Abū Dharr aw-Ghifārī, a companion of Muhammad, is credited by some schowars, wike Muhammad Sharqawi and Sami Ayad Hanna, as a principaw antecedent of Iswamic sociawism.[1][2][3][4][5] He protested against de accumuwation of weawf by de ruwing cwass during Udman's cawiphate and urged de eqwitabwe redistribution of weawf. The first Muswim Cawiph Abu Bakr introduced a guaranteed minimum standard of income, granting each man, woman and chiwd ten dirhams annuawwy—dis was water increased to twenty dirhams.[6]

Revowutionary activity awong de Soviet Union's soudern border and Soviet decision makers recognized wouwd draw de attention of capitawist powers and invite dem to intervene. It was dis understanding which prompted de Russian representation at de Baku Congress in September 1920 to reject de arguments of de nationaw communists as impracticaw and counterproductive to de revowution in generaw, widout ewaborating deir fear dat de safety of Russia way in de bawance. It was dis understanding, coupwed wif de Russian Bowsheviks' dispweasure at seeing anoder revowutionary center proposed in deir own domain revowutionary, dat gawvanized dem into action against de nationaw communists.[7]

Muhammed Nakhshab is credited wif de first syndesis between Shi'ism and European sociawism.[8] Nakhshab's movement was based on de tenet dat Iswam and sociawism were not incompatibwe since bof sought to accompwish sociaw eqwawity and justice. His deories had been expressed in his B.A. desis on de waws of edics.[9] In 1943, Nakhshab founded de Movement of God-Worshipping Sociawists, one of six originaw member organizations of de Nationaw Front.[10] The organization was founded drough de merger of two groupings, Nakhshab's circwe of high schoow students at Dar aw-Fanoun and Jawaweddin Ashtiyani's circwe of about 25 students at de Facuwty of Engineering at Tehran University. The organization was initiawwy known as League of Patriotic Muswims. It combined rewigious sentiments, nationawism and sociawist doughts.[11]

One of de Five Piwwars of Iswam, zakāt is de practice of imposition (not charity) giving based on accumuwated weawf (approximatewy 2.5% of aww financiaw assets owned over de course of one wunar year). It is obwigatory for aww financiawwy abwe Muswim aduwts and is considered to be an act of piety drough which one expresses concern for de weww-being of fewwow Muswims as weww as preserving sociaw harmony between de weawdy and de poor.[12] The zakat promotes a more eqwitabwe redistribution of weawf and fosters a sense of sowidarity amongst members of de ummah (meaning "community").[13]

Zakat is meant to discourage de hoarding of capitaw and stimuwate investment. Because de individuaw must pay zakat on de net weawf, weawdy Muswims are compewwed to invest in profitabwe ventures, or oderwise see deir weawf swowwy erode. Furdermore, means of production such as eqwipment, factories and toows are exempt from zakat, which furder provides de incentive to invest weawf in productive businesses.[14] Personaw assets such as cwoding, househowd furniture and one residence are not considered zakatabwe assets.

According to de Quran, dere are eight categories of peopwe (asnaf) who qwawify to receive zakat funds:[15][16]

According to de Hadif, de famiwy of Muhammad shouwd not consume any zakat. Zakat shouwd not be given to one's own parents, grandparents, chiwdren, grandchiwdren, or spouses. Awso it is forbidden to disburse zakat funds into investments instead of being directwy given to dose who are in need.[21] Some schowars disagree wheder de poor who qwawify shouwd incwude non-Muswims. Some state dat zakat may be paid to non-Muswims, but onwy after de needs of Muswims have been met.[21]Fi Sabiwwiwwah is de most prominent asnaf in Soudeast Asian Muswim societies, where it broadwy construed to incwude funding missionary work, Quranic schoows and anyding ewse dat serves de community in generaw.[22] Zakat can be used to finance a jihad effort in de paf of Awwah. Zakat money shouwd be used provided de effort is to raise de banner of Iswam.[23][24] Additionawwy, de zakat funds may be spent on de administration of a centrawized zakat cowwection system.

In de United Kingdom and according to a sewf-reported poww of 4000 peopwe conducted by Zarine Kharas, Muswims today give more to charity dan peopwe of oder rewigions.[25] Measured in U.S. dowwars, Muswims on average gave $567, compared to $412 for Jews, $308 for Protestants, $272 for Cadowics, and $177 for adeists.[25] Today, conservative estimates of annuaw zakat are estimated to be 15 times gwobaw humanitarian aid contributions.[26]

During de Rashidun Cawiphate, various wewfare programs were introduced by Cawiph Umar. In his time, eqwawity was extended to aww citizens, even to de cawiph himsewf, as Umar bewieved dat "no one, no matter how important, shouwd wive in a way dat wouwd distinguish him from de rest of de peopwe". Umar himsewf wived "a simpwe wife and detached himsewf from any of de worwdwy wuxuries", wike how he often wore "worn-out shoes and was usuawwy cwad in patched-up garments", or how he wouwd sweep "on de bare fwoor of de mosqwe". Limitations on weawf were awso set for governors and officiaws, who wouwd often be "dismissed if dey showed any outward signs of pride or weawf which might distinguish dem from de peopwe". This was an earwy attempt at erasing "cwass distinctions which might inevitabwy wead to confwict". Umar awso made sure dat de pubwic treasury was not wasted on "unnecessary wuxuries" as he bewieved dat "de money wouwd be better spent if it went towards de wewfare of de peopwe rader dan towards wifewess bricks".[28]

Umar's innovative wewfare reforms during de Rashidun Cawiphate incwuded de introduction of sociaw security. This incwuded unempwoyment insurance, which did not appear in de Western worwd untiw de 19f century. In de Rashidun Cawiphate, whenever citizens were injured or wost deir abiwity to work it became de state's responsibiwity to make sure dat deir minimum needs were met, wif de unempwoyed and deir famiwies receiving an awwowance from de pubwic treasury.[28]Retirement pensions were provided to ewderwy peopwe,[27] who had retired and couwd "count on receiving a stipend from de pubwic treasury". Babies who were abandoned were awso taken care of, wif one hundred dirhams spent annuawwy on each orphan’s devewopment. Umar awso introduced de concept of pubwic trusteeship and pubwic ownership when he impwemented de Waqf, or charitabwe trust, system, which transferred "weawf from de individuaw or de few to a sociaw cowwective ownership", in order to provide "services to de community at warge". For exampwe, Umar bought wand from de Banu Haridah and converted it into a charitabwe trust, which meant dat "profit and produce from de wand went towards benefiting de poor, swaves, and travewers".[28]

During de great famine of 18 AH (638 CE), Umar introduced furder reforms such as de introduction of food rationing using coupons, which were given to dose in need and couwd be exchanged for wheat and fwour. Anoder innovative concept dat was introduced was dat of a poverty dreshowd, wif efforts made to ensure a minimum standard of wiving, making sure dat no citizen across de empire wouwd suffer from hunger. In order to determine de poverty wine, Umar ordered an experiment to test how many seers of fwour wouwd be reqwired to feed a person for a monf. He found dat 25 seers of fwour couwd feed 30 peopwe and so he concwuded dat 50 seers of fwour wouwd be sufficient to feed a person for a monf. As a resuwt, he ordered dat de poor each receive a food ration of 50 seers of fwour per monf. In addition, de poor and disabwed were guaranteed cash stipends. However, in order to avoid some citizens taking advantage of government services "begging and waziness were not towerated" and "dose who received government benefits were expected to be contributing members in de community".[28]

Furder reforms water took pwace under de Umayyad Cawiphate. Registered sowdiers who were disabwed in service received an invawidity pension, whiwe simiwar provisions were made for de disabwed and poor in generaw. Cawiph Aw-Wawid I assigned payments and services to de needy, which incwuded money for de poor, guides for de bwind and servants for de crippwed and pensions for aww disabwed peopwe so dat dey wouwd never need to beg. The cawiphs Aw-Wawid II and Umar ibn Abduw-Aziz suppwied money and cwodes to de bwind and crippwed as weww as servants for de watter. This continued wif de Abbasid cawiph Aw-Mahdi.[29]Tahir ibn Husayn, governor of de Khurasan province of de Abbasid Cawiphate, states in a wetter to his son dat pensions from de treasury shouwd be provided to de bwind, to wook after de poor and destitute in generaw, to make sure not to overwook victims of oppression who are unabwe to compwain and are ignorant of how to cwaim deir rights and dat pensions shouwd be assigned to victims of cawamities and de widows and orphans dey weave behind. The "ideaw city" described by de Iswamic phiwosophers, Aw-Farabi and Avicenna, awso assigns funds to de disabwed.[30]

When communities were stricken by famine, ruwers wouwd often support dem dough measures such as de remission of taxes, importation of food and charitabwe payments, ensuring dat everyone had enough to eat. However, private charity drough de trust institution often pwayed a greater rowe in de awweviation of famines dan government measures did.[31] From de 9f century, funds from de treasury were awso used towards de charitabwe trusts for de purpose of buiwding and supporting pubwic institutions, often Madrassah educationaw institutions and Bimaristan hospitaws.[32]

A paragraph in de book about abowishing money is simiwar to a paragraph in Frederick Engews' "Principwes of Communism",[39] Gaddafi wrote: "The finaw step is when de new sociawist society reaches de stage where profit and money disappear. "It is drough transforming society into a fuwwy productive society, and drough reaching in production a wevew where de materiaw needs of de members of society are satisfied. On dat finaw stage, profit wiww automaticawwy disappear and dere wiww be no need for money".[40]

According to Raymond D. Gastiw, de RUF was infwuenced by Gaddafi's Iswamic Sociawist phiwosophy.[41]

Founded by Bahawetdin Wäisev, de Wäisi movement was a rewigious, sociaw, and powiticaw movement dat took pwace in wate-nineteenf and earwy-twentief-century Tatarstan and oder Tatar-popuwated parts of Russia. Wäisi doctrines promoted disobedience to civiw waw and audority in favor of fowwowing de Quran and Sharia. Supporters of de movement evaded miwitary service and refused to pay imposition or carry a Russian passport. The movement awso incorporated ewements of cwass struggwe and nationawism. The Wäisi movement united Tatar farmers, craftsmen and petty bourgeoisie and enjoyed widespread popuwarity across de region, uh-hah-hah-hah.

Despite going underground in de aftermaf of Bahawetdin Wäisev's arrest in 1884, de movement continued to maintain a strong fowwowing. Bahawetdin Wäisev's son Ğaynan Wäisev wed de movement after his deaf in 1893. An estimated 100 members were arrested and exiwed in 1897 after encouraging peopwe not to participate in de popuwation census. The Wäisi movement increased in size after de first Russian revowution in 1905–1907 and by 1908 dere were nearwy 15,000 fowwowers in de Kazan Governorate, Orenburg and oder guberniyas in Centraw Asia. Wäisi fowwowers supported de Soviet government in de aftermaf of de October Revowution of 1917 and organized a regiment in de Red Army during de Russian Civiw War. Members of de movement distanced demsewves from de Russian Bowsheviks and founded de autonomous commune of Yaña Bowğar in Chistopow during de 1920s, but were persecuted and disbanded during de Great Purge of de 1930s.

Iswamic Marxism attempts to appwy Marxist economic, powiticaw, and sociaw teachings widin an Iswamic framework. Traditionaw forms of Marxism are anti-rewigious and promote state adeism, which has wed many Muswims to reject Marxism. However, de affinity between Marxist and Iswamic ideaws of sociaw justice has wed some Muswims to embrace deir own forms of Marxism since de 1940s. Iswamic Marxists bewieve dat Iswam meets de needs of society and can accommodate or guide de sociaw changes Marxism hopes to accompwish. Iswamic Marxists are awso dismissive of traditionaw Marxist views on materiawism and rewigion, uh-hah-hah-hah.[42]

The Somawi Revowutionary Sociawist Party (SRSP) was created by de miwitary regime of Siad Barre in de Somawi Democratic Repubwic under Soviet guidance in 1976 as an attempt to reconciwe de officiaw state ideowogy wif de officiaw state rewigion by adapting Marxist precepts to wocaw circumstances. Emphasis was pwaced on de Muswim principwes of sociaw progress, eqwawity and justice, which de government argued formed de core of scientific sociawism and its own accent on sewf-sufficiency, pubwic participation and popuwar controw as weww as direct ownership of de means of production. As part of Barre's sociawist powicies, major industries and farms were nationawized, incwuding banks, insurance companies and oiw distribution farms. Whiwe de SRSP encouraged private investment on a wimited scawe, de administration's overaww direction was essentiawwy sociawist.

^Principwes of Communism, Frederick Engews, 1847, Section 18. "Finawwy, when aww capitaw, aww production, aww exchange have been brought togeder in de hands of de nation, private property wiww disappear of its own accord, money wiww become superfwuous, and production wiww so expand and man so change dat society wiww be abwe to swough off whatever of its owd economic habits may remain, uh-hah-hah-hah."