If You Want to Train Your Brain Learn a Musical Instrument

The brain training industry is under attack. In October 2014, a group of over 100 famous neuroscientists and psychologists wrote an open letter warning that “claims promoting brain games are frequently exaggerated and at times misleading”. Earlier this year, industry giant Lumosity was fined 2 millions , and ordered to refund thousands of customers who were tricked by false claims that the company’s products improve general mental abilities and slow the progression of age-related decline in mental capacities. Furthermore a recent review examining studies purporting to show the advantages of such products found “little proof … that training improves improves everyday cognitive performance”.

While brain training games and applications may not live up to their hype, it is well established that specific other activities and choice of lifestyle can have neurological advantages that promote overall brain health and may help to keep the mind sharp as we get older. One of these is musical training. Research shows that learning to play a musical instrument is beneficial for children and adults also. It may even be helpful to patients recovering from brain injuries.

“Music probably does something unique,” explains neuropsychologist Catherine Loveday of the University of Westminster. “It stimulates the brain in a very powerful way, because of our emotional connection with it.”

Playing a musical instrument is a rich and complex experience that includes integrating information from the senses of vision, hearing, and touch, as well as fine movements, and learning to do so can incite durable changes in the brain. Professional musicians are highly skilled performers who spend years training, and they provide a natural laboratory in which neuroscientists can study how such changes – alluded to as experience-dependent plasticity – occur across life expectancy.

Changes in brain structure

Early brain scanning studies revealed huge differences in brain structure between musicians and non-musicians of the same age. For instance, the corpus callosum, a massive bundle of nerve fibers connecting the two sides of the brain, is significantly larger in people that play musical instrument. The brain areas involved in movement, hearing, and visuo-spatial abilities also appear to be larger in professional keyboard players. Furthermore, the area devoted to handling touch sensations from the left hand is increased in violinists. These studies compared data from different groups of individuals at one point in time. As such, they could not determine whether the observed differences were actually caused by musical training, or if existing anatomical differences predispose some to become musicians. Yet, later, longitudinal studies that track individuals over time have shown that youngsters who do 12 months of musical training exhibit significant structural and functional brain changes compared to individuals who do not.

Together, these studies demonstrate that learning to play a musical instrument not only increases grey matter volume in different brain regions, but can also strengthen the long-range connections between them. Musical training also upgrades verbal memory, spatial reasoning, and literacy skills, such that professional musicians usually outperform non-musicians on these abilities.

Long-lasting benefits for musicians

Essentially, the brain scanning studies show that the degree of anatomical change in musicians brains is closely related to the age at which musical training began, and the intensity of training. The individuals who started training at the youngest age demonstrated the largest changes when compared with non-musicians.

Even short periods of musical training in early childhood can have long-lasting benefits. In one 2013 study, for instance, researchers recruited 44 older adults and divided them into three groups based on the level of formal musical training they had received as children. Participants in one group had received no training at all; those in the second had done a little training, defined as between one and three years of lessons; and those in the third had received moderate levels of training.

The researchers played recordings of complex speech sounds to the participants. They used scalp electrodes to measure the timing of neural responses in a part of the auditory brain-stem. As we age, the precision of this timing falls apart, making it difficult to understand speech, especially in environments with a lot of background noise. Members who had received moderate amounts of musical training exhibited the fastest neural responses, suggesting that even limited training in young age can preserve sharp processing of speech sounds and increase resilience to age-related decrease in hearing.

More recently, it has become obvious that musical training facilitates the rehabilitation of patients recovering from stroke and other forms of brain damage. Some researchers now argue that it might also boost speech processing and learning in children with dyslexia and other language impairments. Besides that, the benefits of musical training seem to persist for many years, or even decades, and the picture that emerges from this all evidence is that learning to play a musical instrument as a child protects the brain against the development of cognitive impairment and dementia.

Unlike commercial brain training products, which only improve performance on the skills involved, musical training has what psychologists refer to as transfer effects. Learning to play a musical instrument seems to have a far broader effect on the brain and mental function, and improves other abilities that are apparently unrelated.

“Music reaches parts of the brain that other things can’t,” says Loveday. “It’s a strong cognitive stimulus that grows the brain in a way that nothing else does, and the evidence that musical training enhances things like working memory and language is very robust.”

Learning to play a musical instrument, seems to be one of the most effective forms of brain training that exists. Musical training can induce various structural and functional changes in the brain, depending on which instrument is being learned, and the intensity of the training regime. It’s an example of how dramatically life-long experience can alter the brain so that it becomes adapted to the idiosyncrasies of its owner’s lifestyle.