The valuations issue has gained fresh prominence for market strategists amid a rise in interest rates and bond yields, along with concerns about inflation increasing.

Those factors, including a yield on the benchmark 10-year U.S. Treasury note <US10YT=RR> that is approaching 3 percent, has prompted investors to rethink how to price stocks, which have become more expensive as the nearly nine-year bull market has aged.

"It’s a topic that’s got to be in the front of a lot of asset managers' minds right now: What level is this market a really good buy again?," said Jim Paulsen, chief investment strategist at The Leuthold Group in Minneapolis.

"We are going to get good earnings coming through," Paulsen said. "The problem is we are going to lose the value on those earnings."

A test for equity valuations could come with next Friday's U.S. employment report for February. Last month's report revealed surprising wage gains that sparked concerns of inflation, in turn setting off a jump in yields and a drop in stocks.

Stocks are commonly valued by comparing their price to their estimated profits over the next year, known as the price-to-earnings, or P/E, ratio.

“Interest rates set the discount for what you want to value companies at and in general with higher interest rates you are going to see lower P/Es as fair value,” said Rick Meckler, president of LibertyView Capital Management in Jersey City, New Jersey. "You are going to be less willing to pay higher multiples on stocks where your discount rate continues to go up."

VOLATILITY

The P/E ratio on the benchmark S&P 500 index <.SPX> had climbed to 18.6 times by the end of January, the highest level in about 15 years, according to Thomson Reuters Datastream, as stocks climbed to all-time peaks.

That was just before the market plunged at the start of February, dropping 10 percent and confirming a correction, and in turn lowering the P/E ratio to 17 times earnings estimates.

Valuations hovered around that level at the end of a turbulent week. The S&P 500 rose 0.5 percent on Friday, recovering some losses from Thursday, when U.S. President Donald Trump announced plans for tariffs on steel and aluminum, raising concern about higher prices and a trade war. [.N]

"A lot of the volatility that has occurred and a bit of the repricing of financial assets, stocks in particular, is a result of there (being) a little bit of uncertainty as to what we should use as that discount rate," said Michael Arone, chief investment strategist at State Street Global Advisors in Boston.

Half of the S&P 500's returns last year stemmed from the P/E going up - investors willing to pay more for future earnings - helped by optimism about the global economy, according to Arone, but people’s willingness to "pay even more for those earnings is probably beginning to fade."

The good news for stock investors is that S&P 500 earnings are expected to jump 19.2 percent in 2018, the biggest increase since a 40.3 percent rise in 2010, as the United States emerged from the financial crisis, according to Thomson Reuters I/B/E/S.

An examination of the six other years in which S&P 500 earnings growth topped 15 percent, along with increasing 10-year Treasury yields and the Federal Reserve raising interest rates, found that P/E multiples shrank in all but one year, but the index still managed gains, according to Keith Lerner, chief market strategist with SunTrust Advisory Services in Atlanta.

Lerner expects the stock market will be able to maintain a forward P/E of around 16 times. That is cheaper than current levels, but above the S&P 500's long-term average of 15 times, according to Datastream.

According to a Reuters poll of market strategists this week, stocks will rack up a gain of more than 8 percent for the year, despite the recent correction.

"We are not relying on multiple expansion. In fact, if rates continue to rise like this, we are looking at probably a little bit more of a contraction scenario," said Mona Mahajan, U.S. investment strategist at Allianz Global Investors. "But this will be offset by strong (earnings) growth."

But Paulsen said he believed stocks may be overpriced and that Leuthold recently reduced U.S. equity exposure in its main funds. Among his concerns was whether inflation is about to rise more sharply.

“We have given birth to a whole new generation of investors that have rarely seen inflation at even 3 percent,” Paulsen said.

"If you are going to generate some negative fallout from additional growth, however much longer this recovery lasts, that creates a very different environment."