Truman approved the creation of a guerrilla army
code-named “Nightingale” in Ukraine. Originally setup by the Nazis in
1941, it was made up of ultra-nationalists. They would, as Stone
describes, wreak havoc on the “famine-wrecked region where Soviet
control was loose, carrying out the murder of thousands of Jews, Soviets
and Pols, who opposed a separate Ukrainian state.” The CIA would
parachute “infiltrators” into the country as well to further “dislodge
Soviet control.”

One group that particularly attracted CIA attention and
support was the Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists (OUN), a
political-military underground movement that had long fought for
Ukrainian independence—first against the Poles in the 1920s when Poland
controlled the Ukraine and after 1939 against the Soviets. ‘Though
violently anti-Russian, the OUN was itself totalitarian and Fascist in character. as well as anti-Semitic. The Nazis poured money into the OUN
after the German invasion of Russia and pretended to support the goal
of Ukrainian national independence. In return, a large OUN militia,
code-named Nachtigall, or Nightingale, provided local administrators,
informers, and killers for the German invaders. Nazi-sponsored OUN
police and militia formations were involved in “thousands of instances of mass murders of Jews and of families suspected of aiding Red Army partisans.”