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the presence of pus-forming bacteria or their toxins in the blood or tissues

sanitation

maintaining a clean condition in order to promote hygiene and prevent disease

aseptic

free from disease-causing microorganism

antiseptic

a substance that destroys micro-organisms that carry disease without harming body tissues

-cide

to kill

rate of microbial death factors

# of orgs: how long it takes to reduce the # of orgs to a given level
environmental influences: heat lowers pH, org matter may interfere
time of exposure: longer/shorter exposures to heat
characteristics: diff susceptiilities to physical & chem contro

how do microbial control agents alterate membrane permeability?

alterations: susceptibility of the plasma membrane is due to its lipids & protein components; certain chemical control agents damage plasma membrane

provided a framework for the study of the etiology of any infectious disease

symptoms

changes in body function

signs

seen heard measured or felt

syndrome

a group of symptoms or signs that collectively characterize or indicate a disease, disorder, abnormality, etc.

epidemic

short term

incidence

# of people in a population who develop disease in a particular time period

pandemic

worldwide

endemic

constantly present

latent

inactive for a while then resents signs/symptoms

3 portals of entry

Mucous Membranes, skin, & Parenteral

diseases caused by exotoxins

diptheria, botulism, tetanus, cholera, food poisoning, TSS

how does antigenic variation benefit a pathogen?

by the time the body mounts an immune response against a pathogen, the pathogen has already altered its antigens & is unaffected by antibodies

herd immunity

individuals of a population will be protected from a disease to prevent its rapid spread to those in the population who are not vaccinated; many immune people present in a community

morbidity

the relative incidence of a particular disease

mortality

the ratio of deaths in an area to the population of that area

what factors contribute to the emergence of new infectious diseases?

new strains, global warming/weather pattern changes, widespread use of antibiotics/pesticides, known diseases spread to different regions, animal control measures, unrecognized infections in regions undergoing ecological changes by natural disaster, wars

why do certain diseases have to be reported to the US public health service?

provides epidemiologists with an approximation of incidence & prevalence of a disease, info helps officials decide whether or not to investigate, possible to control measures to stop disease from spreading

optimal pH for most bacterial growth?

6.5-7.5

how can high osmotic pressure be used to control microbial growth?

high concentrations of salt or sugar inhibit microbial growth, loss of water from microbe inhibits metabolic functions of cell

biofilms

Surface coating colonies which secrete signalling molecules that recruit nearby cells causing the colony to grow. These cells also produce proteins that adhere to substrate and allow nutrients to reach the center and for wastes to be expelled.

culture medium

nutrients prepared for microbial growth

how many ATP are produced for each NADH mol?

1 ATP = 6 NADH

how many ATP are produced for each FADH mol?

1 ATP = 2 FADH

fermentation

a process in which an agent causes an organic substance to break down into simpler substances

lactic acid fermentation

The conversion of pyruvate to lactate with no release of carbon dioxide; bacteria only

alcohol fermentation

Glycolysis followed by the conversion of pyruvate to carbon dioxide and ethyl alcohol.

Respiration in the absence of oxygen. This produces lactic acid.
final e- acceptor: NOT O2

glycolysis

a metabolic process that breaks down carbohydrates and sugars through a series of reactions to either pyruvic acid or lactic acid and release energy for the body in the form of ATP
net gain of 2 mols/1 mol glucose

products of Kreb's cycle

3 nadh, 1 fadh2, 2 carbon dioxide, atp

electron transport chain

A sequence of electron carrier molecules (membrane proteins) that shuttle electrons during the redox reactions that release energy used to make ATP.