A&S Graduate Confronts Diabetes in Appalachia

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July 7, 2016

By Mallory Powell

Growing up in Hazard, Kentucky, Brittany Martin was familiar with diabetes. Many of her older relatives had been diagnosed with the chronic condition, and her younger family members were starting to develop it as well. In a state with one of the highest rates of diabetes — 11.3 percent of adults had a diagnosis in 2014 —Martin’s family wasn’t out of the ordinary, but she found the status quo unacceptable.

Since she graduated from the University of Kentucky in 2014 with a dual degree in biology and sociology, Martin’s family history and her interest in health have converged in her current role as coordinator of the Big Sandy Diabetes Coalition (BSDC), where she serves as an AmeriCorps Vista volunteer. The coalition, based at Big Sandy Health Care in Prestonsburg, aims to improve detection, prevention and treatment of diabetes through screening and connection with local resources; it serves the five southeastern counties of Floyd, Johnson Magoffin, Martin and Pike.

Diabetes is especially prevalent in southeastern Kentucky, with an average of 13 percent of adults diagnosed. In Pike County, at least 16 percent of adults have been diagnosed, and overall, an estimated 138,000 Kentuckians are thought to be living with undiagnosed diabetes.

In her role as the BSDC coordinator, Martin, 25, juggles many responsibilities, from hosting community screenings to planning board meetings and writing a regular newsletter. It didn’t take her long to observe that irregular screenings, a lack of follow-up, and shortage of robust data inhibited diabetes prevention and care at both individual and community levels.

“We decided we wanted to set up more systematic screenings, instead of opportunistic screenings, and eventually set up a diabetes registry and keep track of participants,” Martin said.

She is now leading a project to determine whether regular community screenings and targeted follow-up can help to identify undiagnosed cases, measurably improve health, and reduce the emotional and economic burden of diabetes through connection with local resources.

Martin, a registered phlebotomist, has personally screened 586 people since she began working with the Big Sandy Diabetes Coalition in August 2015. At each initial screening, she gathers baseline data and provides diabetes education. She then follows up with people who are diabetic or pre-diabetic to connect them with local resources and encourage them to come back for screening in six months.

Through CLIK, Martin received training on evidence-based interventions, data mining for research, and data collection and analysis — essential skills to assess the impact of a project. Equipped with this additional expertise, she is now researching the effectiveness of her diabetes screening system in nearby Martin County.

"Brittany’s important work, receptivity to our input, and unparalleled enthusiasm have made her a stellar CLIK participant. She is an ambassador for UK, the CCTS and CLIK, sharing her expertise and her commitment to the health of residents of the Commonwealth," said Nancy Schoenberg, Ph.D., co-director of community engagement and research for the CCTS.

Depending on the month, Martin hosts up to 10 community screenings across the five counties served by Big Sandy Health Care. The opportunity to work in multiple counties in Appalachia has enlightened even a native of the region about the area’s diverse needs and challenges.

“People speak of Appalachia as a whole, but Martin County has so much less than Pike County. Martin County doesn’t have a hospital. They have such a lack of access to care. They have one grocery store. It was very hard for me to find the resources to give them,” she said.

The outcomes of her screenings also alarm her. Despite the discrepancies of resources between the two counties, she finds similar rates of disease.

“It’s actually kind of scary. Roughly 24 percent of people are pre-diabetic and 25 percent are diabetic. That’s roughly half of my sample in the red zone,” she said. She sees particular challenges for individuals who face multiple health issues and dire socioeconomic circumstances.

“Sometimes we’ll go do screenings in the homeless shelter. Imagine being homeless and diabetic. Sometimes people are also recovering from addiction. Really, can you imagine being homeless and diabetic and recovering from an addiction?”

At some of the community screenings, people have been surprised to learn that they’re diabetic or at immediate risk.

“We did a screening at Big Sandy Community College because some of the students didn’t have health insurance. A lot of them learned that they had pre-diabetes, and they were in their early 20s. It was scary for them. One person was diabetic and didn’t know it. At all ages we’ve screened, there’s been at least one person who’s said ‘Oh my god, I didn’t know, I didn’t know the signs.’”

Her data, however, encourages her about the potential impact of systematic community screening with targeted follow-up. Her initial screening study in Pike County found that 50 percent of people who received follow-up information and returned for their six-month screening had lower A1C levels.

Her demonstrated success has also yielded nearly $20,000 in outside funding to pay for community screenings and upcoming educational classes. Anthem Blue Cross Blue Shield Medicaid, Aetna Better Health of Kentucky, and Passport Health Plan have provided a total of $11,000 in sponsorships for screenings (it costs about $7 to screen one person). Martin also recently received a $9,000 grant from Marshall University in West Virginia to support upcoming diabetes education classes in Big Sandy communities.

“Without the CCTS grants — without the money to start this program and show the results — I don’t think we would have gotten these other sponsorships in place. We wouldn’t have been able to screen as many people or even have the hope of screening more in the future,” Martin said.

Martin also initiated a partnership with Marshall University to train Big Sandy Diabetes Coalition colleagues to lead “gentle yoga” exercises for their clients in order to increase movement and activity, especially for individuals who are wheelchair-bound or have trouble exercising.

“There are a lot of positive health effects of gentle yoga,” she said. “We work with the aging population, and as they age we want to keep them moving. Safe, slow movements, even if someone is wheelchair-bound, can help keep away chronic effects of things like diabetes.”

She’s developing yet another partnership to integrate retinopathy screenings at some community outreach events. Over the course of nearly 600 diabetes screenings, Martin observed the acute need for eye care, and engaged both UK and the University of Pikeville Kentucky College of Optometry to provide retinopathy screenings at some of her events. Dr. Ana Bastos de Carvalho of UK and clinicians and optometry students from Pikeville University will conduct the screenings.

When Martin isn’t busy with her full-time (and mostly unpaid) work as the diabetes coalition coordinator, she works at least 30 hours a week as a waitress. She is also studying for both her MCAT (Medical College Admission Test) and OAT (Optometry Admission Test) exams, with plans to apply to medical and/or optometry school at Pikeville University. Her ultimate goal is to become a practicing physician in a rural community. It’s a demanding portfolio of responsibilities, and though Martin only sleeps about five hours a night, she doesn’t tire of her work.

“I’m right where I’m supposed to be.”

UK is the University for Kentucky. At UK, we are educating more students, treating more patients with complex illnesses and conducting more research and service than at any time in our 150-year history. To read more about the UK story and how you can support continued investment in your university and the Commonwealth, visit uky.edu/uk4ky. You can also read more about UK’s work with communities in Appalachia here. #uk4ky #seeblue #ukinappalachia