The civic and community engagement of religiously active Americans

Religiously active Americans are more trusting of others, and they are more involved in groups and in their communities – they also feel better about their locales.

Some 40% of Americans say they are active in a church, religious, or spiritual organization. Compared with those who are not involved with such organizations, religiously active Americans are more trusting of others, are more optimistic about their impact on their community, think more highly of their community, are more involved in more organizations of all kinds, and devote more time to the groups to which they are active.

53% of religiously active Americans believe that other people are generally trustworthy, compared with 43% of those not involved with religious groups

45% of religiously active view their community as an excellent place to live, compared with 34% of those not active with religious groups

38% of religiously active Americans believe that they can have a major impact on their communities, compared with 27% of those not active with religious groups

A survey by the Pew Research Center’s Internet & American Life Project asked people about their membership in 28 different kinds of organizations and clubs. Religious and spiritual organizations topped the list, and those who were active in such groups were more active in all kinds of groups. The average number of groups that religiously active Americans are active in is 5.61, and those who are not involved with religious groups participate in 2.11 groups.

Those who are active in religious groups spend an average of 7.5 hours per week in group activities compared with 5.4 hours for those not active in a religious group.

In many types of groups, the religiously active are involved in considerable greater percentages compared with the non-religious. For example:

35% are active in sports or recreation leagues for themselves or for their children (versus 17% for the non-religious).

34% are active in charitable or volunteer organizations such as Habitat for Humanity or the Humane Society (versus 15% for the non-religious).

30% are active in community groups or neighborhood associations (versus 11% for the non-religious).

With regard to technology, religiously active Americans use the internet, email, broadband, cell phones and social media platforms at similar rates to other Americans.

Americans who are members of religious groups are also engaged with core technology at levels similar to or higher than the overall population. Asked about their technology usage:

79% of Americans who are active in religious groups are internet users, compared with 75% of those not involved with religious groups

86% of Americans who are active in religious groups are cell phone users, compared with 80% of those not involved with religious groups

75% of religiously active Americans are email users, compared with 68% of those who are not involved with religious groups.

46% of these religiously active Americans use social networking sites such as Facebook, compared with 49% of those who are not involved with religious groups.

9% of these religiously active Americans use Twitter, compared with 10% of those not involved with religious groups

Asked about their own personal involvement with all kinds of groups, those who are religiously active often have good things to say about the role of the internet with those groups. Still, the religiously active are somewhat less likely to salute the internet’s impact on their own groups than their non-religious counterparts. For example:

49% of the religiously active view the internet as having a major impact and 34% having a minor impact on the ability to keep up with news and information from the groups in which they are active (compared with 59% and 25% for the non-religious).

38% of the religiously active view the internet as having a major impact and 37% having a minor impact on the ability to organize group activitiesfor their groups (compared with 46% and 28% for the non-religious).

34% of the religiously active view the internet as having a major impact and 38% having a minor impact on the ability to find interesting groups to join (compared with 42% and 28% for the non-religious).

22% of the religiously active view the internet as having a major impact and 43% having a minor impact on the ability to volunteer their time to groups in which they are active (compared with 27% and 37% for the non-religious).

20% of the religiously active view the internet as having a major impact and 38% having a minor impact on the ability to contribute money to groups (compared with 28% and 31% for the non-religious).

When people are asked about their group activities, it is clear that they believe the internet is having a wide-ranging impact on their own engagement within civic and social groups. This is true for all Americans, including those who are active in religious groups and organizations. Asked to assess the overall impact of the internet on group activities:

68% of Americans who are active in religious groups (internet users and non-users alike) said the internet has had a major impact on the ability of groups to communicate with members.

62% of Americans who are active in religious groups said the internet has had a major impact on the ability of groups to draw attention to an issue.

57% of Americans who are active in religious groups said the internet has had a major impact on the ability of groups to connect with other groups.

58% of Americans who are active in religious groups said the internet has had a major impact on the ability of groups to impact society at large.

57% of Americans who are active in religious groups said the internet has had a major impact on the ability of groups to organize activities.

46% of Americans who are active in religious groups said the internet has had a major impact on the ability of groups to raise money.

44% of Americans who are active in religious groups said the internet has had a major impact on the ability of groups to recruit new members.

46% of Americans who are active in religious groups said the internet has had a major impact on the ability of groups to impact local communities.

30% of Americans who are active in religious groups said the internet has had a major impact on the ability of groups to find people to take leadership roles.

Introduction and findings

The rise of the internet, high-speed connectivity, and cell phones has focused interest among scholars, journalists, and cultural observers on the status of Americans’ social lives, their ties to communities, and the vigor of the organizations to which they belong. There are those who have argued that these technologies are more likely to bind users even more closely and to enrich their social lives.1 There are others who worry that digital technologies are pulling people away from communities and richer social spheres and drawing them into virtual realms where communication is stunted and inferior and where social interactions are a pale shadow of the “real world.”2

To assess the status of Americans’ social involvement, the Pew Research Center’s Internet & American Life Project conducted a national phone survey between November 23 and December 21, 2010. Many of the overall findings are reported in The Social Side of the Internet.3

That report notes that religious and spiritual organizations are by far the most popular groups among Americans, with 40% of American adults stating they are active in such groups. This is considerably higher than the next most popular organizational types, which are sports and recreation leagues (in which 24% of adults are active) and far outpaces other kinds of groups. That makes religiously active Americans a particularly interesting group to explore.

In all, respondents to the survey were asked about their possible membership in 28 different kinds of groups. Findings were:

40% of adults say they are active in church groups or other religious or spiritual organizations

24% are active in sports or recreation leagues for themselves or for their children

24% are active in consumer groups such as AAA or coupon-sharing groups

22% are active in charitable or volunteer organizations such as Habitat for Humanity or the Humane Society

20% are active in professional or trade associations for people in their occupations

19% are active in community groups or neighborhood associations

18% are active in support groups for people with a particular illness or personal situation

17% are active in hobby groups or clubs

15% are active in national or local organizations for older adults such as the American Association of Retired Persons (AARP)

15% are active in political parties or organizations

14% are active in alumni associations

13% are active in parent groups or organizations such as the PTA or local parent support groups

11% are active in literary, discussion, or study groups such as book clubs

10% are active in performance or arts groups, such as a choir, dance group, or craft guild

9% are active in fan groups for a particular sports team or athlete

9% are active in youth groups such as the Scouts, YMCA, or 4-H club

8% are active in labor unions

8% are active in social or fraternal clubs, sororities or fraternities

7% are active in environmental groups

7% are active in sports fantasy leagues

7% are active in veterans organizations such as the American Legion or VFW

6% are active in gaming communities

6% are active in fan groups for a particular TV show, movie, celebrity, or musical performer

5% are active in ethnic or cultural groups

5% are active in travel clubs

4% are active in farm organizations

3% are active in fan groups for a particular brand, company, or product

3% say they are active in another kind of group that was not mentioned in the Pew Internet list

Given that religious groups drew by far the most members, we decided to explore more deeply the characteristics of those Americans active in religious organizations and spiritual groups, including their technology profile.

We were especially interested in these findings because there is a significant debate about the role of religious believers in public life. Some commentators have pointed to an increased polarization in America between religious conservatives and secular liberals at the edges of partisan divides, with a dwindling grouping of religious moderates in the middle.4 There are also concerns about how this might affect community cohesion and whether religious believers are so focused on their beliefs and spiritual lives that they might not have the inclination or energy to participate in other parts of community life. We wanted to shed some insights on these concerns.

It is important to note at the outset that this survey was conducted to take a broad reading on group activity in America and on the potential impact that technology has on group activities of all kinds – mainly secular. We were anxious to know about how those in religious groups act in their communities, but we did not probe in depth for people’s religious affiliations. Thus, we cannot produce findings comparing those connected to different faiths – for instance, how evangelical Protestants are similar to or different from Roman Catholics. We do look at the differences between those who are active in religious groups and those who aren’t; and we look at those who are serious practitioners of their faiths compared with those who are less-frequent church goers.

The results in this report are based on data from telephone interviews conducted by Princeton Survey Research Associates International among a sample of 2,303 adults, age 18 and older. Telephone interviews were conducted in English and Spanish by landline (1,555) and cell phone (748, including 310 without a landline phone). For results based on the total sample, one can say with 95% confidence that the error attributable to sampling is plus or minus 2.3 percentage points. For results based on internet users (n=1,811), the margin of sampling error is plus or minus 2.6 percentage points. In addition to sampling error, question wording and practical difficulties in conducting telephone surveys may introduce some error or bias into the findings of opinion polls.

Who is active in religious groups?

In the survey, we asked if respondents were active in a religious or spiritual organization. We inquired about a variety of demographic information. We also queried for a variety of viewpoints on other people, organizational impact, and communities. We then asked respondents a series of questions on their use of and view of technology.

Findings for those active in religious organizations and spiritual groups show that:

Women (43%) are more likely to be involved than men (37%)

Blacks (49%) are more likely to be involved than whites (40%) or Hispanics (28%)

College graduates (47%) are more likely to be involved than those with lesser educational levels

Involvement is positively correlated with age (i.e., 53% of those 65+ years are involved with a religious organization or spiritual group, compared with 29% of those ages 18-29)

Involvement in religious groups is positively correlated with household income (i.e., 47% of those earning $75,000+ are involved with a religious organization or spiritual group, compared with 34% of those who live in households earning less than $30,000)

Parents (43%) are slightly more likely to be involved than non-parents (39%)

Some of the other key traits and civic attitudes of those who are involved in religious organizations and spiritual groups are listed below:

79% are internet users – which is not meaningfully different from the 75% of non-religiously active Americans who use the internet

58% of those who participate in religious groups and are on the internet use social networking sites, such as Facebook or LinkedIn, while 11% use Twitter, compared with 68% of non-religiously active American internet users who use social networking sites and 13% who use Twitter

65% have lived in their locality for more than 5 years, compared with 55% of non-religiously active Americans who have lived in their communities that length of time

53% believe other people are generally trustworthy, compared with 43% of non-religiously active Americans who think that

50% of the religiously-active live in the suburbs, with 30% coming from urban and 20% coming from rural areas. For the non-religious, 39% live in urban areas, 47% in the suburbs, and 14% in rural areas

49% say they are conservative, with 35% being Republican (53% lean Republican), compared with 30% of non-religiously active Americans who are conservative

45% view their community as an excellent place to live, compared with 34% of non-religiously active Americans who believe that

41% devote a significant number of hours per week (6 hours or more) to the organizations to which they belong, compared with 28% of non-religiously active Americans who do the same

38% believe that they can have a big impact on their communities, compared with 27% of non-religiously active Americans who believe that

26% are involved with a high number of organizations (8-28 groups) and 53% are involved with a medium number of organizations (3-7 groups) compared with 6% and 27% respectively

Table 1 shows the basic demographic composition of those who are active in religious groups in America compared with those who are not are active in such groups:

From Table 1, we see that women (43%) are more likely than men (37%) to be active in church groups. In fact, 55% of those in religious or spiritual groups are women, and 45% are men.

African-Americans (49%) are the most likely to be active in church groups, much more than their white (40%) or Hispanic (28%) counterparts. However, most of those active in religious or spiritual groups are white (70%), with 14% being black, 9% Hispanic, and 7% other.

Older Americans are the most likely to be active in church groups, with a positive correlation between age and involvement in these religious and spiritual groups.

Participation in religious or spiritual groups is highest among adults with a college education (47%) and those with the highest incomes (47% of those with household incomes of $75,000+).

Finally, parents (43%) are more likely than non-parents (39%) to be involved in a religious or spiritual group. However, perhaps counter to commonly held expectations, the difference is not statistically significant.

Locality of those active in religious or spiritual organizations

We examined where the people active in a religious or spiritual organization live.

As we noted in our earlier report, The Social Side of the Internet, those who live in rural areas (49%) were more likely than others to be involved with church and spiritual groups. However, when we look at the distribution based on involvement in these organizations, we see that at an absolute level, suburbanites outnumber urban and rural areas in religious or spiritual organizations.

We also examined the length of time a person lived in a particular location, as shown in Figure 2.

From Figure 2, we see that there is little difference among each of our categories between those active in religious or spiritual organizations and those not when a person has been in a locality from 1 to 19 years. However, those active in religious or spiritual organizations are more likely to have lived in a community for 20 years or more, while those who have lived in a community for less than a year are less likely to be active in religious or spiritual organizations.

A technology portrait of religiously active Americans

Those who are active in religious groups are just as engaged with many major technologies as those who are not active in religious groups, as shown in Table 2.

From Table 2, for all American adults (not just internet or cell phone users), we see for members of religious groups, 79% are internet users, 75% are email users, , 64% have broadband at home, 86% are cell phone users, and 60% have used text messaging on their phone.

In the social area, 9% of those in religious groups have used Twitter and 46% are users of a social networking site, such as Facebook.

About Pew Research Center Pew Research Center is a nonpartisan fact tank that informs the public about the issues, attitudes and trends shaping America and the world. It conducts public opinion polling, demographic research, media content analysis and other empirical social science research. Pew Research Center does not take policy positions. It is a subsidiary of The Pew Charitable Trusts.