Whether you have a new canine companion or you and your dog have been together for a while, it's helpful to know the meaning of your dog's communication signals so that you can adjust your own behavior as needed and so that you can be assured of your dog's feelings. Dogs make vocalizations and gestures using their face and body just as humans do in order to express their feelings. While some of these gestures can appear very similar to human gestures, in dogs, they can have very different meanings. In this article, you'll learn to interpret your dog's various messaging strategies and you'll learn how to communicate more effectively with your canine pal.

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Steps

Part 1 of 5: Understanding Dog Behavior

1

Observe your dog. Learning your dog's habits, mannerisms, and movements through observation will allow the process of understanding its communication behavior to feel more natural. There will be plenty of things it does that will make sense to you without explanation. Just as every person is unique, so is your dog.

Be aware that much of a dog's language or communication techniques are subtle.

By learning canine communication, you will be able to respond to any problems your dog expresses before a situation escalates. Not noticing small signs of stress or unhappiness can soon lean to more aggressive or distressed behaviors.

Remember that this is a two-way learning process. Dogs have to learn our behavioral cues as well, and you should be careful about your own gestures and posture.

Note that a dog's ability to signal may be hampered by the breed in question. For example, if your dog has squat ears or a docked tail, some of the signals may not apply to him/her.

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2

Know your dog’s response to eye contact. Consider how you feel when someone stares at you directly rather than using normal eye contact. Just as you find it confronting, dogs also feel confused and threatened by direct head-on staring because it is a threat stance for them. A dog that looks away in this situation is actually being polite (or submissive) and is seeking to avoid confrontation.[1]

3

Understand basic dog pack order. Dogs are pack animals, genetically programmed to follow the hierarchy of the pack; their behavior and communication is based on their "perceived" position in the pack.

The more dogs you have, the more this behavior is emphasized. When you understand the gestures as dominant, submissive, or challenging behaviors, you will then be able to understand your dog better and can respond accordingly.

The Greek Alphabet is used to designate the positions held in the pack. Alpha is the leader. This should be you, but look for indications that the dog may think he/she is.

Other dogs will fall into subsequent positions Beta, Gamma, Delta and so forth until the most submissive, which is the Omega dog.

If you have more than one dog you may see different dominance, submission, challenging behaviors in their play and everyday habits. It is their nature to try to move up in the pack order as well as strive to maintain their own position, so you may notice challenging behaviors at times, even in clear pack orders.

4

Recognize submission and dominance. Identifying submission and dominance in your dog’s behavior towards you can help you determine whether training (or retraining) is necessary. Your dog should not consider himself dominant over you.

Rolling over and exposing the belly is a gesture that shows respect for authority, and giving a belly rub serves as excellent reinforcement for this behavior.

An exposed belly can also indicate passive resistance to a perceived threat.[2]

Mounting (or humping) can be a sign of stress in a dog, especially where a low-confidence dog is trying to establish allegiance with a higher-confidence animal.[3] Mounting is difficult for owners because it can be used as a dominance gesture, seeking to be more dominant in the pack than another person. Care should be taken when interpreting this gesture and the standard training approaches to prevent a dog from jumping up can be applied.

Dogs use a variety of gestures and postures to exert dominance, including placing their head or chin, or a paw, on the back neck or shoulders of another dog.[4] This may be accompanied by staring and standing tall or standing over another dog.

A dog can show dominance or submission with his tail: a slightly trembling erect tail means that there is a challenge and the dog is displaying dominant behavior, but rapidly wagging tail in a low position shows submission.

An upright tail indicates confidence, assertiveness, or high excitement.[5] It can also be seen as an "alpha" dog position around other dogs.

Part 2 of 5: Reading Your Dog’s Body Language

1

Learn to interpret your dog's posture. The ways in which a dog holds its body can tell you a great deal about its mood and emotions. Many of the signals will be subtle and it can take some time to learn all of its expressions but it is well worth the effort.

2

Identify playful and affectionate behavior. Dogs communicate easy confidence and a desire to play through posture and body signals.

Confident stance: A dog that is feeling confident will stand tall, have its tail up and probably wagging slowly, its ears will either be pricked up or relaxed, and it will generally look relaxed. Its eyes will have smaller pupils as they are also relaxed.[6]

Bowing: Facing you and with head and chest dipped low to the ground, front legs splayed out, and with rear end and tail up is a clear invitation to play. This is known as the "play bow".[7] It can be mistaken by owners as an attack stance but it clearly denotes playtime.

Hip swings: Hip swings or nudges are another sign of play.This involves the dog swinging around another dog and knocking them to the ground using the backside (the end of the dog without teeth!).[8] When the dog's rear is presented to you, it is an indication of trust and depending on your dog, it might mean your dog wants a scratch. Wiggling its rear end is a sign of excitement and friendliness.[9]

If a dog is stretching with his butt in the air, front legs and paws stretched out in front, and head close to the ground, he is probably feeling playful.

If your dog raises his/her paw to touch your knee or another part of your body, the dog wants to get attention, make a request or ask for something, or indicate a wish to play.[10] The gesture begins as a puppy with kneading associated with obtaining mother's milk[11] but becomes similar to that of offering a hand for a handshake – it's about connecting and friendship.[12]

Repeatedly pawing at the air is often used by puppies as an invitation to play.[13]

If a dog’s tail is in a neutral (level with body or slightly lower, he is most likely feeling secure and friendly.[14]

If your dog’s tail is fiercely wagging and his/her tail up, he/she is feeling mischievous and inclined to bother and annoy you or a fellow canine![15] It could also signal swatting away another animal.

If your dog is slowly or slightly wagging his/her tail and watching you, he/she is relaxed but alert and is anticipating, ready to play.

3

Interpret discomfort or unease. Knowing when your dog is uncomfortable or feeling insecure can help you meet the animal’s needs and provide comfort and reassurance when necessary.

Pacing can be a sign of nervousness, but it can also be a sign of excitement or boredom. If your dog gets plenty of exercise and entertainment, watch for other signs of nervousness that may accompany the pacing.

A dog who feels threatened may raise his/her hackles. This tactic, which involves the raising of the strip of fur running down the middle of the dog's back, is a dog’s attempt to make itself appear larger than normal. It is not necessarily an aggressive stance but one of "high alert", making itself ready for whatever may come next.[16] A scared dog can bite, so be extremely careful around a dog raising its hackles.[17]

A dog who is frightened or insecure may cower or crouch down. A slight crouch can denote submissiveness or nervousness. A similar stance can be an arched back, slightly bent legs, and the tail down (but not tucked under), and looking at what is concerning it.[18]

A dog raising one paw while keeping most of the body away from the person, animal or object creating uncertainty, and backing away is showing uncertainty or puzzlement. If the dog’s head is tilted to one side, this means that the dog is listening, or is uncertain and puzzled and is awaiting more information.

A slow tail wag with the tail slightly lowered can indicate that the dog is confused and is asking for an explanation, or is investigating a non-threatening new object.

If your dog’s tail is slightly lowered and still, he is alert and watching. If the tail is lowered and is barely moving, it can also indicate insecurity.[19]

If there is slight movement with a low tail, this can indicate that the dog is either sad or not feeling well.

4

Recognize warning signs of aggression. Aggression may lead to unwanted dog fighting or attacks. Recognizing early warning signs of aggression can help your deescalate a situation before it gets worse.

A dog whose tail is lowered or tucked between its legs is showing anxiety, fear, and uncertainty.[20][21] Wagging can still occur in this situation, which can lead to the misunderstanding that the dog is happy. This position can also indicate a need for reassurance or protection.

A dog that suddenly freezes in the middle of an action is feeling unsure of itself and would rather be left alone, or is preparing for an attack.[22] This is commonplace when a dog is holding a bone; don't get between the dog and its bone!

If your dog leans forward and appears very rigid, he most likely feels aggressive or threatened. This occurs in response to what the dog perceives as a threat or a challenge. The tail will usually be tucked down or under, or wagging in a quick and frantic manner.[23]

When a dog is considering an attack or feels threatened, the whites of his/her eyes will likely show as the dog looks at the perceived threat.

A dog that was showing signs of aggression but who then shakes the head and shoulders may be signaling the end of a certain level of tension, such as being alert to a threat or an anticipated event that doesn't occur.

Part 3 of 5: Recognizing Your Dog’s Face and Head Signals

1

Understand your dog's ear position. While we're not able to do much with our own ears, a dog's ears can be incredibly expressive. Be aware that dogs whose ears were clipped as a puppy may not have the full range of motion to express themselves through their ears.

A dog whose ears are pricked forward or straight up is fully engaged in play, hunting, or concentration.[24] This ear position can also indicate curiosity and can express the intent to do something, as the dog is turning to catch sounds. It is an obvious ear position in the early stage of a chase.[25]

A dog’s ears being flattened, sitting against the dog's head, indicates that the dog feels afraid or threatened. Ears that are forward but close to the head can also indicate aggression.[26]

A dog’s ears part way back but not flattened may be feeling unhappiness, anxiety, or uncertainty.[27]

2

Interpret your dog's eye signals. A dog's eyes express as much as human eyes do, and just as you learn to interpret people's eye signals, you can also learn to interpret your dog's. Here are some of the more common eye signals:

Avoiding eye contact: a dog trying to look away from your face can be showing politeness, deference, or submission.

Blinking or winking: these indicate that your dog is being playful.

Narrowed eyes: this can indicate that your dog is feeling aggressive and is preparing to attack.[29] This gesture may be accompanied by staring.

3

Watch your dog's face. Dogs often show how they are feeling with facial expressions. Understanding facial expressions can help you interpret your dog’s feelings and communicate with your canine companion.

Smiling: believe it or not, dogs can smile. While it can be difficult to differentiate a smile from a snarl, checking other body language for signs of play or aggression can help you determine whether your dog is happy or feeling aggressive. If everything else adds up to a happy dog, then your dog is smiling, and this means it's happy and relaxed.

Yawning: the meaning of a dog’s yawning is dependent on the context, just as it is with humans (humans yawn because we're tired, need more oxygen, we're feeling stressed or embarrassed, or we notice someone else yawning). For dogs, yawning appears to be contagious just as it is with humans.[30] Indeed, if you yawn in front of your dog, it may interpret it either as you being stressed (in which case, it will likely turn away from you to give you some space), or it will respond in kind and yawn too.[31] Dogs also yawn as a way to ease tension, to show confusion or when they feel slightly threatened especially when meeting new situations or new dogs or animals.

Mouth position: a dog that has its mouth stretched back, closed or just slightly open, is showing that it is very stressed, in fear, or in pain.[32] This may be accompanied by rapid panting. If its mouth is stretched back and open, it is a neutral or submissive sign. A dog that is alert and content will have its mouth closed or slightly open, with the teeth covered.[33]

Lip licking: if your dog licks its lips in combination with a yawn, this can be a clear indication that it is feeling stressed, under pressure, or facing a threat.[34] It's a commonplace gesture shown by puppies around adults, but the behavior should not continue into adulthood. In mature dogs, licking can also be part of the dog's sexual behavior as it finds chemical signals on grass, carpet, and the genitals of other dogs.[35] A dog that is licking another dog's lips is showing deferring behavior.[36]

Bared teeth: a dog whose lips are curled out and his teeth bared is signaling aggression and an intention to use the teeth for biting.[37] This doesn't mean that every flash of teeth means aggression though, and you must take care to note the other elements. If the teeth are bared and there is no wrinkling of the muzzle, this is a warning and a sign of dominance and territorial defensiveness. If the lips are curled, the teeth are bared, the muzzle is wrinkled, and the dog is snarling, this indicates that the dog is angry and ready to fight, and there is every chance that it will bite.

Part 4 of 5: Interpreting Your Dog’s Vocalizations

1

Listen to your dog. Barks, growls, yelps, and howls all carry their own unique language indicators that can take time to learn but are also an important part of understanding your dog's overall behavior. Many people think a bark is a bark is a bark. As you begin to really listen you will hear very distinct differences in the types of vocalizations.

Note that a lack of barking or other dog noises can indicate a predatory state, aimed at not alerting the prey. This may also be accompanied by sniffing the air, keeping low, remaining rigid, ears flicking forward and backward to catch sounds, mouth closed and eyes wide open.[38] Equally, no noise can indicate a submissive dog seeking approval.

2

Recognize your dog’s barks. Dogs bark for different reasons, and observation and listening can help you learn to differentiate your dog's distinctive barks in different situations.

A loud, high pitched, rapid bark can be either aggressive or territorial.[39]

A short, frequent guttural alert bark is aimed at warning the pack (wolf or human) of potential danger. It may be accompanied by snarling or growling.[40]

A crisp, short bark is usually a form of greeting from your dog.

A high-pitched bark is often delivered when your dog is being playful. A short, high bark is a sign of friendliness, and may be accompanied by whimpering or yapping.[41]

A sudden high-pitched, sharp yelp may be an indication that your dog is in pain.

A low-pitched, single or spaced out bark is another warning to back off.

3

Interpret your dog’s growls. Growling in a strange dog can be somewhat frightening, but not every growl is aggressive. Your dog may growl as part of play or as an alternative form of verbal communication to barking. You should use caution, however, with any dog growls because even a playing dog that has become too boisterous and carried away in play may still snap at a human who intervenes or gets too close.

A low, quiet growl indicates that the subject of the growl needs to back off. It is a sign of assertiveness in a dominant dog.[42]

A low growl ending with short bark is the sound made when your dog is responding to threat. It can be a prelude to a snap.

A medium growl, leading to or combined with bark indicates that your dog feels nervous, and possibly aggressive. You should proceed with caution.

Low sustained growl or 'woofing' is an indication that your dog is feeling either anxious or suspicious.

A low murmuring grumble is a lovely sign of contentment. Soft growling is generally play growling;[43] assess it by taking in the context and the general stance of your dog. Play growling will often be accompanied by excited barking.

4

Understand why dogs howl. Knowing the different reasons that your dog may howl can help you respond to his/her needs. There are several different kinds of howling that have different meanings.

A long, sustained howl indicates separation or loneliness. If your new dog or puppy was separated from other dogs to join your home, he/she may howl at first. Keeping his/her close to you can help his/her feel less lonely.

A short howl with rising pitch generally signals that your dog is happy and/or excited.

Baying is a hunting signal and can be common in breeds who are bred to hunt, even if your dog has never had any training as a hunting dog.

A siren howl is a response to another howl or a sustained noise. You may notice that your dog howls in response to sirens going by your home. If your dog howls at night, he may be howling in response to other dog howling that is out of the range of human hearing.

5

Learn to differentiate whines and whimpers. Another type of vocalization given by dogs is whining. Like barking, howling, and growling, whining or whimpering may mean different things in different contexts.

Short whines accompanied by short barks indicate that your dog is eager, curious, and excited.[44]

Short whimpers are often a sign of fear or anxiety.

A low-pitched whine indicates that your dog is mildly anxious or submissive.[45]

A persistent, high-pitched whine can be a plea for attention, reflect intense anxiety, or indicate severe discomfort or pain.

Part 5 of 5: Expressing Human Communication

1

Avoid unintentional signals. Dogs understand your language to some extent, but it's very important to understand how you appear to your dog and how some of your gestures may be causing your dog distress, fear, or worry, even though you're completely unaware of this. Always be aware that your dog is watching you, learning, and seeking to predict your routine, habits, and preferences. [46]

Withdrawal of your gaze and your arms at the same time informs your dog that you have decided not to touch his/her anymore and he/she may respond negatively.[47]

Yawning can indicate to your dog that you're distressed and cause his/her to move away from you. It can be a good idea to cover your yawn around your dog if he/she seems to respond negatively to the action.

2

Prevent your dog’s discomfort. Some actions that we see as normal or loving do not translate well from “human language” to “dog language.” Avoiding activities that make dogs uncomfortable can help strengthen your relationship with your pet.

Staring at your dog can be viewed as a threat. Some trainers used to believe that a dog looking away from a stare was showing disobedience, but it is better understood now as being a sign of politeness or submission.[48]

Punishing or reacting negatively to signs of fear in a dog will serve only to increase the dog's sense of fear and does nothing to instill better behavior from our perspective. Do not interpret signs of discomfort or fear as signs of guilt.

Many dogs do not like being patted directly on the head. However, this is something a dog usually needs to learn to tolerate.[49] You should never pat a strange dog on the head until you're more familiar with it, but if you live in an urban environment where people are likely to want to pet your dog, early training (with treats) to help your dog tolerate head patting is essential.

Hugging and cuddling is often another action that dogs do not like. Nature has programmed the dog to believe that being held in close proximity means one of two things: one, that it is trapped as prey, or two, that it is being mounted.[50] Since neither of these actions brings on happy responses, a dog that is not used to frequent cuddling and hugging may respond by fleeing, wriggling, and snapping. If this is the case with your dog, be patient and take a gradual approach to getting it used to a loving embrace. Ensure that children who hug dogs always keep their faces away from the dog, and monitor the dog's reaction so that you can intervene quickly if needed.

Dogs are social animals and need contact, so you should avoid making them feel overly isolated. The first nights of having a puppy in the home are essential. Try to stay near the puppy (such as having its crate in your room), then gradually move his/her to where he/she will sleep permanently. This will reassure the dog that all is well. Do not share your bed with a dog unless you want this to become a permanent arrangement. Doing this creates a permanent expectation in your puppy's mind.

3

Clarify intentional commands. Being clear, consistent, and concise with your commands and direct communication with your dog can help your dog understand what you want him to do. Most dogs want to please their owners, so they will try to adapt their behavior to your expectations.

Always repeat commands using the same words and tone so that your dog knows his name and understands that he should be listening to you.

Alter your tone when communicating different emotions to your dog. Dogs have instincts that help them discern if we are happy with them or upset with them. If you smile and tell your dog good dog in a happy tone, he will know that he has done something right. Likewise, if you correct him in an angry tone, he will know that he has done something wrong. This is an important thing to take in consideration when training.

Remember that dogs forget things frequently. However, they will remember things that they have been trained about, where certain things and people are, who you are and who their friends are, getting praised, and surprising things (good or bad) that happen.

Shouting at your dog, gesticulating wildly, or shaking "weapons" like a broomstick at your dog will seem like crazy behavior and does nothing to change your dog's behavior. It can, however, upset an already insecure and fearful dog even more. Spare your energy and stay calm. Keep your communication tactics clear and reasoned.

Keep this in mind while correcting a dog. If you come home to a destroyed sofa, yelling at the dog will not achieve anything, as the dog will not make the connection between the destroyed sofa and the correction.

4

Develop mutual communication. Having a 2-way communication relationship with your dog will help both of you maintain a healthy relationship. Keeping the lines of communication open and showing your dog that you understand his/her will help you know when to step in if something is wrong.

Research how dogs communicate with each other. Modeling your own communication strategy on dog-to-dog communication can lead to more successful communication.

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Take time to learn about your own dog's messaging. As a unique individual, while much of what is written here will be applicable, your dog will also display his/her own forms of messaging and it is through spending time with your dog that you will get to know his/her best.

Be sure to repeat commands in the same tone, or your dog will be confused.

Always be expressive in your voice.

It is important to note your dog's behavior around other species than humans and other dogs. When introducing other pets into the house, such as cats and rabbits, your dog's reactions are an important indicator as to the success or otherwise of the introduction and being ready to intervene quickly if things get out of hand can mean the safety of either animal is assured. Gradual introductions, careful supervision, and patience all tend to be required when introducing a new pet around a dog that has already established his/her place.

Remember, every dog is different. If your dog’s personality is more passive, you may have different results than those that are stated here.

There are many more subtle signs that dogs use to show their anxiety, stress, interest, or other moods. Get to know these signs to help you predict a dog's reactions.

Be consistent with what you allow your pet to do. For example, decide whether or not the dog is allowed to get on the couch and stick to your decision.

If your dog lives in an apartment or doesn't have a yard in which to relieve himself, start training the dog to go pee or poop on "command". This is helpful in poor weather conditions, or busy mornings. Teaching the dog to ring a bell hanging from the doorknob when he needs to go outside is also helpful.

Warnings

While approaching unknown dogs on the street or anywhere, understand that you must always be above their eye level but never in a threatening way for they may become scared and attack. Speaking to them while in this position can help you remain safe.

Do not force your dog into doing anything, and do not communicate with it in a way that could come off harmful or offensive.

As clarified in the article's steps, be aware that a wagging tail does not necessarily mean that the dog is friendly or happy. Dogs can wag their tails for many reasons (just as humans can smile or show their teeth for many reasons). If you're not familiar with the dog, always look for other signs that may suggest he/she is not in the mood for handling or that a swift retreat is in order.

Note! Any whine or whimper can mean pain or injury. Do not ignore any sustained whining or whimpering if the cause is not known. Give your dog a thorough check over, and if you still cannot find anything wrong and he/she continues to voice his/her unhappiness, see a vet as soon as possible.