Schematic Introduction to 89C51 Microcontroller

Introduction to 89C51 Microcontroller:The ATMEL 89C51 is used here; some of the features with respect to our project are discussed here.3.1 Memory OrganizationThe ATMEL 89C51 implements a separate memory space for code and data, both code and data may be internal; however, both expand using external components to a maximum of 64k code memory and 64k data memory. The memory consists of on-chip ROM (4KB) and on-chip RAM (128B). The on-chip RAM contains rich arrangements of general-purpose storage, bit addressable storage, register banks, and special function registers (SFR’s). The notable features are• The registers and input/output ports are memory mapped• The stack memory resides within the internal RAM 3.1.1 General-Purpose RAMThere are total of 80 bytes of general-purpose RAM from address 30H to 7FH. Any location in this part can be addressed using direct or indirect addressing modes. 3.1.2 Bit-Addressable RAMThe ATMEL 89C51 contain 210 bit-addressable locations, of which 128 are at byte addresses 20H through 2F, and the rest are in SFR’s. Bits can be set, cleared, ANDed, ORed, etc with a single instruction. These bits can be accessed as bytes or as bits.3.1.3 Register BanksThe bottom 32 locations of internal memory contain the register banks, each having registers from R0 to R7. The different banks are selected using register bank select bits (RS0 and RS1) in program status word.3.1.4 Special Function RegistersThe ATMEL 89C51 internal registers are configured as a part of on chip RAM: therefore each register also has an address. There are 21 special function registers, each having a name and direct address, for example accumulator has name A and address ACC.3.2 Input/output Ports 3.2.1 Port 0Port 0 is a dual-purpose serving as general-purpose I/O port. For larger design it is used to multiplex the low byte of 16-bit address.3.2.2 Port 1Port 1 is a dedicated I/O port, used for interfacing to external devices. No alternate functionality is defined for the port.3.2.3 Port 2Port 2 is a dual-purpose port serving as general –purpose I/O port, or as high byte of address bus for designs with external code memory exceeding 256 bytes. 3.2.4 Port 3Port 3 is a dual-purpose port serving also as general-purpose I/O port, the individual pins of the port 3 also has some special features.3.3 InterruptsThere are total of five interrupts in ATMEL 89C51 as given below• Two for external interrupts INT0 and INT1• Two for timer1 and timer0• One for serial port3.4 Two 16-bit TimersThe ATMEL 89C51 have two 16-bit timers, controlled by TCON register. They can be operated in four different modes named: 13-bit timer mode, 16-bit timer mode, 8-bit auto-reload mode, and split-timer mode. The mode and clocking sources of timer0 and timer1 are set by TMOD register. Other registers that are used in timer operation are THx, and TLx. The timer is started by setting the flag TRx and when an overflow occurs the TFx flag is set automatically.3.5 Serial InterfaceThe ATMEL 89C51 serial port has four modes of operation, named 8-bit shift register mode (fixed baud rate), 8-bit UART mode (variable baud rate), 9-bit UART mode (fixed baud rate), and 9-bit UART mode (variable baud rate). The timer1 is used for setting the variable baud rate. The different flags used in serial interfacing are TI and RI.3.5.1 MAX 232 Serial Interface IC

MAX 232 converts serial data into parallel in receiving mode while it converts parallel data into serial in transmitting mode. Standard serial interfacing for PC, MAX232, requires negative logic, i.e., logic '1' is -5V to -12V and logic '0' is +5V to +12V. To convert TTL logic, say, TxD and RxD pins of the microcontroller chips thus need a converter chip. A MAX232 chip has long been using in many microcontroller boards. It provides 2-channel RS232C port and requires external 10uF capacitors. Carefully check the polarity of capacitor when soldering the board.