Pluribus Networks Inc. isn’t the only startup vying to change the way computers exchange data. But the company hopes to distinguish itself with a hefty funding round that adds big names to what already is an eminent investor list.

The Silicon Valley company on Wednesday is announcing a $50 million infusion led by Temasek Holdings, a government-controlled firm in Singapore that attracted attention recently for its lucrative investment in Alibaba Group Holding Ltd. Another prominent participant is Ericsson, the big Swedish telecommunications-equipment...