Calcium can be added to the plasma from bone and absorbed via the ________ _____, and it can be removed from the plasma by ____ and the _______.

reservior
resorption

The bone provides a ________ of calcium such that when plasma calcium levels are low, the plasma can obtain calcium via a process called _________, during which bone is broken down to liberate calcium ions.

deposited

When the plasma calcium levels are high, calcium can be _________ into bone.

carrier proteins
free

Calcium is transported in blood both bound to ______ _______ and _____ in the plasma.

glomerulus

Calcium that is free in the plasma is freely filtered at the _________.

reabsorbed

Normally, 99% of the filtered calcium is ________ as the tubular fluid moves through the renal tubules.

proximal tubules
distal tubules

Approximately 70% of the filtered calcium is reabsorbed in the _______ _______, 20% is reabsorbed in the thick ascending limbs of the loops of Henle, and the remaining 10% is reabsorbed in the ______ _______.

hormones

Reabsorption in the loops of Henle and the distal tubules is regulated by ________.

PTH
Calcitriol
Calcitonin

What are the hormones that regulate plasma calcium levels? (3)

PTH

___ is the primary regulator of plasma calcium levels.

PTH

peptide hormone
produced in the parathyroid glands
secreted in response to a DECREASE in the plasma calcium concentration.

reabsorption
excretion
calcitriol
kidneys
increases

PTH stimulates calcium __________ in the ascending limb of the loop of Henle and the distal tubules, which decreases the _________ of calcium and sustains plasma calcium levels; (2) stimulates the activation in the kidneys of _________, which stimulates calcium absorption in the digestive tract and calcium reabsorption in the ______; and (3) stimulates resorption of bone, which ________ plasma calcium levels.

PTH

___ also directly causes a small increase in the absorption of calcium from the digestive tract.

Calcitriol

steriod hormone
increase plasma calcium levels by stimulating calcium reabsorption in the distal tubules of the kidneys.
synthesize from vit. D3 which can be synthesized from 7-dehydrocholesterol in the skin upon exposure to sunlight, or absorbed from the diet.
D3 travels to the liver, where it is converted to 25-hydroxyvitamin.
Then it travels in the bloodstream to the kidneys, where, in response to low plasma calcium levels, PTH regulate the conversion of 25-OH D3 to _________.

___, which in addition to increasing water reabsorption also stimulates production of ______ channels in the principal cells, thereby enhancing the movement of sodium ions from the tubule lumen into these cells. As more sodium enters the cell, the ______/________ _____ works faster to rid the cell of _______, increasing sodium reabsorption and potassium ________. ADH also decreases water flow to the ____ ______ _______ and ________ _____ because less water is left following its reabsorption. The decrease in the _____ increases solute concentration in the tubules, which affects the ___________ or secretion of any solutes present in these tubules

Hemorrhage results in a ↓ in BV, which ↓ _______ _______. With less blood returning to the heart, SV ↓, causing a ________ in _____. This ↓ in MAP is detected by atrial ___________, which activate the SNS & inhibit the ____. This results in an ↑ of HR and SV, and an ↑ in total peripheral resistance. All of which ↑ MAP. This is a rapid process and doesn't correct the problem of the loss of ____.

Hemorrhage includes loss of ________ and blood cells. The blood cells are replaced by new cells. The ↓ in ____ results in a ↓ in blood flow to the kidneys, so O2 is ↓ to the _______, & erythropoetin is stimulated. This stimulates the production of new ___________.