A
famous figure in Australian history, William Bligh is less well-known
for his love of natural history and his sketches of the wildlife he saw
in his travels.

William
Bligh, who crossed the vast Pacific Ocean in an open boat with 18 companions
after being cast adrift by the Bounty mutineers, has become a legendary figure
of maritime history. But there was another much less known side to Bligh. He
was an artist and keen natural historian whose log books contain numerous
detailed references to the exotic flora and fauna he encountered during his
voyaging in the South Seas. These observations are complemented by a series of
robust watercolours.

For Bligh
the object of these voyages was "the advancement of science, and the increase
of Knowledge." This was a policy ardently encouraged by his patron, Sir Joseph
Banks, and nowhere was its implementation more evident than during Bligh's
travels in Tasmania, whose many curious inhabitants stimulated his interest in
the natural world.

Bligh's
first visit to Tasmania occurred in 1777 when, as Master of Captain Cook's
ship Resolution, he stayed in Adventure Bay on the east coast of Bruny
Island for five days. His next visit was eleven years later as commander of
H.M.S. Bounty on an expedition to Tahiti to collect breadfruit trees for
transplanting to the West Indies. After leaving Capetown on 1 July 1788 he
headed east across the Indian Ocean and on 21 August dropped anchor once again
in Adventure Bay. The ship's crew included a botanist, David Nelson, whom
Bligh lost no time in sending ashore to collect botanical specimens, promising
him all the assistance he needed.

Fletcher
Christian was in charge of the shore party and he took this opportunity to
augment Nelson's collections with his gun. He shot a number of birds, one of
which Bligh identified as "a very beautiful plumaged bird which we call the
Lauryquet, being longer than a Parroquet but it had nearly the same colours
only the blue & red was rather more brilliant." A pod of whales
cavorting in the bay escaped a similar fate only because the ship's armoury
did not include any "proper harpoons for them."

A pencil drawing of William Bligh by Henry
Aston, drawn in 1805

On board the
Bounty was a nursery of fruit trees which Bligh had acquired at the Cape of
Good Hope. With the help of Nelson he "chose what we thought the safest
situations, and planted three fine young Apple-Trees in a growing State, nine
Vines, six Plantains, a number of Orange and Lemon seed, Cherry stones, Plum
stones, Peach, Apricot & Pumpkins, also two sorts of Indian Corn, and Apple
and Pear pips" in order "to do good the most in our power to the Natives or
those who may come after us." Bligh was concerned to make contact with
the Aborigines but in this he was, for a time, frustrated. It was a fortnight
before he saw sign of them and this was only in the distance through his
telescope. Eventually he set out in the ship's longboat to where several fires
had been seen near the shore. It was not long before a group of about twenty
men and women emerged from the bush making "a prodigious chattering of
speech." Owing to a heavy surf it was not possible to land and he was
restricted to throwing presents tied up in paper to them. Nevertheless from a
distance of twenty metres he was able to observe them in some detail. "They
were certainly woolly headed", he noted, "as much as even a Negroe was. Their
teeth appeared remarkably white - They run very nimble over the rocks. They
talked to us sitting on their heels with their Knees close in to their Arm
Pits. They have a quick eye, as they caught small Nails and beads I threw at
them with some cleverness".

On 4
September the Bounty weighed anchor and put to sea. On board were a
variety of plants which Nelson had carefully collected, some 70 of which "were
either new or valuable." The celebrated mutiny took place on 28 April the
following year and it was another eleven months before Bligh returned to
England. After being acquitted by court-martial for the loss of the Bounty he
was offered the command of HMS Providence and Assistant with
orders to complete the transfer of breadfruit trees from Tahiti to the West
Indies.

Two birds from the sketch book of William
Bligh described as being a large paraquet and a parakeet

He sailed in
August 1791 and by 9 February 1792 his ships were riding at anchor in
Adventure Bay. Parties were immediately sent on shore for wood and water.
Lieutenant George Tobin, also a talented artist, was greatly impressed by the
giant Tasmanian blue gums fringing the bay. He measured one that was 29 feet
in girth and noted that "the trunks grow to a great height before they branch
out; the leaf is not long and not unlike a peach, and the bark is light-coloured
and has the appearance of having been peeled."

Bligh was disappointed to find
that, of the fruit trees he had planted on his previous visit, only one apple
tree had survived. It had not grown at all but was still in a healthy state
and he had hopes that it would eventually produce fruit. His lack of succe4ss
as a gardener did not stop him from planting nine oak trees as well as sowing
more fruit stones and some fir seed. A cock and two hens were released into
the bush in the hope that "they would breed and get wild" although their
chances of evading the Aborigines were not rated very highly. Bligh's
curiosity led him to explore a small lake at the back of the beach in one of
the ship's boats. Although its water was brackish it was plentifully stocked
with fish, particularly bream, "of which we caught seven in a few minutes with
Hook and line." The lake also supported a large variety of birds including
wild ducks, pelicans, black swans and herons. One of the "Young Gentlemen"
shot a cockatoo which Bligh described in some detail: "the plumage was brown
tinged with black & olive, on each side of the head a yellow spot. Six of
the long tail feathers were yellow speckled with black, about 3 inches in the
middle, so that when they flew it formed a circular yellow mark." It was
probably a variety of the Banksian cockatoo. Gannets were also a favourite of
Bligh's but for a different reason - "Roasted with its skin off (it) is
preferable to any of the others, & is remarkably free of any fishy taste."

A member of Bligh's crew, naval
lieutenant George Tobin,

sketched an aboriginal hut at
Tasmania's Adventure Bay in 1792

During their excursions to
different parts of the Bay kangaroos were often seen by the visitors but none
were killed as they always managed to escape into the dense undergrowth. "A
good Dog would give a great deal of sport", lamented Bligh. Other animals he
took note of were a "rat" with a head like a mole and a type of lizard called
by the seamen a "Gally Wasp." It was black in colour, spotted with yellow; its
h4ad was flat with a large mouth and a thick blue tongue. But perhaps most
peculiar of all was a creature shot by Lieutenant James Guthrie. "It had a
beak like a Duck - a thick brown coat of Hair through which the points of
numerous Quills of an inch long projected & were very sharp. It was 17 inches
long & walked about 2 ins. from the ground. Had very small eyes and fine claws
on each foot. The mouth was a small opening at the end of the Bill & had a
very small tongue." Despite the misleading reference to a duck bill this
"animal of very odd form" was not a platypus but an echidna.

Once again the Aborigines
proved to be very elusive but on 19 February a part of Bligh's men
unexpectedly met a group of 16 men and 6 women. "There was so much suspicion
on both sides, mixed with fear, that their interview was very short." All
Bligh learned was that the men were named and had thick bushy beards while the
women wore a covering of skin over their bellies. On another occasion Bligh
was intrigued to note that the only thing they coveted was a hat - "trinkets,
such as rings, that were given to them, they returned." He also observed that
they seemed to have an aversion to "being wet with the sea." While gathering
mussels "the men flew away from every surge of the water, which would not have
reached their knees."

A sketch of a heron by William Bligh

Bligh's departure from
Adventure Bay was delayed when it was discovered that one of the crew was
missing. Signal fires were lit, search parties were sent out and eventually
the man was found. "It is wonderful to relate", wrote Bligh, "that this
unhappy creature has determined to stay behind with a wish to perish & never
to return to his Native Country. I found he was of creditable parents, but had
been a Disgrace to them, therefore they had recomme4nded him to go on this
Voyage, as the most likely means of either improving or destroying him".

It was not until 24 September
that Bligh finally left Adventure Bay for Tahiti. However he was to visit
Tasmania once more, although in very different circumstances. On 26 January
1808 he was deposed as Governor of New South Wales and spent almost 10 months
on board his ship in Hobart or sailing about the coast. Understandably his
observations during this period were mainly political, rather than botanical,
as he manoeuvred for support in his unsuccessful efforts to regain his
governorship.