Where is the rape capital?

SA, the DRC, India and the US have all been labelled as such at some time. Kate Wilkinson asks what this title even means.

Claims that South Africa, the Democratic Republic of Congo or even India can lay claim to the unwanted title of “rape capital of the world” have been doing the rounds for well over a decade.

Thirteen years ago, for instance, a report on the US current affairs television show, 60 Minutes, stated that “according to Interpol statistics (South Africa) is the rape capital of the world”. The same year the Christian Science Monitor referred – a little more cautiously – to the country as the “reputed rape capital of the world”.

Five years later, a South African Press Association article carried on the News24 website stated the claim as fact, but did not attribute it to a source.

Last year, a Reuters story described South Africa as “a country long known as the rape capital of the world”.

A quick Google search of the phrase picks up articles published by the Mail and Guardian, MSN, Al Jazeera, The Washington Post, Eye Witness News, Sky News, the Sowetan and the Open Society Initiative for South Africa, among many others.

In most instances, no evidence or data is provided to back up the claim. Many articles simply repeat claims made in other media.

Of course, South Africa is not the only country branded in this way.

In 2013, the UN News centre reported that “UN agencies estimate that at least 200 000 women have been raped in the (DR Congo) since 1998, and eastern DRC has been described by one former senior UN official as the rape capital of the world”. Africa Check was unable to immediately establish how the UN agencies arrived at the estimate.

An earlier CNN report purported to explain why the eastern DRC is the rape capital of the world. And both Al Jazeera and The Guardian have published articles containing the claim.

Others have made the same claim about India. In February last year, China’s state-run news agency Xinhua, for example, reported that “Delhi is called the rape capital of the world”.

An American women’s magazine subsequently questioned this, suggesting that while India is the world’s second most populous country, it ranks third in terms of the number of rapes recorded. The US, it said, ranks first.

An echo-chamber effect.

A good example of the way these claims are made is an article on The Atlantic website which states that South Africa is “sometimes called the rape capital of the world”. In support of that statement, the article links to a post on the multimedia section of South Africa’s popular News24 website which is headlined: “SA named world rape capital”.

The News24 post contains a video clip embedded from the YouTube channel of the South African Broadcasting Corporation. The clip, first broadcast in April 2012, is an SABC News report which begins with a voiceover stating: “Interpol says South Africa is the world’s rape capital.”

But the report offers nothing to support the claim and nobody from Interpol is interviewed or quoted.

South Africa certainly has frighteningly high levels of rape, but does Interpol really regard it as the world’s rape capital?

Aside from the SABC and News24, the provincial government of South Africa’s Western Cape province believes so.

In November last year, to mark a campaign protesting against violence against women and children, it issued a press release categorically stating that “South Africa is labelled by Interpol as the rape capital of the world”.

We contacted Interpol. They denied making the claim.

“We have previously contacted SABC to request a correction in this regard, and will do so again. Unfortunately these false reports have been repeated by various media, without verification,” an Interpol spokesman told Africa Check.

To make a fair comparison of the prevalence of rape in different countries, it would be necessary to compare like with like.

However, differing legal definitions of rape, under-reporting of rape and sexual assault, and different recording methods hamper international comparisons. A number of these difficulties were highlighted in a recent Foreign Policy article and in previous Africa Check reports on crime.

The first stumbling block is that legal definitions of rape differ from country to country.

South African law states that any person who unlawfully and intentionally commits an act of sexual penetration with another person without consent is guilty of rape. Because of this broad definition, South African law recognises the rape of men and boys. Many other countries, such as India and Singapore, do not.

And in South Africa, spousal rape is a crime at any age, but in India it is not illegal unless the woman is younger than 15, while in Singapore, a man is only guilty of marital rape if his wife is living away from him.

Different definitions of rape mean any international rankings will be fundamentally flawed.

In addition to different definitions, countries have different methods of counting and recording rape.

In the UK, for example, if two men push a woman into a room and both rape her, it will count as one crime with the offenders acting together.

However, in South Africa, each act of penetration is a separate crime. “The law is very straight when it comes to counting rapes. Each and every penetration should count as a rape,” Chris de Kock, a crime analyst, consultant and retired South African police major-general, told Africa Check.

In effect this means that the number of rapes recorded in some countries is based on the number of victims and in the others on the number of criminal acts committed.

For comparisons to be valid, the countries would also have to have similar levels of the reporting of rape.

It is an accepted fact in most countries that rape statistics are not an accurate reflection of the actual number of rapes that take place. A large proportion of rapes go unreported.

But the rate of under-reporting varies from country to country.

Recently the UK Statistics Authority stripped UK police statistics of their official status, after claims that the Metropolitan police had been under-reporting sexual offences by as much as 25 percent.

In South Africa, a study in 2010 by Gender Links and the Medical Research Council found that in South Africa’s Gauteng province only one in 13 women reported non-partner rape and overall only one in 25 rapes had been reported to the police.

Given these variables “no international comparisons will be accurate”, Lizette Lancaster, manager of the Institute for Security Studies crime and justice hub, told Africa Check.

The claim that various countries, including South Africa, the DRC and India are “the world’s rape capital” has been published and republished by national and international media many times, without any attempt to verify the accuracy of the claim.

In some instances, these claims are intended honestly, to sound the alarm over unacceptably high levels of rape. In others, they appear to be made for partisan purposes.

However, while the statistics remain as they are, all such labels are meaningless. Differing definitions of the crime, different methods of recording incidents of rape and different levels of under-reporting of rape and sexual violence of all sorts make such international comparisons impossible.

For authorities, the police and society at large to actually tackle the very real problem of rape and sexual violence, wherever it takes place, better data is needed in most countries. Only then, and only if the methods of collecting that data are the same, would meaningful comparisons be possible.

* This article first appeared on Africa Check (http://www.africacheck.org), a non-profit organisation run from the Journalism Department at the University of the Witwatersrand, which promotes accuracy in public debate, testing claims made by public figures around the continent.

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