Transcript of "Manual krav maga by Matt Cheung"

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by M att CheungHTTP :/ / W W W .AN GELFI R E.COM / AR T/ M AA

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Copyright and disclaimerAll rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in retrieval systemor transmitted in any form. Do not distribute.Single copies maybe printed or stored for personal use only. Electronic copies may beobtained free of charge from http://www.angelfire.com/art/maaã Copyright 2001 Matt Cheung. Wudang Martial Arts Center. http://www.angelfire.com/art/maa Some content used with permission of Krav Maga Association of America, Inc. 2

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Preface to Krav MagaA self-defense system called Krav MagaÔ also called the officialIsraeli self-defense system was created by Imi Lichtenfeld aboutforty years ago. Idea of Krav Maga is to teach anyone,regardless of age, physical prowess and experience how todefend themselves against a variety of attacks.Because of Krav Magas effectiveness, Krav Maga hasgained acceptance in many of the worlds best military andpara-military organizations. This style has been accepted intothe training programs of the Special Operations Battalion of theMilitary Police of Rio de Janeiro, the municipal guard of thatsame country, the G.I.G.N. of France, the FBI, the L.A. SWATteams and the Beverly Hills Police Force.As mentioned, Krav Maga ("Contact Combat" in Hebrew) is theofficial self-defense and fighting system used by the IsraeliDefense Forces (I.D.F.), Israeli Police and Security Services.It is also taught in institutions associated with the IsraeliMinistry of Education, and since 1964, Krav Maga has beentaught to civilians all over the world.After development and refinement during years of conflict, KravMaga emphasizes easy learning techniques that have beenbattle-tested in real, life threatening confrontations.Krav Maga is different than most other martial arts systems(but not all) because there are no rules in Krav Maga. All thingsthat are available is accepted and any attack and defensecombination is welcomed to the art.Most of the techniques themselves are combat-oriented versionsof techniques borrowed from martial arts such as jujutsu, aikido,boxing, karate and judo as well as a number of lesser known butequally effective martial arts systems. 4

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Krav Maga was developed in an environment where the Israelimilitary could not devote many hours hand to hand combattraining for their personnel. Therefore, the Krav Maga systemwas created with great importance placed on bringing studentsto a high level of skill in a relatively (comparing some traditionalarts) short period of time. There are no katas or rules in thesystem. As it is said anything goes when you are fighting foryour life.Students of Krav Maga will learn kicking and punchingtechniques that emphasize quick speed attacks to vital areassuch as the groin, eyes and throat. Low kicks to the knee may bealso used. Defenses against armed multiple attackers arethought and students learn also basic weapons such as knife,short staff and bayonet rifle to include in their repertoire.Defenses against different types of submission holds like fullnelsons, chokes, bear hugs and lapel grabs will be thought sothat students have at their knowledge which way to respond toan attack.While learning starts from basics, students rapidly progressto full speed sparring,where wear protective equipment is usedto cushion blows and protect the vital areas. This type of trainingallows examination of technique, and introduces the student to asmall sampling what real attack situation may be like.As Krav Maga is a survival system dealing with personal safetyissues in the context of defending against both armed andunarmed attackers. It is considered to be a modern, highlyrefined, street fighting system, designed to be utilized againstmuggings, street attacks, and sexual assaults. Emphasis isplaced on using exactly what is appropriate and needed to thesituation. 5

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Initially designed to give the Israeli Defense Forces a centrali-zed self-defense system,Krav Maga today has blossomed inpopularity due to its realistic focus on personal protectiontechniques and its casual but simultaneously seriousenvironment. " So you may walk in peace." 6

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History of Krav Maga and its Founder Imi LichtenfeldThe history of Krav Maga is linked to the development of thestate of Israels military forces and life of the founder, ImiLichtenfeld. As told, development of the state of Israel and theneed for the Israeli military to protect its country in one of theworlds most hostile areas, gave base for creating Krav Maga.Imrich Sde-or (Imi Lichtenfeld) born in Budapest in 1910, Imigrew up in environment where sports, law and education wererespected. Imi was encouraged by his father to engage in a widerange of sports, including martial arts. Imis father, Samuel, acircus weightlifter and wrestler, worked later also at the policeforces and actually served for many years as Chief DetectiveInspector.As the prove of Imis physical talents, Imi won the SlovakianYouth Wrestling Championship in 1928, and in 1929 the adultchampionship (in the light and middle weight division). That yearhe also won the national boxing championship and an inter-national gymnastics championship. Little bit later Imis athleticactivities focused mainly on wrestling, as a contestant and atrainer.In the mid thirties, atmosphere in Bratislava started to change.Fascist and anti-Semitic groups rised, with their meaning toupset the public order and harm the citys Jewish community.Imi was involved with groups of young Jews whose aim was todistrupt the anti-Semitic activities that were also supported bysome political powers. Imi became the uncrowned leader of agroup of young Jews, most of them with a background in boxing,wrestling, and weightlifting. This group attempted to block theanti-Semitic bands from harming Jewish community.Between 1936 and 1940, Imi was involved with many forcefullprotests to the current political powers and was forced to fightin streetbrawls and confrontations. It was in these fights Imiunderstood the difference between streetfighing and competitionfighting. 7

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In 1940, pursued by the government, Imi left his home andboarded the Petchko, the last immigrant ship to escape the Naziclutches. His efforts to find a new home took two years.Later he proceeded to volunteer for service in a Czech militaryunit of the British armed forces. The unit served during WorldWar II in Lebanon, Syria, Libya, and Egypt.This combatexperience led him to further refine his skills.When discharged in 1942, he requested and was allowed toimmigrate to Israel. After noticing Imi`s extensive self-defenseskills, Imi was recruited by Isaac Sadeh, the commanding officerof the Haganah in 1942. Later Imi began to teach Kapap(hand to hand combat) and physical exercise to the most elitespecial forces units of the Haganah, Palmach, and Palyam.In the mid-1940s, Imi worked with the Israeli Defense Force(IDF), teaching its members physical fitness, swimming,wrestling, use of the knife and defense against knife attacks.During this period, firearms were outlawed and in very scarcesupply. They were hidden away from the British and only usedfor special missions. The fact that firearms could not beused had a great influence on the development of the style. 8

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In 1948, when the State of Israel was founded, Imi becamethe chief instructor for physical fitness and Krav Maga at the IDF.For the next twenty years, Imi worked with the IDF, developingand refining his method for self-defense and hand-to-handcombat. After retiring from active duty from the IDF in the 60`s,Imi began adapting the style for civilian use. He established twoschools, to Netanya and in Tel Aviv.The work in the following years and up to today, was to designthe system to confront every day attacks and street confronta-tion problems. Imi further refined his techniques to be used forcivilian needs.One result of progression was Krav Magas use of belts. At firstImi didnt want to use belts in training, because it was a millitarysystem, but trying to get recognition from other martial artists hedesigned a belt system based on the Judo and also startedtraining in Judo gi`s.Later Imi desided that belts shouldnt be a part of the systembecause it originally did not have any reason to use belts andthe use of belts did not have any realistic or practical meaning inthe system. So the system of grades was kept, and the belts wasreplaced with a system of Practitioner/Graduate/Expert levels.The Krav Maga training suits today consist of black pants andwhite t-shirts. Some countries still uses the belts in thecurriculum, but not in training. 9

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Imi and his senior instructors formed the first Krav MagaAssociation in 1978, and in 1995 the International Krav MagaFederation was formed in Netanya, to help spread system toaround the world.After years of training, many changes was made to the systemboth technically and visual, but Imi never forgot the basic lines ofthe system: simplicity, effectiveness and realism.Imi Licthenfeld died on Jan 8th 1998, at age 88. 10

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Principles of Krav MagaIt can be said that the Krav Maga is not a martial art, but ratheran art of self-defense. Using the students size, strength andabilities, the attackers own force is used against him, as isoften the case in many martial styles. The movements aredesigned on basic body movements, making their use easier,more reflexive and more effective in self-defense situations. Thesequences of moves are short, designed for real life situations,with no rules,and trained to the level of reflex action.Krav Maga was formulated to fit everyone -- man or woman,child or adult -- to protect themselves in case of attack.Krav Maga is designed specifically for self-defense. Thephilosophy is based on the idea that while the practice of self-defense may not be compatible with every personality, ignoringthe need for self-defense will not make you safe from violence.Krav Maga is comprised of two main parts: self defense andhand to hand combat. Self defense is the foundation of KravMaga.Students learn to defend themselves against hostile actions, toavoid injury, and to quickly overcome their assailant. Krav Magadefenses address a wide variety of aggressive acts, such aspunches, kicks, chokes, bearhugs, headlocks, grabs, as well asdefenses against multiple assailants and assailants armed witha firearm, edged weapon, or blunt object. Students apply therelevant Krav Maga principles and techniques in a multitude ofsituations, even in unfamiliar or adverse circumstances, such asdark surroundings; from a sitting or lying position; with limitedfreedom or movement; or under extreme stress and/or fatigue. 11

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Hand to hand combat constitutes a more advanced andsophisticated phase of Krav Maga which teaches how toneutralize an opponent quickly and effectively. It embodieselements related to the actual performance of the fight: tactics,feints, powerful combinations of different attacks, thepsychological dimensions of the fight, and learning how to usethe environment to your advantage.In addition, Krav Maga incorporates specialized trainingmethods to not only challenge students physically, but to alsoinstill into the student a special mental discipline meant tostrengthen the spirit and to develop the ability to deal withviolent confrontations under high stress. These training methodshave been used in Israel’s most elite units and have proventhemselves in real fighting.The goals of Krav maga training are: courage, emotionalstability, patience and respect. The student learns theseprinciples through workouts, practice and the development oftheir skills.As with many martial systems, the intent is to remove thestudent from the need for violence, while preparing them tomeet it when violence occurs.The main principles of Krav Maga- Avoid injury- Take advantage of natural reflexes- Act in the minimum time required- Using human body’s vulnerable spots- Use of the body’s natural weapons and all objects that may be close at hand- No Rules 12

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Techniques of Krav MagaThe techniques of Krav Maga are based on transference ofenergy and explosive action. The strikes are powerful anddesigned for maximum effect to specific target areas. Studentsare trained to be fully aware of their surroundings and thepotential for violence. As with most martial styles, the beginningstudent practices blocks, punches, kicks and specific strikes,along with defensive moves for grabs and attacks. As thelearning progresses, the student moves to more sophisticatedtechniques against longer-range situations and multipledirections. Some holds are taught so to subdue an opponent.Face-to-face combat begins with this level, to accustom thestudent to the "feel" of an attack.Further training teaches additional holds, as well as releasesfrom the holds. Specific defenses, immobilization techniques,and throws are also added to the curriculum. As the studentgains skill, weapons training begins using knife, staff, club andnunchaku. As the black belt level is reached, training with rifleshaving fixed bayonets is taught, based on the militaryroots of the system.The lethal nature of the Krav Maga system simulates real lifesituations. It teaches people how to save lives and to cope withcommon street violence. To be effective in the streets, KravMaga cannot include rules and limitations. Therefore, there areno sport competitions for Krav Maga because it is designed toremain a realistic fighting system.Students are instructed in state-of-the-art defensive principlesthat apply to a variety of threatening attacks that occur duringcommonly documented street crimes. Students train from aposition of disadvantage in real time and real speed. 13

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Defensive maneuvers are combined with simultaneouscounterattacks until all potential danger is eliminated. Uniquetraining methods are employed to simulate violent streetencounters. This is necessary to place students under extremestress while performing Krav Maga techniques. Students learn togo from a passive to an aggressive state quickly.Krav Maga also teaches students to function with their attentiondivided; while fatigued; and when they are faced with amultitude of spontaneous attack scenarios.Krav Maga Techniques for Self-Defense consists following levels: - Defense against punches and kicks - Releases from bear hugs and chokes - Defense against knifes and clubs, guns etc. - Defense against multiple attackers - Various types of arm blows and kicks - Sparring under pressure and controlled fightingFor the Military and Law Enforcement Professional training alsoincludes: - Versatile use of a weapons, including explosives - Taking control of individuals without maiming - Dealing with terrorist/hostage situations. 14

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Present day the IKMF has local associations and affiliations in Israel, theUnited States, France, Sweden, Finland, Norway, Great Britain, Brazil,Thailand and throughout the world. Krav Maga is used nowadays by theIDF including the special forces units and the Israeli police and securitybranches, and by many other elite units in North America, South America,Europe, and around the world. The Krav Maga has also become, as Imiwanted it to be, a major source of civilian self defense instruction. 16

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ADDITIONAL CHAPTER: STATE OF ISRAELS VIVID HISTORYBecause creation of Krav Maga is linked, at least some level, to thedevelopment of the state of Israels military forces, its also usefull to getdeeper look what was happening in Israel at those first years when Stateof Israel and Israels defence forces where formed. The map of Israel in 1948 17

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Starting from The War of Independence (1947-49)The war was fought a long the entire, long border of the country: againstLebanon and Syria in the north, Iraq and Transjordan - in the east, Egypt,assisted by Sudan - in the south and Palestinians and volunteers fromArab countries in the interior of the country.It was the most costly war of Israels history, more than 6,000 Jewishfighters and civilians died.At the wars end in 1949, the state of Israel was confronted with anumber of problems: hundreds of thousands of new immigrants and afestering refugee problem on its borders and maintaining a defenseagainst a hostile and numerically superior Arabs. Faced with suchproblems, government sought to ensure a fluid transition from existingprestate institutions to the new state apparatus. It announced theformation of a Provisional Council of State.A key element was theintegration of Israels independent military forces into a unified militarystructure. On May 28, 1948, Ben-Gurion s provisional governmentcreated the Israel Defense Forces (IDF) Zvah Haganah Le Yisrael, and thesame time maintenance of other armed forces were prohibited.When this proclamation was challenged by the Irgun, a ship carryingarms, into Tel Aviv harbor. Ben-Gurion ordered Haganah troops to fire onthe ship, which was set a flame on the beach in Tel Aviv. By January1949, Ben-Gurion had also dissolved the Palmach, the strike force of theHaganah.In July 1950, the Law of Return was assigned: "Every Jew has the rightto come to this country as an olah (new immigrant)."Between May 1948 and December 31, 1951, approximately 684,000Jewish immigrants entered the new state, thus providing a Jewishmajority in the region for the first time in the modern era. The largestsingle group of immigrants consisted of Jews from Eastern Europe; morethan 300,000 people came from refugee and displaced persons camps. 18

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After independence the areas in which 90 percent of the Arabs lived, wereplaced under military government. The government created three areasto be ruled by the Ministry of Defense. The first was the Northern Area,Galilee Area, The second was the so called Little Triangle, locatedbetween the villages of Et Tira and Et Taiyiba near the Jordan border(Transjordan). The third area included much of the Negev Desert.In April 1950 King Abdullah of Transjordan annexed the West Bank andEast Jerusalem, thus creating the united Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan.Ben-Gurion thought this would mean an end to independent claims onIsraeli territory and material claims on confiscated Arab territory.Abdullah, was assassinated in July 1951. And Israel was boycotted by allits Arab neighbors.Surrounded by enemies and having to integrate thousands of immigrantsinto the new state, government attempted to make the IDF the newunifying symbol of the fledgling state. Israel needed a unity of purpose,which could be provided by a strong army that would defend the countryagainst its enemies and help assimilate its culturally diverse immigrants.In 1953 Israels defense Minister Pinchas Lavon, had authorizedintelligence chief Benjamin Gibly to launch spying in Cairo and Alexandriain an attempt to embarrass Egyptian president Gamal Abdul Nasser.Operation failed and the Egyptians caught and executed the spies.In February 1955, Ben-Gurion returned to the Ministry of Defense andwas able to promote his hard-line defense policy. This resulted in anumber of raids against the Egyptians in response to attacks on Israelisettlements originating from Egyptian-held territory. Biggest concern wasthe rising power of Nasser had signed an agreement to buy arms from theSoviet Union and Czechoslovakia. But President Eisenhower refused tosupply Israel with weapons.Because Egypt threatened Western interests in the Suez Canal, therewhere secret talks with Britain and France about the possibility of Israelstriking at the Sinai Peninsula, while Britain and France moved in on theSuez Canal, to protect Western shipping from combat. 19

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In 1955 the IDF routed the Egyptian army at Gaza and on 1956, theFrench and British took over the Suez Canal area. After intense pressurefrom the Eisenhower administration, the European powers accepted to acease-fire. And in March 1957, Israeli troops were forced to withdraw.Although Israel was forced to withdraw, the raids from Gaza ceased, UNpeacekeeping forces separated Egypt and Israel, cooperation with Franceled to more arms sales to Israel, and the armys performance hadstrengtened the position of the IDF. 20

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FM 21-150 Preface This field manual contains information and guidance pertaining to rifle-bayonet fighting and hand-to-hand combat. The hand-to-hand combat portion of this manual is divided into basic and advanced training. The techniques are applied as intuitive patterns of natural movement but are initially studied according to range. Therefore, the basic principles for fighting in each range are discussed. However, for ease of learning they are studied in reverse order as they would be encountered in a combat engagement. This manual serves as a guide for instructors, trainers, and soldiers in the art of instinctive rifle-bayonet fighting. The proponent for this publication is the United States Army Infantry School. Comments and recommendations must be submitted on DA Form 2028 (Recommended Changes to Publications and Blank Forms) directly to Commandant, United States Army Infantry School, ATTN: ATSH-RB, Fort Benning, GA, 31905-5430. Unless this publication states otherwise, masculine nouns and pronouns do not refer exclusively to men.iv

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CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION Hand-to-hand combat is an engagement between two or more persons in anempty-handed struggle or with handheld weapons such as knives, sticks, andrifles with bayonets. These fighting arts are essential military skills. Projectileweapons may be lost or broken, or they may fail to fire. When friendly andenemy forces become so intermingled that firearms and grenades are notpractical, hand-to-hand combat skills become vital assets.1-1. PURPOSE OF COMBATIVES TRAININGToday’s battlefield scenarios may require silent elimination of the enemy.Unarmed combat and expedient-weapons training should not be limited toforward units. With rapid mechanized/motorized, airborne, and air assaultabilities, units throughout the battle area could be faced with close-quarteror unarmed fighting situations. With low-intensity conflict scenarios andguerrilla warfare conditions, any soldier is apt to face an unarmedconfrontation with the enemy, and hand-to-hand combative training can savelives. The many practical battlefield benefits of combative training are notits only advantage. It can also— a. Contribute to individual and unit strength, flexibility, balance, andcardiorespiratory fitness. b. Build courage, confidence, self-discipline, and esprit de corps.1-2. BASIC PRINCIPLESThere are basic principles that the hand-to-hand fighter must know and applyto successfully defeat an opponent. The principles mentioned are only a fewof the basic guidelines that are essential knowledge for hand-to-hand combat.There are many others, which through years of study become intuitive to ahighly skilled fighter. a. Physical Balance. Balance refers to the ability to maintain equilibriumand to remain in a stable, upright position. A hand-to-hand fighter mustmaintain his balance both to defend himself and to launch an effective attack. 1-1

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FM 21-150 Without balance, the fighter has no stability with which to defend himself, nor does he have a base of power for an attack. The fighter must understand two aspects of balance in a struggle: (1) How to move his body to keep or regain his own balance. A fighter develops balance through experience, but usually he keeps his feet about shoulder-width apart and his knees flexed. He lowers his center of gravity to increase stability. (2) How to exploit weaknesses in his opponents balance. Experience also gives the hand-to-hand fighter a sense of how to move his body in a fight to maintain his balance while exposing the enemy’s weak points. b. Mental Balance. The successful fighter must also maintain a mental balance. He must not allow fear or anger to overcome his ability to concentrate or to react instinctively in hand-to-hand combat. c. Position. Position refers to the location of the fighter (defender) in relation to his opponent. A vital principle when being attacked is for the defender to move his body to a safe position —that is, where the attack cannot continue unless the enemy moves his whole body. To position for a counterattack, a fighter should move his whole body off the opponent’s line of attack. Then, the opponent has to change his position to continue the attack. It is usually safe to move off the line of attack at a 45-degree angle, either toward the opponent or away from him, whichever is appropriate. This position affords the fighter safety and allows him to exploit weaknesses in the enemy’s counterattack position. Movement to an advantageous position requires accurate timing and distance perception. d. Timing. A fighter must be able to perceive the best time to move to an advantageous position in an attack. If he moves too soon, the enemy will anticipate his movement and adjust the attack. If the fighter moves too late, the enemy will strike him. Similarly, the fighter must launch his attack or counterattack at the critical instant when the opponent is the most vulnerable. e. Distance. Distance is the relative distance between the positions of opponents. A fighter positions himself where distance is to his advantage. The hand-to-hand fighter must adjust his distance by changing position and developing attacks or counterattacks. He does this according to the range at which he and his opponent are engaged. (For a more detailed discussion of the concepts of distance and range, see Chapter 6.) f. Momentum. Momentum is the tendency of a body in motion to continue in the direction of motion unless acted on by another force. Body mass in motion develops momentum. The greater the body mass or speed of movement, the greater the momentum. Therefore, a fighter must understand the effects of this principle and apply it to his advantage.1-2

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FM 21-120 (1) The fighter can use his opponent’s momentum to hisadvantage—that is, he can place the opponent in a vulnerable position byusing his momentum against him. (a) The opponent’s balance can be taken away by using his ownmomentum. (b) The opponent can be forced to extend farther than he expected,causing him to stop and change his direction of motion to continue his attack. (c) An opponent’s momentum can be used to add power to a fighter’sown attack or counterattack by combining body masses in motion. (2) The fighter must be aware that the enemy can also take advantage ofthe principle of momentum. Therefore, the fighter must avoid placinghimself in an awkward or vulnerable position, and he must not allow himselfto extend too far. g. Leverage. A fighter uses leverage in hand-to-hand combat by using thenatural movement of his body to place his opponent in a position of unnaturalmovement. The fighter uses his body or parts of his body to create a naturalmechanical advantage over parts of the enemy’s body. He should neveroppose the enemy in a direct test of strength; however, by using leverage, hecan defeat a larger or stronger opponent. 1-3

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CHAPTER 2 TRAINING This chapter discusses the trainer’s role in teaching and sustaining effectivehand-to-hand combat. It also discusses unit training training areas, teachingtechniques, and safety precautions that must be considered before conductingcombatives training. Section I TRAIN THE TRAINER Professional instruction is the key to success in combative training. Instructors must be physically fit and highly proficient in the demonstration and practical application of the skills described in this manual. Confidence, enthusiasm, and technical expertise are essential for success in teaching hand-to-hand combat. Assistant instructors must also be properly trained to help supervise and demonstrate maneuvers. Highly trained assistant instructors under supervision may also provide supplementary combative training during off-duty hours.2-1. IMPORTANCE OF SKILLED TRAINERSDiligent effort is needed to perfect the various hand-to-hand combattechniques, to apply them instinctively, and to teach others to safely masterthem. The following instructor responsibilities are the core of planning andexecuting combative training. a. Seek maximum efficiency with minimum effort. Continually strive toreduce all unnecessary explanations, movement, and activity. Streamline thetraining without compromising content, efficiency, or safety. b. Stress cooperation and technical mastery. Minimize hostile behaviorbut promote aggressiveness and power. c. Reinforce the details of each technique, and provide positive feedbackwhen warranted. Use occasional humor to motivate soldiers, but avoiddegrading or insulting them. 2-1

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FM 21-150 d. Ensure serviceable training aids are present to use in sufficient quantities for all soldiers being trained. Ensure training areas are well maintained and free from dangerous obstructions. e. Ensure instructors and assistant instructors are well rehearsed and prepared before all training sessions. Conduct instructor training at least five hours weekly to maintain a high skill level. f. Develop as many skilled combative instructors for each unit as possible. Instructor-to-soldier ratios should not be less than 1 instructor for 20 soldiers. Encourage after-duty training and education for instructors. g. Require strict discipline of all soldiers. 2-2. SAFETY PRECAUTIONS To prevent injuries, the instructor must consider the following safety precautions before conducting combative training. a. Supervise all practical work closely and constantly. Never leave a group unsupervised. b. Familiarize the soldiers with each maneuver by a complete explanation and demonstration before they try the moves. c. Do not allow the soldiers to get ahead of the instruction. d. Ensure the training partner offers no resistance, but allows the maneuver to be freely executed during the learning stages and while perfecting the techniques. e. Ensure there is adequate space between soldiers during all practical work—for example, allow at least an 8-foot square for each pair of soldiers. f. Ensure that soldiers empty their pockets, and remove their jewelry, identification tags, and glasses before training. g. Stress that only simulated strikes to vital points, such as the head, neck, and groin area, are executed. Soldiers may use light blows to other vulnerable areas; however, they must exercise caution at all times. h. Establish a signal to indicate to the partner when to stop the pressure in grappling and choking techniques. Two handclaps or tapping the training partner with a free hand are examples. i. Make sure soldiers warmup and stretch properly before practical work. j. Teach and practice falls before conducting throws. k. Ensure protective eye wear is available when executing training with practice bayonets, knives, or any sharp weapons. l. Ensure that the soldier to be disarmed does not place his finger in the trigger guard during rifle and bayonet disarming. m. Make sure soldiers keep scabbards on knives and bayonets firmly attached to rifles while learning bayonet disarming methods. n. Use bayonet scabbards or rubber knives during knife disarming training.2-2

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FM 21-150 0. Inspect all sandbags on retaining walls before conduct of instruction sothat all bags are serviceable with at least 75 percent fill and that entire retainerwall is covered with sandbags. Any bag placed where personnel are likely to fallwill be filled with the same consistency filler as the sawdust in the pit and will alsoprovide a minimum of 6 inches of sawdust. p. Maintain a buffer zone of 6 feet from retainer wall and demonstration areaduring all training, especially training requiring throws and takedowns by students. q. Rake the training pit to loosen sawdust and remove all sharp objects.Properly inspect the pit so that all safety hazards are removed beforeinstruction/demonstrations are executed. r. Perform inspections on training pits two days before use to ensure thatthere is at least 6 inches of sawdust throughout the training pit area. This willallow time to acquire sawdust to resurface pit area if there is not 6 inches ofsurface sawdust. Section II UNIT TRAINING Although combative are not likely to become part of a unit’s mission-essential task list, commanders cannot overlook the importance of soldiers’ skills in hand-to-hand combat. Hand-to-hand fighting is a possibility in any conflict, and a basic proficiency in combative may save soldiers’ lives. Entry-level soldiers receive a training base in combative during basic training and in OSUT. Advanced individual training commanders should consider using hand-to-hand combat as part of the physical training program. They should review the training presented during basic training and, as time permits, expand into the more advanced techniques discussed in this field manual. Regular units must incorporate combative into an organized training program for soldiers to achieve and sustain proficiency levels. CAUTION WHEN PLANNING COMBATIVES TRAINING, INSTRUCTORS MUST TAKE PRECAUTIONS ACCORDING TO THE TIME OF DAY SEASON, AND ACCLIMATIZATION OF SOLDIERS. THEY MUST ALSO CONSIDER MODIFICATION OF THE UNIFORM, BREAK TIMES, AND OR THE AVAILABILITY OF WATER. 2-3

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FM 21-150 e. Period 5 - 2 Hours. (1) Warm-ups and stretches. (2) Overall review.2-4. UNIT SUSTAINMENT TRAINING PROGRAMUnit combative training is best done at company and platoon level. It isdifficult for commanders to find time to conduct hand-to-hand combattraining in typical training schedules. Combative training can be conductedduring the times allotted for unit physical readiness training. Most units haveat least one day a week when organized athletics are conducted for PT; thisis a good time to train in hand-to-hand combat. a. When the unit begins combative training, it starts with the basictraining/OSUT program. After each soldier in the unit has attained the samebasic skill level, the training can then progress to more advanced techniquesand drills. If conducted once a week, this program takes 10 weeks tocomplete. A typical progression might be as follows: Defense and counters against weapons: 3 hours Field-expedient weapons: 3 hours. Sentry removal, silent kills, and quick kills: 2 hours. Advanced knife drills: 3 hours. b. Once the unit has basic proficiency of the topics in Chapters 3 through 7,the commanders can easily plan future combative training. Unit trainers willknow where emphasis should be placed in the unit’s hand-to-hand training,and they can also create more advanced training exercises and drills based onsoldier skill levels. Section III TRAINING AREAS An advantage of combative training is that it can be conducted almost anywhere with little preparation of the training area. (See Appendix A.)2-5. TRAINING FORMATIONSPhysical training formations may be used for combative training.(See FM 21-20.) If the extended rectangular formation is used, the first andthird ranks should face the second and fourth ranks so that each soldier hasa partner directly across from him. a. When practicing throws or disarming techniques, soldiers need twicethe normal interval between ranks. Instructors also try to pair soldiersaccording to height and weight. 2-5

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FM 21-150 b. A large, grassy outdoor area free of obstructions is suitable for training. Each pair of soldiers should have an 8-foot square training space. Indoor areas, such as gymnasiums, are also appropriate; however, sharp or hard weapons are not used on gymnasium floors or on mats. 2-6. PIT CONSTRUCTION The most common area for teaching hand-to-hand combat is a sawdust pit. Figure 2-1, shows a training area for 200 soldiers with a sawdust pit surrounding an instructor and demonstrator platform. a. To construct the pit, dig out and level an area 50 meters wide and build a retaining wall at least 24 inches high. The wall can be cinder blocks, sandbags, or dirt if other materials are not available. To prevent injuries from a cinder block retaining wall, cover the wall and the top of the wall with sandbags. Place a layer of plastic sheeting on the ground to prevent the growth of grass and weeds, and place a sand base up to 12 inches deep on top of the plastic. Then, place a layer of sawdust at least 6 inches deep on top of the sand. b. Build a 14-foot square demonstration area (Figure 2-1) in the center of the pit with the same type of retaining wall described in paragraph a. This area is large enough for two demonstrators and the primary instructor. 2-7. BAYONET ASSAULT COURSE The bayonet assault course provides the commander a unique training opportunity. It allows his soldiers to employ rifle-bayonet fighting skills under simulated combat conditions. The course can be built and negotiated so that demands placed on the soldiers’ abilities and on their endurance approach those experienced under combat conditions. Realistic sights and sounds of battle—fire, smoke, confusion, and pyrotechnics--can also be created to enhance realism. (See Appendix B.) The training objectives of the bayonet assault course include: Improving rifle-bayonet fighting skills. Improving physical fitness and soldier aggressiveness. Improving speed, strength, coordination, and accuracy. Providing realistic rifle-bayonet fighting under near combat conditions. Challenging the soldiers’ determination and stamina, which are needed in combat. Providing an opportunity for team and squad leaders to develop their leadership and control measures.2-6

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FM 21-150 CAUTION SOLDIERS MUST CARRY AND USE THE PROTECTIVE MASK WHILE PARTICIPATING IN TRAINING THAT INCLUDES THE USE OF SMOKE. a. Safety. The safety of the soldiers should be a constant concern of theinstructor and his assistants. The best safety aids are constant control andsupervision. In addition, instructors should brief soldiers at the beginning ofeach class on the requirements for safety during rifle-bayonet training.Instructors use the following safety measures: 2-7

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FM 21-150 (1) Bayonets must be fixed and unfixed only on command. (2) Rifles should be grounded near the targets when the soldiers are ordered to move to the instructor’s platform for explanations or demonstrations. (3) A level surface that does not become slippery when wet should be provided for the training court. (4) Left-handed soldiers should be positioned so that they are opposite another left-handed soldier when working against the targets. This type of arrangement prevents possible injury when executing a series of movements. (5) When using the M16 rifle against a target, the force of contact during the thrust movement may drive the hand, gripping the small of the stock, into the forward assist assembly (on the right-hand side of the weapon near the stock). To prevent injury to the hand, the soldier must maintain a firm grip on the small of the stock; gloves should be worn as part of the training uniform when weather dictates. b. Layout. The 300-meter-long course consists of a series of targets to attack and obstacles to negotiate. Lay it out over natural terrain, preferably rough and wooded areas. Include natural obstacles, such as streams, ravines, ridges, and thick vegetation. Build artificial obstacles, such as entanglements, fences, log walls, hurdles, and horizontal ladders (Figure 2-2). c. Targets. Use a variety of targets to provide experience in different attacks. The local TSC can build the targets. Those composed of old tires are appropriate as well as the ivan-type targets used by range control—that is, the E-type silhouette, three-dimensional personnel target (large), FSN 6920-01-164-9625 or the F-type silhouette, three-dimensional personnel target (small), FSN 6920-OO-T33-8777. Targets should be durable but should not damage weapons. Place a sign near each target to indicate the type of attack to be used. d. Usage. An example of how to conduct the bayonet assault course is as follows: (1) Task. Negotiate the bayonet assault course. (2) Conditions. Given nine lanes on a 300-meter bayonet assault course over irregular terrain with four types of targets: thrust; parry thrust target; parry, butt stroke to the groin target; and parry, butt stroke to head target (Figure 2-3, page 2-10). The targets are marked with a sign to indicate the required attack. Given seven types of obstacles as shown in Figures 2-4 through 2-10, pages 2-11 through 2-14. Given a soldier in battle dress uniform with load-carrying equipment and a rifle with a fixed bayonet.2-8

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FM 21-150 (3) Standards. The course must be successfully negotiated by all soldiers in the class with each soldier obtaining kills on 75 percent of the total targets in his lane. The course must be negotiated in 5 minutes or less (about 30 seconds for each 50 meters and time to attack and negotiate obstacles). WARNING TO AVOID INJURY, INSTRUCTORS ENSURE THAT THE PROPER INTERVAL IS CONSTANTLY MAINTAINED. Section IV TEACHING TECHNIQUES This section discusses a variety of effective teaching techniques to use while conducting combative training.2-14

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FM 21-1502-8. WARM-UPS AND STRETCHESBefore combative training, the soldier must be prepared for the upcomingphysical stress. A warm-up period gradually increases the internaltemperature of the body and the heart rate. Stretching prepares theligaments, tendons, muscles, and heart for a workout, decreasing the chancesof injury. a. Warm-up Exercises. To begin warm-up exercises, rotate the majorjoints—neck, shoulders, hips, and knees. The warm-up should at leastinclude 7 to 10 minutes of stretching, running in place or jogging around thetraining area, and calisthenics. Grass drills and guerrilla exercises are a goodapproach as a warm-up for combative training. They condition the bodythrough motion in all ranges, accustom the soldiers to contact with the ground,and promote aggressiveness. b. Stretching Exercises. Any of the stretching exercises in FM 21-20 arerecommended for hand-to-hand combat training. Five other exercises thatincrease flexibility in areas of the body that benefit hand-to-hand combatmovements are as follows: (1) Backroll stretch. (a) Position: Lay on ground on back with legs extended and arms bysides, palms down. (b) Action: Raise legs over head and roll back as far as possible, tryingto place toes on the ground behind head. Keep knees locked and feet andknees together; hold for 20 seconds (Figure 2-11). Gradually, return tostarting position. Repeat two or three times. 2-15

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FM 21-150 (2) Buddy-assisted splits (leg spreader). (a) Position: Sit on ground facing buddy with legs extended and spread as far as possible. Position feet inside ankles. (b) Action: Interlock hands with buddy and alternate pulling one toward the other, causing the buddy to bend forward over the hips until a stretch is felt (Figure 2-12). Hold this position for 20 seconds, then alternate and have him pull you into a stretch. Do sequence two or three times each.2-16

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FM 21-150 (3) Buddy-assisted hamstring stretch. (a) Position: Sit on ground with right leg extended to front and footpointing up. Bend left leg with sole touching to inside of right thigh. Havebuddy kneel behind you with his hands on your shoulders (Figure 2-13). (b) Action: Slowly bend forward from hips over the right leg and reachyour hands toward ankles until stretch is felt (Figure 2-l3). Hold this for 10to 15 seconds. The buddy then applies downward pressure and allows you toadjust your stretch. Hold for 10 to 15 seconds and repeat. Alternate legs andpositions after two or three sequences. 2-17

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FM 21-150 (4) Buddy-assisted groin (butterfly) stretch. (a) Position: Sit on ground with the soles of your feet together, close to the torso. Hold ankles with hands. Have buddy kneel behind you with his hands on your knees. (b) Action: The buddy places his hands on top of your thighs at the knees. The buddy’s weight is supported by your shoulders while little weight is placed on the thighs. Then, the buddy increases downward pressure on your thighs until stretch is felt (Figure 2-14). Hold for 20 seconds, then alternate positions.2-18

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FM 21-150 (5) Buddy-assisted back stretch. (a) Position: Stand back-to-back with buddy and interlock arms at yoursides. (b) Action: Bend forward at the waist and pull buddy up on your backover your hips. The buddy allows his back to arch and tells you when anadequate stretch is felt (Figure 2- 15). Hold this position for 20 seconds, then,change places. 2-19

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FM 21-150 2-9. STANCES A fighter’s stance (Figure 2-16) is the position he takes in readiness for an unarmed fight. He may launch an attack or defend from this stance. a. A fighter’s stance not only places his body in a good position from which to attack or defend, but it influences his mental attitude and aggressiveness. b. He holds his hands high to protect his head and face. His fists are clenched, but relaxed. His elbows are close to his body and his weight is evenly distributed on both feet, creating a stable base. He is light on his feet with his knees slightly flexed to allow quick movement in any direction. 2-10. FALLS A soldier must learn how to fall to the ground without getting hurt, both during training and during combat. If he loses his balance or is thrown during a fight, his use of basic fall techniques enables him to escape injury or to quickly recover to protect himself. WARNING TO HELP PREVENT ACCIDENTS DURING FALLS, IT IS IMPORTANT TO EXHALE UPON IMPACT WITH THE GROUND. THIS HELPS THE BODY ABSORB THE IMPACT a. Laying Side Fall. The laying side fall is a training exercise that teaches the basic movements for executing a side fall. To be safe, the fall is learned from the squatting position until soldiers can fall properly. From the2-20

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FM 21-150squatting position (Figure 2-17, Step 1), the soldier extends one leg across thefront of the body and raises his arm on the same side across his face(Figure 2-17, Step 2).Then he rolls onto the exposed side, allowing the extended leg and side toabsorb the shock of the fall. He slowly lowers his arm to stabilize his body.He raises his other hand to guard against future strikes (Figure 2-17, Step 3). 2-21

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FM 21-150 b. Standing Side Fall. The soldier starts the fall from the standing position (Figure 2-18, Step 1). He lowers his weight on the supporting leg and extends the other leg across the body (Figure 2-18, Step 2). He then distributes his body weight by rolling along the exposed side from the ankle of the extended leg to the back muscle. The arm on the ground is used to stabilize himself; the other hand is used to guard the body (Figure 2-l8, Step 3).2-22

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FM 21-150 c. Forward Rolling Fall. The soldier starts the fall from the standingposition (Figure 2-19, Step 1). He raises one arm to expose his entire side,places both hands on the ground, and bends both knees.He rolls forward across the body along the hand, arm, and back to the oppositehip (Figure 2-19, Step 2) and ends in a good side fall position (Figure 2-19, Step 3).He keeps his left leg flat on the ground, knee slightly bent. His right kneepoints upward and bends inward to help protect the groin. He keeps his rightheel and sole flat on the ground behind the left leg. 2-23

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FM 21-150 d. Rear Fall. The soldier starts the fall from the standing position and keeps his head fonward to reduce the chance of head and neck injuries (Figure 2-20, Step 1). He then falls backward and lowers his center of gravity by bending both knees. As his buttocks touch the ground, he rolls backward to absorb the momentum of the fall (Figure 2-20, Step 2). He keeps his hands cupped and slaps his hands and arms down to help absorb the shock of impact and to stabilize his body (Figure 2-20, Step 3). He keeps his chin tucked on his chest. Then, his legs come down slowly with knees bent and make contact with the ground (Figure 2-20, Step 4). He raises his hand to protect his face from kicks or blows. The soldier can kick his opponent from this position.2-24

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FM 21-1502-11. CRAWL, WALK, AND RUNTraining can be conducted using the crawl, walk, and run techniques, whichmay be applied on two levels. a. First Level. The instructors use these techniques during each initialtraining session. (1) Crawl phase. New techniques should be introduced, taught,demonstrated, and executed by the numbers. (2) Walk phase. During this phase, soldiers practice the new techniquesby the numbers, but with more fluid movement and less instructor guidance. (3) Run phase. Soldiers execute the techniques at combat speed with noguidance. b. Second Level. The instructors use these techniques when developingunit combatives programs. Before conducting combatives training, theinstructor considers the abilities and experience level of the soldiers to betrained. During training, those soldiers with prior martial arts experience canbe a great asset; they may be used as demonstrators or as assistant instructors.The crawl, walk, run approach to unit training ensures a high skill levelthroughout the unit and minimizes the risk of training injuries. (1) Crawl phase. During the crawl phase, the instructor introducescombatives to the unit. Here, the basic skills that set the standards foradvancement to other levels are mastered. Emphasis is placed on propertechnique when executing stances, falls, and hand-and-foot strikes. Studyingthe new techniques in this method ensures that the movements are correctlyprogrammed into the soldiers’ subconscious after a few repetitions. It alsodevelops the flexibility of soldiers. (2) Walk phase. Once a unit has developed a sufficient proficiency levelin basic skills, begin the walk phase. Instructors introduce soldiers to throws,combination strikes with body weapons, reaction drills, knife/bayonetfighting, grappling, and expedient-weapons training. (3) Run phase. In the run phase, unit soldiers engage in full sparring,advanced-weapons fighting, and sentry removal.2-12. DEMONSTRATIONS A well-coordinated demonstration and professional demonstrators arecrucial for successful learning by soldiers. Unrehearsed presentations orinadequately trained demonstrators can immediately destroy the credibility of thetraining. There are two methods appropriate for the demonstration of combativetechniques to soldiers. These are based on the size of the group to be taught. a. Company-Size Formation or Larger. The instructor or demonstratoruses the talk-through method. The primary instructor talks the 2-25

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FM 21-150 demonstrators through the techniques by the numbers, and then the demonstrators execute at combat speed. The soldiers can see how to apply the move being taught in relation to the instructor or demonstrator. The primary instructor is free to control the rate of the demonstration and to stress key teaching points. The demonstrators must be skilled in properly applying the techniques so soldiers can adequately grasp the intended concepts. b. Platoon-Size Formation or Smaller. A good method for demonstrating to a smaller formation is for the primary instructor to apply the technique being taught to an assistant instructor. The primary instructor talks himself through the demonstration. He stresses correct body movement and key teaching points as he does them. 2-13. EXECUTION BY THE NUMBERS Instructors use execution by the numbers to break down techniques into step-by-step phases so soldiers can see clearly how the movements are developed from start to finish. Execution by the numbers also provides soldiers away to see the mechanics of each technique. This teaching method allows the instructor to explain in detail the sequence of each movement. For example: on the command PHASE ONE, MOVE, the attacker throws a right-hand punch to the defender’s face. At the same time, the defender steps to the inside of the attacker off the line of attack and moves into position for the right-hip throw. Assistant instructors are able to move freely throughout the training formation and make on-the-spot corrections. 2-14. EXECUTION AT COMBAT SPEED When the instructor is confident that the soldiers being trained are skilled at executing a technique by the numbers, he is ready to have them execute it at combat speed. Executing movements at combat speed enables soldiers to see how effective a technique is. This builds the soldier’s confidence in the techniques, allows him to develop a clear mental picture of the principles behind the technique, and gives him confidence in his ability to perform the technique during an actual attack. The command is, THE RIGHT-HIP THROW AT COMBAT SPEED, MOVE. The soldiers then execute this technique from start to finish. 2-15. DRILLS Drills are used to maintain soldiers’ skills in executing techniques through repetition. During these drills, techniques or phases of techniques are repeated as often as necessary to ensure programmed learning by the soldiers. Subconscious programming usually occurs after 25 repetitions of movement.2-26

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FM 21-150Technique drills help soldiers retain their skills, and they are a good tool forreviewing techniques already learned.2-16. FOAM PADSFoam pads (Figure 2-21) are highly recommended to enhance training. Thepads allow full-forced strikes by soldiers and protect their training partners.The pads enable soldiers to feel the effectiveness of striking techniques andto develop power in their striking. Instructors should encourage spiritedaggressiveness. Pads can be tackle dummy pads or martial arts striking pads. a. The use of pads is especially recommended for knee-strike practicedrills, kicking drills, and 3-foot-stick striking drills. The pad is ideally placedon the outside of the training partner’s thigh, protecting the common peronealnerve. Pads can also be held against the forearms in front of the head andface to allow practice knee/elbow strikes to this area. b. Training pads can be requisitioned through supply channels orpurchased locally. 2-27

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CHAPTER 3 CLOSE-RANGE COMBATIVES In close-range combatives, two opponents have closed the gap between themso they can grab one another in hand-to-hand combat. The principles ofbalance, leverage, timing, and body positioning are applied. Throws andtakedown techniques are used to upset the opponent’s balance and to gaincontrol of the fight by forcing him to the ground. Chokes can be applied toquickly render an opponent unconscious. The soldier should also know countersto choking techniques to protect himself. Grappling involves skillful fightingagainst an opponent in close-range combat so that a soldier can win throughsuperior body movement or grappling skills. Pain can be used to disable anopponent. A soldier can use painful eye gouges and strikes to soft, vital areas togain an advantage over his opponent.3-1. THROWS AND TAKEDOWNSThrows and takedowns enable a hand-to-hand fighter to take an opponent tothe ground where he can be controlled or disabled with further techniques.Throws and takedowns make use of the principles involved in taking theopponent’s balance. The fighter uses his momentum against the attacker; healso uses leverage or body position to gain an opportunity to throw theattacker. a. It is important for a fighter to control his opponent throughout a throwto the ground to keep the opponent from countering the throw or escapingafter he is thrown to the ground. One way to do this is to control theopponent’s fall so that he lands on his head. It is also imperative that a fightermaintain control of his own balance when executing throws and takedowns. b. After executing a throw or takedown and while the opponent is on theground, the fighter must control the opponent by any means available. Hecan drop his weight onto exposed areas of the opponent’s body, using hiselbows and knees. He can control the downed opponent’s limbs by steppingon them or by placing his knees and body weight on them. Joint locks, chokes,and kicks to vital areas are also good control measures. Without endangering 3-1

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FM 21-150 himself, the fighter must maintain the advantage and disable his opponent after throwing him (Figures 3-1 through 3-5). NOTE: Although the five techniques shown in Figures 3-1 through 3-5 may be done while wearing LCE—for training purposes, it is safer to conduct all throws and takedowns without any equipment. (1) Hip throw. The opponent throws a right punch. The defender steps in with his left foot; at the same time, he blocks the punch with his left forearm and delivers a reverse punch to the face, throat, or other vulnerable area (Figure 3-1, Step 1). (For training, deliver punches to the solar plexus.) The defender pivots 180 degrees on the ball of his lead foot, wraps his right arm around his opponent’s waist, and grasps his belt or pants (Figure 3-1, Step 2). (If opponent is wearing LCE, grasp by the pistol belt or webbing.) The defender thrusts his hips into his opponent and maintains a grip on his opponent’s right elbow. He keeps his knees shoulder-width apart and slightly bent (Figure 3-1, Step 3). He locks his knees, pulls his opponent well over his right hip, and slams him to the ground. (For training, soldier being thrown should land in a good side fall.) By maintaining control of his opponent’s arm, the defender now has the option of kicking or stomping him in the neck, face, or ribs (Figure 3-1, Step 4).3-2

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FM 21-150 (2) Over-the-shoulder throw. The opponent lunges at the defender with a straight punch (Figure 3-2, Step 1). The defender blocks the punch with his left forearm, pivots 180 degrees on the ball of his lead foot (Figure 3-2, Step 2), and gets well inside his opponent’s right armpit with his right shoulder. He reaches well back under his opponent’s right armpit and grasps him by the collar or hair (Figure 3-2, Step 3). The defender maintains good back-to-chest, buttock-to-groin contact, keeping his knees slightly bent and shoulder-width apart. He maintains control of his opponent’s right arm by grasping the wrist or sleeve (Figure 3-2, Step 4). The defender bends forward at the waist and holds his opponent tightly against his body. He locks his knees, thrusts his opponent over his shoulder, and slams him to the ground (Figure 3-2, Step 5). He then has the option of disabling his opponent with kicks or stomps to vital areas.3-4

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FM 21-150 (3) Throw from rear choke. The opponent attacks the defender with a rear strangle choke. The defender quickly bends his knees and spreads his feet shoulder-width apart (Figure 3-3, Step 1). (Knees are bent quickly to put distance between you and your opponent.) The defender reaches as far back as possible and uses his right hand to grab his opponent by the collar or hair. He then forces his chin into the vee of the opponent’s arm that is around his neck. With his left hand, he grasps the opponent’s clothing at the tricep and bends forward at the waist (Figure 3-3, Step 2). The defender locks his knees and, at the same time, pulls his opponent over his shoulder and slams him to the ground (Figure 3-3, Step 3). He then has the option of spinning around and straddling his opponent or disabling him with punches to vital areas (Figure 3-3, Step 4). (It is important to grip the opponent tightly when executing this move.) 3-6

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FM 21-150 (4) Head butt. The head butt can be applied from the front or the rear. It is repeated until the opponent either releases his grip or becomes unconscious. (a) The opponent grabs the defender in a bear hug from the front (A,Figure 3-4, Step 1). The defender uses his forehead to smash into his opponent’s nose or cheek (A,Figure 3-4, Step 2) and stuns him. The opponent releases the defender who then follows up with a kick or knee strike to the groin (A, Figure 3-4, Step 3). (b) The opponent grabs the defender in a bear hug from the rear (B, Figure 3-4, Step 1). The defender cocks his head forward and smashes the back of his head into the opponent’s nose or cheek area (B, Figure 3-4, Step 2). The defender turns to face his opponent and follows up with a spinning elbow strike to the head (B, Figure 3-4, Step 3).3-8

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FM 21-150 (5) Rear strangle takedown. The defender strikes the opponent from the rear with a forearm strike to the neck (carotid artery) (Figure 3-5, Step 1). The defender wraps his right arm around his opponent’s neck, making sure he locks the throat and windpipe in the vee formed by the his elbow. He grasps his left bicep and wraps his left hand around the back of the opponent’s head. He pulls his right arm in and flexes it, pushing his opponent’s head forward (Figure 3-5, Step 2). The defender kicks his legs out and back, maintains a choke on his opponent’s neck, and pulls his opponent backward until his neck breaks (Figure 3-5, Step 3).3-10

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FM 21-150 3-2. STRANGULATION Strangulation is a most effective method of disabling an opponent. The throat’s vulnerability is widely known and should be a primary target in close-range fighting. Your goal may be to break the opponent’s neck, to crush his trachea, to block the air supply to his lungs, or to block the blood supply to his brain. a. Strangulation by Crushing. Crushing the trachea just below the voice box is probably one of the fastest, easiest, most lethal means of strangulation. The trachea is crushed between the thumb and first two or three fingers. b. Respiratory Strangulation. Compressing the windpipe to obstruct air flow to the lungs is most effectively applied by pressure on the cartilage of the windpipe. Unconsciousness can take place within one to two minutes. However, the technique is not always effective on a strong opponent or an opponent with a large neck. It is better to block the blood supply to weaken the opponent first. c. Sanguineous Strangulation. Cutting off the blood supply to the brain by applying pressure to the carotid arteries results in rapid unconsciousness of the victim. The victim can be rendered unconscious within 3 to 8 seconds, and death can result within 30 to 40 seconds. 3-3. CHOKING TECHNIQUES There are several choking techniques that a soldier can use to defeat his opponent in hand-to-hand combat. a. Cross-Collar Choke. With crossed hands, the fighter reaches as far as possible around his opponent’s neck and grabs his collar (Figure 3-6, Step 1). The backs of his hands should be against the neck. The fighter keeps his elbows bent and close to the body (as in opening a tightly sealed jar), pulls outward with both hands, and chokes the sides of the opponent’s neck by rotating the knuckles into the neck (Figure 3-6, Step 2). The forearm can also be used.3-12

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FM 21-150 b. Collar Grab Choke. Thefighter grabs his opponent’s collarwith both hands straight-on(Figure 3-7). He then rotates theknuckles inward against the neck toquickly produce a good choke. Healso keeps the elbows in front andclose to the body where the greateststrength is maintained. c. Carotid Choke. The fightergrabs the sides of the opponent’sthroat by the muscle and sticks histhumbs into the carotids, closingthem off (Figure 3-8). This is a fastand painful choke. d. Trachea Choke. The fightergrabs the opponent’s trachea(Figure 3-9) by sticking three fingersbehind the voice box on one side andthe thumb behind the other. Hethen crushes the fingers togetherand twists, applying pressure untilthe opponent is disabled. 3-13

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FM 21-150 3-4. COUNTERS TO CHOKES A soldier must know how to defend against being choked. Incapacitation and unconsciousness can occur within three seconds; therefore, it is crucial for the defender to know all possible counters to chokes. a. Eye Gouge. The opponent attacks the defender with a frontal choke. The defender has the option of going over or under the opponent’s arms. To disable the opponent, the defender inserts both thumbs into his opponent’s eyes and tries to gouge them (Figure 3-10). The defender is prepared to follow-up with an attack to the vital regions. b. Shoulder Dislocation. If the opponent applies a choke from the rear, the defender places the back of his hand against the inside of the opponent’s forearm (Figure 3-11, Step 1). Then, he brings the other hand over the crook of the opponent’s elbow and clasps hands, keeping his hands close to his body as he moves his entire body around the opponent (Figure 3-11, Step 2). He positions his body so that the opponent’s upper arm is aligned with the opponent’s shoulders (Figure 3-11, Step 3). The opponent’s arm should be bent at a 90-degree angle. By pulling up on the opponent’s elbow and down on the wrist, the opponent’s balance is taken and his shoulder is easily dislocated (Figure 3-11, Step 4). The defender must use his body movement to properly position the opponent—upper body strength will not work. He drops his body weight by bending his knees to help get the proper bend in the opponent’s elbow. The defender must also keep his own hands and elbows close to his body to prevent the opponent’s escape (Figure 3-11, Step 5).3-14

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FM 21-150 c. Weight Shift. To counter being choked from above while lying on the ground (Figure 3-12, Step 1), the defender places his arms against his opponent’s elbows and locks the joints. At the same time, he shifts his hips so that his weight rests painfully on the opponent’s ankle (Figure 3-12, Step 2). The defender can easily shift his body weight to gain control by turning the opponent toward his weak side (Figure 3-12, Step 3).3-16

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FM 21-150 d. Counterstrikes to Rear Choke and Frontal Choke. As the opponent tries a rear choke (A,Figure 3-13, Step 1), the defender can break the opponent’s grip with a strong rear-elbow strike into the solar plexus (A,Figure 3-13, Step 2). He can follow with a shin scrape down along the opponent’s leg and stomp the foot (A, Figure 3-13, Step 3). He may wish to continue by striking the groin of the opponent (A,Figure 3-13, Step 4). As the opponent begins a frontal choke (B, Figure 3-13, Step 1), the defender turns his body and drops one arm between the opponent’s arms (B, Figure 3-13, Step 2). He sinks his body weight and drives his own hand to the ground, and then explodes upward with an elbow strike (B, Figure 3-13, Step 3) into the opponent’s chin, stomach, or groin.3-18

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FM 21-150 e. Headlock Escape. If a defender is in a headlock, he first turns his chin in toward his opponent’s body to prevent choking (Figure 3-14, Step 1). Next, he slides one hand up along the opponent’s back, around to the face, and finds the sensitive nerve under the nose. He must avoid placing his fingers near his opponent’s mouth, or he will be bitten (Figure 3-14, Step 2). The defender can now force his opponent back and then down across his own knee to the ground and maintain control by keeping pressure under the nose (Figure 3-14, Step 3). He can finish the technique with a hammer fist to the groin.3-20

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FM 21-150 3-5. GRAPPLING Grappling is when two or more fighters engage in close-range, hand-to-hand combat. They may be armed or unarmed. To win, the fighter must be aware of how to move his body to maintain the upper hand, and he must know the mechanical strengths and weaknesses of the human body. The situation becomes a struggle of strength pitted against strength unless the fighter can remain in control of his opponent by using skilled movements to gain an advantage in leverage and balance. Knowledge of the following basic movement techniques may give the fighter a way to apply and gain the advantage in grappling situations. a. Wristlock From a Collar or Lapel Grab. When an opponent grabs the defender by the collar or by the lapel, the defender reaches up and grabs the opponent’s hand (to prevent him from withdrawing it) while stepping back to pull him off balance (Figure 3-15, Step 1). The defender peels off the opponent’s grabbing hand by crushing his thumb and bending it back on itself toward the palm in a straight line (Figure 3-15, Step 2). To keep his grip on the opponent’s thumb, the defender keeps his hands close to his body where his control is strongest. He then turns his body so that he has a wristlock on his opponent. The wristlock is produced by turning his wrist outward at a 45-degree angle and by bending it toward the elbow (Figure 3-15, Step 3). The opponent can be driven to the ground by putting his palm on the ground.3-22

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FM 21-150 b. Wristlock From an Arm Grab. When an opponent grabs a defender’s arm, the defender rotates his arm to grab the opponent’s forearm (Figure 3-16, Step 1). At the same time, he secures his other hand on the gripping hand of the opponent to prevent his escape (Figure 3-16, Step 2). As the defender steps in toward the opponent and maintains his grip on the hand and forearm, a zee shape is formed by the opponent’s arm; this is an effective wristlock (Figure 3-16, Step 3). More pain can be induced by trying to put the opponent’s fingers in his own eyes.3-24

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FM 21-150 c. Prisoner Escort. Theescort secures the prisoner’sarm with the wrist bentstraight back upon itself,palm toward the elbow. Theprisoner’s elbow can besecured in the crook of theescort’s elbow, firmly againstthe escort’s body for the mostcontrol (Figure 3-17). Thistechnique is most effectivewith two escorts, each holdinga wrist of the prisoner. Usethis technique to secure theopponent only if rope, flexcuffs, or handcuffs areunavailable. d. Elbow Lock Againstthe Body. The opponent’selbow can be locked againstthe side of the body(Figure 3-18) by the defen-der. The defender turns hisbody to force the elbow into aposition in which it was notdesigned to move. He canapply leverage on theopponent’s wrist to gaincontrol since the lock causesintense pain. The elbow caneasily be broken to make thearm ineffective. This move-ment must be executed withmaximum speed and force. 3-25

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FM 21-150 e. Elbow Lock Against the Knee. While grappling on the ground, a defender can gain control of the situation if he can use an elbow lock (Figure 3-19) against the opponent. He uses his knee as a fulcrum for leverage to break his opponent’s arm at the elbow. Once the arm breaks, the defender must be prepared with a follow-up technique. 3-26

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FM 21-150 f. Elbow Lock Against the Shoulder. An elbow lock can be applied bylocking the elbow joint against the shoulder (Figure 3-20) and pulling downon the wrist. Leverage is produced by using the shoulder as a fulcrum, byapplying force, and by straightening the knees to push upward. This uses thedefender’s body mass and ensures more positive control. The opponent’sarm must be kept straight so he cannot drive his elbow down into the -defender’s shoulder. 3-27

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FM 21-150 g. Shoulder Dislocation. A defender can maneuver into position to dislocate a shoulder by moving inside when an opponent launches a punch (Figure 3-21, Step 1). The defenderholds his hand nearest the punching arm high to protect the head. The defender continues to move in and places his other arm behind the punching arm (Figure 3-21, Step 2). He strikes downward into the crook of the opponent’s elbow to create a bend. Then he clasps his hands and moves to the opponent’s outside until the opponent’s upper arm is in alignment with his shoulders and bent 90 degrees at the elbow. As he steps, the defender pulls up on the opponent’s elbow and directs the wrist downward. This motion twists the shoulder joint so it is easily dislocated and the opponent loses his balance (Figure 3-21, Step 3). NOTE: The defender must keep his clasped hands close to the body and properly align the opponent’s arm by maneuvering his entire body. This technique will not succeed by using upper-body strength only, the opponent will escape.3-28

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FM 21-150 (1) Straight-arm shoulder dislocation. The shoulder can also be dislocated (Figure 3-22) by keeping the elbow straight and forcing the opponent’s arm backward toward the opposite shoulder at about 45 degrees. The initial movement must take the arm down and alongside the opponent’s body. Bending the wrist toward the elbow helps to lock out the elbow. The dislocation also forces the opponent’s head down- ward where a knee strike can be readily made. This dislocation technique should be practiced to get the feel of the correct direction in which to move the joint.3-30

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FM 21-150 (2) Shoulder dislocation using the elbow. While grappling, the defender cansnake his hand over the crook in the opponent’s elbow and move his body to theoutside, trapping one arm of the opponent against his side (Figure 3-23, Step 1).The defender can then clasp his hands in front of his body and use his bodymass in motion to align the opponent’s upper arm with the line between theshoulders (Figure 3-23, Step 2).By dipping his weight and then pulling upward on the opponent’s elbow, theshoulder is dislocated, and the opponent loses his balance (Figure 3-23,Step 3). If the opponent’s elbow locks rather than bends to allow the shoulderdislocation, the defender can use the elbow lock to keep control. 3-31

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FM 21-150 h. Knee Lock/Break. The opponent’s knee joint can be attacked to produce knee locks or breaks(Figure 3-24)by forcingthe knee in a direction opposite to which it was designed to move. The knee can be attacked with the body’s mass behind the defender’s knee or with his entire body by falling on the opponent’s knee, causing it to hyperextend. 3-32

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CHAPTER 4 MEDIUM-RANGE COMBATIVES In medium-range combatives, two opponents are already within touchingdistance. The arsenal of possible body weapons includes short punches andstrikes with elbows, knees, and hands. Head butts are also effective; do not forgetthem during medium-range combat. A soldier uses his peripheral vision to evaluate the targets presented by the opponent and choose his target. He shouldbe aggressive and concentrate his attack on the opponents vital points to end thefight as soon as possible.4-1. VITAL TARGETS The body is divided into three sections: high, middle, and low. Eachsection contains vital targets (Figure 4-1, pages 4-5 and 4-6). The effects ofstriking these targets follow:a. High Section. The high section includes the head and neck; it is the mostdangerous target area. (1) Top of the head. The skull is weak where the frontal cranial bones join.A forceful strike causes trauma to the cranial cavity, resulting inunconsciousness and hemorrhage. A severe strike can result in death. (2) Forehead. A forceful blow can cause whiplash; a severe blow cancause cerebral hemorrhage and death. (3) Temple. The bones of the skull are weak at the temple, and an arteryand large nerve lie close to the skin. A powerful strike can causeunconsciousness and brain concussion. If the artery is severed, the resultingmassive hemorrhage compresses the brain, causing coma and or death. (4) Eyes. A slight jab in the eyes causes uncontrollable watering andblurred vision. A forceful jab or poke can cause temporary blindness, or theeyes can be gouged out. Death can result if the fingers penetrate through thethin bone behind the eyes and into the brain. (5) Ears. A strike to the ear with cupped hands can rupture the eardrumand may cause a brain concussion. 4-1

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FM 21-150 (6) Nose. Any blow can easily break the thin bones of the nose, causing extreme pain and eye watering. (7) Under the nose. A blow to the nerve center, which is close to the surface under the nose, can cause great pain and watery eyes. (8) Jaw. A blow to the jaw can break or dislocate it. If the facial nerve is pinched against the lower jaw, one side of the face will be paralyzed. (9) Chin. A blow to the chin can cause paralysis, mild concussion, and unconsciousness. The jawbone acts as a lever that can transmit the force of a blow to the back of the brain where the cardiac and respiratory mechanisms are controlled. (10) Back of ears and base of skull. A moderate blow to the back of the ears or the base of the skull can cause unconsciousness by the jarring effect on the back of the brain. However, a powerful blow can cause a concussion or brain hemorrhage and death. (11) Throat. A powerful blow to the front of the throat can cause death by crushing the windpipe. A forceful blow causes extreme pain and gagging or vomiting. (12) Side of neck. A sharp blow to the side of the neck causes unconsciousness by shock to the carotid artery, jugular vein, and vagus nerve. For maximum effect, the blow should be focused below and slightly in front of the ear. A less powerful blow causes involuntary muscle spasms and intense pain. The side of the neck is one of the best targets to use to drop an opponent immediately or to disable him temporarily to finish him later. (13) Back of neck. A powerful blow to the back of one’s neck can cause whiplash, concussion, or even a broken neck and death. b. Middle Section. The middle section extends from the shoulders to the area just above the hips. Most blows to vital points in this region are not fatal but can have serious, long-term complications that range from trauma to internal organs to spinal cord injuries. (1) Front of shoulder muscle. A large bundle of nerves passes in front of the shoulder joint. A forceful blow causes extreme pain and can make the whole arm ineffective if the nerves are struck just right. (2) Collarbone. A blow to the collarbone can fracture it, causing intense pain and rendering the arm on the side of the fracture ineffective. The fracture can also sever the brachial nerve or subclavian artery. (3) Armpit. A large nerve lies close to the skin in each armpit. A blow to this nerve causes severe pain and partial paralysis. A knife inserted into the armpit is fatal as it severs a major artery leading from the heart. (4) Spine. A blow to the spinal column can sever the spinal cord, resulting in paralysis or in death.4-2