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Monday, January 17, 2011

Knowledge Based Computer System (KBCS).

Abstract :TheIT industry in India has beengrowingatabove25% annuallyforseveralyears now.InformationTechnologyhasemergedasadominantsectoroftheIndian Economy. Thecurrent educationoffersavarietycourses with allCombinationsofwords Computer, Information and SoftwarewithScience, EngineeringandApplications.SoftwareIndustryinIndiahad recognizedgrowthinthelast decade and ishopedto play a much biggerrolein near futureforgrowingIndianeconomy.

Knowledge Based Computer System(K.B.C.S) is a process for extending a knowledge base. Knowledge means information that can be used in making a decision process with understanding, accumulated experience. Many application areas of AI Research having appreciated mechanism to implement AI systems by using knowledge bases. I.e. Knowledge Based Computer Systems are required with desired implications in such application areas.

I.What is AI?

AI is a name given to Scientific Research. Its Origin is Japan; The primary goal of this AI Research is to develop an Intelligent Computer System.The term Intelligence means how to make the Computers do things at which the movement peopledobetter, i elikeHuman Brainhowthe Computer cantakeitsowndecisionsautomaticallydependingupontheSituation. Thus it is having both Scientific and Engineering goals.

AIis the part of the Computer Science concerned with designing, Intelligent Computer Systems, that is systems that exhibit the characteristics we associate with intelligence in Human Behavior. Once again this definition will raise the following question. “Intelligent Behavior “, in view of the difficulty in defining the Intelligence, Let us try to characterize that is a list of number of characteristics by which we can identify the Human Intelligence. It is related to the similar task of using computers to understand Human Intelligence.

The term AI is referred to known asIntelligentBehaviorinArtifacts. Artifacts are Man-MadeMachines.Thus AI is related with Psychology, Cognition, and Behavioral Science. Thus we have to consider the following Characteristics that are passed by an AISystem. 1. Perception2. Reasoning3.Learning4. Communicating5.ActinginComplexEnvironments.

what is Intelligence?

An Intelligence is the computational part of the ability to achieve goals in the world. Varying kinds and degrees of intelligence occur in people, many animals and some machines. The followingaresomemeasurablecharacteristicsofIntelligencethat are recognizedbyComputer System.

1. To respond situations very flexibility.

2. To make sense of out of ambiguity to the contradictory messages.

3. To recognize the relative importance of different elements of a situation.

4. To find similarities between situations despite the differences which my separate them.

5. To draw distinction between situations despite similarities, whichmaylinkthem. AI is the

But AI researchers shown people are more Intelligent thanComputers,AItriestoimprovetheperformanceofcomputersinactivitiesthatpeopledobetter,thenthegoalofAIistomakecomputersmoreIntelligent. AI researches have show that “ Intelligence requires knowledge”, and knowledge itself posses some less desirable activities ofRealLifeSituations.

-It voluminous

-It is hard characterize accurately

-It is constantly changing

AI is the branch of computer science that deals with ways of representing knowledge by using symbols rather than numbers and with rules of thumb, or heuristic methods for processing.

AI works with pattern matching methods, which attempts to describe objects, events and processes in terms of their qualitative features and logical and computational relationships.

While reading the above definitions one must be remember keeping in mind that the AI is fast new developing science.

AI Applications arethetalkofITindustrytoday. PatternRecognition and Image Processing,Expert systems(Knowledge based Computer Systems) are the major concern of AI research.

The computers of today are knowledge Information processing systems. Expert systems in turn, embody modules of organized knowledge about specific areas of Human Expertise. They also support sophisticated problem- solving and inference functions, providing users with a source of intelligent advice on some specialized topic. Expert systems also provide human oriented I/O in the form of natural Languages, speech, and picture images. For example an Expert System for Medical Diagnosis could operate in the way analogous to the way a Physician, a surgeon, and a patient interact and use their knowledge to make a diagnosis.

KNOWLEDGE BASED COMPUTER SYSTEM

The KBCS divisioncarries out Research and Developmentin selected sub fieldsofArtificialIntelligence. KBCSisa computerprogram designedtoactas an expert inspecific fieldofknowledge.These are designed tosolve complexproblems. KBCSsimulatesthehumanreasoningprocess andapplyingspecificknowledgeandinferences.

CharacteristicsofKBCS:

1. Expand the Knowledge Base for thedomainofinterest.

2. Support for Heuristics Analysis

3. Application of Search Techniques.

4. It is having capability to infer new knowledge from existingknowledge.

Symbol Manipulation: In Expert systems (Knowledge based Computer Systems), ”Knowledge” is often represented in terms ofIF… THEN rules of the form:

IFCondition.1and

Condition.2and

__________

__________

Condition n

THEN implication (with significance)

If all conditions are true, then the implication is true, with an associated logical significance factor. While a set of rules is searched, an overall significance factor is manipulated, and when this significance becomes unacceptably low the search is abounded and a view set of rules is searched.

This structure of Expert Systems is most closely matched by the structure of logical programming (its computational model). In a logic programming language such as LISP& PROLOG. Prolog statements are relations of a restricted form called ”Clauses”’ and the execution of such program is a suitably controlled logic deduction from the Clauses forming the program. A Clause is a Well formed Formula consisting ofConjunction andDisjunction ofLiterals. The following logic program for family three Conditions of four Clauses.

Father(Bill, John)

Father(John, Tom)

Grandfather (X,Z):- father (X,Y) ,mother (Y,Z).

Grandfather (X,Z):- father (X,Y) ,father (Y,Z).

The first two clauses define that Bill is the father of John, second two clauses use the variables X, Y and Z to represent (express) the rule that ifXis the grandfather of Z, ifXis the father ofY and Y is either the mother or father of Z . Such a program can be asked a range of questions- from “ is John, the father of Tom?” [Father (John, Tom)?] To “ Is there any A who is the grandfather of C?”[Grandfather (A, C)?] .

The possible operation of computer based on logic is illustrated in the following using the family tree program. Execution of , for example “Grandfather (Bill,R)?”Will match each“Grandfather ( ) “ Clause.

Grandfather ( X=Bill, Z=R ) :-father (Bill,Y),mother (Y,R).

Grandfather ( X=Bill, Z=R ) :-father (Bill,Y),father (Y,R).

Both clauses will attempt in parallel to satisfy their Goals, such aconcept is calledOR – Parallelism.The firstclausewillfailbeingunabletosatisfyitsgoal, search will continues to the second clause i.e.,calledOR – Parallelism.

Knowledge based computer system(K.B.C.S) depicted in AI applications having appreciated mechanism to implement AI systems using knowledge bases, it is found that knowledge based computer systems are to developed in suitable areas where knowledge can be represented appropriately with the desired implications.

CONCLUSION

While reading the above information of AI and the role of knowledge based systems depicted in AI applications one must remember keeping in mind that the AI is new developing science and knowledge based computer system(K.B.C.S) is a process for extending a knowledge base.