Women’s Equal Pay for Equal Work

Equal pay for equal work has been a topic of debate and women have been struggling for it in almost everything they do and for many years now. This paper will explore some of the causes of wage differences between women and men as well as Acts that have been put in place to deal with the issue. The article will also analyze the reasons as to why for many years now, there was disparity in wages.

It is now illegal to pay women and men different wages for the same. This follows the implementation of Equal Pay Act of 1963. There is no solid argument against payment equality for same work between both genders. It is also evident that men do some jobs better than women and in many cases, equal work is not solely considered a pay determinant (E.laws.gov.on.ca, 2014.p.1).

Traditionally in the American society, a woman was entitled with the responsibility of being a homemaker or being a caretaker. Even when they went against this kind of stereotype to do other jobs, they are given the same opportunity when it comes to settling for a specific job. Women are supposed to receive an equal pay just like men based on the fact that they are sole providers of their families.

In 1940’s men were also fully responsible for their families. The roles were however interrupted following the World War II when men went fighting. This forced many women to take up labor force duties and even though many of them did the same jobs as men, the pay was different. When determining pay rates, there are two factors that are considered. Supply of labor for a particular job is one of the factors.

For instance, if skilled labors are few, the pay will be high (Levine, 2004, p. 1). Secondly, the employer, government or trader unions can decide salaries and wages for their employees. It is a fact that women are paid low wages and salaries in many parts of the globe despite the fact that they did same jobs as the men. This is an indication that unions do not focus more on the duties carried out by women.

Similarly, the number of women is high and can comfortably work for a short period. Several arguments have also been raised against women’s equal pay. Single women for instance are not supposed to earn similar salaries like married men. It is argued that a married woman’s pay is extra and it is basic for the family of a married man on the other hand.

For this reason, we can reflect different ethnic and national customs of the Far East because we are focusing on western countries where real conditions like these exist for instance, in the United States of America as well as Europe.

Britain was one the first countries to be fully industrialized across the globe between 1733 and 1850. It’s thought about women was based on commercial and industrial flag of Britain overseas and it followed local discrimination of women. Even so, many women have expanded this legend with individual hard work and can now do the same jobs and duties just like their male counterparts.

Women presently cannot be prevented from doing what they wish or want to do. The source of the issue therefore can be traced to British background (Levine, 2004, p. 45). Women were also not supposed to earn any money between 1733 and 1914 in Britain. Lower class women were charged with the responsibility of assisting their men in mills, foundries and in fields.

Development of different factories also forced many people to settle in towns. This led to increase in prices but the pay for men remained constant forcing women to work and support their families. Many married women today work mainly to economically sustain themselves and to enhance their standards of living. There is no reason as to why women should not be given specific jobs and receive the rightful pay for the hob, not their gender.

It was also indicated that in a dollar that a man earns, women were entitled to 77cents. This is not good bearing in mind that women are supposed to earn same amount as men. Such figures were even worse for Latinas and African-American women who earned 55 and 64 cents respectively for each dollar that a white man earned.

There are also many reasons that explain the reason as to why women earned less than men and also ways in which individuals considered a determinant for men and women pay. Many attempts have also been made to solve the inequality issue. There two schools of thoughts that can explain the gender issue including the human capital theory mainly focused on personal characteristics of women and men.

Sex segregation is also another theory that explains issue. It focuses on demand side and job features in which women and men work typically. Additionally, it deals with decisions that women make, for example, barriers that women face (American Civil Liberties Union, 2014. P. 1).

The human capital theory also explains why women earn less compared to men. According to Levin (2004, p. 4), women earn less than men because of division of labor in the family and it leads to productivity disparity between the genders. Probable family chores are believed to influence women’s decision on the type and amount of investment in training and education. It is also indicated that women are more likely to spend less time in labor force compared to men thus, contributing to their low income levels.

According to the theory, women also invest in smaller human capital, thus lowering their productivity and making them earn low pay compared to men. Irregular employment history of the women is also another cause for low wages amongst them. It is debated that women who expect to be irregular in their jobs often opt for jobs that can easily accommodate them (Thinkprogress.org, 2014, p. 1).

It is therefore an indication that women can easily settle for jobs that do not necessarily tally with their skills. The theory however does not explain low pay for women but also disparities in occupational distribution of both genders. Sex segregation is also an issue that explains wage differences between women and men. It takes a look and women and men in different types of work.

Work related segregation of genders has to some extent reduced because males took over jobs that were considered to be for the women for example social workers, nurses and librarians. There was also a reduction of sex segregation in the 1970’s because women and men were joining neutral jobs.

Additionally, the number of women who took over male dominated jobs such as administrative, managerial and professional work in the 1970’s increased significantly. Job distribution amongst women and men has also converged continuously at a low pace in the past decades. Research also indicates that there are measures that have been put in place to reducing women pay and enhancing a woman’s ability to move from one job to the other, thus lessening family burden for the woman.

This is an indication that woman can accept a lower pay just to enjoy a flexible timetable. There are different factors that can make a person quit a job for instance illness, the need for emotional assistance and participation in different activities. The way in which women are portrayed in the media also has an effect on job discrimination. Many individuals wouldn’t want to relate to the media with a woman’s paycheck but plays a crucial role than they possibly thought.

Choice of job is additionally another reason for wage differences. The American Association of University carried out a research study and indicates that women account for 78 percent and 18 percent education and engineering majors respectively. Many of the women do not want to be engaged it dangerous jobs, which in most cases pay high. Such decisions have also impacted many statistics regarding pay inequality.

The issue of pay inequality has also been highly debated and motherhood penalty is one of the reasons that would explain the scenario. There are mothers who would settle for low paying careers to be able to combine them with parenting. Additionally, mothers earn less because of their children’s needs making them less productive in their workplaces.

The effect of Glass ceiling is another cause for wage disparity. This effect shows that a person’s gender offers significant limitations towards the kind of job one can engage in and it becomes highly challenging as one advance in his career. The effect also prevents women from getting promotions and such obstacles exist despite educational qualifications and achievements.

President Obama recently stated that he has two daughters and he doesn’t want them to earn lesser than men. He supported Lilly Ledbetter Act that tried to bridge the gap between women and men pay. There have been many attempts to close the salaries gap over the years and Equal Pay Act of 1963 is one of the acts that required equal pay for both genders for equal jobs in same establishment.

After the passing of the Act, the US government established the U.S Equal Employment Agency to put into effect national regulations and rules that makes it unlawful to differentiate job applicants or employees. The Equal Pay act therefore plays a crucial role in preventing inequality by law.

Later on, the Paycheck Fairness Act was implemented to help workers secure equal pay for equal work for all Americans (American Civil Liberties Union, 2014, p. 1). The law would lead to significant changes to the law including under the Act, employers are expected to demonstrate wage differences based on many factors other than gender, enhancing penalties for employers who violate the Act, preventing workers against retaliation especially those that want to offer information on their personal wages, directing labor department to help employers gather wages details and allowing them to compare salaries in defined geographical areas.

Gender wage differences in conclusion still exist even though in low rates. However, with implementation of many acts, men and women are likely to earn equal pay. Women are charged with the responsibility of taking care of their homes and their children in many American families. Even so, the trend is changing because there are many opportunities for women in labor force market.

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Thinkprogress.org. (2014). How states are leading the way on equal pay for women. [Online] Retrieved from: http://thinkprogress.org/economy/2013/05/17/2030071/how-states-are-leading-the-way-on-equal-pay-for-women/ [Accessed: 21 Feb 2014].

Levine. (2004). The Gender Wage Gap and Pay Equity: Is Comparable Worth the Next

Affordable Healthcare USA

Introduction

The Affordable Care Act, also known as the Obama Care is a famed US statute introduced into law by the President of the United States. The Act became increasingly a crucial regulatory tool in the US healthcare system, particularly following Medicare Medicaid system introduction (Richard, 2011). It was also specifically enacted with the only intention of ensuring affordability of medical cover while also reducing uninsured medical costs and coverage in private and public systems.

Therefore, it introduced different mechanisms including subsidies and mandates that would enhance medical cover affordability (Dipika, 2014).

Affordable Healthcare in the United States

The debate on affordable healthcare has been continuous since President Obama approved Affordable Care Act integration in 2010. While it saw the introduction of different insurance reforms, that would drive the healthcare system in the United States for the next four years, it has also generated endless arguments that consist of criticism and praise.

According to Christopher (2012), the Act was also primarily designed to help lower economic constraint level among the citizens of the US by ensuring affordability of medical insurance. The Affordable HealthCare Act has however proven to have significant impact on the economy and it can low the progress of the economy. As clarified by Lyle (2012), many subsidies offered in the Act do not apply to full time employees because their salary packages are above the category eligible for provisions in the Act.

Therefore, projections indicate that many people will settle for part time jobs while others consider self-employment as a way of gaining eligibility for the subsidies. This will in the end have significant effect on the economy because it reduces productivity level significantly. The Affordable Healthcare Act will also affect individual and family expenditure as many people will be likely to buy different insurance covers aiming to tap the benefits while growing subsidy coverage on the other hand for families.

The trend will increase enrollment rate as many people seek to enjoy comprehensive benefits and in return, it will affect premium insurance rates that may also raise healthcare costs in the long run (Richard, 2011). With many people receiving medical coverage through the government or their employers, a small number will purchase personal covers and they will be forced to settle for healthcare coverage with provisions similar to that offered by the government or employer.

Eventually, it will be more costly than having healthcare policies that many people today do not have and increase family and individual expenditure (Dipika, 2014). The Affordable Healthcare Act has also proven to be detrimental to the society and its effects will in the cause some implications in social work field.

According to Christopher (2012), new Affordable Healthcare law makes provisions enabling a high number of people to qualify for Medicaid. It is an indication that growing number of patients will be looking for social services in the healthcare system thus, increasing healthcare and social workers workload.

It is so, because new laws on the law mandates insurance providers to offer coverage to people with pre-existing and extreme conditions while organizations with more than 50 staff members are expected to offer medical coverage for all their workers (Lyle, 2012).

Conclusion

The Affordable Care Act has raised significant debate since its creation into the new Obama Care Law in 2010. The law was specifically attributed to different social and economic effects included reduced efficiency in national economy, high influx of patients in different healthcare facilities and increased family expenditure which, increases social workers workload.

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Supplemental Security Income

Supplementary security income (SSI) is a program that pays monthly checks to people with limited resources and income and it is run by the social security. The people are often the disabled, the blind and those aged 65 and above years. Children to the disabled or the blind also get the checks. A child under SSI is defined as under the age of 18 or if in school or training in preparation of a job is between the ages of 18-22.

Those who get SSI and leave the US for a month are no longer entitled to the program. Even so, there is a specific act covering the children of military personnel where a child can continue receiving the benefits even when overseas. This is however applicable to a child if he or she is a citizen of the United States of America. It is also applicable if the child is living with an US armed forces parent assigned permanent duty outside the U.S District of Columbia, U.S territories and Puerto Rico and was entitled to SSI remuneration before the parent left for duty overseas (United States, 1975).

To qualify for the program according to Daly, Burkhauser, & Federal Reserve of Francisco (2001), individuals must be at least 65 years of age or above, disabled or blind. Their assets and income must also be below specific limitations. For applicants to qualify as disabled, they must not be in a position to engage in significant gainful task (SGA) because of an impairment that is expected to last for at least a year or lead to death.

Individuals may also need to have combined income that is greater than the present maximum $ 494 ( $741 for a couple) or have resources more than $ 2000 ($3000 for a couple) to meet financial necessities. A person with more resources is required to sell some of his or her countable resources. They include real assets such as land or house that is not occupied or personal property, stamp collection or jewelry.

One can also receive SSI while trying to sell the assets, for nine months and on the other hand, an individual can receive SSI payments for up to 3 months while trying to sell private assets (United States, 1976). Individuals during the initial application process are expected to provide any details that can affect eligibility of their benefits.

Once they receive SSI benefits, individuals are also required to report any timely events including marital status, changes in resources or income and living arrangements to Social Security Administration field office staff. The benefit rate for a person as reviewed in 2013 is $ 710 for an individual and for a couple, $ 1066). Even so, the benefits vary based on the income of a person and living arrangements among other underlying factors (United States, 1976).

The SSI is funded by general tax revenue and not Social Security trust fund. The benefits are usually in cash form and they assist the eligible to meet basic needs including clothing, shelter and food. Income is essential in SSI. The more you earn, the less SSI you are entitled to and if your income is over the required limit, you cannot receive the payments.

The congress in recent years has been apprehensive that individuals who are ineligible can receive disability benefits. This is a major concern especially in cases where abuse of program, waste or fraud allegations is common. For example, it was proved that non-English speaking applicants were getting SSI benefits illegally using mediators who offer translation and related services at a fee to enable them apply for the program (United States, 1975).

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References

United States. (1975). Administration of the supplemental security income program: Hearings before the Subcommittee on Oversight of the Committee on Ways and Means, House of Representatives, Ninety-fourth Congress, first session, September 8, 1975. Washington: U.S. Govt. Print. Off.

United States. (1976). Problems in administering supplemental security income for the aged, blind, and disabled, Social Security Administration, Department of Health, Education, and Welfare: Report to the Congress. Washington: U.S. General Accounting Office.

Widespread Epidemics in Africa

In Africa, AIDS continues to be one of the most widespread epidemic and single most reported case worldwide. Lack of knowledge continues to be the leading factor of spread of HIV/AIDS. It is of great importance for campaigns against the disease to be encouraged in order to educate people regarding prevention measures and also prevent them from getting the disease.

As the fertility level increases and the rate of mortality decreases in Africa, the African populace is expected to reach the peak of 1.7 billion people in 2050 up from 767 million in 2006 (Ashford 1). With the tremendous population increase in Africa, it is of great importance that people be educated on how they can fight the disease in the continent which is by staying faithful to their partners, abstaining from sexual activities and using protection. In most parts of Africa, the number of people living with the disease will continue to increase since a large percentage of the population lives in poverty and tends to engage in sexual activities as a means of earning a living. It also means that more children will become orphans as a result of death caused by the disease and more will be infected if the sex workers continue engaging with more people for purposes of money and if the governments of those countries fail to put effort on educating people about HIV/AIDS.

People who live with the disease are also prone to develop other kinds of infections and illnesses like tuberculosis and malaria, due to their low immune systems and therefore this will further fuel AIDS epidemic (Ashford 2). With spread of such a disease, especially in children, the level of death because of poor health facilities and assistance caused by poverty will also increase in the African countries.

In the story map ‘The naked games’, I have learnt during the ancient times, both men and women were allowed to take part in the Olympic games in the nude but with certain conditions. For men, the conditions were they had to be free in order to participate in the games nude while for women, they had to be married in order to participate nude in the games. However, this happened at different events. During those days, the events were held separately as it was believed that participation in games is for men only.

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Quito

Equador’s capital town and the world’s highest city housing both judicial and legislative activities is none other than Quito. With its strategic location in the Northern section of Equador, Quito serves as the capital town of Pichincha province. The historic sites of the city comprise of the most highly preserved and attractive tourist attractions in America. Also, it has been ranked among the cultural avenues that are most attractive in the world. Quito has a central square situated about twenty five kilometers towards southern section of the equator (Gauderman 55).

Destination description

Quito has a very large population of over 2, 29, 191 people according to the national census of 2010. In regard to population size and economic advancement, the city ranks second after Guayaquil and it has also been ranked as most developed city in terms of cultural and political affairs, which are the major developmental factors upon which power of political elites, company executives, bankers and wealthy families is reflected. The population of the city therefore comprises of executives who are wealthy and some indigenous eye catching people that make up the largest percentage of the population (Leona 9).

The unique experience of the city which is what every tourist searches for is ranked as the major motivator for the destination. Though the city is built upon historical remains of Incan city, it is well maintained and offers a unique yet modern experience that every modern traveler is searching for. While Quito remains as an historic site that is least distorted in Latin, America, it offers an experience that is realistic to different categories of tourists. Among people likely to travel to the city include, cultural tourists pursuing to enjoy an experience that is unique to the region. Equally, the dental care offered in the city is unique and has continued to attract a large number of dental tourists who visit the city to have their teeth fixed (Robert 11).

The city attracts different kinds of tourists such as single individuals, children, men, women, senior people, families and married people. The city also receives both international and local visitors. While majority of the visitors are from the US, Quito equally receives visitors from other regions of the globe and especially those looking for dental care. Majority of people who into the city are low-income earners opting for the destination because it is favorable and affordable. According to Kathia (47), the city has a potential but ethical tourism that has remained postponed for years though it has an expansive range of educational and teaching instruments for students. Equally, there is also a high demand for cultural and dental tourism that currently is delayed by the ongoing projects that are related to infrastructural facility construction which is inclusive of airport, roads and an electrical system. The physical features of Quito are attractive and include a cool climate, volcanoes, financial districts as well as high class resident facilities. Additionally, it has cultural resources which include the language, customs, etiquette and Krakow historic site (Smith 67).

The tourist attractions in Quito are expansive as well and include beautiful sceneries such as waterfalls, rivers, volcanoes and different kinds of exotic orchids and birds. Equally, the city has a cultural heritage that is attractive and characterized by beautiful historic sites, sports, theater performances and museums. With the rapid development of infrastructural facilities, forecasts indicate there is potential expansion in the sector of tourism in Quito (Robert 13). Equally, the city has taken some commendable steps in promoting business, trade and cultural relations with other cities and eventually, this will expand tourism within the city. Rapid changing market demands and the need of pursuing affordable services has also seen a large percentage of people diversify in tourism sector within the country as majority of people enter into the city easily (Leona 12).

Conclusion

Quito is a tourist destination that is unique with a large variety of physical and cultural resources attracting both international and local tourists. The city is also known for maintenance of non-altered historic sites, which motivate tourists from different walks of life to choose the location. Rapid infrastructural facilities expansion and the impact of globalization indicates there is potential expansion of the tourism industry.

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Hydraulic Fracturing

The two major fossils man uses in production of energy for industrial and domestic purposes is natural gas and oil. These fossils availability is often restricted to specific areas and often occurs in the form of underground deposits. This leads to the necessity of directing them to the surface to ease production and processing of end products. While some natural gas and oil flows to the surface naturally due to underground pressure, such occurrences are extremely low and amounts extracted fail to meet the demands of consumers. A couple of extraction and mining techniques, top on the list hydraulic fracturing is embraced in order to response to the rising demands for energy. This paper closely focuses on Hydraulic fracturing as a technique for the extraction of natural gas and oil.

Hydraulic fracturing refers to a type of simulation where pressure gets transmitted through means of gas or fluid with the purpose of widening cracks in existence or creating cracks in underground rocks that contain hydrocarbons. Mainly, the technique is applied in the industry of gas and oil and is often referred to as ‘fracing’, ‘hydrofracking’ or ‘fracking’ (AASG). It often involves propelling a combination of chemical additions, sand and water with high pressure in order to create small intersection cracks that are aimed at increasing permeability in the underground formations targeted. Once cracks are formed, they get ‘propped’ open by the sand particles thus allowing under pressure oil or gas to flow to the surface wells for purposes of collection (Chesapeake Energy, 2012). It is worth noting that drilling of wells involved in this kind of fracturing is done in 2 distinct ways which include horizontal drilling, vertical drilling or a combination of these two (Hall, 2011). It is also worth noting that hydraulic fracturing is only carried out once to a well.

Natural gas and oil occurs in small pores within sedimentary rocks. The ability of the fossils to find its way to the surface is dependent on interconnectivity of the pores. In rocks that have low permeability, interconnection of the pores never permits natural flow of fossils to the surface making it necessary to use hydraulic fracturing in order to enlarge pores and increase interconnectivity for ease of flowing to the surface. Hydraulic fracturing is not new it was applied for the first time in 1947 in the oil industry in the US and from that time over a million wells have already been drilled through use of the technique. It is considered economical compared to the traditional applications since it uses water as its main solvent.

Since water is an important part of the process and a fundamental component of waste, there is a potential effect posed on the environment and drinking water (Office of Research and Development, 2010). Chemical additives used in the process usually are toxic since they have radioactive and heavy metals elements. The heavy metals and radioactive elements can sip into underground freshwater reservoirs due to the numerous cracks which are part of the process (Dachille, 2011). Seeping of such wastes into clean water sources causes contamination of drinking water. These chemicals are not only found in waste material but they are a hazard to the environment. During the process of fracking, toxic gases can be released into the atmosphere leading to pollution and contamination. Following environmental impacts of the process, there is urgent need for federal regulation in order to control the amount of chemicals used in the process of drilling by companies and to regulate the process of hydraulic fracturing (Burford, 2012).

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References

(AASG). Hydraulic FracturingTexas. Texas: The Association of American State Geologists (AASG).

Florida Forever Act

Funding by the state under Florida Forever Act ought to be used in obtaining isolated, small habitant remnants that lack connection to the larger conservation area land. The program is very important because it offers protection to the environment as well as the habitats. The aim of this program is to eliminate land fragmentation while protecting the endangered animal.

The wildlife is given refuge by the Florida Forever Act which allocates lands for them so that they can move more freely. This act aims at ensuring that biological diversity, integrity and refuge system of a healthy environment are maintained (Chapin et al. 34). The state should acquire small lands since the wildlife relies on such environments.

According to a study done in the peninsular state, Florida, where geographical connectivity was discretely limited, every increasing sprawling and population led to a high rate at which open space, wildlife territory and landscapes disappeared (Chapin et al. 38). The areas that naturally are undisturbed are increasingly becoming fragmented. More and more species are being endangered. In solving this problem, researchers in Florida use ecological Greenways.

Funding by the state under Florida Forever Act is important for the conservation of habitats and land. However, this task is not just challenging but costly as well. Other organizations must support it. How small lands are acquired is another problem. It cannot be proven that justice is administered in the acquisition of these lands. No assurance to show that the owners of these lands are paid when they offer to sell them.

In a nutshell, the small lands that are acquired promote land and habitats conservation. Their management eliminates the problem of land fragmentation. This has created recreational centers which are very attractive.

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Whitepaper Plastic Waste Recycling

Introduction

Plastics’ recycling is a sophisticated approach designed to help in the reduction of environmental pollution in the campus (Ross and Evans 570). Additionally, there are improper ways demonstrated by students that they use to dispose polythene plastics and bags. This innovation entails the establishment of a small-size plant for recycling plastics in the campus. Among the activities of this plant will be melting plastic materials which will then be used in producing plastic poles and manila threads as the final products.

Additionally, there will also be bins for collecting waste in different locations around and within the campus. Such locations include busy paths, classrooms, and hostels. Several people will be responsible for collecting this waste on daily basis. Once the waste gets into the plant, separation of plastics from the other wastes will be done manually.

The Chosen Whitepaper Topic

Plastics’ recycling is viewed as an ideal topic in this paper since it entails an innovation whose aim is help in solving environmental problems that plastic wastes cause in the campus. Actually, plastics’ recycling ensures that the environment is free of waste materials while utilizing waste plastics in the production of new products. This creates additional space in the landfills (Ross and Evans 570).

Demand for the limited resources is reduced through recycling. This is because recycling materials reduces the cost of their production substantially (Dubey et al. 33). Recycling processes consume low energy when compared to the process of using raw materials to produce similar products. This means that recycling is a cheaper approach because melting plastics requires less energy or heat due to the fact that the melting points of plastics are low. This will be an eco-friendly innovation and it will promote low costs and a clean environment. Economically, students will be able to raise funds which can be used to finance tuition charges ad meet other financial needs.

Reason for the Selected Innovation

The selection of this innovation was aimed at countering the disadvantages that plastic wastes have when disposed inappropriately. Additionally, there are many plastic items lying all over the university as waste. These include packages of refreshment drinks and shopping bags. Poor disposal of plastics is harmful to human health and the environment. Naturally, plastic are non-biodegradable. Thus, poor plastics disposal leads to environmental pollutions. In addition, plastics stay in the environment in form of waste for a long period.

Consequently, this can be a great and long term risk to the environment and the health of the people (Mudgal et al 11). Plastics’ recycling has been chosen as the best option that will help in addressing this challenge. This is because other methods of disposing plastics effectively are very costly. As such, an innovative plastics’ recycling technique will help in dealing with the environmental problems caused by plastics at a reasonable rate. In most cases, students do not follow the proper guidelines for disposing plastics. This has always caused environmental pollution (Michael 1).

Conclusion

This proposal has presented a detailed analysis of a new innovative method that can be used to conserve the environment and to protect the health of the people in the university. Innovation here entails the setting up of the recycling plant in the campus. Plastics’ recycling will take place in this plant where new products will be produced. The ability of this idea to curb environmental pollution makes it an ideal choice. It is also affordable because it requires less energy as compared to the production of new products with raw materials. The development of this idea follows the wayward act of students who dispose plastic wastes in a wrong way.

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‘’A More Perfect Union’’ Sample Speech by Barack Obama

In March 18th 2008, a dark man with an African father, President Barack Obama took to the stage at the Nationwide Structure Center in Chicago and gave a speech that would add more glamour to the national scenery of the old Obama administration. In the conversation, Obama uses three rhetorical techniques to strengthen his overarching statement that unity is necessary for the generation of equal rights in the country. Foremost, he begins with a personal and traditional requirement that involves highlighting the prevalent exigency and cerotic time. He further attracts pathos using several illustrations of national disfavor to elaborate the need for such modifications. At last, he uses his attracts ethos in recommending, instead of legislating models for white and black Americans. To many people, this was a rhetorical and governmental level conversation in the 2008 presidential strategy (Niven 11).

Obama begins his conversation with his personal national record of the United States to showcase the significance of oneness in the expectations of his election. He gives the revelation through the preamble to the United States structure, the points out that although this was the unique objective of the early dads, ‘’the papers they created was gradually developed into finality but gradually incomplete (Mieder 13).

While Obama shows his involvement in and interest towards the national US cosmetics, the main objective of this rhetorical conversation which is the exigency is not clearly brought out until he makes reference to his former preacher, Jeremiah Wright. In the weeks before the speech, Wright who is a frank Chicago pastor blamed the government of giving inferior responsibilities to the blacks in America. Conservatives criticized Wright as a militant dark extremist, and because he used to wish t his cathedral, Obama was also looked at from a similar perspective. In an effort to save his face, while giving a much wider discussion about completion in America, Obama had to show action. Thus, while the feedback from Wright provided the exigency for the discussion, the emergency to all the scenarios place him in the range of his former minister and contact for national unity in the US played the roles of the cerotic time. With that goal, Obama strongly quotes, ‘’we have no alternative but act if we were to make progress on the avenue of a more ideal leadership’’ (Obama, Maureen & Steve Gilbert 27).

With the recognition of the exigency and presentation of the cerotic time, the presenter attracts pathos through the introduction of illustrations of national disfavor that are prevalent in the United States. Through artwork as an example of national disparity- as well as its long term impacts, Obama is successful in attracting his viewer’s feelings, the entire American population to highlight the need for national unity in the country. This enables Obama to attract pathos as he acts the feelings of his viewer to enhance contact for oneness on the eve of his election (Mieder 13).

To conclude, the enticing ethos that is used by Obama brings in the fact that he has strategically positioned himself as a personality to reckon with in America. His origin is of a mixed-race and he grew up under a state of national inequality. Yet while he has the authority of creating these statements, his recommendations do not bear much support. Thus, he avoid going over his limitations, while still being sensible in his speech. This is a show of excellence in the rhetoric speech. Obama applies his entice ethos to portray the need for modification, and make the recommendation for greater changes without overstepping his power with special values (Sharpley-Whiting 18).

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Ethical Standards in Research

Ethics is an important resource in research and is used in the definition of norms and moral responsibilities that a researcher should adhere to when performing both quantitative and qualitative research. These ethics determine the quality and credibility of the entire study and will offer guidance to the writer by developing his or her skills in producing the desirable results. There are various ethical standards that should be considered by a researcher in the process of conducting the study. First, the researcher should have respect for intellectual property like copyrighted materials (Orb, Eisenhauer, and Wynaden, 2000). This can be achieved by making sure that reports of research contain all previewed articles, publications, magazines, newspapers, blogs, books, journals, theses and referencing in the required way. For example, if a researcher obtains data from a government website or other credible and pertinent resources, it is important that the information is formatted since the contravention of this practice would impact plagiarism that would render the study as incredible.

Besides, the researcher should also have social responsibility during and after conducting the study. This could involve virtues like ethics, integrity, openness, confidentiality and respect for those taking part in the study. For instance, the researcher should not release the private information of the participant to the public since this would interfere with the integrity of the participant and present disrespect (Onwuegbuzie, Dickinson, Leech and Zoran, 2009). In surveys and interviews, the participants could be asked to respond to questions that are confidential and the researcher is expected to keep them discreet. Finally, the person doing the study should be transparent and autonomous while doing the study and after the entire process. This would hinder the inclination of the researcher towards certain opinions or ideologies that would end up undermining the quality of the study. For instance, if a researcher is carrying out a study on the views of women on abortions before or during marriage, the researcher should avoid expressing his own opinions and remain neutral in order to prevent biasness in the process.

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Integrity and Professionalism

Integrity and professionalism are the pillars of doctoral research. Integrity entails commitment even in bad times to ensure that the credibility of the study process is not messed up. Therefore, it is important and very critical since the researchers involved in the study can only innovate and flourish when the members of its group act as one in ensuring at atmosphere that enhances trust and confidence in their findings. It can also promote the free and fair exchange of ideas and materials for the study amongst the researchers. Besides, when integrity is applied in a study, it upholds both corporate and personal accountability. It will also help in facilitating respect and acknowledgment of intellectual involvement of other people in the community. Professionalism will enable the doctors to make informed decisions in complex issues in the specialist fields, especially when there is lack of sufficient data and also the ability to hold conversations and make conclusions certainly and effectively to both specialists and non-specialist audiences (Sadoff & Robert, 2012).

There are various avenues to be pursued in adherence to the standards of integrity and professionalism. One is that a person should have a unique set of expertise and skills in their area of specialization. The validity of such expertise should also be maintained through continuous training. Another avenue is having the commitment and ability to perform a variety of activities that are considered acceptable by other influential groups in that profession. Besides, a person should work and behave in a way that is ideal to an individual purporting to have the knowledge of the applicable profession. For example, in medicine, there traits will include personal hygiene and cleanliness, proper standards of dressing and appearance as well as speech and personal conduct. All this contribute to a respectable standard (Steneck, 2008).

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References

Steneck, H. (2008). Fostering professionalism and integrity in research. University of St. Thomas Law Journal, 5 (2), 522-543. Retrieved from http://www.stthomas.edu/media/hollorancenter/pdf/Steneck.pdf

Blackberry

In 2009, Blackberry, then known as Research in Motion was a leading player in the Smartphone industry (Palenchar, 2013). The company had a 20% stake of the Smartphone market and had a near monopoly in the business service sector with its business solutions. At that time, the company was valued at over US$ 83 billion (Blackberry Still in a Jam, 2013). However, three years later in 2012, the stake of the company in the Smartphone market had reduced to only 5%. Besides, it was experiencing financial turmoil. This was a great decline for a company that had displayed dominant performance a few years ago.

This report will analyze the reasons behind the poor performance of Blackberry and the subsequent financial problems that the company faced.

Performance Problems

Innovation

According to Downes and Nunes (2014), the big bang disruption which refers to a new kind of innovation, can significantly interfere with stable business within a short span of time. Big bang disruption has a dramatic effect on technology companies because it is the result of better and cheaper disruptive technologies being introduced into the market (Downes and Nunes 2014). Owing to the availability of cheap internet, consumers are able to know about the big bang disruptors. If the disruptors prove popular, they can impact the growth of new organization at the expense of the operating technologies.

The touch screen phones were introduced in the market by the unveiling of Apple’s iPhone in 2007. However, the Blackberry executives still maintained that ‘they had such a dominant market position that was so profitable.’’ They did not want to be seen as undermining their monopolistic position by unveiling products that are radically different (Hessman, 2013). The touch screen had become a big bang disruptor. Blackberry did not release any innovative products or solutions, but stuck to doing what they considered to be working at that time, thereby losing a significant share of the market.

Sales

Poor sales of products have led to the financial problems faced by Blackberry. The company released the Playbook tablet computer to rival the iPad introduced by Apple (Blackberry Still in a Jam, 2013). However, the sale of Blackberry’s Playbook was quite disappointing since it was unable to deliver good sales. The latest Smartphone product of the company is Z10 which has also faced low sales that were even much less than what was expected by the company (Blackberry Still in a Jam, 2013).

Revenue

The enterprise market is among the main revenue drivers of Blackberry. However, it has been under serious pressure from competing companies. Many have chosen Blackberry for enterprise business solutions because of the security features that it is enhanced with. Companies that use the enterprise business solution had to acquire Blackberry phones for their employees, thereby enabling the company to command a larger market share in this area. However, a new movement has surfaced, the Bring Your Own Device (BYOD) (Company Profile, 2013). The trend of organizations using Blackberry phones is swiftly coming to an end. Employees can now use the same Smartphone for work and also personal needs. This is an indication that Blackberry is losing its position as the business phone of choice in addition to also losing its consumer base. These loses have negatively impacted the revenues of Blackberry.

Cash flow

Blackberry is faced with serious cash flow problems. The company reported $965 million quarterly loss. The company’s revenue reduced by 45% in 2013, while its cash position at the end of the third quarter went down from $3.2 billion to $2.6 billion in 2013 (Connors, 2013). Besides, Blackberry also had to write down its inventory valued at $960 million (Blackberry Still in a Jam, 2013). This was influenced by poor sales of the Z10. Blackberry’s cash is therefore tied up in stock that it is unable to sell. As a result of the poor cash flow, the company introduced a rationalization program that saw the cutting of about 4,500 jobs that represented 40% of the workforce. The cash flow hitches came up as a result of the failure of the company to switch its stock of Z10 Smartphones.

Profits

The profits forecasts of the company were negatively impacted by flight delays in the launch of its flagship product. The launching of the Z10 smartphones came up after several delays (Hessman, 2013). The technology market is quite dynamic and under constant flux. The delay in the launch of the product significantly reduced the profitability of Blackberry (Blackberry Still in a Jam, 2013). The operating system for Blackberry also appears to be out of date compared to Apple’s iOS and Google’s Android. This has placed Blackberry at a very disadvantaged position in the market.

Market Research

Blackberry lost track of the shifting user preferences in smartphones. It pioneered the use of keyboards on phones. People who wanted to type from their phones preferred using the phone because it made typing to be much easier. However, ‘’many Smartphone users have moved to touch screen models’’ in the recent past (Austen, 2013) Even though touch screen phones have their demerits when it comes to typing due to many typing mistakes, the enhanced screen size and better user experience account for this. The Smartphones manufactured by Blackberry, which maintained the physical keyboard were no longer attractive to customers. This resulted into the substantial loss of Blackberry’s market share to the touch screen smartphones.

Conclusion

The poor performance demonstrated by Blackberry was as a result of many reasons. The company had poor innovative skills and failed to deliver desirable solutions. Besides, it also had poor revenue streams owing to the competition in the enterprise market. Poor sales of the flagship product Z10 Smartphone had a multiplier impact of reducing the profitability of the company, thereby hampering cash flow. The connections between all these factors contributed to the poor performance of Blackberry.

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Accounting Coursework Questions

Question 1

The cash flow statement indicates the actual amount of cash that is available in the company at the end of the financial year. This information cannot be shared in other financial statement, since they are prepared through the accrual accounting method.

Management would be more interested in the ‘cash flow from operating activities’ column of the cash flow statement. This column shows whether the daily trading activities of the business are generating positive cash flows, which is the main role of managers. The section can be used for instance, in the monitoring of trade debtors and creditors.

However, the investors would have an interest in the ‘Financing activities’ section that shows the amount of cash used in the payment of dividends or obtained from sale of stock.

Question 2

The cash flows of Apple have significantly grown since 2011 when it had a negative cash flow of $1.446 billion to 2013 when it had a positive cash flow of $ 3.53 billion. Most of the company’s cash flow is acquired from its operational activities. Over the three past financial periods, investing and financial activities do not give any cash flows except in 2011 when it gave out stock. A greater percentage of the company’s money is used in paying for dividends and capital expenses.

Apple needs to find an avenue for generating cash from its investment activities since although it is using lots of money on investments, it does not generate any cash from them.

Question 3

Callable preferred stocks are shared that are issued to their holders at preferential terms under circumstances that they shall be redeemed back by the company. They take the preference over common stock in the distribution of dividends and compensation at the time of the company’s liquidation (Miller & Jentz, 752). Corporations issue stock when they urgently need to raise capital but do not wish to increase the number of shareholders in the long term.

I would prefer cumulative preferred stock since dividend on their payment is guaranteed and the company is not able to redeem them.

Question 4

Management accounting is focused on the generation of information for use within the company for instance, annual budgets. On the other hand, financial accounting is aimed at communication with external parties like potential investors about the financial position of the company for example, on the position of cash flow and operating profits.

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Apple Leadership

The top hierarchy of Apple leadership has tight-knit, small types of management that come from different divisions that are grouped close to Jobs and Tim Cook’s work places. This team has associates who take full liability of anything that may happen as they watch. After decisions are made and orders given by this structure, the expectation is that there will be no failure in their execution.

Their interest is not to see the advancement of 1,000 areas blossom in the entire organization. Their job is clearly described and they do it to their best levels. At the top level, there is a group of approximately 46,000 full-time workers of Apple organization. These are mostly in advertising and marketing fields. The workers have properly drilled routines as well as practices. Most of them come from colleges working in Apple’s shops, Professional Cafes.

There is also the authority style of Job. He has ten rules that include maintaining personal tricks, being callous, and not having concentration categories. Job has an amazing charm that makes him flexible with the workers. He is an unpredictable and psychological narcissist who has an all-commanding self-confidence. Job is an expert in psychological adjustment. He was able to handle difficult choices since the beginning. Apple organization and Microsoft Company had a long term action in court. He went to negotiate an argument directly in order to eliminate this court action. Jobs performed to the best level possible by assigning and pointing areas that are designed for individuals with strong points. He has a great eye for specific details.

Finally, Jobs knows the importance of clients’ encounters and connections. He prioritizes in ensuring that the products of Apple organization have a convenient and easy experience with clients. His main objective is eliminating misunderstandings while simplifying things for customers. This has led to a broad gap between Apple and its competitors.

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Two Kinds

Amy Tan wrote the short story Two Kinds. This story tells the memories of Jing-mei, a child and Suyian Woo, her mother during their childhood. Amy Tan reveals Jing-mei struggles between the Chinese ancestry and success expectations. This story has an important setting since it depicts the Chinese immigrants’ high expectations when all people in America were hoping that they would be successful.

It is important to note that the setting of this story is the San Francisco of the 1950s. Like the other places in America, there were clear impacts of the World War II in San Francisco. Therefore, the setting of this story makes it easy for the reader to understand the Asian immigrants’ expectations. This was the first year for them to be in the U.S.

Jing-mei gets several advantages. A family piano is the major advantage. Jing-mei is given this piano as a gift by her mother in her 30th birthday. Her mother, Suyuan said silently that he saw the capacity of Jing-mei which would enable her to emerge as a skilled pianist. However, she had to try. Jing-mei decided to tune the piano after her mother’s death. She also gets the advantage of a caring mother. Suyuan wants her daughter to realize the best in her life.

This is demonstrated by the way she wants her daughter to take piano lessons. As such, Jing-mei will not endure hardships similar to those of her mother. However, she becomes disadvantaged when her mother dies. Her death is unexpected and it is only after she dies that the child realizes what she wanted for her. It is at this time that she discovers the perfectly contented song after the death of her mother. However, this was too late.

This story by Tan reveals a typical mother-daughter conflict. Children, more so girls have conflicts with mothers who guide them on the way to live in most cultures. Daughters have conflicts with mothers because they do not accept the dreams of their mothers or simple guidelines that they give them. Jing-mei is depicted as a girl that is cruel to her mother.

She strikes her with a strong weapon. This is a reminder of a central tragedy. Typically, this reveals conflict that exists between mothers and daughters. Whether parents are correct or misguided, daughters do not see the essence of cooperating with their mothers’ plans. This is not only the case in America but in others cultures across the world as well.

In the last paragraph, Jim-mei discovers what the songs that she had rejected are about. The left-hand side song is known as the “Pleading Child” and the right-hand side song is called “Perfectly Contented”. It is at this time that she discovers that both are halves that make one song when she plays them for some time. The meaning of this paragraph is that a “Pleading Child” could not or cannot be “Perfectly Contented”. This is due to the fact that she cannot explain the difficulties that her mother experienced with her.

While struggling with her mother, she also struggles with personal identity. For instance, it is impossible to understand Jing-mei’s identity whether American, Chinese or both. This story reveals the attempt by daughters to find a place within the world.

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