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The past few weeks I've been going ketogenic; consuming no more than ~30g of carbs per day and maximizing fat/protein intake. I've also been combining this with IF, eating two large meals per day.

My question is: Would you still be able to fuel lean mass/strength gains on Paleo without going full keto? i.e. Keeping in more veg/fruit in the diet and therefore not falling into ketosis on a regular basis?

Its pretty common that 130g/day of carbohydrate prevents ketosis from happening. I wouldn't ride the line between ketone and glucose based systems as you will end up breaking down a lot of protein to generate glucose. Pick which ever system you train and gain better on and stay in that system. Paleo doesnt have to be a mid carb diet it can be a high carb diet it is just a limitation of sources of food.

Maybe you guys could explain ketosis for those reading, and how someone knows when/if it is achieved.

I sure in the heck don't know.

Ketosis is basically a state wherein your body has low supplies of glycogen due to a high fat/protein and low carb food intake. For most people, this is achieved by keeping net carb intake around 30-50g per day maximum. Ketosis will usually begin after a few days of this eating pattern.

When you're in ketosis, your liver starts to produce glycogen as your muscles cease storing it. Your body utilizes the fat in its system, along with your dietary fat, to produce ketones in the body - reservoirs of fat energy - to draw on for fuel in place of glycogen.

It's technically a much more efficient energy source, and your body is better at metabolizing it. You also end up shedding water weight/fat in short order while still maintaining muscle mass/strength.

This is not locked in stone. When I last ate low carb, 100 g would move me out of ketosis. It varies from person to person.

You are completely correct there is quite a lot of variation. The 130g Carb is based on averages of regular (couch potatoes) people. My base point I think is valid that you don't want to ride the line between the 2 energy systems due to the potential protein losses.