2018-05-24T22:03:12Zhttp://iar.shirazu.ac.ir/?_action=export&rf=summon&issue=5702015-03-2110.22099Iran Agricultural ResearchIAR1013-98851013-98852015341Effects of manure, municipal waste compost and nitrogen on weed communities in corn (Zea mays L.)RohollahNaderiHoseinGhadiriA two year field experiment was carried out to evaluate the effects of municipal waste compost (C), composted cattle manure (M), and nitrogen (N) on growth and composition of weeds in a corn field in Shiraz using a split-split plot design with 3 replicates. Visual inspection of the plots showed that the manure treatments neither introduced new weed species nor increased weed density more than the other treatments. In both years of the experiment, redroot pigweed (Amaranthus retroflexus L.), field bindweed (Convolvulus arvensis L.), high mallow (Malva sylvestris L.) were dominant species, respectively. Multivariate analysis showed that wild safflower (Carthamus spp.) was associated with control, redroot pigweed with 25 ton (t) compost ha-1, and 50 t compost ha-1, prostrate pigweed (Amaranthus blioides L.) with N, and ground cherry (Physalis alkekengi L.) with 50 t manure ha-1. Our results showed that contrary to the idea that application of manure might increase the risk of new weed species introduction and/or abundance of certain weed species, no introduction of new weed species or increase in certain weed species was obviously found.Organic amendmentsFertilizerWeed compositionCorn field2015032117http://iar.shirazu.ac.ir/article_3099_61612fcf7801656566dd612da13c81c5.pdf2015-03-2110.22099Iran Agricultural ResearchIAR1013-98851013-98852015341Utilization of date syrup as a substrate for carotenoid production by Rhodotorula glutinisMarziehMoosavi-NasabElahehAbediSaharMoosavi-NasabThe potential use of date syrup, for the production of carotenoids by Rhodotorula glutinisin batch fermentation process, was investigated during 7 days. The results revealed that carbon (glucose or date syrup) and nitrogen sources [yeast extract, (NH4)2SO4 and NH4NO3] had a significant influence on biomass and carotenoid production. Maximum yield of total carotenoid production (7.94 mg/L) with carotene content (2040 μg/g) and biomass (3.90 g/L) was obtained from R. glutinis after 7 days of fermentation in a substrate containing date syrup and yeast extract. The highest biomass (8.03 g/L) was obtained in the culture containing glucose and yeast extract, while the total carotenoid content of 6.72 mg/L with 836.86 μg/g carotene was produced in this medium. Significant differences were observed when comparing the average biomass and total carotenoid productions in different cultures and fermentation times. Our results demonstrated that date syrup (from low quality dates), as aby-product at a lower price, could be profitably used as a suitable carbon source for carotenoid production by R. glutinis.By-ProductDate SyrupMicrobial CarotenoidRhodotorula glutinis20150321813http://iar.shirazu.ac.ir/article_3100_6039120b84baedf27b16b193bcd5b787.pdf2015-03-2110.22099Iran Agricultural ResearchIAR1013-98851013-98852015341Improving growth, yield and fruit quality of strawberry by foliar and soil drench applications of humic acidSaeidEshghiMehdiGarazhianOrganic compounds including seaweed extract were applied in organic production system and sustainable agriculture. One of these compounds is humic acid that was used widely in research and commercial programs. Humic acid is an organic acid obtained from humus and other natural resources with hormonal effects and improving nutrient absorption, increasing root and shoot biomass. In order to investigate the effect of foliar and soil drench applications of humic acid on growth responses of strawberry, this research was conducted as a completely randomized design. Well-rooted daughter strawberry cv. Paros plants were potted in 3 liter plastic pots filled with leaf mold, field soil and sand (1:1:1 v:v:v). After the establishment of plants, Greenhum (13.5% humic acid) was sprayed at 300, 600, 900, and 1200 mg L-1 and soil drench was applied at 300, 450, 600, and 750 mg L-1 (250 ml pot-1). Results showed that foliar application at 600 and 900 mg L-1 produced the highest dry mass of shoot and root. Total acid of fruit in 750 mg L-1 soil application and in 300 mg L-1 foliar application were significantly higher than untreated control plants. The greatest vitamin C and TSS were obtained from 900 and 600 mg L-1 foliar application treatments, respectively. The highest flower numbers and yield were produced in 900 mg L-1 foliar application. In general, foliar application of Greenhum, especially at 600 and 900 mg L-1, significantly increased most evaluated parameters.Fragaria ananassaHumic acidSeaweed extract201503211420http://iar.shirazu.ac.ir/article_3031_65fe61f0dcd0e2a1d28ffd3b88984a47.pdf2015-06-2210.22099Iran Agricultural ResearchIAR1013-98851013-98852015341Irrigation scheduling and winter wheat grain yield estimation under precipitation uncertainty – A case study in Badjgah area (Fars Province, Iran)Mohammad MehdiMoghimiAlirezaSepaskhahAli AkbarKamgar-HaghighiAddressing deficit irrigation scheduling (DIS) for strategic crop production (especially wheat) under precipitation uncertainty is a priority for irrigation scheduling in drought conditions. This research investigated the precipitation uncertainty by enacting optimistic and pessimistic scenarios for the next 20 years by considering the statistical record of climate in Badjgah area. DIS was conducted in spring in two ways: (1) reducing the quantity of irrigation water at each irrigation event; (2) reducing the number of full irrigation events. Results indicated that, owing to the effect of precipitation increase on yield enhancement, grain yield in the optimistic scenario was on average 7% higher than those obtained in the pessimistic scenario. Furthermore, grain yields obtained via the second method of DIS was on average 8% higher than those obtained by the first method of DIS and further by increasing the water reduction fraction (WRF) to 0.6, this difference reached about 20% due to the effect of early spring irrigation events on yield enhancement. At low irrigation application efficiency (Ea), the difference between DIS methods was greater at higher WRF. Net income obtained through the second method of DIS was on average 70% higher than those obtained via the first method of irrigation for all conditions due to decreasing the number of irrigation events and thus decreasing the production costs. Eventually, results indicated that in both scenarios of the precipitation uncertainty in drought conditions, the second method of DIS, i. e., application of available water based on growth stage, was more fruitful.Water reduction fractionIrrigation application efficiencyMEDIWY ModelClimatic scenarioNet income201506222130http://iar.shirazu.ac.ir/article_3039_3e6a69e80d79ed4273c2b5f64a436be6.pdf2015-03-2110.22099Iran Agricultural ResearchIAR1013-98851013-98852015341Effect of silicon application on wheat seedlings growth under water-deficit stress induced by polyethylene glycolAzizKarmollachaabMohammad HosienGharinehSilicon is known to ameliorate the deleterious effects of drought on plant growth. We evaluated growth of wheat (Triticum aestivum L. CV. Chamran) under Water-Deficit Stress Induced by Polyethylene Glycol as affected by Si application. In this article, the effects of Si (as potassium silicate) on some parameters related to growth, chlorophyll concentration relative water content (RWC), electrolyte leakage, proline, soluble sugar, and inorganic ions in the leaves of wheat under 20% (w/v) polyethylene glycol (PEG-6000) simulative drought stress are investigated. PEG stress depressed the growth of shoot, RWC and chlorophyll concentration. Addition of 1.0 mM Si could partially improve the growth of shoot (but not root) and increase the chlorophyll concentrations of stressed plants. The proline concentration in the leaves was markedly increased under PEG stress, whereas added silicon partially reversed this. PEG stress decreased the leaf soluble sugar concentration. There were significant negative regressions between proline concentration and Shoot dry weight, supporting the view that proline accumulation is a symptom of stress damage rather than stress tolerance. Addition of Si obviously increased Si accumulation in the shoot. Analyses of K, and Ca showed no accumulation of these ions in the shoot under water stress, and added Si even increased their concentrations under water stress. These results suggest that under PEG-induced water stress conditions, increase soluble sugar and decrease electrolyte leakage, contributed to the improved wheat growth by Si.drought stressOsmotic adjustmentSiliconWheat (Triticum aestivum L.)201503213138http://iar.shirazu.ac.ir/article_3040_80df00dc5147d2fd128f67dd8751bb2c.pdf2015-03-2110.22099Iran Agricultural ResearchIAR1013-98851013-98852015341Growth and yield responses of two forage sorghum cultivars to different nitrogen fertilizer ratesNaghmehMoghimiYahyaEmamIn order to evaluate the impact of different amounts of nitrogen fertilizer on growth and yield of two forage sorghum cultivars, a 2-year field experiment was carried out at the College of Agriculture, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran during 2010 and 2011 growing seasons. Two factorial experiments were carried out in randomized block design with three replicates, in which the treatments included nitrogen fertilizer at three levels: 69 (N1), 138 (N2) and 205 (N3) kg N ha-1 and two sorghum cultivars: Pegah and KFS2. The results showed that nitrogen fertilizer enhanced plant height, leaf area index, fresh weight, total dry weight and biological yield significantly so that these traits were higher in N3 as 5.71, 22.8, 8.13, 22.5, and 8.7% than N1, respectively. Furthermore, increasing nitrogen rate had additive effect on crop growth rate, relative growth rate, biomass duration and leaf area duration. Comparing the cultivars, it was found that, plant height, fresh weight, total dry weight and biological yield were higher in Pegah than KFS2 cultivar. Results also showed that most of the studied traits were superior for Pegah under N3 treatment; so, Pegah cultivar and application of 205 kg N ha-1 might be offered for similar agro-climatic conditions.Biomass durationCrop growth rateLeaf area durationRelative growth rate201503213945http://iar.shirazu.ac.ir/article_3041_1236c5c98933ff089cd8ca37d73ee2a3.pdf2015-03-2110.22099Iran Agricultural ResearchIAR1013-98851013-98852015341Effect of 10-year continuous saffron cultivation on physical and chemical properties of soilMaryamKhozaeiAli AkbarKamgar HaghighiAli RezaSepaskhahNajaf AliKarimianThe effect of 10-year continuous saffron cultivation on physical and chemical properties of a silty clay loam soil was investigated in a research farm of College of Agriculture, Shiraz University, Shiraz (52 º 33ʹ E Longitude and 29º 36ʹ N latitude), Iran. This farm was irrigated with different regimes (100% of saffron's potential evapotranspiration (ETp), 75%ETp, 50%ETp) including rain fed treatment under two irrigation methods (basin and furrow irrigation). The results showed that the values of electrical conductivity, sodium adsorption ratio, Arsenic, Boron and soil bulk density of soil in the root zone increased significantly, but the final infiltration rate decreased significantly compared to the original soil. The value of pH in 100%ETp and 75%ETp treatments decreased and in 50%ETp and rain fed treatments increased compared to the original soil. Corms under high irrigation treatment had more weight up to a 6-year cultivation. However, after that, the corm weight declined to levels equal to or less than the low irrigation treatment cases. The number of total corms increased up to 6 years of cultivation and decreased after that. So, the continuous saffron cultivation causes some undesirable change in soil chemical and physical properties, which become pronounced after 6 years of cultivation.Basin and furrow irrigationPotential evapotranspirationUndesirable change in soil201503214655http://iar.shirazu.ac.ir/article_3056_a8e9783dfd85c759fecc5a246e56e522.pdf2015-03-2110.22099Iran Agricultural ResearchIAR1013-98851013-98852015341The interrelationships of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) kernel yield and its components under rainfed conditionsMohsenEdalatAliDadkhodaieRouhollahNederi KharrajiChickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) is a native crop of Asia which is grown worldwide including Iran.In this study,different selection criteria including correlation,regression and path analysis were used to improve yield.The experimental design was split plot with RCBD replicated four times in which three sowing dates (5 January,4 February,and 5 March) were used in main plots and four genotypes;two semi bush types and early mature cultivars (ILC482 and Flip84-42) and two stand types and late mature ones (Hashem and Arman),were allocated to subplots.Results showed that Flip84-42 variety and 5 January sowing date had the highest amount of kernel yield, pod number per plant, kernel number per pod,100 kernel weight,biological yield,and days to flowering.There was a positive correlation between the kernel yield and pod number per plant (r=0.57**,p≤0.05),kernel number per pod (r=0.51**,p≤0.05),biological yield (r=0.39*, p≤0.05),plant height (r=0.31*,p≤0.05),branch number (r=0.22*,p≤0.05), leaf area index (r=0.59**,p≤0.05), and first pod height (r=0.58**,p≤0.05). Regression analysis also showed that yield was determined by biological yield,leaf area index and days to flowering. Results of path analysis revealed that biological yield had the greatest direct effect on kernel yield (p=0.61**,p≤0.05).This character was followed by number of pods per plant (p=0.31*,p≤0.05) and leaf area index (p=0.35*,p≤0.05).Results of this study indicated Flip84-42 and 5 January are the best variety and sowing date to cultivate chickpea in Badjgah region under dryland condition. In addition,it can be concluded that rainfed chickpea breeders should pay attention to the traits such as biological yield, leaf area index and days to flowering when selecting high-yielding genotypes.Biological yieldCorrelation coefficientpath analysisRainfed chickpeaRegression201503215662http://iar.shirazu.ac.ir/article_3065_afc561518e5f9ba02fc76f62110c5cec.pdf2015-06-3010.22099Iran Agricultural ResearchIAR1013-98851013-98852015341Protective effect of exogenous nitric oxide on alleviation of oxidative damage induced by high salinity in rice (Oryza sativa L.) seedlingsSamanehAsadi SanamMohsenZavarehAbuzarHashempourTo find the protective role of exogenous nitric oxide (NO) on salinity-stressed rice seedlings, a CRD-based factorial experiment with three replications was conducted in Agronomy Laboratory of the Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, University of Guilan, in 2012. The experimental design consisted of healthy and vigorous seedlings of two rice cultivars, Khazar and Goohar, the last already known as promising SA13 line, which were exposed to 0 (Control), 50 mM NaCl, 50 μM sodium nitroprusside (SNP) as NO donor solution supplemented with simultaneous 50 mM NaCl + 50 μM SNP for four days. After 4 days, electrolyte leakage and malondialdehyde (MDA) content, activities of antioxidant enzyme, destruction of chlorophyll and soluble protein content in leaves were measured in treated and control plants. The results showed that simultaneous treatment of rice leaves with SNP, suppressed the ion leakage content by 8.5% compared with the results of NaCl treatment. Furthermore, SNP increased the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), ascorbate peroxidase (APX) and catalase (CAT). Exogenous application of NO also reduced peroxidation of membrane lipids, whereas increased the soluble protein content and chlorophyll pigments in rice leaves under salinity stress. These results suggested that NO could effectively protect rice seedlings from salt stress damaged by enhancing activities of antioxidant enzymes to quench the excessive reactive oxygen species caused by salt stress.antioxidant enzymesRiceSodium nitroprussideReactive oxygen species201506306370http://iar.shirazu.ac.ir/article_3066_c8d4e47924847a6aac5c97494eb4336b.pdf2015-03-2110.22099Iran Agricultural ResearchIAR1013-98851013-98852015341Effects of salt Stress on Root Anatomy and Hydraulic Conductivity of Barley CultivarsEhsanBijanzadehYahyaEmamA hydroponic experiment was carried out to compare root anatomy and hydraulic conductivity of four barley cultivars including Valfajr, Karoon, Afzal and Zarjo under salt stress conditions. The results showed that under salt stress, the minimum diameter of vessels was observed in the peripheral metaxylem of seminal roots of Valfajr cultivar and in adventitious roots; Karoon with 19±3 µm had maximum diameter of vessels. In all barely cultivars, salt stress affected the diameter of central and peripheral metaxylem vessels more negatively in comparison to the number of the vessels. The mature xylem vessels of the seminal roots of the Valfajr and Zarjo cultivars had the most lignified cell walls. When the plants were exposed to salt stress, the casparian bands could be detected more in the seminal roots as U-shape and not in the adventitious roots. The lowest lignification thickness of cell wall (0.78 µm) was observed in the central metaxylem vessels of adventitious roots of Afzal cultivar under salt stress. Also, Afzal cultivar with highest surface area and lowest thickness of lignified cell walls, had the highest seminal root hydraulic conductivity (5.84×10-9 m s-1 MPa-1), whereas hydraulic conductivity was decreased to 3.21 and 3.17×10-9 m s-1 MPa-1 in Valfajr and Zarjo cultivars, respectively. Overall, Afzal and Karoon cultivars were found to perform better in water uptake at the early stages of growth due to less lignified cell walls of xylem in seminal and adventitious roots under salt stress conditions. Further research on hydraulic conductivity could be recommended.Central metaxylemhydraulic conductivityLignified cell wallsSeminal roots201503217179http://iar.shirazu.ac.ir/article_3077_f05fa0ade629f7ed150dd002de394585.pdf2015-07-1210.22099Iran Agricultural ResearchIAR1013-98851013-98852015341Attitudes of farmers toward participation in irrigation and drainage projects: the structural equations modeling analysisSomayeTohidyan FarKouroshRezaei MoghaddamApplication of modern irrigation and drainage canals for efficient use of water resources is necessary. Thus , identifying the factors influencing farmers ’ attitudes toward participation in irrigation and drainage projects (IDP) is essential. The purpose of this study is to identify factors affecting attitude toward participation in IDP in Syakh Darenjan, Fars Province , Iran. Stratified random sampling was used to collect data from 207 farmers as the research sample. The reliability and validity of the questionnaire were tested. The results of structural equations modeling from the total sample showed that farmers ' attitude toward participation was affected by social cohesion , perceived behavioral control , social norms and attitudes toward water resources management variables. The results also revealed that social cohesion variable in adopter group and perceived behavioral control variable in the non-adopter group had the most significant effect on the farmers ’ attitude toward participation in IDP.attitudesFarsIrrigation and drainage projectsStructural equation modeling201507128091http://iar.shirazu.ac.ir/article_3085_af565149a0d11a5d618636f68635928e.pdf2015-03-2110.22099Iran Agricultural ResearchIAR1013-98851013-98852015341Development of an alternative to the olsen test for determining corn plant-available phosphorus in calcareous soilsMohammadMaghsoodiAdelReyhanitabarNosratollaNajafiIn this research, several chemical extractants and modified Olsen methods were studied in 25 surface-calcareous soils (0-30 cm) for determining available phosphorus (P) for corn (Zea mays L.) plant. In this experiment, the highest correlation was obtained between extracted P by Olsen and Colwell methods (NaHCO3-extractable P) and dry weight of corn shoot (r =0.67 and 0.75, pCalcareous soilsCornOlsen testPhosphorus2015032192104http://iar.shirazu.ac.ir/article_3096_200fb83796aa7c775e92ff86cb6bc96d.pdf