Erney and John Freddy Tobon-Marin, brothers who are natives and citizens of Colombia, entered the United States in 2002 and 2003, respectively, without valid visas. The Immigration and Naturalization Service (INS) commenced deportation proceedings against the brothers, who conceded removability, but filed applications for asylum based on their allegations of past persecution in Colombia relating to their political beliefs.

At their hearing before an immigration judge (IJ), Erney testified that before he left Colombia, the Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia (aka Fuerzas Armadas Revolucionarias de Colombia or the FARC), a communist guerilla group seeking to bring about the forcible overthrow of the Colombian government, came to the house where Erney resided with his parents and three brothers, and asked him to join the FARC. Erney did not want to join the FARC because he disagreed with their political agenda. Because he was frightened, however, Erney did not respond, and the guerillas left. During the following week, Erney heard that the FARC had murdered a teenage boy from his neighborhood who had been invited to join the FARC but had refused. Concerned for Erney's safety, his parents paid for his plane fare to the United States.

Later in 2002, the FARC sent a threatening letter to the Tobon-Marin home, asking Erney's brother, John Freddy, to join the FARC or face serious consequences. Within the next few days, John Freddy also received three or four threatening phone calls. John Freddy's parents paid for his airfare to the United States to join his brother Erney. Petitioners' parents and older brother, who was also approached by the FARC but refused to join, have remained at their home in Colombia without further incident.

The IJ denied petitioners' applications for asylum, finding, inter alia, that: (i) petitioners were credible, and had established a subjectively genuine fear of returning to Colombia; (ii) petitioners had not established that their subjective fear was objectively reasonable; (iii) the FARC's threats against petitioners did not persist or escalate into violence or physical harm; (iv) petitioners never told the FARC that their refusal to join was based on their political views, and thus they did not conclusively establish that the FARC threats were made on account of that statutorily protected ground; and (v) petitioners' family (and especially their older brother, whom the FARC had unsuccessfully attempted to recruit) had remained behind at the family home in Colombia without suffering any adverse repercussions from petitioners' refusals to join the FARC. On appeal, the BIA affirmed on these same grounds, and the brothers submitted their consolidated petition for review.

I

DISCUSSION

Petitioners contend that the IJ and the BIA erred in denying their asylum applications on the grounds that the FARC's previous attempts forcibly to conscript them into the guerilla group were neither sufficiently grievous to constitute “persecution” nor motivated by petitioners' political opinions, and that petitioners failed to adduce sufficient evidence that their subjective fear of returning to Colombia was objectively reasonable.

As the BIA adopted and supplemented the IJ's opinion with its own substantive gloss, we evaluate both the IJ's decision and the BIA decisions. See Sunoto v. Gonzales, 504 F.3d 56, 59-60 (1st Cir.2007). We deferentially scrutinize the agency's findings of fact under the “substantial evidence” standard, and will affirm unless “any reasonable adjudicator would be compelled to conclude to the contrary,” 8 U.S.C. § 1252(b)(4)(B).

In order to establish their entitlement to asylum, petitioners needed to prove they are “refugees,” in that they are “unable or unwilling to return to ․ [their] country because of persecution or a well-founded fear of persecution on account of race, religion, nationality, membership in a particular social group, or political opinion.” Id. § 1101(a)(42)(A) (emphasis added). The statute contemplates two approaches which petitioners might pursue to satisfy their burden of proof.

A. Past Persecution

First, petitioners may prove they suffered from past “persecution” on account of one or more of the five statutory grounds, supra, which would generate a rebuttable presumption that their fear of future persecution is well-founded. See Nikijuluw v. Gonzales, 427 F.3d 115, 120 (1st Cir.2005). The administrative record contains ample evidentiary support for the agency's ruling that petitioners failed to meet this burden of proof.

Petitioners were required to adduce sufficient evidence of a causal nexus between the FARC's actions and petitioners' political beliefs. Fesseha v. Ashcroft, 333 F.3d 13, 18 (1st Cir.2003) (noting that alien must establish past persecution with “conclusive evidence”). It is not enough to establish that the FARC is a politically-motivated guerilla group, since “persecution on account of ․ political opinion ․ is persecution on account of the victim's political opinion, not the persecutors.” INS v. Elias-Zacarias, 502 U.S. 478, 482, 112 S.Ct. 812, 117 L.Ed.2d 38 (1992) (“Thus, the mere existence of a generalized ‘political’ motive underlying the guerrillas' forced recruitment is inadequate to establish ․ the proposition that [the petitioner] fears persecution on account of political opinion, as [§ 1101(a)(42) ] requires.”). Absent specific evidence that the FARC targeted petitioners as a means to punish them for their pro-government, anti-communist political views, forced conscription would not constitute “persecution” for asylum purposes. See id. at 483, 112 S.Ct. 812 (noting that such recruiters may inflict harm not because of the target's political opinion, but simply “because of his refusal to fight with them”); Velasquez-Valencia v. INS, 244 F.3d 48, 50 (1st Cir.2001); see also Bartolo-Diego v. Gonzales, 490 F.3d 1024, 1027-28 (8th Cir.2007) (noting that “the guerillas ‘did not identify the [petitioner] or seek to recruit him because of any political opinion, or punishment for his father's service within the military,’ ․ [but that] ‘he was simply targeted as a young man who might be sympathetic to the guerilla cause’ ”) (citations omitted); Tapiero de Orejuela v. Gonzales, 423 F.3d 666, 674 (7th Cir.2005) (noting that petitioners “would have had to show that politics rather than many other likely reasons lay behind their unwillingness to support FARC”); Sanchez v. United States Attorney Gen., 392 F.3d 434, 438 (11th Cir.2004) (observing that “[i]t is not enough to show that [petitioner] was or will be persecuted or tortured due to her refusal to cooperate with the guerillas”).

Indeed, coercive conscription efforts might be motivated simply by the recruiters' desire to fill their ranks with any available able-bodied individual, irrespective of their political sympathies, and the target of coerced recruitment might resist conscription for any number of nonpolitical motives, such as a fear of combat, or a reluctance to give up his civilian livelihood. See Tapiero de Orejuela, 423 F.3d at 673. Although petitioners testified that they subjectively held such anti-FARC sentiments, they admit that they did not communicate these views to the FARC representatives who attempted to recruit them. For example, Erney testified that he was simply too frightened to answer the recruiters, and their mother told the recruiters that John Freddy was too young. Even if we were to assume, arguendo, that circumstantial evidence alone might support an inference that the FARC correctly or incorrectly imputed an opposing political opinion to these petitioners, see, e.g., Delgado v. Mukasey, 508 F.3d 702, 705-06 (2d Cir.2007); Bartolo-Diego, 490 F.3d at 1027, the record contains no such supportive circumstantial evidence. As factfinder, the agency legitimately inferred that the FARC likely targeted petitioners simply because they were able-bodied young boys. Although such coercive practices are indeed unfortunate, they do not trigger an entitlement to political asylum under 8 U.S.C. § 1101(a)(42)(A).

Further, even if petitioners had adduced evidence of a causal nexus, asylum applicants must also demonstrate that the actual harm inflicted on them reached “a fairly high threshold of seriousness, as well as some regularity and frequency,” Alibeaj v. Gonzales, 469 F.3d 188, 191 (1st Cir.2006), which requires them to relate experiences amounting to “ ‘more than mere discomfiture, unpleasantness, harassment, or unfair treatment,’ ” Susanto v. Gonzales, 439 F.3d 57, 59-60 (1st Cir.2006) (citation omitted). The FARC merely attempted forced conscription of petitioners, but neither succeeded nor persisted in its efforts. The FARC approached Erney in person only once, and contacted John Freddy only a few times by mail or telephone. “Threats standing alone [ ] constitute past persecution in only a small category of cases, and only when the threats are so menacing as to cause significant actual ‘suffering or harm.’ ” Butt v. Keisler, 506 F.3d 86, 91 (1st Cir.2007) (citation omitted). Neither petitioners nor their families were physically harmed. See Zacarias-Velasquez v. Mukasey, 509 F.3d 429, 433-34 (8th Cir.2007) ( “According to [petitioner's] testimony, neither the guerrillas nor any other group ever harmed or even detained him.”); see also Susanto, 439 F.3d at 59-60 (noting that even infliction of actual physical harm might not constitute “persecution”).1 Rather, petitioners' family has remained behind in their home in Colombia without any attempts by the FARC to retaliate for petitioners' and their brother's implicit refusals to join its ranks. While petitioners testified that their brother stayed close to home to avoid possible confrontation with the FARC recruiters, the agency was within its rights to conclude that such a hindrance would amount to no “ ‘more than mere discomfiture, unpleasantness, harassment, or unfair treatment’ ” rather than “persecution.” Id.

B. Future Persecution

As petitioners failed to prove past persecution, they have generated no rebuttable presumption that their fear of future persecution is well-founded. See Nikijuluw, 427 F.3d at 120. Yet, they maintain that the IJ and BIA were compelled to find that petitioners' fear of future persecution was not only subjectively genuine, but objectively reasonable as well. See Negeya v. Gonzales, 417 F.3d 78, 82-83 (1st Cir.2005). As support, they cite (i) Erney's testimony that the FARC assassinated a neighbor who had resisted its forced conscription attempts, and a United States State Department country condition report that the FARC, which is infamous for murderous reprisals against its political opponents, principally targets young males of petitioners' ages for forced recruitment; and (ii) a UNICEF Report that about 17.5% of Colombian youths are “affected” by Colombia's civil war, see INS v. Cardoza-Fonseca, 480 U.S. 421, 431, 107 S.Ct. 1207, 94 L.Ed.2d 434 (1987) (observing that even a 10% chance that an event of persecution may occur may make petitioner's fear well founded). This evidence, however, does not compel a finding that petitioners' fear of future persecution was objectively reasonable.

The anecdotal evidence of the assassinated neighbor is of limited evidentiary weight because petitioners were unable to provide any further details about the circumstances surrounding that event, thus precluding an agency determination of the FARC's motive for killing the neighbor (viz., whether motivated solely by the victim's refusal to join the FARC), and whether the killing suggested that petitioners might have provided the FARC with a similar retaliatory incentive. Whatever the “country conditions” report may have been regarding the FARC's reputation for violent retribution against its political opponents, the record contains no evidence that the FARC has formed any such intention toward these petitioners. Cf. Delgado, 508 F.3d at 706-07 (noting that petitioner, who was kidnapped by the FARC and escaped, had been “marked for death”). Indeed, the record discloses countervailing evidence: petitioners' family (and especially their brother, who is of an appropriate age to serve in the military) have remained behind in the family residence not only without any attempted reprisals by the FARC for petitioners' refusals to join, but apparently without any further FARC contacts of any kind. See Boukhtouchen v. Gonzales, 498 F.3d 78, 81 n. 3 (1st Cir.2007) (“ ‘[T]he fact that close relatives continue to live peacefully in the alien's homeland undercuts the alien's claim that persecution awaits his return.’ ”) (citation omitted); Nikijuluw, 427 F.3d at 122.

Nor does the UNICEF report-that Colombia's civil unrest “affects” about 17.5% of its child population-compel an agency finding that the petitioners' fear of future persecution is objectively reasonable. The term “affects,” standing alone, does not necessarily connote that these children suffer effects which rise to the level of “persecution,” as that term is used in § 1101(a)(42). Civil war, and the pandemic violence which accompanies it, often have unfortunate collateral effects on much of a country's population, but these effects have no direct or necessary correlation with the victims' political views. See Harutyunyan v. Gonzales, 421 F.3d 64, 70 (1st Cir.2005) ( “ ‘[E]vidence of widespread violence and human rights violations affecting all citizens is insufficient to establish persecution.’ ”) (citation omitted).

Thus, the agency's determination that petitioners failed to establish an objectively reasonable fear of future persecution based on their political opinions is sufficiently supported by substantial record evidence.

II

CONCLUSION

However deplorable and regrettable the FARC's forced conscription methods against petitioners and other Colombian youths, the asylum statute simply was not enacted to embrace cases wherein harmful acts were not committed on account of one of the five enumerated statutory grounds, nor where they did not reach a minimum threshold of severity. As the IJ and the BIA had substantial evidence upon which to conclude that the petitioners' unfortunate experiences were neither politically motivated nor sufficiently grave, and that it is unlikely that they will suffer serious reprisals at the hands of the FARC if they are repatriated to Columbia, their petitions for review must be denied.

Denied.

FOOTNOTES

1. Petitioners specifically fault the BIA for citing Guzman v. INS, 327 F.3d 11 (1st Cir.2003), arguing that the decision turned exclusively on Guzman's failure to refute evidence that the political situation in Guatemala had changed since the alleged acts of persecution against him, whereas it is undisputed that the political climate in Colombia has undergone no comparable sea change. In Guzman, however, we first upheld the agency's determination that Guzman failed to prove past “persecution,” even though guerillas had kidnapped, imprisoned and beat him. Id. at 15-16. That failure of proof precluded Guzman from enjoying a rebuttable presumption that his fear of future persecution was well-founded, and record evidence of any intervening political changes in Guatemala further undercut Guzman's future-persecution claim. Id. at 16. Hence, the BIA correctly cited Guzman for the proposition that petitioners had not proven, as a threshold matter, that the acts of past persecution were severe enough to constitute “persecution” under the asylum statute.