1.
1862 in music
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February 1 – The Battle Hymn of the Republic by Julia Ward Howe is published in Atlantic Monthly. March 17 – Anton Rubinstein is named first director of the Saint Petersburg Conservatory, march 24 – Fromental Halévys funeral, in Paris, is attended by an estimated 15,000 people. April 24 – A letter from Giuseppe Verdi is published in The Times, may 17 – Teatro Comunale Florence inaugurated as an open-air amphitheatre, the Politeama Fiorentino Vittorio Emanuele, with a production of Donizettis Lucia di Lammermoor. May 21 – Edvard Grieg gives his first concert in his town of Bergen. August 4 – Louis-Albert Bourgault-Ducoudray wins the Prix de Rome in the Musical Composition category, jules Massenet is one of the runners-up. August 9 – Béatrice et Bénédict, opera by Hector Berlioz, is premièred in Baden-Baden, november 2 - The overture to Die Meistersinger von Nürnberg by Richard Wagner is publicly performed in Leipzig, conducted by the composer. November 10 – Giuseppe Verdis opera La forza del destino is premièred in Saint Petersburg, november 18 – Antonín Dvořák is a member of the orchestra at the opening of the Provisional Theater in Prague. Date unknown Stephen Heller and Charles Hallé perform Mozarts E-flat concerto for two pianos at The Crystal Palace, ludwig von Köchel publishes Chonologisch-thematisches Verzeichnis sämtlicher Tonwerke Wolfgang Amadé Mozarts. Heres Your Mule – C. D. Benson Kingdom Coming – Henry C. Work The Merry, Merry Month of May – Stephen Foster We Are Coming, Father Abraam,300,000 More, a poem by James S. Gibbons, set to music by eight different composers, including Stephen Foster

2.
1863 in music
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January 6 – Johannes Brahms Piano Sonata no.3 is premièred in Vienna, played by the 29-year-old composer. Richard Wagner is among the audience, january 29 – Established composer Giacomo Meyerbeer presents the young Jacques Offenbach to Augusta of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach, the queen consort of Prussia. February 8 – Richard Wagner conducts a concert of his own music in Prague, february-April – Richard Wagner conducts a concert of his own music in Saint Petersburg. Works performed included excerpts from Tristan und Isolde, Das Rheingold, Die Walküre, february 25 – Johann Strauss II is appointed musical director of the Hofball. March 15 – In Vienna, Franz Schuberts Der Entfernten D.331 for a vocal quartet is performed in public for the first time,35 years after the composers death. April 19 – Hector Berlioz is presented with the Cross of the Order of Hohenzollern, may 10 – Violinist Joseph Joachim marries contralto Amalie Schneeweiss. May 12 – Richard Wagner takes up residence at Penzing, near Vienna, june 20 – Franz Liszt takes up residence at the Dominican monastery of the Madonna del Rosario, Monte Mario, near Rome. July 11 – Pope Pius IX visits Franz Liszt at Monte Mario, august 3 – 21-year-old Jules Massenet is awarded the First Grand Prix de Rome for his setting of the cantata David Rizzio. September 30 – Georges Bizets opera, Les pêcheurs de perles receives its première at the Théâtre Lyrique in Paris, november 2 – John Knowles Paine performs at the inauguration of a new organ at the Music Hall in Boston, Massachusetts, USA. In the same year, he work on an opera, Salammbô. All Quiet Along the Potomac Tonight w. Ethel Lynn Beers m, John Hill Hewitt Eton Boating Song w. William Johnson Cory m. Capt. Algernon Drummond Just Before the Battle, Mother by George F, root Mother Would Comfort Me w. m. Charles C. Sawyer Oh My Darling, Clementine by Percy Montrose & H S. Thompson Sweet and Low words by Alfred Tennyson, music by Joseph Barnby Tenting on the Old Camp Ground w. m. Walter Kittredge Weeping Sad And Lonely w. Charles Carroll Sawyer m. Henry Tucker When Johnny Comes Marching Home Again by Louis Lambert & Patrick Gilmore You Are Going to the Wars, Willie Boy. w. m. John Hill Hewitt The Young Volunteer w. m.1 in F major opus 18, Spartacus overture in E♭ major Introduction and Rondo Capriccioso Op

3.
1864 in music
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February 24 – Bedřich Smetanas symphonic poem Hakon Jarl premieres in Prague February 29 – Composer Gioachino Rossini celebrates his 72nd birthday with a party. December 17 – Jacques Offenbachs operetta La Belle Hélène receives its first performance at the Paris Variétés Hans von Bülow takes over from Franz Lachner at the Munich opera, anton Bruckner composes his Symphony No.0. Mili Balakirev begins his Symphony No.1 and it would not be performed till 1898. Beautiful Dreamer by Stephen Foster Der Deitchers Dog by Septimus Winner The Picture on the Wall by Henry Clay Work Pretty Polly Perkins of Paddington Green w. Harry Clifton m. traditional, shall We Gather at the River

4.
1866 in music
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January – Gabriel Fauré becomes organist at the Church of Saint-Sauveur, at Rennes in Brittany. March–December – Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky writes his Symphony No, may 30 – Bedřich Smetanas opera The Bartered Bride debuts at the Provisional Theatre. August – Sir William Sterndale Bennett becomes Principal of the Royal Academy of Music in London, august 4 – First performance of Gabriel Faurés Cantique de Jean Racine. August 9 – Marie Trautmann marries fellow musician Alfred Jaëll, october 21 – Jacques Offenbachs operetta La Vie parisienne debuts in Paris at the Théâtre du Palais Royale. November 17 – Ambroise Thomass opera] Mignon debuts in Paris at the Opéra-Comique, theodore Thomas conducts the New York Philharmonic in the American premiere of the Prelude to Act 1 of Wagners Tristan und Isolde. Georges Bizet completes the opera La jolie fille de Perth, it is premiered the following year, claribel We Parted By The River w. m. William Shakespeare Hays When You and I Were Young, Maggie by James A. Butterfield & George Washington Johnson Write Me A Letter Home w. m

5.
1869 in music
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This article is about music-related events in 1869. February 28 - The premiere of Brahms Rinaldo took place in Vienna at a concert of the Akademischer Gesangverein, the composer conducted, with the tenor Gustav Walter, a student chorus numbering 300, and the Court Opera orchestra. April 3 – Edvard Griegs Piano Concerto is premiered at Copenhagens Casino, may 25 – The Vienna State Opera is inaugurated with a performance of Mozarts Don Giovanni. September 22 – Richard Wagners opera Das Rheingold debuts at the Königlich Hof- und Nationaltheater in Munich, approximate date – Start of golden age of flamenco. Tchaikovsky completes the initial version of Romeo and Juliet and it will be revised the next year and in 1880. Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky - Six romances, Op

6.
1875 in music
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This article is about music-related events in 1875. January 5 – Palais Garnier opera house in Paris, designed by Charles Garnier, march 3 – Georges Bizets opera Carmen debuts, at the Opéra-Comique in Paris. May 6 – Richard Wagner conducts portions of Götterdämmerung in concert in Vienna, october 25 – The first performance of Tchaikovskys Piano Concerto No.1 is given in Boston, Massachusetts, with Hans von Bülow as soloist. Robert Volkmann becomes professor of harmony and counterpoint at the National Academy of Music in Budapest, composer Zdeněk Fibich marries operatic contralto Betty Hanušová, sister of his first wife Růžena Hanušová. Angels, Meet Me At the Cross Road w. m, will Hays Carve Dat Possum by Sam Lucas & Herbert Hershy Dreaming Forever of Thee w. m. John Hill Hewitt Ill Take You Home Again, Kathleen w. m,3, ballet Swan Lake Camille Saint-Saëns – Piano Concerto No.4 Má vlast – Six symphonic poems by Bedřich Smetana Carmen first performed in Paris. Music by Georges Bizet and libretto by Henri Meilhac and Ludovic Halévy, die Königin von Saba, music by Karl Goldmark and libretto by Salomon Mosenthal

7.
1876 in music
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This article is about music-related events in 1876. February – Baritone Lithgow James joins the English Opera Company, where he begins a partnership with his future wife Florence St. John, february 24 – Incidental music composed by Edvard Grieg for Henrik Ibsens Peer Gynt premieres. May 17 – Antonín Dvořák begins composing his Moravian Duets, august 16 – Richard Wagners Siegfried debuts in the new Bayreuth Festspielhaus. August 17 – Richard Wagners Götterdämmerung debuts in the new Bayreuth Festspielhaus, soprano Rosa Hasselbeck marries the conductor and composer Josef Sucher. Gabriel Faure - Violin Sonata No

9.
1872 in art
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Events from the year 1872 in art. February 20 – The Metropolitan Museum of Art opens in New York City. A, november 13 – Claude Monet begins painting Impression, Sunrise as viewed from his hotel room at Le Havre. November – Edward Lear acquires his cat Foss, date unknown William De Morgan sets up an art pottery in Chelsea, London. The first Wallace fountains, to the design of sculptor Charles-Auguste Lebourg, are installed in Paris

10.
1872 in architecture
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The year 1872 in architecture involved some significant architectural events and new buildings. Work begins on the building of the Church of the Holy Angels, Hoar Cross, Staffordshire, England, designed by George Frederick Bodley, july - The Albert Memorial in London, designed by Sir George Gilbert Scott, is opened by Queen Victoria. Basilica of Our Lady of the Pillar, Zaragoza, Aragon, st Mary Magdalene, Paddington, London, designed by George Edmund Street, originally completed. St. Matthews German Evangelical Lutheran Church, Charleston, South Carolina, designed by John Henry Devereux, the Egyptian Halls, a pioneering iron-framed commercial building in Glasgow designed by Alexander Thomson. Palacio Federal Legislativo, Caracas, Venezuela, designed by Luciano Urdaneta, royal Gold Medal - Friedrich von Schmidt. Grand Prix de Rome, architecture, Louis Bernier, december 17 - William Slater, London-based architect

11.
1872 in literature
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This article presents lists of the literary events and publications in 1872. March – Sheridan Le Fanus Gothic vampire novella Carmilla concludes serialization in the monthly The Dark Blue and is included in his collection In a Glass Darkly, set in Styria, it is influential in introducing the lesbian vampire genre. July 7 – Paul Verlaine abandons his family to go to London with Arthur Rimbaud, september 30 – George MacDonald arrives in Boston to begin a lecture tour of the United States. December 3 – George Smith presents the first translation of the Epic of Gilgamesh to a meeting of the Society of Biblical Archaeology in London. December 22 – Jules Vernes novel Around the World in Eighty Days concludes serialization in the daily newspaper Le Temps the day following the date of the narrative. The Federation of Madrid expels all signatories of an article in La Emancipación. Benito Pérez Galdós begins writing the series of historical novels known as Episodios Nacionales with Trafalgar. Rose la Touche rejects John Ruskin for the last time, lafcadio Hearn becomes a reporter on the Cincinnati Daily Enquirer. The first university course in American Literature is taught at Princeton University by John Seely Hart, the Scottish Gaelic magazine Féillire is first published as Almanac Gàilig air son 1872 in Inverness. Machado de Assis – Ressurreição Mary Elizabeth Braddon – To the Bitter End Rhoda Broughton Good-bye, D.1 Warren Felt Evans – Mental Medicine Friedrich Nietzsche – The Birth of Tragedy Henry Wilson – History of the Rise and Fall of the Slave Power in America, vols. 1 &2 January 31 – Zane Grey, American Western novelist April 4 – Frida Uhl, Austrian writer May 21 – Teffi, born Nadezhda Alexandrovna Lokhvitskaya, Russian-born humorist May 31 – W. M

12.
1872
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As of the start of 1872, the Gregorian calendar was 12 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923. January 12 – Yohannes IV is crowned Emperor of Ethiopia in Axum, february 2 – The government of the United Kingdom buys a number of forts on the Gold Coast from the Netherlands. February 4 – A great solar flare and associated geomagnetic storm makes northern lights visible as far south as Cuba, february 13 – Rex, the most famous parade on Mardi Gras, parades for the first time in New Orleans for Grand Duke Alexei Mikhailovich of Russia. February 20 – The Metropolitan Museum of Art opens in New York City, march 1 – In the United States, Yellowstone National Park is established as the worlds first national park. March 5 George Westinghouse receives a United States patent for the failsafe automatic railway air brake, the Tichborne case is decided in London against the claimant Arthur Orton. March 11 – Work begins erecting the Seven Sisters Colliery in South Wales, march 16 –1872 FA Cup Final, In the first ever final of the FA Cup, the worlds oldest football competition, Wanderers F. C. defeat Royal Engineers A. F. C. 1–0 at The Oval in Kennington, London, march 26 – The 7. 4–7.9 Mw Lone Pine earthquake shakes eastern California with a maximum Mercalli intensity of X. Twenty-seven people were killed and fifty-six were injured. April 14 – The Third Carlist War begins in northern Spain, Don Carlos, Duke of Madrid, the Carlist pretender appoints General Rada commander-in-chief in Spain and calls for a general rising. May – The magazine Popular Science is first published in the United States, may 4 – Third Carlist War in Spain, The Carlist Army is defeated at the Battle of Oroquieta in Navarre. 1,000 government troops easily defeat the larger number of Carlists at Oroquieta. 50 Carlists are killed and Moriones take 700 prisoners but Don Carlos escapes, may 10 – Victoria Woodhull becomes the first woman nominated for President of the United States, although she is a year too young to qualify and does not appear on the ballot. May 22 Reconstruction, U. S. President Ulysses S. Grant signs the Amnesty Act of 1872 into law, restoring civil rights to all. Georges Bizets comic opera Djamileh is premièred at the Opéra-Comique in Paris, june – Rangers F. C. play their first ever game on the public pitches of Glasgow Green in Scotland. June 14 – Trade unions are legalised in Canada, july 4 – The Society of Jesus is pronounced illegal in the German Empire. August 22 – The Australian Overland Telegraph Line is completed, providing a link between Australia and the rest of the world for the first time. September – Thomas Hardy anonymously publishes his novel Under the Greenwood Tree, september 1 – A group of Icaiche Maya under Marcos Canul attack Orange Walk Town in British Honduras, the British send troops against them. September 18 – Upon the death of King Charles XV of Sweden and Norway, september 26 – The first Shriners Temple is established in New York City. October 1 The Virginia Agricultural and Mechanical College begins its first academic session, First case reports in Toronto, Ontario, Canada, of the Great Epizootic of 1872 which will substantially disrupt life in North America by mid-December

13.
Edgar Degas
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Edgar Degas was a French artist famous for his paintings, sculptures, prints, and drawings. He is especially identified with the subject of dance, more than half of his works depict dancers and he is regarded as one of the founders of Impressionism, although he rejected the term, preferring to be called a realist. He was a draftsman, and particularly masterly in depicting movement, as can be seen in his rendition of dancers, racecourse subjects. His portraits are notable for their complexity and for their portrayal of human isolation. At the beginning of his career, Degas wanted to be a history painter, in his early thirties, he changed course, and by bringing the traditional methods of a history painter to bear on contemporary subject matter, he became a classical painter of modern life. Degas was born in Paris, France, into a wealthy family. He was the oldest of five children of Célestine Musson De Gas, a Creole from New Orleans, Louisiana, and Augustin De Gas and his maternal grandfather Germain Musson, was born in Port-au-Prince, Haiti of French descent and had settled in New Orleans in 1810. Degas began his schooling at age eleven, enrolling in the Lycée Louis-le-Grand and his mother died when he was thirteen, and his father and grandfather became the main influences on him for the remainder of his youth. Degas began to paint early in life, by the time he graduated from the Lycée with a baccalauréat in literature in 1853, at age 18, he had turned a room in his home into an artists studio. Upon graduating, he registered as a copyist in The Louvre Museum, Degas duly enrolled at the Faculty of Law of the University of Paris in November 1853, but applied little effort to his studies. In April of that year Degas was admitted to the École des Beaux-Arts and he studied drawing there with Louis Lamothe, under whose guidance he flourished, following the style of Ingres. In July 1856, Degas traveled to Italy, where he would remain for the three years. In 1858, while staying with his aunts family in Naples and he also began work on several history paintings, Alexander and Bucephalus and The Daughter of Jephthah in 1859–60, Sémiramis Building Babylon in 1860, and Young Spartans around 1860. In 1861 Degas visited his childhood friend Paul Valpinçon in Normandy and he exhibited at the Salon for the first time in 1865, when the jury accepted his painting Scene of War in the Middle Ages, which attracted little attention. The change in his art was influenced primarily by the example of Édouard Manet, upon the outbreak of the Franco-Prussian War in 1870, Degas enlisted in the National Guard, where his defense of Paris left him little time for painting. During rifle training his eyesight was found to be defective, after the war, Degas began in 1872 an extended stay in New Orleans, Louisiana, where his brother René and a number of other relatives lived. Staying at the home of his Creole uncle, Michel Musson, on Esplanade Avenue, Degas produced a number of works, many depicting family members. One of Degass New Orleans works, A Cotton Office in New Orleans, garnered favorable attention back in France, Degas returned to Paris in 1873 and his father died the following year, whereupon Degas learned that his brother René had amassed enormous business debts

14.
Friedrich Nietzsche
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He began his career as a classical philologist before turning to philosophy. He became the youngest ever to hold the Chair of Classical Philology at the University of Basel in 1869, Nietzsche resigned in 1879 due to health problems that plagued him most of his life, and he completed much of his core writing in the following decade. In 1889, at age 44, he suffered a collapse and he lived his remaining years in the care of his mother, and then with his sister Elisabeth Förster-Nietzsche, and died in 1900. Nietzsches body of work touched widely on art, philology, history, religion, tragedy, culture, and science, and drew inspiration from figures such as Schopenhauer, Wagner. His writing spans philosophical polemics, poetry, cultural criticism, and fiction while displaying a fondness for aphorism, born on 15 October 1844, Nietzsche grew up in the small town of Röcken, near Leipzig, in the Prussian Province of Saxony. He was named after King Frederick William IV of Prussia, who turned forty-nine on the day of Nietzsches birth, Nietzsches parents, Carl Ludwig Nietzsche, a Lutheran pastor and former teacher, and Franziska Oehler, married in 1843, the year before their sons birth. They had two children, a daughter, Elisabeth Förster-Nietzsche, born in 1846, and a second son, Ludwig Joseph. Nietzsches father died from an ailment in 1849, Ludwig Joseph died six months later. The family then moved to Naumburg, where they lived with Nietzsches maternal grandmother, after the death of Nietzsches grandmother in 1856, the family moved into their own house, now Nietzsche-Haus, a museum and Nietzsche study centre. Nietzsche attended a school and then, later, a private school, where he became friends with Gustav Krug, Rudolf Wagner. In 1854, he began to attend Domgymnasium in Naumburg, because his father had worked for the state the now-fatherless Nietzsche was offered a scholarship to study at the internationally recognized Schulpforta. He transferred and studied there from 1858 to 1864, becoming friends with Paul Deussen and he also found time to work on poems and musical compositions. Nietzsche led Germania, a music and literature club, during his summers in Naumburg. His end-of-semester exams in March 1864 showed a 1 in Religion and German, a 2a in Greek and Latin, a 2b in French, History, and Physics, while at Pforta, Nietzsche had a penchant for pursuing subjects that were considered unbecoming. The teacher who corrected the essay gave it a mark but commented that Nietzsche should concern himself in the future with healthier, more lucid. After graduation in September 1864, Nietzsche commenced studies in theology, for a short time he and Deussen became members of the Burschenschaft Frankonia. After one semester, he stopped his studies and lost his faith. In June 1865, at the age of 20, Nietzsche wrote to his sister Elisabeth, who was deeply religious, a letter regarding his loss of faith

15.
Madrid Royal Conservatory
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The Madrid Royal Conservatory is a music college in Madrid, Spain. The Royal Conservatory of Music was founded on July 15,1830, by royal decree, in 1852 it was moved to the Royal Opera, where it remained until the building was condemned by royal order and classes ordered to halt in 1925. For the next years, the school had no fixed home. Since 1990, the Conservatory has officially resided in a restored 18th-century building in front of Queen Sofia Museum, famous alumni of the school include, Escuela Superior de Música Reina Sofía Madrid Conservatory website

16.
Anton Rubinstein
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He was the elder brother of Nikolai Rubinstein who founded the Moscow Conservatory. As a pianist, Rubinstein ranks amongst the great 19th-century keyboard virtuosos and he became most famous for his series of historical recitals—seven enormous, consecutive concerts covering the history of piano music. Rubinstein played this series throughout Russia and Eastern Europe and in the United States when he toured there, although best remembered as a pianist and educator, Rubinstein was also a prolific composer throughout much of his life. He wrote 20 operas, the best known of which is The Demon and he also composed a large number of other works, including five piano concertos, six symphonies and a large number of solo piano works along with a substantial output of works for chamber ensemble. Rubinstein was born to Jewish parents in the village of Vikhvatinets in the district of Podolsk, Russia, on the Dniestr River, before he was 5 years old, his paternal grandfather ordered all members of the Rubinstein family to convert from Judaism to Russian Orthodoxy. Although he was raised as a Christian, Rubinstein would later return to being atheist, Rubinsteins father opened a pencil factory in Moscow. His mother, a competent musician, began giving him lessons at five, until the teacher Alexander Villoing heard. Rubinstein made his first public appearance at a charity concert at the age of nine. Later that year Rubinsteins mother sent him, accompanied by Villoing, Rubinstein and Villoing remained in Paris for a year. In December 1840, Rubinstein played in the Salle Érard for an audience that included Frédéric Chopin, Chopin invited Rubinstein to his studio and played for him. Liszt advised Villoing to take him to Germany to study composition, however, Villoing took Rubinstein on a concert tour of Europe. They finally returned to Moscow in June 1843, Anton was 14 years old, Nikolai was eight. In spring 1844, Rubinstein, Nikolai, his mother and his sister Luba travelled to Berlin, here he met with, and was supported by, Felix Mendelssohn and Giacomo Meyerbeer. Mendelssohn, who had heard Rubinstein when he had toured with Villoing, said he needed no further piano study, Meyerbeer directed both boys to Siegfried Dehn for work in composition and theory. Word came in the summer of 1846 that Rubinsteins father was gravely ill, Rubinstein was left in Berlin while his mother, sister and brother returned to Russia. At first he continued his studies with Dehn, then with Adolf Bernhard Marx, Now 17, he knew he could no longer pass as a child prodigy. He sought out Liszt in Vienna, hoping Liszt would accept him as a pupil, however, after Rubinstein had played his audition, Liszt is reported to have said, A talented man must win the goal of his ambition by his own unassisted efforts. At this point, Rubinstein was living in acute poverty, Liszt did nothing to help him

17.
United States
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Forty-eight of the fifty states and the federal district are contiguous and located in North America between Canada and Mexico. The state of Alaska is in the northwest corner of North America, bordered by Canada to the east, the state of Hawaii is an archipelago in the mid-Pacific Ocean. The U. S. territories are scattered about the Pacific Ocean, the geography, climate and wildlife of the country are extremely diverse. At 3.8 million square miles and with over 324 million people, the United States is the worlds third- or fourth-largest country by area, third-largest by land area. It is one of the worlds most ethnically diverse and multicultural nations, paleo-Indians migrated from Asia to the North American mainland at least 15,000 years ago. European colonization began in the 16th century, the United States emerged from 13 British colonies along the East Coast. Numerous disputes between Great Britain and the following the Seven Years War led to the American Revolution. On July 4,1776, during the course of the American Revolutionary War, the war ended in 1783 with recognition of the independence of the United States by Great Britain, representing the first successful war of independence against a European power. The current constitution was adopted in 1788, after the Articles of Confederation, the first ten amendments, collectively named the Bill of Rights, were ratified in 1791 and designed to guarantee many fundamental civil liberties. During the second half of the 19th century, the American Civil War led to the end of slavery in the country. By the end of century, the United States extended into the Pacific Ocean. The Spanish–American War and World War I confirmed the status as a global military power. The end of the Cold War and the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 left the United States as the sole superpower. The U. S. is a member of the United Nations, World Bank, International Monetary Fund, Organization of American States. The United States is a developed country, with the worlds largest economy by nominal GDP. It ranks highly in several measures of performance, including average wage, human development, per capita GDP. While the U. S. economy is considered post-industrial, characterized by the dominance of services and knowledge economy, the United States is a prominent political and cultural force internationally, and a leader in scientific research and technological innovations. In 1507, the German cartographer Martin Waldseemüller produced a map on which he named the lands of the Western Hemisphere America after the Italian explorer and cartographer Amerigo Vespucci

18.
Richard Wagner
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Wilhelm Richard Wagner was a German composer, theatre director, polemicist, and conductor who is primarily known for his operas. Unlike most opera composers, Wagner wrote both the libretto and the music for each of his stage works and he described this vision in a series of essays published between 1849 and 1852. Wagner realised these ideas most fully in the first half of the four-opera cycle Der Ring des Nibelungen and his advances in musical language, such as extreme chromaticism and quickly shifting tonal centres, greatly influenced the development of classical music. His Tristan und Isolde is sometimes described as marking the start of modern music, Wagner had his own opera house built, the Bayreuth Festspielhaus, which embodied many novel design features. The Ring and Parsifal were premiered here and his most important stage works continue to be performed at the annual Bayreuth Festival, until his final years, Wagners life was characterised by political exile, turbulent love affairs, poverty and repeated flight from his creditors. His controversial writings on music, drama and politics have attracted extensive comment, notably, since the late 20th century, where they express antisemitic sentiments. The effect of his ideas can be traced in many of the arts throughout the 20th century, his influence spread beyond composition into conducting, philosophy, literature, Richard Wagner was born to an ethnic German family in Leipzig, where his family lived at No. 3, the Brühl in the Jewish quarter and he was baptized at St. Thomas Church. He was the child of Carl Friedrich Wagner, who was a clerk in the Leipzig police service, and his wife, Johanna Rosine. Wagners father Carl died of typhus six months after Richards birth, afterwards his mother Johanna lived with Carls friend, the actor and playwright Ludwig Geyer. In August 1814 Johanna and Geyer probably married—although no documentation of this has found in the Leipzig church registers. She and her family moved to Geyers residence in Dresden, until he was fourteen, Wagner was known as Wilhelm Richard Geyer. He almost certainly thought that Geyer was his biological father, Geyers love of the theatre came to be shared by his stepson, and Wagner took part in his performances. In his autobiography Mein Leben Wagner recalled once playing the part of an angel, in late 1820, Wagner was enrolled at Pastor Wetzels school at Possendorf, near Dresden, where he received some piano instruction from his Latin teacher. He struggled to play a scale at the keyboard and preferred playing theatre overtures by ear. Following Geyers death in 1821, Richard was sent to the Kreuzschule, at the age of nine he was hugely impressed by the Gothic elements of Carl Maria von Webers opera Der Freischütz, which he saw Weber conduct. At this period Wagner entertained ambitions as a playwright and his first creative effort, listed in the Wagner-Werk-Verzeichnis as WWV1, was a tragedy called Leubald. Begun when he was in school in 1826, the play was influenced by Shakespeare

19.
John Philip Sousa
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John Philip Sousa was an American composer and conductor of the late Romantic era, known primarily for American military and patriotic marches. Because of his mastery of composition, he is known as The March King. Among his best-known marches are The Stars and Stripes Forever, Semper Fidelis, The Liberty Bell, The Thunderer, Sousa began his career playing violin and studying music theory and composition under John Esputa and George Felix Benkert. His father enlisted him in the United States Marine Band as an apprentice in 1868, after departing the band in 1875, Sousa learned to conduct. From 1880 until his death, he focused exclusively on conducting and he eventually rejoined the Marine Band and served there for 12 years as director. On leaving the Marine Band, Sousa organized his own band and he toured Europe and Australia and developed the sousaphone, a large brass instrument similar to the helicon and tuba. At the outbreak of World War I, Sousa was commissioned as a lieutenant commander, following his tenure, he returned to conduct the Sousa Band until his death in 1932. In the 1920s he was promoted to lieutenant commander in the naval reserve, Sousa started his music education by playing the violin as a pupil of John Esputa and George Felix Benkert for harmony and musical composition at the age of six. He was found to have absolute pitch, during his childhood, Sousa studied voice, violin, piano, flute, cornet, baritone horn, trombone, and alto horn. When Sousa was 13, his father, a trombonist in the Marine Band, several years long after serving his apprenticeship, Sousa joined a theatrical orchestra where he learned to conduct. He returned to the U. S. Marine Band as its head in 1880, Sousa led The Presidents Own band under five presidents from Rutherford B. Hayes to Benjamin Harrison. Sousas band played at two Inaugural Balls, those of James A. Garfield in 1881, and Benjamin Harrison in 1889 and he wanted a tuba that could sound upward and over the band whether its player was seated or marching. The sousaphone was re-created in 1898 by C. G. Conn and he organized The Sousa Band the year he left the Marine Band. The Sousa Band toured from 1892 to 1931, performing at 15,623 concerts both in America and around the world, including at the World Exposition in Paris, France and at the Royal Albert Hall in London. In Paris, the Sousa Band marched through the streets to the Arc de Triomphe – one of only eight parades the band marched in over its forty years, on December 30,1879, Sousa married Jane van Middlesworth Bellis. They had three children, John Philip, Jr. Jane Priscilla, and Helen, All were buried in the John Philip Sousa plot in the Congressional Cemetery. Wife Jane, daughters Jane Priscilla and Helen Abert joined the Daughters of the American Revolution in 1907 and their ancestor was Adam Bellis, who served under several different commands for the New Jersey troops in the American Revolutionary War. Late in his life, Sousa lived in Sands Point, New York, Sousa died of heart failure at the age of 77 on March 6,1932, in his room at the Abraham Lincoln Hotel in Reading, Pennsylvania

20.
Georges Bizet
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Georges Bizet, registered at birth as Alexandre César Léopold Bizet, was a French composer of the romantic era. During a brilliant student career at the Conservatoire de Paris, Bizet won many prizes and he was recognised as an outstanding pianist, though he chose not to capitalise on this skill and rarely performed in public. Returning to Paris after almost three years in Italy, he found that the main Parisian opera theatres preferred the established classical repertoire to the works of newcomers. His keyboard and orchestral compositions were largely ignored, as a result, his career stalled. Restless for success, he began many theatrical projects during the 1860s, neither of his two operas that reached the stage in this time—Les pêcheurs de perles and La jolie fille de Perth—were immediately successful. The production of Bizets final opera, Carmen, was delayed because of fears that its themes of betrayal and murder would offend audiences. After its premiere on 3 March 1875, Bizet was convinced that the work was a failure, Bizets marriage to Geneviève Halévy was intermittently happy and produced one son. After his death, his work, apart from Carmen, was generally neglected, manuscripts were given away or lost, and published versions of his works were frequently revised and adapted by other hands. He founded no school and had no obvious disciples or successors, after years of neglect, his works began to be performed more frequently in the 20th century. Later commentators have acclaimed him as a composer of brilliance and originality whose premature death was a significant loss to French musical theatre, Georges Bizet was born in Paris on 25 October 1838. He was registered as Alexandre César Léopold, but baptised as Georges on 16 March 1840 and his father, Adolphe Bizet, had been a hairdresser and wigmaker before becoming a singing teacher despite his lack of formal training. He also composed a few works, including at least one published song, in 1837 Adolphe married Aimée Delsarte, against the wishes of her family who considered him a poor prospect, the Delsartes, though impoverished, were a cultured and highly musical family. Aimée was an accomplished pianist, while her brother François Delsarte was a singer and teacher who performed at the courts of both Louis Philippe and Napoleon III. François Delsartes wife Rosine, a prodigy, had been an assistant professor of solfège at the Conservatoire de Paris at the age of 13. Georges, a child, showed early aptitude for music and quickly picked up the basics of musical notation from his mother. This precocity convinced his ambitious parents that he was ready to begin studying at the Conservatoire even though he was only nine years old. Georges was interviewed by Joseph Meifred, the horn virtuoso who was a member of the Conservatoires Committee of Studies, Meifred was so struck by the boys demonstration of his skills that he waived the age rule and offered to take him as soon as a place became available. Bizet was admitted to the Conservatoire on 9 October 1848, two weeks before his 10th birthday and he made an early impression, within six months he had won first prize in solfège, a feat that impressed Pierre-Joseph-Guillaume Zimmermann, the Conservatoires former professor of piano

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Alphonse Daudet
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Alphonse Daudet was a French novelist. He was the husband of Julia Daudet and father of Edmée Daudet, Daudet was born in Nîmes, France. His family, on sides, belonged to the bourgeoisie. His father, Vincent Daudet, was a silk manufacturer — a man dogged through life by misfortune, Alphonse, amid much truancy, had a depressing boyhood. In 1856 he left Lyon, where his schooldays had been mainly spent, the position proved to be intolerable and Daudet said later that for months after leaving Alès he would wake with horror, thinking he was still among his unruly pupils. These experiences and others were reflected in his novel Le Petit Chose, Alphonse took to writing, and his poems were collected into a small volume, Les Amoureuses, which met with a fair reception. Morny, Napoleon IIIs all-powerful minister, appointed him to be one of his secretaries — a post which he held till Mornys death in 1865. In 1866, Daudets Lettres de mon moulin, written in Clamart, near Paris, the first of his longer books, Le Petit Chose, did not, however, produce popular sensation. It is, in the main, the story of his own earlier years told with much grace, the year 1872 brought the famous Aventures prodigieuses de Tartarin de Tarascon, and the three-act play LArlésienne. But Fromont jeune et Risler aîné at once took the world by storm and it struck a note, not new certainly in English literature, but comparatively new in French. His creativeness resulted in characters that were real and also typical, jack, a novel about an illegitimate child, a martyr to his mothers selfishness, which followed in 1876, served only to deepen the same impression. LImmortel is an attack on the Académie française, to which august body Daudet never belonged. Daudet also wrote for children, including La Belle Nivernaise, the story of an old boat, in 1867 Daudet married Julia Allard, author of Impressions de nature et dart, LEnfance dune Parisienne, and some literary studies written under the pseudonym Karl Steen. Daudet was far from faithful, and was one of a generation of French literary syphilitics, having lost his virginity at the age of twelve, he then slept with his friends mistresses throughout his marriage. Daudet would undergo several painful treatments and operations for his subsequently paralyzing disease and his journal entries relating to the pain he experienced from tabes dorsalis are collected in the volume In the Land of Pain, translated by Julian Barnes. Daudet died in Paris on 16 December 1897, and was interred at that citys Père Lachaise Cemetery, Daudet was a monarchist and a fervent opponent of the French Republic. Daudet was also anti-Jewish, though less famously so than his son Léon, the main character of Le Nabab was inspired by a Jewish politician who was elected as a deputy for Nîmes. Daudet campaigned against him and lost, Daudet counted many literary figures amongst his friends, including Edouard Drumont, who founded the Antisemitic League of France and founded and edited the anti-Semitic newspaper La Libre Parole

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Anton Bruckner
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Josef Anton Bruckner was an Austrian composer known for his symphonies, masses, and motets. The first are considered emblematic of the stage of Austro-German Romanticism because of their rich harmonic language, strongly polyphonic character. Bruckners compositions helped to define contemporary musical radicalism, owing to their dissonances, unprepared modulations, unlike other musical radicals such as Richard Wagner and Hugo Wolf who fit the enfant terrible mould, Bruckner showed extreme humility before other musicians, Wagner in particular. This apparent dichotomy between Bruckner the man and Bruckner the composer hampers efforts to describe his life in a way that gives a straightforward context for his music. On the other hand, Bruckner was greatly admired by subsequent composers including his friend Gustav Mahler, Anton Bruckner was born in Ansfelden on 4 September 1824. The ancestors of Bruckners family were farmers and craftsmen, their history can be traced to as far back as the 16th century and they lived near a bridge south of Sindelburg, which led to their being called Pruckhner an der Pruckhen. Bruckners grandfather was appointed schoolmaster in Ansfelden in 1776, this position was inherited by Bruckners father, Anton Bruckner senior and it was a poorly paid but well-respected position in the rural environment. Music was a part of the curriculum, and Bruckners father was his first music teacher. Bruckner learned to play the organ early as a child and he entered school when he was six, proved to be a hard-working student, and was promoted to upper class early. While studying, Bruckner also helped his father in teaching the other children, after Bruckner received his confirmation in 1833, Bruckners father sent him to another school in Hörsching. The schoolmaster, Johann Baptist Weiß, was a music enthusiast, here, Bruckner completed his school education and learned to play the organ excellently. Around 1835 Bruckner wrote his first composition, a Pange lingua – one of the compositions which he revised at the end of his life, when his father became ill, Anton returned to Ansfelden to help him in his work. Bruckners father died in 1837, when Bruckner was 13 years old, the teachers position and house were given to a successor, and Bruckner was sent to the Augustinian monastery in Sankt Florian to become a choirboy. In addition to practice, his education included violin and organ lessons. Bruckner was in awe of the great organ, which was built during the late baroque era and rebuilt in 1837. Later, the organ was to be called the Bruckner Organ, despite his musical abilities, Bruckners mother sent her son to a teaching seminar in Linz in 1841. After completing the seminar with an excellent grade, Bruckner was sent as an assistant to a school in Windhaag. The living standards and pay were horrible, and Bruckner was constantly humiliated by his superior, despite the difficult situation, Bruckner never complained or rebelled, a belief of inferiority was to remain one of Bruckners main personal characteristics during his whole life

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Symphony No. 3 (Bruckner)
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Anton Bruckners Symphony No.3 in D minor, WAB103, was dedicated to Richard Wagner and is sometimes known as his Wagner Symphony. It was written in 1873, revised in 1877 and again in 1889, the work has been characterised as difficult, and is regarded by some as Bruckners artistic breakthrough. According to Rudolf Kloiber, the third symphony opens the sequence of Bruckners masterpieces, Bruckner wrote the first version of the symphony in 1873. In September 1873, before the work was finished, Bruckner visited Richard Wagner, Bruckner showed both his Second and Third symphonies to Wagner, asking him to pick one he preferred. To Bruckners delight, Wagner chose the Third, and Bruckner dedicated the symphony to the master he highly respected, after getting home, Bruckner continued to work on the symphony, finishing the finale on 31 December 1873. According to an anecdote, Bruckner and Wagner drank so much beer together that, upon arriving home and he wrote a letter back to Wagner saying Symphony in D minor, where the trumpet begins the theme. Ever since then, Wagner referred to Bruckner as Bruckner the trumpet, in the dedication, Bruckner referred to Wagner as the unreachable world-famous noble master of poetry and music. The premiere of this Symphony was given in Vienna in 1877, the conductor was to be Johann von Herbeck, but he died a month beforehand so Bruckner himself had to step in and conduct. Even the orchestra fled at the end, leaving Bruckner alone with a few supporters, stunned by this debacle, Bruckner made several revisions of his work, leaving out significant amounts of music including most quotations from Wagners Tristan and Isolde and Die Walküre. The original 1873 score was not published until 1977, the symphony has been described as heroic in nature. Bruckners love for the grand and majestic is reflected especially in the first and last movements, stark contrasts, cuts and forcefulness mark the signature of the entire composition. The signal-like trombone thema, heard at the beginning after the two waves, constitutes a motto for the whole symphony. The symphony has four movements, Gemäßigt, mehr bewegt, misterioso — D minor Adagio, bewegt, quasi Andante — E-flat major Scherzo. Ziemlich schnell — D minor, ending in D major, according to widespread opinion, the Third can be regarded as Bruckners artistic breakthrough. In it, the real and complete Bruckner comes into expression for the first time, according to Rudolf Kloiber, the third symphony opens the sequence of Bruckners masterpieces, in which his creativity meets monumental ability of symphonic construction. However, the work has never received general critical acceptance. Especially the question of the different versions and their judgement is still as open as ever, despite being very critical of this Symphony, Robert Simpson quoted a passage from the first movement, rehearsal letter F, in his own Symphony No.9. Symphony No.3 was a favorite of conductor Hans Knappertsbusch, the 1873 version was the version that Bruckner sent to Wagner for his approval

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Franz Paul Lachner
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Franz Paul Lachner was a German composer and conductor. Lachner was born in Rain am Lech to a musical family and he studied music with Simon Sechter and Maximilian, the Abbé Stadler. He conducted at the Theater am Kärntnertor in Vienna, in 1834, he became Kapellmeister at Mannheim. His career there came to a end in 1864 after Richard Wagners disciple Hans von Bülow took over Lachners duties. Lachner remained officially in his post on extended leave for a few years until his contract expired, see, List of compositions by Franz Lachner Lachner was a well-known and prolific composer in his day, though he is not now considered a major composer. His work, influenced by Ludwig van Beethoven and his friend Franz Schubert, is regarded as competent and craftsman-like, among his greatest successes were his opera Catharina Cornaro, his Requiem, and his seventh orchestral suite. His songs, some of which are set to the texts that Schubert used, contributed to the development of the German Lied. Ripley, George, Dana, Charles A. eds, free scores by Franz Lachner at the International Music Score Library Project

25.
Franz Liszt
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Franz Liszt was a prolific 19th-century Hungarian composer, virtuoso pianist, conductor, music teacher, arranger, organist, philanthropist, author, nationalist and a Franciscan tertiary. Liszt gained renown in Europe during the nineteenth century for his prodigious virtuosic skill as a pianist. As a composer, Liszt was one of the most prominent representatives of the New German School and he left behind an extensive and diverse body of work in which he influenced his forward-looking contemporaries and anticipated many 20th-century ideas and trends. Franz Liszt was born to Anna Liszt and Adam Liszt on October 22,1811, in the village of Doborján in Sopron County, in the Kingdom of Hungary, Liszts father played the piano, violin, cello and guitar. He had been in the service of Prince Nikolaus II Esterházy and knew Haydn, Hummel, at age six, Franz began listening attentively to his fathers piano playing and showed an interest in both sacred and Romani music. Adam began teaching him the piano at age seven, and Franz began composing in an elementary manner when he was eight and he appeared in concerts at Sopron and Pressburg in October and November 1820 at age 9. After the concerts, a group of wealthy sponsors offered to finance Franzs musical education in Vienna, There Liszt received piano lessons from Carl Czerny, who in his own youth had been a student of Beethoven and Hummel. He also received lessons in composition from Antonio Salieri, then director of the Viennese court. Liszts public debut in Vienna on December 1,1822, at a concert at the Landständischer Saal, was a great success and he was greeted in Austrian and Hungarian aristocratic circles and also met Beethoven and Schubert. In spring 1823, when his one-year leave of absence came to an end, Adam Liszt therefore took his leave of the Princes services. At the end of April 1823, the returned to Hungary for the last time. At the end of May 1823, the family went to Vienna again, towards the end of 1823 or early 1824, Liszts first composition to be published, his Variation on a Waltz by Diabelli, appeared as Variation 24 in Part II of Vaterländischer Künstlerverein. Liszts inclusion in the Diabelli project—he was described in it as an 11 year old boy, born in Hungary—was almost certainly at the instigation of Czerny, his teacher, Liszt was the only child composer in the anthology. After his fathers death in 1827, Liszt moved to Paris, to earn money, Liszt gave lessons in piano playing and composition, often from early morning until late at night. His students were scattered across the city and he often had to long distances. Because of this, he kept uncertain hours and also took up smoking, the following year he fell in love with one of his pupils, Caroline de Saint-Cricq, the daughter of Charles Xs minister of commerce, Pierre de Saint-Cricq. Her father, however, insisted that the affair be broken off, Liszt fell very ill, to the extent that an obituary notice was printed in a Paris newspaper, and he underwent a long period of religious doubts and pessimism. He again stated a wish to join the Church but was dissuaded this time by his mother and he had many discussions with the Abbé de Lamennais, who acted as his spiritual father, and also with Chrétien Urhan, a German-born violinist who introduced him to the Saint-Simonists