Branched TiO2 nanorods array synthesized by two-step hydrothermal method; comparing to TiO2 nanorods array, the synthesized branched nanorods array showed two times improvement of photoelectrochemical hydrogen production performance due to enhanced surface area and small diameter of the branches.

Horizontal cracks can be controllable inserted through an array of SiNWs allowing for easy large area nanowire transfer to desirable device substrates while preserving the arrays aligned morphology and uniform length

Flames are able to rapidly oxidize and evaporate metals at high temperatures and atmospheric pressures. Our flame synthesis methods are inherently scalable to larger areas to due chemical heat generation by the flame, rather than by external heating that is commonly used in conventional methods.