^ On
a 30 August:2009 Madonna and Jesus tour Old Jerusalem. _ more
—(090831)2001 First
free elections in East Timor, for the 88-member assembly that will write
the country's constitution. The Revolutionary Front for an Independent East
Timor (Fretilin), which led the country's independence struggle, wins 55
seats in the assembly. This leaves Fretilin short of the 60 seats it would
need to pass its draft constitution without support from other parties.
In second place, the Democratic Party wins seven seats in the assembly,
and third the Social Democratic Party with six seats. The election is a
key step in preparing East Timor for independence after centuries of Portuguese
colonial rule, 24 years of Indonesian occupation, and two years of a transitional
U.N. government. The United Nations will gradually turn over the running
of the government to the new authorities over the next six to eight months.
After the constitution is adopted, Xanana Gusmao, leader of the resistance
guerrilla army against the Indonesian occupiers, is expected to be elected
president.1999 East Timor votes for independence
from Indonesia. The Indonesian military and their militia allies will be
soon to react by massacres during September 1999, until.a multinational
peacekeeping force arrives to restore order and force the Indonesian withdrawal.1995 Un centenar de aviones de la OTAN, durante la intervención
más importante de la Alianza Atlántica en el conflicto de los Balcanes,
bombardean objetivos serbios en Sarajevo, Mostar, Tuzla, Pale y Gorazde,
en represalia por la masacre serbia en un mercado de Sarajevo.

1994 IBM drops opposition to trademark Windows IBM announces that it will not oppose
Microsoft's attempt to trademark the name "Windows." Microsoft had lobbied
for four years to trademark the term. The words "windows" and "windowing"
had become common in the software industry to describe the portioning off
of the monitor screen to display several different programs simultaneously.
In February 1993, the US Patent and
Trademark Office had rejected Microsoft's attempt to register the trademark.
The agency reversed its decision in December 1993. Several major software
companies including IBM, Novell, and Sun indicated they might oppose the
move, but Novell and Sun chose not to oppose the matter. IBM's decision
to drop the issue cleared the way for Microsoft's trademark.

^1979 Bunny attack on Carter makes headlines.
The news comes out that on 20 April 1979, while President Carter was
taking a few days off in Plains, Georgia, he was fishingin a pond
from a canoe when he spotted a killer rabbit swimming straight toward
him. hissing menacingly, its teeth flashing and nostrils flared. The
Secret Service not having noticed the intruder, the president bravely
defended himself with his paddle and the rabbit swam away. The leak
came from presidential press secretary Jody Powell talking to AP reporter
Brooks Jackson.

1970 Vietnam:
Elections held in South Vietnam An estimated 6 million
South Vietnamese cast ballots for 30 seats at stake in the Senate
elections. While the voting was going on, Communist forces attacked
at least 14 district towns, a provincial capital, and several polling
places. Fifty-five civilians were reported killed and 140 wounded.

1969 Vietnam:
Ho Chi Minh responds to Nixon letter Ho Chi Minh's
reply to President Nixon's letter of July 15 is received in Paris.
Ho accused the United States of a "war of aggression" against the
Vietnamese people, "violating our fundamental national rights" and
warned that "the longer the war goes on, the more it accumulates the
mourning and burdens of the American people." Ho said he favored the
National Liberation Front's 10-point plan as "a logical and reasonable
basis for the settlement of the Vietnamese problem." Ho demanded that
the United States "cease the war of aggression," withdraw its troops
from Vietnam and allow self-determination for the Vietnamese people.
President Nixon would not reveal that he had received this communication
until his speech to the nation on November 3.

1966 Vietnam:
China agrees to provide aid to North Vietnam Hanoi
Radio announces that Deputy Premier Le Thanh Nghi has signed an agreement
with Peking whereby the People's Republic of China will provide additional
economic and technical aid to North Vietnam. China had already been
providing support to the Communists in Vietnam since the war against
the French. When the US became decisively involved after the Gulf
of Tonkin incident, China increased the support to both North Vietnam
and the insurgents in South Vietnam. It was this support and that
provided by the Soviet Union that permitted the North Vietnamese to
prosecute the war against South Vietnam and the US forces there.

^
1963 US-USSR hot line goes into operation.
The US Defense Department announced that a direct communications link
between Washington and Moscow was operational. The Teletype line from
the Pentagon to the Kremlin was better known as the "Hot Line." It
was established as a safety precaution against nuclear war after communication
delays hindered negotiations during the Cuban Missile Crisis.
Two months after signing an agreement
to establish a 24-hour-a-day "hot line" between Moscow and Washington,
the system goes into effect. The hot line was supposed to help speed
communication between the governments of the United States and the
Soviet Union and help prevent the possibility of an accidental war.
In June 1963, American and Russian
representatives agreed to establish a so-called "hot line" between
Moscow and Washington. The agreement came just months after the October
1962 Cuban missile crisis, in which the United States and Soviet Union
came to the brink of nuclear conflict. It was hoped that speedier
and more secure communications between the two nuclear superpowers
would forestall such crises in the future. In August 1963, the system
was ready to be tested. American teletype machines had been installed
in the Kremlin to receive messages from Washington; Soviet teletypes
were installed in the Pentagon. (Contrary to popular belief, the hot
line in the United States is in the Pentagon, not the White House.)
Both nations also exchanged
encoding devices in order to decipher the messages. Messages from
one nation to another would take just a matter of minutes, although
the messages would then have to be translated. The messages would
be carried by a 16'000~km~long cable connection, with "scramblers"
along the way to insure that the messages could not be intercepted
and read by unauthorized personnel. On 30 August the United States
sent its first message to the Soviet Union over the hot line: "The
quick brown fox jumped over the lazy dog's back 1234567890." The message
used every letter and number key on the teletype machine in order
to see that each was in working order. The return message from Moscow
was in Russian and showed that all of the keys were functioning on
the Soviet teletype also. The
hot line was never really necessary to prevent war between the Soviet
Union and the United States, but it did provide a useful prop for
movies about nuclear disaster, such as Fail Safe and Dr. Strangelove.
Its significance at the time was largely symbolic. The two superpowers,
who had been so close to mutual nuclear destruction in October 1962,
clearly recognized the dangers of miscommunication or no communication
in the modern world. After the
end of the Cold War, the hot line would continue in operation between
the United States and Russia. It would be supplemented in 1999 by
a direct secure telephone connection between the two governments.

1961 President John F. Kennedy appoints General Lucius
D. Clay as his personal representative in Berlin.1957
In an effort to stall the Civil Rights Act of 1957 from passing, Senator
Strom Thurmond (D-S.C.) filibusters for over 24 hours. The bill passed,
but Thurmond's filibuster becomes the longest in Senate history. 1956 White mob prevents enrollment of blacks at Mansfield
HS, Texas 1945 Hong Kong liberated from Japan.

^1945 MacArthur lands in Japan.
Just over two weeks after Japan announced
its unconditional surrender in World War II, US General Douglas MacArthur,
65, lands in Tokyo to inaugurate the Allied occupation of the country.
MacArthur, the most highly regarded American general of the Pacific
War, joins a division of US Marines who had landed the previous day
to pave the way for him and his staff.
On September 2, aboard the USS. Missouri in Tokyo Bay, MacArthur would
preside over the signing of the official surrender document by representatives
of the Japanese government and military. According to its terms, Emperor
Hirohito and the Japanese government were now subject to the authority
of the Supreme Allied Commander of occupied Japan, General MacArthur.
Four days later, the Supreme Commander made his way by automobile
toward the American Embassy in the heart of Tokyo, which would be
his home for the next five and a half years.
The occupation was officially to be an Allied enterprise, but increasing
Cold War division left Japan firmly in the American sphere of influence.
From his General Headquarters in the Dai Ichi Insurance Building in
central Tokyo, overlooking the Imperial Palace, MacArthur oversaw
an extremely productive reconstruction of Japanese industry and society
along American models. MacArthur, his staff, and advisors helped a
devastated Japan rebuild itself, instituted a democratic government,
and charted a course that later made Japan one of the world's leading
industrial powers. Although admired
by the Japanese people, MacArthur never broke his promise to "never
break bread" with his former enemy, and his wife and children often
attended ceremonies and made goodwill journeys in his place. In 1949,
MacArthur restored many responsibilities to local authorities, and
in 1951, a formal peace treaty was signed in San Francisco, California,
between Japan and the United States. On April 28, 1952, the treaty
went into effect and Japan again assumed full sovereignty. .
The career of Douglas MacArthur is composed of one striking achievement
after another. When he graduated from West Point, MacArthur's performance,
in terms of awards and average, had only been exceeded in the institution's
history by one other person  Robert E. Lee. His performance
in World War I, during combat in France, won him more decorations
for valor and resulted in his becoming the youngest general in the
Army at the time. The low point in his career came on 29 July 1932,
when he chased the Bonus Army out of Washington, D.C.
He retired from the Army in 1934, only to be appointed head of the
Philippine Army by its president (the Philippines had US commonwealth
status at the time). When World War II broke out, MacArthur was called
back to active service-as commanding general of the US Army in the
Far East. Because of MacArthur's time in the Far East, and the awesome
respect he commanded in the Philippines, his judgment had become somewhat
distorted and his vision of US military strategy as a whole myopic.
He was convinced that he could defeat Japan if it invaded the Philippines.
In the long term, he was correct. But in the short term, the United
States suffered disastrous defeats at Bataan and Corregidor. By the
time US forces were compelled to surrender, he had already shipped
out, on orders from President Roosevelt. As he left, he uttered his
immortal line, "I shall return."
Refusing to admit defeat, MacArthur took supreme command in the Southwest
Pacific, capturing New Guinea from the Japanese with an innovative
"leap frog" strategy. MacArthur, true to his word, returned to the
Philippines in October 1944, and once again employed an unusual strategy
of surprise and constant movement that still has historians puzzled
as to its true efficacy to this day. He even led the initial invasion
by wading ashore from a landing craft-captured for the world on newsreel
footage. With the help of the
US Navy, which succeeded in destroying the Japanese fleet, leaving
the Japanese garrisons on the islands without reinforcements, the
Army defeated adamantine Japanese resistance. On March 3, 1945, MacArthur
handed control of the Philippine capital back to its president. On
30 August 1945, MacArthur landed at Atsugi Airport in Japan and proceeded
to drive himself to Yokohama. Along the way, tens of thousands of
Japanese soldiers lined the roads, their bayonets fixed on him. One
last act of defiance  but all for naught. MacArthur would be
the man who would reform Japanese society, putting it on the road
to being a peaceful democracy and an economic success. When
the Korean War started in 1950, MacArthur was put in command of the
United Nations forces, but on 11 April 1951, President Harry S. Truman
relieved MacArthur of his commands because of the general's insubordination
and unwillingness to conduct a limited war. On 19 April 1951, Congress
invited MacArthur to address
a joint session, and, after stating that "in war there
is no substitute for victory,"he
endedhis
speech with: "I
am closing my fifty-two year of military service. When I joined the
Army even before the turn of the century, it was the fulfillment of
all my boyish hopes and dreams. The world has turned over many times
since I took the oath on the plain of West Point and the hopes and
dreams have long since vanished. But I still remember the refrain
of one of the most popular ballads of that day which proclaimed most
proudly that:
"Old soldiers
never die  they just fade away."
And like the old soldier of that ballad, I now close my military career
and just fade away  an old soldier who tried to do his duty
as God gave him the light to see that duty.
Good-bye.
MacArthur didn't just fade away, he did die, on 5 April 1964.
 Aceptada la rendición de Japón,
el general en jefe estadounidense McArthur entra en Tokio.

^1935 Soak-the-Rich law
President Franklin Roosevelt's Revenue Act, which aimed to take a
cut out of the nation's fattest pocketbooks, was passed into law.
Aptly referred to as the Wealth Tax Act, the legislation increased
taxes on rich citizens and big business, while lowering taxes for
small businesses. Though the taxes were a seeming boon to a nation
mired in the Depression, they raised the hackles of business leaders
and the wealthy elite. The president, himself a child of affluence,
was branded a "traitor to his class," as well as a Communist. The
Revenue Act hardly paved the way for a wholesale redistribution of
wealth, but it did seek to rectify the imbalances in the American
economy. "Our revenue laws have operated to the unfair advantage of
the few," FDR reasoned when the act passed. "They have done little
to prevent an unjust concentration of wealth and economic power."

^1932 Fat Hitler henchman Hermann Göring is elected
president of the Reichstag. You
probably know what is a henchman, but what is a hench? Is it something
your henchman brings you, just as the mailman brings you your mail?
Or is a hench something on which to sit, as the chair of a chairman?
Or perhaps a hench is a device, something like the brake is to the
brakeman? Would the hench be a law-enforcement agency to which the
henchman belongs, as the policeman belongs to the police? Or part
of a wheel, as the spokes of a spokesman? A way of transmitting information,
as the signalman's signals? In all these words the "man"
part does not necessarily connote a male, as mistakenly assumed nowadays,
but any human, male or female. By the way "human" means
the species that discriminates against its own kind based on the hue
of their skin. And what does "woman" have to do with woe?
I will let someone braver than me answer that one. A
man which was a famous hench is Philip Showalter Hench [28 Feb 1896
– 30 Mar 1965], laureate of the 1950 Nobel Prize in Medicine.
And, of course, that implies that all the males in his family were
Hench men. And that goes also for the (unrelated?) Disney artist John
Hench [29 Jun 1908 – 05 Feb 2004], Junrui
Hench Qian, Jim
Hench, and undoubtedly many other Hench men. According
to Merriam-Webster a henchman was originally more like a horseman,
or rather a servant who cared for your horses. In the case of Göring
[12 Jan 1893 – 15 Oct 1946], he did have charge of Hitler's
airforce. There is many another
"-man" at the end of a word: seaman, yatchman, yeoman, steersman
(not a kind of cattleman), boatman, helmsman (such as Jesse
Helms [18 Oct 1921~] or Richard
Helms [30 Mar 1913 – 23 Oct 2002]), longshoreman (but there is
no shortshoreman, though, in Chicago, there are many southshoremen),
frogman (a weird hybrid), lobsterman (another weird hybrid), Spiderman,
superman, fisherman, businessman, workman, airman, wingman, shaman,
strongman, Alabaman, alderman, anchorman, Norman, German (has something
to do with germs?), artilleryman, assemblyman, woodsman (such as William
B. Woods [03 Aug 1824 – 14
May 1887], lineman, baseman, batman, barman, bogeyman, bondsman (for
example Barry Bonds [24 Jul 1964~], Brahman, Burman, bushman (a breed
of US politicians), cameraman, cavalryman, caveman, Chinaman, clergyman,
churchman, coachman, hackman, townsman, committeeman, aidman, corpsman
(who always tries not to become a corpseman), councilman, countryman,
craftsman, salesman, subhuman (there's only one, which is why you
never hear about subhumen), crewman, deliveryman (deliverywomen are
more commonly called midwives), doorman, adman, draftsman, Dutchman,
statesman, Englishman, everyman, fireman, watchman, tradesman, fellowman,
flagman, weatherman, footman (a male podiatrist?), foreman, showman,
Frenchman, frontiersman, garageman, garbageman, gentleman, workingman,
handyman, guardsman, lumberman, linesman, swordsman, gunman, rifleman,
triggerman, hangman, headsman, headman, congressman, herdsman, Herman
(that's when you're not sure whether he is Hermate or Herhusband),
husbandman (definitely not mateman nor loverman), snowman, highwayman,
warehouseman, houseman, woodsman, huntman (such as John Hunt [22 Jun
1910 – 07 Nov 1998], Ward Hunt [14 Jun 1810 – 24 Mar 1886],
Henry Hunt [06 Nov 1773 – 15 Feb 1835], Richard Morris Hunt
[31 Oct 1827 – 31 Jul 1895], Leigh Hunt [19 Oct 1784 –
28 Aug 1859], Timothy Hunt [19 Feb
1943~], William Holman Hunt [02 Apr 1827 – 07
Sep 1910], William Morris Hunt [31 Mar 1824 – 08
Sep 1879]), infantryman, inhuman, Irishman, journeyman, kinsman,
Klansman, layman, gripman, laundryman, madman, marksman (such as Michael
Marks, but no spencerman), merchantman, middleman, midshipman, militiaman,
milkman, minuteman (but no hourman nor secondman), moneyman, motorman,
newsman (would an oldsman have been a mechanic specialized in one
particular make of cars?), newspaperman, nobleman, nurseryman, patrolman,
pitchman, stuntman, plainclothesman, plainman, plowman, Roman (no
Romen), radioman, repairman, selectman, sandman, serviceman, upperclassman,
talisman (no talismen), caiman (oughtn't that be “caireptile”?),
Doberman (Dobercanine?). Apparently a cowboy never grows up to become
a cowman; neither is a young caiman called a caiboy.

^1918 Lenin shot, survives vengefully
After speaking at the Michelson factory in
Moscow, Soviet dictator Vladimir Lenin is shot by Fanya Kaplan and her sister
Dora, both supposedly members of the Social Revolutionary Party. Lenin is
only wounded, but the assassination attempt sets off a wave of reprisals
by the Bolsheviks against the Social Revolutionaries and other political
opponents. Thousands would be executed as Russia falls deeper into civil
war. Born Vladimir Ilich Ulyanov in
1870, Lenin was drawn to the revolutionary cause after his brother was executed
in 1887 for plotting to assassinate Czar Alexander III. He studied law and
took up practice in Petrograd (now St. Petersburg), where he associated
with revolutionary Marxist circles. In 1895, he helped organize Marxist
groups in the capital into the "Union for the Struggle for the Liberation
of the Working Class," which attempted to enlist workers to the Marxist
cause. In December 1895, Lenin and the other leaders of the Union were arrested.
Lenin was jailed for a year and then exiled to Siberia for a term of three
years. After the end of his exile,
in 1900, Lenin went to Western Europe, where he continued his revolutionary
activity. It was during this time that he adopted the pseudonym Lenin. In
1902, he published a pamphlet titled What Is to Be Done? which argued that
only a disciplined party of professional revolutionaries could bring socialism
to Russia. In 1903, he met with other Russian Marxists in London and established
the Russian Social-Democratic Workers' Party (RSDWP). However, from the
start there was a split between Lenin's Bolsheviks (Majoritarians), who
advocated militarism, and the Mensheviks (Minoritarians), who advocated
a democratic movement toward socialism. These two groups increasingly opposed
each other within the framework of the RSDWP, and Lenin made the split official
at a 1912 conference of the Bolshevik Party. After
the outbreak of the Russian Revolution of 1905, Lenin returned to Russia.
The revolution, which consisted mainly of strikes throughout the Russian
empire, came to an end when Nicholas II promised reforms, including the
adoption of a Russian constitution and the establishment of an elected legislature.
However, once order was restored, the czar nullified most of these reforms,
and in 1907 Lenin was again forced into exile.
Lenin opposed World War I, which began in 1914, as an imperialistic conflict
and called on proletariat soldiers to turn their guns on the capitalist
leaders who sent them down into the murderous trenches. For Russia, World
War I was an unprecedented disaster: Russian casualties were greater than
those sustained by any nation in any previous war. Meanwhile, the economy
was hopelessly disrupted by the costly war effort, and in March 1917 riots
and strikes broke out in Petrograd over the scarcity of food. Demoralized
army troops joined the strikers, and on March 15 Nicholas II was forced
to abdicate, ending centuries of czarist rule. In the aftermath of the February
Revolution (known as such because of Russia's use of the Julian calendar),
power was shared between the ineffectual Provisional Government and the
soviets, or "councils," of soldiers' and workers' committees.
After the outbreak of the February Revolution, German authorities allowed
Lenin and his lieutenants to cross Germany en route from Switzerland to
Sweden in a sealed railway car. Berlin hoped (correctly) that the return
of the anti-war Socialists to Russia would undermine the Russian war effort,
which was continuing under the Provisional Government. Lenin arrive in Petrograd
on 16 April 1917 and called for the overthrow of the Provisional Government
by the soviets, and he was condemned as a "German agent" by the government's
leaders. In July, he was forced to flee to Finland, but his call for "peace,
land, and bread" met with increasing popular support, and the Bolsheviks
won a majority in the Petrograd soviet. In October, Lenin secretly returned
to Petrograd, and on November 7 the Bolshevik-led Red Guards deposed the
Provisional Government and proclaimed soviet rule.
Lenin became the dictator of the world's first Marxist state. His government
made peace with Germany, nationalized industry, and distributed land but
beginning in 1918, had to fight a devastating civil war against czarist
forces. In 1920, the czarists were defeated, and on 30 December 1922 the
Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) was established. Upon Lenin's
death in early 1924, his body was embalmed and placed in a mausoleum near
the Moscow Kremlin. Petrograd was renamed Leningrad in his honor. After
a struggle of succession, fellow revolutionary Joseph Stalin succeeded Lenin
as dictator of the Soviet Union.

1916 Paul Von Hindenburg becomes chief-of-General-Staff
in Germany

^1904 Henry James returns to the US.
It is just for a long visit. He finds
the country much changed since he left it some twenty years earlier
to live abroad. He would die in London on 28 February 1916. (He was
born in New York City) James was
born to a wealthy and eccentric philosopher father on 15 April 1843
in New York, N.Y. His older brother, William, became the country's
first distinguished psychologist as well as a well-known philosopher.
The brothers and their younger siblings were taken abroad by their
parents for four years to study European culture during their teens.
The family roamed England, Switzerland, and France, visiting galleries,
museums, theaters, and libraries. A back injury exempted James from
serving in the Civil War, and he briefly attended Harvard Law School.
He began writing fiction in
his teens, and his first story was published when he was 21. He soon
became a regular contributor of essays, reviews, and stories to Atlantic
Monthly and other important periodicals. In 1873, James moved
to England and continued publishing reviews while writing many more
novels, including The
American (1877) and the popular Daisy
Miller (1878). In 1881, he published his masterpiece The
Portrait of a Lady. Like many of his other works, it deals
with naïve, young Americans moving in sophisticated European circles.
He wrote nonfiction as well as fiction, and the prefaces to new editions
of his novels were collected in The Art of the Novel (1834).
HENRY JAMES ONLINE:

1904 Thomas Edison (11 Feb 1847  18 Oct 1931)
applies for a US patents for a Method and Apparatus for Making Sound-Records
(#970615), which would be granted to him on 20 September 1910.1892
The Moravia, a passenger ship arriving from Germany, brings cholera
to the United States.1887 Thomas Edison receives
one of his US patents for a system of electrical distribution
(#369280) for which he had applied on 5 February 1880. 1885
13'000 meteors seen in 1 hour near Andromeda 1881
Thomas Edison applies for US patents for a dynamo~electric machine
(#251537), an electric lamp (#251543), a system of electric
lightning ( #251551), a webermeter ( #252558). They would
be granted to him, under the numbers shown, on 27 December 1881. He applies
also for patents on an electric chandelier (#263137), a Magneto
or Dynamo Electric Machine (#263143), a vacuum apparatus
(#263147) which would be granted to him on 22 August 1882. He applies also
for patents on an incandescent electric lamp (#264657, one of
his many), which would be granted to him on 19 September 1882; for electric~lighting
systems (#439389) which would be granted to him on 28 October 1890.1879 Thomas Alva Edison presenta su primer aparato telefónico,
que superó el antiguo sistema de Felipe Heiss, perfeccionado por Alexander
Graham Bell.1878 Thomas Edison receives US patent
# 203015, one of his several for speaking telegraphs. He had
applied for it on 28 August 1877. 1862 Battle of
2nd Manassas  Pope defeated by Lee. 1862
Battle of Altamont  Confederates beat Union forces in Tennessee

^1862 Battle of Richmond, Kentucky
Confederates under Edmund Kirby Smith rout a Union army at Richmond,
Kentucky, in one of the most lopsided engagements of the Civil War.
As part of an attempt by the Confederates to drive the Yankees from
central Tennessee and Kentucky, Smith moved toward Lexington, Kentucky,
with about 19'000 soldiers in search of supplies. Facing him was a
Union force under General Horatio Wright, who was sitting atop a palisade
along the Kentucky River just south of Lexington. Part of Wright's
force, under the command of General Mahlon D. Manson, did not receive
orders to fall back to the river. Instead, Manson placed his 6500
soldiers on high ground around Richmond, further south of the Kentucky
River. On the morning of 30
August Smith's force collide with Manson's south of Richmond. The
Confederates soon rout the Yankees, many of whom were new soldiers
with no battle experience. After retreating three kilometers, Manson's
troops mount a counterattack but are repulsed. The Union force retreat
again, and the Confederates follow with a withering attack. This time,
the Yankee retreat was cut off by Colonel John Scott's Confederate
cavalry force. The loss was complete for the Yankees. Fewer than 1200
of the 6500 Federals escaped, and more than 4300 were captured. Confederate
losses stood at 98 killed, 492 wounded, and 10 missing out of 6800.
Among those captured were Manson and his entire staff. The Confederates
captured Lexington two days later.

1862 Battle of Second Manassas (Bull Run), Virginia concludes

^
1861 Emancipation
of Missouri rebels' slaves
Major General John Charles Frémont, commanding the Western
Department of the Army of the United States, feeling that the country
is drifting toward destruction, and that the Administration has not
adopted a policy which would reverse the trend, issues the following
proclamation, on his own authority:
"All persons who shall be taken with arms in their hands within these
lines shall be tried by court martial, and, if found guilty, will
be shot. The property, real and personal, of all persons in the State
of Missouri, who shall take up arms against the United States, or
who shall be directly proven to have taken active part with their
enemies in the field, is declared to be confiscated to the public
use, and their slaves, if any they have, are hereby declared free
men." Shortly afterwards,
President Abraham Lincoln would order the removal of Major General
Frémont, and the annulling of the proclamation. Many felt the
President had given unintentional "aid and comfort" to the enemy and
hindered the movement to crush the rebellion.

1861 Siege of Fort Wagner, Charleston Harbor, South Carolina
continues 1860 The first British tramway is inaugurated
at Birkenhead by not-quite-aptly surnamed George Francis Train, of the US. 1850 Honolulu, Hawaii, becomes a city.
1800 Executing a conspiracy conceived by Gabriel Prosser, more
than 1000 armed slaves mass for a rebellion near Richmond, but are thwarted
by a violent rainstorm. The slaves are forced to disband, and 35 would be
hanged, including Gabriel.
1782 French fleet arrives in the Chesapeake Bay to aid the American
Revolution.
1757 Battle of Gross-Jaegersdorf: in the Seven Years War, Russians
under General Apraksin defeat the Prussians force under von Lehwaldt.

^1743 William Paley is baptized, a little
more than one month old. A clumsy youth,
he turned to study. His father thought that the boy had the clearest
head he had ever seen. Although Paley was sufficiently good at mathematics
to become first wrangler of his school (that is, he placed highest
in math exams), he became a clergyman. Paley wrote popular apologetics
for Christianity. So well-organized were his works that they became
standard textbooks. View of the Evidences of Christianity
was an immediate hit and so was its successor Natural Theology,
in which there is his famous "watchmaker" argument:
If a savage were to find a watch in the middle of the jungle, he would
at once suppose it the work of an intelligent being. Nature is far
more complex and elaborate than a watch and therefore also requires
a designer.View of the Evidences of Christianity argues for the credibility
of biblical miracles. None of Paley's works were highly original.
He freely admitted that he borrowed whatever he could use from others.
However, Paley's ideas in a third book Principles of Moral and
Political Philosophy anticipated thinkers who came after."The
general consequence of any action may be estimated by asking what
would be the consequence if the same actions were generally permitted."
"We should carry out those actions
which promote the general happiness and avoid those which diminish
it."

1721 Peace of Nystad ends the Second Northern War between
Sweden and Russia, giving Russia considerably more power in the Baltic region. 1645 Dutch and Amerindians sign peace treaty.1617
Rosa de Lima of Peru becomes the first American saint to be canonized. 0257 St Sixtus II begins his reign as Pope.
 31 -BC- Origin of Era of Augustus.

2006
Naguib
Mahfouz, Egyptian novelist born on 11 December 1911, the first
writer in Arabic to receive the Nobel Prize for Literature (in 1988). —(060830)2005 A child, an Ivory Coast immigrant, dies in hospital
at 01:00 (23:00 UT) from injuries suffered some 3 hours earlier by jumping
out of a 4th story window to escape the fire in the dilapilated apartment
building at 8 rue du Roi-doré in the Marais neighborhood of Paris (3e),
France, in which another 6 persons died and another 14 were injured.2003 Eleven persons in three buses, in various parts of
San Pedro Sula, Honduras. The dead include 2 girls, 4 boys, and 4 women.
At least 24 persons are wounded Los ataques ocurrieron en puntos distintos
de la ciudad en menos de una hora. Los delincuentes comenzaron su recorrido
a eso de las tres de la tarde en una de las calles de la colonia Satélite
segunda etapa, donde mataron a seis personas de una unidad de la ruta 2.
Quince minutos después los mismos individuos mataron en el barrio
Medina a otra persona que iba en un microbús de esa misma ruta. Y
unos 20 minutos más tarde otro bus rapidito del sector de Chamelecón
fue atacado a balazos en la colonia 15 de Septiembre por los ocupantes de
un carro con las mismas características del que usaron para perpetrar
los crímenes en la Satélite y el barrio Medina. En la colonia
15 de Septiembre hirieron a diez pasajeros, de los cuales tres murieron
en el trayecto al Hospital Mario Rivas.2003 Abdullah Akel,
34, and Farid Mayet, 29, Hamas militants, by missiles from Israeli
helicopters which, at 16:00 (13:00 UT), hit their car near the Nusseirat
and Bureij refugee camps in the Gaza Strip.2003 Aya Fayad,
8, Palestinian girl, by Israeli tank shell which hits her home in Khan Yunis,
Gaza Strip, “by mistake”.2003 Nine of the ten Russian
sailors aboard the decommissioned, leaky nuclear submarine K-159
which sinks at 02:50 (20:50 UT 29 Aug) in the 10ºC, 185m-deep water
of the Barents Sea, about 5 km northwest of Kildin Island, near the entrance
to Kola Bay, when a gale tears off the four pontoons attached to it to keep
it afloat while it was being towed 350 km from the Gremikha naval base on
the western side of the Kola Peninsula to be scrapped at the Polyamy shipyard
. There was gross negligence in not having removed the sub's two nuclear
reactors, in having anyone on board, in disregarding weather warnings, in
leaving the conning tower open, and in the inept rescue attempts. The dead
are Captain 2nd class Sergei Lappa; the commander of the
military electrical-mechanical section Captain 3rd class Mikhail
Gurov; the senior lieutenant in charge of the engine room, Yury
Zhadan; Captain 3rd class Oleg Andreyev, who commanded
the damage control station; the electro-technical commander Senior Lieutenant
Sergei Sokolov; Senior Botswain Alexander Alyoshkin;
Petty Officer Kurinniy who was in charge of the chemistry
and radiation dosage measurement section; Yevgeny Smirnov;
and the steering control team’s mechanic Andrei Knyazev.
The tugboat was able to rescue only one member of the sub’s crew, senior
lieutenant and commander of the steering control team, Maxim Tsybulsky,
who is hospitalized for exposure.2002 Rajaa Ibrahim,
18, Palestinian woman, killed late in the day by al-Aqsa Martyrs Brigades
militants in Tulkarem, West Bank, who say that she planted a bomb given
to her by Israeli secret services, which killed their local leader Raed
Karmi on 13 January 2002.2002 Paulo Roberto Freitas Tavares,
pilot; Paulo Roberto Nascimento, co-pilot; Kátia Regina Figueiredo Barbosa,
flight attendant; and passengers Ildefonço Cordeiro, 56; his wife
Arlete Soares de Souza; Luís Marciel Costa; José Waldeir Rodrigues Gabriel;
Francisco Darichen Campos; Maria de Fátima Soares de Oliveira; Walter Teixeira
da Silva; Francisco Cândido da Silva; Ailton Rodrigues de Oliveira; Carina
Matos de Pinho; José Edilberto Gomes de Souza; Maria Alessandra de Andrade
Costa; Geane de Souza Lima; Rosimeire dos Santos Lobo; Raimundo Araújo Souza;
Maria Raimunda Iraide Alves da Silva; Maria José Pessoa Miranda; João Alves
de Melo; Rosângela Pimentel Cidade Figueira; Clenilda Nogueira;
aboard a Brazilian-made Embraer EMB-120 Brasilia bimotor turboprop of Rico
Linhas Aereas, which crashes at 18:30 in heavy rain and wind in Bujari,
1.5 km from the runway at Rio Branco, Acre, Brazil, where it was about to
land. The flight originated from Cruzeiro do Sul. Cordeiro was a Congressman
of the centrist Social Democratic Party of Brazil (PSDB). The 8 survivors,
who are injured, were in the rear of the plane. They are: Maria Célia Rocha
(advogada médica, grave), João Gaspar (empresário e candidato a deputado
estadual, grave), Napoleão Silva, Racene Cameli, Teodorico Melo Neto (empresario),
Maria de Fátima Almeida,Maria José Albuquerque, Luiz Wanderlei Silva.2002 Tadayoshi Saito and all other 13 passengers and 2 crew members
aboard a small An-28 plane which crashes 3 km south-west of Ayan, Russia,
on the Okhotsk Sea, while attempted to land there in heavy fog, proceeding
from Khabarovsk, 827 km to the south. Two children, ages 8 and 12, are among
the dead. Saito was Japanese.1991 Jean Tinguely, Swiss sculptor and experimental artist,
born on 22 May 1925, noted for his machinelike kinetic sculptures that destroyed
themselves in the course of their operation. — link
to images.1982 Michael Joseph Green [13 Oct 1917–], who on
14 July 1946 had been ordained a priest of the diocese of Lansing, Michigan.
On 28 August 1962 he was consecrated a bishop as auxiliary of Lansing. On
11 March 1967 he was appointed bishop of Reno, Nevada.On 06 December 1974
he resigned. He became the pastor of St. Joseph parish in Adrian (diocese
of Lansing) where JFC met him and made a mission appeal for the diocese
of Sololá, Guatemala. Green retired in 1979. —(091027)1981 Mohammad Ali Rajai and Mohammad
Javad Bahonar president and prime minister of Iran, assassinated
with a bomb.  El presidente y el primer ministro de Irán, Alí Rayai
y Mohamed Bahonar, respectivamente, mueren al estallar una bomba en la sede
de la jefatura del Gobierno en Teherán. 1974: 153 persons
as express train runs full speed into Zagreb, Yugoslavia, rail yard.1967 Ad[olph Frederick] Reinhardt, US
Abstract Abstract
Expressionist / Minimalist
painter, born on 24 December 1913. — more
with link to images and a black square pretending to be a painting.1938 Joseph “Étienne” Nehmé
[early March, 1889–], holy Brother of the Lebanese Order of the Maronites.
On 19 May 2008 a Vatican decree recognized his heroic virtues. —(080522)
1935 Henri Barbusse, French author.  BARBUSSE
ONLINE: (in English translation): Under
Fire: The Story of a Squad1932 Emma Wolf,
author. EMMA WOLF ONLINE: Other
Things Being Equal 1930 William H Taft
27th US President1928 Franz von Stuck, German Symbolist
/ Expressionist
painter, sculptor, engraver and architect, born on 23 February 1863. 
MORE
ON STUCK AT ART 4 FEB with links to
images.1928 Wien,
mathematician.

^1914 The fallen of the 5th and last day of the Battle
of Tannenberg, which started on 26 August and in which
the Russian Second Army under Aleksandr Vasilyevich Samsonov is enveloped
and crushed by the Germans under P.K. Rennenkampf. 13'000 Germans
and 30'000 Russians were killed or wounded. Samsonov commited suicide
on 29 August 1914. The Germans captured 92'000 Russians, 400 cannons,
and other matériel.

1908 Giovanni Fattori, Italian painter born on 25 October
1825. MORE
ON FATTORI AT ART 4 2~DAYwith
links to images.1895 Ely
Samuel Parker, 67, Iroquois chief (Hasanoanda) and Union officer.
A lifelong friend and trusted aide of Ulysses S. Grant, Ely Parker rose
to the top in two worlds, that of his native Seneca Indian tribe and the
white man's world at large. Through the Civil War and Reconstruction he
strove to serve both worlds as best he could. Collaborated with anthropologist
Lewis Henry Morgan in the research for League of the Ho-de-no-sau-nee,
or Iroquois (1851) 1888: 1070 grouse, killed
by Lord Walsingham in a single day 1885 Joseph Alden,
author. ALDEN ONLINE: Alden's
Citizen's Manual: A Text-Book on Government, For Common Schools,
A
Text-Book of Ethics for Union Schools and Bible Classes1883 Más de 30'000 personas en Java y otras islas del archipiélago
de la Sonda al abrirse 16 nuevos volcanes que hundieron en el mar islas
enteras.1813 Over 500 whites massacred by Creek Indians,
at Fort Mims Alabama.

^1880 Apache Chief Diablo, in battle with enemy
Amerindians.
Diablo, a chief of the Cibecue Apache, is killed during a battle with
a competing band of Amerindians. Known as Eskinlaw to his own people,
Diablo was a prominent chief of the Cibecue Apache, who lived in the
White Mountains of Arizona. Initially, Diablo had attempted to cooperate
with the increasing number of whites who were encroaching on the Apache
homeland. In July 1869, he traveled to Fort Defiance, the first American
military post in Arizona, in hopes of establishing good relations.
Three white men returned with Diablo and regular visits between the
two groups began. Tensions, however,
continued amongst the Apache themselves, many of whom were less welcoming
to the Americans. In 1873, a warrior from a competing band of Apaches
led by Eshkeldahsilah killed a white man working at the army's Fort
Apache. Diablo tracked down the offending warrior and killed him,
winning the Americans' praise but Eshkeldahsilah's increased enmity.
To avoid further violence, the commander of Fort Apache ordered all
the surrounding tribes to move closer to the fort. This may have decreased
the attacks on the Americans, but it increased the tensions between
the Apache bands. The government further angered Diablo in July 1875,
when it ordered that all of the Apaches in the region move to the
San Carlos Reservation east of present-day Phoenix. In apparent frustration
at the imperious behavior of the Americans, Diablo finally turned
against the whites. In January 1876, he attacked the camp near Fort
Apache, and he killed at least one white civilian. He also began attacking
a competing band of White Mountain Apache who continued to cooperate
with the Americans. Eventually, the White Mountain Apache got their
revenge on Diablo. On this day in 1880, the two bands of Apache fought
a fierce battle near Fort Apache. By the time the American military
arrived on the site, Diablo's opponents had killed him.

^ 30 -BC- Cleopatra, 7th queen of Egypt, suicide
by viper. 
Elle fut reine d'Égypte à l'âge de dix sept ans. c'est l'une des figures
les plus romantiques de l'histoire universelle. Éprise de Jules César,
puis de Marc Antoine qui lui succède à la tête de l'Empire d'Orient,
Cléopâtre après la mort du chef romain, se fait mordre par un serpent
venimeux.  Cleopatra, queen
of Egypt and lover of Julius Caesar and Mark Antony, takes her life
following the defeat of her forces against Octavian, the future first
emperor of Rome. Cleopatra, born in 69 B.C., was made Cleopatra VII,
queen of Egypt, upon the death of her father, Ptolemy XII, in 51 B.C.
Her brother was made King Ptolemy XIII at the same time, and the siblings
ruled Egypt under the formal title of husband and wife. Cleopatra
and Ptolemy were members of the Macedonian dynasty that governed Egypt
since the death of Alexander the Great in 323 B.C. Although Cleopatra
had no Egyptian blood, she alone in her ruling house learned Egyptian.
To further her influence over the Egyptian people, she was also proclaimed
the daughter of Re, the Egyptian sun god. Cleopatra soon fell into
dispute with her brother, and civil war erupted in 48 B.C.
Rome, the greatest power in the Western
world, was also beset by civil war at the time. Just as Cleopatra
was preparing to attack her brother with a large Arab army, the Roman
civil war spilled into Egypt. Pompey the Great, defeated by Julius
Caesar in Greece, fled to Egypt seeking solace but was immediately
murdered by agents of Ptolemy XIII. Caesar arrived in Alexandria soon
after and, finding his enemy dead, decided to restore order in Egypt.
During the preceding century, Rome
had exercised increasing control over the rich Egyptian kingdom, and
Cleopatra sought to advance her political aims by winning the favor
of Caesar. She traveled to the royal palace in Alexandria and was
allegedly carried to Caesar rolled in a rug, which was offered as
a gift. Cleopatra, beautiful and alluring, captivated the powerful
Roman leader, and he agreed to intercede in the Egyptian civil war
on her behalf. In 47 B.C., Ptolemy
XIII was killed after a defeat against Caesar's forces, and Cleopatra
was made dual ruler with another brother, Ptolemy XIV. Julius and
Cleopatra spent several amorous weeks together, and then Caesar departed
for Asia Minor, where he declared "Veni, vidi, vici" (I came, I saw,
I conquered), after putting down a rebellion. In June 47 B.C., Cleopatra
bore a son, whom she claimed was Caesar's and named Caesarion, meaning
"little Caesar." Upon Caesar's
triumphant return to Rome, Cleopatra and Caesarion joined him there.
Under the auspices of negotiating a treaty with Rome, Cleopatra lived
discretely in a villa that Caesar owned outside the capital. After
Caesar was assassinated in March 44 B.C., she returned to Egypt. Soon
after, Ptolemy XIV died, likely poisoned by Cleopatra, and the queen
made her son co-ruler with her as Ptolemy XV Caesar.
With Julius Caesar's murder, Rome again fell into civil war, which
was temporarily resolved in 43 B.C. with the formation of the second
triumvirate, made up of Octavian, Caesar's great-nephew and chosen
heir; Mark Antony, a powerful general; and Lepidus, a Roman statesman.
Antony took up the administration of the eastern provinces of the
Roman Empire, and he summoned Cleopatra to Tarsus, in Asia Minor,
to answer charges that she had aided his enemies.
Cleopatra sought to seduce Antony, as she had Caesar before him, and
in 41 B.C. arrived in Tarsus on a magnificent river barge, dressed
as Venus, the Roman god of love. Successful in her efforts, Antony
returned with her to Alexandria, where they spent the winter in debauchery.
In 40 B.C., Antony returned to Rome and married Octavian's sister
Octavia in an effort to mend his strained alliance with Octavian.
The triumvirate, however, continued to deteriorate. In 37 B.C., Antony
separated from Octavia and traveled east, arranging for Cleopatra
to join him in Syria. In their time apart, Cleopatra had borne him
twins, a son and a daughter. According to Octavian's propagandists,
the lovers were then married, which violated the Roman law restricting
Romans from marrying foreigners.
Antony's disastrous military campaign against Parthia in 36 B.C. further
reduced his prestige, but in 34 B.C. he was more successful against
Armenia. To celebrate the victory, he staged a triumphal procession
through the streets of Alexandria, in which he and Cleopatra sat on
golden thrones, and Caesarion and their children were given imposing
royal titles. Many in Rome, spurred on by Octavian, interpreted the
spectacle as a sign that Antony intended to deliver the Roman Empire
into alien hands. After several
more years of tension and propaganda attacks, Octavian declared war
against Cleopatra, and therefore Antony, in 31 B.C. Enemies of Octavian
rallied to Antony's side, but Octavian's brilliant military commanders
gained early successes against his forces. On 02 September 31 BC,
their fleets clashed at Actium in Greece. After heavy fighting, Cleopatra
broke from the engagement and set course for Egypt with 60 of her
ships. Antony then broke through the enemy line and followed her.
The disheartened fleet that remained surrendered to Octavian. One
week later, Antony's land forces surrendered.
Although they had suffered a decisive defeat, it was nearly a year
before Octavian reached Alexandria and again defeated Antony. In the
aftermath of the battle, Cleopatra took refuge in the mausoleum she
had commissioned for herself. Antony, informed that Cleopatra was
dead, stabbed himself with his sword. Before he died, another messenger
arrived, saying Cleopatra still lived. Antony had himself carried
to Cleopatra's retreat, where he died after bidding her to make her
peace with Octavian. When the triumphant Roman arrived, she attempted
to seduce him, but he resisted her charms. Rather than fall under
Octavian's domination, Cleopatra committed suicide on 30 August 30
BC, possibly by means of an asp, a poisonous Egyptian serpent and
symbol of divine royalty. Octavian
then executed her son Caesarion, annexed Egypt into the Roman Empire,
and used Cleopatra's treasure to pay off his veterans. In 27 B.C.,
Octavian became Augustus, the first and arguably most successful of
all Roman emperors. He ruled a peaceful, prosperous, and expanding
Roman Empire until his death in 14 AD at the age of 75.

1969 First networking machine
BBN, the company contracted by the
Defense Department to build networking machines to serve as the backbone
of ARPANET, the Internet's precursor, ships its first machine on this
day in 1969 to the University of California at Los Angeles. Over the
next several months, the company would ship several more machines,
and the beginnings of the Internet would be established.

^1945 First post-war Hudson car
A pale green Super Six coupe rolled
off the Hudson Company’s assembly line, the first post-World War II
car to be produced by the auto manufacturer. Like all other US auto
manufacturers, Hudson had halted production of civilian cars in order
to produce armaments during the war. The Super Six boasted the first
modern, high-compression L-head motor, though it garnered its name
from the original Hudson-manufactured engine produced in 1916. The
name stayed, though the engines became more sophisticated.

1943 R. Crumb, cartoonist.1930 Warren Buffett author (The Midas Touch) 1918
Leonor Fini, Italian artist who died in 1996.1913
John Richard Nicholas Stone, británico, Premio Nobel de Economía.1906 Olga
Taussky-Todd, Jewish Austrian US mathematician who died on
07 October 1995. She was a computer pioneer, and also worked on matrix theory,
group theory, algebraic number theory, numerical analysis.
1901 Roy Wilkins, civil rights leader: Executive Director of NAACP 1901 John Gunther Chicago Ill, author/host (John Gunther's
High Road) 1896 Raymond Massey, (The President's
Plane is Missing, McKenna's Gold, How the West was Won. The Great Impostor,
Battle Cry, The Naked and the Dead, East of Eden, Abe Lincoln in Illinois,
Dr. Kildare) 1893 Huey Pierce Long Winn Parish,
Louisiana, folksy but autocratic Democrat who served as governor and US
senator, known as "The Kingfish." Long was at the height of his power when
assassinated on 10 September 1935 by Carl Austin Weiss, the son of a man
whom he had vilified.1891 Jacques Lipchitz, Lithuanian~French
cubist sculptor who died on 27 May 1973. — link
to images. 1884 Theodor Svedberg Sweden, chemist,
worked with colloids (Nobel '26) 1883 (or 03 August?) Christian
Emil Marie Küpper Theo Van Doesburg, Dutch Neoplasticist
painter, decorator, poet, and art theorist, a leader of the de Stijl movement,
who died on 07 March 1931.  MORE
ABOUT KÜPPER AT ART 4 2~DAYwith links to images.1881 Agustín González de Amezua,
escritor español.1879 Llewellyn Lloyd, Italian [?!]
artist who died in 1950. 1871 Ernest
Rutherford, New Zealander nuclear scientist who died on 19
October 1937. He discovered and named alpha, beta and gamma radiation and
was the first to achieve a man-made nuclear reaction.1870
Maria Montessori (educator: The Montessori School) 1856
Carle
Runge, mathematician who worked on a procedure for the numerical
solution of algebraic equations and later studied the wavelengths of the
spectral lines of elements. 1852 Jacobus Henricus van't Hoff
Neth, physical chemist (Nobel 1901) 1852 Julian Alden Weir,
US painter who died on 08 December 1919.  MORE
ABOUT WEIR AT ART 4 2~DAYwith
links to images.1828 (or 1831) Pierre Henri Théodore
Tetart van Elven, Dutch artist who died on 5 January 1908.1819 Serret,
mathematician 1811 Théophile Gautier, periodista,
poeta y novelista francés.

^1797 Mary Wollstonecraft
Godwin, would become Mrs. Mary
Shelley Poet
Percy Bysshe Shelley (04 Aug 1792  08 Jul 1822), although
already married, would fall in love with Mary Wollstonecraft Godwin,
17, daughter of prominent reformer and early feminist writer Mary
Wollstonecraft (27 Apr
1759  10 Sep
1797). The pair would flee to Europe, arriving in France on 28
July 1814, and would marry on 30 December 1816, after Shelley's
wife drowned herself. Shelley's
inheritance did not pay all the bills, and the couple spent much of
their married life abroad, fleeing Percy Shelley's creditors. While
living in Geneva, the Shelleys and their dear friend Lord Byron challenged
each other to write a compelling ghost story. Only Mary Shelley finished
hers, later publishing the story as Frankenstein, or the Modern Prometheus (1818). The Shelleys
had five children but only one lived to adulthood. After Shelley drowned
in a sailing accident on 18 July 1822, when Mary Shelley was only
24, she edited his Posthumous Poems (1824), Poetical
Works (1839), and his prose works. She lived on a small stipend
from her father-in-law, Lord Shelley, until her surviving son inherited
his fortune and title in 1844. She died on 01 February 1851 at the
age of 53. Although she was a respected writer for many years, only
Frankenstein
and her journals are still widely read.

1797 Julien-Léopold Jules Boilly, French artist
who died on 14 June 1874.1748 Jacques-Louis David,
French Neoclassical
painter, specialized in Historical
Subjects, who died on 29 December 1825.  MORE
ON DAVID AT ART 4 2~DAYwith links to images.1735 Thomas-Germain-Joseph
Duvivier, French artist who died on 04 April 1814.1734
Gaetano Gandolfi, Italian artist who died on 30 June 1802. —
morewith
links to images.1727 Giovanni-Domenico Tiepolo, Italian
Rococo painter who died on 03 March 1804.  MORE
ON TIEPOLO AT ART 4 2~DAYwith links to images.1657 Philipp Peter Roos,
German painter who moved to Italy where he died on 17 Jan 1706. —
morewith
links to images.1589 Abraham Govaerts, Flemish artist
who died on 09 September 1626. — link
to images. 1334 Pedro I, llamado "el Cruel", rey
de Castilla y León.

Thoughts for the day:
The less a politician amounts to, the more he loves the flag. {When
he sinks even lower, it's the Confederate flag}Don't burn the flag, use it to gag a no-good politician.
Don't burn a cross, clobber a grand dragon with it.
To every problem there's a worse solution.
To every reaction, there is an opposite and equally questionable action.
Every silver lining has a cloud.
Every cloud has a silver lightning.
Everyone knows that no one knows what everyone knows.
Baseball is not unlike a war.  Ty Cobb [18 Dec 1886
– 17 Jul 1961], who made his major league batting debut on 30 August 1905,
for the Detroit Tigers.
War is hell.  William T. Sherman [08 Feb 1820 –
14 Feb 1891]Baseball is not unlike Hell. 
(Cobb+Sherman)Take Me Out to the Ball Game 
1909 song
by Jack Norworth.Take me out of the ball game.”
“When you tell someone to go to Hell, be prepared to show the way.
When you tell someone to go to Hell, you are leading the way.
Don't tell people to go to Hell, tell them you'll take them out to the ball
game.
Don't ask to be taken out to the ball game, you can go to Hell all by yourself.
You can go to Hell all by yourself, but not to Heaven.
If you think that baseball is not unlike Hell, you should try cricket!
Don't jump from the frying pan into the fire, go jump in the lake.