Hill was born Oliver White on May 1, 1907, in Richmond, Virginia. His father left when Oliver was still a baby. After his mother remarried, he used his stepfather’s last name. Hill attended Howard University in Washington, D.C. He earned a bachelor’s degree from there in 1930 and a law degree in 1933. Hill graduated from law school second in his class. His friend Thurgood Marshall was first in the class. Years later, they would work together on civil rights cases, including the Brown case.

Hill first practiced law in Roanoke, Virginia, before settling in Richmond in 1939. He joined the legal team of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP). He became involved with the NAACP’s fight for equality in schools. Hill’s first civil rights victory was in 1940 when the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that African American teachers had to be paid the same as white teachers.

Hill served in the U.S. Army during World War II. Afterward, he returned to Richmond and his civil rights work. One of his big cases was Davis v. County School Board of Prince Edward. During this case he argued against segregation (the separation of whites and blacks) in public schools. This case was combined with others and argued in front of the Supreme Court as Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka. The Supreme Court ruled that racial segregation in public schools was unconstitutional.

Hill continued to fight for civil rights throughout the rest of his career. Some of his successful cases involved voting rights and access to school buses for black students. Hill was also involved in political work. In 1948 he was the first African American elected to the Richmond City Council since Reconstruction. After some 60 years as a lawyer, Hill retired in 1998. His autobiography, The Big Bang: Brown v. Board of Education and Beyond, was published in 2000.

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