Various reasons why women are more likely than men to live in poverty (with reference to the period since 1945) - Essay Example

The position of women has always considered as an ignored issue but vital part of most of the social problems, which could be analyzed by the fact that the effect of poverty on women is neglected to be discussed in the post-war era. …

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One reason was that despite of all extensive lifetime redistribution of income through the social security and tax systems, there was a tremendous significant variation of average income levels, especially when women was considered as a reserve of cheap and docile labour and was expected to work eighty or ninety hour a week. (Tavistock Routledge)
A study carried out by the Christian Economic and Social Research Foundation (1957) pointed out the main reason for such patience in women bearing poverty, was poor housing conditions which caused many of the difficulties experienced by the women, and found a move away from cramped accommodation to a council estate, although welcomed, could mean renewed and greater anxieties, and caused considerable strain in the large number of cases where the higher rent could only be paid by skimping on food and other necessities. (Tavistock Routledge)
Women were expected to place on their family role and unlike men women were meant to do their 'double-shift' jobs paid work, plus work in the home which made possible the relative affluence of their family, while their capacities as mothers were hampered by poverty when their children were small, and while again in old age they were the ones most likely to be suffering, since the majority of old-age pensioners were women. (Tavistock Routledge) The pension-problem is worst for women, whose longer lives and interrupted careers mean lower savings and a greater threat of poverty in later life. (Rediscovery of poverty, 2006a)

What is meant by social exclusion Outline two important examples of exclusion in contemporary Britain.

The UK Government Social Exclusion Unit offers the following definition: "Social exclusion is a shorthand term for what can happen when people or areas suffer from a combination of linked problems such as unemployment, poor skills, low incomes, poor housing, high crime environments, bad health and family breakdown". (Alex Marsh) Social exclusion so severely restricts access to the services and jobs needed for a minimal standard of living that even when they are not the majority of the poor, the excluded typically constitute the poorest. Social exclusion affects an individual's opportunity to find good work, decent housing, adequate health care, quality education, safe and secure living conditions as well as their treatment by the legal and criminal justice systems. (Social Exclusion, 2006a)

Examples of Social Exclusion

Homelessness

Housing-related problems are the most common cause for concern towards social exclusion: high social housing rents causing poverty and benefit traps; poor physical conditions and overcrowding in parts of the stock; constraints on mobility barring households from improving their circumstances by relocating; and children living above the ground floor in flatted accommodation. The processes of residualisation, affordability problems and problems with the management of social housing have led to the poorest households having little choice but to live in adverse conditions. (Alex Marsh)

Unemployment

The absence of employment is another key example of 'Social Exclusion'. This is not the fact that work is absent from their lives. Many worked outside the formal labour market: caring for children in the home; in more informal, sometimes in illicit economic activities.

In many cases, interviewees had been
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...reveal that acting angry and losing temper is most likely among womenthanmen in general. One reason behind this as suggested by the literature is that women in general are more anxious than the male population of the society. However with age the trend melts down. According to psychologists women in general have less belief in their own accomplishments. In every aspect of their life and ambitions they have the reign of self-doubts. With the increased participation of women in workforce and mounting with work pressures the imposter feeling among them are increasing...

...? Why are morementhanwomen convicted of crime al affiliation Sometimes it is so unfortunate that people have to be locked up in the very many prisons that are there in this country, I really feel sorry for them since some of the are even locked up for their entire life but if the is the cost of social peace as far as criminals are concerned then it is a worthy course that I am in so much support of. We need this country to be as peaceful as it can, free from the thugs and robbers, con men, rapists and the some many forms of crime that we have. According to Muncie and Wilson (2004) despite all these efforts to ensure...

....
Victimization
Studies show that women molested as children are morelikely to have clinical depression at some time in their livesthan those with no such history. In addition, several studies show a higher incidence of depression among women who were raped as adults. Since far morewomenthanmen were sexually abused as children, these findings are relevant. Women who experience other commonly occurring forms of abuse, such as physical abuse and sexual harassment on the job, also may experience higher rates of depression. Abuse may...

...Whywomen are more prone to knee injuries thanmen The knee, or tibiofemoral, joint is the largest and one of the most complex and most frequently injured joints in the body. Compared to the hip joint, the knee joint is relatively unprotected by surrounding muscles. Consequently the knee, more often than the hip, is injured by blows or sudden stops and turns. Athletes, for example, frequently tear a knee cartilage, that is, one of the menisci.
In most of our day-to-day activities- even such ordinary ones such as walking, going up and down stairs, and getting into and out of chairs- our knees bear the brunt of the load; they are the main weight bearers. Knee injury or disease, therefore, can be badly crippling .(Thibodeau 223... osteoporosis...

...mood that engulfed the country (Smith, 2010). She expresses these quite passionately to the liking of many. She later marries an American.
For Darkulic, her experience as a young girl living in Croatia and witnessing the in-hygiene that communism presents in her eyes within the confluence of domestic chores as a girl, broadens her outlook to see politics of the land in a more literal sense (Matland & Kathleen 213). Moreover, in her journalistic duties she experiences seemingly gender discrimination from her boss who asserts that her being involved in politics or any objective analysis may lead her into problems.
According to Santen (2010), Belli seems to express the same view of...

...a full point more to a pain thanmen did. However, the researchers did not know if the participants of the research had taken medication before they filled the questionnaires. The reason for the difference in pain between genders is unknown, according to the researcher Atul Butte. However, results of the study cannot be generalized for all men and women and individuals’ cases must still be analyzed before deciding what kind of treatment for the pain would be appropriate. According to Michael D. Lockshin, men and women may experience different levels of pain because of certain cultural, anatomical and...

...A Study of Causes of Divorce amongst Working Women Econ 690 Seungho Choo The incidence of women joining the labor force has risen over the years. As such these women are torn between balancing their domestic and professional life. Various studies have established the link between working women and an increased incidence of the rate of divorce. There may be numerous reasons, within a marriage, which may lead to a divorce.
This paper seeks to analyze if there is any correlation between earnings of working women and divorce rates. The study has been done with the premise that working women who tend to earn the same or more income than their husbands will be less tolerant to low-quality marriage and, therefore, the divorce rates... working hours...

...in exercising this explains the reasonwhywomen are less active thanmen. In conclusion, women are less active as compared to men due to many factors like hormonal imbalances, family commitments and the body composition.
References
BlackDoctor.Org. (2012). Study: Women exercise less thanmen. Retrieved 25 Nov 2012 from
http://blackdoctor.org/8005/study-women-exercise-less-than-men/
MyHealthNewsDaily Staff. (2012). Women get less exercise...

... WhyMen Commit More Crimes ThanWomen Do Symbolic internationalism theory focusses on persons and groups relationships with human action rather than large-scale social structures. It provides that human actions and interactions are logical so long as there is an interchange of communication and symbols. The theory clearly defines the reasonmen take part in more criminal activities thanwomen do.
To begin with, men are more aggressive and less daring thanwomen are, and this gives them an upper hand when criminal activities are considered. Secondly, most men wish to accomplish their masculinity to express to others and themselves by committing a crime. Social class, age, and sexual orientation and their desire to show... they are the...

... for the BPDs, preparing them to help the victims directly well from an informed perspective.
Question 7
Future research should focus on how to handle the current risk in children getting the disorder, as well as on how well can the disorders be fought. Psychologists need to come up with better ways of addressing the gender biased disorder.
References
Skodol, A. E., & Bender, D. S. (2003). Why are women diagnosed borderline morethanmen?.
Psychiatric Quarterly, 74(4), 349-360.... Why are Women Diagnosed with Borderline MoreThanMen? due: Question The article being reviewed is titled “Whywomen are diagnosed borderline...

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