The views expressed and the conclusions reached in this publication are those of the author/s and not necessarily those of persons consulted or the Rural Industries Research and Development Corporation. RIRDC shall not be responsible in any way whatsoever to any person who relies in whole, or in part, on the contents of this report unless authorised in writing by the Managing Director of RIRDC. This publication is copyright. Apart from any fair dealing for the purposes of research, study, criticism or review as permitted under the Copyright Act 1968, no part may be reproduced in any form, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted without the prior written permission from the Rural Industries Research and Development Corporation. Requests and inquiries concerning reproduction should be directed to the Managing Director.

Foreword
This reports surveys, collates and reviews key aspects of Australia’s fast-growing culinary herbs industry, including all of the published scientific and industry literature on postharvest handling and packaging. It identifies and analyses the reasons for the high wastage rate in shops and supermarkets and suggests ways to overcome the problems of dealing with such a wide range of temperate and tropical herbal plants. The report also studies the export and international handling of Australian culinary herbs and shows how producers can improve their chances of reaching world markets. This project is part of RIRDC’s culinary herbs, spices, teas and coffee program which fosters development of viable industries based on these products by investigating markets and commercial opportunities and by developing technology packages to support production.

Peter Core Managing Director Rural Industries Research and Development Corporation

iii

Executive summary Culinary herbs is a growth industry. Yet expansion is curtailed by a distinct lack of understanding of the specific postharvest handling and packaging needs of the broad range of species and varieties generically labelled “culinary herbs”. Wastage on domestic markets is high with some suppliers to supermarkets having to rotate stock every 24 to 48 hours to assure quality at the time of purchase. Furthermore, many packers and exporters of herbs feel that their ability to export to overseas markets is severely limited by their lack of knowledge of handling and packaging requirements. There are two sections contained in this report. The first is the results of a survey of the Australian culinary herb industry which identified the postharvest handling methods currently in use and the major postharvest factors limiting the expansion and sustainability of the industry. Based on the survey results, all the published scientific and industry literature on postharvest handling and packaging of herbs was collated and reviewed. This review comprises the second part of the report. The survey identified poor postharvest handling and a lack of knowledge on suitable packaging systems for herbs as the major factors contributing to wastage, poor quality and limited market opportunities. In particular, poor temperature and humidity management during handling, distribution and marketing were identified as key issues which need to be addressed. Culinary herbs as a group comprise a very diverse range of plant species, cultivars and plant parts. Furthermore, fresh herbs may be of temperate or tropical origin. Consequently, their postharvest handling requirements are very diverse indeed. It appears that industry is unaware of the specific needs of different species and at present most varieties are simply branded “herbs” and all are treated the same after harvest. After examining and critically reviewing the published literature on postharvest handling and packaging of herbs it became apparent that some information exists on how to address these issues and it will be useful to some sectors of the industry. This information is available in this report. However, a major finding of the review was how little research has been done on the postharvest handling and packaging of culinary herbs. Data from the survey and the review has identified the priory areas for research inputs to address the problems faced by industry and has identified a substantial opportunity to add value to the herb industry. With the sudden increase in the production of minimally processed vegetables there is an opportunity to supply minimally processed herbs in their own right as well as additives to minimally processed vegetable mixes. These products will require specific postharvest handling and processing requirements and this information appears to be unavailable in the public domain at present. A number of these research and development issues are being addressed in a new project which is being funded by RIRDC and the herb industry. This project will develop postharvest handling and packaging protocols for problem herbs such as sweet basil as well as new herb products.

To this end. FHC-1A). The results of these investigations comprise the basis for this report. Using the results of an industry survey and a desk-top review of existing literature.Background In recent years an increasing number of enquires have been made to IHD on the postharvest handling and packaging of culinary herbs for both domestic and export markets. retailers and exporters were quite confused as to how to handle and package different herb species. it was decided that the problem should be properly identified before it could be addressed. In addition to this. a survey of the herb industry was undertaken to identify which crops and products have the highest priority and what are the major postharvest handling and packaging issues which need to be addressed. packers.
Objectives To identify new and emerging postharvest packaging and handling technologies which will enable the fresh herb industry to overcome existing barriers to market expansion. research priorities will be identified. However. This was resulting in high levels of wastage on domestic markets and a lack of confidence in developing export markets. In responding to these requests for information it became increasingly clear that little knowledge was readily available and that growers.
1
. These observations were supported by the recommendations of the inaugural Australian Herb Industry Workshop where packaging technology was identified as a high priority area for research and development inputs (RIRDC Project No. the published information on the postharvest handling and packaging of herbs was collated and reviewed.

at both domestic and export level is considerable. major marketing and handling problems associated with fresh herbs still exist.
2
. Similar problems exist at the end of the marketing chain. high air-freight costs and inadequate packaging. retailers selling herb bouquets that may combine an extremely perishable herb such as chervil with long-lasting rosemary and thyme or. due to a lack of postharvest handling information for individual species. displaying fresh herbs under incorrect environmental conditions. Although local production has grown to meet this demand. the potential for further market expansion. Low daily turnover of fresh herbs at the local retail level leads to substantial wastage due to quality loss while further expansion into export markets is limited by low volumes. A few growers and distributors have tried using modified atmosphere packaging (MAP) technologies to increase product shelf-life using packaging systems developed "in-house" or by packaging companies. the majority of herbs produced are sold as dried products due to ease of transport. A number of costly and time-consuming commercial trials have been unsuccessful in improving fresh herb shelf-life to any great extent. Niche export markets are available to growers who can provide sufficient quantities of quality product.1. retail. particularly "out-ofseason" herbs to Northern hemisphere markets. Despite some expansion and diversification of markets. the local hospitality industry requires increasing volumes of high quality product that can be stored and used as required. Although freshly harvested herbs are superior in flavour to dried herbs. In most cases. fresh. Design of proper MAP requires a better understanding of the postharvest physiology and storage requirements of each herb species. herb growers and distributors use the same packaging and handling technology for species that are diverse in botanical origin and physiological characteristics. wholesale. 1993). The Australian herb industry currently supplies a number of domestic markets. their widespread commercialisation has been limited due to high perishability and a relatively short shelf-life (Cantwell and Reid. Complementing this technology with proper postharvest handling procedures throughout the distribution and marketing chain will result in a high quality product reaching domestic and overseas markets. Inconsistent quality due to inappropriate packaging and poor postharvest handling has been a common outcome. 1980). Commercially.
Introduction
Demand for fresh culinary herbs in Australia and overseas has increased rapidly over recent years. with some growers supplying niche markets in South-East Asia. For example. food service and processing. marketing and storage (Pruthi.

Perilla frutescens crispa Rumex acetosa L. Common name Basil Chervil Chives Coriander Dill English mint Mache Marjoram Mibuna Mitsuba Mizuna Oregano Parsley Peppermint Rosemary Sage Shisho Sorrel Spearmint Tarragon Thyme Watercress Botanical name Ocimum basilicum L. mibuna and tatsoi. Coriandrum sativum L. Major aims are to identify research opportunities to overcome existing problems and assess the potential of introducing new and emerging handling and packaging technologies into the Australian fresh herb industry. Valerianella locusta L. Thymus vulgaris L. Allium schoenorasum L. Mentha spp. coriander.
2. A fresh herb industry survey determined that five of the major herb species grown in Australia are parsley. Rosmarinus officinalis L. Anethum graveolens L.Br. Brassica rapa japonica Cryptotaenia japonica Hassk. Table 1. Many others would be grown in similar quantities and are listed in Table 1. Origanum marjorana L. both onion and garlic. Mentha spicata L. chives. Nasturtium officinale R.This report will focus on current postharvest handling and packaging practices through a local industry survey and reviews the latest research in this area. Salvia officinalis L.
3
. salad herbs and increasingly a number of Japanese greens and Asian herbs such as mitsuba. both continental and curled. sweet basil and chervil. shisho.
Commercial herb species
Australian growers produce a variety of mediterranean culinary herbs. Anthriscus cerefolium L. The importance of these will increase as exports to South-East Asia become common practice. Artemisia dracunculus L. mizuna. Petroselinum crispum Mentha piperita L. Major fresh culinary herbs grown in Australia. Brassica rapa japonica Origanum vulgare L.

chives. thyme. onion and garlic chives. the Middle East and the Pacific region (Table 2). mibuna and rocket. Approximately 130 tonnes of parsley were exported during 1993/94. These are usually packaged in bulk. which is one of the easiest to handle and store. Exports of other individual herb species were less than 1 tonne each although 84. All together. Most likely. violets and chrysanthemum.
4
. Recently. Salad and herb mixes. More than half of Australia's culinary herb exports are made up of parsley.1
Major species by production and export
There are very few published statistics on herb production. leafy vegetables and edible flowers. 217 tonnes of fresh culinary herbs were exported in 1993/94. Production of salad and herb mixes is increasing rapidly as growers seek to expand and diversify their markets. in a similar manner to fresh herbs but increasingly are available in smaller. mizuna. A common mix could include lettuce and spinach leaves. Fresh herb exports are increasing with major markets in South-East Asia. oregano. lemon thyme. mizuna and chervil and various edible flowers such as pansies. can be a combination of various leafy salad herbs. mint and rosemary. mibuna. Availability in many cases is dependent on the time of the year and fresh herb quality at harvest can also vary greatly depending on the time of the year they are grown. package branded consumer prepacks. considerable new plantings of herbs are being grown for inclusion in salad mixes and these include chervil. also known as mesclun. for example.4 tonnes were exported as "herb other". sweet or golden marjoram.
2. endive. French or Russian tarragon and curled or continental parsley. the bulk of Australia's production is still based on 'traditional' herbs such as parsley. herbs such as rocket.Many species have several varieties.

They then package the fresh herbs for retail and export markets. Industry participation in completing the survey was conditional on strict confidentiality being maintained.
3.3. A few growers and/or distributors did not want to reveal too much of their postharvest handling practices.1
Fresh herb industry participation
As has been noted in the past. wholesale and food service markets while a few producers are seeking to increase their export opportunities. consisting of many small growers and distributors individually trying to find local and export markets (Fletcher and Fraser. a few of which were exporting some of their product. the local fresh herb industry is fragmented. The survey was sent out to 24 industry participants and included growers and distributors from every state. wholesalers and retailers also provided useful information which was included in the survey results.
6
. 1993). as they had spent many years building up their respective businesses. A copy of the questionaire used in this survey is located at the end of this report. Discussions with smaller growers. distributors. More 'enterpreneurial' distributors have specific growers on contract to source produce from or they may grow the product themselves. giving them some control over supply and product quality.
The fresh herb industry is relatively small and mainly geared to supplying local retail.
Industry survey
Existing postharvest handling practices in the Australian herb industry were determined through a short industry survey aimed at fresh culinary herb growers and distributors. Many of the larger producers were surveyed and the final response rate of 65% was a good result considering the competitive nature of the industry.

3.
7
.1
Product handling
All growers surveyed managed to wash.2
Packaging
Culinary herbs grown for the local wholesale and fresh retail market are packed in a variety of ways. Only 14% of growers used a postharvest chemical treatment to reduce the microbial load present on harvested herbs.3. a number of methods for the retail market are being used including plastic punnets sealed with various plastic films and consumer-sized plastic film bags. Retail outlets displaying these perishable products at temperatures well above their optimum is just one example of the problems which need to be adressed.
3. bunch and package their herbs and begin cooling them within three hours of harvest.6°C with many growers and distributors stating that storing chilling-sensitive basil at these low temperatures was a major problem. the simplest being to wrap herb bunches in plastic film to provide some protection against water loss.2. field-heat removal may take many hours which compromises quality. Cool store temperatures used varied from 2 . although during this time they remained at ambient temperatures. Quality and shelf-life improvements at the retail level have been marginal in many cases mainly due to a poor understanding of the packaging requirements for different species and the unreliability of the handling chain. Spraying or dipping herbs in water was a common method of preventing moisture loss. This is surprising as decay development is a major factor limiting shelf-life of most fresh herbs and the food service industry demands a low microbial load. Approximately 70% of growers and distributors packed their herbs inside perforated polyethylene or polypropylene bags which are then placed in waxed cartons. Producers supplying local retail outlets have made attempts at finding suitable packaging for a variety of fresh herbs by trial-and-error commercial testing methods.2
Key survey results
The industry survey highlighted several deficiencies in the postharvest handling of fresh herbs.2. The few companies that export fresh herbs to South-East Asia use this bulk packaging method. even during summer. Another problem the industry faces is that these temperatures are higher than the optimum for most herbs and because of the rudimentary cooling facilities usually available. The most common method is to bulk package fresh herbs (1-3 kg). either directly into a styrofoam box or waxed cartons which are covered with paper or plastic. Currently.

many unknowns still exist. 4.
3. significant quantities of poor quality product is being marketed to the detriment of better herb growers. Market
8
.
4.1. With little control over the temperature during distribution and lack of proper handling protocols fresh herb quality suffers and wastage is high. With no industry quality standards or quality assurance systems in place. good postharvest temperature management and reliable packaging to maintain quality as the keys to producing and distributing a quality product.
3.
3.4
Shelf-life
The major factors cited by industry which limited fresh herb shelf-life were.2. poor handling and temperature management practices can still occur during the marketing chain.2. Even when refrigerated vans are used.1
Literature Review Fresh herb marketing and handling Marketing
Each fresh herb market has individual distribution and packaging requirements which will have a large bearing on postharvest shelf-life. good initial quality.1 4.2.5
Quality
Three-quarters of survey respondents claimed that poor postharvest quality was the biggest problem facing the fresh herb industry. The survey also showed that industry sees pre-harvest management. To ensure that correct storage temperatures are maintained during distribution a few companies use refrigerated transport but the majority of fresh herbs are transported at ambient temperatures with growers relying on quick turnover and short travel times to minimise warming and rapid quality loss. in order of importance.Various claims have been made by distributors that their MA packaging can maintain herb quality for up to three weeks but without proper testing and assessment of various packaging materials. decay and disease development and moisture loss. poor temperature management and failure to maintain the cool chain during distribution. Wholesale markets require their fresh herbs in bulk so they prefer them to be supplied in cardboard or polystyrene cartons with the bunches often placed in plastic bags.3
Distribution
Approximately 85% of growers and distributors have very little knowledge of how their product is transported and handled once it leaves the farm gate or their company. All fresh herb exporters felt that poor handling practices by air-freight companies and temperature fluctuations during air transport were major problems.

producers and distributors are investigating improved postharvest handling practices. chain stores have increased their sales of value added. 1988). growers must have an efficient production and marketing operation and many use a freight forwarder who is a vital component in the marketing chain. At the moment this packaging consists of either sealed plastic bags or sealed plastic punnets usually holding 10 to 50 grams and labelled to identify the grower or distributor. Even though fresh herbs are now consistently exported. product specifications and packaging requirements demanded by these markets are poorly understood. Consequently. In general terms. the exact products. whether some may actually be toxic to humans if eaten in large amounts. marigolds. package branded fresh herbs and require regular supplies of a very high quality product with an equally high standard of packaging. There is considerable debate in the industry at present as to whether all the flower types and cultivars used are "edible" and furthermore. However. mizuna. To meet these demands.agents in Sydney and Melbourne will only deal with larger growers who can supply regular consignments of high quality product (Bagshaw.
4. 1991). a lack of knowledge in how to achieve this is providing a substantial barrier to the industry achieving its aims of consistent supply and quality.1. Many mixes also contain flowers such as nasturtiums.1.2
Export markets
Market research to determine the requirements of export markets is required by growers and distributors. at this stage. A rapidly growing market sector is the hospitality and food service industry and again. continuity and reliability of supply are vital (Biggs. rocket and chervil. attractively presented and packaged so that quality will be maintained throughout distribution and marketing (Bagshaw. export markets require a regular supply of top-quality produce. snow pea tendrils and baby beet leaves. 1991). Commonly used herbs include a range of cresses and mustards such as mibuna.3
New products
Large fresh herb growers have expanded their range of product lines over recent years to include salad or mesclun mixes. At the retail level. 1988). There appear to be no restrictions on what type of flowers can be added to salad mixes and little information available on
9
.
4. in particular packaging. Costs of exporting are high due to requirements for cool storage throughout the handling chain to ensure freshness and a sole reliance on expensive air-freight. mainly into South-East Asia. carnations. calendulas and violas (Biggs. All sectors of the wholesale and retail markets for fresh herbs demand long lines of high quality product. These contain a wide range of herbs and lettuce types. Quality mixes may also include baby Chinese cabbage.

with small. basil and oregano). Herbs are harvested at different stages of development. yet weaknesses exist in each area. Plant development may also affect postharvest shelf-life.2
Postharvest biology of fresh culinary herbs
The postharvest shelf-life of fresh herbs may be substantially affected before harvest. 1993). even though each product may have different postharvest handling requirements.
4.
10
. These differences in postharvest behaviour would be expected within herb species as well. lettuce and cabbage. although documented evidence of this is minimal. Spence and Tucknott (1983) have found different rates of yellowing between watercress species.
4. tender leaves. In most cases the packaging and handling techniques used are the same for all product. the most common being as a soft or semi-woody leafy stem but the plant can also include immature or mature flowers (dill.1
Botany and development
Fresh culinary herbs are made up of many different species. The use of minimally processed fresh herbs. An understanding of marketing requirements. Lipton (1987) has documented cultivar differences in shelf-life between leeks. and close customer contact will ensure expansion of the industry. stirfry and vegetable medley mixes. both as a product in their own right and in salad. are very susceptible to rapid water loss while a perennial herb such as sage. soup. 1993). particularily in distribution and packaging requirements. waxy leaves has better water-conserving characteristics (Cantwell and Reid. and their use in other minimally processed products has also increased and will continue to do so.which types and cultivars are fit for human consumption. Cantwell and Reid (1993) report that differences in sensitivity to chilling injury have been found between basil cultivars and that rates of water loss are different between various mint species.2. handling and packaging. In this case each herb will require different handling and packaging systems. The most commonly used fresh cut herbs are chives and parsley. which have large. Factors such as genotype influences morphological and metabolic variability which impacts on shelf-life and handling requirements. Salad herbs such as watercress. harvested at different stages of development with most having similar physiological characteristics to green leafy vegetables. Morphological differences can also account for differences in perishability. This issue needs to be addressed in the near future. Cultural and environmental factors during production can also have a significant role in determining the postharvest behaviour of fresh herb species. developing leaves (sorrel) or intact leaves (coriander and mache) (Cantwell and Reid.

11
. In similar studies on mache. Rothwell and Robinson (1986) found these environmental factors had an effect on the rates of senescence of watercress after harvest. Senescence is caused by an increase in metabolic activity due to stresses caused by wounding. 1993a).3
Physiology
Fresh herbs. These stresses cause a change in the levels of hormones such as ethylene. 1989). The shelf-life of winter-grown oregano has been shown to be significantly shorter than that of summer-grown product (Cantwell and Reid. leafy vegetables rapidly deteriorate after harvest.
4. Results of the local industry survey suggest that industry has a basic understanding of these morphological differences and their implications but they do not take them into account when harvesting. like many green. seasonal and cultural differences will almost certainly have a bearing on fresh herb shelf-life but to date. with only 34% of older leaves still marketable compared with 89% of young leaves. cytokinins. Differences in quality were associated with lower respiration and lower ethylene production rates by young mache plants. It is known that these factors influence yield and essential oil composition of culinary herbs (Simon et al.2.2. no information is available. At 5°C. 1993).Effects of leaf age on the postharvest physiology of parsley was studied by Apeland (1971).
4. Seasonal factors such as temperature and day length may also have an effect.2
Cultural factors
The relationship between agronomic practice and postharvest shelf-life is poorly understood. handling and packaging their product. elevated temperature and water loss during postharvest handling procedures. Within Australia. it was found that respiration was initially higher in younger leaves than in older leaves but that after 30 days storage the total respired carbon dioxide was higher in the older leaves. Cantwell and Reid (1993) found that young plants retained visual quality longer than mature plants. Lipton (1987) found that senescence in leafy tissue was closely tied to the levels and interactions of these endogenous hormones and that the water status of the plant strongly influences the progress of senescence related events. It is likely that some variation of postharvest behaviour within herb species may be attributable to cultural practices such as irrigation and fertilisation regimes. This correlated with final quality. abscisic acid (ABA) and gibberellins present in the leaves (Aharoni et al.

1992b). Senescing leaves lose their membrane integrity and become susceptible to mildly pathogenic bacteria that are usually harmless to the plant but under these conditions cause rapid decay (Cantwell and Reid. 1989). Philosoph-Hadas et al (1993b) applied 10% CO2 to chervil bunches in a flow-through system. Research conducted using fresh herbs has been limited to the determination of ethylene's role in senescence processes. 1993. 1989.Biochemical breakdown in the form of protein degradation and lipid peroxidation also occurs. Hruschka and Wang. 1979. Ishii and Okubo. 1987). suggesting another mechanism by which carbon dioxide may retard senescence. biochemical retarding effects of CO2 and non-destructive methods of determining chlorophyll loss (Meir et al. Meir et al. It's synthesis by horticultural products generally increases during senescence. Ethylene Ethylene is an endogenous plant hormone which is believed to either initiate senescence or regulate it once it has begun (Lipton. It is likely that the senescence of leafy tissues involves a series of complex interactions between the plant and environment and the exact role of ethylene in this process is still unclear. and there is abundant evidence that carbon dioxide acts as an anti-ethylene agent (Philosoph-Hadas et al. Philosoph-Hadas et al (1993a) concluded that ethylene may have a limited role in the senescence of watercress and that stress due to wounding may have a more important effect on senescence of this tissue. 1993d. Philosoph-Hadas et al (1989) found a positive correlation between levels of wound-ethylene production and the rate of senescence. Visually. Research into the physiological changes of leafy vegetables during senescence has been limited (Lipton. Zavgorodnyaya et al. 1973. 1987). suggesting that ethylene plays a significant role in this process. Umiecka. The senescence-retarding effects of increased levels of carbon-dioxide on leafy vegetables and fresh herbs. naturally occurring senescence retardants. Aharoni et al.
12
. these changes are seen as chlorophyll loss and leaf yellowing and abscission. 1993). particularly in reducing the rate of yellowing. 1985). 1984. Kader et al. Role of carbon dioxide Carbon dioxide is a competitive inhibitor of the mode of action of ethylene. Using parsley and watercress. 1992a). In a later study. 1989. which is accompanied by a decrease in photosynthesis and increases in respiration rate and ethylene production (Cantwell and Reid. has been well documented (Aharoni et al. An increase in cellular pH was noted due to the retention of the original levels of polyamines.

10 and 20°C (Table 3). Gibberellic acid (GA3). dill. One measure of senescence in fresh herbs is chlorophyll loss which can be retarded by the use of cytokinins and gibberellins (Lipton. deterioration and decay of chives. Small-scale production means that most handling operations are performed manually. Rigid plastic containers are sometimes used during marketing for delicate herbs such as basil and coriander. gibberellins. was found to be very efficient in delaying yellowing. Aharoni et al. This cannot be achieved unless the factors that influence fresh herb shelf-life are known. aminooxy acetic acid (AOA) and aminoethoxyvinylglycine (AVG) retard ethylene biosynthesis and action in leafy tissue and therefore slow down the rate of senescence (Lipton. provides opportunities for pathogenic invasion of damaged tissue and can speed up enzymatic deterioration (Bell.
4. 1993a). chervil and parsley when applied to herbs immediately prior to harvest (Aharoni et al. AOA and AVG have been found to retard senescence in parsley and watercress (Philosoph-Hadas et al.
4. The mechanism by which this control occurs is not well understood and Cantwell and Reid (1993) suggest that the results are difficult to interpret.3
Postharvest handling of fresh culinary herbs
Fresh herb quality during marketing can only be maintained through proper postharvest handling practices. coriander. 1987).1
Physical damage
Mishandling of fresh herbs can result in damage and discolouration of tender leaves. This leads to increased respiration rates and ethylene production. PhilosophHadas et al.Ethylene inhibitors Studies have demonstrated that various growth regulators such as cytokinins. They found herb
13
. 1993b). Treatment of leaves with ethylene or abscisic acid will accelerate yellowing yet ethylene inhibitors have inconsistent effects in preventing this yellowing. 1987). Cantwell and Reid (1986) measured the respiration rates of selected fresh herbs at 0.3.
4. 1987). Careful handling at harvest and during packaging will minimise physical injury.2
Respiration rate
Senescence of fresh herbs is an active metabolic process which is well correlated with respiration rate so respiration measurements can be used to determine the perishability of a product. 1993a.3. 1989.

top-iced and stored in waxed cartons at 0°C all remained in excellent condition after 2 weeks storage. 1993). 3 =
poor. minor defects. tarragon. Over a 10 day simulated marketing period all herbs except for basil and shiso were in good to excellent condition at 0°C and most still had acceptable quality at 10°C although it is unlikely that fresh herbs having "acceptable" quality would be saleable. Hruschka and Wang (1979) demonstrated that mint. 1 = unusable. 5 = fair. quality decreased markedly with increasing storage temperature. All herbs were packed in folded perforated PE liners.5°C sage and tarragon remained in good condition after 5 and 10 days storage while the quality of mint and lovage decreased rapidly when stored for more than 5 days at this temperature and were barely saleable after 10 days storage. moderate defects.6 times between 0 and 10°C (Table 3) although there was considerable variation between herb species with 7. Although the leaves of the herbs remained relatively green beyond this storage period decay over the third and fourth week of storage severely diminished overall appearance of the herbs and thus their saleability. Above 6°C only tarragon and lovage were still saleable after 5 days storage with decay being the major factor limiting the shelf-life of the herbs. At 0.3 for mache compared to 2. Storage Cantwell and Reid (1992) used visual quality ratings to demonstrate the different physiological behaviour of fresh herbs during storage at different temperatures (Table 4). Respiration rates of the fresh herbs studied increased by an average of 3. and then for 2 days at 12°C. 7 = good. The Q10 coefficient is a factor which measures the increase in respiration rate over a 10°C range and can be used to demonstrate the perishability of herbs as temperature increases. biological reaction rates increase rapidly and so does deterioration.0 for basil. Products with high respiration rates and short shelf-lives tend to have high Q10 values (Cantwell and Reid. parsley and watercress bunches.5-12°C. Oregano quality was not maintained at this temperature and was just saleable after 5 days storage. major defects. Highly perishable vegetables such as mushrooms and asparagus have Q10 values of approximately 3 between 0-10°C. Mint was found to
17
. As temperature increases. at temperatures ranging from 0. lovage and oregano stored for either 5 or 10 days. For all the herbs evaluated. sage. Aharoni et al (1993a) evaluated the storage quality of mint.Mint Mitsuba Rosemary Sage Shiso Tarragon Thyme
1
9 9 9 9 6 8 9
6 7 9 8 8 6 8
2 4 7 3 7
Quality score: 9 = excellent. limit of salability.

have a shorter shelf-life than parsley or watercress. showing symptoms of severe decay after 3 weeks storage.
18
.

Presently. with sweet basil being one of the least sensitive. Symptoms often only become apparent when the product is transferred from the storage temperature to a higher temperature environment. 1987). Dostal (1990) has reported that holding basil at 10°C reduced its shelf-life to 8 days compared with 12 days shelf-life attained at 15°C. basil. Atmosphere modification. 1992b).2°C (Meir et al.
19
.Chilling injury Tropical and subtropical horticultural produce is susceptible to chilling injury which occurs if the produce is held below a critical temperature for too long. 1993. and 5% O2 and 16% CO2. Storage for 3 weeks at 0. 1993).8 and 10. The sensitivity of basil to chilling injury presents practical problems because it is usually included in shipments of mixed herbs. loss of leaf glossiness and loss of characteristic aroma. Further study is required to clarify the situation. Cantwell and Reid (1986) suggest that leaf discolouration only occurs in oregano produced under a cool climate and that the optimum storage temperature for this herb is still 0°C. The critical temperatures for appearance of visual chilling symptoms in two basil cultivars were found to be 12. Dostal. Symptoms of chilling injury in oregano have been observed by Aharoni et al (1993a). Symptoms can include surface and internal discolouration. However this temperature range can still cause chilling injury in basil and will substantially increase the rate of deterioration of the other herbs (Cantwell and Reid. does not appear to reduce chilling injury (Cantwell and Reid.5°C resulted in darkening of basal and apical leaves. Hopkirk et al (1990) observed that symptoms of chilling injury in basil varied but included brown discolouration of the leaves and stem. water-soaked areas. The critical temperature during storage for chilling sensitive species varies between products but is usually from 8 to 12°C (Cantwell and Reid. 1990) but Aharoni et al (1993a) suggests that the high humidity environment created by film packaging may have an effect in ameliorating chilling injury. It was also found that the severity of chilling injury symptoms was dependent on the period of exposure as well as on the specific storage temperature (Figure 3). Hopkirk et al (1990) has observed that chilling sensitivity varies between basil cultivars. wilting. 1992). Lack of temperature compatibility with other herbs means that these shipments are usually held at a compromise temperature of between 5 and 10°C. pitting. such as during marketing. This storage problem was also noted by some local growers in the industry survey. that is at 1% O2 and 5% CO2. Differences between species and cultivars may influence the development of chilling injury in basil. increased susceptability to pathogens and a reduced shelf-life (Bell. shiso and some species of oregano are known to be chilling sensitive.

Measured on green-house grown sprigs stored in the dark at indicated temperatures.5°C 5°C 4 7. Top-icing can also be used during air shipment to export markets.5°C 10°C 3
6
5
2
1
0 1 2 3 4 5 Days 6 7 8 9 10
Figure 3. a process that can take many hours.
Temperature management Good temperature management of fresh herbs during distribution. 1974). The most efficient way to do this is by vacuum cooling the product but it is also the most expensive (Aharoni and Reuveni. To reduce the risk of wilting and to speed cooling during FAC the herbs should be sprinkled with clean water. Room cooling is a less effective process in which fresh herbs are placed in low temperature storage and field heat is slowly removed. (Hopkirk et al. Chilling injury score based on visual appearance where 0 = no injury and 8 = severe. 1987). 1979. watercress and parsley are commonly cooled with ice (Hruschka and Wang. Growers can reduce their precooling requirements by harvesting during the coolest part of the day.Chilling score 8
7 Storage temperature 0°C 2. a score of 3 was the limit of commercial acceptability. 1990). 1989.
Development of chilling injury in sweet basil. Gel-
20
. Seelig. This final method is common in the local industry where small scale production means that cooling facilities are often rudimentary. Bell. Forced-air cooling (FAC) is very effective for tender herbs such as chives and coriander and can be economical as the equipment required can be incorporated into an existing cool room. Seelig. storage and marketing begins with the rapid removal of field heat after harvest.
Fresh herbs such as mint. 1974.

1978). Films that are partially permeable to water vapour can also be used (Cantwell. dill and chives. Moisture loss is minimised by low temperatures and relative humidities greater than 95% during storage.
Due to temperature fluctuations during handling. Factors that influence the rate of water loss are surface-to-volume ratios.5°C for 2 days (Aharoni et al. 1987. The amount of water lost before fresh herbs become unsaleable ranges from 5% to 40% (Grierson and Wardowski. dill. Bell (1987) notes that given sufficient surface moisture and moderate air velocity and humidity. At local retail level. Hruschka and Wang (1979) reported that over a temperature range of 0 . this free moisture problem occurs frequently with individually packaged fresh herbs and potentially is an important problem to be overcome in developing export oppurtunities for packaged fresh herbs. 1993c).ice packs are also used to reduce heat build-up during transport (Cantwell and Reid. Cantwell and Reid.25°C. mint and thyme. visual quality. The amount of weight loss associated with a substantial degree of quality deterioration was found to be higher than expected for most major herb species. One of the main reasons fresh herbs are packaged in plastic films is to prevent excessive water loss. Under simulated air transport conditions.
4. evaporative cooling of leafy herbs can cause freezing injury even though the storage temperatures may be above 2°C. parsley. Unperforated bags were found to be most effective in both studies.
21
. 1987. Cantwell and Reid (1993) studied water loss from herbs during storage and found that chives and thyme were still saleable after losing 25 and 40 percent of their fresh weight respectively. Cantwell and Reid.4
Moisture loss
The high susceptability of fresh leafy herbs to moisture loss results in loss of marketable weight. Further research is required to validate these results as it would be reasonable to expect that a moisture loss of greater than 10% would lead to rapid deterioration of most herbs. 1988). refrigerated containers. packing. causes physiological stress and may reduce the product's resistance to attack by pathogens (Bell. condensation may form inside plastic film packages which increases the risk of microbial growth.3. respiration rates. Aharoni and Reuveni (1989) showed that both perforated and unperforated polyethylene bags reduced water and quality loss of salad herbs such as watercress. 1992). This was also demonstrated by Cantwell and Reid (1993) for chives. 1979). transport and marketing (Bell. 1986. watercress and mint showed moderate to commercially significant wilt symptoms after losing approximately 40% of their weight. cooled by solid carbon dioxide were capable of maintaining temperatures of 3 . storage temperature and air humidity surrounding the herb. 1992). Hruschka and Wang. while similar losses in dill and mint rendered these herbs unsaleable.

CO2. a common bacteria causing soft rots in herbs such as chives.1 ml/liter causing quality loss (PhilosophHadas et al 1989. O2. Philosoph-Hadas et al (1989) showed that exogenously applied ethylene (10 ppm. Fresh herbs can be washed in chlorinated water before packaging but no information is available on rates and dipping times for any herbs. the way these chemicals are used is determined by the grower as no specific guidelines for fresh herbs are available. is frequently terminated by the growth of pathogens such as bacterial soft rot and grey mould (Cantwell. Chemical treatments can be combined with correct postharvest handling practices to provide effective control of decay organisms such as Psuedomonas spp. Surface-bleaching of delicate leaves may also occur if fresh herbs are kept in contact with chlorine for extended periods. 1993). such as dill and watercress. The extent to which local producers use chemical treatments is difficult to gauge with survey results demonstrating that sodium hypochlorite and chlorine dioxide are used by some growers.6
Ethylene
Leafy vegetables.3. mint and marjoram.. On the other hand. At this stage. No research to date has been specifically aimed at finding the best methods of preventing disease and decay in fresh herbs. Other factors that influence susceptibility to disease include chilling and physical injury and poor plant nutrition during growth (Boyette et al.
4. including fresh herbs.4 ppm ethylene. 1985).4. postharvest stresses related to excessive heat or cold and incorrect mixes of gases. but did negate the beneficial effects of high CO2 for dicotyledonous herbs. yellowing and epinasty when exposed to concentrations of 0. leaf abscission and epinasty (downward growth of leaf and petiole which gives the herb a wilted look) leading to accelerated senescence.5
Postharvest pathogens
The shelf-life of fresh herbs. 20°C) in 5% CO2 did not enhance chlorophyll loss in chives. 1988). Kader. 1987).
22
. Like many leafy vegetables. all showing leaf abscission. Responses to ethylene during storage can include accelerated leaf yellowing. rosemary and sage were found to be insensitive to 30 ppm ethylene. Physiological stresses due to poor temperature management or physical injury will increase the ethylene produced by fresh herbs.3. and ethylene in the storage environment predispose herbs to attack from disease organisms. are highly sensitive to low ethylene concentrations in the postharvest environment with threshold values as low as 0. Chlorinated water is the safest and cheapest method of reducing the microbiological load on equipment and fresh produce (Bell. particularily those packaged individually in film packaging. a monocotylenedous species. Cantwell and Reid (1993) observed the responses of fresh herbs to ethylene exposure at 20°C and found that out of nine major herbs the most sensitive species were parsley.

Geeson.Some studies have shown that lower temperatures may have an affect on ethylene response.PE)lined cartons although this type of packaging requires strict temperature control during storage and transport. with the possible exception of parsley and watercress.2
MA packaging
Aharoni et al (1989) examined the effect of modified atmospheres produced inside film packages on the keeping quality of yellowing-susceptible herbs such as chives. Little information on the use of modified and controlled atmospheres for fresh herbs is available (Bell. 1993).
4. coriander. 1980.4. The best results were achieved by using sealed polyethylene (S.
23
. which have been the focus of most research in this area. increased carbon dioxide levels and lowered oxygen levels retard chlorophyll loss and deterioration in green plant material by reducing respiration.PE) carton liners resulted in a large reduction of yellowing and decay. sorrel. evidenced by the literature available on these species. Research in this area has been limited to studies of bulk packaging for air transport using polyethylene bags with little work done to determine optimum atmospheres for individual herb species to maximize shelf-life and storage time. the main reason fresh herbs are packaged and marketed in plastic bags or films is to reduce water loss with any atmospheric modification of O2. 1987. Ethylene sensitive herbs such as parsley and mint were found to maintain visual quality when exposed to high ethylene concentrations (10 ppm) at 0°C (Cantwell and Reid. 1993).
4. watercress.PE) carton liners reduced water loss substantially but was not effective in retarding yellowing and decay of the fresh herbs. Kader. Generally. CO2 and C2H4 concentrations being incidental. 1986. Cantwell and Reid. Apeland (1971) observed that the shelf-life of parsley was affected by ethylene contamination at 5°C but not at 0°C.4
Packaging of fresh culinary herbs
Currently. Brecht. leafy vegetables is well documented (Kader et al. Packaging and marketing problems faced by the local herb industry are to some extent due to this knowledge gap. Under simulated air transport and marketing conditions it was found that bulk packaging (1 and 3 kg) in perforated polyethylene (P. CO2 and other gases (Kader et al. 1986).4. pathological breakdown and other undesirable metabolic changes (Kader. ethylene synthesis and action. 1989).1
Atmosphere modification
The beneficial effects of controlled atmosphere (CA) and modified atmosphere (MA) storage in retarding deterioration of fresh. CA implies a greater degree of precision than MA in maintaining specific levels of O2. Packaging of these herbs in non-perforated polyethylene (NP. 1989. dill and parsley. 1989). Many fresh herbs would be expected to respond in a similar manner to green vegetables although little is actually known about most species.
4.

In this case.lined carton Sealed PE . 1989). Under this oxygen concentration decreasing O2 levels did not seem to have any additional effect on the degree of yellowing in the herbs. 3=moderate.7:12
0
1
4 3.
16
4
14
3. Yellowing and decay indices: 1=none. (Aharoni et al. 5=severe. 4=severe.lined carton
Figure 4. Yellowing index: 1=none.5
2
5.
Effect of four packaging treatments on chive quality after 5 days storage at 6°C followed by 2 days at 12°C.1% CO2:21% O2
6
2
1.5 2 1.5 1
Paper .Packaging of chives in PE-lined cartons markedly reduced water loss and prevented any wilting when stored at 6°C for 5 days and 12°C for 2 days (Figure 4).lined carton Non-perforated .5 3 2. (Aharoni et al.
24
. 2=slight.
Effect of the weight of watercress.5:21
8
2.7%) rather than a decrease in O2 (12%) could be the reason for retardation of senescence. packed in sealed and non-sealed
polyethylene liners on CO2 and O2 concentrations and yellowing.8:19
4
1. 1 or 3 kg. 1989).5
12
3
10
0. Cartons were held at 6°C for 6 days followed by 2 days at 12°C. Gas measurements inside the 1 kg packages revealed that accumulation of CO2 (5. it seems that watercress quality was maintained due to an increase in CO2 and also a reduction in O2 below approximately 10%.5
0. It was found that retardation of yellowing in watercress stored at 6°C for 6 days and 12°C for 2 days was only achieved using sealed PE bags in which CO2 levels rose up to 7-10% and O2 was reduced to 4-6% (Table 5).
Table 5.lined carton Perforated PE .

Under constant temperature storage.2 1.5-3.0-5. ex K.Packed-carton weight (kg) 1
Package type non-sealed sealed
Gas concentrations (%) CO2 0.0 7. Specific information on the use of micro-perforated PE liners is not available although this research suggests that the number of micro-perforations required for a certain package is affected by the CO2 and O2 requirements of the herbs. After 3 days.8 4.4-8. anaerobic conditions were only prevented through the use of micro-perforated PE liners.6
3
non-sealed sealed
Aharoni et al (1993a) found that elevated CO2 levels in sealed packages completely overcame the senescence-promoting effect of ethylene on yellowing-susceptible herbs and that above average quality was maintained using these packages.3-12. Spreng. No significant differences in visual quality were noted between samples stored in air and MA at 0°C.5 8.1-20.
Table 6. and Vitamin C levels were maintained longer under MA conditions compared to air storage at 10°C. carotene. the package atmospheres contained increased carbon dioxide levels (5% at 0°C and 7% at 10°C). and chlorophyll. anaerobic conditions were not produced but under simulated transport conditions where extreme temperature fluctuations were encountered. Ishii and Okubo (1984) have maintained the quality of very perishable Chinese chives (Allium tuberosum Rottl.0-10.
25
.) by packaging bundles in polyethylene bags and storing at 0°C and 10°C.5-15.0 O2 18.6 3. respiratory activity and the ratio between herb weight and film surface area.0 15.9 4.0-6. The effect of package type on the quality of seven yellowingsusceptible herbs after 5 days at 6°C followed by 2 days at 12°C are shown in Table 6.7 1.
Effects of package type on quality of fresh herbs after 5 days at 6°C followed by 2
days at 12°C. Respiration levels were reduced.0 7. (Aharoni et al. film permeability. 1993).0
Yellowing index 3.

Bravour stored at 5°C.5 7. It was concluded that parsley could be stored at 0°C under these atmospheres for up to 4 .5 7.10% O2 and 8 . Colour 1 (scale units) 5.
27
.3 7.10% CO2 at 0 .5 : 2.1 8. Colour rated on a hedonic scale where 9 = dark
green and.5 : 5.7 5.5°C as being the optimum atmosphere for storage of parsley. Table 7. 1971). Saltveit (1989) recommends 8 . or in combination with elevated carbon dioxide. The percent of saleable product was based on the proportion of plant material having a colour score of 7 to 9.5 months with minimal chlorophyll loss.5 45 days storage Air 11 : 10 16 : 5
1
stored for 45 and 75 days at 5°C. (Apeland. He observed that lowered oxygen levels alone.5 0. Effect of various modified atmospheres on the colour and saleability of parsley Atmosphere (% CO2 :%O2) 75 days storage Air 0.9 Marketable (%) 36 68 75 80 44 96 93
As determined for parsley cv. reduced colour loss in parsley and that a combination of 10% O2 and 11% CO2 seemed to give the best result (Table 7).5 : 10. 1 = yellow.0 7.0 0.One of the few published studies that attempted to determine the optimum CO2 and O2 levels for fresh herbs was conducted by Apeland (1971).

Table 8 summarises the results of the watercress packaging trials. All gas flushed and packaged samples had a superior appearance to that of unpackaged watercress which by day 8 was yellow.5 4 : 12 6 : 2. Maximum shelf-life achieved for watercress using various films and atmospheres at Storage days before initial signs of quality loss Film Atmosphere
1
1°C. It was concluded that all the film and gas combinations studied resulted in a product of fresher appearance up until 7 to 8 days of storage when dark patches on the leaves and signs of product breakdown began to appear. Concentration on day before initial signs of quality loss.5 : 3 3:3 7:2 10 : 3. Each package had a total surface area of 1800 cm2 and an unpackaged control was also used in the experiment. the oxygen levels in some packages fell below 3% which in some cases.5 : 2 -
Initial atmosphere flushed into package. It was found that using 35 µm Propafilm bags flushed with 5% carbon dioxide and 10% oxygen resulted in equilibrium levels of 11-12% CO2 and 2% O2 between day 8 and day 15 of storage at 1°C.
28
. 1988).
Yellowing
Breakdown2
Gas concentration3 (%CO2:%O2)
(%CO2:%O2) 5% : 5% 25 µm LDPE Air Control 5% : 5% 35 µm Propafilm 78 µm LDPE 35 µm Propafilm Air Control Air 5% : 5% 10% : 5% Control
1 2 3
5 8 8
9 9 9 10 10 10 10 10 8 8
2. These observations coincided with a decline in the percentage of oxygen within the pack. (Gill. Table 8. 5% CO2 : 5% O2 and air before they were sealed.Gill (1988) studied the effect of various film packages and initial atmospheres on watercress quality.9 11. Beyond this period. Packages containing 200 grams of watercress made from 35 µm thick Propafilm® and 25 µm and 78 µm thick Low-density polyethylene (LDPE) films were used to store watercress and flushed with different atmospheres. 5% CO2 : 10% O2. caused the watercress to undergo anaerobic fermentation. Breakdown in the form of small dark patches and brown edged holes.

1993). making it difficult to maintain a desirable atmosphere (Cantwell and Reid. The effect of exposure to light on respiration rate. colour and general senescence of herbs has not been studied to any great extent. In experiments where film packages of fresh herbs were exposed to light and dark conditions at 10°C. 1987). When watercress was stored in the light and in the dark it was found that intense flourescent lighting partially bleached the chlorophyll pigment of the leaves compared to product stored in the dark.4. There was no significant difference in the equilibrium atmospheres inside packages stored in the light or dark after 8 days storage (Gill.
29
. ethylene and light in plant senescence is complex and predicting the effect of light on gas levels inside herb packages is difficult. Light is generally considered to slow senescence and retard chlorophyll loss of leafy tissues and the level and quality of light may also be an influence on quality (Lipton. basil and thyme remained better under illuminated conditions while there was no difference in the visual quality of sage stored in the light or dark. probably due to the photosynthetic fixation of carbon dioxide. The watercress was packaged in 50 µm Propafilm® packages at 1°C for 8 days. It was found that the initial rate of ethylene production was similar under both storage conditions but that in the dark a major increase in ethylene production was associated with the final stages of senescence and loss of visual quality (Cantwell and Reid. 1992). Even so. In the dark at 10°C. Accumulated carbon dioxide levels in packages of herbs kept in the light were only a fraction of those kept in the dark. it has been recommended that when designing plastic film packaging for retail marketing. The interplay between carbon dioxide.4.3
Light
Fresh culinary herbs are commonly marketed under lighted retail conditions. light should be a major variable to be considered (Bell. 1987). the visual quality of oregano was found to be the same under both conditions but the quality of dill and tarragon was noticeably reduced when stored under light. respiration rates declined and subsequently increased during tissue senescence. photosynthesis may reduce carbon dioxide levels inside fresh herb packages. Under lighted conditions. Preliminary results from experiments where unpackaged herbs were stored in the light or dark indicate that the quality of dill. 1988).

Unknowns such as optimum atmospheres. mizuna. rocket. for example mesclun mixes. A research program is required that will determine optimum handling protocols for the major herb species and for herb mixes. Packaging for short-term storage and transport seems to be adequate but is unsatisfactory if a greater extension in storage life is required. Other herbs that are gaining in importance and should be given priority include sweet basil. These mixes and minimally processed herbs are relatively new products and substantial potential exists for market expansion both nationally and internationally if suitable packaging systems are developed. Film packaging has been largely unsuccessful in extending shelf-life due to inconsistent quality and a lack of information on packaging requirements of individual herb species.5. Industry requires more information and access to effective packaging methods that are currently unavailable. chervil. postharvest handling and packaging research should be geared towards salad herbs such as mibuna. chives and coriander. With the growth in product lines such as salad and herb mixes.
Conclusions and Recommendations
A survey of the herb industry has identified many factors contributing to poor herb quality that is limiting market expansion. The main herb species presently grown in Australia have been listed previously. A review of past fresh herb research has identified a lack of information in many areas concerning postharvest handling and packaging of herb species. Close interaction with local industry will be required to ensure that packaging is used under the correct environmental conditions. chemical treatments and behaviour under retail conditions still exist for the majority of fresh herbs. Attempts by growers to maintain quality are usually compromised by poor product handling such as storage at incorrect temperatures and no postharvest chemical treatments. Bulk packaging trials have demonstrated the benefits of polyethylene liners in increasing the shelf-life of parsley and watercress and this packaging method is now common practice. Discussions with industry have identified a number of opportunities to use packaging to add value. Study of other packaging technologies has been minimal and the results have been inconsistent. These can then be used to develop packaging technologies that are cost-effective and readily available to growers and distributors. cresses and mustards.
30
. expand markets and decrease the rate of deterioration of 'problem" crops. There is a wide scope for research into many aspects of fresh herb handling and packaging.

31
.
Future research requirements
A survey of the fresh culinary herb industry and review of current postharvest practices and research has demonstrated a need for further development of packaging technologies and postharvest handling protocols. * Developing quality standards for major fresh herb species and optimum distribution procedures to maintain quality.6. * Make prototype packages available to industry for evaluation including information on postharvest handling protocols. levels of CO2 and O2 and ethylene) for each herb species. humidity. transport and marketing conditions. * Developing protocols for chemical dips and disinfestation of herbs to control bacteria and fungi. * Designing prototype packages for each herb to be tested under laboratory and commercial species. * Determining respiration rates of products under simulated storage. Future research should be aimed at increasing the storage and shelf-life of fresh herbs by: * * Developing optimum postharvest handling and packaging protocols for the major herb Identifying the optimum harvest maturity and storage environment (including temperature.
conditions.

4b...........................
Do you know how well herb quality is maintained or how they are managed once they leave the farm or once they are packed and distributed i....................
6..................e correct temperature management ?
5..........
What are your major markets (general answers only) ? (Tick appropriate boxes) Fresh market Food service industry (hospitality) Retail Food industry Interstate Export Countries..
7...................
What do you think are the major factors that limit quality and shelf-life of herbs ? Poor temperature management Moisture loss Disease/rots Physical injury Current packaging
37
.
What do you think are the major problems the herb industry faces at the moment ? Marketing strategy Industry fragmentation Product perishability Quality Handling chain Other........

If you require more information or want to know more about my work I can be contacted on (03) 210 9277 or by fax on (03) 800 3521.
Product index 39
. A review. by completing and returning this survey as soon as possible. this information forming the basis of a broad summary of current postharvest handling practices in Australia. All information supplied will be treated in strictest confidence and only composite information will be released in the final report which will be made available to industry members. I thank you for your assistance and look forward to receiving your reply. of Agriculture) in Melbourne and am currently working on a project titled Postharvest Handling and Packaging of Culinary Herbs. An important component of this study is the completion of an industry survey.
9. Dept. As an industry member I am sure you understand the importance of this information to the future of the fresh herb industry.20/9/94
Dear Sir/Madam. Your assistance in this matter.
John Lopresti Institute for Horticultural Development. and is aimed at helping the Australian fresh herb industry overcome existing barriers to market expansion by describing current postharvest handling and packaging practices and identifying research opportunities to overcome existing problems and introduce new and emerging technologies. would be greatly appreciated. My name is John Lopresti and I am a researcher at the Institute for Horticultural Development (Vic. This project is being funded by RIRDC and the institute.
Yours sincerely.