PART A. Grammar Directions: Select the best answer choice (1), (2), (3), or (4) that best completes the blank in the following questions. Then mark your answer sheet.

1- The millipede Nano-drive prototype operates like a tiny phonograph, using the sharp tips of minuscule silicon cantilevers -----------------.

1) and reads a polymer medium through data inscribed

2) reading data, and inscribing in a polymer medium

3) by reading a polymer medium inscribed by data

4) to read data inscribed in a polymer medium

2- Will the procedures used for fabricating electronic devices four decades down the road look -----------------?

1) anything like those currently employed

2) anything that is as current as is employed

3) like anything is actually employed currently

4) like those of or anything employed currently

3- The study of small vessel growth—a phenomenon referred to generally as angiogenesis—has such potential for providing new therapies ----------------- and has received enthusiastic interest from the pharmaceutical and biotechnology industries.

1) that it has been the subject of countless news stories

2) so countless news stories have as their subject

3) the news stories of which are the subject

4) subjected to countless news stories

4- Advances in golf halls, javelins, speed skates and tennis rackets have so improved performance that occasionally they have had to be regulated or banned ----------------- the fundamental human challenge that defines a game.

1) not to be undermining

2) so as not to undermine

3) such that they not undermine

4) so not much as they undermine

5- What ----------------- that human variation confounds the predictive validity of most sports psychology models.

1) the ambiguous outcome of this scientific analysis tells us the fact

2) fact the ambiguous outcome of this scientific analysis tells us

3) the ambiguous outcome of this scientific analysis tells us is

4) this ambiguous outcome and the scientific analysis tells us

6- The hikers climbed steadily in near darkness for over an hour, reaching the apex of the hill just in time -----------------.

1) for themselves to get the reward of the sunrise so beautiful

2) to be rewarded themselves with so beautiful a sunrise

3) for the sunrise too beautiful to reward them all

4) to be rewarded by the beautiful sunrise

7- Affording strategic proximity to the Strait of Gibraltar, Morocco was also of interest to the French throughout the first half of the twentieth century because they assumed -----------------.

1) without which, they could never be secure about their grip on Algeria

2) never would their grip on Algeria be secure if they did not hold it

3) if they did not hold it, their grip on Algeria was always insecure

4) without it their grip on Algeria would never be secure

8- Lawmakers have proposed legislation requiring ---------------- indefinitely or show just cause dismissal.

1) that all older workers he retained by employers

2) the retaining by employers of all old workers

3) employers' retention of all old workers

4) employers to retain all old workers

9- As rainfall began to decrease in the Southwest about the middle of the twelfth century, most of the Monument Valley Anasazi abandoned their homes to join other clans -----------------.

1) where there was access to water that was less limited

2) whose access to water was less limited

3) where they were of less limited water access

4) having less limitations to water access

10- Spanning over more than 50 years, Friedrich ----------------- a Sanskrit scholar and culminated in virtually every honor that European governments and learned societies could bestow.

1) Muller had begun his career with an unpromising apprenticeship of

2) Muller’s career began with an unpromising apprenticeship of being

3) Muller’s career began with an unpromising apprenticeship as

4) Muller began his career in an unpromising apprenticeship of

PART B. Vocabulary Directions: Select the best answer choice (1), (2), (3), or (4) that best completes the blank in the following questions. Then mark your answer sheet.

11- The guest lecturer in Professor Zito’s class, “Tupac Shakur and the Modern World,” was so ----------------- that most of the students could barely follow his thesis, and some even walked out in the middle.

1) bucolic

2) ponderous

3) bohemian

4) dank

12- The ----------------- hyenas devoured the remains of the wildebeest left by the lion.

1) misshapen

2) commonsensical

3) smug

4) ravenous

13- “The Great Cham” is a ----------------- used variously for the Khan of the Tartary region in Asia and for the eighteenth-century writer and dictionary maker- Samuel Johnson.

1) sobriquet

2) huckster

3) beacon

4) maniac

14- Suggestions of inferiority have long ----------------- in a city where image has been an obsession for more than a century.

1) resented

2) disintegrated

3) defalcated

4) rankle

15- Slander and libel laws stand as a protection of an individual's reputation against irresponsible of falsehood.

1) denouement

2) denunciation

3) dissemination

4) diadem

16- I endeavored to make my newspaper both entertaining and useful, and it accordingly came to be in such demand, that I reaped considerable profit from it, ----------------- annually near ten thousand.

1) vending

2) frequenting

3) trekking

4) reiterating

17- The Army Corps of Engineers distributed 26 million plastic bags throughout the region. Volunteers filled each hag with 35 pounds of sand and then stacked them to create levees, ----------------- barriers against the floodwaters.

1) indeterminate

2) makeshift

3) jejune

4) lissome

18- Most natural hazards can be detected before their threat matures. But seisms (from the Greek seismos, earthquake) have no known so they come without warning, like the vengeance of an ancient warrior.

1) motifs

2) instigations

3) appellations

4) precursors

19- The concerto was too ----------------- and elaborate for the audience’s taste, for they were expecting a much more simple piece.

1) baroque

2) lachrymose

3) pervasive

4) vicarious

20- The child’s interest ----------------- because she is fickle and not used to concentrating on one task at a time.

1) blurs

2) evinces

3) wanes

4) distends

21- The reference, in Shakespeare’s Julius Caesar to “the clock striking twelve” is -----------------, since there were no striking timepieces in ancient Rome.

1) unorthodox

2) anachronistic

3) nostalgic

4) ineffable

22- The train crash was blamed on a switchman who was -----------------, having fallen asleep while on duty.

1) captious

2) subversive

3) derelict

4) sallow

23- No politician in America today will openly ----------------- racism, although some behave and speak in racially prejudiced ways.

1) espouse

2) blemish

3) eschew

4) articulate

24- The ----------------- character of the 1890s wore bright-colored spats and a top hat; in the 1980s, he wore fancy suspenders and a shirt with a contrasting collar.

26- Witnessing this insolent command, I had to ----------------- use all my stores of discipline to a surge of ----------------- him.

1) mollify … reverence towards

2) shatter … subjection to

3) quash … antipathy towards

4) belie … proclivity for

27- For Dad, I found a device that ----------------- when calls are from telemarketers and automatically hangs up on them. Dad’s love of gadgets is directly proportional to his animosity toward telemarketers, so the gift couldn't have been more -----------------.

1) discerns … felicitous

2) snivels … surreptitious

3) prattles … gratuitous

4) dissents … ceremonious

28- Jaden --------------- all the forbearance he could ------------------ so as not to rebuke me for the inane decision that I had made after having been given ample time to think of a feasible solution.

1) flouted … brood over

2) feigned … harangued

3) summoned … muster

4) aggregated … deliberate

29- Drew’s jaw dropped in ------------- at having his very first speech ------------- so abruptly.

1) fulmination … reposed

2) abomination … condescended

3) exasperation … incited

4) indignation … truncated

30- I would describe him as, “A wonderful, joyous mouth that could laugh and grin and smile in a hundred expressions of precious, life-giving ------------.”

1) insouciance

2) mirth

3) oblivion

4) complacency

PART C. Cloze Passage Directions: Select the number of the answer choice (1), (2), (3), or (4) that best completes each blank in the following passage. Then mark your answer sheet.

While the four travelers passed safely through the rest of the woods, the Lion proudly (31) ------------- the others with a narrative, (32) ------------- gory, macabre details. explaining how he annihilated the monster. The gruesome images disturbed Dorothy, but at the same time (33) -------------- the Lion in such fine (34) ------------. Just when her stomach could take no more, they came out into the light and (35) ------------, covered from top to bottom with large rocks. “That will be a hard climb,” said the Scarecrow, but we must get over the hill, (36) -------------.
He starred up the difficult path and the others followed. They had nearly reached the first rock when they heard a belligerent sounding voice (37) ------------- cry out. “Back?” Then a head (38) ------------- over the rock and the same voice said. “This hill belongs to us, and we don’t allow anyone to cross it.”
“But we must cross it,” said the Scarecrow. “We’re going to the country of the Quadlings.”
“You shall not!” replied the voice (39) -------------. and there stepped from behind the rock the strangest man the travelers had ever seen.
He was quite short and rotund and had a big head, which was flat at the top and supported by a thick neck full of wrinkles. But he had no arms at all, and the Scarecrow didn’t see how their climb up the hill (40) -------------.

31-

1) relished

2) rejoiced

3) regaled

4) resonated

32-

1) devoid of

2) replete with

3) exhilarated by

4) petrified by

33-

1) she was thrilled to see

2) thrilled to have seen

3) seeing that she was thrilled

4) thrilling as she was, she saw

34-

1) tune

2) fettle

3) air

4) exuberance

35-

1) a long, steep hill that they saw

2) saw before them a long, steep hill

3) before they saw a long, steep hill

4) then before their seeing a long, steep hill

36-

1) nevertheless

2) so to speak

3) ever possible

4) otherwise

37-

1) felicitously

2) elliptically

3) unflappably

4) surreptitiously

38-

1) was shown

2) showing

3) itself showed

4) showed itself

39-

1) obliquely

2) obsequiously

3) vicariously

4) contentiously

40-

1) was so helpless when possibly thwarted by a creature

2) looked possible as being thwarted by a helpless creature

3) could possibly be thwarted by a creature who looked so helpless

4) so helpless as it looked was thwarted by a possibility a creature could imagine

PART D. Reading Comprehension Directions: Read the following four passages and select the number of the answer choice (1), (2), (3), or (4) that best answers each question. Then mark your answer sheet.

Passage 1:

For centuries oceanographers have snatched clues to ocean currents where they could. Early ideas about the speed and direction of currents often came from stray objects that floated and drifted for years —sealed bottles, rafts, the gloomy, waterlogged hulks of abandoned ships called derelicts. These days a host of ingenious instruments delivers intriguing news of the origins and routes of water. Perhaps the single most useful instrument for physical oceanographers is the CTD (conductivity-temperature-depth) recorder, which measures salinity and temperature of a particular mass of seawater at various depths. Identifying these properties is key to determining how, where, and when currents move.

41- As presented in the opening sentence, the task of the oceanographers is most similar to that of ------------------.

Many professional musicians receive conservatory training in order to become well-grounded in formal theory and instrumental technique; however, when we approach jazz we are entering quite a different sphere of training. Here it is more meaningful to speak of apprenticeship, ordeals, initiation ceremonies, and rebirth. For after the jazz musician has learned the fundamentals of an instrument and the standard techniques of jazz, such as intonations and traditional styles, the musicians must find his or her soul. All this through achieving that subtle identification between the instrument and the musician’s deepest drives, which will allow for the expression of each artist’s distinctive voice.

43- The word “which” in line 7 refers to ----------------.

1) identification

2) instrument

3) drives

4) soul

44- Which generalization about jazz is most directly supported by the passage?

1) Its focus on formal training is excessive.

2) It has been the source of much controversy.

3) Its value is difficult to assess.

4) It is a demanding process.

45- The last sentence (“All voice”) primarily emphasizes which point about jazz?

1) Jazz performances are comparable to paintings and sculptures.

2) Jazz is hard to define and varies greatly among performers.

3) Playing jazz is a highly personal and creative activity.

4) Listening to jazz has a clinically therapeutic value.

Passage 3:

Do we all have the capacity for synesthesia or is the brain’s ability to blend senses bestowed on a select few at birth? It now seems it could be a mixture of the two.
Synesthesia seems to underpin some savants’ enhanced memory and numerical skills. The hope is that a better understanding of its origins could help to explain savant abilities — and perhaps even shine some light on whether we are all capable of attaining them.
The condition is thought to arise when extra connections in the brain cross between regions responsible for separate senses. To see if genes play a role in building or maintaining these connections, a team led by Julian Asher at the University of Oxford took genetic. samples from 196 individuals from 43 families, 121 of whom exhibited auditory-visual synesthesia, meaning they “see” sounds. When I hear a violin, I see something like a rich red liquid," says Asher, who is a synaesthete. “A cello is more like honey.”
From their analysis, the team were able to pin down four chromosomal regions where gene variations seemed to be linked to the condition. As one of the regions has also been associated with autism, there may be a common genetic mechanism underlying the two, says Asher.
So if we are genetically disposed to develop synesthesia. does that rule out the possibility of inducing the experience? To find out, Roi Cohen Kadosh from Imperial College of London and colleagues hypnotized four volunteers so that they viewed numbers as having innate colors, known as grapheme-color synesthesia. The volunteers then looked at a series of colored slides, some with a black digit in the center and some without.
Like people with synesthesia, roughly 80 per cent of the time the hypnotized volunteers failed to see the digits when the background color corresponded to the color they associated with a number. Controls who had not been placed under a trance, but were instructed to attach a color to each number, did not make this mistake.
“It shows that even without hyperconnectivity in the brain, you can still have synesthesia,” says Cohen Kadosh. He says hypnosis may reactivate connections that had been suppressed by the brain.
Julia Simner from the University of Edinburgh, UK, has further evidence that synesthesia is not the result of neural connections fixed before birth. She studied 615 6-to 7-year olds, eight of whom turned out to be grapheme-color synaesthetes. Over the course of a year, these children gradually associated more letters with colors, showing that the ability developed with time.
So should we all attempt to develop savant-like abilities? “Synesthesia is strongly linked to improved memory capabilities so it would definitely be a good thing to research,” says Shriner. Asher is more cautious, stressing that synesthesia is often distracting, for example, while reading or listening to a lecture. He hopes to develop a genetic test to diagnose children and warn teachers of potential difficulties.

46- The primary purpose of the passage is to ------------------.

1) explore the implications of a finding

2) propose a temporary solution to a problem

3) describe a phenomenon and shed light on what it can be ascribed to

4) present two explanations of a phenomenon and reconcile the differences between them

47- All of the following are TRUE about Julian Asher and her team EXCEPT that --------------.

1) the hypothesis that they investigated was confirmed

2) some of the subjects in their study were known to be possessed of synesthesia

3) they were trying to find out ways to help mediocre people perform as well as savants

4) they suggest that a common genetic mechanism may be responsible for both autism and synesthesia

48- What does the ward “Controls” in line 23 refer to?

1) people who have not been under a trance

2) measures taken by investigators to ascertain the generalizability of their findings

3) those technical devices that were used in the experiment to delete extraneous variables

4) those 20 percent of the hypnotized volunteers who failed to confirm the investigators’ predictions

49- It Can be inferred from the passage that the connections in the brain across between regions responsible for separate senses ---------------.

1) are set at birth

2) cannot be reestablished once severed

3) account for genius’s eccentric ability

4) are cut off in most people

50- The question posed in the last paragraph in the passage assumes that ----------------.

1) the ability known as synaesthesia is one that can be nurtured in people

2) research findings without foreseeable applications should be discarded

3) research studies are cyclic in the sense that the solution to one problem leads to the emergence of a new topic for research

4) breakthroughs in cognitive science should inform common teaching and learning paradigms in education

51- Which of the following best represents the relationship between the research results arrived at by Roi Cohen Kadosh and the general assertion made in the first paragraph?

1) They challenge it by presenting an exception.

2) They expand the scope of the topic in it.

3) They refute it as a misconception.

4) They simply support it.

52- The passage indicates that school children possessed of synesthesia ------------------.

1) should receive special treatment to make sure they are not educationally harmed by their gift

2) need to take special tests that can offset the harmful potential of the distractions induced by their very same specific ability

3) should take genetic tests and report the results to their teachers to forestall the formation of any educational elite

4) are to be taught more through speaking and writing than reading and listening

53- What is the tone of the passage?

1) Unconcerned

2) Scholarly and impartial

3) Defiant

4) Skeptical and questioning

Passage 4:

Discussions about ocean and global warming tend to focus on the threat of rising sea levels or the possibility that hotter tropical waters might spawn more frequent typhoons. But one also needs to remember that, in a fundamental sense, the oceans are important allies in the struggle against troubling climatic change. Of all the heat-trapping carbon dioxide that is released into the atmosphere every year from tailpipes and smokestacks, about a third goes into the sea, which scientists therefore recognize as an important “sink” for this gas.
The carbon dioxide dissolves in the shallow layers of the ocean. where, thankfully, it cannot contribute to warming the atmosphere. Much of the carbon transferred in this way is used by phytoplankton, the ubiquitous microscopic plants that grow near the surface of the water. After these short-lived organisms die, some of the carbon in their tissues sinks to great depth, Climatologists call this process the “biological pump” because it draws carbon out of the atmosphere and stores it deep in the sea. Naturally enough, some people have pondered whether this phenomenon could be artificially enhanced. This tactic would be the marine equivalent of planting more trees to isolate carbon in a form that does not contribute to greenhouse warming.
One researcher closely associated with this concept is the late John H. Martin of Moss Landing Marine Laboratories in California. Martin and his colleagues were aware that large oceanic regions contain high levels of nitrate (a normally scarce nutrient) but show low concentrations of the photosynthetic pigment chlorophyll. That combination was curious: with abundant nitrate to fertilize their growth, tiny marine plants should multiply rapidly, greening the sea with chlorophyll. Yet vast high-nitrate, low-chlorophyll areas can be found in the equatorial and northern Pacific and over large stretches of the southern oceans.
Martin and his co-workers knew that the growth of phytoplankton in these places was not limited by any of the major nutrients—nitrate, silicate or phosphate. They believed that the deficiency of a trace element, iron, was curbing the growth of phytoplankton, because experiments with cultures had shown that adding a dash of iron to water taken from these areas boosts its ability to support the growth of common types of phytoplankton.
They reasoned that this connection between iron and plant growth, if it indeed operated the same way in the ocean, would have profound consequences. For example, it could explain why carbon dioxide levels in the atmosphere were much lower during the last ice age; iron carried in dust blown off the cold, dry continents of the time would have fostered the growth of marine phytoplankton, which then acted to pump carbon from the atmosphere to the seafloor. When the continents became warmer and wetter at the end of the Pleistocene (roughly 10,000 years ago), the land gave off less dust to ocean-bound winds, robbing some marine phytoplankton of the iron needed for growth.
Although this argument was compelling, many other theories could also explain past changes in atmospheric carbon dioxide levels. To impress on some of his skeptical colleagues the importance of iron as a plant nutrient, Martin jokingly proclaimed in a lecture in 1988 that adding even modest amounts of iron in the right places could spur the growth of enough phytoplankton to draw much of the heat-absorbing carbon dioxide from the atmosphere. His often quoted jest “Give me a half a tanker of iron, and I’ll give you an ice age” foreshadowed more serious considerations of actually using this approach to help cool the planet.

54- The passage is primarily concerned with which of the following?

1) Tracing the impact of a new technology on an ongoing deleterious process

2) Evaluating two competing technologies to deal with the same phenomenon

3) Delineating the development of a new scientific procedure to handle a problem

4) Reinterpreting an event from an innovative but simple research-based perspective

55- The word “it” in line 29 refers to ---------------.

1) plant growth

2) connection

3) consequence

4) way

56- Which of the following best describes the function of paragraph 2 in relation to paragraph 1?

1) It reiterates the same position by resorting to the technique of “appeal to authority.”

2) It qualifies the general assertion in paragraph 1 by including some opposing evidence.

3) It strives to dampen the optimism expressed in paragraph 1 by referring to some practical issues involved.

4) It attempts to shed more light on the main point posited in paragraph 1 by describing the related process that is involved.

57- According to the passage, the oceans are an important ally in the fight against global warming in that they -------------.

1) absorb a large amount of CO2. thus helping to alleviate global warming

2) are vast enough not to be affected by whatever amount of CO2 that is dumped into them

3) make CO2 vanish after they are drawn to the ocean floor and burned there

4) have already done so when the earth was during the last ice age

58- Where does in the passage does the write draw an analogy?

1) Lines 1-4

2) Lines 13-14

3) Line 18-21

4) Lines 29-31

59- The passage contains information that would answer which of the following questions?

I. Why does the carbon dioxide dissolved in the shallow layers in the ocean not contribute to global warming?
II. How did Martin and his co-workers come to know that nitrate, silicate or phosphate are not a detriment to the growth of phytoplanktori?
III. Why did Martin and his co-workers believe that deficiency of iron was linked to the growth of phytoplankton?
IV. Is there a hypothetical answer to the question of why carbon dioxide levels in the atmosphere were much lower during the last ice age?

1) I and III only

2) I. II. and III only

3) I, III, IV, only

4) I and IV only

60- According to the passage, during the last ice age .............. .

1) the connection between iron and plant growth in the oceans did not exist.

2) iron, the much needed nutrient for phytoplankton growth, was provided by dust winds laden with iron.

3) the amount of actual of plant life in the oceans sufficed to pump the carbon dioxide absorbed from the atmosphere.

4) the number of iron particles on the cold continents was great enough to nurture the phytoplankton, which in turn curbed the process of “biological pump”.