teammates (e.g., “Pressure from coaches and teammates to perform consistently at [a] high level”). Internal expectations often related to perfectionist tendencies among student-athletes (e.g., “Pressure for perfection…Always want to be the best, very competitive”). Survey Section C: Exploring the Efficacy

A recent meta-analysis of the psychological literature on doping ( Ntoumanis, Ng, Barkoukis, & Backhouse, 2014 ) showed that researchers have focused primarily on the role of personal variables (e.g., attitudes, beliefs, and perfectionism) in predicting doping intentions and doping use. The

everyday life) and flow ( Kaufman et al., 2009 ), and athletes said the workshop positively impacted their performance. De Petrillo, Kaufman, Glass, and Arnkoff ( 2009 ) also found a significant increase in trait mindfulness as well as decreases in perfectionism and sport-related anxiety with adult runners

Phillip Chipman and Kevin B. Wamsley

striking counterpoint of composure and static perfection” to oppose the degeneration of modern life in England brought upon by societal change caused by urbanization and industrialization. 7 May 12, 2007 marked the passing of the French-Canadian entrepreneur Adrien Gagnon, a multi-millionaire whose company

Kari Stefansen, Gerd Marie Solstad, Åse Strandbu and Maria Hansen

in this ethic are that athletes must (1) give the sport priority over all other things and (2) always be committed to improving and achieving perfection. Our point is that the premise of this ethic is that sport goes above and beyond the rules of life elsewhere. Simply banning CASRs would not make

maintaining a “playoff beard” are commonplace in sporting culture as ritualistic attempts to control individuals’ sense of efficacy over sporting outcomes. Moreover, it is common practice to repeat drills over and over to strive for perfection. Another example pertains to preperformance routines. World