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The era of confrontation between the United States and the Soviet Union that lasted from 1946 to 1990

What was Rusia concerned with after WWII

Security- they wanted to make other countries weak
Economy- they thought capitalist countries would try to replace communism with capitalism

Why did America want to spread capitalism?

They thought capitalism was the best economic system to avoid depression, which had caused WWII

What was the first issue discussed at the Yalta Conference?

Poland

What was the issue with Poland at the Yalta Conference?

After the Russians liberated Poland, there were too groups trying to govern it: the pre-war govt, and the Russian-backed communists

What agreement was reached about Poland at the Yalta Conference?

Roosevelt and Churchill would recognize the communist Polish government, but it would include members of the prewar govt. Free elections would be held as soon as possible.

What did the Declaration of Liberated Europe say?

The people of a country have the right to chose whatever type of government they want.

Which four countries controlled Germany?

America, Great Britain, France, Russia

How did the Russians disobey the Declaration of Liberated Europe?

They forced Romania to have a Communist government, and refused to appoint more that three non-communist Poles to their 18-member government, and would not hold free elections in Poland

What was Truman's policy toward Russia?

To stand up to them and not let them have their way.

What occured at the Potsdam Conference?

America and USSR decided what to do with Germany

What was Truman's plan about Germany?

To not force reparations on Germany, make them pay it back in trade goods and products. Russia could take what they want out of their side of Germany, but let the other parts become industrialized before they are charged with reparations

Why was Stalin forced to accept the Truman's deal?

Since American troops controlled Germany's heartland, Russia would not get any reparations unless they accepted the deal

What was discussed at Potsdam

Germany, Russia's commitment to uphold the Declaration of Liberated Europe

What were Communist countries in Eastern Europe called?

Satellite nations

What was meant be the "iron curtain"

The division of social and military powers in Europe between Capitalism and Communism

What was the Long Telegram?

A long cable message explaining George Kennan views of the Soviet goals

What were Kennan's views of Soviet goals?

The Soviets' view of the world came from a sense of insecurity and fear of the West, and the struggle against Capitalism.

What did Kennan propose as a strategy to deal with the Russians?

A long-term and patient vigilant containment of Russian expansive tendencies. Also, contain communism through diplomatic, economic, and military actions

What happened during the crisis in Iran?

Russia refused to withdraw their troops from Iraq until America showed force.

Who was Dean Acheson

A presidential advisor who told Truman to intervene in Stalin's conquest of Turkey, because he thought they were trying to take over the middle east

What happened in Greece

Greek guerillas attacked the Greek government. Britain tried to back the govt., but ran out of money.

What was the Truman Doctrine?

A policy to aid free peoples who are resisting outside pressures. Basically, to fight communism worldwide.

What was the Marshall plan?

Gave aide to European nations whose economies were destroyed by the war, to help rebuild them.

Why was West Germany founded?

America concluded that the Soviets were trying to destroy Germany's economy, so they merged there sections with England and France to form a separate country.

What was the purpose of the Berlin Airlift?

To get food into West Berlin to keep the people there alive without starting a war.

NATO

North Atlantic Treaty Organization- each country had to come to the aid of the others

The Soviet UN member was not there to vote against it, since he was boycotting because of the China situtation

What port was near where the South Koreans and Americans were driven back into

Pusan

What was the pocket called that S. Korean and American forces were driven into

Pusan perimeter

Where did MacArthur land in Korea

Inchon

What river separates China from Korea

Yalu River

What were MacArthur's demands for Korea

Expand the war against China: a blockade of Chinese ports, use of Chiang Kai-Shek's forces, and bomb China with atomic weapons

Limited War

A war fought to achieve limited objective

Subversion

the effort to secretly weaken a country and overthrow its government

Igor Gouzenko

The Russian spy who defected and told of the effort by the Soviet Union to find out about the atomic bomb

Loyalty Review Program

Screened all federal employees for communists

J. Edgar Hoover

The FBI director who wanted to hold public hearings on Communist subversion.

HUAC

House Unamerican Activities Committee- formed to investigate both Communist and Facist activites in the US

Whittaker Chambers

Testified to the HUAC about several government officials that were former Communists or spies

Alger Hiss

Accused by Chambers of being a Communist, denied it and accused of lying under oath

Pumpkin papers

The papers that showed the evidence that Hiss was a communist

Perjury

Lying under oath

Julius and Ethel Rosenberg

Members of the communist party who were charged with heading a Soviet spy ring.

Klaus Fuchs

A British scientist who admitted sending information to the Soviet Union

Venona

The project to crack the Soviet spy code

Taft-Hartley Act

Required union leaders to take oaths that they were not communist

CIO

Congress of Industrial Organizations- expelled organizations that did not remove Communist leaders for their organization

Joseph R. McCarthy

Accused people of being Communist or in communist spy rings

How did McCarthy win his election in 1946

He accused his opponent of being communistically inclined.

The Party of Betrayal

The booklet McCarthy distributed, accusing many Democrat leaders of corruptions and of protecting communists

McCarran Act was also know as

Internal Security Act

McCarran Act

Made it illegal to contribute to the establishment of communism in America. Also, Communists had many restrictions

McCarthyism

A search for disloyalty based on flimsy evidence and irrational fears, unfounded charges

Censure

Formal disapproval

For every person killed by a nuclear blast, how many would die from radiation

4

Fallout shelters

Shelters built to protect one's self from an atomic bomb attack.

Matt Cvetic

Infiltrated the Communist Party in Pittsburgh and wrote a story for the Saturday Evening Post

Massive Retaliation

Threaten with nuclear weapons if a country tried to seize territory by force

Which plane could fly across continens and drop nuclear bombs anywhere in the world?

B-52 Bombers

ICBMs

Intercontinental Ballistic Missiles- could deliver bombs anywhere in the world

NASA

Coordinated research in rocket science and space exploration

NDEA

National Defense Education Act- provided funs for education and training in science, math, and foreign language

John Foster Dulles

Secretary of State who defended Eisenhower's policy of building up with nuclear weapons

Brinkmanship

Willingness to go the the brink of war to force the other side to back down

Mohammed Mossadegh

Iranian prime minister who nationalized the Anglo-Iranian Oil Company. He was ready to make an oil deal with the Russians, but was ousted by American-backed riots, and the pro-American Shah was put into power.

Nikita Khrushchev

Leader of Russia after Stalin died

Summit

a formal meeting of leaders from different countries to discuss issues

Military-industrial complex

The relationship between the military establishment and the defense industry