(NaCl) stress. This may be due to diversion of energy in the process of osmotic adjustment. Shila et al.

that Kernel type seeds exhibited higher longer root

(2016) point out that at higher concentration like 320

and shoot length compared to the achene type seeds

mM NaCl root was more affected than shoot. Further

at all NaCl levels. Both achene and kernel type seeds

study as needed to test the performance of different

of cv. Pactol gave the highest root and shoot length.

sunflower genotypes at varying degree of salt stress.

Kandil et al.

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118

Int. J. Agri. Agri. R. It is very important to study the interaction between

increasing NaCl concentrations. Edirne-87 cultivar

seed priming of sunflower cultivars as affected on

among the cultivars showed the highest performance

seed germination and seedling parameter. In this

at higher NaCl concentrations (1.5 % NaCl), whereas

respect, El-Saidy et al. (2011) reported that seed

Dolunay cultivar showed the lowest performance.

sunflower priming improved seedling length and

Moghanibashi et al. (2012) reported that signification

seedling dry weight in both Sakha 53 and Giza 102

interaction between cultivars and salt stress levels.

cultivars. Gaballah and El Meseiry (2014) showed that

Results indicated that more root length, shoot length,

the Euroflor cultivar showed further reduction of

root weight and shoot weight. Highest and lowest of

another one day than the other genotypes when its

these parameters except shoot weight recorded with

seeds were primed in 3000 ppm NaCl solution. The

Urfloar cultivar under control conditions and Blazar

Vidoc cultivar seeds showed partial response to

cultivar under 23.5 dSm-1 salinity levels, respectively.

priming in saline solution mixed with either Ascorbic

Highest and lowest of shoot weight recorded with

or Oxalic using the gradual and direct priming

Urfloar cultivar under 18.4 dsm-1 and Blazar cultivar

method respectively, whereas negative effect was

under

obtained with other mixture solutions including the

Mostafavi and Heidarian (2012) indicated that the

Salicylic acid mixture.

interaction between sunflower cultivars and salinity

23.5

dsm-1

salinity

levels,

respectively.

concentrations was significant for plumule dry It is very important to study the interaction between

weight, radicale dry weight, radicale fresh weight and

seed priming and salinity levels on sunflower seed

plumule fresh weight, seedling fresh weight, plumule

germination characters and seedling parameters. In

length, radicale length and plumule length/radicale

this respect, Bajehbaj (2010) showed that total

length ratio. When saline stress was increased all of

emergence of seedlings from both priming and non-

the investigated features were decreased in all studied

priming seeds decreased with increasing NaCl

cultivars. Jabeen and Ahmed (2013) reported that

salinity. However, this reduction in total emergence

Helio cultivar and Non-Spiny cultivars, the increase

was higher for non-priming seeds, compared to

in salt concentration reduced germination percentage

priming seeds. Primed seeds had better efficiency for

and lower relative water content. Also, Helio cultivar

water absorption from growing media and it is

was more as compared to that of cultivars NuSun and

obvious that metabolic activities in seed during

Spiny particularly at high salinity concentrations.

germination process commence much earlier than

Pahoja et al. (2013) reported that the effect of hydro

radicle and plumule appearance, that is, emergence.

priming and osmo-priming (KNo3) on early seedling

Moghanibashi et al. (2012) showed that hydro-

growth on sunflower hybrid Hysun-33 under (NaCl)

priming sunflower seed for 24 h was enhanced

salt stress. Therefore, the specific objectives of this

seedling growth under stress conditions. Pahoja et al.

investigation was aimed to evaluate performance seed

(2013) found that priming, hydro-priming recorded

priming of some sunflower cultivars in response to

highest mean values for most traits viz. root/shoot

different

length, root/shoot fresh weight and root/shoot

germplasms display a spectrum of salt tolerance

relative water content under various concentrations

capability from high too low for increasing oil crops

i.e. 0.1, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5 and 2.0% of NaCl. Hydro-priming

area in newly reclaimed soils.

levels

of

NaCl

salinity.

Sunflower

proved significantly better than the osmo-priming (KNo3) under the wide range of salinity levels.

Materials and methods

It is very important to study the interaction among

The present investigation was conducted at Giza

sunflower cultivar and salinity concentration on

Central

germination characters and seedling parameters. In

Administration for Seed Testing and Certification

this concern, Turhan and Ayaz (2004) found that

(CASC), Ministry of Agriculture, Egypt during May,

growth of sunflower cultivars was decreased with

2015.

Kandil et al.

Seed

Testing

laboratory

of

Page

Central

119

Int. J. Agri. Agri. R. The objective of this study was aimed to investigate

Shoot length: The length of five seedlings from the

the response of some Sunflower genotypes to

seed to the tip of the leaf blade were recorded and

germinate under seed priming of NaCl or KNO3 and

expressed in centimeters as the shoot length.

non-priming

treatment

at

different

salinity

Root length: The root length of five seedlings from the

concentrations and to confirm seedling growth

seed to the tip of the root and recorded and expressed

performance for salinity tolerance among Sunflower

in centimeters (cm) as the root length.

genotypes. Treatments and experimental design A laboratory experiments as conducted out in

Shoot fresh weight: Weight of five seedling shoots were measured and expressed in gram (mg) as the shoot fresh weight.

factorial experiment in Randomized, Complete Block

Shoot dry weight: Weight of five seedling shoots were

Design (RCBD). The experiment includes three

recorded and expressed in gram (mg) after oven

factors, the first one includes three treatments seed

drying at 72 ºc for 48 h according to Ahmadvand et

priming with NaCl and KNO3 and non-priming seed.

al., (2012).

The second one include Sunflower four sunflower genotypes i.e. Sakha53 (C1), Giza 102 (C2), Line S102 (C3), Line S1 (C4) were obtained from Oil Crops

Root fresh weight: Weight of five seedling roots were measured and expressed in gram (mg) as the root fresh weight.

Research Institute, ARC, Ministry of Agriculture, Egypt. All studied genotypes seed were stored under normal conditions in paper bags. The pedigree of studied genotypes was shown in Table 1. The third

Root dry weight: Weight of five seedling roots were recorded and expressed in gram (mg) after oven drying at 72 ºC for 48 h according to Ahmadvand et al (2012).

factor included eight different concentrations of NaCl i.e. 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30 and 35 dSm-1. Seed studied genotypes were division for three parts, first part nonpriming, second part primed using NaCl 1% for 12h

Seedling height reduction (%): The seedling height reduction (SHR) was calculated according to Islam and Karim (2010) using the following equation:

and third part primed using KNO3 0.3% for 12h. Thereafter, the seeds rinsed with distilled water three times. Twenty treated seeds of uniform size in each treatment for each cultivar were allowed to germinate

8-Relative dry weight (%): The relative dry weight

four replicates of 20 seeds of each cultivar were

(RDW) was calculated according to Islam and Karim

germinated between rolled filter papers with 15 ml of

(2010) using the following equation:

respective test solutions. The papers replaced every 2 days to prevent accumulation of salts. In order to prevent evaporation, each rolled paper put into a sealed plastic bag. Seeds allowed germinating at 25 ±

Statistical analysis

1oC in the dark for 10 days. A seed considered

All data of this study were statistically analyzed

germinated when the emerging radicle elongated to 2

according to the technique of variance (ANOVA) for

mm according to ISTA, 2015 rules.

the factorial Randomized Complete Block Design as published by Gomez and Gomez (1991).

Studied characters Seedling Characteristics After 10 days five seedlings were selected from each replication and evaluated as follows:

Kandil et al.

Combined analysis was done between seed priming and non-priming to obtain the main effect of seed priming and its interaction with other treatments according to Waller and Duncne (1969).

Fig. 18. Means of shoot fresh weight as affected by the interaction between studied cultivars and salinity concentration.

Fig. 19. Means of radical fresh weight as affected by the interaction between studied cultivars and salinity concentrations. The results clearly indicated that highest shoot length

radical fresh weight and relative dry weight were

was produced from sown Line S 102 under without

produced from sown Line S 102 and without salinity

salinity application. While, the lowest shoot length

application. While, the lowest radical length, shoot

was produced from sown Line S 1 at highest salinity

fresh weight, radical fresh weight and relative dry

level of 35 dSm-1 NaCl. Highest radical dry weight was

weight were produced from sown Giza 102 cultivar

produced from sowing Line S 102 under without salinity application. While, the lowest radical dry weight was obtained from sown all studied cultivars under highest salinity level of 35 dSm-1 NaCl. Results revealed that highest radical length, shoot fresh weight,

Kandil et al.

under highest salinity level of 35 dSm-1 NaCl. The results indicated that highest percentage of seedling height reduction was produced from the salinity level of 35 dSm-1 NaCl and sown Giza 102 cultivar. On contrary, the lowest seedling height reduction was obtained from all studied cultivars under the control treatment.

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130

Int. J. Agri. Agri. R.

Fig. 20. Means of radical dry weight as affected by the interaction between studied cultivars and salinity concentrations.

Fig. 21. Means of seedling height reduction as affected by the interaction between studied cultivars and salinity concentrations.

Fig. 22. Means of relative dry weight as affected by the interaction between studied cultivars and salinity concentrations.

Kandil et al.

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131

Int. J. Agri. Agri. R. These results are in good accordance with those

studied cultivars and salinity concentrations. Results

reported by El-Saidy et al. (2011), Guo-Wei et al.

clearly revealed that highest shoot length was

(2011), Kandil et al. (2012e), Moghanibashi et al.

obtained from seed priming in NaCl and sown Line S

(2012), Mostafavi et al. (2012) and Pahoja et al.

102 under the control treatment. While, the lowest

(2013).

germination shoot length was obtained from seed priming in KNo3 and sown Sakha 53 cultivar under

Regarding to the interaction affects the results

salinity level of 35 dSm-1 NaCl. Highest radical length

illustrated in Fig. 23, Fig. 24, Fig. 25, Fig. 26 and Fig.

was obtained from seed priming in KNo3 seed and

27 clearly showed that shoot length, radical length,

sown Line S 102 under the control treatment. Whilst,

shoot fresh weight, seedling height reduction and

the lowest shoot length was produced from non-

relative dry weight were significantly affected by the

primed seed and sown Line S 1 under salinity level of

interaction between priming or non-priming seed,

35 dSm-1 NaCl.

Fig. 23. Means of shoot length as affected by the interaction between primed seed, studied cultivars and salinity concentrations.

Fig. 25. Means of shoot fresh weight as affected by the interaction between studied cultivars and salinity concentration.

Fig. 26. Means of seedling height reduction as affected by the interaction between studied cultivars and salinity concentrations.

Fig. 27. Means of relative dry weight as affected by the interaction between studied cultivars and salinity concentrations.

Kandil et al.

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133

Int. J. Agri. Agri. R. These results are in good accordance with those

Epstein E, Norlyn JD, Rush DW, Kinsbury

reported by El-Saidy et al. (2011), Guo-Wei et al.

RW, Kelly DB, Gunningbham GA, Wrona AF.

(2011), Kandil et al. (2012e), Moghanibashi et al.

1980. UNDER SALT STRESS. Saline culture of crops.

(2012), Mostafavi et al. (2012) and Pahoja et al.

A genetic Approach. Sci. 210, 399- 404.

(2013). Farooq1

Conclusion It could be concluded that for maximizing sunflower germination characters and seedling parameters under salinity stress are produced from seed priming in 1% NaCl for 12 hour and sown Line S 102 under salinity stress. This cultivar was more tolerant to