Biography

Scottish research bacteriology. He was elected to the Royal Society in 1943, knighted by King George VI in 1944 and shared the Nobel Prize for Physiology and Medicine in 1945.

After a two week holiday, in September 1928 he returned to his laboratory to find a strange mold growing on a specimen. He deduced the mold had antibacterial properties and identified Penicillium notatum calling it penicillin. Penicillin had been seen before, but Fleming's cognitive abilities allowed him to recognize what it could do. He published his findings in 1929 but abandoned the work in 1932 due to lack of expertise to purify the substance and he did not hold the conviction that drugs could cure a serious infection as the body's immune system should. In 1939 he provided some penicillin to Sir Howard Florey and Ernst Chain. They did the chemical work and in 1945 they all shared the Nobel prize in Medicine. As Fleming seemed to revel in publicity, he became the spokesman for the other scientists.

Born seventh of eight siblings and half-siblings to a sheep farming family, Alexander excelled in school. After his father's death he moved to London at about 14. As an adult he was short in stature, usually wore a bow tie and never mastered the conventions of polite society.

In 1900 he and two brothers joined a Scottish regiment to fight in the Boer War. In 1901 he entered medical school at Saint Mary's Hospital, London. He became a fellow of the Royal College of Surgeons in 1909. After serving as a captain in the Army Medical Corps in World War I, Fleming became a professor in 1919 and a research scientist with a profitable side practice of treating syphilis infections of prominent London artists. He was the first to use anti-typhoid vaccines on human beings, pioneered the use of Salvarsan against syphilis and discovered the antiseptic powers of lysozyme.

Fleming loved to play games and abhorred a tidy, meticulous lab. In 1915 he married Sarah Marion McElroy. They had a son who became a doctor, and he was widowed in 1949. He married again in 1953 to Dr. Amalia Koutsouri-Voureka, a Greek colleague.

Fleming died of a heart attack in London on 3/11/1955. He was buried as a national hero in the crypt of Saint Paul's Cathedral in London.