Chloroform is a hazardous organic compound produced at the same time in the 1830's by French chemist Eugene Soubeiran, American physician Samuel Guthrie, and German chemist Justus von Liebig through a haloform reaction involving acetone, chlorine bleach powder, and ethanol. They are heated at 400-500 degrees Celsius. In 1834, Chloroform was formally named by Jean-Baptiste Dumas, a French chemist. Up until the 20th century, Chloroform was a popular anesthetic for surgery. It was later abandoned because of its toxicity and effect on the central nervous system. A dose of 10 mililiters is considered fatal. Today, it is used for dyes, pesticides, and pharmaceuticals. Chloroform is notorious for being used by the criminal underworld as a method of kidnapping without struggle. It is usually applied to a handkerchief and forced over the nose.