Adverse Events Following Coronary Angiography And Cardiac Surgery

Having a major adverse renal or cardiac event (MARCE) is a calculable risk following cardiac surgery. As techniques for percutaneous coronary interventions (PCI) have improved over time, so too has PCI utilization, rendering cardiac surgery more appropriate for cases too complicated for PCI. As surgeons take on increasingly difficult cases, they look for new ways to improve surgical outcomes.

The interval from coronary angiography to cardiac surgery may be one such factor; however, there are conflicting reports as to an ideal waiting time.[1,2] This is partially due to performing analyses without controlling for contrast medium, which has an effect on the risk of contrast-induced acute kidney injury (CI-AKI).[3]

To accomplish this task, Baylor Scott & White Health Care System partnered with the Dallas Fort Worth Hospital Council (DFWHC) to access a dataset of local hospitalization records across approximately 90 hospitals from January 1, 2008-June 30, 2015. [5] CI-AKI was determined using Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes guidelines for up to 1 week following coronary angiogram or until cardiac surgery, whichever occurred first. [6] MARCE was the composite of renal replacement therapy, myocardial infarction, stroke, heart failure, renal/cardiac hospitalization, and death.

Using nearly 1000 records of high-risk cases, they found that 13% of patients developed CI-AKI between angiogram and surgery and that 26% developed MARCE in the year following surgery. They also found that patients who had cardiac surgery within 1 day of angiogram were at a 68% elevated risk of MARCE than those who waited 2-4 days. The effect of wait-time was removed after adjusting for clinical factors in all cardiac surgeries; however, a subgroup analysis using patients who underwent isolated coronary artery bypass graft surgery revealed that such a quick turnaround from angiogram to surgery conferred 2.3 times the risk for MARCE compared to those who waited 2-4 days. Further, they discovered that these MARCE outcomes were exacerbated by the presence of CI-AKI. For example, 8.6% of patients without CI-AKI who had surgery within 1 day developed 1-year MARCE, compared with 18.2% of patients who had surgery in the same timeframe but also had antecedent CI-AKI. Importantly, 72% of cases performed within 1 day could have potentially waited longer, as they were not emergent. [4]

While this was the first study to consider the impact of wait-time on the outcome of MARCE, this work expanded on conflicting previous reports which considered wait-time as a factor for other procedural outcomes. For example, Mehta et al. found a modest relation between mortality and wait-time from angiography to elective CABG, without controlling for contrast media. [1] Others dichotomized wait-time by < or ≥7 days and observed no difference in post-surgical AKI development.[7] Another study considering nonionic contrast cases indicated that waiting 6+ days to have cardiac surgery had a protective effect against acute renal dysfunction development.[8]

As the general population becomes increasingly comorbid and surgical cases become correspondingly more complicated, surgeons may look to operation timing as one factor to improve surgical outcomes. While there is no consensus regarding the optimal time for cardiac surgery following angiography, these results suggest that CABG within 24 hours of angiography negatively impacts MARCE, especially if antecedent CI-AKI occurs. In cases where surgery cannot be delayed, AKI preventive measures prior to and during surgery should be employed.

About The Author

KMT

Kristen M. Tecson, PhD

The purpose of my role as Biostatistician for the Baylor Heart and Vascular Institute is to advancecardiovascular research. To do this, I am engaged in all study stages from conception to publication. I also regularly transcend the Biostatistician’s traditional role by leading studies as the principle investigator.

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