With the advent of the Nordost cable
companys Cable Burn-In Device (aka CBID 1, nicknamed The Cable Toaster) and a
parallel announcement of the imminent introduction of Audiodharmas Cable Cooker[TM]
2.0, I thought it prudent to investigate the subject of cable break-in a bit more
thoroughly. It would be too easy and lazy to assume carte blanche style that we need a
cure for a disease when many pronounce this ailment to be utterly imaginary. Others,
acknowledging the break-in phenomenon per se, have countered with a literally
flippant observation -- that the listener breaks in and not the wire.

Something just cracked -- did you hear that?

If the material-centered
disease proved real, Id feel comfortable reporting on a cure if and when delivered
by a piece of ancillary equipment. If the listener-centered disease were the real culprit
-- well, maybe a visit to an auropsych would do. If you consider the implications,
youll realize why I opted to stick with the notion of the purely physical wire
instead.

I contacted as many cable manufacturers as I
could reach via e-mail and invited their opinions on the subject. Needless to say, the
empirical evidence -- the tuned-in ear -- that has long since held that cables do sound
different after a certain amount of use, found much support from those who chose to reply.
This even included unexpected explanations for the sensitive few who -- some might call
them dangerously obsessed -- feel that cables revert back through non-use and behave
momentarily bent out of shape when moved or handled.

Rather than accepting these responses at face
value and concluding the whole affair to be an open-and-shut case of in flagranti
derelicti, I was, in light of my columns name, professionally bound to ask
"Y." If cables require break-in, why? Does continuous current over time wear
down a cables peculiar reticence to drop its ego, get out of the way and just humbly
serve the music?

For starters, nearly everyone agreed that the
perfect cable would be surrounded by air instead of a traditional dielectric. Better yet
but apparently quite impractical, a true vacuum would be king. You see, a dielectric or
insulator is supposed to perform just one seemingly simple function -- prevent
electrical interaction between conductors and make for safe handling and installation. The
perfect insulator would thus act as an absolutely inert substance. It would pass on
nothing. It wouldnt interact with the host to affect the signal-carrying conductor
in any way. This perfect theoretical ideal of an utterly non-conductive, purely passive
medium quickly evaporates into thin air when reality hits. Bam. Air. Of course. AIR!

Well, shy of suspending individual and nekkid
conductors from miniature cloth lines, which still leaves them open to radio-frequency
contamination, 100% air insulation is not practical. While a few advanced cases of audiophilia
extrema are known to have turned their living rooms into futuristic tangles of
stretched and parallel-suspended 24 AWG pure silver conductors on which flies and gnats
perform chin ups in the morning, most of us live in the real world. So Tara Labs has
introduced a commercial line of cables dubbed RSC Air
cables that employ a Teflon tube around their trademarked Rectangular Solid Core conductor
in such a way that the raw conductor is primarily suspended in air and only makes minimal
physical contact with the dielectric on its very edges.

Why such prudish aversion to physical contact
with the conductors sheathing?

Simply put, DuPont Teflon -- in one form or
another universally acclaimed as the dielectric of choice -- does not remain as utterly
passive as air would. Being physical, it absorbs energy but also re-radiates it again.
Surprisingly, most manufacturers queried agree on the plastic as the primary culprit that
mandates burn-in. While some very minor details are ascribed to different cause,
lets face it -- how many cable makers have the requisite state-of-the-art
ultra-high-frequency-spectrum analyzers or electron microscopes to study molecular-level
cable behavior themselves? Most cutting-edge cable research happens in the medical,
military and aerospace industry and is concerned with burn-in procedures solely for
"mean time between failure" testing, not for any change in actual performance.
While audio-related observations might thus coincide perfectly between different
participants, the quest to explain the rationale behind them is by force still beset with
clues, hunches and theories. One relies on whats already measurably known
about cables in general. One also is forced to go beyond the empirical simply in an
attempt to account for all observations in audio, namely those that in the absence
of not-yet-measurable proof would otherwise fall by the wayside. While some might call
this mumbo jumbo, such speculative thoroughness often precipitates eventual new branches
of science that manifest the old maxim "if the right question is asked, the answer
invariably follows." Remember further that whatever cables these manufacturers use as
basis for their opinions differ in construction, geometry, conductor and dielectric
material and tolerances.

Bill Lowe of AudioQuest holds that the
molecules in the dielectric are being formed through exposure to current and
undergo a restructuring from haphazard to uniform order over time. A dielectric
thats equalized on a molecular level becomes more passive and absorbs and releases
less energy. Hence it interacts less with the actual signal and causes less distortion. To
prevent a re-forming to random molecular disorder at rest, Lowe recommends to leave a
system playing at all times or at least powered up. This maintains a base electrical
potential if not actual constant micro current in the cable. He states in no uncertain
terms that prolonged non-use returns cables to near their virgin pre-conditioned state.

Joe Reynolds of Nordost cites a release of
gases that are trapped during the Teflon-extrusion process as one of the physical changes
a cable undergoes during break-in. This is related to physical impurities in the raw
conductor materials -- copper, silver or alloy -- which even in their most refined
ultra-pure forms are never entirely eliminated, only minimized. As signal travels through
the crystalline lattice structures of the conductive metal, it seeks the path of least
resistance around impeding impurities, just as water flows around rocks and other
obstructions. Over time, actual changes occur in the molecular latticework as current flow
creates its own pathways. This effect, dubbed quantum tunneling, has been filmed in
the UK with a very high-resolution imaging device.

Reynolds is also fully aware of the impact
dielectric interaction has upon signal propagation. A dielectrics propensity to
absorb and release energy centers around a value called the dielectric constant. Pure air
or a vacuum has a dielectric constant of 1. This is used as a theoretical reference point.
A commonly employed inexpensive insulator, PVC, is plainly plagued with a high level of
time-delayed energy dissipation. It causes a smearing of the signal and can be heard as a
loss of detail, dulling of transients and a reduction of apparent speed and incisiveness.
It should come as no surprise that PVC features a very high dielectric constant from 3.5
to 5. Contrast this to the 2.1 of extruded Teflon Nordost uses in their regular cable
line. In their admittedly very expensive, top-of-the-line monofilament interconnect called
Quattro Fil, this value is undercut further to arrive at a low 1.38. Using a extremely mechanically complex wrapping technique, four
groupings of seven conductors are bonded together, with each group permanently sealed
inside its own Teflon tube and isolated from the dielectric via a very thin helixed Teflon
spacer that essentially suspends the conductors in inert air. Like Tara Labs, Nordost has
found their own way to come as close as practically feasible to floating their conductor
in the best insulator of all -- nothing. Its fair to assume that by
minimizing the dielectric contribution to burn-in, such "air cables" ought to
change less sonically, sound better right out of the box and benefit less or not at all
from the use of ancillary break-in devices.

For the sake of factual accuracy and as Caelin
Gabriel of Shunyata Research properly reminds us, in the context of a true air
dielectric -- no insulation whatsoever, being literally suspended in free space --
shielding from electromagnetic fields is entirely unaccounted for. Shielding absolutely
requires an electrically conductive substance, usually in the outer cable structure, and
electromagnetic fields are generated around any conductor the moment signal passes.
Hence commercially viable wire billed as "air cables" still must rely on
traditional shielding techniques. This is real-world stuff meeting theory and neither
invalidates cables with true in-built air spaces nor the inherent performance benefits
such tricky mechanical construction bestows.

George Cardasof Cardas Audio
corroborates with both Nordost and AudioQuest by talking about an asymmetrically
distributed standing charge in the dielectric that equalizes over time. He refers to the
high-voltage test that many manufacturers routinely employ to momentarily check for
dielectric integrity. Such a precipitously applied voltage shock, run through conductors
to check for potential shorts, causes a charged build-up that creates in turn a minute but
physical expansion of the dielectric called piezoelectric effect. It settles down
and dissipates only over time. This standing voltage is said to be actually measurable in
the millivolt range. Its also claimed to be the cause of cable microphonics. One
effect of cable conditioning or burn-in should then be the reduction or elimination of
microphonic distortion.

Like AudioQuest, Cardas recommends maintaining a
constant low-level signal in the cable at all times. He further lists mechanically induced
stress from bending and handling as contributing factor for uneven build-up of dielectric
charge that, due to stray capacitance, generates whats called triboelectric noise
during short-term release. Cardas has developed a proprietary fluid which, when applied to
the dielectric as a thin coating, creates a certain conductivity of the outermost
dielectric layer, which reduces its absorption and dissipation factor. This is said to
minimize the need for break-in and again suggests that certain differences in cable
geometry and materials could offset some or most benefits of burn-in. To be more blunt,
before-and-after differences might range from drastic to barely noticeable. If true,
après cable-burn could be less rewarding for audiophiles than après skiing is for
burning muscles or libido-crazed jocks.

Steven Hill of StraightWire concurs with
the initial energization of the dielectrics that exhibit minor capacitive tendencies which
stabilize over time. He uses as a visual analogy Saran wrap or heat-shrink and how it
reacts over an object when hit with a heat gun. It shrinks, changes textures and becomes
stable. When reheated, the changes are much less dramatic than during the first process.
Hill cites as audible break-in changes improved midrange coherence, smoother highs and
bass that can become better controlled though not more dynamic. Litzed cables, where each
individual conductor is encapsulated by insulation, in his experience require more
break-in than equivalent raw-conductor designs.

Steve Lampen is a well-published technical
writer and technology specialist at Belden Electronics Division. Belden is by far
the largest US manufacturer of actual raw and pre-packaged wire. They supply many
specialist cable makers in various industries other than audio, amongst them
telecommunication, medical and military. The available and ongoing research in these
fields is extremely sophisticated and comprehensive. However, its mostly concerned
with exceedingly long runs of cables that transmit much higher frequency signals than the
complex, harmonically rich waveforms found in audio, and under usually more adverse
mechanical and environmental conditions. A massive corporation like Belden thus cant
readily document audio-specific performance issues outside clearly measurable
parameters such as capacitance, inductance and impedance. Lampen was very clear, though,
that contrary to audiophile notions, Belden is very interested and committed to furthering
the understanding of audio-related performance concerns. He cites as one of many examples
a double-blind listening test, independently run in conjunction with Speaker Builder
Magazine, to investigate the hotly disputed subject of cable directionality.

This study gave no evidence that directionality
is a controllable phenomenon. The test subjects were unable to determine by ear in which
direction the cables had been manufactured. Had they been successful, Belden would have
implemented such findings immediately to produce and market a superior directional wire,
undoubtedly making a handsome earning with audiophiles in the process. They do, however,
manufacture a number of air-dielectric cables dubbed "semi-solids." Products
#9913 and #9269 use a polyethylene, #89913 and #89269 a Teflon helix to position and
suspend the conductor in "thin air." Dielectric absorption is recognized as a
very real phenomenon but considered of real concern mainly in the megahertz range well
outside the audio band. Lampen isnt aware of any scientific evidence to support
notions of dielectric equalization. If it did occur, the actual dielectric constant of the
plastic would lower and affect capacitance and impedance, none of which their own testing
of various powered-on, powered-off cycles over extended time segments has shown.

Lampen did acknowledge that, as George Cardas
mentioned, high-voltage testing is a standard procedure and does occur at Belden. However,
if the piezoelectric effect claimed from such treatment were true, hed again expect
a parallel change in the cables capacitance and impedance. An e-mail about high
voltages stored in data cables, said to be due to high voltage testing, was in fact
circulated at Belden just recently. Simply shorting the conductors will release that
charge and, as far as Lampen is aware of, there is no other effect on the cable. He
concurs with Cardas, though, on triboelectric noise generated from handling and flexing a
cable. Beldens engineering solution to minimize such behavior are carbon-impregnated
layers that "short out" inter-layer voltages, employed in Belden models #9239,
9223 and 9224.

On the subject of lowering
dielectric constants to approach that of air, Lampen points out that current Teflon
foaming techniques produce a maximum propagation velocity of 83-85%. This is the
equivalent to a dielectric constant of 1.38, readily available in dozens of Belden
products, not the least of which is a line of coax cables designed for wiring television
studios for HDTV. Curious about the final conclusions of this article, he offered to
submit any number of Belden test samples to use for before/after burn-in comparisons on a
Cable Toaster. I openly applaud his readiness to actively participate with his own
products as a shining example of a levelheaded, well-respected scientist remaining
intensely curious and keeping an open mind.

Matthew Bond of TARA Labs began
correlating measurements with subjective listening tests as early as 1987 and measured the
major reason for the burn-in phenomenon in 1992. While an electron microscope would show
the physical inconsistencies and imperfections in the adhesion of the dielectric to the
conductor, he used an ultra-high-frequency Hewlett-Packard spectrum analyzer to monitor
energy storage (frequency vs. time) in the dielectric material around a conductor. Using
subtractive calculations off raw-wire values, he learned about the precise factors various
tolerances and applications of dielectrics add. These results confirmed assumptions an
earlier subjective experiment had generated. At that time, Bond suspended two very thin
naked conductors in parallel, spaced about a 1/4" apart on a wooden jig, to create an
odd-looking but functional interconnect. A parallel setup involved the same conductors but
this time encapsulated in different dielectrics to allow him to listen to the sound of
the dielectric in comparison. In line with Bill Lowes observations on
dielectric equalization, the nude cable didnt break in whereas the dressed ones
changed their sound over a period of time before they stabilized. After that, they
approached but did not entirely duplicate the still superior-sounding raw cable.

Based on these original experiments, a long
evolutionary process of manufacturing expertise continues at TARA Labs today to implement
Bonds belief that the best cable geometry is as simple as possible to minimize
dielectric colorations. This resulted in the above-mentioned line of RSC Air cables. This
line culminated in 1999 with the introduction of the worlds first true vacuum cable,
putting the thumbscrews onto the notion that a vacuum dielectric is impossibly
impractical. It actually seems to be impractical for reasons quite different than the
actual manufacturing process. If Bond is to be believed, TARA Labs' The Zero turned out to
be too revealing to be useful to anyone but a select few in possession of truly superior
audio systems. Hence commercial release of The Zero hasnt been rushed even though
fully working samples have been around for over a year. The first production run was
finally scheduled for spring 2000 and The Zero is now available for those daring enough to
risk utter frustration with their existing systems. Creating a gas-tight mechanical seal
via internal O-rings, custom-designed RCA jacks with integral pressure valves are used to
evacuate the internal air and permanently seal in the vacuum during the final
manufacturing steps. On the subject of Teflons slight superiority to polyethylene
with regard to their dielectric constants of 2.1 versus 2.3, Bond mentioned that
polyethylene -- unlike Teflon, which doesnt remain stable -- can be infused with
glass micro-spheres. Being hollow and air-filled, these spheres literally inject air into
the plastic and help lower polyethylenes dielectric constant to 1.6. Matthew Bond,
though very specific on many parameters, essentially copies the above statements by Bill
Lowe of AudioQuest to a "T." When I showed him a pre-publication draft of this
article, he verbally circled that short paragraph as being the perfectly condensed answer
that succinctly explains the entire break-in phenomenon in a nutshell, everything else
being superfluous.

Jerry Ramsey of Audio Magic knows cable
break-in to be a very real while not necessarily measurable phenomenon and uses a 120v
break-in routine over a three-day period to accelerate break-in of his cables before they
get shipped to a customer. Still, after uncoiling them for final installation, an
additional eight hours of nonstop music playback are required to overcome the effects of
uncoiling the wire from its packaging materials.

On the subject of directionality, Jerry has an
opinion which, taken in the context of what all these cable makers have been saying so
far, sounds perfectly reasonable even though I had never thought of it that way. He claims
-- and extensive listening tests with an experienced panel were used to verify this --
that cables becomedirectional simply through use. He offers that
verification of this phenomenon is easily duplicated by anyone interested. All thats
required are cables of truly symmetrical design where the shield construction is identical
on both ends. Simply reverse the cables after theyve been in the system for an
extended period of time. Jerry suggests that the sonics will immediately and perceptibly
suffer until the cable re-settles in the new direction. This requires another break-in
period equal in length to the original one. This process of reversing a cables
burned-in sonic directionality can be continued ad infinitum. The reason Audio
Magic uses directional markers in their symmetrical designs is not to suggest that
the cables are delivered directional. Its simply to remind a customer about
which end is which should he rewire his system by swapping components or re-siting his
audio rack.

Jerry chuckled reminiscing about the early days
when directionally marked cables first hit the scene. Pretty soon consumers acted as
though cables without directional arrows on their jackets werent high-end any
longer. Responding to this trend, a custom of directionalizing cables has taken hold of
the industry ever since regardless of the, at least based on this inquiry, overwhelming
absence of any available scientific documentation on the subject.

Stephen Creamer of Nirvana Audio is yet
another manufacturer who seconds all the above observations on dielectric equalization.
Akin to Nordost's, Nirvanas solution for lowering the dielectric constant of Teflon
to 1.4 involves a wrap of amorphous PTFE precisely tension-spaced with an air gap between
layers.

I also asked Creamer about the subject of wire
directionality on which most other parties chose to remain mute. Outside of directionality
being designed into a cable through asymmetrical shields, Creamer differentiates between
polycrystalline copper and monocrystal versions. Polycrystals are said to behave
isotropically, meaning their properties are non-directional. Conversely, single crystal
copper is said to be "bi." One measurable example that might support
parallel notions of audible directionality is termed the Young modulus. This gives
a stiffness value for a material under tension. Single-crystal copper varies from a low 67
Gpa to a high 192 Gpa depending on orientation while polycrystalline copper retains the
same 111 Gpa either way. When a conductor is flexed, crystal fracturing in the metal
occurs and the signal will create a new pathway.

Always one fond of creating new problems to be
contemplated and agonized over by overly neurotic audiophiles, I hereby propose a new,
still patent-pending conundrum: If your cable is of the monocrystal variety, how will you
know what direction to bend it in so as to avoid undue fracturing?

Back on track. Creamer reminds us that the best
termination is no termination -- point-to-point hard wiring or surface-mount
technology is inherently superior to cables that connect components via terminals of some
kind. Cable termination, whether by crimping pressure or soldering heat, applies brute
force to the crystalline structure of the joined materials. He feels that simply playing
music through the cables and their conduit joints eventually restructures their
internal molecular makeup to form new pathways between the discontinuity of dissimilar
metals. This echoes Joe Reynolds observation on the quantum-tunneling effect. During
the prototype phase of new Nirvana products, a panel that comprises listeners of all ages
and backgrounds takes extensive notes and is compensated for time and effort with actual
product. In each case, these listeners who dont know of or communicate with each
other, report correlating, burn-in related changes. Some hasten this conditioning period
with commercially available burn-in CDs, others use square wave and pulse generators,
tuner-sourced white noise or just plain music. Creamer personally prefers the latter as it
allows him to follow the process through the various stages without shortcuts. However,
hes also experimented with 12,000V at 30ma for 72 hours nonstop and reports that
this high-potential method proved no more effective than any others. For lack of a
better word, he talks about a cable assemblys need to relax before it reveals
its best performance.

Before you dismiss this term -- or similar ones
as to equalize, to settle-in, to become symbiotic, to get saturated -- as misplaced
to describe something as inert and non-animated as cable, lets hang a quick left for
a brief metaphysical detour. This will momentarily get us into far-out territory and bears
no relation to Nirvana Audio despite their name. But it might help create a context for
those explanations in this article that are still speculative purely as a function of
technology not being available yet -- or our ignorance on knowing how -- to measure and
thereby explain whats patently audible.

An old and well-known hermetic dictum states
"as above so below." This refers to the fact that the laws and processes of the
giant extrovert universe are holographically reflected in its most minute introvert parts,
and vice versa. A common example is our solar system and its reflection in a molecule --
whether it be planets and moons spinning around a sun or protons and neutrons playing
catch around a nucleus, the same physical laws are operative. Its merely a matter of
scale. Are you still with me? Good, because the next and immediate conclusion might leave
you gasping for fresh air when the consequences hit home.

Look upon your own physical body now as a truly
breathtaking galaxy of billions upon billions of spinning atoms, separated by more empty
space than actual matter. All of this essential emptiness is bathed in your own shifting
personal moods and emotions. If youre honest, youd confess right away that
being a planet or even minor shrapnel of asteroid scrap in your universe is no fun
most of the time.

But lets quickly change perspective to
something more becoming a healthy self-image as regional ruler of your personal cosmos.
There are many easy examples of actually heroic ways in which emotions affect us.
How about the wimpy fellow who couldnt even do ten push-ups but lifted up an entire
car by himself to free his beloved wife trapped underneath in a traffic accident?
Apparently defying his own physical limitations, his extreme determination and emotional
intensity affected the very atoms of neurons, synapses, adrenals and amino acids to
perform a task of which he usually wasnt capable.

Our conditioned outlook on the physical universe
around us has us view material objects as inert, bereft of feelings and consciousness,
hence immune to being affected by either. So-called miracles and magic, apparently
operative outside known laws and processes, can be more readily understood if the universe
is considered animated by consciousness, just as the miniature universe of our physical
being is animated, manifested and constantly affected by the consciousness of
"I." From here, is it too vast a stretch to conclude that the external universe,
made up of endless galaxies and solar systems, is the physical body or expression of one
inconceivable, fathomless consciousness which most cultures refer to as Divine?

Gotcha, but back to basics. Talking about
"relaxation" in terms of a cable doesnt seem as farfetched when you apply
self-observation and mate it to a sensible application of the above/below law. Maybe atoms
and crystals inside a metallic conductor can be happy and relaxed, stressed out and
uptight, organized or in disarray. Dont dismiss this dramatized statement as utterly
ridiculous Weird Coast wackiness just because our left brain has been dry-cleaned to view
things in antiquated black and white opposition. I sense that some of these wire
manufacturers, having spent decades getting absorbed into the minutiae of their craft,
guard their own "wacky" ideas that they dont dare share openly for fear of
being branded charlatans. So Im merely, unprompted and surreptitiously, doing the
honors myself, like shooting blanks hoping one will turn out to be live. You might chose
to call it abuse, but lets have some fun, too, while we consider all the options.
When everything is said and done though, trust your own ears. Audio has a way of turning
opinions into facts that is positively scary.

In conclusion and acknowledging the overlap of
empirical observations and subsequent conclusions above, it seems fair and necessary to
pronounce cable burn-in -- and thus the conditional requirement for a break-in
period -- a very real subject. To obtain the full benefit for which the cables were
designed in the first place, break-in should be considered mandatory. Accessories might
prove helpful to accelerate what could be a very protracted process. Theres also the
distinct possibility that certain or all cables, under regular use -- plainly listening to
music -- may never fully break-in to strut their stuff unhampered.

Would it surprise you that arguments for the
latter would come from those who market cable burn-in accessories? But cynicism aside,
even George Cardas who does not market his own cable burner was plain in stating that
certain wires, based on geometries or materials, could take years to fully if ever
equalize. Joe Reynolds of Nordost states that experiments with their own cables, using a
virgin pair versus one in constant use for 1.5 years versus a virgin one after a 48 hours
toasting treatment, clearly showed that even nonstop music-only signal will not arrive at
the level of performance a properly designed burn-in device can deliver in a few days. So
lets hand the mike to Marc S. Wauters of Audiodharma. Hell briefly sketch a
plausible scenario that could make you suspect how regardless of the disturbing extent to
which your listening excesses might have degenerated of late, break-in of your cables
could be an ever-receding rainbow youll never catch.

Here is a bit of basic math that portrays
whats going on with your amplifier/cable interface.

An average amplifier is driven to full output
with a 2 volts peak signal. Since most listening occurs at levels significantly more
modest, the average signal voltage is typically a mere fraction thereof. Amplifier input
impedances vary from 10k ohms on the low side to several 100k ohms for certain tube amps,
while a typical median and effective industry standard is 47k ohms. Lets use the
best-case scenario:

2 volts / 10 k ohms = 200 microamperes

This current flow inside the interconnect is only
factual if we were talking continuous current. However, the voltage value we used
to calculate this maximum current flow is not RMS but merely a very occasional
peak. For arguments sake, though, lets say you played your system under these
circumstances for one week nonstop. Youd arrive at an arbitrary current-time value,
or CTV, of 168 hours x 0.0002 amperes = CTV of 0.0336

Hooked up instead to Audiodharmas Cable
Cooker for the same time, our interconnect is exposed to a CTV 600 times greater --
20.16. This is induced with a constant line voltage of 12 volts and a measured current of
120 milliamperes. The accompanying literature claims that this constant current causes
much higher "stress" on the dielectric than can be obtained under even the most
ideal of audio system conditions. Not much to argue about here. The question remains,
though, whether this proposed "stress therapy" is ultimately a good thing for
the dielectric. Our cable manufacturers above refer to dielectric equalization or
relaxation as the main objective of cable conditioning. Stress and relaxation would
seem odd compatriots. But maybe the word stress is just poorly chosen. Lets not get
hung up on verbiage. Audiodharmas beta testers report that results for an
interconnect conditioned by the Cable Cooker are often audible after as little as 24 hours
of use. My question now became whether, to my own ears, this difference would turn out to
be merely different or an unconditional and worthwhile improvement? Or would certain
parameters improve and others suffer?

The Audiodharma burn-in signal is generated by a
square-wave oscillator that drives a MOSFET switching circuit to produce
square-wave-plus-harmonics sweeps over a frequency band of 100 to 10,000 Hz. From the same
12 volt potential, their high-current speaker output draws 1.88 amperes continuous to give
a steady-state signal level in excess of 22 watts. Wauters counters theoretical attempts
of using his custom signal undiluted through the regular playback chain as opposed to
using the inaudible Cable Cooker. He casually warns that this would cause listeners to run
for aural shelter in a heartbeat. Apparently this signal is anything but musical or
pleasant. Trying to replicate its effect with some solidly slamming and jarring music over
reasonably efficient speakers would quickly clip the ears of even the most stamina-endowed
listeners. Should your resident white-lab-coated audiopath prescribe this type of
treatment as de rigeur to cure your ailing wires, you simply must have a Cable
Cooker grill them for you or else risk melting your own cochlea like chocolate. Or
should it be crisp your cochlea to charcoal instead?

Under this scenario, having one extended marathon
audiophile session after another obviously just wont do. And there you fantasized I
was giving you the perfect excuse to neglect your love life and be released from trash and
garden duty. You were hoping to forego fixing that rattle in your washing machine while
zoning out endlessly to tune after tune, avoiding figuring out how to regulate the power
factor on your central circuit board. Sorry but no. Grab a life and let a Cable Cooker do it
for you.

Or so at least theory mandates. Like you, I was
by now eager to compare toasted to bland cable, cooked wire to raw conduit. In all
fairness, I must warn you though -- Im a sushi fanatic and raw juice junky. Cooking
just doesnt do it for me. Checking in with Joe Reynolds, it became quickly clear
that the primary intent for the Nordost CBID 1 is really as a tool for their dealers, not
the end-user of their cables. Dealers are empowered to offer enhanced customer service by
burning in cables before theyre purchased. Call it take-out night instead of having
to do the dishes yourself. Of course, if you were to insist on doing it yourself, Nordost
would happily sell you your own cable toaster.

Before a future installment reports on actual
cable testing and detailed descriptions plus features of both burn-in devices, lets
summarize what we think we know so far:

Cable burn-in is real and audible. There are
a number of reasons cited to explain the phenomenon. Every expert queried agrees though
that the major contributing factor is the plastic, not the conductor. The
insulating plastic interacts with the electromagnetic wave of passing signal current. This
interaction minimizes over time to stabilize to a lesser level of magnitude than
encountered in the virgin wire. Since simple current flow seems to be the agent whereby
this process takes places, speaker cables, all else being equal, ought to burn-in faster
than interconnects, simply by virtue of the higher signal currents that pass from
amplifier to speaker. Whether artificial non-musical signals as generated by accessory
burn-in devices can improve upon or accelerate conditioning results when compared to using
plain music remains to be seen.

If the dielectric theory holds true, one should
expect break-in-related sonic improvements to vary, from barely noticeable -- if the
primary dielectric is air or a vacuum -- to potentially drastic. The amount, type and
physical application of a cables dielectric all should be variables that affect the
before-and-after performance differential.

It seems further certain that cables that eschew
complexity and minimize bundling and layering reduce triboelectric problems, which occur
with electrostatic interference between a cables physical entities. Triboelectrical
noise does discharge with bending and handling, so a settling-down period of the cable
after installation is to be expected. This probably is exacerbated in those designs that
are mechanically intricate and filled with numerous layers of dissimilar materials.

Its clearly recommended to leaving a system
powered if not permanently playing to retain a micro current or potential in all cables.
This seems to stabilize performance and prevent a partial or complete reversal to the
pre-conditioning state, either scenario probably tied to both the cable and the amount of
inactive downtime.

Further industry-insider comments and contributions are welcome and will be added
to part II of this column when the test results will be revealed. To be very clear and
prevent a barrage of unnecessary e-mails jamming my inbox, comparisons will be done only
between identical cable pairs from the same maker. There wont be any performance
evaluations between different cables from the same maker, or between one maker and the
next. The only aspects germane to this entire endeavor is the before/after
subjective performance differential between treated and untreated cables, and a subsequent
attempt to correlate the expected variance in magnitude of difference with a cables
physical construction based on specs as provided by the manufacturers.