Abstract:

Certain embodiments disclosed herein relate to compositions, methods,
devices, systems, and products regarding frozen particles. In certain
embodiments, the frozen particles include materials at low temperatures.
In certain embodiments, the frozen particles provide vehicles for
delivery of particular agents. In certain embodiments, the frozen
particles are administered to at least one biological tissue.

Claims:

1.-78. (canceled)

79. A method for abrasion of at least one biological tissue surface of a
subject, comprising:delivering at least one composition to at least one
surface of at least one biological tissue of a subject in a manner
sufficient to abrade the at least one surface of the at least one
biological tissue; wherein the at least one composition includes one or
more frozen solution particles and one or more reinforcement
agents;wherein the composition is in at least one crystalline or
amorphous phase; andwherein the one or more frozen solution particles
have at least one major dimension of approximately one centimeter or
less.

80. The method of claim 79, wherein the one or more frozen particles are
in one or more phases including ice Ic.

81. The method of claim 79, wherein delivering at least one composition to
at least one biological tissue includes propelling the composition toward
the at least one biological tissue.

82. The method of claim 81, wherein the at least one composition is
propelled to a predetermined pressure for delivery of the at least one
composition to a desired location on or in the at least one biological
tissue.

83. (canceled)

84. The method of claim 81, wherein the at least one composition is
propelled to a predetermined velocity for delivery of the at least one
composition to a desired location of the at least one biological tissue.

85.-89. (canceled)

90. The method of claim 79, wherein the delivering at least one
composition to at least one biological tissue includes propelling,
ejecting, or accelerating multiple frozen particles toward the at least
one biological tissue.

91.-95. (canceled)

96. The method of claim 79, further comprising extracting or collecting
material from the at least one abraded surface of at least one biological
tissue.

97.-99. (canceled)

100. The method of claim 79, wherein the at least one biological tissue is
located in at least one of in situ, in vitro, in vivo, in utero, in
planta, in silico, or ex vivo.

101. (canceled)

102. The method of claim 100, wherein the at least one biological tissue
is located in at least one tissue or organ related to transplantation.

103. The method of claim 102, wherein the at least one tissue or organ
related to transplantation includes at least one donor or recipient
tissue or organ.

104. (canceled)

105. The method of claim 100, wherein the at least one biological tissue
is ingested by at least one subject.

106. (canceled)

107. The method of claim 79, wherein the at least one biological tissue
includes at least one cell mass.

108.-111. (canceled)

112. The method of claim 79, further comprising delivering to the at least
one biological tissue at least one of a polymer, biopolymer,
nanoparticle, or detection material.

113.-115. (canceled)

116. The method of claim 112, wherein the detection material includes at
least one electronic identification device.

117. (canceled)

118. The method of claim 112, wherein the detection material includes at
least one radioactive element.

119. (canceled)

120. The method of claim 112, wherein the detection material includes at
least one colorimetric substance.

121.-124. (canceled)

125. The method of claim 112, wherein the detection material includes at
least one of a diamagnetic particle, ferromagnetic particle, paramagnetic
particle, super paramagnetic contrast agent, or other magnetic particle.

126. The method of claim 79, wherein the subject includes at least one
invertebrate or vertebrate animal.

127.-130. (canceled)

131. The method of claim 79, wherein the at least one composition further
comprises one or more explosive materials.

132. (canceled)

133. A method for abrasion of at least one biological tissue surface of a
subject, comprising:delivering at least one composition to at least one
surface of at least one biological tissue of a subject in a manner
sufficient to abrade the at least one surface of the at least one
biological tissue; wherein the at least one composition includes one or
more frozen solution particles and one or more explosive
materials;wherein the composition is in at least one crystalline or
amorphous phase; andwherein the one or more frozen solution particles
have at least one major dimension of approximately one centimeter or
less.

134. The method of claim 133, wherein the one or more frozen particles are
in one or more phases including ice Ic.

135. The method of claim 133, wherein delivering at least one composition
to at least one biological tissue includes propelling the composition
toward the at least one biological tissue.

136. The method of claim 135, wherein the at least one composition is
propelled to a predetermined pressure for delivery of the at least one
composition to a desired location on or in the at least one biological
tissue.

137. (canceled)

138. The method of claim 135, wherein the at least one composition is
propelled to a predetermined velocity for delivery of the at least one
composition to a desired location of the at least one biological tissue.

139.-143. (canceled)

144. The method of claim 133, wherein the delivering at least one
composition to at least one biological tissue includes propelling,
ejecting, or accelerating multiple frozen particles toward the at least
one biological tissue.

145.-149. (canceled)

150. The method of claim 133, further comprising extracting or collecting
material from the at least one abraded surface of at least one biological
tissue.

151.-153. (canceled)

154. The method of claim 133, wherein the at least one biological tissue
is located in at least one of in situ, in vitro, in vivo, in utero, in
planta, in silico, or ex vivo.

155. (canceled)

156. The method of claim 133, wherein the at least one biological tissue
is located in at least one tissue or organ related to transplantation.

157. The method of claim 156, wherein the at least one tissue or organ
related to transplantation includes at least one donor or recipient
tissue or organ.

158. (canceled)

159. The method of claim 154, wherein the at least one biological tissue
is ingested by at least one subject.

160. (canceled)

161. The method of claim 133, wherein the at least one biological tissue
includes at least one cell mass.

162.-165. (canceled)

166. The method of claim 133, further comprising delivering to the at
least one biological tissue at least one of a polymer, biopolymer,
nanoparticle, or detection material.

167.-169. (canceled)

170. The method of claim 166, wherein the detection material includes at
least one electronic identification device.

171. (canceled)

172. The method of claim 166, wherein the detection material includes at
least one radioactive element.

173. (canceled)

174. The method of claim 166, wherein the detection material includes at
least one calorimetric substance.

175.-178. (canceled)

179. The method of claim 166, wherein the detection material includes at
least one of a diamagnetic particle, ferromagnetic particle, paramagnetic
particle, super paramagnetic contrast agent, or other magnetic particle.

180. The method of claim 133, wherein the subject includes at least one
invertebrate or vertebrate animal.

181.-184. (canceled)

185. The method of claim 133, wherein the at least one composition further
comprises one or more reinforcement agents.

186. (canceled)

187. A method for debridement of at least one biological tissue of a
subject, comprising:delivering at least one composition to at least one
biological tissue of a subject in a manner sufficient to remove dead,
damaged or infected tissue of the at least one biological tissue,wherein
the at least one composition includes one or more frozen solution
particles and one or more reinforcement agents; andwherein the one or
more frozen solution particles have at least one major dimension of
approximately one centimeter or less.

188.-200. (canceled)

201. A method for debridement of at least one biological tissue of a
subject, comprising:delivering at least one composition to at least one
biological tissue of a subject in a manner sufficient to remove dead,
damaged or infected tissue of the at least one biological tissue,wherein
the at least one composition includes one or more frozen solution
particles and one or more explosive materials; andwherein the one or more
frozen solution particles have at least one major dimension of
approximately one centimeter or less.

202.-234. (canceled)

235. A method for cleaning one or more wounds of a subject,
comprising:delivering at least one composition to one or more wounds in a
manner sufficient to clean the one or more wounds,wherein the at least
one composition includes one or more frozen solution particles and one or
more reinforcement agents; andwherein the one or more frozen solution
particles have at least one major dimension of approximately one
centimeter or less.

236.-240. (canceled)

241. A method for cleaning one or more wounds of a subject,
comprising:delivering at least one composition to one or more wounds in a
manner sufficient to clean the one or more wounds,wherein the at least
one composition includes one or more frozen solution particles and one or
more explosive materials; andwherein the one or more frozen solution
particles have at least one major dimension of approximately one
centimeter or less.

[0016]All subject matter of the Related Applications and of any and all
parent, grandparent, great-grandparent, etc. applications of the Related
Applications is incorporated herein by reference to the extent such
subject matter is not inconsistent herewith.

SUMMARY

[0017]In one aspect, a composition or therapeutic composition includes but
is not limited to, one or more frozen particles including at least one of
hydrogen oxide, helium, neon, krypton, argon, xenon, nitrogen, chlorine,
bromine, oxygen, air, carbon dioxide, polyethylene glycol, acetone, ethyl
acetate, dimethyl sulfoxide, dimethyl formamide, dioxane,
hexamethylphosphorotriamide, perfluorohydrocarbon, methanol, ethanol,
tert-butyl alcohol, formic acid, hydrogen fluoride, ammonia, acetic acid,
benzene, carbon tetrachloride, acetonitrile, hexane, methylene chloride,
carboxylic acid, saline, Ringer's solution, lactated Ringer's solution,
Hartmann's solution, acetated Ringer's solution, phosphate buffered
solution, TRIS-buffered saline solution, Hank's balanced salt solution,
Earle's balanced salt solution, standard saline citrate, HEPES-buffered
saline, dextrose, glucose, or diethyl ether. In at least one embodiment,
at least one of the constituents of the one or more frozen particles is
frozen. In at least one embodiment, all of the constituents of the one or
more frozen particles are frozen. In at least one embodiment, the at
least one composition or therapeutic composition includes one or more
frozen solution particles. In at least one embodiment, the composition or
therapeutic composition includes one or more frozen solution particles
and the composition or therapeutic composition is in at least one
crystalline or amorphous phase. In at least one embodiment, the frozen
solution particles include at least one of the constituents described
herein.

[0018]In at least one embodiment, the at least one composition or
therapeutic composition includes hydrogen oxide in the form of at least
one of amorphous frozen water, low density amorphous ice, high density
amorphous ice, crystalline ice, very high density amorphous ice,
clathrate ice, or hyperquenched glassy water. In at least one embodiment,
the one or more frozen particles include hydrogen oxide in the form of at
least one of ice Ic, ice Ih, ice II, ice III, ice IV, ice V, ice VI, ice
VII, ice VIII, ice IX, ice X, ice XI, ice XII, ice XIII, or ice XIV. In
at least one embodiment, the one or more frozen particles include
hydrogen oxide in the form of ice Ic.

[0019]In at least one embodiment, the one or more frozen particles have at
least one major dimension of approximately one decimeter or less,
approximately one centimeter or less, approximately one millimeter or
less, approximately one micrometer or less, approximately one nanometer
or less, approximately one picometer or less, or any value therebetween.
In at least one embodiment, the one or more frozen particles have at
least one major dimension of approximately ten micrometers or less. In at
least one embodiment, the at least one major dimension of the one or more
frozen particles includes at least one of radius, diameter, length,
width, height, or perimeter of a particle. In at least one embodiment,
the one or more frozen particles have a density greater than
approximately 0.92 g/cm3.

[0020]In at least on embodiment, the one or more frozen particles
approximate the shape of at least one of a sphere, bullet, flechette,
cone, needle, arrow, spear, diamond, pyramid, cylinder, minie ball,
shuttlecock, spiral, bell, pear, crystal, cube, spheroid, tetrahedron,
crescent, or high aspect ratio shape. In at least one embodiment, the one
or more frozen particles include a plurality of frozen particles that are
approximately uniform with regard to size, shape, weight, or density.

[0021]In at least one embodiment, the one or more frozen particles or the
compositions exist at about 30° C., about 20° C., about
10° C., about 50° C., about 0° C., about -10°
C. about -20° C., about -30° C., about -40° C.,
about -50° C., about -60° C., about -70° C., about
-75° C., about -80° C., about -85° C., about
-90° C., about -95° C., about -100° C., about
-120° C., about -150° C., about -180° C., about
-200° C., about -220° c., about -250° C., or any
value less than or therebetween. In certain instances, the one or more
frozen particles are utilized at a very cold temperature so that
effective penetration of a biological tissue is achieved. In certain
instances, the one or more frozen particles are utilized at warmer
temperatures, particularly if the contents of the one or more frozen
particles include agents that have warmer freezing temperatures. For
example, the freezing point of nitrogen is approximately -210° C.,
whereas the freezing point of dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) is approximately
18.45° C. Thus, frozen particles of DMSO can be utilized or
administered at a warmer temperature than frozen particles of nitrogen.

[0022]In at least one embodiment, the composition or therapeutic
composition includes one or more reinforcement agents. In at least one
embodiment, the one or more reinforcement agents include at least one of
a natural, artificial, or synthetic agent. In at least one embodiment,
the one or more reinforcement agents include at least one of a plate,
fiber, or spheroid. In at least one embodiment, the one or more
reinforcement agents include one or more of polyaramid, vinylester
matrix, metal, ceramic, fiberglass, cellulose, broad carbide, aromatic
polyamide, nylon, silk, rayon, acetate, modacrylic, olefin, acrylic,
polyester, aromatic polyester, poly-lactic acid, vinyon, saran, spandex,
vinalon, aromatic nylon, vinylidene chloride, modal, polybenzimidazole,
sulfur, lyocell, orlon, zylon, high-performance polyethylene,
polypyridobenzimidazole, vectran, acrylonitrile rubber, glass, copper,
iron, steel, sodium, potassium, calcium, zinc, manganese, carbon,
magnesium, silicon, silica, hydrogen oxide ice, plant matter (including
vegetable matter), animal matter, or mineral matter. In at least one
embodiment, the one or more reinforcement agents are located at least on
the surface or beneath the surface of the particle. In at least one
embodiment, the one or more reinforcement agents are located within the
particle.

[0023]In at least one embodiment, the composition or therapeutic
composition includes at least one abrasive. In at least one embodiment,
the composition includes at least one therapeutic agent, such as a
prodrug or precursor compound. In at least one embodiment, the
composition or therapeutic composition includes at least one
pharmaceutically-acceptable carrier or excipient.

[0024]In at least one embodiment, the composition is formulated to be a
therapeutic composition administered by one or more of topical delivery,
oral delivery, enteral delivery, mucosal delivery, percutaneous delivery,
or parenteral delivery. In at least one embodiment, parenteral delivery
includes at least one of intravenous delivery, intra-arterial delivery,
intracardiac delivery, subcutaneous delivery, intraperitoneal delivery,
or intramuscular delivery. In at least one embodiment, the composition or
therapeutic composition is formulated to be administered by high velocity
impact. In at least one embodiment, the composition or therapeutic
composition is formulated to be administered by one or more devices. In
certain instances, an example of a device that may be used for
administering one or more of the compositions described herein includes a
handheld device, such as a wand, a pen, a baton, a hose, a sprayer, a gun
(e.g., a pellet gun), or other handheld device. In certain instances, the
device is at least part of a built-in delivery device, such as may be
included in a wall, an overhead device, a corral, a gate, or a device
that includes a cavity into which a subject may be placed for
administration or delivery of at least one composition described herein.
In certain instances, the device has robotic action. In any of these
instances, the device may be remotely controlled, for example, by a human
or computer program.

[0025]In at least one embodiment, the composition or therapeutic
composition includes at least one of a polymer, biopolymer, nanoparticle,
or detection material. In certain instances, the detection material may
be located on or in the one or more frozen particles. In certain
instances, the detection material may be intermixed with the one or more
frozen particles. In certain instances, the detection material provides a
"tracer" agent that allows for viewing one or more locations of
administration of the at least one composition or therapeutic
composition. Thus, in certain instances the detection material is located
on the at least one therapeutic composition or the at least one frozen
particle. In other instances, the detection material is separate from the
at least one therapeutic composition or the at least one frozen particle
and forms a mixture with the therapeutic composition or frozen particles
or is administered at approximately the same time, in approximately the
same place, or in approximately the same manner as the one or more
therapeutic compositions or frozen particles.

[0026]In at least one embodiment, the detection material includes at least
one electronic identification device. In at least one embodiment, the at
least one electronic identification device includes at least one radio
frequency identification device. In at least one embodiment, the
detection material includes at least one radioactive element. In at least
one embodiment, the radioactive element includes one or more of 32P,
35S, 13C, 131I, 191Ir, 192Ir, 193Ir,
201Tl, or 3H.

[0027]In at least one embodiment, the detection material includes at least
one calorimetric substance. In at least one embodiment, the at least one
colorimetric substance includes one or more of an inorganic, organic,
biological, natural, artificial, or synthetic substance. In at least one
embodiment, the at least one calorimetric substance includes one or more
of a dye, pigment, or a light-emitting substance. In at least one
embodiment, the light-emitting substance includes at least one of a
luminescent substance, fluorescent substance, phosphorescent substance,
or quantum dot. In at least one embodiment, the at least one calorimetric
substance is biocompatible.

[0028]In at least one embodiment, the detection material includes at least
one of a diamagnetic particle, ferromagnetic particle, paramagnetic
particle, super paramagnetic contrast agent, or other magnetic particle.

[0029]In at least one embodiment, the composition or therapeutic
composition includes one or more explosive materials. In at least one
embodiment, the one or more explosive materials include at least one of a
high explosive or a low explosive. In at least one embodiment, the one or
more explosive materials include at least one of carbon dioxide,
nitroglycerine, or a reactive metal.

[0031]In one aspect, a method for abrasion of at least one biological
tissue surface of a subject includes, but is not limited to, delivering
at least one composition or therapeutic composition including one or more
frozen particles, as described herein, to at least one surface of at
least one biological tissue of a subject in a manner sufficient to abrade
the at least one surface of the at least one biological tissue.

[0032]In at least one embodiment, a method for abrasion of at least one
biological tissue surface of a subject includes delivering at least one
composition or therapeutic composition to at least one biological tissue
by propelling the composition or therapeutic composition toward the at
least one biological tissue. In certain instances, at least one
composition or therapeutic composition is propelled to or at a
predetermined pressure for delivery or administration of the at least one
composition or therapeutic composition to a desired location on or in the
at least one biological tissue. In at least one embodiment, the at least
one composition or therapeutic composition is propelled using a pressure
set at least about 10 psi, about 20 psi, about 30 psi, about 40 psi,
about 50 psi, at least about 100 psi, at least about 200 psi, at least
about 300 psi, at least about 400 psi, at least about 450 psi, at least
about 500 psi, at least about 600 psi, at least about 700 psi, at least
about 800 psi, at least about 900 psi, at least about 1000 psi, at least
about 1100 psi, at least about 1200 psi, at least about 1300 psi, at
least about 1400 psi, at least about 1500 psi, about 2000 psi, about 2500
psi, about 3000 psi, about 3500 psi, about 4000 psi, about 5000 psi,
about 6000 psi, about 7000 psi, about 8000 psi, about 9000 psi, about
10000 psi, or any value therebetween.

[0033]In at least one embodiment, the at least one composition or
therapeutic composition is propelled to or at a predetermined velocity
for delivery or administration to a desired location of the at least one
biological tissue. In at least one embodiment, the at least one
composition or therapeutic composition is propelled to or at a velocity
of approximately 10 m/s, approximately 20 m/s, approximately 30 m/s,
approximately 40 m/s, approximately 50 m/s, approximately 60 m/s,
approximately 70 m/s, approximately 80 m/s, approximately 90 m/s,
approximately 100 m/s, approximately 200 m/s, approximately 300 m/s,
approximately 400 m/s, approximately 500 m/s, approximately 600 m/s,
approximately 700 m/s, approximately 800 m/s, approximately 900 m/s,
approximately 1000 m/s, approximately 1500 m/s, approximately 2000 m/s,
or any value greater or therebetween.

[0034]In at least one embodiment, delivering or administering the at least
one composition or therapeutic composition includes ejecting the at least
one composition or therapeutic composition toward at least one biological
tissue. In at least one embodiment, delivering or administering the at
least one composition or therapeutic composition includes accelerating
the at least one composition or therapeutic composition toward at least
one biological tissue. In at least one embodiment, delivering the at
least one composition or therapeutic composition includes accelerating
the at least one composition or therapeutic composition to a
predetermined velocity for delivery to a desired location of the at least
one biological tissue.

[0035]In at least one embodiment, the at least one composition or
therapeutic composition is accelerated toward the at least one biological
tissue to a velocity of approximately 10 m/s, approximately 20 m/s,
approximately 30 m/s, approximately 40 m/s, approximately 50 m/s,
approximately 60 m/s, approximately 70 m/s, approximately 80 m/s,
approximately 90 m/s, approximately 100 m/s, approximately 200 m/s,
approximately 300 m/s, approximately 400 m/s, approximately 500 m/s,
approximately 600 m/s, approximately 700 m/s, approximately 800 m/s,
approximately 900 m/s, approximately 1000 m/s, approximately 1500 m/s,
approximately 2000 m/s, or any value greater or therebetween.

[0036]In at least one embodiment, delivering at least one composition or
therapeutic composition includes propelling, ejecting, or accelerating
multiple frozen particles, multiple compositions or multiple therapeutic
compositions toward the at least one biological tissue. In at least one
embodiment, two or more multiple frozen particles include one or more
similar therapeutic agents. In at least one embodiment, two or more
multiple frozen particles include one or more dissimilar therapeutic
agents. In at least one embodiment, a single frozen particle includes two
or more therapeutic agents. In at least one embodiment, a single frozen
particle includes multiple therapeutic agents that are capable of
combining to form another therapeutic agent, or an active therapeutic
agent.

[0037]A particular plurality of compositions or therapeutic compositions
may include multiple frozen particles where various multiple agents are
associated with a single particle. Likewise, a particular plurality of
compositions or therapeutic compositions may include various multiple
agents, where each individual agent is associated with a single frozen
particle. In at least one embodiment, a plurality of compositions or
therapeutic compositions may include any number of subsets of frozen
particles associated with a particular therapeutic agent or other
constituent. During the course of any particular method described herein,
one or more plurality of compositions or therapeutic compositions, or any
particular subset thereof, may be administered in a single treatment.

[0038]One non-limiting example of multiple therapeutic agents capable of
combining to form another therapeutic agent includes combining at least
one prodrug and at least one enzyme with a single frozen particle,
wherein the at least one prodrug and at least one enzyme combine during
administration to form at least one active therapeutic agent. In another
non-limiting example, a single frozen particle includes at least one
adjuvant and at least one immunogen.

[0039]In at least one embodiment, delivering or administering the at least
one composition or therapeutic composition includes contacting the at
least one surface of at least one biological tissue of a subject with at
least one composition or therapeutic composition. In at least one
embodiment, delivering or administering the at least one composition or
therapeutic composition includes contacting the at least one surface of
at least one biological tissue of a subject with one or more frozen
particles. In at least one embodiment, delivering or administering the at
least one composition or therapeutic composition includes rupturing one
or more cells of at least one surface of at least one biological tissue
of a subject.

[0040]In at least one embodiment, a method for abrasion of at least one
biological tissue surface of a subject with at least one composition or
therapeutic composition described herein includes extracting or
collecting material from the at least one abraded surface of at least one
biological tissue. In at least one embodiment, the extracted or collected
material includes at least one organic or inorganic material. In at least
one embodiment, extracting or collecting material includes extracting or
collecting one or more cells from the at least one abraded surface of at
least one biological tissue. In at least one embodiment, the at least one
extracted or collected material includes at least part of one or more
granuloma, eschar, callus, atheromatous plaque, abscess, pustule, scaling
(e.g., psoriasis or eczema), infected tissue, microorganism accumulation,
blood clot, blood vessel obstruction, duct obstruction, bowel
obstruction, necrotic tissue, stratum corneum, hair follicle, nevus,
wrinkle, keloid, biofilm, calculus, plaque, tartar, dandruff, keratin,
collagen, dust, dirt, metal, glass, hair or fur, cellular secretion,
microorganism, blood cell, particulate matter, or connective tissue.

[0041]In at least one embodiment, a method for abrasion of at least one
biological tissue surface of a subject includes at least one biological
tissue located in at least one of in situ, in vitro, in vivo, in utero,
in planta, in silico, or ex vivo. In certain instances, the at least one
biological tissue includes at least one tissue or organ that was
artificially synthesized from biological or other sources. In at least
one embodiment, the at least one biological tissue is located in vivo. In
at least one embodiment, the at least one biological tissue is located in
at least one tissue or organ related to transplantation. In at least one
embodiment, the at least one tissue or organ related to transplantation
includes at least one donor or recipient tissue or organ. In at least one
embodiment, the at least one donor includes at least one cadaver. In at
least one embodiment, the at least one biological tissue is ingested by
at least one subject. In at least one embodiment, the at least one
biological tissue includes one or more of skin, scalp, hair, nail, nail
bed, teeth, eye, ear, ovary, oviduct, tongue, tonsil, adenoid, liver,
bone, pancreas, stomach, blood vessel, blood, lymph, heart, lung, brain,
breast, kidney, bladder, urethra, ureter, gall bladder, uterus, prostate,
testes, fallopian tubes, vas deferens, large intestine, small intestine,
esophagus, oral cavity, nasal cavity, otic cavity, connective tissue,
muscle tissue, or adipose tissue. In at least one embodiment, methods and
compositions described herein relate to providing or removing
reproductive sterilization of a subject.

[0042]In at least one embodiment, a method for abrasion of at least one
biological tissue surface of a subject and the at least one biological
tissue includes at least one cell mass. In at least one embodiment, the
at least one cell mass includes at least one of a scar, pore, pit,
eschar, granuloma, keloid, artheromatous plaque, abscess, pustule,
scaling (e.g., psoriasis or eczema), infected tissue, hair follicle,
necrotic tissue, stratum comeum, wrinkle, wound, tumor, skin structure,
nevus, cyst, lesion, callus, neoplastic tissue, gangrenous tissue, or
cellular deposit.

[0043]In at least one embodiment, the at least one cell mass includes at
least one benign or malignant tumor. In at least one embodiment, the at
least one benign or malignant tumor relates to one or more of a melanoma,
lymphoma, leukemia, sarcoma, blastoma, or carcinoma. In at least one
embodiment, the at least one cell mass is related to at least one blood
clot, microorganism accumulation, blood vessel obstruction, duct
obstruction, bowel obstruction, infection, gangrene, connective tissue
destruction, tissue or organ damage, injury, white blood cell
accumulation, or cancer.

[0044]In at least one embodiment, a method for abrasion of at least one
biological tissue surface of a subject includes delivering to the at
least one biological tissue at least one of a polymer, biopolymer,
nanoparticle, or detection material, examples of each of which are
described herein.

[0045]In at least one embodiment, a method for abrasion of at least one
biological tissue surface of a subject includes at least one invertebrate
or vertebrate animal. In at least one embodiment, the subject includes at
least one insect, arachnid, microorganism, reptile, mammal, amphibian,
bird or fish. In at least one embodiment, the subject includes at least
one human. In at least one embodiment, the subject includes at least one
livestock, pet, undomesticated herd animal, wild animal or product
animal. In at least one embodiment, the subject includes at least one of
a sheep, goat, frog, dog, cat, rat, mouse, vermin, monkey, duck, horse,
cow, pig, chicken, shellfish, fish, turkey, llama, alpaca, bison, wolf,
fox, coyote, deer, rabbit, guinea pig, yak, chinchilla, mink, reindeer,
deer, elk, raccoon, camel, donkey, or mule.

[0046]In one particular non-limiting example, a method for abrasion of at
least one biological tissue surface of a subject includes delivering at
least one composition to at least one surface of at least one biological
tissue of a subject in a manner sufficient to abrade the at least one
surface of the at least one biological tissue; wherein the at least one
composition includes one or more frozen particles, including at least one
of hydrogen oxide, helium, neon, krypton, argon, xenon, nitrogen,
chlorine, bromine, oxygen, air, or carbon dioxide; wherein the one or
more frozen particles have at least one major dimension of approximately
one centimeter or less; and wherein the at least one composition includes
one or more explosive materials.

[0047]In one particular non-limiting example, a method for abrasion of at
least one biological tissue surface of a subject, includes delivering at
least one composition to at least one surface of at least one biological
tissue of a subject in a manner sufficient to abrade the at least one
surface of the at least one biological tissue; wherein the at least one
composition includes one or more frozen particles, including at least one
of hydrogen oxide, helium, neon, krypton, argon, xenon, nitrogen,
chlorine, bromine, oxygen, air, or carbon dioxide; wherein the one or
more frozen particles have at least one major dimension of approximately
one centimeter or less; and wherein the at least one composition includes
one or more reinforcement agents.

[0048]In one particular non-limiting example, a method for abrasion of at
least one biological tissue surface of a subject includes delivering at
least one composition to at least one surface of at least one biological
tissue of a subject in a manner sufficient to abrade the at least one
surface of the at least one biological tissue; wherein the at least one
composition includes one or more frozen hydrogen oxide particles, wherein
the one or more frozen hydrogen oxide particles have at least one major
dimension of approximately one centimeter or less; and wherein the one or
more frozen hydrogen oxide particles are in one or more phases including
amorphous solid water, low density amorphous ice, high density amorphous
ice, very high density amorphous ice, clathrate ice, hyperquenched glassy
water, ice Ic, ice Ih, ice II, ice III, ice IV, ice V, ice VI, ice VII,
ice VIII, ice IX, ice X, ice XI, ice XII, ice XIII, or ice XIV; and
wherein the at least one composition includes one or more reinforcement
agents.

[0049]In one particular non-limiting example, a method for abrasion of at
least one biological tissue surface of a subject includes delivering at
least one composition to at least one surface of at least one biological
tissue of a subject in a manner sufficient to abrade the at least one
surface of the at least one biological tissue; wherein the at least one
composition includes one or more frozen hydrogen oxide particles, wherein
the one or more frozen hydrogen oxide particles have at least one major
dimension of approximately one centimeter or less; and wherein the one or
more frozen hydrogen oxide particles are in one or more phases including
amorphous solid water, low density amorphous ice, high density amorphous
ice, very high density amorphous ice, clathrate ice, hyperquenched glassy
water, ice Ic, ice Ih, ice II, ice III, ice IV, ice V, ice VI, ice VII,
ice VIII, ice IX, ice X, ice XI, ice XII, ice XIII, or ice XIV; and
wherein the at least one composition includes one or more explosive
materials.

[0050]In one particular non-limiting example, a method for abrasion of at
least one biological tissue surface of a subject includes delivering at
least one composition to at least one surface of at least one biological
tissue of a subject in a manner sufficient to abrade the at least one
surface of the at least one biological tissue; wherein the at least one
composition includes one or more frozen particles, including at least one
of polyethylene glycol, acetone, ethyl acetate, dimethyl sulfoxide,
dimethyl formamide, dioxane, hexamethylphosphorotriamide,
perfluorohydrocarbon, methanol, ethanol, tert-butyl alcohol, formic acid,
hydrogen fluoride, ammonia, acetic acid, benzene, carbon tetrachloride,
acetonitrile, hexane, methylene chloride, carboxylic acid, saline,
Ringer's solution, lactated Ringer's solution, Hartmann's solution,
acetated Ringer's solution, phosphate buffered solution, TRIS-buffered
saline solution, Hank's balanced salt solution, Earle's balanced salt
solution, standard saline citrate, HEPES-buffered saline, dextrose,
glucose, or diethyl ether; wherein the one or more frozen particles have
at least one major dimension of approximately one centimeter or less; and
wherein the at least one composition includes one or more reinforcement
agents.

[0051]In one particular non-limiting example, a method for abrasion of at
least one biological tissue surface of a subject includes delivering at
least one composition to at least one surface of at least one biological
tissue of a subject in a manner sufficient to abrade the at least one
surface of the at least one biological tissue; wherein the at least one
composition includes one or more frozen particles, including at least one
of polyethylene glycol, acetone, ethyl acetate, dimethyl sulfoxide,
dimethyl formamide, dioxane, hexamethylphosphorotriamide,
perfluorohydrocarbon, methanol, ethanol, tert-butyl alcohol, formic acid,
hydrogen fluoride, ammonia, acetic acid, benzene, carbon tetrachloride,
acetonitrile, hexane, methylene chloride, carboxylic acid, saline,
Ringer's solution, lactated Ringer's solution, Hartmann's solution,
acetated Ringer's solution, phosphate buffered solution, TRIS-buffered
saline solution, Hank's balanced salt solution, Earle's balanced salt
solution, standard saline citrate, HEPES-buffered saline, dextrose,
glucose, or diethyl ether; wherein the one or more frozen particles have
at least one major dimension of approximately one centimeter or less; and
wherein the at least one composition includes one or more explosive
materials.

[0052]In at least one aspect, a method for debridement of at least one
biological tissue of a subject includes delivering at least one
composition or therapeutic composition as described herein, to at least
one biological tissue of a subject in a manner sufficient to remove dead,
damaged or infected tissue of the at least one biological tissue. As
described herein, the biological tissue may include, but not be limited
to at least one of a tooth, bone, connective tissue, adipose tissue,
skin, scalp, hair, nail, nail bed, teeth, eye, tongue, tonsil, adenoid,
liver, pancreas, stomach, blood vessel, heart, lung, brain, breast,
kidney, bladder, urethra, ureter, gall bladder, uterus, ovary, oviduct,
prostate, testes, vas deferens, fallopian tubes, large intestine, small
intestine, esophagus, oral cavity, nasal cavity, otic cavity, tumor,
neoplastic tissue, adipose tissue, or muscle tissue. In at least one
embodiment, the connective tissue includes at least one loose connective
tissue, dense connective tissue, elastic connective tissue, reticular
connective tissue, cartilage, or blood. In at least one embodiment, the
at least one biological tissue includes at least one ligament or tendon.
In at least one embodiment, the composition or therapeutic composition
includes at least one chemical debridement agent, such as an enzyme,
enzymatic agent, or urea. In certain instances, the enzyme includes at
least one of papain, elastase, protease, peptidase, or collagenase.

[0053]As described herein, the at least one composition or therapeutic
composition may be delivered or administered by various means and in
accordance with various formulations for debridement of the at least one
biological tissue. As described herein, in at least one embodiment, the
at least one biological tissue is located in at least one of in situ, in
vitro, in vivo, in utero, in plania, in silico, or ex vivo. In at least
one embodiment, the at least one biological tissue is located in vivo. In
at least one embodiment, the at least one biological tissue is located in
at least one tissue or organ related to transplantation, and may include
an artificial tissue or organ, or a tissue or organ that was synthesized
from one or more exogenous sources, including biological sources. In at
least one embodiment, the at least one tissue or organ related to
transplantation includes at least one donor or recipient tissue or organ.
In at least one embodiment, the at least one donor includes at least one
cadaver.

[0054]In at least one aspect, a method is described for removing one or
more materials from at least one blood vessel of at least one subject,
and includes delivering at least one composition or therapeutic
composition as described herein, to at least one blood vessel of a
subject in a manner sufficient to remove one or more materials.

[0055]As described herein, the at least one composition or therapeutic
composition may be delivered or administered by various means and in
accordance with various formulations for removal of one or more materials
from at least one blood vessel of at least one subject. In at least one
embodiment, the at least one blood vessel includes at least one artery,
vein, or capillary. In at least one embodiment, the at least one blood
vessel is located in one or more of a liver, brain, heart, pancreas,
breast, uterus, gall bladder, prostate, testes, vas deferens, fallopian
tubes, kidney, ovary, oviduct, stomach, bladder, intestine, tumor, or
lung.

[0056]As described herein, in at least one embodiment, the at least one
blood vessel is located in at least one of in situ, in vitro, in vivo, in
utero, in planta, in silico, or ex vivo, or a tissue or organ located
therein. In at least one embodiment, the at least one blood vessel is
located in at least one tissue or organ related to transplantation, and
may include an artificial tissue or organ, including an artificial blood
vessel. In at least one embodiment, the at least one blood vessel is
located in at least one tissue or organ that was synthesized from one or
more exogenous or endogenous sources, including biological sources. In at
least one embodiment, the at least one blood vessel was synthesized from
one or more exogenous or endogenous sources, including biological
sources. In at least one embodiment, the at least one blood vessel is
located in at least one tissue or organ related to transplantation and
includes at least one donor or recipient tissue or organ. In at least one
embodiment, the at least one donor includes at least one cadaver.

[0057]In at least one aspect, a method for abrasion of at least one
biological tissue or organ surface related to transplantation includes
delivering at least one composition or therapeutic composition, as
described herein, to at least one surface of at least one tissue or organ
in a manner sufficient to abrade the at least one surface of the at least
one biological tissue, certain specific methods of administration of
which are described herein.

[0058]In at least one aspect, a method for cleaning one or more wounds of
a subject includes delivering at least one composition or therapeutic
composition, as described herein, to one or more wounds in a manner
sufficient to clean the one or more wounds, certain specific methods of
administration of which are described herein. In at least one embodiment,
the one or more wounds include at least one of an incision, laceration,
abrasion, puncture wound, penetration wound, gunshot wound, iatrogenic
wound, severing, infection, ulcer, pressure sore, lesion, chemical burn
(including but not limited to irritant exposure, or exposure to a plant
or synthetic chemical), dental caries, first-degree burn, second-degree
burn, third-degree burn, fourth-degree burn, fifth-degree burn, or
sixth-degree burn. In at least one embodiment, the one or more wounds are
located in at least one of skin tissue, muscle tissue, eye tissue, an
organ, connective tissue, neoplastic tissue, or bone tissue. In certain
instances, the wound may be a result of a bite, such as a bite from an
animal, insect, or arachnid.

[0059]In at least one aspect, a method includes comparing information
regarding at least one aspect of cellular or tissue abrasion or ablation
of at least one biological tissue of at least one subject, and
information regarding at least one clinical outcome following receipt by
the at least one subject of at least one frozen particle composition; and
providing output information that is optionally based on the comparison.
In at least one embodiment, the method includes determining at least one
statistical correlation. In at least one embodiment, the method includes
counting the occurrence of at least one clinical outcome.

[0060]In at least one embodiment, the information regarding at least one
aspect of cellular or tissue abrasion or ablation includes information
regarding quantity of cells or tissue removed or destroyed. In at least
one embodiment, the information regarding at least one aspect of cellular
or tissue abrasion or ablation includes information regarding at least
one dimension of cellular or tissue removal or destruction, or the
removal or destruction of other materials such as cellular products,
extracellular matrix, collagen, elastin, protein, or other materials. In
at least one embodiment the information regarding the at least one
dimension of cellular removal or destruction includes information
regarding at least one of depth, width, or breadth of cellular removal or
destruction.

[0061]In at least one embodiment, the information regarding at least one
aspect of cellular or tissue abrasion or ablation includes information
regarding two or more subjects with one or more common attributes. In at
least one embodiment, the one or more common attributes include genetic
attributes, mental attributes, or psychological attributes. In at least
one embodiment, the one or more common attributes include genotype
attributes or phenotype attributes. In at least one embodiment, the one
or more common attributes include at least one of height; weight; medical
diagnosis; familial background; results on one or more medical tests;
ethnic background; body mass index; age; presence or absence of at least
one disease or condition; species; ethnicity; race; allergies; gender;
thickness of epidermis; thickness of dermis; thickness of stratum comeum;
keratin deposition; collagen deposition; blood vessel condition; skin
condition; hair or fur condition; muscle condition; tissue condition;
organ condition; nerve condition; brain condition; presence or absence of
at least one biological, chemical, or therapeutic agent in the subject;
pregnancy status; lactation status; genetic profile; proteomic profile;
partial or whole genetic sequence; partial or whole proteomic sequence;
medical history; lymph condition, or blood condition.

[0062]In at least on embodiment, the output information includes at least
one of a response signal, a comparison code, a comparison plot, a
diagnostic code, a treatment code, a test code, a code indicative of at
least one treatment received, a code indicative of at least one
prescribed treatment step, a code indicative of at least one vaccination
delivered; a code indicative of at least one therapeutic agent delivered;
a code indicative of at least one diagnostic agent delivered; a code
indicative of at least one interaction of a delivered agent and at least
one biological or chemical agent in the subject; a code indicative of at
least one dispersion or location of at least one delivered agent; a code
indicative of at least one detection material delivered; a code
indicative of the depth of penetration of a delivered agent; or a code
indicative of the condition of at least one location of an administered
frozen particle composition.

[0064]In at least one embodiment, the at least one frozen particle
composition includes at least one major dimension of approximately one
centimeter or less, approximately one millimeter or less, approximately
one micrometer or less, approximately one nanometer or less, or any value
therebetween. In at least one embodiment, the at least one frozen
particle composition includes one or more reinforcement agents, one or
more abrasives, or one or more explosive materials. In at least one
embodiment, the receipt by the at least one subject of at least one
frozen particle composition is pursuant to at least one clinical trial.

[0065]In at least one embodiment, the method further comprises determining
at least one comparison or correlation before the administration or
delivery of the at least one frozen particle composition to at least one
subject. In at least one embodiment, the at least one comparison or
correlation is used to predict at least one clinical outcome regarding at
least one other subject.

[0066]In at least one embodiment, the method includes creating at least
one inclusion criterion and at least one exclusion criterion for a
clinical trial involving the at least one frozen particle composition. In
at least one embodiment, the method comprises suggesting the inclusion of
one or more of the at least one subject in at least one clinical trial.
In at least one embodiment, the method includes suggesting the exclusion
of one or more of the at least one subject in at least one clinical
trial. In at least one embodiment, the method includes using one or more
of the at least one comparison or correlation to predict at least one
clinical outcome regarding at least one second subject. In at least one
embodiment, the at least one second subject has not received the at least
one frozen particle composition.

[0067]In at least one embodiment, the method includes that at least one
second subject is a plurality of people; and further includes segregating
subject identifiers associated with the plurality of people in reference
to the predicted at least one clinical outcome. In at least one
embodiment, the method includes that at least one second subject is a
plurality of people; and further includes determining the eligibility of
the at least one second subject for the at least one clinical trial.

[0068]In at least one embodiment, a method of predicting a clinical
outcome of at least one frozen particle composition treatment for at
least one first subject includes determining a similarity or a
dissimilarity in information regarding at least one aspect of cellular or
tissue abrasion or ablation of at least one biological tissue of at least
one first subject to information regarding at least one aspect of
cellular or tissue abrasion or ablation of at least one biological tissue
of at least one second subject, wherein the at least one second subject
attained a clinical outcome following receipt of the at least one frozen
particle composition; and providing output information that is optionally
based on the determination.

[0069]In at least one embodiment, the information regarding at least one
aspect of cellular or tissue abrasion or ablation includes information
regarding the quantity of cells or tissues removed or destroyed. In at
least one embodiment, the information regarding at least one aspect of
cellular or tissue abrasion or ablation includes information regarding at
least one dimension of cellular, tissue, or other material removal or
destruction. In at least one embodiment, the at least one dimension of
cellular, tissue, or other material removal or destruction includes
information regarding at least one of depth, width, or breadth of
cellular, tissue, or other material removal or destruction.

[0070]In at least one embodiment, the information regarding at least one
aspect of cellular or tissue abrasion or ablation includes information
regarding two or more subjects with one or more common attributes. In at
least one embodiment, the one or more common attributes include genetic
attributes, mental attributes, or psychological attributes. In at least
one embodiment, the one or more common attributes include genotype
attributes or phenotype attributes. In at least one embodiment, the one
or more common attributes include at least one of height; weight; medical
diagnosis; familial background; results on one or more medical tests;
ethnic background; body mass index; age; presence or absence of at least
one disease or condition; species; ethnicity; race; allergies; gender;
thickness of epidermis; thickness of dermis; thickness of stratum comeum;
keratin deposition; collagen deposition; blood vessel condition; skin
condition; hair or fur condition; muscle condition; tissue condition;
organ condition; nerve condition; brain condition; presence or absence of
at least one biological, chemical, or therapeutic agent in the subject;
pregnancy status; lactation status; genetic profile; proteomic profile;
partial or whole genetic sequence; partial or whole proteomic sequence;
medical history; lymph condition, or blood condition.

[0071]In at least one embodiment, the generated response includes at least
one of a response signal, a comparison code, a comparison plot, a
diagnostic code, a treatment code, a test code, a code indicative of at
least one treatment received, a code indicative of at least one
prescribed treatment step, a code indicative of at least one vaccination
delivered; a code indicative of at least one therapeutic agent delivered;
a code indicative of at least one diagnostic agent delivered; a code
indicative of at least one interaction of a delivered agent and at least
one biological or chemical agent in the subject; a code indicative of at
least one dispersion or location of at least one delivered agent; a code
indicative of at least one detection material delivered; a code
indicative of the depth of penetration of a delivered agent; or a code
indicative of the condition of at least one location of a delivered or
administered frozen particle composition.

[0072]In at least one embodiment, the information regarding at least one
aspect of cellular or tissue abrasion or ablation includes information
regarding at least one cellular or tissue source. In at least one
embodiment, the information regarding at least one tissue source includes
information regarding at least one abnormal cellular or tissue source. In
at least one embodiment, the information regarding at least one cellular
or tissue source includes information regarding at least one type of cell
or tissue. In at least one embodiment, the information regarding at least
one aspect of cellular or tissue abrasion or ablation includes
information regarding at least one type of cell or tissue.

[0074]In at least one embodiment, the at least one frozen particle
composition includes at least one major dimension of approximately one
centimeter or less, approximately one millimeter or less, approximately
one micrometer or less, approximately one nanometer or less, or any value
therebetween. In at least one embodiment, the at least one frozen
particle composition includes one or more reinforcement agents, one or
more abrasives, or one or more explosive materials.

[0075]In at least one embodiment, the receipt by the at least one subject
of at least one frozen particle composition is pursuant to at least one
clinical trial. In at least one embodiment, the method includes creating
at least one inclusion criterion and at least one exclusion criterion for
a clinical trial involving the at least one frozen particle composition.

[0076]In at least one embodiment, the method includes suggesting the
inclusion of one or more of the at least one subject in at least one
clinical trial. In at least one embodiment, the method includes
suggesting the exclusion of one or more of the at least one subject in at
least one clinical trial. In at least one embodiment, the at least one
second subject is a plurality of people; and includes segregating subject
identifiers associated with the plurality of people in reference to the
predicted at least one clinical outcome. In at least one embodiment, the
method includes determining the eligibility of the at least one second
subject for the at least one clinical trial.

[0077]In one aspect, a system includes at least one computing device; one
or more instructions that when executed on the computing device cause the
computing device to receive a first input associated with a first
possible dataset, the first possible dataset including data
representative of one or more measurements relating to one or more
physical attributes of a first subject; one or more instructions that
when executed on a computing device cause the computing device to compare
a value associated with the first possible dataset with a second dataset
including values representative of predictive regimen parameters related
to a second subject with one or more similar or dissimilar physical
attributes; one or more instructions that when executed on the computing
device cause the computing device to determine from the comparison at
least one frozen particle composition treatment regimen for the first
subject; and output information.

[0078]In at least one embodiment, the output information is based on the
determination. In at least one embodiment, the treatment regimen includes
at least one of cellular or tissue or other material removal, cellular or
tissue or other material ablation, debridement, delivery of at least one
therapeutic agent, cleaning one or more wounds, removing material from at
least one biological tissue, or removing material from at least one blood
vessel.

[0080]In at least one embodiment, the system includes one or more
instructions that when executed on the computing device cause the
computing device to access the first possible dataset in response to the
first input. In at least one embodiment, the system includes one or more
instructions that when executed on the computing device cause the
computing device to generate the first possible dataset in response to
the first input. In at least one embodiment, the system includes one or
more instructions that when executed on the computing device cause the
computing device to determine a graphical illustration of the first
possible dataset.

[0081]In at least one embodiment, the system includes one or more
instructions that when executed on the computing device cause the
computing device to determine a graphical illustration of the second
possible dataset. In at least one embodiment, the computing device
includes one or more desktop computer, workstation computer, computing
system including a cluster of processors, a networked computer, a tablet
personal computer, a laptop computer, a mobile device, a mobile
telephone, or a personal digital assistant computer.

[0082]In at least one embodiment, the computing device is configured to
communicate with a database to access the first possible dataset. In at
least one embodiment, the computing device is configured to communicate
with a frozen particle composition selecting apparatus. In at least one
embodiment, the computing device is configured to communicate with a
frozen particle composition generating apparatus.

[0083]In at least one aspect, a system includes circuitry for receiving a
first input associated with a first possible dataset, the first possible
dataset including data representative of one or more measurements
relating to one or more physical attributes of a first subject; circuitry
for comparing a value associated with the first possible dataset with a
second dataset including values representative of predictive regimen
parameters related to a second subject with one or more similar or
dissimilar physical attributes; circuitry for determining from the
comparison at least one frozen particle composition treatment regimen for
the first subject; and circuitry for providing output information,
wherein the output information is optionally based on the comparison.

[0084]In at least one embodiment, the system includes the circuitry for
receiving a first input associated with a first possible dataset and
includes circuitry for receiving one or more measurements relating to one
or more physical attributes including at least one of height; weight;
body mass index; age; presence or absence of at least one disease or
condition; species; ethnicity; race; allergies; gender; thickness of
epidermis; thickness of dermis; thickness of stratum comeum; keratin
deposition; collagen deposition; blood vessel condition; skin condition;
hair or fur condition; muscle condition; tissue condition; organ
condition; nerve condition; brain condition; presence or absence of at
least one biological, chemical, or therapeutic agent in the subject;
pregnancy status; lactation status; genetic profile; proteomic profile;
partial or whole genetic sequence; partial or whole proteomic sequence;
medical history; lymph condition, or blood condition.

[0085]In at least one embodiment, the treatment regimen includes at least
one of cellular or tissue or other material removal, cellular or tissue
or other material ablation, debridement, delivery of at least one
therapeutic agent, cleaning one or more wounds, removing material from at
least one biological tissue, or removing material from at least one blood
vessel.

[0087]In at least one embodiment, the circuitry for comparing a value
associated with a first possible dataset includes circuitry for comparing
one or more predictive regimen parameters including clinical outcome;
secondary effects related to the treatment; disease stage; longevity; or
vaccination administration or delivery. In at least one embodiment, the
circuitry for comparing a value associated with the first possible
dataset with a second dataset includes circuitry for selecting at least
one of quality or quantity related to one or more frozen particle
compositions, method of delivery or administration of one or more frozen
particle compositions, delivery location of one or more frozen particle
compositions, content of one or more frozen particle compositions, timing
of delivery or administration of one or more frozen particle
compositions, decrease in a physical dimension of one or more frozen
particle compositions, or time interval between at least two deliveries
or administrations with one or more frozen particle compositions.

[0088]In at least one embodiment, the circuitry for determining from the
comparison of the delivery or administration to at least one subject of
at least one frozen particle composition treatment regimen includes
circuitry for selecting the combination of at least two parameters
selected from quality or quantity related to one or more frozen particle
compositions, method of delivery or administration of one or more frozen
particle compositions, delivery location of one or more frozen particle
compositions, content of one or more frozen particle compositions, timing
of administration of one or more frozen particle compositions, decrease
in a physical dimension of one or more frozen particle compositions, or
time interval between at least two deliveries with one or more frozen
particle compositions.

[0089]In at least one embodiment, the circuitry for comparing a value
associated with the first possible dataset with a second dataset
including values representative of predictive regimen parameters includes
circuitry for selecting at least one of a clinical outcome; secondary
effects related to the treatment; disease stage; longevity; or
vaccination delivery or administration. In at least one embodiment, the
clinical outcome includes a positive clinical outcome or a negative
clinical outcome. In at least one embodiment, the clinical outcome
includes one or more adverse effect, failure to attain a clinical
endpoint of a clinical trial, failing to attain a beneficial effect, or
measurement of at least one biochemical, biological or physiological
parameter.

[0090]In at least one aspect, a system includes at least one computer
program, configured with a computer-readable medium, for use with at
least one computer system and wherein the computer program includes a
plurality of instructions including but not limited to one or more
instructions for comparing information regarding at least one aspect of
cellular or tissue abrasion or ablation of at least one biological tissue
of at least one subject and information regarding at least one clinical
outcome following receipt by the at least one subject of at least one
frozen particle composition.

[0091]In at least one embodiment, the one or more instructions for
comparing information include one or more instructions for determining at
least one statistical correlation. In at least one embodiment, the one or
more instructions further include one or more instructions for counting
the occurrence of at least one clinical outcome. In at least one
embodiment, the information regarding at least one aspect of cellular or
tissue abrasion or ablation includes information regarding quantity of
cells or tissues removed or destroyed.

[0092]In at least one embodiment, the information regarding at least one
aspect of cellular or tissue abrasion or ablation includes information
regarding at least one dimension of cellular or tissue removal or
destruction, or removal or destruction of other materials such as
extracellular matrix, collagen, elastin, protein, plaque, or other
materials. In at least one embodiment, the information regarding at least
one dimension of cellular removal or destruction includes information
regarding at least one of depth, width, or breadth of cellular removal or
destruction.

[0093]In at least one embodiment, the information regarding at least one
aspect of cellular or tissue abrasion or ablation includes information
regarding two or more subjects with one or more common attributes. In at
least one embodiment, the information regarding at least one aspect of
cellular or tissue abrasion or ablation includes information regarding at
least one cellular or tissue source. In at least one embodiment, the
information regarding at least one tissue source includes information
regarding at least one abnormal cellular or tissue source. In at least
one embodiment, the information regarding at least one cellular or tissue
source includes information regarding at least one type of cell or
tissue. In at least one embodiment, the information regarding at least
one aspect of cellular or tissue abrasion or ablation includes
information regarding at least one type of cell or tissue.

[0095]In at least one embodiment, the at least one frozen particle
composition includes one or more reinforcement agents, one or more
abrasives, or one or more explosive materials. In at least one
embodiment, the receipt by the at least one subject of at least one
frozen particle composition is pursuant to at least one clinical trial.
In at least one embodiment, the instructions include determining at least
one comparison or correlation before the delivery or administration of
the at least one frozen particle composition to at last one subject.

[0096]In at least one embodiment, the system includes creating at least
one inclusion criterion and at least one exclusion criterion for a
clinical trial involving the at least one frozen particle composition. In
at least one embodiment, the system includes suggesting the inclusion of
one or more of the at least one subject in at least one clinical trial.
In at least one embodiment, the system includes suggesting the exclusion
of one or more of the at least one subject in at least one clinical
trial.

[0097]In at least one embodiment, the system includes using one or more of
the at least one correlation to predict at least one clinical outcome
regarding at last one second subject. In at least one embodiment, the at
least one second subject has not received the at least one frozen
particle composition. In at least one embodiment, the method further
includes predicting at least one clinical outcome involving the at least
one second subject, wherein the at least one second subject is a
plurality of people; and segregating subject identifiers associated with
the plurality of people in reference to the predicted at least one
clinical outcome. In at least one embodiment, the at least one second
subject is a plurality of people; and the system includes determining the
eligibility of the at least one second subject for the at least one
clinical trial.

[0098]In at least one embodiment, a system includes at least one computer
program, configured with a computer-readable medium, for use with at
least one computer system and wherein the computer program includes a
plurality of instructions including but not limited to one or more
instructions for comparing information regarding at least one aspect of
cellular or tissue abrasion or ablation of at least one biological tissue
of at least one subject and information regarding at least one frozen
particle composition involving the at least one, biological tissue of at
least one subject; and one or more instructions for applying one or more
comparisons to information regarding at least one aspect of cellular or
tissue abrasion or ablation regarding of a plurality of people.

[0099]In at least one embodiment, the system includes one or more
instructions for segregating subject identifiers associated with the
plurality of people in reference to at least one of the one or more
applied comparisons. In at least one embodiment, the information
regarding at least one aspect of cellular or tissue abrasion or ablation
includes information regarding the quantity of cells or tissue removed or
destroyed. In at least one embodiment, the information regarding at least
one aspect of cellular, tissue, or other material abrasion or ablation
includes information regarding at least one dimension of cellular,
tissue, or other material removal or destruction. In at least one
embodiment, the information regarding at least one dimension of cellular,
tissue, or other material removal or destruction includes information
regarding at least one of depth, width, or breadth of cellular removal or
destruction. In at least one embodiment, a system includes one or more
instructions for segregating individual identifiers associated with the
plurality of people in reference to at least one characteristic shared by
two or more subjects of the plurality of people.

[0100]The foregoing summary is illustrative only and is not intended to be
in any way limiting. In addition to the illustrative aspects,
embodiments, and features described above, further aspects, embodiments,
and features will become apparent by reference to the drawings and the
following detailed description.

[0110]FIG. 10 illustrates a partial view of a method 1000 that includes
generating at least one response.

[0111]FIG. 11 illustrates a partial view and an embodiment of FIG. 10.

[0112]FIG. 12 illustrates a partial view and an embodiment of FIG. 10.

[0113]FIG. 13 illustrates a partial view of a system 1300 that includes a
computer program for executing a computing process on a computing device.

[0114]FIG. 14 illustrates a partial view and an embodiment of FIG. 13.

[0115]FIG. 15 illustrates a partial view and an embodiment of FIG. 13.

[0116]FIG. 16 illustrates a partial view of a system 1600 that includes a
computer program for executing a computing process on a computing device.

[0117]FIG. 17 illustrates a partial view of a computer program product
1700 for executing a computing process on a computing device.

[0118]FIG. 18 illustrates a partial view of a computer program product
1800 for executing a computing process on a computing device.

[0119]FIG. 19 illustrates a partial view of a computer program product
1900 for executing a computing process on a computing device.

[0120]FIG. 20 illustrates a partial view of a computer program product
2000 for executing a computing process on a computing device.

[0121]FIG. 21 illustrates a partial view of a computer program product
2100 for executing a computing process on a computing device.

[0122]FIG. 22 illustrates a partial view of a computer program product
2200 for executing a computing process on a computing device.

[0123]FIG. 23 illustrates a partial view of a method 2300 that includes
generating at least one response.

[0124]FIG. 24 illustrates a partial view and an embodiment of FIG. 23.

[0125]FIG. 25 illustrates a partial view and an embodiment of FIG. 23.

[0126]FIG. 26 illustrates a partial view of a method 2600 that includes
generating at least one response.

[0127]FIG. 27 illustrates a partial view and an embodiment of FIG. 26.

[0128]FIG. 28 illustrates a partial view and an embodiment of FIG. 26.

[0129]FIG. 29 illustrates a partial view of a system 2900 that includes a
computer program for executing a computing process on a computing device.

[0130]FIG. 30 illustrates a partial view and an embodiment of FIG. 29.

[0131]FIG. 31 illustrates a partial view of a system 3100 that includes a
computer program for executing a computing process on a computing device.

[0132]FIG. 32 illustrates a partial view and an embodiment of FIG. 31.

[0133]FIG. 33 illustrates a partial view of a system 3300 that includes a
computer program for executing a computing process on a computing device.

[0134]FIG. 34 illustrates a partial view and an embodiment of FIG. 33.

[0135]FIG. 35 illustrates a partial view and an embodiment of FIG. 33.

[0136]FIG. 36 illustrates a partial view of a system 3600 that includes a
computer program for executing a computing process on a computing device.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0137]In the following detailed description, reference is made to the
accompanying drawings, which form a part hereof. In the drawings, similar
symbols typically identify similar components, unless context dictates
otherwise. The illustrative embodiments described in the detailed
description, drawings, and claims are not meant to be limiting. Other
embodiments may be utilized, and other changes may be made, without
departing from the spirit or scope of the subject matter presented here.
In the following detailed description, reference is made to the
accompanying drawings, which form a part hereof. In the drawings, similar
symbols typically identify similar components, unless context dictates
otherwise. The illustrative embodiments described in the detailed
description, drawings, and claims are not meant to be limiting. Other
embodiments may be utilized, and other changes may be made, without
departing from the spirit or scope of the subject matter presented here.

[0138]In at least one embodiment, at least one composition, therapeutic
composition, device, system, product, or method disclosed herein relates
to utilizing one or more frozen particles for various purposes. In at
least one embodiment, the one or more frozen particles include at least
one frozen constituent including at least one of hydrogen oxide, helium,
neon, krypton, argon, xenon, nitrogen, chlorine, bromine, oxygen, air,
carbon dioxide, polyethylene glycol, acetone, ethyl acetate, dimethyl
sulfoxide, dimethyl formamide, dioxane, hexamethylphosphorotriamide,
perfluorohydrocarbon, methanol, ethanol, tert-butyl alcohol, formic acid,
hydrogen fluoride, ammonia, acetic acid, benzene, carbon tetrachloride,
acetonitrile, hexane, methylene chloride, carboxylic acid, saline,
Ringer's solution, lactated Ringer's solution, Hartmann's solution,
acetated Ringer's solution, phosphate buffered solution, TRIS-buffered
saline solution, Hank's balanced salt solution, Earle's balanced salt
solution, standard saline citrate, HEPES-buffered saline, dextrose,
glucose, or diethyl ether. In at least one embodiment, at least one of
the constituents of the one or more frozen particles is frozen. In at
least one embodiment, all of the constituents of the one or more frozen
particles are frozen. In at least one embodiment, the at least one
composition or therapeutic composition includes one or more frozen
solution particles. In at least one embodiment, the composition or
therapeutic composition includes one or more frozen solution particles
and the composition or therapeutic composition is in at least one
crystalline or amorphous phase. In at least one embodiment, the frozen
solution particles include at least one of the constituents described
herein.

[0139]In at least one embodiment, the one or more frozen particles include
frozen hydrogen oxide particles. Frozen hydrogen oxide, or typical water
ice, exists in several non-crystalline forms. Each of these forms has
specific physical characteristics such as density and vibrational
spectra. Some of the frozen hydrogen oxide phase transformations are
shown in FIG. 1. (See e.g., Chaplin, the worldwide web at
lsbu.ac.uk/water; Ivanov et al., Russian J. Gen. Chem. vol. 75, pp.
1851-1856 (2005), each of which is incorporated herein by reference).

[0140]Hydrogen oxide (water) has many frozen phases (ices), including
crystalline and non-crystalline phases. The crystalline phases generally
have the common structure of having hydrogen bonds to four neighboring
water molecules, such as two hydrogen atoms near each oxygen atom.
Structural data on the known frozen hydrogen oxide polymorphs are shown
in Table I, with two known phases of ice XI. (See, e.g., Chaplin, Ibid;
and Zheligovskaya, et al., Russian Chem. Rev. 75, pp. 57-76, 2006, each
of which is incorporated herein by reference).

[0141]Cooling liquid hydrogen oxide below its standard freezing point
typically results in the formation of frozen hexagonal ice. However, if
the hydrogen oxide is pure and cooled slowly, the liquid hydrogen oxide
can be supercooled to approximately -42° C. Amorphous solids
harden without crystallizing, such that if hydrogen oxide is cooled
rapidly it results in formation of a glass-like state, for example,
hyperquenched glassy water. (See e.g., Debenedetti, J. Phys. Condens.
Matter, vol. 15, pp. R1669-R1726 (2003), and as cited by Chaplin,
worldwideweb at lsbu.ac.uk/water; each of which is incorporated herein by
reference.) Generally, hyperquenched glassy water is formed by rapidly
spraying a fine mist of micrometer-sized hydrogen oxide droplets into
very cold liquefied gas, such as propane. Alternatively, a fine mist of
hydrogen oxide can be sprayed onto a very cold frozen substrate, at or
below approximately -193° C. Hyperquenched glassy water may also
be formed by cooling capillary tubes containing bulk liquid water
(˜100 μm diameter) with liquid helium at approximately
-269° C.

[0142]As shown in FIGS. 1-4, hydrogen oxide attains various structures and
phases depending upon the temperature or pressure of the environment. As
indicated in FIG. 1, for example, hydrogen oxide ice Ic is derived from
high density amorphous water or deeply supercooled liquid water, when put
under low temperature or higher pressure. Likewise, as indicated in FIG.
2, the hydrogen oxide has a greater density as a liquid than as a solid
under ambient conditions (ice Ih). However, at increasing pressure, at
least ice stages III, V, VI, and VII exhibit a greater density than
liquid hydrogen oxide. FIG. 3 indicates the phase diagram for hydrogen
oxide based on pressure and temperature variance, while FIG. 4 shows the
specific sub-categories of hydrogen oxide based on physical properties,
such as structure and density, among others, as the temperature and
pressure vary.

[0143]Similarly, amorphous solid water is formed from the slow deposition
of hydrogen oxide vapor on a cold metal crystal surface (at less than
approximately 2 nm/s), below the temperature of approximately
-153° C. Amorphous solid water is a viscous semi-solid material
that has a density of approximately 0.94 g/cm3 and harbors gaps and
spaces in its structure, as well as reactive hydrogen bonds. These
structures are removed by annealing under vacuum pressure, which allows
the material to convert to a high density glassy water or low density
amorphous ice, depending on the temperature. Typically, high density
glassy water, which has a density of approximately 1.1 g/cm3, is
formed by vapor deposition at approximately -263° C.

[0145]Very-high density amorphous (VHDA) ice is a viscous water state with
a density of approximately 1.25 g/cm3, and is prepared by heating
high-density amorphous ice to just above approximately -113° C.
and approximately 1.15 GPa. When very-high density amorphous ice is
heated at different pressures between 0.3 and 2 GPa, it re-crystallizes
into only the proton disordered ices III, IV, V, XII, VI and VII in order
of increasing pressure, but does not typically re-crystallize into the
proton ordered phases (e.g., ice II).

[0146]Typically, the density of liquid water increases with increased
pressure. When liquid water approaches the critical point in the
liquid-vapor phase, water enters a supercritical phase where it exists as
small but liquid-like hydrogen-bonded clusters dispersed within a
gas-like phase and its physical properties vary according to changing
density. Supercritical water is an excellent solvent for non-polar
molecules, due to its low dielectric constant and poor hydrogen bonding.
Due to these same properties, supercritical water is typically not a good
solvent for electrolytes, which tend to form ionic bonds.

[0147]As indicated in FIG. 2, hexagonal ice is less dense than liquid
water, whereas the other ice phases are all denser and phase changes
occur near the liquid and solid densities (See e.g., Loerting et al., J.
Phys.: Condens. Matter vol. 18, R919-R977 (2006), which is incorporated
herein by reference). Liquid water density varies with change in
temperature or pressure, whereas the density of amorphous ice varies only
with change in pressure, but not temperature.

[0148]Hydrogen oxide has a high heat of vaporization (approximately 40.7
kJ/mol), and a high heat of sublimation (approximately 51.059 kJ/mol at
0° C.), which allows for the frozen particles to remain intact for
a short time period during which the particles are delivered to one or
more cells or tissues. These properties further enable the frozen
particles to serve as particles for delivery of at least one therapeutic
composition to one or more cells or tissues.

[0149]Hydrogen oxide becomes more viscous as the temperature is decreased
to below approximately 33° C,. or the pressure is increased.
Frozen particles may include a "solid," such as true solids, semi-solids,
and viscous fluid, such as gels, hydrogels, or sols. Frozen particles may
include particles that are at least partially frozen, or are entirely
frozen. Compositions including one or more particles may include one or
more subset groups of one or more particles, some of which may be
entirely frozen and some of which may be at least partially frozen. Such
compositions may include multiple different compositions, where the group
of frozen particles includes at least one subset that includes multiple
particles, wherein each particle has an individual therapeutic agent or
unique composition. The group of frozen particles may also include at
least one subset of multiple particles, wherein each particle includes
multiple agents (including therapeutic agents).

[0150]A particular plurality of compositions or therapeutic compositions
may include multiple frozen particles where various multiple agents are
associated with a single particle. Likewise, a particular plurality of
compositions or therapeutic compositions may include various multiple
agents, where each individual agent is associated with a single frozen
particle. In at least one embodiment, a plurality of compositions or
therapeutic compositions may include any number of subsets of frozen
particles associated with a particular therapeutic agent or other
constituent. During the course of any particular method described herein,
one or more plurality of compositions or therapeutic compositions, or any
particular subset thereof, may be administered in a single treatment.

[0151]In at least one embodiment, the one or more frozen particles exist
at about 30° C., about 20° C., about 10° C., about
5° C., about 0° C., about -10° C. about -20°
C., about -30° C., about -40° C., about -50° C.,
about -60° C., about -70° C., about -75° C., about
-80° C., about -85° C., about -90° C., about
-95° C., about -100° C., about -120° C., about
-150° C., about -180° C., about -200° C., about
-220° C., about -250° C., or any value less than or
therebetween.

[0152]In certain instances, the one or more frozen particles are utilized
at a very cold temperature so that effective penetration of a biological
tissue is achieved. In certain instances, the one or more frozen
particles are utilized at warmer temperatures, particularly if the
contents of the one or more frozen particles include agents that have
warmer freezing temperatures. For example, the freezing point of nitrogen
is approximately -210° C., whereas the freezing point of dimethyl
sulfoxide (DMSO) is approximately 18.45° C. Thus, frozen particles
of DMSO can be utilized or administered at a warmer temperature than can
frozen particles of nitrogen.

[0153]Ice Ic is generally formed by condensation of water vapor, at
ambient pressure and low temperatures (less than approximately
-80° C.), or below approximately -38° C. as a mist. (See
e.g., Murray et al., Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. Vol. 8, pp. 186-192 (2006),
which is incorporated herein by reference). Ice Ic is also prepared by
reducing the pressure on high-pressure hydrogen oxide ice at
approximately -196° C. It may be the preferred phase for ice
formed from hydrogen oxide droplets smaller than about 15 nm in radius,
particularly at low temperatures (e.g., -113° C. to -53°
C.). (See e.g., Johari, J. Chem. Phys. vol. 122 pp. 194504 (2005); Zhang,
et al., Chem. Phys. Lett. vol. 421, pp. 251-255 (2006), each of which is
incorporated herein by reference).

[0155]Ice II maintains a general rhoinbohedral unit shape, similar to ice
I. The density of ice II is approximately 1.17 g/cm3. Ice III
maintains a general tetragonal unit shape, with a density of
approximately 1.14 g/cm3. Ice VI also maintains a general tetragonal
unit shape, with a density of approximately 1.31 g/cm3. Ice VII is
primarily composed of multiple intercalating ice Ic lattices, and has a
density of approximately 1.66 g/cm3.

[0157]In at least one embodiment, the at least one adhesive is included in
one or more frozen particles. In at least one embodiment, the one or more
frozen particles provide a vehicle for the at least one adhesive. In
certain instances, at least one adhesive is provided to at least one
biological tissue in an inactive form, wherein the at least one adhesive
polymerizes or activates upon contact with the at least one biological
tissue, or shortly thereafter.

[0158]In at least one embodiment, at least one scaffold (e.g., collagen,
elastin, protein, carbohydrate, nucleic acid, organic chemical, or other
component) is provided with the at least one composition or therapeutic
composition for one or more cells. In at least one embodiment, the
scaffold provides a matrix for one or more cells. In at least one
embodiment, the one or more cells are located in at least one biological
tissue.

[0159]In at least one embodiment, clathrate compositions are included.
Clathrate ice forms from water or other liquids, and contains small
amounts of non-polar molecules (generally gases) under moderate pressure
of a few MPa, and temperatures close to 0° C. Clathrate structures
can vary, but generally allow a minimum amount of small molecules to fit
into and stabilize gaps without forming covalent or hydrogen bonds with
the hydrogen oxide molecules. Certain clathrates are formed at the
interface of the liquid phase, under atmospheric pressure. Clathrates
include but are not limited to the structural forms of sI, sII, and sh.
In certain instances, noble gases may be used to form clathrate compounds
with hydrogen oxide or other molecules. Noble gases generally have low
polarizability, and tend to be spherically symmetrical, which allows for
solubility with the hydrogen oxide cage. In addition, the solubility of
the noble gases increases considerably as the temperature is lowered. The
solubility of particular noble gases as clathrates with hydrogen oxide
are shown in Table II. (See e.g., Dec et al., J. Solution Chem. vol. 14,
pp. 417-429 (1985); Ivanov, et al., J. Struct. Chem. vol. 46, pp. 253-263
(2005); Fernandez-Prini, et al., Elsvier, pp. 73-98 (2004); Ivanov, et
al., Russian J. Gen. Chem. vol. 75, pp. 1851-1856 (2005), each of which
is incorporated herein by reference.)

[0160]Other materials are included in one or more compositions described
herein. For example, liquid nitrogen is nontoxic and inert, with a
freezing point at 1 atm pressure of approximately -210° C. Liquid
helium is nontoxic and inert, with a freezing point at 367 psi of
approximately -272.2° C. Liquid argon is nontoxic and inert with a
freezing point at 1 atm pressure of approximately -189.4° C.
Liquid neon has a freezing point of approximately -245.95° C.,
while liquid xenon has a freezing point of approximately -111.9°
C. The freezing point of liquid dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) is
approximately 18.45° C., and water or other co-solvents can
decrease the freezing point. The freezing point of lactated Ringer's
solution is approximately -45° C. These and other materials can be
utilized as described herein either alone, or in combination with other
materials.

[0161]In at least one embodiment, the one or more frozen particles have at
least one major dimension of approximately one decimeter or less,
approximately one centimeter or less, approximately one millimeter or
less, approximately one micrometer or less, approximately one nanometer
or less, approximately one picometer or less, or any value therebetween.
In at least one embodiment, a plurality of frozen particles is delivered
or administered, and the plurality includes at least two subsets of
frozen particles which can be differentiated based on size. In at least
one embodiment, a plurality of frozen particles includes at least one
subset of frozen particles that have at least one major dimension of
approximately ten micrometers or less. In at least one embodiment, the at
least one major dimension of the one or more frozen particles includes at
least one of radius, diameter, length, width, height, or perimeter.

[0162]In at least one embodiment, the one or more frozen particles
approximate the shape of at least one of a sphere, bullet, flechette,
cone, needle, arrow, spear, diamond, pyramid, cylinder, mini ball,
shuttlecock, spiral, bell, pear, crystal, cube, spheroid, tetrahedron,
crescent, or high aspect ratio shape. The size, shape, weight, or
density, as well as other physical parameters of the one or more frozen
particles may be adjusted according to a particular composition or
therapeutic composition, or desired goal in utilizing the compositions.
In at least one embodiment, the one or more frozen particles include a
plurality of frozen hydrogen oxide particles that are approximately
uniform with regard to size, shape, weight, or density. In at least one
embodiment, the one or more frozen particles include an array of
different sizes, shapes, weights, or densities.

[0164]In at least one embodiment, one or more reinforcement agents are
made by spinning into a fiber, wire, or filament. Some non-limiting
examples of reinforcement fibers can be found at, for example, U.S. Pat.
No. 5,855,663; U.S. Pat. No. 5,652,058; KEVLAR® technical guide,
Polymer Bulletin, vol. 16, pp. 167-174 (1986), and WO/2003/060002, each
of which is incorporated herein by reference.

[0165]In at least one embodiment, the one or more reinforcement agents are
manufactured into a plate or spheroid. In certain instances, the one or
more reinforcement agents are utilized in the form of a resin, powder,
solution, flake, sheet, film, ribbon, gel, ball, pellet, or bead. (See
e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 5,534,584; U.S. Pat. No. 5,331,046; each of which is
incorporated herein by reference). The one or more reinforcement agents
may be in the form of a solid, liquid, or gas.

[0166]The one or more reinforcement agents are positioned on or in the one
or more frozen particles depending on a given context. For example, the
positioning of one or more reinforcement agents may consider the
particular goal of administering the one or more frozen particles, the
components of the at least one composition or therapeutic composition, or
the needs or desires of a particular outcome of treatment or
administration of the one or more frozen particles. In at least one
embodiment, the one or more reinforcement agents are located at least on
the surface or beneath the surface of the one or more frozen particles.
In at least one embodiment, the one or more reinforcement agents are
located within the one or more frozen particles.

[0167]As shown in FIGS. 5 and 6, the strength of hydrogen oxide ice
samples increases when particular reinforcement agents are added. As
indicated in FIG. 5, ice samples exhibit increased strength, as measured
by beam deflection as an angle of shear when reinforced with fiberglass
or kaolin. As indicated in FIG. 6, the maximum stress (in MPa) and strain
rate increases when particular reinforcement agents are added to the
hydrogen oxide ice samples.

[0169]In at least one embodiment, a therapeutic composition and methods of
delivery to at least one biological tissue include one or more frozen
hydrogen oxide particles including at least one therapeutic agent;
wherein the one or more hydrogen oxide particles are in one or more
phases including at least one of amorphous solid water, low density
amorphous ice, high density amorphous ice, very high density amorphous
ice, clathrate ice, hyperquenched glassy water, ice Ic, ice II, ice III,
ice IV, ice V, ice VI, ice VII, ice VIII, ice IX, ice X, ice XI, ice XII,
ice XIII, ice XIV, or ice XV.

[0170]In at least one embodiment, a therapeutic composition includes one
or more frozen solution particles and at least one therapeutic agent;
wherein the therapeutic composition is in at least one crystalline or
amorphous phase.

[0171]In at least one embodiment, the at least one composition or
therapeutic composition includes at least one therapeutic agent. (See,
e.g., The Merck Index, 14th Ed. Merck & Co., Inc., Whitehouse
Station, N.J. (2006), which is incorporated herein by reference). Other
agents that are approved for use in humans may be utilized as at least
one therapeutic agent described herein, and may be found at the U.S. Food
and Drug Administration website on the worldwide web at fda.gov, the
information at which is incorporated herein by reference.

[0172]In certain instances, the one or more frozen particles themselves
provide at least one therapeutic benefit. In certain instances, the one
or more frozen particles act as vehicles for one or more therapeutic
agents that provide at least one therapeutic benefit. The frozen
particles acting as vehicles for one or more therapeutic agents may be
inert, or may provide additional therapeutic benefit in the overall
composition. In at least one embodiment, at least one therapeutic agent
is activated during administration of the at least one composition or
therapeutic composition to at least one biological tissue. In at least
one embodiment, at least one therapeutic agent is activated prior to or
subsequent to administration of the at least one composition or
therapeutic composition to at least one biological tissue. In at least
one embodiment, at least one therapeutic agent is activated after a
prolonged time subsequent to administration of the at least one
therapeutic composition or composition to at least one biological tissue
(e.g. in cases where the therapeutic agent is encased or associated with
a polymer or other agent that may insulate one or more reactant or retard
the explosive or decomposition process). In at least one embodiment, the
composition or therapeutic composition includes at least one activatable
therapeutic agent. In at least one embodiment, the composition or
therapeutic composition includes at least one activating agent or at
least one inactivating agent, or both.

[0175]In at least one embodiment, the therapeutic agent includes at least
one anti-inflammatory agent, including but not limited to steroids,
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, topical anti-inflammatory agents,
or subcutaneously administered non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs
(e.g. diclofenac).

[0176]In at least one embodiment, the analgesic includes but is not
limited to one or more of paracetamol (acetaminophen), non-steroidal
anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), salicylates, narcotics, or tramadol. In
at least one embodiment, the analgesic includes but is not limited to
aspirin, rofecoxib, celecoxib, morphine, codeine, oxycodone, hydrocodone,
diamorphine, pethidine, buprenorphine, amitriptyline, carbamazepine,
bagapentin, pregabalin, ibuprofen, naproxen, lidocaine, a psychotropic
agent, orphenadrine, cyclobenzaprine, scopolamine, atropine, gabapentin,
methadone, ketobemidone, or piritramide.

[0177]In at least one embodiment, the at least one therapeutic agent
includes one or more antiseptic, including but not limited to one or more
of an alcohol, a quaternary ammonium compound, boric acid, hydrogen
peroxide, chlorhexidine gluconate, iodine, mercurochrome, octenidine
dihydrochloride, phenol (carbolic acid) compounds, sodium chloride, or
sodium hypochlorite.

[0178]In at least one embodiment, the antiseptic includes but is not
limited to one or more of povidone-iodine, iodine, ethanol, 1-propanol,
2-propanol/isopropanol, benzalkonium chloride, cetyl trimethylammonium
bromide, cetylpyridinium chloride, benzethonium chloride, chlorhexidine,
octenidine dihydrochloride, or carbolic acid.

[0179]In at least one embodiment, the antimicrobial agent includes at
least one of an anti-fungal agent, antibiotic agent, anti-bacterial,
anti-parasitic agent, or anti-worm agent. In certain instances, the
antimicrobial agent may occur in nature, or it may be synthetic.

[0181]In at least one embodiment, at least one nutraceutical is included.
At least one nutraceutical includes but is not limited to one or more of
an extract of plant or animal matter (e.g., an oil, aqueous, or solid
extract), a vitamin, a mineral, a mixture or solution, a food supplement,
a food additive, a food fortification element, or other nutraceutical. In
at least one embodiment, at least one nutraceutical includes but is not
limited to resveratrol, an antioxidant, psyllium, sulforaphane,
isoflavonoid, alpha-linolenic acid, beta-carotene, anthocyanins,
phytoestrogens, polyphenols, polyphenons, catechins, benzenediols,
tannins, phenylpropanoids, caffeine, alcohol, or others.

[0182]In at least one embodiment, at least one therapeutic agent includes
one or more vaccine. In at least one embodiment, the therapeutic
composition including at least one vaccine includes at least one
prophylactic vaccine or therapeutic vaccine. In at least one embodiment,
the at least one therapeutic vaccine includes at least one anti-cancer
vaccine. In at least one embodiment, the at least one vaccine includes at
least one of an anti-tumor agent, antimicrobial agent, anti-viral agent,
immunogen, antigen, live microbe, dead microbe, attenuated microbe,
microbe or component thereof, live virus, recombinant virus, killed
virus, attenuated virus, virus component, plasmid DNA, nucleic acid,
amino acid, peptide, protein, glycopeptide, proteoglycan, glycoprotein,
glycolipid, sphingolipid, glycosphingolipid, cancer cell or component
thereof, organic or inorganic small molecule, or toxoid.

[0183]One or more vaccine may include but not be limited to vaccines
containing killed microorganisms (such as vaccines for flu, cholera,
bubonic plague, and hepatitis A), vaccines containing live, attenuated
virus or other microorganisms (such as vaccines for yellow fever,
measles, rubella, and mumps), live vaccine (such as vaccines for
tuberculosis), toxoid (such as vaccines for tetanus, diphtheria, and
crotalis atrox), subunit of inactivated or attenuated microorganisms
(such as vaccines for HBV, VLP, and HPV), conjugate vaccines (such as
vaccines for H. influenzae type B), recombinant vector, DNA vaccination.
In at least one embodiment, the at least one vaccine includes but is not
limited to rubella, polio, measles, mumps, chickenpox, typhoid, shingles,
hepatitis A, hepatitis B, diphtheria, pertussis, rotavirus, influenza,
meningococcal disease, pneumonia, tetanus, rattlesnake venom, virus-like
particle, or human papillomavirus, or anti-cancer vaccine.

[0184]In at least one embodiment, the at least one therapeutic agent
includes at least one adjuvant. The at least one adjuvant may include but
not be limited to one or more organic or inorganic compounds. The at
least one adjuvant may include but not be limited to at least one of a
liposome, virosome, lipid, phospholipid, mineral salt, single-stranded
DNA, double-stranded RNA, lipopolysaccharide, molecular antigen cage, CpG
motif, microbial cell wall or component thereof, squalene, oil emulsion,
surfactant, saponin, isolated microbial toxin, modified microbial toxin,
endogenous immunomodulator, or cytokine.

[0185]In one non-limiting example, a therapeutic composition includes one
or more frozen particles including paclitaxel and at least one other
constituent including at least one of air, oxygen, nitrogen, carbon
dioxide, hydrogen oxide, helium, neon, xenon, krypton, chlorine, bromine,
or argon.

[0186]In one non-limiting embodiment, a therapeutic composition includes
one or more frozen particles including one or more pegylated cytokines or
one or more anti-tumor compounds; wherein the one or more frozen
particles include nitrogen, air, oxygen, carbon dioxide, hydrogen oxide,
helium, xenon, krypton, chlorine, bromine, or argon.

[0187]In at least one embodiment, the one or more frozen particles provide
a vehicle for delivery of the therapeutic agent. In at least one
embodiment, the at least one therapeutic agent is located in at least one
distinct region of the one or more frozen particles. In at least one
embodiment, the that least one therapeutic agent is located in a
physically or chemically separable compartment from at least one other
region of the one or more frozen particles. In at least one embodiment,
the at least one therapeutic agent is located on the surface or beneath
the surface of the one or more frozen particles. In at least one
embodiment, the at least one therapeutic agent is physically or
chemically segregated from at least one other portion of the therapeutic
composition. In at least one embodiment, the at least one distinct region
of the particle is segregated by at least one of an impermeable,
permeable, or semi-permeable partition. In certain instances, the
therapeutic agent separates from the rest of the frozen particle upon
administration of the therapeutic agent to a biological tissue.

[0188]As described herein, at least one embodiment includes administering
at least one of a polymer, biopolymer, nanoparticle, or detection
material in addition to a composition or therapeutic composition
(including at least one vaccine). Such polymer, biopolymer, nanoparticle,
or detection material may allow for visualization of the administration
process, or provide other benefits (including therapeutic benefits).

[0189]In certain instances, the detection material may be located on or in
the one or more frozen particles, or it may be intermixed with the one or
more frozen particles. In certain instances, the detection material
provides a "tracer" agent that allows for visualization of one or more
locations of administration of the at least one therapeutic composition,
or the at least one frozen particle. Thus, in certain instances the
detection material is located on the at least one therapeutic composition
or the at least one frozen particle. In other instances, the detection
material is separate from the at least one therapeutic composition or the
at least one frozen particle and forms a mixture with the therapeutic
composition or frozen particles or is administered at approximately the
same time, in approximately the same place, or in approximately the same
manner as the one or more therapeutic compositions or frozen particles.

[0190]In at least one embodiment, detection material includes a detectable
label including but not limited to, a calorimetric label, a radioactive
label, a light-emitting label (such as a luminescent compound, a
fluorescent compound, a phosphorescent compound, or a quantum dot), a
nucleic acid label, a protein label, an antibody label, a ligand label, a
receptor label, a magnetic label, or other detectable label. In at least
one embodiment, the at least one detection material includes but is not
limited to at least one electronic identification device. In at least one
embodiment, the at least one electronic identification device includes at
least one radio frequency identification device.

[0191]In at least one embodiment, the at least one detection material
includes but is not limited to, at least one radioactive element. In at
least one embodiment, the radioactive element includes but is not limited
to 32P, 35S, 13C, 131I, 191Ir, 192Ir,
193Ir, 201Tl, or 3H. In at least one embodiment, the at
least one detection material includes at least one colorimetric
substance. In at least one embodiment, the at least one colorimetric
substance includes one or more of an inorganic, organic, biological,
natural, artificial, or synthetic substance. The colorimetric substance
may include, but not be limited to a dye, pigment, or a light-emitting
substance, such as a luminescent substance, a fluorescent substance,
phosphorescent substance, or quantum dot. In at least one embodiment, the
at least one colorimetric substance is biocompatible.

[0193]In at least one embodiment, the calorimetric substance includes one
or more fluorescent tags, including but not limited to fluorescein,
phycobilin, phycoerythrin, phycourobilin, chlorophyll, phycocyanin,
allophycocyanin, green fluorescent protein, or others. In at least one
embodiment, the colorimeteric substance includes at least one
light-emitting substance, including but not limited to luminescent
substances (e.g. bioluminescent substances, chemiluminescent substances,
luciferin, isoluminol, luminescent minerals, etc.).

[0194]In at least one embodiment, the at least one detection material
includes but is not limited to at least one of a diamagnetic particle,
ferromagnetic particle, paramagnetic particle, super paramagnetic
contrast agent, or other magnetic particle.

[0195]In at least one embodiment, a method or composition described herein
includes one or more explosive materials. Explosive materials are
typically chemically or energetically unstable or produce a sudden
expansion of the material with a change in pressure. Such a sudden
expansion of the material under pressure changes is generally accompanied
by the production of heat. Explosive materials are generally
differentiated according to their decomposition rates. Generally, a
chemical decomposition rate of an explosive material takes years, days,
hours, minutes, seconds, or a fraction of a second. Certain explosive
materials are relatively stable, and may maintain their explosive ability
for some amount of time. Other explosive materials have relatively high
rates of decomposition and detonate rapidly.

[0196]Explosive materials may contain at least one oxidizer that provides
fuel for certain explosive materials. In certain instances, the oxidizer
may be an oxidizing element, such as oxygen. In certain instances, the
oxidizer reacts with a reactive metal; an example of such a compound
includes reacting fine metal powder (e.g., aluminum or magnesium) with an
oxidizer (e.g., potassium chlorate or perchlorate). Chemically pure
compounds may have high decomposition rates and lead to an explosion,
including but not limited to nitroglycerin, acetone peroxide,
trinitrotoluene, nitrocellulose, carbon, carbon monoxide, chlorine,
potassium nitrate, sulfur, nitrogen compounds (such as nitrite, nitrate,
and azide), potassium chlorate and potassium nitrate, hydrogen, ammonium
nitrate, phosphorous, dinitrogen tetroxide, or others. In at least one
embodiment, one or more mixtures of organic materials and oxidizers are
included. In at least one embodiment, one or more mixtures of reactive
metals and oxidizers or oils are included.

[0197]In at least one embodiment, the one or more explosive materials
include carbon dioxide gas. Carbon dioxide gas can be entrapped into
various compositions or therapeutic compositions described herein. One
method of incorporating carbon dioxide gas into at least one composition
or therapeutic composition includes liquefying the composition or
therapeutic composition and introducing carbon dioxide gas while
maintaining the mixture under pressure. (See e.g., U.S. Pat. Nos.
4,289,794; 4,289,790; 4,262,029; 5,439,698, each of which is incorporated
herein by reference).

[0198]In at least one embodiment, the one or more explosive materials
include sodium bicarbonate. In at least one embodiment, the one or more
explosive materials include citric acid. In at least one embodiment, the
one or more explosive materials include sodium bicarbonate and citric
acid. In at least one embodiment, the one or more explosive materials
include hydrogen peroxide.

[0199]In certain instances, the at least one composition or therapeutic
composition explodes during administration of the composition or
therapeutic composition. In certain instances, the at least one
composition or therapeutic composition explodes prior to or subsequent to
administration of the composition or therapeutic composition to at least
one biological tissue. In certain instances, the at least one composition
or therapeutic composition explodes after a prolonged time subsequent to
administration or delivery to at least one biological tissue (e.g. in
cases where the explosive material is encased or associated with a
polymer or other agent that may insulate one or more reactant or retard
the explosive or decomposition process).

[0200]In at least one embodiment, at least one gasified frozen particle is
formed by contacting fluid with gas under high pressure for a sufficient
time period to form a gas hydrate. This gas hydrate is then cooled to a
lower temperature in order to freeze the remaining unreacted fluid and
entrap the gas hydrate. As one non-limiting example, aqueous liquid and
carbon dioxide were kept in contact at approximately 0° C. for a
time sufficient under a pressure range including at least approximately
200 psig to approximately 600 psig, while permitting absorption in the
liquid of the gas in bound form and formation of the gasified ice. This
process yields approximately 25-27.5 milliliters of gas per gram of ice.
(See e.g., U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,487,023; 2,975,603; 3,086,370; 3,217,503, and
4,404,807, each of which is incorporated herein by reference).

[0201]Similarly, as described in U.S. Pat. No. 2,975,603, which is
incorporated herein by reference, water contacted with carbon dioxide at
a pressure of approximately 400 psig, in a temperature bath of
approximately 0° C., is subsequently placed at -10° C. for
24 hours to effect degasification. As described in U.S. Pat. No.
2,975,603, the resulting product yields approximately 75 volumes of
carbon dioxide per gram of ice. Additionally, as described in U.S. Pat.
No. 3,086,370, which is incorporated herein by reference, gasified ice
products are produced in a similar manner that contain other gases, such
as nitrous oxide, sulfur-containing gases, chlorine-containing gases,
inert gases, or carbon monoxide.

[0202]In at least one embodiment, compositions described herein include
one or more explosive materials that may include, for example, at least
one of a high explosive or a low explosive. In at least one embodiment,
the one or more explosive materials include at least one of carbon
dioxide, nitroglycerine, or a reactive metal. In certain instances, one
or more compositions disclosed herein, including therapeutic
compositions, maintain one or more explosive properties. In certain
instances, the one or more explosive properties are the result of
activation of one or more explosive materials. In certain instances, the
one or more explosive properties are the result of inherent tendencies of
the compositions themselves. In certain instances, the one or more
explosive properties relate to an external event or stimulus, such as a
change in temperature or pressure. In certain instances, the one or more
explosive properties relate to a change in light intensity. In certain
instances, the one or more explosive properties relate to a change in the
composition upon administration or contact with at least one composition,
cell, tissue, or subject. In certain instances, the one or more explosive
properties result from a temperature or pressure increase relating to
penetration of at least one cell, tissue, or subject. In certain
instances, the one or more explosive properties result from contact with
water or other moisture in a cell or tissue. In addition to the intensity
of the one or more explosives, the one or more explosive materials may
differ with regard to the volatility, density, toxicity, hygroscopicity,
or brisance of a particular explosive material.

[0203]In at least one embodiment, at least one pharmaceutically-acceptable
carrier or excipient is included in a therapeutic composition. The at
least one pharmaceutically-acceptable carrier or excipient may take the
form of a solid, liquid, gas, or any combination thereof. In certain
instances, the at least one pharmaceutically-acceptable carrier or
excipient includes one or more of air, oxygen, nitrogen, carbon dioxide,
hydrogen oxide, helium, neon, xenon, krypton, chlorine, bromine, or
argon. In at least one embodiment, the at least one
pharmaceutically-acceptable carrier or excipient includes but is not
limited to polyethylene glycol, acetone, ethyl acetate, dimethyl
sulfoxide, dimethyl formamide, dioxane, hexamethylphosphorotriamide,
perfluorohydrocarbon, methanol, ethanol, tert-butyl alcohol, formic acid,
hydrogen fluoride, ammonia, acetic acid, benzene, carbon tetrachloride,
acetonitrile, hexane, methylene chloride, carboxylic acid, saline,
Ringer's solution, lactated Ringer's solution, Hartmann's solution,
acetated Ringer's solution, phosphate buffered solution, TRIS-buffered
saline solution, Hank's balanced salt solution, Earle's balanced salt
solution, standard saline citrate, HEPES-buffered saline, dextrose,
glucose, or diethyl ether. In at least one embodiment, the at least one
pharmaceutically-acceptable carrier or excipient functions as a vehicle,
or means to transport another agent. In at least one embodiment, the at
least one pharmaceutically-acceptable carrier or excipient provides at
least one clinical benefit.

[0204]As described herein, at least one composition or therapeutic
composition described herein is useful in one or more methods, including
one or more of a method for abrasion of at least one biological tissue
surface of a subject by delivering at least one composition to at least
one surface of at least one biological tissue of a subject in a manner
sufficient to abrade the at least one surface of the at least one
biological tissue; a method of delivering at least one therapeutic agent
to at least one biological tissue; a method of vaccinating a subject; a
method of treating a tissue related to transplantation; a method for
cleaning one or more wounds; a method for debridement of tissue or cells;
a method for removing material from one or more blood vessel, and others.
These and other methods include utilizing one or more composition or
therapeutic composition described hererein.

[0205]In at least one embodiment, a method for abrasion of at least one
biological tissue surface of a subject includes delivering at least one
composition to at least one surface of at least one biological tissue of
a subject in a manner sufficient to abrade the at least one surface of
the at least one biological tissue.

[0206]As indicated herein, in at least one embodiment, a method for
providing at least one therapeutic agent to at least one biological
tissue of a subject is included. In at least one embodiment, the at least
one therapeutic agent is delivered to at least one biological tissue
prior to, during, or subsequent to surgery. In certain instances, at
least one therapeutic agent includes one or more therapeutic agents
described herein. In at least one embodiment, a method of providing at
least one therapeutic agent to at least one biological tissue of a
subject includes delivering at least one therapeutic composition to at
least one biological tissue, including one or more frozen hydrogen oxide
particles including at least one therapeutic agent; wherein the at least
one therapeutic composition has at least one crystalline or amorphous
phase.

[0207]In certain aspects, a method relates to vaccinating a subject by
administering at least one therapeutic composition that includes at least
one vaccine. The therapeutic composition can be administered singularly,
or in conjunction with another treatment, such as surface abrasion
therapy. In at least one embodiment, a method of vaccinating a subject
includes administering to a subject at least one therapeutic composition;
wherein the at least one therapeutic composition includes one or more
frozen hydrogen oxide particles, and at least one vaccine; wherein the
therapeutic composition has at least one crystalline or amorphous phase.

[0209]As disclosed herein for other embodiments, a method of vaccinating a
subject includes administering at least one therapeutic composition that
includes one or more abrasives, one or more reinforcement agents, or one
or more explosive materials. In at least one embodiment, the vaccine
described herein relates to a therapeutic or prophylactic vaccine, and in
certain instances the vaccine relates to an anti-cancer vaccine. In at
least one embodiment, the one or more abrasives are the same as the one
or more reinforcement agents, or the one or more explosive materials. In
at least one embodiment, the one or more abrasives are different than the
one or more reinforcement agents. In at least one embodiment, the one or
more abrasives are different than the one or more explosive materials. In
at least one embodiment, the subject receiving the vaccine includes one
or more of a vertebrate or invertebrate, insect cells, insects, bacteria,
algae, plankton, or protozoa. In at least one embodiment, the at least
one subject includes one or more of a reptile, mammal, amphibian, bird,
or fish. In at least one embodiment, the at least one subject includes at
least one human. In at least one embodiment, the at least one subject
includes at least one of livestock, pet, undomesticated herd animal, wild
animal, or product animal. In certain instances, the vaccine compositions
and methods relate to vaccinating wildlife animals (e.g. vaccinating
raccoons for rabies, or bison for brucellosis). In certain instances, the
vaccine compositions and methods described herein relate to vaccinating
domesticated animals (such as cattle, horses, sheep, or goats). In
certain instances, vaccine compositions and methods described herein
relate to vaccinating a group of subjects, such as a population, a herd,
a pride, a gaggle, a pack, flock, band, cluster, school, brood, troop,
colony, or other group. In certain instances, vaccinating a group of
subjects is included as a route to regulate or control infection within a
group of subjects.

[0211]As discussed herein, particular methods are disclosed for abrading
or ablating at least one surface of at least one biological tissue.
Abrading at least one surface of at least one biological tissue may
entail debridement of at least one biological tissue. In certain
instances, debridement may include removal or destruction of dead,
damaged, or infected cells or tissues. In certain instances, debridement
may be included as part of an additional course of treatment (e.g.,
surgery). In at least one embodiment, debridement may include penetrating
one or more healthy cells or tissues in order to facilitate healing. In
at least one embodiment, debridement may include penetrating one or more
healthy cells or tissues near in proximity to one or more unhealthy cells
or tissues of a subject.

[0212]In at least one embodiment, one or more of the debridement methods
described herein include penetrating one or more cells or biological
tissues of a subject with at least one composition or therapeutic
composition, wherein the one or more cells or tissues are chemically or
physically partitioned or segregated from at least one other part of the
tissue or another tissue. In at least one embodiment, a method for
debridement of at least one biological tissue of a subject includes
delivering at least one composition or therapeutic composition to at
least one biological tissue of a subject wherein the at least one
biological tissue is partitioned from another biological tissue or part
of another biological tissue, and at least one composition or therapeutic
composition penetrates the at last one biological tissue with or without
removing any tissue. In certain instances, a therapeutic agent is
included with the at least one composition or therapeutic composition, as
described herein. In certain instances, one or more reinforcement agents
or one or more explosive materials may be included in the at least one
composition or therapeutic composition.

[0213]In at least one embodiment, the one or more frozen particles are
delivered or administered to the at least one biological tissue in a
directed manner such that the tissue is etched, tattooed, shaped, carved,
or otherwise modified in a directed outcome. In at least one embodiment,
the directed manner is predetermined based on information, such as from
the at least one biological tissue, the subject, the at least one
composition or therapeutic composition, the context of the debridement,
the health of the subject, or other information.

[0215]In at least one embodiment, a method for removing one or more
materials from at least one biological tissue includes delivering at
least one composition or therapeutic composition to the at least one
biological tissue. In at least one embodiment, the at least one
biological tissue includes one or more tissues described herein. In at
least one embodiment, the one or more materials may include one or more
materials described herein.

[0216]In at least one embodiment, a method for removing one or more
materials from at least one blood vessel of at least one subject includes
delivering at least one composition to at least one blood vessel of a
subject in a manner sufficient to remove one or more materials.

[0217]In certain instances, a method for abrasion of at least one
biological tissue or organ surface related to transplantation is
included. In at least one embodiment, the at least one biological tissue
or organ includes one or more of the biological tissues or organs
described herein.

[0218]In at least one embodiment, a method for abrasion of at least one
biological tissue or organ surface related to transplantation includes
one or more of biological tissues or organs described herein.

[0219]In at least one embodiment, a method for cleaning one or more wounds
is included. In at least one embodiment, the one or more wounds are
located in at least one biological tissue or organ described herein,
including but not limited to skin tissue, muscle tissue, eye tissue, an
organ, connective tissue, neoplastic tissue, or bone tissue. In at least
one embodiment, the one or more wounds are located in at least one
subject described herein. In at least one embodiment, at least one
therapeutic agent is included in at least one composition for cleaning
one or more wounds. The one or more wounds include but are not limited to
at least one of an incision, laceration, abrasion, puncture wound,
penetration wound, gunshot wound, iatrogenic wound, severing, infection,
ulcer, pressure sore, lesion, chemical burn (including but not limited to
exposure to an irritant, plant, or synthetic chemical), dental caries,
first-degree burn, second-degree burn, third-degree burn, fourth-degree
burn, fifth-degree burn, or sixth-degree burn. In certain instances, the
wound may be a result of a bite, such as a bite from an animal, insect,
or arachnid.

[0220]In at least one embodiment, a plurality of frozen particles is
administered for a particular treatment. In some instances, the plurality
of frozen particles includes multiple different compositions or
therapeutic compositions. In some instances, the plurality of frozen
particles includes one or more subsets of one or more frozen particles
with common characteristics. In some instances, one or more subsets of
the plurality of frozen particles may include but not be limited to one
or more frozen particles that have approximately the same size, shape,
weight, or density; one or more subsets of the plurality of frozen
particles may include but not be limited to one or more frozen particles
that include similar therapeutic agents; one or more subsets may include
but not be limited to one or more frozen particles that are delivered at
approximately the same time, with approximately the same velocity, or to
approximately the same location.

[0221]In certain instances, it is desirable to deliver the one or more
frozen particles to at least one cell or tissue, or administer the one or
more frozen particles to at least one subject. In at least one instance,
the one or more frozen particles include a plurality of frozen particles
that include two or more subsets of frozen particles that are delivered
or administered in sequential order. In at least one embodiment, the
sequential order is predetermined, based on factors relating to, for
example, the at least one cell or tissue, the at least one subject, or
the at least one composition or therapeutic composition. In at least one
embodiment, the sequential order is determined during the course of
delivery or administration of at least one of the one or more frozen
particles or at least one composition or therapeutic composition. In at
least one embodiment, the sequential order is determined by a software
program. In at least one embodiment, the sequential order of delivery is
randomized.

[0222]In at least one embodiment, the sequential order includes one or
more subsets of frozen particles that vary in size, shape, weight,
density, location of delivery or administration, time of delivery or
administration, or velocity of delivery or administration. In at least
one embodiment, one or more subsets of frozen particles are delivered or
administered according to a course of treatment (e.g., at least one
subset of relatively small frozen particles are administered first,
followed by at least one subset of relatively larger frozen particles; at
least one subset of frozen particles are administered in a relatively
fast velocity, followed by at least one subset of frozen particles
administered by a relatively slow velocity; at least one subset of frozen
particles approximately shaped as spheroids are administered followed by
at least one subset of frozen particles approximately shaped as bullets,
etc.).

[0223]In at least one embodiment, one or more methods described herein
include delivering or administering one or more frozen particles by high
velocity impact. In at least one embodiment, the one or more devices that
utilize high velocity impact delivery provide at least one of localized
delivery, targeted delivery, sustained delivery, modulated delivery,
feedback controlled delivery. In some instances, an example of a device
that may be used for administering one or more of the compositions
described herein includes a handheld device, such as a wand, a pen, a
baton, a hose, a sprayer, a gun (e.g., a pellet gun), or other handheld
device. In certain instances, the device is at least part of a built-in
delivery device, such as may be included in a wall, an overhead device, a
corral, a gate, or a device that includes a cavity into which a subject
may be placed for administration or delivery of at least one composition
described herein. In certain instances, the device has robotic action. In
any of these instances, the device may be remotely controlled, for
example, by a human or computer program.

[0224]In at least one embodiment, delivering the at least one composition,
including at least one therapeutic composition, to at least one
biological tissue includes at least one of accelerating, ejecting, or
propelling, the composition or therapeutic composition toward the at
least one biological tissue. In at least one embodiment, the at least one
composition is accelerated, ejected, or propelled to or at a
predetermined pressure or velocity for delivery of the at least one
composition to a desired location on or in the at least one biological
tissue. In certain instances, the at least one composition or therapeutic
composition is accelerated, ejected, or propelled at a particular
pressure or velocity. In certain instances, the at least one composition
or therapeutic composition is accelerated, ejected, or propelled at a
predetermined pressure or velocity.

[0225]The velocity or pressure determined for delivery of the at least one
composition to at least one biological tissue depends on certain factors,
including but not limited to, size and density of the particle, content
of the particle, desired effect or outcome of administration of the
particle, density of the target tissue, density of surrounding tissue,
type of tissue, architecture of the tissue, and other factors. In certain
instances, the desired velocity or pressure for accelerating, ejecting,
or propelling the at least one composition described herein will be the
minimum velocity or pressure needed to achieve desired penetration of the
tissue with the composition, whether for surface abrasion, therapeutic
delivery, or other goal.

[0226]The means for accelerating, ejecting, or propelling the compositions
described herein are non-limiting, and may include general methods for
making, formulating, and delivering to at least one biological tissue by
carrier gas under pressure, mechanical or electrical impulse assistance,
centripetal or centrifugal force, or others, some of which are described
herein. (See e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 4,945,050 and PCT application WO
92/01802, each of which is incorporated herein by reference). In certain
instances, the one or more frozen particles are made, propelled,
accelerated, or ejected simultaneously. Thus, the frozen particles may be
made while propelled, the frozen particles may be made while accelerated,
the frozen particles may be made while ejected, or any combination
thereof.

[0227]In at least one embodiment, the one or more frozen particles are
delivered or administered by a piezoelectric-type apparatus or device, by
ultrasound-mediated transdermal drug transport, or by other device. When
a voltage is applied, a piezoelectric-type apparatus generates a pressure
pulse by change in shape or size of a chamber containing a fluid (or
solid), and the pressure pulse drives the contents from the chamber. In
one particular instance, a high velocity device (such as a powderject,
air guns, or slingshot type devices) is utilized for injection of
particles formulated with at least one therapeutic agent, for example,
for therapy or prevention of a disease or condition.

[0228]For example, a powderject system, as described by Kumar and Philip
(Trop. J. Pharm. Res., vol. 6, No. 1, pp. 633-644 (2007), which is
incorporated herein by reference) propels frozen drug particles into the
skin by means of high-speed gas flow (such as helium) that is usually
painless and causes minimal bleeding or damage to the skin. (See also
e.g., Tang et al., Pharm. Res., vol. 19, pp. 1160-69 (2002), which is
incorporated herein by reference). As described by Kumar and Philip,
particles contained in a cassette between two polycarbonate membranes
located at the end of a chamber (Trop. J. Pharm. Res., vol. 6, No. 1, pp.
633-644 (2007), which is incorporated herein by reference). As described
by Kumar and Philip, the polycarbonate membranes are ruptured when a
carrier gas enters the chamber under high pressure, and the rapid
expansion of the gas forms a shock wave that travels down the nozzle at a
speed of approximately 600-900 m/s. Kumar and Philip report drug particle
velocities of up to about 800 m/s at the nozzle exit, and the momentum
density of the particles within the gas flow can be optimized for desired
depth of penetration upon delivery to a biological tissue. (Trop. J.
Pharm. Res., vol. 6, No. 1, pp. 633-644 (2007), which is incorporated
herein by reference). In the powderject system, particle velocity is
controlled by nozzle geometry, membrane burst strength, and gas pressure.
(See e.g., U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,630,796; and 5,699,880, which are
incorporated herein by reference).

[0229]Metered-dose transdermal sprays may also be used for delivery of at
least one therapeutic composition as described herein. As described by
Rathbone, et al., in one particular example, a topical solution
containing a volatile then nonvolatile vehicle including a therapeutic
agent is administered as a single-phase solution. (See Rathbone, et al.,
Modified Release of Drug Delivery Technology, NY, Marcel Dekker, Inc.
vol. 126, pp. 471-619 (2004), which is incorporated herein by reference).
A finite metered-dose application of the formulation to intact skin
results in evaporation of the volatile component, leaving the remaining
nonvolatile penetration enhancer or therapeutic agent to partition into
the stratum corneum and creating a reservoir of the therapeutic agent(s).
(See Rathbone, Ibid; and Kumar, et al., Trop. J. Pharm. Res., vol. 6, pp.
633-644 (2007), each of which is incorporated herein by reference).

[0230]In addition to these particular examples of devices that can be
utilized for administration of the therapeutic compositions described
herein, the therapeutic compositions can be administered in conjunction
with other delivery devices or avenues. Likewise, the compositions
described herein for abrasion of at least one biological tissue can be
delivered to the at least one tissue by any means described herein. Some
such means for delivery of the compositions described herein include, but
are not limited to, ultrasound, iontophoresis (which involves applying an
electrical potential across skin or other tissue in order to increase
penetration of ionizable drugs), diffusion, electroporation,
photomechanical waves (such as by producing pulses with Q-switched or
mode-locked lasers to the skin or other tissue), needle-free injections,
electro-osmosis, artificial vesicles, laser radiation, magnetophoresis
(utilizing a diamagnetic substance for use with a magnetic field for
increased penetration of the composition into the biological tissue),
microscissuining, controlled heat aided delivery (which involves heating
the skin prior to or during therapeutic administration), or tattoos and
etchings.

[0232]In one particular example, skin abrasion for superficial resurfacing
(e.g., microdermabrasion) can be used to treat acne, scars,
hyperpigmentation, and other skin blemishes, as described herein.
Microscissuining creates microchannels in the skin by eroding the outer
layers of skin with sharp microscopic metal granules (Carlisle
Scientific, Carlisle, Mass.), and Med Pharm Ltd (Charlbury, UK) has
developed a novel dermal abrasion device (D3S) for the delivery of
difficult to formulate therapeutics ranging from hydrophilic low
molecular weight compounds to other biopharmaceuticals, and can be
utilized in conjunction with administration of at least one therapeutic
composition described herein. (See e.g., Roberts, et al., Clin. Exp.
Pharmacol. Physiol. vol. 24, pp. 874-9 (1997); Murthy, et al., J.
Controlled Rel. vol. 93, pp. 49-57 (2003); each of which is incorporated
herein by reference).

[0233]In at least one embodiment, Rathbone et al. have described
artificial vesicles that mimic cell vesicles (such as TRANSFERSOMES®,
from IDEA AG, Germany) can be utilized for administration of one or more
therapeutic composition described herein. Artificial vesicles penetrate
the skin barrier along the transcutaneous moisture gradient and causes
"virtual" pores between the cells in an organ without affecting its
biological properties. (See, e.g., Modified Release Drug Delivery
Technology, NY, Marcel Dekker, Inc., vol. 126, pp. 471-619 (2004), which
is incorporated herein by reference). In addition, liposomes, and
niosomes also serve as carriers and can be utilized in administration of
at least one therapeutic composition described herein.

[0234]In at least one embodiment, the one or more frozen particles are
generated by spraying a jet or mist of the composition constituents into
a low temperature environment (solid, liquid, gas, or any combination
thereof) such that the compositions freeze and form frozen particles. In
at least one embodiment, streams of frozen particles are extruded at low
temperatures through fine ducts and into a low temperature environment.
In at least one embodiment, the one or more frozen particles are
propelled through a nozzle or other delivery apparatus. In at least one
embodiment, the one or more frozen particles are delivered by utilizing
flash boiling of a cold liquid. In one particular example, liquid
nitrogen is flash boiled in order to accelerate, eject, or propel one or
more frozen particles for delivery or administration to at least one
cell, tissue, or subject. In at least one embodiment, the flash boiling
is caused or enhanced by one or more laser pulses (e.g., an infrared
laser pulse). In at least one embodiment, the one or more frozen
particles are prepared, delivered, or administered by another means.

[0235]In at least one embodiment, the at least one composition is
propelled using a pressure set at least about 1 psi, about 5 psi, about
10 psi, about 20 psi, about 30 psi, about 40 psi, about 50 psi, at least
about 100 psi, at least about 200 psi, at least about 300 psi, at least
about 400 psi, at least about 450 psi, at least about 500 psi, at least
about 600 psi, at least about 700 psi, at least about 800 psi, at least
about 900 psi, at least about 1000 psi, at least about 1100 psi, at least
about 1200 psi, at least about 1300 psi, at least about 1400 psi, at
least about 1500 psi, about 2000 psi, about 2500 psi, about 3000 psi,
about 3500 psi, about 4000 psi, about 5000 psi, about 6000 psi, about
7000 psi, about 8000 psi, about 9000 psi, about 10000 psi, about 20000
psi, about 30000 psi, about 40000 psi, about 50000 psi, or any value
therebetween.

[0236]In at least one embodiment, the at least one composition is
propelled to or at a predetermined velocity for delivery of the at least
one composition to a desired location of the at least one biological
tissue. In at least one embodiment, the at least one composition is
propelled to or at a velocity of approximately 1 m/s, approximately 5
m/s, approximately 10 m/s, approximately 20 m/s, approximately 30 m/s,
approximately 40 m/s, approximately 50 m/s, approximately 60 m/s,
approximately 70 m/s, approximately 80 m/s, approximately 90 m/s,
approximately 100 m/s, approximately 200 m/s, approximately 300 m/s,
approximately 400 m/s, approximately 500 m/s, approximately 600 m/s,
approximately 700 m/s, approximately 800 m/s, approximately 900 m/s,
approximately 1000 m/s, approximately 1500 m/s, approximately 2000 m/s,
approximately 3000 m/s, approximately 4000 m/s, approximately 5000 m/s,
or any value greater or therebetween.

[0237]In at least one embodiment, the at least one composition is
accelerated or ejected toward the at least one biological tissue to a
velocity of approximately 1 m/s, approximately 5 m/s, approximately 10
m/s, approximately 20 m/s, approximately 30 m/s, approximately 40 m/s,
approximately 50 m/s, approximately 60 m/s, approximately 70 m/s,
approximately 80 m/s, approximately 90 m/s, approximately 100 m/s,
approximately 200 m/s, approximately 300 m/s, approximately 400 m/s,
approximately 500 m/s, approximately 600 m/s, approximately 700 m/s,
approximately 800 m/s, approximately 900 m/s, approximately 1000 m/s,
approximately 1500 m/s, approximately 2000 m/s, approximately 3000 m/s,
approximately 4000 m/s, approximately 5000 m/s, or any value greater or
therebetween.

[0238]In at least one embodiment, delivering at least one composition to
at least one biological tissue includes accelerating, ejecting, or
propelling a plurality of frozen particles toward the at least one
biological tissue. Such a plurality of particles may include at least one
embodiment wherein two or more frozen particles of the plurality include
one or more similar therapeutic agents. Likewise, a plurality of frozen
particles may include at least one embodiment wherein two or more frozen
particles include one or more dissimilar therapeutic agents.

[0239]As described herein, a plurality of compositions or frozen particles
may include one or more subsets, which may be delivered or administered
in an order of operations. In at least one embodiment, the order of
operations includes delivery or administration in a pattern. In at least
one embodiment, the order of operations includes delivery or
administration in a predetermined pattern. In at least one embodiment,
the order of operations includes delivery or administration in sequential
order. In at least one embodiment, the order of operations includes
delivery or administration at random.

[0240]In at least one embodiment, delivering at least one composition to
at least one surface of at least one biological tissue of a subject
includes contacting the at least one surface of at least one biological
tissue of a subject with the composition. In at least one embodiment,
delivering at least one composition to at least one surface of at least
one biological tissue of a subject includes contacting the at least one
surface of at least one biological tissue of a subject with the one or
more frozen particles. In at least one embodiment, delivering at least
one composition to at least one surface of at least one biological tissue
of a subject includes rupturing one or more cells of at least one surface
of at least one biological tissue of a subject with the one or more
frozen particles.

[0241]In at least one embodiment, a method described herein includes
extracting or collecting material from the at least one abraded surface
of at least one biological tissue. Such extraction or collection may
include the use of at least one vacuum, aspirator, container, instrument,
tool, device, chemical, laser, stylet, cannula, light source, scope
(e.g., laprascope), needle, scalpel, shunt, stent, bag, film, filter,
suction apparatus, tube, compressed gas, fluid (e.g., fluid stream or
mist), magnifying apparatus, imaging device, computing device, or system.

[0242]In at least one embodiment, at least one of the needle, scalpel, or
other tools or instruments utilized in extracting or collecting material
from the at least one cell, tissue, or subject, includes one or more
frozen particles (e.g., frozen hydrogen oxide, or other agents as
described herein). Thus, the one or more frozen particles are fashioned
or molded for use as microneedles or other instruments (e.g., scapels,
blades, tools, etc.). In at least one embodiment, the one or more frozen
particles are utilized prior to, during, or subsequent to surgery.

[0243]In at least one embodiment, the extracted or collected material
includes at least one organic or inorganic material. In at least one
embodiment, the material includes one or more cells from the at least one
abraded surface of at least one biological tissue. In at least one
embodiment, the at least one material includes at least part of one or
more granuloma, eschar, callus, atheromatous plaque, abscess, pustule,
scaling (e.g., psoriasis or eczema), infected tissue, microorganism
accumulation, blood clot, blood vessel obstruction, duct obstruction,
bowel obstruction, necrotic tissue, stratum corneum, hair follicle,
nevus, wrinkle, keloid, biofilm, calculus, plaque, tartar, dandruff,
keratin, collagen, dust, dirt, metal, glass, hair or fur, cellular
secretion, microorganism, blood cell, particulate matter, or connective
tissue.

[0244]In at least one embodiment, the at least one biological tissue is
located in at least one of in silu, in viro, in vivo, in utero, inplania,
in silico, or ex vivo. In at least one embodiment, the at least one
biological tissue is located in vivo. In at least one embodiment, the at
least one biological tissue is located in at least one tissue or organ
related to transplantation. In at least one embodiment, transplantation
includes extraction or implantation of the at least one tissue or organ.
In at least one embodiment, the at least one tissue or organ related to
transplantation is extracted from at least one first biological source or
subject and implanted into at least one second biological source or
subject. In at least one embodiment, the at least one tissue or organ
related to transplantation is cultured prior to implantation in a
subject. In at least one embodiment, the tissue or organ related to
transplantation is an artificial tissue or organ (e.g. a bladder, heart,
kidney, liver, pancreas, skin, eye, lung, nerve, blood vessel, and
others). In at least one embodiment, the tissue or organ related to
transplantation involves at least two sources (i.e. multiple species,
partially artificial or synthetic, multiple biological cells or tissues
including stem cells). In at least one embodiment, the at least one
tissue or organ related to transplantation includes at least one donor or
recipient tissue or organ. In at least one embodiment, the at least one
donor includes at least one cadaver. In at least one embodiment, the at
least one biological tissue is ingested by at least one subject.

[0246]In at least one embodiment, the at least one biological tissue
includes at least one cell mass. In at least one embodiment, the at least
one cell mass includes at least one of a scar, pore, pit, eschar,
granuloma, keloid, artheromatous plaque, abscess, pustule, scaling (e.g.,
psoriasis or eczema), infected tissue, hair follicle, necrotic tissue,
stratum comeum, wrinkle, wound, tumor, skin structure, nevus, cyst,
lesion, callus, neoplastic tissue, gangrenous tissue, or cellular
deposit. In at least one embodiment, the at least one cell mass includes
at least one benign or malignant tumor. In at least one embodiment, the
at least one benign or malignant tumor relates to one or more of a
melanoma, lymphoma, leukemia, sarcoma, blastoma, or carcinoma.

[0248]For embodiments described herein, those having skill in the art will
recognize that the state of the art has progressed to the point where
there is little distinction left between hardware, software, and/or
firmware implementations of aspects of systems; the use of hardware,
software, and/or firmware is generally (but not always, in that in
certain contexts the choice between hardware and software can become
significant) a design choice representing cost vs. efficiency tradeoffs.
Those having skill in the art will appreciate that there are various
vehicles by which processes and/or systems and/or other technologies
described herein can be effected (e.g., hardware, software, and/or
firmware), and that the preferred vehicle will vary with the context in
which the processes and/or systems and/or other technologies are
deployed. For example, if an implementer determines that speed and
accuracy are paramount, the implementer may opt for a mainly hardware
and/or firmware vehicle; alternatively, if flexibility is paramount, the
implementer may opt for a mainly software implementation; or, yet again
alternatively, the implementer may opt for some combination of hardware,
software, and/or firmware. Hence, there are several possible vehicles by
which the processes and/or devices and/or other technologies described
herein may be effected, none of which is inherently superior to the other
in that any vehicle to be utilized is a choice dependent upon the context
in which the vehicle will be deployed and the specific concerns (e.g.,
speed, flexibility, or predictability) of the implementer, any of which
may vary. Those skilled in the art will recognize that optical aspects of
implementations will typically employ optically-oriented hardware,
software, and or firmware.

[0249]In some implementations described herein, logic and similar
implementations may include software or other control structures.
Electronic circuitry, for example, may have one or more paths of
electrical current constructed and arranged to implement various
functions as described herein. In some implementations, one or more media
may be configured to bear a device-detectable implementation when such
media hold or transmit device detectable instructions operable to perform
as described herein. In some variants, for example, implementations may
include an update or modification of existing software or firmware, or of
gate arrays or programmable hardware, such as by performing a reception
of or a transmission of one or more instructions in relation to one or
more operations described herein. Alternatively or additionally, in some
variants, an implementation may include special-purpose hardware,
software, firmware components, and/or general-purpose components
executing or otherwise invoking special-purpose components.
Specifications or other implementations may be transmitted by one or more
instances of tangible transmission media as described herein, optionally
by packet transmission or otherwise by passing through distributed media
at various times.

[0250]Alternatively or additionally, implementations may include executing
a special-purpose instruction sequence or invoking circuitry for
enabling, triggering, coordinating, requesting, or otherwise causing one
or more occurrences of virtually any functional operations described
herein. In some variants, operational or other logical descriptions
herein may be expressed as source code and compiled or otherwise invoked
as an executable instruction sequence. In some contexts, for example, C++
or other code sequences can be compiled or implemented in high-level
descriptor languages (e.g., a logic-synthesizable language, a hardware
description language, a hardware design simulation, and/or other such
similar mode(s) of expression). For example, some or all of the logical
expression may be manifested as a Verilog-type hardware description or
other circuitry model before physical implementation in hardware. Those
skilled in the art will recognize how to obtain, configure, and optimize
suitable transmission or computational elements, material supplies,
actuators, or other structures in light of these teachings.

[0251]As indicated in FIGS. 7-9, at least one embodiment, a method 700
includes comparing 710 information regarding at least one aspect of
administering at least one frozen particle therapeutic composition to at
least one subject and information regarding at least one clinical outcome
following receipt by the at least one subject of at least one frozen
particle therapeutic composition; and providing output information
optionally based on the comparison.

[0252]In at least one embodiment, the method includes determining at least
one statistical correlation 720. In at least one embodiment, the method
includes counting the occurrence of at least one clinical outcome 730. In
at least one embodiment, the method includes determining at least one
correlation before the administration of the at least one frozen particle
therapeutic composition 735. In at least one embodiment, information
regarding at least one aspect of administering at least one frozen
particle therapeutic composition includes information regarding the
amount of at least one frozen particle therapeutic composition or
therapeutic agent administered to at least one biological tissue of a
subject 740. In at least one embodiment, the information regarding at
least one aspect of administering or delivering at least one frozen
particle therapeutic composition includes information regarding at least
one dimension of biological tissue penetration 750. In at least one
embodiment, information regarding the at least one dimension of
biological tissue penetration includes information regarding at least one
of depth, width, or breadth of administration of at least one frozen
particle therapeutic composition to at least one biological tissue of at
least one subject 760.

[0253]In at least one embodiment, the information regarding at least one
aspect of administering at least one frozen particle therapeutic
composition includes information regarding two or more subjects with one
or more common attributes 770. In at least one embodiment, the one or
more common attributes include genetic attributes, mental attributes, or
psychological attributes 780. In at least on embodiment, the one or more
common attributes include genotype attributes or phenotype attributes
790.

[0255]In at least one embodiment, the output information 810 includes at
least one of a response signal, a comparison code, a comparison plot, a
diagnostic code, a treatment code, a test code, a code indicative of at
least one treatment received, a code indicative of at least one
prescribed treatment step, a code indicative of at least one vaccination
delivered; a code indicative of at least one therapeutic agent delivered;
a code indicative of at least one diagnostic agent delivered; a code
indicative of at least one interaction of a delivered agent and at least
one biological or chemical agent in the subject; a code indicative of at
least one dispersion or location of at least one delivered agent; a code
indicative of at least one detection material delivered; a code
indicative of the depth of penetration of a delivered agent; or a code
indicative of the condition of at least one location of an administered
or delivered frozen particle composition. In at least one embodiment, the
at least one aspect of cellular or tissue abrasion or ablation includes
information regarding at least one cellular or tissue source 820. In at
least one embodiment, the information regarding at least one tissue
source includes information regarding at least one abnormal cellular or
tissue source 830. In at least one embodiment, the information regarding
at least one cellular or tissue source includes information regarding at
least one type of cell or tissue 840. In at least one embodiment, the
cellular or tissue source includes at least one cell or biological tissue
described herein.

[0257]In at least one embodiment, the at least one frozen particle
composition or therapeutic composition includes at least one major
dimension of approximately one decimeter or less, or approximately one
centimeter or less, approximately one millimeter or less, approximately
one micrometer or less, approximately one nanometer or less, or any value
therebetween 860.

[0258]In at least one embodiment, the at least one frozen particle
composition or therapeutic composition includes one or more reinforcement
agents 870. In at least one embodiment, the at least one frozen particle
composition or therapeutic composition includes one or more explosive
materials 880. In at least one embodiment, the receipt by the at least
one subject of at least one frozen particle composition or therapeutic
composition is pursuant to at least one clinical trial 900.

[0259]In at least one embodiment, the method includes creating at least
one inclusion criterion and at least one exclusion criterion for a
clinical trial involving the at least one frozen particle composition or
therapeutic composition 910. In at least one embodiment, the method
further comprises suggesting the inclusion of one or more of the at least
one subject in at least one clinical trial 920. In at least one
embodiment, the method further comprises suggesting the exclusion of one
or more of the at least one subject in at least one clinical trial 930.
In certain instances, multiple subjects from multiple clinical trials are
included. In at least one embodiment, the method further includes using
one or more of the at least one comparison to predict at least one
clinical outcome regarding at least one second subject 940. In at least
one embodiment, the at least one second subject has not received the at
least one frozen particle composition or therapeutic composition 950. In
at least one embodiment, the at least one second subject is a plurality
of people; and the method further comprises segregating subject
identifiers associated with the plurality of people in reference to the
predicted at least one clinical outcome 960. In at least one embodiment,
the at least one second subject is a plurality of people; and the method
further comprises determining the eligibility of the at least one second
subject for the at least one clinical trial 970.

[0260]As indicated in FIGS. 10-12, at least one aspect includes a method
1000 relating to predicting a clinical outcome of administering at least
one frozen particle therapeutic composition to at least one biological
tissue of at least one first subject includes determining a similarity or
a dissimilarity in information regarding at least one aspect of
administering at least one therapeutic composition to the at least one
biological tissue of the at least one first subject to information
regarding at least one aspect of administering at least one therapeutic
composition to the at least one biological tissue of the at least one
second subject, wherein the at least one second subject attained a
clinical outcome following receipt of the at least one frozen particle
therapeutic composition; and providing output information optionally
based on the determination 1010.

[0261]In at least one embodiment, the information regarding the at least
one aspect of administering at least one frozen particle therapeutic
composition includes information 1020 regarding the amount of at least
one frozen particle therapeutic composition or therapeutic agent
delivered to at least one biological tissue of a subject. In at least one
embodiment, the information regarding the at least one aspect of
administering at least one frozen particle therapeutic composition
includes information 1030 regarding at least one dimension of biological
tissue penetration. In at least one embodiment, the information regarding
the at least one dimension of biological tissue penetration includes
information 1040 regarding at least one of depth, width, or breadth of
delivery of at least one frozen particle therapeutic composition to at
least one biological tissue of at least one subject; or information 1050
regarding two or more subjects with common attributes.

[0262]In at least one embodiment, the one or more common attributes
include genetic attributes, mental attributes, or psychological
attributes 1060. In at least on embodiment, the one or more common
attributes include genotype attributes or phenotype attributes 1070.

[0264]In at least one embodiment, the output information 1100 includes at
least one of a response signal, a comparison code, a comparison plot, a
diagnostic code, a treatment code, a test code, a code indicative of at
least one treatment received, a code indicative of at least one
prescribed treatment step, a code indicative of at least one vaccination
delivered; a code indicative of at least one therapeutic agent delivered;
a code indicative of at least one diagnostic agent delivered; a code
indicative of at least one interaction of a delivered agent and at least
one biological or chemical agent in the subject; a code indicative of at
least one dispersion or location of at least one delivered agent; a code
indicative of at least one detection material delivered; a code
indicative of the depth of penetration of a delivered agent; or a code
indicative of the condition of at least one location of an administered
or delivered frozen particle composition or therapeutic composition. In
at least one embodiment, the at least one aspect of cellular or tissue
abrasion or ablation includes information regarding at least one cellular
or tissue source 1110. In at least one embodiment, the information
regarding at least one tissue source includes information regarding at
least one abnormal cellular or tissue source 1120. In at least one
embodiment, the information regarding at least one cellular or tissue
source includes information regarding at least one type of cell or tissue
1130. In at least one embodiment, the cellular or tissue source includes
at least one cell or biological tissue described herein.

[0266]In at least one embodiment, the at least one frozen particle
composition or therapeutic composition includes at least one major
dimension of approximately one decimeter or less, or approximately one
centimeter or less, approximately one millimeter or less, approximately
one micrometer or less, approximately one nanometer or less, or any value
therebetween 1150.

[0267]In at least one embodiment, the at least one frozen particle
composition or therapeutic composition includes one or more reinforcement
agents 1160. In at least one embodiment, the at least one frozen particle
composition or therapeutic composition includes one or more explosive
materials 1170.

[0268]In at least one embodiment, the receipt by the at least one subject
of at least one frozen particle composition or therapeutic composition is
pursuant to at least one clinical trial 1200. In at least one embodiment,
the method further comprises determining at least one correlation before
the administration or delivery of the at least one frozen particle
composition or therapeutic composition to at least one subject 1210. The
at least one subject includes, but is not limited to at least one subject
described herein.

[0269]In at least one embodiment, the method includes creating at least
one inclusion criterion and at least one exclusion criterion for a
clinical trial involving the at least one frozen particle composition or
therapeutic composition 1220. In at least one embodiment, the method
further comprises suggesting the inclusion of one or more of the at least
one subject in at least one clinical trial 1230. In at least one
embodiment, the method further comprises suggesting the exclusion of one
or more of the at least one subject in at least one clinical trial 1240.
In certain instances, multiple subjects from multiple clinical trials are
included. In at least one embodiment, the method further includes using
one or more of the at least one comparison to predict at least one
clinical outcome regarding at least one second subject 1250. In at least
one embodiment, the at least one second subject has not received the at
least one frozen particle composition or therapeutic composition 1260. In
at least one embodiment, the method includes predicting at least one
clinical outcome involving the at least one second subject, and the at
least one second subject is a plurality of people; and the method further
comprises segregating subject identifiers associated with the plurality
of people in reference to the predicted at least one clinical outcome
1270.

[0270]In at least one embodiment, the at least one second subject is a
plurality of people; and the method further comprises determining the
eligibility of the at least one second subject for the at least one
clinical trial 1280.

[0271]As shown in FIGS. 13-15, at least one embodiment includes a system
1300 including at least one computer program 1310, configured with a
computer-readable medium, for use with at least one computer system and
wherein the computer program includes a plurality of instructions
including but not limited to one or more instructions 1320 for comparing
information regarding at least one aspect of at least one therapeutic
administration of at least one frozen particle composition or therapeutic
composition to at least one subject. In at least one embodiment,
information 1330 regarding amount of the at least one frozen particle
composition, therapeutic composition, or therapeutic agent administered
to at least one biological tissue of at least one subject. In at least
one embodiment, information regarding at least one aspect of at least one
therapeutic administration of at least one frozen particle composition or
therapeutic composition includes information regarding at least one
dimension of biological tissue penetration 1340. In at least one
embodiment, information regarding at least one aspect of at least one
therapeutic administration of at least one frozen particle composition or
therapeutic composition includes information regarding at least one of
depth, width, or breadth of administration of at least one frozen
particle composition or therapeutic composition to at least one
biological tissue of at least one subject 1350. In at least one
embodiment, information regarding at least one aspect of at least one
therapeutic administration includes information regarding two or more
subjects with one or more common attributes 1360. In at least one
embodiment, the computing device is configured to communicate with at
least one imaging device. In at least one embodiment, the computing
device is configured to communicate with at least one printing device. In
at least one embodiment, the computing device is configured to
communicate with at least one input device 1370.

[0272]In at least one embodiment, the information regarding at least one
aspect of therapeutic administration of at least one therapeutic
composition includes information regarding at least one cellular or
tissue source 1400; information regarding at least one abnormal cellular
or tissue source 1410; or information regarding at least one type of cell
or tissue 1420. In at least one embodiment, at least one frozen particle
composition or therapeutic composition includes at least one of nitrogen,
carbon dioxide, hydrogen oxide, helium, neon, xenon, krypton, chlorine,
bromine, oxygen, air or argon. In at least one embodiment, the at least
one frozen particle composition or therapeutic composition includes at
least one of polyethylene glycol, acetone, ethyl acetate, dimethyl
sulfoxide, dimethyl formamide, dioxane, hexamethylphosphorotriamide,
perfluorohydrocarbon, methanol, ethanol, tert-butyl alcohol, formic acid,
hydrogen fluoride, ammonia, acetic acid, benzene, carbon tetrachloride,
acetonitrile, hexane, methylene chloride, carboxylic acid, saline,
Ringer's solution, lactated Ringer's solution, Hartmann's solution,
acetated Ringer's solution, phosphate buffered solution, TRIS-buffered
saline solution, Hank's balanced salt solution, Earle's balanced salt
solution, standard saline citrate, HEPES-buffered saline, dextrose,
glucose, or diethyl ether 1430. In at least one embodiment, at least one
frozen particle composition or therapeutic composition includes at least
one major dimension of approximately one decimeter or less, approximately
one centimeter or less, approximately one millimeter or less,
approximately one micrometer or less, approximately one nanometer or
less, or any value therebetween 1440. In at least one embodiment, the at
least one frozen particle composition or therapeutic composition includes
one or more reinforcement agents 1450 or one or more explosive materials
1460.

[0273]In at least one embodiment, the receipt by the at least one subject
of at least one frozen particle composition or therapeutic composition is
pursuant to at least one clinical trial 1500. In at least one embodiment,
the system further comprises determining at least one correlation before
the delivery or administration of the at least one frozen particle
composition or therapeutic composition to at least one subject 1510.

[0274]In at least one embodiment, the method includes creating at least
one inclusion criterion and at least one exclusion criterion for a
clinical trial involving the at least one frozen particle composition or
therapeutic composition 1520. In at least one embodiment, the
instructions further comprise suggesting the inclusion of one or more of
the at least one subject in at least one clinical trial 1530. In certain
instances, multiple subjects from multiple clinical trials are included.

[0275]In at least one embodiment, the instructions include suggesting the
exclusion of one or more of the at least one subject in at least one
clinical trial 1540.

[0276]In at least one embodiment, a method includes using one or more of
the at least one comparison to predict at least one clinical outcome
regarding at least one second subject 1550. In at least one embodiment,
the at least one second subject has not received the at least one frozen
particle composition or therapeutic composition 1560. In at least one
embodiment, the at least one second subject is a plurality of people; and
further comprising segregating subject identifiers associated with the
plurality of people in reference to the predicted at least one clinical
outcome 1570.

[0277]In at least one embodiment, the using one or more of the at least
one comparison, wherein the at least one second subject is a plurality of
people; and further comprising determining the eligibility of the at
least one second subject for the at least one clinical trial 1580.

[0278]As indicated in FIG. 16, at least one embodiment relates to a system
1600 including at least one computer program 1610 configured with a
computer-readable medium, for use with at least one computer system and
wherein the computer program includes a plurality of instructions
including but not limited to one or more instructions 1620 for comparing
information regarding at least one aspect of at least one therapeutic
administration of at least one frozen particle therapeutic composition to
at last one subject, and information regarding at least one frozen
particle therapeutic composition involving at least one biological tissue
of at least one subject; and one or more instructions for applying one or
more comparisons to the information regarding the at least one aspect of
therapeutic administration of at least one frozen particle therapeutic
composition to a plurality of people. In at least one embodiment, the
computer program includes one or more instructions 1630 for segregating
subject identifiers associated with the plurality of people in reference
to at least one of the one or more applied comparisons. In at least one
embodiment, information regarding at least one aspect of at least one
therapeutic administration includes information 1640 regarding the amount
of at least one frozen particle composition, therapeutic composition or
therapeutic agent administered to at least one biological tissue of at
least one subject; information 1650 regarding at least one dimension of
biological tissue penetration; information 1660 regarding at least one of
depth, width, or breadth of administration of at least one frozen
particle therapeutic composition to at least one biological tissue of at
least one subject. In at least one embodiment, the computer program
includes one or more instructions 1670 for segregating individual
identifiers associated with the plurality of people in reference to at
least one characteristic shared by two or more subjects in the plurality
of people.

[0279]As shown in FIG. 17, at least one embodiment relates to a computer
program product 1700 that includes a signal bearing medium 1710 bearing
at least one of one or more instructions 1720 for receiving a first input
associated with a first possible dataset, the first possible dataset
including data representative of one or more measurements relating to one
or more physical attributes of a first subject; one or more instructions
1730 for comparing a value associated with the first possible dataset
with a second dataset including values representative of predictive
regimen parameters from a second subject with one or more similar or
dissimilar physical attributes; one or more instructions 1740 for
determining from the comparison at least one frozen particle therapeutic
composition regimen for the first subject and output information; one or
more instructions 1750 for accessing the first possible dataset in
response to the first input; one or more instructions 1760 for generating
the first possible dataset in response to the first input; one or more
instructions 1770 for determining a graphical illustration of the first
possible dataset; one or more instructions 1780 for determining a
graphical illustration of the second possible dataset; and at least one
generated output optionally based on the determination.

[0280]In at least one embodiment, the computer program product includes a
signal bearing medium that includes a computer-readable medium 1790. In
at least one embodiment, the signal bearing medium of the computer
program product includes a recordable medium 1792. In at least one
embodiment, the computer program product includes a signal bearing medium
that includes a communications medium 1794.

[0281]As indicated in FIG. 18, at least one embodiment relates to a
computer program product 1800 that includes a signal bearing medium 1810
bearing at least one of one or more instructions 1820 for processing a
first possible dataset, the first possible dataset including data
representative of one or more measurements relating to one or more
physical attributes of a first subject; one or more instructions 1830 for
comparing a value associated with the first possible dataset with a
second dataset including values representative of predictive regimen
parameters from a second subject with one or more similar or dissimilar
physical attributes; one or more instructions 1840 for determining from
the comparison at least one frozen particle composition or therapeutic
composition treatment regimen for the first subject, and output
information.

[0282]As indicated in FIG. 19, at least one embodiment relates to a
computer program product 1900 that includes a signal bearing medium 1910
bearing at least one of one or more instructions 1920 responsive to a
first possible dataset, the first possible dataset including data
representative of one or more measurements relating to one or more
physical attributes of a first subject; one or more instructions 1930 for
comparing a value associated with the first possible dataset with a
second dataset including values representative of predictive regimen
parameters for a second subject with one or more similar or dissimilar
physical attributes; one or more instructions 1940 for determining from
the comparison at least one frozen particle composition or therapeutic
composition treatment regimen for the first subject; and output
information optionally based on the determination.

[0283]As shown in FIG. 20, at least one embodiment relates to a computer
program product 2000 that includes a signal bearing medium 2010 bearing
at least one of one or more instructions 2020 for receiving a first input
associated with a first possible dataset, the first possible dataset
including data representative of one or more measurements relating to one
or more physical attributes of a subject; one or more instructions 2030
for comparing a value associated with the first possible dataset with a
second dataset including values representative of parameters relating to
one or more expected biological changes following administration of one
or more frozen particle compositions or therapeutic compositions; one or
more instructions 2040 for determining from the comparison at least one
biological change following administration of one or more frozen particle
compositions or therapeutic compositions to the subject; at least one
generated output optionally based on the determination.

[0284]In at least one embodiment, the computer program product includes
one or more instructions 2050 for accessing the first possible dataset in
response to the first input. In at least one embodiment, the computer
program product includes one or more instructions 2060 for generating the
first possible dataset in response to the first input.

[0285]In at least one embodiment, the computer program product includes
one or more instructions 2070 for determining a graphical illustration of
the first possible dataset. In at least one embodiment, the computer
program product includes one or more instructions 2080 for determining a
graphical illustration of the second possible dataset. In at least one
embodiment, the signal bearing medium includes a computer-readable medium
2090. In at least one embodiment, the signal bearing medium includes a
recordable medium 2092. In at least one embodiment, the signal bearing
medium includes a communications medium 2094.

[0286]As indicated in FIG. 21, at least one embodiment a computer program
product 2100 includes a signal bearing medium 2110 bearing at least one
of one or more instructions 2120 for processing a first input associated
with a first possible dataset, the first possible dataset including data
representative of one or more measurements relating to one or more
physical attributes of a subject; one or more instructions 2130 for
comparing a value associated with the first possible dataset with a
second dataset including values representative of parameters relating to
one or more expected biological changes following administration of one
or more frozen particle compositions or therapeutic compositions; one or
more instructions 2140 for determining from the comparison at least one
biological change following administration of one or more frozen particle
compositions or therapeutic compositions to the subject; at least one
generated output optionally based on the determination.

[0287]As shown in FIG. 22, at least one embodiment relates to a computer
program product 2200 includes a signal bearing medium 2210 bearing at
least one of one or more instructions 2220 responsive to a first possible
dataset, the first possible dataset including data representative of one
or more measurements relating to one or more physical attributes of a
subject; one or more instructions 2230 for comparing a value associated
with the first possible dataset with a second dataset including values
representative of parameters relating to one or more expected biological
changes following administration of one or more frozen particle
compositions or therapeutic compositions; one or more instructions 2240
for determining from the comparison at least one biological change
following administration of one or more frozen particle compositions or
therapeutic compositions to the subject; and output information
optionally based on the determination.

[0288]As indicated in FIGS. 23-25, at least one embodiment, a method 2300
includes comparing 2310 information regarding at least one aspect of
cellular or tissue abrasion or ablation of at least one biological tissue
of at least one subject and information regarding at least one clinical
outcome following receipt by the at least one subject of at least one
frozen particle composition or therapeutic composition; and providing
output information optionally based on the determination. In at least one
embodiment, the method includes determining at least one statistical
correlation 2320. In at least one embodiment, the method includes
counting the occurrence of at least one clinical outcome 2330. In at
least one embodiment, the information regarding at least one aspect of
cellular or tissue abrasion or ablation includes information regarding
quantity of cells or tissue removed or destroyed 2340. In at least one
embodiment, the information regarding at least one aspect of cellular or
tissue abrasion or ablation includes information regarding at least one
dimension of cellular or tissue removal or destruction, or removal or
destruction of other materials, such as plaque, extracellular matrix,
collagen, elastin, protein, or other materials 2350. In at least one
embodiment, information regarding the at least one dimension of cellular
removal or destruction includes information regarding at least one of
depth, width, or breadth of cellular removal or destruction 2360.

[0289]In at least one embodiment, the information regarding at least one
aspect of cellular or tissue abrasion or ablation includes information
regarding two or more subjects with one or more common attributes 2370.
In at least one embodiment, the one or more common attributes include
genetic attributes, mental attributes, or psychological attributes 2380.
In at least on embodiment, the one or more common attributes include
genotype attributes or phenotype attributes 2390.

[0291]In at least one embodiment, the output information 2410 includes at
least one of a response signal, a comparison code, a comparison plot, a
diagnostic code, a treatment code, a test code, a code indicative of at
least one treatment received, a code indicative of at least one
prescribed treatment step, a code indicative of at least one vaccination
delivered; a code indicative of at least one therapeutic agent delivered;
a code indicative of at least one diagnostic agent delivered; a code
indicative of at least one interaction of a delivered agent and at least
one biological or chemical agent in the subject; a code indicative of at
least one dispersion or location of at least one delivered agent; a code
indicative of at least one detection material delivered; a code
indicative of the depth of penetration of a delivered agent; or a code
indicative of the condition of at least one location of a delivered or
administered frozen particle composition. In at least one embodiment, the
at least one aspect of cellular or tissue abrasion or ablation includes
information regarding at least one cellular or tissue source 2420. In at
least one embodiment, the information regarding at least one tissue
source includes information regarding at least one abnormal cellular or
tissue source 2430. In at least one embodiment, the information regarding
at least one cellular or tissue source includes information regarding at
least one type of cell or tissue 2440. In at least one embodiment, the
cellular or tissue source includes at least one cell or biological tissue
described herein.

[0293]In at least one embodiment, the at least one frozen particle
composition includes at least one major dimension of approximately one
decimeter or less, or approximately one centimeter or less, approximately
one millimeter or less, approximately one micrometer or less,
approximately one nanometer or less, or any value therebetween 2460.

[0294]In at least one embodiment, the at least one frozen particle
composition includes one or more reinforcement agents 2470. In at least
one embodiment, the at least one frozen particle composition includes one
or more explosive materials 2480. In at least one embodiment, the receipt
by the at least one subject of at least one frozen particle composition
is pursuant to at least one clinical trial 2500. In at least one
embodiment, the method further comprises determining at least one
correlation 2510 before the delivery or administration of the at least
one frozen particle composition to at least one subject. The at least one
subject includes, but is not limited to at least one subject described
herein.

[0295]In at least one embodiment, the method includes creating at least
one inclusion criterion and at least one exclusion criterion for a
clinical trial involving the at least one frozen particle composition or
therapeutic composition 2515. In at least one embodiment, the method
further comprises suggesting the inclusion of one or more of the at least
one subject in at least one clinical trial 2520. In at least one
embodiment, the method further comprises suggesting the exclusion of one
or more of the at least one subject in at least one clinical trial 2530.
In certain instances, multiple subjects from multiple clinical trials are
included. In at least one embodiment, the method further includes using
one or more of the at least one correlation to predict at least one
clinical outcome regarding at least one second subject 2540. In at least
one embodiment, the at least one second subject has not received the at
least one frozen particle composition or therapeutic composition 2550. In
at least one embodiment, the method further comprises predicting at least
one clinical outcome involving the at least one second subject, wherein
the at least one second subject is a plurality of people; and segregating
subject identifiers associated with the plurality of people in reference
to the predicted at least one clinical outcome 2560. In at least one
embodiment, the at least one second subject is a plurality of people; and
the method further comprises determining the eligibility of the at least
one second subject for the at least one clinical trial 2570.

[0296]As indicated in FIGS. 26-28, at least one embodiment relates to a
method 2600 of predicting a clinical outcome of at least one frozen
particle composition treatment for at least one first subject includes
determining 2610 a similarity or a dissimilarity in information regarding
at least one aspect of cellular or tissue abrasion or ablation of at
least one biological tissue of at least one first subject to information
regarding at least one aspect of cellular or tissue abrasion or ablation
of at least one biological tissue of at least one second subject, wherein
the at least one second subject attained a clinical outcome following
receipt of the at least one frozen particle composition or therapeutic
composition; and providing output information optionally based on the
determination.

[0297]In at least one embodiment, the information regarding at least one
aspect of cellular or tissue abrasion or ablation includes information
regarding the quantity of cells or tissue removed or destroyed 2620. In
at least one embodiment, the information regarding at least one aspect of
cellular or tissue abrasion or ablation includes information regarding at
least one dimension of cellular, tissue, or other material removal or
destruction 2630. In at least one embodiment, the at least one dimension
of cellular removal or destruction includes information regarding at
least one of depth, width, or breadth of cellular removal or destruction
2640. In at least one embodiment, the information regarding at least one
aspect of cellular or tissue abrasion or ablation includes information
regarding two or more subjects with one or more common attributes 2650.

[0298]In at least one embodiment, the one or more common attributes
include but are not limited to genetic attributes, mental attributes, or
psychological attributes 2660. In at least one embodiment, the one or
more common attributes include genotype attributes or phenotype
attributes 2670.

[0300]In at least one embodiment, the output information includes at least
one of a response signal, a comparison code, a comparison plot, a
diagnostic code, a treatment code, a test code, a code indicative of at
least one treatment received, a code indicative of at least one
prescribed treatment step, a code indicative of at least one vaccination
delivered; a code indicative of at least one therapeutic agent delivered;
a code indicative of at least one diagnostic agent delivered; a code
indicative of at least one interaction of a delivered agent and at least
one biological or chemical agent in the subject; a code indicative of at
least one dispersion or location of at least one delivered agent; a code
indicative of at least one detection material delivered; a code
indicative of the depth of penetration of a delivered agent; or a code
indicative of the condition of at least one location of a delivered or
administered frozen particle composition 2700.

[0301]In at least one embodiment, the information regarding at least one
aspect of cellular or tissue abrasion or ablation includes information
regarding at least one cellular or tissue source 2710. In at least one
embodiment, the cellular or tissue source includes but is not limited to
at least one biological tissue or cell described herein. In at least one
embodiment, the information regarding at least one tissue source includes
information regarding at least one abnormal cellular or tissue source
2720. In at least one embodiment, the information regarding at least one
cellular or tissue source includes information regarding at least one
type of cell or tissue 2730. In at least one embodiment, the information
regarding at least one aspect of cellular or tissue abrasion or ablation
includes information regarding at least one type of cell or tissue.

[0303]In at least one embodiment, the at least one frozen particle
composition or therapeutic composition includes at least one major
dimension of approximately one decimeter or less, or approximately one
centimeter or less, or approximately one millimeter or less, or
approximately one micrometer or less, or approximately one nanometer or
less, or any value therebetween 2750.

[0304]In at least one embodiment, the at least one frozen particle
composition or therapeutic composition includes one or more reinforcement
agents 2760. In at least one embodiment, the at least one frozen particle
composition or therapeutic composition includes one or more explosive
materials 2770.

[0305]In at least one embodiment, the receipt by the at least one subject
of at least one frozen particle composition or therapeutic composition is
pursuant to at least one clinical trial 2800. In at least one embodiment,
the method includes creating at least one inclusion criterion and at
least one exclusion criterion for a clinical trial involving the at least
one frozen particle composition or therapeutic composition 2810. In at
least one embodiment, the method further comprises suggesting the
inclusion of one or more of the at least one subject in at least one
clinical trial 2820. In certain instances, multiple subjects from
multiple clinical trials are included. In at least one embodiment, the
method includes suggesting the exclusion of one or more of the at least
one subject in at least one clinical trial 2830.

[0306]In at least one embodiment, a method includes using one or more of
the at least one determination to predict at least one clinical outcome
regarding at least one second subject 2840. In at least one embodiment,
the at least one second subject has not received the at least one frozen
particle composition or therapeutic composition 2850. In at least one
embodiment, the at least one second subject is a plurality of people; and
the method further comprises segregating subject identifiers associated
with the plurality of people in reference to the predicted at least one
clinical outcome 2860.

[0307]In at least one embodiment, the using one or more of the at least
one comparison, wherein the at least one second subject is a plurality of
people; and the method further comprises determining the eligibility of
the at least one second subject for the at least one clinical trial 2870.

[0308]As indicated in FIGS. 29-30, at least one aspect relates to a system
2900 that includes at least one computing device 2910; one or more
instructions 2920 that when executed on the at least one computing device
cause the at least one computing device to receive a first input
associated with a first possible dataset, the first possible dataset
including data representative of one or more measurements relating to one
or more physical attributes of a first subject; one or more instructions
2930 that when executed on the at least one computing device cause the at
least one computing device to compare a value associated with the first
possible dataset with a second dataset including values representative of
predictive regimen parameters related to a second subject with one or
more similar or dissimilar physical attributes; one or more instructions
2940 that when executed on the at least one computing device cause the at
least one computing device to determine from the comparison at least one
frozen particle composition treatment regimen for the first subject; and
at least one generated output optionally based on the determination; one
or more instructions 2950 that when executed on the at least one
computing device cause the at least one computing device to access the
first possible dataset in response to the first input; one or more
instructions 2960 that when executed on the at least one computing device
cause the at least one computing device to generate the first possible
dataset in response to the first input; one or more instructions 2970
that when executed on the at least one computing device cause the at
least one computing device to determine a graphical illustration of the
possible dataset; or one or more instructions 3000 that when executed on
the at least one computing device cause the at least one computing device
to determine a graphical illustration of the second possible dataset. In
at least one embodiment, the treatment regimen includes at least one of
cellular or tissue removal, cellular or tissue ablation, debridement,
delivery of at least one therapeutic agent, cleaning one or more wounds,
removing material from at least one biological tissue, or removing
material from at least one blood vessel 3005. In at least one nitrogen,
carbon dioxide, hydrogen oxide, helium, neon, xenon, krypton, chlorine,
bromine, oxygen, air, argon, polyethylene glycol, acetone, ethyl acetate,
dimethyl sulfoxide, dimethyl formamide, dioxane,
hexamethylphosphorotriamide, perfluorohydrocarbon, methanol, ethanol,
tert-butyl alcohol, formic acid, hydrogen fluoride, ammonia, acetic acid,
benzene, carbon tetrachloride, acetonitrile, hexane, methylene chloride,
carboxylic acid, saline, Ringer's solution, lactated Ringer's solution,
Hartmann's solution, acetated Ringer's solution, phosphate buffered
solution, TRIS-buffered saline solution, Hank's balanced salt solution,
Earle's balanced salt solution, standard saline citrate, HEPES-buffered
saline, dextrose, glucose, or diethyl ether 3008.

[0309]In at least one embodiment, the at least one computing device
includes one or more desktop computer, workstation computer, computing
system including a cluster of processors, a networked computer, a tablet
personal computer, a laptop computer, a mobile device, a mobile
telephone, or a personal digital assistant computer 3010. In at least one
embodiment, the at least one computing device is configured to
communicate with a database to access the first possible dataset 3020. In
at least one embodiment, the at least one computing device is configured
to communicate with a frozen particle composition selecting apparatus, a
frozen particle composition generating apparatus, or both 3030.

[0310]As shown in FIGS. 31-32, at least one aspect relates to a system
3100 including circuitry 3110 for receiving a first input associated with
a first possible dataset, the first possible dataset including data
representative of one or more measurements relating to one or more
physical attributes of a first subject; circuitry 3120 for comparing a
value associated with the first possible dataset with a second dataset
including values representative of predictive regimen parameters related
to a second subject with one or more similar or dissimilar physical
attributes; circuitry 3125 for determining from the comparison at least
one frozen particle composition treatment regimen for the first subject;
circuitry 3128 for selecting at least one of quality or quantity related
to one or more frozen particle compositions, method of administration of
one or more frozen particle compositions, administration location of one
or more frozen particle compositions, content of one or more frozen
particle compositions, timing of administration of one or more frozen
particle compositions, decrease in physical dimension of one or more
frozen particle compositions or time interval between at least two
deliveries with one or more frozen particle compositions.

[0311]In at least one embodiment, the system includes circuitry 3130 for
determining from the comparison at least one frozen particle composition
treatment regimen for the first subject; and circuitry 3140 for providing
output information optionally based on the comparison. In at least one
embodiment, the circuitry for receiving a first input associated with a
first possible dataset includes circuitry 3200 for receiving one or more
measurements relating to one or more physical attributes including at
least one of height; weight; body mass index; age; presence or absence of
at least one disease or condition; species; ethnicity; race; allergies;
gender; thickness of epidermis; thickness of dermis; thickness of stratum
corneum; keratin deposition; collagen deposition; blood vessel condition;
skin condition; hair or fur condition; muscle condition; tissue
condition; organ condition; nerve condition; brain condition; presence or
absence of at least one biological, chemical, or therapeutic agent in the
subject; pregnancy status; lactation status; genetic profile; medical
history; proteomic profile; partial or whole genetic sequence; partial or
whole proteomic sequence; medical history; lymph condition, or blood
condition.

[0312]In at least one embodiment, the system includes circuitry 3210 for
selecting the combination of at least two parameters selected from
quality or quantity related to one or more frozen particle compositions,
method of administration of one or more frozen particle compositions,
administration location of one or more frozen particle compositions,
content of one or more frozen particle compositions, timing of
administration of one or more frozen particle compositions, decrease in a
physical dimension of one or more frozen particle compositions, or time
interval between at least two administrations or deliveries with one or
more frozen particle compositions.

[0313]In at least one embodiment, the system includes circuitry 3220 for
selecting the combination of at least two parameters selected from
quality or quantity related to one or more frozen particle compositions,
method of administration of one or more frozen particle compositions,
administration location of one or more frozen particle compositions,
content of one or more frozen particle compositions, timing of
administration of one or more frozen particle compositions, decrease in a
physical dimension of one or more frozen particle compositions, or time
interval between at least two administrations with one or more frozen
particle compositions.

[0314]In at least one embodiment, the system includes circuitry 3230 for
selecting at least one of a clinical outcome; secondary effects related
to the treatment; disease stage; longevity; or vaccination
administration. In at least one embodiment, the clinical outcome 3240
includes a positive clinical outcome or a negative clinical outcome. In
at least one embodiment, the clinical outcome includes one or more
adverse effect, failure to attain a clinical endpoint of a clinical
trial, failing to attain a beneficial effect, or measurement of at least
one biochemical, biological or physiological parameter 3250.

[0315]FIGS. 33-35 illustrate a partial view of a system 3300 including at
least one computer program 3310 configured with a computer-readable
medium, for use with at least one computer system and wherein the
computer program includes a plurality of instructions including but not
limited to one or more instructions 3320 for determining at least one
comparison between information regarding at least one aspect of cellular
or tissue abrasion or ablation of at least one biological tissue of at
least one subject and information regarding at least one clinical outcome
following receipt by the at least one subject of at least one frozen
particle composition. In at least one embodiment, the system includes one
or more instructions 3330 for determining at least one statistical
correlation. In at least one embodiment, the system includes one or more
instructions 3340 for counting the occurrence of at least one clinical
outcome. In at least one embodiment, information regarding at least one
aspect of cellular or tissue abrasion or ablation includes information
3350 regarding quantity of cells or tissue removed or destroyed;
information 3360 regarding at least one dimension of cellular, tissue or
other material removal or destruction; information 3370 regarding at
least one of depth, width, or breadth of cellular removal or destruction;
or information 3380 regarding two or more subjects with one or more
common attributes. In at least one embodiment, the information regarding
at least one aspect of cellular or tissue abrasion or ablation includes
information 3400 regarding at least one cellular or tissue source,
including information 3410 regarding at least one abnormal cellular or
tissue source or information 3420 regarding at least one type of cell or
tissue.

[0316]In at least one embodiment, the at least one frozen particle
composition or therapeutic composition includes at least one of
polyethylene glycol, acetone, ethyl acetate, dimethyl sulfoxide, dimethyl
formamide, dioxane, hexamethylphosphorotriamide, perfluorohydrocarbon,
methanol, ethanol, tert-butyl alcohol, formic acid, hydrogen fluoride,
ammonia, acetic acid, benzene, carbon tetrachloride, acetonitrile,
hexane, methylene chloride, carboxylic acid, saline, Ringer's solution,
lactated Ringer's solution, Hartmann's solution, acetated Ringer's
solution, phosphate buffered solution, TRIS-buffered saline solution,
Hank's balanced salt solution, Earle's balanced salt solution, standard
saline citrate, HEPES-buffered saline, dextrose, glucose, or diethyl
ether 3430. In at least one embodiment, at least one frozen particle
composition includes at least one major dimension of approximately one
decimeter or less, approximately one centimeter or less, approximately
one millimeter or less, approximately one micrometer or less,
approximately one nanometer or less, or any value therebetween 3440. In
at least one embodiment, the at least one frozen particle composition
includes one or more reinforcement agents 3450. In at least one
embodiment, the at least one frozen particle composition includes one or
more explosive materials 3460.

[0317]In at least one embodiment, the receipt by the at least one subject
of at least one frozen particle composition or therapeutic composition is
pursuant to at least one clinical trial 3500. In at least one embodiment,
the system further comprises one or more instructions for determining at
least one comparison before the delivery or administration of the at
least one frozen particle composition or therapeutic composition to at
least one subject 3510.

[0318]In at least one embodiment, the system includes one or more
instructions for creating at least one inclusion criterion and at least
one exclusion criterion for a clinical trial involving the at least one
frozen particle composition or therapeutic composition 3520. In at least
one embodiment, the system further comprises one or more instructions for
suggesting the inclusion of one or more of the at least one subject in at
least one clinical trial 3530. In certain instances, multiple subjects
from multiple clinical trials are included.

[0319]In at least one embodiment, the system further includes one or more
instructions for suggesting the exclusion of one or more of the at least
one subject in at least one clinical trial 3540. In at least one
embodiment, the system includes one or more instructions for using one or
more of the at least one comparison to predict at least one clinical
outcome regarding at least one second subject 3550. In at least one
embodiment, the at least one second subject has not received the at least
one frozen particle composition or therapeutic composition 3560. In at
least one embodiment, the system includes predicting at least one
clinical outcome involving the at least one second subject, wherein the
at least one second subject is a plurality of people; and segregating
subject identifiers associated with the plurality of people in reference
to the predicted at least one clinical outcome 3570. In at least one
embodiment, the at least one second subject is a plurality of people; and
the system further comprises determining the eligibility of the at least
one second subject for the at least one clinical trial 3580.

[0320]As indicated in FIG. 36, at least one aspect relates to a system
3600 that includes at least one computer program 3610, configured with a
computer-readable medium, for use with at least one computer system and
wherein the computer program includes a plurality of instructions
including but not limited to one or more instructions 3620 for comparing
information regarding at least one aspect of cellular or tissue abrasion
or ablation of at least one biological tissue of at least one subject and
information regarding at least one frozen particle composition involving
the at least one biological tissue of at least one subject; and one or
more instructions 3630 for applying one or more comparisons to
information regarding at least one aspect of cellular or tissue abrasion
or ablation regarding a plurality of people. In at least one embodiment,
one or more instructions 3640 for segregating subject identifiers
associated with the plurality of people in reference to at least one of
the one or more applied comparisons. In at least one embodiment, the
information regarding at least one aspect of cellular or tissue abrasion
or ablation includes information 3650 regarding quantity of cells or
tissue removed or destroyed; information 3660 regarding at least one
dimension of cellular, tissue or other material removal or destruction;
or information 3670 regarding at least one of depth, width, or breadth of
cellular removal or destruction. In at least one embodiment, the system
includes one or more instructions 3680 for segregating individual
identifiers associated with the plurality of people in reference to at
least one characteristic shared by two or more subjects of the plurality
of people.

[0321]The foregoing detailed description has set forth various embodiments
of the devices and/or processes via the use of block diagrams,
flowcharts, and/or examples. Insofar as such block diagrams, flowcharts,
and/or examples contain one or more functions and/or operations, it will
be understood by those within the art that each function and/or operation
within such block diagrams, flowcharts, or examples can be implemented,
individually and/or collectively, by a wide range of hardware, software,
firmware, or virtually any combination thereof. In one embodiment,
several portions of the subject matter described herein may be
implemented via Application Specific Integrated Circuits (ASICs), Field
Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGAs), digital signal processors (DSPs), or
other integrated formats. However, those skilled in the art will
recognize that some aspects of the embodiments disclosed herein, in whole
or in part, can be equivalently implemented in integrated circuits, as
one or more computer programs running on one or more computers (e.g., as
one or more programs running on one or more computer systems), as one or
more programs running on one or more processors (e.g., as one or more
programs running on one or more microprocessors), as firmware, or as
virtually any combination thereof, and that designing the circuitry
and/or writing the code for the software and or firmware would be well
within the skill of one of skill in the art in light of this disclosure.
In addition, those skilled in the art will appreciate that the mechanisms
of the subject matter described herein are capable of being distributed
as a program product in a variety of forms, and that an illustrative
embodiment of the subject matter described herein applies regardless of
the particular type of signal bearing medium used to actually carry out
the distribution. Examples of a signal bearing medium include, but are
not limited to, the following: a recordable type medium such as a floppy
disk, a hard disk drive, a Compact Disc (CD), a Digital Video Disk (DVD),
a digital tape, a computer memory, etc.; and a transmission type medium
such as a digital and/or an analog communication medium (e.g., a fiber
optic cable, a waveguide, a wired communications link, a wireless
communication link (e.g., transmitter, receiver, transmission logic,
reception logic, etc.), etc.).

[0322]For any of the various aspects and embodiments disclosed herein, one
or more kits may be developed with the components described herein. In at
least one embodiment, a kit includes one or more frozen particles as
described herein. In at least one embodiment, a kit includes one or more
frozen particles and at least one therapeutic agent as disclosed herein.
In at least one embodiment, a kit includes one or more frozen particles
and one or more reinforcement agents. In at least one embodiment, a kit
includes one or more frozen particles and one or more explosive
materials.

EXAMPLES

Example 1

Compositions and Methods of Making Frozen Particles

[0323]Frozen particles suitable for various embodiments described herein
may be produced by controlling the pressure and temperature of hydrogen
oxide that is introduced as a liquid, gas or frozen. Frozen particles,
including frozen hydrogen oxide ice Ic, are produced by cooling small
hydrogen oxide droplets (˜6 μm diameter) below -38° C.
(See e.g., Murray, et al., Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. vol. 8,
pp.186-192 (2006), which is incorporated herein by reference).
Emulsions of 30-40% by weight of distilled and de-ionized hydrogen oxide
in paraffin oil (Fisher Scientific) are agitated to produce hydrogen
oxide droplets of mean diameters ranging from 5 to 35 μm as determined
by optical microscopy. The droplets are cooled to -100° C. at a
rate of 10° C./min by using a cryostat cooled with liquid nitrogen
and containing a heater and temperature controller. Freezing liquid
droplets with a median diameter of 5.6 μm or smaller can provide
approximately 80% frozen ice Ic and approximately 20% frozen ice Ih.
Following the procedures of Murray et al, selective production of ice Ic
in pellet form produces quantities suitable for use in various
embodiments described herein.

[0324]Frozen particles generated in this manner are utilized for abrasion
of at least one biological tissue, including but not limited to skin. The
frozen particle composition is administered to at least one biological
tissue by, for example, accelerating, ejecting, or propelling the frozen
particles by way of a carrier gas under pressure (e.g., air, carbon
dioxide, nitrogen) through a tube, or other device directed toward at
least one biological tissue, such as skin. Microderrnabrasion,
microscissuining, or other surface abrasion techniques are carried out in
a similar fashion.

Example 2

Compositions and Methods of Making Frozen Particles

[0325]Frozen particles, including frozen hydrogen oxide ice Ic, are
produced by depositing hydrogen oxide vapor onto a copper plate held at
low temperatures in iacuo. Purified (deionized) hydrogen oxide is added
to a vessel at approximately 25° C. and the hydrogen oxide vapor
is condensed onto a metal plate held at approximately -196° C. in
vacuo. The deposited amorphous ice is heated (at 10° C./min) to
approximately -93° C. and is converted to crystalline cubic ice
(ice Ic). Ice Ic is stable when stored under liquid nitrogen (See e.g.,
Johari, et al., J. Phys. Chem, vol. 94, pp. 1212-1214 (1990), which is
incorporated herein by reference). An example of an apparatus that is
used to produce frozen hydrogen oxide ice Ic is described in Hallbrucker
et al (J. Phys. Chem., vol. 93, pp. 4986-4990 (1989), which is
incorporated herein by reference).

Example 3

Compositions and Methods of Making Frozen Particles

[0326]Frozen hydrogen oxide ice Ic particles are produced from small
hydrogen oxide droplets in an example of a "pelletizer" apparatus similar
to those described by, for example, U.S. Pat. No. 4,617,064; U.S. Pat.
No. 6,306,119, which are incorporated herein by reference. Frozen
hydrogen oxide ice Ic particles are formed by spraying hydrogen oxide
droplets of the desired size into a cooling chamber filled with a cold
inert gas maintained at the desired temperature, for example, nitrogen
gas maintained at approximately -100° C. to promote formation of
ice Ic. Spray droplet size is maintained by variation of nozzle/orifice
size and hydrogen oxide pressure to yield droplet diameters ranging from
nanometers to centimeters. Frozen hydrogen oxide ice Ic, ice Ih,
amorphous low density ice, amorphous high density ice, and other forms
are produced by controlling the temperature and pressure of the cooling
chamber. Cubic hydrogen oxide ice Ic particles are formed in a step-wise
process, by maintaining the chamber at a very low temperature
(approximately -196° C.) with increased pressure, which first
promotes formation of amorphous hydrogen oxide ice. Next, the chamber is
heated to approximately -93° C., which results in transformation
to cubic hydrogen oxide ice (ice Ic) particles.

[0327]The hydrogen oxide ice particles are propelled into a delivery
system (such as tubing and nozzle) by nitrogen gas under pressure. The
delivery system is maintained at the appropriate temperature for
preservation of the hydrogen oxide particle structure, (e.g.,
approximately -93° C. for ice Ic structure).

Example 4

Compositions and Methods of Making Frozen Carbon Dioxide Particles

[0328]Carbon dioxide frozen particles are produced from small carbon
dioxide droplets in a "pelletizer" similar to those described by, for
example, U.S. Pat. No. 4,617,064; and U.S. Pat. No. 6,306,119; each of
which is incorporated herein by reference. Carbon dioxide frozen
particles are formed by spraying liquid carbon dioxide droplets into a
cooling chamber maintained at low temperatures (e.g., approximately
-100° C.). Droplet size is regulated by varying nozzle or orifice
size, and pressure. Carbon dioxide droplet diameters range, for example,
from nanometers to centimeters. The frozen carbon dioxide particles are
propelled into a delivery system (e.g., tubing and nozzle) by carrier
gas, (e.g., air or nitrogen) under pressure. The carbon dioxide particles
are maintained while in the delivery system at the appropriate
temperature, (e.g., approximately -100° C.). Frozen carbon dioxide
particles sublimate, or transition to a gas phase, at approximately
-78.5° C. and 1 atm pressure.

Example 5

Compositions and Methods of Making Frozen DMSO Particles

[0329]Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) frozen particles are produced from DMSO
droplets, for example, in a "pelletizer" apparatus similar to those
described by, for example, U.S. Pat. No. 4,617,064; U.S. Pat. No.
6,306,119, which are incorporated herein by reference. DMSO frozen
particles are formed from spraying liquid DMSO droplets of the desired
size into a cooling chamber that is maintained at low temperature, for
example, less than approximately 18.5° C. Droplet size is
regulated by varying nozzle or orifice size, and pressure, with
compressed air as a carrier gas. Droplet size can be regulated by varying
nozzle or orifice size, and DMSO pressure. DMSO droplet diameters range,
for example, from nanometers to centimeters. The DMSO frozen particles
are propelled by a carrier gas (e.g., air or nitrogen) under pressure to
enter a delivery system (e.g., tubing and nozzle). In order to preserve
DMSO particle structure, the delivery system is maintained at low
temperature (e.g., less than approximately 18.5° C.).

Example 6

Methods of Assessment or Selection of Frozen Particles

[0330]According to various embodiments described herein, at least one
frozen particle is made by lowering the temperature of liquid droplets of
a selected material. Droplet and particle sizes are measured by imaging a
spray or particle stream upon a background screen. The background screen
is illuminated with a short pulse of light, for example, from an infrared
laser beam (at approximately 805 nm), which is capable of pulsing at
frequencies of approximately 1000 Hz.

[0331]A digital camera captures high resolution images of the droplets or
particles. High-speed, real-time particle sizing software analyses the
images to assess the diameter distribution for the particles and to
determine the shape. The diameter of each droplet is determined
automatically by referencing the number of dark pixels in the droplet
image to the pixel area of a calibration circle. Droplet diameters
between approximately 100 ±m (±3.2%) and approximately 2000 μm
(±0.03%) were measured with 95% confidence (See e.g., Ireland et al.,
6th ASME-JSME Thermal Engineering Joint Conference (2003), which is
incorporated herein by reference). Instruments, computer programs and
protocols for measuring particle and droplet size are available, for
example, from Oxford Lasers, Shirley, Mass. (e.g., world wide web at
oxfordlasers.com, which is incorporated herein by reference).

Example 7

Methods of Assessment or Selection of Frozen Particles

[0332]According to various embodiments described herein, at least one
frozen particle is made by lowering the temperature of liquid droplets of
a selected material. Droplet and particle sizes are measured by laser
diffraction. Laser diffraction based particle size analysis relies on
particles passing through a laser beam and scattering light at an angle
that is directly related to their size. As particle size decreases, the
observed scattering angle increases logarithmically. Scattering intensity
is also dependent on particle size, and decreases with decreasing
particle volume. Thus, large particles scatter light at narrow angles
with high intensity whereas small particles scatter at wider angles but
with low intensity. Laser diffraction is used for the non-destructive
analysis of wet or dry samples, to measure particles in the size range
0.02 to 2000 micrometers (e.g., world wide web at
chemie.de/articles/e/61205/, which is incorporated herein by reference).
A laser diffraction instrument, protocols and analysis software are
available, for example, from Malvern Instruments Ltd. (Malvern,
Worcestershire, WR14 1XZ United Kingdom).

Example 8

Compositions and Methods of Making Frozen Particles Including a
Reinforcement Agent

[0333]One or more reinforcement agents are added to the frozen particles
during the formation process. Among other things, reinforcement agents
can increase the strength of frozen particles (e.g., increase the modulus
of rupture of ice) and decrease the deformation of frozen particles
(e.g., decrease the beam deflection of ice). As indicated in Table A
below, glass fibers present at 9% (wt./vol.), for example, increase the
modulus of rupture of ice by approximately 7-fold relative to ice derived
from unreinforced hydrogen oxide ice (See e.g., Kingery, Science, vol.
134, pp. 164-168 (1960), which is incorporated herein by reference).

[0334]As indicated in FIG. 5, the beam deflection is less than 0.005
inches for hydrogen oxide ice that is reinforced with approximately 9.0%
glass fibers and increases over time for hydrogen oxide ice that is
reinforced with approximately 0.8% glass fibers (Kingery, Ibid).
Furthermore, hydrogen oxide ice with approximately 9% (w/v) of glass
fibers is not deformed over 23 hours under an applied force of
approximately 24.5 in.lbs. As described in Kingery, et al, and as
indicated in FIG. 5, beam deflection of hydrogen oxide ice with
approximately 0.8% glass fibers is approximately 0.16 inches after 23
hours under 25.3 in.lbs. of force. Likewise, as indicated in FIG. 5, and
according to Kingery et al, hydrogen oxide ice without reinforcement
agents is deformed approximately 0.05 inches after 4 hours under
approximately 26.6 in.lbs. of force. Additionally, aluminum and silica
carbonate particles can be mixed at various volume fractions and
co-milled under an argon atmosphere to produce nanocrystalline composites
as reinforcement agents for frozen particle compositions. (See e.g.,
Kamrani, et al., Powder Met. vol. 50, pp. 276-282(7) (2007), which is
incorporated herein by reference).

Example 9

Compositions and Methods of Making Frozen Particles

[0335]Frozen particles (e.g., carbon dioxide, DMSO, gelatin) are
reinforced by incorporating one or more reinforcement agents, including
but not limited to silica beads, fiberglass, polyethylene glycol, kaolin,
or wood fibers.

[0336]Silica beads approximately 1 micrometer in diameter are mixed with
hydrogen oxide at approximately 0° C. to make volume fractions
including the approximate ranges, but not limited to, 0, 0.004, 0.04,
0.15, 0.29, 0.49 and 0.63 volume fraction. The volume fractions, or one
or more particular volume fraction, are frozen in, for example, a
cylindrical mold, at low temperatures (e.g., approximately -10°
C.). Unconfined coaxial compression tests are used to determine the
maximum stress (also known as the failure point) of the one or more
frozen particles at defined temperatures and strain rates (See e.g.,
Yasui et al, Geophys. Res. Lett., vol. 35, L12206, (2008), which is
incorporated herein by reference).

[0338]The strength of specific frozen particles is altered by varying the
composition of frozen particle mixtures containing one or more
reinforcement agents. For example, Table B indicates the frozen particle
strength of frozen particles including hydrogen oxide, DMSO, carbon
dioxide, and gelatin, which contain at least one reinforcement agent. As
indicated, the reinforced frozen particles exhibited increased strength
compared to their unreinforced counterparts. As indicated in Table B,
frozen particles containing at least one reinforcement agent at the
volume fractions shown in the table displayed maximal strength in
compression tests. (See also, FIGS. 5 and 6, as well as Table A herein
for hydrogen oxide frozen particle strength).

[0339]As described herein, immunization of a subject with a vaccine is
accomplished by way of introduction of the vaccine through, for example,
subcutaneous, transcutaneous or intramuscular administration. (See e.g.,
Berzofsky et al, Nat. Rev. Immunol. vol. 1, pp. 209-219, (2001), which is
incorporated herein by reference). Non-limiting examples of frozen
particle vaccines are described herein, and include one or more
immunogens. The immunogen therapeutic compositions are made, for example,
in solution or as a solid in suspension created from buffered solutions
(e.g., phosphate, citrate, lactate, pyruvate or an organic acid buffer)
that optimize the stability and immunogenicity of the vaccine.

[0340]Storage stability of vaccines depends upon many factors, including
vaccine formulation and storage temperature. For example, an influenza
subunit vaccine formulated with trehalose, and Hepes buffered saline, is
stable at room temperature for approximately 26 weeks (See e.g., Amorij
et al, Pharm. Res. vol. 25, pp.1256-1273 (2008), which is incorporated
herein by reference).

[0342]One or more hydrogen oxide frozen particle vaccine compositions,
including, for example, one or more buffers, one or more immunogens
(e.g., viral protein subunits) and one or more adjuvants, as a solution
or suspension, are made by spraying the compositions through an orifice
or nozzle. Each vaccine composition is propelled by a pressurized gas
(e.g., compressed air) into a cooling chamber maintained at, for example,
approximately -40° C.

[0343]The vaccine composition is delivered to at least one biological
tissue of a subject, for example, by propelling the particles via a
carrier gas under pressure (e.g., air, carbon dioxide, nitrogen) through
a tube directed toward at least one biological tissue (including but not
limited to vascular, lymphatic, lymph node, epidermal, subcutaneous,
intramuscular, oral, nasal, pulmonary, intraperitoneal or rectal tissue).

[0344]Alternatively, the vaccine composition is delivered to at least one
biological tissue of a subject, for example, by first forming the frozen
particle vaccine compositions through spraying composition droplets into
a cryogen bath (e.g., liquid nitrogen). The frozen particle compositions
are subsequently delivered to at least one biological tissue by flash
boiling liquid nitrogen, and propelling the frozen particle compositions
through a tube or barrel, for example, to at least one biological tissue
of a subject.

[0345]Frozen particle vaccine compositions containing one or more
reinforcement agents (e.g., silica beads) and of the appropriate size and
shape (e.g., bullet, spheroid, high aspect ratio shape) penetrate the at
least one biological tissue when propelled to high velocity by a carrier
gas. In one non-limiting example, a vaccine composition approximately
20-70 μm in size penetrates the epidermis when the composition is
accelerated to high speed with a powder jet injector (PowerJect,
PowerJect Pharmaceuticals) (Amorij et al, Ibid.).

[0347]Alternatively, multiple distinct immunogens, proteins, or peptides
that are derived from a single pathogen are combined in a single frozen
particle vaccine composition that immunizes a subject against a
pathogenic virus or bacteria that mutates frequently. For example,
multiple hemagglutinin or neuraminidase proteins, (e.g., H1N1, H3N2) from
different viral strains (e.g., A/New Caledonia/H1N1, or
A/Wellington/H3N2) or viral species of influenza (e.g., influenza A or
influenza B) are combined in a single frozen particle vaccine composition
and provides immunity to multiple strains or species. (See e.g., Kamps et
al, Influenza Report, pp. 127-149 (2006); world wide web at
influenzareport.com/ir/vaccines; each of which is incorporated herein by
reference).

[0348]Alternatively, frozen particle vaccine compositions including one or
more immunogens, antigens or proteins (e.g., influenza A/New
Caledonia/(H1N1)) are combined with one or more frozen particle vaccine
compositions containing one or more different antigens (e.g., influenza
B/Shanghai or influenza A/Wellington/(H3N2)). Such a frozen particle
vaccine composition combination provides immunity against seasonal
variants of viral pathogens.

[0349]In one non-limiting example, combinations of frozen particle vaccine
compositions including specific antigens from selected influenza variants
or strains target a seasonal flu epidemic. (Kamps et al, Ibid.)
Combination of frozen particle compositions are made containing one or
more different antigens or epitopes, wherein the one or more different
antigens or epitopes are derived from mutant or variant HIV proteins that
evolve during HIV infection (See e.g., Berzofsky et al, J. Clin. Inv.
vol. 114, pp. 450-462 (2004)). Such combination compositions immunize a
subject against existing HIV mutants and anticipate the emergence of new
HIV mutants or variants.

[0351]Alternatively, the one or more frozen particle vaccine compositions
are delivered to one or more pulmonary surfaces of the subject via
propulsion by way of a "pellet gun," by using flash boiled liquid
nitrogen as a propellant, or by inhalation. Frozen particle influenza
vaccine compositions administered to one or more pulmonary surfaces of a
subject elicit mucosal and systemic humoral, as well as cell-mediated
immune responses to influenza (See e.g., Amorij et al Vaccine. vol. 25,
pp. 8707-8717 (2007), which is incorporated herein by reference).

Example 12

Compositions and Methods of Making Frozen Particles

[0352]Frozen particle compositions of the appropriate size and shape,
including botulinum toxin, an optimal buffer (e.g., Hepes buffer), one or
more stabilizing agents, and one or more reinforcement agents are
administered through the skin of a subject to neuromuscular junctions.
Botulinum toxin inhibits acetylcholine release, which blocks synapse
formation, and temporarily paralyzes the corresponding musculature.

[0353]Frozen particle compositions containing a recommended dose of
botulinum toxin (See e.g., Borodic, U.S. Pat. No. 5,183,462, which is
incorporated herein by reference), and at least one reinforcement agent
(e.g., polymer) are administered to skeletal muscles using a delivery
system derived from inkjet printer technology (See e.g., world wide web
at en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inkjet Printer) that sprays picoliter quantities
of the frozen particle compositions at high velocity (e.g., 50 m/sec)
toward the skin of the subject. Botulinum toxin is typically administered
by subcutaneous injection (generally with a 26 gauge hypodermic needle).
Botulinum toxin is approved by the FDA for therapy of strabismus
(crossed-eyes), blepharospasm (uncontrolled blinking), and other facial
nerve disorders including hemifacial spasm. It is also approved for
treatment of cervical dystonia and glabellar (frown) lines (See e.g.,
Jankovic, J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry vol. 75, pp. 951-957 (2004),
which is incorporated herein by reference).

[0354]In addition, botulinum toxin is included in the treatment of focal
or segmental dystonia (e.g., oromandibular-facial-lingual dystonia,
laryngeal dystonia, limb dystonia). Dystonias are neurological disorders
with repetitive and patterned contractions of muscles that cause abnormal
movements and postures. For example, cervical dystonia subjects are
injected with, for example, approximately 100 I.U of botulinum toxin,
distributed over 3-5 injection sites, spaced 5-15 mm apart, across the
length of the sternomastoid muscle. (Borodic, Ibid.)

[0356]Frozen particle compositions containing an optimal dose of botulinum
toxin (e.g., 0.2-0.4 I.U./kg) are administered over the length of a
specific facial muscle (e.g., orbicularis oculi) by use of a delivery
system with an inkjet nozzle. As described herein, picoliter volumes of
one or more frozen particle compositions are sprayed at a velocity that
achieves a desired or predetermined depth (for example, 5-8 mm; Borodic,
Ibid.). The velocity is also altered according to the size, shape, and
constituents of the frozen particle composition.

Example 13

Methods of Administering Frozen Particle Therapeutic Compositions

[0357]Frozen hydrogen oxide particles of ice Ic form and at least one
therapeutic agent or at least one diagnostic agent are formulated for
treatment of hematological cancers (e.g., leukemia or lymphoma) or solid
tumors (e.g., carcinoma, sarcoma). For example, at least one of
neo-adjuvant therapy, adjuvant therapy, chemotherapy, antibody therapy,
or immunotherapy are employed

[0358]In one non-limiting embodiment, frozen hydrogen oxide particles are
used for adjuvant therapy of cancers treated with surgery such as colon
cancer, lung cancer, and breast cancer. At least one frozen particle
hydrogen oxide therapeutic composition containing one or more
reinforcement agents (e.g., silica beads, Kevlar®), one or more
buffers, one or more stabilizing agents (e.g., one or more saccharides),
and one or more cancer therapeutic agents (such as one or more
chemotherapy drugs, antibodies, biological agents (e.g., antibodies,
cytokines or peptides), or one or more chemotherapeutic agents) are
administered to an area proximal to a region of at least one biological
tissue where a tumor is present or believed to be present. Optionally,
resection of at least a part of a tumor may be performed, with or without
additional administration of the at least one frozen particle therapeutic
composition.

[0359]The at least one frozen particle therapeutic composition is
administered in such a manner as described herein, that allows for
desired depth of penetration of the at least one biological tissue. In
one embodiment, the at least one frozen particle therapeutic composition
is administered to a depth that allows for at least one of intracellular
or intercellular delivery. For example, the at least one frozen particle
therapeutic composition is administered to a depth that allows for
delivery to at least one of epithelium, endothelium, vasculature,
lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes or mucosa.

[0360]Specifically, if metastasis is present or believed to be present in
the subject, administration of the at least one frozen particle
therapeutic composition is delivered to such region of metastases or
micro-metastases are believed to be present.

[0361]Frozen particle hydrogen oxide therapeutic compositions provide as
an adjuvant therapy are administered by spraying at least one composition
under pressure with a carrier gas through a nozzle designed to uniformly
distribute particles over at least one biological tissue at sufficient
velocity to penetrate the tissue exposed during tumor resection.

[0363]Administration of at least one frozen particle hydrogen oxide
therapeutic composition containing at least one therapeutic antibody
includes, for example, bevacizumab (an anti-vascular endothelial growth
factor) or cetuximab (an anti-epidermal growth factor receptor).
Bevacizumab and cetuximab both target the tumor-associated vasculature
and tumor cells in the remaining colon sections and the surrounding
tissues, mesentery and lymph nodes. Localized administration of
therapeutic antibodies provides sustained protection from recurrence of
colon tumors at the site of tumor resection and in the surrounding
tissues. (Wolpin et al, Ibid.). Following surgery and adjuvant therapy
with one or more frozen particle hydrogen oxide therapeutic compositions,
including at least one of one or more chemotherapy drugs, or one or more
antibodies, the remaining colon sections are spliced together (i.e.
anastomosis) or an artificial orifice (i.e. stoma) is inserted to restore
a functional colon.

Example 14

Methods of Administering Frozen Particle Therapeutic Compositions

[0364]Frozen particle hydrogen oxide therapeutic compositions including
one or more cancer therapeutics or one or more cancer diagnostics are
used to treat cancers in distal locations from the primary tumor or
initial tumor site treated with surgery or radiation. For example, colon
cancer cells often metastasize to the liver ((Wolpin et al, Ibid.). At
the time of surgical resection of colon cancer tumors, one or more frozen
particle hydrogen oxide therapeutic compositions including at least one
cancer therapeutic, such as one or more cytotoxic drugs (e.g.,
fluouracil), antibodies (e.g., cetuximab), radioisotopes conjugated to
antibodies (e.g., 131I-cetuximab), or one or more mixtures of at
least one cytotoxic drug and at least one biological-based therapeutic
agent are administered to the liver and surrounding tissues.

[0365]Administration of the at least one frozen particle hydrogen oxide
therapeutic composition is accomplished by traditional surgery or
laparoscopic surgery that allows access to the liver (or other organs to
be treated). Administration of at least one frozen particle hydrogen
oxide therapeutic composition directly to the liver and the surrounding
vasculature allows for intracellular or intercellular penetration and
release of at least one anti-cancer therapeutic for treatment of any
existing or suspected colon cancer mestastases or micro-metastases.

[0366]As described herein, the at least one frozen particle hydrogen oxide
therapeutic composition including one or more cancer therapeutics are
administered by way of a spraying device. Such a spraying device includes
an insulated tube and nozzle, as well as a valve that controls the flow
of particles. In the case of traditional surgery for tumor or tissue
resection, the at least one frozen particle hydrogen oxide therapeutic
composition is sprayed directly onto the target tissue or tissues.
Whereas in the case of laparoscopic surgery for tumor or tissue
resection, the at least one frozen particle hydrogen oxide therapeutic
composition is sprayed through a trocar (a hollow tube approximately 10
millimeters in diameter).

[0367]In certain spraying devices, the at least one frozen particle
hydrogen oxide therapeutic composition is administered by way of a
carrier gas. The depth of penetration by the at least one therapeutic
composition is controlled by regulating the carrier gas pressure as well
as the consequent particle velocity. The at least one therapeutic
composition optionally includes one or more tracer agents or is delivered
simultaneously with one or more tracer agents. Some non-limiting examples
of tracer agents include dyes, stains or fluorescent compounds that mark
the tissue area sprayed. The one or more tracer agents can optionally
monitor or provide feedback as to the quantity or quality (in the case of
multiple therapeutic compositions administered simultaneously or over
time) of the at least one therapeutic composition administered to a
specific site.

[0368]In at least one embodiment, the at least one frozen particle
hydrogen oxide therapeutic composition including at least one cancer
therapeutic further includes hematoxylin and eosin stains mixed at a
known ratio (e.g., 1:10). Alternatively, a batch of the at least one
frozen particle hydrogen oxide therapeutic composition is administered in
a mixture or in separate applications frozen particles including
hematoxylin and eosin stains. Staining of tissues is visualized by
inspection with a low power microscope (e.g., dissection microscope) or
with a laparoscope, which allows for assessment of the relative quantity
or quality of the at least one therapeutic composition administered to
the tissue. Staining of the tissues further provides a guide as to the
region that received the at least one therapeutic composition.

Example 15

Methods of Administering Frozen Particle Therapeutic Compositions

[0369]Frozen particle hydrogen oxide therapeutic compositions including
carbon dioxide and at least one cancer therapeutic are administered to at
least one tumor or tissue suspected of being cancerous. Upon
administration, the frozen particle hydrogen oxide therapeutic
compositions penetrate one or more tumor cells, warm to ambient
temperature, and undergo rapid sublimation and gaseous expansion of the
carbon dioxide. This rapid reaction produces a small explosion that
destroys at least one tumor cell as well as one or more adjacent cells.
In addition, administration of the frozen particle therapeutic
compositions at low temperatures (e.g., lower than approximately
-78.5° C., which is the approximate sublimation temperature for
carbon dioxide at 1 atm pressure), freezes cells and tissues, causing
tumor cell death (See e.g., Vergnon et al, Eur. Respir. J. vol. 28 pp.
200-218 (2006); incorporated herein by reference).

[0370]Alternatively, carbon dioxide gas is entrapped in frozen particles
by placing the liquid phase (e.g., hydrogen oxide) under high pressure in
the presence of carbon dioxide gas. (See e.g., U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,289,794;
4,289,790; 4,262,029; 5,439,698, each of which is incorporated herein by
reference). Administration of the at least one therapeutic composition is
conducted as described herein. In at least one embodiment, the use of a
tube and nozzle is used that sprays the frozen particle therapeutic
compositions under pressure in a carrier gas (e.g., carbon dioxide,
nitrogen). Administration of the at least one therapeutic composition is
carried out as an adjuvant therapy in conjunction with tumor resection,
or as an alternative when tumor resection is not favored. For example
lung cancer tumors are generally inoperable when such tumors are adjacent
to airways, or infiltrate central airways including the trachea, main
stem bronchi or multiple lung lobes. Additionally, subjects with
compromised respiration (e.g., those with lung disease, heart disease or
advanced age) are generally not candidates for surgery (See e.g., Spiro
et al, Amer. J. Respir.Crit.Care Med., vol. 172, pp. 523-529 (2005);
which is incorporated herein by reference).

[0371]Carbon dioxide frozen particle therapeutic compositions including
one or more chemotherapeutic drugs (e.g., cisplatin, docetaxel,
vinorelbine), targeted drugs (e.g., gefitnib, erlotnib), or
biological-based agents (e.g., cetuximab, panitumumab, bevacizumab) are
administered directly onto lung cancer tumors. Administration is
conducted via endoluminal bronchoscopy or by video-assisted thoracoscopy
by means of an insulated tube and nozzle integral to the endoscopic
device. Frozen particle composition velocities and spray rate are
controlled by a valve between the spray head and the cooling chamber of
the "pelletizer." (See e.g., U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,306,119, or 6,764,493, each
of which is incorporated herein by reference). Precise localization and
administration of the frozen particle therapeutic compositions are
accomplished by bronchoscopy and endoscopy with fluoroscopy used to mark
the field(s) of interest.

[0373]Frozen particle therapeutic composition administration by using
endoscopic procedures or as an adjuvant therapy in conjunction with
traditional surgery is used for various regions of existing or potential
carcinogenesis, including mediastinal lymph nodes, vasculature, chest
wall and other thoracic sites.

[0374]Alternatively, frozen particle therapeutic compositions are
delivered during traditional surgery for lung cancer and used to treat
inoperable tumors remaining following lobectomy, wedge resection, and
pneumonectomy, as well as to treat margins of lobe, wedge or lung
excisions to reduce recurrence of lung cancer ( See e.g., the
worldwideweb at en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lung_cancer#Surgery; which is
incorporated herein by reference). Without wishing to be bound by any
particular theory, frozen particle carbon dioxide therapeutic
compositions maintained at approximately -80° C. while
administered to tumors rapidly freeze the tumor cells leading to
formation of ice crystals in tumor cells that destroy cell organelles
(e.g., mitochondria) leading to death of the tumor cells. (Vergnon et al,
Ibid.) Similarly, frozen particle therapeutic compositions containing at
least one radioactive element deliver radiation to lung cancer tumor
cells. One non-limiting example utilizes frozen particle therapeutic
compositions including 192Iridium for irradiating lung tumors that
obstruct major airways. Administration of the frozen particle therapeutic
compositions is conducted using an endoscope and a wire to place the
radioactive compositions in at least one lung tumor. Without wishing to
be bound to any theory, tumor cell irradiation results in single-stranded
DNA breaks that induce apoptosis and reduce rates of cell division
(Vergnon et, Ibid.).

[0375]While particular aspects of the present subject matter described
herein have been shown and described, it will be apparent to those
skilled in the art that, based upon the teachings herein, changes and
modifications may be made without departing from the subject matter
described herein and its broader aspects and, therefore, the appended
claims are to encompass within their scope all such changes and
modifications as are within the true spirit and scope of the subject
matter described herein. It will be understood by those within the art
that, in general, terms used herein, and especially in the appended
claims (e.g., bodies of the appended claims) are generally intended as
"open" terms (e.g., the term "including" should be interpreted as
"including but not limited to," the term "having" should be interpreted
as "having at least," the term "includes" should be interpreted as
"includes but is not limited to," etc.). It will be further understood by
those within the art that if a specific number of an introduced claim
recitation is intended, such an intent will be explicitly recited in the
claim, and in the absence of such recitation no such intent is present.
For example, as an aid to understanding, the following appended claims
may contain usage of the introductory phrases "at least one" and "one or
more" to introduce claim recitations. However, the use of such phrases
should not be construed to imply that the introduction of a claim
recitation by the indefinite articles "a" or "an" limits any particular
claim containing such introduced claim recitation to claims containing
only one such recitation, even when the same claim includes the
introductory phrases "one or more" or "at least one" and indefinite
articles such as "a" or "an" (e.g., "a" and/or "an" should typically be
interpreted to mean "at least one" or "one or more"); the same holds true
for the use of definite articles used to introduce claim recitations. In
addition, even if a specific number of an introduced claim recitation is
explicitly recited, those skilled in the art will recognize that such
recitation should typically be interpreted to mean at least the recited
number (e.g., the bare recitation of "two recitations," without other
modifiers, typically means at least two recitations, or two or more
recitations). Furthermore, in those instances where a convention
analogous to "at least one of A, B, and C, etc." is used, in general such
a construction is intended in the sense one having skill in the art would
understand the convention (e.g., "a system having at least one of A, B,
and C" would include but not be limited to systems that have A alone, B
alone, C alone, A and B together, A and C together, B and C together,
and/or A, B, and C together, etc.). In those instances where a convention
analogous to "at least one of A, B, or C, etc." is used, in general such
a construction is intended in the sense one having skill in the art would
understand the convention (e.g., "a system having at least one of A, B,
or C" would include but not be limited to systems that have A alone, B
alone, C alone, A and B together, A and C together, B and C together,
and/or A, B, and C together, etc.). It will be further understood by
those within the art that typically a disjunctive word and/or phrase
presenting two or more alternative terms, whether in the description,
claims, or drawings, should be understood to contemplate the
possibilities of including one of the terms, either of the terms, or both
terms unless context dictates otherwise. For example, the phrase "A or B"
will be typically understood to include the possibilities of "A" or "B"
or "A and B."

[0376]With respect to the appended claims, those skilled in the art will
appreciate that recited operations therein may generally be performed in
any order. Also, although various operational flows are presented in a
sequence(s), it should be understood that the various operations may be
performed in other orders than those which are illustrated, or may be
performed concurrently. Examples of such alternate orderings may include
overlapping, interleaved, interrupted, reordered, incremental,
preparatory, supplemental, simultaneous, reverse, or other variant
orderings, unless context dictates otherwise. Furthermore, terms like
"responsive to," "related to," or other past-tense adjectives are
generally not intended to exclude such variants, unless context dictates
otherwise.

[0377]All publications and patent applications cited in this specification
are incorporated herein by reference to the extent not inconsistent with
the description herein and for all purposes as if each individual
publication or patent application were specifically and individually
indicated to be incorporated by reference for all purposes.