Black box

In science, computing, and engineering, a black box is a device, system or object which can be viewed in terms of its inputs and outputs (or transfer characteristics), without any knowledge of its internal workings. Its implementation is "opaque" (black). Almost anything might be referred to as a black box: a transistor, algorithm, or the human brain.

To analyse something, as an open system, with a typical "black box approach", only the behavior of the stimulus/response will be accounted for, to infer the (unknown) box. The usual representation of this black box system is a data flow diagram centered in the box.

The opposite of a black box is a system where the inner components or logic are available for inspection, which is most commonly referred to as a white box (sometimes also known as a "clear box" or a "glass box").

History

The modern term "black box" seems to have entered the English language around 1945. In electronic circuit theory the process of network synthesis from transfer functions, which led to electronic circuits being regarded as "black boxes" characterized by their response to signals applied to their ports, can be traced to Wilhelm Cauer who published his ideas in their most developed form in 1941. Although Cauer did not himself use the term, others who followed him certainly did describe the method as black-box analysis.Vitold Belevitch puts the concept of black-boxes even earlier, attributing the explicit use of two-port networks as black boxes to Franz Breisig in 1921 and argues that 2-terminal components were implicitly treated as black-boxes before that.

Black box (phreaking)

Black boxes were devices which, when attached to home phones, allowed all incoming calls to be received without charge to the caller.

The black box (as distinguished from blue boxes and red boxes) was a small electronic circuit, usually a resistor or zener diode in series with the line. It relied on (now-obsolete) telephone exchanges controlled by mechanical relays.

These exchanges used a relay to detect a drop in line voltage (usually to less than -10V off-hook, compared to -48V when on-hook) to begin billing for a call; a separate relay controlled ringing on the line. The black box placed a resistor in series with the line, so that the off-hook voltage was closer to -36V: just enough to stop the ringing, but not enough to trigger billing. A bypass capacitor was often added to prevent the device from attenuating AC signals such as transmitted voice.

A call originating from a telephone fitted with a black box would still be charged for by the telephone company unless some method to circumvent the call charging was deployed. Black boxes were commonly built by phone phreaks during the 1960s to 1980s (and in some places like Eastern Europe, well into the 2000s) in order to provide callers with free telephone calls. Sometimes several friends would incorporate a black box into each of their telephones to enable them to hold long conversations with each other without having to pay for them. Another use of black boxes were in the incoming modems of computers running bulletin board systems that were popular back in the 1980s and early 90s.

Flight recorder

A flight recorder, colloquially known as a black box, although it is now orange-coloured, is an electronic recording device placed in an aircraft for the purpose of facilitating the investigation of aviation accidents and incidents.

Any type of aircraft in any condition of flight can be viewed in terms of its input parameters (e.g. control instructions) and output parameters (e.g. flight sensors), without any knowledge of its internal workings, as a black box model. The flight data recorder (FDR) is a device that preserves the recent history of the flight through the recording of dozens of parameters collected several times per second. The cockpit voice recorder (CVR) preserves the recent history of the sounds in the cockpit including the conversation of the pilots. The two recorders give an accurate testimony, narrating the aircraft's flight history, to assist in any later investigation.

The FDR and CVR may be combined in a single unit. The two recorders are required by international regulation, overseen by the International Civil Aviation Organization, to be capable of surviving the conditions likely to be encountered in a severe aircraft accident. For this reason, they are typically specified to withstand an impact of 3400 g and temperatures of over 1,000°C (1,830°F) as required by EUROCAE ED-112. They have been required in commercial aircraft in the US since 1967.

Plot: Mu Buzima (In Life) Vicky (Gakiza Victoire) lives with his mother, Mama Vicky (Mukarukundo Monique), Vicky is a young man who has a dream of developing his singing talent and becoming an artist singer and hopes to see his life changing. Betty (MUSHIKIWABO Zainab) meets Vicky in town after losing her parents and hoping for a better life leaving the village for Kigali. Boss Ray (Sebagabo Raymond) gives a job to both Vicky and Betty. Later, Betty becomes his girlfriend. Black Box (BADULE Oscar) the best friend of Vicky had also a dream of becoming great artist singer, BlackBox and his friends welcome Vicky in the group to prepare for the competition. They met Producer Jimmy (Kabango Deo) who accepts to help them and found them a sponsor. Vicky's hope starts growing with the support of his friends and his beloved mother who always wanted the best for him, but wanted him to study first. She later accepted that he can do both studying and singing. Big Mallet (Muhire Audace) the sponsor, works hard with Vicky until he was accepted to participate in the music artists competition(HipHop Street Competition) . The life of Vicky was not easy,some local music artist were jealous of him, they bribed showbiz journalist to pass them in front of newspapers and Radios. However, this did not stop him from working hard to attain his target. A lot of journalists realized how he had a big talent and started promoting him at no price. He became a big music star.

Black Box

Sending out a maydayWe're going downNothing we could have doneWould have turned it aroundEverything we had scattered everywhereSearching through the wreckage of a love affair...You got something to saySay it to meNot everyone elseYou say that I'm to blameMy words are in vainDon't go fooling yourself...There's a little black box hereSomewhere in the oceanHolding all the truth about us (yeah)There's a little black boxA record of emotionsEverything that ever was (yeah)...You may deny itBut when I find itI'm gonna play it out loud to the worldThere's a little black box, yeahThere's a little black box, yeah...There's a lot of pressure when you get deepYou left me on my own at six hundred feetI was looking 'round for a little helpBut everyone was looking out for themselves...You got something to saySay it to meNot everyone elseYou say that I'm to blameMy words are in vainDon't go fooling yourself (oh)...There's a little black box hereSomewhere in the oceanHolding all the truth about us (yeah)There's a little black boxA record of emotionsEverything that ever was (yeah)...You may deny itBut when I find itI'm gonna play it out loud to the worldThere's a little black box, yeahThere's a little black box, yeah...You can't stop a true survivorYou'll discover that out on your own'cause I'm a true survivorAnd I'll be here after you're goneLong after you're goneLong after you're gone...There's a little black box hereSomewhere in the oceanHolding all the truth about us (yeah)There's a little black boxA record of emotionsEverything that ever was (yeah)...You may deny itBut when I find itI'm gonna play it out loud to the worldThere's a little black box, yeah

Black box

In science, computing, and engineering, a black box is a device, system or object which can be viewed in terms of its inputs and outputs (or transfer characteristics), without any knowledge of its internal workings. Its implementation is "opaque" (black). Almost anything might be referred to as a black box: a transistor, algorithm, or the human brain.

To analyse something, as an open system, with a typical "black box approach", only the behavior of the stimulus/response will be accounted for, to infer the (unknown) box. The usual representation of this black box system is a data flow diagram centered in the box.

The opposite of a black box is a system where the inner components or logic are available for inspection, which is most commonly referred to as a white box (sometimes also known as a "clear box" or a "glass box").

History

The modern term "black box" seems to have entered the English language around 1945. In electronic circuit theory the process of network synthesis from transfer functions, which led to electronic circuits being regarded as "black boxes" characterized by their response to signals applied to their ports, can be traced to Wilhelm Cauer who published his ideas in their most developed form in 1941. Although Cauer did not himself use the term, others who followed him certainly did describe the method as black-box analysis.Vitold Belevitch puts the concept of black-boxes even earlier, attributing the explicit use of two-port networks as black boxes to Franz Breisig in 1921 and argues that 2-terminal components were implicitly treated as black-boxes before that.

“BlackPanther” raked in a king’s ransom at the box office this year, landing at the top of IMDbPro’s Top-Grossing Domestic Releases of 2018, which was shared exclusively with MarketWatch ahead of its release on Tuesday ...box office as of Dec ... Diversity sells! ‘Black Panther’ just clawed past two more box office milestones....

“Other than being ‘black,’ neither McFarlin nor Fox matched the description of the robbery participant,” Steele said in the suit ... While McFarlin and Fox were waiting for AAA, a citizen allegedly called the BoxElderCounty dispatch to report that a white car was off the Portage exit and that two black males were in the car, Steele said in the suit....

Not only was Christmas different, but Aussies had a thing called Boxing Day ... Our Black Friday, Australia'sBoxing Day, and traditional holidays in many countries have become days for selling stuff to make a profit for a few instead of providing useful, affordable things to improve quality of life for the poor....

Black Friday makes little sense for UK retailers ... My suspicions point to one particular tradition which overseas retailers have foolishly imported from the States – Black Friday. Black Friday makes sense in America – it’s effectively Boxing Day, but for Thanksgiving ... I’m going to be looking to top up before Boxing Day....

Multiple colors and patterns are available, but play it safe and go with the understated two-sided black/gray option ...The 8.5-ounce bottles are packaged in a cardboard box for easy portability ... The set includes two pens and four ink refills and comes in a black gift box, which will make it look more impressive at the office exchange....

And I don’t mean what’s on TV on Boxing Day, or the ... Would volumes be improved by better quality of information to consumers about what is recyclable and what isn’t (is wrapping paper recyclable? What about the black plastic trays from boxes of chocolates?)....

No, DUers, Russia did not cause an outsized number of black folks to stay home in 2016. Yes, there was a drop off in the number of black voters in 2016. However, there are a number of other measurable factors that did have a very real impact on black voter turnout ...Its time to update the ballot box to make sure everyones voice is being heard....