"A Tactical Study of the Effectiveness of the German 88 mm Anti-Aircraft Gun as an Anti-Tank Weapon in the Libyan Battle" from Tactical and Technical Trends

The following U.S. military report on the use of the German 88 mm in Libya
during WWII was originally published
in Tactical and Technical Trends,
No. 1, June 18, 1942.

[DISCLAIMER: The following text is taken from the U.S. War Department
publication Tactical and Technical Trends. As with all wartime
intelligence information, data may be incomplete or inaccurate. No
attempt has been made to update or correct the text. Any views or
opinions expressed do not necessarily represent those of the website.]

A TACTICAL STUDY OF THE EFFECTIVENESS OF THE GERMAN 88 MM ANTI—AIRCRAFT GUN AS AN ANTI—TANK WEAPON IN THE LIBYAN BATTLE

Recent cables from American military observers in Cairo and at the front with the
Eighth British Army in Libya stress the important role being played by the
German 88 MM anti-aircraft gun in the ground phase of the desert battles
now in progress.

The effectiveness of this weapon as a tank destroyer was rather clearly apparent in
the course of the November and December British Libyan offensive. One of our
observers at that time stated in an official report that the 88 MM was the
most feared weapon which the British tanks had to face, and that the destruction
wrought by it, on both chassis and turret of the British tanks, was incomparably
greater than that caused by any other Axis weapon.

The characteristics of this gun are as follows:

Muzzle velocity

2750 feet per second

Weight of shell

19.8 pounds

Vertical range

37,000 feet

Horizontal range

16,000 yards

Weight in firing position

5.2 tons

The gun is tractor drawn.

It is provided with a steel shield of unknown thickness.

An American military observer who had many opportunities to witness this gun in Germany
in 1940, speaks of this weapon as follows:

"The 88 MM is basically a gun for firing on moving targets. The crew is also specially
trained for firing on highly rapid moving targets, primarily on airplanes. The whole
control apparatus is designed for fast moving targets with a very rapid rate of fire: 25 rounds
per minute. The gun is capable of great volume fire and extreme accuracy against moving
targets of any type. It is equally efficient on targets on the ground as well as in
the air. For attacks on armored vehicles, it is provided with a special armor-piercing shell."

The German 88 MM anti-aircraft gun was designed and constructed in secret in the ten year
period prior to the advent of Hitler, when the German army was subject to rigid personnel
and material limitations. It is known that it was the plan of its designers to
construct a dual purpose anti-aircraft and anti-tank weapon. The anti-tank purpose of
the weapon was, however, veiled in secrecy and the German intentions in this
regard did not become known to the world until the Polish campaign of 1939.

However, so definitely was the Axis attitude offensive, not only in Poland but in the
French campaign of 1940, as well, that United Nations observers did not grasp at the
time the full significance and effectiveness of this weapon.

Commencing in 1940, the Germans began to provide these guns with an armored shield in
order to protect its personnel against small arms bullets as well as smaller anti-tank
projectiles.

It appears that this weapon has played an important role throughout the Russian
campaign. However, far more exact information is available as to its use in Libya, than
on the Russian battlefields.

In November 1941, when Gen. Auchinleck launched his major offensive, Marshal Rommel, his
opponent, created three tank proof localities along his front line: at Bardia, Sollum
and in the vicinity of Halfia pass. The defenses of each of these strong points were built
around a battalion (12) of 88 MM AA guns, so sighted as to provide all
around protection. These guns were supported by a large number of smaller anti-tank
weapons. So well organized were these strong points that they were never seriously
attacked, and only fell when the British had pushed on to Benghazi and when the water
and food stocks of the strong points became exhausted. The British ascribe the long
resistance put up by these strong points to the difficulty they found in coping
with these dual purpose weapons.

In the battle now raging in Libya, Rommel's offensive use of these weapons is of
considerable interest. The anti-aircraft guns appear to follow closely his armored
vehicles. As soon as the front begins to stabilize, the 88 MM AA guns go into
position and around them is then organized a "tank proof" locality. The German tanks
are then withdrawn for offensive operations elsewhere.

The effectiveness of these weapons is clearly brought out from the following quotations
from reports of observers now at the front in the desert battle around Tobruk:

One report includes the following statement:

"The German 88 MM guns penetrate the armour of all British tanks. British tanks
dare not attack them. Up to now the British seem incapable of dealing with these
weapons."

Another observer reports as follows:

"At a point in the Knightsbridge area, the 4th British armored brigade faced
some 35 German tanks of the Mark III and IV type drawn up in line and
obviously inviting attack. These tanks were supported by a battalion
of anti-aircraft guns (12). The commander of the 4th Brigade refused to
attack at all because of the presence of these guns on the battlefield.

"Slight firing occurred throughout the day. Towards evening the superior British
tank force withdrew and the German tanks attacked after nightfall in a new
direction. Their 88 MM guns had checked the British all day and permitted
Rommel to seize the initiative as soon as the British threat had vanished."

Still a third report reads as follows:

"The greatest single tank destroyer is the German 88 MM anti-aircraft gun. For
example, on May 27th at 8:00 A.M., Axis forces having enveloped Bir Hacheim, a
German tank force of sixty tanks attacked the British 22nd Brigade some distance
to the northeast. The British moved to attack this force with 50 light and medium
American tanks. It soon became apparent that this British force was inadequate and
the Brigadier commanding ordered a second regiment of 50 tanks into action. In
ten minutes the 88 MM German AA guns destroyed 8 American medium tanks of
this reinforcing regiment. All day thereafter, the British engaged the enemy
half-heartedly and finally withdrew. Sixteen American medium tanks were lost
in all. These sixteen fell victims without a single exception to the 88 MM AA gun."