Salisbury, Starving Children and Soviet Soldiers: Disinformation Pollution in Action

Ridicule and accuse, recycle and amplify. This was the strategy behind the pro-Kremlin disinformation campaign’s immediate efforts when the UK released the images of the two suspects of the Salisbury nerve agent attack. Polluting the information space – and readers’ thinking – by spreading clusters of contradicting and misleading messages aims at distracting the audiences from the facts. But this week it was also winning time and preparing the ground for Russia’s president Vladimir Putin’s statement that Russia has identified the suspects.

And here is how the pro-Kremlin disinformation campaign looked like in action this week:

First, the pro-Kremlin disinformation campaign started ridiculing the evidence provided by the UK. It claimed that the security camera footage of the two suspects arriving at Gatwick Airport on March 2, 2018, shows them in the same place at the same time. It further accused the UK of fabricating the evidence and ridiculed it stating that the UK is practising “God-level trolling” and that the Russian Military Intelligence agents must have “learned to walk in tandem while appearing separately in two different photos”.

But in fact, after passengers clear passport control and customs at Gatwick, they are obliged to walk separately through a row of identical barriers. Furthermore, the suspects were clearly filmed in different corridors.

Then it was time for detailed claims aimed at creating further confusion, like that Novichok was too toxic to be carried in a perfume bottle (debunked by the scientist who developed the substance) and that Sergei and Yulia Skripal never could have touched the poisoned door handle (debunked here). Disinformation also repeated the unsubstantiated claim that Novichok could have been manufactured in the UK. See the debunk here.

If in April Russia’s disinformation stories on the Salisbury attack managed to contaminate the information space and two out of three articles on the Skripal case shared on Facebook, Twitter, LinkedIn, or Pinterest, came from Kremlin-funded media outlets, this time the immediate impact of disinformation was much more limited. Even in a brief phone poll on Russian Govorit Moskva Radio Station, over half the callers said they believe Russia was behind the nerve agent poisonings in Britain.

Who is keeping silent?

When a topic is too painful the pro-Kremlin disinformation campaign prefers to ignore it. In Russia, the local election day on September 9 was “one of the calmest in recent years”, we learned from the Russian police. At the same time, the state-controlled Russian TV channels were carefully silent about the country-wide protests and clashes between the protesters and the police with hundreds detained.

The Russian TV told its audience a different breaking news story: Two million kids starve in Britain! and it is the UK “propaganda” that “hushes up” this problem. In fact Russian TV must have learned about the so called holiday hunger from one of the many reports in the UK media.

We also saw a culmination of a disinformation story that started spreading in 2016: that Finns would have organised mass shootings of Soviet Soldiers in Sandarmokh, Karelia, during WWII. The claim is tailored to distract the attention from the thousands victims of Stalin’s terror who in fact were executed and buried in Sandarmokh. The same technique has been in use before in relation to the Katyn massacre. Freshen your mind from disinformation pollution with this debunk.

Additional details: The establishment in D. C. and in London want to use the conflict in Syria and the Skripal case to gain ground for another great war. The only person standing in the way is US president Donald Trump.

On September 5, UK counter-terrorism police released images of two suspects in connections with the Salisbury attack. http://news.met.police.uk/news/counter-terrorism-police-release-images-of-two-suspects-in-connection-with-salisbury-attack-320534, https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-45421445

On September 6, France, Germany, US and Canada stated that they have full confidence in the British assessment that the two suspects were officers from the Russian military intelligence service, also known as the GRU, and that this operation was almost certainly approved at a senior government level. https://www.gov.uk/government/news/salisbury-attack-joint-statement-by-leaders-of-france-germany-the-united-states-canada-and-the-united-kingdom

In September 2017, the UN Commission of Inquiry on the Syrian Arab Republic summarized 33 separate incidents where it had found use of chemical weapons. Since then there have been several additional suspected chemical attacks. Between March 2013 and March 2017, the Commission documented 25 incidents of chemical weapons use in the Syrian Arab Republic, of which 20 were proven to have been perpetrated by government forces and used primarily against civilians.

On September 5, UK counter-terrorism police released images of two suspects in connections with the Salisbury attack. http://news.met.police.uk/news/counter-terrorism-police-release-images-of-two-suspects-in-connection-with-salisbury-attack-320534, https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-45421445

On September 6, France, Germany, US and Canada stated that they have full confidence in the British assessment that the two suspects were officers from the Russian military intelligence service, also known as the GRU, and that this operation was almost certainly approved at a senior government level. https://www.gov.uk/government/news/salisbury-attack-joint-statement-by-leaders-of-france-germany-the-united-states-canada-and-the-united-kingdom

This wasn't an official delegation. It's a visit of some representatives of the American Center for Citizen Initiatives.

According to the official position of the U.S. Department of State, the United States refuses to recognize "the Kremlin’s claims of sovereignty over territory seized by force in contravention of international law". It "rejects Russia’s attempted annexation of Crimea and pledges to maintain this policy until Ukraine’s territorial integrity is restored".

Additional details: According to the Donetsk People's Republic's scouts, the 79th Ukrainian "offensive airborne division" has been deployed in the conflict area in the Donbas. The "Azov group is officially Ukraine's citizens' guard unit, is engaged in military drills training them for urban warfare" - writes Világyfigyelő. The article claims that Ukrainians deployed a large number of troops to Urzuf, and high-ranking American and Canadian delegations arrived to the HQ of the "Ukrainian Vostok Batallion". According to the article, the DPR "cannot exclude the possibility that a foreign army will also take part in the planned attacks." The DPR's news wire agency claims that the whole operation would be managed by the US and Canada (meaning NATO).

The OSCE Special Monitoring Mission's UAV revealed a convoy of 10 KAMAZ trucks in occupied Donbas on a road near the Russian border. https://www.unian.info/war/10252230-osce-smm-spots-10-military-trucks-near-ukraine-russia-border-in-occupied-donbas.html https://www.unian.info/war/10251978-ukraine-s-intel-explains-why-russia-s-fsb-behind-assassination-of-dpr-leader-zakharchenko.html

Angela Merkel did not express support for Russia's actions in Syria. She encouraged to fight against radical forces in Syria and to protect the civilian population. "We must avoid a humanitarian catastrophe”, said Merkel. More details here and here.

Ukraine is not a real state because it has no single territory, single language, single economy and single population

Additional details: Nowadays Ukraine cannot be considered a state. There are no signs of a state: there is no unity of the territory, no language unity, no economical unity. This is a temporary territory, on which the junta is operating - an illegal power located in Kiev and carrying out terrorist activities, leader of the LDPR party said.

Earlier, pro-Kremlin disinformation has claimed that both the 2017 attack in Khan Sheikhoun and 2018 in Douma were faked. UN-OPCW Joint Investigative Mechanism found Syria’s Government responsible for last year’s attack in Khan Shaykhun. On April 10 2018 Russia vetoed a U.S.-drafted U.N. Security Council resolution that would have created a new inquiry to ascertain responsibility for chemical weapons attacks in Syria.

In September 2017, the UN Commission of Inquiry on the Syrian Arab Republic summarized 33 separate incidents where it had found use of chemical weapons. Since then there have been several additional suspected chemical attacks. Between March 2013 and March 2017, the Commission documented 25 incidents of chemical weapons use in the Syrian Arab Republic, of which 20 were proven to have been perpetrated by government forces and used primarily against civilians.

White Helmets transported toxic materials to a church and the hospital in Jisr al-Shughour

Additional details: The White Helmets transported drums carrying toxic materials to Saint Nicholas church, which they pretend to restore, and the National Hospital in Jisr al-Shughour (North-Western Syria).

In September 2017, the UN Commission of Inquiry on the Syrian Arab Republic summarized 33 separate incidents where it had found use of chemical weapons. Since then there have been several additional suspected chemical attacks. Between March 2013 and March 2017, the Commission documented 25 incidents of chemical weapons use in the Syrian Arab Republic, of which 20 were proven to have been perpetrated by government forces and used primarily against civilians.

Terrorists have met with White Helmets to stage a chemical provocation in Idlib

Additional details: Russian Defense Ministry does not exclude the possibility that a staged chemical provocation in Idlib could take place on 8 September. Terrorists have met today with White Helmets for final prep work.

On 7 April 2018, a high number of civilians were killed in the besieged Syrian city of Douma, with evidence pointing towards another chemical attack by the regime,according to the EU.

According to the World Health Organisation, during the shelling of Douma on Saturday, an estimated 500 patients presented to health facilities exhibiting signs and symptoms consistent with exposure to toxic chemicals.

In September 2017, the UN Commission of Inquiry on the Syrian Arab Republic summarized 33 separate incidents where it had found use of chemical weapons. Since then there have been several additional suspected chemical attacks. Between March 2013 and March 2017, the Commission documented 25 incidents of chemical weapons use in the Syrian Arab Republic, of which 20 were proven to have been perpetrated by government forces and used primarily against civilians.

Additional details: The Russian Ministry of Defense has announced that leaders of the terrorist group Tahrir al-Sham, the Turkistan Islamic Movement and representatives of the White Helmets met in Idlib on September 7 in order to coordinate their participation in the upcoming false flag operation. The chemical weapons provocation in Syria will start on 8 September.

On 7 April 2018, a high number of civilians were killed in the besieged Syrian city of Douma, with evidence pointing towards another chemical attack by the regime,according to the EU.

According to the World Health Organisation, during the shelling of Douma on Saturday, an estimated 500 patients presented to health facilities exhibiting signs and symptoms consistent with exposure to toxic chemicals.

In September 2017, the UN Commission of Inquiry on the Syrian Arab Republic summarized 33 separate incidents where it had found use of chemical weapons. Since then there have been several additional suspected chemical attacks. Between March 2013 and March 2017, the Commission documented 25 incidents of chemical weapons use in the Syrian Arab Republic, of which 20 were proven to have been perpetrated by government forces and used primarily against civilians.

The investigation merely tries to identify who caused the death of one person and threatened hundreds of lives by using a highly dangerous nerve agent. See e.g. https://www.nytimes.com/2018/09/05/world/europe/russia-uk-novichok-skripal.html

Additional details: CCTV pictures recovered by the British police were actually shots taken from a series called 'KGB Spy'. So, in fact, Skripal poison suspects were British actors in a TV drama, according to a Facebook post by producer Michael Killigan.

Additional details: The images of the suspects proof that there is something suspicious about the UK’s evidence: same place, same corridor, same time. But it is impossible for two people to occupy the same space at the same time.

There are multiple parallel gates at the Gatwick airport that would have allowed the two suspects pass through the gates at the same time. While the surroundings are identical, the photographs were taken at slightly different angles, indicating different cameras in different positions. Read more by Bellingcat and by Polygraph.

Brits are victims of a team that invented the Skripal story to set the EU against Russia

Additional details: British people are victims of their own government and of the team that invented the Skripal story... to set the EU against Russia. Britain needs this scandal to make itself visible in the international arena amid its diminishing importance.

On September 5, UK counter-terrorism police released images of two suspects in connections with the Salisbury attack. http://news.met.police.uk/news/counter-terrorism-police-release-images-of-two-suspects-in-connection-with-salisbury-attack-320534, https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-45421445

On September 6, France, Germany, US and Canada stated that they have full confidence in the British assessment that the two suspects were officers from the Russian military intelligence service, also known as the GRU, and that this operation was almost certainly approved at a senior government level. https://www.gov.uk/government/news/salisbury-attack-joint-statement-by-leaders-of-france-germany-the-united-states-canada-and-the-united-kingdom

Portraying a a false picture of Election Day in Russia according to the independent media reports. “Police are brutally crushing the protesters, even teenagers and elders, about a hundred arrested,” Echo Moskvy reported on the rally in St. Petersburg. Russia’s independent newspaper Novaya Gazeta reported country-wide clashes between the protesters and the police, with hundreds detained. The independent monitoring website ovd.info posted the list of the names of 839 protesters detained by the police in 36 cities across Russia. For more information, see Polygraph.

On 11 September, the US proves its support for terrorism and conflicts

Additional details: "Shocking: On 11 September, 17 years after terrorist attacks in New York, the US proves its support for terrorism and conflicts". The US threatens Syria with a strong reaction in case of a chemical attack. In fact, the accusations concerning "two previous chemical attacks" have never been proven, and the Chemical Weapons Organization did not agree that Damascus has used prohibited weapons.

No evidence given. The mission of the US-led coalition (Combined Joint Task Force) is to militarily defeat DA’ESH in the Combined Joint Operations Area by, with, and through regional partners in order to enable whole-of-governmental actions to increase regional stability – by conducting a campaign against Da’esh in Iraq and Syria in four phases http://www.inherentresolve.mil/campaign/

Earlier, pro-Kremlin disinformation has claimed that both the 2017 attack in Khan Sheikhoun and 2018 in Douma were faked. UN-OPCW Joint Investigative Mechanism found Syria’s Government responsible for last year’s attack in Khan Shaykhun. On April 10 2018 Russia vetoed a U.S.-drafted U.N. Security Council resolution that would have created a new inquiry to ascertain responsibility for chemical weapons attacks in Syria.

Background:

On 7 April 2018, a high number of civilians were killed in the besieged Syrian city of Douma, with evidence pointing towards another chemical attack by the regime,according to the EU.

In September 2017, the UN Commission of Inquiry on the Syrian Arab Republic summarized 33 separate incidents where it had found use of chemical weapons. Since then there have been several additional suspected chemical attacks. Between March 2013 and March 2017, the Commission documented 25 incidents of chemical weapons use in the Syrian Arab Republic, of which 20 were proven to have been perpetrated by government forces and used primarily against civilians.

According to the UK’s analysis, independently verified by the OPCW, the exact same chemical nerve agent was used in the poisoning of Dawn Sturgess and Charles Rowley as was used in the poisoning of the Skripals. https://www.gov.uk/government/news/salisbury-attack-joint-statement-by-leaders-of-france-germany-the-united-states-canada-and-the-united-kingdom

This was a Novichok nerve agent. https://www.gov.uk/government/news/foreign-secretary-statement-on-the-opcw-report-into-amesbury

On September 5, UK counter-terrorism police released images of two suspects in connections with the Salisbury attack. http://news.met.police.uk/news/counter-terrorism-police-release-images-of-two-suspects-in-connection-with-salisbury-attack-320534, https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-45421445

On September 6, France, Germany, US and Canada stated that they have full confidence in the British assessment that the two suspects were officers from the Russian military intelligence service, also known as the GRU, and that this operation was almost certainly approved at a senior government level. https://www.gov.uk/government/news/salisbury-attack-joint-statement-by-leaders-of-france-germany-the-united-states-canada-and-the-united-kingdom

Additional details: The establishment in D. C. and in London want to use the conflict in Syria and the Skripal case to gain ground for another great war. The only person standing in the way is US president Donald Trump.

London is practising a ‘God-level trolling’ in the Skripal case: look at the time stamps of the photos

Additional details: Spokeswoman for Russia's Foreign Ministry claimed that London is practising a ‘God-level trolling’ in the Skripal's case: the security camera footage of the two suspects arriving at Gatwick Airport on March 2, 2018, supposedly shows them in the same place at the same time.

"Have a look. The same place, the same corridor, and the same time. So either they just superimposed the same date and exact time on these photos, or Russian Military Intelligence agents have learned to walk in tandem while appearing separately in two different photos," she said.

According to Meduza, a closer inspection of the camera footage reveals that the suspects (identified as Russian citizens Alexander Petrov and Ruslan Boshirov) were clearly filmed in different corridors. In the bottom-right corner of the images, a red sign that appears in each photo isn’t the same.

Some fans plan to attend the match and support Guram Kashai, who became a target of ultra-nationalist and homophobic groups due to wearing an armband in support of LGBT movement. You can read about the case in last week's Disinformation Review. For further debunking, see article by MythDetector.

Nerve agent used in Salisbury was too toxic to be carried in a perfume bottle

Additional details:

The assumption that the toxic agent had been transported in an ordinary bottle of perfume looked weird, the Russian Ambassador to the United Nations said at the Security Council.

"According to reports by OPCW experts, including those related to Amesbury incident, this substance is very toxic and dangerous, and can be carried only in special reinforced containers. Otherwise, the transporter will be the first to be harmed," he added.

UK doesn't have any evidence of what happened in Salisbury, it wants to start an anti-Russian hysteria

Additional details: "London needs this story for one purpose only - to start a disgusting anti-Russian hysteria and to get other countries involved in it. The number of inconsistencies and unanswered questions concerning the new British "evidence" is through the roof," said the Russian Ambassador to the United Nations Vasily Nebenzya at the Security Council.

"The British authorities still don't have any evidence on or convincing versions of what happened", he added.

Additional details:There were plenty of baseless allegations against Moscow."According to the information voiced by Theresa May, the suspects reached the home of Skripals at approximately noon on March 4, whereas earlier in all police reports it was stated that the Skripals left their house that day early in the morning and never returned. So how come they touched the allegedly poisoned door handle of their house," said Russian Ambassador to the United Nations Vasily Nebenzya.

British police have never said the Skripals went out for the whole day, and there’s good evidence to suggest they did in fact return home in the afternoon. Within a fortnight of the incident, CCTV footage emerged showing Sergei’s maroon BMW very close to his home.

The main destabilising factor in Ukraine is the country that illegally invaded Ukraine - i.e. Russia.

The demonstrations which began in Kyiv in November 2013 – called "Maidan", or "Euromaidan" – were not provoked from outside but were a result of the Ukrainian people's frustration with former President Yanukovych's last minute U-turn when, after seven years of negotiation, he refused to sign the EU–Ukraine Association Agreement and halted progress towards Ukraine's closer relationship with the EU as a result of Russian pressure. The protesters' demands included constitutional reform, a stronger role for parliament, formation of a government of national unity, an end to corruption, early presidential elections and an end to violence http://bit.ly/2ftv6iT. The European Union does not recognise the illegal annexation of Crimea and continues to condemn this violation of international law, and that Russia’s illegal actions remain a direct challenge to international security, with grave implications for the international legal order that protects the unity and sovereignty of all States.

Additional details:Modern Europe's anti-Semitic rhetoric is shocking. Many artists, whose statements sound more like ordinary Nazism, signed an appeal to the European Broadcasting Union (EBU), claiming that it's unacceptable to organize Eurovision song contest in Israel.

There is no official statement that Israel will not be able to host Eurovision 2019. A number of artists from Europe and beyond voiced support for the appeal from Palestinian artists to boycott the contest next year. Their letter said that "until Palestinians can enjoy freedom, justice and equal rights, there should be no business-as-usual with the state that is denying them their basic rights." Such a political viewpoint cannot be equated to anti-Semitism or Nazism. Typical pro-Kremlin narrative seeking to find "evidence" of such extremism in Europe, see e.g. https://euvsdisinfo.eu/nazi-east-nazi-west-nazi-over-the-cuckoos-nest/

Additional details: If the OPCW fails to inspect the Porton Down chemical weapons centre near Salisbury, this will mean the organisation is biased, because the purported amounts of Novichok could only have been manufactured in situ, i.e. in immediate proximity to the dispersal site.

On September 5, UK counter-terrorism police released images of two suspects in connection with the Salisbury attack. http://news.met.police.uk/news/counter-terrorism-police-release-images-of-two-suspects-in-connection-with-salisbury-attack-320534, https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-45421445

On September 6, France, Germany, US and Canada stated that they have full confidence in the British assessment that the two suspects were officers from the Russian military intelligence service, also known as the GRU, and that this operation was almost certainly approved at a senior government level. https://www.gov.uk/government/news/salisbury-attack-joint-statement-by-leaders-of-france-germany-the-united-states-canada-and-the-united-kingdom

On September 5, UK counter-terrorism police released images of two suspects in connections with the Salisbury attack. http://news.met.police.uk/news/counter-terrorism-police-release-images-of-two-suspects-in-connection-with-salisbury-attack-320534, https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-45421445

On September 6, France, Germany, US and Canada stated that they have full confidence in the British assessment that the two suspects were officers from the Russian military intelligence service, also known as the GRU, and that this operation was almost certainly approved at a senior government level. https://www.gov.uk/government/news/salisbury-attack-joint-statement-by-leaders-of-france-germany-the-united-states-canada-and-the-united-kingdom

No evidence given. Many competing and contradictory stories promulgated by Russian state-controlled media, the only connecting thread being to confuse their audience and exclude any possibility of Russian involvement. euvsdisinfo.eu/disinformation-cases/?text=sergei+skripal&disinfo_issue=&date= and https://euvsdisinfo.eu/report/porton-down-might-be-responsible-for-the-chemical-attack-in-the-uk/

On September 5, UK counter-terrorism police released images of two suspects in connection with the Salisbury attack. http://news.met.police.uk/news/counter-terrorism-police-release-images-of-two-suspects-in-connection-with-salisbury-attack-320534, https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-45421445

On September 6, France, Germany, US and Canada stated that they have full confidence in the British assessment that the two suspects were officers from the Russian military intelligence service, also known as the GRU, and that this operation was almost certainly approved at a senior government level. https://www.gov.uk/government/news/salisbury-attack-joint-statement-by-leaders-of-france-germany-the-united-states-canada-and-the-united-kingdom

US has ordered terrorists and White Helmets to prepare staged incident in Idlib

Additional details: The risk that chemical weapons will be used in a false-flag incident in Syria remains high.Several leaders of "terrorist groups" and the White Helmets rescue force held a meeting in Idlib on 7 September to prepare "staged incidents". The act of provocation will be carried out on the order of the United States and will be followed by strikes on Syrian government troops.

Earlier, pro-Kremlin disinformation has claimed that both the 2017 attack in Khan Sheikhoun and 2018 in Douma were faked. UN-OPCW Joint Investigative Mechanism found Syria’s Government responsible for last year’s attack in Khan Shaykhun. On April 10 2018 Russia vetoed a U.S.-drafted U.N. Security Council resolution that would have created a new inquiry to ascertain responsibility for chemical weapons attacks in Syria.

In September 2017, the UN Commission of Inquiry on the Syrian Arab Republic summarized 33 separate incidents where it had found use of chemical weapons. Since then there have been several additional suspected chemical attacks. Between March 2013 and March 2017, the Commission documented 25 incidents of chemical weapons use in the Syrian Arab Republic, of which 20 were proven to have been perpetrated by government forces and used primarily against civilians.

7000-9000 victims of Stalin's terror were executed in Sandarmokh in the Republic of Karelia, Russia, 1937-1938. Hundreds of monuments have been erected in Sandarmokh to commemorate the victims.

Beginning 2016, a disinformation message started being spread that among the dead were Soviet prisoners of war shot by invading Finns during 1941-44.

The mass graves were discovered by historian Yury Dmitriev in 1997, now facing questionable accusations and dubious charges. https://eeas.europa.eu/headquarters/headquarters-homepage/47471/statement-cases-russian-human-rights-defenders-oyub-titiev-and-yuri-dmitriev_en https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/yury-dmitriev-historian-of-stalin-s-purges-charged-with-sexual-abuse-59jgjdct0

According to Finnish and many Russian historians and Dmitriev himself, the Finns could not know the location of the mass graves during the war. Soviet POWs is a thoroughly studied topic in Finland, the archives are open for the historians and they do not give any evidence for the version stated above, Finnish embassy in Moscow said. https://www.kommersant.ru/doc/3736739

1,200 POWs out of all Soviet servicemen who died while imprisoned in Finnish camps were shot. Nothing suggests that the shot POWs would have any connection to Sandarmokh.

According to the official position of the U.S. Department of State, the United States refuses to recognize "the Kremlin’s claims of sovereignty over territory seized by force in contravention of international law". It "rejects Russia’s attempted annexation of Crimea and pledges to maintain this policy until Ukraine’s territorial integrity is restored".

Further debunk by StopFake https://www.stopfake.org/fejk-v-ssha-otkazali-ukraine-v-vozvrashhenii-kryma/

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The Disinformation Review focuses on key messages carried in the international information space, which have been identified as providing a partial, distorted or false view or interpretation and spreading key pro-Kremlin messaging. It does not necessarily imply, however, that the outlet concerned is linked to the Kremlin or pro-Kremlin, or that it has intentionally sought to disinform. The Review analyses messages, not the messenger. If the message is a) false, which is determined by the facts and b) originating and/or in line with identified pro-Kremlin disinformation messaging, it is included in the product. The Review is a compilation of cases from the East Stratcom Task Force’s wide network of contributors and is therefore not considered an official EU position. Likewise, the news articles are based on the analysis of the East Stratcom Task Force, so information and opinions expressed are not considered an official EU position. Have you found a mistake? Give us your feedback below or send us an e-mail.

Disclaimer

The Disinformation Review focuses on key messages carried in the international information space, which have been identified as providing a partial, distorted or false view or interpretation and spreading key pro-Kremlin messaging. It does not necessarily imply, however, that the outlet concerned is linked to the Kremlin or pro-Kremlin, or that it has intentionally sought to disinform. The Review is a compilation of cases from the East Stratcom Task Force’s wide network of contributors and is therefore not considered an official EU position. Likewise, the news articles are based on the analysis of the East Stratcom Task Force, so information and opinions expressed are not considered an official EU position.