Abstract: “The Arctic, Antarctic and Greenland remain some of the least explored parts of the planet. This talk looks at efforts over the last decade to explore areas under-ice which have traditionally been difficult to access. The focus of the talk will be on the robots, the role of communications over low bandwidth acoustic links, navigation and imaging and mapping methodologies. These issues will all be discussed within the context of real data collected on several expeditions related to Marine Geology, Marine Biology, Sea-Ice, and Glaciology. In addition the talk will also highlight efforts devoted to the area of fisheries stock assessment.”