Description:
The international shipping industry is responsible for the carriage of about 90 per cent of world trade by volume and is vital to the functioning of the global economy. Without shipping, intercontinental trade, the bulk transport of raw materials and the import/export of affordable food and goods would simply not be possible (ICS, 2012).

Public finance mechanisms across stages of technological developmentIn the early stages of development, public financial support is needed, both for R&D and then later to encourage deployment (see
sections above for examples). Later, private finance can be mobilized for near-competitive...

By GRID-Arendal

Development in Offshore wind capacityOffshore wind, currently around 3 000 MW, has mainly been concentrated in northern European countries, around the North Sea and the Baltic Sea. Europe’s leadership is primarily
attributed to public policy and a thriving...

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Estimated ecosystem services valueMarine ecosystem services have substantial economic value. While exact figures are still debated, attempts to estimate the value of coastal ecosystem services have found such values to be on the order of trillions of US ...

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Transportation emissionMore recently, however, the focus of the industry and its regulators – encouraged by far greater awareness of the importance of environmental issues amongst all stakeholders – has also been on the wider potential impacts...

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World oceans, a cornucopia of goods and servicesThroughout the course of history, humans have been drawn to coastal areas to enjoy the bounty of the sea. As much as 40 per cent of the world’s population now lives within 100 kilometres of the shoreline (Martínez, et al...

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Spots of potential for wave energy harvestWave energy is captured directly from surface waves or from pressure fluctuations below the ocean surface. Wave power varies considerably in different parts of the world, making it more
economically feasible to harness ...

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Oil spills from 1970 to 2010The most obvious potential source of serious pollution from ships is the discharge of oil (cargoes or bunkers) as a result of ship losses. However, there has been a dramatic reduction in the number of major oil spills ov...

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Nitrogen sources to watershed exports to the oceansOver the last 20 years, significant data and experience in understanding and addressing the sectoral drivers, pressures, sources, impacts and response to reactive nitrogen have been gathered and progress made in trying t...