which of the following substances increases the amount of glucose available in the blood?

Norepinephrine, Glucagon , Epinephrine

Pituitary gland secretes what

growth hormone

pancreas secretes what?

Insulin and glucagon

Thyroid gland secrets what?

Thyroid hormone

Adrenal glands secrets what?

epinephrine and norepinephrine

Epinephrine targets where?

heart, blood vessels, brain and lungs

Insulin targets what?

adipose tissue and muscle cells

Growth hormone targests what?

most cells

____ immunity does not require a previous encounter with a pathogen

Non specific

Identify the nutrients that play a role in immune health

Vitamin B12, Folate and Vitamin A

An individual and HIV and incresed risk of food borne illness, famine and increased rate of infections, impaired wound healing due to citamin c deficiency are all part of nutritional staus that affects...

immune system

immunoglobulins are also known as ..

antibodies

A deficiency of __ ___ __ negatively affects skin health.

niacin, essential fatty acids, zinc

Bacterial eye infections are common in developing countries , often as a result of a deficiency of which nutrient?

Iron

Intestinal cells form an important barrier to invading microorganisms by 1. 2. 3.

Forming a mucosal layer, producing immunoglobulins, being packed closely together

In the intestinal cells, what binds to invading microorganisms and prevents them from entering the bloodstream

Immunoglobulins

Diarrheal disease can result from deficiencies of...

Protein, zinc and vitamin a

this worsens nutritional status

True or false : adequate nutrition is necessary to protect the health of the intestinal tract

true

____ is a packaging site for proteins used in the cytoplasm or exported from the cell

The Golgi Complex

enzymes are made of

protiens

Lingual Lipase and Salivary amylase are two components of the liquid called___, which is produced by glands in the mouth

saliva

Lymph contains what three parts?

Plasma, dietary fats, white blood cells

Vitamins and minerals suppport metabolism by..

contributing to enzyme activity

when a nutrient requires a carrier protein and energy in order to be absorbed, this is called

active absorption

which of the following are involuntary processes? chewing, absorption, breathing, swallowing?

absorption, breathing

the primary treatment for gallstones is

surgical removal of the gallbladder

In contrast to the small intestine, the large intestine...

lacks villi, has increased bacterial action, lacks digestive enzymes (the large intestine is NOT longer in length)

List the necessary nutrients to protect the health of the intestinal tract.

Folate, Vitamin c, protein

The chemical breakdown of starch that occurs in the mouth is due to the enzyme action of ..

Amylase.

Pepsin breaks down...

Protein

Identify the organs that work together to maintain the acid-base balance of the blood

lungs

kidneys

name roles of the endocrine system

maintain water balance

produce hormones

plays a mojor role in the regulation of metabolism

Fat-soluble nutrients are absorbed into the

Lymphatic system.

Norepinephrine is..

involved in hunger regulation,

released in times of stress,

a hormone

Kidneys, bladder, ureters make up the .... system

urinary

why would drinking milk and cream not be good treatment for the relief of ulcer pain

Calcium in milk and cream stimulates acid production

There is very little absorption of nutrients in the stomach except for some...

alcohol

What cellualar structure houses DNA

nucleus

The large vein that carries blood containig absorbed nutrients from the gastrointestinal tract directly to the liver for metabolism before nutrients are circulated to the rest of the body is known as...

Portal circulation

Increasing fiber and fluid consumption is adequate to correct mild cases of

constipation

Two organs the produce most of the digestive enzymes

Pancreas and the small intestine

___ are the chemical messengers of the boyd

Hormones

True of False: Hormones are available only to certain receptor proteins

True

Carbohydrates three main functions?

Cell to celll communication, immune defense, cellular identity

Transporting absorbed nutrients to the liver to be processed before being released into the general bloodstream is referred to as

portal circulation

The brain relies on __for energy

glucose

The excahnge of nutrients, oxygen, and waste products between the blood and the cells throughout the body occurs accross the cells lining the....

capillaries

The role of benefical bacteria in the large intetine is to ...

metabolize undigested food

make vitamin k and biotin

Identify genetic variations that increase the risk of cardiovascular disease.

A delay in the removal of cholesterol from the blood, high levels of homocysteine in the blood

True or false: for the treatment of irritable bowel syndrome, insoluble fiber is more effective than soluble fiber.

FALSE.

___ metabolism can take place in the cytoplasm of the cell,

anaerobic

___ metabolism take place in the mitochondria

aerobic

Peroxisomes contain the enzyme __ which neutralizes hydrogen peroxide in the cell.

catalase

What type of nutrients are absorbed into the hepatic portal vein and eventually to the liver before they enter the general circulation