Hornworts have been used as a model system (Brown & Lemmon, 1990, 1993, 1997) for describing the development and function of the QMS in monoplastidic sporogenesis where it can be seen that the nucleus delays division while the cytoplasm, as evidenced by plastid and microtubule behavior, prepares for two divisions and anticipates the eventual cytokinesis into a tetrad.

Living cells maintain a high degree of functional and structural organization which largely depends on a highly dynamic scaffold, the cytoskeleton, with microtubules (MTs) and actin filaments as the central elements.

Decoding and stimulating microtubules could enable therapeutic intervention in a host of pathological processes, for example Alzheimer's disease in which microtubule disruption plays a key role, and brain injury in which microtubule activities can repair neurons and synapses.

A physical technique such as cutting was desirable, as it did not affect properties of the media surrounding the spindles during direct manipulations of spindle size and shape besides microtubule amount and density.

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