This doctoral dissertation aimed to validate findings from previous studies indicating an increase in the prevalence of mental health problems, and to evaluate the importance of contextual factors in explaining this increase in prevalence. Age, period and cohort effects were considered proxies for social context factors. These objectives were achieved through two empirical studies, each one focusing on a specific mental health problem.
The first study analyzed data from the Statistics Canada National longitudinal survey on children and youth (NLSCY) and found significant increase in the prevalence of Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) diagnosis and the prescription of ADHD medications for Canadian children between 1994 and 2007. However, this tendency was not constant, or linear, as some period and age effects were found: an increase in prevalence was found only during the 2000s, and only for school-age children. These differences in prevalence rate by historical period and children’s age underline the importance of the social context in the diagnosing of ADHD diagnosis and prescription of ADHD medications.
The second study used the data from the Panel Study of Belgian Households (PSBH) and aimed to explain the increase of depressive symptoms observed recently among Belgian adults. A longitudinal multilevel analysis, allowing for the disentanglement of age and cohort effects, was conducted. Our findings demonstrate that, despite a variation in the intensity of depressive symptoms within individuals during the 1990s, self-reported symptoms are mostly associated with a reaction to life conditions rather than with personality. The increase over time results from an effect of cohort succession, where individuals from the most recent cohort always report more depressive symptoms than individuals from the oldest cohorts. Members from the same cohort share common experiences at a similar age, which has a durable impact on their behaviors and mental health.
In general, results from our two empirical studies confirmed, each in their own way, that mental health problems have increased in contemporary Western societies. Moreover, findings demonstrated that prevalence differs according to age, birth cohort and historical period, thus reinforcing the importance of social factors in the etiology of mental health problems. Although the true nature of these social factors could not be directly examined, many social explanations were proposed. For example, the changes in behavioral norms associated with age, social norms, the conceptualization of mental health problems, and to the school system, as well as innovations in pharmacological, medical and technological fields across this period are all potential factors explaining these age, period and cohort effects.