Paul BaranPaul BaranPaul Baran (/ˈbærən/; April 29, 1926 – March 26, 2011) was a
Polish-born Jewish American engineer who was a pioneer in the
development of computer networks. He was one of the two independent
inventors of packet switching,[2] which is today the dominant basis
for data communications in computer networks worldwide, and went on to
start several companies and develop other technologies that are an
essential part of modern digital communication.Contents1 Early life
2 Packet switched network design2.1 Selling the idea3 Later work
4 Death
5 Awards and honors
6 See also
7 References
8 External linksEarly life[edit]
Paul BaranPaul Baran was born in
GrodnoGrodno (then Second Polish Republic, now part
of Belarus) on April 29, 1926.[3][4] He was the youngest of three
children in a Polish-Jewish family,[5] with the
YiddishYiddish given name
"Pesach"
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UNIVACUNIVACUNIVAC (Universal Automatic Computer) is a line of electronic digital
stored-program computers starting with the products of the
Eckert–Mauchly
ComputerComputer Corporation. Later the name was applied to a
division of the
Remington RandRemington Rand company and successor organizations.
The BINAC, built by the Eckert–Mauchly
ComputerComputer Corporation, was the
first general-purpose computer for commercial use. The descendants of
the later
UNIVAC 1107UNIVAC 1107 continue today as products of the Unisys
company.Contents1 Univac history and structure
2 Models
3 Operating systems
4 Trademark
5 See also
6 References
7 External linksUnivac history and structure[edit]
UNIVACUNIVAC Sperry Rand label
J
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National Physical Laboratory (United Kingdom)
The National Physical Laboratory (NPL) is the national measurement
standards laboratory for the United Kingdom, based at
Bushy ParkBushy Park in
Teddington, London, England. It is the largest applied physics
organisation in the UK.Contents1 Description
2 Operation
3 Buildings
4 Researchers
5 Research5.1 Atomic clocks
5.2 Computing
5.3 Packet switching6 Directors of NPL
7 See also
8 References
9 External linksDescription[edit]The electricity Division of the National Physical Laboratory in 1944NPL is known for its UK leadership in measurement and materials
science. Since 1900, when
Bushy HouseBushy House was selected as the site of NPL,
it has developed and maintained the primary national measurement
standards
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High FrequencyHigh frequencyHigh frequency (HF) is the ITU designation[1] for the range of radio
frequency electromagnetic waves (radio waves) between 3 and 30
megahertz (MHz). It is also known as the decameter band or decameter
wave as its wavelengths range from one to ten decameters (ten to one
hundred metres). Frequencies immediately below HF are denoted medium
frequency (MF), while the next band of higher frequencies is known as
the very high frequency (VHF) band. The HF band is a major part of the
shortwave band of frequencies, so communication at these frequencies
is often called shortwave radio. Because radio waves in this band can
be reflected back to Earth by the ionosphere layer in the atmosphere
– a method known as "skip" or "skywave" propagation –
these frequencies are suitable for long-distance communication across
intercontinental distances
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Nuclear Weapon
A nuclear weapon is an explosive device that derives its destructive
force from nuclear reactions, either fission (fission bomb) or from a
combination of fission and fusion reactions (thermonuclear bomb). Both
bomb types release large quantities of energy from relatively small
amounts of matter. The first test of a fission ("atomic") bomb
released an amount of energy approximately equal to 20,000 tons of TNT
(84 TJ). The first thermonuclear ("hydrogen") bomb test released
energy approximately equal to 10 million tons of TNT
(42 PJ).[1] A thermonuclear weapon weighing little more than
2,400 pounds (1,100 kg) can release energy equal to more than
1.2 million tons of TNT (5.0 PJ).[2] A nuclear device no
larger than traditional bombs can devastate an entire city by blast,
fire, and radiation
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Gerald Estrin
Gerald Estrin (September 9, 1921 – March 29, 2012)[1] was an
American computer scientist, and Professor at the UCLA Computer
Science Department. He is known for his work on the organization of
computer systems, on parallel processing[2] and SARA (system
architects apprentice).[3]Contents1 Early life and education
2 Institute for Advanced Study
3 UCLA
4 Personal life
5 Selected publications
6 ReferencesEarly life and education[edit]
Estrin was born in New York City in 1921. He met his future wife
Thelma Austern in 1941 at City College, New York and they were married
when he was 20 and she was 17. Estrin entered the Army during World
War II, after which he and Thelma Estrin entered the University of
Wisconsin-Madison, where they both earned degrees in Electrical
Engineering. Estrin received his B.S, M.S. and Ph.D
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Eckert-Mauchly Computer Company
The Eckert–Mauchly Computer Corporation (EMCC) (March 1946 –
1950) was founded by J. Presper Eckert and John Mauchly. It was
incorporated on December 22, 1947. After building the ENIAC at the
University of Pennsylvania, Eckert and Mauchly formed EMCC to build
new computer designs for commercial and military applications. The
company was initially called the Electronic Control Company, changing
its name to Eckert–Mauchly Computer Corporation when it was
incorporated. In 1950, the company was sold to Remington Rand, which
later merged with Sperry Corporation to become Sperry Rand, and
survives today as Unisys.Contents1 Founding
2 UNIVAC2.1 Accusations of communist infiltration3 BINAC and fiscal difficulties
4 Sale to Remington Rand
5 References
6 External linksFounding[edit]
Before founding Eckert-Mauchly Computer Corporation, Mauchly
researched the computing needs of potential clients
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Electrical EngineeringElectrical engineeringElectrical engineering is a professional engineering discipline that
generally deals with the study and application of electricity,
electronics, and electromagnetism. This field first became an
identifiable occupation in the later half of the 19th century after
commercialization of the electric telegraph, the telephone, and
electric power distribution and use. Subsequently, broadcasting and
recording media made electronics part of daily life. The invention of
the transistor, and later the integrated circuit, brought down the
cost of electronics to the point they can be used in almost any
household object.
Electrical engineeringElectrical engineering has now subdivided into a wide range of
subfields including electronics, digital computers, computer
engineering, power engineering, telecommunications, control systems,
robotics, radio-frequency engineering, signal processing,
instrumentation, and microelectronics
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YiddishYiddishYiddish (ייִדיש, יידיש or אידיש, yidish/idish, lit.
"Jewish", pronounced [ˈjɪdɪʃ] [ˈɪdɪʃ]; in older sources
ייִדיש-טײַטש Yidish-Taitsh, lit. Judaeo-German)[3] is the
historical language of the Ashkenazi Jews. It originated during the
9th century[4] in Central Europe, providing the nascent Ashkenazi
community with a High German-based vernacular fused with elements
taken from Hebrew and Aramaic as well as from
Slavic languagesSlavic languages and
traces of Romance languages.[5][6]
YiddishYiddish is written with a fully
vocalized version of the Hebrew alphabet.
The earliest surviving references date from the 12th century and call
the language לשון־אַשכּנז‎ (loshn-ashknaz, "language of
Ashkenaz") or טײַטש‎ (taytsh), a variant of tiutsch, the
contemporary name for Middle High German
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Polish Jews
The history of the
JewsJews in
PolandPoland dates back over 1,000 years. For
centuries,
PolandPoland was home to the largest and most significant Jewish
community in the world.
PolandPoland was the centre of
JewishJewish culture,
thanks to a long period of statutory religious tolerance and social
autonomy. This ended with the Partitions of
PolandPoland which began in
1772, in particular, with the discrimination and persecution of Jews
in the Russian Empire. During
World War IIWorld War II there was a nearly complete
genocidal destruction of the Polish
JewishJewish community by Nazi Germany
and its collaborators, during the 1939–1945 German occupation of
PolandPoland and the ensuing Holocaust
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Advanced Research Projects Agency
The Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) is an agency of
the United States Department of Defense responsible for the
development of emerging technologies for use by the military.
Originally known as the Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA), the
agency was created in February 1958 by President Dwight D. Eisenhower
in response to the Soviet launching of Sputnik 1 in 1957. Since its
inception, the agency's mission is ensuring that the United States
avoids further technological surprise.[3] By collaborating with
academic, industry, and government partners, DARPA formulates and
executes research and development projects to expand the frontiers of
technology and science, often beyond immediate U.S
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Link-state Routing
Link-state routing protocols are one of the two main classes of
routing protocols used in packet switching networks for computer
communications, the other being distance-vector routing protocols.
Examples of link-state routing protocols include Open Shortest Path
First (OSPF) and intermediate system to intermediate system (IS-IS).
The link-state protocol is performed by every switching node in the
network (i.e., nodes that are prepared to forward packets; in the
Internet, these are called routers). The basic concept of link-state
routing is that every node constructs a map of the connectivity to the
network, in the form of a graph, showing which nodes are connected to
which other nodes. Each node then independently calculates the next
best logical path from it to every possible destination in the
network
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