Authors:

Professor of biology at City College of the City University of New York.

The faculty workshop model has long been used for disseminating innovative methods in STEM education. Despite significant investments by researchers and funding agencies, there is a dearth of evidence regarding downstream impacts of faculty development. CREATE is an evidence-based strategy for teaching science using primary literature. Read More

One of the desired outcomes of dam decommissioning and removal is the recovery of aquatic and riparian ecosystems. To investigate this common objective, we synthesized information from empirical studies and ecological theory into conceptual models that depict key physical and biological links driving ecological responses to removing dams. We define models for three distinct spatial domains: upstream of the former reservoir, within the reservoir, and downstream of the removed dam. Read More

We develop a transdisciplinary deliberative model that moves beyond traditional scientific collaborations to include nonscientists in designing complexity-oriented research. We use the case of declining honey bee health as an exemplar of complex real-world problems requiring cross-disciplinary intervention. Honey bees are important pollinators of the fruits and vegetables we eat. Read More

Authors:

Environmental Science and Policy Department at George Mason University, in Fairfax, Virginia.

Creativity is crucial to the capacity to do science well, to communicate it in compelling ways, and to enhance learning. Creativity can be both practiced and enhanced to strengthen conservation science professionals' efforts to address global environmental challenges. We explore how poetry is one creative approach that can further conservation scientists' engagement and learning. Read More

Authors:

Associate professor and Canada research chair in marine physiological ecology at Memorial University of Newfoundland.

Temperature regimes have multiple spatial and temporal dimensions that have different impacts on biodiversity. Signatures of warming across these dimensions may contribute uniquely to the large-scale species redistributions and abundance changes that underpin community dynamics. A comprehensive review of the literature reveals that 86% of studies were focused on community responses to temperature aggregated over spatial or temporal dimensions (e. Read More

Authors:

Aedes aegypti bears the common name "the yellow fever mosquito," although, today, it is of more concern as the major vector of dengue, chikungunya, and, most recently, Zika viruses. In the present article, we review recent work on the population genetics of this mosquito in efforts to reconstruct its recent (approximately 600 years) history and relate these findings to epidemiological records of occurrences of diseases transmitted by this species. The two sources of information are remarkably congruent. Read More

Authors:

Department of Philosophy and the Minnesota Center for Philosophy of Science, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis.

Biologists would be mistaken if they relegated living fossils to paleontological inquiry or assumed that the concept is dead. It is now used to describe entities ranging from viruses to higher taxa, despite recent warnings of misleading inferences. Current work on character evolution illustrates how analyzing living fossils and stasis in terms of parts (characters) and wholes (e. Read More

Institut de Mathématiques de Marseille, France, which is a mixed research unit of Aix-Marseille University, CNRS, and Centrale Marseille.

According to a recent survey, ecologists and evolutionary biologists feel that theoretical and empirical research should coexist in a tight feedback loop but believe that the two domains actually interact very little. We evaluate this perception using a citation network analysis for two data sets, representing the literature on sexual selection and speciation. Overall, 54%-60% of citations come from a paper's own category, whereas 17%-23% are citations across categories. Read More

Authors:

The principal at Sustainable Streams, LLC, in Louisville, Kentucky. He is an experienced stream restoration designer and licensed professional engineer in several states, including active projects funded through the Fee-In-Lieu-Of (FILO) Stream Mitigation Program in Kentucky, as well as 303(d) grant-funded projects and projects with Municipal and private clients.

Despite large advances in the state of the science of stream ecology and river mechanics, the practitioner-driven field of stream restoration remains plagued by narrowly focused projects that sometimes even fail to improve aquatic habitat or geomorphic stability-two nearly universal project goals. The intent of this article is to provide an accessible framework that bridges that gap between the current state of practice and a more geomorphically robust and ecologically holistic foundation that also provides better accounting of socioeconomic factors in support of more sustainable stream restoration outcomes. It points to several more comprehensive design references and presents some simple strategies that could be used to protect against common failure mechanisms of ubiquitous design approaches (i. Read More

Sustainability challenges for nature and people are complex and interconnected, such that effective solutions require approaches and a common theory of change that bridge disparate disciplines and sectors. Causal chains offer promising approaches to achieving an integrated understanding of how actions affect ecosystems, the goods and services they provide, and ultimately, human well-being. Although causal chains and their variants are common tools across disciplines, their use remains highly inconsistent, limiting their ability to support and create a shared evidence base for joint actions. Read More

Authors:

Citizen science involves a range of practices involving public participation in scientific knowledge production, but outcomes evaluation is complicated by the diversity of the goals and forms of citizen science. Publications and citations are not adequate metrics to describe citizen-science productivity. We address this gap by contributing a science products inventory (SPI) tool, iteratively developed through an expert panel and case studies, intended to support general-purpose planning and evaluation of citizen-science projects with respect to science productivity. Read More

Authors:

Citizen science involves a range of practices involving public participation in scientific knowledge production, but outcomes evaluation is complicated by the diversity of the goals and forms of citizen science. Publications and citations are not adequate metrics to describe citizen-science productivity. We address this gap by contributing a science products inventory (SPI) tool, iteratively developed through an expert panel and case studies, intended to support general-purpose planning and evaluation of citizen-science projects with respect to science productivity. Read More

Authors:

For the first time in the Anthropocene, the global demographic and economic trends that have resulted in unprecedented destruction of the environment are now creating the necessary conditions for a possible renaissance of nature. Drawing reasonable inferences from current patterns, we can predict that 100 years from now, the Earth could be inhabited by between 6 and 8 billion people, with very few remaining in extreme poverty, most living in towns and cities, and nearly all participating in a technologically driven, interconnected market economy. Building on the scholarship of others in demography, economics, sociology, and conservation biology, here, we articulate a theory of social-environmental change that describes the simultaneous and interacting effects of urban lifestyles on fertility, poverty alleviation, and ideation. Read More

Professor at the Environment Department at the University of York, in the United Kingdom.

Designated large-scale marine protected areas (LSMPAs, 100,000 or more square kilometers) constitute over two-thirds of the approximately 6.6% of the ocean and approximately 14.5% of the exclusive economic zones within marine protected areas. Read More

Professor at the University of Oxford's Department of Zoology, in Oxford, United Kingdom.

Efforts to conserve biodiversity comprise a patchwork of international goals, national-level plans, and local interventions that, overall, are failing. We discuss the potential utility of applying the mitigation hierarchy, widely used during economic development activities, to all negative human impacts on biodiversity. Evaluating all biodiversity losses and gains through the mitigation hierarchy could help prioritize consideration of conservation goals and drive the empirical evaluation of conservation investments through the explicit consideration of counterfactual trends and ecosystem dynamics across scales. Read More

Authors:

Environmental and Sustainability Institute at the University of Exeter, in Penryn, Cornwall, United Kingdom.

Although there is a diversity of concerns about recent persistent declines in the abundances of many species, the implications for the associated delivery of ecosystem services to people are surprisingly poorly understood. In principle, there are a broad range of potential functional relationships between the abundance of a species or group of species and the magnitude of ecosystem-service provision. Here, we identify the forms these relationships are most likely to take. Read More

Authors:

US Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service Mycotoxin Prevention and Applied Microbiology Research Unit, Peoria, Illinois.

Plant breeders are increasing yields and improving agronomic traits in several perennial grain crops, the first of which is now being incorporated into commercial food products. Integration strategies and management guidelines are needed to optimize production of these new crops, which differ substantially from both annual grain crops and perennial forages. To offset relatively low grain yields, perennial grain cropping systems should be multifunctional. Read More

Department of Meteorology and Atmospheric Science at Pennsylvania State University, in University Park.

Increasing surface temperatures, Arctic sea-ice loss, and other evidence of anthropogenic global warming (AGW) are acknowledged by every major scientific organization in the world. However, there is a wide gap between this broad scientific consensus and public opinion. Internet blogs have strongly contributed to this consensus gap by fomenting misunderstandings of AGW causes and consequences. Read More

Authors:

Soil and Crop Sciences Section of the College of Agriculture and Life Sciences at Cornell University, Ithaca, New York.

Farmers, food supply-chain entities, and policymakers need a simple but robust indicator to demonstrate progress toward reducing nitrogen pollution associated with food production. We show that nitrogen balance-the difference between nitrogen inputs and nitrogen outputs in an agricultural production system-is a robust measure of nitrogen losses that is simple to calculate, easily understood, and based on readily available farm data. Nitrogen balance provides farmers with a means of demonstrating to an increasingly concerned public that they are succeeding in reducing nitrogen losses while also improving the overall sustainability of their farming operation. Read More

Authors:

Reader, PhD student at the Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience at King's College London, United Kingdom.

Existing evidence on the beneficial effects of nature on mental health comes from studies using cross-sectional designs. We developed a smartphone-based tool (Urban Mind; ) to examine how exposure to natural features within the built environment affects mental well-being in real time. The tool was used to monitor 108 individuals who completed 3013 assessments over a 1-week period. Read More

Department of Biological Science at Florida State University, in Tallahassee.

The digitization of biocollections is a critical task with direct implications for the global community who use the data for research and education. Recent innovations to involve citizen scientists in digitization increase awareness of the value of biodiversity specimens; advance science, technology, engineering, and math literacy; and build sustainability for digitization. In support of these activities, we launched the first global citizen-science event focused on the digitization of biodiversity specimens: Worldwide Engagement for Digitizing Biocollections (WeDigBio). Read More

Gerhard E. Overbeck is affiliated with the Departamento de Botânica at the Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, in Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Helena Godoy Bergallo is affiliated with the Departamento de Ecologia at the Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Carlos E. V. Grelle is affiliated with the Departamento de Ecologia at the Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. William E. Magnusson is affiliated with the Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, in Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil. Alberto Akama is affiliated with the Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi, in Belém, Pará, Brazil. Guarino R. Colli is affiliated with the Departamento de Zoologia at the Universidade de Brasília, in Brasília, Distrito Federal, Brazil. Walfrido Moraes Tomas is affiliated with the Laboratório de Vida Selvagem of the Embrapa Pantanal, in Corumbá, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil. Freddy Bravo is affiliated with the Departamento de Ciências Biológicas at the Universidade Estadual de Feira de Santana, in Feira de Santana, Bahia, Brazil. G. Wilson Fernandes is affiliated with the Laboratório de Ecologia Evolutiva e Biodiversidade at the Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, in Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil. The authors are coordinators of the regional networks of Brazil's PPBio program.

Rick Bruintjes Fiona Birch, Jessica Lister, Charles R. Tyler, and Stephen D. Simpson are affiliated with the Department of Biosciences in the College of Life and Environmental Sciences at the University of Exeter, in the United Kingdom. RB, Tom Benson, Kate Rossington, and Diane Jones are affiliated with HR Wallingford, in Wallingford, United Kingdom. Harry R. Harding, Tom Bunce, and Andrew N. Radford are with the School of Biological Science at the University of Bristol, in the United Kingdom; HRH is also affiliated with Marine Scotland, in Aberdeen, United Kingdom. Ilaria Spiga is with the School of Marine Science and Technology at the University of Newcastle, in the United Kingdom.

Empirical investigations of the impacts of anthropogenic stressors on marine organisms are typically performed under controlled laboratory conditions, onshore mesocosms, or via offshore experiments with realistic (but uncontrolled) environmental variation. These approaches have merits, but onshore setups are generally small sized and fail to recreate natural stressor fields, whereas offshore studies are often compromised by confounding factors. We suggest the use of flooded shipbuilding docks to allow studying realistic exposure to stressors and their impacts on the intra- and interspecific responses of animals. Read More

Arie Trouwborst is affiliated with the Department of European and International Public Law at Tilburg University, in The Netherlands. Andrew Blackmore is affiliated with Scientific Services, Ezemvelo KZN Wildlife, in Cascades, South Africa. Luigi Boitani is affiliated with the Department of Biology and Biotechnology at the Sapienza University of Rome, in Italy. Michael Bowman is affiliated with the Treaty Center in the School of Law at the University of Nottingham, in the United Kingdom. Richard Caddell is affiliated with the Netherlands Institute for the Law of the Sea at Utrecht University, in The Netherlands. Guillaume Chapron is affiliated with the Grimsö Wildlife Research Station at the Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, in Riddarhyttan. An Cliquet is affiliated with the Department of European, Public, and International Law at Ghent University, in Belgium. Ed Couzens is affiliated with the Australian Centre for Climate and Environmental Law, Sydney Law School, at the University of Sydney, in Australia. Yaffa Epstein is affiliated with the Department of Law at Uppsala University, in Sweden. Eladio Fernández-Galiano is affiliated with the Council of Europe, in Strasbourg, France. Floor M. Fleurke is affiliated with the Department of European and International Public Law at Tilburg University, in The Netherlands. Royal Gardner is affiliated with the Institute for Biodiversity Law and Policy at Stetson University, in Gulfport, Florida. Luke Hunter is affiliated with Panthera, in New York, New York. Kim Jacobsen is affiliated with the Wildlife Conservation Research Unit (WildCRU) at University of Oxford, in Tubney, the United Kingdom. Miha Krofel is affiliated with the Department of Forestry at the University of Ljubljana, in Slovenia. Melissa Lewis is affiliated with the Department of European and International Public Law at Tilburg University, in The Netherlands. José Vicente López-Bao is affiliated with the Research Unit of Biodiversity at Oviedo University, in Mieres, Spain. David Macdonald is with the Wildlife Conservation Research Unit (WildCRU) at University of Oxford, in Tubney, United Kingdom. Stephen Redpath is with the Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences at the University of Aberdeen, in the United Kingdom. Geoffrey Wandesforde-Smith is with the Department of Political Science at the University of California, Davis. John D. C. Linnell is affiliated with the Norwegian Institute for Nature Research (NINA), in Trondheim.

Rick D. Stuart-Smith Graham J. Edgar, Neville S. Barrett, Nicholas J. Bax, Just Berkhout, Julia L. Blanchard, Antonia T. Cooper, Paul B. Day, Stuart Kininmonth, and Scott D. Ling are affiliated with the Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies at the University of Tasmania, in Hobart, Tasmania, Australia. Amanda E. Bates is with Ocean and Earth Science at the National Oceanography Centre Southampton at the University of Southampton, in the United Kingdom. Susan C. Baker is affiliated with the School of Biological Sciences at the University of Tasmania, in Hobart, Tasmania, Australia. Mikel A. Becerro is with the BITES Lab of the Natural Products and Agrobiology Institute (IPNA-CSIC), in La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain. Daniel J. Brock is affiliated with the Science, Monitoring, and Knowledge Branch of South Australia's Department of Environment, Water, and Natural Resources, in Adelaide. Graeme F. Clark is with the School of Biological, Earth, and Environmental Science at the University of New South Wales, in Sydney, Australia. Tom R. Davis is with the National Marine Science Centre at Southern Cross University, in Coffs Harbour, New South Wales, Australia. J. Emmett Duffy is affiliated with the Tennenbaum Marine Observatories Network of the Smithsonian Institution, in Washington, DC. Thomas H. Holmes is affiliated with the Marine Science Program, Science and Conservation Division, Department of Parks and Wildlife, in Kensington, Australia, and with the Oceans Institute at the University of Western Australia, in Crawley, Australia. Steffan A. Howe is with Parks Victoria, in Melbourne, Australia. Alan Jordan is affiliated with Marine Ecosystem Research, New South Wales Department of Primary Industries, in Nelson Bay, Australia. Nathan A. Knott is affiliated with Marine Ecosystem Research, New South Wales Department of Primary Industries, in Huskisson, Australia. Jonathan S. Lefcheck is affiliated with the Department of Biological Sciences in the Virginia Institute of Marine Science at the College of William and Mary, in Gloucester Point, Virginia. Amanda Parr is affiliated with Parks Australia, in Kingston, Tasmania, Australia. Elisabeth Strain is with the Sydney Institute of Marine Science, in Mosman, New South Wales, Australia. Hugh Sweatman is affiliated with the Australian Institute of Marine Science, in Townsville, Queensland, Australia. Russell Thomson is with the Centre for Research in Mathematics in the School of Computing, Engineering, and Mathematics at Western Sydney University, in Penrith, New South Wales, Australia.

Jerry H. Moxley completed this work during his dissertation at the Duke University Marine Lab, a division of the Nicholas School of the Environment in Beaufort, NC USA. He is currently a research scientist at the Monterey Bay Aquarium in Monterey, CA USA. Andrea Bogomolni is affiliated with the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institute, in Woods Hole, USA. Mike O. Hammill is affiliated with the Maurice-Lamontagne Institute, in Department of Fisheries and Oceans, in Mont-Joli, Canada. Kathleen M.T. Moore is affiliated with the Marine Mammal Rescue and Research Program, at International Fund for Animal Welfare, in Yarmouth Port, Massachusetts, USA. Michael J. Polito is affiliated with the Department of Oceanography and Coastal Sciences, at Louisiana State University, in Baton Rouge, USA. Lisa Sette is affiliated with the Provincetown Center for Coastal Studies, in Provincetown, USA. W. Brian Sharp is affiliated with the Marine Mammal Rescue and Research Program, at International Fund for Animal Welfare, in Yarmouth Port, Massachusetts, USA. Gordon T. Waring is affiliated with the Protected Species Branch, retired, at Northeast Fisheries Science Center, in Woods Hole, USA. James R. Gilbert is affiliated with the Department of Wildlife, Fisheries, and Conservation Biology, emeritus, at University of Maine, in Orono, USA. Patrick N. Halpin is affiliated with the Marine Geospatial Ecology Lab, at Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, in Durham, USA. David W. Johnston is affiliated with the Division of Marine Science and Conservation, at Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University Marine Lab, in Beaufort, USA.

As the sampling frequency and resolution of Earth observation imagery increase, there are growing opportunities for novel applications in population monitoring. New methods are required to apply established analytical approaches to data collected from new observation platforms (e.g. Read More

Authors:

Jessi L. Smith is a professor in the Department of Psychology, Chatanika Stoop is a grant training coordinator with the Center for Faculty Excellence of the Office of the Provost, Micaela Young is a pre-award specialist with the Office of Sponsored Programs, Rebecca Belou is an equity-data analyst with the Office of Planning and Analysis, and Suzanne Held is a professor in the Department of Health and Human Development at Montana State University, in Bozeman.

Broadening the participation of women in science, technology, engineering, and mathematical (STEM) fields is more than a social-justice issue; diversity is paramount to a thriving national research agenda. However, women face several obstacles to fully actualizing their research potential. Enhancing the research capacity and opportunity of women faculty requires purposeful changes in university practice. Read More

Bonnie L. Keeler is with the Natural Capital Project at the Institute on the Environment at the University of Minnesota, in St. Paul. Rebecca Chaplin-Kramer and Anne D. Guerry are with the Natural Capital Project at the Stanford Woods Institute for the Environment in Stanford, California. ADG is also affiliated with the Natural Capital Project at the School of Environment and Forest Sciences at the University of Washington, in Seattle. Prue F. E. Addison is with the Interdisciplinary Centre for Conservation Science, Department of Zoology, at the University of Oxford, in the United Kingdom. Charles Bettigole, Ingrid C. Burke, and Brad Gentry are with the School of Forestry and Environmental Studies at Yale University, in New Haven, Connecticut. Lauren Chambliss and Carrie Young are with the Department of Communication and Alexander J. Travis is with the Atkinson Center for a Sustainable Future at Cornell University, in Ithaca, New York. Chris T. Darimont is with the Department of Geography at the University of Victoria, and with the Raincoast Conservation Foundation, in British Columbia, Canada. Doria R. Gordon is with the Environmental Defense Fund, in Washington, DC, and the Department of Biology at the University of Florida, in Gainesville, Florida. Jessica Hellmann is with the Institute on the Environment at the University of Minnesota, in St. Paul. Peter Kareiva is with the Institute on Environment and Sustainability at the University of California, Los Angeles. Steve Monfort is with the Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, in Washington, DC. Lydia Olander and Tim Profeta are with the Nicholas Institute for Environmental Policy Solutions at Duke University, in Durham, North Carolina. Hugh P. Possingham is with The Nature Conservancy, in Arlington, Virginia, and with the Center of Excellence for Enviromental Decisions at the University of Queensland, in Brisbane, Australia. Carissa Slotterback is with the Humphrey School of Public Affairs at the University of Minnesota, in Minneapolis. Eleanor Sterling is with the Center for Biodiversity and Conservation at the American Museum of Natural History, in New York, New York. Tamara Ticktin is with the Department of Botany at the University of Hawai'i at Mānoa, in Honolulu, Hawaii. Bhaskar Vira is with the University of Cambridge Conservation Research Institute, and the Department of Geography, at the University of Cambridge, in the United Kingdom.

Dr. Sonja Jähnig is a group leader, Vanessa Bremerich a technician, Dr. Jörg Freyhof a project leader, Dr. Simone D. Langhans a postdoctoral researcher, and Fengzhi He a doctoral student at the Leibniz-Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries, in Berlin, Germany; FH is also affiliated with the Institute of Biology at Freie Universität Berlin. Dr. Savrina F. Carrizo was a program officer with the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Global Species Programme's Freshwater Biodiversity Unit at the time of this research. Dr. Ian Harrison is working for the IUCN Freshwater Fish Specialist Group, in Flagstaff, Arizona. Professor Klement Tockner currently serves as the president of the Austrian Science Fund, in Vienna. Dr. Christiane Zarfl is a junior professor at the Center for Applied Geosciences at Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen, in Germany. Dr. William Darwall is the head of the IUCN Global Species Programme's Freshwater Biodiversity Unit, in Cambridge, United Kingdom.

Freshwater biodiversity is highly threatened and is decreasing more rapidly than its terrestrial or marine counterparts; however, freshwaters receive less attention and conservation investment than other ecosystems do. The diverse group of freshwater megafauna, including iconic species such as sturgeons, river dolphins, and turtles, could, if promoted, provide a valuable tool to raise awareness and funding for conservation. We found that freshwater megafauna inhabit every continent except Antarctica, with South America, Central Africa, and South and Southeast Asia being particularly species rich. Read More

Silke Bauer is affiliated with the Swiss Ornithological Institute, in Sempach, Switzerland. Jason W. Chapman is affiliated with the Centre for Ecology and Conservation and with the Environment and Sustainability Institute at the University of Exeter, in Penryn, Cornwall, United Kingdom. Don R. Reynolds is with the Natural Resources Institute at the University of Greenwich, in Chatham, United Kingdom. José A. Alves is affiliated with CESAM at the University of Aveiro, Campus de Santiago, in Portugal, and with the South Iceland Research Centre at the University of Iceland, in Selfoss. Adriaan M. Dokter and Judy Shamoun-Baranes are affiliated with the Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics at the University of Amsterdam, in The Netherlands. AMD is also affiliated with the Lab of Ornithology at Cornell University, in Ithaca, New York. Myles M. H. Menz is affiliated with the Institute of Ecology and Evolution at the University of Bern, in Switzerland, and with the School of Biological Sciences at the University of Western Australia, in Crawley. Nir Sapir is with the Department of Evolutionary and Environmental Biology at the University of Haifa, in Israel. Michał Ciach is affiliated with the Department of Forest Biodiversity at the University of Agriculture, in Krakow, Poland. Lars B. Pettersson is with the Biodiversity Unit, Department of Biology, at the University of Lund, in Sweden. Jeffrey F. Kelly is affiliated with the Oklahoma Biological Survey and the Department of Biology at the University of Oklahoma, in Norman. Hidde Leijnse is with the Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute, in De Bilt, The Netherlands.

Migratory animals provide a multitude of services and disservices-with benefits or costs in the order of billions of dollars annually. Monitoring, quantifying, and forecasting migrations across continents could assist diverse stakeholders in utilizing migrant services, reducing disservices, or mitigating human-wildlife conflicts. Radars are powerful tools for such monitoring as they can assess directional intensities, such as migration traffic rates, and biomass transported. Read More

Authors:

Sarah Fell is a PhD student studying alpine-river ecosystem response to glacier retreat. Dr. Lee Brown is an associate professor of aquatic science with a research interest in the population and community ecology, hydrology, and geomorphology of cold-environment river systems. Dr. Jonathan Carrivick is a senior lecturer in geomorphology, with a research focus spanning Earth-surface processes and landforms in polar, Arctic, and alpine environments. All authors are affiliated with the School of Geography and water@leeds at the University of Leeds, in the United Kingdom.

Climate change is driving the thinning and retreat of many glaciers globally. Reductions of ice-melt inputs to mountain rivers are changing their physicochemical characteristics and, in turn, aquatic communities. Glacier-fed rivers can serve as model systems for investigations of climate-change effects on ecosystems because of their strong atmospheric-cryospheric links, high biodiversity of multiple taxonomic groups, and significant conservation interest concerning endemic species. Read More

Eric Dinerstein David Olson, Carly Vynne Eric Wikramanayake, Nathan Hahn, Suzanne Palminteri, Lori Price, and Nadia de Souza are conservation biologists at RESOLVE's Biodiversity and Wildlife Solutions Program, in Washington, DC. Anup Joshi is a research associate and program coordinator at the Conservation Biology Program at the University of Minnesota, in St. Paul. Neil D. Burgess and Yara Shennan-Farpón are with the Science Programme at the United Nations Environment Program-World Conservation Monitoring Centre, in Cambridge, United Kingdom. Prashant Hedao is in the Geography Graduate Group at the University of California, Davis. Reed Noss is a professor of biological sciences at the University of Central Florida, in Orlando. Matthew Hansen is a remote sensing scientist at the University of Maryland, in College Park. Harvey Locke is cofounder of the Nature Needs Half Movement and cofounder and strategic advisor of the Yellowstone to Yukon Conservation Initiative, in Banff, Alberta. Erle C. Ellis is a professor of geography and environmental systems at the University of Maryland, Baltimore County. Charles Victor Barber is the director of the Forest Legality Initiative, Crystal Davis is the director of Global Forest Watch, and Benjamin Jones is a senior fellow at World Resources Institute, Washington, DC. Randy Hayes is the executive director of Foundation Earth, in Washington, DC. Cyril Kormos and Vance Martin are vice president for policy and president, respectively, at the Wild Foundation, in Boulder, Colorado. Eileen Crist is an associate professor in the Department of Science and Technology in Society at Virginia Tech, in Blacksburg, Virginia. Wes Sechrest is the chief scientist and CEO at Global Wildlife Conservation, in Austin, Texas. Jonathan E. M. Baillie is chief scientist and senior vice president at National Geographic Society, Washington, DC. Don Weeden is the executive director of the Weeden Foundation, in Bedford Hills, New York. Kierán Suckling is the executive director of the Center for Biological Diversity, in Tucson, Arizona. Nigel Sizer is president of the Rainforest Alliance, in New York. Rebecca Moore, David Thau, and Tanya Birch are with the Google Earth Outreach and Google Earth Engine programs, in Mountain View, California. Lilian Pintea is the vice president for science at the Jane Goodall Institute, in Vienna, Virginia. José C. Brito is a researcher with CIBIO-InBIO, in Vairão, Portugal. Othman A. Llewellyn is an environmental planner in the Department of Protected Area Planning at the Saudi Wildlife Authority, in Saudi Arabia. Anthony G. Miller is the director of the Centre for Middle Eastern Plants at the Royal Botanic Garden, in Edinburgh, United Kingdom. Annette Patzelt is the scientific director at the Oman Botanic Garden, in the Sultanate of Oman. Shahina A. Ghazanfar is research leader in identification and naming-Asia and Jonathan Timberlake is a botanist at the Royal Botanic Gardens, in Kew, Surrey, United Kingdom. Heinz Klöser is at the Alfred Wegener Institute Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, in Bremerhaven, Bremen, Germany. Roeland Kindt is a scientist at the World Agroforestry Centre, in Nairobi, Kenya. Jens-Peter Barnekow Lillesø and Paulo van Breugel are at the University of Copenhagen, in Denmark. Lars Graudal is a senior advisor at the University of Copenhagen, in Denmark, and science domain leader at ICRAF (the World Agroforestry Centre), in Nairobi. Maianna Voge is a geospatial analyst at Greeninfo Network. Khalaf F. Al-Shammari and Mohammed Saleem are information specialists with the Environmental Information Unit of the General Department of Studies and Research at the Saudi Wildlife Authority.

We assess progress toward the protection of 50% of the terrestrial biosphere to address the species-extinction crisis and conserve a global ecological heritage for future generations. Using a map of Earth's 846 terrestrial ecoregions, we show that 98 ecoregions (12%) exceed Half Protected; 313 ecoregions (37%) fall short of Half Protected but have sufficient unaltered habitat remaining to reach the target; and 207 ecoregions (24%) are in peril, where an average of only 4% of natural habitat remains. We propose a Global Deal for Nature-a companion to the Paris Climate Deal-to promote increased habitat protection and restoration, national- and ecoregion-scale conservation strategies, and the empowerment of indigenous peoples to protect their sovereign lands. Read More

Authors:

Associate Professor Fiona Fidler holds a joint appointment in the School of BioSciences and the School of Historical and Philosophical Studies (History and Philosophy of Science Discipline) at the University of Melbourne, Australia; Fiona is interested in how scientists and experts make decisions. Bonnie C. Wintle is a postdoctoral fellow and Mark Burgman and Michael McCarthy are professors in the School of BioSciences at the University of Melbourne, Australia; they are interested in a broad range of topics related to environmental decisionmaking. Bonnie Wintle is now a research fellow at the Centre for Research in the Arts, Social Sciences and Humanities, University of Cambridge. Yung En Chee is a senior research fellow in the School of Ecosystem and Forest Sciences at the University of Melbourne, Australia; Yung applies ecological and decision-analytic theory and models to conservation problems. Ascelin Gordon is a senior research fellow in the Interdisciplinary Conservation Science Research Group in the School of Global, Urban, and Social Studies at RMIT University, in Melbourne, Australia; Ascelin is broadly interested in modeling approaches for understanding the impacts of environmental policies. FF, YC, BW, MB and MM were involved in discussion group about reproducibility and type 1 errors in ecology in 2014, which helped develop the outline for this article. AG and FF independently discussed the application of open science initiatives in ecology. FF wrote the first draft; YC wrote sections on data and code sharing with substantial input from AG. BW, MB, and MM made edits throughout.

Recent replication projects in other disciplines have uncovered disturbingly low levels of reproducibility, suggesting that those research literatures may contain unverifiable claims. The conditions contributing to irreproducibility in other disciplines are also present in ecology. These include a large discrepancy between the proportion of "positive" or "significant" results and the average statistical power of empirical research, incomplete reporting of sampling stopping rules and results, journal policies that discourage replication studies, and a prevailing publish-or-perish research culture that encourages questionable research practices. Read More

Authors:

Matthew J. Silk and Robbie A. McDonald are affiliated with the Environment and Sustainability Institute at the University of Exeter, in Penryn, Cornwall, United Kingdom. Darren P. Croft is with the Centre for Research in Animal Behaviour at the University of Exeter, in the United Kingdom. Richard J. Delahay is affiliated with the National Wildlife Management Centre of the Animal and Plant Health Agency at Woodchester Park, in Gloucestershire, United Kingdom. David J. Hodgson, Mike Boots, and Nicola Weber are with the Centre for Ecology and Conservation at the University of Exeter, in Penryn, Cornwall, United Kingdom; MB is also affiliated with the Department of Integrative Biology at the University of California, Berkeley.

Contact networks, behavioral interactions, and shared use of space can all have important implications for the spread of disease in animals. Social networks enable the quantification of complex patterns of interactions; therefore, network analysis is becoming increasingly widespread in the study of infectious disease in animals, including wildlife. We present an introductory guide to using social-network-analytical approaches in wildlife disease ecology, epidemiology, and management. Read More

Rick D. Stuart-Smith Graham J. Edgar, Neville S. Barrett, Nicholas J. Bax, Just Berkhout, Julia L. Blanchard, Antonia T. Cooper, Paul B. Day, Stuart Kininmonth, and Scott D. Ling are affiliated with the Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies at the University of Tasmania, in Hobart, Tasmania, Australia. Amanda E. Bates is with Ocean and Earth Science at the National Oceanography Centre Southampton at the University of Southampton, in the United Kingdom. Susan C. Baker is affiliated with the School of Biological Sciences at the University of Tasmania, in Hobart, Tasmania, Australia. Mikel A. Becerro is with the BITES Lab of the Natural Products and Agrobiology Institute (IPNA-CSIC), in La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain. Daniel J. Brock is affiliated with the Science, Monitoring, and Knowledge Branch of South Australia's Department of Environment, Water, and Natural Resources, in Adelaide. Graeme F. Clark is with the School of Biological, Earth, and Environmental Science at the University of New South Wales, in Sydney, Australia. Tom R. Davis is with the National Marine Science Centre at Southern Cross University, in Coffs Harbour, New South Wales, Australia. J. Emmett Duffy is affiliated with the Tennenbaum Marine Observatories Network of the Smithsonian Institution, in Washington, DC. Thomas H. Holmes is affiliated with the Marine Science Program, Science and Conservation Division, Department of Parks and Wildlife, in Kensington, Australia, and with the Oceans Institute at the University of Western Australia, in Crawley, Australia. Steffan A. Howe is with Parks Victoria, in Melbourne, Australia. Alan Jordan is affiliated with Marine Ecosystem Research, New South Wales Department of Primary Industries, in Nelson Bay, Australia. Nathan A. Knott is affiliated with Marine Ecosystem Research, New South Wales Department of Primary Industries, in Huskisson, Australia. Jonathan S. Lefcheck is affiliated with the Department of Biological Sciences in the Virginia Institute of Marine Science at the College of William and Mary, in Gloucester Point, Virginia. Amanda Parr is affiliated with Parks Australia, in Kingston, Tasmania, Australia. Elisabeth Strain is with the Sydney Institute of Marine Science, in Mosman, New South Wales, Australia. Hugh Sweatman is affiliated with the Australian Institute of Marine Science, in Townsville, Queensland, Australia. Russell Thomson is with the Centre for Research in Mathematics in the School of Computing, Engineering, and Mathematics at Western Sydney University, in Penrith, New South Wales, Australia.

Reporting progress against targets for international biodiversity agreements is hindered by a shortage of suitable biodiversity data. We describe a cost-effective system involving Reef Life Survey citizen scientists in the systematic collection of quantitative data covering multiple phyla that can underpin numerous marine biodiversity indicators at high spatial and temporal resolution. We then summarize the findings of a continental- and decadal-scale State of the Environment assessment for rocky and coral reefs based on indicators of ecosystem state relating to fishing, ocean warming, and invasive species and describing the distribution of threatened species. Read More

N. John Anderson is affiliated with the Department of Geography at Loughborough University in Loughborough, UK. Jasmine E. Saros, is affiliated with the School of Biology & Ecology at the University of Maine in Orono, Maine. Joanna E. Bullard, is affiliated with the Department of Geography at Loughborough University in Loughborough, UK. Sean M.P. Cahoon, was at the Department of Biology at Penn State University, in University Park, Pennsylvania. He is presently affiliated with the Environment and Natural Resources Institute at the University of Alaska Anchorage, AK. Suzanne McGowan is affiliated with the School of Geography at the University of Nottingham in Nottingham, UK. Elizabeth A. Bagshaw is affiliated with the Earth and Ocean Sciences at Cardiff University in Cardiff, UK. Christopher D. Barry, is affiliated with the School of Biological Sciences at Queen's University in Belfast, UK. Richard Bindler is affiliated with the Department of Ecology and Environmental Science at Umeå University in Umeå, Sweden. Benjamin T. Burpee is affiliated with the School of Biology & Ecology at the University of Maine in Orono, Maine. Jonathan L. Carrivick, is affiliated with the School of Geography at the University of Leeds in Leeds, UK. Rachel A. Fowler, is affiliated with the School of Biology & Ecology at the University of Maine in Orono, Maine. Anthony D. Fox is affiliated with the Department of Bioscience, at Aarhus University in Rønde, Denmark. Sherilyn C. Fritz is affiliated with the Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences at the University of Nebraska in Lincoln, Nebraska. Madeleine E. Giles, is affiliated with the School of Biological Sciences at the University of Essex in Colchester, UK. Ladislav Hamerlik, was affiliated with the Department of Biology and Ecology at Matthias Belius University in Banska Bystrica, Slovakia. He is presently affiliated with the Institute of Geological Sciences, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland Thomas Ingeman-Nielsen is affiliated with the Department of Civil Engineering at the Technical University of Denmark in Kongens Lyngby, Denmark. Antonia C. Law is affiliated with the Department of Geography, Geology and the Environment at Keele University in Keele, UK. Sebastian H. Mernild is affiliated with the Nansen Environmental and Remote Sensing Center, Bergen, Norway. He also has positions at Faculty of Engineering and Science, Sogn og Fjordane University College, Sogndal, Norway and Antarctic and Sub-Antarctic Program, Universidad de Magallanes, Punta Arenas, Chile. Faculty of Engineering and Science at Sogn og Fjordane University College in Sogndal, Norway. Robert M. Northington is affiliated with the School of Biology & Ecology at the University of Maine in Orono, Maine. Christopher L. Osburn is affiliated with the School of Marine, Earth, and Atmospheric Sciences at NC State University, Raleigh, North Carolina. Sergi Pla-Rabès is affiliated with the Centre de Recerca Ecològica i Aplications Forestals in Cerdanyola del Vallés, Spain. Eric Post is affiliated with the Department of Wildlife, Fish, & Conservation Biology at the University of California in Davis, California. Jon Telling was affiliated with the School of Geographical Sciences at the University of Bristol in Bristol, UK. He is presently affiliated with the School of Civil Engineering and Geosciences, Newcastle University, UK. David A. Stroud is affiliated with the UK Joint Nature Conservation Committee in Peterborough, UK. Erika J. Whiteford is affiliated with the Department of Geography at Loughborough University in Loughborough, UK. Marian L. Yallop is affiliated with the School of Biological Science, at University of Bristol in Bristol, UK. Jacob C. Yde is affiliated with the Faculty of Engineering and Science at Sogn og Fjordane University College in Sogndal, Norway.

The Kangerlussuaq area of southwest Greenland encompasses diverse ecological, geomorphic, and climate gradients that function over a range of spatial and temporal scales. Ecosystems range from the microbial communities on the ice sheet and moisture-stressed terrestrial vegetation (and their associated herbivores) to freshwater and oligosaline lakes. These ecosystems are linked by a dynamic glacio-fluvial-aeolian geomorphic system that transports water, geological material, organic carbon and nutrients from the glacier surface to adjacent terrestrial and aquatic systems. Read More

Stephanie E. Hampton is affiliated with the Center for Environmental Research, Education and Outreach at Washington State University, in Pullman. Matthew B. Jones is affiliated with the National Center for Ecological Analysis and Synthesis at the University of California, Santa Barbara. Leah A. Wasser is affiliated with EarthLab at the University of Colorado, in Boulder. Mark P. Schildhauer is with the National Center for Ecological Analysis and Synthesis at the University of California, Santa Barbara. Sarah R. Supp is affiliated with the University of Maine's School of Biology and Ecology, in Orono. Julien Brun is with the National Center for Ecological Analysis and Synthesis at the University of California, Santa Barbara. Rebecca R. Hernandez is affiliated with the Land, Air, and Water Resources Department at the University of California, Davis; with the Energy and Resources Group at the University of California, Berkeley; and with the Climate and Carbon Science Program at the Lawrence Berkeley National Lab, in Berkeley, California. Carl Boettiger is affiliated with the Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management at the University of California, Berkeley. Scott L. Collins is with the Department of Biology at the University of New Mexico, in Albuquerque. Louis J. Gross is affiliated with the Departments of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology and Mathematics at the University of Tennessee, in Knoxville. Denny S. Fernández is with the Department of Biology at the University of Puerto Rico at Humacao. Amber Budden is affiliated with DataONE at the University of New Mexico, in Albuquerque. Ethan P. White is with the Department of Wildlife Ecology and Conservation and The Informatics Institute at the University of Florida, in Gainesville. Tracy K. Teal is affiliated with Data Carpentry, in Davis, California. Stephanie G. Labou is with the Center for Environmental Research, Education and Outreach, at Washington State University, in Pullman. Juliann E. Aukema is affiliated with the National Center for Ecological Analysis and Synthesis at the University of California, Santa Barbara.

The scale and magnitude of complex and pressing environmental issues lend urgency to the need for integrative and reproducible analysis and synthesis, facilitated by data-intensive research approaches. However, the recent pace of technological change has been such that appropriate skills to accomplish data-intensive research are lacking among environmental scientists, who more than ever need greater access to training and mentorship in computational skills. Here, we provide a roadmap for raising data competencies of current and next-generation environmental researchers by describing the concepts and skills needed for effectively engaging with the heterogeneous, distributed, and rapidly growing volumes of available data. Read More

R. Travis Belote is a research ecologist with The Wilderness Society (TWS) in Bozeman, Montana. Matthew S. Dietz is lead ecologist with TWS in San Francisco, California. Peter S. McKinley is a climate adaptation ecologist with TWS in Hallowell, Maine. Anne A. Carlson is a climate adaptation specialist with TWS in Bozeman, Montana. Carlos Carroll is conservation scientist with the Klamath Center for Conservation Research. Clinton N. Jenkins is a professor of conservation science at the Instituto de Pesquisas Ecológicas (IPÊ), in Nazaré Paulista, Brazil. Dean L. Urban is a professor of landscape ecology at Duke University. Timothy J. Fullman is a senior ecologist and Jason C. Leppi is an aquatic ecologist with TWS in Anchorage, Alaska. Gregory H. Aplet is senior science director at TWS in Denver, Colorado.

Authors:

Alyson H. Fleming is a postdoctoral fellow studying the ecological and policy implications of global change on marine mammals and Nicholas D. Pyenson is curator of fossil marine mammals at the Smithsonian Institution's National Museum of Natural History, in Washington, DC.

Authors:

Julia G. Mason is a PhD candidate and Larry B. Crowder is a professor at Stanford University Hopkins Marine Station in Pacific Grove, California. Mason studies the interacting effects of climate and management on fisheries resilience. Crowder, also the science director at the Center for Ocean Solutions, in Monterey, California, works with interdisciplinary approaches to marine conservation. Murray A. Rudd is an associate professor in the Department of Environmental Sciences at Emory University, in Atlanta, Georgia. His research focuses on conservation social science and the environmental science-policy interface. The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Understanding and solving complex ocean conservation problems requires cooperation not just among scientific disciplines but also across sectors. A recently published survey that probed research priorities of marine scientists, when provided to ocean stakeholders, revealed some agreement on priorities but also illuminated key differences. Ocean acidification, cumulative impacts, bycatch effects, and restoration effectiveness were in the top 10 priorities for scientists and stakeholder groups. Read More

Authors:

Rachel K. Gittman Steven B. Scyphers, and Jonathan H. Grabowski are affiliated with the Marine Science Center at Northeastern University, in Nahant, Massachusetts. Carter S. Smith and Isabelle P. Neylan are affiliated with the Institute of Marine Sciences at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, in Morehead City.

Protecting coastal communities has become increasingly important as their populations grow, resulting in increased demand for engineered shore protection and hardening of over 50% of many urban shorelines. Shoreline hardening is recognized to reduce ecosystem services that coastal populations rely on, but the amount of hardened coastline continues to grow in many ecologically important coastal regions. Therefore, to inform future management decisions, we conducted a meta-analysis of studies comparing the ecosystem services of biodiversity (richness or diversity) and habitat provisioning (organism abundance) along shorelines with versus without engineered-shore structures. Read More

Authors:

Rudy Boonstra is a professor in the Department of Biological Sciences at the University of Toronto Scarborough. He studies the factors that regulate and limit animal populations in temperate and boreal ecosystems, and especially the role of stress in natural populations. Harry Andreassen is the dean and a professor, Jan Hušek is a postdoctoral fellow, Christina Skarpe is a professor, and Petter Wabakken is an associate professor at Hedmark University College, in Evenstad, Norway. HA studies the causes of population fluctuations in the boreal forest, with special emphasis on the interaction between social factors and predation. JH studies avian ecology and behavior. CS's research deals with large herbivores and their ecological significance for soil and plants, predators, and each other. PW studies the behavioral ecology and population dynamics of large carnivores and avian predators. Stan Boutin is a professor of biological sciences at the University of Alberta. He studies the population dynamics and management of mammals in the boreal forest. Rolf Ims is a professor of Arctic and marine biology at the University of Tromsø. He studies the dynamics of ecological interactions in Arctic ecosystems and how these are shaped by climate change and other anthropogenic impacts. Charles Krebs is an emeritus professor of zoology at the University of British Columbia. He studies boreal forest community dynamics in the southwestern Yukon.

The boreal forest is one of the largest terrestrial biomes on Earth. Conifers normally dominate the tree layer across the biome, but other aspects of ecosystem structure and dynamics vary geographically. The cause of the conspicuous differences in the understory vegetation and the herbivore-predator cycles between northwestern Europe and western North America presents an enigma. Read More

Glenn Hyndes is an associate professor, Paul Lavery is a professor, and Kathryn MacMahon is a senior lecturer at the Centre for Marine Ecosystems Research of the School of Natural Sciences at Edith Cowan University, in Western Australia. Kenneth L. Heck Jr. is a professor at the Dauphin Island Sea Lab and at the University of South Alabama. Euan Harvey is a professor in the Department of Environment and Agriculture at Curtin University, in Western Australia. Gary Kendrick is a professor and Thomas Wernberg is an associate professor at the Oceans Institute and School of Plant Biology at the University of Western Australia. Robert Orth is a professor in the Virginia Institute of Marine Science at the College of William & Mary, in Gloucester Point, Virginia. The late Alan Pearce was a principal research scientist at the Western Australian Department of Fisheries. Mathew Vanderklift is a research scientist at CSIRO Wealth Oceans Flagship, in Western Australia. Adriana Vergés is a senior lecturer at the School of Biological, Earth, and Environmental Sciences and the Evolution and Ecology Research Centre at the University of New South Wales, in Australia. Scott Whiting and Shaun Wilson are principal research scientists at the Department of Parks and Wildlife, in Western Australia. We dedicate this article to Alan Pearce, who passed away in the late stages of this article's development.

Climate-driven changes are altering production and functioning of biotic assemblages in terrestrial and aquatic environments. In temperate coastal waters, rising sea temperatures, warm water anomalies and poleward shifts in the distribution of tropical herbivores have had a detrimental effect on algal forests. We develop generalized scenarios of this form of tropicalization and its potential effects on the structure and functioning of globally significant and threatened seagrass ecosystems, through poleward shifts in tropical seagrasses and herbivores. Read More

Authors:

Matthias Schröter is a postdoctoral researcher and environmental scientist at UFZ-Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research and the German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig; his expertise is in spatial modeling and the assessment of ecosystem services. Christian Albert is a junior professor in landscape planning at Leibniz Universität Hanover; he studies the integration of ecosystem services in spatial planning and management. He is also affiliated with the UFZ-Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research. Alexandra Marques is a postdoctoral researcher and Wolke Tobon is a researcher at the German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv). Alexandra is also affiliated with the Institute of Biology at Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg and the Institute of Environmental Sciences CML at Leiden University. Alexandra's expertise is in the ecological-economic analysis of biodiversity and ecosystem services. Wolke works on spatial prioritization of conservation and restoration. Sandra Lavorel is a senior researcher at CNRS and Laboratoire d'Ecologie Alpine; she is a functional ecologist with expertise in biodiversity, ecosystem functions, and services. Joachim Maes is a scientific and technical officer at the Joint Research Council of the European Commission; he is leading the Mapping and Assessment of Ecosystem Services initiative of the European Union. Claire Brown is a senior program officer for ecosystem assessments at UNEP-WCMC. Stefan Klotz is a community ecologist at UFZ-Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research and the German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig; his expertise is in biodiversity assessment. Aletta Bonn is professor of ecosystem services at UFZ-Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Friedrich-Schiller University Jena, and the German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig; her focus is on ecosystem services and participatory conservation research at the science-policy interface.

National ecosystem assessments form an essential knowledge base for safeguarding biodiversity and ecosystem services. We analyze eight European (sub-)national ecosystem assessments (Portugal, United Kingdom, Spain, Norway, Flanders, Netherlands, Finland, and Germany) and compare their objectives, political context, methods, and operationalization. We observed remarkable differences in breadth of the assessment, methods employed, variety of services considered, policy mandates, and funding mechanisms. Read More

William J. Ripple Robert L. Beschta, Michael Paul Nelson, Luke Painter Christopher Wolf, and Thomas M. Newsome are affiliated with the Global Trophic Cascades Program of the Department of Forest Ecosystems and Society at Oregon State University, in Corvallis; TMN is also with the Desert Ecology Research Group of the School of Biological Sciences at the University of Sydney, in Australia; the Centre for Integrative Ecology at the School of Life and Environmental Sciences at Deakin University, in Geelong, Australia; and the School of Environmental and Forest Sciences, at the University of Washington, in Seattle. Guillaume Chapron is affiliated with the Department of Ecology at the Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, in Riddarhyttan. José Vicente López-Bao is with the Research Unit of Biodiversity at Oviedo University, in Mieres, Spain. Sarah M. Durant and Rosie Woodroffe are with the Institute of Zoology at the Zoological Society of London, Regents Park. David W. Macdonald and Amy J. Dickman are with the Wildlife Conservation Research Unit of the Department of Zoology at the University of Oxford and the Recanati-Kaplan Centre, in Abingdon, United Kingdom. Peter A. Lindsey and Luke T. B. Hunter are affiliated with Panthera, in New York. PAL is also affiliated with the Mammal Research Institute of the Department of Zoology and Entomology at the University of Pretoria, in Gauteng, South Africa; and LTBH is also affiliated with the School of Life Sciences at the University of KwaZulu-Natal in Durban, South Africa. Elizabeth L. Bennett, Simon Hedges, and Fiona Maisels are affiliated with the Wildlife Conservation Society, in New York; FM is also with the School of Natural Sciences at the University of Stirling, in the United Kingdom. Holly T. Dublin is affiliated with IUCN Species Survival Commission's African Elephant Specialist Group at the IUCN Eastern and Southern African Regional Office in Nairobi, Kenya. Jeremy T. Bruskotter is affiliated with the School of Environment and Natural Resources at The Ohio State University, in Columbus. Ahimsa Campos-Arceiz is with the School of Geography at the University of Nottingham Malaysia Campus. Richard T. Corlett is affiliated with the Center for Integrative Conservation of the Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden at the Chinese Academy of Sciences, in Menglun, Yunnan, China. Chris T. Darimont is with the Department of Geography at the University of Victoria and the Raincoast Conservation Foundation, in British Columbia, Canada. Rodolfo Dirzo is affiliated with the Department of Biology at Stanford University, in California. James A. Estes is with the Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology at the University of California, in Santa Cruz. Kristoffer T. Everatt, Matt W. Hayward, and Graham I. H. Kerley are affiliated with the Centre for African Conservation Ecology at Nelson Mandela University, in Port Elizabeth, South Africa; MWH is also with the School of Biological Science and the School of Environment, Natural Resources, and Geography at Bangor University, in Gwynedd, United Kingdom, and the Centre for Wildlife Management at the University of Pretoria, in South Africa. Mauro Galetti is affiliated with the Departamento de Ecologia at the Universidade Estadual Paulista, in Rio Claro, Brazil. Varun R. Goswami is with the Wildlife Conservation Society, India Program, in Bangalore, India. Michael Hoffmann is with the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Species Survival Commission, in Gland, Switzerland. Mike Letnic is affiliated with the Centre for Ecosystem Science at the University of New South Wales, in Sydney, Australia. Taal Levi is affiliated with the Department of Fisheries and Wildlife at Oregon State University, in Corvallis. John C. Morrison is affiliated with the World Wildlife Fund-US, in Hope, Maine. Robert M. Pringle is affiliated with the Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology at Princeton University, in New Jersey. Christopher J. Sandom is with the School of Life Sciences at the University of Sussex, in Brighton, United Kingdom. John Terborgh is affiliated with the Nicholas School of the Environment and Earth Sciences at Duke University, in Durham, North Carolina. Adrian Treves is with the Nelson Institute for Environmental Studies at the University of Wisconsin, in Madison. Blaire Van Valkenburgh is affiliated with the Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology at the University of California, Los Angeles. John A. Vucetich is with the School of Forest Resources and Environmental Science at Michigan Technological University, in Houghton. Aaron J. Wirsing is with the School of Environmental and Forest Sciences at the University of Washington, in Seattle. Arian D. Wallach is with the Centre for Compassionate Conservation in the School of Life Sciences at the University of Technology, in Sydney, Australia. Hillary Young is affiliated with the Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology at the University of California, Santa Barbara. Li Zhang is affiliated with the Institute of Ecology at the Beijing Normal University, in PR China.

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