Participation & Human Rights is the only IIAG category in which Africa accelerates progress, but only marginally so. Nigeria ranked 25th, Cameroon 37th, Egypt 48 position, South Africa 4th, Ghana 5th amongst others. Cape Verde is the first follow by Mauritius and Namibia.

The results at country level reveal wide disparities – Participation has the second largest range (85.5 points between the highest and lowest scoring countries) of the 14 sub-categories (after Rule of Law).

Average progress is mainly driven by Participation results increasing pace, led by a majority of countries improving in Free & Fair Elections. However, Political Participation concerningly shows a slight average decline over the last five years despite gains made over a decade, while Civil Society Participation deterioration appears to be worsening.