any of four species of dwarf antelopes (tribe Neotragini, family Bovidae) that are adapted for life in the arid zones of eastern Africa. Three species inhabit the Horn of Africa: Guenther’s dik-dik (Madoqua guentheri), Salt’s dik-dik (M. saltiana), and the silver dik-dik (M. piacentinii). Kirk’s dik-dik (M. kirkii), the best-known dik-dik, is a common resident of......

...with less boning. In the late 1930s there was an attempt by designers to bring back the boned corset, but World War II cut short most fashion innovations. By the 1950s the guêpière, also known as a bustier or waspie, became fashionable....

...Montfort (d. 1345), whose elder brothers accorded him only the Montfort title, contested the duchy of Brittany with Charles of Blois; and his son was recognized duke of Brittany, as John IV, by the Treaty of Guérande (1365). Thenceforward he and his descendants John V (d. 1442), Francis I (d. 1450), Peter II (d. 1457), Arthur III (d. 1458; see Richemont, Arthur, constable......

...spoken by some three million Kru people living in the forest regions of southwestern Côte d’Ivoire and southern Liberia. The two largest members of the western group of Kru languages are the Guere language complex, with some 500,000 speakers, and Bassa, with some 350,000 speakers. In eastern Kru the Bete language complex numbers more than 500,000 speakers....

town and capital of Creuse département, Limousin région, central France. It lies about 45 miles (73 km) northeast of Limoges. The feudal capital of the ancient French province of La Marche, Guéret grew up around a 7th-century abbey situated in an area of foothills at an elevation of 1,440 feet (440 m). It was only a small market town until the coming of the railway...

any of several species of colobus monkeys distinguished by their black and white pelts, especially Colobus guereza from the East African mountains of Uganda and northern Democratic Republic of the Congo (Kinshasa)....

small stand or table designed to support a candelabrum. It was introduced into France and Italy in the second half of the 17th century in the form of a carved black figure, known as a blackamoor, holding a tray above his or her head....

member of an irregular military force fighting small-scale, limited actions, in concert with an overall political-military strategy, against conventional military forces. Guerrilla tactics involve constantly shifting attack operations and include the use of sabotage and terrorism....

...the Piccirilli brothers of New York. Inscribed on the south wall of the monument is Lincoln’s Gettysburg Address, on the north wall his Second Inaugural Address. On the ceiling are two paintings by Jules Guerin, Reunion and Progress and Emancipation of a Race. On a direct east-west axis with the Washington Monument and the United States......

French painter and the teacher of both Eugène Delacroix and Théodore Géricault. He won the Prix de Rome in 1797 and had an early success with his topical “Return of Marcus Sextus” (1799; Louvre, Paris)....

...of armour, making it possible for some further modifications in methods and training under followers of the school of Pignatelli and Grisone, such as William Cavendish, duke of Newcastle. In 1733 François Robichon de la Guérinière published École de cavalerie (“School of Cavalry”), in which he explained how a horse can be trained without being......

fictional characters in Marcel Proust’s seven-part novel À la recherche du temps perdu (1913–27; Remembrance of Things Past or In Search of Lost Time). Just as the family of Charles Swann signifies, to the narrator Marcel, the wealthy bourgeoisie, the Gu...

...and aquatints (Dream and Lie of Franco) to be sold in support of the Republican cause. His major contribution, of course, was the mural painting Guernica (named for the Basque town bombed in 1937 by the Fascists), commissioned by the Republican government for the Spanish pavilion at the 1937 World’s Fair in Paris. As compensation......

city, just northeast of Bilbao, Vizcaya provincia (province), in the comunidad autónoma (autonomous community) of Basque Country, northern Spain. The city, on the Río de Plencia (Butrón) near the inlet of the Bay of Biscay, is th...

city, just northeast of Bilbao, Vizcaya provincia (province), in the comunidad autónoma (autonomous community) of Basque Country, northern Spain. The city, on the Río de Plencia (Butrón) near the inlet of the Bay of Biscay, is th...

breed of dairy cattle originating on Guernsey, one of the Channel Islands. Like the Jersey, this breed is thought to have descended from the cattle of nearby Normandy and Brittany. All the cattle of the Channel Islands were at one time known as Alderneys. After laws had been enacted prohibiting the importation of cattle to the islands except for slaughter, the Jersey and the Gue...

second largest of the Channel Islands. It is 30 miles (48 km) west of Normandy, France, and roughly triangular in shape. With Alderney, Sark, Herm, Jethou, and associated islets, it forms the Bailiwick of Guernsey. Its capital is St. Peter Port ....

second largest of the Channel Islands. It is 30 miles (48 km) west of Normandy, France, and roughly triangular in shape. With Alderney, Sark, Herm, Jethou, and associated islets, it forms the Bailiwick of Guernsey. Its capital is St. Peter Port ....

...met with some of the best reviews of his career. The tour in support of the album found the Flaming Lips sharing the bill and the stage (as backing band) with Beck. With his 2005 release, Guero, Beck was back to collaborating with the Dust Brothers and back to genre-hopping, as his musical scavenging led to the incorporation of elements of blues, Latin American music, rap-rock,......

March 16, 1920Santarcangelo di Romagna, ItalyMarch 21, 2012Santarcangelo di RomagnaItalian screenwriter and poet who brought rich poetic dialogue (particularly in dialect) and a feel for modern existential themes to more than 100 screenplays that he wrote or co-wrote, including 10 for films...

...organization and significant outside support, the rebels agreed to an armistice in February 1878 (Pact of Zanjón), the terms of which promised amnesty and political reform. A second uprising, La Guerra Chiquita (“The Little War”), engineered by Calixto García, began in August 1879 but was quelled by superior Spanish forces in autumn 1880. Spain gave Cuba representation......

war between the United States and Mexico (April 1846–February 1848) stemming from the United States’ annexation of Texas in 1845 and from a dispute over whether Texas ended at the Nueces River (Mexican claim) or the Rio Grande (U.S. claim). The war—in which U.S. forces were consistently victorious—resulted in the United States’ acquisition of more than 500,000...

war between the United States and Mexico (April 1846–February 1848) stemming from the United States’ annexation of Texas in 1845 and from a dispute over whether Texas ended at the Nueces River (Mexican claim) or the Rio Grande (U.S. claim). The war—in which U.S. forces were consistently victorious—resulted in the United States’ acquisition of more than 500,000...

...as a result of the decline in world prices for coffee and cotton, but in 1969 the country’s attention was diverted from economic problems by the outbreak of what came to be known as the “Soccer War” with Honduras. This conflict broke out shortly after the two countries had played three bitterly contested matches in the World Cup competition, but the real causes for the war lay......

...in 1974 and lectured and taught widely throughout the world. A collection of his critical essays in English translation was published in 1978. La guerra del fin del mundo (1981; The War of the End of the World), an account of the 19th-century political conflicts in Brazil, became a best seller in Spanish-speaking countries. Three of his plays—......

...reverse, from the protagonist’s death to his return to the womb. This and other stories would be collected in the important volume Guerra del tiempo (1958; War of Time). Carpentier’s second novel, and the first to enjoy wide acclaim, was El reino de este mundo (1950; The Kingdom of This World); i...

...The Twenty-three Days of the City of Alba]). There were sad tales of lost war by Giuseppe Berto (Il cielo è rosso [1947; The Sky Is Red] and Guerra in camicia nera [1955; “A Blackshirt’s War”]) and by Mario Rigoni Stern (Il sergente nella neve [1952; The Sergeant in the Snow]). By contrast,......

In a volume of poems, Guerra sola igiene del mundo (1915; “War the Only Hygiene of the World”), Marinetti exulted over the outbreak of World War I and urged that Italy be involved. He became an active Fascist, an enthusiastic backer of Mussolini, and argued in Futurismo e Fascismo (1924), that Fascism was the natural extension of Futurism. Although his views helped......

infamous campaign waged from 1976 to 1983 by Argentina’s military dictatorship against suspected left-wing political opponents. It is estimated that between 10,000 and 30,000 citizens were killed; many of them were “disappeared”—seized by the authorities and never heard from again....

March 16, 1920Santarcangelo di Romagna, ItalyMarch 21, 2012Santarcangelo di RomagnaItalian screenwriter and poet who brought rich poetic dialogue (particularly in dialect) and a feel for modern existential themes to more than 100 screenplays that he wrote or co-wrote, including 10 for films...

...los Zegríes y Abencerrages (1595–1619; “History of the Zegríes and Abencerrages Factions”), usually referred to as Guerras civiles de Granada (“The Civil Wars of Granada”). The book is considered the first Spanish historical novel and the last important collection of Moorish border ballads, the latter punctuating the book’s narrative....

...[1879–80; “Recollections of My Life”]) and Massimo D’Azeglio (I miei ricordi [1868; Things I Remember]). D’Azeglio’s historical novels and those of Francesco Guerrazzi now have a rather limited interest; and Mazzini’s didactic writings—of great merit in their good intentions—are generally regarded as unduly oratorical. Giovanni Prati......

...and later an interracial adulterer who advocated internationalism and the “New Morality.” Even when Resnais dealt explicitly with political figures, however, as in La Guerre est finie (1966; “The War Is Over”), his scrupulosity and tragic humanism are so much in evidence that his work transcends partisan feelings....

fictional character, a 16th-century Frenchman from Gascony who, after a decade of marriage to Bertrande de Rols, vanishes from the town. About eight years later, Arnaud du Thil, a man resembling Guerre, arrives and is accepted by Guerre’s wife and many of the townspeople as the missing man. A claim surfaces that the real Guerre is in Flanders and a trial ensues. During the trial the real Guerre re...

estado (state), southwestern Mexico. It is bounded by the Pacific Ocean to the south and west and by the states of Michoacán to the northwest, México and Morelos to the north, Puebla to the northeast, and Oaxaca to the east. Chilpancingo...

Dec. 24, 1916Tucson, Ariz.March 17, 2005Palm Springs, Calif.American singer-songwriter who , captured the spirit of daily Mexican American life and embraced the social diversity of Mexican and American communities in bilingual songs and parodies. Guerrero, who was dubbed “the father of Chic...

Dec. 24, 1916Tucson, Ariz.March 17, 2005Palm Springs, Calif.American singer-songwriter who , captured the spirit of daily Mexican American life and embraced the social diversity of Mexican and American communities in bilingual songs and parodies. Guerrero, who was dubbed “the father of Chic...

...intervene militarily in Panama in order to quell disturbances. It also provided for a centralized government headed by a president who had the authority to appoint and dismiss provincial governors. Manuel Amador Guerrero became the first president, and universal suffrage was adopted in June 1907. As had been the case under Colombian government, traditional Liberal and Conservative parties......

The Chapel of Pocito in Guadalupe (Mexico), designed by Francisco Guerrero y Torres in the late 18th century, is one of the most significant examples of Baroque-influenced architecture in Spanish America. While this influence in Mexico and Peru remained limited to planar decorative treatments, Pocito instead presents a complex interweaving of Baroque spaces much like the work of Italian......

...it. During the War of 1812 it achieved an enduring place in American naval tradition. On August 19, 1812, commanded by Captain Isaac Hull, it won a brilliant victory over the British frigate Guerrière. Tradition has it that during this encounter the American sailors, on seeing British shot failing to penetrate the oak sides of their ship, dubbed it “Old Ironsides.”......

member of an irregular military force fighting small-scale, limited actions, in concert with an overall political-military strategy, against conventional military forces. Guerrilla tactics involve constantly shifting attack operations and include the use of sabotage and terrorism....

...one or more performers emphasize battle mime and originally served as military training. Crossed-sword dances are performed over two swords or a sword and scabbard crossed on the ground. Finally, guerrilla dances in circular formation are often performed with swords....

American group of art activists, founded in 1985 with the twofold mission of bringing attention to women artists and artists of colour and exposing the domination of white males in the art establishment....

American group of art activists, founded in 1985 with the twofold mission of bringing attention to women artists and artists of colour and exposing the domination of white males in the art establishment....

...to expand beyond the art world to address other issues such as affirmative action, environmentalism, abortion, and theatre. As a result, in 2001 the group split into three independent entities: Guerrilla Girls on Tour, a traveling theatre collective; GuerrillaGirlsBroadBand, a digital-media endeavour; and Guerrilla Girls, Inc., a continuation of the original art-focused group....

type of warfare fought by irregulars in fast-moving, small-scale actions against orthodox military and police forces and, on occasion, against rival insurgent forces, either independently or in conjunction with a larger political-military strategy. The word guerrilla (the diminutive of Spanish guerra, “war”) stems from the duke of Wellington...

...such as affirmative action, environmentalism, abortion, and theatre. As a result, in 2001 the group split into three independent entities: Guerrilla Girls on Tour, a traveling theatre collective; GuerrillaGirlsBroadBand, a digital-media endeavour; and Guerrilla Girls, Inc., a continuation of the original art-focused group....

...struggling to integrate their native and Western-colonial heritages. The three stories in In a Free State (1971), which won Britain’s Booker Prize, are set in various countries; Guerrillas (1975) is a despairing look at an abortive uprising on a Caribbean island; and A Bend in the River (1979) pessimistically examines the uncertain future of a newly......

...1892–1900), was drawn for the most part from earlier Italian versions, though the author added much pseudohistorical material and invented many exciting amplifications. His epic tale Guerrin meschino (1473; “Wretched Guerrino”), although told also by other writers, is largely of Andrea’s own creation. It follows the fortunes of the slave-born hero Guerrino, who......

About 1515 Grünewald was entrusted with the largest and most important commission of his career. Guido Guersi, an Italian preceptor, or knight, who led the religious community of the Antonite monastery at Isenheim (in southern Alsace), asked the artist to paint a series of wings for the shrine of the high altar that had been carved in about 1505 by Niclaus Hagnower of Strasbourg. The......

national French hero, an outstanding military leader during the early part of the Hundred Years’ War (1337–1453). After attaining the highest military position as constable of France in 1370, he brilliantly used the strategy of avoiding set battles with the English until the French had sufficient advantage to defeat them soundly....

Canadian rock group that was the most successful band in Canada in the late 1960s and early 1970s and that country’s first rock superstars. The principal members were Chad Allan (original name Allan Kobel; b. c. 1945), Randy Ba...

Guess Who’s Coming to Dinner? was one of 1967’s most popular films, and it probably remains the movie with which Kramer is most closely identified. A lesson in racial tolerance and etiquette, it starred Katharine Hepburn (who won an Oscar) and Tracy (in his last film) as parents of a young woman engaged to an African American doctor. The comedy-drama received 10 Academy......

A problem is called NP (nondeterministic polynomial) if its solution can be guessed and verified in polynomial time; nondeterministic means that no particular rule is followed to make the guess. If a problem is NP and all other NP problems are polynomial-time reducible to it, the problem is NP-complete. Thus, finding an efficient algorithm for any NP-complete problem implies that an efficient......

Sept. 6, 1920Wilmington, N.C.Feb. 15, 2006Berkeley, Calif.American poet who , was a member of a group of writers that became known as the New York school of poets and included John Ashbery, Kenneth Koch, Frank O’Hara, and James Schuyler. Their works were deeply influenced by Abstract Expres...

Lynch was 39 and still a little-known name when she met director Christopher Guest on the set of a Frosted Flakes commercial. That meeting led to his casting her as a highly competitive dog trainer in Best in Show (2000), an improvisation-based mockumentary that lampooned the eccentric world of dog shows. Guest, known for working with the same actors from film to film, cast Lynch......

...astronauts, who expect to fly on several space missions during their time at NASA, there is a third category of individuals who have gone into space on the shuttle. These individuals are designated payload specialists. The specialists are required to carry out experiments or payload activities with which they are particularly familiar. Although they are known to the general public as......

...Reb Yudel Hasid, is the embodiment of every wandering, drifting Jew in the ghettos of the tsarist and Austro-Hungarian empires. His second novel, Ore’aḥ Nataʿ Lalun (1938; A Guest for the Night), describes the material and moral decay of European Jewry after World War I. His third and perhaps greatest novel, ʿTmol shilshom (1945; “The Day Before......

major British group of engineering companies. The group has a variety of manufacturing interests, with an emphasis on the production of components for the automotive field. Headquarters are in Warley, Eng....

Dec. 11, 1911London, Eng.May 10, 2006Palm Desert, Calif.British film director and screenwriter who , was a highly versatile and prolific filmmaker, noted for an oeuvre that included musicals, comedies, thrillers, and period pieces, but he was perhaps best known for the science-fiction class...

Dec. 11, 1911London, Eng.May 10, 2006Palm Desert, Calif.British film director and screenwriter who , was a highly versatile and prolific filmmaker, noted for an oeuvre that included musicals, comedies, thrillers, and period pieces, but he was perhaps best known for the science-fiction class...

If the earlier Archaic period was an age of hospitality, the later Archaic age was an age of patronage. Instead of individual or small-scale ventures exploiting relationships of xenia (hospitality), there was something like free internationalism. Not that the old xenia ties disappeared—on the contrary, they were solidified, above all by the tyrants themselves....

Another type of reflective device, known as a guest-host reflective display, relies on dissolving “guest” dye molecules into a “host” liquid crystal. The dye molecules are selected to have a colour absorption that depends on their orientation. Variations in an applied electric voltage change the orientation of the host liquid crystal, and this in turn induces changes in......

Egyptian-born French singer whose career of over 50 years on the musical theatre stage, in cabarets, on recordings, on television, and in films included a notable role as the man who lost Leslie Caron to Gene Kelly in An American in Paris (b. Feb. 8, 1915--d. Sept. 13,......

French geologist and mineralogist who was the first to survey and map the geologic features of France and to study the exposed bedrock of the Paris Basin. He was also the first to recognize the volcanic nature of the Auvergne region of central France....

the largely Calvinist Dutch guerrilla and privateering forces whose military actions initiated the Netherlands’ revolt against Spanish rule (1568–1609). The term was first applied derisively to the lesser nobility who, together with some of the great Netherlands magnates, in 1566 petitioned Margaret of Parma, governor-general of the Netherlands, to relax the r...

Lambic and gueuze beers are produced mainly in Belgium. The wort is made from malted barley, unmalted wheat, and aged hops. The fermentation process is allowed to proceed from the microflora present in the raw materials (a “spontaneous” fermentation). Different bacteria (especially lactic acid bacteria) and yeasts ferment the wort, which is high in lactic acid content. Lambic beer......

Spanish court preacher and man of letters whose didactic work Reloj de príncipes o libro aureo del emperador Marco Aurelio (1529; Eng. trans. by Lord Berners, The Golden Boke of Marcus Aurelius, 1535, and by Sir Thomas North, The Diall of Princes, 1557, frequently reprinted through the 20th century), an attempt to invent a model for rulers, became one of the most influential b...

Bolivian politician who in 1941 helped form the Nationalist Revolutionary Movement and led it to power 10 years later. He figured prominently in national politics, serving an 85-day tenure as president in 1979 (b. March 11, 1912--d. June 20, 1996)....

theoretician and tactician of guerrilla warfare, prominent communist figure in the Cuban Revolution (1956–59), and guerrilla leader in South America. After his execution by the Bolivian army, he was regarded as a martyred hero by generations of leftists worldwide, and his image became an icon of leftist radicalism and anti-imperialism....

Spanish poet, playwright, and novelist who ranks high among the followers of Lope de Vega and displays a gift for creating character. His fantastic satirical novel, El diablo cojuelo (1641; “The Crippled Devil”), became well-known from its adaptation by the French dramatist Alain Lesage as Le Diable boiteux (1707; The Devil upon Two Sticks)....

...of Lake Titicaca, made of reeds and sometimes fitted out with a sail also made of matting; the British coracle, the basketry framework of which is covered with a skin sewn onto the edge; and the gufa of the Tigris, which is round like the coracle and made of plaited reeds caulked with bitumen....

...an enigmatic and much debated phrase that means that the painter should endow his work with life and movement through harmony with the spirit of nature; gufa yongbi (“structural method in use of the brush”), referring to the structural power and tension of the brushstroke in both painting and calligraphy, through which the......

...of Lake Titicaca, made of reeds and sometimes fitted out with a sail also made of matting; the British coracle, the basketry framework of which is covered with a skin sewn onto the edge; and the gufa of the Tigris, which is round like the coracle and made of plaited reeds caulked with bitumen....

...in the Vale of Kashmir, where deep pit dwellings are associated with ground stone axes, bone tools, and gray burnished pottery. Evidence of the “aceramic Neolithic” stage is reported at Gufkral, another site in the Kashmir region, which has been dated by radiocarbon to the 3rd millennium and later....

The other regions are the Shirak Steppe, the elevated northwestern plateau zone that is Armenia’s granary; Gugark, high plateaus, ranges, and deep valleys of the northeast, covered with forests, farmlands, and alpine pastures; the Sevan Basin, the hollow containing Lake Sevan, on the shores of which are farmlands, villages, and towns; Vayk, essentially the basin of the Arpa River; and Zangezur......

...Smith, who was known as the “Millionaire’s Captain” because of his popularity with wealthy passengers. Indeed, onboard were a number of prominent people, including American businessman Benjamin Guggenheim, British journalist William Thomas Stead, and Macy’s department store co-owner Isidor Straus and his wife, Ida. In addition, Ismay and Andrews were also traveling on the ......

March 31, 1924Cincinnati, OhioOct. 9, 2002Washington, D.C.American film producer and director who , made more than 100 documentaries during a half-century-long career. He was nominated for 12 Academy Awards and won 4—for Nine from Little Rock (1964), Robert Kennedy Remembered ...

in Venice, private collection of post-1910 paintings and sculpture formed by the American art collector Peggy Guggenheim and housed in the Palazzo Venier dei Leoni on the Grand Canal, her former home. It is considered to be one of the best collections of post-1910 modern art in Europe....