Study Guide for Bulliet/Crossley/Headrick/Hirsch/Johnson/Northrup's The Earth and Its Peoples: A Global History, Volume II

The Earth and Its Peoples: A Global History, Volume II, 5th Edition

The Earth and Its Peoples

The Earth and Its Peoples A Global History

The Earth and It's People: A Global History : Since 1500

Summary

This text provides a truly global approach to the world history survey. Its fundamental theme, the interaction of human beings and the environment, serves as a point of comparison for different times, places, and societies. Special emphasis is given to technology and how technological development underlies all human activity. The Third Edition combines strong scholarship and pedagogy to uphold the book's reputation for rigor and accessibility. Several features, such as detailed maps, images, and timelines, help students build their geography and comparative analysis skills.

Table of Contents

Maps

xiii

Environment and Technology

xiv

Diversity and Dominance

xiv

Issues in World History

xiv

Preface

xv

About the Authors

xx

Note on Spelling and Usage

xxi

Introduction: The World Before 1500

xxii

The Maritime Revolution, to 1550

417

(28)

Global Maritime Expansion Before 1450

418

(6)

The Pacific Ocean

419

(2)

The Indian Ocean

421

(2)

The Atlantic Ocean

423

(1)

European Expansion, 1400--1550

424

(7)

Motives for Exploration

425

(1)

Portuguese Voyages

425

(3)

Spanish Voyages

428

(3)

Encounters with Europe, 1450--1550

431

(14)

Western Africa

431

(2)

Eastern Africa

433

(1)

Indian Ocean States

433

(2)

The Americas

435

(5)

Patterns of Dominance

440

(1)

Conclusion

441

(1)

Key Terms

441

(1)

Suggested Reading

441

(1)

Notes

442

Environment and Technology: Vasco da Gama's Fleet

429

(9)

Diversity and Dominance: Kongo's Christian King

438

(5)

Issues in World History: Climate and Population, to 1500

443

(2)

PART FIVE The Globe Encompassed, 1500--1750

445

(132)

Transformations in Europe, 1500--1750

448

(25)

Culture and Ideas

449

(7)

Religious Reformation

450

(3)

Traditional Thinking and Witch-Hunts

453

(1)

The Scientific Revolution

454

(2)

The Early Enlightenment

456

(1)

Social and Economic Life

456

(6)

The Bourgeoisie

456

(4)

Peasants and Laborers

460

(1)

Women and the Family

461

(1)

Political Innovations

462

(11)

State Development

462

(1)

Religious Policies

463

(3)

Monarchies in England and France

466

(1)

Warfare and Diplomacy

467

(2)

Paying the Piper

469

(2)

Conclusion

471

(1)

Key Terms

472

(1)

Suggested Reading

472

(1)

Notes

472

Environment and Technology: Mapping the World

458

(6)

Diversity and Dominance: Political Craft and Craftiness

464

(9)

The Diversity of American Colonial Societies, 1530--1770

473

(26)

The Columbian Exchange

474

(3)

Demographic Changes

475

(1)

Transfer of Plants and Animals

476

(1)

Spanish America and Brazil

477

(11)

State and Church

477

(3)

Colonial Economies

480

(3)

Society in Colonial Latin America

483

(5)

English and French Colonies in North America

488

(7)

Early English Experiments

488

(1)

The South

488

(2)

New England

490

(2)

The Middle Atlantic Region

492

(1)

French America

493

(2)

Colonial Expansion and Conflict

495

(4)

Imperial Reform in Spanish America and Brazil

495

(2)

Reform and Reorganization in British America

497

(1)

Conclusion

497

(1)

Key Terms

498

(1)

Suggested Reading

498

(1)

Notes

498

Environment and Technology: A Silver Refinery at Potosi, Bolivia, 1700

481

(3)

Diversity and Dominance: Race and Ethnicity in the Spanish Colonies: Negotiating Hierarchy

484

(15)

The Atlantic System and Africa, 1550--1800

499

(26)

Plantations in the West Indies

501

(2)

Colonization Before 1650

501

(1)

Sugar and Slaves

502

(1)

Plantation Life in the Eighteenth Century

503

(7)

Technology and Environment

504

(1)

Slaves' Lives

505

(3)

Free Whites and Free Blacks

508

(2)

Creating the Atlantic Economy

510

(5)

Capitalism and Mercantilism

510

(1)

The Atlantic Circuit

511

(4)

Africa, the Atlantic, and Islam

515

(10)

The Gold Coast and the Slave Coast

515

(2)

The Bight of Biafra and Angola

517

(1)

Africa's European and Islamic Contacts

518

(5)

Conclusion

523

(1)

Key Terms

523

(1)

Suggested Reading

524

(1)

Notes

524

Environment and Technology: Amerindian Foods in Africa

506

(14)

Diversity and Dominance: Slavery in West Africa and the Americas

520

(5)

Southwest Asia and the Indian Ocean, 1500--1750

525

(25)

The Ottoman Empire, to 1750

526

(10)

Expansion and Frontiers

528

(2)

Central Institutions

530

(4)

Crisis of the Military State, 1585--1650

534

(1)

Economic Change and Growing Weakness, 1650--1750

534

(2)

The Safavid Empire, 1502--1722

536

(5)

The Rise of the Safavids

537

(1)

Society and Religion

537

(1)

A Tale of Two Cities: Isfahan and Istanbul

538

(2)

Economic Crisis and Political Collapse

540

(1)

The Mughal Empire, 1526--1761

541

(3)

Political Foundations

541

(1)

Hindus and Muslims

542

(2)

Central Decay and Regional Challenges, 1707--1761

544

(1)

Trade Empires in the Indian Ocean, 1600--1729

544

(6)

Muslims in the East Indies

545

(1)

Muslims in East Africa

545

(3)

Conclusion

548

(1)

Key Terms

548

(1)

Suggested Reading

549

(1)

Notes

549

Environment and Technology: Metal Currency and Inflation

535

Diversity and Dominance: Islamic Law and Ottoman Rule

532

(18)

Northern Eurasia, 1500--1800

550

(27)

Japanese Reunification

551

(5)

Civil War and the Invasion of Korea, 1500--1603

551

(1)

The Tokugawa Shogunate, to 1800

552

(1)

Japan and the Europeans

553

(2)

Elite Decline and Social Crisis

555

(1)

The Later Ming and Early Qing Empires

556

(9)

The Ming Empire, 1500--1644

557

(1)

Ming Collapse and the Rise of the Qing

558

(1)

Trading Companies and Missionaries

558

(1)

Emperor Kangxi (r. 1662--1722)

559

(4)

Chinese Influences on Europe

563

(1)

Tea and Diplomacy

564

(1)

Population and Social Stress

564

(1)

The Russian Empire

565

(6)

The Drive Across Northern Asia

566

(1)

Russian Society and Politics to 1725

567

(2)

Peter the Great

569

(2)

Consolidation of the Empire

571

(1)

Comparative Perspectives

571

(6)

Political Comparisons

572

(1)

Cultural, Social, and Economic Comparisons

572

(1)

Conclusion

573

(1)

Key Terms

574

(1)

Suggested Reading

574

(1)

Notes

574

Environment and Technology: East Asian Porcelain

554

(6)

Diversity and Dominance: Gendered Violence: The Yangzhou Massacre

560

(15)

Issues in World History: The Little Ice Age

575

(2)

PART SIX Revolutions Reshape the World, 1750--1870

577

(142)

Revolutionary Changes in the Atlantic World, 1750--1850

580

(28)

Prelude to Revolution: The Eighteenth-Century Crisis

582

(5)

Colonial Wars and Fiscal Crises

582

(1)

The Enlightenment and the Old Order

582

(4)

Folk Cultures and Popular Protest

586

(1)

The American Revolution, 1775--1800

587

(5)

Frontiers and Taxes

587

(2)

The Course of Revolution, 1775--1783

589

(2)

The Construction of Republican Institutions, to 1800

591

(1)

The French Revolution, 1789--1815

592

(9)

French Society and Fiscal Crisis

592

(1)

Protest Turns to Revolution, 1789--1792

593

(2)

The Terror, 1793--1794

595

(2)

Reaction and Dictatorship, 1795--1815

597

(4)

Revolution Spreads, Conservatives Respond, 1789--1850

601

(7)

The Haitian Revolution, 1789--1804

601

(2)

The Congress of Vienna and Conservative Retrenchment, 1815--1820

603

(1)

Nationalism, Reform, and Revolution, 1821--1850

604

(1)

Conclusion

605

(1)

Key Terms

606

(1)

Suggested Reading

606

(1)

Notes

607

Environment and Technology: The Pencil

584

(14)

Diversity and Dominance: Robespierre and Wollstonecraft Defend and Explain the Terror

598

(10)

The Early Industrial Revolution, 1760--1851

608

(24)

Causes of the Industrial Revolution

609

(5)

Population Growth

609

(1)

The Agricultural Revolution

610

(1)

Trade and Inventiveness

610

(1)

Britain and Continental Europe

611

(3)

The Technological Revolution

614

(8)

Mass Production: Pottery

614

(1)

Mechanization: The Cotton Industry

615

(1)

The Iron Industry

616

(2)

The Steam Engine

618

(2)

Railroads

620

(1)

Communication over Wires

620

(2)

The Impact of the Early Industrial Revolution

622

(5)

The New Industrial Cities

622

(2)

Rural Environments

624

(1)

Working Conditions

624

(2)

Changes in Society

626

(1)

New Economic and Political Ideas

627

(2)

Laissez Faire and Its Critics

627

(1)

Positivists and Utopian Socialists

628

(1)

Protests and Reforms

628

(1)

Industrialization and the Nonindustrial World

629

(3)

Conclusion

630

(1)

Key Terms

630

(1)

Suggested Reading

631

(1)

Notes

631

Environment and Technology: The Origin of Graphs

613

(3)

Diversity and Dominance: Adam Smith and the Division of Labor

616

(16)

Nation Building and Economic Transformation in the Americas, 1800--1890

632

(31)

Independence in Latin America, 1800--1830

633

(6)

Roots of Revolution, to 1810

634

(1)

Spanish South America, 1810--1825

634

(3)

Mexico, 1810--1823

637

(1)

Brazil, to 1831

638

(1)

The Problem of Order, 1825--1890

639

(11)

Constitutional Experiments

639

(3)

Personalist Leaders

642

(2)

The Threat of Regionalism

644

(2)

Foreign Interventions and Regional Wars

646

(1)

Native Peoples and the Nation-State

647

(3)

The Challenge of Social and Economic Change

650

(13)

The Abolition of Slavery

650

(2)

Immigration

652

(2)

American Cultures

654

(1)

Women's Rights and the Struggle for Social Justice

655

(1)

Development and Underdevelopment

656

(3)

Altered Environments

659

(1)

Conclusion

660

(1)

Key Terms

661

(1)

Suggested Reading

661

(1)

Notes

662

Environment and Technology: Constructing the Port of Buenos Aires, Argentina

658

Diversity and Dominance: The Afro-Brazilian Experience, 1828

640

(23)

Africa, India, and the New British Empire, 1750--1870

663

(27)

Changes and Exchanges in Africa

664

(9)

New Africa States

665

(3)

Modernization in Egypt and Ethiopia

668

(1)

European Penetration

669

(1)

Abolition and Legitimate Trade

670

(2)

Secondary Empires in Eastern Africa

672

(1)

India Under British Rule

673

(8)

Company Men

673

(1)

Raj and Rebellion, 1818--1857

674

(2)

Political Reform and Industrial Impact

676

(4)

Rising Indian Nationalism

680

(1)

Britain's Eastern Empire

681

(9)

Colonies and Commerce

681

(2)

Imperial Policies and Shipping

683

(1)

Colonization of Australia and New Zealand

684

(2)

New Labor Migrations

686

(1)

Conclusion

687

(1)

Key Terms

688

(1)

Suggested Reading

688

(1)

Notes

689

Environment and Technology: Whaling

685

Diversity and Dominance: Ceremonials of Imperial Domination

678

(12)

Land Empires in the Age of Imperialism, 1800--1870

690

(29)

The Ottoman Empire

691

(12)

Egypt and the Napoleonic Example, 1798--1840

692

(1)

Ottoman Reform and the European Model, 1807--1853

693

(6)

The Crimean War and Its Aftermath, 1853--1877

699

(4)

The Russian Empire

703

(4)

Russia and Europe

703

(2)

Russia and Asia

705

(1)

Cultural Trends

706

(1)

The Qing Empire

707

(12)

Economic and Social Disorder, 1800--1839

707

(1)

The Opium War and Its Aftermath, 1839--1850

708

(2)

The Taiping Rebellion, 1850--1864

710

(2)

Decentralization at the End of the Qing Empire, 1864--1875

712

(3)

Conclusion

715

(1)

Key Terms

715

(1)

Suggested Reading

715

Environment and Technology: The Web of War

702

Diversity and Dominance: The French Occupation of Egypt

694

(23)

Issues in World History: State Power, the Census, and the Question of Identity

717

(2)

PART SEVEN Global Diversity and Dominance, 1850--1945

719

(138)

The New Power Balance, 1850--1900

722

(26)

New Technologies and the World Economy

723

(4)

Railroads

723

(1)

Steamships and Telegraph Cables

724

(1)

The Steel and Chemical Industries

724

(2)

Electricity

726

(1)

World Trade and Finance

726

(1)

Social Changes

727

(5)

Population and Migrations

727

(2)

Urbanization and Urban Environments

729

(1)

Middle-Class Women's ``Separate Sphere''

730

(1)

Working-Class Women

731

(1)

Socialism and Labor Movements

732

(1)

Marx and Socialism

732

(1)

Labor Movements

733

(1)

Nationalism and the Unification of Germany and Italy

733

(7)

Language and National Identity Before 1871

733

(3)

The Unification of Italy, 1860--1870

736

(1)

The Unification of Germany, 1866--1871

736

(2)

Nationalism After 1871

738

(2)

The Great Powers of Europe, 1871--1900

740

(2)

Germany at the Center of Europe

740

(1)

The Liberal Powers: France and Great Britain

740

(1)

The Conservative Powers: Russia and Austria-Hungary

741

(1)

Japan Joins the Great Powers, 1865--1905

742

(6)

China, Japan, and the Western Powers, to 1867

742

(1)

The Meiji Restoration and the Modernization of Japan, 1868--1894

743

(3)

The Birth of Japanese Imperialism, 1894--1905

746

(1)

Conclusion

746

(1)

Key Terms

747

(1)

Suggested Reading

747

(1)

Notes

747

Environment and Technology: Railroads and Immigration

728

(6)

Diversity and Dominance: Marx and Engels on Global Trade and the Bourgeoisie

734

(14)

The New Imperialism, 1869--1914

748

(27)

The New Imperialism: Motives and Methods

749

(5)

Political Motives

750

(1)

Cultural Motives

750

(1)

Economic Motives

751

(1)

The Tools of the Imperialists

752

(2)

Colonial Agents and Administration

754

(1)

The Scramble for Africa

754

(7)

Egypt

755

(1)

Western and Equatorial Africa

755

(3)

Southern Africa

758

(1)

Political and Social Consequences

759

(1)

Cultural Responses

760

(1)

Asia and Western Dominance

761

(7)

Central Asia

761

(1)

Southeast Asia and Indonesia

761

(5)

Hawaii and the Philippines, 1878--1902

766

(2)

Imperialism in Latin America

768

(3)

Railroads and the Imperialism of Free Trade

768

(2)

American Expansionism and the Spanish-American War, 1898

770

(1)

American Intervention in the Caribbean and Central America, 1901--1914

770

(1)

The World Economy and the Global Environment

771

(4)

Expansion of the World Economy

771

(1)

Transformation of the Global Environment

771

(2)

Conclusion

773

(1)

Key Terms

773

(1)

Suggested Reading

774

(1)

Notes

774

Environment and Technology: Imperialism and Tropical Ecology

767

Diversity and Dominance: Two Africans Recall the Arrival of the Europeans

762

(13)

The Crisis of the Imperial Order, 1900--1929

775

(29)

Origins of the Crisis in Europe and the Middle East

776

(2)

The Ottoman Empire and the Balkans

776

(1)

Nationalism, Alliances, and Military Strategy

777

(1)

The ``Great War'' and the Russian Revolutions, 1914--1918

778

(7)

Stalemate, 1914--1917

780

(1)

The Home Front and the War Economy

781

(2)

The Ottoman Empire at War

783

(1)

Double Revolution in Russia, 1917

784

(1)

The End of the War in Western Europe, 1917--1918

785

(1)

Peace and Dislocation in Europe, 1919--1929

785

(5)

The Impact of the War

786

(1)

The Peace Treaties

786

(2)

Russian Civil War and the New Economic Policy

788

(1)

An Ephemeral Peace

789

(1)

China and Japan: Contrasting Destinies

790

(2)

Social and Economic Change

790

(1)

Revolution and War, 1900--1918

791

(1)

Chinese Warlords and the Guomindang, 1919--1929

792

(1)

The New Middle East

792

(5)

The Mandate System

792

(1)

The Rise of Modern Turkey

793

(4)

Arab Lands and the Question of Palestine

797

(1)

Society, Culture, and Technology in the Industrialized World

797

(7)

Class and Gender

799

(1)

Revolution in the Sciences

799

(1)

The New Technologies of Modernity

800

(1)

Technology and the Environment

801

(1)

Conclusion

802

(1)

Key Terms

803

(1)

Suggested Reading

803

Environment and Technology: Cities Old and New

798

Diversity and Dominance: The Middle East After World War I

794

(10)

The Collapse of the Old Order, 1929--1949

804

(27)

The Stalin Revolution

805

(3)

Five-Year Plans

805

(1)

Collectivization of Agriculture

806

(2)

Terror and Opportunities

808

(1)

The Depression

808

(4)

Economic Crisis

808

(1)

Depression in Industrial Nations

809

(3)

Depression in Nonindustrial Regions

812

(1)

The Rise of Fascism

812

(3)

Mussolini's Italy

812

(1)

Hitler's Germany

813

(1)

The Road to War, 1933--1939

814

(1)

East Asia, 1931--1945

815

(3)

The Manchurian Incident of 1931

815

(1)

The Chinese Communists and the Long March

815

(1)

The Sino-Japanese War, 1937--1945

816

(2)

The Second World War

818

(7)

The War of Movement

818

(1)

War in Europe and North Africa

819

(2)

War in Asia and the Pacific

821

(1)

The End of the War

821

(2)

Chinese Civil War and Communist Victory

823

(2)

The Character of Warfare

825

(6)

The War of Science

825

(1)

Bombing Raids

825

(2)

The Holocaust

827

(1)

The Home Front in Europe and Asia

827

(1)

The Home Front in the United States

828

(1)

War and the Environment

829

(1)

Conclusion

829

(1)

Key Terms

829

(1)

Suggested Reading

830

Environment and Technology: Biomedical Technologies

826

Diversity and Dominance: Women, Family Values, and the Russian Revolution