Peer Review Survey 2009: Preliminary Findings

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8 September 2009 - Should peer review detect fraud and misconduct? What does it do for science and what does the scientific community want it to do? Will it illuminate good ideas or shut them down? Should reviewers remain anonymous?

These questions are raised by one of the largest ever international surveys of authors and reviewers, the Peer Review Survey 20091, whose preliminary findings are released today.

Peer review is fundamental to integration of new research findings. It allows other researchers to analyse findings and society at large to weigh up research claims. It results in 1.3 million2 learned articles published every year, and it is growing rapidly with the expansion of the global research community. With that growth come new concerns – about getting the next generation of researchers to review in sufficient numbers, about maintaining the system’s integrity and whether it can be truly globalised; and also new ideas - about alternative quality measures, technologies to prevent plagiarism, rewarding reviewers and training them.

Sense About Science2 has promoted understanding of peer review to help people to work out whether research claims have been independently scrutinised. But with all the proposed changes and expansion in research publication, what do researchers think about peer review and its future? To find out, Sense About Science developed the Peer Review Survey 2009, in consultation with editors and publishers and administered with a grant from Elsevier; the survey included some questions from the Peer Review Survey 20073 for comparison, and new questions about future improvements, public awareness and pressures on the system.

Tracey Brown, Managing Director: “The 2007 survey had raised some of the issues. We sought to broaden that, particularly to find out whether the demand for all this free, independent scrutiny from the research community is sustainable, and what the future of quality control is likely to be. It’s a matter of public as well as scientific interest.”

Preliminary findings include:

Playing an active role in the community is top of reasons to review:
90% say they review because they believe they are playing an active role in the community; only 16% say that increasing their chances of having future papers accepted is a reason to review.

Researchers want to improve, not replace peer review:

84% believe that without peer review there would be no control in scientific communication, but only a third (32%) think it is the best that can be achieved; 20% of researchers believe that peer review is unsustainable because of too few willing reviewers.

91% say that their last paper was improved through peer review; the discussion was the biggest area of improvement.

73% of reviewers (a sub-group) say that technological advances have made it easier to do a thorough job than 5 years ago. Whilst 86% enjoy reviewing, 56% say there is a lack of guidance on how to review; 68% think formal training would help. On average, reviewers turn down two papers a year.

Just 15% of respondents felt that ‘formal’ peer review could be replaced by usage statistics.

61% of reviewers have rejected an invitation to review an article in the last year, citing lack of expertise as the main reason – this suggests that journals could better identify suitable reviewers.

High expectations:

79% or more of researchers think that peer review should identify the best papers, determine their originality and importance, improve those papers and, though lower scoring, also determine whether research is plagiarised or fraudulent.

While 43% of respondents thought peer review was too slow, 65% of authors (a further sub-group) reported that they had received a decision on their most recent paper within 3 months.

Reviewers want anonymity:58% would be less likely to review if their signed report was published. 76% favour the double blind system where just the editor knows who the reviewers are.

Understanding of peer review:
Researchers agree that peer review is well understood by the scientific community but just 30% believe the public understands the term.

Papers aren’t recognising previous work:
81% think peer review should ensure previous research is acknowledged; 54% think it currently does. This reflects current concerns in the research community.4

Detecting plagiarism and fraud might be a noble aim but is not practical:
A majority think peer review should detect plagiarism (81%) or fraud (79%) but fewer (38% & 33%) think it is capable of this.

Reviewers divided over incentives:
Just over half of reviewers think receiving a payment in kind (e.g. subscription) would make them more likely to review; 41% wanted payment for reviewing, but this drops to just 2.5% if the author had to cover the cost. Acknowledgement in the journal is the most popular option.

Comment from Editors:

Robert Campbell, Wiley Blackwell Science & Chairman, Publishing Research Consortium: "Most researchers give up time to review papers for no charge. The whole scholarly communication system is dependent on this. Why do they do it? This study helps us to answer the question. And I take heart in the finding that 85% of the around 4000 respondents quite simply do it because they enjoy being able to improve papers. "

Sir Brian Heap, Vice Chairman, European Academies Science Advisory Council: “These latest insights from researchers show why the peer review process continues to be so important - and enjoyable!”

Adrian Mulligan, Associate Director of Research and Academic Relations, Elsevier: “I’m impressed by the vast amount of responses to the study - it tells us just how engaged the scientific community is with peer review. Not only do they greatly value it, but they have a strong desire to enhance it. Elsevier in partnership with editors, plays an active role in developing peer review, and we are moving forward with initiatives such as Crosscheck, a pan-publisher plagiarism detection tool. We are keen to look at other ways to respond to the views raised in this survey.”

Irene Hames, Managing Editor The Plant Journal, Author 'Peer Review and Manuscript Management in Scientific Journals: guidelines for good practice':
“It's very important to know what authors and reviewers actually think about the current status of peer review. Too many commentators make broad generalizations that are not evidence based. So I welcome this large-scale survey from Sense About Science. Once again, the importance with which peer review is viewed comes through, with the great majority of researchers believing that without peer review there would be no control in scientific communication. That is not to say there aren't problems - there clearly are, and improvements and innovative solutions are needed. Crucial in this is the need to professionalize this area of activity, which too often is put in the hands of people who may have great academic reputations and research expertise, but no experience of running a peer-review system.”

The preliminary results of the survey will be presented at Science Fact or Science Fiction: Should Peer Review Stop Plagiarism, Bias or Fraud? at the British Science Festival, Surrey University on Tuesday 8th September 2009, 10:00am. Tracey Brown of Science About Science, David Adam of The Guardian and Peter Hayward of Lancet Infectious Diseases will debate the challenges of publishing research.

NOTES1. The Peer Review Survey was an electronic survey conducted between 28th July 2009 and 11th August 2009; 40,000 researchers were randomly selected from the ISI author database, which contains published researchers from over 10,000 journals. Altogether 4,037 researchers completed our survey. The error margin was ± 1.5% at 95% confidence levels; reviewers answered a subset of questions aimed specifically at reviewers (3,597 - a subset of the base) the error margin for this group was ± 1.6% at 95% confidence levels.
2. The full findings and report are due to be published in November 2009 and will be available at http://www.senseaboutscience.org.uk/index.php/site/project/29/.
3. Björk et al (2008) ‘Global annual volume of peer reviewed scholarly articles and the share available via different Open Access options’ Proceedings ELPUB2008 Conference on Electronic Publishing – Toronto, Canada – June 2008
4. Sense About Science is a UK registered charity, No. 1101114, to equip people to make sense of science and evidence. It has previously published ‘Peer Review and the Acceptance of New Scientific Ideas: a working party report’ 2004; and publishes the public guide to peer review, ‘I Don’t Know What to Believe’. In 2008, it established the online education resource about scientific publishing and peer review, for schools www.senseaboutscience.net.
5. Publishing Research Consortium (2007) ‘Peer Review in Scholarly Journals: perspective of the scholarly community. An international study’ www.publishingresearch.net/documents/PeerReviewFullPRCReport-final.pdf
Chalmers & Glasziou (2009) ’Avoidable waste in the production and reporting of research evidence’ The Lancet; 374: 86–89.

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