The energy loss is low is because of the low frequency/longer wavelength phonon - which does not coincide with the size of the molecules/atoms. The higher frequencies/shorter wavelength phonon is likely to coincide with the size of the molecules/atoms, and thus losing its energy through resonating the energy through all the molecules/atoms. This is the cause of energy attenuation.

Another factor is energy dissipation: By having the size of molecules/atoms coinciding close to that of the phonon, the phonon streams is more likely to be reflected/refracted and thus dissipated.

Both of these factors can help to explain why longer wavelength can travel far, low signal loss.

Another possible explanation is the phonon density: higher frequencies phonon matches with that of smaller atoms/molecular structures, which occurred at a higher density/number, and thus is able to spread the energy faster. Lower frequencies/longer wavelength need larger molecular structures (or multiple atom forming a macro-structures), which occur at a much lower densities, and thus is less able to spread the energy faster.

Another possible dissipative phenomena is electron-phonon coupling, which is more likely to happen for higher frequencies phonons.

These are my layman's perspective of what's happening, but from a specialist point of view (beyond me), u can refer to: