NoteWorthy Composer (NWC) is a proprietary scorewriter application made by NoteWorthy Software. It is a graphical score editor for Microsoft Windows computers (from Windows 95 to Windows 10), and also works on PCs under Linux with Wine. Version 1 of NWC was released in October 1994, and Version 2 in September 2008. The current version is Version 2.75.[1]

NWC is intended for the creation of sheet music, but it can also import and export MIDI and Karaoke files and can export graphical WMFs. The user interface works either from the keyboard or the mouse. Visual results are immediate, and audible results can be heard at any time. Notes can also be entered by playing on a MIDI device, when configured. In version 2, the notes can be heard as they are entered.[1]

The NWC file format is undocumented and facilities to convert it into documented formats are limited. Version 2 of NWC introduced a textual version of the files, NWCTXT. These can be used for conversion to many other formats, including LilyPond.[2]

A feature of the user interface is that notation is displayed during editing. Each staff proceeds linearly from left to right, without being wrapped to the screen. Staff systems are visually broken to fit margins during page layout, allowing many possibilities at "print time", so solo instrument or full conductor can be produced with the same file. Many users[who?] prefer this editor layout over the so-called WYSIWYG editors because slowdowns in note entry, as the composition becomes larger, are much less dramatic than in WYSIWYG editors. Print preview is available for adjustments to page layout since version 2.51.[1]

The program lacks the more advanced engraving, graphic sophistication, playback and publishing capabilities of more expensive scriptwriting software such as Sibelius or Finale. It does, however, allow the rendering of custom key signatures which do not follow the usual circle of fifths order of sharps and flats. A free viewer is available. The otherwise fully functional demo version imposes a limit of 10 saves per file name, adds a small footer to each printed page, and prints a registration form with each printed score. Besides the demo program, a downloadable plug-in for Winamp allows Winamp to play files from NWC.[3]

Because of the availability of a free viewer, Noteworthy has been adopted as the standard score distribution format by the large hymn database, the Cyber Hymnal.[4] An "unofficial" catalog of compositions and helpful files contributed by users is available from the NoteWorthy Scriptorium.[5]

1.
Software developer
–
A software developer is a person concerned with facets of the software development process, including the research, design, programming, and testing of computer software. Other job titles which are used with similar meanings are programmer, software analyst. According to developer Eric Sink, the differences between system design, software development, and programming are more apparent, even more so that developers become systems architects, those who design the multi-leveled architecture or component interactions of a large software system. In a large company, there may be employees whose sole responsibility consists of one of the phases above. In smaller development environments, a few people or even an individual might handle the complete process. The word software was coined as a prank as early as 1953, before this time, computers were programmed either by customers, or the few commercial computer vendors of the time, such as UNIVAC and IBM. The first company founded to provide products and services was Computer Usage Company in 1955. The software industry expanded in the early 1960s, almost immediately after computers were first sold in mass-produced quantities, universities, government, and business customers created a demand for software. Many of these programs were written in-house by full-time staff programmers, some were distributed freely between users of a particular machine for no charge. Others were done on a basis, and other firms such as Computer Sciences Corporation started to grow. The computer/hardware makers started bundling operating systems, systems software and programming environments with their machines, new software was built for microcomputers, so other manufacturers including IBM, followed DECs example quickly, resulting in the IBM AS/400 amongst others. The industry expanded greatly with the rise of the computer in the mid-1970s. In the following years, it created a growing market for games, applications. DOS, Microsofts first operating system product, was the dominant operating system at the time, by 2014 the role of cloud developer had been defined, in this context, one definition of a developer in general was published, Developers make software for the world to use. The job of a developer is to crank out code -- fresh code for new products, code fixes for maintenance, code for business logic, bus factor Software Developer description from the US Department of Labor

2.
Software release life cycle
–
Usage of the alpha/beta test terminology originated at IBM. As long ago as the 1950s, IBM used similar terminology for their hardware development, a test was the verification of a new product before public announcement. B test was the verification before releasing the product to be manufactured, C test was the final test before general availability of the product. Martin Belsky, a manager on some of IBMs earlier software projects claimed to have invented the terminology, IBM dropped the alpha/beta terminology during the 1960s, but by then it had received fairly wide notice. The usage of beta test to refer to testing done by customers was not done in IBM, rather, IBM used the term field test. Pre-alpha refers to all activities performed during the project before formal testing. These activities can include requirements analysis, software design, software development, in typical open source development, there are several types of pre-alpha versions. Milestone versions include specific sets of functions and are released as soon as the functionality is complete, the alpha phase of the release life cycle is the first phase to begin software testing. In this phase, developers generally test the software using white-box techniques, additional validation is then performed using black-box or gray-box techniques, by another testing team. Moving to black-box testing inside the organization is known as alpha release, alpha software can be unstable and could cause crashes or data loss. Alpha software may not contain all of the features that are planned for the final version, in general, external availability of alpha software is uncommon in proprietary software, while open source software often has publicly available alpha versions. The alpha phase usually ends with a freeze, indicating that no more features will be added to the software. At this time, the software is said to be feature complete, Beta, named after the second letter of the Greek alphabet, is the software development phase following alpha. Software in the stage is also known as betaware. Beta phase generally begins when the software is complete but likely to contain a number of known or unknown bugs. Software in the phase will generally have many more bugs in it than completed software, as well as speed/performance issues. The focus of beta testing is reducing impacts to users, often incorporating usability testing, the process of delivering a beta version to the users is called beta release and this is typically the first time that the software is available outside of the organization that developed it. Beta version software is useful for demonstrations and previews within an organization

3.
Operating system
–
An operating system is system software that manages computer hardware and software resources and provides common services for computer programs. All computer programs, excluding firmware, require a system to function. Operating systems are found on many devices that contain a computer – from cellular phones, the dominant desktop operating system is Microsoft Windows with a market share of around 83. 3%. MacOS by Apple Inc. is in place, and the varieties of Linux is in third position. Linux distributions are dominant in the server and supercomputing sectors, other specialized classes of operating systems, such as embedded and real-time systems, exist for many applications. A single-tasking system can run one program at a time. Multi-tasking may be characterized in preemptive and co-operative types, in preemptive multitasking, the operating system slices the CPU time and dedicates a slot to each of the programs. Unix-like operating systems, e. g. Solaris, Linux, cooperative multitasking is achieved by relying on each process to provide time to the other processes in a defined manner. 16-bit versions of Microsoft Windows used cooperative multi-tasking, 32-bit versions of both Windows NT and Win9x, used preemptive multi-tasking. Single-user operating systems have no facilities to distinguish users, but may allow multiple programs to run in tandem, a distributed operating system manages a group of distinct computers and makes them appear to be a single computer. The development of networked computers that could be linked and communicate with each other gave rise to distributed computing, distributed computations are carried out on more than one machine. When computers in a work in cooperation, they form a distributed system. The technique is used both in virtualization and cloud computing management, and is common in large server warehouses, embedded operating systems are designed to be used in embedded computer systems. They are designed to operate on small machines like PDAs with less autonomy and they are able to operate with a limited number of resources. They are very compact and extremely efficient by design, Windows CE and Minix 3 are some examples of embedded operating systems. A real-time operating system is a system that guarantees to process events or data by a specific moment in time. A real-time operating system may be single- or multi-tasking, but when multitasking, early computers were built to perform a series of single tasks, like a calculator. Basic operating system features were developed in the 1950s, such as resident monitor functions that could run different programs in succession to speed up processing

4.
Windows 95
–
Windows 95 is a consumer-oriented operating system developed by Microsoft. It was released on August 24,1995, and was a significant improvement over the companys previous DOS-based Windows products, Windows 95 merged Microsofts formerly separate MS-DOS and Windows products. It featured significant improvements over its predecessor, Windows 3.1, most notably in the user interface. It was also suggested that Windows 95 had an effect of driving other major out of business. Three years after its introduction, Windows 95 was succeeded by Windows 98, Microsoft ended support for Windows 95 on December 31,2001. The initial design and planning of Windows 95 can be traced back to around March 1992, at this time, Windows for Workgroups 3.11 and Windows NT3.1 were still in development and Microsofts plan for the future was focused on Cairo. Cairo would be Microsofts next-generation operating system based on Windows NT and featuring a new interface and an object-based file system. However, Cairo would partially ship in July 1996 in the form of Windows NT4.0, but without the object-based file system, simultaneously with Windows 3. 1s release, IBM started shipping OS/22.0. Microsoft realized they were in need of a version of Windows that could support 32-bit applications and preemptive multitasking. So the development of Windows Chicago was started and, as it was planned for a late 1993 release, became known as Windows 93. Initially, the decision was not to include a new user interface, as this was planned for Cairo, and only focus on making installation, configuration. Windows 93 would ship together with MS-DOS7.0, offering an integrated experience to the user. The first version of Chicagos feature specification was finished on September 30,1992, cougar was to become Chicagos kernel. Prior to Windows 95s official release, users in the United States had an opportunity to preview it in the Windows 95 Preview Program. For US$19.95, users would receive several 3. 5-inch floppy disks that would be used to install Windows 95 either as an upgrade from Windows 3. 1x or as a fresh installation. Participants were also given a preview of The Microsoft Network. The preview versions expired in November 1995, after which the user would have to purchase their own copy of the version of Windows 95. Windows 95 was designed to be compatible with existing MS-DOS and 16-bit Windows programs and device drivers, while offering a more stable

5.
Windows 10
–
Windows 10 is a personal computer operating system developed and released by Microsoft as part of the Windows NT family of operating systems. It was officially unveiled in September 2014 following a brief demo at Build 2014, privacy concerns were also voiced by critics and advocates, as the operating systems default settings and certain features require the transmission of user data to Microsoft or its partners. Up to August 2016, Windows 10 usage was increasing, with it then plateauing, the operating system is running on more than 400 million active devices and has an estimated usage share of 27. 72% on traditional PCs and 12. 53% across all platforms. We won’t have an ecosystem for PCs, and one for phones, in December 2013, technology writer Mary Jo Foley reported that Microsoft was working on an update to Windows 8 codenamed Threshold, after a planet in Microsofts Halo video game franchise. Similarly to Blue, Foley called Threshold a wave of operating systems across multiple Microsoft platforms and services, Foley reported that among the goals for Threshold was to create a unified application platform and development toolkit for Windows, Windows Phone and Xbox One. The new Start menu takes after Windows 7s design by using only a portion of the screen, the second column displays Windows 8-style app tiles. Myerson said that changes would occur in a future update. Windows Phone 8.1 would share nearly 90% of the common Windows Runtime APIs with Windows 8.1 on PCs, despite these concessions, Myerson noted that the touch-oriented interface would evolve as well on 10. He also joked that they could not call it Windows One because Windows 1.0 already existed.1, further details surrounding Windows 10s consumer-oriented features were presented during another media event held on January 21,2015, entitled Windows 10, The Next Chapter. Additional developer-oriented details surrounding the Universal Windows Platform concept were revealed and discussed during Microsofts developers conference Build, among them were the unveiling of Islandwood, which provides a middleware toolchain for compiling Objective-C based software to run as universal apps on Windows 10 and Windows 10 Mobile. On June 1,2015, Microsoft announced that Windows 10 would be released on July 29,2015. The commercials focused on the tagline A more human way to do, the campaign culminated with launch events in thirteen cities on July 29, which celebrated the unprecedented role our biggest fans played in the development of Windows 10. Windows 10 harmonizes the user experience and functionality between different classes of device, and addresses shortcomings in the interface that were introduced in Windows 8. Windows 10 Mobile, the successor to Windows Phone 8.1, shares some user interface elements, the Windows Runtime app ecosystem was revised into the Universal Windows Platform. These universal apps are made to run across platforms and device classes, including smartphones, tablets, Xbox One consoles. Developers can allow cross-buys, where purchased licenses for an app apply to all of the users compatible devices, on Windows 10, Windows Store serves as a unified storefront for apps, Groove Music, and Movies & TV. Windows 10 also allows web apps and desktop software to be packaged for distribution on the Windows Store, desktop software distributed through Windows Store is packaged using the App-V system to allow sandboxing. A new iteration of the Start menu is used on the Windows 10 desktop, with a list of places and other options on the left side, the menu can be resized, and expanded into a full-screen display, which is the default option in Tablet mode

6.
English language
–
English /ˈɪŋɡlɪʃ/ is a West Germanic language that was first spoken in early medieval England and is now the global lingua franca. Named after the Angles, one of the Germanic tribes that migrated to England, English is either the official language or one of the official languages in almost 60 sovereign states. It is the third most common language in the world, after Mandarin. It is the most widely learned second language and a language of the United Nations, of the European Union. It is the most widely spoken Germanic language, accounting for at least 70% of speakers of this Indo-European branch, English has developed over the course of more than 1,400 years. The earliest forms of English, a set of Anglo-Frisian dialects brought to Great Britain by Anglo-Saxon settlers in the century, are called Old English. Middle English began in the late 11th century with the Norman conquest of England, Early Modern English began in the late 15th century with the introduction of the printing press to London and the King James Bible, and the start of the Great Vowel Shift. Through the worldwide influence of the British Empire, modern English spread around the world from the 17th to mid-20th centuries, English is an Indo-European language, and belongs to the West Germanic group of the Germanic languages. Most closely related to English are the Frisian languages, and English, Old Saxon and its descendent Low German languages are also closely related, and sometimes Low German, English, and Frisian are grouped together as the Ingvaeonic or North Sea Germanic languages. Modern English descends from Middle English, which in turn descends from Old English, particular dialects of Old and Middle English also developed into a number of other English languages, including Scots and the extinct Fingallian and Forth and Bargy dialects of Ireland. English is classified as a Germanic language because it shares new language features with other Germanic languages such as Dutch, German and these shared innovations show that the languages have descended from a single common ancestor, which linguists call Proto-Germanic. Through Grimms law, the word for foot begins with /f/ in Germanic languages, English is classified as an Anglo-Frisian language because Frisian and English share other features, such as the palatalisation of consonants that were velar consonants in Proto-Germanic. The earliest form of English is called Old English or Anglo-Saxon, in the fifth century, the Anglo-Saxons settled Britain and the Romans withdrew from Britain. England and English are named after the Angles, Old English was divided into four dialects, the Anglian dialects, Mercian and Northumbrian, and the Saxon dialects, Kentish and West Saxon. Through the educational reforms of King Alfred in the century and the influence of the kingdom of Wessex. The epic poem Beowulf is written in West Saxon, and the earliest English poem, Modern English developed mainly from Mercian, but the Scots language developed from Northumbrian. A few short inscriptions from the period of Old English were written using a runic script. By the sixth century, a Latin alphabet was adopted, written with half-uncial letterforms and it included the runic letters wynn ⟨ƿ⟩ and thorn ⟨þ⟩, and the modified Latin letters eth ⟨ð⟩, and ash ⟨æ⟩

7.
Microsoft Windows
–
Microsoft Windows is a metafamily of graphical operating systems developed, marketed, and sold by Microsoft. It consists of families of operating systems, each of which cater to a certain sector of the computing industry with the OS typically associated with IBM PC compatible architecture. Active Windows families include Windows NT, Windows Embedded and Windows Phone, defunct Windows families include Windows 9x, Windows 10 Mobile is an active product, unrelated to the defunct family Windows Mobile. Microsoft introduced an operating environment named Windows on November 20,1985, Microsoft Windows came to dominate the worlds personal computer market with over 90% market share, overtaking Mac OS, which had been introduced in 1984. Apple came to see Windows as an encroachment on their innovation in GUI development as implemented on products such as the Lisa. On PCs, Windows is still the most popular operating system, however, in 2014, Microsoft admitted losing the majority of the overall operating system market to Android, because of the massive growth in sales of Android smartphones. In 2014, the number of Windows devices sold was less than 25% that of Android devices sold and this comparison however may not be fully relevant, as the two operating systems traditionally target different platforms. As of September 2016, the most recent version of Windows for PCs, tablets, smartphones, the most recent versions for server computers is Windows Server 2016. A specialized version of Windows runs on the Xbox One game console, Microsoft, the developer of Windows, has registered several trademarks each of which denote a family of Windows operating systems that target a specific sector of the computing industry. It now consists of three operating system subfamilies that are released almost at the time and share the same kernel. Windows, The operating system for personal computers, tablets. The latest version is Windows 10, the main competitor of this family is macOS by Apple Inc. for personal computers and Android for mobile devices. Windows Server, The operating system for server computers, the latest version is Windows Server 2016. Unlike its clients sibling, it has adopted a strong naming scheme, the main competitor of this family is Linux. Windows PE, A lightweight version of its Windows sibling meant to operate as an operating system, used for installing Windows on bare-metal computers. The latest version is Windows PE10.0.10586.0, Windows Embedded, Initially, Microsoft developed Windows CE as a general-purpose operating system for every device that was too resource-limited to be called a full-fledged computer. The following Windows families are no longer being developed, Windows 9x, Microsoft now caters to the consumers market with Windows NT. Windows Mobile, The predecessor to Windows Phone, it was a mobile operating system

8.
Linux
–
Linux is a Unix-like computer operating system assembled under the model of free and open-source software development and distribution. The defining component of Linux is the Linux kernel, an operating system kernel first released on September 17,1991 by Linus Torvalds, the Free Software Foundation uses the name GNU/Linux to describe the operating system, which has led to some controversy. Linux was originally developed for computers based on the Intel x86 architecture. Because of the dominance of Android on smartphones, Linux has the largest installed base of all operating systems. Linux is also the operating system on servers and other big iron systems such as mainframe computers. It is used by around 2. 3% of desktop computers, the Chromebook, which runs on Chrome OS, dominates the US K–12 education market and represents nearly 20% of the sub-$300 notebook sales in the US. Linux also runs on embedded systems – devices whose operating system is built into the firmware and is highly tailored to the system. This includes TiVo and similar DVR devices, network routers, facility automation controls, televisions, many smartphones and tablet computers run Android and other Linux derivatives. The development of Linux is one of the most prominent examples of free, the underlying source code may be used, modified and distributed‍—‌commercially or non-commercially‍—‌by anyone under the terms of its respective licenses, such as the GNU General Public License. Typically, Linux is packaged in a known as a Linux distribution for both desktop and server use. Distributions intended to run on servers may omit all graphical environments from the standard install, because Linux is freely redistributable, anyone may create a distribution for any intended use. The Unix operating system was conceived and implemented in 1969 at AT&Ts Bell Laboratories in the United States by Ken Thompson, Dennis Ritchie, Douglas McIlroy, first released in 1971, Unix was written entirely in assembly language, as was common practice at the time. Later, in a key pioneering approach in 1973, it was rewritten in the C programming language by Dennis Ritchie, the availability of a high-level language implementation of Unix made its porting to different computer platforms easier. Due to an earlier antitrust case forbidding it from entering the computer business, as a result, Unix grew quickly and became widely adopted by academic institutions and businesses. In 1984, AT&T divested itself of Bell Labs, freed of the legal obligation requiring free licensing, the GNU Project, started in 1983 by Richard Stallman, has the goal of creating a complete Unix-compatible software system composed entirely of free software. Later, in 1985, Stallman started the Free Software Foundation, by the early 1990s, many of the programs required in an operating system were completed, although low-level elements such as device drivers, daemons, and the kernel were stalled and incomplete. Linus Torvalds has stated that if the GNU kernel had been available at the time, although not released until 1992 due to legal complications, development of 386BSD, from which NetBSD, OpenBSD and FreeBSD descended, predated that of Linux. Torvalds has also stated that if 386BSD had been available at the time, although the complete source code of MINIX was freely available, the licensing terms prevented it from being free software until the licensing changed in April 2000

9.
Wine (software)
–
Wine is a free and open-source compatibility layer that aims to allow computer programs developed for Microsoft Windows to run on Unix-like operating systems. Wine also provides a library, known as Winelib, against which developers can compile Windows applications to help port them to Unix-like systems. It duplicates functions of Windows by providing alternative implementations of the DLLs that Windows programs call, and this method of duplication differs from other methods that might also be considered emulation, where Windows programs run in a virtual machine. Wine is predominantly written using black-box testing reverse-engineering, to copyright issues. The name Wine initially was an abbreviation for Windows emulator and its meaning later shifted to the recursive acronym, Wine is not an emulator in order to differentiate the software from CPU emulators. While the name appears in the forms WINE and wine. The phrase wine is not an emulator is a reference to the fact that no processor code execution emulation occurs when running a Windows application under Wine, emulation usually refers to the execution of compiled code intended for one processor by interpreting/recompiling software running on a different processor. Such emulation is almost always much slower than execution of the code by the processor for which the code was compiled. In Wine, the Windows applications compiled x86 code runs at native speed on the computers x86 processor. Windows system services are supplied by Wine, in the form of wineserver. In a 2007 survey by desktoplinux. com of 38,500 Linux desktop users,31. 5% of respondents reported using Wine to run Windows applications. This plurality was larger than all x86 virtualization programs combined, as well as larger than the 27. 9% who reported not running Windows applications. Bob Amstadt, the project leader, and Eric Youngdale started the Wine project in 1993 as a way to run Windows applications on Linux. Wine originally targeted 16-bit applications for Windows 3. x, the project originated in discussions on Usenet in comp. os. linux in June 1993. Alexandre Julliard has led the project since 1994, the project has proven time-consuming and difficult for the developers, mostly because of incomplete and incorrect documentation of the Windows API. Consequently, the Wine team has reverse-engineered many function calls and file formats in such areas as thunking, Wine officially entered beta with version 0.9 on 25 October 2005. Version 1.0 was released on 17 June 2008, after 15 years of development. Version 1.2 was released on 16 July 2010, version 1.4 on 7 March 2012, version 1.6 on 18 July 2013. development versions are released roughly every two weeks

10.
Sheet music
–
Sheet music is a handwritten or printed form of music notation that uses modern musical symbols to indicate the pitches, rhythms and/or chords of a song or instrumental musical piece. The first printed sheet music made with a press was made in 1473. Sheet music is the form in which Western classical music is notated so that it can be learned and performed by solo singers or instrumentalists or musical ensembles. Many forms of traditional and popular Western music are commonly learned by singers and musicians by ear, Score is a common alternative term for sheet music, and there are several types of scores, as discussed below. Sheet music from the 20th and 21st century typically indicates the title of the song or composition on a page or cover, or on the top of the first page. If the song or piece is from a movie, Broadway musical, or opera, if the songwriter or composer is known, her or his name is typically indicated along with the title. Black market sheet music, such as illegal jazz fake books may or may not indicate the songwriter or composer, the type of musical notation varies a great deal by genre or style of music. In most classical music, the melody and accompaniment parts are notated on the lines of a staff using round note heads, the lyrics, if present, are written near the melody notes. However, music from the Baroque music era or earlier eras may have neither a tempo marking nor a dynamic indication. The singers and musicians of that era were expected to know what tempo and loudness to play or sing a song or piece due to their musical experience. In the contemporary music era, and in some cases before, composers often used their native language for tempo indications. These conventions of music notation, and in particular the use of English tempo instructions, are also used for sheet music versions of 20th. Popular music songs often indicate both the tempo and genre, slow blues or uptempo rock, pop songs often contain chord names above the staff using letter names, so that an acoustic guitarist or piano player can improvise a chordal accompaniment. In other styles of music, different musical notation methods may be used, in jazz, while most professional performers can read classical-style notation, many jazz tunes are notated using chord charts, which indicate the chord progression of a song and its form. Like popular music songs, jazz tunes often indicate both the tempo and genre, slow blues or fast bop, professional country music session musicians typically use music notated in the Nashville Number System, which indicates the chord progression using numbers. Chord charts using letter names, numbers, or Roman numerals are widely used for notating music by blues, R&B, rock music. Many guitar players and electric bass players learn songs and note tunes using tablature, tab is widely used rock music and heavy metal guitarists. Singers in many music styles learn a song using only a lyrics sheet

11.
User interface
–
The user interface, in the industrial design field of human–computer interaction, is the space where interactions between humans and machines occur. Examples of this concept of user interfaces include the interactive aspects of computer operating systems, hand tools, heavy machinery operator controls. The design considerations applicable when creating user interfaces are related to or involve such disciplines as ergonomics and psychology. Generally, the goal of user interface design is to produce a user interface makes it easy, efficient. This generally means that the needs to provide minimal input to achieve the desired output. Other terms for user interface are man–machine interface and when the machine in question is a computer human–computer interface, the user interface or human–machine interface is the part of the machine that handles the human–machine interaction. Membrane switches, rubber keypads and touchscreens are examples of the part of the Human Machine Interface which we can see. In complex systems, the interface is typically computerized. The term human–computer interface refers to this kind of system, in the context of computing the term typically extends as well to the software dedicated to control the physical elements used for human-computer interaction. The engineering of the interfaces is enhanced by considering ergonomics. The corresponding disciplines are human factors engineering and usability engineering, which is part of systems engineering, tools used for incorporating human factors in the interface design are developed based on knowledge of computer science, such as computer graphics, operating systems, programming languages. Nowadays, we use the graphical user interface for human–machine interface on computers. There is a difference between a user interface and an interface or a human–machine interface. A human-machine interface is typically local to one machine or piece of equipment, an operator interface is the interface method by which multiple equipment that are linked by a host control system is accessed or controlled. The system may expose several user interfaces to serve different kinds of users, for example, a computerized library database might provide two user interfaces, one for library patrons and the other for library personnel. The user interface of a system, a vehicle or an industrial installation is sometimes referred to as the human–machine interface. HMI is a modification of the original term MMI, in practice, the abbreviation MMI is still frequently used although some may claim that MMI stands for something different now. Another abbreviation is HCI, but is commonly used for human–computer interaction

12.
LilyPond
–
LilyPond is a computer program and file format for music engraving. One of LilyPonds major goals is to produce scores that are engraved with traditional layout rules, LilyPond is cross-platform, and is available for several common operating systems, released under the terms of the GNU General Public License, LilyPond is free software. The LilyPond project was started in 1996 by Han-Wen Nienhuys and Jan Nieuwenhuizen, after they decided to work on MPP. Its name was inspired both by the Rosegarden project and an acquaintance of Nienhuys and Nieuwenhuizen named Suzanne, a name that means lily in Hebrew. LilyPond 1.0 was released on July 31,1998, highlighting the development of a custom font, Feta. LilyPond 2.0 was released on September 24,2003, announcing a simplified syntax model, LilyPond is mostly written in C++ and uses Scheme as its extension language, allowing for user customization. It has a relatively large codebase, as of March 21,2015 and it uses a simple text notation for music input, which LilyPond interprets and processes in a series of stages. In the final stage, music notation is output to PDF or other graphical formats, LilyPond also has the facility to generate MIDI files that correspond to the music notation output. LilyPond is an application, so it does not contain its own graphical user interface to assist with score creation. It does, however, have a flexible input language that strives to be simple, LilyPond adheres to the WYSIWYM paradigm, the workflow for typesetting music notation with LilyPond is similar to that of preparing documents with LaTeX. Its guitar facilities support alternative tunings, such as major-thirds tuning, LilyPonds primary goal is to produce output comparable to professionally engraved scores instead of output that looks mechanical and computer-generated. As a result, note heads become more rounded, and staff lines become thicker, optical spacing, stem directions are taken into account when spacing subsequent notes. Special ledger line handling, ledger lines are shortened when accidentals are nearby, proportional spacing, notes can be positioned in such a way that exactly reflects their duration. For example, with setting, the space between consecutive quarter notes is four times greater than between consecutive sixteenth notes. The native input language for LilyPond is comprehensive, consisting of many commands needed for expressing any sort of articulation, dynamic, meter, the ability to embed Scheme code within a LilyPond source file permits arbitrary extensions to the input language and assists with algorithmic composition. Some general syntactic features are listed below, single-line comments begin with a percent sign %. Notes are represented in pitch-duration format, pitch is specified with Helmholtz pitch notation, the semantics of the pitch-duration format change depending on the active input mode, this is explained in depth in the LilyPond manual. For example, in mode, a4 is an A, one octave up from the base A

13.
Phrygian dominant scale
–
In music, the Phrygian dominant scale is the fifth mode of the harmonic minor scale, the fifth being the dominant. Also called the altered Phrygian scale, dominant flat 2 flat 6 and it resembles the scale of the Phrygian mode but has a major third. In the Berklee method, it is known as the Mixolydian b9 b13 chord scale and this scale occurs in Indian, Middle Eastern, Eastern European, Central Asian and Flamenco music. It is the used in the North Indian classical raga Vasant Mukhari. It is sometimes called the Spanish Phrygian scale, Spanish gypsy scale or Phrygian major scale and is common in Flamenco music, the flatted second and the augmented step between the second and third degrees of the scale create its distinctive sound. Examples include some versions of Hava Nagila and Misirlou, while versions of those melodies use the closely related double harmonic scale. The main chords derived from this scale are I, II, iv, double harmonic scale Minor gypsy scale Hungarian minor scale Ukrainian Dorian scale Flamenco mode Misheberak scale Mixolydian mode#Moloch scale Neapolitan chord Hewitt, Michael. Phrygian dominant mapped out for guitar in all positions

14.
WYSIWYG
–
WYSIWYG is an acronym for what you see is what you get. WYSIWYG implies a user interface allows the user to view something very similar to the end result while the document is being created. In general, WYSIWYG implies the ability to manipulate the layout of a document without having to type or remember names of layout commands. The actual meaning depends on the perspective, e. g. WYSIWYG also describes ways to manipulate 3D models in stereo-chemistry, computer-aided design. Modern software does a job of optimizing the screen display for a particular type of output. For example, a processor is optimized for output to a typical printer. The software often emulates the resolution of the printer in order to get as close as possible to WYSIWYG, however, that is not the main attraction of WYSIWYG, which is the ability of the user to be able to visualize what they are producing. In many situations, the differences between what the user sees and what the user gets are unimportant. A preview mode, in which the attempts to present a representation that is as close to the final result as possible. Before the adoption of WYSIWYG techniques, text appeared in editors using the standard typeface. Users were required to enter special non-printing control codes to indicate that text should be in boldface, italics. In this environment there was little distinction between text editors and word processors. These applications typically used an arbitrary markup language to define the codes/tags, each program had its own special way to format a document, and it was a difficult and time-consuming process to change from one word processor to another. The use of tags and codes remains popular today in some applications due to their ability to store complex formatting information. When the tags are made visible in the editor, however, they occupy space in the text and so disrupt the desired layout. The Alto monitor was designed so that one page of text could be seen and then printed on the first laser printers. Bravo was released commercially and the software included in the Xerox Star can be seen as a direct descendant of it. The first release, named BRUNO, ran on the HP1000 minicomputer taking advantage of HPs first bitmapped computer terminal the HP2640, BRUNO was then ported to the HP-3000 and re-released as HP Draw

15.
Sibelius notation program
–
Sibelius is a scorewriter program developed and released by Sibelius Software for the Microsoft Windows, macOS, and the RISC OS operating systems. It is used by composers, arrangers, performers, music publishers, teachers and students, particularly for writing classical, jazz, band, vocal, film and television music. Lite versions of Sibelius, with features, at lower prices, have been released. Sibelius was originally developed by British twins Ben and Jonathan Finn for the Acorn Archimedes computer, under the name Sibelius 7, development was started in 1986, just after the Finns left school, continuing while they were at Oxford and Cambridge universities. They were music students, and they said they wrote the program because they did not like the process of writing music by hand. The program was released to the public in April 1993 on 3. 5-inch floppy disk and it required considerably less than 1 MB of memory, but the combination of assembly language and Acorns RISC chip meant that it ran very quickly. No matter how long the score, changes were displayed almost instantly, the first ever user of Sibelius was the composer and engraver Richard Emsley, who used it before its release and provided advice on music-engraving aspects of the software. The first score published using Sibelius was Antara by George Benjamin, published by Faber Music, other early users included composer John Rutter, conductor Michael Tilson Thomas, and publisher Music Sales. Sibelius rapidly dominated the UK market, being an application for the niche Acorn platform. It also sold in numbers in a few other countries. Lite versions were released, these were successful in UK schools. In September 1998, the first version for Windows was released, a Mac version was released a few months later. To produce these versions the software was rewritten in C++, while retaining most of the originals functionality. Releasing Sibelius for more widely available computers brought it to a market, particularly the US. Following the break-up of Acorn Computers shortly after Sibeliuss Windows release, in August 2006, Sibelius Software Ltd. was acquired by Avid Technology, an American manufacturer of software and hardware for audio and video production. Avid has continued publishing Sibelius as a stand-alone notation product, as well as integrating it with some of its software products. Sibelius 3, with new features such as Kontakt Player and the ability to create audio files and CDs. Sibelius 4, with new features such as the ability to write music synchronised to video, instrumental parts which are updated when the score is changed

16.
Finale (computer program)
–
Finale is the flagship program of a series of proprietary scorewriter music notation software developed and released by MakeMusic for the Microsoft Windows and macOS operating systems. First released in 1988, the version 25 was released in 2016, Finale has been regarded as one of the industry standards for music notation software. A scorewriter is to music notation what a word processor is to text, in that both allow fast corrections, flexible editing, easy sharing of content, and production of a clean. MakeMusic also offers several less expensive versions of Finale, which do not contain all of the programs features. These include SongWriter, PrintMusic, and a program, Finale Notepad. Discontinued versions include Finale Guitar, Notepad Plus, Allegro, the default Untitled document is a 31-measure piece for a single treble clef instrument. Finales current default music notation font is Maestro, Finales tools are organized into multiple hierarchically organized palettes, and the corresponding tool must be selected to add or edit any particular class of score element. Several of Finales tools provide an associated menu just to the left of the Help menu, thus, the operation of Finale bears at least some surface similarities to Adobe Photoshop. On the screen, Finale provides the ability to color code several elements of the score as a visual aid, on the print-out all score elements are black. With the corresponding tool selected, fine adjustment of each set of objects in a score are possible either by clicking and dragging or by entering measurements in a dialog box. A more generalized selection tool is available to select large measure regions for editing key and time signatures. This tool also provides the ability to reposition several classes of object directly. It is smart enough to spell a pitch when secondary dominants are used in a piece. When using a key, experts have recommended that the user assign a spelling for each pitch in the chromatic scale using a dialog box available from the Preferences menu. The lead programmer for Finale version 1.0 in 1988 was Phil Farrand, better known in circles as an author of Nitpickers Guides for Star Trek. He wrote the original software for Coda Music Software, which was later sold to Net4Music. After Finale version 3.7, Finales marketers made the switch to years as identifiers for each new release and those early versions of Finale used a file format called Enigma Transportable File with extension ETF. Finale 2004, released in early 2004, was the first release to run natively on Macintosh computers running Mac OS X Panther and this was considered a late release by MakeMusic, and full support for the features of Mac OS X was limited at first

17.
Key signature
–
In musical notation, a key signature is a set of sharp, flat, and rarely, natural symbols placed together on the staff. Key signatures are written immediately after the clef at the beginning of a line of musical notation, although they can appear in other parts of a score. A key signature designates notes that are to be played higher or lower than the natural notes and applies through to the end of the piece or up to the next key signature. A sharp symbol on a line or space in the key raises the notes on that line or space one semitone above the natural. An accidental is an exception to the key signature, applying only in the measure in which it appears. Although a key signature may be using any combination of sharp and flat symbols, fifteen diatonic key signatures are by far the most common. A piece scored using a diatonic key signature and no accidentals contains notes of at most seven of the twelve pitch classes. Each major and minor key has a key signature that sharpens or flattens the notes which are used in its scale. However, it is not uncommon for a piece to be written with a key signature that does not match its key, for example, in some Baroque pieces, for example, in his Sonata No.31 in A♭ major, Op. In principle, any piece can be written with any key signature, using accidentals to correct the pattern of whole, the purpose of the key signature is to minimize the number of such accidentals required to notate the music. The sequence of sharps or flats in key signatures is generally rigid in modern music notation and this allows musicians to identify the key simply by the number of sharps or flats, rather than their position on the staff. For example, if a key signature has one sharp, it must be an F sharp. However, in 20th-century music, there are exceptions to this, where a piece uses an unorthodox or synthetic scale. This may consist of a number of sharps or flats that are not the normal ones, key signatures of this kind can be found in the music of Béla Bartók, for example. The effect of a key signature continues throughout a piece or movement, for example, if a five-sharp key signature is placed at the beginning of a piece, every A in the piece in any octave will be played as A sharp, unless preceded by an accidental. In a score containing more than one instrument, all the instruments are usually written with the key signature. Exceptions include, If an instrument is a transposing instrument, If an instrument is a percussion instrument with indeterminate pitch. Composers usually omit the key signature for timpani parts. g, timpani in D–A, if they were tuned A and D

18.
Circle of fifths
–
In music theory, the circle of fifths is the relationship among the 12 tones of the chromatic scale, their corresponding key signatures, and the associated major and minor keys. More specifically, it is a representation of relationships among the 12 pitch classes of the chromatic scale in pitch class space. The term fifth defines an interval or mathematical ratio which is the closest and most consonant non-octave interval, the circle of fifths is a sequence of pitches or key tonalities, represented as a circle, in which the next pitch is found seven semitones higher than the last. Musicians and composers use the circle of fifths to understand and describe the relationships among some selection of those pitches. The circles design is helpful in composing and harmonizing melodies, building chords, at the top of the circle, the key of C Major has no sharps or flats. Starting from the apex and proceeding clockwise by ascending fifths, the key of G has one sharp, the key of D has 2 sharps, and so on. Similarly, proceeding counterclockwise from the apex by descending fifths, the key of F has one flat, the key of B♭ has 2 flats, at the bottom of the circle, the sharp and flat keys overlap, showing pairs of enharmonically equivalent key signatures. Starting at any pitch, ascending by the interval of a tempered fifth, one passes all twelve tones clockwise. To pass the twelve tones counterclockwise, it is necessary to ascend by perfect fourths, (To the ear, the sequence of fourths gives an impression of settling, or resolution. Pitches within the scale are related not only by the number of semitones between them within the chromatic scale, but also related harmonically within the circle of fifths. Moving counterclockwise the direction of the circle of fifths gives the circle of fourths, typically the circle of fifths is used in the analysis of classical music, whereas the circle of fourths is used in the analysis of jazz music, but this distinction is not exclusive. The circle is used to represent the relationship between diatonic scales. Here, the letters on the circle are taken to represent the major scale with that note as tonic, the numbers on the inside of the circle show how many sharps or flats the key signature for this scale has. Thus a major scale built on A has 3 sharps in its key signature, the major scale built on F has 1 flat. For minor scales, rotate the letters counter-clockwise by 3, so that, a minor has 0 sharps or flats and E minor has 1 sharp. When notating the key signatures, the order of sharps that are found at the beginning of the line follows the circle of fifths from F through B. The order is F, C, G, D, A, E, B, if there is only one sharp, such as in the key of G major, then the one sharp is F sharp. If there are two sharps, the two are F and C, and they appear in order in the key signature

19.
Sharp (music)
–
In music, sharp, dièse, or diesis means higher in pitch. More specifically, in musical notation, sharp means higher in pitch by a semitone, and has a sharp symbol, ♯. Sharp is contrasted with flat, which refers to a lowering of pitch, intonation may be flat, sharp, or both, successively or simultaneously. Under twelve-tone equal temperament, B♯, for instance, sounds the same as, or is equivalent to, C natural. In other tuning systems, such enharmonic equivalences in general do not exist, to allow extended just intonation, composer Ben Johnston uses a sharp to indicate a note is raised 70.6 cents, or a flat to indicate a note is lowered 70.6 cents. In tuning, sharp can also slightly higher in pitch. If two simultaneous notes are out of tune, the higher-pitched one is said to be sharp with respect to the other. Furthermore, the verb sharpen means raise the frequency of a note, double sharps also exist, these are denoted by the symbol and raise a note by two semitones, or one whole tone. They should not be confused with a ghost note, less often one will encounter other sharps. A half sharp raises a note by a quarter tone =50 cents, a sharp and a half raises a note by three quarter tones =150 cents and may be denoted. Although very uncommon, a triple sharp can sometimes be found and it raises a note by three semitones. The sharp symbol may be confused with the number sign, both signs have two sets of parallel double-lines. However, a correctly drawn sharp sign must have two slanted parallel lines which rise from left to right, to avoid being obscured by the staff lines, the number sign, in contrast, has two compulsory horizontal strokes in this place. In addition, while the sharp also always has two vertical lines, the number sign may or may not contain perfectly vertical lines. The order of sharps in key signature notation is F♯, C♯, G♯, D♯, A♯, E♯, B♯, each extra sharp being added successively in the sequence of major keys. Similarly the order of flats is based on the natural notes in reverse order, B♭, E♭, A♭, D♭, G♭, C♭, F♭, encountered in the following series of major keys. In the above progression, key C♯ may be conveniently written as the harmonically equivalent key D♭

20.
Flat (music)
–
In music, flat, or bemolle means lower in pitch. In music notation, the symbol, ♭, derived from a stylised lowercase b. Intonation or tuning is said to be flat when it is below the true pitch, the order of flats in the key signatures of music notation, following the circle of fifths, is B♭, E♭, A♭, D♭, G♭, C♭, and F♭. A mnemonic for this is, Before Eating A Doughnut Get Coffee First, the Unicode character ♭ can be found in the block Miscellaneous Symbols, its HTML entity is &#9837. Under twelve tone equal temperament, C♭ for instance is the same as, or enharmonically equivalent to, B♮, in any other tuning system, such enharmonic equivalences in general do not exist. To allow extended just intonation, composer Ben Johnston uses a sharp as an accidental to indicate a note is raised 70.6 cents, double flats also exist, which look like and lower a note by two semitones, or a whole step. Less often one will encounter half, or three-quarter, or otherwise altered flats, the Unicode character

21.
Demo (computer programming)
–
Within the computer subculture known as the demoscene, a non-interactive multimedia presentation is called a demo. Demogroups create demos to demonstrate their abilities in programming, music, drawing, the key difference between a classical animation and a demo is that the display of a demo is computed in real time, making computing power considerations the biggest challenge. Demos are mostly composed of 3D animations mixed with 2D effects, what began as a type of electronic graffiti on cracked software became an art form unto itself. The demoscene both produced and inspired many techniques used by games and 3D rendering applications today - for instance, light bloom. Wired News has frequently described demos as digital graffiti, emphasizing the underground nature of the demoscene as well as the way demos are used to proclaim the authoring gangs superiority. Digitalcraft has described demos as digital origami, referring to the creation of aesthetically pleasing works by overcoming strict technical restrictions, there are demos available for a great variety of computing platforms. The main historical platforms include Commodore 64, ZX Spectrum, Atari ST and Commodore Amiga, there are even demos running on such diverse platforms as VIC-20, Commodore Plus/4, Atari 8-bit, Atari 2600, Amstrad CPC, Macintosh, Game Boy, GP32, PlayStation and MSX. Unlike mainstream retrocomputing, the activity of creating demos for old computers is more associated with technical challenge than nostalgic feelings. The accomplishment of new and groundbreaking things is a driving force on the demoscene. Even many PC-oriented democoders do some programming on more restricted platforms in order to get in touch with ways of democoding that are no longer available on modern PCs, in the 1990s, it was still quite common for different platforms to have more or less separate demoscenes. When users of different platforms participated in an event, it was considered obvious to split the competition categories for each supported platform. Nowadays, the availability of decent emulators and video captures have brought the different scenes closer together, alternative platforms include BASIC interpreters, Java applets, Java ME, Macromedia Flash, JavaScript, PHP and even Microsoft Office. Software platform restrictions like this, however, have not earned the respect from the majority of demosceners, some cracker groups started to release those games with the protection removed. Simple noninteractive demos were released as type in programs in books and magazines. Initially, small demos were shown before the game, including music, animations. The quality of these demos was quickly considered as a figurehead of the group, Intros increased in quality, often touching the limits of the computers abilities. The cracker groups started a competition for being the first in releasing cracked copies of games. At that moment, levering out copy protection decreased in importance for some artists inside the scene and they felt that programming ambitious Intros was more challenging

22.
Winamp
–
Since version 2 it has been sold as freemium and supports extensibility with plug-ins and skins, and features music visualization, playlist and a media library, supported by a large online community. Version 1 of Winamp was released in 1997, and grew popular with over 3 million downloads. Winamp 2.0 was released on September 8,1998, the 2. x versions were widely used and made Winamp one of the most downloaded Windows applications. By 2000, Winamp had over 25 million registered users, a poor reception to the 2002 rewrite, Winamp3, was followed by the release of Winamp 5 in 2003, and a later release of version 5.5 in 2007. Playback formats Winamp supports music playback using MP3, MIDI, MOD, MPEG-1 audio layers 1 and 2, AAC, M4A, FLAC, WAV, Winamp was one of the first widely used music players on Windows to support playback of Ogg Vorbis by default. It supports gapless playback for MP3 and AAC and ReplayGain for volume leveling across tracks, CD support includes playing and importing music from audio CDs, optionally with CD-Text, and burning music to CDs. The standard version limits maximum speed and datarate, the Pro version removes these limitations. Winamp supports playback of Windows Media Video and Nullsoft Streaming Video, for MPEG Video, AVI, and other unsupported video types, Winamp uses Microsofts DirectShow API for playback, allowing playback of most of the video formats supported by Windows Media Player. 5.1 Surround sound is supported where formats and decoders allow, Media Library At installation, Winamp scans the users system for media files to add to the Media Library database. It supports full Unicode filenames and Unicode metadata for media files, in the Media Library user interface pane, under Local Media, several selectors permit display of subsets of media files with greater detail. Adding album art and track tags Get Album Art permits retrieval of cover art, autotagging analyzes a tracks audio using the Gracenote service and retrieves the songs ID2 and ID3 metadata. Podcatcher Winamp can also be used as an RSS media feeds aggregator capable of displaying articles, downloading, SHOUTcast Wire provides a directory and RSS subscription system for podcasts. Media Monitor Winamp Media Monitor allows web-based browsing and bookmarking music blog websites, the Media Monitor is preloaded with music blog URLs. Winamp Remote Winamp Remote allows remote playback of unprotected media files on the users PC via the Internet, Remote adjusts bitrate based on available bandwidth, and can be controlled by web interface, Wii, PlayStation 3, Xbox 360, and mobile phones. Plug-ins In February 1998, Winamp was rewritten as an audio player with a plug-in architecture. This feature was received well by reviewers, development was early, diverse, and rapid,66 plugins were published by November 1998. The Winamp software development kit allows developers to create seven different types of plug-ins. Input. Output, sends data to devices or files

23.
Hymn
–
A hymn is a type of song, usually religious, specifically written for the purpose of adoration or prayer, and typically addressed to a deity or deities, or to a prominent figure or personification. The word hymn derives from Greek ὕμνος, which means a song of praise, a writer of hymns is known as a hymnodist. The singing of hymns is called hymnody, collections of hymns are known as hymnals or hymn books. Hymns may or may not include instrumental accompaniment, although most familiar to speakers of English in the context of Christianity, hymns are also a fixture of other world religions, especially on the Indian subcontinent. Hymns also survive from antiquity, especially from Egyptian and Greek cultures, some of the oldest surviving examples of notated music are hymns with Greek texts. Surviving from the 3rd century BC is a collection of six literary hymns by the Alexandrian poet Callimachus, patristic writers began applying the term ὕμνος, or hymnus in Latin, to Christian songs of praise, and frequently used the word as a synonym for psalm. Originally modeled on the Psalms and other passages in the Scriptures. Many refer to Jesus Christ either directly or indirectly, since the earliest times, Christians have sung psalms and hymns and spiritual songs, both in private devotions and in corporate worship. One definition of a hymn is. a lyric poem, reverently and devotionally conceived, which is designed to be sung, others are used to encourage reverence for the Holy Bible or to celebrate Christian practices such as the eucharist or baptism. A writer of hymns is known as a hymnodist, and the practice of singing hymns is called hymnody, a collection of hymns is called a hymnal or hymnary. These may or may not include music, a student of hymnody is called a hymnologist, and the scholarly study of hymns, hymnists and hymnody is hymnology. The music to which a hymn may be sung is a hymn tune, in many Evangelical churches, traditional songs are classified as hymns while more contemporary worship songs are not considered hymns. The reason for this distinction is unclear, but according to some it is due to the shift of style and devotional thinking that began with the Jesus movement. In ancient and medieval times, stringed instruments such as the harp, lyre and lute were used with psalms, since there is a lack of musical notation in early writings, the actual musical forms in the early church can only be surmised. During the Middle Ages a rich hymnody developed in the form of Gregorian chant or plainsong and this type was sung in unison, in one of eight church modes, and most often by monastic choirs. While they were originally in Latin, many have been translated. Later hymnody in the Western church introduced four-part vocal harmony as the norm, adopting major and minor keys and it shares many elements with classical music. Today, except for choirs, more musically inclined congregations and a cappella congregations, hymns are sung in unison

24.
ZDNet
–
ZDNet is a business technology news website published by CBS Interactive, along with TechRepublic and SmartPlanet. The brand was founded on April 1,1991, as a general interest technology portal from Ziff Davis, ZDNet began as a subscription-based digital service called ZiffNet that offered computing information to users of CompuServe. It featured computer industry forums, events, features and searchable archives, initially, ZiffNet was intended to serve as a common place to find content from all Ziff-Davis print publications. As such, ZiffNet was an expansion on an online service called PCMagNet for readers of PC Magazine. Launched in 1988, PCMagNet in turn was the evolution of Ziff Davis first electronic publishing venture, a bulletin board, on June 20,1995, Ziff-Davis announced the consolidation of its online information services under a single name, ZD Net. The service had grown its membership to 275,000 subscribers across six platforms, CompuServe, Prodigy, AT&T Interchange, a few months prior to the name consolidation, Ziff-Davis expanded onto the World Wide Web under the name ZD Net. Dan Farber, former editor-in-chief of PC Week and MacWeek, was named editor-in-chief of the property, by June, the site was recording web traffic of 2.5 million pageviews per week. The site also expanded overseas, initially to France, Germany, in 1997, the website—now the brands flagship property—underwent another redesign that featured topical channels of content. It also marked the change in name from ZD Net to ZDNet, two months prior, the company launched ZDNet News, or ZDNN, the sites first dedicated section to original reportage. The appointment of digital publishing executive Dan Rosensweig as ZDNets first president capped a year of significant change for the brand, in 1998, ZDNet launched Inter@active Investor, or ZDII, a spin-off website for investors that offered financial news and information on technology companies. On May 11,1998, Ziff-Davis launched ZDTV as the first cable channel and website to offer 24-hour programming about computing. The venture, which was owned by Vulcan Enterprises, was supported with a staff of 170 and incorporated ZDNet content on its website. The channel would later become Tech TV, by the end of 1998, ZDNet was the dominant technology brand online. It led its closest rival, CNET, by a 26 percent margin and was the 13th most popular site on the Web, reaching 8.4 million users, the site would reach an additional 600,000 users within a year. In 1999, Ziff-Davis spun ZDNet off as a company and offered it as a tracking stock, ZDZ, to accompany the parent stock. An initial public offering raised $190 million, but the stock was eliminated in early 2000. The new company soon acquired Updates. com, a software upgrade service and it was incorporated into the sites Help Channel. In 1999, ZDNet also launched Tech Life, a network of six consumer-focused tech sites intended to attract parents, music listeners, gadget enthusiasts, gamers and basic users

25.
Daily Telegraph
–
It was founded by Arthur B. Sleigh in 1855 as The Daily Telegraph and Courier, the papers motto, Was, is, and will be, appears in the editorial pages and has featured in every edition of the newspaper since April 19,1858. The paper had a circulation of 460,054 in December 2016 and its sister paper, The Sunday Telegraph, which started in 1961, had a circulation of 359,287 as of December 2016. The Daily Telegraph has the largest circulation for a newspaper in the UK. The two sister newspapers are run separately, with different editorial staff, but there is cross-usage of stories, articles published in either may be published on the Telegraph Media Groups www. telegraph. co. uk website, under the title of The Telegraph. However, critics, including an editor, accuse it of being unduly influenced by advertisers. The Daily Telegraph and Courier was founded by Colonel Arthur B, Sleigh in June 1855 to air a personal grievance against the future commander-in-chief of the British Army, Prince George, Duke of Cambridge. Joseph Moses Levy, the owner of The Sunday Times, agreed to print the newspaper, the paper cost 2d and was four pages long. Nevertheless, the first edition stressed the quality and independence of its articles and journalists, however, the paper was not a success, and Sleigh was unable to pay Levy the printing bill. Levy took over the newspaper, his aim being to produce a newspaper than his main competitors in London. The same principle should apply to all other events—to fashion, to new inventions, in 1876, Jules Verne published his novel Michael Strogoff, whose plot takes place during a fictional uprising and war in Siberia. In 1937, the newspaper absorbed The Morning Post, which espoused a conservative position. Originally William Ewart Berry, 1st Viscount Camrose, bought The Morning Post with the intention of publishing it alongside The Daily Telegraph, for some years the paper was retitled The Daily Telegraph and Morning Post before it reverted to just The Daily Telegraph. As an result, Gordon Lennox was monitored by MI5, in 1939, The Telegraph published Clare Hollingworths scoop that Germany was to invade Poland. In November 1940, with Fleet Street subjected to almost daily bombing raids by the Luftwaffe, The Telegraph started printing in Manchester at Kemsley House, Manchester quite often printed the entire run of The Telegraph when its Fleet Street offices were under threat. The name Kemsley House was changed to Thomson House in 1959, in 1986 printing of Northern editions of the Daily and Sunday Telegraph moved to Trafford Park and in 2008 to Newsprinters at Knowsley, Liverpool. During the Second World War, The Daily Telegraph covertly helped in the recruitment of code-breakers for Bletchley Park, the ability to solve The Telegraphs crossword in under 12 minutes was considered to be a recruitment test. The competition itself was won by F. H. W. Hawes of Dagenham who finished the crossword in less than eight minutes, both the Camrose and Burnham families remained involved in management until Conrad Black took control in 1986

26.
International Herald Tribune
–
From 1967 to 2013, the paper was known as the International Herald Tribune, and was renamed The International New York Times on October 15,2013. In October 2016, the newspaper was integrated with its parent. Autumn that year saw the closing of editing and preproduction operations in the Paris newsroom. The Paris Herald was founded on 4 October 1887, as the European edition of the New York Herald by the parent paper’s owner, James Gordon Bennett, the company was based in Neuilly-sur-Seine, a suburb of Paris, France. After the death of Bennett in 1918, Frank Andrew Munsey bought the New York Herald, Munsey sold the Herald newspapers in 1924 to the New York Tribune, and the Paris Herald became the Paris Herald Tribune, while the New York paper became New York Herald Tribune. The newspaper became a mainstay of American expatriate culture in Europe, in Jean-Luc Godard’s 1960 film Breathless, the female lead character Patricia is an American student journalist who sells the New York Herald Tribune on the streets of Paris. Pages from the paper can be seen tacked up through the office windows. In 1959 John Hay Whitney, a businessman and United States Ambassador to the United Kingdom, bought the New York Herald Tribune and its European edition. In 1966 the New York Herald Tribune was merged into the short-lived New York World Journal Tribune and ceased publication, in December 1966 The Washington Post became a joint owner. The New York Times became a joint owner of the Paris Herald Tribune in May 1967, in 1974, the IHT began transmitting facsimile pages of the paper between nations and opened a printing site near London. In 1977 the paper opened a site in Zürich. The IHT began transmitting electronic images of pages from Paris to Hong Kong via satellite in 1980. This was the first such intercontinental transmission of an English-language daily newspaper, in 1991, The Washington Post and The New York Times became sole and equal shareholders of the IHT. In February 2005 it opened its Asia newsroom in Hong Kong, in April 2001, the Japanese newspaper Asahi Shimbun tied up with the IHT and published an English-language newspaper, the International Herald Tribune/Asahi Shimbun. After The Washington Post sold their stake in the IHT, it continued being published under the name International Herald Tribune/Asahi Shimbun, on 30 December 2002 The New York Times Company took control of the paper by buying the 50% stake owned by The Washington Post Company. The takeover ended a 35-year partnership between the two US domestic competitors, the Post was forced to sell when the Times threatened to pull out and start a competing paper. As a result, the Post entered into an agreement to publish selected Post articles in The Wall Street Journal’s European edition, after the takeover the IHT was subtitled The Global Edition of the New York Times. In 2008, the NYT Company announced the merger of the New York Times, in March 2009 the IHT website became the global version of NYTimes. com

27.
The Age
–
The Age is a daily newspaper that has been published in Melbourne, Australia, since 1854. It is delivered in both hardcopy and online formats, the newspaper shares many articles with other Fairfax Media metropolitan daily newspapers, such as The Sydney Morning Herald. As at February 2017, The Age had a weekday circulation of 88,000. The Sunday Age had a circulation of 123,000 and these represented year-on-year declines of 8% to 9%. The Ages website, according to third-party web analytics providers Alexa and SimilarWeb, is the 44th and 58th most visited website in Australia respectively, SimilarWeb rates the site as the seventh most visited news website in Australia, attracting more than 7 million visitors per month. The newspaper went compact in March 2013, with the Saturday and Sunday editions retaining the broadsheet format, on 22/23 February 2014, the final weekend edition were produced in broadsheet format with these too converted to compact format on 1/2 March 2014. The Ages parent company Chief executive officer, Greg Hywood, has foreshadowed the end of the print edition of the newspaper, with some analysts saying this will occur during 2017. The Age was founded by three Melbourne businessmen, the brothers John and Henry Cooke, who had arrived from New Zealand in the 1840s, the first edition appeared on 17 October 1854. The first edition under the new owners was on 17 June 1856, Ebenezer Syme was elected to the Victorian Legislative Assembly shortly after buying The Age, and his brother David Syme soon came to dominate the paper, editorially and managerially. When Ebenezer died in 1860, David became editor-in-chief, a position he retained until his death in 1908, in 1891, Syme bought out Ebenezers heirs and McEwans and became sole proprietor. He built up The Age into Victorias leading newspaper, in circulation, it soon overtook its rivals The Herald and The Argus, and by 1890 it was selling 100,000 copies a day, making it one of the worlds most successful newspapers. Under Symes control The Age exercised enormous political power in Victoria, Syme was originally a free trader, but converted to protectionism through his belief that Victoria needed to develop its manufacturing industries behind tariff barriers. In the 1890s, The Age was a supporter of Australian federation. After Symes death the paper remained in the hands of his three sons, with his eldest son Herbert Syme becoming general manager until his death in 1939, by the 1940s, the papers circulation was smaller than it had been in 1900, and its political influence also declined. Although it remained more liberal than the extremely conservative Argus, it lost much of its political identity. The historian Sybil Nolan writes, Accounts of The Age in these years generally suggest that the paper was second-rate, walker described a newspaper which had fallen asleep in the embrace of the Liberal Party, querulous, doddery and turgid are some of the epithets applied by other journalists. In 1942, David Symes last surviving son, Oswald Syme and he modernised the papers appearance and standards of news coverage. A takeover attempt by the Warwick Fairfax family, publishers of The Sydney Morning Herald, was beaten off and this new lease on life allowed The Age to recover commercially, and in 1957 it received a great boost when The Argus ceased publication

28.
Ziff-Davis
–
Ziff Davis, LLC is an American publisher and Internet company. It was initiated during 1927 in Chicago, Illinois, by William B, Ziff, Sr. and Bernard G. Davis. Throughout most of Ziff Davis history, it was a publisher of hobbyist magazines, often devoted to expensive, advertiser-rich technical hobbies such as cars, photography. However, since 1980, Ziff Davis has primarily published computer-related magazines, Ziff Davis had several broadcasting properties, first during the mid-1970s, and later with its own technology network ZDTV, later renamed to TechTV, that was sold to Vulcan Ventures during 2001. Ziff Davis magazine publishing and internet operations offices are based in New York City, Massachusetts, on November 12,2012, Ziff Davis Inc. was acquired by cloud computing services company j2 Global of Hollywood, Calif. for $167 million cash. According to a late 2015 Fortune article, Ziff Davis comprises 30% of parent company j2 Globals $600 million annual revenue and is increasing 15% to 20% each year, analyst Gregory Burns of Sidoti & Company calculates that Ziff Davis is worth $1.9 billion. During 1923, Ziff acquired E. C, auld Company, a Chicago publishing house. Ziffs first venture in publishing was Ziffs Magazine, which featured short stories, one-act plays, humorous verse. The title was changed to Americas Humor during April 1926, Bernard George Davis was the student editor of the University of Pittsburghs humor magazine, the Pitt Panther, and was active in the Association of College Comics of the East. During his senior year he attended the convention and met William B. When Davis graduated during 1927 he joined Ziff as the editor of Americas Humor, Ziff, who had been an aviator in World War I, created a new magazine, Popular Aviation, during August 1927 that was published by Popular Aviation Publishing Company of Chicago, Illinois. Managed by Editor Harley W. Mitchell it became the largest aviation magazine, the magazines title became Aeronautics for June 1929 and the publishing companys name became Aeronautical Publications, Inc. The title was changed back to Popular Aviation for July 1930, the magazine became Flying during 1942 and is still published today by the Bonnier Corporation. The magazine celebrated its 80th anniversary during 2007, the company histories normally give the founding date as 1927. This is when B. G. Davis joined and Popular Aviation magazine started, however, it was not until 1936 that the company became the Ziff-Davis Publishing Company. Davis was given a minority equity interest in the company and was appointed a vice-president. He was later named president during 1946, Davis was a photography enthusiast and the editor of the Popular Photography magazine started during May 1937. During early 1938, Ziff-Davis acquired the magazines Radio News and Amazing Stories and these were started by Hugo Gernsback but sold as a result of the Experimenter Publishing bankruptcy during 1929

29.
Free and open-source software
–
Free and open-source software is computer software that can be classified as both free software and open-source software. This is in contrast to proprietary software, where the software is under restrictive copyright, the benefits of using FOSS can include decreasing software costs, increasing security and stability, protecting privacy, and giving users more control over their own hardware. Free, open-source operating systems such as Linux and descendents of BSD are widely utilized today, powering millions of servers, desktops, smartphones, Free software licenses and open-source licenses are used by many software packages. In the 1950s, 1960s, and 1970s to 1980s, it was common for users to have the source code for all programs they used. Software, including source code, was shared by individuals who used computers. Most companies had a model based on hardware sales, and provided or bundled software with hardware. Organizations of users and suppliers were formed to facilitate the exchange of software, see, for example, SHARE, by the late 1960s, the prevailing business model around software was changing. In United States vs. IBM, filed 17 January 1969, while some software might always be free, there would be a growing amount of software that was for sale only. Software development for the GNU operating system began in January 1984, an article outlining the project and its goals was published in March 1985 titled the GNU Manifesto. The manifesto included significant explanation of the GNU philosophy, Free Software Definition, the Linux kernel, started by Linus Torvalds, was released as freely modifiable source code in 1991. Initially, Linux was not released under a free or open-source software license, however, with version 0.12 in February 1992, he relicensed the project under the GNU General Public License. Much like Unix, Torvalds kernel attracted the attention of volunteer programmers, freeBSD and NetBSD were released as free software when the USL v. BSDi lawsuit was settled out of court in 1993. OpenBSD forked from NetBSD in 1995, also in 1995, The Apache HTTP Server, commonly referred to as Apache, was released under the Apache License 1.0. In 1997, Eric Raymond published The Cathedral and the Bazaar and this code is today better known as Mozilla Firefox and Thunderbird. Netscapes act prompted Raymond and others to look into how to bring the FSFs free software ideas, the new name they chose was open source, and quickly Bruce Perens, publisher Tim OReilly, Linus Torvalds, and others signed on to the rebranding. The Open Source Initiative was founded in February 1998 to encourage use of the new term, a Microsoft executive publicly stated in 2001 that open source is an intellectual property destroyer. I cant imagine something that could be worse than this for the software business and this view perfectly summarizes the initial response to FOSS by some software corporations. IBM, Oracle, Google and State Farm are just a few of the companies with a serious public stake in todays competitive open-source market, there has been a significant shift in the corporate philosophy concerning the development of free and open-source software

30.
Impro-Visor
–
Impro-Visor is an educational tool for creating and playing a lead sheet, with a particular orientation toward representing jazz solos. The philosophy of Impro-Visor is to provide a tool to help musicians construct jazz solos over chord progressions and it includes a database capability for creating, saving, and recalling licks, as well as a lick generation capability based on a user-modifiable grammar. More recent versions of Impro-Visor include auto-generated playback accompaniment in various styles, most musical knowledge, including lick generation, database, lead sheets, styles, and other information, is represented as text files, permitting the tool to be customized. Impro-Visor saves lead sheets in a notation, and lead sheets may be created from that notation as well as by point-and-click. The notation was designed to be friendly to the jazz musician, for example, the lead sheet fragment to the right, similar to that in article lead sheet, can be created by the following text, C C7 | F | c+2 bb2 bb8 a8 f2. The reading of this text is, Chords C and C7 equally spaced in the first bar, a melody of c, bb2, meaning a B-flat half-note, bb8, meaning a B-flat eighth-note, f2. Other meta-data can be supplied, such as for style specification, Impro-Visor categorizes tones that can be played over any chord into one of four categories. This serves two purposes, as feedback to the user, where each category is rendered as a different color. Categories of notes discussed above are one of the key ingredients in automating the generation of melodies, the other key ingredient is a context-free grammar having terminal symbols for each of the four categories, along with a few other terminal symbols for convenience. The grammar defines ways in which the space can be filled probabilistically by tones of various durations. The user indicates the progression, and the grammar drives the melody generation over that progression. The figure at the right demonstrates an example generated lick and this particular grammar is constructed so as not to produce any discordant notes, thus no red notes appear in the figure. Version 4 added a feature for learning a grammar from a corpus of transcribed solos, the learned grammar loosely approximates the playing style of the soloist by creating abstract melodies from the solos, which can be re-instantiated into similar melodies through the grammar. Connections between learned abstract melodic fragments are represented as a Markov chain, which is encoded into the stochastic context-free grammar, Impro-Visor automatically creates accompaniment, such as piano, bass, and drums, from the chord sequence on a leadsheet. The style of accompaniment is derived from a set of pattern specifications using a notation similar to that for melodies. For example, a ride cymbal pattern common to swing jazz would be notated as x4 x8 x8 x4 x8 x8 with x4 signifying a quarter-note hit, a similar pattern notation is used for chord comping and bassline patterns. In the latter type of pattern, a note category coding scheme similar to that for the notation is used to provide probabilistic creation of basslines. Impro-Visor analyzes jazz lead sheets to produce a roadmap of the tune, a roadmap is a sequence of bricks that represent harmonic idioms

31.
Denemo
–
Denemo is a free software graphical interface for music notation, mainly to GNU LilyPond, a program for engraving musical scores. Denemo has been under development since 1999, using GTK+2 or 3, it works on Linux, Microsoft Windows and macOS. Denemo helps prepare notation for publishing and lets a user rapidly enter notation, music can be typed in using a PC keyboard, taken from MIDI input, or played into a microphone plugged into a soundcard. The program plays back via an internal sampler and can act as a JACK/MIDI client, denemo includes scripts to run music tests and practice exercises for educational purposes. Denemo has all the music notation functions accessible via keyboard shortcuts, however, everything can be accessed by mouse, and both mouse and keyboard shortcuts can be defined using menu items that invoke functions. WYSIWYG manipulations can be performed in the view, e. g. interactively re-shaping slurs. A Scheme scripting interface is available, and commands written in Scheme can be placed in the menu system

32.
Frescobaldi (software)
–
Frescobaldi is an editor for LilyPond music files. It aims to be powerful, yet lightweight and easy to use, Frescobaldi is free software, freely available under the GNU General Public License. It is designed to run on all operating systems. It is named after Girolamo Frescobaldi, an Italian composer of music in the late Renaissance. In April 2009, Frescobaldi won a HotPick award in Linux Format, in May 2009, TuxRadar listed it as one of 100 open source gems. Frescobaldi is written in Python and uses PyQt4 for its user interface

33.
JEdit
–
JEdit is a free software text editor available under the GNU General Public License version 2.0. It is written in Java and runs on any operating system with Java support, including BSD, Linux, macOS, JEdit development was started in 1998 by Slava Pestov, who left the project in 2006, handing development to the free software community. JEdit includes syntax highlighting that provides support for over 200 file formats. Support for additional formats can be added manually using XML files and it supports UTF-8 and many other encodings. It has extensive code folding and text folding capabilities as well as text wrapping that takes indents into account, the application is highly customizable and can be extended with macros written in BeanShell, Jython, JavaScript and some other scripting languages. There are over 150 available jEdit plug-ins for many different application areas, the plug-ins are downloaded via an integrated plug-in manager which finds and installs them along with any dependencies. The plugin manager will track new versions and can download associated updates automatically, XML plugin that is used for editing XML, HTML, JavaScript and CSS files. In the case of XML, the plug-in does validation, for XML, HTML and CSS, it uses auto-completion popups for elements, attributes and entities. In general jEdit has received reviews from developers. Rob Griffiths wrote in April 2002 for MAC OS X HINTS saying he was very impressed and he also praised its customization possibilities using the extensive preferences panel and the on the fly search engine, which searches while typing. Griffiths noted that the application has a few drawbacks, such as that it is a bit slow at scrolling a line at a time, where I saw NetBeans as overkill, others may see jEdit as underkill for an IDE or overkill for a text editor. I find it Mac friendly and easy to use, I dont expect too much from it, so I tend to be pleased with what I get. Scott Beatty reviewing jEdit on SitePoint in 2005 particularly noted the applications folding feature along with its search and replace and he recommended the use of the PHPParser plug-in. PHPParser is a sidebar that checks for PHP syntax errors whenever a PHP code file is loaded or saved, but also adding that jEdit is not, however, an IDE with everything but the Christmas tree, like Eclipse or Microsoft Visual Studio. Rather, its a compact application for editing code, providing practical tools along with basic IDE features, list of text editors Comparison of text editors Official website JEdit on SourceForge. net

34.
MuseScore
–
MuseScore is a free scorewriter for Windows, macOS, and Linux, comparable to Finale and Sibelius, supporting a wide variety of file formats and input methods. It is released as free and open-source software under the GNU General Public License, MuseScores main purpose is the creation of high-quality engraved musical scores in a What-You-See-Is-What-You-Get environment. Style options to change the appearance and layout are available, there are pre-defined templates for many types of ensembles. Functionality can be extended by making use of the freely available plugins. MuseScore can also play back scores through the built-in sequencer and SoundFont sample library, multiple SoundFonts can be loaded into MuseScores synthesizer. There is a mixer to mute, solo, or adjust the volume of individual parts, MuseScore can import MusicXML, MIDI, Band-in-a-Box, Guitar Pro, Capella and Overture formats, as well as its own MuseScore Format and Compressed MuseScore Format. It can export to MusicXML and MIDI file formats, audio can be exported to WAV, FLAC, MP3, and OGG files, and engraved output can be exported to PDF, SVG, and PNG formats, or it can be printed directly. Although MuseScore cannot natively import Sibelius and Finale file formats, its support of MusicXML enables sharing between the different programs, the MuseScore Connect feature allows MuseScore users to publish and share their music online through MuseScore. com. The service allows paying subscribers to share unlimited scores, free accounts are also available, but users are limited to uploading five scores. The MuseScore Start Center displays featured scores from the website, MuseScore. com allows playback of a score in any browser supporting the HTML5 audio tag. A score can also be linked to a video, so that one may follow the sheet music while watching a video featuring that score. Since May 2014 MuseScore has mobile apps available for iOS and Android which tie into the MuseScore score sharing site, the app can play scores, and allows changing of transposition and part extraction, but does not allow creating or editing scores. There is a version and a paid-for version with more features. MuseScore also runs as a portable application and it can be stored on a removable storage device such as a CD, USB flash drive, flash card, or floppy disk, so that it can be run on any compatible computer system. MuseScore was originally created as a fork of the MusE sequencers codebase, since then, MuseScore has been under constant active development. The www. musescore. org website was created in 2008, by December 2008, the download rate was up to 15,000 monthly downloads. Version 0.9.5 was released in August 2009, which was enough for daily or production use. By October 2009, MuseScore had been downloaded more than one thousand times per day, by the fourth quarter of 2010, the number of MuseScore daily downloads had tripled again, and was downloaded 80,000 times per month

35.
MusiXTeX
–
MusiXTeX is a suite of open source music engraving macros and fonts that allow music typesetting in TeX. Macros for typesetting music in TeX first appeared in 1987 and were limited to one-staff systems, in 1991, Daniel Taupin created MusicTeX, whose macros allowed the production of systems with multiple staves, but which presented a few problems in controlling the horizontal positioning of notes. In 1997 the positioning problems were corrected in MusiXTeX, which includes the external application musixflx to control the horizontal distances and this new module requires a three-pass compilation, TeX, musixflx and TeX again. When compiling a TeX source file named file. tex, a file. mx1 is generated, containing information about the distances between staves and bar lengths. This file is processed by the program musixflx, which determines the distances between notes for each beat and writes them in file. mx2, which is used in compiling the final TeX file. Any changes in the score that affect the horizontal distances require file. mx2 to be deleted, LilyPond 1.0 was released on 31 July 1998, highlighting the development of a custom music font, Feta, and the complete separation of LilyPond from MusiXTeX. PMX is a preprocessor for MusiXTeX written by Don Simons, List of music software MusiXTeX and Related Software Complete MusiXTeX Guide List of programs that import/export to the MusiXTeX format

36.
Rosegarden
–
Rosegarden is a free software digital audio workstation program developed for Linux with ALSA and Qt4. It acts as an audio and MIDI sequencer, scorewriter and musical composition and it is intended to be a free alternative to such applications as Cubase. Software synthesizer is available as a plugin, and it is possible to use external MIDI synthesizer, recent versions of Rosegarden support the DSSI software synthesizer plugin interface, and can use some Windows VST plugins through an adapter. The current Rosegarden program was originally named Rosegarden-4, to distinguish it from a program by the same authors called Rosegarden 2.1. X11 Rosegarden is very limited, but is stable on a variety of Unix-like operating systems. In contrast, because Rosegarden uses the Linux ALSA system, it runs in a very limited manner on non-Linux systems. The Rosegarden project was started in 1993 at the University of Bath, Rosegarden 2.1 was released under the GPL in 1997, Rosegarden began in April 2000. Version 1.0 was released on February 14,2005, the current release is 16.06, which was released on July 18,2016. Rosegarden was developed up through 1.0 by Chris Cannam, Richard Bown, since then, each release has been developed by a different mix of core and contributing project members, including, but not limited to D. Michael McIntyre, Pedro Lopez-Cabanillas, and Heikki Junes. Bown has retired from the project, while Laurent has left to pursue his interest in porting to Mac OS X via Cocoa in an as yet unnamed spinoff project

37.
TuxGuitar
–
TuxGuitar is a free, open source tablature editor, which includes features such as tablature editing, score editing, and import and export of Guitar Pro gp3, gp4, and gp5 files. In addition, TuxGuitars tablature and staff interfaces function as basic MIDI editors, TuxGuitars mascot and namesake is Tux, the penguin mascot of many games and programs originally designed for Linux. The program is written in the Java programming language and is released under version 2.1 of the GNU Lesser General Public License, TuxGuitar 1.2 was released in 2009. Its source code was updated through 2015 culminating in a release of version 1.3.0 in January 2016. TuxGuitar offers a set of three default skins that its users can choose from and these are, TuxGuitar also supports custom skins. The default skin for version 1.0 is Lavender, as of May 2014, TuxGuitar had 4/5 stars in the CNET user ratings. During the same time, TuxGuitar had 3. 4/5 stars in the Softpedia user ratings, as of August 2016 the program has 4. 7/5 stars on SourceForge. Reviewers at Software Informer gave version 1.0 of TuxGuitar 5/5 stars, praising the easy to use interface. List of music software Official website TuxGuitar on SourceForge. net

38.
Capella (notation program)
–
Capella requires to be activated after a trial period of 30 days. The publisher writes the name in lower case letters only, the program was initially created by Hartmut Ring, and is now maintained and developed by Bernd Jungmann. Capella claims to have 300,000 users for the notation program and 120,000 for the OCR program. Digital sheet music in capella formats is available in online music libraries. The German Protestant hymnal Evangelisches Gesangbuch has been digitized using capella software, originally available only in German, capella is now available in English, Dutch, Finnish, Polish and Czech. The current version is Capella Professional 7.1, which includes guitar chord notation ability, a capella start program is offered with several restrictions for a lower price. A free capella reader can display, print and play a capella score, data entry is possible via computer keyboard entirely, via mouse or in a combination with a MIDI keyboard. It is intended for multi staff scores like choir music, or orchestral music, Capella is a practically-oriented application suited for amateur and professional musicians alike. It includes engraving as well as MIDI import and export, Capella can play back the score via the computers sound card, to MIDI devices or using VST modules. Capellas captune module allows to select the output channels and to fine-tune the sounds. Version 7 brought live voice extraction, one can switch between the view on the score for the whole orchestra and the view on a selection of the staves of one or a group of instruments. On printing and exporting, only the voices being shown in the current view will be used, specific instruction of individual voices can be marked as only visible in extracted voice. Live voice extraction is also available in the free Reader program, in the version of the editor Capella start. Version 7.1 introduced Unicode compatibility, UTF-8 is now the standard text encoding format, the following modules are advertised for capella 7, For the production of large complex music scores. Edit and arrange a score of voices/instruments in any number of pages of any number of staves per line, playback with MIDI sound, import/export with other music software via MusicXML. Cut-down version of capella with up to 4 staves per line, up to 2 voices per stave, convert scanned sheet music into a capella score for editing. Personal trainer for singers and instrumentalists, convets capella, musicXML and MIDI to MP3 format. Add a three- or four-part harmonisation to a melody, compose a canon fugue on a given melody, the file format of capella evolved from a proprietary digital encoding to an open, XML text based format called CapXML with extension *. capx

Software developer
–
A software developer is a person concerned with facets of the software development process, including the research, design, programming, and testing of computer software. Other job titles which are used with similar meanings are programmer, software analyst. According to developer Eric Sink, the differences between system design, software developme

1.
Mistory software developer group

Software release life cycle
–
Usage of the alpha/beta test terminology originated at IBM. As long ago as the 1950s, IBM used similar terminology for their hardware development, a test was the verification of a new product before public announcement. B test was the verification before releasing the product to be manufactured, C test was the final test before general availability

1.
Software release life cycle map

Operating system
–
An operating system is system software that manages computer hardware and software resources and provides common services for computer programs. All computer programs, excluding firmware, require a system to function. Operating systems are found on many devices that contain a computer – from cellular phones, the dominant desktop operating system is

1.
OS/360 was used on most IBM mainframe computers beginning in 1966, including computers used by the Apollo program.

3.
The first server for the World Wide Web ran on NeXTSTEP, based on BSD

Windows 95
–
Windows 95 is a consumer-oriented operating system developed by Microsoft. It was released on August 24,1995, and was a significant improvement over the companys previous DOS-based Windows products, Windows 95 merged Microsofts formerly separate MS-DOS and Windows products. It featured significant improvements over its predecessor, Windows 3.1, mos

1.
Windows 95 desktop, showing its icons and taskbar.

Windows 10
–
Windows 10 is a personal computer operating system developed and released by Microsoft as part of the Windows NT family of operating systems. It was officially unveiled in September 2014 following a brief demo at Build 2014, privacy concerns were also voiced by critics and advocates, as the operating systems default settings and certain features re

1.
Screenshot of Windows 10, showing the Start menu and Action Center

English language
–
English /ˈɪŋɡlɪʃ/ is a West Germanic language that was first spoken in early medieval England and is now the global lingua franca. Named after the Angles, one of the Germanic tribes that migrated to England, English is either the official language or one of the official languages in almost 60 sovereign states. It is the third most common language i

1.
The opening to the Old English epic poem Beowulf, handwritten in half-uncial script: Hƿæt ƿē Gārde/na ingēar dagum þēod cyninga / þrym ge frunon... "Listen! We of the Spear-Danes from days of yore have heard of the glory of the folk-kings..."

2.
Countries of the world where English is a majority native language

3.
Title page of Geoffrey Chaucer's Canterbury Tales c.1400

Microsoft Windows
–
Microsoft Windows is a metafamily of graphical operating systems developed, marketed, and sold by Microsoft. It consists of families of operating systems, each of which cater to a certain sector of the computing industry with the OS typically associated with IBM PC compatible architecture. Active Windows families include Windows NT, Windows Embedde

1.
Screenshot of Windows 10, showing the Action Center and Start Menu

Linux
–
Linux is a Unix-like computer operating system assembled under the model of free and open-source software development and distribution. The defining component of Linux is the Linux kernel, an operating system kernel first released on September 17,1991 by Linus Torvalds, the Free Software Foundation uses the name GNU/Linux to describe the operating

1.
Linus Torvalds, principal author of the Linux kernel

2.
Ubuntu, a popular Linux distribution

3.
5.25-inch floppy discs holding a very early version of Linux

4.
Nexus 5 running Android

Wine (software)
–
Wine is a free and open-source compatibility layer that aims to allow computer programs developed for Microsoft Windows to run on Unix-like operating systems. Wine also provides a library, known as Winelib, against which developers can compile Windows applications to help port them to Unix-like systems. It duplicates functions of Windows by providi

Sheet music
–
Sheet music is a handwritten or printed form of music notation that uses modern musical symbols to indicate the pitches, rhythms and/or chords of a song or instrumental musical piece. The first printed sheet music made with a press was made in 1473. Sheet music is the form in which Western classical music is notated so that it can be learned and pe

1.
MIDI allows multiple instruments to be played from a single controller (often a keyboard, as pictured here), which makes stage setups much more portable. This system fits into a single rack case, but prior to the advent of MIDI would have required four separate full-size keyboard instruments, plus outboard mixing and effects units.

2.
MIDI connectors and a MIDI cable.

3.
Two-octave MIDI controllers are popular for use with laptop computers, due to their portability. This unit provides a variety of real-time controllers, which can manipulate various sound design parameters of computer-based or standalone hardware instruments, effects, mixers and recording devices.

4.
MIDI wind controllers can produce expressive, natural-sounding performances in a way that is difficult to achieve with keyboard controllers.

User interface
–
The user interface, in the industrial design field of human–computer interaction, is the space where interactions between humans and machines occur. Examples of this concept of user interfaces include the interactive aspects of computer operating systems, hand tools, heavy machinery operator controls. The design considerations applicable when creat

1.
Example of a tangible user interface.

2.
IBM 029

3.
Holes are punched in the card according to a prearranged code transferring the facts from the census questionnaire into statistics

4.
Teletype Model 33 ASR

LilyPond
–
LilyPond is a computer program and file format for music engraving. One of LilyPonds major goals is to produce scores that are engraved with traditional layout rules, LilyPond is cross-platform, and is available for several common operating systems, released under the terms of the GNU General Public License, LilyPond is free software. The LilyPond

1.
Official LilyPond logo

Phrygian dominant scale
–
In music, the Phrygian dominant scale is the fifth mode of the harmonic minor scale, the fifth being the dominant. Also called the altered Phrygian scale, dominant flat 2 flat 6 and it resembles the scale of the Phrygian mode but has a major third. In the Berklee method, it is known as the Mixolydian b9 b13 chord scale and this scale occurs in Indi

1.
D Phrygian dominant scale. Play (help · info)

WYSIWYG
–
WYSIWYG is an acronym for what you see is what you get. WYSIWYG implies a user interface allows the user to view something very similar to the end result while the document is being created. In general, WYSIWYG implies the ability to manipulate the layout of a document without having to type or remember names of layout commands. The actual meaning

1.
Compound document displayed on Xerox 8010 Star system

2.
The program on the left uses a WYSIWYG editor to produce a Lorem Ipsum document. The program on the right contains LaTeX code, which when compiled will produce a document that will look very similar to the document on the left. Compilation of formatting code is not a WYSIWYG process.

Sibelius notation program
–
Sibelius is a scorewriter program developed and released by Sibelius Software for the Microsoft Windows, macOS, and the RISC OS operating systems. It is used by composers, arrangers, performers, music publishers, teachers and students, particularly for writing classical, jazz, band, vocal, film and television music. Lite versions of Sibelius, with

1.
Sibelius

Finale (computer program)
–
Finale is the flagship program of a series of proprietary scorewriter music notation software developed and released by MakeMusic for the Microsoft Windows and macOS operating systems. First released in 1988, the version 25 was released in 2016, Finale has been regarded as one of the industry standards for music notation software. A scorewriter is

1.
Finale

Key signature
–
In musical notation, a key signature is a set of sharp, flat, and rarely, natural symbols placed together on the staff. Key signatures are written immediately after the clef at the beginning of a line of musical notation, although they can appear in other parts of a score. A key signature designates notes that are to be played higher or lower than

2.
Key signature A major / F♯ minor with three sharps placed after the clef.

Circle of fifths
–
In music theory, the circle of fifths is the relationship among the 12 tones of the chromatic scale, their corresponding key signatures, and the associated major and minor keys. More specifically, it is a representation of relationships among the 12 pitch classes of the chromatic scale in pitch class space. The term fifth defines an interval or mat

Sharp (music)
–
In music, sharp, dièse, or diesis means higher in pitch. More specifically, in musical notation, sharp means higher in pitch by a semitone, and has a sharp symbol, ♯. Sharp is contrasted with flat, which refers to a lowering of pitch, intonation may be flat, sharp, or both, successively or simultaneously. Under twelve-tone equal temperament, B♯, fo

1.
The notes C sharp and C double sharp on the treble clef

Flat (music)
–
In music, flat, or bemolle means lower in pitch. In music notation, the symbol, ♭, derived from a stylised lowercase b. Intonation or tuning is said to be flat when it is below the true pitch, the order of flats in the key signatures of music notation, following the circle of fifths, is B♭, E♭, A♭, D♭, G♭, C♭, and F♭. A mnemonic for this is, Before

1.
Figure 1. The notes A-flat and A double-flat on the treble clef

Demo (computer programming)
–
Within the computer subculture known as the demoscene, a non-interactive multimedia presentation is called a demo. Demogroups create demos to demonstrate their abilities in programming, music, drawing, the key difference between a classical animation and a demo is that the display of a demo is computed in real time, making computing power considera

1.
Demoscene

2.
"Fuckings" to a member of the Andromeda demogroup

Winamp
–
Since version 2 it has been sold as freemium and supports extensibility with plug-ins and skins, and features music visualization, playlist and a media library, supported by a large online community. Version 1 of Winamp was released in 1997, and grew popular with over 3 million downloads. Winamp 2.0 was released on September 8,1998, the 2. x versio

1.
WinAMP 0.2a

2.
Winamp 5.5 featuring the Bento skin

3.
WinAMP 0.92

4.
Winamp for Android streaming an Internet radio station over WiFi

Hymn
–
A hymn is a type of song, usually religious, specifically written for the purpose of adoration or prayer, and typically addressed to a deity or deities, or to a prominent figure or personification. The word hymn derives from Greek ὕμνος, which means a song of praise, a writer of hymns is known as a hymnodist. The singing of hymns is called hymnody,

ZDNet
–
ZDNet is a business technology news website published by CBS Interactive, along with TechRepublic and SmartPlanet. The brand was founded on April 1,1991, as a general interest technology portal from Ziff Davis, ZDNet began as a subscription-based digital service called ZiffNet that offered computing information to users of CompuServe. It featured c

1.
ZDNet

Daily Telegraph
–
It was founded by Arthur B. Sleigh in 1855 as The Daily Telegraph and Courier, the papers motto, Was, is, and will be, appears in the editorial pages and has featured in every edition of the newspaper since April 19,1858. The paper had a circulation of 460,054 in December 2016 and its sister paper, The Sunday Telegraph, which started in 1961, had a

1.
The Sunday Telegraph

2.
The Daily Telegraph front page on 29 June 2015

3.
In 1882 The Daily Telegraph moved to new Fleet Street premises, which were pictured in the Illustrated London News.

4.
The Daily Telegraph building in 1974

International Herald Tribune
–
From 1967 to 2013, the paper was known as the International Herald Tribune, and was renamed The International New York Times on October 15,2013. In October 2016, the newspaper was integrated with its parent. Autumn that year saw the closing of editing and preproduction operations in the Paris newsroom. The Paris Herald was founded on 4 October 1887

2.
Front page of the International New York Times, on its first issue under new name on October 15, 2013

3.
Sample front page of the International Herald Tribune, before it was renamed the International New York Times

The Age
–
The Age is a daily newspaper that has been published in Melbourne, Australia, since 1854. It is delivered in both hardcopy and online formats, the newspaper shares many articles with other Fairfax Media metropolitan daily newspapers, such as The Sydney Morning Herald. As at February 2017, The Age had a weekday circulation of 88,000. The Sunday Age

1.
The front page of The Age on 4 March 2013

2.
A copy of the first edition of The Age

3.
Front page of The Age reporting the dismissal of the Prime Minister on 11 November 1975

4.
Previous The Age Headquarters

Ziff-Davis
–
Ziff Davis, LLC is an American publisher and Internet company. It was initiated during 1927 in Chicago, Illinois, by William B, Ziff, Sr. and Bernard G. Davis. Throughout most of Ziff Davis history, it was a publisher of hobbyist magazines, often devoted to expensive, advertiser-rich technical hobbies such as cars, photography. However, since 1980,

1.
An early issue of Popular Aviation; the first magazine published by Ziff Davis. The covers were paintings for the first decade.

2.
Ziff Davis, LLC.

Free and open-source software
–
Free and open-source software is computer software that can be classified as both free software and open-source software. This is in contrast to proprietary software, where the software is under restrictive copyright, the benefits of using FOSS can include decreasing software costs, increasing security and stability, protecting privacy, and giving

Impro-Visor
–
Impro-Visor is an educational tool for creating and playing a lead sheet, with a particular orientation toward representing jazz solos. The philosophy of Impro-Visor is to provide a tool to help musicians construct jazz solos over chord progressions and it includes a database capability for creating, saving, and recalling licks, as well as a lick g

1.
Screen shot of Impro-Visor

Denemo
–
Denemo is a free software graphical interface for music notation, mainly to GNU LilyPond, a program for engraving musical scores. Denemo has been under development since 1999, using GTK+2 or 3, it works on Linux, Microsoft Windows and macOS. Denemo helps prepare notation for publishing and lets a user rapidly enter notation, music can be typed in u

1.
Denemo 0.7.5 under Linux

Frescobaldi (software)
–
Frescobaldi is an editor for LilyPond music files. It aims to be powerful, yet lightweight and easy to use, Frescobaldi is free software, freely available under the GNU General Public License. It is designed to run on all operating systems. It is named after Girolamo Frescobaldi, an Italian composer of music in the late Renaissance. In April 2009,

1.
Frescobaldi

JEdit
–
JEdit is a free software text editor available under the GNU General Public License version 2.0. It is written in Java and runs on any operating system with Java support, including BSD, Linux, macOS, JEdit development was started in 1998 by Slava Pestov, who left the project in 2006, handing development to the free software community. JEdit include

1.
jEdit 4.3 showing Java macro.

MuseScore
–
MuseScore is a free scorewriter for Windows, macOS, and Linux, comparable to Finale and Sibelius, supporting a wide variety of file formats and input methods. It is released as free and open-source software under the GNU General Public License, MuseScores main purpose is the creation of high-quality engraved musical scores in a What-You-See-Is-What

MusiXTeX
–
MusiXTeX is a suite of open source music engraving macros and fonts that allow music typesetting in TeX. Macros for typesetting music in TeX first appeared in 1987 and were limited to one-staff systems, in 1991, Daniel Taupin created MusicTeX, whose macros allowed the production of systems with multiple staves, but which presented a few problems in

Rosegarden
–
Rosegarden is a free software digital audio workstation program developed for Linux with ALSA and Qt4. It acts as an audio and MIDI sequencer, scorewriter and musical composition and it is intended to be a free alternative to such applications as Cubase. Software synthesizer is available as a plugin, and it is possible to use external MIDI synthesi

1.
Rosegarden 1.7.0 screenshot

TuxGuitar
–
TuxGuitar is a free, open source tablature editor, which includes features such as tablature editing, score editing, and import and export of Guitar Pro gp3, gp4, and gp5 files. In addition, TuxGuitars tablature and staff interfaces function as basic MIDI editors, TuxGuitars mascot and namesake is Tux, the penguin mascot of many games and programs

1.
TuxGuitar

Capella (notation program)
–
Capella requires to be activated after a trial period of 30 days. The publisher writes the name in lower case letters only, the program was initially created by Hartmut Ring, and is now maintained and developed by Bernd Jungmann. Capella claims to have 300,000 users for the notation program and 120,000 for the OCR program. Digital sheet music in ca

1.
Screenshot of Overture 3.6 running on Mac OS 9. Palettes for adding notes, clefs, expressions and articulations can be seen. On the left side of the screen is the palette for entering non-standard note shapes. The step note entry window and the track list windows are also open.