Emails show that the firms Delve and Off the Record Strategies, apparently on contract with the National Sheriffs’ Association (NSA), worked in secret on talking points, media outreach, and communications training for law enforcement dealing with Dakota Access opponents mobilized at the Standing Rock Sioux Reservation in Cannon Ball, North Dakota.

Delve is an opposition research firm run by Jeff Berkowitz, former Republican National Committee research director and official in the George W. Bush White House. His company led research efforts on behalf of the sheriffs’ association. Off the Record Strategies, meanwhile, guided the sheriffs’ behind-the-scenes communications strategy. Mark Pfeifle runs the secretive firm, and also served as communications advisor in the Bush administration, leading PR efforts for the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan.

‘Guns, Knives, Etc.’

According to an October 4, 2016 email sent by Chelsea Rider, content strategist for the sheriffs’ association, Pfeifle drafted the talking points used by law enforcement in an attempt to discredit the anti-DAPL movement. Representatives of that movement referred to themselves as “water protectors” because they opposed the pipeline crossing Lake Oahe and the Missouri River, a source of drinking water for the Standing Rock Sioux and others downriver.

The talking points were given to the acting public information officer, Donnell Hushka of the North Dakota Association of Counties, who handled information related to the protests at Standing Rock.

The talking points purported that the movement was led by “out-of-state agitators” with gang and drug-dealing ties, had connections to “anarchists” and “Palestinian activists,” used violence, and possessed “guns, knives, etc.” In addition, the messaging included calls to “follow the money” in pursuit of potential funding support from liberal elites such as George Soros and Tom Steyer.

On October 5, Pfeifle sent a follow-up email to Hushka and other sheriffs’ association staff, including its executive director Jonathan Thompson, in response to an email sent by Thompson. Thompson’s email recommended changes for a press conference script drafted by Hushka.

“Importantly, we need to make sure we are pushing the primary message before the actual press conference begins, we want questions asked about who is (sic) protesters,” wrote Thompson in his email. “Must focus on the why this happening. This not for altruistic reasons, but nothing less than a desire to ‘occupy, threaten and intimidate,’ not peaceful protest. There those that want nothing more than using thug-like tactics, rumors and outright lights to distort what is really happening.”

Pfeifle agreed in his email, and suggested following the press conference with outreach to friendly media outlets to amplify the message.

In his email, Pfeifle had suggested reaching out to Port, who also hosts a radio show on WDAY AM-970 and regularly wrote blog posts in support of Dakota Access during the Standing Rock stand-off. When Port’s piece went up online, Pfeifle wrote an email that same day to the Delve team, Sheriffs’ Association staff, Hushka and others asking one of his Association staffers to post the piece on social media.

Though he has removed it from his blog website, the Web Archive shows that Port formerly served as a policy fellow for the North Dakota Policy Council, which is a now-defunct think-tank member of the conservative and corporate-funded State Policy Network (SPN). SPN, as reported in 2013 by DeSmog, was actually created as a message-force-multiplier of sorts by and for the American Legislative Exchange Council (ALEC), another conservative and corporate-backed group which produces and votes on model legislation that is then disseminated to predominantly Republican Party state legislators nationwide.

Scott Hennen, another conservative radio show host that Pfeifle suggested the Sheriffs’ Association reach out to in his email, actually copied and pasted the Association’s memo into a Facebook post, which was then in turn shared by the Association. In prefacing the talking points, Hennen also posted a photo of a Palestinian flag which was on the protest site depicted.

“For those who still believe the #NoDAPL protests are all peaceful and prayerful … read this,” reads Hennen’s Facebook post. “It will help you awaken to smell the coffee. And note the Palestine flag in the photo.”

On October 7, Hennen also invited Morton County Sheriff Kyle Kirchmeier onto his show to disseminate a similar set of talking points, which are conveyed in Hennen’s Facebook post of the Sheriffs’ Association talking points.

Iraq War ‘Damage Control’

Pfeifle, who heads Off the Record Strategies, specializes in “damage control,” according to a 2005 Baltimore Sun story profiling the Bush White House communications strategy to fend off domestic critics of the Iraq War.

“Pfeifle’s specialty is damage control. And at the moment, there is more than enough damage surrounding Bush,” The Sun wrote of the campaign Pfeifle co-ran with the host of MSNBC’s “Deadline: White House,” Nicolle Wallace, who then was a top communications adviser to President Bush. “With public alarm about the war mounting and public trust of Bush plummeting, the White House has gone on the defensive with a public relations push designed to discredit his opponents. The operation has all the trappings of a political campaign - including rapid-response statements targeted at opponents, using carefully compiled research.”

Pfeifle isn’t the only person with ties to the Iraq War who did public relations for Dakota Access. James “Spider” Marks led intelligence gathering for the 2003 “shock and awe” campaign for Operation Iraqi Liberation. Today, he serves as a consultant to Energy Transfer Partners and sits on the advisory board of TigerSwan, the company’s private security firm and a funder of the National Sheriffs’ Association.

With a tagline of “Private Council/Public Results,” Off the Record Strategies does all of its business behind the scenes and rarely issues public comments.

“If we told you exactly what we do, we’d have to go on the record,” reads its website. “We’re strategic counselors with decades of high-level experience and a no-holds-barred approach to meeting - and exceeding - our client’s needs through personal and confidential service.”

Laney appears to be a prominent figure within the NSA. He sits on its Board of Directors, formerly served on its Special Operations Committee, and won association awards in 2012 and 2017. Within his more-than hour-long webinar speech last May, Laney also gave a 17-point “DAPL Lessons Learned” presentation.

On top of his other affiliations, Sheriff Laney is a member of the Board of Directors for the North Dakota Association of Counties, which received the talking points from Off the Record Strategies and the sheriffs’ association in the October 4 email.

On October 10th of last year, Morton County, North Dakota - center of the pipeline protests - sent out a request under EMAC for 40 additional law enforcement officers to come to Standing Rock. Laney, and not Morton County Sheriff Kyle Kirchmeier, is listed as the point of contact on that request. An October 13th article in the Billings Gazette, taking note of how little time Laney had been spending at home in Cass County, refers to Laney as the Dakota Access “operations chief” in Morton County.

The National Sheriffs’ Association and Off the Record Strategies show notable ties among personnel.

Patrick Royal, a media strategist who was Director of Media Affairs for the Republican National Committee in the 2008 election, is actually listed as an employee by both the Sheriffs’ Association and Off the Record Strategies. Further, Jonathan Thompson, Executive Director of the Sheriffs’ Association, formerly worked in the Bush White House with Pfeifle and they both moved on to work together at a public relations firm named S4 Inc. P. Edward Leffler - listed on his LinkedIn page as the Director of Presidential Transition Project for the Sheriffs’ Association Director of Presidential Transition Project at National Sheriffs Association - also lists himself as a Communication and Media Relations Specialist for Off the Record Strategies.

Royal, Thompson, and Pfeifle also worked together on crisis communications in reaction to the popular Netflix documentary series, Making a Murderer. Manitowoc County Sheriff Rob Hermann consulted with the three of them, according to an email obtained by USA Today, for best practice response ideas to the hit 10-part series. Royal, Thompson, and Pfeifle all did not respond to multiple requests for comment.

In an interview with Royal in May about the Sheriffs’ Association’s coordination of the Standing Rock law enforcement response, Royal responded by saying, “I wouldn’t quite characterize it that way [and] I would say that what we tried to do was work with the local sheriffs to coordinate for them, to get people who would make themselves available.”

According to the Sheriffs’ Association website, Royal was invited to speak alongside Pfeifle at the Sheriffs’ Association recent late-June annual meeting held in Reno, Nevada, where they were slated to give two three-hour seminars titled, “Communicating in a Crisis.” Eventually, the agenda changed and it appears the two did not end up speaking at the meeting, replaced instead by Sheriff Kirchmeier, Sheriff Laney, and a representative from TigerSwan in a seminar bearing the same title as the May one given by Laney and Pfeifle.

In his May 7 webinar presentation, Pfeifle told those listening to consider his firm a “resource” to be tapped into if necessary during prospective future pipeline battles.

“This is not the end of our activities to help law enforcement with pipelines to be under protest attack in the next days, months and years, but we will be able to support you if necessary and learned from what we learned in North Dakota for areas that might be seeing protesters coming in doing the same thing across the country,” said Pfeifle. “So, use us as resource. We’re here to help.”

Pfeifle, in fact, has remained a resource for other pipeline fights, including for the long-contested Keystone XL. According to Laney’s May 7 webinar presentation, he, Pfeifle, and Thompson all traveled to Lincoln, Nebraska, on April 14 to meet with the state’s Attorney General, Doug Peterson. Keystone XL, if constructed, would pass through the Cornhusker State.

Research “Delve”

In the October 4 talking points email, several Delve employees were also included in the email chain, though it is unclear how or if they responded. The email only arose through the records request because it was forwarded to Laramie County Sheriff Danny Glick, who did not respond to a request for comment for this story.

Delve principals in the email included Matt Moon, Jeff Berkowitz, Foster Morss, Lloyd Miller, and Dan Mintz. Moon is the former Deputy Research Director for the Republican National Committee (RNC), where he worked with Berkowitz. Morss led the research and policy team for 2016 Republican Party presidential candidate, New Jersey Governor Chris Christie, and also formerly served as Deputy Research Director for the RNC under Berkowitz. Berkowitz and Morss also worked together on Rudy Giuliani’s run for president during the 2008 election cycle.

Miller worked as a research consultant for the GOP Super-PAC American Crossroads, founded by former President George W. Bush chief of staff Karl Rove, while Mintz has since transitioned into a new job and works as the speechwriter for U.S.Sen. Jeff Flake (R-AZ). The Daily Beast reported that Berkowitz also ghostwrote some of the campaign policy positions for President Donald Trump’s 2016 run for the White House, doing so through another firm he runs named JBC Research LLC.

For Delve’s work on Dakota Access - which is owned by Energy Transfer Partners founder and CEO Kelcy Warren, a major Republican Party donor - the firm maintained a special email address, “pipeline@delvedc.com.” Representatives from Delve did not respond to a request for comment for this story. Delve’s “delve” into helping the Sheriffs’ Association at Standing Rock appears to have paid off, though, at least according to Sheriff Laney’s May webinar presentation.

“It wasn’t until we had Mark and his people, Matt and Dan [of Delve] and Chelsea [of the National Sheriffs’ Association], [who] all came [and] spent probably way more time than they thought they ever would in their lives in North Dakota, but they spent months with us,” said Laney.

“And they were a godsend for us because we were finally about to fight them. You know, their professional media service we know was coming out of Seattle and it was highly funded. And to combat that with our own experts and I don’t have the time to go into all of that, but I can tell you without them, we would’ve been in serious trouble.”

Dakota Access, pending an ongoing federal court review of the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers’ environmental review process for the pipeline’s Missouri River crossing and how a spill may impact the Standing Rock Tribe, is now open for business and its oil obtained from hydraulic fracturing (“fracking”) from the Bakken Shale basin is now moving to market.

Read the draft talking points are embedded below, and the rest of the emails on the request page.