It is not uncommon to see messy R code which is almost not human-readable like this: # rotation of the word "Animation" # in a loop; change the angle and color # step by step for (i in 1:360) { # redraw the plot again and again plot(1,ann=FALSE,type="n",axes=FALSE) # rotate; use rainbow() colors text(1,1,"Animation",srt=i,col=rainbow(360),cex=7*i/360) #

e know the real distribution of the F statistic in linear models — it is a non-central F distribution. Under H0, we have a central F distribution. Given 1 – α, we can compute the probability of (correctly) rejecting H0. I created a simple demo to illustrate how the power changes as other parameters vary,