rough and furrowed, light gray.
Distribution. Usually on dry sandy slopes, hills and ridges, and southward on Pine-
Fig. 270
barren lands; coast of Virginia (Capron, Southampton County) southward in the coast
and middle districts to central (Lake and Orange Counties) and western Florida, through
central and southern Alabama, and eastern and southern Mississippi: in Western Louisi-
ana (Natchitoches and Caddo Parishes) ; southern Arkansas (McNab. Hempstead County),
and southwestern Missouri (Prosperity, Jasper County). The common Post Oak of the
south Atlantic and Gulf states; occasionally a shrub (f. stonolifera Sarg.) 4-6 high, with
smaller leaves, spreading into broad thickets by stoloniferous shoots; common near Selma,
Dallas County, Alabama, and on the dry sand hills of central Oklahoma.
X Quercus Harbisonii Sarg., believed to be a hybrid of Quercus stellata var. Margaretta
and Q. virginiana var. geminata, has been found in the neighborhood of Jacksonville,
Duval County, Florida.
TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
45. Quercus Garryana Hook. White Oak.
Leaves obovate to oblong, pointed at apex, cuneate or rounded at base, coarsely pinnat-
ifid-lobed, with slightly thickened revolute margins, coated at first with soft pale lustrous
pubescence, at maturity thick and firm or subcoriaceous, dark green, lustrous and gla-
brous above, light green or orange-brown and pubescent or glabrate below, 4'-6' long,
2'-5' wide, with a stout yellow midrib, and conspicuous primary veins spreading at
right angles, or gradually diverging from the midrib and running to the points of the
lobes; sometimes turning bright scarlet in the autumn; petioles stout, pubescent, '-!' in
length. Flowers: staminate in hirsute aments; calyx glabrous, laciniately cut into ovate
acute slightly ciliate or linear-lanceolate much elongated segments; pistillate sessile and
coated with pale tomentum. Fruit sessile or short-stalked; nut oval to slightly obovoid and
obtuse, I'-l j' long and \'-\' thick, inclosed at the base in a shallow cup-shaped or slightly
turbinate cup puberulous and light brown on the inner surface, pubescent or tomentose
Fig. 271
on the outer, and covered by ovate acute scales with pointed and often elongated tips, thin,
free, or sometimes thickened and more or less united toward the base of the cup, decreasing
from below upward.
A tree, usually 60-70 or sometimes nearly 100 high, with a trunk 2-3 in diameter,
stout ascending or spreading branches forming a broad compact head, and stout branchlets
coated at first with thick pale rufous pubescence, pubescent or tomentose and light or dark
orange color during their first winter, becoming glabrous and rather bright reddish brown
in their second year and ultimately gray; frequently at high altitudes, or when exposed
to the winds from the ocean, reduced to a low shrub. Winter-buds ovoid, acute, \'-\'
long, densely clothed with light ferrugineous tomentum. Bark \'-\' thick, divided by
shallow fissures into broad ridges separating on the surface into light brown or gray scales
sometimes slightly tinged with orange color. Wood strong, hard, close-grained, fre-
quently exceedingly tough, light brown or yellow, with thin nearly white sap wood; in Ore-
gon and Washington used in the manufacture of carriages and wagons, in cabinet-making,
shipbuilding, and cooperage, and largely as fuel.
Distribution. Valleys and the dry gravelly slopes of low hills; Vancouver Island and the
valley of the lower Fraser River southward through western Washington and Oregon and
the California coast-valleys to Marin County; rare and local and the only Oak-tree in
British Columbia; abundant and of its largest size in the valleys of western Washington
and Oregon; on the islands in the northern part of Puget Sound reduced to a low shrub
FAGACE^E
297
(Vine Oak) ; ascending in its shrubby forms to considerable altitudes on the western slopes;
of the Cascade Mountains; abundant in northwestern California; less common and of
smaller size southward.
46. Quercus utahensis Rydb.
Leaves oblong-obovate, gradually narrowed and rounded or cuneate at base, divided
often nearly to the midrib by broad or narrow sinuses into four or five pairs of lateral
lobes rounded or acute at apex, the upper lobes usually again lobed or undulate, the ter-
Fig. 272
minal lobe rounded at apex, entire or three-lobed, thick, dark green, glabrous or nearly
glabrous above, pale and soft pubescent below, 2|'-7' long, l|'-3' wide, with a prominent
midrib and primary veins, and conspicuous veinlets,; petioles stout, hoary-tomentose early
in the season, pubescent or glabrous before maturity, f'-l' in length. Flowers: staminate
in aments covered with fascicled hairs, 2'-2' long; calyx scarious, divided to the middle
by wide sinuses into narrow acuminate lobes; anthers yellow; pistillate usually solitary or
in pairs, the scales of the involucre thickly coated with hoary tomentum. Fruit usually
solitary, sessile or raised on a stout pubescent peduncle \'-\' in length; nut ovoid, broad
and rounded at the ends, f'-f long, \'-9,\' thick, usually inclosed for about half its length
in the thick hemispheric cup covered with broad ovate pale pubescent scales much thick-
ened on the back and closely appressed below the middle of the cup, gradually reduced in
size upward, thin and less closely appressed toward its rim bordered by the free projecting
tips of the upper row of scales.
A tree, occasionally 30 high, with a trunk 4 '-8' in diameter, thick erect branches forming
a narrow open head, and stout branchlets red-brown and covered with fascicled hairs when
they first appear, becoming light orange-brown and puberulous. Bark dark gray-brown,
rough and scaly.
Distribution. Dry foothill slopes and the sides of canons; borders of southwestern
Wyoming to the eastern base of the Rocky Mountains of Colorado, and to Utah, northern
New Mexico and Arizona, passing into var. mollis Sarg. with thinner scales on the lower
part of the cup of the fruit; with the species over its whole range, but most abundant on
the Colorado Plateau of northern Arizona; here rarely 40 high, with a trunk 18'-20' in
diameter.
298
TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
47. Quercus lobata Nee. White Oak. Valley Oak.
Leaves oblong to obovate, deeply 7-11 obliquely lobed, rounded at the narrow apex,
narrow and cuneate or broad and rounded or cordate at base, the lateral lobes obovate,
obtuse or retuse, or ovate and rounded, thin, 2|'-3' or rarely 4' long, 1/-2' wide, dark green
and pubescent above, pale and pubescent below, with a stout pale midrib, and conspicuous
yellow veins running to the slightly thickened and revolute margins; petioles stout, hir-
sute, \'-\' in length. Flowers: staminate in hirsute aments 2'-3' long; calyx light yellow
and divided into 6 or 8 acute pubescent ciliate lobes; pistillate solitary, sessile or rarely in
elongated few-flowered spikes, their involucral scales broadly ovate, acute, coated with
Fig. 273
dense pale tomentum, about as long as the narrow calyx-lobes. Fruit solitary or in pairs,
nearly sessile; nut conic, elongated, rounded or pointed at apex, lj'-2j' long, bright
green and lustrous when fully grown, becoming bright chestnut-brown, usually inclosed
for about one third its length in the cup-shaped cup coated with pale tomentum on the
outer surface, usually irregularly tuberculate below, all but the much-thickened basal
scales elongated into acute ciliate chestnut-brown free tips longest on the upper scales and
forming a short fringe-like border to the rim of the cup.
A tree, often 100 feet high, with a trunk generally 3-4, but sometimes 10 in diameter,
divided near the ground or usually 20-30 above it into great limbs spreading at wide
angles and forming a broad head of slender branches hanging gracefully in long sprays and
sometimes sweeping the ground; less frequently with upper limbs growing almost at right
angles with the trunk and forming a narrow rigid head of variously contorted erect or
pendant branches, and slender branchlets coated at first with short silky canescent pubes-
cence, ashy gray, light reddish brown, or pale orange-brown and slightly pubescent in their
first winter, becoming glabrous and lighter colored during their second year. Winter-
buds ovoid, acute, usually about I' long, with orange-brown pubescent scales scarious and
frequently ciliate on the margins. Bark f'-H' thick and covered by small loosely ap-
pressed light gray scales slightly tinged with orange or brown, becoming at the base of old
trees frequently 5 '-6' thick and divided by longitudinal fissures into broad flat ridges
broken horizontally into short plates. Wood hard, fine-grained, brittle, light brown, with
thin lighter colored sapwood; used only for fuel.
Distribution. Valleys of western California between the Sierra Nevada and the ocean
from the valley of the Trinity River to Kern and Los Angeles (rare) Counties; most
abundant and forming open groves in the central valleys of the state.
FAGACE^
48. Quercus leptophylla Rydb.
Leaves oblong to oblong-obovate, cuneate or rarely rounded at base, divided about half-
way to the midrib into two to four acute or rounded lateral lobes entire or occasionally
furnished on the lower side with a small nearly triangular lobe, the terminal lobe short,
entire, rounded at apex or three-lobed, when they unfold thickly coated with hoary to-
mentum, about one-third grown when the flowers open and then covered above with
fascicled hairs and tomentose below, at maturity thin, dark green, lustrous and glabrous or
nearly glabrous on the upper surface, yellow-green and covered below by short white hairs
most abundant on the midrib and veins, 3f '-4' long, l^'-2' wide; petioles slender, pubescent
'-' in length. Flowers: staminate in slender villose aments; calyx scarious, divided
into five or six narrow acute lobes; anthers dark red-brown as the flowers open; pistil-
late not seen. Fruit solitary or racemose, sessile or raised on a stout tomentose peduncle
!'-f in length;, nut oblong-ovoid, abruptly narrowed and rounded at base, gradually nar-
rowed and rounded at apex, '-f' long; inclosed for half its length in the thin, hemi-
spheric cup, f '-\' in diameter, and covered with acuminate only slightly thickened appressed
scales densely covered with hoary tomentum.
A tree, 30-45 high, with a trunk 16'-24' in diameter, heavy spreading ashy gray
branches forming a round-topped nead, and stout branchlets, light red-brown or purple
and covered with long fascicled hairs when they first appear, becoming light brown and
glabrous before autumn. Bark thick, deeply furrowed, covered with small appressed
pale gray scales.
Distribution. Rich bottom-lands of the Cucharas River above La Veta, Huerfano
County, Colorado; on the Mogollon Mountains, Socorro County, New Mexico.
300 TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
49. Quercus austrina Small.
Leaves oblong-obovate, acute or rounded at apex, gradually narrowed to the long
cuneate base or rarely rounded at base, usually 5-lobed with rounded lobes, the terminal
lobe often 3-lobed, the upper lateral lobes pointing forward and much larger than those of
the lower pair, or occasionally 3-lobed at the broad apex, or rarely nearly entire w r ith un-
dulate margins, when they unfold sparsely covered below with caducous fascicled hairs,
at maturity glabrous, dark green and lustrous above, paler below, 3'-8' long, l'-4' wide,
with a prominent midrib and slender primary veins; petioles slender, at first pubescent,
soon glabrous, J'-$' in length. Flowers not seen. Fruit solitary or in pairs, sessile or
raised on a stout stalk up to \' in length; nut ovoid, slightly narrowed toward the base,
narrowed at the rounded pubescent apex, |'-f long, \' thick, inclosed for a third to a
Fig. 275
half its length in the thin hemispheric or deep cup-shaped cup, pale tomentose on the inner
surface and covered with thin narrow loosely appressed blunt-pointed tomentose scales.
A tree, 70-80 and rarely 100 high, with a tall trunk 2-3 in diameter, spreading and
ascending branches forming a broad rather open head, and slender glabrous red-brown or
gray-brown brittle- jointed branchlets. Winter-buds ovoid to ellipsoid, acute, \'-\' long,
with closely imbricated acute puberulous chestnut-brown scales ciliate on the margins.
Bark pale, scaly, and on old trunks divided into broad ridges.
Distribution. Banks of streams and river bluffs in deep rich soil; coast of South Caro-
lina (Bluffton, Clay County, and near Charleston) ; Dover, Scriven County, Mclntosh
County, De Soto Co., Sumter County, and near Bainbridge, Decatur County, Geor-
gia, to central and western Florida (Gainsville, Alachua County, near Santos, Marion
County, Lake City, Columbia County, River Junction, Gadsden County, Marianna,
Jackson County); western Alabama (Gallion, Hale County, and the neighborhood of Selma
[common] and Pleasant Hill, Dallas County) ; and southern Mississippi (Meridian, Lau-
derdale County, Laurel, Jones County, Byram and near Jackson, Hinds County, near
Natchez, Adams County).
50. Quercus alba L. White Oak.
Leaves oblong-obovate, gradually narrowed and cuneate at base, divided often nearly to
the midrib by narrow or broad sinuses usually oblique in the bottom into 7 or 9 lobes, the
lateral, narrow, lanceolate or obovate, pointing forward, rounded or acute and often lobed
at apex, the terminal usually obovate and 3-lobed, when they unfold bright red above, pale
FAGACE^
301
below and coated with soft pubescence, soon becoming silvery white and very lustrous,
at maturity thin, firm, glabrous, bright green and lustrous or dull above, pale or glaucous
below, 5'-9' long, 2'-4' wide, with a stout bright yellow midrib and conspicuous primary
veins; turning late in the autumn deep rich vinous red, gradually withering and sometimes re-
maining on the branches nearly through the winter; petioles stout, glabrous, '-!' in length.
Flowers: staminate in hirsute or nearly glabrous aments 2^'-3' long; calyx bright yellow
and pubescent, with acute lobes; pistillate bright red, their involucral scales broadly ovate,
hirsute, about as long as the ovate acute calyx-lobes. Fruit sessile or raised on a slender
peduncle lf-2' long, the two forms sometimes appearing on the same branch; nut ovoid to
oblong, rounded at apex, lustrous, f long, green when fully grown, becoming light chest-
nut-brown, inclosed for about one fourth its length in the cup-shaped cup coated with pale
Fig. 276
or light brown tomentum, its scales at the base much thickened, united and produced
into short obtuse membranaceous tips, and thinner toward the rim of the cup.
A tree, 80-100 high, with a trunk 3-4 in diameter, tall and naked in the forest, short
in the open, and surmounted by a broad round-topped head of stout limbs spreading ir-
regularly, small rigid branches, and slender branchlets at first bright green, often tinged
with red, and coated with a loose mass of long pale or ferrugineous deciduous hairs, red-
dish brown during the summer, bright red and lustrous or covered with a glaucous bloom
during their first winter, becoming ultimately ashy gray. Winter-buds broadly ovoid,
rather obtuse, dark red-brown, about ' long. Bark light gray slightly tinged with red or
brown, or occasionally nearly white, broken into thin appressed scales, becoming on old
trunks sometimes 2' thick and divided into broad flat ridges. Wood strong, very heavy,
hard, tough, close-grained, durable, light brown, with thin light brown sap wood; used in
shipbuilding, for construction and in cooperage, the manufacture of carriages, agricultural
implements, baskets, the interior finish of houses, cabinet-making, for railway-ties and
fences, and largely as fuel.
Distribution. Sandy plains and gravelly ridges, rich uplands, intervales, and moist
bottom-lands, sometimes forming nearly pure forests; southern Maine to southwestern
Quebec, westward through southern Ontario, the southern peninsula of Michigan, south-
eastern Minnesota, eastern Iowa, and southeastern Nebraska, and southward to west-
ern Florida, through the Gulf states to the valley of the Brazos River, Texas and through
Arkansas to eastern Oklahoma, eastern Kansas, Missouri, Tennessee, and Kentucky;
ascending the southern Appalachian Mountains as a low bush to altitudes of 4500;
302 TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
most abundant and of its largest size on the lower western slopes of the Alleghany Moun-
tains and on the bottom-lands of the lower Ohio Basin. Passing into
Quercus alba var. latiloba Sarg.
Leaves obovate-oblong, acute or rounded at apex, gradually narrowed and cuneate at
base, divided usually less than half way to the midrib into broad rounded lobes; rarely
obovate, with undulate margins, or slightly lobed, with broad rounded lobes (var. re-
panda Michx.). Flowers as in the type. Fruit rarely more than 1^' in length, with
usually thinner cup scales.
Fig. 277
Distribution. More abundant than the species and the common northern White Oak.
X Quercus Beadlei Trel., believed to be a hybrid of Quercus alba and Q. Prinus, has been
found in a swamp near Clarkton, Bladen County, North Carolina.
X Quercus Bebbiana Schn., probably a hybrid of Quercus alba and Q. macrocarpa, occurs
at Charlotte, Chittenden County, Vermont, and near Kenton, Hardin County, Ohio.
X Quercus Deamii Trel., with characters intermediate between those of Quercus alba
and Q. Muehlenbergii and evidently a hybrid of these species, is growing near Bluffton,
Wells County, Indiana.
X Quercus Faxonii Trel., with characters intermediate between those of Quercus alba
and Q. prinoides and evidently a hybrid of these species, has been found in East Walpole,
Norfolk County, and Concord, Middlesex County, Massachusetts, and at Greenville,
Montcalm County, Michigan.
X Quercus Fernowii Trel., evidently a hybrid of Quercus alba and Q. stellata, has been
found near Allenton, St. Louis County, Missouri, and on Red Clay Creek, Virginia.
X Quercus Jackiana Schn., evidently a hybrid of Quercus alba and Q. bicolor, is growing
in Franklin Park, Boston.
X Quercus Saulei Schn., with characters intermediate between those of Q. alba and
Q. montana and evidently a hybrid of these species, occurs with widely distributed indi-
viduals in Vermont (Monkton, Addison County), eastern Massachusetts, near Providence,
Rhode Island, New Jersey, eastern Pennsylvania, and the District of Columbia, on the
Appalachian Mountains near Biltmore, Buncombe County, and Highlands, Macon
County, North Carolina, at Valleyhead, Gadsden County, Alabama, and in Richland
County, Illinois.
FAGACE^
303
51. Quercus tricolor Willd. Swamp White Oak.
Quercus platanoides Sudw.
Leaves obovate to oblong-obovate, rounded at the narrowed apex, acute or rounded
at the gradually narrowed and cuneate entire base, coarsely sinuate-dentate, or sometimes
pinnatifid, with oblique rounded or acute entire lobes, when they unfold light bronze-
green and pilose above, covered below with silvery white tomentum, with conspicuous
glands on the teeth, at maturity thick and firm, dark green and lustrous on the upper sur-
face, pale or often silvery white or tawny on the lower surface, 5'-6' long, 2'-4' wide, with
a slender yellow midrib, primary veins running to the points of the lobes, and conspicuous
Fig. 278
reticulate veinlets; turning in the autumn dull yellow-brown or occasionally orange-color
or rarely scarlet before falling; petioles stout, pilose at first, becoming glabrous, \'-\' in
length. Flowers: staminate in hairy aments 3'-4' long; calyx light yellow-green, hirsute
with pale hairs, and deeply divided into 5-9 lanceolate acute segments rather shorter than
the stamens; pistillate in few-flowered spikes on elongated peduncles covered like the
involucral scales with thick white or tawny tomentum; stigmas bright red. Fruit usually
in pau*s on slender dark brown glabrous puberulous or pubescent stalks l'-4' in length;
nut ovoid, with a broad base, rounded, acute and pubescent at apex, light chest-
nut-brown, f ' -\\' long, \'-\ ' thick, inclosed for about one third its length in the thick cup-
shaped light brown cup pubescent on the inner surface, hoary-tomentose, and sometimes
tuberculate or roughened toward the base on the outer surface by the thickened contorted
tips of the ovate acute scales, thin, free, acute and chestnut-brown higher on the cup, and
often forming a short fringe-like border on its margin, or sometimes entirely covered
by thin scales with free acute tips.
A tree, usually 60-70 or exceptionally 100 high, with a trunk 2-3 or occasionally
8-9 in diameter, rather small branches generally pendulous below and rising above into
a narrow round-topped open head and often furnished with short pendulous laterals, and
stout branchlets, green, lustrous, and slightly scurfy-pubescent when they first appear,
light orange color or reddish brown and glabrous or puberulous during their first winter,
becoming darker and often purplish and clothed with a glaucous bloom. Winter-buds
broadly ovoid and obtuse, or subglobose to ovoid and acute, ' long, with light chestnut-
brown scales usually pilose above the middle. Bark of young stems and small branches
smooth, reddish or purplish brown, separating freely into large papery persistent scales
curling back and displaying the bright green inner bark; becoming on old trunks l'-2'
304
TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
thick, and deeply and irregularly divided by continuous or interrupted fissures into broad
flat ridges covered by small appressed gray-brown scales often slightly tinged with red.
Wood heavy, hard, strong, tough, light brown, with thin hardly distinguishable sap wood;
used in construction, the interior finish of houses, cabinet-making, carriage and boat-
building, cooperage, and railway-ties, and for fencing and fuel.
Distribution. Borders of streams and swamps in moist fertile soil; southern Maine
to northern Vermont and southwestern Quebec, through Ontario and the southern pen-
insula of Michigan to southeastern Minnesota, eastern and southern Iowa, southeastern
Nebraska and western Missouri, and to the District of Columbia, northern Kentucky
and northeastern Oklahoma, and along the Appalachian Mountains to West Virginia;
widely scattered, usually in small groves but nowhere very abundant; most common and
of its largest size in western New York and northern Ohio.
X Quercus Schuettii Trel., with characters intermediate between those of Quercus bi-
color and Q. macrocarpa, and probably a hybrid of these species, occurs at Fort Howard,
Brown County, Wisconsin, near Rockfield and Chateaugay, Quebec, and near Rochester
and Golah, Munroe County, New York.
52. Quercus Prinus L. Basket Oak. Cow Oak.
Quercus Michauxii Nutt.
Leaves broadly obovate to oblong-obovate, acute or acuminate at apex with a short
broad point, cuneate or rounded at the broad or narrow entire base, regularly crenately
lobed with oblique rounded entire lobes sometimes furnished with glandular tips, or
Fig. 279
rarely entire with undulate margins, when they unfold bright yellow-green, lustrous and
pubescent above, coated below with thick silvery white or ferrugineous tomentum, at
maturity thick and firm or sometimes membranaceous, especially on young and vigorous
branches, dark green, lustrous, glabrous or occasionally roughened by scattered fascicled
hairs on the upper surface, more or less densely pubescent on the pale green or silvery white
lower surface, 6'-8' long, 3 '-5' wide; turning in the autumn dark rich crimson; petioles
stout, i'-l?' in length. Flowers: staminate in slender hairy aments, 3'-4' long; calyx light
yellow-green, pilose with long pale hairs, and divided into 4-7 acute lobes; pistillate in few-
flowered spikes on short peduncles coated like the involucral scales with dense pale ru-
fous tomentum; stigmas dark red. Fruit solitary or in pairs, sessile or subsessile, or borne
on short stout puberulous stalks rarely %' in length ; nut ovoid to ellipsoidal, with a broad
FAGACE.E 305
base, and acute, rounded, or occasionally truncate at apex surrounded by a narrow ring
of rusty pubescence, or sometimes pilose nearly to the middle, bright brown, rather lus-
trous, l'-l' long, f'-li' thick, inclosed for about one third its length in the thick cup-
shaped cup often broad and flat on the bottom, reddish brown and pubescent within,
hoary -tomentose and covered on the outer surface by regularly imbricated ovate acute
scales rounded and much thickened on the back, their short tips sometimes forming a rigid
fringe-like border to the rim of the cup; seed sweet and edible.
A tree, often 100 high, with a trunk sometimes free of branches for 40-50, and 3-7
in diameter, stout branches ascending at narrow angles and forming a round-topped rather
compact head, and stout branchlets at first dark green and covered by pale caducous hairs,
becoming bright red-brown or light orange-brown during their first winter and ultimately
ashy gray. Winter-buds broadly ovoid or oval, acute, \' long, with thin closely and reg-
ularly imbricated dark red puberulous scales with pale margins, those of the inner ranks
coated on the outer surface with loose pale tomentum. Bark \'-\' thick, separating into
thin closely appressed silvery white or ashy gray scales more or less deeply tinged with red.
Wood heavy, hard, very strong, tough, close-grained, durable, easy to split, light-brown,
with thin darker colored sap wood; largely used in all kinds of construction, for agricultural
implements, wheels, in cooperage, for fences and fuel, and in baskets.
Distribution. Borders of streams, swamps, and bottom-lands often covered with water;
New Jersey (Morristown, Morris County and Pittsgrove, Salem County), near Wilming-
ton, Delaware, southward through the coast and middle districts to Putnam (San Mateo)
and Citrus Counties, Florida, through the Gulf states to the valley of the Trinity River,
Texas, and through Arkansas and southeastern Missouri to central Tennessee and Ken-
tucky, the valley of the lower Wabash River, Illinois, and southern Indiana eastward to
Jefferson County (C. C. Deam); conspicuous from the silvery white bark, the massive
trunk, and the broad crown of large bright-colored foliage.
53. Quercus montana L. Chestnut Oak. Rock Chestnut Oak.
Quercus Prinus Engelm. not L.
Leaves obovate or oblong to lanceolate, acute or acuminate or rounded at apex, gradu-
ally or abruptly cuneate or rounded or subcordate at the narrow entire base, irregularly
and coarsely crenulate-toothed with rounded, acute, or sometimes nearly triangular oblique
teeth, when they unfold orange-green or bronze-red, very lustrous, and glabrous above with
the exception of the slightly pilose midrib, green and coated below with soft pale pubes-
cence, at maturity thick and firm or subcoriaceous, yellow-green and rather lustrous
on the upper surface, paler and covered by fine pubescence on the lower surface, 4 '-9'
long, If '-3' wide, with a stout yellow midrib and conspicuous primary veins, often much
broader near the bottom of the tree than on fertile upper branches; turning dull orange
color or rusty brown in the autumn; petioles stout or slender, '-!' in length. Flowers: stam-
inate in elongated hirsute aments; calyx light yellow, pilose and deeply divided into 7-9
acute segments tipped with clusters of pale hairs; pistillate in short spikes on stout puber-
ulous dark green peduncles, their involucral scales covered with pale hairs; stigmas dark
red. Fruit on short stout stems singly or in pairs; nut ovoid or ellipsoidal, rounded and
rather obtuse or pointed at apex, bright chestnut-brown, very lustrous, l'-l|' long, f '-!'
thick, inclosed for about half its length or sometimes only at the base in a turbinate or
cup-shaped thin cup light brown and pubescent on the inner surface, reddish brown and
hoary-pubescent on the outer surface roughened or tuberculate, especially toward the base,
by small scales thickened and knob-like with nearly triangular free light brown tips.
A tree, usually 60-70 or occasionally 100 high, with a trunk 3-4 or rarely 6-7 in
diameter, divided generally 15 or 20 above the ground into large limbs spreading into a
broad open rather irregular head, and stout branchlets green tinged with purple or bronze
color and glabrous or pilose when they first appear, light orange color or reddish brown
during their first winter, becoming dark gray or brown; on dry exposed mountain slopes
306 TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
often not more than 20-30 tall, with a trunk 8'-12' in diameter. Winter-buds ovoid,
acute or acuminate, j' |' long, with bright chestnut-brown scales pilose toward the apex
and ciliate on the margins. Bark of young stems and small branches thin, smooth, purplish
brown, often lustrous, becoming on old trunks and large limbs f'-l^' thick, dark reddish
brown or nearly black, and divided into broad rounded ridges covered with small closely
appressed scales. Wood heavy, hard, strong, rather tough, close-grained, durable in con-
tact with the soil, largely used for fencing, railway-ties, and fuel. The bark, which is rich
in tannin, is consumed in large quantities in tanning leather.
Distribution. Hillsides and the high rocky banks of streams in rich and deep or some-
times in sterile soil; coast of southern Maine, southern New Hampshire and eastern Massa-
chusetts, southward to Delaware and the District of Columbia, and along the Appalachian
Fig. 280
Mountains and their foothills to northern Georgia ( Wilkes County) ; ascending to altitudes
of 4000-4500; in northern Alabama; westward to the shores of Lake Champlain, western
New York; southeastern and southern Ohio, and southern Indiana westward to Orange
County (C. C. Deam) ; and to central Kentucky and Tennessee, and northeastern Missis-
sippi (Alcorn, Prentiss and Tishomingo Counties) ; rare and local in New England and
Ontario; abundant on the banks of the lower Hudson River and on the Appalachian hills
from southern New York to Alabama; most common and of its largest size on the lower
slopes of the mountains of the Carolinas and Tennessee, here often forming a large part
of the forest.
X Quercus Sargentii Rehd. believed to be a hybrid of Quercus montana and the Euro-
pean Q. Robur L., has been growing for nearly a hundred years at what is now Holm Lea,
Brookline, Norfolk County, Massachusetts.
54. Quercus Muehlenbergii Engelm. Yellow Oak. Chestnut Oak.
Quercus acuminata Sarg.
Leaves usually crowded at the ends of the branches, oblong-lanceolate to broadly
obovate, acute or acuminate with a long narrow or with a short broad point, abruptly or
gradually narrowed and cuneate or slightly narrowed and rounded or cordate at base,
equally serrate with acute and often incurved or broad and rounded teeth tipped with
small glandular mucros, or rarely slightly undulate, when they unfold bright bronzy green
and puberulous above, tinged with purple and coated below with pale tomentum, at
FAGACE^E
307
maturity thick and firm, light yellow-green on the upper surface, pale often silvery white
and covered with short fine pubescence on the lower surface, 4 '-7' long, l'-5' wide, with
a stout yellow midrib and conspicuous primary veins running to the points of the teeth;
turning in the autumn orange color and scarlet; petioles slender f'-lf ' in length. Flowers :
staminate in pilose aments 3'-4' long; calyx light yellow, hairy, deeply divided into 5 or
6 lanceolate ciliate segments; pistillate sessile or in short spikes coated like their involucral
scales with thick white tomentum; stigmas bright red. Fruit sessile or raised on a short
stout peduncle, solitary or often in pairs; nut broadly ovoid, narrowed and rounded at
apex, I' to nearly 1' long, light chestnut-brown, inclosed for about half its length in a
thin cup-shaped light brown cup pubescent on the inner, hoary-tomentose on the outer
surface, and covered by small obtuse scales more or less thickened and rounded on the
back toward the base of the cup, the small free red-brown tips of the upper ranks form-
ing a minute fringe-like border to its rim; seed sweet and sometimes edible.
Fig. 281
A tree, 80-100, occasionally 160 high, with a tall straight trunk 3-4 in diameter above
the broad and often buttressed base, comparatively small branches forming a narrow
shapely round-topped head, and slender branchlets, green more or less tinged with red or
purple, pilose when they first appear, light orange color or reddish brown during their first
whiter, and ultimately gray or brown; east of the Alleghany Mountains and on dry hills
often not more than 20-30 tall. Winter-buds ovoid, acute, f'-J' long, with chestnut-
brown scales white and scarious on the margins. Bark rarely \' thick, broken on the sur-
face into thin loose silvery white scales sometimes slightly tinged with brown. Wood
heavy, very hard, strong, close-grained, durable, with thin light-colored sapwood; largely
used in cooperage, for wheels, fencing, and railway-ties.
Distribution. Gardner's Island, Lake Champlain, Vermont, western Massachusetts
and Connecticut, near Newberg, Orange County, New York, westward through New York,
southern Ontario and southern Michigan to northern Iowa, southeastern Nebraska, east-
ern Kansas, and Oklahoma to the valley of the Washita River (Garvin County) and to
the Devil's Canon near Hinton (Caddo County), and southward in the Atlantic states
to the District of Columbia, eastern Virginia; sparingly on the eastern foothills of the
Blue Ridge in North and South Carolina at altitudes between 1000 and 2000; in central
Tennessee and Kentucky, central and northeastern Georgia, western Florida, and through
the Gulf states to the valley of the Guadalupe River, Texas; on the Guadalupe Mountains,
Texas, and on the Capitan Mountains, New Mexico (Lincoln County); rare and com-
paratively local in the Atlantic states, usually on limestone soil; very abundant in the
Mississippi basin, growing on ridges, dry flinty hills, deep rich bottom-lands and the
308 TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
rocky banks of streams; probably of its largest size on the lower Wabash River and its
tributaries in southern Indiana and Illinois; on the Edwards Plateau (Kemble, Kerr,
Uvalde, Bandera and Real Counties), Texas, a form occurs with nuts sometimes lj' long
with deeper cups up to 1' in diameter (var. Brayi Sarg.).
Section 2. Flowers unisexual (usually perfect in Ulmus); calyx regular;
stamens as many as its lobes and opposite them; ovary superior, 1-celled
(rarely 2-celled in Ulmus}\ seed 1.
XI. ULMACE^E.
Trees, with watery juice, scaly buds, terete branchlets prolonged by an upper lateral
bud, and alternate simple serrate pinnately veined deciduous stalked 2-ranked leaves un-
equal and often oblique at base, conduplicate in the bud, their stipules usually fugaceous.
Flowers perfect or monceciously polygamous, clustered, or the pistillate sometimes soli-
tary; calyx 4-9-parted or lobed; stamens 4-6; filaments straight; anthers introrse, 2-celled,
opening longitudinally; ovary usually 1-celled; ovule solitary, suspended from the apex
of the cell, anatropous or amphitropous; styles 2. Fruit a samara, nut, or drupe; albu-
men little or none; embryo straight or curved; cotyledons usually flat or conduplicate.
Five of the thirteen genera of the Elm family occur in North America. Of these four are
represented by trees.
CONSPECTUS OF THE NORTH AMERICAN ARBORESCENT GENERA.
Fruit a dry samara, or nut-like.
Flowers perfect; fruit a samara. 1. Ulmus.
Flowers polygamo-moncecious ; fruit nut-like, tuberculate. 2. Planera.
Fruit drupaceous.
Pistillate flowers usually solitary. 3. Celtis.
Pistillate flowers in dichotomous cymes. 4. Trema.
1. ULMUS L. Elm.
Trees, or rarely shrubs, with deeply furrowed bark, branchlets often furnished with
corky wings, and buds with numerous ovate rounded chestnut-brown scales closely
imbricated in two ranks, increasing in size from without inward, the inner accrescent,
replacing the stipules of the first leaves, deciduous, marking the base of the branchlet
with persistent ring-like scars. Leaves simply or doubly serrate; stipules linear, lan-
ceolate to obovate, entire, free or connate at base, scarious, inclosing the leaf in the bud,
caducous. Flowers from axillary buds near the ends of the branches similar to but larger
than the leaf -buds, the outer scales sterile, the inner bearing flowers and rarely leaves.
Flowers perfect, jointed on slender bibracteolate pedicels from the axils of linear acute
scarious bracts, in pedunculate or subsessile fascicles or cymes sometimes becoming race-
mose, appearing in early spring before the leaves in the axils of those of the previous year,
or autumnal in the axils of leaves of the year; calyx campanula te, o-9-lobed, membranaceous,
marcescent; stamens 5 or 6 inserted under the ovary; filaments filiform or slightly flat-
tened, erect in the bud, becoming exserted; anthers oblong, emarginate, and subcordate;
ovary sessile or stipitate, compressed, crowned by a simple deeply 2-lobed style, the
spreading lobes papillo-stigmatic on the inner face, usually 1-celled by abortion, rarely
2-celled; ovule amphitropous; micropyle extrorse, superior. Fruit an ovoid or oblong, often
oblique, sessile or stipitate samara surrounded at base by the remnants of the calyx, the
seminal cavity compressed, slightly thickened on the margin, chartaceous, produced into
a thin reticulate-venulose membranaceous light brown broad or rarely narrow wing naked
or ciliate on the margin, tipped with the remnants of the persistent style, or more or
ULMACE.E 309
less deeply notched at apex, and often marked by the thickened line of the union of the
two carpels. Seed ovoid, compressed, without albumen, marked op the ventral edge by
the thin raphe; testa membranaceous, light or dark chestnut-brown, of two coats, rarely
produced into a narrow wing; embryo erect; cotyledons flat or slightly convex, much
longer than the superior radicle turned toward the oblong linear pale hilum.
Ulmus, with eighteen or twenty species, is widely distributed through the boreal and
temperate regions of the northern hemisphere with the exception of western North Amer-
ica, reaching in the New World the mountains of southern Mexico and in the Old World
the Sikkim Himalaya, western China, and Japan. Of the exotic species, Ulmus iprocera
Salisb., the so-called English Elm, and Ulmus glabra, Huds., the Scotch Elm, and several of
its varieties, have been largely planted for shade and ornament in the north Atlantic
states, where old and large specimens of the former can be seen, especially in the neighbor-
hood of Boston.
Ulmus produces heavy, hard, tough, light-colored wood, often difficult to split. The
tough inner bark of some of the species is made into ropes or woven into coarse cloth, and
in northern China nourishing mucilaginous food is prepared from the inner bark.
Ulmus is the classical name of the Elm- tree.
CONSPECTUS OF THE NORTH AMERICAN SPECIES.
Flowers vernal, appearing before the leaves.
Flowers on slender drooping pedicels; fruit ciliate on the margins.
Wing of the fruit broad.
Bud-scales and fruit glabrous; branchlets destitute of corky wings; leaves obovate-
oblong to elliptic, usually smooth on the upper, soft-pubescent on the lower
surface. 1. U. americana (A, C).
Bud-scales puberulous; branches often furnished with corky wings; fruit hirsute;
leaves obovate to oblong, smooth on the upper, soft-pubescent on the lower
surface. 2. U. racemosa (A).
Wing of the fruit narrow; bud-scales glabrous or slightly puberulous; branchlets
usually furnished with broad corky wings; fruit hirsute, leaves ovate-oblong
to oblong-lanceolate, smooth on the upper, soft-pubescent on the lower surface.
3. U. alata (A, C).
Flowers on short pedicels; fruit naked on the margins; bud-scales coated with rusty
hairs; fruit pubescent, leaves ovate-oblong, scabrous on the upper, pubescent on
the lower surface. 4. U. fulva (A, C).
Flowers autumnal, appearing in the axils of leaves of the year; branchlets furnished with
corky wings; fruit hirsute.
Bud-scales puberulous; flowers on short pedicels; leaves ovate, scabrous on the
upper, soft-pubescent on the lower surface. 5. U. crassifolia (C).
Bud-scales glabrous; flowers on long pedicels; leaves oblong to oblong-obovate,
acuminate, glabrous on the upper, pale and puberulous on the lower surface.
6. U. serotina (C).
1. Ulmus americana L. White Elm.
Leaves obovate-oblong to elliptic, abruptly narrowed at apex into a long point, full and
rounded at base on one side and shorter and cuneate on the other, coarsely doubly serrate
with slightly incurved teeth, when they unfold coated below with pale pubescence and
pilose above with long scattered white hairs, at maturity 4'-6' long, l'-3' wide, dark green
and glabrous or scarbate above, pale and soft-pubescent or sometimes glabrous below,
with a narrow pale midrib and numerous slender straight primary veins running to the
points of the teeth and connected by fine cross veinlets; turning bright clear yellow in the
autumn before falling; petioles stout, \' in length; stipules linear-lanceolate, '-2' long.
Flowers on long slender drooping pedicels sometimes 1' in length, in 3 or 4-flowered short-
310
TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
stalked fascicles; calyx irregularly divided into 7-9 rounded lobes ciliate on the margins,
often somewhat oblique, puberulous on the outer surface, green tinged with red above the
middle; anthers bright red; ovary light green, ciliate on the margins with long white hairs;
styles light green. Fruit on long pedicels in crowded clusters, ripening as the leaves unfold,
ovoid to obovoid-oblong, slightly stipitate, conspicuously reticulate-venulose, \' long,
ciliate on the margins, the sharp points of the wings incurved and inclosing the deep notch.
A tree, sometimes 100-120 high, with a tall trunk 6-ll in diameter, frequently en-
larged at the base by great buttresses, occasionally rising with a straight undivided shaft
to the height of 60-80 and separating into short spreading branches, more commonly
divided 30-40 from the ground into numerous upright limbs gradually spreading and
forming an inversely conic round-topped head of long graceful branches, often 100 or
rarely 150 in diameter, and slender branchlets frequently fringing the trunk and its prin-
cipal divisions, light green and coated at first with soft pale pubescence, becoming in their
first winter light reddish brown, glabrous or sometimes puberulous and marked by scat-
Fig. 282
tered pale lenticels, and by large elevated semiorbicular leaf-scars showing the ends of three
large equidistant fibro-vascular bundles, later becoming dark reddish brown and finally
ashy gray. Winter-buds ovoid, acute, slightly flattened, about f long, with broadly
ovate rounded light chestnut-brown glabrous scales, the inner bright green, ovate, acute,
becoming on vigorous shoots often nearly V in length. Bark \'-\\' thick, ashy gray, di-
vided by deep fissures into broad ridges separating on the surface into thin appressed scales.
Wood heavy, hard, strong, tough, difficult to split, coarse-grained, light brown, with thick
somewhat lighter colored sapwood; largely used for the hubs of wheels, saddle-trees, in
flooring and cooperage, and in boat and shipbuilding.
Distribution. River-bottom lands, intervales, low rich hills, and the banks of streams;
southern Newfoundland to the northern shores of Lake Superior and the headwaters of
the Saskatchewan, southward to the neighborhood of Lake Istokpoga, De Soto County,
Florida, westward in the United States to the Turtle Mountains of North Dakota, the
Black Hills of South Dakota, western Nebraska, central Kansas and Oklahoma, and the
valley of the upper Colorado River (Fort Chadbourne, Coke County), Texas; very com-
mon northward, less abundant and of smaller size southward; abundant on the banks of
streams flowing through the midcontinental plateau.
Largely planted as an ornamental and shade tree in the northern states, and rarely in
western and northern Europe.
ULMACE^E
311
2. Ulmus racemosa Thomas. Rock Elm. Cork Elm.
Ulmus Thomasii Sarg.
Leaves obovate to oblong-oval, rather abruptly narrowed at apex into a short broad
point, equally or somewhat unequally rounded, cuneate or subcordate at base, and coarsely
doubly serrate, when they unfold pilose on the upper surface and covered on the lower
with soft white hairs, at maturity 2'-2|' long, f'-l' wide, thick and firm, smooth, dark green
and lustrous above, paler and soft-pubescent below, especially on the stout midrib and the
numerous straight veins running to the point of the teeth and connected by obscure cross
veinlets; turning in the autumn bright clear yellow; petioles pubescent, about \' in length;
stipules ovate-lanceolate, conspicuously veined, light green, marked with dark red on the
margins above the middle, f ' long, clasping the stem by their abruptly enlarged cordate
base conspicuously dentate with 1-3 prominent teeth on each side, falling when the leaves
are half grown. Flowers on elongated slender drooping pedicels often \' long, in 2-4, usu-
Fig. 283
ally in 3 flowered, puberulous cymes becoming more or less racemose by the lengthening
of the axis of the inflorescence, and when fully grown sometimes 2' in length; calyx green,
divided nearly to the middle into 7 or 8 rounded dark red scarious lobes; anthers dark
purple; ovary coated with long pale hairs most abundant on the margins; styles light green.
Fruit ripening when the leaves are about half grown, ovoid or obovoid-oblong, \' long,
with a shallow open notch at the apex, obscurely veined, pale pubescent, ciliate on the
slightly thickened border of the broad wing, the margin of the seminal cavity scarcely
thickened.
A tree, 80-100 high, with a trunk occasionally 3 in diameter, and often free of branches
for 60, short stout spreading branches forming a narrow round-topped head, and slender
rigid branchlets, light brown when they first appear, and coated with soft pale pubes-
cence often persistent until their second season, becoming light reddish brown, puberulous
or glabrous and lustrous in their first winter, and marked by scattered oblong lenticels and
large orbicular or semiorbicular leaf-scars displaying an irregular row of 4-6 fibre- vascular
bundle-scars, ultimately dark brown or ashy gray, and usually furnished with 3 or 4 thick
corky irregular wings often \' broad, and beginning to appear in their first or more often
during their second year. Winter-buds ovoid, acute, \' long, with broadly ovate rounded
chestnut-brown scales pilose on the outer surface, ciliate on the margins, the inner scales
becoming ovate-oblong to lanceolate, and \' long, often dentate at the base, with 1 or 2
minute teeth on each side, bright green below the middle, marked with a red blotch above,
and white and scarious at the apex. Bark \'-\' thick, gray tinged with red, and deeply
312
TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
divided by wide irregular interrupted fissures into broad flat ridges broken on the surface
into large irregularly shaped scales. Wood heavy, hard, very strong and tough, close-
grained, light clear brown often tinged with red, with thick lighter colored sapwood;
largely employed in the manufacture of many agricultural implements, for the framework
of chairs, hubs of wheels, railway-ties, the sills of buildings, and other purposes demanding
toughness, solidity and flexibility.
Distribution. Dry gravelly uplands, low heavy clay soils, rocky slopes and river
cliffs; Province of Quebec westward through Ontario, the southern peninsula of Michi-
gan and central Wisconsin to northeastern Nebraska, western Missouri and eastern Kansas,
and southward to northern New Hampshire, southern Vermont, western New York,
(valley of the Genessee River), northern New Jersey, southern Ohio (near Columbus,
Franklin County), and central Indiana; rare in the east and toward the extreme west-
ern and southern limits of its range.
Occasionally planted as a shade and ornamental tree in the northern states.
3. Ulmus alata Michx. Wahoo. Winged Elm.
Leaves ovate-oblong to oblong-lanceolate, often somewhat falcate, acute or acuminate,
unequally cuneate or rounded or subcordate at base, and coarsely doubly serrate with
Fig. 284
incurved teeth, when they unfold pale green often tinged with red, coated on the lower
surface with soft white pubescence and glabrous or nearly so on the upper surface, at ma-
turity thick and firm or subcoriaceous, dark green and smooth above, pale and soft-pubes-
cent below, especially on the stout yellow midrib and numerous straight prominent veins
often forked near the margins of the leaf and connected by rather conspicuous reticulate
veinlets; turning yellow in the autumn; their petioles stout, pubescent, $' in length; stipules
linear-obovate, thin and scarious, tinged with red above the middle, often nearly 1' long.
Flowers on drooping pedicels, in short few-flowered fascicles; calyx glabrous and divided
nearly to the middle into 5 broad ovate rounded lobes as long as the hoary-tomentose ovary
raised on a short slender stipe. Fruit ripening before or with the unfolding of the leaves,
oblong, \' in length, contracted at base into a long slender stalk, gradually narrowed and
tipped at apex with long incurved awns, and covered with long white hairs most numer-
ous on the thickened margin of the narrow wing; seed ovoid, pointed, \' long, pale, chest-
nut-brown, slightly thickened into a narrow wing-like margin.
A tree, occasionally 80-100 but usually not more than 40-50 high, with a trunk 2-3
in diameter, short stout straight or erect branches forming a narrow oblong rather open
ULMACE^S
313
round-topped head, and slender branchlets glabrous or puberulous and light green tinged
with red when they first appear, becoming light reddish brown or ashy gray and glabrous,
or on vigorous individuals frequently pilose in their first winter, marked by occasional
small orange-colored lenticels and by small elevated horizontal semiorbicular leaf-scars,
sometimes naked, more often furnished with usually 2 thin corky wings beginning to grow
during their first or more often during their second season, abruptly arrested at the nodes,
often wide, and persistent for many years. Winter-buds slender, acute, f long, dark
chestnut-brown, with glabrous or puberulous scales, those of the inner ranks becoming
oblong or obovate, rounded and tipped with a minute mucro, thin and scarious, light red,
especially above the middle, and \' long. Bark rarely exceeding \' in thickness, light
brown tinged with red, and divided by irregular shallow fissures into flat ridges covered by
small closely appressed scales. Wood heavy, hard, not strong, close-grained, difficult to
split, light brown, with thick lighter colored sapwood; sometimes employed for the hubs of
wheels and the handles of tools. Ropes used for fastening the covers of cotton bales are
sometimes made from the inner bark.
Distribution. Usually on dry gravelly uplands, less commonly in alluvial soil on the
borders of swamps and the banks of streams, and occasionally in inundated swamps;
southeastern Virginia, southwestern Indiana, southern Illinois (Richland and Johnson
Counties) and southern Missouri, and southward to central Florida (Lake County), and
the valley of the Guadalupe River, Texas; ranging westward in Oklahoma to Garfield
County (near Kingfisher, G. W. Stevens).
Often planted as a shade-tree in the streets of towns and villages of the southern states.
4. Ulmus fulva Michx. Slippery Elm. Red Elm.
Leaves ovate-oblong, abruptly contracted into a long slender point, rounded at base
on one side and short-oblique on the other, and coarsely doubly serrate with incurved
Fig. 285
callous-tipped teeth, when they unfold thin, coated below with pale pubescence, pilose
above with scattered white hairs, at maturity thick and firm, dark green and rugose with
crowded sharp-pointed tubercles pointing toward the apex of the leaf above, soft, smooth,
and coated below, especially on the thin midrib and in the axils of the slender straight
veins with white hairs, 5'-7' long, 2'-3' wide; turning a dull yellow color in the autumn;
petioles stout, pubescent, \' in. length; stipules obovate-oblong to oblong-lanceolate, thin
and scarious, pale-pubescent, and tipped with clusters of rusty brown hairs. Flowers on
short pedicels, in crowded fascicles; calyx green, covered with pale hairs, divided into 5-9
314 TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
short rounded thin equal lobes; stamens with slender light yellow slightly flattened fila-
ments and dark red anthers; stigmas slightly exserted, reddish purple, papillose with soft
white hairs. Fruit ripening when the leaves are about half grown, semiorbicular, rounded
and bearing the remnants of the styles or slightly emarginate at apex, rounded or cuneate
at base, \' broad, the seminal cavity coated with thick rusty brown tomentum, the broad
thin wing obscurely reticulate-veined, naked on the thickened margin, and marked by
the dark conspicuous horizontal line of union of the two carpels; seed ovoid, with a large
oblique pale hilum, a light chestnut-brown coat produced into a thin border wider below
than above the middle of the seed.
A tree, 60-70 high, with a trunk occasionally 2 in diameter, spreading branches form-
ing a broad open flat-topped head, and stout branchlets bright green, scabrate, and coated
with soft pale pubescence when they first appear, becoming light brown by midsummer,
often roughened by small pale lenticels, and in their first winter ashy gray, orange
color or light red-brown, and marked by large elevated semiorbicular leaf-scars showing
the ends of 3 conspicuous equidistant fibro-vascular bundles, ultimately dark gray or
brown. Winter-buds ovoid, obtuse, \' long, with about 12 scales, the outer broadly ovate,
rounded, dark chestnut-brown, and covered by long scattered rusty hairs, the inner when
fully grown \' long, \'-\' wide, light green, strap-shaped, rounded and tipped at the apex
with tufts of rusty hairs, puberulous on the outer surface, slightly ciliate on the margins,
gradually growing narrower and passing into the stipules of the upper leaves. Bark
frequently 1' thick, dark brown tinged with red, divided by shallow fissures and covered
by large thick appressed scales. Wood heavy, hard, strong, very close-grained, durable,
easy to split, dark brown or red, with thin lighter colored sapwood; largely used for fence-
posts, railway-ties, the sills of buildings, the hubs of w r heels, and in agricultural implements.
The thick fragrant inner bark is mucilaginous and demulcent, and is employed in the treat-
ment of acute febrile and inflammatory affections.
Distribution. Banks of streams and low rocky hillsides in deep rich soil; comparatively
common in the valley of the St. Lawrence River, Province of Quebec, and through Ontario
to northern and eastern South Dakota, northeastern and eastern Nebraska, southeastern
Kansas, and Oklahoma to the valley of the Canadian River (McClain County), and south-
ward to western Florida, central Alabama and Mississippi, western Louisiana and the
valley of the upper Guadalupe (Kerr County) and Leon Rivers (Comal County), Texas;
in the South Atlantic states not common and mostly confined to the middle districts, as-
cending to altitudes of 2000 on the southern Appalachian foothills.
5. Ulmus crassifolia Nutt. Cedar Elm. .
Leaves elliptic to ovate, acute or rounded at apex, unequally rounded or cuneate and of-
ten oblique at base, coarsely and unequally doubly serrate with callous-tipped teeth, when
they unfold thin, light green tinged with red, pilose above and covered below with soft
pale pubescence, at maturity thick and subcoriaceous, dark green, lustrous and roughened
by crowded minute sharp-pointed tubercles on the upper surface and soft pubescent on
the lower surface, l'-2' long, \'-V wide, with a stout yellow midrib, and prominent straight
veins connected by conspicuous more or less reticulate cross veinlets; usually turning bright
yellow late in the autumn; petioles stout, tomentose, \'-\' in length; stipules \' long,
linear-lanceolate, red and scarious above, clasping the stem by their green and hairy bases,
deciduous when the leaves are about half grown. Flowers usually opening in August and
sometimes also in October, on slender pedicels \'-\' long and covered with white hairs,
in 3-5-flowered pedunculate fascicles; calyx divided to below the middle into oblong pointed
lobes hairy at base; ovary hirsute, crowned with two short slightly exserted stigmas.
Fruit ripening in September and rarely also in November, oblong, gradually and often irregu-
larly narrowed from the middle to the ends, short-stalked, deeply notched at apex, ' to
nearly \' long, covered with soft white hairs, most abundant on the slightly thickened mar-
gin of the broad wing; seed oblique, pointed, and covered by a dark chestnut-brown coat.
A tree, often 80 high, with a tall straight trunk 2-3 in diameter, sometimes free of
ULMACE.E
315
branches for 30 or 40, divided into numerous stout spreading limbs forming a broad in-
versely conic round-topped head of long pendulous branches, or while young or on dry up-
lands a compact round head of drooping branches, and slender branchlets, tinged with red
and coated with soft pale pubescence when they first appear, becoming light reddish
brown, puberulous and marked by scattered minute lenticels and by small elevated semi-
orbicular leaf-scars showing the ends of 3 small fibro-vascular bundles, and furnished with
2 corky wings covered with lustrous brown bark, about \' broad and continuous except when
abruptly interrupted by lateral branchlets, or often irregularly developed. Winter-buds
broadly ovoid, acute, ' long, with closely imbricated chestnut-brown scales slightly puberu-
Fig. 286
lous on the outer surface, those of the inner ranks at maturity oblong, concave, rounded at
apex, thin, bright red, sometimes f long. Bark sometimes nearly 1' thick, light brown
slightly tinged with red, and deeply divided by interrupted fissures into broad flat ridges
broken on the surface into thick scales. Wood heavy, hard, strong, brittle, light brown
tinged with red, with thick lighter colored sapwood; in central Texas used in the manufac-
ture of the hubs of wheels, for furniture, and largely for fencing.
Distribution. Valley of the Sunflower River, Mississippi (Morehead, Sunflower
County), through southern Arkansas, and Texas to Nuevo Leon, ranging in western Texas
from the coast to the valley of the Pecos River; in Arkansas usually on river cliffs and low
hillsides, and in Texas near streams in deep alluvial soil and on dry limestone hills; the
common Elm-tree of Texas and of its largest size on the bottom-lands of the Guadalupe
and Trinity Rivers.
Occasionally planted as a shade- tree in the streets of the cities and towns of Texas.
6. Ulmus serotina Sarg. Red Elm.
Leaves oblong to oblong-obovate, acuminate, very oblique at base, coarsely and doubly
crenulate-serrate, when they unfold coated below with shining white hairs and puberulous
above, at maturity thin and firm in texture, yellow-green, glabrous and lustrous on the up-
per surface, pale and puberulous on the midrib and principal veins below, 2'-4' long, 1'-
lf wide, with a prominent yellow midrib, about 20 pairs of primary veins extending
obliquely to the points of the teeth and often forked near the margins of the leaf, and
numerous reticular veinlets ; turning clear orange-yellow in the autumn ; petioles stout, about
in length; stipules abruptly narrowed from broad clasping bases, linear-lanceolate, usu-
ally about j' long, persistent until the leaves are nearly fully grown. Flowers opening in
316
TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
September on slender conspicuously jointed pedicels often ' long, in many-flowered gla-
brous racemes from l'-l|' in length; calyx 6-parted to the base, with oblong-obovate red-
brown divisions rounded at apex; ovary sessile, narrowed below, villose. Fruit ripening
early in November, stipitate, oblong-elliptic, deeply divided at apex, fringed on the mar-
gins with long silvery white hairs, about \' long.
A tree, 50-60 high, with a trunk 2-3 in diameter, comparatively small spreading
or pendulous branches often forming a broad handsome head, and slender pendulous
branchlets glabrous or occasionally puberulous when they first appear, brown, lustrous,
and marked by occasional oblong white lenticels during their first year, becoming darker
Fig. 287
the following season and ultimately dark gray-brown, and often furnished with 2 or 3
thick corky wings developed during their second or third years. Winter-buds ovoid,
acute, \' long, their outer scales oblong-obovate, dark chestnut-brown, glabrous, the inner
often scarious on the margins, pale yellow-green, lustrous and sometimes f ' long when fully
grown. Bark \'-\' thick, light brown slightly tinged with red, and divided by shallow fis-
sures into broad flat ridges broken on the surface into large thin closely appressed scales.
Wood hard, close-grained, very strong and tough, light red-brown, with pale yellow sap-
wood.
Distribution. Limestone hills and river banks; rare and local; eastern (near Pikeville,
Pike County) and southern Kentucky (Bowling Green, Warren County); banks of the
Cumberland River, near Clarksville and Nashville, Tennessee; northeastern Georgia (cliffs
of the Coosa River, near Rome, Floyd County); northern Alabama (Madison, Jefferson
and Tuscaloosa Counties); valley of the Arkansas River (near Van Buren, Crawford
County, G. M. Brown) and northwestern Arkansas (Sulphur Springs, Benton Courty, and
Boston Mountains near Jasper, Newton County, E. J. Palmer) ; eastern Oklahoma (near
Muskogee, Muskogee County, B. H. Slavin); southwestern (Grand Tower, Jackson
County, H. A.Gleasori) and southern Illinois (Richland County, R. Ridgway).
Occasionally planted as a shade-tree in the streets of cities in northern Georgia and
northern Alabama; hardy in Eastern Massachusetts.
2. PLANERA Gmel.
A tree, with scaly puberulous branchlets roughened by scattered pale lenticels, and
at the end of their first season by small nearly orbicular leaf-scars marked by a row of
fibro-vascular bundle-scars, minute subglobose winter-buds covered by numerous thin
ULMACE.E
317
closely imbricated chestnut-brown scales, the outer more or less scarious on the margins,
the inner accrescent, becoming at maturity ovate-oblong, scarious, bright red, %'-%' long,
marking in falling the base of the branchlet with pale ring-like scars. Leaves alternate,
2-ranked, ovate-oblong, acute or rounded at the narrowed apex, unequally cuneate or
rounded at base, coarsely crenately serrate with unequal gland-tipped teeth, with numerous
straight conspicuous veins forked near the margin and connected by cross reticulate vein-
lets more conspicuous below than above, when they unfold puberulous on the lower and
pilose on the upper surface, at maturity thick or subcoriaceous and scabrate; petiolate with
slender terete puberulous petioles; stipules lateral, free, ovate, scarious, bright red. Flowers
polygamo-moncecious, the staminate fascicled in the axils of the outer scales of leaf-bear-
ing buds, short-pedicellate, the pistillate or perfect on elongated puberulous pedicels in the
axils of the leaves of the year in 1-3-flowered fascicles; pedicels without bracts; calyx
campanulate, divided nearly to the base into 4 or 5 lobes rounded at apex, greenish yellow
often tinged with red; stamens inserted under the ovary in the pistillate flower, sometimes
few or 0; filaments filiform, erect, exserted; anthers broadly ovate, emarginate, cordate;
ovary ovoid, stipitate, glandular-tuberculate, narrowed into a short style divided into 2
elongated reflexed stigmas papillo-stigmatic on the inner face, in the staminate flower;
ovule anatropous; micropyle extrorse, superior. Fruit an oblong oblique drupe, narrowed
below into a short stipe, inclosed at the base by the withered calyx, crowned by the rem-
nants of the style, its pericarp crustaceous, prominently ribbed on the anterior and pos-
terior faces, irregularly tuberculate with elongated projections, and light chestnut-brown;
seed ovoid, oblique, pointed at apex, rounded below, without albumen; testa thin, lustrous,
dark brown or nearly black, of two coats; raphe inconspicuous; embryo erect; cotyledons
thick, unequal, bright orange color, the apex of the larger hooded and slightly infolding
the smaller, much longer than the minute radicle turned toward the linear pale hilum.
The genus is represented by a single species.
The generic name is in memory of Johann Jacob Planer, a German botanist and physician
of the eighteenth century.
1. Planera aquatica Gmel. Water Elm.
Leaves 2'-2' long, f '-!' wide, on petioles varying from J'-J' in length, dark dull green
on the upper surface, paler on the lower surface, with a yellow midrib and veins. Flowers
appearing with the leaves. Fruit ripening in April, \ f long.
Fig. 288
A tree, 30-40 high, with a short trunk rarely exceeding 20' in diameter, rather slender
spreading branches forming a low broad head, and branchlets brown tinged with red when
318 TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
they first appear, dark red in their first winter, and ultimately reddish brown or ashy
gray. Bark about i' thick, light brown or gray, separating into large scales disclosing in
falling the red-brown inner bark. Wood light, soft, not strong, close-grained, light brown,
with thick nearly white sapwood of 20-30 layers of annual growth.
Distribution. Swamps covered with water during several months of the year, or low
river banks; valley of the Cape Fear River, North Carolina, southward to northern Florida
(Bradford County) and westward usually not far from the coast through the Gulf states
to the valleys of the Navasota (Brazos County) and of the Colorado (Matagorda County)
Rivers, Texas, and northward through western Louisiana, eastern Oklahoma, and Arkan-
sas to southeastern Missouri, northeastern Mississippi (near luka, Tishomingo County,
T. G. Harbison)., northern Kentucky (Henderson County), and the valley of the lower
Wabash River, Illinois; comparatively rare and confined to the coast plain in the Atlan-
tic states; abundant and of its largest size in western Louisiana and southern Arkansas.
3. CELTIS L.
Trees or shrubs, with thin, smooth often more or less muricate bark, unarmed or spinose
branchlets, and scaly buds. Leaves serrate or entire, 3-nerved in one species, membrana-
ceous or subcoriaceous, deciduous; stipules lateral, free, usually scarious, inclosing their
leaf in the bud, caducous. Flowers polygamo-moncecious or rarely monoecious, appearing
soon after the unfolding of the leaves, minute, pedicellate, on branches of the year, the
staminate cymose or fascicled at their base, the pistillate solitary or in few-flowered fas-
cicles from the axils of upper leaves; calyx divided nearly to the base into 4 or 5 lobes,
greenish yellow, deciduous; stamens inserted on the margin of the discoid torus; filaments
subulate, incurved in the bud, those of the sterile flower straightening themselves abruptly
and becoming erect and exserted, shorter and remaining incurved in the perfect flower;
anthers ovoid, attached on the back just above the emarginate base; ovary ovoid, sessile,
green and lustrous, crowned with a short sessile style divided into diverging elongated
reflexed acuminate entire lobes papillo-stigmatic on the inner face and mature before the
anthers of the sterile flower, deciduous; minute and rudimentary in the staminate flower;
ovule anatropous. Fruit an ovoid or globose drupe tipped with the remnants of the style,
\vith thin flesh covered by a thick firm skin, and a thick-walled bony nutlet, reticulate-
pitted in the American species. Seed filling the seminal cavity ; albumen scanty, gelatinous,
nearly inclosed between the folds of the cotyledons, or 0; testa membranaceous, of 2 con-
fluent coats; chalaza colored, close to the minute hilum; embryo curved; cotyledons broad,
foliaceous, conduplicate or rarely flat, variously folded, corrugate, incumbent, or inclosing
the short superior ascending radicle.
Celtis is widely distributed through the temperate and tropical regions of the world,
fifty or sixty species being distinguished.
Trees of the American species are often disfigured by gall-making insects which distort
the buds and cause the production of dark broom-like clusters of short slender branchlets
at the end of the branches.
Celtis was the classical name of a species of Lotus. .
CONSPECTUS OF THE NORTH AMERICAN SPECIES.
Fruit on pedicels much longer than the petioles.
Leaves not covered below with conspicuous reticulate veinlets, green on both surfaces,
smooth or rough above; fruit dark purple. 1. C. occidentalis.
Leaves covered below with a network of prominent veinlets, usually rough above.
Leaves pale on the lower surface.
Leaves broadly ovate, obliquely rounded at base, coarsely serrate, glabrous or
slightly pilose below along the midrib and veins; fruit light orange-brown, the
pedicels often 3 or 4 times longer than the petioles. 2. C. Douglasii.
ULMACE^E
319
Leaves oblong-ovate, mostly cordate or occasionally rounded at base, entire or
slightly serrate toward the apex, covered below with pilose pubescence; fruit
dark reddish brown, the pedicels usually not more than twice as long as the
petioles. 3. C. Lindheimeri.
Leaves green on the lower surface, broadly ovate, obliquely rounded at base, entire,
pubescent along the midrib and veins below, rarely smooth on the upper surface;
fruit dark orange-red, the pedicels usually not more than twice as long as the
petioles. 4. C. reticulate.
Fruit on pedicels shorter or only slightly longer than the petioles.
Leaves oblong-lanceolate, long-acuminate, unsymmetrically cuneate at base, often fal-
cate, entire or more or less serrate, smooth or rarely roughened on the upper sur-
face; fruit orange color or yellow, the pedicels shorter or somewhat longer than the
petioles. 5. C. laevigate.
Leaves ovate-lanceolate, acute or acuminate, obliquely rounded at base, coarsely serrate
or nearly entire, smooth or in var. georgiana roughened on the upper surface; fruit
dark orange red, the pedicels usually shorter than the petioles. 6. C. pumila.
1 . Celtis occidentalis L. Hackberry. Sugarberry.
Leaves ovate, short-acuminate or acute at apex, obliquely rounded at base, sharply
serrate often only above the middle, thin, slightly pubescent below on the slender midrib
and veins early in the season, becoming glabrous or nearly glabrous, 2|'-3^' long,
wide; turning yellow late in the autumn; petioles slender, glabrous, %'-%' in length. Flow-
ers on drooping pedicels; calyx divided usually into 5 linear acute thin and scarious lobes
rounded on the back, more or less laciniately cut, and often furnished with a tuft of pale
hairs at apex; torus hoary-tomentose. Fruit on stems I'-f' long, ripening in September
and October and often remaining on the branches during the winter, subglobose, ovoid
or obovoid, dark purple, \' in diameter, with a thick tough skin, dark orange-colored flesh
and a thick- walled oblong pointed light brown slightly rugose nutlet; seed pale brown.
A tree, rarely more than 40-50 high with a trunk usually not more than 2 in diameter,
spreading often pendulous branches forming a round-topped head, and slender ridged light
brown glabrous branchlets marked by oblong pale lenticels, and by horizontal semioval or
oblong leaf-scars showing the ends of three fibre-vascular bundles, becoming darker and in
their second or third year often dark red-brown. Winter-buds ovoid, pointed, flattened,
about j' long, with three pairs of chestnut-brown ovate acute pubescent caducous scales
closely imbricated in two ranks, increasing in size from without inward. Bark l'-l|'
320
TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
thick, smooth, dark brown, and more or less thickly covered and roughened by irregular
wart-like excrescences or by long ridges also found on the large branches. Wood heavy,
rather soft, not strong, coarse-grained, clear light yellow, with thick lighter-colored sap-
wood; used for fencing and in the manufacture of cheap furniture.
Distribution. Rocky hills and ridges; New England (rare) to Virginia and westward
to Iowa, eastern North Dakota, southwestern Missouri and northwestern Kansas.
Often planted in some of its forms as a shade and ornamental tree in the towns of the
Mississippi valley and occasionally in the eastern states and in Europe.
Well distinguished by its large dark fruit, Celtis occidentalis is so variable in the shape of
its leaves that two principal varieties are described as follows:
Celtis occidentalis var. canina Sarg. Hackberry.
Celtis canina Raf .
Leaves oblong-ovate, gradually narrowed into a long acuminate point, obliquely rounded
or unsymmetrically cuneate at base, finely serrate, glabrous or rarely pilose along the
midrib and veins below, 2|'-6' long and f-2^' wide; petioles slender, glabrous or rarely
pubescent, !' |' long.
A tree, often 80-100 high; more common than the other forms of Celtis occidentalis.
Distribution. Rich wooded slopes and bottoms, or eastward on rocky ridges; Province
of Quebec to eastern Nebraska, and southward to the coast of Massachusetts, western
New York, southern Ohio, southern Indiana and Illinois, southwestern Missouri, south-
western Oklahoma (Snyder, Kiowa County), and in northwestern Georgia.
Celtis occidentalis var. crassifolia A. Gray. Hackberry.
Celtis crassifolia Lam.
Leaves thicker, long-acuminate, obliquely rounded at base, usually more coarsely ser-
rate, rarely nearly entire, rough on the upper surface, pilose below along the prominent
midrib and veins, 3|'-5' long, 2'-2|' wide, much smaller in the Rocky Mountain region;
petioles villose-pubescent, rarely glabrous, \'-% in length, much shorter than the pubescent
pedicels of the fruit.
A tree, 100-120 high; with pubescent or glabrous branchlets; rarely shrubby. The
most widely distributed form of Celtis occidentalis.
Distribution. Wooded slopes and rich bottoms; Virginia and along the Appalachian
Mountains to North Carolina and westward to southern Minnesota, Missouri, central
TJLMACE.E
Kansas, eastern and northwestern Oklahoma, central Nebraska, North and South Da
kota, canons of the Big Horn Mountains, Wyoming, and northwestern Idaho, and south
ward to Dallas County, Alabama, and eastern Texas.
Fig. 291
Often cultivated in towns of the Mississippi Valley and in western Europe, and occa-
sionally in the eastern states.
2. Celtis Douglasii Plan. Hackbeny.
Celtis rugulosa Rydb.
Leaves broadly ovate to oblong-ovate, acuminate, obliquely rounded or unsymmetrically
subcordate at base, coarsely serrate, rough on the upper surface, pale and covered below
Fig. 292
with a network of reticulate veinlets inconspicuous early in the season, later becoming
prominent, glabrous or sparingly pilose along the under side of the stout midrib and pri-
322
TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
mary veins, 2'-2|' long, l'-2' wide; petioles stout, slightly pubescent, \'-\' in length.
Flowers on slender, pubescent pedicels; calyx divided into five linear acute scarious lobes
laciniately cut at apex; torus hoary-tomentose. Fruit on slender drooping slightly pu-
bescent or glabrous pedicels, \'-\' in length, subglobose to ellipsoid, light orange-brown,
lustrous, \' in diameter.
A small tree or shrub rarely more than 20' high, with slender slightly pubescent or gla-
brous red-brown branchlets marked by small pale lenticels, becoming ashy gray in their
second or third year. Bark rough, red-brown or gray.
Distribution. Dry hillsides and rocky river banks; eastern Oregon from the valley of
the Deschutes and Columbia Rivers to the canon of Snake River, Whitman County,
Washington, and to Big Willow Creek, Canon County, western Idaho; on the western foot-
hills of the Wasatch Mountains, in the canon of Grand River, and in Diamond Valley,
Utah; southern California, near Independence, Inyo County, Hackberry Canon, Kern
County, and Things Valley at base of Laguna Mountain, near Campo, southern San
Diego County; on Cedros Island, and in northern Lower California; rim of the Grand
Canon, Arizona, and on the eastern foothills of the Rocky Mountains of Colorado.
Occasionally planted in the towns of western Washington, and when cultivated said to
grow in good soil into a larger and more shapely tree with thinner leaves.
3. Celtis Lindheimeri K. Koch. Palo Blanco.
Celtis Helleri Small.
Leaves oblong-ovate, acuminate or acute, cordate or obliquely cordate or rounded at
base, entire, or crenately serrate on vigorous shoots, rough above, pale and clothed below
with white hairs, becoming by midsummer thick and covered below with a conspicuous
network of reticulate veinlets, H'-3' long, f'-2' wide; petioles densely villose-pubescent,
Fig. 293
|'-|' in length. Flowers opening toward the end of March on pubescent pedicels; calyx
divided into five oblong scarious lobes narrowed and rounded at apex; torus tomentose.
Fruit on slender tomentose stems i'-f ' long, ripening in September and persistent on the
branches until spring, subglobose to ellipsoid, dark reddish brown, lustrous, j' in diameter.
ULMACE^E 323
A tree, occasionally 30 high, with a trunk rarely more than 12'-18' in diameter, stout
spreading branches forming a broad open irregular head, and slender pubescent branch-
lets roughened by numerous small lenticels, becoming darker and glabrous in their second
season. Bark of the trunk and large branches dark and covered with high thick wart-like
excrescences and ridges. Wood not strong nor durable, of little value even for fuel.
Distribution. Rich bottom-lands and on low adjacent hills of streams flowing south-
ward from the Edward's Plateau (Goliad, San Antonio, New Braunfels, San Marcos) and
near Austin, Travis County, Texas.
4. Celtis reticulata Torr. Hackberry.
Leaves broadly ovate, acute or acuminate, obliquely rounded at base, entire, thick,
dark green and rough or rarely smooth on the upper surface, yellow r -green and conspicu-
ously reticulate-venulose and sparingly pilose along the prominent midrib and veins on
Fig. 294
the lower surface, lJ'-3' long, f'-l*' wide; petioles stout, \'-\' in length, more or less
densely pubescent. Flowers not seen. Fruit on pubescent pedicels \'-\ r in length, ripen-
ing in September, subglobose to ellipsoid, orange-red or yellow, lustrous, \ r in diameter.
A tree, rarely 30 high with stout ascending branches forming an open irregular head,
and slender red-brown branchlets tomentose or pubescent early in their first season and
pubescent or glabrous in their second year; or often a shrub. Bark thick and rough.
Distribution. Dry limestone hillsides, rocky ridges and canon slopes, western Texas,
from the valley of the upper Rio Frio, Uvalde County, to Oklahoma (Ozark region, near
Page, Le Flore County to the southwestern borders of the state) ; in mountain ravines
through southern New Mexico, and in southern central and northeastern Arizona.
A variety with more pubescent serrate leaves, those on vigorous shoots mostly cordate
at base and covered above with short white hairs, is distinguished as var. vestita Sarg.
A small tree with slender pubescent branchlets and a trunk 12'-15' in diameter. In low
ground, along the North Fork of the Canadian River, near Canton, Blaine County, Okla-
homa.
5. Celtis laevigata K. Koch. Sugarberry. Hackberry.
Celtis mississippiensis Spach.
Leaves oblong-lanceolate, long-pointed and acuminate at apex, unsymmetrically
rounded or cuneate or obliquely cuneate at base, often falcate, entire or furnished with a
few teeth near the apex or serrate (var. Smallii Sarg.), thin, smooth, glabrous or rarely
rough above, light green on both surfaces, 2|'-5' long and f -l' wide, with a narrow yellow
324
TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
midrib, slender veins arcuate and united near the margins, and inconspicuous reticulate
veinlets; petioles slender, glabrous, \'-\' in length. Flowers on slender glabrous pedicels;
calyx divided into five ovate-lanceolate glabrous or puberulous scarious lobes furnished
at apex with tufts of long white hairs. Fruit on glabrous pedicels shorter or slightly longer
than the petioles, ripening in September, short-oblong to ellipsoid or obovoid, orange-
red or yellow, \' in diameter; nutlet slightly rugose.
Fig. 295
A tree, 60-80 high, with a trunk 2-3 in diameter, spreading or pendulous branches
forming a broad head, and slender branchlets light green, glabrous or pubescent when they
first appear, and during their first winter bright reddish brown, rather lustrous and marked
by oblong pale lenticels and narrow elevated horizontal leaf-scars showing the ends of
three fibro- vascular bundles; often much smaller. Winter-buds ovoid, pointed, rV-F
long, with chestnut-brown puberulous scales. Bark \'-\' thick, pale gray and covered with
prominent excrescences. Wood soft, not strong, close-grained, light yellow, with thick
lighter-colored sapwood; commercially confounded with the wood of Celtis occidentalis
and its varieties, and used for the same purposes.
Distribution. Coast of Virginia to the Everglades Keys of southern Florida, through
the Gulf states to the valley of the lower Rio Grande in Nuovo Leon, and through eastern
Texas, Arkansas and Missouri to eastern Oklahoma to the valley of the Washita River
(Zarvin County) and to Kiowa County, eastern Kansas, central Tennessee and Kentucky,
and to southern Illinois and Indiana; in Bermuda.
Often planted as a shade and street tree in the valley of the Mississippi River and in
Texas.
An arborescent form from the rocky banks of the Nueces River, western Texas, with
shorter and thicker leaves is distinguished as var. brachyphylla Sarg.; and a small shrubby
form with oblong-ovate cordate leaves and dark purplish fruit covered with a glaucous
bloom, growing in deep sand in Callihan County, Texas, has been described as var. anomala
Sarg. An Arizona form is
Celtis laevigata var. brevipes Sarg.
Celtis brevipes S. Wats.
Leaves ovate, acuminate, unsymmetrically rounded or cuneate at base, entire or rarely
furnished with occasional teeth, glabrous, dark green and smooth on the upper surface,
yellow-green on the lower surface, with small clusters of pale hairs in the axils of the slen-
der veins, and inconspicuous reticulate veinlets, l^'-2' long, '-!' wide; petioles slender,
ULMACE.E 325
puberulous, i'-i' in length. Fruit on glabrous pedicels shorter or slightly longer than
the petioles, short-oblong, canary yellow, about j' long.
Fig. 296
A small tree with slender glabrous red-brown branchlets.
Distribution. Central and southern Arizona.
More distinct is the common Celtis of western Texas which has been described as
Celtis laevigata var. texana Sarg.
Leaves ovate to lanceolate, acuminate, unsymmetrically rounded or cordate at base,
entire or sparingly and irregularly serrate, often subcoriaceous, dark green, smooth and
granulate or rarely rough above, green below, with a slender midrib and primary veins
glabrous or sparingly villose-pubescent and furnished with small tufts of axillary hairs,
and only slightly raised reticulate veinlets, l'-3' long and f'-lj' wide; petioles slender.
Fig. 297
pale pubescent, '-j' in length. Fruit on glabrous or puberulous pedicels slightly longer
than the petioles, subglobose but rather longer than broad, dark orange-red, about j' long.
An arborescent shrub or small tree rarely more than 25 high, with slender reddish
glabrous or gray-brown pubescent branchlets; often growing in clusters. Bark rough,
pale or grayish and not often covered with wart-like excrescences.
Distribution. Rocky bluffs near Dallas to New Braunfels, Texas, and westward to
326 TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
western Oklahoma, and southern New Mexico; in southwestern Missouri; in Tamaulipas
and Coahuila, Mexico. The common Celtis of the Texas Panhandle.
A shrubby form from Nolan County, Texas, with red-brown branchlets densely pubes-
cent in their first season, becoming puberulous during their second year, and smaller
leaves with more prominent reticulate veinlets, on densely pubescent petioles, is distin-
guished as forma microphylla Sarg.
6. Celtis pumila Pursh.
This shrub of the eastern states is sometimes a small tree in its southern variety,
Celtis pumila var. georgiana Sarg.
Leaves ovate, acute or acuminate, obliquely rounded at base, entire or sharply serrate,
especially on vigorous leading shoots, thin, dark green and rough on the upper surface,
pale and more or less pubescent or nearly glabrous along the midrib and veins below.
H'-2|' long and f'-H' wide; petioles slender, pubescent, |'-j' in length. Flowers on
pubescent pedicels; calyx divided into usually five lanceolate acuminate lobes; the disk
Fig. 298
pubescent. Fruit on pubescent pedicels as long or slightly longer than the petioles, sub-
globose, reddish purple, often covered with a glaucous bloom, \' in diameter; nutlet covered
with conspicuous reticulate ridges.
A shrub or small tree occasionally 30 high, with slender dark red-brown pubescent
branchlets, light red-brown and sometimes bright red-brown before the end of their first
year.
Distribution. Piedmont region of North and South Carolina, central Georgia to western
Florida; and Dallas County, Alabama; in southern Missouri, and southern Illinois.
4. TREMA Lour.
Unarmed trees and shrubs with watery juices and terete branchlets. Leaves alternate,
often two-ranked, serrate, penniveined, three-nerved from the base, short-petiolate, per-
sistent; stipules lateral, free, usually small, caducous. Flowers apetalous, small, monoe-
cious, dioecious or rarely perfect, in axillary cymes; calyx five or rarely four-parted, the
lobes induplicate, valvate or slightly imbricated in the bud, or in perfect flowers more or
less concave and induplicate; stamens five or rarely four, opposite the calyx-lobes and in-
serted on their base, occasionally present in the pistillate flower; filaments short, erect:
anthers oblong, attached on the back near the base, introrse, two-celled, the cells opening
ULMACE^E
327
longitudinally; ovary sessile, rudimentary or wanting in the staminate flower; style cen-
tral, slightly or entirely divided into two linear fleshy stigmatic branches; ovule solitary,
pendulous from the apex of the cell, anatropous; micropyle superior. Fruit drupaceous,
short-oblong to subglobose, crowned by the persistent style; exocarp more or less fleshy:
endocarp hard; seed filling the cavity of the nutlet; testa membranaceous, albumen fleshy,
often scanty; embryo curved or slightly involute; cotyledons narrow; radicle incurved,
ascending.
Trema, with about twenty species, is widely distributed in tropical and subtropical
regions of the two hemispheres. Two species reach the coast region and the keys of
southern Florida. Of these Trema mollis Lour, is a small tree, and Trema Lamarckiana
Bl., which in Florida has been noticed only on Key Largo, where it grows as a small shrub,
is widely distributed over the Bahamas and many of the West Indian islands.
1. Trema mollis Lour.
Trema floridana Britt.
Leaves 2-ranked, ovate, abruptly acuminate at apex, rounded, cordate and often oblique
at base, finely serrate with incurved or rounded apiculate teeth, dark green and scabrate
above, covered with pale tomentum below, 3'-4' long, l'-2' wide; petioles stout, tomen-
Fig. 299
tose, about f ' in length ; stipules narrow, acuminate, covered with long white hairs, about
one third as long as the petioles. Flowers in early spring, subtended by minute scarious
deciduous bracts on short slender pedicels in bisexual many-flowered pedunculate villose
cymes about as long as the petioles; calyx 5-lobed, the lobes oblong, acute and incurved
at apex, villose on the outer surface; staminate with glabrous filaments and slightly ex-
serted yellow anthers; pistillate with a style divided to the base. Fruit short-oblong,
pale yellowish brown, i' 5-' in diameter.
A fast-growing short-lived tree, in Florida occasionally 25-30 high, with a tall trunk
1|'-2|' in diameter, small crowded branches ascending at narrow angles, and stout hoary-
tomentose red-brown 2-ranked branchlets. Bark thin, chocolate-brown, roughened by
numerous small wart-like excrescences, and separating into small appressed papery scales.
Distribution. Rich hummocks; near the shores of Bay Biscayne, in the Everglades, and
328 TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
on the southern keys, Florida; common; often springing up where the ground has been
burned over, or otherwise cleared of its forests; on many of the West Indian islands and in
Mexico.
XH. MORACEJE.
Tree or shrubs, with milky juice, scaly or naked buds, and stalked alternate simple
leaves with stipules. Flowers monoecious or dioecious, in ament-like spikes, or in heads on
the outside of a receptacle or on the inside of a closed receptacle; calyx of the staminate
flower 2-6-lobed or parted; stamens 1-4, inserted on the base of the calyx; calyx of the
pistillate flower of 2-6 partly united sepals; ovary 1-2-celled; styles 1 or 2; ovule pendulous.
Fruits drupaceous, inclosed in the thickened calyx of the flower and united into a compound
fruit (syncarp) . The Mulberry family is widely distributed with fifty-four genera confined
largely to the warmer parts of the world. Three genera only, all arborescent, are indige-
nous in North America, although Broussonetia papyri/era Vent., the Paper Mulberry, a
tree related to the Mulberry and a native of eastern Asia, and the Hop and the Hemp
are more or less generally naturalized in the eastern and southern states.
CONSPECTUS OF THE NORTH AMERICAN GENERA.
Flowers on the outside of the receptacle; buds scaly.
Flowers in ament-like spikes; syncarp oblong and succulent. I. Morus.
Staminate flowers racemose, the pistillate capitate; syncarp dry and globose.
2. Madura.
Flowers on the inside of a closed receptacle; buds naked; syncarp subglobose to ovoid,
succulent. 3. Ficus.
1. MORUS L. Mulberry.
Trees or shrubs, with slender terete unarmed branches prolonged by one of the upper
axillary buds, scaly bark, fibrous roots, and winter-buds covered by ovate scales closely
imbricated in 2 ranks, increasing in size from without inward, the inner accrescent, mark-
ing in falling the base of the branch with ring-like scars. Leaves conduplicate in the bud,
alternate, serrate, entire or 3-lobed, 3-5-nerved at base, membranaceous or subcoriaceous,
deciduous; stipules inclosing their leaf in the bud, lateral, lanceolate, acute, caducous.
Flowers monoecious or direcious, the staminate and pistillate on different branches of the
same plant or on different plants, minute, vernal, in pedunculate clusters from the axils
of caducous bud-scales or of the lower leaves of the year; staminate hi elongated cylin-
dric spikes; calyx deeply divided into 4 equal rounded lobes; stamens 4, inserted opposite
the lobes of the calyx under the minute rudimentary ovary, filaments filiform, incurved in
the bud, straightening elastically and becoming exserted, anthers attached on the back
below the middle, introrse, 2-celled, the cells reniform, attached laterally to the orbicular
connective, opening longitudinally; pistillate sessile, in short-oblong densely flowered
spikes; calyx 4-parted, the lobes ovate or obovate, thickened, often unequal, the 2 outer
broader than the others, persistent; ovary ovoid, flat, sessile, included in the calyx, crowned
by a central style divided nearly to the base into 2 equal spreading filiform villose white
stigmatic lobes; ovule suspended from the apex of the cell, campy lotropous; micropyle
superior. Drupes ovoid or obovoid, crowned with the remnants of the styles, inclosed in
the succulent thickened and colored perianth of the flower and more or less united into
a more or less juicy compound fruit; flesh subsucculent, thin; walls of the nutlet thin or
thick, crustaceous. Seed oblong, pendulous; testa, thin, membranacfeous; hilum minute,
apical; embryo incurved in thick fleshy albumen; cotyledons oblong, equal; radicle ascend-
ing, incumbent.
Morus with eight or nine species is confined to eastern temperate North America, the
elevated regions of Mexico, Central America and western South America, southern and
MOEACE.E
329
western Asia, Indo-China, China, Japan, the Bonin Islands and the mountains of the Indian
Archipelago. Two species occur in North America. The most valuable species, Morut
alba L., a native of China and Formosa, and largely cultivated in many countries for
its leaves, which are the best food of the silkworm, has been planted in large quantities
in the eastern United States; and Morus nigra L., probably a native of Persia, has been
introduced into the southern and Pacific states for its large dark-colored juicy fruit. Morus
produces straight-grained durable light brown or orange-colored valuable wood, and
sweet acidulous and refreshing fruits.
Morus is the classical name of the Mulberry-tree.
CONSPECTUS OF THE NORTH AMERICAN SPECIES.
Leaves coated below with pale pubescence; lobes of the stigma long; syncarp oblong, dark
purple. 1. M. rubra (A, C).
Leaves glabrous or pubescent below; lobes of the stigma short; syncarp subglobose or
short-ovoid, nearly black. 2. M. microphylk (C, E, H).
1. Morus rubra L. Red Mulberry.
Leaves ovate, oblong-ovate or semiorbicular, abruptly contracted into a long broad
point or acute at apex, more or less deeply cordate or occasionally truncate at base, coarsely
and occasionally doubly serrate with incurved callous-tipped teeth, often, especially on
Fig. 300
vigorous young shoots, 3-lobed by broad deep oblique lateral rounded sinuses, when they
unfold yellow-green, slightly pilose on the upper surface and hoary-tomentose on the lower
surface, at maturity thin, dark bluish green, glabrous, smooth or scabrate above, pale
and more or less pubescent below with short white hairs thickest on the orange-colored
midrib, and on the primary veins arcuate and united near the margins and connected by
reticulate veinlets, or sometimes hoary-tomentose below (var. tomentosa Bureau), 3'-5'
long, 2|'-4<' wide; turning bright yellow in the autumn; petioles stout, hoary-tomentose
at first, becoming glabrous, f'-lj' in length; stipules lanceolate, acute, abruptly enlarged
and thickened at base, sometimes tinged with red above the middle, coated with long white
hairs, and often 1' in length. Flowers appearing with the unfolding of the leaves; stami-
nate in narrow spikes 2'-2|' long, on stout light green peduncles covered with pale hairs:
calyx divided nearly to the base into oblong concave lobes rounded at apex and hirsute on
the outer surface; stamens with slightly flattened filaments narrowed from the base to the
apex, and bright green anthers, their connectives orbicular, conspicuous, bright green; pis-
330 TREES OF NORTH AMERICA
tillate in oblong densely flowered spikes, 1' long, on short hairy peduncles, a few male
flowers being sometimes mixed with them; calyx divided nearly to the base into 4 thick
concave lobes rounded at apex, rounded or slightly keeled on the back, the 2 outer lobes
twice as wide as the others, as long as and closely investing the glabrous light green ovary.
Fruit: syncarp at first bright red when fully grown, I'-lj' long, becoming dark purple or
nearly black and sweet and juicy when fully ripe; drupes about -%' long, with a thin fleshy
outer coat and a light brown nutlet; seed ovoid, acute, with a thin membranaceous light
brown coat.
A tree, 60-70 high, with a short trunk rarely exceeding 3-4 in diameter, stout spread-
ing smooth branches forming a dense broad round-topped shapely head, and slender
slightly zigzag branchlets dark green often tinged with red, glabrous, more or less coated
with pale pubescence, and covered with oblong straw-colored spots when they first appear,
becoming in their first winter light red-brown to orange color and marked by pale lenticels
and by large elevated horizontal nearly orbicular concave leaf-scars displaying a row of
prominent fibro-vascular bundle-scars, and in their second and third years dark brown
slightly tinged with red. Winter-buds ovoid, rounded or pointed at apex, \' long, with
6 or 7 chestnut-brown scales, those of the outer rows broadly o^ate, rounded, and slightly
thickened on the back, puberulous, ciliate on the margins, and much shorter than those
of the next rows, the inner scales scarious, coated with pale hairs, oblong-lanceolate,
rounded or acute at apex, and \'-\' long at maturity. Bark \'-\' thick, dark brown tinged
with red and divided into irregular elongated plates separating on the surface into thick
appressed scales. Wood light, soft, not strong, rather tough, coarse-grained, very durable,
light orange color, with thick lighter colored sapwood; largely used for fencing, in cooper-
age, and in boatbuilding.
Distribution. Intervales in rich soil and on low hills; western Massachusetts, Connecti-
cut, and Long Island to southern Ontario, central Michigan, southeastern Minnesota,
eastern Iowa, southeastern South Dakota, eastern Nebraska, central Kansas and Okla-
homa, and southward to the shores of Bay Biscayne and Cape Romano, Florida, and to
the canon of the Devil's River, Valverde County, Texas; most abundant and of its largest
size in the basin of the lower Ohio River and on the foothills of the southern Appalachian
Mountains; ascending to altitudes of 2000.
Occasionally planted, especially in the southern states, for its fruit valued for fatten-
ing hogs and as food for poultry. A few natural varieties, distinguished for the large size
and good quality of their fruit, or for their productiveness, are occasionally propagated by
pomologists.
2. Morus microphylla Buckl. Mulberry. Mexican Mulberry.
Morus celtidifolia Sarg. not H. B. K.
Leaves ovate, acute or acuminate, rounded or rarely truncate, or often on vigorous
shoots cordate at the broad base, and 3-lobed with shall