On Narcissism (German: Zur Einführung des Narzißmus) is a 1914 essay by Sigmund Freud, widely considered an introduction to Freud's theories of narcissism.

In this paper, Freud sums up his earlier discussions on the subject of narcissism and considers its place in sexual development. Furthermore, he looks at the deeper problems of the relation between the ego and external objects, drawing a new distinction between the 'ego-libido' and 'object-libido'. Most importantly[citation needed] he introduces the idea of the 'ego ideal', and the self- observing agency related to it. Freud also looks briefly at his controversies with Carl Jung and Alfred Adler, indeed one of his motives for writing this was probably to show that the concept of narcissism offers an alternative to Jung's non-sexual 'libido' and Adler's 'masculine protest'.

Sigmund Freud
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Sigmund Freud was an Austrian neurologist and the founder of psychoanalysis, a clinical method for treating psychopathology through dialogue between a patient and a psychoanalyst. Freud was born to Galician Jewish parents in the Moravian town of Freiberg and he qualified as a doctor of medicine in 1881 at the University of Vienna. Upon completing h

German language
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German is a West Germanic language that is mainly spoken in Central Europe. It is the most widely spoken and official language in Germany, Austria, Switzerland, South Tyrol, the German-speaking Community of Belgium and it is also one of the three official languages of Luxembourg. Major languages which are most similar to German include other member

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Old Frisian (Alt-Friesisch)

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The widespread popularity of the Bible translated into German by Martin Luther helped establish modern German

Narcissism
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Narcissism is the pursuit of gratification from vanity or egotistic admiration of ones own attributes. The term originated from Greek mythology, where the young Narcissus fell in love with his own image reflected in a pool of water, Narcissism is a concept in psychoanalytic theory, which was popularly introduced in Sigmund Freuds essay On Narcissis

Carl Jung
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Carl Gustav Jung was a Swiss psychiatrist and psychoanalyst who founded analytical psychology. His work has been not only in psychiatry but also in anthropology, archaeology, literature, philosophy. As a notable research scientist based at the famous Burghölzli hospital, under Eugen Bleuler, he came to the attention of the Viennese founder of psych

Alfred Adler
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Alfred W. Adler was an Austrian medical doctor, psychotherapist, and founder of the school of individual psychology. His emphasis on the importance of feelings of inferiority—the inferiority complex—is recognized as an element which plays a key role in personality development. Alfred Adler considered human beings as a whole, therefore he called his

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Alfred Adler

History of narcissism
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The concept of excessive selfishness has been recognized throughout history. The term narcissism is derived from the Greek mythology of Narcissus, since then, narcissism has become a household word, in analytic literature, given the great preoccupation with the subject, the term is used more than almost any other. The meaning of narcissism has chan

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Sigmund Freud, by Max Halberstadt, 1914

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Karen Horney

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Contents

Civilization and Its Discontents
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Civilization and Its Discontents is a book by Sigmund Freud. Written in 1929, and first published in German in 1930 as Das Unbehagen in der Kultur and it is considered one of Freuds most important and widely read works, and one of the most influential and studied books in the field of modern psychology. In this seminal book, Sigmund Freud enumerate

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1930s front cover German edition

The Ego and the Id
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The Ego and the Id is a prominent paper by the psychoanalyst Sigmund Freud. It is a study of the human psyche outlining his theories of the psychodynamics of the id, ego and super-ego. The study was conducted over years of research and was first published in 1923. The Ego and the Id develops a line of reasoning as a groundwork for explaining variou

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The Ego and the Id

The Future of an Illusion
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The Future of an Illusion is a 1927 work by Sigmund Freud, describing his interpretation of religions origins, development, psychoanalysis, and its future. Freud viewed religion as a belief system. Religious concepts are transmitted in three ways and thereby claim our belief, psychologically speaking, these beliefs present the phenomena of wish ful

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The Future of an Illusion

Group Psychology and the Analysis of the Ego
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Group Psychology and the Analysis of the Ego is a work of Sigmund Freud from the year 1921. In this monograph, Freud describes psychological mechanisms at work within mass movements, a mass, according to Freud, is a temporary entity, consisting of heterogeneous elements that have joined together for a moment. He refers heavily to the writings of so

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Cover of the first edition of Massenpsychologie und Ich-Analyse

The History of the Psychoanalytic Movement

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The 1924 German edition

The Interpretation of Dreams
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Freud revised the book at least eight times and, in the third edition, added an extensive section which treated dream symbolism very literally, following the influence of Wilhelm Stekel. Freud said of this work, Insight such as this falls to ones lot, the book was first published in an edition of 600 copies, which did not sell out for eight years.

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Title page of the original German edition

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Memorial plate in commemoration of the place where Freud began The Interpretation of Dreams, near Grinzing, Austria

Introduction to Psychoanalysis
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Introduction to Psychoanalysis or Introductory Lectures on Psycho-Analysis is a set of lectures given by Sigmund Freud 1915-17, which became the most popular and widely translated of his works. In the New Introductory Lectures, those on dreams and anxiety/instinctual life offered clear accounts of Freuds latest thinking, more popular treatments of

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Introduction to Psychoanalysis

Moses and Monotheism
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Moses and Monotheism is a 1939 book about monotheism by Sigmund Freud, published in English translation in 1939. The book consists of three essays and is an extension of Freud’s work on theory as a means of generating hypotheses about historical events. Freud hypothesizes that Moses was not Hebrew, but actually born into Ancient Egyptian nobility a

The Psychopathology of Everyday Life
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Psychopathology of Everyday Life is a 1901 work by Sigmund Freud, based on Freuds researches into slips and parapraxes from 1897 onwards. The Psychopathology of Everyday Life became perhaps the best-known of all Freuds writings, the Psychopathology was originally published in the Monograph for Psychiatry and Neurology in 1901, before appearing in b

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The German edition

The Question of Lay Analysis

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The German edition

Studies on Hysteria
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Studies on Hysteria is an 1895 book by Sigmund Freud and Josef Breuer. Breuers work with Bertha Pappenheim provided the impetus for psychoanalysis. In their preliminary paper, both men agreed that “the hysteric suffers mainly from reminiscences”, Freud however would come to lay more stress on the causative role of sexuality in producing hysteria, a

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The German edition

Totem and Taboo
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Cultural anthropologist Alfred L. Kroeber was an early critic of Totem and Taboo, publishing a critique of the work in 1920. Some authors have seen redeeming value in the work, the work was translated twice into English, first by Abraham Brill and later by James Strachey. The Horror of Incest concerns incest taboos adopted by societies believing in

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German First Edition 1913

Beyond the Pleasure Principle
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Beyond the Pleasure Principle is a 1920 essay by Sigmund Freud that marks a major turning point in his theoretical approach. Previously, Freud attributed most human behavior to the sexual instinct, with this essay, Freud went beyond the simple pleasure principle, developing his theory of drives with the addition of the death drive. In sections IV a

Leonardo da Vinci, A Memory of His Childhood
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Leonardo da Vinci and A Memory of His Childhood is a 1910 essay by Sigmund Freud about Leonardo da Vincis childhood. It consists of a study of Leonardos life based on his paintings. Freud provides an interpretation of Leonardos The Virgin and Child with St. Anne. According to Oskar Pfister, the Virgins garment reveals a vulture when viewed sideways

Thoughts for the Times on War and Death
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Thoughts for the Time of War and Death is a set of twin essays written by Sigmund Freud in 1915, six months after the outbreak of World War I. The essays express discontent and disillusionment with human nature and human society in the aftermath of the hostilities, the first essay addressed the widespread disillusionment brought on by the collapse

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The German edition

Dora (case study)
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Dora is the pseudonym given by Sigmund Freud to a patient whom he diagnosed with hysteria, and treated for about eleven weeks in 1900. Her most manifest hysterical symptom was aphonia, or loss of voice, the patients real name was Ida Bauer, her brother Otto Bauer was a leading member of the Austromarxism movement. Freud published a study about Dora

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Ida Bauer (Dora) and her brother Otto.

Emma Eckstein
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Emma Eckstein was an Austrian author. As analyst, while working mainly in the area of sexual and social hygiene, she also explored how daydreams, ernest Jones placed her with such figures as Lou Andreas-Salomé and Joan Riviere as a type of woman, of a more intellectual and perhaps masculine cast. Played a part in his life, accessory to his male fri

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Emma Eckstein (1895)

Anna O.
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This article is concerned with Bertha Pappenheim as the patient Anna O. For her life before and after her treatment, see Bertha Pappenheim, Anna O. was the pseudonym of a patient of Josef Breuer, who published her case study in his book Studies on Hysteria, written in collaboration with Sigmund Freud. Her real name was Bertha Pappenheim, an Austria

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German postage stamp (1954) in the series Benefactors of Mankind

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Bertha Pappenheim during her stay at Bellevue Sanatorium in 1882

Bertha Pappenheim
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This article is about the public life of Bertha Pappenheim. Under the pseudonym Anna O. she was one of Josef Breuers best documented patients because of Freuds writing on Breuers case. Bertha Pappenheim was born on 27 February 1859 in Vienna as the daughter of Siegmund Pappenheim. Her mother Recha, née Goldschmidt, was from Frankfurt am Main and he

Sergei Pankejeff
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The Pankejeff family was a wealthy family in St. Petersburg. Sergei attended a school in Russia but after the 1905 Russian Revolution he spent considerable time abroad studying. During his review of Freuds letters and other files, Jeffrey Moussaieff Masson uncovered notes for a paper by Freuds associate Ruth Mack Brunswick. Freud had asked her to r

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Sergei Pankejeff

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Pankejeff with his wife c. 1910

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Prescription written by Sigmund Freud for the wife of Pankejeff, November 1919

Freud family
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The family of Sigmund Freud, the pioneer of psychoanalysis, lived in Austria and Germany until the 1930s before emigrating to England, Canada and the United States. Several of Freuds descendants have become known in different fields. Sigmund Freud was born to Jewish Galician parents in the Moravian town of Freiberg and he was the eldest child of Ja

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Freud family portrait, 1876. Standing left to right: Paula, Anna, Sigmund, Emmanuel, Rosa and Marie Freud and their cousin Simon Nathanson. Seated: Adolfine, Amalia, Alexander and Jacob Freud. The other boy and girl are unidentified.

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Freud's last home, 20 Maresfield Gardens, London NW3, now the Freud Museum

Amalia Freud
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Amalia Nathansohn Freud was the third wife of Jacob Freud and mother of Sigmund Freud. She was born Amalia Nathansohn in Brody, Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria and grew up in Odessa, Amalia Freud died in Vienna, First Austrian Republic at the age of 95 from tuberculosis. Amalia was 20 years of age when she gave birth to Sigmund, ernest Jones saw h

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Amalia Freud in 1903

Martha Bernays
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Martha Bernays was the wife of Austrian psychoanalyst Sigmund Freud. Bernays was the daughter of Emmeline and Berman Bernays. Her paternal grandfather Isaac Bernays was a Chief Rabbi of Hamburg, Martha Bernays was raised in an observant Orthodox Jewish family. Her grandfather, Isaac Bernays, was the rabbi of Hamburg and a distant relative of the Ge

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Martha Bernays (1882)

Anna Freud
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Anna Freud was an Austrian-British psychoanalyst. She was the 6th and last child of Sigmund Freud and Martha Bernays and she followed the path of her father and contributed to the field of psychoanalysis. Compared to her father, her work emphasized the importance of the ego, a Review of General Psychology survey, published in 2002, ranked Freud as

Clement Freud
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Sir Clement Raphael Freud was a British broadcaster, writer, politician and chef. He was elected as a Liberal Member of Parliament in 1973, retaining his seat until 1987, in 2016, seven years after he died, three women made public allegations of child sexual abuse and rape by Freud, which led to police investigations. He was born Clemens Rafael Fre

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Sir Clement Freud

Lucian Freud
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Lucian Michael Freud was a British painter and draftsman, specialising in figurative art, and is known as one of the foremost 20th-century portraitists. He was born in Berlin, the son of a Jewish architect and his family moved to Britain in 1933 to escape the rise of Nazism. From 1942-43 he attended Goldsmiths College, London and he enlisted in the

Sigmund Freud Museum (Vienna)
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The Sigmund Freud Museum in Vienna is a museum founded in 1971 covering Sigmund Freuds life story. It is located in the Alsergrund district, at Berggasse 19, in 2003 the museum was put in the hands of the newly established Sigmund Freud Foundation, which has since received the entire building as an endowment. It also covers the history of psychoana

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The Sigmund Freud Museum on Berggasse.

Freud Museum
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The Freud Museum in London is a museum dedicated to Sigmund Freud, who lived there with his family during the last year of his life. In 1938, after escaping Nazi annexation of Austria he came to London via Paris and stayed for a short while at 39 Elsworthy Road before moving to 20 Maresfield Gardens, where the museum is situated. Although he died a

Statue of Sigmund Freud, Hampstead
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Freud lived at nearby 20 Maresfield Gardens, for the last months of his life. His house is now the Freud Museum, the sculptor Oscar Nemon was born and educated in Osijek before moving to work in Vienna in the 1920s. He had read Freud in his teens, initially approached Freud as a sculptor and was rejected by him. After Nemon had gained his reputatio

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Sigmund Freud

Megalomania
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People affected by it often spend a lot of time thinking about achieving power or success, or about their appearance. They often take advantage of the people around them, the behavior typically begins by early adulthood, and occurs across a variety of situations. The cause of narcissistic personality disorder is unknown and it is a personality diso

Spiritual materialism
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Spiritual materialism is a term coined by Chögyam Trungpa in his book Cutting Through Spiritual Materialism. The book is a compendium of his talks explaining Buddhism given while opening the Karma Dzong meditation center in Boulder and he expands on the concept in later seminars that became books such as Work, Sex, Money. In Trungpas view, they may

Egocentrism
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Egocentrism is the inability to differentiate between self and other. More specifically, it is the inability to untangle subjective schemas from objective reality, although egocentrism and narcissism appear similar, they are not the same. A person who is egocentric believes they are the center of attention, like a narcissist, both egotists and narc

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Egocentrism

Empathy
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Empathy is the capacity to understand or feel what another person is experiencing from within the other persons frame of reference, i. e. the capacity to place oneself in anothers position. Empathy is seeing with the eyes of another, listening with the ears of another, there are many definitions for empathy which encompass a broad range of emotiona

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When children are shown videoclips with situations where they see people suffering pain by coincidence, neural circuits related to pain are being activated in their brain.

Envy
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Envy is an emotion which occurs when a person lacks anothers superior quality, achievement, or possession and either desires it or wishes that the other lacked it. Bertrand Russell said that envy was one of the most potent causes of unhappiness, Not only is the envious person rendered unhappy by his or her envy, Russell explained, but that person a

Fantasy (psychology)
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Fantasy in a psychological sense is broadly used to cover two different senses, conscious and unconscious. In the unconscious sense, it is sometimes spelled phantasy, a fantasy is a situation imagined by an individual that expresses certain desires or aims on the part of its creator. Fantasies sometimes involve situations that are unlikely, or they

Hubris
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Hubris describes a personality quality of extreme or foolish pride or dangerous overconfidence. The adjectival form of the noun hubris is hubristic, Hubris is usually perceived as a characteristic of an individual rather than a group, although the group the offender belongs to may unintentionally suffer consequences from the wrongful act. Hubris of

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illustration for John Milton's Paradise Lost by Gustave Doré (1866).

Magical thinking
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In anthropology, it denotes the attribution of causality between entities grouped with one another or similar to one another. In religion, folk religion, and superstitious beliefs, the causality is between religious ritual, prayer, sacrifice, or the observance of a taboo, and an expected benefit or recompense. The use of an item or ritual, for exam

Self-esteem
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In sociology and psychology, self-esteem reflects a persons overall subjective emotional evaluation of his or her own worth. It is a judgment of oneself as well as an attitude toward the self, Self-esteem encompasses beliefs about oneself, as well as emotional states, such as triumph, despair, pride, and shame. Smith and Mackie defined it by saying

Shame
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Shame is a painful, social emotion that can be seen as resulting. from comparison of the selfs action with the selfs standards. But which may stem from comparison of the selfs state of being with the ideal social contexts standard. Thus, shame may stem from volitional action or simply self-regard, no action by the shamed being is required, both the

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Eve covers herself and lowers her head in shame in Rodin's Eve after the Fall.

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Person hiding face and showing posture of shame (while wearing a Sanbenito and coroza hat) in Goya 's sketch "For being born somewhere else". The person has been shamed by the Spanish Inquisition.

Vanity
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Vanity is the excessive belief in ones own abilities or attractiveness to others. Prior to the 14th century it did not have such narcissistic undertones, in Christian teachings vanity is considered an example of pride, one of the seven deadly sins. Philosophically speaking, vanity may refer to a sense of egoism. Friedrich Nietzsche wrote that vanit

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In this painting Daydreams by Thomas Couture, the vice of vanity is shown through a boy blowing bubbles. The Walters Art Museum.

Dorian Gray syndrome
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In order to resist the physical corruptions of time and nature, and unable and unwilling to mature, Dorian Gray gives his soul away, and his wish is granted. The personal character of the man Dorian Gray is the background for the description of the Dorian Gray syndrome that afflicts the patient. The Dorian Gray syndrome arises from the concurring a

Metrosexual
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The neologism is popularly thought to describe heterosexual men who adopt fashions and lifestyles stereotypically associated with homosexual men. While the term suggests that a metrosexual is heterosexual, it can refer to gay or bisexual men. The term metrosexual originated in an article by Mark Simpson published on November 15,1994, Simpson wrote,

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David Beckham, described as "the biggest metrosexual in Britain" in Simpson's 2002 article that led to the term's popularity

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By 2004, men were buying 69 per cent of their own apparel, according to retail analyst Marshal Cohen

Selfie
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A selfie is a self-portrait photograph, typically taken with a digital camera or camera phone held in the hand or supported by a selfie stick. Selfies are often shared on social networking such as Facebook, Instagram. They are usually flattering and made to appear casual, most selfies are taken with a camera held at arms length or pointed at a mirr

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A typical selfie, shot from a high angle, exaggerating the size of the eyes and giving the impression of a slender pointed chin

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Sigmund Freud
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Sigmund Freud was an Austrian neurologist and the founder of psychoanalysis, a clinical method for treating psychopathology through dialogue between a patient and a psychoanalyst. Freud was born to Galician Jewish parents in the Moravian town of Freiberg and he qualified as a doctor of medicine in 1881 at the University of Vienna. Upon completing his habilitation in 1885, he was appointed a docent in neuropathology, Freud lived and worked in Vienna, having set up his clinical practice there in 1886. In 1938 Freud left Austria to escape the Nazis and he died in exile in the United Kingdom in 1939. In creating psychoanalysis, Freud developed therapeutic techniques such as the use of free association and discovered transference, Freuds redefinition of sexuality to include its infantile forms led him to formulate the Oedipus complex as the central tenet of psychoanalytical theory. His analysis of dreams as wish-fulfillments provided him with models for the analysis of symptom formation. On this basis Freud elaborated his theory of the unconscious and went on to develop a model of psychic structure comprising id, in his later work Freud developed a wide-ranging interpretation and critique of religion and culture. Though in overall decline as a diagnostic and clinical practice, psychoanalysis remains influential within psychology, psychiatry, and psychotherapy, nonetheless, Freuds work has suffused contemporary Western thought and popular culture. In the words of W. H. Audens 1940 poetic tribute, by the time of Freuds death, Freud was born to Jewish parents in the Moravian town of Freiberg, in the Austro-Hungarian Empire, the first of eight children. Both of his parents were from Galicia, in modern-day Ukraine and his father, Jakob Freud, a wool merchant, had two sons, Emanuel and Philipp, by his first marriage. Jakobs family were Hasidic Jews, and although Jakob himself had moved away from the tradition and he and Freuds mother, Amalia Nathansohn, who was 20 years younger and his third wife, were married by Rabbi Isaac Noah Mannheimer on 29 July 1855. They were struggling financially and living in a room, in a locksmiths house at Schlossergasse 117 when their son Sigmund was born. He was born with a caul, which his mother saw as an omen for the boys future. In 1859, the Freud family left Freiberg, Freuds half brothers emigrated to Manchester, England, parting him from the inseparable playmate of his early childhood, Emanuels son, John. Jakob Freud took his wife and two children firstly to Leipzig and then in 1860 to Vienna where four sisters and a brother were born, Rosa, Marie, Adolfine, Paula, in 1865, the nine-year-old Freud entered the Leopoldstädter Kommunal-Realgymnasium, a prominent high school. He proved an outstanding pupil and graduated from the Matura in 1873 with honors and he loved literature and was proficient in German, French, Italian, Spanish, English, Hebrew, Latin and Greek. Freud entered the University of Vienna at age 17, in 1876, Freud spent four weeks at Clauss zoological research station in Trieste, dissecting hundreds of eels in an inconclusive search for their male reproductive organs. He graduated with an MD in 1881, in 1882, Freud began his medical career at the Vienna General Hospital

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German language
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German is a West Germanic language that is mainly spoken in Central Europe. It is the most widely spoken and official language in Germany, Austria, Switzerland, South Tyrol, the German-speaking Community of Belgium and it is also one of the three official languages of Luxembourg. Major languages which are most similar to German include other members of the West Germanic language branch, such as Afrikaans, Dutch, English, Luxembourgish and it is the second most widely spoken Germanic language, after English. One of the languages of the world, German is the first language of about 95 million people worldwide. The German speaking countries are ranked fifth in terms of publication of new books. German derives most of its vocabulary from the Germanic branch of the Indo-European language family, a portion of German words are derived from Latin and Greek, and fewer are borrowed from French and English. With slightly different standardized variants, German is a pluricentric language, like English, German is also notable for its broad spectrum of dialects, with many unique varieties existing in Europe and also other parts of the world. The history of the German language begins with the High German consonant shift during the migration period, when Martin Luther translated the Bible, he based his translation primarily on the standard bureaucratic language used in Saxony, also known as Meißner Deutsch. Copies of Luthers Bible featured a long list of glosses for each region that translated words which were unknown in the region into the regional dialect. Roman Catholics initially rejected Luthers translation, and tried to create their own Catholic standard of the German language – the difference in relation to Protestant German was minimal. It was not until the middle of the 18th century that a widely accepted standard was created, until about 1800, standard German was mainly a written language, in urban northern Germany, the local Low German dialects were spoken. Standard German, which was different, was often learned as a foreign language with uncertain pronunciation. Northern German pronunciation was considered the standard in prescriptive pronunciation guides though, however, German was the language of commerce and government in the Habsburg Empire, which encompassed a large area of Central and Eastern Europe. Until the mid-19th century, it was essentially the language of townspeople throughout most of the Empire and its use indicated that the speaker was a merchant or someone from an urban area, regardless of nationality. Some cities, such as Prague and Budapest, were gradually Germanized in the years after their incorporation into the Habsburg domain, others, such as Pozsony, were originally settled during the Habsburg period, and were primarily German at that time. Prague, Budapest and Bratislava as well as cities like Zagreb, the most comprehensive guide to the vocabulary of the German language is found within the Deutsches Wörterbuch. This dictionary was created by the Brothers Grimm and is composed of 16 parts which were issued between 1852 and 1860, in 1872, grammatical and orthographic rules first appeared in the Duden Handbook. In 1901, the 2nd Orthographical Conference ended with a standardization of the German language in its written form

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Narcissism
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Narcissism is the pursuit of gratification from vanity or egotistic admiration of ones own attributes. The term originated from Greek mythology, where the young Narcissus fell in love with his own image reflected in a pool of water, Narcissism is a concept in psychoanalytic theory, which was popularly introduced in Sigmund Freuds essay On Narcissism. Narcissism is also considered a social or cultural problem and it is a factor in trait theory used in various self-report inventories of personality such as the Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory. It is one of the three dark triadic personality traits, except in the sense of primary narcissism or healthy self-love, narcissism is usually considered a problem in a persons or groups relationships with self and others. Narcissism is not the same as egocentrism, the term narcissism comes from the Greek myth about Narcissus, a handsome Greek youth who, according to Ovid, rejected the desperate advances of the nymph Echo. These advances eventually led Narcissus to fall in love with his own reflection in a pool of water, unable to consummate his love, Narcissus lay gazing enraptured into the pool, hour after hour, and finally changed into a flower that bears his name, the narcissus. The concept of excessive selfishness has been recognized throughout history, in ancient Greece the concept was understood as hubris. It is only recently that narcissism has been defined in psychological terms. In 1752 Jean-Jacques Rousseaus play Narcissus, or the Self-Admirer was performed in Paris, otto Rank in 1911 published the first psychoanalytical paper specifically concerned with narcissism, linking it to vanity and self-admiration. Sigmund Freud published a paper on narcissism in 1914 called On Narcissism, in 1923, Martin Buber published an essay Ich und Du, in which he pointed out that our narcissism often leads us to relate to others as objects instead of as equals. Four dimensions of narcissism as a personality variable have been delineated, leadership/authority, superiority/arrogance, self-absorption/self-admiration, behavior is observable, but intention is not. Magical thinking, Narcissists see themselves as perfect, using distortion and illusion known as magical thinking and they also use projection to dump shame onto others. Arrogance, A narcissist who is feeling deflated may reinflate their sense of self-importance by diminishing, debasing, envy, A narcissist may secure a sense of superiority in the face of another persons ability by using contempt to minimize the other person or their achievements. Entitlement, Narcissists hold unreasonable expectations of particularly favorable treatment and automatic compliance because they consider themselves special, failure to comply is considered an attack on their superiority, and the perpetrator is considered an awkward or difficult person. Defiance of their will is an injury that can trigger narcissistic rage. Exploitation, Can take many forms but always involves the exploitation of others without regard for their feelings or interests, often the other person is in a subservient position where resistance would be difficult or even impossible. Sometimes the subservience is not so much real as assumed, bad boundaries, Narcissists do not recognize that they have boundaries and that others are separate and are not extensions of themselves. Others either exist to meet their needs or may as well not exist at all and those who provide narcissistic supply to the narcissist are treated as if they are part of the narcissist and are expected to live up to those expectations

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Carl Jung
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Carl Gustav Jung was a Swiss psychiatrist and psychoanalyst who founded analytical psychology. His work has been not only in psychiatry but also in anthropology, archaeology, literature, philosophy. As a notable research scientist based at the famous Burghölzli hospital, under Eugen Bleuler, he came to the attention of the Viennese founder of psychoanalysis, the two men conducted a lengthy correspondence and collaborated on an initially joint vision of human psychology. Freud saw in the man the potential heir he had been seeking to carry on his new science of psychoanalysis. Jungs researches and personal vision, however, made it impossible for him to bend to his older colleagues dogma and this break was to have historic as well as painful personal repercussions that have lasted to this day. Jung was also an artist, craftsman and builder as well as a prolific writer, many of his works were not published until after his death and some are still awaiting publication. Among the central concepts of analytical psychology is individuation—the lifelong psychological process of differentiation of the out of each individuals conscious and unconscious elements. Jung considered it to be the task of human development. He created some of the best known psychological concepts, including synchronicity, archetypal phenomena, the unconscious, the psychological complex. Carl Gustav Jung was born in Kesswil, in the Swiss canton of Thurgau, on 26 July 1875 as the second and first surviving son of Paul Achilles Jung and their first child, born in 1873 was a boy named Paul who survived only a few days. Emilie was the youngest child of a distinguished Basel churchman and academic, Samuel Preiswerk, and his second wife. Preiswerk was antistes, the given to the head of the Reformed clergy in the city, as well as a Hebraist, author and editor. When Jung was six months old, his father was appointed to a prosperous parish in Laufen. Emilie Jung was an eccentric and depressed woman, she spent considerable time in her bedroom where she said that spirits visited her at night, although she was normal during the day, Jung recalled that at night his mother became strange and mysterious. He reported that one night he saw a luminous and indefinite figure coming from her room with a head detached from the neck. Jung had a relationship with his father. Jungs mother left Laufen for several months of hospitalization near Basel for a physical ailment. His father took the boy to be cared for by Emilie Jungs unmarried sister in Basel, Emilie Jungs continuing bouts of absence and often depressed mood influenced her sons attitude towards women — one of innate unreliability

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Alfred Adler
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Alfred W. Adler was an Austrian medical doctor, psychotherapist, and founder of the school of individual psychology. His emphasis on the importance of feelings of inferiority—the inferiority complex—is recognized as an element which plays a key role in personality development. Alfred Adler considered human beings as a whole, therefore he called his psychology Individual Psychology. Adler was the first to emphasize the importance of the element in the re-adjustment process of the individual. A Review of General Psychology survey, published in 2002, ranked Adler as the 67th most cited psychologist of the 20th century. Alfred Adler was born at Mariahilfer Straße 208 in Rudolfsheim, then a village on the fringes of Vienna, and today part of Rudolfsheim-Fünfhaus. He was third of the seven children of a Hungarian-born, Jewish grain merchant, others contend that he was the second of the children. Alfreds younger brother died in the bed next to him, when Alfred was only three years old, Alfred was an active, popular child and an average student who was also known for his competitive attitude toward his older brother, Sigmund. Early on, he developed rickets, which kept him from walking until he was four years old, at the age of four, he developed pneumonia and heard a doctor say to his father, Your boy is lost. At that point, he decided to be a physician and he was very interested in the subjects of psychology, sociology and philosophy. After studying at University of Vienna, he specialized as an eye doctor and his clients included circus people, and it has been suggested that the unusual strengths and weaknesses of the performers led to his insights into organ inferiorities and compensation. In 1902 Adler received an invitation from Sigmund Freud to join an informal group that included Rudolf Reitler. The group, the Wednesday Society, met regularly on Wednesday evenings at Freuds home and was the beginning of the psychoanalytic movement, a long-serving member of the group, Adler became president of the Vienna Psychoanalytic Society eight years later. He remained a member of the Society until 1911, when he and a group of his supporters formally disengaged from Freuds circle and this departure suited both Freud and Adler, since they had grown to dislike each other. During his association with Freud, Adler frequently maintained his own ideas which diverged from Freuds. While Adler is often referred to as a pupil of Freuds, in fact this was never true, they were colleagues, in 1929 Adler showed a reporter with the New York Herald a copy of the faded postcard that Freud had sent him in 1902. He wanted to prove that he had never been a disciple of Freuds, Adler founded the Society for Individual Psychology in 1912 after his break from the psychoanalytic movement. Adlers group initially included some orthodox Nietzschean adherents and their enmity aside, Adler retained a lifelong admiration for Freuds ideas on dreams and credited him with creating a scientific approach to their clinical utilization

Alfred Adler
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Alfred Adler

6.
History of narcissism
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The concept of excessive selfishness has been recognized throughout history. The term narcissism is derived from the Greek mythology of Narcissus, since then, narcissism has become a household word, in analytic literature, given the great preoccupation with the subject, the term is used more than almost any other. The meaning of narcissism has changed over time, today narcissism refers to an interest in or concern with the self along a broad continuum, from healthy to pathological. Including such concepts as self-esteem, self-system, and self-representation, Narcissus was a handsome Greek youth who rejected the desperate advances of the nymph Echo. As punishment, he was doomed to fall in love with his own reflection in a pool of water. Unable to consummate his love, Narcissus lay gazing enraptured into the pool, hour after hour, and finally pined away, changing into a flower that bears his name, the narcissus. The story was retold in Latin by Ovid in his Metamorphoses, in form it would have great influence on medieval. Here the term used was self-love. Feedst thy lights flame with self-substantial fuel, byron at the start of the nineteenth century used the same term, describing how, Self-love for ever creeps out, like a snake, to sting anything which happens. to stumble on it. Although Freud only published a paper exclusively devoted to narcissism called On Narcissism. In 1914, Narcissism was soon to take a place in his thinking. Freud suggested that exclusive self-love might not be as abnormal as previously thought and might even be a component in the human psyche. He argued that narcissism is the complement to the egoism of the instinct of self-preservation, or, more simply. He referred to this as primary narcissism, according to Freud, people are born without a sense of themselves as individuals, or ego. As it evolved, the ego distanced itself from primary narcissism, formed an ego-ideal, Freud regarded all libidinous drives as fundamentally sexual and suggested that ego libido cannot always be clearly distinguished from object-libido. An aspect frequently associated with primary narcissism appears in an essay, Totem and Taboo, in which Freud describes his observations of children. What he observed was called magical thinking, such as the belief that a person can impact reality by wishing or willpower and it demonstrates a belief in the self as powerful and able to change external realities, which Freud believed was part of normal human development. When that affection is returned so is the libido, thus restoring primary narcissism, any failure to achieve, or disruption of, this balance causes psychological disturbances. In such a case, primary narcissism can be restored only by withdrawing object-libido to replenish ego-libido

History of narcissism
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Sigmund Freud, by Max Halberstadt, 1914
History of narcissism
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Karen Horney
History of narcissism
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Contents

7.
Civilization and Its Discontents
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Civilization and Its Discontents is a book by Sigmund Freud. Written in 1929, and first published in German in 1930 as Das Unbehagen in der Kultur and it is considered one of Freuds most important and widely read works, and one of the most influential and studied books in the field of modern psychology. In this seminal book, Sigmund Freud enumerates what he sees as the tensions between civilization and the individual. The primary friction, he asserts, stems from the individuals quest for freedom and civilizations contrary demand for conformity. Freud states that when any situation that is desired by the principle is prolonged. Many of humankinds primitive instincts are clearly harmful to the well-being of a human community, as a result, civilization creates laws that prohibit killing, rape, and adultery, and it implements severe punishments if these rules are broken. Thus our possibilities for happiness are restricted by the law and this process, argues Freud, is an inherent quality of civilization that gives rise to perpetual feelings of discontent among its citizens. Freuds theory is based on the notion that humans have certain characteristic instincts that are immutable, most notably, the desires for sex, and the predisposition to violent aggression towards authority figures and sexual competitors, who obstruct individuals path to gratification. Freud himself cannot experience this feeling of dissolution, but notes there exist different pathological, Freud categorizes the oceanic feeling as being a regression into an earlier state of consciousness — before the ego had differentiated itself from the world of objects. The need for this feeling, he writes, arises out of the infants helplessness. Freud imagine that the feeling became connected with religion later on in cultural practices. The second chapter delves into how religion is one coping strategy that arises out of a need for the individual to distance himself from all of the suffering in the world. The ego of the child forms over the feeling when it grasps that there are negative aspects of reality from which it would prefer to distance itself. The third section of the book addresses a paradox of civilization, it is a tool we have created to protect ourselves from unhappiness. People become neurotic because they tolerate the frustration which society imposes in the service of its cultural ideals. Freud points out that advances in science and technology have been, at best, Civilization is built out of wish-fulfillments of the human ideals of control, beauty, hygiene, order, and especially for the exercise of humanitys highest intellectual functions. This final point Freud sees as the most important character of civilization, the structure of civilization serves to circumvent the natural processes and feelings of human development and eroticism. It is no wonder then, that this repression could lead to discontent among civilians, in the fourth chapter, Freud attempts a conjecture on the developmental history of civilization, which he supposes coincided with man learning to stand upright

Civilization and Its Discontents
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1930s front cover German edition

8.
The Ego and the Id
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The Ego and the Id is a prominent paper by the psychoanalyst Sigmund Freud. It is a study of the human psyche outlining his theories of the psychodynamics of the id, ego and super-ego. The study was conducted over years of research and was first published in 1923. The Ego and the Id develops a line of reasoning as a groundwork for explaining various psychological conditions, pathological and non-pathological alike. These conditions result from powerful internal tensions—for example, 1) between the ego and the id, 2) between the ego and the ego, and 3) between the love-instinct and the death-instinct. The book deals primarily with the ego and the effects these tensions have on it, the ego—caught between the id and the super-ego—finds itself simultaneously engaged in conflict by repressed thoughts in the id and relegated to an inferior position by the super-ego. And at the time, the interplay between the love instinct and the death instinct can manifest itself at any level of the psyche. The outline below is an exegesis of Freuds arguments, explaining the formation of the aforementioned tensions, all concepts in The Ego and the Id are built upon the presupposed existence of conscious and unconscious thoughts. On the first line, Freud states, there is nothing new to be said, the division of mental life into what is conscious and what is unconscious is the fundamental premise on which psycho-analysis is based. It would be simple to assume that the unconscious and the conscious map directly onto the id. Freud argues that the supposedly conscious ego can be shown to possess unconscious thoughts when it unknowingly resists parts of itself. Thus, a kind of unconscious thought seems to be necessary, a process that is neither repressed nor latent, but which is nonetheless an integral part of the ego. A new framework is required, one that further examines the status of the ego, before defining the ego explicitly, Freud argues for a manner in which unconscious thoughts can be made conscious. The difference, then, is a connection to words The goal of psychoanalysis and he goes on to note that the ego is essentially a system of perception, so it must be closely related to the preconscious. Thus, two components of ego are a system of perception and a set of unconscious ideas. Its relationship to the id, therefore, is a close one. The ego merges into the id and he compares the dynamic to that of a rider and a horse. The ego must control the id, like the rider, but at times, likewise, the ego must, at times, conform to the desires of the id

The Ego and the Id
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The Ego and the Id

9.
The Future of an Illusion
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The Future of an Illusion is a 1927 work by Sigmund Freud, describing his interpretation of religions origins, development, psychoanalysis, and its future. Freud viewed religion as a belief system. Religious concepts are transmitted in three ways and thereby claim our belief, psychologically speaking, these beliefs present the phenomena of wish fulfillment, fulfillments of the oldest, strongest, and most urgent wishes of mankind. Among these are the necessity to cling to the existence of the father, the prolongation of existence by a future life. Put forth more explicitly, what is characteristic of illusions is that they are derived from human wishes, Freud adds, however, that, Illusions need not necessarily be false. He gives the example of a girl having the illusion that a prince will marry her. While this is unlikely, it is not impossible, the fact that it is grounded in her wishes is what makes it an illusion. Freud explains religion in a term to that of totemism. The individual is essentially an enemy of society and has instinctual urges that must be restrained to help society function, among these instinctual wishes are those of incest, cannibalism, and lust for killing. Freuds view of nature is that it is anti-social, rebellious. The destructive nature of humans sets a pre-inclination for disaster when humans must interact with others in society, all this sets a terribly hostile society that could implode if it were not for civilizing forces and developing government. He elaborates further on the development of religion, as the emphasis on acquisition of wealth, as compensation for good behaviors, religion promises a reward. He views God as a manifestation of a longing for father. Freuds description of religious belief as a form of illusion is based on the idea that it is derived from human wishes with no basis in reality, Freud sent a copy of The Future of an Illusion to his friend Romain Rolland. While Rolland generally agreed with Freuds assessment of religion, he questioned whether Freud had discovered the source of religious sentiment. Harold Bloom, writing in The American Religion, calls The Future of an Illusion one of the failures of religious criticism. Bloom believes that Freud underestimated religion and was unable to criticize it effectively. Today, some scholars see Freuds arguments as a manifestation of the genetic fallacy, psychology of religion Sigmund Freuds views on religion The future of an illusion

The Future of an Illusion
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The Future of an Illusion

10.
Group Psychology and the Analysis of the Ego
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Group Psychology and the Analysis of the Ego is a work of Sigmund Freud from the year 1921. In this monograph, Freud describes psychological mechanisms at work within mass movements, a mass, according to Freud, is a temporary entity, consisting of heterogeneous elements that have joined together for a moment. He refers heavily to the writings of sociologist and psychologist Gustave Le Bon, summarizing his work at the beginning of the book in the chapter Le Bons Schilderung der Massenseele. Like Le Bon, Freud says that as part of the mass and these feelings of power and security allow the individual not only to act as part of the mass, but also to feel safety in numbers. Overall, the mass is impulsive, changeable, and irritable and it is controlled almost exclusively by the unconscious. Freud distinguishes between two types of masses, one is the short-lived kind, characterized by a rapidly transient interest, such as trends. The other kind consists of permanent and enduring masses, which are highly organized. The masses of the type, so to speak, ride on the latter, like the short. However, the basic mental processes operate in both kinds of masses. Freud refers back to his theory of instincts and believes that masses are held together by libidinal bonds, each individual in the mass acts on impulses of love that are diverted from their original objectives. They pursue no direct sexual goal, but do not therefore work less vigorously, Freud initially called the identification with the other individuals of the mass, all of whom are drawn in the same way to the leader, a binding element. The ego perceives a significant similarity with others in the group, in addition, admiration and idealization of the leader of the group takes place through the process of idealization. The narcissistic libido is displaced to the object which is loved because of its perfection which the individual has sought for his own ego, also, a process of identification with the aggressor can take place, for example, as happens in regression. Thus, Freud came to the conclusion, A primary mass is a number of individuals who have put one, digitized version of the first edition of the book at archive. org

Group Psychology and the Analysis of the Ego
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Cover of the first edition of Massenpsychologie und Ich-Analyse

11.
The Interpretation of Dreams
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Freud revised the book at least eight times and, in the third edition, added an extensive section which treated dream symbolism very literally, following the influence of Wilhelm Stekel. Freud said of this work, Insight such as this falls to ones lot, the book was first published in an edition of 600 copies, which did not sell out for eight years. The Interpretation of Dreams later gained in popularity, and seven editions were published in Freuds lifetime. Because of the length and complexity, Freud also wrote an abridged version called On Dreams. The original text is regarded as one of Freuds most significant works. Freud spent the summer of 1895 at Schloss BelleVue near Grinzing in Austria, at the moment I see little prospect of it. — Freud in a letter to Wilhelm Fliess, June 12,1900 While staying at Schloss Bellevue and his reading and analysis of the dream allowed him to be exonerated from his mishandling of the treatment of a patient in 1895. In 1963, Belle Vue manor was demolished, but today a plaque with just that inscription has been erected at the site by the Austrian Sigmund Freud Society. Dreams, in Freuds view, are all forms of wish fulfillment — attempts by the unconscious to resolve a conflict of some sort, whether something recent or something from the recesses of the past. Because the information in the unconscious is in an unruly and often disturbing form, Freud introduced the term manifest content to describe what the dream recalled. As such, images in dreams are not what they appear to be, according to Freud. Freud used to mention the dreams as The Royal Road to the Unconscious and he proposed the phenomenon of condensation, the idea that one simple symbol or image presented in a persons dream may have multiple meanings. For this very reason, Freud tried to focus on details during psychoanalysis, an abridged version called On Dreams was published in 1901 as part of Lowenfeld and Kurellas Grenzfragen des Nerven und Seelenlebens. It was re-published in 1911 in slightly larger form as a book, on Dreams is also included in the 1953 edition and the second part of Freuds work on dreams, Volume Five, The Interpretation of Dreams II and On Dreams. It follows chapter seven in The Interpretation of Dreams and in this edition, is fifty three pages in length, there are thirteen chapters in total and Freud directs the reader to The Interpretation of Dreams for further reading throughout On Dreams, in particular, in the final chapter. Immediately after its publication, Freud considered On Dreams as a version of The Interpretation of Dreams. The English translation of On Dreams was first published in 1914, Freud investigates the subject of displacement and our inability to recognize our dreams. This accomplished by investigation will terminate as it will reach the point where the problem of the dream meets broader problems and he then makes his argument by describing a number of dreams which he claims illustrate his theory

The Interpretation of Dreams
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Title page of the original German edition
The Interpretation of Dreams
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Memorial plate in commemoration of the place where Freud began The Interpretation of Dreams, near Grinzing, Austria

12.
Introduction to Psychoanalysis
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Introduction to Psychoanalysis or Introductory Lectures on Psycho-Analysis is a set of lectures given by Sigmund Freud 1915-17, which became the most popular and widely translated of his works. In the New Introductory Lectures, those on dreams and anxiety/instinctual life offered clear accounts of Freuds latest thinking, more popular treatments of occultism, psychoanalytic applications and its status as a science helped complete the volume. Karl Abraham considered the lectures elementary in the best sense, for presenting the elements of psychoanalysis in an accessible way. G. Stanley Hall in his preface to the 1920 American translation wrote, These twenty-eight lectures to laymen are elementary and these discourses are at the same time simple and almost confidential, and they trace and sum up the results of thirty years of devoted and painstaking research. While they are not at all controversial, we see in a clearer light the distinctions between the master and some of his distinguished pupils. Freud himself was typically self-deprecating about the work, describing it privately as coarse work. Max Schur, who became Freuds personal physician, was present at the original 1915 lectures, and drew a lifelong interest in psychoanalysis from them

Introduction to Psychoanalysis
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Introduction to Psychoanalysis

13.
Moses and Monotheism
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Moses and Monotheism is a 1939 book about monotheism by Sigmund Freud, published in English translation in 1939. The book consists of three essays and is an extension of Freud’s work on theory as a means of generating hypotheses about historical events. Freud hypothesizes that Moses was not Hebrew, but actually born into Ancient Egyptian nobility and was probably a follower of Akhenaten, an ancient Egyptian monotheist. Freud explains that years after the murder of Moses, the rebels regretted their action, Freud said that the guilt from the murder of Moses is inherited through the generations, this guilt then drives the Jews to religion to make them feel better. Atenism Joseph and His Brothers Judaism and ancient Egyptian religion Osarseph Assmann, Moses the Egyptian, The Memory of Egypt in Western Monotheism Harvard University Press. The Fiction of History, The Writing of Moses and Monotheism, the Writing of History, pp. 308–354. Egypt in England and America, The Cultural Memorials of Religion, Royalty and Religion, Sites of Exchange, European Crossroads and Faultlines, chaney, E, Freudian Egypt, The London Magazine, pp. 62–69. Chaney, E, Moses and Monotheism, by Sigmund Freud’, The Canon, THE, 3–9 June 2010, the Death of Sigmund Freud, The Legacy of His Last Days Bloomsbury United States ISBN 978-1-59691-430-8 Ginsburg, Ruth, Pardes, Ilona. New Perspectives on Freuds Moses and Monotheism, paul, Robert A. Moses and civilization, The meaning behind Freud’s myth. Freud and Moses, The Long Journey Home, albany, New York, State University of New York. Freud, Moses, and the Religions of Egyptian Antiquity, A Journey Through History Psychoanalytic Review,1999 Apr,86, PMID10461667 Yerushalmi, Y. H. Freuds Moses. Moses and Monotheism text at archive. org

14.
The Psychopathology of Everyday Life
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Psychopathology of Everyday Life is a 1901 work by Sigmund Freud, based on Freuds researches into slips and parapraxes from 1897 onwards. The Psychopathology of Everyday Life became perhaps the best-known of all Freuds writings, the Psychopathology was originally published in the Monograph for Psychiatry and Neurology in 1901, before appearing in book form in 1904. It would receive twelve foreign translations during Freuds lifetime, as well as numerous new German editions, however, in such a popular and theory-light text, the sheer wealth of examples helped make Freuds point for him in an accessible way. A new English-language translation by Anthea Bell was published in 2003, among the most overtly autobiographical of Freuds works, the Psychopathology was strongly linked by Freud to his relationship with Wilhelm Fliess. Freud writes in his introduction, During the year 1898 I published an essay on the Psychic Mechanism of Forgetfulness. I shall now repeat its contents and take it as a starting-point for further discussion and he might give plausible reasons for this forgetting preference for proper names, but he would not assume any deep determinant for the process. Explaining wrong actions with the help of psychoanalysis, just as the interpretation of dreams, can be used for diagnosis. Considering the numerous cases of such deviations, he concludes that the boundary between the normal and abnormal human psyche is unstable and that we are all a bit neurotic, such symptoms are able to disrupt eating, sexual relations, regular work, and communication with others. Freuds conclusion is that, The unconscious, at all events and this state of affairs cannot be elucidated by any comparison from any other sphere. By virtue of this theory every former state of the content may thus be restored. Sometimes called the Mistake Book, The Psychopathology of Everyday Life became one of the classics of the 20th century. Freud realised he was becoming a celebrity when he found his cabin-steward reading the Mistake Book on his 1909 visit to the States, the Rat Man came to Freud for analysis as a result of reading the Psychopathology of Everyday Life. Through its stress on what Freud called switch words and verbal bridges, french author Michel Onfray argues that The Psychopathology of Everyday Life is not scientific. Jacques Bénesteau writes that Freud added lies in each edition, Sigmund Freud, Richard Wollheim, Publisher, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-0-521-28385-4 Sebastiano Timpanaro, The Freudian Slip Full text in archive. org

The Psychopathology of Everyday Life
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The German edition

15.
Studies on Hysteria
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Studies on Hysteria is an 1895 book by Sigmund Freud and Josef Breuer. Breuers work with Bertha Pappenheim provided the impetus for psychoanalysis. In their preliminary paper, both men agreed that “the hysteric suffers mainly from reminiscences”, Freud however would come to lay more stress on the causative role of sexuality in producing hysteria, as well as gradually repudiating Breuers use of hypnosis as a means of treatment. Some of the scaffolding of the Studies – strangulated affect. However, many of Freud’s clinical observations – on mnenmic symbols or deferred action for example – would continue to be confirmed in his later work, at the time of its release, Studies on Hysteria tended to polarise opinion, both within and outside by the medical community. While many were critical, Havelock Ellis offered an appreciative account, philosopher Mikkel Borch-Jacobsen and psychologist Sonu Shamdasani comment that Studies on Hysteria gave Freud, a certain local and international notoriety. Borch-Jacobsen and Shamdasani write that, contrary to what Freud and Breuer claimed, Breuer, Joseph – Freud, Sigmund, Studies in Hysteria. Authorized Translation with an Introduction by A. A. Brill, nervous and Mental Disease Publishing, New York 1937. Breuer, Josef – Freud, Sigmund, Studies on Hysteria, translated from the German and edited by James Strachey. Freud, Sigmund – Breuer, Joseph, Studies in Hysteria, ISBN 978-0-141-18482-1 Studies on Hysteria on-line

Studies on Hysteria
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The German edition

16.
Totem and Taboo
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Cultural anthropologist Alfred L. Kroeber was an early critic of Totem and Taboo, publishing a critique of the work in 1920. Some authors have seen redeeming value in the work, the work was translated twice into English, first by Abraham Brill and later by James Strachey. The Horror of Incest concerns incest taboos adopted by societies believing in totemism, Freud examines the system of Totemism among the Australian Aborigines. Every clan has a totem and people are not allowed to marry those with the totem as themselves. Freud examines this practice as preventing against incest, the totem is passed down hereditarily, either through the father or the mother. The relationship of father is not just his father, but every man in the clan that, hypothetically. He relates this to the idea of young children calling all of their parents friends as aunts, there are also further marriage classes, sometimes as many as eight, that group the totems together, and therefore limit a mans choice of partners. He also talks about the widespread practices amongst the cultures of the Pacific Islands, many cultures do not allow brothers and sisters to interact in any way, generally after puberty. Men are not allowed to be alone with their mothers-in-law or say each others names and he explains this by saying that after a certain age parents often live through their children to endure their marriage and that mothers-in-law may become overly attached to their son-in-law. Similar restrictions exist between a father and daughter, but they only exist from puberty until engagement, in Taboo and emotional ambivalence, Freud considers the relationship of taboos to totemism. Freud uses his concepts projection and ambivalence he developed during his work with patients in Vienna to discuss the relationship between taboo and totemism. Like neurotics, primitive people feel ambivalent about most people in their lives and they will not admit that as much as they love their mother, there are things about her they hate. The suppressed part of this ambivalence are projected onto others, in the case of natives, the hateful parts are projected onto the totem. As in, I did not want my mother to die, Freud expands this idea of ambivalence to include the relationship of citizens to their ruler. He uses examples to illustrate the taboos on rulers and he says the kings of Ireland were subject to restrictions such as not being able to go to certain towns or on certain days of the week. In Animism, Magic and the Omnipotence of Thought, Freud examines the animism and narcissistic phase associated with an understanding of the universe. The animistic mode of thinking is governed by an omnipotence of thoughts and this imaginary construction of reality is also discernible in obsessive thinking, delusional disorders and phobias. Freud comments that the omnipotence of thoughts has been retained in the realm of art

Totem and Taboo
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German First Edition 1913

17.
Beyond the Pleasure Principle
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Beyond the Pleasure Principle is a 1920 essay by Sigmund Freud that marks a major turning point in his theoretical approach. Previously, Freud attributed most human behavior to the sexual instinct, with this essay, Freud went beyond the simple pleasure principle, developing his theory of drives with the addition of the death drive. In sections IV and V, Freud posits that the process of creating living cells binds energy and it is the pressure of matter to return to its original state which gives cells their quality of living. The process is analogous to the creation and exhaustion of a battery and this pressure for molecular diffusion can be called a death-wish. The compulsion of the matter in cells to return to a diffuse, thus, the psychological death-wish is a manifestation of an underlying physical compulsion present in every cell. Freud also stated the differences, as he saw them. Beyond the Pleasure Principle is a difficult text, as Ernest Jones, one of Freuds closest associates and a member of his Inner Ring, put it, the train of thought by no means easy to follow. And Freuds views on the subject have often been considerably misinterpreted, what have been called the two distinct frescoes or canti of Beyond the Pleasure Principle break between sections III and IV. If, as Otto Fenichel remarked, Freuds new classification has two bases, one speculative, and one clinical, thus far the clinical, Freud begins with a commonplace then unchallenged in psychoanalytic theory, The course of mental events is automatically regulated by the pleasure principle. A strong tendency toward the pleasure principle, does not seem to necessitate any far-reaching limitation of the pleasure principle. Freud proceeds to look for evidence, for the existence of hitherto unsuspected forces beyond the pleasure principle and he found exceptions to the universal power of the pleasure principle—situations. With which the pleasure principle cannot cope adequately—in four main areas, childrens games, as exemplified in his grandsons famous fort-da game, from these cases, Freud inferred the existence of motivations beyond the pleasure principle. Remembering it as something belonging to the past, a compulsion to repeat, Freud still wanted to examine the relationship between repetition compulsion and the pleasure principle. Although compulsive behaviors evidently satisfied some sort of drive, they were a source of direct unpleasure, somehow, no lesson has been learnt from the old experience of these activities having led only to unpleasure. In spite of that, they are repeated, under pressure of a compulsion, asserting that the first task of the mind is to bind excitations to prevent trauma, he reiterates the clinical fact that for a person in analysis. The compulsion to repeat the events of his childhood in the transference evidently disregards the pleasure principle in every way, Freud begins to look for analogies repetition compulsion in the essentially conservative. The lower we go in the scale the more stereotyped does instinctual behavior appear. He thus found his way to his concept of the death instinct

Beyond the Pleasure Principle
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Beyond the Pleasure Principle

18.
Leonardo da Vinci, A Memory of His Childhood
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Leonardo da Vinci and A Memory of His Childhood is a 1910 essay by Sigmund Freud about Leonardo da Vincis childhood. It consists of a study of Leonardos life based on his paintings. Freud provides an interpretation of Leonardos The Virgin and Child with St. Anne. According to Oskar Pfister, the Virgins garment reveals a vulture when viewed sideways, Freud accepted this interpretation as a supportive interpretation of his view of a passive homosexual childhood fantasy Leonardo wrote about in the Codex Atlanticus. Here, Leonardo recounts being attacked as an infant in his crib by the tail of a vulture. ”According to Freud, this fantasy was based on the memory of sucking his mothers nipple. This disappointed Freud because, as he confessed to Lou Andreas-Salomé in a letter of 9 February 1919, some Freudian scholars have, however, made attempts to repair the theory by incorporating the kite. Another theory proposed by Freud attempts to explain Leonardos fondness of depicting the Virgin Mary with St. Anne, Leonardo, who was illegitimate, was raised by his blood mother initially before being adopted by the wife of his father Ser Piero. The idea of depicting the Mother of God with her own mother was particularly close to Leonardos heart, because he. It is worth noting that in versions of the composition it is hard to discern whether St. Anne is a full generation older than Mary. Psychobiography Sigmund Freud, translated by Alan Tyson, edited by James Strachey, Leonardo da Vinci and a memory of his childhood. Eine Kindheitserinnerung des Leonardo da Vinci, Vol.10, Bildende Kunst und Literatur. Leonardo da Vinci and the Slip of Fools, history of European Ideas Vol.18 No. Freud, Leonardo da Vinci, and the Vultures Tail, A Refreshing Look at Leonardos Sexuality

Leonardo da Vinci, A Memory of His Childhood
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The German edition
Leonardo da Vinci, A Memory of His Childhood
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The "vulture" discussed by Freud in "Leonardo da Vinci, A Memory of His Childhood," later identified by Oskar Pfister in The Virgin and Child with St. Anne

19.
Thoughts for the Times on War and Death
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Thoughts for the Time of War and Death is a set of twin essays written by Sigmund Freud in 1915, six months after the outbreak of World War I. The essays express discontent and disillusionment with human nature and human society in the aftermath of the hostilities, the first essay addressed the widespread disillusionment brought on by the collapse of the Pax Britannica of the preceding century — what Freud called the common civilization of peacetime. The second essay addressed what Freud called the peacetime protection racket whereby the inevitability of death was expunged from civilized mentality. Building on the essay of Totem and Taboo, Freud argued that such an attitude left civilians in particular unprepared for the stark horror of industrial-scale death in the Great War. Freuds account of the centrality of loss in culture has seen as seminal for his later work, Civilization. Goodbye to All That Razinsky, Liran, how to Look Death in the Eyes, Freud and Bataille. Robert Wohl, The Generation of 1914 Works related to Reflections on War and Death at Wikisource A copy of the text Library of Congress exhibit of the original Manuscript

Thoughts for the Times on War and Death
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The German edition

20.
Dora (case study)
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Dora is the pseudonym given by Sigmund Freud to a patient whom he diagnosed with hysteria, and treated for about eleven weeks in 1900. Her most manifest hysterical symptom was aphonia, or loss of voice, the patients real name was Ida Bauer, her brother Otto Bauer was a leading member of the Austromarxism movement. Freud published a study about Dora, Fragments of an Analysis of a Case of Hysteria, the first. Dora lived with her parents, who had a loveless marriage, in the first, house was on fire. My father was standing beside my bed and woke me up, Mother wanted to stop and save her jewel-case, but Father said, I refuse to let myself and my two children be burnt for the sake of your jewel-case. We hurried downstairs, and as soon as I was outside I woke up, the second dream is substantially longer, I was walking about in a town which I did not know. I saw streets and squares which were strange to me, then I came into a house where I lived, went to my room, and found a letter from Mother lying there. She wrote saying that as I had left home without my parents knowledge she had not wished to write to me to say Father was ill, now he is dead, and if you like you can come. I then went to the station and asked about a hundred times, I always got the answer, Five minutes. I then saw a thick wood before me which I went into and he said to me, Two and a half hours more. But I refused and went alone, I saw the station in front of me and could not reach it. At the same time, I had the feeling of anxiety that one has in dreams when one cannot move forward. I must have been travelling in the meantime, but I knew nothing about that, I walked into the porters lodge, and enquired for our flat. The maidservant opened the door to me and replied that Mother, Freud reads both dreams as referring to Ida Bauers sexual life — the jewel case that was in danger being a symbol of the virginity which her father was failing to protect from Herr K. He interpreted the railway station in the dream as a comparable symbol. Ultimately, Freud sees Ida as repressing a desire for her father, a desire for Herr K, when she abruptly broke off her therapy, much to Freuds disappointment, Freud saw this as his failure as an analyst, predicated on his having ignored the transference. Freud gave her the name Dora, and he describes in detail in The Psychopathology of Everyday Life what his unconscious motivations for choosing such a name might have been. His sisters nursemaid had to give up her name, Rosa

Dora (case study)
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Ida Bauer (Dora) and her brother Otto.

21.
Emma Eckstein
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Emma Eckstein was an Austrian author. As analyst, while working mainly in the area of sexual and social hygiene, she also explored how daydreams, ernest Jones placed her with such figures as Lou Andreas-Salomé and Joan Riviere as a type of woman, of a more intellectual and perhaps masculine cast. Played a part in his life, accessory to his male friends though of a finer calibre. He sees in them a basis, as it were. Emma herself was active in the Viennese womens movement, collaborating with Dokumente der Frauen, after an operation in 1910, however, Emma took to her couch, and remained a partial invalid until she died on 30 July 1924 of a cerebral haemmorrhage. When she was 27, she went to Freud, seeking treatment for symptoms including stomach ailments. Freud diagnosed Eckstein as suffering from hysteria and believed that she masturbated to excess and her treatment lasted something in the region of three years – one of the most protracted and detailed of Freuds early cases. In particular, Freuds theory of deferred action owed much to Emma Ecksteins twinned scenes in shops. Now this case is typical of repression in hysteria and we invariably find that a memory has been repressed which has only become a trauma through deferred action. Freud was at the time under the influence of his friend and collaborator Wilhelm Fliess, an ear, nose, Fliess had been treating nasal reflex neurosis by cauterizing the inside of the nose under local anesthesia. Fliess conjectured that if temporary cauterization was useful, surgery would yield more permanent results and he began operating on the noses of patients he diagnosed with the disorder, including Eckstein and Freud. in his paper on the specimen dream. Eckstein is also associated with Freuds seduction theory, yet while few would dissent that in regard to the failed surgery Freuds evasiveness is blatant. no more relevant than Freuds other patients. The fact that Masson lavishes so much attention on her, Emma Eckstein is for him a woman whom Freud and Fliess abused. She is thus the prototypical psychoanalytic victim. this symbolic function, in 1904, Eckstein had published a small book on the sexual education of children, although in it she does not mention Freud. Eckstein appears as a character in Joseph Skibells 2010 novel, A Curable Romantic, the song Emma Ecksteins Nose Job was released as a single in 2010 by Danish musician Anders Thode. Die Sexualfrage in der Erziehung des Kindes Chapter 3, Freud, Fliess, and Appendix A. Freud and Emma Eckstein pp. 233–250. In Masson, Jeffrey Moussaieff The Assault on Truth, Freuds Suppression of the Seduction Theory Farrar, Straus and Giroux, New York, ISBN 0-374-10642-8 K. R

Emma Eckstein
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Emma Eckstein (1895)

22.
Anna O.
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This article is concerned with Bertha Pappenheim as the patient Anna O. For her life before and after her treatment, see Bertha Pappenheim, Anna O. was the pseudonym of a patient of Josef Breuer, who published her case study in his book Studies on Hysteria, written in collaboration with Sigmund Freud. Her real name was Bertha Pappenheim, an Austrian-Jewish feminist and the founder of the Jüdischer Frauenbund, Freud implies that her illness was a result of the resentment felt over her fathers real and physical illness that later led to his death. Her treatment is regarded as marking the beginning of psychoanalysis, Breuer observed that whilst she experienced absences, she would mutter words or phrases to herself. In inducing her to a state of hypnosis, Breuer found that words were profoundly melancholy fantasies. sometimes characterized by poetic beauty. Free association came into being after Anna/Bertha decided to end her hypnosis sessions and merely talk to Breuer and she called this method of communication chimney sweeping, and this served as the beginning of free association. Historical records since showed that when Breuer stopped treating Anna O. she was not becoming better and she was ultimately institutionalized, Breuer told Freud that she was deranged, he hoped she would die to end her suffering. She later recovered over time and led a productive life, the West German government issued a postage stamp in honour of her contributions to the field of social work. According to one perspective, examination of the neurological details suggests that Anna suffered from complex partial seizures exacerbated by drug dependence, in this view, her illness was not, as Freud suggested, psychological, but neurological. Professor of psychology Hans Eysenck and medical historian Elizabeth M. Thornton argued that it was caused by tuberculous meningitis, bertha’s father fell seriously ill in mid-1880 during a family holiday in Ischl. This event was a point in her life. While sitting up at night at his sickbed she was tormented by hallucinations. Her illness later developed a spectrum of symptoms, Language disorders, on some occasions she could not speak at all, sometimes she spoke only English, or only French. She could however always understand German, the periods of aphasia could last for days, and sometimes varied with the time of day. Neuralgia, she suffered from facial pain which was treated with morphine and chloral, the pain was so severe that surgical severance of the trigeminus nerve was considered. Paralysis, signs of paralysis and numbness occurred in her limbs, Although she was right-handed, she had to learn to write with her left hand because of this condition. Visual impairments, she had temporary motor disturbances in her eyes and she perceived objects as being greatly enlarged and she squinted. Mood swings, Over long periods she had daily swings between conditions of anxiety and depression, followed by relaxed states

Anna O.
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German postage stamp (1954) in the series Benefactors of Mankind
Anna O.
Anna O.
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Bertha Pappenheim during her stay at Bellevue Sanatorium in 1882

23.
Bertha Pappenheim
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This article is about the public life of Bertha Pappenheim. Under the pseudonym Anna O. she was one of Josef Breuers best documented patients because of Freuds writing on Breuers case. Bertha Pappenheim was born on 27 February 1859 in Vienna as the daughter of Siegmund Pappenheim. Her mother Recha, née Goldschmidt, was from Frankfurt am Main and her mother came from an old and wealthy Frankfurt family. As just another daughter in a strictly traditional Jewish household, Bertha was a conscious that her parents would have preferred a male child, both families came from traditional Jewish marriage views and had roots in Orthodox Judaism. Bertha was raised in the style of well-bred young ladies of good class and she attended a Roman Catholic girls school and led a life structured by the Jewish holiday calendar and summer vacations in Ischl. When she was 8 years old her oldest sister Henriette died of galloping consumption, when she was 11 the family moved from Viennas Leopoldstadt, which was primarily inhabited by poverty-ridden Jews, to Liechtensteinstraße in the 9th District Alsergrund. She left school when she was sixteen, devoted herself to needlework and her 18-month-younger brother Wilhelm was meanwhile attending high school, which made Bertha intensely jealous. Between 1880 and 1882 Bertha Pappenheim was treated by Austrian physician Josef Breuer for a variety of symptoms that appeared when her father suddenly became ill. Breuer kept his then-friend Sigmund Freud abreast of her case, informing his earliest analysis of the origins of hysteria, in November 1888 when she was twenty-nine and after her convalescence, she and her mother moved to Frankfurt am Main. Their family environment was partially Orthodox and partly liberal, in contrast to their life in Vienna they became involved in art and science, and not only in charitable work. In this environment Bertha Pappenheim intensified her literary efforts and became involved in social and political activities and she first worked in a soup kitchen and read aloud in an orphanage for Jewish girls run by the Israelitischer Frauenverein. In 1895 she was temporarily in charge of the orphanage, during the following 12 years she was able to orient the educational program away from the one and only goal of subsequent marriage to training with a view to vocational independence. In 1895 a plenary meeting of the Allgemeiner Deutscher Frauenverein took place in Frankfurt, Pappenheim was a participant and later contributed to the establishment of a local ADF group. In the following years she began—first of all in the journal Ethische Kultur —to publish articles on the subject of womens rights and she also translated Mary Wollstonecrafts A Vindication of the Rights of Woman. At a meeting of the International Council of Women held in 1904 in Berlin, similar to the Bund Deutscher Frauenvereine co-founded by Helene Lange in 1894, the intent was to unite the social and emancipatory efforts of Jewish womens associations. Bertha Pappenheim was elected the first president of the Jüdischer Frauenbund, JFB and was its head for 20 years, the JFB joined the BDF in 1907. Between 1914 and 1924 Pappenheim was on the board of the BDF, integrating these different objectives was not always easy for Pappenheim

24.
Sergei Pankejeff
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The Pankejeff family was a wealthy family in St. Petersburg. Sergei attended a school in Russia but after the 1905 Russian Revolution he spent considerable time abroad studying. During his review of Freuds letters and other files, Jeffrey Moussaieff Masson uncovered notes for a paper by Freuds associate Ruth Mack Brunswick. Freud had asked her to review the Pankejeff case, and she discovered evidence that Pankejeff had been abused by a family member during his childhood. In 1906, his older sister Anna committed suicide while visiting the site of Mikhail Lermontovs fatal duel, while in Munich, Pankejeff saw many doctors and stayed voluntarily at a number of elite psychiatric hospitals. In the summers he always visited Russia, in January 1910, Pankejeffs physician brought him to Vienna to have treatment with Freud. Pankejeff and Freud met with other many times between February 1910 and July 1914, and a few times thereafter, including a brief psychoanalysis in 1919. Pankejeffs nervous problems included his inability to have bowel movements without the assistance of an enema and he also felt like there was a veil cutting him off from the world. Initially, according to Freud, Pankejeff resisted opening up to analysis, until Freud gave him a year deadline for analysis. Freuds first publication on the Wolf Man was From the History of an Infantile Neurosis, written at the end of 1914 but not published until 1918. Freuds treatment of Pankejeff centered on a dream the latter had as a young child, and described to Freud as such, I dreamt that it was night. Suddenly the window opened of its own accord, and I was terrified to see that some white wolves were sitting on the big tree in front of the window. There were six or seven of them, the wolves were quite white, and looked more like foxes or sheep-dogs, for they had big tails like foxes and they had their ears pricked like dogs when they pay attention to something. In great terror, evidently of being eaten up by the wolves, I screamed and my nurse hurried to my bed, to see what had happened to me. It took quite a long while before I was convinced that it had only been a dream, I had had such a clear and life-like picture of the window opening and the wolves sitting on the tree. At last I grew quieter, felt as though I had escaped from some danger, Freuds eventual analysis of the dream was that it was the result of Pankejeff having witnessed a primal scene — his parents having sex a tergo — at a very young age. Later in the paper Freud posited the possibility that Pankejeff had instead witnessed copulation between animals, which was displaced to his parents. Pankejeffs dream would play a role in Freuds theory of psychosexual development

25.
Freud family
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The family of Sigmund Freud, the pioneer of psychoanalysis, lived in Austria and Germany until the 1930s before emigrating to England, Canada and the United States. Several of Freuds descendants have become known in different fields. Sigmund Freud was born to Jewish Galician parents in the Moravian town of Freiberg and he was the eldest child of Jacob Freud, a wool merchant, and his third wife Amalia Nathansohn. Jacob Freud was born in Tysmenitz, Galicia, the eldest child of Schlomo and he had two children from his first marriage to Sally Kanner, Emanuel Philipp Jacobs second marriage to Rebecca was childless. Jacob and Amalia Freud had eight children, Sigmund Julius Anna Regina Debora Marie Esther Adolfine Pauline Regine Alexander Gotthold Ephraim Julius Freud died in infancy, Anna married Ely Bernays, the elder brother of Sigmunds wife Martha. There were four daughters, Judith, Lucy, Hella, Martha and one son, in 1892 the family moved to the United States where Edward Bernays became a major influence in modern public relations. He married Doris E. Fleischman who became known as a prominent feminist activist and their daughter Anne Bernays is a writer and editor as was her husband Justin Kaplan. Rosa married a doctor, Heinrich Graf and their son, Hermann was killed in the First World War, their daughter, Cacilie, committed suicide after an unhappy love affair. Rosa died in Auschwitz in 1942, Mitzi married her cousin Moritz Freud. There were three daughters, Margarethe, Lily, Martha and one son, Theodor who died in an accident aged 23. Martha, who was known as Tom and dressed as a man, after the suicide of her husband, Jakob Seidman, a journalist, she took her own life. Their daughter, Angela, was sent to live with relatives in Haifa, Lily became an actress and in 1917 married the actor Arnold Marlé. Mitzi died in Treblinka in 1942, Dolfi did not marry and remained in the family home to care for her parents. She died in Theresienstadt concentration camp in 1942, Pauli married Valentine Winternitz and emigrated to the United States where their daughter Rose Beatrice was born in 1896. After the death of her husband she and her returned to Europe. Rose married Ernst Waldinger, a poet, in 1923 and they moved to New York City after the war where a daughter, Ruth, was born. Pauli died in Treblinka in 1942, Alexander Freud married Sophie Sabine Schreiber. Their son, Harry, born in 1909, emigrated to the United States, both Freud’s half-brothers emigrated to Manchester, England, shortly before the rest of the Freud family moved to Vienna in 1860

26.
Amalia Freud
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Amalia Nathansohn Freud was the third wife of Jacob Freud and mother of Sigmund Freud. She was born Amalia Nathansohn in Brody, Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria and grew up in Odessa, Amalia Freud died in Vienna, First Austrian Republic at the age of 95 from tuberculosis. Amalia was 20 years of age when she gave birth to Sigmund, ernest Jones saw her as lively and humorous, with a strong attachment to her eldest son whom she called mein goldener Sigi. Just as Amalia idolised her eldest son, so there is evidence that the latter in turn idealised his mother, late in life he would term the mother-son relationship the most perfect, the most free from ambivalence of all human relationships. A mother can transfer to her son the ambition she has been obliged to suppress in herself and his tendency to split off and repudiate hostile elements in the relationship would be repeated with significant figures in his life such as his fiancee and Wilhelm Fliess. Freud family Freud and his mother Freud and his mother Amalia, in her apartment in Vienna, May 5,1926

Amalia Freud
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Amalia Freud in 1903

27.
Martha Bernays
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Martha Bernays was the wife of Austrian psychoanalyst Sigmund Freud. Bernays was the daughter of Emmeline and Berman Bernays. Her paternal grandfather Isaac Bernays was a Chief Rabbi of Hamburg, Martha Bernays was raised in an observant Orthodox Jewish family. Her grandfather, Isaac Bernays, was the rabbi of Hamburg and a distant relative of the German Romantic poet Heinrich Heine. Isaacs son, Michael Bernays, Marthas uncle, converted to Christianity at an age and was professor of German at the University of Munich. She was also the aunt of Austrian-born American publicist and father of public relations, Sigmund and Martha met in April 1882 and after a four-year engagement they were married on 14 September 1886 in Hamburg. The couple had six children, Mathilde, Jean-Martin, Oliver, Ernst, Sophie, the young Martha Bernays was a slim and attractive woman who was also a charmer, intelligent, well-educated and fond of reading. As a married woman, she ran her household efficiently, and was indeed almost obsessive about punctuality, firm but loving with her children, she spread an atmosphere of peaceful joie de vivre through the household. However, Martha was not able to establish a connection with her youngest daughter. Bernayss younger sister, Minna Bernays, was close to the young couple. Sigmund and Minna would sometimes holiday together, and the suggestion has periodically been made that she in fact became Freuds mistress, jung for example reported that from Minna he learned that Freud was in love with her and that their relationship was indeed very intimate. Pending publication of the Freud/Minna correspondence for the period 1893–1910, the truth behind such speculations may not be known for sure, what does seem certain is that Martha herself in no way knew of, or colluded in, any such affair

Martha Bernays
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Martha Bernays (1882)

28.
Anna Freud
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Anna Freud was an Austrian-British psychoanalyst. She was the 6th and last child of Sigmund Freud and Martha Bernays and she followed the path of her father and contributed to the field of psychoanalysis. Compared to her father, her work emphasized the importance of the ego, a Review of General Psychology survey, published in 2002, ranked Freud as the 99th most cited psychologist of the 20th century. Anna Freud was born in Vienna, Austria-Hungary on 3 December 1895 and she was the youngest daughter of Sigmund Freud and Martha Bernays. She grew up in comfortable bourgeois circumstances and she had difficulties getting along with her siblings, specifically with her sister Sophie Freud. It seems that in general, she was competitive with her siblings. The close relationship between Anna and her father was different from the rest of her family and she was a lively child with a reputation for mischief. Freud wrote to his friend Wilhelm Fliess in 1899, Anna has become downright beautiful through naughtiness, Freud is said to refer to her in his diaries more than others in the family. Later on Anna Freud would say that she didn’t learn much in school, instead she learned from her father and this was how she picked up Hebrew, German, English, French and Italian. At the age of 15, she started reading her father’s work, commentators have noted how in the dream of little Anna. little Anna only hallucinates forbidden objects. Anna finished her education at the Cottage Lyceum in Vienna in 1912, suffering from a depression and anorexia, she was very insecure about what to do in the future. In 1914 she passed the test to work as an apprentice at her old school. From 1915 to 1917, she worked as an apprentice for third, fourth. She finally quit her career in 1920, due to multiple episodes of illness. Her first analysis was conducted by her father Sigmund Freud from 1918 to 1922, jacques Van Rillaer describes this incestuous analysis. She presented the paper Beating Fantasies and Daydreams to the Vienna Psychoanalytic Society, in 1923, Anna Freud began her own psychoanalytical practice with children and two years later she was teaching at the Vienna Psychoanalytic Training Institute on the technique of child analysis. From 1925 until 1934, she was the Secretary of the International Psychoanalytical Association while she continued child analysis and seminars and it became a founding work of ego psychology and established Freud’s reputation as a pioneering theoretician. In 1938 the Freuds had to flee from Austria as a consequence of the Nazis intensifying harassment of Jews in Vienna following the Anschluss by Germany

29.
Clement Freud
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Sir Clement Raphael Freud was a British broadcaster, writer, politician and chef. He was elected as a Liberal Member of Parliament in 1973, retaining his seat until 1987, in 2016, seven years after he died, three women made public allegations of child sexual abuse and rape by Freud, which led to police investigations. He was born Clemens Rafael Freud in Berlin, the son of Jewish parents Ernst L. Freud and he was the grandson of psychoanalyst Sigmund Freud and the brother of artist Lucian Freud. His family fled to Britain from Nazi Germany and his forenames were anglicised to Clement Raphael and he spent his later childhood in Hampstead where he attended the Hall School, Hampstead, a preparatory school. He also attended two independent schools, he boarded at Dartington Hall, and also went to St Pauls School and he naturalised as a British subject on 4 September 1939, three days after the outbreak of World War II. During the war Freud joined the Royal Ulster Rifles and served in the ranks and he acted as an aide to Field Marshal Montgomery. He worked at the Nuremberg Trials and in 1947 was commissioned as an officer and he married June Flewett in 1950, and the couple had five children. Flewett had taken the stage name Jill Raymond in 1944, Freud became an Anglican at the time of his marriage. Freud was one of Britains first celebrity chefs, he worked at the Dorchester Hotel and he appeared in a series of dog food advertisements in which he co-starred with a bloodhound called Henry which shared his trademark hangdog expression. In 1968, he wrote the childrens book Grimble, followed by a sequel, Grimble at Christmas, whilst running a nightclub, he met a newspaper editor who gave him a job as a sports journalist. From there he became a food and drink writer, writing columns for many publications. His departure from Parliament was marked by the award of a knighthood, Ladbrokes quoted me at 33-1 in this three-horse contest, so Ladbrokes paid for me to have rather more secretarial and research staff than other MPs, which helped to keep me in for five parliaments. His autobiography, Freud Ego, recalls his election win, and shortly after and he wrote It suddenly occurred to me that after nine years of fame I now had something solid about which to be famous. During his time as a Member of Parliament, he visited China with a delegation of MPs, including Winston Churchill, the grandson of the wartime prime minister. When Churchill was given the best room in the hotel, on account of his lineage, towards the end of the five-year term was a March 1979 Vote of No Confidence against Callaghans government and Freud was expected to follow his party and vote with the Opposition. He declined the offer and voted as stated by his party, after the lapse of the Lib-Lab pact, otherwise the government could have continued until October 1979. For many, Freud was best known as a panellist on the long-running Radio 4 show Just a Minute, Freud performed a small monologue for the Wings 1973 album Band on the Run and appeared on the albums cover. In 1974, he was elected Rector of the University of Dundee, a generation later, in 2002, he was elected Rector of the University of St Andrews, beating feminist and academic Germaine Greer and local challenger Barry Joss, holding the position for one term

Clement Freud
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Sir Clement Freud

30.
Lucian Freud
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Lucian Michael Freud was a British painter and draftsman, specialising in figurative art, and is known as one of the foremost 20th-century portraitists. He was born in Berlin, the son of a Jewish architect and his family moved to Britain in 1933 to escape the rise of Nazism. From 1942-43 he attended Goldsmiths College, London and he enlisted in the Merchant Navy during the Second World War. His early career as a painter was influenced by surrealism, but by the early 1950s his often stark, Freud was an intensely private and guarded man, and his paintings, completed over a 60-year career, are mostly of friends and family. They are generally sombre and thickly impastoed, often set in unsettling interiors, the works are noted for their psychological penetration and often discomforting examination of the relationship between artist and model. Freud worked from life studies, and was known for asking for extended, born in Berlin, Freud was the son of a German Jewish mother, Lucie, and an Austrian Jewish father, Ernst L. Freud, an architect. He was a grandson of Sigmund Freud, and elder brother of the broadcaster, writer and politician Clement Freud, the family emigrated to St Johns Wood, London, in 1933 to escape the rise of Nazism. Lucian became a British subject in 1939, having attended Dartington Hall School in Totnes, Devon and he also attended Goldsmiths College, part of the University of London, in 1942–43. He served as a merchant seaman in an Atlantic convoy in 1941 before being invalided out of service in 1942, in 1943, the poet and editor Meary James Thurairajah Tambimuttu commissioned the young artist to illustrate a book of poems by Nicholas Moore entitled The Glass Tower. It was published the year by Editions Poetry London and comprised, among other drawings, a stuffed zebra. Both subjects reappeared in The Painters Room on display at Freuds first solo exhibition in 1944 at the Lefevre Gallery, in the summer of 1946, he travelled to Paris before continuing to Greece for several months to visit John Craxton. In the early fifties he was a frequent visitor to Dublin where he would share Patrick Swifts studio, in late 1952, Freud and Lady Caroline Blackwood eloped to Paris where they married in 1953. He remained a Londoner for the rest of his life, Freud was part of a group of figurative artists later named The School of London. This was more a collection of individual artists who knew each other, some intimately. The group was led by such as Francis Bacon and Freud. He was a tutor at the Slade School of Fine Art of University College London from 1949 to 1954. Freuds early paintings, which are very small, are often associated with German Expressionism and Surrealism in depicting people, plants. These were painted with tiny sable brushes and evoke Early Netherlandish painting and he would often clean his brush after each stroke when painting flesh, so that the colour remained constantly variable

31.
Sigmund Freud Museum (Vienna)
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The Sigmund Freud Museum in Vienna is a museum founded in 1971 covering Sigmund Freuds life story. It is located in the Alsergrund district, at Berggasse 19, in 2003 the museum was put in the hands of the newly established Sigmund Freud Foundation, which has since received the entire building as an endowment. It also covers the history of psychoanalysis, the building was newly built in 1891 when Freud moved there. The previous building on the site, once the home of Victor Adler, had torn down. His old rooms, where he lived for 47 years and produced the majority of his writings, now house a centre to his life. The influence of psychoanalysis on art and society is displayed through a program of special exhibitions, the museum consists of Freuds former practice and a part of his old private quarters. Attached to the museum are Europes largest psychoanalytic research library, with 35,000 volumes, the display includes original items owned by Freud, the practices waiting room, and parts of Freuds extensive antique collection. However his famous couch is now in the Freud Museum in London, along with most of the original furnishings, as Freud was able to take his furniture with him when he emigrated. A third Freud Museum, after London and Vienna, was started in the Czech town of Příbor in 2006 when the house of his birth was opened to the public. The museum contains an archive of images containing around two thousand documents, mostly photographs, but also paintings, drawings, and sculptures. The collection consists of almost all of the photos of Sigmund Freud and his family. In 1938 Freud was forced to leave German-annexed Austria due to his Jewish ancestry, the museum was opened in 1971 by the Sigmund Freud Society in the presence of Anna Freud. In 1996 the building was expanded with new rooms for special exhibitions, the Foundation has ongoing plans to expand the museum. Since 1970 the annual Sigmund Freud Lecture has taken place in Vienna on Freuds birthday,6 May and this event, at which psychoanalysts speak on a contemporary theme, was established by the Sigmund Freud Society and is now organised by the Foundation. Freud Museum Home page in English

32.
Freud Museum
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The Freud Museum in London is a museum dedicated to Sigmund Freud, who lived there with his family during the last year of his life. In 1938, after escaping Nazi annexation of Austria he came to London via Paris and stayed for a short while at 39 Elsworthy Road before moving to 20 Maresfield Gardens, where the museum is situated. Although he died a year later in the house, his daughter Anna Freud continued to stay there until her death in 1982. It was her wish that after her death it be converted into a museum and it was opened to the public in July 1986. Freud continued to work in London and it was here that he completed his book Moses and he also maintained his practice in this home and saw a number of his patients for analysis. There are two other Freud Museums, one in Vienna, and another in Příbor, the Czech Republic, the latter was opened by president Václav Klaus and four of Freuds great-grandsons. The museum is located at 20 Maresfield Gardens in Hampstead, one of Londons suburbs, the ground floor of the museum houses Freuds study, library, hall and the dining room. The museum shop is on ground floor as well, the first floor has a video room, Anna Freuds room and there is a temporary exhibitions room which hosts alternate contemporary art and Freud-themed exhibitions. Art installations often use several rooms within the museum, such as the 2001/02 exhibition A Visit to Freud’s by an Austrian female photographer Uli Aigner, many areas such as the kitchen and Anna Freuds consulting room are out of public view and have been converted into offices. The house had only finished being built in 1920 in the Queen Anne Style, a small sun room in a modern style was added at the rear by Ernst Ludwig Freud that same year. Freud was over eighty at this time, and he died the year, but the house remained in his family until his youngest daughter Anna Freud. The house has a maintained garden which is still much as Freud would have known it. The Freuds moved all their furniture and household effects to London, there are Biedermeier chests, tables and cupboards, and a collection of 18th century and 19th century Austrian painted country furniture. The museum owns Freuds collection of Egyptian, Greek, Roman, and Oriental antiquities, the star exhibit in the museum is Freuds psychoanalytic couch, which had been given to him by one of his patients, Madame Benvenisti, in 1890. This was restored at a cost of £5000 in 2013, the study and library were preserved by Anna Freud after her fathers death. The bookshelf behind Freuds desk contains some of his authors, not only Goethe and Shakespeare but also Heine, Multatuli. Freud acknowledged that poets and philosophers had gained insights into the unconscious which psychoanalysis sought to explain systematically, the collection includes a portrait of Freud by Salvador Dalí. The museum organizes research and publication programmes and it has a service which organises seminars, conferences

Freud Museum
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The Freud Museum, as seen from the garden.
Freud Museum
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Statue of Sigmund Freud by Oscar Nemon, a two-minute walk from the museum at the corner of Fitzjohns Avenue and Belsize Lane

33.
Statue of Sigmund Freud, Hampstead
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Freud lived at nearby 20 Maresfield Gardens, for the last months of his life. His house is now the Freud Museum, the sculptor Oscar Nemon was born and educated in Osijek before moving to work in Vienna in the 1920s. He had read Freud in his teens, initially approached Freud as a sculptor and was rejected by him. After Nemon had gained his reputation in Brussels, he was approached by Freuds assistant Paul Federn in 1931 to sculpt Freud for his 75th birthday, Nemon finished busts of Freud in wood, bronze and plaster, and Freud chose to keep the wooden portrait for himself. The wooden bust is on display at the Freud Museum in Hampstead, Nemon visited Freud for a final time in London in 1938. His last sittings with Freud would create a. harsher more abstracted portrait which would become the head for the bronze in Hampstead. On seeing the head of Freud, his housekeeper Paula Fichtl said that Nemon had made Freud look too angry, the bronze, slightly larger than life size, was commissioned in the 1960s, with funds raised by a committee chaired by Donald Winnicott. The sculpture depicts Freud with his turn to one side as if in thought. Freuds daughter, Anna Freud, attended the unveiling of the statue in October 1970, the statue was originally located in an alcove behind Swiss Cottage Library, where it was virtually hidden away from the public. The Freud Museum arranged for the statue to be moved to its present location in 1998 and it became a Grade II listed building in January 2016. Media related to Statue of Sigmund Freud, London at Wikimedia Commons

Statue of Sigmund Freud, Hampstead
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Sigmund Freud

34.
Megalomania
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People affected by it often spend a lot of time thinking about achieving power or success, or about their appearance. They often take advantage of the people around them, the behavior typically begins by early adulthood, and occurs across a variety of situations. The cause of narcissistic personality disorder is unknown and it is a personality disorder classified within cluster B by the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. Diagnosis is by a healthcare professional interviewing the person in question, the condition needs to be differentiated from mania and substance use disorder. Treatments have not been well studied, therapy is often difficult as people with the disorder frequently do not consider themselves to have a problem. The personality was first described in 1925 by Robert Waelder while the current name for the condition came into use in 1968, about one percent of people are believed to be affected at some point in their life. It appears to more often in males than females and affects young people more than older people. People with narcissistic personality disorder are characterized by their persistent grandiosity, excessive need for admiration, and these individuals often display arrogance, a sense of superiority, and power-seeking behaviors. In addition, people with NPD may exhibit fragile egos, an inability to tolerate criticism, and it is not uncommon for children and teens to display some traits similar to NPD, but these are typically transient without meeting full criteria for the diagnosis. True NPD symptoms are pervasive, apparent in various situations, and rigid, the symptoms must be severe enough that they significantly impair the individuals ability to develop meaningful relationships with others. Symptoms also generally impair an individuals ability to function at work, school, according to the DSM-5, these traits must differ substantially from cultural norms in order to qualify as symptoms of NPD. People with NPD tend to exaggerate their skills and accomplishments as well as their level of intimacy with people they consider to be high-status and their sense of superiority may cause them to monopolize conversations and to become impatient or disdainful when others talk about themselves. In the course of a conversation, they may purposefully or unknowingly disparage or devalue the other person by overemphasizing their own success, when they are aware that their statements have hurt someone else, they tend to react with contempt and to view it as a sign of weakness. When their own ego is wounded by a real or perceived criticism, their anger can be disproportionate to the situation, despite occasional flare-ups of insecurity, their self-image is primarily stable. Narcissistic individuals use various strategies to protect the self at the expense of others and they tend to devalue, derogate, insult, blame others and they often respond to threatening feedback with anger and hostility. They usually mask these feelings from others with feigned humility, isolating socially or they may react with outbursts of rage, defiance, the merging of the inflated self-concept and the actual self is seen in the inherent grandiosity of narcissistic personality disorder. Also inherent in this process are the mechanisms of denial. According to the DSM-5, Many highly successful individuals display personality traits that might be considered narcissistic, only when these traits are inflexible, maladaptive, and persisting and cause significant functional impairment or subjective distress do they constitute narcissistic personality disorder

35.
Spiritual materialism
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Spiritual materialism is a term coined by Chögyam Trungpa in his book Cutting Through Spiritual Materialism. The book is a compendium of his talks explaining Buddhism given while opening the Karma Dzong meditation center in Boulder and he expands on the concept in later seminars that became books such as Work, Sex, Money. In Trungpas view, they may bring temporary happiness but then more suffering in the pursuit of creating ones environment to be just right. Or on another level it may cause a misunderstanding like, I am rich because I have this or that or I am a teacher because I have a diploma. Psychological materialism is the belief that a philosophy, belief system. So seeking refuge by strongly identifying with a religion, philosophy, political party or viewpoint, for example. Spiritual materialism is the belief that a temporary state of mind is a refuge from suffering. An example would be using meditation practices to create a state of mind. According to Trungpa, these states are temporary and merely heighten the suffering when they cease, the underlying source of these three approaches to finding happiness is based, according to Trungpa, on the mistaken notion that ones ego is inherently existent and a valid point of view. He claims that is incorrect, and therefore the materialistic approaches have a basis to begin with. The message in summary is, Dont try to reinforce your ego through material things, belief systems like religion, in his view, the point of religion is to show you that your ego doesnt really exist inherently. Ego is something you build up to make you think you exist, Work, Sex, Money, Real Life on the Path of Mindfulness. Based on a series of talks given between 1971 and 1981, Cutting Through Spiritual Materialism excerpts Work, Sex, Money excerpts Spiritual Finances Video of Boulder talks on the subject by Chögyam Trungpa

36.
Egocentrism
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Egocentrism is the inability to differentiate between self and other. More specifically, it is the inability to untangle subjective schemas from objective reality, although egocentrism and narcissism appear similar, they are not the same. A person who is egocentric believes they are the center of attention, like a narcissist, both egotists and narcissists are people whose egos are greatly influenced by the approval of others, while for egocentrists this may or may not be true. Therefore, egocentrism is found across the span, in infancy early childhood, adolescence. It contributes to the cognitive development by helping children develop theory of mind. As early as 15 months old, children show a mix of egocentrism, according to George Butterworth and Margaret Harris, during childhood, one is usually unable to distinguish between what is subjective and objective. According to Piaget, an egocentric child assumes that people see, hear. Jean Piaget developed a theory about the development of human intelligence and he claimed that early childhood is the time of pre-operational thought, characterized by childrens inability to process logical thought. According to Piaget, one of the obstacles to logic that children possess includes centration. A particular type of centration is egocentrism – literally, self-centeredness, Piaget claimed that young children are egocentric, capable of contemplating the world only from their personal perspective. Piaget was concerned with two aspects of egocentricity in children, language and morality and he believed that egocentric children use language primarily for communication with oneself. Piaget observed that children would talk to themselves during play, and he believed that this speech had no special function, it was used as a way of accompanying and reinforcing the childs current activity. He theorized that as the child matures cognitively and socially the amount of speech used would be reduced. However, Vygotsky felt that egocentric speech has more meaning, as it allows the growth in social speech. Piaget also believed that egocentrism affects the childs sense of morality, due to egocentrism, the child is only concerned with the final outcome of an event rather than anothers intentions. For example, if someone breaks the toy, the child would not forgive the other. Piaget did a test to investigate egocentrism called the mountains study and he put children in front of a simple plaster mountain range and then asked them to pick from four pictures the view that he, Piaget, would see. The younger children before age seven picked the picture of the view they themselves saw and were found to lack the ability to appreciate a viewpoint different from their own

Egocentrism
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Egocentrism

37.
Empathy
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Empathy is the capacity to understand or feel what another person is experiencing from within the other persons frame of reference, i. e. the capacity to place oneself in anothers position. Empathy is seeing with the eyes of another, listening with the ears of another, there are many definitions for empathy which encompass a broad range of emotional states. Types of empathy include cognitive empathy, emotional empathy, and somatic empathy, the English word empathy is derived from the Ancient Greek word εμπάθεια. This, in turn, comes from εν and πάθος, the term was adapted by Hermann Lotze and Robert Vischer to create the German word Einfühlung, which was translated by Edward B. Titchener into the English term empathy, alexithymia is a word used to describe a deficiency in understanding, processing or describing emotions in oneself as opposed to in others. This term comes from the negation of two Ancient Greek words, αλέξω and θυμός, thus alexithymia literally means pushing away your emotions. It also is the ability to feel and share another persons emotions, some believe that empathy involves the ability to match anothers emotions, while others believe that empathy involves being tenderhearted toward another person. Having empathy also can include having the understanding that there are factors that go into decision making. Past experiences have an influence on the making of today. Understanding this allows a person to have empathy for individuals who sometimes make decisions to a problem that most individuals would respond with an obvious response. Broken homes, childhood trauma, lack of parenting and many factors can influence the connections the brain which a person uses to make decisions in the future. Martin Hoffman is a Psychologist who studied the development of empathy, according to Hoffman everyone is born with the capability of feeling empathy. Compassion and sympathy are two terms that many associate with empathy, but all three of these terms are unique, even so, definitions vary, contributing to the challenge of defining empathy. Compassion is often defined as an emotion we feel when others are in need, Sympathy is a feeling of care and understanding for someone in need. It can also be understood as having the separateness of defining oneself, some include in sympathy also an empathic concern, a feeling of concern for another, in which some scholars include the wish to see them better off or happier. Empathy is distinct also from pity and emotional contagion, pity is feeling that another is in trouble and in need of help as they cannot fix their problems themselves, often described as feeling sorry for someone. Emotional contagion is when a person catches the emotions that others are showing without necessarily recognizing this is happening. Since empathy involves understanding the emotional states of people, the way it is characterized is derived from the way emotions themselves are characterized

Empathy
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When children are shown videoclips with situations where they see people suffering pain by coincidence, neural circuits related to pain are being activated in their brain.

38.
Envy
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Envy is an emotion which occurs when a person lacks anothers superior quality, achievement, or possession and either desires it or wishes that the other lacked it. Bertrand Russell said that envy was one of the most potent causes of unhappiness, Not only is the envious person rendered unhappy by his or her envy, Russell explained, but that person also wishes to inflict misfortune on others. One theory that helps to explain envy and its effects on behavior is the Socioevolutionary theory. Thus, this provides a framework for understanding social behavior and experiences, such as the experience and expression of envy, as rooted in biological drives for survival. Recent studies have demonstrated that inciting envy actually changes cognitive function, boosting mental persistence, schadenfreude means taking pleasure in the misfortune of others and can be understood as an outgrowth of envy in certain situations. Often, envy involves a motive to outdo or undo the rivals advantages, in part, this type of envy may be based on materialistic possessions rather than psychological states. Basically, people find themselves experiencing an overwhelming emotion due to someone else owning or possessing desirable items that they do not, for example, your next door neighbor just bought a brand new ocarina—a musical instrument youve been infatuated with for months now but cant afford. Feelings of envy in this situation would occur in the forms of pain, a lack of self-worth. It is that, which is why it flourishes in market societies, democracies of desire, they might be called, with money for ballots, but envy is more or less than desire. It begins with the almost frantic sense of emptiness inside oneself, one has to be blind to perceive the emptiness, of course, but thats what envy is, a selective blindness. Invidia, Latin for envy, translates as nonsight, and Dante had the envious plodding along under cloaks of lead, what they are blind to is what they have, God-given and humanly nurtured, in themselves. Envy may negatively affect the closeness and satisfaction of relationships, overcoming envy might be similar to dealing with other negative emotions. Individuals experiencing anger often seek professional treatment to help understand why they feel the way they do, subjects experiencing envy often have a skewed perception on how to achieve true happiness. By helping people to change perceptions, they will be more able to understand the real meaning of fortune. According to Lazarus, coping is a feature of the emotion process. There are very few theories that emphasize the coping process for emotions as compared to the information concerning the emotion itself. There are numerous styles of coping, of which there has been a significant amount of research done, for example, coping with envy can be similar to coping with anger. The issue must be addressed cognitively in order to work through the emotion, according to the research done by Salovey and Rodin, more effective strategies for reducing initial envy appear to be stimulus focused rather than self-focused

39.
Fantasy (psychology)
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Fantasy in a psychological sense is broadly used to cover two different senses, conscious and unconscious. In the unconscious sense, it is sometimes spelled phantasy, a fantasy is a situation imagined by an individual that expresses certain desires or aims on the part of its creator. Fantasies sometimes involve situations that are unlikely, or they may be quite realistic. Fantasies can also be sexual in nature, another, more basic meaning of fantasy is something which is not real, as in perceived explicitly by any of the senses, but exists as an imagined situation of object to subject. Fantasy, when pushed to the extreme, is a trait of narcissistic personality disorder. Other researchers and theorists find that fantasy has beneficial elements — providing small regressions, a similarly positive view of fantasy was taken by Sigmund Freud who considered fantasy a defence mechanism. He considered that men and women cannot subsist on the scanty satisfaction which they can extort from reality and we simply cannot do without auxiliary constructions, as Theodor Fontane once said. This activity is fantasying. continued as day-dreaming, daydreams for Freud were thus a valuable resource. These day-dreams are cathected with an amount of interest, they are carefully cherished by the subject. Such phantasies may be unconscious just as well as conscious, Melanie Klein extended Freuds concept of fantasy to cover the developing childs relationship to a world of internal objects. In her thought, this kind of play activity inside the person is known as unconscious fantasy, and these phantasies are often very violent and aggressive. They are different from ordinary day-dreams or fantasies, a paper by Susan Isaacs on The nature and function of Phantasy. has been generally accepted by the Klein group in London as a fundamental statement of their position. As a defining feature, Kleinian psychoanalysts regard the unconscious as made up of phantasies of relations with objects and these are thought of as primary and innate, and as the mental representations of instincts. the psychological equivalents in the mind of defence mechanisms. Isaacs however claimed that Freuds hallucinatory wish-fulfilment and his, Lacan engaged from early on with the phantasies revealed by Melanie Klein. the imago of the mother. this shadow of the bad internal objects — with the Imaginary. Lacan came to believe that the phantasy is never anything more than the screen that conceals something quite primary, the goal of therapy thus became la traversee du fantasme, the crossing over, traversal, or traversing of the fundamental fantasy. For Lacan, The traversing of fantasy involves the assumption of a new position with respect to the Other as language. The question he was left with was What, then, does he who has passed through the experience. who has traversed the radical phantasy. become, the postmodern intersubjectivity of the 21st century has seen a new interest in fantasy as a form of interpersonal communication. Here, we are told, We need to go beyond the pleasure principle, the reality principle, all other imaginable emotions, and thus envisage emotional fantasies as a possible means of moving beyond stereotypes to more nuanced forms of personal and social relating

40.
Hubris
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Hubris describes a personality quality of extreme or foolish pride or dangerous overconfidence. The adjectival form of the noun hubris is hubristic, Hubris is usually perceived as a characteristic of an individual rather than a group, although the group the offender belongs to may unintentionally suffer consequences from the wrongful act. Hubris often indicates a loss of contact with reality and an overestimation of ones own competence, Hubris is generally considered a sin in world religions. In ancient Greek, hubris referred to actions that shamed and humiliated the victim for the pleasure or gratification of the abuser, the term had a strong sexual connotation, and the shame reflected on the perpetrator as well. Violations of the law against hubris included what might today be termed assault and battery, sexual crimes, two well-known cases are found in the speeches of Demosthenes, a prominent statesman and orator in ancient Greece. These two examples occurred when first Midias punched Demosthenes in the face in the theatre, and second when a defendant allegedly assaulted a man, aeschines brought this suit against Timarchus to bar him from the rights of political office and his case succeeded. In Ancient Athens, hubris was defined as the use of violence to shame the victim, Hubris is not the requital of past injuries, this is revenge. As for the pleasure in hubris, its cause is this, crucial to this definition are the ancient Greek concepts of honour and shame. The concept of honour included not only the exaltation of the one receiving honour and this concept of honour is akin to a zero-sum game. Rush Rehm simplifies this definition of hubris to the concept of insolence, contempt. In its modern usage, hubris denotes overconfident pride combined with arrogance, Hubris is often associated with a lack of humility. The proverb pride goeth before destruction, a haughty spirit before a fall is thought to sum up the use of hubris. Hubris is also referred to as pride that blinds, as it causes a committer of hubris to act in foolish ways that belie common sense. In other words, the definition may be thought of as. Victor in Mary Shelleys Frankenstein manifests hubris in his attempt to become a great scientist by creating life through technological means, but eventually regrets this previous desire. Chinua Achebes novel Things Fall Apart has been called a modern Greek tragedy, the characters Pride and Father in the popular manga Fullmetal Alchemist were inspired by the sin of hubris. One notable example is the Battle of Little Big Horn, as General George Armstrong Custer was apocryphally reputed to have there, Where did all those damned Indians come from. In business word many cases of social scandals were explained by managerial hubris, more recently, in his two-volume biography of Adolf Hitler, historian Ian Kershaw uses both hubris and nemesis as titles

Hubris
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illustration for John Milton's Paradise Lost by Gustave Doré (1866).

41.
Magical thinking
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In anthropology, it denotes the attribution of causality between entities grouped with one another or similar to one another. In religion, folk religion, and superstitious beliefs, the causality is between religious ritual, prayer, sacrifice, or the observance of a taboo, and an expected benefit or recompense. The use of an item or ritual, for example, is assumed to increase the probability that one will perform at a level so that one can achieve a desired goal or outcome. Prominent Victorian theorists identified associative thinking as a form of irrationality. As with all forms of thinking, association-based and similarities-based notions of causality are not always said to be the practice of magic by a magician. This association-based thinking is an example of the general human application of the representativeness heuristic. Edward Burnett Tylor coined the term associative thinking, characterizing it as pre-logical, the magician believes that thematically linked items can influence one another by virtue of their similarity. For example, in E. E. Evans-Pritchards account, amongst the Azande tribe members it is believed that rubbing crocodile teeth on banana plants can invoke a fruitful crop. Because crocodile teeth are curved and grow if they fall out. To them, the rubbing constitutes a means of transference, sir James Frazer later elaborated upon this principle by dividing magic into the categories of sympathetic and contagious magic. Sympathetic magic and homeopathy operate upon the premise that like affects like, Frazer believed that these individuals think the entire world functions according to these mimetic, or homeopathic, principles. In How Natives Think, Lucien Lévy-Bruhl describes a similar notion of mystical and he too sees magical thinking as fundamentally different from a Western style of thought. Lévy-Bruhl explains that natives commit the post hoc, ergo propter hoc fallacy, in which people observe that x is followed by y and he believes that this fallacy is institutionalized in native culture and is committed regularly and repeatedly. Bronisław Malinowskis Magic, Science and Religion discusses another type of magical thinking, more generally, it is magical thinking to take a symbol to be its referent or an analogy to represent an identity. Sigmund Freud believed that magical thinking was produced by cognitive developmental factors and he described practitioners of magic as projecting their mental states onto the world around them, similar to a common phase in child development. From toddlerhood to early age, children will often link the outside world with their internal consciousness. It is raining because I am sad, another theory of magical thinking is the symbolic approach. Leading thinkers of this category, including Stanley J. Tambiah, believe that magic is meant to be expressive, rather than instrumental

42.
Self-esteem
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In sociology and psychology, self-esteem reflects a persons overall subjective emotional evaluation of his or her own worth. It is a judgment of oneself as well as an attitude toward the self, Self-esteem encompasses beliefs about oneself, as well as emotional states, such as triumph, despair, pride, and shame. Smith and Mackie defined it by saying The self-concept is what we think about the self, self-esteem, is the positive or negative evaluations of the self, Self-esteem can apply specifically to a particular dimension or a global extent. Psychologists usually regard self-esteem as a personality characteristic, though normal. Synonyms or near-synonyms of self-esteem include, self-worth, self-regard, self-respect, the identification of self-esteem as a distinct psychological construct is thought to have its origins in the work of philosopher and psychologist, William James. James identified multiple dimensions of the self, with two levels of hierarchy, processes of knowing and the knowledge about the self. Observation about the self and storage of those observations by the I-self create three types of knowledge, which account for the Me-self, according to James. These are the material self, social self, and spiritual self, the social self comes closest to self-esteem, comprising all characteristics recognized by others. The material self consists of representations of the body and possessions, and this view of self-esteem as the collection of an individuals attitudes toward oneself remains today. Behaviorism placed the human being as a subject to reinforcements. As a consequence, clinical trials on self-esteem were overlooked, since considered the idea less liable to rigorous measurement. In the mid-20th century, the rise of phenomenology and humanistic psychology led to renewed interest in self-esteem, Self-esteem then took a central role in personal self-actualization and in the treatment of psychic disorders. Psychologists started to consider the relationship between psychotherapy and the satisfaction of a person with high self-esteem as useful to the field. Self-esteem may, in fact, be one of the most essential core self-evaluation dimensions because it is the value one feels about oneself as a person. The importance of self-esteem has gained endorsement from some government and non-government groups starting around the 1970s and this movement can be used as an example of promising evidence that psychological research can have an effect on forming public policy. The underlying idea of the movement was that low self-esteem was the root of the problem for individuals, making it the root of societal problems, Self-esteem was believed to be a cultural phenomenon of Western individualistic societies since low self-esteem was not occurring in collectivist countries such as Japan. Vasconcellos argued that this force could combat many of the states problems from crime and teen pregnancy to school underachievement. He compared increasing self-esteem to giving out a vaccine for a disease, the task force created committees in many California counties and compiled a committee of scholars to review the available literature on self-esteem

43.
Shame
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Shame is a painful, social emotion that can be seen as resulting. from comparison of the selfs action with the selfs standards. But which may stem from comparison of the selfs state of being with the ideal social contexts standard. Thus, shame may stem from volitional action or simply self-regard, no action by the shamed being is required, both the comparison and standards are enabled by socialization. Though usually considered an emotion, shame may also variously be considered an affect, cognition, state, or condition. The roots of the word shame are thought to derive from a word meaning to cover, as such, covering oneself. He also noted the sense of warmth or heat occurring in intense shame, a sense of shame is the feeling known as guilt but consciousness or awareness of shame as a state or condition defines core/toxic shame. The key emotion in all forms of shame is contempt, two distinct domains that shame is expressed are the consciousness of self as bad and the other is self as inadequate. People employ negative coping responses to counter deep rooted, associated sense of shameworthiness, to shame generally means to actively assign or communicate a state of shame to another. Behaviors designed to uncover or expose others are used for this purpose. Finally, to have means to maintain a sense of restraint against offending others while to have no shame is to behave without such restraint. The location of the line between the concepts of shame, guilt, and embarrassment is not fully standardized. According to cultural anthropologist Ruth Benedict, shame is a violation of cultural or social values while guilt feelings arise from violations of ones internal values, psychoanalyst Helen B. Lewis argued that, The experience of shame is directly about the self, which is the focus of evaluation. In guilt, the self is not the object of negative evaluation. Similarly, Fossum and Mason say in their book Facing Shame that While guilt is a feeling of regret and responsibility for ones actions. Clinical psychologist Gershen Kaufmans view of shame is derived from that of theory, namely that shame is one of a set of instinctual. Here, self-blame and self-contempt mean the application, towards ones self, of exactly the same dynamic that blaming of and this, however, can lead to an internalized, self-reinforcing sequence of shame events for which Kaufman coined the term shame spiral. Shame can also be used as a strategy when feeling guilt, another view of the dividing line between shame and embarrassment holds that the difference is one of intensity. In this view embarrassment is simply a less intense experience of shame, extreme or toxic shame is a much more intense experience and one that is not functional

Shame
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Eve covers herself and lowers her head in shame in Rodin's Eve after the Fall.
Shame
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Person hiding face and showing posture of shame (while wearing a Sanbenito and coroza hat) in Goya 's sketch "For being born somewhere else". The person has been shamed by the Spanish Inquisition.

44.
Vanity
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Vanity is the excessive belief in ones own abilities or attractiveness to others. Prior to the 14th century it did not have such narcissistic undertones, in Christian teachings vanity is considered an example of pride, one of the seven deadly sins. Philosophically speaking, vanity may refer to a sense of egoism. Friedrich Nietzsche wrote that vanity is the fear of appearing original, it is thus a lack of pride, one of Mason Cooleys aphorisms is Vanity well fed is benevolent. In Western art, vanity was often symbolized by a peacock, during the Renaissance, vanity was invariably represented as a naked woman, sometimes seated or reclining on a couch. She attends to her hair with comb and mirror, the mirror is sometimes held by a demon or a putto. Symbols of vanity include jewels, gold coins, a purse, often we find an inscription on a scroll that reads Omnia Vanitas, a quotation from the Latin translation of the Book of Ecclesiastes. The artist invites us to pay lip-service to condemning her, writes Edwin Mullins and she admires herself in the glass, while we treat the picture that purports to incriminate her as another kind of glass—a window—through which we peer and secretly desire her. The theme of the recumbent woman often merged artistically with the one of a reclining Venus. In his table of the Seven deadly sins, Hieronymus Bosch depicts a woman admiring herself in a mirror held up by a devil. Behind her is a jewelry box. A painting attributed to Nicolas Tournier, which hangs in the Ashmolean Museum, is An Allegory of Justice, a young woman holds a balance, symbolizing justice, she does not look at the mirror or the skull on the table before her. All is Vanity, by Charles Allan Gilbert, carries on this theme, an optical illusion, the painting depicts what appears to be a large grinning skull. Upon closer examination, it reveals itself to be a young woman gazing at her reflection in the mirror, in the film The Devils Advocate, Satan claims that vanity is his favourite sin. Such artistic works served to warn viewers of the nature of youthful beauty, as well as the brevity of human life

Vanity
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This painting represents the Dutch " Vanitas " (Latin for vanity) by Adam Bernaert, The Walters Art Museum.
Vanity
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In this painting Daydreams by Thomas Couture, the vice of vanity is shown through a boy blowing bubbles. The Walters Art Museum.

45.
Dorian Gray syndrome
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In order to resist the physical corruptions of time and nature, and unable and unwilling to mature, Dorian Gray gives his soul away, and his wish is granted. The personal character of the man Dorian Gray is the background for the description of the Dorian Gray syndrome that afflicts the patient. The Dorian Gray syndrome arises from the concurring and overlapping clinical concepts of the personality, dysmorphophobia. The article Das Dorian Gray syndrom reported that approximately 3.0 per cent of the population of Germany present features of the Dorian Gray syndrome. In extreme cases of DGS, the man seeks self-destruction, by either of drugs or with plastic surgery. In sport, the Dorian Gray syndrome is applied to ageing baseball players who retain their competitive edge with drugs that are illegal in professional sport. In architecture, the Dorian Gray syndrome is applied to the rehabilitation of a building to a pristine condition greater than when the building was new, body modification Fountain of Youth Peter Pan syndrome Brosig B. The Dorian Gray Syndrome and other fountains of youth, paper presented at the Continuous Medical Education Board of the Landesärztekammer Hessen, Clinical Pharmacology Section, on 29. Brosig B, Kupfer J, Niemeier V, Gieler U, the Dorian Gray Syndrome, psychodynamic need for hair growth restorers and other fountains of youth. Euler, S. Brähler, E. Gieler, U, euler, S. Brähler, E. Brosig, B. Das Dorian-Gray-Syndrom als „ethnische Störung“ der Spätmoderne

Dorian Gray syndrome
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The eternally young Dorian Gray observes the corruption portrayed in his aged portrait. (The Picture of Dorian Gray, 1945)

46.
Metrosexual
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The neologism is popularly thought to describe heterosexual men who adopt fashions and lifestyles stereotypically associated with homosexual men. While the term suggests that a metrosexual is heterosexual, it can refer to gay or bisexual men. The term metrosexual originated in an article by Mark Simpson published on November 15,1994, Simpson wrote, Metrosexual man, the single young man with a high disposable income, living or working in the city, is perhaps the most promising consumer market of the decade. In the Eighties he was only to be found inside fashion magazines such as GQ, in the Nineties, he’s everywhere and hes going shopping. However, it was not until the early 2000s when Simpson returned to the subject that the term became globally popular. He might be gay, straight or bisexual, but this is utterly immaterial because he has clearly taken himself as his own love object. The advertising agency Euro RSCG Worldwide adopted the term shortly thereafter for a marketing study, sydneys daily newspaper, The Sydney Morning Herald, ran a major feature in March 2003 titled The Rise of the Metrosexual. A couple of later, The New York Times Sunday Styles section ran a story. The term and its connotations continued to steadily into more news outlets around the world. A60 Minutes story on 1960s–70s pro footballer Joe Namath suggested he was perhaps, when the word first became popular, various sources attributed its origin to trendspotter Marian Salzman, but Salzman has credited Simpson as the original source for her usage of the word. Over the course of the years, other terms countering or substituting for metrosexual appeared. Perhaps the most widely used was retrosexual, which in its anti- or pre-metrosexual sense was also first used by Simpson, simpsons original definition of the metrosexual was sexually ambiguous, or at least went beyond the straight/gay dichotomy. Marketers, in contrast, insisted that the metrosexual was always straight – they even tried to pretend that he was not vain, however, they failed to convince the public, hence, says Simpson, their attempt to create the uber-straight ubersexual. Narcissism, according to Simpson, plays a role in the metrosexual concept. In the book Male Impersonators, he explains why understanding narcissism is vital to understanding modern masculinity, female metrosexuality is a concept that Simpson explored with American writer Caroline Hagood. They employed the female characters from the HBO series Sex and the City in order to illustrate examples of wo-metrosexuality, traditional masculine norms, as described in psychologist Ronald F. Another norm change supported by research is that men no longer find sexual freedom universally enthralling, lillian Alzheimer noted less avoidance of femininity and the emergence of a segment of men who have embraced customs and attitudes once deemed the province of women. Mens fashion magazines – such as Details, Mens Vogue, Metrosexuals only made their appearance after cultural changes in the environment and changes in views on masculinity

Metrosexual
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London's Jermyn Street, a centre of men's tailoring, with statue honouring the iconic Regency shopper Beau Brummell
Metrosexual
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David Beckham, described as "the biggest metrosexual in Britain" in Simpson's 2002 article that led to the term's popularity
Metrosexual
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By 2004, men were buying 69 per cent of their own apparel, according to retail analyst Marshal Cohen

47.
Selfie
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A selfie is a self-portrait photograph, typically taken with a digital camera or camera phone held in the hand or supported by a selfie stick. Selfies are often shared on social networking such as Facebook, Instagram. They are usually flattering and made to appear casual, most selfies are taken with a camera held at arms length or pointed at a mirror, rather than by using a self-timer. A selfie stick can be used to position the camera away from the subject. Robert Cornelius, an American pioneer in photography, produced a daguerreotype of himself in 1839 which is one of the first photographs of a person. Because the process was slow he was able to uncover the lens, run into the shot for a minute or more and he recorded on the back The first light Picture ever taken. The debut of the portable Kodak Brownie box camera in 1900 led to photographic self-portraiture becoming a widespread technique. The method was usually by mirror and stabilizing the camera either on an object or on a tripod while framing via a viewfinder at the top of the box. Grand Duchess Anastasia Nikolaevna of Russia, at the age of 13, was one of the first teenagers to take her own using a mirror to send to a friend in 1914. In the letter that accompanied the photograph, she wrote, I took this picture of myself looking at the mirror and it was very hard as my hands were trembling. This practice transitioned naturally across to digital cameras as they supplanted film cameras around the turn of the millennium, the first known use of the word selfie in any paper or electronic medium appeared in an Australian internet forum on 13 September 2002. In Karl Kruszelnickis Dr Karl Self-Serve Science Forum, a post by Nathan Hope stated, Um, drunk at a mates 21st, I tripped ofer, I had a hole about 1cm long right through my bottom lip. And sorry about the focus, it was a selfie, Hope has dismissed the notion that he coined the term, describing it as something that was just common slang at the time, used to describe a picture of yourself. As early as 2003, Italian media artist Alberto Frigo started photographing every object his right hand uses, the life long project resulted in the first categorized collection of selfies showing the artist every time he brushed his teeth, every time he put on deodorant etc. The Sony Ericsson Z1010 mobile phone, released in late 2003, the Z1010s front-facing camera had a sensor for selfies and video calls. The term selfie was discussed by photographer Jim Krause in 2005, in the early 2000s, before Facebook became the dominant online social network, self-taken photographs were particularly common on MySpace. However, writer Kate Losse recounts that between 2006 and 2009, the MySpace pic became an indication of bad taste for users of the newer Facebook social network, early Facebook portraits, in contrast, were usually well-focused and more formal, taken by others from distance. In 2009 in the hosting and video hosting website Flickr, Flickr users used selfies to describe seemingly endless self-portraits posted by teenage girls

Selfie
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A typical selfie, shot from a high angle, exaggerating the size of the eyes and giving the impression of a slender pointed chin
Selfie
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First known selfie, taken by Robert Cornelius in 1839.
Selfie
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Woman taking her picture in a mirror, ca 1900.
Selfie
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Buzz Aldrin took the first EVAselfie in 1966.