Special functions

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The figure shows the predictions of an axi-symmetric bearing part process and a crankshaft hot forging process with emphasis on metal flow lines or grain flow. The strength and even the life-span of forgings are affected by metal flow lines or grain flow.

The three-dimensional grain flow lines can be visualized even on arbitrarily inclined planes as shown in the figure. The technique in AFDEX, which is quite unique, is registered in a Japanese patent. Recently, a special method of quantifying the grain flow has been developed.