2. The extracellular fluid (ECF) consists of the
a. plasma and lymph.
b. interstitial fluid.
c. cerebrospinal fluid.
d. all of the above
e. A and B only

4. When water is lost, but electrolytes are retained,
a. the osmolarity of the ECF falls.
b. osmosis moves water from the ICF to the ECF.
c. both the ECF and the ICF become more dilute.
d. there is an increase in the volume of the ICF.
e. both B and D

5. When pure water is consumed,
a. the ECF becomes hypertonic to the ICF.
b. a fluid shift occurs and the volume of the ICF decreases.
c. osmolarities of the two fluid compartments fall.
d. the volume of the ECF decreases.
e. the volume of the ICF decreases.

6. Consuming a meal high in salt will
a. drastically increase the osmolarity of the blood.
b. result in a temporary increase in blood volume.
c. decrease thirst.
d. cause hypotension.
e. activate the renin-angiotensin mechanism.

8. Aldosterone
a. is secreted in response to elevated levels of potassium in the blood.
b. promotes sodium retention in the kidneys.
c. helps decrease blood volume and lower blood pressure.
d. A, B, and C
e. A and B only

9. Which of the following will stimulate thirst?
a. drying the mucosa of the mouth and pharynx
b. angiotensin II acting on the hypothalamus
c. an increase in the osmotic pressure of interstitial fluid within the hypothalamus
d. A and B only
e. A, B, and C

36. The most common problems with electrolyte balance are caused by an imbalance between gains and losses of
a. calcium ions.
b. chlorine ions.
c. potassium ions.
d. sodium ions.
e. electrons.

37. The release of atrial naturetic peptides from the heart will cause the body to
a. conserve sodium ions.
b. decrease ECF.
c. excrete sodium ions.
d. both A and B
e. both B and C

38. Angiotensin II produces a coordinated elevation in the ECF volume by
a. stimulating thirst.
b. causing the release of ADH.
c. triggering the production and secretion of aldosterone.
d. both A and B
e. A, B, and C

39. Which of the following descriptions best fits the acid-base disorder metabolic alkalosis?
a. consequence of hyperventilation, for example in fever or mental illness
b. consequence of prolonged vomiting
c. consequence of reduced alveolar ventilation, for example due to COPD
d. consequence of tissue hypoxia, for example in ischemic conditions

40. A chemical that minimizes changes in the pH of a body fluid by releasing or binding hydrogen ion is called a(n)
a. electrolyte.
b. acid.
c. alkali.
d. compensation.
e. buffer.

41. Secretion of potassium into the urine is
a. increased by aldosterone.
b. associated with the reabsorption of sodium from the distal tubules and collecting ducts.
c. minimal because the human diet includes very little potassium.
d. A, B, and C
e. A and B only

42. To reduce brain swelling by pulling water out of brain cells, a substance can be injected intravenously to increase the osmotic pressure of interstitial fluid. Which of the following properties can this substance not have in order to be effective?
a. permeable to capillary endothelium
b. nontoxic to neurons
c. permeable to brain plasma membranes
d. impermeable to brain plasma membranes
e. soluble in water

43. Which of the following descriptions best fits the acid-base disorder respiratory acidosis?
a. consequence of hyperventilation, for example in fever or mental illness
b. consequence of prolonged vomiting
c. consequence of reduced alveolar ventilation, for example due to emphysema
d. consequence of tissue hypoxia, for example in ischemic conditions

44. When the pH of the extracellular fluid drops, the
a. kidneys excrete more hydrogen ions.
b. kidneys excrete more bicarbonate ions.
c. kidneys excrete fewer bicarbonate ions.
d. A and B only
e. A and C only

45. Which of the following descriptions best fits the acid-base disorder respiratory alkalosis?
a. consequence of hyperventilation, for example in fever or mental illness
b. consequence of prolonged vomiting
c. consequence of reduced alveolar ventilation, for example due to COPD
d. consequence of tissue hypoxia, for example in ischemic conditions