When a group wants to generate ideas for a new product or to solve a problem, you will usually hear the clarion call, “Let’s brainstorm!” You assemble a group, spell out the basic ground rules for brainstorming (no criticism, wild ideas are welcome, focus on quantity, combine ideas to make better ideas) and then have people yell out ideas one at a time.

Brainstorming is often the method of choice for ideation, but it is fraught with problems that range from participants’ fear of evaluation to the serial nature of the process — only one idea at a time. Brainwriting is an easy alternative or a complement to face-to-face brainstorming, and it often yields more ideas in less time than traditional group brainstorming.

What Is Brainwriting?

When I teach my graduate course in “Prototyping and Interaction Design,” I start with a class on ways to generate ideas. Because brainstorming is a well-known and popular technique, I generally begin with a discussion on how to do good brainstorming, something that is very hard, and then introduce brainwriting as a worthy, and sometimes preferred, alternative to brainstorming. The term “brainwriting” often brings forth smiles and quiet laughter because it is a strange word.

Brainwriting is simple. Rather than ask participants to yell out ideas (a serial process), you ask them to write down their ideas about a particular question or problem on sheets of paper for a few minutes; then, you have each participant pass their ideas on to someone else, who reads the ideas and adds new ideas. After a few minutes, you ask the participants to pass their papers to others, and the process repeats. After 10 to 15 minutes, you collect the sheets and post them for immediate discussion.

In my experience, the number of ideas generated from brainwriting often exceeds what you’d expect from face-to-face brainstorming because you’ve reduced anxiety somewhat, followed a parallel process in which a dozen people may add items simultaneously, and reduced the amount of extraneous talk that happens during brainstorming, which takes time away from idea generation.

1Instead of getting one idea at a time, lots of ideas can emerge simultaneously, if you let your participants “brainwrite” them. (Image credits: opensourceway2)

When To Use Brainwriting

Brainwriting can be used in the following situations:

You have too large a group for effective brainstorming. You could conduct brainwriting at a conference of 500 people simply by leaving a large card on each seat, asking a question, and then having each audience member pass a card to someone else, and then repeat three times for a minute of writing.

You have quiet people in your group who are intimidated by traditional brainstorming.

You are working in a culture in which brainstorming about “wild ideas” or expressing ideas that diverge from those of senior management is not accepted.

Your time is limited. I’ve used brainwriting to brainstorm questions for a website visit when I had only 10 minutes to get feedback from the product team. I ended up with more than 50 different questions, without the fuss of having to set up a formal brainstorming session.

You don’t have an experienced moderator. Brainstorming, contrary to what many blog posts claim, is difficult to do well. Brainwriting, in contrast, requires that you be able to ask a question, read a clock and collect answers.

You are worried about loud or forceful individuals influencing others, as they might in traditional brainstorming.

Brainwriting can be used to understand how different groups view an issue. You might try to conduct separate brainwriting sessions with different internal groups. For example, if you asked groups to brainwrite about “What are the most important problems faced by our customers?” you might find that developers have a different perspective from the UX team, who have a different perspective from product managers. In my experience, the differences emerge more strongly through brainwriting than through face-to-face brainstorming.

3Brainwriting can help you get a better understanding of how different groups or departments view a problem. (Image credits: opensourceway4)

When To Avoid Brainwriting

While brainwriting is easy and accepted in many environments after a single demonstration of its productivity, you might want to avoid brainwriting in a few situations. There may be times when your colleagues find it difficult to express ideas in writing. If you are working on complex issues, then you might want to opt for small group brainstorming or another ideation technique that allows for clarification and discussion.

If you are forming a team, then you might want to opt for traditional brainstorming, because participants will be more familiar with that method (rather than the strange name “brainwriting”), and the social interaction will foster team-building. You might want to avoid brainwriting if you are in a culture with strict rules about which methods and procedures to follow. People who follow a highly structured product design and development process might find brainwriting a bit too radical.

How To Conduct A Brainwriting Session

My first suggestion is to search for “brainwriting” on the Web and peruse some of YouTube videos5 and short articles6 that describe brainwriting techniques and tips. There are several approaches to brainwriting: interactive brainwriting, the 6-3-5 method, the idea card method, and the remote spreadsheet method. We’ll cover the basic procedure for each of these techniques.

Interactive Brainwriting

Here are the basic steps for interactive brainwriting:

Introduce the procedure.

Hand out paper for each person to write down ideas.

Provide a clear and legible problem statement. (You could print out a page with the statement at the top, project the statement on a slide, or write it on a board.)

Describe the timing of the brainwriting (for example, three minutes for the first round, and two minutes for four subsequent rounds) and the process for passing the pages (for example, counterclockwise around a table). A page-passing process that is not clear could undermine the credibility of the method and waste time.

Ask if anyone has any questions about the problem statement or the brainwriting process.

Remind people to read the ideas quickly before entering their own ideas and to feel free to add, modify and combine ideas. Let people know that extra paper is around the room if they run out.

Begin the rounds. Announce the end of each round, and ask people to pass their paper to another person.

At the end of the session, collect the brainwriting pages and post them for comment, additional ideas or review.

Brainwriting 6-3-5

In brainwriting 6-3-5, six people are given a form and asked to provide three ideas for solving a problem in five minutes. Participants are invited to consider out-of-the-box ideas and to combine ideas with others. The ideas are written in silence to prevent participants from influencing each other. After the first five minutes, each participant passes a form like the one below to the adjacent participant, who then reviews the ideas and adds new ones.

The process is repeated six times, with a potential for 6 × 3 × 6 (or 104) ideas. In practice, I’ve found that people often come up with more than three ideas in five minutes, so you could create a 6-6-5 form.

Participants/Ideas

Idea 1

Idea 2

Idea 3

Participant 1

Filters to reduce the size

Search

Elliptical browsers

Participant 2

Tagging

Concordance feature

Automatic clustering of related data

Participant 3

Break the list up into categories

Provide a birds-eye view and zoom

Most recently used feature

Participant 4

Participant 5

Participant 6

A 6-3-5 brainwriting form. (Problem Statement: “How can we deal with extremely long lists in our application?”)

Idea Cards

This approach to brainwriting gets participants to write ideas continuously on sticky notes or cards and, as they finish a card, to place it off to the side. When other participants need inspiration, they can take a few cards from their colleagues and continue. Each card would hold only one idea.

A variation on this approach is the “one idea, quick pass,” whereby each person lists one idea on a sheet and then hands the sheet to another participant, who adds one more idea. If participants don’t have any sheets to look at, they can grab one off of a pile and continue writing. This continues until the leader of the session declares “The end.”

The Spreadsheet Technique

If you want to conduct remote brainwriting, you can use Google Spreadsheet as a brainwriting tool. You’ll need to set up a list of people who will participate and then ask each of them to enter ideas in a single column of the spreadsheet. As each person enters an idea in a cell, others would see the idea and use that as inspiration for new ideas. This process can foster a bit of mild competition if done in real time and can also be fun.

Practical Tips And Tricks For Better Brainwriting

Here are a few tips and tricks that I’ve picked up over the last 10 years or so of using the brainwriting method:

If you are using handwritten sheets, ask people to print or write legibly.

Ask people to be succinct but to provide enough information for the idea to be understood two weeks later.

Ask participants to do some easy homework to prepare for brainwriting (and brainstorming). Homework can make the sessions more productive. One example of homework would be to send your problem or question to participants and ask them to jot down or think about three ideas. Make the homework fun if you can.

Put the problem statement or ideation question on all of the sheets or write it on a board or slide if you are doing it remotely. If you use the Google Spreadsheet approach, put the question at the top of the spreadsheet.

Ask your participants to avoid jargon and acronyms that wouldn’t be understood in a week’s time.

Be clear about the rules for sharing idea sheets. If you have people pass them to others, designate the direction of passing the pages to avoid confusion.

Set a timer. Most smartphones have countdown timers that work well for brainwriting.

Mix brainstorming and brainwriting with other ideation methods. Brainstorming may generate few ideas, but sometimes the social aspects of brainstorming generate a sense of teamwork and creativity.

If you want to create an affinity diagram from the ideas, you could prepare pages with sticky notes and then remove them when you are ready to diagram. The image below shows six pages from a brainwriting session on the topic of how to improve remote collaboration. Each page would have six sticky notes on which participants can write ideas for the topic. After the brainwriting is complete, the notes can be organized into categories using the affinity diagramming method.

7You could use affinity diagramming to organize and interpret the data from brainwriting sessions. (Large view8)

How To Sell Brainwriting To Your Colleagues

Brainwriting is easy to sell in most organizations and client settings. There are five ways to sell brainwriting:

The first selling point is its scalability. You are able to gather data from a few people on your design team to hundreds of people at a conference without great cost or detailed planning.

It does not require great facilitation or social psychology skills. All you need is a brief script, some cheap supplies or a remote tool like Google Spreadsheet, and between 10 to 30 minutes to conduct the session.

It is efficient. Unlike brainstorming, with its serial approach to idea generation, everyone is writing ideas at the same time.

While brainwriting is generally done in silence, each person is still stimulated from seeing other ideas.

Perhaps most importantly, the number of ideas generated from brainwriting generally exceeds those from brainstorming.

Enjoy your experiments with brainwriting.

Resources On Brainwriting

The resources listed below are a mix of videos, articles and books. My recent book, Brainstorming and Beyond, has a full chapter on brainwriting (and on brainstorming and braindrawing).

Chauncey Wilson is a User Experience Architect at Autodesk, Inc., and Adjunct Lecturer in the Human Factors and Information Design Program at Bentley University. Chauncey has spent over 30 years as a usability practitioner, development manager, lab director, usability manager, and mentor. He recently, completed a book, “Brainstorming and Beyond,” about ideation methods for UX practitioners.

Bill Youngdahl

We developed Teamput (www.teamput.com) to mirror sticky-note brainwriting and brainstorming. In fact, Teamput is the only cloud-based app that offers a private (or small group) idea-generation canvas with a side-by-side collaboration canvas (for an entire class or subgroup). Users can drag their sticky notes, actions lists, or images from their individual or small-group canvas to the collaboration canvas. It’s just like writing ideas on sticky notes at a table and then arranging them on a shared wall. Of course it’s better since you never have to take your sticky notes off the wall and you can collaborate asynchronously or in real time. Canvases can be shared by email or by posting a link to a Web page.

Bill Youngdahl

Nils

Brainwriting is just a new name for nothing new. It’s one way to perform a facilitation session but best is to combine it with different methods in order to gain the best result. Who wants to prepare a great facilitation or brainstorm session might want to search for more variety and procedures to play with. Everyone who is interested and want to read more about facilitation and collaboration techniques could look into ThinkLets. This topic summarizes some points of a series of great articles about collaboration, brainstorming and facilitation techniques. I would challenge everyone who is interested in this topic to read the article “ThinkLets as Building Blocks for Collaboration Processes” and decide for themselves.

Danny

Nils, brainwriting is actually an old name for something old; and Chauncey does an excellent job of describing it in a way to make it useful to design professionals in this article.

As you know about ThinkLets, but most other readers of this article won’t know, is that the Collaboration Science approach to designing meetings uses a pattern language (I.e. ThinkLets) to help a meeting leader quickly and easily find a facilitation pattern to best fit the objectives of the meeting task.

There are already catalogued several meeting patterns that use variations of brainwriting, some of which Chauncy describes here. But Chauncy also describes brainwriting patterns not previously captured in the article you reference (or other articles by the same community of authors).

I do applaud you for helping introduce collaboration pattern language to the UX design community. I agree that using such patterns will enhance the gathering and organization of client requirements as well as other creativity and ideation processes in the design life cycle as these patterns become more well known.

Sasha Zinevych

Chauncey Wilson

Hello Sasha, I haven’t thought of brainwriting as a gamification method, but it does bring some elements of gaming into ideation. Brainwriting is mentioned as a method in the excellent book, Gray, D., Brown, S., & Macanufo, J. (2010). Gamestorming: A playbook for innovators, rulebreakers, and changemakers.

This method is generally considered fun, novel, easy to learn (clear and few rules), and mildly competitive whenever I’ve introduced it.

Chauncey Wilson

Hello Ashish, I got very ill at the end of the year and apologize for getting back to you so late. I need a little more background on what you are asking. Are you looking for brainwriting software (see the note below from Ranjan about using Google Spreadsheet as a way to do a variation on brainwriting. Some electronic brainstorming storming tools might also work for you. Nathan mentions two tools in the next comment. Thanks, Chauncey

Ranjan

I actually tried this out during a recent brainstorming meeting. We had over 18 people and literally 30 mins to arrive at lots of ideas. The twist was we have distributed teams so instead of doing paper forms, I tried Google Spreadsheet.

The results were superb.
1. Having each participant’s name in a column gives them a sense of ownership/responsibility to think about the problem statement.
2. In 10 mins 18 participants produced on average of 4 ideas, which amounted to 72 WRITTEN ideas
3. Each participant picked ONE idea of their own and explained it to the audience. No more talking over each other / group think / extroverts taking over introverts etc.
4. The whole process took 35 mins!

I contrast this result with many many brainstorming sessions I have sat through where more time was needed, not everyone really participated and at the end the brainstorming process captured very few ideas.

The next step is grouping the ideas. Google Spreadsheet helps here as well. Just open another sheet, cut and paste ideas (one idea per cell make this easy) from original sheet to the new sheet.

Tips for anyone trying to do this with distributed team.
1. Set up the google doc and have the names of each person that you expect to contribute already listed.
2. Define the Problem Statement VERY clearly. This is not limited to brainstorming, of course.
3. Make it clear that improving on someone else’s idea is OK, even desired. This relieves the pressure of having to come up with cool ideas.
4. Allow each participant to pick and explain ONE idea.

I’m interested in hearing experiences from others in similar situation – large team with distributed team members

Codenutz

I’ve done something similar to what Ranjan mentioned (again in a distributed scenario) but with padlet – I found it really useful as I wasn’t constantly distracted by the talking and conversations.

The difference with padlet was that you’d see ideas popping up in (kind of) real time. I’m not sure if this is a good thing – it definitely doesn’t match brainwriting completely.

I do write about some of this stuff at my blog by more focussed around app ideas (http://www.codenutz.com). I find the initial idea generation part the hardest a lot of the time – and selecting the idea too.

Chauncey Wilson

There are a number of variations of Brainwriting and having ideas pop-up in an app so others can get some inspiration I think is another variation of brainwriting. One of the concepts of brainwriting is that you get inspiration by having some kind of access to others’ ideas. I have not used the PadLet app and would not want an app that would change focus while I was writing an idea – which would be a serious distraction. But if ideas are popping up in an activity stream in near real-time, that would fit in the brainwriting mold of private ideation with some access to other ideas that might stimulate me to think of yet new ideas. Thanks for your note. Chauncey

Deanne Biddle

This sounds like a great idea. I worked for a management consulting firm for many years and brainstorming was a useful tool the consultants used with our clients as well as internally with our own staff; but there are always the more verbose people who dominate and the quiet people who don’t feel as comfortable participating. I really like this approach.

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