An Uncertain Future on the Shores of Africa's Vanishing Lake

Korean-American photographer Jane Hahn has been based on the African continent for over ten years. She’s covered health crises, political violence and other humanitarian issues, and along the way, has run into a lot of troubling sights. One of the most disturbing experiences, Hahn recalls, was standing on a sand dune and realising that 30 years ago the desert stretching far beyond her vision was covered in water.

In Chad, a landlocked country in north-central Africa, the widening Sahara desert, plus the Boko Haram crisis, has equalled a major threat to the ecosystem of the Chad River Basin. Lake Chad, located at the heart of the fragile basin, is a shallow freshwater lake that currently offers most of its shores to Chad and Cameroon, but historically shares them with Nigeria and Niger.

In February, Hahn spent a week travelling –– by vehicle, boat, and on foot –– the stretch of Lake Chad that resides within Chad’s borders. There, she documented the relationship between the shrinking body of water and the increasing number of people who rely on it to survive.

Originating in Nigeria, Boko Haram is among the world’s deadliest terrorist groups. In late 2014, says Hahn, their targets began to spread beyond Nigeria’s borders into the Chad River Basin countries. Hundreds of thousands of people from the basin who were living in and near Nigeria fled the violence, eventually finding refuge in Chad’s villages and camps, as well as in Niger and Cameroon. In Chad, the influx of displaced Chadians and refugees, on top of the local population, who are now depending on Lake Chad for subsistence, have strained the lake’s resources. Combined with the advancing desert, the future of the lake is more uncertain than ever.

Fadi Madou waits to buy fish on the shores of Lake Chad to clean and sell at the local market in Baga Sola, Chad. Madou is from Marakou Island and arrived in Tagal 18 months ago after fleeing with her family after Boko Haram attacked a nearby island.
PHOTOGRAPH BY JANE HAHN

Women wait for fishermen to arrive with their morning catch to clean and sell at the market on the shores of Lake Chad in Tagal Village, Baga Sola, Chad.
PHOTOGRAPH BY JANE HAHN

Boys fish by the shores of Lake Chad in Wollirom, Chad.
PHOTOGRAPH BY JANE HAHN

Mohammed Mboudou has been mining for natron, a sodium based mineral found in pockets of areas around the basin, since he was 20 years old.
PHOTOGRAPH BY JANE HAHN

Fisherman Abakar Umaru, 40, (centre) cooks fish on his boat on the shores of Lake Chad in Tagal Village, Baga Sola, Chad. Umaru is originally from Doron Baga, Nigeria but fled across the lake to Baga Sola in January 2015 after Boko Haram attacked his village.
PHOTOGRAPH BY JANE HAHN

Amadou Allay, 22, walks through an area of the basin that was once covered in water over 30 years ago but now has been overtaken by sand in Broumbya Village outside of Baga Sola, Chad. Villagers recalled building a dyke to separate the water from farmland but as years passed, the farmland began to dry along with the lake and now the whole area has been overtaken by sand.
PHOTOGRAPH BY JANE HAHN

Fati Moussa, 27, stands outside of her shelter at the Dar es Salaam refugee camp in Baga Sola, Chad. Moussa is originally from Baga, Nigeria, but fled across the lake to Baga Sola after surviving one of Boko Haram's worst massacres in January 2015. Unable to farm she and her family survives on the charity of other refugees and the limited aid provided by under-funded aid agencies.
PHOTOGRAPH BY JANE HAHN

Men take shade under a tree on the shores of Lake Chad, in Tagal Village in Baga Sola, Chad.
PHOTOGRAPH BY JANE HAHN

Farmer Ali Koura, 75, waters crops on his farm on Kourkei Island across from Tagal Village in Baga Sola, Chad. Despite many other farmers abandoning their land on the island out of fear of a Boko Haram attack, Koura refuses to leave and believes that Allah will protect him.
PHOTOGRAPH BY JANE HAHN

Babay Moussa, 23, fans Abakar, 2, who suffers from a pulmonary condition that has been complicated by malnutrition at the International Rescue Committee Clinic in Liwa, Chad. Many IDPs have fled to villages surrounding Liwa as their families were originally from this area that was once on the lake and followed the receding shores for decades. As the Boko Haram crisis spread across borders, many living at the lake returned back to these home villages for safety.
PHOTOGRAPH BY JANE HAHN

Mohammed Mboudou, digs for natron in Mayala, Chad. As the water levels of the lake decrease, fields of natron are uncovered over time. They are mined and sold to markets around the basin with Nigeria being the largest market. Since late 2014, the route to Nigeria has been cut off due to insecurity severely affecting the local market and incomes of the miners and their ability to provide for their families.
PHOTOGRAPH BY JANE HAHN

The locals Hahn interviewed, many of whose families have been in the region for several generations, described seeing more and more sand every year; whole villages have moved, following the line of the lake. “Desertification is the one thing that really scares the people I spoke to, the people who are experiencing it first hand,” says Hahn.

It’s known that the surface area of Lake Chad fluctuates seasonally and its mass has varied greatly over the centuries. Yet Hahn reports that “drought, desertification, deforestation, and resource mismanagement in addition to climate change have contributed to its drastic reduction in size by almost 90 percent in the last 60 years.” She believes that with water levels at their lowest, combined with a larger-than-ever population pulling from the ground water for personal use or for irrigation projects, the lake is not able to replenish itself. “When you add on the advancing desert, the basin is dying,” says Hahn. The fish become smaller and decline in number. As more people wash themselves and their belongings in the lake, the water becomes a health hazard to those who drink directly from it, creating illness and exacerbating malnutrition.

The receding waters, and Boko Haram, also sever an economic lifeline between Chad and Nigeria. Maiduguri, Nigeria, the birthplace of Boko Haram, used to be a vital trading post for fishermen, farmers, and traders who crossed the border from Chad to carry produce to the market in Maiduguri. With lower water levels and routes cut off due to insecurity caused by Boko Haram, boats are unable to reach Maidugur, "leaving thousands without their major market to trade with," says Hahn.

The lake’s disappearance has brought one gift, the mineral deposit of natron that is left behind as the water evaporates. Collecting and trading this mineral provided income for its miners –– until their trade routes became impassable.

In spite of the catastrophe looming, the landscape of Lake Chad is remarkably stunning, says Hahn. As the sun rises on the fertile land surrounding the water, women waiting for the fisherman to arrive with the day’s catch shield themselves from the cool air by lighting small fires. The birds accompany the boats to land and circle overhead as the fish are prepared for their final destination; some will be cleaned and carried to the local market, others dried and sent to N’djamena, Chad’s capital. With the smell of the catch still in the air, the women turn their backs to the lake and begin walking inland. Within only a few hundred feet the lush plants give way to sand. Suddenly and dramatically, the women are encircled by the Sahel, the zone of transition before the Sahara desert begins, the sand rising to their ankles.

The winds are only growing stronger, literally carrying the Sahara with them to the lake, says Hahn.

Header Image: An aerial view of the islands in Lake Chad, taken above Baga Sola, Chad. PHOTOGRAPH BY JANE HAHN