Interrelations and interactions between the mechanical and thermodynamic design, material properties, and steam and deposit chemistry
are discussed and recommendations and corrosion design rules and requirements pertinent to turbine corrosion are given.

Thinning of pipe walls and corrosion of other components in high-purity feedwater and steam systems can have catastrophic consequences.
Take time to review the problem and apply some important preventive steps.

Chemical-transport characteristics are important in selecting a water treatment program, establishing chemistry control limits, managing
the ingress and removal of impurities, and troubleshooting water treatment problems.

Presents an outline of cycle commissioning guidelines and a brief description of selected case histories where delays of commercial
operation and equipment damage resulted from insuffieient water chemistry-related commissioning.

Background on water chemistry and corrosion is given and sources of impurities, selection of water treatment, transport of chemicals
around the cycle, and the selection of sample points and monitored parameters are discussed.

New experimental data and theoretical considerations indicate that moisture droplet nucleation in steam turbines is a mixed heterogeneous-homogeneous
mechanism and that steam chemistry has strong effects.

Because power plant operating decisions often rely on water and steam chemistry information, a properly designed and operated water and
steam sampling system must be in place to ensure accurate sampling data.

Results of a two year research project, the objective of which was to develop and field test a sampling system for superheated steam
in fossil plants, are presented. The project included a survey of steam sampling priorities, a study of the role of particulate
and scale magnetite in transporting steam impurities, analysis of deposition in steam sampling nozzles and tubing, development of
design rules, and a construction and verification of the new sampling system.

To quantitatively determine the moisture content and size distribution of water droplets, a new type of test using a continuous inline
Particle/Droplet Monitor was performed at the compressor station of the South Georgia Natural Gas Company.

To adequately analyze operational or design changes made to the steam gathering system, an accurate and on-line means of measuring
the impurity levels is highly desired. This paper describes the method used at a California plant for monitoring and improving
the purity of the steam delivered.

Summarizes current safety issues in fossil utility and industrial steam cycles. Only the already experienced problems associated
with the water and steam handling equipment are included. There are other safety issues such as furnace explosions, fire hazards,
coal and other fuel handling, electrical systems, lifting, transportation, and human errors which are not discussed here.

To monitor water and steam systems for the ingress of impurities and for the production and transport of corrosion products, the proper
design of the sampling systems is critical in order to produce samples and analytical results that are representative of the samples
stream.