The diagonal line represents an exact match between estimated life span with accelerated aging and observed or expected life span. Presidents who appear above the line lived or are expected to live longer than their estimated life span while those who appear below the line died before their estimated life span. Presidents who did not die of natural causes (Lincoln, Garfield, McKinley, and Kennedy, indicated by gray) and living presidents (Carter, G. H. W. Bush, Clinton, G. W. Bush, and Obama, indicated by bold and squares) were excluded from analyses involving observed survival because they are either still alive or did not die from natural causes. For living presidents, expected remaining years of life from their current ages were estimated from a complete life table for the total male resident US population published in 2007. Years of life hypothetically lost because of accelerated aging were calculated the same way for all presidents, living and deceased.

To the Editor: There has been speculation that US presidents experience accelerated aging while in office. One physician suggested that the typical president ages 2 years for every year he is in office—a conclusion derived from medical records of presidents since the 1920s.1 Although the rate of biological aging cannot be measured,2 it is possible to indirectly assess claims of accelerated aging among presidents.

Methods

Ages at inauguration and death for every deceased US president are in the historical record. Life expectancies for US men the same age as presidents at inauguration in 1900 and later were obtained from Social Security Administration life tables3 and from the Human Mortality Database (http://www.mortality.org). Estimated life spans at inauguration for presidents entering office from 1816 to 1899 were based on life tables from France from the Human Mortality Database because of their reliable mortality records during that era; the longevity of men in France and the United States during this time was likely to have been comparable, and national vital statistics for US residents were unavailable. Estimated life spans at inauguration for presidents entering office from 1789 to 1815 were based on the life table for France in 1816. For living presidents, life spans for men the same age as each president at inauguration were estimated from life tables for US men in 2007 from the Human Mortality Database.

Aging twice as fast while in office was interpreted to mean that for each day in office, 2 days of life were subtracted from estimated life span at age of inauguration. Estimated life spans were compared with how long each president who died of natural causes actually lived. This study was exempted from institutional review board approval by the University of Illinois at Chicago.

Results

The mean estimated life span of men matched to the date of inauguration of all presidents was 73.3 years. Observed mean life span of 34 deceased presidents who died of natural causes was 73.0 years. Estimated mean life span of all presidents under the assumption of aging at twice the normal rate while in office was 68.1 years (including presidents still alive). Of 34 deceased presidents who died of natural causes, 23 lived longer than expected with accelerated aging, with a mean age at death of 78.0 years, while their estimated age at death (with accelerated aging) was 67.0 years (Figure). Of the 11 presidents who died earlier than expected, mean observed life span was 62.1 years while mean estimated life span was 67.8 years.

All living presidents have either already exceeded the estimated life span of all US men at their age of inauguration or are likely to do so.

Comment

This study found no evidence that US presidents die sooner, on average, than other US men. To the contrary, 23 of 34 presidents who died of natural causes lived beyond the average life expectancy for men of the same age when they were inaugurated, even if they hypothetically aged at twice the normal rate while in office. Presidents live so long for 2 reasons. Because average age at inauguration is 55.1 years, each president first had to survive the most perilous early years of life. Also, all but 10 presidents were college educated, had considerable wealth, and had access to the best medical care in their era. Level of completed education and its related social and economic status correlates have documented powerful effects on longevity today4 and probably had even more powerful effects centuries ago (detailed data on the effect of socioeconomic status and medical care on longevity do not exist for the US population prior to more than a few decades ago).

The graying of hair and wrinkling of skin seen in presidents while in office are normal elements of human aging; they occur for all men during this phase of life and can be accelerated by behavioral risk factors such as smoking and stress.5,6 Whether these outward changes occur faster for presidents relative to other men of the same age is unknown. Even if these signs of aging did appear at a faster rate for presidents, this study shows that this does not mean that their lives are shortened.

Author Contributions: Dr Olshansky had full access to all of the data in the study and takes responsibility for the integrity of the data and the accuracy of the data analysis.

Conflict of Interest Disclosures: The author has completed and submitted the ICMJE Form for Disclosure of Potential Conflicts of Interest and none were reported.

Additional Contributions: Thanks to Richard Miller, MD, PhD, University of Michigan; Bruce A. Carnes, PhD, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center; and Sam Gutterman, FSA, FCAS, MAAA, FCA, PricewaterhouseCoopers, for comments on a draft of the manuscript. No one received compensation for the contribution.