Epinephrine- Still safe for the digits.

“No study reported digital necrosis or gangrene attributable to epinephrine, either in healthy patients or in patients with risk for poor peripheral circulation. In total, at least 2797 digitalnerveblocks with epinephrine have been performed without any complications… Epinephrine 1:100,000-200,000 (5-10 μg/mL) is safe to use in digitalnerveblocks in healthy patients. Physiological studies show epinephrine-induced vasoconstriction to be transient. There are no reported cases of epinephrine-induced harm to patients with risk for poor peripheral circulation despite a theoretical risk of harmful epinephrine-induced vasoconstriction. A lack of reported complications suggests that the risk of epinephrine-induced vasoconstriction to digits may be overstated.”