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Mt. Vernon Republican (Mount Vernon, Ohio : 1854), 1859-01-11

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0 III: i li! eft. I if V f 4? ili; w 'to j. ' i '.t'J r-' -('.ii. . i- ii t t '. i -1 "it ! f'.i Hi 13" VOL. -V. MOUNT VERNON, OHIO, TUESDAY MORNING, JANUARY 11, I859.J NO, 9, Iff lh II 'Udllll It II . 3F lit mi hi mi. c m. KELSEY, ;.. BENT 1ST! All Operations warrantod, and non but the beet maiermie vru. 'TTTITH aw experience of htears con VV slant nraetioe. and an acquaintance with all the Into improvements in tho art, ho flat tors himiolf capablo or giving entire saimioouon. vmoo as noro-tofore, at niy residenoe on Qambier t.,Mt. Vernon, WHO. :', - W'JJ LEFTISTftY. GILBERT E. MoKOWN, . v ' RESIDENT DENTIST. , nvrici wabd's BuiLniNO con, v am 1Kb VMS sts . MT. VERNON. OIlIO. A LL operations performed in the latent ond most . if! approvea style, ana warrauiuu. augu-jj tio -' A ' 5sJa 5 s & fr as s-3 3 1 a 3 SS "3 BO-3 he -0 eg ?5 n "a s 00 41 a tc D R 1 S. M U R P li X, , LATE OF ' NEW YORK CITT, . ANNOUNCES to hi friends and the public, that he has opened an office for the , PRACTICE OF MEDICINE,; . In Mount Vernon, and tho adjoiningcountry. From the time and attention he has given to his profession, he hopet to reoeive a liberal sharo of the pub-lie patronago. ' . , OFFICE, on Main street, orer Curtis A Bapps fitore; Rosidenoo eorner High It West Streets. ot. 19th, 1868.tf. JOHN ADAM8, Attorney at Law & Notary Public, OFFICE-IN WARD'S NEW BUILDING, "CornM Main and Vine Sts., MOUNT VERNON, OHIO. SPECIAL attention giro to collodions inKnor and adjoining oountiess also: to proseenting (jlnims for Pensions and Land Warrants, and all otn-er legal buslnes entrusted to bis care, march lltf. sr v. T1NCI. ' ' w. v. vuurin. VANCE A COOPER, Suooessors to Vanoe-4 Smith, ATTORNEYS IT LAW, MT. VEUNON, 0. Office three door, north of the Publio Sire;sam ifornierly occupiod'by Vance Smith. ept2 IEUMET W. COTTON. W. I. BANK. COTTON & BANE. -Attorney's & Counsellor nt Law, . v.? ' . Jit. Vtrnm, Ohio. "tflLL attend to all business intrusted to their VVcsre, in any of the Courts. ' ' OFFICE, N. E- Corner of Main and Gumbior 8ts0 ovor Pylo's Merchant Tailoring EstablishowoU ' Oot. 19th 1858 .General Land Aecncy. ID. C. MONTGOMERY, - - - Mr, Vwwn, Ohio. IS ENGAGED IN ENTERING J.AMJ8, LOCA-ting Land Warrants, and makme inrestmonts in Iteal Estate, in Iowa, Kansas and Missouri. Also, Collecting businoss atUndod Ut; trill start about ithe 1st of June next. Rofcrenoes to William Dkar, C. Dolano, WkB. iP.np, M. H. Mitchell.Sam'l Israel, S W.arquhar, II. B. Curtis, R. C. Hurd.W. M-Clclland, Alex.C. lEUiblt, J. W.Vance.aad 8. Finch, Mt. Vernon; II. Ciirtls Keokuk, Iwa. marJO 68-tf TI, DUNBAIt. ...H. B. BANNINO. 'rJVIKBAB BANNINO, ... Mourn Vernon, - sssjds oDuaar Dina OFFICE In Miller's Block, in the rooms formerly .eocupiod by Hon. John K. Miller. nl-ly. .i i GEO. W. LEWIS, - TAILOR. MAY BE FOUND AT ' SREMLIN, NUMBER 3, READY TO DO AS GOOD WORK AS CAN BE done in the oity. Twenty-five years experi-nce warrants the pledge of entire satisfaction to austomers. . t tW Cutting earofMydoni,ani all wort tear-taniU. , ' Junetf KUr WHERE YOW CAN BUY . THE CHEAPEST ! I . ."William M. Mefford, .. 1TETURN3 HIS THANKS TO THIS CITIZENS AX of Knox County for tha liberal patronage extended to him, and would aay that he baa now on , tiand as good Harness, Saddles, Buggy, Carriage, .. Wagoaand Plow Harness, Collars, Bridles, Martln-! calls, Whip". o.,as aver. - ' : SHOP jforth-eastaorner Market Hons. . sugllily. . ..--.' ' IT.Q. V7 Hank,.. ',';.'v .. -;,( .. .. BADDLER AND HARNESS MAKER, first Door South of Woodbridge's Store, , - . MA,M araBET, MOOKT TIBNOK, OHIO. KEEPS eensUntly en hand a large assortment of Baddlery and Harness, Bridles, Collar, Halters, :i Whips, fee manufentund by experienced workmen nd for sale npon rouonable terms. : ' - .1, - " "ALt WO WABANTJ1.Jgt " , li TBUUKS, from $2 to $22. My Trunks are muot superior article to those commonly offered for sale. . I wosld also invite special attention to my Cot.i.ins, which cannot be surpassed for style and durability. ' may2ty, w- - -r -1 -r .y... , . n , ... . ..1 ' w , . , LIVEEY 8T ABIE'' s-' ' ' On Ylno Street, Went of Main. , . WILLIAM SANDERSON, JJt, TirOULD RESPECTFULLY INFORM THE ' : ,i YY - rmblio that he has eonstaatly on hand a Cae ' H 0R 8 E 8 AND D U G G I E S ," Which he will lot out at as reasonable ratos as any - ik.r ..tAblishmont in the country. Thankful for nast favors. k solioitsaonnllnnanoe nf rmtron)re. ZuilAi WM. SANDERSON, JR. 17' Medical Notloo. THB nndewlgncd wlshos to give notloe to the olt-Isens of Mt. Vernon and the publio gonerally that the well known and almost universally ap-pmved Aathritlo Mediolnos will be found at Esq. Wm.H.Ooohran's oOoe) also, he has removod to jlartlnsburajh, Knox eonnty, where he may always be fonnd to wait upon his old eustomors, and all others who may wish to engage In the sale of the aile of the above named mediclnos. apr-tf , . J. B. CAMPBELL. . DC71T ATS, CAPS and BONNETS.! The largest and cboapost stock in rown sjs ; ' 'or. 9, 53tf , WARMER MlUEsVB. r; 7 2 no t 4 The Monnt Vernon Republican ' IS rUOMflllKD ETXBV TttlSDAY HORNIXO, BY AV, II. COCHRAN. Office in Kremlin Building, No. 8, . . Secoud Story, TERMS Two Dollars per annum, payable in li vance; $2,10 after the eipiration of the year. ' HATfcS Of ADVJBTHIKB. a B B o o a a e ? . p tr sr I (I e 1 squars... I 00 I 25 t squtiros.. 1 75 2 25 i squares.. 2 50 i 60 4 squares . 3 50 t 00 $ I 75 2 25 i 00 3 50 4 606 00 3 25 i 25 5 00 i 25 C 00 8 T5 8 00 00 7 00 8 00 10 4 50 J 5 00 8 00 7 00 8 00 10 12 .$15 ..15 ..18 1 square, changeable monthly $10; weekly, l4 col nmn, changeable quarterly ii eolumn, changeable quarterly. M column, changeable quarterly 1 column, ohttnGrable quarterly 25 40 Eleven linos of Minion (this type) are counted as ft square. Editorial notioos of ndrorltsMn'enta, or calling attention to any enterpi :ie intended to benefit individuals or corporations, will be charged for at the rata of 10 cents per line. . Special notices, before marriaires. or tattlnit Pre cedence of regular advertisements, double usual rates. Advertisements dismayed In larM type to be charged one half more than the usual rates. All transient advertisements to be paid for in ad- Vance. Governors Message. Fellow Citiwnt of' 7a Senate and the Howe of Representatives, At tha commencement of your regular 80s- sion year aeo, I transmitted to you in obe dience to the Constitution, a full exposition of the general condition of the State, together with such recommendations in respect to leg. islation, u the public good seemed to me to require. . In that communication I endeavered to set in a clear light the industrial progress, the materia! sources and the financial strength of our greatcomtuonwealtb. it seems not map. propriato, now, before proceeding to more special statements and particular suggestions, to submit to you some general views of our social condition, as affected by other elements than those to which I then invited your at tention. Sovjnty-one years ago what is now Ohio vas an unbroken wilderness. Seventy-one years ago tho work of American civilization within herlimil8 was just begun by the set tlements at Marietta and Cincinnati, f if ty-four years ago she became a Stale of the Amerioan Union. Her subsequent social progress has been a sublime triumph. To-day a powerful commonwealth; numbering nearly two millions and a half of people, exists upon her soil, with unsurpassed energies, re sources, agencies of development, and means of happiness. ' t row the eminence already reached wo sur vey, with confident reliance upon the favor of Divine i'rovidence and the inspiration of Free Institions, the loftier heights yet to be attained. Prominent amorg the elements which de termine social condition, is the numerical ad vance or decline of population. The rate and character of this movement, in the absence of of a census, must be gathered from the num ber of marriages; of births; of deaths; of immi grants; of emigrants, and of new habitations. l or ascortianing the number of these with rea sonable certainty, sufficient means are sup plied by State and Federal legislation. Ac cording to the estimates of the C mmissioner ot Statistics, the marriages in Ohio during 1858 were 24,000; the deaths 45.000; the births 80,000; the naturalizations 5.000; the new structures iu.uuu. xne increase ov births, according to this estimate, is 35,000 annually, and the yearly immigration from foreign countries and other States is estimated to exceed the yearly emigration by 20,000 giving an aggregate increase of 55,000 annually, or 440,000 in eight years. Tho new stucturcs, allowing six persons for each, indicate nearly the same rato of progress. The population Ohio m 1550 was 1,980.329, and is now, if the estimate, just referred to, be correct, 2,420,329. Tho foremost concern of an intelligent and prosperous people is Public Instruction. The mind of every community is the motive power advancement; and the measure; of its education practically the measure of its production and of all substantial progress. Io Ohio the Constitution wisely requires the General Assembly to secure a thorough and efficient system of Common Schools throughout the State. The honor of the first act, in fulfillment of the duty thus enjoined, belongs to the Legislature of 1852-3. That Legislature re-organized common school education in Ohio. It does not at all detract from the honor justly due to it to say that much has been done by previous legislation and by the intelligent and zealous labors of the first State Superintendent and State Teachers' Association, to prepare the way for the comprehensive hnd . beneficent measure then adopted, under which the Common Schools of Ohio, bare attained their present state of excellence and usefulness. r. A briefcomparlson between the condition of our Common Schools the year before this enactment and at tlx present lime, will illustrate, in some degree, its happy effects. , The number of common Schools the 1853 was 5,984; in- 1858, 12.500; the number of youths orer five years of age tnd undertwenty-one enumerated in 1853 was 800,782; in 1858, 843,840; the youth enrolled as attend-ing school in 1853 were 358,817; in 1858, 609-343: the averaee number in daily attendance in 1853 was 271,196, in 1858, 355.863; the number of teachers employed in 1853 was IV 564; in 1858, 19,873; the amount paid teach-ers 1853 was , $ 800,145 00; in . 1858 $1,975 32; tha number of tha school bouses in 1853 was 6.850; in 1658. 10,407;lfce valne ol school houses in 1853 was estimated at $2,000,000; in 1858. at $3,846,420. These figures exhibit a gratifying progress; but they by no means furnish a complote view 01 our eduoational oondition, . There has been a constant and rapid progress which figures cannot measure. The character and condition of our school houses and school rooms baa been greatly bettered, the standard of qualification for teachers advanced; the methods of teaching improved; the range and scopo of instruction enlarged, and the results, in acquisition an ! capacity, largely augmonted. A great educational work is prosecuted, alto, outside of the Common sohoots. Tho Col. loges and Female Seminaries in tba State, send forth yearly numerous young men and women to take up and carry forward, in its various departments, the work ofmqrsl, So cial and political impweaD. ; ' During the past year I attended the Com mencemeots ofas many of tho Colleges as was practicable, and was gratified to observe the marked ability and proficiency aisplayed by tho graduates. It is to bo regretted that the requirements J!-. 1 1 L . . i ; . .! or auinission aim me cuurso ut instruction vary so creatlr in these colleges and semi nanes; and 1 would suggest the expediency of establishing by law some classification of these institutions, and some educational stan. dards to which universities, colleges and sera inaries shall be required respectively to conform, in the admission, instruction and grad- uatiob of students, as conditions of incorporation.Besides these Collegos and Seminaries, there are many schools, corresponding in general character with our Common Schools, but sustained by denominational or private resources, in which a large number of youth receive instruction. I regret that I have no means of ascertain ing the number of these various educational institutions; the number of their teachers. students or pupils; or their schemes of in st ruction; or their results; and I respectfully suggest the expediency ot such legislation as will secure the collection of this information, so essential to a full understanding of the condition of our population in this important respect. It will not escape your observation that, while the actual progress and condition of our Common Schools may well gratify and encourage the friends ol popular education, there yet remains a work to be accomplished which imposes grave responsibilities and must needs excite earnest solicitude. The whole number of youth of the school age, as has been already stated, is 843.540, while tho number en rolled is, 609,343, making the number not enrolled 234,497. The disparity between tho whole number and the number, 855,863, in daily attendance, is more striking. The difference is 485,977. Making every allow ance Tor the number taught in private or de. nominational schools, there must still re. main a considerable number who do not at. tend any school at all, while of those who do not absent themselves altogether ,a very large proportion attend so irregularly or for such brief periods that they derive little benefit from it. . Next to this absenteeism, the most serious hindradce to the prosperity of the Common Schools is the want of a sufficient number of well qualified teachers. Not a few indeed of our teachers possess eminent qualifications for their responsible office. To such we owo not only many excellent district' schools, but also the High schools which adorn many of our cities and towns, and afford opportunities for education which would have been sought in vain a few years ago in most of our Acad-mies and Colleges. Much the larger number, however, are extremely deficient both in knowledge and in that ability to teach which mere knowledge can never give. The correction of these evils, so far as may be practicable, is your duty, and will be, I trust, your pleasure ana your nonorauie distinction.Tho best means, in my judgment, of securing an adequate number of teachers, are the establishment of Normal Schools and the encouragement of Teachers Institutes. I ventured to suggest last yeir tho organization of a Normal Department in one or both our State Universities. More immediate and perhaps more valuable results would probably be obtained from theestabiisnmentoi tnree or four Normal Schools in different districts of the State, giving the preference wiibin each district to the city or town wnicn woum pro vide the best buildings for the purpose with. out cost to tho State. Provision has already been made by law for the encouragement of Teachers' inslttutes out it is unceuam ana inadequate. I recommend the direst appropriation of an adequate sum, to be paid, on compliance with proper conditions, upon the certificate of the State Commissioner. The indispensable noccRBity of securing gen eral, regular and continued attendarce in school is universally acknowledged. Without this tho great object of the common schools, namely, a e od education for every child in the 8tate,fail? of accomplistment.Tho Federal Census 0! 1850 exhibited the fact that over thirty-five thousand persons in Ohio, 20 years old and upwards, were unable to read or write. This number was about one in 17 of ail the people of the same age. If we reflect that besides these totally illiterate persons, there is a large number whose education hardlv raises them to a higher level, we shall attain some just conception of tho importance of adequate provision ,for universal attend ance. We must not je BaiiMiea wnue one person capable of instruction remains untaught No meansseem better adapted to secure attendance, awaken interest and quicken effort in the attainment of knowledge than frequent visits, and addresses and conversations by proper y qualified officers ol the State. The law recognizes the value of this agency in re quiring the State Commissioner to devoto a portion or bis lime to sucn laoora. uui it is obvious that the thorough discharge oj the other duties imposed on him is quite ineom-natibla with efficient labors of this kind. I suggest, therefore, that he be authorized to employ one or more competent agents to visit every township and urge upon parents. teachers and children, the duties essential to the highest efficiency of our schools. This plan has been adopted elsewhere with the happiest effects. If adopted here, we need not fear the disclosure of any future census, or doubt that our system of Common Schools, already re garded aa a model for imitation by other States will vindicate, by perfect success, iu claims toadrairation and honor. . ' - While wt may reasonably hope that the illiterate, aa a class, will soon disappear from society, no such ploasiug expectation can be indulged iu respect to that large portion of the Community whom aeieciana oiseas is mental op nhvuioal oreanication render proper ob jects of publio care; and whose number and relation to soeiety constitute another element of our social condition which must engage your notice. The benevolence of the 8tate las already provided three Asylums for the insane.which have cost lor grounds and construction about $474,000. and are sustained at an annual expense or 90,000, excluding charges properly belonging to the account of construction and interest. The cost of the Northern and Central Asvlnms has been about $153,000 each; that of the Southern about $168,000. The actual value of the Central Asylum is now probably more than double that ol either of the others. , " In those Asylums there were at the beginning of the last yoar, 508 inmates, and there were received during the year, 414,ma-king the whole aumber of participants in thoir benefit 982; there were discharged 412; there died 43, and there remained at the commencement of the ourrebt year, 870. d thoso discharged 240 had been restored td sanity, and 33 decidedly idlprovect. -The averge expense of each Inmate) wis about $J58V - ,;' ' The Central Asylum wiJ sctomraodate 250 inmates.tho Northern 150,and the Southern 1U0. Each has been filled to the extent of its capacity. Another Asylum is in pro-gross of construction in Hamilton County, fur the reception of the insn.no, of that county only. After its completion and opening, that county will constitute the south-western Asylum District. The number of insane in Ohio according to the census of 1850 was 1,303. This number was doubtless understated. I am satisfied that the present number is not less than two thousand. I lie Superintendent of the Asy lum thinks it does not fall short of thrco thou sand. The arguuionts which establish the duty of some provision for some of the Insane, require doubtless adequate provision for all. Several plans of such provision have been suggested. One contemplates the enlarge moot of one or more of the existing Asylums; another proposes to provide for the support and treatment of the insane m the County Infirmaries: whilo a third, not necessarily ex cluding the others, suggests tho enactment of a law for the establishment and regulation of private Asylums, in which a large prrti on of the Insane would be providod lor by their Irienda without charge to the Mate. 1 have no hesitation in recommending the legislation contemplated by this lattor suggestion. The information necessary to a well grounded choice between the othor plans is not yet ac cessible. My impression is that tho first will prove most economical and most beneficent; if indeed, after lbs completion orth? South westein Asylum and the enactment ofajudi cious law for private Asylums, either shall be lound necessary. The condition oftheIdiotic,equally with that of the Insane, must engage the attention of the philanthropist aud statesman. A few years ago his hapless class seemed beyond reach of efiectual relief. Kecently, however, attempts to rescue them from their apparent ly hopeless condition have been crowned by results which inspirt hope and encourage p?r- severence. The jndicious humanity of the last ueneral Assembly inaugurated a system atic plan for their instruction and improve mont, which has been so far executed under your auspices, that ultimate success is no longer doubtful. It is not, indeed, to be expected that the Idiotic can be elevated to any high degree of capacity; but very many of tnem can be qualified to earn their own su in sistence, and nearly all can he trained to habits of neatness and propriety. The whole number of Idiots in the State is reasonably estimated at about 2,000. Of these, 500 are of a proper ago to receive instruction. In the Asylum, recently opened for their reception, there were, at the commencement of the pres ent year, 16; there wero received during the year 22;there were discharged 6;lhere are absent 6; the number under instruction at the commencement of tbo present year, was 26: the average number maintained at the State's expense 20; the expense of the yoar.excluding the cost of permanent improvements has been $3,815,67. The average annual expense of each pupil, was $182,50. Whon tho institution is full, tho average expense of each pupil will of course bo less, and will not exceed the average cost of each inmate of the other Asy turns. The question of tho permanent ostubs lishinent and location of the Institution should be promptly decided. If deicded affir matively, provision should be made for the purchaso, either 01 the property 111 which it is temporarily established, or of some other site. After careful consideration of all circurnstan ccs, I think it my duty to recommend the first of these alternatives as most judicious and most cconomica Deaf mutes constitute another class for whose education publio provision must ncces. sarily bo made. To our State belongs the honor of first recognizing this principle; and nearly 30 years have now elapsed since her Asylum was first opened to these unfortunates. The number row in the State is estimated at 1,200. Of these, more than one-third have received instruction in an Asylum, and probably another third are of suitable age for admission. Of this latter number 150 are in actual enjoyment of its benefits, while 250 are necessarily excluded. The number admitted during the year was 35, and the same number was discharged. The expenses of thn Institution paid by the Slate during the last year were $21,177.94. Tho average cost of each inmate was $141. The importance of adding to the instruction in this Asylum, proper training for somo industrial occupation, as well as the necessity of some further provision for those whom its limited capacities exclude from'admission, will doubtless engage your serious consideration. Another class whose situation enlists the warmest sympathies of every feeling heart, and invokes irresistably the providont benevo lence of the State, is the Lilind. 1 ho total number of this class is estimated to be 840. Of this number about 200 are of proper and legal age for admission to the Asylum. Of ttiesa about bO have either already received its benefits, or are thought by their friends too young to be sent to it; leaving 140 who should be under instruction. There were in the Asy lum last year 100; there wore admitted or readmitted during the year 28; the whole number under its instruction up to its cbse was lOj. The average number in daily attendance, was 94. The expenses, excluding $5,500 for permanent improvements, were $13,387,95, showing an average outlay for each iumate of near $143, ; It thus appears that the whole number 01 persons rendered infirm and dependent by defective and diseased organization is 6,040; that of these 3.040 are in conditions requiring pro vision for them in public or private institutions, that 847 are actually in the Slate Asylums; leaving 2,193 unprovided for, except so far as they may find relief in County Infirmaries or private families, that the average number constantly in the Asylums through tho last year I was 834 that the total cost of the State of thetrmainlainance during the last year ww 1 $128,410: that the cost of each Inmate for the year was $154; that to provide fur those need ing, out not now receiving, iuu Decerns 01 1110 Asylum, at the same rate would require an annual additional expenditure of $337,722, making an aggregate annual outlay of $406,-132; and that these estimates are exclusive of interest, about $30,000, on the capital, about $600,000. Invested in tbo existing Asylnms, and of the yearly cost of permanent improve ments, which was last year euout 81,wj; and of the capital yet to bo invested in new sites and structures, and of the interest fjon that. No one desires more earnestly than I that j tha General Assembly tear fully dischan the obligations assumed in the Constitution by the wliolo people, to the children of sorrow. The duty of fulfilling tnem is near, ana mo bent fits of its performance evident, Theso- eial condition of no people can be what it should bJ, while a class of guiltless and holp-less victims of physical or mental disorder remain unrelieved. Nor is the duty of reliof less imperatively dictated by eons iderntions of economy, than by considerations of philan- Ihropy- - The dependent innnn musi urn bus-li Deo) by Boc'iety io souw form, . The owl;- choice is between modes. And how much better thnt mode ' which nines so many of them from depths of helplessness and wretchedness, and makes tho 111 self-supporting a no even useful members ol the community, than that other mode which wastes rcsourses in fitful and inadequate raliof, drops its wretched objects in tlici: sorest need, and inflicts upon society the moral and sccial evils necessarily resulting from the presenco of such a class neglected in Its midst. 1 The statements I have submitted are designed to set clearly before yon the nature and magnitude of the evil fpr which you are called upon to provide a remedy. They will.per-haps, convince you of tho necessity of restoring the policy adopted at the opening, and pursued for twelve years in the administration of the Asylums, of requiring that tho cost of maihtamance in them bo detrayed by the parents or gu'rdians of tho inmates, in cases where the circumstancos of the parties fully justify it. They will, I think, also entisfy you of the expediency of encouragement, by law, to the establishment of private Infirmaries and Asylums, in which there is reason to believe many will be maintained by their own means or by relatives, and friends, and the others, needing help from the Stab;, ran, in many cases, be provided for at much less than the present cost. They will also,1 it may bo hoped, recommend to all entrusted with the administration of these Institutions, the ,lu tics of economy in expenditure and vigilance in oversignt. Many individuals of tho classes partially providod for in tho Stato Asvlnms, are inmates of the County infirmaries. This fact imparts additional force to the general considerations which suggest further legislation for the reg ulation of these institutions. I regret that the Commissioners appointed under tho act of your predecessors to examine tho reports re quired ty it, and prepare a bill for tho bettor endowment, regulation and management of Infirmaries, has as yet been unable to fulfill the duty imposed by bis appointment. J trust, however, that the preparation of a prop. er bill, and the necessary legislative action upon it will not be long delayed. Another important element, entering into every adequate estimate of aicial condition, is .. . . - T rvt.: . i- - t that 01 l aupensm. in imume pauper eiuss Is less numerous than in many other States; but is yet large enough to require thoughtful consideration. The number of poor, well or ill provided either temporarily or permanently, in Infirmaries, Houses of Refuge, or other In stitutions, ts estimated at z.euti; and tne number of the same class rosoiving out-door relief, at 12,000, making the total number of poor supported wholly or partially by toe public 14.800. Estimating the population of the State to be 2,400,000, the proportion of paupers is one in 162. The proportion of the same class in England is one in 12; in New York, according to tho census ol loo'J . one in 50: in Massachusetts one in 65. For the prevention of its increase in Ohio, we must rely on the aid of Education, upon the influence of Religion, and upon equal laws, secur- ng to labor Us just share of production. There is no reason to expect, however, that the poor will ever cease out of the land. Hereafter, as heretofore, it w .11 be the duty of States and individuals to open wide the hand to the needy. Let us hope that our own State, so honorably distinguished for her Institutions of Benevolence, will never fail in the just performance of it. To ascertain tne enure numner 01 uieae-pendent classes, it will be proper to add to the numbr of the Insane and otherwise naturally infirm. 6 040, and to tha number of pnupors, 14,00, the average number daily in confinement -under charge or Bentence for crime, estimated at 11.400; making the whole number of persons to be maintained wholly, or in part from publio revenues or by piivatc aid, 32.340. This sggrrgate includes all the Insane, the Idiotic, the Deaf and Dumb, the Blind. th6 in-door and out-door paupers, and the imprisoned. The whole mass may become at any time what much the larger portion is at all times, a charge upon the Slate. It is what mav be iustlv called the infirm element of so ciety. Its proportion to the whole constitutes an important indication Ol me mnrw aim industrial condition of a Stats. That proportion in Ohio is as ono to 75; in Massachusetts as one to 41; in New York as ono to 16. Under the general name of Crime, as an element of social condition, may bo compre hended all action, associated or individual, which, violating moral obligation, inflict in jury on persons or Rocicty. What I have to submit to you relating to crime in our own State, will, however, be connnoa 10 tne pro portion, of offences against positive laws to the total population and to their retarding and disturbing influence on the otherwise health ful and . regular progress 01 society. 1 no number of indictments for crime during the nast vcar was about 3,600; the number of police arrests lor crimes against uiu omnmii prosecuted by indictment, waa about 3,200; the number of arrests for offenses against police ordinances 4.688; making the number of arrests and indictments for crimes and offenses of lower grade, 11,486. The con victions earned into judgment, upon indictment were 1.300. The murders during the year were 80, and the suicides 65. The pro- port on 01 Crimea anu uubnkb iu w tiar.iwasonoin208; the proportion of offend ers being of course somewhat less. The proportion of murders was one to 30.000; that of suicides onttf 36,923. The unfreauencv of convictionsas compired with Indictments will doubtless attract your attention. It indicates a defective ndmintr- tration of criminal lustice. to be remedied not so much by legislation, as by increased vigil-ance and firmness on the part of tho?o to whom that administration U committed. It 1 1 . 1 is worthy your consideration, ooweier. whether, upon convictions for murder in the flist degree, it may not bo xpedien to author ize the conrts to sentence at discretion to cap. itnl punishment, or to imprisonment for life I am persuaded that, in many inatances, murder escapes all punishment, or all ade- nunle punishment, through the reluctance of iurins to find verdicts which must ncccessa- J . . ... .. . .J..L rily bo followed by sentence 01 neain. It is well ascertained that, 01 crimes 01 vio lence, nearly one half have their immediate origin in intemperance, and that more than lour-fmhs of the police nil discs are aue to tne same baleful cause. It is thealmndant source of P.uiDcrism. Lunacy and I)i.uise. as well as of crimo. Its cost to society ts lc ond the power 01 computation, nnu lummiriorm inuu oners for evil beyond tho reach of estimate. I aain invoke your attention to this vitally important subject, and trust that your action in regard to it may be wise tnd efficient. In this connection I think it my duty to recommend to you the establishment of an Asylum for Inebriates. Much evil to individ-uals and society may tie averted, arid much positive good aceompiisheol. by rrn of such an Institution. If established on the State Refordi Farm, upon a jiidrclow plan aind Stale, rscOst ntl-d oot I grct. ... - - The administration of civil, not less than that of criminal Justice, ts intimately iclatod to social condition and advancement. ' Wi.eii' cheap, prompt, unbaised and sure, it guarantees industry, promotes enterprise, and insures progress. When dear, dilatory, partial and uncertain, it impoveri.-die.t Inlwr, discourages useful undertakings and introduces decline. ' In this S'a'e tho people elect their Judges, and thus directly determine in a large measure the character of judicial admit istra-tion. The results thus far, especially in civil justice, haTe not disappointed the adrocates of an olcctive judiciary. Incompetent Judges have, it is true, been sometimes elected, and tho evils of mal-administration have been sometimes felt; but tho Courts of Ohio, Con sidered in general, have nothing to apprehend from a comparison with those of any other .State in respect to intullii'eno, learning or efficiency. J he amount of their lalmrs mav be inferrod from the fact that tbn number of civil suits last year was about 30,000, in 18, 000 of which judgments were rendered. The number of suits involving serious controversy of law or fact bore a small proportion to tbe whole. Much the larger r umber were prose cuted for tbo collodion of claims, and it is est! mated that nino tenths in amount of the debls unsecured bvniorteaee or otherwise, which class constituted three-fourths ot the whole, was recovered or is recoverable. This eatimato, If at all reliable, indicates plainly the grounds on which tbe high credit of cue business men, as wall as of I ho State of Ohio, is established. Tho whole debt of her people, public and private, as I took occasion to show last year, is hardly equal in amount to one- fifth of the property in the Stato, and the loss bv individual failure in payment, is only two and a half percent of the debt. The rate of commercial hazards in credits, is, therefore comparatively insisnificant. Such is the social condition of the State, contemplated in some of its most important and interesting aspects. Thesltcch is ncc-cessarily imperfect, for the materials are inad-cqnato. It may not, however, be altogeiber without value, while tha provisions judicious-ly made by you, and the proceeding General Assembly for a more amplo collection of statistical information will supply, hereafter, the means of more certain and more useful comparisons and deduction, than are possible now. Passing from these general views to other topics of perhaps more immediate enncefrf. permit me to invite yjur attention, in tho first place, to our financial condition. The Constitution requires that alt property of whatever description, and by whomsoever held hhall be listed for taxation at its true value. The Revenuesof the State, the Coun ties, the Townships, the Cities, the Villages, and the School Districts, are rawed by rat levied, if for State purposes, on the whole property listed, and If for local purposes on tne property nmea wnnin 1110 uiujjor imiw .. . , . . . . j 1 1 rinl lim'tfl. The school laws of various years but particularly of 1853 and 1854; the road and bridge laws 01 lwai, and otner years the ponrhnuso act of 1831; one act; of looi tvro of 1858, and some other acts 0' less importance, prescribed the rates of taxation. The School acts direct tne levy 0; one mm and six-tenths on each dollar of valuation throughout the State, ior general school and library purposes, and of various ratea to be fixed bv the local authorities, for local pur Doses, sut'h as tbe construction of school houses and the purchase of sites The Road and Ilndgo laws authonzo rates for the objects indicated by their titles; vary ing from the twenty fifth of a mill to nine and a half mills, to be determined by the County Commissioners, and an additional rate, not over six mills, to be levied by tha County Auditor, on property adjoining roads within certain limits on tbe petition 01 tne property holders. The poor nouse act 01 loot aiitnonzes ihe low bv the County Commissioners of an indefinite rate for the erection ol Infirmaries, and a rate not exceeding one mill for the support of the poor. The act of 1857 requires the levy of seven- tenths of a mill for general State purposes; of nine-tenth of a mill for payment ot interest and principal of the public debt; of rates for county pu'posos, within various limits from two to four nulls, to be determined by tne County Commissioners, with liberty to the Commissioners of counties whose taxable val ues do not exceed $3,(XX1.0OO, to levy higher rates; of rates for Township purposes, to be fixed L-v Township Trustees, but not to ex ceed ono mill on the first $2,000,000 of valuation, and one-fourth of a mill on tho excess-of rates not exceeding four mills, for City and Village purposes, to be fixed by city and village authorities; and of a rato for city purposes not exceeding six mills, to be fixed the City council of Cincinnati. The acts of 1858, require the Auditor of State to increase the levy lor the payment 0! the Siate Debt, whenever it may lie necessary in order to make the Sinking Fund equal in amount to the requirements of the Constitution and tho laws, and direct tbe levy of of seven-twentieths of a mill in each of the years 1858, 1859, and I860, to provide means for the payment of the loan of $700,000, authorized bv the second of these actsj and intended to supply the deficit created by defal cation. ' ' It thus appears that tbe rate of taxation Tor General Revenue, applicable to the support of the State Government, in all its Departments, Executive, legislative and Judieial.arid the payment of the cost of Publio Building, and tha expenses of tha Benevolent Institutions, is less than half the general rater for schools and libraiies. and but seven ninths of the general rate for the publiedebt; anile it sinks almost to insignificance in comparison with the local taxation for County, Towriihip.City, Village and School District purposes. It would contribute much to a clearer understanding ol our revenue system by those entrusted with lis administration, is well by the people at large, if all rates of taxation were prescribed by a single law and not by many as at present; and I resptctfully recommend tho expediency of audi in enactment to ynur consideration. . Tho receipts of the fiscal year 1858 from taxation, toll, convicts' earnings and all other sources of revenue, properly so called, in: cludin" the premium on the temporary loan, were $2,931,756.17. Tha receipts from sales of school and ministerial land and Ihe principal of Ihe temporary loan, and the amount ol July interest not called for in New York.and therefore returned to the Treasury, all of which items constitute debt rather than revenuewere $82f!.9i!5.40.. Thi totn I receipts, thorcforo.wore $1,758,721.57. The disbursement were $3,515,458,77, to which should bo added the ex'i s of the defalcation ore r former apparent balances, which wns $17 143 85; making a total of $3.632X02.62 . The Ul-Mia the Ireasnrt. there lor, at tho Cnov oiencement of the pifceent fiscal jtot; wa $22GmJ., . , . '4 . :v-:-, ThtJ kvioa uf oaili yeif jifo-duto tbo cciirts cf tU next yonr...Tho roccipts nnd disbursomoou of tho current year, therefore, can ut present bo only estimated; tho levies only, which wore mado ia part under tho at (a of, tho laat and in jjtirt tinder the nets of preceding sessions, aro certain. Tho tnxea jmid and to bo aid into tho tretmury durin? tli current year nris from tliesu lovios. Hoforring yon to former communication for inforfnair6ri rotating to former years, I Bliiilt 6ta(6 summarily tho amount of taxfrfilft' values, and of. taxes levied iff 1803. Tho total number of acre listed for taxation was 25,208.908. Tho alu tion' of these lands was 8137,183,132; that of Town and City loti. 8153,102,815; that of chattels, 250,514,084; Mitklnjf tlio nfri-epato valuation of all taxablo property, f 840,800,031. The taxes leviod for gonoral Stat pdrpoflcs wore, for Sinking Faffd, $L047,fe02; for general Stat rurposes, $587,200; for Common Bchoola, 81,209,920; for District Sol 1 Librarioa, 883,020; in all 82,978,122. Tho levieafo' County fttrposcs were, for Connty e ponses, $1,180,039; f r Bridges, 8361.988; f. f tho poor, $222,471; for building, $320, 954,57: for roads, 8350,435: for flailroadav S42G.430, in all $2,849,220. Tho levief for Township, City, ond other local p itr-poses, were, for towimbip oxponscs, $284,-051; for schools and school housos,tl,438, 811; for city, town, and other special tax- 08, 1,033,810; making a total fof tofrn-shin and city taxes of $3,356,678,' to wuicu uuu i(r uciirrtuciicies ana ronoit-urcs, 8572,13); making tho aggregate of ' county and oilier local (axes, 8(J,7!78,528. AsligM degrco of attention to thoVo facts will correct tho common nb'tion that tho addition to existing taxation of anew levy of some fraction1 of a mill cannot be of much consequence.. -The) levyfor school libraries Is $83,920; yet the rato is but one tenth ot a mill. It is tbo apgrcgato of 6iich rates, which, " corisid-crod separately and with6ut reference to the Minns prefdttced, soem tio inconsider able, that constitutes tho total burden of taxation, ' ', W bile those considerations mfM iofcorit. montl, iitft to tho Gonoral Aflsombly cfnly,' but to tho lot al authorities even more) emphatically, tho duties of pftfdchoe, for beuraiico, nnd cirelul economy, there ia yet Bomb thing in the tfhjects to which tho rovenues aro devoted whitn may ro- eoncile ns, in some uicasuro. to tho taxa tion which we bear. A very largo proportion of all tbo public income is expended directly for the common gptfd.- The levies fof schools uud school hbftses and libraries amounts, for example, to1 $2,781,822, or nearly ono-third of the) taxes iti all forms and for all purpose's. Yet who would dispenso with our schools, school houses, or libraries? Who does not kriovr that this expenditure is m'ofo than, reimbursed In the enhanced ralue of property, and tho augmented power of tho people? To" taxation for these and similar purposes, the proceeds being h'cn-ditly anec-onornieally nppliod,tho people) cheerfully consent. They murmur and justly murmur, when their burdens ato augmented beyond tho proportion of benefits by improvidence, wasto or peculation. For tho prevention of these evlla people must look t6 County Ctfrimis'-sionors, Township Trustees, Boards of Education, nnd City nttd Village Couhcils, e en rnoro than the General Assembly. It cannot to too deeply impressed npon the put lie mind that the discretion com- mitud to theso local aut lion ties, howev er limited and guarded, must be tieco'ssa- nly li-rc, and that, in rilpect to the tni-potuiion of far the laigor-t proportion bf taxes, they constitute tho real legislatures. Too much euro cannot bo exor cised in fie choico bf citizens tb fill theso important positions. Io ensure the safest and rhbst bcuau- cial working of our financial systertl It seems desirable that rSiissmeht, lovy, collection and disbursement be brought as closely together as possible. I can see no ccou reason wnr assessment may not bo mnde nnd equalized, Icvios de termined and duplicates preparod during tho 1. Bt onurtor of each fiscal year. .This u ....! .1 vtoiuu ur uig limes into i-iusv proximity to collections and secure (lib rnbst exact proportion pbssiblo between values and tasoi. Nor do Iprrocivowhy county Treasurers collecting reveoOo for tho Stato should not bt required to report their collections nt brief Intervals til tho samo manner, as the collectors oh canals,' and hold them subject to tho draft of the-' comptroller, or why their final Wl(lo-' montswith the rtata Treasurer snoulai bo delayed to thoiate day nbv aeslgha- ted bylaw. '-" ' i Jiiich yoar a incomo should,' os nearly' as it is practicable, pay each vear I ex- I (jnscs, and no money should remain In he Treasury except what Is heeded for .orrent iliubniuements". '1 he. act passed at ynur lute' sces'ion, providing fof tbo . soirti-anrlunl collection of taxes was, in my judgmont, a wiso step in tho right direction, aud I am glaa to know, baa given general satisfaction In Hs praties! ; operation. The act authorizing draft by tho' Conptrdllcr npon the County Tra: surer, for tho tnxea colloctcll Id Do-1 cember, jtlst pnst, in order to' their appli cation to payment of tho interest due on tliO firU of the enrreut irlbntb, ws another step tqwafds the itarae end. JiifUly obnrixidna td censure as was tb , practice or Collecting iroin the uounty. Tr.-nsnicis hv similar drafts, itj advance of their regiihir sctijumerfisjafgesums to , he added to, largo balances already Jn tbe . Treasury, or to supply tho place bf large balanttjt fraudulently absthiclliiJ, it can. now hardly admit of q-icstion that our safest futuro policy will be to pay our January interest from DcX'mhcr and our July interest from Juno. collections. At, Jar as pOMIDJC, Oiao,, ins p-nvo vi ius r.rat tiro, nin rt.nra of each fiscal rear. should bo defrayed, from tlie lblracr, and, thoso of the two last quarters from the; latter collection 1 recommend uch( legislation as may ho dcomod necessary s to giro practical effect to these iupge4 t . V.. 1 ' 1 rr-f-TT J

0 III: i li! eft. I if V f 4? ili; w 'to j. ' i '.t'J r-' -('.ii. . i- ii t t '. i -1 "it ! f'.i Hi 13" VOL. -V. MOUNT VERNON, OHIO, TUESDAY MORNING, JANUARY 11, I859.J NO, 9, Iff lh II 'Udllll It II . 3F lit mi hi mi. c m. KELSEY, ;.. BENT 1ST! All Operations warrantod, and non but the beet maiermie vru. 'TTTITH aw experience of htears con VV slant nraetioe. and an acquaintance with all the Into improvements in tho art, ho flat tors himiolf capablo or giving entire saimioouon. vmoo as noro-tofore, at niy residenoe on Qambier t.,Mt. Vernon, WHO. :', - W'JJ LEFTISTftY. GILBERT E. MoKOWN, . v ' RESIDENT DENTIST. , nvrici wabd's BuiLniNO con, v am 1Kb VMS sts . MT. VERNON. OIlIO. A LL operations performed in the latent ond most . if! approvea style, ana warrauiuu. augu-jj tio -' A ' 5sJa 5 s & fr as s-3 3 1 a 3 SS "3 BO-3 he -0 eg ?5 n "a s 00 41 a tc D R 1 S. M U R P li X, , LATE OF ' NEW YORK CITT, . ANNOUNCES to hi friends and the public, that he has opened an office for the , PRACTICE OF MEDICINE,; . In Mount Vernon, and tho adjoiningcountry. From the time and attention he has given to his profession, he hopet to reoeive a liberal sharo of the pub-lie patronago. ' . , OFFICE, on Main street, orer Curtis A Bapps fitore; Rosidenoo eorner High It West Streets. ot. 19th, 1868.tf. JOHN ADAM8, Attorney at Law & Notary Public, OFFICE-IN WARD'S NEW BUILDING, "CornM Main and Vine Sts., MOUNT VERNON, OHIO. SPECIAL attention giro to collodions inKnor and adjoining oountiess also: to proseenting (jlnims for Pensions and Land Warrants, and all otn-er legal buslnes entrusted to bis care, march lltf. sr v. T1NCI. ' ' w. v. vuurin. VANCE A COOPER, Suooessors to Vanoe-4 Smith, ATTORNEYS IT LAW, MT. VEUNON, 0. Office three door, north of the Publio Sire;sam ifornierly occupiod'by Vance Smith. ept2 IEUMET W. COTTON. W. I. BANK. COTTON & BANE. -Attorney's & Counsellor nt Law, . v.? ' . Jit. Vtrnm, Ohio. "tflLL attend to all business intrusted to their VVcsre, in any of the Courts. ' ' OFFICE, N. E- Corner of Main and Gumbior 8ts0 ovor Pylo's Merchant Tailoring EstablishowoU ' Oot. 19th 1858 .General Land Aecncy. ID. C. MONTGOMERY, - - - Mr, Vwwn, Ohio. IS ENGAGED IN ENTERING J.AMJ8, LOCA-ting Land Warrants, and makme inrestmonts in Iteal Estate, in Iowa, Kansas and Missouri. Also, Collecting businoss atUndod Ut; trill start about ithe 1st of June next. Rofcrenoes to William Dkar, C. Dolano, WkB. iP.np, M. H. Mitchell.Sam'l Israel, S W.arquhar, II. B. Curtis, R. C. Hurd.W. M-Clclland, Alex.C. lEUiblt, J. W.Vance.aad 8. Finch, Mt. Vernon; II. Ciirtls Keokuk, Iwa. marJO 68-tf TI, DUNBAIt. ...H. B. BANNINO. 'rJVIKBAB BANNINO, ... Mourn Vernon, - sssjds oDuaar Dina OFFICE In Miller's Block, in the rooms formerly .eocupiod by Hon. John K. Miller. nl-ly. .i i GEO. W. LEWIS, - TAILOR. MAY BE FOUND AT ' SREMLIN, NUMBER 3, READY TO DO AS GOOD WORK AS CAN BE done in the oity. Twenty-five years experi-nce warrants the pledge of entire satisfaction to austomers. . t tW Cutting earofMydoni,ani all wort tear-taniU. , ' Junetf KUr WHERE YOW CAN BUY . THE CHEAPEST ! I . ."William M. Mefford, .. 1TETURN3 HIS THANKS TO THIS CITIZENS AX of Knox County for tha liberal patronage extended to him, and would aay that he baa now on , tiand as good Harness, Saddles, Buggy, Carriage, .. Wagoaand Plow Harness, Collars, Bridles, Martln-! calls, Whip". o.,as aver. - ' : SHOP jforth-eastaorner Market Hons. . sugllily. . ..--.' ' IT.Q. V7 Hank,.. ',';.'v .. -;,( .. .. BADDLER AND HARNESS MAKER, first Door South of Woodbridge's Store, , - . MA,M araBET, MOOKT TIBNOK, OHIO. KEEPS eensUntly en hand a large assortment of Baddlery and Harness, Bridles, Collar, Halters, :i Whips, fee manufentund by experienced workmen nd for sale npon rouonable terms. : ' - .1, - " "ALt WO WABANTJ1.Jgt " , li TBUUKS, from $2 to $22. My Trunks are muot superior article to those commonly offered for sale. . I wosld also invite special attention to my Cot.i.ins, which cannot be surpassed for style and durability. ' may2ty, w- - -r -1 -r .y... , . n , ... . ..1 ' w , . , LIVEEY 8T ABIE'' s-' ' ' On Ylno Street, Went of Main. , . WILLIAM SANDERSON, JJt, TirOULD RESPECTFULLY INFORM THE ' : ,i YY - rmblio that he has eonstaatly on hand a Cae ' H 0R 8 E 8 AND D U G G I E S ," Which he will lot out at as reasonable ratos as any - ik.r ..tAblishmont in the country. Thankful for nast favors. k solioitsaonnllnnanoe nf rmtron)re. ZuilAi WM. SANDERSON, JR. 17' Medical Notloo. THB nndewlgncd wlshos to give notloe to the olt-Isens of Mt. Vernon and the publio gonerally that the well known and almost universally ap-pmved Aathritlo Mediolnos will be found at Esq. Wm.H.Ooohran's oOoe) also, he has removod to jlartlnsburajh, Knox eonnty, where he may always be fonnd to wait upon his old eustomors, and all others who may wish to engage In the sale of the aile of the above named mediclnos. apr-tf , . J. B. CAMPBELL. . DC71T ATS, CAPS and BONNETS.! The largest and cboapost stock in rown sjs ; ' 'or. 9, 53tf , WARMER MlUEsVB. r; 7 2 no t 4 The Monnt Vernon Republican ' IS rUOMflllKD ETXBV TttlSDAY HORNIXO, BY AV, II. COCHRAN. Office in Kremlin Building, No. 8, . . Secoud Story, TERMS Two Dollars per annum, payable in li vance; $2,10 after the eipiration of the year. ' HATfcS Of ADVJBTHIKB. a B B o o a a e ? . p tr sr I (I e 1 squars... I 00 I 25 t squtiros.. 1 75 2 25 i squares.. 2 50 i 60 4 squares . 3 50 t 00 $ I 75 2 25 i 00 3 50 4 606 00 3 25 i 25 5 00 i 25 C 00 8 T5 8 00 00 7 00 8 00 10 4 50 J 5 00 8 00 7 00 8 00 10 12 .$15 ..15 ..18 1 square, changeable monthly $10; weekly, l4 col nmn, changeable quarterly ii eolumn, changeable quarterly. M column, changeable quarterly 1 column, ohttnGrable quarterly 25 40 Eleven linos of Minion (this type) are counted as ft square. Editorial notioos of ndrorltsMn'enta, or calling attention to any enterpi :ie intended to benefit individuals or corporations, will be charged for at the rata of 10 cents per line. . Special notices, before marriaires. or tattlnit Pre cedence of regular advertisements, double usual rates. Advertisements dismayed In larM type to be charged one half more than the usual rates. All transient advertisements to be paid for in ad- Vance. Governors Message. Fellow Citiwnt of' 7a Senate and the Howe of Representatives, At tha commencement of your regular 80s- sion year aeo, I transmitted to you in obe dience to the Constitution, a full exposition of the general condition of the State, together with such recommendations in respect to leg. islation, u the public good seemed to me to require. . In that communication I endeavered to set in a clear light the industrial progress, the materia! sources and the financial strength of our greatcomtuonwealtb. it seems not map. propriato, now, before proceeding to more special statements and particular suggestions, to submit to you some general views of our social condition, as affected by other elements than those to which I then invited your at tention. Sovjnty-one years ago what is now Ohio vas an unbroken wilderness. Seventy-one years ago tho work of American civilization within herlimil8 was just begun by the set tlements at Marietta and Cincinnati, f if ty-four years ago she became a Stale of the Amerioan Union. Her subsequent social progress has been a sublime triumph. To-day a powerful commonwealth; numbering nearly two millions and a half of people, exists upon her soil, with unsurpassed energies, re sources, agencies of development, and means of happiness. ' t row the eminence already reached wo sur vey, with confident reliance upon the favor of Divine i'rovidence and the inspiration of Free Institions, the loftier heights yet to be attained. Prominent amorg the elements which de termine social condition, is the numerical ad vance or decline of population. The rate and character of this movement, in the absence of of a census, must be gathered from the num ber of marriages; of births; of deaths; of immi grants; of emigrants, and of new habitations. l or ascortianing the number of these with rea sonable certainty, sufficient means are sup plied by State and Federal legislation. Ac cording to the estimates of the C mmissioner ot Statistics, the marriages in Ohio during 1858 were 24,000; the deaths 45.000; the births 80,000; the naturalizations 5.000; the new structures iu.uuu. xne increase ov births, according to this estimate, is 35,000 annually, and the yearly immigration from foreign countries and other States is estimated to exceed the yearly emigration by 20,000 giving an aggregate increase of 55,000 annually, or 440,000 in eight years. Tho new stucturcs, allowing six persons for each, indicate nearly the same rato of progress. The population Ohio m 1550 was 1,980.329, and is now, if the estimate, just referred to, be correct, 2,420,329. Tho foremost concern of an intelligent and prosperous people is Public Instruction. The mind of every community is the motive power advancement; and the measure; of its education practically the measure of its production and of all substantial progress. Io Ohio the Constitution wisely requires the General Assembly to secure a thorough and efficient system of Common Schools throughout the State. The honor of the first act, in fulfillment of the duty thus enjoined, belongs to the Legislature of 1852-3. That Legislature re-organized common school education in Ohio. It does not at all detract from the honor justly due to it to say that much has been done by previous legislation and by the intelligent and zealous labors of the first State Superintendent and State Teachers' Association, to prepare the way for the comprehensive hnd . beneficent measure then adopted, under which the Common Schools of Ohio, bare attained their present state of excellence and usefulness. r. A briefcomparlson between the condition of our Common Schools the year before this enactment and at tlx present lime, will illustrate, in some degree, its happy effects. , The number of common Schools the 1853 was 5,984; in- 1858, 12.500; the number of youths orer five years of age tnd undertwenty-one enumerated in 1853 was 800,782; in 1858, 843,840; the youth enrolled as attend-ing school in 1853 were 358,817; in 1858, 609-343: the averaee number in daily attendance in 1853 was 271,196, in 1858, 355.863; the number of teachers employed in 1853 was IV 564; in 1858, 19,873; the amount paid teach-ers 1853 was , $ 800,145 00; in . 1858 $1,975 32; tha number of tha school bouses in 1853 was 6.850; in 1658. 10,407;lfce valne ol school houses in 1853 was estimated at $2,000,000; in 1858. at $3,846,420. These figures exhibit a gratifying progress; but they by no means furnish a complote view 01 our eduoational oondition, . There has been a constant and rapid progress which figures cannot measure. The character and condition of our school houses and school rooms baa been greatly bettered, the standard of qualification for teachers advanced; the methods of teaching improved; the range and scopo of instruction enlarged, and the results, in acquisition an ! capacity, largely augmonted. A great educational work is prosecuted, alto, outside of the Common sohoots. Tho Col. loges and Female Seminaries in tba State, send forth yearly numerous young men and women to take up and carry forward, in its various departments, the work ofmqrsl, So cial and political impweaD. ; ' During the past year I attended the Com mencemeots ofas many of tho Colleges as was practicable, and was gratified to observe the marked ability and proficiency aisplayed by tho graduates. It is to bo regretted that the requirements J!-. 1 1 L . . i ; . .! or auinission aim me cuurso ut instruction vary so creatlr in these colleges and semi nanes; and 1 would suggest the expediency of establishing by law some classification of these institutions, and some educational stan. dards to which universities, colleges and sera inaries shall be required respectively to conform, in the admission, instruction and grad- uatiob of students, as conditions of incorporation.Besides these Collegos and Seminaries, there are many schools, corresponding in general character with our Common Schools, but sustained by denominational or private resources, in which a large number of youth receive instruction. I regret that I have no means of ascertain ing the number of these various educational institutions; the number of their teachers. students or pupils; or their schemes of in st ruction; or their results; and I respectfully suggest the expediency ot such legislation as will secure the collection of this information, so essential to a full understanding of the condition of our population in this important respect. It will not escape your observation that, while the actual progress and condition of our Common Schools may well gratify and encourage the friends ol popular education, there yet remains a work to be accomplished which imposes grave responsibilities and must needs excite earnest solicitude. The whole number of youth of the school age, as has been already stated, is 843.540, while tho number en rolled is, 609,343, making the number not enrolled 234,497. The disparity between tho whole number and the number, 855,863, in daily attendance, is more striking. The difference is 485,977. Making every allow ance Tor the number taught in private or de. nominational schools, there must still re. main a considerable number who do not at. tend any school at all, while of those who do not absent themselves altogether ,a very large proportion attend so irregularly or for such brief periods that they derive little benefit from it. . Next to this absenteeism, the most serious hindradce to the prosperity of the Common Schools is the want of a sufficient number of well qualified teachers. Not a few indeed of our teachers possess eminent qualifications for their responsible office. To such we owo not only many excellent district' schools, but also the High schools which adorn many of our cities and towns, and afford opportunities for education which would have been sought in vain a few years ago in most of our Acad-mies and Colleges. Much the larger number, however, are extremely deficient both in knowledge and in that ability to teach which mere knowledge can never give. The correction of these evils, so far as may be practicable, is your duty, and will be, I trust, your pleasure ana your nonorauie distinction.Tho best means, in my judgment, of securing an adequate number of teachers, are the establishment of Normal Schools and the encouragement of Teachers Institutes. I ventured to suggest last yeir tho organization of a Normal Department in one or both our State Universities. More immediate and perhaps more valuable results would probably be obtained from theestabiisnmentoi tnree or four Normal Schools in different districts of the State, giving the preference wiibin each district to the city or town wnicn woum pro vide the best buildings for the purpose with. out cost to tho State. Provision has already been made by law for the encouragement of Teachers' inslttutes out it is unceuam ana inadequate. I recommend the direst appropriation of an adequate sum, to be paid, on compliance with proper conditions, upon the certificate of the State Commissioner. The indispensable noccRBity of securing gen eral, regular and continued attendarce in school is universally acknowledged. Without this tho great object of the common schools, namely, a e od education for every child in the 8tate,fail? of accomplistment.Tho Federal Census 0! 1850 exhibited the fact that over thirty-five thousand persons in Ohio, 20 years old and upwards, were unable to read or write. This number was about one in 17 of ail the people of the same age. If we reflect that besides these totally illiterate persons, there is a large number whose education hardlv raises them to a higher level, we shall attain some just conception of tho importance of adequate provision ,for universal attend ance. We must not je BaiiMiea wnue one person capable of instruction remains untaught No meansseem better adapted to secure attendance, awaken interest and quicken effort in the attainment of knowledge than frequent visits, and addresses and conversations by proper y qualified officers ol the State. The law recognizes the value of this agency in re quiring the State Commissioner to devoto a portion or bis lime to sucn laoora. uui it is obvious that the thorough discharge oj the other duties imposed on him is quite ineom-natibla with efficient labors of this kind. I suggest, therefore, that he be authorized to employ one or more competent agents to visit every township and urge upon parents. teachers and children, the duties essential to the highest efficiency of our schools. This plan has been adopted elsewhere with the happiest effects. If adopted here, we need not fear the disclosure of any future census, or doubt that our system of Common Schools, already re garded aa a model for imitation by other States will vindicate, by perfect success, iu claims toadrairation and honor. . ' - While wt may reasonably hope that the illiterate, aa a class, will soon disappear from society, no such ploasiug expectation can be indulged iu respect to that large portion of the Community whom aeieciana oiseas is mental op nhvuioal oreanication render proper ob jects of publio care; and whose number and relation to soeiety constitute another element of our social condition which must engage your notice. The benevolence of the 8tate las already provided three Asylums for the insane.which have cost lor grounds and construction about $474,000. and are sustained at an annual expense or 90,000, excluding charges properly belonging to the account of construction and interest. The cost of the Northern and Central Asvlnms has been about $153,000 each; that of the Southern about $168,000. The actual value of the Central Asylum is now probably more than double that ol either of the others. , " In those Asylums there were at the beginning of the last yoar, 508 inmates, and there were received during the year, 414,ma-king the whole aumber of participants in thoir benefit 982; there were discharged 412; there died 43, and there remained at the commencement of the ourrebt year, 870. d thoso discharged 240 had been restored td sanity, and 33 decidedly idlprovect. -The averge expense of each Inmate) wis about $J58V - ,;' ' The Central Asylum wiJ sctomraodate 250 inmates.tho Northern 150,and the Southern 1U0. Each has been filled to the extent of its capacity. Another Asylum is in pro-gross of construction in Hamilton County, fur the reception of the insn.no, of that county only. After its completion and opening, that county will constitute the south-western Asylum District. The number of insane in Ohio according to the census of 1850 was 1,303. This number was doubtless understated. I am satisfied that the present number is not less than two thousand. I lie Superintendent of the Asy lum thinks it does not fall short of thrco thou sand. The arguuionts which establish the duty of some provision for some of the Insane, require doubtless adequate provision for all. Several plans of such provision have been suggested. One contemplates the enlarge moot of one or more of the existing Asylums; another proposes to provide for the support and treatment of the insane m the County Infirmaries: whilo a third, not necessarily ex cluding the others, suggests tho enactment of a law for the establishment and regulation of private Asylums, in which a large prrti on of the Insane would be providod lor by their Irienda without charge to the Mate. 1 have no hesitation in recommending the legislation contemplated by this lattor suggestion. The information necessary to a well grounded choice between the othor plans is not yet ac cessible. My impression is that tho first will prove most economical and most beneficent; if indeed, after lbs completion orth? South westein Asylum and the enactment ofajudi cious law for private Asylums, either shall be lound necessary. The condition oftheIdiotic,equally with that of the Insane, must engage the attention of the philanthropist aud statesman. A few years ago his hapless class seemed beyond reach of efiectual relief. Kecently, however, attempts to rescue them from their apparent ly hopeless condition have been crowned by results which inspirt hope and encourage p?r- severence. The jndicious humanity of the last ueneral Assembly inaugurated a system atic plan for their instruction and improve mont, which has been so far executed under your auspices, that ultimate success is no longer doubtful. It is not, indeed, to be expected that the Idiotic can be elevated to any high degree of capacity; but very many of tnem can be qualified to earn their own su in sistence, and nearly all can he trained to habits of neatness and propriety. The whole number of Idiots in the State is reasonably estimated at about 2,000. Of these, 500 are of a proper ago to receive instruction. In the Asylum, recently opened for their reception, there were, at the commencement of the pres ent year, 16; there wero received during the year 22;there were discharged 6;lhere are absent 6; the number under instruction at the commencement of tbo present year, was 26: the average number maintained at the State's expense 20; the expense of the yoar.excluding the cost of permanent improvements has been $3,815,67. The average annual expense of each pupil, was $182,50. Whon tho institution is full, tho average expense of each pupil will of course bo less, and will not exceed the average cost of each inmate of the other Asy turns. The question of tho permanent ostubs lishinent and location of the Institution should be promptly decided. If deicded affir matively, provision should be made for the purchaso, either 01 the property 111 which it is temporarily established, or of some other site. After careful consideration of all circurnstan ccs, I think it my duty to recommend the first of these alternatives as most judicious and most cconomica Deaf mutes constitute another class for whose education publio provision must ncces. sarily bo made. To our State belongs the honor of first recognizing this principle; and nearly 30 years have now elapsed since her Asylum was first opened to these unfortunates. The number row in the State is estimated at 1,200. Of these, more than one-third have received instruction in an Asylum, and probably another third are of suitable age for admission. Of this latter number 150 are in actual enjoyment of its benefits, while 250 are necessarily excluded. The number admitted during the year was 35, and the same number was discharged. The expenses of thn Institution paid by the Slate during the last year were $21,177.94. Tho average cost of each inmate was $141. The importance of adding to the instruction in this Asylum, proper training for somo industrial occupation, as well as the necessity of some further provision for those whom its limited capacities exclude from'admission, will doubtless engage your serious consideration. Another class whose situation enlists the warmest sympathies of every feeling heart, and invokes irresistably the providont benevo lence of the State, is the Lilind. 1 ho total number of this class is estimated to be 840. Of this number about 200 are of proper and legal age for admission to the Asylum. Of ttiesa about bO have either already received its benefits, or are thought by their friends too young to be sent to it; leaving 140 who should be under instruction. There were in the Asy lum last year 100; there wore admitted or readmitted during the year 28; the whole number under its instruction up to its cbse was lOj. The average number in daily attendance, was 94. The expenses, excluding $5,500 for permanent improvements, were $13,387,95, showing an average outlay for each iumate of near $143, ; It thus appears that the whole number 01 persons rendered infirm and dependent by defective and diseased organization is 6,040; that of these 3.040 are in conditions requiring pro vision for them in public or private institutions, that 847 are actually in the Slate Asylums; leaving 2,193 unprovided for, except so far as they may find relief in County Infirmaries or private families, that the average number constantly in the Asylums through tho last year I was 834 that the total cost of the State of thetrmainlainance during the last year ww 1 $128,410: that the cost of each Inmate for the year was $154; that to provide fur those need ing, out not now receiving, iuu Decerns 01 1110 Asylum, at the same rate would require an annual additional expenditure of $337,722, making an aggregate annual outlay of $406,-132; and that these estimates are exclusive of interest, about $30,000, on the capital, about $600,000. Invested in tbo existing Asylnms, and of the yearly cost of permanent improve ments, which was last year euout 81,wj; and of the capital yet to bo invested in new sites and structures, and of the interest fjon that. No one desires more earnestly than I that j tha General Assembly tear fully dischan the obligations assumed in the Constitution by the wliolo people, to the children of sorrow. The duty of fulfilling tnem is near, ana mo bent fits of its performance evident, Theso- eial condition of no people can be what it should bJ, while a class of guiltless and holp-less victims of physical or mental disorder remain unrelieved. Nor is the duty of reliof less imperatively dictated by eons iderntions of economy, than by considerations of philan- Ihropy- - The dependent innnn musi urn bus-li Deo) by Boc'iety io souw form, . The owl;- choice is between modes. And how much better thnt mode ' which nines so many of them from depths of helplessness and wretchedness, and makes tho 111 self-supporting a no even useful members ol the community, than that other mode which wastes rcsourses in fitful and inadequate raliof, drops its wretched objects in tlici: sorest need, and inflicts upon society the moral and sccial evils necessarily resulting from the presenco of such a class neglected in Its midst. 1 The statements I have submitted are designed to set clearly before yon the nature and magnitude of the evil fpr which you are called upon to provide a remedy. They will.per-haps, convince you of tho necessity of restoring the policy adopted at the opening, and pursued for twelve years in the administration of the Asylums, of requiring that tho cost of maihtamance in them bo detrayed by the parents or gu'rdians of tho inmates, in cases where the circumstancos of the parties fully justify it. They will, I think, also entisfy you of the expediency of encouragement, by law, to the establishment of private Infirmaries and Asylums, in which there is reason to believe many will be maintained by their own means or by relatives, and friends, and the others, needing help from the Stab;, ran, in many cases, be provided for at much less than the present cost. They will also,1 it may bo hoped, recommend to all entrusted with the administration of these Institutions, the ,lu tics of economy in expenditure and vigilance in oversignt. Many individuals of tho classes partially providod for in tho Stato Asvlnms, are inmates of the County infirmaries. This fact imparts additional force to the general considerations which suggest further legislation for the reg ulation of these institutions. I regret that the Commissioners appointed under tho act of your predecessors to examine tho reports re quired ty it, and prepare a bill for tho bettor endowment, regulation and management of Infirmaries, has as yet been unable to fulfill the duty imposed by bis appointment. J trust, however, that the preparation of a prop. er bill, and the necessary legislative action upon it will not be long delayed. Another important element, entering into every adequate estimate of aicial condition, is .. . . - T rvt.: . i- - t that 01 l aupensm. in imume pauper eiuss Is less numerous than in many other States; but is yet large enough to require thoughtful consideration. The number of poor, well or ill provided either temporarily or permanently, in Infirmaries, Houses of Refuge, or other In stitutions, ts estimated at z.euti; and tne number of the same class rosoiving out-door relief, at 12,000, making the total number of poor supported wholly or partially by toe public 14.800. Estimating the population of the State to be 2,400,000, the proportion of paupers is one in 162. The proportion of the same class in England is one in 12; in New York, according to tho census ol loo'J . one in 50: in Massachusetts one in 65. For the prevention of its increase in Ohio, we must rely on the aid of Education, upon the influence of Religion, and upon equal laws, secur- ng to labor Us just share of production. There is no reason to expect, however, that the poor will ever cease out of the land. Hereafter, as heretofore, it w .11 be the duty of States and individuals to open wide the hand to the needy. Let us hope that our own State, so honorably distinguished for her Institutions of Benevolence, will never fail in the just performance of it. To ascertain tne enure numner 01 uieae-pendent classes, it will be proper to add to the numbr of the Insane and otherwise naturally infirm. 6 040, and to tha number of pnupors, 14,00, the average number daily in confinement -under charge or Bentence for crime, estimated at 11.400; making the whole number of persons to be maintained wholly, or in part from publio revenues or by piivatc aid, 32.340. This sggrrgate includes all the Insane, the Idiotic, the Deaf and Dumb, the Blind. th6 in-door and out-door paupers, and the imprisoned. The whole mass may become at any time what much the larger portion is at all times, a charge upon the Slate. It is what mav be iustlv called the infirm element of so ciety. Its proportion to the whole constitutes an important indication Ol me mnrw aim industrial condition of a Stats. That proportion in Ohio is as ono to 75; in Massachusetts as one to 41; in New York as ono to 16. Under the general name of Crime, as an element of social condition, may bo compre hended all action, associated or individual, which, violating moral obligation, inflict in jury on persons or Rocicty. What I have to submit to you relating to crime in our own State, will, however, be connnoa 10 tne pro portion, of offences against positive laws to the total population and to their retarding and disturbing influence on the otherwise health ful and . regular progress 01 society. 1 no number of indictments for crime during the nast vcar was about 3,600; the number of police arrests lor crimes against uiu omnmii prosecuted by indictment, waa about 3,200; the number of arrests for offenses against police ordinances 4.688; making the number of arrests and indictments for crimes and offenses of lower grade, 11,486. The con victions earned into judgment, upon indictment were 1.300. The murders during the year were 80, and the suicides 65. The pro- port on 01 Crimea anu uubnkb iu w tiar.iwasonoin208; the proportion of offend ers being of course somewhat less. The proportion of murders was one to 30.000; that of suicides onttf 36,923. The unfreauencv of convictionsas compired with Indictments will doubtless attract your attention. It indicates a defective ndmintr- tration of criminal lustice. to be remedied not so much by legislation, as by increased vigil-ance and firmness on the part of tho?o to whom that administration U committed. It 1 1 . 1 is worthy your consideration, ooweier. whether, upon convictions for murder in the flist degree, it may not bo xpedien to author ize the conrts to sentence at discretion to cap. itnl punishment, or to imprisonment for life I am persuaded that, in many inatances, murder escapes all punishment, or all ade- nunle punishment, through the reluctance of iurins to find verdicts which must ncccessa- J . . ... .. . .J..L rily bo followed by sentence 01 neain. It is well ascertained that, 01 crimes 01 vio lence, nearly one half have their immediate origin in intemperance, and that more than lour-fmhs of the police nil discs are aue to tne same baleful cause. It is thealmndant source of P.uiDcrism. Lunacy and I)i.uise. as well as of crimo. Its cost to society ts lc ond the power 01 computation, nnu lummiriorm inuu oners for evil beyond tho reach of estimate. I aain invoke your attention to this vitally important subject, and trust that your action in regard to it may be wise tnd efficient. In this connection I think it my duty to recommend to you the establishment of an Asylum for Inebriates. Much evil to individ-uals and society may tie averted, arid much positive good aceompiisheol. by rrn of such an Institution. If established on the State Refordi Farm, upon a jiidrclow plan aind Stale, rscOst ntl-d oot I grct. ... - - The administration of civil, not less than that of criminal Justice, ts intimately iclatod to social condition and advancement. ' Wi.eii' cheap, prompt, unbaised and sure, it guarantees industry, promotes enterprise, and insures progress. When dear, dilatory, partial and uncertain, it impoveri.-die.t Inlwr, discourages useful undertakings and introduces decline. ' In this S'a'e tho people elect their Judges, and thus directly determine in a large measure the character of judicial admit istra-tion. The results thus far, especially in civil justice, haTe not disappointed the adrocates of an olcctive judiciary. Incompetent Judges have, it is true, been sometimes elected, and tho evils of mal-administration have been sometimes felt; but tho Courts of Ohio, Con sidered in general, have nothing to apprehend from a comparison with those of any other .State in respect to intullii'eno, learning or efficiency. J he amount of their lalmrs mav be inferrod from the fact that tbn number of civil suits last year was about 30,000, in 18, 000 of which judgments were rendered. The number of suits involving serious controversy of law or fact bore a small proportion to tbe whole. Much the larger r umber were prose cuted for tbo collodion of claims, and it is est! mated that nino tenths in amount of the debls unsecured bvniorteaee or otherwise, which class constituted three-fourths ot the whole, was recovered or is recoverable. This eatimato, If at all reliable, indicates plainly the grounds on which tbe high credit of cue business men, as wall as of I ho State of Ohio, is established. Tho whole debt of her people, public and private, as I took occasion to show last year, is hardly equal in amount to one- fifth of the property in the Stato, and the loss bv individual failure in payment, is only two and a half percent of the debt. The rate of commercial hazards in credits, is, therefore comparatively insisnificant. Such is the social condition of the State, contemplated in some of its most important and interesting aspects. Thesltcch is ncc-cessarily imperfect, for the materials are inad-cqnato. It may not, however, be altogeiber without value, while tha provisions judicious-ly made by you, and the proceeding General Assembly for a more amplo collection of statistical information will supply, hereafter, the means of more certain and more useful comparisons and deduction, than are possible now. Passing from these general views to other topics of perhaps more immediate enncefrf. permit me to invite yjur attention, in tho first place, to our financial condition. The Constitution requires that alt property of whatever description, and by whomsoever held hhall be listed for taxation at its true value. The Revenuesof the State, the Coun ties, the Townships, the Cities, the Villages, and the School Districts, are rawed by rat levied, if for State purposes, on the whole property listed, and If for local purposes on tne property nmea wnnin 1110 uiujjor imiw .. . , . . . . j 1 1 rinl lim'tfl. The school laws of various years but particularly of 1853 and 1854; the road and bridge laws 01 lwai, and otner years the ponrhnuso act of 1831; one act; of looi tvro of 1858, and some other acts 0' less importance, prescribed the rates of taxation. The School acts direct tne levy 0; one mm and six-tenths on each dollar of valuation throughout the State, ior general school and library purposes, and of various ratea to be fixed bv the local authorities, for local pur Doses, sut'h as tbe construction of school houses and the purchase of sites The Road and Ilndgo laws authonzo rates for the objects indicated by their titles; vary ing from the twenty fifth of a mill to nine and a half mills, to be determined by the County Commissioners, and an additional rate, not over six mills, to be levied by tha County Auditor, on property adjoining roads within certain limits on tbe petition 01 tne property holders. The poor nouse act 01 loot aiitnonzes ihe low bv the County Commissioners of an indefinite rate for the erection ol Infirmaries, and a rate not exceeding one mill for the support of the poor. The act of 1857 requires the levy of seven- tenths of a mill for general State purposes; of nine-tenth of a mill for payment ot interest and principal of the public debt; of rates for county pu'posos, within various limits from two to four nulls, to be determined by tne County Commissioners, with liberty to the Commissioners of counties whose taxable val ues do not exceed $3,(XX1.0OO, to levy higher rates; of rates for Township purposes, to be fixed L-v Township Trustees, but not to ex ceed ono mill on the first $2,000,000 of valuation, and one-fourth of a mill on tho excess-of rates not exceeding four mills, for City and Village purposes, to be fixed by city and village authorities; and of a rato for city purposes not exceeding six mills, to be fixed the City council of Cincinnati. The acts of 1858, require the Auditor of State to increase the levy lor the payment 0! the Siate Debt, whenever it may lie necessary in order to make the Sinking Fund equal in amount to the requirements of the Constitution and tho laws, and direct tbe levy of of seven-twentieths of a mill in each of the years 1858, 1859, and I860, to provide means for the payment of the loan of $700,000, authorized bv the second of these actsj and intended to supply the deficit created by defal cation. ' ' It thus appears that tbe rate of taxation Tor General Revenue, applicable to the support of the State Government, in all its Departments, Executive, legislative and Judieial.arid the payment of the cost of Publio Building, and tha expenses of tha Benevolent Institutions, is less than half the general rater for schools and libraiies. and but seven ninths of the general rate for the publiedebt; anile it sinks almost to insignificance in comparison with the local taxation for County, Towriihip.City, Village and School District purposes. It would contribute much to a clearer understanding ol our revenue system by those entrusted with lis administration, is well by the people at large, if all rates of taxation were prescribed by a single law and not by many as at present; and I resptctfully recommend tho expediency of audi in enactment to ynur consideration. . Tho receipts of the fiscal year 1858 from taxation, toll, convicts' earnings and all other sources of revenue, properly so called, in: cludin" the premium on the temporary loan, were $2,931,756.17. Tha receipts from sales of school and ministerial land and Ihe principal of Ihe temporary loan, and the amount ol July interest not called for in New York.and therefore returned to the Treasury, all of which items constitute debt rather than revenuewere $82f!.9i!5.40.. Thi totn I receipts, thorcforo.wore $1,758,721.57. The disbursement were $3,515,458,77, to which should bo added the ex'i s of the defalcation ore r former apparent balances, which wns $17 143 85; making a total of $3.632X02.62 . The Ul-Mia the Ireasnrt. there lor, at tho Cnov oiencement of the pifceent fiscal jtot; wa $22GmJ., . , . '4 . :v-:-, ThtJ kvioa uf oaili yeif jifo-duto tbo cciirts cf tU next yonr...Tho roccipts nnd disbursomoou of tho current year, therefore, can ut present bo only estimated; tho levies only, which wore mado ia part under tho at (a of, tho laat and in jjtirt tinder the nets of preceding sessions, aro certain. Tho tnxea jmid and to bo aid into tho tretmury durin? tli current year nris from tliesu lovios. Hoforring yon to former communication for inforfnair6ri rotating to former years, I Bliiilt 6ta(6 summarily tho amount of taxfrfilft' values, and of. taxes levied iff 1803. Tho total number of acre listed for taxation was 25,208.908. Tho alu tion' of these lands was 8137,183,132; that of Town and City loti. 8153,102,815; that of chattels, 250,514,084; Mitklnjf tlio nfri-epato valuation of all taxablo property, f 840,800,031. The taxes leviod for gonoral Stat pdrpoflcs wore, for Sinking Faffd, $L047,fe02; for general Stat rurposes, $587,200; for Common Bchoola, 81,209,920; for District Sol 1 Librarioa, 883,020; in all 82,978,122. Tho levieafo' County fttrposcs were, for Connty e ponses, $1,180,039; f r Bridges, 8361.988; f. f tho poor, $222,471; for building, $320, 954,57: for roads, 8350,435: for flailroadav S42G.430, in all $2,849,220. Tho levief for Township, City, ond other local p itr-poses, were, for towimbip oxponscs, $284,-051; for schools and school housos,tl,438, 811; for city, town, and other special tax- 08, 1,033,810; making a total fof tofrn-shin and city taxes of $3,356,678,' to wuicu uuu i(r uciirrtuciicies ana ronoit-urcs, 8572,13); making tho aggregate of ' county and oilier local (axes, 8(J,7!78,528. AsligM degrco of attention to thoVo facts will correct tho common nb'tion that tho addition to existing taxation of anew levy of some fraction1 of a mill cannot be of much consequence.. -The) levyfor school libraries Is $83,920; yet the rato is but one tenth ot a mill. It is tbo apgrcgato of 6iich rates, which, " corisid-crod separately and with6ut reference to the Minns prefdttced, soem tio inconsider able, that constitutes tho total burden of taxation, ' ', W bile those considerations mfM iofcorit. montl, iitft to tho Gonoral Aflsombly cfnly,' but to tho lot al authorities even more) emphatically, tho duties of pftfdchoe, for beuraiico, nnd cirelul economy, there ia yet Bomb thing in the tfhjects to which tho rovenues aro devoted whitn may ro- eoncile ns, in some uicasuro. to tho taxa tion which we bear. A very largo proportion of all tbo public income is expended directly for the common gptfd.- The levies fof schools uud school hbftses and libraries amounts, for example, to1 $2,781,822, or nearly ono-third of the) taxes iti all forms and for all purpose's. Yet who would dispenso with our schools, school houses, or libraries? Who does not kriovr that this expenditure is m'ofo than, reimbursed In the enhanced ralue of property, and tho augmented power of tho people? To" taxation for these and similar purposes, the proceeds being h'cn-ditly anec-onornieally nppliod,tho people) cheerfully consent. They murmur and justly murmur, when their burdens ato augmented beyond tho proportion of benefits by improvidence, wasto or peculation. For tho prevention of these evlla people must look t6 County Ctfrimis'-sionors, Township Trustees, Boards of Education, nnd City nttd Village Couhcils, e en rnoro than the General Assembly. It cannot to too deeply impressed npon the put lie mind that the discretion com- mitud to theso local aut lion ties, howev er limited and guarded, must be tieco'ssa- nly li-rc, and that, in rilpect to the tni-potuiion of far the laigor-t proportion bf taxes, they constitute tho real legislatures. Too much euro cannot bo exor cised in fie choico bf citizens tb fill theso important positions. Io ensure the safest and rhbst bcuau- cial working of our financial systertl It seems desirable that rSiissmeht, lovy, collection and disbursement be brought as closely together as possible. I can see no ccou reason wnr assessment may not bo mnde nnd equalized, Icvios de termined and duplicates preparod during tho 1. Bt onurtor of each fiscal year. .This u ....! .1 vtoiuu ur uig limes into i-iusv proximity to collections and secure (lib rnbst exact proportion pbssiblo between values and tasoi. Nor do Iprrocivowhy county Treasurers collecting reveoOo for tho Stato should not bt required to report their collections nt brief Intervals til tho samo manner, as the collectors oh canals,' and hold them subject to tho draft of the-' comptroller, or why their final Wl(lo-' montswith the rtata Treasurer snoulai bo delayed to thoiate day nbv aeslgha- ted bylaw. '-" ' i Jiiich yoar a incomo should,' os nearly' as it is practicable, pay each vear I ex- I (jnscs, and no money should remain In he Treasury except what Is heeded for .orrent iliubniuements". '1 he. act passed at ynur lute' sces'ion, providing fof tbo . soirti-anrlunl collection of taxes was, in my judgmont, a wiso step in tho right direction, aud I am glaa to know, baa given general satisfaction In Hs praties! ; operation. The act authorizing draft by tho' Conptrdllcr npon the County Tra: surer, for tho tnxea colloctcll Id Do-1 cember, jtlst pnst, in order to' their appli cation to payment of tho interest due on tliO firU of the enrreut irlbntb, ws another step tqwafds the itarae end. JiifUly obnrixidna td censure as was tb , practice or Collecting iroin the uounty. Tr.-nsnicis hv similar drafts, itj advance of their regiihir sctijumerfisjafgesums to , he added to, largo balances already Jn tbe . Treasury, or to supply tho place bf large balanttjt fraudulently absthiclliiJ, it can. now hardly admit of q-icstion that our safest futuro policy will be to pay our January interest from DcX'mhcr and our July interest from Juno. collections. At, Jar as pOMIDJC, Oiao,, ins p-nvo vi ius r.rat tiro, nin rt.nra of each fiscal rear. should bo defrayed, from tlie lblracr, and, thoso of the two last quarters from the; latter collection 1 recommend uch( legislation as may ho dcomod necessary s to giro practical effect to these iupge4 t . V.. 1 ' 1 rr-f-TT J