"The island of Lombok is the home of the Sasak people, most of whom are now orthodox Muslims and as such adherents of the waktu lima sect. However, even today some of the Sasak are still counted as adherents of the wetu telu... the wetu telu practise a religious syncretism in which there are traces not only of Islam, but of Hinduism and pantheistic beliefs as well. "

"Due to persecution during the upheavals of 1965-66, exact figure for the Wetu Telu population are elusive; they may number as much as 30% of Lombok's inhabitants and are concentrated in the mountainous northern part of the island. "

"The island of Lombok is the home of the Sasak people, most of whom are now orthodox Muslims and as such adherents of the waktu lima sect. However, even today some of the Sasak are still counted as adherents of the wetu telu. There are also some smaller groups of entirely non-Islamized pagan Sasak, known as Boda, as well as a Hindu Balinese minority. Whereas the orthodox waktu lima Sasak follow the Islamic fundamentals as taught to them by their religious teachers, the Tuan Guru, the wetu telu practise a religious syncretism in which there are traces not only of Islam, but of Hinduism and pantheistic beliefs as well. "

"Most Sasak adhere to Islam, introduced from Java... There is a cleavage between syncretists who combine Islamic and pre-Islamic beliefs and practices, and purists wh conform more strictly to Islamic orthodoxy. The former are referred to as Wetu Telu ('Three Time') Muslims, and the latter as Wetu Lima ('Five Time') Muslims. "

"1972...conflict between religious sects in Lombok... religious persecution that had taken place a few years earlier and which had intensified the latent conflict. As a result of these events, the centuries-old indigenous wetu telu religion had almost been eradicated and almost all Sasak were now said to be believers of waktu lima, an orthodox Islamic sect. "

"...conflict between religious sects in Lombok... religious persecution that had taken place a few years earlier and which had intensified the latent conflict. As a result of these events, the centuries-old indigenous wetu telu religion had almost been eradicated and almost all Sasak were now said to be believers of waktu lima, an orthodox Islamic sect. According to A. M. Hartong (1974), in around 1965 some 20% of the Sasak could still be classified as wetu telu, while 2 years later the figure had shrunk to less than 1%... Two years later, in 1967, there were no wetu telu left, at least not officially. "

"...conflict between religious sects in Lombok... religious persecution that had taken place a few years earlier and which had intensified the latent conflict. As a result of these events, the centuries-old indigenous wetu telu religion had almost been eradicated and almost all Sasak were now said to be believers of waktu lima, an orthodox Islamic sect. According to A. M. Hartong (1974), in around 1965 some 20% of the Sasak could still be classified as wetu telu, while 2 years later the figure had shrunk to less than 1%... Two years later, in 1967, there were no wetu telu left, at least not officially. "

"In the village of Bentek... May 1968... Over the next three months Amaq A, the... village head registered the choice of religion of every grown-up male of the village. The women were not asked to register their choice. Around three quarters of the men, some 500 in all, declared that they wanted to register as Buddhists (orang Budha), while the remaining 25% chose Islam... the choice of Buddhism was not primarily motivated by religious conviction but was rather a vote in favour of a certain lifestyle, the traditional adat of old. The lifestyle of the Bentek wetu telu was much closer to that of the neighbouring Boda than to the immigrant waktu lima orthodox Muslims. Thus, the reason to choose Buddhism was not the religion itself but rather that it was identified with the lifestyle of the surrounding Boda, a lifestyle to which the wetu telu felt akin... "

"In the village of Bentek... May 1968... Over the next three months Amaq A, the... village head registered the choice of religion of every grown-up male of the village. The women were not asked to register their choice. Around three quarters of the men, some 500 in all, declared that they wanted to register as Buddhists (orang Budha), while the remaining 25% chose Islam... the choice of Buddhism was not primarily motivated by religious conviction but was rather a vote in favour of a certain lifestyle, the traditional adat of old. The lifestyle of the Bentek wetu telu was much closer to that of the neighbouring Boda than to the immigrant waktu lima orthodox Muslims. Thus, the reason to choose Buddhism was not the religion itself but rather that it was identified with the lifestyle of the surrounding Boda, a lifestyle to which the wetu telu felt akin... "

"The Minahasa region occupies the very tip of the North Sulawesi peninsula... The region's population runs to 1.25 million people, half of the provincial total. "; Pg. 517: "Some 90% of the population of Minahasa is Christian (the majority subscribe to several Protestant sects led by the [Dutch] Reformed Church; a small minority is Catholic). "

"Niasans: Location: Indonesia (island of Nias); Population: 500,000 "; Pg. 585: "A few thousand Niasans register themselves as adherents of Pelebegu (used first by non-Niasans, evidently from the Karo Batak perbegu) or Molohe adu (the Niasan expression), both meaning 'worshipping the ancestral spirits.' Before iconoclastic capaigns early in the century, the people took reverent care of the wooden statues of the adu ancestral spirits, filling shrines and the public rooms of their houses with them and making daily offerings to them... "

"The south Moluccas homeland consists of some 150 islands located in the Banda Sea. Its main islands are Ceram, Ambon and Buru. The South Moluccans are Melanesians and there are about 1 million people who live in the Republic of South Moluccas... Organisations: The South Moluccas is represented in UNPO by the Republic of South Moluccas, the Republik Maluku Seletan (RMS). "

"One million people live in the South Moluccas, which belongs to Indonesia. The South Moluccas consists of about 150 islands in the Banda Sea, west from New Guinea. The South Moluccans are Melanese, but the main religion is Christianity. South Moluccas was a Dutch colony until the Netherlands handed over to powers to Indonesia. Muslim Indonesians have immigrated to the South Moluccas and the indigenous people fear that they may become a minority on the islands. The struggle for independence has been met with Indonesian repression. "

"Acheh is situated in the northern part of the Indonesian island of Sumatra. In the whole of Sumatra there are 25 million Achehs. Acheh was spared western colonialisation but was instead a victim of Asian imperialism and now belongs to Indonesia. Those who presently work for independence lives in exile and the leaders are actually living in Stockholm. "

"ACHEH/SUMATRA... Geographical Features: Located in the northern part of the island of Sumatra. Bordered on the North by the Malacca Strait, on the South by the Indian Ocean. Area: 236,803 km2. Capital: Bandar Ahcheh (Kuta Radja). Population: In the whole of Sumatra there are 25 million Achenese, 5 million of them live in Acheh. Achenese (Malay/Polynesian) are homogeneous. Languages: Achenese (Malay/Polynesian group). Organisations: Free Acheh Movement (ASNLF), not surrendered to the regime. Acheh /Sumatra Nation Liberation Front. "

Batak

Indonesia: Sumatra

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1981

Crim, Keith (ed.). The Perennial Dictionary of World Religions. San Francisco: Harper Collins (1989). Reprint; originally pub. as Abingdon Dictionary of Living Religions, 1981; pg. 711.

"Although the term 'soul' is often used to translate such concepts as k'la of the Sgaw Karen of Burma,... the tondi of the Batak of Sumatra... "

"West Papua is the western part of the Island of New Guinea, north of Australia. It has 1.8 million inhabitants. Half of the population is indigenous and of Melanese origin. The rest is immigrated Indonesians. The Melanese are predominantly Christians. The Indonesians are Muslims. West Papua, previously a Dutch colony, came under Indonesian control in 1963. Indonesia has handed over large portions of West Papua to foreign mining, oil and forest companies. "

"Trouble with the Seneca Indians and fear of encroachments on their withdrawn way of life from the growing city of Buffalo, induced them in the late 1850s to sell their land and move to Iowa, where they settled in seven villages. They took the name Amana from the Song of Solomon (chapter 4, verse 8). "

"Encouraged by John Mason Peck, Baptist missionaries from Illinois pushed across the Mississippi into Iowa and organized Long Creek Church at Danville. By 1839 there were enough Baptist congregations in the state for an association, and in 1842 the state convention first met. "

Table A.2: "Denominational Adherents per 1,000 Population, 1850 "; "The adherence rates were estimated from Bureau of the Census (1854) reports on the number of churches, the seating capacity of churches & the value of church property. "

McKinley, Edward H. Marching to Glory: The History of the Salvation Army in the United States of America, 1880-1980. San Francisco: Harper & Row (1980), pg. 115.

"In December 1913, Brigadier A.E. Kimball... wrote in despair to the national chief secretary, pleading for 'some way out of the present difficulty we have in connection with so many Armies.'... Davenport Iowa had a Calvary Army... "

Table: "No. 87: Christian Church Adherents, 1990 "; "Christian church adherents were defined as 'all members, including full members, their children and the est. number of other regular participants who are not considered as communicant, confirmed or full members.' "

Christianity - affiliated

Iowa

1,890,000

60.80%

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1993

Krantz, Les & Jim McCormick. The Peoplepedia: The Ultimate Reference on the American People, Henry Holt and Company: New York (1996), pg. 188.

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