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This study has shown that acute hypoxia increases GCM-1 protein in villous explants. The experiments with purified trophoblast do not support a role for hypoxia increasing GCM-1 in these cells under the conditions used. The present findings are in keeping with the complex effects of oxygen depending on the conditions used. The hypoxic effects on GCM1 warrant further investigation...

This is interesting, mostly because it points up why studying just trophoblastic cells doesn't give us information that's as relevant. Instead we need to study *placental* cells, ones that result developmentally from the interaction between the uterine cells and the trophoblasts. So we used to think probably GCM-1 didn't upregulate under hypoxic conditions, because when we looked at just trophoblasts it didn't, but if we look at placental explant, it does.

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