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Cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) is a technique that temporarily takes over the function of the heart and lungs during surgery. It also maintains the circulation of blood and the oxygen content of the body. The CPB pump itself is often referred to as a Heart-Lung Machine or the Pumper.

CPB used for induction of total body hypothermia which is a state when the body can be maintained for an hour or more without perfusion(blood flow). Cardiopulmonary bypass is commonly used in hart surgery because of the difficulty of operating on the beating heart. Operations requiring the opening of the chambers of the heart require the use of CPB to support the circulation during that period.

It maintains and controls of blood flow during CPB by altering the speed of revolution (RPM) of the pump head, blood flow is produced by centrifugal force. This type of pumping action is considered to be superior to the action of the roller pump by many because it is thought to produce less blood damage.

Oxygenator

The oxygenator is designed to transfer oxygen to infused blood and remove carbon dioxide from the venous blood.

Another type of oxygenator gaining favor recently is the heparin-coate blood oxygenator which is believed to produce less systemic inflammation and decrease the propensity for blood to clot in the CPB circuit

Cannulae and oxygen, these are called 'direct contact' oxygenators. Membrane oxygenators introduce a gas-permeable membrane between blood and oxygen that decreases the blood trauma of direct-contact oxygenators

B- An arterial cannula is sewn into a patient's body and is used to infuse oxygen-rich blood.

C- A cardioplegia cannula is sewn into the heart to deliver a cardioplegia solution to cause the heart to stop beating.

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Cardioplegia and oxygen, these are called 'direct contact' oxygenators. Membrane oxygenators introduce a gas-permeable membrane between blood and oxygen that decreases the blood trauma of direct-contact oxygenators

A CPB circuit consists of a systemic circuit for oxygenating blood and reinfusing blood into a patient's body, and a separate circuit for infusing cardioplegia to stop the heart and provide myocardia protection.

Operation

A CPB circuit must be primed with fluid and all air expunged before connection to the patient. The circuit is primed with a crystalloid solution and sometimes blood products are also added.

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References and oxygen, these are called 'direct contact' oxygenators. Membrane oxygenators introduce a gas-permeable membrane between blood and oxygen that decreases the blood trauma of direct-contact oxygenators