June 25, 2013

Mostar is a city in the valley of the River Neretva, in southern Bosnia
and Herzegovina. It is the economic, cultural, educational, commercial
and tourist centre of Herzegovina. Numerous archeological sites confirm
that the broader area of Mostar has been inhabited since the Early
Eneolitich, while during the Roman rule the area was inhabited by
Illyrian tribes.
The city was named after bridge keepers (natively:
mostari) who guarded wooden bridge which connected two banks of the
River Neretva and for the first time the name Mostar is mentioned in the
15th century. After the fall of Bosnia under the Ottoman Empire, the
Turks built the stone bridge in 1566, today famous as the Old Bridge.
After the Berlin congress in 1878, the Turkish administration was
removed by Austro-Hungarian administration. The valuable cultural
monuments, oriental style buildings and Austro-Hungarian buildings have
remained from that period which makes Mostar beautiful and interesting
city.

The Old Bridge was destroyed during the terrible destructions
in the last war from 1992 till 1996. It was renovated in 2004 and in
2005 it was included in the UNESCO list of protected monuments of
cultural heritage as the first monument from Bosnia and Herzegovina. The
Croatian Lodge „Herceg Stjepan Kosaca“, the center of cultural events
of the city of Mostar, was built in 1959/1960. It is named after the
ruler of Herzegovina, Duke Stjepan Vukcic Kosaca (around 1404-1466).
Today,
Mostar is beautiful and hospitable city that enriches the different
cultures and traditions with its beauty that makes it the city of open
doors.

June 23, 2013

The joint stamp issue by Chinese and Turkish posts is dedicated to
famous bridges of the both countries: the Yichang Yangtze Highway Bridge
in China and the Bosphorus Bridge in Istanbul, Turkey.

The Yichang Yangtze Highway Bridge is a suspension bridge that crosses
the Yangtze River some 20 km downstream from the center city of Yichang,
China. The bridge was essentially designed to be extremely similar in
appearance to the Golden Gate Bridge in San Francisco, USA. The
construction of the bridge started on February 19, 1998 and it was open
for traffic on September 19, 2001. It was a main span of 960 meters. As
of 2012 m it is among the 30 longest suspension bridges, based on the
length of the main span.

The Bosphorus Bridge is one of the two bridges in Istanbul, Turkey,
spanning the Bosphorus strait and thus connecting Europe and Asia. It is
a gravity anchored suspension bridge with steel towers and inclined
hangers. The aerodynamic deck hangs on zigzag steel cables. It is 1,560
long with a deck width of 33.40 m and the total height of the towers 165
m. The Bosphorus Bridge had the 4th longest suspension bridge span in
the world when it was completed in 1973, and the longest outside the
United States. At present, it is the 19th longest suspension bridge span
in the world

The Bridge of Sancho el Mayor, in Navarra, crosses the river Ebro and is
part of the A-15 highway. It was built in 1978 by civil engineers Javier
Manterola and Leonardo Fernández Toyano and as a cable-stayed bridge.
It has a total length of 204 meters, a width of 29 m and a main light
span of 142 m, to which are added two side openings on the left bank of
the river. It was built with precast keystones using the "cantilever"
technique (the bridge is constructed in outward projections that are
added on). This suspension bridge is supported on a single pier located
on the axis of the road with 35 pairs of twin cables, At the time it
was built it was one of the most innovative bridges in design and
materials.

A typical cable-stayed bridge is a continuous girder with one or two
towers erected above piers in the middle of the span. From these piers,
cables are attached diagonally to the girder to provide additional
support. Engineering wise they stand in between counter steel bridges
and suspension bridges. This type of bridge began ito be built n the
late 19th century and its use was widespread after World War II, thanks
to the technical development of the construction materials and the
structural empowerment via computers.

Over the river Carrion in the city of Palencia stands the historic
Puente de Puentecillas, the oldest bridge in town. Its original layout
dates back to Roman times and it has undergone many changes since the
11th century, the most important of which took place in the 16th century
when the current outline of the bridge was set and the remains of the
Roman bridge disappeared. It stands in the city centre close to the
Cathedral and other monuments and has become a popular walking area with
plenty of green spaces. At the entrance of the bridge is the famous
Bolo de la Paciencia, where washerwomen leaned their baskets of clothes
while chatting. For years it has been a towns meeting place

The Puente del Tajo, also known as Puente Nuevo, is the most
characteristic monument of Ronda (Malaga). It was built between 1751
and 1793 over a 100 meters deep chasm made by the Guadalevin river. Its
huge pillars settle deep into the gorge supporting a first central arch
at the bottom which holds a much higher second one reinforced by
buttresses. The work is completed with two lateral arches grounded on
the rock. Parts of the span column interiors were used as a prison and
now house an interpretation centre. It connects the old and the modern
neighbourhoods of Ronda.

The bridge was built with blocks of stone from the river gorge and it is
considered a masterpiece. The building works lasted over 40 years and
were conducted by several architects though Jose Martin Aldehuela was
the key figure who also built the Ronda bull fighting ring. Both
buildings are symbols of the city.

The Puente de Piedra in Logrono was built by Fermin Manso de Zuniga.
It opened in June 1884 and is 198 meters long. It has seven arches
standing on cylindrical pillars to span the bulk of the Ebro river. On
the same location there stood a former bridge believed to have been
built by San Juan de Ortega, which is why the current one is also known
as Bridge of San Juan de Ortega. Due to landslides and heavy flooding,
the original bridge was rebuilt several times until it was finally
decided to build a new one on the remains of the old one. In 1917 the width of the Puente de Piedra was expanded with the
construction on both sides of concrete pedestrian sidewalks, allowing
for an increase in traffic.

June 20, 2013

The Verrazano-Narrows Bridge, between Staten Island and Brooklyn, New
York, is the longest single suspension bridge in the world. It is named
for Giovanni da Verrazano, Florentine explorer who discovered New York
harbor in about 1524. The massive span features a double deck
thoroughfare, each wide enough for six lanes of traffic. The diameter of
the cables measures 1 yard-identical with those on the George
Washington Bridge. The Narrows Bridge is important in that it by-passes
New York City. A map, illustrated on the stamp itself, pinpoints the
positions of the Bridge with its close relationship to Staten Island and
Brooklyn and also Manhattan and Jersey City, New Jersey.

The Mackinac Straits Bridge extends over the Mackinaw Straits between
Mackinaw City and St. Ignace, Michigan. The Mackinac Straits connects
Lake Huron and Lake Michigan. The total suspension length of the span is
more than a mile and a half between the cable anchors. The principle of
the suspension bridge is that it has three essential parts: towers,
anchorages, and cables. Towers for suspension bridges are built of stone
or steel. Anchorages secure the ends of the cables, and most often are
built of concrete or masonry. Cables are the most important element of a
suspension bridge, since they carry the horrendous weight of the
roadway.

The Golden Gate Bridge has the longest single span in the world, and the
tallest bridge towers. Each of the cables has a diameter of one yard,
and is composed of 27 thousand wires. Foundations have been sunk to
solid rock 100 feet below water. The two main cables, each a yard wide,
are outlined for the entire length by electric lights-magnificent
evening sight. The Golden Gate Bridge and the Oakland-Bay Bridge were
under construction at the same time; the Golden Gate Bridge is
considered one of the most attractive spans in the world. The wonder of
the extraordinary length of the span and the way it fits in with the
site, make it one of the most exhilarating of bridges.

In 1928, a San Francisco delegation urged Congress to pass a bill
authorizing a bridge to connect San Francisco with Oakland and
Berkeley-with 5 miles of water between. The legislation was defeated,
but in 1932 Congress approved a $73 million loan with the endorsement of
President Herbert Hoover. The first shovel broke ground in 1933, and 3
years later the span was opened to vehicular traffic with excited
celebration. After competing ferries cut their fares in half in 1927,
the bridge traffic amounted to 23 thousand vehicles a day. With the
opening of the Golden Gate Exposition in San Francisco in 1939, tolls
were reduced from 50 to 40 cents, and when cut further to 25 cents, the
ferries gave up.

The roadway was built on two suspension bridges, with a central pier
or anchorage at mid-channel. There are two decks: the top one handles
six lanes for cars and light truck traffic. The lower deck carries three
lanes for heavy trucks and multi-wheelers. There are also two streetcar
(trolley) tracks provided. The structure is a combination of suspension
and cantilever spans connected with a tunneled island.

The George Washington Bridge, over the Hudson River and dividing New
York and New Jersey, is likely the heaviest and busiest of suspension
bridges. Crossing the Hudson River at 178th Street, it is designed to
carry huge loads. Twenty thousand tons of riveted steel for each tower
was erected by massive derricks. Sixteen columns of steel 635 feet above
water, as high as the Washington Monument, were put up.

The steelwork was planned early as a skeleton, and was to be covered
by concrete and granite. However, as the steel skeleton rose, story by
story, the unexpected attractiveness of the exposed steelwork fascinated
virtually everyone who witnessed it. Consequently, massive appeals
arose to "forget the masonry" that had been planned for the towers. Each
of the four cables holding up the deck is a yard in diameter and a mile
long. The 100,000 miles of wire could encircle the globe four times.
Construction began in 1927 and continued for the next 4 years. Provision
was made for an additional (lower) deck, which has since been added.
The bridge opened to traffic in 1931. Of course it honors the name of
the great General who managed to form the thirteen original colonies
into one United States.

The Peace Bridge has been significant in the growth of the country. It
crosses the Niagara River from Buffalo, New York to Fort Erie, Ontario,
Canada. The stamp commemorates more than a century of friendship, trade,
and peace between the United States and Canada. The two nations share
the longest undefended border in the world. New advances in construction
have been used.

The Peace Bridge was built for pedestrian and vehicular
traffic. Clearance at one end of the span is for canal or ship
movement. The bridge is made up of five steel arches and a single truss
span. At the elaborate opening ceremonies in 1927 a number of luminaries
attended, including Edward, Prince of Wales.

In l869, actual construction of the Brooklyn Bridge, over the East
River between Brooklyn and Manhattan, started. John Augustus Roebling,
original architect of the project, was injured in an accident. Blood
poisoning resulted in his untimely death. Fortunately his son, Colonel
Washington Augustus Roebling, took over direction of the work involved
from then on until completion. The grand opening was in May 1883.

This great bridge handles two elevated railroad tracks, two streetcar
(trolley) tracks, road lanes for vehicles, and even a foot walk for
pedestrians. Just to observe the massive stone towers one is in awe of
their height. They had to be lofty to carry the cables which in
themselves-wire by wire-measured 16 inches in diameter. Tons of steel
wire had to be used to hold up the incredibly heavy bridge deck.
With the long main span, and two shorter spans, the bridge is 1 mile
long. It is constructed of four cables, each anchored to plates of many
tons, embedded in masonry foundations. Each foundation has a weight of
44 thousand tons. Every cable contains more than five thousand steel
wires-a total of fourteen thousand miles of wire. It took thirteen years
to build the bridge. At present thousands cross it each day. Even this
writer, when working in New York, walked across this Bridge with friends
and couldn't help but marvel at the magnificence of it all.

The Eads Bridge over the Mississippi River at St. Louis was
constructed from 1867 to its opening in 1874. The structure was built by
Captain James Buchanan Eads, and is considered the first bridge made of
steel. The U.S. Postal Service preferred to attach the sobriquet
"Mississippi River Bridge" rather than employ the proper, personal,
private name "Eads."

The span is double deck, with the upper level carrying a highway with
sidewalks. On the lower deck, two lines of railroad tracks fill the
space. This marks the first time steel is used in truss-bridge
construction. A franchise was obtained from Congress specifying that a
clear span of 500 feet must be provided. A report, published by Captain
Eads in 1868, was a convincing presentation in non-technical language,
on the "action of trusses and arches, also the logic of the foundation
design." Progress, along with precautionary measures, were recorded in
notebooks that filled seven volumes.
Funding for the Bridge building came from contracts with the Keystone
Bridge Company of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. The Vice President was a
young man of 35 years by the name of Andrew Carnegie. His connections
with Eads were numerous. In his autobiography, completed shortly before
his death, Carnegie credited his connection with Eads Bridge as starting
him on his career. To this day the span is in full use.

June 2, 2013

Besalú Bridge is located in the medieval village of the same name in the
province of Gerona. It began to be built in the 11th century to save
the river Fluvia and establish communications between the town and the
land on the other side of the river. It consists of seven pointed arches
spread over 145 meters forming an oblique angle at the centre which
divides it into two sections. On the side that gives access to the city
stands a defensive tower built in the mid 14th century where watch was
kept and travellers and merchants passing through were obliged to pay a
toll. In the centre of the bridge a second defensive tower was built
over a pronounced oblique angle, substantially higher than the first
one and opened at the bottom by a pointed arch.

The Roman bridge is five meters wide and over the centuries it has
witnessed floods, flash floods and devastating conflicts having to be
reformed in the 14th and 17th centuries. During the Spanish Civil War
it was partially blown up and in the 1960s it was completely rebuilt
following the original structure and aesthetics. In recent times a
parallel concrete bridge has been built for traffic preserving the
historic medieval bridge for pedestrians. Besalú is located in the region of La Garrotxa, and is one of the main
tourist towns in the province of Gerona in which art and history blend
giving way to an attractive historic centre. The porticoed streets, the
bridge, the Jewish baths and Romanesque churches form a top medieval
compound. In 1966 it was declared a "national artistic and historical
town".

The stamp dedicated to the Bridge of Los Santos sobre
la Ría de Ribadeo links the towns of Ribadeo (Lugo) and Castropol
(Asturias) and is a highlight of civil engineering. Over the vast estuary of Ribadeo was built, from 1983 to 1987, the
Bridge of dos Santos which communicates Asturias and Galicia and
overcame the gap separating these two regions thus facilitating
communications between both sides.

The bridge is 600 meters long and was initially 12 meters wide. From
2007 to 2008 it was widened in 24.60 meters converting it to four lanes
and two sidewalks to allow for the Cantabrian motorway (A-8) to pass
through it. It is a trabeated bridge made of reinforced concrete, steel
and wood which can carry a weight of over 1,200 tons.The bridge is named after the chapels on either side of the river: San
Román nas Figueiras in Castropol, and San Miguel, in Ribadeo. Before the
building of the bridge, communications between both sides were by boat
or making a detour along the old road between Vegadeo and Porto. The issue is a one stamp souvenir sheet featuring an aerial view of the
estuary and the town of Ribadeo. In the stamp is depicted the modern
bridge of Los Santos and the town of Ribadeo

About me

Classifications

A bridge is a structure built to span a gorge, valley, road, railroad track, river, body of water, or any other physical obstacle, for the purpose of providing passage over the obstacle. Designs of bridges will vary depending on the function of the bridge and the nature of the terrain where the bridge is to be constructed.

A viaduct is a structure sometimes considerable, composed of arches or spans many and raised, sometimes on several stages of vaults, and intended to cross great spaces, valleys, large ravines etc.

An aqueduct (occasionally water bridge) applies to any bridge or viaduct that transports water - instead of a path, road or railway - across a gap.

A culvert is a very small arch bridge of less 6m of opening, comprising only two supports and usually built on a small ravine, a brook etc.