5 Direct selling 2 FICCI With a developing economy, and growing consumerism, various store and non-store formats have evolved to cater to the growing retail sector in India. The direct selling market at INR72 billion ( ) is one of the fastest growing non-store retail format, recording a double digit growth of more than 20 per cent over the past five years. The growing Indian market has attracted a large number of local and foreign direct selling companies. Though direct selling is a relatively new industry in India, in less than two decades it has provided self-employment opportunities to more than 5 million people, out of which nearly 60 per cent are women. Besides providing additional income opportunities to direct sellers, the industry also generates direct employment. Majority of the direct selling companies outsource production, packaging and distribution of their products, thus generating direct employment across the value chain while enabling the development of the SME sector. The industry also contributes to the exchequer and in alone the industry generated INR10 billion in taxes. Many direct selling companies have been in the forefront by actively contributing towards social activities. However, there has been a lack of clarity on the legislations governing this industry. We strongly believe that a clear distinction between fraudulent companies and legitimate businesses should be drawn. We at the direct selling sub-committee give professional insight into the issues pertaining to this labour intensive direct selling industry. The sub-committee within itself has an advisory board of neutral and experienced people. My colleague, at FICCI worked as a connectors between the industry and the researchers and adhered to quality and the timeline. I would like to express my gratitude to KPMG in India for this report. FICCI is hopeful that this report can provide insights and actionable recommendations for putting together a conducive legal environment for the industry. Dr. A. Didar Singh Secretary General, FICCI KPMG in India Direct selling is one of the oldest, most traditional forms of selling globally, involving a direct interaction between the seller and the buyer. Today, it is a successful industry operating in over 100 countries with a market size of USD167 billion. The direct selling industry in India is estimated to be INR72 billion ( ), and forms only around 0.4 per cent of the total retail sales. This is far lower than other comparable economies (one-half of China and one-tenth of Malaysia). With growth in consumer markets and increase in its penetration to globally comparable levels, the industry has the potential to reach a size of INR 645 billion by In India, the industry has contributed significantly to women s empowerment, skill development, technology percolation and the growth of the SME sector, besides contributing to the exchequer. In addition, the industry also provides a viable form of alternative income, which promotes selfemployment. Over five million people are already associated with the industry as direct sellers. With the success of the industry, which relies on individuals to accomplish sales, a number of fraudulent businesses have also tried to emulate the form, but with malicious intentions and outcomes. This has impacted the industry, which recognises this as one of the biggest challenges to its growth. There is a need to revisit existing laws and bring about regulatory clarity to build an environment of trust in order to reap multiple benefits that the industry has to offer. Rajat Wahi Partner and Head Consumer Markets

6 3 Direct selling Executive summary

7 Direct selling 4 What is direct selling Direct selling refers to the selling of goods and services to consumers who are away from a fixed retail outlet, generally at their homes, workplace, etc., through an explanation, and demonstration of the product by sellers. It is one of the oldest modes of sales, and is similar to the traditional consumer goods retail model. History and evolution of direct selling The modern direct selling industry can be considered to have pioneered in the USA, with the establishment of Avon in With the success of this model, involving lower sales, and distributions costs and greater direct interaction with the consumer, the portfolio of products swelled to include cosmetics, personal care, household goods, accessories and other products, over time. The movement was supported by the engagement of women as direct sellers, who considered this opportunity as a means of empowerment and self-reliance. The introduction of the multi-level marketing compensation plans (MLM plans) opened another chapter in the evolution of direct selling. Introduced in the mid-twentieth century, the plan for the first time enabled consumers to benefit from the success by providing them the option to become a direct selling partner of the business. MLM plans became widely accepted and a large number of companies adopted the same including global majors like; Avon, Tupperware and Amway. Source: 9 July 2014, KPMG in India analysis The success of MLM compensation plans however, led to a number of fraudulent money circulation schemes globally. The scammers posed as direct selling enterprises to gain from the popularity of the direct selling MLM plans. It has taken significant time in different economies to distinguish between the two, and recognise direct selling as a legitimate business model. Acknowledging the importance of direct selling as a sales and distribution model and its potential for promoting self-employment, governments across the globe have taken firm steps to distinguish it from artificial money circulation and Ponzi schemes. This has primarily been done either (a) by introducing specific legislations to govern the direct selling industry, or (b) by recognising direct selling as a rightful business model within existing consumer laws. The industry also self-regulates by creation of specific and stringent guidelines for its members, which are governed by local associations accredited by a global association. Today, direct selling is a US167 billion (2012) industry globally, engaging over 89 million direct sellers. Asia-Pacific forms the largest direct selling market with a share of 44 per cent followed by North America, Central and South America (20 per cent share, each) and Europe (15 per cent).

8 5 Direct selling 2012 Source: WFSDA, KPMG in India analysis Direct selling in India Modern direct selling can be considered to have been kick-started in India in 1980s. The industry witnessed major growth post-liberalisation with many global players entering the Indian market. Amway was one of the first major global direct selling companies to enter India in the year 1995, which was followed by companies like; Avon, Oriflame and Tupperware in Around the same time Modicare was one the first few Indian companies to adopt this channel of distribution. 1 Today, the direct selling market in India is estimated to be around INR72 billion. 1 Our interactions with industry stakeholders suggest that the industry has also created a positive impact on several other social and economic parameters: a. Additional income opportunities: Direct selling provides additional income opportunities to a large number of people and promotes micro-entrepreneurship. Currently, over 5 million direct sellers are estimated to be engaged with the industry, and are projected to grow further with the growth of the industry. In addition to providing income opportunities, direct selling also imparts transferable skills in sales and management, which can be used outside the direct selling industry, as well. b. Women empowerment: Direct selling offers self-employment opportunities to a large number of people, especially women. Direct selling gives women the flexibility to manage their time and balance their work and personal lives. The industry in FY13 is estimated to have provided self-employment to 3.4 million female distributors. Many companies work towards the empowerment of women. c. Development of the SME sector: Many direct selling companies rely on SMEs for manufacturing their products. In a lot of cases, the direct selling companies impart the manufacturing know-how, technology and processes to enable the SMEs to produce excellent products. Many direct selling companies also invest in providing the right equipment and machines to the SMEs for production. Driven by these initiatives, several SMEs have now developed capabilities to cater to the needs of other MNCs and have commenced supplying to them, in the process promoting India as a manufacturing destination. d. Employment generation: Besides providing additional income opportunities to direct sellers, the industry also generates a large number of jobs. Majority of the direct selling companies outsource production, packaging and distribution of their products, thus generating direct employment across the value chain. e. CSR initiatives: In terms of responsibilities towards society, direct selling companies have been in the forefront. Many of the companies involved in direct selling actively contribute towards social activities. Avon s Breast Cancer Crusade and Amway s Sunrise project for education are well known for their social impact. 1. IDSA, PHD Chamber, ICREAR, Direct Selling News, Industry Discussions

9 Direct selling 6 f. Contribution to the government exchequer: The operating model for direct selling generates tax contributions to the government across its value chain. Total tax contribution by the direct selling industry to the government in FY13 alone is estimated to be INR10 billion. This includes direct and 1 Immense market potential of INR 645 billion... Direct selling market size in India indirect tax contributions through corporate income taxes, import duties and VAT. Going forward, the industry has the potential to create a significant social and economic impact in India. Our estimates suggest that the industry has the potential to reach a size of 2 Self-employment opportunities INR645 billion by 2025, driven by growth in consumer markets and increase in the penetration of direct selling to globally comparable levels. This could however be contingent on creating an enabling environment for the industry, and mitigation of some of the challenges it is facing today....offering self-employment opportunities to 18 million Source: IDSA, PHD Chamber of commerce and industry, KPMG in India analysis 3 With the potential to economically empower ~11 million women Women empowerment Source: IDSA, PHD Chamber of commerce and industry, KPMG in India analysis 4 Tax...and the ability to contribute INR 90 billion to the exchequer Source: IDSA, PHD Chamber of commerce and industry, KPMG in India analysis 5.. with CSR contribution of INR 0.5 billion Source: IDSA, PHD Chamber of commerce and industry, KPMG in India analysis 6 and employment to 2.5 million people

10 7 Direct selling Challenges: Direct selling in India Similar to the traditional consumer industries, the direct selling industry faces challenges in setting-up manufacturing facilities, dealing with import duties, etc. A daunting challenge for the direct selling industry in India is lack of regulatory clarity. Due to this, often direct selling companies are mistaken for fraudulent pyramid/ ponzi schemes. States like; Andhra Pradesh, Kerala, Sikkim and union territories like Chandigarh, have on several occasions mistook legitimate direct selling companies with fraudulent players because of absence of required regulatory clarification. Such uncertainty is likely impeding the growth and reputation of direct selling companies in India. In many cases, due to absence of clarity, representatives of the direct selling companies have been harassed by the local police and state governments. Such incidences tend to hinder the growth of the industry and can have an adverse effect on consumer confidence. We recommend the following roadmap that can be considered by the government/regulators in the future to benefit this industry. Source: KPMG in India analysis

11 Direct selling 8 Amendment in the PCMCS Act The PCMCS Act does not explicitly address schemes which involve genuine sale of products or services, but some jurisdictions have attempted to read those situations into the Act. Amendment in the PCMCS Act is needed to make the distinction clear between direct selling (including MLM plans) involving the genuine sale of products, and fraudulent pyramid money circulation schemes. Need to streamline FDI policy The operating structure of many direct selling companies has close proximity to a wholesale cash and carry trade, where products are sold by manufacturers (usually direct selling companies) to distributors entailing sale to end customers. Indian regulators should classify direct selling as a whole sale cash and carry trade with 100 per cent foreign investment under the automatic or government approval route. Need for a clear definition The direct selling model needs to be defined under a specific legislation in India. Moreover, given the numerous social as well as economic benefits of this specialised channel of distribution, direct selling should be given a separate industry status. Need for a governing legislation At present, direct selling falls under the purview of state legislation and is governed by a large number of ministries/ departments at the centre, state and local levels. The multiplicity of regulatory bodies has resulted in multiple regulations governing this sector. These should be streamlined for the smooth performance of this sector. Need for a nodal ministry There is no single nodal ministry at the centre at present and, hence, the grievances of this sector tend to go unheard. Given that the sector is predominantly based on consumer interactions, the Ministry of Consumer Affairs may be appointed as the nodal ministry for the direct selling industry.

12 9 Direct selling How is this report organised? Direct selling market This report provides the reader with an introduction to the direct selling industry both globally and in India. The report highlights the growth drivers, the socio-economic benefits and the potential that this industry holds. It discusses the challenges being faced by the industry and strives to offer potential solutions that may help address the industry challenges. Section 1: This section of the report provides an overview of the global direct selling industry. It begins with the evolution and history of direct selling and highlights that the direct selling industry is a well-established global industry. The section throws light on how the industry, at a global level regulates itself and is regulated by the government. Section 2: This section provides a closer look at the direct selling market in India. It discusses the history of the industry in India and goes on to describe the socio-economic contributions made by the industry through certain case studies. Section 3: The section discusses the opportunity potential of the industry by 2025 and the growth drivers for the direct selling market in India. It also establishes the potential socio-economic benefits that the industry may help generate by Section 4: This section brings out the challenges faced by the direct selling industry in India based on our interactions with various stakeholders in the industry and trade associations. Section 5: This section highlights the need for policy intervention and details out actionable recommendations to create an enabling environment for the industry. Section 6: The last section further segregates the potential direct selling market opportunity across some of the key states.

13 Direct selling 10

14 11 Direct selling Global direct selling market

15 Direct selling 12 Direct selling is essentially the marketing of products and services directly to consumers in a person-to-person manner, away from permanent retail locations. Direct selling is a dynamic and rapidly expanding channel of distribution for the marketing of products and services. While there is no universal definition of direct selling, different countries, associations and individuals have defined the sector differently. It can be broadly understood as the selling of goods and services to the consumers away from a fixed retail outlet, generally in their homes, workplace, etc., through explanation and demonstration of the product by direct sellers. Direct sales generally benefit from the explanation and demonstration of products made by an independent direct salesperson to the consumer. Being a specialised channel of distribution, which is neither wholesale nor retail, it covers both business-to-business and business-toconsumers aspects. Despite its differences, in many ways, direct selling is similar to traditional consumer goods retail. In both cases: the distributors/direct sellers, can earn a commission, when the sale of the product takes place. earning of sales commission may be based on one s own sales as well as on the cumulative sales of the group built by the seller, similar to commissions in traditional sales environments. The similarities between the two formats have been highlighted graphically in Annexure 3. Direct selling v/s Direct marketing Direct selling and direct marketing are often confused to be the same thing and are taken as interchangeable terms. Both terms are actually very different from each other and a clear understanding of the difference will help direct selling maintain its own identity. The crucial difference between both the methods hinge on the mode of publicity that a firm uses to generate awareness in the market. While Direct Marketing uses one or more advertising mediums, Direct Selling relies on direct engagement with the purchaser to generate a specific response or call to action that can be measured. Direct Marketing is a type of advertising in which companies communicate directly to the customers through formats like online advertisements, direct mail, text messaging and telemarketing. Direct Selling on the other hand involves marketing and demonstration of a product or service directly to the customer usually through a personal contact/ relationship with the salesperson. Source: Discussions with National Law School, Bangalore, Industry Discussions

16 13 Direct selling Direct selling, which is an established global industry, evolved in the 1920s and 1930s in the USA. Global direct selling market evolution: Direct selling is a dynamic and rapidly expanding channel of distribution for the marketing of products and services. Direct sales generally depend on the explanation and demonstration made by an independent direct salesperson to the consumer. Being a specialised channel of distribution, it covers both businessto-business and business-to-consumer aspects. Direct selling started with hawkers and peddlers, who travelled great distances to sell unbranded products and services. Doorbells, catalogues and purchase orders were centuries away from the early direct seller who relied on his instincts and common sense to make a living through selling. The early direct seller exchanged pottery, stone weapons, tools, agricultural products and raw materials with people from other lands. 2 They later evolved into independent salesmen who went from door to door and house to house selling branded products in an urbanised environment. 2 Beginning in the mid to late 1800s, direct selling companies were formed in USA offering various products directly to the final consumer. Avon, which today is one of the largest direct selling companies, was established in 1886, initially represented a means for women to earn money and work outside their homes, and by 1920 topped its revenue at USD1 million. 2 Source: The Indian Direct Selling Industry - Annual Surveys, IDSA, Industry Discussions 2. Socio-Economic Impact of Direct Selling, ICREAR

17 Direct selling 14 With the development in the direct selling model, multilevel marketing saw growth 1950 onwards. Development and acceptance: In the mid-1920s estimates of the volume of annual direct sales ranged from USD million. The global market evolved between1920s and 1930s in the USA driven by the need to regulate marketing and distribution costs, and the need for live demonstration for certain products in the absence of technology. The period between1970 and 1990 the direct selling industry saw significant change. The industry started with sale of products like cosmetics and household appliances through the direct selling channel, but after 1970 many direct selling companies diversified their product portfolios to a larger number of products such as household goods, food and wellness products. The period also witnessed improvement in technology. Many new marketing techniques and strategies were developed and new distribution and retail channels emerged; as a result direct selling companies modified strategies to benefit from these technological advancements. Women became a major part of the industry. Many young women who found it difficult to simultaneously manage full time jobs and their families joined the workforce; they also got an opportunity to provide for their families. MLM and its wide-spread use: Nutrilite founded in 1934 adopted the MLM compensation plan in MLM provided the opportunity for product demonstrations, add on sales, new product introductions, customised selling and direct feedback from the customers, but unlike single level marketing, the MLM distributors could create their own business by recruiting and training new distributors under them, creating a down line earning revenue from their own sales and the sales of distributors they enroll. Benefits were earned on the total sales of the Multi Level Network and were shared among everyone who contributed to generating the sale. This marked a major shift in the direct selling industry since the plan for the first time enabled the consumers to benefit from the success of the product by providing them the option to become a direct selling partner of the business. MLM plans became widely accepted and a large number of companies adopted the same, including global majors like Avon, Tupperware and Amway. The 1990s saw a growth in the global direct selling market with major players expanding globally and entering emerging markets like Brazil, China and India. Emulation by ponzi schemes and the need for legislation: With the popularity of MLM, pyramid schemes, a type of fraud, came up posing as MLM programs. This has been a cause of concern for the direct selling industry globally. Several governments around the world have been taking enforcement actions and creating laws to tackle alleged pyramid schemes, including schemes disguised as MLM programs. These laws and enforcement actions draw clear distinctions between legitimate direct selling businesses, where participants earn income based on the sale of products to end user consumers, and illegal pyramid schemes, where compensation is based on recruiting others into the scheme. Today, the customer still benefits from this personal and convenient way of purchasing products. Direct selling, which is more than a century old trading method, is practiced in more than 170 countries and has the status of a global industry.

18 15 Direct selling Global direct selling is currently a USD 167 billion market and employs around 90 million people worldwide. Global Direct Selling Market Size Direct selling is a USD167 billion industry globally. While the industry grew at a low rate of 5.4 per cent in 2012, over 2011 (growth rate of 19.7 per cent), due to global economic slowdown, the long term growth prospects of the industry remain robust. Source: WFSDA website, Date 14 July 2014 Number of Direct sellers The direct selling industry tends to benefit from in-person contact for the demonstration and sale of products, and therefore provides business entrepreneurship opportunities for a large number of people. The opportunities in the industry has more than doubled over the last 11 years ( ), and the number of direct sellers have increased to 89.7 million direct sellers in 2012 from 43.8 million direct sellers in Source: WFSDA website, Date 14 July 2014 Gender-wise participation in the Industry As of 2012, 75 per cent of females were part of the industry. Direct selling has given many women, who found it difficult to work away from home, an alternative earning opportunity in their homes. Thus, enabling them to maintain a work-life balance. Source: WFSDA website, Date 14 July 2014

19 Direct selling 16 Asia Pacific is the largest direct selling region in the world, followed by North America and South & Central America. Major regions, 2012 Asia Pacific Asia Pacific is the largest market for direct selling with a 44 per cent share in the global direct selling market, and has been growing at a CAGR of 11 per cent to reach USD73.2 billion in 2012 from USD59.7 billion in 2010 The direct selling industry in the region engages ~46 million people as direct sellers Japan, China, Korea, Malaysia, Taiwan, Thailand, Australia, Philippines, Indonesia and India are billion dollar markets in the region. Americas Americas account for 40 per cent of the global market and engages ~31 million people as direct sellers USA and Canada are billion dollar markets in North America engaging 16.6 million people as direct sellers South & Central America has been the fastest growing region in the world, growing at a CAGR of 14 per cent between 2010 and Brazil is the largest market in South & Central America capturing 45 per cent share followed by Mexico, Colombia, Venezuela, Argentina and Peru which are also billion dollar markets. Europe, Middle East, Africa Europe accounts for 15 per cent of the global direct selling market, has grown at a CAGR of 4 per cent from 2010 to 2012 and engages ~11 million people as direct sellers Western Europe accounts for nearly 70 per cent of the total market in Europe. France, Germany, Italy, U.K. in Western Europe and Russia are billion dollar markets Middle East and Africa are small markets for direct selling, capturing less than 1 per cent market share. Source: WFSDA, KPMG in India analysis

20 17 Direct selling USA is the largest direct selling market in the world, followed by Japan and China. Major countries, 2012 USA USA is the largest direct selling market in the world and has grown at a CAGR of 5 per cent to reach USD31.6 billion in 2012 from USD28.6 billion in 2010 The direct selling industry in the USA engages about 16 million people as direct sellers The industry comprises of almost 1500 companies including global leaders like Avon, Amway, Tupperware and Mary Kay, many of which are headquartered in U.S. Japan Japan is the second largest direct selling market in the world Japan Consumers Cooperative Union is the largest player in the direct selling market followed by Amway Japan Ltd. and Miki Corp. Single level marketing is the most prevalent direct selling model in Japan; however, for consumer health care multi level marketing is most commonly used. China China s direct selling market size is just behind Japan. It has grown at a CAGR of 22 per cent to reach USD19.9 billion in 2012 from USD13.35 billion in 2010 Amway (China) Co. Ltd., Infitus (China) Co Ltd., and Mary Kay Cosmetics Co. are currently leading the direct selling market in China. Source: WFSDA, KPMG in India analysis

21 Direct selling 18 Cosmetics and personal care is the biggest category capturing 35 per cent share globally in the direct selling market, followed by wellness products and household goods. Product Categories Note: X axis - Market share for 2012; Y axis - Growth per cent over a three period from 2010 to 2012, Size of the bubble represents market size Source: WFSDA, KPMG in India analysis Companies around the world use the direct selling channel to promote, demonstrate and sell a wide range of products across various categories. There are more than 10 different categories of products sold by the global direct selling industry. With time, there has been an evolution in the spending trends globally in favour of cosmetics & personal care products, and the industry has seen tremendous growth. This has also led to increase in sales through the direct selling channel. Cosmetics & personal care is the largest direct selling segment capturing a market of USD 58 billion in 2012 and with a 35 per cent share of the industry revenue, followed by wellness products with a share of 25 per cent and a market size of USD 42 billion. These products benefit from the personal touch offered by direct sellers who are able to demonstrate and explain the benefits of these products. Household goods & durables and clothing & accessories are also significantly large product categories generating revenues of approximately USD 23 billion and USD 15 billion from direct sales globally. Home improvement, utilities, books & stationary are smaller segments, with each of them capturing a market of close to USD 3-5 billion. All these segments have witnessed double digit growth over the three years from 2010 to 2012.

22 19 Direct selling Increasing disposable income and convenience offered by the direct selling model seems to have led to the growth of direct selling. Increase in propensity to spend With education and employment levels increasing in many parts of the world, the number of independent earning individuals is increasing leading to increase in disposable income. This increase in the spending capacity tends to lead to buying of products which are more personalised in nature, aiding the growth of the direct selling industry Increase in the reach of direct selling products The popularity of direct selling seems to have risen with more people recognising the potential of additional income from direct selling and becoming direct selling agents. This has helped in improving the reach of direct selling products Expansion in emerging markets With direct selling companies expanding into emerging markets, the industry has globally witnessed a higher growth rate as these growing economies provide a significant opportunity potential Convenience As a result of evolving lifestyles, people tend to spend less time in traditional shopping and there seems to be an increase in preference for convenience. Direct sellers going from door to door to sell products and services tend to make life easier and provide the convenience of buying goods and services at one s own doorstep Products sold through the direct selling model tend to benefit from the personal touch offered by the sales representatives who are able to demonstrate the potential benefits of the products The direct selling market would likely continue to experience significant growth in the coming years, driven by preference for convenience and the increasing presence of direct selling companies. The industry is supported by direct selling associations around the world that have worked to create appropriate policies, put in place controls and ethical standards and foster governments understanding of the industry Source: WFSDA, IDSA, PHD Chambers Of Commerce, ICRIER, Direct Selling News, Industry Discussions

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Overview of UK retirement market and its evolution 11 March 2013 Julian Webb Head of UK DC & Workplace Savings This material is for investment professionals only and should not be relied upon by private