In 1992, he developed Frog Baseball, a short film featuring the characters Beavis and Butt-head, to be featured on Liquid Television, a 1990s animation showcase that appeared on MTV. The short led to the creation of the Beavis and Butt-head series on MTV, in which Judge voiced both title characters as well as the majority of supporting characters. Beavis and Butt-head visited Wilson Middle School and attended Highland High School in their series, which are the names of schools in Albuquerque, Judge's hometown. The series ran from 1993 to 1997 and 2011, and also spawned the feature-length film, Beavis and Butt-head Do America (1996).

In 1997, Judge created King of the Hill for the Fox Network. Many of the show's characters were based on people he had known while living in Texas. Judge voiced characters Hank Hill and Jeff Boomhauer. The show centers on the Hills, a middle-class Methodist family in the small suburban town of Arlen, Texas. It attempts to retain a naturalistic approach, seeking humor in the conventional and mundane aspects of everyday life while dealing with issues comically. The series ran from January 12, 1997 to May 6, 2010 with a total of 259 episodes aired. The show is the third longest running prime time animated series behind The Simpsons and South Park.

He has made cameo appearances in numerous films, including the comedy Jackass Number Two (2006), in which he can be seen during the closing credits. An extended version can be seen in Jackass 2.5 (2007) which was a direct-to-video release. Judge also created a video clip of Beavis and Butt-head ripping into Steve-O for his video Poke the Puss, where the two try imagining if they would like the video better if they were black. The clip aired as a part of Jackassworld.com: 24-Hour Takeover, a February 23, 2008 television special on MTV to coincide with the official launch of jackassworld.com.

Judge's comedy film Extract, in which he makes an uncredited appearance as Jim, a union organizer, was released on September 4, 2009.[7]

His newest animated series, The Goode Family, debuted on ABC and was canceled after one season. It was confirmed on The Goode Family Facebook page that Comedy Central had picked up the reruns of the series,[8] and was to be evaluated for a chance of being renewed for a second season. Comedy Central first aired the series on January 4, 2010. However, the series was pulled off of the schedule shortly thereafter. It was officially confirmed by the production team on The Goode Family Facebook page that the show would not continue on Comedy Central.[8] It was later announced that Judge had begun outlining new episodes of Beavis and Butt-head for MTV's revival of the show.[9]

In 2012, Judge announced that he is developing a sitcom for HBO called Silicon Valley, a single-camera live-action comedy, with King Of The Hill executive producers John Altschuler and Dave Krinsky. Judge will direct the pilot, which he co-wrote with Altschuler and Krinsky, which will be set in Northern California and will address the idea that "the people most qualified to succeed are the least capable of handling success." The pilot will be shot in the spring, and is being executive produced by Scott Rudin alongside Judge, Altschuler and Krinsky and 3 Arts' Michael Rotenberg and Tom Lassally.[10]

In 2013, Judge collaborated with Seth MacFarlane on a mashup episode of Family Guy. In this episode, complete with a Hill-themed opening, Judge reprises his role as Hank Hill.[11] Earlier in 2010 and 2012, Judge played cameos as Hill on two episodes of MacFarlane's The Cleveland Show.

Despite his King of the Hill protagonist Hank Hill being identifiable as a conservative[12] and his The Goode Family being essentially a satire of many liberal precepts, Judge avoids discussing his political leanings. The Goode Family has been called[13] a conservative show, and it has been suggested by the conservative site Newsbusters that the show's negative reviews were a consequence of liberal institutions having a poor sense of humor.[14]

In reviewing Idiocracy, Salon stated, "Judge's gimlet eye is so ruthless that at times his politics seem to border on South Parklibertarianism."[15] The libertarian Reason seems to agree, comparing King of the Hill to the anti-authoritarian point-of-view of South Park and The Simpsons, though it calls the show more populist, noting the disdain King of the Hill seems to have for bureaucrats, professionals, and big-box chains.[16]

Still, Judge denies having political messages in his shows, saying in an IGN interview about King of the Hill:[12]

I try to not let the show get too political. To me, it's more social than political I guess you'd say, because that's funnier. I don't really like political reference humor that much. Although I liked the episode "Hank's Bully" where Hank's talking to the mailman and he says, 'Why would anyone want to lick a stamp that has Bill Clinton on it?' To me that's just like more of a character thing about Hank than it is a political joke or anything. I don't want to do a bunch of stuff about the war, particularly.