financial incentives, subsidies, appliances, developing countries, clean energy .... but not for Russia and UAE where we use average supply costs and average tariffs. ..... http://app.cfe.gob.mx/Aplicaciones/CCFE/Tarifas/Tarifas/ tarifas_casa.

4.1.7 Summary of gross economic benefits from reducing subsidies and trade ... The Copenhagen Consensus project is looking for an answer to the question: if there was a .... The static gains from trade tend to be greater as a share of national output

was launched on November 7, 1996, arrived at Mars on August. 11, 1997 ... The design of the TES is intentionally conservative. The .... A detailed discussion ... normalizing each spectrum in a set of six acquired simulta- ..... Special spacecraft con

Center for Environmental and Resource Economics (CERE) Umeå University and the Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences Umeå, Sweden, March 28, 2018 Center for Global Trade Analysis Department of Agricultural Economics, Purdue University 403 West State Street, West Lafayette, IN 47907-2056 USA

1. Motivation • Global fossil-fuel consumption subsidies (cases with domestic energy prices lower than international market price) are estimated to be around $500 billion in 2014. • For many countries these subsidies can represent between 2 and 10 percent of GDP and for a handful even between 10 and 20 percent.

• Air pollution externalities (costs associated with negative health impacts of air pollution – post-tax subsidies) are even larger and amount to over 3 trillion USD worldwide. • Energy subsidies are not represented in most global modelling databases, including Global Trade Analysis Project (GTAP) Database.

• These subsidies are mostly associated with fossil fuels and have a significant impact on GHGs emissions and air pollution. • Welfare assessment of subsidization policies usually does not take into account environmental co-benefits and often results in regressive economic outcomes. 3

2.1. Subsidies definition Non-internalized externalities such as negative social and environmental impacts

 Global GE model also available • Model is known as the GTAP model and is coded using GEMPACK, see Hertel, Thomas, ed. (1997), Global Trade Analysis: Modeling and Applications, Cambridge University Press. 10