Sample records for balloon-borne sounding system from the National Library of Energy Beta (NLEBeta)

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We present the results of a study along with a first prototype of a high precision system (? 1 arcsec) for pointing and tracking light (near-infrared) telescopes on board stratospheric balloons. Such a system is essentially composed by a star sensor and by a star tracker, able to recognize the field and to adequately track the telescope, respectively. We present the software aimed at processing the star sensor image and the predictive algorithm that allows the fine tracking of the source at a sub-pixel level. The laboratory tests of the system are described and its performance is analyzed. We demonstrate how such a device, when used at the focal plane of enough large telescopes (2-4m, F/10), is capable to provide (sub-)arcsec diffraction limited images in the near infrared bands.

Spider is a balloon-borne experiment that will measure the polarization of the Cosmic Microwave Background over a large fraction of a sky at 1 degree resolution. Six monochromatic refracting millimeter-wave telescopes with large arrays of antenna-coupled transition-edge superconducting bolometers will provide system sensitivities of 4.2 and 3.1 micro K_cmb rt s at 100 and 150 GHz, respectively. A rotating half-wave plate will modulate the polarization sensitivity of each telescope, controlling systematics. Bolometer arrays operating at 225 GHz and 275 GHz will allow removal of polarized galactic foregrounds. In a 2-6 day first flight from Alice Springs, Australia in 2010, Spider will map 50% of the sky to a depth necessary to improve our knowledge of the reionization optical depth by a large factor.

The Balloon-borne Large Aperture Submillimeter Telescope (BLAST) is a suborbital surveying experiment designed to study the evolutionary history and processes of star formation in local galaxies (including the Milky Way) and galaxies at cosmological distances. The BLAST continuum camera, which consists of 270 detectors distributed between three arrays, observes simultaneously in broadband (30%) spectral windows at 250, 350, and 500 ?m. The optical design is based on a 2 m diameter telescope, providing a diffraction-limited resolution of 30 -->'' at 250 ?m. The gondola pointing system enables raster mapping of arbitrary geometry, with a repeatable positional accuracy of ~30 -->''; postflight pointing reconstruction to 5 -->'' rms is achieved. The onboard telescope control software permits autonomous execution of a preselected set of maps, with the option of manual override. In this paper we describe the primary characteristics and measured in-flight performance of BLAST. BLAST performed a test flight in 2003 and has since made two scientifically productive long-duration balloon flights: a 100 hr flight from ESRANGE (Kiruna), Sweden to Victoria Island, northern Canada in 2005 June; and a 250 hr, circumpolar flight from McMurdo Station, Antarctica, in 2006 December.

a lightning flash have been obtained by a balloon-borne electric field sonde or Esonde. This paper developsAnalysis of charge transport during lightning using balloon-borne electric field sensors and Lightning Mapping Array William W. Hager,1 Richard G. Sonnenfeld,2 Beyza Caliskan Aslan,1 Gaopeng Lu,2

The Balloon-borne Large-Aperture Sub-millimetre Telescope (BLAST) will operate on a Long Duration Balloon platform with large format bolometer arrays at 250, 350 and 500 microns, initially using a 2m mirror, with plans to increase to 2.5m. BLAST is a collaboration between scientists in the USA, Canada, UK, Italy and Mexico. Funding has been approved and it is now in its building phase. The test flight is scheduled for 2002, with the first long duration flight the following year. The scientific goals are to learn about the nature of distant extragalactic star forming galaxies and cold pre-stellar sources by making deep maps both at high and low galactic latitudes. BLAST will be useful for planning Herschel key projects which use SPIRE.

We describe BOOMERANG, a balloon-borne microwave telescope designed to map the cosmic microwave background at a resolution of 10' from the Long Duration Balloon (LDB) platform. The millimeter-wave receiver employs new technology in bolometers, readout electronics, cold reimaging optics, millimeter-wave filters, and cryogenics to obtain high sensitivity to cosmic microwave background anisotropy. Sixteen detectors observe in four spectral bands centered at 90, 150, 240, and 410 GHz. The wide frequency coverage, the long-duration flight, the optical design, and the observing strategy provide strong rejection of systematic effects. We report the flight performance of the instrument during a 10.5 day stratospheric balloon flight launched from McMurdo Station, Antarctica, that mapped ~2000 square degrees of the sky.

At present, gondola platform is one of the stratospheric balloon-borne platforms being in research focus at home and overseas. Comparing to other stratospheric balloon-borne platforms, such as airship platform, gondola platform has advantages of higher stability, rapid in motion regulation and lower energy cost but disadvantages of less supporting capacity and be incapable of fixation. While all platforms have the same goal of keeping them at accurate angle and right pose for the requirements of instruments and objects installed in the platforms, when platforms rotate round the ground level perpendicular. That is accomplishing motion control. But, platform control system has factors of low damper, excessive and uncertain disturbances by the reason of its being hung over balloon in the air, it is hard to achieve the desired control precision because platform is ease to deviate its benchmark motion. Thus, in the controlling procedure in order to get higher precision, it is crucial to perceive the platform's swing synchronously and rapidly, and restrain the influence of disturbances effectively, keep the platform's pose steadily. Furthermore, while the platform in the air regard control center in the ground as reference object, it is ultimate to select a appropriate reference frame and work out the coordinates and implement the adjustment by the PC104 controller. This paper introduces the methods of the motion control based on stratospheric balloon-borne gondola platform. Firstly, this paper compares the characteristic of the flywheel and CMG and specifies the key methods of obtaining two significant states which are 'orientation stability' state and 'orientation tracking' state for platform motion control procedure using CMG as the control actuator. These two states reduce the deviation amplitude of rotation and swing of gondola's motion relative to original motion due to stratospheric intense atmosphere disturbance. We define it as the first procedure. In next procedure, we use the transfer matrix of earth reference frame to geographic reference frame to transform the data measured by the magnetic orientation sensors and the gyroscope to the space orientations, then the PC104 controller use the space orientations value as feedback to complete revises.

We present the second generation BLASTbus electronics. The primary purposes of this system are detector readout, attitude control, and cryogenic housekeeping, for balloon-borne telescopes. Readout of neutron transmutation doped germanium (NTD-Ge) bolometers requires low noise and parallel acquisition of hundreds of analog signals. Controlling a telescope's attitude requires the capability to interface to a wide variety of sensors and motors, and to use them together in a fast, closed loop. To achieve these different goals, the BLASTbus system employs a flexible motherboard-daughterboard architecture. The programmable motherboard features a digital signal processor (DSP) and field-programmable gate array (FPGA), as well as slots for three daughterboards. The daughterboards provide the interface to the outside world, with versions for analog to digital conversion, and optoisolated digital input/output. With the versatility afforded by this design, the BLASTbus also finds uses in cryogenic, thermometry, and powe...

We introduce the light-weight carbon fiber and aluminum gondola designed for the SPIDER balloon-borne telescope. SPIDER is designed to measure the polarization of the Cosmic Microwave Background radiation with unprecedented sensitivity and control of systematics in search of the imprint of inflation: a period of exponential expansion in the early Universe. The requirements of this balloon-borne instrument put tight constrains on the mass budget of the payload. The SPIDER gondola is designed to house the experiment and guarantee its operational and structural integrity during its balloon-borne flight, while using less than 10% of the total mass of the payload. We present a construction method for the gondola based on carbon fiber reinforced polymer tubes with aluminum inserts and aluminum multi-tube joints. We describe the validation of the model through Finite Element Analysis and mechanical tests.

The Debris Disk Explorer (DDX) is a proposed balloon-borne investigation of debris disks around nearby stars. Debris disks are analogs of the Asteroid Belt (mainly rocky) and Kuiper Belt (mainly icy) in our Solar System. DDX will measure the size, shape, brightness, and color of tens of disks. These measurements will enable us to place the Solar System in context. By imaging debris disks around nearby stars, DDX will reveal the presence of perturbing planets via their influence on disk structure, and explore the physics and history of debris disks by characterizing the size and composition of disk dust. The DDX instrument is a 0.75-m diameter off-axis telescope and a coronagraph carried by a stratospheric balloon. DDX will take high-resolution, multi-wavelength images of the debris disks around tens of nearby stars. Two flights are planned; an overnight test flight within the United States followed by a month-long science flight launched from New Zealand. The long flight will fully explore the set of known de...

The research described herein consists of two parts. The first part is a description of the design of a balloonborne ultraviolet photometer to measure ozone and the results of a flight using this instrument. The second part describes modifications made on the standard commercially available electrochemical ozonesonde and the results of some experiments performed both in the laboratory and during stratospheric balloon flights. Using this modified ECC system, 33 successful balloon flights were made at McMurdo Station, Antarctica during the austral spring of 1986 to study the temporal and vertical development of the so-called Antarctic Ozone Hole. Photometric measurements of ozone in the atmosphere can be accomplished by exploiting 253.65 nanometer absorption feature of ozone. Using a single light source and beam splitting optics, matched optical paths can be generated through two absorption cells. The ozonesonde data gave a very clear picture of the development of the Ozone Hole. The results can be summarized as follows: (1) Depletion occurs between about 12 and 20 km. (2) The most efficient region of ozone depletion decreases in altitude with time. Height profiles show subregions where ozone removal is highly efficient. (3) At 18 km, the ozone mixing ratio decays with a half-life of 25 days.

Studies of Neutron Backgrounds for PoGOLite Â­ a Balloon-borne Gamma-ray Polarimeter Jaroslav, neutrons stars and jets from active galaxies. To this day, polarisation has only been measured for the Crab, performed using Monte Carlo simulations in Geant4, of the atmospheric neutron background and its effect

Funded by Air Force Wright Aeronautical Laboratory, a new balloon-borne high altitude aerosol spectrometer, for the measurement of cirrus cloud ice crystals, has been developed and successfully flown by Sandia National Laboratories and Radiance Research. This report (1) details the aerosol spectrometer design and construction, (2) discusses data transmission and decoding, (3) presents data collected on three Florida flights in tables and plots. 2 refs., 11 figs., 3 tabs.

A balloonborne experiment for the measurement of solar and atmospheric neutrons in energy and direction above 50 MeV is described. The principle of measurement is the double elastic scattering process of the incoming neutrons with hydrogen atoms. For the registration of the recoil protons spark chambers are used. The hydrogen is contained in thin plastic scintillator and polyethylene plates, which are inserted between the spark chambers. The sparks are recorded photographically from two sides. A detailed description of the design of the experiment is given. The properties of the apparatus were determined by atmospheric neutron measurements at ground level.

We describe the BOOMERANG North America instrument, a balloon-borne bolometric radiometer designed to map the cosmic microwave background (CMB) radiation with 03 resolution over a significant portion of the sky. This receiver employs new technologies in bolometers, readout electronics, millimeter-wave optics and filters, cryogenics, scan, and attitude reconstruction. All these subsystems are described in detail in this paper. The system has been fully calibrated in flight using a variety of techniques, which are described and compared. Using this system, we have obtained a measurement of the first peak in the CMB angular power spectrum in a single, few hour long balloon flight. The instrument described here was a prototype of the BOOMERANG Long Duration Balloon experiment.

We are developing a new balloon-borne instrument (PoGO), to measure polarization of soft gamma rays (30-200 keV) using asymmetry in azimuth angle distribution of Compton scattering. PoGO is designed to detect 10% polarization in 100mCrab sources in a 6-8 hour observation and bring a new dimension to studies on gamma ray emission/transportation mechanism in pulsars, AGNs, black hole binaries, and neutron star surface. The concept is an adaptation to polarization measurements of well-type phoswich counter consisting of a fast plastic scintillator (the detection part), a slow plastic scintillator (the active collimator) and a BGO scintillator (the bottom anti-counter). PoGO consists of close-packed array of 217 hexagonal well-type phoswich counters and has a narrow field-of-view ({approx} 5 deg{sup 2}) to reduce possible source confusion. A prototype instrument has been tested in the polarized soft gamma-ray beams at Advanced Photon Source (ANL) and at Photon Factory (KEK). On the results, the polarization dependence of EGS4 has been validated and that of Geant4 has been corrected.

A method of estimating dissipation rates from a vertically pointing Doppler lidar with high temporal and spatial resolution has been evaluated by comparison with independent measurements derived from a balloon-borne sonic anemometer. This method ...

Sample records for balloon-borne sounding system from the National Library of Energy Beta (NLEBeta)

Note: This page contains sample records for the topic "balloon-borne sounding system" from the National Library of EnergyBeta (NLEBeta).
While these samples are representative of the content of NLEBeta,
they are not comprehensive nor are they the most current set.
We encourage you to perform a real-time search of NLEBeta
to obtain the most current and comprehensive results.

We describe BOOMERANG; a balloon-borne microwave telescope designed to map the Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB) at a resolution of 10' from the Long Duration Balloon (LDB) platform. The millimeter-wave receiver employs new technology in bolometers, readout electronics, cold re-imaging optics, millimeter-wave filters, and cryogenics to obtain high sensitivity to CMB anisotropy. Sixteen detectors observe in 4 spectral bands centered at 90, 150, 240 and 410 GHz. The wide frequency coverage, the long duration flight, the optical design and the observing strategy provide strong rejection of systematic effects. We report the flight performance of the instrument during a 10.5 day stratospheric balloon flight launched from McMurdo Station, Antarctica that mapped ~2000 square degrees of the sky.

The design of a stabilization system for astronomical observations from balloons requires very specific solutions. Technologies used in ground based telescopes or satellite experiments are not directly usable. The frequency and the amplitude of external perturbations are at least one order of magnitude higher in a balloon environment. High gain closed-loop servos are not stable on light balloon gondolas, with low resonance frequencies. The attitude control systems should not excite the high-Q resonance of the flight chain (torsion mode) and the compound pendulum motion of the gondola around its center of gravity. This paper presents solutions to these problems.

PoGOLite is a hard X-ray polarimeter operating in the 25-100 keV energy band. The instrument design is optimised for the observation of compact astrophysical sources. Observations are conducted from a stabilised stratospheric balloon platform at an altitude of approximately 40 km. The primary targets for first balloon flights of a reduced effective area instrument are the Crab and Cygnus-X1. The polarisation of incoming photons is determined using coincident Compton scattering and photo-absorption events reconstructed in an array of plastic scintillator detector cells surrounded by a bismuth germanate oxide (BGO) side anticoincidence shield and a polyethylene neutron shield. A custom attitude control system keeps the polarimeter field-of-view aligned to targets of interest, compensating for sidereal motion and perturbations such as torsional forces in the balloon rigging. An overview of the PoGOLite project is presented and the outcome of the ill-fated maiden balloon flight is discussed.

The International Space UniversityBalloon Air traffic control Technology Experiment (I-BATE11I-BATE: International Space UniversityBalloon Air traffic control Technology Experiment. ) has flown on board two stratospheric balloons and has tracked nearby aircraft by receiving their Automatic Dependent Surveillance-Broadcast (ADS-B) transmissions. Air traffic worldwide is facing increasing congestion. It is predicted that daily European flight volumes will more than double by 2030 compared to 2009 volumes. ADS-B is an air traffic management system being used to mitigate air traffic congestion. Each aircraft is equipped with both a GPS receiver and an ADS-B transponder. The transponder transmits an equipped aircraft's unique identifier, position, heading, and velocity once per second. The ADS-B transmissions can then be received by ground stations for use in traditional air traffic management. Airspace not monitored by these ground stations or other traditional means remains uncontrolled and poorly monitored. A constellation of space-based ADS-B receivers could close these gaps and provide global air traffic monitoring. By flying an ADS-B receiver on a stratospheric balloon, I-BATE has served as a precursor to a constellation of ADS-B-equipped Earth-orbiting satellites. From the ?30 km balloon altitude, I-BATE tracked aircraft ranging up to 850 km. The experiment has served as a proof of concept for space-based air traffic management and supports a technology readiness level 6 of space-based ADS-B reception.

Two new sound-recording systems were developed as part of a study on the effects of sound from seismic air guns on fish behavior. The systems were used to record ... ) at several depths and distances from the seismic

Kingdom me@chrisoshea.org ABSTRACT Numerous innovative controllers and collaborative tactile interfaces in the audiovisual tactile mixer field offering realtime visual feedback in addition to a tangible control interface developed by the creators of such systems. The authors consider the software integration of such systems

This paper presents two novel hybrid spatial audio systems demonstrated for use in two-dimensional ... further creative freedom to a composer, sound engineer or sound designer. The systems are principally ... bas...

Tethered Balloon SoundingSystem Tethered Balloon SoundingSystem for Vertical Radiation Profiles C. D. Whiteman J. M. Alzheimer G. A. Anderson M. R. Garnich W. J. Shaw Pacific Northwest Laboratory Richland, WA 99352 platform is built on a triangular frame identical to the one on the Sky Platform, but the MSP carries no radiometric sensors, control loop, or leveling motors. Rather. the MSP is instrumented to measure the motions to which the Sky Platform will be subjected; the data provide engineering information to be used in the final design of the control loop and structural elements of the Sky Platform. An array of six miniature solid state accelerometers provides the raw data from which balloon motions are determined. Future plans call for the installation of a small attitude gyroscope on the

StreamsBalloon-BorneSounding StreamsBalloon-BorneSoundingSystem Documentation SONDE Instrument External Datastream Descriptions ARM Data Discovery Browse Data Comments? We would love to hear from you! Send us a note below or call us at 1-888-ARM-DATA. Send Balloon-BorneSoundingSystem (SONDE) Information updated on August 14, 2013, 8:09 pm GMT General Data Description The Integrated SoundingSystem, developed by NCAR and NOAA, consisted of a transportable container with a RWP, RASS, and a navigation aid balloon-bornesoundingsystem (BBSS). Several units were deployed in the TWP region and at Barrow Alaska. Please refer to the ISSSONDE documentation. At Darwin, the Australian Bureau of Meteorology launches sondes whose data are delivered to ARM and processed like ARM data, see SONDE. Expand All Collapse All

This chapter presents the proposed model of combination between Photovoltaic solar system resources and sound biometric techniques, to generate power energy from the sunlight using the PVS controlled by a sound biometric technique. This work contributes ... Keywords: Electricity Consumption, Energy Conversion, Energy Storage Device, Photovoltaic Solar System (PVS), Sound Recognition Techniques

Soundgen is a web services based sound generation system developed for the MIT Psychoacoustics Laboratory Course 6.I82. The sounds created by Soundgen are combinations of various tones and noises, produced by a dedicated ...

A modified least squares algorithm, preventing the overflow of the discharge grid of weight coefficients of an adaptive transverse filter and guaranteeing stable system operation, is suggested for the tuning of an adaptive system of an actively quenched sound field. Experimental results are provided for an adaptive filter with a modified algorithm in a system of several harmonic components of an actively quenched sound field.

A system and method for characterizing, synthesizing, and/or canceling out acoustic signals from inanimate sound sources is disclosed. Propagating wave electromagnetic sensors monitor excitation sources in sound producing systems, such as machines, musical instruments, and various other structures. Acoustical output from these sound producing systems is also monitored. From such information, a transfer function characterizing the sound producing system is generated. From the transfer function, acoustical output from the sound producing system may be synthesized or canceled. The methods disclosed enable accurate calculation of matched transfer functions relating specific excitations to specific acoustical outputs. Knowledge of such signals and functions can be used to effect various sound replication, sound source identification, and sound cancellation applications.

A PROPOSED SYSTEM TO AUTOMATICALLY CONTROL AUDIO SOUND TO NOISE LEVELS A Thesis ~ ]3y GARY 8% NEINAST Submitted to the Graduate Sohool of the Agrioultural and Meohanioal College of Texas in partial fulfillment of the requirements... for the degree oi' MASTER OP SCIENCE August 1957 Major Sub]eot'f Eleotrioal Engineering A PROPOSED SYSTEM TO AUTOMATICALLY CONTROL AUDIO SOUND-TO-NOISE LEVELS k Thesis QARY S. NEINAST Approved as to style and content by& islay a FBNR o 0 ee e epsx' ne...

In most cases of structural?acoustic problems it is reasonable to assume that structural vibration is not influenced by the surrounding fluid. In these cases the vibration of the structure is solved first then the radiation sound field is calculated by simply applying the KirchhoffHelmholtz integral equation. However this assumption is no longer satisfied when structural stiffness is small or fluid impedance is comparable to it. In this situation the vibration and acoustic fields are to be solved simultaneously. Although many researchers have studied this structural?acoustic coupling problem there are still difficulties in solving the problem analytically or even numerically. In this study visualization of sound field by a geometrically simple system (plate?cavity coupled system) is performed experimentally in order to figure out the coupling mechanism between fluid and structure. The system is excited by a speaker and both internal and external sound pressures are measured. The acoustic holographic method is used to estimate the sound field. The results exhibit that there are frequencies where both plate and cavity are strongly coupled as well as ones where the plate can be considered rigid. Visualization that shows acoustic power flow between the internal cavity and external field enables us to understand the fluid?structure coupling mechanism.

In Korea almost every house uses underfloor heating which has advantages of thermal comfort and energy efficiency. However when it is constructed for high?rise apartment houses it yields a problem in floor impact sound insulation. It accounts for the fact that a foam?type thermal insulator sandwiched between structural slab and heating floor functions as a spring and easily transmits impacts on the floor to the slab. In that case the system's transmissibility is determined by dynamic stiffness of the thermal insulation layer and the lower the dynamic stiffness is the more the floor impact is isolated. For that reason apartments construction companies are attempting to lower the dynamic stiffness of the thermal insulation layer for impact sound reduction. As part of the attempt felt?type materials with relatively low dynamic stiffness such as glass wool or polyester felt are considered as a substitution for the foam?type thermal insulator. However there is a possibility that compression of the felt?type materials would increase the dynamic stiffness and the impact sound insulation effect at early stage might be weakened in the long term. This paper investigates the correlation between gradual compression of the felt?type thermal insulation layer and the impact sound variation.

Sample records for balloon-borne sounding system from the National Library of Energy Beta (NLEBeta)

Note: This page contains sample records for the topic "balloon-borne sounding system" from the National Library of EnergyBeta (NLEBeta).
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they are not comprehensive nor are they the most current set.
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We report detector characteristics and background measurements from two prototype imaging CZT detectors flown on a scientific balloon payload in May 2001. The detectors are both platinum-contact 10mm x 10mm x 5mm CZT crystals, each with a 4 $\\times$ 4 array of pixels tiling the anode. One is made from IMARAD horizontal Bridgman CZT, the other from eV Products high-pressure Bridgman material. Both detectors were mounted side-by-side in a flip-chip configuration and read out by a 32-channel IDE VA/TA ASIC preamp/shaper. We enclosed the detectors in the same 40deg field-of-view collimator (comprisinga graded passive shield and plastic scintillator) used in our previously-reported September 2000 flight. I-V curves for the detectors are diode-like, and we find that the platinum contacts adhere significantly better to the CZT surfaces than gold to previous detectors. The detectors and instrumentation performed well in a 20-hour balloon flight on 23/24 May 2001. Although we discovered a significant instrumental background component in flight, it was possible to measure and subtract this component from the spectra. The resulting IMARAD detector background spectrum (from 30 keV to ~450 keV) reaches ~5 x 10^{-3}$ counts/cm^2 -sec-keV at 100 keV and has a power-law index of ~2 at high energies. The eV Products detector has a similar spectrum, although there is more uncertainty in the energy scale because of calibration complications.

Waste treatment facilities are often shared among different municipalities as a means of managing wastes more efficiently. Usually, management costs are assigned to each municipality depending on the size of the population or total amount of waste produced, regardless of important environmental aspects such as per capita waste generation or achievements in composting or recycling. This paper presents a feebate (fee+rebate) system aimed to foster urban waste reduction and recovery. The proposal suggests that municipalities achieving better results in their waste management performance (from an ecological viewpoint) be recompensated with a rebate obtained from a fee charged to those municipalities that are less environmentally sound. This is a dynamic and flexible instrument that would positively encourage municipalities to reduce waste whilst increasing the recycling.

In order to assess the value of remote sounding data for numerical weather prediction, parallel sets of analyses were produced with (SAT) and without (NOSAT) the sounding data from the experimental Nimbus-6 and operational NOAA-4 satellites for ...

climates, not only because of the loss of energy, but also because of damage that can result to insulation, drywall, and structure in addition to promotion of mold and mildew growth. Proper setup of the HVAC system, in conjunction with sound building skin...

To support marine ecological resource management and emergency response and to enhance scientific understanding of physical and biogeochemical processes in Puget Sound, a real-time Puget Sound Operational Forecast System (PS-OFS) was developed by the Coastal Ocean Dynamics & Ecosystem Modeling group (CODEM) of Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL). PS-OFS employs the state-of-the-art three-dimensional coastal ocean model and closely follows the standards and procedures established by National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) National Ocean Service (NOS). PS-OFS consists of four key components supporting the Puget Sound Circulation and Transport Model (PS-CTM): data acquisition, model execution and product archive, model skill assessment, and model results dissemination. This paper provides an overview of PS-OFS and its ability to provide vital real-time oceanographic information to the Puget Sound community. PS-OFS supports pacific northwest regions growing need for a predictive tool to assist water quality management, fish stock recovery efforts, maritime emergency response, nearshore land-use planning, and the challenge of climate change and sea level rise impacts. The structure of PS-OFS and examples of the system inputs and outputs, forecast results are presented in details.

in all three media. A technique has been developed for measuring the low-frequency sound speed A LIGHT AIRCRAFT FOR UNDERWATER ACOUSTICS APPLICATIONS Michael J. Buckingham, Eric M. Giddens, Fernando the coast, north of La Jolla, southern California, USA, in which a single-engine, propeller-driven light

A system for grabbing integrated video frames produced by a remote camera is described. As part of the pointed platform in a balloon?borne experiment we use a video charge?coupled?device camera to obtain wide field star images. To obtain images with a sufficient signal?to?noise ratio integration times of up to 1 s are required. In applications where the frame grabber and camera are physically close to each other timing the frame grabber trigger is straightforward; however there are several advantages to locating the frame grabber not on the balloon payload. As a result commands issued simultaneously to the frame grabber on the ground and the camera on the balloon can be delayed relative to each other resulting in failure to acquire an image. We have developed a system where at the end of an integration a tone is injected into the video field preceding the transmission of the integrated frame; the tone is used on the ground by a decoder circuit to control the frame grabber acquisition of the integrated frame. The system has operated successfully in the flight of a stratospheric balloon?borne telescope.

An open end axisymmetrical cavity is used to study the generation of implosion sound. The cross section of the cavitys profile has a shape which will distort the wave front of a plane shock wave converging it into a single point. Hence a spherical collapsing phenomenon can be approximately achieved when a shock wave propagates into the opening of this finite size artificial cavity. Through the shock and shock interference mechanism a strong impulse therefore is generated at the focal point caused by the pressure difference between the inside and outside of the cavity. This highly localized impulse then is radiated out from the opening of the cavity as a sound projector. A prototype model of 0.5 l size has been constructed and tested in the laboratory. The preliminary experimental results indicated that this device can reach a peak sound pressure level of 146 dB//20 ?Pa in air and 185 dB//30 ?Pa in water with an ambient pressure of 1 atmosphere (1 bar). The 50% pulse width is about 20 and 30 ?s for air and water respectively. Analysis and application of this type of sound projector will be discussed.

soundings, audio-magnetotelluric soundings and telluric soundings, audio-magnetotelluric soundings and telluric mapping in and around the Coso Range, California Jump to: navigation, search GEOTHERMAL ENERGYGeothermal Home Report: Schlumberger soundings, audio-magnetotelluric soundings and telluric mapping in and around the Coso Range, California Details Activities (4) Areas (2) Regions (0) Abstract: Results of geophysical surveys in and around the Coso Range, and in particular in the area surrounding Coso Hot Springs are reported. Electrical properties of rocks associated with thermal phenomena of the Devil's Kitchen-Coso Hot Springs area in the Coso rhyolite dome field and the large arcuate fracture system previously postulated to represent a stage of incipient caldera formation were studied. Six individual plates

govInstrumentssonde govInstrumentssonde Documentation SONDE : Handbook SONDE : XDC documentation ARM Data Discovery Browse Data Comments? We would love to hear from you! Send us a note below or call us at 1-888-ARM-DATA. Send Instrument : Balloon-BorneSoundingSystem (SONDE) Beneficiary of Recovery Act funding. Instrument Categories Atmospheric Profiling General Overview The balloon-bornesoundingsystem (SONDE) provides in situ measurements (vertical profiles) of both the thermodynamic state of the atmosphere, and the wind speed and direction. During some field campaigns, sonde operations from multiple stations around a central location with baseline measurements, like a mobile facility, can provide important constraints for model simulations. At the ARM sites, sondes are launched at the following

As part of an ongoing study co-funded by the Bonneville Power Administration, under its Technology Innovation Grant Program, and the U.S. Department of Energy, the Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL) has developed an approach and modeling tool for assessing the net benefits of using energy storage located close to the customer in the distribution grid to manage demand. PNNL in collaboration with PSE and Primus Power has evaluated the net benefits of placing a zinc bromide battery system at two locations in the PSE system (Baker River / Rockport and Bainbridge Island). Energy storage can provide a number of benefits to the utility through the increased flexibility it provides to the grid system. Applications evaluated in the assessment include capacity value, balancing services, arbitrage, distribution deferral and outage mitigation. This report outlines the methodology developed for this study and Phase I results.

We investigated gesture description of sound stimuli performed during a listening task. Our hypothesis is that the strategies in gestural responses depend on the level of identification of the sound source and specifically on the identification of the ... Keywords: Gesture, cross-modal relationships, embodied cognition, environmental sound perception, sound mimicry, sound source identification, sound tracing

Sound inherently has a spatial quality, an ability to be localized in three dimensions. This is the essence of 3-D, or spatial, sound. A system capable of recording sounds as digitized samples and playing them back in a ...

Sample records for balloon-borne sounding system from the National Library of Energy Beta (NLEBeta)

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they are not comprehensive nor are they the most current set.
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In this paper we discuss a novel technique to control the spatial distribution of sound level within a synthesized sound field. The problem is formulated by separating the sound field into regions with high acoustic level, so-called bright regions, and ... Keywords: Multichannel sound reproduction, Quiet zones, Sound field synthesis, Sound figures

SoundSound Jump to: navigation, search Improved engineering and appropriate use of setbacks near residents has largely eliminated the problem wind farms had with noise in the 1980s and 1990s. Aerodynamic noise has been reduced by advancing blade design and orienting blades upwind of the turbine tower. A small amount of noise is generated by the mechanical components of the turbine. Modern wind turbines are designed with noise reduction in mind. Sound power levels at the source of a wind turbine are in the range of 90-105 dB(A). Proper setback requirements reduce wind farm sound pressure to background-noise levels. For example, at a distance of 350 meters, the sound pressure level for a wind farm is typically less than 45 dB(A). Rural background sound pressure is typically around 30-45dB(A). Higher wind

Sound Oil Company Sound Oil Company file:///C|/Documents%20and%20Settings/blackard/Desktop/EIA/LEE0152.HTM[11/29/2012 2:30:44 PM] DECISION AND ORDER OF THE DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY Application for Exception Name of Petitioner: Sound Oil Company Date of Filing: August 16, 1994 Case Number: LEE-0152 On August 16, 1994, Sound Oil Company (Sound) of Seattle Washington, filed an Application for Exception with the Office of Hearings and Appeals of the Department of Energy. In its Application, Sound requests that it be relieved of the requirement that it file the Energy Information Administration's (EIA) form entitled "Resellers'/Retailers' Monthly Petroleum Product Sales Report" (Form EIA-782B). As explained below, we have determined that the Application for Exception should be denied.

This report describes work done by NCAR under the ''Refinement, Testing, and Application of an Integrated Data Assimilation/SoundingSystem (IDASS) for the DOE/ARM Experimental Program''. It includes a discussion of the goals, findings and a list of 27 journal articles, 92 non-refereed papers and 30 other presentations not associated with a formal publication.

Instrument Cross-Comparisons and Automated Quality Instrument Cross-Comparisons and Automated Quality Control of Atmospheric Radiation Measurement Data S. Moore and G. Hughes ATK Mission Research Santa Barbara, California Introduction Within the Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) instrument network, several different systems often measure the same quantity at the same site. For example, several ARM instruments measure time- series profiles of the atmosphere that were previously available only from balloon-borne radiosonde systems. These instruments include the Radar Wind Profilers (RWP) with Radio-Acoustic SoundingSystems (RASS), the Atmospheric Emitted Radiance Interferometer (AERI), the Microwave Radiometer Profiler (MWRP), and the Raman Lidar (RL). ARM researchers have described methods for direct

wireless devices. Our system takes into consideration the position of museum visitors as well, in real-time by the visitor's device. Keywords: museum, immersion, edutainment, sound spatialization, head]. However, just like images, sounds are fundamental for learning [5]. The listening process is by nature

An acoustic wind?profiling system designed to detect hazardous wind?shear conditions in the airport environment has been developed during the past four years. The system installed at Dulles International Airport consists of a vertically pointed transmitter surrounded by three receivers 290?m distant and separated by 120° in azimuth. Electronically steered receiver beams track the upward propagating transmitted tone burst and collect the scatteredacoustic signals. The Doppler frequency shift of the returns is analyzed digitally to determine the horizontal wind at 20 height levels in 30?m increments. Unique design features of the system such as the steered receiver antenna are described. A one?leg prototype of the Dulles system was installed and tested at Table Mountain near Boulder CO. Winds measured by the prototype acoustic system compared well with those determined by an FM?CW radar and a balloon?borne anemometer. Noisegenerated by rain and surface winds exceeding 16 m sec?1 proved to be the major limitations for the acoustic system. Preliminary results from the Dulles system are also presented.

The U.S. Department of Energys Bonneville Power Administration prepared this statement to assess the environmental and socioeconomic implications of potential solutions to address a power system problem in the Puget Sound area of Washington State.

Scenario Scenario Summary Student Pages Internet Links Index Introduction Development/Rationale for the Year-End Project Teacher Preparation for the Year-End Project The Sight and Sound Project - an Anecdotal Account Introduction to and Selection of Year-End Projects Conducting the Literature Search Project Proposal Conducting the Experiments Wrapping up with the Reports and Presentations Introduction: Mr. Tom Henderson is part of a talented science staff at Glenbrook South High School. Glenbrook South High School (GBS) is set in an educationally supportive and affluent community. The physics staff work in teams teaching physics to over 80 percent of the student population and are constantly looking for ways to use technology to empower students with the ability to apply learned concepts of physics to their lives. With this goal in mind,

We study the N{sub f}-flavor Gross-Neveu model in 2+1 dimensions with a baryon chemical potential {mu}, using both analytical and numerical methods. In particular, we study the self-consistent Boltzmann equation in the Fermi liquid framework using the quasiparticle interaction calculated to O(1/N{sub f}), and find solutions for zero sound propagation for almost all {mu}>{mu}{sub c}, the critical chemical potential for chiral symmetry restoration. Next we present results of a numerical lattice simulation, examining temporal correlation functions of mesons defined using a point-split interpolating operator, and finding evidence for phononlike behavior characterized by a linear dispersion relation in the long wavelength limit. We argue that our results provide the first evidence for a collective excitation in a lattice simulation.

About twenty years ago building authorities and their acoustical experts were faced with a confusing variety of schemes for rating the sound insulation of walls and floors. There was need for a definitive rating system that would digest the 16 transmission loss values that characterize a partition and produce a single number that would describe its sound insulation performance especially in respect to multi?family dwellings. Two standards committees ISO/TC 43 and ASTM E6 (now E33) began more or less together to develop a new improved rating system to fill this need. The product of these labors was what is known in North America as the ASTM sound transmission class (STC). This rating system was so successful that it was almost universally adoptedeven in applications for which it was not intended. Despite the apparent success there is now increasing awareness of imperfections in the system. These are examined in light of accumulated data and experience to see whether the system could or should be improved by certain minor changes.

Information Sheet Information Sheet Project: Your project involves a study of the physics involved in the production of sound and the detection of light and sound by animal species. Technical information about the ability of animals to produce sound and their ability to perceive the world through sight and hearing will be collected by means of background readings. The behavior of light and sound waves will be experimentally analyzed using computer-interfaced light and sound probes (or a computer-interfaced motion detector for ultrasound studies) and the results will be extended to the sensory ability of various animal species. By the end of this project, you should be able to: discuss with both words and diagrams the nature (description, category, physical means of creation and propagation, etc.) and

encoders Â¯ Motor for elevation control; flywheels for yaw and roll The Flight HEFT was launched at 19 rectangular grids show the extent of the detectors. The blue curve shows the trajectory of the target centroid

The Puget Sound Area Electric Reliability Plan Draft Environmental Impact Statement (DEIS) identifies the alternatives for solving a power system problem in the Puget Sound area. This Plan is undertaken by Bonneville Power Administration (BPA), Puget Sound Power & Light, Seattle City Light, Snohomish Public Utility District No. 1 (PUD), and Tacoma Public Utilities. The Plan consists of potential actions in Puget Sound and other areas in the State of Washington. A specific need exists in the Puget Sound area for balance between east-west transmission capacity and the increasing demand to import power generated east of the Cascades. At certain times of the year, there is more demand for power than the electric system can supply in the Puget Sound area. This high demand, called peak demand, occurs during the winter months when unusually cold weather increases electricity use for heating. The existing power system can supply enough power if no emergencies occur. However, during emergencies, the system will not operate properly. As demand grows, the system becomes more strained. To meet demand, the rate of growth of demand must be reduced or the ability to serve the demand must be increased, or both. The plan to balance Puget Sound`s power demand and supply has these purposes: The plan should define a set of actions that would accommodate ten years of load growth (1994--2003). Federal and State environmental quality requirements should be met. The plan should be consistent with the plans of the Northwest Power Planning Council. The plan should serve as a consensus guideline for coordinated utility action. The plan should be flexible to accommodate uncertainties and differing utility needs. The plan should balance environmental impacts and economic costs. The plan should provide electric system reliability consistent with customer expectations. 29 figs., 24 tabs.

Sound studies and Deaf studies may seem at first impression to operate in worlds apart. We argue in this article, however, that similar renderings of hearing, deafness, and seeing as ideal types - and as often essentialized ...

the rate at which energy is passing a certain point. This concept involves sound intensity. Consider the sound intensity. Recall the time rate of energy transfer is called "power". Thus, sound intensity2011 Intensity - 1 INTENSITY OF SOUND The objectives of this experiment are: Â· To understand

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The Puget Sound Area Electric Reliability Plan Draft Environmental Impact Statement (DEIS) identifies the alternatives for solving a power system problem in the Puget Sound area. This Plan is undertaken by Bonneville Power Administration (BPA), Puget Sound Power Light, Seattle City Light, Snohomish Public Utility District No. 1 (PUD), and Tacoma Public Utilities. The Plan consists of potential actions in Puget Sound and other areas in the State of Washington. A specific need exists in the Puget Sound area for balance between east-west transmission capacity and the increasing demand to import power generated east of the Cascades. At certain times of the year, there is more demand for power than the electric system can supply in the Puget Sound area. This high demand, called peak demand, occurs during the winter months when unusually cold weather increases electricity use for heating. The existing power system can supply enough power if no emergencies occur. However, during emergencies, the system will not operate properly. As demand grows, the system becomes more strained. To meet demand, the rate of growth of demand must be reduced or the ability to serve the demand must be increased, or both. The plan to balance Puget Sound's power demand and supply has these purposes: The plan should define a set of actions that would accommodate ten years of load growth (1994--2003). Federal and State environmental quality requirements should be met. The plan should be consistent with the plans of the Northwest Power Planning Council. The plan should serve as a consensus guideline for coordinated utility action. The plan should be flexible to accommodate uncertainties and differing utility needs. The plan should balance environmental impacts and economic costs. The plan should provide electric system reliability consistent with customer expectations. 29 figs., 24 tabs.

The purpose of this study was to design and build two versions of an underwater sound recording device. The device designed is referred to as the Underwater Sound Recorder (USR), which can be connected to one or two hydrophones or other underwater sound sensors. The URS contains a 26 dB preamplifier and a user selectable gain that permits additional amplification of input to the system from 26 dB to 46 dB. Signals within the frequency range up to 15 kHz may be recorded using the USR. Examples of USR applications are monitoring underwater processes that have the potential to create large pressure waves that could potentially harm fish or other aquatic life, such as underwater explosions or pile driving. Additional applications are recording sound generated by vessels or the vocalizations of some marine mammals, such as the calls from many species of whales.

Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) can generate smooth-spectra sound emission over a wide frequency range (1105 Hz) by means of thermoacoustics (TA). However, in the low frequencies f, where the need for large area sound projectors is high, the sound generation efficiency ? of open CNT sheets is low, since ? ? f2. Together with this problem, the nanoscale thickness of CNT sheets, their high sensitivity to the environment and the high surface temperatures useful for TA sound generation are other drawbacks, which we address here by protective encapsulation of free-standing CNT sheets in inert gases. We provide an extensive experimental study of such closed systems for different thermodynamic regimes and rationalize our observations within a basic theoretical framework. The observed sound pressure levels for encapsulated argon filled TA transducers (130 dB in air and 200 dB underwater in the near field at 5 cm distance, and 100 and 170 dB in the far field at 1 m distance) are Q times higher than those for open systems, where Q is the resonant quality factor of the thin enclosure plates. Moreover, the sound generation efficiency of the encapsulated system increases toward low frequencies (? ? 1/f2). Another method to increase ? in the low frequency region is by modulation of the applied high frequency carrier current with a low frequency resonant envelope. This approach enables sound generation at the frequency of the applied current without the need for additional energy-consuming biasing. The acoustical and geometrical parameters providing further increases in efficiency and transduction performance for resonant systems are discussed.

While architecture inherently makes sound when people and the environment interact with it, architects seldom orchestrate a building to produce sound. This thesis proposes a sonic facade that turns an existing building ...

The ability of the auditory system to perceive the fundamental frequency of a sound even when this frequency is removed from the stimulus is an interesting phenomenon related to the pitch of complex sounds. This capability is known as ``residue'' or ``virtual pitch'' perception and was first reported last century in the pioneering work of Seebeck. It is residue perception that allows one to listen to music with small transistor radios, which in general have a very poor and sometimes negligible response to low frequencies. The first attempt, due to Helmholtz, to explain the residue as a nonlinear effect in the ear considered it to originate from difference combination tones. However, later experiments have shown that the residue does not coincide with a difference combination tone. These results and the fact that dichotically presented signals also elicit residue perception have led to nonlinear theories being gradually abandoned in favour of central processor models. In this paper we use recent results from the theory of nonlinear dynamical systems to show that physical frequencies produced by generic nonlinear oscillators acted upon by two independent periodic excitations can reproduce with great precision most of the experimental data about the residue without resorting to any kind of central processing mechanism.

Sounding Configurations Sounding Configurations Jump to: navigation, search Dictionary.png Vertical Electrical Sounding Configurations A vertical electrical sounding (VES) is a DC resistivity survey which provides information regarding the change in apparent resistivity with depth. A quantitative interpretation of the results from VES measurements enable determination of the parameters for the geoelectric section.[1] Also Known As VES; Schlumberger Sounding References â http://www.nga.com/Flyers_PDF/NGA_DC_Resistivity.pdf http://www.amazon.com/Principles-Electric-Borehole-Geophysics-Geochemistry/dp/0444529942 Ret LikeLike UnlikeLike You like this.Sign Up to see what your friends like. rieved from "http://en.openei.org/w/index.php?title=Definition:Vertical_Electrical_Sounding_Configurations&oldid=596183

govMeasurementsHorizontal wind govMeasurementsHorizontal wind ARM Data Discovery Browse Data Comments? We would love to hear from you! Send us a note below or call us at 1-888-ARM-DATA. Send Measurement : Horizontal wind The horizontal wind in terms of either speed and direction, or the zonal (u) and meridional (v) components. Categories Atmospheric State Instruments The above measurement is considered scientifically relevant for the following instruments. Refer to the datastream (netcdf) file headers of each instrument for a list of all available measurements, including those recorded for diagnostic or quality assurance purposes. ARM Instruments SONDE : Balloon-BorneSoundingSystem CO2FLX : Carbon Dioxide Flux Measurement Systems ECOR : Eddy Correlation Flux Measurement System DISDROMETER : Impact Disdrometer

pressure pressure ARM Data Discovery Browse Data Comments? We would love to hear from you! Send us a note below or call us at 1-888-ARM-DATA. Send Measurement : Atmospheric pressure The pressure exerted by the atmosphere as a consequence of gravitational attraction exerted upon the "column" of air lying directly above the point in question. Categories Atmospheric State Instruments The above measurement is considered scientifically relevant for the following instruments. Refer to the datastream (netcdf) file headers of each instrument for a list of all available measurements, including those recorded for diagnostic or quality assurance purposes. ARM Instruments SONDE : Balloon-BorneSoundingSystem CO2FLX : Carbon Dioxide Flux Measurement Systems ECOR : Eddy Correlation Flux Measurement System

temperature temperature ARM Data Discovery Browse Data Comments? We would love to hear from you! Send us a note below or call us at 1-888-ARM-DATA. Send Measurement : Atmospheric temperature The temperature indicated by a thermometer exposed to the air in a place sheltered from direct solar radiation. Categories Atmospheric State Instruments The above measurement is considered scientifically relevant for the following instruments. Refer to the datastream (netcdf) file headers of each instrument for a list of all available measurements, including those recorded for diagnostic or quality assurance purposes. ARM Instruments AERI : Atmospheric Emitted Radiance Interferometer SONDE : Balloon-BorneSoundingSystem CO2FLX : Carbon Dioxide Flux Measurement Systems ECOR : Eddy Correlation Flux Measurement System

Various conservation, load management, and fuel switching programs were considered as ways to reduce or shift system peak load. These programs operate at the end-use level, such as residential water heat. Figure D-1a shows what electricity consumption for water heat looks like on normal and extreme peak days. Load management programs, such as water heat control, are designed to reduce electricity consumption at the time of system peak. On the coldest day in average winter, system load peaks near 8:00 a.m. In a winter with extremely cold weather, electricity consumption increases fr all hours, and the system peak shifts to later in the morning. System load shapes in the Puget Sound area are shown in Figure D-1b for a normal winter peak day (February 2, 1988) and extreme peak day (February 3, 1989). Peak savings from any program are calculated to be the reduction in loads on the entire system at the hour of system peak. Peak savings for all programs are measured at 8:00 a.m. on a normal peak day and 9:00 a.m. on an extreme peak day. On extremely cold day, some water heat load shifts to much later in the morning, with less load available for shedding at the time of system peak. Models of hourly end-use consumption were constructed to simulate the impact of conservation, land management, and fuel switching programs on electricity consumption. Javelin, a time-series simulating package for personal computers, was chosen for the hourly analysis. Both a base case and a program case were simulated. 15 figs., 7 tabs.

1 Written vs. Sounding Pitch Donald Byrd School of Informatics and School of Music Indiana that converting written pitch to sounding pitch in conventional Western music notation is simply a matter of transposition and always straightforward. In fact, there are many situations in which converting written pitch

Audio Morphing for Percussive Hybrid Sound Generation Andrea Primavera1, Francesco Piazza1 should be addressed to Andrea Primavera (a.primavera@univpm.it) ABSTRACT The aim of audio morphing to obtain more realistic and perceptually relevant sounds. In this paper we present an automatic audio

Sample records for balloon-borne sounding system from the National Library of Energy Beta (NLEBeta)

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47 47 In Situ Moisture Measurements Using Chilled Mirror Sensors S. J. Richardson Cooperative Institute for Mesoscale Meteorological Studies University of Oklahoma Norman, Oklahoma D. C. Tobin Space Science and Engineering Center University of Wisconsin - Madison Madison, Wisconsin Abstract Chilled mirror moisture measurement systems were installed at the Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) Cloud and Radiation Testbed (CART) Central Facility (CF) at the balloonbornesoundingsystem (BBSS) launch site and at 25 m and 60 m on the CART tower from September 1997 through January 1998. This paper will present results from comparisons between the chilled mirror (CM) sensors and the standard ARM CART instrumentation. This work represents an extension of the work performed during the

Improved Radiosonde Sensor Ready for Launch Improved Radiosonde Sensor Ready for Launch Bookmark and Share At the end of a string tied to the weather balloon, a small sensor package, called a radiosonde, contains the "brains" for measuring atmospheric temperature, pressure and humidity. At the end of a string tied to the weather balloon, a small sensor package, called a radiosonde, contains the "brains" for measuring atmospheric temperature, pressure and humidity. As part of the BalloonBorneSoundingSystem, radiosondes launched at the the ARM Climate Research Facility sites are supplied by Vaisala, one of the market leaders of this technology. Vaisala began phasing out production of the RS90 radiosondes at the end of calendar year 2004 in favor of their new RS92 model. The new version has an improved global positioning system

Abstract Fish depend on sound to communicate with one another, detect prey and predators, navigate from one place to another, avoid hazards, and analyze the world around them. The generation of noise in the ocean, lakes, and rivers by shipping, construction activities, seismic surveys, and sonar systems may affect fish adversely. In recent years, there has been a significant increase in the levels and incidence of human-generated underwater sound, and much of the technology contributing to ocean noise is new. Efforts are now underway to regulate activities that generate underwater sound with the aim of reducing noise levels and minimizing effects upon fish and other aquatic animals.

5 5 Assessment of Large-Scale Advection on Mixing Ratio Profiles Obtained from the C1 BBSS During the Fall 1997 Integrated IOP M. E. Splitt Cooperative Institute for Mesoscale Meteorological Studies University of Oklahoma Norman, Oklahoma Introduction Many studies within atmospheric radiation measurements assume the vertical profiles measured by the C1 [Central Facility(CF)] BalloonBorneSoundingSystem (BBSS) represent an accurate depiction of the profile at a constant latitude and longitude (i.e., as if the balloon rose directly in the vertical with no horizontal displacement). This assump- tion is probably accurate in many situations, but may be problematic in cases where large horizontal gradients in the atmospheric state occur across the site and in which the

5 5 Comparison of Precipitable Water Vapor Measurements Obtained by Microwave Radiometry and Radiosondes at the Southern Great Plains Cloud and Radiation Testbed Site B.M. Lesht Argonne National Laboratory Argonne, Illinois J.C. Liljegren Pacific Northwest National Laboratory Richland, Washington Introduction Comparisons between the precipitable water vapor (PWV) estimated by passive microwave radiometers (MWRs) and that obtained by integrating the vertical profile of water vapor density measured by radiosondes [balloonbornesoundingsystem (BBSS)] have generally shown good agreement (Westwater et al. 1989; England et al. 1992; Ferrare et al. 1995; Liljegren 1994). These comparisons, however, have usually been done over rather short time periods and, consequently, within limited ranges of total PWV and with

From tin whistles to sonic booms, sound waves interact with each other and with the medium through which they travel. By observing these interactions, we can identify substances that are hidden in sealed containers and obtain images of buried objects. By manipulating the ability of sound to push matter around, we can create novel structures and unique materials. Join the Lab's own sound hound, Dipen Sinha, as he describes how he uses fundamental research in acoustics for solving problems in industry, security and health.

Platform-Independent Implementation of 3D-Sound Computer Interface Icons for Subjects with Visual to the icons of a computer interface in order to assist visually impaired individuals during icon location and selection. In this enhanced system, icons have 3D sound properties, in addition to their graphical

Acoustic lenses are employed in a variety of applications, from biomedical imaging and surgery, to defense systems, but their performance is limited by their linear operational envelope and complexity. Here we show a dramatic focusing effect and the generation of large amplitude, compact acoustic pulses (sound bullets) in solid and fluid media, enabled by a tunable, highly nonlinear acoustic lens. The lens consists of ordered arrays of granular chains. The amplitude, size and location of the sound bullets can be controlled by varying static pre-compression on the chains. We support our findings with theory, numerical simulations, and corroborate the results experimentally with photoelasticity measurements. Our nonlinear lens makes possible a qualitatively new way of generating high-energy acoustic pulses, enabling, for example, surgical control of acoustic energy.

There is concern that human?generated sounds may have deleterious effects on fish. This paper will review some of what is currently known about these effects and consider the questions that have to be answered before developing models to enable "prediction" of sound effects on particular fish species. A major restriction is that there are few peer?reviewed data on effects of anthropogenic sources on fish. Extrapolation from these results is further confounded since experiments differ in many ways each of which may alter the resultant impact on fish. For example studies vary in sounds types tested (e.g. pile driving vs. ship noise) signal parameters (intensity number of repetitions) species used fish age etc. Moreover a singularly important issue is that while many of the issues and impact mechanisms are potentially amenable to experimental lab study the ultimate questions regarding the effects of sound on fish behavior need to field based and require long?term observations where behaviour of wild fish is not constrained. Only by observing fish in the wild will we ultimately understand if and how anthropogenic sounds impact fish both during exposure and more importantly for extended periods after the termination of the sound.

Motivated by the recent success of optical trapping of alkali-metal bosons, we have studied the zero sound modes of dilute Fermi gases with arbitrary spin-f, which are spin-S excitations (0system through a simple formula. Measurement of (even a subset of) these modes in finite magnetic fields will enable one to determine all the interaction parameters of the system.

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Hydrokinetic turbines will be a source of noise in the marine environment - both during operation and during installation/removal. High intensity sound can cause injury or behavioral changes in marine mammals and may also affect fish and invertebrates. These noise effects are, however, highly dependent on the individual marine animals; the intensity, frequency, and duration of the sound; and context in which the sound is received. In other words, production of sound is a necessary, but not sufficient, condition for an environmental impact. At a workshop on the environmental effects of tidal energy development, experts identified sound produced by turbines as an area of potentially significant impact, but also high uncertainty. The overall objectives of this project are to improve our understanding of the potential acoustic effects of tidal turbines by: (1) Characterizing sources of existing underwater noise; (2) Assessing the effectiveness of monitoring technologies to characterize underwater noise and marine mammal responsiveness to noise; (3) Evaluating the sound profile of an operating tidal turbine; and (4) Studying the effect of turbine sound on surrogate species in a laboratory environment. This study focuses on a specific case study for tidal energy development in Admiralty Inlet, Puget Sound, Washington (USA), but the methodologies and results are applicable to other turbine technologies and geographic locations. The project succeeded in achieving the above objectives and, in doing so, substantially contributed to the body of knowledge around the acoustic effects of tidal energy development in several ways: (1) Through collection of data from Admiralty Inlet, established the sources of sound generated by strong currents (mobilizations of sediment and gravel) and determined that low-frequency sound recorded during periods of strong currents is non-propagating pseudo-sound. This helped to advance the debate within the marine and hydrokinetics acoustic community as to whether strong currents produce propagating sound. (2) Analyzed data collected from a tidal turbine operating at the European Marine Energy Center to develop a profile of turbine sound and developed a framework to evaluate the acoustic effects of deploying similar devices in other locations. This framework has been applied to Public Utility District No. 1 of Snohomish Country's demonstration project in Admiralty Inlet to inform postinstallation acoustic and marine mammal monitoring plans. (3) Demonstrated passive acoustic techniques to characterize the ambient noise environment at tidal energy sites (fixed, long-term observations recommended) and characterize the sound from anthropogenic sources (drifting, short-term observations recommended). (4) Demonstrated the utility and limitations of instrumentation, including bottom mounted instrumentation packages, infrared cameras, and vessel monitoring systems. In doing so, also demonstrated how this type of comprehensive information is needed to interpret observations from each instrument (e.g., hydrophone data can be combined with vessel tracking data to evaluate the contribution of vessel sound to ambient noise). (5) Conducted a study that suggests harbor porpoise in Admiralty Inlet may be habituated to high levels of ambient noise due to omnipresent vessel traffic. The inability to detect behavioral changes associated with a high intensity source of opportunity (passenger ferry) has informed the approach for post-installation marine mammal monitoring. (6) Conducted laboratory exposure experiments of juvenile Chinook salmon and showed that exposure to a worse than worst case acoustic dose of turbine sound does not result in changes to hearing thresholds or biologically significant tissue damage. Collectively, this means that Chinook salmon may be at a relatively low risk of injury from sound produced by tidal turbines located in or near their migration path. In achieving these accomplishments, the project has significantly advanced the District's goals of developing a demonstration-scale tidal energy proj

Internal tides are perhaps the most prevalent and largest amplitude internal gravity waves in the ocean. They are commonly generated by the scattering of surfacetidal energy into internal modes when the surfacetides propagate on to continental shelves. A portion of the internal tidal energy propagates into the deep ocean. One of the effects of internal tides on underwater acoustic propagation is to perturb the temperature and salinity versus depth profiles and thus the sound speed versus depth profile. Starting with temperature and salinity versus depth profiles from near Eleuthera Island the internal tide eigenfunctions as well as the sound speed profile have been computed for a water depth of 4500 m. Assuming a value for the vertical displacement amplitude of a first vertical mode internal tide the perturbed temperature and salinity profiles have been computed. From these perturbed profiles the consequent perturbed sound speed profiles have been computed for cases of maximum up and down internal tide displacement. The first mode internal tide has no vertical displacement at the sea surface and bottom and a maximum near the base of the main thermocline (depth of about 1200 m). Since the SOFAR axis is also near the base of the main thermocline and since the pressureeffects on sound speed are predominant below the SOFAR axis the sound speed perturbation due to the first mode internal tide is greatest at a depth (about 550 m) above the SOFAR axis. An internal tide with a maximum vertical displacement of 10 m produces a maximum sound speed perturbation of ±0.7 m/sec.

Resources - Nonprofit & Government www2.ci.seattle.wa.us/CrisisClinic/ King County Veterans Program (206) 296-7656 www.vetsedge.org/king_county_veterans_program.htm Multi-Service Center, Federal Way (253) 838.lib.washington.edu/research/ click on Jobs and Careers King County Library System (425) 462-9600 www.kcls.org search keywords: Career

Several procedures are available for the determination of the sound power level of machines in normal environments. Most of these give adequate results for single medium?sized equipment but difficulties arise in extending the concepts to large coupled machines. [Evaluation of Proposed ASME PTC 36 Code for Sound Power Level Determination of Large Steam Turbine Generators  S.E. Grabkowski J. MacDonald and T. Van Schaick (General Electric Company) to be presented at Fall 1975 ASME meeting.] Much of the problem is because the direct acoustic field of a component machine may not extend to as much as one foot from its surface due to reverberation from other components. A procedure is suggested in which all acoustic measurements are confined to surfaces near each component machine. Correction is made for the reverberant acoustic field of the entire environment. The correction procedure utilizes reverberation time determinations from impulsive noise tests; and applies a Monte Carlo approach to the problem of correcting for nearfield effects in the evaluation of sound power. An iterative computation is employed. Comparisons with free?field sound power determinations are shown.

Propagation of heat pulses in NaF has been studied to higher temperatures in a purer crystal than studied by McNelly et al. At the highest temperatures the second-sound velocity fails to level off at the theoretically predicted limiting value.

With holography an entire 3D wave field can be reconstructed from data obtained on a single 2D surface. Such high information content has made holography a powerful research tool and useful extensions from its original optical domain to other wave fields such as sound have naturally been pursued. However it has usually been assumed that the resolution of a holographicreconstruction is limited by the wavelength of the radiation; this limitation severely diminishes the usefulness of holography for sound fields when the wavelengths are many times larger than the objects to be imaged. We have developed a new technique called nearfield holography which eliminates the wavelength resolution limit and in addition permits a determination of: (1) the complete sound pressure and particle velocity fields produced by the source; (2) the mode of vibration of the surfaces of the source; (3) the vector intensity field (showing flow of acoustic energy) around the source; (4) the farfield directivity pattern; (5) the total power radiated into a half?space. A particularly interesting application of nearfield holography occurs in the study of sound radiation from musical instruments. [Work supported by ONR.

the framework of the Danish PhD Research school EnergyLab DK. The project is entitled Project sound noise generated by electrical mo- tors driven by a pulse width modulated (PWM) power electronic inverter analytical solution is proposed. The proposed unified analytical solution can be used for most of the carrier

...Noise and the Sound Insulation of Buildings F. Ingerslev It is claimed that noise...well-being. An outstanding task for the building industry in the 1980s is to ensure a proper noise climate in new buildings. The target must be to obtain a noise...

An electromagnetic (EM) sounding survey was performed over a region encompassing the Dixie Valley geothermal field with the purpose of mapping the subsurface resistivity in the geothermal field and its surroundings. The EM survey consisted of 19 frequency-domain depth soundings made with the EM-60 system using three separate horizontal-loop transmitters, and was designed to explore a narrow region adjacent to the Stillwater Range to a depth of 2 to 3 k. Most sounding curves could be fitted to three-layer resistivity models. The surface layer is moderately conductive (10 to 15 ohm-m), has a maximum thickness of 500 m, and consists mainly of alluvial fan and lake sediments. More conductive zones are associated with hydrothermally altered rocks; a resistivity high may be associated with siliceous hot spring deposits. The conductive second layer (2 to 5 ohm-m) varies in thickness from 400 to 800 m and thickens toward the center of the valley. This layer probably consists of lacustrine sediments saturated with saline waters. Local resistivity lows observed in the second layer may be related to elevated subsurface temperatures. This layer may act as a cap rock for the geothermal system. Resistivities of the third layer are high (50 to 100 ohm-m) except in a narrow 5-km band paralleling the range front. This low-resistivity zone, within volcanic rocks, correlates well in depth and location with reported zones of geothermal fluid production. It also seems to correlate with the western margin of a concealed graben structure previously inferred from other geophysical data.

Acoustic features of sound such as pitch, loudness, perceived duration and timbre have been shown to be related to emotion in regard to sound, demonstrating that an important connection between the perceived emotions and their timbres is lacking...

It is well known that ambient sound is generated by wind through the process of wave breaking and bubble injection. The resulting sound levels are highly correlated with wind speed and, even though the physical process is not fully understood, ...

The flute is investigated for its aeroacoustical properties based on the vortexsound theory. Particle imagevelocimetry(PIV) is used for quantitative flow determination of the jet?edge interaction. The Endoscopic?PIV offers a nonobstructive view of the system over all phases. The evaluation of the source term through the vorticity is done according to M. Howe (1975). The acoustic flow across the embouchure is determined by excitation through the foot. The flute is operated near 1200 Hz with various jet speeds. Finally the acoustic radiation power in the far field is determined to be compared with the source terms. The following findings are presented: (i) The space integrated and time averaged power of the coherent source terms turns out to be positive i.e. emitting acoustic energy. (ii) There is a dominant contribution near the labium. (iii) The source term power compares favorably with the far field power which is well below 1% of the total input power. The results demonstrate that the vorticity of the upper and lower shear layers of the jet cancels to a great extent except for regions where the transverse amplitude of the jet is large.

In vivo studies in both sheep and humans were plagued by a number of problems including movement artifacts, biological noise, low signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), chest-wall reverberation, and limited bandwidth recordings as discussed by [1]. To overcome these problems it was decided to record heart valve sounds under controlled conditions deep in an anechoic water tank, free from reverberation noise. The main goal of this experiment was to obtain measurements of ''pure'' heart valve sounds free of the scattering effects of the body. Experiments were conducted at the Transdec facility in San Diego [2]. We used a high quality hydrophone together with a wide-band data acquisition system [2]. We recorded sounds from 100 repetitions of the opening-closing cycles on each of 50 different heart valves, including 21 SLS valves and 29 intact valves. The power spectrum of the opening and closing phases of each cycle were calculated and outlier spectra removed as described by Candy [2]. In this report, we discuss the results of our classification of the heart valve sound measurements. The goal of this classification task was to apply the fundamental classification algorithms developed for the clinical data in 1994 and 1996 to the measurements from the anechoic water tank. From the beginning of this project, LLNL's responsibility has been to process and classify the heart valve sounds. For this experiment, however, we processed both the opening sounds and closing sounds for comparison purposes. The results of this experiment show that the classifier did not perform well because of low signal-to-noise ratio and excessive variability in signal power from beat-to-beat for a given valve.

The Salish Sea, including Puget Sound, is a large estuarine system bounded by over seven thousand miles of complex shorelines, consists of several subbasins and many large inlets with distinct properties of their own. Pacific Ocean water enters Puget Sound through the Strait of Juan de Fuca at depth over the Admiralty Inlet sill. Ocean water mixed with freshwater discharges from runoff, rivers, and wastewater outfalls exits Puget Sound through the brackish surface outflow layer. Nutrient pollution is considered one of the largest threats to Puget Sound. There is considerable interest in understanding the effect of nutrient loads on the water quality and ecological health of Puget Sound in particular and the Salish Sea as a whole. The Washington State Department of Ecology (Ecology) contracted with Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL) to develop a coupled hydrodynamic and water quality model. The water quality model simulates algae growth, dissolved oxygen, (DO) and nutrient dynamics in Puget Sound to inform potential Puget Sound-wide nutrient management strategies. Specifically, the project is expected to help determine 1) if current and potential future nitrogen loadings from point and non-point sources are significantly impairing water quality at a large scale and 2) what level of nutrient reductions are necessary to reduce or control human impacts to DO levels in the sensitive areas. The project did not include any additional data collection but instead relied on currently available information. This report describes model development effort conducted during the period 2009 to 2012 under a U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) cooperative agreement with PNNL, Ecology, and the University of Washington awarded under the National Estuary Program

This paper presents data for output sound powerP O of wind instruments relation to input power P I supplied by the player. P I was calculated as pV? where p equals mouth pressure and V? air flow rate through the instrument. P O was calculated from sound?pressure level and measurements of reverberation time in a live room of known volume. A part of the data was obtained in a room of unknown characteristics; from 15 comparable measurements on 8 different instruments in both the live and the unknown room data were obtained that allowed calculation of P O also from other experiments in the unknown room. Measurements were made on single notes played both pp and ff on each instrument; one low and one high note on the scale of each instrument were chosen. The ratio P O/P I representing the mechanical efficiency of wind instruments as sources of sound power varies from less than 0.001% to about 2%. It appears to increase with increasing P I and in some instruments with frequency. The consistent results obtained for 3 different flutes played by one performer suggest that the variability noted in the other data at least partially reflects individual differences in mechanical efficiency.

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While impulsive acoustic sources have long been used by the geophysical community for underwater exploration sonar applications have been relatively uncommon. Recent work in the area of electric discharge devices has led to both a better understanding of the physics of this class of impulsive soundgenerator and to new devices which may in turn lead to an expanded role for such technology in sonar applicationsin particular the observation that the electric arc commonly associated with sparker sound sources represents a wasteful and unnecessary complication. Proper electrode design and control of the electric discharge can eliminate the arc leaving only a steam bubble and can thereby enhance the low?frequency performance of such a device. Insight into the performance and potential of such devices is in part a result of improved computer modeling capabilities of the nonlinear processes associated with impulsive devices as well as on the use of high?speed data acquisition in interpreting experimental results. This is especially true for determining the effects of interactions in arrays of bubble sources. Beyond the electric discharge sources understanding of the coupling of energy from the bubble to the sound field suggests improvements for chemically driven sound sources as well. An update of work on these impulsive devices and the modeling efforts that support them is presented. The performance of some recently developed devices and the potential for future development will be discussed.

Journal of Sound and Vibration (1998) 215(5), 1065Â­1099 Article No. sv981634 THE EFFECTS OF IMPERFECTIONS ON THE PERFORMANCE OF THE SUBHARMONIC VIBRATION ABSORBER SYSTEM C.-P. CHAO AND S. W. SHAW of centrifugal pendulum vibration absorbers (CPVAs) that is very effective at reducing torsional vibration levels

3 3 Federal Power Act section 202(c) - Cross-Sound Cable Company, August 2003 On August 14, 2003, in response to the blackout on that day in the Northeast and Upper Midwest areas of the United States, as well as portion of Canada, the New York Independent System Operator and ISO New England were directed to require Cross-Sound Cable Company to operate the Cross-Sound Cable and related facilities. The Expiration date on that order was September 1, 2003, but on August 28, 2003, it was extended "until such time as emergency identified in the order ceases to exist." An order terminating the emergency order was issued on May 7, 2004. 202(c) order 202-03-1 August 14, 2003 - CSC.pdf 202(c) order 202-03-2 August 28, 2003 - CSC.pdf 202(c) order 202-03-3 September 26, 2003 - CSC.pdf

Abstract The Kinect has been developed to recognize gestures and voice commands, through a set of cameras and microphones, respectively. This paper proposes and evaluates low-cost Sound Source Localization (SSL) solution based this off-the-shelf equipment. It consists of employing a pair of Kinect devices as an alternative for microphone array, and executing the Steered Response Power using the \\{PHAse\\} Transform (SRP-PHAT) localization algorithm over acquired sound data. A fully functional prototype has been implemented and put to test under a realistic scenario. Experimental results indicate that although our approach is capable of achieving limited position estimation, and it can accurately point towards the sources direction. Two different high performance versions of the algorithm have been implemented to improve overall system performance under 3D Sound Source Localization setup.

Certification testing of air handling unit sound power (PWL) indicates that individual unit PWL can vary significantly from manufacturer published data. Published data are typically based on a limited number of actual tests with results extrapolated for other fan sizes and operating conditions. Although published data are normally acceptable for routine applications indiscriminate use for sensitive designs (studios theaters conference centers etc.) can result in excessive finished space noise levels. The fact that the design goals have been exceeded can be accurately documented. The exact reason for the exceedance however cannot be as firmly established in a complex system. Certification PWL testing of air handling units prior to installation can detect PWL variations from the published data. Individual unit PWL certification was often not cost effective prior to the developement of sound intensity and the establishment and use of recognized standards for in situ PWL testing (e.g. ASA 104?1992 ANSI S.12.12.1992). Case histories to be presented document fan PWL variations from published data of up to 10 dB and higher in certain octave bands.

The Sound Environment Center at Lund university is an interdisciplinary center created to coordinate research on sound and soundscape issues and is known to be the first of its kind worldwide. Ranging from acoustics to medicine psychology and cognitive sciences as well as humanities like musicology and linguistics soundscape research adresses many interdependent areas and touches upon health as well as philosophical aesthetic and technical issues. To get a holistic comprehension these perspectives need to be synchronized. Therefore the center has an interdisciplinary board and a mission to study sound environments from multidisciplinary perspectives. Focus lies on research and contact between researchers. The center has external funding for larger research collaborations on topics such as teachers voice strain and rooms acoustics health effects of combined exposure to noise and airborne particles cognition and sound exposure. In addition to initiating research projects the center arranges symposiums adressing topics such as Noise and health Seductive Sounds Operational Sounds Dangerous Sounds' and Sound Cognition and Learning. Further topics have been Sound Design Sounds and Silence for Mental Recreation Teachers Voice Comfort and recently Wind TurbineNoise. The symposiums facilitates cross disciplinary contacts and discussions many of them producing published papers and reports.

A continuum pumped full of waveenergy at an amplitude sufficiently large so that reversible nonlinearities dominate irreversible linear response becomes waveturbulent. In the limit of high nonlinearity acoustic turbulence and wind waveturbulence accumulate at 1/f and 1/f 5 power spectra respectively. A waveturbulent system can support new propagating energy modes analogous to second sound in superfluid He4. This hyperbolic (nondiffusive) transport could account for the anomalous diffusivity observed in plasma devices and for the difficulties faced in achieving confinement. The key to the understanding of these phenomena is the nonlinearity in the continuum mechanics which leads to three basic effects: (1) scattering of sound by sound to produce waves with sum and difference frequencies; (2) refraction of waves by a slowly varying (inhomogeneous) background; (3) reaction of the background due to changes in the distribution of sound waves. Details of these processes are presented in the framework of the Euler equations.

A new formula for the effective quasistatic speed of sound $c$ in 2D and 3D periodic materials is reported. The approach uses a monodromy-matrix operator to enable direct integration in one of the coordinates and exponentially fast convergence in others. As a result, the solution for $c$ has a more closed form than previous formulas. It significantly improves the efficiency and accuracy of evaluating $c$ for high-contrast composites as demonstrated by a 2D example with extreme behavior.

This Coiled-Tubing Drilling (CTD) Sound Practices Manual provides tools needed by CTD engineers and supervisors to plan, design and perform safe, successful CTD operations. As emphasized throughout, both careful planning and attention to detail are mandatory for success. A bibliography of many useful CTD references is presented in Chapter 6. This manual is organized according to three processes: 1) Pre-Job Planning Process, 2) Operations Execution Process, and 3) Post-Job Review Process. Each is discussed in a logical and sequential format.

It has been conjectured that the velocity of sound in any medium is smaller than the velocity of light in vacuum divided by $\\sqrt{3}$. Simple arguments support this bound in non-relativistic and/or weakly coupled theories. The bound has been demonstrated in several classes of strongly coupled theories with gravity duals and is saturated only in conformal theories. We point out that the existence of neutron stars with masses around two solar masses combined with the knowledge of the equation of state of hadronic matter at "low" densities is in strong tension with this bound.

The absorption of sound in the Pacific Ocean at a nominal frequency of 75 kHz was measured over a horizontal path at depths of 910 and 3350 m. The results are 20.0±1.5 dB/km and 13.5±1.5 dB/km respectively which may be compared to values of 27.3 dB/km and 22.7 dB/km extrapolated from the empirical relation of Schulkin and Marsh. Evidently the useful range of this relation is severely limited. In addition the effect of pressure may be greater than previously suspected.

In vivo studies in both sheep and humans were plagued by a number of problems including movement artifacts, biological noise, low signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), chest-wall reverberation, and limited bandwidth recordings as discussed by [1]. To overcome these problems it was decided to record heart valve sounds under controlled conditions deep in an anechoic water tank, free from reverberation noise, including surface reflections. Experiments were conducted in a deep water tank at the Transdec facility in San Diego, which satisfies these requirements. The Transdec measurements are free of reverberations, but not totally free of acoustic and electrical noise. We used a high quality hydrophone together with a wide-band data acquisition system [2]. We recorded sounds from 100 repetitions of the opening-closing cycles on each of 50 different heart valves, including 21 SLS valves and 29 intact valves. The power spectrum of the opening and closing phases of each cycle were calculated and outlier spectra removed as described by Candy [2]. In this report, we discuss the results of our classification of the heart valve sound measurements. The goal of this classification task was to apply the fundamental classification algorithms developed for the clinical data in 1994 and 1996 to the measurements from the anechoic water tank. From the beginning of this project, LLNL's responsibility has been to process and classify the heart valve opening sounds. For this experiment, however, we processed both the opening sounds and closing sounds for comparison purposes. The results of this experiment show that the classifier did not perform well. We believe this is because of low signal-to-noise ratio and excessive variability in signal power from beat-to-beat for a given valve.

The standard IEC 61400?11 provides guidance in the measurement analysis and reporting of acoustic emissions(sound power levels) from wind turbine generator systems. The application of this standard aims to provide accurate results that can be replicated by others. We did several measurement operations according to this standard on various wind farms fitted with many turbine manufacturers on different ground types. Important differences have been noticed with equal working conditions between the most and the less noisy wind turbine on a single farm. We will present these results compared to the manufacturers' guaranteed values and initiate explanations (like the difficulties to link the wind speed at 10m above ground with the wind speed received at hub height; or the influence of wind incidence on blades).

During the European Arctic Stratospheric Ozone Experiment (EASOE) the balloon-borne cryogenic Fourier transform spectrometer MIPAS (Michelson Interferometer for Passive Atmospheric Sounding) recorded several sequences of mid-infrared limb emission spectra, which were used for the retrieval of vertical profiles of CFC-11, CFC-12, HCFC-22, CF4, and N2O5. These gases are characterized by very dense emission bands of unresolved lines. Results are consistent with the current theories of stratospheric dynamics and chemistry.

The effect of anthropogenic underwater sound on fish has become an important environmental issue. Pile?driving noise during construction is of particular concern as the very high sound pressure levels could potentially prevent fish from reaching breeding or spawning sites finding food and acoustically locating mates. This could result in long?term effects on reproduction and populationparameters. Additionally avoidance reactions might result in displacement away from potential fishing grounds and lead to reduced catches. However reaction thresholds and therefore the impacts of pile driving on the behavior of fish are completely unknown. Pile?driving noise was played back to cod and sole held in two large (40 m) net pens located in a quiet bay. Movements of the fish were analyzed using a novel acoustic tracking system. Received sound pressure level and particle motion were measured during the experiments. The results show significant movement responses to the pile?driving stimulus in both species at relatively low received sound pressure levels. This might indicate a rather large area of avoidance during real pile?driving operations. The results of the study have important implications on regulatory advice and the implementation of mitigation measures in the construction of offshore wind farms.

Sample records for balloon-borne sounding system from the National Library of Energy Beta (NLEBeta)

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The velocity of drifting second sound and the heat capacity per unit volume are calculated for NaF for temperatures from 0 to 40 °K. The velocity of second sound decreases by 24% as the temperature is increased from 10 to 30 °K, because of the dispersion of the phonon frequency spectrum.

SOUND COMPLIANCE MONITORING FOR THE GAMESA WIND TURBINE UD - LEWES, DELAWARE January 2011 ` #12;SOUND COMPLIANCE MONITORING FOR THE GAMESA WIND TURBINE AT THE UNIVERSITY OF DELAWARE LEWES, DELAWARE A Gamesa G90 2.0-MW wind turbine operates at the University of Delaware (UD), Lewes campus on a parcel

Water distribution measurement in sand using sound vibration and SLDV T. Sugimotoa , Y. Nakagawaa vibrator is used as a sound source. SLDV measures the vibration of ground surface. The propagation velocity between vibrator and measuring point is used to estimate the water distribution. Also, the soil

PITCH BASED SOUND CLASSIFICATION Andreas B. Nielsen, Lars K. Hansen Intelligent Signal Processing the pitch of the signal using the harmonic product spectrum. Based on the pitch estimate and a pitch error. The pitch is an interesting feature of sound and is used in various situations. One of the reasons pitch

squealing of a human-controlled vehicle, and the engine noise of autonomous vehicles. Both the engine of a police vehicle using the Doppler Effect. Other sounds such as vehicle wind noise, beeping of the vehicle. Introduction Sound plays an important role in the realm of driving. Wind and engine noise contribute to fatigue

709 44 The Automation of Sound Reasoning and Successful Proof Finding LARRY WOS AND BRANDEN scientist naturally envisioned the automation of sound rea- soning Â­ reasoning in which conclusions, and find proofs. But can such logical reasoning be fully automated? Can a single computer program

Automatic urban sound classification is a growing area of research with applications in multimedia retrieval and urban informatics. In this paper we identify two main barriers to research in this area - the lack of a common taxonomy and the scarceness ... Keywords: classification, dataset, taxonomy, urban sound

Electromagnetic Soundings At Raft River Geothermal Area (1977) Electromagnetic Soundings At Raft River Geothermal Area (1977) Jump to: navigation, search GEOTHERMAL ENERGYGeothermal Home Exploration Activity: Electromagnetic Soundings At Raft River Geothermal Area (1977) Exploration Activity Details Location Raft River Geothermal Area Exploration Technique Electromagnetic Sounding Techniques Activity Date 1977 Usefulness not indicated DOE-funding Unknown Exploration Basis The purpose of the survey was: (1) to field test U.S. Geological Survey extra-low-frequency (ELF) equipment using a grounded wire source and receiver loop configuration (which is designed to measure the vertical magnetic field (Hz) at the loop center for various frequencies); (2) to present an example of the EM sounding data and interpretations using a

Localization of sound sources inside a room is a challenging problem. The possible applications involving speech?based source localization systems range from teleconferencing to home automation systems. For example the localization of a speaker inside a conference room can be very useful to place the speaker in a remote room by means of a spatial audio reproduction system. Also new applications will appear in home automation if accurate source localization systems are available in the future. One of the most robust approaches to source localization is the SRP?PHAT algorithm which has shown to provide very good localization results inside rooms with moderate reverberation. However the computational cost is highly dependent on the spatial sampling and the number of microphones making very difficult the localization of sound events if a coarse spatial sampling is used. In this paper we propose an improvement of this method where sound events are not missed even if a very coarse grid is used. The improvement is based on a previous calculation of the existent cross?correlation lags between spatially adjacent points in the grid assuring that the non?sampled space is covered in terms of cross?correlation lags between microphone pairs when running the algorithm. Several experiments conducted in different rooms with complex acoustics confirm the validity and benefits of the proposed method.?

Tidal residual eddies are one of the important hydrodynamic features in tidally dominant estuaries and coastal bays, and they could have significant effects on water exchange in a tidal system. This paper presents a modeling study of tides and tidal residual eddies in Puget Sound, a tidally dominant fjord-like estuary in the Pacific Northwest coast, using a three-dimensional finite-volume coastal ocean model. Mechanisms of vorticity generation and asymmetric distribution patterns around an island/headland were analyzed using the dynamic vorticity transfer approach and numerical experiments. Model results of Puget Sound show that a number of large twin tidal residual eddies exist in the Admiralty Inlet because of the presence of major headlands in the inlet. Simulated residual vorticities near the major headlands indicate that the clockwise tidal residual eddy (negative vorticity) is generally stronger than the anticlockwise eddy (positive vorticity) because of the effect of Coriolis force. The effect of tidal residual eddies on water exchange in Puget Sound and its sub-basins were evaluated by simulations of dye transport. It was found that the strong transverse variability of residual currents in the Admiralty Inlet results in a dominant seaward transport along the eastern shore and a dominant landward transport along the western shore of the Inlet. A similar transport pattern in Hood Canal is caused by the presence of tidal residual eddies near the entrance of the canal. Model results show that tidal residual currents in Whidbey Basin are small in comparison to other sub-basins. A large clockwise residual circulation is formed around Vashon Island near entrance of South Sound, which can potentially constrain the water exchange between the Central Basin and South Sound.

Since some years a noise prevention concept for the protection of marine animals exists in Germany. Based on that the acoustic underwater noise from the pile driving at offshore wind farms is required to be less than 160 dB (SEL) at a distance of 750 m. This value however is often exceeded so that the use of a soundproofing system is necessary. The Hydro-Sound-Damper (HSD) is a new versatile method to reduce the noise during offshore pile driving. To achieve this elements of different sizes and materials are used which are fixed to fishing nets. The principle of operation and the effectiveness of these HSD elements were investigated in the laboratory and in situ under offshore conditions at the worlds largest offshore wind farm London Array. During the offshore tests thorough measurements were performed which metered the propagation of the hydro sound and the vibrations of the sea floor at various distances and directions. The evaluation of these data led to very promising results concerning underwater noise reduction. This article describes the theory and implementation of the HSD at London Array and focuses on the interpretation of the data from the hydro sound and vibration measurements.

Sheng is one of the Chinese traditional wind instruments. But its sound power level has never been carefully measured. In this paper the sound powermeasurements of Sheng were performed for the first time in a reverberation chamber according to ISO standard and Chinese national standard. Two qualified musicians performed on their own instruments in the center of the reverberation chamber. The radiated sound energy and the dynamic ranges of the Sheng were investigated by four channel acoustic measuring equipments. Typical sound power values were obtained through averaging and the results were reported in this paper. It was showed that the mean forte sound power level can reach up to 98dB with a dynamic range of 22.5dB when music scale was performed. The method discussed here is valuable for the sound powermeasurements of other musical instruments. The measurement of the sound power radiated by national musical instruments lays foundations for the investigation into the acoustics of national music halls.

The Air Conditioning and Refrigeration Institute (ARI) has several standards that provide methods to evaluate the sound quality of heating ventilating and air?conditioning (HVAC) equipment. These include Standard 270 Sound rating of outdoor unitary equipment Standard 350 Sound rating of non?ducted indoor air?conditioning equipment and Standard 1140P Procedures for evaluating sound quality of HVAC equipment. The preferred method in these standards is best described in Standard 1140P which uses one?third octave band sound power levels that are weighted to adjust for the sensitivity to frequency distribution and presence of tones and are then converted to a single number sound quality indicator. The tone adjustment is based on the projection of a given one?third octave band level relative to the average of the adjacent one?third octave bands. An alternate use of Zwicker method B to determine loudness and loudness level is also provided in ARI Standard 1140P. These standards provide a convenient method by which complex sounds for similar products may be compared.

The acoustic propagation losses between a 230?Hz cw source and a multi?hydrophone receiving system were measured over Dickins Seamount in the Northeast Pacific. The source was towed at depths of 18 and 184 m. The receiving system had hydrophones spaced in depth from 323 to 633 m. The measurements were made to a maximum range of 130 km with the receiver located at a range of 60 km from the seamount peak. The results show that the seamount cast an acoustic shadow over the receiver increasing the propagation loss by up to 15 dB when the source was shallow and in a position which enabled the seamount to intercept all of the deep refracted source energy. Back reflections from the seamount with levels 6 to 13 dB below the direct signal level were present when the shallow source was 3 to 5 km from the seamount peak. Downslope reflections enhanced the direct signal by up to 10 dB when the shallow source was within 3 km of the peak. Acoustic shadowing and reflection effects were minimal in the results for the deep source because most of the source energy propagated along the sound?channel axis above the seamount peak. The analysis indicates that ray theory is adequate for describing the reflection effects of the acoustic propagation but does not account for all of the acoustic energy in the shadow zone.

At long wavelengths a force driven closed elastic structure radiates as a dipole. However this may or may not be the case in the presence of a sound hole. Radiation remains dipole?like when the interior volume behaves as an acoustic fluid coupled to the structure. This is commonly referred to as the sound hole sum rule in musical acoustics [Weinreich (1985)]. However should the interior acoustic volume be uncoupled or simply ignored the radiated field is dominated by a monopole contribution. For example this may occur with mechanically isolated piping systems exposed to the exterior medium. In this situation the monopole or dipole nature of the radiation depends on the effective number of sound holes for example whether the driven system is well connected to the exterior along both the inlet and outlet. Finite element structural?acoustic models are developed and exercised to investigate these systems and issues. In addition a substructuring technique is utilized to account for the potential influences of interior structural complexity.

A major part of the South Pacific Ocean is impacted by a cold water circulation induced by the Antarctic Circumpolar Current. This results in either a double or a very broad deep sound channel axis [R. N. Denham et al. J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 81 787789 (1987)]. However nearer the equator this impact is reduced and a series of equatorial currents and counter currents come into play. An analysis is made of existing oceanographic data to determine the resulting sound?speed profile shape and sound channel axis depth. A comparison is made to profiles from the temperate regions of the South Pacific Ocean.

Analysis Procedure And Equipment For Deep Geoelectrical Soundings In Noisy Analysis Procedure And Equipment For Deep Geoelectrical Soundings In Noisy Areas Jump to: navigation, search GEOTHERMAL ENERGYGeothermal Home Journal Article: Analysis Procedure And Equipment For Deep Geoelectrical Soundings In Noisy Areas Details Activities (0) Areas (0) Regions (0) Abstract: This paper discusses the problem involved in extracting the useful signal from background noise during geoelectrical soundings in noisy areas or where a considerable depth of penetration is required. This problem often arises in geothermal volcanic areas where the exploration target is a low resistivity formation and high resistivity surface rocks generally prevent the energization of the soil by strong currents. The spectral characteristics of the signal and noise are discussed, along with

Sample records for balloon-borne sounding system from the National Library of Energy Beta (NLEBeta)

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Interpretation of electromagnetic soundings in the Raft River geothermal Interpretation of electromagnetic soundings in the Raft River geothermal area, Idaho Jump to: navigation, search GEOTHERMAL ENERGYGeothermal Home Report: Interpretation of electromagnetic soundings in the Raft River geothermal area, Idaho Details Activities (1) Areas (1) Regions (0) Abstract: An electromagnetic (EM) controlled source survey was conducted in the Raft River Valley, near Malta, Idaho. The purpose of the survey was: to field test U.S. Geological Survey extra-low-frequency (ELF) equipment using a grounded wire source and receiver loop configuration (which is designed to measure the vertical magnetic field (Hz) at the loop center for various frequencies); to present an example of the EM sounding data and interpretations using a previously developed inversion program; and (3) to

The mechanical processes at work within the organ of Corti can be greatly elucidated by measuring both radial motions and traveling-wave behavior of structures within this organ in response to sound stimuli. To enable such ...

The Micro-X High Resolution Microcalorimeter X-ray Imaging Rocket is a sounding rocket experiment that will combine a transition-edge-sensor X-ray-microcalorimeter array with a conical imaging mirror to obtain high- ...

Since 1978, operational satellite soundings of the atmospheres temperature and humidity structure have been provided by the TIROS Operational Vertical Sounder (TONS) on the TIROS-N/NOAA series of polar orbiti...

We examine the effects of zero sound wave excitations of charged fermion species living around the charged black hole of an AdS/CFT spacetime. In particular, we show that these bulk modes cause corresponding singularities ...

significance of magnetotelluric sounding in the eastern Snake significance of magnetotelluric sounding in the eastern Snake River Plain-Yellowstone Region Jump to: navigation, search GEOTHERMAL ENERGYGeothermal Home Journal Article: Geothermal significance of magnetotelluric sounding in the eastern Snake River Plain-Yellowstone Region Details Activities (1) Areas (1) Regions (0) Abstract: Magnetotelluric soundings along a profile extending from the Raft River geothermal area in southern Idaho in Yellowstone National Park in Wyoming reveal a highly anamalous crustal structure involving a conductive zone at depths that range from 18 km in the central part of the eastern Snake River Plain to 7 km beneath the Raft River thermal area and as little as 5 km in Yellowstone. Resistivities in this conductive zone are less than

A newly developed method of locating quenches in SRF cavities by detecting second-sound waves has been gaining popularity in SRF laboratories. The technique is based on measurements of time delays between the quench as determined by the RF system and arrival of the second-sound wave to the multiple detectors placed around the cavity in superfluid helium. Unlike multi-channel temperature mapping, this approach requires only a few sensors and simple readout electronics; it can be used with SRF cavities of almost arbitrary shape. One of its drawbacks is that being an indirect method it requires one to solve an inverse problem to find the location of a quench. We tried to solve this inverse problem by using a parametric forward model. By analyzing the data we found that the approximation where the second-sound emitter is a near-singular source does not describe the physical system well enough. A time-dependent analysis of the quench process can help us to put forward a more adequate model. We present here our current algorithm to solve the inverse problem and discuss the experimental results.

In the present work, we analyze the corrections caused by an anomalous dispersion relation, suggested in several quantum gravity models, upon the speed of sound in a weakly interacting Bose--Einstein Condensate, trapped in a potential of the form $V(r)\\sim r^{2}$. We show that the corresponding ground state energy and consequently, the associated speed of sound, present corrections respect to the usual case, which may be used to explore the sensitivity to Planck--scale effects on these relevant properties associated with the condensate. Indeed, we stress that this type of macroscopic bodies may be more sensitive, under certain conditions, to Planck--scale manifestations than its constituents. In addition, we prove that the inclusion of a trapping potential, together with many--body contributions, improves the sensitivity to Planck--scale signals, compared to the homogeneous system.

DETERMINATION OF WIND FROM NIMBUS-6 SATELLITE SOUNDING DATA A Thesis by WILLIAM EVERETT CARLE Submitted to the Graduate College of Texas A&M University in partial fulfil!. ment of the requirement for the deg. . ec of MASTER OF SCIENCE... December 1979 Major Subject: Meteorology DETEIQ&INATION OE WIND PROS1 NINEDS-6 SATELLITE SOUNDING DATA A Thesis WILLIA11 EVERETT CARLE Aporoved as to style and content by: (Chairman of Commi tee) Nember) (Head of Department) December 1979...

Explosive charges are fired on the earth's surface at points in Arizona California and San Clemente Island. The resulting sound waves centering at 2 cps are detected by an array of sensing units in Southwestern Arizona. This array extends 108 miles along an east?west segment of a great circle with units placed at 4?mile intervals. From these units transmission lines are routed along the ground to recording stations near Dateland and Gila Bend. A single twin?conductor field line serves from one to three units and may be as long as 40 miles. Over such a line the sensing units are turned on by relays and the signals are transmitted to the recording station. The use of carriers has permitted the separation of multiplexed signals by means of tuning controls. Push?pull condenser?coupled amplifiers drive the Brush recording pens. Sensitivity is controlled in 6?db steps through a range from 5 to 160 dynes per sq cm peak?to?peak for full scale deflection. A pass band from 0.2 to 5 cps is set by an acoustic filter in the sensing unit. Several years of use and development have resulted in a system which has proved to be quite satisfactory.

and at variance with one another. They include sound pressure, sound power, or intensity, which are proportional to the square of pressure, and energy, i.e., the integral of sound power over time. Here we showTemporal Integration of Sound Pressure Determines Thresholds of Auditory-Nerve Fibers Peter Heil

Various geophysical processes generate sound waves in the atmosphere. Some typical sources are auroral discharges in the upper atmosphere tornadoes and severe storms surface waves on the oceans volcanic explosions earthquakes and atmospheric oscillations arising from unstable wind flow at the tropopause. Man?made sources include powerful explosions and the shock waves from vehicles moving at supersonic speeds at altitudes below about 125 km. The components of sound?wave energy at infrasonic frequencies (oscillation periods >1.0 sec) are propagated for large distances (thousands of kilometers) over the earth's surface with very little loss of energy from absorption by viscosity and heat conduction. But the propagation depends strongly on (a) the horizontally stratified temperature structure of the atmosphere (b) the influence of gravity at oscillation periods greater than the atmospheric resonance period ?300 sec and (c) the nonuniform distribution of atmospheric winds. The microphones and electroacoustical apparatus at an infrasonics observation station e.g. the one at Washington D. C. measure (1) the amplitude and waveform of incident sound pressure (2) the direction of local propagation of the wave (3) the horizontal trace velocity and (4) the distribution of sound wave energy at various oscillation frequencies. Researches on propagation require observational data from a network of stations separated geographically by large distances coupled with theoretical analysis of sound propagation to arrive at useful results on the acoustics of the atmosphere.

Offshore piling for wind farm construction has attracted a lot of attention in recent years due to the extremely high noise emission levels associated with such operations. While underwater noise levels were shown to be harmful for the marine biology the propagation of airborne piling noise over sea has not been studied in detail before. In this study detailed numerical calculations have been performed with the Green's Function Parabolic Equation (GFPE) method to estimate noise levels up to a distance of 10?km. Measured noise emission levels during piling of pinpiles for a jacket-foundation wind turbine were assessed and used together with combinations of the sea surface state and idealized vertical sound speed profiles (downwind sound propagation). Effective impedances were found and used to represent non-flat sea surfaces at low-wind sea states 2 3 and 4. Calculations show that scattering by a rough sea surface which decreases sound pressure levels exceeds refractive effects which increase sound pressure levels under downwind conditions. This suggests that the presence of wind even when blowing downwind to potential receivers is beneficial to increase the attenuation of piling sound over the sea. A fully flat sea surface therefore represents a worst-case scenario.

An ASHRAE project to investigate factors determining the sound pressure levels in rooms below ceilings concealing air?terminal units has been completed. Four terminal units installed close to the six ceiling types used were the major noise sources. They were supplemented by two simulators powered by loudspeakers. Sound power was measured for each device in the 156 cubic meter test room in its reverberant condition. The levels in the room were measured for each combination of source and ceiling tile. Sound pressure level was measured as a function of distance from two sources in the room below. The main intent of the project was to validate ARI Standard 885 which provides a calculation method for such situations. Differences among ceiling types were less than expected; leakage around the edges of each panel is a dominant transmission path. Ceiling attenuations at low frequencies were found to depend on the area of the lower face of the units. Sound levels in the room were essentially uniform when the source was above the ceiling. The decay of sound with distance from the sources below the ceiling was found to depend on the inverse of the room reverberation time.

The purpose of this appendix to the draft environmental impact statement (EIS) report is to provide an update of the latest study work done on transmission system options for the Puget Sound Area Electric Reliability Plan. Also included in the attachments to the EIS are 2 reports analyzing the voltage stability of the Puget Sound transmission system and a review by Power Technologies, Inc. of the BPA voltage stability analysis and reactive options. Five transmission line options and several reactive options are presently being considered as possible solutions to the PSAFRP by the Transmission Team. The first two line options would be built on new rights-of way adjacent (as much as possible) to existing corridors. The reactive options would optimize the existing transmission system capability by adding new stations for series capacitors and/or switchgear. The other three line options are rebuilds or upgrades of existing cross mountain transmission lines. These options are listed below and include a preliminary assessment of the additional transmission system reinforcement required to integrate the new facilities into the existing transmission system. Plans were designed to provide at least 500 MVAR reactive margin.

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Quality Assurance Program Undergoes Sound Changes to Ensure Safe, Quality Assurance Program Undergoes Sound Changes to Ensure Safe, Correct Work Quality Assurance Program Undergoes Sound Changes to Ensure Safe, Correct Work August 1, 2012 - 12:00pm Addthis WASHINGTON, D.C. - Completing the world's largest nuclear cleanup safely and correctly is EM's priority. In support of that central mission, EM recently made changes that strengthen its corporate quality assurance program, marking the first revisions to the quality program since EM established it in 2008. The program provides the foundation for achieving quality through a consistent approach to all mission-related work across the EM complex. EM believes the changes greatly advance EM's quality assurance program, serving to enhance the abilities of EM employees and contractors to ensure

Puget Sound Communities Promote Energy Efficiency Puget Sound Communities Promote Energy Efficiency Puget Sound Communities Promote Energy Efficiency April 2, 2010 - 4:50pm Addthis Lorelei Laird Writer, Energy Empowers What does this project do? Identifies wasted energy Frees up money for cash strapped programs in the area. Four organizations on Washington state's Kitsap Peninsula are joining forces to improve their energy efficiency. Led by the City of Bremerton, the largest participant city by population and energy needs, the four will hire an expert consultant to find and document ways to save energy in big ways and small. Pat Coxon, Wastewater Division manager for the city, says the project is still getting started, but reductions in every part of its resource use are on the table. He says the grant was a well-timed opportunity for Bremerton

Quality Assurance Program Undergoes Sound Changes to Ensure Safe, Quality Assurance Program Undergoes Sound Changes to Ensure Safe, Correct Work Quality Assurance Program Undergoes Sound Changes to Ensure Safe, Correct Work August 1, 2012 - 12:00pm Addthis WASHINGTON, D.C. - Completing the world's largest nuclear cleanup safely and correctly is EM's priority. In support of that central mission, EM recently made changes that strengthen its corporate quality assurance program, marking the first revisions to the quality program since EM established it in 2008. The program provides the foundation for achieving quality through a consistent approach to all mission-related work across the EM complex. EM believes the changes greatly advance EM's quality assurance program, serving to enhance the abilities of EM employees and contractors to ensure

Sound propagation from wind power projects can be modeled in the same manner as other more common outdoor noisesources but are these models suited to wind turbines' uniquely high source heights operating under high wind conditions and various degrees of terrain ruggedness. In "Propagation Modeling Parameters for Wind Turbines" (K. Kaliski and E. Duncan Proceedings of Institute of Noise ControlEngineers NOISECON 2007) the effects of ground attenuation and various adjustments for wind conditions on sound propagationmodeling were discussed. This paper continues the discussion and explores the accuracy of existing sound propagationmodeling methods for wind power projects including ISO 9613 and other standards. Model data for wind power projects and the implications of various terrain and ground coverage will be discussed.

We use an optical centrifuge to deposit a controllable amount of rotational energy into dense molecular ensembles. Subsequent rotation-translation energy transfer, mediated by thermal collisions, results in the localized heating of the gas and generates strong sound wave, clearly audible to the unaided ear. For the first time, the amplitude of the sound signal is analyzed as a function of the experimentally measured rotational energy. The proportionality between the two experimental observables confirms that rotational excitation is the main source of the detected sound wave. As virtually all molecules, including the main constituents of the atmosphere, are amenable to laser spinning by the centrifuge, we anticipate this work to stimulate further development in the area of photo-acoustic control and spectroscopy.

In a number of major battles in the U.S. Civil War unusual atmospheric acoustics played a major role. In this study the probable causes of the unusual acoustics are given and the resulting effect on military command decisions is described. The causes discussed include sound absorption wind shear temperature gradients and combinations of these. Several cases will also be described in which multiple ground reflections caused sounds of battle to be heard at unusually great distances. The battles studied include Gettysburg Seven Pines Perryville Iuka Fort Donelson Gaines Mill Five Forks and Chancellorsville.

Five transmission line options and several reactive (voltage support) options are presently being considered as possible solutions to the PSAERP by the Transmission Team. The first two line options would be built on new rights-of way adjacent (as much as possible) to existing corridors. The reactive options would optimize the existing transmission system capability by adding new stations for series capacitors and/or switchgear. The other three line options are rebuilds or upgrades of existing cross mountain transmission lines. These options are listed below and include a preliminary assessment of the additional transmission system reinforcement required to integrate the new facilities into the existing transmission system. These options were derived from earlier study work that was summarized in Puget Sound Reinforcement Transmission Options'' and New Cross Mountain Transmission Line Alternative: The Crosstie'', which are attached. The initial Transmission Options study report recognized the value to system performance of adding an entirely new circuit rather than rebuilding an existing one. However, siting realities require that rebuild options be considered. Typically, the most attractive rebuild options would be the lowest capacity (lowest voltage) circuits. But because of corridor location, length and terminal proximity, the rebuild options listed below appear to be the most promising. Schematic diagrams and QV Curves of each option are also attached. It should be noted that Snoqualmie and Echo Lake refer to the same station east of Puget Sound and Naneum and Kittitas refer to the same station in the Ellensburg area. 100 figs., 20 tabs.

In the eikonal approach, we describe sound propagation near to topological defects of nematic liquid crystal as geodesics of a non-euclidian manifold endowed with an effective metric tensor. The relation between the acoustics of the medium and this geometrical description is given by Fermat's principle. We calculate the ray trajectories and propose a diffraction experiment to retrieve informations about the elastic constants.

The application to permit a wind turbine power development usually involves submission of a prediction for the sound level that will occur at residences schools places of worship and elsewhere people gather for restorative rest. This paper uses the example of a wind power development and follows iterations taken to finalize the sound level prediction. The paper provides quantitative information collected since the start up of the wind power development on measured sound levels and octave band distribution; and qualitative observations on the special characteristics of the sound. Actual observations are compared to the predictions. More importantly the paper reviews the consequences self-reported in qualitative interviews by citizens living with the changed environment after four years of operation of the wind power development. Reported impacts included difficulty sleeping loss of jobs and changes to social relationships caregiving pursuit of hobbies leisure learning and overall health. Changes in measured health outcomes are identified. Both the quantitative and qualitative findings justify revision of the permitting process.

As a complex scientific topic underwater sound can be challenging for scientists to discuss and effectively communicate with non-science audiences. Educational audiences span formal K-16 classrooms to museum and aquarium visitors. The science of sound is often included in upper middle school physical sciences curricula high school physics classes and undergraduate and graduate university courses which can take advantage of calculus to support student understanding. Communicating with the media presents other challenges: pressing or immediate deadlines; a need to deliver eye-catching flashy pieces that capture reader attention; and a general lack of fundamental knowledge of underwater sound by readers. Scientists must be proactive in their engagement with media to ensure good fundamental science is communicated and to increase useful stories about new developments in underwater sound research. Regulators and other decision-makers are also pressed for time when contemplating a topic yet they need the most up-to-date scientific findings to support their decision-making. This talk will provide an overview of the challenges that ocean acoustic specialists face when trying to communicate the results of their research and meet the needs of diverse audiences. In addition strategies and possible solutions will be discussed.

Dynamic changes in spatialsound attributes have played a role in classical Western music for a long time. It is known that choreographic movements of operasingers were sometimes made for acoustic considerations. Probably the first mechanical spatialsound controller is the so?called wind swell that is found in pipe organs. Already in 1712 Renatus Harris mentions how swelling enables the player to project the sound of the pipes ad libitum to nearby or further distances. With the invention of electroacoustic music a number of electromechanical devices were developed to control spatial aspects of sound (primarily positioning sound sources in 3?D space). Typical examples are Stockhausens rotational table (developed in the 1950s) and Manfred Krauses sound mill (1960). In this presentation the evolutionary steps in the design of spatialsound controllers will be outlinedbeginning with early purely mechanical devices up to recent approaches including the authors participation in the development of a gestural controllable soundsystem based on virtual microphone control (ViMiC).

...source due both to spreading and atmospheric absorption. At ranges greater...material, or in a shallow pool of water, the propagation of sound-waves...speci c acoustic resistance of water is about 3500 times that of...Orthoptera). 1. The tegminal generator. J. Exp. Biol. 52, 495...

Washington University Can the Sound Generated by Modern Wind Turbines Affect the Health of Those turbines haveWind turbines have been getting biggerbeen getting bigger and bigger....and bigger.... Lars Needs Wind turbines are "green" and areWind turbines are "green" and are contributing to our energy

Pitch Based Sound Classification A master's thesis by Andreas Brinch Nielsen 15 August 2005 is on classification based on the pitch of the signal, and three classes, music, noise and speech, is used. Unfortunately pitch is not straightforward to extract, and the first part of the project is about finding

Wave represents displacement Wave represents pressure Source - Sound Waves Distance between crests is wavelength Number of crests passing a point in 1 second is frequency Wave represents pressure Target - Radio Waves Distance between crests is wavelength Number of crests passing a point in 1 second is frequency

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The Office of Fossil Energy gives notice of receipt of an application filed on September 4, 2014, by Puget Sound Energy, Inc. requesting authorization to import and export a combined total of up to 10,000 MMBtu units of natural gas per day beginning on November 1, 2014 and ending on October 31, 2018.

futurity contenders and for foals entering race training as yearlings, and while size itself is not a marketing factor for some disciplines such as cutting and reining, rigors of early training place great demands on young skeletal systems. Horse owners... and joint problems known as developmental orthopedic diseases (DOD) are a major concern of horse owners. 29 DOD appears to be heritable. 22 Horses with genetic predispositions for large mature size often develop skeletal problems regardless of how...

soundings in the Upper Raft River and Raft River Valleys, soundings in the Upper Raft River and Raft River Valleys, Idaho and Utah Jump to: navigation, search GEOTHERMAL ENERGYGeothermal Home Report: Schlumberger soundings in the Upper Raft River and Raft River Valleys, Idaho and Utah Details Activities (1) Areas (1) Regions (0) Abstract: In 1975, the U.S. Geological Survey made seventy Schlumberger resistivity soundings in the Upper Raft River Valley and in parts of the Raft River Valley. These soundings complement the seventy-nine soundings made previously in the Raft River Valley (Zohdy and others, 1975) and bring the total number of soundings to 149. This work was done as part of a hydrogeologic study of the area. The location, number, and azimuth of all 149 Schlumberger sounding stations are presented. The location of the new

Elderly people complain that they sometimes have a hard time hearing the narration of broadcast TV programs because the background sounds (background music, sound effects) are too loud. We conducted subjective...

Identification of a sound-insulation layer modelled by fuzzy structure theory - Experimental.fernandez@univ-paris-est.fr Abstract One proposes a novel approach to model sound-insulation layers based on the use of the fuzzy in computational models. The keypoint of the method is the construction of a mean elastoacoustic sound-insulation

the listener's expectations towards this item. Moreover, for the specific case of sound reproduction devices of a sound re- production device such as a loudspeaker is its sound quality. The perception of this subjective character is linked to numerous parameters (stimulus type, listening environment...) that must

; but they can all too easily go unheard. In varied combination, wildlife, weather, wind and waves, archival records, and journals of: the BBC Natural History Recording Unit; the British Library of Wildlife Sounds, a Department of the British Institute of Recorded Sound; the Wildlife Sound Recording S

Heart sound analysis for symptom detection and computer-aided diagnosis Todd R. Reed a,*, Nancy E Abstract Heart auscultation (the interpretation by a physician of heart sounds) is a fundamental component for the production of heart sounds, and demonstrate its utility in iden- tifying features useful in diagnosis. We

Approach to Improve Speed of Sound Calculation within PC-SAFT Framework ... An extensive comparison of SRK, CPA, and PC-SAFT for the speed of sound in normal alkanes has been performed. ... The results reveal that PC-SAFT captures the curvature of the speed of sound better than cubic EoS, but the accuracy is not satisfactory. ...

During drilling of deep wells digital data are often transmitted from sensors located near the drill bit to the surface. Development of a new communication system with increased data capacity is of paramount importance to the drilling industry. Since steel drill strings are used transmission of these data by elastic carrier waves traveling within the drill pipe is possible but the potential communication range is uncertain. The problem is complicated by the presence of heavy?threaded tool joints every 10 m which form a periodic structure and produce classical patterns of passbands and stop bands in the wave spectra. In this article field measurements of the attenuation characteristics of a drill string in the Long Valley Scientific Well in Mammoth Lakes California are presented. Wave propagation distances approach 2 km. A theoretical model is discussed which predicts the location width and attenuation of the passbands. Mode conversion between extensional and bending waves and spurious reflections due to deviations in the periodic spacings of the tool joints are believed to be the sources of this attenuation. It is estimated that attenuation levels can be dramatically reduced by rearranging the individual pipes in the drill string according to length.

Sample records for balloon-borne sounding system from the National Library of Energy Beta (NLEBeta)

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We have studied the rapidity distribution of secondary hadrons produced in nucleus-nucleus collisions at ultrarelativistic energies within the ambit of the Landaus hydrodynamical model. A reasonable description of the data can also be obtained by using the Bjorkens hydrodynamical model if the boost invariance is restricted to a finite rapidity range. The sensitivity of the hadronic spectra on the equation of state vis-à-vis the velocity of sound has been discussed. The correlation between the velocity of sound and the freeze-out temperature has been indicated. The effects of the nonzero widths of various mesonic and baryonic degrees of freedom up to the mass value ?2.5GeV are seen to be small.

People with serious heart conditions have had their expected life span extended considerably with the development of the prosthetic heart valve especially with the great strides made in valve design. Even though the designs are extremely reliable, the valves are mechanical and operating continuously over a long period, therefore, structural failures can occur due to fatigue. Measuring heart sounds non-invasively in a noisy environment puts more demands on the signal processing to extract the desired signals from the noise. In this paper the authors discuss acoustical signal processing techniques developed to process noisy heart valve sounds measured by a sensitive, surface contact microphone and used for the eventual classification of the valve.

Sound radiation due to forced deformation of an impacted plate was investigated. An initial sound pressure pulse due to rapid local deformation of a plate was generated before the radiation from natural modes of the plate occurred. On the axis of impact near the plate a distinct pressure pulse is observed to reproduce the velocity waveform of the plate at the opposite side of the impact point. Data from experiments involving impact of spheres on plates differing in size and material properties are presented to show the plate behavior and the radiated soundpressure. Theoretical results were obtained from an analytical model in which impulsive acceleration of a plate with Gaussian spatial distribution is convoluted with the acceleration?time history of the actual impact. Theoretical results for the on?axis pressure are compared with the experimental results.

The invention of scanning tunneling microscopy(STM) 30 years ago opened up a visual window to the nano-world and sparked off a bunch of new methods for investigating and controlling matter and its transformations at the atomic and molecular level.1 However an adequate theoretical understanding of the method is demanding; STM images can be considered quantum theory condensed into a pictorial representation. A hands-on model is presented for demonstrating the imaging principles in introductory teaching. It uses sound waves and computer visualization to create mappings of acoustic resonators. The macroscopic simile is made possible by quantum-classical analogies between matter and sound waves. Grounding STM in acoustic experience may help to make the underlying quantum concepts such as tunneling less abstract to students.

VELOCITY OF SOUND IN SOLID METHANE NEAR MELTING TEMPERATURES A Thesis By JOHN MARTIN WHITEHEAD Submitted to the Graduate College of the Texas A&M University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE May... 1968 Ma)or Sub)ect: Physics VELOCITY OF SOVND IN SOLID METHANE NEAR MELTING TEMPERATURES A Thesis By JOHN MARTIN WHITEHEAD Approved as to style and content by& (Chairman of Committee) (Head of Departsmnt) (Mem er (Member) May 1968...

This EA analyzes the potential environmental effects of a proposal by the Public Utility District No. 1 of Snowhomish County, Washington to construct and operate the Admiralty Inlet Tidal Project. The proposed 680-kilowatt project would be located on the east side of Admiralty Inlet in Puget Sound, Washington, about 1 kilometer west of Whidbey Island, entirely within Island County, Washington. The Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC) is the lead agency. DOE is a cooperating agency.

An electrical-pulse-heating technique has been used to heat iron and nickel to high temperatures to measure thermophysical properties in the liquid state. A dynamic technique was used because static techniques, which are capable of greater precision, fail at a relatively low temperature. Measurements have been made, and results are shown for enthalpy, temperature, density, electrical resistivity, and sound speed up to 3950 K in iron and 4250 K in nickel.

Superfluid He4 is interesting acoustically because it can support more than one mode of sound propagation, and these can be used to study critical properties. Recently, there has been interest in superfluid-filled aerogels, but for such compressible materials one does not observe the ordinary (fourth) sound; instead there is a mode intermediate between first and fourth sound and a second-sound-like mode. We present a theory for the modes and the first observation of the aerogel second-sound-like mode, which is important because it propagates near the critical temperature.

The present paper describes an experimental campaign aimed at the determination of acoustical properties of vulcanized rubber crumbs obtained by the shredding of used tires. In particular their performance as sound absorbing material in lined ducts was investigated. The most innovative aspect that is addressed in the study is the use of a waste material such as rubber tires reduced into small grains as a sound absorbing material: tires are in fact usually used at the end of their life cycle as fuel and burned in cement kilns in order to take advantage of their high heating value with all the problems of pollution that this solution produces. Two kinds of rubber crumbs have been investigated in terms of characteristic dimension of the grains porosity and sound absorbing coefficient while their "in situ" performance when used inside lined and parallel-baffle rectangular ducts has been evaluated measuring their insertion loss. The results of this research show that the acoustical behaviour of the tested rubber crumbs is the typical behaviour of the granular materials showing a noteworthy performance of the tested material in the low frequency range opening a scenery of possible applications where noise has relevant tonal components below 315 Hz.

The present paper describes an experimental campaign aimed at the determination of acoustical properties of vulcanized rubber crumbs obtained by the shredding of used tires. In particular their performance as sound absorbing material in lined ducts has been investigated. The most innovative aspect that is addressed in the study is the use of a waste material such as rubber tires reduced into small grains as a sound absorbing material: tires are in fact usually used at the end of their life cycle as fuel and burned in cement kilns in order to take advantage of their high heating value with all the problems of pollution that this solution produces. Two kinds of rubber crumbs have been investigated in terms of characteristic dimension of the grains porosity and sound absorbing coefficient while their in situ performance when used inside lined and parallel-baffle rectangular ducts has been evaluated measuring their insertion loss. The results of this research show that the acoustical behavior of the tested rubber crumbs is the typical behavior of the granular materials showing a noteworthy performance of the tested material in the low frequency range opening a scenery of possible applications where noise has relevant tonal components below 315 Hz.

Recent experimental evidence has shown that when wave breaking occurs low?frequency (LF?200 Hz) sound is produced and LF scatter has a different characteristic than expected from rough sea surface scattering. These effects have been attributed to the bubbles produced during wave breaking which are convected to depth by the breaking turbulence vorticity and Langmuir circulation as observed by Thorpe [S. Thorpe Oceanic White Caps edited by E. Monahan and G. MacNiocaill (Reidel Boston 1986) pp. 5758]. While the radiation and scatteringcharacteristics at frequencies greater than 1 kHz are explained by incoherent scatter from the observed bubble size and space distributions the lower frequency phenomena are not easily explained. However if bubble plumes and clouds produced in the wave breaking have appreciable volume fractions (?10?5) then LF sound radiation and scattering can be explained by classical theories. This paper reviews the scattering and radiation from bubbleclouds in water as a function of volume fraction. When the cloud is compact coherent and collective scatter are shown to occur. The natural frequency of radiation is shown to be described by a modified Minnaert result while the backscatter target strength is described by the first?order volume mode. These analytical results agree with experimental sound radiation and scatter measurements. Finally the collective radiation of bubble plumes and clouds is discussed as a possible explanation of the observed ocean low?frequency scattering and radiation phenomena. [Work sponsored by ONR 11250A and NUSC IR.

Questions important to the sonic detection of buried ordinance are whether the sound dispersion and attenuation of muddy bottoms can be predicted and verified. Wood and Weston [Acustica (1964)] measured compressional speeds in harbor mud 3% less than that of water with attenuation considerably less than those of sandy/silty sediments. A recent theoretical treatment [Pierce and Carey POMA 7001 (2009)] making use of the MallockWood equation and of a card?house theory of the structure of mud estimates the slow sound speed to depend on porosity as 1?(0.35)(1??). Present measurements at frequencies between 1 and 10 kHz with a buried array in the depositional mud at the bottom of Dodge Pond which contains considerable gas microbubbles yield speeds of the order of 60% of the sound speed in water. The initial measurements on the disturbed sediment were found to be strongly influenced by scattering from larger bubbles whereas the results after a period of 10 months showed the effect of a smaller size distribution of bubbles. Estimates based on the Dodge Pondmeasurements and on the card?house theory of the propagation characteristics and of the effect of micro?bubbles are discussed. [Sponsored by SERDP?NSWC?PCD.

The application of solid-state fabricated carbon nanotube sheets as thermoacoustic (TA) projectors is extended from air to underwater applications. Due to non-resonant sound generation the emission spectrum of nanotube sheets in air or underwater varies smoothly over a wide frequency range 1-105 Hz. Encapsulating the nanotube sheet projectors using inert gases with low heat capacity provided attractive performance at needed low frequencies as well as a realized energy conversion efficiency in air of 0.2% and 1.5% underwater which can be enhanced by further increasing the modulation temperature. We suggest enhancement of sound generation efficiency of encapsulated device by using high quality resonant acoustical windows and modulation of high frequency carrier current with a low frequency resonant envelope. Applications of TA projectors for high power sonar arrays and transparent flexible loudspeakers will be discussed. Finally the alternative nanostructures for excitation of thermoacoustic sound waves will be surveyed. [We gratefully acknowledge support by Office of Naval Research grant N00014-13-1-0180.

We report the first observation of the Mach cones excited by a larger microparticle (projectile) moving through a cloud of smaller microparticles (dust) in a complex plasma with neon as a buffer gas under microgravity conditions. A collective motion of the dust particles occurs as propagation of the contact discontinuity. The corresponding speed of sound was measured by a special method of the Mach cone visualization. The measurement results are fully incompatible with the theory of ion acoustic waves. We explore the analogy between a strongly coupled Coulomb system and a solid. A scaling law for the complex plasma makes it possible to derive a theoretical estimate for the speed of sound, which is in a reasonable agreement with the experiments in strongly coupled complex plasmas.

We investigate heating of the cool core of a galaxy cluster through the dissipation of sound waves excited by the activities of the central active galactic nucleus (AGN). Using a weak shock theory, we show that this heating mechanism alone cannot reproduce observed temperature and density profiles of a cluster, because the dissipation length of the waves is much smaller than the size of the core and thus the wave energy is not distributed to the whole core. However, we find that if it is combined with thermal conduction from the hot outer layer of the cluster, the wave heating can reproduce the observational results.

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This fact sheet is an overview of the U.S. Department of Energy's Federal Energy Management Program (FEMP). The Federal Government, as the nation's largest energy consumer, has a tremendous opportunity and acknowledged responsibility to lead by example. The U.S. Department of Energy's (DOE's) Federal Energy Management Program (FEMP) plays a critical role in this effort. FEMP facilitates the Federal Government's implementation of sound, cost-effective energy management and investment practices to enhance the nation's energy security and environmental stewardship. FEMP does this by focusing on the needs of its Federal customers, delivering an array of services across a variety of program areas.

An experiment on the transverse horizontal spatial coherence of sound propagating in the ocean was performed jointly by Chinese and Russian acousticians in the northwest Pacific Ocean in June 1990. Three hydrophones with spacings of 270 and 130 m were put in the water at a 30?m depth. The acoustic source with four cw (from 109 to 860 Hz) and a broadband pseudorandom noise signal was drifted at a depth of 100 m. Part of the measurement results of up to 140 km are presented in this paper. It seems that the spatial coherence was related to the amplitude of the received signals and rises considerably in convergence zones.

LEE-0152 - In the Matter of Sound Oil Company LEE-0152 - In the Matter of Sound Oil Company LEE-0152 - In the Matter of Sound Oil Company On August 16, 1994, Sound Oil Company (Sound) of Seattle Washington, filed an Application for Exception with the Office of Hearings and Appeals of the Department of Energy. In its Application, Sound requests that it be relieved of the requirement that it file the Energy Information Administration's (EIA) form entitled "Resellers'/Retailers' Monthly Petroleum Product Sales Report" (Form EIA-782B). As explained below, we have determined that the Application for Exception should be denied. lee0152.pdf More Documents & Publications OHA EIA CASES ARCHIVE FILE TEE-0068 - In the Matter of Bowlin Travel Centers, Inc. VEE-0030 - In the Matter of Lee Oil Company

The sound quality of vehicle interior noise has become a very important task for the acoustic engineers since more than 20 years. As vehicles become more and more quiet, the customer's sensitiveness for the acoustical comfort increases. On the one hand, no disturbing noises should be heard and on the other hand, the perceived sound quality, for example from the powertrain, should fulfill the expectations of the listener with respect to the sound design. The development of a good sound quality is in conflict with other targets. The development time of a new car has to be reduced and the production costs have to be lower, the total weight of the car should not increase â?? without any negative influence on the sound quality. For the acoustical engineer it becomes important to know what kind of tools are available to measure, to analyse and to describe sound quality on the one hand and how to improve it on the other hand.

* Numbers in parentheses refer to the References. introducing sound waves into the airstream by means of a variable-frequency oscillator and a loudspeaker mounted near the leading edge of a flat plate. Eventually, another method of producing... these disturbances was settled upon, but several interesting results caused by the use of sound were noted. Laminar boundary layer oscillations could be induced, depending upon the proper combination of sound frequency, speaker position, and free stream velocity...

Underwater and in-air recordings were made from a boat anchored near Prudhoe Bay Alaska while a Griffon 2000TD hovercraft drove by at or near full power on four passes. At the closest point of approach (CPA 6.5 m ) underwater broadband ( 10  10 000 Hz ) levels reached 133 and 131 dB re : 1 ? Pa at depths of 1 and 7 m respectively. In-air unweighted and A-weighted broadband ( 10  10 000 Hz ) levels reached 104 and 97 dB re : 20 ? Pa respectively. The hovercraft produced sound at a wide range of frequencies. Both underwater and in air the largest spectral peak was near 87 Hz which corresponded to the blade rate of the thrust propeller. In addition the spectral composition included several harmonics of this frequency. The shaft or blade rate of the lift fan was barely detectable underwater despite its proximity to the water. The hovercraft was considerably quieter underwater than similar-sized conventional vessels and may be an attractive alternative when there is concern over underwater sounds.

A method of predicting air handler sound power based on ratings for a product line is described. The method provides octave band sound power levels based on ratings obtained using Air?Conditioning and Refrigeration Institute (ARI) Standard 260 Sound Rating Of Ducted Air Moving And Conditioning Equipment. Detailed sound power information for HVAC equipment is not always available but it is important in accurately predicting noise levels in acoustically sensitive spaces. To address this need a rating program was undertaken using ARI 260. This standard is a reverberant room technique for sound rating ducted air conditioning equipment using a reference sound source substitution method. Since sound travels from the source to receiver along numerous paths this standard differentiates between sound power emanating from several common paths called components. Components for this project included ducted discharge free inlet plus casing ducted inlet and casing. The standard provides guidance on adequate number of fan sizes appurtenances and operating characteristics. The intent of the project was to provide a model to predict sound power by unit size component operating condition and unit configuration. Good agreement was found between predicted levels and measured data.

A Systems Approach to Managing Oil Transportation Risk in Prince William Sound Jason R. W. Merrick Received April 21, 2000; revised June 12, 2000; accepted June 26, 2000MANAGING OIL TRANSPORTATION RISK about the safety of oil transportation in the Prince William Sound, Alaska. As a result, a large number

Tidal energy represents potential for the generation of renewable, emission free, environmentally benign, and cost effective energy from tidal flows. A successful tidal energy demonstration project in Puget Sound, Washington may enable significant commercial development resulting in important benefits for the northwest region and the nation. This project promoted the United States Department of EnergyÃ¢Â?Â?s Wind and Hydropower Technologies ProgramÃ¢Â?Â?s goals of advancing the commercial viability, cost-competitiveness, and market acceptance of marine hydrokinetic systems. The objective of the Puget Sound Tidal Energy Demonstration Project is to conduct in-water testing and evaluation of tidal energy technology as a first step toward potential construction of a commercial-scale tidal energy power plant. The specific goal of the project phase covered by this award was to conduct all activities necessary to complete engineering design and obtain construction approvals for a pilot demonstration plant in the Admiralty Inlet region of the Puget Sound. Public Utility District No. 1 of Snohomish County (The District) accomplished the objectives of this award through four tasks: Detailed Admiralty Inlet Site Studies, Plant Design and Construction Planning, Environmental and Regulatory Activities, and Management and Reporting. Pre-Installation studies completed under this award provided invaluable data used for site selection, environmental evaluation and permitting, plant design, and construction planning. However, these data gathering efforts are not only important to the Admiralty Inlet pilot project. Lessons learned, in particular environmental data gathering methods, can be applied to future tidal energy projects in the United States and other parts of the world. The District collaborated extensively with project stakeholders to complete the tasks for this award. This included Federal, State, and local government agencies, tribal governments, environmental groups, and others. All required permit and license applications were completed and submitted under this award, including a Final License Application for a pilot hydrokinetic license from the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission. The tasks described above have brought the project through all necessary requirements to construct a tidal pilot project in Admiralty Inlet with the exception of final permit and license approvals, and the selection of a general contractor to perform project construction.

This report describes in general terms the nature of the voltage instability problem facing the Puget Sound area. The following two chapters cover the technical aspects of the problem. It deals with load growth, the root cause of the problem. Also addressed is the capacity of the current power system and the criteria for future system planning. It also explains the technical results of transmission system modeling which confirm the system's vulnerability to voltage instability, the principal symptom of the problem. The results of the scoping process in each of the four measure categories are presented. Included are lists of all options identified, a discussion of the screening criteria, and descriptions of the measures that survived the screening process and are proposed for further evaluation in Phase 2. We discuss the evaluation methodology which will be used to refine the analyses. The next steps in the planning process are outlined. It also describes the short term operational agreements that will assure continued reliable service until a long term solution is in place. 8 figs., 22 tabs.

In 1980 a 27?ft recreational vehicle was adapted to carry interactive science displays to local schools and community groups. This Mobile Science Museum (MSM) exhibits as many as 40 individual hands?on displays both inside as well as on tables directly outside the vehicle. University science students serve as docents and pass on their enthusiasm for science while providing role models for young visitors. Most displays are borrowed from university science teaching and research laboratories while others are developed and fabricated by faculty staff and students. Topics found to be particularly effective for presentation in the hands?on mode include sound light and marine biology. Far more schools request visits by the MSM than can be served within current budgetary constraints. While this project is supported by CSULB School of Natural Sciences the majority of the operating budget comes from other sources of funding including companies specializing in science and technology school districts parent/teacher associations and private individuals.

This line of inquiry aims to provide sound transmission loss data both lab? and field?tested for novel transparent and translucent wall assemblies. Special attention is paid to: (1) Redundant assemblies featuring two layers of material with a large gap or small room between them (2) assemblies featuring emerging materials and (3) assemblies with high thermal resistance values. To that end composite configurations of acrylic polycarbonate aerogel and glass were tested in a laboratory and an acrylic room and glass vestibule were tested in the field. Results will be presented with an eye toward future use of the data. Indeed it was the unavailability of the data in existing publications that initially drove the research.

Measurements of the attenuation of sound at a nominal frequency of 75 kHz have been made over vertical and horizontal acoustic paths located between depths of 700 and 3400 m in the Pacific Ocean. Results indicate that the equation used to predict attenuation overestimates the values actually encountered at these frequencies and depths. (Compare calculated values of 27.3 and 22.7 dB/km to measured values of 19.9±0.5 and 13.3±0.5 dB/km at depths of 910 and 3350 m respectively.) The measurements definitely establish the decrease of attenuation with increasing pressure. However the magnitude of the pressure coefficient of attenuation is almost twice as large as previously suspected (12.3±1.1×10?4/bar or approximately 12.3×10?4/atm compared to 6.54×10?4/atm).

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A rigorous and explicit solution is obtained for the problem of sound radiation from an unflanged circular pipe, assuming axially symmetric excitation. The solution is valid throughout the wave-length range of dominant mode (plane wave) propagation in the pipe. The reflection coefficient for the velocity potential within the pipe and the power-gain function, embodying the characteristics of the radiation pattern, are evaluated numerically. The absorption cross section of the pipe for a plane wave incident from external space, and the gain function for this direction, are found to satisfy a reciprocity relation. In particular, the absorption cross section for normal incidence is just the area of the mouth. At low frequencies of vibration, the velocity potential within the pipe is the same as if the pipe were lengthened by a certain fraction of the radius and the open end behaved as a loop. The exact value of the end correction turns out to be 0.6133.

Water circulation in Puget Sound, a large complex estuary system in the Pacific Northwest coastal ocean of the United States, is governed by multiple spatially and temporally varying forcings from tides, atmosphere (wind, heating/cooling, precipitation/evaporation, pressure), and river inflows. In addition, the hydrodynamic response is affected strongly by geomorphic features, such as fjord-like bathymetry and complex shoreline features, resulting in many distinguishing characteristics in its main and sub-basins. To better understand the details of circulation features in Puget Sound and to assist with proposed nearshore restoration actions for improving water quality and the ecological health of Puget Sound, a high-resolution (around 50 m in estuaries and tide flats) hydrodynamic model for the entire Puget Sound was needed. Here, a threedimensional circulation model of Puget Sound using an unstructured-grid finite volume coastal ocean model is presented. The model was constructed with sufficient resolution in the nearshore region to address the complex coastline, multi-tidal channels, and tide flats. Model open boundaries were extended to the entrance of the Strait of Juan de Fuca and the northern end of the Strait of Georgia to account for the influences of ocean water intrusion from the Strait of Juan de Fuca and the Fraser River plume from the Strait of Georgia, respectively. Comparisons of model results, observed data, and associated error statistics for tidal elevation, velocity, temperature, and salinity indicate that the model is capable of simulating the general circulation patterns on the scale of a large estuarine system as well as detailed hydrodynamics in the nearshore tide flats. Tidal characteristics, temperature/salinity stratification, mean circulation, and river plumes in estuaries with tide flats are discussed.

Self-organization of the Sound Inventories: Analysis and Synthesis of the Occurrence and Co Microsoft Research India, Bangalore Â­ 560080 September 18, 2007 Abstract The sound inventories of the world a high degree of clustering and subsequently refine our synthesis model in order to incorporate

Sound-insulation layer modelling in car computational vibroacoustics in the medium-frequency range In a previous article, a simplified low- and medium-frequency model for un- certain automotive sound-insulation. In this paper, the insulation simplified model is implemented in an in- dustrial stochastic vibroacoustic model

UCPOP: A Sound, Complete, Partial Order Planner for ADL J. Scott Penberthy IBM T.J. Watson Research;ed preconditions and eects, and with uni- versally quanti#12;ed goals. We prove ucpop is both sound and constraints until all preconditions are guar- anteed to be satis#12;ed. The mainloop makes two types

This paper discusses a new cellular neural network model of the time-coding pathway of sound localization. The key feature of the model is lateral inhibition which is supposed to play crucial role in sound localization. The possible role of this inhibition ...

0 and 90 Reference Directions for a Sound Level Meter E. Aflaloa , M.R. Vaabenb , P. Pourtaua , D the requirements of the IEC 61672 standard on sound level meters taking into account noise incidence from level meter must be pointed at the source according to standard IEC 60651. The purpose of the paper

to listeners during two experi- ments, in which they had to evaluate the dissimilarity of each sound to a reference, representing the nominal state of the device. In the first experiment, six factors, assumed: Structural uncertainties; Sound Perception; Fractional factorial designs; Taguchi tables; Listening test

A Battery-Free Tag for Wireless Monitoring of Heart Sounds Soumyajit Mandal, Lorenzo Turicchia that monitors heart sounds. The tag powers up by harvesting ambient RF energy, and contains a low measure heart rate at distances up to 7m from an FCC-compliant RF power source. We also suggest how delays

We propose "Toru," a game that reverses the game skills developed as a person ages using ultra-high-frequency (mosquito) sound. The game has its origin in the computer game Simon (1978), which we interpret from visual to auditory form using the mosquito ... Keywords: cognitive science, play, sound game

Acoustic holography for piston sound radiation with non-uniform velocity profiles Ronald M. Aarts results for the radiation of sound due to a non-uniformly moving, baffled, circular piston for estimating the radially symmetric part of a velocity profile (baffled- piston radiation) from on

Author's personal copy JOURNAL OF SOUND AND VIBRATION Journal of Sound and Vibration 311 (2008) 608 and couplings are often subjected to unbalanced axial and radial loads due to excessive machine vibrations with the associated reduction of noise, vibration, and local temperature rise. It also decreases wear of mechanical

for measuring the speed of sound in a marine sediment. The acoustic coupling across the airÂ­sea interface, southern California6,7 in which a propeller-driven light aircraft was used as an acoustic source to the speed of sound in the local medium where the receiver is located, that is, the sedi- ment in the case

Sound Project Management, Safe and Efficient Work Lead to Savings Sound Project Management, Safe and Efficient Work Lead to Savings for More Recovery Act Cleanup Sound Project Management, Safe and Efficient Work Lead to Savings for More Recovery Act Cleanup Sound management practices and safe, efficient work have led to cost savings and rapid progress in the Idaho site's American Recovery and Reinvestment Act projects. The efficiencies have freed up $12 million for additional Cold War cleanup. That $12 million from the Recovery Act is being used to exhume targeted buried waste from a quarter-acre portion of a landfill called Pit 9 so it can be disposed permanently and safely. Sound Project Management, Safe and Efficient Work Lead to Savings for More Recovery Act Cleanup More Documents & Publications Idaho Site Completes Cleanup with Help from Workers who Shipped Waste

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Sound Project Management, Safe and Efficient Work Lead to Savings Sound Project Management, Safe and Efficient Work Lead to Savings for More Recovery Act Cleanup Sound Project Management, Safe and Efficient Work Lead to Savings for More Recovery Act Cleanup Sound management practices and safe, efficient work have led to cost savings and rapid progress in the Idaho site's American Recovery and Reinvestment Act projects. The efficiencies have freed up $12 million for additional Cold War cleanup. That $12 million from the Recovery Act is being used to exhume targeted buried waste from a quarter-acre portion of a landfill called Pit 9 so it can be disposed permanently and safely. Sound Project Management, Safe and Efficient Work Lead to Savings for More Recovery Act Cleanup More Documents & Publications Idaho Site Completes Cleanup with Help from Workers who Shipped Waste

Manta Wings: Wave Energy Testing Floats to Puget Sound Manta Wings: Wave Energy Testing Floats to Puget Sound Manta Wings: Wave Energy Testing Floats to Puget Sound August 6, 2010 - 11:27am Addthis The 1:15 scale prototype being lowered into the wave flume at Oregon State University's O.H. Hinsdale Wave Research Laboratory | Photo courtesy of Columbia Power The 1:15 scale prototype being lowered into the wave flume at Oregon State University's O.H. Hinsdale Wave Research Laboratory | Photo courtesy of Columbia Power Lindsay Gsell Columbia Power Technologies plans to test an intermediate-scale version of its wave energy converter device in Puget Sound later this year. After the successful control tests, the company will move testing to open water in Puget Sound this fall. Columbia will test the intermediate 1:7

Efforts are concentrated on the sounds corresponding to the heart valve opening cycle. Valve opening and closing acoustics present additional information about the outlet strut condition---the structural component implicated in valve failure. The importance of the opening sound for single leg separation detection/classification is based on the fact that as the valve opens, the disk passively hits the outlet strut. The opening sounds thus yield direct information about outlet strut condition with minimal amount of disturbance caused by the energy radiated from the disk. Hence the opening sound is a very desirable acoustic signal to extract. Unfortunately, the opening sounds have much lower signal levels relative to the closing sounds and therefore noise plays a more significant role than during the closing event. Because of this it is necessary to screen the sounds for outliers in order to insure a high sensitivity of classification. Because of the sharp resonances appearing in the corresponding spectrum, a parametric processing approach is developed based on an autoregressive model which was selected to characterize the sounds emitted by the Bjork--Shiley convexo--concave (BSCC) valve during opening cycle. First the basic signals and the extraction process used to create an ensemble of heart valve sounds are briefly discussed. Next, a {ital beat} {ital monitor} capable of rejecting beats that fail to meet an acceptance criteria based on their spectral content is developed. Various approaches that have been utilized to enhance the screened data and produce a reliable {ital heart} {ital valve} {ital spectrogram} which displays the individual sounds (power) as a function of beat number and temporal frequency are discussed. Once estimated, the spectrogram and associated parameters are used to develop features supplied to the various classification schemes. Finally, future work aimed at even further signal enhancement and improved classifier performance is discussed.

The measurements from the Microwave Sounding Unit (MSU) and the Advanced Microwave Sounding Unit-A (AMSU-A) on board NOAA polar-orbiting satellites have been extensively utilized for detecting atmospheric temperature trend during the last several ...

As the growing acceptance of small wind turbines operating in suburban and rural communities coincides with increasingly stringent regulations on the sound emitted by these turbines the need for sound mitigation solutions becomes urgent. Small turbines need to be affordable for small business use and thus proposed solutions must be cost-effective and low maintenance. Easy retrofit to existing turbines is also desirable. Wind turbines generate sound via two main mechanisms: structural borne sound generated by the gearbox and generator and transmitted through the nacelle structure and aeroacoustic sound generated by the interaction of the airstream with the rotating blades and other turbine components. Current study focused on the mitigation of structural-borne sound in a 50 kW wind turbine using a constrained viscoelastic layer. The viscoelastic layer comprised of multiple tiles with normal force to the nacelle structure provided by ratcheting bands. Optimal value for the normal force was empirically determined and the resulting reductions in generated sound were documented both in the laboratory and on a working turbine under a number of operating conditions. The result is a cost-effective solution with zero cost of ownership and easy installation on a wide range of small to medium-size wind turbines.

Noise is unwanted sound (from an urban planning point of view). The standard practice to controlnoise while valuable is a negative process (i.e. reducing unwanted noise). In response there is a drive by several authorities to take a more positive approach to improve and manage soundscapes in cities and civic spaces. Urban soundscape design consists of planning shaping and managing the sound to fit each area of the masterplan in terms of civic cultural and social character. Arup uses its SoundLab a 3D sound facility (ambisonic) to design and auralise (the sound equivalent to visualisation) soundscapes with planners architects or artists and demonstrate to Local Planning Authorities or clients the results of the design. An example of urban soundscaping design is Dark Neville Street Leeds for Leeds City Council where architectural lighting design acoustical soundscaping design were integrated together with an artistic sonic piece by Hans?Peter Kuhn which was auralised in the Arup SoundLab. An example of indoor sonic art and soundscape design installation is Harmonic Bridge by Bill Fontana and Arup Acoustics in the Turbine Hall of the Tate Modern (June?August 2006) where the sonic art piece was composed in the SoundLab.

The Washington State Department of Ecology contracted with Pacific Northwest National Laboratory to develop an intermediate-scale hydrodynamic and water quality model to study dissolved oxygen and nutrient dynamics in Puget Sound and to help define potential Puget Sound-wide nutrient management strategies and decisions. Specifically, the project is expected to help determine 1) if current and potential future nitrogen loadings from point and non-point sources are significantly impairing water quality at a large scale and 2) what level of nutrient reductions are necessary to reduce or dominate human impacts to dissolved oxygen levels in the sensitive areas. In this study, an intermediate-scale hydrodynamic model of Puget Sound was developed to simulate the hydrodynamics of Puget Sound and the Northwest Straits for the year 2006. The model was constructed using the unstructured Finite Volume Coastal Ocean Model. The overall model grid resolution within Puget Sound in its present configuration is about 880 m. The model was driven by tides, river inflows, and meteorological forcing (wind and net heat flux) and simulated tidal circulations, temperature, and salinity distributions in Puget Sound. The model was validated against observed data of water surface elevation, velocity, temperature, and salinity at various stations within the study domain. Model validation indicated that the model simulates tidal elevations and currents in Puget Sound well and reproduces the general patterns of the temperature and salinity distributions.

A1-Si closed-cell aluminum foam bare boards of 1?240 mm×1?100 mm with different densities and thicknesses were prepared by molten body transitional foaming process. The sound reduction index(R) of AI-Si closed-cell aluminum foam bare boards was investigated experimentally under different frequencies (100-4?000 Hz). It is found that sound reduction index(R) is small under low frequencies, large under high frequencies and is controlled by different mechanisms. The sound insulation property basically conforms with the monolayer board sound insulation theory. The sound reduction index(R) increases with the even growth of thickness and density, but its rising trend is tempered. The single number sound reduction indexes(Rw) of specimen with thickness of 20 cm and density of 0.51 g/cm3 are 30.8 dB and 33 dB respectively, which demonstrates good sound insulation property for lightmass materials.

An interesting probe of the nature of dark energy is the measure of its sound speed, $c_s$. We review the significance for constraining sound speed models of dark energy using large neutral hydrogen (HI) surveys with the Square Kilometre Array (SKA). Our analysis considers the effect on the sound speed measurement that arises from the covariance of $c_s$ with the dark energy density, $\\Omega_\\LLambda$, and a time-varying equation of state, $w(a)=w_0+(1-a)w_a$. We find that the approximate degeneracy between dark energy parameters that arises in power spectrum observations is lifted through redshift tomography of the HI-galaxy angular power spectrum, resulting in sound speed constraints that are not severely degraded. The cross-correlation of the galaxy and the integrated Sachs-Wolfe (ISW) effect spectra contributes approximately 10 percent of the information that is needed to distinguish variations in the dark energy parameters, and most of the discriminating signal comes from the galaxy auto-correlation spectrum. We also find that the sound speed constraints are weakly sensitive to the HI bias model. These constraints do not improve substantially for a significantly deeper HI survey since most of the clustering sensitivity to sound speed variations arises from $z \\lsim 1.5$. A detection of models with sound speeds close to zero, $c_s \\lsim 0.01,$ is possible for dark energy models with $w\\gsim -0.9$.

The propagation of sound through a spatially homogeneous but non-stationary medium is investigated within the framework of fluid dynamics. For a non-vortical fluid, especially, a generalized wave equation is derived for the (scalar) potential of the fluid velocity distribution in dependence of the equilibrium mass density of the fluid and the sound wave velocity. A solution of this equation for a finite transition period ? is determined in terms of the hypergeometric function for a phenomenologically realistic, sigmoidal change of the mass density and sound wave velocity. Using this solution, it is shown that the energy flux of the sound wave is not conserved but increases always for the propagation through a non-stationary medium, independent of whether the equilibrium mass density is increased or decreased. It is found, moreover, that this amplification of the transmitted wave arises from an energy exchange with the medium and that its flux is equal to the (total) flux of the incident and the reflected wave. An interpretation of the reflected wave as a propagation of sound backward in time is given in close analogy to Feynman and Stueckelberg for the propagation of anti-particles. The reflection and transmission coefficients of sound propagating through a non-stationary medium is analyzed in more detail for hypersonic waves with transition periods ? between 15 and 200 ps as well as the transformation of infrasound waves in non-stationary oceans. -- Highlights: Analytically exact study of sound propagation through a non-stationary medium. Energy exchange between the non-stationary medium and the sound wave. Transformation of hypersonic and ultrasound frequencies in non-stationary media. Propagation of sound backward in time in close analogy to anti-particles. Prediction of tsunamis both in spatially and temporally inhomogeneous oceans.

A LEED?Gold certified government building includes six floors of open?plan office space that are equipped with electronic sound masking delivered from a raised floor having under?floor air distribution (UFAD). Results of user polling show mixed results for acoustic satisfaction with significant complaints about speech privacy and noise from the systems interfering with users ability to work. This research focuses on this dissatisfaction the general conflict between speech privacy ease of verbal communication and acceptance of noise?generating treatments. Little research has been done on masking delivered via UFAD so it was also desired to further the understanding of this design as part of a larger research program by the Federal government on Green Buildings. Specific objectives were to develop and test possible remedies for this system and improve planning of future facilities that may have masking via UFAD. On?site measurements of masking and HVAC spectra as well as noise reduction and observations for various conditions were made. Post?measurement data analysis was conducted and experimental remedies were developed and tested. The results and recommendations will be presented.

An arbitrary excitation of the plane x = 0 sends sound signals into the half?space x ? 0 occupied by the viscous fluid. The governing third?order partial differential equation is solved exactly using the Laplace transform on time and the sine transform on space. New expressions for the most general solution are derived. The specific inputs considered in detail are the Dirac delta function the Heaviside unit function a decaying exponential and a sinusoidal excitation. The final expressions are given in the form of real integrals and of exact power series. Short?time approximations are also given for a general input and for the four aforementioned specific inputs. Previously obtained approximations for the case of small attenuation coefficients are corrected and extended for the decaying exponential and the sinusoidal input. The results found indicate that viscosity tends to reduce the sharpness of the propagating disturbance and thus to smooth out any initially imposed discontinuity. The presence of the disturbance is felt immediately everywhere in the medium and in fact the short?time approximations satisfy the parabolic heat equation.

People with serious cardiac problems have had their life span extended with the development of the prosthetic heart valve. However, the valves operate continuously at approximately 39 million cycles per year and are therefore subject to structural failures either by faulty design or material fatigue. The development of a non-invasive technique using an acoustic contact microphone and sophisticated signal processing techniques has been proposed and demonstrated on limited data sets. In this paper we discuss an extension of the techniques to perform the heart valve tests in an anechoic like. Here the objective is to extract a ''pure'' sound or equivalently the acoustical vibration response of the prosthetic valves in a quiet environment. The goal is to demonstrate that there clearly exist differences between values which have a specific mechanical defect known as single leg separation (SLS) and non-defective valves known as intact (INT). We discuss the signal processing and results of anechoic acoustic measurements on 50 prosthetic valves in the tank. Finally, we show the results of the individual runs for each valve, point out any of the meaningful features that could be used to distinguish the SLS from INT and summarize the experiments.

Depositional muddy sediments are slow bottoms and pose a problem for the sonic detection of buried ordnance. This paper addresses the question: can the frequency dependent dispersion be predicted and verified by measurements in areas where buried object detection is required? Wood and Weston (Acustica V14 1964) have indicated that muddy sediments in the kHz range have a compressional speed 3% less than water with a frequency dependent attenuation (less than that of sand). A theoretical treatment of "muddy sediments" the Card House Theory (Pierce and Carey POMA (5) 7001 2009) estimates the slow sound speed and frequency dispersion proportional to mud porosity. Preliminary Dodge Pond results obtained with a buried array (1 to 10 kHz) are presented and illustrate the importance of micro-bubbles on the dispersion characteristic. The initial measurements on the disturbed sediment were found strongly influenced by scattering from larger bubbles whereas the results after a period of 10 months showed the effect of a smaller size distribution of bubbles. Estimates of the dispersion characteristic of mud and the effect of micro-bubbles are discussed. Finally the application of an impedance tube to the characterization of mud is discussed.

The theory of velocity propagation in a gas as conditioned by internal energy exchanges is considered in detail for the simplest case in which the "lags" may be differentnamely, the model with three sets of states. This "second order" theory is required for the interpretation of experimental results where the wave period is of the order of the lag for some states. Assuming the first vibration state of CO2 to have the largest lag in accordance with Kneser's interpretation of his recent experiments, the necessary approximations are given explicitly and the results are directly applicable to CO2. The apparent lag as measured in sound velocity experiments is not the simple stationary state mean "collision life" nor the mean life of the energy quantum except under special conditions and then for only one of the states. The velocity increment in the "resonance" region is given more accurately in terms of transition probabilities and is not described completely by the specific heats as might be expected from the "first order" theory. Contrary to the indications of the simple theory with an empirical constant the external energy is always merely the translation term. The status of the assumed lag assignment in CO2 is discussed in the light of the results and underlying theory of this paper.

This report provides resource management and health agencies with a general indication of the magnitude of potential human health risks associated with consumption of recreationally harvested seafoods from Puget Sound. Data collection and evaluation focused on a variety of metal and organic contaminants in fish, shellfish and edible seaweeds from 22 locations in the Sound. EPA risk assessment techniques were used to characterize risks to average and high consumer groups for both carcinogens and noncarcinogens. Theoretical risks associated with consumption of both average and high quantities of Puget Sound seafood appear to be comparable to or substantially less than those for fish and shellfish from other locations in the United States.

An important question of theoretical physics is whether sound is able to propagate in vacuums at all and if this is the case, then it must lead to the reinterpretation of one zero-restmass particle which corresponds to vacuum-sound waves. Taking the electron-neutrino as the corresponding particle, its observed non-vanishing rest-energy may only appear for neutrino-propagation inside material media. The idea may also influence the physics of dense matter, restricting the maximum speed of sound, both in vacuums and in matter to the speed of light.

A measurement system and method for permitting multiple independent measurements of several physical parameters of multiphase fluids flowing through pipes are described. Multiple acoustic transducers are placed in acoustic communication with or attached to the outside surface of a section of existing spool (metal pipe), typically less than 3 feet in length, for noninvasive measurements. Sound speed, sound attenuation, fluid density, fluid flow, container wall resonance characteristics, and Doppler measurements for gas volume fraction may be measured simultaneously by the system. Temperature measurements are made using a temperature sensor for oil-cut correction.

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We suggest sound ways to improve the capture of CO2...including the conservation of U.S. crops, forests, grasses, and soil conservation. Currently, U.S. crops, forests, and grasses collect an estimated 9 billion ...

studies have been carried out on diesel motor sounds: firstly, the panel of experts of a car maker made. Introduction In today's highly competitive markets, developing new products that satisfy consumers' needs

Measurements of density, speed of sound, and viscosity have been carried out on liquid certified reference materials for biofuels as a function of temperature at ambient pressure. The samples included anhydrous and hydrated bioethanol and two biodiesel ...

Many individuals diagnosed with autism experience auditory sensitivity - a condition that can cause irritation, pain, and, in some cases, profound fear. Efforts have been made to manage sound sensitivities in autism, but ...

Scott Burnett (1) demonstrated the feasibility of using acoustic sensors to locate an object without information about speed of sound. The algorithms of triangulation and pose measurement, which were introduced in his paper to fulfill the goal...

This study maps the phased array-generated acoustic sound fields through three types of CASS microstructure in four specimens to quantitatively assess the beam formation effectiveness in these materials.

This thesis investigates the application of acoustic measurements in the deep and shallow ocean to infer the sound velocity profile (svp) in the seabed. For the deep water ocean, an exact method based on the Gelfand-Levitan ...

The intention of this project is to utilize sound as representation of MIT research-extending out to the public what may be invisible, or less known to the broader community interested in MIT's spectrum of work. I am ...

We have developed a wearable, battery-free tag that monitors heart sounds. The tag powers up by harvesting ambient RF energy, and contains a low-power integrated circuit, an antenna and up to four microphones. The chip, ...

Nearly all listening environments-indoors and outdoors alike-are full of boundary surfaces (e.g., walls, trees, and rocks) that produce acoustic reflections. These reflections interfere with the direct sound arriving at a ...

The information and data contained in this Appendix was extracted from numerous sources. The principle sources used for technical data were Bonneville Power Administration's 1990 Resource Program along with its technical appendix, and Chapter 8 of the Draft 1991 Northwest Conservation and Electric Power Plan. All cost data is reported 1988 dollars unless otherwise noted. This information was supplemented by other data developed by Puget Sound utilities who participated on the Local Generation Team. Identifying generating resources available to the Puget Sound area involved a five step process: (1) listing all possible resources that might contribute power to the Puget Sound area, (2) characterizing the technology/resource status, cost and operating characteristics of these resources, (3) identifying exclusion criteria based on the needs of the overall Puget Sound Electric Reliability Plan study, (4) applying these criteria to the list of resources, and (5) summarizing of the costs and characteristics of the final list of resources. 15 refs., 20 tabs.

49: Admiralty Inlet Pilot Tidal Project, Puget Sound, WA 49: Admiralty Inlet Pilot Tidal Project, Puget Sound, WA EA-1949: Admiralty Inlet Pilot Tidal Project, Puget Sound, WA SUMMARY This EA analyzes the potential environmental effects of a proposal by the Public Utility District No. 1 of Snowhomish County, Washington to construct and operate the Admiralty Inlet Tidal Project. The proposed 680-kilowatt project would be located on the east side of Admiralty Inlet in Puget Sound, Washington, about 1 kilometer west of Whidbey Island, entirely within Island County, Washington. The Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC) is the lead agency. DOE is a cooperating agency. PUBLIC COMMENT OPPORTUNITIES None available at this time. DOCUMENTS AVAILABLE FOR DOWNLOAD August 9, 2013 EA-1949: FERC Notice of Availability Errata Sheet

Modern sounding techniques have been developed for the space-borne exploration of Earth's magnetosphere and topside ionosphere. Two new satellite instruments will use the advanced techniques of the ground-based Digisondes. The Radio Plasma Imager (RPI), a low-frequency sounder with 500-m dipole antennas designed to sweep from 3 kHz to 3 MHz, will be part of NASA's IMAGE mission to be launched in February 2000 into an elliptical orbit with an altitude at apogee of 7Re. While in the magnetospheric cavity, RPI will receive echoes from the magnetopause and the plasmasphere and will measure the direct response of the magnetosphere's configuration to changes in the solar wind. With three orthogonal dipole antennas (two 500-m tip-to-tip antennas in the spin plane used for transmission and reception, one 20-m antenna along the spin axis for reception only) the arrival angle of returning echoes can be determined with high accuracy. The other instrument is the \\{TOPside\\} Automated Sounder (TOPAS), which was originally conceived for the Ukrainian WARNING mission with a launch date in 2001. Using one antenna for transmission and three orthogonal 10-m antennas for reception, TOPAS will be able to determine the arrival angle of ionospheric echoes and their wave polarization. It will then be possible to automatically scale the topside ionograms and calculate the electron density profiles in real time. Operating as a high-frequency radar, TOPAS will for the first time measure topside plasma velocities by tracking the motions of plasma irregularities.

Reverberant acoustic test facilities can be qualified to determine the sound power levels of broadband and tonal noise sources using the procedures defined in Air?Conditioning Heating and Refrigeration Institute (AHRI) Std. 220 Sound Power Testing Using Reverberant Rooms for HVAC Equipment. Member companies from AHRIs Technical Committee on Sound participated in a round robin test program in which tonal noise sources were shipped to and tested in a number of qualified reverberant rooms. This report summarizes the results of this effort. The mean and standard deviations of the sound power levels for multiple locations/orientations of the noise sources in each facility and for all facilities are presented. The standard deviations as a function of frequency for these sources were found to be generally less than the values established for broadband sources and therefore less than those allowed for tonal sources. Based on the comparisons of round robin test results accurate determinations of sound power levels can be made using the substitution method in rooms qualified in accordance with AHRI Std. 220 Technical Committee on Sound Air?Conditioning Heating and Refrigeration Institute

Prince William Sound (PWS) oceanic circulation is driven by a combination of local wind, large run-off and strong tides. Using a regional oceanic model of the Gulf of Alaska, adequately resolving the mean circulation and mesoscale eddies, we configure a series of three nested domains. The inner domain zooms in on Prince William Sound with a 1-km horizontal grid resolution. We analyze a set of four experiments with different combinations of run-off, wind and tides to demonstrate the relative influence of these forcing on the central Sound mean circulation cell and its seasonal variability. The mean circulation in the central PWS region is generally characterized by a cyclonic cell. When forced only by the wind, the circulation is cyclonic in winter and fall and strongly anticyclonic in summer. The addition of freshwater run-off greatly enhances the eddy kinetic energy in PWS partly through near-surface baroclinic instabilities. This leads to a much more intermittent circulation in the central Sound, with the presence of intense small-scale turbulence and a disappearance of the summer wind-forced anticyclonic cell. The addition of tides reduces the turbulence intensity (relatively to the experiment with run-off only), particularly in the central Sound. The generation of turbulent motions by baroclinic processes is lowered by tidal mixing and by modification of the exchange at Hinchinbrook Entrance. Tides have an overall stabilizing effect on the central Sound circulation. Tidal rectification currents help maintain a mean cyclonic circulation throughout the year.

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AlSi closed-cell aluminum foam sandwich panels (1240 mm × 1100 mm) of different thicknesses and different densities were prepared by molten body transitional foaming process in Northeastern University. The experiments were carried out to investigate the sound insulation property of AlSi closed-cell aluminum foam sandwich panels of different thicknesses and different densities under different frequencies (1004000 Hz). Results show that sound reduction index (R) is small under low frequencies, large under high frequencies; thickness affects the sound insulation property of material obviously: when the thicknesses of AlSi closed-cell aluminum foam sandwich panels are 12, 22, and 32 mm, the corresponding weighted sound reduction indices (RW) are 26.3, 32.2, and 34.6 dB, respectively, the rising trend tempered; the increase of density of AlSi closed-cell aluminum foam can also increase the sound insulation property: when the densities of aluminum foam are 0.31, 0.51, and 0.67 g/cm3, the corresponding weighted sound reduction indices (RW) are 28.9, 34.3, and 34.6 dB, the increasing value mitigating.

Computer modeling of industrial facilities like chemical plants refineries or other production areas is the first and most important step in the calculation of sound exposure in the environment. The pipework with gas flows is often contributing relevant to the sound radiation of the complete facility. This radiation can be determined applying the methods described in technical papers like VDI 3733 and ISO 15664. On the basis of these descriptions a software tool was developed that allows to create pipework in 3D models with line sources and to calculate the sound propagation with methods like ISO 9613-2. The line sources are linked with the technical parameters like pipe cross section flow rate pressure density and temperature of the gas and material parameters of the pipe wall. The sound power emission from the pipe to the environment and the internal flow of sound powerlinked to the next section of pipingis calculated on the basis of these parameters. The same technique is used to calculate the sound emission of cooling towers electric and fuel driven motors gears pumps and other devices. This powerful technique allows creating sustainable models that can be adapted to different operation conditions with minimum time and effort.

Computer modeling of industrial facilities like chemical plants refineries or other production areas is the first and most important step in the calculation of sound exposure in the environment. The pipework with gas flows is often contributing relevant to the sound radiation of the complete facility. This radiation can be determined applying the methods described in technical papers like VDI3733 and ISO15664. On the basis of these descriptions a software tool was developed that allows to create pipework in 3D models with line sources and to calculate the sound propagation with methods like ISO9613-2. The line sources are linked with the technical parameters like pipe cross section flow rate pressure density and temperature of the gas and material parameters of the pipe wall. The sound power emission from the pipe to the environment and the internal flow of sound power - linked to the next section of piping - is calculated on the basis of these parameters. The same technique is used to calculate the sound emission of cooling towers electric and fuel driven motors gears pumps and other devices. This powerful technique allows creating sustainable models that can be adapted to different operation conditions with minimum time and effort.

The Micro-X Imaging X-ray Spectrometer is a sounding rocket payload slated for launch in 2011. An array of Transition Edge Sensors, which is operated at a bath temperature of 50 mK, will be used to obtain a high resolution spectrum of the Puppis-A supernova remnant. An Adiabatic Demagnetization Refrigerator (ADR) with a 75 gram Ferric Ammonium Alum (FAA) salt pill in the bore of a 4 T superconducting magnet provides a stable heat sink for the detector array only a few seconds after burnout of the rocket motors. This requires a cold stage design with very short thermal time constants. A suspension made from Kevlar strings holds the 255 gram cold stage in place. It is capable of withstanding loads in excess of 200 g. Stable operation of the TES array in proximity to the ADR magnet is ensured by a three-stage magnetic shielding system which consists of a superconducting can, a high-permeability shield and a bucking coil. The development and testing of the Micro-X payload is well underway.

Experimental information concerning the acoustic velocity in steam as a function of pressure and temperature is quite limited. Yet it is of particular interest to steam turbine designers who are now planning units as large as 400 000 kw operating at 4500 lb/sq in. and 1200°F so as to increase thermal efficiencies of such units. Apparatus is now in operation for measuring the acoustic velocity up to 2000 lb/sq in. and 750°F using a variable path acoustic interferometer.Measurements are taken at 200?lb/sq in. intervals along a given isotherm using a sound frequency of 750 kc. A special experimental high?pressure boiler is used to generate the steam at the desired pressure and the stem is then increased in temperature by means of a stainless steel superheater before entering the interferometer. The interferometer also of stainless steel is enclosed by an insulated steel vessel maintained at a given constant temperature by another separate steam system. Future work is now being considered up to 6000?lb/sq in. steam pressure based upon results of present experiments.

Belugas often exchange one type of broadband pulsed sounds (termed PS1 calls) which possibly functions as a contact calls (Morisaka et al. 2013). Here we investigate how belugas embed their signature information into the PS1 calls. PS1 calls were recorded from each of five belugas including both sexes and various ages at the Port of Nagoya Public Aquarium using a broadband recording system when in isolation. Temporal and spectral acoustic parameters of PS1 calls were measured and compared among individuals. Kruskal-Wallis test revealed that inter-pulse intervals (IPIs) the number of pulses and pulse rates of PS1 calls had significant differences among individuals but duration did not (?2?=?76.7 p<0.0001; ?2?=?26.2 p<0.0001; ?2?=?45.3 p<0.0001; and ?2?=?4.7 p?=?0.316 respectively). The contours depicted by the IPIs as a function of pulse order were also individually different and only the contours of a calf fluctuated over time. Four belugas except a juvenile had individually distinctive power spectra. These results suggest that several acoustic parameters of PS1 calls may hold individual information. We found PS1-like calls from the other captive belugas (Yokohama Hakkeijima Sea Paradise) suggested that the PS1 call is not the specific call for one captive population but the basic call type for belugas.

This paper reports that it has been estimated that the burning of fossil fuels and the clearing of forests account for 6-7 billion tons of carbon emissions each year. Combustion also results in significant emissions of sulfur oxides and nitrogen oxides. While the growth in the use of fuels has slowed considerably in the developed regions of North America, western Europe, and Japan over the past decade, pressure for increased energy use and the clearing of forests can be expected with even moderate economic and population growth in the developing regions of Asia, Africa, and Latin America. Researchers at the Institute for Economic Analysis have begun the formulation and analysis of alternative scenarios describing environmentally sound economic development over the next 50 years. These scenarios include activities aimed at improving the standards of living in developing countries while reducing emissions of the aforementioned gases or removing carbon from the atmosphere. Specific alternatives include tropical forestation; the adoption of relatively clean and efficient boilers, especially for the production of electricity in developing countries, as well as greater use of cogeneration systems and hydroelectricity; alternative transportation strategies; and conservation of energy in households of rich and middle-income countries (e.g., efficient lighting fixtures, appliances, and cooling equipment).

, the vibration activity of a set of structure-borne sound sources will be measured. The receiver structures study of vibrational power transmission and the measurement method 2 Numerical testing of the measurement method 3 Measurement of vibration activity of a set of sources on two different receiver

carry more energy than do light waves b) The frequency of sound is much greater than that of light c) The wavelength of sound is much greater than that of light d) Sound waves are longitudinal, while light waves are transverse e) Sound waves are transverse, while light waves are longitudinal 2. A ray of light goes from air

Anthropogenic sound in the sea is an increasing problem and more knowledge on the influence of sound on fish needs to be collected. For this reason experiments are carried out in an experimental tank 10 m in diameter to examine the reaction of juvenile and adult cod and plaice to sound. Pure tones from the frequency range of offshore wind turbines are artificially emitted in typical wind turbinesound levels of 130 and 140 dB re 1 Pa. A sound gradient in the tank enables the fish to avoid highest sound levels. The number of fish in the vicinity of the sound source is determined in regular time intervals before during and after the 24?h period of sound exposure. Changes in numbers of fish can be seen in the periods with and without sound in many experiments. Reactions of plaice are ambiguous pointing to both avoidance of or attraction to the sound. In the majority of the experiments carried out on cod avoidance behavior to the sound can be seen with strongest reactions at 25 60 and 90 Hz. The results indicate potential avoidance behavior of cod to the operational noise of offshore wind farms.

An experiment was conducted in an open practice ground (shooting range) regarding the recording of the sound of gunshots. Shots were fired using various types of firearms (seven pistols five revolvers two submachine guns one rifle and one shotgun) in different calibers from several various distances with reference to the recording sources. Both a conventional sound level meter (device) and a measurement microphone were used having been placed in a fixed point behind the shooting line. The sound of each shot was recorded (from the device). At the same time the signal received by the microphone was transferred to a connected computer through an appropriate audio interface with a pre?amplifier. Each sound wave was stored and depicted as a wave function. After the physic?mathematical analysis of these depictions the volume was calculated in the accepted engineering units(Decibels or dB) of Sound Pressure Level (SPL). The distances from the recording sources were 9.60 meters 14.40 m 19.20 m and 38.40 m. The experiment was carried out by using the following calibers: .22 LR 6.35 mm(.25 AUTO) 7.62 mm Tokarev (7 62×25) 7.65 mm(.32 AUTO) 9 mm Parabellum (9×19) 9 mm Short (9×17) 9 mm Makarov (9×18) .45 AUTO .32 S&W .38 S&W .38 SPECIAL .357 Magnum 7 62 mm Kalashnikov (7 62×39) and 12 GA. Tables are given for the environmental conditions (temperature humidity altitude & barometric pressure) the length of the barrel of each gun technical characteristics of the used ammunition as well as for the volume taken from the SLM. The data for the sound intensity were collected after 168 gunshots (158 single shot & 10 bursts). According to the results a decreasing of the volume equivalent to the increasing of the distance was remarked as it was expected. Values seem to follow the Inverse square Law. For every doubling of the distance from the sound source the sound intensity diminishes by 5.9904±0.2325 decibels (on average). In addition we have the chance of determining the volume of the gunshot sound coming from a certain type of weapon. A further application could be the calculation of the distance from a shooting firearm if one is aware of a recorded volume.

As part of the AHRI ASA-ANSI and ISO standards development processes the uncertainty of sound power measurements needs to be quantified for inclusion in sound power standards. A study of four reverberation rooms with volumes of 140 280 560 and 1790 cubic meters was undertaken. Sound power levels for five noise sources (two vertical shafted sound sources two horizontal shafted sound sources and a leaf blower) were determined using ARI Standard 220. Variables investigated include: source location source orientation room conditions source operating characteristics and microphone traverse length. The frequency range of interest was 25 Hz to 10 kHz. Measurements were repeated and the order of tests was randomized. Of particular interest was the difference between the 140 cubic foot room and the other rooms to confirm the room qualification process required by ARI Standard 220 because the 140 cubic foot room does not meet the ARI Standard 220 qualification process but does meet the requirements in ISO 3741. This work will be helpful in understanding the sources of variation and allow for a starting point for determining if improvements are needed and if so what factors should be considered.

Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is a serious disorder characterized by intermittent events of upper airway collapse during sleep. Snoring is the most common nocturnal symptom of OSA. Almost all OSA patients snore, but not all snorers have the disease. Recently, researchers have attempted to develop automated snore analysis technology for the purpose of OSA diagnosis. These technologies commonly require, as the first step, the automated identification of snore/breathing episodes (SBE) in sleep sound recordings. Snore intensity may occupy a wide dynamic range (>95 dB) spanning from the barely audible to loud sounds. Low-intensity SBE sounds are sometimes seen buried within the background noise floor, even in high-fidelity sound recordings made within a sleep laboratory. The complexity of SBE sounds makes it a challenging task to develop automated snore segmentation algorithms, especially in the presence of background noise. In this paper, we propose a fundamentally novel approach based on artificial neural network (ANN) technology to detect SBEs. Working on clinical data, we show that the proposed method can detect SBE at a sensitivity and specificity exceeding 0.892 and 0.874 respectively, even when the signal is completely buried in background noise (SNR

High?power sound sources have received a lot of attention in the past few years due to renewed interest in industrial applications of high?intensity sounds such as the acoustic agglomeration of aerosols or combustion enhancement. Most high?power sound sources require a horn to match the source impedance to the medium where the sound is radiated. Such horns introduce distortion in the initial waveform which can be detrimental to the agglomeration or combustion enhancement process. Boundary?layer attenuation smooths the wave shape while dispersion breaks up the symmetry of the waveform. Horn?induced dispersion is usually the dominant dispersion mechanism resulting in strong peaks in the waveform. Finally due to the very high acoustic levels at the horn throat finite?amplitude effects are responsible for a significant amount of distortion at high frequencies. Simple examples of waveform distortion due to these various mechanisms are shown. The effects of sound?pressure level horn design and frequency on distortion are illustrated for an exponential horn and several initial wave shapes. Experimental results are presented that compare very well with theory.

The hydrodynamic model used in this study is the Finite Volume Coastal Ocean Model (FVCOM) developed by the University of Massachusetts at Dartmouth. The unstructured grid and finite volume framework, as well as the capability of wetting/drying simulation and baroclinic simulation, makes FVCOM a good fit to the modeling needs for nearshore restoration in Puget Sound. The model domain covers the entire Puget Sound, Strait of Juan de Fuca, San Juan Passages, and Georgia Strait at the United States-Canada Border. The model is driven by tide, freshwater discharge, and surface wind. Preliminary model validation was conducted for tides at various locations in the straits and Puget Sound using National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) tide data. The hydrodynamic model was successfully linked to the NOAA oil spill model General NOAA Operational Modeling Environment model (GNOME) to predict particle trajectories at various locations in Puget Sound. Model results demonstrated that the Puget Sound GNOME model is a useful tool to obtain first-hand information for emergency response such as oil spill and fish migration pathways.

Interest in anthropogenic sound in the marine environment has been directed at concerns about the effects of sound on marine mammals. However fish make up a far larger and more diverse portion of the oceans than do marine mammals and they hold considerable economic importance internationally. This has led to a growing interest in the effect of anthropogenic sounds on fish in environments ranging from shallow waters near in?shore shipping lanes to the deep sea. Concerns for effects on fish are parallel to those for marine mammals and include issues ranging from the death of individual animals to the potential for behavioral changes that could lead to impacts on the survival of populations or species. While the body of data on the effects of anthropogenic sounds on fish is still small and much of the work is not in the peer?reviewed literature the number of peer?reviewed studies is growing. The purpose of this special session is to provide an overview of what we currently know about the effects of anthropogenic sound on fish help define the major outstanding questions on these effects and to provide the basis for discussion of current and future research in order to help resolve these questions.

18 - In the Matter of Alliance to Protect Nantucket Sound 18 - In the Matter of Alliance to Protect Nantucket Sound FIA-13-0018 - In the Matter of Alliance to Protect Nantucket Sound On April 4, 2013, the Office of Hearings and Appeals (OHA) issued a decision remanding in part an Appeal from a Freedom of Information Act (FOIA) determination issued by the Loan Programs Office (LPO). The Appellant appealed the LPO's decision to withhold information in the released documents pursuant to Exemptions 2, 4, 5 and 6, claiming that the LPO's determination letter inadequately justified its redactions. The Appellant also sought expedited processing of its Appeal, which the OHA denied, finding that there was no compelling need for expedited processing. The OHA concluded that the LPO properly invoked Exemption 6 as to withheld

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The Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL) has been involved with nondestructive examination (NDE) of coarse-grained cast austenitic stainless steel (CASS) components for over 30 years. More recent work has focused on mapping the ultrasonic sound fields generated by low-frequency phased array probes that are typically used for the evaluation of CASS materials for flaw detection and characterization. The casting process results in the formation of large grained material microstructures that are nonhomogeneous and anisotropic. The propagation of ultrasonic energy for examination of these materials results in scattering, partitioning and redirection of these sound fields. The work reported here provides an assessment of sound field formation in these materials and provides recommendations on ultrasonic inspection parameters for flaw detection in CASS components.

Assuming that the universe contains a dark energy fluid with a constant linear equation of state and a constant sound speed, we study the prospects of detecting dark energy perturbations using CMB data from Planck, cross-correlated with galaxy distribution maps from a survey like LSST. We update previous estimates by carrying a full exploration of the mock data likelihood for key fiducial models. We find that it will only be possible to exclude values of the sound speed very close to zero, while Planck data alone is not powerful enough for achieving any detection, even with lensing extraction. We also discuss the issue of initial conditions for dark energy perturbations in the radiation and matter epochs, generalizing the usual adiabatic conditions to include the sound speed effect. However, for most purposes, the existence of attractor solutions renders the perturbation evolution nearly independent of these initial conditions.

data 16 29 30 34 35 36 37 12 Summary of STEPDISC program for the means of expiration data 38 13 Summary of STEPDISC program for the means of inspiration data 39 14 DISC classification results for 4 variables using the forward expiration... are generated in the larynx and inspiratory sounds are generated partly in the larynx and partly in the alveoli. Martini and Muller [14], on the other hand, believe that the bronchial network of the lungs is responsible for breath sound generation...

A new type of underwater low?frequency radiator is described. Operation of the radiator is based on the nonlinear conversion of high?frequency acoustic pump energy to low?frequency sound pulsation of the water volume of the open acoustic pump resonator. High?intensity pump waves in the resonator produce cavitation. Water containing bubbles is highly nonlinear (hundreds and even thousands of times more than pure water) and dispersive. Both of these factors and also the use of the pump resonator promote much stronger conversion of pump energy to low?frequency sound in comparison with a parametric radiator. The calculation of the acoustical characteristics is presented.

URI has been used for the contents by recognizing them as a page of text, sound, video clip, picture, and animation. However, we need a new URI system and service environment for mobile devices because of the dif...

Various conservation, load management, and fuel switching programs were considered as ways to reduce or shift system peak load. These programs operate at the end-use level, such as residential water heat. Figure D-1a shows what electricity consumption for water heat looks like on normal and extreme peak days. Load management programs, such as water heat control, are designed to reduce electricity consumption at the time of system peak. On the coldest day in average winter, system load peaks near 8:00 a.m. In a winter with extremely cold weather, electricity consumption increases fr all hours, and the system peak shifts to later in the morning. System load shapes in the Puget Sound area are shown in Figure D-1b for a normal winter peak day (February 2, 1988) and extreme peak day (February 3, 1989). Peak savings from any program are calculated to be the reduction in loads on the entire system at the hour of system peak. Peak savings for all programs are measured at 8:00 a.m. on a normal peak day and 9:00 a.m. on an extreme peak day. On extremely cold day, some water heat load shifts to much later in the morning, with less load available for shedding at the time of system peak. Models of hourly end-use consumption were constructed to simulate the impact of conservation, land management, and fuel switching programs on electricity consumption. Javelin, a time-series simulating package for personal computers, was chosen for the hourly analysis. Both a base case and a program case were simulated. 15 figs., 7 tabs.

Flow-Induced Sound and Vibration due to the Separated Shear Layer in Backward-Facing Step of the author. #12;ii Supervisory Committee Flow-Induced Sound and Vibration due to Separated Shear Layer to other equipment. Thus, vibration of the paper sheet and turbulent flow that emerged from a planar curved

The application to permit a wind turbine power development usually involves submission of a prediction for the sound level that will occur at residences schools places of worship and elsewhere people gather for restorative rest. This paper uses the example of a wind power development and follows iterations taken to finalize the sound level prediction. The paper provides quantitative information collected since the start up of the wind power development on measured sound levels and octave band distribution; and qualitative observations on the special characteristics of the sound. Actual observations are compared to the predictions. More importantly the paper reviews the consequences self-reported in qualitative interviews by citizens living with the changed environment after four years of operation of the wind power development. Reported impacts included difficulty sleeping loss of jobs and changes to social relationships caregiving pursuit of hobbies leisure learning and overall health. Changes in measured health outcomes are identified. Both the quantitative and qualitative findings justify revision of the permitting process.

Cape Wind situated in Nantucket Sound Massachusetts is poised to become Americas first offshore windfarm. Our objective is to establish baseline (pre-construction) sound levels of human and biological activity including diel and seasonal variability of various sound types at the construction site and three nearby comparison sites. Acoustic recorders have been deployed since April 2012 recording on a 10% duty cycle (sample rate: 80 kHz). Biological contributions to the local soundscape are primarily fish sounds with the dominant signal likely being cusk eel (Family Ophidiidae) calls. These calls which are composed of stereotyped pulses with an average bout duration of 3.3 ±0.8 s and mean peak frequency of 1030 ±200 Hz show both seasonal and diel variation. Dense choruses were detected during summer (July) but limited activity occurred in the fall and winter. During vocal periods detections occurred throughout the day but peaked near dusk. Vessel traffic also showed diel and seasonal trends with peaks during the daytime and in the summer which indicates that boat activity can be tracked acoustically. These trends in biological and anthropogenic activity provide key baseline records for evaluating the influence of windfarm construction and operation on a local US soundscape.

DETECTION OF IMPULSE-LIKE AIRBORNE SOUND FOR DAMAGE IDENTIFICATION IN ROTOR BLADES OF WIND TURBINES burdens of wind turbines. To detect damage of rotor blades, several research projects focus on an acoustic, rotor blade, wind turbine INTRODUCTION There are several publications of non destructive damage

). Another device, developed by Weber [29], combined the two previous scales: the listener assessed different ways. Long duration sounds were presented to listeners who had to continuously assess) 469-476" #12;Geissner 1 Introduction Over the past forty years, most of listening test experiments

Influences of offshore environmental conditions on wind shear profile parameters in Nantucket Sound@ecs.umass.edu ABSTRACT Simultaneous wind resource and oceanographic data are available from an offshore monitoring tower how oceanographic data can be used to aid offshore wind resource assessment evaluations. This study

influenced by turbine operational parameters such as rotational speed and blade pitch angle as well as wind turbine source noise mitigation techniques as well as how these technologies and turbine operation canConcepts for Wind Turbine Sound Mitigation Page 1 of 16 AWEA Windpower 2013 Chicago, IL May 6

......studying potential repositories of nuclear waste, and for mapping...by hazardous waste. It is also...sounding method in plan view and earth...shall first review 1-Dinterpretational...in terms of standard errors and when...1982. A review of time-domain......

...committee of three, experts on artillery, electricity and topography, to evaluate what the...officer who knew something about sound and electricity to put the method into operation. Would...shot would issue the order to fire by wireless. When this order was received at the...

Journal of Sound and Vibration (1997) 202(2), 203Â­218 SEMI-ACTIVE CONTROL OF FRICTION DAMPERS P, U.S.A. (Received 22 January 1996, and in final form 21 October 1996) Semi-active control of friction dampers has been proposed to improve the energy dissipation characteristics of passive friction dampers

Sound Synthesis and Musical Composition by Physical Modelling of Self-Sustained Oscillating environment GENESIS on self-sustained oscillating structures models. Based on the mass-interaction CORDIS the analysis of real self-sustained instruments like bowed strings or woodwinds, our aim is to develop generic

Shape-retaining freely-deformable interfaces can take innumerable distinct shapes, and creating specific target configurations can be a challenge. In this paper, we investigate how audio can guide a user in this process, through the use of either musical ... Keywords: audio feedback, deformable interfaces, multimodal interaction, shape-retaining interfaces, sonic interaction, sound design

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Mining Massive Archives of Mice Sounds with Symbolized Representations Jesin Zakaria1 Sarah that the time is ripe for archives of mice songs to fall into the purview of data mining. We show a novel technique for mining mice vocalizations directly in the visual (spectrogram) space that practitioners

A thermoacoustic prime mover was developed for conversion of heat to sound that is then directly converted to electricity. The acoustic device consists of a 2.7?kHz quarter?wave resonator with a stack of random material between a hot heat exchanger and a cold heat exchanger. It is loaded by a cavity that couples the sound to a piezoelectric device for generation of electrical power. Optimization of this device for energy conversion was based on studies of heat injection temperature difference threshold for onset of oscillation heat flow in the device quality factor Q of the resonator response time to heat input and sound power output. Parameters for optimization included different mesh sizes for the heat exchangers given stack filling factors and levels of positive feedback from the acoustic cavity. Response time to heat injection was lowered by coupling the heat source directly to the hot heat exchanger. Device efficiency was doubled by reducing heat losses along the supporting structure of the stack. Temperature differences for oscillation were as low as 50°C and sound levels of 130 dB were achieved. Thus device performance was enhanced substantially by optimizing geometric factors.

Recordings of sounds underwater and in air and of iceborne vibrations were obtained at Northstar Island an artificial gravel island in the Beaufort Sea near Prudhoe Bay (Alaska). The aim was to document the levels characteristics and range dependence of sounds and vibrations produced by drilling and oil production during the winter when the island was surrounded by shore-fast ice. Drilling produced the highest underwater broadband (1010?000 Hz) levels (maximum=124 dB re: 1 ?Pa at 1 km) and mainly affected 7001400 Hz frequencies. In contrast drilling did not increase broadband levels in air or ice relative to levels during other island activities. Production did not increase broadband levels for any of the sensors. In all media broadband levels decreased by ?20 dB/tenfold change in distance. Background levels underwater were reached by 9.4 km during drilling and 34 km without. In the air and ice background levels were reached 510 km and 210 km from Northstar respectively depending on the wind but irrespective of drilling. A comparison of the recorded sounds with harbor and ringed seal audiograms showed that Northstar sounds were probably audible to seals at least intermittently out to ?1.5 km in water and ?5 km in air.

As part of a general study of underwater industrial noises and their effects on bowhead whales sounds from drilling and dredging operations were measured in the shallow waters (drilling drilling at a caisson?retained island transfer dredges and hopper dredges. Results are presented in spectrum graphs as sound pressure levels in third?octave and octave bands and as overall levels in the 20? to 1000?Hz band. Most energy from these sources was below 1000 Hz. The weakest drilling/dredging soundsmeasured came from a drillship performing logging operations (122125 dB r e:1 ?Pa 201000 Hz range 0.17 km). The strongest sounds came from a hopper dredge underway with a damaged propeller (150 dB range 0.46 km). Measured data were used to derive regression equations for received sound level versus range. In these shallow waters the overall noise (20? to 1000?Hz band) from most drilling and dredging operations would be at levels below the median ambient noise (99 dB) at ranges greater than 30 km.

An experiment to determine some characteristics of long?range underwater sound propagation was undertaken by the U.S. Naval Ordnance Laboratory in April 1964. In this experiment Project Neptune sound signals were dropped at various ranges from a listening station in Bermuda. To supplement this and other stations one was established by the New Zealand Naval Research Laboratory off southern New Zealand to record the sound signals dropped on the final phase between Cape Town South Africa and Perth Australia. The recorded energy was analyzed in 1 3 ?oct bands to determine the transmission?path characteristics for low frequencies. The signal envelopes were found to differ in shape from the usual solar case and the attenuations were much larger than previously obtained for either RSR (refracted?surface reflected) or sofar propagation. These differences may be explained in terms of the different velocity structure of the Southern Ocean from that sound in the Atlantic or Pacific Oceans. In particular the thermocline is not as pronounced as in temperate or tropical regions and is absent south of the Antarctic convergence. Thus the energy was transmitted by a mixture of RSR and sofar modes little sofar energy arriving from those shots whose tracks crossed the Antarctic convergence.

Application of the Transmission Line Matrix method for outdoor sound propagation modelling Â­ Part 2 propagation model. The time-domain acoustic model is based on the Transmission Line Matrix method. Its.apacoust.2013.07.015 #12;Part 1, the presentation and evaluation of the Transmission Line Matrix method showed

and streams and therefore aquatic ecosystems. Factors influencing salmon abundance are often general- ized A symposium on Restoration of Puget Sound Rivers at the spring 2000 meeting of the Society for Ecological Restoration's Northwest chapter pre- sented an opportunity to synthesize regional expertise on river

CAUSAL/ANTICAUSAL DECOMPOSITION FOR MIXED-PHASE DESCRIPTION OF BRASS AND BOWED STRING SOUNDS, in order to lo- cally model divergent oscillations in a steady way [4]. This mixed-phase representation- ous interaction instruments (CII): brass and bowed string. The aim of this work is to better

The simple theoretical basis for photo acoustic (PA) system for studying infrared absorption properties of greenhouse gases is constructed. The amplitude of sound observed in PA depends on the modulation frequency of light pulse. Its dependence can be explained by our simple model. According to this model, sound signal has higher harmonics. The theory and experiment are compared in third and fifth harmonics by spectrum analysis. The theory has the analogy with electric circuits. This analogy helps students for understanding the PA system.

A sound field beam mapping exercise was conducted to further understand the effects of coarse grained microstructures found in CASS materials on phased array ultrasonic wave propagation. Laboratory measurements were made on three CASS specimens with different microstructures; the specimens were polished and etched to reveal measurable grain sizes, shapes and orientations. Three longitudinal, phased array probes were fixed on a specimen's outside diameter with the sound field directed toward one end (face) of the pipe segment over a fixed range of angles. A point receiver was raster scanned over the surface of the specimen face generating a sound field image. A slice of CASS material was then removed from the specimen end and the beam mapping exercise repeated. The sound fields acquired were analyzed for spot size, coherency, and beam redirection. Analyses were conducted between the resulting sound fields and the microstructural characteristics of each specimen.

Purpose: The purpose of this work is to assess the magnitude of speed of sound (SOS) aberrations in three-dimensional ultrasound (US) imaging systems in image guided radiotherapy. The discrepancy between the fixed SOS value of 1540 m/s assumed by US systems in human soft tissues and its actual nonhomogeneous distribution in patients produces small but systematic errors of up to a few millimeters in the positions of scanned structures. Methods: A correction, provided by a previously published density-based algorithm, was applied to a set of five prostate, five liver, and five breast cancer patients. The shifts of the centroids of target structures and the change in shape were evaluated. Results: After the correction the prostate cases showed shifts up to 3.6 mm toward the US probe, which may explain largely the reported positioning discrepancies in the literature on US systems versus other imaging modalities. Liver cases showed the largest changes in volume of the organ, up to almost 9%, and shifts of the centroids up to more than 6 mm either away or toward the US probe. Breast images showed systematic small shifts of the centroids toward the US probe with a maximum magnitude of 1.3 mm. Conclusions: The applied correction in prostate and liver cancer patients shows positioning errors of several mm due to SOS aberration; the errors are smaller in breast cancer cases, but possibly becoming more important when breast tissue thickness increases.

to the ocean (Table 2.1). Oceanic surface temperatures ranged from 26.7 to 30.6?C during the time of this investigation (BF&M, 2010). Profiles for caves with no sun exposure usually had temperature increasing with depth (75% of 28 sites) (Fig. 2.2). 28... to the ocean (Table 2.1). Oceanic surface temperatures ranged from 26.7 to 30.6?C during the time of this investigation (BF&M, 2010). Profiles for caves with no sun exposure usually had temperature increasing with depth (75% of 28 sites) (Fig. 2.2). 28...

Sound insulation in buildings: linking theory and practice C. Hopkins University of Liverpool at the design stage. As the sound insulation in-situ is determined by both direct and flanking transmission. With increasing emphasis on the importance of sound insulation at low-frequencies, indications are given on how

The specific acoustic problem of a double-leaf panel is a less sound insulation caused by a mass-air-mass resonance. For improving the sound insulation many studies have suggested Helmholtz resonators in the cavity which are tuned at the resonant frequency. They have measured and analyzed this problem of double-walls spaced with 100 mm thickness of air gap. They have suggested that the resonators improve the sound insulation to the resonant transmission and discussed its optimization for a gain by the resonators and structures set in the cavity. But it is unclear that those results can apply to sound insulation by a double grassing with 5 mm thickness of air gap which is often seen even as a thermal insulated window and whose air gap is quite thinner than that of the walls. Then this study measured effects of various resonators in the cavity for improving the sound insulation of thin double-leaf panels and discusses effects of structures and perforation ratio to the sound insulation. Moreover for analyzing the effects of resonators this study discusses measured results with theoretical studies of sound absorption models for resonators.

Proceedings of the CADEÂ­17 ATP System Competition Abstract In order to stimulate ATP system development, and to expose ATP systems to interested researchers, the CADEÂ­17 ATP System Competition (CASCÂ­17) will be held on 17 June 2000. CASCÂ­17 will evaluate the performance of sound, fully automatic, 1st order ATP

This paper provides detailed descriptions of the three test sections of quieter pavement evaluated by the Washington State Department of Transportation (WSDOT) using the on?board sound intensity (OBSI) method and the unique deterioration of those pavements. Within 6 months of installation OBSI for the test sections were not audibly lower than the control sections. OBSI is the predominant metric used to evaluate the success of quieter pavements in Washington State. Monthly OBSI measurements describe the seasonal variability in measuredsound levels and highlight more rapid general sound level increases in the test pavements relative to the control. Asphalt mix compositions and installation procedures used in Washington were similar or identical to those used in southern states where the same pavements have been successful. Challenges to the success of all pavements in Washington State include studded tires frequent freeze?thaw cycles and cool summers that encourage lower surface temperatures during installation than in southern states. These challenges are particularly significant for open?graded friction course OGFC pavements as evidenced by spikes in OBSI measurements following seasonal weather events. Parallels between OBSI measurements and structural durability measurements are described in detail.

Saw Solyndra as a Sound Investment, Put $961 Million Behind Saw Solyndra as a Sound Investment, Put $961 Million Behind the Promising Company Solyndra's great promise and innovative technologies were widely recognized and highly valued by a wide range of very sophisticated private investors. In its S-1 Form filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission in December 2009, Solyndra detailed more than $961 million of private capital that investors had put on the line after conducting their own independent assessments of the company. The list is below: Affiliates of Artis Capital Management, L.P.: $44 million Affiliates of Kohlberg Kravis Roberts & Co. (Fixed Income) LLC: $2.07 million Argonaut Ventures I, L.L.C.: $270.658 million CMEA Ventures VI, L.P.: $17.666 million CMEA Ventures VII, L.P.: $10 million

IDAHO FALLS, Idaho - Sound management practices and safe, efficient IDAHO FALLS, Idaho - Sound management practices and safe, efficient work have led to cost savings and rapid progress in the Idaho site's American Recovery and Reinvestment Act projects. The efficiencies have freed up $12 million for additional Cold War cleanup. That $12 million from the Recovery Act is being used to exhume targeted buried waste from a quarter-acre portion of a landfill called Pit 9 so it can be disposed permanently and safely. The additional cleanup, scheduled for completion in spring 2012, is part of the Idaho site's broader work to accelerate legacy waste removal in 5.69 acres of a disposal area, a cleanup project that protects the Snake River Plain Aquifer. Recovery Act workers with CH2M-WG Idaho, the Idaho site's main cleanup

Sample records for balloon-borne sounding system from the National Library of Energy Beta (NLEBeta)

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Radiation Dry Bias in the TWP-ICE Radiosonde Soundings Radiation Dry Bias in the TWP-ICE Radiosonde Soundings Solar Zenith Angle Correction Factor Figure 3: Ratio of MWR TCWV to radiosonde derived TCWV, and the solar zenith angle at the radiosonde launch time (black dots). The dry bias observed in sonde TCWV values is mainly attributable to a dry RH bias near the surface The red dots show the 1000 hPa RH correction factors suggested by Voemel et al for sondes launched near noon (10-30 degree solar zenith angle), and at night time (90 degree zenith angle). The green line shows a modified RH correction factor which is a function of the solar zenith angle. â During the day-time, the TCWV bias is significantly smaller when the zenith angle correction is applied than when no correction, or only the Crad and Ccal corrections are applied.

We point out that the zero-sound-first-sound difference in solid rare gases is a very sensitive probe of the phonon self-energy. Recent advances in our knowledge of the interatomic potentials of these solids have enabled us to remove much of the ambiguity from this source and hence focus directly on the influence of different model self-energies. We have investigated the approximations of Koehler and Goldman, Horton, and Klein using a self-consistent harmonic basis with no explicit inclusion of hard-core effects. We find that the previously unexplained experimental result for solid Kr near melting, that C44 as measured by neutron scattering is 12% greater than obtained from Brillouim scattering, lies between the predictions of these two approximations.

Long?range propagation losses were measured at frequencies from 0.025 to 0.8 kHz to the north and south of a receiver at 46?°N 143°30?W in the Northeast Pacific. To the south of the station the attenuation losses experienced a pronounced minimum near 50 Hz and approached the one?half Thorp value at 0.8 kHz. An examination of the behavior of the attenuation coefficient as a function of range indicated that a range of at least 700 km would be required to make meaningful measurements of attenuation in this area. To the north of the receiving station focusing of the sound due to a rapidly shallowing sound channel prevented reliable measurement of the attenuation coefficient at any range.

Sound production by white shrimp (Penaeus setiferus) was studied acoustically and behaviorally. Another crustacean-like signal from the Gulf of Mexico was analyzed, and the use of passive sonar for the detection and stock assessment of shrimp...

CHP Supported with Energy Efficiency Measures - a Winning and Environmentally Sound Solution in Finland Erkki Hannunkari, IVO Technology Centre In the European Union Energy Progranunes, one of the most significant measures in reducing carbon... dioxides and other emissions is to build additional CHP teclmology. TIris will be implemented with measures to raise the energy efficiency. CHP technology is exceptionally widely used in Finland. At industrial sites, it accounts for more than in any...

We investigate heating of the cool core of a galaxy cluster through the dissipation of sound waves and weak shocks excited by the activities of the central active galactic nucleus (AGN). Using a weak shock theory, we show that this heating mechanism alone cannot reproduce observed temperature and density profiles of a cluster, because the dissipation length of the waves is much smaller than the size of the core and thus the wave energy is not distributed to the whole core.

Using the high?pressure (0 to 1000 bars) sound?velocity measurements of Wilson (1960) an equation of state for PVT properties of water and seawater has been developed based on a modified Tait equation of the form V°?V P V°P = 1 B+A 1 P+A 2 P 2 in which V° is the specific volume at atmospheric pressure VP the specific volume at pressureP and B A 1 and A 2 are functions of temperature and salinity. The equation has been fit with a maximum deviation in compressibility of 0.01×10?6 bar?1 for seawater and 0.02×10?6 bar?1 for pure water. The data from this equation will yield specific volumes that show the excellent consistency of Ekman's (1908) measurements with the sound data. The results for pure water show a definite shift in Kell and Whalley's (1965) measurements and the superiority of the PVT data generated from the sound data to direct experimental measurements.

Microbubble plumes are produced when waves break and are convected to depth. What role these microbubble plumes have in the production of sound and the scattering of sound near the sea surface from the low? (20?Hz) to mid? (2?kHz) frequency range? Ocean ambient noise shows a dramatic increase in midfrequency levels when wave breaking occurs. Measurements of scattering from the sea surface have a different characteristic than expected by Bragg scattering from gravity waves i.e. a large zero Doppler component. If microbubbleclouds and plumes with void fractions greater than 0.0001 act as collective resonant oscillators then noise can be produced and scattering can occur with little Doppler shift but ample spread. This hypothesis was based on the theory that the mixture properties determine the radiation and scattering from such a compact region. Experimental results show that the far field radiation of sound from a compact region can be described by monopole volume pulsation beneath a pressure release surface with the natural frequency described by a modified Minneart formula. Scattering measurements from submerged bubble clouds show a significant low frequency scattering. Experimental evidence and theoretical formulations are consistent with collective phenomenon. [Work supported by ONR.

The upper-air sounding network for DYNAMO (Dynamics of the Madden-Julian Oscillation or MJO) has provided an unprecedented set of observations for studying the MJO over the Indian Ocean (IO) where coupling of this oscillation with deep convection first occurs. With 72 sounding sites and dropsonde data from 13 aircraft mission, the sonde network covers the tropics from Eastern African to the West Pacific. In total nearly 26,000 sondes were collected from this network during the experiments 6-month extended observing period (from October 2011 to March 2012). Slightly more than half of the sondes, collected from 33 sites, are at high vertical resolution. Rigorous post-field phase processing of the sonde data included several levels of quality checks and a variety of corrections which address a number of issues (e.g., daytime dry bias, baseline surface data errors, ship deck-heating effects, artificial dry spikes in slow ascent sondes). Because of the importance of an accurate description of the moisture field in meeting the scientific goals of the experiments, particular attention is given to humidity correction and its validation. The humidity corrections, though small relative to some previous field campaigns, produced high fidelity moisture analyses in which sonde precipitable water compared well with independent estimates. An assessment of model operational analyses moisture using corrected sonde data shows an overall good agreement with the exception at upper-levels where model moisture and clouds are more abundant than the sounding data would indicate.

Several acoustic experiments show a surprising degree of stability in wave fronts propagating over multi-megameter ranges through the ocean's sound channel despite the presence of random-like, sound speed fluctuations. Previous works have pointed out the existence of chaos in simplified ray models incorporating structure inspired by the true ocean environment. A ``predictability horizon'' has been introduced beyond which stable wave fronts cease to exist and point-wise, detailed comparisons between even the most sophisticated models and experiment may be limited for fundamental reasons. We find, by applying one of the simplified models, that for finite ranges, the fluctuations of the ray stabilities are very broad and consistent with lognormal densities. A fraction of the rays retain a much more stable character than the typical ray. This may be one of several possible mechanisms leading to greater than anticipated sound field stability. The lognormal ray stability density may underlie the recent, experimentally determined, lognormal density of wave field intensities [J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 105 (1999) 3202--18].

This study examined the effectiveness of embedded picture mnemonic alphabet cards on the acquisition of letter name and letter sound knowledge with at-risk kindergarten students in a rural Texas public school. The study compared student achievement...

This project involved the mechanical design of a modular musical instrument, named the "Sound Strand." Intended to be attached end-to-end one onto another in order to produce a string of music, each module was constructed ...

The bonding condition of the spray on foam insulation (SOFI) used to insulate the external tank of the NASA space shuttle can be found by using the audio frequency sound absorption coefficient. The ASTM E1050 standard method for sound absorptionmeasurements was used with an open?ended 1?in?diam cast acrylic impedance tube sealed to the SOFI with closed cell PVC foam. Two artificially disbonded locations measuring 1.0 in. by 5.5 in. by 0.0625 in. and 2.0 in. by 8.0 in. by 0.0625 in. were detected by peaks in the sound absorption coefficient spectrum. The peaks in the sound absorptionspectrum between 1000 and 4000 Hz were 25% to 50% higher over disbonded areas when compared to bonded locations. The maximum and minimum sound absorption levels for the foam ranged between approximately 0.1 and 0.3. The entire sample was scanned using the sound absorption peaks as indicators. Samples of 2?in.?thick polystyrene foam were used with different sized defects at different locations in the foam to relate defect size and location to peaks in absorption coeffi?cient spectrum. [Work supported by NASA under Award No. NAG102098.

The specific acoustic problem of a double-leaf panel is a less sound insulation caused by a mass-air-mass resonance. For improving the sound insulation many studies have suggested Helmholtz resonators in the cavity which are tuned at the resonant frequency. They have measured and analyzed this problem of double-walls spaced with 100 mm thickness of air gap. They have suggested that the resonators improve the sound insulation to the resonant transmission and discussed its optimization for a gain by the resonators and structures set in the cavity. But it is unclear that those results can apply to sound insulation by a double grassing with 5 mm thickness of air gap which is often seen even as a thermal insulated window and whose air gap is quite thinner than that of the walls. Then this study measured effects of various resonators in the cavity for improving the sound insulation of thin double-leaf panels and discusses effects of structures and perforation ratio to the sound insulation.

...possible to find the cause of a decline in salmon that hatch in the Columbia River, notes Ben Zelinsky of the Bonneville Power Administration in Portland, Oregon. Ready to transmit. A biologist implants an acoustic tag into an anesthetized salmon...

Sample records for balloon-borne sounding system from the National Library of Energy Beta (NLEBeta)

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measured using lead and line. However, in 1802 the Staffordshire clockmaker Edward Massey patented a brass device he referred to as a sounding machine, an example of which sits in the Whipple Museum, Cambridge, UK (Figure 1).7 This machine was designed... overboard. But if something went wrong, it was not immediately obvious who was to blame: the sailor calling or the sailor listening? Ultimately, it was their collective responsibility to ensure the correct amount of line was released as the ship moved...

#12;#12;The CADE-22 ATP System Competition (CASC-22) Geoff Sutcliffe University of Miami, USA Abstract The CADE ATP System Computer (CASC) evaluates the performance of sound, fully automatic, classical logic, ATP systems. The evaluation is in terms of the number of problems solved, the number

This paper presents a theoretical study of sound propagation in an ocean?surface duct. It deals with several aspects of the theory from a point of view which has not heretofore been taken in the analyses of this problem. The model used to describe a duct assumes the ocean surface to be smooth and the square of the refractive index to be bilinear. Alternative representations of the sound field excited by a point source are derived the two playing the most significant role in this paper being the residue series and the normal?mode representation. It is shown that the depth functions of the residue series do not form a complete set as those of a normal?mode representation must and that the normal?mode spectrum is continuous rather than discrete. The completeness properties of the normal?mode functions are then utilized in a study of the energy?trapping capabilities of the duct. In this connection virtual modes are introduced and shown to lead naturally to the derivation of a leakage coefficient characteristic of the exponential leakage of energy out of the duct with increasing range. In addition a cutoff?frequency criterion useful in determining when a surface duct can trap energy is derived.

The Marine Research Laboratory conducted studies during CY 1985 to evaluate the effects of sea-surface contamination on the reproductive success of a valued marine species. Microlayer and bulk water samples were collected from a rural bay, central Puget Sound, and three urban bays and analyzed for a number of metal and organic contaminants as well as for densities of neuston and plankton organisms. Fertilized neustonic eggs of sand sole (Psettichthys melanostictus) were exposed to the same microlayer samples during their first week of embryonic and larval development. Also, we evaluated the effects of microlayer extracts on the growth of trout cell cultures. Compared to rural sites, urban bays generally contained lower densities of neustonic flatfish eggs during the spawning season. Also, in contrast to the rural sites or the one central Puget Sound site, approximately half of the urban bay microlayer samples resulted in significant increases in embryo mortality (up to 100%), kyphosis (bent spine abnormalities) in hatched larvae, increased anaphase aberrations in developing embryos, and decreased trout cell growth. The toxic samples generally contained high concentrations of polycyclic aromatic and/or chlorinated hydrocarbons and/or potentially toxic metals. In some cases, concentrations of contaminants on the sea surface exceeded water-quality criteria by several orders of magnitude. Several samples of subsurface bulk water collected below highly contaminated surfaces showed no detectable contamination or toxicity.

It is a great challenge to specify meteorological forcing in estuarine and coastal circulation modeling using observed data because of the lack of complete datasets. As a result of this limitation, water temperature is often not simulated in estuarine and coastal modeling, with the assumption that density-induced currents are generally dominated by salinity gradients. However, in many situations, temperature gradients could be sufficiently large to influence the baroclinic motion. In this paper, we present an approach to simulate water temperature using outputs from advanced meteorological models. This modeling approach was applied to simulate annual variations of water temperatures of Puget Sound, a fjordal estuary in the Pacific Northwest of USA. Meteorological parameters from North American Region Re-analysis (NARR) model outputs were evaluated with comparisons to observed data at real-time meteorological stations. Model results demonstrated that NARR outputs can be used to drive coastal ocean models for realistic simulations of long-term water-temperature distributions in Puget Sound. Model results indicated that the net flux from NARR can be further improved with the additional information from real-time observations.

Levels of metals in oysters in the Sound are of profound interest not only because they document those geographic areas where metal pollution levels may be problematic but because they may disclose possible problems to consumers of oysters. At the present time objective federal standards for heavy metals in oysters and other seafood are restricted to mercury. The closure of Mississippi oyster reefs has been predicated upon bacteriological standards with little if any attention paid to heavy metals. A study of fourteen metals in oysters of the Sound was began in 1988 with objectives differing from that of the Status and Trends Program (STP) in three ways. STP levels are reported on dry weight basis of composites from three sites. In the present study, oysters were analyzed and reported on wet weight basis. Additionally analyses were made of individual specimens to indicate expected specimen to specimen variations and were conducted on oysters from the three STP and two other important oyster reef sites. In the future three or more additional sites will be added to this continuing survey effort. Metals chosen for this study were lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), cobalt (Co), manganese (Mn), zinc (Zn), silver (Ag), nickel (Ni), mercury (Hg), aluminum (Al), chromium (Cr), molybdenum (Mo), and vanadium (V).

The potential of soundscape planning has been widely illustrated in recent years. Sounding Brighton is a collaborative initiative pioneered by the Noise Abatement Society and Brighton and Hove City Council in 2010 with the support of the former COST Action TD0804. The project continues and is exploring the positive effects soundscapes can have on health wellbeing and quality of life. It recently undertook a city-wide soundscape survey and interviews leading to West Street Story  a night-noise intervention pilot to gauge whether ambient soundscapes might act as an antidote to the Saturday night drinking culture seen on the city's most dangerous street and the follow on project: West Street Tunnel investigating the same approach in a disused pedestrian subway. The work has also gained inclusion in the Masterplan for the redevelopment of the city center leading to its willingness to participate in and its acceptance into the European Union funded FP7 SONORUS project looking at holistic ways to include urban sound planning into city planning. This paper will provide an update of the project and its results so far.

Experiments were performed at a proton accelerator and an infrared laser acility to investigate the sound generation caused by the energy deposition of pulsed particle and laser beams in water. The beams with an energy range of 1 PeV to 400 PeV per proton beam spill and up to 10 EeV for the laser pulse were dumped into a water volume and the resulting acoustic signals were recorded with pressure sensitive sensors. Measurements were performed at varying pulse energies, sensor positions, beam diameters and temperatures. The data is well described by simulations based on the thermo-acoustic model. This implies that the primary mechanism for sound generation by the energy deposition of particles propagating in water is the local heating of the media giving rise to an expansion or contraction of the medium resulting in a pressure pulse with bipolar shape. A possible application of this effect would be the acoustical detection of neutrinos with energies greater than 1 EeV.

We have measured the speed of both pressure waves and shear waves as a function of depth between 80 and 500 m depth in South Pole ice with better than 1% precision. The measurements were made using the South Pole Acoustic Test Setup (SPATS), an array of transmitters and sensors deployed in the ice at the South Pole in order to measure the acoustic properties relevant to acoustic detection of astrophysical neutrinos. The transmitters and sensors use piezoceramics operating at {approx}5-25 kHz. Between 200 m and 500 m depth, the measured profile is consistent with zero variation of the sound speed with depth, resulting in zero refraction, for both pressure and shear waves. We also performed a complementary study featuring an explosive signal propagating vertically from 50 to 2250 m depth, from which we determined a value for the pressure wave speed consistent with that determined for shallower depths, higher frequencies, and horizontal propagation with the SPATS sensors. The sound speed profile presented here can be used to achieve good acoustic source position and emission time reconstruction in general, and neutrino direction and energy reconstruction in particular. The reconstructed quantities could also help separate neutrino signals from background.

According to the present invention, a method and apparatus rely upon tomographic measurement of the speed of sound and fluid velocity in a pipe. The invention provides a more accurate profile of velocity within flow fields where the speed of sound varies within the cross-section of the pipe. This profile is obtained by reconstruction of the velocity profile from the local speed of sound measurement simultaneously with the flow velocity. The method of the present invention is real-time tomographic ultrasonic Doppler velocimetry utilizing a to plurality of ultrasonic transmission and reflection measurements along two orthogonal sets of parallel acoustic lines-of-sight. The fluid velocity profile and the acoustic velocity profile are determined by iteration between determining a fluid velocity profile and measuring local acoustic velocity until convergence is reached.

Circulation in typical fjords is characterized by a shallow brackish layer at the surface over a deep long and narrow saltwater column. This surface layer is responsible for the outflow of water from the fjord, is easily disrupted by external forces, such as wind, and is influenced by freshwater inflow. In this paper, we postulate that the stability of fjordal circulation may also be vulnerable to impacts from anthropogenic alterations, such as floating structures, that could constrict the mixing and transport in the upper layers of the water column. The potential for alteration of circulation in Hood Canal, a silled-fjord located inside Puget Sound, Washington, has been examined. Using classical analytical treatments along the lines formulated by Hansen and Rattray [1965], Rattray [1967], Dyer [1973] and more recently, MacCready [2004], we develop a solution applicable to a range of estuary classifications varying from a partially mixed estuary regime to classical fjord conditions. Both estuary types exist in the Puget Soundsystem, and we compare our analytical solution with observed data. The analysis is based on an exponential variation of eddy viscosity with depth, and it has been extended further with modifications of the free surface boundary conditions to develop a solution representing the presence of a floating bridge at the estuary/fjord entrance. The model results show that tidally averaged mean circulation under the influence of such a constraint could reduce by as much as 30 to 50 percent. The overall water quality of fjords and narrow estuaries is dependent on net circulation and flushing. A potential decrease in residual flow or a corresponding increase in residence time of this magnitude merits further study.

7 7 Merged Sounding Value-Added Product D Troyan March 2012 DISCLAIMER This report was prepared as an account of work sponsored by the U.S. Government. Neither the United States nor any agency thereof, nor any of their employees, makes any warranty, express or implied, or assumes any legal liability or responsibility for the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness of any information, apparatus, product, or process disclosed, or represents that its use would not infringe privately owned rights. Reference herein to any specific commercial product, process, or service by trade name, trademark, manufacturer, or otherwise, does not necessarily constitute or imply its endorsement, recommendation, or favoring by the U.S. Government or any agency thereof. The views and

The objective of this study is to evaluate the conceptual soundness of the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) Partnership for Advancing Technology in Housing (PATH) program's revised goals and establish and apply a framework to identify and recommend metrics that are the most useful for measuring PATH's progress. This report provides an evaluative review of PATH's revised goals, outlines a structured method for identifying and selecting metrics, proposes metrics and benchmarks for a sampling of individual PATH programs, and discusses other metrics that potentially could be developed that may add value to the evaluation process. The framework and individual program metrics can be used for ongoing management improvement efforts and to inform broader program-level metrics for government reporting requirements.

Turbulent atmospheric boundary?layer theory is applied to wind observations made over a shallow?water embayment to explain variations in ambient noise levels. Broad?band ambient?noise data for sea states up to 3 obtained at a fixed receiving site are presented for a shallow water acoustic test range in Block IslandSound. Hourly wind?speed averages are analyzed by means of spectra and covariance functions in order to compare the frequency composition of the acoustic and meteorological data. The power spectrum computed from the record of ambient noise pressure level as a function of time has significant peaks centered on frequencies of 0.04 and 0.10. Similar peaks at the corresponding frequencies are present in the spectra of wind speeds. The results of this experiment suggest that for wind speed fluctuations of less than 0.33 nonlinear effects of the wind are relatively unimportant in the generation of ambient noise.

While corporate sustainability is interpreted broadly to mean ensuring success in the present without compromising the future, a well-accepted workable definition has remained elusive. Sustainability is often defined using a set of criteria or metrics that address the recognised environmental, social, and economic pillars of sustainability. However, standard metrics fail to account for how companies deal with operational challenges to their sustainability and viability. As a 175 year old diesel engine manufacturer, Navistar, Inc. has developed a model to address not only the three pillars of sustainability but also its significant business challenges, including those related to health concerns over its diesel products and environmental and employee legacies. Featuring a commitment to sustainable innovation and product stewardship and reliance on sound science, Navistar's sustainability model has evolved in response to its unique operating environment. This model illustrates the benefits of designing sustainability strategies to address specific business challenges rather than a standard set of criteria.

Vertical and horizontal acoustic paths located in the Pacific Ocean between depths of 910 and 3350 m have been utilized to determine the attenuation of sound at a nominal frequency of 75 kHz. Results from these two different geometries show that predicted values exceed the observed magnitudes of acoustic attenuation at this frequency and at these depths. At 3350 m the predicted value is 22.7 dB/km vs a measured value of 13.3±0.5 dB/km a discrepancy of more than 9 dB. Furthermore increasing pressure reduces the attenuation a fact which supports the work of Fisher [J. Acoust. Soc. Amer. 38 805 (1965)] in contrast to that of Kester and Pytkowicz [Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 34 1039 (1970)]. However the amount of reduction is larger than previously suspected by more than 80% [This paper represents results of research sponsored by the Office of Naval Research.

The nonlinear conductivity observed for moderate electric fields in NbSe3, TaS3, (TaS4)2I, and K0.3MoO3 below the charge-density-wave-transition is believed to be due to the sliding of the charge-density waves. The sliding motion leads to a Doppler shift of the x-ray diffraction peaks, but this effect has not yet been resolved. We show here that besides the Doppler shift, a sliding incommensurate charge-density wave causes a change in the longitudinal sound velocity of the crystal that is linear in the charge-density-wave velocity. The resulting anisotropic shift is estimated in a mean-field approximation and found to be experimentally observable.

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unit interval [0, 1] as set of truthÂ­values. We present a natural deÂ­ duction system NIF for IF . NIF. Soundness, completeness and normal form theorems for NIF are proÂ­ vided. 1 Introduction Intuitionistic fuzzy Curie fellowship HPMF--CT--1999--00301 #12; In this paper we introduce a natural deduction system NIF

A recently installed X-ray diffraction facility that is integrated with existing nuclear resonant scattering set-ups at Sector 3 of the Advanced Photon Source at Argonne National Laboratory is introduced. Its applications for measuring the sound velocities of compressed Fe3C are reported.

predic- tions, sound proofing of aircrafts or cars' passenger com- partments to muffler designs in HVAC have been investigated. An alternative solution is to embed periodic inclusions into the porous layer in order to provide additional energy scattering and dissipation mechanisms. Some measurements con- cerning

Please leave this heading unchanged! Sound radiation of a non-rigid piston and pole cap compared are often modelled as a rigid piston in an infinite baffle. This model is for real loudspeakers somewhat of the baffled-piston radiation the spatial impulse response is presented. 1. Nijboer-Zernike approach

Sound radiation from a loudspeaker, from a spherical pole cap, and from a piston in an infinite are often modelled as a rigid piston in an infinite baffle. As a model for real loudspeakers, this approach of the baffled-piston radiation the spatial impulse response is presented. 1. Nijboer-Zernike approach

adverse consequences (accidents). The PWS risk assessment did not attempt to determine an "acceptable. The determination of acceptable risk will be a product of the stakeholder's use of the PWS analysisABSTRACT: The Prince William Sound (PWS) risk assessment was a joint project of Det Norske Veritas

Journal of Sound and Vibration (1990) 141(3),465-484 THE HARMONIC RESPONSE OF UNIFORM BEAMS beams on multiple supports. The beam may be excited by single or multi-point harmonic forces or moments-rotation coupling. Use is made of the harmonic response function for an infinite beam subjected to a single

Journalaf Sound and Vibration (1997) 204(1), 131-158 Â·VIBRATIONS OF OPEN-SECTION CHANNELS 1997) An exact analytical method is presented for the analysis of forced vibrations of uniform, open the flexural and the torsional vibrations are coupled. In the context of this study, the type of any existing

Application of the Transmission Line Matrix method for outdoor sound propagation modelling Â­ Part 2 Received in revised form 9 July 2013 Accepted 23 July 2013 Keywords: Meso-NH Transmission Line Matrix model-domain acoustic model is based on the Transmission Line Matrix method. Its develop- ment has also been promoted

A Robust Method for S1/S2 Heart Sounds Detection Without ECG Reference Based on Music Beat Tracking), without ECG reference, based on a music beat tracking algorithm. An intermediate representation detection depending on whether or not the ECG is used as a reference (i.e. key ECG features that occur

with a sound, integrated building design, and then to paydesign, efficient technology and properly integrated buildingintegrated whole building systems Achieving a high level of building performance is the result of careful, informed design and execution so that building

Satellite-observed radiance is a nonlinear functional of surface properties and atmospheric temperature and absorbing gas profiles as described by the radiative transfer equation (RTE). In the era of hyperspectral sounders with thousands of high-resolution channels, the computation of the radiative transfer model becomes more time-consuming. The radiative transfer model performance in operational numerical weather prediction systems still limits the number of channels we can use in hyperspectral sounders to only a few hundreds. To take the full advantage of such high-resolution infrared observations, a computationally efficient radiative transfer model is needed to facilitate satellite data assimilation. In recent years the programmable commodity graphics processing unit (GPU) has evolved into a highly parallel, multi-threaded, many-core processor with tremendous computational speed and very high memory bandwidth. The radiative transfer model is very suitable for the GPU implementation to take advantage of the hardware's efficiency and parallelism where radiances of many channels can be calculated in parallel in GPUs. In this paper, we develop a GPU-based high-performance radiative transfer model for the Infrared Atmospheric Sounding Interferometer (IASI) launched in 2006 onboard the first European meteorological polar-orbiting satellites, METOP-A. Each IASI spectrum has 8461 spectral channels. The IASI radiative transfer model consists of three modules. The first module for computing the regression predictors takes less than 0.004% of CPU time, while the second module for transmittance computation and the third module for radiance computation take approximately 92.5% and 7.5%, respectively. Our GPU-based IASI radiative transfer model is developed to run on a low-cost personal supercomputer with four GPUs with total 960 compute cores, delivering near 4 TFlops theoretical peak performance. By massively parallelizing the second and third modules, we reached 364x speedup for 1 GPU and 1455x speedup for all 4 GPUs, both with respect to the original CPU-based single-threaded Fortran code with the -O{sub 2} compiling optimization. The significant 1455x speedup using a computer with four GPUs means that the proposed GPU-based high-performance forward model is able to compute one day's amount of 1,296,000 IASI spectra within nearly 10 min, whereas the original single CPU-based version will impractically take more than 10 days. This model runs over 80% of the theoretical memory bandwidth with asynchronous data transfer. A novel CPU-GPU pipeline implementation of the IASI radiative transfer model is proposed. The GPU-based high-performance IASI radiative transfer model is suitable for the assimilation of the IASI radiance observations into the operational numerical weather forecast model.

In this Appendix, the study framework and evaluation for economic and technical factors are explained. This material documents the analysis performed for Section 4.8 of the EIS. Coupled with the environmental analysis, the evaluation factors described below will be used to judge the relative merits of our four alternatives: alternative strategies: 1 - transmission line, 2 - voltage support, 3 - demand reduction, 4 - combustion turbines. The evaluation factors include measures of economic impacts, risk, and social responsibility. For simplicity, this study assumes that the Puget Sound area is served by a single utility. Therefore, no distinction is made between private and public utilities or load served by BPA and load served by utility-owned generation. In addition, where appropriate, costs incurred by consumers are included as well as utility costs. This study has two relevant time periods. First is the decision period, which extends from 1994 through 2003. It is during these ten years that utilities must take actions to meet peak loads in each year. The analysis continues beyond 2003 through 2010 in order to adequately capture the costs and benefits of actions taken through 2003. This longer study is period is needed because not all costs and benefits occur equally in all years. 18 tabs.

Transition region explosive events (EEs) have been observed with slit spectrographs since at least 1975, most commonly in lines of C IV (1548 A, 1550 A) and Si IV (1393 A, 1402 A). We report what we believe to be the first observation of a transition region EE in He II 304 A. With the Multi-Order Solar EUV Spectrograph (MOSES) sounding rocket, a novel slitless imaging spectrograph, we are able to see the spatial structure of the event. We observe a bright core expelling two jets that are distinctly non-collinear, in directions that are not anti-parallel. The jets have sky-plane velocities of order 75 km s{sup -1} and line-of-sight velocities of +75 km s{sup -1} (blue) and -30 km s{sup -1} (red). The core is a region of high non-thermal Doppler broadening, characteristic of EEs, with maximal broadening 380 km s{sup -1} FWHM. It is possible to resolve the core broadening into red and blue line-of-sight components of maximum Doppler velocities +160 km s{sup -1} and -220 km s{sup -1}. The event lasts more than 150 s. Its properties correspond to the larger, long-lived, and more energetic EEs observed in other wavelengths.

There are only a few contributions to the theory of sound transmission loss (STL) of double?glazed window panes e.g. by M. Rehfeld et al. (1996). The situation is nearly the same with the empirical approach of reducing data from laboratory measurements to a simple formula as done by K. Goesele (1977). Goesele inferred a result in terms of the single?number rating according to ISO 717 based on many laboratory STL measurements as described in DIN 52210 and ISO 140. In particular measurements of air?filled double?glazed window panes had been used. Meanwhile the gas fillings changed because the thermal insulation of the window panes had to be increased. In the last five years a large number of STL measurements of double?glazed window panes with different dimensions (pane thicknesses gap between the panes) and gas fillings have been carried out at the Fraunhofer?Institut fuer Bauphysik. From these measurements some typical behaviors of STL versus frequency belonging to specific pane configurations could be derived. This should allow an approximate prediction of the STL for given physical dimensions of double?glazed window panes.

The possibility of reconstruction of Lagrangian for the scalar field dark energy with constant effective sound speed $c_s$ is analyzed. The value of $c_s$ is estimated together with other dark energy parameters ($\\Omega_{de}$, $w_0$, $c_a^2$) and rest of cosmological parameters on the basis of data including Planck-2013 results on CMB anisotropy, BAO distance ratios from recent galaxy surveys, magnitude-redshift relations for distant SNe Ia from SNLS3 and Union2.1 compilations and the HST determination of the Hubble constant. For main dark energy and cosmological parameters the following best-fit values and 2$\\sigma$ confidence limits are obtained: $\\Omega_{de}=0.723^{+0.018}_{-0.025}$, $w_0=-1.176^{+0.141}_{-0.128}$, $c_a^2=-1.509^{+0.370}_{-0.102}$, $\\Omega_bh^2=0.0221\\pm0.0005$, $\\Omega_{cdm}h^2=0.119^{+0.005}_{-0.003}$, $h=0.715^{+0.026}_{-0.028}$, $n_s=0.962^{+0.010}_{-0.014}$, $A_s=(2.209^{+0.102}_{-0.112})\\cdot10^{-9}$, $\\tau_{rei}=0.093^{+0.022}_{-0.029}$. It is shown that no value of $c_s$ from the r...

The generation of hydrodynamic radiation in interactions of pulsed proton and laser beams with matter is explored. The beams were directed into a water target and the resulting acoustic signals were recorded with pressure sensitive sensors. Measurements were performed with varying pulse energies, sensor positions, beam diameters and temperatures. The obtained data are matched by simulation results based on the thermo-acoustic model with uncertainties at a level of 10%. The results imply that the primary mechanism for sound generation by the energy deposition of particles propagating in water is the local heating of the medium. The heating results in a fast expansion or contraction and a pressure pulse of bipolar shape is emitted into the surrounding medium. An interesting, widely discussed application of this effect could be the detection of ultra-high energetic cosmic neutrinos in future large-scale acoustic neutrino detectors. For this application a validation of the sound generation mechanism to high accur...

From acoustic measurements conducted in more than 100 renowned historical music spaces for the Constellation Project this paper proposes new acoustical parameters created to better describe the 3D spatial composition of sound in music spaces. Using B?format recordings the author is proposing a visualization algorithm to plot the acoustic intensity at specific time frames and ranges. The acoustic energy is decomposed into relevant space segments and energy ratio parameters LH (lateral frontal high versus lateral frontal low) and FR (lateral rear high versus lateral rear low) are deduced and proposed for analyzing the distribution of sound and the envelopment characteristics of the room. Examples of intensity plots and of the proposed 3D acoustical parameters are given for various room types ranging from small to large concert halls small to large opera houses famous organ churches and Roman basilicas.

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and their territories; whereas, mate attraction signals indicate the location and availability of potential mates (Bradbury & Vehrencamp 1998a). Males that are able to influence the behaviors and decisions of conspecifics by emitting such signals, and individuals...) stereotyped patterns of signals (Bradbury & Vehrencamp 1998b). Sounds have the advantage of traveling long distances, especially in aquatic environments, and require little energy expenditure. Therefore, acoustic displays have great potential...

A sound field beam mapping exercise was conducted to assist in understanding the effects of coarse-grained microstructures found in cast austenitic stainless steel (CASS) materials on acoustic longitudinal wave propagation. Ultrasonic laboratory measurements were made on three specimens representing four different grain structures. Phased array (PA) probes were fixed on each specimen surface and excited in the longitudinal mode at specific angles while a point receiver was scanned in a raster pattern over the end of the specimen, generating a transmitted sound field image. Three probes operating at nominal frequencies of 0.5, 0.8, and 1.0 MHz were used. A 6.4 mm (0.25-in.) thick slice was removed from the specimen end and beam mapping was repeated three times, yielding four full sets of beam images. Data were collected both with a constant part path for each configuration (probe, specimen and slice, angle, etc.) and with a variable part path (fixed position on the surface). The base specimens and slices were then polished and etched to reveal measureable grain microstructures that were compared to the sound field interactions and scattering effects seen in the collected data.

Typical flows in stellar interiors are much slower than the speed of sound. To follow the slow evolution of subsonic motions, various sound-proof equations are in wide use, particularly in stellar astrophysical fluid dynamics. These low-Mach number equations include the anelastic equations. Generally, these equations are valid in nearly adiabatically stratified regions like stellar convection zones, but may not be valid in the sub-adiabatic, stably stratified stellar radiative interiors. Understanding the coupling between the convection zone and the radiative interior is a problem of crucial interest and may have strong implications for solar and stellar dynamo theories as the interface between the two, called the tachocline in the Sun, plays a crucial role in many solar dynamo theories. Here, we study the properties of gravity waves in stably stratified atmospheres. In particular, we explore how gravity waves are handled in various sound-proof equations. We find that some anelastic treatments fail to conserve energy in stably stratified atmospheres, instead conserving pseudo-energies that depend on the stratification, and we demonstrate this numerically. One anelastic equation set does conserve energy in all atmospheres and we provide recommendations for converting low-Mach number anelastic codes to this set of equations.

The temperature profiles of organized cloud clusters developing or not developing (nondeveloping) into tropical storms (TSs; maximum surface wind >34 kt) over the western North Pacific in 2004 were investigated using Advanced Microwave Sounding ...

We analyze sound waves (phonons, Bogoliubov excitations) propagating on continuous wave (cw) solutions of repulsive $F=1$ spinor Bose-Einstein condensates (BECs), such as $^{23}$Na (which is antiferromagnetic or polar) and $^{87}$Rb (which is ferromagnetic). Zeeman splitting by a uniform magnetic field is included. All cw solutions to ferromagnetic BECs with vanishing $M_F=0$ particle density and non-zero components in both $M_F=\\pm 1$ fields are subject to modulational instability (MI). MI increases with increasing particle density. MI also increases with differences in the components' wavenumbers; this effect is larger at lower densities but becomes insignificant at higher particle densities. CW solutions to antiferromagnetic (polar) BECS with vanishing $M_F=0$ particle density and non-zero components in both $M_F=\\pm 1$ fields do not suffer MI if the wavenumbers of the components are the same. If there is a wavenumber difference, MI initially increases with increasing particle density, then peaks before dropping to zero beyond a given particle density. The cw solutions with particles in both $M_F=\\pm 1$ components and nonvanishing $M_F=0$ components do not have MI if the wavenumbers of the components are the same, but do exhibit MI when the wavenumbers are different. Direct numerical simulations of a cw with weak white noise confirm that weak noise grows fastest at wavenumbers with the largest MI, and shows some of the results beyond small amplitude perturbations. Phonon dispersion curves are computed numerically; we find analytic solutions for the phonon dispersion in a variety of limiting cases.

(cont.) parametric effect, which can be considered an imaging artifact. Additionally, it may be possible to use the nonlinear interaction of scattered waves to form images that rely on the presence of small scatterers; a ...

in acoustics known as multiple- input multiple-output (MIMO) problems. The research findings have attracted, aviation and defence. Engineers at the University of Southampton began work to tackle problems in acoustics Systems, and Philip Nelson, Professor of Acoustics, were appointed as lecturers in ISVR. Since that time

The sensitivity of NWP forecast accuracy with respect to the radiometric performance of microwave sounders is assessed through a series of observing system experiments at the Met Office and ECMWF. The observing system experiments compare the ...

is an essential step in developing sound methods of operating the power system up to but not at the onset. The mechanism for os- cillations is illustrated in 3 and 9 bus examples with detailed generator models. 1 transactions or generator redispatch change the power system equilib- rium and hence change the system modes

Object-oriented distributed computing is becoming increasingly important for critical infrastructure in society. In standard object-oriented models, objects synchronize on method calls. These models may be criticized in the distributed setting for their ... Keywords: distributed object-oriented systems, type and effect system, type soundness

Detonations in explosive mixtures of ammonium-nitrate-fuel-oil (ANFO) confined by aluminum allow for transport of detonation energy ahead of the detonation front due to the aluminum sound speed exceeding the detonation velocity. The net effect of this energy transport on the detonation is unclear. It could enhance the detonation by precompressing the explosive near the wall. Alternatively, it could desensitize the explosive by crushing porosity required for shock initiation or destroying confinement ahead of the detonation. As these phenomena are not well understood, most numerical explosive models are unable to account for them. But with slowly detonating, non-ideal high explosive (NIHE) systems becoming increasing prevalent, proper understanding and prediction of the performance of these metal-confined NIHE systems is desirable. Experiments are discussed that measured the effect of this ANFO detonation energy transported upstream of the front by an aluminum confining tube. Detonation velocity, detonation front curvature, and aluminum response are recorded as a function of confiner wall thickness and length. Front curvature profiles display detonation acceleration near the confining surface, which is attributed to energy transported upstream modifying the flow. Average detonation velocities were seen to increase with increasing confiner thickness due to the additional inertial confinement of the reaction zone flow. Significant radial sidewall tube motion was observed immediately ahead of the detonation. Axial motion was also detected which interfered with the front curvature measurements in some cases. It was concluded that the confiner was able to transport energy ahead of the detonation and that this transport has a definite effect on the detonation.

Molecular dynamics simulations of the fragile glass-forming liquid 2Ca(NO3)2?3KNO3 (CKN) were performed from its molten state at 800K down to its glassy state at 250K. Time correlation functions of mass current fluctuations were calculated in order to investigate sound waves of high wave vectors, 0.18sound velocity of CKN was obtained from the slope of the dispersion curve of excitation energy of acoustic modes, ?(k), as a function of temperature across the glass transition. The temperature dependence of the sound velocity of longitudinal acoustic modes is discontinuous in a range that is higher than the glass transition temperature Tg estimated from the T dependence of density and energy. This result demonstrates that the high frequency sound velocity probes the transition from liquidlike to solidlike regimes at a temperature higher than the Tg of the simulated material. The sound velocity of transverse acoustic (TA) modes presents discontinuity at the same value of the thermodynamic derived Tg. It is proposed that the distinct behavior of high frequency TA modes is due to fast reorientational motions of NO3? anions that are able to relieve local shear stresses.

at a reduced weight and cost when compared to present passive vibration damping systems. ECBs used of aerospace electronic systems. This includes bulky mounting fixtures, reinforcing ribs, and passive vibration to 10Â­15%. Also, the space required to house and mount the electronics would be significantly reduced

Environmental sensors moored on the New Jersey continental shelf tracked constant density surfaces (isopycnals) for 35 days in the summer of 2006. Sound-speed fluctuations from internal-wave vertical isopycnal displacements and from temperature/salinity variability along isopycnals (spiciness) are analyzed using frequency spectra and vertical covariance functions. Three varieties of internal waves are studied: Diffuse broadband internal waves (akin to waves fitting the deep water Garrett/Munk spectrum) internal tides and to a lesser extent nonlinear internal waves. These internal-wave contributions are approximately distinct in the frequency domain. It is found that in the main thermocline spicy thermohaline structure dominates the root mean square sound-speed variability with smaller contributions coming from (in order) nonlinear internal waves diffuse internal waves and internal tides. The frequency spectra of internal-wave displacements and of spiciness have similar form likely due to the advection of variable-spiciness water masses by horizontal internal-wave currents although there are technical limitations to the observations at high frequency. In the low-frequency internal-wave band the internal-wave spectrum follows frequency to the ?1.81 power whereas the spice spectrum shows a ?1.73 power. Mode spectra estimated via covariance methods show that the diffuse internal-wave spectrum has a smaller mode bandwidth than Garrett/Munk and that the internal tide has significant energy in modes one through three.

The observing and forecasting conditions of coastal oceans in Alaska is technically challenging because of the mountainous terrain, the notoriously stormy seas, and a complex hydrological system of freshwater from rivers and glaciers. The Alaska Ocean ...

The interest in acoustic signatures began with the problem of detecting cracks in railroad wheels. When a wheel is struck with a hammer it produces a sound like that of a bell. If the wheel is cracked it sounds dissonant and muffled. By comparing sounds from the two members of a wheelset a measure of the difference in their mechanical properties is obtained. A fully automatic system was developed and installed on a Southern Pacific track in the 1980s. The story of this undertaking is an object lesson in systems science. Recently beams have been used as test objects in an attempt to resolve certain basic questions in the science of the acoustic monitoring method. These questions will be illustrated with results from a test fixture with various beams. The limitation of the vibration monitoring method is that other conditions such as uncertainties in the geometry of the test object its surface conditions and loading can also affect the vibration response and it is necessary to distinguish the effects due to harmful conditions from those due to harmless ones. The sensitivity of the method is thus determined by the need to make this distinction. [Work supported by NSF Grant No. MSS?9024224.

A methods of indirectly measuring the nitrogen concentration in a gas mixture. The molecular weight of the gas is modeled as a function of the speed of sound in the gas, the diluent concentrations in the gas, and constant values, resulting in a model equation. Regression analysis is used to calculate the constant values, which can then be substituted into the model equation. If the speed of sound in the gas is measured at two states and diluent concentrations other than nitrogen (typically carbon dioxide) are known, two equations for molecular weight can be equated and solved for the nitrogen concentration in the gas mixture.

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The research described herein consists of two parts. The first part is a description of the design of a balloon-borne ultraviolet photometer to measure ozone and the result of a flight using this instrument. The second part of this thesis describes the modifications made on the standard commercially available electrochemical ozonesonde and the results of some experiments performed both in the laboratory and during stratospheric balloon flights. Using this modified ECC system, 33 successful balloon flights were made at McMurdo Station, Antarctica during the austral spring of 1986 to study the temporal and vertical development of the so-called Antarctic Ozone Hole. The results of these flights are described in detail.

We describe a measurement of the angular power spectrum of anisotropies in the cosmic microwave background (CMB) at scales of 03 to 5° from the North American test flight of the Boomerang experiment. Boomerang is a balloon-borne telescope with a bolometric receiver designed to map CMB anisotropies on a long-duration balloon flight. During a 6 hr test flight of a prototype system in 1997, we mapped more than 200 deg2 at high Galactic latitudes in two bands centered at 90 and 150 GHz with a resolution of 26' and 165 FWHM, respectively. Analysis of the maps gives a power spectrum with a peak at angular scales of 1° with an amplitude 70 ?KCMB.

: Demonstration and Data Collection Programs 206 iv LIST OF TABLES Table Page 1. Amplitude Values for Pilot Study #1 99 2. Amplitude Values for Pilot Study #2 101 3. Amplitude Values for Pilot Study #3. 102 4. Amplitude Values for Pilot Study #4 104 5... as input variables; the output is the recorded behavior of the system. These important questions are: 1. What general types of energy is the system capable of receiving? 2. For a given type of energy, what is the least amount of energy required...

In the PhilSea09 pilot study two moorings equipped with temperature (T) conductivity (C) and pressuresensors along with upper ocean ADCP monitored ocean variability for a month in the Spring. The measurements reveal an energetic and nonlinear mixed diurnal-semidiurnal internal tide a diffuse Garrett-Munk (GM) type internal wave field at or above the reference GM energy level and a strong eddy field. One mooring which was equipped with pumped sensors for enhanced salinity (S) resolution was able to accurately quantify T and S variability along isopycnals (spice). The spice contribution to sound-speed fluctuation is observed to be strong near the mixed layer but significantly weaker than the other contributions in the main thermocline. Frequency spectra as well as vertical covariance functions will be presented to quantify the temporal and vertical spatial scales of the observed fluctuations.

The information in mobile terminal should be connected to objects in an immediate space where a pedestrian walks. We propose a mobility assistance system by parametric speakers cooperating with the Braille blocks with embedded IC-tag so as to allow pedestrians ...

The Sinclair and Dyes Inlet watershed is located on the west side of Puget Sound in Kitsap County, Washington, U.S.A. (Figure 1). The Puget Sound Naval Shipyard (PSNS), U.S Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA), the Washington State Department of Ecology (WA-DOE), Kitsap County, City of Bremerton, City of Bainbridge Island, City of Port Orchard, and the Suquamish Tribe have joined in a cooperative effort to evaluate water-quality conditions in the Sinclair-Dyes Inlet watershed and correct identified problems. A major focus of this project, known as Project ENVVEST, is to develop Water Clean-up (TMDL) Plans for constituents listed on the 303(d) list within the Sinclair and Dyes Inlet watershed. Segments within the Sinclair and Dyes Inlet watershed were listed on the State of Washingtons 1998 303(d) because of fecal coliform contamination in marine water, metals in sediment and fish tissue, and organics in sediment and fish tissue (WA-DOE 2003). Stormwater loading was identified by ENVVEST as on