Summary

This report is designed to introduce congressional staff to selected governmental and nongovernmental sources that are useful in tracking and obtaining information on federal legislation and regulations. It includes governmental sources, such as Congress.gov, the Government Publishing Office's Federal Digital System (FDsys), and U.S. Senate and House websites. Nongovernmental or commercial sources include resources such as HeinOnline and the Congressional Quarterly (CQ) websites. The report also highlights classes offered by the Congressional Research Service (CRS) and the Law Library of Congress.

This report will be updated as new information is available.

Researching Current Federal Legislation and Regulations: A Guide to Resources for Congressional Staff

Researching Current Federal Legislation

Researching current federal legislation includes identifying action on pending or passed legislation and locating the relevant documents or text. Analysis, discussion, or media coverage of pending or passed legislation also has a role in the legislative research process. Such research may be accomplished by using governmental, congressional, or commercial services.

Governmental Sources

Congress.gov provides Members of Congress, their staff, and the general public access to a wide variety of information, including bill summary and status, bill text, committee referrals and committee reports, sponsors and cosponsors, and Congressional Record text.

A version of a bill or resolution will typically appear in Congress.gov a day or two after it is introduced or has had action on the floor of the House or Senate. The text of bills is published by the Government Publishing Office (GPO) and sent to the Library of Congress at various times throughout the day.

For an estimate as to when GPO will publish a bill, contact the

GPO Congressional Desk for House bill versions at 202-512-0224 or

Senate Bill Clerk for Senate bill versions at 202-224-2118.

Note that the bill number may not determine the chamber for the most recent version—for example, "H.R. 1792 RS" is a Senate version (RS=Reported in Senate) of a House bill. Guidance in the use of Congress.gov is available at http://www.congress.gov/help.

The Congress.gov Alert Service is available to everyone who wants to obtain email alerts regarding action on bills and amendments for subjects that they identify. Once established, alerts run automatically and generate emails Monday through Friday when there is new information. To learn more about alerts and how to create them, a brief video is available at https://www.congress.gov/help/tips/managing-alerts.

Action on legislation passed or pending in the current Congress, and its status in the legislative process, is reported in the Congressional Record. TheRecordalsocontains the edited transcript of activities on the floor of the House and Senate. It is the primary source for the text of floor debates and the official source for recorded votes. The Record is published each day that one or both chambers are in session, except in instances when two or more consecutive issues are printed together.

The Record's Daily Digest section summarizes action in each chamber and identifies committee hearings, new public laws, official foreign travel reports, procedural agreements, Senate unanimous consent agreements, treaties and nominations actions, and committee meetings scheduled for the next legislative day.

Indexes for the Record are issued twice a month. The Subject Index section can be used to identify bills by topic, and the History of Bills and Resolutions section tracks action on all legislation.

Published by the Office of the Federal Register, the Daily Compilation of Presidential Documents (and its predecessor,the Weekly Compilation of Presidential Documents) provides the dates on which the President signed or vetoed legislation. It also contains transcripts of presidential messages to Congress, executive orders, press releases, nominations submitted to the Senate, speeches, and other material released by the White House.

The Government Publishing Office's Federal Digital System (FDsys) is a website that enables GPO to display and deliver information from all branches of the U.S. government. Materials available on FDsys include the full text of bills, the Congressional Record and the Congressional Record Index (which includes the History of Bills and Resolutions section), congressional calendars, public laws, selected congressional reports and documents, the Daily Compilation of Presidential Documents,the Weekly Compilation of Presidential Documents, the Federal Register, and the Code of Federal Regulations. Coverage for each of these publications varies.

The predecessor to Congress.gov, the Legislative Information System (LIS), is still available but only to congressional staff. It is as current as Congress.gov and will continue to be available while further developments and improvements are made to Congress.gov. A specific date has not been set but plans are to retire LIS after the close of calendar year 2016. Alerts that previously existed in LIS must be recreated in Congress.gov.

Capitol Hill Resource Centers

The House documents website provides links to sources for electronic copies of congressional bills, resolutions, and committee reports via the House Library and GPO's FDsys. Cannon House Office Building 1069:00 a.m.-6:00 p.m. Monday-FridayPhone: [phone number scrubbed].

A weekly compilation of measures that may be considered on the House floor is available from the Office of the Clerk at http://docs.house.gov.

The Legislative Resource Center (LRC) provides centralized access to all published documents originated and produced by the House and its committees, the historical records of the House since 1792, and legislative and legal reference resources. Congressional staff can retrieve legislative information and records of the House for congressional offices and the public by contacting the LRC.

The House Library provides legislative, law, and general reference services to Members of Congress, congressional staff, and the public. Library staff conducts monthly classes on a variety of topics including how to access and use online resources. The reading room has reference materials and computers on which one may access subscription databases; tours may be arranged upon request. A House Library Portal is available for House staff only access at http://library.house.gov.

The Senate Library serves present and former Senators, Member and committee staff, Senate leadership, and Senate officers. The Library provides legislative, historic, legal, business and general reference materials and research services.The Senate Library has areading room, study carrels, computers, and a scanning and microformcenter; tours are available upon request.

Senate Russell Office Building B-159:00 a.m.-6:00 p.m. Monday-Fridayor as long as the Senate is in sessionPhone: [phone number scrubbed].

Schedule and Legislative Update Services

Daily Schedule Information

Both parties in the Senate and the House provide recorded messages about the proceedings on the floor of each chamber every day they are in session. Call the following numbers for cloakroom recordings:

Senate at [phone number scrubbed] (Democratic) or [phone number scrubbed] (Republican)

House at [phone number scrubbed] (Democratic) or [phone number scrubbed] (Republican)

By way of a recorded message, the Office of the Executive Clerk at the White House provides dates for the following information: presidential signings or vetoes of recent legislation, presidential messages, executive orders, and other official presidential action. If the desired information is not in the taped message, callers can stay on the line to speak with a staffer. The recorded message is available at [phone number scrubbed].

Nongovernmental Sources of Federal Legislation

The inclusion of a web-based product under this heading does not imply CRS endorsement of the product.

A subscription database that provides analysis as well as content from news sources worldwide. Services include alerts, transcripts, searchable legislation, congressional, state, and district profiles, and more. Coverage for most historical data begins with the 109th Congress (2005-2006).

This subscription database provides bill texts, summaries, tracking, and analysis. Among its other features are forecasts of major pending bills; versions of bills; links to related bills; roll-call votes; legislative histories; floor and committee schedules; detailed committee coverage; texts of committee reports; transcripts of witnesses' testimony; and publications such as the CQ Weekly, CQ Almanac, and the Congressional Record. Time spans covered vary by the category of information. CQ.com is available in all Senate offices and the House offers a limited subscription.

GovTrack is a free service that can help to determine the status of U.S. federal legislation, voting records for the Senate and the House of Representatives, information on Members of Congress, congressional district maps, and the status of legislation. State legislative information is also available. Federal legislation may be searched and browsed back to the 93rd Congress (1973-1974) and the text of legislation is available as far back as the 106th Congress (1999-2000). GovTrack also provides useful bill statistics from the 96th Congress (1979-1980) to the present such as bill counts by Congress. Information is available as bill dockets, bills by subjects, and a bill search and track feature.

HeinOnline is a searchable digital library of current and historical materials, including some congressional documents back to 1789. The database also includes legal journals, texts, cases, statutes, regulations, presidential materials, and treaties, as well as international and foreign legal journals, cases, and materials. Many are full text in the original page-image (PDF) format. HeinOnline is available only to subscribers.

The National Journal Group covers the current political environment and emerging policy trends. Its information products include National Journal, Congress Daily, The Hotline, NationalJournal.com, The Capitol Source, The Almanac of American Politics, Convention Daily, National Journal On Air, and Washington Week with Gwen Ifill. All House and Senate offices have free access to NationalJournal.com, National Journal Daily, and National Journal Hotline, as well as to the print versions of National Journal Daily and the weekly National Journal Magazine.

OpenCongress is a resource that helps constituents navigate legislative and Member information. Basic features allow one to track legislation, votes, and issues in general or those tied to a specific Member. An additional feature is the ability to search legislation by issue areas, keywords, and bill numbers; identify Members who support or opposed a bill; and join groups composed of other constituents who share the same interests. Users have the capability to share their interests with their online communities by joining any of hundreds of groups. Interest groups may be identified by state or congressional district.

OpenCongress is a free, open-source, not-for-profit resource of the Participatory Politics Foundation and the Sunlight Foundation.

This database contains detailed abstracts and links to the full text of many congressional and federal documents, such as the Congressional Record, congressional hearing transcripts, committee prints, and legislative histories. Length of coverage varies depending on the category of information. It is the enhanced web-based counterpart of the CIS/Index to Publications of the United States Congress. This resource is fee-based and accessible only to subscribers. ProQuest Congressional is available to all House and Senate offices.

Scout is a legislative and regulatory alerts service from the Sunlight Foundation, which provides updates on federal and state legislation, federal regulations, court opinions, and GAO reports. Using the Congressional Record as its source, Capitol Words, a Sunlight Foundation project, analyzes word usage in Congress. GPO provides bill text and GovTrack, Congress.gov, and OpenCongress provide other bill information. Information from GPO is delayed by about one day. Regulatory information is provided from the Federal Register and published throughout the day. Scout's data covers 2009 to the present.

Open States, a Sunlight Foundation project, which publishes data on state legislative activity for all 50 states, Puerto Rico, and the District of Columbia. This data originates from the official websites of the 50 state legislatures, and it is published at various times throughout the day, depending on the state.

Researching Current Federal Regulations

Regulations are issued by federal departments and agencies under the authority delegated to them by federal law.1 Final rules are printed in the Federal Register (FR) and later codified by subject in the Code of Federal Regulations (CFR).

Governmental Sources

The CFR codifies final rules having general applicability and legal effect that first appeared in the Federal Register. CFR titles are arranged by subject and the entire CFR is revised annually (one-quarter of the titles at a time) in January, April, July, and October. Because the annual revision incorporates new regulations and drops superseded ones, the CFR reflects regulations in effect at the time of printing. An index volume that includes tables accompanies the set. By using the FR and CFR sources, with their many finding aids, it is possible to identify existing regulations in a subject area or those that pertain to a specific title and section of the United States Code, identify regulations issued pursuant to a specific public law, and find proposed regulations that are not yet final.2

The Electronic Code of Federal Regulations, http://ecfr.gpo.gov (e-CFR), is the current, updated version of the CFR. However, it is not an official legal edition of the CFR, but an unofficial editorial compilation of CFR material and FR amendments produced by the National Archives and Records Administration's Office of the Federal Register (OFR) and GPO. The OFR updates the e-CFR daily.

The FR contains the official announcement of regulations and legal notices issued by federal departments and agencies. It includes proposed and final federal regulations having general applicability and legal effect; executive orders and presidential proclamations; documents required to be published by an act of Congress; and other federal documents of public interest. Daily and monthly indexes and an accompanying publication, "List of CFR Sections Affected," aid in its use.

The FR also publishes the "Unified Agenda of Federal Regulatory and Deregulatory Actions" twice yearly (usually in April and October). This document provides advance notice of proposed rulemaking by listing all rules and proposed rules that more than 60 federal departments, agencies, and commissions expect to issue during the next six months. Regulations that concern the military or foreign affairs, or that deal only with agency personnel, organization, or management matters, are excluded. The agenda is available online from 1994 through the present.

The Office of Management and Budget (OMB) and the General Services Administration (GSA) produce this website. RegInfo.gov provides a list of all rules undergoing Office of Information and Regulatory Affairs (OIRA) E.O. 12866 regulatory review. Updated daily, it also provides a list of all rules on which review has been concluded in the past 30 days, lists and statistics on regulatory reviews dating back to 1981, and letters to agencies regarding regulatory actions.

This website was launched in 2003 to enhance public participation in federal regulatory activities. Users can search and view proposed regulations from more than 176 federal departments and agencies. Many proposed regulations include a link to a comment form that readers can complete and submit to the appropriate department or agency. Regulations.gov is updated each business day with proposed new regulations. Among the database's search options are keyword or subject, department or agency name, regulations published today, comments due today, open regulations or comments by publication dates, and CFR citations.

White House Executive Clerk's Office

See entry under "Schedule and Legislative Update Services" above.

Nongovernmental Sources of Federal Regulations

The inclusion of a web-based product under this heading does not imply CRS endorsement of the product.

This online report covers a broad spectrum of issues, providing news reports and links to the full text of key documents, such as proposed and final legislation, regulations, testimony, and fact sheets summarizing major issues. Available in electronic and print formats to paid subscribers.

This link leads to product description and purchase information for the Federal Regulatory Directory. The Federal Regulatory Directory provides profiles of the mandates and operations of more than 100 federal regulatory agencies and is published every two years. Each profile gives a brief history and description of the agency and its regulatory oversight responsibilities and lists key staff, information sources, legislation, and regional offices. It also provides an overview of the federal regulatory process. Other aids are the full texts of key regulatory acts and executive orders, a guide to using the Federal Register and the Code of Federal Regulations, and subject and name indexes.

See entry under "Nongovernmental Sources of Federal Legislation" above.

Media Sources

Print and web-based media sources provide useful background information on the status of federal legislation and regulations through their reporting, political analysis, and editorial perspectives. The inclusion of a web-based product under this heading does not imply CRS endorsement of the product.

This premium subscription service goes beyond the standard political news coverage of its sister publication, Politico. According to its website, Politico Pro was launched in June 2010 to provide "access to intense Politico-style coverage of Washington's most important policy issues." It currently covers 14 issue areas: agriculture, campaigns, cybersecurity, defense, education, eHealth, energy, financial services, health care, labor and employment,technology, trade, transportation, and tax.

CRS Resources

Classes at CRS

Introduction to Legislative Research

This two and a half hour seminar, offered six times a year by the Law Library of Congress and CRS, is designed for those with no legal research experience. A Law Librarian specialist will discuss the print and electronic sources used when conducting federal legislative research. Participants will be shown where and how to use the various print and electronic resources containing bills, enacted laws, and codified laws. In addition to covering the official and unofficial print publications, the seminar will demonstrate the relative strengths and substantive content of various Internet resources, such as Congress.gov, GPO's Federal Digital System (FDsys), and others.

Federal Legislative History Research: Using Print and Electronic Resources

This two and a half hour seminar is offered four times a year. This seminar examines methods of identifying and locating electronic and print versions of legislative history resources, including committee reports, hearings, debates and other relevant materials. Research techniques are illustrated using a case study. This seminar emphasizes both Internet and traditional print research techniques. It is jointly sponsored by the Law Library of Congress and CRS.

A Law Library specialist will discuss various electronic and print publications containing federal laws and how to research the legislative history of those laws. Participants will be shown where and how to locate electronic and print versions of congressional documents, including bills, resolutions, committee reports and prints, and floor debates that are generated in the legislative process. Sources of compiled legislative histories and methods of compiling legislative histories will be covered. Internet sources will be discussed, including Congress.gov and other Library of Congress sites, GPO's Federal Digital System (FDsys), various congressional sites, and others. Fee-based databases such as Lexis or Westlaw will not be covered.

This seminar examines methods of identifying and locating print and electronic versions of statutes and conducting research in the United States Code. It describes historical sources of federal statutory law and illustrates research techniques using case studies. The Law Library of Congress and the Congressional Research Service jointly sponsor this seminar, which emphasizes both Internet and traditional print research techniques. Knowledge of the United States Code and Legislative Procedure is a prerequisite for this program.

A Law Library specialist will discuss electronic and print chronological and topical publications containing federal statutory law, including electronic and print sources of public laws and the United States Code. The seminar will cover the organizational principles and features facilitating research, the historical development of federal statutory publications, and the significance of enactment of titles of the United States Code into positive law. Internet sources will be discussed, including Congress.gov and other Library of Congress sites, various congressional sites, GPO's FDsys, Cornell's Legal Information Institute site, and others. Fee-based databases such as Lexis or Westlaw will not be covered.

CRS regularly provides classroom instruction to congressional staff on legislative process and procedure. Two such courses are available to House and Senate staff:

Congress: An Introduction to Resources and Procedure. This is an all-day program designed for those seeking a better understanding of the legislative process and the resources available to monitor it. This program is not open to interns. Attendance at this program is a prerequisite for the Advanced Legislative Process Institute Series (see below).Registration information is available at http://www.crs.gov/Events/category/4.

Legislative Concepts. CRS also offers a monthly introductory "Legislative Concepts" class to House staff and interns in the House Learning Center. Information is available on HouseNet at https://housenet.house.gov/training under "Training."

Advanced Legislative Process Institute

This Institute builds on the basic procedures and resources provided in "Congress: An Introduction to Resources and Procedure." In depth sessions describe processes and procedural strategy that are specific to each chamber. Additional information on this class and others can be found at http://www.crs.gov/under the "Events" tab.

House Advanced Legislative Process Institute Series(HALPS)

This overview of the "other chamber" includes a description of the Senate's rules and norms, and salient committee and floor procedures, focusing on those that differ from the House. Other discussion will cover the Senate's orientation toward individuals and minorities; its attitude toward and use of committees; its norm of collective scheduling of legislation; its use of motions to proceed, unanimous consent, and time agreements to call up, consider, and amend measures; the role of the presiding officer; holds; filibusters and invoking cloture. This program is not open to interns. Register at http://www.crs.gov/Events/category/4.

Senate Advanced Legislative Process Institute Series (SALPS)

This overview of the "other chamber" is an introduction to the organization and operation of the House with an emphasis on differences in procedure and their impact on legislation. Please note, registration is separate for each session. Register at http://www.crs.gov/Events/category/4. This program is not open to interns.

Note: A calendar year listing of CRS classes is not available. They appear on the CRS Events page a few weeks before the scheduled date and when registration is open.

Selected CRS Reports

Additional information on researching legislation and regulations is provided in the following CRS reports.