Len's Summary: The author contends that Zimmerman’s telegram was a spontaneous initiative, not part of an overall German strategy. In America, he asserts, it proved divisive, alienating isolationists, pacifists, and lawmakers.

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Ambassador Shurtleff, a retired American Foreign Service officer who served as President of The World War One Historical Association and as a past President of The Western Front Association – U S Branch, passed away on January 22, 2014. This searchable version of Len’s Bookshelf has been created and will be maintained in his honor.