...more related to body training and shaping, especially as activities such as boxing, wrestling, gymnastics, and swimming became more specialized in the 1930s. Combining these two fitness strands was Bob Hoffman, founder of the York (Pennsylvania) Barbell Company, publisher of Strength & Health, and the acknowledged “father of American weightlifting....

acclaimed American actor known for his versatile portrayals of antiheroes and vulnerable types. Short in stature and not typically handsome, he helped to usher in a new Hollywood tradition of average-looking but emotionally explosive leading men....

...took place in the U.S. District Court for the Northern District of Illinois and lasted five months, from September 24, 1969, to February 18, 1970. From the beginning, many observers found Judge Julius Hoffman to be far short of impartial toward the defendants. Hoffman, for example, rejected many of the pretrial motions of the defense counsel but granted those made by the prosecution.......

The Yankees’ Alex Rodriguez became the seventh player to hit 600 career home runs; he finished the season with 613 to pass Sammy Sosa on the all-time list. On September 7 Trevor Hoffman of the Milwaukee Brewers registered his record 600th save. Stephen Strasburg, a highly touted rookie with the Washington Nationals, struck out 14 Pittsburgh Pirates in his major league debut, but his season ...

German patriotic poet, philologist, and literary historian whose poem Deutschland, Deutschland über alles was adopted as the German national anthem after World War I. (See Deutschlandlied.) His uncomplicated verses, expressing his deep love of country, were of great significan...

...same influence holds true for the emigration of German revivalists of the 18th and early 19th centuries to Russia and Palestine. The “Friends of the Temple”—Swabians who went with Christoph Hoffmann to Palestine in 1866—and the Swabians, Franks, Hessians, and Bavarians, who after the Napoleonic Wars followed the call of Tsar Alexander I to Bessarabia, were all domina...

German writer, composer, and painter known for his stories in which supernatural and sinister characters move in and out of men’s lives, ironically revealing tragic or grotesque sides of human nature....

German zoologist who, with the dermatologist Erich Hoffmann, in 1905 discovered the causal organism of syphilis, Spirochaeta pallida, later called Treponema pallidum. He is known for his work in the development of protozoology as an experimental science....

German writer, composer, and painter known for his stories in which supernatural and sinister characters move in and out of men’s lives, ironically revealing tragic or grotesque sides of human nature....

German writer, composer, and painter known for his stories in which supernatural and sinister characters move in and out of men’s lives, ironically revealing tragic or grotesque sides of human nature....

Aug. 23, 1924Budapest, Hung.Jan. 29, 2005Appenzell, Switz.Hungarian-born Israeli satirist who , after surviving the Holocaust and immigrating to Israel, wrote prolifically and gained a large and appreciative audience, notably in Israel and Germany. Kishon was imprisoned in a Nazi forced-lab...

French immunologist and corecipient, with American immunologist Bruce A. Beutler and Canadian immunologist and cell biologist Ralph M. Steinman, of the 2011 Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine for his discoveries relating to the activation of innate immunity (the first line of defense against infection) in the ...

French immunologist and corecipient, with American immunologist Bruce A. Beutler and Canadian immunologist and cell biologist Ralph M. Steinman, of the 2011 Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine for his discoveries relating to the activation of innate immunity (the first line of defense against infection) in the ...

German patriotic poet, philologist, and literary historian whose poem Deutschland, Deutschland über alles was adopted as the German national anthem after World War I. (See Deutschlandlied.) His uncomplicated verses, expressing his deep love of country, were of great significan...

...belong to the genus Choloepus. Linnaeus’s two-toed sloth (C. didactylus) lives in northern South America east of the Andes and south to the central Amazon basin. Hoffmann’s two-toed sloth (C. hoffmanni) is found in Central and South America from Nicaragua to Peru and western Brazil. The two species can be distinguished by the colour ...

...these hairs become longer toward the tip, which gives the tail a slightly tufted appearance. As with any large group of rodents, body size varies within the genus. Most species are about the size of Hoffman’s rat (R. hoffmanni), native to the Indonesian island of Sulawesi and weighing 95 to 240 grams (3.4 to 8.5 ounces), with a body length of 17 to 21 cm (6.7 to 8.3 inche...

From the early Middle Ages, the Holy Roman Empire’s supreme court had been the Hofgericht, in which the emperor presided and a body of assessors sat in judgment. The Hofgericht ceased to act when the emperor was abroad and was dissolved upon his death. When the emperor ceased to command respect around the 15th century, his court lost the confidence of his subjects and discontinued sittings....

late medieval German knightly poet who, in the period of the decline of the courtly love lyric, introduced a new genre called höfische Dorfpoesie (“courtly village poetry”). It celebrated, in dancing songs, the poet’s love of village maidens rather than noble ladies....

...medieval, Renaissance, and Baroque houses. Notable buildings are the old town hall (1602–06), housing the historical museum; Am Rhyn House (1617); St. Peter’s Chapel (1178; altered 1750); the Hofkirche (an 8th-century cathedral and collegiate church of St. Leodegar); and the Mariahilf Church (1676–81). Other landmarks are Bertel Thorvaldsen’s “Lion of Lucerne...

...carver Fritz Wotruba is characteristic of this phase. Joannis Avramidis, also working in Vienna, turned figures into clusters of simplified formal echoes; the third sculptor of the Viennese group, Rudolf Hoflehner, who worked in iron, transformed them into symbolic presences. The segmental iron sculpture of the Spaniard Eduardo Chillida deals with a more limited and powerful range of forms....

Swiss chemist who discovered the psychedelic drug lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), which he first synthesized in 1938 by isolating compounds found in ergot (Claviceps purpurea), a fungus affecting rye....

German painter who was one of the most influential art teachers of the 20th century. He was a pioneer in experimenting in the use of improvisatory techniques; his work opened the way for the first generation of post-World War II American painters to develop Abstract Expressionism....

Austrian poet, dramatist, and essayist. He made his reputation with his lyrical poems and plays and became internationally famous for his collaboration with the German operatic composer Richard Strauss....

poet who was the leading representative of the “Second Silesian School,” the German counterpart to the Baroque extravagance of the Italian poets Giambattista Marino and Giovanni Battista Guarini and the Spanish poet Luis de Góngora....

After two German chemists, Emil Fischer and Franz Hofmeister, independently stated in 1902 that proteins are essentially polypeptides consisting of many amino acids, an attempt was made to classify proteins according to their chemical and physical properties, because the biological function of proteins had not yet been established. (The protein character of enzymes was not proved until the......

...circle and was strongly influenced by the Sturm und Drang sentiments of that group of dramatists. Lenz made his reputation with plays from the Strasbourg years, an eccentric didactic comedy, Der Hofmeister oder Vortheile der Privaterziehung (published 1774, performed 1778, Berlin; “The Tutor, or the Advantages of Private Education”), and his best play, Die......

Paton wrote a notable biography, Hofmeyr (1964), a massive study of the parliamentarian and cabinet minister Jan Hofmeyr. Towards the Mountain (1980) is an autobiography of Paton’s first 45 years. In Ah, But Your Land Is Beautiful (1981), Paton returned to a fictional account of events in South Africa. The second volume of his autobiography, Journey Continued, wa...

statesman and leader of the Afrikaner Bond, a political party supporting the agrarian interests of Dutch South Africans in the Cape Colony. Hofmeyr, the son of a viticulturist, was educated at the South African College, Cape Town, and rose to prominence as a journalist. In 1878 he formed the Boeren Beschermings Vereeniging (“Farmers...

statesman and leader of the Afrikaner Bond, a political party supporting the agrarian interests of Dutch South Africans in the Cape Colony. Hofmeyr, the son of a viticulturist, was educated at the South African College, Cape Town, and rose to prominence as a journalist. In 1878 he formed the Boeren Beschermings Vereeniging (“Farmers...

Between 1300 and 1500 the organs of central government in the territorial states became more specialized and diversified. The parent body was the advisory council (Hofrat) of high nobles and ecclesiastics, whom the prince consulted at his discretion. Its business was not differentiated, and there was no division of labour among the councillors. It met at......

large glacier in central Iceland that covers a circular area (384 square miles [994 square km]) nearly 25 miles (40 km) in diameter. It rises to a height of 5,791 feet (1,765 metres) in the centre, and its meltwaters feed several rivers, including the Héradhsvötn, Thjórsá, Ölfusá, and Blanda....

large glacier in central Iceland that covers a circular area (384 square miles [994 square km]) nearly 25 miles (40 km) in diameter. It rises to a height of 5,791 feet (1,765 metres) in the centre, and its meltwaters feed several rivers, including the Héradhsvötn, Thjórsá, Ölfusá, and Blanda....

American scientist who was a joint recipient of the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1961 for his investigations of protons and neutrons, which revealed the hitherto unknown structure of these particles. He shared the prize with Rudolf Ludwig Mössbauer of Germany....

Aug. 14, 1911Davos, Switz.June 1, 2007 Argentière, FranceSwiss mountaineer who was a member of the Swiss team of amateur climbers who in the spring of 1952 forged a passage up the South Face of Mt. Everest, across the treacherous Khumbu Icefall and the glacial basin called the Wester...

private, coeducational institution of higher learning in Hempstead, New York, U.S. It consists of eight schools, including Hofstra College of Liberal Arts and Sciences; New College, an interdisciplinary liberal arts college; and the Frank G. Zarb School of Business. The university also has schools of communication, education and allied human services, university studies, law, an...

town, eastern Saudi Arabia. It lies in the large Al-Hasa oasis and on the railroad from Riyadh to Al-Dammām. The headquarters of the Ottoman administration from 1871, when the Ottoman Empire seized eastern Arabia, it was recaptured in 1913 by the Wahhābīs, a Muslim fundamentalist group, under Ibn Saʿūd. The town remained under their control thereafter, becoming p...

...became the principal residence of the counts of Holland. These buildings now form the Binnenhof (“Inner Courtyard”) in the old quarter of the city. About 1350 an artificial lake, the Hofvijver, was dug just to the north of the Binnenhof and still forms one of the many attractions of the city....

Austrian amateur conjurer who was one of the most brilliant inventors of small manipulative tricks, especially with playing cards. Hofzinser, who never appeared outside Austria, was one of the first to advocate simplicity of performance, eliminating elaborate costumes and stage apparatus. Although he requested that his magic secrets be buried with him, Ottokar Fischer searched Hofzinser’s c...

hallucinogenic drug with anesthetic properties, having the chemical name 1–(1–phencyclohexyl) piperidine. PCP was first developed in 1956 by Parke Davis Laboratories of Detroit for use as an anesthetic in veterinary medicine, though it is no longer used in this capacity. Used for a brief time as a general anesthetic in humans, its side effects range from distorted ...

Heavy, fat-producing domesticated pig developed in the U.S. in the late 19th and early 20th century. As the growing use of cheaper vegetable oils decreased the importance of lard as a source of fat, meatpackers sought hogs yielding more lean meat and less fat, and breeders (mostly European) began crossbreeding programs to obtain lean meat and vigorous animals. Today the term hog...

The hog badger (Arctonyx collaris), also called the hog-nosed, or sand, badger, is a pale-clawed species of both lowland and mountainous regions in a range similar to that of ferret badgers. It is gray to black, with a black-and-white-striped head pattern and white throat, ears, and tail. It is 55–70 cm long, excluding the 12–20-cm tail, and weighs 7–14 kg. Hog...

The type of material used to make a brush and its design are dictated by the intended use. Hog bristles, for example, have long been used for paintbrushes and art brushes because such animal fibres are flexible and resilient and display an excellent capacity for holding paint. Each individual bristle has a broad, sturdy base and a tapered tip that splits into several fine filaments. The hair of......

serious and often fatal viral disease of swine. Characterized by high fever and exhaustion, the disease is transmitted from infected pigs via numerous carrier agents, including vehicles in which pigs are conveyed from place to place, dealers who journey from farm to farm, and farm attendants. The virus may be present in garbage used for swine feed but is destroyed by cooking....

a respiratory disease of pigs that is caused by an influenza virus. The first flu virus isolated from pigs was influenza A H1N1 in 1930. This virus is a subtype of influenza that is named for the composition of the proteins hemagglutinin (H) and neuraminidase (N) that form its viral coat. Since the 1930s...

building for housing swine, particularly one with facilities for housing a number of hogs under one roof. Typical housing protects against extremes of heat and cold and provides draft-free ventilation, sanitary bedding, and feeding. Simple hog houses are sometimes called sties....

(species Spondias mombin), ornamental purplish green flowered tree, of the cashew family (Anacardiaceae), native to tropical areas of the world. The hog plum and several other species of the genus Spondias are cultivated for their edible, plumlike fruits, called ciruela. The large stone in each fruit bears many spines and is difficult to separate from the pulp....

The hog badger (Arctonyx collaris), also called the hog-nosed, or sand, badger, is a pale-clawed species of both lowland and mountainous regions in a range similar to that of ferret badgers. It is gray to black, with a black-and-white-striped head pattern and white throat, ears, and tail. It is 55–70 cm long, excluding the 12–20-cm tail, and weighs 7–14 kg. Hog...

The hog-nosed skunks (genus Conepatus) of North America can be larger than striped skunks, but those of Chile and Argentina are smaller. In the northern part of their range, they have a single solid white stripe starting at the top of the head that covers the tail and back. In Central and South America they have the typical “V” pattern. Hog-nosed skunks have no markings......

The pre-Meiji period of 19th-century Japanese traditional music, known generically as hōgaku vis-à-vis Western music (yōgaku), was generally strong. It has been noted that certain styles of samisen music had been able to create concert repertoires disconnected from dance or party accompaniment......

traditional dwelling and ceremonial structure of the Navajo Indians of Arizona and New Mexico. Early hogans were dome-shaped buildings with log, or occasionally stone, frameworks. Once framed, the structure was then covered with mud, dirt, or sometimes sod. The entrance generally faced east, toward the rising sun, and was usually covered with a blanket. Except for a circular opening in the roof to...

American professional golfer who became supreme in the decade after World War II. His exceptional will and rigorous practice routine enabled him to play winning golf after an automobile accident (1949) in which he was injured so severely that he was not expected to walk again....

Nov. 28, 1967 Mexia, TexasFeb. 8, 2007Hollywood, Fla.American celebrity who engaged in a lifestyle that frequently captured tabloid headlines, especially when she married 89-year-old Texas oil billionaire J. Howard Marshall II in 1994, at the age of 26. His death 14 months later led to a h...

American professional golfer who became supreme in the decade after World War II. His exceptional will and rigorous practice routine enabled him to play winning golf after an automobile accident (1949) in which he was injured so severely that he was not expected to walk again....

...and My Mother the Car (NBC, 1965–66), which delivered just what its title promised. Of all the new shows of the 1965–66 season, perhaps Hogan’s Heroes (CBS, 1965–71) best exemplified the bizarre new direction TV entertainment was taking. Debuting in the top 10 of the Nielsen ratings, Hogan...

...unscrupulously pirated editions, he fought to obtain legislation protecting artist’s copyright and held back the eight-part Rake’s Progress until a law of that nature, known as the Hogarth Act, was passed in 1735. In the following year Hogarth moved into the house in Leicester Fields that he was to occupy until his death....

...designed for television, sometimes combining puppets with human performers, did, however, gain great success. In England, for instance, Muffin the Mule and his animal friends, manipulated by Ann Hogarth, appeared from 1946 on the top of a piano at which Annette Mills played and sang. In the United States a series featuring the Kuklapolitans, created by Burr Tillstrom, began airing in......

In 1917 the Woolfs bought a printing press and founded the Hogarth Press, named for Hogarth House, their home in the London suburbs. The Woolfs themselves (she was the compositor while he worked the press) published their own Two Stories in the summer of 1917. It consisted of Leonard’s Three Jews and Virginia’s ...

the first great English-born artist to attract admiration abroad, best known for his moral and satirical engravings and paintings—e.g., A Rake’s Progress (eight scenes, begun 1732). His attempts to build a reputation as a history painter and portraitist, however, met with financial disappointment, and his aesthetic theories had mo...

...the differential weathering and erosion of the hard capping layer and the soft underlying cliff maker, which erodes more rapidly. Cuestas with dip slopes of 40°–45° are usually called hogback ridges....

During the 1960s the Swedish physicist Jan Hogbom developed a technique called CLEAN, which is used to remove the spurious responses from a celestial radio image caused by the use of discrete, rather than continuous, spacings in deriving the radio image. Further developments, based on a technique introduced in the early 1950s by the British scientists Roger Jennison and Francis Graham Smith,......

...rough hairy stems, mostly lobed or divided leaves, and inconspicuous greenish flowers that are borne in small heads, the male in terminal spikes and the female in the upper axils of the leaves. The common ragweed (A. artemisiifolia), also called Roman wormwood, hogweed, hogbrake, and bitterweed, is found across the North American continent. It typically grows about 1 metre (3.5 feet)......

...from cantonal court decisions. Appeals against decisions from the district courts are heard by one of five courts of appeal (gerechtshoven). The Supreme Court (Hoge Raad) ensures a uniform application of the law, but it cannot determine constitutionality. In the legislative process itself, the government and the parliament together pass judgment on the......

(July 1156), in Japan, conflict in the Hōgen era between the Taira and Minamoto clans that marked the end of the Fujiwara family’s dominance of the monarchy and the start of a prolonged period of feudal warfare....

(July 1156), in Japan, conflict in the Hōgen era between the Taira and Minamoto clans that marked the end of the Fujiwara family’s dominance of the monarchy and the start of a prolonged period of feudal warfare....

...in 1806—and that it was desirable that it be established by the Dutch people rather than imposed by the eventual allied victors. The movement for restoration was led by a remarkable figure, Gijsbert Karel van Hogendorp, a man of firm political principle who had refused to serve any of the governments that ruled in Holland after 1795 yet accepted the necessity for a reestablished prince.....

any of certain species of fishes in the wrasse family, Labridae (order Perciformes). Although representatives of the family are found in tropical to temperate oceans throughout the world, the hogfishes occur only in the Atlantic, predominantly in the West Indies....

June 3, 1939Alexandria, La.July 6, 2007Princeton, Minn.American romance novelist who was the author of 14 hefty bodice rippers, and she was credited with being the first to salt historical fiction with steamy sex scenes. Her paperbacks, beginning with The Flame and the Flower (1972),...

English philanthropist, social reformer, and founder of the Polytechnic, which became a model for later social and educational centres for underprivileged youth. For more than three decades, Hogg and his wife devoted their time and fortune to working among poor young people in London....