To begin this issue, Fuhr demonstrates that a probabilistic implementation of the query language Datalog can be used as a retrieval language. The high expressiveness of this predicate logic language allows
the use of vague queries on imprecise data. All entities yielding a non-zero probability must be processed which leads to a high use of resources. No evaluation of effectiveness compared to other models is provided.

Interface Metaphors and Logical Analogues: A Question of TerminologyAnne Hamilton

It is possible to question metaphor as a design principle, since varied interpretation is common. Hamilton interviews fifteen Macintosh users, practicing academics in a university department, on their Macintosh
learning experiences, and subjects the resulting video recordings to content analysis. The desktop metaphor was generally found to be vague, unclear and unimportant. The typewriter metaphor was confusing to younger subjects who had not used typewriters, but easily understood by others.
There were mismatches and most who thought the metaphor helpful found it so only for a learning period. The trash can metaphor remained generally relevant and current but mismatches like disc ejection by moving the disc icon to the trash can icon evoked strong negative reaction in the
subjects even after years of use. It appears users expect logical analogs, not metaphors.

Five senior scholars in Kurdish studies were ordered by Meho and Sonnenwald as to their peer rankings, number of citations since their dissertations, quality of citations, and quality of books published,
where quality was determined by content analysis of the items produced. Each participant contributed a bibliography on his Kurd production which was then subjected to a multiple database confirmation before citations were
collected. Book reviews were searched and evaluative comments classed. Negative citations were minimal in number. All four measures result in the same rankings, except for a second third place switch in peer rankings
and a forth third place switch in adjusted citation count. Citation, citation content and peer review have a significant rank order correlation. Not so for reviews. All measures give similar results for top and bottom ranked
scholars.

Publication Trends of Doctoral Students in Three Fields from 1965-1995Wade M. Lee

Using three disciplines from the Dissertation Abstracts index in every fifth year from 1965 to 1995, Lee selected dissertations randomly in sufficient numbers to give a 95% confidence level. The publication record of each author was then searched for the dissertation year, and three years before and one year after that date in appropriate disciplinary indexes.
Chemists generally publish more as doctoral students than do psychologists, whose output exceeds literature scholars. Rates are lower than published rates for the professions, but the publication rate of chemists is increasing over time. The appearance of single author papers declines
over time.

The Influence of Publication Delays on the Observed Aging Distribution of Scientific LiteratureLeo Egghe and Ronald Rousseau

Egghe and Rousseau find that the variation in delay in publication of papers citing a given paper will affect evaluation of aging, defined as declining use as indicated by citations. The observed distribution is a
result of convolution of the aging distribution and the publication delay distribution. The larger the average publication delay, the larger the shift in the average of the aging curve. With two Poisson distributions
the observed distribution values are higher than either the delay distribution or the undisturbed aging distribution. Assuming two exponential distributions, which often approximate large values, the convolution of the
two decreasing curves will yield a unimodal distribution and the initially dominant distribution will have the least influence for these values. With two lognormal distributions the resulting integral is unsolvable using
elementary functions but the convolution can be demonstrated to be unimodal. The resulting distributions all indicate that the observed aging distribution should be convex, but observed data seem to result in concave
distributions.

Semantic Similarities Between a Keyword Database and a Controlled
Vocabulary Database: An Investigation in the Antibiotic Resistance
LiteratureJian Qin

Qin compares SCI keyword plus indexing to MEDLINE indexing on 414 documents on antibiotic resistance found in both databases. Terms were coded to indicate whether or not they were in common in matching records,
and whether hierarchically different, or synonymic forms of commonality were present, as well as to give different spellings and word forms a common textual code. Using the inclusion index, a variation of the Jaccard
similarity measure for use with other than symmetric data, she finds 41% of terms in SCI match MEDLINE and 33% of terms in MEDLINE match SCI. Large within document dissimilarities in indexing exist. About 10% of document
indices resembled one another and 25% exhibited partial resemblance. Comparisons of the top twenty terms in each vocabulary show some meaningful similarities reflecting the literature topic.

Readers, Authors, and Page Structure: A Discussion of Four Questions Arising from a Content Analysis of Web PagesStephanie W. Haas and Erika S. Grams

Haas and Grams collect 331 randomly selected Web pages with links. The first generation target pages were then selected for each source, and URL,
title, header, and a description based upon researcher-generated classes, stored for each source and target page. Source page anchors were described by text, image description, setting, and by the apparent reason for their
existence. Seven page types were identified, but while many pages were clearly of one type, many were also combinations of several types. Ninety percent of isolated anchors are noun structures of some sort, and more than two thirds are navigational in nature. Eighty six percent of all links
are within the same site.

Application of Dublin Core Metadata in the Description of Digital Primary Sources in Elementary School ClassroomsAnne J. Gilliland-Swetland, Yasmin B. Kafai, and William E. Landis

Gilliland-Swetland, Kafai, and Landis examine the work of fifty-eight students in 4th and 5th grade classes working in teams using Dublin Core
metadata elements, assigned to selected materials from a naturalist's work to develop descriptions from their own field observation notebooks of their photographs of the same wetland sites. Source description of place was
inaccurate in three cases. The author description always contained accurate photographer information. Accuracy of recording relationships to other pictures was at 59% with nearly 40% left blank, and the subject categories chosen were 96% accurate. Titles were never judged inaccurate but
sometimes on an incorrect. hierarchic level. The description of the picture was judged sometimes inaccurate, and sometimes less or more detailed than the title.

Brief Communication

Genres and the Web: Is the Personal Home Page the First Uniquely Digital Genre?Andrew Dillon and Barbara A. Gushrowski

One hundred personal home pages available on The People Place and on Personal Pages Worldwide and relating to the description of an individual were examined by Dillon and Gushrowski. A list of elements was identified, categorized, and the occurrence of such elements counted to produce a ranked list. Eight pages were then created with equal text, color, and internal links. Four pages received either 5, 4, 3, or 2 of the most commonly occurring elements and four 5, 4, 3, or 2 of those least commonly occurring. The middle of the rankings provided elements to balance the pages as to total element number. Fifty-seven graduate students then ranked the eight forms as to their preference for home page design. There is a strong rank order correlation between order based on number of high occurrence elements and user preference. A statistically significant correlation also exists between features selected by subjects as appropriate for personal home pages and the ranked elements from the existing pages. This commonality is said to indicate a genre emergence.

Book Reviews

Facilitating the Development and Use of Interactive Learning
Environments, edited by Charles P. Bloom and R. Bowen LoftinJames J. Sempsey