A ball stably levitated on an invisible stream of air is a dramatic sight. When you try to pull the ball out of the airstream, you
can feel a force pulling it back in. You can alsofeel that the airstream is being deflected by the ball. This Snack shows one of the
forces that give airplanes lift.

Small Snack

A hair dryer (blower)

A spherical balloon or table tennis ball

Tissue paper

Optional: a stand for the blower

Large Snack

A vacuum cleaner
It should come with a reversible hose, like a Shop Vac has, so it can be used as blower.

A light-weight vinyl beach ball

Tissue paper

Optional: A stand for the hose

None required. Note, though, that you can make a large or a small Snack (see
"Materials"). Depending on the blower you choose, some experimentation may be necessary to find a satisfactory ball. You might want a
partner to help you, or you can devise some sort of stand for the blower. That way, your hands will be free to experiment with the ball
in the airstream.

(5 minutes or more)

Blow a stream of air straight up. Carefully balance the ball above the airstream. Pull it slowly out of the flow. Notice that when
only half the ball is out of the airstream, you can feel it being sucked back in. Let go of the ball and notice that it oscillates back
and forth and then settles down near the center of the airstream.

With one hand, pull the ball partially out of the airstream. With the other hand, dangle a piece of tissue paper and search for the
airstream above the ball. Notice that the ball deflects the airstream outward. On the large version of this Snack, you can actually
feel the deflected airstream hit your hand.

Tilt the airstream to one side and notice that the ball can still be suspended.

Balance the ball in the airstream and then move the blower and the ball toward a wall (try the corner of a room). Notice the great
increase in height of the suspended ball.

When the ball is suspended in the airstream, the air flowing upward hits the bottom of the ball and slows down, generating a region
of higher pressure. The high-pressure region of air under the ball holds the ball up against the pull of gravity.

When you pull the ball partially out of the airstream, the air flows around the curve of the ball that is nearest the center of the
airstream. Air rushes in an arc around the top of the ball and then continues outward above the ball.

This outward-flowing air exerts an inward force on the ball, just like the downward flow of air beneath a helicopter exerts an
upward force on the blades of the helicopter. This explanation is based on Newton's law of action and reaction.

Another way of looking at this is that as the air arcs around the ball, the air pressure on the ball decreases, allowing the normal
atmospheric pressure of the calm air on the other side of the ball to push the ball back into the airstream.

People immediately raise several questions when they hear the second explanation:

Why does air flowing over a surface in an arc exert less pressure on that surface? To answer this question, consider a rider in a
roller coaster going over the top of a hill at high speed. The force that the rider exerts on the seat decreases as the rider goes over
the top of the hill. In the same way, the air that arcs around the side of the ball exerts less force on the ball.

Why does air follow the surface of the sphere? Consider what would happen if the air did not curve around the ball. An "air shadow"
would be formed above the ball. This air shadow would be a region of low pressure. The air would then flow into the low-pressure air
shadow. So the air flows around the ball.

An alternative explanation is provided by the Bernoulli principle. If you pull the ball far enough out of the airstream, then the
air flows over only one side of the ball. In fact, the airstream speeds up as it flows around the ball. This is because the middle of
the ball sticks farther into the airstream than the top or bottom. Since the same amount of air must flow past all parts of the ball
each second, it must flow faster where it is pinched together at the middle. The Bernoulli principle states that where air speeds up,
its pressure drops. The difference in pressure between the still air and the moving air pushes the ball back into the center of the
airstream.

When you approach a wall with the balanced ball, the highpressure region under the ball becomes a region of even higher pressure.
The air that hits the bottom of the ball can no longer expand outward in the direction of the wall. The higher pressure drives the ball
to a greater height.

This exhibit illustrates one of the reasons that airplanes fly. A flat wing will fly if it is tipped into the wind, so that it
forces air downward. Newton's third law tells us that for every action there must be an equal and opposite reaction: The reaction to
the downward force of the wing on the air is the upward force of the air on the wing. You can feel this lifting force if you hold your
hand out the window of a moving car and tip your hand so that it forces the air downward.

A wing that is curved on top will deflect air downward and produce lift even if it isn't tipped. The explanation for this is
essentially the same as the one given in this Snack. The wing collides with air, creating a region of high pressure in front of the
wing. This high pressure produces drag, which is always associated with lift. The high-pressure air in front of the wing accelerates
air over the curved surface of the wing. This air then flows downward behind the wing. Airplanes fly because their wings throw air
downward.

It is sometimes said that air must flow faster over the curved top surface of a wing than over the flat bottom. This is said to
happen because the air has to meet up again at the far end of the wing, and since the air traveling over the curved path must travel
farther, it must travel faster. This is not true. Two parcels of air that start together, then split to flow over different sides of a
wing, do not, as a rule, rejoin at the far end of the wing.