Guardians

Will writing is not regulated by the FCA.

The role of a guardian is a very important one if you have children. Should you die without making a Will or if you do not appoint guardians in your Will, your children could be placed in care until the court appoints official guardians to look after them. This could take months and would obviously result in distress for your children and other members of your family. Appointing guardians safeguards against this happening.

Remember to request that your appointed guardians also make a Will themselves to further safeguard the future of your children.
Who should act as guardians?

Friends or Family?

You will need to consider who should be the guardians of any children under the age of 18 years who may survive you. The law has certain requirements particularly where the parents are unmarried or have divorced or separated.

Assuming that either parent has the power to appoint a guardian or guardians on their death, it is usual for such appointments to take effect on the death of the second parent.

The normal choice is to appoint family members, particularly where very young children are involved. As children grow the appointment of friends may be more appropriate as they are more likely to share your lifestyle and in these modern times live nearer than your family.

It is usual (but not essential) that the same persons are appointed guardians of all the testator’s minor children. When the guardians are to act only after the death of the surviving parent it is desirable that each parent should appoint the same persons to act as guardian.

It is, of course, important that the testator should obtain the consent of the proposed guardian before making the appointment.

Although each parent can appoint different guardians, it is worth remembering that both will legally act in the event of your death so depending on who you have chosen will have an effect on your children’s future.

You can also appoint different guardians for different children but this may mean splitting them up. Guardians have to ensure adequate contact between the children is maintained but you may not be happy having your children divided in any way.
Who cannot appoint guardians?

Unmarried fathers who don’t have parental responsibility cannot name guardians, neither will they necessarily become guardian should the mother die. If they wanted to ensure that they did, it would be necessary to enter into a written agreement to share responsibility with the mother, or apply to the court. It would be possible for unmarried fathers to become guardians if appointed by the mother or by marriage.
How many Guardians?

There is a danger where the appointment of family is being considered to appoint a ‘committee’ of all the grandparents or brothers and sisters. This has its obvious disadvantages in that the most important issue, the well being of your children, may at worse get overlooked and at best be difficult to manage. It is best to limit the maximum number of guardians to two and it is preferable that they share a home as partners. Thus your children will become part of a familiar and stable environment at probably the most difficult time of their lives.

By all means appoint substitute guardians as this will ensure continuity if circumstances change.
The Guardian’s duties

The duties of a guardian are essentially the same as those of a parent. They are responsible for the day-to-day upbringing of your child and would stand in your shoes in that respect.The organisation of holidays, birthday presents and all the everyday things that we take for granted.

The terms of the Will should be such that the executors and subsequently trustees can do all that is necessary to assist in financial terms. The expression of your wishes in an informal letter to the trustees is often an easier way of ensuring that your child or children are brought up, as you would wish. However, a word of warning, do not try to enforce too rigid a routine either in the letter or in your Will, as times change and so do your children. It would make the guardian’s job even harder, for instance, to impose the attitudes of even ten years ago at this time!
The Implications

The role of the guardian is a very responsible one and should not be entered into lightly. There will be financial, social and emotional implications taking on such a vast role and the matter should be discussed in detail between the Testator and the appointed guardians.

Many parents will provide financial support for their children in the event of their death and although it may seem insensitive to question them about this, it is a factor in making your decision.

You may be able to claim child benefit and receive a guardian’s allowance in the event that both parents are deceased. Where one parent is alive and you are still called upon to act as guardian the situation will obviously be more complicated.

There are circumstances under which the guardian will be called upon when both parents are not deceased in cases where:

Asurviving parent is unable to perform their role because they are overseas, in the army, in prison, disabled or mentally incapacitated, or after the death of the first parent, or they just refuse responsibility.

A couple are separated or divorced and just one of the parents die. The guardian will act with the surviving parent and should disputes arise they will have to be settled by the court. The surviving parent is still considered the statutory guardian.
Financial considerations

It is normal for the financial management to be separated from the day-to-day upbringing of children. Whilst the guardians have the daily responsibility it is better for the financial control to be handled by someone different, normally the trustees of your estate. The two tasks demand different skills that may not always be found in the same person. It also means that the trustees, the guardians and, when they are old enough, your children, can share what can be difficult decisions.

In your Will, where your children are underage and are to benefit from your estate, you should nominate them as the beneficiaries. In no circumstances should you nominate the Guardians – as mentioned above, the money will be held in trust, and will be controlled by the trustees for the benefit of the children.

The appointment of testamentary Guardians for children allows you to decide who should be responsible for your children’s welfare, maintenance and education, and how these should be funded if both your deaths occur while any child is under 18 years of age.

Nb. The expression ‘testamentary guardian’ merely indicates that the guardian has been appointed by a Will.

There is no legal reason why you cannot appoint the same people as executors, Trustees and Guardians if you wish, but you should be aware that there is a potential conflict of interest in that the trustees are responsible for advancing sums of money held in trust to the Guardians to help with guardianship duties. However, if you have absolute trust in the people appointed then do not allow this to concern you.

Do consider factors such as the age of your Guardians, where they live in relation to you, (would children have to move school etc.), how close is the relationship between your Guardians and children now, and do your Guardians know and share your views on how your children should be raised and educated etc.?
Duties of Guardians

you may be appointed to act jointly with guardians. If called upon, you may already have agreed which part of the child rearing role you will undertake – or you may need to decide this at the time with the other appointed guardians

the surviving parent usually assumes full custody of minor children if the parents were married. Even if the parents were divorced the surviving parent is normally entitled to resume full custody of minor children; however this right will not..