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EFFIGIES and MARKERS

Sunday, September 9, 2012

He survived war, bubonic plague, trans-Atlantic travel, 20
years in the equatorial rainforest, two pirate attacks, two years' separation from his
wife and children, and he was the first minister of the first Dutch church on Long Island.

Johann Theodorus Polhemus (or Polheim), born in 1598 near Wolfstein,
Bavaria, was a Protestant minister who trained at Heidelberg University
and ministered as a young man in or near his native town. The Spanish (Catholics) besieged and
then held the Bavarian Palatinate (Protestant Calvinists) where Johann’s family
lived during the 1620s. A woodcut
of the era shows Protestants being hanged in their shirts and underpants by
Catholics (note the priests), with their uniforms, boots, and hats heaped on
the ground.

Johann married in the 1620s, and his first wife bore him a
daughter, who was baptized in the Netherlands in 1629. Nothing more
is known of the mother or baby; they could have died of childbirth
complications, or perhaps contracted the bubonic plague, which was spread by troop and refugee movements.
The plague flared across central Europe during the Thirty Years War,
and hopped the Channel to Britain,
as well. Plague killed 30,000 Londoners in 1630, and thousands more across the country, but it was much worse on the Continent.

Rev. Polhemus, now a widower, returned briefly to minister
in Bavaria, before accepting an assignment by
the Dutch West Indies Company, to minister to Recife
or Itamaracá, on the easternmost cape of equatorial Brazil. He was aged 37 when he
moved to South America in January 1635 as
minister to the sugar planters, traders, and Dutch military forts there.

The Dutch West Indies Company (WIC) set up company towns in Brazil, New Netherland (New York/New Jersey), and of course in the Caribbean. These were settlements primarily for farming, development, and trade for profit, and the territories were owned by the company. The governors were administrators of the business of the WIC, and the pastors, like Polhemus, were meant to minister to the employees of the WIC. Polhemus wasn't "called" by a congregation, but sent by the company who employed him.

At this time, and throughout the 1600s and 1700s,
civilizations all over the world were experiencing the worst effects of the Little
Ice Age, when seaports froze and extreme weather caused famine and then
disease. It must have been an absolute shock to Johann's system to end up in the
tropical rainforest eight degrees south of the equator!

The 17th century was a bloody era. With Spain at war with the Netherlands,
thousands of people emigrated from Europe to North and South
America. Spain
and Portugal were under a
united reign until 1640, and ruled Brazil;
the Dutch invaded and took over the Recife
region for several decades, but the area was far from peaceful. European wars
and repression followed refugees to the New World.
The Dutch were well known for religious tolerance, and they allowed Jewish
refugees from Inquisition Spain and Portugal to practice their faith
and culture as they wished, both in European Netherlands and in New Holland,
Brazil (not as much in American Dutch settlements). After the Dutch governor
was recalled by the WIC board in 1643, Portuguese planters organized a revolt
against the Dutch and took control of the plantations and colonies.

Portrait of a Scholar, 1631, by Rembrandt. This could be how a Dutch minister dressed.Rev. Polhemus probably didn't wear velvet and lace in the tropics, though!

In 1643, the 45-year-old Johann Polhemus married 19-year-old Catherina Van
Werven, a Dutch woman living in Recife,
Brazil. (Her
father was Johann’s age.) She bore four children to Johann at their home on the island of Itamaracá, between 1644 and 1649. Then
there was an 11-year gap before she had three more children. Perhaps she
miscarried several times in the 1650s; in addition, she and her husband were
separated by economic circumstances, she in Amsterdam
and he on Long Island, for two and a half
years. The last three children were born a year apart in Brooklyn, New Netherland.

Johann preached in Dutch, French and Portuguese while in Brazil; he also
knew Germanand Latin, and probably other languages.

In December 1653, the Dutch lost Itamaracá, and the next
month they surrendered Recife
to Portuguese domination. In January 1654, they’d been given three months to
convert to Catholicism and become Portuguese citizens—or leave. Mevrouw (Mrs/Mme)
Catherina Polhemus and the little children sailed for the safety of Amsterdam, to collect on
Johann’s overdue wages from the Dutch West Indies Company. (Perhaps her father took her there and she lived with him.) Reports there said
that “She is a very worthy matron, has great desire to be [with] her husband,
and has struggled along here in poverty and great straits, always conducting
herself modestly and piously.” I suppose the reference to poverty means she was
unsuccessful in her quest to collect wages from the WIC.

Johann Polhemus and the company of Portuguese Jews weredetoured by pirates twice on their journey from Recife to Brooklyn.

At the same time, Johann Polhemus sailed on a Dutch trader
bound for New Netherland (New York), to
minister to the Dutch people on Long Island.
However, as the ship sailed up the coast of Brazil,
or along the Caribbean windward islands, a Spanish privateer (a pirate with
licensed wartime powers from his government) took the Dutch ship, its sugar cargo,
crew and passengers and their freight, captive to the Cape
Verde Islands, off Mauritania in Africa!
It’s unknown how long Rev. Polhemus was held for ransom or when he was
released, but when he resumed his journey, the ship that carried him and 23
Portuguese/Brazilian Jews was again pirated
by a French man-o-war, the St. Charles,
which arrived at New Amsterdam in September 1654, four to five months after the
refugees’ departure from Brazil. In a September 1654 lawsuit, the French captain sued the Jewish refugees for their "passage" on his ship, but Dominie [Master] Polhemus and other Dutch passengers had already paid their ransom.

“The
Dutch dominie [Johann Polhemus or a colleague] complained to the authorities in Holland, asking them not
to permit any more Jews to come to the New Netherlands as there was plenty of
trouble already with the Quakers, Mennonites, and Catholics. Governor
Stuyvesant was told by the Dutch West India Company to leave religious issues
alone and to permit the Jewish emigrants to trade in furs in any part of his province, provided they looked after their own people.”

That's very interesting to me because if it was Johann Polhemus, the founding pastor of three Dutch Reformed churches on western Long Island (why not--he wrote other letters to the WIC and church leaders in Amsterdam), his grandmother's maiden name was Hammerstein. Perhaps her family was from the nearby community of Hammerstein Castle. Many Jews have that place name for a surname, too. Did the town give its name to Jewish families later, or did it take its name from them? At the time, Jews didn't usually use surnames, but patronymics, like the Scandinavians: Per Svensson (Peter son of Sven). Jews often used Isaac ben Avram or David ben Jakub--or they used a place name.

The Long Island town where Johann was installed as minister
was called Midwout, but is now known as Flatbush, Brooklyn.
Johann was the first minister of Flatbush's, Flatlands/Amersfort's, and Brooklyn's
first Dutch Reform churches. Dutch Reform beliefs were Calvinist, which (in broad terms) held that the faithful person showed he was part of those predestined to be saved to eternal life, by perfectly keeping God's law. Puritans and Scottish Presbyterians were also Calvinist.

Rev. Polhemus' parishes are at the left (west) side of Long Island on this 1660 map..

Director-General Pieter Stuyvesant, an employee of the Dutch West Indies Company, ordered the Flatbush church
to be built so the residents wouldn't have to travel to Manhattan for religious services, and the structure was finished by about 1658. From Johann's letters, it looks like the Dutch WIC loaned the congregation the construction funds, but they paid it back in church tithes and taxes before 1663. The church was
60 or 65 feet long, 28 feet broad, from 12 to 14 feet under the beams, and
built in the form of a cross. The minister's dwelling was at the rear of the
church. The Flatlands and Brooklyn Dutch Reform churches were organized and
built a few years later, and were also Polhemus’ congregations.

Apparently, clergy and missionaries, both ancient and modern, have entered their
profession or answered the gospel commission for the promise of eternal reward--not to get rich in this life!
Johann couldn’t afford to bring Catherina and children to America for two
years. They arrived in September 1656. In 1658, he wrote to his ministerial governing
board in the Netherlands.

Rev. Johann Theodorus Polhemus to the
Classis of Amsterdam.

Reverend, Very Learned, Most Pious Gentlemen, the Ministers of the Classis of
Amsterdam:
Tendering to you my fraternal and respectful salutations, I would express my
affectionate regards, with thankfulness to God. I still continue in the
discharge of my appropriate duties, seeking to build up the Church of Jesus Christ
in this place. We daily trace and observe with increasing clearness, the
blessing of the Lord, in the increase of members, and the prevailing good
order. We hope you have received favorable reports and testimonies in relation
to us. This will comfort me in my old age. I must also, through the advocacy of
your Rev. body, secure the provision from the Hon. Company for the satisfaction
of my salary yet remaining due for services in Brazil; and for the reunion and
support of myself, wife and children. My salary in the new church here, is also
so small that it will go a very little way. I cannot keep silent about it any
longer. I commend your Rev. body in general, and each member in particular, to
the blessing of Almighty God.
Given at Midwout [Flatbush] in New Netherland,
June 4th, 1658.
Your Reverences much obliged brother,
J. T. Polhemus.

The Classis (a religious governing division of the Dutch West Indies Company) tossed the salary matter around for several years upon appeals from Polhemus and even Pieter Stuyvesant, but ultimately refused to pay the salary from 1654-1657, saying that Polhemus was no longer in their employ! Even so, Polhemus addressed his reports and letters to the Classis (who also ruled the New Netherland colony) just as he did the above letter: with respect.

1660, Sept. 29th.
Rev. J. T. Polhemus to the Classis of Amsterdam.
Rev., Very Learned and Pious Sirs, the Ministers of the Rev. Classis of
Amsterdam: —
After offering you all, collectively and individually, my respectful
salutations, I would inform you by this of my welfare. I still continue in the
discharge of my duties, in my church at Midwout and Amersfort, in New Netherland. I regularly preach every Sunday morning
at Midwout, and alternately at each place in the afternoons. I thank God who
gives me strength and bestows his blessing upon me, and upon my brethren in the
ministry in this country. If it please God to assist me, I shall continue in my
work, faithfully performing my service according to the forms and customs of
the parent church of the Netherlands.
I remain meanwhile
Yours affectionately,

Johannes Th. Polhemus.

When Johann was 72 years old and still preaching part-time, Stuyvesant ordered "forebear ye taxing or levying any sum upon any
parte of ye Estate of Domine Paulinus [Polhemus] your Minister until further order." His ministry was still a valuable service to the churches. He died at age 78 in the summer of 1676, when a fellow pastor wrote to the Classis, "The death of Domine Johannes Theodorus Polhemus,
the aged minister in the churches of Breukelen, Midwout and New Amersfoort, all
on Long Island, gives us occasion to trouble
you again" for more pastors to be sent. The congregation had grown to more than 300 members (not counting attendees) during Polhemus' tenure.

Polhemus Place street sign

Catherina Van Werven Polhemus
lived until 1702. Johann and Catherina were buried in the churchyard at Flatbush, 890 Flatbush Avenue, Brooklyn, New York. The site holds the record for
the longest continual use by its congregation and is now listed as a New York City landmark. There are several streets named Polhemus in Brooklyn and Queens, in honor of Rev. Johann Polhemus.

***** Johann and Catherina Polhemus are my ancestors, 11
generations back on my paternal lines. I descend through their eldest child, Adrianna, who was married to Jan Roelof Seibring in her father's church at Midwout/Flatbush.

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About Me

Christy is an author and editor whose biographical novels and nonfiction book on William and Mary Dyer were published in 2013 and 2014. Her hardcover book "We Shall Be Changed" (2010 Review & Herald) is also available. In September 2015 she published "Effigy Hunter," a nonfiction history and travel guide, and will follow that with a nonfiction book on Anne Hutchinson, then a historical novel set in England in the 1640s-1660s.