TQM Evolution :

TQM Evolution Custom-built Articles/Products having considerable control over Quality.
Mass- Produced Products with less control over Quality
Quality control Department in Factories.
TQM-based Production facility – enhancing the Organization through Quality techniques to better achieve organization’s goals-eg. Productivity and Profitability with min.wastage.
ISO Quality Management Systems.

QUALITY IS ….the QUALIFIER! :

QUALITY IS ….the QUALIFIER! Doing it right first time and all the time. This boosts Customer satisfaction immensely and increases efficiency of the Business operations.
Clearing the bar (ie. Specification or Standard stipulated) Excellence that is better than a minimum standard.

Quality - Definitions :

Quality - Definitions Quality is excellence that is better than a minimum standard. It is conformance to standards and ‘fitness of purpose’
ISO 9000:2000 definition of quality- It is the degree to which a set of inherent characteristics fulfills requirements.
Quality is ‘ fitness for use ‘ of the product –Joseph Juran.

Quality and customer expectations :

Quality and customer expectations Quality is also defined as excellence in the product or service that fulfills or exceeds the expectations of the customer.
There are 9 dimensions of quality that may be found in products that produce customer-satisfaction.
Though quality is an abstract perception,it has a quantitative measure- Q= (P / E ) , where Q=quality, P= performance(as measured by the Mfgr.), and E = expectations( of the customer).

:

Quality is not fine-tuning your product at the final stage of manufacturing,before packaging and shipping .
Quality is in-built into the product at every stage from conceiving –specification & design stages to prototyping –testing and manufacturing stages.
TQM philosophy and guiding principles continuously improve the Organisation processes and result in customer satisfaction.

The 9 Dimensions of Quality :

The 9 Dimensions of Quality Performance
Features
Conformance
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Reliability
Durability
Service
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Response- of Dealer/ Mfgr. to Customer
Aesthetics – of product
Reputation- of Mfgr./Dealer

Market Changes :

Market Changes MONOPOLIST markets Seller’s market
GLOBAL markets Buyer’s market
Market more competitive Customer-oriented market Demand is defined by Users.
Quality management is a necessity for survival and growth of the organization in a global environment.

The TQM Organization :

TQM six basic Concepts :

TQM six basic Concepts Management commitment to TQM principles and methods & long term Quality plans for the Organisation
Focus on customers – internal & external
Quality at all levels of the work force.
Continuous improvement of the production/business process.
Treating suppliers as partners
Establish performance measures for the processes.

Historical Review of Quality Control :

Historical Review of Quality Control Quality in articles and artefacts produced by skilled craftsmen and artisans from the B.C. era eg. goldsmiths,silversmiths, blacksmiths, potters,etc.
Artists & Artisans Guilds in the Middle ages spent years imparting quality skills and the worksmen had pride in making quality products.
Industrial Revolution brought factory manufacturing where articles were mass-produced and each worker made only a part of the product,and did not sense the importance of his contribution to the quality of the product .

Historical Review of Quality Control :

Historical Review of Quality Control In 1924, W.A.Shewhart of Bell Telephone Labs developed a statistical chart for the control of product variables – the beginning of SQC and SPC.
In the same decade, H.F.Dodge and H.G.Romig of Bell Telephone Labs developed statistical acceptance sampling instead of 100% inspection.
In 1946,the American Society for Quality Control was formed.
In 1950, W. Edwards Deming,who learnt SQC from Shewhart,taught SPC & SQC to Japanese engineers and CEO’s

Historical Review of Quality Control :

Historical Review of Quality Control In 1954,Joseph M.Juran taught Japanese managements their responsibility to achieve quality .
In 1960, the first quality control circles were formed. SQC techniques were being applied by Japanese workers.
1970’s US managers were learning from Japan Quality implementation miracles.
In 1980’s TQM principles and methods became popular.(also in auto industry)
In 1990’s ,the ISO 9000 model became the world-wide standard for QMS.

Leadership concepts :

7 Habits of highly effective people( Stephen Covey) :

7 Habits of highly effective people( Stephen Covey) Be pro-active
Begin with the end in mind
Put first things first (ref.Covey’s Time management matrix pg.35)
Think win-win
Seek first to understand,then to be understood
Synergy
Sharpen the saw

The Deming Philosophy :

The Deming Philosophy Create and publish the aims and purposes of the organization
Learn the new philosophy
Understand the purpose of inspection
Stop awarding business based on price alone.
Improve constantly and forever the System
Institute training
Teach and institute leadership

The Deming Philosophy :

The Deming Philosophy Drive out fear,create trust,and create a climate for innovation
Optimize the efforts of teams,groups,and staff areas
Eliminate exhortations for the work force
Eliminate numerical quotas for the work force
Eliminate management by objectives
Remove barriers to pride of workmanship
Encourage education and self-improvement for all
Take action to accomplish the transformation.

Role of TQM leaders :

Role of TQM leaders All are responsible for quality improvement especially the senior management & CEO’s
Senior management must practice MBWA
Ensure that the team’s decision is in harmony with the quality statements of the organisation
Senior TQM leaders must read TQM literature and attend conferences to be aware of TQM tools and methods
Senior managers must take part in award and recognition ceremonies for celebrating the quality successes of the organisation
Coaching others and teaching in TQM seminars
Senior managers must liaise with internal ,external and suppliers through visits,focus groups,surveys
They must live and communicate TQM.

TQM implementation :

TQM implementation Begins with Sr. Managers and CEO’s
Timing of the implementation process
Formation of Quality council
Union leaders must be involved with TQM plans implementation
Everyone in the organisation needs to be trained in quality awareness and problem solving
Quality council decides QIP projects.

Quality Council :

Quality Council The quality council includes CEO and Senior managers of the functional areas -research,manufacturing,finance,sales ,marketing etc. and one co-ordinator and a union representative.
Duties- To develop the Quality statements eg. Vision, Mission, Quality policy statements, Core values etc.
To develop strategic long-term plans and annual quality improvement programme.
Make a quality training programme
Monitor the costs of poor quality.
Determine the performance measures for the organisation
Always find projects that improve the processes and produce customer satisfaction.
Establish work-group teams and measure their progress.
Establish and review the recognition and reward system for the TQM system

Quality statements :

Quality statements Vision statement – a short declaration of what the organization hopes to be tomorrow.
Mission statement – a statement of purpose –who we are,who are our customers,what we do , and how we do it.
Quality policy – is a guide for everyone in the organization ,how they should provide products and services to the customers.

Strategic Quality Goals and Objectives :

Strategic Quality Goals and Objectives Goals must be focused
Goals must be concrete
Goals must be based on statistical evidence
Goals must have a plan or method with resources
Goals must have a time-frame
Goals must be challenging yet achievable

Quality Cost Programme :

Quality Cost Programme Identifies the magnitude of Quality loss in financial terms- ie. Rs., $ etc.
Reveals the Management commitment to Quality.
Identification of Quality improvement areas by studying Quality costs
Identification of hidden losses in all the processes
Comprehensive system that improves Quality by finding source of the problem and correcting it.

Slide 32:

Customer satisfaction :

Customer satisfaction Customer is the Boss or ’King’
Customer dictates the market trends and direction
Customer not only has needs to be supplied( basic performance functions)
Also he ‘wants what he wants!’( additional features satisfy him and influence his purchase decision)
Hence the Suppliers and Manufacturers have to closely follow at the heel of the customer.

Teboul Model of Customer Satisfaction :

What is customer satisfaction? :

What is customer satisfaction? Is it due to Product quality?
Is it due to pricing?
Is it due to good customer service ?
Is it due to company reputation?
Is it something more?

Customer types :

Customer types External and Internal customers
External – current, prospective and lost customers
Internal – Every person in a process is a customer of the previous operation.( applies to design,manufacturing,sales,supplies etc.) [Each worker should see that the quality meets expectations of the next person in the supplier-to-customer chain ]
TQM is commitment to customer-focus - internal and external customers.

Customer/supplier chain :

Internal customer/Supplier relationships :

Internal customer/Supplier relationships Questions asked by people to their internal customers
What do you need from me?
What do you do with my output?
Are there any gaps between what you need and what you get?
Good team-work and inter-Departmental harmony is required. Also the leaders role in supervising the internal customer-supplier chain.

TQM and customer quality percepts :

TQM and customer quality percepts TQM is quality management and management of quality – there is no full stop and no break in the chain!
Continuous process (quality) improvement is all its about.
Why? One important reason is the customer quality level is not static and his expectations keep changing and his demands too!
Also plant process dynamics- how to achieve maximum efficiency , optimizing cost and performance in the process operations, minimizing waste etc.

User purchase perceptions-from survey :

Customer satisfaction/dissatisfaction feedback :

Customer satisfaction/dissatisfaction feedback Customer feedback has to be continuously sought and monitored - not one-time only!( Pro-active! Complaints are a reactive method of finding out there is a problem)
Customer feedback can be relayed to Mfgr.
Performance comparison with competitors can be known
Customers needs can be identified
Relative priorities of quality can be obtained from the horses’ mouth!
Areas for improvement can be noted.

Customers- Handle with care! :

Customers- Handle with care! Employers don’t pay wages but it is the customer who pays the wages!
So take good care of your customers.
Customer-care centres not just profit-centres!
The entire organization must in effect revolve around the customer – whether the customer is being well served and if he is really pleased,contented and satisfied with the service you have to offer.

Service Quality :

Service Quality :

Service Quality (ii) Customer Care
Meet the customer’s expectations
Get the customer’s point of view
Deliver what is promised
Make the customer feel valued
Respond to all complaints
Over-respond to the customer
Provide a clean and comfortable customer reception area.

Service Quality :

Service Quality (iii) Communication
Optimize the trade-off between time and personal attention
Minimize the number of contact points
Provide pleasant,knowledgable and enthusiastic employees
Write documents in customer-friendly language.

Service Quality :

Service Quality (iv) Front-line people
Hire people who like people
Challenge them to develop better methods
Give them the authority to solve problems
Serve them as internal customers
Be sure they are adequately trained
Recognise and reward performance

Service quality :

Service quality (v)Leadership
Lead by example
Listen to the front-line people
Strive for continuous process improvement (Pgs. 88-93 Besterfield)

Customer Care :

Customer Care Maintain a neat and clean appearance of self and work-place,at all times
Review and implement customer feedback and suggestions into current procedures when needed
Training and education to enhance job performance and commitment to customer care
Treat every customer as we would treat ourselves. ( Pg. 90, Besterfield)

Customer Retention :

Customer Retention Customer satisfaction should lead to customer loyalty and customer retention.
This is the acid test and bottom line- when the customer repeatedly comes back to you for repeat orders and to purchase new products mfgrd. by you. (In spite of stiff competition and multiple Suppliers/Sources! )
Firm orders received or cash payments registered , market share, customer referrals and customer retention are an indication of your customer success and penetration .

Empowerment :

Empowerment To invest people with authority –to tap the potential in every worker (avoid the wastage of unrealised capacity)
People have the ability,confidence and commitment to take the responsibility and ownership to improve the process, and initiate the necessary steps to satisfy customer requirements within well-defined boundaries in order to achieve organisational goals.

Conditions for empowerment :

Conditions for empowerment Everyone must understand the need for change
The system needs to change to the new paradigm
The organisation must enable its employees.
Teams (Pgs. 109-124 Besterfield)

Continuous Process Improvement :

Continuous Process Improvement Process refers to business and production activities of an Organisation.
Processes for improvement- eg. Design & Manufacturing,Marketing,Stores & Purchase,etc.
Inputs of the Process- Manpower,materials,money,data,etc. Outputs- Products,Services,data etc. Outputs need performance measures – main outcome being customer satisfaction.(feedback is used to improve the process)

Continuous Process Improvement :

Continuous Process Improvement Process refers to business and production activities of an organisation
Business processes-Manufacturing,Design, Sales,Purchase,Stores etc.are areas where non-conformance can be reduced and processes improved

Kaizen Technique :

Kaizen Technique Kaizen- defines the managements role in continuously encouraging and implementing small improvements in the individual & organization.
Break the complex process into sub-processes and then improve the sub-processes.
Continuous improvements in small increments make the process more efficient ,controllable and adaptable.
Does not rely on more expense,or sophisticated equipment and techniques.

Kaizen :

Kaizen Value and non-value added work activities
Muda-seven classes of waste
Principles of motion study and work-cell use
Principles of materials handling and use of one-piece flow
Documentation of standard operating procedures
The 5S’s
Visual displays for communicating to factory personnel
JIT- to produce right quantities at right time and with right resources
Poka-yoke to prevent or detect errors
Team dynamics – problem solving ,comm.,conflict resoln.

Five types of Problems :

PDSA cycle- seven steps or phases :

PDSA cycle- seven steps or phases Identify the opportunity
Analyze the current process
Develop the optimal solution(s)
Implement changes
Study the results
Standardise the solution
Plan for the future.

Six sigma method :

Six sigma method Six sigma method is a TQM process that uses process capability analysis as a means of measuring progress.
The smaller the standard deviation, the lesser the deviation of the product characteristic from its mean value. If the process has a normal distribution,the upper and lower specification limits are +/- 6 S from the mean u. The non-conformance is 2ppb and the process capability Cp is 2.0(1.33 Cp is de facto standard.)
A normal process with mean shifted +/-1.5 S from the target value desired has non-conformance of 3.4ppm and process capability index Cpk= 1.5, with 1.0 being the de facto standard.