Do any Torah sources exist which discuss what these hypothetical beings would be like and their status/nature? (eg. Would they be similar to gentiles vis-à-vis their obligation in the Sheva Mitzvot Bnei Noach?)

6 Answers
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In Devorah and Barak's song (upon defeating Sisra), part of the song went as follows (Shoftim 5:23):

'Curse you Meroz,' said the messenger of the Lord, 'curse you bitterly (you) inhabitants thereof,' because they came not to the aid of the Lord, to the aid of the Lord against the mighty.

The Talmud (Mo'ed Kattan 16A - English on page 59 here) brings two opinions of who or what Meroz is. According to one of the opinions, Meroz is the name of a star. So Devorah and Barak are cursing the inhabitants of a star (i.e. aliens) for not coming to their aid in battle.

Hasdai Crescas, the great medieval Jewish philosopher, evoked the words of Psalm 19:2: “The heaven [or skies] declare the glory of God….” The rich cosmic landscape with all of its created wonders, is a testament to the artistry of its Creator...Crescas’ classic work, Ohr Hashem, originally published in Ferrara, Italy in 1555, contains an entire chapter where he maintains that the possibility of life on other planets is not in conflict with Jewish belief and Torah sources.

Rabbi Chisdai Kerashkash, in his book Ohr Hashem (4, 5) explains that the possibility of extra-terrestrial life is not negated anywhere in Torah sources. The Sefer HaIkarim, on the other hand, quoted in Sefer HaBrit (1-3, 4), is of the opinion that there is no life on the stars and planets. The Sefer HaBrit himself argues, and agrees with Rabbi Chisdai. Similarly, the Chidah in Petach Einayim (on Tosafot, Menachot, 37a) is of the opinion that such life does exist.

Here is a link to the Chidah, (but he seems to be discussing two-headed sub-terrestrial human life.)

Here is the Sefer Habrit (Part 1, Ma'amar 3, Chapter 4). Please learn it, since I'm not sure I understood it correctly, but it appears he says that while life may exist, it will not be life we are familiar with. This is because the conditions are different there than they are here on earth. He compares this to sea-life. The Talmud says that everything that exists on dry land exists in the sea as well, but they are not exactly the same form. The ones in the sea may parallel the ones on dry land, but they're different because they live in a different environment.

He continues that it is impossible that there will be human-like aliens with free will, although they might have intellectual capabilities. According to Torah, only man was created with free will, not any creature lower (e.g. animals) or higher (e.g. angels) than him.

The Lubavitcher Rebbe (see here and here) said that “One who declares that there is no life besides on earth is limiting the Creator’s abilities.” And encouraged Professor Velvel Green to continue his work in this area.

The Lubavitcher Rebbe maintains that while life may exist on other planets, intelligent extraterrestrial beings with free choice do not exist. He appears to be differentiating between the capacity for intellect (a single trait) and an intelligent life form (the whole human package). [This may also be a result of a less than perfect translation]

Much like there are animals that can do things that are considered to be human traits, such as speak and use tools, so too there are non-human beings that have intellectual capacities. It is even possible that these non-human beings can surpass human capabilities. Angels, for example, have more intellectual capacities than humans (Maimonides Hilchot Yesodei Hatorah 3:9). However, free choice is a uniquely human capability that sets us apart from the the rest of creation. Free choice, according to Torah, is defining quality of intelligent life.

Free choice is only possible because G-d gave us the Torah. Without free choice, observing Torah and Mitzvot would be a sham. Therefore, when G-d gave us commandments, he gave with it the ability to truly choose whether to do them or not. It is because of the Torah that we have free choice. Since the Torah was only given to the Jewish people here on earth, we must say that any extra-terrestrial being does not have free will.

Civilized Societies are created by intelligent being with free choice. If aliens don't have free choice, they would not have civilizations.

See here for a summmary of the Lubavitcher Rebbe's view by Tzvi Freeman.

@avi: I was referring to the second half of the passuk, "curse you bitterly (you) inhabitants thereof"
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MenachemAug 2 '11 at 6:42

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If the inhabitants of Meroz do not have freewill then it was not their fault that they didn't come. So why the curse??
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Dov FJun 27 '12 at 19:47

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@DoubleAA: Non-Jews have free choice because they too are subject to Torah commandments, namely The Seven Noahide Laws, which were also given specifically to the people here on Earth.
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BaruchJul 2 '12 at 19:27

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@DoubleAA: The Seven Noahide Laws were given to Noah and his descendants, who were the only people on Earth after the flood.
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BaruchJul 3 '12 at 14:57

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@DoubleAA: The only assumptions in my answer are that aliens don't have free will, which is sourced, and that free will is required to be Jewish, which is in the same source. Whether Non-Jews have free will is a separate question.
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BaruchJul 3 '12 at 17:18

Although the Pentateuch does not seem to make any mention of extraterrestrial life, some places in Nevi'im and Ketuvim may be understood to be making reference to Extraterrestrial life. One instance is in Shoftim 5:23,

'Curse ye Meroz', said the angel of the LORD, 'Curse ye bitterly the inhabitants thereof, because they came not to the help of the LORD, to the help of the LORD against the mighty.'

Meroz is identified in the Talmud (Moed Kattan 16a) as (according to one opinion) a star or celestial body,

...מרוז איכא דאמרי גברא רבה הוה ואיכא דאמרי כוכבא הוה...

Based on one understanding of this opinion's reading of the pasuk it would seem that Meroz is inhabited/contains a civilization who would be capable of aiding the Jewish people in battle.

Various Kabbalistic works (whose translation and discussion are out of my scope) make mention of the possibility of Extraterrestrial life as do a number of medieval Jewish philosophers. For more on this see below.

Regarding what the status of these being would be and their obligation in the Sheva Mitzvot Bnei Noach, Sefer Habrit tells us, 'we should not expect these beings to resemble life on our earth, just as life of the sea does not resemble that of the land' and it seems clear that they would not be obligated in the Sheva Mitzvot Bnei Noach being that they were not commanded in them and are not descendants of Noach.

Rabbi Aryeh Kaplan wrote a phenomenal piece on this topic which lays out all the sources and philosophical implications of Extraterrestrial Life (ie. aliens) called "On Extraterrestrial Life" which was originally published in Intercom Magazine in 1972 and again published posthumously as part of "The Aryeh Kaplan Reader" (here is a link to Google Books) and is available online here.

I strongly recommend reading it if you are interested in this topic, but here is a basic synopsis of the 3 main opinoins:

Rav Chasdai Crescas in his work, Or HaShem, comes to the conclusion that there is nothing in Jewish theology to preclude Extraterrestrial Life.

Rav Yosef Albo disagrees with this concept and states that it is theologically impossible for Extraterrestrial Life to exist.

Sefer Habrit takes a middle road in stating that Extraterrestrial Life certainly exists, but that it does not posses free will (although the beings may be intelligent). He adds that we should not expect these beings to resemble life on our earth, just as life of the sea does not resemble that of the land.

In the article Rabbi Kaplan lays out the foundations to answering your question by discussing the nature of free will and how it relates to these hypothetical Extraterrestrial beings.

Similar to several answers above: there was a Jewish biologist who consulted for NASA when they were concerned about viruses being brought back by astronauts and the like. He said he spoke with Rabbi Menachem Mendel Schneurson, the 7th Lubavitcher Rebbe, about extraterrestrial life. The Rebbe said that sentient beings would be theologically problematic, but all other sorts of life forms were most certainly possible. "And don't say they can't exist, because then you're claiming there's something G-d can't do!"

Traditionally no, however a alien inclined reading of the Bible, could lead one to believe that the "Nephilim" (נְפִילִים) and "Anakim" (ענקים) might be aliens, or other races of humans. They are treated as goyim and not animals.

However, the alien life forms so far discovered by science all fall under the halachic category of 'non-existent' since they can not be seen with the naked eye :)

The Sheva Mitzvot of Bnei Noach are for the decendants of Noach, so unless the aliens were first offspring of Noach and then moved to another planet, then no, aliens would not need to keep Sheva Mitzvot. If they are in a similar image to Noach, it might be a good idea to teach them the Sheva Mitzvot though :-P

I love the research you have done. I'm interested in the fact that my rabbi says that to believe in aliens is non-religious and goes against the Torah: I say it doesn't, because in many instances, such as in Ezekiel, it mentions some sort of, I'm assuming, beings in a craft telling to take measurements — and also in Enoch. And I do believe that in Song of Solomon it is written that he possessed a flying machine referred to as a "carpet", which is an analogam, as that term was used widely in the Middle East in those days to describe these flying machines.

While some of this post does serve as a partial answer to the question asked, so I'll leave it in place, it also contains a question, which belongs not here but (if anywhere) as a new question. Anyway, welcome to the site; I hope you stick around and enjoy it. You might want to check out the faq and to register your account: both will allow you to enjoy the site's features better.
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msh210♦Nov 8 '11 at 16:50