The Joint Action on HIV and Co-infection Prevention and Harm Reduction (HA-REACT) addresses existing gaps in the prevention of HIV and other co-infections, especially tuberculosis (TB) and viral hepatitis, among people who inject drugs (PWID). The three-year project was launched in late 2015 with core funding by the Health Programme 2014-2020 from European Union (EU). Twenty-two partners representing 18 EU Member States were implementing the project. Additional expertise was provided by 14 collaborating partners, including the European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC) and the European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction (EMCDDA). The HA-REACT project has been carried out in three focus countries: Latvia, Lithuania and Hungary. However, materials developed as part of the Joint Action will be of benefit to the entire European Union.
The project's main objectives are:
- to prevent HIV, viral hepatitis and tuberculosis among people who use drugs in Europe.
- to improve countries' capacity to respond to HIV and co-infection risks, and provide harm reduction measures, focusing specifically on PWID.
- to focus on European Union member states where there are obvious barriers to effective and evidence-based interventions, or where such interventions are not sufficiently implemented.
- to encourage the implementation of comprehensive harm reduction in all EU Member States, as an essential strategy to improve the prevention and treatment of HIV, TB and viral hepatitis.
The overall aim of HA-REACT is to significantly contribute to the elimination of HIV and to reduce the number of cases of TB and viral hepatitis among PWID in the European Union by 2020. This objective aligns with strategic action plans issued by the European Union, World Health Organization, UNAIDS and the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC).

The Joint Action on HIV and Co-infection Prevention and Harm Reduction (HA-REACT) addresses existing gaps in the prevention of HIV and other co-infections, especially tuberculosis (TB) and viral hepatitis, among people who inject drugs (PWID). The three-year project was launched in late 2015 with core funding by the Health Programme 2014-2020 from European Union (EU). Twenty-two partners representing 18 EU Member States were implementing the project. Additional expertise was provided by 14 collaborating partners, including the European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC) and the European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction (EMCDDA). The HA-REACT project has been carried out in three focus countries: Latvia, Lithuania and Hungary. However, materials developed as part of the Joint Action will be of benefit to the entire European Union.
The project's main objectives are:
- to prevent HIV, viral hepatitis and tuberculosis among people who use drugs in Europe.
- to improve countries' capacity to respond to HIV and co-infection risks, and provide harm reduction measures, focusing specifically on PWID.
- to focus on European Union member states where there are obvious barriers to effective and evidence-based interventions, or where such interventions are not sufficiently implemented.
- to encourage the implementation of comprehensive harm reduction in all EU Member States, as an essential strategy to improve the prevention and treatment of HIV, TB and viral hepatitis.
The overall aim of HA-REACT is to significantly contribute to the elimination of HIV and to reduce the number of cases of TB and viral hepatitis among PWID in the European Union by 2020. This objective aligns with strategic action plans issued by the European Union, World Health Organization, UNAIDS and the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC).

ENGLISH:
Why do young people use psychoactive substances and how do some of them become addicted? Based on the results of a large-scale qualitative survey of 200 minors conducted between 2014 and 2017, this contribution explores the motivations for use in adolescence and the mainspring for self-regulation in relation to psychoactive substance use: the objective is to fuel reflection on the factors that influence the effectiveness of addiction prevention strategies. The analysis underlines that social representations pertaining to consumption largely depend on collective dynamics and social contexts. The latter structure processes for training and consolidating product representations in line with social practices. Thus, use trajectories are shaped by strategies of adaptation (between inherited representations and personal experiences at the contact of peers), self-regulation and alignment of sometimes contradictory experiences. These findings suggest that professional practices, focused on support (including non-therapeutic) and risk reduction, should be encouraged.

ENGLISH:
Why do young people use psychoactive substances and how do some of them become addicted? Based on the results of a large-scale qualitative survey of 200 minors conducted between 2014 and 2017, this contribution explores the motivations for use in adolescence and the mainspring for self-regulation in relation to psychoactive substance use: the objective is to fuel reflection on the factors that influence the effectiveness of addiction prevention strategies. The analysis underlines that social representations pertaining to consumption largely depend on collective dynamics and social contexts. The latter structure processes for training and consolidating product representations in line with social practices. Thus, use trajectories are shaped by strategies of adaptation (between inherited representations and personal experiences at the contact of peers), self-regulation and alignment of sometimes contradictory experiences. These findings suggest that professional practices, focused on support (including non-therapeutic) and risk reduction, should be encouraged.

ENGLISH:
The "Good Behavior Game" (GBG) is an American prevention scheme for elementary school children. Its effectiveness in public health has been demonstrated by several scientific studies and long-term monitoring: American and Dutch studies published in international literature, reveal its beneficial impact on the prevention of addictive behaviour. The GBG offers a classroom behaviour management strategy implemented by the teachers themselves, which facilitates the development of pupils' psychosocial skills. The French experiment took place from 2015 to 2017 in three schools (35 teachers, 660 students). It required a skills transfer from the American Institutes for Research. The tools of the programme also had to be adapted to the French school context. The qualitative study conducted during pilot testing shows it was accepted by pupils and teachers: indeed, the latter greatly appreciated the fact it did not take up any of the time allocated to learning. The results also show a significant improvement in the quality of life at school and in the relationship between the children and the teachers: professional gestures are being refined, benevolent pedagogy is being developed, conflicts are being reduced and the quality of learning is improving.

ENGLISH:
The "Good Behavior Game" (GBG) is an American prevention scheme for elementary school children. Its effectiveness in public health has been demonstrated by several scientific studies and long-term monitoring: American and Dutch studies published in international literature, reveal its beneficial impact on the prevention of addictive behaviour. The GBG offers a classroom behaviour management strategy implemented by the teachers themselves, which facilitates the development of pupils' psychosocial skills. The French experiment took place from 2015 to 2017 in three schools (35 teachers, 660 students). It required a skills transfer from the American Institutes for Research. The tools of the programme also had to be adapted to the French school context. The qualitative study conducted during pilot testing shows it was accepted by pupils and teachers: indeed, the latter greatly appreciated the fact it did not take up any of the time allocated to learning. The results also show a significant improvement in the quality of life at school and in the relationship between the children and the teachers: professional gestures are being refined, benevolent pedagogy is being developed, conflicts are being reduced and the quality of learning is improving.

ENGLISH:
Until the late 1970s, cocaine use was not considered a public health problem. With the arrival of free-base cocaine in the mid-1970s and crack cocaine in the early 1980s, the number of cocaine users has been steadily increasing in America and Europe, resulting in a significant increase in the number of cocaine users, but also a worrying increase in the number and severity of cocaine-related intoxications. However, there is still no pharmacological treatment that has proved its effectiveness. Psychotherapeutic approach remains the mainstay of care, which must be multidisciplinary and multimodal. Our purpose is to present a focus on state-of-the-art learning from literature review on psychotherapy and pharmacotherapy of cocaine addiction. We first describe a short history of cocaine and crack use and describe epidemiological and clinical issues relative to cocaine addiction. We then discuss current pharmacological treatments (agonist and antagonist therapies; anti-craving agents; clinical trials in humans and animal models), including strategies for cocaine use during maintenance therapy for opiate use disorders. Finally, we present neurostimulation techniques as a novel therapeutic tool to inhibit drug cue-associated behaviors and reduce cocaine craving.

ENGLISH:
Until the late 1970s, cocaine use was not considered a public health problem. With the arrival of free-base cocaine in the mid-1970s and crack cocaine in the early 1980s, the number of cocaine users has been steadily increasing in America and Europe, resulting in a significant increase in the number of cocaine users, but also a worrying increase in the number and severity of cocaine-related intoxications. However, there is still no pharmacological treatment that has proved its effectiveness. Psychotherapeutic approach remains the mainstay of care, which must be multidisciplinary and multimodal. Our purpose is to present a focus on state-of-the-art learning from literature review on psychotherapy and pharmacotherapy of cocaine addiction. We first describe a short history of cocaine and crack use and describe epidemiological and clinical issues relative to cocaine addiction. We then discuss current pharmacological treatments (agonist and antagonist therapies; anti-craving agents; clinical trials in humans and animal models), including strategies for cocaine use during maintenance therapy for opiate use disorders. Finally, we present neurostimulation techniques as a novel therapeutic tool to inhibit drug cue-associated behaviors and reduce cocaine craving.

ENGLISH:
Sex and drugs consumption had been associated for long time. However, the recent appearance of new synthetic drugs, including synthetic cathinones, has led to the emergence of new modes of consumption combining recreational drug use and risky sexual practices or "chemsex". These drugs are consumed most often in the gay community to increase sexual performance and sensations. This has the effect of increasing the prevalence of STIs and psychic disorders such as depression and anxiety. Multidisciplinary care involving psychiatrists, addictologists and sexologists seems necessary. Motivational interviewing and the behavioral approach seem to be the preferred approaches, associated in the best cases with risk reduction strategies. This new phenomenon is a major challenge for the various prevention and care actors. It seems necessary to deepen knowledge to improve the management of people who consume chemsex and especially for intravenous injections or "slam".

ENGLISH:
Sex and drugs consumption had been associated for long time. However, the recent appearance of new synthetic drugs, including synthetic cathinones, has led to the emergence of new modes of consumption combining recreational drug use and risky sexual practices or "chemsex". These drugs are consumed most often in the gay community to increase sexual performance and sensations. This has the effect of increasing the prevalence of STIs and psychic disorders such as depression and anxiety. Multidisciplinary care involving psychiatrists, addictologists and sexologists seems necessary. Motivational interviewing and the behavioral approach seem to be the preferred approaches, associated in the best cases with risk reduction strategies. This new phenomenon is a major challenge for the various prevention and care actors. It seems necessary to deepen knowledge to improve the management of people who consume chemsex and especially for intravenous injections or "slam".

ENGLISH:
The Foundation for Political Innovation, a liberal, progressive and European think tank, the Gabriel Péri Foundation, an affiliate of the French Communist Party, and the Fonds « Actions Addictions » have decided to join forces to design and carry out a vast opinion survey on a worrying phenomenon: addictions among young people (14-24 years old).

ENGLISH:
The Foundation for Political Innovation, a liberal, progressive and European think tank, the Gabriel Péri Foundation, an affiliate of the French Communist Party, and the Fonds « Actions Addictions » have decided to join forces to design and carry out a vast opinion survey on a worrying phenomenon: addictions among young people (14-24 years old).

ENGLISH:
This multicenter school-based epidemiological survey proposed a self-administered questionnaire to a sample of 15,235 young people in 2013, located in three contrasting geographical regions (05, 94, Poitou-Charentes region). Using a mixed quantitative and qualitative research methodology, still little used in public health, it has made it possible to better reflect the complexity of today's adolescent issues, particularly in terms of the use of psychoactive substances.

ENGLISH:
This multicenter school-based epidemiological survey proposed a self-administered questionnaire to a sample of 15,235 young people in 2013, located in three contrasting geographical regions (05, 94, Poitou-Charentes region). Using a mixed quantitative and qualitative research methodology, still little used in public health, it has made it possible to better reflect the complexity of today's adolescent issues, particularly in terms of the use of psychoactive substances.

ENGLISH:
Recent studies (OFDT) show a steady increase in poly-consumption among young people. Cannabis conjugated tobacco is the most common association. The Addiction Severity Index as a tool allows the assessment of the severity of addictive behaviours and their impact in different areas of daily life on a population of CJCs.

ENGLISH:
Recent studies (OFDT) show a steady increase in poly-consumption among young people. Cannabis conjugated tobacco is the most common association. The Addiction Severity Index as a tool allows the assessment of the severity of addictive behaviours and their impact in different areas of daily life on a population of CJCs.