Social interaction

Social structure

________ is the complex framework of societal institutions (such as the economy, politics, and religion) and the social practices (such as rules and social roles) that make up a society and that organize and establish limits on people's behavior.

values

status set

To determine who you are, you must think about your social identity, which is derived from the statuses you occupy and is based on your ________. It comprises all the statuses that a person occupies at a given time.

role expectations

role strain

Jack is a freshman at the local college. As a student, he is feeling pressure. He wants to party like the rest of his fraternity brothers, while at the same time, he wants to maintain his 4.0 grade point average. Sociologists would say that Jack is experiencing ________.

role strain

Jack is a freshman at the local college. As a student, he is feeling pressure. He wants to party like the rest of his fraternity brothers, while at the same time, he wants to maintain his 4.0 grade point average. Sociologists would say that Jack is experiencing ________.

primary group

secondary

conflict

The ________ theorists do not believe that social institutions work for the common good of everyone in society. For example, the homeless lack the power and resources to promote their own interests when they are opposed by dominant social groups.

social solidarity

Based on sociologist Emile Durkheim's viewpoint, ________ derives from a society's social structure, which, in turn, is based on the society's division of labor. This division of labor refers to how the various tasks of a society are divided up and performed.

industrial

In ________ societies, a large proportion of the population lives in or near cities. Large corporations and government bureaucracies grow in size and complexity. The nature of social life changes as people come to know one another more as statuses than as individuals.

postindustrial societies

________ are characterized by an information explosion and an economy in which large numbers of people either provide or apply information or are employed in service jobs (such as a fast-food server or a health care worker).

civil inattention

self fulfilling prophecy

Suppose that a person is told repeatedly that she or he is not a good student. Eventually, this person might come to believe it to be true, stop studying, and receive failing grades. This scenario exemplifies a ________.

Harold Garfinkel

_____ ,a sociologist, initiated the ethnomethodology approach because he was critical of mainstream sociology for not recognizing the ongoing ways in which people create reality and produce their own world?

front stage

feeling rules

Sociologist Arlie Hochschild suggests that we acquire a set of ________ that shape the appropriate emotions for a given role or specific situation, including how, where, when, and with whom an emotion should be expressed.

emotional labor

With ________, employees must display only certain carefully selected feelings. For example, bill collectors are encouraged to show anger and make threats to customers, thereby supposedly deflating the customers' status and wearing down their presumed resistance to paying past-due bills.

symbolic interactionists

dyad

In a(n) ________, which is a group composed of two members, the active participation of both members is crucial for the group's survival. If one member withdraws from interaction, the group ceases to exist.

instrumental

Jane is a member of a group that is developing a questionnaire as a group project in her sociology class. Whenever they meet, Jane finds that the other group members are easily sidetracked and she is always trying to keep the group focused on developing the questionnaire together. Jane would be considered the ________ leader of the group.

bureaucratic

rationality

According to sociologist Max Weber, ________ is the process by which traditional methods of social organization, characterized by informality and spontaneity, are gradually replaced by efficiently administered formal rules and procedures.

goal displacement

incompetence

Resistance to change may also lead to ________. Bureaucracies tend to promote people from within the organization. Eventually, people reach a level that is beyond their knowledge, experience, and capabilities.

iron law of oligarchy

According to political sociologist Robert Michels, all organizations encounter the ________, which is the tendency to become a bureaucracy ruled by the few. His central idea was that those who control bureaucracies not only wield power but also have an interest in retaining their power.

juvenile delinquency

c

Sociologist Robert Merton identified five ways in which people adapt to cultural goals and approved ways of achieving them. In addition to conformity, Merton classified the remaining four types of adaptation as deviance. Which of the following was not a type of adaptation identified?

rebellion

According to sociologist Robert Merton's strain theory, ________ occurs when people challenge both the approved goals and the approved means for achieving them and advocate an alternative set of goals or means.

conflict gangs

conflict theorists

________ who focus on power relations in society suggest that the lifestyles considered deviant by political and economic elites are often defined as illegal. According to this approach, norms and laws are established for the benefit of those in power and do not reflect any absolute standard of right and wrong.

radical

Prostitution might be explained as a reflection of society's double standard, whereby it is acceptable for a man to pay for sex but unacceptable for a woman to accept money for such services. This explanation reflects a ________ feminist approach.

symbolic interactionists

________ focus on social processes, such as how people develop a self-concept and learn conforming behavior through socialization. According to this approach, deviance is learned in the same way as conformity - through engagement with others.

social bond

labeling

Based on the symbolic interaction theory of sociologists Charles H. Cooley and George H. Mead, the ________ theory states that deviance is a socially constructed process in which social control agencies designate certain people as deviants, and they, in turn, come to accept the marker placed upon them and begin to act accordingly.

tertiary stage

John is a drug addict who believes that using marijuana or other illegal drugs is no more deviant than drinking alcoholic beverages and therefore should not be stigmatized. John would be in the ________ of labeling.

postmodern theorists

uniform crime report (UCR)

The ________ is the major source of information on crimes reported in the United States. It has been compiled since 1930 by the Federal Bureau of Investigation based on information filed by law enforcement agencies throughout the country.

61

The National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS) was developed by the Bureau of Justice Statistics as an alternate means of collecting crime statistics. The most recent (NCVS) indicates that ________ percent of all property crimes are not reported to the police and are thus not reflected.

terrorism

________ is the calculated, unlawful use of physical force or threats of violence against persons or property in order to intimidate or coerce a government, organization, or individual for the purpose of gaining some political, religious, economic, or social objective.

punishment

rehabilitation

________ seeks to return offenders to the community as law-abiding citizens by providing therapy or vocational or educational training. Offenders are treated, not punished, so that they will not continue their criminal activity.

vertical mobility

alienation

According to sociologist Karl Marx, continual exploitation results in workers' ________ - a feeling of powerlessness and estrangement from other people and from oneself. It develops as workers manufacture goods that embody their creative talents, but the goods do not belong to them.

working poor

According to the social class model developed by sociologists Dennis Gilbert and Joseph Kahl, members of the ________ (about 20 percent of the U.S. population) live from just above to just below the poverty line. They typically hold unskilled jobs, seasonal migrant jobs in agriculture, lower-paid factory jobs, and service jobs (such as counter help at restaurants).

wealth

________ include(s) property such as buildings, land, farms, houses, factories, and cars, as well as other assets such as bank accounts, corporate stocks, bonds, and insurance policies. It is computed by subtracting all debt obligations and converting the remaining assets into cash.

18-24

conflict

________ theorists stress that schools are agencies for reproducing the capitalist class system and perpetuating inequality in society. Parents with limited income are not able to provide the same educational opportunities for their children as are families with greater financial resources.

job deskilling

________ refers to a reduction in the proficiency needed to perform a specific job that leads to a corresponding reduction in the wages for that job, often a result of the introduction of computers and other technology.

functionalists

conflict perspective

According to the ________, core values in the United States emphasize the importance of material possessions, hard work, individual initiative to get ahead, and behavior that supports the existing social structure. These same values support the prevailing resource distribution system and contribute to social inequality.

deferance

Based on in-depth interviews and participant observation, sociologist Judith Rollins examined rituals of ________ that were often demanded by elite white women of their domestic workers, who were frequently women of color.

high income countries

________ are nations characterized by highly industrialized economies; technologically advanced industrial, administrative, and service occupations; and relatively high levels of national and per capita income.

subjective

human development index (HDI)

In 1990, the United Nations introduced the ________, establishing three new criteria, in addition to the gross domestic product, for measuring the level of advancement in a country: life expectancy, education, and living standards.

women

industrialization

According to some social scientists, global wealth and poverty are linked to the level of ________ and economic development in a given society. It almost inevitably brings with it a higher standard of living in a nation and some degree of social mobility for individual participants in the society.

modernization theory

According to ________, the low-income, less-developed nations can improve their standard of living only with a period of intensive economic growth and accompanying changes in people's beliefs, values, and attitudes toward work.

traditional

According to economic advisor Walt Rostow, societies in the ________ stage are slow to change because the people hold a fatalistic value system, do not subscribe to the work ethic, and save very little money.

conflict

dependency theory

According to the ________, poorer nations are trapped in a cycle of structural reliance on the richer nations due to their need for infusions of foreign capital and external markets for their raw materials, making it impossible for the poorer nations to pursue their own economic and human development.

peripheral

Sociologist Immanuel Wallerstein stated that most low-income countries in Africa and South America are ________ nations that are dependent on other nations for capital, have little or no industrialization, and have uneven patterns of urbanization.

d

According to the new international division of labor theory, ________ is the term used to refer to industries in which large retailers, brand-name merchandisers, and trading companies set up decentralized production networks in various middle- and low-income countries.