In the first major study of PTSD and cardiovascular disease (CVD) exclusively in women, patients who experienced traumatic events or developed PTSD had a significantly greater risk of CVD than those with no traumatic history or PTSD.

Previous research has yielded conflicting evidence on the use of digoxin in patient with atrial fibrillation (AF) or congestive heart failure (CHF), but the largest systematic review and meta-analysis suggests that there is an increased risk of all-cause mortality with digoxin use in these patients.