Chapter 4101:1-24 Glass and Glazing

[Comment: When a reference is
made within this rule to a federal statutory provision, an industry consensus
standard, or any other technical publication, the specific date and title of
the publication as well as the name and address of the promulgating agency are
listed in rule
4101:1-35-01 of the
Administrative Code. The application of the referenced standards shall be
limited and as prescribed in section 102.5 of rule
4101:1-1-01 of the
Administrative Code.]

SECTION 2401

GENERAL

2401.1 Scope. The provisions of this chapter shall govern the materials,
design, construction and quality of glass, light-transmitting ceramic and
light-transmitting plastic panels for exterior and interior use in both
vertical and sloped applications in buildings and structures.

2401.2 Glazing replacement.
The installation of replacement glass
shall be as required for new installations.

SECTION 2402

DEFINITIONS

2402.1 Definitions.
The following words and terms shall, for
the purposes of this chapter and as used elsewhere in this code, have the
meanings shown herein.

DALLE GLASS. A decorative composite glazing material made of individual
pieces of glass that are embedded in a cast matrix of concrete or epoxy.

DECORATIVE GLASS.
A carved, leaded or Dalle glass or glazing
material whose purpose is decorative or artistic, not functional; whose
coloring, texture or other design qualities or components cannot be removed
without destroying the glazing material and whose surface, or assembly into
which it is incorporated, is divided into segments.

SECTION 2403

GENERAL REQUIREMENTS FOR
GLASS

2403.1 Identification.
Each pane shall bear the manufacturer's
mark designating the type and thickness of the glass or glazing material. The
identification shall not be omitted unless approved and an affidavit is
furnished by the glazing contractor certifying that each light is glazed in
accordance with approved construction documents that comply with the provisions
of this chapter. Safety glazing shall be identified in accordance with Section
2406.2.

Each pane of tempered glass, except
tempered spandrel glass, shall be permanently identified by the manufacturer.
The identification mark shall be acid etched, sand blasted, ceramic fired,
laser etched, embossed or of a type that, once applied, cannot be removed
without being destroyed.

Tempered spandrel glass shall be
provided with a removable paper marking by the manufacturer.

2403.2 Glass supports.
Where one or more sides of any pane of
glass are not firmly supported, or are subjected to unusual load conditions,
detailed construction documents, detailed shop drawings and analysis or test
data assuring safe performance for the specific installation shall be prepared
by a registered design professional.

2403.3 Framing. To be considered firmly supported, the framing members for
each individual pane of glass shall be designed so the deflection of the edge
of the glass perpendicular to the glass pane shall not exceed 1/175 of the
glass edge length or 3/4 inch ( 19.1 mm), whichever is less, when subjected to
the larger of the positive or negative load where loads are combined as
specified in Section 1605.

2403.4 Interior glazed areas.
Where interior glazing is installed
adjacent to a walking surface, the differential deflection of two adjacent
unsupported edges shall not be greater than the thickness of the panels when a
force of 50 pounds per linear foot (plf) (730 N/m) is applied horizontally to
one panel at any point up to 42 inches (1067 mm) above the walking
surface.

Wired glass with wire exposed on
longitudinal edges shall not be used in louvered windows or jalousies.

Where other glass types are used, the
design shall be submitted to the building official for approval.

SECTION 2404

WIND, SNOW, SEISMIC AND DEAD
LOADS ON GLASS

2404.1 Vertical glass.
Glass sloped 15 degrees ( 0.26 rad) or
less from vertical in windows, curtain and window walls, doors and other
exterior applications shall be designed to resist the wind loads in Section
1609 for components and cladding. Glass in glazed curtain walls, glazed
storefronts and glazed partitions shall meet the seismic requirements of ASCE
7, Section 13.5.9. The load resistance of glass under uniform load shall be
determined in accordance with ASTM E 1300.

The design of vertical glazing shall be
based on the following equation:

Fgw<= Fga (Equation 24-1)

where:

Fgw= Wind load on the glass computed in
accordance with Section 1609.

Fga= Short duration load on the glass as
determined in accordance with ASTM E 1300.

2404.2 Sloped glass.
Glass sloped more than 15 degrees ( 0.26
rad) from vertical in skylights, sunrooms, sloped roofs and other exterior
applications shall be designed to resist the most critical of the following
combinations of loads.

Exception: Unit skylights shall be designed in accordance with Section
2405.5.

The design of sloped glazing shall be
based on the following equation:

Fg <=Fga (Equation 24-5)

where:

Fg = Total load on the glass
determined from the load combinations above.

Fga = Short duration load resistance of the glass as determined
according to ASTM E 1300 for Equations 24-2 and 24-3; or the long duration load
resistance of the glass as determined according to ASTM E 1300 for Equation
24-4.

2404.3 Wired, patterned and
sandblasted glass.

2404.3.1 Vertical wired glass.
Wired glass sloped 15 degrees ( 0.26 rad)
or less from vertical in windows, curtain and window walls, doors and other
exterior applications shall be designed to resist the wind loads in Section
1609 for components and cladding according to the following equation:

Fgw<
0.5Fge
(Equation 24-6)

where:

Fgw= Is the wind load on the glass computed
per Section 1609.

Fge= Nonfactored load from ASTM E 1300
using a thickness designation for monolithic glass that is not greater than the
thickness of wired glass.

2404.3.2 Sloped wired glass.
Wired glass sloped more than 15 degrees (
0.26 rad) from vertical in skylights, sunspaces, sloped roofs and other
exterior applications shall be designed to resist the most critical of the
combinations of loads from Section 2404.2.

For Equations 24-2 and 24-3:

Fg <
0.5Fge (Equation 24-7)

For Equation 24-4:

Fg<
0.3Fge (Equation 24-8)

where:

Fg = Total load on the glass.

Fge = Nonfactored load from ASTM E
1300.

2404.3.3 Vertical patterned
glass. Patterned glass sloped 15 degrees (
0.26 rad) or less from vertical in windows, curtain and window walls, doors and
other exterior applications shall be designed to resist the wind loads in
Section 1609 for components and cladding according to the following
equation:

Fgw <
1.0Fge (Equation 24-9)

where:

Fgw = Wind load on the glass computed
per Section 1609.

Fge = Nonfactored load from ASTM E
1300. The value for patterned glass shall be based on the thinnest part of the
glass. Interpolation between nonfactored load charts in ASTM E 1300 shall be
permitted.

2404.3.4 Sloped patterned glass.
Patterned glass sloped more than 15
degrees ( 0.26 rad) from vertical in skylights, sunspaces, sloped roofs and
other exterior applications shall be designed to resist the most critical of
the combinations of loads from Section 2404.2.

For Equations 24-2 and 24-3:

Fg <
1.0Fge (Equation
24-10)

For Equation 24-4:

Fg <
0.6Fge (Equation 24-11
)

where

Fg = Total load on the glass.

Fge = Nonfactored load from ASTM E
1300. The value for patterned glass shall be based on the thinnest part of the
glass. Interpolation between the nonfactored load charts in ASTM E 1300 shall
be permitted.

2404.3.5 Vertical sandblasted
glass. Sandblasted glass sloped 15 degrees
( 0.26 rad) or less from vertical in windows, curtain and window walls, doors,
and other exterior applications shall be designed to resist the wind loads in
Section 1609 for components and cladding according to the following
equation:

Fg <
0.5Fge (Equation 24-12)

where:

Fg = Total load on the glass.

Fge = Nonfactored load from ASTM E
1300. The value for sandblasted glass is for moderate levels of
sandblasting.

2405.1 Scope. This section applies to the installation of glass and other
transparent, translucent or opaque glazing material installed at a slope more
than 15 degrees ( 0.26 rad) from the vertical plane, including glazing
materials in skylights, roofs and sloped walls.

2405.2 Allowable glazing
materials and limitations. Sloped glazing
shall be any of the following materials, subject to the listed
limitations.

2.For multiple-layer glazing systems,
each light or layer shall consist of any of the glazing materials specified in
Item 1 above.

Annealed glass is permitted to be used
as specified within Exceptions 2 and 3 of Section 2405.3.

For additional requirements for plastic
skylights, see Section 2610. Glass-block construction shall conform to the
requirements of Section 2101.2.5.

2405.3 Screening.
Where used in monolithic glazing systems,
heat-strengthened glass and fully tempered glass shall have screens installed
below the glazing material. The screens and their fastenings shall:

(1) be capable of supporting twice the
weight of the glazing;

(2) be firmly and substantially
fastened to the framing members and

(3) be installed within 4 inches (102
mm) of the glass. The screens shall be constructed of a noncombustible material
not thinner than No. 12 B&S gage ( 0.0808 inch) with mesh not larger than 1
inch by 1 inch (25 mm by 25 mm). In a corrosive atmosphere, structurally
equivalent noncorrosive screen materials shall be used. Heat-strengthened
glass, fully tempered glass and wired glass, when used in multiple-layer
glazing systems as the bottom glass layer over the walking surface, shall be
equipped with screening that conforms to the requirements for monolithic
glazing systems.

Exception: In monolithic and multiple-layer sloped glazing systems, the
following applies:

1.Fully tempered glass installed
without protective screens where glazed between intervening floors at a slope
of 30 degrees ( 0.52 rad) or less from the vertical plane shall have the
highest point of the glass 10 feet (3048 mm) or less above the walking
surface.

2.Screens are not required below any
glazing material, including annealed glass, where the walking surface below the
glazing material is permanently protected from the risk of falling glass or the
area below the glazing material is not a walking surface.

3.Any glazing material, including
annealed glass, is permitted to be installed without screens in the sloped
glazing systems of commercial or detached noncombustible greenhouses used
exclusively for growing plants and not open to the public, provided that the
height of the greenhouse at the ridge does not exceed 30 feet (9144 mm) above
grade.

4.Screens shall not be required within
individual dwelling units in Groups R-2, R-3 and R-4 where fully tempered glass
is used as single glazing or as both panes in an insulating glass unit, and the
following conditions are met:

4.1Each pane of the glass is 16 square
feet ( 1.5 m2) or less in area.

4.2The highest point of the glass is 12
feet (3658 mm) or less above any walking surface or other accessible
area.

4.3The glass thickness is 3/16 inch (
4.8 mm) or less.

5.Screens shall not be required for
laminated glass with a 15-mil ( 0.38 mm) polyvinyl butyral (or equivalent)
interlayer used within individual dwelling units in Groups R-2, R-3 and R-4
within the following limits:

5.1Each pane of glass is 16 square feet
( 1.5 m2)or less in area.

5.2The highest point of the glass is 12
feet (3658 mm) or less above a walking surface or other accessible area.

2405.4 Framing. In Type I and II construction, sloped glazing and skylight
frames shall be constructed of noncombustible materials. In structures where
acid fumes deleterious to metal are incidental to the use of the buildings,
approved pressure-treated wood or other approved noncorrosive materials are
permitted to be used for sash and frames. Framing supporting sloped glazing and
skylights shall be designed to resist the tributary roof loads in Chapter 16.
Skylights set at an angle of less than 45 degrees ( 0.79 rad) from the
horizontal plane shall be mounted at least 4 inches (102 mm) above the plane of
the roof on a curb constructed as required for the frame. Skylights shall not
be installed in the plane of the roof where the roof pitch is less than 45
degrees ( 0.79 rad) from the horizontal.

Exception: Installation of a skylight without a curb shall be permitted
on roofs with a minimum slope of 14 degrees (three units vertical in 12 units
horizontal) in Group R-3 occupancies. All unit skylights installed in a roof
with a pitch flatter than 14 degrees ( 0.25 rad) shall be mounted at least 4
inches (102 mm) above the plane of the roof on a curb constructed as required
for the frame unless otherwise specified in the manufacturer's installation
instructions.

2405.5 Unit skylights.
Unit skylights shall be tested and labeled
as complying with AAMA/WDMA/CSA 101/ I.S.2/A440. The label shall state the name
of the manufacturer, the approved labeling agency, the product designation and
the performance grade rating as specified in AAMA/WDMA/CSA 101/I.S.2/A440. If
the product manufacturer has chosen to have the performance grade of the
skylight rated separately for positive and negative design pressure, then the
label shall state both performance grade ratings as specified in AAMA/WDMA/CSA
101/I.S.2/A440 and the skylight shall comply with Section 2405.5.2. If the
skylight is not rated separately for positive and negative pressure, then the
performance grade rating shown on the label shall be the performance grade
rating determined in accordance with AAMA/WDMA/CSA 101/I.S.2/A440 for both
positive and negative design pressure and the skylight shall conform to Section
2405.5.1.

2405.5.1 Unit skylights rated for
the same performance grade for both positive and negative design pressure.
The design of unit skylights shall be
based on the following equation:

Fg <
PG (Equation 24-13)

where:

Fg = Maximum
load on the skylight determined from Equations 24-2 through 24-4 in Section
2404.2.

PG = Performance grade rating of the skylight.

2405.5.2 Unit skylights rated for
separate performance grades for positive and negative design
pressure. The design of unit skylights
rated for performance grade for both positive and negative design pressures
shall be based on the following equations:

2406.2 Impact test.
Where required by other sections of this
code, glazing shall be tested in accordance with CPSC 16 CFR 1201. Glazing
shall comply with the test criteria for Category I or II as indicated in Table
2406.2(1).

Exception: Glazing not in doors or enclosures for hot tubs, whirlpools,
saunas, steam rooms, bathtubs and showers shall be permitted to be tested in
accordance with ANSI Z 97.1. Glazing shall comply with the test criteria for
Class A or B as indicated in Table 2406.2(2).

2406.3 Identification of safety
glazing. Except as indicated in Section
2406.3.1, each pane of safety glazing installed in hazardous locations shall be
identified by a manufacturer's designation specifying who applied the
designation, the manufacturer or installer and the safety glazing standard with
which it complies, as well as the information specified in Section 2403.1. The
designation shall be acid etched, sand blasted, ceramic fired, laser etched,
embossed or of a type that once applied, cannot be removed without being
destroyed. A label as defined in Section 202.1 and meeting the requirements of
this section shall be permitted in lieu of the manufacturer's
designation.

Exceptions:

1.For other than tempered glass,
manufacturer's designations are not required, provided the building official
approves the use of a certificate, affidavit or other evidence confirming
compliance with this code.

2. Tempered
spandrel glass is permitted to be identified by the manufacturer with a
removable paper designation

2.Glazing in fixed and sliding panels
of sliding door assemblies and panels in sliding and bifold closet door
assemblies.

3.Glazing in storm doors.

4.Glazing in unframed swinging
doors.

5.Glazing in doors and enclosures for
hot tubs, whirlpools, saunas, steam rooms, bathtubs and showers. Glazing in any
portion of a building wall enclosing these compartments where the bottom
exposed edge of the glazing is less than 60 inches (1524 mm) above a standing
surface.

6.Glazing in an individual fixed or
operable panel adjacent to a door where the nearest exposed edge of the glazing
is within a 24-inch (610 mm) arc of either vertical edge of the door in a
closed position and where the bottom exposed edge of the glazing is less than
60 inches (1524 mm) above the walking surface.

Exceptions:

Panels where there is an intervening
wall or other permanent barrier between the door and glazing.

Where access through the door is to a
closet or storage area 3 feet (914 mm) or less in depth. Glazing in this
application shall comply with Section 2406.4, Item 7.

Glazing in walls perpendicular to the
plane of the door in a closed position, other than the wall towards which the
door swings when opened, in one-and two-family dwellings or within dwelling
units in Group R-2.

7.Glazing in an individual fixed or
operable panel, other than in those locations described in preceding Items 5
and 6, which meets all of the following conditions:

7.4. One or more walking surface(s)
within 36 inches (914 mm) horizontally of the plane of the glazing.

Exception: Safety glazing for Item 7 is not required for the following
installations:

1.A protective bar 1 ½ inches
(38 mm) or more in height, capable of withstanding a horizontal load of 50
pounds plf (730 N/m) without contacting the glass, is installed on the
accessible sides of the glazing 34 inches to 38 inches (864 mm to 965 mm) above
the floor.

2.The outboard pane in insulating glass
units or multiple glazing where the bottom exposed edge of the glass is 25 feet
(7620 mm) or more above any grade, roof, walking surface or other horizontal or
sloped (within 45 degrees of horizontal) ( 0.78 rad) surface adjacent to the
glass exterior.

8.Glazing in guards and railings,
including structural baluster panels and nonstructural in-fill panels,
regardless of area or height above a walking surface.

9.Glazing in walls and fences enclosing
indoor and outdoor swimming pools, hot tubs and spas where all of the following
conditions are present: 9.1. The bottom edge of the glazing on the pool or spa
side is less than 60 inches (1524 mm) above a walking surface on the pool or
spa side of the glazing; and 9.2. The glazing is within 60 inches (1524 mm)
horizontally of the water's edge of a swimming pool or spa.

10.Glazing adjacent to stairways,
landings and ramps within 36 inches (914 mm) horizontally of a walking surface;
when the exposed surface of the glass is less than 60 inches (1524 mm) above
the plane of the adjacent walking surface.

11.Glazing adjacent to stairways within
60 inches (1524 mm) horizontally of the bottom tread of a stairway in any
direction when the exposed surface of the glass is less than 60 inches (1524
mm) above the nose of the tread.

Exception: Safety glazing for Item 10 or 11 is not required for the
following installations where:

1.The side of a stairway, landing or
ramp which has a guard or handrail, including balusters or in-fill panels,
complying with the provisions of Sections 1013 and 1607.7; and

2.The plane of the glass is greater
than 18 inches (457 mm) from the railing.

2406.4.1 Exceptions.
The following products, materials and uses
shall not be considered specific hazardous locations:

1.Openings in doors through which a
3-inch (76 mm) sphere is unable to pass.

2.Decorative glass in Section 2406.4,
Item 1, 6 or 7.

3.Glazing materials used as curved
glazed panels in revolving doors.

4.Commercial refrigerated cabinet
glazed doors.

5.Glass-block panels complying with
Section 2101.2.5.

6.Louvered windows and jalousies
complying with the requirements of Section 2403.5.

7.Mirrors and other glass panels
mounted or hung on a surface that provides a continuous backing support.

2407.1 Materials.
Glass used as a handrail assembly or a
guard section shall be constructed of either single fully
tempered glass, laminated fully tempered glass or laminated heat-strengthened
glass. Glazing in railing in-fill panels shall be of an approved safety glazing
material that conforms to the provisions of Section 2406.1.1. For all glazing
types, the minimum nominal thickness shall be 1/4 inch ( 6.4 mm). Fully
tempered glass and laminated glass shall comply with Category II of CPSC 16 CFR
1201 or Class A of ANSI Z 97.1, listed in Chapter 35.

2407.1.1 Loads. The panels and their support system shall be designed to
withstand the loads specified in Section 1607.7. A safety factor of four shall
be used.

2407.1.2 Support.
Each handrail or guard section shall be
supported by a minimum of three glass balusters or shall be otherwise supported
to remain in place should one baluster panel fail. Glass balusters shall not be
installed without an attached handrail or guard.

Exception: A top rail shall not be required where the glass balusters
are laminated glass with two or more glass plies of equal thickness and the
same glass type. The panels shall be designed to withstand the loads specified
in Section 1607.7.

2407.1.3 Parking garages.
Glazing materials shall not be installed
in handrails or guards in parking garages except for pedestrian areas not
exposed to impact from vehicles.

2407.1. 4.2 Glass supporting top
rail. When the top rail is supported by
glass, the assembly shall be tested according to the impact requirements of
Section 1609.1.2. The top rail shall remain in place after impact.

SECTION 2408

GLAZING IN ATHLETIC
FACILITIES

2408.1 General. Glazing in athletic facilities and similar uses subject to
impact loads, which forms whole or partial wall sections or which is used as a
door or part of a door, shall comply with this section.

2408.2 Racquetball and squash
courts.

2408.2.1 Testing.
Test methods and loads for individual
glazed areas in racquetball and squash courts subject to impact loads shall
conform to those of CPSC 16 CFR or ANSI Z 97.1, listed in Chapter 35, with
impacts being applied at a height of 59 inches (1499 mm) above the playing
surface to an actual or simulated glass wall installation with fixtures,
fittings and methods of assembly identical to those used in practice. Glass
walls shall comply with the following conditions:

1. A glass wall in a racquetball or
squash court, or similar use subject to impact loads, shall remain intact
following a test impact.

2. The deflection of such walls shall
not be greater than 1½ inches (38 mm) at the point of impact for a drop
height of 48 inches (1219 mm).

Glass doors shall comply with the
following conditions:

1.Glass doors shall remain intact
following a test impact at the prescribed height in the center of the
door.

2.The relative deflection between the
edge of a glass door and the adjacent wall shall not exceed the thickness of
the wall plus ½ inch ( 12.7 mm) for a drop height of 48 inches (1219
mm).

2409.1.1 Fire-resistance-rated
hoistways. Glass installed in hoistways
and hoistway doors where the hoistway is required to have a fire-resistance
rating shall also comply with Section 715.

2409.1.2 Glass hoistway doors.
The glass in glass hoistway doors shall be
not less than 60 percent of the total visible door panel surface area as seen
from the landing side.

2409.2 Glass visions panels.
Glass in vision panels in elevator
hoistway doors shall be permitted to be any transparent glazing material not
less than 1/4 inches ( 0.64 mm) in thickness conforming to Class A in
accordance with ANSI Z 97.1 or Category II in accordance with CPSC 16 CFR Part
1201. The area of any single vision panel shall not be less than 24 square
inches (15 484 mm2) and the total area of one or
more vision panels in any hoistway door shall be not more than 85 square inches
(54 839 mm2).

2409.3 Glass in elevator
cars.

2409.3.1 Glass types.
Glass in elevator car enclosures, glass
elevator car doors and glass used for lining walls and ceilings of elevator
cars shall be laminated glass conforming to Class A in accordance with ANSI Z
97.1 or Category II in accordance with CPSC 16 CFR Part 1201.

Exception: Tempered glass shall be permitted to be used for lining
walls and ceilings of elevator cars provided:

1.The glass is bonded to a nonpolymeric
coating, sheeting or film backing having a physical integrity to hold the
fragments when the glass breaks.

2.The glass is not subjected to further
treatment such as sandblasting; etching; heat treatment or painting that could
alter the original properties of the glass.

3.The glass is tested to the acceptance
criteria for laminated glass as specified for Class A in accordance with ANSI
Z97.l or Category II in accordance with CPSC 16 CFR Part 1201.

2409.3.2 Surface area.
The glass in glass elevator car doors
shall be not less than 60 percent of the total visible door panel surface area
as seen from the car side of the doors.