Abstract

Naltrexone (ReVia®) is a long-acting oral pure opiate antagonist which is approved for the treatment of alcohol addiction as a 50mg per day tablet. The mechanism of action is complete opiate blockade, which removes the pleasure sensation derived from drinking alcohol (created by endorphins). Low Dose Naltrexone ("LDN") in the range of 3-4.5 mg per day has been shown to have the opposite effect - brief opiate receptor blockade with resulting upregulation of endogenous opiate production. Through the work of Bihari and Zagon, it has been determined that the level of the endogenous opiate methionine-enkephalin is increased by LDN. Met-enkephalin is involved in regulating cell proliferation and can inhibit cancer cell growth in multiple cell lines. Increased met-enkepahlin levels created by LDN thus have the potential to inhibit cancer growth in humans. Phase II human trials of met-enkephalin, case reports published by Berkson and Rubin, and the clinical experience of Bihari confirmed the potential role of LDN in treating pancreatic and other cancers. However, large scale trials are lacking and are unlikely to be funded given the current non-proprietary status of naltrexone. A case report is presented of successful treatment of adenoid cystic carcinoma as further evidence of LDN's potential as a unique non-toxic cancer therapy.

Abstract

MENK, a penta-peptide is considered as being involved in the regulatory feedback loop between the immune and neuroendocrine systems, with marked modulation of various functions of human immune cells. The aim of the present work was to investigate change of lymphocyte subpopulations in peripheral blood of 50 cancer patients before and after treatment with MENK. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of peripheral blood from 50 cancer patients were isolated by density gradient centrifugation using Ficoll-Paque solution and cultured with MENK. We measured proliferation of total nucleated cells, subpopulations of individual CD4+T cells, CD8+T cells, CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells (Treg), natural killer cells (NK) before and after treatment with 10-12M MENK in cell culture by flow cytometry (FCM). Our results indicated that MENK showed a strong inhibiting effect on Treg cells while it stimulated marked proliferation of other lymphocyte subpopulations. All data obtained were of significance statistically.

It was therefore concluded that MENK could work as a strong immune booster with great potential in restoring damaged human immune system and we could consider MENK as a drug to treat cancer patients, whose immune systems are damaged by chemotherapy or radiotherapy. Furthermore we could consider MENK as a chemotherapy additive, which would sustain immune system of cancer patients during the process of chemotherapy to get maximized efficacy with minimized side effect.

Introduction

There are increasing articles supporting that endogenous opioid peptides would be involved in the regulatory loop between the neuroendocrine and immune systems, and play a positive role in immune modulation. Several types of opioid receptors such as: mu, delta, and kappa receptors have been detected on the surface of various immune cells including T cells, NK cells, macrophages, and dendritic cells.1 MENK, composed of Tye-Gly-Gly-Phe-Met, is derived from pre-enkephalin and circulates in blood at low concentration in body.2The data from both early documented studies3-5 and published results in our laboratory indicated that MENK at suitable range of concentrations could enhance activity of various types of immune cells, like: augmenting interactions between dendritic cells (DCs) and CD4+T cells, induction of phenotypic and functional maturation of DCs with increased antigen presentation, improvement of antitumor activity of DCs loaded with antigen, induction of macrophage polarization to the M1 phenotype in mouse model, eliciting CD8+T cell cytotoxicity, upregulating the secretion of cytokines such as IL-2, IL-12, IFN-γ, TNF-α, increasing the release of hydrogen peroxide and nitric oxide and stimulation of lymphocyte subpopulations in normal human donors.6-12 In addition, there have been studies indicating that MENK could inhibit tumor growth.13,14

However, so far there is little approach to the influence on lymphocyte subpopulations in large samples of cancer patients by MENK. Due to the importance of sustaining immunity in cancer patients and based on the data we have had on MENK we conducted the following approach to the clinical application of MENK for cancer therapy and immunotherapy.

Results

In general treatment of cancer patients with leukophoresis IL-2, anti-CD3 antibody, and TNF-α were used to stimulate proliferation of T cells and this method did induced proliferation of lymphocytes, however, when the huge number of expanded lymphocytes were infused back to patient body only limited efficacy was observed. We checked all subpopulations of lymphocytes and found that total Tregs were also increased. Probably that was the key to hinder the efficacy and this was why leukopharesis application in the past 30 y proceeded with no real progress.

Based on our previous discovery proving that MENK inhibited Tregs in human peripheral blood through opioid receptors and on our lot of published data on MENK we designed and developed this unique method with new mechanism to cancer immunotherapy. Our trial was a pioneer study.

After treatment with MENK for 7 d each lymphocyte subpopulation was checked with FCM. The concrete changes were as evidenced in following Table 1.

Clearly total lymphocytes were restored. If we compared these results before and after treatment by MENK statistically we could draw conclusion that total T cells were markedly increased (Figs. 1 and ​and22).

Figure 1. Proliferation of total nucleated cells (TNC) after treatment with MENK. Isolated TNC were cultured with MENK for 7 d in vitro and cell numbers were measured by FCM. The TNC grew into distinguished percentage as compared with that in ...

Figure 2. Proliferation of total CD3+ T cells after treatment with MENK. The cells were cultured with MENK for 7 d in vitro and cell numbers were measured by FCM. The cells grew into distinguished percentage. Especially the collected data indicated ...

Figure 3. Proliferation of total CD4+ T cells /CD4+T cells after treatment with MENK. The peripheral cells were cultured with MENK for 7 d in vitro and cell numbers were measured by FCM. The cells grew into distinguished percentage.

Figure 4. Proliferation of total NK cells after treatment with MENK.The cells were cultured with MENK for 7 d and cell number were measured by FCM. The cells grew into distinguished percentage. The most important finding in this study was that ...

Discussion

MENK, as an important neuropeptide connecting endocrine and immune systems plays the modulating role coordinating and balancing 2 systems. Many results both from our laboratory and from other institutes on MENK’s function of upregulating immune system at suitable dose have been reported previously.15-21 Our documented record showed that considerable work of approaches with MENK on its impact on immune cells in vitro and in vivo has been done in our laboratory.7-11

There are predominantly mu, delta, and kappa—3 types of opioid receptors. The mu receptor is responsible for addiction and pain, while kappa and delta are responsible for immunity according to published data. The concentration of MENK we used was 10-12 M, the normal physiological concentration. So at this concentration MENK would bind to kappa or delta receptor on the immune cells rather than mu receptor, resulting in increased immunity and our previous exploration supported this conclusion.

We published an article on restore of immune system in 21 cancer patients with severely damaged immune systems by administration of MENK (in a Chinese journal). The present results showed MENK’s positive effect on the expansion of peripheral lymphocytes subpopulations in 50 cancer patients, which indicated the upregulating effect was marked, especially through the inhibition of Treg, which was of importance in cancer treatment. In addition the finding of MENK at used concentration could markedly stimulate the expansion of CD4+T cells, CD8+T cells, and NK cells would help understanding increased immunity.

The marked inhibition of the expansion of Tregs by MENK revealed a new mechanism by which MENK exerted positive regulation to the cells of immune system. Therefore this was unique highlight in this study.

The increased expansion of CD4+T cells, CD8+T cells, and NK cells under influence of MENK would work together to fight cancer cells by mounting innate immunity and adaptive immunity, so as to remove out or kill cancer cells. We do observed life prolongation in 50 cancer patients treated with MENK mediated leukopharesis. The vast majority of treated cancer patients felt much better with good appetite and weight gaining (under separate paper).

Tregs are a key component of the immune system, identified by scientists in recent years and they could suppress immune responses mounted by other cells. This is a necessary “self-check” built into the immune system to prevent body from getting excessive reactions causing autoimmune diseases. Regulatory T cells come in many forms with characteristic, being those that CD4+, CD25+, and Foxp3+ cells are responsible for maintaining immune tolerance, limiting body inflammatory diseases.22-26 However, Tregs also suppress beneficial response by restricting immunity like antitumor immunity, which is critical in cancer situation. Tregs identification is a key pace forward in the field of immunology and it directly provides a better understanding for T-cell-mediated immune response and immunosuppression. Although Tregs were identified for their potential to prevent organ-specific autoimmune disease at early time, continuously emerging evidence suggests that elevated Tregs play a key negative regulation in tumor related immunity and contribute to reason of tumor growth and progression, thereby exerting an important impact on the outcome of cancer patients.

The immune system is a diverse one controlled by endocrine system via signaling molecules that act as activating agents, and send feedback information to endocrine system. Thus, they are formulating a coordinated interaction between the immune and endocrine systems. In addition, there are internal interactions within the immune cells through cytokine network loop that interacts or even police each other as a dynamic part among immune system. This approach can therefore contribute to the understanding in depth, of MENK’s positive role in coordinating human immune system. Our results also provide a significant clue of action for MENK and highlighten the clinical potential of MENK in cancer immunotherapy, especially for the cancer patients with lower immunity post chemotherapy. According to our previous study in cancer therapy with MENK, application of MENK should include: (1) the application of MENK, before chemotherapy or with chemotherapy will sustain the immune system. This shows great synergistic, and minimize side effects during process of chemotherapy, (2) the application of MENK, post chemotherapy will restore immune system much fast, and minimize side effects during process of chemotherapy. Likewise, we may look at possibility of MENK as an adjuvant in vaccine designing against infectious diseases.

Of course this is only preliminary approach and there is much to be studied further to gain insight on MENK, such as how MENK inhibits Treg cells at molecular level, which will reveal nature of mechanism and will be of great importance.27,28

Also whether MENK can stop transformation of routine CD4+T cells to Tregs or just directly inhibits mature Tregs is another key issue to be clarified. MENK, plus tumor specific antigen may be better in expanding specific T cells, which can kill cancer cells more effectively and at same time Tregs will be inhibited. Furthermore we can separate cells in innate immune system from patient body and grow them with MENK in vitro, followed by infusing them to cancer patient to see more efficacy.

We are designing a modified method that is: purified NK, NKT, and gamma delta T cell from cancer patient were expanded in vitro under stimulation of MENK and re-infuse them back to cancer patient. The efficacy was then compared and evaluated with existing method. Initial test shows potential and this approach is in process deeply.

Conclusion

This approach helps us learn more knowledge about MENK’s action in rehabilitating human immune system and the conclusion of MENK as an immune enhancer, drawn from present study is fully supported by the data obtained. We believe that this is the first time that published data based on large samples show that MENK could stimulate proliferation of lymphocyte subpopulations by inhibiting Tregs in peripheral blood of cancer patients.

Materials and Methods

Key reagents

MENK was provided by Penta biotech. Inc. USA (≥97% purity). In our previous experiments we have tested a range of concentrations of MENK from 10−1 M to 10−15 M on the proliferation of human lymphocyte in vitro and the optimal concentration of 10−12 M to growth of immune cells was confirmed. So the current study was performed with use of 10−12 M of MENK. The mAbs used in this study included FITC anti-human CD4, CD8, Per CP anti- human CD3, FITC anti-human CD16, PE anti-human CD56, FITC anti-human CD1a and human Treg FlowTM Kit, which were all products of Biolegend or BD PharMingen. Ficoll-Paque solution was a product of Sigma-Wisconsin. Other chemicals or solvents frequently used in our laboratory were all certified products from sigma-Aldrich or BD PharMingen.

Patient information and lymphocytes isolation and culture

The patients recruited for this study were all with terminal cancers with broad metastasis, underwent chemotherapy and their immune system were damaged severely. They failed to respond to any therapy available and were desperate. After they signed informed consent we began to give treatment. The concrete cases distribution was as following:

PBMCs were separated from heparinized peripheral blood of cancer patients by Ficoll density gradient centrifugation. The isolated PBMCs were then rinsed 3 times with phosphate buffer solution and the cell vitality was confirmed by trypan blue dye assay. The cell number were adjusted to 5 × 105/mL and the cells were grown in RPMI1640 supplemented with 10% fetal calf serum, 2 mL L-glutamine,1.2% sodium bicarbonate, and antibiotics (100 Units/mL penicillin, 100 μg/mL streptomycin, 100μg/mL kanamycin). The lymphocytes subpopulations grown with MENK and the proliferation of the lymphocyte were checked with FCM on 7 d of culture, while cells number were enriched to 109/mL. The proliferated cells were collected, washed 3 times with sterilized normal saline, dispersed in 500 mL sterilized normal saline and finally was infused back to patients. Unless otherwise indicated, all cells were grown under condition of a humidified atmosphere of 5% CO2 and 95% air at 37 °C.

Analysis by flow cytometry (FCM)

Lymphocyte subpopulations were assayed according to their immunophenotypes. We recorded the major lymphocyte subpopulations of total nucleated cells, total CD3+ cells, CD4+T cells, cytotoxic T cell (Tc,CD8+CD28+) and Treg (CD4+CD25+Foxp3+), and NK cells(CD16+CD56+). Fluoro-chrome, fluorescein (FITC), or phycoerythrin (PE) labeled monoclonal antibodies against surface markers were used and the surface markers of lymphocyte subpopulations were then analyzed with direct double immunofluorescence by using two-color flow cytometry (FACS-Calibur, Becton Dickinson) via acquired 10 000 events in the gating region. Each subpopulation was expressed as percentage of lymphocytes or as percentage of total T lymphocytes.

Statistical analysis

Statistical analysis was done using statistical program SPSS (Statistical Package for Social Sciences, Version 16.0) for Windows. All variables were presented as mean ± SE. The differences among the groups were evaluated by ANOVA for multiple groups and by the student test for 2 groups using the Prism (Graph Pad Software). Tukey test, used for post hoc analysis, when P < 0.05 by ANOVA indicated significance.

Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy

Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy (HBOT) helps all kinds of people. It’s used to help patients suffering from sports injuries, Chronic Fatigue Syndrome, infections, arthritis and a huge range of other medical conditions. As we all know, oxygen is vital for life, and life cannot exist without it. It follows that oxygen is essential for effective healing and recovery.