Ecology The scientific study of interactions among organisms and their environment.

Terminology •Biosphere: The portion of the planet which in all life exists. •Biome: A group of ecosystems that have the same climate and similar dominant communities.

Terminology •Ecosystem: Collection of all the organisms that live in a particular place, together with their non-living environment. • Community: Assemblages of different populations that live in a particular place together with their non- living physical environment.

Terminology •Species: A group of organisms similar to one another that can breed together. •Populations: Groups of individuals that belong to the same species and live in the same area.

Biosphere • Biosphere is the global ecological system integrating all living beings and their relationships. • Usually defined as the thin outer layer of the earth capable of supporting life.

Lithosphere The rocky material of the earth’s outer shell and is the ultimate source of all mineral elements required by living organisms.

Hydrosphere •The hydrosphere includes all water on Earth. •The abundance of water on Earth is a unique feature that clearly distinguishes our "Blue Planet" from others in the solar system.

Hydrosphere • Not a drop of liquid water can be found anywhere else in the solar system. It is because the Earth has just the right mass, the right chemical composition, the right atmosphere, and is the right distance from the Sun that permits water to exist mainly as a liquid. •Most of the water is contained in the oceans.

Hydrosphere

Atmosphere • The gaseous component of the biosphere. • Extends up to some 3500 km above the earth’s surface, but all life is confined to the lowest 8 to 15 km (TROPOSPHERE). • The screening layer in the atmosphere of oxygen-zone is concentrated mostly between 20 – 25 km.

What is a biome?

Biomes • Scientists have developed the term Biome to describe areas on the earth with similar climate, plants, and animals. • The plants and animals that live in a specific biome are physically well adapted for that area. • Plants and animals that live in a specific biome share similar characteristics with other plants and animals in that biome throughout the world.

Forest • Earth's most complex land. • Forests occupy approximately one-third of Earth's land area, account for over two- thirds of the leaf area of land plants, and contain about 70% of carbon present in living things. • There are three major types of forests, classed according to latitude:  Tropical  Temperate  Boreal forests (taiga)

Temperate forest • Temperate forests occur in eastern North America, northeastern Asia, and western and central Europe. • Well-defined seasons with a distinct winter characterize this forest biome. • Moderate climate and a growing season of 140-200 days during 4-6 frost-free months distinguish temperate forests.

Temperate forest

Tropical forest • Average annual rainfall: 400 cm (158 in) • Average temperature: 34°C (93°F) • Climate: Very humid, it rains everyday and is warm throughout the year. • Landforms: The terrain consists of both mountains and flat plains.

Chaparral • Chaparral is found on most continents, from the west coast of the US to the western tip of Australia and the coastal areas of the Mediterranean. • The main climatic influence is heat and lack of moisture. Winters are mild with summer so hot and dry that fires and droughts are common.

The marine biome • Marine regions cover about three- fourths of the Earth's surface and include:  Oceans  Coral reefs  Estuaries • Marine algae supply much of the world's oxygen supply and take in a huge amount of atmospheric carbon dioxide. • The evaporation of the seawater provides rainwater for the land.

Ocean Pelagic & Coral Reefs Yikes a shark! Coral Reefs Ocean Pelagic

Estuaries

The freshwater biome • Freshwater is defined as having a low salt concentration — usually less than 1%. • Plants and animals in freshwater regions are adjusted to the low salt content and would not be able to survive in areas of high salt concentration (i.e., ocean). • There are different types of freshwater regions:  Ponds and lakes  Streams and rivers  Wetlands

ENVIRONMENT

Environment • Environment: set of natural, cultural and social values. • Made up: biocenosis (flora + fauna), Biotope (air, water, soil) and human being. The relationship between them can cause environmental impacts.

Acid rain Nitric and Sulphuric oxides in the air mix with atmospheric water destroying vegetation when it rains.

Acid rain

Hole in the ozone layer • CFC (Chlorofluorocarbon)from the sprays destroys the ozone particles in the atmosphere. • The hole in the ozone allows the ultraviolet and other harmful rays to go through. • Consequences: Health problems like skin cancer. Although CFC was forbidden it persists for decades.

Endangered species • Human beings destroy the natural habitat of animals and vegetation, also the natural resources exploitation cause a high risk situation with biodiversity extinction. • Deforestation, urbanization of natural ecosystems, non native species, lakes and rivers pollution, are the main things responsible.

Ecosystems • An ecosystem is an interaction between plants, animals, microorganisms, and their environment. • All things in an ecosystem, living and nonliving, work together to be one functional unit.

Ecosystems • All living organisms in an ecosystem depend on each other for survival. • This means these organisms are interdependent. • Think of what would happen to the birds that live in the trees in your yard if all the worms in your yard disappeared?

Where are ecosystems? • Ecosystems are everywhere! • They can be as BIG as the Savanna in Africa! Lions, gazelles, bonsai trees, and shrubs all play a part in the savanna ecosystem.

Where are ecosystems? • Ecosystems can even be as small as a garden in your back yard! Write down what kinds of living and nonliving things you think make up an ecosystem in a garden. Grab a pen and paper!

Parts of an ecosystem that are non- living are called abiotic. Abiotic

Biotic Parts of an ecosystem that are living or were once living are called biotic.

Producers • Organisms that use the energy from the sun to produce their own food. • Ex: Plants, algae and some bacteria.

Food chain and Food web • The energy enter as sunlight and converted to food molecules by producer. • After this, energy is transfer to each organism that eat a producer • And to another organism that feed on these consumers.

Food Chain • DEFINITION: It is a series of events in which one organism eats another to get energy • The figure represent a simplest exchange of energy.

Food Web: Many interconnected and overlapping food chains

Ecological Pyramids • Shows how energy flows through the ecosystem

Energy Pyramid • Shows the amount of energy that moves from one feeding level to another in a food web • Only 10% of the energy is passed onto the next level.

Energy Pyramid • The most energy is available at the producer level of the pyramid • As you move up the pyramid, each level has less energy available than the level below.

Cycles of the matter What is a cycle? • Is a series of things that repeat over and over again. What are some example of cycles? • Water cycle • Oxygen cycle • Carbon dioxide cycle

Evaporation • The process by which molecules of liquid water absorb energy and change to a gas. • From oceans, lakes, river. • From living things: Leaves of trees, liquid wastes and when you exhale.

Condensation • The process by which a gas changes to a liquid. • When the gas rises in the atmosphere, it cools down and little droplets are formed. • The water droplets collect around particles of dust, eventually forming clouds.

Precipitation • More water condenses and the drops grow larger and heavy then fall back to earth as precipitation. • Over oceans and lakes. • When it falls on land it may soak into ground and become groundwater.

Water Cycle

Oxygen and carbon cycle These two elements are essential to the life on the earth. In ecosystems the process of carbon and oxygen cycles are linked • Producers, consumers, and decomposers play important roles in recycling carbon and oxygen.

Carbon cycle • The cycle can start when producers take in carbon dioxide gas from the air and release oxygen during photosynthesis. • They take the carbon and make food molecules such as sugar and starches to get energy.

Carbon cycle • When consumers eat producers, they take in the carbon-containing food molecules to obtain energy. • The consumer break down the carbon compounds in a process called respiration. • Then carbon dioxide is cycled back into the atmosphere as carbon dioxide.

Carbon Cycle

Oxygen cycle • The oxygen is found through the ecosystems • Producers release oxygen in the photosynthesis process. • The organisms take the oxygen from air or water and use it to carry out their life process.

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