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Indigenous and colonial origins of
comparative economicdevelopment:
the case of colonial India and Africa
C.A. Bayly
1
In recent years the debate about comparative economicdevelopment has
broadened out to take account of work in other major human sciences, particularly anthropology, sociology, philosophy and history. Development specialists
have become increasingly aware of the need to understand the history and
ideologies of the societies within which they work in order to encourage better
reactions to their

This book brings together a range of sociologists and economists to study the role of demand and consumption in the innovative process. Starting with a broad conceptual overview of ways that the sociological and economics literatures address issues of innovation, demand and consumption, it goes on to offer different approaches to the economics of demand and innovation through an evolutionary framework, before reviewing how consumption fits into evolutionary models of economic development. The book then looks at food consumption as an example of innovation by demand, including an examination of the dynamic nature of socially constituted consumption routines. It includes an analysis of how African Americans use consumption to express collective identity and discusses the involvement of consumers in innovation, focusing on how consumer needs may be incorporated in the design of high-tech products. It also argues for the need to build an economic sociology of demand that goes from micro-individual through to macro-structural features.

4
Variety, growth and demand
Pier Paolo Saviotti
Modern economies contain a large number of entities (products, services,
methods of production, competences, individual and organisational actors,
institutions), which are qualitatively novel and different with respect to those
existing in previous economic systems. In other words, the composition of the
economic system has changed enormously during economicdevelopment.
The observation that there has been a great deal of qualitative change in economicdevelopment would probably not be denied by any economist

The substantive and methodological contributions of professional historians to development policy debates was marginal, whether because of the dominance of economists or the inability of historians to contribute. There are broadly three ways in which history matters for development policy. These include insistence on the methodological principles of respect for context, process and difference; history is a resource of critical and reflective self-awareness about the nature of the discipline of development itself; and history brings a particular kind of perspective to development problems . After establishing the key issues, this book explores the broad theme of the institutional origins of economic development, focusing on the cases of nineteenth-century India and Africa. It demonstrates that scholarship on the origins of industrialisation in England in the late eighteenth century suggests a gestation reaching back to a period during which a series of social institutional innovations were pioneered and extended to most citizens of England. The book examines a paradox in China where an emphasis on human welfare characterized the rule of the eighteenth-century Qing dynasty, and has been demonstrated in modern-day China's emphasis on health and education. It provides a discussion on the history of the relationship between ideology and policy in public health, sanitation in India's modern history and the poor health of Native Americans. The book unpacks the origins of public education, with a focus on the emergency of mass literacy in Victorian England and excavates the processes by which colonial education was indigenized throughout South-East Asia.

innovation through an evolutionary framework.
In previous papers, Paolo Saviotti has studied the relation between the
composition of the economic system and its capacity to generate long-run
economicdevelopment. Saviotti has concluded that an important concept is
‘variety growth’, which is a requirement for the continuation of long-run
economicdevelopment and leads to the creation of new sectors. The role that
variety can play in economicdevelopment has important implications for
economic theory, including the theory of demand. Some of the assumptions
that are made in

matters for development policy
Section three focuses on the different theoretical and methodological underpinnings of contemporary historical scholarship as it pertains to comparative
economicdevelopment, arguing that in order for non-historians to engage more
substantively and faithfully with the discipline of history, they must make a
sustained effort both to understand historiography and appreciate anew the
limits of their own discipline’s methodological assumptions. Being a historian is
not just a matter of ‘knowing more’ about a particular time, place or issue

making a tangible contribution to the economicdevelopment of the colonies. Officials complained that very few of the products developed through research were in commercial production. Colonial product research undertaken in Britain was subsequently reformulated with a focus on the analysis and assessment of tropical commodities in response to queries by business or governments. Most of the programmes of work previously done in university departments across Britain were terminated and investigation was instead concentrated under one roof in a new Colonial Products

European and world economies. With its international secretariat in Istanbul, the BSEC provided an agency for opening
communication links among neighbouring, newly established states and for
upgrading their international stature, particularly vis-à-vis the EU. The
architects of the BSEC identified economicdevelopment as the main pillar of
regional security and promoted three objectives: cooperation rather than
conflict, regionalism as a step towards global integration, and avoidance of
new divisions in Europe.
The BSEC’s agenda has mainly restricted itself to functional

riverine water is the environmental issue most liable to lead to war
in the region, such an outcome remains improbable for a number of reasons,
some related to water and others not. Water’s security implications principally fall within the wider conceptualisation of security – as an indirect or
contributory cause to instability. Poor water management affects diplomatic
relations, economicdevelopment, public health and access to land. Thus,
while interstate war directly associated with water disputes is not likely to
take place in the near future, it is expedient to

movement stood on the threshold of new opportunities as membership numbers reached a high watermark at this time. The establishment of a new general-purpose society that carried out a more diverse trade provided a cause for some cheer among the movement's leaders. The fact that Dáil Eireann's Democratic Programme made a commitment to Irish industrial development also offered an opportunity to advance the IAOS's influence over a potential government in waiting. Concerted efforts to bring about measurements that promoted economicdevelopment despite the Dáil's limited