On the Outside Looking InOn the Outside Looking In is a 36 page chapbook containing 4 essays
and 1 letter providing a trans woman's perspective on feminism and the exclusion
of trans women from lesbian and women-only spaces, published June 2005,
Hot Tranny Action press (Oakland, CA).

*note: for my more recent thoughts, writings and rants related to the issue of trans woman-inclusion in lesbian and women-only spaces,
please check out my Frustration webpage.

Bending Over Backwards:
an Introduction to the Issue of Trans Woman-Inclusion

This essay was later revamped (with new material!) for my 2007 book Whipping Girl: A Transsexual Woman on Sexism and the Scapegoating of Femininity.

It was never my intention to get so heavily involved in the issue of trans
woman-inclusion in lesbian and women-only spaces. The first I heard of the
issue was back in 1999, around the time that I was beginning to call myself
transgendered  about two years before I began my physical transition.
At the time, I was voraciously reading everything I could get my hands on
related to transgender experiences and issues. As I read, I kept stumbling
upon past instances of anti-trans discrimination from within the lesbian
community. These included derogatory anti-trans remarks by influential lesbian-feminist
thinkers such as Mary Daly, Andrea Dworkin, and of course Janice Raymond,
who wrote the infamous anti-trans diatribe The Transsexual Empire: The Making
of the She-Male; stories about committed lesbian-feminists like Sandy Stone
and Beth Elliot being exiled from the lesbian community for being transsexual;
and of course, the Michigan Womyns Music Festivals trans woman-exclusion
policy (euphemistically called the womyn-born-womyn-only policy),
which was retroactively instated in the early 1990s after an incident where
a woman named Nancy Burkholder was expelled from the festival when it was
discovered that she was trans.

While I found it disappointing that people who identified as lesbians and
as feminists would come down so harshly on another sexual minority, I wasnt
really surprised. After all, practically every facet of our society seemed
to hate or fear trans people back then, and these incidents seemed more
like a symptom of societal-wide transphobia rather than something unique
or specific to the lesbian community. And as someone who was giving thought
to becoming involved in trans activism myself, there seemed to be plenty
of other more practical and relevant issues for me to take up: anti-trans
violence and hate crimes, employment discrimination, access to healthcare,
reforming the DSM, helping trans youth, and of course, changing mainstream
opinion about trans people.

But in the years that followed, I experienced a number of changes in my
life that would considerably re-shape my views on this matter. First, there
was my transition. People are always fascinated about the more physical
aspects of transitioning (hormones, surgeries, etc.), but I personally found
that the physical changes were not nearly as dramatic as the differences
I experienced in the way that people treated me. As I once wrote about my
transition: my body has taken on a new shape, but mostly its
just taken on new meanings. While I had considered myself a feminist
long before my transition, and had often asked my female friends about their
experiences having to live as women in a male-centered world, nothing could
have truly prepared me for what it is like to be treated by the world as
female. On an intellectual level, I knew that it would not be easy, but
I underestimated just how frustrating, infuriating and hurtful it would
feel to have strangers regularly hurl cat calls and sexual innuendos at
me, or to have men speak down to me, talk over me, and sometimes even practically
put on baby-talk voices when addressing me.

But for me, being trans didnt merely involve learning how to navigate
my way through the world as a woman. Because I have the privilege of being
able to pass as female, in my day-to-day life, when I am forced to come
out to someone, nine times out of ten it is not as a transsexual, but as
a lesbian. It happens every time somebody asks me if I am seeing someone
and I reply, actually, I have a wife. It happens every time
my wife Dani and I dare to hold hands or kiss in public. It happens when
Dani is not around, but someone assumes that I am a dyke anyway because
of the way that I dress, speak, or carry myself.

After my transition, I began to write not only about being transgendered,
but about my experiences living in the world as a woman and a dyke after
years of being perceived as a straight man. Not surprisingly,
most of what I wrote had a definite feminist bent to it. As a trans woman,
it seemed impossible for me to discuss my journey from male to female without
placing it in the context of the differing values our society places on
maleness and femaleness, on masculinity and femininity. After all, growing
up as a boy, I learned early on that few people in our culture are as easily
ridiculed and so fiercely despised as feminine males. And I couldnt
help but draw a connection between the way that feminine boys were so cruelly
teased by both boys and girls in the schoolyards of my youth and the condescending
attitude that some men now had towards me  the tell-tale sign that
they perceived to be the lesser sex.

I know that it is popular these days to talk about anti-trans discrimination
as arising from the fact that, as trans people, we transgress gender
norms. Frankly, this does not resonate completely with my personal
experiences. As a somewhat eccentric kid, I was given plenty of leeway to
opt out of boys activities and to cultivate an androgynous appearance
and persona. I was sometimes teased for being different, for being an atypical
or unmasculine boy, but it was nothing compared to venom that was reserved
for those boys who acted downright feminine. And now, as an out transsexual
woman, I find that those who wish to ridicule or dismiss me do not simply
take me to task for the fact that I fail to conform to gender norms 
instead, more often than not, they mock my femininity. From my perspective,
most of the anti-trans sentiment that I have had to deal with is probably
better described as misogyny.

This idea  that much of what is commonly called transphobia
is merely traditional sexism in disguise  moved to the forefront of
my mind as I began to be invited to perform my spoken word at various queer
womens events around the San Francisco Bay Area. While I was welcomed
very warmly by most of the women who attended these events, I would sometimes
come across certain women who would act dismissive towards me, who seemed
bothered by me being there, who acted as if they were granting me a special
favor by tolerating my presence, who would make off-hand and
inappropriate comments about my trans status as if to remind me that I was
not a real woman like they were. This sense of ownership and
entitlement about being a woman or being lesbian seemed hypocritical to
me. After all, as soon as we would walk out the door, both of us would face
similar discrimination for being women and for being dykes. But what was
most frustrating about the way that many of these women dismissed me was
the fact that they seemed to have no problems at all with female-bodied
folks expressing masculinity and with trans people on the female-to-male
(FTM) spectrum attending their events. In other words, they didnt
have much of a problem with trannies per se, just so long as they were male-
or masculine-identified rather than female- or feminine-identified.

The popular spin given to this preferential treatment of trans men over
trans women states that trans men have been raised female and therefore
should have a place in womens and lesbian communities, whereas trans
women have experienced male privilege and remain physically male on some
level, and therefore should be excluded. However, this argument makes little
sense when examined more closely. After all, how can someone who identifies
as female and currently lives as a woman have less in common with women
than a male-identified person who has male physical attributes and currently
benefits from male privilege? The premise that trans women should be singled
out because we used to be men is highly suspect. Rather, I believe
that this preference for trans men over trans women simply reflects the
societal-wide inclination to view masculinity as being strong and natural,
and femininity as being weak and artificial. In other words, it is a product
of traditional sexism.

My appreciation for the ways in which traditional sexism shapes popular
assumptions about trans women started to really take shape during 2003 and
2004 as I became involved in Camp Trans, an organization that works to end
the exclusion of trans women from women-only spaces, most notably the Michigan
Womyns Music Festival. In my work on this issue, I learned first hand
how the occasional anti-trans woman sentiment I would come across in the
relatively trans-friendly Bay Area was merely the tip of the iceberg. Some
of the women who travel from all over the country to attend Michigan think
nothing of wearing their suspicion or hatred of trans women on their sleeves,
and they will often make extraordinarily naive and insensitive comments
about trans women in their attempts to justify our exclusion. I am sure
these women believe that they are protecting the values of lesbian and womens
space by opposing our inclusion at all costs, but in reality the specific
points they make (many of which are debunked in the essays contained within
this collection) generally undermine feminist goals and beliefs rather than
support them. After all, at its core, feminism is based on the conviction
that women are far more than merely the sex of the bodies that we are born
into, and our identities and abilities are capable of transcending the restrictive
nature of the gender socialization we endure during our childhoods. I have
yet to meet the person who can explain to me how refusing trans women the
right to participate in womens spaces and events is consistent with
this most central tenant of feminism.

This is why it is so disappointing for me to see members of my own dyke
community practically bend over backwards, embracing hypocrisy, in a last
ditch effort to prevent trans women from entering lesbian and women-only
spaces. Women who are appalled by the militarys dont ask,
dont tell policy regarding homosexuality seem to find no fault
with Michigan for enforcing a similar policy regarding gender. Women who
have struggled against patriarchal ideals about what makes a "real
woman think nothing of turning around and using the word real
against trans women. Women who would be outraged if an all-male panel were
to discuss womens issues in Newsweek or Time magazines see nothing
wrong with the fact that in the last few years several of the largest lesbian
magazines have run articles and round table discussions on the issue of
Michigan and trans woman-inclusion without inviting any trans women to participate.
It is sad to see women so desperate to prevent trans women from attending
Michigan that they will actually try to make the ridiculous case that this
womyns festival was never actually meant to be an event
for women, but rather for those who were born and raised as girls.

I am sure that a lot of these same people who support Michigans trans
woman-exclusion policy, or who sit on the fence on this issue, would have
a very different opinion if it was their inclusion that was being debated.
Can you imagine how angry these very same women would be if the largest
annual women-only event in the world was run by straight women who decided
to exclude queer women from attending? Can you imagine how insulted they
would feel if they were told that they are not allowed to enter women-only
space because they are not real women, or that their attraction
to women might threaten the safety of other women? Can you imagine how condescending
they would find it if straight women talked to them about being queer-positive
one minute, then turned around and purchased a $400 ticket to a queer-free
womens event the next?

As much as I am bothered by the long history of trans women being expelled
from the lesbian community during the 70s, 80s, and early 90s, I am willing
to chalk that up to the fact that the transgender movement hadnt fully
come into its own yet, and there were few people who were able to articulate
a clear message for transgender rights and inclusion at the time. But now,
in 2005, there is no legitimate excuse for trans woman-exclusion in lesbian
and women-only spaces. Most LGB groups have long since added Ts to the ends
of their acronyms. And while there was a time when trans-inclusion debates
only took place on the outskirts of the queer community, they now take place
in work places and courthouses all across the United States. In the last
fifteen years, six states (Minnesota, Rhode Island, New Mexico, California,
Maine and Illinois) and scores of cities and counties across the country
have extended their non-discrimination laws to explicitly include transgendered
people. It is downright embarrassing that so many folks within the lesbian
community, who generally pride themselves on their progressive politics,
have managed to fall behind Peoria, Illinois and El Paso, Texas in recognizing
and respecting trans peoples gender identities.

So why not give up? Why not follow the advice of Michigans trans women-exclusionists
who suggest that we trannies should start up our own festival instead? Well,
because I am not just a transsexual; I am also a woman, a dyke, a feminist,
and this is my community too! And it would be irresponsible for me to turn
my back on feminism or queer womens activism because of a vocal minoritys
prejudice against me. I continue to work for this cause because I believe
that it is crucial for other queer women and feminists to recognize how
transphobia and misogyny often work hand-in-hand to marginalize all women
and to reinforce male privilege.

To this end, I offer the following essays, which I hope will provide an
articulate trans womans perspective on the issues of feminism and
trans woman-inclusion in the lesbian community. The first piece, "Skirt
Chasers: Why the Media Depicts the Trans Revolution in Lipstick and Heels"
(which appeared originally as a feature article in Bitch Magazine, issue
#26 in Fall 2004) discusses how the media uses traditional sexism to shape
popular assumptions about trans women. Towards the end of the piece, I draw
parallels between the strategies the media use to dismiss trans women and
those used by some lesbian-feminists who argue for trans woman-exclusion.
The second piece, Diane DiMassa Letter, was my response to several
uninformed and anti-trans woman comments made by the creator of the comic-book
series Hothead Paisan: Homicidal Lesbian Terrorist. The story that follows,
On the Outside Looking In, was written for TransForming Community,
a spoken word show produced for the 2005 National Queer Arts Festival, which
explored the friction at the intersection of contemporary trans and queer
communities. The piece describes my experience at Camp Trans in August of
2003, and is meant to be one trans womans response to the dialogue
that has taken place over the years between non-trans queer women over the
issue of trans woman-inclusion. The final piece, "Hot Tranny Action
Manifesto," which was written to be the mission statement of the trans
woman-activism website HotTrannyAction.org, is my attempt to synthesize
a new direction for feminism out of what we have learned from recent feminist
and transgender activist movements.

I feel that it is appropriate for me to make the following disclaimer: The
ideas expressed in this chapbook are my own, and while they may be shared
by others, I do not purport that they represent those of all trans women,
transsexuals, or transgender-identified people. Further, while I was a member
of the Camp Trans organizing committee in 2004, and continue to support
the cause by putting together benefit shows and contributing in other ways,
the views in this book do not necessarily reflect those of that organization
or its members.

This book is dedicated to all of the fierce, feminist trans women who have
inspired me with their art and activism over the years  with special
thanks to Lauren Steely, Carolyn Connelly and Shawna Virago
for discussions that helped shape some of the ideas in this book. I also
want to thanks all of the genderqueer and FTM spectrum folks who have worked
for the inclusion of trans women in women-only spaces  for recognizing
that when any trans identity is dismissed, all trans people lose 
and to all of the non-trans queer women have worked tirelessly on this issue
 with a special shout-out to Michelle Tea, who over the last two years
has used her formidable talents as a writer and events organizer to raise
attention to this issue. Last, but most certainly not least, I want to thank
my wife, Dani Eurynome, for (once again) providing invaluable feedback,
inspiration, support, and love, without which this project would not be
possible.

Skirt Chasers:
Why the Media Depicts the Trans Revolution in Lipstick and Heels

A version of this piece (slightly edited for length) first appeared in Bitch Magazine, issue 26, Fall 2005. This essay was later revamped (with new material!) for my 2007 book Whipping Girl: A Transsexual Woman on Sexism and the Scapegoating of Femininity.

As a transsexual woman, I am often confronted by people who insist that
I am not, nor can I ever be, a real woman. One of the more common
lines of reasoning goes something like this: Theres more to being
a woman than simply putting on a dress. I couldnt agree more. Thats
why its so frustrating that people often seem confused because, although
I have transitioned to female and live as a woman, I rarely wear makeup
or dress in a particularly feminine manner.

Despite the reality that there are as many types of trans women as there
are women in general, most people believe that trans women are all on a
quest to make ourselves as pretty, pink, and passive as possible. While
there are certainly some trans women who buy into mainstream dogma about
beauty and femininity, others are outspoken feminists and activists fighting
against all gender stereotypes. But youd never know it from the popular
media, which tends to assume that all transsexuals are male-to-female, and
that all trans women want to achieve stereotypical femininity.

Trans peoplewho transition from male to female or female to male and
often live completely unnoticed as the sex opposite to that
which they were bornhave the potential to transform the gender class
system as we know it. Our existence challenges the conventional wisdom that
the differences between women and men are primarily the product of biology.
Trans people can wreak havoc on such taken-for-granted concepts as feminine
and masculine, homosexual and hetero-sexual, because these words are rendered
virtually meaningless when a persons biological sex and lived sex
are not the same. But because we are a threat to the categories that enable
male and heterosexual privilege, the images and experiences of trans people
are presented in the media in a way that reaffirms, rather than challenges,
gender stereotypes.

THE TWO CHOICES
Media depictions of trans women, whether they take the form of fictional
characters or actual people, usually fall under one of two main archetypes:
the deceptive transsexual or the pathetic transsexual.
While characters of both models have an interest in achieving an ultrafeminine
appearance, they differ in their abilities to pull it off. Because the deceivers
successfully pass as women, they generally act as unexpected plot twists,
or play the role of sexual predators who fool innocent straight guys into
falling for men.

Perhaps the most famous example of a deceiver is the character
Dil in the 1992 movie The Crying Game. The film became a pop culture phenomenon
primarily because most moviegoers were unaware that Dil was trans until
about halfway through the movie. The revelation comes during a love scene
between her and Fergus, the male protagonist who has been courting her.
When Dil disrobes, the audience, along with Fergus, learns for the first
time that Dil is physically male. When I saw the film, most of the men in
the theater groaned at this revelation. Onscreen, Fergus has a similarly
intense reaction: He slaps Dil and runs off to the bathroom to vomit.

The 1994 Jim Carrey vehicle Ace Ventura: Pet Detective, features a deceptive
transsexual as a villain. Police lieutenant Lois Einhorn (played by Sean
Young) is secretly Ray Finkle, an exMiami Dolphins kicker who has
stolen the teams mascot as part of a scheme to get back at Dolphins
quarterback Dan Marino. The bizarre plot ends when Ventura strips Einhorn
down to her underwear in front of about 20 police officers and announces,
She is suffering from the worst case of hemorrhoids I have ever seen.
He then turns her around so that we can see her penis and testicles tucked
behind her legs. All of the police officers proceed to spit up as The Crying
Game theme song plays in the background.

Even though deceivers successfully pass as women, and are often
played by female actors (with the notable exception of Jaye Davidson as
Dil), these characters are never intended to challenge our assumptions about
gender itself. On the contrary, they are positioned as fake
women, and their secret trans status is revealed in a dramatic moment
of truth. At the moment of exposure, the deceivers
appearance (her femaleness) is reduced to mere illusion, and her secret
(her maleness) becomes the real identity.

In a tactic that emphasizes their true maleness, deceivers
are most often used as pawns to provoke male homophobia in other characters,
as well as in the audience itself. This phenomenon is especially evident
in TV talk shows like Jerry Springer, which regularly runs episodes with
titles like My Girlfriends a Guy and Im Really
a Man! that feature trans women coming out to their straight boyfriends.
On a recent British TV reality show called There's Something About Miriam,
six heterosexual men court an attractive woman who, unbeknownst to them,
is transgendered. The broadcast of the show was delayed for several months
because the men threatened to sue the shows producers, alleging that
they had been the victims of defamation, personal injury, and conspiracy
to commit sexual assault. The affair was eventually settled out of court,
with each man coming away with a reported $100,000.

In the 1970 film adaptation of Gore Vidals novel Myra Breckinridge,
the protagonist is a trans woman who heads out to Hollywood in order to
take revenge on traditional manhood and to realign the sexes.
This apparently involves raping an ex-football player with a strap-on dildo,
which she does at one point during the movie. The recurring theme of deceptive
trans women retaliating against men, often by seducing them, seems to be
an unconscious acknowledgment that both male and heterosexual privileges
are threatened by transsexuals.

In contrast to the deceivers, who wield their feminine wiles
with success, the pathetic transsexual characters arent
deluding anyone. Despite her masculine mannerisms and five oclock
shadow, the pathetic transsexual will inevitably insist that
she is a woman trapped inside a mans body. The intense contradiction
between the pathetic characters gender identity and her
physical appearance is often played for laughsas in the transition
of musician Mark Shubb (played as a bearded baritone by Harry Shearer) at
the conclusion of 2003s A Mighty Wind.

Unlike the deceivers, whose ability to pass is a serious threat
to our ideas about gender and sexuality, pathetic transsexualswho
barely resemble women at allare generally considered harmless. Perhaps
for this reason, some of the most endearing pop culture-portrayals of trans
women fall into the pathetic category: John Lithgows Oscar-nominated
portrayal of exfootball -player Roberta Muldoon in 1982s The
World According to Garp, and Terence Stamps role as the aging showgirl
Bernadette in 1994s The Adventures of Priscilla, Queen of the Desert.
More recently, the 1998 indie film The Adventures of Sebastian Cole begins
with its eponymous teenage protagonist learning that his step-dad Hank,
who looks and acts like a roadie for a 70s rock band, is about to
become Henrietta. A sympathetic character and the only stable person in
Sebastians life, Henrietta spends most of the movie wearing floral-print
nightgowns and bare-shouldered tops with tons of jewelry and makeup. Yet
despite her extremely femme manner of dress, she continues to exhibit only
stereotypical male behaviors, overtly ogling a waitress and punching out
a guy who calls her a faggot (after which she laments, I broke a nail).

While a character like Henrietta, who exhibits a combination of extreme
masculinity and femininity, has the potential to confront our assumptions
about gender, it is fairly obvious that the filmmakers were not trying to
do so. On the contrary, Henriettas masculine voice and mannerisms
are meant to demonstrate that, despite her desire to be female, she cannot
change the fact that she is really and truly a man. As with Garps
Roberta and Priscillas Bernadette, the audience is encouraged to respect
Henrietta as a person, but not as a woman. While we are supposed to admire
their couragewhich presumably comes from the difficulty of living
as women who do not appear very femalewe are not meant to identify
with them or to be sexually attracted to them, as we are to deceivers
like Dil.

Interestingly, while the obvious outward masculinity of pathetic
transsexual characters is always played up, so too is their lack of male
genitalia (or their desire to part with them). In fact, some of the most
memorable lines in these movies occur when the pathetic transsexual
character makes light of her own castration. At one point during Priscilla,
Bernadette remarks that her parents never spoke to her again, after
[she] had the chop. In Garp, when a man is injured while receiving
a blow job during a car accident, Roberta delivers the one-liner, I
had mine removed surgically under general anesthesia, but to have it bitten
off in a Buick... In the 1994 fictionalized biography Ed Wood, Bill
Murray plays another pathetic transsexual, Bunny Breckinridge.
After seeing Woods film Glen or Glenda, Bunny is inspired to go to
Mexico to have a sex change herself, announcing to Wood, Your
movie made me realize I've got to take action. Goodbye, penis!

The pathetic transsexuals lighthearted comments about
having her penis lopped off come in stark contrast to the deceiver,
who is generally found out by someone else in an embarrassing, often violent
way. A Freudian might suggest that the deceptive transsexuals
dangerous nature is symbolized by the presence of a hidden penis, while
the pathetic transsexuals harmlessness is due to a lack
thereof. A less phallic interpretation is that the very act of passing makes
any trans woman who can do so into a deceiver. Ultimately, both
deceptive and pathetic transsexual characters are
designed to validate the popular assumption that trans women are truly
men. Pathetic transsexuals may want to be female, but their
masculine appearance and mannerisms always gives them away. And while the
deceiver is initially perceived to be a real female,
she is eventually revealed to be a wolf in sheeps clothingan
illusion that is the product of lies and modern medical technologyand
she is usually is punished accordingly.

FEMME FASCINATION
In virtually all depictions of trans women, whether real or fictional, deceptive
or pathetic, the underlying assumption is that the trans woman
wants to achieve a stereotypically feminine appearance and gender role.
The possibility that trans women are even capable of making a distinction
between identifying as female and wanting to cultivate a hyperfeminine image
is never raised. In fact, the media often dwells on the specifics of the
feminization process, showing trans women in the act of putting on
their feminine exteriors. Its telling that TV, film, and news producers
tend not to be satisfied with merely showing trans women wearing feminine
clothes and makeup. Rather, it is their intent to capture trans women in
the act of putting on lipstick, dresses, and high heels, thereby making
it clear to the audience that the trans womans femaleness is an artificial
mask or costume.

While mass-media images of biological males feminizing themselves
have the subversive potential to highlight ways in which conventionally
defined femininity is artificial (a point feminists make all the time),
the images rarely function this way. Trans women are both asked to prove
their femaleness through superficial means, and denied the status of real
women because of the artifice involved. After all, masculinity is generally
defined by how a man behaves, while femininity is judged by how a woman
presents herself.

Thus, the media is able to depict trans women donning feminine attire and
accessories without ever allowing them to achieve true femininity
or femaleness. Further, by focusing on the most feminine of artifices, the
media encourages the audience to see trans women as living out a sexual
fetish. But sexualizing their motives for transitioning not only belittles
trans womens female identities but encourages the objectification
of women as a whole.

Two examples from 2003 are the HBO movie Normal and a two-part Oprah special
on transsexual women and their wives. While both of these offerings were
pre-sented as in-depth, serious, and respectful attempts to tell the stories
of trans womenand they deserve some credit for depicting trans women
as human beings rather than two-dimensional laughingstocksboth were
guilty of pandering to the audiences fascination with the surface
trappings that accompany the feminization of men.

Normal tells the story of a pathetic-type trans woman named Roy. (Despite
identifying as female, the characters name remains male in the credits.)
The film begins as Roy comes out to her family as transgendered, and goes
on to detail many of the specifics of her transition and how her wife, children,
and community at large deal with the change. Normal has a fetishistic take
on womens apparel and accessories from the opening scene, in which
we see bras and underpants hanging from a backyard clothesline. Thus, from
the begin-ning the movie sexualizes the very concept of female identity,
and reduces all women (trans or otherwise) to mere feminine artifacts. After
Roy makes the decision to transition, we see her bumble her way through
her first embarrassing attempts at shaving her armpits and trying on womens
clothing, and are shown two separate incidents where she wears perfume and
earrings to her blue-collar workplace only to be ridiculed by her macho
coworkers. At virtually every turn, the producers of Normal transform Roys
transition into a hapless pursuit of feminine objects and artifice.

The Oprah special was a little more promising, primarily because it involved
actual trans women. The entire first episode featured a one-on-one interview
with Jennifer Finney Boylan, author of the recent autobiography Shes
Not There: A Life in Two Genders. While Winfreys conversation with
Boylan was respectful and serious, the show nonetheless opened with predictable
scenes of women putting on eye makeup, lipstick, and shoes, and the interview
itself was interspersed with before pictures of Boylan, as if
to constantly remind us that shes really a man underneath it all.
These visuals undermined Boylans female identity while simultaneously
emphasizing her pursuit of a feminine appearance, and the effect was an
implication that trans women never really become femalerather, they
merely mimic feminine dress and mannerisms.

What always goes unseen are the great lengths to which producers will go
to depict lurid and superficial scenes in which trans women get all dolled
up in pretty clothes and cosmetics. Shawna Virago, a San Francisco trans
activist, musician, and codirector of the TrannyFest film festival, has
experienced several such incidents with local news producers. For instance,
when Virago was organizing a forum to facilitate communication between police
and the trans community, a newspaper reporter approached her and other transgender
activists for an article. However, the paper was interested not in their
politics but in their transitions: They wanted each of us to include
before and after pictures. This pissed me off, and
I tried to explain to the writer that the before-and-after stuff had nothing
to do with police abuse and other issues, like trans women and HIV, but
he didnt get it. So I was cut from the piece. A few years later,
someone from another paper contacted Virago and asked to photograph her
getting ready to go out: I told him I didnt think
having a picture of me rolling out of bed and hustling to catch [the bus]
would make for a compelling photo. He said, You know, getting pretty,
putting on makeup. I refused, but they did get a trans woman who complied,
and there she was, putting on mascara and lipstick and a pretty dress, none
of which had anything to do with the article, which was purportedly about
political and social challenges the trans community faced.

Requests like these from non-trans news interviewers and film documentarians
are common. I had a similar experience back in 2001, just before I began
taking hormones. A friend arranged for me to meet with someone who was doing
a film about the transgender movement. The filmmaker was noticeably disappointed
when I showed up looking like a normal guy, wearing a t-shirt, jeans, and
sneakers. She eventually asked me if I would mind putting on lipstick while
she filmed me. I told her that wearing lipstick had nothing to do with the
fact that I was transgendered or that I identified as female. She shot a
small amount of footage anyway (sans lipstick) and said she would get in
touch with me if she decided to use any of it. I never heard back from her.

When audiences watch scenes of trans women putting on skirts and makeup,
they are not necessarily seeing a reflection of the values of those trans
women; they are witnessing the TV, film, and news producers obsession
with all objects commonly associated with female sexuality. In other words,
the medias and audiences fascination with the feminization of
trans women is a by-product of their sexualization of all women.

THE MEDIAS TRANS GENDER GAP
There is most certainly a connection between the differing values given
to women and men in our culture and the medias fascination with depicting
trans women rather than trans men, who were born female but identify as
male. Although the number of people transitioning in each direction is relatively
equal these days, media coverage would have us believe there is a huge disparity
in the populations of trans men and women.

Jamison Green, a trans man who authored a 1994 report that led to the city
of San Franciscos decision to extend its civil rights protections
to include gender identity, once said this about the media coverage of that
event: Several times at the courthouse, when the press was doing interviews,
I stood by and listened as reporters inquired who wrote the report, and
when I was pointed out to them as the author I could see them looking right
through me, looking past me to find the man in a dress who must have written
the report and whom they would want to interview. More than once a reporter
asked me incredulously, You wrote the report? They assumed that
because of my normal appearance that I wouldnt be newsworthy.

Indeed, the media tends not to noticeor to outright ignoretrans
men because they are unable to sensationalize them the way they do trans
women without bringing masculinity itself into question. And in a world
where modern psychology was founded upon the teaching that all young girls
suffer from penis envy, most people think striving for masculinity seems
like a perfectly reasonable goal. Author and sex educator Pat Califia, who
is himself a trans man, addresses this in his 1997 book Sex Changes: The
Politics of Transgenderism: It seems the world is still more titillated
by a man who wants to become a woman than it is by a woman
who wants to become a man. The first is scandalous, the latter is
taken for granted. This reflects the very different levels of privilege
men and women have in our society. Of course women want to be men, the general
attitude seems to be, and of course they cant. And thats that.

Once we recognize how media coverage of transsexuals is informed by the
different values our society assigns to femaleness and maleness, it becomes
obvious that virtually all attempts to sensationalize and deride trans women
are built on a foundation of unspoken misogyny. Since most people cannot
fathom why someone would give up male privilege and power in order to become
a relatively disempowered female, they assume that trans women transition
primarily as a way of obtaining the one type of power that women are perceived
to have in our society: the ability to express femininity and to attract
men.

This is why trans women like myself, who rarely dress in a stereotypically
feminine manner and/or who are not attracted to men, are such an enigma
to many people. By assuming that my desire to be female is merely some sort
of femininity fetish or sexual perversion, they are essentially making the
case that women have no worth beyond of their ability to be sexualized.

FEMINIST CONTROVERSIES
There are numerous parallels between the way trans women are depicted in
the media and the way that they have been portrayed by some feminist theorists.
While many feministsespecially younger ones who came of age in the
1980s and 1990srecognize that trans women can be allies in the fight
to eliminate gender stereotypes, other feministsparticularly those
who embrace a gender essentialismbelieve that trans women foster sexism
by mimicking patriarchal attitudes about femininity, or that we objectify
women by trying to possess female bodies of our own. Many of these latter
ideas stem from Janice Raymonds 1979 book The Transsexual Empire:
The Making of the She-male, which is perhaps the most influential feminist
writing on transsexuals. Like the media, Raymond virtually ignores trans
men, dismissing them as tokens, and instead focuses almost exclusively
on trans women, insisting that they transition in order to achieve stereotypical
femininity. She even argues that, most transsexuals conform more to
the feminine role than even the most feminine of natural-born women.
This fact does not surprise Raymond, since she believes that femininity
itself an artificial by-product of a patriarchal society. So despite the
fact that trans women may attain femininity, Raymond does not believe that
they become real women (to emphasize this, she refers to trans
women as male-to-constructed-females and addresses them with
masculine pronouns throughout the book).

Unlike the media, Raymond does acknowledge the existence of trans women
who are not stereotypically feminine, albeit reluctantly. She writes, I
have been very hesitant about devoting a chapter of this book to what I
call the transsexually constructed lesbian-feminist. Because
she believes that lesbian-feminists represent a small percentage of
transsexuals (a claim that she never verifies), she seems inclined
not to discuss their existence at all except for the recent debate
and divisiveness [the subject] produced within feminist circles. Being
that Raymond believes that femininity undermines womens true worth,
you might think that she would be open to trans women who denounce femininity
and patriarchal gender stereotypes. However, this is not the case. Instead,
she argues, as the male-to-constructed-female transsexual exhibits
the attempt to possess women in a bodily sense while acting out the images
into which men have molded women, the male-to-constructed-female who claims
to be a lesbian feminist attempts to possess women at a deeper level.
Throughout the rest of the chapter, she discusses how lesbian-feminist trans
women use deception in order to penetrate womens
spaces and minds. She says, although the transsexually constructed
lesbian-feminist does not exhibit a feminine identity and role, he [sic]
does exhibit stereotypical masculine behavior. This essentially puts
trans women in a double bind, where if they act feminine they are perceived
as being a parody, but if they act masculine it is seen as a sign of their
true male identity. This damned-if-they-do, damned-if-they-dont tactic
is reminiscent of the pop cultural deceptive/pathetic
transsexual archetypes.

While much of The Transsexual Empire is clearly over the top (the premise
of the book is that biological woman is in the process of being made
obsolete by bio-medicine), many of Raymonds arguments are echoed
in contemporary attempts to justify the exclusion of trans women from womens
organizations and spaces. In fact, the worlds largest annual women-only
event, the Michigan Womyns Music Festival (MWMF), still enforces a
womyn-born-womyn-only policy that is specifically designed to
prevent trans women from attending. (In the interest of full disclosure,
in 2004, I was one of the organizers for Camp Trans, the annual protest
of MWMFs policy banning trans women.) Many of the excuses used to
rationalize trans womens exclusion are not designed to protect the
values of women-only space, but rather to reinforce the idea that trans
women are real men and fake women. For example,
one of the most cited reasons why trans women are not allowed in the festival
is that we are born with, and many of us still have still have, penises
(many trans women either cannot afford or chose not to have sex-reassignment
surgery). It is argued that our penises are dangerous because they are a
symbol of male oppression and have the potential to trigger abuse survivors.
So penises are banned from the festival, right? Well, not quite: The festival
does allow women to purchase and use dildos, strap-ons, and packing devices,
many of which closely resemble penises.

Another reason frequently given for the exclusion of trans women from MWMF
is that we supposedly would bring male energy into the festival.
While this seems to imply that expressions of masculinity are not allowed,
nothing could be further from the truth. MWMF allows drag king performers,
who dress and act male, and the festival welcomes female-bodied folks like
Animal (from the musical duo Bitch and Animal) who identify as transgender
and often describe themselves with male pronouns. Presumably, MWMF does
this because they believe that no person who is born female is capable of
exhibiting authentic masculinity or male energy. Not only is
this an insult to trans men, but it also implies that male energy can be
measured in some way independent of whether the person who is expressing
it appears female or male. This is clearly not the case. Even though I am
a trans woman, I have never been accused of expressing male energy, because
people perceive me to be a woman. When I do act in a masculine
way, people describe me as being a tomboy or butch, and if I get aggressive
or argumentative, people call me a bitch. My behaviors are still the same;
it is only the context of my body (whether people see me as female or male)
that has changed.

This is the inevitable problem with all attempts to portray trans women
as fake females: They require one to give different names, meanings,
and values to the same behaviors depending on whether the person in question
was born with a female or male body (or whether they are perceived to be
a woman or a man). In other words, they require one to be sexist. When people
insist that there are essential differences (instead of constructed ones)
between women and men, they further a line of reasoning that ultimately
refutes feminist ideals rather than supporting them.

From my own experience having transitioned from one sex to the other, I
have found that women and men are not separated by an insurmountable chasm
as many people seem to believe. In actuality, most of us are only a hormone
prescription away from being perceived as the opposite sex. Personally,
I welcome this idea as a testament to just how little difference there really
is between women and men. To believe that a woman is a woman because of
her sex chromosomes, reproductive organs, or socialization denies the reality
that every single day we classify each person we see as either female or
male based on a small number of visual cues and a ton of assumption. The
one thing that women share is that we are all perceived as women and treated
accordingly. As a feminist, I look forward to a time when we finally move
beyond the red herring of biology, and recognize that the only truly important
differences that exist between women and men are the different meanings
that we place onto one anothers bodies.

Diane DiMassa Letter

This was a letter I wrote to Bitch
Magazine in response to an interview they conducted with Diane DiMassa
(issue #25, summer 2004) during the controversy over the musical based on
her comic-book character, Hothead Paisan, being performed at Michigan:

In your recent interview with Diane DiMassa, she revealed just how uninformed
she is regarding the Michigan Womyns Music Festival (MWMF) trans woman
exclusion issue. By parroting MWMFs policy about the festival being
a space for women-born women who have experienced what its like
to grow up female in our patriarchal society, she completely overlooks
the fact that this policy was only instated retroactively in the early 1990s
(after the festival had been going on for close to twenty years) in response
to an incident where a woman was expelled from the festival for being a
transsexual. In other words, the growing up female phrasing
is merely a product of MWMFs PR campaign to put the best possible
spin on trans woman exclusion. The truth is that MWMF is a festival for
women  it even says so in the name! And when the worlds largest
annual women-only event singles out trans women for exclusion, it sends
a clear signal to womens and lesbian communities that it is OK to
discriminate against trans women (ever heard of the phrase separate
but equal?). When DiMassa insisted that MWMFs policy recognizes
that there are different types of women, I was reminded of all
of the misguided straight people Ive met who believe that they are
recognizing homosexuals when they say, I dont care what they
do in their bedrooms just as long as they dont flaunt it in front
of me.

As a trans woman and a dyke, I can tell you first hand that MWMFs
trans woman exclusion policy has repercussions throughout the lesbian community
and fosters an atmosphere where anti-trans bigotry (particularly directed
against trans women) is considered acceptable. If one has any doubts about
this, they need to look no further than DiMassas own offensive comment
that "It's just fucking typical that a man-born woman can't get the
concept of not being allowed somewhere," in order to see how deeply
the anti-trans prejudice can run. After hearing what she really thinks of
trans women, I am not surprised that she refuses to go on the record as
to how Daphne (the ambiguously gendered character from her comic
strip) identifies her or himself. Apparently DiMassa, like many non-trans
writers, uses her trans characters as mere plot devices to provoke audiences
in much the same way that heterosexist TV sitcom writers create walk-on
lesbian characters who exist only to challenge the male protagonists
masculinity. Real trans people have identities! And it seems bizarre to
me that the creator of Hothead Paisan cant seem to comprehend why
trans women might get angry at her for dismissing, stereotyping, and exploiting
their identities and life experiences.

Prejudice usually cant survive close contact with the people
who are supposed
to be so despicable, which is why the propagandists for hate always preach
separation.
-Pat Califia

If I didn't define myself for myself, I would be crunched into other
people's
fantasies for me and eaten alive.
-Audre Lorde

August 2003.
When we hear story after story set in a landscape that we have never set
foot in before, we cant help but create our own mental picture of
that place. I realized only as my wife Dani and I turned off a dirt road
and up to the welcome center, that I always imagined that Camp Trans would
resemble pictures I had seen of Woodstock, with tents strewn everywhere
and people buzzing about busily, with a sense of purpose and energy, with
a sense that they were a part of history. But Camp Trans looked nothing
like that. It was set on a modest-sized clearing in the middle of the woods.
Cars were parked close to the entrance, tents tucked away just out of sight
behind the trees. There was a main congregating area, where campers were
slurping up the vegan miso soup that was being served for lunch. Everyone
was way more mellow than I had imagined, perhaps because they had been baking
in the ninety degree heat for close to a week now.

Some of my non-queer friends thought it was hilarious when they heard that
Dani and I were going to spend a long weekend at Camp Trans. They probably
imagined something like summer camp meets Priscilla Queen of the Desert,
only set in the Michigan wilderness. They seemed a bit disappointed when
we told them that this was primarily a political, rather than social, event.
We were there to protest the Michigan Womyns Music Festivals
womyn-born-womyn-only policy, which is a fancy way of saying
that transsexual women like myself are not welcome. My het female friends
were always the most offended on my behalf upon hearing this. These were
women who welcomed me with open arms when I first started sharing womens
restrooms with them, who made a point of inviting me along on their girls
nights out, who made it clear, even in those early days just after my transition,
that they considered me to be one of them. When they asked me why the lesbian
organizers who ran the festival were adamant about excluding trans women,
I told them, theres just a lot of really bad history there.

It all started during the 70s and 80s, when a number of influential lesbian-feminists
began to trash transsexuals in their writings and theories. They argued
that we propagated sexist stereotypes and objectified women by attempting
to possess female bodies of our own. Eventually, this all became unquestionable
dogma, and transsexuals, even those who identified as feminists and dykes,
were conveniently banished from most lesbian and womens spaces. But
things started to change by the mid-90s, as a growing number of dykes began
coming out as trans and referring to themselves as men. This caused many
to question their views and, over the years, has led to a certain level
of acceptance of trans men in the lesbian community. These days, it is not
uncommon to find dykes who openly discuss lusting after trans guys. And
many trans people who were assigned female at birth will still call themselves
dykes long after they have asked their friends to refer to them with male
names and pronouns.

So you may be asking where trans women fit in? Well, we dont really.
Granted, there are some queer women who respect our female identities, many
of whom now boycott Michigan because of the festivals trans woman-exclusion
policy. And there are also quite a few lesbians who still view the identities
of trans folks on both the male-to-female (MTF) and female-to-male (FTM)
spectrums as somewhat dubious. But in between those two extremes lies a
growing consensus of dykes who see female-born trannies as their peers,
as a part of the lesbian community, while viewing trans women with suspicion,
disdain, or apathy.

Now an objective observer might suggest that this preference for trans men
over trans women suspiciously resembles traditional sexism. As with most
forms of prejudice, there is no shortage of theories one can use to rationalize
their predilections. For instance, many lesbians believe that male identified
trannies are more trust worthy because their ex-dyke status instills them
with political enlightenment, whereas I, a trans woman who has lived as
woman and a dyke for several years now, apparently can never truly understand
what it means to be female because testosterone and male socialization have
dumbed-down my brain permanently.

These days, it is common to see the word trans used to welcome
trans men (but not trans women) on everything from lesbian events, sex surveys,
and play parties. And even at Michigan, women are no longer defined based
on their legal sex, appearance, or self-identification, but on whether or
not they were born and raised as a girl. And while performers like Animal
and Lynnee Breedlove, who identify as transgender and answer to male pronouns,
are invited to take the festival stage each year, someone like myself who
identifies one hundred percent as female isnt even allowed to stand
in the audience. As if that wasnt bad enough, many now use Michigans
tolerance of folks on the FTM spectrum to argue that the festivals
policies are not transphobic. Well Im sorry, but any person who considers
trans men to be women and trans women to be men is not an ally of the transgender
community.

Shortly after arriving, Dani and I met Sadie, a trans woman who is one of
Camp Trans main organizers. She tells me that she is excited to have
another trans woman in attendance - I was the seventh one to make it so
far. Virtually all of the remaining hundred or so campers were assigned
female at birth: some were dykes and bisexual women, some trans men, and
the rest were genderqueers, who identify outside the of male/female gender
binary. Apparently, the unbalanced demographics were a by-product of the
more genderqueer-centric direction Camp Trans had taken a few years earlier.
Many trans women, who felt they should be allowed into Michigan because
they identified as female, felt abandoned by the cause when so many of its
members seemed hell-bent on deconstructing their genders out of existence.
I was told that this years organizers were working hard to get Camp
Trans back on track and to encourage more trans women to come to the event.

After Dani and I finished setting up our tent, we headed down to the main
area and hung out by the campfire, starting up conversations with some of
the other campers. Despite being so far from home, I almost felt like I
knew a lot of these people. Demographically speaking, the mix was similar
to the crowds who come out to the San Francisco trans and queer performance
events Im involved in. The campers were predominantly in their early
twenties, white, and many either previously or currently identified as dykes.
They shared similar political sensibilities: many were anarchists and vegans,
many self-described pansexuals and practitioners of SM and open relationships.

I always feel incredibly uncomfortable when people refer to this sort of
crowd as the trans community. The truth is this is but a small
segment of it. Ive attended other trans gatherings where the crowd
was predominantly made up of crossdressers, transsexual women and their
female partners. Ive performed spoken word at events put on by the
Tenderloin AIDS Resource Center, where many of the trans people in the audience
were poor or homeless. Ive been to San Franciscos Transgender
Day of Remembrance, where trans people of all colors, all generations, all
economic classes, come together to pay respects to those in our community
who have been murdered.

No, this right here is not the trans community, it is merely a clique 
a pro-sex, pro-trans faction of the dyke community borne out of the backlash
against 80s era Andrea Dworkinism. And some times I feel like Im
a part of it and other times I feel like Im on the outside looking
in. I think about this as Dani passes me a small tin tray of salmon that
we cooked at the foot of the campfire this evening, a much anticipated meal
as we were both unable to stomach the vegan beets and cabbage the Camp offered
for dinner. And I am grateful that none of the campers complain that our
eating habits are triggering them. And as I enjoy this rare occasion of
taking part in a trans-majority space, it occurs to me that I have never
felt so old, so monogamous, so carnivorous, and so bourgeoisie in my life.

The following day, Dani and I signed up for a work shift at the Camp Trans
welcome center. Part of the job involves briefly orienting incoming campers
about the rules of the space, telling them where to park their cars, where
to pitch their tents, and other such things. The hard part of the job is
acting as an ambassador for Camp Trans if any festival folks come visiting
us from just down the street.

In the middle of our shift, a woman from the festival makes her way over
to our booth. She is carrying a pamphlet on trans woman-inclusion that Camp
Trans had passed out earlier in the week. She told us she agreed with most
of it, but was furious about one particular passage that read, When
members of the dominant group believe that they have the right to get rid
of the minority group solely because of their own fear, such as when white
aircraft passengers request Middle-Eastern passengers to be removed from
a flight because the presence of Middle-Eastern people makes them feel uncomfortable
or unsafe, it is called an undeserved sense of entitlement and it needs
to be challenged.

This extremely caucasian festival woman proceeded to lecture us about how
inappropriate it was for us to make any analogies with race. It didnt
seem to phase her when I mentioned that the author of the pamphlet, Emi
Koyama, is Asian. I find that the people who seem to get most upset by comparisons
between Michigans anti-trans woman policy and instances of race-based
exclusion are white women defending the festivals reputation. To me,
it almost seems like they are less concerned about offending people of color
than they are removing Michigan from any kind of historical context.

Dani, who has been a queer activist since she first came out as a dyke in
the early nineties, does her best to reason with the woman. Eventually she
calms down and brings up other issues that concern her. She asks if Camp
Trans is fighting to let trans men into the festival, a common question
since so many male-identified trannies continue to attend the festival.
We tell her no  Camp Trans supports the idea of women-only space,
but believes it should be open to all self-identified women.

Next, the woman brings up her fear that trans women might bring male energy
onto the land at Michigan. This is a classic argument that has been used
time and time again to justify trans woman-exclusion. So I ask the woman
if she senses any male energy in me. She looks confused at first, but then
I see the change in her eyes, a look Ive seen hundreds of times before,
the look that signifies that she is starting to see me differently, noticing
clues of the boy that I used to be, processing this new realization that
she is speaking with a tranny. She tells me that she is surprised, that
she has never met a transsexual woman before. I tell her that every person
I have ever met has met a transsexual woman, whether they realize it or
not.

I go on to explain how Michigan, being the largest annual women-only event
in the world, sets a dangerous precedent with its trans woman-exclusion
policy, contributing to an environment in lesbian and women-only spaces
where discriminating against trans women is considered the norm. I tell
her about how trans women are routinely turned away from domestic violence
shelters and rape crisis centers. I tell her about my own experiences dealing
with lesbian bigots who have insulted me to my face once they discovered
my trans status. And as I tell her this, it becomes apparent to me that
my spiel doesnt really matter anymore. She is nodding her head up
and down, agreeing with me. She gets it now, but it had nothing to do with
my words or reasoning  it was my person that convinced her. Her senses
told her that I was a woman and a dyke, not a man in a dress
or some other stereotype. She now understands that if I am a transsexual,
then any woman she meets could also be trans. And its hard to justify
discrimination when you are unable to find any distinguishing differences
to begin with.

As the woman walks away smiling, Dani and I collapse in our chairs and squeeze
each others hands to celebrate the fact that we just changed someones
mind. But for me, the feeling is fleeting. I almost immediately begin second
guessing myself, wondering whether I took the easy way out, placating that
womans fears rather than challenging them. A part of me wishes that,
instead of coming out to her, I had told her flat-out how anti-feminist
the whole male energy argument is. By suggesting that trans
women possess some mystical male energy as a result of being born and raised
male, they are essentially making the case that men have abilities and aptitudes
that women are not capable of. It baffles me how anyone can argue this point
without seeing how excruciatingly sexist it is.

Or maybe this just seems obvious to me because I am forced to deal with
this sort of thing day in and day out. When youre a trans woman, you
are made to walk this very fine line, where if you act feminine you are
accused of being a parody, but if you act masculine, it is seen as a sign
of your true male identity. And if you act sweet and demure, youre
accused of reinforcing patriarchal ideals of female passivity, but if you
stand up for your own rights and make your voice heard, then you are dismissed
as wielding male privilege and entitlement. We trans women are made to teeter
upon this tightrope, not because we are transsexuals, but because we are
women. This is the same double-bind that forces teenage girls to negotiate
their way between virgin and whore, that forces female politicians and business
women to be aggressive without being seen as a bitch, and to be feminine
enough so as not to emasculate their alpha males colleagues, without being
so girly as to undermine their own authority.

It find it disappointing that so many feminists seem oblivious to the ways
in which anti-trans discrimination is rooted in traditional sexism. This
is why the media powers-that-be systematically sensationalize, sexualize,
and ridicule trans women, while allowing trans men to remain largely invisible.
It is why the tranny sex and porn industries catering to straight-identified
men do not fetishize folks on the FTM spectrum for their XX chromosomes
or their socialization as girls. No, they objectify trans women, because
our bodies and our persons are female. Many female-born genderqueers and
FTM trannies go on and on about the gender binary system, as if trans people
are only ever discriminated against for breaking gender norms. Thats
probably how it seems when the gender transgression in question is an expression
of masculinity. But as someone on the MTF spectrum, I am not dismissed for
merely failing to live up to binary gender norms, but for expressing my
own femaleness and femininity. And personally, I dont feel like Im
the victim of transphobia so much as I am the victim of trans misogyny.

The following day, two women from the festival came over to the main congregation
area where a few of us were enjoying the shade. One carried a notebook and
referred to herself as a graduate student. She asked us if we would like
to be interviewed for her thesis project on the Michigan trans-inclusion
debate. These days, it seems like everybody and their grandmother is getting
advanced degrees in trannies. And while I cant help but feel insulted
at the prospect of being somebody elses research subject, I usually
agree to do these interviews in the off chance that my words may counteract
some of the misinformation, appropriation, and exploitation of trans identities
and experiences that have been propagated by academia.

The grad student introduces the other woman as her life partner. She says
they have been coming to Michigan for years, but this is their first time
visiting Camp Trans. The partner looks noticeably disturbed to be in our
presence. When youre a tranny, you get used to not only the thesis
interviews, but having other people feel inexplicably awkward and uncomfortable
around you.

The interview begins and it is only a matter of time before the graduate
students line of questioning arrives at the penis issue. This is a
highly contentious matter, as many trans women (including myself) either
cannot afford to have sex reassignment surgery or choose not to have it.
The trans woman-exclusionists often take advantage of this situation, arguing
that it would be a violation of womens space to have penises on the
land and playing up how unsafe and uncomfortable some women would feel if
they accidentally caught a glimpse of one of our dreaded, oppressive organs.
Now granted, there are probably more dildos and strap-ons at Michigan than
you would ever want to shake a stick at, many of them resembling anatomically-correct
penises. So I suppose phalluses in and of themselves are not so bad, just
so long as they are not attached to a transsexual woman.

I answer the womans question by stating the obvious, that its
ridiculous to believe that once trans women are allowed inside the festival
that we would all go around flaunting our penises. I went on to talk about
the societal shame that many of us have been made to feel about our bodies
not living up to the cultural ideal, an issue which most women at Michigan
should be able to relate with.

This was apparently the last straw for the graduate students partner.
After about fifteen minutes of fidgeting in silence, she suddenly burst
out with questions of her own. While there were several of us being interviewed,
she turned directly to me, and in a terse and condescending tone of voice
said: How dare you! You have no idea what many of these women have
been through. Dont you understand that many of them are abuse survivors
who could be triggered by you? Cant you see why some women wouldnt
feel safe having you and your penis around?

I remember being dumbfounded, like a deer caught in the headlights, at the
venom in her voice as she lashed out at me. And all of my well-thought-out
trans-inclusive sound-bites and anecdotes completely dissipated from my
brain when confronted by this womans anger for me. Im not quite
sure how I responded at the time. What I do recall are all of the things
that I wish I had said to her after the moment had passed. How I wished
I could go back in time, look her directly in the eye and reply: Yes, I
do know what those women have been through. I have had men force themselves
upon me. Like you, we trans women are physically violated and abused for
being women too. And there are no words in your second-wave feminist lexicon
to adequately describe the way that we, young trans girls forced against
our will into boyhood, have been raped by male culture. Every trans woman
is a survivor and we have triggers too. And my trigger is pseudo-feminists
who hide their prejudices behind womyn-born-womyn-only euphemisms.

I wish I could have told her how hypocritical it is for any self-described
feminist to buy into the male myth that mens power and domination
arises from the penis. Whats between my legs is not a phallic symbol,
nor a tool of rape and oppression, it is merely my genitals. My penis is
a womans penis and she is made of flesh and blood, nothing more. And
we have a word to describe the act of reducing a woman to her body parts,
to her genitals: it is called objectification. And frankly, I am tired of
being objectified by other lesbians!

Whenever I think about that womans assertion that my penis would endanger
safe womens space, I cant help but think of our daily trips
to the lake. Piling up four to five people per car, waves of Camp Trans
folks would take turns driving to a small, secluded beach to escape the
humid August heat with an innocent skinny-dip. And as a trans person who
has been on hormones but hasnt had any surgery, this is normally the
sort of situation that I avoid like the plague. But here, it was OK for
me to be my almost-naked self. This was a place where trans men felt comfortable
enough to take off their t-shirts and unbind their breasts. Many of the
trans women, dykes and genderqueers would go topless too. And I remember
how amazing it felt for the first time since my transition to strip down
to nothing but my underpants, bulge be damned, in front of other people.
And as we all soaked in the shallow water, laughing and talking with one
another, I cant tell you how amazing it felt to have my body be absolutely
no big deal to other people.

I realized right there at the lake what a mistake many women from Michigan
make when they insist that trans women would threaten their safe space,
destroying a rare place where they feel comfortable revealing their own
bodies. Because there is never any safety in the erasing of difference,
and no protection in the expectation that all women live up to certain physical
criteria. The only truly safe space is one that respects each woman for
her own individual uniqueness.

On our last night, there is a benefit show and I was invited to perform
spoken word. The event takes place shortly after a small procession of trans-inclusion
supporters from Michigan march out of the festival gates and parade down
the road to Camp Trans. Some of the campers had issues with the fact that
these folks were being called supporters, as each of them had
spent about three hundred dollars for tickets to the very same festival
we were protesting.

Some of these so-called supporters try to justify their attendance at Michigan
by asserting that they are trying to change the festivals policy from
within. But to me, that seems like a seriously flawed notion. If you look
back at history, there has not been a single instance where people have
overcome a deeply entrenched prejudice without first being forced to interact
with the people they detest. Mere words cannot dispel bigoted stereotypes
and fears, only personal experiences can. Those who talk about changing
the festival from the inside out often cite past instances where the festival
has changed its ways, how it has overcome internal resistance to allowing
SM, dildos, or male drag on the land. But those policy changes did not occur
because of discussions or debates  they happened because dykes were
just bringing those things into the festival with them and there was nothing
anyone could do to stop it. And once women at the festival had to live next
to leather-dykes and drag kings, they began to realize that those women
were not really so different from them.

The debate over trans woman-inclusion at Michigan has been going on for
almost fifteen years now. And at this late date, anyone who still believes
that they can change the festival from within is simply enabling lesbian
prejudice against trans women.

When the festival supporters finally arrive at the Camp, they get a brief
orientation at the welcome center. Some were apparently offended to find
out that certain areas of the Camp had been designated as wristband-free
zones, a reference to the plastic bracelets they wore which allowed them
to go in and out of the festival. They assumed that we were trying to teach
them a lesson about exclusion, but that wasnt actually the case. The
rule was put into place because the previous year there had been several
incidents in which trans women were verbally attacked by festival visitors.
The wristband-free zones were meant to offer trans women a safe space, just
in case something similar happened again this year.

Eventually, the benefit show begins and there are a variety of acts: singers
and spoken word artists, drag kings and queens, skits and puppets, even
cheerleaders. My favorite performer of the night is Carolyn Connelly, a
trans woman spoken word artist I hadnt met yet. In a thick Brooklyn
accent, she belts out: Fuck the lesbians who think Im straight,
I cant be femme/Im not a girl/Fuck the gay men who out me at
Pride every fucking year/Call me fabulous/Tell me to work it/And theyre
really girls too/Fuck the transsexual women who think Im too butch
/Cause of my short spiked hair/Cause I drink beer or Im a dyke...Fuck
the genderqueer bois and grrrls/Who think they speak for me/Or dis me cause
I support the gender binary...Fuck Post Modernism/Fuck Gender Studies/Fuck
Judith Butler/Fuck theory that isnt by and for and speaks to real
people...

When it is my turn to go on, I perform a poem called Cocky,
which I wrote to connect the dots between the uneasiness other people feel
about me, the violent hate crimes that are committed against trannies, and
the shame that I have been made to feel about my own body. If I seem
a bit cocky/thats because I refuse to make apologies for my body anymore/I
refuse to be the human sacrifice offered up to appease other peoples
gender issues/Some women have a penis/Some men dont/And the rest of
the world is just going to have to get the fuck over it.

And as I recite these lines, four days worth of tension pours out of me.
I perform my poem defiantly, my words fueled by a frustration that has finally
boiled over after years of simmering on the backburner. I originally thought
I could come to Michigan to intellectually fight for trans woman-inclusion,
but coming to this place and having my body become the actual battleground
upon which the trans revolution is being fought upon, well lets just
say that it sobered me up a bit. And while other folks in my community may
be content to simply celebrate their fabulous trans selves or take pride
in living outside the gender binary, I am no longer satisfied with simply
being allowed to exist as some third-sexed male-to-female trans-gender novelty.
I maybe a transsexual, but I am also a woman. And my dyke community needs
to realize that anger that they feel when straight people try to dismiss
the legitimacy of their same-sex relationships, is what I feel when they
try to dismiss my femaleness.

And later after the show, I was told that several festival women left in
the middle of the benefit because they were disturbed by the angry content
of some of the acts. Well fuck them and their supporting-both-Michigan-and-Camp-Trans
wussy fence-sitting politics! I am tired of lesbians and gays who try to
meet me half-way with fuzzy, pseudo-trans-inclusive sentiments. Trans people
are not merely a subplot within the dyke community, nor fascinating case
studies for their gender studies graduate theses. No, we trans people have
our own issues, perspectives and experiences. And non-trans queer people
everywhere need to realize that they cannot call themselves pro-trans
unless they fully respect our identities, and unless they are willing to
call other queers out on their anti-trans bigotry.

And after releasing all of this pent up tension and frustration, I had one
of those rare moments of clarity. I happened just after my performance,
when one of my new friends, Lauren, came over to give me a hug. She said,
Your piece made me proud to be a trans woman. And her words
were so moving, because I had never heard them spoken before. Proud
to be a trans woman. And as I looked around the Camp at all of the
queer women and folks on the FTM spectrum, I realized that in some ways
I am very different from them  not because of my biology or socialization,
but because of the direction of my transition and the perspective it has
given me.

I am a transsexual in a dyke community where most women have not had to
fight for their right to be recognized as female  it is merely something
theyve taken for granted. And I am a woman in a segment of the trans
community dominated by female-born genderqueers and folks on the FTM spectrum,
neither of whom have experienced the special social stigma that is reserved
for feminine transgendered expression and for those who transition to female.
My experiences as a trans woman have given me a valid and unique understanding
of what it means to be both female and feminine  a perspective that
many women here at Michigan seem unable or unwilling to comprehend.
At Camp Trans, I learned to be proud that I am a trans woman. And when I
describe myself with the word trans, it does not necessarily
signify that I transgress the gender binary, but that I straddle two identities,
transsexual and woman, that others insist are in opposition to each other.
And I will continue to work for trans woman-inclusion at Michigan, because
this is my dyke community too. And I know that it will not be easy, and
plenty of people will try to make me feel like an alien in my own community.
But I will take on their prejudices with my own unique perspective, because
sometimes you see things more clearly when youve been made to feel
like you are on the outside looking in.

Hot Tranny Action Manifesto

This is an early incarnation of what eventually became Trans Woman Manifesto, which opened my 2007 book Whipping Girl: A Transsexual Woman on Sexism and the Scapegoating of Femininity.

Hot Tranny Action exists to fight for the safety, respect and equal rights
of trans women everywhere. For the purposes of this manifesto, we define
trans woman as any person who was assigned a male
sex at birth, but who identifies as and lives as a woman. We do not place
any qualifications on the term trans woman based on a persons
ability to pass as female, her hormone levels, or the state
of her genitals  after all, it is downright sexist to reduce any woman
(trans or otherwise) down to her mere body parts or to require her to live
up to a certain societally-dictated ideals regarding appearance.

We denounce all those who attempt to define trans women according to their
own personal beliefs and theories regarding gender and sexuality, and all
those who falsely believe that their own discomfort with our trans or female
status justifies their attempts to ridicule us, hyper-sexualize our bodies
and motives for transitioning, and/or exclude us from our own communities.

Of all of the gender and sexual minorities in our culture, trans women tend
to be the most maligned, ridiculed and despised because we are uniquely
positioned at the intersection of two binary gender-based forms of prejudice:
transphobia and misogyny.

Transphobia is an irrational fear of, aversion to, or discrimination
against people who transgress gender norms. In much the same way that homophobic
people are often driven by their own repressed homosexual tendencies, we
believe that transphobia is first and foremost an expression of ones
own insecurity about having to live up to cultural gender ideals. The fact
that transphobia is so rampant in our society reflects the reality that
we place an extraordinary amount of pressure on individuals to conform to
all of the expectations, restrictions, assumptions, and privileges associated
with the sex they were born into.

The most common form of transphobia occurs when people attempt to deny trans
people the basic privileges that are associated with the gender the trans
person self-identifies as. Common examples include purposeful misuse of
pronouns, insisting that the trans person use a different public restroom,
etc. The justification for these denials is generally founded on the assumption
that the trans persons gender is not authentic because it does not
correlate with their birth sex. In making this assumption, the transphobe
attempts to create an artificial hierarchy  by insisting that the
trans persons gender is fake, they attempt to validate
their own gender as real or natural. This sort of
thinking is extraordinarily naive, as it denies the basic truth that everyday
we make assumptions about other peoples genders without ever seeing
their birth certificates, their chromosomes, their genitals, their reproductive
systems, their childhood socialization, or their legal sex. There is no
such thing as a real gender  there is only the gender
we identify as and the gender we perceive others to be.

Birth privilege is the privilege enjoyed by all non-trans people
of having been born into a sex that matches the gender that they identify
as. This privilege not only allows the non-trans person to take for granted
the fact that they feel comfortable with their birth sex, but it also immunizes
them against transphobia.

Passing privilege is the privilege of being able to be true to ones
own gender identity and expression without having their sex or gender questioned
as a consequence. While one could theoretically say that the overwhelming
majority of non-trans people pass as the gender they identify
as, in practice the word is only ever used to describe people whose gender
presentation differs from their birth sex. Thus, when we say that someone
passes, the implication is that they are getting away
with being a gender that they are really not. The concept of passing
hurts all trans people. Those who do not pass become obvious
targets for transphobia. And those that do pass soon realize
that it is a fleeting privilege, because it creates a Catch 22: the trans
person can either keep quiet about being trans, an act which inadvertently
transforms their trans status into a shameful secret that they
may be forced to reveal at any moment, or they can constantly out
themselves, thus making themselves targets for transphobia.

Essential privilege is the privilege experienced by all non-transsexuals
of being able to fall back on, and partake in the privileges of, ones
birth sex. Once transsexuals transition, we are often denied the privilege
of having any authentic gender and are more often than not treated as if
we are permanently in between  neither fully our birth
sex nor the sex we have transitioned to. This is evident from other peoples
tendencies to place transsexuals into unique gender categories (such as
third-sex or other-gendered) and to describe us
with derogatory hybrid terms (such as boy-girl, he-she,
she-male, etc.).

Thus, while all trans people potentially face transphobia, we experience
it in different amounts largely based on the extent to which we transgress
gender norms and how obvious or out we are as trans people.
It should also be noted that, while quite different in practice, both transphobia
and homophobia work towards the same overall goal, namely, punishing those
who express gender or sexual traits typically associated with the so-called
opposite sex. This explains why trans folks, bisexuals, lesbians
and gays, while all quite different from each other, are often confused
or lumped into the same category by society at large. Our natural inclinations
to be the other sex, or to be attracted to the same sex, challenges the
assumption that women and men are mutually exclusive categories, each possessing
a unique set of attributes, aptitudes, abilities, and desires. By breaking
these gender and sexual norms, we essentially blur the boundaries that are
required to maintain the male-centered gender hierarchy that exists in our
culture today.

In addition to the establishment of rigid, mutually exclusive gender categories,
the other requirement for maintaining a male-centered gender hierarchy is
to ensure that maleness and masculinity are generally considered to be superior
to femaleness and femininity. For the purposes of this manifesto, we will
use the word misogyny to describe this tendency to dismiss and deride
femaleness and femininity in our culture.

Just as all trans people experience transphobia to different extents, we
experience misogyny to different extents too. This is most evident from
the fact that, while there are many different types of trans people, our
society tends to single-out trans women (and others on the male-to-female
(MTF) spectrum) for attention and ridicule. This is not merely because we
transgress gender norms per se, but because we, by necessity, embrace our
own femaleness and femininity. Indeed, more often than not, it is our expressions
of femininity and our desire to be female that become sensationalized, sexualized,
and trivialized by others. While trans people on the female-to-male (FTM)
spectrum face discrimination for breaking gender norms (aka, transphobia),
their expressions of maleness or masculinity themselves are not targeted
for ridicule  to do so would require one to question masculinity itself.

When a trans person is ridiculed or dismissed not merely for transgressing
gender norms, but for their expressions of femaleness or femininity as well,
they become the victims of a unique form of discrimination: trans misogyny.
When the majority of jokes made at the expense of trans people center on
men wearing dresses or men who want their penises cut
off, that is not transphobia  it is trans misogyny. When the
majority of violence committed against trans people is directed at trans
women, that is not transphobia  it is trans misogyny. When its
OK for women to wear mens clothing, but men who wear womens
clothing can be diagnosed with the psychological disorder Transvestic
Fetishism, that is not transphobia  it is trans misogyny. When womens
or lesbian organizations and events open their doors to trans men but not
trans women, that is not transphobia  it is trans misogyny.

In a male-centered gender hierarchy, where it is assumed that men are better
than women and that masculinity is superior to femininity, there is no greater
perceived threat than the existence of trans women, who despite being born
male and inheriting male privilege, choose to be female instead.
By embracing our own femaleness and femininity, we in a sense cast a shadow
of doubt over the supposed supremacy of maleness and masculinity. In order
to lessen the threat we pose to the male-centered gender hierarchy, our
culture (primarily via the media) uses every tactic in its arsenal of traditional
sexism to dismiss us.

1) The media hyper-feminizes us: by accompanying stories about trans women
with pictures of us putting on make-up, dresses, and heels, in an attempt
to highlight the frivolousness nature of our femininity, or
by portraying trans woman as having derogatory feminine-associated character
traits such as being weak, confused, passive, or mousy.

2) The media hyper-sexualizes us: by creating the impression that most trans
women are sex workers or sexual deceivers, and by asserting that our motives
for wearing womens clothing or transitioning to female are primarily
sexual in their nature.

3) The media objectifies our bodies: by sensationalizing sex reassignment
surgery and openly discussing our man-made vaginas without any
of the discretion that normally accompanies discussions about genitals.
Further, those of us who have not had surgery are constantly being reduced
to our body parts, whether it be by the creators of tranny porn who over-emphasize
and exaggerate our penises, thus distorting trans women into she-males
and chicks with dicks, or by everyday people who have been so
brainwashed by phallocentricism that they believe that the mere presence
of a penis can trump the femaleness of our identities, our personalities,
and the rest of our bodies.

4) The media puts us in our place: by propagating the false assumption that
we transition in order to attract straight men. This, in combination with
the medias hyper-sexualization and objectification of us, creates
the impression that we exist solely to sexually serve men.

Because anti-trans discrimination is steeped in traditional sexism, it is
not simply enough for trans activists to challenge binary gender norms 
we must also challenge the idea that femininity is inferior to masculinity
and that femaleness is inferior to maleness. In other words, by necessity,
trans activism must be at its core a feminist movement.

Some might consider this contention to be controversial. Over the years,
many self-described feminists have gone out of their way to dismiss trans
people, and in particular trans women, often resorting to many of the same
tactics (hyper-feminization, hyper-sexualization, and objectification of
our bodies) that the mainstream media regularly uses against us. These pseudo-feminists
proclaim that women can do anything that men can one minute,
then the next ridicule trans women for any perceived masculine tendency
we may have. They argue that women should be strong and unafraid to speak
our minds one minute, then the next tell trans women that we act like men
when we voice our opinions. They claim that it is misogynistic when men
create standards and expectations for women to meet one minute, then the
next they dismiss us for not meeting their standard of woman.
These pseudo-feminists consistently preach feminism with one hand, while
practicing traditional sexism with the other.

It is time for us to take back the word feminism from these
pseudo-feminists. After all, the word feminism is much like the words democracy
or Christianity  while each has a major tenet at its core,
there are an infinite number of ways in which one can practice that belief.
And just as some forms of democracy and Christianity are corrupt and hypocritical
while others are more just and righteous, we trans women must join trans-positive
women and allies of all genders to forge a new type of feminism, one that
understands that the only way for us to achieve true gender equity is to
abolish both transphobia/homophobia and misogyny.

It is no longer enough for feminism to fight solely for the rights of those
born female. While that strategy has furthered the prospects of many women
over the years, it now bumps up against a glass ceiling that is partly of
its own making. For while the movement worked hard to encourage women to
enter into previously male-dominated areas of life, many feminists have
been ambivalent at best, and resistant at worst, to the idea of men expressing
or exhibiting feminine traits and moving into certain traditionally female
realms. And while we credit previous feminist movements for helping to create
a society where most sensible people would agree with the statement women
are mens equals, we lament the fact that we remain light years
away from being able to say that most people believe that femininity is
masculinitys equal.

Instead of attempting to empower those born female by encouraging them to
move further away from femininity, we should instead learn to empower femininity
itself. We must stop dismissing it as artificial or as a performance,
and instead recognize that certain aspects of femininity (as well masculinity)
transcend both socialization and biological sex  otherwise there would
not be feminine boy and masculine girl children. We must challenge all those
who assume that femme vulnerability is a sign of weakness. For when we do
open ourselves up, whether it be honestly communicating our thoughts and
feelings or expressing our emotions, it is a daring act, one that takes
more courage and inner strength than the alpha-male facade of silence and
stoicism. We must challenge all those who insist that women who act or dress
in a femme manner necessarily take on a submissive or passive posture. For
many of us, dressing or acting femme is something we do for ourselves, not
for others. It is our way of reclaiming our own bodies and fearlessly expressing
our own personalities and sexualities. It is not us, but rather those who
foolishly assume that our femme style is a signal that we sexually subjugate
ourselves to men, who are the ones guilty of trying to reduce our bodies
to mere status of playthings.

In a world where masculinity is assumed to represent strength and power,
those who are butch are able to contemplate their identities within the
relative safety of those connotations. In contrast, those of us who are
femme are forced to define ourselves on our own terms and develop our own
sense of self-worth. It takes guts, determination, and fearlessness for
those of us who are femme to lift ourselves up out of the inferior meanings
that are constantly being projected onto us. If you require any evidence
that femininity can be more fierce and dangerous than masculinity, then
all you need to do is simply ask the average man to hold your handbag or
a bouquet of flowers for a minute, and watch how far away he holds it from
his body. Or tell him you would like to put your lipstick on him and watch
how fast he runs off in the other direction. In a world where masculinity
is respected and femininity is regularly dismissed, it takes loads of strength
and confidence for any person to embrace their femme-self.

But it is not simply enough for us to empower femaleness and femininity
 we must also stop pretending that there are fundamental differences
between women and men. This begins with the acknowledgement that there are
exceptions to every gender stereotype, and this simply stated fact disproves
all gender theories that purport that female and male are mutually exclusive
categories. We must move away from pretending that women and men are opposite
sexes, because when we buy into that myth it establishes a dangerous precedent.
For if men are big, then women must be small; and if men are strong then
women must be soft. And if being butch is to make yourself rock solid, then
being femme becomes allowing yourself to be malleable; and if being a man
means taking control of your own situation, then being a woman becomes living
up to other peoples expectations. When we buy into the idea that female
and male are opposites, it becomes impossible for us to empower
women without either ridiculing men or else pulling the rug out from under
ourselves.

It is only when we move away from the idea that there are opposite
sexes, and let go of the culturally-derived values that are assigned to
expressions of femininity and masculinity, that we may finally approach
gender equity. By challenging both transphobia/homophobia and misogyny simultaneously,
we can make the world safe for those of us who are queer and for those of
us who are female, while simultaneously empowering people of all sexualities
and genders.

About the Author

As a writer and spoken word artist on
the subject of gender, Julia has gained
attention as of late in the womens,
queer and trans communities. She has
performed at high profile events such
as the National Queer Arts Festival,
San Francisco Pride's Main Stage &
Dyke March Stage, Oakland Pride,
Ladyfest Bay Area, Outcry 2005, and
the UC Berkeley production of The
Vagina Monologues. She is regularly
invited to perform spoken word or
give presentations on gender and trans issues at numerous colleges and
universities (including UC Berkeley, UCLA, San Francisco State University,
San José State University, and California College of the Arts). In
addition to
self-publishing three chapbooks of her own work, Julia has contributed
personal essays to two anthologies, written articles and poems for queer,
feminist, and pop culture magazines such as Bitch Magazine, Clamor, Kitchen
Sink, and Transgender Tapestry, and excerpts from her work have appeared
in
The Believer and The San Francisco Chronicle.

Julia's background as a writer, performer, trans activist, and
biologist (she has a Ph.D. in Biochemistry from Columbia University and
is
currently a researcher at UC Berkeley in the field of Evolutionary and
Developmental Biology) makes her a unique voice on the subject of gender.
She has the rare gift of being able to present (and often critique) difficult-to-
grasp concepts from feminism, biology, and post-modern gender theory, and
to interweave these ideas with her performance poetry and her personal
experiences as a trans woman. Her charming, playful, and down-to-earth
delivery and her empathy for both the male and female experience has the
unique ability to resonate with both queer and straight audiences alike.