MacSphere Community:http://hdl.handle.net/11375/174
Sun, 15 Sep 2019 09:41:59 GMT2019-09-15T09:41:59ZThe long-term economic integration of resettled refugees in Canada: A comparison of Privately Sponsored Refugees and Government-Assisted Refugeeshttp://hdl.handle.net/11375/24590
Title: The long-term economic integration of resettled refugees in Canada: A comparison of Privately Sponsored Refugees and Government-Assisted Refugees
Authors: Kaida, Lisa; Hou, Feng; Stick, Max
Abstract: Private refugee sponsorship has been an important Canadian policy initiative for 40 years. It is now attracting international attention as Europe grapples with an influx of refugees. However, no Canadian research has evaluated the long-term refugee economic integration associated with private sponsorship, in comparison to government assistance, using rigorous multivariate analysis. This study compares the economic outcomes of Privately Sponsored Refugees (PSRs) with those of Government-Assisted Refugees (GARs) using the Longitudinal Immigration Database, administrative data on virtually all immigrants and refugees arriving in Canada since 1980. Our regression analysis finds PSRs maintain higher employment rates and earnings than GARs up to 15 years after arrival when measurable compositional differences between the two groups are adjusted. The PSR advantage is particularly noticeable among less educated refugees. The findings suggest unmeasured factors (e.g. effectiveness of settlement policies, refugee selection processes, societal reception of refugees) may partly explain PSRs’ long-term economic advantage.Tue, 04 Jun 2019 00:00:00 GMThttp://hdl.handle.net/11375/245902019-06-04T00:00:00ZHunting ‘bosses,’ inequality and the question of exploitation: structures and practices in James Bay Cree societyhttp://hdl.handle.net/11375/24588
Title: Hunting ‘bosses,’ inequality and the question of exploitation: structures and practices in James Bay Cree society
Authors: Feit, Harvey A.
Abstract: This analysis explores the complex and reticulate relationships between Waswanipi Cree symbolic structures, social practices, and the material conditions of hunting. The analyses of contemporary processes are presented around the issue of the nature of the social inequality arising from the contemporary Cree hunting territory leadership and the related question of whether these inequalities are associated with forms of exploitation. These findings and questions build on and revise long-standing accounts of the egalitarian bases of James Bay Cree society. Cree elders teach and legitimate social reality by pointing to experiential knowledge of material being, and in doing so they open the possibility of seeing the Cree world as a social construction which socially located persons reconstruct in everyday action. On the other hand, in that very process they also recreate the social order and the social hierarchy, because even when they point to the ambiguity of experience and structure, they reaffirm their privileged position as bearers of this knowledge and as socially recognized authorities controlling access to hunting territories and resources. Inequality may thus be exposed as socially constructed in the same process that its existence and value is asserted and re-affirmed. Inequality thus becomes discussible, but it is not reduced to a structure without substance, without links to material conditions; it creates respected hunters. On examination, evidence confirms the widely shared assessment among diverse Cree hunters that hunting leaders do provide material benefits by managing game to sustain abundance, benefits which accrue to all hunters as reciprocity works so all have access to wildlife.
Description: This is an idea, discussion and lecture paper. Earlier versions of this paper were given in: 1984 - London School of Economics and Political Science, “Structures and Praxis of Cree Hunting;” 1985 - University of Manchester, “Hunting ‘Bosses,’ Inequality and the Question of Exploitation in Cree Society,” University of Tromsø, “James Bay Cree Hunting as Structure and Practice,” and University of Copenhagen, “Structures and Praxis of Cree Hunting.”Thu, 01 Jan 1987 00:00:00 GMThttp://hdl.handle.net/11375/245881987-01-01T00:00:00Z“Breakdown and Survival of a Conservation System: Waswanipi Game Management in Historical Perspective and Stories.”http://hdl.handle.net/11375/24587
Title: “Breakdown and Survival of a Conservation System: Waswanipi Game Management in Historical Perspective and Stories.”
Authors: Feit, Harvey A.
Abstract: This paper examines how local game management conservation systems have to be understood historically, as local and regional cultural practices, and as linked with national and international economic and political conditions and interventions. In the 1920s and 1930s in the Waswanipi region of northern Québec, Cree hunters abandoned certain practices related to their own conservation models because of external interventions. It was not the existing extent of the depletion of game by competing outside hunters, but the perception of the foreseeable consequences of their intrusion which was sufficient to provoke a breakdown of some Waswanipi conservation practices. But conservation breakdown was not an unplanned total abandonment of game management. When the long-term management objectives were perceived as unachievable by means of Waswanipi conservation hunting for particular game species the practice of hunting limitations was abandoned in practice by steps over the course of a decade. The models for action remained, and still guided decisions and practices for those species whose conservation hunting was not threatened because they were not targeted by the outside hunters. Waswanipi also sought new and innovative means of re-establishing conditions in which conservation in conformity with their ideas and practices would again make sense and be achievable for depleted game populations, including their introduction of new community-wide constraints, and by seeking cooperative action from governments.
Description: This paper draws from data and research presented in my PhD Dissertation, where a somewhat different focus is developed (Feit 1978: 1087-1130). Earlier versions of this paper were presented at the: 1981 American Anthropological Association Annual Meeting (Los Angeles); 1982 Canadian Anthropology Society Annual Meeting (University of British Columbia); 1982 American Anthropological Association Annual Meeting (Washington, D.C.); and the 1983 International Congress of Anthropological and Ethnological Sciences (Université Laval). Summaries of this analysis were later presented in: Feit 1986, “James Bay Cree Indian Management and Moral Considerations of Fur-bearers,” in Native People and Renewable Resource Management, 1986 Symposium of the Alberta Society of Professional Biologists (ASPB), Edmonton: ASPB. Pp. 49-65; and, 1988, “Self Management and State Management: Forms of Knowing and Managing Northern Wildlife,” in Traditional Knowledge and Renewable Resource Management in Northern Regions, Milton M.R. Freeman and Ludwig N. Carbyn, eds., Edmonton: Boreal Institute for Northern Studies, and International Union for the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources, Pp. 72-91. In later research I expanded the analyses of the historical context, processes and consequences of the conservation developments of this period, see: Feit 2005, “Re-Cognizing Co-Management as Co-Governance: Histories and Visions of Conservation at James Bay,” Anthropologica 47 (2): 267-288.Sat, 01 Jan 1983 00:00:00 GMThttp://hdl.handle.net/11375/245871983-01-01T00:00:00ZThe Future of Hunters Within Nation-states: Anthropological Theories and Practices, and James Bay Creehttp://hdl.handle.net/11375/24504
Title: The Future of Hunters Within Nation-states: Anthropological Theories and Practices, and James Bay Cree
Authors: Feit, Harvey A.
Abstract: The central question that arises today from the developments occurring within hunting and other non-industrial societies concerns the nature and diversity of the transformations which occur when societies become less isolated and must increasingly relate to and respond to nation state political and bureaucratic structures and to international economic institutions. In increasingly diverse ways hunting and other peoples themselves are actively playing a determining role in the transformations they themselves are undergoing. Some hunting peoples have adopted new means by which to seek to restructure their relationships with state and market institutions in terms of their continued and enhanced autonomy. Anthropologists are being called upon in such situations to play new roles, roles that often require them not only to criticize the societies in which their own professional work is embedded, but to go beyond such critiques to evaluate / discover / create means by which other societies can achieve their own futures in the face of large-scale political and economic interventions. It is a situation in which anthropological understanding and theory must be both applied and developed in the same process. These issues are discussed here primarily with examples drawn from recent research with a hunting people of the Canadian north, the James Bay Cree. This paper is composed of four parts: (1) a brief resume of recent developments in the Canadian north; (2) a critical analysis of previous anthropological assessments of the changes being undergone by hunting societies in the light of recent data on Cree hunters in Quebec; (3) an account of the nature of the dependences encountered by the Cree in interaction with the state; and (4) an account of some new and innovative responses initiated by the Cree designed to enhance their autonomy in the face of present changes. The paper concludes that many anthropological theories of change involve assumptions that local changes originate primarily externally, and more particularly that local-level responses are simply reactive, the local population having neither the power nor the means to generate unique or effective responses. But it is clear from the analyses presented here that societies have not been simply passive in the face of external changes, and that many have sought to set and met important objectives. We need to move from the single-focus study of dependency, to a wider framework that, without abandoning such study, also includes study of the means of action by which effective practices of autonomy may be sustained and created among the constraints causing dependence.
Description: An original version of this paper was pre-circulated for the 1978 Conference on Hunters
and Gatherers held in Paris, June 27-30 as, “The Future of Hunters Within Nation States; and the Theory and Practice of Anthropologists.” One thread of discussions at this conference was led by anthropologists working closely with several Indigenous peoples in Canada, Australia and the United States who were facing large scale resource developments or making substantial claims for recognition of their land rights and governance. This led to the inclusion of an additional session at the conference on the implications of these developments. The paper presented here is an expanded post-conference version. The conference discussions also profoundly shaped the major theme of the published volume that was developed from the conference. A version of this paper appeared in that volume as: “The Future of Hunters Within Nation States: Anthropology and the James Bay Cree,” in Politics and History in Band Societies, Eleanor Leacock and Richard Lee, eds. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, Pp. 373-417. A copy of my pre-conference paper is included with this MacSphere entry.Thu, 01 Jan 1981 00:00:00 GMThttp://hdl.handle.net/11375/245041981-01-01T00:00:00Z