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2 Financial Reporting Standard 13 Derivatives and other Financial Instruments: Disclosures is issued by the Accounting Standards Board in respect of its application in the United Kingdom and by the Institute of Chartered Accountants in Ireland in respect of its application in the Republic of Ireland.

4 Financial Reporting Standard 13 is set out in paragraphs The Statement of Standard Accounting Practice, which comprises the paragraphs set in bold type, should be read in the context of the Objective as stated in paragraph 1 and the definitions set out in paragraphs 2, 81 and 119 and also of the Foreword to Accounting Standards and the Statement of Principles for Financial Reporting currently in issue. The explanatory paragraphs contained in the FRS shall be regarded as part of the Statement of Standard Accounting Practice insofar as they assist in interpreting that statement. Appendix VII The development of the FRS reviews considerations and arguments that were thought significant by members of the Board in reaching the conclusions on the FRS. The Accounting Standards Board Limited 1998 ISBN

5 ACCOUNTING STANDARDS BOARD SEPTEMBER 1998 FRS 13 CONTENTS SUMMARY Paragraphs GUIDE TO THE FRS FINANCIAL REPORTING STANDARD 13 Objective 1 PART A - REPORTING ENTITIES OTHER THAN FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS AND FINANCIAL INSTITUTION GROUPS Definitions 2 Entities required to provide the disclosures set out in this part of the FRS 3-4 Instruments to be dealt with in the disclosures 5-10 Financial assets and financial liabilities to be dealt with in the disclosures 5 Short-term debtors and creditors 6-7 Non-equity shares issued by the reporting entity 8-9 Commodity contracts 10 Disclosure of objectives, policies and strategies Numerical disclosures general matters Interest rate risk disclosures Financial liabilities Financial assets Currency risk disclosures Liquidity disclosures Fair value disclosures Disclosures about financial assets and financial liabilities held or issued for trading 57 Disclosures about hedges Disclosures about commodity contracts Additional disclosures about market price risk Disclosure of accounting policies Amendment to FRS Date from which effective

6 ACCOUNTING STANDARDS BOARD SEPTEMBER 1998 FRS 13 PART B - BANKS AND SIMILAR INSTITUTIONS AND BANKING AND SIMILAR GROUPS Definitions 81 Entities required to provide the disclosures set out in this part of the FRS 82 Instruments to be dealt with in the disclosures 83 Disclosure of objectives, policies and strategies 84 Numerical disclosures general matters 85 Interest rate risk disclosures Currency risk disclosures Fair value disclosures Disclosures about financial assets and financial liabilities held or issued for trading Disclosures about hedges 112 Disclosures about commodity contracts Additional disclosures about market price risk 115 Disclosure of accounting policies 116 Amendment to FRS Date from which effective 118 2

7 ACCOUNTING STANDARDS BOARD SEPTEMBER 1998 FRS 13 PART C - FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS AND FINANCIAL INSTITUTION GROUPS, OTHER THAN BANKS AND SIMILAR INSTITUTIONS AND BANKING AND SIMILAR GROUPS Definitions 119 Entities required to provide the disclosures set out in this part of the FRS 120 Instruments to be dealt with in the disclosures 121 Disclosure of objectives, policies and strategies 122 Numerical disclosures general matters 123 Interest rate and currency risk disclosures 124 Liquidity disclosures Fair value disclosures 127 Disclosures about financial assets and financial liabilities held or issued for trading 128 Disclosures about hedges 129 Disclosures about commodity contracts Additional disclosures about market price risk 132 Disclosure of accounting policies 133 Amendment to FRS Date from which effective 135 3

8 ACCOUNTING STANDARDS BOARD SEPTEMBER 1998 FRS 13 ADOPTION OF FRS 13 BY THE BOARD APPENDICES I II III IV V VI TYPES OF RISK ARISING FROM FINANCIAL INSTRUMENTS EXAMPLES APPLYING THE DEFINITION OF A FINANCIAL INSTRUMENT ILLUSTRATIONS OF THE DISCLOSURES GUIDANCE ON PROCEDURES FOR ESTIMATING FAIR VALUES NOTE ON LEGAL REQUIREMENTS COMPLIANCE WITH INTERNATIONAL ACCOUNTING STANDARDS VII THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE FRS 4

9 SUMMARY SUMMARY General a b Financial Reporting Standard 13 applies to all entities, other than insurance companies, that have one or more of their capital instruments listed or publicly traded on a stock exchange or market and to all banks and similar institutions. Such entities are required by the FRS to disclose in their financial statements certain information on their financial instruments. The objective of these disclosures is to provide information about the impact of financial instruments on the entity s risk profile, how the risks arising from financial instruments might affect the entity s performance and financial condition, and how these risks are being managed. The approach adopted in the FRS c The FRS requires both narrative and numerical disclosures. The narrative disclosures describe the role that financial instruments have in creating or changing the risks that the entity faces, including its objectives and policies in using financial instruments to manage these risks. The numerical disclosures show how these objectives and policies were implemented in the period and provide supplementary information for evaluating significant or potentially significant exposures. Together these disclosures provide a broad overview of the entity s financial instruments and of the risk positions created by them, focusing on those risks and instruments that are of greatest significance. 5

10 ACCOUNTING STANDARDS BOARD SEPTEMBER 1998 FRS 13 Narrative disclosures d e The FRS requires an explanation to be provided of the role that financial instruments play in creating or changing the risks that the entity faces in its activities. The entity should also explain the directors approach to managing each of those risks, including a description of the objectives, policies and strategies for holding and issuing financial instruments. Where the directors decide, before the balance sheet date, to change these objectives, policies or strategies, that change should also be explained. The narrative disclosures are mandatory, although the FRS permits them to be given in a statement accompanying the financial statements (such as the operating and financial review or the directors report) provided that they are incorporated into the financial statements by a suitable cross-reference. Numerical disclosures f Although all entities within the scope of the FRS are required to provide the same type of narrative disclosures, the FRS requires different numerical disclosures for each of: entities that are not financial institutions banks and similar institutions other types of financial institution. These different disclosures reflect differences in the significance of the main risks that arise from financial instruments. 6

11 SUMMARY g The FRS requires specified numerical disclosures to be provided about: interest rate risk currency risk liquidity risk (except for banks and similar institutions, which are covered by existing requirements) fair values financial instruments used for trading (including, for banks and some other financial institutions, information on the market price risk of their trading book) financial instruments used for hedging certain commodity contracts. h To avoid the numerical disclosures becoming so detailed that their message is obscured, the FRS encourages, and in some cases requires, a high degree of aggregation. Illustrations i Appendix III contains three illustrations of the required disclosures. The first shows the sort of information that the vast majority of companies to which the FRS applies will need to provide and the second the sort of information to be provided by companies that are more complex. The third illustration focuses on the disclosures that banks and certain other financial institutions will need to provide. 7

12 ACCOUNTING STANDARDS BOARD SEPTEMBER 1998 FRS 13 Insurance companies j Insurance companies are at present excluded from the scope of the FRS. This is to allow the Accounting Standards Board to consider the disclosures to be provided by insurance companies in the context of developments in insurance company accounting generally. 8

13 GUIDE TO THE FRS GUIDE TO THE FRS The disclosures required by this FRS depend on the type of reporting entity involved. The FRS distinguishes three types of reporting entity and, for ease of reference, the requirements (and related definitions) are set out in separate parts. The three types of reporting entity, and the part of the FRS that is relevant to each, are as follows: Reporting entities other than financial institutions and financial institution groups Banks and similar institutions and banking and similar groups Other financial institutions and financial institution groups. Part A Part B Part C For convenience, Parts B and C have been printed on pink pages. 9

14 ACCOUNTING STANDARDS BOARD SEPTEMBER 1998 FRS 13 FINANCIAL REPORTING STANDARD 13 Objective 1 The objective of this FRS is to ensure that reporting entities within its scope provide in their financial statements disclosures that enable users to assess the entity s objectives, policies and strategies for holding or issuing financial instruments. In particular, such information should enable users to assess: (a) the risk profile of the entity for each of the main financial risks that arise in connection with financial instruments and commodity contracts with similar characteristics; and (b) the significance of such instruments and contracts to the entity s reported financial position, performance and cash flows, regardless of whether the instruments and contracts are on balance sheet (recognised) or off balance sheet (unrecognised). 10

15 FINANCIAL REPORTING STANDARD 13 - PART A PART A - REPORTING ENTITIES OTHER THAN FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS AND FINANCIAL INSTITUTION GROUPS Definitions 2 The following definitions shall apply in Part A of the FRS and in particular in the Statement of Standard Accounting Practice set out in bold type. Capital instruments:- All instruments that are issued by reporting entities as a means of raising finance, including shares, debentures, loans and debt instruments, options and warrants that give the holder the right to subscribe for or obtain capital instruments. In the case of consolidated financial statements the term includes capital instruments issued by subsidiaries except those that are held by another member of the group included in the consolidation. The definition set out above is taken from FRS 4 Capital Instruments. Commodity contract and cash-settled commodity contract:- A commodity contract is a contract that provides for settlement by receipt or delivery of a commodity. A cash-settled commodity contract is a commodity contract (including a contract for the delivery of gold) which, though having contract terms that require settlement by physical delivery, is of a type that is normally extinguished other than by physical delivery in accordance with general market practice. Commodities in this context means hard commodities (such as metals) and soft commodities (such as oils, grains, cocoa, coffee, cotton, soya beans 11

16 ACCOUNTING STANDARDS BOARD SEPTEMBER 1998 FRS 13 and sugar). It is not intended that cash or government securities should be treated as commodities for the purposes of the FRS. Derivative financial instrument:- A financial instrument that derives its value from the price or rate of some underlying item. Underlying items include equities, bonds, commodities, interest rates, exchange rates and stock market and other indices. Derivative financial instruments include futures, options, forward contracts, interest rate and currency swaps, interest rate caps, collars and floors, forward interest rate agreements, commitments to purchase shares or bonds, note issuance facilities and letters of credit. Equity instrument:- See Financial instrument, financial asset, financial liability and equity instrument. Equity shares:- Shares other than non-equity shares. Fair value:- The amount at which an asset or liability could be exchanged in an arm s length transaction between informed and willing parties, other than in a forced or liquidation sale. Financial institution and financial institution group:- These terms are defined in paragraph 119 of Part C. 12

17 FINANCIAL REPORTING STANDARD 13 - PART A Financial instrument, financial asset, financial liability and equity instrument:- A financial instrument is any contract that gives rise to both a financial asset of one entity and a financial liability or equity instrument of another entity. Financial instruments include both primary financial instruments such as bonds, debtors, creditors and shares and derivative financial instruments. Types of financial instruments are discussed further in Appendix II. A financial asset is any asset that is: (a) cash; (b) a contractual right to receive cash or another financial asset from another entity; (c) a contractual right to exchange financial instruments with another entity under conditions that are potentially favourable; or (d) an equity instrument of another entity. A financial liability is any liability that is a contractual obligation: (a) to deliver cash or another financial asset to another entity; or (b) to exchange financial instruments with another entity under conditions that are potentially unfavourable. 13

18 ACCOUNTING STANDARDS BOARD SEPTEMBER 1998 FRS 13 An equity instrument is an instrument that evidences an ownership interest in an entity, ie a residual interest in the assets of the entity after deducting all of its liabilities. Equity instrument has a wider meaning than equity shares because it includes some non-equity shares, as well as warrants and options to subscribe for or purchase equity shares in the issuing entity. Floating rate financial assets and financial liabilities:- Financial assets and financial liabilities that attract an interest charge and have their interest rate reset at least once a year. For the purposes of the FRS, financial assets and financial liabilities that have their interest rate reset less frequently than once a year are to be treated as fixed rate financial assets and financial liabilities. Functional currency:- The currency of the primary economic environment in which an entity operates and generates net cash flows. SSAP 20 Foreign currency translation uses the term local currency rather than the term functional currency, although the definitions of the two terms are identical. 14

19 FINANCIAL REPORTING STANDARD 13 - PART A Insurance company or group:- A company that carries on an insurance business and is regulated accordingly or an insurance group as defined in the relevant legislation. * Non-equity shares:- Shares possessing any of the following characteristics: (a) any of the rights of the shares to receive payments (whether in respect of dividends, in respect of redemption or otherwise) are for a limited amount that is not calculated by reference to the company s assets or profits or the dividends on any class of equity share. (b) any of their rights to participate in a surplus in a winding up are limited to a specific amount that is not calculated by reference to the company s assets or profits and such limitation had a commercial effect in practice at the time the shares were issued or, if later, at the time the limitation was introduced. (c) the shares are redeemable either according to their terms, or because the holder, or any party other than the issuer, can require their redemption. * In the UK an insurance company is one to which Part II of the Insurance Companies Act 1982 applies. The equivalent reference in the Republic of Ireland is the Companies (Amendment) Act 1986 section 2(3). An insurance group is defined in Great Britain in section 255A of the Companies Act 1985 and in Northern Ireland in Article 263A of the Companies (Northern Ireland) Order In the Republic of Ireland an insurance company or group is one to which Regulation 3 of the European Community (Insurance Undertakings: Accounts) Regulations 1996 applies. 15

20 ACCOUNTING STANDARDS BOARD SEPTEMBER 1998 FRS 13 Short-term debtors and creditors:- Financial assets and financial liabilities that meet all of the following criteria: (a) they would be included under one of the following balance sheet headings if the entity was preparing its financial statements in accordance with Schedule 4 to the Companies Act 1985: * (i) debtors; (ii) prepayments and accrued income; (iii) creditors: amounts falling due within one year, other than items that would be included under the debenture loans and bank loans and overdrafts subheadings; (iv) provisions for liabilities and charges; or (v) accruals and deferred income; (b) they mature or become payable within 12 months of the balance sheet date; and (c) they are not a derivative financial instrument. * in Great Britain. The equivalent legislation in Northern Ireland is Schedule 4 to the Companies (Northern Ireland) Order 1986 and in the Republic of Ireland the Schedule to the Companies (Amendment) Act

21 FINANCIAL REPORTING STANDARD 13 - PART A Trading in financial assets and financial liabilities:- Buying, selling, issuing or holding financial assets and financial liabilities in order to take advantage of shortterm changes in market prices or rates or, in the case of financial institutions and financial institution groups, in order to facilitate customer transactions. Financial assets and financial liabilities bought, sold, issued or held in order to hedge the risks associated with another transaction or position are deemed to be trading in financial assets and financial liabilities only if that other transaction or position involves such trading. Entities required to provide the disclosures set out in this part of the FRS 3 Part A of the FRS applies to all financial statements that are intended to give a true and fair view of the reporting entity s financial position and profit or loss (or income and expenditure) for a period and are prepared by a reporting entity that has any of its capital instruments listed or publicly traded on a stock exchange or market, except that it does not apply: (a) if the entity is: (i) a financial institution or financial institution group; (ii) an entity that is applying the Financial Reporting Standard for Smaller Entities (FRSSE); or (iii) an insurance company or group. 17

22 ACCOUNTING STANDARDS BOARD SEPTEMBER 1998 FRS 13 (b) to a parent s own financial statements when those statements are presented together with the parent s consolidated financial statements. 4 The term stock exchange or market includes domestic and foreign exchanges and markets and it also includes markets other than the main market. It therefore includes markets such as the London and Irish Stock Exchanges, EASDAQ, NASDAQ and the Alternative Investment Market. Instruments to be dealt with in the disclosures Financial assets and financial liabilities to be dealt with in the disclosures 5 The FRS applies to all financial assets and financial liabilities, except that those listed below are to be excluded from the disclosures (other than the currency disclosures set out in paragraphs 34-37): (a) interests in subsidiary, quasi-subsidiary and associated undertakings, partnerships and joint ventures that fall within the relevant FRS concerned with such interests, other than an interest in such entities that is held exclusively with a view to subsequent resale; * * Subsidiary undertakings are dealt with in FRS 2 Accounting for Subsidiary Undertakings, quasi-subsidiary undertakings are dealt with in FRS 5 Reporting the Substance of Transactions, and associated undertakings, partnerships and joint ventures are dealt with in FRS 9 Associates and Joint Ventures. Equity minority interests in subsidiaries and quasi-subsidiaries are not financial instruments and therefore also do not need to be dealt with in the disclosures. 18

23 FINANCIAL REPORTING STANDARD 13 - PART A (b) employers obligations to employees under employee share option and employee share schemes, and any shares held in order to fulfil such obligations; (c) pension and other post-retirement benefit assets and liabilities that fall within the scope of SSAP 24 Accounting for pension costs and UITF Abstract 6 Accounting for postretirement benefits other than pensions ; (d) rights and obligations arising under operating leases, as defined by SSAP 21 Accounting for leases and hire purchase contracts ; (e) equity shares issued by the reporting entity and warrants and options on such shares issued by the reporting entity, other than those that are held exclusively with a view to subsequent resale; (f) financial assets, financial liabilities and cashsettled commodity contracts of an insurance company or group. Short-term debtors and creditors 6 An entity should exclude from all the disclosures (other than the currency disclosures set out in paragraphs 34-37) either all or none of its short-term debtors and creditors. An explanation of how such items have been dealt with should be provided. 19

24 ACCOUNTING STANDARDS BOARD SEPTEMBER 1998 FRS 13 7 The main focus of the FRS is on financial instruments that are complex or play a significant medium- to long-term role in the financial risk profile of the entity. Such financial instruments do not generally include short-term debtors and creditors. The FRS therefore does not require such items to be included in the disclosures. On the other hand, some entities may regard it as useful to include such items or may find it easier to do so. Paragraph 6 therefore permits entities either to include or to exclude such items. However, in order to achieve a degree of consistency and comparability, either all such items should be excluded from all the disclosures (other than the currency disclosures) or none of the items should be excluded from any of the disclosures. Non-equity shares issued by the reporting entity 8 9 All non-equity shares issued by the reporting entity should be dealt with in the disclosures in the same way as its financial liabilities, except that they should be disclosed separately. Although all non-equity shares issued by the reporting entity are financial instruments, only some of them are financial liabilities of that entity; the rest are equity instruments. However, rather than introduce complexity into the FRS by requiring entities to categorise non-equity shares into equity instruments and financial liabilities, paragraph 8 adopts a pragmatic approach. Commodity contracts 10 Similarly, although commodity contracts requiring settlement by physical delivery are not financial instruments, paragraph 64 requires some such contracts to be included in certain of the disclosures as if they were. 20

25 FINANCIAL REPORTING STANDARD 13 - PART A Disclosure of objectives, policies and strategies The disclosures required by the FRS focus primarily on the risks that arise in connection with financial instruments (and certain similar contracts) and how they have been managed. These risks will typically include credit risk, liquidity risk, cash flow risk, interest rate risk, currency risk and other types of market price risk all of which are discussed in greater detail in Appendix I although the risks may be categorised in some other way. It is envisaged, but not required, that the information provided about these risks in other words, the disclosures required by the FRS will usually be presented in the context of a discussion, in a statement such as the operating and financial review, of the entity s activities, structure and financing. This discussion will typically also consider the financial risk profile of the entity as a whole, before focusing specifically on financial instruments. Such an approach enables the disclosures required by the FRS to be put into their proper context and it ensures that the disclosures required focus on the risks of greatest significance to the entity. An explanation should be provided of the role that financial instruments have had during the period in creating or changing the risks the entity faces in its activities. This should include an explanation of the objectives and policies for holding or issuing financial instruments and similar contracts, and the strategies for achieving those objectives in both cases as agreed by the directors that have been followed during the period. 21

26 ACCOUNTING STANDARDS BOARD SEPTEMBER 1998 FRS This disclosure would usually include a discussion of the nature of, and purposes for which, the main types of financial instruments and similar contracts are held or issued. Instruments used for financing, for risk management or hedging and for trading or speculation would all need to be covered, though separately from each other. The disclosure would also typically include a description of the main financial risk management and treasury policies agreed by the directors, including the policies, quantified where appropriate, on: (a) the fixed/floating split, maturity profile and currency profile of financial assets and liabilities; (b) the extent to which foreign currency financial assets and financial liabilities are hedged to the functional currency of the business unit concerned; (c) the extent to which foreign currency borrowings and other financial instruments are used to hedge foreign currency net investments; and (d) any other hedging If the disclosure described in paragraph 13 reflects a significant change from the explanations provided for the previous accounting period, this should be disclosed and the reasons for the change explained. This disclosure would include changes resulting from changes in the entity s main market price risks and from changes in the way that its exposures are managed. 22

27 FINANCIAL REPORTING STANDARD 13 - PART A If the directors agreed, before the date of approval of the financial statements, to make a significant change to the role that financial instruments will have in creating or changing the risks of the entity, that change should be explained. The disclosures described in paragraphs focus on the position during and at the end of the reporting period. However, to help users in making assessments about the entity, it is also important that details are provided of any changes the directors have agreed to make during the course of the next accounting period to the role that financial instruments will have. Paragraph 18 requires such information. This disclosure is supplemented by the requirements of SSAP 17 Accounting for post balance sheet events concerning the disclosure of certain events that occur after the balance sheet date. An explanation should be provided of how the period-end numerical disclosures shown in the financial statements reflect the objectives, policies and strategies disclosed under paragraph 13. If the period-end position is regarded as materially unrepresentative of the entity s position during the period or of its agreed objectives, policies and strategies, an explanation of the extent to which it is regarded as unrepresentative should be provided. If an entity uses financial instruments as hedges, it should describe: (a) the transactions and risks that have been hedged, including the period of time until they are expected to occur; and 23

28 ACCOUNTING STANDARDS BOARD SEPTEMBER 1998 FRS 13 (b) the instruments used for hedging purposes, distinguishing between those that have been accounted for using hedge accounting and those that have not In this context a hedge is an instrument that individually, or with other instruments, has a value or cash flow that is expected, wholly or partly, to move inversely with changes in the value or cash flows of the position being hedged. The required disclosures described in paragraphs should be given either in the financial statements or in some other statement, such as the operating and financial review, that is made available with the financial statements, provided that, if the disclosures are not included in the financial statements, they are incorporated therein by means of a cross-reference in the notes to the financial statements to the exact location of the disclosures. Numerical disclosures general matters 24 The disclosures required by the FRS are intended to be highly summarised, which is why the FRS prescribes in some detail the offsetting and aggregation to be used. It needs to be recognised, however, that the disclosures will involve a greater degree of aggregation and more offsetting than would be appropriate for recognition purposes. For example, the currency risk disclosures require various derivative financial instruments to be offset or aggregated with other financial assets and financial liabilities and the resulting, combined figure to be analysed. Whilst such a treatment is appropriate for the purposes of that particular disclosure, it does not follow that it would be appropriate for recognition purposes. 24

29 FINANCIAL REPORTING STANDARD 13 - PART A 25 One effect of the high degree of aggregation and offsetting required, or encouraged, by the FRS is that it may not be possible to trace the components of the disclosures back to their respective balance sheet captions. Where this is the case, it will often be helpful to provide additional detail to enable the figures to be traced back unless that additional detail would unduly complicate the disclosure. Interest rate risk disclosures Financial liabilities 26 The aggregate carrying amount of financial liabilities should be analysed, by principal currency, to show separately those liabilities at fixed interest rates, those at floating interest rates and those on which no interest is paid. In preparing the analysis: (a) interest rate swaps, currency swaps, forward contracts and other derivative financial instruments whose effect is to alter the interest or currency basis of the financial liabilities should, as far as possible, be taken into account; (b) any financial liabilities and derivative financial instruments that cannot be adequately reflected in the analysis should be excluded and a summary of their main effects provided instead. 27 Finance lease obligations, and deep discounted bonds and similar liabilities whose finance costs are allocated in accordance with FRS 4, are not financial liabilities on which no interest is paid. Financial assets accounted for in a similar way are similarly not financial assets on which no interest is earned. 25

30 ACCOUNTING STANDARDS BOARD SEPTEMBER 1998 FRS The requirement that derivative financial instruments should be taken into account in preparing the analysis means, for example, that, if the reporting entity has taken out a floating rate borrowing and has also entered into an interest rate swap that has the economic effect of replacing that floating rate borrowing with a fixed rate borrowing, the borrowing should be shown as a fixed rate borrowing in the disclosure. The information to be provided about instruments excluded from the main analysis will need to be sufficient to enable the reader to understand their significance for the entity s interest rate risk profile, without providing excessive detail. Amongst other things, this might include disclosing, on a summarised basis: (a) the notional amounts of principal involved; (b) the rates of interest; (c) the period for which the contracts are operative; and (d) the terms of any options contained within the instrument. 30 The following should also be disclosed by reference to principal currency: (a) the weighted average interest rate of the fixed rate financial liabilities; (b) the weighted average period for which interest rates on the fixed rate financial liabilities are fixed; 26

31 FINANCIAL REPORTING STANDARD 13 - PART A (c) the weighted average period until maturity for financial liabilities on which no interest is paid; and (d) the benchmark rate for determining interest payments for the floating rate financial liabilities. 31 Some entities manage the interest rate risk on their borrowings on a gross basis (in other words, without netting off cash, other liquid resources and perhaps similar items), while others manage it on a net basis. The FRS requires the interest rate risk disclosures to be prepared on a gross basis, although this does not prevent entities from showing the figures on a net basis if the difference is not material. If the difference is material but an entity still wishes to show the position on a net basis, additional information showing the net position may be included in the analysis so long as the gross position is also shown. Financial assets If an entity has material holdings of financial assets, the same required information as is described by paragraphs should be provided about them. An entity s holdings of financial assets may include investments in equity shares and in other instruments that neither pay interest nor have a maturity date. The disclosures to be provided under paragraph 32 for such instruments will typically be limited to information about any currency exposures involved. 27

32 ACCOUNTING STANDARDS BOARD SEPTEMBER 1998 FRS 13 Currency risk disclosures 34 An analysis should be provided of the net amount of monetary assets and liabilities * at the balance sheet date showing the amount denominated in each currency, analysed by reference to the functional currencies of the operations involved. In preparing this analysis: (a) to avoid excessive detail, the focus should be on the principal functional currencies and on the principal currencies in which the monetary items are denominated. (b) monetary assets and liabilities denominated in the same currency as the functional currency of the operations involved should not be included in the analysis. (c) if an entity has used foreign currency borrowings to finance, or provide a hedge against, foreign net investments and the exchange gains or losses on those borrowings are included in the statement of total recognised gains and losses in accordance with SSAP 20, those borrowings should not be included in the analysis. * As the currency disclosure required by the FRS is intended to reflect the reporting entity s application of SSAP 20, the terminology of SSAP 20 (ie monetary assets and monetary liabilities ) has been used instead of the FRS s usual references to financial assets and financial liabilities. Although the FRS uses the term foreign net investment, SSAP 20 uses two different terms to describe the same item: foreign equity investments and net investments. 28

33 FINANCIAL REPORTING STANDARD 13 - PART A (d) account should as far as possible be taken of the effect of currency swaps, forward contracts and other derivative financial instruments that contribute to the matching of foreign currency exposures and a summary should be provided of the main effect of any such financial instruments that have not been taken into account The purpose of the disclosure required by paragraph 34 is to show an analysis of the currency exposures that give rise to the net currency gains and losses recognised in the profit and loss account. The analysis will therefore need to be constructed to reflect the entity s application of SSAP 20. SSAP 20 requires financial statements to reflect the financial results and relationships as measured in the functional currency of each operation s financial statements before translation. This means that: (a) assets and liabilities denominated in the same currency as the functional currency of the entity that utilises them will not need to be remeasured using the entity s functional currency, which is why paragraph 34(b) requires such assets and liabilities to be excluded from the analysis. (b) assets and liabilities that are not denominated in the same currency as the functional currency of the entity that utilises them will need to be remeasured using the entity s functional currency and will therefore result in translation gains and losses. Under SSAP 20, all such gains and losses, other than those referred to in paragraph 37 below, will be included in the profit and loss account. The disclosure set out in paragraph 34 focuses on the currency exposures giving rise to these gains and losses. 29

34 ACCOUNTING STANDARDS BOARD SEPTEMBER 1998 FRS 13 (c) assets and liabilities, once expressed in the functional currency of the entity that utilises them, give rise to further differences on translation of the net investment in that currency to the reporting currency of the reporting entity. For the reasons explained in SSAP 20, this translation difference is required to be included in the statement of total recognised gains and losses, rather than the profit and loss account, and is therefore not dealt with in the analysis set out above. 37 Under SSAP 20, if a foreign currency borrowing qualifies as a hedge against a foreign net investment, the translation gains and losses on the foreign currency borrowing may be excluded from the profit and loss account and, instead, reported in the statement of total recognised gains and losses where they offset those on the foreign net investment. Paragraph 34(c) requires the currency exposures giving rise to such gains and losses to be excluded from the disclosure required by the FRS. Liquidity disclosures 38 A maturity profile of the carrying amount of financial liabilities should be presented, showing amounts falling due: (a) in one year or less, or on demand; (b) in more than one year but not more than two years; (c) in more than two years but not more than five years; and (d) in more than five years. The maturity profile should be determined by reference to the earliest date on which payment can be required or on which the liability falls due. 30

35 FINANCIAL REPORTING STANDARD 13 - PART A 39 In order to provide the disclosure required by paragraph 38, the maturity analyses of debt and finance lease obligations required by FRS 4 and SSAP 21 respectively could be brought together and extended. If this approach is adopted, the analyses of debt and finance lease obligations will need to be based on the carrying amounts and not, for example, on the amounts to be paid on maturity or, in the case of lease obligations, on the gross obligations before deduction of finance charges. In addition: (a) an analysis of the carrying amount of financial liabilities other than debt and finance lease obligations would need to be provided; and (b) those obligations under finance leases that are payable in the second to fifth years would need to be analysed into those that are payable in more than one year but not more than two years and those that are payable in more than two years but not more than five years. 40 An analysis of the maturity of any material undrawn committed borrowing facilities of the entity should also be provided, showing those amounts expiring: (a) in one year or less; (b) in more than one year but not more than two years; and (c) in more than two years. If conditions precedent are attached to a committed facility, it should be included in the analysis only if all the conditions were satisfied at the balance sheet date. 31

36 ACCOUNTING STANDARDS BOARD SEPTEMBER 1998 FRS The maturity analysis of debt required by paragraphs of FRS 4 takes into account certain committed borrowing facilities. To avoid double-counting, such facilities should not also be included in the disclosure set out in paragraph 40 above. The adequacy of undrawn committed borrowing facilities will usually depend on a number of factors. In order to help the reader to assess the significance of the facilities, it will often be useful to provide details of the purpose and the period for which material facilities are committed and the extent to which the facilities are subject to annual review by the provider of the finance. Although the FRS does not require a maturity analysis of financial assets, some entities may find it helpful to provide one in order to show the maturity analyses of financial liabilities and borrowing facilities in their proper context. Fair value disclosures 44 An entity should group its financial assets and financial liabilities (whether recognised or unrecognised) into appropriate categories and for each category should disclose either: (a) the aggregate fair value as at the balance sheet date together with the aggregate carrying amount; or (b) the aggregate fair value of items with a positive fair value and, separately, the aggregate fair value of items with a negative fair value, in both cases as at the balance sheet date and in each case accompanied by the relevant aggregate carrying amount. 32

37 FINANCIAL REPORTING STANDARD 13 - PART A Entities can choose whether to disclose a single net figure for each category of financial asset and financial liability or to disclose two gross figures. Entities developing systems to meet this requirement need to be aware, however, that, if a subsequent FRS requires most or all financial assets and financial liabilities to be carried on the balance sheet at fair value, gross figures would then be required. Financial assets and financial liabilities are to be grouped into appropriate categories for the purpose of disclosing fair values. It will usually help users understanding if those categories take into account the purpose for which each asset or liability is held or issued and the type of asset or liability involved. The categories will typically follow the same structure as but be in more detail than that used in discussing the objectives, policies and strategies for holding or issuing financial instruments. For example, interest rate derivatives would usually be shown separately from currency derivatives and interest rate derivatives would usually be split between interest rate swaps and instruments such as caps and collars. As it will generally be helpful to categorise like with like, financial assets would not usually be included in a category that also included financial liabilities. However, an exception to this might be that similar derivative financial instruments held or issued for the same purpose would be grouped together, regardless of whether their fair value was positive or negative. Fair values are to be disclosed regardless of whether the financial asset or financial liability involved is held as a hedge. However, if the item is a hedge, it may be useful, in providing the fair value information, to indicate the link between the hedge and the hedged item and to explain whether the fair value of the hedged item is also disclosed. 33

38 ACCOUNTING STANDARDS BOARD SEPTEMBER 1998 FRS If the estimated difference between the carrying amount of a financial asset or financial liability (or of a category of them) and its fair value is not material, the carrying amount may be used as the fair value. For some financial assets and financial liabilities, the historical cost carrying amount will approximate to fair value. Examples of such assets and liabilities might include debtors and creditors subject to normal trade credit terms, * other short-term financial assets and liabilities and other financial instruments (such as floating rate debt) where payments are reset to market rates at frequent intervals. However, not all debtors and creditors will have a historical cost carrying amount that approximates to fair value. For example, the fair value of the reporting entity s own long-term fixed rate debt may be materially greater or lower than its carrying amount depending on changes in interest rates since the debt was issued. Another example may be a long-term debtor where the delay in settlement is not compensated for by interest at current market rates. The method(s) and any significant assumptions used in determining fair value should be disclosed. Guidance on procedures for estimating the fair value of financial assets and financial liabilities is set out in Appendix IV. * Such items will usually be short-term debtors and creditors and therefore depending on whether advantage is taken of paragraph 6 of the FRS may not need to be dealt with in the disclosures. 34

39 FINANCIAL REPORTING STANDARD 13 - PART A 53 No fair value need be disclosed if it is not practicable for the reporting entity to estimate with sufficient reliability the fair value of any financial asset or financial liability, or category of them, that is not traded on an organised market in a standard form. In such circumstances, the following should be provided instead: (a) a description of the financial asset or financial liability (or category of them) and its carrying amount. (b) the reasons why it is not practicable for the reporting entity to estimate the fair value with sufficient reliability. (c) information about the principal characteristics of the underlying financial asset or financial liability (or category of them) that is pertinent to estimating its fair value for example the factors that determine or affect the instrument s cash flow and the market for such instruments. Such information need not be provided if, at the level of aggregation and date at which the information would otherwise be disclosed, its disclosure is likely, in the opinion of the directors, to be seriously prejudicial to the entity s interests. The fact that such information has not been disclosed and the reasons for the omission should be stated. 35

40 ACCOUNTING STANDARDS BOARD SEPTEMBER 1998 FRS Before this exemption can be invoked, the entity will need to have exhausted all viable methods of estimating and disclosing a sufficiently reliable fair value. (a) If it is possible to estimate the range of amounts within which the fair value may lie, the requirement in paragraph 44 can be met by disclosing that range. (b) If it is impracticable to estimate the fair value of individual instruments, it may be practicable to estimate the fair value of a portfolio of them. In those cases the FRS requires the fair value of the portfolio to be used. (c) If it is practicable for an entity to estimate the fair value of some, but not all, of a class of financial instruments, the FRS requires the fair value of that subset to be disclosed and the disclosures described in paragraph 53 to be provided for the rest of that class. 55 Factors that would generally be present for the exemption described in paragraph 53 to apply include: (a) the financial asset or financial liability is unique and no comparable instruments exist; (b) the future cash flows of the financial asset or financial liability are difficult to predict reliably; and (c) a reliable valuation model is not available from internal or external sources. 36

41 FINANCIAL REPORTING STANDARD 13 - PART A 56 Whether the exemption will need to be applied will depend on the circumstances involved. These circumstances may vary over time and, as a result, what is not practicable in one year may be practicable in another. Disclosures about financial assets and financial liabilities held or issued for trading 57 If the reporting entity trades in financial assets and financial liabilities, the following information should be provided: (a) the net gain or loss from trading in financial assets and financial liabilities that has been included in the profit and loss account during the period, analysed by type of financial instrument, business activity, risk or in such other way as is consistent with the entity s management of this activity. (b) if the analysis provided in accordance with subparagraph (a) is other than by type of financial instrument, a description, for each line of that analysis, of the types of financial instruments involved. (c) the period-end fair value of financial assets and, separately, of financial liabilities, held or issued for trading. (d) if the period-end position disclosed in accordance with subparagraph (c) is regarded as materially unrepresentative of the entity s typical position during the period, the average fair value over the period of financial assets and financial liabilities held or issued for trading. The 37

42 ACCOUNTING STANDARDS BOARD SEPTEMBER 1998 FRS 13 average fair value should be calculated using daily figures or, if the figures are not calculated daily, using the most frequent interval that an entity s systems generate for management, regulatory or other reasons. Disclosures about hedges Some entities use financial assets and financial liabilities as hedges to manage their risk profile. When instruments are used in this way, they are usually accounted for using hedge accounting. Under hedge accounting, changes in fair values of the hedge (referred to hereafter as the gain or loss on the hedge ) * are usually not recognised in the profit and loss account immediately they arise. Instead, they either are not recognised at all or are recognised and carried forward in the balance sheet; then, when the hedged transaction occurs, the gain or loss on the hedge is usually either used to adjust the amount at which the hedged item is dealt with in the financial statements or recognised in the profit and loss account at the same time as the hedged item. The following information should be provided about gains and losses on financial assets and financial liabilities for which hedge accounting has been used: (a) the cumulative aggregate gains and losses that are unrecognised at the balance sheet date. If the item s fair value is not disclosed under the FRS, any gain or loss on the item need not be dealt with in this disclosure. * For ease of reference, all changes in the fair value or cash flows of financial assets and financial liabilities used as hedges are referred to in the FRS as gains and losses. 38

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