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In our ongoing effort to provide orthopaedic patients with the highest quality health information, our learning modules are currently being updated and redesigned. We deeply apologize for this inconvenience.

Until our improved learning modules are available, we recommend that patients and their families review the content available in our standard articles. Our articles also provide significant information on medical conditions that are addressed with the surgery, nonsurgical treatment options, why surgery may be recommended, as well as specifics about the procedure, potential complications, and expectations about recovery.

AAOS does not endorse any treatments, procedures, products, or physicians referenced herein. This information is provided as an educational service and is not intended to serve as medical advice. Anyone seeking specific orthopaedic advice or assistance should consult his or her orthopaedic surgeon, or locate one in your area through the AAOS Find an Orthopaedist program on this website.