It may have untapped potential in fighting or preventing disease. But are we getting enough of it in our systems? A panel will discuss whether to increase the recommended daily intake.

Vitamin supplements have been both heralded and hyped over the years, only to ultimately fall from grace once research proves them to be little more than placebos in our quest for longer life or better health. But at least one substance may have true merit -- vitamin D.

Long considered just a supplement consumed with calcium for bone health, this humble vitamin may have untapped potential in fighting or preventing disease, suggests an explosion of new research. Not only has it shown promise in reducing the risk of, among other things, diabetes, pancreatic cancer, breast cancer and cardiovascular disease, but it also seems to improve infertility, weight control and memory.

Two advocacy groups have sprung up in the United States to promote the substance. Food industry executives are exploring ways to fortify more products. And PubMed, an international database of medical literature, shows that 2,274 studies referencing the vitamin have been published -- just this year.

"Vitamin D is one hot topic," says Connie Weaver, a professor of foods and nutrition at Purdue University in Indiana.

Next week, hope and hype may collide. An Institute of Medicine committee will convene in Washington to discuss whether the recommended daily intake of vitamin D and calcium should be increased. There, researchers overwhelmed by the vitamin's potential will square off against skeptics who say much more study is needed before people are urged to take vitamin D supplements. Getting the newly suggested amounts would be difficult otherwise.

For The Record Los Angeles Times Monday, August 03, 2009 Home Edition Main News Part A Page 4 National Desk 1 inches; 28 words Type of Material: Correction Vitamin D: An article in Saturday's Section A about vitamin D referred to the substance in the skin that blocks absorption of ultraviolet rays as melatonin. It's melanin.

The last time guidelines were issued on the vitamin was in 1997, long before an onslaught of scientific information suggested people are getting too little. Currently, the recommended daily intake is 200 to 600 international units with an upper limit of 2,000 IU.

Some researchers are advocating at least 600 IU a day, with an upper limit of 10,000 IU. Giving impetus to this push are the facts that many people seem to be deficient and that the nutrient appears to play a role in many conditions.

Other scientists say it's too soon to urge everyone to take supplements. An influential report released in June by the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality found little conclusive evidence to support increasing the recommended amounts.

"I think there is a consensus that we might benefit from higher vitamin D levels," says James C. Fleet, a professor of foods and nutrition at Purdue University and a longtime researcher on the vitamin and prostate cancer. "But the committee is going to ask whether there is existing scientific evidence that is strong enough to make a change."

Vitamin D has long been known to be crucial to bone and muscle health by improving calcium absorption in the intestines and the way calcium is regulated in bones.

More recent research shows that receptors for it are found in almost every organ and tissue system in the body, suggesting that deficiencies may affect many types of cell functions.

When exposed to sunlight, the skin makes the vitamin, but not everyone spends the five minutes a day or so outside that is necessary for synthesis -- and many more people today wear sunscreen to prevent skin cancer.

"A large portion of people fall into the at-risk category, and they would benefit from being brought out of that category," Fleet says. "The question is: Is the current requirement enough to keep most people out of the at-risk category?"

A study of 13,000 Americans, published in March in the Archives of Internal Medicine, found that 50% to 75% have suboptimal levels by current standards. A level of 20 nanograms per milliliter of 25-hydroxyvitamin D -- the form most commonly measured in blood -- has traditionally been considered sufficient.

Most people 50 and older aren't meeting the current recommendations, Weaver says.

The vitamin is found in relatively few dietary sources -- some fortified foods, such as milk and some cereals, and naturally only in some fatty fish, such as salmon. Three cups of fortified milk provide only 300 IU.

"The largest source is sunshine, but not everyone can depend on that," Weaver says. "The elderly, dark-skinned people, higher-latitude dwellers all have trouble getting enough from sun." In darker-skinned people, melatonin in the skin blocks absorption of the ultraviolet rays needed to make the vitamin; older people don't appear to synthesize it from the sun as well as younger people.

Some scientists argue that levels of 40 to 60 ng/mL would be far better for disease prevention. That would require daily intake much higher than the current 200 to 600 IU.

The July issue of the Annals of Epidemiology(09)X0007-4, devoted to vitamin D research, links the vitamin to lower risks of cancers of the breast, colon, ovaries and prostate. Animal and lab studies also demonstrate its importance in many of the cellular mechanisms that control cancer, such as cell growth, cell death, inflammation and DNA repair.