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(Phys.org) —Nearly 85 years after pioneering theoretical physicist Paul Dirac predicted the possibility of their existence, an international collaboration led by Amherst College Physics Professor David S. Hall '91 and Aalto University (Finland) Academy Research Fellow Mikko Möttönen has created, identified and photographed synthetic magnetic monopoles in Hall's laboratory on the Amherst campus. The groundbreaking accomplishment paves the way for the detection of the particles in nature, which would be a revolutionary development comparable to the discovery of the electron.

A paper about this work co-authored by Hall, Möttönen, Amherst postdoctoral research associate Michael Ray, Saugat Kandel '12 and Finnish graduate student Emmi Ruokokski was published today in the journal
Nature.

"The creation of a synthetic
magnetic monopole
should provide us with unprecedented insight into aspects of the natural magnetic monopole—if indeed it exists," said Hall, explaining the implications of his work.

Ray, the paper's lead author and first to sight the monopoles in the laboratory, agreed, noting: "This is an incredible discovery. To be able to confirm the work of one of the most famous physicists is probably a once-in-a-lifetime opportunity. I am proud and honored to have been part of this great collaborative effort."

Ordinarily, magnetic poles come in pairs: they have both a north pole and a south pole. As the name suggests, however, a magnetic monopole is a magnetic particle possessing only a single, isolated pole—a north pole without a south pole, or vice versa. In 1931, Dirac published a paper that explored the nature of these monopoles in the context of quantum mechanics. Despite extensive experimental searches since then, in everything from lunar samples—moon rock—to ancient fossilized minerals, no observation of a naturally-occurring magnetic monopole has yet been confirmed.

Hall's team adopted an innovative approach to investigating Dirac's theory, creating and identifying synthetic magnetic monopoles in an artificial magnetic field generated by a Bose-Einstein condensate, an extremely cold atomic gas tens of billionths of a degree warmer than absolute zero. The team relied upon theoretical work published by Möttönen and his student Ville Pietilä that suggested a particular sequence of changing
external magnetic fields
could lead to the creation of the synthetic monopole. Their experiments subsequently took place in the atomic refrigerator built by Hall and his students in his basement laboratory in the Merrill Science Center.

After resolving many technical challenges, the team was rewarded with photographs that confirmed the monopoles' presence at the ends of tiny quantum whirlpools within the ultracold gas. The result proves experimentally that Dirac's envisioned structures do exist in nature, explained Hall, even if the naturally occurring magnetic monopoles remain at large.

Finally seeing the synthetic monopole, said Hall, was one of the most exciting moments in his career. "It's not every day that you get to poke and prod the analog of an elusive fundamental particle under highly controlled conditions in the lab." He added that creation of synthetic electric and magnetic fields is a new and rapidly expanding branch of physics that may lead to the development and understanding of entirely new materials, such as higher-temperature superconductors for the lossless transmission of electricity. He also said that the team's discovery of the synthetic monopole provides a stronger foundation for current searches for magnetic monopoles that have even involved the famous Large Hadron Collider at CERN, the European Organization for Nuclear Research. (Older theoretical models that described the post-Big Bang period predicted that they should be quite common, but a special model for the expansion of the universe that was later developed explained the extreme rarity of these particles.)

Added Aalto's Möttönen: "Our achievement opens up amazing avenues for quantum research. In the future, we want to get even a more complete correspondence with the natural magnetic monopole."

Hall, who was recently named a Fellow of the American Physical Society, said his team's experimental work arose out of interest from Amherst summer student researchers at a group meeting in 2011, well after Pietilä and Möttönen's 2009 paper had appeared in Physical Review Letters. "It felt as though Pietilä and Möttönen had written their letter with our apparatus in mind," he said, "so it was natural to write them with our questions. Were it not for the initial curiosity on the part of the students we would never have embarked on this project."

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6 comments

These kind of articles always fails to properly stress that we are dealing with monopole quasiparticles. They are not naked monopoles, and I'd wager there may not be any in nature and Maxwell's div B = 0 equation (i.e. Gauss' law) won't have to be modified.

Rubbish - it's no more a 'monopole' than a bunch of disc magnets all glued same-side-up to a tennis ball...

Tell, you what, i've got something here even more amazing - it's a piece of string, with only one end, and doesn't even have a middle bit! It's just one end of a piece of string, but completely disembodied from any actual string. Yes it's a tricky beast to isolate, but i've nonetheless managed it - and it's just the left end. The right end and middle bit are completely absent!

A magnetic field is a vector quantity. It has magnitude and direction. There is no such objective entity as a 'pole' - they're merely subjective frames of reference between flux vectors - head-on = 'north' and end-on = 'south'.

For this reason it simply makes no sense to speak of monopoles - it's oxymoronic, a contradiction in terms!

Why are we so regularly condescended with these "yet another first (virtual) monopole"/s without so much as a nod to their classical incongruity?

These kind of articles always fails to properly stress that we are dealing with monopole quasiparticles. They are not naked monopoles, and I'd wager there may not be any in nature and Maxwell's div B = 0 equation (i.e. Gauss' law) won't have to be modified.

Precisely - divergence of B is zero (for static fields) - Gauss's law for magnetism. I can only conclude that elementary monopoles must be a fallacious solution to the Dirac equation. I'd love to be proven wrong - but can anyone here, contributors or readers, explain away this basic conceptual paradox? If so i'm sure many here would love to read it..

it's no more a 'monopole' than a bunch of disc magnets all glued same-side-up to a tennis ball

Inside of magnetic motors the same type of monopoles generates the mechanical work. The theory needn't to be violated globally for still being violated locally. In addition, these monopoles are all created within material phase, which is much more dense, than the vacuum, so that their entropy violating effects are much more intensive.

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