'Trends 2005' by the Pew Research Center

A new survey of the core values of the American public has found that beliefs about national security are now twice as important as economic, social or religious values in shaping people's partisan identification. Five year ago, these national security attitudes barely registered as a correlate of partisanship.

The findings from a survey of 2,000 Americans are presented in “Trends 2005,” a new reference book published by the Pew Research Center.

Pew polling found that differing views about the war in Iraq and about the best way to combat terrorism in the post-September 11 era are principally responsible for creating a huge 44 percentage point partisan gap in national security attitudes. Republicans are now more hawkish and Democrats more dovish than at any time in the past two decades.

The survey also found that partisan gaps in basic attitudes toward government – a key point of difference between Democrats and Republicans for generations – have narrowed, a change driven largely by a growing pro-government sentiment among traditionally anti-government Republicans.

The book examines current developments and long-term trends in politics, religion and public life; the media; the growing Hispanic population; state policy; and national and global public opinion.

It is the first publication of the Pew Research Center, a independent, non-partisan, Washington, DC-based “fact tank” established last year by the Pew Charitable Trusts, a Philadelphia-based public charity, to house six previously separate information projects.

The book contains seven chapters and more than 150 tables, charts, graphs and maps. The chapters are listed below.

The American Public: Opinions and Values in a 51%-48% Nation

In our December, 2004 “values” survey, a 44 percentage point partisan gap divided the public on the question of whether peace is best achieved through military force (the dominant Republican view) or diplomacy (the dominant Democratic view). In 1999, that gap was just 16 percentage points.

Notwithstanding this sharp partisan divide over national security, the new Pew survey found that fundamental American values still reflect a mix of both consensus and contention; there is, for example, broad public agreement about the importance of religion, the power of the individual and the need for environmental protection.

Religion & Public Life: A Faith-Based Partisan Divide

While national security is now the most influential political value, religious practice has become the most important demographic characteristic in shaping electoral behavior. Despite the fact that the great majority of Americans are religious and believe in God, whether a person regularly attends church correlated much more strongly with his or her vote for president last year than did such demographic characteristics as gender, age, income or region.

Historically, religious fissures in the political arena tended to occur along denominational lines, but in the modern era they play out by level of religious commitment. Those who are more churchgoing tend to be Republicans; those who are less churchgoing tend to be Democrats.

Media: More Voices, Less Credibility

In the past two decades, the public has lost more confidence in the media than in any other major institution in American society – including government, business, religion, education, the military and others.

Increasingly, the public can now turn to news outlets that reflect their own ideology and political beliefs. Republicans, in particular, are turning more to the Fox News Channel. But the new and greater variety of choices – on television, in print, and on the internet –has not stemmed the media's credibility problems.

Internet: The Mainstreaming of Online Life

On a typical day at the end of 2004, 70 million American adults logged onto the internet, a 37 percent increase over the number who did so in 2000.

The basic ways that people use this revolutionary and versatile technology have remained fairly constant over the past five years; for most people, the net functions primarily as a mail pigeon, then a library, then an amusement park, then a shopping center.

Hispanics: A People in Motion

At the end of 2004, 40.4 million Hispanics lived in this country, 14 percent of the total U.S. population. Latinos are now not only the nation's fastest-growing minority group, but also its largest. Latino immigrants have birth rates twice as high as those of the rest of the U.S. population, foretelling a sharp increase ahead in the percentage of Latinos who will be in schools and the work place. Between now and 2020, Latinos are expected to account for about half the growth of the U.S. labor force.

States: Policy Innovation Amid Fiscal Constraint

On issues ranging from health care to education to the environment to stem cell research to gay marriage, states are embarking on a different policy course from that of the federal government. They are being driven sometimes by ideology and often by fiscal pressure.

The familiar red state/blue state map that portrays stark divisions in the presidential electorate doesn't work nearly as well at the next level down of government. Some blue states have red governors and vice versa; and state legislatures are evenly-matched in their partisan makeup.

Global Opinion: The Spread of Anti-Americanism

After a brief uptick following the September 11 attack, opinions about the United States have fallen precipitously in nearly every corner of the globe. Anti-Americanism is deeper and broader now than at any time in modern history, fueled by a perception that the U.S. acts only in its own interests and is indifferent to those of other nations.

Even though people around the world are increasingly distrustful of U.S. foreign policy motives, these same publics believe the world is safer because no single nation can challenge the U.S. militarily.

The Pew Research Center is made up of the following six projects: the Pew Research Center for the People & the Press; Stateline.org; the Pew Internet & American Life Project; the Pew Forum on Religion & Public Life; the Pew Hispanic Center; and the Pew Global Attitudes Project. All six projects contributed to this reference book.

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