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3.
characteristics● Major driver: Interest and enthusiasm of the citizen● No commercial interest● Cannot be “forced” - varying levels of participation, but always volunteering!● Broad range of level of expertise● Individuals, teams, or networks of volunteers● Often very localized (e.g. my local insect fauna, butterflies in my garden)● Varying levels of professionalism - from uploading photos to the web to collaborations with professional scientists

4.
why involve citizens?● Professional science: not enough resources for many projects● Added value from mass collection / analysis of data (detection of trends)● Knowledge of “amateurs” often very high● Communication between the “ivory tower” and the “normal world”

5.
why involve citizens?● Professional science: not enough resources for many projects● Added value from mass collection / analysis of data (detection of trends)● Knowledge of “amateurs” often very high● Communication between the “ivory tower” and the “normal world”

8.
some examples...● Biodiversity monitoring projects (recording a taxon at a locality at a certain time)● Large projects (→ what is the “recipe for success”?)● Different aspects: – associated to official organizations/important NGOs / used for policy-making vs. “just for fun” – Independent sites vs. delivering data to “official” databases – Different tools for the user – All are “bottom-up” approaches