What is nuclear non-proliferation?

Nuclear non-proliferation is the effort to eliminate the spread of nuclear weapon technology, and to reduce existing stockpiles of nuclear weapons. Nuclear-weapon nations and their allies don’t want any other nations or entities to get the technology, and those threatened by or otherwise hostile to these nations (or any other nations) often want to have it. Meanwhile, peaceful people across the world want no one to have nuclear weapons.

To reach their goal, people working for non-proliferation must secure and monitor existing nuclear weapons and weapon material, they must monitor facilities conceivably able to produce weapon material and minimize the construction of such facilities, and they must perform political gymnastics to minimize the allure of nuclear weapons to the world.

How is nuclear power tied to nuclear non-proliferation?

The two practical materials with which one can fabricate nuclear weapons are plutonium and highly-enriched uranium. Certainly the precision explosives and fabrication of weapons is difficult, but obtaining material is the major hurdle. As they currently operate, most nuclear reactors are proliferation concerns for two corresponding reasons:

Nuclear reactors produce plutonium as they operate, which would conceivably be extracted and used for weapons.

The enrichment plants required to fuel reactors can be operated in such a way to produce weapon material.

Thus, any country with a nuclear reactor and a plutonium chemist or an enrichment plant can "easily" develop nuclear weapons. However, both items have many subtleties to complicate their discussion.

What can be done to stop proliferation?

So, can we expand nuclear power without risking proliferation? Certainly not without being careful. Currently, the IAEA (the UN nuclear
watchdog) routinely inspects nuclear facilities around the world to verify that only peaceful work is being done. They inventory all special material very carefully. If
a facility doesn’t allow inspectors in or shows signs of militarization, the political world decides what to do. The IAEA does not have access to all of Iran’s facilities
nor North Korea’s. Sanctions have been issued, but we have not seen particularly drastic action on these sensitive issues. This method of non-proliferation is called something
along the lines of "safeguards and verification."

One rather harsh non-proliferation action, called Operation Opera, occurred when the Israeli Air
Force bombed a nearly-completed nuclear reactor in Iraq back in 1981. This was widely condemned by the international community.

Besides inspections and political action, there are inherent changes to the nuclear power status-quo that can help with non-proliferation.
The most mainstream change is the establishment of an international fuel bank, where weapon states enrich and fabricate nuclear fuel and then
sell it through an internationally-controlled middleman who guarantees its delivery to non-weapon user-states. This would keep enrichment
facilities out of the hands of new users of nuclear power. User-nations would benefit from not requiring the expensive front-end infrastructure
of fuel fabrication, but they would probably be slightly worried about their energy supplies in any politically turbulent times. This idea has
come under the names GNEP and,
more recently, the international nuclear fuel bank.

Another option is to use a thorium fuel cycle, based on natural thorium minerals rather than natural uranium. This would
(at least at first) still require
enrichment or some other supply of fissile material, but it has the benefit of not producing plutonium. It produces U-233 which could also be used in weapons,
though not as easily as plutonium.

Can we get rid of all nuclear weapons forever?

Technically, of course, yes we can. We can just burn the material in nuclear reactors and convert it to electricity
(we actually do this. About 10% of US electricity comes from dismantled Soviet weapons). Realistically, however, the issue is that
of Pandora’s box. We now know that using 1940s technology, nuclear weapons can be made. Even if we could somehow convince every
country to destroy their weapons (good luck keeping them from hiding just a few of them in some dark mountain cavern, for old time’s sake),
we cannot forget the concept. So rather than fighting for the eradication of nuclear weapons altogether, try rallying for the reduction of our
stockpiles from tens of thousands to about ten.

Which countries have nuclear weapons?

Weapon states are listed here with the date of their first test in parenthesis.

Several other NATO countries control nuclear weapons produced by weapon-states under the non-proliferation treaty (NPT).
Detailed discussion is found on Wikipedia’s List of nuclear weapons states.

Other aspects of non-proliferation

Besides stopping the production of weapons from nuclear reactor technology, non-proliferation also covers some security issues such as
portal monitoring. Many folks are employed building detector systems that can scan a passing truck or shipping container and alert the user
if special nuclear material is contained inside without opening it. We at whatisnuclear.com appreciate this massive effort, but concede that
if someone were really to put forth the effort to build a nuclear weapon, they probably wouldn’t ship it FedEx.

Yet another aspect is that of the dirty bomb. Thousands of dangerously radioactive materials exist across the world, in hospitals,
laboratories, and industries. If these were attached to a standard bomb and set off in a populated area, the dispersed radiation could
cause serious havoc and even radiation poisoning. We have people working on inventorying, tracking, and detecting these materials as well.