I've come quite far in my studies of the English language; ask me what "eleemosynary," "perspicacious" or "rambunctious" means and I'll give you an instant definition. But I'm still not on a native level, because there are certain words and expressions that slip past the radars of vocabulary lists. Right now, I'm reading Mark Twain, and he might use expressions such as:

"Well, I lay that if get hold of you--" which is a very mysterious way of using "lay" that I don't fully understand.

"Look at your hands. And look at your mouth. What is that truck?" Truck, in this case supposedly means some worthless rubbish. Never heard it before.

Most of the words I'm annoyed by are either very short, unconventional usages of common words or phrasal verbs. Where can I learn this part of the English language? How did Mark Twain learn it? Is it just a matter of reading a lot and attempting to infer it from the context?

2 Answers
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This is slang from the 19th century that is no longer used much anymore. Mark Twain probably heard these expressions frequently, as I lay that they were in more common use back then. Some of them are going to stump native English speakers today, as well. I believe I have only seen "truck" used in that sense in books.

Is it just a matter of reading a lot and attempting to infer it from the context?

Yes. That, or using a dictionary. For example:

truck 2 |trək|
noun
1 archaic barter.
• chiefly historical the payment of workers in kind or with vouchers rather than money.

That's where Twain's usage comes from. In this sense it means something like to get involved or negotiate with someone or something.

When I read Tom Sawyer and Huckleberry Finn I was in the 5th grade. The usages were odd then, and my grade-school dictionary didn't have those words. But I could get the sense of what was being said, even if I didn't have precise definitions for all the words, and before long I didn't even need to look up the words because I understood them from context.

This is a key notion to understanding another language anyway. You have to get to the point where you can understand what someone is telling you without knowing all the vocabulary. Some of it you have to look up, though, as you did when you learned eleemosynary — perhaps from reading Fielding's Tom Jones, I believe in his description of Squire Allworthy? That too is archaic, but easier to find because it is not a vernacular usage of a common term.