The Byzantines used stirrups in the Battle of Yarmuk, which was in 636. And what do you mean by the second part? Wooden stirrups were also used, as well as metal ones. I'm not too sure of the time of transition, sorry.

There is not any evidence (to my knowledge, anyway) of the Byzantines using stirrups at that time. It cannot be said either way. It seems that the dominant view among scholars is that the Avars introduced stirrups to the area in the late 6th century.

There is not any evidence (to my knowledge, anyway) of the Byzantines using stirrups at that time. It cannot be said either way. It seems that the dominant view among scholars is that the Avars introduced stirrups to the area in the late 6th century.

It is speculated that the stirrup originated in India as early as 500 B.C as well. Although the "stirrup" was designed to hold only the big toe.

Ouch what? Isn't it possible that the Avars were part of a chain through which the technology filtered, either from India or some other place as the origin? You do understand that Byzantium is in a different location than India, I think.

Why would anyone design a stirrup that would only hold your big toe but not your foot?

How would you design a modern stirrup out of nowhere if you had no example nor knowledge of what that is. It usually takes evolution for something to become a finalized product. Plus if it was effective and practical there is no reason not to use it.

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