I'm pretty sure that they rather appointed clergy because they were traveling around so much evangelising. However, I'm sure there were times when--upon visiting particular Churches--they acted as the clergy, maybe serving a Liturgy or two.

St James, Brother of the Lord, is indeed an apostle. In church calendars, his is the first name on the list of the Apostles of the Seventy (feast day January 4). The Seven Deacons (Stephen, Laurence, Nicanor, etc) are also listed among them.

St James, Brother of the Lord, is indeed an apostle. In church calendars, his is the first name on the list of the Apostles of the Seventy (feast day January 4). The Seven Deacons (Stephen, Laurence, Nicanor, etc) are also listed among them.

Yup, in my church we remember him in our Diptychs as:

Quote

The Venerable St. James, the First Archbishop of Jerusalem, Apostle and Martyr.

St James, Brother of the Lord, is indeed an apostle. In church calendars, his is the first name on the list of the Apostles of the Seventy (feast day January 4). The Seven Deacons (Stephen, Laurence, Nicanor, etc) are also listed among them.

Does that mean that the 70 did not have the permission for performing ordinations as the 12 (+ Paul) had unlike they had been ordained by one of the 12 (or Paul)?

--bump--- I was hoping that someone would shed more light on this. Was it necessary for the 70 to be ordained by one of the 12 for them to become priests? In other words was St. James of Jerusalem and St. Mark the Evangelists ordained by one of the 12? If not, why is St. Stephen one of the 70 only a deacon why St. James and St. Mark also of the 70 bishops of Jerusalem and Alexandria respectively ?

I always operated under the assumption that the Twelve were the leaders of the early Church, above the episcopate, since one bishop cannot ordain another bishop and yet the Apostles did (such as St. Peter ordaining St. Linus and St. Clement as bishops). The 70, however, were sent by Christ in the Gospels but did not serve the same function as the Twelve. Some were later bishops, like St. Mark or St. Timothy and others were not, like St. Stephen, who was a deacon.

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"Hades is not a place, no, but a state of the soul. It begins here on earth. Just so, paradise begins in the soul of a man here in the earthly life. Here we already have contact with the divine..." -St. John, Wonderworker of Shanghai and San Francisco, Homily On the Sunday of Orthodoxy

--bump--- I was hoping that someone would shed more light on this. Was it necessary for the 70 to be ordained by one of the 12 for them to become priests? In other words was St. James of Jerusalem and St. Mark the Evangelists ordained by one of the 12? If not, why is St. Stephen one of the 70 only a deacon why St. James and St. Mark also of the 70 bishops of Jerusalem and Alexandria respectively ?

The confusion arises because many of the 70 became apostate, and a few martyred early. They needed replaced (just as with the twelve replacing Judas, up to one generation out until Bishoprics were established, and then Bishops took over the Apostolic office once Bishoprics were established). The originals of the 70 (of which James was one) were appointed by Christ Himself as reported in the Gospel of Luke. The replacements who fell away were appointed by the 12 (Timothy was an appointment in place of an apostate among the 70, for example). Afterward, it was the 12 that appointed numerous amounts of the 70 as a Bishop in a certain place.

After they had begun to "appoint presbyters in every church" (Acts 14.23), we see that neither the 12 nor the 70 are replaced either by reason of martyrdom or apostasy, for the office is held now "in a place" by Bishops and Presbyters.

I always operated under the assumption that the Twelve were the leaders of the early Church, above the episcopate,

Iconographically, this is true. None of the Twelve are ever portrayed as bishops, but as teachers. This is signified by the clavulus, the broad vertical stripe extending from the shoulder, often painted in gold, which was a symbol of authority in the Greco-Roman world. Christ, the Great Teacher, is also portrayed in this way.

The apostles of the Seventy, such as St James the Brother of the Lord, who served as bishops, are portrayed in their vestments. St Mark the Evangelist, who, while he served as bishop, is never shown in vestments, but as an apostle and teacher. Writing one of the Gospels, after all, would be seen as a higher calling than that of bishop.