TransCanada, the company behind the Keystone XL oil pipeline, is looking to finalize its route for the project. Next week, the company will join supporters and opponents of the project at a hearing before the Nebraska Public Service Commission. This will be the final debate before the agency decides whether the pipeline’s path should be approved.

Landowners and environmental groups wanted Keystone XL out of the Nebraska Sandhills, a region with sandy soil that is quick to erode and hard to restore. However, many landowners have the same concerns along the current proposed route. They say their soil is too delicate for the disruption that comes with building a pipeline.

The Sandhills are ancient, wind-blown sand dunes now mostly covered by grassland used for grazing cattle. After Nebraska lawmakers pushed TransCanada to avoid the Sandhills, the company drafted a new route farther east. But Art and Helen Tanderup, who farm corn, soybeans and alfalfa along the current proposed path of Keystone XL, say the company did not move the pipeline far enough.

The Tanderups' farm near the town of Neligh in north-central Nebraska is surrounded by towering cottonwood trees planted a century ago by Helen’s grandfather. The couple has planted more trees on the edges of the farm and Art plants rye grass as a cover crop between plantings of corn and soybeans just to keep roots in the soil year-round. If he doesn’t, he says, the soil might just blow away.

“You see the fence post straight ahead of us here,” says Tanderup, guiding me toward a fence at the edge of a corn field. “It’s in a ridge of dirt here which has become a drift.”

Tanderup walks up the drift to grasp the stump of a post poking out of weeds growing in loose, sandy soil.

“There’s probably only two foot of this fence post sticking out of the ground,” Tanderup says. The wooden post should stand about five-feet tall. “This is a sand drift. It drifts out here like snow.”

If TransCanada comes through Tanderup’s farm, the company will bulldoze the thin topsoil and dig a 7-foot trench to bury its pipes. The soil he works so hard to hold down will be exposed to the relentless wind. Even after the hole is filled in and the soil is put back in place, Tanderup says the crops planted there will struggle.

TransCanada moved the pipeline to its current route based on a map made for the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency called Ecoregions of Nebraska and Kansas. Agencies like the EPA use it to help make land management decisions.

The Nebraska Department of Environmental Quality adopted the map in 2011 to define the borders of the Sandhills. The resulting route by TransCanada winds a path nearly parallel to the edge of the Sandhills in north central Nebraska before it turns south toward the Kansas border.

But, as far as Tanderup is concerned, his farm in Antelope County in north central Nebraska is in the Sandhills, too.

“I call it the ‘Eastern Sandhills,’” Tanderup says. “To me, you’ve got the same soils. The soil is so sandy you’ve got to protect it from erosion, from blowouts.”

Researchers at the University of Nebraska-Lincoln drafted a different map that outlines the region in the Atlas of the Sandhills.

James Swinehart, a now retired geologist at UNL, says the boundary of the Sandhills can be hard to pin down on the eastern edge. The map he drew in the Atlas confirms that Art Tanderup’s farm is not within the borders of the Sandhills and neither is the pipeline.

The proposed route of Keystone XL (in green) runs near the edge of the Sandhills before turning south toward a pipeline hub in Steele City, Nebraska, near the Kansas border.

“The definition of the Sandhills, to me, a component has to be a wind-blown deposit (of sand),” Swinehart says.

Wind-blown deposits of sand do not extend as far as the route of Keystone XL. However, Swinehart says, the same sand that formed the dunes of the Sandhills also washed into some of the surrounding soil. While the soils may have been formed differently, there often is not much difference between the qualities of the soil in the Sandhills and the pockets of sandy soil nearby.

“A sandy soil, whether it be in the Sandhills or outside the Sandhills, (will) have very similar properties if they’re in close proximity and they should be treated the same in management,” says Mark Kuzila, a retired soil scientist with UNL.

When TransCanada built its first, smaller, Keystone pipeline in eastern Nebraska in 2009, the pipe went through soil that Kuzila says is much more resilient. Soil along that route is typically more fertile and holds more water than Art Tanderup’s sandy soil.