INSTRUCTIONS

ZOOM IN by clicking on the page. A slider will appear, allowing you to adjust your zoom level. Return to the original size by clicking on the page again.

MOVE the page around when zoomed in by dragging it.

ADJUST the zoom using the slider on the top right.

ZOOM OUT by clicking on the zoomed-in page.

SEARCH by entering text in the search field and click on "In This Issue" or "All Issues" to search the current issue or the archive of back issues
respectively.

PRINT by clicking on thumbnails to select pages, and then press the
print button.

SHARE this publication and page.

ROTATE PAGE allows you to turn pages 90 degrees clockwise or counterclockwise. Click on the page to return to the original orientation. To zoom in on a rotated page, return the page to its original orientation, zoom in, and
then rotate it again.

CONTENTS displays a table of sections with thumbnails and descriptions.

ALL PAGES displays thumbnails of every page in the issue. Click on
a page to jump.

BROWSE ISSUES allows you to browse through every available issue.

A FREE APP allows you to download issues to your mobile device for offline viewing. Get the Model Railroader Archive app in the iTunes and Google Play stores.

.036, .: . ...'.:.•,:r..,-* 1,f'.7.e :44- 1.,. r. 2- 9 3.. •...':ija «3»».» - e'.6- .... 3*fi•Ris, -• ".f.k· Spacing Windows Evenlyon Wall 9.. ,&6464 ··•1.···'·.j'«· .);1' U ..1 -'f· I .t,2.•-· Hole for 2 ,- ·-036.'.. 55, window ·:.., 036•, -· ) ,·,•'f '··.7.=.5.0.' - ..1. 1.111-111111111111-11111111-11•111-1-1- 11111-1111-1111-11'111-11111 11'11'11111-•11-1-11-.1.1.11 Sill line · »»»3' 1-4., 11 - -3' i , •'-4'-1.--3'--I•·49- 9.,» ..1.-. ':-I:I.'.1,1. i.:1...1 1, I...P . '1«15,1. -".1.1-1 1-•"-k'f 02'0" 111 1... 1,-f)-0.91. . wall height. But if a parapet runs with window lintels, but not always, around the roof, add its height (2 to and the structure you are modeling 4-ft) above that of the eaves line. Fig. 3 shows how to figure height handle them. · Now with square acttriangle, draw perpendicular lines beLocating Windows ing heights for each floor, plus the tween sill and lintel lines to indicate final ceiling joists above the top floor th6 widths of the apertures. and any air space and parapat above these, are added to arrive at the total height. Cornices on such buildings are generally located along the line large warehouses, long and low fac. will suggest, in each situation, how to - . ... -, 'I....42-,2-7.25:RN'-7.'PR#-i:--.TT :.'-::Ir»w-·41-:=SS.4-.-n--.'-442Er042•r.. 'BZ-77-·r•r·,•'...•, ·. -<-..... '.,... • .. •,•- iyks.777(i-: :'•' -• ' _• ......7 -, 'f.F,Ii.RT:,=:i.'P• ·· 042. ' ibing back and tracing heavier lines• :·7£4,· -,:0 ·- 1· f'• i.3. between sill· and lintel at each floor -·•.! 3.ff,t ...., several floors. Measuring Special Structures level. Tkie method also applies to , 7*9 uniform groups of windows on one or 4 31 The height of a coal chute can be - 4 found by measuring the height of a single step in its stairway or the rungs in its ladder, then multiplying by the number to the top of the chute. We 3'-4,».. by counting the steps. can also measure the height of the coal pocket above ground, and of the height of pocket from top to bottom, Its other di- mensions are proportional. Since the , step treads are made from 2" planking, we note that the joists supporting the sloping floor of the hopper, as well as the outside framing and diagbnal bracing, are the same thickness and, therefore, 2". The size of the structure's supporting timbers is measured with the steel tape. in a multiple-storied building. The ing as a horizontal support for the base. Since the car presumably stands thickness of all floor joists and ceil- The height of a silo in a picture of a grain elevator can be measured by looking at a box car standing. at its '036 of the roof, the parapet extending tory and mill type buildings-where above thern. All this may seerj overmeticulous wall. Here is a quick and easy way to There are occasions-- as in hotels, windows are evenly spaced along a since Boors will not be seen, but locate any number of such apertures knowing where they are helps to space in walls of any length: the windows correctly. Window sills in average buildings will stand ap- windows in the wall. For example, proximately 30" to 34" above the floor four windows, each 3 ft. wide, will and their lintels are usually 10" to 18" occupy 12 ft. of a wall 32 ft. long. below ihe ceiling, so ceiling height often affects window height (Fig. 3). 2. Subtract this total from the total length of the wall-32 - 12 = 20, =·. ,. S: :.:. : i - ,:):·' f f t,3 6.·' : m-1•,-, 0,);'7/ ..» .2.%•.: .... - •S; . 6, ·:- .. =.'... P•.' •·:' • •.3.. Laying Out the Walls Begin the layout on your drawing rest the triangle on the square and draw perpendicular lines to repre' sent the ends. Now go back and measure the height of the first floor above the base of the wall, then all succeeding floors and ceilings, and finally the eaves, or coping, line. (See Fig. 2.) Slide the square successively to these points and draw light horizontal lines across the face of the wall. · Use the floor lines-as a basis.for locating all door and window aper- :19.4.i..... 4&1zontal·lines at the suitable height -Efti,"1:..:*66'v#lihe floors" toirepredent the sills, ....., . ... ., ., , . 1#,»7..... .5/.44,9•:•4•*-··'i,•'Ii.-r:·N'up ' : i354-2fle.'.. •.....: .. .. :t'»tss-:hotikoni•,l•i•inal: . "::pif·.12 '. S :'.· .. 'rK:: ..=.I::.: ....'::. ....036.'... .., I. .. .. . .: -, ·%•»·idls-5-<D8ot.:lfii•telh I-'"I•-Rq't•I-'A.• oftdha.56'8rf,6•jond this remainder being the number of feet of solid wall. 3. Divide this remainder by the board by ticking the locations of the number of soud wall areas. There will . left and right ends of the walls. Then be one more wall area than there are window areas, and so 20 +5=4. Thus each solid wall area will be 4 ft. wide. To lay out the windows, begin at A, the left end of the wall in Fig. 2, and tick off points alternately 4 ft. and 3 ft. apart along the horizontal sill lines. Draw perpendicular lines at these points extending between window sill and lintel lines. As shown in. the sketch, the 3 ft. areas are the ·15··.-··. - out rows or groups of windows, draw the wall. tilres along the wall. When laying wihdow apertures and the 4 ft. areas .r, Where the windows.in 'a 'building several stories high are' all uniformly ; lodated one •abo.4 th66ther, the win...: do'*2•fon,Hail:· ·floors· ·aj-d:•,laid out by fo j<e;di8,nitt»'q»k-:, 3:extending:the: perferidicular lines acr-oss all floors at'one time and then Fig. 3 24'-9" \ 1. Add up the widths of all the A »'"1• 9'.9" 12' 9 ·•1 4 IVAVAKS -f 12'.0" 24-1 t 7'-0" 2'·9f;•3 ...- e......:. ..z»lu. t 2'•9" • 1 31 i 1 1 13 ft. high, it is easy to.see that the · silo ·is four cars high, or 50 to.52 ft. By proportional measurement, its diameter is a fourth of its height, or 12% to 13 ft., which is, close enough. . .i# ·lj .3 . • 1 ' 1 1 S , 1 It 10 • :• :3 4 1 .,1 f • 3 4. 4, J i * ' '.'. ...i'.'1042' .." 042 -itf·=-.F 23.,»k.......: ..mni,v•wA#mvdfip# 4*. __2122.....-1 e.·11 .-036 1 ••Ground 1.·...t.Al;.,,.t·P· level -,i86'el Rail-r•ader I :. . .::. 1 1 J