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How Judicial Elections Got so Partisan

State judicial campaigns once were typically sedate affairs, little noticed outside of bar association dinners, but that is changing rapidly under a new wave of campaign spending driven by outside political groups and unlimited donations.

In a season of rough campaign attack ads, the one aimed at a North Carolina judge was among the roughest.

"Justice Robin Hudson sided with the predators," viewers were told. "Justice Robin Hudson _ not tough on child molesters, not fair to victims."

Hudson, a Democrat on the North Carolina Supreme Court, was one of the state-level judges targeted this year by the Republican State Leadership Committee, which spent $4 million nationwide on an effort to tilt state courts in a conservative direction. Though Republicans took control of the Senate and many governors mansions in the midterm election, the committee's courthouse campaigns fell short of unseating Hudson and judges it targeted in Montana, Tennessee and Missouri.

Judicial campaigns once were typically sedate affairs, little noticed outside of bar association dinners, but that is changing rapidly under a new wave of campaign spending driven by outside political groups and unlimited donations. Court campaigns in several states set spending records, according to a study that counted about $14 million in television advertising in state Supreme Court races _ about $2 million more than in 2010.

"Special-interest groups are seeing that with a small amount of money, relative to what they spend on a governor's race, they can have a big impact," said Barbara Pariente, a Supreme Court justice in Florida who in 2012 fended off the state Republican Party and Americans for Prosperity, an outside organization funded largely by the billionaire conservative Koch brothers.

"Even if they don't succeed in removing a justice, they believe they have succeeded in sending a message: When you make a ruling against public opinion, you do it at your peril," she said.

Taking the lead are conservative organizations often looking for judges who will make business-friendly decisions or support their social causes. The big money on the Democratic side has traditionally come from trial lawyers, who see a vested interest in protecting judges sympathetic to victims suing for negligence.

The rising tide of money in judicial elections can undermine judges' independence by forcing them to seek campaign contributrionss. Reform groups argue that judges, unlike legislators, need insulation from the swings of public opinion.

"We expect judges to do things differently," said Bert Brandenburg, executive director of Justice at Stake, a group that opposes special-interest pressure on courts. "The more we ask judges to take off the black robes and put on politicians' three-piece suits, the greater the risk those politicians will intrude in courtrooms."

American methods of picking judges reflect an unease with allowing them to be tainted by politics. In 24 states, governors choose candidates screened by bipartisan committees. But voters usually decide whether judges can keep their jobs, and some of the nastiest attacks have come in those elections.

For outside groups, trying to turn a judicial race is still a bargain. A $750,000 ad buy, a small fraction of what's spent in a campaign for governor or Senate, can sometimes affect the outcome of a race in which voters are barely acquainted with who's running.

The head of the Republican State Leadership Committee said the group's campaign took shape last year in response to complaints from statehouse Republicans.

"They were passing legislation and they were finding courts were out of step with the views from voters about where they wanted the state to go," said Matt Walter, the committee's president. "These good policies were running into the buzz saw of a liberal judiciary."

In North Carolina, Republicans who took over the state's General Assembly in 2010 passed a law ending public financing of court elections. That's where the leadership committee made its biggest play this year, sending $1.3 million to a conservative group called Justice for All NC. In 2012, the North Carolina group spent heavily against the state Supreme Court bid of Sam Ervin IV, grandson of the senator who led the Watergate investigation. Ervin won a seat on the court this month.

Hudson, a Democrat first elected to the North Carolina court in 2006, said her consultants warned her to expect the same treatment. But she wasn't anticipating an ad saying she supported child molesters; she said it began airing about 10 days before the May primary and seemed to be "run nonstop on every TV outlet in the state."

"I was, of course, horrified," she said.

The ad refers to a dissent Hudson wrote in which she said it was unfair that a law requiring sex offenders to wear electronic-monitoring devices should apply to a man who was convicted before the law was passed.

She said the ad distorted her position and prompted a strong backlash from voters and the media. "It backfired big-time," she said.

Walter said his committee "didn't have a say" in the content of the ad, and he declined to offer an opinion on it. A Justice for All director did not return requests for comment.

There is some evidence that the ads can sway rulings. In states with more spending, judges were found to be 7 percent to 8 percent less likely to vote in favor of defendants' appeals, according to a recent study.

The biggest donors to the Republican State Leadership Committee were corporations and businessmen. Tobacco company RJ Reynolds, the Chamber of Commerce, Blue Cross/Blue Shield and the Koch brothers were among the largest donors, according to data gathered by the Center for Responsive Politics. But the committee's ads often said little about economic issues, instead hammering judges as soft on criminals; such gut appeals are often more effective, say experts on judicial elections.

"People don't care about business interests for the most part," said Joanna Shepherd, an Emory University law professor who co-wrote the study.

One of the most expensive and contentious races this year was in Illinois, where Justice Lloyd Karmeier ran for a second 10-year term. His first campaign, in 2004, cost a record $6.8 million; he was one of the judges who set aside a $10.1-billion verdict against tobacco giant Philip Morris.

This year, lawyers appealing that decision demanded Karmeier recuse himself from the case, citing millions in campaign donations from the chamber and other groups supporting Philip Morris. But Karmeier declined, saying that he got no money directly from the tobacco giant and that there was no evidence he couldn't be impartial.

"The choice we were confronted with was: Do you do something about this, or do you roll over?" said George Zelcs, one of the lawyers.

He wrote two $300,000 checks to a group called the Campaign for 2016, which ran commercials attacking Karmeier. "Predators abusing children," one of those ads said. "Rapists, murderers let off easily."

The Republican leadership committee _ which received $230,000 from Altria, the parent company of Philip Morris _ spent $960,000 to support the judge. Karmeier won, but barely.