Eradication reported as plant seizures can be found in the seizure annex of the electronic version of the World Drug Report generic minocin 50mg mastercard length of antibiotics for sinus infection. On this basis discount minocin 50mg with amex antibiotic in food, tation that overall opium poppy cultivation will remain it is estimated that some 460-480 mt of heroin were stable there. Of this, Despite potential global opium production decreasing some 375 mt reached the consumers, whereas the rest to 4,860 mt – a significant decline compared to the peak was seized. Further details regarding these estimates are production from 2006-2009 – this level is similar to provided in subsequent sections. In 2009, there were no reports of laboratories involved Afghanistan remained the largest opium-producing in manufacturing heroin outside opium-producing country in 2010, with 74% of global potential produc- countries. In 2009, Mexico for the cepted were in Afghanistan (4844), three laboratories first time had a higher potential opium production than were reported in Myanmar and only one in Mexico, Myanmar. In 2010, potential opium production in although there was a much higher number of metham- Myanmar amounted to 580 mt, a 76% increase. This is phetamine laboratories – an unspecified number of the highest level since 2004 in that country. According to these estimates, the production of laboratory in the Russian Federation was producing opium in 2010 amounted to 4,860 mt, a 38% decrease acetylated opium and seven installations in Greece were from 2009. Potential heroin production amounted to involved in repackaging and adulterating heroin. High levels of morphine seizures were reported not be either consumed or converted into heroin, how- outside of Afghanistan in 2010, however. Morphine is ever, as seizures of final or intermediate products may primarily used to produce heroin as there is limited take place and opiate stockpiling may be occurring illicit morphine use worldwide. Given the security situation, the vast majority of demand and is likely to be less than the potential pro- Afghan heroin is estimated to be produced in the coun- duction levels (which are calculated by multiplying the try, especially in the southern provinces. Thus, it is neces- number of heroin manufacturing laboratories destroyed sary to estimate global opiate demand, taking into in Afghanistan supports this assumption. The largest quantities of opiates continued to be 45 over the period 2004-2006, and a marked increase in seized by Turkey and the Islamic Republic of Iran, coun- opium production over the period 2005-2007 was mir- tries that serve as transit points for heroin trafficked rored in an increase in heroin seizures over the period from Afghanistan on the ‘Balkan route’ to West and 2006-2008. Although much is known about drug suppliers, con- Illicit drug seizure totals can be susceptible to two main sumers, traffickers and routes, interdiction remains dif- factors: 1) the available supply of the drug, and 2) the ficult. Law enforcement efforts are frustrated by the fact effectiveness of law enforcement efforts. Since law that international traffickers constantly change their enforcement efforts and practices do not necessarily methods and routes, high profits may fuel high-level evolve in concert in different countries, at a global level, corruption, and international cooperation initiatives the law enforcement component plays a smaller role in take time to become effective. The increased heroin seizures The trend in global heroin seizures appears to follow therefore likely reflect, at least in part, an increased that in opium production with a delay of one year. This is in line with the Map 10: Seizures of heroin and morphine, 2009 (countries and territories reporting seizures* of more than 10 kg) Russian Federation West & Central Europe 3. Opium seizures in a given year are compared to with 1998,46 the growth in heroin seizures has kept pace the average opium production in that year and the previ- with, and slightly outperformed, the growth in opium ous year. Assuming that one 500 kilogram of heroin or morphine is equivalent to 7-10 kg of opium, and comparing total seizures in 2009 with the 400 average opium production in 2008 and 2009,48 a range of 16-20% for the interception rate for opiates can be 300 200 46 The year 2008 is chosen as a baseline because, over the period 1996- 1998, seizures of opium and heroin, as well as opium production, 100 were all relatively stable, suggesting that the opiates market was close to equilibrium. Opium (raw and prepared) 48 Opium production in 2008 is considered along with that in 2009 to allow for the time required for processing and for the opiates to reach Morphine the markets where they are seized. The global Heroin from northern Myanmar enters China via increase in opium seizures since 2002 is mainly due to Yunnan province; according to Chinese authorities, increasing quantities seized in the Islamic Republic of heroin seizures in Yunnan province rose from 2. In 2006, in Afghanistan registered a more pronounced increase, the Islamic Republic of Iran replaced Turkey as the rising from 390 kg (seized in 234 cases) in 2008 to 1. Since then, the Islamic Republic of Iran and Turkey have seized the largest and second-largest, respectively, annual Heroin trafficking from Afghanistan to the Asia-Pacific heroin totals worldwide. Over the period 2002-2008, region is increasing, also supported by drug seizures heroin seizures in both these countries increased mark- reported by Pakistan. Among those cases in which the edly, but in 2009, seizures stabilized both in the Islamic destination of the consignment was identified as a coun- Republic of Iran, at 25 mt (compared to 23 mt in 2008) try or region other than Pakistan, the proportion of and in Turkey, at 16 mt (compared to 15 mt in 2008). The emergence of this new route countries have been erratic in recent years, but over the around 2005-2006 also appears to have caused a drop in long term, a distinct increase has been observed. Over heroin seizures in the region, suggesting that regional the period 2003-2009, heroin seizures in East Europe law enforcement needs time to adapt to the new route. This was also concurrent with a sharp increase in opium production in Afghanistan. This increase may have led West and Central Europe to a surplus of opiates, some of which may have found The trend in bulk heroin seizures in West and Central their way to the Asia-Pacific region.

Alternatively buy cheap minocin 50mg on-line bacteria that causes pink eye, you can refer back to any part of this chapter as you are working through the rest of the book 50 mg minocin overnight delivery bacteria news articles. This is quite useful if you don’t have a calculator handy and to understand how to perform drug calculations from first principles. Long multiplication There are two popular methods for long multiplication: the traditional method and a method of boxes. Both rely on splitting numbers into their individual parts (hundreds, tens and units, etc. Traditional method To calculate 456 × 78: H T U First line up the numbers into hundreds (H), tens (T) 4 and units (U). Write the 8 in the units column of the answer row and carry over the 4 to the tens column: H T U 4 × ––––––––––– 8 –––––––––––4 Next, multiply by the next number in the top row, i. Also add on the 4 that was carried over from the last step – this makes a total of 44. Write the 4 in the tens column and carry over the 4 to the hundreds column: H T U 4 × ––––––––––– 4 8 ––––––––––– Next, multiply by the next number in the top row, i. Also add on the 4 that was carried over from the last step – this makes Basic maths 13 a total of 36. You don’t need to carry the 3, as there are no more numbers to multiply on this line: Th H T U 4 × –––––––––––––– 3 –––––––––––––– Now we have to multiply by the tens. This is because we want to multiply by 70 (7 tens), which is the same as multiplying by 10 and by 7: Th H T U 4 × –––––––––––––– 3 0 Multiply as before – this time it is 7 × 6, which equals 42. Place the 2 next to the zero and carry over the 4 to the hundreds column: Th H T U 4 × –––––––––––––– 3 2 0 4 Next, multiply 7 × 5, which equals 35 and add on the 4 carried over to make a total of 39. Write down the 9 and carry over the 3: Th H T U 4 × –––––––––––––– 3 9 3 Finally, multiply 7 × 4, which equals 28. You don’t need to carry the 3, as there are no more numbers to multiply on this line: Th H T U 4 × –––––––––––––––––– 3 3 14 Basics Now you’re done with multiplying; you just need to add together 3,648 and 31,920. Write a plus sign to remind you of this: Th H T U 4 × –––––––––––––––––– 3 +3 1 9 2 0 –––––––––––––––––– 3 –––––––––––––––––– 1 As before, carry over numbers (if necessary) when adding together. When multiplying numbers with more than two digits, follow these steps: first multiply the top number by the units, then add a zero and multiply by the tens, then add two zeros and multiply by the hundreds, then add three zeros and multiply by the thousands, and so on. Boxes method In this method we split each number into its parts (thousands, hundreds, tens and units, etc. To calculate 456 × 78: 456 would be 400, 50 and 6: Th H T U 456 400 50 6 78 would be 70 and 8. Th H T U 78 70 8 We arrange these in a rectangle and multiply each part by the others. You need to be able to understand multiplying with powers of 10 to know how many zeros to put on the end of each part answer. Now you need to add the zeros to ensure that the answer is of the right magnitude. Basic maths 15 We have worked out 400 × 70, 400 × 8, 50 × 70, 50 × 8, 6 × 70 and 6×8. When this has all been done, you have to write out all the answers and add them together: 2 3 3 4 4 + –––––––––––––––––– 3 –––––––––––––––––– 1 As before, carry over numbers (if necessary) when adding together. These are: dividend = quotient (answer) divisor or quotient (answer) divisor ) dividend The process is as follows. If you are having trouble, a quicker method would be to write down the 14 times table before starting the division. Repeat the process until there is no remainder or enough decimal places have been reached: 18 Basics 17×1=17 1. Mathematical tricks and tips An in-depth study of mathematics would reveal that certain patterns occur which can be used to our advantage to make calculations a lot easier. Multiplication tips Multiplying by 5 • Multiplying an even number by 5: • Halve the number you are multiplying and add a zero to give the answer. For example: 5×7 Subtract 1 from the 7 (7 – 1) to get 6; halve the 6 to get 3, then place 5 after the number for an answer of 35.

Although farmers in tations with various Government experts and institu- Afghanistan supply much of the world’s opiates buy cheap minocin 50 mg online antibiotic resistant urinary infection, it is the tions buy minocin 50 mg mastercard infection after knee replacement. Flows may deviate to other countries along estimated heroin consumption as well as the average the routes and there are numerous secondary flows that price. Moreover, trends respond rap- average prices are detailed elsewhere in this chapter. Opiate Heroin consumption amounts for each country/region flow estimations would, therefore, need to be revised if were calculated by multiplying the estimated number of demand statistics were to change. The estimates will be opiate users by the average heroin consumption per updated periodically as new drug use data is provided by capita per year. At the end of March In order to compare the market values between regions 2011, the national average price for one kilogram of dry and countries, all prices were adjusted for purity. The current farm-gate To calculate the amount of opiate flows through a coun- price is the highest price reported since November 2004. A long-term this is that the impact on the final price of price changes comparison of the trader price of opium in Afghanistan at the source is only cumulative, rather than propor- with heroin prices in Europe shows that, despite a tional, resulting in a non-discernible effect at the much marked hike in opium prices between early 2000 and higher order of magnitude of retail prices. The value of the world heroin market tends to Afghanistan was grown in the provinces of southern increase according to the number of international bor- Afghanistan where anti-government elements are active. That is, heroin is generally Although the Afghan Taliban’s role in drug trafficking is cheaper in Afghanistan, a production country, than in not clear, opium poppy farmers, drug traffickers and West and Central Europe, where the drugs have been heroin lab owners paid the group up to 10% of the value transported by various means across long distances and of their opiate shipments as ‘tax’ or protection fees. The major- West and Central ity of the profits went to Iranian criminal groups and, to Europe, 13, 19% Russian a lesser extent, foreign drug traffickers based in the Federation, 18, country. Turkish, Kurdish and Balkan-based organized crime Beneficiaries groups benefited from this trade. Indeed, ben- Dutch and Turkish organized crime groups, and, to a eficiaries in Afghanistan, for example, earned signifi- lesser extent, South Asian groups. In 2009, many international borders became more transparent In 2009, Russian criminal networks made an estimated due to international trade agreements. Based on drug-related are likely to exploit this situation and make connections arrests, the Russian drug market is dominated by Rus- with other criminal networks to facilitate the smooth sian citizens, followed by Tajiks as the most active for- movement of heroin. Drug trafficking in East Europe is most likely conducted by local groups; however, the picture Given the ongoing removal of trade barriers globally, regarding criminal activity in this region is not very traditional methods of border control may become clear. In 2009, only Chinese and other local organized crime groups control a tiny fraction of the more than 400 million containers the South-East Asian heroin market at both retail and that were shipped worldwide were inspected. The heroin trade in Indonesia is pre- just 6% of global heroin seizures made by customs dominantly controlled and directed by West Africans, departments occurred at seaports. In 2009, Africa emerged as a cost-effective heroin traf- In 2009, Africa’s drug trafficking market was worth an ficking route to Europe, North America and Oceania. Nigerian groups likely Africans – particularly West African networks – are dominate the African drug trade and are active in many increasingly transporting Afghan heroin from Pakistan countries around the world, including destination coun- into East Africa for onward shipment to Europe and tries in Europe. The emergence of Africa as a heroin traffick- involves both African networks, including Nigerians and ing hub is likely due to corruption, limited law enforce- Tanzanians, as well as foreign networks, including Chi- ment capacity and increased pressure on ‘traditional’ nese and Pakistanis. East Africa’s minimal law The United States of America dominated regional enforcement at ports of entry has encouraged drug traf- demand for heroin, with a heroin market worth an esti- fickers to transit heroin through that region. North America-based flows of heroin to Africa have also led to increases in organized crime groups (such as Mexican drug cartels) drug use across the continent. Anecdotal information points to and alter trafficking routes to exploit international paths a shortage in some countries, but not in all, suggesting of least resistance. Numerous global vulnerabilities that increased law enforcement efforts and decreased remain and some new areas are emerging. Global seizures of Most indicators and research suggest that cocaine is – cocaine have been generally stable over the period 2006- after heroin – the second most problematic drug world- 2009. Since 2006, seizures have shifted towards the wide in terms of negative health consequences and source areas in South America and away from the con- probably the most problematic drug in terms of traffick- sumer markets in North America and West and Central ing-related violence. Some secondary distribution countries in South America seem to have acquired increasing importance as The overall prevalence and number of cocaine users cocaine trafficking transit countries. There are regional differ- West Africa continues to be significant, in spite of a ences in recent trends, however, with significant decreases reduction of seizures since 2007 (from 25% of European reported in North America, stable trends in West and cocaine seizures that transited countries of West and Central Europe and increases in Africa and Asia. The area estimated consumption of cocaine in terms of the quan- remains vulnerable to a resurgence. Some countries in tities consumed appears to have declined, mainly due to the Asia-Pacific - with large potential consumer markets a decrease in the United States and low levels of per - have registered increasing cocaine seizures in 2008 and capita use in the emerging markets. While demand in the and, more recently, in South America and beyond, high- United States was more than four times as high as in lights the need to treat cocaine as a global problem, and Europe in 1998, just over a decade later, the volume and to develop strategies on the scale of the threat.

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