EC, Associated Pathways and Catalytic Sites

The Mitotic Cell Cycle Transition by Which a Cell in G1 Commits to S Phase. the Process Begins with the Build Up of G1 Cyclin Dependent Kinase (g1 Cdk) Resulting in the Activation of Transcription of G1 Cyclins. the Process Ends with the Positive Feedback of the G1 Cyclins On the G1 Cdk Which Commits the Cell to S Phase in Which DNA Replication Is Initiated.

The Mitotic Cell Cycle Transition by Which a Cell in G2 Commits to M Phase. the Process Begins When the Kinase Activity of M Cyclin/cdk Complex Reaches a Threshold High Enough For the Cell Cycle to Proceed. This Is Accomplished by Activating a Positive Feedback Loop That Results in the Accumulation of Unphosphorylated and Active M Cyclin/cdk Complex.

Progression Through the Phases of the Mitotic Cell Cycle the Most Common Eukaryotic Cell Cycle Which Canonically Comprises Four Successive Phases Called G1 S G2 and M and Includes Replication of the Genome and the Subsequent Segregation of Chromosomes Into Daughter Cells. in Some Variant Cell Cycles Nuclear Replication or Nuclear Division May Not Be Followed by Cell Division or G1 and G2 Phases May Be Absent.

The Cellular Metabolic Process in Which a Cell Duplicates One or More Molecules of Dna. DNA Replication Begins When Specific Sequences Known As Origins of Replication Are Recognized and Bound by Initiation Proteins and Ends When the Original DNA Molecule Has Been Completely Duplicated and the Copies Topologically Separated. the Unit of Replication Usually Corresponds to the Genome of the Cell an Organelle or a Virus. the Template For Replication Can Either Be an Existing DNA Molecule or Rna.

The Process of Restoring DNA After Damage. Genomes Are Subject to Damage by Chemical and Physical Agents in the Environment (e.g. Uv and Ionizing Radiations Chemical Mutagens Fungal and Bacterial Toxins Etc.) and by Free Radicals or Alkylating Agents Endogenously Generated in Metabolism. DNA Is Also Damaged Because of Errors During Its Replication. a Variety of Different DNA Repair Pathways Have Been Reported That Include Direct Reversal Base Excision Repair Nucleotide Excision Repair Photoreactivation Bypass Double Strand Break Repair Pathway and Mismatch Repair Pathway.

Any Process That Results in a Change in State or Activity of a Cell (in Terms of Movement Secretion Enzyme Production Gene Expression Etc.) As a Result of a Stimulus Indicating Damage to Its DNA From Environmental Insults or Errors During Metabolism.

A Cascade of Processes Induced by the Cell Cycle Regulator Phosphoprotein P53 or an Equivalent Protein in Response to the Detection of DNA Damage and Resulting in the Stopping or Reduction in Rate of the Cell Cycle.

The Progression of Biochemical and Morphological Phases and Events That Occur in a Cell During Successive Cell Replication or Nuclear Replication Events. Canonically the Cell Cycle Comprises the Replication and Segregation of Genetic Material Followed by the Division of the Cell But in Endocycles or Syncytial Cells Nuclear Replication or Nuclear Division May Not Be Followed by Cell Division.

A Cell Cycle Process Comprising the Steps by Which the Nucleus of a Eukaryotic Cell Divides; the Process Involves Condensation of Chromosomal DNA Into a Highly Compacted Form. Canonically Mitosis Produces Two Daughter Nuclei Whose Chromosome Complement Is Identical to That of the Mother Cell.

The Sequential Process in Which the Multiple Coagulation Factors of the Blood Interact Ultimately Resulting in the Formation of an Insoluble Fibrin Clot; It May Be Divided Into Three Stages: Stage 1 the Formation of Intrinsic and Extrinsic Prothrombin Converting Principle; Stage 2 the Formation of Thrombin; Stage 3 the Formation of Stable Fibrin Polymers.

The Chemical Reactions and Pathways Resulting in the Breakdown of a Protein or Peptide by Hydrolysis of Its Peptide Bonds Initiated by the Covalent Attachment of Ubiquitin with Ubiquitin Protein Ligation Catalyzed by the Anaphase Promoting Complex and Mediated by the Proteasome.

The Process Resulting in Division and Partitioning of Components of a Cell to Form More Cells; May or May Not Be Accompanied by the Physical Separation of a Cell Into Distinct Individually Membrane Bounded Daughter Cells.

Progression Through the Phases of the Meiotic Cell Cycle in Which Canonically a Cell Replicates to Produce Four Offspring with Half the Chromosomal Content of the Progenitor Cell Via Two Nuclear Divisions.

Any Process That Modulates the Rate Frequency or Extent of Gene Silencing the Transcriptional or Post Transcriptional Process Carried Out At the Cellular Level That Results in Long Term Gene Inactivation.

The Sex Chromosome Present in Both Sexes of Species in Which the Male Is the Heterogametic Sex. Two Copies of the X Chromosome Are Present in Each Somatic Cell of Females and One Copy Is Present in Males.

The Sex Chromosome Present in Males of Species in Which the Male Is the Heterogametic Sex; Generally the Sex Chromosome That Pairs with the X Chromosome in the Heterogametic Sex. the Y Chromosome Is Absent From the Cells of Females and Present in One Copy in the Somatic Cells of Males.

A Membrane Bounded Organelle of Eukaryotic Cells in Which Chromosomes Are Housed and Replicated. in Most Cells the Nucleus Contains All of the Cell's Chromosomes Except the Organellar Chromosomes and Is the Site of RNA Synthesis and Processing. in Some Species or in Specialized Cell Types RNA Metabolism or DNA Replication May Be Absent.

A Structure Comprised of a Core Structure (in Most Organisms a Pair of Centrioles) and Peripheral Material From Which a Microtubule Based Structure Such As a Spindle Apparatus Is Organized. Centrosomes Occur Close to the Nucleus During Interphase in Many Eukaryotic Cells Though in Animal Cells It Changes Continually During the Cell Division Cycle.

Any of the Various Filamentous Elements That Form the Internal Framework of Cells and Typically Remain After Treatment of the Cells with Mild Detergent to Remove Membrane Constituents and Soluble Components of the Cytoplasm. the Term Embraces Intermediate Filaments Microfilaments Microtubules the Microtrabecular Lattice and Other Structures Characterized by a Polymeric Filamentous Nature and Long Range Order Within the Cell. the Various Elements of the Cytoskeleton Not Only Serve in the Maintenance of Cellular Shape But Also Have Roles in Other Cellular Functions Including Cellular Movement Cell Division Endocytosis and Movement of Organelles.

A Class of Nuclear Body First Seen After Silver Staining by Ramon Y Cajal in 1903 Enriched in Small Nuclear Ribonucleoproteins and Certain General RNA Polymerase Ii Transcription Factors; Ultrastructurally They Appear As a Tangle of Coiled Electron Dense Threads Roughly 0.5 Micrometers in Diameter; Involved in Aspects of Snrnp Biogenesis; the Protein Coilin Serves As a Marker For Cajal Bodies. Some Argue That Cajal Bodies Are the Sites For Preassembly of Transcriptosomes Unitary Particles Involved in Transcription and Processing of Rna.

Interacting Selectively and Non Covalently with a Nucleotide Any Compound Consisting of a Nucleoside That Is Esterified with (ortho)phosphate or an Oligophosphate At Any Hydroxyl Group On the Ribose or Deoxyribose.

Catalysis of the Transfer of a Group E.g. a Methyl Group Glycosyl Group Acyl Group Phosphorus Containing or Other Groups From One Compound (generally Regarded As the Donor) to Another Compound (generally Regarded As the Acceptor). Transferase Is the Systematic Name For Any Enzyme of EC Class 2.

Interacting Selectively and Non Covalently with Cyclins Proteins Whose Levels in a Cell Varies Markedly During the Cell Cycle Rising Steadily Until Mitosis Then Falling Abruptly to Zero. As Cyclins Reach a Threshold Level They Are Thought to Drive Cells Into G2 Phase and Thus to Mitosis.