Received 2017 November 4; Revised 2018 January 11; Accepted 2018 January 12.

Abstract

Background

Critically ill patients experience muscle weakness, which leads to functional disability. Both functional electrical stimulation (FES) and in-bed cycling can be an alternative measure for intensive care unit (ICU) patients who are not feasible for active exercise. The aim of this study was to examine whether FES and in-bed cycling have a positive effect on muscle mass in ICU patients.

Methods

Critically ill patients who received mechanical ventilation for at least 24 hours were included. After passive range of motion exercise, in-bed cycling was applied for 20 minutes, and FES was applied for 20 minutes on the left leg. The right leg received in-bed cycling and the left leg received both FES and in-bed cycling. Thigh circumferences and rectus femoris cross-sectional area (CSA) were assessed with ultrasonography before and after the intervention. Muscle strength was assessed by Medical Research Council scale.

Results

A total of 10 patients were enrolled in this study as a pilot study. Before and after the intervention, the CSA of right rectus femoris increased from 5.08 ± 1.51 cm2 to 6.01 ± 2.21 cm2 , which was statistically significant (P = 0.003). The thigh circumference was also increased and statistically significant (P = 0.006). There was no difference between left and right in regard to FES application. There is no significant change in muscle strength before and after the intervention (right and left, P = 0.317 and P = 0.368, respectively).

Conclusions

INTRODUCTION

Intensive care unit-acquired weakness (ICUAW) is a common finding in critically ill patients [1]. The reported incidence of ICUAW varies from one fourth to three fourths in different ICU populations [2]. The major risk factors of ICUAW include inflammation, hyperglycemia, long duration of immobility, poor nutritional support, mechanical ventilation, neuromuscular blockade, and sepsis [3].

Neuropathy and loss of muscle mass are considered to be the causes of ICUAW. ICUAW is known to be associated with poor short- and long-term outcomes in critically ill patients. It is related with delayed mechanical ventilation weaning, which leads to prolonged ICU and hospital stay. Also, functional disability from muscle weakness leads to worse long-term outcomes such as quality of life, post-intensive care syndrome and survival [4,5].

Recently, early physical rehabilitation in ICU has been advocated as an effective measure to facilitate early recovery and to prevent functional disability after critical illness [6,7]. There are many technologies suggested for rehabilitation of the critically ill patients [8]. Among the technologies used for the critically ill population, there is a rising interest in functional electrical stimulation (FES) and in-bed cycling because both techniques do not require voluntary movements of the patients [9-12]. FES and early physical rehabilitation are known to prevent ICUAW and to preserve muscle mass, but there is no study that investigates their effects on muscle strength and mass. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate if FES and in-bed cycling have positive effects on muscle mass in mechanically ventilated patients. We also compared the effects of cycling alone and cycling with FES.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Data collection

This study was conducted at Severance Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea. This study protocol was approved by the Institutional Review Board (IRB No. 2016-2447-004). Patients aged 20 years or older who were admitted to the ICU and those who required mechanical ventilation for at least 24 hours were enrolled in the study after getting informed consent. The experiment day was the first day of rehabilitation treatment after weaning from mechanical ventilation. We screened patients who had no previous history of rehabilitation prior to registration. Patients were excluded if they were hemodynamically unstable, unable to cooperate, unable to obey to verbal command, and had wound or injury on the legs.

Study protocol

After the patients’ consent, both leg thigh circumferences were measured with a ruler at 50% and 25% of the femur length before and after the intervention (Figure 1). Rectus femoris muscle cross-sectional area (CSA) was measured with an ultrasound machine (M-Turbo; SonoSite, Bothell, WA, USA). A 6–13 MHz linear transducer was placed perpendicular to the long axis of the thigh, at 50% and 25% of the thigh length between the anterior superior iliac spine and the superior margin of the patella (Figure 2). Muscle strength of both legs was measured with Medical Research Council (MRC) scale before and after the intervention. MRC scale ranges from 0 (no visible contraction) to 5 (active movement against full resistance). During the whole rehabilitation session including in-bed cycling exercise and FES, the patients’ vital signs were monitored.

Rectus femoris muscle cross-sectional area. A 6–13 MHz linear transducer was placed perpendicular to the long axis of the thigh, at 50% and 25% of the thigh length between the anterior superior iliac spine and the superior margin of the patella. A: cross-sectional area and circumference, B: muscle depth.

In-bed cycling

A 20-minute in-bed cycling of the lower limbs using a bedside cycle ergometer (Letto 2; MOTOmed, Betzenweiler, Germany) was implemented (Figure 3). All inbed cycling sessions were conducted by an experienced physiotherapist and the ICU nurse team. The in-bed cycling started with a passive mode at the default speed of the cycle ergometer (20 cycle/min), and then the resistance applied by the cycle ergometer was adjusted until the patient indicated fatigue. Each patient will receive a preprogrammed standardized treatment template. Each session will start with a 1-minute motor-driven passive cycling warm-up at a rate of 20 revolutions per minute (RPM). Patients will continue with passive, active-assisted or active cycling for the next 19 minutes, according to their level of participation. The device offers the possibility to conduct passive or active cycling at six levels of increasing resistance. The session will finish with a 30-second motor-driven cool-down (30:30 total). Since ICU patients’ level of physical strength may vary throughout their exercise, we will allow patients to cycle at a self-selected RPM and will not change the resistance. Resistance was kept stable or downgraded if there was over 10% change in heart rate or blood pressure and desaturation less than 95%.

Functional electrical stimulation

After in-bed cycling, there was a 10-minute rest period before FES was applied for 20 minutes on the left thigh (Figure 4). Four electrode pads were placed along with the lateral border of quadriceps muscle. Biphasic symmetrical square wave pulse was delivered by a stimulator (Walking Man II; Cyber Medic, Iksan, Korea). During a total 20-minute treatment session, electrical stimulation was given at 35 Hz, a duty cycle of 10 seconds on and 12 seconds off, and a pulse time of 250 seconds. The threshold current was defined as the lowest stimulation current with visual muscle contraction.

Data analysis

Statistical analysis was performed using IBM SPSS version 23.0 (IBM Corp., Armonk, NY, USA). The differences of thigh circumference and rectus femoris CSA were analyzed with paired t-test. Muscle strength was compared with McNemar-Bowden test. Null hypotheses of no difference were rejected if P-values were less than 0.05.

RESULTS

This study was discontinued after 10 patients were enrolled; the primary analysis showed statistically significant differences. General characteristics of the study patients are summarized in Table 1.

The thigh circumference was also increased and statistically significant (preintervention vs. postintervention, 47.43 ± 5.79 cm vs. 48.24 ± 5.56 cm; P = 0.006) (Table 2). There is no significant change in muscle strength before and after in-bed cycling and FES (McNemar test; right and left, P = 0.317 and P = 0.368, respectively) (Table 2). The increment of the left thigh circumference and rectus femoris CSA were not different from that of the right leg, which meant that FES may not show additive effect on muscle mass comparing to cycling only (Table 3).

DISCUSSION

This study showed that rehabilitation course composed of in-bed cycling in ICU patients leads to acute increase of lower limb muscle mass measured by ultrasound. We expected synergies when additional FES was applied; there was no significant difference according to FES application. Only in-bed cycling was applied on the right leg and cycling followed by FES on the left leg, which revealed that there was no additive effect of FES to cycling compared to cycling alone.

The onset of ICUAW is known to be unexpectedly fast. It is reported that muscle fiber atrophy and weakness starts just after 4 hours of bed rest, and 10% of muscle atrophy is expected with 1 week of immobilization [13].

ICUAW is also associated with short- and long-term outcomes in critically ill patients. From the short-term outcome standpoint, a few studies have demonstrated that weakness is an independent predictor of prolonged mechanical ventilation. There was an observational study that evaluated ICUAW in septic patients receiving ventilation for more than a week [14]. Patients without electro-physiologic evidence of ICUAW had a shorter duration of mechanical ventilation than patients with ICUAW. Also, the patients with ICUAW were associated with an increased length of ICU and hospital stay. ICUAW is related to acute mortality in critically ill patients. Leijten et al. [15] performed a cohort study of 50 patients receiving ventilation for at least 7 days, and demonstrated that patients diagnosed with ICUAW electrophysiologically showed higher ICU mortality (48% vs. 19%, P = 0.03).

To minimize the adverse effects of ICUAW due to immobility, early physical activity and rehabilitation have been advocated among many intensivists. Griffiths et al. [16] performed an interesting study. They enrolled five critically ill patients who required muscle relaxants for at least 7 days due to ventilation. They applied passive exercise to one leg for 3 hours daily and the other leg received only routine care. Passive exercise resulted in muscle mass increase of 11%, while routine care without passive exercise resulted in a muscle mass decrease of 35%. Schweickert et al. [6] investigated the effects of early physical and occupational therapy in mechanically ventilated patients. They randomized over 100 ventilated patients into control versus early physical and occupational therapy groups. The authors found that patients who received physical and occupational therapy had shorter duration of delirium and more ventilator-free days during the 28-day follow-up period than the controls. In addition, functional independency was achieved more in the intervention group (59%) compared with patients in the control group (35%).

There are many technologies and protocols utilized to facilitate early mobilization in ICU. Needham et al. [8] reviewed technologies to enhance ICU rehabilitation, and the authors suggested neuromuscular electrical stimulation, cycle ergometry, and a few devices to facilitate ambulation of mechanically ventilated patients. They adopted the MOVER Aid to assist with mobilizing a mechanically ventilated patient: a wheeled walker with a safety seat and an equipment tower mounting the monitor, intravenous pump, portable ventilator, and oxygen tanks. Despite the benefits of the MOVER Aid, this walker may not be suitable for understaffed ICUs. With the MOVER Aid, a minimum of two staff members, including a respiratory therapist and physical therapist, are required to ambulate a mechanical ventilated patient.

Compared to ICU in developed countries, Korean intensive care unit has not enough human resource for rehabilitation such as nursing, respiratory, physical therapist, occupational therapist. Compared with ambulation, in-bed cycling is very easy to apply to the critically ill patients, and the expected adverse events are few and rare. For ICU patients, neuromuscular electrical stimulation has been recently reported to preserve muscle mass [10] and prevent ICUAW [17]. However, data about the efficacy and synergy effect when applying FES and ergometry together are limited. Therefore, we designed a study of rehabilitation using cycling and FES feasible for low staffed ICU.

Recently, Patsaki et al. [18] studied the effects of neuromuscular stimulation (NMES) and individualized rehabilitation on muscle strength in ICU survivors. He applied NMES combined with personalized physiotherapy 7 days a week for 55 minutes on rectus femoris and peroneus longus of both lower extremities. In an analysis of muscle strength and functional status at hospital discharge, NMES and personalized physiotherapy in ICU survivors did not show significant differences compared with controlled group. It is in agreement with our conclusion that it is difficult to induce muscle strength improvement with NMES.

There are several limitations in this study. The major limitation of this study is that we investigated temporary change of muscle mass in this study. There was a cohort study of septic patients who received daily 1-hour course of FES for 7 days, and the authors reported no changes in muscle mass was noticed with electrical stimulations [9]. When considering why FES does not affect muscle mass, it is important to keep in mind that the number of times FES is applied or the degree of electrical stimulation may not be sufficient to change the amount of muscle. This study measured muscle CSA directly after the exercise and FES, therefore, temporary increase of perfusion and muscle mass was reflected in ultrasound measurement. Further long-term follow-up considering the effect of inbed cycling and FES are needed.

Another weak point of this study is that we enrolled very heterogeneous and a relatively small number of the patients. Although the initial study design intended to recruit up to 30 patients, interim analysis revealed statistical significance with enrollment of 10 patients. In addition, many studies we referred to in this study included a relatively small number of patients up to 20 patients, identifying statistical differences [13,16]. In addition, although we chose MRC score because manual muscle testing is reliable for longitudinal and comprehensive assessment of strength for trained research staff [19], subjective aspect of the MRC score could be an uncontrolled limited factor. Further research is needed using objective muscle strength measurement tools such as the handgrip dynamometer to determine the muscle strength of the critically ill patients.

In conclusion, this study confirmed that short-term inbed cycling has an effect of increasing muscle mass, but it did not reveal synergistic effects of FES use with inbed cycling. Long-term effect of cycling and FES needs further investigation.

Notes

No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.

Acknowledgements

This study was supported by a faculty research grant of Yonsei University College of Medicine (6-2011-0203).

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Figure 1.

Thigh circumference and rectus femoris measurement level.

Figure 2.

Rectus femoris muscle cross-sectional area. A 6–13 MHz linear transducer was placed perpendicular to the long axis of the thigh, at 50% and 25% of the thigh length between the anterior superior iliac spine and the superior margin of the patella. A: cross-sectional area and circumference, B: muscle depth.