The Ford Trimotor or as it was known by its popular name, the "Tin Goose," was a successful 1920s airliner that was operated by many counties throughout Europe as well as in Africa, Asia, Australia, South America and the United States. It was used by nearly all the major US carriers and carried eight to seventeen passengers plus a two-man crew. It played a dominant role in establishing domestic routes throughout the United States, until it was eclipsed in 1934 by the next generation of all-metal airlines, the Boeing 247 and Douglas DC-2. 199 Trimotors were produced and it made its inaugural flight on June 11, 1926.1

The development of the Trimotor begins in 1925 with the Ford Reliability Tour, sponsored by Henry Ford, to showcase his renewed interest in aviation. One of the contestants, Dutch aviation pioneer Anthony Fokker, entered the Fokker F.VIIa-3m tri-motor in the tour. The Fokker aircraft was originally a single-engine aircraft, but Fokker developed it into a tri-motor powered by three 200 hp Wright J-4 Whirlwind engines, specifically for this event, and his airplane easily won the contest. Realizing the future potential of civil transports, Ford decided that he wanted to get back into the aviation manufacturing business. Ford had a longtime interest in aviation since 1909 and his company built Liberty engines during World War I. He also built the first modern airport in Dearborn, Michigan with concrete runways.2

Ford set his sights on the Stout Metal Airplane Company that he had previously invested in. The company was owned by William B. Stout, who produced the "Air Pullman" and the 2-AT mailplane. The 2-AT was a single-engine, all-metal, high-wing cantilever monoplane powered by a Liberty L-12 engine. In 1925, Ford bought the company and had the Stout engineers develop the 2-AT into a tri-motor. The result was the 3-AT, but it was a miserable failure and then the aircraft was destroyed in a suspicious hangar fire. Furious, Henry Ford put his chief engineers, Harold Hicks and Thomas Towle, in charge and they developed the 4-AT. It was powered by three 200 hp Wright J-4 Whirlwind engines and it was an immediate success.3

The 4-AT-A carried eight passengers and had a crew of two in an open cockpit and was powered by three 200 hp Wright J-4 Whirlwind engines. In 1927, this was followed with an improved 4-AT-B with a larger wingspan, seating for twelve passengers and was powered by three 220 hp J-5 Whirlwinds. The last version of this series was the 4-AT-F powered by three 300 hp J-6 Whirlwinds. Total 4-AT production was 78.

The next series was the 5-AT-A with a larger wingspan and seating for thirteen passengers. This was followed by the 5-AT-B with fifteen seats and then the 5-AT-C and D with seventeen seats. The crew consisted of three, two pilots and one flight attendant. All models were powered by 420 hp Pratt & Whitney Wasp radials. Total 5-AT production was 117.

Additional aircraft production included three 6-AT-As powered by 300 hp Wright J-6 engines and one 8-AT freighter making the total production as 199 Trimotors. The 9-AT, 11-AT and 13-AT were conversions of either the 4-AT or 5-AT. The 10-AT and 12-A were unbuilt projects and the 40-seat 14-A was never flown.

When the Trimotor was first built, the service life of the plane was only expected to be 2,500 hours.4 However, Trimotors remained in service long after they were expected to be retired, creating a testament as to the quality of and workmanship of the airplane. This set a new standard for the expected service life of future aircraft.

The Ford Trimotor was of all-metal construction of three-layered "Alclad" aluminum sheeting. The sheeting core metal was duralumin which had coatings of pure aluminum on either side, making it highly resistant to corrosion, even at the edges and where it was riveted.5 This process created a material that was very durable and long lasting. The metal sheeting was also corrugated which provided additional strength, but also increased drag thus decreasing overall performance. Unlike most aircraft at the time, the flight controls were also all-metal rather than fabric covered. Flight controls were normally fabric covered to reduce weight and were easier to balance.

The Ford Trimotor's corrugated skin gave additional strength, but also increased drag.

The airplane used simple systems that were easier to maintain and gave it a reputation for ruggedness. The flight control cables were routed outside of the fuselage as was common at the time and engine gauges were mounted outside on the engine cowling to be viewed by the pilot from the cockpit.

The Ford Trimotor pioneered coast-to-coast airline service in the United States. Transcontinental Air Transport, the future TWA, provided regularly scheduled flights from New York to California. Not all of the trip was by air. Passengers would normally fly by day, and ride aboard sleeper trains at night. The journey took 48 hours. Pan American Airways used the Trimotor extensively in Central America and South American, and made their first international flights from Key West, Florida to Havana, Cuba. The Trimotor also served as military transports. The US Navy received nine of the 4-AT and 5-AT versions from 1927, while the USAAC received thirteen.6

There were several notable flights for the Ford Trimotor. A Ford 4-AT Trimotor, named Floyd Bennett, flew on an expedition over the South Pole, led by Richard E. Byrd who was accompanied by three other men. The round trip flight took approximately 19 hours. Another Ford 4-AT Trimotor, serial number 10 built in 1927, made many notable flights by
Charles Lindbergh and Amelia Earhart.

A Ford Trimotor placed next to a TWA Boeing 707 during a promotional tour (circa 1966).