Britannica’s Advocacy for Animals site has provided a guide to the views of the U.S. presidential and vice-presidential candidates on issues related to the environment and animal welfare. Following is a summary of the voting records, official acts, and public statements of Senator John McCain, Senator Barack Obama, Governor Sarah Palin, and Senator Joe Biden on drilling, mining, and energy conservation and development; animal welfare, including the protection of endangered or threatened species; global warming; and environmental conservation.We’ll offer this guide in four parts, one post daily on each of these four topics.

Environmental conservation

John McCain. In 1999 McCain stated, “Theodore Roosevelt was my hero and is to this day. He was responsible for the National Parks system, the crown jewels of America. They are $6 billion underfunded, they’re under enormous strain.”

In 2004 McCain signed a letter from 45 senators to the EPA that urged the agency “to take prompt and effective action to clean up mercury pollution from power plants. The EPA’s current proposals on mercury fall far short of what the law requires, and they fail to protect the health of our children and our environment. We ask you to carry out the requirements of the Clean Air Act to protect our nation from toxic mercury contamination.”

In 2004 McCain voted against a measure that would have reduced funding for road-building in U.S. national forests.

The League of Conservation Voters (LCV) has given John McCain a lifetime score of 24 percent on environmental votes. He received a score of 33 percent on the Animal Welfare Institute’s (AWI) Compassion Index for the 110th Congress.

Barack Obama. Obama has supported the protection of natural places from development. He supported the Great Lakes Regional Collaboration and cosponsored the Great Lakes Environmental Restoration Act (2005). He opposes logging in old-growth forests on public land, and he voted against the construction of new roads in Alaska’s Tongass National Forest.

He has said, “Designating lands as wilderness lands that are off-limits to development I think is critically important,” along with balancing that protection with economic growth.

The LCV has given Barack Obama a lifetime score of 96 on environmental votes. He received a score of 75 percent on the HSUS’s Humane Scorecard. He received a score of 67 percent on the AWI Compassion Index.

Obama has been endorsed by the HSUS, the Sierra Club, the League of Conservation Voters, and many other national as well as smaller and regional environmental groups.

Sarah Palin. Palin believes that environmental regulations must provide “stability” for developers. In her State of the State address in 2007, she said:

“I’m keenly aware of sharply declining production from North Slope fields. The amount of oil currently flowing through the Pipeline is less than half of what it was at its peak. We must look to responsible development throughout the state–from the Slope all the way down to Southeast–every region participating! From further oil and gas development, to fishing, mining, timber, and tourism, these developments remain the core of our state. We provide stability in regulations for our developers.”

Joe Biden. In 1997 and again in 2001 Biden voted in favor of measures that would have reduced funding for road-building in U.S. national forests. In 1998 he was a sponsor of the Tropical Forest Conservation Act, which provides debt relief for countries that pledge to conserve significant portions of their tropical forest resources. He has also supported measures to protect coastal, wetland, and desert environments, to restrict logging, and to limit mercury contamination by industry.

The LCV has given Biden a score of 95 percent on environmental votes. Biden received a rating of 80 percent on the HSUS’s Humane Scorecard.