A deep guide to weather experts, data, and forecasts.

Talking about the weather used to be a euphemism for not talking about anything at all.

No matter how many times scientists tell us that weather isn't climate, the day-to-day weather sure does remind us of the long-term trends that together form the climate.

Is the unseasonably warm, dry weather we're having in California a pleasant occasion for pleasantries or an impending sign of planetary doom? Maybe both.

The same goes for hurricanes and polar vortices and any other anomaly. We talk about our strange local weather, but we are also talking about our planet's future.

And what that means is: Talking about the weather no longer simply requires looking outside or checking the temperature on an app. We need context, long-term trend lines, analysis, and—because why not—also data and maps and webcams and pictures from space.

Here's how to elevate your weather-talking game with help from @burritojustice, the best Twitter feed for eclectic, unexpected links (especially about the weather and historical mapping).

There are three general types of resources here. First, there are people and institutions that analyze the weather and tell us about them. The second category is unfiltered public weather data and imagery. And the last tranche of resources deliver forecasts or computer models on which forecasts are based.

People and Institutions

The first stop for budding weather nerds is Jeff Masters' Wunderground blog. This is meteorology, raw and uncut. Masters breaks down newsy weather phenomena better than anyone.

There are also several tools and apps that provide a lot of data all in one place for your local weather. The standard is probably Weather Underground, but there are many sites. Check out, for example, Weatherspark for a detail-rich interface.

But sometimes all that data can be overwhelming. In that case, there are cheeky feeds like @OneWordSFWthr, which provides the San Francisco forecast in one word. Today? Muddled.

And in between these two extremes, there are a variety of apps that try to simplify and beautify the weather experience. Probably the best known is Dark Sky, which has the killer feature of telling you when it's going to rain just about right where you are.

Weather Data and Imagery

The core resource in this category is, of course, the National Weather Service, which is part of NOAA. You can find all kinds of stuff:

The metapoint with these last several links is that because weather data is so widely available, there are a lot of people doing interesting things with it.

Forecasts and Models

Weather forecasting has come a long way, in part due to the increasing availability of data and the sophistication of the simulations that forecasters can run. In the section above, we saw data sources, current and historical. In this section, we look at the models and the forecasts they generate.

The National Weather Service creates the Global Forecast System Model, the only one for which all data is available over the Internet. For that reason, most of the weather products you see out there (or in the App Store) are based on NWS data. But just for medium-range global forecasting, there are four other global models. (This is to say nothing of other types of models.)

Each model has been trained with certain types of data and makes certain assumptions. Global models lose some resolution, but they provide ways to understand how various weather patterns interact around earth. More regional models might be able to incorporate more local data, but they might miss out on effects from more planetary forces. Even between global weather models, they might weight some factors more heavily than others.

For that reason, forecasters might look at more than one model to understand a given weather phenomenon. Meteorologists can also look at "ensemble" forecasts that combine the output from many different models. The NWS produces the Global Ensemble Forecast System, which is fascinating to look at because one can see the variation that the model runs show between each other. Here's one run of the model, showing the contour lines for atmospheric pressure at 500mb over North America. Note how in this forecast, which is for Saturday, the lines representing the various models have begun to diverge.