Franklin EdgertonFranklin Edgerton (July 24, 1885 – December 7, 1963) was an
American[1] linguistic scholar. He was Salisbury Professor of Sanskrit
and Comparative Philology at
Yale UniversityYale University (1926) and visiting
professor at
Benares Hindu UniversityBenares Hindu University (1953–4). Between 1913 and
1926, he was the Professor of
SanskritSanskrit at the University of
Pennsylvania.[2] He is well known for his exceptionally literal
translation of the Bhagavad Gita[3] which was published as volume
38-39 of the
Harvard Oriental Series in 1944. He also edited the
parallel edition of four recensions of the Simhāsana Dvātrṃśika
("32 Tales of the Throne", also known as Vikrama Charita: "Adventures
of Vikrama"), and a reconstruction of the (lost) original Sanskrit
text of the Panchatantra.[4][5][6][7]
References[edit]^ M. B. Emeneau, "Franklin Edgerton", Language, Vol. 40, No. 2 (Apr
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Language (journal)
Language is a peer-reviewed quarterly academic journal published by
the
Linguistic Society of AmericaLinguistic Society of America since 1925. It covers all aspects of
linguistics, focusing on the area of theoretical linguistics. Its
current editor-in-chief is Andries Coetzee (University of Michigan).
Under the editorship of Yale linguist Bernard Bloch, Language was the
vehicle for publication of many of the important articles of American
structural linguistics during the second quarter of the 20th century,
and was the journal in which many of the most important subsequent
developments in linguistics played themselves out.[citation needed]
One of the most famous articles to appear in Language was the scathing
1959 review by the young
Noam ChomskyNoam Chomsky of the book Verbal Behavior by
the behaviorist cognitive psychologist B. F
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Abu'l-Fazl Ibn Mubarak
Muhammad Hosni El Sayed Mubarak (Arabic: محمد حسني السيد
مبارك‎, Egyptian Arabic pronunciation: [mæˈħæmmæd
ˈħosni (ʔe)sˈsæjjed moˈbɑːɾɑk], Muḥammad Ḥusnī Sayyid
Mubārak; born 4 May 1928) is a former Egyptian military and political
leader who served as the fourth
President of EgyptPresident of Egypt from 1981 to 2011.
Before he entered politics, Mubarak was a career officer in the
Egyptian Air Force. He served as its commander from 1972 to 1975 and
rose to the rank of air chief marshal in 1973.[1] Some time in the
1950s, he returned to the Air Force Academy as an instructor,
remaining there until early 1959.[1] He assumed presidency after the
assassination of Anwar Sadat
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LinguisticsLinguisticsLinguistics is the scientific[1] study of language,[2] and involves an
analysis of language form, language meaning, and language in
context.[3] The earliest activities in the documentation and
description of language have been attributed to the 4th century BC
Indian grammarian Pāṇini,[4][5] who wrote a formal description of
the
SanskritSanskrit language in his Aṣṭādhyāyī.[6]
Linguists traditionally analyse human language by observing an
interplay between sound and meaning.[7]
Phonetics is the study of
speech and non-speech sounds, and delves into their acoustic and
articulatory properties
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Google ScholarGoogleGoogle Scholar is a freely accessible web search engine that indexes
the full text or metadata of scholarly literature across an array of
publishing formats and disciplines
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Horace Arthur RoseHorace Arthur Rose (1867–1933) was an administrator in the Indian
Civil Service and also an author of works related to India in the time
of the British Raj.
Rose was the son of a merchant from
East GrinsteadEast Grinstead and was born on 25
November 1867.[1] He was educated at St Paul's School and at Emmanuel
College, Cambridge, where he arrived from his home in Wallingford,
SurreySurrey with the award of a scholarship.[1][2]
Rose passed the competitive examination for the Indian Civil Service
in 1886 and arrived in India on 4 October 1888
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JSTORJSTORJSTOR (/ˈdʒeɪstɔːr/ JAY-stor;[3] short for Journal Storage) is a
digital library founded in 1995. Originally containing digitized back
issues of academic journals, it now also includes books and primary
sources, and current issues of journals.[4] It provides full-text
searches of almost 2,000 journals.[5] As of 2013, more than 8,000
institutions in more than 160 countries had access to JSTOR;[5] most
access is by subscription, but some older public domain content is
freely available to anyone.[6] JSTOR's revenue was $69 million in
2014.[7]Contents1 History
2 Content
3 Access3.1
Aaron SwartzAaron Swartz incident
3.2 Limitations
3.3 Increasing public access4 Use
5 See also
6 References
7 Further reading
8 External linksHistory[edit]
William G
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Digital Object Identifier
In computing, a Digital Object Identifier or DOI is a persistent
identifier or handle used to uniquely identify objects, standardized
by the
International Organization for StandardizationInternational Organization for Standardization (ISO).[1] An
implementation of the Handle System,[2][3] DOIs are in wide use mainly
to identify academic, professional, and government information, such
as journal articles, research reports and data sets, and official
publications though they also have been used to identify other types
of information resources, such as commercial videos.
A DOI aims to be "resolvable", usually to some form of access to the
information object to which the DOI refers. This is achieved by
binding the DOI to metadata about the object, such as a URL,
indicating where the object can be found. Thus, by being actionable
and interoperable, a DOI differs from identifiers such as ISBNs and
ISRCs which aim only to uniquely identify their referents
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International Standard Serial Number
An
International Standard Serial NumberInternational Standard Serial Number (ISSN) is an eight-digit
serial number used to uniquely identify a serial publication.[1] The
ISSN is especially helpful in distinguishing between serials with the
same title. ISSN are used in ordering, cataloging, interlibrary loans,
and other practices in connection with serial literature.[2]
The ISSN system was first drafted as an International Organization for
Standardization (ISO) international standard in 1971 and published as
ISO 3297 in 1975.[3] ISO subcommittee
TC 46/SC 9 is responsible for
maintaining the standard.
When a serial with the same content is published in more than one
media type, a different ISSN is assigned to each media type. For
example, many serials are published both in print and electronic
media
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Comparative LinguisticsComparative linguistics (originally comparative philology) is a branch
of historical linguistics that is concerned with comparing languages
to establish their historical relatedness.
Genetic relatedness implies a common origin or proto-language and
comparative linguistics aims to construct language families, to
reconstruct proto-languages and specify the changes that have resulted
in the documented languages. To maintain a clear distinction between
attested and reconstructed forms, comparative linguists prefix an
asterisk to any form that is not found in surviving texts
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Literal Translation
Literal translation, direct translation, or word-for-word translation
is the rendering of text from one language to another one word at a
time (Latin: "verbum pro verbo") with or without conveying the sense
of the original whole.
In translation studies, "literal translation" denotes technical
translation of scientific, technical, technological or legal texts.[1]
In translation theory, another term for "literal translation" is
"metaphrase"; and for phrasal ("sense") translation — "paraphrase."
When considered a bad practice of conveying word by word (lexeme to
lexeme, or morpheme to lexeme) translation of non-technical type
literal translations has the meaning of mistranslating idioms,[2] for
example, or in the context of translating an analytic language to a
synthetic language, it renders even the grammar unintelligible.
The concept of literal translation may be viewed as an oxymoron
(contradiction in terms), given that literal denotes something
existing without interpretation, where
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University Of Pennsylvania
The University of Pennsylvania (commonly known as Penn or UPenn) is a
private Ivy League research university located in the University City
section of Philadelphia. Incorporated as The Trustees of the
University of Pennsylvania, Penn is one of 14 founding members of the
Association of American Universities and one of the nine colonial
colleges chartered before the American Revolution.[5]
Benjamin Franklin, Penn's founder, advocated an educational program
that focused as much on practical education for commerce and public
service as on the classics and theology, though his proposed
curriculum was never adopted
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Benares Hindu University
Banaras Hindu
UniversityUniversity (Hindi: [kaʃi hind̪u viʃvəvid̪yaləy],
BHU), formerly Central Hindu College, is a public central university
located in Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh. It was established in 1916 by
Madan Mohan Malaviya.[2] With over 12,000 students residing in campus,
it claims the title of largest residential university in Asia.[3]
The university's main campus spread over 1,300 acres (5.3 km2)
was built on land donated by the Kashi Naresh, the hereditary ruler of
Banaras ("Kashi" being an alternative name for Banaras or Varanasi).
The Banaras Hindu University, South campus, spread over 2,700 acres
(11 km2),[4] hosts the Krishi Vigyan Kendra (Agriculture Science
Centre)[5] and is located in Barkachha in Mirzapur district, about
60 km (37 mi) from Banaras
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