Brain Changes Suggest Autism Starts In The Womb

The symptoms of autism may not be obvious until a child is a toddler, but the disorder itself appears to begin well before birth.

Brain tissue taken from children who died and also happened to have autism revealed patches of disorganization in the cortex, a thin sheet of cells that’s critical for learning and memory, researchers report in the New England Journal of Medicine. Tissue samples from children without autism didn’t have those characteristic patches.

Organization of the cortex begins in the second trimester of pregnancy. “So something must have gone wrong at or before that time,” says Eric Courchesne, an author of the paper and director of the Autism Center of Excellence at the University of California, San Diego.

The finding should bolster efforts to understand how genes control brain development and lead to autism. It also suggests that treatment should start early in childhood, when the brain is capable of rewiring to work around damaged areas.

The study grew out of research by Courchesne on development of the cortex in children with autism. In typical kids, the cortex is “like a layer cake,” he says. “There are six layers, one on top of the other, and in each layer there are different types of brain cells.”

Courchesne suspected that these layers might be altered in the brains of children with autism. So he and a team of researchers studied samples of cortex from 11 children with autism and an equal number of typical kids. The cortex came from areas known to be associated with the symptoms of autism.

In the brain tissue from typical children, the cortex had six distinct layers, each made up of a specific type of cell. But in the children with autism, “there are patches in which specific cells in specific layers seem to be missing,” Courchesne says. So instead of distinct layers, there are disorganized collections of brain cells.

These patches of disorganized cortex would have different effects on the brain depending on where they occur and how many there are, Courchesne says. That could help explain why the symptoms of autism vary so much.

And finding that the damage isn’t everywhere suggests how a child’s brain might compensate by rewiring to avoid the trouble spots, Courchesne says. “That’s one of our guesses about how it is that autistic children, with treatment, very commonly get better,” he says.

The new study appears to confirm research from the University of California, Los Angeles showing that people with autism tend to have genetic changes that could disturb the formation of layers in the cortex.

And it adds to the already considerable evidence that autism starts in the womb, says Dr. Stanley Nelson, a geneticist at UCLA. “The overwhelming set of data is that the problems are existing during brain development, probably as an embryo or fetus,” he says.

But some of the new study’s findings are surprising and even a bit perplexing, Nelson says. For example, it’s odd that only certain bits of brain tissue contain these disorganized cells. “Why is the whole cortex not disorganized?” he says.

It’s also odd that 10 of the 11 children with autism had the same sort of disorganized patches of cortex, Nelson says. That’s not what you would expect with a disorder known to involve many different genes, presumably affecting many different aspects of brain development.

So he’d like to know what researchers would find if they looked at hundreds of brains instead of just a few. “What fraction of all the kids with autism are going to have these small patches?” he says. “I think the jury’s out on that.”

Nelson is right that there’s no clear answer yet, says Ed Lein, one of the paper’s authors and an investigator at the Allen Institute for Brain Science in Seattle. But it’s possible that many different combinations of genes involved in autism could lead to the same patches of disorganization in the layers of cortex.

Finding out whether that’s the case will be difficult because there is a shortage of brains from children available to researchers. Parents of children who die — with and without autism — rarely agree to donate their child’s brain to science.

The National Institutes of Health and Autism Speaks are trying to change that with a program that informs parents about tissue donation.

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Transcript :

AUDIE CORNISH, HOST:

Children who have autism usually don’t get diagnosed before the age of four. But a study published in the current issue of The New England Journal of Medicine suggests the disorder starts well before birth. The findings should bolster efforts to understand how genes control brain development and contribute to autism. NPR’s Jon Hamilton reports.

JON HAMILTON, BYLINE: About halfway through pregnancy, the brain of a fetus starts to get organized. Eric Courchesne, an autism researcher at UC San Diego, says this process is especially important in the cortex, a thin sheet of cells that’s critical for learning and memory.

ERIC COURCHESNE: This sheet is like a layer cake. There are six layers, one on top of the other. In each layer, there are different types of brain cells.

HAMILTON: Courchesne suspected that these layers might be altered in the brains of children with autism. So he and a team of researchers studied samples of cortex from 22 children who had died. The cortex came from areas known to be associated with the symptoms of autism. Courchesne says some of the samples came from typical children, others from children with the disorder.

COURCHESNE: In autistic cortex, there are patches about five millimeters to 10 millimeters in diameter in which specific cells in specific layers seem to be missing.

HAMILTON: In these patches, Courchesne says, instead of distinct layers, there are disorganized collections of brain cells without clear boundaries. He says this almost certainly means that something went wrong very early in brain development.

COURCHESNE: Somewhere between around 19 weeks gestation and about 30 weeks of gestation, the cortex begins to develop clear distinct layers. So something must have gone wrong at or before that time.

HAMILTON: Courchesne says these patches of disorganized cortex would have different effects on the brain, depending on where they occur and how many there are. That could help explain why the symptoms of autism vary so much. Courchesne says it also suggests how a child’s brain can compensate for the damage by rewiring.

COURCHESNE: There may be some cortical areas that are less affected. And therefore, rewiring around these patches may, in some individuals, be successful leading to improved functions. That’s one of our guesses about how it is that autistic children with treatment very commonly get better.

And it suggests that treatment should start early in childhood in order to encourage as much rewiring as possible. The new study appears to confirm research from UCLA showing that people with autism tend to have genetic changes that could disturb the formation of layers in the cortex.

HAMILTON: Stan Nelson, a psychiatrist at UCLA, says the study also adds to the considerable evidence that autism starts in the womb.

DR. STAN NELSON: The overwhelming set of data is that the problems are existing during brain development, probably as an embryo or fetus.

HAMILTON: But Nelson says some of the new study’s findings are surprising and even a bit perplexing. For example, he says, it’s odd that only certain bits of brain tissue contain these disorganized cells.

NELSON: Why are we just seeing them in small patches? Why is the whole cortex not disorganized?

HAMILTON: Nelson says it’s also odd that 10 of the 11 children with autism had the same sort of disorganized patches. He says that’s not what you would expect with a disorder that’s known to involve many different genes, presumably affecting many different aspects of brain development. So he’d like to know what researchers would find if they looked at hundreds of brains instead of just a few.

NELSON: What fraction of all the kids with autism are going to have these small patches? I think the jury’s out on that.

HAMILTON: The study’s authors agree. But they say the patches may turn out to be a common feature of autism. Finding out for sure will be difficult. That’s because this sort of research can’t happen unless parents of children who die agree to donate their child’s brain to science.