EXAMINE THE CONDITIONS THAT LED TO THE RISE OF A SINGLE-PARTY STATE UNDER MAO ZEDONG.

“In October 1949 Mao Zedong proclaimed the establishment of the People’s Republic of China” (IB Packet, 60). This date marked the official beginning of the CCP’s (Chinese Communist Party) rule under a single party rule. However, one question remains: what exactly were the prominent conditions that led to this rise of the CCP under Mao Zedong? Although one could easily isolate several specific variables that aided the parties rise, such as the failure of the GMD (Nationalist Party) or even The May 4th Movement, one must look at it more broadly to understand the bigger picture of the circumstances. When looking at this bigger picture, one can identify many key conditions under the political, social and economic aspects of the circumstances.

Political may perhaps be the most abundant area of conditions for this particular analysis, as it contains the most aspects and conditions, and can be analyzed through a sort of timeline or chain of events. For example, one of the aspects prior even to the rivalry between the CCP and the GMD was the weakness of the previous government. Two examples can be seen here, both when the government failed to address the poverty and situation of the peasants (the huge lower class) as well as when the “Imperial government in China… introduced a series of reforms…but they wielded too little political power” (IB Packet, 62). This goes to show the downfall of the previous government, which then lead to the 1911 Revolution. This revolution, also called the “Revolution of the Double Tenth,” was caused mainly by the scholar’s disappointment in the failed reforms, the “severe flooding and harvest failure in the south” (IB Packet, 62) and just general revolutionary conspiracy by the army. In 1912, this resulted in Dr. Sun Yatsen’s ruling of the newly created Republic of China. “On December 25, Dr. Sun was elected the provisional president of the Republic of China” (Leung, 52). The “Warlord Era”, in turn, followed this, between 1916-1927. Yuan Shikai became president after Dr. Sun resigned, only to die 4 years later (1912-1916 was his rule), and “After Yuan died, the nation disintegrated into warlord groups and territories” (Leung, 59). During this time period is when the May Fourth Movement emerged, where 5000 students “held a huge demonstration against the decision… to accept Japanese control of the former German concessions…” (Leung, 65). This movement was a huge success in that gradually, people no longer bought Japanese goods, Cao Rulin resigned, and no Chinese representatives signed the Treaty of Versailles. According to Chinese today’s historians, the movement was a “turning point between the modern and contemporary history of their country” (Leung, 67). Again during the Warlord Era was the “First United Front”, during which the GMD and the CCP fought together against the Japanese invader, only to see Chiang Kaishek (leader of GMD) “order a massacre of thousands of CCP members” (IB Packet, 64) in 1927. This was during the “White Terror.” Next came the “Nanjing Decade”, during 1927-1937, during which many GMD weaknesses were apparent, notably its failure to unite China’s 400 million people, the failure to successfully defend against the Japanese invasions and the fact that it had not been able to defeat warlordism. More importantly, the GMD’s biggest weakness was that “Chiang failed to destroy the CCP” (IB Packet, 66). This means that during the White Terror, Kaishek failed to successfully “eliminate the opposition.” These weaknesses were only exacerbated during the Japanese War of 1937-1945, since “the Japanese invasion of China and the circumstances of World War II were very important factors leading to Communist victory” (Lawrence, 8). During this time period, the GMD lost most of its elite troops, ignored the huge population of peasantry, and saw its corruption go...

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Of Hunanese peasant stock, Mao was trained in Chinese classics and later received a modern education. As a young man he observed oppressive social conditions, becoming one of the original members of the Chinese Communist party. He organized (1920s) Kuomintang-sponsored peasant and industrial unions and directed (1926) the Kuomintang's Peasant Movement Training Institute. After the Kuomintang-Communist split (1927), Maoled the disastrous "Autumn Harvest Uprising in Hunan, leading to his ouster from the central committee of the party.
From 1928 until 1931 Mao, with Zhu De and others, established rural soviets in the hinterlands, and built the Red Army. In 1931 he was elected chairman of the newly established Soviet Republic of China, based in Jiangxi province. After withstanding five encirclement campaigns launched by Chiang Kai-shek, Maoled (1934-35) the Red Army on the long march (6,000 mi/9,656 km) from Jiangxi north to Yan'an in Shaanxi province, emerging as the most important Communist leader. During the...

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Rise of Chinese Communist Party (MaoZedong)
Background to Chinese History
1) 1st and 2nd Opium war (1939-42)
2) Internal rebellions e.g. Taiping Rebellion, Boxer Rebellion
3) Weaknesses of governments before 1949
4) Growing peasant poverty
5) The Hundred Days of reform (1898)
6) Sun Yatsen and revolutionary nationalism (3 people’s principles)
7) Reform by imperialist government
8) Revolution of the Double Tenth 1911 setting up of GuoMingTang
9) Yuan’s Presidency (1912-1916) banned GMD
10) The warlord era (1916-27)/ The May Fourth Movement
What led to the rise of the Chinese Communist Party (1921)?
1) May Fourth Movement contributed to emergence of the Chinese Communist Party, many founding members were involved in the May Fourth Movement
2) Success of Lenin’s Bolsheviks in Russia in 1917
3) Publication of first Chinese translation of Karl Marx’s communist Manifesto
4) Arrival of Comintern agents in China sent by Soviet government
Leaders then: Li Dazhao and Chen Duxiu
Mao – university librarian of peasant background. One of the founding members but limited power.
CCP only 432 members by 1923
The First United Front (1923)
* GMD and CCP not strong enough to unite China in 1920s
* 1923, USSR broker alliance...

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Base in Jinggangshan: 1927−1928
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...Analyse the methods and conditions which led to Mao`s rise to power
Mao`s rise to power was down to many factors just as the weakness of the GMD and Chiang Kai-shek that brought corruption, un- organization and hyperinflation, helped the communist`s to appeal to people of China, as did the events of the Chinese Civil War, that showed off Mao`s clever use of guerilla warfare and his inspirational leaderships skills. As well as Mao`s cult of personality formed from his peasant upbringing and the renowned Long March, as well as his ideology of Land Reforms and being a man of the people, all contribute to MaoZedong`s rise to power.
China had been a land of unity until the mid-nineteenth century, wars and revolutions followed after that. When the last emperor abdicated and the Warlord Era came over, the country fell in a state of chaos. The GMD then reunited the country promising the three principles of nationalism, democracy and land reform. Chiang Kai-shek- the leader of GMD ignored the ideas of democracy and land reform, he was a strong nationalist and even though he had contacts with Russia he was very right winged and turned out to be very anti-communist.
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...Sanya
DP-1
Q. ANALYSE THE FACTORS THAT LED TO THE RISE OF THE COMMUNIST PARTY IN CHINA.
In the beginning of the 20th century, the Qing dynasty, which had ruled China for 2000 years, was in decline. The period following the end of the empire in 1911 was a turbulent one, with various groups fighting for power in China. This civil war ended only in 1949, with the Chinese Communist Party establishing control over the country. There are quite a few factors that led to this rise of communism in China. The decline of the empire, foreign interference and imperial advances, and the warlord era are some factors, and these in turn contributed to the discontent of the peasants, another major factor. The actions of the rival political party, the Kuomintang, also aided the growth of communism. Another point to consider is the Japanese invasion. All these points, coupled with the way the CCP took advantage of the actions of the KMT, gained popularity among the peasants, and the overall suitability of communism for China at the time are the causes for the rise of the communist party. This essay will elaborate these factors, and analyse the relevance of each.
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...Unit 4: SinglePartyStates notes
From: Topic 3- Themes and Exams Tips
Chapter: “Origins and development of authoritarian and singlepartystates”
“What constitutes an authoritarian or single-partystate?”
Country or state to be classed as an authoritarian or singlepartystate:
* Only one legal political party
* A leader chosen by or from the military following a revolution
* Group or leader that controls the state even though there are existing parties
* Jean Kirkpatrick (US ambassador-United Nations) once expressed that authoritarian state was “better than” a totalitarian state- a chance that it would move towards democracy (p.o.v expressed during the Cold War)
Characteristics in common- authoritarian or single-party:
* Little-no freedom of speech
* No freedom of:
* Assembly (government must approve meetings)
* To travel abroad
* No idependent judicial system
* All sources of information censored
* Any idea against the regime will be harshly punished (opposition to them)
* “A leader whose popularity is reinforced by personality cult”
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...The Rise and Rule of single-partyStates
Contents1 The Rise and Rule of Single-partyStates * 1.1 The Emergence of singlepartystates in Europe after 1917 * 1.2 China- MaoZedong * 1.3 Italy- Benito Mussolini * 1.4 Germany- Adolf Hitler * 1.5 Russia- Josef Stalin * 1.6 Cuba- Fidel Castro |
Introduction
* The 20th century produced many single-partystates. The origins, ideology, form of government, organization, nature, and impact of these should be studied in this topic. Questions will be set on major themes. Some of these will require knowledge of two regions.
Major Themes
* Origins of single-partystates
* conditions which produce single-partystate.
* emergence of leader: aims, ideology, support.
* Establishment of single-partystates
* methods: force, legal
* form of government, ideology (left and right wing)
* totalitarianism, treatment of opposition
* Rule of SinglePartystates
* political, economic, and social policies
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