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By building banks in Italy. London, and Flanders. Controlled city politics, were patrons of the arts

What did the artists of the Italian Renaissance give art?

realism

Humanisn

Human beings rather than God were the central focus of all study amd artistic expressions. Also focused on the achievement of individuals.

Petrarch

First humanist, he collected works of Greek and Roman writers, wrote in vernacullar instead of Latin.

Machiavelli

first of realists, told readers how to succeed in politics in real world, some call him first modern political thinker

Shakespeare

(1564-1616) gave voice to Rennaissance belief in the human capacity for achievement on a grand scale

Marco Polo

ventured to Asia in 1200's to gain riches

Why did Portugal refuse to fund Columbus' voyage?

They thought Columbus had seriously miscalculated the distance between Europe and Asia

Martin Luther

monk and professor of theology in Wittenberg, Germany.
-pardon from punishments, sinners are to suffer after death
-1517, posted Ninety-Five Theses

Nation-State

A government that takes in one nation and one nation only.

What did the development of nation-states create between Europe nations?

new loyalties, new wealth, and a new spirit of optimism and self-confidence.

First nation to industrialize?

Belgium

Effects of Industrial Revolution

technology explosion that allowed for many new useful inventions..trains, factories, new wealth.

Laissez-Faire Capitalism

Unrestriced competition, free trade, and a factory system ruled by the law of supply and demand rather than by govenment regulation.

Democratic Liberalism

-working class interests could no longer be ignored
-workers became better-educated and more assertive, revolutions swept through Europe
-governments set minimum waes, limited working hours and child labor, and monitered factory conditions
-unemployment compensations, health insurance and retirement benefits were created.

Socialism

welfare of the community, rejected the idea of a free market in favor of a planned economy.

Marxism and the Communist Manifesto

-economic forces alone shaped human history, class struggle
-"The proletarians have nothing to lose but their chains. They have a world to win. Working men of all countries, unite!"

Jingoism

hatred and suspicion of another nation overshadows the love of one's own country.

Militarism

-fighting was better than peace
-Europe was a field of armed camps, all ready for battle

How did self-determination in the Balkans make it known as the "Tinder Box of Europe"?

There were many different ethnicities, and only a spark was needed to ignite the fires of war between them.

Total War

an all-out commitment of human and material resources is demanded

What did Germany do after Russia pulled out of the war?

Germany moved its forces to France, focused its efforts to break the British blocked (which is what brought U.S. into the war)

How was the Middle East affected by the Treaty of Versailles?

Their lands were divided into French and British mandates, which caused many problems and outraged the Middle Easter peoples

Terms of the Treaty of Versailles

-Germany would lose 1/10 of its territory in Europe and its colonies
-a 15 year Allied occupation of the Rhineland and removal of military forces there
-The German military would be reduced to 100,000 men, with a prohibition on artillery, tanks, airplanes, subs.
-Germany had to provide payment for damages from the war.

Why were there strikes in Petrograd in 1917?

Working women started the stirkes when the cost of break skyrocketed during the war.

What were the laws called that stripped the Jews od their civil rights?

Nuremberg Laws

What was the second phase?

1939-1942
War starts in September 1939 and borders close.
Property is stolen from Jewsand they are forced into Ghettos

Third phase?

1942-1945
Eradication of the Jews

Wannsee Conference

representatives from various governments met to agree on how to administer the "final solution"
January 20, 1942

What was Zyklon B gas?

the cheapest and most effective gas used in the gas chambers

Auschwitz

In Poland, and was the biggest extermination camp

What were the two essential characteristics of the Holocaust which made effective resistance by the Jews impossible?

-The German state were involved in the policies, laws and decrees. There was no way to appeal or hide
-The step-by-step nature made it impossible for people to understand until it was too late.

Did the Nazi government publicly announce the destruction of the Jews?

No. They convinced their citizens that the policies of the Nazi state could not be judged by moral standards.

How did collaborationist governments assist with the destruction of the Jews?

-Vichy government of France introduced and implemented anti-Jewish measures. They voluntarily identified and deported 75,000 men, women, and children.

Who were the second highest number of those who died in the Holocaust?

75,000

How did Hitler violate the Treaty of Versailles in 1935?

"master race" theory, desire for "living space"

What country did Italy take in 1935?

Ethiopia

What was the non-aggression pact?

signed between Germany and Stalin/Soviet Union. Allowed Germany to fight one front war at a time.

When did Hitler attack Poland?

September 1, 1939

THIS STARTED WWI!

Blitzkrieg

lightening war

-an invasion of takns with massive air support

Axis Powers

German and Italy

Allied Powers

France and England

What did the U.S. threaten in 1940 if Japan countinued its aggressive behavior?

economic sanctions

When did the Japanese bomb Pearl Harbor?

December 7, 1941

As a result, the U.S. declares war on Japan

After WWII, who were the Axis and Allied powers?

Axis: Germany, Italy, Japan

Allied: France, England, U.S.

By June 1940, what was the only Western European country Hitler did not control?

England

What was it called when Germany and Britain were fighting each other?

The Battle of Britain
July 1940-October 1940

What were the first two major mistakes made by Germany that would lead to their downfall?

-failure to defeat the British
-invasion of the Soviet Union

Why did Hitler attack North Africa?

to cut off the British oil supply
German general in charge: Erwin Rommel

What was the name of the operation in which the Allies defeated the Germans in 1943?

Battle in the Pacific

When was D-Day?

the largest amphibious invasion in military history, allied forces strom the beaches of Normandy to take back Western Europe from Hitler. Officially called Operation Overlord

When was the Battle of the Bulge?

Decembr 1944-January 1945
named due to the Nazis' attempt to create a "bulge" in Allied front line.
-victory for Allied forces

When did the war in the Europen theater (V-E Day) end?

May 7, 1945

What was the Yalta Conference?

Attended by Winston Churchill, Franklin Delano Roosevelt and Joseph Stalin to determine what to do with Europe after the war

What four things happened at the Yalta Conference?

1.United Nations established
2.Germany to be split into 4 zones; Soviet Union, U.S., France and Great Britain would each receive a zone.
3. Germany pays $20 billion in reparations
4. Poland would eventually get free elections

What two wars occured during the Cold War?

The Korean War and the Vietnam War
-The U.S. and the Soviet Union never directly fought each other

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