Book: accessed on an e-book reader

Please note that the date of publication of the e-book version may differ from the print publication date. Ensure you use the correct date depending on the version of the book you have read and are citing in your work.

Author/editor (if it is an editor always put (ed.) after the name)(Year of publication)Title (this should be in italics)[E-reader version]Edition (if not the first edition)Place of publication (where available)Publisher

Book: chapter in an edited book

Author of the chapter(Year of publication)Title of chapter followed by, In: Editor (always put (ed.) after the name)Title (this should be in italics)Series title and number (if part of a series)Edition (if not the first edition)Place of publication (if there is more than one place listed, use the first named)PublisherPage numbers (use ‘p.' before a single page number and ‘pp.' where there are multiple pages)

Book: in a foreign language

Author/Editor (if it is an editor always put (ed.) after the name)(Year of publication)Title (this should be in italics)[Title in original language] (this should be in italics)Series title and number (if part of a series)Edition (if not the first edition)Place of publication (if there is more than one place listed, use the first named)Publisher

Book: online / electronic

Author/Editor (if it is an editor always put (ed.) after the name)(Year of publication)Title (this should be in italics)Edition (if not the first edition)Place of publication (if there is more than one place listed, use the first named)Publisher Available from: URL[Date of access]

Book: print

Author/Editor (if it is an editor always put (ed.) after the name)(Year of publication)Title (this should be in italics)Series title and number (if part of a series)Edition (if not the first edition)Place of publication (if there is more than one place listed, use the first named)Publisher

Book: translated

Author/Editor (if it is an editor always put (ed.) after the name)(Year of publication)Title (this should be in italics)Trans. followed by the name of the translator Series title and number (if part of a series)Edition (if not the first edition)Place of publication (if there is more than one place listed, use the first named)Publisher

Aristotle. (1999) Physics. Trans. Graham, D. W. Oxford, Clarendon.

In-text citation: (Aristotle, 1999)

Brochure / pamphlet / booklet

These can often be published by organisations or companies, and may not have individual authors. You can use the corporate author if there is no individual author, and this may also be the publisher's name.

Author/editor (if it is an editor always put (ed.) after the name)(Year of publication) (if there is no year of publication, write ‘no date')Title of brochure/pamphlet (in italics)Series title (if part of a series)Edition (if not the first)Place of publicationPublisher

CD-ROM

When writing a reference for a multi-media item, you would usually use the title of the TV programme or video recording, or title of the film (whether on DVD or video) as the author. If the title is used as the author, this should be written in italics. You should also include the type of format in the reference, such as Video, DVD, CD, CD-ROM and so on.

Author/Editor (use the corporate author if no individual author or editor is named)(Year of publication) CD-ROM title (this should be in italics)[CD-ROM] Place of publication Publisher

Computer program, software or code

Author (use the corporate author or research group if no individual author or editor is named)(Year of publication) Title of program (this should be in italics)(Version number) [Format type] (computer program, software or code)Place of publication (if available)Name of publisher/distributor (if available)Available from: URL (if online)

Conference proceeding: individual paper

Author(Year of publication)Title of conference paper followed by, In:Editor/Organisation (if it is an editor always put (ed.) after the name)Title of conference proceeding (this should be in italics)Place of publicationPublisherPage numbers (use ‘p.' before a single page number and ‘pp.' where there are multiple pages)

Discussion list / forum post

Name of sender (Year of discussion post) Subject of discussion post Title of discussion list or forum (this should be in italics)Date of discussion post (day month)Available from: URL of discussion list or forum [Date of access]

DVD

When writing a reference for a multi-media item, you would usually use the title of the TV programme or video recording, or title of the film (whether on DVD or video) as the author. If the title is used as the author, this should be written in italics. You should also include the type of format in the reference, such as Video, DVD, CD, CD-ROM and so on.

Title (this should be in italics)(Year of production) [DVD] Place of production or origin (if available)Name of production company/maker

Life on Campus. (2006) [DVD] London, Imperial College London.

In-text citation: (Life on Campus, 2006)

Email: personal communication

Personal emails should be referenced as personal communication, unless you have permission from the sender and receiver to include their details in your reference list.

Name of sender(Year of communication)Email sent to, followed byName of receiverDate and month of communication

Harrison, R. (2009) Email sent to Mimi Weiss Johnson, 10th June.

In-text citation: (Harrison, 2009)

Email: public communication

Use the discussion list / forum post layout for emails which are publicly available, that is, posted to a discussion list, group or forum.

Equation

You should provide a reference to the work in which you found the equation. Use the examples in this list to identify the appropriate layout depending on the type of work you need to reference. Your in-text citation should include the page number on which the equation appears (unless in an online publication without page numbers).

Equipment operating manual

Author (use the company name if no individual author or editor is named)(Date of publication) Title (this should be in italics)Version number Place of publication Publisher

The example below is for data taken from Datastream for which there is no URL: use Datastream as the URL information. For data taken from online databases for which there is a URL, make sure this is included.

Name of publishing organisation(Year of publication or last update)Title of extract from databaseDatabase title (in italics)Available from: URL[Date of access]

You should provide an in-text citation for any images, illustrations, photographs, diagrams, tables or figures that you reproduce in your work, and provide a full reference as with any other type of work.

You should provide an in-text citation for any images, illustrations, photographs, diagrams, tables or figures that you reproduce in your work, and provide a full reference as with any other type of work.

In-text citation:

Table illustrating checklist of information for common sources (Pears and Shields, 2008:p.22).

Interview: personal

Name of person interviewed Interviewed by: Name of interviewer (Date of interview)

Day, A. Interviewed by: Jones, L. (4th June 2009).

In-text citation: (Day, 2009)

Journal article: online / electronic

Most online articles will have a DOI (Digital Object Identifier) and you should use this in your reference. The DOI is a permanent identifier provided by publishers so that the article can always be found. If the article has a DOI you will not usually be required to add a date of access.

If there is no DOI then you should use the URL and include date of access. Some lecturers will ask you to reference and online journal article as a print article, so always check your coursework guidance.

To find the DOI, when you read an article online, check the article details as you will usually find it at the start of the article. For more help, contact your librarian.

If you read the article in a full-text database service, such as Factiva or EBSCO, and do not have a DOI or direct URL to the article you should use the database URL.

Author

(Year of publication)Title of journal articleTitle of journal (this should be in italics)Volume number Issue numberPage numbers of the article (do not use ‘p'. before the page numbers)Available from: URL [Date of access] or DOI

Journal article: postprint / in press

If a journal article has been submitted to the peer review procedure and accepted for publication, but is not yet published in a specific journal issue, this is a postprint. These articles can be referred to as being ‘In press'. You should be able to work out what type of article you have found using the information provided with the article.

Journal publishers now assign DOIs to articles before they are published in a specific journal issue, so you can use the DOI provided for postprint / in press articles. This will ensure that the correct link for the article remains when it is moved to a specific journal issue.

If you read a print journal article not yet published in a journal issue, follow the layout below, ignoring the online information required.

Author/s (Year of writing) Title of journal article Title of journal (this should be in italics)[Postprint/In press: Online] Available from: URL or DOI [Date of access]

Note: there will not be volume, issue or page numbers assigned to postprint / in press articles.

Journal article: preprint

It is likely you will find articles available online before they have been submitted to the peer review procedure and published in a journal. These articles are preprints and may be placed in an online repository or on a publisher's website (but not in a specific journal issue).

Author/s (Year of writing) Title of journal articleSubmitted to/To be published in (if this information is with the article)Title of journal (in italics)Name of repository (in italics)[Preprint] Available from: URL (if available)[Date of access]

Lecture / presentation

Name of lecturer/presenter (Year of lecture/presentation) Title of lecture/presentation (this should be in italics)[Lecture/Presentation] Title of module/degree course (if appropriate)Name of institution or location Date of lecture/presentation (day month)

Map: online

Online maps may originate from an online map service, such as Google Maps, or from Digimap, the online Ordnance survey mapping tool.

Map author or originator (online maps may not have an author, but you can use the map publisher’s name as a corporate author)(Year of publication)Title of mapSheet number, or tile (if available)Scale (if available)Title of online source (in italics)Available from: URL[Date of access]

Streetmap (2009) Imperial College London and surrounding area. Streetmap. Available from: http://www.streetmap.co.uk/newmap.srf?x=526500&y=179400&z=0&sv=526500,179400&st=OSGrid&lu=N&tl=~&ar=y&bi=~&mapp=newmap.srf&searchp=newsearch.srf [Accessed: 23rd July 2010]

In-text citation: (Streetmap, 2009)

Map: print

Author (usually the organisation responsible for publishing the map)(Year of publication)Title (this should be in italics)Scale Series title and number (if part of a series)Place of publication Publisher

Market survey report: online / electronic

Author (use the corporate author or research group if no individual author or editor is named) (Year of publication) Report title (this should be in italics, and include date of report if available)Edition (if not the first edition)Place of publication Publisher Available from: URL [Date of access]

Mobile app

Author (use the corporate author, individual or developer)(year of publication)Title of the App (this should be in italics)(Version number)[Mobile app]Available from: name of app store or URL (if required)[Date accessed]

Newspaper article: online

Author (if the article has no author, use the name of the newspaper)(Day, month and year of publication) Title of articleTitle of newspaper (this should be in italics) Page numbers of the article if given (use ‘p.' before a single page number and ‘pp.' where there are multiple pages)Available from: URL[Date of access]

Newspaper article: print

Author (if the article has no author, use the name of the newspaper)(Day, month and year of publication)Title of articleTitle of newspaper (this should be in italics)Page numbers of the article (use ‘p.' before a single page number and ‘pp.' where there are multiple pages)

Online documents and publications (not covered by other examples in this list)

If you cannot find a suitable example in this list for a work published online in PDF, Word, HTML or an equivalent format, you can use the following layout. You may find the online book or report layouts can be adapted.

Author/Editor (if it is an editor always put (ed.) after the name; use the corporate author if no individual author or editor is named)(Year of publication) Title of publication (this should be in italics)Place of publication (if provided on the publication)Publisher (if provided on the publication)Available from: URL [Date of access]

The above is advised if you do not have a particular format of communication to refer to (such as an email), for example, when the communication could have been in the form of an informal conversation at a meeting or conference.

Photograph: online (not in a published work)

You should provide an in-text citation for any images, illustrations, photographs, diagrams, tables or figures that you reproduce in your work, and provide a full reference as with any other type of work. If the photograph you want to reference is from a journal, book or other published work, use the appropriate layout from elsewhere in this list.

Name of photographer (Year of publication) Title of photograph (in italics)Available from: URL [Date of access]

Radio programme / broadcast

Title of episode (if part of a series)(Year of broadcast) Title of programme / broadcast (this should be in italics)Name of broadcaster Day and month of broadcast

Today. (2010) BBC Radio 4. Tuesday 5th January.

In-text citation: (Today, 2010)

Or

Genetics. (2001) In Our Time. BBC Radio 4. Thursday 13th December.

In-text citation: (Genetics, 2001)

Report

Author/Editor (if it is an editor always put (ed.) after the name)(Year of publication) Title (this should be in italics)OrganisationReport number: followed by the number of the report

Leatherwood, S. (2001) Whales, dolphins, and porpoises of the western North Atlantic. U.S. Dept. of Commerce. Report number: 63.

In-text citation: (Leatherwood, 2001)

Standard

Name of Standard Body/Institution(Year of publication)Standard numberTitle (this should be in italics)Place of publicationPublisher

British Standards Institution. (2003) BS 5950-8:2003. Structural use of steelwork in building: code of practice for fire resistant design. London, British Standards Institution.

In-text citation: (British Standards Institution, 2003)

Statutory Instrument

Title including year (this should be in italics)SI followed by year and the number of the Statutory Instrument

The Public Contract Regulations 2006. (SI 2006/5).

In-text citation: (Public Contract Regulations 2006)

Television programme / broadcast

Title of programme / broadcast (this should be in italics)(Year of broadcast)Name of broadcaster Day and month of broadcast

Question Time. (2009) BBC One. Friday 26th November.

In-text citation: (Question Time, 2009)

Television programme / broadcast: episode in a series

Title of episode (Year of broadcast) Title of programme / broadcast (this should be in italics)Name of broadcaster Day and month of broadcast

Blink. (2007) Doctor Who. BBC One. Saturday 9th June.

In-text citation: (Blink, 2007)

Television programme / broadcast: online

Television programmes can now be viewed on a number of media players provided by broadcasting companies such as BBC iPlayer, ITVplayer, Channel 4 On Demand and so on.

Episodes can also be posted elsewhere online such as on YouTube. If you have viewed a television programme online, make sure you use the correct attribution, that is, the corporate author or name of broadcaster, wherever possible. Copyright, including distribution rights, and authorship will belong, in the majority of cases, to the programme maker, not the person posting the video online.

Title of episode (if title of episode is not known, use the title of the programme series)(Year of broadcast)Title of programme/broadcast (this should be in italics)Name of broadcasterDay and month of broadcastAvailable from: URL[Date of access]

Video

When writing a reference for a multi-media item, you would usually use the title of the TV programme or video recording, or title of the film (whether on DVD or video) as the author. If the title is used as the author, this should be written in italics. You should also include the type of format in the reference, such as Video, DVD, CD, CD-ROM and so on.

Title (this should be in italics)(Year of production) [Video] Place of production Name of production company

Video: YouTube

Name of person who uploaded the video (this could be a YouTube username, not a full name)(Year the video was uploaded)Title of video (in italics)[Video]Available from: URL[Date of access]

Web page / website

Author/Editor (use the corporate author if no individual author or editor is named)(Year of publication) (if available; if there is no date, use the abbreviation n.d.)Title (this should be in italics)Available from: URL [Date of access]

European Space Agency. (2015) Rosetta: rendezvous with a comet. Available from: http://envisat.esa.int/ [Accessed 15th june 2015]