Colorado Legislative Council Staff

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1 Colorado Legislative Council Staff Room 029 State Capitol, Denver, CO (303) FAX: TDD: MEMORANDUM October 9, 2012 TO: Interested Persons FROM: Hillary Smith, Research Associate, SUBJECT: Special Sentencing for Felony and Misdemeanor Offenses Colorado law recognizes several categories of crimes, including felonies, misdemeanors, petty offenses, traffic offenses, and traffic infractions. The most serious crimes are categorized as felonies, and they are the only offenses for which a sentence to a state prison is possible. Felonies are further classified as class 1 through 6, and misdemeanors are further classified as class 1 through 3, although there are some unclassified felonies and misdemeanors. Class 1 felonies are the most serious crimes, and include offenses such as first degree murder, treason, and kidnapping. For each class of felony and misdemeanor, Colorado law specifies a presumptive sentencing range. However, the General Assembly has adopted several special sentencing categories that provide the court with the discretion to impose a sentence that is shorter or longer than the presumptive range if certain circumstances exist. This memorandum provides an overview of the special sentencing categories in state law for felony and misdemeanor offenses, and also explains Colorado's habitual offender and special offender sentencing laws. A summary of recent legislative changes to habitual offender laws and sentencing for certain misdemeanors is included. Sentencing for Felonies Presumptive sentencing ranges for felonies. sentencing for felonies under current law. 1 Table 1 summarizes the presumptive 1 Section (1)(a)(V)(A), C.R.S.

2 Table 1 Presumptive Sentencing Ranges for Felonies Class of Felony M inimum Sentence Maximum Sentence Class 1 Life im prisonment Death Class 2 8 years 24 years Class 3 4 years 12 years Class 4 2 years 6 years Class 5 1 year 3 years Class 6 1 year 18 months It is important to note that not all persons convicted of a felony receive a sentence to prison. State law authorizes many alternatives to prison, including deferred prosecution, deferred sentencing, probation, and community corrections. In addition, persons convicted of a felony may be required to pay a fine, either in lieu of or in addition to a prison sentence. Fines range from $1,000 to $100,000 for a class 6 felony, and from $5,000 to $1,000,000 for a class 2 felony. There are five special sentencing categories for felonies that affect the presumptive sentencing range: crimes with extraordinary aggravating or mitigating circumstances (no specific circumstances listed); crimes of violence; crimes with specific extraordinary aggravating circumstances; crimes with sentencing-enhancing circumstances; and crimes presenting an extraordinary risk of harm to society. In addition, the presumptive sentencing range may be increased if offenders are deemed "habitual offenders" or "special offenders," a designation that depends on the circumstances of their crime and their past criminal history. Further detail on each special sentencing category is provided below. Table 3 in the memorandum summarizes all of the possible sentencing ranges for normal felonies and special sentencing categories. Crimes with extraordinary mitigating or aggravating circumstances. The court may impose a sentence that is lesser or greater than the presumptive range when it finds that extraordinary 2 mitigating or aggravating circumstances are present. The factors may be determined by the court based on evidence in the record at the sentencing hearing and information contained in a presentence investigation report. The court may not impose a sentence that is less than one-half of the minimum or more than twice the maximum of the presumptive range. For example, for a class 3 felony, the sentencing range for crimes with extraordinary mitigating or aggravating circumstances is 2 to 24 years. In this special sentencing category, state law does not list specific mitigating or aggravating circumstances; such factors are at the court's discretion. However, the separate special 2 Section (6), C.R.S. 2

3 sentencing category of crimes with extraordinary aggravating circumstances does list specific circumstances that require a longer sentence. Crimes of violence. Any offender convicted of a crime of violence must be sentenced to a prison term which is at least at the midpoint in the presumptive range but not more than twice the 3 maximum term. The following offenses are defined in state law as crimes of violence when a person: 1) used, or possessed and threatened the use of, a deadly weapon; or 2) caused serious bodily injury or death: a crime against an at-risk adult or an at-risk juvenile; murder; first or second degree assault; kidnapping; a sexual offense; aggravated robbery; first degree arson; first degree burglary; escape; criminal extortion; and any unlawful sexual offense in which the defendant caused bodily injury to the victim or in which the defendant used threat, intimidation, or force against the victim. Extraordinary aggravating circumstances. Any offender convicted of a crime with extraordinary aggravating circumstances must be sentenced to a term of at least the midpoint in the 4 presumptive range but not more than twice the maximum term. The scenarios under which an offender may be charged with a crime that has extraordinary aggravating circumstances are: the defendant is convicted of a crime of violence (see category above); the defendant was on parole for another felony at the time that he or she committed the felony offense; the defendant was on probation or was on bond while awaiting sentencing following revocation of probation for another felony when he or she committed the felony offense; the defendant was under confinement, in prison, or in any correctional institution as a convicted felon, or was an escapee from confinement in any correctional institution for another felony when he or she committed the felony offense; the defendant was on appeal bond following a conviction for a previous felony when he or she committed the felony offense; or at the time he or she committed the offense, the defendant was on probation for or on bond while awaiting sentencing following revocation of probation for a delinquent act that would have been a felony if committed by an adult. Colorado law further specifies that the following offenders must be sentenced for a term of at least the midpoint in the presumptive range but not more than twice the maximum term: 3 Section , C.R.S. 4 Section (8), C.R.S. 3

4 offenders convicted of class 2 or class 3 felony child abuse; offenders convicted of class 2 felony sexual assault that occurred prior to November 1, 1998; and offenders convicted of class 3 or class 4 felony vehicular homicide who were, while committing vehicular homicide, in flight from the commission of another felony. Offenders convicted of class 2 felony sexual assault that occurred after November 1, 1998, must be sentenced for an indeterminate sentence of at least the midpoint of the presumptive range and up to the offender's natural life. It should be noted that nothing precludes the court from considering aggravating circumstances other than those listed in law as the basis for sentencing a defendant to a term greater than the presumptive range. Sentence-enhancing circumstances. Offenders convicted of a crime with sentence-enhancing circumstances must be sentenced to at least the minimum but not more than 5 twice the maximum of the presumptive range. Sentencing-enhancing circumstances include the following: at the time of the commission of the felony, the defendant was charged with or was on bond for a previous felony and was subsequently convicted of that previous felony; at the time of the commission of the felony, the defendant was charged with or was on bond for a delinquent act that would have constituted a felony if committed by an adult; when the defendant committed the felony, he or she was on bond for having pled guilty to a lesser offense when the original offense charged was a felony; the defendant was under a deferred judgement and sentence for another felony when he or she committed the felony; at the time of the commission of the felony, the defendant was on bond in a juvenile prosecution for having pled guilty to a lesser offense when the original offense charged was an offense that would have constituted a felony if committed by an adult; at the time the felony was committed, the defendant was under a deferred judgement and sentence for another offense that would have constituted a felony if committed by an adult; and when the defendant committed the felony, he or she was on parole for having been adjudicated a delinquent child for an offense which would constitute a felony if committed by an adult. Crimes presenting an extraordinary risk of harm to society. Maximum sentences for offenders convicted of crimes presenting an extraordinary risk of harm to society are increased as explained in Table Section (9), C.R.S. 6 Section (10), C.R.S. 4

5 Table 2 Presumptive Sentencing Ranges for Extraordinary Risk of Harm Crimes Class of Felony Class 3 Class 4 Class 5 Class 6 Sentencing Ranges for Extraordinary Risk of Harm Crimes 4 to 16 years (maximum increased by 4 years) 2 to 8 years (maximum increased by 2 years) 1 to 4 years (maximum increased by 1 year) 1 to 2 years (maximum increased by 6 months) Felonies that present an extraordinary risk of harm to society are the following: aggravated robbery; child abuse; unlawful distribution, manufacturing, dispensing, sale, or possession of a controlled substance with the intent to sell, distribute, manufacture, or dispense; any crime of violence; stalking; sale or distribution of materials to manufacture controlled substances; and invasion of privacy for sexual gratification. Habitual offenders. Sentencing for offenders deemed "habitual offenders" bypasses the presumptive sentencing ranges and requires courts to impose a sentence that is significantly higher 7 than the maximum in the presumptive range. There are four levels of habitual offender sentencing in state law, each of which is explained below. The "little habitual." Any offender convicted of a class 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5 felony who, within ten years of the date of the commission of the offense, has twice previously been convicted of a felony, is adjudicated as a "little habitual" offender. The court is required to sentence such offenders to a term of imprisonment which is three times the maximum of the presumptive range for the felony class for which the person is convicted. The "big habitual." Any offender convicted of a fourth felony, regardless of the felony class, is adjudicated as a "big habitual" offender. The court is required to sentence such offenders to a term of imprisonment which is four times the maximum in the presumptive range for the class of felony for which the person is convicted. The "bigger habitual." Any offender convicted and sentenced under the big habitual statute who is subsequently convicted of a felony that is a crime of violence is adjudicated as a "bigger habitual" offender. Such offenders must be sentenced to a term of life imprisonment and are ineligible for parole until they have served at least 40 years. 7 Section , C.R.S. 5

6 The "three strikes you're out habitual." This level of habitual offender sentencing applies to any offender convicted of any third class 1 or 2 felony or class 3 felony that is a crime of violence. Such offenders must be sentenced to a term of life imprisonment and are ineligible for parole until they have served at least 40 years. Special offenders. Offenders convicted of felony drug offenses may be designated as 8 "special offenders" if extraordinary aggravating circumstances exist. The court must sentence special offenders to a term of at least the minimum and no more than twice the maximum of the presumptive range for a class 2 felony. Therefore, the presumptive range for special offenders is 8 to 48 years. A defendant is required to be designated a special offender if he or she: was previously convicted of two ore more offenses which were punishable by one year or more of imprisonment and involved the manufacture, sale, dispensing, or distribution of controlled substances; committed an offense as part of a pattern of manufacturing, selling, dispensing, or distributing controlled substances, which constituted a substantial source of the defendant's income and in which he or she exhibited special skill or expertise; committed a felony which was a conspiracy with one or more persons to engage in a pattern of manufacturing, selling, dispensing, or distributing a controlled substance, and the defendant did or agreed to initiate, organize, plan, finance, direct, manage, or supervise all or part of the conspiracy, or gave or received a bribe, or used force; unlawfully introduced, distributed, or imported into Colorado more than four grams of any schedule I or II controlled substance, or more than two grams of methamphetamine; unlawfully sold, dispensed, distributed, possessed, or imported into Colorado a quantity in excess of 100 pounds of marijuana or marijuana concentrate; used, displayed, or possessed a deadly weapon at the time of the commission of the offense, or the defendant or a confederate possessed a firearm in a manner that posed a risk to others or in a vehicle used during the commission of a drug offense; solicited, induced, encouraged, intimidated, employed, hired, or procured a child to act as his or her agent to assist in the unlawful distribution, manufacturing, dispensing, sale, or possession for the purposes of sale of any controlled substance; engaged in a continuing criminal enterprise by committing a drug offense and the offense is part of a continuing series of two or more drug offenses undertaken by the defendant in concert with five or more other persons that the defendant supervised, and the defendant obtained substantial income or resources; and is convicted of selling, distributing, possessing with the intent to distribute, manufacturing, or attempting to manufacture any controlled substance either within or upon the grounds of any public or private school or public housing development, or within 1,000 feet of any school or public housing development, or within any private dwelling that is accessible to the public, or in any school vehicle while the vehicle is transporting students. It should be noted that the court may consider aggravating sentences other than those listed previously, and any defendants deemed special offenders who are subject to a greater sentence pursuant to another state law may be sentenced to the greater sentence. 8 Section , C.R.S. 6

7 Recent legislation concerning special sentencing for felonies. In 2011, the General Assembly passed Senate Bill , which removed the option of sentencing an individual convicted of the class 6 felony of unlawful possession of a controlled substance as a habitual offender. In 2012, the General Assembly adopted House Bill , which exempted charges of felony escape or attempt to escape from a place other than a county jail or a correctional facility from criteria used to designate a person as a habitual criminal. The list of felonies that present an extraordinary risk of harm to society has remained generally the same over the past decade, with the exception of sale or distribution of materials to manufacture controlled substances, which was added in 2003 by HB , and invasion of privacy for sexual gratification, which was added to the list in 2010 by SB Offenders subject to multiple special sentencing categories. Table 3 on the next page lists all of the ranges for normal presumptive sentencing, special sentencing categories, and habitual offender sentencing. Sentences for special offenders are not included because the classification of a drug offense may vary, and all special offenders are sentenced within a range of 8 to 48 years. When an offender is charged with a crime that involves more than one special sentencing category, the sentencing range is first increased to account for a crime that presents an extraordinary risk of harm to society, and is then further adjusted according to any other special sentencing categories that apply. For example, because a class 3 felony crime of violence is also a crime that presents an extraordinary risk of harm to society, an offender charged with such a crime is first subject to an extraordinary risk of harm sentence of 4 to 16 years (4 years longer than the maximum range for a class 3 felony), and then must be sentenced to at least the midpoint and up to twice the maximum of the extraordinary risk presumptive range, for an overall range for 10 to 32 years. 7

8 Table 3 Felony Sentencing Ranges including Special Sentencing Categories and Habitual Offender Laws Class of Felony Normal Presumptive Range Extraordinary Aggravating or Mitigating Circumstances Sentence- Enhancing Circumstances Extraordinary Aggravating Circumstances / Crime of Violence Little Habitual Big Habitual Class 1 Life to Death Life Life Life Life Life Class 2 8 to 24 years 4 to 48 years 8 to 48 years 16 to 48 years 72 years 96 years Class 3 [Extraordinary Risk of Harm] 4 to 16 years 2 to 32 years 4 to 32 years 10 to 32 years 48 years 64 years Class 3 4 to 12 years 2 to 24 years 4 to 24 years 8 to 24 years 36 years 48 years Class 4 [Extraordinary Risk of Harm] 2 to 8 years 1 to 16 years 2 to 16 years 5 to 16 years 24 years 32 years Class 4 2 to 6 years 1 to 12 years 2 to 12 years 4 to 12 years 18 years 24 years Class 5 [Extraordinary Risk of Harm] 1 to 4 years 6 months to 8 years 1 to 8 years 2.5 to 8 years 12 years 16 years Class 5 1 to 3 years 6 months to 6 years 1 to 6 years 2 to 6 years 9 years 12 years Class 6 [Extraordinary Risk of Harm] 1 to 2 years 6 months to 4 years 1 to 4 years 18 months to 4 years Not Applicable 8 years Class 6 1 year to 18 months 6 months to 3 years 1 to 3 years 15 months to 3 years Not Applicable 6 years 8

9 Sentencing for Misdemeanors Presumptive sentencing ranges for misdemeanors. Table 4 summarizes the presumptive sentencing for misdemeanors under current law. 9 Table 4 Presumptive Sentencing Ranges for Misdemeanors Class of M isdemeanor M inimum Sentence M aximum Sentence Class 1 6 months in jail 18 months in jail Class 2 3 months in jail 12 months in jail Class 3 No jail time, $50 fine only 6 months in jail It is important to note that not all persons convicted of a misdemeanor receive a sentence to jail. Many offenders receive a sentence to probation. In addition, persons convicted of a misdemeanor may be required to pay a fine, either in lieu of or in addition to a jail sentence. Fines range from $50 to $750 for a class 3 misdemeanor, and from $500 to $5,000 for a class 1 misdemeanor. There are three special sentencing categories for misdemeanors that affect the presumptive sentencing range: crimes presenting an extraordinary risk of harm to society; third degree assault against certain victims; and reckless endangerment against a victim who is a mental health professional engaged in the performance of his or her duties for the Colorado Department of Human Services. Further detail on each special sentencing category is provided below. Misdemeanors that present an extraordinary risk of harm to society. Maximum sentences for offenders convicted of misdemeanors presenting an extraordinary risk of harm to society are 10 increased by six months. Such crimes, which are all class 1 misdemeanors, are the following: third degree assault; class 1 misdemeanor sexual assault when the victim is at least 15 years old but less than 17 years old and the actor is at least 10 years older than the victim and is not the victim's spouse; class 1 misdemeanor unlawful sexual contact; knowing or reckless child abuse resulting in injury other than serious bodily injury; violation of a protection order (second and subsequent offenses); 9 Section (1)(a), C.R.S. 10 Section (3)(a), C.R.S. 9

10 class 1 misdemeanor failure to register as a sex offender; and class 1misdemeanor invasion of privacy for sexual gratification. 11 Enhanced sentencing for crimes against certain victims. If the victim of third degree assault is a peace officer, emergency medical service provider, emergency medical care provider, or firefighter engaged in the performance of his or her duties, the penalties for an extraordinary risk 12 crime are increased further. Offenders convicted of such crimes must be sentenced to at least the maximum sentence for third degree assault, and no more than twice the maximum sentence. Because third degree assault is already an extraordinary risk crime, offenders convicted of third degree assault against specified victims must be sentenced to a term of 24 to 48 months in jail. If the victim of class 1 misdemeanor third degree assault or class 3 misdemeanor reckless endangerment is a mental health professional who is engaged in the performance of his or her duties and is employed by or under contract with the Department of Human Services, the offender must be sentenced to at least the maximum sentence but not more than twice the maximum sentence for third 13 degree assault or reckless endangerment. For third degree assault, the sentence must be 24 to 48 months in jail; for reckless endangerment, the sentence must be 6 to 12 months in jail. Table 5 summarizes how the sentencing range for third degree assault against specified victims and for reckless endangerment against Department of Human Services' mental health professionals differs from the sentencing ranges for standard class 1 misdemeanor third degree assault (an extraordinary risk crime), and from the ranges for standard class 1, 2, and 3 misdemeanors (including class 3 misdemeanor reckless endangerment). 11 Section (3)(b), C.R.S. 12 Section (1.5)(a), C.R.S. 13 Section (1.7)(a), C.R.S. 10

11 Table 5 Enhanced Sentencing Ranges for Certain Misdemeanors Compared to Normal Presumptive Sentencing Ranges Offense or Class of M isdemeanor Third degree assault when the victim is a peace officer, em ergency m edical service provider, em ergency m edical care provider, firefighter, or m ental health professional at the Department of Human Services (class 1 misdemeanor and an extraordinary risk crime) Third degree assault (class 1 misdemeanor and an extraordinary risk crime) Sentencing Range 24 to 48 months in jail 6 to 24 months in jail Class 1 misdemeanor 6 to 18 months in jail Reckless endangerm ent when the victim is a mental health professional at the Department of Human Services (class 3 misdemeanor) 6 to 12 months in jail Class 2 misdemeanor 3 to 12 months in jail Class 3 misdemeanor (e.g., reckless endangerment) 0 to 6 months in jail Recent legislation concerning special sentencing for misdemeanors. Peace officers and firefighters have been included in the list of victims of third degree assault who trigger enhanced sentencing since Emergency medical technicians were added to the list in 2009 by HB , and emergency medical care providers were added in 2011 by HB In 2012, HB replaced the term "emergency medical technician" with "emergency medical service provider." The list of misdemeanors that present an extraordinary risk of harm to society has remained the same over the past decade, with the exception of invasion of privacy for sexual gratification, which was added to the list in 2010 by SB S:\LCS\MEMOS\2012\Issue Brief Special Sentencing wpd

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