Small Scale Businesses help every economy to achieve industrial growth and industrial diversification. Small Scale Business Enterprises are mainly of four different categories:

1.Small Scale Industrial Undertaking

A Business Enterprise will be called Small Scale Business Undertaking if Investment in Fixed Assets, in Plant and Machinery, whether held on Ownership basis or on Lease or on Hire Purchase does not exceed 10 million Rupees and it is in no way owned, controlled or subsidiary of any other industrial undertaking. Here it should be explained that if two or more enterprises are set up by a same person as a sole proprietor, each such enterprise shall be considered to be controlled by the other industrial undertaking or undertakings. If two or more undertakings are set up as partnership firms and one or more partners are common, then each enterprise shall be considered as controlled by other industrial undertakings. In such cases none of these business enterprises will be graded as Small Scale Industrial Undertaking even if Investment is below 10 million. Here it should also be mentioned that investment in Plant and Machinery includes cost of tools, dies, spare parts for maintenance, R&D equipments, pollution control equipments, generator sets, fire-fighting equipments, cost of installation of plant and machinery, cost of transportation of machinery and cost of import duty, sales tax, shipping charges in case of imported machinery.

2.Ancillary Industrial Undertakings

Ancillary Industrial Undertaking is that business enterprise which is engaged in manufacturing and supplying of parts, components and intermediaries or is engaged in providing services by the amount not less than 50% of its total production or services and the total investment in fixed assets, in plant and machinery, whether held on ownership basis or on lease or on hire purchase does not exceed 10 million rupees.

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PROJECT TOPIC : SMALL AND MEDIUMSCALE ENTERPRISES DEVELOPMENT IN NIGERIA (A Case Study of Cassava Processing Industry)
PROJECT PROPOSAL
BACKGROUND TO THE STUDY
Interest in the development of small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) and their contribution in the development process continue to be in the forefront of policy debates in developing countries. The advantages claimed for SMEs are various, including: the encouragement of entrepreneurship; the greater likelihood that SMEs will utilise labour intensive technologies and thus have an immediate impact on employment generation; they can usually be established rapidly and put into operation to produce quick returns. SME development can encourage the process of both inter- and intra-regional decentralisation; and, they may well become a countervailing force against the economic power of larger enterprises. More generally the development of SMEs is seen as accelerating the achievement of wider economic and socio-economic objectives, including poverty alleviation.
Staley and Morse (1965) identify a ‘developmental approach’ to SME promotion which has as its objective the creation of ‘economically viable enterprises which can stand on their own feet without perpetual subsidy and can make a positive contribution to the growth of real income and therefore to better living levels’. This approach emphasises the importance of efficiency in new SMEs. Small producers must be...

...wordpress.com/2008/01/27/large-scale-manufacturing/
The manufacturing sector grew at an average rate of 8 percent from the sixties to the eighties, but fell to 3.9 percent during the nineties. This was mainly caused by reduction in investment levels due to lack of continuity and consistency in policies. Political instability law and order position in the major industrial centers, transport bottlenecks, as well as unreliability and inadequate availability of power supply at affordable rates were additional factors pulling down the sector.
The sector has shown impressive recovery recently and has grown at a compound rate of 10.9 percent per annum during 2001 – 05, with LargeScale Manufacturing (LSM) growing even faster, becoming 19.9% in 2005.
The contribution of Large-Scale Manufacturing at basic prices stand at Rs 844 billion as compared with Rs 264 billion in 2000-01, figures from the Census of Large-Scale Manufacturing Industries (CMI) 2005-06 show.
LSM contribution to GDP also called as Gross Value Added (GVA) at producers’ prices has been estimated at Rs 912 billion as compared with the previous Census 2000-01 amount of Rs 280 billion.Political and macroeconomic stability, rationalization of tariffs, increase in investments, improved utilization of productive capacity, and growth in demand for manufactured products, resulting from higher...

...development of small scale enterprises in Nigeria and for the development, growth and survival of any economy. The development of small scale enterprises not only contributes significantly to imposed standard, they also bring substantial local capital formation and achieve high level of productivity.
Small and mediumscales are crucial to the development of all economies of the world. They are the modern day’s incubators of job opportunities, they provide the way for developing local technologies, raw materials and serve as the foundation of self-reliance to many countries of the world.
Small and medium enterprises predominate all over the world with labor intensive method of production. The operation of small and medium enterprises not only requires less capital per worker, but also per unit labor added. Hence, cost industrialization and industrial job are not high SME’s offer the most efficient form of business.
The definition of small and medium enterprises tends to differ among countries. Thus there is no universally accepted definition. This arises from difference in industrial organization of the countries at different level of economic development in part of the same country. It is also important to recognize that the definition change over time.
For the purpose of this research however, small and mediumscale enterprises is...

...5/24/2013
SMALL AND MEDIUMSCALEBUSINESS MARKETING STRATEGIES AND IDEAS (DO IT YOURSELF) Volume one
By Emomotimi O. Waratimi
ABSTRACT The main idea of this book is to give a business owner or someone that intend going into business different business marketing strategies and how to make a plan from this strategies inorder to promote his or her business to reach their clients. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I want to express my profound gratitude to God almighty for giving me the inspiration and idea to compile this book. Also, I will like to thank my parents for their immense provision and support. I will like to appreciate Pressy Ebimobowei Waratimi the Deputy CEO and founder of Rakeone Music, Rakeone Films and Rakeone TV for his immense support. I like to thank Slimface Ebiye Romeo the CEO of Romeos Artisthood. My express deep gratitude goes to my lovely friends Midian-Dicey Biyen, Kio Mikietuoniso, Gabriel Alari Benson, Samuel Oluku, Itong Washington Uwowa, Babema Tonye Amaye with others too numerous to mention.
DEDICATION
This book is dedicated to God Almighty.
COPYRIGHT RESERVED
All right reserved, no part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means electronic or mechanical including photocopying or any information storage or retrieval system without prior permission from the publisher or the copyright holder.
i
TABLE OF CONTENT...

...objectives for a small, medium and largebusiness.
Aim for a small business can "Survival", to survive in the market and look for profits.
Aim for a medium sized business would be to maximize their profits and growth to expand their current business operations and increase market share.
Aims for Largebusiness would be external growth,i.e taking over their competitors in the market. Secondly it would be adding value and quality to their products, and finally providing service to the community in some way, like giving funds to charities and opening up it's branches in development area where development is required. Anonymous
Introduction
When a sole trader sets up they may have some unstated aims or objectives - for example to survive for the first year. Other businesses may wish to state exactly what they are aiming to do, such as Amazon, the Internet CD and bookseller, who wants to “make history and have fun”.
An aim is where the business wants to go in the future, its goals. It is a statement of purpose, e.g. we want to grow the business into Europe.
Business objectives are the stated, measurable targets of how to achieve business aims. For instance, we want to achieve sales of €10 million in European markets in 2004.
A mission statement sets out the business vision...

...THE ROLE OF SMALL SCALE INDUSTRY IN NATIONAL DEVELOPMENT IN NIGERIA Ayozie Daniel Ogechukwu, Delta State University, Abraka, Delta State, Nigeria, The Federal Polytechnic, Ogun State, Nigeria Abstract A business whether small or big, simple of complex, private or public is created to provide competitive prices. Business in Nigeria has been classified as small, medium and large. In both the developed and developing countries, the government is turning to small and mediumscale industries, as a means of economic development and a veritable means of solving problems. It is also a seedbed of innovations, inventions and employment. Presently in Nigeria, SMEs assist in promoting the growth of the country’s economy, hence all the levels of government at different times have policies which promote the growth and sustenance of SMEs. Small scale industry orientation is part of the Nigerian history. Evidence abound in the communities of what successes our great grand parents, made of their respective trading concerns, yam barns, cottage industries, and the likes. The secret behind the success of a self reliant strategy does not lie in any particular political philosophy, so much as the people’s attitude to enterprise and in the right incentive is adequate enough to make risk worthy businesses a necessity for the nation. There had been many policy actions by the government,...

...SMALL AND MEDIUMSCALE ENTERPRISES IN NIGERIA: THE PROBLEMS AND PROSPECTS.
By Abiodun Fatai1 Department of Political Science, Faculty of Social Sciences Lagos State University, Ojo, Lagos Nigeria.
ABSTRACT
Small and mediumscale enterprises have long believed to be catalysts for economic growth and national development both in developed and developing countries. In Nigeria where private sector is not well developed SME is assumed to play the role of employment generation, facilitator of economic recovery and national development. The paper examined small and mediumscale enterprises in Nigeria and in relation to those challenges which affects SMEs from developing capacity to realizing its full potentials as well the prospect for improvement and development for employment generation, economic growth and national development. It is suggested therefore that invigorating SMEs with strengthened commitment to economic reform would offer a turning point in facilitating the recovery of Nigeria economy and national development.
1
Fatai teaches in the Dept of Political Science, Lagos State University Lagos Nigeria, he is also a PhD student in University of Ibadan, Ibadan Nigeria.
1
INTRODUCTION The performance and effectiveness of small and mediumscale enterprises as an instrument of economic growth and development in Nigeria has long been under scrutiny....

...LargeScale Fading and
Channel modeling
Using Matlab
March 2012
Largescale fading and channel modeling
Using Matlab
Introduction
The fading phenomenon can be broadly classified into two different types: large-scale fading and small-scale fading. Large-scale fading occurs as the mobile moves through a large distance, for example, a distance of the order of cell size . It is caused by path loss of signal as a function of distance and shadowing by large objects such as buildings, intervening terrains, and vegetation. Shadowing is a slow fading process characterized by variation of median path loss between the transmitter and receiver in fixed locations. In other words, large-scale fading is characterized by average path loss and shadowing. On the other hand, small-scale fading refers to rapid variation of signal levels due to the constructive and destructive interference of multiple signal paths (multi-paths) when the mobile station moves short distances. Depending on the relative extent of a multipath, frequency selectivity of a channel is characterized (e.g., by frequency-selective or frequency flat) for small-scaling fading. Meanwhile, depending on the time variation in a channel due to mobile speed (characterized by the Doppler spread), short-term...