Earlier this year, Semiconductor Research Corp. (SRC, Research Triangle, N.C.) sponsored research demonstrating a CMOS detector operating in the terahertz range</A>. Now, Texas Instrument's has demonstrated a companion terahertz-range emitter created in cooperation with the SRC-sponsored Texas Analog Center of Excellence at the University of Texas at Dallas. TI's terahertz-range emitter uses a phase-locked loop (PLL) to stabilize its frequency, a necessity for making millimeter wavelength systems in CMOS commercially feasible.

"This is the highest frequency ever demonstrated for a phase-locked loop," claimed Brian Ginsburg, a design engineer at TI's Kilby Labs. "Stabilizing these ultra-high frequencies is [the] key to the future commercial success of millimeter wavelength CMOS applications [and] PLLs are fundamental to all high-performance electronics."

TIís demonstration used an on-chip antenna that emits 390-GHz frequencies, but the researchers believe that improvements will enable the CMOS emitter to reach 600 GHz or higher using TI's 45-nm process technology.

"The [Federal Communications Commission] defines the terahertz range to be from 300 GHz to 3 THz," said Eunyoung Seok, a design engineer at TI's Kilby Labs. "For the future, we want to use TI's 45-nanometer process to cover more of this wider frequency range, as well as to increase our output power."

The current demonstration chip operates at 390 GHz using a multiplying PLL architecture with two frequency dividers in the feedback loop. The power emanating from the on-chip antenna was 2.2 microWatts.

In some applications, the ultra-high-frequency output from the on-chip antenna can be propagated and reflected by lenses and other optical components since the terahertz-range wavelengths are between the far infrared and microwave frequencies used for communications.

The world's first phase-locked loop for a CMOS terahertz emitter harnesses 45-nm process with on-chip antenna.

If you use a cellphone you're regularly getting scanned with cm waves. And if you stand in the sun you're getting scanned with nm and um waves. So mm waves are just in between these. And an IC like this should not put out enough power to cause any worse effects on you than any of the above?

I threw up a little in my mouth when I read the following sentence, "... terahertz-range frequencies to safely scan passengers". Please define "safely"? I will never allows someone to scan me with mm waves.

Terahertz images have already obsoleted traditional X-rays for applications where people are involved, from airport full-body scanners to epidermal medical scanners. However, the bulky discrete components required make today's terahertz scanners big, heavy and expensive. If TI can perfect CMOS chip-sized detectors/emitters, then the size, weight and price can he brought down for implementing inexpensive handheld models.