1.
India
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India, officially the Republic of India, is a country in South Asia. It is the seventh-largest country by area, the second-most populous country, and it is bounded by the Indian Ocean on the south, the Arabian Sea on the southwest, and the Bay of Bengal on the southeast. It shares land borders with Pakistan to the west, China, Nepal, and Bhutan to the northeast, in the Indian Ocean, India is in the vicinity of Sri Lanka and the Maldives. Indias Andaman and Nicobar Islands share a border with Thailand. The Indian subcontinent was home to the urban Indus Valley Civilisation of the 3rd millennium BCE, in the following millennium, the oldest scriptures associated with Hinduism began to be composed. Social stratification, based on caste, emerged in the first millennium BCE, early political consolidations took place under the Maurya and Gupta empires, the later peninsular Middle Kingdoms influenced cultures as far as southeast Asia. In the medieval era, Judaism, Zoroastrianism, Christianity, and Islam arrived, much of the north fell to the Delhi sultanate, the south was united under the Vijayanagara Empire. The economy expanded in the 17th century in the Mughal empire, in the mid-18th century, the subcontinent came under British East India Company rule, and in the mid-19th under British crown rule. A nationalist movement emerged in the late 19th century, which later, under Mahatma Gandhi, was noted for nonviolent resistance, in 2015, the Indian economy was the worlds seventh largest by nominal GDP and third largest by purchasing power parity. Following market-based economic reforms in 1991, India became one of the major economies and is considered a newly industrialised country. However, it continues to face the challenges of poverty, corruption, malnutrition, a nuclear weapons state and regional power, it has the third largest standing army in the world and ranks sixth in military expenditure among nations. India is a constitutional republic governed under a parliamentary system. It is a pluralistic, multilingual and multi-ethnic society and is home to a diversity of wildlife in a variety of protected habitats. The name India is derived from Indus, which originates from the Old Persian word Hindu, the latter term stems from the Sanskrit word Sindhu, which was the historical local appellation for the Indus River. The ancient Greeks referred to the Indians as Indoi, which translates as The people of the Indus, the geographical term Bharat, which is recognised by the Constitution of India as an official name for the country, is used by many Indian languages in its variations. Scholars believe it to be named after the Vedic tribe of Bharatas in the second millennium B. C. E and it is also traditionally associated with the rule of the legendary emperor Bharata. Gaṇarājya is the Sanskrit/Hindi term for republic dating back to the ancient times, hindustan is a Persian name for India dating back to the 3rd century B. C. E. It was introduced into India by the Mughals and widely used since then and its meaning varied, referring to a region that encompassed northern India and Pakistan or India in its entirety

2.
1st millennium
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The first millennium was a period of time that began on January 1, AD1, and ended on December 31, AD1000, of the Julian calendar. It was the first period of one years in the Anno Domini or Common Era. In Europe and the Mediterranean, the first millennium was a time of great transition, the 1st century saw the peak of the Roman Empire, followed by its gradual decline during the period of Late Antiquity, the rise of Christianity and the Great Migrations. In Arabia, in the century, a man called Muhammad became the leader. After his death, his companions extended the religion, in East Asia, the first millennium was also a time of great cultural advances, notably the spread of Buddhism to East Asia. In China, the Han dynasty is replaced by the Jin dynasty and later the Tang dynasty until the 10th century sees renewed fragmentation in the Five Dynasties, in Japan, a sharp increase in population followed when farmers use of iron tools increased their productivity and crop yields. In South Asia, the Indian subcontinent was divided among numerous kingdoms throughout the first millennium, in Mesoamerica, the first millennium was a period of enormous growth known as the Classic Era. Teotihuacan grew into a metropolis and its empire dominated Mesoamerica, in South America, pre-Incan, coastal cultures flourished, producing impressive metalwork and some of the finest pottery seen in the ancient world. In North America, the Mississippian culture rose at the end of the millennium in the Mississippi, numerous cities were built, Cahokia, the largest, was based in present-day Illinois, and may have had 30,000 residents at its peak about 1250 AD. The circumference of the 10-story-high Monks Mound at Cahokia was larger than that of the Pyramid of the Sun at Teotihuacan or the Great Pyramid in Egypt

3.
2nd millennium
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The second millennium was a period of time that began on January 1,1001 and ended on December 31,2000 of the Gregorian calendar. It was the period of one thousand years in the Anno Domini or Common Era. The Renaissance saw the beginning of the migration of humans from Europe, Africa. The interwoven international trade led to the formation of multi-national corporations, international business ventures reduced the impact of nationalism in popular thought. The world population doubled over the first seven centuries of the millennium, consequently, unchecked human activity had considerable social and environmental consequences, giving rise to extreme poverty, climate change and biotic crisis. The 2nd millennium was a period of time began on January 1,1001. It was the period of one thousand years in the Anno Domini or Common Era. The Julian calendar was used in Europe at the beginning of the millennium, so the end date is always calculated according to the Gregorian calendar, but the beginning date is usually according to the Julian calendar. Stephen Jay Gould argued that it is not possible to decide if the millennium ended on December 31,1999, or December 31,2000. The second millennium is perhaps more popularly thought of as beginning and ending a year earlier, thus starting at the beginning of 1000 and finishing at the end of 1999. Many public celebrations for the end of the millennium were held on December 31,1999 – January 1, the civilizations in this section are organized according to the UN geoscheme. The events in this section are organized according to the UN geoscheme, the people in this section are organized according to the UN geoscheme. See also Lists of people by nationality Category, People by century Category, People by nationality and period Gottlieb, Agnes Hooper, Henry Gottlieb, Barbar Bowers,1,000 Years,1,000 People, Ranking the Men and Women Who Shaped the Millennium

4.
Akbar
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Abul-Fath Jalal-ud-din Muhammad, popularly known as Akbar I and later Akbar the Great, was a Mughal Emperor from 1556 until his death. He was the ruler of the Mughal Dynasty in India. Akbar succeeded his father, Humayun, under a regent, Bairam Khan, a strong personality and a successful general, Akbar gradually enlarged the Mughal Empire to include nearly all of the Indian Subcontinent north of the Godavari river. His power and influence, however, extended over the country because of Mughal military, political, cultural. To unify the vast Mughal state, Akbar established a system of administration throughout his empire and adopted a policy of conciliating conquered rulers through marriage. To preserve peace and order in a religiously and culturally diverse empire, Mughal India developed a strong and stable economy, leading to commercial expansion and greater patronage of culture. Akbar himself was a patron of art and culture, holy men of many faiths, poets, architects and artisans adorned his court from all over the world for study and discussion. Akbars courts at Delhi, Agra, and Fatehpur Sikri became centres of the arts, letters, perso-Islamic culture began to merge and blend with indigenous Indian elements, and a distinct Indo-Persian culture emerged characterised by Mughal style arts, painting, and architecture. A simple, monotheistic cult, tolerant in outlook, it centred on Akbar as a prophet, for which he drew the ire of the ulema, many of his courtiers followed Din-i-Ilahi as their religion as well, as many believed that Akbar was a prophet. One famous courtier who followed this religion was Birbal. Akbars reign significantly influenced the course of Indian history, during his rule, the Mughal empire tripled in size and wealth. He created a military system and instituted effective political and social reforms. By abolishing the tax on non-Muslims and appointing them to high civil and military posts, he was the first Mughal ruler to win the trust. He had Sanskrit literature translated, participated in festivals, realising that a stable empire depended on the co-operation. Thus, the foundations for an empire under Mughal rule was laid during his reign. Akbar was succeeded as emperor by his son, Jahangir, defeated in battles at Chausa and Kannauj in 1539–40 by the forces of Sher Shah Suri Mughal emperor Humayun fled westward to Sindh. There he met and married the then 14-year-old Hamida Banu Begum, daughter of Shaikh Ali Akbar Jami, a teacher of Humauyuns younger brother Hindal Mirza. Jalal ud-din Muhammad Akbar was born the year on 15 October 1542 at the Rajput Fortress of Umerkot in Sindh

5.
Ranthambore Fort
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It is a formidable fort having been a focal point of the historical developments of Rajasthan. The fort is known for the glory and valor of Hammir dev of the Chauhan dynasty, the Ranthambore fort was built by a Chauhan Rajput ruler, although the exact name of the ruler is disputed. A widely held belief states that the fort was built the reign of Sapaldaksha, another theory states that the fort was built during the reign of Jayant, in 1110 CE. Its earlier name was Ranastambha or Ranastambhapura and it was associated with Jainism during the reign of Prithviraja I of Chahamana dynasty in the 12th century. Siddhasenasuri, who lived in the 12th century has included this place in the list of holy Jaina tirthas, in Mughal period, a temple of Mallinatha was built in the fort. After the defeat of Prithviraja III in 1192 CE, the fort came under the control of the Muslim Ghurid ruler Muhammad of Ghor, prithvirajas son Govindaraja IV accepted the Ghurid suzerainty, and ruled Ranthambore as his vassal. His descendants made various attempts to become independent, the Delhi Sultan Iltutmish captured Ranthambore in 1226, but the Chauhans recaptured it after his death in 1236. The armies of Sultan Nasir ud din Mahmud, led by the future Sultan Balban, unsuccessfully besieged the fortress in 1248 and 1253, shakti Dev succeeded Jaitrasingh in 1283, and recaptured Ranthambore and enlarged the kingdom. Sultan Jalal ud din Firuz Khilji briefly besieged the fort in 1290-91, in 1299, Maharao Hammir Dev Chauhan sheltered Muhammad Shah, a rebel general of Sultan Ala ud din Khilji, and refused to turn him over to the Sultan. The sultan unsuccessfully besieged the fortress in 1299, but returned in 1301 to personally oversee a long siege, the fortress was captured by the kingdom of Mewar under Rana Hamir Singh and Rana Kumbha. After the reign of Rana Kumbhas successor Rana Udai Singh I the fortress passed to the Hada Rajputs of Bundi, Sultan Bahadur Shah of Gujarat captured the fortress from 1532 to 1535. The Mughal Emperor Akbar captured the fortress in 1569, the fortress passed to the Kachwaha Maharajas of Jaipur in the 17th century, and it remained part of Jaipur state until Indian Independence. The area surrounding the fortress became a ground for the Maharajas of Jaipur. Jaipur state acceded to India in 1949, becoming part of the state of Rajasthan in 1950, inside Ranthambore fort there are three Hindu temples dedicated to Ganesh, Shiva and Ramlalaji constructed in 12th and 13th centuries from red Karauli stone. There is also a Jain temple of Lord Sumatinath and Lord Sambhavanath, ranthambhore Tiger Reserve Or National Park Historical Places 8

6.
Amar Singh I
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Maharana Amar Singh I, the Maharana of Mewar, was the eldest son and successor of Maharana Pratap of Mewar. He was the 13th Rana of Mewar dynasty of Sisodia Rajputs and his capital was Udaipur Amar Singh was the eldest son of Maharana Pratap, born to his first wife, Maharani Ajabde Panwar, who was the daughter of Rao Mamrakh Panwar. He was born in Chittor on 16 March 1559, the same year, however, by the time he grew up, Chittor was lost to Akbar in 1567 and his grandfather, Udai Singh II had shifted capital of Mewar to Udaipur. After his coronation, Maharana Pratap waged a war against Mughals and he fought several wars with them to re-conquer Chittor and other territories lost to Mughals. Amar Singh, being eldest son, became the heir-apparent and prince or Rajkunwar, Amar Singh was trained in military warfare and weapons since childhood. Upon growing up, he proved to be a warrior and general. In an incident, the womenfolk of Abdul Rahim Khan-I-Khana, along with a Mughal officer and he at once brought them as prisoners to Maharana Pratap. At this point of time, Khan-I-Khana was actually on the march against Pratap, nonwithstanding all this, Pratap rebuked Amar Singh for having arrested ladies of the enemy camp and commanded Amar Singh to arrange for the safe conveyance of the Mughal ladies to their camp. Khan-I-Khana was so affected by this incident that he refused to campaign against such a chivalrous monarch and he petitioned Akbar to be relieved of his post and was subsequently appointed guardian of Akbars own son, Salim. Also it is believed that the slogan Jo dridh rakhe dharm, ne tahi rakhe kartar was spoken by Abdul Rahim Khan-I-Khana, Maharana Pratap died at Chavand succumbing to the injuries sustained in hunting. While on death-bed he made Amar Singh his successor in front of his chiefs and made them swear to maintain their fight against the Mughals and to re-conquer Chittor. Amar Singh thus succeeded Maharana Pratap upon his death on 19 January 1597 and was the ruler of Mewar till his death on 26 January 1620, Amar Singh fought many wars with Jahangir during his lifetime. The first expedition Jahangir sent after his coronation was against Amar Singh, Amar Singh showed great bravery in Battle of Dewar and in the battle Amar Singh killed the Mughal commander in charge, Sultan Khan. He thrust his spear with such a force that the weapon struck in the ground piercing the strong coat of mail and chaste. Amar Singh was able to defend his territories in the battle, Jahangir sent another army against Amar Singh in 1608 under Mahabat Khan in which though Mughals won but they could not make any decisive change to ground situation. Later an expedition was sent under leadership of Prince Shah Jahan. Many temples were destroyed and several villages put on fire and ladies, thus, Prince Bhim served Shah Jahan in the deccan. It was also agreed that the Ranas of Mewar would not enter matrimonial relations with the mughals, further, it was agreed that Mewar would have to keep a contingent of 1500 horsemen in the Mughal service

7.
Mewar
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Mewar or Mewāḍ is a region of south-central Rajasthan state in western India. It includes the districts of Bhilwara, Chittorgarh, Rajsamand, Udaipur, Pirawa Tehsil District Jhalawar of Rajasthan and Neemuch, Mandsaur of Madhya Pradesh. The region was for centuries a Rajput kingdom, the Mewar Kingdom or Udaipur Kingdom and it was originally called Medhpaat and Lord Shiva is called Medhpateshwar. Over time, the name Medhpath became Mewar, the northern part of Mewar is a gently sloping plain, drained by the Bedach and Banas River and its tributaries, which empty northwest into the Chambal River, a tributary of the Yamuna River. The region is part of the Kathiawar-Gir dry deciduous forests ecoregion, protected areas include the Jaisamand Wildlife Sanctuary, the Kumbhalgarh Wildlife Sanctuary, the Bassi Wildlife Sanctuary and the Sita Mata Wildlife Sanctuary. Rainfall averages 660 mm/year, and is higher in the southwest. Over 90% of the rain falls in the period June to September every year. The Udaipur State, also known as Mewar Kingdom, was a state in India at the time of the British Raj. The state of Mewar was founded around 530, later it would also, in 1568, Emperor Akbar conquered Chittorgarh, the capital of Mewar. It remained in Mughal hands for about 150 years, when Udaipur State joined the Indian Union in 1949 it had been ruled by the Chattari Rajputs of Mori, Guhilot and Sisodia dynasties for over 1,400 years. Chittaurgarh was the capital of Sisodia clans of Rajputs of Mewar, the economy of the Mewar region relies primarily on tourism, the marble and stone industry, mining, handicrafts, zinc smelters, cement and tyre factories, as well as agriculture. Major crops include maize, groundnut, soybean, wheat, opium is also grown in the adjoining regions of the southeast. Fishery also thrives in the various lakes, supported by a government fisheries department. The massive Chittorgarh hilltop fort is one of the main tourist attractions of Mewar, the fort is a depiction of Rajput culture and values. It stands on a 2.4 square kilometre site on an 180 m high hill that rises rapidly from the plains below, the fort was sacked thrice by a stronger enemy. The first sacking occurred in 1303 by Alauddin Khilji, in 1535 Bahadur Shah of Gujarat besieged the fort, causing the women to commit Jauhar. In 1568 Mughal emperor Akbar captured the fort. The war between the Mewar and mughal turned the fort to rubble but Akbars dream to conquer the whole of Mewar never fulfilled. The Lake Palace is a palace inaugurated in 1746, completely made of marble, in recent years Lake Pichola has experienced drought conditions

8.
Chittor Fort
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The Chittor Fort or Chittorgarh is one of the largest forts in India. It is a World Heritage Site, the fort was the capital of Mewar and is today situated in the Chittorgarh town. It sprawls over a hill 180 m in spread over an area of 280 ha above the plains of the valley drained by the Berach River. The fort precinct has several palaces, gates, temples. These monumental ruins have inspired the imagination of tourists and writers for centuries, from 7th century, the fort was ruled by the Mewar Kingdom. Each time the men fought bravely rushing out of the fort walls charging the enemy, following these defeats, the women are said to have committed Jauhar or mass self-immolation. The rulers, their soldiers, the folk of royalty. Chittorgarh, located in the part of the state of Rajasthan,233 km from Ajmer. Chittorgarh is situated where National Highways No.76 &79 intersect, the fort rises abruptly above the surrounding plains and is spread over an area of 2.8 km2. The fort stands on a hill 180 m high, Mughal Emperor Akbar attacked and sacked this fort which was but one of the 84 forts of Mewar, but the capital was shifted to Aravalli hills where heavy artillery & cavalry were not effective. A winding hill road of more than 1 km length from the new leads to the west end main gate, called Ram Pol. Within the fort, a road provides access to all the gates. The fort that once boasted of 84 water bodies has only 22 of them now and these water bodies are fed by natural catchment and rainfall, and have a combined storage of 4 billion litres that could meet the water needs of an army of 50,000. The supply could last for four years and these water bodies are in the form of ponds, wells and step wells. It is said to have built by the local Maurya rulers. According to one legend, the name of the fort is derived from its builder Chitranga, another folk legend attributes the construction of fort to the legendary hero Bhima, it states that Bhima struck the ground here, which resulted in water springing up to form a large reservoir. The water body formed by Bhima is an artificial tank called Bhimlat kund. Several small Buddhist stupas dated to 9th century based on the script were found at the edge of Jaimal Patta lake, the Guhila ruler Bappa Rawal is said to have captured the fort in either 728 CE or 734 CE