Abstract

Collagen V, a fibrillar collagen with important functions in tissues, assembles into distinct
chain associations. The most abundant and ubiquitous molecular form is the heterotrimer
. In the attempt to produce high levels of recombinant collagen V heterotrimer
for biomedical device uses, and to identify key factors that drive heterotrimeric chain
association, several cell expression systems (yeast, insect, and mammalian cells) have been
assayed by cotransfecting the human pro1(V) and pro2(V) chain cDNAs. Suprisingly, in
all recombinant expression systems, the formation of homotrimers was considerably favored over the heterotrimer. In addition, pepsin-sensitive pro2(V) chains were found in HEK-293 cell media indicating that these cells lack quality control proteins preventing
collagen monomer secretion. Additional transfection with Hsp47 cDNA, encoding the
collagen-specific chaperone Hsp47, did not increase heterotrimer production. Double
immunofluorescence with antibodies against collagen V -chains showed that, contrary to fibroblasts, collagen V -chains did not colocalized intracellularly in transfected cells. Monensin treatment had no effect on the heterotrimer production. The heterotrimer production seems to require specific machinery proteins, which are not endogenously
expressed in the expression systems. The different constructs and transfected cells we have
generated represent useful tools to further investigate the mechanisms of collagen trimer
assembly.

1. Introduction

The extracellular matrix (ECM) consists for the most part of collagen proteins that form fibrils and other supramolecular structures from triple-helical collagen molecules. Collagen V is a quantitatively minor fibrillar collagen with a broad distribution in tissues such as dermis, tendons, bones, blood vessels, and cornea. Among the different members of the fibrillar collagens, collagen V has the particularity to assemble into different chain associations that can include hybrid molecules containing collagen XI chains [1, 2]. The most abundant and ubiquitous molecular form is the heterotrimer [1(V)]22(V), which copolymerizes with collagen I to form heterotypic fibrils in tissues. The heterotrimers 1(V)2(V)3(V) and the homotrimer [1(V)]3 represent minor isoforms that show a more restricted expression pattern [1, 3]. The physiological relevance of these three molecular minor forms is unclear. A wealth of evidence favours the role of the heterotrimer [1(V)]22(V) in the control [4] and nucleation of fibril assembly [2, 5], a function that is not shared with the homotrimer [1(V)]3 [6]. Many studies point to a role of collagen V heterotrimer in the control of collagen fibril diameter in cornea. Corneal injuries often result in cloudy or opacified scars which appears to develop from disruption of the organized collagen matrix and that require transplantation of donated or artificial corneas. The construction of a scaffold made of heterotypic collagen I/V collagen fibrils as in native stroma, would be an important asset in the development of bioengineered corneal implants. Recently, Torbet and coworkers [7] have reported that a stroma-like scaffold consisting of a stack of orthogonally disposed sheets of aligned collagen I fibrils can be built up using magnetic alignment. The recombinant technology represents a valuable alternative for collagen production to be used for tissue engineering.

Several attempts have been made to express collagens in different recombinant systems. Although recombinant expression of collagens was initially considered as a difficult task, these large, multimeric, and modular proteins have been successfully expressed in most of the existing expression systems. But the use of recombinant collagens has often been limited to their biochemical characterization in fundamental research because of the production yield that is so far not adapted to tissue engineering needs (for review see [8]). Another difficulty is the achievement of collagen heterotrimeric assembly in heterologous expression systems. Whereas the recombinant production of collagen homotrimeric molecular forms has been achieved in different expression systems, the production of collagen heterotrimers is still challenging.

Recombinant protein expression systems include a wide variety of organisms from bacteria to mammalian cells. However, production of recombinant collagen proteins presents various problems in part because the numerous posttranslational modifications required to achieve a correctly folded multimeric conformation are often crucial to preserve their functions. The choice of the expression cell system is therefore of fundamental importance to obtain a recombinant molecule in conformity with the natural protein to maintain its function (for a review, see [8]). One of the main structural properties of collagens is the thermostability of the triple helix domain, which is dependent on the hydroxylation of the proline residues in the Y-position of the collagenous Gly-X-Y triplet. The specific enzyme involved is prolyl 4-hydroxylase which is not present in prokaryotes and lower eukaryotes. Prokaryotic expression systems provide cheap maintenance and easy up-scaling properties of heterologous protein production. Human collagens have proved difficult to express in bacteria due to the triple helix folding and thermostability requirement. High-level expression of active human prolyl 4-hydroxylase (P4H) in E.coli has been the bottleneck until recently [9].

Yeast such as Pichia pastoris and Saccharomyces cerevisiae are frequently used as an expression system for the production of proteins. The advantages of yeast cells over bacteria are high-density fermentation, processing machinery similar to higher eukaryotes, and secretion to the culture media. Moreover, once the recombinant gene is in the genome of the yeast cell, a stable expression is achieved (for a review, see [10]). Thermostable fibrillar collagens I, II, and III have been successfully expressed after the lack of prolyl 4-hydroxylase was solved by stable transformation of Pichia pastoris with enzyme subunits [11–14].

Rod shaped baculoviruses capable of infecting only certain insects are efficient and safe expression vectors for large-scale production of recombinant proteins. Moreover, the recombinant proteins expressed in the baculovirus expression system are usually properly folded, disulfide-bonded, and localized to the correct subcellular compartment. Even though insect cells are higher eukaryotes than yeast cells, they do not have prolyl-4-hydroxylase activity. By expressing prolyl 4-hydroxylase subunits with collagens I, II, and III -chains in insect cells, it was possible to achieve thermostable collagen I, II, and III trimeric molecules [15–18].

The advantages of mammalian expression systems include full range posttranslational modifications and secretion of the heterologous protein in the culture media. The HEK HEK-293 is the most commonly used cell line for large-scale matrix protein expression. Collagens recombinantly produced in HEK-293 cells are generally fully hydroxylated as we showed for the first time for collagen V homotrimer [19] and further proven to be true for other homotrimeric collagens [8]. Production of recombinant collagen V heterotrimer has already been reported in the HEK-293 cell line. However, when 15–20 g/ml of homotrimer collagen V was produced in these cells [6, 19], only negligible amount of 0.8 g/ml of heterotrimeric collagen V was obtained by cotransfecting the pro1(V) and pro2(V) chains [20].

In this paper, the three different eukaryotic expression systems have been used to monitor the expression of recombinant human collagen V heterotrimer, the most prevalent in vivo molecular form of collagen V: yeast, baculovirus-insect cell, and mammalian cell expression systems, in order to define the most suitable expression system to get substantial amounts of collagen V heterotrimer for biomedical device uses and to identify important factors that drive heterotrimeric chain association.

2. Materials and Methods

2.1. Preparation of Constructs

Human proα1(V) (Gene bank accession number P20908) and pro2(V) (Gene bank accession number P05997) cDNA sequences were used for this study.

2.1.1. Baculovirus Transfer Vectors

A pBlueScript KS clone, in which a NaeI-PstI digested fragment of pro1(V) cDNA (pBS51nae, a gift from D. Greenspan) was cloned, had an extra ATG nucleotide sequence near the original initiation codon in the UTR, and it was removed by site directed mutagenesis. A PCR primer containing a HindIII restriction site and an A to T mutation was designed (-CGATAAGCTTGTTGGCATGGACTGC-) and used to multiply a 912 nt fragment of pro1(V) cDNA together with a primer AGCTTCCACGGGCTTCTTGCTG corresponding to the nucleotides downstream of an AvrII restriction site in exon 6 of proα1(V) cDNA. The PCR products were ligated in pGEM-T easy-vector (Promega). The inserted cDNA was digested with HindIII-AvrII and ligated to pBS51nae digested with HindIII-AvrII. The whole pro1(V) cDNA was digested out from pBS51nae with HindIII-NotI, the protruding ends were filled using Taq polymerase and the cDNA was ligated to pGEM-T easy-vector. The resulting pGEMTe-C5A1 was digested with NotI-SpeI and the proα1(V) cDNA was ligated to pVL1392 digested with NotI-XbaI (pVLC5A1).

A XbaI restriction site was created six nucleotides upstream of the translation initiation codon to a full length pro2(V) cDNA (a gift from D. Greenspan) by PCR (Expand Long Template PCR Kit, Boehringer Mannheim) using expression vector pGGH31 as a template. The primers used for the PCR were -AGTCTAATATCTAGACATGATGGCAAACTG- corresponding to the end of the cDNA (the initiation codon of the cDNA is underlined) and -TAAGGTTCCTTCGAAAAGATCGTC- corresponding to the nucleotides next to the -end of pro2(V) cDNA in the pGGH31. The PCR products were cloned in to pGEM-T easy-vector (Promega). The resulting pGEMTe-5A2 was digested with XbaI-NotI and pro2(V) cDNA was ligated to pVL1393 vector digested with XbaI-NotI (pVLC5A2).

The proα1(V) cDNA was amplified by PCR using the forward primer -AAGGTACCGCTCAGCCAGCAGATCTCC- and the reverse primer -AAGGTACCCTACGCGTAGTCCACGTAGTTCTC- and pBS51nae as a template. A cDNA fragment was obtained without the native signal sequence and without the area coding for the C-propeptide, but including the C-telopeptide. Both primers contained a KpnI restriction site (underlined) for cloning the cDNA fragment into pPICZaA in frame with the Saccharomyces cerevisiae -factor secretion signal (MF). The vector pPICZaA and the PCR product were digested with KpnI and ligated and the resulting expression construct pPICZa-C5A1N was verified with sequencing. For the yeast expression of the full length collagen 1(V) chain the pGEMTe-C5A1 was digested with NotI and the proα1(V) cDNA was ligated to pPIC3.5K yeast vector (Invitrogen) digested with NotI (pPIC35-C5A1). To allow plasmid linearization with SalI restriction enzyme removal of a SalI site located in the exon 63 of pro1(V) cDNA was performed by site directed mutagenesis. A 2.7 kb fragment of pPIC35-C5A1 including the RrsII site in the exon 55 of proα1(V) cDNA and the HpaI site in the pPIC3.5-K vector was amplified and ligated to pGEMT easy-vector. The resulting plasmid was used as a template for introducing a null mutation according to the instructions of the QuikChange kit (Stratagene). After the point mutation was verified the plasmid was digested with RrsII-HpaI and the insert was ligated to pPIC35-C5A1 digested with the same enzymes (pPIC3.5K-C5A1M). To obtain the yeast expression construct for full length collagen 2(V) chain the pGEMTe-C5A2 was digested with SacII-NotI and ligated to pPICZ-A vector (Invitrogen) digested with SacII-NotI (pPICZ-C5A2).

2.1.3. Mammalian Expression Constructs

pcDNA3, pZeo-SV2, and Rc-CMV (Invitrogen) were used to optimize the stable production of both 1(V) and 2(V) collagen chains. For mammalian episomal and transient expression, two other vectors were used: pCEP4 and pCEP2 (Invitrogen). These vectors expressed different antibiotic resistance genes: hygromycin for pcDNA3-Hygro and pCEP4, puromycin for pCEP2, zeocin for pZeo-SV2, and neomycin for Rc-CMV. The full-length cDNA of the pro1(V) chain was excised from the Bluescript vector KS (as previously described in [19]) using KpnI and subcloned into the eukaryotic expression vectors pcDNA3-Hygro and pZeo-SV2, and into the mammalian episomal expression vectors pCEP4 and pCEP2. The full-length cDNA of pro2(V) chain was digested with NotI, from the Bluescript vector KS, and subcloned into the eukaryotic expression vector Rc-CMV, and into the mammalian episomal expression vector pCEP4. The cDNA of HSP47 was obtained from the cln9-33 plasmid (kindly provided by Dr T. Homma, Kyoto, Japan), after a HindIII/BamHI digestion and subcloned into the mammalian episomal expression vectors pCEP4 and pCEP2.

2.2. Cell Culture, Protein Production and Characterization

2.2.1. Generation of Recombinant 1(V) and 2(V) Baculoviruses and Protein Production in Insect Cells

The plasmids pVLC5A1 and pVLC5A2 were separately co-transfected with modified Autographa californica nuclear polyhedrosis virus DNA into Spodoptera frugiperda (Sf9) insect cells using the BaculoGold transfection kit (PharMingen). The resultant viral pools were collected, amplified, and purified using the Baculovirus expression system (BD Biosciences). Trichoplusia ni High Five (H5) insect cells were cultured in suspension in SF-900 SFM medium (Invitrogen) and were infected with baculoviruses coding for 1(V), 2(V) and a virus for both and subunit of human prolyl-4-hydroxylase at relative multiplicities of 3 : 1 : 1, respectively. Ascorbate was added to the culture medium daily at 80 g/ml. The cells and culture medium were collected 72 h after infection and kept at C until used.

2.2.2. Production of Recombinant Collagen V in Pichia Pastoris

The plasmids were linearized with SalI (pPIC3.5K-C5A1M) and PmeI (pPICZa-C5A1N, pPICZ-C5A2) and transformed either to a wild type P. pastoris X-33 or a yJC300 strain expressing - and -subunits of human prolyl-4-hydroxylase [21] by electroporation according to vector manufacturer’s instructions (Invitrogen). Cells positive for genomic PCR for collagen V sequences were grown in a buffered glycerol complex medium (BMGY, pH 6.0) in 25 ml shaker flasks. Expression was induced in a buffered minimal methanol medium (BMM, pH 6.0) and methanol was added to a final concentration of 0.5% daily. Histidine was added to negative control up to 100 g/l in the case of yJC300 strain. Cells were harvested after 75 h of methanol induction at C, washed once with sterile H2O and divided into 100 mg aliquots and kept at C until used.

2.2.3. Protein Production in Mammalian Cells

The human embryonic kidney cell line, HEK-293 that constitutively expresses the EBNA-1 protein from the Epstein-Barr virus, allowing the episomal replication of the expression vectors; the Chinese hamster ovary cell line, CHO-K1; the human rhabdomyosarcoma cell line, A204; the human fibrosarcoma cell line, HT1080; the human carcinoma cell line, HeLa and human dermal fibroblasts were all cultured at C in DMEM (Dulbecco’s Modified Eagle’s Medium, Sigma), supplemented with 10% foetal calf serum (Sigma), 50 g/ml gentamicin (Sigma) in 5% CO2. Media were changed every two days. The cells were transfected with expression plasmids, using the calcium-phosphate precipitation method (Invitrogen) or the FuGene 6 transfection reagent (Roche), according to the manufacturer's instructions. The transfected cells were selected during 15 days using hygromycin (250 or 300 g/ml), puromycin (0.5 g/ml), zeocin (1 g/ml), neomycin (5 g/ml) or, for co-transfected plasmids, using a mix of two different antibiotics according to the expression vector used. After selection, the resistant cells were cloned and tested for protein expression. For further protein production and characterization, cells were grown in serum-free medium in the presence or absence of sodium ascorbate (50 g/ml).

2.3. SDS-PAGE and Western-Blot Analyses

Recombinant expression of the proα1(V) and proα2(V) chains in insect cells was analyzed as follows: the cells were homogenized with a glass homogenizer in 0.2 M NaCl, 0.1% Triton X-100, and 0.05 M Tris buffer, pH 7.4, and centrifuged at 10,000 g for 10 min. The media and the soluble fractions of the cells were analyzed by denaturing 4–6% SDS-PAGE under reducing conditions followed by Coomassie blue or staining and Western blotting with a monoclonal antibody 95D1A [15].

For recombinant protein expression analysis, the yeast cells were homogenized by vortexing with glass beads in neutral buffer (0.267 M NaCl, 60 mM Tris-HCl, pH 7.4, 0.2% Triton X-100), acidic (0.1 M HCl), or basic (50 mM NaOH) solutions. The lysate was centrifuged at 10000 g for 15 min and aliquots of soluble fractions were analyzed by denaturing SDS-PAGE under reducing conditions followed by electrotransfer onto polyvinylidene difluoride membranes (Immobilon-P, Millipore) overnight in 10 mM CAPS (pH 11), 5% methanol. After saturation, membranes were then incubated with monoclonal antibody 95D1A [15] and a monoclonal antibody 18G5 [22]. The peroxidase conjugated secondary antibodies for the Western blots of the insect cell and yeast expression products were detected with an ECL Western Blotting Analysis System (Amersham Biosciences). Relative band intensities were determined after scanning the original membranes (or the dried gel) on optimized, nonedited images, using Quantity One image analysis software (version 4.6.5), after background substraction.

Recombinant protein expression (pro1(V), pro2(V) and HSP47) in mammalian cells was checked by 6% or 12% (SDS-PAGE) analysis of HEK-293 resistant cells media and lysates, followed by Coomassie Blue staining or by electrotransfer and immunostaining. In some cases, cell layers were scraped into phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) and centrifuged 5 minutes at 400 g. The pellet was resuspended in lysate buffer (100 mM NaCl, 20 mM Tris-HCl pH 7.6, 25 mM EDTA, 5 mM N-ethylmaleimide, 2 mM phenylmethanesulfonyl fluoride, 0.1% SDS, 1% Nonidet P-40). Cell lysates were centrifuged, and supernatants were analyzed by SDS-PAGE followed by Coomassie Blue staining or by Western blotting. The Western blot membranes of mammalian cell expression products were incubated with different antibodies as indicated: the monoclonal 18G5 antibody against the recombinant N-propeptide of the pro1(V) chain [22], the polyclonal collagen type V (G-15) antibody against the N-propeptide of the pro2(V) chain (Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Inc. California), polyclonal antibodies against the helical domain of the 1(V), 2(V) and 3(V) chains (Novotec, France), and the monoclonal anti-HSP47 (colligin) antibody (Stressgen Victoria, BC, Canada). Alkaline phosphatase conjugated secondary antibodies were detected with an AP Color kit (BioRad), and peroxydase conjugated secondary antibodies with a Fast 3- DiAminoBenzidine Tablet Sets (Sigma) or with an ECL Western Blotting Analysis System (Amersham, Biosciences).

2.4. Protein Purification for Mammalian Cell Expression Products

For purification of a large amount of proteins, transfected cells were selected with antibiotics during 15 days, rinsed three times with PBS and placed in serum-free medium. Then, this medium was collected every 48 h and stored at C. For separation of the different collagen molecular species when cells were transfected with proα1(V) and proα2(V) chains, media were dialyzed against 50 mM Tris-HCl pH 8.6 to precipitate the collagen V homotrimer as in [19]. After centrifugation, the pellet containing the homotrimer was resuspended in 50 mM Tris-HCl pH 7.5, 150 mM NaCl. The supernatant was passed over a DEAE-cellulose column (DE-52, Whatman) and subsequently eluted with a linear 0–0.6 M NaCl gradient. The different fractions obtained were analyzed by Western blotting.

For purification of the pro2(V) chains, transfected cell media were dialyzed against 50 mM Tris-HCl pH 8.6 and passed over a DEAE-cellulose column (DE-52, Whatman) and eluted with a linear gradient 0–0.6 M. The eluant was then dialyzed against 40 mM sodium acetate buffer pH 4.8. After centrifugation, the supernatant was passed over a HiTrap-SP column (Pharmacia-Biotech) and subsequently eluted with a linear 0–0.6 M NaCl gradient. The different fractions were analyzed by 6% SDS-PAGE. The pro2(V) containing fractions were pooled and stored at C.

2.5. Proteolytic Digestion and Monensin Treatment

Yeast and insect cell expression products were digested with pepsin to attest for the triple helix formation. The pH of the sample was adjusted to around 2 with 2 M HCl and pepsin was added to a final concentration of 200–250 g/ml. The reaction solution was incubated at room temperature for 1 h, neutralized with 2 M NaOH and an aliquot of the sample was analyzed by SDS-PAGE under reducing conditions followed by Coomassie blue staining and Western blotting with monoclonal antibody 95D1A.

For mammalian cell media, the different samples were digested with pepsin (Sigma) in 0.5 M acetic acid for 3 h at C with an enzyme/substrate ratio of approximately 1 : 5. When indicated, 4105 HEK-293 cells (C2 clone) were plated in 35 mm diameter Petri dishes and treated the day after with 50 M monensin. After two hours incubation, cells were rinsed twice with PBS and incubated in culture medium for 24 h. Media were then collected and treated with pepsin in 0.5 M acetic acid for 2 h at C with an enzyme/substrate ratio of 1 : 10. Samples were analyzed by Western blotting using polyclonal antibodies against collagen V -chains. For bacterial collagenase digestions, serum-free medium was purified as described above. The sample was diluted in an optimal buffer: 25 mM Tris-HCl pH 7.5, 0.5 M NaCl, 6 mM CaCl2. Collagenase digestion was performed at C for 3 h with an enzyme/substrate ratio of 1 : 7 (Advanced Biofacture).

2.6. Analytical Methods

For N-terminal sequencing of the pro2(V) chain, proteins were transferred to a polyvinylidene difluoride membrane and treated with pyroglutamate aminopeptidase (Boehringer-Mannheim) to remove the pyroglutamic acid blocking groups before performing automated Edman degradation. Amino acid sequencing was performed by automated Edman degradation using an Applied Biosystems 473A protein sequencer.

Amino acid compositions were determined after hydrolysis under vacuum (6 N HCl, C, 24 h) in the presence of 2-mercaptoethanol in a Pico Tag system (Waters) with a Beckman amino acid analyzer.

2.7. Immunofluorescence

Human dermal fibroblasts, HeLa cells which have been transiently transfected with 1(V) and 2(V), and clone C2 (stably transfected with pro1(V), pro2(V) and HSP47 constructs as described above) were used for immunofluorescence double staining with the monoclonal antibody against collagen V pro1-chain (18G5 [22]) and the rabbit polyclonal antibodies raised against a synthetic peptide derived from the N-terminus of the pro2-chain (a generous gift from D.E. Birk, University of South Florida, USA).

For HeLa cell transient transfection, 2105 cells were plated in 60 mm diameter Petri dishes and co-transfected the following day with the pro1(V) and pro2(V) expression plasmids, using the calcium-phosphate precipitation method according to the manufacturer's instructions (Invitrogen). 48 h after transfection, cells were washed three times with PBS and fixed for 20 min with 4% paraformaldehyde in PBS. After three washes with PBS, cells were permeabilized with 0.1% Triton in PBS and then blocked with 1% BSA. Efficiency of transfection was analyzed by transfecting the cells with a plasmid that expresses green fluorescent protein (GFP) as previously described [22]. The percentage of transfection was calculated 48 h after transfection by counting green cells with an inversed microscope equipped with fluorescence (Nikon). The values varied from 50% to 70% depending on the experiments.

For immunofluorescence, cells were grown for 24 h in medium supplemented with 50 g/ml sodium ascorbate. After washing with PBS, cells were fixed for 20 min with 4% paraformaldehyde. After three washes with PBS, cells were permeabilized with Triton 0.1% in PBS and blocked with BSA 1% in PBS. Cells were first incubated for 1 hour with the monoclonal antibody 18G5 followed by incubation with secondary antibodies conjugated with Alexa 546 for 30 min. Then, cells were incubated with polyclonal antibodies against the pro2(V) chain followed by incubation with secondary antibodies conjugated with Alexa 488. As negative controls, primary antibodies were replaced by PBS. Coverslips were mounted in Dakocytomation Fluorescent Mounting Medium (Dako) and observed with a Zeiss Axioplan2 fluorescence microscope equipped with a high-resolution digital camera.

3. Results

In order to obtain recombinant human collagen V heterotrimers in insect cells by baculovirus expression system, recombinant baculoviruses coding for pro1(V) and pro2(V) chains were generated and used to infect High Five insect cells together with a virus coding for both subunits of prolyl 4-hydroxylase. No collagen band was detectable in cell lysates and media of infected cells with Coomassie blue staining and Western blot analysis revealed that both collagen chains were faintly expressed in addition to protein degradation products (data not shown). A negligible amount of the collagen V molecules (heterotrimer and homotrimer) is produced in the baculovirus-insect cell expression system, indicating that the housekeeping and secretion machinery of insect cells are not adapted to the recombinant collagen V molecule production.

3.2. Expression of Recombinant Human Collagen V Heterotrimer in Yeast

The yeast P. pastoris, was selected based on previous data obtained on recombinant expression of the fibrillar collagens I, II, and III in P. pastoris [12–14]. Moreover, it has been shown that collagen I can efficiently be expressed in yeast as a heterotrimer [11].

Several expression constructs for producing human collagen V in P. pastoris were generated. The first expression construct encoding the pro1(V) chain without the C-propeptide and the native signal sequence replaced with the S. cerevisiae -factor secretion signal (pPICZa-C5A1N, Table 1) was transformed by electroporation into a wild type P. pastoris strain X-33. The positive strain was cultured in buffered glycerol complex medium and the expression was induced in buffered minimal methanol medium. Medium and aliquots of soluble fraction of acidic extraction of the yeast cells were analyzed by SDS-PAGE under reducing conditions followed by Coomassie blue staining or Western blotting with the monoclonal antibody 18G5 to the collagen V 1 N-propeptide and with the monoclonal antibody 95D1A. No high molecular weight band was detectable either with Coomassie blue staining or Western blotting in the medium suggesting that the pro1(V) chain was not secreted despite the presence of S. cerevisiae -factor secretion signal in the N-terminus of the pro1(V) chain. After Coomassie blue staining a faint band with high-molecular weight was detected in the cell sample (Figure 1(a), lane 2) that is absent in untransformed cells (Figure 1(a), lane 1). Nevertheless, this indicates that a higher expression level can be obtained in yeast when compared to insect cells for which no band was readily detectable in Coomassie blue stained gels.

Figure 1: Expression of 1(V) without the native signal sequence and the C-propeptide (a, b) and of 1(V)/2(V) chains (c) in P. pastoris. (a) 5% SDS-PAGE analysis under reducing conditions of the soluble fraction of acidic extraction from untransformed yeast cells (lane 1) and from yeast cells transformed with the construct pPICZ-C5A1N (lane 2). (b) Western blot analysis of the same samples as in panel (a) probed with monoclonal pan-collagen antibody 95D1A. (c) Western blot analysis of the soluble fraction of neutral extraction of yeast cells transformed with 1(V) and 2(V) chains and induced with 0.5% methanol induction. Samples were incubated without (lane 1) or with (lane 2) pepsin before analysis. Left, molecular mass standards expressed in kDa.

Lysates of cells transfected with the construct containing the pro1(V) chain devoid of the native signal sequence and the C-propeptide were analyzed by Western blotting using both 95D1A (Figure 1(b), lane 2) and 18G5 antibodies (data not shown). Both antibodies recognized high molecular weight bands, corresponding to the pN1(V) chain which is absent in untransformed cells (Figure 1(b), lane 1). Surprisingly, the pro1(V) chain expressed with native signal sequence and C-propeptide had unexpectedly low abundance detectable only by Western blotting (data not shown). To further obtain recombinant collagen V molecules from association of the intact pro-chain cDNAs, the yeast constructs coding for prepro-1(V) and prepro-2(V) chains (pPIC3.5K-C5A1M and pPICZ-C5A2, Table 1) were transformed by electroporation into P. pastoris yJC300 strain expressing active human prolyl 4-hydroxylase. The strains were cultured and the protein production was induced as above. Two high-molecular weight bands were detected by western blot probed with 95D1A in the neutral extract (Figure 1(c), lane 1). The recombinant collagen V yield in yeast is mostly underestimated since a large amount of recombinant protein remains in the insoluble material (data not shown). After pepsin treatment, two bands were detected with the correct position of the pepsinized 1 and 2 chains of the native collagen V heterotrimer indicating that the heterotrimer is correctly formed in yeast (Figure 1(c), lane 2). However, the 1/2 chain ratio (4 : 1 as estimated by gel densitometry) indicated that a mixture of collagen V homotrimer and heterotrimer molecules are produced.

3.3. Production and Characterization of the Pro2(V) Chain in Mammalian Cells

Prior to expressing the collagen V heterotrimer, the production and characterization of the human pro2(V) chains in HEK-293 cells singly transfected with the mammalian episomal expression vector pCEP4-2(V) were analyzed by biochemical approaches. Electrophoresis analysis of serum-free medium from pro2(V)-transfected cells demonstrated an additional 200 kDa protein band, which was absent in non-transfected cells medium (Figure 2(a)). Moreover, this protein band corresponded to the expected molecular mass for the full pro2(V) chain. N-terminal amino-acid sequencing confirmed that this band is the pro2(V) chain. The N-terminal sequence obtained after pyroglutamate aminopeptidase treatment, Glu-Glu-Asp-Glu-Asp-Glu-Gly, identified this band as the human pro2(V) chain and indicated that the peptide bond Ala26-Glu27 is the signal peptide cleavage site. In nonreduced conditions, the pro2(V) chain migrated only slightly faster than the pro2(V) chain in reduced conditions likely due to the presence of intrachain disulfide bonds within the N-terminal noncollagenous cystein rich domain. The secretion in the medium of the pro2(V) chains was unexpected for two reasons. First, the pro2(V) chains were shown to be unable to form homotrimers [24, 25]. In tissues, the pro2(V) chains form a heterotrimer with two pro1(V) chains. Second, it is acknowledged that fibrillar collagens that are not properly folded are degraded intracellularly. To check whether in our experimental conditions, the pro2(V) chains can fold into a triple helix, pro2(V)-transfected cell medium was digested with pepsin. The results showed that the 200 kDa protein band disappeared after pepsin treatment (Figure 2(a)), indicating that the pro2(V) chains did not fold into a stable triple helix but can be secreted. The best yield obtained for the recombinant pro2(V) chain production was 15 g/ml.

The presence of the N- and C-propeptides was verified by bacterial collagenase treatment of medium from 2(V)-transfected cells (Figure 2(b)). The 200 kDa protein band, which corresponded to the full pro2(V), disappeared in the presence of collagenase and two bands with lower molecular weights were observed. The lower protein band corresponded to the N-terminal cystein rich domain. In reduced conditions, this band migrated slightly slower compared to the nonreduced conditions (Figure 2(b)). In reduced conditions, the protein band observed at 33 kDa corresponded to the C-propeptide. In unreduced conditions, the protein migrated slower likely due to intrachain disulfide bonds. This result showed that interchain disulfide bonds did not form as was the case for the pro1(V) chains produced in the same cell system [19]. It also confirmed that the pro2(V) chains did not form a triple helix. The C-propeptide of the pro2(V) chains when incorporated into a heterotrimer was shown to be processed by BMP-1 [26]. Digestion of purified recombinant pro2(V) chains with BMP-1 showed the presence of a band corresponding to the C-propeptide (Figure 2(c)). This result is not surprising since BMP-1 activity is not dependent on triple helix formation. These results all together indicate that the pro2(V) chains can be efficiently produced in HEK-293 cells and that the recombinant chains exhibited the same features as the native chains.

To optimize the pro1(V) and the pro2(V) chains production in HEK-293 cells in order to favor heterotrimer formation, different constructs were prepared and different clones were selected after cotransfection with the different constructs for their high expression of the two pro-chains. The cDNA of the pro1(V) chain was cloned in two eukaryotic expression vectors, pZeo-SV2 and pcDNA-Hygro, containing the SV40 and the CMV promoters, respectively. The cDNA of the pro2(V) chain was cloned in the Rc-CMV eukaryotic expression vector containing the CMV promoter. The construct 2(V)-Rc-CMV was co-transfected with either 1(V)-pZeo-SV2 or 1(V)-pcDNA-Hygro, in HEK-293 cells. After selection with the appropriate antibiotics, the serum-free culture media were analyzed by Western blotting with antibodies to collagen V (Figure 3). In order to modulate the expression ratio between pro1(V) and pro2(V) chains, three clones were selected: (i) clone F22 which expressed more efficiently the pro1(V) chain than the pro2(V) chain; (ii) clone C22 which expressed higher levels of pro2(V) chain than proα1(V) chain and (iii) clone C32 which equally expressed the two chains (Figure 3). The results suggested that the CMV promoter is more efficient for the fibrillar collagen chain expression than the SV40 promoter.

Figure 3: Selection of clones expressing 1(V) and 2(V) chains. Western blot analysis with antibody to collagen V of recombinant 1(V) and 2(V) chains synthesized and secreted in the culture medium of co-transfected HEK-293 cells. The constructs 1(V)-pZeo-SV2 (lanes 2, 3) or 1(V)-pcDNA-Hygro (lane 4) and the construct 2(V)-Rc-CMV (lanes 2, 3, 4) were co-transfected into the HEK-293 cells. These cells do not naturally express these chains (lane 1). Three clones have been selected to express different ratios of 1(V)/2(V): clone C22, which expressed more of the 2(V) chain than the 1(V) chain, clone C32, which expressed both chains at approximately the same amount, and clone F22, which expressed more of the 1(V) chain than the 2(V) chain. Left, molecular mass standards expressed in kDa.

The analysis of the recombinant procollagen V molecular forms from the three selected clones C22, C32, and F22 gave similar results. As a representative example, the results presented here were obtained with the clone C22, in which expression level of the pro2(V) chain was higher than the proα1(V) chain (Figure 4). The transfected cell medium was dialyzed against Tris-HCl 50 mM pH 8.6 to eliminate most of the formed homotrimer (data not shown) [19]. After centrifugation, a fraction of the supernatant which contained both pro1(V) and pro2(V) chains was digested with pepsin prior to Western blot analysis (Figure 4(a)). After digestion with pepsin, the protein bands migrated at the pepsinised 1(V) and 2(V) chain positions. The intensity of the pro1(V) band was identical before and after pepsin digestion, contrary to the intensity of the pro2(V) band, which was weaker after pepsin digestion (Figure 4(a)). This result indicated that a large fraction of the pro2(V) chains did not fold into a heterotrimer and were produced as free pro-chains. To separate the different collagen V molecular species, the supernatant was applied to a cation exchange chromatography. The eluted fractions were analyzed to detect both pro-chains by Western blotting using two different collagen V antibodies and detection systems as described in Section 2 to discriminate the 1(V) and 2(V) chains (Figure 4(b)). Three populations of molecular forms were identified. The free pro2(V) chain containing fraction, was first eluted at 0.16 M NaCl. Then, another peak eluted at 0.24 M was shown to contain pro1(V) and pro2(V) chains with an estimated ratio of 2 : 1 and likely corresponded to the heterotrimer. Finally, fractions eluted at 0.37 M and 0.42 M NaCl were shown to contain only the pro1(V) chains and could correspond to the homotrimer. Thus, only a small amount of pro2(V) chains were found associated to the pro1(V) chains to form the heterotrimer. Contrary to the in vivo situation, the heterotrimer was not the major molecular form produced by the HEK-293 mammalian cells.

Figure 4: Characterization of the recombinant procollagen V molecular forms produced in HEK-293 transfected cells. (a) Western blot analysis of the supernatant of transfected cell media dialysed against Tris-HCl 50 mM, pH 8.6, digested (lane 2) or not (lane1) with pepsin. Transfected cell media were centrifuged and the supernatant was applied to a DEAE column. (b) Separation of the different collagen V molecular species from transfected cell media by cation exchange chromatography. Western blot analysis of the loaded sample (lane 1) and of the fractions eluted at 0.16 M (lane 2), 0.24 M (lane 3), 0.37 M (lane 4), and 0.42 M (lane 5) NaCl. Membranes were double probed with mAb 18G5 followed by alkaline phosphatase antimouse secondary antibodies and with pAb CollV followed by peroxydase antirabbit secondary antibodies. Left, molecular mass standards expressed in kDa.

The HEK-293 cells were shown to contain the cell machinery necessary for correct biosynthesis of procollagens [19, 27]. To understand the failure to favor heterotrimer [1(V)]22(V) in these cells, we hypothesize that one of the enzyme or/and chaperone proteins crucial for chain assembly may lack. The heat shock protein HSP47, described as a collagen-specific molecular chaperone, was a potential good candidate. The level of HSP47 expression was undetectable in the HEK-293 cell lysates (Figure 5(a)). In contrast, the presence of HSP47 was detected in several other cells lines (Figure 5(a)) such as HT1080, HeLa, A204, and CHO-K1 cells for which endogenous collagen V expression was shown by Western blotting (data not shown). Cell lysates were all positive for HSP47 expression except the HEK-293 cells. This result suggested that HSP47 could be necessary for the efficient heterotrimer [1(V)]22(V) production.

Two constructs, pCEP4-Hsp47 and pCEP2-Hsp47, were prepared. HEK-293 cells were then transiently transfected and the cells lysates were analyzed by Western blotting (Figure 5(b)). The HeLa cell line was used as a positive control. Contrary to untransfected cells, in the HEK-293 cells transfected with the pCEP4-Hsp47 or pCEP2-Hsp47 construct, two bands were detected by immunodetection with antibodies to HSP47. The upper protein band migrated at the expected position and likely corresponds to the mature form of HSP47. The faster band probably corresponds to the unglycosylated form of HSP47 as described in [28].

The HEK-293 cells were then transfected with three different constructs: pCEP4-2(V) and pCEP4-1(V) or pCEP2-1(V) together with pCEP4-Hsp47 or pCEP2-Hsp47. Different transfection combinations were tested: () pCEP4-1(V), pCEP4-2(V) and pCEP4-HSP47, () pCEP4-1(V), pCEP4-2(V) and pCEP2-Hsp47, () pCEP2-1(V), pCEP4-2(V) and pCEP4-Hsp47, and (4) pCEP2-1(V), pCEP4-2(V) and pCEP2-Hsp47. Hygromycin or/and puromycin were used for positive cell selection depending on the constructs used for cell transfection. From all these tested combinations, we failed to get substantial expression of the three partners together. Therefore, HEK-293 cells were transfected with the pCEP2-1(V), pCEP4-2(V) and pCEP2-Hsp47 constructs, stable clones were obtained and tested for the expression of the three partners. Lysates and media of twenty-one different clones were analyzed by Western blotting. The three partners, the recombinant pro1(V), pro2(V) chains and HSP47 (Figure 6(a)), were expressed together in only five clones named C2, C7, C9, C13, and C15. These clones expressed the recombinant pro1(V) and pro2(V) chains with different ratios (Figure 6(a)). The clones C2 (lane1), C13 (lane 4) and C15 (lane 5) expressed similarly the recombinant pro1(V) and pro2(V). The pro1(V) chain was expressed at a higher level than the pro2(V) chain in clones C7 (lane 2) and C9 (lane 3). As an example, the clone C12 (Figure 6(a), lane 6) only expressed the pro1(V) chain and HSP47. Unfortunately, pepsin digestion of culture media from the five selected clones revealed that even in the presence of HSP47, the homotrimer was again the major molecular form produced by the cells. As illustrated for clone C2 (Figure 6(b)), Western blot analysis of conditioned media treated with or without pepsin revealed the presence of two major pepsin-resistant bands migrating in the position expected for the 1(V) and 2(V) chains, respectively. The ratio between the 1(V) and the 2(V) bands showed that, expression of HSP47 in HEK-293 cells did not increase the heterotrimer production. The heterotrimer [1(V)]22(V) production by other mammalian cell lines, CHO and Hela cells, which both endogenously produce low amounts of collagen V, was analyzed after cotransfection of the 2 pro-chains of collagen V. The analysis of the collected media did not show any significant increased of collagen V heterotrimer production (data not shown). The next question was whether monensin treatment, which blocks the vesicle transport within the Golgi complex, can improve the procollagen V heterotrimer production. We argue that the transient retention of the newly synthesized proα-chains in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) can favor the procollagen V heterotrimer formation and its subsequent secretion after monensin removing. Conditioned media of clone C2 treated with monensin for 2 h were collected and digested with pepsin before Western blot analysis (Figure 6(b)). Surprisingly, only one band was revealed by the polyclonal antibodies to collagen V which migrated in the position of the pro1(V) chain. This band is converted to a faster migrating product after pepsin treatment which corresponded to the position of the 1(V) triple helix domain (Figure 6(b)). The lack of pro2(V) monomer secretion after monensin treatment indicates that the retention of the pro2(V) in the ER did not improve hetrotrimer formation but caused its intracellular degradation.

To determine the intracellular localization of the collagen V pro-chains in transfected mammalian cells, we performed immunofluorescence staining using specific antibodies to the pro1(V) and the pro2(V) chains in transfected HEK-293 and HeLa cells compared to cultured human dermal fibroblasts which endogenously express collagen V heterotrimer. For these experiments, we used the clone C2 which stably express high levels of the pro1(V) and pro2(V) chains and HSP47 (Figure 6(a)). The proα1(V) and the proα2(V) chains were transiently expressed in HeLa cells which endogenously express HSP47 (Figure 5(a)). In fibroblasts, the pro1(V) and pro2(V) chains mainly colocalized in ER and secretory vacuoles (Figure 7). Surprisingly, the pro1(V) and pro2(V) chains showed distinct intracellular distribution in stably transfected HEK-293 cells and in transiently transfected HeLa cells (Figure 7).

4. Discussion

Whereas the recombinant production of collagen homotrimers has been achieved in different expression systems, the production of collagen heterotrimers is still challenging. In a previous study, we have shown that collagen V homotrimer [1(V)]3 can be produced in substantial amounts in HEK-293 cells (about 20 mg/L) [19]. In the present report, the different expression systems used so far to express recombinant collagens have been tested in parallel for their capacity to produce high amount of collagen V heterotrimer [1(V)]22(V) which is the most prevalent molecular form encountered in tissues.

Here we show that insect cells infected with recombinant baculovirus carrying full-length pro1(V) and pro2(V) expressed both chains, but at very low levels, which were undetectable with Coomassie blue staining. Moreover, cell infection with both chains led to the prevalent formation of the homotrimer [1(V)]3 (data not shown). More intriguing is the result we obtained with the yeast expression system. The yeast system has been described as an ideal system for the high-level production of various recombinant collagens for numerous scientific and medical purposes. Yields in excess of 1 g/L have been achieved for collagen types I-III [12]. We show that collagen V heterotrimer was efficiently produced in the yeast system but in much lower level than the collagen I heterotrimer [12]. Whereas the procollagen 1(V) chain was weakly expressed in P. pastoris transformed with 1(V) chain alone, pepsin-resistant collagen V heterotrimer was obtained in yeasts cotransformed by the two collagen V chains. However, the collagen V heterotrimer production level is far from reaching the yields obtained for collagen I heterotrimers.

Many studies have enlightened the critical role of endoplasmic reticulum-resident enzymes and molecular chaperones in the collagen assembly pathway, from the folding and assembly, to the quality control and secretion [29, 30]. The roles of prolyl 4-hydroxylase and HSP47, a collagen-specific binding protein, are the most documented. As discussed above, yeast and insects cells show no or insufficient P4H activity and cotransfection with P4H subunits cDNA has improved triple helical folding and stability [13]. Along the line, mammalian cells appeared to be the most adapted expression system to properly assemble collagen chains. The HEK-293 cells are by far the most frequently used because they proved to be efficient for the production of numerous recombinant extracellular matrix proteins. Several collagens, all produced as homotrimers, have been efficiently expressed in these cells [8]. Collagen V homotrimer was shown to be fully hydroxylated indicating that HEK-293 cells express endogenous P4H that is fully active [19]. However, in the present study, only negligible amounts of heterotrimeric collagen V were obtained by cotransfecting the pro1(V) and pro2(V) chains and the pro1(V) homotrimeric association was always prevalent, indicating that these cells do not contain the full protein machinery necessary for controlling collagen chain selection and assembly. Collagen VIII was described as heterotrimers in tissues but has been expressed as homotrimers in HEK-293 cells [31]. Also, procollagen quality control and secretion appear to be deficient in HEK-293 cells. We show that pepsin-sensitive pro2(V) monomers were secreted in substantial amounts in HEK-293 cell media. Fibrillar collagen molecules assemble through their C-propeptides that interact with each other and form interchain disulfide bonds. In the absence of reducing agent, the recombinant pro2(V) chain did not migrate as a trimer though the presence of the C-propeptide was attested. It migrated at the expected size (200 kDa) and after collagenase treatment, the digestion products migrated at the position of the N- and C-propeptides. These results show that the pro2(V) chains cannot assemble into trimers as previously shown for the pro2(I) chains [16]. Most importantly, our results showed that these cells lack quality control proteins that can prevent collagen monomer secretion. HSP47 is responsible for preventing aggregation and secretion of partially folded and misfolded molecules rather than for triple helix stabilization [32] and binds similarly to collagens I to V in vitro [33]. Moreover, procollagens secreted from Hsp47−/− mouse cells did not form correctly aligned triple helices [34]. In earlier studies, mouse Hsp47 cDNA was introduced into insect cells to improve collagen I heterotrimer secretion [35]. Cotransfection of HEK-293 cells with HSP47 and pro1(III) constructs prevents for collagen III overmodification [36]. HSP47 may thus play critical role in collagen V biosynthesis. Our results reveal that there is a good correlation between the cell line capacity to express endogenous collagen heterotrimers and HSP47. The A204 cells [37] and as we show in the present report, the CHO-K1 and HeLa cells express low levels of endogenous collagen V heterotrimer whereas the HT1080 cells express collagen IV heterotrimer [38]. The CHO-K1 cells were used to produce recombinant collagen IV heterotrimer [1(IV)]22(IV), though only negligible amounts were obtained [39]. We show that they all express HSP47. Conversely, HSP47 and collagens were expressed at an undetectable level in the HEK-293 cells. In order to test whether HSP47 can favor collagen V heterotrimer expression in HEK-293 cells, we have stably transfected cells with human pro1(V), pro2(V) chains and HSP47 constructs. However, after a triple cell transfection with Hsp47 and both collagen V proα-chains cDNAs, none of the selected clones expressed collagen V heterotrimer as the major molecular form. The results indicate that neither P4H nor HSP47 are key factors controlling the heterotrimer assembly of fibrillar collagens. Uncontrolled secretion of pro2(V) monomers by HEK-293 cells may be unfavorable for heterotrimer formation. However, the use of monensin to retain the new synthesized -chains in the ER and subsequently improve heterotrimer folding had no effect on the level of collagen V heterotrimer expression. The data even suggested that the retention of the pro2(V) monomers in the ER increased its intracellular degradation and limited its uncontrolled secretion as monomers. This is in agreement with the role of the ER-resident HSP47 in preventing aggregation and secretion of unfolded collagen molecules [32].

Fibrillar collagens share similar structure and thus one can expect that they share similar synthesis and folding mechanisms. However, whatever the expression system used, the preferred molecular form was the homotrimer whereas fibroblasts, the in vivo collagen-producing cells, predominantly express collagen V heterotrimer. The HEK-293 mammalian cells that likely contain the appropriate environment to produce the collagen V heterotrimer, failed to produce high amounts of collagen V heterotrimer whereas they produce considerable amounts of the homotrimer [19]. The HEK-293 cells are an epithelial cell line originally derived from human embryonic kidney. Embryonic epithelial cells can produce low amount of collagen V, the molecular form they produced has not been characterized (for review [19, 40]). It is possible that collagen V isoform assembly is critically dependent upon the cell type. The lack of coordinated and controlled synthesis of the two proα-chains in transfected cells may also prevent heterotrimer formation. Our double immunofluorescence staining with antibodies against the pro1(V) and pro2(V) chains showed that the two pro-chains mainly colocalized in fibroblasts whereas they displayed distinct localization in transfected HEK-293 and HeLa cells. Another likely explanation is that collagen V homotrimers may have intrinsic ability to form the triple helical structure more easily than collagen V heterotrimer and that the formation of the heterotrimeric molecular form may require specific protein chaperones. HSP47 is not the only molecule that has this function. SPARC family proteins may have a similar chaperone activity. Collagens I and V are generally coexpressed in tissues and produced by the same cells, fibroblasts and osteoblasts. Our results strongly suggest that collagen V biosynthesis presents type-specific pathway that at least partially differs from collagen I. The expression systems described here provide valuable model systems to study key factors in collagen V heterotrimer chain association.

Acknowledgments

The authors thank Dr. S. Nagata for kindly providing the human Hsp47 cDNA to FR and Dr. DS Greenspan for the generous gift of pro1(V) and pro pro2(V) cDNAs to E-R H. They are grateful to Dr. D. E. Birk for supplying FR with rabbit polyclonal antibodies raised against the N-terminus of the pro2(V) chain. They also thank Marc Dziasko for his excellent technical assistance. This paper was supported by grants from the “Association pour la Recherche contre le Cancer” (no. 3652), the Emergence Research Program (Région Rhône-Alpes), GIS Maladies Rares INSERM (A04115SP), the European Commission (Contract NMP2-CT-2003-504017), and in part by Grants 736/01 and 1360/07 from the Israel Science Foundation (to EK). M.Roulet and M. Välkkilä contributed equally to the article.

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