Archaeology in Israel:
Be'er Shema - Church of St. Stephen

Located in the western Negev,
some 25 km. west of Be'er Sheva,
Horvat Be'er Shema (Hebrew, Ruins of Be'er Shema) was a large village
during the Roman-Byzantine period. Its ancient name - Birsama - was
mentioned in writings of that period as an important fortress, which
served as the administrative center of a region known as Gerar (see
below, the inscription found in the church). The fortress and the village,
on the main road from the east to the port of Gaza, covered an area
of about 100 acres. Wells dug into the aquifer ensured its water supply.

In 1989-1990 the remains of a 6th - early 7th century
Byzantine church, measuring 21 x 12.5 m., were uncovered. It stood on
a 2 m.-high podium and was part of a large monastic complex, of which
not much has been exposed. The walls of the church - only 2-3 courses
remain today - were constructed of well-trimmed stones covered with
white plaster.

This basilical church faced east. At its entrance was
a narthex paved in stone, from which three openings led to the prayer
hall, divided by two rows of five columns into a nave and two aisles.
The columns supported balconies above the aisles, which were protected
by a stone balustrade, fragments of which have been found. The roof
was made of wooden beams, as evidenced by the many, large iron nails
found in the debris. Also uncovered was the hexagonal base of a freestanding
ambo (pulpit), next to a column in the northern row. Three broad steps
led to a raised bema - a square platform (5 x 5 m.) in the eastern part
of the church, opposite a row of columns. On the platform stood the
altar, of which only the foundations remain. Originally, it was built
of stone and faced with marble. In the thick eastern wall of the church,
beyond the platform, was an apse and small rooms (3.5 x 3.5 m.) on both
sides of it. They probably served for storage of cultic objects; their
floors had hexagonal depressions lined with marble, obviously reliquaries
- containers for sacred relics.

The Mosaics

The two aisles were paved with stone tiles; the rest
of the church with elaborate, beautifully preserved mosaics in a variety
of colors, as well as inscriptions.

The nave. The rectangular carpet of the nave
has particularly rich motifs. It is surrounded by a frame with three
bands: the two outer bands are decorated with lotus flowers, the inner
band with a geometric design. The carpet inside the frame has 55 medallions
arranged in 5 rows of 11, covering the length of the nave. The medallions
are created by vines with leaves and clusters of grapes that emanate
from an amphora at the western edge of the carpet, at the entrance to
the church. Two lions, on either side of the amphora, face each other.
The spaces between the medallions are filled with birds: a partridge,
a hoopoe, a dove and a quail. Human figures, animals and objects are
depicted in the medallions, the figures in the rows to the right and
left facing the central row. The mosaic is of high artistic quality:
the figures are depitcted realistically and in motion, and the clothing
in great detail. Among the human figures are a nursing woman, a man
playing an oboe, a man leaning on a cane, a man leading an elephant
on which a dark-skinned man rides, and men leading a giraffe, a donkey
and a laden camel. The animals include a goat, a partridge, a lioness,
a bull, a pair of doves in a dovecote, a dog chasing a fox, another
chasing a rabbit, a bird in a cage, a bear, a duck, a leopard hunting
a deer, a wolf hunting an ibex, a puppy, a snake fighting a marten and
a peacock. The objects include a basket of fruit and one of grapes.
Between the nave and the bema, in frames composed of a meander of circles
and rhomboids, are two inscriptions.

The bema. The carpet decorating the bema is unique in its beauty,
with blue, green and brown glass elements. It consists of two frames and
a five-line inscription in front of the altar. The outer frame is a chain
composed of alternating round and square links. The inner frame is made
of 22 medallions containing a variety of geometric meanders.

A rectangular room with a semi-circular baptismal
font made of plastered stones (which had been faced with marble) was
found south of the church; leading to the bottom of the basin were four
broad steps. The baptismal font was surrounded by mosaics in geometric
designs, including a cross and an inscription. In front of the basin
is a square mosaic carpet with rows of heart-shaped leaves, surrounded
by a belt of interlocking geometric forms.

The Inscriptions

Ten Greek inscriptions are incorporated in the floor
of the church, most of them dedicatory. The names of male and female
donors appear in the inscriptions, among them names of Arabs, attesting
to the conversion of local nomads to Christianity. The name Stephanos,
who built the church and dedicated it to St. Stephanos (regarded as
the first martyr), appears in several of them.

A dedicatory inscription of geographic-historical
significance was discovered in the baptisterium; it mentions the donors
and includes the name of the region - Gerar.