In my view, the Christian religion is the most important and one of the first things in which all children, under a free government ought to be instructed... No truth is more evident to my mind than that the Christian religion must be the basis of any government intended to secure the rights and privileges of a free people.
- Preface

1828 edition of Webster's American Dictionary of the English Language

BO'RAX, n. Sub-borate of soda; a salt formed by the combination of boracic acid with the marine alkali or soda. It is brought from the East Indies, where it is said to be found at the bottom or on the margin of certain lakes,particularly in Thibet. It is said to be artificially prepared in Persia, like niter. It comes in three states. 1. Crude borax, tinkal, or chrysocolla, from Persia, in greenish masses of a greasy feel, or in opake crystals. 2. Borax of China, somewhat purer, in small plates or masses, irregularly crystallized, and of a dirty white. 3. Dutch or purified borax, in portions of transparent crystals, which is the kind generally used. It is an excellent flux in docimastic operations, a styptic in medicine, and useful in soldering metals.

Why 1828?

Word of the Day

Random Word

1. To move or pass in almost any manner, as on the feet or on wheels. Men and other animals run on their feet; carriages run on wheels, and wheels run on their axle-trees.

2. To move or pass on the feet with celerity or rapidity, by leaps or long quick steps; as, men and quadrupeds run when in haste.

3. To use the legs in moving; to step; as, children run alone or run about.

4. To move in a hurry.

The priest and people run about.

5. To proceed along the surface; to extend; to spread; as, the fire runs over a field or forest.

The fire ran along upon the ground. Ex. 9.

6. To rush with violence; as, a ship runs against a rock; or one ship runs against another.

7. To move or pass on the water; to sail; as, ships run regularly between New York and Liverpool. Before a storm, run into a harbor, or under the lee of the land. The ship has run ten knots an hour.

8. To contend in a race; as, men or horses run for a prize.

9. To flee for escape. When General Wolfe was dying, an officer standing by him exclaimed, see how they run. Who run? said the dying hero. The enemy, said the officer. Then I die happy, said the general.

10. To depart privately; to steal away.

My conscience will serve me to run from this Jew, my master.

11. To flow in any manner, slowly or rapidly; to move or pass; as a fluid. Rivers run to the ocean or to lakes. The Connecticut runs on sand, and its water is remarkably pure. The tide runs two or three miles an hour. Tears run down the cheeks.

12. To emit; to let flow.

I command that the conduit run nothing but claret.

Rivers run potable gold.

But this form of expression is elliptical, with being omitted; "rivers run with potable gold."

13. To be liquid or fluid.

As wax dissolves, as ice begin to run -

14. To be fusible; to melt.

Sussex iron ores run freely in the fire.

15. To fuse; to melt.

Your iron must not burn in the fire, that is, run or melt, for then it will be brittle.

16. To turn; as, a wheel runs on an axis or on a pivot.

17. To pass; to proceed; as, to run through a course of business; to run through life; to run in a circle or a line; to run through all degrees of promotion.

18. To flow, as words, language or periods. The lines run smoothly.

19. To pass, as time.

As fast as our time runs, we should be glad in most part of our lives that it ran much faster.

20. To have a legal course; to be attached to; to have legal effect.

Customs run only upon our goods imported or exported, and that but once for all; whereas interest runs as well upon our ships as goods, and must be yearly paid.

21. To have a course or direction.

Where the generally allowed practice runs counter to it.

Little is the wisdom, where the flight so runs against all reason.

22. To pass in thought, speech or practice; as, to run through a series of arguments; to run from one topic to another.

Virgil, in his first Georgic, has run into a set of precepts foreign to his subject.

23. To be mentioned cursorily or in few words.

The whole runs on short, like articles in an account.

24. To have a continued tenor or course. The conversation ran on the affairs of the Greeks.

The king's ordinary style runneth, "our sovereign lord the king."

25. To be in motion; to speak incessantly. Her tongue runs continually.

26. To be busied; to dwell.

When we desire any thing, our minds run wholly on the good circumstances of it; when it is obtained, our minds run wholly on the bad ones.

27. To be popularly known.

Men gave then their own names, by which they run a great while in Rome.

28. To be received; to have reception, success or continuance. The pamphlet runs well among a certain class of people.

29. To proceed in succession.

She saw with joy the line immortal run, each sire impress'd and glaring in his son.

30. To pass from one state or condition to another; as, to run into confusion or error; to run distracted.

31. To proceed in a train of conduct.

You should run a certain course.

32. To be in force.

The owner hath incurred the forfeiture of eight years profits of his lands, before he cometh to the knowledge of the process that runneth against him.

33. To be generally received.

He was not ignorant what report run of himself.

34. To be carried; to extend; to rise; as, debates run high.

In popish countries, the power of the clergy runs higher.

35. To have a track or course.

Searching the ulcer with my probe, the sinus run up above the orifice.

36. To extend; to lie in continued length. Veins of silver run in different directions.

37. To have a certain direction. The line runs east and west.

38. To pass in an orbit of any figure. The planets run their periodical courses. The comets do not run lawless through the regions of space.

39. To tend in growth or progress. Pride is apt to run into a contempt of others.

40. To grow exuberantly. Young persons of 10 or 12 years old, soon run up to men and women.

If the richness of the ground cause turnips to run to leaves, treading down the leaves will help their rooting.

41. To discharge pus or other matter; as, an ulcer runs.

42. To reach; to extend to the remembrance of; as time out of mind, the memory of which runneth not to the contrary.

43. To continue in time, before it becomes due and payable; as, a note runs thirty days; a note of six months has ninety days to run.

44. To continue in effect, force or operation.

The statute may be prevented from running - by the act of the creditor.

45. To press with numerous demands of payment; as, to run upon a bank.

46. To pass or fall into fault, vice or misfortune; as, to run into vice; to run into evil practices; to run into debt; to run into mistakes.

47. To fall or pass by gradual changes; to make a transition; as, colors run one into another.

48. To have a general tendency.

Temperate climates run into moderate governments.

49. To proceed as on a ground or principle. Obs.

50. To pass or proceed in conduct or management.

Tarquin, running into all the methods of tyranny, after a cruel reign was expelled.

51. To creep; to move by creeping or crawling; as, serpents run on the ground.

52. To slide; as, a sled or sleigh runs on the snow.

53. To dart; to shoot; as a meteor in the sky.

54. To fly; to move in the air; as, the clouds run from N.E. to S.W.

55. In Scripture, to pursue or practice the duties of religion.

Ye did run well; who did hinder you? Gal. 5.

56. In elections, to have interest or favor; to be supported by votes. The candidate will not run, or he will run well.

1. To run after, to pursue or follow.

2. To search for; to endeavor to find or obtain; as, to run after similes.

To run at, to attack with the horns, as a bull.

To run away, to flee; to escape.

1. To run away with, to hurry without deliberation.

2. To convey away; or to assist in escape or elopement.

To run in, to enter; to step in.

To run into, to enter; as, to run into danger.

To run in trust, to run in debt; to get credit. [Not in use.]

1. To run in with, to close; to comply; to agree with. [Unusual.]

2. To make towards; to near; to sail close to; as, to run in with the land; a seaman's phrase.

To run down a coast, to sail along it.

1. To run on, to be continued. Their accounts had run on for a year or two without a settlement.

2. To talk incessantly.

3. To continue a course.

4. To press with jokes or ridicule; to abuse with sarcasms; to bear hard on.

To run over, to overflow; as, a cup runs over; or the liquor runs over.

1. To run out, to come to an end; to expire; as, a lease runs out at Michaelmas.

2. To spread exuberantly; as, insectile animals run out into legs.

3. To expatiate; as, to run out into beautiful digressions. He runs out in praise of Milton.

4. To be wasted or exhausted; as, an estate managed without economy, will soon run out.

5. To become poor by extravagance.

And had her stock been less, no doubt she must have long ago run out.

To run up, to rise; to swell; to amount. Accounts of goods credited run up very fast.

RUN, v.t.

1. To drive or push; in a general sense. Hence to run a sword through the body, is to stab or pierce it.

2. To drive; to force.

A talkative person runs himself upon great inconveniences, by blabbing out his own or others' secrets.

5. To incur; to encounter; to run the risk or hazard of losing one's property. To run the danger, is a phrase not now in use.

6. To venture; to hazard.

He would himself be in the Highlands to receive them, and run his fortune with them.

7. To smuggle; to import or export without paying the duties required by law; as, to run goods.

8. To pursue in thought; to carry in contemplation; as, to run the world back to its first original.

I would gladly understand the formation of a soul, and run it up to its punctum saliens.

9. To push; to thrust; as, to run the hand into the pocket or the bosom; to run a nail into the foot.

10. To ascertain and mark by metes and bounds; as, to run a line between towns or states.

11. To cause to ply; to maintain in running or passing; as, to run a stage coach from London to Bristol; to run a line of packets from New Haven to New York.

12. To cause to pass; as, to run a rope through a block.

13. To found; to shape, form or make in a mold; to cast; as, to run buttons or balls.

1. To run down, in hunting, to chase to weariness; as, to run down a stag.

2. In navigation, to run down a vessel, is to run against her, end on, and sink her.

3. To crush; to overthrow; to overbear.

Religion is run down by the license of these times.

1. To run hard, to press with jokes, sarcasm or ridicule.

2. To urge or press importunately.

1. To run over, to recount in a cursory manner; to narrate hastily; as, to run over the particulars of a story.

2. To consider cursorily.

3. To pass the eye over hastily.

1. To run out, to thrust or push out; to extend.

2. To waste; to exhaust; as, to run out an estate.

To run through, to expend; to waste; as, to run through an estate.

1. To run up, to increase; to enlarge by additions. A man who takes goods on credit, is apt to run up his account to a large sum before he is aware of it.

2. To thrust up, as any thing long and slender.

RUN, n.

1. The act of running.

2. Course; motion; as the run of humor.

3. Flow; as a run of verses to please the ear.

4. Course; process; continued series; as the run of events.

5. Way; will; uncontrolled course.

Our family must have their run.

6. General reception; continued success.

It is impossible for detached papers to have a general run or long continuance, if not diversified with humor.

7. Modish or popular clamor; as a violent run against university education.

8. A general or uncommon pressure on a bank or treasury for payment of its notes.

9. The aftmost part of a ship's bottom.

10. The distance sailed by a ship; as, we had a good run.

11. A voyage; also, an agreement among sailors to work a passage from one place to another.

12. A pair of mill-stones. A mill has two, four or six runs of stones.

13. Prevalence; as, a disease, opinion or fashion has its run.

14. In the middle and southern states of America, a small stream; a brook.

In the long run, [at the long run, not so generally used,] signifies the whole process or course of things taken together; in the final result; in the conclusion or end.

The run of mankind, the generality of people.

About 1828

First dictionary of the American Language!

Noah Webster, the Father of American Christian education, wrote the first American dictionary and established a system of rules to govern spelling, grammar, and reading. This master linguist understood the power of words, their definitions, and the need for precise word usage in communication to maintain independence. Webster used the Bible as the foundation for his definitions.

This standard reference tool will greatly assist students of all ages in their studies.

No other dictionary compares with the Webster's 1828 dictionary. The English language has changed again and again and in many instances has become corrupt. The American Dictionary of the English Language is based upon God's written word, for Noah Webster used the Bible as the foundation for his definitions. This standard reference tool will greatly assist students of all ages in their studies. From American History to literature, from science to the Word of God, this dictionary is a necessity. For homeschoolers as well as avid Bible students it is easy, fast, and sophisticated.

Patent Data There has been a call for 'new' patent data (Kortum - see Tellis et al. 2009). I believe that I can contribute to the field of marketing strategy by improving the data available, and describing its potential uses. The new data source allows for large and rich information regarding patents that can be used in many types of strategic analyses. The most recent run of these data consisted of 73 IT firms in the S&P 500. Collecting data from January 1996 to June 2009 provides over 192,000 patents with information about forward/backward citations, classification matches, and more. The programming process to run this list took nearly 36 hours as it had to analyze over 3 million patents to create the informative dataset. This is my definition of new data, and the process is continuous and ongoing: (1) All Patent Data has been harvest (8 million patents); (2) Parsed Data is currently being stored in database format; (3) Firm boundary issues [IBM, Internation Business Machines, mergers, misspellings, etc.]; (4) with an intent to do new modeling research on the patent data: (a) Diffusion of Radical Innovations (patents); (b) Patent Rank (e.g., Page Rank applied to patent network of citations) - structural and weighted ranks (e.g., classification matching); (c) EIQ; (d) Race to the Patent Office; (e) Patent PendingMonte J. Shaffer Innovation is a key driver of entrepreneurial activity. Innovation from an entrepreneurial perspective is conceptually defined using the complementary views of Austrian economists Kirzner and Schumpeter. Incremental innovation is defined as entrepreneurial activity from Kirzner's perspective -- exploitation of awareness of market disequilibrium which appropriates value: market-sensing, customer-linking. Radical innovation is defined as entrepreneurial activity from Schumpeter's perspective -- exploration as a market-disequilibrium "creative destruction" which creates value: market-making, customer-driving. From a firm's perspective, innovation research in marketing addresses three fundamental questions: What is an innovation? What innovations are most valuable to a firm? How do innovations influence the competitive marketplace? From an entreprenuerial perspective, I address these fundamental questions.Revisiting Value Creation and Value Appropriation: An Entreprenurial Perspective An application of the Patent Rank Score will be used to validate the concept of economic development and firm value. Specifically, it will be shown that the Patent Rank Score will provide improved explanatory power over previous measures of radical innovation and firm performance. \citet{Mizik:2003} described the importance of strategic emphasis and value creation/appropriation on firm performance. In the analysis, firms were grouped into low-, stable-, and high- technology groups. In the first analysis, the firms are objectively grouped based on Patent Rank Scores. Further analysis will model firm performance based on stock returns and strategic emphasis \citep{Mizik:2003}. Mediation of innovation using Patent Rank Scores will also be considered.Monte from Montana "Monte from Montana" was born and raised near Glacier National Park. He is a strong, sober mind that likes to solve problems in order to help people. Following in his father's footsteps, he began teaching high school mathematics (BYU: mathematics with minors in Physics and Spanish). The excitement of the dot-com era led Monte to Monterey California where he became a Senior Software Engineer doing web-application development for an Internet Company. Following the bubble-burst, he returned to BYU (MBA: Marketing Research). Monte is concurrently working toward his Ph.D. in Marketing and a M.S. in Statistics at WSU in Pullman, Washington. Generally, he likes to identify innovative statistical techniques that can help solve marketing problems. Specifically, his interests are in Entrepreneurial Innovation, U.S. Patent Data, and Internet Consumer Behavior. Outside of Marketing, Monte enjoys his family, a good game of basketball, golf, and chess.Diffusion of Radical Innovation: Assessing and Estimating Value of Innovations Assessing a firm's innovation portfolio is a challenge? Even more difficult is estimating its future value? This paper applies the principles of the Bass model of diffusion of innovation \citep{Bass:1969} to the estimation of forward citations, ``class-match" dampened forward citations, and the newly introduced Patent Rank Scores. The cumulative diffusion will be modeled using a generalized logistic function known as the Richards' curve \citep{Richards:1959}. To estimate the parameters of the the model, the Newton-Raphson method is used. Over 22,000 randomly selected patents from 1976--2008 will be individually modeled, and diffusion patterns will be classified based on the parameters of the model. Valuation of innovation can be objectively assessed, and future valuation can be predicted based on each innovation's specific diffusion pattern.

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"." Noah Webster's 1828 American Dictionary of the English Language. 2015. (3 March 2015).

APA. 2015. In Noah Webster's 1828 American Dictionary of the English Language. Retrieved March 3, 2015, from

About 3 weeks ago, my ISP informed me that the hardware failed on my hosted service. I do apologize for the delays and the website may have some issues as we are migrating it to a new server which I purchased.

This is NOT the first time the mysterious ISP has a hardware failure or an internal virus, which has shutdown 1828.mshaffer.com - very frustrating for me as well.

We have goals to make 1828.mshaffer.com even better and with these unforeseen costs are making a plea for your help. We have a kickstarter project which ends on January 7th at 8:28 PM, and we could use your support!