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Vladmir Putin meets Erdogan to secure Syria de-escalation zone

The two leaders may back rival factions but they were showering each other with praise in Ankara. They agreed to work closely to implement the Idlib de-escalation zone, after the region was heavily bombed.

Russia and Turkey on Thursday pledged to work more closely to end the Syrian civil war.

Russian President Vladmir Putin and his Turkish counterpart Recep Tayyip Erdogan agreed to "more intensely" pursue the implementation of a so-called "de-escalation" zone in the key northern province of Idlib.

The province borders Turkey and is largely under the control of Turkish-backed Ahrar al-Sham and associated rebel groups, with portions under the control of rival salafist group Tahrir al-Sham.

Russian-backed Syrian government forces almost surround the region. The area has been struck with an intense round of bombings in recent weeks by Syrian and Russian jets, shattering six months of relative calm.

Putin was in Ankara on Thursday to meet with Erdogan, with the two leaders showering one another with praise.

How safe are Syrian safe zones?

Putin said afterwards that their two countries would work to "deepen coordination" on ending six-year conflict, saying the right conditions now existed for the conflict to end.

"De-facto, the necessary conditions have been created for the end of the fratricidal war in Syria, the final defeat of terrorists and the return of Syrians to a peaceful life and their homes," Putin said.

Russia and Turkey would work "with the aim of deepening the coordination of our joint activity to solve the Syria crisis," Putin added.

He said the work to implement the agreements made at the Astana peace talks, including the creation of the Idlib de-escalation zone, had "not been easy" but the sides had already "succeeded in having a positive result."

Erdogan said that the two sides had reaffirmed their determination to work closely and show a "joint will" to end the conflict.

Last week Erdogan said Turkish troops would deploy inside Idlib, while Russia would maintain security outside the province.

The warm tones between Putin and Erdogan demonstrate the significant warming of ties after the 2015 downing of a Russian war plane in 2015. Earlier this month, Turkey announced it had signed a contract to purchase the Russian-made S-400 missile defense system, raising concerns among Ankara's NATO allies. The two leaders did not mention the sale on Thursday.

The two leaders said they wanted to see progress in two major projects — the TurkStream gas pipeline from Russia to Turkey and the Akkuyu nuclear power plant being built in Turkey with Russian collaboration.

Al Baghdadi resurfaces

What is the 'Islamic State'?

Where did it come from?

Islamic State (IS) - also known as ISIL, ISIS and Daesh - is an al-Qaida splinter group with a militant Sunni Islamist ideology. It emerged in the aftermath of the US-led invasion of Iraq in 2003 and is led by Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi. The group's goal is to create a worldwide "caliphate." It gained worldwide notoriety in 2014 after a blitzkrieg military campaign that resulted in the capture of Mosul.

What is the 'Islamic State'?

Where does it operate?

IS is believed to be operational in more than a dozen countries across the world. It controls territories in Iraq and Syria. However, the group has lost much of the territory it controlled in Iraq and Syria at the height of its expansion in 2014.

What is the 'Islamic State'?

Who is fighting back?

The US leads an international coalition of more than 50 countries, including several Arab nations. Russia, Iran and its Lebanese Shiite ally Hezbollah, which all support the Syrian government, also fight IS. Regional forces such as the Kurdish peshmerga (above) and US-backed Syrian Kurdish fighters, fight IS on the ground. The Iraqi army and militia have pushed IS from large parts of the country.

What is the 'Islamic State'?

How does it fund itself?

One of IS' main sources of income has been oil and gas. At one point, it controlled an estimated one-third of Syria's oil production. However, US-led airstrikes deliberately targeted oil resources and the Syrian government as well as US-backed Syrian Kurdish fighters have retaken most oil wells. Other means of income include taxes, ransom, selling looted antiquities and extortion.

What is the 'Islamic State'?

Where does it carry out attacks?

IS has claimed responsibility for numerous terrorist attacks across the globe. The militant group has targeted capitals across the EU, including Berlin, Brussels and Paris. IS leaders have encouraged so-called "lone wolf" attacks, whereby individuals who support IS carry out terrorist acts without the direct involvement of the group.

What is the 'Islamic State'?

What other tactics does it use?

The group uses various tactics to expand its power. IS fighters have looted and destroyed historical artifacts in Syria and Iraq in an attempt at "cultural cleansing." The group has also enslaved thousands of women from religious minority groups, including Yazidis. IS also uses a sophisticated social network to distribute propaganda and recruit sympathizers.

What is the 'Islamic State'?

How has it impacted the region?

IS has further exacerbated the ongoing Syrian conflict. Millions of Syrians and Iraqis have fled their homes, many traveling to Europe in pursuit of refuge. Although it has lost all of its strongholds, the militant group has left extraordinary destruction in its wake. Areas affected by the militant group's rule will likely take years to rebuild.

Author: Rachel Stewart

Elsewhere in Syria, their mutual enemy "Islamic State" released a purported recording of its leader Abu Bakr Al-Baghdadi, calling on followers worldwide to wage attacks against the West and to keep fighting in Iraq, Syria and elsewhere. If true, it would disprove Russia's claims in June they had killed him in an airstrike, one of many claims of the jihadist's demise.

Speaking on the Kurdish independence referendum, Erdogan denounced it as a "big mistake" that eroded stability in the region. He emphasized the need to prevent "even more serious mistakes," adding that "it's important that the international community sides with Iraq's territorial integrity and political unity."

Putin referred to a statement from the Russian foreign ministry on Wednesday that expressed Moscow's respect for Kurdish interests and called for a dialogue between the Iraqi government and the Kurds to decide on a "mutually acceptable formula of co-existence within the integral state of Iraq."