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Slavery in Africa continues today. Slavery existed in Africa before the arrival of Europeans - as did a slave trade that exported millions of sub-Saharan Africans to North Africa, the Middle East, and the Persian Gulf.

Ethiopia was able to resist attempts of colonization by the British and particularly by the Italians. Italy was able to colonize a part of ancient Ethiopia, the area along the Red Sea. This was the colony and now the independent country of Eritrea.

Ethiopians won a decisive victory over Italy at the Battle of Adowa. 4,000 Italian soldiers were killed.

The Zulus showed strong resistance to the British under the leadership of King Cetshwayo at Isandhlawana. They defeated a force of 8,000 European soldiers, killing 1,600. This was the single greatest defeat suffered by the British in their colonial endeavors in Africa and Asia.

Conflict diamonds are diamonds that originate from areas controlled by forces or factions opposed to legitimate and internationally recognized governments, and are used to fund military action in opposition to those governments, or in contravention of the decisions of the Security Council.

Piracy off the Somali coast has been a threat to international shipping since the beginning of the Somali Civil War in the early 1990s.[1] Since 2005, many international organizations, including the International Maritime Organization and the World Food Program, have expressed concern over the rise in acts of piracy.[2] Piracy has contributed to an increase in shipping costs and impeded the delivery of food aid shipments. Ninety percent of the World Food Program's shipments arrive by sea, and ships have required a military escort.[3] According to the Kenyan foreign

Combined Task Force 150 (CTF-150) is a multinational coalition navaltask force with logistics facilities at Djibouti established to monitor, inspect, board, and stop suspect shipping to pursue the War on Terrorism and in the Horn of Africa region (HOA) (includes operations in the North Arabia Sea to support Operation Iraqi Freedom (OIF), and operations in the Indian Ocean) to support Operation Enduring Freedom - Horn of Africa (OEF-HOA). These activities are referred to as Maritime Security Operations

The Darfur Conflict began in Darfur, Sudan, in February 2003 when the Sudan Liberation Army (SLA) and Justice and Equality Movement (JEM) in Darfur took up arms, accusing the government of oppressing black Africans in favor of Arabs. There are various estimates on the number of human casualties. One side was composed mainly of the Sudanese military and the Janjaweed, a Sudanese militia group recruited mostly from the Afro-ArabAbbala tribes of the northern Rizeigat region in Sudan! These tribes are mainly camel-herding nomads. The other side was made up of rebel groups, notably the Sudan Liberation Movement/Army and the Justice and Equality Movement, recruited primarily from the non-Arab muslim Fur, Zaghawa, and Masalit ethnic groups. The Sudanese government, while publicly denying that it supports the Janjaweed, is accused of providing financial assistance to the militia, and of participating in joint attacks targeting civilians.

The Sudanese government has been accused of tampering with evidence, such as attempting to cover up mass graves. They also arrested and harassed journalists, thus limiting the extent of press coverage of the situation in Darfur.

While the United States government has described the conflict as genocide, the UN has not recognized the conflict as such.

Refugees fleeing conflicts from all over Africa cause problems all their own

In Eritrea, a Russian-made rocket launcher fires into Ethiopia from the southern border town of Serha in June 1998. Optimism was high after Eritrea secured its independence from Ethiopia in 1993 without a shot fired. Then, five years later, war broke out. The border conflict with Ethiopia cost the lives of thousands and destroyed the Eritrean economy.

Daniel, an 11-year-old street child, stands in the remains of a market in Burundi. In the same week that this photo was taken, a bomb killed five people and injured several more in a terrorist attack on another small market in town. Since 1993, civil war and ethnic violence between Hutus and Tutsis have led to the deaths of nearly 250,000 Burundians. The most recent attempt at peace - August 2000 -- failed when two main Hutu groups refused to join the pact between the government and various warring factions.

Years of civil war and conflict have left parts of Africa virtual dumping grounds for deadly antipersonnel mines. Angola, Mozambique, and Somalia are some of the most heavily mined places on earth. While the UN and various non-governmental organizations have had some success in removing mines, the human price remains heavy. In Mozambique, nearly 10,000 people -- mostly civilians -- are estimated to have been killed or maimed by land mines since the 1992 peace accord that ended 20 years of civil war. Here, a UN worker tries to locate a landmine not far from Kenya's border with war-torn Sudan.

"They have the dull, emotionless look of people who have seen some hideous things," commented BBC correspondent Mathew Price when he interviewed child soldiers in Sierra Leone recently. Many children are abducted by rebel groups and given drugs that enhance their fighting. Others are "recruited" to fight for the government. There are no clear estimates of how many children fight in Africa's wars. In Sudan, more than 10,000 children are believed to be fighting for both the Islamic government in the north and Christian and animist rebels in the south.

American dollars are welcome in this Mogadishu shop, but weapons, cigarettes and khat,a local narcotic, are forbidden. Fighting back against armed gunmen, shopkeepers and business people in the center of Somalia's capital paint murals on their buildings to establish the rules for acceptable conduct. Since 1991, Somalia has been essentially ruled by rival warlords supported by heavily armed militias. There is no officially recognized government. Fighting and the inability to deal with famine and disease have led to the death of up to 1 million Somalians.

Nowhere in Africa has ethnic genocide taken a more brutal toll than Rwanda. When Hutu extremists went on a killing spree in 1994 that exterminated more than 500,000 Tutsis, Emanual Murangira, pictured here, was shot in the head in Murumbi and left for dead. To save his life, he walked 50 miles to escape into neighboring Burundi. His forehead still bears traces of the bullet wound. Today, Emanual is a guard at a memorial to the Murumbi genocide that displays the remains of the victims.

In southern Sudan, child slaves wait for Christian Solidarity International to buy their freedom from Muslim slave masters. The price? Twenty-five dollars per slave. These boys, ethnic Dinkas, live in the mostly Christian and animist south, a rebel territory that Sudan's Islamic government wants to occupy. The war has dragged on since 1976, causing the deaths of millions and the displacement of even more.

In Freetown, three of Africa's former military rulers stare down on passers-by: Ghana's Jerry Rawlings, Sierra Leone's Captain Valentine Strasser and Nigeria's Ibrahim Babangida. In the turbulent post-independence period of the 1970s and 1980s, military leaders seemed an inevitable fixture of African politics. Today, none of these three strongmen remain in power, and democratic governments have replaced dictatorships across the continent, fueling hopes for an era of African peace and prosperity.