Cleaner Bricks for Better Air Quality in Dhaka

Submitted by Maria Sarraf
On Wed, 02/08/2012

co-authors: Lelia Croitoru

Dhaka. Chittagong. Khulna. Just a handful of cities where construction is booming. In Bangladesh, the construction sector is driven by a single fuel: bricks. But making bricks is not neat. It is messy and backbreaking. In Bangladesh, most bricks are manually made from mud, and then burnt in kilns. Workers have to use hammers to break up tons of coal every day. Then they carry the coal on their shoulders to the ovens used to fire bricks. There are more than 4,500 traditional kilns in Bangladesh that operate this way.

The country’s capital, Dhaka, is surrounded by more than 1,200 kilns. Most kilns operate only 6 months during the year (between November and April). Because more than 90% are located in low-lying areas which experience flooding during the rainy season. During the 6 months of operation, Dhaka becomes one of the most polluted cities in the world. Every day, the chimneys blow black smoke that clouds the city’s sky. The smoke is dense and contains fine particulates, which are very damaging to health. They cause no less than 20 percent of the premature deaths related to urban air pollutionin Dhaka.

How long can the country afford to make bricks in this way? The current status is by no means sustainable. To make 100,000 bricks, one needs to burn 20 tons of coal, which has high sulfur content. China, the world’s leading brick producer, uses only 6 tons of coal to make the same amount of bricks. China’s experience suggests that adopting cleaner and more energy-efficient technologies is key to success.

But polluting technologies are relatively profitable for entrepreneurs. Would cleaner technologies make both the entrepreneur and society better off? To find the answer, a recent bank study estimated the benefits from several technologies. Polluting technologies generate about TK100 per thousand bricks for the entrepreneur. When the costs of air pollution and CO2 emissions are factored in, they actually become detrimental for society with negative net returns. By contrast, adopting cleaner technologies is a win-win solution: for society, it reduces the impact of air pollution and CO2 emissions, generating a net benefit of TK72 per thousand bricks; for the entrepreneurs, it increases the profits to TK115 per thousand bricks.

Better economic benefits from cleaner technologies is good news, but isn’t enough by itself. Most brick entrepreneurs in Bangladesh can neither afford cleaner kilns, nor get a loan to buy them. Recognizing the brick sector as a formal industry and encouraging diversification to energy-efficient products (hollow, perforated bricks) are among the first steps towards a more efficient brick sector and cleaner air in Dhaka city.