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Many countries have one or more parachute units, usually associated with National Army or Air Force, but in some cases the Navy.

Main article: List of paratrooper forces

USA parachute jump

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U.S. jump Paramarine C-130

The paratroopers from all military services of the United States to begin training in the U.S. Army airborne forces school located at Ft Benning, Georgia. For three weeks, the soldiers trained by the "Black Hats' of the 1-507th Parachute Infantry Regiment. The first week is a week of landing field where soldiers practice and procedures of aircraft. The second week is the week of the tower, where soldiers practice aircraft rigs and landing practice swing coach probe. The third week is Jump Week, where soldiers must meet five air operations successfully. Normally, the first two jumps are made using only the parachute and parachute harness (hereinafter, "Hollywood" jumps), followed by two jumps transport combat equipment complete, and finally, a jump of the night. After five successful jumps from high performance aircraft, soldiers gave the basic parachutist wings. This plate allows the "parachute" now be assigned a position in the air inside a unit in the air.

Once assigned to an airborne unit (designated payment Airborne Position (PPP)) paratroopers train for air operations in the (training) and breaks may participate in combat if necessary. The officers and noncommissioned officers are eligible to receive additional training in Airborne School at Fort offered. Bragg by the 82nd Airborne Division (United States), and Fort. Benning, on the 1-507th in the completion of 12 successful parachute jumps. areas assessed during monitor Jump nomenclature are backed pre-jump training Airborne storytelling, written exam, practical work on the plane (PWAC), and jump Jumpmaster Pre-Inspection (JMPI). After successfully completing Advanced Airborne School, then graduated paratrooper called JM.

Senior parachutist wings parachute Jumpmaster are qualified but have not yet met the requirements of Master Parachutist Wings. Master Parachutist Wings led the most experienced skydivers.

Safety Parachute Base

American paratroopers receive training in a number of areas to ensure they arrive on the battlefield safely. They learn to respond to a premature deployment of the parachute aircraft the need to strengthen your landline in the hands of security or the assistant jumps to avoid the line wrapped around the bridge and following procedures appropriate if the aircraft has an emergency. The five-point performance, a system of measures has taught paratroopers jumping to be held successfully to reach the floor of the aircraft, are also observed.

Five points of performance

Before each operation in air a jumpmaster works by airborne "training organized" script, which contains a number of performance points. Although the script is recited paratroopers perform actions that will make the jump from the aircraft while it is observed to ensure they perform properly.

The first action item is "appropriate output, check body position and tell." Here, the eyes are open, the chin is on the chest, elbows in tight sides and the hands are on the ends of the reserve parachute with fingers spread. The body is slightly bent forward at the waist, feet and knees together and knees locked at the rear. This posture ensures that the bridge will not fall not in the aircraft and ensure that the parachute is deployed properly. Exit number of aircraft slow four miles (one thousand two … thousand …) is running and if no opening shock is felt the reserve parachute is immediately activated.

The second action item is "Check canopy and immediately gain control of the canopy. "To take control of the parachute canopy MC1-1D, reached the bridge, provides both AC and disassemble at eye level, while a check of 360 degrees from the crown of it. To take control of covered T-10D parachute, the jumper reaches, these four groups at the same time a check of 360 degrees from its wing.

Once control of the parachute victories, the third point of the action is "Be Careful monitoring of all bridges throughout the descent. "This covers the three rules of the air: always look before you slip, slide in the direction away to avoid collisions, and the lower deck has the right of way. A fifty-foot separation must be maintained for all bridges to reach the ground.

The fourth point of performance is "Slip / turn into the wind and prepare to land." About 200 feet (60 m) above ground level verification is carried out under the bridge and then the computer is reduced. When jumping with an MC1-1D parachute, the change in the wind about 200 feet (60 m) above the level soil. If the wind blows from right to left, the right knob is pulled and the elbow locked. Once facing the wind lever is left slowly to avoid oscillations. If the wind blows from the bridge on your forehead, or a change may be triggered. If the wind blows over its rear axles, only small corrections must be made to stand facing the wind. When a parachute jump from T-10D, the sheet in the wind holds about 100 feet (30 m) above ground level. If the wind blows from left right, the bridge reaches the top of the left wing and shoots down into the chest, which held until landing. If the wind blows from the rear front, which will reach the top of their rear risers and pull down on the chest and keep them until the soil. If the wind blows in front of their rear axles, the front risers are pulled down in the chest and held it until landing. After the bridge is dropped or changed in the wind, which implies an attitude to prepare the ground, keeping your feet and knees together, knees slightly bent, chin, elbows on the sides, chest and eyes open.

The fifth point of performance is "the earth". A waterfall landing by pressing five points: the toes, calves, thighs, buttocks, and the pull-up muscle. One set Drinking release is activated, while on the ground to avoid being dragged along the ground by parachute. The harness can be removed and the soldier is ready to move forward.

Technical

The paratroopers of the 2nd REP. Two soldiers from their parachutes tangled main parachute and reserve opened their targets as a precaution.

Military static line jumps between 250 and 350 meters (800 to 1,200 feet). Bridges without the team is called "bridges Hollywood." Bridges with the backpack and the gun is called "the fight against equipped", while the bridges are known as weapons that "the fight against the light" (Not to be confused with "Combat Jump"). typical combat fake bags vary in weight from 35 pounds (16 kg) more than 110 pounds (50 kg). The paratroopers are also required to attend during the day and night, for training and actual combat. T-10D parachute is not adjustable and falls to about 1.821 feet per second. The MC-1D is a little easier to handle and has a forward speed of about 8 knots (15 mph) and speed drop of 15 feet per second (4.6 m / s).

"Combat Jump" (Panama, for example, during Operation Just Cause) are executed at low altitude, generally a little over 150 meters (500 feet). At that time, the parachute is useless. These low altitude decrease the time skydivers in the air thereby reducing the possibility of being observed, and the ability to take fire, and minimize the potential risks associated with drift (eg entanglements, leap frog). Jump veterans receive a small bronze star jump leads in the respective wings air, one for each successful jump into a combat zone.

parachute jump from a variety of aircraft. Current aircraft High performance include the C-130, C-17, CASA 212, C-130/MC-130, and C-5 (not an exhaustive list, but only the most common plane). Most jumps are the side doors of the airplane door alternate technique. However, sometimes the breaks are designated tailgate when the tailgate is reduced and output bridges hindlimb of the aircraft. Some aircraft are designated tailgate, as in the CASA-212, CH-47 and CH-53. Jumping from helicopters and CH-47 CH-53 and UH-60 are possible but not very frequent, with the exception of special operations that are used almost exclusively.

Sharp drop paratroopers joined forces to help the mission. Heavy equipment is moved from fraud in large-diameter (100 ') in parachute load equipment in aluminum platforms called pallets. Equipment can vary in size light combat vehicles and artillery of heavy construction equipment. drop heavy equipment is a complex process that requires the installation experience for Parachute for cargo handling in the air parachutes balance the load. This is important because the load must be stable, without fluctuations and must be located vertically, because it affects the earth. During operations air, heavy equipment falls just before the staff and expenses may be combined in the same plane.

Breakdowns

There two types of parachute malfunctions a complete breakdown and partial failure. A complete malfunction means the parachute does not provide any lift capacity, so that the reservation must be enabled. There are several types of partial failures to act, depending on the severity and the effect fails.

History

Main article: Airborne forces

Empire of Japan

Main article: Teishin shudan

shudan Teishin (group raids?) Was a Japanese forces special air unit during the Second World War. The unit was a division level force, and was part of the Imperial Japanese Army Air Force (IJAAF).

It was commanded by a general division and was organized as follows: as follows:

Headquarters Company (220 soldiers)

aviation brigade

Assault Brigade

two regiments of infantry glider

artillery raids company (120 soldiers)

raid signals about the company (140 people)

Raids engineer company (250 soldiers)

France

Constant "Marin" Duclos was the first French soldier to make a parachute jump 17 November 1915. We conducted 23 trials and exhibition parachute drops smoothly to demonstrate the system and overcome the prejudices of these airmen had rescue teams.

In 1935, Captain Geille French Air Force created the Avignon-Pujaut Parachute School was established in Moscow after the Soviet Academy Airborne. From there, the army French has created two combat units called Groups dnfanterie ITA.

After the defeat of France, General Charles de Gaulle formed ITA dnfanterie 1st Company in September 1940 by members of the Free French forces who had escaped to Great Britain. He became the League of Hunters paratrooper in October 1941. In June 1942, these units fought in Crete and Cyrenaica in June 1942 with the British SAS First Regiment. As part of the brigade SAS, two independent French SAS units were also created, in addition to other French airborne units. It worked 1945.

In May 1943, the first paratrooper regiment hunter was created from the 601E Infantry Group of the Air and 3rd and 4th battalions of Corps Air (BIA). The 2nd and 3rd Parachute regiment hunting followed in July 1944.

During the Normandy invasion forces France fought Airborne Normandy and Brittany. The first Allied soldier to land in France was the French captain Pierre Marienne SAS jumped in Britain on June 5 The first Allied soldier killed in the liberation of France was the Emilio Boutard the 4 th Battalion dnfanterie of Lir, also in Great Britain. French paratroopers also fought with the SAS in Northern France and the Loire Valley. The 1st Parachute Regiment conducted operations Shock Provence.

After the Second World War, the French army after the war of the Fourth Republic has created several new air units. Among them, Colonial Parachute Battalion (PCBs), based in Vannes Meucon, Metropolitan Colonial Parachute Parachute and Parachute Battalions Foreigners (Foreign Legion French), who have coexisted until 1954. During the First Indochina War, a Vietnam Parachute Battalion was established (BPVN) in South Asia. In total, 150 different air operations took place in Indochina between 1945 and 1954. These included five combat missions against the main strongholds of Viet Minh and areas of concentration.

When the French left Vietnam in 1954, all battalions of the air have been updated Over the next two years. Only the French Air Force Commandos de l'Air (Air Force) were excluded. In 1956, the 2nd Colonial Parachute Regiment took part in the Suez crisis.

Then the French army parachute regiments of the Army Airborne in aggregated into two divisions in 1956. Division paratroopers tenth (10th Airborne Division, 10th DP) was under the command of General Jacques Massu and General Henri Sauvagnac took the 25th Airborne Division (25th Airborne Division, 25th DP). Again the Air Command remained under the command of the Air Force.

In the fifties in Algeria, the FLN launched its war of independence. French paratroopers units were used as cons-insurgency by the French army. It was the first time in the operations of troops used helicopters in the Air Assault air and fire support.

But after the coup in Algiers, the 10th and 25th Airborne Divisions were disbanded and their regiments were merged into the Light Intervention Division (Division Lgre intervention). This division became the 11th Airborne Division (11e Airborne Division, HB 11e) in 1971.

After the Cold War, the French army and revamped to become the 11th DP Parachute Brigade 11 in 1999.

In the 21 th century, the French air units were merged with the mountain troops and special forces units to create the Special Operations Command (SOCOM U.S. equivalent).

Italy

Main article: Paracadutisti

Italian paratroopers of the Army

Folgore Parachute Brigade is the largest unit of the Italian army paratrooper, a second unit smaller is the 4th Alpini Regiment of the Matterhorn.

The Light Infantry Folgore functions as the fall air and the transport capacity air, equipped with mechanized forces modest part of the projection of a commando units to the AU.

The first units of Italian parachutists were trained and formed shortly before the Second World War Castelbenito near Tripoli, where he was the first school Skydiving military.

The first troops trained two battalions of the Royal Colonial Libya. Added to this are the first battalion of Italian troops, and the Carabinieri Parachute Battalion.

Later, in Italy, was extended to staff Castelbenito School Tarquinia and became the first elements of the future Division Folgore.

In 1941, a paratrooper division has been completed and the designated 185th Folgore Parachute Division, who was trained to attack in Malta in Operation Hercules. During the war in Africa has been involved in Operations ground combat in North Africa.

Folgore Division heroic behavior during the Second Battle of El Alamein, which was attacked by six British divisions, two armored and four infantry, and the respect and admiration of the English enemies. The Folgore Division paratroopers had already proved its value when, in late September gave a confession local short attack of the 31st brigade of British infantry.

The 185th Regiment is part of the Folgore Parachute Brigade, in charge of training and preparation of the unit, but it depends on the technical-functional and therefore for employment in the country, the commander of Canadian Special Operations Forces (COFS) until the other units of the basin FS / FSO Army, Incursori Task Force (GOI) of Marine Force Unit Incursori Aeronautics and functions as the Special Intervention Group (SIG) police officers.

Previously Parachute Field Artillery unit, and forms the basis of the Special Operations Forces of the Italian army from the time of their main tasks have become the establishment, acquisition objects (Two for you conducted in hostile territory) and the guide laser intelligent devices that you disconnected by the airlines. Its use, in fact, returns in respect of special operations for operation of military intelligence and complete control of fire to commit the objects that give high priority.

Officers, NCOs and soldiers of the unit are recruited through competitive examinations announced publicly by the army, but the possibility is a preview for power source also comes with staff in the call (and upstream of the psycho-physical) of other Army units. Note To achieve uyer impegnativa is much of the period of about two years (required to get the parachute military leave is previewed training iter);

The regiment was involved in Afghanistan and Iraq

The Brigade has been used in numerous peacekeeping missions in recent years.

Lebanon, 1982 (one of the first international peacekeeping missions). In 1991, an Airborne Battle Group was in Kurdistan in the image of the mission Airone talfor humanitarian aid. Since July 1992, the brigade staff provided to the operation Espri Siciliani (territorial control and defense sensitive objects you on the national territory). The Folgore participated in Operation Restore Hope in Somalia from December 3, 1992 to September 1993. Parts of the brigade have been used repeatedly Balkans (missions IFOR / SFOR in Bosnia and KFOR in Kosovo), with the multinational force Albania INTERFETd and mission in East Timor. The Folgore participated since August 2005 September 2005 Babylon operation in Iraq. In August 2007 he took part in Operation Leonte 2 to Lebanon under the aegis of the UN (Resolution 1701), following the war between Israel and Hezbollah in the summer 2006.

Germany

Main article: Fallschirmjger

units Fallschirmjger result of the invasion in the air for the first Once when he invaded Denmark April 9, 1940 as part of Operation Weserbung. In the early morning hours, attacked and took control of the fortress Aalborg Airport and Masne. The fort was positioned as Masner Storstrm monitoring the bridge between the islands of Falster and Masner – on the main road south of Copenhagen. Aalborg Airport has played a key role as a refueling station for the Luftwaffe in the biggest invasion of Norway. In the assault even the bridges around Aalborg were taken. Fallschirmjger also used in the Netherlands against the Netherlands, although its use against The Hague failed. After the Battle of Crete 1941 was a Pyrrhic victory because of significant low.

So later in the war, the assets of the 7th Air Division Fallschirmjger were re-organized and used as the nucleus of a new series of elite infantry divisions the Luftwaffe, starting a series with the 1 st Division Fallschirmjger. These courses organized and equipped as infantry divisions motorized, and often plays a "fire brigade" role on the Western Front. Its components are often in the battlefield as ad hoc battle groups (Kampfgruppe) separated by a division or organized a number of properties available. In accordance with standard German practice these were called by the name of his commander, Erdmann Group in France and Ramcke parachute brigade in northern Africa.

After mid-1944 are no longer Fallschirmjger trained as paratroops due to the reality of the strategic situation, but maintained the honorable Fallschirmjger. Towards the end of the war, the number of new Fallschirmjger divisions extend to more than a dozen, with a concomitant reduction in quality in the largest number of units of the series. These divisions was the 9th Division Fallschirmjger, which was the final parachute division to be raised by Germany during the Second World War. The Russian army has destroyed Division during the Battle of Berlin in April 1945. The weapons were issued Fallshirmjager specialized than the FG 42 and helmets specially designed.

Russia

Main article: Russian air forces

Russian paratroopers

Airborne Russian Troops have been trained for the first time in the Soviet Union in the mid-1930s. They have increased massively during the Second World War which are more numerous than ten independent Airborne Airborne Corps Brigades, most or all achieve the status of the Guard. The 9th Guards Army was eventually formed with three Guards Rifle (37,38,39) of airborne divisions. One of the new units was 100 Airborne Division.

At the end of the war that have been reconstituted into divisions Guards Rifle. They were subsequently rebuilt during the Cold War, possibly the formation of seven airborne divisions, an airborne regiment and sixteen independent Air Assault Brigade. These divisions have been trained their own controls (VDV-Vozdushno Desantnye Voyska) to give the Soviets a rapid strike force to spearhead strategic military operations.

After the collapse of the Soviet Union, was a reduction division of the air. VDV three divisions were dissolved and a brigade and a training center of a brigade size.

VDV troops have participated in the rapid deployment of Russian forces in and around the airport Pristina during the Kosovo war. They were also deployed in Chechnya as a bridgehead for other forces active in follow.

United Kingdom

The Parachute Regiment has its origins in the elite commando force created by the British Army at the request of Winston Churchill during the initial phase of the Second World War. Churchill had been a fan of the concept of air warfare since the First World War, when he proposed the creation of a force that could attack the German flank behind the trenches of Western Front electricity static. In 1940 and due to Dunkirk, Churchill's interest was captured again by the idea of taking the fight to Europe – The air is now a way to storm a number of water hazards … in all parts of the canal to the Mediterranean and the Orient. "

Enthusiasts British armed forces was inspired by the creation of airborne forces (including the regiment Parachute Air Landing Regiments, and the Glider Pilot Regiment) Fallschirmjger the example of the German Luftwaffe, which had an important role in the invasion of Norway and the Netherlands, in particular the attack on Fort Eben-Emael in Belgium, and a role, but expensive to invasion Crete. From the perspective of others, however, the proposal in the units of the air had a fundamental weakness: it requires exactly the same resources the ability of strategic bombers, another high priority, and also competes poorly with the strategic airlift capability extended essential to the strategy of Churchill in the Far East. Reoperation was necessary to ensure the continuity of the planes Churchill been spent on projects enough air to make it viable.

first attack of the British Air was held February 10, 1941 when the was then known as II Special Air Service (some 37 men of 500 trained in the No. 2 command and three Italian players), parachuted into Italy to Skip aqueduct in a daring raid named Operation Colossus. After the Battle of Crete, it was agreed that Great Britain had many parachute other similar transactions. Commandment No. 2 took care of that specializes in air assault and became the nucleus of the Parachute Regiment. Most scale declines in Sicily in 1943 was poor, and some commanders have concluded the experiment was a failure in the air .. Yet once took the reoperation of senior British politicians, faced with the potential needs of D-Day, to continue the growth of the assets of the British Air.

Large drops completed during the Normandy invasion (see Operation Tonga), under the command of General Richard Gale, but the Arnhem Operation Market Garden against the command of General Frederick Browning were less successful, and demonstrated in the famous phrase, to be a bridge too far. Later, large drops, like the Rhine in Operation Varsity, they succeeded, but less ambitious in its intention to take earth. After the war, there was intense debate within the liquidity crisis the British Armed Forces on the value of airborne forces. Many have noted the unique contribution they had made in the campaign. Others noted that the costs and the dire need for strict priority. During the debate, the contribution of British forces in the air in the rooms in the Far East has been minimized, perhaps, to the detriment long Following the discussion.

United States

WWII U.S. Paratroopers

The first U.S. Air Unit Test squad was formed by the 29th Infantry Regiment, in July 1940. The platoon leader Lt. William T. was Ryder, who made the first parachute jump U.S. Army August 13, 1940 at Lawson Field, Fort Benning, Georgia from a B-18. It was immediately followed by William N. private, the first enlisted soldier to make a parachute jump.

Although air units are not popular among the senior commanders U.S. Army President Franklin D. Roosevelt championed the concept and organized the Major-General William C. Read the platoon of paratroopers in the first place. This led the provisional Parachute Panel, then the United States Airborne Command. General Lee was the first commander of the parachuting school New to Fort Benning, west-central Georgia.

The U.S. military referred to Major General William C. Lee as the father the Airborne.

The first battle the U.S. Army Go was near Oran, Algeria, North Africa in November 8, 1942 conducted by elements of the 509th Parachute Infantry. For the role of paratroopers in the U.S. see the landing in Normandy Normandy in the air.

See also

1 ª Raider / Paratrooper Brigade Hellenic Army

2 REP

3. Kayseri Hava ndirme Tugay

3rd Battalion The Royal Regiment of Australia

4 Alpini Regiment

4th Battalion, Royal Australian Regiment

Fourth Brigade Combat Team (Airborne), 25th Infantry Division

10th Parachute Brigade

Airborne Army Corps of 15, the People's Liberation Army of China

16th Air Assault Brigade

Parachute Regiment 44 (Africa South)

Parachute Rifle Brigade (Mexico)

63rd Battalion Parachute

173d Aviation Brigade (United States)

The Naval Air Liaison shots

In the air force (on the role of paratroopers)

Police Regiment "Tuscania"

Folgore Parachute Brigade

HALO / HAHO

Spotters

Parachute

UK Parachute Regiment

Parachute Regiment (India)

Parachute Regiment

Parachute rigger

Para-Commando Brigade (Belgium)

Parachute Brigade (IDF)

Pathfinder Platoon

Pathfinders (military)

Skydiving

Smokejumper

SAS

Static line

Treejumping

U.S. Airborne Division 11

USA 13 Airborne Division

U.S. 17th Airborne Division ("Storm Heaven")

U.S. 82 Airborne Division ("All American")

U.S. 101st Airborne Division ("Screaming Eagles ")

U.S. XVIII Airborne Corps

U.S. Navy Parachute Team ("leapfrog")

United States Army Rangers

U.S. Army Special Forces

Utti Jaeger Regiment (for the Finnish Jaeger Battalion Airborne)

References

^ Http: / / www.ejection-history.org.uk/project/live_tests.htm

^ Reprinted in Victor Blunt, the user Air Force. Military Service Publishing Company, Harrisburg, 1943: ix-PPV.

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