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Epidemiological transition is when a sudden increase in population growth rates occur. This is usually because of medical advances in disease treatment.

When death rates are high and rapidly change (preventing population growth) and life spans are short (20-40 yrs)

When death rates decrease with epidemic peaks happening less often; life spans (30-50 yrs) and pop. growth begin to grow

Epidemiologic Transition Model

The Age of Pestilence and Famine

The Age of Receding Pandemics

When death rates decrease and reach a low level; life spans increase (50+ yrs) and fertility becomes important to pop. growth

The Age of Degenerative and Man-Made Diseases

Links:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epidemiological_transition - Gave plenty of information on the ETM
http://www.novelguide.com/a/discover/epop_01/epop_01_00112.html - Provided a more in-depth explanation of the ETM
http://www.milbank.org/quarterly/830418omran.pdf - Omran's original theory