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9/1/2010
Developmental/Contextualism Bio-Ecological Perspectives
·
What is a theory- why are theories important?
-
Theory: explanation for something we observe
ex. Children understand objects have
permanence
·
Life-Span Developmental Theory
-
Account for unique trajectory for a person’s life
-
Analyzes individual
-
How lives evolve the way they do
·
How to understand the trajectory of individual Development
Over Time
-
Understand how to intervene
-
How and why people develop
Ex.
People need therapy à we need working understanding
-Provide
insights: how to prevent problems, promote development and intervene
when there is a problem
·
Traditional debate revolves around
contributions of nature vs. nurture-- “essentially meaningless and functionally
useless”
-
Mutual influence: genetics and environment influence one another
ex.
Parents in birthing room à document how parents 1 st hour after baby’s
birth (interactions)
-
Baby girl trajectory à pink!, “sweet”, “pretty girl” à
objectification of women
begins (evaluate women based on how they look à turn
women into
objects)
-
Baby boy trajectory: strong, grip
-
These are all central tendencies and there are exceptions
-Environment
can change how the child develops
-
Puberty: genetically determined
-
Debate à genetics AND environment mutually influence development!!
·
Developmental/ Contextual perspective on life-span
development
·
Assumptions of D/C perspective
1.
Potential for growth exists at all stages of life, ex.
Growing out of being shy as you get older
2.
Continuity (norm) and change- epigenetic principle
-
pre-determined vs. probalistic
-developments
at earlier stages may change as development
-other
factors might shift the trajectory
-
change can occur
3.
Importance of context (environment)
-
embracing the view: politicalàculturesàschoolsàfamiliesà friends
-complex
environments
4.
Context is grounded in time (history)
-
interacts with how old we are
-
Basic Model Overview
1.
Individual Contributions
2.
Environmental Contributions
3.
Time
-
Individual Contributions
-
Genetics and the trajectory of development, shaping
course of development: traits (genetics), characteristics, physical appearance
-
“Constructions of Reality”
-
meta-cognition
-
influenced how we think about our lives can change
over time
-
our lives change for better or worse
-
ex. If a child is sexually abused, they are removed
from situation and are evaluated psychologically, once they are 13 or 14 it
will truly impact their lives, anxiety disorders, think negatively about
themselves
9/3/2010
Environmental Contributions to the trajectory of Development
-
Bronfrenbrenner Ecological systems
1.
Macro systems- cultural value orientations
-
Different cultures influence how we develop
-
Individualism vs. collectivism: difference
-
Responsibility for the individual is on the
individual themselves or their family
-
The united states tolerates things like poverty
2.
The Exo system refers to the predominant policies,
practices within the major institutions of society (political, health care,
educational, etc.)
3.
The Micro system- relationship with significant
others, radius (center is family) expands as you get older.
4.
The Meso system- relationships among, in between
various systems of influence.
History
·
Analyze historical events by different areas of time
(cohort) group of people born in the same or similar times. Growing up when
something unique is going on.
·
Normality history graded à major
event, world war, depression, 9/11, Obama
·
Socio- political event (things that occur in
history-shifts in laws or policies)
The Family as a Context
Defining features of a family
·
A shared sense of history
·
Some degree of emotional bonding
·
Strategies for meeting the needs of family members
What are examples of these needs?
·
Physical
·
Cognitive
·
Social
·
Right and wrong
The structure of the family
Composition=origin à multiple generations over time
-
Rules governing how tasks are
-
Managed=patterns and dynamics found
-
Task performing group- all activities are task
driven
What’s unique about today’s families?
-
More diverse than ever!!!
-
Limited understanding of how unique families are
-
Rituals that influence your identity
-
How members interact with one another is more
important than who’s within the family
What accounts for this diversity?
-
Divorce and remarriage rates
-
Out of wedlock birthrates (40%)
-
Co habilitation rates
-
Cultural acknowledgements of gay and lesbian
relationships
FAMILY SYSTEMS THEORY- patterns of interaction
Why the system’s metaphor?
Structural Properties of families
1.
Wholeness
2.
Organizational Complexity
3.
Interdependence= what happens to one family member
reverberates back to the other family members
4.
Strategies, rules, customs=how the family devises
strategies, customs and rules
5.
Tasks
*Defined by the relationships among all the members
2 Types of family system tasks
àFirst ordered tasks
à Second-order tasks
First order tasks
à Identity tasks
- Sub-systems are unique (ex. Parents and siblings) and
relate to other subsystems in unique ways
Identity
Tasks
àBoundary Tasks
àMaintenance Tasks
à Managing the emotional climate
The
Constellation of Identity Tasks
·
Family Themes- being catholic, competitive,
‘perfect’, how resources are used
·
Resources and Themes
1.
Time
2.
Energy
3.
Money
Critical
Personal Images
·
Comment of Family Myths (sometimes assign identities
that aren’t true)
·
Ex. “You’re the smart one!” , “You’re the
baby!”, “You’re the funny one”
·
Everyone agrees on these personal images
·
If your family puts an image on you that’s not
yourself, you either rebel against it or them or go along with it
·
Most of those “cut offs” are a result of family
myths.
Bio-Social
Tasks
·
Gender
·
Sexuality
·
Pay attention to what goes on inside the family
·
Themes
·
Critical family images
·
Boundaries are about regulating connections
·
External boundaries à family
business is PRIVATE
·
Who can shape and influence you
·
Free flow of information, continuum
·
External boundaries are closed, don’t trust
outsiders, don’t encourage family members to reach out
·
Could be boundaries that are too open
·
Tolerance level for autonomy
·
Concern is different that enmeshment
Disengaged Boundaries
·
Not connected , not involved
·
“Im hungry”, “I don’t care”
·
you don’t matter!
·
Kids need to grow up knowing they matter otherwise
it will rule their life
Maintenance Tasks
·
Housekeeping
-
flexibility
-under-organized
-over-organized
·
Symbolic significance of money, housekeeping
·
Finances- bill paying
·
All families have maintenance tasks to get things
done
·
Charts, checklists vs. disorganized
·
Content messages or meta messages (conveyed through
how)
Managing the emotional climate
àNurturance
·
All behavior is communication
·
Messages and meta-messages
·
Framing
·
Connection
·
Control
à attempt to nurture are misinterpreted by attempting
to control someone
à much conflict is stemmed from one message being
interpreted as something else
Conflict
·
Contained vs. uncontained
·
Triangulation
·
Cross-generational coalitions
·
Conflict reduces anxiety sometimes
·
Contained reduces conflict stay between the two
people involved
·
Cross generational coalition- parents bringing
children in someone else
·
Triangulation is bringing into the conflict, creates
a split
·
Splits in a family are not a good thing
·
Tension generates
Family Functioning Class
Broad issues and concerns that must be addressed by all models/views
on family functioning
-People are nested within many systems
à must address what we will take as evidence that the
family has problems
à must address why some individuals are impacted more
than others
OTHERS (functional for whom?)
·
must address how patterns of functioning are
transmitted over time
·
must account in some way for different types and
degrees of development impairment
The Functioning Continuum
·
OPTIMAL…mid-range (most families fall in this
category)…impaired
·
Bowen and intergenerational perspectives on family
functioning- shaped the field, psychodynamic thinking. How the families
processes either support anxiety levels or build up
·
Emotional legacy
·
Family system differentiation
·
Well differentiated
·
Sources of anxiety- mattering, trust and competence
·
Ineffective family produces the opposite
·
Differentiation à all families have a level of differentiated but it
occurs on a continuum
·
Fuzzy headed term à
tolerance for difference
·
Other families are more anxious about difference
when they don’t tolerate differences it causes problems
·
Patterns and processes related to the tolerance
·
Poorly differentiated à
differentiation continuum; reflected in how boundary, nurturance, conflict
management and identity development processes are managed within the family
·
Present but not intrusive
BOUNDARIES are structured where individuals are present
with others but allow you to have your own thoughts and values, even if they
don’t agree with you, they support you.
-Boundary processes within well versus poorly
differentiated
-Well- differentiated= present but not intrusive
- Poorly differentiated= extremes of enmeshment/fusion or disengagement à parents
tend to be over-controlling which raises anxiety about your competence
Challenge for parents à need to fight the temptation to solve problems for
their children, need to be supportive and caring but not intrusive
Nurturance customs within well versus poorly differentiated
systems
·
Respond emphatically
·
Nurturance and empathic responsiveness à what are
the keys to being empathically responsive?
·
We all react non-emphatically when we’re stressed
CONFLICT MANAGEMENT PRECESSES IN WELL VERSUS POORLY
DIFFERENTIATED
·
Desire and empathy is important
·
Parents with high stress levels have less ability to
be empathetic
·
Parents sometimes get wrapped up in their world of
anxiety
·
De-centering à parent needs to calm him or herself, let go of the
anxiety and focus on the child.
·
A lot of parents who cant de-center cant respond
emphatically
·
Telling people what to do does not help
·
Conflict when its managed well stays contained
·
When triangulation occurs, your still anxious even
after its resolved
·
Conflict is a pathway to understanding and empathy
·
Cross-generational coalitions and triangulation
Identity customs in well versus poorly differentiated
systems
à Parental anxiety and how identity issues are
managed
How does this legacy impact on subsequent generations?
Multi-generational transmission process
à Partner selection processes and unfulfilled needs-
high functioning marries over functioning
à Parenting processes- anxious and project more onto
the kids
What accounts for differences and why are some more
impaired than others?
·
Parental projection process à overly
protect child, overly reject child or vicariously live through the child
·
Most of us don’t break the cycle
·
People have to take control of their anxieties
·
Parents are less likely to be emphatic and more
controlling
·
Family is different for every child even within the
same family
·
When parents need to feel they matter through their
kids success
·
Doing so to meet needs that weren’t met within their
own family
Let the
Lifespan journey begin…
Prenatal development
37-40 weeks for a fetus to mature
à Comments about ages and stages (variability)
à Comments about the bio-ecological framework and
lifespan development
·
Premature birth, 80% of them live but some of them
suffer cognitive or physical disabilities
·
Possibility of altering the genetic path
·
Individual factors
·
Contextual- ecological factors
·
Time
à Comments about developmental tasks and
developmental milestones
·
Within a period of time there are developmental
tasks that need to be learned
·
Revisit the epigenetic principle
·
Serve as a foundation for learning something later
in life.
Prenatal individual and contextual factors shaping lifespan
development
*The genetic code of the individual and his or her
trajectory of development
à Revisit the concept of (mutual regulation)- you
regulate the environment and the environment regulates you
What is a gene? It is a portion of DNA that codes for one
hereditary characteristic and occupies a specific place on a chromosome.
Genotype- what is observable by others, manifestation?
Phenotype- how you are observed
-There are some things we have no control over
- Control illustrates the fact that people react to us
differently based on these traits
Genetic factors that critically influence the trajectory of
development
à Sex (versus gender)- gender socially constructed
expectations
à Individual traits
·
Body type
·
Hair color
·
Eye color
Gender tracks career, education and economic life,
environments and genetics often influence one another.
·
Height
-
Attributions, physical appearance and life span development
-Talking
later, walking later, girls that mature early, boys that mature late
à Birth Anomalies (3-5%)
·
Comment on miscarriages
·
All domains are influenced by the anomalies
·
Overwhelming number of babies with anomalies are
miscarried
à Temperament- born with emotional predispositions,
behavioral and social
·
Activity level
·
Rhythmicity-biological functions (sleepy, hungry…)
·
Approach-withdrawal (sociability, shyness) genetic trait
·
Adaptability-doesn’t like change
·
Intensity of reaction-how intense our emotional
reactions are
·
Thresholds of responsiveness
*Temperament creates challenges for caretakers
(Distractibility, attention span etc. )
Implications for parents and caregivers
à Comment on the concept of goodness of fit (Lerner
and Lerner)
à Kaiser- permanent study- really speaks to the value
of educating parents about temperament
à Parents that had knowledge about temperament felt
better about themselves and their children.
Contextual/ ecological perspective on fetal development
General discourse on infant mortality
à U.S rate- 8/1,000
à U.S rank 17 th among all nations
à Japans rate 4.4/1,000 (lowest in the world)
à Racial Disparities
·
Caucasian rates- 6.6/1,000
·
African Americans- 17.6/1,000
- Premature birth is mostly the cause of infant mortality
- Infant mortality is when a baby dies within the first
year of life
-Reasons for African American and Hispanic IM rate is
higher because they are disproportionally represented among the poor
-IM is much higher with women living in poverty
-Why does U.S rank 17?
·
Healthcare system, access to health care
·
Obesity and diabetes
·
Teen pregnancies
- We tolerate poverty in ways other countries don’t
à Age of Parents
·
Teen moms- 1 million babies born to teen moms each
year, 95 % out of wedlock
·
Older mom- digression on infertility
·
What about dads? Age of father takes effect as well,
sperm counts go down
·
Optimal age between 18 and 35
à Prenatal Supervision-responsible as a pregnant
woman to supervise their baby (nutrition, vitamins, exercise)
à Nutrition- adequate nutrition, weight gain
·
Delaying marriage and parenthood into a place where
its less optimal to childbearing
·
Decline in fertility over time
·
Birth risks à 21, probability of having downs baby= 1 out of
1,000—35=1 in 100 and 40= 1 in 40
·
14% of mothers who had no prenatal care supervision
·
Minimal care doubles the risk
·
Women who don’t get prenatal supervision are among
the poorest
·
You need to gain weight to support fetus but not
excessively because the children stand higher rate of becoming obese and having
diabetes
à Teratogers- risked by determined by
·
Timing (concept of critical periods)
·
Amount (threshold effects)
·
Genetic vulnerability
·
Protective strategies taken
-certain critical periods where an exposure to a toxen will
effect the fetus (first few weeks, trimester)
- don’t have the ability to determine exactly when
-threshold effect because you can have a few drinks and the
baby wont be effected
-each fetus is different in their own level of
vulnerability
-very imprecise
-don’t know exactly under what conditions
-avoid these things completely- nicotine, alcohol,
psycho-active drugs, babies become addicted as well
Maternal Stress
1-
mothers who are highly stressed during their
pregnancies have complications of labor and delivery, more likely to have a
long labor and complications during the pregnancy
Why focus on prenatal prevention?
à $1 save $6!
In general the U.S has not made a commitment to prevention,
we intervene when problems exist. We need to shift attention to prevention,
economic reason, enormous endowment to Yale University and they found that if
we save if we prevent. Ethically responsible as well.
Infancy- Birth 2
Revisit concepts of Developmental Tasks, and developmental
milestones
Earlier developments provide foundation for later developments
Tasks within the Physical Domain
àPhysically primed to socially interact with the
caretakers
àwho are the infants at risk? The ones that don’t
achieve developmental milestones
·
born physically prime to elicit responses from
caregivers
·
infants that aren’t born physically normal are at
risk, response to caregivers are critical to survivability
·
caregivers respond emotionally and physically to
their babies
·
our biochemistry responds to the nurturing we do
·
babies that are physically different
·
talk in high pitch tones because they’re more
responsive to it
Tasks within the Emotional Domain
àTheory of primary and secondary emotions
·
anxiety
·
joy
à Emotions are key to communication between child and
caretakers
·
babies are born to quickly develop these emotions
·
anxiety differenciates into a more complex emotion
like anger
·
babies immediately have the ability to express
anxiety and joy
·
understand the anxiety of the infant and reduce it
as the caretaker
·
expressed physically and non-verbally
·
babies get more skilled very quickly at expressing
what it is theyre feeling
·
key to communication is the caretakers understanding
the emotions and responding
Tasks within the cognitive Domain
Introduction to Piaget’s Theory of Cognitive Development
-explaining how we think
à Genetic epistemology the developmental study of
knowledge
à Organismic Model
·
physical maturation
·
experiences that stimuli cognition
-interact inside the organism to create cognitive
development
Biological Maturation and Experiences- à
Cognitive adaptations
-Corrections are not responsible for the adaptations
-Cognitive understanding has gone through and adaptation
Process of Adaptation Involves:
àAssimilation fitting reality into a basic mental
scheme
à Disequilibrium- not sure that your way of
understanding the world is correct
à Accommodation, understanding more
Stages of Cognitive development- each stage is
characterized by the acquisition of distinct mental schemes
1.
Sensory- motor adaptations (infant cognitive
developments)
Infancy: basic idea is sensory and motor experiences
provide cognitive stimulation needed to acquire the mental schemes that serve
as a foundation for all later schemes
And what are these schemes or primary mental concepts?
-Primitive causality- cause and effect, ego-centric
(they’re the center of everything)
- Object Permanence- understanding that objects
exist even when not physically present, kicks in 6 months to 8 months
Social Developments in Infancy
Focus on infant attachment
What is it? When an infant recognizes caretakers and
prefers them, it happens 6-10 months
How do we know it is occurring?
à Stranger Anxiety- babies get anxious in the
presence of strangers
à Separation distress, anxious when you leave because
they’re attached to you (security and comfort)
à Social referencing- when infants get mobile and
look back at their caretakers
This distress will become less prominent if the attachment
is strong or secure
Types of Attachments (Bowlby, Ainsworth)
à Continuum from secure to insecure
à Distinguishing features of infants with secure
attachments, they are distinguished
-infants that are securely attached, they more quickly than
infants that aren’t are able to calm themselves and go on
- more comfortable being away, experiencing the world
-tend to be more able to self-soothe
-trust that their caretakers will be back
-insecure attachments
Distinguishing features of Infants with Insecure
Attachments
·
Anxious- avoidant attachment- indifferent, the kid
avoids you and is kind of angry
·
Anxious-resistant attachment- resisting separation,
don’t want the person to leave them, extremely distressed, cant soothe
themselves
·
Disorganized attachment- confused, manifests itself
randomly, sometimes resistant, or clingy social functioning is disrupted by
this
Factors Influencing attachments
à Parental sensitivity, parental bonding-
disabilities planned parents bond with their children, sometimes parents have
no bond time availability and quality, gender of baby and parent
à Cultural factors
à Parent factors, how parents were raised, developmental
histories shape our parenthood, caregivers personal histories, how old the
parents are, mental health, careers, expectations and whether they’re realistic
or not, marital status. More stressed you are, the less responsive you are to
the baby.
Importance of Attachment à Working
models of Social Relationships?
-Issue here is how anxiety filters into how we structure
and experience social relationships!
- Similarities between babies and adult lives, parallel capable
of trust
Shaver and Hazan: Adult Attachment Styles
à Preoccupied
-exaggerated desire for closeness
-dependence on others
-highly concerned with being rejected
à Dismissing
-Independent (defensively)
-Self-reliance
-low in trust
-distance themselves
à Fearful
-desires closeness
-fear of being rejected
-avoid intimacy
·
Preemptive distancing
Hypothesize that this comes from developmental issues and
early issues that affect the later development.
Psychological/emotional development
à personality, different dimensions orientations
à feelings of emotional Contentment
Big 5 Personality Traits:
Ø
Openness
o
Vivid imagination
o
Full of ideas
o
Contemplative
Ø
Conscientiousness
o
Like order
o
Always prepared
o
Follow a schedule
Ø
Extroversion
o
Comfortable around people
o
Talkative
o
Don’t mind being the center of attention
Ø
Agreeableness
o
Sympathetic
o
Take time for others
Ø
Neuroticism
o
Easily disturbed
o
Worry easily
o
Anticipate or expect the worst
People’s Sense of well-being differs considerably
àlife’s satisfaction
à Contentment
à Experiences of joy
How do we account for these differences?
Erickson’s Psycho-social Theory
All Theories that focus on personality development and
emotional development highlight the importance of anxiety, they simply differ
in their views on the sources of anxiety.
BASIC POINT- for Erikson, Psychological development is
influenced by the anxiety that results in the unique interaction between inner
biological needs and social expectations and demands and how this anxiety is
managed.
*Become less and less able to function
Basic Concepts
à Psychological stages- at critical points in life,
we need to develop psychological resources (personality dispositions that impact on subsequent development
à Psycho social crisis- the conflict between stage
specific social expectations and demands and psychological needs
à Central processes for resolving the crisis
à Coping behavior- include ability to gain and
process new information, ability to maintain control over one’s emotional
state, ability to move freely within ones environment versus anxiety about self
age 16:pressure about who you are and what your going to do
with your life
-Different Stages of life, any age have things that happen
to them that create anxiety and can affect how you later live your life
-Social expectations the DEMAND
-Certain things need to be in place to help the person
manage the crisis
-acquire coping behaviors
1. Prime adaptive ego qualities- good coping behaviors,
optimist
2. Core Pathologies- barriers develop, pessimist,
interferes with our ability to cope. Disruptive to later development.
-Psychological crisis needs to be managed depending on how
you manage it, is your personality.
The Psychosocial Crisis of Infancy
Trust vs. Mistrust- Why the focus on trust? Fundamental
source of anxiety: parents respond
-Central Process- what needs to occur in order for the
crisis to be successfully resolved?
-Placing a demand on babies that they need to trust that
their needs will be met
à Mutuality with the caregivers- caretakers need to
go out of their way to understand needs and to manage them
·
Coordination
·
Mismatch- no one is perfect
·
Communication repairs- trying something else if it
doesn’t work
Parents will keep experimenting until they’re able to meet
the needs of the child.
Coping Behaviors
à Successful coping with the crisis leads to the
development of Prime Adaptive Ego Qualities
·
Hope
à Unsuccessful coping with the crisis leads to the
development of Core Pathologies
·
Withdrawal (Pessimism)
-Easily overwhelmed by anxieties
Life-span trajectory Implications?
à Epigenetic assumptions
·
Pre-determined?
·
Probabilistic?
The transition to parenthood
During the transition to parenthood
·
Complex transformations
·
People change lifestyles
·
Identities are transformed
·
New roles are assumed
·
Family system rules require adjustment
Family System Transitions
·
When a change occurs-it reverberates family systems
·
Have to rework lifestyle, balance and connectiveness
First and Second-order tasks
·
Identity issues
·
Customs, rules
What do we mean by second-order tasks?
·
Adaptation of what was established needs to occur
·
First order tasks are being adjusted
Key Concepts
·
Family System Stress
·
Not necessarily a bad thing
·
Inevitable part of family life because events change
around you
·
Life needs to be reorganized
·
Horizontal stressors occur overtime that families
experience
·
Variety of horizontal stressors
o
Normative events (birth of child)
o
Child going to school
o
Marriage
o
Birth of grandchildren
·
Vertical Stressors
o
Legacy of the family that results in various
emotional connections, historical tensions or support present within the family
o
Business of the family throughout the generations
that factors how the family acts now
o
Coping Resources
§
Patterns of how the tasks are managed (rules)
o
Adaptations or Coping
§
Morphostasis
·
Keeping the same rules in place
·
Change that involves no change in response to
tension
§
Morphogenesis
·
When the customs themselves have transformed
·
Patterns are reorganized
o
Coping efficacy
·
How does this discussion of System stress and
Adaptation Apply to the Transition to Parenthood?
·
Pregnancy and Parenthood can be thought of as
examples of Horizontal Stressors, how these are managed is some function of the
coping resources available within the family as these interact with the
vertical Stressors present
·
Identity Tasks
o
Shifting family themes
§
Have to think of yourselves as a family
§
Child focused
o
Taking on the identity of “mom” and “dad”
§
Reorganize who you are
§
Embracing your transformation if you refer to
yourself as a parent
o
External boundaries
§
Adjusting connections to family members
·
Need support from families
§
Reworking ties with friends
·
Harder for males to regain ties with friends
·
Women have easier times- rely on close friends
§
Seeking out information and support
o
Internal Boundaries
§
Reworking patterns of separateness and connectedness
o
Maintenance tasks
§
The “traditionalizing effect” of babies!
§
Should be shared between partners
§
If we could get away without doing work, then we
would, but we usually can’t
o
Maintaining the Emotional Climate
§
Anxiety, stress, emotional support and empathic
responsiveness
§
The relationship between expectations and complaints
·
Complaint- persons actions fail to meet your
expectations
·
Have an obligation to communicate with them
·
Otherwise you are setting up to be disappointed with
one another
§
Reworking the sexual relationship
·
Going to need to rework relationship
·
Going to become disappointed
o
Usually occurs this way
§
New Patterns of recreation and companionship
·
What you do is now different
·
Ordinary problems become difficulties if they are
not managed well
Taking on Parenting Roles
What is a role? Prescription for behavior
What is the relationship between the concepts of roles and
identities? Roles exist in reciprocal pairs
Dimensions of Parenting Roles/Parenting Strategies
à Nurturance- responsiveness
à Control- demandingness
·
When I operate in a role, I am assuming an identity
that you se yourself that way I see you
·
Negotiating with other
·
Every time we enter into a new role they have to
figure out how to act, they have to set up rules but also project a set of
expectations on the baby
·
Knowledge and expectations of children
·
Relationship between roles and identities there are
more important roles than others and those become our identities
·
Strategies for parenting- how parents are supposed
to act
·
All parents have to figure out how they’re going to
nurture their baby
Determinats of Parenting Styles- Belsky
à Cultural Context, cultural differences, traditions,
babies in some cultures get more sleep than others
à Cohort and historical era, people who are grouped
together by when they were born
à Developmental history of a parent- how you were
parented influences how you parent. You are destined to parent children in
REACTION to how you were parents
à Characteristics of the child- temperament,
maturation
à Contextual sources of stress- job, community,
things that get in the way of using good judgment and responsiveness
à Contextual sources of support- there is no network
of support, parents more demanding and less responsive
Contrasting mothers and fathers across the transition to
parenthood
Quantitative Differences
à No surprises here!
à Is this changing?
·
Dads do a whole lot less with their kids than moms
do.
·
Not as much time, mom makes up 90% of childcare
·
Moms do a lot of supervision and care like feeding,
diapering
·
Dads provide stimulation and play, react with real
excitement when the kid sees Daddy. Mediation Rule of father involvement, if
the father has a good relationship with the mom he will be more involved with
the kid. If the relationship is bad, he wont see the kid as much.
·
Maternal Gatekeeping
o
Why do moms gatekeep?
o
Influence father’s involvement
o
Don’t do it this way, do it this way
o
Men become less involved because the mom assumes the
more confident role and if she’s more confident than she should just do it

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