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call center

companies, mainly in India (since any educated person there speaks English, but can paid a low wage), in which workers aer contracted to answer calls. When you finally talk to someone after calling a company's "800" number, or recieve an annoying random advertising call, it's usually from someone at a call center.

In business services, where have jobs increased, and where have the decreased? For the latter question, why?

In consumer services, where have jobs increased, and where have the decreased? For the latter question, why?

Jobs have increased most rapidly in health services, but have also increased in recreation and entertainment. Retailing has not increased because, though more stores are being opened, less workers are needed.

Why did settlements originate?

When did recorded history begin?

Describe early consumer services in relation to the origin of settlements.

-- settlements were established so that people had permenant resting places for the dead
X lead to priests required to perform services for dead which lead to temples
-- women made household objects and educated the children
X these services evolved over 1000s of years into schools, libraries, theaters, museams, and other institutions that created/stored groups' calues, and passed them on from gen. to gen.
-- people needed fuel, shelter and other goods, so settlements became manufacturing centers
X men gathered needed resources
X women used them into make goods and maintain household
-- if one person could make something but not something else, he could trade former for latter, so settlements became retail centers

Describe early public services in relation to the origin of settlements.

-- followed religious activities into early settlements
-- political leaders lived in settlements
-- to protect land claims, people became soldiers
-- to protect settlement, people built walls around it on which soldiers were stationed

Describe early business services in relation to the origin of settlements.

-- everyone in settlement needed food, so they brought in extra just in case of drought or conflict: early transportation services
-- food needed to be stored, so settlements became warehouses
-- settlements sometimes were used as nuetral ground for the people living there to trade with those of other settlements, so fservices like regulating transactions, setting fair prices, keeping records, and creating currency system: first professional services

clustered rural settlement

aplace where a number of familes live in close proximity to eachother, with fields surrounding the collection of houses and farm buildings
-- contains farn structures, homes, barns, and consumer services, like religious structures, schools, shops, and sometimes a handful of public and business services
-- also called a hamlet or village
-- fields generally limited to radius of 1-2 km

What three regions along the East Coast did the first European colonists settle in?

Describe settlements built by the first New England settlers

clustered settlements:
-- centered around open area called common with school, church, and homes clustered around it
-- settlers had houses + house lots of 1-5 acres containing barn, garden, and enclosures for feeding livestock + several disconitnous fields on periphery of settlement for growing crops
-- beyond peripheral fields were pastures and woodlands for common use by all residents

Why did the New England settlers arrange their settlements like this?

-- common at center of land grant
X group granted area of land by English gov 4-10 square miles
-- church played a central role in daily activities:
X everyone in group usually belonged to the same church and were seeking religious freedom
X settlement leader generally official of the puritan church
-- good for defense against attacks by natives

When did New England settlements become more dispersed and why?

enclosure movement

a movement occuring in Great Britian between 1750 and 1850, in which the rural landscape was transformed by combining individually owned plots of land surrounding vills. into a large individually owned farm even if it meant the gov forcing people to give up holdings-- a movement to clustered rural settlements into dispersed ones

What were the benefits of the enclosure movement?

-- greater agri. efficiency, because farmer did not waste time moving between fields, and with the introduction of farm machinery of the industrial rev., farms operated more efficiently at larger scale
-- former villers moved to urban areas and became factory workers

market area or hinterland

central place

a market for the exchange of goods or services by people attracted from the surrounding area, generally centrally located to allow for maximum accessibility, which creates a regular pattern of settlements

central place theory

a theory first proposed in the 1930s by the German geographer Walter Christaller based on his studies of Southern Germany which explains how services are regularly distributed and why a regular pattern of settlements forms (at least in MDCs)
-- states that MDCs comprise series of market areas in the shape of hexagons of various sizes unless interrupted by physical features which overlapp and can even encompass one another based on the size of the settlement -- the nesting pattern (not an actual official term)

The closer people are the border of a service's hinterland, the more likely they are to _______.

What two pieces of information do geographers use to determine the size of the market area?

range

the maximum distance people are willing to travel to use a service ( generally measured in the time it takes to get there), or the radius of the theoretical circle drawn to delineate the market area, which itself is irregular so as to encompass only the areas where it is closer to its consumers than a competing service

threshold

How is the size of the hinterland determined based on threshold?

How would you determine if a location was profitable for a service?

1.Take a survey to see how much people spend on average in a week on that service and how far they are willing to drive to get to that service.
2. Use the former to calculate the threshold based on how much the service needs to make in a week
3. Draw a circle on a map based on the latter, accounting for competition
4. If the number of people in the circle is greater than the threshold you calculated in step 2, it would be profitable.

Having determined the optimal hinterland for a service, what location within it would maximize profit?

How is the optimum location for a department store determined?

-- sutiable site one that has potential to bring in enough sales to justify capital spent on building it
-- determined by estimating sales that would be made in that area
1. market area defined as the zip codes where 2/3 to 3/4 of its customers live
X based on this, for non-upscale d-stores, most geos estimate range to be about 15 minutes
X threshold typically about 250,000 people living within the range
XX amount of money available in area to spend also very important
2. market share -- proposed d-store will have to share customers with competititors, if the store will still be able to be profitable is determined via the analog method
X one or more existing stores identified in location of proposed d-store
X information about viability of proposed d-store depicted via GIS
XX one layer depicts market area of it (determined in step 1)
XX other layers depict characteristics of people living around it like distribution of households, average income, and competitor's stores

gravity model

a model adopted from physics which predicts the optimal location of services related to the number of people in the area and the the distance they must travel to access it
-- states consumer behavior reflects two patterns
1. the greater the number of people living in the area, the greater is the number of potential customers for a service
2. the farther people are from a particular service the less likely they are to use it

What steps do geos follow when applying the gravity model to find the best location?

1. identify possible site for service
2. within range of service, identify where every possible user lives
3. measure distance from location to potential users
4. divide each user based on these measurements
5. Sum all of the results of potential users divided by distances
6.select second possible location for service and repeat setps 1-5
7. compare results of step 5 for all possible sites: one with highest score is the best location

The larger the market area, the ____ the range and the threshold.

The larger the range and threshold of a service, the ____ the settlement it is in.

rank-size rule

the country's nth largest settlement has 1/n the pop. of the largest settlement
-- closely followed in the US and a handful of other countries including among the smaller settlements of several MDCs in Europe, but not the larger settlements
-- Ex: the fourth largest city in a country has 1/4 the pop. of the largest

primate city rule

the largest city -- called the primate city -- has more than twice as many people as the second largest
-- Ex: in Denmark, Copenhagen (primate city) has 1 million inhabitants, while the second largest urban area, Arhus, has only 200,000
-- followed by many larger settlements in European countries as well as many LDCs

What does the presence of a regular heirarchy of settlements, such as in the US, indicate about the society?

Explain what is going on in Romania regarding the heirarchy of settlements

-- there are no settlements with 320,000-2 million people, or 1000 -- 10,000 people
-- creates harships for people who have to travel long distances to reach Urban areas to access services like shops and hospitals
-- since most Romanians don't have cars, gov. has to pay for bus service
-- recognizing this, gov. has placed restrictions on growth of largest city, Bucharest , which has approx. 2 million inhabitants, (second largest has 320,000)
X need permit to move there
X new services like better roads, schools, apartments, and hospitals, built in smaller rural settlements

periodic market

a collection of individ. vendors who come together to offer goods and services in a location on a specified day
-- usually mobile
-- provides goods to residents in LDCs and rural areas in MDCs
-- offer fresh food brough in from country side in urban areas
-- varies by culture
-- Ex:
X in most Muslum countries, vendors come once a week in ech of 6 cities, save on Friday, which is the Muslim day of rest
X in Africa, ranges from 3-7 days
X in Korea, two 15 day cycles fit in a lunar month

Prior to modern times, what were all settlements?

Describe the origin of the urban settlement.

-- date back to the beginning recorded history in the Middle East and Asia
-- may have originated in Mesopotomia and diffused to Egypt, China, and South Asia's indus river valley or it may have originated independently from all four hearths

Ur

-- one of the earlies in Urban settlements
-- in Mesopotomia
-- name means fire
-- home of Abraham prior to journey to Canaan in circa 1900 BCE
-- compact -- covered 100 hectares
-- walled
-- most prominant structure was ziggurat -- three story temple and command center of city and surrounding hinterland
X 4 more stories added in 6th century
X surrounded by dense network of winding narrow streets and courtyards

Titris Hoyuk

-- urban settlement in Turkey dating back to 2500 BCE
-- houses varied in size but similar in design and arranged in regular pattern because walls and streets laid out first
-- temples and other public buildings in center
-- cemetary outside city walls
-- covered about 50 hectares
-- had pop. of about 10,000
-- abandoned after 300 years and never covered by newer buildings, leaving it well preserved

When were urban settlements first established in the Eastern Meditteranean?

What are some of the oldest?

Describe the diffusion of urban settlements to the rtest of the Mediterranean.

-- diffused rapidly during the 7th and 8th century BCE
-- often, one settlement would establish a new settlement to fill gap in trade route and open new markets
-- Ex:
X city-state of Syracuse in Southeastern Sicily established new city-states in Sicily and Italy between 750 and 700 BCE
X Marseille (than called Masilia) in France founded settlements along coast of present day Spain in the 6th century BCE

What happened to Urban settlements after the fall of the Roman empire and why?

Describe the revival of Urban in Europe.

-- the 11th century when fuedal lords began establishing rural settlements via charters given to residents in exchange for fighting for the lord, which people much preferred to serfdom
-- urban dwellers began to expand their trade
X surplus from countryside brought in for sale or exchange
X markets expanded through trade with other cities
XX this was enhanced by construction of new roads and more use of rivers
-- by 14th century, Europe covered by network of small market towns serving needs of particular lord
X largest ones served as power centers for fuedal and church leaders
-- towns were dense, with structures attatched to eachother going right up to the wall itself

True/False: While econ. activities have become more centralized, especially in manufacturing, modern inventions reinforce rural life instead of a clustered urban one.

True/False: A disproportionatly large amount of wealthy people live in cities. What has this lead to?

true,many leisure services cluster in cities and highly specialized and luxury products are more likely to be sold there like concerts, operas, night clubs, libraries, museums, sporting events, and theaters
-- Ex: London presents more plays than the rest of the UK combined, and New York nearly has more theaters than the rest of the US combined

What are the four levels of cities that play a major role in the provision of producer and other business services in the global econ in order of most to least?

What three world cities stand out in a class of their own?

--Tokyo, London, and New York stand out in catagory of their own
X each is the largest city in one of 3 main regions of more developed world
X world's most important stock eschange operates here
X contain large concentrations of financial and realted business services
-- second tier of major world cities includes Chicago, LA, Washington DC, Frankfurt, Brussels, Paris, Zurich (Western Europe), and Sao Paulo and Singapre (only two in LDC regions)
X major corps may have headquarters here
-- third tier of secondary world cities includes Houston, Miami, San Francisco, Toronto, Bangkok, Bombay, Hong Kong, Manila, Osaka, Seoul, Taipei, Berlin, Madrid, Milan, Rotterdam, Vienna, Buenos Aires, Caracus, Mexico City, Rio de Janeiro, Johannesburg (Africa), and Sydney

command and control centers

cities that contain centers for major corp., well-developed banking facilities, and concentrations of other business services, as well as important educational, medical, and public institutions
-- Ex: Atlanta, Baltimore, Boston, Cincinnati, Cleveland, Columbus, Denver, Indianapolis, Kansas, City, Minneapolis, New Orleans, Philadelphia, Phoenix, Portland (Oregon), St. Lois, and Seattle

specialized producer-service center

cities that offer a more narrow, specialized variety of services,
-- one group specializes in research and development activities related to a specific industry
X Ex:
XX motor vehicles in Detroit
XX steel in Pittsburgh
XX office equipment in Rochester, NY
XX semiconductors in San Jose, CA
-- another group specializes in gov. and edu., notably state capitols with major universities
X Ex:
XX Albany
XX Lansang
XX Madison
XX Raleigh-Durham

How can a community's basic econ. activities identified?

1. compute average amount of workers employed in particular indy
2. compare percentage to percentage of workforce in country in that indy
3. if percentage is much higher in local community, than that indy is basic econ. activity

What are the two types of financial services offered by LDCs?

offshore financial services

-- provide two important functions in the global econ.
1. tax advantages
-- taxes on income, profits, and capital gains virtually nonexistent
2. privacy
-- people who are getting sued or a divorce can put some of their money away in offshore accounts
-- Ex: Cayman Islands
-- primarily island countries in Carribean or Pacific

What are some examples of countries who act as offshore centers who are not islands?

back offices

-- functions include...
X processing insurance claims, payroll management, transcription work, and other routine clerical activities
X centers for responding to billing inquiries related to credit cards, shipments, and claims, or technical inquiries related to installation, operation, and repair
-- LDCs attracted them for two main reasons...
X low wage rates
X the ability to speak English -- resulted in it only being attractive in LDCs with substantial portion of English speakers like the Philippines, Malaysia, and India

What are some examples of cities in the US with lots of talented people? What are some examples of ones without many?

central business district

-- generally oldest part of city (original settlement)
-- where businesses have in past tended to cluster
-- compact
-- easiest part of city to reach usually
X focal point of transportation
-- usually less than 1% of the landmass
-- commonly called downtown
-- generally center of city

high threshold shops

high range shops

-- generally highly specialized
X customers patronize them infrequently
-- many have moved with D-stores to suburb malls
-- some have retained location in CBD or moved to other location in city for proximity to scenic or widely trafficked area
-- many have agglomerated into downtown malls or streets which are attractive because they offer recreation in addition to products
X Ex: renevated downtown historical markets

high land costs in CBDs

-- one hectare of land in CBD of NY or London could cost 100 millions of $ if even available
-- prices particularly high in Tokyo because buildings limited to about 3 stories by gov and tax restrictions due to Earthquakes despite current data suggesting modern skyscrapers might be better
X parcel of land size of page of textbook would cost 10,000s of $
-- resulted in 2 characteristics
1. land used more intensively in center of city
2. some activities excluded from center due to high cost of space

skyscrapers

-- first built in Chicago in 1880s
X made possible by two inventions
1. iron-frame buildings
2. elevators
-- city distinguished mainly by unique skyline
-- originally created problems because tehy blocked sunlighted and facilitated high winds via the artificial canyons they created
X many govs in Europe and NA made zoning in early 20th century
-- now buildings too close together again
X reviving old problems that were cured by modern tech like artificial lighting and air conditioning
X might cause energy issues
-- Ex of vertical geography
X the nature of an activity influences whcih floor it occupies
XX lower levels tend to be retail
XX high levels tend to be offices and apartments

What two activities are excluded from the CBD?

high rents and land shortages discourage two main activities:
-- factoriesn --
X industrial port activity moving to old inner city ports thanks to manuverability of current vessels
X cities demolishing derelect warehouses and peirs on their water fronts in favor of commercial buildings and tourist attractions
-- residents --
X rich people used to build mansions downtown while poor people lived in conjested dirty living areas
X people abandoned downtown living for both push/pull factors
XX push factors --
XXX high rent
XXX unpleasant living conditions
XX pull factors (mainly to suburbs) --
XXX large amount of land available
XXX nicer standard of living
XXX cheaper
XXX newer schools
X downtown living growing again, particularly among people without kids

Why are there not as many high rise buildings in European cities?

suburbanization of retailing

-- large shopping areas separated via zoning from residential areas
-- corner stores been replaced by shopping agglomerations of various forms, often at junction of several major roads
X malls become social centers
X rely on major anchor stores

Why have so many service providers moved to the suburbs?

Why have factories relocated?

What country has the world's largest labor force engaged in services?

India -- mainly patent researchers insurance claim processors, architectural drafters, radiologists, and software executives
-- English-speaking people available
-- college grads. there willing to do same work for less