Sameer Jahabarali Biology Unit 5 Module 2- Biotechnology and Gene TechnologiesClones are identical copies that describe: genes, cells, organs and organisms which carries the same geneticinformation. There are two types of cloning: Non-reproductive (or therapeutic) cloning is the process that generates identical: cells, tissues and organs. It is widely useful in medicine to replace damaged tissues (nervous tissues for multiple sclerosis) and organs (kidney for renal transplant) as: Is genetically identical to the patient, there is lower chance of rejection from the body Shorten waiting list for organ donations They are totipotent (any cell can be created) Using cloned cells is less dangerous than most operations (e.g. heart transplant) Reproductive cloning is the process that generates new, identical organisms. This may include: Vegetative propagation (natural) is where plants like the elm tree, reproduce as-sexually when damaged, using: root sucker, basal sprouts or runners. This enables elm's to spread and grow all around the original trunk in to a clonal patch (area of colonisation) of new elms, when the tree is stressed (e.g. felled as part of coppice cycle) or the trunk dies. Tissue culture (artificial) is when large amount of identical plants are generated from a small amount of plant material. One of the methods includes micropropagation by callus, whereby: An explant (small piece of tissues from the shoot tip) is taken to be cloned The explant is than placed on a nutrient growth medium The cells divide in to a callus (mass of undifferentiated cell) After several week, a single callus is placed in a shoot growth medium (contains hormones) A further few week later, the growing shoots will be transferred in to a root growth medium (contains different hormones concentrations) The growing plants are than transferred in to a greenhouse to be acclimatised and grown further It is than planted outsideClones in agriculture have been done for many years to artificially propagate valuable plant (plant withadmirable characteristics). It has been carried out through: Cuttings- a section of a plant is cut at the nodes (leaf joints). The stem is than treated with plant hormones, to encourage root growth. The stem is than planted and will grow in to a clone of the original parent plant

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Sameer Jahabarali Biology Unit 5 Module 2- Biotechnology and Gene Technologies Grafting- a shoot section of a woody plant (fruit tree or a rose bush) is planted joined to an already growing root or stem (root stock). The graft will grow identical to the parent plant, but the root stock will remain genetically different.…read more

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Sameer Jahabarali Biology Unit 5 Module 2- Biotechnology and Gene Technologies BiotechnologyBiotechnology is the industrial use of living organisms (or parts of living organisms) to produce food, drugsor other products.…read more

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Sameer Jahabarali Biology Unit 5 Module 2- Biotechnology and Gene Technologies Adsorption- enzymes bind to adsorbing agents (clay, glass beads, resin and porous carbon) by a combination of hydrophobic interaction and ionic bonds. Gives high reaction rates as active site is unchanged, however high leakage form as enzyme can easily become detached. Covalent bonding- enzymes are covalently bonded together and to a insoluble material (clay) using a cross linking agent (gluteraldehyde or sepharose).…read more