At the instruction of the Universal House of Justice, the Research Department
has studied the questions on the above-mentioned topics that were raised by
Miss xxxx in her email message of 24 April 1996 to the House of Justice. Miss
xxxx explains that her questions arise from her desire "to understand the
Bahá'í concept of equality of the sexes in light of some Bahá'í laws and
history which 'appear' to undermine it". We provide the following response.

1. The Bahá'í Law Concerning Monogamy

Miss xxxx asks how to reconcile certain statements on monogamy made by
Bahá'u'lláh, Abdu'l-Bahá and Shoghi Effendi and how such statements accord with
the attitudes and practices exemplified within the Bahá'í community during the
ministries of Bahá'u'lláh and the Master.

1.1 Understanding Statements in the Bahá'í Writings

With regard to the Bahá'í law on monogamy, Miss xxxx cites the statement in
the Kitab-i-Aqdas, [[paragraph]]63:

Beware that ye take not unto yourselves more wives than two. Whoso
contenteth himself with a single partner from among the maidservants of God,
both he and she shall live in tranquillity.

She refers to a Tablet revealed by Abdu'l-Bahá, published in "Amr va Khalq",
vol. 4, pp. 175-76, which appears to give a believer permission to take a
second wife. This same Tablet indicates that the law concerning taking no more
than two wives cannot be abrogated; that taking a second wife is conditional
upon justice, a condition that is virtually impossible to fulfill; and that
Abdu'l-Bahá did not prevent believers from marrying a second wife when they
stated that they would act with justice. Miss xxxx contrasts the statements in
this Tablet with the excerpt from a Tablet quoted in note 89 of "The Kitab-i-
Aqdas", which states:

Know thou that polygamy is not permitted under the law of God, for
contentment with one wife hath been clearly stipulated. Taking a second wife is
made dependent upon equity and justice being upheld between the two wives,
under all conditions. However, observance of justice and equity towards two
wives is utterly impossible. The fact that bigamy has been made dependent upon
an impossible condition is clear proof of its absolute prohibition. Therefore
it is not permissible for a man to have more than one wife.1

She asks how to resolve the contradictions that appear in these two Tablets.

Miss xxxx also notes that Shoghi Effendi indicates that the Aqdas "prescribes
monogamy". She wonders how this interpretation can be reconciled with the
wording of the text of the Aqdas and with the Tablet from Abdu'l-Bahá in "Amr
va Khalq", and she asks:

How then can Shoghi Effendi ignore the literal reading of the text
and how it had been historically understood by all Bahá'ís up to his time, and
abrogate this law?

1.2 General Principles

By way of introduction, we wish to consider a number of principles which, when
taken together, will help to provide a framework within which the passages from
the Bahá'í Teachings referred to by Miss xxxx might be understood. These
include:

The Principle of Progressive Revelation

Bahá'u'lláh, in His Writings, sets out the principle of progressive
revelation, both in relation to the advent of successive Manifestations of God
and to the gradual unfoldment and implementation of the revelation within the
ministry of each individual Prophet. He explains:

Know of a certainty that in every Dispensation the light of Divine
Revelation hath been vouchsafed unto men in direct proportion to their
spiritual capacity. Consider the sun. How feeble its rays the moment it
appeareth above the horizon. How gradually its warmth and potency increase as
it approacheth its zenith, enabling meanwhile all created things to adapt
themselves to the growing intensity of its light. How steadily it declineth
until it reacheth its setting point. Were it, all of a sudden, to manifest the
energies latent within it, it would, no doubt, cause injury to all created
things.... In like manner, if the Sun of Truth were suddenly to reveal, at the
earliest stages of its manifestation, the full measure of the potencies which
the providence of the Almighty hath bestowed upon it, the earth of human
understanding would waste away and be consumed; for men's hearts would neither
sustain the intensity of its revelation, nor be able to mirror forth the
radiance of its light. Dismayed and overpowered, they would cease to
exist.2

The Covenant and the Kitab-i-Aqdas

The institution of the Covenant has a direct bearing on the implementation of
the laws of the Kitab-i-Aqdas. It calls for the appointment of authorized
interpreters, in the persons of Abdu'l-Bahá and the Guardian, to provide
authoritative statements on the intent of Bahá'u'lláh's Revelation; and for the
Universal House of Justice to legislate on matters that are not covered
explicitly in the Sacred Text and to elucidate matters that are obscure

or causing confusion. The function of the divinely appointed interpreters is
evident in the progressive disclosure and clarification of the details of the
Bahá'í Teachings concerning monogamy. In this regard, the following extract
from a letter dated 23 March 1975 written on behalf of the Universal House of
Justice sheds light on the process by which this occurs. The House of Justice
states:

The Kitab-i-Aqdas appears to allow bigamy. This is explained in
Note 17 on page 59 of the "Synopsis and Codification":3 "The text of the
`Kitab-i-Aqdas' upholds monogamy, but as it appears also to permit bigamy, the
Guardian was asked for a clarification, and in reply his secretary wrote on his
behalf: `Regarding Bahá'í marriage: in the light of the Master's Tablet
interpreting the provision in the "Aqdas" on the subject of the plurality of
wives, it becomes evident that monogamy alone is permissible, since, as
`Abdu'l-Bahá states, bigamy is conditioned upon justice and as justice is
impossible, it follows that bigamy is not permissible, and monogamy alone
should be practised.'" This is an authoritative interpretation, and as an
interpretation states what is intended by the original text, it is correct to
say that the Kitab-i-Aqdas prohibits plurality of wives. This method of
establishing monogamy as the law of the Faith is one example of the process
referred to in the introduction to the "Synopsis and Codification" whereby
there is a progressive disclosure of the full meaning of the laws of the Faith
as the Dispensation unfolds.

Progressive Implementation of Laws

Bahá'u'lláh has provided for the progressive application of Bahá'í law. He
states:

Indeed, the laws of God are like unto the ocean and the children
of men as fish, did they but know it. However, in observing them one must
exercise tact and wisdom... Since most people are feeble and far-removed from
the purpose of God, therefore one must observe tact and prudence under all
conditions, so that nothing might happen that could cause disturbance and
dissension or raise clamor among the heedless. Verily, His bounty hath
surpassed the whole universe and His bestowals encompassed all that dwell on
earth. One must guide mankind to the ocean of true understanding in a spirit of
love and tolerance. The Kitab-i-Aqdas itself beareth eloquent testimony to the
loving providence of God.4

The progressive clarification of the details of the laws of the Faith has been
accompanied by a gradual implementation of their provisions. This principle is
exemplified in relation to the law of monogamy.

------------------------ 3. "A Synopsis and Codification of the Kitab-i-Aqdas,
the Most Holy Book of Bahá'u'lláh" (Haifa: Bahá'í World Centre, 1973). 4.
Cited in Introduction to "The Kitab-i-Aqdas: The Most Holy Book", p. 6.

Monogamy, Sexual Equality, etc. 27 June 1996 Page 4

It should be noted that the gradual introduction and application of certain
laws which require followers to abandon their time-honored laws and practices
to which they have been accustomed is not new in this Dispensation. This
gradual introduction of laws may be found also in earlier religions. For
example, the consumption of alcohol was common among the Arabs during the days
of Muhammad. The Qur'an decrees prohibition of drinking alcohol in stages.
Muhammad introduced the prohibition of alcohol in a progressive manner. At
first, He said that there are advantages and disadvantages in drinking, but
that the disadvantages outweigh the advantages (see Qur'an 2:219). Some time
later, He counselled His followers not to perform obligatory prayers if they
were intoxicated (see Qur'an 4:43), and finally, when people became accustomed
to these restrictive measures, He forbade drinking altogether (see Qur'an
5:89).

1.3 Specific Questions

It is suggested that the above-mentioned principles will provide a framework
which will assist Miss xxxx to gain a deeper understanding of the statements of
Bahá'u'lláh, Abdu'l-Bahá and Shoghi Effendi on the Bahá'í Teachings on
monogamy. As stated in note 89, the fact that Bahá'u'lláh

...left His followers with an infallible Interpreter of His Writings
enabled Him to outwardly permit two wives in the Kitab-i-Aqdas but uphold a
condition that enabled Abdu'l-Bahá to elucidate later that the intention of the
law was to enforce monogamy.5

2. The Law of Monogamy and its Practice

Miss xxxx refers to the narrative of Bahiyyih Khanum concerning the marriage
of Abdu'l-Bahá published in Myron Phelps's "Life and Teachings of Abbas
Effendi" (New York and London: G.P. Putnam's Sons, The Knickerbocker Press,
1903), pp. 90-94. In this narrative, the Greatest Holy Leaf mentions that the
believers in the Holy Land strongly urged Abdu'l-Bahá to take a second wife, in
part because He had no living son, and since they, personally, were desirous of
taking a second wife. She reports that Bahá'u'lláh wished to lead the believers
gradually to monogamy rather than force them to observe it, which they felt
constrained to do by Abdu'l-Bahá's example, and, because the friends greatly
desired Abdu'l-Bahá to have a son, Bahá'u'lláh exempted Abdu'l-Bahá from the
application of His advice concerning monogamy, leaving the Master free to take
a second wife if He so chose. While Abdu'l-Bahá expressed a willingness to
obey, should Bahá'u'lláh command Him to take a second wife, such a command was
never issued.

Based on her reading of this narrative, Miss xxxx raises a number of questions
about the attitudes of the believers in the Holy Land during this early period
of Bahá'í history. She is particularly concerned about their continued desire
to take more than one wife, and the fact that they felt constrained to follow
the example of Abdu'l-Bahá rather than to obey the law

------------------------ 5. ibid., pp. 206-207.

Monogamy, Sexual Equality, etc. 27 June 1996 Page 5

in the Aqdas or act on the strength of belief in the equality of the sexes.
Given the historical account, she asks how Shoghi Effendi could have deduced
that the Aqdas "prescribes monogamy".

Concerning the practice of bigamy in the Bahá'í community, it is true that
during the ministry of Bahá'u'lláh, and also during that of Abdu'l-Bah a,
bigamy was practiced to some degree in the Bahá'í communities of the East. It
is important to consider that Bahá'u'lláh was revealing His Teachings in the
milieu of a Muslim society where the practice of polygamy was entrenched. He,
therefore, introduced the question of monogamy gradually in accordance with the
principles of wisdom and the progressive unfoldment of His purpose. It is
suggested that the events in the narrative might well be understood within this
context, and that the attitudes of the early believers would appear simply to
reflect the degree of their understanding of the new Revelation. The principles
outlined in the above section have application to the question concerning how
Shoghi Effendi deduced that the Aqdas "prescribes monogamy".

Finally, it is useful to note that, while of great interest, Bahiyyih Khanum's
narrative, as reported in Phelps's book, is to be regarded as a pilgrim's note
and thus does not have the authority of the revealed Text or the
interpretations of Shoghi Effendi and the elucidations of the Universal House
of Justice.

3. Sexual Equality

Miss xxxx expresses concern about what she perceives to be a sexual double
standard in the Bahá'í Writings and in the literature written by Bahá'ís about
the Faith.6 Reference is made to Questions and Answers 47 and the relevant
sections in the Synopsis and Codification of the Kitab-i-Aqdas concerning the
provisions that apply when a marriage is made conditional on virginity.7 She
enquires whether this law applies ONLY if the marriage is conditioned on
virginity and she wishes to know whether it applies mutatis mutandis. The
following extract from a letter dated 2 February 1982, written on behalf of the
Universal House of Justice, addresses these issues:

It is apparent from the Guardian's writings that where Bahá'u'lláh
has given us a law as between a man and a woman it applies mutatis mutandis
between a woman and a man unless the context should make this impossible. For
example, the text of the Kitab-i-Aqdas forbids a man to marry his father's wife
(i.e. his step-mother), and the Guardian has indicated that likewise a woman is
forbidden to marry her step-father.

------------------------ 6. John Ferraby's "All Things Made New" (London:
Bahá'í Publishing Trust, 1975), p. 119, is taken as an example of the latter.
As Miss xxxx indicates, Mr. Ferraby states that "Bahá'u'lláh enjoins all to be
chaste, especially women." In addition, it should be pointed out that Ferraby
cites a general passage from the Writings of Bahá'u'lláh which underlines the
importance of each person leading "a chaste and godly life". 7. "The
Kitab-i-Aqdas: The Most Holy Book", p. 120, and p. 150.

Monogamy, Sexual Equality, etc. 27 June 1996 Page 6

It should also be borne in mind that Bahá'u'lláh envisages the
possibility for specific conditions to be laid down and agreed upon by the
parties prior to their marriage. This means that in addition to the spiritual
covenant the parties become committed to, they are permitted by the Author of
our Faith to enter into a form of contract, if they choose, with defined
conditions and provisions binding on both parties. In one of these cases you
cite, for example, that of a wife who is found by her husband not to have been
a virgin, the dissolution of the marriage can be demanded only "if the marriage
has been conditioned on virginity"; presumably, therefore, if the wife wishes
to exercise such a right in respect to the husband, she would have to include a
condition as to his virginity in the marriage contract.

With regard to Miss xxxx's specific questions about the application of this
law, the Research Department has not been able to locate any references in the
Bahá'í Teachings that shed light on her questions. We note, however, that this
particular law is one that is not currently binding on the believers in the
West. No doubt, when the appropriate time for its application comes, the
Universal House of Justice will provide the necessary elucidations and any
supplementary legislation that might be required in order for the law to be
applied with justice.

4. Marital Equality

Miss xxxx enquires about the meaning of a statement from a Tablet by
Abdu'l-Bahá concerning the obedience of wives to husbands, contained in a
letter from the Universal House of Justice.8 She indicates that she is aware
that the House of Justice has indicated that the Master's statement is not to
be construed as a "legal definition giving the husband absolute authority over
his wife" and that, in decision-making, the Guardian has specified that there
are times when the husband should defer to his wife, and vice versa. Never-
theless, she believes that this Tablet "seems to be making the husband the
chief authority in the relationship and enforcing traditional roles". She is,
therefore, puzzled about how His statement is to be understood.

While the letter of the Universal House of Justice referred to by Miss xxxx
would appear to set out the context in which the extract from the Tablet of
Abdu'l-Bahá might be understood, it is suggested that Miss xxxx might also find
it useful to broaden her appreciation of Abdu'l-Bahá's attitude towards women
by examining other passages from His Writings that relate to the role of women
in the family. See, for example, extracts 172 and 178 in the compilation on
"Bahá'í Marriage and Family Life". In addition, we provide the following
extract from a letter dated 11 January 1988 written on behalf of the House of
Justice to an individual in response to a question about the role of the
husband in the family:

------------------------ 8. Letter dated 28 December 1980 to a National
Spiritual Assembly, published in "Bahá'í Marriage and Family Life" (National
Spiritual Assembly of the Bahá'ís of Canada, 1983), pp. 57-60.

Monogamy, Sexual Equality, etc. 27 June 1996 Page 7

As you point out in your letter, the Universal House of Justice
has stated that, by inference from a number of responsibilities placed upon
him, the father can be regarded as the "head" of the family. However, this term
does not have the same meaning as that used generally. Rather, a new meaning
should be sought in the light of the principle of the equality between men and
women, and of statements of the Universal House of Justice that neither husband
nor wife should ever unjustly dominate the other. The House of Justice has
stated previously, in response to a question from a believer, that use of the
term "head" "does not confer superiority upon the husband, nor does it give him
special rights to undermine the rights of the other members of the family". It
has also stated that if agreement cannot be reached following loving
consultation, "there are times ... when a wife should defer to her husband, and
times when a husband should defer to his wife, but neither should ever unjustly
dominate the other"; this is in marked contrast to the conventional usage of
the term "head" with which is associated, frequently, the unfettered right of
making decisions when agreement cannot be reached between husband and
wife.

4. The Supreme Tribunal

Miss xxxx enquires whether women will be allowed to serve as members of the
future Supreme Tribunal. Her question derives from her reading of a statement
by Abdu'l-Bahá which indicates that its membership will consist of men,9 and of
a letter dated 17 June 1933 written on behalf of Shoghi Effendi which states:

The Universal Court of Arbitration and the International Tribunal
are the same. When the Bahá'í State will be established they will be merged in
the Universal House of Justice.

By way of introduction, we wish to call attention to the fact that the
translation of the statement from the Tablet of Abdu'l-Bahá was revised in
1985. This revised translation will appear in subsequent editions of
"Selections from the Writings of Abdu'l-Bahá". The amended translation was
published in the compilation on "Peace" and is cited below for ease of
reference:10

...the national assemblies of each country and nation -- that is
to say parliaments -- should elect two or three persons who are the choicest of
that nation, and are well informed concerning international laws and the
relations between governments and aware of the essential needs of the world of
humanity in this day. The number of these representatives

should be in proportion to the number of inhabitants of that
country. The election of these souls who are chosen by the national assembly,
that is, the parliament, must be confirmed by the upper house, the congress and
the cabinet and also by the president or monarch so these persons may be the
elected ones of all the nation and the government. The Supreme Tribunal will be
composed of these people, and all mankind will thus have a share therein, for
every one of these delegates is fully representative of his
nation....

While the Research Department has not been able to find any statements in the
Bahá'í Writings which explicate how the Supreme Tribunal will "merge" with the
Universal House of Justice or which specify how these institutions will relate
to each other, the following extract from a letter dated 31 May 1988 from the
Universal House of Justice to a National Spiritual Assembly pertains to the
membership of these bodies:

With regard to the status of women, the important point for
Bahá'ís to remember is that in face of the categorical pronouncements in Bahá'í
Scripture establishing the equality of men and women, the ineligibility of
women for membership of the Universal House of Justice does not constitute
evidence of the superiority of men over women. It must also be borne in mind
that women are not excluded from any other international institution of the
Faith. They are found among the ranks of the Hands of the Cause. They serve as
members of the International Teaching Centre and as Continental Counsellors.
And, there is nothing in the Text to preclude the participation of women in
such future international bodies as the Supreme Tribunal.