At its worst, depression
leaves few corners of the human mind unscathed. Many people suffering
from this chronic illness lose their appetites, their ability to
sleep normally, their sex drive, and the very ability to enjoy the
simplest pleasures. Among the more conspicuous of the casualties
is memory. Scientists are probing the connection between depression
and memory-some in hopes of
improving treatments, others to improve understanding of the deep
connections between mind, mood, and memory. Using brain imaging
techniques, we are even beginning to see some of those connections.

Hobbling the executive brain

Memory is but one of a suite of higher or "executive" brain functions hobbled by depression. In addition to becoming forgetful, a person suffering from major depression may have trouble initiating tasks, making decisions, planning future actions, or organizing thoughts. This is thought to trace to imbalances in the chemicals, called neurotransmitters, that enable individual brain cells to "talk" to each other and store new memories.

One of the ways that depression affects memory
is by skewing the types of memories people tend to recall while
in the grip of melancholy. We all tend to remember happy events
when we are happy and sad events when we are sad, explains Norman
Rosenthal, MD, a professor of clinical psychiatry at Georgetown
University Medical School. A depressed person tends to recall mostly
the negative, unhappy experiences. This can appear to family and
friends as a loss of memory. It also reinforces the person's drab
and negative view of life, fueling the depression.

Coordination of memory

It is also well known that depression impairs
the ability to create long-term memories. It really comes down to
a lack of attention and
concentration, explains Constantine Lyketsos, MD, director of neuropsychiatry
at the Johns Hopkins School of Medicine. For example, a depressed
man agrees to meet a spouse or friend at a certain address. An hour
later, he realizes he has "forgotten" the address. But perhaps due
to a lack of attention and concentration-a hallmark of the depressed
mental state-he never really formed an enduring memory of the address
in the first place.

This type of event reflects a loss of coordination between working, short-term, and long-term memory. Imagine these forms of memory as a series of bins, explains Lyketsos. The working memory bin keeps track of events as they happen, but only for a short time. At a picnic, working memory registers your conscious experiences as you find a seat, eat, and watch the volleyball game.

But only a few of these experiences will become permanently stored in your brain. A few exciting or important events, such as a fantastic play in the volleyball game, might get passed from working memory into short-term memory-the bin where we store memories for minutes or hours. The rest of the events will fade, displaced from working memory by more recent events. Over time, some items in the short-term memory are moved into the final bin, long-term memory, where they may endure for a lifetime.

A depressed person, Lyketsos explains, may be too inattentive and unfocused to file passing events in short-term memory. In this case, it isn't so much that the depressed person has forgotten, but that the memory was never stored in the first place.

Where it happens

Brain imaging technology allows us to "see" the connections between depression and memory. Many studies, for example, have shown that brain-cell activity in the frontal lobes-located in the front of the brain, behind the forehead-is often reduced in depressed people. Part of the explanation for this may involve a brain chemical called serotonin. Among other things, serotonin regulates blood flow, providing cells with the fuel they need to operate. Blood flow in the brain can be monitored indirectly with a medical imaging technology called positron emission tomography (PET).

Depressed people generally have decreased levels
of serotonin, which may
explain the reduced brain-cell activity. Additionally, serotonin
is involved in regulating arousal-the ability feel interested in
or stimulated by normally pleasurable activities. The new "second-generation"
antidepressant
drugs, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) and monoamine
oxidase (MAO) inhibitors, boost arousal by increasing the amount
of available serotonin in the brain.

Restoring memory

Depression is a highly treatable condition. There
are many approaches, including medication and psychotherapy,
which can reduce depressive symptoms. Unfortunately, many "older-generation"
antidepressant medications alleviated the mood disorder but made
memory problems worse. It is hoped that today's generation of medications
(SSRIs and MAO inhibitors) will be better able to treat depression
with fewer side effects.

There is some scientific evidence that treating depression can indeed help reduce memory complaints. One recent study, conducted by Finnish researchers, involved 174 adults with major depression. At the start of the study, the depressed patients performed poorly on several neuropsychological tests of memory, including the ability to repeat short stories or lists from memory. For the next six months, the patients were given treatment for their depression, including medication and/or therapy. At the end of this period, patients whose depression had been reduced also reported fewer memory problems. Their performance on the memory tests also improved.

Getting over it

The first step to conquering depression is to recognize the symptoms of a serious psychological condition. The second step is to seek help. Every patient is different, but in most cases some combination of treatment methods can help dispel the mists of sadness and also reduce symptoms such as forgetfulness-making it easier to remember why life is worth living after all.

Do You Have Depression?

Major depression is a serious psychiatric condition, characterized by persistent feelings of sadness, guilt or worthlessness, often accompanied by:

Difficulty concentrating, remembering, or making decisions.

A loss of interest in people and/or activities that once brought you pleasure.

A change in eating or sleeping habits.

Feeling tired all the time.

Restlessness or irritability.

Thoughts of death, suicide, or harming yourself.

If you have some or all of these symptoms, talk to your doctor or a mental health care provider. Depression can be treated.

The National Alliance for the Mentally Ill (NAMI) can point you to local affiliates that can guide you to treatment resources in your area. Write to: 2107 Wilson Boulevard, Suite 300, Arlington, VA, 22201-3042. Tel: 800-950-NAMI. Or browse the web: http://www.nami.org

The National Institute of Mental Health will send you free information about depression and its treatment. Contact the Information Resources and Inquiries Branch, 800-421-4211. On the web, browse http://www.nimh.nih.gov.

If you or someone you know may be suffering from depression, contact the National Alliance for the Mentally Ill (NAMI) can point you to local affiliates that can guide you to treatment resources in your area. Write to: 2107 Wilson Boulevard, Suite 300, Arlington, VA, 22201-3042. Tel: 800-950-NAMI. Or browse the web: http://www.nami.org.

The National Institute of Mental Health will also send you free information about depression and its treatment. Contact the Information Resources and Inquiries Branch, 800-421-4211. On the web, browse http://www.nimh.nih.gov.