"PTSD is characterised
by traumatic memories that seem different from other kinds of memories.
Such memories continue for many decades, they are easily triggered, and
their affect-laden quality can make them difficult to translate into words.
Memory in PTSD patients is also characterised by different kinds of impairment,
including not being able to remember aspects of the trauma and fragmentation
of memories. These clinical symptoms are entirely consistent with current
evidence of dysfunction in the amygdala and hippocampus - which are important
structures in the "emotional memory system" of the brain."
brain
explorer

from: http://www.duke.edu/

" Recent studies have shown
that victims of childhood abuse and combat veterans actually experience
physical changes to the hippocampus, a part of the brain involved in learning
and memory, as well as in the handling of stress.5 The hippocampus also
works closely with the medial prefrontal cortex, an area of the brain
that regulates our emotional response to fear and stress."
http://www.thedoctorwillseeyounow.com/arti...ehavior/ptsd_4/

"How Psychological
Trauma Affects the Hippocampus and Memory
Childhood abuse and other sources of extreme stress can have lasting effects
on the parts of the brain that are involved in memory and
emotion. The hippocampus, in particular, seems to be very sensitive to
stress.8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16 Damage to the hippocampus from stress
can not only cause problems in dealing with memories and other effects
of past stressful experiences, it can also impair new learning.17,18 Exciting
recent research has shown that the hippocampus has the capacity to regenerate
nerve cells ("neurons") as part of its normal functioning, and
that stress impairs that functioning by stopping or slowing down neuron
regeneration.19,20"

http://www.thedoctorwillseeyounow.com/arti...ehavior/ptsd_4/

"In a study using combat-related slides and
sounds to provoke PTSD symptoms, combat veterans with PTSD had decreased
blood flow in the area of the medial prefrontal cortex. Significantly,
this did not occur in combat veterans without PTSD32 We saw similar results
when we compared women with PTSD and a history of childhood sexual abuse
to women with a history of abuse but no PTSD."

http://www.thedoctorwillseeyounow.com/arti...ehavior/ptsd_4/

How is the prefrontal cortex related
to memory?

"How do we recall and store
information long enough to work with it. Here's a defining quote from
a Scientific American Article:
researchers are beginning to fathom the neural processes underlying "working
memory"--the limited, short-term store of currently relevant information
that we draw on when we comprehend a sentence, follow a previously decided
plan of action or remember a telephone number. When we bring to mind the
name of Russia's president, for instance, that information is temporarily
copied from long-term memory into working memory. "http://www.p-i-a.com/Magazine/Issue12/Physics_12.htm

"The researchers suggest that
people with PTSD may have impaired function in the front part of the brain,
called the prefrontal cortex."...."What could be going on?

The researchers speculate that
since the prefrontal cortex sends signals to the amygdala, which is a
cluster of nerve cells in the brain that stores memories, including those
of fear, stimulating the prefrontal cortex may directly impact the ability
to remember a fear response"

"If left unchecked, emotional
memory can lead to chronic fear, forming the basis of anxiety disorders
such as phobias, panic attacks, and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD).
Normally, the prefrontal cortex dampens the amygdala's response and calms
the fear. But for most PTSD sufferers, their prefrontal cortex does not
send this message. About 25 percent of Americans have a diagnosable anxiety
disorder at some point in their lives, and the collective bill for treating
these disorders amounts to about $45 billion per year." http://www.ect.org/effects/memory.html

"Brain cell growth.
For decades it has been considered a fundamental truth that adult brains
never grow new cells. But one of the most exciting recent discoveries
in memory research is that neurons do multiply."

"EMDR
therapy combines a somatic therapeutic approach with eye movements
or other forms of rhythmical stimulation, such as hand taps or sounds
that stimulate and integrate the left and right hemispheres of the brain."

"Unilateral brain damage which
includes the hippocampus leads to memory impairments consistent with hemispheric
specialization on the same side. Damage to the corpus callosum, the major
connecting pathway between the left and right hemispheres, also leads
to memory impairments. This suggests both hemispheric specialization on
the hippocampal level and a critical role for the corpus callosum in memory
functions. A complete hippocampal formation is present on either side
of the brain but traditionally only one is studied. However, a comparison
between the neuronal populations in the hippocampus on both sides revealed
asymmetry in connectivity among hippocampal subfields. The profile of
memory impairments of commissurotomy ('split-brain') patients is described.
The results are discussed in terms of a relationship between hippocampus
and corpus callosum in humans. As hemispheric specialization evolved,
inter-hippocampal connections became less important and the corpus callosum
became prominent in memory functions."

Emdad, Reza; Sondergaard, Hans
Peter; Theorell, Töres. (2005). Short communication: Impairments
in short-term memory, and figure logic, in PTSD patients compared to healthy
controls with the same ethnic background. Stress and Health: Journal of
the International Society for the Investigation of Stress. 21(1). pp.
33-44.

Abstract:

Background: There is a paucity
of studies of possible impairments of figure logic in posttraumatic stress
disorder (PTSD). Aim: To determine whether figure logic is impaired in
the PTSD patients compared to healthy subjects with the same ethnic background
(refugees from Iraq). Method: Thurstone's Picture Memory Test (TPMT),
Raven Standard Progressive Matrices (RSPM) and Benton Visual Retention
Test (BVRT) were used in 30 PTSD patients, and 20 controls, all men. Results:
Using ANCOVA, there was a significant difference between the PTSD group
and the control group with regard to the TPMT scores, adjusted for age,
number of years of education, and RSPM (M = 15.69, SD = 7.63 for those
with PTSD versus M = 20.90, SD = 4.99 for the controls, F = 4.14, p =
0.05). RSPM was a factor, which significantly contributed to the group
difference (RSPM: F = 7.43, p = 0.009), however age, and educational level
could not explain the group difference. Mean number of incorrect responses
in the BVRT were associated with TPMT score (unstandardized B = -0.36,
t = -2.08, p = 0.05). Conclusion: Overall, the results provide support
for and confirm the hypothesis that short term visual memory is impaired
in PTSD patients. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2005 APA, all rights reserved)(journal
abstract)Similar
articles

"This volume
explores how the disruption of the information processing systems of the
brain is central to understanding the psychopathology of trauma-related
syndromes. Its strength is that it elucidates basic neuroscience concepts
that are important to understanding both the etiology and phenomenology
of PTSD. Against this background there is an inviting discussion of treatment
issues, which are well-linked back to the basic psychobiology. Bringing
together eminent experts in the field, this book will serve as a primary
reference for clinicians and researchers alike."--Alexander C. McFarlane,
MD, Department of Psychiatry, University of Adelaide, Australia

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