removal-of-fluoride-from-drinking-water-using-red-mud

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INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SCIENTIFIC & TECHNOLOGY RESEARCH VOLUME 2, ISSUE 10, OCTOBER 2013

ISSN 2277-8616

Removal Of Fluoride From Drinking Water Using Red Mud
Ranjeeta Soni, Dr. Shikha Modi
Abstract: Red Mud is a very fine material (particle size of which is generally below 75μ) and hig h specific surface area (around10 m2/gm). It is mainly composed of iron oxides and has a variety of elements and mineralogical phases. The variation in chemical composition between different red muds worldwide is high. The removal of fluoride from aqueous solution by using the original and activated red mud forms has been studied by many researchers (Lopez et al., 1998). The fluoride adsorption capacity of activated form has been found to be higher than that of the original form. The adsorption is highly dependant on PH. Researches have revealed that the maximum adsorption of fluoride is at pH 5.5.For pH greater than 5.5 fluoride removal decreases sharply. The sufficient time for adsorption equilibrium of fluoride ions is 2 hrs. The possibility of removal of fluoride ion by using red mud is on the basis of the chemical nature and specific interaction with metal oxide surfaces (Yunus et a1. 2002). Keywords: Fluoride, Fluorosis, Drinking water, Defluoridation, Red mud, adsorption, PH. ————————————————————

Introduction:
Fluoride is frequently encountered in minerals and in geochemical deposits and is generally released into subsoil water sources by slow natural degradation of fluorine contained in rocks. Fluorine is an important element for human beings, as it helps in growth and prevents the enamel of the teeth from dissolving under acidic conditions. Various dietary components influence the absorption of fluorides from gastrointestinal tract and the absorbed fluorides are distributed throughout the body. Drinking water and sea food are good sources of fluoride. Fluoride is beneficial to health if the concentration (CF) of the fluoride ion (F-) in drinking water is less than 1.5 mg/L (WHO 1994).A higher concentration causes serious health hazards. The disease caused manifests itself in three forms, namely, dental, skeletal, and non-skeletal fluorosis.

removed from water through the addition of calcium and phosphate compounds.

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Adsorption/ion exchange methods: In the adsorption method, raw water is passed through a bed containing defluoridating material. The material retains fluoride either by physical, chemical or ion exchange mechanisms. These materials like, Fly ash, bone char, activated alumina and clays have been successfully used in the field.

Details of samples: Defluoridation of drinking water:
Defluoridation means the removal of excess fluoride from water. The National Environment Engineering Research Institute in Nagpur, India (NEERI) has evolved an economical and simple method of defluoridation, which is referred to as the Nalgonda technique. UNICEF has worked closely with the Government and other partners in defluoridation programmes in India, where excessive fluoride has been known for many years to exist in much of the nation's groundwater. In the 1980s, UNICEF supported the Government's Technology Mission in the effort to identify and address the fluoride problem: the Government subsequently launched a massive programme, still under way, to provide fluoride-safe water in all the areas affected. The removal of fluoride from potable water is not adequate when initial concentration of fluoride in the water is very high and the pH of the untreated water is alkaline. Defluoridation methods can be broadly divided into three categories according to the main removal mechanism: All drinking water samples collected from Sitapura Industrial Area, Jaipur (Rajasthan).These areas areSample No. 1 Sample No. 2 Sample No. 3 Sample No. 4 Sample No. 5 Sample No. 6 Sample No. 7 Sample No. 8 Sample No. 9 Sample No. 10 Genus power Infrastructure Chevrolet industries Ratan Textiles Bharat patrol pump Hotel Amrapali JNIT College Sitapura Residential Area Near Chokhi Dhani Sachiwalaya Nagar Laxhmipura

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Chemical additive methods: Chemicals include lime used alone or with magnesium or aluminum salts along with coagulant aids. (Nalgonda technique), Contact precipitation: Contact precipitation is a recently reported technique in which fluoride is

Materials and methods: Removal of fluoride by Red Mud (based on adsorption process): - The experimental red mud was collected from Hanumangargh district. The 100 gm red mud is mixed with 1 liter fluoridated water and stir 5 to 10 minutes then left for settling time for 2 hr. After 2 hour this solution was filtered with G-3 crucible in a filtration unit. The possibility of removal of fluoride ion by using red mud is explained on the basis of the chemical nature and specific interaction with metal oxide surfaces (Yunus et a1. 2002).

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SCIENTIFIC & TECHNOLOGY RESEARCH VOLUME 2, ISSUE 10, OCTOBER 2013

ISSN 2277-8616

Result and Discussion:
From the above observation we found that the red mud is also a good adsorbent for the removal of fluoride from drinking water. From the above observation Table No.1 results show that red mud can change the fluoride concentration satisfactory according to the permissible limit of WHO (1.15 mg/l.) as well as like other adsorbent.

Conclusion:
The raw material are easily available, free of cost and no one any other expenditure with this method. This technology is very much cheapest and after the defluoridation from red mud the effects on water quality will not disturbed like chemical adsorbent because it is a natural adsorbent.